IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF TUBES, PIPES, TILES, AND OTHER ARTICLES MADE FROM PLASTIC MATERIALS
Year: 1851

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, HENRY
CLAYTON, of the Atlas Works, Upper Park Place, Dorset Square, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Nineteenth day of
December, One thousand eight hundred and fifty-one, in the fifteenth year of
Ier reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto
me, the said Henry Clayton, my exors, adiiors, and assigns, Her especial
licence, full power, sole privilege and authority, that I, the said Henry Clay-
ton, my exors, adññiors, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Henry
Clayton, my exors, adññiors, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times during the term of years therein
expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within
England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF TUBES, PIPES, TILES, AND OTHER
ARTICLES MADE FROM PLASTIC MATERIALS;" in which said Letters Patent is
contained a proviso that I, the said Henry Clayton, shall cause a particular
description of the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, to
be inrolled in Her Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said in part recited
Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being thereunto had, will
more fully and at large appear.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that in purusance of the said proviso, I have ascer-
tained and set forth the nature of my said Invention, and the manner of
carrying the same into effect, in and by the following description thereof,
reference being had to the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the figures and
letters marked thereon, observing that, when the same object is represented in
two or more Figures, the same letters denote the same parts in each :-
The first portion of my improvements consists in an improved construction
or arrangement of dies or moulds for the formation of large pipes, tubes, and
other articles, has for its object the obviating the liability to split or sever to which
such pipes, tubes, and such like articles are subject, owing to the modes hitherto
in use of supporting the "dod or core." In the ordinary construction of dies
or moulds cach die or moulding orifice is formed in, upon, or by a plate or
rim, and the "dod" is supported by means of one or more bars, sustained by or
fixed across this die plate, either in contact with it or at a short distance from
the moulding orifice in the die plate, (as shewn, Figure 1), the consequence
of which is, that the clay or material divided by passing over the supporting
bar or bars of the "dod" is not sufficiently reunited before entering the orifice
of the die, or by the pressure by which it is forced through the die or mould to
form the required pipe, tube, or other hollow article; thereby the union of the
material is imperfectly effected, and the pipes, tubes, or other articles conse-
quently split, either in the course of drying or in the burning.
In one
arrangement of my improved "die" or "mould" (shown in section, Figure 2),
the die or mould is formed by two plates, arranged at a suitable distance apart,
the inner or top plate or rim a having an aperture 6 for the passage of the clay
or material from the pressing cylinder or box c into the chamber of the dic.
And on or upon this inner plate or rim a, and over the aperture of the same, the
bar or bars d, d, are placed which support the "dod or core," the outer
or bottom plate f forming the moulding orifice of the die. The space between
the two plates a and b is enclosed at the sides g, g, so as to form a "chamber,"
into which the material, after passing the supporting bar or bars, is forced (and
becomes kneaded and compressed together therein), leaving a clear and unin-
terrupted passage for the material over and through the moulding orifice of
the die, and the previously divided parts are thus thoroughly united before or
when the clay exudes from the orifice of this construction of die or mould.
I am aware that "chambers" or "mouth-pieces" have been previously used
for the purpose of increasing the size or area of the moulding orifice of cylin-
ders and boxes of pipe and tile machines; but in all cases the supporting
bar or bars carrying the "dod or core" has been attached to the outer or
lower plate forming the enclosure of the chamber or mouth-piece (as shewn in

page_text: Figure 1), that is to say, the entire die or mould, formed entirely in or of one
plate, has hitherto formed the exterior or bottom enclosure to the mouth-
piece or enlargement of the material cylinders or boxes of pipe, tile, and brick
machines.
Figure 3 (in section) shows another mode of supporting the "dod or core,"
so as to leave an uninterrupted space and clear passage for the material over
aud through the moulding orifice of the die or mould, and which admits of the
construction of the die in one or with two plates (as previously described). C
is the material cylinder or box; F, the die plate; and E, the dod or core.
This core is supported by a neck or stem D, passing through the piston or
forcing plate, and attached above it to the framework of the machine, so as
when fixed the dod or core is concentric to or in the orifice of the die plate,
and at such a distance beyond the core or dod and the material cylinder or box
as will allow the requisite range of the piston or forcing plate and its attach-
ments. O is the piston or forcing plate, and to it may be attached a tube X,
which tube may be formed in the piston rod or other medium by which the
pressure is communicated to the piston or forcing plate. The piston plate,
the tube or piston rod, or other central connexion, and the pressing cross
head W, should be turned and bored so as to admit of the tube and piston
plate moving accurately to and from along the neck or stem D, carrying the
dod or core.
I prefer that the piston or pressing plate should be composed of
two plates or discs, and, when fixed together, to form a chamber or boxing
to carry a packing and material for lubricating the stem of the dod or core
(similar to
and for preventing the clay or material
passing or pressing into the stuffing box, or into the tube, rod, rack, or screw
attachment of the piston or pressing plate; or this lubricating box may be
formed in the rod, tube, rack, or screw, instead of the pressing plate.
The second portion of my Invention consists in an improved mode and
arrangement of dies or moulds for forming "socket" or other description of
jointing pipes, tubes, and other articles, viz, by forming them in a suitable
mould or dic, to produce an enlargement and extra thickness of material at the
end or sides, and when requisite (and previously to burning) removing a portion
of the material from the enlarged or thickened end, side or sides, by means of
my new apparatus, described under the third head of my Inventions, or any
other suitable arrangement for the purpose, so as to form a "socket" or other
form for the jointing of pipes, tubes, or other articles together.
Figure 4 represents my improved die or mould which I employ for this
purpose. It is similar to that shewn in Figure 2, except that on the lower or
exterior side of the die plate is formed a chamber or ring h, of suitable

