matthewleechen/300YearsOfBritishPatents huggingface dataset:
AN IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR THE CONVEYANCE OF MEDICINAL SUBSTANCES INTO VARIOUS PARTS OF THE HUMAN BODY
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Marc Antoine François Mennons
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
14th September 1861.- A communication from Salvator Vinci (M.D),.
residing at No. 120, Rue de la Pepinière, Paris.
I, MARC ANTOINE FRANÇOIS MENNONS, of the British and Foreign Patent
Offices, 39, Rue de l'Echequier, Paris, in the Empire of France, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR
THE CONVEYANCE OF MEDICINAL SUBSTANCES INTO VARIOUS PARTS OF THE HUMAN
BODY," to be as follows:-
This instrument is composed of a tube or rod varying in form, material, and
dimensions according to its intended application, and provided externally with
one or several longitudinal or spiral grooves serving as receptacles or con-
ductors to the medicinal substances which it may be necessary to convey
into the diseased passage or cavity.
For the treatment of affections of the urethra, for instance, the apparatus
takes the form of an ordinary bougie, fluted from end to end, the number,
spacing, and depth of the grooves being dependent on the nature of the disease
and of the medicinal substances to which they serve as vehicle.
For vaginal complaints the instrument again changes in form to correspond
with the affected part; for lachrymal, fistula, and diseases of the auditory
or nasal canals it takes the form of a small fluted probe, and so on ad
infinitum.

page_text: The tubular instruments employed for the conveyance of liquids are pro-
vided near the lower extremity with lateral orifices, forming the communication
between the grooves and the inner capacity, the contents of which may bo
diffused over the diseased surfaces by piston or other suitable pressure.
IMPROVEMENTS IN MEANS OR APPARATUS FOR CLOSING THE PASSAGES OF CHIMNEYS FROM STOVES AND OTHER FIRE-PLACES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by James Moon at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 21st February
1861.
I, JAMES MOON, of Bedford Row, in the County of Middlesex, Architect
and Surveyor, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN MEANS OR APPARATUS FOR CLOSING THE PASSAGES OF
CHIMNEYS FROM STOVES AND OTHER FIRE-PLACES," to be as follows:-
The passage from stoves or other fire-places is now generally closed by
what are called register doors, forming part of the stoves, and such register
doors are usually made to open upwards upon axes, by which their free action
is readily impeded by accumulations of soot and other matters. The object
of my improvements is to arrange means for closing such passages (either in
connection with the stove or independently thereof), to give greater facility
for opening and closing the same. For this purpose I form the door, by
preference, in two parts, and so as to slide on the under side of the frame
surrounding the opening, such frame being provided with supports adapted to
admit of the parts of the door sliding. By the door being thus formed in two
parts, greater facility is given for regulating the amount of opening, whilst by
their being suspended from the under side of the frame, such frame over-
hanging the supports of the doors will prevent soot and other matters in
falling from clogging to stop freedom of action.
IMPROVED MEANS FOR RAISING AND SUPPORTING LADIES' DRESSES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Colin McDougall and Joseph
Crane at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their Petition,
on the 14th December 1861.
We, COLIN MCDOUGALL and JOSEPH CRANE, both of the City of Manchester,
in the County of Lancaster, Wholesale Warehousemen, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVED MEANS FOR RAISING AND SUPPORTING
LADIES' DRESSES," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to that description of holders employed by ladies, and
worn outside their dresses, for raising and supporting them when convenient,
and consists in attaching to the ordinary clasps, hooks, or holders a cord or
band, and passing it through rings, eyes, swivels, or pulleys fixed and suspended
to the belt which encircles the waist. The ends of the aforesaid cord or band
are provided with knobs or tassels, which rest against the belt when the bottom
of the dress is in its lowest position, but when the dress is required to be raised
the knobs or tassels are pulled so as to draw up or tighten the cord or band,
and raise the holders, and with them the bottom of the dress.
THE SUPPRESSION OF ARSENICAL AND SULPHUROUS FUMES EMITTED DURING THE FIRST OPERATION OR CALCINATION OF COPPER ORES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Eden Thomas Jones at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 13th February
1861.
I, EDEN THOMAS JONES, of Morden College, Blackheath, in the County of
Kent, Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"THE SUPPRESSION OF ARSENICAL AND SULPHUROUS FUMES EMITTED DURING THE
FIRST OPERATION OR CALCINATION OF COPPER ORES," to be as follows:-
First, I make use of an iron retort, or of one made of fire clay, to be fixed
over the fire like a gas retort, and kept at a low red heat, the copper ore being
equally spread over the bottom for the space of twelve or eighteen hours,
until the principal part of the sulphurous and arsenical fumes are expelled.
From one to three retorts may be erected in one oven, a door or stopper
must be screwed on the mouth of each retort with a suitable opening under-
neath, through which the calcined ore is to be raked into a subjacent vault, or
into an iron tank or wheelbarrow.
Secondly, I provide a cast iron tube, called the condenser, about twenty
feet in length, and six to eight inches in diameter, attached to the neck of the
retort by a socket joint. The condenser must be kept cool, when the retort is
at work, either by being immersed in-a tank-of cold water, a stream of which
is to be constantly flowing in, or by a leaden pipe one inch in diameter pierced
with holes underneath and fastened to the upper surface of the condenser, a
stream of cold water must be continually flowing through the lead pipe from a
reservoir to cool the condenser, regulated by a stop cock. The opposite end of

