IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR PRODUCING ELASTIC FORCE FOR MOTIVE POWER OR OTHER PURPOSES, & PREVENTING BOILER EXPLOSIONS, AND MACHINERY FOR UTILIZING FORCE WHEN REQUIRED."
Year: 1880

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to James Graddon, Engineer, Forest Hill, in the County of
Kent, for an Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR PRODUCING
ELASTIC FORCE FOR MOTIVE POWER OR OTHER PURPOSES, & PREVENTING
BOILER EXPLOSIONS, AND MACHINERY FOR UTILIZING FORCE WHEN
REQUIRED."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said James Graddon at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 28th June 1880.
"IMPROVE-
JAMES GRADDON, Engineer, Forest Hill, in the County of Kent.
MENTS IN MACHINERY FOR PRODUCING ELASTIC FORCE FOR MOTIVE POWER OK
OTHER PURPOSES, & PREVENTING BOILER EXPLOSIONS, AND MACHINERY FOR
UTILIZING FORCE WHEN REQUIRED."
The object of my Invention is to produce motive power by means of fluid
expanded or compressed separate from or in combination with each other, such as
air compressed, or gas or gases produced from any matter, or steam produced or
compressed by the means propose, and this I propose effecting by a coil or coils
of tubes or tube of any suitable meteral, and arranged so as the coils of such tube
or tubes may be close to each other, and thus forming a long pipe or pipes or tube,
which I propose again coiling round in the form of a scroll or otherwise, or to form
a tube so as heat may pass within and without the first and other coil if required,
and in consequence of the length of pipe thus exposed to heat water is converted
into steam or explosive matter, or liquid into gas, before it arrives at the end of
the tube or tubes thus forming the coil or coils. The end of such tubes or tube I
propose connecting with a receiver or receivers, & the other end of the tube or
tubes I propose connecting with a pump or pumps or other means of conveying
water, or fluid or fluids, or other matter therein for the purpose of produceing gas
or gases at a required force without or with a receiver or receivers to supply a
cylinder or cylinders with air, gas, or steam. The cylinders or cylinder is to
contain a piston or pistons, which are to be forced or operated on as the pressure
is permited to take place in the cylinder or cylinders, or other meanes employed to
[Price 8d1

page_text: give motion to a crank shaft or shaftes or other shafts employed for forceing or
other purposes. I also propose employing a pump or pumps, worked by the
cylinders or cylinder, or shaft or shafts, for the purpose of taking any fluid or
water which may overflow from the coil into the receivers or receiver, & pass it
back through the coil until it becomes vapour or gas, & thus keep the receivers
or receiver free of liquid & from the great danger of explosion by steam being in
this way produced, as the furnace containing the coil or coils is arranged so as
not to cause any part of the receiver to become over heated, & the steam is
thereby kept dry & the engine free from primeing & a great ecconmy can be
effected. I also propose allowing the steam to enter the cylinder or cylinders at
every third or at other number of entermiting movements or at every stroke when
required, & this I propose doing by placeing a fast & a slow speed, & a screw or
lever so arranged as the slide valve or valves may be caused to act slow or fast as
may be required. I also propose supplying the coils or coil by injectors worked
by steam from the receivers or receiver,. & thus cause the water to enter &
become steam. I also propose applying air pumps or pump so as they may force
air through the coil of pipe or pipes, & thus cause it to expand & thereby keep up
an accumulateing [power at any required pressure in the receivers or receiver,
& I also propose in some cases working the air or other pumps or pump with
water from a fall or otherwise, & when the gas is thus or otherwise produced,
& expanded, or compressed, I propose employing flame or electricity for the
purpose of exploading it in the cylinder or cylinders, which are to be connected
with a box or body casting in which the rods, cranks, or shafts are to work in
packing boxes, employed for the purpose of causeing the box or body casting to
act as a compressor or for storeing up momentum by the elastic force of air or gas,
which is if though necessary conveyed through valve pipes or pipe, connecting
the body casting or box with the slide valves of the cylinder or cylinders. I also
propose applying coils or cone shaped cavitys connected or otherwise placed on or
in a tube or tubes, leaveing a space for heat to pass between them, & I also propose
employing the cylinder or cylinders & box or body casting as a engine supplied
with mixed gas, or gas or air produced separate from the coils if thought necessary.
I also propose cleaning the coils or coil by takeng them appart or causeing a currant
of steam or other matter or liquid to pass through them. I also propose removing
a receiver after being charged by air passed through the coils, & use the receiver
for motive power without the coil or coils of tube.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, and of
an Order of the Lord Chancellor, filed by the said James Graddon in the
Great Seal Patent Office on the 3rd January 1881.
