IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY, PLANT, UTENSILS, ARRANGEMENTS AND BUILDINGS OF BREWERIES AND DISTILLERIES, AND IN THE WORKING OF SUCH MACHINERY AND PLANT, WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE ALSO APPLICABLE IN WHOLE OR IN PART TO OTHER PURPOSES
Year: 1875

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Andrew Barclay Walker, of Gateacre Grange,
Liverpool, in the County of Lancaster, for the Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY, PLANT, UTENSILS, ARRANGEMENTS AND
BUILDINGS OF BREWERIES AND DISTILLERIES, AND IN THE WORKING OF SUCH
MACHINERY AND PLANT, WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE ALSO APPLICABLE IN
WHOLE OR IN PART TO OTHER PURPOSES."
1
Sealed the 13th July, 1875, and dated the 22nd May 1875.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Andrew Barclay
Walker at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his
Petition, on the 22nd May 1875.
I, ANDREW BARCLAY WALKER, of Gateacre Grange, Liverpool, in
the County of Lancaster, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY, PLANT, UTENSILS, ARRANGEMENTS
AND BUILDINGS OF BREWERIES AND DISTILLERIES, AND IN THE WORKING OF SUCH
MACHINERY AND PLANT, WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE ALSO APPLICABLE IN WHOLE
OR IN PART TO OTHER PURPOSES," to be as follows:-

page_text: adaptation of a series of machinery constructed by preference on the
principle of the archimedian screw, and arranged to perform the
various functions heating, cooling, boiling, evaporating, attemperating,
fermenting, mashing, distilling, drying, roasting, and also to purposes
appertaining to the processes of sugar refining, salt and alum evapora-
tion, paper making, and the treatment of sewage, plastic substances,
chemical processes, and also to the making of bread, confectionery, and
like substances.
Before proceeding to describe the application of my Invention and
improvements to the various uses enumerated above, I will describe the
peculiar and novel construction of the primary portion thereof, which
consists mainly of the construction of the worm or thread of the before
named screw, of a series of laminated tubes of copper or other suitable
material; these tubes are coiled round the shaft or axle of the screw,
and are extended to any width or pitch required. I also sometimes
construct the worm of one or more flattened tubes, and of groups of
tubes radiating from the centre with duc provision for proper circulation
of the acting agent which consists of air, gas, water, or acids. This
acting agent enters the axle or shaft of tho screw, which is hollow,
through such part of its length as is required for the passage of it (the
acting agent) from its source to the interior of the worm through which
it passes, and is discharged by a similar arrangement at the opposite
end after having traversed the whole length and breadth of the worm
or thread. I also by preference sometimes for obtaining increased
power construct the screw of two separate worms which thread into
each other and revolve in opposite directions; the rotary motion is
imparted to the screw in any ordinary way by gearing belts or chains,
and sometimes by a disc having a scries of floats or paddles attached to
its periphery, against which steam, water, or air, or other motive power
impinges and thereby produces a rotary motion.
Having described the nature and construction of the primary part
of my Invention and improvements, I will now enumerate the different
functions to which it may be applied, more especially, in the first
instance, in the arrangement and working of brewing processes, to
which I adapt it in the following manner :-) -I construct the buildings
required for their adaptation on the principle known as the Tower
system, in the basement of which is situated the well for the purpose
of supplying the water required for the various uses in the process. The

page_text: boiler and furnaces are also situated in a suitable position contiguous to
the tower; the uppermost chamber of the tower is occupied by a cistern
of sufficient capacity for the storage of cold water. Immediately under
the cistern are placed two others of sufficient capacity, inside of which
are placed one or more of my tubular screws, which are connected to
both the steam and cold water supply and controlled by suitable valves
or cocks and by pipes leading in the required direction. .
1
The first operation of my process is to discharge the requisite quantity
of cold water from the store cistern into one of the two auxiliary cisterns
above named. The steam is turned on to the screw which is caused to
revolve rapidly by a small donkoy engine attached to each cistern, and
having a pump attached to it for replenishing the boiler or any other
purpose. (the exhaust steam from this engine and also spent steam and
water from the worm are conveyed into a spare tank where it is utilised
in various ways); when the water in the auxiliary cistern is boiled by
the action of the screw, it becomes necessary to reduce the temperature
before mashing and sparging; the ordinary method of performing this
operation is by injecting sufficient cold water to obtain the required
temperature. In my arrangement I turn the steam off the worm and
turn the cold water into it, and by that means reduce the temperature
to the required point, the heat extracted being convoyed into the
adjoining tank and so utilized for the next brew, the operation being
performed by cach tank alternately.
The second operation of my process consists in passing the malt and
heated water through the masher, which is also constructed on the screw
principle, the malt is admitted from the hopper to the centre of the
machine, and the mashing water is admitted at the sides and impinges
upon blades or paddles attached to the screw by arms or discs, which
causes the screw to revolve; the outer edge of the worm is also provided
with a tube containing a number of small holes, through which the
water is forced amongst the malt, which becomes thoroughly saturated
on its passage to the mash tuns.
The third operation of my process is located in the mash tun which is
constructed in various forms, circular, oval, square, or any other con-
venient shape; in some of my arrangements I place one of my tubular
screws extending the whole diameter of the tun, which is in this case
cylindrical in form and fitted with an air-tight top and bottom, inside of
2

