IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF Archi, andshawe at the
Year: 1862

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to George Coles, of Gresham Street West. in the City
of London. Merchant, and James Archibald Jaques, Chemist. and John
Americus Fanshawe. Engineer. both of Tottenham. in the County of
Middlesex, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF
Archibald Jaques, and John Americus Fanshawe at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents. with their Petition, on the 2nd August 1862.
We, GEORGE COLES, of Gresham Street West, in the City of London,
Merchant. and JAMES ARCHIBALD JAQUES, Chemist, and JOHN AMERICUS
FANSHAWE, Engineer. both of Tottenham, in the County of Middlesex, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE MANUFACTURE OF GRINDING AND POLISHING TOOLS AND SURFACES," to be as
follows:-
Our Invention of improvements in the manufacture of grinding and
polishing tools and surfaces relates, in the first place. to a mode of producing
such articles by a combination of pulverized gritty or cutting ingredients
with a preparation of oxydized oil and sulphur, with or without the addition of
gummy, mucilaginous, or albuminous matters.

page_text: In carrying out this part of our Invention we use either emery, pulverized
glass, fine granulated iron, or fine iron or steel filings, or borings, or other
hard cutting substances reduced to a finely-divided state, and we mix thesc
substances, in combination with pulverized sulphur, with any suitable oil or
gummy, mucilaginous, or alluminous matters, taking care that all the ingre-
dients be well mixed or incorporated, so that the whole mass may be brought
as near as possible to a homogeneous state. This compound must then be
submitted to heat, so as to harden it. sufficiently to admit of it being used
as a polishing tool or surface.
Our Invention consists, secondly, in combining fine steel or other hard wire
with any suitable plastic material, such as that above mentioned, or hard
rubber compound, gutta percha, or other suitable substance, so as to produce
a cutting surface like a file or rasp. To this end any convenient quantity of
the fine steel or other hard wire is arranged in a suitable manner according to
the form of which the tool is to be made, and then the plastic materials are
added, so as to hold or retain the fine steel or other wires in their place.
Supposing, for instance, it be desired to produce a grinding wheel, the wires
must be arranged radially, round a centre, and then secured in their proper
positions by means of the plastic materials. as before mentioned.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said George Coles, James Archibald Jaques, and John Americus
Fanshawe in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 2nd February
1863.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, wc, GEORGE
COLES, of Gresham Street West. in the City of London. Merchant. and JAMES
ARCHIBALD JAQUES, Chemist, and JOHN AMERICUS FANSHAWE, Engineer, both
of Tottenham, in the County of Middlesex, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Second day of August, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, in the twenty-sixth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto us, the
said George Coles. James Archibald Jaques. and John Americus Fanshawe,
Her special license that we, the said George Coles, James Archibald Jaques.
and John Americus Fanshawe. our executors. administrators, and assigns, or
such others as we, the said George Coles. James Archibald Jaques, and John
Americus Fanshawe, our executors, administrators, and assigns, should at

page_text: any time agree with, and no others. from time to time and at all times
thereafter during the term therein expressed. should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands. and Isle of Man, an Invention for "In-
PROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF GRINDING AND POLISHING TOOLS AND
SURFACES," upon the condition (amongst others) that we, the said George
Coles, James Archibald Jaques, and John Americus Fanshawe, by an
instrument in writing under our hands and seals, or under the hand and seal
of one of us, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed. and cause
the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said James Archibald Jacques and John
Americus Fanshawe, on behalf of ourselves and of the said George Coles, do
hereby declare the nature of our said Invention, and in what manner the
same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement, reference being had to the Drawings hereunto
annexed, and to the letters and figures marked thereon (that is to say):-
Our Invention of "Improvements in the Manufacture of Grinding and
Polishing Tools and Surfaces. relates, in the first place, to a mode of producing
such articles by a combination of pulverized gritty or cutting ingredients
with a preparation of oxydized or other oil and sulphur, with or without the
addition of resinous, gummy, mucilaginous, or albuminous matters.
In carrying out this part of our Invention. we use either emery, pulverized
glass, fine granulated iron, or fine iron or steel filings or borings, or other hard
cutting substances reduced to a finely divided state, and we mix these substances
in combination with any suitable oil and resinous, bituminous, or gummy.
matter, or mucilaginous or albuminous matters. in some cases with the addition
or sulphur or sulphurets, taking care that all the ingredients be well mixed or
incorporated, so that the whole mass may be brought as near as possible to a
homogeneous state. It is not material' to mix the ingredients in very precise
proportions, and therefore we will only say that the gritty or cutting substance,
such as. the emery, is to be combined in as large a proportion as possible with
the agglomerating substance, so that the tool when made may be the more
effective. Linseed oil or oxydized oil, with about half its weight or any other
convenient proportion of shell lac, asphalte. or bitumen added thereto; so as to
produce a thick.paste, will, form a good composition to bind the gritty "or
cutting materials together, and to this must be added from: five to ten per
cent. of pulverized sulphur when iron or steel filings form no part of the

