IMPROVEMENTS, IN HYDRAULIC MOTIVE-POWER AND PUMPING APPARATUS, AND IN APPLYING SUCH APPARATUS FOR LOCOMOTIVE AND OTHER PURPOSES.
Year: 1879

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Hastie, of Greenock, in the County of Renfrew,
North Britain, Engineer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS, IN HYDRAULIC
MOTIVE-POWER AND PUMPING APPARATUS, AND IN APPLYING SUCH APPARATUS
FOR LOCOMOTIVE AND OTHER PURPOSES.".
Sealed the 20th April 1880, and dated the 27th October 1879.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Hastie at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 27th October 1879.
JOHN HASTIE, of Greenock, in the County of Renfrew, North Britain, Engineer.
"IMPROVEMENTS IN. HYDRAULIC MOTIVE-POWER AND PUMPING APPARATUS, AND IN
APPLYING SUCH. APPARATUS FOR LOCOMOTIVE AND OTHER PURPOSES."
This Invention relates to hydraulic motive-power and pumping apparatus of the
kind described, in the Specification of Letters Patent, dated 11 September 1876,'
(No. 3561), and in the Specification of Letters Patent, dated 17 October 1877,
(No. 3840), in both cases granted to the present applicant.
.
It is a distinguishing feature of the kind of apparatus referred to, that the stroke
of the hydraulic motive-power cylinders or of pumps, becomes automatically
adjusted to suit varying relations between the load or resistance and the power
employed.
'
.
1
In an improved arrangement of combined pumping and motive-power apparatus
comprised in the present Invention, a steam cylinder is' fixed parallel to a pump,
and the piston rods of the cylinder and pump are both connected to a lever which
in its middle position is at right angles to the axes of the cylinder and in the same
plane as those axes, the connection of the pump being hetween the fulcrum of the
lever and the connection to' it of the steam cylinder. The pump piston-rod or
plunger has jointed to it a connecting rod, the other end of which is jointed to a
block fitted to slide on the lever, and which is moved thereon by means of a link
connecting the connecting rod to a second or regulating lever. This second lever
is acted on by a helical or other suitable spring, and has connected to it a plunger
or piston, working in a small-barrel or cylinder which is connected to the piping or
reservoir into which the water is forced by the main pump. The pressure of the
water forced by the main pump acting in the small barrel tends to move the
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page_text: "
regulating lever, and thereby shift the connection on the main lever nearer to the
fulcrum, at the same time straining the spring. With this aarangement it follows
that the position of the connection block on the main lever will always depend on
the pressure of the water in the small barrel, the block being nearer the fulcrum
the greater the pressure is. And as the stroke of the main pump varies as the
distance of the connection block from the fulcrum of the lever, it also follows that the
stroke will be shorter in proportion as the pressure is greater, and vice versa. The
connection of the steam piston with the lever might be made movable instead of
that of the pump%3B or both connections might be made movable in opposite
directions. Instead of the regulating lever being acted on by a spring, there may
be substituted the equivalent arrangement of cam and fluid-pressed piston or plunger
described in the latter of the Specifications herein before referred to.
Two or more sets of the parts herein before described are by preference combined,
and a small crank shaft is provided for working the valves of the steam cylinders,
such shaft being worked from the steam pistons through the main levers or other-
wise as may be convenient.
The herein before described arrangement is advantageously applicable for trans-
mitting power by means of water (or it might be any other suitable liquid), through
piping to greater or less distances for various purposes, and especially in cases where
it may be desirable to apply the power so transmitted at several points. In one
application of the arrangement intended to be made for locomotive purposes, all the
axles of the several carriages of a train are to be separately driven, preferably by
pairs of small oscillating hydraulic cylinders or barrels worked by the water under
pressure forced through pipes. Two lines of piping are to be extended through the
train with flexible or jointed connections between the carriages, one line of piping:
conveying the water under pressure from the main pumps to the several sinall
cylinders, and the other line of piping leading the water back from those cylinders
to the pumps or to the tank supplying those pumps. The two lines of piping are con-
nected to a valve chest having in it a valve for directing the water under pressure into
either line of piping so as to drive the axles in one direction or the other as required.
