matthewleechen/300YearsOfBritishPatents huggingface dataset:
IMPROVE- MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF THE HANDLES OF NUT CRACKERS, LOBSTER CRACKERS, AND GRAPE SCISSORS, WHICH SAID IMPROVEMENTS ARE ALSO APPLICABLE TO THE MANUFACTURE OF THE HANDLES OF KNIVES, SPOONS, AND OTHER ARTICLES
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION, left by Thomas White at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 7th April
1865.
I, THOMAS WHITE, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, Manu-
facturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF THE HANDLES OF NUT CRACKERS, LOBSTER
CRACKERS, AND GRAPE SCISSORS, WHICH SAID IMPROVEMENTS ARE ALSO APPLICABLE
TO THE MANUFACTURE OF THE HANDLES OF KNIVES, SPOONS, AND OTHER ARTICLES,"
to be as follows:-
My Invention consists of the improvements herein-after explained in the
manufacture of the handles of nut crackers, lobster crackers, grape scissors,
knives, spoons, and other articles, which said improvements afford great
facilities for ornamenting the said handles.
I will describe my Invention as applied to the manufacture of the handles of
nut crackers and lobster crackers. In making the handles of nut crackers and
lobster crackers I construct in metal skeleton handles or frames consisting of a
plate occupying the middle of the handle, and an ornamental edge bordering the
said plate, and projecting on either side of it, which ornamental edge constitutes
the edge of the finished handle. The ornamental edge described makes with
the middle plate shallow recesses on either side the said plate. In finishing
the handles plates of pearl, ivory, metal, or other substance of which the orna-

page_text: mental part of the handle is to be made are inserted in the shallow recesses
made in the manner described, and the edge of the ornamental border being
turned over the plates of pearl, ivory, or other substance, by burnishing or
otherwise, the said plates are fixed in their places on the flat middle plate
constituting the middle of the handle, thus completing or filling up the sides
of the handle. Instead of making the shallow recesses described on both sides
of the handle they may be made on one side only, the finished handle in this
case consisting on its outer side of the ornamental plate burnished into the
said shallow recess, and on its other side of the plate forming the bottom of
the shallow recess. Instead of making the ornamental border continuous,
and soldering it to the middle plate, it may be divided at its bent part, and.
attached to the plate only at its extreme ends. In this case the two halves of
the border spring open sufficiently to allow of the introduction of the plates
forming the ornamental sides of the handle, and the said sides are fixed by
closing the ornamental border, and fixing it by screwing or otherwise.
In manufacturing the handles of knives and other articles according to my
Invention I proceed in the way already described with reference to the handles
of nut crackers and lobster crackers, the parts being modified to suit the shape
of the handle to be made.
IMPROVEMENTS IN GAS BURNERS AND CHIMNEYS
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Clark at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 13th May
1865. A communication from abroad by William Resor, Manufacturer,
of 29, Boulevart St. Martin, Paris.
I, WILLIAM CLARK, of 53, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex,
Engineer and Patent Agent, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN GAS BURNERS AND CHIMNEYS," to be as
follows:-
In gas burners surmounted with a glass or other chimney a very strong
draft is created causing the escape of a large quantity of gas, or which is but
imperfectly consumed, and so producing less light than would be the case.
where the whole of the gas to be consumed. By contracting the inlet of the
air below in any suitable manner, as also the upper part of the chimney,
perfect combustion may be obtained and the full lighting power desired. By
means of these modifications in the burner great economy may be obtained in
the consumption of gas with at least an equal light.
This Invention consists of a chimney constructed either of a tube con-
tracted at its upper end, or it may be provided with a cap or covering disc
having one or more perforations for the passage of the products of com-
bustion, serving to regulate the draft or ascending current with a view to the
suitable
perfect combustion of the gas; it also consists in contracting in any
manner the inlet of the air at the lower part, or by applying a disc with per-
forations at that point.

page_text: The Invention is illustrated in the accompanying Drawing, Fig. 1 of which
shows the apparatus complete, Fig. 2 the different parts separated the one
from the other, and Fig. 3 a section of the burner detached.
a, ordinary Argand burner; b, chimney of glass or other material for enclosing
the frame and producing a draught; c, clips for holding the chimney, also
supporting cap d perforated with holes for regulating the admission of air to
the burner; e, metal or other disc or cover having a hole f, and placed on
the top of chimney; this disc may have a greater or less number of holes
according to the draft necessary for ensuring perfect combustion instead of
being surmounted with a disc, as described; the chimney may be contracted
at the upper part.
This Invention thus consists in the herein-described improvements having
for object to regulate and produce a suitable draft in the chimneys of gas
burners, with a view to obtain the complete combustion of the gas, and also
obtain considerable economy in its rate of consumption.
IMPROVED MEANS OF COMMUNICATION BY SIGNALS BETWEEN PASSENGERS, GUARDS, AND DRIVERS OF RAILWAY TRAINS."
Year: 1865