page_text: the condenser must terminate in a box twelve inches square, the bottom of
which must be open, and dip into water about four inches, contained in a box
or cistern about four feet square and four feet deep.
Thirdly, as the arsenical and sulphurous fumes during the calcination be-
come condensed they must be scraped from the condenser with a long rod,
having a semicircular head into the small box over the water at the end.
IMPROVEMENTS IN SHOW CASES AND BOXES USED IN COUNTING-HOUSES AND BY SHOPKEEPERS, FOR CONTAINING DIFFERENT KINDS OF WARES AND PAPERS OR SAMPLES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Frederick Bull at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 14th May
1861.
I, FREDERICK BULL, of No. 138, London Wall, in the City of London,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
SHOW CASES AND BOXES USED IN COUNTING-HOUSES AND BY SHOPKEEPERS, FOR
CONTAINING DIFFERENT KINDS OF WARES AND PAPERS OR SAMPLES," to be as
follows:-
This Invention consists of an improved method of constructing cases and
boxes, whereby the lids or covers thereby do not require to be lifted therefrom
or on a hinge, as heretofore commonly practised; but by this Invention the lid
or cover of the case or box, by means of a spring and catch, is caused to recede
from the top of the case or box and pass beneath a false bottom, or it may be
coiled or wound around a rod or spindle placed crosswise of the case or box.
The lid of the case or box I propose to make of strips of glass or wood, either
separately or combined, mounted or fixed on tapes, or in any other suitable
manner, so as to constitute a self-acting articulated spring, lid, or cover, which,
when drawn over the top of the case or box, is held by a catch. By pressing on
this catch the lid recedes and exposes to view the contents of the case or box.
Various methods may be employed for rendering the drawing back of the lid or
cover self-acting, for example, two strips of vulcanized india-rubber having
their ends respectively fixed to one end of the case or box between the two
bottoms thereof and to the lid or cover I have found answer well, or the lid or
cover may wind round a spring roller.
AN IM- PROVED MEANS FOR SECURING A WATCH IN THE POCKET OF THE WEARER
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Thomas Borrett Wilkinson at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 18th
April 1861.
I, THOMAS BORRETT WILKINSON, of Deptford, in the County of Kent,
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN IM-
PROVED MEANS FOR SECURING A WATCH IN THE POCKET OF THE WEARER," to be as
follows:-
My Invention is intended to prevent a watch being taken, thrown out,
or removed from the pocket of the wearer by accident or design without his
knowledge thereof. It consists of a metal button, to which is cemented or
fixed a suitable loop, by preference of catgut, which is furnished with a split
ring, and also with a metal eyelet. Its application to a waistcoat pocket is as
follows: A small hole is made through the lining at the back of the pocket,
in which the said eyelet is fastened; through the eyelet the said loop is passed,
leaving the said button outside the lining at the back of the pocket; the split
ring is put on the said loop, and hangs within the pocket. The chain of the
watch is passed through the split ring, and any attempt to withdraw the watch
from the pocket of the wearer without his knowledge by means of its chain is
at once frustrated by the watch being unable to pass through the said ring
within the pocket.
IMPROVEMENTS IN CLASPS OR FASTENINGS FOR STAY BUSKS
Year: 1861

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to George Twigg, of Birmingham, in the County of
Warwick, Manufacturer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN CLASPS
OR FASTENINGS FOR STAY BUSKS."
Sealed the 11th February 1862, and dated the 12th October 1861.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION filed by the said George Twigg at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition and Declaration, on
the 12th October 1861, pursuant to the 9th Section of the Patent Law
Amendment Act, 1852.
I, GEORGE TWIGG, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, Manu-
facturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN CLASPS OR FASTENINGS FOR STAY BUSKS," and the manner in which the
same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement, reference being had to the Drawings hereunto
annexed, and to the letters and figures marked thereon (that is to say):-
My Invention consists in improvements in clasps or fastenings for stay
busks, by means of which stays or corsets may be more readily and easily
fastened and released.
Figure 1 represents a front view of the two parts of a stay busk furnished
with my improved clasps or fastenings; Figure 2, a view of one portion of the
busk detached; Figure 3 shews to a larger scale the clasp or fastening;

