CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN MAKING, MANUFAC FACTURING, OR PRODUCING CARPETS AND HEARTH RUGS
Year: 1841

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, EDWARD
HENSHALL, of Huddersfield, in the County of York, Carpet Manufacturer and.
Merchant, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by .Her
Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at West-
minster, the Twenty-sixth day of January, One thousand eight hundred and
forty-one, in the fourth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and
successors, give and grant unto me, the said Edward Henshall, Her especial.
licence, full power, sole privilege and authority, that I, the said Edward
Henshall, my executors, administrators, and assigns, and such others as I, the
said Edward Henshall, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any
time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times during
the term of years therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, usę,.
exercise, and vend, within England and Wales, and the Town of Berwick-
upon-Tweed, my Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN MAKING, MANUFAC
FACTURING, OR PRODUCING CARPETS AND HEARTH RUGS;" in which said Letters.
Patent is contained a proviso, that I, the said Edward Henshall, shall
cause a particular description of the nature of my said Invention, and. in.
what manner the same is to be performed, 'to be inrolled in Her Majesty's
High Court of Chancery within four calendar months next and imme-
diately after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in and
by the same, reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at large
appear.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Edward Henshall, do hereby declare that the nature of the said Invention, and
the manner in which the same is to be performed, is particularly described
and ascertained in and by the Drawings hereto annexed, and the following
explanation thereof, that is to say:―
My improvements in making, manufacturing, or producing carpets and
hearth rugs consist, firstly, in the application and use of a peculiar and novel
arrangement or construction of apparatus or mechanism designed for the purpose
of winding the threads or yarns which are to constitute the warp threads of
Brussels, Wilton velvet, or velvet piled, or other similar carpets and hearth rugs,
from separate hanks of yarn, and lay two, three, or more threads side by side,
as if in tapes or bands, upon one bobbin, and thus preparing the threads for a
two or three thread warp before it is placed in the loom for weaving. The
importance of this part of my Invention will be well understood by carpet
manufacturers, as, by winding the two or three threads (which are, in fact, to
constitute one warp thread of a two or three thread carpet) from separate
hanks at once upon one bobbin, they are laid evenly side by side, and all of
equal tension, which is very material for effecting good work; whilst at the
same time they, by laying side by side close in contact, assist each other to
resist any extraordinary tension a single thread could not withstand, anil are
much less likely to break when being "beamed" as a warp than if each
thread of a two or three thread warp were beamed from separate bobbins.
Secondly, my improvements consist of a novel or improved arrangement and
construction of apparatus or mechanism and mode or method of operation, as
well as the peculiar arrangement of the yarns which are to constitute warp
threads, whereby I am enabled to print or stamp upon a flat surface or table,
by means of any ordinary block or type-printing apparatus,) spots, squares, or
stripes in different colors across a collection or number of yarns or threads, so
arranged, that they may, after being so printed or stamped upon the table, be
wound again upon a reel into banks, then taken off the reel and removed to be
steamed, washed, and dried, in order to clear, raise, or fix the colors, as in the
ordinary process of printing woollen yarns. This arrangement or construction
of apparatus for printing or stamping threads or yarns upon a flat surface or
table without their being previously warped or beamed, or otherwise prepared
for the loom, differs materially from other plans, systems, modes, or methods
hitherto adopted for printing warps with patterns or devices, which after having
been woven are retained or thrown up to the surface by means of the weft
thread, and thus produce the figure upon the cloth. My intention is not to
print or stamp a perfect or complete warp, or any arrangement of threads or

