AN IMPROVED KILN FOR BURNING AD DIRINA DA Rotor TR AND OTHER EARTHENWARE"
Year: 1855

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Charles Jean Baptiste Barbier, of Paris, in the
Empire of France, for the Invention of "AN IMPROVED KILN FOR BURNING
AD DIRINA DA Rotor TR AND OTHER EARTHENWARE"
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Charles Jean Baptiste
Barbier, at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 28th November 1855.
I, CHARLES JEAN BAPTISTE BARBIER, of Paris, in the Empire of France,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for AN IMPROVED KILN
FOR BURNING OR FIRING POTTERY, BRICKS, TILES, AND OTHER EARTHENWARE, to
be as follows:-
This apparatus is based on the use of a moveable furnace, which carries the
heat successively to all parts of the mass about to be baked, and on the con-.
tinuous action of the gases, which pass through the products on a great length,
and which, whilst their temperature is decreasing, according to their removing
from the furnace, bake the nearest products, whilst they smoke and prepare.
successively the more remote ones. It may be adapted to a great variety of,
plans, according to the requirements of place, matter, and fuel. It consists in:
a continuous series of laboratories of a small section, which are disposed one:
after the other in a horizontal line, each having a mouth for receiving the
tewel of the moveable furnace, and communicating between themselves, and..
with a horizontal chimney at their back, which chimney communicates with,

page_text: one or several vertical chimneys inside or outside the apparatus. It is
surmounted by a drying room, which employs all the heat radiated by the
walls.
The general axis of draught is horizontal. The furnace, which is con-
structed either for wood, turf, or coals, presents itself successively before each
laboratory, remains there the required time for baking the products it contains,
and thus goes continually round the apparatus. It is erected on a double
system of superposed rails. The upper system allows its being engaged into
and disengaged from the several tewels of the kilns; the lower system permits
its rotation. The application of those general principles varies according to the
common and fine masses. For the treatment of fine masses the laboratories
are constructed in the form of half cylinders, horizontally placed and separated
by a wall; they communicate between themselves by means of a syphon fluc,
and with the horizontal chimney by a direct flue. Those flues are provided
with clack valves. The gases rise first vertically in each laboratory, go down
again in the next one by the syphon, and escape into the chimney, according
to the general horizontal axis of draught. For the treatment of common
masses, the laboratories are not separated by partition walls; they com-
municate freely between themselves and with the chimney by means flues
provided with valves; they form a single horizontal passage, joined at the
extremities; the gases pass through the horizontally in their full length.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Charles Jean Baptiste Barbier in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 28th May 1856.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, CHARLES
JEAN BAPTISTE BARBIER, of Paris, in the Empire of France, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-eighth day of November, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-five, in the nineteenth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said Charles Jean Baptiste Barbier, Her special licence that I, the said
Charles Jean Baptiste Barbier, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or
such others as I, the said Charles Jean Baptiste Barbier, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others,
from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein ex-

page_text: pressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and
Isle of Man, an Invention for "AN IMPROVED KILN FOR BURNING OR FIRING
POTTERY, BRICKS, TILES, AND OTHER EARTHENWARE," upon the condition (amongst
others) that I, the said Charles Jean Baptiste Barbier, my executors or admi-
nistrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their
hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the
said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause
the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Charles Jean Baptiste Barbier, do
hereby declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the
same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in
and by the following statement:-
This improved system is applicable to ceramics, such as bricks, tiles, pipes,
pottery, sand stone, crockery, flint-ware, earthenware, china, &c., and may
also be applied to ochres, cements, artificial marble and stones, plaster and
lime, and to the vivification of bone black used in refinery works. It consists,
first, in causing the afore-denomniated materials to undergo the same uniform
continuous beating and cooling; 2nd, in giving each of them a fit degree of
heat as required by their respective nature; 3rd, in avoiding the wasto
resulting from unburnt parts, warpings, cracking, and vitrification; 4th, in
obtaining the moulding and drying at any time or season of the year; 5th,
in obtaining through a continuous working a considerable regular production;
6th, in reducing the expense of fuel and manual labour; 7th, in making use
of the caloric, usually lost in the cooling; 8th, fiually, in making use of the
whole heat, only letting off the gases when they are quite saturated with
damp. It is grounded on the use of a moveable furnace, conveying succes-
sively the heat through all the parts of the materials to be burnt, and on the
continuous action of the gases, which successively circulate through a number
of laboratories, their temperature decreasing as they get farther from the fire,
thus completing the burning of such articles as are nearest, at the same time
fuming and progressively preparing the others. Hence, it ensues, that as the
fire box proceeds, the laboratories are continuously and successively more or
less heated. Moreover, the present system may admit of many various com-
binations, according to the requirements of the place, the materials, and the
fuel. It consists of a continuous succession of laboratories in a horizontal
line in connexion both with each other and with a horizontal fluc leaning
against them, which also communicates with one or several vertical flues rising

