Improvements in and relating to Couplings and Joints for Metallio Tubes or Pipes and in Appliances therefor.
Year: 1886

page_text: Date of Application, 18th Nov., 1886
Complete Left, 10th Aug., 1887
Complete Accepted, 25th Oct., 1887
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in and relating to Couplings and Joints for Metallio
Tubes or Pipes and in Appliances therefor.
I, JAMES ROBERTSON of 8 Newhall Street, Birmingham in the County of
Warwick, Engineer do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
My invention relates to new and improved modes of coupling and jointing tubes
formed of iron and steel, improved couplings for same formed by preference also of
malleable iron and steel, improved couplings, and of socket and spigot ends of tubes
and of socket flanges. Forms of joints for iron and steel tubes, modes of making,
shaping, compressing and jointing same, and in new and improved apparatus or new
and improved applications of apparatus used in the operation of shaping, compressing
and tightening tube joints and connections for the conveyance of fluids or coupling
tubes for structural purposes. It is not suitable for tubes formed of soft metals or
hose pipe and it is no part of my invention to use it for these purposes.
The main part of my invention consists in new and improved modes and means of
diminishing in diameter and shaping couplings and of coupling parts of tubes formed
of wrought-iron or steel, or diminishing the socket ends of iron or steel tubes by
external mechanical pressure, while the tube and sockets are in a cold state, or so
cold as not to injure any ordinary interposing jointing materials when these may be
used. No artificial heat. being given to the external coupling or coupling faucet tube
end, to obtain shrinkage by cooling as has been used for making some forms of tube
couplings to obtain the shrinking, shaping, and securing action.
Nor do I require
the ends or coupling parts of the tubes screwed or prepared with other clutching
forms on the tube-joining parts now in use (although such may be used) in order to
obtain a secure and tight joint coupling by my new and improved forms of couplings
and new and improved modes of shaping and jointing on same.
In my description I shall call the soft substances interposed between the surfaces of
the couplings and tube or jointing ends of a tube whether of cement, fibrous materials
(woven, plated or otherwise) glutinous substances, soft metal or combinations of these'
such as are now used, the joint, and the compressing of the joint the jointing of same'

page_text: When there is no interposing jointing materials used I shall call the operation of
compressing the tube surfaces and coupling surfaces or its equivalent surfaces together
the connecting of the tubes.
It is of importance to have such a form of coupling as will form a secure and
inexpensive coupling and joint to tubes of a plain cylindrical or tapering form,
whether of wrought iron or steel or cast iron, or cast steel, without flanges, faucet
ends, or other bosses raised on their external surfaces, both for ease of construction
and for the packing and conveyance of same.
At
I shall first describe my new and improved coupling process, mode of shaping, and
tightening up the joint, and my new and improved apparatus or application of same
as applied to parallel plane smooth surface tubes throughout their entire length, and
with their surfaces in a condition such as is now obtained on tubes made from iron
and steel plates or as obtained on solid drawn iron and steel tubes and on cast iron
and cast steel tubes. For illustration say I take two iron smooth surface welded tubes
parallel throughout their entire length four inches in external diameter and say one
quarter of an inch in thickness of metal. The first operation towards jointing them
being to lay them in line with their ends butted close up against each other.
these jointing tube ends and for three inches inwards from the end of same, I coil
on their surfaces closely and tightly hemp cord, (previously immersed in oil and red
lead) about three sixteenths of an inch in diameter on the external diameter of the
tube for the purpose of interposing between and jointing the tube to the coupling.
The diameter over this jointing cord thereby becoming about 48" in diameter, over
the abutting ends of the tubes and cord thus prepared for jointing, thereafter I place
a parallel wrought-iron welded socket coupling about six inches in length and 47"
external diameter and 4" internal diameter being pushed by hand freely over the
cord wound on the ends of the tube, and is placed on same to overlap the junction of
the tubes equally or to the extent of 3 inches in length over each tube jointing end."
In order to make this joint thoroughly water tight I require to compress and shrink
this coupling over the jointing cord and tube say to four and one eighth inches in its
internal diameter, at its ends and to four and three sixteenths inches in diameter at
the centre of its length, making the joint thus closer at the ends of the coupling than
at its centre lengthwise, so that the pressure of the contained fluid will under great
pressure have a tendency to tighten up the joint harder as the pressure of the contained
fluid tends to press out the jointing cord. The external diameter of the coupling in
order to reduce it internally to these dimensions has to be compressed down to about
45" diameter at each end, and to 4" in the centre. To effect this form a strong
internally round matrice by preference of steel and in halves, a little longer or of the
same length as the coupling, and form it internally to the diameters and shape 1.
desire the coupling to assume externally. Thereafter I place this matrice in an
hydraulic press with the coupling joining ends of the tubes and joint loosely in this
matrice in top and bottom pieces, and by forcing up the ram of the hydraulic press
until the halves of the matrice close on the coupling which reduces it internally in
diameter and to the shape required to compress the joint to the degree and into the
form and diameters required. There being an area of three square inches of metal in
the cross section of the coupling lengthwise to compress, as described, a pressure of
about sixty tons is required to compress the coupling and tighten up the joint. These
requiring only about one inch of traverse on the ram of the hydraulic press, required
to effect the compression of the coupling; thus a few strokes of a hand hydraulic
pump speedily in this simple way thoroughly joints the two tubes together and at
small expense. The part of the coupling over each tube end to be jointed may be
compressed and jointed by two or more operations in a matrice of half the length and
by half the pressure as described; but it will generally be most convenient and most
effective to compress the entire coupling at one stroke of the hydraulic ram.
joint may be composed of cord of larger diameters at the inner ends of the joint
centre of the length of the coupling so that it may be compressed alike throughout,
and yet retain its tapering form described from the centre of its length inwards, or it
may be compressed to equal parallel and equal thickness throughout. The ease with
The

