IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR SHAPING MALLEABLE MATERIALS
Year: 1868

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Joseph Davies, of High Park Road, Smethwick,
near Birmingham, Mechanical Engineer, for the Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR SHAPING MALLEABLE MATERIALS AND
Sealed the 30th June 1868, and dated the 20th January 1868.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Joseph Davies, at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 20th January 1868.
J, JOSEPH DAVIES, of High Park Road, Smethwick, near Birming-
ham, Mechanical Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR SHAPING MALLEABLE
MATERIALS AND IN APPARATUS FOR CONSTRUCTING THE SAME," to be as
follows:-
The chief object of my Invention is to facilitate the forming or
shaping of metals into a variety of forms and of varying diameters in
their lengths, such as wood and other screws, coupling screws, bolts,
rivets, spindles, pillars or columns, railway wagon and other axles,
Price 8d 1

page_text: hooks, shackles, links, horse-shoes, stay and tie rod ends, dress pins,
and various other articles.
In performing my Invention I employ a roller and shell having its
inner surface semicircular or concave, or I use two rollers; the distance
from the inside of the shell to the roller, or the space between the two,
is equal to the diameter of the object that has to be shaped or formed.
The roller receives rotary or semi-rotary motion from any suitable
arrangement, or driving or hand gear, and to it is fitted a cam for the
purpose of actuating a lever which liberates the blanks from a hopper.
The hopper is made with a sliding shutter to allow at each stroke one
of the blanks to fall from the hopper into the space between the roller
and the shell, consequently whatever form or shape is on the surfaces
of the roller and shell the same is impressed upon the surface of the
piece of metal operated upon. When the article to be produced is
required to be pointed a small die is placed for that purpose near the
shell. For larger objects the blank or piece of metal is brought upon
a table, and by the action of levers and shears the bars of metal may
be taken direct from a rolling mill and cut into suitable lengths, and
then the feeding apparatus draws them along the table and they fall
between the roller and shell. In shaping and bending hooks, shackles,
links, and other articles, the mechanism consists of a mandril and two
rollers, to which rectilinear and semi-rotary motion is given by cranks
or other equivalents. The shape cut out of the rollers forms the outside
and the mandril is the shape of the inside of the article; or one roller
may have the form of any article cast or engraved in it and the
corresponding form on one side of the mandril; the other roller in this
case is made plain and is used as a support to the mandril, or both
rollers can be used without the mandril, or the mandril may have a
suitable surface to work in conjunction with a corresponding surface,
and be kept up to its work by a blank roller.
And my Invention is also for improvements in tools for shaping the
rollers and shells, which consist of a bed plate, on which are fastened
a headstock and compound slide rest, which latter receives motion or
direction from cams or templates, whereby the forms of the cams or
templates are transmitted through levers, shafts, screws, and tools, to
the surface of the rollers and shells.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Joseph Davies in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 18th July 1868.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOSEPH
DAVIES, of High Park Road, Smithwick, near Birmingham, Mechanical
Engineer, send greeting.
year
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twentieth day of January, in the
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight, in the thirty-
first year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs, and successors, give
and grant unto me, the said Joseph Davies, Her special license, that
I, the said Joseph Davies, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or
such others, as I, the said Joseph Davies, my executors, administrators,
and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time
to time, and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and
Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR SHAPING
MALLEABLE MATERIALS AND IN APPARATUS FOR CONSTRUCTING THE SAME, upon
the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Joseph Davies, my
executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my,
or their, or one of their bands and seals, should particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the
same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great
Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately
after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Joseph Davies, do hereby declare
the; nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by
the following statement, that is to say :-
The chief object of my Invention is to facilitate the shaping of
metals into a variety of forms and of various diameters in their lengths,
such as wood and other screws, coupling screws, bolts, rivets, spindles,
pillars or columns, railway wagon and other axles, hooks, shackles,
links, horse-shoes, stay and tie rod ends, dress pins, and other, articles.
In performing my Invention 1 employ a roller and shell or die having