page_text: outside or inside of the apparatus. Above the whole is a dryer, which admits
all the radiated heat through an open-work floor. All the flues serving for
connecting either the laboratories with each other or with the horizontal flue,
er the latter with the vertical flue, are provided with valves or dampers. The
draught is effected through a horizontal line. The fire-place, which may be
fed with wood, peat, or coal, comes up successively to each laboratory, standing
the necessary time for burning the products, then goes up to the next, and so
on in a continuous way. For the purpose it is mounted on a double super-
posed railway line; the upper rail allows the sheathing or unsheathing of
it, whilst rotation is effected on the lower rail round the apparatus, inside or
outside. Such are the general principles upon which my improved system is
grounded, but their application may vary according to the various degrees of.
temperature that the various articles are to be submitted to, viz., the low, tho
middle, and the high temperature. I am going to describe, first, the process
as applied to materials that require a low temperature, and which process may
be looked upon as a type or standard for the two others. This is illustrated in
Sheet First. As we have already suggested, tho fire-placo may rotate within.
(Fig. 1) or without (Fig. 5) the perimeter of the apparatus.
Fig. 1 is the plan of the kiln, at the height of the mouths and flues of the
furnace. It is a regular parallelogram, closed by a wall A', two stories high,
within the circumference of which it stands. It consists of a piece of masonry
G (Figs. 2 & 3), through the whole length of which one or more vaulted ducts
L (Fig. 2) are contrived for the purpose of insulating the laboratorics from
the ground,
Opposite the door P another passage beneath leads to the
interior. Pillars supporting the framework of the dryer rise on each side of
the apparatus, which they consolidate, allowing at the same time the setting
of iron braces to stand the pushing of the fire. On the said wall there are
two horizontal channels in a parallel lino (rectangular prisms), one of which
B forms the horizontal flue, and the other D tho kiln, or a succession of
laboratories in open connexion with each other. The vault J of the labora-
torics is flat, and wholly or partly moveable, and consists of cast-iron or shect-
iron plates or bricks juxtaposited and covered over with ashes, sand, or brick
cement E, to provent all intrusion of the air and loss of caloric. The progress
of the baking is surveyed by means of holes contrived through the said vault
or the wall E. The walls E & A are stuffed through their whole length with
a bed of ashes, sand, or cement, rammed over, and being about two inches
thick, for preventing radiation and the pushing of the fire. The wall E has at
regular distances mouths H, which are closed by means of a slide valve HE
for the purpose of preventing the passage of the air, which valve is suitably

