CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN OBTAINING OR MANUFACTURING, AND IN RENDERING USEFUL CHLORINE, THE CHLORIDES OP LIME AND SODA, AND. OTHER COMPOUNDS OF CHLORINE APPLICABLE IN BLEACHING
Year: 1839

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, CHRISTOPHER
BINKS, of Newington, in the County of Edinburgh, Manufacturing Chemist,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at West-
minster, the Eighth day of February, in the second year of Her reign, did, for
Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said Christopher
Binks, Her especial licencé, full power, sole privilege and authority, that I,
the said Christopher Binks, my executors, administrators, and assigns, and such
others as I, the said Christopher Binks, my executors, administrators, or assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, froin time to time and at all times
thereafter during the term of fourteen years therein expressed, should and
lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England and Wales, and
the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my. Invention of " CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN
OBTAINING OR MANUFACTURING, AND IN RENDERING USEFUL CHLORINE, THE CHLORIDES
OP LIME AND SODA, AND. OTHER COMPOUNDS OF CHLORINE APPLICABLE IN BLEACHING;"
in which said Letters Patent is contained a proviso, that I, the said Christopher
Binks, shall cause a particular description of the nature of my said Invention,"
and the manner in which the same is to be performed, by an instrument in
writing under my hand and seal, to be enrolled in Her said Majesty's High
Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately after the

page_text: date of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same,
reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Christopher, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention, and
the manner in which the same is to be performed, are particularly described
and ascertained in and by the following description thereof, that is to say:-
The objects of my said improvement are, first, to procure oxide of manganese
from or to recover as an oxide the manganese existing in the residue of
materials usually employed in the manufacture of chlorine, which residue, as
far as respects the manganese contained in it, has been hitherto for the most
part wasted.
Secondly, to produce sulphurous acid or hydrosulphuric acid from the
sulphuret of manganese obtained as a waste product by the process commonly
used to extract the soda from the said chlorine residue.
Thirdly, to manufacture chlorine without the agency of oxide of manganese,
by the application to the purpose of decomposing muriatic acid or muriatic
acid gas of nitrate of soda or carbonic acid, whereby these last-mentioned
substances are made respectively to subserve the same purpose as that for
which the oxide of manganese is now commonly used in the manufacture of
chlorine.
And the tendency of these improvements is to effect a considerable saving in
the expence at present generally incurred in the manufacture of chlorine, by
recovering the manganese used therein in a state fit to be again so employed,
by obtaining the above-named useful products from the waste sulphuret of
manganese, or by avoiding the labour and inconvenience attendant upon the
application in such manufacture of oxide of manganese, by substituting for
that substance either nitrate of soda or carbonic acid, as above stated. The
nature of these improvements, and the manner of carrying them into effect, will
be best understood if. I first describe the processes now in common use for the
manufacture of chlorine, and state the kind of substances or products to
which the improvements relate, and which result from or are obtained by those
processes.
First, by one process of manufacture, chlorine is obtained by heating a
mixture of common salt, black oxide of manganese, and sulphuric acid diluted,
and after the chlorine has been expelled from such mixture there remains a
residue, consisting chiefly of a mixture of sulphate of manganese and sulphate
of soda, and this residue being one upon which I operate for the recovery of
the manganese contained in it, I shall throughout the following description, and

