IMPROVED MACHINERY FOR ROVING AND SPINNING COTTON, SILK, FLAX, AND WOOL
Year: 1813

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOSEPH
RAYNOR, of Sheffield, in the County of York, Cotton Spinner, send greeting.
WHEREAS His most Excellent Majesty King George the Third, by Letters
Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date the First day of
January, in the Fifty-third year of His said Majesty's reign, gave and granted
to me, the said Joseph Raynor, His especial licence, that I, my exors,
adiñors, and assigns, or such others as I or they should at any time agree
with and no others, from time to time during the said term, should and
lawfully might make, use, and vend, within England, Wales, and the Town
of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and also within His Majesty's Colonies and Plan-
tations abroad, my Invention of "IMPROVED MACHINERY FOR ROVING AND SPINNING
COTTON, SILK, FLAX, AND WOOL;" and the said Letters Patent contain a proviso,
obliging me, the said Joseph Raynor, by an instrument in writing under my
hand and seal, particularly to describe and ascertain the nature of my said
Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, and to cause the
same to be inrolled in His Majesty's High Court of Chancery within four
calendar months next after the date of the said Letters Patent, as in and by
the same Letters Patent, on reference thereto, will more fully and at large
appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Joseph Raynor, do hereby declare that my said Invention is intended to
produce, in the process of spinning cotton, silk, flax, or wool, by machinery or
roving, excelling in softness and evenness what can be obtained by any machinery
hitherto known to have been used with a view to that end; and the same
Invention is also intended to produce a like effect in that part of the process

page_text: of spinning technically known as the spinning stage of operation. The above-
mentioned effects result from the application of a series of wheels (which I call
graduated wheels) operating upon and varying the speed of the bobbin. The
wheels being accommodated to the progressive increase upon the cylindric part
or barrel of the bobbin, such increase being occasioned by the successive layers
of coils or windings of the roving or thread covering each other on the
bobbin; and I describe iny said Invention, and in what manner the same
is performed, as follows, referring to the annexed Drawings, which Drawings
I incorporate with and make a part of my description:-The Figures 1, 1, 1,
on the Drawings represent three iron top rollers covered with leather, each
of one inch diameter; 2, 2, 2, there fluted iron bottom rollers, upon which
the top rollers are placed, the back roller of one inch, the middle one of seven-
cighths of an inch, and the front one of one inch and a quarter diameters
respectively, all connected at the ends by draught wheels. 3, 3, cast iron stands
or plates to support the rollers and keep the centers parallel during operation.
4, a beam of wood, termed the roller beam, to which the plates are fastened.
5, 5, 5, the frame ends, which are of wood, and to which the roller beam
is joined at each end. 6, an iron shaft, which communicates motion to
the working parts of the frame, and which I call the principal shaft. 7, an
iron spindle. 8, a flyer. 9, a wood rail, called the spindle rail, through
which the spindles are allowed to work freely. 10, a wood hobbin, seven inches
long, of three inches diameter at each of the ends, and one inch diameter
upon the barrel or cylindric part. 11, 11, two cast iron levers suspended
at one end, the other end being placed under the center of the spindle rail.
The levers have a small pulley or castor attached to the center, which rests
upon the heart wheel.
12 an iron shaft, termed the heart shaft, on which
are fixed two cast iron wheels, called heart wheels, the extremes of which
are accommodated to the length of the bobbin barrel, and cause the spindle
rail (9) to rise and fall alternately. 13, an iron shaft, on which is placed
an inverted frustrun of a cone (usually called a cone) of wood, eleven inches
long, the top diameter six inches, the botton diameter four inches. At
the lower end of the shaft is fixed a worm or screw, which works a worm
or screw wheel on the heart shaft (12), giving motion to the heart shaft, and
occasioning the vertical lift by the levers (11, 11). 14, a shaft, ou which
is another wood cone of the same diameters as the inverted one: A wheel
on the top of this shaft is put in motion by a small wheel on the top of
the of the principal shaft (6). The cone on this shaft moves the cone
on the shaft 13 by a leather belt or strap. The two cones are to propor-
tion the speed of the heart shaft (12) to the progressive increase upon the