page_text: luted over with slip mortar; a double valve might be used also, the interval of
which should be stuffed with ashes, sand, and cement. These apertures are
intended to admit the tuyer of the moveable fire-place F, which is rotating
along the internal perimeter. What I term laboratory is, that part of the
channel D which contains the products, and is comprised between two
apertures. Any flues K which are corresponding to each mouth and contrived
in the partition I, cause the laboratories D to communicate with the horizontal
flue B. These flues are provided with valves T, which are calculated so as to
alternately shut both the said flue and the horizontal flue B. A damper may
be a fit substitute for these valves. The horizontal flue B itself communicates
by means of the flues K' with two vertical flues L, L, rising outside of the
apparatus at the centre of each great side of the parallelogram, and leaning
on the circuit wall A'; a trap door on the upper part allows these flues to bo
hermetically shut. The flues K² are provided with a damper Q, serving to
regulate the draught. By such an arrangement there are indeed two kiln
channels (canaux fours), cach having its horizontal and vertical flues, and con-
nected as it were end to end, so as to form but a continuous one. Supposing
the said channels cut opposite to the door P turned inversely, so as to be re-
adjusted by the other ends, I shall have the apparatus as shown at Figs. 5
& 6; the fire-place turns round the external perimeter, and the two external
flues blend into one, standing at the centre. The number of these channels
in both instances may be increased at will, Fig. 8, and be made of either
square, elliptic, or circular form, according to the requirements of the work
and place. By joining the two channels and suppressing the wall A, the
horizontal flue may be made to serve for both. Instead of the valves T closing
the flues K, I use, at need, slide valves or dampers. The two flues K² are
made but one (Fig. 9 & 10), which rising vertically will reach by resting
on a vault the vertical flue L, supposed to be brought against the circular
wall A', and I have the apparatus shewn at Figs. 9 & 10. These various
arrangements stand good for the two other applications of my system. Finally,
by reducing the low temperature apparatus to proper size and dimensions, it
may be rendered loco-moveable, as shown at Fig. 11.
d, d, are iron bars, connected edgewise by cross bars c, and supporting a
floor on which the construction rests. A corner iron r screwed on the said
bars secures the wall E, which consists of a single range of bricks, about two
inches thick, and a sheet iron h sheath, leaving a space of about one inch
and a half to be stuffed with ashes, sand, or cement. The partition I is only
four inches thick. The apparatus is secured by means of iron bands, fitted
at suitable distances, for the purpose of preventing the pushing of the fire, and

page_text: can be taken to three pieces or parts through the lines 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, & 10, &
11, 12, 13, 14, 15, & 16.
The vertical flue Lis of sheet iron, coated over with a brickwork m, leaving
between a space n of a little more than an inch, which is stuffed with rammed
ashes. It is provided with a diaphragm q, for shutting it and regulating the
draught. On the bricks being removed, the iron frame may be loaded on a
car and conveyed to any place, where it is quickly re-established. Such an
arrangement is specially desirable for the manufacturing of drainage pipes.
I shall now describe the working of the apparatus. The moveable grate F is
applied to one of the kiln holes H (Fig. 1), each vertical flue working alter-
nately, according to the progress of the grate, whilst the other is shut. The
laboratories D and the horizontal flue B are put in communication through
one of the flues K, by opening its valve T at a distance of the grate, suitable
to the required degree of burning, to the siccity of the products, and the nature
of the fuel employed. (Suppose this distance to be fourty feet,) thus, the
gases will run that distance through the laboratories, burning the nearest pro-
ducts, and fuming or preparing the others progressively, or substituting a
continuous fire for what is generally called small fire in ordinary kilns, thence
pass into the horizontal flue B through such of the flues (carneaux) K, the
valve of which is opened, and thence again up into the vertical flue L through
the flue (carneau) K2, after having spent all their effective power, being satu-
rated with damp, and having only the proper temperature for them to rise and
maintain the draught; (their progress is pointed out by arrows.) When tho
products contained in the first laboratory are properly baked, the fire-place or
grate will move and be applied to the next. The valve T, which has been
kept open during the first operation, is then shut, the next is opened, and so
forth, so that the flue L is, as it were, rendered moveable like the grate, the
progress of which it follows, and a same distance is thus preserved between the
going in and out of the gases. The products are taken out after the cooling is
effected inversely to the progress of the apparatus, by insulating the laboratory,
out of which the ready products are taken for a fresh supply. This insulation
is effected by causing two moveable registers b, b, to slide at each extreme end
of the laboratory into the vault. A part of the moveable vault is to be removed
for the taking out of the products.
By a proper manageinent of this continuous fire, such as I have described,
a very important saving of fuel is effected. A further saving may still be
obtained by making use of the heat evolved from the cooling of the products.
We know that a heated body will emit in cooling the same quantity of caloric
it received in being heated. Thus, the heat evolving from a heated body