page_text: residue."
Second, by another method chlorine is obtained by heating a mixture of
muriatic acid and black oxide of manganese, and when the chlorine has been
expelled from this mixture there remains a substance known as muriate or
chloride of manganese, upon which I likewise operate for the recovery of the
manganese contained in it, and shall distinguish it in the following description
as the "muriate residue."
Third, it is customary for manufacturers to seek to obtain from the
"sulphate residue" the soda which exists in it, and that in some form which
may be useful to them, and for this purpose that kind of residue is sometimes
mixed with coal or other carbonaceous matter, and exposed to a high tempera-
ture, by which treatment the two sulphates, namely, of manganese and soda,
contained in it are converted respectively into the sulphuret of manganese and
the sulphuret of sodium, and, in part, occasionally into other substances, as
the oxide of manganese and carbonate of soda. The soluble salts of soda
being washed out of the mass so obtained, there is left a residue consisting
chiefly of sulphuret of manganese, upon which I also operate for the recovery
from it of the manganese in the form of an oxide, and which last-mentioned
residue I shall hereafter distinguish as the "sulphuret residue. '
I proceed now to describe the several processes or operations used for the
recovery of the oxides of manganese, and first from the "sulphate residue."
If it be the "sulphate residue" from which the manganese as an oxide is to be
acquired, I proceed with one or other of my improved processes as follows:→
Firstly, to this residue I add caustic soda or carbonate of soda, whereby I
effect the separation of the manganese from the salts of soda contained in the
residue, and obtain either protoxide of manganese or carbonate of man-
ganese, according to the kind of alkali employed, and sulphate of soda. I
find it most advantageous to conduct this process as follows, namely, to add
to the residue, as it is obtained from the chlorine stills, and contained in any
convenient vessel, water in sufficient quantity to liquify the mixture, then to
throw into it a solution of either the caustic soda or the carbonate of soda,
till the whole or nearly the whole of the manganese has been precipitated,
then to allow the precipitated manganese immediately produced to subside to
the bottom of the vessel, and then to decant off the clear liquor or solution of
sulphate of soda. The precipitate may be washed in an additional quantity
of water, more fully to free it from sulphate of soda, if found necessary.. The
protoxide or carbonate of manganese so obtained I then expose to the com-

page_text: bined action of a low red heat and atmospheric air, which latter is to be
freely admitted to the mass whilst so heated, whereby the carbonate of
manganese (when carbonate of manganese is acted upon) is decomposed,
parting with carbonic acid and absorbing oxygen, and whereby that as well as
the protoxide (when protoxide is so acted upon) becomes or is converted into
a deutoxide of manganese or a mixture of deutoxide and red oxide of man-
ganese. And I find these operatious of heating and exposure to the open air
to be best conducted in a common reverberatory furnace, though any other
kind of furnace that will freely admit the air at the time the mass is heated
well equally well subserve these purposes. I sometimes find, it convenient
and beneficial to vary these operations, as follows, namely, I mix the sulphate
residue and the alkali (either the caustic soda or carbonate of soda, as herein-
before mentioned) together in a dry state, or use only as much water as will
allow of their intermixture by stirring; I then heat the mass in the rever-
beratory furnace till oxide of manganese is formed, and remove the mixture to
any:convenient vessel, and separate the oxide of manganese from the sulphate
of soda by dissolving out the latter by water. The oxide or mixture of oxides
of manganese produced by the foregoing process, or this variation of them,
can in this state be employed in the manufacture of chlorine; or, previously to
their application to that purpose they may be further oxidized by one or other
of the processes for that purpose hereafter described, and which I denominate
the "peroxidizing process."
Secondly. Another method by which I separate and acquire the manganese
contained in the "sulphate residue" from the soda therein existing consists in
adding sulphuret of sodium to that residue, and thereby obtaining sulphuret
of manganese and sulphate of soda. And I prefer to conduct this process in
the following manner, namely, I liquify the sulphate residue by the addition
to it of water in sufficient quantity for that purpose, and then I add to it a
solution of the sulphuret of sodium in quantity sufficient to precipitate the
whole or nearly the whole of the manganese present, which is thus obtained in
an insoluble sulphuret of manganese, and which I finally separate from the
sulphate of soda by decanting off the solution of the latter after the manganese
has subsided to the bottom of the vessel they are contained in. In order,
finally, to obtain oxide of manganese from this sulphuret of manganese, I
subject the sulphuret of manganese to one or other of the processes for that
purpose, herein-after described under the head of and as applicable to the
"sulphuret residue."
Thirdly. Another process whereby I separate and acquire the manganesc

