IMPROVEMENTS IN WIRE ROPES OR CABLES
Year: 1886

page_text: "
I, CARL KLAUKE, of the town of Müncheberg in the Kingdom of Prussia and
German Empire, Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of my Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN WIRE ROPES OR CABLES and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement :-
My invention relates to improvements in the manufacture of protective coverings
or sheathings for wire ropes or cables said sheathing consisting of strips of leather
or of other suitable material,
}
The object of my invention is to insure great durability of the wires forming
the rope or cable without decreasing the elasticity of the same.
The object sought to be attained by all manufacturers of wire ropes or cables
used for towing vessels for the transmission of power and analogous purposes is,
to make the said ropes or cables so as to combine great strength with the greatest
possible elasticity which latter object is readily attained by forming the rope or
cable of a large number of thin wires.
This manner of making wire ropes or cables however soon shews several draw-
backs and disadvantages; it was found for instance that such ropes or cables could
not be used for transmitting power on account of the great friction on the rope
drum whereby the thin wires were very soon worn through and consequently the
rope or cable rendered useless. It was for this reason considered advisable to
return to the employment of proportionately stronger and thicker wires in the
manufacture of wire ropes or cables although the elasticity of the same was
consequently diminished, but the old and imperfect manner of manufacturing the
ropes or cables was continued as a better method of manufacture and one. that
would avoid the existing drawbacks and imperfections was not known.
J
In order to make a wire rope or cable which besides possessing great tensional
strength also possesses great elasticity and in order to increase the transmitting and
resisting power of the same I have after many and laborious experiments succeeded
in constructing a wire rope or cable consisting of strands of very thin wires
each of which said strands is separately covered by a protective covering of
leather strips or fibrous material such as cord twine or their equivalents so as to
protect the rope from injurious friction. After covering the wire strands with the
1.

page_text: '
protective covering or sheathing in the manner as described in my British Patent
No 16289/84 the said strands are formed into a rope or cable.
This method has the advantage over that described in the Patent referred to,
that in case of wear or damage to the covering or the sheathing the same can never
unwind itself from the strands as every coil or twist of the said covering or
sheathing is tightly pressed in by the surrounding strands. I much prefer to use
leather as covering material as it possesses the property of great tenacity and
durability and causes so much frictional contact between the leather and the rope
drum that a slipping or gliding of the rope or cable on the drum is prevented and
the transmission of power secured. Wire ropes or cables which are only made of
wire frequently slip or glide from or on the drum as soon as they stretch and
slacken a little, which causes much inconvenience and delay in the working as a
shortening of the rope or cable is necessary which requires at least two hours.
All these drawbacks and disadvantages are entirely overcome by employing my
invention.
Endeavors have been made to impart to ships' cables or ropes made of wire the
same elasticity as hempen ropes and this object has been partly attained by making
these said ropes or cables as before mentioned of a number of thin wires.
Although these ropes or cables possessed great elasticity they were not durable
and if they came in violent contact with hard objects became easily deformed or
even broken; this would be almost sure to take place if for instance some sharp
pointed or sharp cornered object is projected or impinges against the same.
Although the tensile strength of the rope or cable would thereby be hardly
impaired it causes the sharp ends of the cut or broken wires to protrude from the
rope or cable thus injuring the hands of the person engaged in handling the same
whereby it could easily occur that a sailor for instance when suddenly pricked by
'the sharp end or ends of the wire or wires might let the rope or cable go at the
decisive moment and thus cause great damage or even danger to life and property.
Various endeavors have been made to protect wire ropes or cables from being
damaged in the manner previously referred to but no practical expedient was
discovered. Amongst other means of protecting wire ropes or cables some manu-
facturers adopted the method of tightly winding string or twine around the finished
wire rope or cable; the result however was that the string or twine would totally
uncoil or unwind itself from the rope or cable if by some accident it should be
severed. If this damage was not at once repaired a considerable piece would
detach itself from the rope or cable and cause much inconvenience and moreover
this method of protecting the rope or cable rather diminished than increased the
elasticity of the same. Attempts have been made to overcome this disadvantage
by placing a wire rope or cable as core into the hempen rope or cable: this arrange-
ment however did not answer the desired purpose for the reason that the relative
thickness of the rope or cable was not in proportion to its power of resistance.
Now in order to produce a rope or cable with protective sheathing which
possesses the like power of resistance with a wire rope or cable without such said
covering or sheathing I employ as core in the centre of the rope a wire cable
composed of thin wires which said wire cable is not subjected to any friction or
wear and tear as each of the strands of which the finished cable is composed is
protected by a protective sheathing or covering.
By means of this arrangement I produce a wire. rope or cable with protective
covering or sheathing possessing the same strength and capacity as a wire rope or
cable of like diameter made on the old system. The principal core. has been
utilized to great advantage in a modified form as protection for the separate strands
of which the finished rope or cable is composed. It is well known that the core of
a wire rope or cable if consisting of a strand of equal size with the other strands
has to bear a much greater strain than the outer strands as the core runs in a
straight line whereas the surrounding strands are twisted. This drawback is over-
come by giving the core one twist more than the surrounding strands of the same
rope or cable, the additional twist must however follow the direction of the other
t.
,
J

