matthewleechen/300YearsOfBritishPatents huggingface dataset:
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MEANS AND APPARATUS FOR PRESERVING MEAT, FOWLS, FISH, EGGS, FRUIT, VEGETABLES, AND OTHER ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE MATTER
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Charles Havard. and Manuel
Ximeno Harmony at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents,
with their Petition, on the 16th September 1868.
We, CHARLES HAVARD and MANUEL XIMENO HARMONY, both of New
York, United States of America, but at present of Royal Hotel, Black-
friars, in the County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MEANS AND APPARATUS FOR
PRESERVING MEAT, FOWLS, FISH, EGGS, FRUIT, VEGETABLES, AND OTHER ANIMAL
OR VEGETABLE MATTER," to be as follows:-
Our Invention consists in preserving meat, fowls, fish, eggs, fruit,
vegetables, and other animal or vegetable matter by impregnating and
coating the same with a gelatinous solution prepared from animal or
vegetable matter. This solution or jelly is mixed with warm water until
sufficiently liquid, and we add to it bi-sulphite of lime or any equivalent
substance producing the same effect, in order to prevent the solution or
jelly from becoming sour and decomposing. It is then forced into the
meat or other substance, for which purpose this is placed in an air-tight
vessel, tank, or compartment, and the air is then first withdrawn from
the cavities or interstices of the meat or other substance by exhausting

page_text: the air by means of an air pump or other apparatus from the vessel,
tank, or compartment, and the solution is then caused to flow into the
latter, and to penetrate into the meat or other substance either by the
atmospheric pressure alone, or by the aid of a force pump or other
suitable apparatus. The air-tight vessel or compartment is for this
purpose provided with a vacuum gauge, a pressure gauge, and an air
valve, as also with a valve or tap at bottom for withdrawing the solution
after this operation. The meat or other substance is then taken out of
the above-named vessel, tank, or compartment, and is dipped as often
as may be required in a solution of the same nature as above described,
having first, added to the same glycerine to prevent the gelatine from
becoming too hard so as to crack or peel off.. In place of the glycerine
any other substance producing the same effect may be added. The
meat or other substance is afterwards hung up to dry. When required
for use the meat or other substance is soaked in water or wet steam,
whereby the gelatinous solution is removed therefrom.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANU- FACTURE OF SALTS OF SODA
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Edward Newton at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 8th April 1868.-A communication from abroad by Isaac M.
Gattman, of the City and State of New York, United States of
America.
I, WILLIAM EDWARD NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery
Lane, in the County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANU-
FACTURE OF SALTS OF SODA," to be as follows:-
By the improved process for the manufacture of the salts of soda
which constitutes the present Invention equal weights of chloride of
sodium (common salt) and finely powdered chrome iron
intimately mixed together, heated to redness in a reverberatory furnace,
and subjected to a current of steam. The hydrogen
The hydrogen of the steam
unites with the chlorine of the salt and forms hydrochloric acid gas
which combines with the iron of the chrome iron ore and forms volatile
chloride of iron which is driven off and may be collected in a cooling
chamber. The oxygen of the steam unites with the sodium of the
salt to form soda, at the same time the sesqui-oxide of chromium of

page_text: the ore is converted into chromic acid which combines with the soda
and forms chromate of soda. When the charge is thoroughly fused,
and the evolution of hydrochloric acid gas ceases, it is withdrawn.
When cold and treated with hot water chromate of soda will go in
solution, which can be used in all respects like a solution of chromate
of potash, or may be concentrated and brought to a crystalline state
either as a neutral chromate of soda or may be converted into bichromate.
But when carbonate of soda is to be manufactured the charge of the
above melting process is powdered and thoroughly mixed with from
15 to 20 per cent. of coal, and again subjected to a bright red heat
but without steam, whereby the chromic acid of the chromate of soda
is reduced into sesqui-oxide of chromium and the soda converted into
carbonate of soda; when reaction has ceased the charge is withdrawn;
when cool and lixiviated with water carbonate of soda will go in
solution and the sesqui-oxide of chromium is left as insoluble behind;
the chromate of soda is again converted into carbonate of soda and
chromic oxide, which again answers the same purpose for an indefinite
time.
The smelting process may be greatly facilitated when to the mixture
of chrome iron ore and salt or the sesqui-oxide of chromium and salt
from 10 to 15 per cent. of Chili saltpetre or the same quantity of
black oxide of manganese are added, as oxygen would be more readily
furnished to convert the chromic oxide into chromic acid.
A NEW OR IMPROVED SAFETY STOPPER FOR BOTTLES AND OTHER VESSELS
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Zacharie Poirier at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
20th May 1868.
I, ZACHARIE POIRIER, of No. 2, The Grove, South Lambeth, in the
County of Surrey, Merchant, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "A NEW OR IMPROVED SAFETY STOPPER FOR BOTTLES AND OTHER
VESSELS," to be as follows:-
This Invention consists of a new or improved safety stopper intended
for glass, stone, and other bottels of every description, also carboys
and other receptacles or vessels for sulphuric and other acids or escences,
and for closing tightly all bottles containing champagne and all other
wines, lemonade, soda water, ginger beer, and all other gaseous or
effervescing drinks. This stopper is composed of a short india-rubber
or cork tube, into the upper part of which is inserted a ring, the
said ring beeing attached by tying or any other way with the com-
pressible tube. A screw taped peg as thick as the inner diameter
of the tube, having a conical head, is introduced in the tube at the
lower part, it runs through the said tube and ring, and is fitted
at its upper part with a sound screw nut. The stopper thus fitted is