The arrangements may be modified so as to apply the power to several axles in a train
without applying it to all of them. Instead of a single pipe from the pumps, and a
single return pipe, there may in each case be two or more smaller pipes which may
severally extend different distances along the train. The pipe lengths on the several
carriages are by preference rigidly coupled, but portions of them are looped or coiled
so as to have sufficient flexibility, long vertical loops being employed in one
convenient modification
The present Invention also comprises, certain improvements on or modifications
of the arrangements described in the earlier Specifications herein before referred to,
in which a crank pin on a rotating shaft is made automatically adjustable to 'suit
variations in the relation of the resistance to the pressure of the water. One
improvement consists in substituting for the pair of helical springs connected to the
shaft by chains or cords one or two volute or helical springs fixed directly to the
shaft at one end, and to the disc or tubular shaft at the other end. Instead of
employing a single cam to shift the block to which the crank pin is attached, one
half of such cam acting outwards, and the other inwards, it is now preferred to use
two cams acting in different planes (but which cams may be formed in one piece).
With this modification the range of adjustment of the crank pin may be made to
correspond to more than a complete turn of the shaft, instead of being limited to
half a turn.
In another modification instead of employing a single crank pin having two or
more cylinders connected to it two crank pins at right-angles to each other, and
each connected to one or more cylinders, are applied at opposite ends of a shaft.
This shaft has on it a tubular shaft made in two separate lengths, and arranged
with a space between their adjacent ends for the connection of the spring or springs
to the central shaft. The two lengths of the tubular shaft are connected together

page_text: by a wedge-shaped piece fitted to two crank cheeks or lugs on their adjacent ends,
this connecting piece limiting the rauge of relative moveinent of the central shaft,
but still allowing of nearly one complete turn.
By another improvement air chambers are provided in connection with the
rams or plungers are used their
hydraulic motive-power cylinders, and when
interiors are availed of as the air chambers, small holes being formed in their inner
ends, whilst at their outer ends small inlet valves are provided to admit air when
the internal pressure is less than that of the atmosphere. These air chambers
improve the action of the engines, and admit of a more advantageous proportioning
of the valves and passages, whilst diminishing concussive action.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said John Hastie in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 24th April
1880..
JOHN HASTIE, of Greenock, in the County of Renfrew, North Britain, Engineer.
"IMPROVEMENTS IN HYDRAULIC MOTIVE-POWER AND PUMPING APPARATUS, AND IN
APPLYING SUCH APPARATUS FOR LOCOMOTIVE AND OTHER PURPOSES."
My said Invention relates to hydraulic motive-power and pumping apparatus of
the kind described in the Specification of Letters Patent dated 11 September 1876.
(No. 3561), and in Specification of Letters Patent dated 17 October, 1877 (No. 3840),
in both cases granted to me.
It is a distinguishing feature of the kind of apparatus referred to that the stroke
of the hydraulic motive-power cylinders or of pumps becomes automatically
adjusted to suit varying relations between the load or resistance and the power
employed.
In an improved arrangement of combined pumping and motive-power apparatus
comprised in my present Invention a steam cylinder is fixed parallel to a pump, and
the piston rods of the cylinder and pump are both connected to a lever which in
its middle position is at right angles to the axes of the cylinder and pump, and in
the same plane as those axes, the connection of the pump being between the
fulcrum of the lever and the connection to it of the steam cylinder. The pump
piston-rod or plunger has jointed to it a connecting rod, the other end of which is
jointed to block fitted to slide on the lever, and which is moved thereon by
means of a link connecting the connecting rod to a second or regulating lever.
This second lever is acted on by a helical or other suitable spring, and has con-
nected to it a plunger or piston working in a small barrel or cylinder, which is
connected to the piping or reservoir, into which the water is forced by the main
pump. The pressure of the water forced by the main pump acting in the small
barrel tends to move the regulating lever, and thereby shift the connecting block
on the main lever nearer to the fulcrum, at the same time straining the spring.
With this arrangement it follows that the position of the connecting block on the
main lever will always depend on the pressure of the water in the small barrel,
the block being nearer the fulcrumn the greater the pressure is. And as the stroke
of the main pump varies as the distance of the connecting block from the fulcrum
of the lever, it also follows that the stroke will be shorter in proportion as the
pressure is greater, and vice versa. The connection of the steam piston with the
lever might be made movable instead of that of the pump, or both connections
might be made movable in opposite directions. Instead of the regulating lever
being acted on. by a spring there may be substituted the equivalent arrangement
of cam and fluid-pressed piston or plunger described in the later of my Specifica-
tions herein before referred to.