page_text: which is also fixed about one inch or thereby distant from the top and
bottom a perforated plate; the upper surface of the worm is plain
excepting on certain parts of which are fixed tines or fingers to separate
or break up the mash; on the under surface of the worm I fix one or
more tubes running the whole length; this tube is supplied with water or
steam and is employed to regulate the heat of the mash; a second tube
is also fixed on the under side and perforated at convenient distances with
small holes through which when required sparging water is discharged.
To the bottom of the mash tun are attached one or more pipes through
which water is conveyed, which, passing up through the body of the
mash and the perforated plate at the top, is discharged into the boiling
vessel i the second pipe is used for draining when the operation is

page_text: Another method of mashing I sometimes perform in the following
manner: On the centres of the cylindrical vessels described above I fix
at right angles or any other convenient position trunnions or gimbals
running in journals, and connected to the interior by tubular passages
opening into the screw at both ends, these vessels, being charged with
the saturated malt, as above described, and the openings closed, are set
in motion by suitable machinery, thereby, in conjunction with the screw,
ensuring a thorough breaking up of the mass, while the liquor is drawn
off by the vacuum in the manner before described. I also sometimes
construct the mash tuns without the internal screw, having instead a
series of divisions, shelves, or pipes perforated or plain, as may be
required; the malt being distributed on these shelves, the sparging water
is by preference admitted at the bottom, and passing by reason of the
afore-named shelves and divisions in a tortuous manner up through the
mass; and I also sometimes place this form of tun on trunnions and .
impart a rotary motion to it.
The fourth operation of my process is performed in the boiling vat or
copper, which has received the whole of the mashed liquor before
described, with such additions as may be requisite; this vat also contains
one or more of my tubular screws, and is sometimes fitted by preference
with a steam-tight cover having the necessary safety valves, and also
heat and pressure guages, the steam being turned into the screw which
may either be caused to revolve or remain stationary, as may be found
suitable.
The fifth operation takes place when the contents of the boiling vat
are discharged into the hop back; this utensil is provided with a suitable
drainer through which the liquor passes, and is separated from the hops'
or other solid substances; these are then subject to the action of one or
more of my tubular screws with tines or fingers which break up the
mass, while perforations in the body of the worm admit streams of
water which thoroughly wash and extract all valuable matter remaining
in them. When this operation is concluded a stream of hot air is turned
into the worm, and discharged into the mass which is thoroughly
dried.
The sixth operation of my process consists in the cooling or refrigera-
tion of the worts and to accomplish this I place one or more of my tubulas

page_text: parts for the convenience of cleaning and examination. The edges of
the worm are provided with an elastic rim or packing, which fits close to
the inside of the cylindrical case. The cooling agent enters at one end
of the screw in the manner before described, and traversing the whole
interior surface of the worm is raised up and discharged into one of the
hot-water cisterns before named. The worts enter the case at the end
opposite to that at which the cooling agent enters, and traversing the
whole of the exterior surface of the worm gives out the caloric con-
tained in it, which being taken up by the cooling agent is utilised in the
manner described, the operation being facilitated by a small donkey
engine, to which are attached pumps for circulating the worts and
cooling agent in the desired directions.
The seventh operation of my process is performed in the fermenting
vessel. This is by preference constructed in the manner herein-after
described, although I sometimes apply my tubular screw with the jolting
or shaking, rousing, and mixing motion to the ordinary close and open
topped fermenting tun in conjunction with the attemperating arrange-
ment embodied in the worm, but for the purpose of effecting the pro-
duction of fermentation by friction, mixing, jolting, and shaking, I
construct the tun by preference of a strong cylindrical vessel of wrought
iron veneered with copper or other suitable metal. Inside of the vessel
I place one or more of my tubular screws, which is furnished with
tines or fingers, and has also perforations between (not into) the tubes in
suitable positions. On the end of the shaft of this screw I fix a geared
wheel of suitable size, having a number of the teeth projecting beyond
the others. This wheel is geared into an ordinary pinion, and the pro-
jecting teeth coming in contact with it during the revolution of the
screw produces a violent shaking or jolting motion in addition to the
rotary motion and waving motion imparted by the revolutions of the
screw. Another method by which fermentation by frictional means is
obtained is the construction of a strong vessel of any suitable material
and shape. This vessel is mounted on gimbals, trunnions, or rockers,
and is moved by rotary circular reciprocating or tumbling motion. The
interior of this vessel is fitted with shelves, divisions, or tines placed in
such positions as will impart the most violent agitation to the liquor
exposed to its action. I also sometimes place a dash wheel inside and
also a number of balls or other means of producing agitation. These
vessels are fitted with safety valves, indicators, and other suitable means

