IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CARPETS AND OTHER GOODS HAVING A RAISED TERRY OR PILE FACE
Year: 1866

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Edward Newton, of the Office for Patents,
66, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, for the
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CARPETS AND OTHER
GOODS HAVING A RAISED TERRY OR PILE FACE."-A communication from
abroad by the American Waterproof Cloth Company (Incorporated), of
the City of New York, in the United States of America.
Sealed the 5th June 1866, and dated the 4th April 1866.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Edward Newton
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
4th April 1866.
I, WILLIAM EDWARD NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery Lane,
in the County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of
the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CARPETS AND
OTHER GOODS, HAVING A RAISED TERRY OR PILE FACE," to be as follows:-
In all Brussels or pile fabrics heretofore made, except in some kinds of fine
plush goods suitable for furniture coverings, the cloth has been woven over
wires in order to form the loop, after forming which the wires have been wit! -
drawn, leaving only the linen foundation warp and weft composing the body
of the cloth to hold the loop at its base, this being its only support, as the
loop is raised entirely above the cloth and is the only part of the fabric exposed
to wear..

page_text: The object of the present Invention is to produce Brussels looped or terry
fabrics more economically than heretofore, and of such strength and solidity
that they will wear a greater length of time than Brussels, tapestry, or velvet
To this
carpets, or fabrics of equal weight produced in the usual manner.
end I first put in the loom a warp of linen or jute yarn of the size
to about the number
for carpets of what is technically called "six lea
of two hundred threads, more or less, upon a width of 28 inches; this
is drawn through a heddle or leaf of a harness and through the reed. I
then draw in a warp of woollen or worsted or other yarns having about
three times the number of threads to that of linen, or whatever number may
be required, regard being had to the use for which the fabric is intended,
through another headle or harness and through the reed. I then put upon
the linen warp sufficient strain to prevent it from being interwoven with
the other warps or with either of the other kinds of filling used. On the
worsted warp but little strain or tension is used, when the headle having the
linen or jute warp is elevated the worsted warp is depressed, a linen weft
thread is then thrown in, and when the warps are crossed or reversed by the
harness or heddle this thread serves to hold the slack worsted warp upon the
When the worsted warp is
under side of the tightly strained linen warps.
elevated, and the linen depressed, a weft thread of woollen or other yarn of a
size corresponding to the number of threads required upon an inch in the
length of cloth is then thrown in. The shed is then changed, and the linen
weft is thrown in as before. By this method a perfect pile or loop fabric,
either cut or uncut, from the finest to the heaviest goods can be made. And by
the use of woollen or other thread thrown under the loop upon the face of the
fabric great additional strength and firmness is secured. The loop is then
held in its original position and cannot be loosened; the filling under the
loop moreover forms a foundation or cushion to preserve it from becoming
crushed. A dead or stuffing chain or warp may be used in addition to the
warp forming the face or loops, and the linen warp before described, for the
purpose of adding firmness and weight to the fabric, the fabric having a back
of linen, jute, cotton, wool, or other fibrous material is more firm, compact,
and substantial than any other fabric of carpetting known as Brussels, velvet,
or tapestry now in use. By this method a fabric may be made having all the
beauty of a Brussels, yet more durable, and a pile or loop is raised without the
tedious and expensive process of inserting and withdrawing wires. Or wires
may be inserted in lieu of filling thread, and may be withdrawn either before
or after the goods are vulcanized, if india-rubber or other gum be used.
When a velvet fuce is required a knife or cutter may be attached to tho

page_text: end of the wire, which will cut the loop open at the top, as in the ordinary
manner of cutting the pile of velvet carpets. Or, if a filling thread be used
to form the pile or tufts, a fixed or revolving knife or cutter may be used upon
a slide or carriage traversing across the face of the cloth, and so registered
as to cut each row of tufts separately or in any required number at one time.
Or the face of the cloth may be submitted to a shearing process or the action
of knives or saws, leaving a cut pile or velvet face upon the goods. This fabric
may be attached to a back of any material by the use of india-rubber or other
vulcanizable compounds, or gutta percha, or other gums, and it may be dyed
or printed or embossed after being so woven, or may be dyed or printed on the
yarns before being woven, and may be attached to a back composed of linen,
jute, flax, hemp, cotton, orother material either before or after being dyed or
printed as before described.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said William Edward Newton in the Great Seal Pateut Office
on the 3rd October 1866.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
EDWARD NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery Lane, in the County
of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Fourth day of April, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-six, in the twenty-ninth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said William Edward Newton, Her special license that I, the said William
Edward Newton, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as
I, the said William Edward Newton, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time, and at all
times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IM-
PROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CARPETS AND OTHER GOODS HAVING A RAISED
TERRY OR PILE FACE," being a communication to me from abroad, upon the con-
dition (amongst others) that I, the said William Edward Newton, my
executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or
one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature
of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and

