Improvements in Instruments for the Measurement of Electro- motive Force and Power.
Year: 1887

page_text: Date of Application, 10th Aug., 1887
Complete Left, 15th Feb., 1888
Complete Accepted, 20th Apr., 1888
Improvements in Instruments for the Measurement of Electro-
motive Force and Power.
We JOHN AMBROSE FLEMING Doctor of Science of 13 Albert Mansions Victoria
Street in the City of Westminster and CHARLES HENRY GIMINGHAM Electrician of
Stamford House Northumberland Park Tottenham in the County of Middlesex do
hereby declare the nature of this Invention to be as follows:-
The instruments constructed or arranged according to this Invention depend upon
the known principle that when a coil encircles an electro magnetic pole there will
(when a current of electricity traverses the windings of each) be a force brought
into play tending to displace the moveable coil relatively to the fixed electro magnetic
pole. The force required to bring back the coil into its original position relatively to
the fixed electro magnetic pole is proportional to the product of the strengths of the
current traversing the two windings.
The following is a description of an instrument constructed according to our
Invention to fit it for use as a Voltmeter.
A bar carries at each end a coil the said bar being mounted at its centre upon a
needle point or fine pivot upon which it can freely turn. Each of these coils encircles
the poles of two electro-magnetic helices. These helices are in line with each other
and all the said helices are joined in series with each other and with the encircling
coils the windings being such that the ends of the electro-magnetic helices presented
to each other where the encircling coils surround them are of like denomination.
The bar which carries the encircling coils has fixed to it one end of a coiled spring
the other end of the said spring being secured to a fixed part of the instrument.
The electric circuit through the instrument is so arranged that the movement of the
encircling coils does not interrupt the circuit for which purpose the circuit may be
through the fixed bracket to which one end of the spring is connected through the
spring thence to one of the encircling coils and then around the other other coil then
to the scating which receives the point or pivot and through the point or pivot
around the several electro magnetic helices which are encircled by the coils first
named. On the instrument is fixed a scale and a pointer is made to traverse this scale
the said pointer being secured to a part by moving which the spring can be displaced

page_text: When
from its normal position a distortion of the spring being caused when a current
passes through the instrument by the movement of the encircling coils upon their
pivot caused by the proximity of the said coils to the poles of the electro magnetic
helices which they encircle as aforesaid. Attached to the coils is a second pointer
which when the instrument is adjusted points to the zero mark of the scale.
the current traverses the instrument the encircling coils move on their supporting
pivot and compress or distort the coiled spring. To take the measurement the first
pointer is moved round until the second pointer points to the zero mark of the scale
when the first pointer will point to a division of the scale indicating the electro
motive force between the terminals. When the instrument is arranged as a Watt-
meter the encircling coils are wound with a fine wire ending in one pair of terminals
for attachment on either side of the lamp or other device so that the said coils are
in a shunt from the line. The electro magnetic helices encircled by the said coils are
wound with coarse wire so that like poles are encircled by the coils as aforesaid and
this coarse wire is carried to terminals on the instrument to which in testing the
line is attached so that the windings of the said electro magnetic helices are in
series with the line.
The encircling coils are preferably raised from their supporting pivot when the
instrument is not in use for which purpose we may provide lifters actuated by a lever
which can be so arranged that the closing of the instrument acts upon the lever to
raise it and so causes the lifters to raise the coils from their pivot.
In the case of the Voltmeter the scale is made direct reading by being so divided
that the magnitude of the angular divisions increases according to a square root law.
In the case of the Wattmeter the scale is made direct reading by being divided into
equal angular divisions.
Dated this 10th day of Anonst. 1887
J. H. JOHNSON & Co.,
47, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, W.C.,
Agents.

page_text: Improvements in Instruments for the Measurement of Electro-
motive Force and Power.
We JOHN AMBROSE FLEMING Doctor of Science of 13 Albert Mansions Victoria
Street in the City of Westminster and CHARLES HENRY GIMINGHAM Electrician of
Stamford House Northumberland Park Tottenham in the County of Middlesex do
hereby declare the nature of this Invention and in what manner the same is to
be performed to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement :-
The instruments constructed or arranged according to this invention depend
upon the known principle that when a coil encircles an electro-magnetic pole there
will (when a current of electricity traverses the windings of each) be a force
brought into play tending to displace the moveable coil relatively to the fixed
electro-magnetic pole. The force required to bring the coil back to its original
position relatively to the fixed electro-magnetic pole is proportional to the product
of the strengths of the current traversing the two windings.