page_text: strands i.e. the core is not composed of a single strand but of a system of strands
forming a separate rope or cable preferably of like diameter with the surrounding
strands.
Fig. 1 of the accompanying drawings is a view of a wire rope or cable the
strands of which are wound with cord or twine according to my invention. Fig. 2
is a view of a wire rope or cable the strands of which are wound with strips of
leather.
Fig. 3 is a cross section of Fig. 1 the core consisting of a wire rope or cable
which is surrounded by the sheathed strands.
Fig. 4 is a cross section of Fig. 2 the core of which consists of a hempen rope
surrounded by small wire ropes or cables, the outer strands surrounding the core
being also composed of wire rope or cable with a sheathing of leather. Fig. 5 is a
cross section of a modified arrangement of a wire rope or cable without a core.
a, are the wire strands, which are separately wound with twine or its equivalent b,
or with leather or its equivalent c.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what
I claim is:
The manufacture, construction and application of wire ropes or cables the
separate or single strands of which are provided with a protective covering or
sheathing of leather, cord twine or other suitable equivalent substantially as set
forth in the foregoing specification and represented in the accompanying drawings.
Dated this 1st day of April in the year of Our Lord One thousand eight

page_text: Date of Application, 1st Apr., 1886.
Complete Left, 1st Jan., 1887.
Complete Accepted, 1st Feb., 1887
I EDWARD LAFONE BELLHOUSE of the firm of E. T. Bellhouse and Company of
Hunt Street, Manchester in the County of Lancaster, Engineers do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention to be as follows:-
My Invention relates to Hydraulic Machinery used in the packing of compressible
goods and materials. In such machinery the resistance to movement of the press
ram increases very rapidly as the goods or materials are being pressed into the limited
space which it is designed they should occupy so that it is usual to employ more
powerful pumps to complete the operation. The principal object of my Invention
is to obtain this final pressure with the same pumps as are used in pumping up the
slack of the press or with the same accumulator. I interpose between the press and
the pumps or accumulator an auxilliary double cylinder in which work two rams or
pistons or a piston and a ram differing in area. The water passing to the press is
in communication with the space below or behind the larger ram or piston. On the
pipe connecting the larger cylinder with the press is a back pressure valve and
between this valve and the press is connected a pipe which communicates with the
smaller cylinder. The water in the latter cylinder has access to a valve or piston
which is loaded to correspond with the highest pressure which under the arrangements
will be furnished directly by the pumps or the accumulator. When this pressure is
attained the valve opens or the piston moves and opens a valve or passage whereby
the smaller cylinder is put into communication with the press. The pressure from the
pumps or accumulator will then force up or outward the piston in the auxilliary
cylinder and an increased pressure will be obtained from the smaller cylinder to
complete the compression of the goods or materials. When so arranged the auxilliary
apparatus comes into action when required but if preferred it may be brought into
action when desired by opening the valve or valves by hand.
Connecting pipes and valves are provided for admitting water to the smaller
cylinder and discharging water from the larger cylinder in order to run down the
piston and ram of the auxilliary apparatus when the press ram is lowered to be in
readiness for another operation and in some cases I arrange for the said valves to be
actuated self-actingly by means of a rod or of rods connected with the ram or with a
moving part. In some cases I make the differential cylinders double acting. In
such cases I connect a piston with rams which extend in opposite directions from such
piston and I admit the fluid pressure to one side or the other of the piston so that
time is not lost in waiting for the piston to run down. Such double acting cylinders
would usually be horizontal for sake of convenience.
DUTTON & FULTON,
1, St. James Square, Manchester,
Agents.

