Im- PROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF HOMOGENEOUS METAL AND APPLIANCES IN CONNECTION THEREWITH.
Year: 1871

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to George Bell Galloway, of 15, George Street,
London, in the County of Middlesex, for the Invention of "Im-
PROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF HOMOGENEOUS METAL AND APPLIANCES
IN CONNECTION THEREWITH.
"
Sealed the 15th December 1871, and dated the 21st June 1871.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said George Bell Galloway
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents; with his Petition,
on the 21st June 1871.
I, GEORGE BELL GALLOWAY, of 15, George Street, London, in the
In-
County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the said
vention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF HOMOGENEOUS METAL
AND APPLIANCES IN CONNECTION THEREWITH,"to be as follows:-
My improvements in the manufacture of the description of metal to
which I shall give the name of iron steel consists of the following
mixture of metals or equivalent mixtures of ores:-I propose to weigh
certain quantities of scrap iron, metal, zinc, tin, lead, and other suitable
substances to act as a flux, if required, and smelt by intensified heat,

page_text: such mixture in connection with existing heating or blast furnaces or
in cupolas, and when ready run such admixture of metals in its molten
state into suitable moulds or frames in order to finish off by such process
plates, curves, angles, bolts, guns, shield armour, or any description of
steel or ironwork for which steel hammer and rolling mills are at
present found necessary to produce; or I may take the equivalent
weights in ores, and by the admixture of suitable fluxes such as man-
ganese, pitch, and any alkaline substances produce the like results, that
is to say, dispense with the existing necessity for first making pig iron
and then afterwards submitting such iron to further treatment of
casting, puddling, stamping, or rolling, and I may in some cases for
armour plates paint or cover with a brush suitable lengths of bar iron
with a solution composed of tar, rosin, oil, and lime, or other alkali,
and place such pile of iron in a suitable position before it goes into a
furnace for the purposes of heating and welding previous to rolling solid
armour plates.
1
I may also construct shield armour in cellular divisional spaces by
two or more plates, either cast in moulds or rolled to forms, and fill up
such divisional spaces with wood and make the face of such armour
angular in V forms and tempered so that the usual effect of shot
would be nullified or be broken up by such resistive constructions and
resistive power.
The appliances connected with such manufacture will consist in the
necessary moulds, frames, or rollers which may be metal, or steel, or
other description of material to produce suitable forms for the various
purposes required, and also in an admixture of waste and other com-
bustible substances in suitable proportions to make a fuel mixture for
the smelting of the metals or ores, such mixture being composed of
what is termed duff coal, breeze, pan, the refuse from saw mills and
factories, spent bark, and other similar waste combustible materials
together with chopped straw or other fibrous vegetable substances, such
as peat, proportionately as may be found convenient, and required to
make such admixture with a liquid mixture produced by the application
of heated air or steam superheated, or by an acid, such as sulphuric, as
a chemical heating agent, to unite together such substances and liquids
as rock salt, lime, clay, rosin, bitumen, and pitch in suitable propor-
tions, which may be first ground and mixed with coal tar, creosote,
petroleum, and other cheap liquids, and then mix such liquid mixtures

page_text: through the herein-before named mass of dry combustible materials by
the use of mixing machinery, or by rakes and spades to form fuel
cheaply as required, the object being by such mixture and properties of
fuel to impart to the mixture of metals the necessary properties of steel,
but at much less price and cost of manufacture, therefore more suitable
for the requirements of the age and competition in the production of
metals, and to enable me to develop such object I hereby respectfully
apply for Her Majesty's Royal Letters Patent.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said George Bell Galloway in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 21st December 1871.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, GEORGE
BELL GALLOWAY, of 15, George Street, London, in the County of
Middlesex, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twenty-first day of June, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-one, in the thirty-
fourth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said George Bell Galloway, Her special
licence that I, the said George Bell Galloway, my executors, adminis
trators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said George Bell Galloway,
my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter
during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "In-
PROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF HOMOGENEOUS METAL AND APPLIANCES IN
CONNECTION THEREWITH," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the
said George Bell Galloway, my executors or administrators, by an
instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and
seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and

