IMPROVEMENTS IN MINERS' SAFETY LAMPS, AND OTHER LAMPS AND APPARATUS FOR LIGHTING, ALSO IN APPARATUS FOR HEATING AND COOKING, IN VENTILATORS, AND IN TOPS. CAPS, OR WIND GUARDS FOR CHIMNEYS
Year: 1875

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Marcus Israel Landau, of Goulston Square, in
•
the County of Middlesex, Mining Engineer, for the Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN MINERS' SAFETY LAMPS, AND OTHER LAMPS AND
APPARATUS FOR LIGHTING, ALSO IN APPARATUS FOR HEATING AND COOKING,
IN VENTILATORS, AND IN TOPS. CAPS, OR WIND GUARDS FOR CHIMNEYS."
"
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Marcus Israel Landau
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 5th May 1875.
I, MARCUS ISRAEL LANDAU, of Goulston Square, in the County of
Middlesex, Mining Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MINERS' SAFETY LAMPS, AND OTHER LAMPS
AND APPARATUS FOR LIGHTING, ALSO IN APPARATUS FOR HEATING AND COOKING,
IN VENTILATORS, AND IN TOPS, CAPS, OR WIND GUARDS FOR CHIMNEYS," to be as
follows:-
I construct miners' safety lamps and other lamps in general principle
simila to the
fau
hinh Tabtained
Mainst
Tattoo DL

page_text: In some instances (as for example, when applied to windows) plates
or panes with intervals or intervening air spaces can be disposed in a
horizontal instead of a vertical row or series, and they may be wholly or
partially made of glass or other transparent material.
In one arrangement non-perforated plates may be combined with one,
two, or more plates formed with orifices fitted with perforated or
reticulated material, and having intervening air spaces or intervals.
It will be observed that according to my arrangements air admitted
for maintaining combustion, or for assisting the escape of aeriform or
gaseous products, or for ventilating purposes, enters in a direction
transverse to that of the flame or current to be acted upon, and all
around it, so that the flame or current is acted on peripherally or
circumferentially on every side.
When wicks are used in lighting or heating apparatus the following
mode (especially useful for miners' lamps) may be employed (according
to my Invention) for extinguishing them, if for example an attempt
be made to tamper with them. The end of the wick opposite to the
combustion end is carried through the oil well and brought up into a
portion of the lamp, in which it is engaged by a pin, spring, hook, or
equivalent contrivance fitted in such position as to catch the wick, so
that when an effort is made to open, disengage, or separate the top and
bottom parts of the lamp the combustion end of the wick is drawn
down and the flame extinguished.
In my Patent, No. 768, dated 3rd March 1874, I described an
extinguishing plate. This, according to my present Invention, I propose
to control by a slide or pusher, which in its' normal position holds back
that plate and allows the flame to burn, but it is released by efforts to
open or disconnect the top and bottom parts of the lamp, and then
allows the plate to drop on the flame and extinguish it.
The plates may be plane, corrugated, undulated, or otherwise formed.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Marcus Israel Landau in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 5th November 1875.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, MARCUS
ISRAEL LANDAU, of Goulston Square, in the County of Middlesex,
Mining Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Fifth day of May, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-fivo, in the
thirty-eighth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and suc-
cessors, give and grant unto me, the said Marcus Israel Landau, Her
special license that I, the said Marcus Israel Landau, my executors, ad-
ministrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Marcus Isracl
Landau, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time
agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter
during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN MINERS' SAFETY LAMPS, AND OTHER LAMPS AND APPARATUS FOR
LIGHTING, ALSO IN APPARATUS FOR HEATING AND COOKING, IN VENTILATORS, AND
IN TOPS, CAPS, OR WIND GUARDS FOR CHIMNEYS," upon the condition (amongst
others) that I, the said Marcus Israel Landau, my executors or admini-
strators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their
hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature
of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be per-
formed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the
said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Marcus Israel Landau, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the
same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement thereof, reference being had to the
accompanying Drawings, and to the-letters-and figures marked thereon,
that is to say :—
I construct miners' safety lamps and other lamps in general principle'