page_text: Figures 4 and 5 being sections of the same; and Figure 6 an end view of
the same.
Referring to Figure 1, it will be seen that upon the limb or steel bar (a)
the boxes (b, b, b,) are rivetted, through which boxes pass the springs (c, c, c,)
rivetted also to the steel bar (a) at their upper extremities. Each of these
springs has a nib or beak catch formed upon its under side at the part covered
by the box (6), as seen at (a), Figures 4 and 5), so that upon the insertion
of the eyes (E, E, E,) Figure 2, which eyes are rivetted to the other portion
of the busk, the nib or beak catches (a) upon the under side of the springs
spring into the eyes (E, E, E), these eyes being kept steady by the sides f, f,
Figure 5 being turned inwards, as shewn in the Drawing. The two portions
of the busk are thus securely held together, as seen in Figure 1. To release
the eyes from the catches in unfastening the busk, it is simply necessary to
employ the short cords and tassels (9) attached to the lower extremity of the
springs, and by pulling these out from the busk the eyes are liberated from
the catches, and the muscular expansion of the chest is sufficient to separate
the two portions of the busk.
Having thus described the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, I claim the improvements in clasps or fastenings
for stay busks, substantially as herein more fully set forth and specified.
In witness whereof, I, the said George Twigg, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this First day of October, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-one.
GEORGE TWIGG. (L:S.)
This is the instrument in writing referred to in the annexed Declaration of
George Twigg, declared this First day of October 1861, before me,
FREDERICK WILLS, Comm'.
AN IMPROVEMENT IN THE SEPARATION OF SILEX AND SILICIOUS AND OTHER MATTERS FROM STEEL
Year: 1861

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Joseph Jepson Oddy Taylor, of No. 12, Mark Lane,
in the City of London, Naval Engineer, for the Invention of "AN
IMPROVEMENT IN THE SEPARATION OF SILEX AND SILICIOUS AND OTHER
MATTERS FROM STEEL."
Sealed the 7th May 1861, and dated the 19th March 1861.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION filed by the said Joseph Jepson Oddy Taylor
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition and
Declaration, on the 19th March 1861, pursuant to the 9th Section of
the Patent Law Amendment Act, 1852.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOSEPH
JEPSON ODDY TAYLOR, of No. 12, Mark Lane, in the City of London, Naval"
Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS I am in possession of an Invention for "AN IMPROVEMENT
IN THE SEPARATION OF SILEX AND SILICIOUS AND OTHER MATTERS PROM STEEL,"
and have petitioned Her Majesty to grant unto me, my executors, adminis-
trators, and assigns, Her Royal Letters Patent for the same, and have made
solemn declaration that I am the true and first Inventor, and that the
same is not in use by any person or persons to the best of my knowledge
and belief.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Joseph Jepson Oddy Taylor, do hereby
declare that the following Complete Specification under my hand and seal fully

page_text: describes and ascertains the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner.
the same is to be performed, in and by the following statement :-
My Invention consists in the employment in the crucible, furnace, or other
apparatus used for the melting and purifying of steel, of fluoric acid in any
form or state in which it may be present or be evolved. The form in which
I prefer to employ the fluoric acid is that of ground fluor spar or fluate of
lime, as the lime in the spar at the same time becomes a flux.
And having now described the nature of my said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, I declare that I claim as my improve-
ment in the separation of silex and silicious and other matters from steel,
the employment in the crucible, furnace, or other apparatus used for the
melting and purifying of steel, of fluoric acid in any form or state in which
it may be present or be evolved.
In witness whereof, I, the said Joseph Jepson Oddy Taylor, have here-
unto set my hand and seal, the Fourteenth day of March, One
thousand eight hundred and sixty-one.
Signed, sealed, and delivered by the said
Joseph Jepson Oddy Taylor, in my
presence,
JAMES JESSOP,
Catherine Street,
Sheffield.
J. J. O. TAYLOR. (L.S.)
AN IMPROVED MODE OF ROUGHING THE SHOES OF HORSES AND OTHER ANIMALS TO PREVENT THEM FROM SLIPPING IN FROSTY WEATHER
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by James Richard Alexander Douglas
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
4th January 1861.
I, JAMES RICHARD ALEXANDER DOUGLAS, of Hounslow, in the County of
Middlesex, Surgeon, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"AN IMPROVED MODE OF ROUGHING THE SHOES OF HORSES AND OTHER ANIMALS TO
PREVENT THEM FROM SLIPPING IN FROSTY WEATHER," to be as follows:-
My Invention of an improved mode of roughing the shoes of horses and
other animals to prevent them from slipping in frosty weather relates to a
mode of roughing shoes without the necessity of removing them from the foot
of the animal. In carrying out my Invention a hole is made through that
part of the heel of the shoe which projects behind the hoof or foot. One of
these holes may, if desired, be made on each side of the shoe, and they should
be formed at the same time that the nail holes are made in the shoes, which,
with the exception of the additional hole, will in no respect differ from an
ordinary horse-shoe, and is, of course, secured to the foot of the animal in
precisely the same manner as is now adopted. Steel-headed pins, studs,
spikes, or nails are made and prepared and kept ready for use when required.
In frosty or slippery weather one of these steel-headed pins, studs, spikes,
or nails is to be inserted into the additional hole or holes above referred to,
and its shank clenched down, in order to hold or retain it in the hole, the pro-

