IMPROVEMENTS IN OVENS OR KILNS FOR FIRING, BURNING, OR BAKING POTTERY, BRICKS, TILES, AND OTHER EARTHEN OR CERAMIC ARTICLES
Year: 1863

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Charles Malpas at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
21st February 1863.
I, CHARLES MALPAS, of Soho Mills, Tunstall, in the County of Stafford, dọ
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN OVENS OR
KILNS FOR FIRING, BURNING, OR BAKING POTTERY, BRICKS, TILES, AND OTHER
EARTHEN OR CERAMIC ARTICLES," to be as follows:-
My Invention consists in constructing an annular oven or kiln provided on
one side externally with one or more furnaces for heating the same, and having
on the other side one or more openings for charging and discharging the pottery"
or other matters to be fired. The annular bed of the oven or kilu is arranged"
to revolve at a slow speed, being for this purpose formed of iron and carried
by rollers, the requisite motion being imparted by means of suitable gearing::
The iron bed is protected from the heat of the furnace by a coating or covering
of fire-bricks or any other refractory materials, and upon this are formed a
number of open flues or channels, into which, when the oven or kiln is at
Price 8d.]

page_text: work and charged with pottery, the heat from the furnace or furnaces passes,
and thence readily rises up among the saggers or other articles with which the
kiln or oven is charged. The access of air from below the bed of the oven or
kiln to the space above the same, through the small spaces between the bed
and the annular walls, is prevented by circular flanges or rims on the under
side of the bed dipping into annular troughs fixed to both the annular walls of
the oven or kiln, which troughs are filled with water or sand, thus forming
more or less a perfectly air-tight connection. In the closed top of the oven or
kiln one or more openings are made immediately above the furnace or furnaces,
which opening or openings communicate with two flues, both passing over the
top of the oven or kiln in the reverse direction to that in which the bed rotates,
and which communicate respectively with a series of flues lining both the inner
and outer annular wall of the oven or kiln to a certain extent at that part of
the same where the rotating bed is approaching the furnace, which flues, after
passing vertically downwards, all communicate with a chimney shaft. One or
more valves or dampers are provided for regulating the flow of the hot gases
into these flues, so that the heat may at pleasure be conducted more to one
side or, the other, as required. A large closed chamber is formed over the
entire top surface of the oven or kiln, serving as a mustering, drying, and
placing room for the goods previous to their being fired. The top of that part
of the oven or kiln in which the revolving bed is receding from the furnace
is made as thin as practicable, so as to facilitate the passage of the heat
through the same into the drying room, care being however taken that no
apertures are formed.
It will be readily conceived from the foregoing description that the action of
my improved annular over or kiln will take place as follows:-The temperature
of the over or kiln having been raised to the requisite degree by the furnace
or furnaces which are fed from the exterior with fuel, the charging aperture
is opened, and as the bed of the oven or kiln slowly revolves past it, it is piled
up with the saggers of earthenware or other matters to be fired. The draft
from the furnace or furnaces passing directly up through the before-mentioned
apertures in the top of the oven or kiln into the horizontal flues, and thence
down into the vertical flues that line a portion of both the inner and outer
annular wall of the kiln, these flues thereby become heated to a high degree,
and as the pottery or other matters that are piled on the revolving bed
gradually approach and pass betiveen these heated flues, the temperature of the
former becomes gradually raised, until they at length reach that part of the
oven or kiln where they are acted upon directly by the intense heat from
the furnace or furnaces, and become baked or burnt to the required degree, as

