IMPROVEMENTS IN COILS OF INDUCTION, AND IN OBTAINING AND APPLYING POWER BY MEANS OF ELECTRO-MAGNETISM."
Year: 1862

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Edward Henry Cradock Monckton, of 5, Thurloe
Place, South Kensington, in the County of Middlesex, Esquire, for the
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN COILS OF INDUCTION, AND IN OBTAINING AND
APPLYING POWER BY MEANS OF ELECTRO-MAGNETISM."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Edward Henry Cradock
Monckton at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his
Petition, on the 14th October 1862.
I, EDWARD HENRY CRADOCK MONCKTON, of 5, Thurloe Place, South Kensing-
ton, in the County of Middlesex, Esquire, do liereby declare the nature of
the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN COILS OF INDUCTION, AND IN OBTAINING
AND APPLYING POWER BY MEANS OF ELECTRO-MAGNETISM," to be as follows:-
In the construction of the apparatus described herein, I use, by preference,
wire, metal and alloys, electro-plated, and also rolled silver plate, to prevent
oxydation of surface, and to act in consequence as better conductors of
electricity. I construct what I term my "attracting medium
A square or oblong sheet of metal, straight, bent, or curved in any desired
form, has a number of pegs inserted in it on each side; a covered and insulated
wire is then wound on to the pegs, proceeding from peg to peg, till the surface
is covered. The wire is again wound back in the same way to the first end,
and so on till a sufficient thickness of wire has been laid on; or any other con-
venient method of folding the wire and fixing it to the plate may be adopted,
so as to attain the desired object. Any number that may be desired of these

page_text: plates are then to be fixed circularly on a frame, on which a wheel attached
to a shaft having its periphery constructed alternately of an attracting and a
non-attracting metal or substance revolves; by this means an immense
cylindrical or side surface of attraction can be attained, together with great
simplicity, and an easy means of removal of any part, admitting of either cranks
or cogs or bands being employed at pleasure. The same principle of attraction
can be applied to an endless chain working on toothed wheels supported on
and guided by friction rollers, or to a toothed metallic ring revolving on rollers,
both constructed throughout alternately of conducting and non-conducting
metals or substances, by making them revolve between a double circle of
attracting mediums," placed either inside or outside the ring.
CE
I further improve the system of using toothed metallic rings constructed as
above and running on rollers, by making them flat and broad like a wide tyre,
and gearing into three or more driving wheels placed equidistant from each
other round the periphery of the ring, instead of gearing into one driving wheel
only, by which means I equalise the strain, and take off much unnecessary
friction from the rollers on which the ring revolves, and on which otherwise it
can never bear with an equal strain. The ends of the wires of the attracting
mediums are connected with the poles of any of the known generators of
electricity, with or without the introduction of induction coils and condensers,
and contact is made or broken and the poles reversed by any of the know
methods that may be considered most advisable with reference to the form or
position of the various parts of the machine. I prefer to have the ends of the
wire where contact is broken and re-made secured in a piece of solid platinum.
By arranging the wire folded over the plates so as to project at different parts,
the current may be cut off at any desired point, and the force diminished or
increased by making and breaking contact at the part desired, as is now done
in medical coils for increasing or diminishing the shock. These constructions
of the attracting "medium" may be varied thus:-In order to understand the
general principle of arrangement, let us suppose an ordinary induction coil,
with its metallic core and its primary and secondary wire, to be divided and to
be placed over an ordinary condenser of electricity, in like manner a condenser
to be placed on a metallic plate, over which folds of primary wire and folds of
secondary wire are to be arranged; there will then be produced all the
elements of the best coils of induction reduced to a flat, curved, or bent surface.
The same principle is applicable to the construction of a hollow helix, by
arranging a condenser round a metal cylinder or open jointed tube, and coiling
primary and secondary wires over it. It is obvious that where the plate
forming tho base of the attracting medium is not iron, the electricity will

page_text: instantly pass off without hanging in the metal, as it does more or less in iron,
so that when contact is broken the attraction will instantly and entirely cease,
and the wheel, endless chain, or toothed ring or bar will pass on without any
restraint or hindrance.
I further use the sheathing of ships in connection with zinc, iron, and more
oxydisable metals, to form part of a battery to assist in communicating motive
power, thus preserving the sheathing from corrosion, and further, by occa-
sionally (as found necessary) reversing the poles of this marine battery for a
short time, I cause a temporary electrical action to take place in the sheathing,
which will tend greatly, aided by the motion of the vessel through the water,
to clear off marine insects and deposits, and prevent fouling. I construct a
ring alternately of magnetic and diamagnetic metals; this I pass between two
sets of my "attracting mediums," fixed circularly on a frame. I do not
support this in any way on friction rollers placed inside, as has before been
done; but I surround it by several wheels, placed between the attracting
mediums, which wheels perform the double purpose of supporting the ring and
of receiving and conveying motive power. The ring itself, and the wheels
round it, may have cogs or be mere cylinders, or may be surrounded with
leather or gutta percha, wood, or other material to make them hold and bito
better. The ring would be laterally kept in its place by suitable guides. In
order to regulate the power of the plates forming the base of the attracting
medium, I propose to cut off the electricity at different parts or lengths of the
wire constituting the coil by having pieces of wire in connection with the wire
of the coil made to project at suitable points, so that by connecting or dis-
connecting those points with the wire in contact with the poles of the battery
by means of springs having sliding or revolving wheels attached, and arranged
so as to make or break contact, a quarter, half, three-quarter, or full power
may be obtained.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Edward Henry Cradock Monckton in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 14th April 1863.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, EDWARD
HENRY CRADOCK MONCKTON, of 5, Thurloe Place, South Kensington, in the
County of Middlesex, Esquire, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Fourteenth day of October, in the year of our
A 2