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Isaac Gregory, of Chorlton Hall, Victoria Park,
Manchester, in the County of Lancaster, Fellow of the Royal Geographical
Society, for the Invention of "IMPROVED MEANS OF COMMUNICATION BY
SIGNALS BETWEEN PASSENGERS, GUARDS, AND DRIVERS OF RAILWAY TRAINS."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Isaac Gregory at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 28th July
1865.
I, ISAAC GREGORY, of Chorlton Hall, Victoria Park, Manchester, in the
County of Lancaster, Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVED MEANS OF COM-
MUNICATION BY SIGNALS BETWEEN PASSENGERS, GUARDS, AND DRIVERS OF RAILWAY
TRAINS," to be as follows:-
This Invention consists of a simple mechanical apparatus to enable
passengers or travellers to signal or give an alarm to guards and engine
drivers and others on railways whilst a train is in motion. The apparatus
can be easily attached to any railway carriage without altering its present
construction. The only portion of the apparatus visible to a seated passenger
is a small bell trigger fixed on each side of the door of each carriage compart-
ment. A pull of the trigger instantly liberates and unfolds a red or other flag

page_text: at the outside of the carriage; the flag is rolled while at rest in a hollow tube
which forms a vertical ornamental bead on the outside of the carriage between
any two compartments or elsewhere, and when in action forms the projecting
rod of the flag.
Secondly, the same pull of the trigger turns a signal lamp for night service
or tunnels, fixed in the line of vision between guard and driver of engine, and
placed above the flag, throwing light upon it, and attached to the side near the
top of the carriage, and removable at pleasure.
Thirdly, the same pull of the trigger brings the lever of a bell or gong of
any size fixed under the carriage in contact with one or more pins or swells
attached to the inner side of one wheel of a carriage, with the addition when
necessary, as may be in the case of express trains of high velocity, of a pulley
and band or wheels to reduce the speed of the bell hammer. The bell will
continue to ring so long as the train is in motion unless the apparatus is reset.
The three signals are in conjunction or may be used separately. The signals
cannot be reversed or stopped by any person in the carriage after the trigger
has been pulled. A milled button at the end of the tube rolls up the flag
inside the tube; and pressing the tube downwards with the fingers to its
original position at the side of the carriage resets the whole apparatus.
IMPROVED MEANS OR APPARATUS FOR LUBRICATING VERTICAL OR DIAGONAL SPINDLES AND SHAFTS
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by James Waterhouse Midgley at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
21st March 1865.
I, JAMES WATERHOUSE MIDGLEY, of Cononley, in the County of York,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVED MEANS OR
APPARATUS FOR LUBRICATING VERTICAL OR DIAGONAL SPINDLES AND SHAFTS," to be
as follows:-
My Invention has a twofold object, namely to lubricate spindles or shafts
(vertical or diagonal) more effectually and also more economically than is now
the case, and has special reference to spinning and preparing machinery. For
this purpose, adducing as instance the ordinary "throstle" frame used in spinning
worsted yarns, I elongate the "neck" (usually made of brass and secured to
the frame rail) making the elongated part of smaller external diameter than
the remainder of the neck. Upon the spindle I affix by any convenient method
a species of cup within which the elongated part of the neck enters. The
spindle or shaft (as the case may be) being lubricated, the lubricating substance
naturally works down into the cup, and the latter revolving with the spindle or
shaft necessarily throws particles of the lubricating substance upon that portion
of the spindle within the neck and gives the results named.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF SHOW CASES, PICTURE FRAMES, HOUSE AND SHOP FURNITURE AND FITTINGS, AND OTHER SIMILAR ARTICLES
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by David Vogl at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 29th December
1865.
I, DAVID VOGL, of Basinghall Street, in the City of London, Merchant, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
CONSTRUCTION OF SHOW CASES, PICTURE FRAMES, HOUSE AND SHOP FURNITURE AND
FITTINGS, AND OTHER SIMILAR ARTICLES," to be as follows:-
Hitherto as show cases, picture frames, and house and shop fittings are at
present constructed, they can only be adapted for the particular locality or the
particular object for which they are first intended. Now the object of this
Invention is to render show cases, picture frames, house and shop furniture
and fittings, and other similar articles extensible and contractible, so that they
may be applied in various localities and for various objects. For this
purpose I form the frames of the show cases or other articles of a number of
separate component parts capable of being readily put together or disengaged.
The component parts consist of corner pieces, either angular or curved, and
of pieces with one, two, three, or more branches or arms, and likewise of
straight, curved, or otherwise shaped longitudinal or insertion pieces, which
are fitted to the corner pieces or to the branched pieces, or to both, in greater
or less number, so that a framework of greater or less extent may be obtained.
The parts are attached together by hooks, screws, clamps, or other fastenings;

