Improvements in the Manufacture of Pipes or Tubes.
Year: 1893

page_text: Date of Application, 10th Aug., 1893
Complete Specification Left, 10th Apr., 1894-Accepted, 7th July, 1894
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in the Manufacture of Pipes or Tubes.
I, ROBERT KIESERLING, of No. 130 Palmaille, Altona on the Elbe, Germany,
Engineer do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
This invention relates to the manufacture of pipes or tubes of plastic material,
such as cement, asphalte, clay, wood-cement, and mortar capable of hardening
under the influence of air or fire and of being forced or stamped into moulds.
According to my invention pipes or tubes formed of such substances are during
the process of manufacture, (that is while the plastic substance is in the moulds)
provided with a metal frame or skeleton (hereinafter termed a frame) adapted to
increase the strength of the tube and to enable it to be removed from the mould
sooner than this could be done if it were not provided with such frame.
The material of which the frame is made is preferably iron, although steel or
other suitable metals or alloys of metals may be used. The frame may be protected
from oxidation by a layer or coating of some other protective metal, or with other
substances such as shellac, asphalte, stearine or the like.
The invention may be carried out in practice in the following manner :-
and a
The mould into which the plastic material is forced, consists of an outer casing
core each constructed of a number of separate sections or layers. The
lowermost section of the core is first placed upon a bed plate and suitably secured
thereto, in such a manner that it can be removed at will, the corresponding section
of the outer casing being arranged on the bed plate in proper relation to the
said section of the core, and also removably attached thereto. Into the space
between these two sections a quantity of the plastic substance is forced and the
corresponding portion of the strengthening frame of the pipe inserted. For this
purpose a layer of plastic substance of greater or less depth or thickness is first
stamped in then the corresponding part of the frame is placed over it; and lastly
the remaining space is filled up with plastic material which is then compressed.
Instead of this, however, a portiou of the metal frame may be inserted first and
then the plastic substance stamped in around it; or, the frame may be erected
in successive sections simultaneously with the pipe itself, by connecting a fresh
portion of the frame with the part previously constructed at the same time that a
fresh section of the pipe is introduced into the mould.
;
After having formed a section of the pipe, together with a corresponding part
of its stiffening frame, another section of the core is placed over the first and
another section of the casing similarly placed over the first section, the space
between the two being as before filled with plastic material and a corresponding
portion of the metal framing, which latter may be connected with the part of the
frame previously arranged within the space.
In this manner successive sections or layers of plastic material are superposed
and each provided with the corresponding portion of the frame, until the desired
length of tube has been made and the framing completed.
Those parts of the metal framing which are to occupy a position wholly or
partly parallel to the direction of motion of the tool employed in stamping in
the plastic material (since these parts are not likely to hinder the operation of
such tool) may be formed complete that is to say each in one piece, in the first
instance, instead of in successive sections; while the portions of the frame which
are to be placed across these longitudinal parts, or to lie transversely to the
direction of motion of the tool, should be added successively as the work proceeds.

page_text: Referring now to the accompanying drawings, in which various modes of
carrying out the invention are shown,
Fig. 1 is an axial longitudinal section of a tube contained in its mould and
provided with a framing or skeleton erected in successive stages.
Fig. 2 is a horizontal section thereof on the line x x
Fig. 1.
Fig. 3 is a diagrammatic front view shewing the metal framing separately.
Fig. 4 is a side elevation to a larger scale of one form of skeleton or frame
formed in successive sections ;
Fig. 5 is a similar view of another form.
Fig. 6 is a plan of a segment of the lowermost or bottom ring of the frame.
Fig. 7 is an axial longitudinal section of a truncated or tapered pipe with off-set
flanges, showing the pipe together with its mould on the left, and the corresponding
metal framing (on the right).
Fig. 8 illustrates the fitting together of the main supports or stays of a flanged
pipe of this kind.
Fig. 9 represents other forms of main supports or stays.
Figs. 10 and 11 are respectively a side perspective view and a plan of a portion
or segment of a metal framing to a larger scale than Figs. 4 to 6.
Fig. 12 is an enlarged view of a metal frame somewhat similar to that shown
in Fig. 1.