page_text: form and dimensions for producing the enlarged end and extra thickness of
material to a pipe or tube, and is attached to the die plate. This chamber
is fitted with a door or flap i, to close the mouth of the chamber while the
enlargement or extra thickness of the pipe or tube is being formed, which
door, as well as the sides of the chamber, is perforated with numerous
minute conical-shaped apertures k, for the escapement from and admission of
air to the chamber, in order that the die or mould may be effectually filled with
the material, and the enlarged or thickened portion of the pipe or tube discharged
therefrom with facility. At the commencement, and previous to the formation
of such pipe or tube, this door or flap is closed and secured until the enlarge-
ment of the end of the pipe or tube or other article is formed, which is known
by minute particles of the clay or material exuding through the small conical
perforations or air holes; the door or flap is then removed, and the required
pipe or tube or article, with the enlarged or thickened end, is gradually formed
by forcing the material through the die or mould (as indicated by the dotted
lines m, m, until it has attained the required length, when it is cut ofl' and set
to dry in the usual manner; and when of sufficient consistency or dryness for
the operation, the "socket" (or other kind of joint) is formed by removing a
portion of the material from the thickened or enlarged end or side, as before
described, and as represented in Figures 5 to 9, in which Figure 5 is a plan,
and Figure 6 a section, of the thickened end of a tube or pipe as it leaves the
die, and before the rebate is cut. Figure 7 is a plan, and Figure 8 a section
of the pipe, with the rebate or socket formed; and Figure 9 is a section of two
pipes jointed together, or, if required, the portion of material may be removed
immediately after the formation of the pipe or tube, but it is better to let it
stand for a time to harden.
The third portion of my Invention consists in the construction of certain
tools or apparatus for the cutting or forming of "square rebated," grooved,
tongued, bevilled, chamfered, or other form of jointings to pipes, tubes, tiles,
and other articles. Fig. 10 shows a section of the apparatus arranged for
forming or cutting an internal rebate or socket form of joint in a circular tube.
a is a ring or short cylinder, the internal diameter of which fits easily to the
external diameter of the pipe or tube; and b, a flange or annular plate affixed
thereto, the aperture in which, c, must be rather larger than the diameter of
the rebate or socket intended to be formed. d is a bridge attached to the
annular plate or flange, and carrying an axis e, to the upper end of which is
fixed the lever or handle f, and to the lower end an arm g, which carries the
cutting tool h, having two cutting edges formed of thin blades of steel or other
metal, or of wire. The cutting tool can be adjusted on the arm, to suit the

page_text: depth and diameter of the rebate (or other form of cut), by a slot in the tool,
and another slot at right angles to it in the arm g. The cutting tool is secured
and set to its proper position in the arm by a screw and thumb nut in the
slots. For other forms of joints the cutting tool must be shaped accordingly.
Figure 11 represents an apparatus for forming an external rebate or
jointing on a cylindrical tube or pipe. a is a ring or short cylindrical block
fitting easily the interior of the pipe, and a flange fixed thereon for resting
upon the rim or mouth of the pipe. This flange must be rather less than the
diameter of the rebate or joint intended to be formed. e is the central axis of
the arm g, which carries the cutting tool similar to that described in Figure 10;
and serving also as the handle or lever by which the cutter, is moved or
carried round.
3
Figures 12, 12, and 12**, shew another arrangement of apparatus, by
which the inner and outer rebates, or other form of joint, may be produced to
pipes, tubes, and other articles, by one and the same apparatus. a is a block
or cylinder fitting easily the interior, of the pipe, and reduced at a¹ to allow
the cutting tool to pass by or round it; 6 (shewn separate in Figure 12**, is
a plate or flange revolving upon a central pin e, in either end of the block,
and having an aperture or space to admit the projection of the cutting tool h,
carried by the arm g., Figure 12 represents this apparatus arranged for
making the interior rebate or joint, and then, by reversing the block or
cylinder upon the rim plate or flange, as shewn Figure 12*, it answers for
cutting the exterior form of rebate or joint. This rim-plate or flange b, conse-
quently, must be so arranged as to revolve on the axis or central pin e, or, to
traverse with the required motion of the arm and cutting tool. I would,
however, remark, that I do not find this arrangement so desirable or efficient
as the separate forms and arrangement of jointing or cutting apparatus
previously described and shewn in Figures 10 and 11.
Figures 13 to 18 represent other applications of the apparatus to jointing
cylindrical tubes.
Figures 19, 20, and 21, represent my apparatus adapted to cutting rebates
or any other form of jointings to roofing or flat tiles. u is the cutter or tool
shewn detached, having a guard or fence w, by which the width of the cut is
regulated in Figure 19; is a guage or template used for determining and
forming the rebate on the upper side of a tile; and 6', a guage or template
for determining and forming the rebate on the lower side of a tile. These
templates likewise regulate the depth or quantity of material to be removed.
c, c, are strips of clay or material which the cutters are in the act of removing.