page_text: for ascertaining the pressure, temperature, gravity, and progress of the
contents thereof. The means of regulating the temperature varies with
the kind of vessel used. In the cylindrical vessel with the screw I
regulate the temperature by means of a stream of water or other fluid,
air, or gas passing through the worm, and in the vessels fitted with other
means of producing fermentation by frictional means I use pipes and
channels for the same purpose; my object in this arrangement being to
produce fermentation by the means described, or by any other frictional,
jolting, shaking, rousing, tumbling, rotary, circular, or reciprocating
motion, by whatever means produced, all of which I include in my
Invention, and in conjunction with this process I sometimes (instead
of adding hops or other like substances to the worts in the boiling
vessels herein-before described) mix a given quantity of hops or other
substances reduced to pulp and fermented in the manner hereafter
described, and by this means produce the effect of boiling the hops with
the wort and eliminate the aroma without extracting the objectionablé
matters, which boiling operates upon and sets free.
The eighth operation of my process consists in the concentrating and
storage of the carbonic acid gas which is generated in large quantities
by the process of frictional fermentation. I construct a strong air-tight
vessel of any suitable material, to which are attached pipes with suitable
check valves and taps. These pipes are attached to the mash and fer-
menting tuns as required, and convey the gas as it is generated into the
said vessel, the check valves preventing its return when the tuns are
cleared of their contents. This gas is used for the aëration of beers,
porter, wine, or other beverages, and also for the fermenting or aëration
of bread, confectionery, and other like purposes. It is also utilized as a
means of imparting motion to the worm or other machines in connection
therewith, and may be forced into vessels under heavy pressure to a
fractional part of its initial bulk for storage or transit, and also as a
means of cooling and refrigerating.
.
The ninth operation of my process relates to the treatment of slack or
damp malt, spent grains, hops, and other substances (this process being
also applicable to coffee roasting, and other like purposes) and for this
purpose I construct a strong cylindrical case having an annular case
secured outside of it. In this case I place one of my tubular worms,
the end of which reaches down into a reservoir, into which the spent.
grains, malt, or other substance is collected by the revolutions of the
:

page_text: screw. The substance to be operated on is passed over the surface which
is heated by steam or hot air in the manner before described, and is
discharged into a suitable receptacle, and when required, moulded by
hydraulic power (in the case of spent grains) into suitable blocks, and
for this purpose, as well as others when required, I use by preference
highly superheated steam by passing the steam after it leaves the boiler
through a strongly made tubular screw fixed or rotary in the furnace
back or other suitable position, and I also use the same arrangement for
the purpose of heating the feed water, and for other purposes. Some-
times, by preference I treat the spent hops and grains in their respective
vats or tuns before they are removed therefrom by turning highly
heated steam or air into the screw, and revolving it rapidly the drying is
completed

page_text: I also adopt my screw for the purposes of cooling and heating air and
for ventilating and similar purposes, and in this application the air is
forced by any suitable means through the screw, which for cooling is.
immersed in iced water, and for heating it is immersed in hot water or
suspended over a fire, or by any other convenient means.
I also use it for the evaporation of salt, brine, alum, and all other
such like substances, and also for sugar refining, paper making, the
treatment of sewage, and such like. The mode of operation in these
processes varies with the requirements of each, but the primary principle
is the same in all, namely, the conducting of heat or cold rapidly by the
means of a hollow tubular screw as described, and I do not confine
myself solely to the particular forms that I have herein set forth, but
modify or alter to meet the various applications.
I also apply my tubular screw to the following purpose, that of the
fermentation of hops and other substances, and for this purpose I
construct an air-tight vessel, by preference of cylindrical form, into
which I place one of my screws. The hops or other substances to be
subject to the process are first reduced to a pulpy mass (by a machine
to be herein-after described) and placed within the above-named vessel.
The air-tight cover is closed and the whole are subject to the action of
my vacuum chamber before described. When the vacuum is complete
a tap or valve in the bottom of the vessel is opened and a stream of
strong wort or other liquid is admitted, which, passing through a
perforated bottom, thoroughly saturates the mass, which is then allowed
to ferment, the process being assisted by the introduction of variations
in the temperature by the medium of the tubular screw in the manner
before described. The vessel is fitted with safety valves, pressure and
heat guages, and other necessary fittings, and to assist the operation I
sometimes mount it on gimbals or swivels to produce a motion similar
to that before described. I also sometimes use an open vessel without
the screw arrangement and allow the mass to ferment spontaneously,
which is used in the manner described.
The machine by which I reduce the hops or other substances to tho
proper consistency is by preference constructed of a series of revolving
knives running in opposite directions. The substances to be operated
upon are fed into a hopper having a screw feeder. After they have
passed between the knives they are further subjected to the action of a