page_text: Improvements in Hydraulic Packing Machinery.
I EDWARD LAFONE BELLHOUSE of the firm of E. T. Bellhouse and Company of
Hunt Street, Manchester in the County of Lancaster, Engineers, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention and in what manner the same is to be performed to
be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement and
accompanying drawings: ==
My Invention relates to Hydraulic Machinery used in the packing of compressible
goods and materials. In such machinery the resistance to movement of the press ram
increases very rapidly as the goods or materials are being pressed into the limited
space which it is designed they should occupy so that it is usual to employ more
powerful pumps to complete the operation. The principal object of my Invention is to
obtain this final pressure with the same pumps as are used in pumping up the slack of
the press or with the same accumulator. I interpose between the press and the pumps
or accumulator an auxilliary differential apparatus having rams or pistons or rams and
pistons differing in area the pump or accumulator pressure acting on the larger area
in order to obtain an increased pressure from the smaller area.
g.
My Invention will be most clearly understood when described with reference to the
accompanying drawings. In sheet 1 of the said drawings Fig. 1 represents in vertical
section one form of the said differential apparatus. In the said Fig. a and b are two
ram cylinders in which slide the two rams c and d which are connected together or
formed in one piece the two cylinders being also connected together by means of
columns. The ram d is much larger in area than the ram c being as drawn about six
times the area of the latter. The apparatus is connected with the pumps or the
accumulator as the case may be by means of a pipe e and with the press by means of a
pipe f. To avoid repitition I will suppose that the pipe e is in connection with a set
of přess pumps. The flow of water through the pipe e is controlled by valves at
which valves are of any suitable construction and are arranged to convey the water
either through the connecting piping h and the back-pressure valves into the pipe f
or through the piping ; into the lower end of the cylinder b. The said valves are
controlled by means of a cord or chain k which extends to the press for the convenience
of the pressman or are otherwise acted upon by suitable means. A pipe connects the
upper end of the cylinder a with the pipe f. The action of the apparatus is as follows.
During the first portion of the forcing up of the press ram the water is permitted to
flow through the pipes e and h into the pipe fand thence to the press cylinder until
the pressure furnished by the pumps is insufficient when the valves g are operated
upon to close the passage through hand to open a passage through j into the cylinder b
whereby the ram d will be forced up. This will cause the smaller ram c to force water
turough the pipe into the pipe f and supposing the ram c to be as hereinbefore stated
six times the area of the ram d it will be seen that the water will pass from the
cylinder a at a pressure equal to six times the pressure of the water entering into the
cylinder b-disregarding loss of pressure arising from friction-and a final pressure

page_text: per square inch will be obtained in the press cylinder equal to nearly six times the
pressure upon the pumps. In the example illustrated by Fig. 2 a single cylinder 6' is
used but it is fitted with a differential ram d'. The said ram is formed with a piston m
which slides within the cylinder the ram part sliding in a cover b' with which the
cylinder is provided. In this example the valves which control the flow of the water
are arranged to be self-acting. The water from the pumps enters the valves through a
pipe e and during the first pressure is diverted into the pipe fl which leads to the
press cylinder a back-pressure valve preventing the water from flowing to the
cylinder 6¹. Two screw valves 1 and 2 are employed and the screw spindles of such
valves are provided with spur pinions which gear with a spur sector n. Upon the same
shaft as the said sector is fixed a loaded lever o which is sustained by a hydraulic ram
which slides in a cylinder p which is in communication through a pipe with the said
pipe The lever o is so loaded as that when the pressure upon the pumps has
reached the maximum degree which it is considered desirable they should bear the ram
in p rises or is forced outward by the pressure and lifts the loaded end of the lever
whereby the sector is turned upon its axis and the valve spindles are also turned by
the action of the sector upon the spur pinions. This movement of the sector has the
effect of shutting off the direct flow of water from e¹ into fl and of opening a passage
for the flow of water through into the cylinder b¹. The water thus admitted into
the cylinder acts upon the full area of the piston m and forces outward the ram
whereby water is forced out of the annular space through the pipes and the
back-pressure valve into the pipe f¹ leading to the press cylinder a great increase
in pressure being obtained owing to the difference between the area of the said annular
space and the larger area of the part acted upon by the water flowing through. Any
suitable arrangement of valves may be substituted for the self-acting valves illustrated in
the Drawing. When the apparatus is relieved of pressure and the loaded lever o descends
the valve 2 opens a passage for the flow of water through j¹ and a pipes to a cistern t
whence water is supplied through a pipe u to keep the annular space 6* filled as the
piston descends. Fig. 3 on sheet 2 is illustrative of a double acting apparatus. In
this example a piston M is fitted to slide to and fro in a cylinder B and is attached to
two rams C. C of lesser area which are fitted to slide in cylinders A. D. The flow of
water is controlled by two sets of valves E and F each having two valves which are
closed by means of loaded levers and are opened by means of rocking cam levers v w.
The water is conveyed from the pumps to the said valves through pipes e, e and from
the apparatus to the press cylinders through pipes ff. In the example the piston is
supposed to be moving in the direction indicated by the arrow and water is flowing
from the valves in E through the pipe j into the space to the left of the said piston and
also through the back pressure valve into the cylinder A the back pressure valve i
preventing the return flow of water from the press to the said cylinder. In the other
set of valves F the connection with the pumps is closed and a passage is open for the
flow of water from the cylinder B through the pipe j' into the waste pipe. At the same
time water at a greatly increased pressure as compared with the pump pressure is being
forced out of the cylinder D through the pipe and the back-pressure valve i into the
pipe a back-pressure valve i¹ cutting off communication, with the pipe j¹. When the
piston has arrived at the end of its stroke the valves are reversed so as to reverse the
movement of the piston and high-pressure water is at once forced out of the cylinder A.
It will be seen that the operation of this apparatus is continuous or nearly so no time
being lost in having to wait whilst the rams run down as in the other examples. The
valves may be operated in any suitable manner and by any suitable means. In the
example the operation is made self-acting. The outer ends of the cam levers v. w. are
linked to the two ends of a vibrating lever or pair of levers which is or are hinged
to the upper end of a lever frame y which is mounted to vibrate upon a fulcrum at 2.
The two levers in the pair of levers a pass through slotted links which are attached to
the ends of the rods of two hydraulic pistons which are fitted to slide within the
cylinders p q. A pressure of water conveyed from an accumulator through a pipe r
tends to force the two pistons in pq in the direction which would be upward in the
drawing. A frame his connected by means of rods with the two rams so as to