page_text: 65
"
its inner surface semicircular or concave, or I use two rollers, the
distance from the inside of the die to the roller, or the space between
the two rollers is equal to the diameter of the object that has to be
shaped or formed. The roller receives rotary or semi-rotary motion
from any suitable arrangement of driving or hand gear, and to it is
fitted a cam for the purpose of actuating a lever which liberates the
blanks" from a hopper which is made with a sliding shutter to allow
one of the blanks to fall from it into the space between the roller, and
the die at each stroke of the sliding shutter, consequently whatever form
or shape is engraved or otherwise produced on the surfaces of the roller
and die, the same is impressed upon the surface of the piece of metal
operated upon in passing between them. When the article to be produced
is required to be pointed, as in screws, the die is made of a corresponding
shape. For larger objects, such as rails or pillars and others, the
"blank'
or piece of metal is brought upon a table, and by the action
of levers and shears, the bars of metal may be taken direct from a rolling
mill and cut into suitable lengths, and then by the feeding apparatus
they are drawn along the table and fall between the roller and die. In
shaping and bending hooks, shackles, links, and other articles, the
mechanism consists of a mandril and two rollers to which rectilinear
and semi-rotary motion is given by cranks or other equivalents. The
shape cut out of the rollers forms the outside and the mandril is the
shape of the inside of the article, or one roller may have the form of
any article cut or engraved in it, and the corresponding form on one side
of the mandril, the other roller in this case is made plain and is used as
a support to the mandril, or both rollers can be used without the mandril,
or the mandril may have a suitable surface to work in conjunction
with a corresponding surface and be kept up to its work by a blank
roller.
And my Invention is also for improvements in tools for shaping the
rollers and dies, which tools consist of a bed plate on which is fastened
a headstock and compound slide rest, which latter receives motion or
direction from cams or templates, whereby the forms of the cams or
templates are transmitted through levers, shafts, screws, and tools to the
surface of the rollers and dies.
And in order that my Invention may be fully understood, I will
proceed to describe the accompanying five Sheets of Drawings.
The various views on Sheet 1 exhibit a full sized machine arranged

page_text: for shaping the screw on the blanks as they leave or are delivered from
the heading machine or machines.
Fig. 1 is a front elevation of my improved screw shaping machine;
Fig. 2, an end elevation; Fig. 3, a plan with the hopper removed, and
Fig. 4 is a sectional elevation of the same.
;
a is the frame or head stock, a¹ and a2 are screws for adjusting the
bearings of the roller b, on which is cut a screw of the pitch and form
required; c is the die which has a concave screwed surface of the
corresponding form but not in the same direction as that upon the
roller b; the roller b is mounted in bearings in the headstock a, and the
die c is fixed to the headstock a at a proper distance from the roller b
to suit the diameter of the screw to be operated upon between them
the die c is adjustable by the wedge piece d and screw d', and it is held
in its proper position by set screws d2 and d³; the roller is provided
with studs b¹, see Fig. 3, to hold the screw blank, and a gap or space 64,
see Fig. 4, for the purpose of sending out any object that may fall
accidentally in the machine; at one end of the roller b is fitted a cam 65
giving motion to a lever or catch 66 which is secured on the end of a small
shaft e passing through the headstock a, aud has fastened upon it the
double lever c¹, see Fig. 4, which is kept in its position by the spring e³
and joint e3; h is the hopper for the reception of the blanks, this hopper
is screwed by screws f to the headstock a; k¹ is a flat bolt or shutter
sliding in the hopper h, see Fig. 4; 2 is a spring which keeps the
shutter up to close the bottom of the hopper h; 3 is the cap or lid
secured to the hopper , and which keeps the shutter and spring /³ in
their places; 4 is a guard to prevent the blanks from falling out of the
hopper which is open on one side, see Fig. 1. The double lever e¹ has
three notches, see Fig. 3, to allow the studs b' on the roller to pass or
revolve uninterruptedly in case the double lever e¹ should at any time
be out of order; g₁ shews the position of the blank at the commencement
of the operation, and g shews the blank at the bottom of the hopper h
ready for the next operation. By this means as soon as the feeding
lever 6 is released by the cam 65, its end nips the blank between it
and the studs and holds the blank until it is gripped between the
roller and the die c, at the same time preventing the next blank from
falling from the hopper, and holding the shutter in its box until the
cam has lifted the feeding lever into its first position, at that time the
shutter h¹ closes the hopper until the arrival of the studs 61 when the

