IMPROVEMENTS: IN PUMPS AND' IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF FLEXIBLE FIPES OR HOSE, AND IN THE APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREFOR
Year: 1864

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Josiah George Jennings, of Palace. Road, Lambeth,
in the County of Surrey, Sanitary Engineer, and Manuel Leopold Jonas
Lavater, of Bath Street, Newgate Street, in the City of London, India-
rubber Manufacturer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS: IN PUMPS AND'
IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF FLEXIBLE FIPES OR HOSE, AND IN THE APPARATUS
EMPLOYED THEREFOR."
Sealed the 7th October 1864, and dated the 21st April 1864.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Josiah George Jennings.
and Manuel Leopold Jonas Lavater at the Office of the Commissioners
of Patents, with their Petition, on the 21st April 1864..
We, JOSIAH GEORGE JENNINGS, of Palace Road, Lambeth, in the County of
Surrey, Sanitary Engineer, and MANUEL LEOPOLD JONAS LAVATER, of Bath
Street, Newgate Street, in the City of London, India-rubber Manufacturer,
do hereby declare the nature of the Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN PUMPS
AND IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF FLEXIBLE PIPES OR HOSE, AND IN THE APPARATUS
EMPLOYED THEREFOR," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in pumps, and in the con-
struction of flexible pipes or hose. In constructing a single-action pump we
employ a bottle of vulcanized india-rubber, the neck of the flexible. bottle is
stretched over a nozzle, which is in connection with the inlet or suction pipe,.
and is furnished with a valve arranged to admit the liquid to the interior of

page_text: the bottle, but prevent its escape back by the same passage surrounding the
neck, and a portion of the bottle is a metal case in connection with the outlet
pipe; it is made to fit air-tight conveniently by means of flanges formed on
the bottle. This being the arrangement when the bottle is collapsed its
contents escape between the nozzle and the neck of the bottle into the outlet
pipe, the neck being expanded by the pressure within; immediately this
pressure is taken off the neck springs back and again embraces the nozzle,
making an air-tight joint; then, when the bottle is allowed or caused again
to expand a vacuum is formed within it, which is immediately supplied by
liquid entering by the inlet pipe, and so the bottle being continually collapsed
and expanded a stream of the liquid is drawn from the inlet and forced away
by the outlet passage.
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We also construct double-acting pumps in a similar manner. In addition
to the arrangements already described, the part of the bottle at a distance
from the neck is also surrounded with an outer case, having inlet and outlet
passages and valves. The flange before mentioned formed on the bottle
makes a tight joint between the two outer cases, and the valves for the double
action arrangement are conveniently made in these flanges, and they consist of
lips of the vulcanized india-rubber opening inwards for the inlet passage, and
outwards for the outlet passage. When the bottle is compressed a vacuum is
formed in the double-action case and liquid enters it through the inlet valves
or lips, and when the bottle is again drawn out or expanded, which is done
by means of a rod attached to it, and passing through a stuffing-box, this
liquid is expelled through the outlet valves or lips into the outlet passage. In
constructing small pumps, such, for example, as those employed by women
for drawing the milk, we also use an elastic or india-rubber bottle, the neck
of which is furnished with a glass or other cup for fitting to the nipple; and
there is a reservoir connected with this cup to receive the milk drawn off.