page_text: they are by preference made of iron though other materials may be employed;
they may be tubular, solid, or semi-tubular. Plates, surfaces, panels, or
pieces of glass, or other material are fitted into the parts in any ordinary
manner; they may be ornamented by any usual method. When intended
for the reception of shelves or internal partitions, racks or stepwise supports
or linings may be fitted for the purpose to the framework.
AN IMPROVED COMPOSITION FOR COATING THE BOTTOMS OF IRON AND WOODEN SHIPS, BY WHICH THE SAME ARE PRESERVED FROM FOULING AND THE IRON FROM CORROSION, WHETHER INTERNALLY OR EXTERNALLY, BY SEA OR OTHER WATER, OR MOISTURE, WHICH IS APPLICABLE TO IRON OF ANY KIND EXPOSED TO THE ACTION OF MOISTURE
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William La Penotière at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
1st August 1865.
I, WILLIAM LA PENOTIÈRE, of 87, Essex Street, Strand, in the County of
Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN
IMPROVED COMPOSITION FOR COATING THE BOTTOMS OF IRON AND WOODEN SHIPS, BY
WHICH THE SAME ARE PRESERVED FROM FOULING AND THE IRON FROM CORROSION,
WHETHER INTERNALLY OR EXTERNALLY, BY SEA OR OTHER WATER, OR MOISTURE,
WHICH IS APPLICABLE TO IRON OF ANY KIND EXPOSED TO THE ACTION OF MOISTURE,"
to be as follows:-
The improved composition is formed by the admixture of the following
ingredients:-5 parts in weight of law white lead, 4 parts in weight of the
best hard wood charcoal, 1 to 2 parts of litharge, 1 to 2 parts of verdigris,
1 to 2 parts of yellow orpiment, 12 parts of the best boiled linseed oil, more
or less. The solid ingredients are to be reduced to an impalpable powder,
and the charcoal first mixed with a small quantity of the oil, the other
ingredients being added thereto gradually, and the whole mixed thoroughly.
I use the above admixture for covering wood, laying it on in two, three,

page_text: or more coats, with brushes or otherwise, at a temperature of about 90
Fahrenheit.
For coating iron I use the above ingredients, omitting the verdigris in the
first two coats, and add it in the subsequent ones, all at the same heat.
NEW OR IMPROVED COMPOSITIONS IN IMITATION OF IVORY AND WOOD TO BE EMPLOYED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF UMBRELLA TIPS, UMBRELLA AND WALKING-STICK HANDLES, AND OTHER USEFUL AND ORNAMENTAL PURPOSES
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Michael Dietrich Rosenthal and
Solomon Gradenwitz at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with
their Petition, on the 22nd December 1865.
We, MICHAEL DIETRICH ROSENTHAL and SOLOMON GRADENWITZ, of No. 5,
Church Row, Houndsditch, in the City of London, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "NEW OR IMPROVED COMPOSITIONS IN IMITATION
OF IVORY AND WOOD TO BE EMPLOYED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF UMBRELLA TIPS,
UMBRELLA AND WALKING-STICK HANDLES, AND OTHER USEFUL AND ORNAMENTAL
PURPOSES," to be as follows:-
. For the composition to be manufactured into articles in imitation of ivory
we take the following ingredients in or about the proportions following, that
is to say, about five parts by weight of china clay, two parts by weight of
precipitated chalk, one part by weight of white lead, and two parts by weight
of gelatine. The gelatine is first dissolved in boiling water and brought to
the thickness of syrup; it is then mixed with the other substances, and the
whole brought to such a consistency that it can be moulded to any shape or
form desired.
For the composition to be employed in the manufacture of imitation woods
we substitute for the gelatine (above named) common glue, and add to the

page_text: compound about four parts by weight of ground sawdust of such wood as we
intend to imitate, and also a certain quantity of coloring matter, in order to
more perfectly imitate the natural-woods. The articles after manufacture are
coated with varnish to preserve them from the effects of the weather and other
deleterious agencies.
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR PREVENTING DRAUGHTS OF AIR BETWEEN THE FLOOR AND THE LOWER PART OF DOORS
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Louis Desiré Carbonnier at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 28th
November 1865.
I, LOUIS DESIRÉ CARBONNIER, of No. 58 bis, Rue de la Chaussée d'Antin,
Paris, France, Door-pad Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR PREVENTING DRAUGHTS
OF AIR BETWEEN THE FLOOR AND THE LOWER PART OF DOORS," to be as
follows:-
These improvements in apparatus for preventing draughts of air between
the floor and the lower part of doors relate to a moveable pad holder, which
on opening the door is lifted sufficiently high for preventing the pad from
interfering with the working of the door, whereas on shutting this latter the
pad is carried down and applied against the opening existing between the floor
and the lower part of the door.
The annexed Drawings show an elevation view of a door provided with the.
apparatus, certain parts being cut off in order to bring the Drawings withiu
the required limits. The pad A is fixed to a horizontal rule B applied against
the lower part of the door C. To one end of the rule B is fixed a vertical
spindle D, inserted and turning freely in a corresponding socket E screwed to
the door post G. A gudgeon d fixed to the spindle D fits and works in a

