AN IMPROVED METHOD OF PREPARING SHOOT OR WEFT, TO BE USED IN WEAVING WOOLLEN CLOTH AND CLOTHS MADE OF WOOL AND OTHER MATERIALS
Year: 1840

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOSEPH
CLISILD DANIELL, of Limpley Stoke, in the Parish of Bradford, in the
County of Wilts, send greeting.
WHEREAS I did, by Petition, humbly represent unto Her present most
Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, that, after considerable application and
expence, I had invented "AN IMPROVED METHOD OF PREPARING SHOOT OR WEFT,
TO BE USED IN WEAVING WOOLLEN CLOTH AND CLOTHS MADE OF WOOL AND OTHER
MATERIALS," and Her said Majesty being willing to give encouragement to all
arts and inventions which may be for the public good, was graciously pleased,
by Her Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Third day
of March, One thousand eight hundred and forty, in the third year of Her
reign, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, to give and grant unto me, the
said Joseph Clisild Daniell, my exors, admors, and assigns, Her especial
licence, full power, sole privilege and authority, that I or they, by myself or
themselves, or by my or their deputies, servants or agents, or such others as
I or they should agree with (and no others) during the term of fourteen years
from the date of the said Letters Patent, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend my said Invention within that part of Her said Majesty's
Dominions called England, Her Dominion of Wales, and Town of Berwick-
upon-Tweed, in such manner as to me, my exors, admors, and assigns, shall
seem meet, and as that I or they shall enjoy the whole profit and advantage

page_text: arising by reason of the said Invention during the said term of fourteen years,
and for that end Her said Majesty requires and strictly commands all Her
subjects whatsoever, within England, Wales, and Berwick-upon-Tweed afore-
said, that they shall not, neither directly nor indirectly, make, use, or put in
practice my said Invention, or any part thereof, nor in anywise counterfeit,
imitate, or resemble the same, nor make any addition thereto or subtraction
therefrom, whereby to pretend himself or themselves to be the inventor
or inventors thereof; and whereas the said Letters Patent contain a proviso
obliging me, the said Joseph Clisild Daniell, particularly to describe and
ascertain the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is
to be performed, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, and
to cause the same to be inrolled in Her Majesty's High Court of Chancery
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
in part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same (reference being thereunto
had) will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Joseph Clisild Daniell, do hereby declare that my said Invention is described
and ascertained in manner following (that is to say):
My said Improved Method of Preparing Shoot or Weft to be Used in
Weaving Woollen Cloth and Cloths made of Wool and other Materials, con-
sists in preparing such shoot or weft by combining together two or more small
sized woollen yarns or threads, in order to form one compounded yarn or thread,
which is to be used as shoot or weft for weaving woollen cloth and cloths made
of wool and other materials, such compounded weft being of the same size (or
nearly the same size, as the single spun weft which would in the ordinary
course of the woollen manufacture be used for weft or shoot in weaving
woollen cloth, or cloth made of wool and other materials, of the same (or nearly
the same) thickness as the woollen cloth, or cloths made of wool and other
materials, which is to be woven with weft or shoot prepared according to my
said improved method, the use of which improved method occasions no
alteration in the manner of weaving, only using for weft a compound yarn
or thread instead of using a single yarn or thread for weft, as is the usual
practice in weaving woollen cloth. And in order to prepare such compounded
yarn or thread for shoot or weft, according to my said improved method, the
wool whereof the same is to be composed is first spun into soft shoot or weft
yarn or thread, of only half the size or substance that, according to the usual
custom of woollen manufacturers, would be used as shoot or weft for weaving
cloth of the same (or nearly the same) thickness as the cloth that is to
be woven with the shoot or weft prepared according to my said improved

