IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MODE OF CHILLING CAST IRON
Year: 1852

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, EDWARD
HAMMOND BENTALL, of Heybridge, in the County of Essex, Iron Founder, and
JAMES HOWARD, of Bedford, Iron Founder, Agent, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date
at Westminster, the Twenty-second day of April, in the fifteenth year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto
us, the said Edward Hammond Bentall and James Howard, Her especial
license, full power, sole privilege, and authority, that we, the said Edward
Hammond Bentall and James Howard, our exors, adñors, and assigns, and
such others as we, the said Edward Hammond Bentall and James Howard,
our exors, adñiors, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others,
from time to time and at all times during the term of years therein
mentioned, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within
England and Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, our Invention of
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MODE OF CHILLING CAST IRON," in which said Letters
Patent is contained a proviso obliging us, the said Edward Hammond Bentall
and James Howard, by an instrument in writing under our hands and seals,
or under the hand and seal of one of us, particularly to describe and ascertain
the nature of our said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, and to cause the same to be enrolled in Her Majesty's High
Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately after
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page_text: the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same,
reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
James Howard (on behalf of myself and of the said Edward Hammond
Bentall) do hereby declare that the nature of our said Invention, and the
manner in which the same is to be performed, is particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following description thereof, reference being had to
the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the letters and figures marked thereon
(that is to say):-
This Invention has reference to a mode of regulating the temperature of
chills or iron moulds, used in casting articles in iron, the object being to
prevent the chills from overheating, and thereby enabling the operator to run
his metal more frequently than heretofore. In order to cast articles in iron
moulds with rapidity, as, for example, ploughshares or the breasts of ploughs,
it has been usual after every casting to reduce the heat of the moulds by
throwing water upon the moulds, but by thus suddenly cooling them they are
very liable to crack owing to the unequal contraction of the metal. To prevent
this deterioration or destruction of metal moulds,and at the same time to keep
them as nearly as possible to an equable temperature so as to admit of a larger
average number of good castings being made inagiven time,we have invented
a new construction of metal moulds or chills, through which we are enabled to
circulate or to pass a current of refrigerating medium, for the purpose of rapidly
absorbing the heat of the molten métal when poured into such moulds.
In the accompanying Drawing we have shewn, by way of illustration, the
kind of moulds which we employ in the manufacture of ploughshares.
Fig. 1 is a plan view, and Fig. 2 an edge view, of a metal mould constructed
according to our Invention. It is constructed of two principal parts, a and b,
the part a being the matrix or counterpart of the upper surface of the share,
or that surface which is desired to be chilled, and the parts b a plate which is
bolted to the sides of the part a, and thereby forms a chamber beneath the
matrix, At or near the middle of this plate an entrance is made to the
chamber by a pipe e, and vents are made in the side of the mould as at d, d
The pipe is intended to conduct a stream or blast of air from a fan or other
pneumatic apparatus to the under side of the matrix, which, on the running of
the molten metal into the mould, will become immediately heated, but by
reason of the current of air passing beneath, it will be made to part with a
great portion of that heat, which will be carried off by the escape of the
air through the vents d, d, and thus, though the casting operation be
continued for any length of time, the temperature of the moulds may be

page_text: prevented from rising to an undue degree. Instead of driving a blast of air
into the chamber, as explained, to extract the heat from the mould, the like
object may be effected by means of an exhaust apparatus.
Fig. 3 shews in plan view, and Fig. 4 in cross section, taken in the line 1, 2,
of Fig. 3, the form of hollow mould which we prefer to adopt for casting
chilled iron shares when water is employed as the refrigerating medium. In
this instance, instead of making the mould with a chamber extending below the
whole face of the matrix, we cast the mould in one piece, coring out a
Chamber e, e, the capacity of which is indicated by dots in Fig. 3. Entrance
and exit holes are made at fand g for the passage of a stream of water through
the chamber. It is important to remark, that in order to prevent the rapid
generation of steam in this chamber, by reason of the heat which the water
is calculated to imbibe from the molten metal, there should be a sufficient
pressure on the water to cause it to traverse quickly along and through the
chamber; and in all cases, no matter what the form of the article to be cast
in chilled iron, the chamber or channel for the water should be such as to
prevent any portion of the stream of water harboring therein, and thereby
steam being allowed to accumulate in the hollow mould to the risk of
destroying it, besides interfering with or retarding the cooling operation.
When preparing moulds for casting the breasts of ploughs in chilled iron,
more especially when water is used as the refrigerating medium, we prefer to
core out a zigzag passage of uniform capacity in the mould, or to cast the
mould with a wrought-iron pipe, running in a serpentine direction from one
end, to the other, as shewn at Fig. 5, by which means a large cooling surface
will be provided, and the disadvantages above pointed out will be avoided.
From the above description it will be understood that the Invention is
applicable in all cases where th: chilling of cast iron is effected, as a means
is not only provided for facilitating the operations of the founder and preventing
the deterioration of the moulds consequent on the present plan of cooling them
with water, but a more uniform temper of metal will be obtained, owing to
the equable temperature of the moulds when the casting takes place.
Having now described our Invention, and the manner in which the same is
to be carried into operation, we wish it to be understood that, under the above
in part recited Letters Patent, we claim the mode of chilling cast iron as
above set forth, in all or any of its modifications.
In witness whercof, I, the said James Howard, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twenty-first day of October, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-two.
JAMES (L.S.) HOWARD.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Twenty-first day of October, in
the year of our Lord 1852, the aforesaid James Howard came before our
said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification
aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and specified, in form
above written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according to
the tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Enrolled the Twenty-second day of October, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-two.