Although the instruments constructed according to our invention depend for their
operation upon the electro-dynamic action of currents in fixed and movable
conductors yet they differ from that form of instrument generally called an electro-
dynamometer in the arrangement of details as hereinafter explained.
The object of our invention is to provide an electro-dynamometer which shall be
portable, compact, and which shall require in its use neither mercury cups, tables
of square roots, nor multiplying factor, nor any reference other than to the scale of
the instrument, in order that electro-motive force and power may be at once
determined by it.
Generally in voltmeters it is objectionable to employ soft iron, permanent or
electro-magnets, or in any way to depend for the action of the instrument on the
behaviour of iron when placed in varying or successively varied magnetic fields.
Soft iron, unless rapid magnetic reversals aided by rise of temperature be brought
to bear upon it has the objection that it is very difficult to eliminate from it the results
back into the condition in which its
of its previous magnetisation and to bring
magnetisation is the result, purely and simply, of the present magnetic force brought
to bear on it.
In thoroughly satisfactory electric-measuring instruments therefore the magnetisation
In the
of iron should not be depended upon in the working of the instrument.
instruments constructed according to our invention the action is based on the fact
that, when conductors conveying electric currents are arranged so that one of them
is fixed and the other free to move, the force required to hold the moveable conductor
in any given position in the field of the fixed conductor is proportional to the
product of the strengths of the current flowing in these conductors respectively.
The following is a general description of an instrument constructed according to
our invention to fit it for use as a voltmeter.

page_text: .
A bar carries at each end a coil the said bar being mounted at its centre upon a
needle point or fine pivot upon which it can freely turn. Each of these coils
encircles the poles of two electro magnetic helices in line with each other and all
the said helices are joined in series with each other and with the encircling coils
the windings being such that the ends of the electro-magnetic helices presented
to each other where the encircling coils surround them are of like denomination.
The bar which carries the encircling coils has fixed to it one end of a coiled steel
spring, the other end of the said spring being secured to a bracket or fixed part
of the instrument. The electric circuit through the instrument is so arranged that
the movement of the encircling coils does not interrupt the circuit for which
purpose the circuit may be through the fixed bracket or part of the instrument to
which one end of the spring is connected through the spring thence to one of the
encircling coils and then around the other encircling coil then to the seating
which receives the point or pivot and through the point or pivot around the
several electro magnetic helices which are encircled by the coils first named. On
the instrument is fixed a scalo and a pointer is made to traverse this scale the
said pointer being secured to a part by moving which the spring can be displaced
from its normal position a distortion of the spring being caused when a current.
passes through the instrument by the movement of the encircling coils upon their
pivot caused by the proximity of the said coils to the poles of the electro magnetic
helices which they encircle as aforesaid. Attached to the coils is a second pointer
which when the instrument is adjusted points to the zero mark of the scale.
When
a current traverses the instrument the encircling coils move on their supporting
pivot and compress or distort the coiled spring. To take the measurement the first
pointer is moved round until the second pointer points to the zero mark of the scale when
the first pointer will point to a division of the scale indicating the electro motive
force between the terminals. When the instrument is arranged as a Wattmeter the
encircling coils are wound with a fine wire ending in one pair of terminals for
attachment on either side of the lamp or other device so that the said coils are in
a shunt from the line. The electro-magnetic helices encircled by the said coils are
so wound with coarse wire that like poles are encircled by the coils as aforesaid and
this coarse wire is carried to terminals on the instrument to which in testing the
line is attached so that the windings of the said electro magnetic helices are in series
with the line.
The encircling coils are preferably raised from their supporting pivot when the
instrument is not in use for which purpose we may provide a cradle or lifters actuated
by a lover which can be so arranged that in closing the box or case of the instrument
the lever is acted upon to raise the said cradle or lifters and so cause them to raise
the coils from their pivot.
In the case of the voltmeter the scale is made direct reading by being so divided
that the magnitude of the angular divisions increases according to a square root
law. In the case of the Wattmeter the scale is made direct reading by being divided
into equal angular divisions.
