IMPROVEMENTS IN TRANSFORMING, CONVEYING, AND APPLYING POWER BY MEANS OF ELECTRICITY, AND APPARATUS FOR THAT PURPOSE
Year: 1881

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Imray, of No. 28, Southampton Buildings, in the
County of Middlesex, for an Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN TRANSFORMING,
CONVEYING, AND APPLYING POWER BY MEANS OF ELECTRICITY, AND APPARATUS
FOR THAT PURPOSE." A communication from abroad by Gustave Eugène
Cabanellas, of Paris, France.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Imray at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 15th January 1881.
JOHN IMRAY, of No. 28, Southampton Buildings, in the County of Middlesex.
"IMPROVEMENTS IN TRANSFORMING, CONVEYING, AND APPLYING POWER BY MEANS
OF ELECTRICITY, AND APPARATUS FOR THAT PURPOSE." [A communication from
abroad by Gustave Eugène Cabanellas, of Paris, France.] .
This Invention relates to means and apparatus for transforming, conveying, and
applying power by means of electricity, the objects being,―
1. To make use of disposable powers in any situation.
2. To convey and collect partial powers from different situations.
3. To distribute power to various places, and modify, as may be required, the
character of the power so distributed.
These objects are attained by means which will be described under the following
heads:-
I. Automatic regulation of any electric circuit so that power can be collected
from a number of sources, and can be communicated by electricity to a. number
of points, each point receiving its share as a uniform supply.
II. An electric supply cock which may be arranged to pass either a constant
current or a proportional current, so that from a general circuit any number of
points can be supplied with constant power without being affected by fluctuations;
and an electric receiving cock conveying electricity into the circuit from numerous
generators, uniformity of action resulting from the new electric catch forming part
of this Invention, which includes the application of the improvements for syn-
chronism, telegraphy of all kinds, and transmission of power without shafts, straps,
or other mechanical connections.

page_text: III. Categories, that is to say, means of classifying without distinction as to
forms of energy, but according to the amounts of electricity consumed, these
amounts being collected in tension in a general circuit having its current main-
tained automatically constant. Thus all local regulation is dispensed with, and
each consumer can obtain such supply as he may require independent of all other
consumers, the expenditure of power being in all cases proportional to the useful
effect.
IV. The rendering uniform automatically the action of every motor in circuit,
which being supplied with a current automatically made constant becomes a
theoretically perfect motor engine, as if it were the axle of a clock worked by
a constant weight requiring no winding up, but capable of being stopped and
started at any moment without loss of power.
The two
I. For the purpose of automatically rendering constant the power derived from
a variable source supplied by electro-motive elements having their number, and
in some cases their force, duly proportioned to the total work to be done, automatic
guards are arranged to act on contacts so as to close small local circuits, and bring
into play corrective mechanism. These guards may serve as meters, or separate
meters may be employed for the different branches from the main circuit, and it is
not necessary that these meters should indicate the whole power passing, but only
its variations, so that they can be connected to the branches themselves, or to
shunts in connection with them. The electromotive elements of the generator are
all connected in tension, each element having an internal resistance exceeding that
of the circuit, which may in some cases have a wire instead of earth for return.
The junctions of the successive tension elements, as well as the last element, are
permanently connected to separate insulated plates. A metallic brush connected
to the return wire is made automatically to traverse these plates, and to rest at the
place suitable for correcting the modifying effect resulting from the consumption
of electricity by the branches. The brush is mounted on a centre or axis so as to
traverse the face of a disc or the surface of a cylinder on which the insulated
contact plates are fixed. The axis of the correcting brush is the spindle of a small
electro-dynamic or electro-magnetic machine of any known construction.
brushes of this machine are connected to contact pieces which bear against light
springs attached to a terminal. Between these contact pieces is poised the moveable
guard, which is deflected to the one side or the other by variations in the amount
of current expended, this guard being connected to one pole of a local circuit, the
other pole of which is connected to the terminal carrying the springs. Thus,
according to the movement of the guard making contact with the one or the other
of the two contact pieces, and at the same time breaking the contact of that pin
with its adjacent spring, one or other of the brushes of the machine receives a
positive and the other a negative current, and thus the armature of the machine
is caused to move in the one direction or the other, as the case may be, and the
correcting brush attached to it is caused to traverse the series of insulated plates
until the electricity becomes regulated by increase or decrease to such an extent
that the moveable guard resumes its neutral position, the small local machine
thereon ceasing to move. As another means of correcting inequalities, which is
to be preferred when great rapidity of action is required, apparatus of the following
description is employed :-The correcting brush is attached to the axis of a soft
iron disc, which is mounted freely between the faces of two pullies driven at equal
speed in opposite directions, each pulley having an electro-magnet coil presented
towards the disc. The moveable guard, when it deviates from its neutral position,
makes a contact which brings one or other of these coils into the local circuit, and
the iron disc is thus attracted and made to turn partly round in the one direction
or the other, shifting the correcting brush along the contact plates. The apparatus
last described may similarly be employed to correct variations in the production
of electricity by dynamo-machines by varying the number of producing elements
connected to the circuit. Also two such apparatus may be made to act in
conjunction, the one regulating the production, and the other the expenditure

page_text: under the control of a centrifugal governor, which, according as it revolves
with greater or less rapidity, moves levers which make or break one of the
contacts for one or other of the electro-coils on one or other of the pullies,
the moveable guard at the same time making or breaking the other contact
for that coil. The action of the governor may be adjusted as required by
attaching the contacts affected by its levers to sliding blocks of insulating
material, which can be moved along graduated slides to any desired position.
A governor driven with the producing machine, or one driven by the machine
moved by the electricity, may be arranged to work in this manner, or two
such governors may act in conjunction, regulating both the production and the
expenditure of electricity. And obviously this mode of regulation may be applied
when there are several or many producing machines, and several or many machines
in driving which the electricity is expended, and the correcting brush instead of
being applied to vary the number of elements contributing power, may in like
manner be applied to vary the number of resistances introduced into the circuit, or
of shunts brought into connection with it. For the local production of electricity
any available power, such as that of water or wind, may be employed. A
simple form of windmill for this purpose consists of a skeleton frame fixed on a
vertical axis mounted in bearings, the skeleton frame having hinged to it blades
free to turn in one direction, but abutting against stops in the other direction, so
that whatever be the direction of the wind the blades on one side receive its
pressure, those on the other side presenting themselves edge-ways to it. A vessel
may be propelled electrically against the wind, the wind power being applied to
work dynamo machines producing electricity, which works electro machines on the
propeller shaft. For propelling a vessel along a river or canal, an exposed and
insulated conductor may be led along the bank, and a brush projecting from the
vessel so as to rub along this conductor as the vessel proceeds, will conduct
electricity to work a propeller in the vessel, the water operating as the return
wire. In many cases the electricity for supplying the conductor may be produced
by taking advantage of falls or currents of the stream. Railway carriages or trains
may in like manner be propelled, suitable insulated conductors being arranged
between the rails; and in streets and roads, vehicles may be similarly driven, the
conductors being arranged in each case according to the convenience and require-
ments of the traffic.
II. The electric cock, which will be presently described, results from a new
electro-dynamic theorem discovered by the communicant of this Invention, which
may be thus stated. When the spindles of any two electrical machines theoretically
free and reversible are connected so that their velocities of rotation maintain a constant
ratio, if one of the machines has in a given time conveyed in any order a definite
quantity of electricity, the other machine will in the same time have conveyed also
a definite quantity of electricity, a function of the former, but independent of all
modifications as to nature, number, or intensity produced on the exterior circuit
of the former. Hence if the quantity delivered by the one be proportional to the
time, the quantity delivered by the other will also be as the time, and this will
follow if the functions of either machine be the reverse of the other. On these
views is founded the electric cock, suited in one form for variable expenditure, and
in another form for constant expenditure. The cock for constant expenditure
consists of the following combination :-A circuit rendered constant, and two
rotary electric machines having their speeds equal or in an invarying ratio, either
machine being reversible, but that through which the constant current passes
being necessarily reversible. This machine operates as a motor worked by
electricity, and the other machine, whether reversible or not, acts a generator of
electricity, giving out always the same quantity in the same time whatever be the
variations of resistance or of other conditions to which the electricity may be
subject. Any known reversible electro-motors may be employed in this way; and
to avoid complexity of gearing, the two may be on one and the same spindle, which
may be mounted vertically so as to limit its friction to that of the lower end