Between the cup and the india-rubber bottle is a valve consisting conveniently
of a cap of india-rubber, with slits or punctures in it, which will, when there
is a vacuum within the bottle, open to let air pass into it, but will close air-
tight when the pressure is in the contrary direction. In the india-rubber
bottle similar slits or punctures are made, which will permit air to escape
from the bottle when the pressure is sufficient to drive it out, but they will
not let air into the bottle. This being the arrangement when the bottle is
collapsed and then again expanded a vacuum is formed within it, which can
only be supplied by air from the cup-like vessel covering the nipple; and a
vacuum being formed therein the milk is caused to flow. A similar arrange-
ment is suitable for use as an enema pump, the cup-shape vessel being

page_text: dispensed with, and a suction pipe substituted for it, whilst a second pipe
forming the outlet of the pump is applied to receive and convey the liquid
passing out of the outlet slits or holes formed in the india-rubber bottle, or
more conveniently these holes are not made in the bottle itself, but in a cap
of india-rubber fitted within a second neck formed in the bottle
In order to obtain a continuous flow from a single-action pump, whether it
be an enema pump or a pump of larger size, we combine with the outlet pipe
or passage a flexible bag or pouch, by preference of vulcanized 'india-rubber;
the liquid enters this pouch and expands it, the outlet passage beyond the
pouch being contracted or formed into a jet or nozzle, whilst the passage
which admits the liquid to the pouch is of larger size. Each stroke of the
pump expands the bag or pouch, whilst in the intervals between the strokes
the regular flow is maintained by the contraction of the elastic material: of
which the bag or pouch is formed.
:
In constructing flexible pipes or hose suitable for firé-engines and other
pumps and machines, we first cover a spiral of wire or other maundril with la
strip of india-rubber composition suitable for vulcanizing, and we braid upon
it in a braiding machine a covering of hempen or other "yarns, "which are
caused to adhere to their core by means of india-rubber cement; "then an
exterior covering of india-rubber compound is applied over the braid, and the
whole is vulcanized. As thus broadly stated, however, the process is not new;
heretofore, however, the cement has been applied to the "covered core or
interior tube, which has been found extremely inconvenient," and indeed
impracticable, for the reason, amongst others; that when a stoppage even of "a
minute or so takes place, as will constantly happen in working braiding
machines, the covering of the core being in the cement becomes dissolved or
"destroyed by it, and a fault is made in the length. Now, according to our
Invention we apply the india-rubber cement 'to the yarns and not to the core..
This arrangement admits of the braiding machine being stopped at any time,.
and for any length of time, without injury to the india-rubber core. We
prefer for this purpose to arrange at the eye of the machine, or where the
yarns meet around the core, a mushroom-shaped disc, with a hole at the
centre for the passage of the core; the yarns as they pass to the eye to be
plaited in, rub over this disc, and the disc being covered with cement the
threads become sufficiently and uniformly impregnated with it. At a point
above the eye a ring or die is placed on the tube over the plait; the ring .or
die is kept down by cross bars, otherwise it fits sufficiently tight to the tube to
travel with it. This ring or die serves to equalize according to its diameter
any excess of cement which may at any time be taken up by the yarns. An
•
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page_text: outer covering of india-rubber compound is applied over the braiding, as above,
covered with cement, and the vulcanizing process is conducted as heretofore.
In manufacturing flexible glazed tubing, suitable for conveying gas, it is
common to braid over a vulcanized india-rubber tube with cotton yarn, and
then coat the tube with drying oil several times, so as to obtain a glazed
coating upon it; this tube is, however, defective, as with all ordinary
vulcanized india-rubber the sulphur will work out, which leaves the india-
rubber tube porous and spoils its external appearance. According to our
Invention we employ for making such flexible glazed tubing india-rubber
vulcanized by means of hyposulphite of lead, or by means of sulphuret of lead.
The vulcanized india-rubber thus made does not contain free sulphur, and
hence its use is not attended with the inconveniences above mentioned.
In some cases at the present time a different process is employed in making
glazed tubing. Cotton yarns are first braided on to a coil of metal wire, and
the yarns, are then coated and glazed with drying, oil; then a tube of india-
rubber is formed around this inner braid, and over all an outer braid is formed
and glazed with drying oil. Tubes thus made, however, are defective, as the
drying oil and the heat employed in the process deteriorate the india-rubber.
Now we employ in making such tubes, in place of .india-rubber, a mixture
of india-rubber with hyposulphite of lead or sulphuret of lead. This, compound
we have found resists better the action of the oil and heat.