page_text: Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, in the twenty-sixth year
of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant
unto me, the said Edward Henry Cradock Monckton, Her special licence
that I, the said Edward Henry Cradock Monckton, my executors, adminis-
'trators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Edward Henry Cradock
Monckton, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time
agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during
the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,
and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN COILS
OP INDUCTION, AND IN OBTAINING AND APPLYING POWER BY MEANS OF ELECTRO-
MAGNETISM," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Edward
Henry Cradock Monckton, my executors or administrators, by an instrument
in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particu-
larly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in
the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and imme-
diately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Edward Henry Cradock Monckton, do
hereby declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the
same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement, that is to say :-
In the construction of the apparatus described herein I use, by preference,
wire, metal, and alloys, electro-plated, and also rolled silver plate to prevent
oxydation of surface, and to act in consequence as better conductors of
electricity. I construct what I term my attracting medium" as follows:-
A square or oblong sheet of metal, straight, bent, or curved in any desired
form, has a number of pegs inserted in it on each side, a covered and insulated
wire is then wound on to the pegs, proceeding from peg to peg till the surface
is covered; the wire is again wound. back in the same way to the first end, and
so on till a sufficient thickness of wire has been laid on, or any other con-
venient method of folding the wire and fixing it to the plate may be adopted
so as to attain the desired object. Any number that may be desired of these
plates are then to be fixed circularly on a frame, on which a wheel attached
to a shaft having its periphery constructed alternately of an attracting and a
non-attracting metal or substance revolves. By this means an immense
cylindrical or side surface of attraction can be attained, together with great
simplicity and an easy means of removal of any part, or they may be placed
in a double row, so that a straight rod or slide may pass forwards and back-

page_text: wards between them, thus admitting of either cranks or cogs or bands being.
employed at pleasure. The same principle of attraction can be applied to an
endless chain working in toothed wheels, supported on and guided by friction.
rollers, or to a toothed metallic ring revolving on rollers, both constructed
throughout alternately of conducting and non-conducting metals or substances,
by making them revolve between a double circle of "attracting mediums"
placed either inside or outside the ring. I further improve the system of
using toothed metallic rings, constructed as above, and running on rollers, by
making them flat and broad like a wide tyre, and gearing them into three or
more driving wheels placed equidistant from each other round the periphery
of the ring, instead of gearing them into one driving wheel only, by which
means I equalise the strain and take off much unnecessary friction from the
rollers on which the ring revolves, and on which otherwise it can never bear
with an equal strain.
The ends of the wires of the attracting mediums are connected with the
poles of any of the known generators of electricity with or without the intro-
duction of induction coils and condensers, and contact is made or broken
and the poles reversed by any known methods that may be considered most
advisable with reference to the form or position of the various parts of the
machine. I prefer to have the ends of the wire where contact is broken and.
re-made secured in a piece of solid platinum. By arranging the wire folded
over the plates so as to project at different parts the current may be cut off.
at any desired point, and the force diminished or increased by making and.
breaking contact at the part desired, as is now done in medical coils for,
increasing or diminishing the shock.
These combinations of the attracting "medium" may be varied; thus, in
order to understand the general principle of arrangement, let us suppose an
ordinary induction coil with its metallic core and its primary and secondary
wire to be divided, and to be placed over an ordinary condenser of electricity,
in like manner a condenser to be placed on a metallic plate, over which folds
of primary wire and folds of secondary wire are to be arranged; there will
then be produced all the elements of the best coils of induction reduced to a
flat, curved, or bent surface. The same principle is applicable to the con-
struction of a hollow helix, by arranging a condenser round a metal cylinder
or open jointed tube, and coiling primary and secondary wires over it.
It is obvious that where the plate forming the base of the attracting
medium is not iron, the electricity will instantly pass off without hanging in
the metal, as it does more or less in iron, so that when contact is broken the
attraction will instantly and entirely cease, and the wheel, endless chain, or

page_text: toothed ring or bar will pass on without any restraint or hindrance. I further
use the sheathing of ships in connection with zinc, iron, and more oxydizable
metals to form part of a battery to assist in communicating motive power,
thus preserving the sheathing from corrosion; and further, by occasionally (as
found necessary) reversing the poles of this marine battery for a short time,
I cause a temporary electrical action to take place in the sheathing, which will
tend greatly, aided by the motion of the vessel through the water, to clear off
marine insects and deposits, and prevent fouling. I construct a ring alter-
nately of magnetic and diamagnetic metals; this I pass between two sets of
my "attracting mediums" fixed circularly on a frame. I do not support this
in any way on friction rollers placed inside, as has before been done; but I
surround it by several wheels placed between the attracting mediums, which
wheels perform the double purpose of supporting the ring and of receiving
and conveying motive power. The ring itself and the wheels round it may
have cogs or be mere cylinders, or may be surrounded with leather or gutta
percha, wood, or other material to make them hold and bite better; the ring]
would be laterally kept in its place by suitable guides.
In order to regulate the power of the plates forming the base of the
attracting medium, I propose to cut off the electricity at different parts or
lengths of the wire constituting the coil, by having pieces of wire in con-
nection with the wire of the coil made to project at suitable points, so that
by connecting or disconnecting these points with and from the wires in contact
with the poles of the battery by means of springs having slides or revolving
wheels attached and arranged so as to make or break contact, a quarter, half,
three-quarter, or full power may be obtained.
I now proceed to detail more fully my
Improvements in Coils of
Induction, and in Obtaining and Applying Power by means of Electro-
magnetism."
In order that my methods of applying electro-magnetism for obtaining
motive power and the nature of my coils of induction may be more readily
understood, I shall proceed, firstly, to detail my processes for generating
and utilising electricity, and which I term galvano-magnetic electricity;
secondly, my improvements in the construction of coils of induction and
electro-magnets; and, thirdly, the mechanical arrangements by which the
electricity so generated is to be applied for obtaining power.
And, firstly, I use electricity generated by all known methods. In order, how-
ever, to obtain constancy of action in galvanic batteries, where I use a Smee's or
other battery in which a solution of metal takes place, I cause a circulation of
dilute acid to be made by means of a glass pump, or any other known means of