And in order that our said Invention may be fully understood we shall now
proceed more particularly to describe the same and for that purpose shall refer to the
several figures on the annexed sheet of drawings the same letters of reference
indicating corresponding parts in all the figures.
ment as
Figure 1 is an elevation of a Voltmeter arranged according to this invention
with the box in section. Figure 2 is a section of the instrument at right angles to
Figure 1 with the lid of the box closed and Figure 2ª is an elevation of the instru-
seen from the same side with the box in section and the lid open.
Figure 3 is a plan with the upper part of the instrument removed, Figure 3A is
a plan of the device for lifting the coils to raise them from the pivot when the
instrument is not in use. Figure 4 is a diagram showing the windings of the
Voltmeter, Figure 5 is a plan of the mica-tipped index finger. Figure 6 is a plan of
the instrument, complete. Figure 7 is a similar plan of the instrument when
arranged as a Wattmeter and Figure 8 is a diagram showing the windings thereof.

page_text: The general design of the instrument arranged as a high-resistance dynamometer
or voltineter is as follows:-A A¹ B B¹ are two solenoids of insulated German silver
wire wound on brass tubes. The solenoids are wound so as to have a magnetic pole
in the centre of each, marked N N. The ends of the solenoids are therefore similar
poles (S). Two such solenoids are held in a frame (D D¹), and fixed so as to be
parallel to each other.
The fixed coils (A A¹ B B¹) are embraced by two annular coils (C C¹), which aro
wound on exceedingly light metal frames and are carried on the ends of an ivory
bar (GG). The resistance of the fixed coils may be about 1,000 to 1,500 ohms,
and the resistance of the annular coils about 500 to 1,000 ohms. The ivory
bar (G G¹) carries at its centre a glass-hard steel cup 9 by which it is supported, so
as to move freely, like a compass needle, on a steel iridium tipped needle (P). The
coils (CC) are very accurately balanced, and, whilst they embrace the fixed
coils (À A B B') they have clearance enough to permit them to swing through a
small angle on either side. Their range of movement is, however, limited by two
stops (0 0¹).
To the ivory cross-bar (G G¹) carrying these moveable coils (CC) is attached a
steel spiral chronometer spring (h) the upper end of which is held in a tubular
collar (H) capable of revolving stiffly in an aperture in the dial plate. This collar (H)
carries on the outside of it a mica-tipped index finger M (shewn separately in
Figure 5) capable of being set round on the tubular collar H and clamped in any
position.
The inside of this tubular collar H has an attachment at 2 by which the upper end
of the steel spring can be taken up more or less, after the manner in which the hair-
spring of a watch is set.
The electrical connections of the voltmeter are shewn in Figure 4. It will be seen
that the current enters from one terminal (T) and from there passes to the steel cup g,
through the contact point of the iridium-tipped steel pivot P and passes thence into
the moveable coil (C) and then into the coil to the bottom of the spring (h) then
up the said spring and from that through the fixed coils A A B B₁ and so back to
the other terminal (T). The windings of the moveable coils are so arranged that they
are astatic, and not influenced by a vertical or horizontal uniform field. This is
important in an instrument to be used in the neighbourhood of powerful magnets.
The moveable coils CC¹ carry a light aluminium needle (Q) which projects up
through a slit q' in the dial plate g, opposite to the zero of the scale.
The whole instrument is contained in a wooden box on opening which the dial
plate is seen having a circular scale divided so that the volt readings are obtained
without any calculations. This dial plate and scale are seen in Figure 6. The
operation of taking a reading is as follows:-The box is first levelled on the table by
means of a wooden wedge provided for the purpose. The central hollow boss is then
turned until the mica-index finger M is at the zero of the scale (see Figure 6) which
shews the complete instrument with the box open. The aluminium index Qcarried
by the moveable coils which projects up through the slit in the dial, should also be
opposite the zero. If this be not the case the mica index finger has to be shifted. This is
accomplished by slacking the milled head on the top of H and readjusting the index until
the mica index finger and the aluminium index of the moveablé coils both stand opposite
to each other at the zero. The current is now passed and the electro-dynamic action causes
the moveable coils to be shifted along the fixed coils, displacing the aluminium index.