page_text: cylindric part or barrel of the bobbin, such increase being occasioned by the
successive layers of coils or windings of the roving or thread covering each
other on the bobbin. 15 a step rail, in which steel steps or cups are inserted
for the toe of the spindle to work in. 16, 16, two iron stays to steady the
spindle rail in its alternate movements. 17, a shaft, at one end of which
are put two wood pullies, at the other end is a mitre wheel, which works a
mitre wheel on the principal shaft (6), and gives motion to the working parts
of the machine. 18, a piece of wood fitted to the stands or plates to rest
upón and keep clean the top rollers. 19, a brass bearing. 20, a weight hook,
which receives the brass bearing at the top of the rollers 1, 1, 1, and, by being
put upon the steel spring (21), under the roller beam (4), presses the
rollers 1, 1, 1, upon the rollers 2, 2, 2, and causes a regular motion to the
former rollers. 21, the steel spring above mentioned. 22, 22, are weights
to balance the spindle rail (9). 28, a cast iron support to the roller
beam (4), which also supports the cylinder wheel and the small upright
shaft b. A wheel of forty-eight teeth on the front roller 1 is worked
by a wheel of thirty-two teeth on the principal shaft (6). A wheel of
seventy-two teeth, at the bottom of the same shaft, works one of thirty-
sixth teeth on shaft a at the back of the spindles. A wheel of seventy-
two teeth at the other end of this shaft works one of fifty-four on the
bottom of a small upright shaft b. A wheel of eighty teeth at the top of
the small upright shaft works one of sixty-four teeth on the spindles, and by
a train of wheels of the same diameters motion, is communicated to every
spindle in the machine. A wheel of forty teeth on the principal shaft
(6) works one of eighty teeth on the graduated wheel shaft (c), which gives
motion to the sliding wheel t (of one hundred and forty-four teeth) on the
shaft d. A wheel of seventy-five teeth at the end of this shaft works one of
forty at the end of the shaft e at the back of the bobbin. A wheel of forty-
eight teeth at the other end of this shaft works one of twenty-four at the
bottom of the shaft f. A cylinder pinion or wheels, seven inches long and of
sixty-four teeth, works a wheel of forty-eight teeth at the bottom of the bobbin,
which works freely upon the spindle, and by a train of wheels, all of the same
diameters, communicates motion to every bobbin in the machine. A small
iron pin rivetted into each wheel, and which fits into a hole in the bobbin end,
insures a constant motion to the bobbin. The wheel of sixty-four teeth is
made fast upon the spindle and moves with it, but the wheel of forty-eight
teeth at the bottom of the bobbin moves freely upon the spindle and gives a
movement to the bobbin independent of the spindle. In each case carrier
wheels are introduced between and continue the motion through the whole

page_text: train of wheels. The graduated wheel shaft (c) forms the axle of a series of
twenty-two brass wheels, which are fixed firmly upon aud move uniformly with
it. These wheels are graduated or accommodated to the progressive increase
upon the cylindric part or barrel of the bobbin; such increase being occasioned
as aforesaid by the successive layers of coils or windings of the roving or
thread covering each other on the bobbin. The shaft (d) on which the sliding
wheel (of brass) is moved has in it a groove of a length equal to the space
through which the sliding wheel is to be shifted, and of sufficient depth to
receive a steel wedge put through the boss of the sliding wheel to the bottom
of the groove, allowing the wheel to slide freely and at the same time giving a
constant motion to the shaft d, which communicates by another shaft e with
the wheels at the bottom of the bobbins, as before described. Upon the
heart shaft (12) are fixed two iron arms, each pointing in the direction
opposite to the other, and are to act alternately upon the two cast iron levers
9, 9, which communicate by two iron wires with the two levers h, h, and the
latter act alternately upon the ratchet wheel
distance from the center of the shaft d.
on the end of the shaft 7, at equal
On the shaft are placed two chain
wheels of cast iron m, m, which, by two chains fitted to them, communicate to
the shaft n, which is placed at right angles with the shaft d, and by being
enlarged in the center and fitted upon the boss of the sliding wheel, permits
that wheel to move freely. A pulley o is fixed upon the shaft 1, to which is
attached a chain, from which chain a weight p is suspended. The iron arms
upon the heart shaft (12), placed parallel to the extremes of the heart wheel,
will, by operating upon the levers g, g, and h, h, as before described, allow the
ratchet wheel (k) to be moved by the weight p, and thus the sliding wheel
will be brought forward to the next of the series of graduated wheels. This
operation is performed when the cylindric part of the bobbin has received the
first layer of coils or windings of the roving or thread, and is repeated through
the remaining wheels in the series, changing once for each successive layer
of coils or windings of the roving or thread. The shaft c, on which the
graduated wheels are fixed, is declined from a straight line to be as nearly
parallel to the axis of the shaft d as circumstances will permit, and to facilitate
the passing of the sliding wheel from wheel to wheel of the series. When
the operation for one set of bobbins is compleated, the sliding wheel is drawn
back by the weights g, g, fixed to the two chains r, 7, respectively attached one
to each end of the shaft n, or it may be put back by hand, and the last-
mentioned weights and chains be omitted. To a pully at the back of the
ratchet wheel is attached a chain, and to that an upright bar of iron, on which
a small boss of brass is made to slide freely. The boss moves the strap upwards

