IMPROVEMENTS IN THE DIS- TILLATION AND RECTIFICATION OF PETROLEUM, AND IN APPARATUS EMPLOYMENT OF THE LIQUIDS THUS OBTAINED FOR LIGHTING AND HEATING
Year: 1878

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Louis Hébert and Charles Robert Kemp, of Boulevard
Saint Denis, 1, at Paris, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE DIS-
TILLATION AND RECTIFICATION OF PETROLEUM, AND IN APPARATUS
EMPLOYMENT OF THE LIQUIDS THUS OBTAINED FOR LIGHTING AND HEATING,"
FOR THE
Sealed the 10th January 1879, and dated the 11th July 1878.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Louis Hébert and Charles
Robert Kemp at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 11th July
1878.
-
LOUIS HÉBERT and CHARLES ROBERT KEMP, of Boulevard Saint Denis, 1, at
Paris. "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE DISTILLATION AND RECTIFICATION OF PETROLEUM,
AND IN APPARATUS FOR THE EMPLOYMENT OF THE LIQUIDS THUS OBTAINED FOR
LIGHTING AND HEATING."
Our Invention relates to obtaining from the crude petroleum, in proportions
relatively considerable, the hydrocarbons utilisable for lighting and heating pur-
poses, and to the application of these hydrocarbons to the latter by means of new
or improved apparatus suited for these uses, and free from all danger of explosion.
The apparatus for the distillation and rectification of the crude petroleum consists
essentially of a cylinder of sheet iron for containing the material, and upon which
is supported a dome, the upper part whereof ends in a pipe leading away to the
condenser; upon the dome is fixed a small tube furnished with a cock for receiving
the lighter permanent gases. A second pipe, provided with a cock for filling up,
is also fixed to the dome, and communicates with a forcing pump, which conducts
the petroleum into the cylinder. The latter is supplied with a pressure gauge, a
thermometer, and a pyrometer, in lieu of the mercury thermometer.
A tube in the
bottom of the cylinder, and having a piston in lieu of a cock, allows of the emptying
of the cylinder..

page_text: Surrounding the cylinder is a casing, a space being left between the two so as to
form an air cushion for maintaining the heat radiated from the cylinder. At the
ends of this casing are chambers provided with covers or doors.
Inside the cylinder is a spiral coil or worm of copper or iron tubes, and through
a tube at one end of this worm superheated air is admitted for heating the petro-
leum, and passing through the coil escapes through a tube at the other end of the
worm. These tubes are provided with suitable valves for regulating the admission
and escape of the superheated air."
The ends of the cylinder are closed by covers rendered air-tight with the cylinder
by an intermediate joint of lead, and held to the cylinder by swivels or screws.
In the middle of each cover or door of the outer casing to the cylinder are holes,
which are opened or closed to the external atmosphere at will by an overlapping
circular disc or plate formed with corresponding holes, and caused to revolve in a
dovetail or other suitable guide fixed to the cover. The covers of the cylinder and
those of the chambers of the casing are carried by bars and rods actuated by trains
of wheels and racks, so that they can be lifted off and run clear of the cylinder when
required to give access thereto for cleaning or other purposes.
The condenser is formed of two sheets of copper or galvanised iron bent into a
horizontally flat serpentine form at suitable distances between the bends, and of
great breadth so as to give considerable surface for condensation in a reduced
apparatus.
The pipe leading from the top of the dome before described opens into the upper
part of this condensing worm, and from the lower part of the latter a tube conducts
the products of the condenser into cylinders containing double-acting pistons, on
the rising of which the liquids are forced through tubes in the under part of the
condensing worm to be carried away to the various purposes to which they are
applicable. To the cylinders of the pistons is fixed a small pipe with a cock for
receiving the uncondensed gases; a test cock is also provided.
The apparatus for overheating the air supplied to the cylinder of distillation
consists of a cylindrical vessel of hard stone closed at the top, and in which are
arranged, one above the other, discs or slabs of similar material, a space being left
between the consecutive slabs. Through an iron pipe let into the top air supplied
by a ventilator or a blowing machine is admitted into the vessel. In the bottom
of the vessel is an earthen pipe, through which the overheated air passes from the
vessel, and which is joined to an iron pipe bent up so as to enter at its narrowed
end a cylindrical box or chamber, upon which is fitted a pipe, which passes to the
apparatus for distillation, where it is attached to the inlet tube before described at
one end of the worm contained in the cylinder of distillation. Fitting closely to
and capable of being turned round this cylindrical box or chamber is an iron cylin-
der pierced with a hole of the same shape and size as a corresponding hole through
the wall of the cylindrical box or chamber. The holes gives access to the external
air, and by varying their relative positions the current of air entering through
them into the cylindrical box or chamber may be increased or diminished so as to
regulate at will the temperature of the overheated air passing to the apparatus for
distillation. Round the stone cylindrical vessel is a space, through which the
flames from the furnace are allowed to circulate so as to heat the air contained in
and passing through the vessel.
The apparatus employed in applying or utilizing the light hydrocarbons obtained
from the distillation of the petroleum in the foregoing apparatus to the purposes of
lighting and heating consists principally of a lamp, which is composed of two prin-
cipal parts, 1st, of a ventilator acted upon by clockwork, and 2, of a pump, worked
by a second clock movement.
In the lamp is a reservoir, the cover of which is surmounted by a small chamber,
on the top of which is the burner. Under the cover of this chamber is soldered a
fine perforated metal sheet, which sifts or strains the gas flowing to the burner.
The liquid contained in the lower reservoir is raised by a pump into the upper
reservoir or chamber, where the air from the ventilator is caused to permeate
very

