IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER AND PASTEBOARD FROM VEGETABLE AND, WOOD SUBSTANCES."
Year: 1856

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Felix Chauchard, of Paris, in the Empire of France,
for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER AND
PASTEBOARD FROM VEGETABLE AND, WOOD SUBSTANCES.""
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Felix Chauchard at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 25th
January 1856.
I, FELIX CHAUCHARD, of Paris, in the Empire of France, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF
PAPER AND PASTEBOARD FROM VEGETABLE AND WOOD SUBSTANCES, to be as
follows:-
My Invention consists in certain means calculated to reduce to pulp all
kinds of wood, straw, rushes, mat weed, palm leaves, rags, and in general
all vegetable and wood substances, for the purpose of making paper and
pasteboard.
To effect this, I use, 1st, a combing machine, serving to divide the said wood
and vegetable substances. This machine is composed of a frame supporting a
cylinder which rotates rapidly round its axis. To this cylinder a system of
combs, or metallic slays, according to the nature of the substances to be
separated, is fixed, catching the wood, which is placed near and submitted to
the cylinder. Hard wood is divided across the grain. Soft wood is divided in

page_text: the same direction as the grain. On coming out from the combing machine
the substance undergoes an alkaline steeping.
2nd, a fibre-destroying machine, serving to reduce into pulp the fibres
furnished by the combing machine.
This machine is composed of a trough filled with water, such as is generally
used in the stamping troughs. In this trough is a bucket wheel, which raises
all the pulp, and throws it on an inclined plane, which leads it to three pressing
rollers, where it is triturated until the pulp is fit for the manufacture of paper
and pasteboard...i
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Felix Chauchard in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
25th July 1856.
2..
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, FELIX.
CHAUCHARD, of Paris, in the Empire of France, send greeting.
90.
.ה
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-fifth day of January, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-six, in the nineteenth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said Felix Chauchard, Her special licence that I, the said Felix Chauchard,
my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said
Felix Chauchard, my executors, administrators, and
my.exed tur
my.executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time
agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter
during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,
the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER AND PASTEBOARD FROM VEGETABLE AND WOOD
SUBSTANCES," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Felix
Chauchard, my executors or administrators, by 'an instrument in writing
under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly
describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner
the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great
Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the
date of the said Letters Patent.
"
"NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Felix Chauchard, do hereby declare the
nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
per-

page_text: statement, reference being had to the two Sheets of Drawings hereunto
annexed, and to the Letters and Figures marked thereon (that is to say)
:
My Invention relates to certain processes for reducing into paste or pulp
all sorts of wood, straws, rushes, mat weeds, palm tree, rags, and all vegetable,
either wood' or fibrous materials; in order to obtain paper and pasteboard
therefrom. For this purpose, I use, first, a hacking machine, för dividing and
separating the ligneous filaments of the above-named plants: This machine
is shown at Sheet 1, where similar letters represent all like part's 'in' the
different Figures:
A is a drum
Fig. 1 a' front view, Figure 2 is a side view, of the machine.
or cylinder fixed upon an axis made to turn in' bearings B; B. This' cylinder
has a certain number of cutting tools or metal blades c, c, c, fixed thereto, and
projecting through its periphery. These cutting tools or blades are each secured
by a bolt D, which at the same time, by means of a slot, admits of their
projection on the periphery of the cylinder being varied: The said cutting tools
may be secured by any other suitable means. G is a fixed table; and E is a
bearing plate, made to slide on G. This bearing is drawn back by a weight
HI, and brought forwards by the tractive power of a rope I, rolled up on the
pulley K, which is actuated by the treddle lever L; M is the framing that
supports the machine;' N is the driving pulley; over which the 'driving strap
passes, and which drives the cylinder at'a rapid rate; 0, 0, 'are the bolts that
secure the bearings to the framing.
Figures 3, 4, 5, and 6-show the toothed blades, the teeth of which are of
various sizes, according to the nature of the wood to be reduced; and the length
of the fibres it is desired to obtain ; Figures 7 and 8 show the blades used
instead of the above-mentioned cutting tools or blades for cutting plants up to
the third of an inch. These small plants are placed in quantities, and advanced
with their ends presented to the cutting instruments."
The division of wood is effected in the following. manner -The log, if of hard
wood, is placed on table G, and leaned against the slide bearing-E, which is
brought up and 'pressed constantly and gradually 'forwards by the treddle lever I'
against the toothed cutting instruments of the cylinder! These cutting instru-
ment's C,C,C,being carried round by the rapid rotary motion of the cylinder, will
tear off and divide its fibres. Soft wood is reduced or separated by presenting
its end to the periphery of A, and advancing the log or piece of wood end on
to the teeth; while hard wood is placed transversely or across the breast of the
wheel A, as shown in the Drawings; it suffices, therefore, to lay the logs or
pieces of wood either parallel to the axis of the cylinder or at right angles
thereto in presenting it to the action of the cutting blades. The fibrous stuff
1