page_text: shutter is pushed back to allow another blank to drop, and the
operation is repeated upon the next blank. It is evident that whatever
form or shape is on the surfaces of the roller b and die c, the same is
impressed upon the circumference of the blank. When the screws
or other articles are required to be pointed or made of various lengths
moveable dies are used as shewn in dotted lines c¹ at Fig. 4.
On Sheet 2, Fig. 5 is a front elevation of a double or compound
shaping machine for heavy and light work combined; Fig. 6 is an
end elevation; Fig. 7, a plau, and Fig. S a sectional end elevation of the
same.
On Sheet 3, Fig. 9 is an end view of the same machine shewing the
manner adapted to suit short objects with shears combined, as shewn in
dotted lines in Fig. 5; Fig. 10 is a front view; Fig. 11, a plan of the
same.
Figs. 12, 13, 14, and 15 are views of die and roller for forming or shaping
rivets and screws of any required length.
Figs. 16 and 17 represent a roller and die for shaping screw threads.
Figs. 18, 19, 20, and 21 are views of dies and roller for shaping hooks
and shackles.
Fig. 22 represents a roller for making twelve rivets at one operation,
and Fig. 23 exhibits the form of a roller for making railway wagon
axles. The ribs or curves project a little from the body of the rollers
and inside of the dies, the narrowest part is the starting point of the.
roller and die, and these parts coincide when the blank is being operated
upon. When the blank is rolling between the two the curves meet equally
and operate on the blank, thereby preventing distortion.
In Figs. 5 to 11, a is the bed plate on which the other parts of the
machine are mounted; b is a strong plate or back which is secured to
the bed a by bolts, and to the frames or standards: c and c¹, having their
caps in front for enabling the roller e to be taken out readily for
changing. The standard c¹ is movable to suit any length of roller or
die. The plate is set upon its edge forming a back or support for
the dies, and it has a T groove to admit of bolts to secure the
wedge brackets 62, see Figs. 5 and 7. The wedges 63, see Fig. 8, are
for the purpose of adjusting the dies to the rollers, and c² are screws
to adjust the roller bearings. In Fig. 5 is a roller exhibiting the

page_text: form of a pillar upon it; at oue end of this roller is the wabbler to
receive the coupling box e¹; 2 is the driving shaft; d is a standard
supporting the plummer block d' and bracket d²; e³, see Fig. 6, is an
eccentric; et is a rod and strap for communicating an oscillating motion
to the shaft h by means of the lever h¹. The shaft h has a key groove
in it, and the levers are fitted on this shaft to give motion to the
feeding lever h°; the lever is adjustable at 10. The bar supported
by the arms and k, and the hooks are to suspend the lever ho when
it is not in operation. The shaft i is to carry the supporting hooks i¹
and 2, which are to prevent any blank being admitted except at the
proper time when they are acted upon by the studs e¹ projecting from
the roller e; g is the feed table on which the blanks are laid, this table
has two T grooves and two guards 4, which are adjustible to any
length of blank; y are brackets secured to the caps of the standards c
and 1, to support the bars gs; gll, are bars on which the finished work
rolls away. The standards c and c¹ have cast to them the brackets ca
which support the die f; el, are dogs to steady. the die f; c¹, are
movable dogs or poppits to set up the outer die f¹ firmly to the
standard el; eo, are set screws to adjust the die f longitudinally, the
outer roller e², see Figures 9 and 10, is keyed on the end of the roller e;
7 is the feed lever for the end shaper; this feed lever is carried on its
return stroke by the stud which slides along the rail raising it above
the blank sheared, and when at the extremity of the rail the feed lever
falls behind the blank, it draws the blank up to the end of the table 1,
the stud lifts up the point and lets it fall to the position shewn in
Figure 9 to receive the stud at the return stroke of the feed lever, the
other adjustable stud in the feed lever is to move the supporting hook 6,
and to allow the blank to enter the space between the roller and shell;
s is the shear head; 8, the crank pin or eccentric secured to the roller
e; is the connecting rod; 83, the shear arm; s, the pin passing
through the head and arm; & is a guage which is adjustable to any
length of blank required; and is a balanced lever to support the end
of the bar for the convenience of shearing. For larger objects the blank
is brought upon a table, and by the combined action of levers, which for
some purposes are self-acting, and shears of peculiar construction, the
bars are taken direct from the rolling mill before they are allowed to
cool and sheared into suitable lengths, at the same time the feeding
apparatus draws them along to the end of the table when they fall
between the roller and die which turn out finished work without scrap or