page_text: introduced into the neck of the bottle to be closed, and if the screw
nut is turned to the right hand with the fingers the conical head of
the screw taped peg ascends and forces its way in the compressible
tube, which yields according to the pressure which is given by turning
the nut, forming thus a tight fitting; and as the lower part of the neck
of bottles have a conical shape it is impossible for the most powerful
pressure of gaseous liquids to drive out the stopper, which may be
gently pulled out by merely turning the screw nut towards the left
with the fingers. The screw taped peg is prevented turning round
with the nut by a small spur of the ring which enters a groove cut
lengthways of the said peg and allowing it only to slide up and down.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PILED FABRICS IN IMITATION OF THE FLEECE OR FUR OF ANIMALS
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIICATION left by Thomas Stokes at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 6th January
1868.
I, THOMAS STOKES, of Kidderminster, in the County of Worcester, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE MANUFACTURE OF PILED FABRICS IN IMITATION OF THE FLEECE OR FUR
OF ANIMALS," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object an improved description and improved
means of manufacturing piled or plush fabrics having the appearance of
the fleece, hair, or fur of an animal, and consists in attaching by preference
the root ends of locks, staples, or tufts of wool, hair, or fur, as cut or taken
from the skin of the animal (and without having been previously formed
into a thread or yarn), to a woven felted or other fabric, so that the
projecting ends of the locks or tufts of wool, hair, or fur will form a
piled or plush surface to the fabric and give it the appearance of the skin
of an animal from which the fleece, hair, or fur has not been removed,
retaining the same character after the fabric is washed, dyed, dressed, or
otherwise treated. When attaching the locks, staples, or tufts of wool,
hair, or fur to a fabric whilst being woven I introduce the ends of

page_text: such locks, staples, or tufts between, and under, and over the warp
threads, and the end of the lock, staple, or tuft may be turned or
knotted around such warp thread or threads, the weft being afterwards
thrown between the warp threads and beaten up in the usual manner,
such a number of locks, staples, or tufts being introduced in each
successive row as to produce a piled surface to the fabric of the character
required. Both ends of the locks may be attached to the fabric if
desired, the loop thus formed being afterwards cut so as to form a cut
pile. In place of attaching the locks, staples, or tufts to the surface of
the fabric in the process of weaving they may be attached to a woven or
other fabric by sewing or stitching them thereto by means of a sewing
machine or otherwise, or they may be attached to a waterproof or other
fabric by means of india-rubber or other suitable cement. The piled or
plush surface may be formed by a combination of various kinds of wool,
hair, or fur disposed or arranged in patterns or otherwise, so as to give
a varied character to the surface of such fabrics.
IMPROVED MACHINERY FOR PRINTING CARPETS
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Wilkinson at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 5th May
1868.
I, JOHN WILKINSON, the younger, of St. Helen's Mills, Hunslet,
Leeds, in the County of York, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVED MACHINERY FOR PRINTING CARPETS," to be as
follows:-
This Invention relates to improvements upon or modifications of the
printing machine for which I obtained Letters Patent, dated 25th April
1865, No. 1155, so as to adapt the same to printing looped or terry
carpets. In this machine endless tentering chains are used for carrying
the fabric between the rollers, and holding it extended in such a manner
that a good register of pattern shall be ensured. As, however, terry
carpets require to be printed up to the edges of the fabric, the use of
tentering chains is inadmissible, because the pins would come in contact
with the printing surfaces; another mode, therefore, of traversing the
carpet through the machine must be adopted, this I propose to effect
by the use of two or more porcupine rollers lying transversely of the
machine, the first one in front of the first pair of printing rollers, and