page_text: resulting from the foregoing operation is subjected to an alkaline washing, and
made to pass into a. small stamping trough, represented in Sheet 2. This
machine is intended to separate and remove such particles of the material as
cannot be reduced into pulp.
Figure 3 is an elevation, and Fig. 4 a plan, of the stamping machine. a is
the trough, divided by the partition 6 into two compartments; into each of these
compartments a cogged wheel c and c¹ is moving. d, d, d, 'd, are inclined
planes, conveying the material under the separating wheels, and subjecting
it to their action. The axes of these wheels are provided with pulleys f, f, and
with a lever, by means of which the said wheels are raised and lowered; e, e,
are the caps or covers for the wheels c, c'.
Secondly, I use another apparatus, which I denominate a crushing machine,
which is intended to separate and divide infinitesimally the fibres from each
other after the previous hacking or chopping operation. This machine is
shown in Sheet 2, in which Figure 1 is a plan, and Fig. 2 an elevation of the
machine. In these two Figures the same letters of reference denote like parts
where they recur in the different Figures.
A is an oblong trough, divided in two parts by the partition B; C is a wheel
with cogs or buckets around the periphery, and which rotates on its axis D,
the journals of which rest one upon the side of the trough, the other upon the
partition in the middle; E is an inclined plane, conveying the material to-the
buckets of the wheel; F is an inclined plane to receive the said material as it
drops from the crushing cylinders; G is an inclined plane, which receives and
strips the pulp material from the buckets of the wheel C, and guides and
conveys it to the crushing cylinders; H, I, J, are three crushing cylinders for
separating and otherwise operating on the fibres, whereby they are reduced
into a pulp subsequent to the previous hacking or chopping operation. The
axes of the cylinders H. & J are fitted in moveable bearings, which can be set
up by screws x, x, so as to adjust the proximity of the rollers, and to press
them towards cylinder I with more or less force, according to the requirements
of the work. K is a plug for permitting the flow of water on the pulp during
its progress between the cylinders; L, a plug for feeding the trough with water;
M, a valve for emptying the trough; N is a pulley, round which the driving
strap engages, whereby the bucket wheel C is driven; 0, driving pulley, round
which the strap engages that actuates the upper crushing cylinder J. The
latter imparts motion to the two others through the medium of the spur
wheels P, P.
The material from the alkaline bath is thrown into the trough suitably filled
with water by means of the plug L. The pulleys N and are then set in

page_text: motion; the wheel C lifts the stuff out of the trough, and brings it up under
the inclined plane G, by which it is stripped off, and conducted so as to pass
first between rollers or cylinders J, I, and secondly, between rollers or cylinders
I, H, from whence it falls on incline F, and again passes round in the trough A,
and is again taken up by the wheel C, and crushed again and again as many.
times as necessary for its being completely reduced into a pulp. The direction
of the arrows in Fig. 1 indicate the direction of the current in the trough
when the machine is in motion. It is not essentially necessary that the fibrous
material must be submitted to the action of the machine represented at
Figs. 3 and 4, Sheet 2, as this material may be transferred from the alkaline
bath to the crushing machine, Figs. 1 and 2, Sheet 2, without the intervention
of such stamping machine.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention, and the manner in which
the same is or may be carried into effect, I wish it to be distinctly understood
that I do not confine myself to the precise details herein described, as such may
be varied or modified without departing from the principle of my Invention,
neither do I confine myself to the strict figure or form of the apparatus or
portions of the apparatus as herein described; but that I do claim as new, and
therefore to be secured to me by the herein-before in part recited Letters
Patent, is,
First, the use and application of the machinery or apparatus herein-before
described with reference to Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8, Sheet 1, in
separating and dividing the various plants or vegetable substances herein-
before named in the manufacture of paper and pasteboard.
Second, the use and application of the machine herein-before described and
represented in Figs. 1 and 2, Sheet 2, for separating and otherwise operating
on the fibrous materials, produced by the hacking machine, first herein-before
lescribed in the manufacture of paper and pasteboard, as herein-before set
forth.
In witness whereof, I, the said Felix Chauchard, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twenty-fourth day of July, One thousand eight
hundred and fifty-six.
FX CHAUCHARD. (L.S.)