Improved Apparatus for Photographing Objects in Motion and for Projecting the Representations upon a Screen or other surface.
Year: 1897

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improved Apparatus for Photographing Objects in Motion and for
Projecting the Representations upon a Screen or other surface.
A communication from abroad by WOODVILLE LATHAM, of New York, United
States of America, Chemist.
I, CHARLES AUBREY DAY, of 321, High Holborn, London, Chartered Patent
Agent, do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
My invention relates to apparatus for photographing objects in motion and for
projecting the pictures upon a screen or other surface, whether by intermittent
or continuous movement of the film.
The object of the invention is to devise an apparatus of the character indicated
which shall be free from the defects incident to the constructions heretofore devised.
In the present apparatus, smooth rollers are made use of for feeding the film.
Sprocket machines are apt to tear the picture strip, besides being otherwise
objectionable; but if the strip is carried between smooth rollers, it passes through
the apparatus not at the rate of a definite number of pictures per turn of the
driving shaft as in sprocket machines, but at the rate of a definite number of inches;
and as the positive pictures usually differ in size from the negatives-because of
shrinkage or expansion under the process of development a new difficulty presents
itself which an example will explain.
Suppose that one hundred inches of celluloid film have been used, and that upon
it have been photographed one hundred negatives. Suppose that the negative
strip has been developed, and that from it one hundred positives have been printed
and developed. A measurement of the positive strip will show that it is, we will
say, only ninety-nine inches long. Let the machinery of the photographic appa-
ratus (in connection, of course, with suitable appliances for projection) be employed
to project the positives upon a screen.
There will be only one exposure for each of the ninety-nine inches on which the
hundred positives appear. The first projection will be that of picture number one
together with a part of picture number two. The second projection will be that
of the remainder of picture number two together with a larger part of picture num-
ber three. The third projection will be that of the remainder of picture number
three together with a still larger part of picture number four, and so on to the
end of the strip.
In the accompanying drawings forming a part of this specification, I have shown
one embodiment of my invention. It is to be understood, of course, that I do not
limit myself to the particular details of arrangement or construction herein shown,
as these may be varied to suit conditions; e.g. the machine may be supported with
what is now the bottom side up, the reel 24 and the rollers 14, 15 &c. dispensed
with, and the picture strip be drawn from a box or basket placed under the table.
In the drawings, in which like parts are indicated by like numerals of reference
in the several views, Figure 1 is a side elevation, partly in section, of an apparatus

page_text: constructed according to my invention, and Figures 2, 3 and 4 are sections on
the lines 2, 2-3, 3- and 4, 4 respectively, of Figure 1.
Referring to the drawings, 5 indicates a case of any suitable dimensions and
material. Each end of the case 5 is provided with a hinged door, 6, 6ª, to render
the interior easy of access, and one side, 7, of the case is detachably applied for
the same reason.
Within case 5 is fitted and secured a frame 8 of metal which furnishes a support
and bearings for the mechanism. This frame, to reduce the weight, is cut away
at suitable places, as shown at 9. A sliding frame 10 is mounted in frame 8 and
guided by a series of dovetail projections 11 on its sides fitting into corresponding
depressions 12 on frame 8 and the inner surface of side 7 of the case. The frame 10
is adapted to be moved up or down by turning the milled head of screw 13 which
is fitted through the top of the case and engages with the top of said frame 10.
Numerals 14, 14ª, indicate rollers covered with a proper thickness of a material
that is yielding and elastic, such as soft rubber. These rollers are fixed to their
shafts, which are suitably supported in frame 8, and in metallic bearings provided
on the detachable side 7 of the case, the inner surface of side 7 being preferably
lined with metal 15 having said bearings formed integrally therewith. 15, 15"
are rollers (preferably of hard material, and preferably flanged as shown,) loose
on their shafts. For some purposes rollers 15, 15° are also made with soft facing.
They are driven by the rollers 14, 14". The roller 15 is mounted in the sliding
frame 10 directly, while roller 15 is mounted in said frame by means of arms 16
pivoted to frame 10 as shown, and connected to the bell-crank lever 17 the long
arm of which extends through a guide piece 18 at the upper end of sliding frame 10
and out through the top of the case where it is provided with a milled head 19.
By means of the milled head 19 the bell-crank lever 17 may be turned so as to
make the pressure between rollers 14" and 15" the same as the pressure between
rollers 14 and 15. When these two pressures have been once equalized for any,
position of the frame 10, the equality will not be destroyed by moving said frame
up or down, and no further turning of the milled head 19 will be necessary during
the operation of the apparatus.