Fig. 13 represents one of the stays or standards of this frame, both before and
after its connection with the rings.
to 68 are
metal rings; c' c
CV (Fig. 8) are
joined together as
d² d' are vertical
The same letters of reference designate like parts in all the figures.
a is the bottom or bed plate; ¹³ 1,3
³... are vertical metal stays or standards; c c c
sections of a supporting arm or stay c¹, adapted to be fitted or
shown; d d are connecting plates; d' d' are inclined stays;
stays are metal rings; g designates cut away portions or perforations in the
vertical stays c; h is a spirally coiled wire; I, II, III.
sections of the outer casing of the mould, and 1, 2, 3
sections of the core.
VI are superposed
6 are superposed
Supposing that it is desired to form a flanged pipe or tube and at the same time
gradually to erect its strengthening frame, the operation will be as follows:-
The lowermost portion of the core, which may be of wood or other suitable
material secured upon a plane surface or bed plate a; or part only of such a section
of the core may first be secured upon the bed plate; care being taken that it
should be easily removable at the end of the operation, but should in no case
shift from its position while the plastic substance is being forced or stamped into
form.
The first or bottom section of the core having thus been secured in position, the
corresponding section I of the outer casing of the mould is arranged at a distance
from the core corresponding to the desired thickness of the wall of the tube or
pipe to be formed; or, if desired part only of such section of the casing may first
be put in place and properly secured, as in the case of the first section of the core.
An annular space is thus obtained limited inwardly by the section of the core 1
and outwardly by the section of the casing I. It is now necessary to force or
stamp the plastic material into this space, and at the same time to embed therein
a portion of the metal framing. Where the sections of the core and mould are
in one piece it is generally advisable to begin by forcing into the space, before
commencing to build up the frame a thin sheet of the plastic substance employed
in forming the pipe or tube. After this the construction of the skeleton or frame
may be commenced. If preferred, however, the first section of such skeleton or
frame may be placed upon the bed plate direct. The frame may be so constructed
that parts of it project from the completed tube or pipe, for the purpose of
facilitating transport or for the better connection of adjoining lengths of
pipe etc.
When the initial thin sheet of plastic material has been forced in, the surface

page_text: of such sheet is somewhat smoothed, and over it is placed a metal ring b¹ which
may be either complete or partly broken off and is provided with a number of
vertical arms or stays c. These stays are preferably screwed or rivetted to the
ring 6'; or as shown in Figs. 12 and 13 they may be bent so as to embrace or fit
the ring which it is to hold.
After the ring & has been thus inserted into the mould the remaining space in
the mould, or mould section, is filled up with plastic material tightly compressed
or forced in by stamping. This plastic material again is smoothened on the surface
and upon the ends of the stays c¹ projecting therefrom, is placed a metal ring b
which similarly to the ring 61, carries a number of vertical stays c². The ends of
the said stays c are then turned down so as to engage with the ring b³, whereby
the two rings and bare rigidly connected together.
by
Upon the first section of the core 1 the next following section 2 is then placed;
around it the corresponding section II of the outer casing is arranged; both are
suitably consolidated and fixed in position, and the space between the two is filled
with plastic material under pressure. This is smoothed on the surface and upon
the projecting ends of the stays c³, another ring 3 carrying further stays c³, is
placed as before. This ring 63 is then rigidly connected with the ring
bending each of the stays c³ so that they engage and hold the ring b³. After this
the next section 3 of the core and the corresponding section III of the casing are
placed in proper position, and plastic material filled into the space between them
and suitably compressed. When the surface of this material has been smoothed.
the ring is placed over it and the ends of the stays c³ of the ring are bent so
as to retain such ring in position. The section 4 of the core and section IV
of the casing are next placed over the preceding section; and the space is filled
up with plastic material, and receives the next following ring b³.
The formation of the cylindrical part of the pipe or tube being thus completed,
it is provided with a flange which is also strengthened by an iron skeleton, firmly
connected with that contained in the said cylindrical portion. For this purpose
the ring is provided with a number of vertical stays c and also with a series of
stays d' inclined at an angle of about 45°. After the ring has been placed in
position and the section 5 of the core and corresponding section V of the casing
have been erected, plastic material is forced in until it nearly attains the edge of
the section V of the casing; and upon the stays 66 and d¹ two rings 6º and fl
connected by plates d are placed. Around the ring 6, which has no stays or
supports of any kind, the ends of the stays 6 are bent; and around the ring f¹
provided with vertical stays d' the ends of the stays d' are similarly bent.