page_text: cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said William Edward Newton, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is
to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement:-
In all Brussels or pile fabrics heretofore made, except in some kinds of fine
plush goods suitable for furniture coverings, the cloth has been woven over
wires in order to form the loop, after forming which the wires have been with-
drawn, leaving only the linen foundation warp and weft composing the body
of the cloth to hold the loop at its base, this being its only support, as the loop
is raised entirely above the cloth and is the only part of the fabric exposed to
wear. A Brussels or tapestry carpet is thus made, from the indispensable
necessity of allowing the warp only to show upon the surface, inasmuch as in
Brussels particularly the jacquard machine and harness is attached to and
connected with the woollen or worsted warp only, and has no connection
whatever with the linen back of the cloth, so far as relates to forming the
pattern or design. The linen filling and warp therefore is wholly hid from
view and serves only to hold the fabric together. In tapestry carpet the
same rule applies as in Brussels, except that the former is woven from a
woollen warp baving the color first printed upon it, and is woven in a plain
Joom without a jacquard machine. The linen binding chain or warp and linen
weft are used in the same manner and to the same extent as in Brussels, and
is confined entirely to the back of the fabric. In tapestry carpet, however,
an extra warp is used, composed usually of jute yarns, and is called the "dead
chain," that is, it runs through the back lengthwise and is held between the
filling thread of linen, but is not crossed or interwoven with them. In
Brussels carpet or pile fabrics where a jacquard machine is used in their con-
struction the "dead chain" of jute is unnecessary, as the back is filled with
the surplus worsted not required for the face, but in tapestry, Brussels, or
velvet made from printed warps there is no surplus woollen warp, as a
sufficient quantity only is printed to make the loop upon the face; therefore
the necessity of using an extra warp of cheap material, in addition to a
binding chain, to give the back sufficient firmness and solidity is avoided. In
none of these fabrics which I have described has there ever been any plan
adopted of strengthening or adding firmness to the loop or pile tuft or face, or
to effectually prevent the pile or loop from drawing out while the carpet is
being swept, or by the ordinary wear of a carpet.
The object of the present Invention is to produce a Brussels looped or terry

page_text: fabric more economically than heretofore, and of such strength and solidity
that they will wear a greater length of time than Brussels, tapestry, or velvet
carpets, or fabrics of equal weight produced in the usual manner. To this
end I first put in the loom a warp of linen or jute yarn of the size for carpets
of what is technically called "six lea" to about the number of two hundred
threads, more or less, upon a width of twenty-eight inches; this is drawn
through a heddle or leaf of a harness and through the reed. I then draw in
through another heddle or harness, and through the reed, a warp of woollen,
or worsted, or other yarns having about three times the number of threads to
that of linen, or whatever number may be required, regard being had to the
use for which the fabric is intended. I then put upon the linen warp sufficient
strain to prevent it from being interwoven with the other warps or with either
of the other kinds of filling used. On the worsed warp but little strain or
tension is used. When the heddle having the linen or jute warp is elevated the
worsted warp is depressed. A linen weft thread is then thrown in, and when
the warps are crossed or reversed by the harness or heddle this thread serves
to hold the slack worsted warp upon the under side of the tightly-strained
linen warps. When the worsted warp is elevated and the linen one is
depressed a weft thread of woollen or other yarn of a size corresponding to
the number of threads required upon an inch in the length of cloth is then
thrown in. The shed is then changed, and the linen weft is thrown in as
before. By this method a perfect pile or looped fabric, either cut or uncut,
from the finest to the heaviest goods can be made. And by the use of woollen
or other thread thrown under the loop upon the face of the fabric great addi-
tional strength and firmness is secured. The loop is then held in its original
position and cannot be loosened; the filling under the loop moreover forms a
foundation or cushion to preserve it from becoming crushed. A dead or stuffing
chain or warp may be used in addition to the warp forming the face or loops,
and the linen warp before described, for the purpose of adding firmness and
weight to the fabric. The fabric having a back of linen, jute, cotton, wool,
or other fibrous material, is more firm, compact, and substantial than any
other fabric or carpeting known as Brussels, velvet, or tapestry now in use.
By this method a fabric may be made having all the beauty of a Brussels,
yet more durable, and a pile or loop is raised without the tedious and expen-
sive process of inserting and withdrawing wires; or wires may be inserted in
lieu of filling thread, and may be withdrawn either before or after the goods
are vulcanized, if india-rubber or other goods be used. When a velvet face
is required a knife or cutter may be attached to the end of the wire, which will
cut the loop open at the top, as in the ordinary manner of cutting the pile of

page_text: velvet carpets. Or if a filling thread be used to form the pile or tufts & fixed
or revolving knife or cutter may be used upon a slide or carriage traversing
across the face of the cloth, and so registered as to cut each row of tufts
separately or in any required number at one time; or the face of the cloth
may be submitted to a shearing process or the action of knives or saws or
their equivalents, either before or after it is attached to the back, and either the
filling threads under the loop or the wires, or whatever other material may be
used to form the pile, may be liberated, leaving a cut pile or velvet face upon
the goods. This fabric may be attached to a back of any material by the use of
india-rubber or other vulcanizable compounds, or gutta percha, or other gums,
and it may be dyed or printed or embossed after being so woven, or may be
dyed or printed on the yarns before being woven, and may be attached to a
back composed of linen, jute, flax, hemp, cotton, or other material either before
or after being dyed or printed, as before described.
Having now described my Invention of "Improvements in the Manufac-
ture of Carpets and other Goods having a Raised Terry or Pile Face," and
having explained the manner of carrying the same into effect, as communicated
to me by my foreign correspondent, I claim as the Invention secured to me
by Letters Patent as aforesaid,-
First, the fabric composed in the manner herein-before described suitable to
be dyed or printed as a carpet or as the face of a carpet.
Second, the carpet composed of a surface such as herein set forth and with
jute, or linen, or other backs, either with or without being united by an india-
rubber or other vulcanizable gums.
Third, the fabric, with the loops cut and the face finished in the manner
above described, forming a velvet or other face similar to velvet and other
tufted carpet.
Fourth, the uniting of the face with the back of such fabrics by such other
sheets of cement or waterproof compound which will serve as an equivalent
for vulcanized india-rubber.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Edward Newton, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, the Twenty-second day of September, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-six.
W. E. NEWTON. (L.B.)