Improvements in the Manufacture of Cast Anchors and in Moulds for Casting Anchors and Anchor Shanks of Cast Steel or other Metal or Alloy.
Year: 1888

page_text: Date of Application, '25th Aug., 1888
Complete Specification Left, 23rd May, 1885-Accepted, 6th July, '1889
PREDIONAL
Improvements in the Manufacture of Cast Anchors and in Moulds
for Casting Anchors and Anchor Shanks of Cast Steel or other
Metal or Alloy.
We GEORGE ALLAN of Corngreaves Hall in the County of Stafford Iron Master
and THOMAS TURNER of Corngreaves Iron Works in the same County Manager of
Iron and Steel Works do hereby declare the nature of this Invention to be as
follows:-
Hitherto steel anchor shanks and anchors have been made either from rough cast
steel ingots cast in flat or square iron or other simple form of moulds the ingots being
rolled hammered pressed or otherwise forged or fashioned until the finished shanks or
anchors have been made. Or the steel anchor shanks or anchors have been made by
casting the steel in moulds of sand or similar silicious and refractory material exactly
or nearly of the shape of the finished anchor or shank such moulds being broken up
in order to remove the anchors or shanks after casting.
Our invention consists principally in so constructing moulds for casting anchor
shanks and anchors that either wholly or in part the said moulds can be used over and
over again to make the same form of castings. According to our invention we so
construct the moulds that the parts to be repeatedly used can be readily made in iron
or steel and we adapt these iron or steel parts of the moulds to form those portions of
the castings that are simple in form and from which the said iron or steel parts can he
easily removed after the casting is made. The iron or steel parts are so connected that
they will leave the castings easily but those parts of the mould where the form of the
casting is more complex or where the molten steel may impinge heavily during the
casting process we make of sand fireclay or other refractory material as herein after
described.
In constructing moulds for casting the shanks of anchors we make the principal
part of the mould of iron or steel and place by preference vertically on or fix it to
a hollow or recessed casting bottom in which bottom a loose block is inserted which
supports a core the said block having a figure corresponding to the eye end of the
anchor shank to be cast. The mould block described and the core may be made of
sand or other refractory material or of metal lined with sand or other refractory
material. The block described is removed and replaced by a fresh one when required.
Instead of placing the block in a separate casting bottom the base of the metal mould
may be enlarged for receiving the said block and instead of using a core recesses may
be made in opposite sides of the block when trunnions are required on the opposite
faces of the anchor shank. The block in which the eye end or 'trunnion end of the
shank is cast may be situated at the top of the metal part of the mould instead of at
the bottom. The end of the metal part of the mould in which the shackle end of the
shank is cast may be enlarged and the mould may be made in longitudinal halves
or two or more moulds may be arranged side by side. Several shanks may 'be
cast side by side and the eye ends of the several shauks may be cast in the same
mould block.
The molten steel or other metal may either be run into the mould at about the level
of the top of the mould block or by a get or runner at the bottom of the mould or
the molten metal may be poured into the top of the mould or otherwise.
In place of making the principal metal part of the mould of nearly the length and
shape of the shank the said metal part of the mould may be made shorter and of
greater internal diameter than the shank to be cast the short and thick shank cast 'in
the mould being afterwards drawn down to the required size and length. The eye end
of the shank cast in the casting block of this modified mould requires little or no

page_text: finishing.
The short mould last described and those previously described may
either be open topped or closed at top with the exception of a small air hole.
In casting the ordinary type of anchor such as the Admiralty pattern or Rodger's
modified pattern in which the shank crown and flukes or palms are cast in one piece
the construction of mould is practically the same. That is to say the base of the mould
consists of a metal block in which the crown of the anchor is cast the upper separable
metal part of the mould in which the shank is cast being supported upon the metal
block. In the said metal block recesses are formed to receive cores of sand or other
refractory material for forming those parts of the mould in which the flukes of the
anchor are cast.
In casting large anchors the lower part of the mould in which the crown and flukes
are cast may be made of sand or other refractory material.
The crown and palms or flukes of the anchor may be cast straight instead of curved
the said parts after they have been cast being fashioned by forging to the required
figure and short and thick shanks may be cast and drawn out as before described. Or
the arms with flukes on their ends may be cast straight and afterwards bent into the
required shape.
By casting the crown and flukes straight as described the form of the mould is
much simplified.
Our improvements may be applied to moulds for casting anchors and anchor
heads and palms of anchors of various kinds which we do not think it necessary here
to describe.
Dated this 5th ..
Ր A
1000
W. T. WHITEMAN,
Agent for the Applicants.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in the Manufacture of Cast Anchors and in Moulds
for Casting Anchors and Anchor Shanks of Cast Steel or other
Metal or Alloy.
