In- PROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR BORING THE GROUND, STONE OR ROCKS, FOR THE FORMATION OF DRAINS AND SEWERS, OR FOR THE LAYING OF PIPES UNDERGROUND, AND FOR REMOVING OBSTRUCTIONS THEREIN ; ALSO IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PIPES TO BE USED IN CONNECTION WITH SUCH MACHINERY, AND IN INSTRUMENTS FOR SURVEYING AND LEVELLING PREPARATORY TO THE BORING OPERATIONS
Year: 1852

page_text: ETTERS PATENT to William Edward Schottlander, of Southwark,
in the County of Surrey, Gentleman, for the Invention of "In-
PROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR BORING THE GROUND, STONE OR ROCKS,
FOR THE FORMATION OF DRAINS AND SEWERS, OR FOR THE LAYING OF
PIPES UNDERGROUND, AND FOR REMOVING OBSTRUCTIONS THEREIN ;
ALSO IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PIPES TO BE USED IN CONNECTION WITH
SUCH MACHINERY, AND IN INSTRUMENTS FOR SURVEYING AND LEVELLING
PREPARATORY TO THE BORING OPERATIONS."-A communication from
Emil Schott, of the Duchy of Brunswick.
Sealed the 19th February 1853, and dated the 27th November 1852.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Edward
Schottlander at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with
his Petition, on the 27th November 1852.
I, WILLIAM EDWARD SCHOTTLANDER, of Southwark, in the County
of Surrey, Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention communicated to ine by Emil Schott, of the Duchy
of Brunswick, for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR BORING THE GROUND,
STONE OR ROCKS, FOR THE FORMATION OF DRAINS AND SEWERS, OR FOR THE LAYING

page_text: OF PIPES UNDERGROUND, AND FOR REMOVING OBSTRUCTIONS THEREIN; ALSO IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF PIPES TO BE USED IN CONNECTION WITH SUCH MACHINERY AND
IN INSTRUMENTS FOR SURVEYING AND LEVELLING PREPARATORY TO THE BORING
OPERATIONS," to be as follows:-
The nature of the Invention consists in the employment, in
the case of soft earth, of a wedge shaped boring tool pressed forward
by means of a machine above ground, and in the case of stiff earth,
stone or rock, by means of a screw shaped borer, to which rotary
motion is imparted by a machine above ground; the peculiarity
of both boring tools being that they do not allow of the earth
or other matter bored out clogging or stopping up the tube or pipe
to which the boring tools are fitted. These boring tubes, with the
boring tool fitted to the front of them, only require to be placed at
the level underground of the proposed boring to be made.
The machine or engine above ground is connected to them, and
causes them to press forward into and through the soil, cither
by pressure or rotary motion, according to the nature of the soil.
As soon as one length of tube has made its way into the soil, another
is connected either by a bayonet joint or screw, coupling, or any
other convenient means, and without opening the surface of the
ground after the first opening into which the boring tools and pipes
have been inserted until the end of the intended boring has been at-
tained; an opening must then be made down to the tools, from which
they can be withdrawn. In clay soils and some others no pipes will
be required to be placed, but in soft soils earthenware or other suit-
able pipes may be inserted in the aperture made by the borer. The
details of the connection of the boring tools with the bore pipes, as
also the particular construction of the engine for causing the boring
tools to advance, will be fully detailed in the Full Specification to be
enrolled.
I construct the machine for making earthenware pipes for being
placed in the apertures made by the boring tools aforesaid as
follows: The clay is supplied through a hopper into a cylinder
which has an opening into a moulding frame. On the clay
being supplied into the cylinder, the piston forces it against an

page_text: under piston, and opens the aperture into the moulding frame, into
which the clay is forced by the descent of the first piston and from
which the pipes issue. On the ascent of this piston the lower piston
follows it a certain extent, closes the aperture; and a partial vacuum
being thus formed, a supply of clay is forced from the hopper
by its own gravity and pressure of the atmosphere into the
cylinder, and the operation repeated.
The situation of different points to each other in a field is
taken from the length and direction of its connecting lines. The
direction of those lines towards each other, or against one common
line (meridian-line), has been hitherto ascertained by measurement
of the circle-bow (graphometer), and afterwards the proportion of
the 3 sides of the concerning right angled triangle is found by
trigonometrical calculation. The measuring, as well as the calcu-
lation and construction of the Figures on the paper, will be greatly
facilitated, if instead of the angle, the proportion of the 3 sides
of the right angle triangle is measured, and by means of those
proportion numbers further operated upon. For this purpose the
divisions upon the instrument consist not in a divided circle line,
but of a quadrate, a, b, c, d, Fig. 1, Table 1.
From the middle a, of each side of the quadrate up to the corner
sides a, b, c, d, every half side of the quadrate is divided in ten,
and again subdivided in equal parts; and, further, the 8 different
right angled triangles inside of the whole quadrate, which exist by
drawing the diagonal marked by numbers in rotation. Besides
these diagonals, each line conducted through the centre point
m, which divides in any direction whatever the division of the
quadrate from m, to o, and the division point forms a right angle
triangle, and from the number of the divided parts the proportion
of the three sides of this right angle triangle is taken. Suppose the
quadrate division in the whole has everywhere the same situation,
and the number of one of the 8 triangles is added to the proportion
number through which the line divides, the direction of this line
is formed thereby; for instance, for the line q, i, Fig. 1, the propor-
tion number 0381.

page_text: Round the centre m of the quadrate division moves an instrument
f, g, h, i, consisting of 1, 2, or 4 arms. In this, by means of
the screws s, the glasses are fastened. These glasses consist of two
parts, which are combined precisely and at acute angles into one
piece, and which, through the surfaces by which they join, form, seen
in one direction, a fine line. Those lines are so placed, that they go
in their prolongation through the centre point m, of the quadrate
division, and there cross from f to g, and h, in a right angle. Those
glasses can also form, lengthways, a number of lens glasses, and
they serve then at the same time for magnifying the division.
The division of the instrument is either engraved in a metal plate,
over which, in the ordinary way, the instrument f, g, h, i, moves pa-
rallel, and consists, then, in the quadrate division represented in the
Fig. Table 1; or the division consists only in a rod divided in equal
parts, a, b, c, Fig. 2, Table 1. The same is fastened through the
screws d, and so placed that the middle of the division c, from the
middle m, stands exactly in the same distance as the length is of the
division from c, to the end points a, or b, at the same time so
that the divided line stands at right angle with the conjunction line
from m to c.
The division itself is either represented in the ordinary way by
incisions of fine lines in a metal plate, or I by metal plates of
precisely the same thickness, which are joined next to each other,
but not joined directly to cach other, and between which a fine
substance, as for example black or red silk, is placed. Those metal
plates, together with the foreign substance placed therein, are fastened
closely in an oblong frame, and then filed crossways through
all the plates to a level surface, upon which the inlaid substances, as
silk, &c., become visible and appear in fine lines.
2. By fine wires of equal thickness wound over a roller they are
then upon their outside soldered together with some metal and
afterwards cut lengthways. Upon the inner side of those stripes
are the single wires next to each other, and divide a line drawn cross-
ways into equal parts.
3. A division may be produced by a screw with a straight edged