page_text: additional heat. For heavy work the feeding gear is disengaged at every
operation.
On Sheet 4, Fig. 24 is a front elevation of my improved bending and
shaping machine; Fig. 25, a side view; Fig. 26, a back elevation; Fig. 27,
a plan of the same; Fig. 28 is a section on the line y, y, of Fig. 24, and
Fig. 29 is an enlarged view of the rollers and mandril shewing the operation
of bending and shaping shackles.
a, a, are the standards; a¹, the stay rods; a², are adjusting screws for
the bearings of the rollers e and e¹; b is the crank shaft at each end of
which is fixed a crank plate c and d. The speed pulley b' and pinion b²,
revolve freely upon the crank shaft, and power is communicated to the
pulley by a belt. The pinion 2 transmits motion through the wheel b
to the shaft b, and the pinion gives motion to the crank shaft
through the crank plate c which has a spur wheel cast to it. The crank
pin c¹ is secured by a nut and steel collar to the T groove in the crank
plate c, and to this crank pin is jointed the connecting rod c which
works the connecting pin c secured in a slot of the crank arm c³ keyed
on the axle of the roller e, thereby imparting a reciprocating motion to
the roller e, which motion is transferred to the roller e¹ through the
medium of the pinions e and es. The smaller crank plate d has a
Tgroove in which is secured the crank pin d' on which is jointed
the connecting rod d³ which communicates motion to the slide d' by the
pin d. The slide d' works in guides do, and it is provided with a socket
in which the mandril d is fitted and kept home by a strong spring do,
collar, and cap d", the spring is to compensate for any inequalities
that may arise in the return stroke of the mandril ds; f is a forked
spindle through which a lever f¹, see Figure 28 passes, this spindle
receives a reciprocating motion from a spiral groove or inclined cam e³,
projecting from the pinion ³, see Figs. 25 and 25; f is a friction roller
working on a pin fastened in the lever f¹, and f³ is a joint to which is
suspended a weight which serves to return the spindle finto its position
after the came has passed. The shape cut out of the rollers e and e¹
forms the outside of the shackle or other article, and the mandril ds is the
shape of the inside of the same. To bend a shackle one end of the rough
blank is placed on one roller and the other end upon the other, as shewn
by dots in Fig. 29. The mandril being at the extremity of its up stroke,
as the mandril commences its down stroke and the rollers rotate the
shackle is gradually bent to its shape, and when the mandril has reached