page_text: yarns forniing a warp ready at once. to be beamed and taken to the loom, but to
print or stamp upon a table or flat stationary surface a set or collection of
threads or yarns placed side by side as they are moved over the said table or
surface, all the said yarns or threads being printed or colored with spots,
squares, or stripes, forming no pattern or device whatever, but merely coloring
a portion of each thread, which printed yarns may be so placed that a suffi-
cient number of them may be printed or stamped at the same time, in order
to form by subsequent arrangement the warps of a number of pieces of carpet,
and these so printed warp yarns may be kept in the hank after washing,
steaming, and drying until required for weaving; or in other words, although
many different threads collectively receive the same print or spot, yet they are
afterwards separated and wound into hanks to be used for pieces of carpets
made in different looms. It must be particularly observed that each spot,
square, or stripe may be printed or stamped of any breadth of the block or
length of the threads or yarns, according to the pattern required, as the
portion of the yarn so printed or stamped is intended to form one or more
loops of the fabric when thrown up by the weaving; that is to say, if two or
more loops in succession are required to be of the same color to form the
pattern of the carpet, the threads or yarns must be printed, stamped, or colored
at once over a sufficient space of the length to form these two or more loops;
this may be done with a block or type of the required breadth or length for
two or more loops in the cloth, hereafter more particularly explained.
The object of this part of my Invention is in a better and more ready
manner than has heretofore been done to operate upon a great number of
threads or yarns and produce the printed, or stamped, or spotted, or
striped yarns direct from the bobbins, and after printing or coloring, wind
them at once direct from the printing table into separate hanks, all of
which is done at one operation; these warps, when subsequently arranged,
form or constitute the warps of as many carpets or hearth rugs, in contra-
distinction to printing, stamping, or colouring the yarns collectively, when
arranged in the form of a warp, with a pattern or device complete upon
the surface of such warp, and ready to be woven in the loom, as hitherto
practised under the patented inventions of Messrs. Woodcroft, Schwabe,
Whytock, and Whytock and Clink, the two first persons printing or dyeing
the intended pattern or device complete upon the perfect or arranged warp
either before or after beaming, and the two latter either printing on yarns
wound on a cylinder, or producing the colors by dyeing part of the said
After the threads or yarns have been so printed or stamped or
colored, they are to be properly arranged, as hereafter detailed, in order to
yarns.

page_text: form or constitute the warp threads of carpets and hearth rugs, and when so
suitably placed or arranged, may be woven in an ordinary carpet loom, and the
intended pattern produced by merely throwing, up those-parts- of the threads
which have been previously printed or stamped, and arranged-so as to form the
pattern, without the assistance of the jacquard or any other figuring apparatus.
This part of my improvements also comprises the arrangement of the threads
and the apparatus connected therewith.
Thirdly, my improvements consist of a novel arrangement of machinery or
apparatus, whereby I am enabled to weave the warp-yarn or threads or warp;
throughout its whole length, into what may be termed a slight gauze work or
fàbric; having weft threads put in at distances or spaces of about an inch, or
'more or less, asunder, and this is done during the operation of beaming-the
warp direct from the bobbins, and previous to the printing the colors after the
warp yarn has been so prepared, by securing it throughout its whole-length by
weaving or combining a temporary weft therewith; it may afterwards be printed
with patterns or designs upon the surface of such woven gauze work, after the
ordinary manner of block printing; and the said warps, when woven up into
perfect cloth in a plain or simple loom; will present upon its surface the
required pattern of the carpet or hearth. rug. This operation of printing is
accomplished by removing the gauze work or loose fabric which has been thus
woven and beamed on to an ordinary printing table, and is to be properly dis-
tended upon it and printed, in the same manner as common wollen or.calico
printing. In printing the gauze, the pattern blocks must be elongated when
intended for Brussels or similar carpets or hearth rugs, as before named:; and
this is accomplished by providing the block upon which the pattern is wrought
about three-fifths longer than the finished pattern will require when the cloth
is completed, as the operation of weaving will weave; or use up, or loop up the
extra three-fifths of printed gauze, thus decreasing or using up its length.in a
more rapid ratio than the length of carpet is woven or formed. The gauze,
after being completely printed, may be removed to be steamed, washed, and
dried, in the ordinary manner of woollen printing, when it is to-be afterwards
re-beamed and woven in an ordinary plain carpet loom, the preparatory. weft
threads of the gauze being removed as the cloth is woven.
Fourthly, my improvements consist of weaving in a common simple loom
Brussels or similar carpets or looped fabrics, as Wilton or velvet-piled carpets
and hear thrugs, plain, either in white or grey yarn, or any color intended as
the ground of the pattern, and afterwards printing upon the said plain goods
any pattern or device in the ordinary manner, of block or machine printing, the
colored parts of which may be raised; washed,, and dried in the usual. way. I