page_text: circulating liquids, and thus remove the hydrogen as it forms, and cause fresh
acid to be presented to the surface of the metal to be acted on. I also use a
solid or hollow cylinder of zinc placed on an axle in a Smee's battery, and
cause it to revolvo by any suitable machinery partly in and partly out of the
acid, placing the platinised silver outside, the wire from the zinc being
arranged so as to pass through the axle; the wire from the silvered platinum
in the usual way. The bottom of the ziuc cylinder is made to touch mercury
in a trough at the bottom so as to keep up a constant amalgamation. . The
rotary action of the cylinder as it rises out of the liquid will thus at once free
the hydrogen, and cause fresh acid to be brought in contact with the surface
of the zinc. The pump or apparatus for giving motion may be worked by a
magnetic engine, or by any other convenient means; the action of a battery
so arranged cannot fail to be constant till either the zinc is exhausted or the
acid saturated, and its duration become simply a matter of supply, its con-
stancy during that period being assured. And, secondly, I use the following
methods for availing myself of electricity however generated. Supposing,
however, that a Smee's battery of the above construction is, used, which I
prefer from its simplicity, I apply to it in succession, a great number of
large electrical condensers, each capable of absorbing in turn, instantly, the
entire power, or nearly so, given out at the time by the battery; the nuniber of
these electrical condensers must be equal to the accumulated quantity of
electricity required. Thus, for example, suppose that to the poles of a single
cell, Smee's, or other battery with a zinc plate of one square inch only of acting
surface, I attach (each in its turn) twenty or more condensers, each representing
one thousand square inches of surface, and rapidly charge each in succession by
making and breaking contact between the pairs of tin or other foils contained
in it and the poles of the battery, and then simultaneously discharge the
whole twenty or more condensers by making a simultaneous connection between
all the wires of all the condensers and the electro-magnets or other medium
intended to receive the whole charge, I obtain a great magnetic power or
electro force or shock. The mechanical appliance for effecting this can be
made either by a sliding movement backwards and forwards, or a rotating
one, or by having two cylinders or wheels made to rotate in proximity,
or by having a cone rotating either on a flat surface or in a hollow cone, or
a wheel running round a circle, its axle being attached to a central revolving
shaft. It will be sufficient to describe the method with a cone, which is
simple, and as the others may have their breaks somewhat similarly arranged.
Firstly, hollow out a piece of boxwood or other non-conducting material into
a shallow conical hole,, and into this insert a cone of boxwood or other

page_text: non-conductor made at a more acute angle, so that the solid cone shall play
freely in and revolve round the hollow one on a pivot. On the rims of both
place cogs or teeth, by which the two shall be kept in exactly the same relative
positions to each other during the revolution of the solid cone, which is to be
caused to revolve by having a rod and crank motion given to its upper end.
In the solid cone insert two copper electro-silvered rings, each having teeth or
points projecting, corresponding in numbers to the number of condensers
used. The hollow cone must also have two similar rows of cups of
electro-plated silver inserted in it, arranged in pairs so as to correspond to
the projections in the upper rims, so that in each revolution of the upper conc
each pair of teeth in its rims shall simultaneously dip into each pair of cups,
and thus make and break contact instantaneously. The two metallic rims in
the solid cone are to be connected each respectively with a pole of the battery,
and each pair of cups also respectively with each pair of sets of foils in each
condenser, so that the whole of the sets of pairs of foils in each condenser
shall successively be almost simultaneously charged. In the centre of the
space between the first and last rows of cups in the hollow cone whereby the
condensers are charged, the following arrangement for discharging the whole
number of condensers simultaneously must be made; thus, from each con-
denser take the two wires from each pair of foils, and bring them all to a focus,
inserting their ends with holes bored in the non-conducting material, so that
they shall be in a line together, but without contact, and also in a line with a
discharge wire, and in the upper solid cone insert a piece of metal sufficiently
long to unite at once all the wires from the condensers with the discharge wire
leading either to an electro-magnet, a tension coil, or to any other apparatus
to which the electric fluid has to be conveyed; as the rapidity of the revolutions
or turns of the solid cone in the hollow cone can be multiplied to almost any
desired extent, the discharges will become also almost instantaneous; thus,
supposing that five revolutions of the solid cone occurred in a second, the result
would be five discharges of électricity per second, a sufficient rapidity for
communicating mechanical motion. Other mechanical arrangements may be
made whereby one side of the condensers may be first charged and then the
other, or whereby the condensers shall be charged alternately, still the same
principle of a simultaneous discharge of as many of the condensers as shall be
requisite to produce the desired effect must be acted upon. The rapidity
the discharges may be greatly enhanced so as to form almost a continuous
stream by means of an enlarged apparatus, or by having several sets of con-
densers with separate apparatus, all made to work with consecutive action.
And, thirdly, I introduce galvanic action into magneto-electric machines,

page_text: which I term galvano-magnetic electricity. Thus, for large permanent
magnets I substitute smaller, electro-magnets charged by a battery or other-
wise, so as to render them magnetic, and then cause the revolutions to take
place either in the same way as in common magneto-electric machines having
permanent magnets, or else I cause the magnets themselves to revolve between
armatures, I thereby gain not only a stronger current of electricity, but. I
obtain the galvanic current in a new form modified by the magneto-electric
apparatus, and in this form I apply it for producing motive power, and in
other ways.
I also improve bydro-electric boilers and machines by intro-
ducing a glass non-conductor between the boiler and the apparatus where
the electricity is generated, but I by no means confine myself to the use of
electricity generated as above, but avail myself of every known method.
:
Secondly, I construct coils of induction and electro-magneto as follows:-
Firstly, the points of junction of all wires and conductors are enlarged, so that
the non-conducting effects of the soldering shall be overcome by the extra
metal and surface; and, secondly, the points where contact is made aud
broken, as at the hammer and break, and where the current is reversed, must
be much enlarged, so that the various metals composing the part where
contact is made shall relatively to each other have equal conducting power;
thus, where there is an iron spring and hanimer, and a platinum point coming
into connection with copper or other wire, the relative conducting powers
being considered, the iron and platinum should be greatly increased in size,
otherwise the flow of the electricity will be checked; thus also, in lieu of
iron springs, they should be made of silvered copper or brass hammered; the
platinum points also should be very large, or else a better conductor should be
used. And, thirdly, I propose to use magnesium and its alloys, and aluminium
and its alloys, and also magnesium and aluminium and their alloys applied as
coatings by electro-deposit or otherwise to metals, and also silvered brass,
copper, and other metals in sheet and wire as substitutes for other conductors.
And, fourthly, in the construction of coils of induction I also use a combination:
of two or more metals, whether in wire or strips, and insulate them together;
thus I combine together wires of silver and copper, or silver, copper, and
brass, or brass and iron, or iron and copper, and so on. I then use the
combined wires as one bundle, insulate them together, and make coils,:
obtaining thereby various results in induction; and in order to prevent
oxydation as much as possible, I encase the parts where contact is made and,
broken, and in some instances I use a very thin india-rubber skin, which being.
elastic plays as a spring, and keeps away to a certain extent atmospheric.
influence. I also apply a coating of plumbago rubbed over varnished paper.