page_text: the other at the opposite end of the machine with intermediate rollers
where found requisite; these rollers will keep the fabric at a uniform
tension, and thus ensure a good register of the pattern longitudinally.
To attain the same end with respect to the pattern laterally I fit the
table with guides, between which the carpet will slide, and the carpet
being a stiff fabric it will centre itself so as to ensure its proper pre-
sentation to the rotating printing surfaces. These guides are continued
along the machine so as to maintain the proper lateral position of the
carpet as it passes from one printing surface to the other, and in this
way a good register for any desired number of colours may be preserved,
the carpet receiving its complete complement of colours by once passing
through the machine. This arrangement admits also of two or more
widths of carpet being printed simultaneously (abreast of each other) in
the same machine. The carpet as it comes from the machine is laid
over rods in a frame fitted with travelling wheels, and it is then run into
a steam box, where the colours are fixed in the usual way.
IMPROVED APPARATUS AND MEANS OR METHOD FOR EXHIBITING ADVERTISEMENTS AND AFFORDING PUBLICITY THERETO
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Oscar Ollivier at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 25th
February 1868.
I, OSCAR OLLIVIER, of Paris, in the Empire of France, at present
residing in Panton Street, Haymarket, in the County of Middlesex,
do dereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVED
APPARATUS AND MEANS OR METHOD FOR EXHIBITING ADVERTISEMENTS AND
AFFORDING PUBLICITY THERETO," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to improvements in the means of exhibiting
advertisements and affording publicity to the same, and also to names
and addresses or other useful information.
I propose to construct a strong card or board, according to the
dimensions required, the central portion of which is provided with an
engraving, lithograph, or picture on each side of which an almanack is
printed; above and below this a series of divisions are formed in which
the announcements are printed or otherwise inserted. The sides of
the card or board are made thinner than the intermediate portion, and
serve to hold covers or flaps jointed or hinged to the thick portion,
these being also divided into spaces for advertisements or other
notices, and beneath the covers or flaps a series of pages are attached

page_text: on which names and addresses may be written or printed. The covers
are secured to the edges of the board or card by means of elastic
fastenings or other attachments. Thus the surface of the advertising
placard is even or flat, and may be made to present a very ornamental
appearance suitable for hotels and public institutions or places of
amusement.
If large advertisements are required, such as for railway stations,
wood or metal may be used instead of card, the principle being the
same.
IMPROVEMENTS IN REELS OR BOBBINS AND IN MEANS OR APPARATUS TO BE APPLIED THERETO
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Raoul Paul Faucheux at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the '
19th February 1868.
I, RAOUL PAUL FAUCHEUX, of Paris, in the Empire of France, but
at present residing at Caversham Road, Kentish Town, in the County
of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN REELS OR BOBBINS AND IN MEANS OR APPARATUS TO BE
APPLIED THERETO," to be as follows:-
The Invention has for its object improvements in reels or bobbins
and in means or apparatus to be applied thereto, and relates to the
application of means whereby the thread or yarn may be unwound and
any desired length removed from the reel or bobbin whilst the thread
or yarn left thereon is securely held from unwinding, except when
tension is purposely applied thereto.
For this purpose according to one arrangement I place around the
reels or bobbins such as are now commonly in use a loose cylinder of
cardboard or other suitable material, upon which the thread or yarn
is wound, and I pass the outer end of the thread through an eye formed

page_text: in one of the flanges of the reel or bobbin, such eye being covered
with india-rubber or other suitable flexible material.
Another arrangement consists in mounting the reel or bobbin upon
a suitable axis provided with flanges, in one of which is formed an eye
which is covered as above described; or I fix a piece of india-rubber
or other suitable flexible material to one of the flanges in any suitable
position and pass the thread or yarn therethrough; or I stretch a band
or piece of india-rubber or other suitable flexible material from one
flange to the other and pass the thread through a slit, knot, or opening
formed therein.
My Invention also consists in applying around reels or bobbins a
cylinder or tube mounted upon a suitable axis, such cylinder or tube
being provided with an eye as before described; and, if desired, the
cylinder or tube may have an opening therein through which the color
of the thread or yarn may be seen, or an eye as before described may
be formed in a ring, disc, or bar, mounted upon an axis upon which the
reel or bobbin turns. If desired, more than one eye may be employed,
in which case the thread or yarn will not require to pass through india-
rubber or other flexible material.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN SEWING MACHINES
Year: 1868

page_text: of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 28th
August 1868.
I, THOMAS HENDERSON, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North
Britain, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention of "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN SEWING MACHINES," to be as follows, that is to say:-
This Invention relates to an improved arrangement or construction of
sewing machines whereby various classes of such machines at present
in use may be adapted for producing what is known as a "herring bone"
or fancy stitch.
The arrangement of mechanism by which this is effected consists in
placing the needle bar in a guide which oscillates on a centre fixed to
the frame of the machine. To the needle arm or lever a pall is fixed,
which as the arm or lever makes its upward stroke catches into a tooth
of a ratchet wheel, which it revolves through a certain angle. In the
face of the ratchet wheel pins are fixed that act upon the long arm or
lever, the shorter arm of the lever acting against the guide which carries
the needle bar, so that each time one of the pins in the ratchet wheel