In order to render ordinary glazed or other tubing more durable, we in
some cases coat it interiorly with a varnish of collodion. Also in making
glazed tubing we in some cases apply a coating of sheet metal or foil to the
interior metal wire coil; we lap the sheet metal or foil around the wire coil,
and solder the joints so as to make a perfect tube, and over this,we apply the
ordinary outer coatings of yarn and india-rubber and oil, or other similar
coatings.
IF
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Josiah George Jennings and Manuel Leopold Jonas Lavater
in the Great Seal Patent Office, on the 21st October 1864.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME,
we, JOSIAH
GEORGE JENNINGS, of Palace Road, Lambeth, in the County of Surrey,
Sanitary Engineer, and MANUEL LEOPOLD JONAS LAVATER, of Bath Street,
Newgate Street, in the City of London, India-rubber Manufacturer, send
greeting

page_text: D
WHEREAS Her' most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her 'Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-first day of April, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-four, in the twenty-seventh year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto
us, the said Josiah George Jennings and Manuel Leopold Jonas Lavater, Her
special licence that we, the said Josiah George Jennings and Manuel Leopold
Jonas Lavater, our executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as we,
the said Josiah George Jennings and Manuel Leopold Jonas Lavater, our
executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein
expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and
Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN PUMPS, AND IN THE CON.
STRUCTION OF FLEXIBLE PIPES OR HOSE, AND IN THE APPARATUS EMPLOYED THERE-
FOR," upon the condition (amongst others) that we, the said Josiah George
Jennings and Manuel Leopold Jonas Lavater, our executors' or 'adminis-
trators, by an instrument in writing under our "or" their hands and seals; or
under the hand and seal of one of us or thein, should particularly describe
and ascertain the nature of the said "Invention, and in what manner the
same was to be performed, and' causé 'the same to be filed in the Great
Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and' immediately after the
date of the said Letters 'Patent."
" H
"NOW KNOW YE that I, the said Josiah George Jennings, on behalf of
myself and the said 'Manuel Leopold Jonas Lavater, do liereby declare the
nature of the said 'Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement thereof, that is to say:-
This Invention has for its 'object' improvements in pumps, and in the con-
struction of flexible pipes or hose, and in apparatus employed therefor. In
constructing a single action pump we employ a bottle of vulcanized india-
rubber." The neck of the flexible bottle is stretched over a 'nozzle 'which is' in
connection with the inlet or suction pipe, and is furnished with 'a-valve
arranged to admit the liquid to "the interior of "the bottle, but prevent-its
escape back by the same passage. Surrounding the neck and a portion of
the bottle is a metal 'case in connection with the outlet pipe, it is made to fit
air-tight conveniently by means of "flanges formed on the bottle. This being
the arrangement when the bottle is collapsed its contents escape between the
nozzle and the neck of the bottle into the outlet pipe, the neckibeing expanded
by the pressure within'; immediately this pressure is taken off the 'neck springs

page_text: back, and again embraces the nozzle, making an air-tight joint; then, when the
bottle is allowed or caused again to expand a vacuum is formed within it,
which is immediately supplied by liquid entering by the inlet pipe, and so
the bottle being continually collapsed and expanded, a stream of the liquid is
drawn from the inlet, and forced away by the outlet passage.
Figure 1 is a vertical section of a single-action pump arranged in the manner
above described.
"
a, a, is a bottle made of india-rubber by preference, and vulcanized; b is a
nozzle, over which the neck of the bottle is stretched, it is fitted into a hole
bored for it in the casting which forms the frame of the pump. In this casting
is the inlet passage c, and this communicates at one end with the hollow interior
of the nozzle b, and at the other end it is connected by a pipe with the source
of supply; d is a valve consisting conveniently of a disc of india-rubber or
leather attached by a screw through its centre to the top of the nozzle b; e is
a casing forming part of the frame casting, it surrounds the lower part of the
bottle a, which it encloses water-tight, the flange a¹ on the bottle being
clamped down on to the top of the casting by screwing down upon it the cover f,
at the top of which is a guide f' for the rod g, for collapsing and expanding the
bottle. At the upper end of this rod is a handle g', and its lower end passes
through the bottle, and receives the washer and nut g2, so that the bottle is
clamped between the washer and the enlargement g on the rod; h is an outlet
passage in the casting, and communicating with the casing e at one end, and
at the other with a pipe i, connected it may be with a jet, or leading to the
place where the water or liquid is required to be supplied. When the bottle a
is collapsed by forcing down the handle g¹, the liquid escapes from it around
the nozzle by expanding the neck, and it passes away by the outlet passage,
and when the handle is drawn up again the bottle is again filled by liquid
entering by the inlet passage c and through the nozzle b, the valve d being
raised.
