matthewleechen/300YearsOfBritishPatents huggingface dataset:
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR DIVIDING AND DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC CURRENTS FOR LIGHTING AND OTHER PURPOSES
Year: 1878

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Edward John Cowling Welch at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 15th November 1878.
EDWARD JOHN COWLING WELCH, of Manchester, in the County of Lancaster,
Engineer. " IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR DIVIDING AND DISTRIBUTING
ELECTRIC CURRENTS FOR LIGHTING AND OTHER PURPOSES."
My Invention relates to the division and distribution of currents of electricity,
and consists of improvements in or in additions to a former Invention, for which, on
the Twenty fifth day of October ultimo, I petitioned Her Majesty to grant unto me
Her Royal Letters Patent, such application bearing the number 4278. In the said
former Invention a series of moving contact pieces acted in conjunction with a series
of fixed contact pieces to distribute the electric current through a number of circuits,
and to complete each circuit a number of times during one revolution or movement
of the moving contact pieces. According to my present Invention I employ a
double set of moving contact pieces, the one set being insulated from the other set,
and I connect one set with the positive pole of the generator of the electric current,
and the other set with the negative pole of the said generator, and I connect the
wires of each circuit with two fixed contact pieces; and I so arrange the parts as
that the current shall be reversed in each circuit one or more times during each
movement or revolution of the two moving sets of contact pieces. In the apparatus
constructed on the rotatory principle the moving contact pieces are carried by two
wheels or sets of wheels or revolving carriers or bodies, which are insulated from
each other, or are carried by one wheel in such a manner as that the negative set
shall be insulated from the positive set, and I so arrange the parts as that negative
contact shall be made with any one circuit wire alternately with positive contact,
and that the negative contact with one wire in a circuit shall take place simul-
taneously with positive contact with the other wire in the same circuit. The

page_text: arrangements may be such as that the alternating currents shall be delivered or
distributed to one or more of the total number of circuits, the direction of flow of
the currents in the other circuits not being reversed by the dividing machine in
the manner herein indicated, and also two or more consecutive positive contacts
may be made with one circuit alternately with two or more negative contacts.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF MUFFS, COLLARETTES, AND CUFFS WORN BY LADIES
Year: 1878

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Michael Joseph at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents on the 3rd August 1878.
"
MICHAEL JOSEPH, of 33, Surrey Street, Strand, in the County of Middlesex,
Merchant. IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF MUFFS, COLLARETTES, AND
CUFFS WORN BY LADIES."
The object of my Invention is to produce from the short feathers of the ostrich
a material suitable for muffs, collarettes, and cuffs, as worn by ladies and children,
and thereby utilize the short feathers and scraps, which not being long enough for
other purposes would otherwise be wasted.
I take the short feathers and scraps and first clean, curl, and dye them to the
color required; they are then split into several pieces and carefully laid upon
chamois leather and sewn thereto. A material is thus produced having a leather
back or groundwork and a front or face of handsome appearance, which may be
dyed to any shade of color to match the garments with which it is to be worn when
made up into muffs, collarettes, or cuffs.
IMPROVEMENTS IN WINDOW FASTENINGS
Year: 1878

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Frederick Cooke Farquhar at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 12th October 1878.
JOHN FREDERICK COOKE FARQUHAR, of Nos. 24 and 25, Long Acre, in the
County of Middlesex. "IMPROVEMENTS IN WINDOW FASTENINGS."
This Invention has for its object improvements in window fastenings, by which
window sashes can be securely locked together both when the window is closed and
when it is partially open for ventilation.
For this purpose I use a rack, together with a pinion, spring pawl, key, and
horizontal roller, as herein-after described.
The rack has suitably shaped teeth cut on its face and has a recess formed at the
back of the teeth for its whole length.
The rack is screwed on to one of the sides of the top window sash.
A metallic case or box containing the pinion and spring pawl is screwed on to
the top horizontal frame of the lower window, and the teeth of the pinion are made
to engage with the teeth of the rack, thereby preventing either of the sashes being
opened. A strong flange attached to the case or box is also made to fit into the
recess formed in the rack, and this fastening prevents the windows from being
forced asunder in a lateral direction.
A small horizontal roller is fixed on the top horizontal frame of the lower window,
and is made to roll closely against the wooden side of the top window exactly
opposite to the side on which the rack is fastened, and this roller has the effect of
keeping the windows from dropping on one side, and prevents (in cases of badly
constructed windows) the pinion wheel from getting out of gear with the rack.
When it is required to open the window the spring pawl is raised out of gear
from the pinion by means of a key turning the pawl spindle. Whilst the key is
fixed in a certain position the pinion is free to work up or down on the rack,
but on the key being withdrawn from the pawl spindle the pinion will only move
in one direction, and that movement will have the effect of closing the windows.
A NEW OR IMPROVED METHOD OF MAINTAINING CANS OF MILK AT A.LOW TEMPERATURE
Year: 1878