page_text: on the cone fixed upon the shaft 14 every time the ratchet wheel is allowed to
move by the operation upon the levers g, g, and h, h, and proportions the speed
of the heart shaft to the increase upon the bobbin, as before described. The
diameters of and the number of teeth cut in the graduated wheels respectively,
in the instance I have used, are as follows; to wit:-The first of the series
is of nine inches diameter; the second, of nine inches and twenty-three
hundredth parts (decimals) of an inch; the third, nine inches and forty-
three hundredth parts; the fourth, nine inches and six-tenths; the fifth, nine
inches and three-fourths; the sixth, nine inches and eighty-eight hundredth
parts; the seventh, ten inches; the eighth, ten inches and one tenth; the ninth,
ten inches and two-tenths; the tenth, ten inches and twenty-eight hundredth
parts; the eleventh, ten inches and thirty-six hundredth parts; the twelfth, ten
inches and forty-three hundredth parts; the thirteenth, ten inches and a half;
the fourteenth, ten inches and fifty-six hundredth parts; the fifteenth, ten
inches and sixty-one hundredth parts; the sixteenth, ten inches and sixty-six
hundredth parts; the seventeenth, ten inches and seventy-one hundredth parts;
the eighteenth, ten inches and seventy-six hundredth parts; the nineteenth, ten
inches and eight tenths; the twentieth, ten inches and eighty-three hundredth
parts; the twenty-first, ten inches and eighty-seven hundredth parts; and the
twenty-second, ten inches and nine tenths. The circumference of the first
wheel has cut in it one hundred and forty-four teeth; the second has one
hundred and forty-eight; the third, one hundred and fifty-one; the fourth, one
hundred and fifty-four; the fifth, one hundred and fifty-six; the sixth, one
hundred and fifty-eight; the seventh, one hundred and sixty; the eighth, one
hundred and sixty-two; the ninth, one hundred and sixty-three; and the
others, to the twenty-second inclusive, increasing by one tooth each severally
on the wheel preceding it. The particulars thus given by me, as an example,
describe a frame calculated to produce a roving equal in thickness or diameter
to one twenty-fourth part of an inch, and to produce a roving or thread of
greater or less thickness or fineness, whether in the roving or spinning stage
of operation, as technically distinguished from each other. It will require, so
far as my Invention is concerned, to vary the diameters in the wheels of the
series, which must be calculated according to the size of the bobbin barrel to
be used, the thickness of the roving or thread intended to be produced, the
rate of delivery from the front roller, and the degree of twisting required. In
the instance adduced in this Specification, the bobbin barrel is of one inch
diameter, the thickness of the roving one twenty-fourth of an inch, the
diameter of the front roller one inch and one quarter (which limits the rate
of delivery), and the twisting is five turns of the spindle and flyer to one

page_text: revolution of the front roller. In my description of the several parts of the
frame or machinery here put as an example, I have used terms to denote the
materials of which such machinery is made; but I signify that I have so done
only by way of instance, and not exclusively, as any other materials may be
used, which can be suited to the respective parts described. And I also signify
that the respective wheels of the series herein mentioned may be of other
diameters than those mentioned in the instance I have adduced, and the
number of teeth for the same may be varied at pleasure, so that through the
series of wheels to be used in each instance a due proportion be maintained,
after assuming the diameter and number of teeth for the first wheel of the
series intended to be used. And likewise, that the series may consist of any
number of wheels according to the extent to which it may be intended to fill
or coil upon the bobbin barrel, and any wheel or wheels of the series may be
adapted for one or more layers of coils. And further, that the description
comprised under the heads or Figures 1 to 23, both inclusive, are of known
machinery, forming no part of my Invention, and that my Invention may be
applied to known machinery of a frame differing from that in the example
here shewn. But the series of wheels and other parts designated under the
letters a to t, both inclusive, with their adaptation, as shewn herein, and in the
Drawings hereto annexed and referred to, are and comprize my said Invention
of improved machinery.
In witness whereof, 1, the said Joseph Raynor, have hereto set my
hand and seal, this Twenty-first day of April, in the year of our Lord
One thousand night hundred and thirtoon