In the arrangement of the parts of a pump it will be seen that
an important feature is the use of an elastic bottle in such a manner that
the liquid escapes from its neck as by a valve, the neck being dilated by the
pressure when the bottle is squeezed, and springing together again and
grasping a nozzle when the pressure is removed.
We also construct double-acting pumps in a similar manner. In addition
to the arrangements already described, the part of the bottle at a distance
from the neck is also surrounded with an outer case having inlet and outlet
passages and valves. The flange before mentioned formed on the bottle
makes a tight joint between the two outer cases, and the valves for the double
action arrangement are conveniently made in these flanges, and they consist
....
A

page_text: of lips of the 'vulcanized 'india-rubber opening inwards for the inlet passage,
and outwards for the outlet passage: When the bottle is compressed 'a vacuum
is formed in the double-action case, and liquid enters it through the inlet
valves of lips, and when the bottle is again drawn out or expanded, which is
'done by means of a rod attached to it, and passing through a stuffing box,
this liquid is expelled through the outlet valves or lips into the outlet passage.
Figure 2 is a vertical section of a double-action pump thus constructed; it
is in fact the single action already 'described, with the following parts super¹
added, viz., a passage k leading from the inlet into the cover f, which in this
case is made water-tight, the rod g entering it through a stuffing. box, and
also a pássage leading from the cover f to the outlet passage h. In the
flange a¹ of the bottle a valves are formed at a and a³, the valve a² to open
from the inlet passage into the cover f, and the other from the cover into.
the outlet passage 1. These valves are conveniently made by moulding hollow
projections in the india-rubber flange, and afterwards making a slit along the
top of the projection as is shewn at Figure 3, which is a plan of the bottle a
with its flange and valves; thus lips are formed which will open outwards with
pressuré coming from the interior of the hollow projection; but pressure
coming from the exterior acts only to keeps the lips the more firmly closed.
When the bottle a is compressed, the void it. leaves in the cover or casing
above it is supplied with liquid coming from the inlet through the passage 'd,
and when the bottle is again expanded this liquid is forced out through the
passage into the exit passage h. The flow of liquid coming from the pump
when it is in action will be continuous; or nearly so, as when the flow from
the interior of the bottle ceases, that from the upper cover or casing com-
mences, and vice versa.
In constructing small pumps, such for example as those employed by
women for drawing the milk, we also use an elastic or india-rubber .bottle,
the neck of which is furnished with a glass or other cup for fitting to the
nipple, and there is a reservoir connected with this cup to receive the milk
drawn off: Between the cup and the india-rubber bottle is a valve consisting
conveniently of a cap of india-rubber with slits or punctures in it, which will,
when there is a vacuum within the bottle, open to let air pass into, but will
close air-tight when the pressure is in the contrary direction. In the india-
rubber bottle similar slits or punctures are made which will permit; air to
escape from the bottle when the pressure is sufficient to drive it out, but they
will not let air into the bottle. This being the arrangement, when the bottle
is collapsed, and then again expanded, a vacuum is formed within it, which

page_text: can only be supplied by air from the cup-like vessel covering the nipple, and a
vacuum being formed therein the milk is caused to flow.