page_text: by the coutinued slow motion of the bed the goods gradually recede from the
furnace or furnaces, and into that portion of the kiln where the top of the same
is made as thin as practicable, the heat contained in the burnt or baked ware
or other matters, gradually passes from them into the upper drying chamber,
where it is usefully employed in drying the ware previous to being fired. The
saggers containing the pottery or other matters being by this means cooled
down more or less completely, at length again reach the charging opening or
openings, and are removed and replaced by fresh goods, which in their turn
perform the same circuit.
The great advantages of this improved system of firing pottery, bricks, or
other earthenware or ceramic articles, are as follows:-Firstly, the action of
the oven or kilu is continuous, and all the loss of time attendant on the usual
mode of first charging a kiln, then firing it gradually, and then allowing it to
cool down and charging it afresh is avoided, besides preventing the injurious
effect which the alternate heating and cooling has on the kilns of ordinary
construction.
Secondly, the temperature of the ware is raised in the most gradual possible
manner, and the most perfect result is therefore obtained.
**
Thirdly, there is the smallest possible waste of heat from the furnace, as
almost all but that requisite for producing the requisite draft in the chimney
is turned to a useful account.
Fourthly, the width of the annular bed of the kiln or oven being small as
compared with that of an oven of ordinary construction, the heat from the fur-
naces has most perfect access to every part of the charge as it passes, and
consequently the imperfect firing of some portions of the charge as occurs in
ordinary furnaces is here entirely avoided. "
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Charles Malpas in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
21st August 1863.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, CHARLES
MALPAS, of Soho Mills, Tunstall, in the County of Stafford, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-first day of February, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, in the twenty-sixth year of
Her reign, did, for. Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto
me, the said Charles Malpas, Her special licence that I, the said Charles

page_text: Malpas, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I,
the said Charles Malpas, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should
at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all
times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully
might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great 5
Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Inven-
tion for "IMPROVEMENTS IN OVENS OR KILNS FOR FIRING, BURNING, OR BAKING
POTTERY, BRICKS, TILES, AND OTHER EARTHEN OR CERAMIC ARTICLES," upon the
condition (amongst others) that I, the said Charles Malpas, my executors or
administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their 1
hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of
the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and
cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Charles Malpas, do hereby declare 1
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement thereof, reference being had to the accompanying Drawings, and to
the figures and letters marked thereon, that is to say:-
My Invention consists in constructing an annular oven or kiln, provided on 2
one side externally with one or more furnaces for heating the same, and
having on the other side one or more openings for charging and discharging
the pottery or other matters to be fired. The annular bed of the oven or kiln
is arranged to revolve at a slow speed, being for this purpose formed of iron
and carried by rollers, the requisite motion being imparted by means of
suitable gearing. The iron bed is protected from the heat of the furnace by
a coating or covering of fire-bricks, or any other refractory materials,andupon
this are formed a number of open flues or channels, into which, when the oven
or kiln is at work and charged with pottery, the heat from the furnace or
furnaces passes, and thence readily rises up among the saggers orotherarticles
with which the kiln or oven is charged. The access of air from below the
bed of the oven or kiln to the space above the same, through the small spaces
between the bed and the annular walls, is prevented by circular flanges or
rims on the under side of the bed dipping into annular troughs fixed to both
the annular walls of the oven or kiin, which troughs are filled with water or
sand, thus forming, more or less, a perfectly air-tight connection. In the
closed top of the oven or kiln one or more openings are made immediately
above the furnace or furnaces, which opening or openings communicate with
two flues, both passing over the top of the oven or kiln in the reverse direction