JAMES GRADDON, Engineer, of Forest Hill, in the County of Kent.
" IMPROVE-
MENTS IN MACHINERY FOR PRODUCING ELASTIC FORCE FOR MOTIVE POWER OR
OTHER PURPOSES, AND PREVENTING BOILER EXPLOSIONS, AND MACHINERY FOR
UTILIZING FORCE WHEN REQUIRED."
The object of my Invention is to produce motive power by means of fluid
expanded or compressed separate from or in combination with each other, such as
air compressed or gas or gases produced from any matter, or steam produced or
compressed by means I propose, and this I propose effecting by a coil or coils of
tube or tubes of any suitable material, and arranged so that the coil of such tubes
or tube may be close to each other, and thus forming a long pipe or pipes or tubes,
which I propose again coiling round in the form of a scroll or otherwise, or to form
a tube so that heat may pass within and without the first and other coils if
required, and in consequence of the length of pipe thus exposed to heat water is
converted into steam or explosive matter, or liquid into gas, before it arrives at the
end of the tube or tubes forming the coil or coils. One end of such tubes or tube
I propose connecting with a receiver or receivers, and the other end of the tube or
tubes I propose connecting with a pump or pumps or other means of conveying
water, or fluid, or fluids, or other matters therein for the purpose of producing gas
or gases at a required pressure without or with a receiver or receivers to supply a
cylinder or cylinders with air, gas, or steam. The cylinder or cylinders is or are
to contain a piston or pistons, which is or are to be forced or operated on as the.
pressure is permitted to take place in the cylinder or cylinders, or other means
employed to give motion to a crank shaft or shafts or other shafts employed for
forcing or other purposes. I also propose employing a pump or pumps worked by
the cylinder or cylinders or shaft or shafts for the purpose of taking any fluid or
water which may overflow from the coil into the receivers or receiver to pass it
back through the coil until it becomes vapour or gas, and thus keep the receivers
or receiver free of liquid and from the great danger of explosion by steam being in
this way produced, as the furnace containing the coil or coils is arranged so as not
to cause any part of the receiver to become overheated, and the steam is thereby
kept dry and the engine free from priming, and a great economy can be effected.
I also propose allowing the steam to enter the cylinder or cylinders at every third
or other number of intermittent movements, or at every stroke when required, and
this I propose doing by placing a fast and slow speed and a screw or lever so
arranged that the slide valve or valves may be caused to act slow or fast as may be
required. I also purpose supplying the coil or coils by injectors worked by steam
from the receivers or receiver and thus cause the water to enter and become steam.
I also propose applying an air pump or pumps so that they may force air through
the coil of pipes, and thus cause the air to expand and keep up an accumulating
power at any required pressure in the receivers. I also propose in some cases
working the air or other pumps from a fall of water or otherwise, and when the
gas and air is thus or otherwise produced or expanded or compressed in the
receivers, I propose employing flame or electricity for the purpose of exploding the gas
or air in the cylinder or cylinders, which are to be connected with a box or body
casting in which the rods, cranks, or shafts are to work in packing boxes employed
for the purpose of causing the box or body casting to act as a compressor, or for
the storing up of momentum, and the elastic force of air or gas which is, if thought
necessary, conveyed through valves, pipes, or pipe connecting the body casting or
box with the slide valve of the cylinder or cylinders. I also propose applying coils
or cone shaped cavities connected or otherwise placed on or in a tube or tubes,
leaving a space for heat to pass between them, and I also propose employing the

page_text: cylinder, or cylinders, or box, or body casting as an engine supplied with mixed
gas or air produced separate from the coils if thought necessary.
I also propose
cleaning the coils by taking them apart or causing a current of steam or other
fluid to pass through them. I also propose removing a receiver after being charged
with air passed through the coils, and to use the receiver for motive power without
the coil or coils of tubes.
But to make my Invention better understood I will now proceed to describe the
same by reference to the accompanying Drawings.
Figure 1, Sheet 1, shews a side elevation of a suitable construction of furnace
and receiver for producing elastic force according to my Invention. In this Figure
C is the furnace provided with a scroll form of coil of pipes A (shewn in detached
plan at Figure 2, Sheet 1) with its cavity or centre B close against the side of the
furnace C, and into this cavity or centre heat passes and heats the coil A; the
cavity B or coil A is formed of one or more pipes, and the pipe or pipes being coiled
in this way will expose liquid, air, or gas to a great amount of heating surface, and
when liquid is forced into the end or ends D it will be converted into steam or gas.
by the time it arrives at the other end or ends E; this coil A is placed, as shewn in
Figure 1, in the furnace C when employed for producing steam or gas or other
elastic fluid, or for expanding gas or air in combination or otherwise.