When the section 6 of the core and the section VI of the casing have been put
in place the mould is completed and plastic material is introduced almost up to its
edge, smoothened on the surface, and provided with the terminal ring of the
frame, which ring need not carry any stays. The connection between this terminal
ring and the ring f¹ is obtained by bending the stays d' around the said ring f³.
The mould is then completely filled up with plastic material of which the last layer
is properly smoothed, and the tube or pipe is thus completed, together with its
supporting frame.
Although in the drawings the sections of the mould for the sake of clearness are
shown without divisions, it is necessary that proper arrangements. be made for
facilitating the removal of the pipe from the mould it may be by sub-division of
the said sections, as is described in the Specification of another application for
Letters Patent filed by me, viz. No. 15232 dated 9th August 1893.
•
In the arrangement shown in Fig. 4 those parts of the frame, which are to be
situated parallel to the direction of motion of the stamping tool (which direction is
here assumed to be vertical) are in this instance provided beforehand. It will be
seen that the ring &', which is first introduced, carries stays c' which extend to a
height equal to the total length of the pipe it is desired to mould. According to
the shape of the edge or flange of the pipe the stays may be bent or turned over at
the ends.

page_text: In manufacturing a pipe or tube a thin sheet or layer of plastic material is
according to one way of carrying out this invention spread between the first section
of the core and the corresponding section of the casing. This layer is smoothed
and the ring 6 placed over it. As before stated this ring is provided with stays c¹
which extend throughout the frame and are adapted to support all the various
rings. The ring is in this form of frame advantageously composed of a number
of segments which at their adjacent upturned flanges hold between them one of
the said standards c. They are fixed in position as in Figs. 10 and 11 by means of
screws and bolts or by rivets or any other suitable means.
When
After placing in position the ring b', plastic material is filled in up to the edge
of the first section of the core; then a fresh ring 6 is fitted to the standards c¹
which ring also consists of a number of curved metal bars or segments b.
this is done, the next section of the core and the next section of the casing are
placed on the first sections and firmly fixed in position and the space thus enclosed
is again filled with compressed plastic substance. Another ring 6 is then fitted to
the standards e as before, whereupon the third sections of the casing and of the
core are placed over the preceding ones, the intervening space being again filled,
and so forth.
In this manner both the metal skeleton and the whole of the tube are gradually
formed, and when the last layer of plastic material is put in place, stamped and
smoothed, the operation is completed.
The metal frame represented in Fig. 5 has this feature in common with the
skeleton just described, that it also involves the employment of a ring b¹ which
carries uprights c' equal in height to the desired length of the pipe to be moulded.
These uprights c¹ are provided in the longitudinal direction, at, as far as possible,
equal distances apart with perforations g through which a wire may be drawn,
which, when wound round completely forms a spiral coil. In this case the forma-
tion of the tube also takes place gradually, in accordance with the gradual
erection of the mould, into which the plastic substance is successively stamped or
forced; but at the same time the wire his gradually and spirally wound on the
standards c¹.
The necessity of passing the wire through perforations such as g may however,
prove inconvenient and it is preferred to provide the standards c¹ with notches or
recesses g (Figs. 7 and 9) to receive the wire h as it is wound.
When the entire wire has been wound upon the uprights c and the plastic
material envelopes the frame a strong terminal ring is, preferably, secured to the
top of the said frame; it may be nailed or screwed thereto, but the latter method
is preferable as it obviates the injurious concussions to which the metal framing
would be liable in the stamping process. After this, if necessary, a final sheet or
layer of plastic material may be stamped into the mould.
The formation of the tapered flanged pipes and of the corresponding metal
framings or skeletons takes place exactly as before described, except that here,
instead of vertical standards, arms or stays c¹ are used which are bent or inclined in
several points. In forming a tube so complicated as this, some difficulty may
naturally be experienced in forcing the plastic substance between the stays c
into the mould, and in most cases it is preferred to form each stay in several
sections c¹¹¹¹ etc. adapted to engage with or join each other in any suitable
manner.
The sections c¹ c¹ etc. of the inclined stays shown in Fig. 8 for example, are
fitted together by means of grooves and tongues, being gradually added to the
structure as the stamping or moulding operation proceeds. The connection
between these pieces or sections may be made by means of bolts, pins, or screws
inserted into perforations provided in corresponding positions in both the pieces to
be joined. Such a gradual construction of the stays c is admirably suited to
facilitate the uninterrupted performance of the moulding operation.