page_text: lifts the short lever, it again acts upon the guide, which it oscillatos
through a small angle, thus the point of the needle is guided alternately
to opposite points in the cloth being sewn, and carrying the thread
from one point to the other produces the kind of stitch herein-before
referred to.
In carrying out this Invention the threads at present used in sewing
machines are the only threads employed.
CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN LOOMS FOR WEAVING
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Hadfield at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 21st
May 1868.
I, WILLIAM HADFIELD, of Manchester, in the County of Lancaster,
Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN LOOMS FOR WEAVING," to be as follows:-
My Invention relates to that part of the loom termed the "taking up"
motion, and is designed to dispense with the ordinary sand roller or
perforated plates now employed; and the improvements consist in the
novel employment and use of three rollers so disposed and arranged
underneath the breast beam that when in action the cloth is taken up
with a certainty and precision not hitherto attained. These rollers are
geared together, the middle or intermediate roller covered with india-
rubber or other yielding substance being the driver, the top roller
immediately underneath the breast beam being supported in sliding
bearings and situated a little behind the centre of the middle roller,
the diameter of these rollers or their gearing wheels being such that the
periphery or surface of the under one will have a slightly accelerated
speed to the upper one; underneath these rollers the third or bottom

page_text: roller is supported in the ordinary moveable weighted bearing; thus the
cloth when being taken up by the intermediate rollers is caused in its
traverse first to pass from the breast beam round the front of the top
or drag roller; then round the back of the middle roller, from whence
it is received by the cloth roller. Three rollers being in contact the
cloth is firmly held between their surface, the uniform tension of which
during taking up being maintained by reason of the slight drag given to
it through the medium of the slightly accelerated motion or speed of the
driving or middle roller.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF STEEL, AND IN THE APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Antoine Galy Cazalat at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition; on the
30th December 1868.
I, ANTOINE GALY CAZALAT, of 13, Rue Gaillon, Paris, Empire of
France, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF STEEL, AND IN THE APPARATUS
EMPLOYED THEREIN," to be as follows:-
These improvements relate to the methods of obtaining steel by
melting at a high temperature mixtures of cast iron and sesqui-oxide of
titaniferous magnetic oxide ore, or other mixtures for the making of
steel. With this object when such mixtures are to be used for the
making of cast steel, I employ a peculiar construction of continuous
reverberatory furnace hereafter described, which I urge with compressed
hot air and superheated steam alone or combined together escaping
under the grate by a jet or jets. Through the vault of the reverberatory
furnace I make openings in which I place the pigs of iron to be melted
vertically, their lower ends resting upon the hearth or floor of the
furnace. In similar openings I also place cylinders or hollow cases
containing the titaniferous or other mineral to be mixed with the cast

page_text: iron. When the furnace is urged to the required heat the pigs of cast
iron run down and flow into the hearth, after which I augment the
temperature of the said bath of metal by jets of superheated steam, or
air, or both combined. The vessel containing the titaniferous mineral
or other mixture becomes fused, and the several ores and metals mingle
in fusion upon the hearth, from whence I draw off the fused steel into
suitable moulds. I prefer to generate the vapour and compressed air by
means of a boiler placed in the outlet current of the products of com-
bustion from the furnace to the chimney, and I also prefer to place the
air compressor and superheater in the same current. Where the locality
will permit I sometimes run the cast metal direct from the blast furnace
into the reverberatory furnace. The proportion of cast iron and sesqui-
oxide of titaniferous magnetic oxide ore, or other ores of the same
nature, will vary considerably, 1st, as regards the nature of the cast
iron employed, and 2nd, with regard to the quality of steel required,
hematite pig iron and other of a similar quality requiring but a relatively
small proportion of the ore, whilst impurer or commoner sorts of pig
require a larger proportion of ore.
IMPROVEMENTS IN LAMPS
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Martin Rae at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 6th June
1868.
I, MARTIN RAE, of Up Hall, Linlithgowshire, North Britain, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN LAMPS,"
to be as follows:-
Instead of the ordinary wick tube of one piece I make it in two parts
of any required dimensions connected together. For ordinary lamps I
make the lower part about three-eighths of an inch wide, and the upper
part of about two inches and three-eighths in width, the top of the upper
part being of a curved or crescent shape. In the lower part I place an
ordinary wick, and in the upper part a thin cotton braiding, to which the
ordinary wick acts as a conductor of the oil, which passes in a wide and
thin layer through the braiding, and when ignited presents a wide and
thin flame which rapidly absorbs oxygen from the atmosphere and
renders the combustion much more complete than in an ordinary lamp
burner; and when light hydrocarbons are used I place at each side of
the top part a plate to deflect the air against the lower part of the flame.
To prevent the thin braiding from carbonizing too rapidly it is soaked in