page_text: pair of screws, the worms or threads of which work into each other and
revolve in opposite directions. These worms are either solid or hollow,
so that if required a portion of the liquid with which they are after-
wards to be saturated with may be incorporated during the process of
crushing, and so facilitate the operation. When sufficiently disintegrated i
they are treated in the manner above described, and this I consider as
an integral part of my Invention, but at the same time I do not confine
myself to the peculiar form of machine for crushing and pulping the
substances as described.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Andrew Barclay Walker in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 22nd November 1875.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, ANDREW
BARCLAY WALKER, of Gateacre Grange, Liverpool, in the County of
Lancaster, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twenty-second day of May, in the year
of our 'Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-five, in the
thirty-eighth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and suc-
cessors, give and grant unto me, the said Andrew Barclay Walker, Her:
special licence that I, the said Andrew Barclay Walker, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Andrew Barclay
Walker, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time
agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter
during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, a
use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY, PLANT, UTENSILS, ARRANGEMENTS ANd Buildings
OF BREWERIES AND DISTILLERIES, AND IN THE WORKING OF SUCH MACHINERY AND
PLANT, WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE ALSO APPLICABLE IN WHOLE OR IN PART TO OTHER {
PURPOSES," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Andrew
Barclay Walker, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in
writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should
particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention,

page_text: and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same
to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months
next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Andrew Barclay Walker, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement.
The primary object of this Invention and improvements is the'
adaptation of a series of machinery constructed partly by preference on
the principle of the archimedean screw, and arranged to perform the
various operations of heating, cooling, evaporating, attemperating,
mashing, fermenting, distilling, drying, roasting, crystallizing, and also
to purposes and machinery appertaining to sugar refining, salt and alum
evaporation, paper making, bleaching, calico printing, and the treatment
of sewage, plastic substances, chemical processes, and also to the making
of bread, confectionary, and like substances.
Before proceeding to describe the application of my Invention and
improvements to the various uses enumerated above I will describe the
peculiar and novel construction of the primary portion thereof, which
mainly consists in the construction of the worm or thread of the above-
named screw as a series of laminated tubes of copper or other suitable
material; these tubos are coiled round the shaft or axle of the screw,
and are extended to any width or pitch required. I also sometimes
construct the worm of one or more flattened tubes or of groups of tubes
radiating from the centre having due provision for the proper circulation
of the acting agent, which consists of air, gas, steam, water, or acids, as
may be required for the particular objects operated upon. The acting
agent enters the axle or shaft of the screw, which is hollow, through
such part of its length as is requisite to convey the acting agent from
its source to the interior of the tubular worm through which it passes,
and giving out its properties of heating, cooling, drying, and so forth, as
may be required, passes off through a similar arrangement at the opposite
end. I also by preference, sometimes with a view to obtain increased
power, construct the screw of two separate worms, which thread into
each other, and revolve in opposite directions. The rotary motion is
imparted to the screw in any ordinary way by belts, chains, or gear, or
by means of screw and pinion. Another form of my principle is con-

page_text: structed in the manner described as follows:-Instead of forming my
tubular worm in the shape above described I fix a series of tubes in
diaphragm or discs fixed on a centre shaft or axle; these discs have air-
tight covers fixed on them, the acting agent enters the shaft as above
described, and passing through the tubes is discharged at the opposite
end in the manner described before; or I sometimes place divisions in
the discs to divert the stream of the acting agent in different directions,
the method of applying the rotary or reciprocating motion being as
described above.
Having described the nature and construction of the primary part of:
my Invention and improvements I will now enumerate some of the
different functions to which they are applicable, more especially in the
first instance to the arrangement of working of brewing processes. I
adopt them in the following manner :-I construct the buildings required
for their adoption by preference on the principle known as the tower
system (although they are equally applicable to any other arrangement
of building). The uppermost chamber of this tower or building is
occupied by the cisterns for the storage of water, and in the cisterns in
which the water is heated for mashing or other purposes I place one or
more of my tubular screws, which are connected with both steam and i
water supply, and are controlled by suitable cocks or valves.
.
The first operation of my process is to discharge the requisite quantity
of cold water from the main cistern into one of the auxiliary ones
containing the screws; the steam is turned on, and passes through the
interior of the screw in the manner described and shewn in the Drawing. 2
The screw, if required; is made to revolve in order to expedite the
operation of heating or boiling. When the water in this tank is boiled
by the action of the steam passing through the screw it becomes
necessary to reduce the temperature before mashing or sparging. The
ordinary method of performing this operation is by injecting a sufficient
a sufficient quantity of cold water to obtain the required temperature.
In my arrangement I turn the steam off the screw, and turn a stream
of cold water through it, and by that means reduce the temperature to
the required point, the caloric extracted being conveyed by the water to
the other auxiliary cistern, and utilised for the next brew, and so on 3
alternately.
The second operation of my process consists in passing the malt and
heated water through the mashor which is also constructed An 4hi