page_text: No. 768, and dated 3rd March 1874, but according to my present
Invention I employ a new method of and arrangement for admitting
air so as to maintain combustion and protect the flame from prejudicial
gases and vapours. For this purpose I place the burner, oil well, or
chamber in an air chamber or in a chamber formed with air channels,
which may be tubular, annular, or otherwise, or the air channels may
pass through the oil well or burner.
According to my Invention air is admitted through spaces formed
between supplementary bottoms or bottom plates attached to the air
chamber, lamp burner, or lighting apparatus.
Similar arrangements may be applied for the escape of the gaseous or
acriform products of combustion.
In one arrangement the gascous products after passing through one or
more chimneys or passages emerge through spaces left between two or
more annular or perforated plates. A cap formed with air openings
or slots may be added to or substituted for these plates. Also to
promote the passage of the air, perforations or orifices may be formed in
the chimney or chimneys.
This
The above-named air openings or spaces may be opened, closed, and
regulated by a sliding or turning ring, ferrule, rim, or cap.
may be applied or adapted also to the openings or orifices of other
lamps.
The arrangements above described with respect to lamps or lighting
apparatus I apply with obvious modifications to stoves, fire-places, or
apparatus for heating and cooking purposes.
For heating apartments a chamber provided with tubes for distributing
warm air may be contrived at the upper part of the air plates in any
convenient position.
The arrangement of annular or perforated plates or rings with inter-
vening air intervals or spaces, and certain other of the above-described
arrangements may be applied to caps, tops, or wind guards for house and
factory chimneys, cabin chimneys, and for other structural chimneys.
This object is mainly to prevent down draughts and counter currents,
and at the same time to promote combustion.
Also the arrangements may be applied in obviously similar manner
for ventilating purposes.

page_text: Figure 3 is an elevation of the lower portion of the lamp which con-
tains the burner, oil chamber, and appurtenances; and Figure 4 is a
plan of the same.
.
A is the oil receiver or annular chamber formed with air channels a
for admitting air to the burner b. Atmospheric air is admitted to these
passages or channels through spaces formed between supplementary
bottoms or bottom plates B, B¹, one or more of which may be provided
with wire gauze. a¹ is the bottom of the oil reservoir. A. wire gauze
disc a³ or a reticulated or perforated plate is placed immediately below
the bottom of the oil reservoir through which the air passes to the
channels a.
In some instances the annular chamber or oil receiver is tapped at its
lower part to receive a supplementary or intermediate plate B, which is
screw-threaded, as seen in Figure 5, or they may be secured together by
other convenient means, as for example by a bayonet joint.
any
The wire gauze disc a² is sometimes a fixture with the annular
chamber. When it is not a fixture I form at the upper part of the oil
chamber, near the edge thereof, a longitudinal recess for the reception
of a pin d, which passes down through the chamber and also through
the plates B, B', and wire gauze disc a², so as to fasten them to the oil
chamber. This pin cannot be withdrawn until the upper portion of the
lamp is unscrewed from the lower. C is the upper portion of the
lamp which is fitted to the lower portion A by means of a screw
thread.
To promote the passage of the air I form perforations or orifices fat.
the upper part of the outer chimney D. These perforations or orifices
are provided with and protected on their inside with a wire gauze
chimney D* or chimneys concentric with the outer chimney D, and a
sliding or turning ring closes, opens, and regulates them. In
dangerous atmospheres the ring g should be partially closed over the
orifices f, but when the current of air is rapid this ring should clear the
orifices in order to give free passage and escape for air from the interior
of the chimney or chimneys.
A series of flat rings or annular plates F are placed between the
hollow cap G and the flanged top of the outer chimney D to allow the
gaseous or aeriform products of combustion to escape. h are distance
picces or nuts placed between them.

