IMPROVEMENTS IN WINDOW SASHES AND FRAMES, AND IN THE FASTENING OF WINDOW SASHES
Year: 1840

page_text: TO ALL TO
THESE PRES
T'S SHALL COME, 1, HEZEKIAI
MARSHALL, of the City of Canterbury, Architect, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at West-
minster, the Fourteenth day of January, in the third year of Her reign, did,
for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said Heze-
kiah Marshall, Her especial licence, full power, sole privilege and authority,
that I, the said Hezekiah Marshall, my exors, adñiors, and assigns, or such
others as I, the said Hezekiah Marshall, my exors, adñiors, or assigns, should
at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
during the term of years therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-
upon-Tweed, my Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN WINDOW SASHES AND
FRAMES, AND IN THE FASTENING OF WINDOW SASHES;" in which said Letters
Patent is contained a proviso that I, the said Hezekiah Marshall, shall cause
a particular description of the nature of the Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, to be inrolled in Her said Majesty's High Court
of Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately after the date
of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference
being thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Hezekiah Marshall, do hereby declare the nature of my Invention, and the man-
ner in which the same is to be performed, are fully described and ascertained

page_text: in and by the following statement thereof, reference being had to the Draw-
ing hereunto annexed, and to the figures and letters marked thereon (that is
to say): :―
My Invention relates,-
First, to improvements in the construction of the lower rails of the bottom
sashes of windows in combination with the portion of sills over or on to which
the lower rails of the bottom sashes close.
Secondly, my Invention relates to the forming a groove or throat to the
under side of the lower or meeting rails of upper sashes.
Thirdly, my Invention relates to certain constructions of fastening for
window sashes.
And,
Fourthly, my Invention relates to the mode of constructing the frames of
friction rollers for window sashes.
And in order to give the best information in my power, I will proceed to
describe the Drawings hereunto annexed.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
Figure 1 represents the lower part of an ordinary sash and its frame,
together with the sill, the parts being shewn in section. Figure 2 shews a
similar section of the lower part of a sash and frame to that shewn at
Figure 1; but Figure 2 also shows part of the upper sash and frame. And
such parts of sashes shew the nature of my first and second improvements.
which have for their object means of preventing wet being blown into the
room to which such window sashes may be applied.
The first improvements being shewn at a, b, and c, in Figures 1 and 2, and
consist in the mode of forming the lower rail of the bottom sash, and the part
of the sill. over or on which the lower rail closes. It will be seen that
the inside lower part of the rail is sloped or curved from a to a', from
thence it rises perpendicular, and then inclines inwards to an angle corre-
sponding with the inclined step formed on the bottom bead, this latter part
being with a view to the sash shutting close on to the bead, whilst the part a
to a¹ is to aid in preventing the wet beating or being blown in; b is a groove
formed in the outside face of the sill; hence, if any wet be driven under the
lower rail at a, it would be forced against the groove b, and would be deflected
off by the upper surface of such groove, and thus prevent its rising to the bead.
And in order to ensure the exclusion of wet in that direction, a second groove
is added at c, and thus any wet which possibly may pass the first groove b
will in passing upwards be forced against the upper surface of the groove c,
and be deflected downwards, and thus will the wet be more effectually excluded
from entering when passing under the lower rail of the bottom sash.

page_text: I will now describe the second part of my Juvention, which relates to the
forming or applying a groove or "throat to the under surface of the lower
rail of the upper sash. d represents such groove, and from the well-known
effect of the use of what are called "throats" in various parts of buildings, by
their application to the upper sashes of windows, the wet running down
from the outside of the window and coming on to the under side of the
lower or meeting rail, will not be driven between the meeting rails, as
heretofore.
I will now describe the third part of my Invention. Figure 3 shews suffi-
cient of the parts in section of the upper and lower sashes of a window as will
enable me to describe the construction and application of one arrangement of
fastening for window sashes, which in addition to acting as a fastening to the
sliding or moving of the sashes until released from the fastening, and it also
acts as a means of preventing the shaking of the sashes. Figure 4 shews a
front and edge view of so much of the fastening as is applied to the upper
sash. Figure 5 shews a plan, front view, and an edge view of the part of the
fastening which is applied to the lower sash. Figure 6 shews a front view of
parts of the upper and lower sashes, having their respective parts of the
fastening applied thereto, and this Figure also shews the part of fastening which
is applied to the side bead; and Figure 7 shows a front view and an edge
view separately of so much of the fastening as is applied to the side bead of
the window; and it should be stated that I usually apply a fastening to each
side of the window sashes on the side thereof. e is a plate which is affixed to
the side rail of the upper sash by screws, a portion of the sash being removed
at the back of the plate, as is shewn in the Drawing. In the plate e is
formed a long slit or opening, which is partly closed by the smaller plate f
which moves on an axis at the upper part thereof, as is clearly shown in the
Drawing, and the smaller plate or covering to the opening or slit in the plate
e is constantly pressed outwards by a spring at the back; but the plate or
cover of the opening is prevented coming through the plate e by projections
at the lower end of the plate or cover f. The plate or cover f does not close
the whole of the opening in the plate e, but leaves a space large enough to
receive the bolt g, which is carried by the plate h affixed to the lower sash, as
is clearly shewn in the Drawing, there being portion of the sash cut away
under the plate h in order to receive the bolts and parts connected therewith.
The bolt g is at all times pressed in a direction away from the upper sash,
hence when the lower sash is up, the bolt is pushed by its spring as far as it
can go from the upper sash. i is an inclined or curved projecting plate, which
is capable of being slided back the knob or handle j. which is affixed to
a

