CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN CEMENTS, BRICKS, TILES, QUARRIES, SLABS, AND ARTIFICIAL STONES
Year: 1846

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, SPENCER
THOMAS GARRETT, of Cliff Bank Lodge, Stoke-upon-Trent, in the County of
Stafford, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent, under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Twenty-second day of
June, in the tenth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said Spencer Thomas Garrett, my exors, admors,
and assigns, Her especial licence, full power, sole privilege and authority,
that I, the said Thomas Spencer Garrett, my exors, adñiors, and assigns, or
such others as I, the said Thomas Spencer Garrett, my exors, adiiors, or
assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time
and at all times, during the term of years therein expressed, should and
lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and
the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and in all Her said Majestie's Colonies
and Plantations abroad, and in the Islands of Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney,
Sark, and Man, my Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN CEMENTS, BRICKS,
TILES, QUARRIES, SLABS, AND ARTIFICIAL STONES;" in which said Letters Patent
is contained a proviso that I, the said Spencer Thomas Garrett, shall cause a
particular description of the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner

page_text: the same is to be performed, to be inrolled in Her said Majesty's High
Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately after
the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same,
reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Spencer Thomas Garret, hereby declare that the nature of the said Invention,
and in what manner the same is to be performed, are fully described and
ascertained in and by the present Specification thereof, reference being had to
the Drawings hereunto annexed, that is to say:-
Firstly, my improvements in cements have relation to the class commonly
called fire cements, and consist in certain new combinations of earths either
not previously used for the same purpose, or not used in the same proportions
and in the same way, which combinations are capable of resisting without
fusion or disintegration much higher degrees of temperature than the best fire
cements heretofore in use. I employ as a common base of all these improved
cements, or, as it is technically termed, "the frit," a mixture of felspar,
barytes, and silex, in about the following proportions:-Felspar, one hundred
parts; barytes, fifty, silex, twenty-five; or in place of the felspar I use
Cornish stone, or felspar and Cornish stone together, and in place of the barytes
I sometimes use lime or gypsum, or strontian, or a combination of some one
or other of these earths (the barytes, lime, gypsum, and strontian), with one,
two, or more of the others of them, (the proportions in which they are
respectively used being matter of indifference). The felspar or substitute for
it, barytes or substitute for it, and silex, are all crushed and ground up
together in a dry state by the usual means employed for crushing or grinding
in the manufacture of pottery; or, if they are crushed or ground separately,
they are intimately mixed together before passing through the next process.
The granulated compound is then reduced by calcination, according to any of
the well-known methods in ordinary use, to a vitreous mass, in which state it
forms the "frit" required. The cements, of which this "frit" forms the base,
are compounded as follows:-A cement, which I call "No. I cement," suitable
for use in construction of blast furnaces, reverberatory furnaces, and other
structures exposed to very high degrees of heat, is formed of one hundred parts
of the "frit" before described, fifty parts of Cornish stone, and five hun-
dred parts of barytes or gypsum, or strotian, or of some one or other of these
carths, combined with one or both of the others of them (without regard to
proportions), and one hundred and fifty parts of white sand, such of these
constituent materials as are in a piece or lump state, being previously crushed