page_text: method; that is to say, for example, in case that in the common way of manu-
facturing woollen cloth, or cloth made of wool and other materials, of any given
thickness or substance, the shoot or weft to be used in weaving such cloth
would be spun to a fineness of eighteen skaines to a pound weight, then in
such case, in order to prepare shoot or weft according to my said improved
method, to be used in weaving such cloth as aforesaid of like thickness or
substance or nearly so, the wool is first to be spun to form a soft yarn or
thread of thirty-six skaines to a pound weight, and then two of those fine soft
yarns or threads are to be doubled or laid together, and afterwards twisted
together, in order to prepare one compounded yarn or thread, which is to be
used as shoot or weft in weaving woollen cloth, or cloth made of wool and
other materials, the said compounded yarn or thread being of the size of
eighteen skaines to the pound, and therefore of the same or nearly the same
size as the single yarn or thread which would be used for shoot or weft in the
ordinary way.
Or otherwise, the wool whereof the said compounded yarn or
thread is to be composed is first to be spun into soft shoot or weft yarn or
thread of only one third of the size or substance that would be commonly used
as shoot or weft for weaving cloth of the same, or nearly the same, thickness
as the cloth that is to be woven with the shoot or weft prepared as afore-
said according to my said improved method, so that in case, for example,
the shoot or weft would commonly be spun to a fineness of eighteen skaines to
a pound, it should in that case, according to my said improved method, be spun
to form a soft yarn or thread of fifty-four skaines to a pound, and then three of
those fine soft yarns or threads are trebbled or laid together, and afterwards
twisted together, in order to prepare one compounded yarn or thread, which is
to be used as shoot or weft in weaving woollen cloth, or cloth made of wool
and other materials, and such compounded yarn or thread will in the said
case be of a size of about eighteen skaines to a pound. And in the spinning of
wool into the fine single yarn or thread, which, according to my said improved
method, is to be doubled or trebbled or laid together, two, three, or more such
fine single yarns or threads together, and afterwards twisted together, in order to
prepare one compounded yarn or thread to be used for shoot or weft as afore-
said, the same machinery and mode of spinning is to be used as is com-
monly used for spinning fine woollen shoot or weft, that machinery being either
a spinning jenny or a mule, according as one or other may be preferred; and
as little twist is to be given to the said fine yarns or threads, in proportion to
the size thereof, as is consistent with giving them sufficient strength, to avoid
too frequent breakage in spinning and preparing, in order that the said fine
single yarus or threads may be of as soft and spungy a substance as can be

page_text: conveniently managed; and the said doubling, trebbling, or laying two, three,
or more such fine single yarns together may be performed by any suitable kind
of winding machinery.
Figure 1 of the Drawing hereunto annexed is a sketch of the winding
machinery which I have used. A, A, denotes two, three, or more cops of the
fine single yarn or thread, which cops have been formed in the spinning jenny
or in the mule in the well-known manner of spinning weft in either of those
machines. Those cops A, A, are stuck upon upright wires or pins, and all
the several fine yarns or threads of which they are composed go up to pass
through one eye or ring b, whereby they become doubled, trebbled, or laid
altogether, and then they go down all together beneath a fixed wire or rod c,
and up again over another such fixed wire or rod d, from which they descend
again beneath a moveable wire e, of the same kind as what is called the faller
wire in a mule, and then the said fine yarns or threads are wound up in the
form of a cop F around a tube stuck on the upper end of a revolving
spindle g, which is turned round by a band h from a cylinder H, and which
cylinder H may be turned by a suitable pulley i and band j with a wheel k,
having a handle L to be actuated by the person who attends the machine, and
uses his other hand to grasp the handle m of the faller, and, by turning that
handle m, gradually to actuate the faller wire e, so as to raise and lower the
same alternately as the yarns or threads are wound up, in order to distribute
them properly in the form of a cop, as is well known in the operation of a.
spinning jenny or mule, and therefore requires no further explanation. The
winding machine, Figure 1, may contain à dozen or a score of the upright
spindles g, with cops F, disposed side by side in a row, together with as many
sets of cops A, A, corresponding with each spindle, but only one spindle g,
and set of cops A, A, can be shewn in the Sketch, because it represents the end
of the said row. The cylinder H extends horizontally all the length of that
row, and gives motion to all the spindles thereof by a separate band h for
each spindle g. The pulley i is at one end of the cylinder H; and one band j,
and wheel K, with its handle I, gives motion to the whole machinery. But
note, the machinery may be turned by steam power or water power, instead of
by the handle L. The board p, which sustains the upright wires or pins
whereon the cops A, A, are stuck, also extends all the length of the row of
spindles; and there are two or three such pins in the board p, with one eye or
ring b, opposite to each spindle g. The axis or handle m of the faller wire e,
and also that faller wire e, extends horizontally all the length of the row of.
spindles, so as by one such action of the hand, as has been already mentioned,
the said wire e will guide and distribute all the several compounded yarns or:

page_text: threads upon their respective cops F as they are wound up around the same.
The person who attends the machine must keep a strict watch upon all
the fine yarns or threads, to see that they are all complete, and the instant
that any one breaks or fails he must stop the machine and join the broken
end, so as to render the compounded yarn or thread complete before he pro-
ceeds with the winding; and when a set of cops F have been formed in
manner aforesaid, one on each spindle, they are removed therefrom by pulling
off each of the tubes before mentioned, which were stuck upon the upper ends
of the several spindles g. The said cops F, when thus removed from the
winding machine Figure 1, may be taken to a twisting machine, such as
Figure 2, in order that the several fine yains or threads which have been
doubled, trebbled, or laid together and wound round each of the cops F, in
manner aforesaid, may be twisted together, in order to prepare one com-
pounded yarn or thread. And note, when two, three, or more fine single yarns
or threads are thus to be twisted together, in order to prepare one compounded
yarn or thread as aforesaid, the second twisting in any kind of twisting
machine, such as Figure 2, whereby such two, three, or more fine threads are
twisted together into one compounded yarn or thread, must be twists given in
á reverse or contrary direction to the direction of the original or first twist
that was given in the formation of the wool into the several fine single yarn
or threads which are to be combined by the said second twisting. And the
machinery and mode of twisting, whereby two, three, or more fine single yarns
or threads are to be twisted together, as aforesaid, may be of the same kind
as was heretofore commonly used for twisting stocking yarn; and like
machinery is also in use for twisting single yarns or threads; and which
machinery, after two, three, or more fine single yarns or threads have been
doubled or trebled or laid together; operates thereon in order to twist the same
together, or one around another, in a suitable manner for preparing a com-
pound yarn or thread to be used for shoot or weft, as aforesaid.
Its
Figure 2 is a sketch of the twisting machinery which I have used.
row of upright spindles g are much the same as those of the winding machine
Figure 1, being turned round in like manner by a band h from a cylinder H,
which latter serves all the row of spindles, and is itself turned by a pulley i on
one end of it, with an endless band j, wheel K, and handle L, nearly the same
as Figure 1, except that the spindles g, Figure 2, being for twisting, are.
turned round much quicker than those of Figure 1. The tubes of the same
cops F, which come from the winding machine Figure 1, are struck upon the
upper end of the several spindles g, so as to be turned rapidly round therewith,
and the double or treble compounded yarn which is wound around. each of