page_text: jecting steel head of the pin, stud, spike, or nail will then form an effectual
roughing, and when the frost breaks, or there is no longer liability for the
animal to slip, the end of the pin, stud, spike, or nail may be unclenched and
removed without taking off the shoe.
IMPROVEMENTS IN GAS CHANDELIERS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Comyn Ching at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 29th May
1861.
I, COMYN CHING, of Castle Street, Long Acre, in the County of Mid-
dlesex, Gas Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for.
"IMPROVEMENTS IN GAS CHANDELIERS," to be as follows:-
The first part of my Invention relates to the telescopic gas chandeliers at
present in use. By dispensing with the ordinary unsightly balance weights, I
propose placing on each side of the gas pipe suspended from the ceiling, and near
to it a toothed wheel, each of different diameters, and at or near the top of the
lower and outer tubing is placed a similar wheel, the lower wheel being
beneath the upper ones; an endless chain, which bites the teeth on these
wheels, is passed over the top large wheel, and falls under the bottom wheel,
when it is again raised in the same direction, and passes over the second or
smaller wheel, the lower or unemployed part of the chain resting in an
ornamental tray or dish under the inverted T-piece. The chain now being in
gear with all three wheels, it is evident that the weight of the chain will allow
of the chandelier being raised or lowered to the required height, and there
remain, thus dispensing with the ordinary balance weights, the above-
mentioned wheels being hidden from view by means of any suitable metal
ornament.
The second part of my Invention relates to the prevention of the escape of
gas from such said telescopic tubes. I propose to employ an ordinary stulting-

page_text: box, and above it a cup forming part of the ornament before mentioned, into
which is placed a suitable non-evaporating fluid. A cup is also attached to
the bottom of the upper pipe, said cup having incisions or perforations on the
upper part, the end of the pipe being within the cup, so that should there be
any fault or imperfection in the packing, instead of the gas escaping, the
liquid will pass the stuffing, and run down the outer surface of the inner pipe
into the cup, which, when not quite full, will touch the bottom of the pipe,
and instantly extinguish the gas; thus it is impossible that at any timo can
the gas escape from the telescopic joint or stuffing-box.
IMPROVEMENTS IN RIFLED OR SMOOTH-BARRELLED ARMS DISCHARGING PROJECTILES FORCIBLY PROPELLED OR NOT, AND LOADED BY THE BREECH
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Paul Doury at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 8th March
1861.
I, PAUL DOURY, of the Town of Rethel, in the Department of the Ardennes, in
the Empire of France, a Municipal Councillor, do hereby declare the nature
of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN RIFLED OR SMOOTH-BARRELLED ARMS
DISCHARGING PROJECTILES FORCIBLY PROPELLED OR NOT, AND LOADED BY THE BREECH,"
to be as follows:-
I will first proceed to describe a cannon constructed with my proposed
improvements. The central part of the breech of the cannon is lifted between
two parallel grooves by a lever (bolted or pinned to the knob of the cannon
and having its fulcrum on the carriage) and returns by its own weight when
the pressure is removed. A wrought-iron bottom plate upon a disc of the same
metal concentric to it completes the system. The bullet or ball is ogivo-
cylindrical, hollow, and furnished with grooves in which are placed small wings
or lugs of lead, zinc, or tin, which take into the grooves of the cannon. The
projectile being placed in the cannon (the wings or lugs being in its guiding
grooves) is followed by the cartridge or charge of powder (but with an elastic
plug or wad between them) which is followed by a piece of leather having the
exact diameter of the interior of the cannon, and between it and the moveable
part of the breech is the iron obturator. The cannon is secured to the carriage
by the trunnions and an arched band of iron which prevents its giving under