page_text: screw principle. The malt passes from the hopper to the centre of the
machine, the water being admitted at the sides, and impinges upon a
series of blades or paddles attached by arms or discs which cause the
screw to revolve. The outer edge of the worm is provided with a tube
containing a number of small holes, through which the water is forced
amongst the malt, which is thoroughly saturated as it passes into the
mash tun. Another form of masher I sometimes use, which is con-
structed in the following manner :-In the inside of a cylindrical case I
place one or more of my tubular screws, the worm of which is pierced
through a portion of its length with small holes. The malt is discharged
from the hopper into the cylindrical case, and coming in contact with
the water which passing through the worm for a portion of its length
contains and regulates the heat of the mash to the required temperature
on its discharge into the mash tun.
The third operation of my process is located in the mash tun which
may be constructed in various forms, circular, oval, square, or any other
suitable shape. In some of my arrangements I place one or more of
my tubular screws so arranged as to fill the whole internal diameter,
which may be in this case cylindrical, and is fitted with an air-tight lid
secured with screw toggles or other suitable fastenings. Within a few
inches of the bottom I place a circular perforated disc extending the
whole diameter of the tun, and I also fix a similar disc within a few
inches of the top. Theso discs are attached to the axle of the worm
which extends more or less over the space between them. The upper
surface of the worm is plain and is sometimes furnished with tines or
fingers for the purpose of breaking up the mash; on the under surface of
the worm are fixed a scries of tubos so arranged as to perform the opera,
tion of regulating the temperature of the mash, being attached to steam
and water supply in the ordinary manner. A portion of these tubes are
sometimes perforated with small holes so that when required a stream of.
water may be discharged into the mash to facilitate the operation of
sparging which is performed by the water being admitted at the bottom
of the tun, which passing up through the perforated disc travels the
whole length of the worm and extracts the substance of the malt placed
therein, the water supply being so arranged that it may either pass up
or down as may be required. This operation being intended to
supersede the ordinary method of sparging. I also sometimes construct
the mash tun with a series of shelves through which the sparging water

page_text: passes in a tortuous manner through the mash. I also sometimes
construct the mash tun as follows:-Instead of the worm or screw
being attached to the shaft or axle I fix it to the sides of the tun. The
axle or shaft being fitted in such a manner as to lift clear out and allow
for the clearing out of the solid contents of the vessel when required.
I make the cone or axle tight to the inner edge of the worm in various
ways, by preference I insert a tube of india-rubber or other elastic
material in such a position that it comes exactly opposite the inner edge
of the worm; when the cone or axle is lowered into its position I fill
the elastic tube with air or water, by which means the joint between the
axle and thread or worm of the screw is made perfectly tight; and
when it is required to withdraw the axle the water or air in the tube is
extracted and the axle is free for displacement. I also place sometimes
water-tight doors at convenient positions in the outer shell of the tun,
so that access may be had to any part of it without removing the axle.
I also sometimes place one or more of my tubular screws inside an.
ordinary open mash tun for the purpose of breaking up and regulating
the temperature of the mash.
.
To this
Another method of mashing I sometimes adopt in conjunction with
the arrangement above described. I construct a strong cylindrical
vessel for the purpose of mashing under pressure or vacuo.
vessel I attach an exhausting air pump with which I create a vacuum.
Pipes with valves are attached to this vessel and connected to the mash
tun in any convenient manner by which a communication is effected with
the interior of both vessels. When the mash tun' is charged with the
saturated malt the communication with the vacuum chambers is opened
and a sudden vacuum formed in the mash tun by which the malt is
rendered more pervious to the action of the water, which by reason of
the vacuum is drawn forcibly through the mass, and is more effectual in
its extract than when actuated by gravitation alone. When the opera-
tions of mashing and sparging are completed I turn on heated air or
steam to the tubular screws, and also sometimes a blast of air heated by
passing through one of the screws subjected to the action of fire or
steam superheated in the same manner. By this means the grains are
dried and may be used for various purposes.
Another mehod of mashing I sometimes perform in the following
manner :—On the centres of the cylindrical vessels described above I fix
at right angles or any other convenient position trunnions or gimbals.