The roller 14 is driven from the driving shaft 20, the shaft of said roller being
provided at its outer end with gear wheel 21 which meshes with gear wheel 22
on said driving shaft. The roller 14ª is driven from the shaft of roller 14 by
suitable gearing, as for example a sprocket chain 23 which answers the purpose
well.
The reels carrying the film or picture-bearing strip 25 are indicated at 24, 24",
and they are suitably mounted in the case 5 and are easily accessible and removable.
The film or picture-bearing strip is drawn from the upper reel 24 and passes
between rollers 14ª, 15", between the pairs of small guide rollers 26, 26 located
above and below the opening at the optical axis of the apparatus, thence between
the rollers 14 and 15 to the lower reel 24 upon which it is wound by the action of
the cord 27 which connects the shafts of roller 14" and lower reel 24" by passing
over pulleys on the respective shafts. The pulley 28 on the shaft of roller 14" 19
provided with a groove of such shape as to prevent the slipping of the cord 27 (see
Fig. 2), and the pulley 29 on the shaft of lower reel 24ª is so formed as to promote
the slipping of said cord (see Fig. 4).
The adjustable spring-roller device 30, shown in dotted lines in Figure 1, serves
to give the cord 27 such tension that it slips continuously on the pulley of the
shaft of reel 24" to an extent sufficient to prevent the breaking of the film between
the reel and the rollers 14, 15, but not too much to prevent the winding of the
film upon the reel regularly. This spring-roller device 30 is attached to the inside
of the case in suitable relation to the cord 27 and is so constructed as to be capable
of exerting, by suitable adjustment, the necessary amount of pressure on said
cord.
There are two doors at the opening of the optical axis of the apparatus separately

page_text: hinged to the supporting frame 8, and in these doors are mounted the small guide
rollers 26, 26, one pair in each door. These rollers do not quite touch each other.
Between the plates supporting these guide rollers there are cemented on the side
toward the objective 31 pieces of some very soft animal skin 26b with fur extending
downward. On the side toward the objective 32 are cemented pieces of velvet,
felt or similar substance 26°. The fur brushes without injury the sensitive side
of the film as the latter moves downward. When the film is to be transferred
from the lower to the upper reel, the outer door is opened to prevent raking of the
sensitive surface. When the two doors are shut together these cemented pieces
press against each other so that the film 25 passes between them with suitable
friction. A regulating screw 33b operating between the two doors makes it possible
to vary the friction to suit films of varying thickness.
The objective 31 is the one employed for photographing. It and its bellows
are detachably connected to the case and are to be removed as are also the shutter 33
and its enclosing box, and the cap 34 back of the opening at the optical axis,
when the apparatus is used for projecting.
The shutter 33 comprises a disc from which projects perpendicularly the "guillo-
tine shutter" proper 33, which may be curved, as shown, or it may be flat. The
advantage claimed for this shutter is that it alternately cuts up and down, and that
the defects due to an upward cutting exposure and those due to a downward
cutting exposure in photographing the pictures neutralize each other when the
pictures are rapidly projected, and that the effect of a uniform exposure is thereby
produced.
The shutter 33, which is made use of when photographing, is mounted in a
box 34 on a shaft 35 having bearings in frame 8 but not extending into the box 34.
This box is open toward the objective 31 and toward the film 25 on the opposite
side, and it fits well against the inside of door 6-or against the bellows of the
objective 31 if the door is not present-and against the outer one of the two small
doors in which the guide rollers 26, 26" are mounted.
The outer end of the shaft 35 of shutter 33 is provided with a pinion 36 which
is adapted to mesh with gear wheel 37 fixed to the driving shaft 20 by which
means the desired movement is communicated to the shutter.
The shutter 38, 38%, may or may not be made use of when projecting, but it.
is preferably used when the film moves intermittently, and must be used when the
film moves continuously. It is the same as shutter 33, 33ª (except as to the time
of exposure it allows) and is similarly mounted in frame 8 in proper relation to
the opening in the optical axis of the apparatus as seen in Figure 1. It also has
the necessary movement communicated to it from the gear 37 on the driving
shaft 20 which gear meshes with a pinion 36 on the end of shaft 35ª of said shutter..
The cap 34 fits upon a projection on the rear door at the optical axis. It is
easily removable and its purpose is to prevent the light through the objective 31
at the moment of exposure from reaching any part of the film except that on which
the picture is to be photographed.