page_text: Figure 6 is a plan of a hollow cap formed with slots or air openings f*
which may be added to the plates F. The atmospheric air passes
between the plates F in a direction transverse to that of the flame, and
carries away with it as it passes out on the other side the burnt products
of combustion as they pass upwards.
The plates or annular rings B, B', F, may be plane, corrugated, un-
dulated, or otherwise formed. H is the ordinary glass cylinder which
surrounds the flame, it is kept in place by a screw ring i. .p is the
pricker of ordinary construction for trimming, raising, and lowering the
wick. J is a lug or bolting piece formed on the upper portion of
the lamp C, through which a screw j is passed for locking or fastening
the upper portion of the lamp to the lower portion. A piece of metal K
projects from the bottom plate B', and is bent up at a right angle
thereto so that it shall stand behind the lug or bolting piece J when
the upper and lower portions are screwed together. When the screw j
is passed through the lug J it will enter a slot in the piece K, and also
lock the upper and lower portions of the lamp together, and at the same
time the plates B, B¹, and wire gauze disc a³. A hole j* is made in the
lug J in any convenient place, so that when the screw j is screwed up a
rivet or pin of lead or other soft or flexible metal is inserted therein
which may be stamped or otherwise marked so that the overlooker or
other person in charge can easily detect any careless miner who has
been tampering with his light. This pin must be destroyed before the
parts of the lamp can be opened or unlocked.
When wicks are used the following arrangement may be employed for
extinguishing them in case they should be tampered with.
The extinguishing apparatus consists of a bar, bridge, or bent plate L
placed over the burner b. A slot is contrived in this bent plate to
permit the wick (not shown in the Drawings) to pass through it so as to
be lighted. This bent plate L is attached at bottom to a flanged sliding 3
or turning ring L², which travels or slides around the neck of the oil
receiver, and is guided in its path by studs m on its inner circumference
travelling in a groove o formed in the said neck.
At the upper part of the lug J or at any other convenient part of the
upper portion of the lamp, a hole or aperture is made for the reception 3
of a flat or otherwise shaped bolt, pin, slide, or pusher m* (herein-after
called pusher only), which is provided with a notch or notches n.

page_text: A spring or catch n¹ fitted in the lug prevents the pusher from being
withdrawn when once inserted. Now when the portions of the lamp
have been screwed together or otherwise united the pusher n is inserted
into the aperture n² made for its reception (seen in Figure 1), and it
then abuts on the turning ring L of the bent plate L just above the
flange thereof, and it is so arranged that when it is caused to travel it
carries the plate L with it. As long as there is no attempt to unscrew
or disconnect the lamp the flame will burn freely, but if an attempt be
made to open the lamp to get at the flame, it cannot be opened until the
wick and pricker are pulled down, then the upper and lower portions
can be disconnected. The unscrewing or disconnecting of these portions
of the lamp will cause the pusher to carry the plate L with it, and as it
travels or moves will bring the solid or plain part over the flame, and
thus extinguish the light before the parts of the lamp are separated.
.
In another modification the end of the wick opposite the combustion
end is carried through the oil receiver, and brought up into a portion of
the lamp in which it is caught or engaged by a pin, hook, or equivalent
contrivance fitted in such position as to catch the wick, so that when an
effort is made to open, disengage, or separate the top and bottom parts
of the lamp, the combustion end of the wick is drawn down and the
flame extinguished.
The arrangements above described with respect to lamps or lighting
apparatus I apply with obvious modification to stoves, fire-places, or
apparatus for heating and cooking purposes. Similar letters of reference
indicate similar parts in all the Figures.
Figure 7 is a front elevation of an apparatus for heating and cooking
purposes; Figure 8 is a side view; Figure 9, a vertical section, and
Figure 10, a plan.
M are a series of moveable hollow air plates or chambers turning on a
hinge t, and provided with tubes N for distributing warm air into the
apartment or place to be warmed. Portions of these air plates or
chambers are cut away for the reception of the grate or receptacle con-
taining the fire, and also for permitting the fire to pass between the
plates to warm the cold air entering therein. The cold air passes into
these hollow plates or chambers M through apertures s, formed at the
lower part of the front plate of the fire-place Z at each side thereof, and
thence up through the plates or chambers M which are open at their