page_text: bearing, which may be reduced at its point to a small diameter, and may run on
a hard plate or stone. The plate or stone employed for this purpose may be fitted
to slide between guides, so that the point of bearing on it may be changed, or a
thicker plate may be introduced to make up for wear of the spindle. The spindle
is necessarily steadied by bearings embracing it at both ends, but as these merely
serve to prevent it from being displaced during transport, they occasion little or no
friction when the spindle revolves; they, as well as the running pivots, are more-
over enclosed within boxes containing lubricant. As stated above, the electro-
motors employed may be of known forms. When the apparatus is used in
connection with large machines, their armatures are best of a kind presenting
multiple poles to pass through multiple polar fields, such an armature having the
form of a cylindrical ring with internal and external notches or slots, along which
the insulated wires are coiled. Internal as well as external polar fields may be
arranged for such an armature, or for armatures like the Gramme ring, to increase
their power.
When the second machine is arranged with electro-magnets to
produce alternating currents, these magnets may be excited by a local current or
from the main current. When the armatures of the two machines are on one
spindle, the same electro-magnets may serve for both, these being arranged either
externally or internally, or both. These combinations of the electric cock are
applicable to gyroscopic apparatus, such as are employed as toys, or for giving
instruction in astronomy, which may thus be made without apparent support or
suspension, having the electric arrangements within.
By combining as above described two electro machines of any kind so as to form
an electric cock, and by proportioning, these coils, the proportions of electricity
passing through each may be varied as desired. And thus from a main circuit, by
means of these cocks at various points, any desired quantities of electricity can be
taken, or to such a circuit any desired quantities can be contributed from various
sources. A number of lamps, factories, or other establishments can in this manner
be supplied each with a definite quantity of electricity from a main conductor,
which can receive its charge by contributions at numerous places where power
may be available for production of electricity. Not only may the general supply
of an establishment from the main conductor be thus governed, but also by means
of secondary cocks separate branches in the establishment itself, such as may be
required for working separate machines, separate lamps, or separate electrolytic
apparatus. At each branch from the main conductor a recording meter can be
arranged to register the quantity of power consumed. In order that electric cocks
may be governed from a distance, so as to suit them for the delivery of various
quanties of electromotive force, it is necessary to regulate from a distance their
volocities or working potentials. This is effected by means of an electric catch
like a constant slide or commutator, worked tooth by tooth in either direction from
a compound electro-dynamic machine, having two separate sets of induction coils
of inverse directions, which can be alternately excited from the regulating station
by the use there of a contact slide that can be moved along a guide having
insulated contact plates fixed on it. The contact plates may be circularly
arranged, the slide being fitted to revolve. Instead of employing a compound
machine in this manner a simple electro machine can be worked by reverse currents
governed by a commutator or catch having double the number of teeth of the
receiving catch. Receiving catches worked as above described can be applied not
only to regulate the velocities and potentials of electric cocks, they can also be used
for telegraphic purposes. Thus two such catches worked from a distance may be
connected to a pen or marking style, which receiving a compound movement from
the two catches can be made to trace letters or other figures on a plane surface.
By combining these catches a point can be moved in space of three dimensions,
A single line may be employed to work the catches by varying the potential of
the electricity transmitted by it, the commutator being so arranged as in some
positions to bring into circuit an additional current of high tension, which in other
positions is excluded from the circuit, or in some positions to include and in other