page_text: composition: when those metals are employed as the cutting substance, sulphur
must be omitted, from the composition. These compounds must then be
submitted to about three hundred degrees to three hundred and fifty degrees
of heat in an oven with a dry heat, or in an atmosphere of steam of the
requisite temperature, so as to harden the substance sufliciently to admit of it
being used as a polishing tool or surface. As the compound before heating
will be in a plastic state it may be moulded into any required form according
to the purpose for which the tool is to be used. The most generally useful
form of grinding tool will be one fixed on an axle, so that rapid rotary motion
may be communicated to it. The grinding edge of these tools may be moulded
in any shape according to the work they are required to do. Examples of
various forms are given in the accompanying Drawings.
Figures 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7, 8, and 9 represent rotary tools with edges or
peripheries of various forms; Figures 10, 11, and 12 are side and sectional
views of a grinding tool in which one of the sides forms the cutting surface,
the tool being mounted, as in the other cases, on a central spindle, so that
rotary motion may be communicated to it. For grinding or cutting metals
these wheels are to be used dry. but for grinding glass. flint, marble, and such
like substances they are worked with water. For grinding or polishing flat
surfaces, square or other conveniently shaped blocks may be used, and a
reciprocating. lateral. or planetary motion may be imparted to them either by
hand or by machinery.
Our Invention consists. secondly, in combining fine steel or other hard wire
with any suitable plastic material, such as that above mentioned, so as to'
produce a cutting surface like a file or rasp. To this end any convenient
quantity of the fine steel or other hard wire is arranged in a suitable manner
according to the form of which the tool is to be made, and then the plastic
materials are added by forcing them in between the wires. so as to hold or
retain the fine steel or other wires in their place. If it be desired to produce
a grinding wheel, the wires must, of course, he arranged radially round a
centre. and then secured in their proper positions by means of the plastic
materials, as before mentioned.
For flat surfaces. however. such. for instance. as is shewn in section at
Fig. 13, and for which this modification is more particularly applicable, the
wires must be placed either vertically or slightly inclined. and the oxydized or
other oil, in combination with some resinous. bituminous. or guminy substance,
as above mentioned, must be added. so as to hold the several wires firmly.
Cutting tools of this kind may be used in either of the ways already described.
laving now described our Invention of "Improvements in the Manufacture

page_text: of Grinding and Polishing Tools and Surfaces, and having explained the
manner of carrying the same into effect. we claim as our Invention,-
First. the combination, for the purpose herein set forth. of pulverized gritty
or cutting ingredients with sulphur or sulphurets and oxydized or other oils,
or mucilaginous or albuminous substances. and resinous, bituminous, or
gummy matters, as herein set forth; we also claim combining hardened iron
or steel filings or borings with- oxydized or other oils, mucilaginous or albu-
herein
minous substances, and resinous, bituminous, gummy matters, as
set forth.
Second, we claim manufacturing grinding surfaces of hardened iron or steel
wire, combined in the manner above set forth, with oxydized or other oils, or
other suitable substances for securing or holding the same.
In witness whereof, we, the said James Archibald Jaques and John
Americus Fanshawe, have hereunto set our hands and seals, the
Thirty-first day of January. in the year of our Lord One thousand
eight hundred and sixty-three.
JAS. A. JAQUES.
(L.S.)
JOHN A. FANSHAWE. (L.s.).