When this coil or coils is or are employed to produce motive power by any
suitable description of engine the end E of the tube or tubes forming the coil or
coils A is connected either with the receiver or receivers G, as shewn in Figure 1,
Sheet 1, or direct with the cylinder, as may be thought necessary, and the end or
ends D I connect with a pump or pumps or other means of forcing or passing liquid
or elastic matter of any description to be expanded or produced, and when the pipe
or pipes thus forming the coil or coils is or are connected with a receiver or
receivers G the pressure therein produced by means of heat is allowed to pass
through the pipe H2 by the cock or stop valve H¹ into a cylinder at every stroke
of the piston or pistons, or at any given number of strokes; when the pressure
does not act on the piston at every stroke the power is allowed to accumulate, and
when steam or other force is employed this is effected by an arrangement of valve
or valves hereinafter described. I may produce gas under pressure by means of the
coil or coils, and (in combination with air or otherwise) explode or expand it in
order to force the piston as hereinafter described.
Figure 4, Sheet I, shews the coil or coils A arranged spirally, so that it or they
may be placed within a furnace or vessel H of a dome or hemi-spherical form. Or
I may use this coil A arranged in a cylindrical forn, as shewn in Figure 5, Sheet 1.
Figure 6, Sheet.1, shews a circular box (or it may be of other suitable shape)
formed with a groove in the inside in the form of a scroll (or otherwise) for
receiving the coil A or to be employed without the coil as required.
Figures 7 and 8, Sheet 1, shew the coil or coils arranged in rows of two, three, or
more, as the case may be, and connected with a pump or an injector; K, Figure 1,
Sheet 1, represents an injector employed to supply the coil A with liquid; L shews
the pipe by which the overflow from the coil A is drawn from the receiver G.
Figure 9, Sheet 1, represents a receiver G placed at a distance from the coil or
.coils A.
I may employ any or all of the hereinbefore described coils and receivers in
combination or separately according to requirements.
M, Figures 1 and 3, Sheet 1, shews the chamber in which the heat is generated
for heating the coil or coils A; N, N, shew the flues to convey the said heat round
the sides of the furnace. Or I may remove the bottom of the chamber C and
heat the coil or coils direct from the fire place M, as will be well understood.
The arrangements herein before described may be employed for heating buildings
and for other heating purposes.
I would remark that the vessel C in which the coil or coils A is or are placed
may contain mercury, oil, or other heat retaining matter F, for the purpose of
storing or accumulating heat, whereby the coil is kept at any required temperature.

page_text: Or, the vessel C, containing the mercury, oil, or other heat retaining matter, may
be employed without the coil or coils, in which case the elastic fluid would pass
directly over the mercury, oil, or other matter, instead of through the coil A.
I may employ the vessel C independently of or without the coil or coils A, and
the vessel C will then form a shallow chamber of large superficial area, into which
volatile liquid, air, or gas is introduced to be heated by a furnace, and the pressure.
resulting therefrom would be employed as herein before described. Or the elastic
fluid may be forced through a furnace over the fire into the receiver G and exploded
after it enters the cylinder of the engine.
The forms or arrangements of coils shewn in Sheet 1 of the Drawings are those
which I have found most advantageous in practice, but other forms of coil or
arrangement of tubes giving a large heating surface may be employed.
Figure 1, Sheet 2, represents a sectional elevation, and Figure 5, Sheet 2, an
elevation of a stationary engine worked by means of clastic force, produced from
the hereinbefore described coil or coils, or otherwise.
A is a vessel for containing ether or other volatile fluid expanded by the exhaust
heat from the firing jet B; C is the stop cock or cocks placed in contrary ways,
thus forming a valve to regulate the admission of the charge by which the piston D
is operated; this cock is shewn detached in sectional elevation at Figure 6, Sheet 2;
it will be seen that (the cock being in the position shewn in the Drawing) the gas
or explosive matter enters at a, and will pass through the smaller passage b, and
will mingle with the air entering through the passage c, and will thereby become
diluted; if however the cock be turned a quarter of the way round the passage c
will be closed, and the passage d will be opened, and will allow the free passage of
the explosive matter to the piston D; by means of the connecting rod or rods E,
the crank F is caused to revolve and thus give motion to the shaft G, which works
in anti-friction or other bearings or glands, containing packing to prevent the escape
of any elastic or other matter which the body casting A may be required to contain.