page_text: positions to exclude suitable resistances. Electric catches may be applied to
conducting cables consisting of separate insulated wires through which reverse
currents can be sent by means of them.
III. Categories.-Hitherto the expenditure of electricity for performing certain
work has been arrived at only by trial, and that only when resistances do not
vary, and endeavours have been made mostly in vain to regulate the expenditure
by governing the velocity of the motor, or when the expenditure was reduced by
exclusion, for example, of a lamp to compensate by including some equivalent
resistance, thus involving waste of power. According to the present Invention,
rendering intensity automatically constant by the use of the electric cocks relieves,
the system of conductors and machines from all conditions of variation, each motor,
lamp, or other apparatus worked from the circuit becoming automatically inde-
pendent of all others, so that no manual regulation is required, and the power
expended is exactly in proportion to the work performed.
IV. The rendering uniform automatically the action of every motor in circuit
presents great and novel advantages. For example, the motor cannot be injured
by heat resulting from excessive or improper working, nor by centrifugal force
resulting from excessive velocity. The supply can either be fixed as described or
it can be varied, but within proper limits of safety, a centrifugal governor being
for this purpose employed to make contact for a direct circuit when its speed
is normal, or for a resisting circuit when its speed approaches the desired limit.
By applying the improvements above described electric motors can be brought
into general use on the large or small scale with great safety and economy, and a.
number of different, motors of various powers and for various purposes can be
worked from one circuit, each duly governed and each independent of the others.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said John Imray in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 15th July
1881.
JOHN IMRAY, of No. 28, Southampton Buildings, in the County of Middlesex.
"IMPROVEMENTS IN TRANSFORMING, CONVEYING, AND APPLYING POWER BY MEANS
OF ELECTRICITY, AND APPARATUS FOR THAT PURPOSE." A communication from
abroad by Gustave Eugène Cabanellas, of Paris, France.
This Invention relates to means and apparatus for transforming, conveying, and
applying power by means of electricity, the objects aimed at being as follows:-
(a.) The distribution by a single conducting system among any number of
consumers along the line of the energy disposable at various points, in such manner
that the forms under which the energy is locally consumed may differ, and that the
local consumption may be increased, diminished, or arrested at the will of the
consumer, whilst nevertheless the regulation of all the local supplies of energy is
subject to a single regulation effected automatically at the supply station, so
arranged that the quantity of energy produced exactly suits the total demand
along the line.
(b.) The distribution by electricity over any distance and among any number of
receivers of the speed and direction of prime movers in such manner that local
receivers connected to one line can utilize predetermined movements in any number
or direction, and at the same time distribute arbitrary local forces.
The first result (a) is attained by a combination of electric cocks and automatic
regulators at the supply station, with cocks on the various branches of the line.
The electric cock for uniform supply of electricity and variable work realises
one of the industrial applications of a new electro-dynamic theorem discovered and
recently published by the communicant of this Invention. It consists of a circuit
of electricity rendered uniform, and of two electric machines connected by gearing
or belts, or by a spindle common to both, the machine which has the uniform
circuit being reversible. The other machine then gives out a constant amount of
electricity in a given time, whatever be the local resistance or variations thereof, or
whatever be the amount locally consumed, the amount given out depending entirely
on the construction of the cock and the amount of electricity supplied to it. The
two machines may be of any known kind, provided that the first is reversible;
the second may be suited for constant or alternating currents. In many cases the
following construction is suitable :-Two electric machines are fixed on one spindle,
which is best vertical, as thereby lateral friction is avoided, the chief friction being
that of the lower pivot of the spindle on a hard bearing, which may be stone.
Figs. 1, 4, and 5 shew an arrangement of a hard bearing plate for this purpose held
in a groove supporting it on both sides, whilst it may be adjusted longitudinally so
as to change the bearing. Also the groove permits the plate to be exchanged for
one thicker to make up for wear of the spindle. The two collars serve principally
to steady the spindle during transport, as there is during the action of the apparatus
no tendency to side strain. The collars, of which the lower is stationary and the
upper turns with the spindle, as well as the bearing plate, are submerged in
lubricant. Any known arrangement of electromagnets may be employed, as in
Figs. 1 and 2, there being no need to fix them firmly to the machine provided they
take their supports on one another. With large Gramme rings with multiple
brushes, among other arrangements of electromagnets Fig. 3 may be used, an iron
ring of the kind suited for the electric ratchet, Fig. 6. In some cases the induced
coils of a Gramme machine may have their field made of greater energy by a
second set of electromagnets. When the second machine is employed to produce

page_text: alternating currents its electromagnets may be excited from the original current.
In some cases the electromagnets are common to the two machines. The electric
cock is applicable to the gyroscope and to apparatus illustrative of astronomy. The
coils of the two machines may be so proportioned that the second may be made to
give out a constant current of greater or less intensity than that supplying the
first machine. This apparatus constitutes means of absorbing work available at
any place and distributing it by a single conducting line among any number of
consumers requiring constant or variable supply. Fig. 7 illustrates the distribution
on a portion A to S of the principal circuit having a supply rendered uniform at
the place of production. The circuit passes through all the first machines of the
service cocks 1, T, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, of the kind having vertical spindles. Uniform
supplies of varying value of constant or alternate direction pass through the
individual circuits. On the circuit of the cock T are secondary cocks governing
separate circuits, and an electric lamp is on the circuit from which they branch.
Motors m, m³, mil, &c., mv., strong or weak, capable of developing work variable
at will are connected as required, as well as electrolytic or galvanoplastic apparatus,
relays, arc or incandescence lamps, provided that the electricity required for them is
such as can come from one supply or from part of the same category. Any cock
ceases to consume electricity when it ceases to give out work. If for example one
cock supplies 6 lights, on extinction of one of them it consumes only the electricity
required for 5. The circuit of the cock 6 is left open in the Figure, as indicating
a case where no electricity is taken from the main circuit, which case may be
termed a "null circuit." Referring to Fig. 7, 1 to 5 are the vertical spindles of
cocks 1 to 5; 6 is an automatically established circuit outside cock 6; 7 and 8 are
the spindles of cocks 7 and 8; i, constant supply from cock 7; , constant supply
from cock T; 2, 3, supplies from two secondary cocks; 2., 2., 2., supplies from
cock 3, 4, and 5; 6, i, null circuit, being open, normally supplied by ;,.,
supplies from cocks 7 and 8; 0, production of heat; V, arc light; X, incandescence
light.
When electric motors work with an intensity automatically kept uniform there
is no risk of burning them, and a great amount of work may be performed without
danger. The work per revolution being constant, the speed can be varied to
produce less or more work up to the limit beyond which there might be risk of
dislocation owing to centrifugal force or other causes. A centrifugal governor,
Fig. 8, applied on the shaft of the motor, or a shaft connected therewith, acts on
the lever l, which is pivotted on the axis o, and is jointed at K and M. The
moveable contact plate H comes over the stationary plate D when the speed causes
the balls to expand, and the circuit is closed outside the wires f, f, of the motor by
a small resistance B, O, D, the current coming from A, B, and passing by D, E.
Immediately the velocity becomes reduced, and the contact D, H, is broken when
the normal speed is restored. The lever 7 may operate without the joint M, the
governor in that case permitting the lever 7 to act by its weight, applying H to D
when the speed is in excess. Thus the circuit is never opened. By a key Q,
moreover, the motor can be suddenly stopped without danger, the contact P being
brought to bear against C, whereupon the current takes the route A, B, P, C, D, E.
For the governor may in some cases be substituted a spring subject to centrifugal
action.
The automatic regulation at any point of the line of a constant expenditure of
electricity for variable external work is effected by acting automatically on the
electromotive force of the source of the current without useless expenditure of any
auxiliary work, but by proportioning at all times the number or force of the
electro-motive elements to the total of the work required. The mechanical means
of correction required to meet continual [variation are necessarily powerful and
always ready to act, being put in action by an automatic "sentinel," as it may be
termed. On each side near this sentinel is placed a contact for a small auxiliary
circuit arranged to bring into action the correcting mechanism in the one direction
or the other as soon as the "sentinel," in obedience to a decrease or increase of the