page_text: !
Parallel
which any required pressure can be given to the joint makes the joint readily made in
this way as strong as the strength of the tubes for which they be used.
tube socket couplings of wrought iron or soft steel should be made of a little thicker
metal than the tubes they are used for and parallel both inside and outside will be
generally the most suitable, but they may be used with advantage of a little thicker
metal at their extreme ends than at the centre of their length; or loose collars may
be placed over them to be shrunk over them by the press. This form of coupling is
suitable for both wrought-iron and steel tubes and for cast-iron and cast-steel tubes.
For wrought-iron and steel spigot and faucet tubes, the faucet end can be readily
closed-in upon the spigot end in the same way as just described in connection with
the operation of making a socket coupling and joint. A joint interposed between the
connecting surfaces will in almost all cases be an advantage where the tubes are
used for the conveyance of fluids. It will where a joint is used also be an advantage
to make the joint in the faucet closer at the two ends of the joint or at the out end
of the joint, so that the pressure of the contained fluid or liquid, such as water, will
tend to tighten up the joint. In the case of jointing wrought-iron welded tubes in
this way where the faucet end of the tube cannot but at great expense be made stronger
at its out end than the body of the tube, it will be an advantage for it and similar
things to place a loose ferrule over the out end of the faucet and compress all
in the matrice together over the spigot end of the tube. The compressing matrice
can be readily shaped to any form of coupling faucet connecting end, and with
advantage on this form of tube connection, where the ferrule is sufficiently broad, the
matrice can be made to grasp the loose overlapping ferrule only. The matrixes can be
readily shaped for tapering tubes and round or otherwise formed tubular articles, and
to compress on socket-ended tube flanges; and the flange part could be still further
secured at its out end by a tube expander where the compressing action could be
only partially used. For structural purposes, telegraph poles and the like, where
Hush joints may be required, the ends of the jointed tubes can be compressed over
nipples and internal nipples can also be used with advantage in jointing light tubes
and riveted or otherwise formed tubes, also for tubes of thin gauges used for the
conveyance of fluids where their use would not seriously interfere with the passage
of their contained fluids. It will be an advantage to use joints of compressible and
expansive material, such as hemp cord, along with red lead cement, this being
generally the best jointing substance; and where the tubes may be subjected to great
heat, joints of heat-resisting cement or asbestos jointing in preference to joints of soft
metals and to compress up the joint until it slightly compresses up also the spigot
ends or internal nipples of the tube, there being no difficulty generally of making
these joints in this way to withstand any pressure the tubes they are used for will
withstand.
It is part of my
invention to use an hydraulic press, or hydraulic pressing tool,
for closing the tube matrice and for compressing up the joints and connections of
tubes in this way. It is the best mechanical means of effecting the compression
required, particularly for large sizes of tubes, and I adapt it in a form to be easily
portable, to be wrought by a hand pump with matrices within a limited range of
sizes easily changed to suit any size of tube or coupling, and can be used also in the
form of my invention of the pendulous pulling hydraulic lift, or in the forms very
similar to stationary and portable hydraulic riveting machines of the Tongs and other
forms. For use in the tube manufactory or elsewhere for shrinking and fixing on
pipe flanges and the like, stationary hydraulic presses can be used for forcing the
matrices on upon the coupling parts of tubes of almost any shape, and which is also
part of my invention as applied to these purposes. Compressing action by swinging
hammers or by percussion, mainly owing to the vibration caused on the tube, is not
well suited for compressing up the matrice on the couplings and joints, and screw
presses are not well suited for portable purposes or for these compressing purposes
generally. The matrices may be composed of two or more pieces, and it will be an
advantage generally to use the matrices in three pieces, particularly for large
diameters of tubes, angularly set so as to close in upon the coupling or faucet radially

page_text: and simultaneously instead of direct side pressure. The couplings may be made
conical ended, and internal conical end matrices can be made to close the matrice
by a pulling hydraulic tool, pulling in the lengthwise direction of the tubes to
compress in the coupling or faucet on the spigot end of the tube.
It is also part of my invention to use rolls placed in housings and also in a portable
form for compressing on these couplings and making the joint in parallel couplings,
which may be wrought by a hand lever suitable for the smaller sizes of these
couplings. For the purpose of making this compressing action more easily
accomplished by a another new or improved means of fixing couplings, flanges, and
the like on tubes, I form a beveled set of flanges on the couplings, or V-shaped, by
which, when compressed up straight they compress in the internal diameter of the
coupling and tighten up the joint, or make the joint by diminishing the diameter of
the coupling in this way. In flanges the internal part next to the centre of the
flange is made conical towards its spigot connection, which when forced up straight,
from not being capable of expanding its outer diameters compresses in its centre on
the end of the tube particularly when screwed, and for a slight degree of compression
in this way is very suitable for tightening on flanges and other connections on tubes
very tightly by a small amount of force as may be accomplished by blows from a
heavy hammer as well as accomplished by screws and by like mechanical means.
Dated this 18th day of November 1886.

page_text: Improvements in and relating to Couplings and Joints for Metallic
Tubes or Pipes and in Appliances therefor.
1, JAMES ROBERTSON, of 8 Newhall Street, Birmingham, in the county of Warwick,
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of my said invention and in what manner the
same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement in writing, reference being had to the accompanying Four Sheets
of Drawings, and to the letters and figures marked thereon, that is to say :-
My invention relates to new and improved modes of coupling and jointing tubes
and pipes formed of iron and steel, improved couplings for same formed by preference
also of malleable iron and steel, improved couplings, and of socket and spigot ends of
tubes and pipes, and of socket flanges; forms of joints for iron and steel tubes and
pipes, modes of making, shaping, compressing, and jointing same, all in a cold state,
or so cold as not to be made soft by heat and not to injure any ordinary jointing
materials when these are used; and in new and improved apparatus, or new and
improved applications of apparatus used in the operation of shaping, compressing,
and tightening tube and pipe joints and connections for the conveyance of fluids or
coupling tubes and pipes for structural purposes. It is not suitable for tubes formed
of soft imetals or hose pipes, and it is no part of my invention to use it for these
purposes.
The main part of my invention consists in new and improved modes and means of
diminishing in diameter and shaping couplings and of coupling parts of tubes and
pipes formed of wrought iron or steel, or diminishing the socket ends of iron or steel
tubes and pipes by external mechanical pressure while the tube or pipe and sockets
are in a cold state or so cold as not to be made soft by heat and not to injure any
ordinary interposing jointing materials when these may be used. No artificial heat
is given to the external coupling or coupling faucet tube or pipe end to obtain
shrinkage by cooling as has been used for making some forms of tube couplings to
obtain the said shrinking, shaping, and securing action. Nor do I require the ends
or coupling parts of the tubes screwed or spirally prepared with other clutching forms
on the tube jointing parts now in use (although such may be used) in order to obtain
a secure and tight joint coupling by my new and improved forms of couplings and
new and improved modes of shaping and jointing on same.
In my description I shall call the soft substances interposed between the surfaces
of the coupling and tube or pipe or jointing ends of a tube, whether of cement, fibrous
materials (woven, plaited, or otherwise) glutinous substances, soft metal, or combina-
tions of these such as are now used, the "joint," and the compressing of the joint,
the "jointing" of same. When there is no interposing jointing materials used i
shall call the operation of compressing the tube or pipe surfaces and coupling surfaces,
or its equivalent surfaces together, the "connecting" of the tubes.
To effect this I form a strong internally round matrice by preference of cast-iron