page_text: cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said George Bell Galloway, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same t
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement thereof:
My improvements in the manufacture of the description of metal to
which I shall give the name of iron steel, consists of the following
mixtures of metals or equivalent mixtures of ores :- -I purpose to weigh 1
certain quantities of scrap iron, metal, zinc, tin, lead, and other suitable
substance to act as a flux (if required) and smelt by intensified heat such
mixture in connection with existing heating and other blast furnaces or
in cupolas, and when ready run such admixture of metals in its molten
state into suitable moulds or frames, in order to finish off by such process 1
plates, curves, angles, bolts, gun shield armour, or any description of
steel or iron work for which steam hammers and rolling mills are at
present found necessary to produce, or I may take the equivalent
weights in ores, and by the admixture of suitable fluxes, such as
manganese, pitch, and any alkaline substances produce the like results, 2
that is to say, dispense with the existing necessity for first making pig
iron, and then afterwards submitting such iron to further treatment of.
casting, puddling, stamping, or rolling, and I may in some cases for.
armour plates paint or cover with a brush lengths of suitable bar iron
with a solution composed of tar, rosin, oil, manganese, and lime or
other alkali, and place such pile of iron in a suitable position before it
goes into a furnace for the purpose of heating and welding previous to
rolling solid armour plates.
I may also construct shield armour in cellular divisional spaces in
two or more plates, either cast in moulds or rolled to forms, and fill up å
such divisional spaces with wood, and make the face of such armour
angular in V forms and tempered, so that the usual effect of shot would
be nullified or be broken by such resistive constructions and resisting.
power.
The appliances connected with such manufacture will consist in the
necessary moulds, frames, or rollers, which may be metal, or steel, or
other description of material to produce suitable forms for the various

page_text: purposes required, and also in an admixture of waste and other com-
bustible substances in suitable proportions to make a fuel mixture for
the smelting of the metals or ores, such mixture being composed of what
is term duff coal, breese, pan, the refuse from saw mills and factories,
spent bark, and other similar waste combustable materials, together with
chopped straw or other fibrous vegetable substances, such as peat, pro-
portionably as may be found convenient and required to make such
admixture with a liquid mixture produced by the application of 'heated
air or steam superheated, or by an acid, such as sulphuric. or hydro-
chloric acids, as a chemical heating agent to unite together such
substances and liquids as rock salt, lime, clay, resin, bitumen, and pitch
in suitable proportions, which may be first ground and then mixed with
liquids, such as coal tar, creasot, petroleum, or other cheap liquids. I
then mix such liquid mixtures through the herein-before named mass
of dry combustible materials by the use of mixing machinery or by
rakes and spades to form fuel cheaply as required, the object being by
such mixture and properties of fuel to impart to the mixture of metals
the necessary properties of steel, but at much less price and cost of
manufacture, therefore more suitable for the requirements of the age
and competition in the production of metals, and to enable me to
develope such objects I hereby respectfully apply for Her Majesty's

