Improved Apparatus for Heating or Cooling Liquids and Gases.
Year: 1895

page_text: Date of Application, 3rd Dec., 1895-Accepted, 16th May, 1896
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improved Apparatus for Heating or Cooling Liquids and Gases.
I, ANDERS BORCH RECK, of Gothersgade 155, Copenhagen, Denmark, Civil
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the
same is to be performed to be particularly described and ascertained in and by
the following statement :-
It is a matter of common knowledge that in any apparatus for transmission of
heat from a mobile, liquid, gaseous or vaporous substance to another through a
space separating the two substances, the effect is considerably increased if the
substances next to the partition are in motion. It has therefore long been common
practice in such apparatus to keep the liquid or other substance in motion by
stirring or when the heat transmitting partition was made in the shape of tubes,
the area of these tubes was as narrow as possible in order to increase to the
greatest extent the velocity of the substances passing through the tubes. Both
methods have however drawbacks, especially as regards facility in keeping the
apparatus clean, which this invention has for its object to remove, and at the same
time to increase the desired motion. This is effected by giving the heat trans-
mitting partition between the two substances the form of a cone drum, which by
some ordinary means (e.g. two bearings and a pulley) is set in quick rotation.
This drum is placed next to, outside or inside, a fixed drum, the surface of which
is either completely or at some projecting parts at so short a distance that any
liquid or gaseous substance passing in the space between the two drums, by the
friction against the surface (or against the projecting parts of the same) is
prevented from spontaneously following the rotation of the movable drum.
The friction thus produced upon the substance will then effect the desired
increase in the transmission of heat, and at the same time counteract the deposit of
solid matter on the surface, by which it would be fouled and rendered less effective
in transmitting heat. In order to increase the transmission of heat as much as
possible, an additional drum may also be placed next to the other side of the
rotating drum, for instance inside the same if the fixed drum be placed outside.
A friction will then result on both surfaces of the rotating drum, which will cause an
increased transmission of heat.
The apparatus may be constructed so as to be easily examined by uncovering
some part of the casing.
The accompanying illustrations represent the different constructions.
Figure 1, part sectional elevation from the front. Figure 2 side elevation and
Figure 3 sectional plan through line A. B. of Figure 1, these showing two drums
only, one fixed and the other rotatable.
Figures 4 and 5 represent modifications in sectional elevation of three drums,
i.e., two connected for rotation and the other fixed.
Figure 6 is a diagram of the spiral ribs hereafter referred to with regard to
Figure 5.
Figures 7 and 10 indicate other modifications in section elevations and Figures 8.
and 9 diagrams of the ribs in said figures.
Figures 1-3 represent the apparatus in a form especially suitable for heating
milk by steam.
The drum a between the steam and the milk has the form of a truncated cone..
d' and d is the steam pipe, the upper part of which is fixed, while the lower
part d can turn freely in the bush h but is fixed to the drum a which accordingly

page_text: must rotate with the pipe d when this is set in motion. The drum a is also
supported by a pin in socket fixed in the bottom of the drum said pin being within
a step in the upper end of the pedestal e. Through d the steam has free access to
the inside of a as indicated by the arrows, the waste water being condensed on the
inside of a, joins in the rotation and will accordingly, owing to the centrifugal force
be collected in the upper corner of a, which is most distant from the axis of rotation.
Here it finds an exit from a through the pipes f, f, placed at the top of
this drum which discharge the water into the channel g fixed to the frame of the
apparatus and supplied with a cover, from which channel the water escapes
through the piper (Figure 2). The milk, which is to be heated by the apparatus,
flows in a uniform stream through the funnel t (Figure 2), and runs through the
pipe m into the interior of the casing b, which surrounds the drum a, when it rises
in the space between 6 and a, and escapes from 6 by the spout n (Figure 2). The
casing is supported by a key j which by being inserted through the said casing
into an aperture in the shaft e prevents the casing from revolving on its axis.
On inserting this key, b will be pressed up against the cone k which is screwed to
the pedestal e, thus securing tightness and prevent escape of fluid at this part.
By removing the key j, the casing b can slide down the pedestal e, so that the
inner surface of (which is generally enameled) and the outer surface of a (which
is generally tinned) may be easily examined and cleaned. The inner surface of
the casing may have ribs cast on which approach the drum a as near as possible
without however touching the same (Figure 3) and which prevent the milk while
rising in the narrow space between' a and b from rotating with the drum, so that
during the rotation a strong friction will result between the milk and the rotating
drum. This friction will then cause the transmission of heat from a to the milk to
be much more effective than if a was fixed, and also very much reduce the deposit
of milk on a which accordingly will keep clean and effective. The said ribs may
be dispensed with if the space between the surfaces of the drum a and the casing b
is made so small that the milk by the friction against the inner surface of bis
prevented from rotating as quickly as a. Even if the milk should rotate to a
certain extent, the difference between the velocity of the milk and that of the
drum a will be enough to cause a sufficient transmission of heat.
Figures 4-6 represent sections of two modifications of the apparatus shown in
Figures 1-3. The letters of these two figures, and those of the succeeding ones
have the same signification as the corresponding letters of the preceding figures.
In Figures 4-5, the waste water is shown to escape not through an open channel
as in Figure 1 but through pipes. In Figure 4 the waste water passes upwardly
through the pipe p which is screwed to the fixed part of the steam pipe d', so that
the steam is conducted into the apparatus in the space between the revolving part
of the steam pipe d and the fixed pipe p.
To the cover of the rotating drum a an inner casing of the same shape as a is
securely bolted and provided with apertures in the cover and bottom in which the
pipe p is closely fitted, so that the steam from d is forced to pass all round the
inner casing in order to reach the mouth of the pipe p, while r¹ rotates round
the fixed pipe p.
The apparatus represented in Figure 5 differs from that shown in Figure 4 by
the waste water being here carried down first through a perforation in the socket
fixed to the bottom of the drum a, and further through the pipe q placed inside the
pedestal e. The one key in the before mentioned apparatus is here exchanged for two
keys one on each side of the pipe q. Another difference between this apparatus
and that shown in Figure 4 is the application of helical leading ribs s round the
outer surface of the inner casing (as shown in plan view Figure 6) for the
purpose of retarding the passage of the non condensed steam to the pipe q, which is
attained by placing the leading ribs as near as possible to the inner surface of the
drum a so that the steam is forced to pass several times round before reaching g
a and ẞ show the places where the ribs are left out and accordingly where the
steam enters and the waste water escapes from the helical channel.