page_text: the extremity of its down stroke, the end or edges of the shackle are
flattened by the pressure they receive between the mandril and the
rollers. The mandril with the rollers return to their first position, and
the completed shackle is removed from the mandril by a forked rod, and
drops on to the floor or into a suitable receptacle. The shackle when
cold is drilled, thereby dispensing with forging; another blank for a
shackle is then placed on the rollers as before described, and the action
is again repeated, the rollers and mandril are so arranged that they may
be changed for others of any desired form or shape, or one roller may
have the form of any object cut or engraved in it and the corresponding
form on one side of the mandril; the other roller in this case is made
plain and is used as a support to the mandril, or both rollers can be used
without the mandril; again the mandril may have a suitable surface to
work in conjunction with a corresponding surface and be kept up to its
work by a blank roller.
I will now proceed to describe the apparatus for constructing the
shells and rollers above referred to.
On Sheet 5, Fig. 30 represents a front elevation of the apparatus ;
Fig. 31 is a plan; Fig. 32 an end view; and Fig. 33 an end sectional
elevation of the same.
Fig. 34 is a plan of the boring apparatus; Fig. 35 is a part section;
and Fig. 36 an end section of the same; Figs. 37 and 38 are other
sections of the same, and Fig. 39 is an end elevation of the cam poppit
connected to the boring apparatus shewn on Fig. 34.
a is the bed plate of the apparatus; 6, the compound slide rest; d, the
headstock; e, the driving pulleys; e¹, bevel wheels transmitting motion
to shaft e², on which is secured a worm e³ gearing into wheels e and e; ;
the wheel e5 is firmly secured to the main spindle f, and the wheel e° is
fitted and made adjustable by screws to the bush g, working on the fixed
stude; g, the cam bush for the movements parallel to the slide rest h,
and boring apparatus i; is the die cam or profile poppit. The bed
plate a has T grooves, a¹ and a², for enabling the bearing a³ to be moved
to any distance required from the bearing a'; these bearings are secured
by bolts to the bed a and to the slide rest b, which has a T-groove b¹
extending the whole length of the rest. The slot holes as in the bed a
are for the purpose of securing to it the dies to be operated upon. The
compound slide rest b has a table cast with it to fix any template or

page_text: bar 62, see Fig. 31, upon it; this template guides the tool over the
surface of the roller to be turned; against the template 2 presses a steel
roller 63 which turns on a centre or pin and is secured to the slide '65;
this slide has a notch on its under side to admit of 'the end of the lever be
to give it motion; the lever 66 slides along the shaft 67 on a key groove
cut the entire length of the rest 6 and works in bearings at each end
of the rest and in a bearing d¹ in the headstock d; this shaft 67 has also
bearings in the cross slide 610 which keep it steady and prevent deflection,
they also keep the lever 66 in its proper place, so that when the tool t is
required to be moved the whole of the cross slide moves along the rest b.
The shaft 67 is caused to oscillate and gives motion to the slide 65 cor-
responding to the cam or template fixed on the end of the spindle f
through the lever f¹, which has a steel roller f2 at its forked end held
against the cam or template by the weight f3 suspended to the lever f¹
by the rod. The forms of any cam, eccentric, or template are in this
manner transmitted through the shaft 67 and lever 66 to the double
slide 65 and to the tool t, consequently the object being turned will
receive the same form. The nut 618, shewn in dotted lines in Fig. 31,
works in a bearing in the slide 610 and is turned round by wheels biz
and 613; the wheel 612 is keyed on the spindle 6, and the wheel 613 is
fixed on the nut 618. The spindle 6 is square at 'the end to receive a
.handle and works in the bush 615 secured to the slide 6. The screw 616
of the nut 618 is stationary for some operations, but it is adapted to
receive change wheels for screw cutting; it also receives motion parallel
to the rest b, being connected in the box g¹ at the forked end of the
lever and working in the bearing d²; the motion is transmitted to the
screw 618 from the bush g on which a cam or profile is fixed acting on
the roller go of the forked lever 95 fixed to the shaft 73; 'this shaft works
in bearings secured to the bed a. The roller is kept in contact with
the cam or bush g by the weight g10 suspended to the end of the lever g
and as the cam revolves it imparts motion through the levers, shaft, and
screw to the slide 610, and the form of the cam governs 'the' motion of 'the
slide 6 and tool t in the direction parallel to the rest b. The lever g'on
the shaft g³ is for giving motion to the slide h of the boring apparatus i
see Fig. 34, through the centre of which and of the spindle fpasses the
screw i¹ into a nut and hand wheel g12, as shewn in Fig. 30; the nut 912
works in a bush in the slide g¹³ which has a socket on its under side to
receive the end of the lever g', so 'that the slide gl receives exactly 'the
same motion as the slide 60. "The hand wheel y can be removed and