page_text: then tenter or distend the so printed or colored. carpet,. and: stiffen.the:back
with size or other suitable matter,. as may be. found requisite; and the piecesof
carpet will be finished.
But in order. that these. my several improvements: may be still more fully
explained, I have, attached to this.my Specification two. Sheets of Drawings;.
illustrating the several features of my improvements and the manner of their
practical application,. and; have marked: the -several Figures with. letters: of
refèrence, placing corresponding letters: upon similari parts; of the.apparatus in
all the:Figures.
First Improvement.--In Sheet 1, Figure:l represents a front:elevation:oftmy.
improved winding apparatus, constituting the first part of my improvements;.
Figure 2 is an end view; and Figure 3 is a plan. or horizontal view of the
same, as seen from.above.. These Figures will be sufficient to illustratestwo
modes, methods; or modifications of carrying this part of my improvement.into
effect (videlicet,) doubling from hanks or skeins or separate bobbins: The one
side of the frame is represented: as. having. the: hanks: or: skeins.and.the other.
the bobbins. It consists. of a slight frame a, a, a, a;, the. upper.part of which
supports the reels b, b; b, b, containing the hanks, of yarn c,c.c, c: The lower
part of the framing supports: the driving shaft d, d; upon which is keyed
pulley e, to which.driving power is to be applied; upon this shaft d are also
mounted a series of wooden drums f,fff; which revolve:with. it, and drive
by friction of contact the bobbins 9, 9, 9, and m; m, max. Now, the yarns are
to be taken separately from the hanks, and two, three, or more. threads. to: be
passed through the eyes h in the stationary: guide rail,i,; thence through the
eyes h*, *, on the traversing guide rail., i*, and are then wound upon.one
of the bobbins-g side by side, so that: the two, three, or. more. threads:will
readily unwind from :the-bobbins at the same speed, and. thus always preserve
an uniformity in length.and tension. The guide rails. i are traverseduto and
fro in. order to lay the yarn evenly upon. the surfaces of the. bobbins by means
of the. lever k, being moved by the. heart .or: excentric motion, l, geared. with
the other. end of the driving. shaft.. It will be observed by the Drawings that
I have represented a similar arrangement.upon the.other side of the machine,
except. that the three: threads.are being wound together upon the bobbins
m, m, m, from.off. bobbins n, n; n, instead of the reels.b, b; or:hanks.c,.com
Second Improvement. The apparatus necessary to perform: the second'
part of my improvements, namely, the arranging, printing, or stamping and
reeling of the threads or yarns intended. to be woven into carpets: or.rugs, is
shewn in Sheet 2 of the. Drawings, in which Figure 1, is a plan or horizontal
view, as.seen from above; and Figure 2 is a longitudinal elevation of the same.

page_text: Any number of bobbins containing the yarns are placed at a, a, upon spindles
mounted (either vertically or in any other manner) in the boards 6 as a creel,
the yarns from which are passed between the friction guide rollers c, c, and
one, two, or more threads (according to the quality of the carpet required)
are drawn through each space or wires of the slay or reed d, say ten or twenty
of such threads are to be passed through the reed, side by side, and form a
band, as ate, e, Figure 1; a space or blank of about the same width as the band
of yarns is then to be left in the reed as at f, f, in Figure 1, and then a similar
number of threads and spaces left alternately until the reed is so filled, as
appears in Figure 1; the ends of all the threads are then to be confined in a
nipper or clasp g, and drawn tightly across the printing or stamping table h,
and the clasp or holder fixed as at g. The operation of ordinary block printing
or stamping is now to be performed, which must be governed by the pattern
paper, as in ordinary figure weaving; spots, stripes, or squares only are to be
printed or stamped, and not any regular fancy pattern or device. It will be
necessary to have an ordinary squared or plaid pattern paper, every square or plaid
of which corresponds with each two or three threads of the intended carpet,
and after the pattern to be produced has been carefully colored upon the plaid
paper, by examining the paper the workman or printer must be governed or
directed in printing or coloring the yarn. Small blocks or types of the breadth
of the band of.threads e, e, and the length required for one, two, or more loops
of the carpet when woven, must be provided according as the pattern paper
directs, and screwed up into a small hand block, as at i, i; thus, if the pattern
directs one loop should be printed or stamped black or any color, one type or
block must be placed to print or stamp it, and then so many blanks as the
pattern directs, so many more printing types, and so on until one hand block of a
convenient length is formed, and the whole screwed together; or a single block
may be used, taking one or more colours from a party-coloured sieve at the
same dip and applying it direct to the yarns. The threads are to be printed
or stamped with such blocks or types as at i, i, or k, k, Figure 1, composed as
the pattern paper shall direct; thus it will be perceived that these types will
only print or stamp stripes or squares, and simply spotting or coloring the
threads, varying in length as regards the threads, according to the pattern
requiring different spaces for the number of loops taken up by the pattern.
The types or blocks may be called double types, treble, or of any number,
according to pattern, and may print or stamp one or more colors
at once, as in calico, woollen, and ordinary printing. Whenever the
entire bands e or lengths of the warp threads have been printed or stamped,
as they are passed over the table they must be distinguished by calling and