We, GEORGE ALLAN of Corngreaves Hall in the County of Stafford Ironmaster
and THOMAS TURNER of Corngreaves Iron Works in the same County Manager of
Iron and Steel Works, do hereby declare the nature of our Invention and in what
manner the same is to be performed to be particularly described and ascertained in
and by the following statement :-
Hitherto steel anchor shanks and anchors have been made either from rough cast
steel ingots cast in flat or square iron or other simple form of moulds, the ingots being
rolled, hammered, pressed, or otherwise forged or fashioned until the finished shanks
or anchors have been made. Or the steel anchor shanks or anchors have been made
by casting the steel in moulds of sand or similar silicious and refractory material
exactly or nearly of the shape of the finished anchor or shank, such moulds being
broken up in order to remove the anchors or shanks after casting.
Our invention consists principally in so constructing moulds for casting anchor
shanks and anchors that either wholly or in part the said moulds can be used over and
over again to make the same form of castings. According to our invention we so
construct the moulds that the parts to be repeatedly used can be readily made in iron
or steel and we adapt these iron or steel parts of the moulds to form those portions of
the castings that are simple in form and from which the said iron or steel parts can be
easily removed after the casting is made.
The iron or steel parts are so connected that they will leave the castings easily but
those parts of the mould where the form of the casting is more complex or where the
molten steel may impinge heavily during the casting process we make of sand, fireclay
or other refractory material as hereinafter described.
In constructing moulds for casting the shanks of anchors, we make the principal
part of the mould of iron or steel and place it by preference vertically on or fix it to
a hollow or recessed casting bottom in which bottom a loose block is inserted which

page_text: supports a core, the said block having a figure corresponding to the eye end of the
anchor shank to be cast. The mould block described and the core may be made of
sand or other refractory material or of metal lined with sand or other refractory
material. The block described is removed and replaced by a fresh one, when required.
Instead of placing the block in a separate casting bottom, the base of the metal mould
may be enlarged for receiving the said block; and instead of using a core, recesses
may be made in opposite sides of the block when trunnions are required on the
opposite faces of the anchor shank. The block in which the eye end or trunnion end
of the shank is cast may be situated at the top of the metal part of the mould instead
of at the bottom. The end of the metal part of the mould in which the shackle end
of the shank is cast may be enlarged and t he mould may be made in longitudinal
halves; or two or more moulds may be arrang ged side by side. Several shanks may be
cast side by side and the eye ends of the several shanks may be cast in the same
mould block.
The molten steel or other metal may either be run into the mould at about the level
of the top of the mould block, or by a git or runner at the bottom of the mould; or the
molten metal may be poured into the top of the mould or otherwise.
In place of making the principal metal part of the mould of nearly the length and
shape of the shank, the said metal part of the mould may be made shorter and of
greater internal diameter than the shank to be cast, the short and thick shank cast in
the mould being atterwards drawn down to the required. size and length. The eye end
of the shank cast in the casting block of this modified mould requires little or no
finishing. The short mould last described and those previously described may either
be open topped or closed at top with the exception of a small air hole.
In casting the ordinary type off anchor such as the Admiralty pattern or Rodgers'
modified pattern in which the shank, crown and flukes or palms are cast in one piece, the
construction of the mould is Practically the same that is to say-The base of the
mould consists of a metal block in which the crown of the anchor is cast; the upper
separable metal part of the mould in which the shank is cast being supported upon
the metal block. In the said metal block recesses are formed to receive cores of
sana v. other refractory Paterial for forming those parts of the mould in which the
flukes of the anchor are cast.
In casting large anchors the lower part of the mould in which the crown and flukes
are cast may be made of sand or other refractory material. The crown and palms or
5 flukes of the anchor may be cast straight instead of curved, the said parts after they
have been cast being fashioned by forging to the required figure and short and
thick shanks may be cast and drawn out as before described. Or the arms
with flukes on their ends may be cast straight and afterwards bent into the required
shape.
0 By casting the crown and flukes straight as described the form of the mould is much
simplified.
5
0
Our improvements may be applied to moulds for casting anchors and anchor heads
and palms of anchors of various kinds which we do not think it necessary here to
describe.
We will now proceed to describe with reference to the accompanying Drawings
the manner in which our invention is to be performed.
Figures 1 and 2 represent vertical sections taken at right angles to one another of a
mould constructed according to our invention for casting anchor shanks.
Figure 2 is a modification of the mould Figures 1 and 2.