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters
Patent, filed by the said William Edward Schottlander in the
Great Seal Patent Office on the 27th of May 1853.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I,
WILLIAM EDWARD SCHOTTLANDER, of Southwark, in the County of
Surrey, Gentleinan, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twenty-seventh day of November,
in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-two,
in the sixteenth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and
successors, give and grant unto me, the said William Edward
Schottlander, Her special licence that I, the said William Edward
Schottlander, my executors, adininistrators, and assigns, or such
others as I, the said William Edward Schottlander, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the
term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR BORING THE GROUND, STONE OR ROCKS, FOR

page_text: THE FORMATION OF DRAINS AND SEWERS, OR FOR THE LAYING OF PIPES UNDER-
GROUND, AND FOR REMOVING OBSTRUCTIONS THEREIN; ALSO IN THE MANU-
FACTURE OF PIPES TO BE USED IN CONNECTION WITH SUCH MACHINERY, AND
IN INSTRUMENTS FOR SURVEYING AND LEVELLING PREPARATORY TO THE BORING
OPERATIONS," communicated to me by a foreigner residing abroad,
upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said William
Edward Schottlander, by an Instrument in writing under my hand
and seal, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature
of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be
performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the
date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said William Edward Schottlander,
do hereby declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described
and ascertained in and by the following statement, reference being
had to the Drawings hereunto annexed (that is say):
Firstly, the Invention consists of certain improved forms or con-
structions of boring tools, and in the employment of hollow boring
rods or tubes to carry the boring tools, the rods and tools carried
by them being propelled forward through the ground to be bored
by means of apparatus arranged so as to give the boring tools and
the tools carried by them a rotary motion around their axis at the
same time that they are progressively moved forward by the action
of the machine. The boring rods being of smaller dimensions than
the tools which they carry, serve as coves or mandrils for introducing
pipes for drainage and other purposes; and the earth removed by
the boring tools is, in some cases, wholly or partially received in the
hollow of the boring rods, and withdrawn from them when they are
taken from the ground.
Figures 1, 2, and 3, Sheet I, are respectively a front view, a side
view, and a cross section of one form of boring tool constructed ac-
cording to the Invention. It consists of a steel ring A, which has
three teeth cut on its face, but a greater or less number might be used.
Each of the teeth has a straight edge from a to b, and the depth of
the tooth from 6 to c, may be varied to suit particular soils. From

page_text: c to b, the teeth have a gradual upward curve, and by the extent of
this curve the sharpness of the cutting edge from a to b, will be re-
gulated. The curve of each tooth inclines also from the periphery of
the ring gradually downwards towards the central aperture d, so that
the teeth have a perfect cutting edge on the exterior. The toothed
ring is necessarily of greater diameter than the stem of that portion
of the tool by which it is attached to the boring rod, although the cen-
tral aperture through each is of the same size. The stem is made of
greater diameter towards the outer extremity, in order to admit of
the introduction of a ring B, shewn separately in cross section in
Figure 4. The internal diameter of this ring is the same as that of
the aperture through the boring tool. The upper part of the ring
B, from a to b, fits exactly into the enlarged opening in the stem of
the boring tool as far as the line a, k, Figures 2, and 3. At the middle
of the ring is a stop b, c, which divides the ring into two parts of
equal length, the part below the stop from c, to d, being equal to
that above it from b, to a. The internal diameter of the ring B,
may be the same throughout, as seen in Figure 4, or it may
taper gradually from the inner to the outer end, as in Figure 5,
according to the nature of the ground to be bored. The borer, such as
shewn in Figures 1, 2, and 3, or any other of analagous construction,
is fitted to a pipe C, Figure 15, and secured to it by the screws a, a.
The ring B, is then placed upon another pipe D, from c, tod, which
pipe is fitted exactly into the pipe C, and the parts connected together
as seen in the Figure. Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 15, Sheet II., repre-
sent, on an enlarged scale, the boring tool, rings B, and mode of
fitting the parts together, as has just been described. It will be un-
derstood that the form of the boring tool may be considerably varied
to suit different kinds of soil, and rock, or stone. Figure 6, repre-
sents a boring tool with flat teeth, adapted for hard grounds; Figure
9, is a front view, and Figure 10, a side view, of another borer with
flat teeth; the numbers shewn is twelve, but this may be varied.
Figures 29, 30, and 31, are different views of a borer with one tooth
only, but that of considerable depth. In a similar manner two
teeth might be used. The borer may be constructed also with the

page_text: teeth-arranged as in Figure 7, to facilitate its being withdrawn from
the ground, and the same mode of construction may be adapted to
borers with one tooth only, as shown in Figures .32, 33, and 34.
Figure 8, represents another construction of borer, which is of a co-
nical form, with a screw thread-or cutting-edge winding round it.
The conical form may also be adopted where the borer. has one,
two, or three teeth; a borer with one tooth on this plan is shown in
Figures 35, 36, and 37.. Where no central aperture is required through
the conical borers, they may be made to terminate in a point. Another
method of fastening the borer to the pipe-C, which may be adopted:
when its diameter differs much-from-that-of-the-pipe,-is-shewn
in Figures 16, and 17, Sheet, I., where E, is a plate which is fastened
at the back of the borer by the screws a, a, and secured to the
pipe C, by screws b, b. The borers may be also made as shown.
in Figures 36, and 37, where a short tube in the form of a ring.
united by screws to the pipe C, serves to enclose the two pipes C; and.
D. In this construction the ring B, before mentioned, is dispensed,
with, and the stem of the borer is fitted into the pipe D; or the pipe.
C, may have a screw thread cut on it, and the borer be formed with.
a female screw, into which the screw will take, as at; e, f, g, h, Figure
28. The boring tool should in every case be made entirely or.
principally of steel, and the ring B, of the same material, or of iron,
brass, or wood, and the size of the parts will vary according to the
-dimensions of the aperture to be-bored. The hollow boring rods or
pipes, to which the boring tools are laid, are constructed as repre-
sented in Figures 11, and 12, Sheet I., which are respectively a cross
section, and an outer side view of a single length. The pipe:C, on
or over-which the boring-tool fastens, has a slot F, at its lower extre
mity, and is made of such length and diameter, as to receive the pipe
D, which is inserted in it, and fastened by screws or rivets a, a: The
outer pipe C, has at the upper end a cavity b, and at the bottom a
bevilled edge C, and these parts in two connected pipes fit into each
other. The slot F, of the pipe C, is to receive the catch G, of the
next succeeding pipe. This catch is affixed by screws or rivets d, d,
or is soldered to the pipe D, and is long enough to enable it to hold a