Figures 4 and 5 are longitudinal sections of milk pumps thus constructed.
a, a, is an india-rubber bottle with a glass cup b fitted into its neck; it is
smooth around the edge so as to make when slightly moistened a tight joint
against the breast to which it is applied, so as to cover the nipple; b¹ is a
globe or reservoir to receive the milk drawn off; e is a valve interposed
between the bottle a and the cup b, it is made conveniently of an india-rubber
cap very like the nozzle for infant feeding bottles in common use, but it is
made of somewhat stouter india-rubber. In this cap by means of a suitable
pricker a puncture is made; this puncture should consist of three little slits
radiating from a common centre, as is shewn at Figures 6, are a plan and
section of the cap c separately, thus lips are formed which act as the lip valves
in the pump already described, opening readily to allow air to escape from
the cup b, when the pressure there exceeds that in the bottle a, but springing
together again to prevent its return when the circumstances are reversed.
At the upper end a¹ of the bottle a another similar puncture is made to act
as a valve, and through this when the bottle is squeezed in the hand the air
it contains escapes. When it is allowed to expand again by its own elasticity,
a partial vacuum is formed within it, and to supply this air passes through
the cap valve c, and a partial vacuum being thus established in the cup b, the
milk flows to supply the void. A similar arrangement is suitable for use as
an enema pump, the cup shape vessel being dispensed with, and a suction pipe
substituted for it, whilst a second pipe forming the outlet of the pump is
applied to receive and convey the liquid passing out of the outlet. In order
to obtain a continuous flow, we combine with the outlet pipe or passage a
flexible bag or pouch, by preference of vulcanized india-rubber. The liquid
enters this pouch and expands it, the outlet passage beyond the pouch being
contracted or formed into a jet or nozzle, whilst the passage which admits the
liquid to the pouch is of larger size. Each stroke of the pump expands the
bag or pouch, whilst in the intervals between the strokes, the regular flow is
maintained by the contraction of the elastic material of which the bag or
pouch is formed.
Figure 7 is a longitudinal section of an enema pump thus constructed;
a, a, is the india-rubber bottle, it has fitted to it at one end the suction pipe b,
a valve b opening into the bottle being interposed between the two; this
valve is conveniently, as shewn in the Drawing, a ball valve. At the other
end of the bottle is another valve c opening outwards, and communicating

page_text: with a flexible pipe d; this pipe is perforated at d', and the perforated portion
is enclosed in an elastic bag e of vulcanized india-rubber, beyond this bag the
pipe is continued on to a convenient length, and terminates in a nozzle f of
the usual form. When the bottle a is compressed and allowed again to
expand, a partial vacuum is formed in it; the valve b' opens, and liquid flows
up the suction pipe into the bottle; when this is again collapsed the liquid is
forced out through the valve c into the flexible supply pipe d, but it does not
by this pipe go direct to the nozzle, but it first passes into the elastic bag e,
which is thereby distended, and this bag is by its elasticity, and acting as a
reservoir, able to maintain for a time a flow of liquid through the nozzle f
when there is no liquid coming from the bottle; thus it converts the inter-
mittent stream from the bottle into a continuous and regular stream from the
nozzle, provided the size of this be not unduly increased in relation to the
power of the pump. A similar elastic bag reservoir is shewn in Figure 1;
here it is applied close up to the jet with which the pump is shewn to be
furnished; it is so placed to be always in sight of the person directing the
jet and working the pump, otherwise it might unintentionally be overstrained
and burst by working the pump too rapidly. The perforated tube passing
through the elastic bag is in this case made of metal.
In constructing flexible pipe or hose suitable for fire-engines and other
pumps and machines, we first cover a spiral of wire or other maundril with a
strip of india-rubber composition suitable for vulcanizing; and we braid upon
it in a braiding machine a covering of hempen or other yarns which are
caused to adhere to their core by means of india-rubber cement, then an
exterior covering of india-rubber compound is applied over the braid, and the
whole is vulcanized. As thus broadly stated, however, the process is not new;
heretofore however the cement has been applied to the covered core or
interior tube, which has been found extremely inconvenient and indeed
impracticable, for the reason, amongst others, that when a stoppage even of a
minute or so takes place, as will constantly happen in working braiding
machines, the covering of the core being in the cement becomes dissolved or
destroyed by it, and a fault is made in the length.