page_text: from the soda contained in the "sulphate residue" consists in adding to it lime,
or hydrate of lime, or carbonate of lime, and I prefer to conduct this process
in the following manner, namely, I take the sulphate residue from the chlo-
rine stills, and dry it by exposure to a moderate heat; I then mix it with
hydrate of lime in the relative proportions of one part by weight of hydrate of
lime to two parts of the dry sulphate residue, and expose the mixture in a
reverberatory furnace to a low red heat till the manganese has been reduced to
an oxide; by this treatment I obtain a mixture consisting chiefly of oxide of
manganese, sulphate of soda, sulphate and hyposulphate of lime. The
sulphate of soda and hyposulphate of lime being soluble in water, I separate
them from the other products by washing in the usual way. The remaining
mixture of sulphate of lime and oxide of manganese can be employed without
further treatment in the manufacture of chlorine, the oxide of manganese
held in such mixture being in a fit state to be so employed, or it may pre-
viously be converted into a better oxide by the application of one or other of
the "peroxidizing processes" hereafter to be described. I sometimes find it
convenient to separate a considerable portion of the insoluble sulphate of lime
from this oxide of manganese, by causing the lighter oxide of manganese
to be suspended or carried off by the well-known mechanical action of water,
whilst the heavier sulphate of lime has subsided to the bottom of any mass of
water so employed. I sometimes vary this process by adding to the sulphate
residue from the chlorine still about one-third of its weight of common salt,
and fusing the mixture in a reverberatory furnace. I check the operation as
soon as the whole is fused, and by this means effect the separation of a portion
of the manganese in the form of red oxide of manganese, the remainder being
left chiefly as a hyposulphate of manganese, together with a variable proportion
of sulphate. I then to the mass so treated add lime or hydrate of lime by
any convenient means, and proceed as before described. By this preliminary
step or process the separation of the resulting oxide of manganese from the
lime is rendered more complete, the hyposulphate of lime which results being
separable by solution in water. I also vary this third process, when convenient,
by using carbonate of lime in place of hydrate of lime, and I thereby finally
obtain the same products as those first described; also by using cream of lime
formed of either the hydrate or the carbonate of lime, and for this purpose I'
mix the cream of lime with the sulphate residue in a liquid state, and allow
the protoxide or the carbonate of manganese thus formed to subside to the
bottom of the mass, and then separate the soluble hyposulphate of lime and
sulphate of soda by decanting off their solutions. The precipitated mixture of

page_text: manganese and sulphate of lime I expose to heat in the same way as before
described, and so I obtain a mixture of it suitable to be used in the manu-
facture of chlorine, and consisting of sulphate of lime and oxide of manganese,
the latter of which can, by processes above referred to, be partly separated from
the sulphate of lime if required; I sometimes likewise vary this process by
first fusing the sulphate residue with about one-third weight of common salt,
and afterwards adding to the mass so treated the cream of lime, as already
described.
Fourthly. Another method whereby I separate and acquire the manganese
from the soda existing in the "sulphate residue" is the following, namely, I
add nitrate of soda to the residue, and heat the mixture till decomposition has
taken place in the mass, whereby I obtain finally sulphate of soda, nitrous acid
gas, and oxide of manganese, the latter consisting chiefly of a mixture of deut-
oxide and peroxide of manganese. In conducting this operation, I prefer to
mix the sulphate residue and the nitrate of soda together in a dry state, and to
effect their decomposition by heating them, at a low red heat in a close iron
retort, having an aperture and a conducting pipe attached to it, whereby the
nitrous gas can be conducted off and applied to some useful purpose; I some-
times find it convenient to alter or vary this process, by adding to the mixture
of nitrate of soda and sulphate residue a quantity of some inferior oxide of
manganese (that is, of either the protoxide, the red oxide, or the deutoxide of
manganese), or carbonate of manganese, and heating such a mixture in the way
above described. By this means a greater quantity of oxide of manganese is
obtained by the expenditure of the same quantity of nitrate of soda; I do not
in this variation of the process confine myself to any particular relative propor-
tions of the materials used, but find it most advantageous to use the following,
namely, one part by weight of nitrate of soda, two parts of dry sulphate residue,
and three parts of one or other of the inferior oxides of manganese before men-
tioned, or of carbonate of manganese. From this mixture so treated I obtain
oxide of manganese, sulphate of soda, and binoxide of nitrogen. This latter
product I cause to be brought in contact with an additional quantity of either
inferior oxide of manganese or carbonate of manganese whilst these substances
are at a low red heat, whereby the gas yields oxygen to them, and a valuable
oxide of manganese is produced. I further vary or alter this fourth process, as
may be found convenient, by adding lime or hydrate of lime or chalk to a mix-
ture of nitrate of soda and sulphate residue, and then applying heat to effect
their decomposition, as above described. But without confining myself to the
use of any particular relative proportions of such substances, I find the follow-