A disc 39 is mounted below the optical axis in proper relation to the rollers 14, 15,
and moves in the same plane with them, its shaft having bearings in the frame 8
and carrying at its outer end a pinion 40 which meshes with a gear 41 on shaft 42,
the gear 41 in turn meshing with gear 43 on the shaft of roller 14. By this
arrangement of the gearing the proper direction of movement is given to the disc 39.
Perpendicular to the face of the disc 39 there is mounted a rod or tube 44 which
is adjustable in a slot in said disc (see Fig. 1) to different distances from the centre.
of the disc. During a part of the time of a revolution of disc 39 its rod or tube 44
presses on the film 25, and draws a portion of it down between the doors at the
optical axis of the apparatus. The portion drawn down at any one contact of the
rod or tube with the film is precisely equal to what rollers 14, 15, have moved for-
ward since the preceding contact. This fact should be marked carefully, because
it is the keynote of the apparatus, and because it seems not to have been observed.
heretofore. If the rod or tube 44 is so near to the centre of disc 39 that it pulls

page_text: down less of the film than the rollers 14, 15 move forward in the intervals of con-
tact between said rod or tube and the film, then in the intervals of contact the
film will be broken or else will be drawn between the small doors at the optical
axis by the rollers 14, 15, and there will be no rest of the film at the optical axis
at the times of exposure. If, on the other hand, the rod or tube 44 is so far from
the centre of the disc 39 that its first impact with the film draws down a greater
length than the rollers 14, 15 take up in the interval between the impacts, the
fault is corrected at the second impact, and ever afterwards the length of film
brought down by the rod or tube 44 will depend solely on what the roller 14 in
a revolution against the roller 15 can carry forward. The ratio of the time
of movement of the film to the time of rest depends on the number of degrees of
revolution which rod or tube 44 makes, while it is pressing upon the film. Increase
of the distance of the shaft of the disc 39 from the taut film between the rollers 26"
and the rollers 14, 15 (coupled with a suitable increase of the distance of rod or
tube 44 from the centre of 39) will increase the time of rest and diminish the time
of movement. If the centre of the disc is placed on the side of the film opposite
to that where it appears in the drawing, the disc may be of smaller diameter.
These facts must be considered in constructing the machine to suit varying con-
ditions.
When the apparatus is to be used for photographing, the objective 31 and its
bellows, and the shutter 33, 33" and its box 34 are placed in position, and the
cap 34 is put in its place. All the rest of the apparatus is covered by the case 5.
The milled head 13 is turned to move the frame 10 so as to give fair pressure
between the rollers 14, 15, and between the rollers 14ª, 15°. Let it be supposed
that the rollers 14, 14" are of such diameters that when they revolve once, six inches
of film are carried forward; and let it be supposed that the gearing between roller 14
and the disc 39 is such that one revolution of the roller 14 makes six revolutions
of the disc 39. When the negatives have been photographed it will be found that
each of them occupies one inch of film. The negatives are developed, the positives
are printed and developed, and the pictures are now ready to be. projected.
In projecting the pictures the objective 31, the shutter 33, 33a and the cap 34"
covering the optical axis are removed, and a lamp and condenser are placed near
about where the said objective and shutter were previously placed, the objective 32.
being already in position.
The shutter 38, 38* may be used or not in the projection. Both of the shutters
are readily removable.
exposure,
Now, as the film begins to run through the apparatus (a slack portion being
provided just below rollers 14", 15 as seen at a, Figure 1) it may be found that
the pictures, because of the circumstance that each of them may occupy greater
or less than one inch of the film (due to development as herein explained) do not
present themselves with their centres at the optical axis at the moments of
because the rollers 14, 15 and 14ª, 15" feed too slowly or too rapidly. A turn of
the milled head 13 in the proper direction will cause a greater or less pressure
between the pairs of rollers, and so diminish or increase the effective and carrying
surface of the rollers 14, 14ª, and the result will be a proper presentation of the
pictures. The slightest tendency to false projection can be seen by the operator
(as he watches the upper or lower margin of the pictures on the screen) and, before
the spectators have had opportunity to observe any defect, he obviates it. If the
pictures are of substantially uniform size it is necessary to touch the milled
head 13 after they have begun to present themselves properly. With projection
made by my improvements there is no dancing up and down of the pictures (no
quiver) and the appearance is as natural as a limited number of repeated impres-
sions on the eye can ever be as compared with a, continuous impression coming
of an uninterrupted stream of light from the objects looked at. For scientific
purposes this apparatus is the only one of which I have any knowledge that is
capable of giving anything like accurate results..
