AN IMPROVED ELECTRO-MAGNETIC ENGINE
Year: 1870

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Daniell and Hardaker Lund,. of Holborn,
in the County of Middlesex, for the Invention of "AN IMPROVED
ELECTRO-MAGNETIC ENGINE."
Scaled the 8th November 1870, and dated the 13th May 1870.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Daniell and
Hardaker Lund at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents,
with their Petition on the 18th May 1870. –
-
We, WILLIAM DANIELL and HARDAKER LUND, of Holborn, in the
County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the said Inven-
tion for "AN IMPROVED ELECTRO-MAGNETIC ENGINE," to be as follows:-
The framework of the engine is of cast iron, and consists of two
vertical side frames formed like wheels with bosses, spokes, and rims
cast to legs or standards, there being in each boss a gun metal bearing
for a shaft to revolve in. The two frames are firmly held at the required
distance apart by cross bars used as back armatures of permanent or
electro-magnets, the number of magnets and armatures being determined
according to the required strength of the engine. In one dimension of engine

page_text: we use sixteen armatures and magnets at equal distances apart, the poles
of the magnets projecting towards the centre, and to the central shaft
are fixed eight electro-magnets with their poles projecting outwards,
and these eight inner magnets are armed with curved armatures which
convert the lateral pull of the magnets into a direct pull, and thereby
increase the power in proportion when the engine is connected to the
battery. When the outer series of magnets are electro we make them
of cast iron, with a flange at each end to keep the wire on, and also
to extend the magnetic surface, and these magnets are covered with
two insulated wires running parallel to each other throughout the
four laps, and by using thinner wires than usual the outer covering
is brought nearer the iron and increases the power of the magnet. In
this outer series of magnets, whether permanent or electro, their north
and south poles are arranged alternately, that is, if number 1 is north
number 2 is south, number 3 north, and number 4 south, and so on, but
the inside magnets are electro and their polarities are reversed as they
pass the outer magnets by a self-acting contact breaker fixed on the
revolving shaft between the side frames. When the inside magnets are
opposite the odd numbers of the outside magnets the inside magnets are
neutral, but by the least movement to the even numbers they become
charged with a north polarity, and the even numbers being south have
a great attraction by which they cause the shaft to revolve, but when
the inside magnets come opposite the even numbers the contact breaker
reverses the connection, and the inside magnets are changed to a south
polarity, and are repelled by the even or south numbers and attracted
by the odd or north numbers. .
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said William Daniell and Hardaker Lund in the
Great Seal Patent Office on the 11th November 1870.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, WILLIAM- 3
DANIELL and HARDAKER LUND, of Holborn, in the County of Middlesex,
send greeting..
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Thirteenth day of May, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy, in the thirty-third 3

page_text: year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give
and grant unto us, the said William Daniell and Hardaker Lund, Her
special licence that we, the said William Daniell and Hardaker Lund;
our executors, administrators and assigns, or such others as we, the said
William Daniell and Hardaker Lund, our executors, administrators,
and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from. time
to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands,
and Isle of Man, an Invention for "AN IMPROVED ELECTRO-MAGNETIC
ENGINE," upon the condition (amongst others) that we, the said William
Daniell and Hardaker Lund, our executors or administrators, by an
instrument in writing under our, or their, or one of their hands and
seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and
cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said William Daniell and Hardaker
Lund, do hereby declare the nature of our said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following statement, reference being had to
the accompanying Drawings and to the letters and figures marked
thereon, that is to say :—
"
The said Invention relates more particularly to the construction of our
improved electro-magnetic engine and its battery, the principles therein
being in a more judicious distribution of electro-magnets, and in arranging
in an inner and outer series of such magnets around a circle the inner.
series revolving and the outer series being stationary, and are so arranged
in their relative positions that while revolving the different groups in
the circle become alternately magnets and armatures, and armatures
and magnets in succession. The improvements in the batteries used in
such machines being that of employing double surfaces to the action of
the excitants in the usual space or capacity used in such batteries.
In order that the said Invention may be fully understood we will now.
proceed more particularly to describe the same and the several Figures
in the Sheets of Drawings hereunto annexed and their letters of
reference.
Է

page_text: Chapter 1. Figure 1, Sheet 1, represents a side elevation of our newly
constructed electro-magnetic machine to be used as a motor. A, A, A, A,
one of the side frames of a circular form, into which is cast the two
curved legs B, B. Radial arms C, C, eight in number, radiate from the
central circle D, D, D, D. On the central part of the frame are
affixed bearings E, into which the journal F of the shaft F' works. There
is a corresponding frame on the other side of the machine which is shown
in section in Figure 2 marked A', A¹, A', A. Around the periphery of
these two side frames A. are fixed twelve stretchers or braces G, as shown
in Figure 2, and also their positions in the side frames in Figure 1.
These before-mentioned stretchers or braces suspend and support a series
of twelve pairs of magnets E, as shown in Figures 1, 2, and 3 respectively.
These several magnets in the series are affixed on to the stretchers or
braces by means of bolts J. These bolts are cast into the metal of the
several magnets, which we prefer to be of cast iron and are bolted on to
the braces or stretchers by the said bolts, which makes a perfect contact
of the two magnets and connects the two into an equivalent for a horse-
shoe magnet by such contact, and so on in the said series on the outside
series of magnets before-mentioned. The several magnets (in pairs)
becoming an equivalent for the horse-shoe magnet, as before stated, must
of necessity have a north and a south pole, as shown in Figure 3 in plan
and elevation, and also in Figure 2. This, then, completes the outer
series of horse-shoe magnets in the outer series each having opposito