page_text: marking them separately by a number or letter; for instance, call the first
number 1, and the second band number 2, and so on, until the whole series'
printed or stamped are thus registered, always keeping them progressively
numbered. After the length of threads lying at one time upon the surface of
the table has been printed or stamped, a nipper or clasp is to be closed on to
the threads at the end opposite to g, Figure 2, in order to remove it, and allow.
another length of the yarns to be drawn over the table to be printed or
stamped. The printed or stamped threads may now be hung up to be partially,
dried, as shewn in Figure 2, and then completely dried by passing over the
heated cylinder 1, and thence over guide rails m, being there separated by
upright wires, and wound into hanks upon the reels n, n. The hanks must
also be carefully numbered when taken off the reels, each hank forming only
one warp thread the entire length of the piece, the same numbers being of
course employed as previously marked in the printing, when they may be
steamed, washed, and dried, or otherwise treated, as in woollen printing.
When these so printed or stamped hanks are required to form the warp:
threads of carpets or rugs they are to be wound again upon bobbins, always
numbering the bobbins the same as the hanks; then select the bobbins
No. 1, 2, 3, &c. until you have as many as constitute a full warp, proper
attention being also paid to the pattern which has been previously arranged to
agree with the warp yarns. These bobbins a,.a, are now to be placed upon
spindles and boards b, as just described, shewn in Figures 1 and 2, and also in
Figure 4, Sheet 1, beginning with thread No. 1, and passing it through the
first space of the slay or reed e, and so on for the entire width; then the full
warp is to be beamed on the roller f for the loom direct from the spindles,
which being done, the beam of warp may be removed to a common plain cloth
loom to be woven, but producing instead of plain cloth the printed or stamped
pattern on the surface of the carpet or hearth rug.
Third Improvement.-In Sheet 2, Figures 3 and 4 represent a plan and
side view of a slight temporary loom, in which I effect the third part of my
improvements. A similar creel of bobbins a, a, a, a, as those just described,
are placed upon the boards and spindles b, b, and contain the warp threads,
either single, double, or treble, according to the quality of the intended fabric;
but instead of beaming them at once for the loom, I pass them over guide or
friction rollers c, c, through the healds d, d, and reed or slea e, e, and at
every inch or more of space throw in a weft or cross thread here and there,
in order to convert the warp threads or yarns into a preparatory gauze work
without weaving any positive or permanent fabric or cloth, as shewn by
the red lines representing the weft threads in Figure 3; thus partially

page_text: weaving it with temporary cross .threads by means of the harness and slea,
and at the same time beaming it upon the beam f by means of the tooth
gearing 9 and winch h. The beam containing the warp, or, as I call it, gauze,
is now to be placed near a printing table,.and.the-combined warp or gauze.or
loose fabric is to be printed and finished ready for weaving, as before described.
Or I can weave, interlace, 'or combine:several warp threads with a weft thread
in or after the manner narrow gauze ribbons are woven, and then print or
stamp the gauze or warp threads (so combined) by means of the types or.
blocks in spots, stripes, or squares, as I propose to-do when operating upon
the warp, shewn in the plan, Figure 1; then dry, divide, and reel them as
shewn at Figure 2, taking out the weft or combining threads of the, gauze.as
the warp threads are separately reeled into hanks at the same time, they .being
numbered and registered. After this the hanks of warp undergo the steaming
and washing procesess, as before described, and are then wound upon bobbins,.
as in the machine, Nos. 1 and 3, and from these bobbins I arrange the threads
for the pattern and beam them for the common loom to weave the carpet, as in
Figure 4, Sheet 1.
The fourth part of my improvements having been herein-before fully
explained, will therefore require no further illustration.
i.
In witness whereof, I, the said Edward Henshall, have hereunto set my
'hand and seal, this Twenty-sixth day of May, in the year of our Lord.
One thousand eight 'hundred and forty-one.
A. H. LYNCH.
*AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the same Twenty-sixth day of May,
in the year above mentioned, the aforesaid 'Edward Henshall came before our
Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification afore-
said, and all and every thing therein contained, in form above written. And'
also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according to the tenor of the
Statute in that case made and provided.
Inrolled the same Twenty-sixth day of May, in the year above written.