The central box, carrying the upper end of the spring, is then turned until a torsional
force is brought to bear on the moveable coils, bringing them back against the electro-
magnetic forces into the zero position. It will now be found that the upper end of
the spring will have been twisted through a certain angle, as indicated by the position
of the mica index finger. The value of the current passing through the instrument is
proportional to the square root of this twist required to bring back the coils into their
zero position, and, as the force brought to bear on the coils is proportional to the
angular displacement of the upper end of the spring, it follows that the square root of
the angular displacement of the mica index finger required to maintain the moveable

page_text: coils at their zero position is proportional to the strength of the current flowing
through the instrument. To avoid any calculations or reference to square root tables,
the dial is graduated in the following manner :-If the instrument be intended to
read, say, from 20 to 110 volts, then one complete turn, or 360° displacement of the
index, is required to balance the electro-magnetic force due to 110 volts on the
terminals of the instrument. The angular displacement for x volts is, then
360 × 3 18 xx,
'measured in degrees, and accordingly the positions for all volt
(110)
values from 20 to 110 can be set off directly on the dial. The index needle is then
simply turned until the aluminium index is brought back to zero, and the dial reading
gives at once the volts. This form of graduation has the advantage that the scale
interval for one volt is greatest in that part of the scale which will be presumably
most used in each grade of instrument.
=
605
In order to render the instrument portable, means are provided to raise the moveable
coils off the point P by the action of closing the box. For this purpose a cradle K is
so arranged and pivotted that by means of a rod (R) sliding in a hole in the box a
pressure on the upper end of this rod acts on the lever L and raises the coils UC¹
upon the cradle K and relieves the iridium point of P from the pressure of the
moveable coil bar and coils.
This cradle (K) is shown in plan in Figure 34 and clearly in the section Figure 2.
It consists of pieces (k) like scale pans or of framings connected by side pieces (2)
leaving a space between them for the passage of the pivot (P). Passing through these
side pieces (2) are screws (³) which form the connection for the lever (L) centered
at (1) and operated upon by the rod (R) as aforesaid.
It is not desirable that the moveable coils should be taken up and let down suddenly
on the pivot, and to make this action deliberate the box lid may be opened and closed
by a screw nut (Z) working on a screwed rod (=) which acts on the rod (R) to depress
it when the box is fastened and allows the said rod to rise when the box is unfastened.
The user is thereby compelled to open the box slowly and let down the coils with a
gentle motion on to the pivot (P).
The voltmeters may be constructed to work over various ranges. The type taken
as an example ranges from 20 to 110 volts. By associating a resistance coil with the
voltmeter, the resistance of which is equal to that of the voltmeter, the volt values of
all the readings become doubled and the instrument becomes available for use between
40 and 220 volts. In order to give a little margin over and above the 110 and 220
volts, the graduation is continued, according to the square root law, along an outer
circle. A little more than one complete twist of the spring enables a reading to be
taken up to 115 or 120 volts on the 110 volt instrument, or to 230 or 240 on the 220
volt instrument. In the 110 volt instrument the following may be the electrical and
mechanical data of the instrument :-The weight of the moveable coils complote is in
all 20.27 grammes. The number of turns of wire is 960, on both coils together, and
the total resistance is 300 ohms. The four fixed coils have each 840 turns of wire, or
3,360 turns in all, and a resistance of 1,200 ohms. The total resistance of the volt-
meter is therefore 1,500 ohms :-The temperature resistance variation coefficient has
been carefully determined, for a mean temperature between 15° and 30° C. for the
particular kind of German silver wire used, and it is 0273 per cent. per degree.
Accordingly, as far as regards change of temperature as a whole, it requires an
alteration of 30° C. to make a change of 1 per cent. in the value of the voltmeter
readings. To prevent, as far as possible, heating of the coils, each voltmeter is
provided with a key. In using the instrument the first operation after opening should
be to level it carefully if necessary, by inserting the wooden wedge provided under
the front or back side until the pointer on the moveable coils swings freely from side
to side.