page_text: to that in which the bed rotates, and which communicate respectively with a
series of flues lining both the inner and outer annular walls of the oven or
kiln to a certain extent, at that part of the same where the rotating bed is
approaching the furnace, which flues, after passing vertically downwards, all
communicate with a chimney shaft. One or more valves or dampers are
provided for regulating the flow of the hot gases into these flues, so that the -
heat may at pleasure be conducted more to one side or the other as required.
A large closed chamber is formed over the entire top surface of the oven or
kiln, serving as a mustering, drying, and placing room for the goods previously
to their being fired. The top of that part of the oven or kiln in which the
revolving bed is receding from the furnace is made as thin as practicable,so
as to facilitate the passage of the heat through the same into the drying room,
care being however taken that no apertures are formed. The inner and outer
walls of that part of the furnace may also be lined with flues provided with
dampers, through which cold air from the exterior of the kiln may be made
to pass at pleasure, so as to assist in cooling the goods,such air, after having
thus become heated being made to pass into the drying and storing room.
It will be readily conceived from the foregoing description that the action
of my improved annular oven or kiln will take place as follows:--The tem-
perature of the oven or kiln having been raised to the requisite degree by the
furnace or furnaces, which are fed from the exterior with fuel, the charging
aperture is opened, and as the bed of the oven or kiln slowly revolves past it,
it is piled up with the saggers of earthenware or other matters to be fired.
The draught from the furnace or furnaces passing directly up through the
before-mentioned apertures in the top of the oven or kiln into the horizontal
flues, and thence down into the vertical flues that line a portion of both the
inner and outer annular walls of the kiln,these flues thereby become heated
to a high degree, and as the pottery or other matters that are piled on the
revolving bed gradually approach and pass between these heated flues, the
temperature of the former becomes gradually raised until they at length reach
that part of the oven or kiln, where they are acted upon directly by the
intense heat from the furnace or furnaces, and become baked or burnt to the
required degree. As by the continued slow motion of the bed the goods
gradually recede from the furnace or furnaces and into that portion of the kilu
where the top of the same is made as thin as practicable, and the sides lined
with air flues, the heat contained in the burnt or baked ware or other matters
gradually passes from them into the upper drying chamber, where it is usefully
employed in drying the ware previous to being fired. The saggers containing
the pottery or other matters being by this means cooled down more or less

page_text: completely, at length again reach the charging opening or openings, and are
removed and replaced by fresh goods, which in their turn perform the same
circuit.
The great advantages of this improved system of firing pottery, bricks, or
other earthenware or ceramic articles are as follows:--
Firstly, the action of the oven or kiln is continuous, and all the loss of tim
. attendant on the usual mode of first charging a kiln, then firing it gradually,
and then allowing it to cool down and charging it afresh is avoided, besides
preventing the injurious effect which the alternate heating and cooling has on
the kilns of ordinary construction.
Secondly, the temperature of the ware is raised in the most gradual possible
manner, and the most perfect result is therefore obtained.
Thirdly, there is the smallest possible waste of heat from the furnace,-äs
almost all but that requisite for producing the requisite draft in the chimney is
turned to a useful account.
Fourthly, the width of the annular bed of the kiln or oven being small; as
compared with that of an oven of ordinary construction; the heat from the
furnaces has most perfect access to every part of the charge as it passes, and
consequently the imperfect firing of some portions of the charge as occursin
ordinary ovens is here entirely avoided.
Ou the accompanying Drawings is shewn the construction of my improved
oven or kiln, which I prefer to employ.
Figure 1, Sheet I., shows a sectional pian of the same on line. U; U,
Figure 3, Sheet II.; Figure 2, Sheet I., shows a part sectional plan of the
. same on line V, V, Figure 3, Sheet II.; Figure 3, Sheet II., shows a
⚫ transverse section on line W, W, Figure 1, Sheet I.; Figure 4, Sheet II.,
. shews a part transverse section on line X, X, Figure 1, Sl.eet I.; Figure 5,
Sheet III., shows an enlarged part developed sectional elevation on line Y,Y,
Figure 2; and Figure 6 shows an enlarged part transverse section through
the furnaces, and part of the kiln adjoining on line W, W; Figure 1. The
same letters of reference indicate the same parts in all the Figures.
}
{
A, A; A, is the annular oven or kiln, enclosed by the inner and outer
circular walls B and C, and provided on one side with the three external
furnaces D, D1, D2, and having diametrical opposite these furnaces the
charging and discharging aperture E; F, F, F, is the annular bed of the
oven or kiln, receiving a continuous slow rotary motion in the direction of
the arrow. by means of inechanism to be hereafter described, and consisting of
the cast or wrought iron bed a, upon which a thick layer of fire-clay b is
laid, and upon this are placed other blocks of fire-clay c; c, c, having spaces