The shaft G carries the fly wheel I and pulley J; K shews a pump operated from
the crank F for forcing fluid for cooling or expanding purposes; L represents cog
or friction wheels employed to operate the slide valve or valves N by means of the
rod M; O is the rod by which the exhaust is worked by means of the cam P
operated by the cog wheel L; Q is the cover of the piston valve. Figure 2, Sheet 2,
represents a detached elevation of an arrangement which I have found advantageous
to employ to work the slide valve N. R is the end of the shaft carrying a roller S,
with a groove T on its periphery of such a form that it will cause the balancing
rod or rods U to work the slide or slides V backwards and forwards; W is a
rod by which the exhaust valve is operated by means of the cam X.
Figure 3, Sheet 2, represents a section of part of the improved engine shewn in
Figures 1 and 2, arranged at a double cylinder engine. Similar letters in Figures
1, 3, and 5, Sheet 2, represent similar parts. Y is a valve or cock by which the gas
is allowed to escape from the ether vessel A.
Figure 4, Sheet 2, shews the body casting H, Figure 1, with two cylinders fixed
horizontally.
Figure 1, Sheet 3, is a front elevation, and Figure 2, Sheet 3, is a sectional side
elevation of a vertical engine constructed according to one part of my Invention, in
which the force against the piston A is exerted in an upward direction; by means
of the rod or rods B, B, the piston head C is caused to slide upwards, and by means
of the rod D, the crank E is caused to revolve and thus communicate motion to the
fly wheel F, and pulley F'; G is the framing of the engine supporting the guides,
in which the piston head C works, and the bearings H; I is the gear which
communicates motion to the connecting rod A¹, which actuates the valve J by
means of the small balancing rod K; L is the chamber for containing the fire, or
for furnishing the electric spark for heating or exploding the ether or other fluid,
5 as herein before described.
Figure 3, Sheet 3, is a partial section of the arrangement where a two cylinder
instead of a single cylinder engine is employed.

page_text: I may employ the arrangements first hereinbefore described and shewn in Sheet 1
with any existing form of engine cylinder, such as that shewn in Figure 4, Sheet 3,
and such as that shewn in Figure 5, Sheet 3, in which the motive force, as herein-
before described, may be used to operate two pistons.
It will be understood that the improved engines hereinbefore described and
shewn in Sheets 2 and 3 of the Drawings annexed may be used separately from,
or in combination with, the arrangements of coils shewn in Sheet 1.
Having thus described the nature of my said Invention, and the manner of
performing the same, I wish it to be understood that I do not confine myself to the
precise details herein laid down and shewn in the Drawings, as the same may be
varied without departing from the peculiar character of my Invention, but what I
do claim is,.
Firstly. The general arrangement and construction of apparatus for generating
elastic force for motive power and other purposes, consisting essentially of a coil of
tubes enclosed within a furnace or heating apparatus, in combination with a vessel
or receiver for accumulating the motive force as generated, operating substantially
as and for the purposes berein before described and represented in Sheet 1 of the
Drawings, or any mere modification thereof.
Secondly. The peculiar construction and employment of coil or coils shewn in
Figure 2, Sheet 1, or the modifications shewn in Figures 4, 5, 6, and 7, Sheet 1, as
and for the purposes hereinbefore described.
Thirdly. The method herein described of storing heat by immersing the coil or
coils in a vessel containing mercury, oil, or other suitable liquid or substance.
capable of retaining heat, as herein before described.
Fourthly. The general arrangement and construction of the engine shewn in
Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4, Sheet 2, of the accompanying Drawings, for utilizing the
motive power produced, as hereinbefore described, or otherwise, or any mere
modification thereof.
Fifthly. The method herein before described by which the ether or other volatile
flux is expanded by the exhaust heat, in combination with or separately from the
coil or coils.
Sixthly. The arrangement shewn in Figure 2, Sheet 2, for operating the slide
valve by means of the grooved roller and pivoted arm, as herein before described.
Seventhly. The arrangement of the double cylinder connected with the body
casting, as shewn in Figure 4, Sheet 2.
Eighthly. The general arrangement and construction of the improved engine for
utilizing motive power from steam, produced as hereinbefore described and
represented in Figures 1 and 2, Sheet 3, or any mere modification thereof.
Ninthly. The modification of engine shewn in Figure 3, Sheet 3, of the accom-
panying Drawing.
Tenthly. Exploding the charge in the cylinder under pressure, produced as
herein before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said James Graddon, have hereto set my hand.
and seal, this Third day of January, in the year of our Lord One thousand
eight hundred and eighty-one
4
Witness,
CHA. SUTHERS,
Manchester Road,
Southport.
JAMES GRADDON. (L.S.)