page_text: a solution of alum and afterwards dried, and in some cases when burning
mineral oil it is advisable to add a small quantity of vegetable oil for
enabling the flame to be steady with a less consumption of oil. The
quantity of vegetable oil is slightly varied according to the specific
gravity of the mineral oil, but when the specific gravity is about 8.45°
one ounce of vegetable oil may be added to nine pounds of mineral oil.
AN IMPROVED COMBINED UMBRELLA AND WALKING STICK
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Félix Honoré Renault at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 19th February 1868.
I, FÉLIX HONORÉ RENAULT, of No. 53, Rue de la Chaussée d'Antin,
Paris, in the Empire of France, do hereby declare the nature of the.
said Invention for "AN IMPROVED COMBINED UMBRELLA AND WALKING STICK,"
to be as follows:-
My Invention consists in an improved combined umbrella and walking
stick, as shewn by the Figures of the accompanying Drawing, in which A
is a tube or sheath of metal, wood, or other suitable material, resembling
externally an ordinary walking stick; B is a moveable ferule screwed
to the lower end; C, the moveable handle screwed to the opposite
extremity and closing the entry of the tube; D is an umbrella frame
covered with silk or other tissue, and provided with a short metallic
rod E (seen apart in Fig. 3) the lower extremity F of which is threaded
to correspond with a tapped socket b at the lower end of the tube A;
G is a shoulder formed on the rod E and corresponding with the spring
catch H set on the collar I of the umbrella frame, by which the latter

page_text: is kept open. When out of use the umbrella is coiled closely and
inserted in its sheath, as seen in Figure 1, the whole arrangement
having then the appearance of a stout walking stick. When required
for use the handle C is removed and the umbrella withdrawn, the rod E
is passed through the sliding collar I, thus opening the the frame,
which is secured in position by the catch H, and the ferule B being
removed the end of this rod is screwed into the tapped socket b, thus
forming a complete, umbrella, the appearance of which, as in Fig. 2,
varies but slightly from those in common use.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PRODUCTION OF BROWN COLOURING MATTERS FOR DYING AND PRINTING
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Charles Denton Abel at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
10th March 1868.-A communication from abroad by Jules Gabriel
Alfred Goss, Manufacturing Chemist, of Mulhouse, Haut Rhin, in
the Empire of France.
I, CHARLES DENTON ABEL, of No. 20, Southampton Buildings,
Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex, Patent Agent, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
PRODUCTION OF BROWN COLOURING MATTERS FOR DYING AND PRINTING," to be
as follows:-
This Invention has for its object the application of mixtures in
regular or varied proportions of certain acids, that is to say, of nitric,
nitrous, oxalic, alsetic, and chrisamic acids, with or without the simul-
taneous employment of any suitable mordants, to the production of
brown colouring matters of different tints for dying and printing silk
and woollen fabrics.
The colouring matter, composed of about equal parts of alsetic,
chrisamic, oxalic, nitrous, and nitric acids, if employed in the pro-
portion of about one part by weight thereof to one hundred parts by

page_text: weight of the silk or wool, and mixed with a sufficient quantity of boiling
water, gives brown tint of a golden hue, which are called "Bismark." If
the proportions of the nitrous and nitric acids are diminished the tints
turn to maroon colour with excess of alsetic acid; while if the chrisamic
acid predominates the colour inclines towards garnet.
If the fabrics after dying are steeped in boiling alum, cupric nitrate,
or stannic chloride the tint turns to hazel, puce, or bark colour, and
it turns to bistre when the fabric is steeped in stannous chloride or in
ferrous sulphate.
As the baths may be entirely exhausted the dark tints are first
dyed therein, and afterwards lighter tints. For the latter it is important
that the bath should be very weak, because the affinity of the fabrics
for these colours is so great that the first portion steeped in the bath
takes up nearly all the colour, so that the remainder will be of unequal
tint. This may be avoided by immersing the fabrics in the bath when
this is at a temperature of about 86 degrees Fahrenheit, and then raising
the temperature until the colour has attained the required intensity.
The fabrics are then withdrawn, washed, and dried in the air, but not in
a highly heated stove, which would injure the tints.
For printing, the before-mentioned compound of acids is mixed with
gum, this is strained, evaporated, and levigated. By increasing or
decreasing the proportions of the acids all the gradations of brown from
cinnamon to the darkest bistre may be obtained. The tints may be
greatly varied by the incorporation of the before-mentioned or other
mordants with the colour.
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR REGISTERING THE SPEED OF SHIPS AND VESSELS AND OF STREAMS
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Clinton Edgcumbe Brooman
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 22nd September 1868.-A communication from abroad by
Armand Banaré, of 23, Boulevard de Strasbourg, Paris, France.
I, CLINTON EDGCUMBE BROOMAN, of the Firm of Robertson, Brooman,
and Company, of 166, Fleet Street, in the City of London, Patent
Agents, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR REGISTERING THE SPEED OF SHIPS AND VESSELS
AND OF STREAMS," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to registering the speed of vessels by pneumatic
means, and consists in the employment in combination with a vane or
screw, which is immersed in the water and dragged by the vessel, of an
air chamber or vessel which is alternately compressed and expanded by
the revolutions of the said vane or screw, and of a corresponding air
chamber on board communicating by an air-tight tube with the first
named or immersed air chamber, so that the alternate contraction and
expansion of the immersed air chamber produces the alternate expansion
and contraction of the air chamber on board, whereby a rod connected
with this chamber acts upon an ordinary counting or reckoning