page_text: The barrel of the
the pressure of the lever in raising the moveable section of the breech.
My improved bullet or ball to be fired at a red heat is made in two parts, the
ogival or conical part only being heated and then dovetailed with the cylin-
drical part which is furnished with the wings or lugs above described. My
improved breech-loading rifle, musket, or carbine is constructed as follows:-
Within the centre of the barrel is a steel cylinder or chimney forming piece
with the barrel (and having a small lateral tube or chimney communicating
with the nipple) this cylinder is to contain the charge of powder and part of
the ball which may be hollow, conical, or semispherical.
piece moves forward to uncover the cylinder and is drawn straight back when
the cylinder is charged. The breech end of the barrel is cut laterally inside
to surround and rest against the cylinder or chimney holding the charge, and
fits into a circular section (of the thickness of its grooved sides) in the piece of
iron on which is adjusted the cylinder or chimney, In its come-and-go movement
the barrel slides on the concave part of the wood or stock beneath the barrel
(with sockets round a steel directing rod) and is held in position when closed
by a pin traversing a slot riveted on the barrel. My improvements are
applicable to every description of fire-arm.
AN IMPROVED METHOD OF SIGNALLING THE PASSAGE OF TRAINS UPON RAILWAYS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Camille Mauvernay at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 3rd October
1861.
I, CAMILLE MAUVERNAY, of Lyons, in the Empire of France, Gentleman, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED METHOD OF
SIGNALLING THE PASSAGE OF TRAINS UPON RAILWAYS," to be as follows:-
My Invention consists in placing along the side of every line of railway, and
at ntervals between two points where attendants are situated, two vessels con-
taining water, united by a pipe communicating with each vessel, so that the
same water level is maintained in each; on varying the level by liquid being
poured into or withdrawn from one vessel the level will be altered in the other
vessel, and thus the passage of trains may be signalled from attendant. to.
attendant all along the line.
I provide each vessel with a tap for drawing off liquid as required. The
signals may be variously made. For instance, when the standard or ordinary
level is maintained "all clear" may be indicated. When the level is below
the ordinary point "stop the train," and when the level is raised above the
standard level it may indicate "danger," and in fact any required signals may
be agreed upon, the whole system being based upon signalling from attendant:
to attendant along a line of railway by changing the water level in vessels in
charge of the attendants. In winter spirit may be added to the liquid to.
prevent it freezing.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN APPARATUS FOR WASHING AND CHURNING
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Robert Mason at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 18th January
1861.
I, ROBERT MASON, of Alford, in the County of Lincoln, Implement Manu-
facturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN APPARATUS FOR WASHING AND CHURNING," to be as follows:-
My improvements in washing and churning machines_consist, first, in
mounting that class of machine which has a bridge or raised bottom forming
a ridge, over which the matters being operated on are thrown by the action of
the machine on an axis, on which it rocks to and fro instead of on rockers, as
heretofore.
Secondly, in the application of one or more india-rubber or other springs
under the bottom of the above machine mounted on an axis, so that the spring
is in its least state of tension or altogether undistended when the machine or .
washing vessel is in its horizontal position, and so that the vessel as it
approaches the extreme positions of its rocking motion gradually increases the
tension of the spring or springs, such tension acting on and being given out
during the return oscillation of the rocking vessel, which in a greater or less
degree compensates for the weight thrown alternately to opposite ends of the
vessel, and which facilitates the rocking action and eases the power required
to impart the motion.
Thirdly, of what I term a door or leaf suspended immediately over the
ridge before mentioned; it is composed of a series of bars or open work, or it

page_text: may be a brush, having a brush surface on one or both sides; if of open bars,
I prefer each bar to be formed like a series of balls strung on a rod; it is
pivotted at and swings from the top, being immediately under the door or
opening where the clothes are introduced; it is made to lift out readily. The
matters operated upon being thrown over the ridge impinge against this swing
piece. and receive a certain amount of attrition. The ribs or projections for
creating the attrition I make of connected series of semi-balls of wood, which
may be readily formed by turning them in a lathe, and afterwards bisecting in
the plane of the axis. I place the ribs longitudinally on the bottom, except
at the ridge, where one is disposed transversely; I place them vertically at the
ends and sides. When used as churns I sometimes dispense with the ribs as
they render the vessel somewhat difficult to cleanse. The bottom of the
agitating vessel I make to slope directly from the ridge or centre towards
each end of the machine.
IMPROVEMENTS IN INSTRUMENTS OR APPARATUS FOR INDICATING OR MEASURING THE PRESSURE OF STEAM AND OTHER FLUIDS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Charles Edmund Albrecht at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
21st January 1861.
I, CHARLES EDMUND ALBRECHT, of Radnor Place, Hyde Park, in the
County of Middlesex, Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN INSTRUMENTS OR APPARATUS FOR INDICATING OR
MEASURING THE PRESSURE OF STEAM AND OTHER FLUIDS," to be as follows:-
I propose to fit a piston in a tube, cylinder, or chamber, and to connect a
spring to one side or face of such piston, so contrived as to retain the piston in
a quiescent position until acted on by the excessive pressure of a fluid against
one or other of the sides thereof, whereupon the piston will move in its tube
or chamber, overcoming the resistance of the spring until the pressure on one
side, together with the resistance of the spring, shall equal or balance the
excessive pressure exerted on the other side; there is a graduated scale or
suitable measuring marks upon the cylinder, tube, or chamber, or otherwise
conveniently situated relatively thereto, so that the position therein or thereon
of the piston, or of an index or pointer attached to it, will indicate the amount
of pressure.
For barometers, or in certain other applications, a vacuum is produced in
the cylinder or chamber on that side of the piston which is opposite to that
directly exposed to the pressure, the end of the cylinder or chamber in that
case being closed hermetically or stanch on the side where the vacuum is
obtained.
IMPROVEMENTS IN OBTAINING COLOURING MATTERS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Vincent Hall at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 14th January
1861.
I, VINCENT HALL, of the Royal College of Chemistry, Oxford Street, in the
County of Middlesex, Chemist, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN OBTAINING COLOURING MATTERS," to be as
follows:-
My Invention of improvements in obtaining coloring matters consists in
obtaining from the heavy oil of coal tar, technically called "dead oil," sub-
stances or bodies from which coloring matters may be produced by means of
suitable chemical reagents.
In carrying out my Invention I take the crude dead oil, and separate from
it the acids and basic bodies which it naturally contains; I then take the
neutral hydrocarbons which remain, and submit them to fractional distillation,
keeping separate the products obtained at, say, every ten degrees of tempera-
ture, ranging from 150 to 300° Centigrade. By this means products of
different characters are obtained, and I act upon these fractional products with
concentrated nitric acid, and thereby produce nitro-compounds, which I reduce
to basic bodies by sulphide of ammonium, nascent bydrogen, acetic acid, and
iron filings, or other suitable chemical agent. For some purposes I carry on
the distillation of the crude dead oil up to 300° Cent", without separating
or dividing the distillates, and I operate upon the aggregate distillate in a similar