page_text: running in journals, and connected to the interior by tubular passages
opening into the screw at both ends. These vessels being charged with
the saturated malt as before described are set in motion, and thereby in
conjunction with the screw insure a thorough breaking up of the mass,
while the liquor is drawn off in any suitable manner. I also sometimes
construct these mash tuns without the internal screw, having instead a
series of divisions, or shelves, or pipes, perforated or plain, as may be
required, the malt being distributed on these shelves, the sparging water
is admitted by preference at the bottom, and passing up through the
) mass in a tortuous direction is discharged as described before. This
form of tun may also have a rotary, reciprocating, or jumbling motion
imparted to it by means of gimbals or trunnions fixed on any suitable
part and worked by chains or gearing, and connected to the interior by
shafts passing through stuffing boxes or other suitable manner.
The fourth operation of my process is performed in the boiling vat or
copper, which has received the whole of the wort from the mashing vat
as described before with such additions as may be requisite. This vat
also contains one or more of my tubular screws, and is sometimes by
preference fitted with a steam and air-tight cover having the necessary
safety valves, and also heat and pressure gauges. The steam is turned.
into the worm and when by this means the process of boiling is com-
pleted, the operation of cooling the worts down may be partially or
wholly effected in this vessel, previous to being discharged into the
fermenting tun. This is effected by turning cold water into the worm,
and the temperature of the worts is reduced to any required point. The
worts being conveyed to the fermenting tun the operation of cooling
down may be completed in that vessel if preferred, and the process of
fermentation by frictional or other means is commenced and completed
in this vessel, which is fitted with a perforated false bottom to drain the
hops or other substances that may be contained in the wort. A similar
perforated bottom is also fitted in the boiling vat or tun. I also some-
times discharge the whole of the contents of the boiling vat into an
auxiliary vessel before conveying them to the fermenting tun. This
vessel is fitted with a perforated false bottom and has placed in it one or
more of my tubular screws. The worts being fully drained through the
false bottom, I turn a stream of hot water into the screw which is
perforated in various places and furnished with tines or fingers. The
screw being set in motion the mass of hops. is thereby stirred up by the
'

page_text: combined action of the fingers and worm, while the water being forcibly
ejected amongst them thoroughly washes all valuable matter out of
them. A blast of heated air is then turned into the screw and
thoroughly dries the mass, which may be utilized in various ways.
Where it is not convenient or desirable to cool the worts down in the
boiling and fermenting tuns, I use a separate refrigerator which is con-
structed of one or more of my tubular screws placed in a cylindrical
case, made by preference in two equal parts for convenience of cleaning
and other purposes. The edges of the worm are provided with an elastic
rim or packing, which fits close to the inside of the case. The cooling
agent enters the screw in the manner before described, and traversing
the whole interior of the worm is discharged sometimes by preference
into the hot water tank before named by which the heat extracted from
the wort is utilized. The hot wort enters the case at the end opposite
that at which the cooling agent enters, and traversing the whole of the
exterior surface is discharged into the fermenting tun.
The fifth operation of my process is performed in the fermenting tun,
which is by preference constructed in the manner hereafter described,
although I sometimes apply my tubular screws with the jolting, shaking,
and rousing motion to the ordinary close or open topped tun in con-
junction with the attemperating arrangement embodied in the screw or
worm, but for the purpose of effecting fermentation by friction, mixing,
jolting, shaking, rumbling, and rousing, I construct the tun by pre-
ference in a cylindrical form and of sufficient strength to resist high
pressure. Inside of this vessel I place one or more of my tubular screws
furnished in some cases with tines, blades, or fingers, and having spaces
between the tubes constituting the worm. On the end of the axle of
the screw
fix a geared wheel of suitable size, having a number of the
teeth of the gear projecting beyond the others; this wheel is worked by
an ordinary pinion, which coming in contact with the projecting teeth
on the wheel produces a violent shaking and jolting motion, in addition
to the rotary and waving motion imparted by the screw.
Another method by which fermentation by frictional means is
obtained is by the use of a strong vessel of any suitable material and
shape. This vessel is mounted on trunnions, gimbals, or rockers, and is
actuated by circular reciprocating, rocking, or tumbling motion. The
interior of this vessel is fitted with divisions, tubes, shelves, or tines,
arranged in such positions as to impart the most violent agitation to the

page_text: liquor exposed to its action. I also sometimes place a dash wheel inside
and also a number of balls or other means of producing agitation. These
vessels are also fitted with safety valves, pressure, heat, and water
gauges, and other means of ascertaining and regulating the temperature,
gravity, and progress of the contents. The means of regulating the
temperature varies with the kind of vessel used. In the cylindrical
vessel containing the tubular screw I regulate the temperature by means
of a stream of water or other fluid or gas passing through the screw, and.
in vessels fitted with other means of producing fermentation I use pipes
and other kinds of channels for the same purpose.
Another form of frictional fermentor I construct in the following
manner :-On the under side of an oblong trough or tray I place a
number of vessels of cylindrical or other suitable shape, the bottom of
the trough or tray forming the covering for these vessels, down the
centre of which one of my tubular screws is placed having spaces
between the tubes and tines or fingers inserted in these spaces, and also
I sometimes by preference add the arrangement for jolting, shaking, and
rousing, which I have described before. The cylindrical vessels are fitted
with gimbals and chains to facilitate the lowering for the purposes of
cleaning and examination when required.
The mode of operation in this form is as follows:-The cylindrical
vessels being placed in position and secured to the bottom of the trough
or tray, the joint being made by an elastic washer, so as to render the
vessel perfectly air-tight if required, the communication from the
trough to the interior of the vessel is effected by an ordinary opening
having an air-tight plug fitted to it and a telescopic tube fitted with
rack and pinion, so that it may be raised and lowered at will. Another
opening is made in the bottom of the trough, through which a pipe
passes down to within a few inches of the bottom of the cylindrical
vessel. This vessel being charged with the liquid to be operated upon,
the tubular screw is set in motion, and the results of the fermentation
are thrown up the telescopic tube and deposited in the trough or tray,
which contains a lower reservoir to which the liquid portion of these
results are drained, and passing through the orifice having the tube
attached to it are conveyed into the body of the liquid contained in the
cylindrical vessels. The tubular screw is operated upon in the manner
before described, and performs the functions of a frictional fermentor
under pressure, or, if required, an ordinary rouser or attemperator.