page_text: -
intensity, makes the one or the other of its limiting contacts.. The sentinel
acts like any of the known indicators used to shew a variation, in the current,
there being.no need to measure the amount of variation, but only to obtain a
movement of sufficient power without shake, for which purpose instruments on
the principle of Becquerel's balance or electro dynamic machines are suitable. Such
an instrument may be applied either to the main circuit that is to be regulated
or to a shunt circuit. The electromotive elements of the source of power are all
connected in tension, the internal resistance of each element being suited to the
expenditure determined for the circuit. The junctions of the successivé elements
in tension as well as the last element, are permanently connected to successive
insulated metallic contacts circularly arranged, as shewn in Fig. 9. A metallic
brush has its axis o permanently connected to earth or to the return wire; the line
wire is connected to the first electromotive. element. The brush automatically
passes over the contacts resting at that, which for the time corrects the tendency
to variation in the current. If the elements are hydro-electric, thermo-electric, or
of such kinds, care is taken at least near the mean electromotive value, to give each
element a value sufficiently weak to enable the regulation to be effected with a
whole number of elements. In this case the arrangement shewn in Fig. 10 is used.
A small electric motor M of any kind is fixed on the axis of the brush, 'the two
brushes of the motor are connected to the fixed ends of flexible springs which carry
the contacts a, a¹, pressing lightly against the fixed contacts b, 61. The sentinel V
which moves under the influence of variation of current takes the + pole of the
auxiliary circuit, the - pole being at b, b¹. According as the sentinel moves to
the one side or the other, the current passes through the motor in the one or the
other direction, moving the brush to the one side or the other, until the sentinel
returns to its position between its two contacts. With the fixed elements may also
be employed the arrangement shewn in Fig. 11, in which the two loose pullies P, P¹,
are turned constantly in opposite directions by an electric motor having its speed
automatically regulated. Those pullies, each having an electromagnet, attracts in
the one direction or the other the soft iron plate F, F, on the axis of which is fixed
the contact brush for the elements. Metal ties, of which there may be four, connect
the upper and lower ends of the hollow axle which are separated to admit the
plate F. The two electromagnets moving with the loose pullies have their wires
connected at one end to the hollow axle by the metallic brushes of the pullies, and
at the other end to the brushes C, C³, which always bear against insulated metal
rings D, D'. The sentinel V is connected to one pole of the sentinel battery, the
other pole of which connects to the hollow axle, the two contacts d, d', connect to
the rings D, D¹. When V touches d or d, the sentinel current excites one or other
of the two revolving electromagnets, and the plate F is drawn round in the one
direction or the other. If the elements of the producer be of dynamo-electric kind,
they may be each of high power, the corrections intermediate between what would
result from the suppression or addition of one element being effected by a variation
of speed; but special precautions have to be taken to produce automatically in
proper order the two corrective actions. Two arrangements, Fig. 12, correct, the one
the electro-motive force, the other the motive power, both having their loose pullies.
worked by the mechanical motor. One of the poles of the sentinel battery connects
to the current indicator, and comes to the moveable sentinel V, the other pole
connects at A, a, to the hollow axles of the two correctors. The contacts M, N,
are connected to the insulated rings m, n, after passing respectively by the
route M, O, Q, P, m, and N, T, W, X, n. PQ, OQ, RS, XW, TW, UY, are
flexible springs fixed to two blocks of ebonite moveable in a groove graduated for
different speeds. The levers 1, 1, worked by a centrifugal governor on the motor
shaft, or on a shaft connected therewith, at the two determined limits of speed
separate PQ from OQ, or T W from X W, putting in contact OS and RS, or TY
and U Y, thus rendering the corrector of the motive power inert, and exciting the
corrector of the number of elements. Thus the number of elements is altered till
the current becomes what is required, or till the normal speed is restored, these

page_text: :
corrections being effected completely. When gas is employed for heating its
expenditure may with equal ease be regulated. When the motor is not well suited
for changes of speed; it should have a governor revolving at, determined speed,..
including a corrector like the foregoing, with this difference, that instead of being
controlled by the sentinel apparatus affected by variations of current, it is controlled
by a sentinel apparatus of a centrifugal governor connected to the motor shaft.
The dotted lines in Fig. 12 shew the conducting lines for the corrector Z. If the
speed should vary, the governor levers make contact at & or 7, whereupon the.
corrector turns in the one direction or the other. Between the two points a. and B
and the governor, the levers are made partly of ebonite, so that a and are
insulated from each other. The shaft of the producer and that of the motor being..
connected by any known apparatus for varying the ratio of their speeds, the
corrector which is affected by current varying mechanism acts upon this system.
In the arrangements described the inducing electromagnets of the producing
elements may be excited by an independent current. In this case, in order to
prevent an electromotive element from being closed on itself in short circuit, the
moveable distributing brush may at once touch two of the successive contacts, and
at each element machine is arranged an electromagnetic gauge which, when the
predetermined intensity is exceeded, either opens the induced circuit of the machine,
or closes so as to render ineffective its inducing circuit. Besides, whenever the
axis of the moveable brush is no longer actuated by one of the continually revolving
pullies, suitable springs are provided to prevent the brush from resting astride of
two successive contacts, and to move it to that of the two corresponding, with the
small number of elements for supplying the line. In some cases the following
arrangement is adopted :-The invariable electromotive elements are individually
placed in the condition of maximum production of the intensity proper for the
circuit. With dynamic elements their wires receiving induction have, in relation
to the inducing magnetic fields, a speed of passage suited to the maximum
production, that is to say, their internal resistance produces always the maximum
practicable electromotive force. Whether the induced members of the elements be
dependent or not on their inductors, the electromotive elements are connected in
tension, having their successive junctions connected to the insulated contacts of
the distributer. But, when desired, the machine constituting the first electro-
motive element may serve to make up fractional parts of the electric production,
for which purpose its inducing circuit is specially arranged. The successive
junctions of its inducing coils are connected to insulated plates of a special
distributor; one end of the first coil tending to increase intensity is connected to
the zero plate, the junction of the two first.coils to the first plate, the other end of
the last coil goes to the last plate, the poles of the special inducing circuit being
connected to the zero plate and to the axis of the brush which moves over this
distributing segment which is itself moveable over the distributor of electromotive
force; and it is the spindle of the corrector which moves the brush for the segment
that distributes the inductor of the first producing element. Hence, when the
spindle of the corrector of electromotive force moves in the one direction or the
other, the first correction consists in fact in varying between zero and its full value
the fraction of the electromotive force produced by the first element. Consequently
this special distributor is not itself moved except when the arm on the corrector
spindle reaches one of the two limits of its displacement relatively to its segment.
At this moment the first element following the direction of the correcting displace-
ment adds either its full electromotive force or none. In this arrangement it is to
be understood that the main distributing brush for the electromotive force is fixed
to the special distributing segment and moves therewith. In the special moveable
segment the successive contact plates are connected by sliding contacts, never broken,
with the coils and the junctions of coils above mentioned. Hence the supply of the
desired intensity for the line is determined by the action of the following
combination :-
1. Elements consisting of dynamo-electric machines working at fixed speed by