page_text: manner to that above-mentioned, and I thereby obtain a mixture of bases or
bodies. The desired basic or other bodies having been thus obtained, I treat them
for the purpose of obtaining the coloring matters therefrom much in the same
way as is now practised for obtaining coloring matter from aniline, but I some-
times operate upon these bodies with nitric acid or nitrates and other chemical
agents, which are not usually employed for acting upon aniline; and various
descriptions of coloring matter may be thereby produced, and may be employed
in the usual manner for dyeing or other purposes.
IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR MAKING FRILLS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Tillie at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 11th March
1861.
I, WILLIAM TILLIE, of the City of Londonderry, Manufacturer, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY
FOR MAKING FRILLS," to be as follows:-
This Invention consists in making frills by machinery combined with sewing
machines, as hereafter described. I add to one of Thomas' or other similarly
acting sewing machines an additional leg or perpendicular lever, movable on a
pin passing through its centre, and moved backwards and forwards by the
present wyper lever at the back of the machine. At the bottom of the leg
there is connected a transverse lever, at the front end of which is fixed a foot.
or claw which acts on the work to be frilled, and which is placed between it
and the table of the machine, on the top of the foot or claw is placed the work
to be stitched to the frill formed below, and which is led in with the frill by
the foot of a leg of the machine. The foot or claw is elevated and depressed
by an upright rod connecting it with an oblique lever, and having its resistance
by bands connecting the opposite end of the transverse lever to a fixed pin on
the top of the additional leg. The upright rod has a double joint at bottom,
and at the top has a lever which serves the purpose of raising and lowering_
the claw or foot while the machine is standing. I also employ a lever for
checking the action of the foot on the cloth while the machine is in motion,
and for allowing the work to go in plain if required. This is effected by

page_text: pushing the lever into a notch in a rod. By this means the work may be
taken in plain or frilled alternately without requiring to stop the machine.
This check lever is moved by a cord or chain passing over a pulley connecting
it with the foot of the worker from below, having its resistance from the
elastic bands attached to the pin on the top of the jaw of the additional lever
first named. I also adapt an eccentric lever for raising both feet when
required for the purpose of adjusting the work. I place a screw on the end
of the wyper lever for the purpose of increasing or diminishing the size of the
crimp, and consequently the length of the frill. I also attach to the top of-the
additional leg or lever first named a screw, which acts on a leg of the machine
to make it take in the work for the purpose of lengthening or shortening the
stitch, as may be required.
IMPROVEMENTS IN WASHING, WRINGING, AND MANGLING MACHINES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Richard Mills at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 4th July
1861.
I, RICHARD MILLS, of Bury, in the County of Lancaster, Machinist, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN WASHING,
WRINGING, AND MANGLING MACHINES," to be as follows:-
Instead of making the bowls or rollers of wood, as heretofore adopted, I
make them of cast iron, and cover the surfaces with zinc, tin, or other suitable
metal. I cast them hollow, with the shaft through and attached, and I inject
steam into them to assist the drying of the goods. The said rollers are
applicable to domestic machines as well as those used by bleachers, printers,
and others.
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR PREVENTING THE EXPLOSION OF STEAM BOILERS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Henry Bernoulli Barlow at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 9th March
1861. A communication from abroad by Charles Voelckner, of Prague,
in the Empire of Austria, Civil Engineer.
I, HENRY BERNOULLI BARLOW, of the City of Manchester, Patent Agent,.
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
APPARATUS FOR PREVENTING THE EXPLOSION OF STEAM BOILERS," a communication
to me from abroad by Charles Voelckner, of Prague, in the Empire of Austria,.
Civil Engineer, to be as follows:-
This improved apparatus consists of a standard bolted to the boiler and a
cast-iron pipe, forming, by means of its flange, the cover of the standard; to the
upper part of the cast-iron pipe is connected a copper pipe. The lower part.
of the cast-iron pipe is funnel-shaped, and reaches into the boiler beyond the
usual water line; the upper part of the copper pipe is closed by a plug with a.
bridle bar. A steam whistle whose valve is connected by levers and rods to
the said bridle bar.
The operation is as follows:-As long as the lower extremity of the funnel--
shaped pipe is below the surface of the water in the boiler, the pressure of the
steam forces the water up into the pipe. Should, however, the level of the
water in the boiler fall below the extremity of the pipe, the water in the pipe
will immediately fall out and steam rush in, the consequence of this is an
increase of the temperature, which expands the copper pipe, and this pipe