page_text: in
the pipes firmly together. On the upper end of the catch G, is a
moveable locking piece H, shewn in Figure 23, in cross section. In
order to give sufficient strength to the hinge of the locking piece or
segment a, b, Figure 23, is formed at the part where it rests on the pipe
D, but the hinge must not be of such size as to project into the in-
terior when it is closed. If two or more such pipes are connected
together, and the locking piece H, is closed down, they will be united'
and form one pipe, as in Figures 15, and 17, capable of being turned
any direction without being disconnected. Figure 15, shews the
mode of connecting the borer A, with the same ring B, of the pipe
C, and also several pipes C, D, connected together. Figure 17, is a
similar view, with this difference, that the bore rods are of smaller
diameter, and consequently have a smaller opening d, Figure
16. There is also under the bore ring A, and over the bore
rod C, a short wooden pipe I, which is of rather less diameter
than the boring tool A, and serves as a conductor. In order
to make a perfect combination of this wooden pipe I, with the bore
rod C, screw threads may be cut into the former, and take against
the rod C, but they must not project outwards. The single pipes for
many purposes may have a simpler form; the most simple is shown
at Figure 19, in cross section, and Figure 20, in side view. Instead
of the catch G, and locking piece H, Figure 12, there is here em-
ployed a projecting button K, which takes into the segment L, of the
pipe C. Figure 13, shews a cross section of a boring rod, the parts
of which are connected together by screws a, a, and worms b, b. If
it is not required that the bore rods should be hollow, the screws
and worms may be made in separate pieces, and fastened in the rods
by screws c, c, or soldered or rivetted to them. The borc rods can
be manufactured of sheet iron, cast iron, or brass, and their length
and diameter will depend on the purpose for which they are used;
it will also be found of great advantage to have the interior of the
bore rods enamelled, in order to facilitate the motion of the core of
earth in the same. If they are required to be of any other substance,
as for instance, burnt clay or wood, they are constructed of pipes of
different diameters, the one inserted in the other. Figure 26, is the

page_text: front view, and Figure 27, a cross section, of such a pipe. A small
pipe is inserted for half its length into a wider one; then again a
wide one; over this a small one; and by continuing that process a rod
of sufficient length will be formed according to the number of pieces
connected together. The manner in which the borers and rods are
used for the purpose of boring apertures in the ground is as follows:-
The bore rods inust be connected with one of the boring tools A,
before described, and moved forward in the required direction, and
at the same time turned round their axis when a part of the ma-
terial enters the opening d, of the boring tool A, and is either moved
forward by the ring B, or passes direct into the hollowness of the
rods; the bored out core then receives the form of a roller smaller in
size than the inner opening of the bore rod, and consequently moving
casily forward in it. As soon as new bored out material is introduced
the rate of moving forward, and the number of turns of the boring
rods during a given time, are calculated according to the form of the
boring tool employed and the substance of the material to be bored.
The moving forward and turning of the boring rods, and the tool
carried by them, may be effected by means of the machinery repre-
sented in Sheets 11I., and IV.; but other arrangements capable of
producing like effects may be employed, as the Inventor does not
bind himself to the use of any particular arrangement of machinery
for this purpose.
Figure 1, Sheet III., is a front view; Figure 2, a plan; Figure 3,
a longitudinal section; and Figure 4, a side view, of a machine for
imparting forward and rotary motion to the rods and tools.
Figure 5, is a front elevation of the rest or bed on which the machine
travels. a, a, is a wooden cross frame, upon which the bearers b, b,
are fastened; c, c, are placed iron rails screwed to the bearers b, b;
the length of these rails may be from two to three yards; d, d, are
the supporting wheels of the machine, which are mounted on the
axles e', e", which are connected together by the side frames f, f, and
middle rail g; h, i, k, are cross pieces, by which the side frames f, f
are further secured. At the point where the middle rail g, passes
through the hind axle e", is fixed the upright shaft I, which carries

page_text: the bevil wheel m, which runs loose upon it. Above the bevel wheel
m, a tube n, is fitted to the shaft 1, in such manner, that it may be
moved up and down, but not turned round; for which purpose this
part of the shaft l, may be square, or a feather may be formed on it
taking into a groove in the interior of the tube n; p, is a clutch-
piece on the tube n, which fits into a corresponding clutch in the
upper surface of the bevil wheel m. On the top of the tube n, is
screwed a plate o, through the centre of which passes a bolt r, con-
nected with the part g; the head s, of the bolt r, prevents its being
drawn through plate o; t, is a lever, by which the plates q, r, o,
may be lifted, when the tube n, and clutch piece p, will also be
raised at the same time: these latter are capable of turning around
the bolt r, as a centre, and are supported by the plate o; u, is the
handle of the lever t. In Figure 1, a part of the frame f, is omitted,
in order to shew it more distinctly; the handle 2, slides up and
down on the rod b, b, and may be retained in any position by means
of the spring b, c. Where the clutch piece p, touches the bevil
wheel m, small ridges, sharp towards the exterior and running
downwards, are introduced. When the clutch piece p, is in gear
with the clutch of the bevil wheel m, the bevil wheel and tube n,
will revolve together; but when thrown out of gear by means of the
lever t, the bevil wheel m, will run loose upon its shaft without
driving the tube n; v, is a strap which is wound on the tube n, when
the latter revolves; the other end of the strap v, is made fast to the
tube 20, which is passed over the bolt x, and is thereby connected to
it; the bolt JU, is fixed to the stationary framing, so that when the
strap is wound up by the revolution of the tube n, the moving parts
of the machine run forward on the rails c, c. When the strap is
required to be unwound, the tube n, is put out of gear with the
wheel m, by means of the lever t, and this operation may then be
performed without turning the wheel m; motion is given to the
bevel wheel m, by means of the bevil pinion y, which is mounted on
the spindle a, a, and united by the part, to the worm wheel z,
which latter is put in motion by the worm a, b, which has its
bearings on the plate a, c, which is supported from the axles e¹, ell;

page_text: the shaft c, b, of the worin a, b, has its upper bearing in the cross
piece, and is worked by the winch handle a, d. A pulley driven
by a band from any suitable source of power may be used, instead
of employing manual labour to work the machine; a, f, is a plate
which is connected to the worm wheels, by means of the screws
a, e; at the centre of this plate is the projecting spindle or tube
a, g, which passes through the tube a, h, in the axle e', and is made
of such length and thickness, that the ends of the boring rod may
fit on it accurately. A catch a, i, is formed on the spindle a, g,
which takes in the slots at the end of the boring tubes, and holds
them firmly while being driven into the ground. The tube a, h,
steadies the boring rod, the ends of which it encircles, when they are
fitted in the spindle a, g, the end of which bears against the interior
stop of the boring rods at a, h, and propels them forward. To
prevent the lifting of the apparatus, two rollers a, m³, are attached
to the front axle e, and two similar ones on the cross piece k;
these rollers run under the rails c, c, and are carried by the move-
able arms a, l, which can be adjusted by the screws a, n. For
placing the frame of a machine in a fixed direction towards the
horizon, the following means are adopted: At the front of the
frame, a, b, are placed the vertical standards a, o, which are
connected at the top by the cross piece a, p; at the centre of the
cross piece a, p, are the iron plate a, q, and the tube X. In the
plate a, q, is a round opening a, r, and a similar hole is formed at
the middle of the undercross frame, which however does not quite
pass through it. These openings serve to receive the staff a, s,
which will thereby receive a fixed position; upon this shaft is
placed the tube a, t, which carries the spy glass a, u, or andiopter.
By means of the regulating screws a, v, the sight line of the
telescope can be fixed in a direction parallel with the central line of
the machine. The standards a, s, are hollowed out for the reception
of the screw boxes a, w, through which pass the screws a, a; the
end of these screws rest in the hollows in a frame a, y, which is con-
nected at the opposite end by a hinge with the framing a and b;
this frame a, y, is made fast to the ground, and by turning the