It will be seen that the method just described in reference to the flanged pipe is
applicable to pipes or hollow articles of almost any shape or outline and that

page_text: convenient metal framings may according to the method described, be readily
formed to correspond to each shape; the main point being that upon a bottom ring
(such as preferably complete i.e. without any break,) a number of stays or
arms (el) corresponding in shape to the outline of the article it is intended to mould,
are gradually connected with the successive transverse pieces of the metal framing.
And, as has been remarked before, it is in many cases advisable not to construct
these standards c¹ of one piece to begin with but of a number of divisions or
sections which are added to the initial structure as the moulding of the tube or
pipe proceeds.
.
Those parts of the frame which extend parallel, or practically so, to the direction
of motion of the stamping apparatus whereby the plastic substance is forced into
the mould, and which will not interfere with the stamping apparatus may as a rule
be placed in position before building up the article; while such parts of the frame
which are to occupy a transverse position to the said direction of motion, are added
to the structure gradually as the moulding operation proceeds. Or the direction
in which the plastic material is introduced into the mould by the stamping tool or
plunger may be so arranged as not to interfere with the existing parts of the
structure or frame.
According to this invention, pipes and other hollow articles may be made of
various shapes and sizes and such articles will in all cases prove strong and durable
and absolutely free from cracks or other defects.
Dated this 10th day of August 1893.
R. KIESERLING,
By L. W., per F. B.
Improvements in the Manufacture of Pipes or Tubes.
I, ROBERT KIESERLING, of No. 130 Palmaille, Altona on the Elbe, Germany,
do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to
be performed to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement:-
..
This invention relates to the manufacture of pipes or tubes of plastic material
such as cement, asphalte, clay, beton, and stony compositions capable of hardening
under the influence of air or heat and of being forced or stamped into moulds.
According thereto pipes or tubes formed of such substances are, during the
process of manufacture, that is to say, while the plastic substance is introduced or
stamped into the moulds, provided with a metal frame or skeleton (hereinafter
termed a frame) adapted to increase the strength of the pipe and to enable it to be
removed from the mould sooner than this could be done if it were not provided with
such frame.
The material of which the frame is made is preferably iron, although steel or
other suitable metal or metallic alloy may be used. The frame may be protected
from oxidation by a layer or coating of some other protective metal, applied it may
be electrolytically, or with other substances such as shellac, asphalte, stearine or
the like.
The invention is carried out in practice in the following manner :-
The mould into which the plastic material is forced, consists of an outer casing
and a core each constructed of a number of separate sections or layers. The
lower-most section of the core is first placed upon a bed plate and suitably secured
thereto but in such a manner that it can be removed at will, the corresponding
section of the outer casing being arranged on the bed plate in proper relation to
the said section of the core, and also removably attached thereto. Into the space
between these two sections a quantity of the plastic substance is forced and the

page_text: corresponding portion of the strengthening frame of the pipe inserted. For this
purpose a layer of plastic substance of greater or less depth or thickness is first
stamped in, then the corresponding part of the frame is placed over it, and lastly
the remaining space is filled up with plastic material. Instead of this, however, a
portion of the metal frame may be inserted first, and then the plastic substance
stamped in around it; or the frame may be erected in successive sections
simultaneously with the pipe itself, by connecting a fresh portion of the frame with
the part previously constructed each time that a fresh section of the pipe is
introduced into the mould.
After having formed a section of the pipe, together with a corresponding part of
its stiffening frame, in the manner described, another section of the core is placed
over the first, and another section of the casing similarly placed over the first
section, the space between the two being as before filled with plastic material and
a corresponding portion of the metal framing, which latter may be connected with
the part of the frame previously arranged within the space.
In this manner successive sections or layers of plastic material are superposed
and each provided with the corresponding portion of the frame, until the desired
length of pipe has been made and the framing completed.
Those parts of the metal framing which are to occupy a position parallel or
.almost parallel to the direction of motion of the tool employed in stamping in the
plastic material (since these parts are not likely to hinder the operation of such
tool), may be formed complete, that is to say, each in one piece or length in the
first instance, instead of in successive sections; while the portions of the frame
which are to be placed across these longitudinal parts, or to lie transversely to
the direction of motion of the tool, should be added successively as the work
proceeds.