page_text: or cast-steel and in halves, a little longer or of the same length as the coupling, and
form it internally to the diameters and shape I desire the coupling to assume
externally. Thereafter I place this matrice in a hydraulic press with the coupling,
joining ends of the tubes and joint loosely in this matrice in top and bottom pieces,
and by forcing up the ram of the hydraulic press until the halves of the matrice close
on the coupling which reduces it in diameter and to the shape required to compress
the joint to the degree and into the form and diameter required. The force necessary
to be exerted on the movable part or parts of the matrice must be sufficient to crush
up or make the metal of the overlapping tube socket, or the tubular piece overlapping
the joint, flow or contract inwards into a smaller diameter, which for sockets or other
tubular articles of wrought iron or mild steel requires a pressure of about 20 tons to
the square inch of their cross section longitudinally; and in addition to this force the
additional force required to compress up the jointing materials (where jointing
materials are used) for the purpose of making a joint, and which force varies
according to the nature of the jointing materials used, but is generally about 400 lbs.
to the square inch of area of the joint to be compressed, and the length of the traverse
of the movable part of the matrice; and the operating hydraulic ram being very
small a few strokes of a hand hydraulic pump speedily moves the hydraulic ram this
short distance closing up the matrice over its contents, and thus makes a secure joint.
The part of the coupling over each tube end to be jointed may be compressed and
jointed by two or more operations in a matrice of half the length and by half the
pressure as described, but it will generally be most convenient and most effective to
compress the entire coupling at one stroke of the hydraulic ram. The joint may be
composed of cord of larger diameters at the inner ends of the joint centre of the
length of the coupling, so that it may be compressed alike throughout and yet retain
its tapering form described from the centre of its length inwards, or it may be com-
pressed to equal parallel and equal thickness throughout. The ease with which any
required pressure can be given to the joint makes the joint made in this way readily
as strong as the strength of the tubes for which they can be used. Parallel tube
socket jointing couplings of wrought iron or soft steel should be made of a little
thicker metal than the tubes they are used for, and parallel both inside and outside
will generally be the most suitable form, but they may be used with advantage of a
little thicker metal at their extreme ends than at the centre of their length, or loose
collars or rings may be placed over them to be shrunk over them by the press. This
form of coupling is suitable for both wrought iron and steel tubes and pipes and for
cast-iron and cast steel tubes and pipes. For wrought iron and steel spigot and faucet
tubes the faucet end can be readily closed in upon the spigot end in the same way as
just described in connection with the operation of making a socket coupling and joint.
A "joint" interposed between the connecting surfaces will in almost all cases be an
advantage where the tubes or pipes are used for the conveyance of fluids. It will
where a joint is used also be an advantage to make the joint in the faucet closer at
the two ends of the joint or at the out end of the joint, so that the pressure of the
contained fluid or liquid, such as water, will tend to tighten up the joint. In the
case of jointing wrought-iron welded tubes and pipes in this way where the faucet
end of the tube cannot but at great expense be made stronger at its out end than the
body of the tube, it will be an advantage for it and similar things to place a loose
ferrule over the out end of the faucet and compress all in the matrice together over
the spigot end of the tube. The compressing matrice can be readily shaped to any
form of coupling faucet connecting end and with advantage on this form of tube con-
nection where the ferrule is sufficiently broad the matrice can be made to grasp
loose overlapping ferrule only. The matrices can be readily shaped for tapering tubes
and round or otherwise formed tubular articles and to compress on socket ended tube
flanges; and the flange part could be still further secured at its out end by a tube
expander where the compressing action could only be partially used. For structural
purposes, telegraph poles, and the like, where flush joints may be required, the ends
of the jointed tubes can be compressed over nipples; and internal nipples can also
be used with advantage in jointing light tubes and riveted. or otherwise formed tubes,
the

page_text: also for tubes of thin gauges used for the conveyance of fluids where their use would
not seriously interfere with the passage of their contained fluids. It will be an
advantage to use joints of compressible and expansive material, such as hemp cord
along with red lead cement, this being generally the best jointing substance; and
where the tubes may be subjected to great heat, joints of heat-resisting cement or
asbestos jointing would be used in preference to joints of soft metal, and it would be
preferable to compress up the joint until it slightly compresses up also the spigot ends
or internal nipples of the tube, there being no difficulty generally of making these
joints in this way to withstand any pressure the tubes they are used for will
withstand.
It is part of my invention to use an hydraulic press, or hydraulic pressing tool, for
closing the tube matrice and for compressing up the joints and connections of tubes
in this way. It is the best mechanical means of effecting the compression required,
and I adapt it in a form to be easily portable, to be wrought by a hand pump with
matrices within a limited range of sizes easily changed to suit any size of tube or
coupling.
An hydraulic press of the ordinary packing form can be used for closing up these
matrices over their tubular contents in a cold state, and it is part of my invention to
use these presses as applied for operating these matrices for stationary purposes.
For the purpose of explaining the manner in which I carry out into effect or
practice my invention, I append Four Sheets of Drawings or Diagrams illustrating
the modes of shaping tubes for coupling and jointing same, and improved apparatus
and new and improved applications of apparatus for same. I use throughout the
following Description the same letters and numerals of reference to indicate like parts
in all the Figures where shown, in order as far as possible to avoid needless repetition
in describing the various modifications shown. The arrows indicate the direction
of the closing motion of the matrices in all the Figures.
Figure 1 is an end elevation and Figure 2 a side sectional elevation of one form of
my tube joint making matrice of cast steel, and formed in halves A, A', of a semi-
circular form internally, and of a length somewhat greater than the coupling jointing
sockets they are designed to compress. The meeting surfaces at a of the two parts A,
and A¹ of the matrice are planed, and in this state as shown are bored ont truly in a
lathe to the exact diameter and form lengthwise of the socket to be operated upon
when it is compressed on upon the two tubes it is made to connect and joint. Its
internal form lengthwise in this example is of a slightly curved form, and somewhat
larger in diameter in the centre of its length than at its ends as shown in Figure 2.
The abutting and opposite surfaces in each half are also planed truly and parallel
crosswise in the centre of the matrice in order that the lower half may rest squarely
upon a hydraulic ram head or table and in the upper half to rest equally upon the
entablature or crosshead of an hydraulic press. Figure 3 is an end elevation, and
Figure a side sectional elevation of this same matrice with the half matrices A
and A¹ opened out or sundered a sufficient distance apart for the insertion of the ends
of the two pieces of the wrought-iron tube B, B', to be coupled, and the jointing
materials B2 shown laid over their ends, which in this example consists of hemp cord
about three sixteenths of an inch in diameter wound on closely upon the surface of
each end of the tubes B and B₁ to be jointed, and are here shown placed in the
matrice. The socket C is of an internal diameter sufficiently large to be passed freely
over the jointing materials B2 by hand, being also shown placed in the matrice.
Figure 5 is an end elevation and Figure 6 a side elevation of an hydraulic press
shown applied for compressing together these half matrices A and A¹. The half
matrices A and A' are shown in end elevation in Figure 5, and in side sectional
elevation in Figure 6, and shown in both views closed up on the socket C, and the
socket joint and tubes all compressed up to the size and shape of the finished socket
joint of the tube, the form of it being best shown in Figure 6, in which it will
be seen that the jointing materials B from the matrice being slightly larger in
diameter at the centre of its length than at its ends, the jointing materials B' are