page_text: worm or screw-like perforation e provided in the socket E, whilst towards
the other end of the rule B is fixed a bent pin or tongue H gliding
over a guide piece I placed in an inclined position corresponding with
that of the screw or worm e; or the spindle D might be replaced by a
screw working in a corresponding female screw cut in the inside of the 5
socket E.
IMPROVED CLOTHES FASTENER
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by James William Gill at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 31st January
1865.
I, JAMES WILLIAM GILL, of No, 75, Goswell Street, in the County of
Middlesex, Compositor, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for an "IMPROVED CLOTHES FASTENER" that may also be used as a letter clip,
to be as follows:-
Whereas the common clothes peg now in use for the purpose of securing
clothes to the rope or line while drying is very imperfect and inefficient, inas-
much as it does not properly secure the clothes, and is apt to be blown off,
my "Improved Clothes Fastener" secures them firmly and is not liable to be
blown away.
My Invention consists of two pieces of sheet iron or other metal formed
and united together thus:-Each piece is made square and of equal size on
three of its sides, the fourth side of each being made with a tongue project
ing from the middle part one-third the length of such side, so as when bent
at a certain angle from the other portion to form the handle of such part of
the fastener; each of these pieces I bend at the square portion thereof into
a semicircular or partially semicircular shape, so as, when joined, to form a
ring or circle which shall hold the clothes on the rope or line. These two pieces
I unite together by means of a hinge, which I form out of that part of each
of the handles which is immediately above the ring or body of the fastener,

page_text: by cutting out rather more than one-third of one of the handles in the centre
of its width, and one-third (the width) from each side of the other handle in
the corresponding part thereof. When the two sides of the body of the
fastener are stamped to the required shape, the handles are also by the same
process bent to the opposite angles required, and the hinge portions are con-
caved each in opposite directions, so that when the centre third of the hinge
is passed through the space between the outer thirds, a wire bolt is inserted,
to secure which the ends or outer parts may be partially flattened, leaving
the centre portion to move freely on the bolt, or the centre portion may be
tightened over the bolt, leaving the outer portions to work freely; attached
to the upper part of the handles, by means of small rivets, is a small steel
V-shaped spring, so that when the handles are brought close together the
ring or clasp part below the binge opens for placing over the clothes on the
rope or line. On liberating the handles the spring forces them apart, thus
closing the clasp part tightly over the rope or line. The fastener may
either be galvanized, tinned, japanned, lacquered or bronzed.
IMPROVEMENTS IN MANUMOTIVE CARRIAGES
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by George Read at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 19th May 1865.
I, GEORGE READ, of Slinfold, in the County of Sussex, Carpenter, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MANUMOTIVE
CARRIAGES," to be as follows:-
My improvements in manumotive carriages relate to the apparatus for
communicating motion to the wheels whereby the carriage is propelled. For
this purpose I place a screw wheel on the driving axle of the carriage."Gearing
into this screw wheel (as a substitute for the endless screw usually working
in endless screws) is a disc having a series of friction bowls arranged round
its periphery, these bowls take into the teeth of the screw and by the rotation
of the bowl disc cause the screw wheel to rotate and so propel the carriage.
I place this bowl disc on a vertical or inclined shaft and continue it upwards
to any convenient position for driving by means of a winch handle or other
convenient means on the top. I place a universal joint on this driving shaft
whereby it may be inclined and adapted to any position desired for the
convenience of driving. I steer the vehicle by means of the fore wheel or
wheels, mounting it or them on an axis and in bearings in which the axis
can be moved in the different directions required for steering the vehicle, such
motion being communicated by means of a hand lever and connecting rod, or