page_text: or other material, and apply it in lieu of tin foil for making condensers to
induction and magnetic coils. I also use fine thin foils of other metals, as
Dutch metal, in lieu of tin foil in condensers. I also use paper or cotton, or
linen cloth or silk, or woollen materials chemically prepared by saturating it
in a metallic solution, the metal from which is then revived on the fabric, or
else I place a metallic electro-deposit on such fabrics, and use them.in lieu of
tin foil in the construction of condensers. Fifthly, I prepare my coils of
induction as follows:-Thin sheets of the best wrought iron well cleaned of
suitable size are folded up into tubes in the direction in which they have been
rolled out at the mill, leaving longitudinal openings of about the sixteenth of
an inch wide, more or less, in each tube; these tubes are in some instances
made so as to fit one within another, after the manner of telescope tubes
pushed in. When a solid mass shall have thus been made, it is ready to form
the central core of the coil instead of the iron wire, &ca. now used; over this
I wrap in the direction in which it has been rolled very thin sheets of metal,
as silvered copper or wire, insulating each fold with the best insulators as the
coil progresses; thicker sheet metal may be used, either first or last, in lieu of
the primary wire; where each sheet terminates it must be joined on to the
next by soldering. Very thick wire, as copper silvered, may also thus be
rolled out flat and very thin for continuous wrapping, as greater lengths of it
can be had than of common sheets. These sheets may be used as a substitute
for primary and secondary wires, and thus enable coils to be made far cheaper
than where fine wire wrapped in silk or cotton is used. I also use primary
and secondary wire, as hitherto, in connection with iron cores prepared as
above, and I also place my condenser in some instances round the outside of
my induction coil instead of beneath it. Sixthly, I prepare my coils of
induction by having a core of soft iron prepared as above, and then continuing
the iron throughout the entire induction coil in an alternate fold with the con-
ducting metal in sheet or in wire (whether silvered copper or other metal),
taking care, however, effectually to insulate the one from the other, so that
the insulation between each fold or layer of metal of each description shall be
as perfect as possible; the folds of iron, however, must be a continuation of
the iron core, and proceed from it. I also prepare my iron core by making a
simple roll of it without any divisions, as in the first instance. And, seventhly,
I surround my coils of induction when made large at certain points, say, at
every half inch or more of its thickness, with sheets of tale, and then commence
a fresh coil over it, joining the ends on to the first coil. I also use glass
cylinders in like manner, so that each coil, though forming one mass in the
aggregate, is composed of a number of completely insulated coils one within

page_text: the other. I also make them in like manner in separate compartments;
surrounded by glass cylinders, and connected with insulated connections, and:
in some cases I do not use a separate iron core, but wrap the iron sheet and,
the silvered copper together, commencing from the very centre of the coil,>
proceeding on to the outside. And, eighthly, I prepare insulators as follows:
I use asbestos paper or asbestos cloth, or else powdered asbestos, or talc, or:
mica, or pounded glass sprinkled on lac varnish whilst soft applied to the:
metal to be insulated, or in lieu of lac varnish I use any other adhesive non-
conducting material or varnish, on which I apply these powders. I also,
mix up these powders with varnishes and other adhesive non-conducting,
materials so as to make non-conducting masses, and apply them also as,
insulators to varnished silk, cotton, or paper. And, ninthly, I construct my
electro-magnets as follows:-A thin sheet of pure iron is to be rolled to any,
required length and of any desired width, it is then to be placed longitudinally,
on a table, and to have an insulating material applied to its surface, say, for į
example, varnished silk; over this is to be laid longitudinally a rolled sheet of,
silvered copper or other good conducting metal of less or of equal width, on
which a similar non-conducting material is to be placed, the two sheets are:
then to be folded in any required direction, a fold or sheath of iron being:
outside so as to wrap up the conductor within itself, and over this I place a
sheet of talc or other non-conductor. Where the copper is of a narrower;
width, each end of the roll may be compressed together so as to unite the
overlapping fold of iron, and thus concentrate the magnetic power to a focus ;
the bar, flat or circular, may now be bent round in the horseshoe form, so
that the two poles may be brought near each other; by connecting the sheets:
of silvered copper with the poles of a battery, the same magnetism that is,
induced in a coiled magnet will be induced, but with far greater power. The
sheet of iron may prior to rolling be cut or slotted nearly across in various,
parts or not at pleasure, to give greater intensity, and the silvered copper,
and iron sheets first insulated may be folded half and half longitudinally;
within each other, and then be folded up. By this means copper only will be:
exposed at one end and iron only at the other end of the roll. The fold may,
be made in any required direction, the above principles of laying the sheets;
and insulation having been observed.
It is obvious that very narrow or very,
The..
:
broad magnets, with their poles quite close or far apart, may be thus prepared, :
varying according to the width of the sheet or strip metal used, the thickness
of the magnet varying with the quantity of metal rolled up in it.
chief care to be observed here is to have the best insulation, and to proportion
the thickness of the two metals used with reference to their relative conducting:

page_text: powers. And, tenthly, I use long or very short electro-magnets prepared as
above, as well as those prepared by the ordinary methods, for the construction
of my galvano-magnetic machines described above under head three. And,
eleventhly, I wrap sheets of silvered copper or other good conducting metal
well insulated round a metal core of iron as in the ordinary electro-magnets
in lieu of the wire as now used, but I prefer that the iron should be in sheets.
rolled up solid. or folded flat and solid, as above described under head 5,-
instead of the iron as commonly used. The sheets of iron and the sheets of
conducting metal should respectively be made as clean as possible when they
are to be folded or rolled up, whether the object be to construct a core for a
coil, a rod for an electro-magnet with iron only, or to be folded up in con-
junction with one another. And, twelfthly, folds of insulated and silvered
copper or other metal wire, coiled backwards and forwards, may be laid on
sheet iron and then be folded up within it as above, both for coils and magnets,
in lieu of sheets. And, thirteenthly, place a thin sheet of copper longitudinally
on a table having both under and over it a layer of a non-conducting material,
such as varnished or plain silk, over this place a thin sheet of the purest iron,
but broader so as to more or less overlap the copper, on this place, as before,
another layer of a non-conducting material, and over this another similar
sheet of copper, and upon this another layer of non-conducting material, over
which place another similar sheet of copper, then another non-conductor, then
a sheet of iron, then a non-conductor, then a sheet of copper, and over it a
non-conductor, and so on as many folds as may be desired, only observing to
insulate each sheet, and to place each sheet of iron between two sheets of
copper, each and all thoroughly insulated from each other, these may now, if
desired, be folded up, and the bar may be bent or curved round so as to bring
its two ends into juxtaposition, as in a horseshoe magnet. This interlapping
or folding process may be varied as follows:-At one end of a sheet of copper
of desired length, insulated as above, on both sides place a piece of thin or
thick sheet iron of any width, say 6 inches more or less wide, but somewhat
longer than the breadth of the copper, so as to project beyond it, then fold the
copper sheet over it, and again reverse the fold of the copper, and place
another strip of iron over this reversed fold, and again reverse the fold of
copper over the iron, and thus make a zig-zag of insulated sheets of copper
folds as many as may be required, with sheet iron clips introduced between
them. The bar thus made may be curved so that the ends of the iron may
also be brought near to each other, so as to concentrate the electricity, and
this principle of interlacing may be employed in the construction of helices
and coils of induction. The relative conducting power of iron and copper
any

page_text: should be considered, so as not to cause a waste of material. The iron and
'copper should be placed in juxtaposition relatively as they have been rolled
or drawn out and not contrawise. Cover the magnets with sheet iron. The
advantages gained by this system are quicker magnetisation and greater power,
owing to the greater' surface to carry the electric current. To communicate
power to the human body, I insert it either wholly or in part within a
magnetic metallic insulated wire or sheet helix or coil, whereby the electricity
is communicated to any desired extent without shock, and reverse the current
at pleasure. With regard to the magnets attracting the rotatory discs or
conical rollers, I prefer to arrange the magnets so as to overlap one another,
but without contact, and to place them diagonally to the radius of the circle.
Besides cones I also use or more rollers placed round the periphery of whee',
which is made to revolve within a cylinder lined round its interior with
magnets placed as above described, overlapping one another, but diagonally to
the axis of the cylinder.
Thirdly, I proceed to detail the mechanical arrangements by which I apply
'ectro-magnetism and galvano-magnetic electricity, and electricity however
generated and applied to magnets for obtaining power. And, firstly, in order
to set in motion any of the ordinary means for the rotation of the common
magnets, electric, or of the above described galvano-magnetic machines or
electrical discs, &c., 1 avail myself of windmills and of water power wherever
a stream or current is available, where it is not I have a large reservoir
constructed into which a pump supplies water, this pump may be driven by a
windmill, which will work night and day whenever there is a wind so that the
reservoir being larger than what is required for daily use, is thus kejit
constantly filled, and is always available as an auxiliary power to the windmill..
The current of electricity from magneto-electrical and other machines may
also be conveyed from them by means of insulated wires to electro-magnetic
engines, &c., placed at a distance of many miles off, so that any natural waste
power may thus be rendered available independent of distance. Secondly,
I convey the electricity generated by any means, or by any of the means before
described, to electro-magnets constructed as before detailed or to ordinary electro-
magnets, and apply them by my methods as the means of obtaining power and
otherwise. Thirdly, I either entirely cut off or moderate the magnetic power at
pleasure by causing pieces of wire to be placed in connection with coils of wire
or strips at various parts of their length, as is done in medical coils, and transfer
the magnetic current to only those lengths of wire which, being so much shorter
than the original coil, give proportionately less power; thus a half, a quarter,
an eighth, more or less power may be instantaneously obtained; by reversing

page_text: the poles the current of attraction may be reversed, thereby reversing the
engine. The method of constructing breaks to reverse the action and to turn
the magnetic currents from one part of a coil to another is too well known
to require any description. Reversing the American Invention of a ring
composed of magnetic and diamagnetic metals drawn through a magnetised
helix, and of the similarly composed reciprocating bar working in and out of a
magnetised helix, I construct solid coils of insulated copper wire or sheet as
above described till I attain the desired size and shape, by winding the sheet
or wire round the periphery of a wheel made of a diamagnetic or non-
conducting metal; thus it is clear that the coil of whatever shape is free at all
parts of its circumference except just at its junction to the diamagnetic
spokes of the wheel, the periphery of this wheel is made to revolve a slotted
hollow ring composed alternately, say, of iron and brass segments, made so
that part of its section may be removed so as to admit the periphery with its coil
within it, or the reverse of this arrangement may be effected by placing the
solid coils on a frame, and causing a wheel with a hollow periphery composed
of magnetic and diamagnetic metals to embrace them, the periphery being so
constructed as to open so as to admit of the insertion of the coils; here, how-
ever, there will be no necessity for any insertion of brass between the parts of
the periphery embracing the solid coils, as the space of air is in itself a sufficient
non-conductor, but each part of the periphery must be secured to the arms of
the wheel, if it is made of iron, by means of a non or diamagnetic metal, as
brass, so that each may in turn be insulated from the attracting medium or
coil; in other respects the action of the solid coil and the helical one would be
similar. Although I term these coils solids, I do not mean it to be inferred
that they must necessarily be coiled solid from the core, they may in larger
coils, or indeed in any sized coils, be constructed hollow, or the wire or metal
be coiled or wrapped round a hollow frame, only that this hollow is not to be
used for the passage of a ring or cylinder, the attraction being transferred to
the outside and not to the inside of the coil. Tenthly, in lieu of helices, I
construct what I term my "attracting mediums" as follows:-I take a flat or
curved sheet of suitable metal, such as silvered copper, and on it place either a
coil of wire that has previously been insulated and wound on to a roller which
is withdrawn, and the coil is then flattened, and over it other similar flat coils
are placed in connexion with the first, or else I insert pegs at each end and
wind the wire properly insulated alternately round from peg to peg till the
whole surface is covered, and then recoil the wire, stratum super stratum, till
the desired thickness has been attained. I also in some cases attach as many
as may be necessary of similar flat coils to and round the inside of a frame,