page_text: more closely compressed up at the ends than in the centre of its length and the tubes
themselves B, B¹, also slightly compressed inwards at the ends of the socket C, which
may readily be done to further secure the socket on the tubes. The hydraulic press
shown used in this example for compressing up the matrice A A¹ and its contents, is
of the ordinary form of an hydraulic packing press, and may be worked either by
hand or power pumps in the ordinary way. The ram D requires only a very short
traverse for this purpose and it and its cylinder E are formed correspondingly short.
The ram head D which is truly faced has formed in it T slots D' for the T-headed
bolts F shown for bolting the lower half matrice A to it. And the crosshead F which
has its abutting surface also truly faced has also formed on it similar T slot holes for
the T headed bolts F¹, the bolts being shown also placed in these; the top half
matrice A¹ being in this way adjusted and fixed opposite its lower half A, so that when
brought together the internal surface of the matrice presents an internal round smooth
surface as it has when it leaves the lathe for compressing up the socket C to the size
and form required, all as shown by the Drawings. The hydraulic cylinder and its
ram cover E is shown in section in Figure 5, and the four main stay pillars G, G¹,
G2, G3, for supporting the crosshead F, are shown with long screws for adjusting or
raising and lowering the entablature or crosshead by the screw nuts G, to suit any
required size of matrice, but otherwise it is as before stated, of the form of an
ordinary hydraulic packing press and wrought and regulated by hydraulic hand power
or other power pumps, the water entering the cylinder from the pump or pumps by
the pipe H being shown in Figure 6, and need not be more accurately described.
The press for operating the matrices may be variously formed according to the size
and shape of the tube being operated upon and according to the purposes for which
they are used, this form of press being suitable mainly for large sized tubes being
shaped, jointed or coupled in the workshop.
Figure 7 is an end elevation and Figure 8 a side sectional elevation of a matrice
in halves A and A¹, suited for large diameter tubes and for being operated in a
similar press to that just described, for shaping and jointing large diameter short
tubes B at the same time. The matrice as shown in section in Figure 8 has formed
in it a concentric recess A² at one of its ends for forming the faucet end on the
tube, a tube B being shown compressed into its shape with faucet end B formed on
same and the spigot end of another pipe B¹ shown as jointed into it.
Figure 9 is an end elevation and Figure 10 a side sectional elevation of this same
matrice with its halves A and A¹ sundered a sufficient distance apart to allow the
blank tube B to be inserted into it, which is shown of a tapering form, the end B³
next to the faucet recess A2, and to form the faucet B on the tube blank B being a
little larger in external diameter than the internal diameter of the concentric
recess A, and the smaller end also slightly larger in diameter than the small end of
the finished spigot end of the tube, so as to allow the matrice to compress up the
tube into the shape required, and joint it on to its following tube. With compressible
metal such as wrought iron and steel when in a cold state its great resisting action to
pressure causes it to stand up sharply to the part where the lesser pressure is exerted
on it, and in this state thus secures its external surface more accurately formed to the
shape of the matrice than when compressed in a hot state, solid rolled, welded,
soldered, or otherwise formed tubes particularly of large diameters can be very
efficiently and economically shaped and jointed in this way and made into a long line
of tubes, as shown in Figure 11, or accurately shaped separately for being afterwards
jointed in this improved way, or jointed together by any other means, as shown by
Figure 12. Whilst shaping and sizing in any ordinary form in this simple way is
easily accomplished by this new and improved mode of compressing, shaping, and
jointing tubes, the most simple mode of making tubes of large diameter, nevertheless,
for most purposes is by forming and jointing them, as described in connection with
Figures 5 and 6, in parallel pieces, which is applicable to all kinds of tubes made of
stiff compressible metal whether out of solid metal, welded, riveted, or otherwise
jointed longitudinally, and a great advantage in the shaping and sizing of these by a

page_text: previous separate compression in a matrice before they are coupled together to obtain
à uniform size and shape which otherwise is not easily reached, particularly in
forming tubes of large diameters.
Figure 13 is a side elevation, Figure 14 an end sectional elevation, and Figure 15
a plan of a portable pendulous hydraulic press constructed entirely of steel. The
bottom half A of the matrice forms at the same time the crosshead F of the frame of
the press, the top half matrice A¹ and piston or ram D being formed in one piece as
shown in section in Figure 13. The stays G G₁ are of flat bar form with recesses
cut out in them, as shown in Figures 14 and 15, for the water cylinder E and
crosshead F, and held in their place on these by the four bolts G³. The ram or
piston D in this example is shown provided with packing leather in the ordinary
manner of other hydraulic presses, and is further provided with a reduced diameter
guiding tail end D³ working in a corresponding reduced diameter end recess E' in
the cylinder. This arrangement of piston and cylinder is necessary to prevent the
ram D from canting and binding in the cylinder should the strain of the pressure be
put on the socket unevenly. The top end D³ of the ram is tapped and is shown
further provided with the round lifting eye bolt E³ screwed into it, to which the
shackle of the lifting and suspending chain I is attached for lifting and moving about
the whole press. This eye bolt spindle E³ is shown provided with a cup stuffing
leather and cover E*, and besides forming the connection for suspending and moving
the entire press; this arrangement also provides a means of drawing back the
ram D after it has been pressed down on a socket or other article. The weight of the
press thus suspended falling down by its weight over the ram after the release water
valve is opened and the return stroke thus effected quickly by this simple means.
socket C and joint B and tubes B and B¹ are shown compressed up in the matrice of
the largest size the press is designed to take in, same as explained in connection
with Figures 5 and 6. For making the joints of smaller sizes of tubes a series of
smaller matrices of a semicircular bush form or liners are used to go into the
matrice A A¹, as shown in Figures 16 and 17, Figure 16 being an end elevation and
Figure 17 a side elevation partly in section of one of these liner matrices. The
external diameter of this matrice is of the same diameter as the internal diameter of
the matrice A, A', formed in the crosshead F and ram D, shown in Figures 13 and 14,
and fits into same, and in this simple way any smaller sizes of matrices for making a
joint over any smaller diameter of tube is readily obtained, as these bush formed
matrices may be readily made thick or thin or lined up with sheet metal of any
shade of thickness to suit the varying sizes of tubes, coupling sockets, or other joints
that may be required to be shaped or made, and in this simple way a joint over any
size of tube or socket less than the main size of the matrice so formed is accomplished,
these liners being a ready and simple means of varying the sizes of these matrices A, A¹,
in all forms.
A
Figure 18 is a side elevation and Figure 19 an end elevation of a wheel carriage
for moving about or along a pipe bench, this small portable pendulous press for
working the matrices, as described in connection with Figures 13 to 17, being
adapted for moving about the press by hand and for laying or jointing a line of
wrought-iron tubes or cast-iron pipes B, B₁, on the surface of the ground or in a
bench or otherwise, consisting of a pair of cart wheels J, axle K, and frame L, on
which are placed a pair of small hand hydraulic pumps in a water cistern M, with the
pump as ordinarily made for like purposes in pairs of hand hydraulic pumps, one
with larger ram to produce quick action, and the other with ram of smaller diameter
for giving great pressure for closing up the matrice, the hand levers M' and M'
being the hand levers for working these pumps. The frame L, L, of the carriage is
formed with hand trams at L' and L for moving all about in hand barrow form.
The axle K is shown bent upwards in arch form in the centre to give head lifting and
road clearing room to suit when the press is being used or moved about on a road;
and is shown suspended by a pair of hand lifting pulley blocks N from the centre of
the wheel axle K and let down for use in a trench O of about the usual depth in the
ground P of a tube trench with a line of tubes B B in disposition of being laid and
B