page_text: As it respects the mode by which I shall smelt and purify the metals
and ores, which may be done either separately or after the ores are
reduced and put together in the proportions necessary to produce the
quality of material wanted, I may in some cases draw off the vapour or
heat from the calcining process by connection pipes or tubes, and a steam
or compressed air jet, and so force this heat into the smelting furnace
where I smelt the mixtures of metals or the ores either with the
admixture of purifying fuel, berein-before referred to, or by a flame
which I shall produce by the vaporising of such portion of the liquids as
are herein-before named, so that such heat which is now wasted in many
instances, and the gases in connection therewith (which is a waste of
fuel in the ordinary manufacture) of iron, may be utilized for smelting.
And in order economically to carry out this part of my Invention I
propose to alter existing furnaces by the following arrangements :—I
propose to cover over the existing furnace grates bars with fire-brick,
and then lay a sufficient bed of fire-clay upon the bricks to form a
bottom; or I may remove the fire-bars and replace the bottom by what
may be termed fire-clay bars, which I make by filling a flat cast-iron
mould the length of the furnace, about the width and depth by measure-
ment of ordinary bricks. Such cast-iron open spout bar will represent
at the end view a fire-brick, and the fire-brick metallic bar is made by
filling up the space with fire-clay. These description of fire-clay bars
may thus be placed close together or a little apart to admit a little air
as ordinary furnace bars, and the mode by which I vaporize any of the
liquid fuels herein-before named may consist of one or more tanks or
boilers, which vaporizing process may be effected either by passing
within or through one or more of the tanks or boilers a spiral or angular
series of iron piping, and forcing superheated air or air and steam
through such pipes, which pipes are to be covered and surrounded with
the creosote, petroleum, or other oil or liquid intended to be evaporated.
The pipe is to terminate at the top or end of the tank or boiler, and the
vapour which is produced may then be conveyed by pipes fitted with
valves to an accumulator if required; it can then be either with the
heated air drawn or driven by superheated pressure, steam injection, or
by superheated compressed atmospheric injection by a suitable arrange-
ment of pipes into the furnaces, or the liquid fuels may be used by
suitable pipe valve and regulating supply cock connexions instead of
dry or prepared fuel for the purposes required; or instead of using the

page_text: pipes I may pass the air and steam through or drive it into the liquids,
by which it will boil and become thus vaporized, the vapour thus by any
of the plans being produced may thus be conveyed into the furnaces by
suitable metallic or composite pipes the better to withstand the intense
heat, and by these means I propose by modifications to suit circum;
stances to calcine or smelt or purify metallic ores, or any description of
metal herein-before named and implied; or I may in some cases by,
combining creosote with petroleum or other carbon in a liquid state and
passing a steam or heated air pipe through the mass to liquify it a little
more than its original consistency, and by suitable connections and joints
of pipes and nozzles convey the liquid into cups or receivers, and then
in connection with such cups or receivers affix a heated air jet under
pressure, thus by the pressure of the heated air drive the liquid in the
form of spray into furnaces, which may in the first instance have been
ignited and supplied with coke or into the built-up furnaces or spaces
I have herein-before named as the means to be employed in the manu-
facture of iron or homogeneous metal or prepared fuel for the purposes
required. And as a means to convey into ordinary cupolas, furnaces, or
other heating chambers atmospheric air or air and steam at a much
higher temperature than has ever yet been effected, I propose to con-
struct pipes of what is called china clay or any other heat resisting
siliceous material, and pass the air or air and steam through such pipes,
which may be placed in connection with the furnaces, and finally brought
into immediate contact with the cupulas, furnaces, or other heating
chambers, as by this means the air or air and steam will be equal to the
heat of such furnaces or fire-space in which the iron or other mixture is
placed. And in the first instance in some cases I may cause my mixture
of fuel to act first upon the metal ores separately or combined and
convey the gases arising from such combustion into the smelting
furnaces, and so from the furnaces run the metal into another furnace
for the finishing process, which finishing process I may carry out by the
following arrangements, that is to say:-I direct the action. of the
vapour in the form of gas into the cupulas or other heating chamber by.
one or more pipes, and thus intensify the heat, and when the metal shall
show by flame or other test appearance that it is finished up to the
point at which the quality is required I then cause heated air and steam
to impenge upon it as it is running from the furnace when tapped,
The object being by the arrangement of the gas vapour and also the
•