page_text: the action of the electro centrifugal speed governor described, which governor
brings into action and corrects automatically the variable motive power intended
to produce the fixed speed, the variable total of working machines each at constant
work, in addition to the variable work of the fractional element.
2. An electro-magnetic regulator of supply, as above described, automatically
correcting the variable number of the elements of constant electromotive force
applicable to the circuit and the variable electromotive force of the fractional
element.
One or more producers can be employed worked by one or more motors without
any regulation, on the condition that they are insufficient, the fractional element
being worked with a motor aud relay provided with automatic regulation.
This
method may also be applied to the utilisation of an insufficient hydraulic or other
natural power.
When the power exceeds what is required it is connected with
the generator by mechanism which automatically varies the ratio of their speeds,
or when that cannot be done the corrector is made to act on a variable resistance
or shunt.
In certain applications for railways, or electric vehicles for roads, streets, rivers,
canals, &c., and generally when this universal and automatic system of transforming,
transmitting, and applying energy is employed for moveable apparatus, the supply
to be shared among the consumers is automatically varied to suit variations in
their numbers and amounts, so that each consumption of energy may always
receive the predetermined quantity or intensity. The regulating sentinel is made
to depend on one of these consumptions in quantity, and this serves to indicate, to
control, and to maintain its own supply, and consequently the supplies for all the
other consumers, however their numbers may vary. In Fig. 13, let. еR -е₁ е₂---
be the electromotive forces that from any causes may be developed upon the
individual resistances R, P₁, P2, ---P₁, which forces may moreover be nil. Let S be the
source of the principal current for the line A, B, C, D, so that any number n + 1
of consumers may be thence supplied either at the same intensity or at pre-
determined different intensities in relation to the resistance or mode of action of
their respective receiving dynamic or other machines. The poles P, P¹, of the
source connect by the lines P, F, G, A, and P¹, D, to the two conductors A, B, D, C,
insulated from each other and from earth, to which the brushes of the moveable
machines are applied. To any two corresponding points, B, D, for example, is
connected a resistance circuit R, including the sentinel V with its auxiliary
mechanism, as above described. The sentinel V commands the corrective actions,
which constantly control the principal supply, keeping the individual supplies
constant, these being generally of equal intensities for machines of the same type,
such as electric vehicles. When the source S directly supplies the principal
consumption B + + ₂--- in the corrective actions vary the number of
elements or their succession and the motive force properly so called, as above
described. When the source S is supplied from a cock the corrective action
increases or diminishes gradually and successively, the number of cocks having
equal or different demands working together and connected to B and C. In this
case the sentinel acts within certain limits of variation on the individual supply for
regulation, so that the introduction of an additional cock supply or the suppression
of one takes place only when the individual supply for regulation has taken a
value differing from its mean by a predetermined fraction within or beyond the
desired mean value for the individual supply. In certain applications these small
possible variations are unobjectionable. In cases where a variation to this extent
in the individual supply might be inconvenient, the corrective action does not
withdraw nor add a cock till after having first lessened or increased gradually the
supply power of this cock from its full value. to nothing or from nothing to its full
value, effecting this by the movement of a distributing brush over a collector, such
as has been described. For this purpose the cocks employed are modified so as to
convert those suited for constant supply into cocks for supplies variable between
nothing and this supply. This is effected by connecting the different coils or

page_text: fractions or multiples of coils, whether inducing or induced, or both, to insulated
metallic contacts travelled over by brushes with suitable connections, such that a
less or greater part of the coil dealt with may receive supply from the main circuit.
By treating only the stationary inducing coil the arrangement becomes less delicate
than the ordinary collector of such machines as the Gramme or Siemens, because it
is stationary and its brush is not always in motion. Thus, such a cock can have
its supply varied by successive fractions between nothing and its full value. All
that has been described applies more forcibly to the supplies of energy in varying
numbers for machines not always in movement, such as those in workshops and
elsewhere, involving various expenditures, and in cases where it might be convenient
to connect these expenditures in multiple series, in order, for example, to employ a
limited number of cocks, or even a single cock of power equal to the maximum
expenditure. In certain cases, under similar conditions, cocks for constant electro-
motive force are employed based on the electric ratchet, as already described.
When partial and separate powers have to be collected they are made to produce
currents supplying the one line of which the supply is regulated in order thereby
to regulate the different cocks branching from it. For utilising the powers to be
collected, water wheels, turbines, windmills, &c., may be employed, a simple
arrangement being shewn at Figs. 14 and 15. The hinged sails of galvanised or
painted iron, wood, or other material, turn automatically in the direction of least
resistance on the one side, whilst on the other side they bear against the arms or
suitable stops.
The hollow axle of the wheel carries round the moving part of an electric
generator, the stationary part of which is fixed on the stationary spindle. This
arrangement may be employed in running water or for wind.
.
Annular magnetic inductors, such as are shewn in Figs. 2 and 3, are applicable
with advantage to a simple form of electric cock. When such a ring has two
opposite poles actuating a single armature of the Siemens or Gramme kind, it does
not matter whether the inducer or the induced revolves, provided the line of the
two collecting brushes makes always with the line of the poles the angle suited to
the maximum production. When therefore the inductor revolves the brushes must
revolve with it, but when the inducing magnets are excited by a current indepen-
dent of the induced current, and when mechanical reversal is not required, the
above result follows if instead of the inductor turning the line joining the two
opposite inducing polarities be turned. If then the annular inductor be uniformly
coiled like the Siemens or the Gramme armature, and if its successive coils be
connected to an ordinary collecting commutator, the rotation of the inducing
polarities will be effected without turning the inducer itself, simply by the revolu-
tion of the collecting brushes around the commutator. Uniform coiling of the
inductor apparently presents the disadvantage of separating the polarised metal of
the inductor from the armature, but it is possible, with the Gramme ring for
example, to place the inducing coiling inside the hollow magnetic inducing ring, so
that the polarised metal may be close to the armature, and yet allow freedom for
the relative rotations of the inducer and armature. The inverse arrangement may
be adopted by coiling together the inducing and the induced wires on the same
side of the hollow or solid magnetic ring, with the precaution that the successive
junctions of both wires be connected respectively to their proper collectors. With
any of those arrangements, the inducing supply current being connected to the
brushes of the inducer, the induced or transformed current will be collected by the
commutator brushes, provided the two systems of brushes revolve together round
their respective commutators, the inclination of their respective lines of junction
being nearly a right angle, the insulated plates of the commutators corresponding
in each case with the succession of coils. The same system applies to machines
with multiple poles, such as the Gramme machines employed for ploughing, the
brushes for the inducing and for the induced currents being spaced equally around
the commutators, that is to say, each induced brush should always be on that plate
of its commutator which is connected to the point of the induced ring equidistant-