Figures 3 and 4 represent vertical sections taken at right angles to one another of a
mould of a similar construction to that represented in Figures 1 and 2 but the details
are somewhat modified. Figure 3 represents the base of a mould of the same
construction as that represented in Figures 3 and 4 but for casting a different forun of
shank.
m is the principal part of the mould made of iron or steel, the said part m being
supported on the casting bottom d also of iron or steel. Within the metal casting
bottom d is a loose block b in which the eye end of the shank is cast the said block b

page_text: in which the
eye end
being made preferably of sand or other refractory material, but the part of the mould
of the shank is cast may be made in one piece with the metal
supporting bottom dor the loose block b, may be made of metal. The block b
supports the core e which may be made of sand or other refractory material or of
metal. The molten metal is run into the mould Figures 1 and 2 from near the bottom
by the nearly horizontal gi but the molten metal may be otherwise run into the
mould and the mould may be situated horizontally or in an inclined position during
the casting. In the mould Figures 3. 3 and 4 the bottom of the main part m is
recessed and the block b is placed in the said recess and the git or runner for the
molten metal is situated on the casting bottom d and rises upwards axially through the
loose block b. The block b may extend upwards as indicated by the dotted lines at e. e
Figure 3.
When the shank is cast vertically, the upper end of the mould may be left open as
represented in Figures 1 and 2; or a cover plate may be fixed over the top of the
mould by a bar and wedge as represented in Figure 3; or the upper end of the mould
may be closed with the exception of a small hole as represented in Figure ³ to permit
of the escape of air and gases during the casting process.
When the shank of the anchor is to be furnished with trunnion projections on its
opposite faces the block of the mould is furnished with recesses p', p¹ in its opposite
faces as represented in Figure 24, the core being omitted.
Figures 5 and 6 represent vertical sections, taken at right angles to one another, of
a modified mould, for casting anchor shanks constructed according to our invention.
Figure 5A is a plan of the block b supported on the bottom d. In this modified mould
the principal metal part m is secured to the mould lock 6 by pins and cotters at o the
molten metal being run into the mould by the bottom git or runner g' in the casting
bottom d. For the purpose of luting the junction of the two parts m and b of the
mould, we make the bottom of the block open for the insertion of the hand into the
bottom of the mould but before casting we nearly fill the opening in the bottom of
the block with sand or other refractory material as shown at r.
We do not however
limit ourselves to the use of the open bottom of the back as a closed bottom may le
used and the molten metal run into the mould at any desired point.
The principal part m of the several moulds may have any dessicer sectional figure;
for example they may have either of the sectional figures represented in Figures 8. 9. 10.
and 11. taken on the line j. k.
The mould may be inverted, that is, the block may be uppermost as represented in
the upper portion of a mould Figure 12, a hole h. being made through the top
of the block b. to form a head or column of metal for the casting process as is
well understood.
Figures 13. and 14. represent vertical sections taken at right angles to one another
and Figure 15 a horizontal section of a mould made in halves marked respectively m.
and m for the casting of a shank having a long eye the said mould having recesses in
its opposite faces for receiving the cores c³, e of sand or other refractory material, the
said cores being fixed in the said halves by the screws or hooks at w. w passed through
the walls of the mould. Or in place of or addition to the screws or hooks at w, w,
sand may be rammed around the edges of the cores at r,, for fixing or assisting in
fixing them in their places. The halves m, m² of the mould are held together by the
cotter pins s. 8, passed through the snugs n, n, on the halves of the mould: or the halves
of the mould may be held together by cramps.
The block in this modification consists of an iron casing lined with sand or other
refractory material, the said sand or refractory material being supported within the
casing b. by the bars 6' 6, of the kind commonly used for like purposes; g¹ is the git
or runner for conveying the fluid metal to the mould.
The cores c. in this mould and those in the moulds hereinbefore described may be
omitted. In this case the solid eye end of the cast shank is finished by drilling or
boring the said eye end.
Instead of casting in the mould a shank of the length of the finished shank as
described and represented, a short shank only may be cast in the mould, that is, only

page_text: sufficient metal is poured into the mould to form the eye e. and a short shank. In this
case the short shank may be drawn out by forging or otherwise, or a separate shank
may be attached to the short shank by welding or otherwise..
Figures 16. and 17. represent vertical sections of the base part of a mould somewhat
modified from that represented in Figures 13. 14. and 15. to fit it to cast a shank
having a forked or double eye e. c. In this modification two vertical gits g² g² for the
fluid metal to enter the mould are used and the principal part m. of the mould may be
connected to the block by the pins and wedges represented.
Figures 18. and 19. represent vertical sections taken at right angles to one another
of a mould constructed according to our invention for casting the ordinary type of
anchor with the palms or flukes straight and Figure 20 represents a plan of the block
of the mould. The anchors to the casting of which this mould is particularly fitted
are the Admiralty pattern or Rodgers' modified pattern. In this modification of the
mould the metal block . forms the mould for casting the crown of the anchor, recesses
being made in it to receive the cores of sand c. e. for forming the shoulders of the
flukes.