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Edward Thomas Hughes at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 10th September 1878. A communi-
cation from abroad by Emile Adolphe Le Comte, of 1, Boulevard St. Denis,
Paris.
EDWARD THOMAS HUGHES, of the Firm of. Hughes & Son, Patent Agents,
123, Chancery Lane, London. "A NEW OR IMPROVED METHOD OF MAINTAINING
CANS OF MILK AT A.LOW TEMPERATURE." A communication from abroad by Emile
Adolphe Le Comte, of 1, Boulevard St. Denis, Paris.
In the method of preserving milk, especially in summer, by. submitting it to a
very intense previous cooling, either by means of natural ice, or more especially by
the aid of machines producing artificial cold, the milk on leaving the cooling
apparatus tends to become warm again when put into cans for being transported to
the place of consumption.
My Invention consists in enveloping the cans of milk with a material badly
conductive of heat, such as felt or cork, in such a manner as to constitute as perfectly
effectual method of maintaining the coldness of the cans.
According to one arrangement my Invention consists,―
1st. Of a case or sheath of felt or cork covering over the whole side surface of
the can; this case is cylindrical, and is fixed on the case to the height of the handles
by means of a leather string or strap passing through loops let into the upper part
of the case or sheath.
2nd. The concave (or other shaped) bottom of the can is filled up with a disc of
felt or cork.
3rd. The cover or lid (which in this case is cup-shaped) receives at its top a disc
of felt or cork.
4th. Lastly, the whole of the latter, including the top portion of the side casing, is
covered with a cap or cowl, also of felt or cork, which is drawn closely to the can by
the aid of a leather string passing within the handles or through loops or eyes
fixed to the cap or cow!.

page_text: ་
By this arrangement the felt or cork pieces completely insulate the can from
contact with the air, thereby removing all external cause of rewarming, the low
temperature of the milk is consequently maintained at the same degree, and the
milk arrives still very cold on sending it to the consumer.
For avoiding the action of dampness on the cork or felt I cover the same over
with an impermeable plastering of pitch and tar or other material; or I replace
this layer with a metallic casing in such a manner that the non-conducting material
is always compressed between an impermeable casing and the can of milk. This
material may be composed indifferently of any non-conducting matter, such as horse
hair, sawdust, coal dust, sand, or glass dust.
If desirable the can may be composed of stone or porcelain, and the envelope
of metal.
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS EMPLOYED IN WASHING CLAY AND OTHER MATERIALS FOR USE IN BRICKMAKING
Year: 1878

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Hodson at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents on the 6th December 1878.
WILLIAM HODSON, of Graham House, Dalston Lane, Dalston, in the County of
Middlesex, Gentleman. "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS EMPLOYED IN WASHING
CLAY AND OTHER MATERIALS FOR USE IN BRICKMAKING."
The improvements relate to apparatus employed in the washing of clay or other
material preliminary to its use in brickmaking, in order to remove therefrom stones
or other foreign matters that would injuriously affect the articles manufactured from
the clay or other matters, and the object of the Invention is to effect this result with
in increased efficiency, rapidity, and economy.
For this purpose I provide a cylindrical or other suitably shaped chamber closed
at its ends and supported horizontally or nearly so on suitable iron or other supports
upon a firm bed. This chamber is supplied with water to the desired level by
means of a suitable pipe or other supply capable of regulation. Lengthwise of
this chamber is supported an axis which passes through the ends of the chamber
and is capable of revolving in bearings provided for it at those ends, and is driven
by means of a pulley affixed to one of its ends and operated by band or wheel-
work from. a steam engine or otherwise. This axis carries arms or blades arranged
at suitable distances from and relations to each other, and these arms or blades may be
provided with projections or be pierced with holes, so as to secure a thorough
working up of the material acted upon. A hopper or feed hole is provided at the
upper part of this chamber for the introduction of the material to be washed, which
material thence passes to be acted upon by the arms or blades in such chamber
until it has been triturated with water to the desired extent, and is thence allowed
to flow out by an opening communicating with a trough or channel provided at the
upper end thereof, generally farthest from the inlet. Across this channel near such
opening is placed a grating or other open-work screen sliding in grooves or
guides and capable of removal when desired to arrest the passage of matters not
in a sufficiently divided state; a suitable opening is, or openings are, with suitable
means of closing them, provided near the bottom end or ends of the chamber for
access thereto to cleanse the same.

page_text: Other openings, capable of being securely closed, are provided on the under
side at intervals to afford means of access to the chamber or other of the parts when
desired.
The number and shape of these blades or arms and their arrangement upon
their axis or supporting shaft may be varied according to circumstances.
Other fixed arms, blades, or projections may be affixed to the sides of the chamber
to aid in the better washing of the matters if desired.
If desired the chalk may be similarly, but separately, worked and then run, when
desired, into the chamber to be worked with the clay.
EXSTINGUISHING FIRE IN CHIMNEYS OR FLUES OF ANY KIND OF FORMS OR HEIGHT, WITHOUT LEAVING THE ROOM. THE APPARATUS HAS ALSO THE MEANS OF RETAINING THE HEAT IN THE ROOM IF WANTED, AND CAN BE APPLIED TO DWELLING HOUSES AS LARGE FACTORIES, CHIMNEYS, OR FLUES
Year: 1878