page_text: how-
should suffice to heat at the same degree another body of the same nature;
but part of the caloric is unavoidably lost by the radiation of the walls
over, a great part of it may be made use of for heating the articles, while the
caloric radiating from the walls is applied to drying purposes.
Suppose some external air is let into the apparatus at a distance above tho
grate sufficient to prevent breaking; this air, drawn in by the draught, will
take most part of the heat of the products, which will gradually and succes-
sively be cooled, and receiving a fresh supply by passing before the grate will
impart it to other products. Thus the action of the grate is increased by the
calorific power of the burnt products; thus again, instead of remaining a prin-
cipal actor, the grate is but, as it were, second, only serving to make up the
loss resulting from the radiation of the walls, so that the expense of fuel is
considerably reduced. What has been said about the progress of the kiln
stands good for the three applications of my system. As the principle is the
same, I shall only give some suggestions peculiar to each of the two other
applications.
The same arrangements as I have described prevail through the middle tem-
perature kilns, viz., the horizontal axis of the laboratories, a flat moveablo
vault through which the articles are taken out; the same fire grate F and kiln
holes H, the same emission flues K, the same horizontal and vertical flues
B & L (Fig. 1).
They differ in this: 1st, instead of a communication between the labora
tories D, these are separated from each other by two partitions C & AR,
betwixt which the gases are transmitted through flues K'. 2d, the axis
of the horizontal flue B cuts at right angles the axis of the laboratories,
which are arched for better concentrating the radiation of the caloric
(Fig. 1).
The partition C stands so far as the vault J (Fig. 8), leaving between it and
the partition I (Figs. 1 & 2) an entrance for the flues K & K', through
which (K) each laboratory receives the gases issuing from the preceding labo-
ratory, to transmit them afterwards to the next one; the insulation for taking
out the articles is obtained by means of the valves W that shut the flues. Tho
high-temperature kilns (Sheet 3) have, like the two others, a moveable grate,
the same emission flue K, and the horizontal and vertical flues, and, like the
second only, the transmission of gases through the said flues.
They differ in this: The axis of the laboratories D is vertical (Fig. 2); the
vault AB stationary, resting on the two partitions AR, and striding over the
partition C. This does not reach so far as the vault, but leaves a little spaco
for the flues K & K (Fig. 2) through the latter; the gases are transmitted

page_text: Sheet 4.-The fire grate
(Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4,) is the same for
middle temperatures; it is an inclined rectangular prism (Fig. 2), ending by
a tuyer A. The walls and vault are of fire bricks, with iron corners, and
bound in the centre by iron bands.
The cast-iron or sheet-iron tuyer lined with fire bricks is inserted up to its
rib into into the hole H of the laboratories. A slide valve or vane P2 shuts
the supply entrance (Fig. 1 & 2), and is connected by means of a chain
engaged over the grooved pulleys Y, with another slide valve or vane S (Figs.
2 & 3), which counterbalances the former, and shuts the three-quarters of the
tuyer, whilst the stoker feeds the grate. This arrangement is intended to pre-
vent any passage of the air into the laboratories otherwise than through the
grate. The passage of the air under the grate is regulated by means of a slide
ash box, and the free or moveable surface of the grate by a series of plates or
blades sliding into grooves contrived under the grate.
The brickwork of the furnace rests upon a rectangular iron frame, two
parallel sides of which form two projecting journals, into which the wheels R
are inserted (Figs. 2 & 4); these wheels acting on the upper rail O, which
end the upper system of railway, allow the sheathing and unsheathing of the
tuyer. The rails O are fastened by means of four screws V to another rect-
angular frame beneath, two sides of which form two journals, projecting at
right angles to the former, already mentioned. The wheels R' of this frame
act upon the rails X, which end the lower system of railway, and carry along
the furnace in its rotation round the apparatus.