page_text: My object being to produce fermentation by the means above
described, or by any other form of jolting, rousing, shaking, rotary,
circular, reciprocating, or other motion, by whatever means produced,
all of which I can use, also in conjunction the processes described,
I sometimes (instead of adding the hops and other substances to the
worts in the boiling vat) mix a given quantity of hops or other
snbstances reduced to pulp, and fermented in like manner to that
described in the fermentation of worts. The product of this process is
injected into the fermenting tun at any suitable stage of the process,
and by this means the whole effect of boiling the hops is produced
without the liability of eliminating the objectionable essences which
boiling operates upon and sets free.
"
The operation of pulping the hops is effected in various ways, but by
preference I use a pair of revolving knives or cutters running in opposito
directions, and pass the hops between them.
During the process of fermentation, either by friction or otherwise,
large quantities of carbonic acid gas are generated, and for the purpose
of storing, preserving, and utilizing this gas I use a strong air-tight
vessel of any suitable shape and material, to which are attached pipes
with check valves and regulating valves and taps. These pipes are
attached to the fermenting tuns, as required, and convey the gas as
it is generated to the said vessel, the check valves preventing its return.
When the tuns are cleared of their contents theso pipes and valves are
also used for the purpose of conveying the gas from highly charged tuns
and other vessels to accelerate the process of fermentation in others in
which the process is only commencing or sluggish in its action.
The gas may be utilized for various purposes, notably for the aëration
of ale, porter, wines, and other beverages, and also for fermenting
bread, confectionery, or other like purposes; it may also be used as a
means of imparting motion to the worms or other mechanical arrange- ;
ments, and it may be forced under heavy pressure into small vessels to
a fractional part of its initial bulk for storage in transit.
.
I also adopt my improvements to the treatment of grain, drying of
hay, wheat, corn, barley, and other matters, and for the heating, cooling,
or regulating the temperature of rooms, and for the heating of feed
water for steam boilers and other purposes, for the condensation of steam,

page_text: and production of distilled water from sea water, the action and con-
struction of my apparatus being essentially the same in principle and
application in all the above-named functions.
I also apply my Invention to the processes of distilling spirits and
rectifying, refining, and mellowing wines, spirits, and other liquors, and
for these purposes I adopt my tubular screws for rousing and attem-
perating the contents of the wash tuns, which is operated upon in like
manner to that described in the browing process. The boiling of the
wash is also performed in like manner, the steam or vapor arising from
the boiling liquid being convoyed througli one or more of my tubular
screws, which is or are immersed in cold or iced water, causing rapid
condensation of the said vapor. The screws may cither be made to
revolve or remain stationary.
I also sometimes, by preference, reverse the above arrangement and
discharge the steam or vapour arising in the manner described into a
vessel containing one or more of my tubular screws through which the
cold water or air is forced, thereby condensing or distilling the vapour
in the vessel instead of in the worm.
In the process of refining and mellowing wines, spirits, and other
liquors, I use a vessel of suitable form and material, inside of which is
placed one or more of my tubular screws, and having an air-tight
covering. The worm is provided with two or more supply pipes through
which steam or heated air, or water, or gas is conveyed, tho othors being
for the supply of cold air, gas, or water. The liquor to be operated on is
placed in the vessel, and secured if required from the action of the
atmosphere. The screw is put in operation and so regulated that a
stream of hot and cold air or water passes through it at stated intervals,
producing a continual change of temperature, which in combination
with the jolting, rousing, and stirring of the screw produces the effect
of age and transit upon liquor subject to its influence.
I also adapt my principle to the evaporation of salt, brine, and all
to other like substances, and also sugar refining, paper making, the.
treatment of sewage, and so forth.
I will now more particularly describe the application of my Invention
to the treatment of salt and like substances. I place one or more of my
tubular scrows in long cylindrical shaped vessels having a portion of