page_text: it may be operated by the feet of the operator. According to this arrange-
inent the one hand is engaged in driving the winch handle while the other
may effect the steering. Instead of a winch or crank handle a lever may be
employed to transmit motion to a crank on the bowl disc shaft ; such may also
be driven by a treadle; a fly wheel may further be added to the latter shaft
or to the screw wheel shaft (running wheel axle).
IM- PROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR RETARDING THE PROGRESS OF RAILWAY CARRIAGES AND TRAINS
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William King at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 28th July 1865.
I, WILLIAM KING, of Woodside, in the Parish of Finchley, in the County
of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IM-
PROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR RETARDING THE PROGRESS OF RAILWAY CARRIAGES
AND TRAINS," to be as follows:-
First. I apply to the top of the railway carriage a wind plate made of wood,
iron, or other suitable material attached thereto by joints permitting the said
wind plate to lay close to the top of the carriage, or to be raised and stand
upright across and at right angles or thereabouts to the top and length of the
carriage. To effect this movement of the wind plate an arm is fixed on and
projects therefrom, connected by suitable levers to a rod passing under the
carriage to a position that it may be acted upon by driver, guard, or other
person, who can at pleasure cause the said wind plate to be raised to the position
as above described.
Second. To the wind plate I attach by joints two rods which pass down the
end and near the sides of the carriage, and each rod is there connected to one
arm of a lever. To the other arm of the lever is affixed a break, so that when
the wind plate is raised the rods raise the arms of the levers to which they
are attached, and the arms to which the breaks are affixed are depressed,
bringing the breaks into contact with the wheels of the carriage.
The application of this Invention for the purpose intended is that when the
train of carriages is in motion, if it should be required to retard the same, the

page_text: driver, guard, or other person gives motion to the rod passing under the carriage,
which acts by the levers on the wind plate, raising it from the low position to
the upright one, thereby presenting a large area of resistance to the atmosphere
through which the carriage or train is passing and retards the progress thereof.
Further the breaks being acted upon through the levers by the wind plate
are applied to the wheels of the carriage, and further assists in retarding the
progress of the train.
A NEW AND IMPROVED COMPOUND TO BE EMPLOYED AS A DRINKING BEVERAGE
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION_left by Joachim Kaspary at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 12th December
1865. A communication from abroad by Eduard Dorn, of Koenigsberg,
in the Kingdom of Prussia, Apothecary.
I, JOACHIM KASPARY, of 6, Windsor Terrace, City Road, in the County of
Middlesex, Merchant, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "A NEW AND IMPROVED COMPOUND TO BE EMPLOYED AS A DRINKING BEVERAGE."
-A communication to me from abroad by Eduard Dorn, of Koenigsberg, in
the Kingdom of Prussia, Apothecary, to be as follows:-
The Invention is designed for the purpose of producing a palatable,
nutricious, and beneficial drinking beverage which shall by the amalgamation of
certain essences with syrup herein-after described have the flavour of raspberry,
citron, or ginger; these essences are severally given in the following formula :-
Raspberry essence. Take of dried raspberry cake one hundredweight, if salted
a little more, and saturate the same with about twenty quarts of clarified spirits,
(spiritum vini rectificatissimus); after leaving this mixture to steep for a short
time, add thereto from fifty to sixty quarts of filtered water, after which the
whole must be placed in a vessel over a slow fire and allowed to "simmer"
until about one-eighth the quantity is reduced. The essence of citron. The
peels or exterior coating of twenty-five new citrons are cut into small pieces

page_text: and steeped in sixty ounces of the spirit (spiritum vini rectificatissimus), to
this must be added twenty-four ounces of filtered water, the compound must
then be placed into a vessel and kept in a state of agitation for the space of
eight days, after which it must be filtered ready for use. The essence of
ginger. Take four ounces of ground ginger and steep it in twelve ounces of
spiritus vini rectificatissimus, then add twelve ounces of water and proceed as
in the last formula for citron. The syrup for amalgamation with essences
are composed as follows:-Boil one hundred pounds of the best sugar with
one hundred and twenty pounds of water, after which to produce the syrup it
must be strained through flannel. The raspberry beverage is now formed by
first coloring the syrup with the following mixture:-Dissolve one half ounce
of the finest carmine in two ounces of volatile spirits (amonium causticum
liquidium), after which dilute with four ounces of filtered water. The syrup
thus colored when cool must have about one pound of the raspberry essence
mixed with it at which time it is ready for use. The citron and ginger
essence are mixed in like manner with a similar syrup for producing their
necessary flavoured beverages.
IMPRO
Year: 1865

page_text: n;
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said James Brown'at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 7th April
1865.
I, JAMES BROWN, of Aldgate, in the City of London, Chemist, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED NAIL," to be as
follows;
This nail is intended chiefly for securing metal to metal, and, requires a
small circular or oval aperture to be made in the metal plates or articles into
which it is to be driven. My Invention consists in forming nails of steel
hardened metal, or of metal harder than that into which they are to be driven,
triangular in cross section, tapering, and terminating in an acuminated point..