page_text: apparatus; thus the rotations of the vane or screw are communicated
to the counting apparatus and the speed of the ship is therefore regis-
tered. The connection of the vane or screw with the immersed air
chamber preferably consists of a crank on the shaft of the vane jointed
to a rod carried out from the air chamber. The immersed air chamber
is contained in and protected by a box, which is formed with holes to
give free play to the water in the to-and-fro movements of the air
chamber, but the box is not perforated at that part which receives the
shock or force of the water. This chamber together with the vane or
screw is protected by a cage or open frame, from which a rope is carried
to connect it with the stern of the vessel. This cage has at the rear two
plates crossing each other at right angles to keep the whole parallel to
the line of motion. The tube connecting the two air chambers is
attached at intervals to this rope. A tap is fitted to the tube near the
chamber on board for the purpose of allowing the apparatus to be readily
regulated.
Apparatus constructed as before described may also be employed for
Im- PROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BREAD, BISCUITS, AND OTHER PREPARATIONS FROM FLOUR, ALSO IN THE MANUFACTURE OF FLOUR TO BE USED THEREFOR
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by David Riddell at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 19th
May 1868.
I, DAVID RIDDELL, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North
Britain, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention of "Im-
PROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BREAD, BISCUITS, AND OTHER PREPARATIONS
FROM FLOUR, ALSO IN THE MANUFACTURE OF FLOUR TO BE USED THEREFOR," to be
as follows, that is to say :-
This Invention, which has for its object the cheapening of the cost
of bread, biscuits, and other preparations wherein flour is used, consists
in the employment of a mixture of flour made from Indian corn in
combination with ordinary wheat flour, in lieu of using wheat flour
alone as hitherto.
To facilitate the preparation of the flour to be so used it is preferred
to grind the wheat and Indian corn separately, and to effect their
admixture thoroughly and in certain or exact quantities by dressing
them together in a "bouting" machine or apparatus, thus by separating
the fine flour of both from the course and inferior parts causes the
fine portions of each. by the separating action to be thoroughly

page_text: admixed; or in place of dressing them thus together the two may be
placed in a "silk dressing machine," the action of which effects their
admixture.
Another mode by which the admixture may be effected consists in
grinding the two kinds of grain together.
As constituting this Invention, and as novel and original, it is
intended to claim the use of flour made from Indian corn in combination
with ordinary wheat flour for the manufacture of bread, biscuits, or
other similar articles of food, and prepared as or in a similar manner to
what is herein-before' set forth.
CERTAIN. IMPROVEMENTS IN STOCKS AND. DIES FOR SCREWING BOLTS AND OTHER LIKE ARTICLES
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Adkins at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
26th May 1868..
I, WILLIAM ADKINS,. of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick,
Engineer and Machinist,, do hereby declare the nature of my said
Invention for "CERTAIN. IMPROVEMENTS IN STOCKS AND. DIES FOR SCREWING
BOLTS AND OTHER LIKE ARTICLES," to be as follows (that is to say):
-
My improvements consist in making my three dies (which is the
number I prefer using) on the dovetail principle, letting them in on
the top side, and level with the surface of the stock or project if
required on the lower side, and holding them in position by a top.
plate with slotted holes for passing over the screws, by which the.
plate is held in position in the usual manner, or by equivalent
means.
The cutting dies are actuated by a right-angled bearing plate let
into a slot formed in the stock, the ends of which slot are filled up by
two dummy plates to prevent dirt getting into the said slot as well.
as to hold the bearing plate in position, which bearing plate is actuated.