In order that the invention may be clearly understood I will proceed to explain
the same by aid of the drawings filed with my Provisional Specification, in which
various modes of carrying out the invention are shown.
In these drawings,
Fig. 1 is an axial longitudinal section of a pipe contained in its mould and
provided with a framing or skeleton erected in successive stages.
Fig. 2 is a horizontal section thereof on the line xx of Fig. 1.
Fig. 3 is a diagrammatic front view shewing the metal framing separately.
Fig. 4 is a side elevation to a larger scale of one form of frame formed in
successive sections.
Fig. 5 is a similar view of another form.
Fig. 6 is a plan of a segment of the lowermost or bottom ring of the
-frame.
Fig. 7 is an axial longitudinal section of a truncated or tapered pipe with off-set
flanges, showing the pipe together with its mould on the left, and the corresponding
metal framing (on the right).
Fig. 8 illustrates the mode of fitting together the main supports or stays of a
flanged pipe of this kind.
Fig. 9 represents other forms of main supports or stays.
Figs. 10 and 11 are respectively a side view and a plan of a portion or segment
of a metal framing drawn to a larger scale than the previous figures.
Fig. 12 is an enlarged view of a metal frame somewhat similar to that shown in
Fig. 1.
Fig. 13 represents one of the stays or standards of this frame, both before and
.after its connection with the rings.
The same letters of reference designate like parts in all the figures.
a is the bottom or bed plate of the mould; b¹³ ³
to bare metal
rings; c¹² c... c are vertical metal stays or standards of cell
(Fig. 8) are sections of a supporting arm or stay adapted to be fitted or joined
together as shown; d d are connecting plates; d' are inclined stays; d² d'
(Fig. 3) are vertical stays; f¹f are metal rings; g. (Fig. 9) designates cut away

page_text: portions or perforations in the vertical stays e c" etc.; h (Figs. 5 & 7) is a spirally.
coiled wire; I, II, III . . . . VI are superposed sections of the outer casing of
the mould and 1, 2, 3 6 are superposed sections of the core.
Supposing that it is desired to form a flanged pipe and at the same time to
gradually erect its strengthening frame, the operation is as follows referring to.
Figs. 1, 2 and 3 :-
The lowermost portion of the core, which may be of wood or other suitable
material is first secured upon the plane surface or bed plate a; or part only of such.
a section of the core may first be secured upon the bed plate, care being taken that
it can be easily removed at the end of the moulding operation, but so that it will in.
no case shift from its position, while the plastic substance is being forced or stamped
into the required form.
The first or bottom section of the core having thus been secured in position, the
corresponding section I of the outer casing of the mould is arranged at a distance
from the core corresponding to the desired thickness of the wall of the pipe
to be formed; or, if desired, part only of such section of the casing may first
be put in place and properly secured, as in the case of the first section of
the core.
An annular space is thus obtained limited inwardly by the section of the
core 1 and outwardly by the section of the casing 1. It is now necessary to force-
or stamp the plastic material into this space, and at the same time to embed therein,
a portion of the metal framing. For the sake of simplicity it is assumed that each
of the sections 1 2 etc. of the core and each of the sections III etc. of the mould
casing is made in one piece. In most cases it will be advantageous to begin by
forcing into the space, before commencing to build up the frame a thin sheet of the
plastic substance employed in forming the pipe. After this the construction of
the frame may be commenced. If preferred, however, the first section of such.
frame may be placed upon the bed plate direct. The frame may be so constructed
that parts of it project from the completed pipe for the purpose of facilitating-
transport, or for the better connection of adjoining lengths of pipe.
When the initial thin sheet of plastic material has been forced in, the surface of
such sheet is somewhat smoothed, and over it is placed a metal ring b¹ which
may be either endless or split and is provided with a number of vertical arms or
stays c. These stays are preferably screwed or rivetted to the ring ; or as shown
in Figs. 12 and 13 they may be bent so as to embrace or fit the said ring b¹ which.
it is to hold.
After the ring 6' has been thus inserted into the mould the remaining space in
the mould, or mould section, is filled up with plastic material tightly compressed or
forced in by stamping. This plastic material again is smoothened on the surface
and upon the ends of the stays c¹ projecting therefrom, is placed a metal ring
which similarly to the ring 6, carries a number of vertical stays c². The ends of
the said stays c are then turned down (see Fig. 13) so as to engage with the ring b³,.
whereby the two rings 61 and 62 are rigidly connected together.