page_text: intensified heated blast acting in various directions within the cupulas,
puddling, or other furnace, the iron mixture may be so agitated, and,
in a word, puddled, that neither mechanical puddling nor manual
labor shall be found necessary, but the puddling shall be thus effected
by the pressure of the gases passing through and agitating the
molten metal, and the air and steam blast in part may also be
applied to the metal as it runs from the cupulas or furnace, which
will either make the metal into ores, ingots, or castings of the
like consistency of heat by which such balls or other forms may be
taken at once either to the steam hammer or rolling mills (in cases
where such may be in use) the object being to. prevent any necessity
for re-heating into the manufacture of iron or steel. And as it respects
the casting of guns or other forms in moulds where great pressure is
required, I propose to cast such description vertically insteadd of
horizontally which is now the practice in casting ordnance, &c. And
in respect to the slag or scoriæ, which is the residue of iron manu-
facture, I propose to weigh proportionate parts of broken up slag and
clay as may be found requisite, and re-smelt such slag and use such
´ clay to assimilate and form part thereof by the aid of chemicals of an
alkaline nature such as soda, potash, or other compound, and when
the slag mixture is ready for tapping the furnace, which may be one
of the ordinary iron furnaces, may be employed I corporate into the
mass a metallic mixture of various colors as may be required and may
run the metals into each other for variegating, mixing, or separately to
form distinct colors; the coloring matter may be red lead, copperas, a
and other mineral colors as required, and thus by this process, the slag
which is now not only wasted, but is a source of expence to the
manufacturers of iron to get clear of, will become the means of profit
by making by the aid of suitable moulds, bolder stones for sea walls,
pier constructions, breakwaters, building, paving, flagging, and in the 8
household purposes by the coloring process herein-before referred to a
variety of useful requisites used in building, such as chimney jambs,
mantel-pieces, door steps, stable floors, garden walls, and ornaments, &c.
And, finally, I having so generally described the various plans I have
not deemed it necessary to give special weights of the various materials 3
referred to, nor indeed could this be correctly given, as the weights of
the metals or ores will always have to be varied to suit the various

page_text: qualities of metallic substances intended to be produced, and this also
depends upon the quality or nature of the iron or steel or homogeneous
metal required to be produced, but the rule is that in the first instance
the exact chemical component qualities of each is to be ascertained
and then treated by being put together as may be found requisite to
effect the purification from sulphur, phosphorus, and other impurities
which are found to exist in iron and steel as at present manufactured;
and to effect this improved object, I propose to calcine, smelt, and finish
the manufacture by a mixture of fuel having a purifying tendency
by gaseous flame as herein-before described, inasmuch as experience
proves that the present mode of using sulphurous coal for calcining
and coke in the manufacture of iron cannot be any means of freeing or
driving off the sulphur and phosphoras which metallic ores generally
are found to contain.
And the other purposes to which my Invention of solidified fuel, as
herein-before described, may be put, and in some cases I may also steep
the peet in petroleum or other cheap liquid fuel to serve for purposes
for which coals are generally used.
And having so generally by form and figurative language described
my various plans, I have not deemed it necessary to attach Drawings in
connection herewith, as these will have to be varied to suit positions
and circumstances, but if any one reading this my Specification,
require any Drawing in connection therewith, I hereby undertake
and agree to supply it, and would have it understood that what I
claim is,―
The several improvements herein-before described for manufacturing
homogenous metal which I term iron and steel.
Secondly. I claim the several appliances and admixtures to be
employed in the manufacture of iron and steel as herein-before set
forth, together with the modifications herein-before referred to in the
beforegoing Specification and all contained therein.
Thirdly. The use and manufacture of the solidified and gaseous fuel
for the purposes set forth and described in this my Specification.
And, finally, let it be understood that if I inadvertently have-en-

page_text: intentions so to do, and desire to be apprised in writing with proof of
my having so done.
In witness whereof, I, the said George Bell Galloway, hath here-
unto set my hand and seal, this Twenty-first day of December,
One thousnd eight hundred and seventy-one.
Witness,
E. M. DANIEL,
Fleet Street:
G. B. GALLOWAY. (L.B.)