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Jean Baptiste Clément and Louis
Victor Pierlay at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 5th
October 1878.
JEAN BAPTISTE CLÉMENT, of 42, London Street, Fitzroy Square, in the County
of Middlessex, and LOUIS VICTOR PIERLAY, of 10, Hampstead Street, Fitzroy
Square, in the County of Middlesex. "EXSTINGUISHING FIRE IN CHIMNEYS OR
FLUES OF ANY KIND OF FORMS OR HEIGHT, WITHOUT LEAVING THE ROOM. THE
APPARATUS HAS ALSO THE MEANS OF RETAINING THE HEAT IN THE ROOM IF
WANTED, AND CAN BE APPLIED TO DWELLING HOUSES AS LARGE FACTORIES,
CHIMNEYS, OR FLUES."
This Invention consists only in two plates cast in iron and revolving to the angle
of 45 degrees. The plates are fixed in the side walls by two pins in each side
of the plate. At the same time the pins are cast with the plate. One of the plates
is to be fixed six inches underneath of the top cap; the other is to be fixed six
inches above the register (if there is any register of stove). The two plates of the
top and bottom hang in vertical position naturally by their own weight. So by
pulling a rod or a kind of chain lever which is fixed to the corner of each plate (top
and bottom) the two plates revolve at the same time in slanting way at any degree
that is required, leaving way to the smoke or heat to escape as it is liked. In case
of fire, by pulling the chain down, the two plates take the horizontal position and
shut up and down the flue or chimney, and then stiffle the fire at once, as it can
be shown by the model apparatus. To prevent the plates of revolving over the
horizontal position, a brick or big nail which comes about one inch in projection
stops the plates just when they have reached the horizontal position. Now to
prevent the chain hanging down loose it passes through rings or pulleys, which are
fixed inside of the chimney or flue. At the end of the chain by the fire place are
rings, giving the means of hooking them on the side of the fire place at the reach of
any one's hand. (The plates or chains may be galvanized if wanted.)
Having described the nature of our Invention, and the way in which the same
is to be performed, we wish it to be perfectly understood that we do not confine

page_text: ourselves to the number of plates or their forms, and the angle they will be fixed
to their position in the-height of the flue, as all may be modified to suit the con-
struction of chimneys or flues without departing of the nature of the Invention
what we claim is, by this apparatus, which will be called "The Exstinguisher,'
to stop chimneys' fires and obtain a great economy in fuel, as well a humanitary
Invention, which by the model apparatus and designs may be improved by us.
"
AN IMPROVED CONSTRUCTION OF BOTTLE OR VESSEL FOR CONTAINING Two OR MORE FLUIDS IN VARIOUS PROPORTIONS
Year: 1878

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Thomas Davies and William Henry
Stacpoole at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 27th March
1878.
THOMAS DAVIES, of Clifford's Inn, in the City of London, Gentleman, and
WILLIAM HENRY STACPOOLE, of the Inner Temple, also in the City of London,
Esquire. "AN IMPROVED CONSTRUCTION OF BOTTLE OR VESSEL FOR CONTAINING
Two OR MORE FLUIDS IN VARIOUS PROPORTIONS."
It is frequently necessary or desirable that various liquids should be mixed; and
in order that the mixture should have the intended effect that the mingling of the
liquids should take place immediately before use. For this purpose it is essential
that as many separate vessels or bottles should be employed as there are liquids
which it is desired to mingle, and where anything approaching exactitude in the
proportion of the various liquids to be mixed together is desired, measuring appa-
ratus have also to be employed.
It is obvious that with the above, which is the present system, great incon-
venience and complication arise from the number of vessels employed, and that
any system by which the liquids can be carried separately in their proper pro-
portions without mingling within the same vessel would be a great desideratum.
Such is the object of our Invention, which we carry into effect by placing around
the neck of an ordinarily decanter-shaped bottle a circular plate or partition of the
same material as that from which the main bottle is formed, which encircles the
neck, leaving a sufficient space between the latter and the partition to form a
vessel, the capacity of which will vary according to the space left between the neck
and the partition. The top of this subsidiary vessel thus surrounding the bottle
neck is closed, except at one side, where an open space is left sufficient to enable
the liquid contained within the subsidiary vessel to be poured or withdrawn from
it with ease and convenience. And we preferably form the top of this subsidiary
vessel with a groove or depression all round for the reason presently explained.
The subsidiary vessel formed as above described can be divided into as many

page_text: compartments as may be desired, so as to be capable of containing as many liquids
as it is necessary to mix together, and with the quantity of liquid contained within
the main bottle.
We preferably close both the main bottle and the subsidiary vessel or chainber
surrounding its neck by one and the same operation, and by one and the same
stopper or cork. The latter is formed in the ordinary manner, with the addition
of a projecting flange at its upper end or top, which therefore does not enter the
neck of the main bottle, but which, spreading out over the encircling subsidiary
vessel or chamber, presses into the groove or depression in its top already mentioned
and into the aperture therein, through which the subsidiary vessel is emptied when
the stopper or cock is pushed home, and thus effectually closes it as well as the
main bottle at one and the same time.
IMPROVEMENTS IN HOUSEHOLD AND OTHER FIRE-LIGHTERS
Year: 1878