These cores being made of sand yield as the casting contracts and prevent the
risk of the cracking of the casting which would arise were the parts e. c. made of iron.
The upper part s. of the mould is of metal and in it the shank of the anchor is cast ;
g is the git at the bottom of the block b. We do not however limit ourselves to that
position of the git. After the anchor has been east, the upper part s. is lifted from
the block b. for removing the cast anchor, the flukes and crown being afterwards bent
to the required figure by forging. By casting the anchor with the upper sides of the
palms or flukes in a straight line as represented the form of the mould is much
simplified but moulds made according to our invention may be used for casting
anchors with the crown and flukes of the shape or nearly of the shape required in the
finished anchor.
The shank or upper part s. of the mould may be of the length of the finished shank ;
or the said upper part s. may be made short and of large diameter, the short and thick
cast shank being afterwards drawn out by forging into the finished shank; or the short
shank may be cast hollow or with a socket for facilitating the attachment to it of a
separate piece to complete the shank.
Figures 21. and 22. represent vertical sections taken at right angles to one another
of a mould constructed according to our invention for casting the separate arms of
anchors and Figure 23 is a horizontal section of the same. This mould consists of the
principal part m. having a git or runner g' at bottom and provided at its top with a
core (or cores) c. to form the stop on the cheek and the hole in the arm for the joint
pin to pass through.
, cores c³, c³, may be fixed
When the arm is to be contracted at any part of its length, c
in the inside of the mould as illustrated in Figure 24.
The moulds Figures 21. 22. 23. and 24. may either have covered tops as in
Figures 21. 22. and 23., or open tops as in Figure 24.
Figure 25 represents a mould for casting in one piece the two arms and cross-piece
of an anchor; Figure 26 shows half a section on the line A. B. and Figure 27 shows
a horizontal section on the line C. D. The side parts of the mould in which the arms
are cast are connected by pins and cotters and between the opposed faces of the said
two parts a block preferably of sand is supported, in which block the middle of the
crosspiece is cast. This block has at top a riser for giving a head of metal in casting.
The crosspiece may have any desired shape and the use of sand as described facilitates
the casting of complex forms such for example as crosspieces baving tripping heads.
The metal is introduced either at the bottom of the mould or at the top or through
the riser.
Any of the moulds may be inclined or inverted with such slight modification of
details as will be understood by a moulder.
By sand we mean the loamy sand commonly used for casting and sometimes called
moulding sand,

page_text: Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of our invention
and the manner in which the same is to be performed we declare that what we
claim as our invention of "Improvements in the manufacture of cast anchors
and in moulds for casting anchors and anchor shanks of cast steel or other metal
or alloy'
་་
1
First With reference to anchors in which the shank or part of the shank, crown
and flukes or palms are cast in one piece ;-
Casting in a mould the crown and flukes or palms straight or neary straight instead
of curved and afterwards fashioning the said straight crown and flukes or palms by
forging to the required figure substantially as hereinbefore described and illustrated
with respect to Figures 18. 19. and 20 of the accompanying Drawings.
Secondly Constructing moulds for casting the shanks of anchors essentially of two
parts, namely, of an iron or steel part in which the shank or short shank is cast and
of a hollow block, and appliances connected with it, in which block the eye end
or part of the eye end or the trunnion end of the shank is cast, the said hollow
block being either loose and made of sand or other refractory material or of metal
substantially as herein before described and illustrated in Figures 1. 2. 2 3. 34 3B
4. 5. 5 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15 16. and 17. of the accompanying
Drawings.
Thirdly Combining with such metal moulds for the casting of anchor shanks as
are made in halves, internal sand cores as hereinbefore described and illustrated in
Figures 13. 14. and 15. of the accompanying Drawings.
Fourthly The construction and combination of the parts of moulds for casting
anchors in which the shank, crown and flukes or palms are cast in one piece as
hereinbefore described and illustrated in Figures 18. 19. and 20. of the accompanying
Drawings, whether the crown and flukes or palms be cast straight or curved.
Fifthly The construction and combination of the parts of the moulds herein before
described and illustrated in Figures 21. 22. 23. and 24. of the accompanying Drawings
for casting the separate arms of anchors.
Lastly The construction and combination of the parts of the mould hereinbefore
described and illustrated in Figures 25. 26. and 27. of the accompanying Drawing for
casting in one piece the two arins and cross-piece of an anchor.
Dated the 18th day of May 1889.
GEORGE ALLAN,
THOMAS TURNER.