page_text: or pressed down upon the dies by a regulating screw. The transverse
section of dies and the corresponding recess in the stock for receiving
them may be dovetailed on one side only if so preferred, preserving
the other edge of the die at right angles with the face of the stock.
IMPROVEMENTS IN PORTFOLIOS
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Herbert Pinkney Reynoldson
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 3rd March 1868.
I, HERBERT PINKNEY REYNOLDSON, of Twisters Alley, Bunhill Row,
in the County of Middlesex, Bookbinder, do hereby declare the nature
of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN PORTFOLIOS," to be as
follows:-
In portfolios hitherto constructed having strings, the strings are
fastened at each end, to the actual cover of the portfolio itself. The
result of this plan is that in a very short time the strings tear the
back of the portfolio completely away from the sides.
Now according to my Invention, instead of having the backs made
as hitherto, I make them rigid or nearly so, by placing a plate of
zinc or other metal throughout the entire length of the back. This
back is furnished with a number of strings, under one of which each
paper or periodical is to be slipped. These strings are attached to
each end of the metal plate. The plate is then fastened bodily on to
the stiff covers of the portfolio by an inside lining. The result of
this plan is that the pull and strain of the papers upon the strings,

page_text: fall entirely upon the rigid metal plate and so do not tend in the
least degree to tear the cover of the portfolio. Other metals could be
used, but I prefer zinc as it can, from its pliable nature, be easily and
without detriment bent rounder or flatter, thus making the back of
the portfolio narrower or wider as may be required in order to enclose
a thinner or thicker volume of papers within the portfolio.
IMPROVEMENTS IN TREATING CAST IRON
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Alexander Carnegie Kirk at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
7th March 1868.
I, ALEXANDER CARNEGIE KIRK, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark,
North Britain, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of my said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN TREATING CAST IRON," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object the treating of cast iron so as to
separate a quantity of it into portions having different proportions of
the sulphur or phosphorus, or both, that may be contained in the entire
quantity, and it consists in cooling melted cast iron in successive layers,
which may be conveniently done, for example, by cooling the surface
of a quantity of the melted cast iron by the application of water or
otherwise, by removing the layer of cast iron which sets, and by
repeating the operations of cooling the surface and removing each set
layer as often as desired. The effect of these operations is to cause
the sulphur and phosphorus to accumulate in the later layers, so that
the earlier layers are free from those substances, and are consequently

page_text: more suitable for the manufacture of malleable iron and steel, or for
use where a pure iron is required. The later layers may be treated
over again, or they may be applied to uses for which the presence of
sulphur or phosphorus is not very objectionable.
IMPROVEMENTS IN GLOVES OR APPARATUS TO BE APPLIED TO THE HANDS AND FEET TO FACILITATE SWIMMING
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Thomas Atkins at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
6th March 1868.
I, THOMAS ATKINS, of 62, Fleet Street, in the City of London,
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN GLOVES OR APPARATUS TO BE APPLIED TO THE HANDS AND
FEET TO FACILITATE SWIMMING," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object the giving buoyancy and also greater
propelling power to the hands and feet of a swimmer. For these
purposes I construct gloves suitable to be drawn over the hands or feet,
and having closed air chambers or vessels formed upon them, such
air chambers being by preference (especially in the case of gloves for
the hand) formed upon the back of the glove. In order also to give
a swimmer a greater hold of the water, more especially with his hands,
I form the gloves with a flexible membrane (to be furnished with
suitable in and outlet valves for inflating with air) between each of the
fingers, so that when the fingers are opened out from one another a

page_text: large surface would be presented to the water, and there would then in
the act of swimming be but little loss of power from the hands
moving backwards through the water; or I attach plates of cork with
convenient bands (as a cheaper material) adapted for the various sized
gloves calculated to give buoyancy.
IMPROVEMENTS IN TREATING HYDROCARBONS
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by James Young at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 6th June.
1868.
I, JAMES YOUNG, of Kelly, in the County of Renfrew, North Britain,
Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN TREATING HYDROCARBONS," to be as follows, that is to
say:-
This Invention consists essentially. in heating and distilling hydro-
carbons, such as paraffin, paraffin oil, and petroleum in contact with
or from alkalies or alkaline earths.
IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED IN THE CUTTING-OFF THE SUPERFLUOUS PORTIONS OF THREADS FROM SPOTS, SPRIGS, FIGURES, OR OTHER DEVICES MADE ON LACE OR OTHER FABRICS
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Ball at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 13th June
1868.
I, JOHN BALL, the younger, of the Town and County of the Town of
Nottingham, Lace Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED
IN THE CUTTING-OFF THE SUPERFLUOUS PORTIONS OF THREADS FROM SPOTS, SPRIGS,
FIGURES, OR OTHER DEVICES MADE ON LACE OR OTHER FABRICS," to be as
follows:-
Standards carry bearings for a driving shaft, on which are a fast-and-
loose pulley, and whence motion is transmitted to a shaft carrying
knife blades placed at an angle to its length and radiating from it.
Each blade is plain on one side and serrated on the other. The driving
shaft also through a second driving shaft works a roller, over which
the lace or fabric to be operated upon is passed, having previously
passed over another roller. Both rollers are covered with wire carding,
and they receive the lace or fabric from between two other rollers, one
of which is carried by bearings capable of being turned outwards to
readily receive the lace or fabric. Above the first wire card roller is a

