CERTAIN MACHINERY TO BE USED IN MANUFACTURING CERTAIN KINDS OF TOOLS FOR BORING WOOD OR VARIOUS OTHER SUBSTANCES
Year: 1845

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
CLEAVELAND PALMER, of East Haddam, in the County of Middlesex, and
State of Connecticut, of the United States of America, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at Westminster,
the Seventeenth day of March, in the eighth year of Her reign, did give and
grant unto me, the said John Cleaveland Palmer, my exors, adiñiors, and
assigns, Her especial licence, full power, sole privilege and authority, that I,
the said John Cleaveland Palmer, my exors, adññiors, and assigns, or such others
as I, the said John Cleaveland Palmer, my exors, admors, or assigns, should
at any time agree with, and no others; from time to time and at all times
during the term of years therein mentioned, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-
upon-Tweed, and in the Islands of Guernsey, Jersey, Alderney, Sark, and.
Man, and also in all Her said Majesty's Colonics and Plantations abroad, my
Invention of "CERTAIN MACHINERY TO BE USED IN MANUFACTURING CERTAIN KINDS
OF TOOLS FOR BORING WOOD OR VARIOUS OTHER SUBSTANCES;" in which said Letters.
Patent there is contained a proviso, that I, the said John Cleaveland Palmer,
shall cause a particular description of the nature of my said Invention, and in
what manner the same is to be performed, by an instrument in writing under
my hand and seal, to be inrolled in Her said Majesty's High Court of Chancery
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said in

page_text: part recited Letters Patent, as, reference being thereunto had, will more fully
and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
John Cleaveland Palmer, do hereby declare the nature of my Invention, and
the manner in which the same is to be performed, are particularly described
and ascertained in and by the following statement thereof, reference being had
to the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the figures and letters marked
thereon, that is to say:-
The peculiar object of the mechanism to be described is the manufacture of
the single-twist auger for boring, such as is usually made of a rod of metal
twisted around a cylinder into a helical curve, an instrument of this description
being represented by Figure of the annexed Drawings. It will be seen that
in point of form and construction an auger of this kind differs entirely from
what is termed the "pod auger," and also from the common "double-twist
auger," made of a long narrow and thin strip of metal united to a shank, and
twisted throughout its length and about its longitudinal axis. The auger
which my machinery is intended to manufacture may be said to be formed of
a long rod of metal (either of a triangular or other proper shape in its cross
section) wrapped or wound in à helix about a cylinder, the said helix (repre-
sented at a, Figure 1,) being of such length as convenience may require, and
united at one end to a straight shank b, and having its other end ground
down or formed into a sharp cutting lip, the whole terminating in a conical
screw c, or without any such appendage, as circumstances may require.
Figure 2 exhibits the lower end of such an auger, having a cutting. lip,
and without a screw, d being the cutting lip, which is formed of a curved
cutting edge e of steel, united nearly at right angles to another and vertical
cutting edge f. The iron for making the auger should be rolled in square
bars or rods of the size required, and be cut into pieces of sufficient
length to make the tool or instrument intended. A small piece of steel of
proper size. for the cutting lip (and the conical screw if it is to be added) is
next welded upon one end of each one of the said pieces, and the end is next
turned or bent down at right angles to the remainder, upon an anvil, by.a
workman using a hammer or other suitable tool for the purpose. The said end
so bent is also formed by the operative so as to fit into the cavity of the lower
section of the dies for forming or shaping the lip, or the lip and screw cone,
as the case may require. About three-fourths of the length of the rod from
the steel knob is next heated to the necessary temperature to be rolled down
by the next portion of the machinery, videlicit, the. reducing rollers (L and M),
which are represented in front view in Figure 3 and in vertical cross section

page_text: in Figures 4 and 5, Figure 4 being a section taken through the left-hand
grooves of the lower and upper rollers, and Figure 5 being one taken through
the right-hand or finishing grooves of the same. The left-hand groove of the
lower roller (M); which (groove) extends from a rectangular cavity g formed
in the circumference of the roller, is triangular in section at its commencement,
and continues around and in the curved, surface of the roller the distance
required. The groove over it in the roller directly above it is simply a very
flat curved depression in the curved surface, extending entirely or partially
around the periphery of the roller, as circumstances may render necessary..
A central and vertical section taken through the axes of the rollers is given
in Figure 6. The rollers have the same diameter and are geered together, as
seen at h, i, (which denote small spur geers), so as each to move with 'the
same velocity and in the directions necessary for reducing the metallic rod.
The right-hand groove of the lower roller starts from a rectangular cavity (k),
and continues in and about the curved surface of the roller like the groove first
described. In its transverse section it is triangular, and but one-half the size
of the other groove by the side of it, as seen in Figure 6. A corresponding
groove is cut in the surface of the upper roller, as denoted by the Drawings:
11
these latter may be termed the finishing grooves. The rod having been heated
as above described, its steel knob is placed in the small chamber or cavity g of
the lower roller, and the roller put in motion far enough to reduce the rod to a
triangular shape in section the distance required, the part forming the shank
or a portion thereof passing into a cavity in the roller at the extremity of the
triangular groove of such shape as will not alter its form. As this process
does not in all cases leave the edge or edges of the triangular part of the
rod smooth, the head or knob of steel is next inserted in the cavity or
chamber (K) of the right-hand groove of the lower roller, and the rod is run
through between the rollers, by which its edges are rendered smooth, and the
triangular part reduced generally speaking to a uniform size, or that necessary
for the succeeding operations. The next portion of the process of manufac
turing the auger consists in swedging or forming the cutting lip, or the cutting
lip and conical screw blank, upon its end. For this purpose dies (l, m),
represented in elevation in Figure 7, are employed; (the object of the said dies
being to form the lip without the conic blank,) the lower of said dies being
exhibited in top view in Figure 8, and the upper in bottom view in Figure 9.
A top view of the lower die for forming the lip and conical blank is given in
Figure 10, and a bottom view of the upper die for the same purpose in
Figure 11. The head or knob of steel being heated is placed between the
dies, and the upper of them caused to descend with the force necessary to