page_text: and inside these I place a cylinder revolving on a shaft, the cylinder being
constructed alternately of iron and of diamagnetic material by having large
and long cylinders, and by using a sufficiency of coil, considerable powder may
be attained, though possibly not equal to that obtained by the helical or
partially helical system. Instead of coiled wire, sheets of insulated metal, as
silvered copper, may be folded over each other in layers, or be made to
embrace coiled wire and applied in a similar way as attracting mediums. This
system admits of great simplicity in construction and of facilities in the repair
of damaged parts.
I use the following improved methods of constructing electro-magnetic
engines: I apply two levers, each attached by one of its ends to a hinge, and
made to work either a rod and crank placed at right angles to it at the other,
or to move a toothed wheel or cylinder by means of cogs on a curved frame
attached to the other end. These levers are moved forward and backwards by
one or more magnets attached along them on both sides, acting either simul-
taneously or in successive order by the transfer of the electric current from
one magnet or set of magnets to the other during the forward movement.
These magnets are to be made to attract corresponding magnets or a piece or
pieces of iron placed along fixed beams or plates, in order that each lever may
return to its place; it is after its stroke released from the magnetic attraction,
when the crank will send it back; but if cogs are used and its position is such
that gravity cannot act on the lever after the cogs are released, it is pulled
back by
a small spring. The cogs or teeth on the cylinder immediately.
behind it are partially cut away, in order to release the end of the lever, and
enable it to fall or return back. These cogs are only removed, however, so
far as to admit during the onward movement of the cylinder of the lever
returning, and thus the cogs are continued with alternating spaces round
the cylinder, so as to receive the forward push of one lever as the teeth
following are again advanced into gear by the action of the other exactly
similar lever with its magnets placed alongside the first, and acting on
another set of cogs arranged and acted on in an exactly similar manner, so
that by the alternate forward and backward movement of the two levers a
progressive onward movement of the cylinder is attained. To add to the
power, pairs of these levers may be arranged either round the cylinder or along
it, and the cylinder for this purpose may be made very long and also of great
diameter. In the same way as a pair of levers are used for working a double
crank, as many pairs as may be necessary for additional cranks may be added.
The length of the rod connecting the lever with the crank is regulated in
various ways; thus, by dividing the rod in the middle and connecting the two

page_text: ends by a collar having right and left screws, or by having a collar with an
opening at each side and nuts applied in it to each end of the rod passing into
the collar with back nuts; it can also be lengthened and shortened and secured
in position by means of wedges driven in through slots cut in the rod; when
it is within the collar, one or other of these adjustments is necessary in order
to prevent the collision of the electro-magnets against each other or against
the iron, which would otherwise be fatal. It is necessary to observe that there
is no great object gained by the levers making long strokes, for as the
attraction is greatest when the magnets are close, and as electricity can be
alternated as fast as machinery can be arranged to turn it off and on, it is the
best way to have a great number of short and strong pulls with very rapid
alternate movements, so as to cause one or two cogs only to be moved
forward at a time. As the power is applied to the end of the lever in the
wheel or cylinder, and as this leverage may be increased to almost any
extent by increasing the diameter, the power obtained by means of the
alternate rapid movements may be rendered very great. I further vary the
method of alternating levers by applying magnets parallel, so as to act alter-
nately on pieces of iron or on other magnets attached to each side of a
diamagnetic metal bar or chain, or thick sheet of diamagnetic metal, so as to
tract the cogs alternately with each other within short distances; thus,
suppose that there are one hundred iron cogs or projections on each side of a
diamagnetic metal bar, chain, or slide, an eighth of an inch apart, and the
projections on one side are adjusted so as to alternate balf way between those
on the other two magnets placed parallel one on each side, will pull alter-
nately; by dividing the spaces the distance of one-sixteenth of an inch each,
and by rapidly changing the current, the bar or slide of metal will pass over a
distance represented by the one hundred eighths of an inch, but is, over
twelve inches and a half, and can then be made to turn a crank, and thus any
number of sliding bars or flat metal slides can be arranged to act on other
cranks or in other various ways; as, for example, a continuous chain may thus
be arranged to travel on rollers and gear into and turn a wheel, or else two
sliding rods with cogs on them may be geared separately into two wheels
containing within each other a catch and ratchet arrangement, so that as each
rod passes forward it will drive its wheel and axle forward, but on its return it
will merely draw back the ratchet so as not to oppose the alternate forward
motion of the other rod, which, in its return stroke, will in like manner draw
back its ratchet. I place also two magnets parallel, so as to act alternately
on two sets of iron teeth or cogs placed near each other, side by side, pro-
jecting from the rim of a diamagnetic wheel or cylinder and adjusted alter-

