IMPROVEMENTS IN PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION
Year: 1854

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to James Lochhead, of Kennington, in the County of
Surrey, Gentleman, and Robert Passenger, of Union Street, Southwark,
in the same. County, Gentleman, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said James .Lochhead and
.
Robert Passenger at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with
their Petition, on the 25th March 1854.
We, JAMES LOCHHEAD and ROBERT PASSENGER, do hereby declare the nature
of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF GLASS OR
OTHER VITRIFIED SUBSTANCES" to be as follows:-
We propose to manufacture glass either in sheets, panes, or otherwise, by
two or more cylinders placed in or under cover of a furnace or kiln, and
kept in such a temperature as may be found necessary for rolling off plate,
sheet, crown, or flint glass, or any other vitrified substances, while in a molten
state, into sheets of any given size or thickness, by such cylinders being
adjusted in any convenient position, horizontally, perpendicularly, angularly, or.
otherwise; also, by the use of the above means or apparatus to perforate,
print, or ornament. glass or other vitrified substances, making glass mallible.
We also propose to reheat plates or sheets of glass on tables made of flat
polished glass or other vitrified substance or stone or metal, placing the sheets
of glass upon them when rolled for the purposes of annealing the same, which

page_text: tables are to be placed on runners above or under each other in the most con-
venient form in a kiln built for their reception.
We also propose to use knife cutters by hand, or fixed in such a position as
may be found most desirable, close to the cylinders or tables, so as more
effectually to clear the glass from the cylinders or tables by passing the said
knife or knife cutters between the cylinders, glass, and tables, while the glass
is in a simi-fluid state, and while the cylinders and tables are in action.
In the furnace we propose to place a series of small pots or cisterns (covered)
near to or alongside the large pots, or in an adjoining furnace, to serve as re-
ceivers for purifying the metal or glass from the large pots, and the said small
pots to be taken out for the purpose of feeding the cylinders and tables.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance, of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said James Lochhead and Robert Passenger in the Great Seal
Patent Office on the 25th September 1854.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, JAMES
LOCHHEAD, of Kennington, in the County of Surrey, Gentleman, and ROBERT
PASSENGER, of Union Street, Southwark, in the same County, Gentleman, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-fifth day of March, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-four, in the seventeenth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto us,
the said James Lochhead and Robert Passenger, Her special licence that we,
the said James Lochhead and Robert Passenger, our executors, administrators,
and assigns, or such others as wc, the said James Lochhead and Robert Passen-
ger, our executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with,
and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter, during the term
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend,
within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands,
and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF
GLASS OR OTHER VITRIFIED SUBSTANCES," upon the condition (amongst others) that
we, the said James Lochhead and Robert Passenger, by an instrument in
writing under our hand and seal, should particularly describe and ascertain
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be
performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said James Lochhead and Robert Passenger,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the
same is to be performed; to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement, reference being had to the illustrative Sheet of
Drawings hereunto annexed and forming part of this our Invention.
In the Specification of a former Patent, dated the Fifteenth of October, One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-two, we described several improvements in
making and annealing glass or other vitrified substances, and the present im-
provements are in some measure a perfecting of some portions thereof. The
object of this present Invention is more particularly to manufacture or print
glass, either in sheets, panes, castings, or otherwise, by the use of double
cylinders placed in or under cover of a furnace or kiln, and kept at such tem-
perature as practice will point out as necessary. We also reduce manufactured
glass, whether in sheets, panes, or otherwise, to a semi-fluid or semi-molton
state, and perforate or print the same by passing them (while in such state)
through double cylinders, as hereinafter described. In perforating' glass we
use two cylinders, either super-posed (as shewn in the Drawing), or placed in
any other convenient position, for (attaining) the purpose.
One of these
cylinders is furnished with teeth or projections fixed or cut thereon, the other
is a plain cylinder, unless the glass is to be perforated and printed at the same
time; in this case the under cylinder would be cut or engraved to pattern; or,
for printing designs on glass, we use two cylinders as aforesaid, one of which
is cut or engraved as aforesaid for putting the pattern on the glass, and the
other plain; or, if it be desired to print both sides of the glass, then both
cylinders may be engraved. We remark this merely to shew it has not
escaped our attention; but we consider that printing or impressing one side of
sheets or panes of glass will be found sufficient. By the means used by us,
and herein-after fully explained, glass or other vitrified substances is or are
gradually reduced from a solid to a semi-fluid or semi-molton state, and so
retained for any length of time, or for any purpose for which it may be desirable
so to retain the substance. In this state of ductility or maleability, it may be
flattened out in various ways as with a common (heated) hammer, and then
impressed, as with a seal, with any desired impression. In order to prevent the
adhesion of glass or other vitrified substances to the cylinders or tubes, we place
a knife or knives, so that the edge or edges thereof pressing against the outer
periphery of the plain cylinder releases it from the binding of the glass when in
action, and the plate or sheet passes on and is received by the operator for
annealing; or we place the knives at or on the tables in such manner as to
effect the same purposes while the table or glass is in motion;