page_text: Figure 22 is the tile, as shaped in the mould or die, and before the rebates
are cut, and Figure 23 represents two tiles jointed and fitted together. Other
shapes of tile may in like manner be cut to any required form of joint by the
employment of suitably-formed templates and cutters similar in their character
to those shown and described; and by corrugating the edges of the cutting
tools, may form a rough or grooved surface for effectually cementing the tiles
together.
In connection with the manufacture of tubes, pipes, tiles, and other articles
such as herein described, I employ improved means of receiving and support-
ing pipes or tubes in the course of formation by the "horizontal" or "inclined"
modes of delivery from the material cylinder or box. For this purpose I
apply a skeleton framework, having a transverse rail or bar at or near the
end of the frame opposite to the material box, for supporting or carrying a
rod of iron or wood, to hold and sustain a receiving tube or mandril in its
proper and convenient position while the tube or pipe in the course of forma-
tion is forced upon and along the receiving tube or mandril to its required
length.
a (Figure 24) is the framework, formed of iron or wood, with legs or sup-
ports at each end, of requisite height, or having hooks at one end for attach-
ment to the pressing machine. The transverse bar or rail b, is formed with
a crank at or about the centre of it, to prevent the tube rod removing from
its required. position, and having a pin with short length of chain aflixed
thereto, for the purpose of being placed in a hole in the tube rod, to keep it
stationary while in use, and while the pipe or cylinder or article is passing
along or upon the receiving tube C, as it issues from the dic or mould. At
or near the reverse end of the framework, and attached to the under sides of
the framing, are two projecting loops or staples d of an oblong form, the one
fitted with rings or thimbles e, for the carrying of a cloth or webbing g, with
hooks on the opposite side, this web, when hooked up, to sustain the pipe
or tube while the same is cut off and detached from the orifice of the die,
and also for the convenience of drawing the pipe or other article, with the
receiving tube therein, upon this cloth support or holder, away a certain dis-
tance from the face of the die for space to admit the hand to remove the pipe
or tube from this receiving carriage or frame. The pipe or tube or other
article being removed, the web or holder g is detached from the one side or
staple, thus leaving a clear and open space for the next pipe or other article
to pass along and be supported, as before described, instead of having to
traverse upon or be sustained by a series of rollers or other means now prae-

page_text: tised, and thereby flattening or otherwise deforming the pipe, tube, or other
article.
Having thus set forth the nature of iny Invention, and the manner of
carrying the same into effect, I would observe, that I do not limit myself to
the precise details and arrangements of the parts herein described, as many of
them may be varied without departing from the peculiar character or spirit of
my improvements. What I claim is,―
Firstly, the construction of moulds or dies composed of two plates, forming
a box or chamber, the inner or upper plate having an aperture opening into
the material cylinder or box, the outer or lower plate forming or having affixed
to it the dic, the moulding orifice corresponding with the external diameter of
the intended pipe, tube, or other article, and the dod or core being sustained
by a bar or bars attached to the inner or top plate, so as to leave an uninter-
rupted space between the dod or aperture of the die, or over the moulding
orifice, as herein described with respect to Figure 2.
Secondly, the supporting of the dod or core by means of a stem passing
through the piston or forcing plate, and attached to the upper part of the
framing of the machine, thus forming the molding orifice of the die, with the
dod or core concentric to the orifice of the die, without being carried by any
bar or bars in connection with the die plate, or over the moulding orifice of
the same, as described in respect to Figure 3.
Thirdly, I claim the construction and use of dies or moulds herein-before
described, and represented in Figure 4, for the formation of pipes, tubes, or tiles,
with an enlarged or thickening of material, the die or mould having a door or
flap for closing the outer end of such mould or die during the formation of
such enlargement or thickening. I also claim the employment of conical per-
forations for the admission and escape of air to or from the mould or die.
Fourthly, I claim the means and apparatus herein described for forming
square, rebated, or other form of joints to pipes, tubes, tiles, and other articles,
by cutting away suitable portions of the material previous to burning such
articles, as described in reference to Figures 13 to 23, inclusive.
In witness whereof, I, the said Henry Clayton, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Fourteenth day of June, One thousand eight
hundred and fifty-two.
HENRY
(L.S.) CLAYTON.
HENRY (L.S.) CLAYTON.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Fourteenth day of June, in
the year of our Lord 1852, the aforesaid Henry Clayton came before our said
Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification afore-
said, and all and every thing therein contained and specified, in form above
written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according to the
tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Enrolled the Eighteenth day of June, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-two.