When the instrument is to be constructed to be used as a Wattmeter, the fixed
coils (now called the current coils) are wound with thick wire, and so arranged that
the four fixed coils can be joined up in series or in parallel. From a separate
*pair of terminals t t¹ the current is conducted into the thin wire coils, which are the

page_text: moveable coils, and are constructed exactly as for the voltmeter, only with a higher
resistance (see the plan and diagram Figures 7 and 8). The current to and from the
moveable coils passes through the pivot cup and spring as in the voltmeter. In using
this Wattmeter for measuring the power taken up, say, in an incandescence lamp, the
following method of joining up (illustrated by the diagram Figure 9) should be adopted:
Let M, M, Figure 9 be the mains, and let L be the lamp. The lamp should, as
usual, be put in series with the thick wire coils T. The fine wire coils F should have
their terminals joined, not to the two terminals of the lamp but to the terminals of
the lamp and the thick wire coil as joined in series. The thin wire coil thus measures
the potential at the extremities, not of the lamp but of the lamp and thick wire coil in
serios. The reason for this is as follows. Suppose the thick wire coil to have a
resistance of 01 ohm and the thin wire coil to have a resistance of 1,000 ohms, and
apply this Wattmeter to measure the power consumed in two lamps, each of 8-candle
power and requiring, say, 20 Watts-but in one case let the lamp be a 100-volt lamp
taking 2 ampère, and in the other a 10-volt lamp taking 2.ampères. If the fine wire coil
is joined in parallel with the lamp alone, in the case of the high volt lamp, since the
resistance is 500 ohms hot, the lamp will take two-thirds of the whole current flowing
through the thick coil-in other words, the current which flows through the thick
coil is not that flowing through the lamp but that through the combined resistance of
the lamp and of the fine wire coil. If, however, the same Wattmeter be applied to
measure the power of the low volt lamp, then, since the hot resistance of this is
only 5 ohms, the lamp will get 1888ths of the current flowing through the thick coil. It
follows from this that whereas the two lamps consume exactly the same power, yet,
in the first case, the current in the thick coils, which is that which actuates and is one
of the factors in determining the reading of the Wattmeter, is half as great again as
it should be. It would be found that in the case of the high volt lamp the Wattmeter
reading would be 30 Watts, and in the case of the low volt lamp 20 Watts, although
both lamps actually take the same power. If, however, the extremities of the volt-
meter, or movable or fine wire coils, are joined, as shown in Figure 9, then the
current in the thick coil is exactly that through the lamp, the error in the electro-
motive force part of the measurement is then only dependent on the fact that the
thick wire coil has an appreciable resistance; if this is only 01 ohm, the error made
in the electro-motive force part of the measurement is only 1 per cent., even in the
case of the low volt lamp, by assuming the potential at the extremities of the lamp
and thick coil in series as equal to that at the terminals of the lamp.
Unless the resistance of the current coils be vanishingly small compared with that
of the high resistance or movable coils, the above method of joining up the
Wattmeter does not give the real rate of dissipation of energy in the lamp or other
circuit under consideration.
In the construction of a Wattmeter of this type it is evidently important that the
current coils should have as low a resistance as it is possible to secure in comparison
with that of the movable or voltmeter part. In our Wattmeter the fine wire coils are
of German silver wire, and have a resistance of 1,000 to 1,200 ohms. The thick
wire or current coils are of copper of the highest conductivity and (in the instrument
designed as a lamp Wattmeter, to read direct from 1 to 400 Watts) have a resistance
of about 1 or 2 ohm. It is convenient to construct Wattmeters of three grades—one
reading from 1 to 400, the next from 10 to 4,000, and the highest from 100 to 40,000,
and suitable for electro-motive forces of 50 to 250 volts.
In the Wattmeter above described the scale is, of course, a scale of equal divisions.
In the form of instrument adapted for lamp measurements, the circular scale is
divided into 400 divisions, and each division represents 1 Watt. By means of a
Wattmeter and voltmeter of the above description, all the four electric elements of a
lamp can be measured at once. Let the Wattmeter be joined up, as indicated in the
above diagram Figure 10), and let, in addition, the terminals of the voltmeter be
connected to the points A and B, the voltmeter then reads the potential difference
of A and B and the Wattmeter reads the consumption of power between A and B.
If W be the reading of the Wattmeter and V that of the voltmeter, the quotient.

page_text: of W by V gives the current through the lamp, and the quotient of the square of
V by W gives the hot resistance of the lamp. We have designed an instrument which
shall be a combination of Wattmeter and voltmeter, to enable the two measurements
of potential difference at extremities of a circuit and power consumed in that circuit.
to be simultaneously measured, and therefore to give at once the current in the circuit
and the hot resistance. In this instrument the fixed coils are wound compound, with
two coils on each, one thick overlaid by a thin wire winding.