page_text: being connected as before described to the valve of the whistle, raises it and
allows steam to escape, thereby sounding the whistle. When more water has
been supplied to the boiler the valve of the whistle is closed by the contracting
of the copper pipe.
This apparatus may be used as a register or counter to inform the proprietor
how often the fireman has had low water, during his absence; it may also be
made to open the door of a lantern and show a signal light, to shut the damper
in the chimney, and to open a cock which lets water on to the fire to quench
it. Where it is desirable to guard against having too high water in the boiler,
the whistle valve is made to open inwards, and the arrangement of the parts
is altered to correspond.
The boiler may also be furnished with two apparatuses, one to signalize an
excess, and the other a deficiency of water; in such a case the whistles should
have different tones, or show different coloured lights.
CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED IN SPINNING COTTON, WOOL, SILK, AND OTHER FIBROUS SUBSTANCES
Year: 1861

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Benjamin Brown, of Bury, in the County of Lancaster,
Mechanic, and Richard Hacking, of the same Place, Machine Maker,
for the Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS
EMPLOYED IN SPINNING COTTON, WOOL, SILK, AND OTHER FIBROUS SUBSTANCES."
Sealed the 10th October 1861, and dated the 17th April 1861.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Benjamin Brown and
Richard Hacking at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with
their Petition, on the 17th April 1861.
We, BENJAMIN BROWN, of Bury, in the County of Lancaster, Mechanic,
and RICHARD HACKING, of the same Place, Machine Maker, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention for "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR
APPARATUS EMPLOYED IN SPINNING COTTON, WOOL, SILK, AND OTHER FIBROUS SUB-
STANCES," to be as follows:-
Our Invention relates to that part of machinery or apparatus used in spin-
ning cotton, called spindles and flyers, of which three arrangements are shewn
in the Drawings attached.
Figure 1 illustrates the first part of the Invention, which consists in forming
the spindle in two parts and connecting them by means of flattening or

page_text: squaring one end, which fits into a corresponding aperture, as shewn at a. An
improved mode of steadying a spindle by means of a top bearing is seen at b.
In Figure 2, the wharve and its tube c fits on to a portion of the spindle made
square, shewn in dotted lines, the wharve tube being mounted in bearings d, d.
and the spindle is provided with an adjusting screw at its foot; e is the lifting
rail. In Figure 3, the flyer g is mounted in conical bearings h, h, and is sepa-
rate from the spindle, which, with the bobbin secured thereupon, is driven,
allowing the flyer to act as the drag upon the yarn.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PROCESS OF OBTAINING PULP FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER FROM INDIAN CORN AND OTHER. SIMILAR PLANTS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Henry Doffegnics at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 3rd January
1861.
I, HENRY DOFFEGNIES, of Brussels, in the Kingdom of Belgium, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PROCESS OF
OBTAINING PULP FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER FROM INDIAN CORN AND OTHER.
SIMILAR PLANTS," to be as follows:-
This Invention consists in certain improved processes of manufacturing pulp
with the refuse of maize or Indian corn. The stalks, leaves, chaff, and also
the unripe and unsound grain are sorted into different lots according to their
qualities. The lot intended to be converted into pulp is then chopped into
small pieces with a chaff-cutter, and afterwards subjected to a severe threshing
for the purpose of removing the sand and dust. The matters are then washed
and pulped in any suitable manner until the water at the outlet of the wash-
board is perfectly limpid. The washing is then discontinued and a solution of
soda added, after which the pulping is slowly continued for about an hour, and
afterwards washed in an abundance of water; and when well drained the
pulp remains. The pulp is then macerated for about 12 hours in a solution of
chlorine for the purpose of bleaching, and then returned to the washing and
pulping machine to extract the chlorine, the result of which is a white pulp
from which paper can be manufactured in the ordinary manner.