page_text: nately at short distances, in the same way as the sliding rods above described.
In both methods, however, where I wish to prevent any back action of the
magnet on the teeth following, I remove them and make up for the deficiency
by having another pair of magnets, adjusted so as to act on teeth placed on
another part of the rim, corresponding to the spaces left clear of the first
pair of magnets. Whenever I use electro-magnets to attract iron cogs on a
diamagnetic wheel, or on a sliding diamagnetic bar or piece of flat or round
non-magnetic metal, the magnets have their terminals compressed and brought
to an edge or point, which may be curved a little down so as to meet the
approaching cog; the cogs are also made wedge-shaped, and are brought to
an edge or point, so that the magnetism shall be concentrated along their
edges; and I further protect my electro-magnets outside with a shield of any
other suitable metal, so as to keep the magnetic fluid in as much as possible.
I also place a gold or tale or other non-conductor over it, and I arrange the
magnets so that they shall almost touch the cogs as they approach and pass."
By these arrangements I obtain a direct instead of a side pull, and realise a
force or power which is measured only by the leverage to be obtained by
wheels of a larger diameter added to large magnets with large and powerful
batteries, or large and powerful galvano-magnetic or other electric apparatus.
I apply, where desirable, to wheels and slides what I term "the long draw or
pull, spiral, assymptote, attraction, equalising ratchet shaped cog or tooth,
made of any desirable shape or length. The construction is similar to that of
a common ratchet tooth, each tooth being being an inch long, and we will
suppose for a moment insulated from the rest and some distance apart,
a. pointed tangentially placed magnet being applied to the wheel where the
tooth is sunk lowest, say, to the depth of one-eighth of an inch, will pull it
strongly towards it; but as the wheel advances, the tooth, with its slope
upwards, also advances to a closer and closer proximity, and with a stronger
pull, every instant, till at last the top or highest point of the tooth is reached,
when the current is instantly transferred to the next magnet, a long drawing
pull is thus attained; the magnet is constantly approaching in the manner
of the assymptote, but never actually touches any of the teeth. These teeth
may be constructed with a broad base and narrow apex, or the reverse, so.
as to equalise the attraction accordingly as it may be desired; by giving
the surface of the tooth a spiral form the attraction is made more direct,
that is, more at right angles with the radii of the wheel as it revolves. I
arrange my alternating and other breaks and sliding bars so that the
machinery by its own motion shall keep up their constant and regular
action; thus, as an example of one method, I keep the wires attached
n

page_text: to one pole constant, while I make and break contact between the battery
or other generator of electricity and its magnet with the other wire; this
I effect by arranging. the end of the wire from the magnet so as to
slide over a rim of brass attached to the side of the rotating wheel, and
this rim of brass is 'slotted out in as many places às may be necessary,
so that as the wheel revolves the end of the wire from the magnet
falls into a hole or slot, or passes on to some non-conducting material
let into the slot and breaks contact with the rim, which is in permanent con-
nection with the opposite pole of the battery or other generator of electricity,
and again passes on to the brass rim and makes contact, and does this
alternately as the wheel and its rim revolves all the way round; a similar.
arrangement is made where there are reciprocating bars or rods drawn by
magnets by placing the slotted brass breaks on them. The system of reversing
the poles is too common and well known to make it necessary to describe it,
but I give one method for example, which consists in having a revolving
cylinder placed in connection with the battery, and so arranged that the wires
from each magnet are made to travel alternately over conducting and non-
conducting substances, which extend over a semi-diameter or are proportioned.
in their extent of surface to the duration of time for which each magnet is
required to remain in connection with the battery. In all these arrangements
it is essential that the parts making and breaking contact should at that
moment cover a surface sufficient to ensure their conveying the whole of the
electric current freely and not to touch mere points only, where the metal often
consists of a very bad conducting material. The entire series of magnets may
be arranged to move on hinges or axles, in order that they may be allowed to
present the surfaces of their poles cach to each parallel to the varying surfaces
created by the vibration of the lever and magnets thereon. Where I use
acids and metals to be dissolved in them, when the products are valuable, they
should be sold; where they are of little value, as in the case of sulphate of
zinc, the ingredients must be recovered to be used again; thus I distil off the
sulphuric acid, and as it is used diluted it is not of much consequence to
obtain it concentrated; after distillation I calcine and reduce the zinc to the
metalic form for recasting to be used again; thus, in a large way the loss of
material is far less than is imagined, and the battery cost reduced to little
more than the prime cost of material added to the expense of recovery and
re-application. When the sulphuric acid begins to get charged with zinc i
must be drawn off and fresh acid supplied to take its place, and in a large
apparatus there is no reason why the distilled acid should not at once be made
to flow into the supply reservoir of the battery, so that it may thus be kep

page_text: constant so long as the zine lasts; when this has corroded away a fresh amal-
gamated sheet or cylinder can be quickly supplied while another battery is put
on; this, if desired, may be made small and powerful, and be kept on as an
auxiliary while the other is being repaired, or two or more large batteries may
be kept to work alternately, or to be put on where extra power is required.
Though not specified in detail, as such an application is obvious, still I think
it proper to mention that I fix magnets on slides, wheels, and cylinders to be
attracted by other magnets outside fixed on frames, and that by reversing the
current I reverse. the motion of the wheel; but as this in some cases render
ordinary machinery more complicated, I prefer, where I can to obtain power,
to have more magnets fixed only on frames and not on the wheels, cylinders,
slides, and other parts in motion; where, however, I fix magnets to wheels,
cylinders, and slides, I observe the same principles as are above detailed
regarding magnets, fixed on frames; but here, in addition, I constantly reverse
the current, so that the instant the magnets on the wheel and on the frame
pass each other they are made to repel, so that an alternation of attraction
and repulsion is always occurring; where space will admit of it I make my
magnets very long, so as to obtain a longer pull with the same amount of
insulated wire or sheet; thus the magnets on the wheel, on account of their
limited space,
I make short in length, those outside on the frame I make of
equal size, but of very great length, varying from six feet to fifty feet or even
upwards of one hundred feet. When teeth and cogs are mentioned as being
attracted by magnets, they are always supposed to be insulated by a dia-
magnetic metal or a non-attracting medium.
.!
I now proceed to mention some new modifications which I make in
conveying power through electricity generated by my above-mentioned and by
other methods; and, firstly, as regards conveying power to the system by means
of magneto-electrical machines, galvanic batteries, magnets, dry piles, and
other methods of obtaining the electrical current, I attach separate metallic
brushes to the wire from each pole with insulated holders in lieu of discs
and handles, and these brushes may be variously applied, as, for example, sepa-
rately, but simultaneously to the person to convey power, and the benefits of
magnetism to it in a novel and very effectual way; wire hair brushes may
thus be made with two distinct brushes, each brush being placed in connection
with a separate pole, and completely separated from each other though placed
in proximity, the connection of electric fluid from the poles being made-t
through the skin, which can now never be effected so long as the wire forming
the brush is placed together so as to unite the poles conveying the electric
current in the brush itself prior to its application to the skin. And, secondly,
.

