THE COMBI- NATION AND MANUFACTURE OF COMPOSITION GRINDING WHEELS, HONES, AND OTHER GRINDING BODIES
Year: 1853

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to George Kerr Hannay, of Ulverston, in the
County of Lancaster, Author, for the Invention of "THE COMBI-
NATION AND MANUFACTURE OF COMPOSITION GRINDING WHEELS, HONES,
AND OTHER GRINDING BODIES."
Sealed the 30th May 1854, and dated the 13th December 1853.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said George Kerr
Hannay at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his
Petition, on the 18th December 1853.
I, GEORGE KERR HANNAY, Author, at Ulverston, in the County of
Lancaster, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "THE
COMBINATION AND MANUFACTURE OF COMPOSITION GRINDING WHEELS, HONES,
AND OTHER GRINDING BODIES" to be as follows:-
I combine lac with other resins or gums, and emery, sand, pounded
glass, pounded flint, tripoli, oxide of iron, whether artificially prepared
or in ore, oxide of tin, called putty powder, or other grinding or
polishing substances. The lac and the resins and gums are used as
the bond, and with the bond one or more of the grinding substances
must be intimately mixed. The grinding substances to be mixed up

page_text: One
with the bond will be such as may be considered best for the particular
grinding or polishing which may be required. The bond into which the
grinding substances are to be incorporated differs from the bond made
and long used and consisting entirely of lac and sand or lac and
corundum. The use of lac as a bond, or of the resinous part of lac as
a bond, is attended with an early destruction of the grinding surface;
therefore I avoid this defect by mixing resins and gums of a more brittle
character with lac. I sometimes mix with lac any of the following
materials-Sandaric, mastic, dammar, copal, and common resin or
other brittle resin. Besides these I use vegetable pitch, coal tar pitch,
and asphaltum; and I find in practice the following proportions to be
very valuable for composition grinding wheels and hones, viz, one
third of lac, one third of any of the resins mentioned above, and one
third of common resin to form the bond; and with this I combine, in
manner mentioned below, the grinding substance or substances.
third of lac with two thirds of dammar, answers well as a bond; one
third of lac with two thirds of coal tar pitch or asphaltum, answers
well as a bond; and so does one third lac, one third common rosin,
and one third of coal tar pitch; and this last bond I prefer for coarse
large grindstones. Vegetable pitch may be substituted for rosin in any
of the combinations. Vegetable pitch I think best when sandaric is
employed in the bond; copal, in combination with common rosin or
dammar, or coal tar pitch without lac, may be used as a bond where a
more brittle wheel or hone is wanted. When any of these several
combinations are to be used to bind the grinding substances, heat must
be applied, either in an oven or by means of steam, or in any suitable
manner, to the vessel containing the mixture until the mixture be well
fused, then about two and a half to three times the weight of the
mixture is to be added of emery or other grinding substance required;
but this grinding substance, whether of emery or of other matter,
should be heated, in order to mix the more easily with the bond, to a
temperature as high as that of the mixture which is to form the bond.
All must be thoroughly mixed and incorporated while hot, and the
whole when in the heated and soft state be transferred to smooth
metallic moulds of the requisite form and dimensions, and there sub-