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Henry Clarke and James
O'Brien at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 6th May
1878.
WILLIAM HENRY CLARKE and JAMES O'BRIEN, both of North Street, Hercules
Buildings, in the County of Surrey. "IMPROVEMENTS IN HOUSEHOLD AND OTHER
FIRE-LIGHTERS."
For the more readily lighting household and other fires we use a combination of
coal dust, rosin, and turpentine in about equal proportions.
We prepare by moulding or otherwise our fire-lighter into a ring or any desirable
shape. We prefer a ring of any diameter and thickness, say about 3 inches in
diameter, and an inch or more in thickness. Around and in this mould we place a
small piece of tar string, or string made of tow or flax dipped in turpentine, letting
the two ends of the string project above the mould. We now pour the fire-lighter
mixture before described into the mould; into this mixture we place three or more
wooden legs of any suitable length. We now turn the ring out of the mould
standing on its legs; the two projecting pieces of string will then be underneath to
light the fire-lighter.
We apply a light to the ends of the string; the draught passing under the legs
and through the centre hole of the ring causes it to ignite and burn for some minutes.
If we made it brick or cake-shape, then there must be a hole right through the
centre for the same purpose.
IM- PROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR MAKING BRICKS
Year: 1878

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Atkinson at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents on the 9th March 1878.
JOHN ATKINSON, of Bolton, in the County of Lancaster, Brick Maker. "IM-
PROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR MAKING BRICKS."
My Invention consists in an improved combination of machinery for making
bricks from plastic clay.
The machinery consists of a stationary cylindrical pan, in which two or more
crushing rollers revolve. In the bottom of the pan are two openings, and under
the pan are two tables supporting the moulds, into which the clay is pressed by the
revolving rollers. The moulds are placed side by side on the tables, and they are
moved forward to bring the empty moulds under the holes, and to remove the full
moulds by levers actuated by hand or otherwise.
IMPROVEMENTS IN LOOMS FOR WEAVING
Year: 1878

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Starkey Stevenson at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents on the 21st March 1878.
STARKEY STEVENSON, of Great Harwood, in the County of Lancaster, Iron aud
Brass Founder. "IMPROVEMENTS IN LOOMS FOR WEAVING."
This Invention relates to improvements in the dobby or jacquard mechanism for
carrying, moving, and operating the peg lags and jacks or jack levers.
I employ an oblong or styrup frame mounted upon a fulcrum stud; the frame
carries two catch wheels, by the axial shafts of which the lags are carried. Catches
are mounted so as to operate the catch wheels, and move the peg lags as and when
the main lever connected with the frame is operated, whereby the lags are moved,
and the pins thereon operate the jack levers according to the pattern or nature of
the piece or goods being woven.
IMPROVEMENTS IN LOOMS FOR WEAVING
Year: 1878

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by James Whiteley at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents on the 14th March 1878.
JAMES WHITELEY, of Ovonden, near Halifax, in the County of York, Machine
and Iron Founder. "IMPROVEMENTS IN LOOMS FOR WEAVING."
This Invention relates to improvements in apparatus for manufacturing a cloth
or fabric in imitation of the cloth known as Serge-de-Berries.
According to this Invention I employ an extra number of treddles, tappits, and
wheels on the ordinary barrels of the loom, the tappets being of such form, and
treddles so arranged as to give the requisite motion, producing the above cloth.
SAN IMPROVED MACHINE OR APPARATUS FOR CUTTING AND SHAPING BUTTONS AND SIMILAR ARTICLES FROM BONE, WOOD, VEGETABLE IVORY, AND OTHER SUBSTANCES."
Year: 1878

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Phillips at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents on the 26th January 1878.
15
JOHN PHILLIPS, of Summer Lane, Birmingham, Machinist. SAN IMPROVED
MACHINE OR APPARATUS FOR CUTTING AND SHAPING BUTTONS AND SIMILAR
ARTICLES FROM BONE, WOOD, VEGETABLE IVORY, AND OTHER SUBSTANCES."
The object of this Invention, which relates to an improved machine or apparatus
for cutting and shaping buttons and similar articles from bone, wood, vegetable
ivory, and other substances, is to enable such articles to be formed of an oval,
elliptical, or other kindred shape, with greater perfection and less expensive
machinery than hitherto.
According to this Invention the material to be shaped or formed is held stationary,
and the cutters which form or shape it are caused to revolve around it in an oval,
elliptical, or other kindred orbit, depending upon the shape the button or other article
is desired to receive.
•
.
The improved machine is made in the form of a lathe, its bed plate carrying
adjustable headstocks provided with spindles carrying fast and loose pulleys, and
to which the chucks are suitably secured. The chucks are formed with sliding
plates, which carry the cutters, and are actuated (in addition to being rotated with
the chucks around their spindles' axes) in a radial direction by means of friction
rollers which they carry, and which project rearward into guiding grooves of an
oval, elliptical, or other kindred shape, which the article is to receive, and which
grooves are formed in removable plates bolted to the headstocks. By these means
the orbits of the cutters are determined with a less liability to get out of truth than
has hitherto been attainable, and the buttons or other articles are formed thereby
accordingly, the material from which they are shaped being held fast midway
between the cutters by any suitable clamping device carried by or connected to the
bed plate.
The axes of the grooved plates are placed in opposite directions so as to maintain
equilibrium and ease in working.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE JOINTS OF RAILS FOR RAILWAYS
Year: 1878