The connections of the fine wire windings on the fixed coils are so arranged
in conjunction with a switch, that when the switch is turned one way the
solenoids have, as ordinarily arranged an N polo at the centre of each,
but when the switch is turned the other way this pole is abolished.
Hence, if a current flow through these fine wire windings in series with the
movable coils, then, according as the switch is set one way or the other, the
current will operate the instrument or not, and that without changing its resistance
or affecting the current in the movable coils. Let then the thick wire coils be
traversed by a main current, and the thin wire coils by a current derived by con-
necting their extremities to the ends of the conductor traversed by the current through
the thick wire coils. The electro-magnetic force operating to displace the movable
part of the instrument will be the resultant of two forces-one being due to
the product of the strength of the current in the thick coil and the current in the
movable coil which product is proportional to the power consumed in the conductor
and the other force being due to the action of the current in the fixed fino wire coils
on the current in the movable coils in series with them. This latter force is
proportional to the square of the current strength or to the square of the volts at the
ends of the conductor. Hence, if the switch be turned so that both thick and thin
wire fixed coils be operative, the electro-magnetic force on the movable coils is
proportional to the Watts added to the square of the terminal volts. If W. be the
power consumed in the conductor, and V the potential difference at its extremities,
then this reading of the instrument will be proportional to AW + B V³, when A
and B are instrumental constants. Next, let the switch be turned so as to render the
fine wire coils electro-magnetically inoperative, although not altering the resistance of
the total fine wire circuit. In this case the reading off is simply proportional to the
power consumed in the conductor, or to A W. We have therefore, by two readings,
the power consumed and the terminal volts of the conductor or circuit, and hence,
by simple division we have the current and hot resistance.
*
In this method of measuring a current, the movable part of the instrument is not
traversed by any but a very small current, and hence the difficulty generally experienced
in getting a large current in and out of a freely-moving circuit has not to be
combated. In considering these instruments as permanent standards, the question
obviously arises as to the permanence and perfect elasticity of the steel spring. The
steel chronometer spring should be made of the very best and most carefully
tempered steel and the elasticity of this is perfect for the purposes of our Invention
if the said spring be not strained beyond the limits of elasticity and be not kept in
strain for a longer time than is necessary to take a reading. After taking a reading,
the central index-hand should be turned back to zero before putting the instrument
away as if the voltmeter be closed up and put on one side, with a permanent twist
upon the spring, then a slight temporary deformation of the spring may result. The
elastic modulus which is brought into play in this use of a spiral spring is somewhat
similar to that which is operative when a beam is bent. The spiral is not drawn out,
but is twisted round and bent slightly into a smaller radius. Under prolonged strain
a very slight deformation occurs, which disappears gradually on the removal of the
stress, and this deformation is a function both of the stress or strain and the time
under which the elastic body is submitted to that stress.
Continuous and prolonged deformation produces a small amount of permanent sot,
so that the spring, when released, does not return to its original position, but this does
not actually alter the indications of the instrument if the readings are taken from the
new zero thus formed. Steel is in this case less affected than German silver.

page_text: Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of our said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed we declare that what we
claim is :-
•
1. In instruments of the electro dynamometer type for measuring electro motive
force and power the combination of a steel chronometer spring as an electro motive
force and power measurer with the arrangement of fixed and movable electro-dynamic
coils dials pointers and indices for direct reading as herein before described.
2. In instruments of the electro-dynamometer type for measuring electro-motive
force and power the employment substantially as hereinbefore described of a steel
chronometer spring in combination with means for altering its length so that the
instruments can be correctly set without need for an arbitrary constant.
3. In instruments of the electro-dynamometer type for measuring electro motive
force and power and provided with fixed and movable coils as described, means
substantially as described for raising the movable coils from their pivot when out of
use and for lowering them thereonto when the instrument is to be used substantially
as hereinbefore described.
4. The arrangement and combination of parts constituting the volt meter herein before
described and illustrated in the accompanying drawings.
5. The arrangement and combination of parts constituting the Wattmeter herein-
before described and illustrated in the accompanying drawings.
Dated th: 15th 1.
1000
J. A. FLEMING.
0. H. GIMINGHAM.