page_text: When the stalks of the plant are selected for making the pulp it will be
necessary to give the mass a second washing and pulping in a solution of soda,
and also one or more macerations in a solution of chlorine, in order to
procure a white pulp.
A second process of obtaining pulp from the chaff, leaves, and stalks of
Indian corn, is as follows:-After the aforesaid matters have been threshed,
they are placed in a boiler with caustic lye, with or without pressure. When
the mass has been acted upon by the lye, so as to be soft and soapy to the
touch, it is placed in the pulping machine and operated upon in the same
manner as described in the first process.
In another process the matters after they have been washed and softened in
the caustic lye are strained, and then placed for some hours in a case or box con-
taining chlorine gas, after which they are placed for about 12 hours in a bath
holding chlorine in solution. The mass is then passed to the washing and
pulping machine and acted upon as described in the first and second processes.
AN IMPROVED METHOD OF CONSTRUCTING SAFETY RIFLE AND OTHER GUN RANGES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Charles Cheyne at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 11th June 1861.
I, CHARLES CHEYNE, of Great George Street, in the City of Westminster,
Civil Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"AN IMPROVED METHOD OF CONSTRUCTING SAFETY RIFLE AND OTHER GUN RANGES,"
to be as follows:-
The object of my Invention is to enable men to fire at a target or targets
or butt at all ranges varying from the shortest, say, 100 yards, more or less, to
the longest and at all intermediate ranges simultaneously, and with perfect
protection and security from the balls discharged from any range or ranges
further from the target than that at which the shooter may be placed.
My Invention consists in constructing three-sided frames of ball-proof
material, within which the shooters are to be placed, and in erecting between
the butt and the first of the frames, and on the side of the frame out of the
line of fire from the frames further removed from the butt, a ball-proof screen,
which in no way interferes with the line of fire, but which would intercept any
ball which might be fired accidentally or otherwise from the position assigned
to the shooter within the frame. Then between the first and second frames and
between all the succeeding frames I erect similar ball-proof screens. As well
as affording protection to the shooters and persons within the screen, my
Invention allows of parties travelling outside of the line of fire from frame to
frame in perfect security.
My Invention also consists in erecting ball-proof screens in front of the
shooter, which prevent ricochet shots and defilade the top of the butt.
AN IMPROVED SMOKE-CONSUMING GRATE
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Louis Jean Jacques Pètre at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 12th
June 1861.
I, LOUIS JEAN JACQUES PÈTRE, of 29, Boulevart St. Martin, Paris, Mer-
chant, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED
SMOKE-CONSUMING GRATE," to be as follows:-
My Invention relates to a new arrangement of furnace grate for the con-
sumption of smoke, composed of fire bars, each having two parallel side checks,
or flanges connected at the upper part at intervals by tie pieces cast on the
cheeks. The upper surface of the fire-bar may be of a round, square, elliptical,
triangular, or other form; it is also provided at intervals with elongated holes
arranged in, various ways to allow air introduced at the under part of the
grate to pass between the checks and through the holes in the bars into the
centre of the fuel, so as to obtain more perfect combustion.
In order to obtain a more equal distribution of air throughout the furnace
the cheeks of the fire-bars are connected by ties at suitable distances apart,
which are cast on the bars and may be of various forms & dimensions. The
cheeks which form the two sides of the bars, as also the ties placed between
them, are of the form of an elongated triangle, the base of which is at the upper
part & the apex at the lower part of the fire-bar, which arrangement is for the
purpose of more readily distributing the air, facilitating its introduction
between the cheeks of the bars, & reducing the resistance to its passage. I
sometimes make the two checks of the fire-bar of different depths.
AN IMPROVEMENT IN OPEN-WORK FABRICS SUITABLE FOR LADIES' COLLARS, CUFFS, AND SUCH LIKE ARTICLES, AND FOR PURPOSES FOR WHICH PERFORATED PAPER AND CARDBOARD ARE EMPLOYED
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Joseph Thomas Wood at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 5th February
1861.
I, JOSEPH THOMAS WOOD, of the Strand, in the County of Middlesex,
Embosser, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN
IMPROVEMENT IN OPEN-WORK FABRICS SUITABLE FOR LADIES' COLLARS, CUFFS, AND
SUCH LIKE ARTICLES, AND FOR PURPOSES FOR WHICH PERFORATED PAPER AND
CARDBOARD ARE EMPLOYED," to be as follows:-
My Invention consists in backing up paper with a textile material prior to
its being subjected to the ordinary process for producing perforated designs
therein, and in making collars and other perforated articles therefrom by the
employment of suitable dies, and the process now followed and well known for
producing designs in paper by perforation. The textile fabric prevents the
paper tearing, and allows of the manufacture of a cheap ornamental fabric
which will stand wear.
IMPROVEMENTS IN HARDENING IRON AND STEEL, AND A COMPOSITION OR SUBSTANCE TO BE EMPLOYED THEREIN
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Ebenezer Partridge at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 5th October
1861.
I, EBENEZER PARTRIDGE, of the Patent Axle Works, Smethwick, in the
County of Stafford, Axle Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN HARDENING IRON AND STEEL, AND A
COMPOSITION OR SUBSTANCE TO BE EMPLOYED THEREIN," to be as follows:-
My Invention consists in first heating the article to be hardened in a bath
of lead or other suitable molten metal, or in a retort or vessel, so as to be
protected from the direct action of fire; in applying to it either in the bath or
retort, or immediately on its withdrawal therefrom, the following composition
or substance, either in a state of powder, or in a liquid state, and in some
cases in returning the article to the bath or retort after such application.
My Invention also consists in preparing the composition or substance for
hardening iron and steel with the materials and in manner following:-I take
prussiate of of potash or other substance containing cyanogen, or possessing like
chemical properties, and reduce it to powder. I mix with it powdered nitre
and common salt, and fire or set fire to the composition. I take the resulting
ashes or substance remaining after the firing and powder it. This powder
liquifies under heat, and I use it alone or mixed with charcoal, animal, or
vegetable, or other suitable form of carbon. Or I liquify the powder by
dissolving it in liquid ammonia, or other suitable solvent, and apply it to the
articles to be hardened in a liquid state.