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Andrew Barclay at the Office of the..
Commissioners of Patents on the 26th July 1878.
ANDREW BARCLAY, of Kilmarnock, in the County of Aýr, North Britain, Engineer.
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE JOINTS OF RAILS FOR RAILWAYS."
This Invention, which relates to improvements in railways, has for its object to
produce a firmer joint of the rails than at present, and such that whilst being less
liable to become loose also maintains the surfaces of the adjoining rails in continuous
line with one another, so that the jolting of the carriages of a train when passing
over the joints is reduced to a minimum.
The foregoing object is effected by substituting for the ordinary fish plates a pair
of plates formed with deep projecting pieces on the under side. Those portions of
the plates which bear upon the rail are formed either after the manner of an
ordinary fish plate or they may be formed so that the upper part bears close against
the web of the rail. The lower part of the plates has a groove formed therein to
admit of the lower table of the rail passing thereinto, and when two such plates are
placed on the rails there is a space left between the two portions of the plates which
project below the rails. Bolt holes are formed in the upper part of the plates which
correspond with the bolt holes in the rails, and the parts forming the joint are
attached together by bolts in the ordinary manner. Other bolt holes are also
formed in those parts of the plates which project below the rails, the boits passing
through, which when tightened act on these parts with a stress which is increased
by virtue of the leverage, corresponding to the depths of these parts below the rail.
The portions of the plates in which the grooves are formed are, by preference, so
shaped as to bear at their upper and under parts on the lower table of the rail, a
clearance being left at the sides for the purpose of allowing the same to be tightened
from time to time as required, or they may be so shaped as not to bear on the under⚫
side of the rail.
Under a modified arrangement of the improvements the ordinary fish plates, or
equivalent plates, are used, and in combination therewith a pair of plates formed at
their upper part with grooves to catch upon the lower side of the rails, and at their

page_text: under part with a heel or heels corresponding to the distance between the plates
when the joint is put together. Between the heels and the grooves bolt holes
are formed in the plates, the bolts therein when tightened causing the grooved
surfaces to grip upon the lower tables of the rails in the manner herein-before
described with reference to the first modification.
AN IMPROVED OVERSHIRT
Year: 1878

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Patrick O'Grady at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents on the 11th September 1878.
PATRICK O'GRADY, of Pentonville, in the County of Middlesex. "AN IMPROVED
OVERSHIRT."
My Invention relates to an overshirt or garment which may be worn by handi-
craftsmen over an ordinary white shirt for the purpose of keeping the latter clean
and affording increased warmth; and the Invention consists in the manufacture of
the said garment from a wool, cotton, linen, or other woven fabric, and in three
pieces only, with little or no waste, as hereafter described.
According to my Invention I take a fabric of a width exactly suited to the
intended size of the body of the shirt, and cut off a length equal to twice the
length of the shirt from the nape of neck to the tail; and I fold or double this
length of fabric at the middle of its length to form the front and back of the shirt.
I cut an aperture of oval form in the front portion for the passage of the head and
neck; and if necessary I cut out portions at the sides near the fold to form the
sleeve holes. I then sew the side edges of the front and back together, with the
exception of the sleeve holes, and I bind or otherwise finish the edges of the neck
aperture. This aperture may be of sufficient length to leave the bosom of the
white shirt exposed, as this part is usually not so liable to be soiled, and the aperture
if thus made enables the shirt to be put on and off easily, and does not require
buttons to close it.
The shirt is provided with long sleeves made each of a single piece of material of
appropriate form with the edges sewn together, which are inserted in the sleeve
holes in the usual manner.
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR TREATING WOOL, PAPER PULP, AND OTHER SUBSTANCES
Year: 1878

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Herbert John Haddan at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents on the 19th October 1878. A communication
from abroad by Otto Philipp Braun, of Berlin, in the Empire of Germany,
Doctor of Philosophy.
HERBERT JOHN HADDAN, of the Firm of Herbert and Company, Solicitors of
Patents, of 67, Strand, in the City of Westminster, Civil Engineer. "IMPROVEMENTS
IN APPARATUS FOR TREATING WOOL, PAPER PULP, AND OTHER SUBSTANCES." A
communication from abroad by Otto Philipp Braun, of Berlin, in the Empire of
Germany, Doctor of Philosophy.
The improvements consist of three or more reversible chambers, in sets or other-
wise, one filled with water, another with concentrated lie, and the other with
diluted lie, such chambers being in communication one with the other by pipes
mounted in stufling boxes, so that liquor running from or through the wool or
other matter treated after passing from the top to the bottom in the chambers, the
lighter liquor coming from above forces the lic to the bottom, which being lighter
than the lie in the concentrated chamber enters through the connecting pipe, and
forces the concentrated lic to the bottom of the water chamber. The lie in the
concentrated chamber becomes more concentrated and causes a globe valve to
operate therein and close the aperture to the chamber, which is now turned until
the lie is sufficiently concentrated, when it can be drawn off by convenient cocks.
AN IMPROVED COMBINED MATCH BOX AND LIGHTER
Year: 1878