page_text: -
-
-
-
from the two points of the inducing ring corresponding to the plates of the
inducing commutator on which the inducing brushes are at that moment bearing;
thus the successive inducing brushes constitute moving poles, alternately positive
and negative, according to the direction of revolution. The induced brushes may
be connected in tension in quantity or in series, and the currents may be collected
by sliding contacts connected permanently with the poles of the working circuit.
Figs. 16 and 17 shew the combination for transforming with 6 successive inverse
polarities, 6 inducing distributing brushes B, and 6 collecting induced brushes B¹.
The inducing current is connected to the circular contacts + C and C, on
which the inducing brushes shewn on 1 and 13 always rub. Likewise the
induced brushes, shewn on 3¹ and 15¹, rub always on + C¹ and C¹, the circular
contacts whence the current of transformation is drawn for the external circuit.
The inducing brushes shewn on 5 and 9 and on 17 and 21, and the induced brushes
shewn on 7 and 11', and those on 19¹ and 23¹ are directly connected together.
Obviously other groupings of the inducing and induced brushes might be chosen ;
for instance, for grouping in quantity all the brushes might constantly rub on their
two circular polar contacts + C and C, and + C¹ and C. It is to be under-
stood that the junctions of the inducing coils 1, 2, 3, &c., to 24, and those of the
induced coils 1¹, 21, 31, &c.,-241, are permanently connected each to the collecting
plate bearing the same number. By choosing suitable groups of inducing and
induced coils and speed of brushes over the stationary collectors, cocks can be
constructed capable of transforming the main current of a line into local currents
for consumption of the same direction of any value in respect of tension and
intensity. The main current can also be transformed into alternating currents by
suppressing the induced collector, and substituting for the continuous coil of the
ring a series of independent coils, each of the length of an interval between two
successive opposite polarities, that is to say, between the points of the inducing
coiling corresponding to two consecutive positions of the inducing brushes. The
two ends of each of these coils being free and stationary constitute each the poles
of an alternating electromotive element, and they may be connected to be employed
in quantity, or in tension, or in any series. As the magnetic displacement of
polarities can be applied to all types of machines generating currents of constant
direction with material relative displacements of the inducers and induced, so also
the magnetic displacement of polarities can be applied to all types of machines
generating alternating currents with material displacements of the poles or the
induced coils.
-
In the alternating cocks described can be retained the advantage of the fixity of
the distinct induced coils with free ends to their wires, each supplying a current
always of the same sign. It is only necessary that the supply current be distributed
to the inducing brushes alternately in positive and negative direction during the
time occupied by a pole traversing two consecutive coils. To attain this result,
when the brushes, for instance, are supplied in quantity, the inducing brushes,
Fig. 18, are made to rub at once on their collector, and on an interrupted metal
ring formed of as many segments as there are brushes, and all the odd segments
are in permanent connection with the + pole and the even segments with the
pole of the supply current. When the brushes are supplied and connected 'in
tension the segments are traversed only by the brush of the entering and the brush
of the outgoing supply current. From this combination it results that in presence
of each separate coil always pass successively polarities of the same sign, which
induce in it currents of the same sign. All these currents begin, reach their
maximum, and end simultaneously. In order to give greater continuity to the
resulting current the dead points of the supply current are crossed with those of
another cock, having arranged on the same ring two or more sets of induced coils,
so as to equalise the supply at every place. Whilst it is necessary to give to
rings induced by material displacements exact forms of revolution, it is on the
other hand useless so to restrict the rings induced by magnetic displacement of
polarities, so that with the concentric or side by side arrangements described for

page_text: the inducing and induced coils, and by the use of iron wire in bundles, the cock
can be made for general use in the form of a straight tube that can be sold by the
yard, a length being cut off for use, and either kept straight or bent as desired.
This is an important consideration in respect of the cost of this type of transforming
cock, which is thus much reduced, the whole transforming apparatus properly so
called being thus reduced to a tube, dispensing with many connecting parts
required in the ordinary machines. In one of such cocks there are to be considered
two distinct parts; on the one hand the transforming tube, which may be large, of
any shape, supported in any way; on the other hand the fixed collector or collectors
with the sets of moving inducing and induced brushes, or the single set of inducing
brushes, a distributing total, which may be at a distance from the first part,
provided that the successive contacts of the inducing and induced collectors be
respectively connected by wires to the entering and leaving wires of the successive
inducing and induced coils. In some cases the magnetic continuity is interrupted.
not only in the radial direction of the tube, as is done by juxtaposition of iron
wires more or less fine, in form of a cylinder or tube, but also when required the
continuity is interrupted in the direction of the generatrix of the tube, even by
employment of magnetic powder.
Collectors are employed with plane surfaces or with surfaces of revolution,
either concave or convex; a single collector can supply several distinct tubes and-
reciprocally. In certain cases the number of characteristic contact plates of the
collector can be reduced to one contact over and above as many times two contact
plates as there are coils to each polarity. There are then only two brushes, the
moveable brushes being replaced by the fixed contact plates on the same radii as the
characteristic contact plates. All things being equal however, that is to say, for a.
certain length of a certain transforming tube and of certain connections, the
electromotive force of one of these cocks is a function of the intensity of the main
current and of the speed imparted at the working place to the system of brushes
over their fixed collectors. The rotation of the brushes only causes a very limited
consumption of local energy for the passive expenditure of the friction of the brushes
in the medium and on the collectors; their speed is controlled and regulated either
by clockwork or by a small electric or other motor supplied from the main current,
the speed of which is regulated either by electro centrifugal apparatus as described,
or by an electric ratchet. By these means cocks with constant electro motive
force are produced. The resistance of these electric cocks depends on the number
and connections of the induced elements, and in a certain degree it also depends on
the speed. Of these cocks, of which the internal resistance and the electromotive
force can therefore at will be organised for a given speed, are formed furthermore
cocks of constant supply for external variable work, by automatically modifying
the speed of the brushes, by the vigilance of a varier of supply placed on the
supply for working; this varier puts in action a sentinel current, taken for instance
from a branch of the main line, as has been before described; this current causes
the corrective actions that modify the speed until the sentinel is satisfied, that is to
say, until the working supply has again assumed its predetermined value. The
corrective mechanical energy is for example taken from an electric motor fed by a
cock or a branch from the main current, which motion may for example be made to
drive the two pullies described moveable in contrary directions. The rotation of the
brushes being governed electrically, the corrective action displaces a brush on the
collector with gradual shunts, and the motor of the brushes more or less shunted
assumes automatically the speed that satisfies the sentinel.
(b.) This result is obtained by the use of the electric ratchet. Fig. 6 shews a
ratchet with a system of 32 poles and 64 coils. For clearness sake the connections
of the wires of the electro magnets are shewn on the one side, and on the other side
the connections of the wires of the induced coils. Instead of the circular electro-
magnets shewn any other electromagnets or permanent magnets may be used.
Ratchets are also formed with the electromagnets above and below the induced
crown (assuming the axis to be vertical), the plane of the convolutions of the induced