page_text: screws a, a, the bearer and rails a, b, c, of the apparatus, are raised
or lowered in front, by which means the centre rail axle of the
machine can be adjusted in a fixed position towards the horizon,
which direction the bored aperture will receive also in the boring
operation. A parallel direction is indicated by the sight line of the
telescope or diopter. If a point is given where the aperture to be
bored shall terminate, a sight plate is erected
which
upon the same,
will stand exactly as much higher over this point as the sight line
of the telescope is over the central line of the apparatus; and then,
by means of the screws a, a, the whole apparatus is so placed, that
the sight line of the telescope bears upon the sight plate. As the
apparatus is introduced deeper into the ground, and it is required
that the telescope should receive a more elevated position, boring rods,
such as are shewn in Figures 11, and 12, Sheet I., may be used
for this purpose. Between the rod and the pipe a, t, a number of
boring rods may be introduced, by which the telescope may bc
raised to any required height; and the arrangement of apparatus
for boring, which may be used with considerable advantage, is
represented in Figures 1, 2, and 3, Sheet IV.; and a modification
of the same in Figure 4, Sheet IV.
Figure 1, is a side view; Figure 2, a plan; and Figure 3, an end
view, of the machine. a, a, is the general framing, composed of wood,
which is fixed to the ground in any required position by means of
the screws a, g; b, is a spindle or stud, on which is mounted the
worm wheel c, which is put in motion by the worm d, and crank
handle e; on the face of the wheel c, are a series of holes arranged
in a circle, which are for receiving the pin or bolt f, which has a
cross handle for screwing or fixing it; on the pin f, rests one arm
g, of the lever g, h, which is centered in the shed k. By the revolution
of the wheel c, the arm h, of the lever g, h, is lifted and moved, as
shewn by the dotted lines. By this action the rod l, and slide m,
are moved to and fro, the latter being guided between the plates n'
and n". The slide m, projects a little beyond the frame at o; p, is
a rod, which passes through the slide m, and carries at one end the
plate r, which rests in a circular recess in the slide, and is capable

page_text: of turning therein together with the rod p. In front of the slide
the rod p, carries a worm wheel q, into which gears the worm t
which has its bearings in the frame at 8, s; u, is a toothed wheel,
which is mounted on the axis of the worm t, but outside the frame;
v, are two vertical screws attached to the frame, and carrying the
screw boxes w, between which is supported the reversed rack a, the
teeth of which are in gear with those of the wheel u.
The rod 2,
passes through an aperture in the frame n, at a, and is made at that
part suitable for receiving the ends of the boring rods, as before
described. Underneath the frame n, is a base block a, b, connected
at one end to the frame by the hinges a, c; at the other end are
screws a, d, by which the frame n, can be adjusted to a true
horizontal position with the aid of a telescope, as hercin-before
mentioned. When the apparatus is put in motion by turning the
handle C₁ the slide m, is moved forward in the frame n, whereby the
tooth wheel 26, in gear with the rack a, is caused to revolve, and
thus to effect the rotation of the rod p, and the boring tool carried
by it. The velocity of the motion may be varied by using a wheel
of different size in place of the wheel u, and the rack must be
shifted to suit such change. When the slide'm, has traversed to its
full extent, the stud f, is withdrawn from the wheel c; and the lever
g, h, being thus disconnected from it, is easily brought back to it's
original position. The lever g, h, may be shortened, or the wheel c,
enlarged, so as to increase the power of the machine; or a larger
toothed wheel, moved by the wheel c, may be employed to work the
lever h. Whilst the machine is at work the frame is placed in a
ditch or trench, as elsewhere mentioned.
A modification of this machine is represented in Figure 4,
Sheet IV. The principal point of difference between it and that just
described, is that this apparatus is put in motion by the endless
screws a. The slide b, carries a screw box formed in two parts,
hinged at one side, and fitting on the screw a, so that it can be
lifted off when required by means of the handle d; when the screw
is turned (which is done by incans of the wheel gearing l, m, and
handle n), the slide moves along between the frames e', and e". In

page_text: front of the slide is fitted the wheel gearing f, g, h, and rod i, as
already described, with reference to Figures 1, 2, and 3. The wheel
gearing by which the screw is turned may be calculated so as to
give any required speed.
The manner in which the operation of boring is performed is as
follows: At the place where the boring is to commence a small trench
or ditch, I, Figures 38 to 41, Sheet I. is made of sufficient depth,
length, and breadth to allow the moving apparatus to be placed in
it. This being done, and the framing having been adjusted to such
a position as to insure the entrance of the bore rods in the desired
direction, the boring rods, C, D, and the boring tool, are placed in
front of the apparatus at 6; the boring rod to which the borer is
connected is then caused to enter the ground by turning the handle
C, and at the same time the bore rod is caused to rotate round its
own axis. After the boring rods placed before the apparatus have
entered the ground (Figure 39), the moving apparatus is returned
upon the rails, whereby it is disconnected from the centre boring
rods which have entered the ground, and remain there. After these,
new boring rods are introduced between the moving apparatus and
the boring rods already introduced, and the boring is continued as
at the commencement. Figure 40; shews the operation of boring
carried to a greater extent. On the place where the boring is to
end for the present, say at a distance of one hundred or two
hundred yards (three to six hundred feet) from the ditch I, another
similar trench of sufficient depth II, is made. After the borer has
penetrated up to this point, the boring rods may be disconnected,
and the whole length of the rods be drawn out and taken off singly
(see Figure 41). If a greater distance is required to be bored, the
apparatus must be placed anew, and the boring continued in the
same manner. The boring may be performed in a forward or back-
ward direction from each ditch, and the whole proceeding will be in
this manner much simplified. If a very wide aperture is required,
the operation will be much facilitated by introducing, first, a boring
tool of a smaller diameter, to be followed by another of the required