The drawings hereto annexed are on a scale of about 5 of an inch to an inch; -

page_text: and the apparatus can easily therefore be carried about by hand. A surveyor's
tripod answers well to rest it upon. It can be actuated by means of the crank X,
shown in Figure 3; or, if more convenient, a pulley can be attached to the driving
shaft 20 and any form of motor employed to run the apparatus.
By removing the disc 39 the apparatus may be employed to project pictures
(and to photograph them though not so well as with the disc), without stopping the
film at the moment of exposure.
When the apparatus is constructed to project pictures only, its size may be re-
duced as no parts of the photographing appliances are needed.
Broadly stated, the invention comprises: -
An apparatus for photographing pictures of moving objects and for projecting
the same, the essential characteristic of which is that whether for photographing
or projecting, a pair of smooth rollers is employed for feeding the film across the
optical axis, one of which rollers driving the other, the driving roller having a
surface of soft rubber or other yielding, elastic material, and that there is an ap-
pliance for varying the pressure between the rollers during the operation of the
machine, so as to vary the feed.
AL
1
1007
DAY, DAVIES & HUNT,
Chartered Patent Agents, 321, High Holborn, London, W.C.,
Agents for the Applicant.
Improved Apparatus for Photographing Objects in Motion and for
Projecting the Representations upon a Screen or other surface.
A communication from abroad by WOODVILLE LATHAM, of New York, United
States of America, Chemist.
I, CHARLES AUBREY DAY, of 321, High Holborn, London, Chartered Patent
Agent, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the
same is to be performed to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement:-
This invention relates to apparatus for photographing objects in motion and for
projecting the pictures upon a screen or other surface, whether by intermittent
or continuous movement of the film.
The object of the invention is to devise an apparatus of the character indicated
which shall be free from the defects incident to the constructions heretofore devised.
In the present apparatus, smooth rollers are made use of for feeding the film.
Sprocket machines are apt to tear the picture strip, besides being otherwise
objectionable; but, if the strip is carried between smooth rollers, it passes through
the apparatus not at the rate of a definite number of pictures per turn of the
driving shaft as in sprocket machines, but at the rate of a definite number of inches;
and, as the positive pictures usually differ in size from the negatives-because of
shrinkage or expansion under the process of development-a new difficulty presents
itself which an example will explain.
Suppose that one hundred inches of celluloid film have been used, and that upon
it have been photographed one hundred negatives, and that the negative
strip has been developed, and that from it one hundred positives have been printed
and developed. A measurement of the positive strip will show that it is, we will
say, only ninety-nine inches long. Let the machinery of the photographic appa-
ratus (in connection, of course, with suitable appliances for projection) be employed

page_text: to project the positives upon a screen. There will be only one exposure for each
of the ninety-nine inches on which the hundred positives appear. The first pro-
jection will be that of picture number one together with a part of picture number
two. The second projection will be that of the remainder of picture number
two together with a larger part of picture number three. The third projection
will be that of the remainder of picture number three together with a still larger
part of picture number four, and so on to the end of the strip.
An embodiment of the invention is shown in the drawings accompanying the
Provisional Specification, and in which like parts are indicated by like numerals
of reference in the several views, Fig. 1, is a side elevation, partly in section, of
an apparatus constructed according to the invention, and Figs. 2, 3, and 4, are
sections on the lines 2-2, 3-3, and 4-4, respectively, of Fig. 1.
Referring to the drawings, 5, indicates a case of any suitable dimensions and
material. Each end of the case is provided with a hinged door, 6, 6º, to render
the interior easy. of access, and one side, 7, of the case is detachably applied for
the same reason.
Within the case is fitted and secured a frame, 8, of metal which furnishes a sup-
port and bearings for the mechanism. This frame, to reduce the weight, is cut
away at suitable places, as shown at 9. A sliding frame, 10, is mounted in frame, 8,
and guided by a series of dovetail projections, 11, on its sides fitting into corre-
sponding recesses, 12, in frame, 8, and the inner surface of side, 7, of the case.
The frame, 10, is adapted to be moved up or down by turning the milled head of
screw, 13, which is fitted through the top of the case and engages with the top of
said frame, 10.
14, 14, indicate rollers covered with a proper thickness of a material that is
yielding and elastic, such as soft rubber. These rollers are fixed to their shafts,
which are suitably supported in frame, 8, and in metallic bearings provided on the
detachable side, 7, of the case, the inner surface of side, 7, being preferably lined
with metal, 15b, having said bearings formed integral therewith. 15, 15", are
rollers (preferably of hard material, and preferably flanged as shown), loose on
their shafts. For some purposes rollers, 15, 15%, are also made with soft facing.