page_text: those cops is carried upwards therefrom through a ring or eye n, and is then
wound up in a skaine around a reel M, which is turned slowly round by means
of a bevil wheel o on one end of the axis of the reel, and worked by a small
pinion at the upper end of an axis P, at the lower end of which is a bevil
wheel, to be turned by a small pinion on the end of the axis of the cylin-
der H. The reel M, by its slow revolving motion, draws off the compounded
yarn or thread from each of the cops F, which cop, by the rapid revolving
motion which it derives from the spindle g, gives the required twist to the
compounded yarn or thread, in order to twist together the several single yarns
or threads whereof each one is composed, one around another, so as to prepare
a compounded twisted yarn or thread, which is to be used for shoot or weft.
The reel M is long enough to serve all the row of spindles, and the several
compounded threads proceeding from each of the spindles 9 are wound side by
side in distinct skaines about the reel M; and when those skaines are com-
pleted, and each skaine contains the proper length of compounded twisted yarn
or thread, then the said skaines are removed from the reel in the usual manner
of doffing skaines of reeled yarn or thread from off a reel; and the com-
pounded yarn or thread is wound around the quills or pirns, which are to
go into the weaver's shuttle in the usual manner practised by weavers of
winding one quill or pirn at a time, that is by quill-winding machine,
represented in Figure 3, whereof is the horizontal spindle, on the
end whereof one quill or pirn is stuck, S is the wheel, which is turned
round by hand, and, by an endless band, it gives a rapid motion to
the said pirn. T is the swift, around which one of the skaines t of the com-
pounded twisted yarn or thread (taken off from the reel M), Figure 2, is
disposed, and the said yarn or thread is drawn off from the said swift, and
unwound from the skaine by the motion of the quill or
pirn as fast as the
said yarn or thread is wound up around the quill or pirn. The person who
works the machine guides the yarn or thread by guiding it between the finger
and thumb, all which is exactly the same as the usual mode of guide winding.
And note, in some cases where the twisting of the compounded yarn or thread
may be dispensed with, as herein-after mentioned, then the two machines,
Figures 1 and 2, are not required to be used, but the single yarn or thread
which is spun by a spinning jenny or mule is reeled off from the cops thereof
into skaines in the usual manner of woollen manufacturers. And then in the
operation of quill-winding by the machine Figure 3, two or three such skaines
are put at once upon the swift T as shewn at t, v, w, and the several yarns or
threads from all those skaines are brought together between the finger and
thumb so as to combine them together and prepare a compounded yarn or

page_text: thread, but without twisting the same, except a very slight degree of twist
which it will derive from being wound around and the drawing off in the
act of weaving from the quill or pirn. And note, in applying my said
improved method of preparing shoot or weft to be used in weaving such
kinds of cloths as is woven with two distinct shoots or weft yarns or threads,
one being a fine weft yarn or thread, to form the face of or front surface of
the cloth, and the other being a coarse weft yarn or thread to form the back
surface and main substance of the cloth, and which kind of cloth is now
manufactured according to an improved method of weaving woollen cloth,
and cloth made of wool, together with other materials, for which former Letters
Patent were granted to me by Her present Majesty, on the Ninth of January,
One thousand eight hundred and thirty-nine, and whereof my Specification
stands inrolled in Her Majesty's High Court of Chancery, the said coarse
weft yarn or thread for forming the back surface and main substance of such
kind of cloth, according to that my said former improved method of weaving,
may advantageously be prepared according to my present improved method of
preparing shoot or weft, by combining two or three fine yarns or threads
together so as to form a compounded yarn or thread of the same (or nearly
the same) size as the single coarse yarn or thread which would otherwise be
used according to my former improved method as shoot or weft to form the
back surface and main substance of the cloth; and I find it is not necessary in
such cases to twist the said compounded yarn or thread, but that two or three-
fine yarns or threads being doubled or trebled, or laid together, may be used
as shoot or weft in weaving such kind of cloth without twisting the said com-
pounded yarn or thread more than that slight degree of twist which the com-
pounded yarn or thread must necessarily require in the operation of quill winding
and drawing off in the act of weaving; or the said two or three fine yarns
or threads may be twisted together as herein-before described, if that is thought
desirable. And in weaving all kinds of woollen cloth, or cloths made of wool
and other materials, the twisting of the said compounded yarn or thread
which is to be prepared for shoot or weft according to my present improved
method may be dispensed with, although the cloth will not in that case be so
strong as if the said compounded thread or yarn were to be twisted, neither
will the compounded yarn be so strong for avoiding breakage in the weaving
as if the same were to be twisted. But as it may be desirable to avoid the
expence of the twisting, and as the twisting is not absolutely necessary, it may
be dispensed with in the weaving of coarse cloths where the pile or wool
raised on the surface of the cloth by the dressing is not required to be shorn,
or cropped very close, but is to be left long. And note, according to the