page_text: brush driven from the second driving shaft to raise or brush up the
superfluous threads from the surface of the lace or fabric previous to its
reaching the knife roller under which it passes; it also passes under a
sharp stationary knife. This knife and knife roller are adjustable
vertically and horizontally, and with the brush roller can be raised clear
of the central standards by a hand lever or equivalent to enable the lace
or fabric to be passed back over the lower rollers. The lace or fabric
as it passes under the sharp knife will pass over a bar or bridge, which
supports it while being cut, and it is drawn through the cutting machine
by passing it between rollers, whereof the lower is driven by the second
driving shaft. The lace or fabric when being operated upon may be
passed diagonally through the machine from selvage to selvage; the
knives and brush roller being raised the lace or fabric is drawn back for
a fresh portion to be operated on.
IMPROVEMENTS IN FASTENINGS FOR STAYS, CORSETS, AND BODICES, WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE ALSO APPLICABLE TO OTHER ARTICLES OF WEARING APPAREL
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by James Makinson Brierley and
Edward Charles Vine at the Offico of the Commissioners of Patents,
with their Petition, on the 20th October 1868.
We, JAMES MAKINSON BRIERLEY, of 24, Milk Street, in the City
of London, and EDWARD CHARLES VINE, of Chequer Alley, Bunhill
Row, in the County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of
the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN FASTENINGS FOR STAYS, CORSETS,
AND BODICES, WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE ALSO APPLICABLE TO OTHER ARTICLES OF
WEARING APPAREL," to be as follows:-
The object of the Invention is to obtain a secure connection for the
parts of the stays, corsets, and bodices at the busks, and which will yet
admit of these parts being allowed quickly to separate so as to loose the
stay, corset, or bodice whilst it is on the wearer. For this purpose the
busk to one side or one part of the busk of the stay, corset, or bodice is
provided with a series of moveable catches, and the other bush or other
part thereof is provided with a series of hooks or suitably formed
projections adapted to be passed in or on to such catches to hold the
parts together. All of the series of catches are connected together by

page_text: a connecting rod so that any motion imparted in either direction to one
of them will in like manner be imparted simultaneously to the others.
A spring acting on one of the catches serves to bear that catch and
through the connecting rod all the catches with a tendency to hold
the busks together. The spring catch or one of them is provided with
a square or other suitable form to receive a key, by the insertion and
turning of which in the opposite direction to that exerted by the spring
the catches may be instantly and simultaneously released.
In place
of a loose key acting on a stud a hinged or other permanent attachment
may be employed for the purpose. Parts thus formed are applicable to
leggings and other articles of wearing apparel.
AN IMPROVED MODE OR METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR EFFECTING THE CONSUMPTION OR PRE- VENTION OF SMOKE IN STEAM BOILER AND OTHER LIKE FURNACES
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by George Hart at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 27th
February 1868.
I, GEORGE HART, of Wakefield, in the County of York, Engineer,
do hereby declare the nature of my said Invention for "AN IMPROVED
MODE OR METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR EFFECTING THE CONSUMPTION OR PRE-
VENTION OF SMOKE IN STEAM BOILER AND OTHER LIKE FURNACES," to be as
follows, that is to say :-
This Invention relates to a mode of effecting the consumption or pre-
vention of smoke in steam boiler and other like furnaces, and consists
of an arrangement whereby air at a highly elevated temperature is
allowed to mix with the unconsumed smoke and gases just as they are
passing or immediately after they have passed over the fire bridge. The
air may be heated under several different arrangements by its passing
through pipes in the flues, but the object of this Invention is to raise
air to such an elevated temperature before it mixes with the gases for
supporting combustion that it shall not lower their temperature, but ignite
them immediately on mixing therewith. Further these hot currents of
air if not required for combustion assist in generating steam, the heat
so collected having to traverse a second time through the flues of the
boiler, thereby economising fuel as well as supporting combustion.

page_text: According to one mode of carrying out my Invention as applied for
example to a double cylindrical flued boiler with external side flues, I
place in each of the side flues a pipe or tube of metal, fire-clay, or
other suitable material, the ends of these pipes farthest from the front
of the boiler being open to the atmosphere. Across the front of. each
furnace there is fitted another pipe or main into each of which the
front ends of the first-mentioned pipes open. From these transverse
pipes or mains branch off a number of smaller pipes, say four to each
furnace, such pipes passing longitudinally close uuder the grate bars
and opening at their rear ends into a transverse perforated or slotted
pipe let into a channel in the fire bridge, or the pipes may discharge
themselves into a hollow fire-clay bridge instead of the slotted pipe.
The cold air which first enters the pipes has its temperature gradually
elevated as it passes along to the front mains, and on passing through
the branch pipes immediately beneath the fire bars it becomes highly
heated, in which condition it issues in a divided state or in the form
of a thin sheet from the perforated pipes in the fire bridge, and by
mingling with the smoke and unconsumed gases effects their immediate
consumption.