Two or more sets of the parts herein before described are by preference combined,
and a small crank shaft is provided for working the valves of the steam cylinders,
such shaft being worked from the steam pistons through the main levers or other-
' wise, as may be convenient.
The herein before described arrangement is advantageously applicable for trans-
mitting power by means of water (or it might be any other suitable liquid) through
piping to greater or less distances for various purposes, and especially in cases
where it may be desirable to apply the power so transmitted at several points. In
one application of the arrangement intended to be made for locomotive purposes
all the axles of the several carriages of a train are to be separately driven, preferably
by pairs of small oscillating hydraulic cylinders or barrels worked by the water
under pressure forced through pipes, the various parts being arranged as herein after
more particularly described.

page_text: My present Invention also comprises certain improvements on or modifications of
the arrangements described in my earlier Specifications herein before referred to, in
which a crank pin on a rotating shaft is made automatically adjustable to suit
variations in the relation of the resistance to the pressure of the water.
By another improvement air chambers are provided in connection with the
hydraulic motive-power cylinders with the object of improving the action of the
engines, obtaining a more advantageous proportioning of the valves and passages,
and diminishing concussive action.
And in order that my said Invention, and the manner of performing the same,
may be properly understood, I hereunto append three Sheets of explanatory
Drawings to be hereinafter referred to, and representing examples of my improved
apparatus. In these Drawings the same reference numerals are used to mark the
same or like parts wherever they are repeated.
Figure 1, on Sheet 1 of the accompanying Drawings is a sectional plan; Figure 2
is a longitudinal vertical section; and Figure 3 is a transverse vertical section, all
of an arrangement of apparatus embodying the first portion of my present improve-
ments. In these Figures the combined motive-power and pumping apparatus is
shown as arranged upon a carriage constructed for running upon a single rail 1
(Figure 3), with central main wheels 2, and with lower guide wheels 3, the latter
running on each side of a lower or guide rail 4; but this arrangement of the rails
and wheels, and the general construction of the carriages constitute no part of my
Invention. The carriage shown in Figures 1, 2, 3, may be termed the pump
carriage, the steam for working the pumps being produced in a boiler on a separate
carriage. A passenger carriage is shown in Figures 4 and 5 on Sheet 2 of the
Drawings.
15,
There are two sets of the working parts on the pump carriage, and in each set
there is a horizontal steam cylinder 5, having beneath and parallel to it a horizontal
pump barrel or cylinder 6. The steam piston rod 7 has fixed to its outer end a
slide block 8, working on a guide bar, and to the block 8 there is jointed a con-
necting rod 9, the other end of which is jointed to the outer end of the main
lever 10 (indicated by dotted lines in Figure 2, being behind a part of the framing,
and) having its fulcrum 11 at the lower part of the framing. The lever 10 is
formed of two parallel bars, between which there is fitted to slide a connecting
block 12, having jointed to it the outer end of the connecting rod 13, of the pump
rod or plunger 14, this last having formed on or fixed to it a block
fitted to slide on a fixed guide bar. The pump connecting rod 13 is connected by
a link 16 to a regulating lever 17, which is centered on a stud 18, and has a helical
spring 19 connected to its other end in a manner to tend to make it move the
connecting block 12 towards the outer end of the main lever 10. The regulating
lever 17 is also connected by a rod 20 to a plunger 21, working in a small barrel 22,
which communicates (by a small pipe not shown) with the receiver. or piping, into
which the water is forced by the pump 6. An increase of pressure in the receiver
or piping will force the plunger 21 outwards, and acting oppositely to the spring 19,
will cause the regulating lever 17 to move the connecting block 12 nearer the
fulcrum 11 of the main lever 10. The result will be to shorten the stroke of the
pump piston or plunger whilst increasing the leverage with which it is acted on
by the steam cylinder. The reverse actions will take place when the pressure in
the receiver or piping decreases. The valves of the two steam cylinders 5 are
worked by a small crank shaft 23, having on it cranks at right angles, each
connected by a rod 24 to a short bellcrank arm on the respective main lever 10.