page_text: results of experiments which I have made for the purpose of carrying my
present improved method into effect, it appears best to use three fine yarns
or threads combined by trebling them together (and then twisting them or not
as may be preferred), to form a compounded treble yarn or thread to be used
as shoot or weft for weaving all such woollen cloth, or cloths made of wool
and other materials, as will admit of spinning the wool (whereof its shoot or
weft is to be composed) into sufficiently fine yarn or thread for three such
fine yarns or threads when trebled together (either with or without twisting)
to form a compounded yarn or thread of a proper size to be used as shoot or
weft in weaving such cloth; for a treble compounded yarn or thread, prepared
as shoot or weft according to my present improved method, will render the
cloth stronger and more even on the face than a doublé compounded yarn or
thread will do, but which latter will render the cloth stronger and more even
on the face than a single yarn or thread as is usually employed in weaving
woollen cloth, or cloths made of wool and other materials. The advantages of
preparing shoot or weft from two or three or more fine soft weft threads, by
combining them together into one compounded weft yarn or thread according
to my said improved method as herein-before described, are as follows:-
The compounded shoot or weft so prepared is much stronger than the single
yarn or thread usually employed for shoot or weft, for which reason it is less
liable to break in the operation of weaving with it; also the compounded
shoot or weft, prepared according to my said improved method, will in weaving
therewith be more readily driven up and inserted into its intended place in
the cloth between the warp threads by action of the reed in the loom, and
will lay closer in that intended place with less force of blow for beating up
each succeeding shoot of the compound weft by the blow of the lathe than would
be required for beating up the single yarn or thread commonly used for weft
to obtain the same closeness of the succeeding shoots in proportion to the size
of the weft. Or, in the language of weavers, the compounded shoot or weft
will clothe easier than common single yarn weft will do, and therefore occasions
less strain on the warp in the act of beating up each succeeding shoot; and
woollen cloth, or cloths made of wool and other materials, woven with weft
prepared according to my said improved method, will afterwards make a better.
felt in the operation of the fulling mill, and the said cloth will exhibit a finér
and smaller or more even face by the subsequent operation of dressing, and
will be less liable to be injured by the action of the teasles or substitute for
teasles in raising the pile, and the cloth when finished will be of a stronger
and firmer texture than like cloth having weft of single spun yarn would be.
my said improved method of preparing shoot or weft, as well as being.
And

page_text: used in weaving woollen cloth, may also be used in weaving cloth made of
wool and other materials; as, for instance, cloth whereof the warp are yarns
or threads spun of cotton, or spun of a mixture of cotton and wool, the shoot
or weft being woollen yarn or thread prepared according to my said improved
method.
Having now described my said improved method, I, the said Joseph Clisild
Daniell, do hereby declare that I make no claim to the exclusive use of
compound yarn or thread for shoot or weft as a means of obtaining mixture
of colors in cloth by combining two yarns or threads of different colors
together in order to form the compounded yarn or thread; but in all cases
the two or more yarns or threads which are to be combined together (whether
with twist or without twist) according to my said improved method, are to be
both or all of the same color one as another, and the same as the compounded
yarn or thread is intended to be. But the new Invention, whereof the exclu
sive use is granted to me by the said Letters Patent of the Third of March,
One thousand eight hundred and forty, consists in the improved method
herein-before described of preparing shoot or weft by combining together
(either with twist or without twist) two, three, or more fine soft yarns or
threads of wool, in order to prepare one compounded yarn or thread to be used
for shoot or weft in weaving woollen cloth, and cloth made of wool and other
materials. And by the use of shoot or weft so prepared, instead of using one
single thick yarn or thread as heretofore practised, advantages will be obtained
as herein-before stated.
In witness whereof, I, the said Joseph Clisild Daniell, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this First day of September, One thousand eight
hundred and forty.