page_text: ing to be most advantageous and convenient, that is to say, one part by weight
of nitrate of soda, eight parts of dry sulphate residue, and three parts of lime
hydrate or carbonate of lime. The materials used in the fourth process above
described, or any of its variations, can be mixed together either in the wet or
dry state, and I do not confine myself to the particular kind of apparatus above
described wherein to conduct the operation, since there are several other modes
of applying heat to the mixture which will do equally well, and the nitrous
acid gas or other gaseous products need not be collected unless desired. The
oxide of manganese produced by this fourth process, or its variations, can then
be separated from the mass by dissolving out the soluble substances contained
in it; and in that case in which lime or hydrate of lime or chalk is used, and
in which, after washing, the sulphate of lime remains, the oxide can be
employed, when so mixed, in the manufacture of chlorine; or it may be
previously separated in part from the sulphate of lime by the means before
described under my third process.
Secondly. Operations with the "muriate residue."-If it be the "muriate
residue" from which the manganese is to be recovered or acquired, I proceed
as follows, namely,―
First method. I mix together carbonate of lime and the "muriate residue,"
and so produce carbonate of manganese and mutriate of lime; and I prefer to
conduct the process in the following manner :-To a solution of the muriate
residue in water, and held in any convenient vessel, I add cream of chalk in
such relative quantity to the residue, that the whole or nearly the whole of the
manganese shall be precipitated from the mixture. The carbonate of man-
ganese thus produced I then separate from the solution of muriate of lime by
decanting off the latter after the carbonate of manganese has subsided to the
bottom of the vessel. The carbonate of manganese so obtained I then treat
by any of the methods already described as applicable to that product when
obtained from or by operating upon the "sulphate residue," in order finally to
produce from it the oxide or mixture of oxides as already before stated in
describing the several processes connected with the "sulphate residue."
Second method, whereby I recover the oxide of manganese from the
"muriate residue," consists in heating it without the addition of any other
substance, but under such conditions that the atmospheric air shall have free
access to it whilst so heated, whereby it is decomposed and left as an oxide of
manganese; and I prefer to conduct this operation in a common reverberatory
furnace, and to apply a continued low red heat in order to effect this change.
The oxide so produced can be used in the manufacture of chlorine, or it may

page_text: first be improved in its quality by heating it with nitrate of soda or nitrous
acid gas, as before explained in describing my fourth process or method of
operating with the "sulphate residue;" or it may be peroxidized by any of the
processes for that purpose hereafter described.
Thirdly. Operations with the "sulphuret residue."-If it be the "sulphuret
residue from which the manganese as an oxide is to be recovered or acquired,
I proceed in the following manner, namely, I add to it muriatic acid, whereby
I obtain muriate of manganese and sulphuretted hydrogen gas; and I prefer
to conduct this process as follows, namely, I put liquid muriatic acid to this
residue, when it is contained in a vessel so contrived that the gaseous product
of this intermixture and decomposition, may be carried off and applied to any
of the useful purposes to which it is applicable; but I more particularly
apply it to the production of sulphurous acid, by burning it in atmospheric air.
The muriate or chloride of manganese so obtained I treat in the manner
already fully described in my operations upon the muriate residue, in order to
recover from it the oxide of manganese in a state fit for the manufacture of
chlorine; I also vary this process, when convenient, by using sulphuric
instead of muriatic acid, and I hereby procure sulphate instead of muriate or
chloride of manganese, and sulphuretted hydrogen gas, as before. From the
sulphate of manganese I finally procure the oxide, by the application of any of
the methods already fully described under the head of operations with
the "sulphate residue." Note. I sometimes find it advantageous to expose
the sulphate of manganese to the action of a red heat in a reverberatory furnace
till it is reduced to the state of an oxide; a second method, by which I obtain
the oxide of manganese from the sulphate residue, consists in exposing it to
the action of continued heat in a reverberatory furnace, whereby it is finally
reduced to the state of an oxide suitable to be used or dealt with in manner
herein-before described.
As to the "peroxidizing processes."-In order to improve the quality of
inferior oxide of manganese, or mixtures of oxides of manganese, produced by
any of the previously described methods, or otherwise, and to render such
products more valuable in the manufacture of chlorine, I subject them to one
or other of the following processes, namely:-
First peroxidizing process.-I heat or boil the inferior oxide (say, the
deutoxide, or the red oxide, or a mixture of the red oxide and deutoxide), in
dilute sulphuric acid, whereby I obtain peroxide of manganese combined with
water, or hydrated peroxide of manganese, and a solution of sulphate of
manganese. I prefer to conduct this process as follows, namely, I use the