The pumps 6 draw water from a cistern 25 by a pipe 26, having branches
communicating with the respective suction valve boxes 27; and from the discharge
valve boxes 28 the water forced by the pumps proceeds by pipes 29 to a main
controlling valve chest 30, shown in section in Figure 3. In this valve chest 30
there is a slide valve 31, which is movable by a rod 32, passing out through a
stuffing box, and which works over a port face, having three ports like those of an

page_text: '
ordinary steam cylinder. The middle port communicates with the cistern 25, and
the outer ports communicate with two pipes 33, 34, which are made to extend
from end to end of the train of carriages, or as far as is required, either when
applied for locomotive or other purposes. Each carriage is provided with a length
of each of the pipes 33, 34, and such connections are made from carriage to carriage
as will allow the relative movements between the carriages when passing round
curves or when slightly varying their distances apart. In Figure 4 one end of the
pipe 33 is shown as having a connecting length 35.connected to it with a spherical
joint, whilst the other end is shown as having a stuffing box 37 to receive the other
end of a similar connecting length 35. I, however, prefer to avoid joints, such as
those marked 36, 37, and to connect the lengths 33 or 34 of adjacent carriages by
connecting pipes, which are rigidly coupled or fixed to the pipes 33, 34, but which
are of a coiled or looped form, having sufficient flexibility to meet the requirements.
Figures and 7 are an end and a side elevation of a suitable coiled form of
connecting pipe; and Figure 7 is a side elevation of a looped form, the loop being
by preference disposed vertically.
The carriage shown in Figures 4 and 5 has four wheels, 2 running on the rail 1,
all these wheels being driving wheels; each wheel 2 has a crank 38 on each side,
the two being at right angles to each other, and is driven by a pair of single-acting
hydraulic cylinders 39; each pair of cylinders 39 is jointed to a valve box 40
having passages arranged as in the oscillating cylinder engines described or referred
to in my earlier Specifications; and to each valve box 40 there are connected two
branch pipes 41, 42, from the main pipes 33, 34, respectively. Each pair of wheels 2
is connected by coupling rods 43, whereby the two cylinders at each end are made
to operate together as one double-acting cylinder. One of the main pipes 33, 34,
conveys the water under pressure from the pumps 6, the other returning the water
from the motor cylinders 39 to the cistern 25, and the direction of the motion of
the wheels 2 is reversible by changing the direction of the water in the main
-pipes 33, 34, by means of the controlling valve 31 hereinbefore described.
Instead of a single pipe from the pumps, and a single return pipe, there may in
each case be two or more smaller pipes, which may severally extend different
'distances, along the train,
With the herein before described arrangements the locomotive or tractive force
'exerted by the wheels 2 will be automatically adjusted to the resistance, the speed
.varying inversely with the resistance, whilst the power developed by the steam
cylinders remains nearly uniform; thus, for example, when the train has to go up
an incline its speed will decrease, but the requisite increase of tractive force will be
automatically brought into action. It may also be remarked that brakes are not
required in connection with the wheels, as their motion can be diminished, stopped.
, or reversed by suitably adjusting the controlling valve 31.
Figures 9 to 13, on Sheet 2 of the accompanying Drawings, show some of my
present improvements connected with automatically adjustable crank pins of
hydraulic motors, Figure 9 being a section of the crank-pin disc as at right angles
to the shaft; Figure 10, a section of the disc and other parts as parallel to the
shaft; Figure 11, a section of the spring coupling as at right angles to the shaft ;
and Figures 12 and 13, a plan and a front elevation of the crank-pin disc. One
improvement consists in substituting for the pair of helical springs connected to
the shaft by chains or cords a volute spring 44, having one end of it fixed to the
shaft 45, and the other end to the tubular shaft 46, on which the crank-pin disc 47
is fixed. Instead of the single volute spring 44 there may be two or more; or the
In the example
spring or springs may be helical, but encircling the shaft.