page_text: The screws V serve to raise or to lower the fire grate, to bring the tuyer to
the same level with the kiln holes. The furnace HF (Figs. 5 & 6), intended
for high temperatures, merely consists of a grate G, three sides of which are
cast-iron plates coated with fire bricks. On the edge of a plate N, on the front
of the grate, and of the same cast with it, the slide valve H or vane is
resting, when the fire box is brought into the chamber Œ (Fig. 5). Such
an arrangement, completed by a rib a, cast round the side plate (Fig. 6) and
fitting into a suitable groove contrived in the inside wall of the chamber E.
is intended to force the external air to pass through the grate, and prevent
its escaping combustion. This grate and its foregoing plate N are resting on
three axles with wheels R (Fig. 6); the latter work upon the rails O, for the
purpose of conveying the grate into the chamber ŒE, and are received into a
ledge contrived in the wall of the chamber, on a level with the said rails; the
same system of lower railway prevails, as precedently described.
Nota. The capaciousness of the fire boxes may vary according to the
nature of the fuel used; (those shown at Sheet 4 are for burning coal.) If it
were required to urge the draught, raise the temperature and allow a greater
expansion of the gases (specially for middle and high temperatures); several
fire boxes might be applied working at the distance of one or more laboratories
successively, the first only fuming the articles and the last burning them up;
they are besides proportioned to the size of the laboratories, and to the require
ments of the products.
;
!
As to the apparatus shown at Sheets 1, 2, 3, it has been already said that
their plans and size aro undetermined, and it must be so chiefly in manufac-
turing ceramic products, which admit of so many varieties. However, these
may be looked upon as standards for the various applications of my system;
nor is it improper to keep to the small size or sections of the laboratories, such
construction being rather more likely to ensure a great saving in the consump-
tion of the fuel, and at the same time a greater regularity in the burning and
firing of the products.
On Sheet 1, Fig. 1 is a plan at the height of the kiln holes and flues, with
two chimney flues outside of the apparatus; Fig. 2, a section in the line 1, 2,
of Fig. 1, showing the working of the valve T; Fig. 3, a section and elevation
in the line 1, 2, 3, of Fig. 1; Fig. 4, a section of the flue K; Fig. 5, a plan
at the same height as the first, with only one chimney flue shown outside of
the apparatus; Fig. 6, an elevation and section in the line 1, 2, 3, of Fig. 5;
Fig. 7, details of a laboratory in Fig. 5; Fig. 8, a plan of an apparatus with
several central flues; Fig. 9, a plan at the height of the kiln holes and flues

page_text: of an apparatus with a common horizontal flue and an external vertical flue;
Fig. 10, an elevation and section in the line 1, 2, 3, 4, & 5 of Fig. 9; Fig. 11,
a plan at the height of the kiln holes and flues of a loco-moveable apparatus;
Fig. 12, an elevation and section in the line 1, 2, of Fig. 11; Fig. 13, an
clevation and section in the line 3, 4, of Fig. 11; Fig. 14, details of the iron
frame of the loco-moveable apparatus.
At Sheet 2, which shows applications to middle temperatures, Fig. 1 is a
plan at the height of the kiln holes and the flues; Fig. 2, elevations and
longitudinal sections in the line 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, & 6 of Fig. 1; Fig. 3, transverse
section of the laboratories in the line 7 & 8 of Fig. 1; Fig. 4, a transverse
section of the flues in the line 9 & 10 of Fig 1; Sheet 3 shows the applica-
tion of the system to high temperatures; Fig. 1 is a plan at the height of tho
laboratories of the kiln hole and the flues K; Fig. 2, elevations and transverse
sections of the laboratories, the flues, the chamber CE, &*, in the line 5, 6, 7,
8, 9, 10, 11, & 12 of Fig. 1; Fig. 3, elevations and transverse sections of the
flues and the laboratories in the line 1, 2, 3, & 4 of Fig. 1. Sheet 4 shows
the moveable grates or fire boxes; Fig. 1 is a plan at the height of the tuyer
of the moveable fire box for the low and, middle, temperatures, in the line
3,4, of the section; Fig. 2, longitudinal section of the same, in the line 1, 2,
of the plan; Fig. 3, longitudinal elevation of the same; Fig. 4, transverse
elevation of the same on the back side; Fig. 5, a plan of the moveable fire
box for the high temperatures, in the line 5, 6, of the following Figure; Fig. 6,
a longitudinal elevation of the same. The same letters of reference stand for
like parts in all the different Figures & Sheets.
A', circuit wall, of the work; P, entrance of the works; G, brickwork
beneath, the apparatus; L, arched ducts contrived in the brickwork G for
the purpose of insulating the apparatus from the ground; A, wall of the
horizontal chimney fluc; B, horizontal flue; I,.partition betwixt the horizontal
flue, and the laboratories; K, flue, contrived in the partition I for connecting
the laboratory and the horizontal flue, and shut by a slide vane or valve T;
D, laboratory; J, moveable vault, of the laboratory, consisting of cast iron,
sheet iron, or bricks juxtaposed; E, coating of the same with ashes, sand,
or brick,cement,;, E, laboratory wall; H; holes in the wall E for admitting
the tuyer of the fire box; HE, vane shutting the holes H or chamber ŒE;
F.moveable.fire box for the low and middle temperatures; R2, turning plates
of the railway, for the moveable fire box; K, flue communicating from the
horizontal to the vertical flue; Q, slide valve, or vane of the flue; L, vertical
flue; L', walls of the same; b,b,moveable sheet iron valves used in the