page_text: the sliding bolt, to which the inclined plate i is affixed; & is a spring on a
second sliding bolt of the inclined plate i, by which the bolt and its inclined
plate are constantly pressed in a direction outwards, so that the inclined plate
may stand in the way of the bolt g. The sliding bolts of the inclined plate
move in holes formed in a projection at the back of the plate 7, the nature of
which plate, and the mode of affixing it to the side bead of the window, are
clearly shewn in the Drawing. And it will readily be understood from the
foregoing description, aided by the Drawings, that supposing the sashes to be
closed, as shewn at Figure 3, neither the upper nor the lower sash could be
moved until the inclined plate i is slided into its plate or frame 1, and thus
be got out of the way of the end of the bolt g, when the bolt g will be moved
by its spring away from the upper sash, and thus leave the upper and lower
sashes free to be opened; and supposing the lower sash to have been raised,
and the upper sash in its place, then in again closing the lower sash the bolt
would pass down the inclined plate i, and press against the cover f, and
force it inwards until the bolt gets below the small plate or cover f. when that
cover would be forced out and close the opening in the plate e, and thus
would the plate or cover f, the bolt g, and the inclined plate i, again become
the means of preventing the sashes being opened.
Figure 8 shews another modification of the part of the apparatus which is
affixed to the side bead of the window; in this case the inclined plate i is
forced in by pressing against the bead, which in this case does not pass through
a slit or opening through the plate 1, as in the former case, but the bead is
applied to the plate i; in other respects this part of the fastening is similar to
that shewn and described at Figure 7 and the other Figures.
Figures 9 and 10 shew an edge view and a front view of similar apparatus
to that shewn in Figures 7 and 8, it being modified in order to work with a
cord, which is desirable when the sashes are at a height which cannot be con-
veniently got at. In Figures 9 and 10 the parts are similar in their combina-
tion to those in Figure 7, but in this case there is applied a forked and bent
lever m, which moves on a fulcrum at m', and the fork receives the projecting
stud on which the head or handle is affixed within it, and at the end of the
lever m a cord m² is affixed, by drawing down of which into the position of the
dotted lines, the plate i will be drawn back and be out of the way of the bolt
g. Figure 11 shows a section of part of the meeting rails of two sashes, with
a fastening applied thereto for the purpose of preventing the shaking or
vibration of the sashes. Figure 12 is part of a front view of the same parts.
Figure 13 shews separate views of an inclined plate; and Figure 14 shews
separate views of the spring fastening used therewith. n represents a curved

page_text: projecting inclined plate which is affixed to the plate n'; and such plate is
aflixed by screws to the side bead of the window. o is a plate which is affixed
to the sash, as shewn in Figures 11 and 12, there being a recess formed in
the wood to allow of movement of the spring catch p, which is a stud passing
through the plate o, and such stud is affixed to a spring 7 at the back of the
plate o. In shutting the sashes the stud p will be pressed against the inclined
plate n, and cause the inner and lower sash to be pressed outwards, and thus
tend to prevent the vibration now so common to sashes. I apply one of these
fastenings to each side of the window.
Figure 15 shews another fastening constructed according to my Invention,
and is intended to be applied at or about the centre of two sashes." r is the
plate which is to be affixed to the upper sash; and s the plate which is to be
affixed to the lower sash; t, t, are two catches or plates which are respectively
affixed at one of their ends to the plates r or s, there being sufficient space
between the plates t, t, and r, s, in order to the lever bolt v passing under the
plates or catches t. The lever bolt v moves on an axis at w, and is readily
moved into the position shewn in the Drawing by means of the handle v¹
aflixed at one end of the lever bolt v, there being a spring around the axis w,
and affixed thereto and to the lever bolt v, by which the bolt when at liberty
will at all times stand in the position shewn by the dotted lines; such spring,
however, is not shewn in the Drawing, it being hid by the case formed on the
under side of the lever bolt v. a is a spring catch passing through the plate s.
This spring catch holds the lever bolt so long as the fastening is required to
hold the sashes from being opened, and when it is desired to open the sashes
the spring catch a is depressed by pressing on the projecting stud y, which is
affixed to the spring a' of the catch a; and the spring is affixed at one end
of the under side of the plates, all which will readily be understood on
examining the Drawing.
Figure 16 shews a front view, a section, and an edge view of a friction
roller to be applied to sashes in order to improve their action when being
raised or lowered. y is the plate having projecting plates y¹ at the back, which
receive the axis of the roller, and it will be seen that the side plates y¹ are
made considerably deeper than the friction roller =, hence, when let into the
wood of the side rails of the sashes, as shewn at Figure 17, there will be no
possibility of the rollers being impeded in their action by the wood coming in
contact with the rollers, it being necessary to cut away sufficient depth to
insert the side plates y, and as they are deeper than the rollers the rollers are
sure to run free.
Having thus described my Invention, I would have it understood that what
I claim as the Invention secured by the above-recited Letters Patent is,

page_text: First, the mode of constructing the lower rails of sashes and the surface
of the sill, as is described in respect to the parts a, b, and c, Figures 1 and 2.
Secondly, I claim the application of a groove to the lower rail of the upper
sashes of windows, as described and shewn at d, in Figure 2.
Thirdly, I claim the mode of constructing a fastening for window sashes, as
described in respect to the parts f, g, i, and parts connected therewith, as
described in Figures 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10.
Fourthly, I claim the mode of constructing a fastening for window sashes,
as described in respect to the parts n and p, and the parts connected therewith,
as described in Figures 11, 12, 18, and 14.
Fifthly, I claim the mode of constructing a fastening for window sashes,
described in respect to Figure 15.
And, lastly, I claim the mode of constructing the frame of friction rollers
for window sashes, as described in respect to Figures 16 and 17.
In witness whereof, I, the said Hezekiah Marshall, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Thirteenth day of July, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and forty