Upon the first section of the core 1 the next following section 2 is then placed ;.
around it the corresponding section II of the outer casing is arranged; both are
suitably arranged and fixed in position, and the space between the two is filled with
plastic material under pressure. This is smoothed on the surface and upon the
projecting ends of the stays c', another ring 63 carrying further stays c³, is placed
as before. This ring 63 is then rigidly connected with the ring 6 by bending each
of the stays so that they engage and hold the ring 6. After this the next.
section 3 of the core and the corresponding section III of the casing are placed in
proper position and plastic material filled into the space between them and suitably
compressed. When the surface of this material has been smoothed, the ring &* is.
placed over it and the ends of the stays c³ of the ring are bent so as to retain.
such ring in position. The section of the core and section IV of the casing are
next placed over the preceding section; and the space is filled up with plastic
material, and receives the next following ring 6.

page_text: The formation of the cylindrical part of the pipe being thus completed, it is
provided with a flange which is also strengthened by an iron skeleton, firmly con-
nected with that contained in the said cylindrical portion. For this purpose the
ring is provided with a number of vertical stays and also with a series of
stays d'inclined at an angle of about 45°. After the ring has been placed in
position and the section 5 of the core and corresponding section V of the casing
have been erected, plastic material is forced in until it nearly attains the edge of
the section V of the casing; and upon the stays c and d are placed two rings b
and respectively that are connected by plates d. Around the ring 66, which has
no stays or supports of any kind, the ends of the stays c are bent; and around
the ring provided with vertical stays d² the ends of the staye d' are similarly
bent.
When the section 6 of the core and the section VI of the casing have been put
in place, the mould is completed and plastic material is introduced almost up to its
edge, smoothed on the surface, and provided with the terminal ring" of the frame,
which ring need not carry any stays. The connection between this terminal
ring and the ring f' is obtained by bending the upper ends of the stays d' around
the said ring f. The mould is then completely filled up with plastic material of
which the last layer is properly smoothed, thereby completing the pipe together
with its supporting frame.
Although in the drawings the sections of the core and outer casing of the
mould are for the sake of clearness shown without divisions, it is necessary that
proper arrangements be made for facilitating the removal of the pipe from the
mould, it may be by subdivision of the said sections, as described in the Specifi
cation of another application for Letters Patent filed by me dated 9th August 1893
No. 15232.
In the arrangement shown in Fig. those parts of the frame which are to be
situated parallel to the direction of motion of the stamping tool (which direction is
here assumed to be vertical) are in this instance provided beforehand. It will be
seen that the ring &', which is first introduced, carries vertical stays c' which extend
to a height equal to the total length of the pipe it is desired to mould. The stays cl
may be bent or turned over at the ends to correspond to the shape of the edge or
flange of the pipe to be moulded.
In manufacturing a pipe with such a frame, a thin sheet or layer of plastic
material is, according to one way of carrying out this invention, spread between the
first section of the core and the corresponding section of the casing. This layer is
smoothed and the ring b' placed over it. As before stated, this ring is provided
with stays c¹ which extend throughout the frame and are adapted to support all the
various rings. The ring b¹ may in this form of frame, advantageously be composed
of a number of segments b which at their adjacent upturned flanges hold between
them one of the said standards c'. These segments may be fixed in position by
means of screws or bolts, as in Figs. 10 and 11, or by rivets or any other suitable
fastening devices.
After placing in position the ring b', plastic material is filled in up to the edge
of the first section of the core; then a fresh ring 6 is fitted to the standards c', this
ring also consisting of a number of curved metal bars or segments b. When this is
done, the next section of the core and the next section of the casing are placed
on the first sections and firmly fixed in position, and the new space thus formed is
filled with compressed plastic substance. Another ring 63 is then fitted to the
standards as before, whereupon the third sections of the casing and of the
core are placed over the preceding ones, the intervening space being again filled
and so forth.
In this manner both the metal frame and the whole of the pipe are gradually
formed, and when the last layer of plastic material is put in place, stamped and
smoothed, the formation of the pipe is completed.
The metal frame represented in Fig. 5 has this feature in common with the frame
just described, that it also involves the employment of a ring b¹ which carries stays

page_text: or standards c¹ equal in height to the desired length of the pipe to be moulded.