page_text: Her Letters
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria,
Patent, bearing date the Seventh day of April, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and sixty-five, in the twenty-eight year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said James Brown, Her special licence that I, the said James Brown, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said James
Brown, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the
term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "AN IMPROVED NAIL," upon the
condition (amongst others) that I, the said James Brown, my executors or
administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their
hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the
said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause
the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months
next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said James Brown, do hereby declare the
nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed,
to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement
thereof, reference being had to the Drawings hereunto annexed, that is to
say:-
My Invention consists in forming nails of steel or hardened metal, or of metal
harder than that into which they are to be driven, triangular in cross section,
tapering, and terminating in an acuminated point as shewn in the accompany
ing Drawings, Figure 1 being an elevation, and Figure 2, a cross section of
one of my nails through the line a, b, of Figure 1. The nail is shewn with
à broad head, but it may be made to terminate at top in any form desired
My nails are intended chiefly for securing metal to metal, and require.
circular or oval aperture to be made in the metal plates or articles into which
they are to be driven.
In witness whereof, I, the said James Brown, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Seventh day of October, One thousand eigh
hundred and sixty-five.
IMPROVEMENTS IN SHIPS AND VESSELS
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Raymond Brassens and François
Alexandre le Mat at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with
their Petition, on the 7th February 1865.
We, RAYMOND BRASSENS, of Bordeaux, in the Empire of France, and
FRANÇOIS ALEXANDRE LE MAT, of Paris, in the same Empire, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN SHIPS AND
VESSELS," to be as follows:-
This Invention consists in constructing the after part of ships and vessels
as hereafter described; also in constructing ships and vessels with three keels;
whereby great stability is ensured.
The after part of the ships is constructed to receive two stern posts, each
of which is provided with a screw propeller, and carries a rudder worked
by one tiller. The central keel extends from the bow and runs aft parallel
with the other two keels, which extend from the stern to the two stern posts,
and the central keel terminates in the tunnel or arch formed between the two
stern posts.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PRODUCTION OF SURFACES BY MEANS OF PHOTOGRAPHY
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Michael Henry at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 15th August
1865. A communication from abroad by Henry Avet, of 33, Boulevart
Saint Martin, Paris, France.
I, MICHAEL HENRY, of 84, Fleet Street, in the City of London, Patent..
Agent, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN THE PRODUCTION OF SURFACES BY MEANS OF PHOTOGRAPHY," communicated to
me from abroad by Henry Avet, of 33, Boulevart Saint Martin, Paris, France,
to be as follows:--
This Invention relates to the production of printing surfaces and other
surfaces by photography. A negative is first prepared on a plate of glass or
other solid transparent or translucent material, and on its collodionized-or
coated side is spread a film of gelatine, gum, or other organic substance com-
bined with bichromate of potassa, sometimes first forming a border of wax or
like agent to retain the solution and define the thickness; the plate is then
placed flat to allow the film to dry sufficiently, and is then exposed to the
light on the non-collodionized side, or so that the light may act on the organic
substance through the glass or other plate, (sometimes presenting it so as only
to catch the vertical rays. Next, by means of the camera obscura the portions
of the film which the black and half tints have preserved from the action of
light are dissolved (when gelatine or gum is used this can be done by hot
water). When dry the subject will appear in relief. If the relief be insuf-
ficient the process may be repeated. Any antiphotogenic shade resulting
from the bichromate is removed. The subject being metallized by nitrate of

page_text: silver or other agent is then electrotyped, or an impression is sometimes first
taken in a plastic material (such as gutta percha with venice turpentine and
essence of turpentine) and then electrotyped; or it may be coated with metal or
otherwise. Sometimes instead of applying the film in solution it may be applied
in leaf or seales. Leaf gelatine or other agent in leaf may be sensitized by
immersion in a solution of bichromate of potassa. To produce an artificial
grain a drawing is made in fine white lines on a colored antiphotogenic back-
ground, or vice versa, preferring to use for the purpose a large frame covered
with black cloth, upon which white net is stretched. A photographic negative
is made by first photographing the grain and then the object, or vice versa,
reducing as required. The negative is then treated according to the above-
described method. A design of the grain may be obtained by making a
negative from a reduced drawing-in-black lines on white ground; it may be
used as a transparent), or applied on another negative with the collodionized
surfaces in contact:
IMPROVE- MENTS IN APPARATUS FOR PREVENTING EXPLOSIONS IN STEAM BOILERS
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Hocking at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 20th April
1865.
I, JOHN HOCKING, the younger, of Redruth, in the County of Cornwall,
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN APPARATUS FOR PREVENTING EXPLOSIONS IN STEAM BOILERS," to be as
follows:-
My Invention has reference to the class of steam boilers commonly known
"Cornish or "Lancashire" boilers, and consists in the adaptation and
application to the inner tube of such boilers of a valve fitted into a short pipe
or socket fixed in the crown or upper part of the tube, such valve being
opened by the collapsing of the tube, in the upper part of which the seat of
the valve is fixed. The valve is connected to a rod which passes through a
stuffing box fixed over a hole in the outer shell of the boiler, on the top of
which stuffing box is fixed a cross head through which the upper part of the
rod is passed. This upper part of the rod has a screw formed on it, and
there are two nuts, one over and the other under the crosshead, which engage
with the said screw, and by means of which the rod may be adjusted and the
valve secured in its seat as required. It is preferred that the valve should be
hemispherical or conical in order to prevent leakage, but its form may be
varied. It is also preferred that the valve should be composed of fusible
metal. In some cases it may be found desirable to apply more than one valve
to the crown of the tube.
AN IMPROVED SAFETY VALVE FOR STEAM. BOILERS
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Henry Hackett, and Thomas
Wrigley, and Edmund Pearson, at the Office of the Commissioners of
Patents, with their Petition, on the 11th September 1865.
We, HENRY HACKETT, of Warrington, in the County of Lancaster, and
THOMAS WRIGLEY, of Manchester, in the same County, Mechanical Engineers,
and EDMUND PEARSON, of the same Place, Agent, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED SAFETY VALVE FOR STEAM.
BOILERS," to be as follows:-
Our Invention relates to a novel construction and arrangement of safety-
valves, which is designed to prevent explosions in steam. boilers. from over
pressure of steam, and is particularly applicable. in checking any sudden
increase in the pressure, when there is not sufficient water in the boiler, by
instantaneously reducing the heat of the furnace..
The improved apparatus, termed a safety valve, consists of a cylinder or
tube secured to the top of the boiler, the top of this cylinder is supplied with
a plug or valve, which may be weighted to any pressure desirable above the
pressure of the ordinary steam safety valve. To the bottom flange of this
cylinder an induction tube or pipe is secured, which terminates in a bell
mouth some distance below the water line; the pressure in the boiler
constantly keeps this tube and cylinder. filled with water at a pressure
equal to the pressure of steam in the boiler,. and in. the event of such pressure
exceeding the pressure exerted by the weights on the improved valve, such
valve immediately rises and allows the water to pass from the boiler to the