page_text: d, d, d, between them for forming flues, through which the heat from the
furnaces passes up among the saggers e, e, e, containing the articles to be
baked or burnt, which are piled upon the bed. The annular bed is supported
underneath by a number of rollers G, G, G, at suitable distances apart, as
indicated on plan at Figure 1, as also at Figure 5, such rollers being carried
by spindles revolving in bearings formed on the frames H, H, secured to the
foundation. On the side of the oven or kiln where the rotating bed is.
approaching the furnaces, both the inner and outer walls of the same arelined
with a number of flues I, I, I', I', through which the hot products of com- .
bustion from the furnaces pass in a downward direction, in a manner to be
hereafter described, by which means they become heated to a high degree,and
the articles to be fired upon the bed in passing into that part of the kiln on
their way to the furnaces are consequently gradually raised in temperature
before coming to the most intense heat in front of the furnaces, and are
thereby burnt, baked, or fired in a most perfect manner.
The roof of the oven or kiln is, with the exception of that part in front of the.
furnaces, formed as a flat arch, and of a height corresponding with the height.
to which the saggers or other objects are piled upon the bed, as shewn at J,
Figures 3, 4, and 5, and in that part of the kiln where the goods are receding.
from the furnaces the roof is made as thin as practicable. In front of the.
furnaces the roof is arched, and is raised above the general height as shewn
at K, Figures 3, 4, 5, and 6, and a second inclined arch L is built below the
same, so as to form a flue M in the space between the two. The arch Lis
stopped short in front of the furnace D, as seen in Figures 2 and 3, and in
front of the other two furnaces it is provided with apertures 1, ', through
which, as also through the aperture 12, the hot gases from the furnaces pass
into the flue M, as shown by the arrows. The arch K is continued over the
flat roof J of the oven to the end of the flues I, I', and a well N divides the
space so formed into two flues O, O', communicating with the flue M, and
with the vertical flues I, I, 1', I'; a moveable flap or damper P of fire-clay is
provided as shewn, according to the position of which, as indicated by full and
dotted lines in Figure 2, the flames and hot gases enter the flues O, O', from
the flue M, either equally, or pass more into the one flue than into the other.
The position of this regulating flap is adjusted through small sight holesin the
walls of the kiln, which are opened and closed at pleasure by the fireman.
The vertical flues I, I', all communicate at the lower extremity with the
horizontal flues Q, Q¹, as seen more clearly in Figure 4, which again com-
municate with the cross flue R conducting to a chimney R. Thus it will be
seen that the flames and hot products of combustion from the furnaces D, D1, D2
...

page_text: pass firstly through the openings f, f¹, f2, into the flues or channels d, d, d,
beneath the saggers or other objects; thence they rise up and thoroughly
permeate among such objects, imparting thereto a great portion of their heat
and baking or burning the same in a most equable manner. Arrived at the
top they pass through the apertures 1, 11, 12, into the flue M, and thence into
the flues O, O¹, which conduct the same into the vertical flues I, I, I, I',
imparting thereto the greater remaining portion of their heat. From the
bottom of these flues the products of combustion then pass through the
flues QQ, and R to the chimney R. The furnaces D, D1, D2, are fed through
the apertures g,g,g, at the top, provided with covers g³, g, g, and a'thick layer
of fuel is maintained above the fire, whereby the volatile constituents of the
fuel become partially distilled off before it actually comes in contact with the
fire, and thus, when in combustion, it does not evolve those vapours which are
so detrimental to the pottery and other ware to be fired. In order to prevent
the draft from passing down beneath the annular bed of the kiln, annular
channels h, h', are formed in the layer of fire-clay b of the same, which are
filled with sand or other suitable material, and rims of fire clay i, i;are formed
on the walls B, C, dipping into the sand in the channels. Other channels or
troughs S, S¹, are also fixed to the walls B, C, below the bed of the kiln, and
are filled with sand or other suitable material, and rims j, j', are formed on
the under side of the plate a dipping into the sand. In some cases this latter
arrangement will most likely be of itself sufficient, and the channels on the
upper surface of the bed may be dispensed with.
In order to assist in cooling the pottery or other goods after they have
passed from the furuaces, a portion of the walls B and C may be lined with
air flues m, m', made of thin refractory materials, which flues communicate,
at bottom by means of horizontal flues m²,m³, and apertures m, m, (indicated
by dotted lines in Figure 1), with the external atmosphere, and with the
central space enclosed by the wall B, whilst at top these flues communicate
with the drying and storing room above. By this arrangement, as the fired
goods pass between these air flues, the cold air passing through the latter takes
up the heat contained in the goods, thereby assisting in cooling them, which
heat is then carried into the drying room Z. Suitable dampers or doors mo, m7,
are provided to the apertures m³, m', in order to regulate at pleasure the
quantity of cold air passing through the fluesm,m'. The dryingand mustering
room Z is formed by continuing the wall C of the kiln above the roof of the
same, and covering the enclosed space so formed by a roof Tand by forming a
floor both over the annular roof of the kiln, as also over the circular space
inside the wall B. Suitable doorways k, k, are provided, through which the