They are driven by the rollers 14, 14ª. The roller, 15, is mounted in the sliding
frame, 10, directly, while the roller, 15, is mounted in a bell-crank lever, 16,
pivotted to the frame, 10, and connected to a rod, 17, which extends through a
guide piece, 18, at the upper end of sliding frame, 10, and out through the top of
the case where it is provided with a milled head, 19. By means of the milled
head, 19, and rod, 17, the bell-crank lever; 16, may be turned so as to make the
pressure between rollers, 14°, and 15, the same as the pressure between rollers, 14,
and 15. When these two pressures have been once equalized for any position of
the frame, 10, the equality will not be destroyed by moving said frame up or down,
and no further turning of the milled head, 19, will be necessary during the operation
of the apparatus.
The roller, 14 is driven from the driving shaft, 20, the shaft of said roller being
provided at its outer end with gear wheel, 21, which meshes with gear wheel, 22,
on said driving shaft. The roller, 14", is driven from the shaft of roller, 14, by
suitable gearing, as for example a sprocket chain, 23, which answers the purpose
well.
The reels carrying the film or picture-bearing strip, 25, are indicated at 24, 24",
and are suitably mounted in the case, 5, and are easily accessible and removable.
The film or picture-bearing strip is drawn from the upper reel, 24, and passes
between rollers, 14, 15°, between the pairs of small guide rollers, 26, 26, located
above and below the opening at the optical axis of the apparatus, thence between
the rollers, 14, and 15, to the lower reel, 24°, upon which it is wound by the action
of the cord, 27, which connects the shafts of roller, 14, and lower reel, 24", by
passing over pulleys on the respective shafts. The pulley, 28, on the shaft of
roller, 14, is provided with a groove of such shape as to prevent the slipping of

page_text: the cord, 27, (see Fig. 2), and the pulley, 29, on the shaft of lower reel, 24ª, is so
formed as to promote the slipping of said cord (see Fig. 4).
The adjustable spring-roller device, 30, shown in dotted lines in Fig. 1, serves
to give the cord, 27, such tension that it slips continuously on the pulley of the
shaft of reel, 24, to an extent sufficient to prevent the breaking of the film between
the reel and the rollers, 14, 15, but not too much to prevent the winding of the
film upon the reel regularly. This spring-roller device, 30, is attached to the inside
of the case in suitable relation to the cord, 27, and is so constructed as to be capable
of exerting, by suitable adjustment, the necessary amount of pressure on said cord.
There are two doors at the opening of the optical axis of the apparatus separately
hinged to the supporting frame, 8, and in these doors are mounted the small guide
rollers, 26, 26, one pair in each door. These rollers do not quite touch each other.
Between the plates supporting these guide rollers there are cemented on the side
toward the objective, 31, pieces of some very soft animal skin, 26b, with fur ex-
tending downward. On the side toward the objective, 32, are cemented pieces of
velvet, felt or similar substance, 26°. The fur brushes without injury the sensitive
side of the film as the latter moves downward. When the film is to be transferred
from the lower to the upper reel, the outer door is opened to prevent raking of
the sensitive surface. When the two doors are shut together, these cemented
pieces press against each other so that the film, 25, passes between them with suitable
friction. A regulating screw, 33b, Fig. 4, operating between the two doors makes
it possible to vary the friction to suit films of varying thickness.
The objective, 31, is the one employed for photographing. It and its bellows
are detachably connected to the case and are to be removed as are also the shutter, 33,
and its enclosing box, and the cap, 34, back of the opening at the optical axis,
when the apparatus is used for projecting.
The shutter, 33, comprises a disc from which projects perpendicularly the "guillo-
tine shutter" proper 33", which may be curved, as shown, or it may be flat. The
advantage claimed for this shutter is that it alternately cuts up and down, and that
the defects due to an upward cutting exposure and those due to a downward cutting
exposure in photographing the pictures neutralize each other when the pictures
are rapidly projected, and that the effect of a uniform exposure is thereby produced.
The shutter, 33, which is made use of when photographing, is mounted in a
box, 34, on a shaft, 35, having bearings in frame, 8, but not extending into the
box, 34. This box is open toward the objective, 31, and toward the film, 25, on
the opposite side, and it fits well against the inside of door, 6-or against the
bellows of the objective, 31, if the door is not present, and against the outer one
of the two small doors in which the guide rollers, 26, 26%, are mounted.