page_text: size, by which means the core of earth bored out will travel more
freely forward in the opening made by the smaller tool.
The introducing of pipes, as for instance clay pipes, in the bored
aperture, which are intended to remain in the ground, may be
effected in different manners. In most cases such bore rods as
C, D, may be used, which have so small a diameter that the clay
pipes to be laid may be passed over them, the diameter of the
boring tool A, making as large an aperture as is required for the
introduction of the pipes. In Figure 18, Sheets I., and II. A, is the
boring tool; B, the ring, Figure 4; C, D, the bore rods; T, the
clay pipes; J, a wooden pipe introduced between the boring tool
A, and the clay pipes. During the boring operation, as new boring
rods are put in, the clay pipes are forced forward at the same time,
and introduced altogether in the bored aperture; to connect both,
the ring a, Figure 22, is put over the boring rod after the clay pipes,
and fastened by means of the screw b. To effect an casier separa-
tion of the parts, the cramp iron M, Figure 21, may be used, the
bent part a, of which is made of steel with a spring, so that the
parts holding the pipe may yield. The cramps are lined with
leather at the inward part where they lay hold of the pipes, and at
the back where they border on the clay pipes to be laid, so that they
may come close at every part. If the clay pipes are not introduced
during the boring operation, they can be inserted at the completion
of it, by passing them along from the trench 1, or II, Figure 41, over
the bore rods C, D, one after the other. When this is accomplished,
the interior iron bore rods are withdrawn from the clay pipes in the
manner described. If bore rods of larger diameter are employed,
in which the difference between the diameter of the boring tool A,
and the boring rod C, is not so great as the thickness of the clay
pipes requires, in order to introduce the pipes, boring rods of
smaller diameter which fit the clay pipes are inserted behind the
same. After the boring operation with the larger boring rods has
been effected, the smaller ones are drawn into the bored aperture
after the withdrawing of the larger ones, whereby the clay pipes
may be introduced at the same time. In Figure 24, C, D', are the

page_text: large iron bore rods as represented in Figure 15; C, D, the smaller
bore rods, Figure 17; T, the clay pipes placed over the latter. For
connecting the bore rods of different diameters the pipe N, Figure 25,
is used, which fits at one end in the larger rod C, D', and at the
other in the smaller one C, D", as represented in Figure 24, where
both combinations are shewn. The boring rods used for boring
may serve also for many other purposes, - for instance, for gas
pipes, in which case they can remain in the ground. For this pur-
pose those represented in Figure 13, are preferable, and they can,
when screwed together, be soldered to each other, so as to make her-
netical joints.
For the passage of liquids the forms of pipe represented in
Figures 26, and 27, made of burnt clay or wood, are preferable, as
they remain in the ground after the boring operation has been
completed.
In cleansing the boring pipes from material which might enter
then during the boring operation, in cases where the boring tool
A, without the opening D, is employed, the operation is the same as
in ordinary boring, only a boring tool should be selected of such a
diameter as to fit the aperture of the pipes required to be cleansed.
In like imanner any pipes laid in a straight line may be cleansed
from the substances contained therein, by which they have been
stopped up. If such substances are very soft, the ring B, Figure 5,
having an opening which narrows towards the boring rods, may be
used, which will prevent the materials, on withdrawing the boring
rod, from returning into the same.
"
When the boring is required to be performed in a vertical
direction, or nearly so, the machine shewn in Figures 25, and 26,
Sheet II., may be employed. Figure 25, is a front elevation, and
Figure 26, a side elevation; a, a, is a rectangular frame, the side
pieces of which are connected together by the cross bearings b, b;
c, c, are vertical standards which, for the sake of additional stability
are supported by the braces d, d. The standards c, c, are connected
at top by the cross beam e, on which are fastened the tubes f, f,
the cross beam being bored through, to correspond with the

page_text: -apertures of the tubes, or the tubes might be fastened to the under-
⚫side of the cross beam. Through these tubes pass the rods g, g; and
the rods are of such size as to slide freely in the tubes, whilst their
length is rather greater than the height of the machine. The rods
9, 9, are connected by the plate h, to which they are securely attached,
one at each end; the ends of the plate h, carry friction rollers ",
which run in grooves in the standards c, c, and serve to guide the
plate and keep in a steady position, as it is moved up and down;
i, i, are side pieces attached to the plate h, in which are formed the
bearings for a worm m, which is set in motion by the winch handle
k; this worm gears into and actuates a worm wheel n, which
carries at the centre a pipe or rod 7, projecting downwards, and
furnished with a catch o. The boring rods p, having a borer 9,
attached, are fitted to this rod, and by turning the winch handle the
boring rods are forced downwards, and at the same time receive a
rotary motion around their axis. The aperture in the cross beam b,
through which the boring rods pass, must be so bored as to give the
boring rods a correct direction; the plate h, may be loaded to any
required degree, so as to increase the pressure on the boring rods in
.their descent, and thus facilitate the action of the machine. When
the boring rods have been forced into the ground, so far as the
machine will drive them, the plate h, may be raised by means of the
cords, running round the roller r, the rod 7, having been previously
disengaged from the boring rod in connection with it; when the
boring rods introduced will remain in the ground, and fresh boring
rods may be added until the sinking has been carried to the required
depth, when the whole of the rods and the tool are raised, leaving a
hole which may, if desired, be lined with clay pipes. For the
purpose of removing the core of earth from the interior of the
boring rods, whether boring vertically or horizontally, a double set
of pipes may be employed, the inner ones being cleansed and
returned; and I prefer that the inner set of pipes should be enamelled
on the interior, to pass the core more freely.
Secondly, the Invention consists of a machine for manufacturing
clay pipes suitable for being employed in connection with the boring

page_text: arrangements herein-before described for drainage and other similar
purposes, and for other uses for which such pipes are applicable.
The several Figures on Sheet V. of the Drawings annexed, re-
present this machine; Figure 1, being an inner side view, Figure 2,
a side elevation, Figure 3, a plan, Figure 4, a back elevation, and
Figure 5, a front elevation, of the same; and Figures 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
and 11, separate views of some of the parts detached. A, is an
ordinary pug mill for reducing the clay, having a central shaft a,
to which are attached the pugging blades or knives in the ordinary
manner; b, is an aperture in the bottom of the pug mill, through
which the clay is supplied to the machine. In order to prevent the
clay from being delivered continuously, and to insure its being
supplied only at intervals, a horizontal semicircular plate c, is
fastened to the roller d, under the knives. This plate is broken
away at the opening b, somewhat in the shape of a half moon c",
Figure 3; so that the clay can be delivered during half the revo-
lution only of the roller a, but not at other times. The edge of the
plate c, is sharpened, and comes close to the sides of the hopper A.
From the opening b, the clay passes into the cleansing press B, to
be cleared of stones, &c., which is effected by means of the cylinder
d, divided by the sieve e, into two coinpartments. In the interior
of one side works a piston f, which does not move quite up to the
sieve e; stops at a greater or less distance from it, according as the
clay is more or less stony. To regulate this motion, the piston
be prolonged or shortened by placing washers before it. The
crank handle 9₁ which moves the piston f, is connected to the crank
handle h; both of which bear such a relation to cach other, that as
soon as the piston f, commences entering the cylinder d, the plate i,
is raised through half its stroke, in which position it closes the
opening k, of the cylinder; the plate remains in the same position
until the piston f, has penetrated to its utmost extent, and then
commences to retire under the opening.k, by which the same is
opened; and by the time the piston has returned to its half stroke,
the opening k, is entirely open, the plate i, having been withdrawn.
The sieve e, is perforated with holes, which are formed conical
may