page_text: coils shewn in the Figure parallel to the axis of rotation then becomes perpendicular
to the axis. Induced bobbins are also employed coiled in the planes of the axis,
which requires that the two systems of electromagnets correspond with each other
by their like poles. If there were only one system of electromagnets the ratchet
would nevertheless be formed. It consists in the combination of two distinct
induced circuits operating successively and causing each in its turn the movement
of the ratchet one division. In the example of the Figure it is assumed that all
the convolutions are from within outwards, the connections being those indicated
in the Drawing, the permanent induced poles will be south at A, A, . . . . and
north at B, B.
Assuming the induced ring to be stationary in the position
of the figure, a current is sent into the circuit b, b, b, in the direction
C, b, b, b,
D; the apparatus at once moves the distance of one coil in the
direction of the arrow K. The ratchet can neither stand still nor move beyond one
coil, because the energy of the intensity of the current sent is always a little greater
and of longer duration than is strictly necessary, so that the coil will always lie in
action while the current still exists, and because the presence of this current con-
stitutes an automatic brake that stops the ratchet suddenly as soon as its coil is
reached. Another current is then sent in the same direction c¹, b¹, b¹, D¹, into the
circuit of the coils b¹, b¹, . . . . ; the ratchet moves to its second coil, after which
the action in the same order is repeated, sending the negative and then two positive
currents, and so on.
N
Fig. 19 shows the combined arrangement for automatically regulating these
successive transmissions of currents with an electromotive source of the same
direction. All the insulated metallic contacts b, b, are connected to the line wire of
the circuit of the bobbins b, b, and the contacts b¹, 61, to the line wire of the
circuit of the bobbins 6¹, b¹, the contacts T, T, are to earth. The poles
of the source are connected to the metallic brushes fixed on a moveable block of
ebonite. The brushes rotate over the contacts of the commutator in the direction
of the arrow S, Fig. 19, in order to make the ratchet move in the direction of the
arrow K, Fig. 6, and in the contrary direction for obtaining the contrary motion.
This arrangement is generally made with a circular curvature, and the brushes take
the current by two sliding insulated contacts on the axis of the rotary motion of the
ebonite block. The radius of the circle round which the rectilineal commutator
should be wound is (6 K + 5 + p), in which formula is the known ratio,
N the number of coils of the ratchet, k the width of a contact b or b¹, i the width
of an insulation, p the width of a brush; K is an arbitrary width, p likewise, as is
also i, with the condition that it must be at least equal to p. The principle of the
ratchet allows the current of the induced coils to be made permanent and to send
the successive currents into the inducing coils, of which the number should then be
double that of the induced coils. Any machine with alternate currents may also
be transformed into a ratchet by utilising a suitable number of inducing coils and
dividing into two distinct circuits the induced coils. By this means are rendered
reversible within the limits of the ratchet all machines with alternate currents, and
they become capable of transmitting to a distance synchronism and at the same time
mechanical force. The ratchet is also made to work with an alternating supply;
the suitable commutator is almost identically the same. The commutator of the
continuous supply being that at Fig. 21, while that of the alternating supply is
shewn at Fig. 22, the two terminals of the alternate machine should be attached at
fand f¹, and the first current should be positive and to f. The axis of the alter-
nate supply machine drives the axis of the moveable brush holder of the commutator.
For ensuring the identity of the angular speeds the number of poles of the system
of inducing coils of the alternate supply machine should be double that of the system
of inducing coils of the ratchet.
The formula of construction of the commutator is
6 N
=
(K + ) as it
8 T

page_text: worked by a ratchet, the sending ratchet acting as alternating source; its two
distinct circuits are connected in tension or in quantity; the two ends of the wire
of this single circuit of the sending ratchet are connected to f and f¹, Fig. 22; the
currents change their sign at each passage of the middle of the space between the
axis of the two homologous adjacent bobbins b and 6' in front of a pole.
To secure identity of the angular movements the number of coils of the sending
ratchet must be double that of the receiving ratchet.
The arrangements shown in Figs. 21 and 22 are completed, as at Figs. 23 and 24,
when it is desired at any moment to change the direction of motion of the electric
ratchet. The system of brushes shown in dotted lines is identical with the system
of brushes shown in full lines but brought towards the bottom of the Figure, that
is to say, in the reverse direction to that which drives the ratchet from right to left
(arrow K, Fig. 6); this new system of brushes is like the first fixed and insulated
on the same block. The system in full lines is driven by the electric supply when
the distributing block moves from right to left, while with the motion from left
to right it is the dotted system of brushes which alone is in communication with
the supply. The adjoining edges of the brushes in full lines (+ or f) and dotted
(or f¹) are separated by a distance equal to the width of a contact bor b¹. The
driving axis transmits its motion in the one direction or the other to the axis of
rotation of the brush holder by means of the two arms Mand N (Fig. 25) insulated
from each other, and respectively in permanent contact with + or f and with
or f'. The two extremities of M and N impart motion in the one direction or
the other to the two extremities M¹ and N¹ of two other arms fixed on the axis
of the brush carrier. The two extremities M¹ and N¹ formed with forks are
respectively in permanent contact with the two brushes (in full and dotted lines)
+ or f and
or f¹. The forked contacts being insulated from each other, the
movement of the system in full lines or in dotted lines in the desired direction
will result.
-
The arrangement shewn at Fig. 26 is employed in certain cases where it is
possible and useful to actuate the ratchet directly by a generating machine with
alternate currents, of which the working circuit is divided into two distinct parts,
of which the extremities f, f¹, F, F¹, are successively and respectively the poles of
zero currents, or directed first in one direction and then in the other, such that in
the position corresponding to that of Fig. 6 and in the direction of the arrow K,
the polarities begin to correspond with those of the following table, which cause
the movement of the first coil in the direction from right to left :-
The four contacts of the extremities of the arms M' and N¹ are insulated from
each other, and are, as shewn on the Figure, in permanent connection with earth
and the line wires of the circuits b and b' of the ratchet. The extremities of the
arms M and N have contacts F, F, f, f¹, insulated from each other and in
permanent connection with the extremities of the two circuits of emission
proceeding from the alternate generating apparatus. Matters being thus, the
changes in the direction of motion are determined by the changes of contacts and
the changes of the supply currents. It is to be observed that in the system of
distribution of the emissions to the ratchet, the brushes may be made to commu-
nicate with the circuits b and b', and the source with the contacts of the
commutator; in this case the brushes b, 61, of one and the same system have
between their contiguous edges a width of contact (+ or -), and these successive