delineated the outer end of the volute spring 44 is attached to the shaft 45 by
being fixed to a cylindrical box 48 which is keyed on the shaft, and which may
also serve as a pulley for communicating power by a belt. The inner end of the
volute spring 44 is fixed to a boss 49 which is keyed to the tubular shaft 46, bu
not fixed to the shaft 45. The reduced part 50 of the shaft 45. has fixed on it

page_text: outer end, instead of the single cam formerly described by me, two cams 51 acting
in different planes, but which two cams may be made in one piece as shown. With
this modification the range of adjustment of the crank pin 52 may be made to
correspond to more than a complete turn of the shaft, instead of being limited to
half a turn. The slide which carries the crank pin 52, and which is movable
in V-guides across the disc 47, is made in two parts 53, 54, each carrying one of the
antifriction pulleys on which the cams 51 act.
In another modification, which is shown in sectional elevation in Figure 14 on
Sheet 3 of the accompanying Drawings, Figures 15 and 16 being transverse
sections, instead of employing a single crank pin, having two or more cylinders
connected to it, two crank pins 52 at right angles to each other, and each con-
nected to one or more cylinders 55, are applied at opposite ends of a shaft 45.
This shaft has on it a tubular shaft 46 made in two separate lengths, and arranged
with a space between their adjacent ends for the connection of the spring or
springs 44 to the central shaft 45. The two lengths 46 of the tubular shaft have
bosses 49 keyed on them, these bosses having the inner ends of the springs 44
fixed to them, and being connected together by a wedge-shaped piece 56, fitted to
crank cheeks or lugs on the bosses. This connecting piece 56 limits the range of
relative movement of the central shaft, but still allows of nearly one complete turn.
The central shaft 45 is connected to the boss or barrel 48 by a boss 57 fixed on its
middle part, and formed with a radial arm 58, the end of which engages in a socket
in the box or barrel 48. This box or barrel 48 is in two halves, which are bolted
together when in place. For convenience, in the arrangement of the framing and
other parts, the hydraulic cylinders 55 are formed each with a single long trunnion 59,
by means of which they are held so as to be outside of the framing.
Figure 17 is a vertical section of a three-cylinder hydraulic motor, having air
chambers 60 applied to it in accordance with one of my present improvements.
These air chambers 60 are formed in the rams or plungers 61, small holes being
formed in their inner ends. In the uppermost ram 61, which is inverted, a small
pipe is led from the inner end of the ram to near the bottom of the chamber to
prevent the escape of the air. Provision may be made for admitting air, should the
internal pressure ever be less than that of the atmosphere, by fitting small inlet
check valves in connection with the upper parts of the air chambers.
Having thus particularly described my said Invention and the manner of per-
forming the saine, I have to state that I do not restrict myself to the precise details
herein described or delineated, but that what I believe to be novel and original, and
claim as the Invention secured to me by and in terms of the hereinbefore in part
recited Letters Patent is,-
1. The combination of steam pumping apparatus wherein the power is commu-
nicated by a main lever, to which the steam piston rod and the pump rod or
plunger are connected, the connection of one or both of them being movable on the
main lever by a regulating lever acted on by a spring or equivalent in one direction,
and in the opposite direction by a piston or plunger subjected to the pressure of the
liquid pumped, substantially as and for the purposes herein before described.
2. The arranging or combining together of the parts of steam pumping apparatus,
substantially in the improved manner herein before described with reference to
Figures 1, 2, and 3 of the accompanying Drawings.
3. The combination or arrangement of parts for driving a number of shafts or
wheels by means of water or other liquid under pressure, substantially as herein-
before described.
4. The arrangement of parts connected with automatically adjustable crank pins
of hydraulic motors, wherein one or more volute or helical springs encircling the
shaft are employed, substantially as herein before described.
5. The employment of two cams or a double cam (51) to act on the adjustable
crank pin, substantially as herein before described.
6. The combination of parts for making crank pins at opposite ends of the same

page_text: shaft automatically adjustable, substantially as hereinbefore described with reference
to Figures 14, 15, and 16 of the accompanying Drawings.
7. The adaptation of the interiors of the rams or plungers of hydraulic motors to
act as air chambers, substantially as herein before described with reference to
Figure 17 of the accompanying Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Hastie, have hereunto set my hand and
seal, this Twenty-third day of April, in the year of our Lord One thousand
eight hundred and eighty.
JOHN HASTIE. (L.S.)