page_text: as regards power as applied to mechanism, I attach centrically two cylinders
to the axles of two pairs of locomotive driving wheels; these cylinders are
constructed with cogs along their surfaces let into diamagnetic metal; between
these cylinders set at, say, four or five feet apart, place electro bar magnets,
so that both ends shall simultaneously attract a cog on each cylinder, make
connection between theso cogs and the circuit will be complete, and the
magnet draw as powerfully as if the two poles were brought together. Now,
as the magnet must be placed diagonally and tangentially between the
cylinders, that is, from the top of one in a direction towards the bottom of
the other, the pull on both cylinders will be in the same direction. The
magnets may also be constructed with one end straight and the other curved
inwards, so that when both ends are applied simultaneously to both cylinders
tangentially they shall both draw them forwards, in the same direction by
having another set of magnets applied to another part of these cylinders in a
reverse direction; the motion may be reversed by transferring the electric
current from the first set to the second sets of magnets. It is, of course, to be
understood that each set of electro-magnets, whether applied for propelling.
forwards or backwards, are constructed so that the magnets composing them
shall be placed parallel, but made to act alternately on the cogs of the cylinders,
and that these cogs are to be constructed so as to alternate with each other,
so that each magnet or sets of magnets shall act by series of alternate and
consecutive pulls, as has been before described. In either case, however, the
cogs may be placed even, and the magnets made to alternate between:
them.
Another modification of magnetic power I call "continuous contact rotating
magnetic power." I place a large toothed wheel, say twenty feet in diameter,
horizontally on a vertical axis, on which it revolves; in this wheel, near its
outer edge, I cut tangentially to its radius one or more slots, and in these I
insert hollow or solid iron cylinders of a conical form, say two feet diameter,
made to revolve on axles placed across the slots; these wheels are so regulated
in size that they touch a plane of diamagnetic material placed beneath them in
their revolution, so that the large horizontal wheel has the appearance of running
on castors. The cylinders consist of truncated cones made so that the sides of
the cones shall correspond with the radii of the circle of the wheel; a circle of
electro-magnets is then placed, as in the first example, in the diamagnetic
plane beneath the wheel, so as to have their attracting ends level with it, and
to correspond with the circle made with these cones, and are made succes-
sively to act on the side of the conc which it is intended to move
forward, precisely as in the first example. The drawing pull in this case will

page_text: be very great, as if the diameter of the wheel is large may cones may be:
applied to it, which can all be simultaneously acted upon; besides which the:
pull is applied by direct action at nearly the outside of the wheel which
the cones are driving forward. The action of the magnets may easily to
reversed in both magnets, and the cones be caused to perform a retrograde
movement. Other examples might be given, but the above is sufficient to
illustrate the principle of continuous contact magnetic rotation. I adopt the
systems now applied to steam engines for turning valves and cocks for
regulating the supply of steam, whether they are. such as are used for marine:
engines, and thereby slide armatures on to and from electro-magnets, or transfer.
the electric current by means of slides from one part of a coil to another, or
from several magnets to a fewer number, or raise or depress electrodes or.
metals acted on by acids in the batteries, or adopt any, similar method whereby.
the governor or regulator impelled by the engine shall increase or diminish.
the electric and magnetic action, so that an equable and constant action shall.
be always kept up independent of the regulating force of the fly wheel, when
the resistance is instantaneously removed.
Another method of forming helices is to apply to them the principle of
making magnets of sheet metal, as copper and iron, interlaced or folded. Placo
successively two flat or circular pieces of sheet copper, insulated, pierced
with holes through their centres sufficiently large to admit the revolving ring
(composed alternately of magnetic and diamagnetic metals) into them between
each sheet of insulated iron similarly constructed, and unite at pleasure as many
of the iron sheets together or of the copper sheets together as may be desired,
the result will be a series of hollow magnets; or fold over each alternate sheet
of perforated iron in a reverse direction to the last as many folds of copper
perforated sheeting as may be desired, so as to make them not only magnets.
but with positive and negative poles alternating within the hollow. Interlaced
insulated spirals of sheet copper and iron may also be used of any desired
length with a similar construction by cutting the hollow discs radially from
their centres to their circumferences and uniting the edge of one disc to
the edge of the next, and so on, so as to form a screw; the same processes
may be observed in the construction of the revolving ring. The helices may
be made continuous all round, but slotted out in parts to admit the entrance
of the gearing wheels and friction rollers. The ring may consist of a bar of
iron bent circularly, open at one part to allow of the helices being placed on
it, and of armature rings of iron being placed on it with a diamagnetic metal,
as brass, interposed, the opening in the ring to be closed by a piece of metal
to be attached to it by screws, and surrounded or not at pleasure by a

page_text: magnetic helix prior to insertion. I would remark, in reference to batteries,
that the battery plates may be joined as discs, and be set on a shaft, along
which they may be connected and made to revolve slowly, which arrangement
will also permit hydrogen to escape.
. An improvement in amalgamation with mercury may be effected as
follows: First melt the zinc and pour it into the mould, and while fluid, but
when about to set, pour in as much mercury as may be required, or first
place the mercury in the mould and then pour the melted zinc into it, thus
forming an alloy, on the outside of which additional mercury may be rubbed,
if required; to prevent the mercury evaporating add a little oil on the surface.
I do not claim any of the well-known and common principles, either as
regards electricity or mechanism, comprehended in the foregoing Specification ;
but I claim the "Improvements in Coils of Induction and in Obtaining and
Applying Power by means of Electro-magnetism," substantially as herein
specified.
In witness whereof, I, the said Edward Henry Cradock Monckton, have
hereunto set my hand and seal, this Thirtieth day of March, in
the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-three.
Witness,
EDWARD HENRY CRADOCK MONCKTON. (L.S.)
FRANCES MARIA BROOKFIELD,
125, Hemingford Rd.,
Islington.