The outer end of the shaft, 35, of shutter, 33, is provided with a pinion, 36,
which is adapted to mesh with gear wheel, 37, fixed to the driving shaft, 20, by
which means the desired movement is communicated to the shutter.
The shutter, 38, 38", may or may not be made use of when projecting, but it is
preferably used when the film moves intermittently, and must be used when the
film moves continuously. It is the same as shutter, 33, 33, (except as to the time
of exposure it allows) and is similarly mounted in frame, 8, in proper relation to
the opening in the optical axis of the apparatus as seen in Fig. 1. It also has the
necessary movement communicated to it from the gear, 37, on the driving shaft, 20,
which gear meshes with a pinion, 36, on the end of shaft, 35, of said shutter.
The cap, 34, fits upon a projection on the rear door at the optical axis. It is
easily removable, and its purpose is to prevent the light through the objective, 31,
at the moment of exposure, from reaching any part of the film except that on which
the picture is to be photographed.
A disc, 39, is mounted below the optical axis in proper relation to the
rollers, 14, 15, and moves in the same plane with them, its shaft having bearings
in the frame, 8, and carrying at its outer end a pinion, 40, which meshes with a
gear, 41, on shaft, 42, the gear, 41, in turn, meshing with gear, 43, on the shaft of
roller, 14. By this arrangement of the gearing the proper direction of movement

page_text: is given to the disc, 39. Perpendicular to the face of the disc, 39, there is mounted
a rod or tube, 44, which is adjustable in a slot in said disc (see Fig. 1), to different
distances from the center of the disc. During a part of the time of a revolution
of disc, 39, its rod or tube, 44, presses on the film, 25, and draws a portion of it down
between the doors at the optical axis of the apparatus. The portion drawn down
at any one contact of the rod or tube with the film is precisely equal to what
rollers, 14, 15, have moved forward since the preceding contact. This fact should
be marked carefully, because it is the keynote of the apparatus, and because it
seems not to have been observed heretofore. If the rod or tube, 44, is so near
to the center of disc, 39, that it pulls down less of the film than the rollers, 14, 15,
move forward in the intervals of contact between said rod or tube and the film,
then, in the intervals of contact, the film will be broken or else will be drawn
between the small doors at the optical axis by the rollers, 14, 15, and there will
be no rest of the film at the optical axis at the times of exposure. If, on the other
hand, the rod or tube, 44, is so far from the centre, of the disc, 39, that its first im-
pact with the film draws down a greater length than the rollers, 14, 15, take up
in the interval between the impacts, the fault is corrected at the second impact,
and ever afterwards the length of film brought down by, the rod or tube, 44, will
depend solely on what the roller, 14, in a revolution against the roller, 15, can
carry forward. The ratio of the time of movement of the film to the time of rest
depends on the number of degrees of revolution which the rod or tube, 44, makes,
while it is pressing upon the film. Increase of the distance of the shaft of the
disc, 39, from the taut film between the rollers, 26", and the rollers, 14, 15, (coupled
with a suitable increase of the distance of rod or tube, 44, from the centre of the
disc, 39,) will increase the time of rest and diminish the time of movement. If
the centre of the disc is placed on the side of the film opposite to that where it
appears in the drawing, the disc may be of smaller diameter. These facts must
be considered in constructing the machine to suit varying conditions.
When the apparatus is to be used for photographing, the objective, 31, and its
bellows, and the shutter, 33, 33ª, and its box, 34, are placed in position, and the
cap, 34ª, is put in its place. All the rest of the apparatus is covered by the case, 5.
The milled head, 13, is turned to move the frame, 10, so as to give fair pressure
between the rollers, 14, 15, and between the rollers 14º, 15ª. Let it be supposed
that the rollers, 14, 14, are of such diameters that when they revolve once, six
inches of film are carried forward; and let it be supposed that the gearing between
the roller, 14, and the disc, 39, makes six revolutions of the disc, 39. When the
negatives have been photographed it will be found that each of them occupies
one inch of film. The negatives are developed, the positives are printed and
developed, and the pictures are now ready to be projected.
In projecting the pictures the objective, 31, the shutter, 33, 33, and the cap, 34º,
covering the optical axis are removed, and a lamp and condenser are placed near
about where the said objective and shutter were previously placed, the objective, 32,
being already in position.
The shutter, 38, 38", may be used or not in the projection. Both of the shutters
are readily removable.