page_text: Another part of our Invention relates to the improved and more economical
use of the metal or molton glass in casting and the purifying thereof. It is
usual to. make what in plate glass manufacturing is technically termed the
"journey" in large pots containing a great quantity of material (when fully
molton becomes glass) and casting therefrom, taking the pot of metal to the
casting table, or by ladeling out small portions from the pots, and so. casting.
To obviate this unnecessary waste and imperfect mode of. casting, we put into
the furnace in the usual way (any sort of furnace is here meant, and therefore
it is unnecessary to illustrate any in particular,) a large pot or large pots filled
with the usual ingredients. As the journey progresses (or, in-other words, when
these materials are molton) we take therefrom a portion of the molton metal or
glass, pouring the same into smaller covered pots or cisterns, of such size as
may be conveniently handled, and capable of containing only as much metal as
we may require for immediate use. These small pots are in the furnace from
the commencement of the melting process, being placed in convenient positions
near the large pots, to enable them to receive the contents thereof with facility.
We withdraw these small pots as we want their contents from the furnace to
the casting table without bringing them into the cold air. These pots may, if
required, be placed in a seperate furnace, and filled from the. large or journey
pots, without removing either from their positions or bringing the material into
the air. This proceeding, besides the advantage already mentioned, serves also
to purify the metal or molton glass; so that metal of a certain quality will turn
out better, and with fewer faults or blemishes, when our mode of transferring
it (the metal) from one pot to another in the furnace is adopted.
We will now proceed to describe the means by which the before-mentioned
improvements are effected. In the Drawing hereunto annexed, Figure 1 is a
sectional view of the tables, cylinders, and other parts of these improvements;
and Figure 2 is a top plan, shewing the ingress table and lower cylinder. On
reference to Figure 2, it will be seen that molton glass may be cast on the
table a, and thence passed or pushed on to the table b, which is placed a little
lower than the table a, to allow the glass or metal to fall on to and travel in the
direction of cylinders d, d', until it shall have reached the said cylinders, when
the rotation of the upper cylinder d brings the projections or teeth placed on
or in its outer periphery upon or in contact with the sheet or pane of glass;
the teeth lay hold of the semi-fluid metal or glass, and with the assistance of
the movement of the lower or plain cylinder d', it is drawn between and passed
through both cylinders, and (with the assistance of the knife m, which prevents
any portion of the glass sticking to the cylinder d',) so on to the
egress table
from whence it is placed in the annealing chamber f, such chamber being
.e,

page_text: previously heated to the necessary temperature by means of the stove or fur-
nace g, said annealing chamber being entered by the iron door n; or, if it be
intended only to reheat, or, in other words, reduce old glass from its vitrified to
a plastic or semi-molton state, so as to perforate or print it, such glass is to be
placed upon the table, which is over a furnace, until it shall have become
reheated to the point desired, that is to say, until it shall be capable of receiving
the impressions of the toothed roller or the engraved or impression roller, as
the case may be. The tables a and b are kept at any desired temperature by
regulating the furnace placed beneath each. The knife m is placed edgeways
against the upper surface (as shewn) of the lower cylinder, as well to prevent
the edge of the passing plate of glass from falling below, the edge of the table e,
as to relieve it from any adhesion to the cylinder. h, h, are apertures made to
allow the heat to ascend into the dome (shewn at i, Figure 1,) for the purpose
of maintaining the same temperature on or around the upper surface of the
glass which is being operated upon, as is produced on its lower surface or that'
on the table. The smaller apertures k, k, (also seen at Figure 1) are. made for
the purpose of relieving the dome i from the smoke issuing from the furnaces.
These apertures are made in the dome, and lead into the shaft l'
Having now described the nature of our Invention of "Improvements in the
Manufacture of Glass or other Vitrified Substances," and the means by which
such improvements are carried into effect, we would now observe, that wherever
the word glass occurs in this description, we also intend to include or desig-
nate other vitrified substances in or by the expression, and it is only to avoid
the constant repetition of the words that we prefer to make this observation in
our summary. Also, we would here remark, that we do not confine ourselves to
any size or dimensions of parts of apparatus, machinery, or buildings, as such
parts will and must vary in size according to the quantity of work or manu-
facture, or to the size of the plates, sheets, or other description of glass to be
worked or manufactured'; nor do we confine ourselves to the precise details or
arrangements described and shewn, as such may be varied without at all
departing from the principle of our Invention; still we have, described and
shewn the arrangements we have found most adapted for carrying out our
Invention, and those which we prefer to use for that purpose; nor do we claim
the exclusive use of any of the parts or articles described or shewn, if taken
separately as parts and not in combination, for the purposes of our Invention;
which we declare to be, and we claim,―
Firstly, the manufacture of glass or other vitrified substances by the use of
two or more cylinders placed in or under cover of a furnace or kiln, as herein-
before described.

page_text: Secondly, we claim the mode or means of reheating glass or or other vitrified
substances in order to perforate, print, or impress the same, as herein-before
described.
Thirdly, we claim the use of a knife or knives for the purposes of relieving
the tables or cylinders from the adhesion of the molton or semi-molton glass, as 5
herein-before described.
Fourthly, we claim the use of the small pots herein mentioned in the manner
and for the purposes herein-before described.
In witness whereof, we, the said James Lochhead and Robert Passenger
have hereunto affixed our hands and seals, this Twenty-third day of 1
September, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and
fifty-four