IMPROVEMENTS IN SHIPS AND VESSELS
Year: 1870

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Trajano Augusto de Carvalho, of No. 1, Park
Villas, High Road, Lee, in the County of Kent, a Member of the
Institution of Naval Architects and Assistant Constructor of the
Imperial Brazilian Navy, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
SHIPS AND VESSELS."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Trajano Augusto de
Carvalho at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his
Petition, on the 23rd May 1870.
I, TRAJANO AUGUSTO DE CARVALHO, of No. 1, Park Villas, High
Road, Lee, in the County of Kent, a Member of the Institution of
Naval Architects and Assistant Constructor of the Imperial Brazilian
Navy, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN SHIPS AND VESSELS," to be as follows:-
The Invention consists in a novel formation of the bottoms of ships
and vessels, especially of steam ships designed for high speeds with
moderate proportions of length to breadth.

page_text: According to my Invention the exterior surface of the immersed body
of the vessel is composed of two continuous surfaces, one being without
twist or nearly so, and the other a twisted surface. The former of these
surfaces is generated by a straight vertical line passing from the stem to
near or beyond the middle of the length, and this surface contains the
load-water line throughout the fore body, which line may at the fore
part of the ship be more or less concave, if desired, and the other
horizontal sections, so far as they are contained in this surface, will be
of the same shape as the road line, or nearly so. The other or twisted
surface, of which the exterior surface of the ship is composed, com-
mences in a flat floor at the fore foot and becomes more and more nearly
vertical from this flat to the stern post. The generating line of this
twisted surface may differ from a straight line and may change its form
if desired as it travels aft. The line of junction of the two component
surfaces need not be allowed to shew as the edge of a sharp angle, but
may be rounded off so that the two surfaces referred to may be fashioned
into each other.
The advantages of this plan are the following:-
1. As the vessel moves ahead in an upright position there are no
forces created either on the sides or the floor tending to raise the bow,
so that this most important element of resistance to forward motion is
avoided.
2. In a vessel of any proportion of length to breadth the usual
displacement may be obtained with a much finer entrance than usual
and with no disadvantage in the form of the after body.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Trajano Augusto de Carvalho in the Great Seal
Patent Office on the 22nd November 1870.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, TRAJANO
AUGUSTO DE CARVALHO, of No. 1, Park Villas, High Road, Lee, in the 3
County of Kent, a Member of the Institution of Naval Architects and
Assistant Constructor of the Imperial Brazilian Navy, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twenty-third day of May, in the year of

page_text: our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy, in the thirty-third
year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and
grant unto me, the said Trajano Augusto de Carvalho, Her special
licence that I, the said Trajano Augusto de Carvalho, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Trajano
Augusto de Carvalho, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should
at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all
times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully
might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN SHIPS AND VESSELS," upon the condition
(amongst others) that I, the said Trajano Augusto de Carvalho, my
executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or
their, or one of their hands and scals, should particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the
same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great
Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately
after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Trajano Augusto de Carvalho, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement thereof, that is to say :-
This Invention consists in a novel formation of the bottoms of ships
and vessels, especially of steam ships designed for high speeds with
moderate proportions of length to breadth.
According to my Invention the exterior surface of the immersed
body of the vessel is composed of two continuous surfaces, one being
without twist or nearly so, and the other a twisted surface. Tho
former of these surfaces is generated by a straight or nearly straight
and vertical or nearly vertical line passing from the stem to near or
beyond the middle of the length, and this surface contains the load-
water line throughout the fore body, which line may at the fore part
of the ship be more or less concave, if desired, and the other horizontal
sections, so far as they are contained in this surface, will be of the same
shape as the load line, or nearly so. The other, or twisted surface, of
which the exterior surface of the ship is composed, commences in a flat
floor at the fore foot, and becomes more and more nearly vertical from
this flat to the stern post. The generating line of this twisted surface

page_text: may differ from a straight line and may change its form if desired as
it travels aft. The line of junction of the two component surfaces need
not be allowed to shew as the edge of a sharp angle, but may be
rounded off, so that the two surfaces referred to may be "fashioned"
into each other.
The advantages of the plan are the following:-
1. As the vessel moves ahead in an upright position there are no
forces created either on the sides or the floor tending to raise the bow,
so that this most important element of resistance to forward motion is
avoided.
2. In a vessel of any proportion of length to breadth the usual dis-
placement may be obtained with a much finer entrance than usual and
with no disadvantage in the form of the after body.
The annexed Drawing shows an example of a ship or vessel formed in
accordance with my Invention.
Figure 1 is in outline a side view; and Figure 2 a half plan. The
vertical lines a¹, a³, &c. on Figure 1 indicate positions corresponding with
the transverse vertical sections shown on the same Figure and marked
in the same order 61, 62, &c. The horizontal lines c¹, c², &c. on Figure 1
indicate positions corresponding with the horizontal sections shown on
Figure 2, and marked in the same order d', d², &c. The longitudinal
lines e¹ and e² on Figure 2 indicate positions corresponding with the
longitudinal and vertical sections shown on Figure 1 and marked fi
and f. On Figure 2 deck plans are also indicated. The transverse
section 6' near the fore part of the ship or vessel consists (looking to
the immersed section only) of two lines curved easily the one into the
other; the upper line is nearly vertical and the lower or floor line is
nearly horizontal. The intersection of these lines, or the passing of the
one into the other, lies in the line 9, 9. The transverse sections 6², b³,
b*, 65, and 6º, in rear of the section 6¹³, consist similarly of two lines, of
which the upper one in each case is straight or nearly straight, and
vertical or nearly vertical, and the lower or floor line, which in each
successive section going towards aft rises more and more, that is to say,
if at each section a line be drawn from the lower edge of the rabbet of
the keel, as a tangent to the sectional figure, as the line h is drawn in
respect to the section 6ª, this line in each successive section will be
more and more inclined to the horizontal, and this is the meaning of the
words "rise of floor" throughout this Specification. A short distance

page_text: aft of the section at the upper plane runs out above the water and the
rising floor forms the whole of the immersed section.
Ships built according to my design not only have the property that
the floor rises in the manner described, but they possess the further
peculiarity that vertical transverse sections lying before the section of
greatest area become larger and larger in submerged area as they go
towards the bow, in proportion to the area of their respective circum-
scribing parallelograms, i.e., of the parallelogram contained by the
depth of the section below water and its greatest breadth. There are
no ships existing in which these peculiarities are combined, but they
always co-exist in vessels designed according to my Invention.
The floor need not be absolutely flat or level at the stem. If a ship
or vessel of small displacement be required there may be a rise in the
floor from the commencement, which increases, although it may be by
very small increments, in each successive section in passing from stem
to stern.
The least rise of floor and greatest proportion of area of section to
that of circumscribing parallelogram should exist at the extreme fore
end of the ship, but it is not essential to my Invention that it should
be absolutely so, inasmuch as while any departure from this is dis-
advantageous to the ship, there may be sections quite small in area at
the extreme fore end of a ship built according to my system, in which
there is a greater rise of floor and a less proportionate area than in
sections lying immediately abaft them, the ship yet having throughout
the main portion of the fore body the peculiarities described above as
being essential to my Invention.
I claim as my Invention the construction of ships and vessels, sub-
stantially as described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Trajano Augusto de Carvalho, have
hereunto set my hand and seal, this Third day of August, in
the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy.
TRAJANO AUGTO, DE CARVALHO. (L.S.)