page_text: contacts and have between their contiguous edges a width of contact plus
two widths of-brush. The ratchet may also be driven by actuating simultaneously
the two circuits b and b¹, for instance with the arrangement shewn at Fig. 27 for
a continuous source in two parts, having each one pole communicating with earth.
Several receiving ratchets can be driven in succession, and according to circum-
stances there is applied to the common alternate supply the system of automatic
regulation of supply.
Different kinds of work may at will be executed by different receiving ratchets
by modifying the intensity of the permanent local current of the receiving ratchet
while preserving the synchronism. By being thus able to actuate at a distance
an electric source with determined speed, it is possible to develop at a distance a
determined electro motive force, and therefore to establish at a distance cocks of
determined electro-motive force. By developing the induced crown of the ratchet
rectilinear or curved ratchets are constituted; in the former case with the arrange-
ments of induced coils coiled in a plane perpendicular to the induced trajectory,
the construction of a ratchet which can be very energetic is realised with a simple
iron tube wound successively from within outwards and from without inwards.
When the motion is no longer circular the current takers with insulated ring
giving a circular sliding contact are replaced by current takers with insulated
curves similar to the trajectory. With the rectilineal trajectory the current takers
are straight lines, being a sort of insulated rails always in contact with the first or
the last induced element; there are therefore used two insulated conducting slides
or rails for the extremities of the circuit of the bobbins.b and two others for the
extremities of the circuit of the bobbins b¹. The ratchet may be applied to
the transmission of motions at a distance along any suitable trajectories for
replacing in workshops the transmissions by belts or toothed gearing by ratchet
transmissions. With a single ratchet transmitter several ratchets in tension may
be actuated, thereby accomplishing synchronously different kinds of mechanical
work upon diverse trajectories, either straight, circular, curved, or with several
curvatures. The ratchet is applicable to telegraphy generally and in particular
to the reproduction of lines on the ground and in space, Figs. 28 and 29, the
pinions P1, P2, fixed upon the axes of the commutator gear with toothed wheels
of which the rigid and dependant rods ₁, l, are connected at J, J,. . . by a special
joint allowing this point of meeting to move over all the points of its plane of
working. The mechanism is protected and in reality the apparatus appears under
the form of two extremities of axes projecting from the table, and of two levers
connected by the joint that carries the pencil.
The Figures have reference to the reproduction at a distance of lines on a plane,
either drawings or writing; with a third apparatus completing the co-ordinates in
space figures with complex curves are reproduced, that is to say, reliefs. For this
purpose non circular ratchets and trajectories of any curvature or straight may be.
used.
The following arrangement has been combined for actuating a ratchet by a single
line wire. For separating the currents when issuing from the single wire, sufficiently
different tensions are imparted to them for the current intended for the circuit b¹, 61,
to choose the metallic path, notwithstanding a resistance coil before the coils b¹, b¹,
while the other current of suitably higher tension passes over a small break of con-
tinuity fixed a little above the level of the contact b, so that the brush which is
over V does not touch b. The black part is an insulated piece moveable downwards,.
which being depressed by the passage of its brush puts in connection with b the
suitable pole of the supply P of high potential. Inclines prepare this elevation
whatver be the direction in which the brush moves. The brush (-) is arranged
not to meet the elevation on the left, but to meet that of the right, while the
brush (+) meets the left. Hence it results that whenever a brush is on 6 the high
potential supply is added in tension to the ordinary current as is required. This
system of selection can be applied to the separation of a greater number of currents.
For buried land lines and submarine cables especially is applied the ratchet giving

page_text: simultaneous emission of two equal opposite currents, or of a single current in its
two directions by two fine insulated wires regularly placed or twined together so
as to avoid the hurtful effects of condensation. The conducting core of the cable
consists then of a number of small similar strands having the required conductivity,
but at the outset and arrival the ends are suitably connected so that this compen-
sation is effected in every small element of the conducting cable.
Having thus described the nature of this Invention and in what manner the
same is to be performed, as communicated to me by my foreign correspondent,
I claim
First. The use of the electric cock for constant supply, having material displace-
ments between the induced coils and the inducing polarities, for the purpose of
furnishing a continuous or alternating supply of electricity, constant and pre-
determined, notwithstanding unforseen variations of resistance, or of electro-motive
force arising in the use of the cock, the cock being supplied from a uniformly
supplied main circuit.
Second. For automatically regulating at a factory the uniform electrical expen-
diture from any circuit, the use of a sentinel relay caused to move in the one
direction or the other by an electro-dynamic apparatus, obeying every variation in
the current passing through it, the said relay actuating corrective movements
suited to modify automatically the electro-motive force, so as always to restore the
intensity of the current to its normal value.
Third. The combination of any number of cocks with the regulating apparatus,
whereby the single automatic regulation at the factory of the supply of the main
circuit effects regulation of all the branch cocks from the circuit, thus effecting first
the transformation of energy, and then its transport and application in conditions
truly universal and automatic.
Fourth. The connection of the regulation referred to above and the application
in tension (at the factory or cock) of all resistances in general, whether inert or
excited by any electromotive forces, but forming categories, that is to say, requiring
this value of supply, and especially the connection of the regulations of supply and
of the working of the machines in categories, a combination which makes each
motor in category a theoretically perfect motor of constant and rigorously
symmetrical power, capable of being stopped or started at will without loss of
work, which avoids all risk of burning the conductors or injuring the insulators of
the motor, and which allows of its power being increased, as desired, to its
electrical limit (the maximum intensity of supply which the internal resistance can
bear), and to its mechanical limit beyond which the machine might be injured by
centrifugal or other forces, the speed being capable of being regulated by a special
electro-centrifugal arrangement.
Fifth. The use of the cock for electromotive force regulated at a distance founded
on the electric ratchet, which allows of producing at a distance all predetermined
movements along any trajectories, with any change of direction at the same time
that the synchronism allows the transport of any mechanical power.
Sixth. The application to electric cocks of annular inducing electro-magnets,
which in cocks with material displacements of polarity present the advantages of
simplicity, symmetry, and power to actuate several adjacent rings with economy of
erection.
Seventh. The arrangement of the annular electromagnets referred to, with
symmetrical coiling and connection of the successive coils to a Gramme collector,
the application of this inductor to cocks simplified by merely magnetic displacement
of the polarities, and to the transformation to machines working with constant or
alternating currents based upon the material displacements of the inducing
polarities in relation to the induced coils.
Eighth. In cocks without material displacements, the separation into true trans-
former and distributor, the transformer being of any of the general forms, Figs. 16,
30, 31, made of homogeneous tube, of which any length may be used as described;

page_text: the transformer may be at a distance from the distributor provided their electric
connections are established, the extension of the principle of the transformer to
tubes of magnetic material interrupted, or without magnetic material working
then by simple electrical induction.
Ninth. The combinations suitable to adapt the said cocks for constant supply or
for constant electro-motive force, the extension of the combination of the mobility
of the inducing polarity without material displacement to the production of a new
class of electric motors including a moveable part constantly polarised in the same
manner, and consisting of magnets, electromagnets, or coils without magnetic
material, and a stationary part in which the polarity is caused to revolve by means
of a stationary collector with moving brush, the inducing polarities being of any
kind with or without magnetic material, or resulting from a number of distinct
elements acting at the ends, all these elements having their successive connections
to a stationary collector with moving brushes, and each having a magnetic mass
suitably divided so that the successive changes of its polarity may be rapidly
effected, thus forming a kind of motor having the special property of being started,
reversed, or stopped by displacing in the one direction or the other, or by stopping
the brushes that traverse the stationary collector.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Imray, have hereunto set my hand
and seal, this Fifteenth day of July, in the year of our Lord One thousand
eight hundred and eighty one.