page_text: The apparatus represented in Figures 4, 5, and 6 besides being calculated for
heating by steam a liquid or gaseous current passing through the outer casing b, is.
also applicable for refrigerating the same current by means of a substance, for
instance liquid ammonia which is supplied through the pipe (Figure 4) or
(Figure 5), and which through the drum a absorbs heat from the current of fluid
or air which passes in the space between a and b. By the leading ribs inside b
this current is prevented from following the rotation of a.
The ammonia for instance will then be transformed by this absorption of heat
from a fluid into vapour in which form it will escape through the pipe d.
Figure 7-10 represent two forms of the apparatus, which resemble each other
in so far as not only the current which passes outside the drum a (as represented in
the previously described apparatus) but also the current inside a is prevented from
following the rotation of this reservoir.
For this purpose the inner casing r¹ which is placed inside a is not bolted to a
as before shown but by means of a nut u and a square a is secured to a socket.z
fixed in the pedestal e which in Figure 7 is shown without, but in Figure 10 with
a perforation both lengthways through the socket and crossways just beneath the
square x.
The leading ribs on which in Figures 7 and 8 are represented as helical but
in Figure 10 indicated as following vertical ribs on the rotating surface (like.
the ribs on 6) will prevent the current of air or fluid, which enters by dand
escapes by p (Figure 7), or by q (Figure 10), from following the rotation of a so
that a strong friction will be produced at the inner as well as at the outer surface
of a with a subsequently increased transmission of heat.
These leading ribs are however not absolutely required in this apparatus any
more than in the apparatus shown in Figures 1-3, provided the surfaces of the
fixed casings are sufficiently close to the surfaces of the movable drum a to
prevent the fluids by the friction against the fixed casings from following the
rotation of a.
Figures 7-9 also represent the ribs on the casing b as helical while the
current outside a passes from m to n, it appears that it will have the same direction
as the current passing inside a which flows from a to ẞ. If now the drum a
rotates in the direction opposite that shown by the arrows (Figures 8 and 9) it
will be seen that the friction between a and the two currents will be as strong as
possible, and that at the same time the so called counter current principle will be
satisfied, as the ingoing part of each of the two currents will meet just at that place
of the drum a which on its opposite side is touched by the outgoing part of the
other current.
In Figure 10 it is shown how the casing b may be made closed so that the
current passing in the space between band a may be kept isolated from the
atmosphere.
The casing b is here provided with a cover securely bolted, and with an opening
in the middle, in which the rotating tube d revolves air and water-tight.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of this inven-.
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what I
claim is:-
1. The bereinbefore described apparatus for transmission of heat or of cold from
one current of a fluid, gaseous, or vaporous substance to another similar current,
described as a rotating drum (a) which forms a partition between the two substances
and a fixed casing (b,) placed next to it, inside or outside, the surface of which
wholly or partly, is at a short distance from the rotating drum that any liquid or
gaseous substance passing in the space between them by the friction against the
surface of the fixed casing (b, r) will be prevented from following the motion of
the rotating drum (a) all for the purpose of producing a friction between the
rotating drum (a) and the substances passing in the space between, and consequently
an increased transmission of heat, as set forth.

page_text: 2. In the apparatus referred to in Claim 1, the construction as explained for
increasing the transmission of heat or of cold by placing a fixed casing (r³) next to
the inner side of the rotating drum (a) as described.
3. In the apparatus referred to in Claims 1 and 2 the construction as described
for increasing the friction by applying ribs or the like to one or more of the
surfaces.
4. In the apparatus referred to in Claim 1, the construction as set forth for
discharging the waste water by applying tubes (f, Figures 1-3) to the top of the
rotating drum.
5. In the apparatus referred to in Claim 1, the construction as indicated for
discharging the waste-water by applying a fixed tube (9, Figures 4-5) upwards or
downwards to the inside of the rotating drum (a).
6. In the apparatus referred to in Claim 1, the means described for enabling the
inside of the apparatus to be cleaned and for securing the position of the outer
casing by a key (j) on the removal of which this casing can slide down the shaft (e)
so that the cleaning of the shaft and the inner reservoir is easily effected.
D
دنو
.
11005
H. GARDNER,
Patent Agent, 166 Fleet Street, London,
Agent for the said Anders Borch Reck.
H. GARDNER,
Patent Agent, 166 Fleet Street, London,
.
Agent for the said Anders Borch Reck.