page_text: furnace down a pipe, which may be taken through the boiler and secured to
the plates above the furnace, or may be arranged so as to conduct the water
and inject it on the furnace from behind the furnace door. The valve may be
arranged so as to allow both the pressure of water and steam to act upon it.
This may be arranged by having an internal cylinder for the pressure of
steam, and an external cylinder forming an annular space between them for
the water, which is forced into this annular space through an induction pipe
from the boiler, the outlet for the water for extinguishing the fire being made in
the outer cylinder, and covered by a projecting flange or cap of the steam
valve; thus when the pressure exceeds the weight of the valve, the steam
acting upon the valve up the internal cylinder, and the water exerting a
pressure on the under sider of the cap of the same valve in the annular space
formed by the inner and outer cylinder causes such valve to rise and expose
the opening communicating with the furnace through which the water rushes,
and puts out the fire. A cock or tap is connected to the valve in order to
test from time to time the working condition of the apparatus.
PRODUCING A LIGHT APPLICABLE TO PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES, TO LIGHTHOUSES, AND TO OTHER ILLUMINATIONS
Year: 1865

page_text: of the Commissioners of Patents, with his retition, on the
1865.
I, PROSPERO CARLEVARIS, of Genoa, in the Kingdom of Italy, Professor of
Chemistry, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "PRODUCING
A LIGHT APPLICABLE TO PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES, TO LIGHTHOUSES, AND TO OTHER
ILLUMINATIONS," to be as follows:-
The process whereby this light can be obtained is founded upon the
following scientific principles:
1. The infusibility of oxide of magnesium at the very highest temperature.
2. The property that the said oxide has of being volatilized but in the
smallest quantity, in a flame of oxygen and hydrogen mixed together, and
without imparting any colour to that flame.
3. The property that the same oxide has of spreading, on being placed
within the flame of the said combination of gases, an intense, bright, and
constant light, and which is admirably suitable to photography and general
illumination.
4. The property that many magnesian salts, and particularly chlorid of
magnesium and carbonate of magnesia, have of leaving on being decomposed
at such high temperature as is produced by burning together oxygen and
hydrogen gases some oxide of spongy magnesium.
Starting from these principles to obtain the light spoken of, the process is
as follows: A piece of chlorid of magnesium, larger or smaller according to
the effects of light required, is placed upon a small prism of gas-retort