page_text: vessel is also fitted with heat and pressure gauges, and is sometimes
mounted on rockers, gimbals, or trunions; and I also sometimes use an
open vessel, and allow the mass to ferment spontaneously. The means
by which I reduce the hops or other substances to the required con-
sistency is by preference a series of revolving cutters running in opposite
directions. The substances to be operated on are fed into a hopper.
having a screw feeder. After they have passed through the knives they
are further subject to the action of a pair of screws, the threads or
worms of which work into each other. These worms are either solid or
hollow, so that if required a portion of the liquor with which the hops is
to be saturated may be incorporated with them during the process of
pulping. When sufficiently disintegrated they are treated in the manner
above described, and I this forms an integral part of my Invention, but
at the same time I do not confine myself to the peculiar or exact form of
machine herein described.
Figure 1. A and B shew plan and elevation of tubular screw with the
hollow shaft or axle and connection from this to the interior of screw.
.
Figure 2. Elevation of water tank fitted with tubular screw, which is
also furnished with an internal screw. The purpose of this internal
worm being to draw the water from the bottom and throw it over the
top of the outer worm, thereby keeping up a continual circulation.
The steam (or acting agent) enters the axle at a, passes through the
swivel, and thence by the arm into the coils composing the worm, and
traversing the whole length is discharged at c. The rotary motion is
imparted. by the bevil gearing at the bottom. C and D, enlarged
sections of gear, swivel, and stuffing box.
.
Figure 3. Sectional elevation of mash tun containing worm and
perforated false bottom and top B, B. The bottom and cover are
secured by the screw tozzles and nuts C, C, C, C. The steam (or
acting agent) enters the worm by the pipe A which is attached to tho.
supply D. The mash is admitted by he hinged lid E, and passes down
through the perforated plate B, falls upon the worm, sliding down till.
it rests on the perforated plate B at the bottom, the liquor for sparging
enters the orifice F¹ and permeates upwards through the mass passing
out at the orifice Fat the top of the tun, or vice versa. The worm is
F

page_text: .
used during the process as a rouser and attemporator, the rotary motion
being imparted by the chain wheel G and shaft H passing through the
stuffing box I, and having a conical clutch K, into which the axle of
the screw fits, and is made steam tight by packing on the conical end of
the axle L. The operation being complete the scrow toggles are cast
loose, and the lid, to which is attached the worm and perforated false
top and bottom, are drawn up clear of the tun, and the spent grains are
cleaned off the worm, which being cleaned is lowered into its place
again. E, E, and F, F, are enlarged sections of glands, stuffing boxes,
and clutches.
Figure 4., Sectional elevation of fermenting tun, the worm being
enclosed in a case as shewn, having paddles or aggitators fixed at
suitable positions. The operation is the same as described above. The
wort being drawn up by the revolution of the worm inside the case is
thrown over the bell-mouthed top, and fallen amongst the paddles, is
violently aggitated.
Figure 5. Sectional elevation of boiling vat, which may either be
constructed with the covering or not; the operation in this vessel being
also the same as described above. G, H, I, are the covers of the vessel
with feed pipes and lids.
Figure 6. Section of cooler or refrigerator.-K, side elevation. The
cooling agent enters the machine at A, passes through the entire
interior of the worm, and is discharged at B, or is continued through
the second worm if required. The hot wort enters at C and passes over
the entire external surface of the worm, is discharged at D or continued
through the second case if required. The upper half of the case is
movable for the convenience of cleaning and examination. Land M
are enlarged sections of the swivel, hollow spindle, and stuffing boxes.
Figure 7. N, sectional elevation of masher and end elevation. The
mashing water enters at A, A, and passes through the worm for a portion
of its length, and is discharged through the small holes at the end as
shewn. The malt is admitted by the channel B, regulated by the slide
and screw O; an auxiliary stream of water may be admitted at D, the
temperature is gauged by the thermometer E, the mash being discharged
at mouth F into the mash tun.

page_text: Drawing No. 4.
Figures 1 and 2 represent front and side elevations of another form
of my arrangements adapted to brewery purposes, Figure 2 being
partly in section.
<
Having now particularly described and exemplified my improvements,
and the manner of their application to the various purposes and uses I
have enumerated, I claim as novel the construction and application of
the peculiar forms of tubular screws and others, as described, and also
their various modes of action as set forth in the foregoing Specification
and description, namely, rotary, reciprocating, jolting, shaking, jumbling,
and circular motions; I also claim as my Invention and improvements
the applications of the above to the various processes used and purposes

page_text: set forth in this my Specification thereof, it being understood that I do
not limit myself to the the use of precisely the the same details shewn by
the Drawings, and described bwith reference thereto, as such details may
be varied without departing substantially from the nature and character
of the said Invention, nor do I claim such details except as constituents
of my.said Invention, as herein-before set forth and described.
In witness whereof, the said Andrew Barclay Walker, hath here-
unto set his hand and seal, this Eighteenth day of November, in
the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-
five.
ANDREW BARCLAY WALKER. (L.s.)
Witness,
JOHN PEARSON,
High Sheriff of Lancashire,
Golborne Park,
Nr. Newton-le-Willows.