page_text: towards the outside; and the sieve has on this side a plate of wood,
before which a fixed wire or wires are placed close to the plate of
the sieve; or, instead of those wires, knives may be introduced. To
the piston rod l, another rod m, is connected, which puts the crank
handle n, in motion, by which the worm o, is turned, and through
it, the worm wheel p; in the centre of this wheel p, is fastened a
roller which passes through the opposite end of the cylinder d,
up to the sieve e, and is closely united to the same. The sieve e,
revolves between the two rings r, which may be also constructed on
the exterior of the cylinder; for which purpose the sieve frame
must be larger, and carry. friction rollers on its edge. If, at each
stroke of the piston, the sieve makes an entire turn or revolution,
only one wire is required before the same to cut off the clay forced
out; but if the revolution is only partial, more wires or knives
become necessary. The revolution of the sieve prevents the stones
contained in the clay clogging the holes of the same permanently,
and ensures their being moved away, and the stoney clay. remaining
in it being cut off; this cut off clay, which consists mostly of stones,
falls out by unbolting the opening k, of the cylinder d, and fresh clay
passes from the pugging machine a, into the cleansing press B, and
the operation is repeated. To put the piston f, in motion, the shaft.
is employed, on which the tooth wheel t, is fastened; the shafts,
is formed conical towards the lower end, and terminate in a pivot of
smaller diameter, as in Figure 8. The pivot of the roller s, rests in
the upper part of the crank handle u, Figure 10, and is capable of
turning in the same. Between the roller 8, and the upper part of
the crank handle u, is a cone v, Figure 9, which slides up and down
on the shaft 8, and is prevented from turning by the feather w,
fitting in a groove in the cone u. The lifting of the cone-2, is
effected by the lever r, having its fulcrum on the pillar y. Both
under surfaces of the cone v, the exterior one of which z, coincides
with the inner of the crank handle u, and the interior, a, a, with the
conical enlargement of the roller s, are formed with fine ridges
running out downwards; and the corresponding part of the shaft s,
and the crank handle u, are formed in the same manner. If the
8,

page_text: the
cone v, is lowered between both, they are thereby connected, and
the revolution of the shaft s, gives motion to the cranked handle u.
When the cone v, is lifted by the lever a, the connection of both
parts ceases, and the crank handle does not turn. The shaft 8,
receives its motion from the pulley a, by means of the strap a, b,
which
passes round the strap pullies a, c, and a, d; the pulley a, d,
may be of a different size from the others, by which the motion of
the roller s, can be modified. The spur wheel t, or the shaft s,
sets the spur wheel a, e, in motion. Over this spur wheel, which
has a conical recess in its upper surface, is placed the cone a,f;
and the surfaces of the recess and cone are constructed in this case
also with ridges and hollows, so as to be coupled together when in
contact. The cone a, f, can be raised by the lever a, g, which has
its fulcrum at a, h, and thereby disconnected from the tooth-
wheel a, e.
The cone af, is capable of sliding up and down without
turning on the shafts b, g, to which is attached the crank b, h; and
the crank b, h, is put in notion when the cone a, f, is connected with
spur wheel a, e, by means of the tooth wheel t, which gears into
a, e. The crank b, h, puts in motion the piston a, i, of a press C;
a, m, are rods which run through the press, and serve as guides
for the piston a, i. The cylinder a, k, is connected with the cleansing
press B, by the opening a, l, and the cleansed clay passes through
the opening a, l, into the cylinder a, k. The press C, does not
commence working until the cylinder a, k, is filled with clay. The
cylinder is closed on one side of the piston a, i; and on the opposite
side there is a wooden plate a, n, Figure 6, and another plate of
iron a, o, which close the cylinder a, k, tightly. These plates have
apertures of equal dimensions, which are as much larger than the
rods a, m, as the required thickness of the clay pipes. The openings
in the iron plate a, o, should be a little longer, in order that the
clay may slide only along the wood. The rods a, m, pass exactly
through the centre of those openings, by which they are nearly
closed, having only a ring shaped aperture, through which only the
clay can pass when pressed forward by the piston. The rods a, m,
are rather thicker within the cylinder than without, so as to allow

page_text: wires will press
the pressed pipes to move easily over them; they are supported
singly upon the rest a, p, which carries a number of seginents equal
to half that of the rods. Underneath the rods and the rest, is
placed a moveable piece a, r, with a hinge at a, q, which has a
corresponding number of segments; and when this is fastened by a
cramp a, s, the rods a, m, acquire a fixed position. When the
pressed pipes have arrived at the rest a, p, the lever a, g, is lifted,
and the clay press C, stops working. To divide the length of the
clay pipe upon the rods a, m, into single pieces, the apparatus a, t,
is employed. On it are fastened the cross rods a, u, which are
placed horizontally on the top and bottom, at such a distance from
cach other as the clay pipes are required to be long. Upon the
rods. slide the pipes a, v, on which are wires a, x, by means of
pegs a, w, which serve at the same time for tightening them; these
wires connect the upper pipes with the lower ones, and run in a
vertical direction between every two clay pipes. When the pipes
a, v, arc moved to and fro upon the rods a, u, the
against the rods a, m, and cut the pipes on them. The pipes a, v,
may be connected with each other by rods a, y; so that motion may
be imparted at the same time to all of them. When the clay pipes
have been cut through, the rods a, m, which now stand close before
the plate a, n, are removed from the piston, and left with the clay
pipes to dry. Similar rods are then introduced, the piston is drawn
back, the cylinder a, k, filled with clay, and new pipes pressed again
as before described. The wooden mould plates a, n, as well as the
rods a, m, may be introduced in all ordinary piston clay presses, as
shown in Figure 7, in cross section. The wooden mould plate a, n,
is connected by screws b, b, with the outer iron plate a, o, the
peg b, c, holding the piston b, d, is lengthened outwards, and tho
roda, m, extends only to the piston d, d, but as a cavity for the re-
ception of the peg b, c; in other respects, however, the construction
is the same as before described. The mould plates a, n, may be
constructed also, instead of wood, of any other suitable material,
such as slate, &c. If it is not deemed expedient to connect the pug
mill A, with the cleansing press B, and the moulding press C, these