page_text: sulphuric acid so diluted that its specific gravity shall be any of those ranging
between 1.400 and 1·100. If the oxide of manganese to be operated with be
in quality equal to the deutoxide, then to any given weight of it I add as much
diluted sulphuric acid as shall make the quantity of acid of specific gravity
1.840 present to be equal to one-third the weight of oxide so acted upon. But
if the oxide be in quality only equal to the red oxide, then the quantity of acid
estimated at specific gravity 1-840 present in the mixture should be greater, or
be at least equal to about one-half of the whole weight of the oxide. This
mixture, held in any convenient vessel, I then boil for half an hour or an hour,
whereby the peroxide of manganese and sulphate of manganese are produced.
The hydrated peroxide of manganese is then separated from the sulphate of
manganese by decanting off the solution of the latter. I vary this process,
when it is deemed more convenient so to do, by macerating the oxide in dilute
sulphuric acid at ordinary temperature, instead of heating or boiling the
mixture as above; but in this case I continue the mutual action of the oxide
and the acid longer. I find that it is best completed by continuing it during
thirty-six or forty-eight hours.
Second peroxidizing process.-To inferior oxide of manganese, or a mixture
of oxides of manganese, I add dilute muriatic acid instead of sulphuric acid, as
in the former peroxidizing process, and I either heat or boil the mixture of
acid and oxide, or macerate the oxide in the acid at ordinary temperature, as I
may find most convenient, and as before described in proceeding with the sul-
phuric acid, and thereby procure a peroxide or hydrated peroxide of manganese
and a solution of muriate of manganese. In this process I prefer to use dilute
muriatic acid of any specific gravity ranging between 1.100 and 1·030, and in
such relative quantity to the oxide of manganese present that the quantity of
real acid shall be in weight equal to about one-third of that of the oxide acted
upon, if that oxide be in quality equal to the deutoxide, or the acid may be in
weight equal to one-half that of the oxide if it be the red oxide. But in either
of these processes I do not confine myself to the use, of the particular quantity
or specific gravity above stated, but I hereby specify them as those which I
have found to yield the peroxide with the greatest readiness and economy.
Third peroxidizing process. Another method, whereby I peroxidize and
improve the quality of any inferior oxide of manganese obtained by any of the
processes herein-before described, or otherwise, consists in heating such oxide
along with carbonate of soda, and in conducting this operation I prefer to add
the carbonate of soda in quantity by weight greater than that of the oxide
present by about one-third, to use a common reverberatory furnace in which to

page_text: heat them, and to carry the heat to a degree a little short of that required to
fuse the mixture. When any appearance of fusion or softening is presented in
the mass so heated, I then remove it from the furnace, and finally separate the
oxide of manganese from the soda by washing out the latter by water. The
soda so used can be again employed to subserve the same purpose with another
portion of any inferior oxide. With respect to the foregoing description of
processes or operations, I do not claim as my Invention or improvements any
particular form of the apparatus or vessels to be employed in conducting my
said several processes, or either of them, nor any of the chemical substances
merely as such. But I claim as my Invention the application to the hitherto
for the most part waste and useless residues left in manufacturing chlorine of
caustic soda, carbonate of soda, sulphuret of sodium, lime, hydrate of lime,
carbonate of lime, muriate of soda, and nitrate of soda, one or other of them, or
otherwise, as I have herein-before particularly described, for the purpose of
finally obtaining or acquiring the manganese contained in such residue as an
oxide. And in connexion with such processes, 1 also claim as my Invention
the application of muriatic acid, sulphuric acid, nitrous acid gas, nitrate of
soda, one or other of them, or otherwise, as I have also herein-before particu-
larly described, for the purpose of peroxidizing or improving the quality of any
oxide or mixture of oxides obtained by the said previously described processes,
or otherwise. And I also claim as my Invention the application of muriatic
acid or sulphuric acid to the waste residue, which I call "sulphuret residue," in
order thereby to procure, oxide of manganese, sulphurous acid, and hydro-
sulphuric acid, in the manner herein-before described under the head of
operations with that residue.
As to my improved method of obtaining chlorine without the aid of
manganese. The use of oxide of manganese in the ordinary processes for
obtaining chlorine, as herein-before described, is merely to supply oxygen
whereby muriatic acid is decomposed, such oxygen combining and forming
water with the hydrogen of the muriatic acid, and so liberating its other
constituent, the chlorine. And my improvements consist in the application
of nitrate of soda or of carbonic acid as the source from which oxygen
is to be obtained for the same purpose. When I use nitrate of soda I proceed
to decompose it by heating it to a low red heat in an iron retort, and to
collect the gaseous products of its decomposition in a gasometer, by this means
I procure a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen gases, which I intermix with
muriatic acid gas, and pass through a red hot porcelain or earthenware tube,
which I call the "decomposing tube;" by this treatment I obtain from