These stays or standards c' are however each formed or provided in the longitudinal
direction, at, as nearly as possible, equal distances apart say from 1 centimetre
to 10 centimetres apart, with perforations g through which a wire h is drawn,
which, when wound round completely, forms a spiral coil. In this case the
formation of the pipe also takes place gradually in accordance with the gradual
erection of the mould into which the plastic substance is successively stamped or
forced, the wire h being at the same time gradually and spirally wound on the stays
or standards c'.
The necessity of passing the wire A through perforations such as 9 may, however,
prove inconvenient and it is preferred to provide the standards c' with notches or
recesses 9 (Figs. 7 and 9) to receive the wire as it is wound.
When the entire wire h has been wound upon the stays or standards c¹ and the
plastic material envelops the frame a strong terminal ring 62 (Fig. 7) is preferably
secured to the top of the said frame, it may be by nailing or screwing but the
latter method is preferable as it obviates the injurious concussions to which the
metal framing would be liable if nailing were adopted. After this, if necessary, a
final sheet or layer of plastic material may be stamped into the mould.
The formation of tapered flanged pipes and of the corresponding metal frames
such as shown in Fig. 7, takes place exactly as before described, except that here,
instead of vertical stays or standards c, stays c¹ are used which are bent or inclined
at several points. In forming a tube so complicated as this, some difficulty may.
naturally be experienced in forcing the plastic substance between the stays c' into
the mould, and in most cases it is preferred to form each stay in several
sections ce etc., adapted to engage with or join each other in any suitable
manner.
The sections.cc etc. of the inclined stays shown in Fig. 8, for example, are
fitted together by means of grooves and tongues, being gradually added to the
structure as the stamping or moulding operation proceeds. The connection
between these pieces or sections may be made by means of bolts, pins, or screws
inserted into perforations provided in corresponding positions in both the pieces
to be joined. Such a gradual construction of the stays c' is admirably suited
to facilitate the uninterrupted performance of the moulding operation.
It will be seen that the method just described in reference to the flanged pipe
is applicable to pipes, or hollow articles of almost any shape or outline and that
convenient metal framings may, according to the method herein before described,
be readily formed to correspond to each shape, the main point being that upon
a bottom ring (such as 6'), preferably complete, i.e. without any break, a number
of stays (c) corresponding in shape to the outline of the pipe it is intended to
mould, are gradually connected with the successive transverse portions of the
metal framing. And, as has been herein before stated, it is in many cases
advisable not to construct these stays c¹ of one piece to begin with, but of a
number of divisions or sectious which are added to the initial structure as the
moulding of the pipe proceeds.
Thus in all cases those parts of the frame which extend parallel, or practically
so, to the direction of motion of the stamping apparatus whereby the plastic
substance is forced into the mould, and which will not interfere with the
stamping apparatus, may as a rule be placed in position before building up the
article, while those parts of the frame which are to occupy a transverse position
relatively to the said direction of stamping, are added to the structure gradually
as the moulding operation proceeds. Or the direction in which the plastic
material is introduced into the mould by the stamping tool or plunger may be
so determined as not to interfere with the existing parts of the structure or
frame.
According to this invention pipes and other like hollow articles may be made of
various shapes and sizes and such articles will in all cases prove strong and durable
and be entirely free from cracks or other defects.

page_text: Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what I
claim is :-
1. The herein described manufacture of a pipe or tube according to which the
material employed in the formation of the said pipe or tube is gradually forced or
stamped into a mould comprising a casing and a core constructed by the super-
position of successive sections and capable of being taken to pieces, the said pipe
or tube being provided during its formation with a metal frame that is gradually
built up as the moulding operation proceeds, the successive sections or parts of the
said frame being one by one added to the previously completed portion of the pipe
or tube, substantially as described.
2. In the manufacture of a pipe or tube as set forth in the preceding claim,
placing those parts of the frame which extend parallel or practically parallel to
the direction of motion of the stamping tool complete in position in the mould
before introducing the plastic material into such mould and adding the remaining
or transverse portions of the frame gradually as the formation of the pipe or tube
progresses, substantially as herein described.
Dated this 10th day of April 1894.
For the Applicant,
W. LLOYD WISE,
46, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, W.C., Chartered Patent Agent.