page_text: taking out of the articles; Z, dryer superposed to the apparatus; Z', a place
which may be occupied by. the grinding, pressing, stretching, machines, &;
d, iron bars supporting the loco-moveable apparatus; c, cross pieces binding
the said pieces; f, floor.on which the brickwork of the apparatus rests; h, cast
or sheet iron sheath.of.the wall E.
, ash or sand, stufling; m, pottery or brick coating of
the vertical flue; n, ash or sand stuffing of the said flue;
qdiaphragm for regulating the draught or shutting the
same; 7, iron corners.
Loco-moveable
apparatus.
C, partition betwixt the laboratory at left and the transmission flue K' at
right (middle and high temperatures); AR, partition betwixt the flue K' on the
left, and the laboratory on the right (id.); K', transmission flue of the gases
from one laboratory to another (id.); W, valves of the said flue (id.); AB, vault
of the laboratory (high temperatures); CE, hole or chamber in which the
moveable fire box IF slides (id.); HF, moveable fire box for high temperatures;
AD, flues communicating from the grate to the laboratory through the vault of
the chamber CE (high temperatures); HB, ash-pit (id.); IB', ash-pit door (id.);
AP, door for feeding in the products (id.); G³, grate of the moveable fire box;
A, tuyer of the fire box F; M, walls and vault of the same; P, vano
shutting the supply entrance of the same; Y, grooved pulleys on which the
chain is engaged that operates the vane & slide valve P & S; S, slide valve,
counter-weighing the vane P, and shutting three quarters of the tuyer A
whilst the stoker is feeding the grate; R, wheels of the upper system of
railway for the moveable fire boxes; O, rails of the upper way; V, screw
connecting both systems; R', wheels of the lower system; X, rails of the lower
system, to which the turning plate R are adjusted; g, rib of the tuyer of the
fire-place F; a, rib round the fire box walls FF; N, cast-iron plate projecting
on the fore part of the grate G2 of the fire-box I-F.
Having thus described the nature and particulars of the said improvements
in kilns, I wish it to be distinctly understood that I do not confine myself to
the precise details herein described, as such may be varied or modified without
departing from the principle of action thereof; likewiso I do not confine
myself to the strict figure or form of any apparatus, or portions of apparatus
herein described; but I claim as novel, and being secured to me by the hercin-
before in part recited Letters Patent,-
First, the fire boxes rendered moveable, and the various arrangements
resulting therefrom.
Second, the vault of the apparatus for low and middle temperatures, also
rendered moveable.

page_text: Third, the apparatus shown at Sheet 1, Fig. 11, 12, 13, & 14, which is
rendered transportable or loco-moveable, specially as I have described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Charles Jean Baptiste Barbier, have
hereunto set my hand & seal, this 20th day of May, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-six.
CHARLES BARBIER. (L.S.)