page_text: muriatic gas, and the mixture of oxygen and nitrogen gases, chlorine, nitrogen
gas, and water. The muriatic acid gas so used I procure from any convenient
source, but I prefer to use that thrown off' in the usual operation of decomposing
common salt by sulphuric acid, and to use, for decomposing the salt, a close
furnace or retort, having a conducting pipe, by which the muriatic acid gas is
conveyed to the "decomposing tube." I prefer not to mix the muriatic acid
gas and the mixed oxygen gas till immediately before they enter the "decom-
posing tube," in order to confine the firing or composition of this gaseous
mixture to that tube alone. The relative proportions of these gases, which I
find to yield the best and most economical products, are four measures or
volumes of muriatic acid gas and one of the mixed oxygen and nitrogen
gases. I find it advantageous, in applying the products of this operation to
the manufacture of chloride or lime or other of the bleaching compounds of
chlorine, first, to pass the chlorine so obtained through water, in order fully to
separate any free muriatic acid gas that may chance not to have been decom-
posed in its passage through the decomposing tube, also for the purpose.of
cooling the chlorine before it is brought in contact with the lime or other
substances that may be used in the manufacture of bleaching compounds; as
aforesaid. I sometimes further cool the chlorine before its application in the
aforesaid manufactures by passing it through a series of earthenware tubes or
pipes surrounded by water. When I use carbonic acid as the source from which
oxygen is to be furnished to decompose the muriatic acid gas, I obtain the car-
bonic acid gas from any of its ordinary sources, and pass it, in the same manner
as above described, through the decomposing tube along with muriatic acid gas;
and I prefer to mix them in the relative proportions of two volumes of the latter
to one volume of carbonic acid gas; the result of their operation is to produce
chlorine, carbonic oxide, and water. The chlorine so produced I apply to the
manufacture of chlorine of lime or soda, or other bleaching compounds of
chlorine, first washing and cooling the gases in the manner and for the pur-
poses above described, if found necessary. As to this latter part of my Inven-:
tion, I do not confine myself to the use of the particular relative proportions of
gases to be mixed and operated upon, as above stated, nor to the particular
kind of apparatus therein described, since other proportions and other kinds of
apparatus can be successfully employed, though those I have above specified
I find to give the best results. And I do not claim as my Invention the
method of decomposing muriatic acid gas by means of oxygen gas; neither do
I claim any particular kind of apparatus to be employed therein, since the fact
that muriatic acid gas can be so decomposed, is well-known; and many other

page_text: rms of apparatus will equally well subserve this purpose. But I do claim
e application of nitrate of soda as the source from which the oxygen is for
is purpose to be obtained; also the application of carbonic acid gas: to the
rpose of decomposing muriatic acid gas for the production of chlorine, to be
plied to the manufacture of chloride of lime or soda, or other bleaching
mpounds of chlorine.
In witness whereof, I have affixed my seal to and subscribed these
Presents written on this and the three preceding skins of stamped
parchment, by George Home, Clerk to Thomas Weir, Writer to the
Signet, at Edinburgh, the Third day of August, One thousand eight
hundred and thirty-nine; the word "been" on the fourteenth line from
the top of the first skin, & the word "sulphate" on the fourth line
from the top of the third skin, having been interlined, before signing,
before these witnesses, Anthony Clapham, Esquire, junior, of Gateshead,
in the County of Durham, and the said George Home..
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Fifth. day of August, in the
third year of the reign of Her Majesty Queen Victoria, the said Christopher
Binks came before our said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknow-
ledged the instrument aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained
and specified, in form above written. And also the instrument aforesaid was
stamped according to the tenor of the Statute made in the fifty-fifth year of
the reign of His late Majesty King George the Third.
Inrolled the Eighth day of August, One thousand eight hundred and
thirty-nine.