page_text: parts may be disconnected, and put in motion separately. By this
arrangement of machinery, in manufacturing clay pipes, considerable
advantages will be gained, the press being filled with clay by itself;
the clay passes more easily through the sieve on account of its
turning, by which it is better mixed; the clay is further passed
more easily through the press, the pipes receiving a much smoother
surface by sliding over wood or other suitable substances, which
have been previously saturated with oil or grease; and the moulding
of long lengths of pipe is effected froin the operation being per-
formed on rods, by which they are moved and preserved with great
facility; the cutting of the pipes upon the rods is more exact, and
the pressing into the opening is avoided.
Thirdly, the Invention consists of an improved instrument or
apparatus, which the Inventor terms a trigonometer for surveying
and levelling the ground preparatory to the operation of boring for
laying pipes, as herein-before described, or in other cases where such
operations are required. In surveying operations, the position of
different points in relation to each other is correctly ascertained by
the length and direction of their connecting lines. The relation of
these lines to each other, or to a standard line (meridian), has been
hitherto determined by angle measuring, and after that by trigono-
metrical calculation; but the measuring, calculation, and the con-
struction of figures on paper will be much facilitated by measuring,
instead of the angle, the proportion of the three sides of a right
angled triangle, and by operating further by means of those pro-
portion numbers. This improved instrument is so constructed that
its scale is not marked on a circle but on a square forin. Figure 42,
Table I., shews a square a, b, c, d. From the centre c, of each side
of the square up to the corner points a, b, c, d, each half of the side
is divided in decimals, and the eight different right angled triangles
within the whole square, which are produced by drawing diagonals,
are marked by numbers in regular progression. Besides these
diagonals, each line drawn through the centre m, which in any
direction crosses or intersects the square division from m to o, and
the centre point, forms a right angled triangle; and by the number

page_text: 4-
1000
of the cut-off parts the proportion of the three sides of this right
angled triangle is ascertained. Suppose the square division in
every case occupies the same situation, the direction of this line is
determined by adding to the proportion number the number of one
of the eight triangles; for example, for the line q, i, Figure 42,
Sheet I., the proportion number will be 03, or for the line 7, r,
=400 Round the centre m, of the square division moves the
alhidade f, g, h, i, to which is attached a telescope. The alhidade
consists of one, two, or four arms, in which the glasses a, are
fastened by means of screws s; these glasses consist of two parts
fitted accurately together by the sharp corners in one piece, and
forming get their line of junction a directing line, the use of which
will be hereafter shewn. Figure 44, Sheet I., shews a front view, and
the Figure 45, a cross section, of the instrument. These lines are so
placed that they run, when prolonged, through the centre m, of the
square division, and intersect it from f to g, and h to i, in a right
angle. Lenses might be employed connected lengthways; and the
divisions or graduations would then be seen on a magnified scale.
Figure 46, shews a front view, Figure 47, a cross section, of these
glasses. The division of the instrument may be marked on a metal
plate, over which the alhidade f, g, h, i, moves in a parallel plane in
the usual way; and it consists of the square division represented in
Figure 42, Sheet I.; or the division may consist of a plate v, divided
in equal parts, as in Figure 43. This plate is fastened by the
screws d, and is so placed that the middle of the division ċ, from
the centre m, of the instrument, is exactly at the same distance as
the length of the division from o, the middle to the end points, and
at the same time so, also, that the divided line forms a right angle
with the connecting lines from m to c. The division itself is
effected in the usual way by marking of fine lines upon the metal of
the plate, or by means of metal plates of exactly the same thickness
united to each other, leaving space, however, for a fine substance to
be introduced between them, as for instance, black or red silk; that
is to say, a metal plate, a piece of silk; and again a metal plate, and
so on. Those plates, together with the interposed substance,

page_text: namely, silk, are compressed in an oblong frame and filed crossways
to a level plane, upon which the inlaid substances then become
visible, and appear in fine lines; or the division may be formed by.
means of fine wires of equal thickness wound close together round a.
roller. They are then soldered on their surface, and afterwards.
lengthways. In the interior of these strips are placed the single:
wires next to each other, so as to divide a line drawn crossways.
over them into equal parts. If, in the same manner as with all.
other known instruments, the plate which contains the division is
placed horizontally, the direction of the lines to be measured can
be ascertained by proportion numbers in the manner before de-
scribed; and if the division plate is placed vertically, and in such
a position, that the middle line g, i, of the division, Figure 42,
Sheet I., is in a vertical direction, a proportion number is found for
the incasured direction of the corresponding line, which gives the
proportion of the horizontal distance to the height between the two
end points of this line. In all other respects the instrument is
constructed similarly to all other instruments used for angle
measurement in surveying and levelling. To simplify the procedure,
the axle m, round which the alhidade with the telescope moves, niny
be placed in a cap w, in which it can be fixed by three screws on
the top and three screws on the bottom, placed in the centre of the
division a, b, c, d, Figure 42. This arrangement is shewn in
Figure 43, in side view; in Figure 43°, in cross section; and in
Figure 43, a front view.
The method of using the instrument in surveying and levelling.
operations is as follows:-Supposing the instrument to be placed in
the ordinary manner, with the centre point m, over a given spot in
the field, and a second point sighted, then the middle line of the
alhidade will cross the graduations on the scale at some point of the
divisions. If the middle line of the alhidade should be as in Figure
42, in the direction i, m, q, a right angled triangle being presented
by the line m, e, i, the number of the divisions cut off from e to s,
will give the proportion of the line'm, e, to e, i; since 'm, e,=d, e;
for example, m, e, e, i,=13 or 0.321. Before this proportion

page_text: the
pro-
number is placed the number of the octant in which the same ap-
pears; for example, m, i, the number 0, or for the line m, r,
portion number 5-446. By means of this proportion number; the
position of the connecting line between any two points is ascertained,
provided that at every successive application of the instrument, the
zero line of the division marked with an arrow, Figures 42, and 43, is
kept always parallel to its original direction. To ascertain the
starting point at the commencement of the measuring, the direction
of the true or supposed meridian, is first settled, by which the
direction of all other lines will be determined; and the direction
of those lines is ascertained by measurement of the proportion
numbers for all other points upon which the instrument shall be
placed. If the instrument is afterwards placed over a point in a
sighted line, or over one of the sighted points itself, the centre line.
of the alhidade cuts off from the division in the corresponding
octant the proportion number which the line will have, and the plate,
with the alhidade and spyglass, being turned until the sight line.
meets with the original connecting line for the starting point, the
division of the plate will receive thereby a direction parallel to that
which it previously occupied, and the operation will be thereby com-
pleted. The direction of new lines can be ascertained by leaving
the scale of the instrument fixed, and turning the alhidade, together
with the spyglass, towards the new points, and by observing the
proportion numbers, together with the number of the octant in each
particular case. If the instrument is transferred to new points, and
from thence to several in succession, until a point which has been
previously sighted from the starting point is reached, upon sighting
this starting point, the same proportion number will be obtained for
the connecting line as had been received already at the beginning
in the opposite direction, and this serves to check the measuring.
As it is indifferent whether a line is sighted backwards or forwards,
in most cases, one point in the placing of the instrument may be
dispensed with. In levelling a country it is generally best to lay
down over the whole extent a few straight lines, and to connect the
same in triangles; the measured direction of these lines will then