page_text: bottoms to receive the cold air, which then enters the apartment in a
warm state through the tubes N. These pipes are provided at their
mouths with doors or dampers P for regulating the supply of air, and
they are placed at the upper part of the fire-place. The tubes commu-
nicate with the air plates or chambers by means of openings **. The
doors or dampers are screwed or otherwise secured to the mouths of the
tubes, which project through the front plate so as to hold them in
.place. If the doors or dampers be unscrewed the air plates M turning
on the hinge t will fall back.
The air-chambers or plates are so arranged that they shall move ]
together backwards and forwards on this hinge, so as to allow the
chimney to be cleaned when necessary. The smoke from the fire passes
freely into the chimney between the air plates or chambers M.
When so cm-·|
The tubes can also be employed for cooking purposes.
ployed shelves, trays, or drawers Q, or other equivalent contrivances may 1
be placed in the tubes N near their mouths, and the matter to be cooked
or warmed is placed thereon and the hot air contained in the tubes is used
as the cooking or heating agent. The smoke issuing from the fire does
not enter these tubes. The mouths of the tubes N may be provided
with doors, slides, or other equivalent contrivances for convenience of 2
opening and closing the cooking apparatus.
I wish it to be understod that I do not confine myself to any
particular kind of fire-place for cooking and heating purposes as it is
obvious that my Invention may be employed to stoves, furnaces, and
other heating apparatus.
The arrangement of annular or perforated plates or rings with
intervening air intervals or spaces, and certain other of the above
described arrangements may be applied to caps, tops, wind guards, or
cowls for chimneys.
2
Figure 11 is an elevation; Figure 12, a plan, and Figure 13, a vertical 3
section of my improved wind guard, top, cap, or cowl for ventilating
chimneys and maintaining a perfect state of ventilation, also for preventing
smoke and down draughts, and at the same time promoting combustion.
R is a truncated conical portion, tube, or base which is attached to the
chimney.
3

page_text: S is a cylindrical portion which is placed over the truncated conical
portion or tube R. Between the tubes R and S a shorter portion or
tube R* is placed concentric with the tube R and fitting tightly around
it. The portions or tubes R and S are kept apart from each other by
means of distance pieces or blocks v. Sometimes I dispense with the
tubes R and R*.
.
At the top of the tube S I place a number of annular rings or super-
imposed hollow or perforated plates F (similar to those above described
in connection with the miners' lamp), and separated from each other by
means of distance pieces or blocks h. Bands of metal h* help to hold
together the plates. These plates F are surmounted by a cap destined
to prevent down draughts, and is constructed as follows:-G* is a
truncated conical cap provided with upright supports G³ on the top of
which is a flange or ring 9* so as to support a hinged flap valve dome or
door g.
Another conical cap or casing G³ is placed around the cap G*,
and rises above the flap or door g. The outer conical casing G² is secured
by distance pieces or nuts. A free
to the uppermost of the plates F
passage for the air is left between the inner and outer casings.
Sometimes the door or dome is a fixture, but when moveable a bent
piece of metal x acting as a spring closes it after the brush or instru-
ment used for cleaning or sweeping the chimney has been withdrawn.
This flap valve dome or door besides preventing down draughts, also
prevents rain, snow, or other matters entering the chimney.
The constant movement of the atmosphere passing transversely
between the plates F withdraws all smoke, gas, and vitiated or noxious
vapours.
Sometimes the annular plates or flat rings Finstead of being of the
same internal diameter are of smaller internal diameter than those below
it, so that they form a conical passage.
Also in some cases the uppermost plate or flat ring of the series may
be of larger external diameter than those below it, and it may be bent
down at an angle so as to extend over and around the next plate to
prevent rain entering the ventilator, as seen in Figure 14.
Figure 14 shows the arrangements for ventilating purposes applied to
a building. An exhausting or receiving pipe X is carried up outside the
building V, or it may be carried up through the walls, and it is con-
nected at intervals with the rooms W by means of branch pipes which