Now, as the film begins to run through the apparatus (a slack portion being
provided just below rollers, 14, 15%, as seen at x, Fig. 1), it may be found that
the pictures, because of the circumstance that each of them may occupy greater or
less than one inch of the film (due to development as herein explained) do not
present themselves with their centres at the optical axis at the moments of expo-
sure, because the rollers, 14, 15, and 14, 15", feed too slowly or too rapidly. A
turn of the milled head, 13, in the proper direction will cause a greater or less
pressure between the pairs of rollers, and so diminish or increase the effective
and carrying surface of the rollers, 14, 14%, and the result will be a proper presen-
tation of the pictures. The slightest tendency to false projection can be seen by
the operator (as he watches the upper or lower margin of the pictures on the screen)
and, before the spectators have had opportunity to observe any defect, he obviates

page_text: it. If the pictures are of substantially uniform size it is not necessary to touch
the milled head, 13, after they have begun to present themselves properly. With
projection made by the present improvements, there is no dancing up and down of
the pictures (no quiver) and the appearance is as natural as a limited number of
repeated impressions on the eye can ever be as compared with a continuous impres-
sion coming of an uninterrupted stream of light from the objects looked at. For
scientific purposes, this apparatus is the only one of which I have any knowledge
that is capable of giving anything like accurate results.
The drawings hereto annexed are on a scale of about 5 of an inch to an inch;
and the apparatus can easily, therefore, be carried about by hand. A surveyor's.
tripod answers well to rest it upon. It can be actuated by means of the crank X,
shown in Fig. 3; or, if more convenient, a pulley can be attached to the driving
shaft, 20, and any form of motor employed to run the apparatus.
By removing the disc, 39, the apparatus may be employed to project pictures
(and to photograph them though not so well as with the disc), without
stopping the film at the moment of exposure.
When the apparatus is constructed to project pictures only, its size may be
reduced, as no parts of the photographing appliances are needed.
Broadly stated, the invention comprises: An apparatus for photographing
pictures of moving objects and for projecting the same, the essential characteristic
of which is that whether for photographing or projecting, a pair of smooth rollers
is employed for feeding the film across the optical axis, one of which rollers driving
the other, the driving roller having a surface of soft rubber or other yielding elastic
material, and that there is an appliance for varying the pressure between the rollers
during the operation of the machine, so as to vary the feed.
It is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the particular details
of arrangement or construction herein shown, as these may be varied to suit the
conditions, for example the machine may be supported with what is now the bottom
side up, the reels, 24, and rollers, 14, 15, dispensed with, and the picture strip
be drawn from a box or basket placed under the table.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I claim
is:
In apparatus of the character described;
1. The combination with an objective, of a guiding mechanism for the film of
the objective, two smooth-surfaced rollers adapted to feed said film, and between
which it is drawn across the optical axis, one of said rollers driving the other and
having a yielding and elastic surface, and means for adjusting the pressure between
said rollers.
S
2. The combination with an objective, of guides for a strip or film, a pair of
smooth-surfaced feed rollers for said film, one of said rollers being made of yielding
and elastic material, appliances for regulating the pressure between said rollers,
a shutter, a revolving disc provided with a rod perpendicular to its face and radi-
ally adjustable from its centre, and suitable gearing for operating the movable.
parts of the apparatus.
3. The combination with an objective, of guides for a strip or film, a pair of
smooth-surfaced feed rollers for said film, one of said rollers being made of yielding
and elastic material, appliances for regulating the pressure between said rollers,
a dark box in proper relation to the objective and the optical axis, a shutter adapted
to revolve in said dark box, a disc revolubly mounted and provided with a rod
perpendicular to its face and radially adjustable from its centre, and suitable.
gearing for operating the movable parts of the apparatus.
4. The combination with an objective, of a pair of smooth-surfaced feed rollers
adapted to draw a strip or film past the objective, one of said rollers being made
of yielding and elastic material, means for regulating the pressure between said
B

page_text: rollers, a revolving guillotine shutter, and suitable gearing for operating the
movable parts of the apparatus.
5. As a means for regulating the movement of a film, the combination with a
pair of rollers and suitable guides all adapted to conduct a strip or film, of a rod
revolubly mounted on a shaft parallel with said rod and adapted to engage with
said film between said guides and said pair of rollers, means for varying the distance
between said rod and its shaft, and suitable gearing for operating the movable
parts of the apparatus.