page_text: serve as a basis for further operations. In making the drawings
from the levelled planes, a series of squares are drawn upon the
paper, (see Figure 48,) each side of which contains 10-100 or 1000
yards of the adopted scale. The direction of the true or adopted
meridian is then noted down
upon the paper within one of the squares.
The division of the instrument consists in eight right angled trian-
gles of equal area, and the division is always on one of the connecting
lines. Each of these eight triangles bears, in regard to division and
direction towards the meridian, a particular position in the whole
square; and in each of the squares laid down on the paper a right
angled triangle may be constructed, which has the same direction as
any one of those eight triangles of the division. Thus, in the square
a, b, c, d, Figure 49, the triangle a, b, c, is divided by the side b, c,
and the division is reckoned from 6 to c, corresponding with the
triangle o, Figure 42. In the triangle a, d, c, the side d, c, from d
to c, when divided, corresponds to the triangle I., of the division,
Figure 42. In the triangle b, c, d, the side c, d, from c, to d, when
divided, corresponds to the triangle II. In the triangle b, a, d, the.
side a, d, from a to d, divided, is the triangle III. In the triangle
c, d, a, the side d, a, from d to a, divided, is the triangle IV. In
the triangle c, b, a, the side b, a, from 6 to a, divided, is the triangle
V. In the triangle d, a, b, the side a, b, from a to b, divided, is
the triangle VI.; and in the triangle d, c, b, the side c, b, from c to b,
divided, is the triangle VII. In order to overlook the situation of
those triangles more easily, it is desirable to draw in one corner of
the squares laid down on the paper, the Figure 42, as is done in
Figure 49. The proportion numbers which give the direction of
the lines are given in 1000th parts of the unit, every 1000 of the
proportion number being equal to 1 yard (as one side of each of
the squares represents this unit), that is, if the side contains one
hundred yards of the scale. Next to the proportion number in
the unit's place, is given the number which indicates to which of the
eight triangles of the division the proportion number belongs; and
a corresponding triangle has then to be chosen for the drawing.

page_text: The proportion number itself denotes how many parts of the units,
reckoned from the 0 point, ought to be put down. For example,
the given proportion number b, c,-6-451, the square a, b, c, d,
Figure 50, is drawn, and the Figure 42, must be put in the corner
at c. The proportion number in the place of the unit marked 6,
denotes that the direction of the line to be drawn falls in the triangle
d, a, b, and that the division ought to be counted from a to b.
Therefore, after the given proportion number, from a to b, 45
ya, must be set down, and a, e, will be equal, from a, b. The
point d, being connected with the dividing point e, by a straight line,
the saine has, in the drawing, the same direction to the meridian d, c,
as the measured one in the field.. In a similar manner each other
line receives in the drawing its corresponding proportion number;
for example, if the line b, f, should have the proportion number
2-882, where c,f,= from 'd, c, it will be equal to 88 yards of
the scale, &c. If for two points d, and g, Figure 48, the direction
of their connecting line is laid down=6.451 upon the paper through
the line d, e, the second point.g, will be easily found; if the point d,
as starting point, has received its proper position in the end point d,
of the square, by measuring off the second indicating division, the
distance from d, to g,=45 yards, following the scale upon the line d, e,
from d to g. If, further, the proportion number and distance is given
proportion, distance.
from g, to a third point n; for example, from g to h,=1-426-62 yards,
a, k, will be the direction of the connecting line, by measuring for
d, k, 42 yards, and by connecting the point k, with a. The
direction of this line being drawn parallel up to g, and continued
from g, to h, the given distance=62 yards is measured off. If from
two given points, a third one is sighted, and the proportion numbers
for the direction of the intersecting connecting lines given, the pro-
ceeding to be adopted to ascertain the situation of the third point is.
easily seen from the foregoing; for example, for the third point i, from
g to i, the proportion number 0.168, and from k to i, the proportion
number 2.056, Figure 48. When the instrument is used for levelling,

page_text: the division, Figure 42, should receive such a position that the zero
line of the division marked with an arrow shall stand vertically,
then the portion number received by sighting any point gives the
proportion of the horizontal distance to the height of the object; for
example, let the proportion number be 6-621, and the horizontal
distance sixty yards, the height of the sighted points will be 60×
0-621, 37, 26 yards.
In conclusion, it may be well to state the principal features
involved in the systems of surveying and levelling before described,
and in the construction of the instrument.
1. The main part of the instrument is a straight line, divided in equal
parts; this division and consequently the whole construction of the
instrument is exceedingly simple, as Figure 42, shews. 2. The di-
rection of each separate line is measured by itself, whether the same
is sighted backwards or forwards, which ensures many advantages
during the measuring, and simplifies the whole proceeding; for
example, the situation of a third point can be ascertained by two
points whose situation has been ascertained by the operator standing
only on that third point. 3. It is rendered unnecessary that the
instrument should be placed upon the points to be ascertained. It
is frequently possible, and particularly in open fields besides the next
following station points, to sight other ones, for example, a third
point, from which a level may be taken towards the first point the
connecting lines backwards and forwards may be sighted, and the
intermediate points may be left out. 4. In sighting crossways
through a figure, either principal or other points, the measured pro-
portion numbers act as a check on the measurement and calculation
with very little loss of time. It is also easily discovered in what
quarter an error has been committed, and whether this error exists
in the measurement of the distance, or in taking the proportion
numbers. 5. If an error occur during the measuring with the
instrument, which might have been avoided, it is exhibited in the
sighting towards the last point, and a point ascertained from the
previous measurement, and the distance is thus ascertained in which
the error must have occurred. 6. Not only are avoidable mistakes

page_text: casily ascertained, but unavoidable ones may be rectified by resight-
ing towards the principal points laid down, or towards previous
points from time to time. Through this operation the direction
of single lines, in detailed measurements, where many broken lines
have to be taken, is much more precise than by the ordinary mode
of the angle, because the unavoidable errors cannot sum up the
measurement, being, further, much more exact than the measure-
'ment by compass, not being dependent on the wavering of the
magnet needle. 7. The drawings from the measured ascertaining
points are easily and accurately made with compass and scale, and
their correctness is checked and errors avoided with great simplicity.
8. The proportion numbers measured by means of this instrument
for the direction of the single lines may be also applied direct, in
order to ascertain from the same and the measured distances the
'complete result; and the area of the figures may be ascertained by
calculation alone, and without drawings on paper also, by sighting
only two points in a fixed position; for example, two steeples, the
'situation of every other object in the field with reference to them
may be casily ascertained.
And having now described the nature of the said Invention, and
in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
claim in respect thereof, is,―
First, the several forms or constructions of boring tools, and
hollow boring rods, and the mode of connecting and working the
saine for boring the ground, and for laying pipes, and clearing
obstructions therein, as represented in Sheets I., II., III., and IV., of
the Drawings annexed, and herein-before described.
Second, the machine for cleansing the clay moulding and cut-
ting clay pipes; for obtaining straighter forms and smoother surfaces,
as represented in Sheet V. of the Drawings, and herein-before de-
scribed; and,

page_text: Third, the trigonometer, or instrument for surveying and
levelling, represented in Sheet I. of the Drawings, and herein-before
described.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Edward Schottlander,
have hereunto set my hand and seal, this Twenty-fifth day
of May, One thousand eight hundred and fifty-three.
W. ED³. SCHOTTLANDER. (L.S.)
W. EDP. SCHOTTLANDER. (L.S.)