IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MODE OF MANUFACTURING OF PAPIER MACHEE AND OTHER ARTICLES MADE OF VEGETABLE PULP
Year: 1843

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
COOPE HADDAN, of No. 29, Liverpool Street, King's Cross, in the County of
Middlesex, Civil Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Victoria, by Her Royal Letters
Patent under the Great Seal of England, bearing date the Twenty-first day
of November, One thousand eight hundred and forty-three, and in the
seventh year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give
and grant unto me, the said John Coope Haddan, my exors, adiñors, and
assigns, Her especial licence, that I, the said John Coope Haddan, my
exors, admiors, and assigns, and such others as I or they should agree with,
and no others, from time to time, and at all times, during the term of years
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend,
within that part of Her Majesty's United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland called England, Her Dominion of Wales, and Town of Berwick-upon-
Tweed, my Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MODE OF MANUFACTURING OF
PAPIER MACHEE AND OTHER ARTICLES MADE OF VEGETABLE PULP ;" in which said
Letters Patent there is contained a proviso, that I, the said John Coope Haddan,
should describe and ascertain the nature of my said Invention, and the manner
in which the same is to be performed, by an instrument in writing under
my hand and seal, and cause the same to be inrolled in Her Majesty's High

page_text: Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately after
the date of the said Letters Patent, as in and by the said Letters Patent
(reference being thereunto had) will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said John
Coope Haddan, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention, and
the manner in which the same is to be performed, are hereby described and
ascertained as herein-after mentioned or expressed, and with the aid and
assistance of the Drawings hereunto annexed, in each of which Drawings
similar parts are indicated or marked with the same letters or references
(that is to say):
"My Invention consists in a mode of combining successive layers of wet
pulp (such as used in the manufacture of paper), by winding such wet pulp
round a cylinder until it becomes of the thickness required, and then cutting it
off the cylinder, and pressing, and drying it flat, or in any other form or shape
of which it is susceptible. My Invention may be performed by means of
ordinary paper machinery, so modified as to produce the effect herein-before
mentioned; and I shall now proceed to describe the several modifications of
such machinery which I have found to be most convenient for carrying my
Invention into effect.
Figure 1 represents a plan view of part of a cylindrical paper machine, with
other apparatus attached thereto; and Figure 2 represents a side elevation of
the same machinery. In these Figures, A, A, is a vat or back (which must
have a proper agitator), containing pulp prepared by any of the well-known
methods of preparing that material for the manufacture of paper, but I prefer
pulp made of old colored cotton rags, ordinarily known to the trade as coloured
prints, carefully sorted so as to be free from all particles of worsted or woolly
matter, and as finely prepared as possible, the perfection of articles made
according to my Invention depending on the purity and fineness of the pulp
used in the manufacture thereof. B, B, (Figures 1 and 2,) is a cylinder or
drum covered with fine wire cloth of the ordinary construction, for raising the
pulp from the vat A, A, in the ordinary manner; C, C, a second cylinder or
drum of wood, or other light material, with layers of pulp wound thereon in
close but light contact with the cylinder or drum B, B. The operation of this
machinery in carrying out the object of my Invention is as follows:-A certain
portion of the pulp or prepared matter is contained in the vat A, A, from which
the article intended to be produced is made, and is taken up in the ordinary
manner on the wire cloth surface of the cylinder or drum B, B, and being, by
the action of this cylinder and its wire cloth, relieved and discharged of a con-