page_text: jected to pressure by weights or by machine. I prefer having the
moulds or shapes to taper slightly, so that the composition, when cold
and set, may be easily drawn or pushed out.
I claim the mixing with lac certain more brittle gums or resins, or
the mixing of copal with certain gums or resins without lac, for a bond,
when a composition grinding wheel or hone, or grinding or polishing
body, has to be formed.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said George Kerr Hannay in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 12th June 1854.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I,
GEORGE KERR HANNAY, Author, at Ulverstone, in the County of Lan-
cashire, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Thirteenth day of December, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-three, in the seven-
teenth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give
and grant unto me, the said George Kerr Hannay, Her special licence
that I, the said George Kerr Hannay, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, or such others as I, the said George Kerr Hannay, my execu-
tors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and the Isle of Man, an Invention for "THE COMBINA-
TION AND MANUFACTURE OF COMPOSITION GRINDING WHEELS, HONES, AND
OTHER GRINDING BODIES," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the
said George Kerr Hannay, by an instrument in writing under my
hand and seal, particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the
said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed,
and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within
six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said George Kerr Hannay, do
hereby declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement, that is to say:
I combine lac, or lac and sugar, with other resins or gums, asphaltum,
coal tár, or coal tar pitch, or common pitch, by means of heat, for what
I call a bond; and I introduce while the mass is soft, emery, corundum,
pounded glass, pounded flint, or other grinding substances; or I com-
bine lac with fat oil, or lac with fat oil and sugar, and the above-
mentioned grinding substances by heat. The grinding substances
(principally emery) to be mixed up with the bond will be such as may
be considered best for the particular grinding or polishing which may
be required. The bond into which the grinding substances are to be
incorporated differs from the bond long used consisting entirely of lac,
into which sand, emery, or corundum were introduced. The use of
lac as a bond, or of the resinous part of lac as a bond, is attended with
an early destruction of the grinding surface; this defect I avoid by
mixing resins or gums of a more brittle character, or oil, or oil and
sugar, with the lac. I sometimes mix with lac any of the following
materials-Sandarac, mastic, damar, copal, common resin, or other
brittle resin; besides these I use vegetable pitch, asphaltum, coal tar,
coal tar pitch, wax, oil, or grease, oil of turpentine, and sugar. The
quantity of lac used to unite with the resins, &c. is greater or less in
proportion to these resins according to the fineness of the grinding sub-
stance used. In coarse qualities of emery a much less proportion of
shell lac is used than would be with flour emery, and where the emery
to be used is very fine, a proportion of lac, small as compared with the
resins, is to be used. In commerce there is some confusion in the
terms applied to different sizes of the grain of emery. What one
dealer calls No 1 another dealer sells as N° 2. This throws a difficulty
in the way of accurate description, therefore I shall denominate the
finer of the two N° 1, the other N° 2. Between flour emery and (the
finer) No 1 there is an intermediate quality sold, and then between
the finer No. 1 and the coarser N° 1, that is, No 2, there is again an
intermediate quality. I find in practice the following preparations to

page_text: be valuable for composition grinding wheels or hones to be used with
water, videlicet, as a bond for flour emery or (the finer) No 1, or quality
intermediate between the two. Four ounces lac, four ounces. of any of
the above-mentioned resins, asphaltum, pitch, or coal tar pitch for a
bond; or one ounce and three quarters of coal tar, and four ounces of
common resin, and three ounces of sugar for a bond. The quantity
of coal tar employed is much less than that of the solid resins or gums,
&c., say one third. If much more coal tar bo used it will not set suffi-
ciently hard; if flour emery be used thirty ounces may be introduced;
if intermediate between that and (the finer) No 1, 36 ounces; and. if
(the finer) No 1, 42 ounces; for the intermediate grain between (the
finer) No 1 and N° 2, 4 ounces cominon resin, 4 ounces of. any of the
other resins, &c., 3 ounces of lac, and 2 ounces of sugar for a bond,
and 44 ounces of emery; where (the finer). N° 2 is wanted, 4.ounces
common resin, 4 ounces of any of the other resins, &c., 2 ounces shell
lac, and 2 ounces of sugar for a bond, and 46 ounces of emery. The
more emery, however, that can be wrought into any of these the
better.
In using oil, I mix one part by measure of fat oil with eight parts
by weight of shell lac (that is, one fluid ounce of oil to eight ounces
of lac), and sometimes I add as much oil of turpentine as there is of
fat oil or grease. If, however, other resins, pitch, coal tar, or coal tar
pitch be added to the mixture, the lac in uniting with them gives up a
part of its oil, so that if oil is used at all. in a combination of shell lac
with resin, &c., it must be comparatively very much less than if it be
combined with lac alone. The combination of lac and oil is much
improved by the addition of from to part of as much sugar as
there is of shell lac. For making hones or wheels to be used with oil I
prefer always to use oil or oil and sugar, for they will work either with
oil or with water. The proportions for wheels or hones made with oil
are, for a bond, shell lac, 1 pound; fat oil, 2 ounces; sugar, 4 ounces.
This bond answers, whatever be the coarseness or fineness of the emery
used. If finest washed emery be used, I employ 14 lbs. of it; if the
coarsest part of flour emery be used, I employ 2 lb. of it; when a
quality intermediate between flour emery and (finer) N° 1 is to be used,