page_text: goods are introduced into and removed from this. room, the floor of the
room Z being somewhat higher than the general level of the roof of the kiln,
so that a space J' intervenes between the two, as seen in the transverse section
at Figure 3; on the opposite side to the furnaces apertures are made or
gratings laid in the part of the floor over that portion of the kiln in which the
bed is receding from the furnaces, as at 1, 1, 1, Figure 2, in order to allow the
heat that passes through the roof of that part of the kiln, and through the
before-mentioned air flues, when such are used, to ascend readily into the
drying room. On the other hand, as it is required to confine the heat as much
as possible in that part of the kiln from the charging opening E to the heating
flues I, I, I, I, a division wall may be with advantage made at 2, Figure 2,
in the space above referred to, and that part of such space from the wall 2 to
the end of the flues O, O', filled in, as indicated, with a suitable substance,
such as sand or slag, that is a bad conductor of heat.
The manner in which a continued slow rotary motion is imparted to the
bed of the kiln is as follows:-A hollow cast-iron column n is fixed on to
suitable foundations o in the centre of the kiln, serving as support to the floor
covering the central portion. This column is continued to a convenient height
above the floor as a pedestal n', and inside the same is placed the vertical
shaft P, carried by suitable bearings at top and bottom. This shaft passes
through the top of the pedestal n', and has a bevil wheel q in gear with
another bevil wheel q', fixed on the spind ler, carried by brackets fixed to or
formed on the pedestal, and caused to revolve by hand by means of the
handle. Upon the lower end of the shaft p is fixed or formed the worin p',
in gear with which are the four worm wheels s¹, s2, 83, 84, fixed on the shafts
t1, t2, 13, 14, carried by the framing u¹, u2, u³, u4, fixed to the foundation o and
the column n. On the other extremities of the shafts t', t, t³, t, are fixed the
spur pinions v1, v2, 3, 4, in gear with the large spur wheels w¹, w2, 3, 101, on
the shafts a1, a2, as, a. These shafts pass radially to the under side of the
bed of the kiln, where they are provided with the bevil pinions y¹, y, y³, y², in
gear with the circular rack z fixed to the under side of the bed plate a as
shewn, and constituting a large bevil wheel. The shafts x1, x2, a, a, are
supported by suitable bearings as shewn. Thus it will be seen that a man
turning the handle r¹ causes the shaft p to revolve, and this rotary motion is
imparted in a very reduced manner by means of the worm p¹ and worm
wheels 81, 82, 83, 84, to the shafts t1, t2, 13, 14; the motion of these is imparted
again in a very reduced manner to the shafts a, a, 3, 4, which thus impart
a very slow rotary motion in the direction of the arrow to the annular bed
simultaneously at four points of the same, thereby rendering the motion of the
B