page_text: or ground to powder. The whole are then carefully mixed up together with
water in the same way as common mortar is made, after which the cement is
fit for usc. A cement, called "No. 2 cement," suitable for gas retorts, coke
ovens, and other structures exposed to a less degree of temperature than those
before cited, is composed of one hundred parts of the fit, fifty parts of felspar
or Cornish stone, and seventy-five parts of potters clay, prepared and combined
together in the same way as "No. 1 cement' Other cements, "No. 3,"
"No. 4," "No. 5," &c, vary only fiom "No. 2 cement," in each containing
a gi cater proportion of potters clay (the proportions of the other components
remaining the same), and in being thereby rendered more capable of enduring
hent.
Secondly, my Improvements in Bricks, Tiles, Quarries, Slabs, and Artificial
Stones, consist in moulding or otherwise manufacturing the same with fillets
and grooves on certain of the surfaces thereof, and corresponding in dimensions
the one with the other, so that when a number of such bricks, tiles, quairies,
or slabs, or artificial stones, grooved and filletted as aforesaid, are laid in
single layers, or in several layers one above another, or in rows, joined at angles
to other rows, the whole shall fit either laterally, or both laterally and vertically,
into one another, and any structure composed thereof be thereby greatly
increased in compactness and stability. Several exemplifications of this
improved form of construction are given in the Diawings hereunto annexed.
Figure 1 is a perspective view of a plain tile, such as may be used in single
layers for flooring or other like purposes; and Figure 2 an edge view of the
same on one of its sides. The assemblage of Figures 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7, repie-
sents a set of five such tiles, four of them being given in part only. The centre
tile, Figure 3, has fillets a, a, on two of its sides or edges, and grooves b, b, on
the other two sides; and corresponding to those fillets and grooves, there are
grooves (a, a,) and fillets (62, 63,) on the opposite edges or sides of the
surrounding tiles 4, 5, 6, and 7, so that on the five tiles being brought
together the fillets a, a, take into the grooves a³, a³, and the grooves b, b,
receive the fillets 6, 6, and the whole are thus compactly bound together.
The tiles 4, 5, 6, and 7, are joined in like manner on their outer sides or
edges to other tiles; and so this system of joining or dovetailing may be con-
tinued throughout any extent of area, each tile becoming in its turn the
centre of a division of five, connected not only with all the others of the same
division, but with those of all the surrounding divisions. Figures 8, 9, 10, 11,
and 12, shew the form of construction to be followed where several layers
have to be placed one above the other, as in the case of bricks employed in

page_text: house building. Figures 8 and 9 are perspective views of a brick of this
description. Figure 10, a side view Figure 11, a plan; and Figure 12 au
end view. Each brick has in this case two fillets f,f, of which one may be at
the top and the other at one end, as in Figure 8, or one at the bottom and
the other at one end, as in Figure 9; and also two grooves g, g, of which one
may be at the bottom and the other at one end, as in Figure 8; or one at the
top and the other at one end, as in Figure 9; so that supposing all the fillets
and grooves to be of corresponding dimensions, such a brick, when set in its
place in a wall, must dovetail not only into the bricks placed immediately
above and below it, but into those at each end of it Figures 13, 14, 15, and
16, shew the modifications necessary in the case of tie bricks; here each brick
has either two grooves 9, 9, at one side, and two grooves on its under surface,
or two fillets f, f, at one side, with two fillets f, f, on its upper surface.
Figures 17, 18, 19, 20, shew the form proper to be given to an angle brick, it
is made with a side groove g, and end groove 9', and two grooves g³, g', on the
under sui face, placed at right angles to one another, and has two fillets f, f, on
the upper surface, also at right angles to one another. Figures 21, 22, 23,
and 24, represent a single tie brick, having on one side a groove g, with a
fillet f on the opposite side, and on the upper surface a fillet, with a groove on
the under surface: Figures 25, 26, 27, and 28, represent a partition brick,
having grooves g, 9, 9, on one of its sides at one end and on its under surface,
and two fillets on its upper surface at right angles to one another. Figures 29,
30, 31, and 32, represent a form proper for a tie partition brick; it has one
groove g at the side, another groove g³ at the end, and two other grooves g³ on
the under surface, running at right angles to one another, and a T fillet on its
upper surface
I have represented the fillets and grooves as being in all cases
tangular, preferring to have them of that form, but the forms may be varied
at pleasure, so long as all the fillets are of one form, and all the grooves of a
form coresponding thereto. The position also of the fillets and grooves may
be vaned, so long as they are so placed that when the bricks are put together
there shall be a groove for every fillet, and a fillet for every groove.
And having now described the nature of my said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I claim is,--
First, the employment in the manufacture of cements of a frit compounded
of the materials and prepared in the manner first herein-before described
Second, the several improved cements respectively herein-before described,
having each the said frit for its base, and,
Third, the moulding or otherwise manufacturing of bricks, tiles, quarries,

page_text: slabs, and artificial stones, with fillets and grooves on the sides, ends, and
upper and under surfaces thereof, as before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Spencer Thomas Garrett, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Fifteenth day of December, in the year
of our Loid One thousand eight hundred and forty-six
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Fifteenth day of December, in
the year of our Lord 1846, the aforesaid Spencer Thomas Garrett came
before our said Lady the Queen in Пe Chancery, and acknowledged the
Specification aforesaid, and all and every thing thei em contained and specified,
in form above written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped
according to the tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Enrolled the Sixteenth day of December, in the year of our Lord