page_text: I employ 21D. Of 10, anu
3 lb. of it.
WECH
There is no advantage in making them with coarser emery than
(finer) No 1 when oil is used; they do not appear to grind quicker.
When any of the several combinations are to be used as bond
(except the combination for razor hones mentioned below) to bind the
grinding materials, heat must be applied, either in an oven, or by
means of steam, or in other suitable manner, to the vessel containing
the mixture, until it be well fused. The sugar to be introduced is
mixed with a little water, and the syrup on the evaporation of the
water to be united by stirring with the melted lac, resin, &c. The
grinding substance, whether of emery or other matter, in order to mix
the more easily with the bond, should be heated to a temperature a
little higher than that of the mixture which is to form the bond. It is
then to be introduced by little and little, that it may be thoroughly
incorporated with the bond while bot. If fat oil only is used, it may
be mixed with the syrup previous to mixing with the lac and resins; if
oil of turpentine also be used, half of the fat oil may be kept back to
mix with the oil of turpentine, and this mixture of oils may be added
towards the end of the process when the composition becomes difficult
to stir owing to the quantity of emery introduced.
The whole of any of the said mixtures must be transferred in a
heated and soft state to smooth metallic moulds of the requisite form
and dimensions, and then subjected to pressure. I prefer having the
moulds slightly wider at top than at the bottom, and with a loose
bottom, so that when the composition is cold and set, it may the
more easily be drawn or pushed out. When the composition is freed
from the mould, the whole surface has a kind of glaze over it,
which requires to be ground off before its grinding powers are properly
developed.
The following also forms an excellent composition for razor hones:-
viz, 1 ounce of shell lac, 2½ ounces fluid spirit of wine, 2 drachms oil, 1
drachm sugar dissolved in as small a quantity of water as possible; soda,
potash, sulphate of magnesia, and many other very soluble salts answer
equally as well as sugar for this purpose. In combining this composi-

page_text: tion for razor hones with emery, oxide of iron, oxide of tin, oxide of
manganese, or other grinding body, the small lac used is to be dissolved
in spirit of wine, acetic naptha, or other solvent; oil is then added,
and the mixture shaken; then syrup of sugar is added, and the mixture
again shaken; after this the emery or other grinding body is to be
well mixed therewith. The mixture is then to be spread on wood or
any other smooth and level substance with a flat brush in a succession
of layers or coats, one coat being allowed to dry before another is
applied; ten or eight coats should be sufficient. The composition,
previous to being laid on to dry, must be excluded as much as possible
from the air; after it has dried and hardened for five or six days, the
surface may be ground off. Metal wheels for polishing might also be
thus coated.
I claim the mixing with lac certain more brittle gums or resins,
asphaltum, pitch, coal tar, coal tar pitch, and sugar, and also the mixing
with lac oil or grease alone, or oil or grease with sugar, for a bond,
when a composition grinding wheel or hone, or grinding or polishing
body, has to be formed.
In witness whereof, I, the said George Kerr Hannay, have
hereunto set my hand and seal, this Ninth day of June, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-four.
GEORGE KERR (L.S.) HANNAY.
Signed, sealed, and delivered by the above-
named George Kerr Hannay, in the
presence of
THOS WOODBURNE,
A Commissioner to administer Oaths in
Chancery in England.