page_text: coal, and upon it, through a small tube purposely made, the flame of the oxy-
hydrogen gas (the mixture of oxygen and hydrogen) is directed; or a prism,
or even a small and well compressed cylinder of carbonate of magnesia is
placed within the flame from the same mixed gases. The chlorid of mag-
nesium or the carbonate of magnesia is directly decomposed and resolved
into oxide of spongy magnesium, from which the intense, bright, fixed, and
constant light comes forth, causing all the chemical phenomena of diffused
sun light.
The gases of the said combination, which are pure hydrogen, or even
ordinary illumination gas, and pure oxygen or even atmospherical air, flow
separately from two different gasometers, and are mixed only in a very small
tube at the end of the pipes. They can be prepared in the ordinary way
when wanted in small quantities; if wanted in a large scale, pure hydrogen
is prepared by causing steam to pass over incandescent charcoal. Oxygen is
prepared with manganese and hypochlorite of lime, with manganese and silicio
acid, or with dry sulphate of iron, the products of whose decomposition are
caused to pass upon platinated pumicestone, turning to profit the sulphurous
acid resulting from the process to the preparation of sulphites.
My Invention, therefore, consists in producing a light by placing the oxide
of spongy magnesium in a flame produced by a mixture of oxygen and
hydrogen.
AN IMPROVED APPLICATION OF ROTATING BRUSHES, AND IN THE MECHANISM AND APPARATUS CONNECTED THERE- WITH
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Drinkwater at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 1st April
1865.
I, JOHN DRINKWATER, of Dukinfield, in the County of Chester, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED APPLICATION OF
ROTATING BRUSHES, AND IN THE MECHANISM AND APPARATUS CONNECTED THERE-
WITH," to be as follows:-
The improvements consist in the application of rotating brushes to
'grooming" or brushing horses and other quadrupeds, for which purpose flat
brushes are now employed, and the peculiarity in the mechanism consists in
the employment of a thin hollow cylinder or drum attached to the driving
shaft by means of light arms or carriers, and covered or coated on its peri-
phery with a surface of leather, india-rubber composition, or cloth, in which
the bristles are to be secured instead of in the wood, as in ordinary brushes.
The brush may be caused to rotate by hand by securing a spur wheel on the
end of the driving shaft and gearing a larger wheel into it, which may be
driven by a handle projecting therefrom, or bevil wheels may be used, or a
band and pulley may be adapted, so as to be driven by steam or other power.
The apparatus is supported in the hand by means of handles projecting from
the central shaft.
AN IMPROVEMENT IN THE MANUFACTURE OF STEEL CASTINGS
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by George Taylor and John Fernie
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their Petition, on
the 18th November 1865.
We, GEORGE TAYLOR and JOHN FERNIE, both of Leeds, in the County
of York, Iron and Steel Manufacturers, do hereby declare the nature of
the said Invention for "AN IMPROVEMENT IN THE MANUFACTURE OF STEEL
CASTINGS," to be as follows:-
Heretofore great inconvenience in the casting of steel has arisen from
the metal not filling up some parts of the mould in consequence of gases
being retained in it. Again, by the present methods crystals are formed
in the cooling of the steel.
Now our method obviates both of these defects.
Our Invention consists in imparting numerous percussive blows to the
box in which the casting is being effected and in sustaining those blows
from the moment the steel is run in until it is set. The percussion agitates
the steel, keeps it longer alive, sends it into all the corners and parts of
the mould, and prevents the formation of crystals.
IMPROVEMENTS IN SCREW WRENCHES
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Hector Auguste Dufrené at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 20th
September 1865.-A communication from Monsieur Charles Bourquin,
residing at Faubourg St. Martin, St. Dié Vosges, in the Empire of France.
I, HECTOR AUGUSTE DUFRENÉ, of the General Patent Offices, 10, Rue de
la Fidélité, Paris, in the Empire of France, and 4, South Street, Finsbury,
London, Civil Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN SCREW WRENCHES," to be as follows, that is to say :-
The Invention consists in the improved construction of a key, catch, or
wrench for tightening screw nuts of any form or dimensions. This key or
wrench consists, firstly, of two jaws, one of which is made so as to slide in a
groove in the other jaw, so that it may recede from or approach it without
losing its parallel position. Secondly, of an arm or lever turning round a
fixed axis, and carrying a small knob at its extremity, which knob enters a
small slot in the lower part of the moveable jaw, in suchwise that the lever in.
turning carries with it the moveable jaw, and causes it to recede from or
approach the fixed jaw. Thirdly, of a spring coiled round the pin which
forms the axis of the lever, which spring, fixed at its extremity on the end of
the lever, has just the necessary strength for constantly bringing back the
moveable jaw to its minimum distance from the fixed jaw. Now, if a square
or six-sided nut be introduced between the jaws of the wrench, and the arm
be turned in the direction of right to left to tighten the nut, the moveable jaw
will be constantly pressed against the side of the nut by the knob of the

page_text: lever, and consequently the more pressure there is on the lever more the jaw
will tighten the side of the screw nut. When the nut has been turned a
sixth of a revolution, by pressing on the lever in the direction of left to right
the lever will naturally move away the moveable jaw, so that the latter being
no longer supported against the side of the screw nut, except by the very
slight power of the spring, will slide or keep at such a distance as to pass the
angle of the nut, and this angle being passed it takes hold of the two following
sides of the nut, which sides can be worked as the two first, and so on until
the nut is sufficiently tightened.