page_text: siderable quantity of its moisture, it acquires a slight degree of consistency and
firmness, but yet retains a sufficient quantity of moisture to enable successive
layers of it to adhere firmly together when brought into close contact. In
this state it is received upon the surface of the second cylinder C, C, around
which it is wound by the action of the machinery in successive layers, until an
article of the required thickness is produced. The cylinder C, C, is made to
exercise a degree of pressure against the surface of the wire cloth cylinder B, B,
by means of which the successive layers of pulp are pressed together so as to
adhere, and the amount of such pressure ought to be only sufficient to cause
the layers to adhere together uniformly. A few trials will enable a workman
to regulate the pressure so as to produce the requisite effect. The motion of
the cylinder B, B, on its axis, necessary to raise the pulp from the vat A, A;
and to deposit it upon the surface of the cylinder C, C, and the motion of the
cylinder C, C, both as regards its speed and relatively to the speed of the
cylinder B, B, and also its degree of pressure thereon, are produced in the fol-
lowing manner (that is to say) :-On the axle of the cylinder B, B, is keyed a
small worm wheel D, and on a projecting portion of the axle, beyond the face
of that wheel, is loosely fitted the arm E, F, by its extremity E; at its other
extremity F it supports a spindle G, G, near the lower end of which is fixed
an endless driving screw or worm, gearing into the worm wheel D. On the
lower extremity of the rod G, G, a rigger I, driven by a band, gives the
necessary motion to the cylinder B, B, and in the direction indicated on the
Drawing the arrows. On the axle of the cylinder C, C, is keyed another
worm wheel L, and upon a prolongation of the axle of that cylinder an
arm M, N, is loosely fitted by its extremity M, as in the case of the before-
mentioned arm E, F, on the axle of the cylinder B, B; the arm M, N, at
its forked extremity N, receives and supports the upper end of the spindle G, G,
on which, near to its upper extremity, is fitted a second endless driving screw O.
The spindle G, G, being actuated by the rigger I, the driver O gearing into the
worm wheel L, produces the required motion to the second cylinder C, C.
The motion of the cylinder C, C, being required by the nature of its office to
be in an opposite direction to the direction of the cylinder B, B, the endless
driving screw O, by which it is driven, has its thread cut in a reverse direction
to that of the screw II, which drives the cylinder B, B. The pitch of the
driving screws H and O, and of the worm wheels D and L, are respectively
alike. The required relative speed of the cylinders B, B, and C, C, (which
are of different diameters,) so as to produce the same degree of speed in the
surfaces of each of the cylinders past the point of contact between them, is

page_text: produced by assigning a suitable relative diameter of the worm wheel of the
cylinder C, C, to the diameter of the worm wheel of the cylinder B, B. The
degree of pressure required for causing the layers of pulp to adhere is pro-
duced by so fitting the spindle G, G, in the forked end of its supporting arm
at N, as to allow the upper end of the spindle a free motion through that
forked end, the driving screw O having itself a free sliding action on the
spindle, but with a tongue to cause it to revolve with the spindle; thus
allowing the distance between the centres of the two cylinders B, B, and C, C,
to be progressively encreased as successive layers of pulp are wound upon the
cylinder C, C, at the same time preserving the gearing of the worm wheels of
the cylinders B, B, and C, C, with their respective driving screws I and O.
The pressure of the cylinder C, C, against the cylinder B, B, (for the purpose
of pressing the successive layers of pulp together), is produced in the following
manner: Two levers P, P, each having its fulcrum at its lower extremity
Q, have their upper extremities R forked in order to support and hold
the axle of the cylinder C, C; one end of each of two cords or ropes
is fastened to the lever at a point S (at a distance from the fulcrum to be
determined at will, according to the circumstances of the case as regards
the quantity or amount of pressure required); the cords or ropes T, T, pass
over the pulleys W, W, and suspend weights V, V, which may be increased
or diminished according to the amount of pressure required. An increased
density and consistency may, if required, be given to the layer of pulp passing
round the cylinder B, B, by means of a dandy or ryder roller, as shewn at Y,
Figure 2. When the quantity of pulp wound upon the cylinder C, C, is of
sufficient thickness for the purpose required, as shewn in the Drawing, the
cylinder (with the worm wheel and arm) may be lifted out of its working
position and removed, and another similar cylinder (having a similar worm
wheel and arm) be substituted empty in its place. To remove the cylinder, it
is necessary to take the driving worm O out of gear with the wheel L, of the
cylinder C, C, by drawing the rod G, G, into the position shewn by the dotted
line X, X, and when an empty cylinder is placed to work, the rod G, G, is to
be replaced, and the driving worm put into gear with the wheel of the cylinder.
The Figure 3 represents a side elevation of another modification of machinery
for carrying out my Invention, being also a modification of the well-known
Fourdrinier's paper machine, as manufactured by Messrs. Bryan, Donkin,
and Co., of London, the parts colored representing the additional parts I have
added thereto, the parts which remain in outline and uncolored belonging to the
Fourdrinier's machine. A, A, is one end of a frame supporting, in a forked