page_text: latter of a very easy and equable nature. In order to keep the annular space
below the bed of the kiln as also the central space sufficiently cool so that the
machinery and the iron bed plate shall not be injured by the heat, suitable
draught holes are made in the walls B and C below the bed of the kiln, to
admit of the circulation of air in those spaces.
The operation of firing, baking, or burning the pottery or other ware by
means of my above described improved annular kiln will now take place in
the following manner:-The annular bed having been piled up with saggers or
other objects to be fired, and the charging opening closed temporarily, the
furnaces D, D1, D2, are lighted, whereby the goods in front of the furnace
become fired or baked, and the flues 1, 1, 1', I', become heated to a very con-
siderable degree as before described. When the goods in front of the furnaces
have been fired to the requisite degree the annular bed is set in notion in the
direction of the arrow, and as the unfired articles upon the same are by this
means brought into the part of the kiln lined with the flues I, I, 11, 11, their
temperature becomes gradually raised until they arrive in front of the furnaces,
where they are subjected to a heat of such intensity as to fire, burn, or bake
them in a most thorough manner. They are then carried away from the
furnace, and in passing very slowly through the opposite part of the kiln they
cool down in so gradual a manner as to become perfectly annealed before
arriving again at the charging opening E, through which they are then
removed and their place on the bed filled in with fresh unfired articles, which
are for that purpose taken down from the drying and mustering room
above.
By this arrangement it will be seen that the operations of filling in, firing,
annealing, and removing the goods all take place simultaneously and con-
tinuously, and the greater part of the heat developed is turned to useful
account, whereby it is evident that a great saving both in time and fuel, as
also in the construction of separate annealing furnaces is effected; added to
which, as before stated, the goods will be fired, baked, or burnt in a most
perfect and thoroughly equable manner.
Should the size of the annular kiln be too small to allow sufficient time for
the goods to cool down thoroughly before removal, for this to be done by
hand, 1 pile the goods upon trays or trucks of refractory material placed on
the bed of the furnace and running upon wheels, upon which trays or trucks I
then form the before-mentioned channels d, d, instead of upon the annular
bed; when the trays or trucks arrive again at the opening E, after the pottery
has been fired, they are drawn out with the goods upon them.
If one opening is not sufficient for the operations of charging or discharging

page_text: the goods, I make two or more openings for this purpose, keeping them a
sufficient distance from the furnaces; also according to the size of the kiln I
employ a greater or less number of the furnaces D, D', D2, and flues I,I,I', I¹
than shewn in the Drawings.
Instead of arranging the bed to run upon stationary rollers, as shewn, such
rollers may also be attached to the bed, and be made to run upon the floor,
and, if necessary, the bed may be supported by rollers upon either side instead
of only at or near the middle of its width.
The arrangement for imparting the requisite motion to the bed may also
be variously modified from that shewn on the Drawings, as will be readily
understood, but the arrangement shewn is that which I prefer to employ.
Having now described the nature of my Invention and the best means
I am acquainted with of performing the same, I wish it to be understood that
I do not limit myself to the precise details and proportions of the various
parts as shewn on the accompanying Drawings, as these may be variously
modified without departing from the nature of my Invention, neither do I
claim generally the construction of annular kilns or of kilns generally with
revolving beds, in so far as such have already been discribed in the Speci-
fication to Letters Patent granted to Thomas Webb on the 19th day of
January 1854 (No. 130), and in the Provisional Specification of Ernest
Auguste Bourry, dated the 25th day of June 1857 (No. 1778), but what I
claim is,―
Firstly, the construction and employment of annular ovens or kilns with
revolving beds for baking, burning, or firing pottery ware and earthen or
cemeric articles, having one or more external furnaces, and diametrically
opposite these or at some distance from the same, one or more openings for
filling in and removing the goods to be fired, and in which ovens or kilns the
draught from the furnace or furnaces passes directly underneath the objects to
be fired, and thence vertically up among the same into one or more flues
formed over or near the roof of the oven or kiln; also in combination with
the above the arrangement of flues lining a certain portion of the walls of the
oven or kiln for gradually raising the temperature of the articles to be fired
before they reach the furnaces, substantially as herein-before set forth.
Secondly, I claim the construction and employment of a chamber serving
as a mustering, drying, and placing room formed on the top of annular
ovens or kilns with rotating beds, so as to utilize the spare heat there-
from.
Thirdly, 1 claim, in combination, the arrangement of the several parts of

page_text: annular ovens or kilns with rotating beds, as hercin-before described with
reference to the accompanying Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said Charles Malpas, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Eighteenth day of August, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-three.
CHARLES MALPAS
(L.S.)
Witness,
C. D. ABEL,
20, Southampton Buildings, W.C.