page_text: move to and fro in unison therewith. As the said frame thus moves to and fro stops h³
alternately come into contact with the lower end of the lever frame y and by vibrating
the said frame upon its fulcrum cause the levers to slide in the links which are carried
by the piston rods in p q as aforesaid whereby the fulcrum of the last named levers is
shifted to and fro. The frame h carries two inclines no which engage alternately with
the downward projecting ends of the piston rods in p q and draw down the said pistons
against the water pressure by the movement of the frame h. To describe the action of
the parts I will follow the movements from their indicated position in the drawing.
The frame his supposed to be moving in the direction indicated by the arrow whereby
the fulcrum of the levers will be moving toward the cylinder p and the incline o will
be drawing downward the piston in q. As the piston M finishes its stroke the incline o
releases the rod of the piston in q and such piston is immediately forced upward and
as the fulcrum of the levers x is nearer to the cylinder p than to the cylinder q the
piston in q is able by the leverage of x to force down the piston in p. The movement
imparted to the levers also draws downward the cam lever to and raises the cam
lever whereby the valves in both sets are reversed. Water will now flow down the
pipe into the cylinders B and D on the right hand and the pipes ; will be put in
communication with the waste pipe. The piston M will then move toward the left
hand. It will be seen that the apparatus last described can be brought into effective
use at any time by simply admitting the pump or accumulalor pressure to the valves
in E and F.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said invention
and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what I claim is :-
(1) The combination of parts forming the apparatus for interposition between the
pumps or accumulator and a hydraulic press or hydraulic presses substantially as and
for the purpose set forth and indicated.
(2) In connection with hydraulic presses apparatus containing two rams differing
in area with suitable connecting pipes and valves whereby at the desired times liquid
from the pumps or accumulator can be admitted to act on the larger ram and liquid
forced by the smaller ram be conveyed to the press cylinder substantially as set forth
and indicated.
(3) In connection with hydraulic presses apparatus containing rams or pistons
differing in area or a differential ram and a loaded ram or piston which will on the
attainment of the pressure for which such loaded ram is regulated move parts which
open and close valve passages so as to admit the water to act upon a larger area of ram
or piston and direct liquid forced by a smaller area to the press cylinder substantially
as and for the purpose set forth and indicated.
(4) For use in connection with hydraulic presses a double-acting differential
apparatus provided with a piston of larger area and with two rams of smaller area and
with valves and connecting pipes whereby the pump or accumulator pressure can be
admitted to act upon one side or the other of the larger piston and liquid at an
increased pressure be conveyed from one or the other of the smaller rams to the press
cylinder or cylinders substantially as set forth and indicated.
DUTTON & FULTON,
1, St. James Square, Manchester,
Agents.