page_text: change wheels connected to the axle of the bevel pinion g" put in its
place. The pinion g" is driven by the wheel eº.
'When the boring apparatus is in use the slide i having a bearing at
each end is placed in the bearings a³ and a', the slide h is moved longi-
tudinally by the screw ¹; the cross slide ¹ receives motion through the
shaft 2 and crank i³; the projecting arm h¹ passing through the slide h
forms the connection with the crank which moves it according to the
motion the shaft 2 receives from the cam or profile . To the cross
slide is secured a piu carrying a steel roller 6 for the purpose of
transferring the forms of the profiles ³ to the die requiring to be bored.
The cross slide h¹ is double, and in it is fitted the tool holder or slide 2 ;
the nut h³ is secured to the slide h¹, and by the use of the screw. h the
slide 2 is moved to set the cutting tool.
In Figures 34 and 39 k is the poppit or stationary cam or profile
holder; is a bush fitted in and projecting through it at the side.next
to the boring apparatus, through the centre of which passes the shaft 2.
On one end of the bush is fixed a cam or profile 2; the steel roller k³
works on a pin fixed to the slide 5, and is kept up to the cam ² by the
adjustible springs pressing against the slide 7 which is keyed on the
end of the boring apparatus and which works the slide ; this slide has
an arm in which is a slot for the adjustible pin ; .the lever 10 has a
corresponding slot in which the pin works freely; this lever has ra
long or deep boss through which the shaft 2 passes, a key in the boss
working in the keyway of the shaft. The slide works outside of the
boss freely, the object of this is to transmit the motion which the lever 10
receives from the cam. 2 through the shaft 2 to the slide 1, and thence
to the tool. When the template or profile he is not used the roller ³ is
changed and a larger one supplied, the cam k² is removed, and the
roller allowed to work against the bush ; by this means the roller ho,
see Fig. 35, is kept in contact with the template 8 by the action of the
springs. The templates, profiles, cams, or eccentrics are made inter-
changeable, so that they may be used at g and fin.Fig. 31, and at k¹ in
Figs. 34 and 39. The templates or profiles 62, Fig. 31, and. 8 in Fig. 34,
are also made interchangeable, so that the one that gives the shape or
form to the outside surface of a roller shall also form the corresponding
one in the die. The tools used for the above apparatus are precisely
the same as in ordinary lathes for turning rolls adapted for chilled
rollers.

page_text: Having now set forth the nature of my Invention of improvements in
machinery for shaping or forming malleable materials either in a cold or
heated state, and explained the manner of carrying the same into effect, I
wish it to be understood that I claim, -
Firstly. The exclusive use and application of a shell or die combined
with a roller for shaping or forming malleable materials of varying
diameters in their lengths.
Secondly. The improved self-acting or other feed motion for supplying
the blanks to the shaping machine, and the application of shears for
cutting the bar to the proper length for the blanks.
Thirdly. The application of rollers and mandril combined for bending
and shaping or forming malleable materials, as described.
Fourthly. The combined action of the mandril and one roller for
shaping or forming objects or figures on one side between the mandril and
.one roller, as described.
Fifthly. The mode of using two rollers without a mandril and impart-
ing to them vibrating motion for shaping or forming malleable materials,
as described.
Sixthly. The mode of shaping or forming malleable materials by work-
ing a mandril parallel to a stationary or fixed surface having the shape
or form of the object planed or engraved thereon, the mandril being
adjustible by one roller pressing it to its work, or the two surfaces may
receive motion in contrary directions to each other.
Lastly. The improved apparatus described for the construction of the
rollers and dies employed in shaping or forming malleable materials, and
particularly the method of transmitting the various motions to the too!
or tools and the boring apparatus.
In witness whereof, 1, the said Joseph Davies, have hereto set my
hand and seal, this Seventeenth day of July, One thousand eight
hundred and sixty-eight.
JOSEPH DAVIES. (L.S.)