page_text: jointed. The one side of the trench O is shown broken off in Figure 18, to show
the water pipe connections H from the pumps, which may be a hose pipe, but is
here shown connected by an elastic metal spirally formed pipe H¹ to give the
necessary flexibility for a pendulous attached press. The operation of the press is as
described in connection with Figures 1 to 6 on Sheet 1 of my Drawings, and in
connection with Figures 13 to 17; and when one joint is made the press is relieved
and the matrice opened out and moved on to the far end of the tube just connected,
to joint to it another tube. The end elevation Figure 19 shows the position of the
apparatus and tubes B B¹ in the trench O, crosswise and thus fully explains its
action.
Figure 20 is a side elevation, Figure 21 a plan, and Figure 22 an end elevation of
another form of hydraulic press E for shaping tubes and sockets and flanges and
jointing and coupling same in these matrices with actuating pumps (placed in a water
cistern M) of which the levers M¹ M' are shown, the water cistern M, hydraulic
cylinder E, ram D, crosshead F, stays G, G1, G2, are all shown complete. In this
modification the cylinder E and ran D are placed horizontally. The matrices of
the form described in connection with Figures 1 to 10, on Sheet 1 of my Drawings
can be operated and tubes coupled and jointed or shaped by compression between
the ram head D' and crosshead F in the same way, the tubes B B¹ being made to lie
over the stays G, G', crosswise as indicated by the dotted lines B, BT, but is here
mainly shown applied for closing in the matrice A, A1, A2, in three pieces, the force
being applied in this example in the line of the direction of the length of the tube B,
and the three pieces A, A1, A2, of the matrices brought together simultaneously by
being of a conical or inclined form externally and placed in a corresponding internal
conical and central recess F³ in the crosshead F, produced by motion on the matrice
from the ram endwise, both the crosshead F, and matrice A A' A' being shown in
section. It is here shown employed in compressing on a tube end flange c, c', this
form of die being best suited for compressing and fixing on flanges and coupling or
other bosses on the ends of tubes and has the advantage of increasing the force of
the ram according to the degree of angle or inclination formed on the external
surfaces of the matrice, and its internal seat F³ in the crosshead F, the external
surfaces of the matrice are lubricated and are formed at an angle with the centre
line of the ram D and tube B so obtuse as to readily slack off as soon as the pressure
of the ram is withdrawn. The degree of angle shown used increases the compressing
action of the matrices as compared with direct pressing action of the hydraulic ram
heretofore described to about four times. The position of the flange c when
compressed on and closed over the tube B, is shown in sectional plan in Figure 21,
and in end elevation in Figure 22, which is an elevation of the crosshead F from
the inside showing the widest end of the conical recess or seat F³ in which the
three parts of the matrice A, A1, A2, are placed. When jointing material is used
of some bulk such as cord or thread wound on the tube, the flange socket boss c
by preference is formed widest at the inside and the jointing material such as small
cord of asbestos or other materials is wound on by preference in the centre of the
length of the flange boss as shown by the enlarged sectional plan Figure 23, of the
crosshead F matrice A¹ and A2. The parts of the matrice are shown placed loosely
over the flange c, and showing the form of the flange and its socket or boss end
and position of the parts of the matrice in the crosshead F before they are compressed
and closed up firmly upon the tube B.
In carrying out my invention for operating these matrices, hydraulic tools can be
used of the pendulous pulling hydraulic lift form, or in the forms very similar to
stationary and portable hydraulic riveting machines of the Tongs and other forms.
For use in the tube manufactory or elsewhere for shrinking and fixing on pipe
flanges and the like, stationary hydraulic presses can be used for forcing the
matrices on upon the coupling parts of tubes of almost any shape, and which is also
part of my invention as applied to these purposes. The matrices may be composed
of two or more pieces, and it will be an advantage generally to use the matrices in
three pieces particularly for large diameters of tubes angularly set in hydraulic ram

page_text: heads, so as to close in upon the coupling or faucet radially and simultaneously
instead of by direct side pressure. The couplings may be made conical ended and
internal conical ended matrices can be made to close the matrice by a pulling
hydraulic tool, pulling in the lengthwise direction of the tubes to compress in the
coupling or faucet on the spigot end of the tube. For the purpose of making this
compressing action more easily accomplished by another new and improved means of
fixing socket couplings and the like on tubes, I form bevelled or V-shaped couplings
by which when compressed up on one side they compress in the internal diameter
of the coupling and tighten up the joint by diminishing the diameter of the
coupling. In this way the operation of closing these matrices over their tubular
contents may be accomplished by screws and by like mechanical means.
Figure 24 is also a corresponding sectional plan of the crosshead F, matrices A A',
flange cand tube B in section showing the position and shape all assume in the
crosshead and matrices when fully pressed up and the flange compressed and fixed in
its position in the tube B.
Figure 25 is a side elevation, Figure 26 an end elevation, and Figure 27 a side
elevation of a matrice in halves A A', also adapted to be operated and compressed
in line of the direction of the length of the tube upon its contained tube or socket or
for compressing and shaping long pieces of parallel tube into a tapering or other
form or from a round form into almost any form of cross section where the metal of
the tube is so thin and ductile as to be shaped in this way. The containing
crosshead F in this case is made nearly as long as the matrice A A¹ it is made to
contain, being somewhat similar to an apparatus for which Letters Patent of the
United Kingdom were granted to me, No. 15752 of 1884, for holding billets of
metal to be formed into tubes by pressure from a revolving mandrel from the
inside, but is here modified and shown applied to a different purpose, namely, to
press in, and shape, joint, and couple tubular forms of metal from the outside
surfaces in this new and improved manner. Instead of one bevelled guiding
seat in the crosshead as just described in reference to Figures 20 to 24 for
pressing inwards the halves A A¹ of the matrice on its contents, a series of
successive inclined edges F³ F³ are formed on the internal surface of the crosshead F,
(which is of a square form internally as shown in end elevation by Figure 26, and
open at the top side) and a corresponding reverse series of inclined edges A' formed
on the external abutting surfaces of both the half matrices A, A¹, shown in sectional
plan Figure 25. The matrice may be long or short according to the nature of the
work to be done by it, being in this example shown with six successive inwardly
pressing inclined ledges A', which being acted on by the correspondingly inclined
ledges of the crosshead as the matrice is pressed forward thus closes in the matrice
as here shown at six successive points. This matrice for some purposes may be
operated directly by an hydraulic ram as described in connection with Figures 20
to 24 on Sheet 2 of my Drawings, but in this example is shown operated by a pulling
hydraulic cylinder E, bolted to the container or crosshead F, shown in section in
Figure 25, being shown fitted with a piston Q, leather packed on both sides to
produce both pulling and pressing and relieving action, a piston rod Q¹ being shown
in it passing through a cover E' and connected by the link and joint pins to the
strong metal lever R, which at its other extremity, is hinged into the strong joint
piece R¹ connected to the crosshead containing casting F. This lever R is provided
with an aperture R2 and strong boss R³ opposite and made to rest and press in the
centre of the matrice A, A³, this eye of the lever R being somewhat larger in diameter
than the tube that is required to be passed through it. In this example the matrice
is shaped internally into a round taper form to suit the degree of taper required for a
tubular telegraph pole, and is shown in sectional plan in Figure 25 in the position of
having finished the compressing on of the two pieces of tube B and B upon an
internal nipple S for coupling them together.
The water being made to enter by the pipe H draws the lever R with great force
on the end of the matrice to effect the compression by the inclined edges F³ in the
crosshead F acting in the corresponding inclined edges A7 on the matrice. On the