6. The combination with delivering and receiving reels adapted to carry a strip
or film, of two pairs of smooth-surfaced feed rollers for said film, one roller of
each pair of yielding and elastic material and the other roller of each pair of
suitable material, appliances for regulating the pressure between the respective
rollers of each pair to make the feed of the two pairs together greater or less as
may be necessary
without with appliances for adjusting the pressure
between the two rollers of one pair), a revolving guillotine or other shutter, a photo-
graphic objective, and suitable gearing for operating said reels, feed rollers and
shutter.
either
both
or
and
7. The combination with delivering and receiving reels adapted to carry a strip
or film, of two pairs of smooth-surfaced feed rollers for said film, one roller of
each pair of yielding and elastic material and the other roller of each pair of suitable
material, appliances for regulating the pressure between the respective rollers of
each pair to make the feed of the two pairs together greater or less as may be
necessary, guide rollers for the film above and below the optical axis, a photo-
graphic objective, a dark box in proper relation to the objective and the optical
axis, a shutter adapted to revolve in said dark box, and suitable gearing for operating
said reels, feed rollers and shutter.
8. The combination with delivering and receiving reels adapted to carry a strip
or film, of two pairs of smooth-surfaced feed rollers for said film, one roller of
cach pair of yielding and elastic material and the other roller of each pair of suitable
material, appliances for regulating the pressure between the respective rollers of
each pair to make the feed of the two pairs together greater or less as may be
necessary, a shutter, a disc intermediate of the two pairs of said feed rollers and
adapted to revolve in the same plane as said feed rollers and provided with a rod
or tube perpendicular to its face and radially adjustable from its centre, a photo-
graphic objective and suitable gearing for operating said reels, feed rollers, disc
and shutter.
9. The like combination to that of Claim 7, together with a disc intermediate
of the two pairs of said feed rollers and adapted to revolve in the same plane as said
feed rollers and provided with a rod or tube perpendicular to its face and radially
adjustable from its centre, and suitable gearing for operating said disc.
10. The combination with delivering and receiving reels adapted to carry a
picture strip or film, of two pairs of smooth-surfaced feed rollers for said picture
strip, one roller of each pair of yielding and elastic material and the other roller
of each pair of suitable material, appliances for regulating the pressure between the
respective rollers of each pair to make the feed of the two pairs together greater
or less as may be necessary to bring the centre of each picture to the optical axis
either
at the moment of exposure
without with appliances for adjusting the
both
pressure between the two rollers of one pair), a revolving guillotine or other shutter
in proper relation to the optical axis, an objective, and suitable gearing for operating
said reels, feed rollers and shutter.
or
and
11. The combination with delivering and receiving reels adapted to carry a
picture strip or film, of two pairs of smooth-surfaced feed rollers for said picture.
strip, one roller of each pair of yielding and elastic material and the other roller
of each pair of suitable material, appliances for regulating the pressure between
the respective rollers of each pair to make the feed of the two pairs together

page_text: greater or less as may be necessary to bring the centre of each picture to the optical
axis at the moment of exposure, a disc intermediate of the two pairs of said feed
rollers and adapted to revolve in the same plane as said feed rollers and provided
with a rod or tube perpendicular to its face and radially adjustable from its centre,
an objective, and suitable gearing for operating said reels, disc and feed rollers.
12. The like combination to that of Claim 11, together with a shutter in proper
relation to the optical axis, and suitable gearing for operating said shutter.
13. As a co-operating means for making accurate registration of the pictures
of a film or picture strip, the differential frictional gearing herein described con-
sisting of a smooth surfaced roller of any suitable material co-operating with a
smooth surfaced roller of yielding and elastic material, and appliances for adjusting
the pressure between said rollers.
14. In combination, a supporting frame, two smooth-surfaced feed rollers (for
a film or picture strip) of yielding and elastic material, a sliding frame, two smooth-
surfaced feed rollers of suitable material carried by said sliding frame in proper.
relation to said first mentioned feed rollers, so as to form pairs of feed rollers, and
appliances for regulating the pressure between the respective rollers of each pair
to make the feed of the two pairs together greater or less as may be necessary,
or
without with appliances for adjusting the pressure between the two rollers
of one pair.
either
both
and
15. The combination with delivering and receiving reels adapted to carry a film
or picture strip, and with feed rollers one of which being of yielding and elastic
material and the other of any suitable material and adapted to be pressed against
the yielding and elastic roller to compress it more or less as may be required during
the operation of the apparatus, of a pulley on the shaft of the receiving reel formed
to promote slipping of a driving cord, a pulley on the shaft of one of the feed
rollers formed to prevent slipping of such cord, and a driving cord passing over
said pulleys, whereby the movement of the receiving reel is so regulated as to
cause the film to be wound thereupon regularly and without liability of breaking,
or
without with an adjustable spring roller to increase or diminish the tension
either
both
of said cord.
and
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