page_text: are placed at the upper part of such rooms and just below or above the
ceilings. Fresh air is admitted to these rooms through pipes y placed in
a line with the flooring or above or below the same, and I provide these
pipes with the plates or rings F. Now, as the fresh air enters the rooms
through the pipes y, and circulates therein the foul air passes up into the
branch pipes y*, and thence into the exhausting or receiving pipe X.
This pipe X is furnished at top with my improved ventilator herein-
before described.
-
Sometimes I place the plates or flat rings in the window panes in a
horizontal instead of a vertical row, and I make them wholly or patially
of glass or other transparent material. .
This ventilating apparatus is also useful for ventilating railway
carriages, ships, sewers, drains, waterclosets, subways, and other places,
and may be applied in manner similar to that above described for
ventilating buildings.
When employed for ventilating sewers, drains, or other confined
places where noxious gases or vapours prevail, I insert intermediate
plates between the annular plates or flat rings F, and on these
intermediate plates I place layers of charcoal or other purifying matter
in order to purify the gases or vapours.
In some instances the ventilator may be placed in the streets in
manner similar to lamp posts, or it may be combined therewith or placed
at the top of urinals or other convenient places.
Although in the accompanying Drawings I have described my
improvements first herein-before described, as applied to miners' lamps,
yet they may be applied in obviously similar manner to other lamps or
lighting apparatus for other purposes or uses.
Having now described the nature of the said Invention and in
what manner the same may be performed, I declare that I claim,-
First. The improved chamber provided with air passages for supplying a
air to the flame of miners' lamps and other lamps as described.
Second. The arrangement and combination of flat plates or rings
placed at the upper part of lamps for permitting the escape of the
products of combustion as described.
Third. The arrangement and combination of extinguishing apparatus a
as herein-before described.

page_text: Fourth. The arrangement and combination of plates or flat rings
forming supplementary bottoms or bottom plates, with or without wire
gauze, and placed at the bottom of lamps for admitting air to the
air channels or passages for supplying the flame as described.
Fourth. The arrangement and combination of plates or flat rings
forming supplementary bottoms or bottom plates, with or without wire
gauze, and placed at the bottom of lamps for admitting air to the
air channels or passages for supplying the flame as described.
Fifth. Forming orifices at the upper part of a lamp chimney and
opening, closing, or regulating them by means of a sliding or turning
ring as described.
Sixth. The general arrangement and combination of parts constituting
the improved lamp shewn in Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 of the accom-
panying Drawings as herein-before described.
Seventh. The improved apparatus for heating and cooking purposes
provided with air chambers or plates, and tubes for the distribution
of warm air, as described and shewn in Figures 7, 8, 9, and 10.
Eighth. The arrangement and combination of annular plates or flat
rings to the tops, caps, wind guards, or cowls of chimneys for preventing
down drafts and counter currents as described.
Ninth. The general arrangement and combination of parts con-
stituting the improved top, cap, wind guard, or cowl, as herein-before
described and illustrated in Figures 11, 12, 13, and 14 of the annexed
Drawings.
Tenth. The method of and apparatus for ventilating structures and
other places, as specified and shewn.
In witness whereof, I, the said Marcus Israel Landau, have here-
unto set my hand and seal, this Twenty-ninth day of October,
in the year One thousand eight hundred and seventy-five.
Witness,
ERNEST DE PASS,
Patent Agent,
68, Fleet Street,
London.
MARCUS I. LANDAU. (L.S.)