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Emile Clément at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents on the 29th May 1878.
EMILE CLÉMENT, of Golden Lane, Old Street, in the County of Middlesex.
"AN IMPROVED COMBINED MATCH BOX AND LIGHTER."
This Invention relates to an improved system of match box, whereby the matches
are presented for use one at a time, and lighted without the necessity of opening
the box.
The box consists of a metallic case of a cylindrical, oval, rectangular, or other
suitable section, one end of which is closed by a cover secured thereto by soldering
or other suitable means; the other end is closed by a lid hinged to the box, or
capable of being entirely removed, and at which end the 'matches are introduced
into the box. Inside the box is secured a guide or channel made of a thin piece of
metal, open the width of the box at one end, and doubled at the other, leaving a
sufficient space between the two sides for the passage of one match. This guide
somewhat resembles the form of the letter U, with the two ends curved outwards.
To the outer surface of each side of the guide or channel, where it is doubled, is
attached a spring. These springs extend upwards to the top of the box, where
they are bent over and meet, the inner edges being provided with an indented or
rough surface. A small hole is left in the lid at the part immediately over the
ends of these springs. On the bottom cover, either inside or outside, is secured a
small boss, through which works a plunger, the end of which outside the box is
fitted with a knob, and the inner end passes up and down between the two sides of
the guide or channel, where it is doubled. Inside the box, near the lid and over
the guide or channel only, is secured a plate for preventing the matches falling
behind the guide, a small hole being cut to allow the springs to pass, at the same
time keeping them in their place.
The box being filled with matches the lid is closed, and when a light is required
the plunger is drawn out, and the box turned on its side with the plunger down-
wards, so that the matches follow each other into the guide or channel. The

page_text: plunger is then pushed upwards, and bearing on the lower end of a match forces it
up through the guide or channel, and between the indented or rough edges of the
springs, the friction of which will ignite the match as it passes, and the pressure of
the said springs will firmly hold it whilst it burns.
The plunger may be prevented from falling downwards when not in use by
means of a small spring or spring catch.
A COMBINED HAT TREE AND TRAVELLING HAT BOX
Year: 1878

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Arthur at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents on the 22nd March 1878.
WILLIAM ARTHUR, of Fleetlands, Fareham. "A COMBINED HAT TREE AND
TRAVELLING HAT BOX."
The object of this Invention is to stretch and keep a hat in the shape of the head
and support it in a hat box in such a manner that the exterior of the hat when on
the tree or stretcher shall not touch the box in any part, and also by the form and
material of the tree or stretcher to make it available for carrying sponges or any
other articles. For this purpose I take an ordinary leather hat box, or a hat box
of any other suitable form or material, and in it I suspend a tree or stretcher, made
of suitable material, and of such shape as required to fit the head of the wearer of
the hat, and with a slight bevil, the cavity being available for carrying sponges or
other articles.
The remaining space would be made into a separate compartment with suitable
openings for carrying other articles, and so arranged that in the event of the hat
slipping off the tree (which would be rendered improbable by covering the tree
with velvet or some other material) the hat would still remain suspended, as in
ordinary hat boxes.
IM- PROVEMENTS IN THE METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR EVAPORATING BRINE OR OTHER LIQUIDS
Year: 1878

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Richard Henry Yeomans at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 17th December 1878.
RICHARD HENRY YEOMANS, of Middlewich, in the County of Chester. "IM-
PROVEMENTS IN THE METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR EVAPORATING BRINE OR
OTHER LIQUIDS."
This Invention is designed principally for the evaporation of brine in the manu-
facture of salt, but it is also equally applicable to the evaporation of other liquids.
I propose to evaporate the brine or other liquid in shallow pans or vessels by the
aid of steam in the following manner :-
Near to the evaporating pan or pans I place a steam boiler, heated by a suitable
furnace, and from the steam space thereof I lead a pipe or pipes to a metal flue or
stean chamber (or two or more flues or chambers if preferred) placed in such a
position in the evaporating pan that the steam flue or chamber shall always be
covered with the brine or liquor to be operated, and as the steam flue or chamber
is kept always full of steam from the boiler the brine or other liquor will be
rapidly evaporated.
The dimensions and arrangement of the steam flue or chamber must be such that
there will be no interference with the removal of the salt from the pan.
From the lower part of the steam flue a chamber I lead a pipe back into the
water space of the boiler (which is at a lower level than the steam flue) so that any
water of condensation that may be formed in the steam flue or chamber will be
returned to the boiler by its own gravity, and thus the flue or chamber will always
be kept full of steam, and a thorough circulation will be kept up.
The boiler will be provided with the usual safety valve and water and steam
gauges.
IMPROVEMENTS IN GAS MOTORS
Year: 1878