page_text: arm B, one end of the axle of the cylinder C, C, on the surface of which is
wound successive layers of the puly sheet. A smaller roller D supplies the
necessary degree of pressure to cause the layers of pulp to adhere to each
other. The axle of the roller D has free vertical motion between the two
dropping guide bars E, E, and a lever F, H, having its fulcrum at G, supports
the axle of the small roller D, and keeps up a degree of pressure against the
under surface of the felt only sufficient to press the successive layers of pulp
together. At the extremity of the longer arm of the lever F, H, a weight I
is suspended, which must be only sufficient to produce the degree of pressure
requisite according to the quality of the material used. The Figure (3) merely
represents one side of the machine, but the other side is the same as that
represented and herein-before described.
And I must here observe, that the size of the cylinder upon which the wet
pulp is rolled, must be varied according to the size of the sheet of dried pulp
or papier machie which is required. Figure 4 shews the method I employ to
divide or cut the roll or cylinder, or pulp off the drum or cylinder upon which
it has been formed, and which must be done whilst the pulp is still quite wet,
and the sooner after it has been formed the better. A, A, is a plate of iron,
or of any suitable material presenting a flat and firm surface; B represents the
cylinder C, C, of the Figures 1, 2, and 3, placed upon the plate after its roll or
cylinder of pulp is cut through, by an incision made in the direction of its
entire length. This incision is thus made:-C and D are two clamps or bars of
metal, or other suitable material (drawn to an enlarged scale), each having a
projecting or thickened portion at its two extremities; these are placed at a
distance of about one-eighth of an inch apart, and are held firmly in their
position by the screws shewn at Y. Within the open space thus left between
the bars a cutting tool of any sufficient and convenient description is to be
applied, with direct downward and vertical pressure, or a travelling circular
cutter may be used, or any other of the well-known methods of cutting wet
paper. In the process of cutting, the bars C and D are fastened on to the
cylindrical roll of pulp in the direction of its length by the screws Y, which
passing through the bars, take into a thickening or lining plate attached to the
inner side of the cylinder. The cylinder of paper being cut through, the
cylinder is placed near one end of the plate A, A, as in the Figure at A*, and
with the screws Y and Z in the position there shewn; the screw Z is then
released and its bar taken off the cylinder, is then carefully rolled to the oppo-
site extremity of the plate, as indicated in the Figure by the dotted lines a, a,
and the dotted cylinder B*. The cylinder being thus rolled along the plate

page_text: nearly to the length of its circumference, the remaining clamp is removed, and
the cylinder of pulp will then be all deposited on the plate in the form of a
flat sheet. If the sheet of pulp, thus deposited on the plate, is intended to be
made flat, it must be pressed upon a flat surface from time to time during the
procees of drying. The amount of pressure I apply for this purpose is about
one pound avoidupois to each square inch of the sheet's superficial area. The
sheet of pulp, when cut off the cylinder or drum, may also (whilst still wet and
soft) be pressed or formed into various shapes by means of moulds or blocks,
and then dried. The sheet of dried pulp or paper macheê, whether flat or in
any other form, may then undergo the ordinary process of dipping for the pur-
pose of impregnating it with oil or other fatty matter. Such paper machee
may for that purpose be dipped in linseed oil, or in any other suitable fatty
matter, warmed to a temperature at which it will be so liquefied so as to run
thin and uniformly. The dipping must be only sufficient to saturate the
material, and the length of time requisite for this purpose (as is well known)
can only be ascertained by the opening and examination of a small portion of
a sheet after being dried; in practice, I find that, in a medium temperature
(as of fifty-five degrees of Fahrenheit), one minute is sufficient for a sheet
ths of an inch thick. After the saturation, the sheet is to be again dried,
and finally subjected to pressure.
I would have it understood, however, that although I have described
machinery for the purpose of carrying my Invention into effect, I do not claim any
part of the machinery I have described as any part of my Invention comprised
in the said Letters Patent, nor do I claim generally the Invention of papier
machée by causing successive layers of pulp to adhere together by pressure,
nor the process of dipping, herein-before mentioned or described.
But what I do claim, as my Invention, is the mode of combining successive
layers of wet pulp together, by winding such wet pulp round a cylinder, and
afterwards cutting it off and drying it, as herein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Coope Haddan, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Twenty-first day of May, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and forty-four.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Twenty-first day of May, in
the year of our Lord 1844, the aforesaid John Coope Haddan, came before
our said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification
aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and specified, in form
above written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according
to the tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Enrolled the Twenty-first day of May, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and forty-four.
Enrolled the Twenty-first day of May, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and forty-four.