page_text: ----
water being made to enter by the pipe H¹ the piston Q is moved to the opposite end
of the cylinder, and the centre of the lever R caused to move to the position indicated
by the dotted lines 2 - 2, in which position the matrice A A' is released from the
pressure of the lever R; the tube B B is thereafter removed for a fresh operation.
These long matrices can be lined up to any internal size as explained in connection
with Figures 13 to 17 on Sheet 2 of my Drawings, and long pieces of parallel tube
can be shaped into tapering or other forms by simple compression in this way. One
or more pieces of tube can be compressed on over another of parallel, tapering, or
other form to obtain thereby greater strength, or tubes of different metals may be
thus compressed or sheathed together, and iron tubes for example can be lined or
sheathed over with brass or copper in any of the many ways these are required to be
prepared or coupled for bowls, and rolls and like articles.
Figure 28 is an external plan, and Figure 29 a sectional plan, and Figure 30 an
end elevation of another form of hydraulic tool for effecting the compression of the
matrices by pulling action, which is shown adapted to be used in a pendulous form;
Figure 29 being a section through the line 1---1 in Figure 30, showing the two
single acting water pistons QQ working in cylinders E, formed in the container or
crosshead F, with piston rods Q1, Q', passing through a leather packed stuffing
cover E, and each attached to a cross bar R, which acts on the end of the matrice A A
formed in halves. This cross bar R has an aperture in it R' through which the tube
to be shaped or jointed is made to pass and is shown in elevation by Figure 31. The
crosshead container F, is provided with an eye suspending snug F, shown in
Figures 28 and 30, to which is attached the lifting and suspending chain I. The
action of this matrice on the socket or tubes is similar to that described in connection
with Figures 20 to 24 on Sheet 2 of my Drawings, the same reference letters and
numerals referring to like parts.
Figure 32 is a side elevation partly in section Figure 33 an end elevation, and
Figure 34 a plan, partly in section through the line 3---3 in Figure 32 of an
hydraulic pulling or forcing pendulous tool for grasping two pipes to joint them by
pressing with great force spigot pipe ends into faucet pipe ends and like joint ends of
pipes and like pipe or tube coupling operations. It is of the tongs form and very
similar to well-known hydraulic pendulous tools used for rivetting purposes of this
tongs form, most of which with suitable modification at their operating points being
available for this new and improved means of shaping and coupling or jointing pipes
and tubes together, having the great advantage peculiar to these hydraulic tools of
exerting great force in the line of the direction wanted without vibrating or otherwise
disturbing the quiescent state of the tube to which the necessary great force for
jointing in this way is required. The one half of the tube grasping tool or matrice A
is shown suitably placed in the lower end of the arm E' and the other half matrice A¹,
placed in the lower end of the corresponding and abutting arm F. These lever
arms E and F are shown hinged jointed at the top by the strong hinge pin F6 and
their lower ends E and F' shown fork shaped, having trunion bushes A in each
forked side. The matrices A, A¹, have corresponding trunion ends As formed on
them and shown detached in Figures 37 and 38. The lever frames F and E' are
shown further provided by the suspending snugs F' and eye bolt and shackle to
which the suspending chain I is shown attached for being placed, suspended,
conveyed about, and wrought in a similar way for jointing tubes or pipes as described
in connection with Figures 18 and 19 on Sheet 2 of my Drawings. The lever arm E
has shown formed in it the hydraulic cylinder E and provided with a ram D to the
outer end of which is attached the joint links E', which are shown in Figures 32
and 34, extending back and hinge jointed to the arm F, and in this way are drawn
together as required with great force to close the two half matrices A and A¹ together.
The half matrice A shown in use in this tool are saddle-formed, as shown in elevation
and plan in Figures 35 and 36, the one adapted to take hold and rest on the faucet of
the pipe B, and the other to take hold and rest on the collar B* on the pipe B', being
shown applied in this example to draw in with great force a conical spigot B6 by its
collar into a corresponding conical faucet ended pipe B. These matrices may be

page_text: variously formed for forcing in conical spigot and faucet socket joints or forcing in
the jointing materials of same, such as lead and other jointing metals or materials,
or the matrices may be formed with trunnion neck ends placed in the forked bush
ends of the arms F and E' for compressing on sockets as explained in connection with
Figures 1 to 6, on Sheet 1, of my Drawings.
Figure 37 is an end elevation and Figure 38 a plan of the form of matrices for this
hydraulic tool required to shape coupling sockets or joints C, or connect tubes in this
way. Another new and improved means of tightening on tube joint sockets chiefly
for large diameters of tubes consists in compressing up the socket at one side only by
forming on it V-shaped projections on which the half matrices which are made
correspondingly V-shaped and adapted to take hold and compress up the part of the
periphery of the socket, and thus tighten up all the tube end or ends also with or
without jointing materials between the internal surface of the socket and external
surfaces of the tube. The part of the periphery of the socket thus compressed up
may be made thicker but it will be generally most convenient to use a separate
V shaped clutching compressing up piece of a strength to withstand the strain
although curved up slightly at the part compressed up beyond the circular contour of
the tube.
Figure 39 is a side elevation partly in section, and Figure 40 a plan of an hydraulic
tool adapted to compress on a socket C over the ends of two pieces of tube B and B'.
The socket as shown in Figure 39, consists of an open strip of metal with ✓ shaped
clutching ends on it (and C³, formed by doubling and thickening up the ends of the
strip socket C and riveting them firmly all as shown, leaving a space between these
thickened up ends C₁ C² for closing and compressing up the joint when the force of
the hydraulic ram is applied, jointing materials B² are shown used the same as
described in connection with Figures 3 to 6 on Sheet 1 of my Drawings, and at the
meeting ends C, and C, of this strip socket the joint is overlaid by a plate of metal
at (3, of the same breadth as the socket itself about half its thickness at the centre
tapering out to a knife edge at its ends which completes in this way the bracing of
the circle of the socket Cover the jointing materials B². Over the V-shaped
thickened up clutching ends C₁ and C² of this strip socket C is shown placed the
reverse V-shaped clutching piece of the same breadth as the other parts of the
socket and a little thicker than the rest of it and by preference to be made of very
mild compressible steel. Over this compressible bracing part C are shown the two
steel half matrices A and A' and an hydraulic compressing tool somewhat similar to
an hydraulic jack, which may have its actuating pump and liquid cistern self-
contained, but is shown without these, all by preference formed of steel castings and
adapted to be suspended and moved along a line of tubes to be jointed as described in
connection with Figures 18 and 19 on Sheet 2 of my Drawings. The same letters
and numerals are used for like parts in the other modifications of these new and
improved forms and applications of these tube compressing hydraulic tools.
Figure 41 is an end elevation and Figure 42 a side elevation of this strip socket
tube coupling C and connection shown to a smaller scale with its ends C and (2
closed up together and all shown in its compressed on state tightly drawn over the
tubes B B in its finished state. For quick automatic closing of these matrices over
sockets or bosses mainly suited for light tubes, such as for the compressing on of
screw bosses on the ends of light wrought iron and steel tubes to prevent the
weakening of the tube ends when screwed for the ordinary screw sockets or flanges;
a convenient arrangement consists in using a crank or eccentric reciprocating motion
for the ram head similar to that used for punching, shearing, and riveting machines
and with an hydraulic compensating anvil piece or crosshead to compensate for the
varying thickness of the tubes and sockets which is frequently so great even where all
are understood to be of a uniform external size as to fracture the machine by an
increased thickness or extra heaviness of tube without some accommodating action to
prevent a large excess of pressure being exerted over the boss or socket when the
stroke of the ram is completed.
Figure 43 is a side elevation partly in section, and Figure 44 a front elevation of