page_text: swedge or compress the metal into the shape required. The knob thus
formed is next bent down to the angle required to be applied to the machine,
by which the rod is twisted in the helical .curve, a top view of the said
machine being given in Figure 12, and a side elevation of it in Figure 13. It
consists of a long mandril-A, supported in bearings, or puppets, or standards B, B,
and having a male screw (m²) cut or formed upon its rear half part, and so as
to operate in a corresponding female screw cut through the rear puppet head B,
by which (screw), when the said mandril is turned in its bearings, it is caused
to advance or recede in the direction of its longitudinal axis. The remaining
half part of the mandril has a helical groove (n) cut in it and extending to its
end, as seen in the Drawing, which (groove) is intended to receive and give the
requisite twist or helix to the metallic rod. A small roller (o) is arranged (as seen
in the Drawing) just in front of the right-hand puppet head, with its upper edge
on a level with the lower edge of the bearing or circular orifice cut through the
said puppet head for the mandril to play or move in, the intention of the said
roller being to.compress or force the metal or rod entirely or closely into the
helical groove when the operation of twisting the rod is being effected; which
'latter is done by placing the knob or extremity of the rod in contact with and
properly against the hooked end of the mandril, and then holding the same
with a pair of tongs for a moment while the mandril is turned far enough to
sot the rod into the helical groove. The mandril is next to be turned or
caused to advance until the rod is twisted to the degree required, which being
effected, its motion is reversed and the twist disengaged. The part of the rod
intended for the shank of the auger should then be brought into its proper
position with respect to the twisted portion by means of a hammer and anvil.
The next operation is to give the requisite degree of uniformity to the size and
spread of the twist, which is accomplished by hammering in the machine, a front
elevation of which is represented in Figure 14. The said machine consists of a
trip hammer C, (Figure 14,) arranged and operated over and upon a die anvil,
or bed piece D, the said bed piece being grooved out (as exhibited in top view
in Figure 15), so as to receive the twisted helix of the auger when laid thereon.
By turning the auger around first. in one direction and next in the opposite
successively, so as to cause it to pass back and forth between the hammer and
bed piece or anvil, the twist is spread out in a uniform manner. The lower
part of the hammer should be curved; (as seen at p,) to correspond with
the circumference of the exterior of the twist of the auger. The twisted
portion of the auger is again heated and rolled between heavy iron plates for
the purpose of straightening the twist, during which operation care should be
taken that the cutting lip of the auger does not come in contact with the

page_text: plates. The auger is next to be finished by filing, and upon grinding and
polishing wheels, or by other proper means, in such manner as may be desir-
able; and when a screw is to be connected with the cutting lip it may be cut
upon the blank by any contrivance adapted to the purpose. Although I have
described in detail the several processes and kinds of mechanism usually
adopted by me in the manufacture of the "single-twist," or the twisted rod
auger, as above described, I do not intend in all cases to employ all of them
consecutively, as above set forth; some of them, under certain circumstances,
and according to the perfection in which it may be desirable to construct the
auger or tool, being dispensible, and therefore such as may be successfully and
successively employed in the manufacture of the aforesaid twisted rod augers
or other similar tools for boring, I claim to use in combination with each other,
and substantially as herein-before set forth, according to the degree of finish
and accuracy of construction as may be required for the auger.
And separately I claim the afore-described mechanism for giving the twist
to the auger, the same being represented in Figures 12 and 13, and constructed
and operating substantially as herein-before explained.
I also claim the peculiar grooved bed piece (D, Figures 14 and 15,) in
combination with the trip hammer (C) above it, for the purpose of giving
uniformity of size and spread of twist to the helical part of the auger, as above
set forth.
JOHN CLEAVELAND PALMER. (L.s.)
Taken and acknowledged by John Cleaveland
Palmer, (party hereto,) at Boston, in the
United States of America, this 25th day of
March, A.D. 1845; before me,
hand)
As witness my hand)
& seal of office.
T. C. GRATTAN,
H. B. M. Consul for the
State of Massachusett.
Consul
Seal.