page_text: the outside stationary series of magnets, the inside being eight, and the
outside twelve in number. The inner series is also shown in Figure 5,
Sheet 2, which represents each magnet in section with their coils, and
also the curved tops of the inner series, and also shown in plan in
Figure 4, Sheet 1.
Before describing the action of these several magnets in the two series,
we will now describe the mode of laying on and breaking off of contact
to each of the pairs in each series by the apparatus shown in Figure 2,
Sheet 1, and Figures 6 and 7, Sheet 2. There is attached to the shaft F
a collar of boxwood N, N, which acts as an insulator to the several
rings 0, 0, 0, 0¹, O³, and P, P, P. The rings P are plain rings of brass,
for conducting the current to the inner series of magnets. The rings O¹;
O', break the current which passes to the inner series of magnets, which
is shown also in Figure 6, Sheet 2. These rings are intended to break
5 the current circulating the inner series twelve times during each
revolution, hence the twelve teeth or projections in each ring. We
would have it particularly understood that the inside series are not all
charged at the same time, as will be seen by their position in Figure 1,
Sheet 1. Those out of contact are marked K, and those that are into
) contact are marked K', hence the necessity of the two rings marked O¹
in the shaft, that each ring should break its own group alternately with
the opposite ring in succession. The three rings that are marked O have
cach eight projections or teeth as shown in Fig. 7, Sheet 2; these operate
on the outer series of magnets which are also divided into three groups
5 of four each. The medium through which contact is laid on or broken
is through the lever Q which has a fulcrum in the stud R. On the
opposite end of the lever is a dipping wire 8 of any known metal, copper
being preferred, as it resists the action of the mercury into which it dips
in the mercury pot T. The conducting wire from the battery, whether
O it be positive or negative, comes through the mercury pot, the wire
which conducts the currents to the magnets goes through and from the
fulcrum stud R. There is an adjusting screw on the end of the lever Q
on a piece of sliding pipe which regulates the amount of dip in the
mercury pot, which regulates the time of contact in each case,
therefore there is a lever and mercury pot to each contact breaker on the
shaft.

page_text: as the number may be increased in proportion to the diameter of the
machine and the power required.
Having now described the mechanical structure of our electro-magnetic
machine, we will now describe the manner in which the magnets act
on each other as magnets and armatures alternately. When the
magnets in the inside series, marked K', are in the position shown in
Figure 1, the group marked H' of the outside series is also charged, but
they are of opposite poles, that is the H' is the north pole, and the K¹ is
the south pole, at the same time those marked K of the inside series, and
those marked H³ of the outside series, are thrown out of action, and,
furthermore, those marked H are also.out of action, until those marked
K come into the same position to H, as K' is to H³, that is, K and H are
charged, and K' and H³ are discharged, the rings on the boxwood
insulator on the shaft, being so positioned in respect to the levers, that
contact can be made and broken as previously described. The
peculiarity of construction in the inner series of magnets is, that each
have a curved armature top, marked a', the curve we find at present to
be the best is the section of an ellipse, these curved armature tops as
they advance gradually come closer to the outer magnet until the
maximum attraction is obtained, and then communication is cut off,
and so on in the series. We do not confine ourselves to this particular
curve, but the novelty consists in the curved armature tops to the inner
series of revolving magnets and armatures combined. These curved
armatures may project right and left in the series, if required in a
machine for reversing the motion, at the same time it will require two
serics of contact breakers differently arranged, therefore we prefer to
have two series of contact breakers, one for each direction of motion, so
as to throw one series off and the other series on, as the case may be,
thereby making a machine which can be reversed at pleasure.
Chapter 2.—We also prefer to construct our magnets of an oval form
as shown in Figure 8, Sheet 2, where the longer section of the oval would
be transversly with the machine, and the minor axis of the oval in the
direction of the working of the magnets, or longitudinally with the
machine, hence the intensity of the magnets would be increased, that is,
the magnetic influence is greater, or in other words they become charged
to a higher intensity with the same battery power. Another advantage
is that the attractive surfaces of the two magnets in the series aro
brought closer together.

page_text: Chapter 3. The next improvement is in a new constructed form of
battery, as shown in Figure 9, Sheet 2. The peculiarity of this new
arrangement of battery is in exposing double surfaces to the same space,
at the same time giving more room for the solutions. a, the outer wall of
the cell; b, b, b, b, spaces for the outer solution; c and d, are the two
inner walls of the cell; and e and f, are the spaces for the inner solution ;
g, are the carbons. The outer solution is sulphuric acid and water, in the
proportion of as 6:1. The inner solution is made of nitric acid, if
charged as a Bunsen battery, but we prefer using the impure sulphate of
soda, or the refuse cake from the manufacture of nitric acid. The black
rings in the cell represent the metallic rings, either of zinc or iron. Tho
great advantage being in this construction that we get double intensity
and quantity in the same space.
Having now described the nature of our said Invention, we wish it to
be particularly understood, that we do not confine ourselves to the
precise details herein set forth, as the construction of the machines may
be varied to suit convenience, as long as the main elements of our
improvements herein set forth are strictly maintained without departing
from the principle thereof, what we claim as new and of our Invention
is the combination and arrangements herein set forth and shown in the
Drawings as improvements in electro-magnetic machines and their
batterics.