Now according to our Invention, we apply the india-rubber cement to the
yarns, and not to the covered core. This arrangement admits of the braiding
machine being stopped at any time, and for any length of time without injury
to the india-rubber covering of the core. We prefer for this purpose to
arrange at the eye of the machine or where the yarns meet around the core,
a mushroom shaped disc with a hole at the centre for the passage of the core.
The yarns as they pass to the eye to be plaited in, rub over this disc, and the

page_text: disc being smeared with cement, the threads become sufficiently and uniformly
impregnated with it. At a point above the eye a ring is placed on the tube
over the plait, the ring is kept down by cross bars, otherwise it fits sufficiently
tight to the tube to travel with it. This ring serves to scrape down and
equalize any execess of cement which may at any time be taken up by the
yarns. An outer covering of india-rubber compound is applied over the
braiding, and the vulcanizing process is conducted as heretofore. This
arrangement of apparatus is shewn at Figures 8; a, a, is the covered core,
it may be a spiral of wire covered with india-rubber composition; b, b, are
the hempen or other yarns being braided upon it; c is the mushroom shaped
disc through which the covered core passes, and the yarns it will be seen rub
over its surface just as they come upon the covered core. On to the mush-
room disc c, the india-rubber cement is spread with a spatula, and the yarns
take it up and become saturated with it; d is a weighted ring fitted loosely
over the braiding, and e is another ring fitted to it somewhat more tightly, so
that it is kept up by the braid to the cross bar of the frame; which prevents
it rising higher. This ring keeps back any excess of india-rubber cement,
which may at any time pass the first ring d,. and distributes it uniformly over
the work. When the braiding is complete, another layer of vulcanizable
india-rubber sheet is applied over it, and the tube is vulcanized as usual.
manufacturing flexible glazed tubing suitable for conveying gas, it is common
to braid over a vulcanized india-rubber tube with cotton yarn, and then coat
the tube with drying oil several times so as to obtain a glazed coating upon
it, this tube is however defective, as with all ordinary vulcanized india-rubber
the sulphur will work out leaving the tube porous, and spoiling its external
appearance.
In
According to our Invention we employ for making such tubing india-
rubber vulcanized by means of hyposulphite of lead, or by means of sulphuret
of lead the hyposulphite or sulphuret is mixed with the india-rubber in the
same manner as when sulphur is employed and the compound exposed' to
heat as is usual. The vulcanized india-rubber thus made does not contain
free sulphur, and hence its use is not attended with the inconveniences above
mentioned.
In some cases at the present time a different process is employed in making
glazed tubing. Cotton yarns are first braided on to a coil of metal wire, and
the yarns are then coated and glazed with drying oil; then a tube of india-
rubber is formed around this inner braid, and over all an outer braid is formed
and glazed with drying oil. Tubes thus made, however, are defective, as the
drying oil and: the heat employed in the process deteriorate the india-rubber.

page_text: Now we employ in making such tubes, in place of india-rubber, a mixture of
india-rubber with hyposulphite of lead or sulphuret of lead; a mixture such as
would be made for vulcanizing is suitable for this purpose. This compound
we have found resists better the action of the oil and heat. In order to render
ordinary glazed or other tubing more durable, we in some cases coat it
interiorly with a varnish of collodion. Also in making glazed tubing we in
some cases apply a coating of sheet metal or foil to the interior metal wire
coil, we lap the sheet metal or foil around the wire coil, and solder the joints
so as to make a perfect tube, and over this we apply the ordinary outer
coatings of yarn and india-rubber, and oil or other similar coatings.
It witness whereof, I, the said Josiah George Jennings, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Twenty-first day of October, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-four.
JOSIAH GEORGE JENNINGS. (1..s.)