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by George Duncan, William Ashley
Wilson, and George Ashley Wilson at the Office of the Commissioners of
Patents on the 22nd November 1878.
GEORGE DUNCAN, WILLIAM ASHLEY WILSON, and GEORGE ASHLEY WILSON, all
of Liverpool, in the County of Lancaster, Engineers. IMPROVEMENTS IN GAS
MOTORS."
[[
This Invention relates to engines or motors operated by the expansion due to the
explosion of a mixture of inflammable gas or vapour and air, or by atmospheric
pressure and vacuum consequent upon explosion, the former being preferred, and
has for its object to produce a cheap and efficient engine or motor, in which the
full effect of the explosion of the mixed gas or vapour and air shall be utilized.
In order to obtain an engine or motor having the above mentioned advantages
we proceed as follows:-
We construct the motor or engine with two essential parts, a cylinder or cylinders,
piston or pistons, and fittings, in which the combustion of the mixed or diffused gas
or vapour and air takes place, and a pump or pumps operated from the crank shaft
of the engine into which or each of which the gas or vapour and air are drawn,
preferably side by side in layers, and then compressed. The compressed gas or
vapour and air is allowed to pass into the working cylinder or cylinders at the
proper times and in the proper quantities by means of automatically operated cocks,
valves, or their equivalents. The mixed gas or vapour and air is then ignited by
any of the well known methods employed in gas engines, and power obtained from
the explosion thercof in any of the usual ways. The said engine is provided with
governors, check valves, and other desired appliances of any ordinary or convenient
kind.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BRICKS FOR BUILDING PURPOSES
Year: 1878

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Herbert William Hart at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 8th October 1878.
HERBERT WILLIAM HART, of 123, Chancery Lane, London, Engineer. "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BRICKS FOR BUILDING PURPOSES."
My Invention relates to improvements in the manufacture or construction of
bricks for building purposes, and has for its object to do away with the unsightly
appearance and waste of mortar of ordinary joints, and the exposure of so large a
surface of absorbent matter to atmospheric influence as well as the inconvenience
attending the manipulation and laying of bricks by the ordinary method.
It consists in forming the joint or butting edges and faces of each brick with
broad grooves or recesses tapered at their sides, and with projecting pieces or joggles
also tapered, the grooves and joggles being arranged alternately, that. is to say, the
joggles of one brick projecting into the grooves of the succeeding brick, and so on
according to the arrangement of the structure. Each joggle is of less depth than its
corresponding groove, whereby an internal space is left at each joint, into which
space the cement in a more or less liquid state is poured.
In laying bricks made on this principle the face joints exposed to view come
closely together at the edges of the side of the grooves or recesses where they butt,
these sides occupying the spaces usually filled by the mortar in ordinary joints.
Another advantage in the use of these bricks is that they can be laid without
the trouble of regulating the quantity of mortar, or the constant necessity of
shifting or hammering them to their proper bed, the grooves and joggles causing
them to be firmly interlocked with each other, and as it were forming one homo-
geneous structure,
The cement being poured into the spaces between the grooves and joggles finds
its way through all the other spaces of the brickwork, and effectually binds the
whole together.
The hoop iron binding usually employed in bricklaying can be more readily
applied to this system by being laid along the grooves through the spaces of the
bricks, and bent up or down through the vertical spaces required.

page_text: The improved bricks may be made of the same size and shape as ordinary bricks,
and to all outward appearances are the same, except that the surface presents
a more even and uniform finish, no mortar being used between the outward joints,
no pointing is required, and such skilled labour is dispensed with.
Besides the ordinary shape these bricks may be made of any desired form, size,
or material, colored or not.
This Invention is admirably adapted for face work in public or other buildings,
for arches, railway constructions, boiler settings, and other purposes where neatness
of finish combined with strength and solidity is required. It is also applicable for
builders' ornamental or decorative work of every description.
APPARATUS FOR LUBRICATING ROLLERS, SPINDLES, SHAFTS, AND OTHER MOVING PARTS OF MACHINERY
Year: 1878

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Nathan Ashton at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents on the 16th April 1878.
"IMPROVED
NATHAN ASHTON, of Oldham, in the County of Lancaster.
APPARATUS FOR LUBRICATING ROLLERS, SPINDLES, SHAFTS, AND OTHER MOVING
PARTS OF MACHINERY."
This Invention is designed principally for applying tallow and other similar
lubricating material to the journals of the drawing rollers used in machinery for
preparing and spinning cotton and other fibrous materials; but it is also readily
adaptable to the lubrication by tallow of other moving parts of machinery, such as
spindles, shafts, slides, and so forth.
In applying my Invention to the lubrication of the drawing rollers of a self-
acting mule, for instance, I employ a small lever or saddle bearing upon the upper
side of the journal of the roller, and through this lever or saddle just where it bears
on the journal I drill a vertical hole (say about three-sixteenths of an inch in
diameter, which I tap with a screwed thread.
Having provided a screw pin or peg to fit the said hole, I screw the same partly
in from the top, and I then fill in the hole from the bottom with tallow or other
similarly solid lubricating material. When this lever or saddle is placed on
the journal the tallow will touch the same, and it will take up as much as is
required.
The tallow can be forced forward from time to time by turning the screw pin or
peg.
The simplest method of applying this Invention to the lubricating of shafts is to
drill and tap the hole through the cap or top brass of the bearing, but I prefer to
drill the tallow hole through the side where the greatest amount of friction exists,
which will depend upon the kind of gearing employed, whether toothed gearing,
or strap, or band, and the direction whence the motion is communicated.
IMPROVEMENT IN SMOKING PIPES
Year: 1878