page_text: the working parts of a machine for giving to the ram head D' this reciprocating
motion with great force as it approaches and reaches the closing point of the matrice.
The motion used is the crank and slot bush motion used in the ordinary punching and
shearing machines and rivetting machines and the whole frame and gear of the
machines as shown, being similar to an ordinary punching and shearing machine and
need not be otherwise described than by the drawings, so far as the reciprocating
motion of the matrice ram D₁ is concerned. The matrice A, A¹, is also of the
form described in connection with Figures 1 to 6 on Sheet 1 of my Drawings. An
abutting hydraulic ram U corresponding to the crossheads F of the foregoing modifi-
cations of socket and tube compressing machines described is shown and used, which
compensates for any extra accidental amount of resistance by forming the matrice
abutting part of the frame of the machine into a hydraulic cylinder T shown in
section in Figure 43, and fitted with a loaded compensating hydraulic ram U, the
internal guiding bush or collar T¹ of the ram U being of a segmental form and
allowing a corresponding segmental boss U¹ to be formed on the ram U, and being
passed down through it and is afterwards turned round until this boss U¹ on the
ram U is opposite the segmental bush piece T¹ formed in the cylinder T, thus
preventing the ram from rising up higher than is shown or required, at which point
it is held up from a water head by preference from a water accumulator loaded to a
pressure equal to the strength of the machine, but if an excess of pressure should be
given to this abutting matrice holding ram D holding up the lower matrice A, the
water is forced back through the pipe H to the accumulator, thus yielding and thus
safely preventing breakage taking place in the frame of the machine, a tube B and
boss C being compressed on it are shown in the matrice A A' which is one sort of
work which this arrangement for working these tube compressing matrices thus
actuated is suitable. Two or more hydraulic rams may also be used combined for
compressing on the matrices where the matrices are formed of more than two pieces
and where their line of centres radiate from the line of the tube they are made to
operate upon; and the rams may be of a square or other form instead of a round
form as shown in these modifications of hydraulic machines for these purposes; but it
will be generally convenient to use only three pieces in the matrices even where the
diameters of the tubes are very large; and one hydraulic cylinder and ram will best
serve this purpose by using a modification of ram head with inclined surfaces or
abutting crosshead with inclined surfaces which may be in various forms. The forms
of matrices hereinafter shown are suited to be operated by hydraulic presses similar
to those described in connection with Figures 5 and 6 on Sheet 1 of my drawings;
the same letters and numerals referring to like parts, and the arrows on the matrices
and rams indicating the direction of their closing-up motions, thus rendering a
separate detailed description unnecessary.
Figure 45 is an end elevation and Figure 46 a side elevation partly in section of a
ram head D¹ formed with inclined sloping edges D', in which the two matrices A A',
with corresponding sloping end A', are placed, the third matrice piece A³ being held
stationary on the crosshead F. The motion of the ram D upwards as indicated by the
arrows a closing in the matrice parts A and A¹ in the direction indicated by the arrows
at b, b, placed on the parts of the matrice.
Figure 47 is an end elevation and Figure 48 a side elevation partly in section of a
matrice in four pieces A, A1, A2, A³, and the ram head D' is formed with inclined
surfaces D, and the crosshead F is formed with inclined surfaces F³. The closing
motion of the ram is indicated by the arrow at d on the ram head, and the closing
motion of the matrices by the arrows at b. In this example two pieces of taper
tubo B, B', are shown coupled with an external socket C and internal nipple S which
for structural purposes gives increased strength.
Figure 49 is a sectional plan and Figure 50 a sectional elevation of a matrice in two
halves A and A' adapted for compressing on a four way branch tube coupling piece B',
fitting over the tubes B, B1, B2, B³. These matrices can be adapted for coupling or
jointing tubular branches B, placed in any direction to each other and any number
of them at one operation as here shown or by separate operations and either by

page_text: compressing on the tube over the coupling B7, or as here shown by compressing the
coupling over the tubes, suitable for tube joints for the conveyance of fluids or for
structural purposes such as jointing up the parts of tubular boilers together.
Figure 51 is an end elevation and Figure 52 a sectional plan of a matrice in two
pieces A and A', with inclined sides to be operated by a ram D, D¹, moved in line
with the centre line of the tubes being operated upon analogous to those described in
connection with Figures 20 to 24 on Sheet 2 of my Drawings, and shown closing
over a tube flange c, c¹, over the end of the tube B. Flanges and like articles of
almost any form can be compressed on by being placed in the centre of a suitable
recess formed in the centre of the matrice whether by a ram or other equivalent acting
laterally or in line or nearly so with the centre line of the tube. In this example the
crosshead F is shown open on the top side and is more accessible than those described
in connection with Figures 20 to 24 on Sheet 2 of my Drawings.
Figure 53 is an end elevation and Figure 54 a corresponding sectional plan of a
hexagonal inclined sided matrice formed in six pieces A, A', A³, A³, A*, À°, placed
into a corresponding internal hexagonal inclined sided crosshead F. Matrices can be
formed in this way of any desired number of pieces, a square form of crosshead being
suited for a matrice in four parts and a hexagonal form of crosshead suited for matrices
formed in three or six pieces, and operated simultaneously in this way. This matrice
is shown coupling and shaping two pieces of tube B over each other."
Figure 55 is a sectional plan and Figure 56 an end elevation of a matrice similar
to those described in connection with Figures 1 to 6 on Sheet 1 of my Drawings,
but is here shown coupling two tubes B and B out of line with each other as is
frequently required in laying down lines of pipes or tubes. The ordinary straight
matrice readily effects this with straight tubes of wrought iron or steel to a limited
extent as shown by fixing the tubes B B¹ in the direction required before the matrice
is closed down, and in laying down cast-iron or cast steel pipes by using a thick joint
of lead or other suitable inaterial. For greater degrees of bend at the joint of the
tube a curved matrice shaped to the degree of curve required is used.
Figure 57 is a sectional plan, and Figure 58 an end elevation of a jointing matrice
for still greater degrees of bend than shown in Figures 55 and 56; these matrices
and hydraulic presses are adapted to shape couple, joint, and bend tubes of com-
pressible metal in a cold state, such as of iron, steel, or copper, by compressing and
bending only a small portion of the tube at a time with a matrice by preference in two
pieces, and with the joining surfaces of the matrices meeting along the curvature of
the tube.
Figure 59 is a plan, and Figure 60 a side elevation of this form of matrice A
and A¹ shown closed over a piece of iron tube B and showing the amount of bend
that can be accomplished at one stroke of the press, and for still greater amounts of
bend the pipe is moved along for a fresh hold over the tube. In this way any
required degree of bend can be given to good sound pieces of wrought iron, steel,
copper, or brass tube in a cold state, no core of any kind being used or required. For
shaping coupling sockets from a ring of a flat bar shape suitable for wrought-iron,
steel, cast-iron and cast steel tubes and pipes the internal surface of the matrice is
shaped in a cold state to the form required.
Figure 61 is a sectional plan and Figure 62 an end elevation of a matrice of a form
suitable for sizing accurately and producing a flat ring of wrought-iron or steel, a
form suitable for lead joints which may be run in by hand in the ordinary way
particularly for large diameters of tubes.
,
Figure 63 shows a joint in section made over two pieces of cast-iron tube B and B',
with the coupling socket C and lead joint B2, placed in same. For compressing on
or jointing conical ended sockets and conical socketed flanges, these can be placed on
tubes by these improved applications of hydraulic presses and improved forms of same
by using similar conical shaped matrices by giving to the internal conical matrice
such a degree of bevel as will not jam the article operated upon, by preference made
of steel and hardened all in one piece; and it is part of my invention to use these in
conjunction with these hydraulic presses as described.