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Louis Chaux at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents on the 8th May 1878.
LOUIS CHAUX, of Paris, Boulevard de Strasbourg, No. 23, Manufacturer.
IMPROVEMENT IN SMOKING PIPES."
" AN
For some time past efforts have been made to remedy the inconveniences in pipes
for smoking, which after being in use a certain time allow the nicotine to penetrate
into the stem of the pipe. This is caused by the fact that the tobacco at the bottom
of the pipe bowl absorbs all the moisture, rendering it very disagreeable to smoke, and
sinokers generally throw away the tobacco remaining at the bottom of the bowl.
Several systems of pipes more or less complicated have been contrived for pre-
venting this defect in ordinary pipes, but either they have not completely succeeded
in their object, or they have been too expensive and not within the reach of persons
of small means.
Now my Invention consists of a perforated plate formning a kind of little grating
mounted on feet, which fulfils all the required conditions.
It forms an air chamber at the bottom of the bowl, preventing moisture accumu-
lating in the tobacco. This movable grating may be adapted to any kind of pipe,
simple or expensive; the pipe is easily cleaned, & the tobacco is entirely consumed,
which is an economy for the sinoker.
The grating mounted on feet and placed at the bottom of the pipe bowl may bo
of any material, such as composition or porcelain, but I employ preferably a grating
of unoxydable metal, and made by punching or stamping.
AN IMPROVEMENT IN WATCHES
Year: 1878

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Alexander Melville Clark at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 8th May 1878. A communication
from abroad by Albert Guinand, of Marseilles, France.
ALEXANDER MELVILLE CLARK, of 53, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex,
Patent Agent. "AN IMPROVEMENT IN WATCHES." [A communication from abroad
by Albert Guinand, of Marseilles, France.]
This Invention relates to an improvement in watches, and has for its object to
dispense with the cocks in which the train is mounted, and with recesses or hollows
in the plates of the frame.
According to this Invention the two plates are perfectly plain, and are connected
together by pillars, the whole of the train of the watch being mounted between the
said plates.
In order that the Invention may be more easily understood I have illustrated it
on an enlarged scale in the accompanying Drawings, in which Figure 1 represents
an elevation and Figure 2 a plan of the improved watch, the train being shown in
full lines in the former Figure, and by the pitch lines only in the latter Figure.
A, B, is the top plate, and C, D, the bottom or pillar plate, the two being con-
nected together by screws E and pillars F, the number and position of which may
be varied as required; G is the regulator index.
The advantages of the Invention are as follows:-
1st. Dispensing with the recesses or hollows in the thickness of the lower or
pillar plate to receive different wheels of the train, thereby avoiding the costly
labor of making them, and also the liability of the dust lodging in them and clogging
the teeth of the wheels which work in said recesses.
2nd. Dispensing with cocks, which are also expensive, to make and require a
number of small screws and much delicate manipulation to fix them properly in
place.
3rd. The facility attained by the use of plain flat plates, of examining the condi-
tion of the whole mechanism of the watch at a glance, and of cleaning it without
dismounting any of the parts. It will be understood however that the plates may
have apertures entirely through them to facilitate access.

page_text: 4th. By avoiding the use of cocks the regulating index may be moved through
a whole semicircle instead of through a small arc only, as in ordinary watches.
5th. Considerable economy in the manufacture, not only by the reduction of the
number of parts but also by reason of the facility and rapidity with which they
may be fitted together.
IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR USE IN EFFECTING THE WINDING-UP OF WATCHES, CLOCKS, AND OTHER MECHANISM REQUIRING SIMILAR WINDING-UP."
Year: 1878

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Martin Kosminski at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents on the 20th February 1878.
" AN
MARTIN KOSMINSKI, of Aldermanbury, in the City of London, Furrier.
IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR USE IN EFFECTING THE WINDING-UP OF WATCHES,
CLOCKS, AND OTHER MECHANISM REQUIRING SIMILAR WINDING-UP."
The object of the Invention is to avoid the necessity for the operation of turning
the key by repeated hand manipulation thereon in the winding-up of watches,
clocks, and other mechanism requiring similar winding-up, and to avoid the injurious
effects of over winding, and this object according to my Invention is effected by
simple pressure.
For this purpose a pipe or barrel is employed with a square or other shaped
passage, in its outer end, adapted to the form of the end of the axis to be
operated by it, as when using an ordinary watch or clock key, and the stem of
this pipe or barrel is carried up inside an outer chamber or case, and this stem is
formed with a projection or part operated by the thread or spiral formed in the
inside of another tube surrounding the stem of the pipe, and this tube is capable of
endway movement within the outer case, and it is provided with a projection or
part to be operated by screw thread in the inside of the outer case, so that by
drawing this secondary or middle tube outwards in a direction from the outer case,
rotary motion is at the same time given to this secondary or middle tube, and thence
to the pipe or barrel in one direction, and in pressing that secondary tube inwards
again motion is given to this pipe or barrel in the opposite direction for the purpose
of its use in giving motion to the axis of the clock, watch, or other mechanism to be
wound up.
The parts are prevented from separation one from the other, and to facilitate
operation with this apparatus the secondary tube is provided with a head or outer

page_text: end capable of free rotation thereon, and there is a rim or projection on the outer
case. By these means the risk of and danger arising from over winding is avoidable
by the screw threads or spirals being arranged to effect the exact number of turns
to the operating pipe or barrel for the particular watch, clock, or other mechanism
to be wound up by it.