page_text: Figure 64 is a sectional plan and Figure 65 an end elevation with portion of the
crosshead removed, showing a conical matrice in halves, but in continuous rings
in each piece, with a hollow ram D showing all closed up over the socket C and
tubes B, B¹.
Figure 66 is a sectional plan and Figure 67 an end elevation of an internal ring
conical socket matrice A in one piece, with the part of the crosshead F removed,
adapted for compressing on flanges on the ends of tubes in conjunction with these
improved hydraulic presses. The socket part of the flange being shaped of a similar
conical socket form to that just described as much larger in diameter as to produce the
requisite compression to compress on the flange C on the pipe B, otherwise the
operation of compressing on the flange is similar to that described with reference to
Figures 20 to 24 on Sheet 2 of my Drawings..
Although most of the coupling sockets C, faucets B*, and flanges c, c¹, have been
shown in the Drawings as formed with their joints compressed on the pipes B, B³,
with jointing material B2 between them, it is to be understood that they might all
be similarly compressed and formed metal to metal without jointing material between
them.
It is no part of my invention to use pressure force by hammers, stampers, or other-
wise, for operating these matrices for these new and improved tube shaping, coupling,
and jointing purposes, for which it is unsuitable.
Having now described and ascertained the nature of my said invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, I have to state that I make no claim to the
compressing or shaping of metallic tubes or pipes or to the compressing, jointing or
shrinking on of rings, flanges, or coupling sockets on these, while in a hot or heated
state, nor do I claim the doing of this in a cold state by hammering or percussive
blows or impact, or by expanding tools from within, but what I claim is,-
First. The mode of, and means or matrices or dies and apparatus for crushing or
compressing and shaping, sizing, overlaying, jointing and securing metal tubes and
pipes and their coupling sockets or faucet and spigot joints, and flanges, (and other like
hollow metal structures) in a cold state, all substantially as and for the advantages
herein described, and as respectively distinguished in the several forms and
adaptations in reference to and shown in the accompanying Drawings.
Second. The crushing, shaping, overlaying, jointing, and securing of metal tubes
and pipes, and their coupling sockets or joints and flanges (and other like hollow
metal structures) in a cold state, by direct lateral or radial compression and
compressing matrices or dies and apparatus, stationary or portable, substantially as
described in reference to and shown in the accompanying Drawings.
Third. The crushing, shaping, sizing, overlaying, jointing, and securing of metal
tubes and pipes and their coupling sockets or joints and flanges (and other like hollow
metal structures) in a cold state by compound longitudinal and lateral inclined or
wedge action, and compressing matrices or dies and apparatus, stationary or
portable, substantially as described in reference to and shown in the accompanying
Drawings.
Fourth. The overlaying, crushing, and jointing of metallic tubes and pipes and the
crushing of the coupling sockets and flanges close on tubes and pipes and jointing
these, without the use of jointing material, by external compression, in a cold
state, all substantially as herein described in reference to and shown in the
accompanying Drawings.
Fifth. The crushing and jointing of the coupling sockets and flanges fluid tight,
on tubes and pipes, with an interposing yielding frictional securing jointing material
between these, by external compression while in a cold state, all substantially as
herein Described in reference to and shown in the accompanying Drawings.
Sixth. The arrangement and combination of the parts of stationary hydraulic
presses and their matrices for the crushing, shaping, sizing, overlaying, jointing, and
securing of metal tubes and pipes, and their coupling sockets or joints and flanges 5
(and other like hollow metal structures) all by compression in a cold state,

page_text: substantially as herein described, in reference to and shown in the accompanying
Drawings.
Seventh. The arrangement and combination of the parts of portable hydraulic
presses and their matrices for the crushing, shaping, sizing, overlaying, jointing, and
securing of metal tubes and pipes and their coupling sockets or joints and flanges
(and other like hollow metal structures) all by compression in a cold state,
substantially as herein described in reference to and shown in the accompanying
Drawings.
Eighth. The construction or arrangement and combination of the parts of a
portable double jawed hydraulic press or tool, and its pressing blocks or matrices, for
jointing conoidal spigot and faucet coupling joints of tubes and pipes with an
interposing yielding frictional securing jointing material between them, or for crushing
and jointing coupling sockets over the ends of parallel tubes and pipes, all in a cold
state, substantially as herein described in reference to and shown in Figures 32 to 38
of the accompanying Drawings.
Ninth. The jointing of the ends of tubes and pipes circumferentially by metallic
bracing band coupling sockets with V-shaped clutching end gripping parts, either
with or without jointing material between them, and portable hydraulic press for
compressing and securing the same, in a cold state, all substantially as herein
described in reference to and shown in Figures 39 to 42 of the accompanying
Drawings.
Tenth. The construction, or arrangement and combination of the parts of a
mechanical stationary press for actuating the matrices and compressing and jointing
the coupling sockets of tubes and pipes in a cold state, with a safety yielding hydraulic
cylinder and ram bolster, all substantially as herein described in reference to and
shown in Figures 43 and 44 of the accompanying Drawings.
Eleventh. The construction and use of matrices or dies A to A* formed in two or
more parts for laterally or radially crushing and compressing coupling sockets and
flanges on tubes and pipes, with or without jointing material between them, either by
direct pressure on the matrices or by inclined wedge acting surfaces, and for the
shaping and sizing of coupling sockets or rings, all in a cold state, substantially as
herein described in reference to and shown in the accompanying Drawings.
Twelfth. The construction and use of solid hollow ring matrices or dies, with
conoidal or inclined surfaces for crushing and compressing coupling sockets and
flanges on tubes and pipes with or without jointing material between them, all in a
cold state, substantially as herein described in reference to and shown in Figures 64
to 67 of the accompanying Drawings.