page_text: through it by pipes. This upper reservoir or chamber contains a diaphragm formed
of two coppered discs bored with holes, through which pass cotton wicks. A double
case surrounds and secures the whole top of the lamp above the pedestal containing
the clock gear.
A modified form of this lamp is employed in which the pump is replaced by a
cork float. To the centre of this float is attached a pure aluminium tube, which,
obedient to the float, slides vertically on the air-conducting pipe, which at that
part is perforated with small holes, or formed with longitudinal slits giving passage
to the air from the ventilator. A metal sheet fixed to the lower end of the float
tube, and sliding at its circumference against the wall of the reservoir, serves to
steady the float, and at the same time divides the air issuing from the conducting
In the
pipe into molecules, which permeates through the liquid in the reservoir.
upper part of the latter is fixed a plate formed of two metal sheets, between which
is lodged some carded cotton maintained by a band of sheet metal. This plate,
leaving between it and the wall of the lamp an annular space, is for the purpose of
arresting the confined gas and forcing its exit by the annular space.
With this modified reservoir we make use of a ventilator, such as Proot's or other
suitable kind. Our lamps thus contrived are applicable for lighting purposes,
whether public or private, also for heating apartments or cooking apparatus.
A modified form of this arrangement is used for heating railway carriages or other
vehicles.
This Invention is distinguished principally by the following features:―
In the form and construction of the various apparatus described, which are easily
cleaned.
Great surface of condensation.
The mode of cooling the vapours passing through the condensing apparatus.
The use of artificial coal, obtained either by means of Giffard's cold-air machines,
or by other means having a similar result.
The chambers in which the condensers are enclosed are entirely closed and
isolated from those parts of the apparatus which expand by the heat.
Liquefaction of gases, hitherto considered incondensible, is obtained, and the
system of heating the air sent into the worm or coil of the cylinder of distillation is
new, besides other advantages.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Louis Hébert and Charles Robert Kemp in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 11th January 1879.
LOUIS HÉBERT and CHARLES ROBERT KEMP, of Boulevard Saint Denis, 1, at
Paris. "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE DISTILLATION AND RECTIFICATION OF PETROLEUM,
AND IN APPARATUS FOR THE EMPLOYMENT Of THE LIQUIDS TEUS OBTAINED FOR
LIGHTING AND HEATING."
This Invention has for its object by means of our process and apparatus of which
the principles are entirely new,-
1st. Obtaining from the crude petroleum, in proportions relatively considerable,
the hydrocarbons utilisable for lighting and heating purposes.
2nd. The application of these hydrocarbons to such purposes by means of new
apparatus adapted thereto, and free from all danger of explosion.
The accompanying Specification and Drawings in three plates will well explain
these apparatuses and their operation. They are divided into apparatus for the
distillation and retification of the petroleum, and for the application of the
products.

page_text: Fig. 2 is a section of this apparatus through its axis, and Fig. 3 a section of the,
same on line A, B, on Fig. 2.
It is composed,
1st. Of a cylindrical tube or barrel a in tough stone.
2nd. Of discs e, e, e, as shown in Figs. 2, 3, 4, and 5, of similar material.
3rd. Of a cover or lid c in tough stone closing the tub or barrel a, and receiving
at its centre an iron tube, through which arrives the air furnished by a ventilator
or blowing machine.
and
4th. Of a tube f, in refractory earth, opening into the foot of the cylinder u,
by which the superheated air escapes. This tube, formed with a flange h in
refractory earth, is joined to an iron tube i by means of the rings h' and i. This
iron tube i is turned up at g, and, entering a cylindrical chamber n terminates in a
tapered end or nozzle. The cylindrical chamber n, is tapered at its top part, where
it is adapted to a pipe n", which leads away and opens into the apparatus of dis-
tillation by means of the tube d' (plate 1, Fig. 1). Round this chamber n works
loosely an iron cylinder 8, pierced on its circumference with a circular hole of the
this
same diameter as a second hole r in the surrounding wall of the chamber n;
gives admission to the atmospheric air which permits of regulating the cylinder 8,
by means of the induced current arriving by the hole r; one is able therefore to
regulate at will the temperature of the superheated air.
5th. Of a cylindrical casing x in refractory stone, leaving between it and the
cylinder a a spaco a', through which circulates the flames from a furnace z, con-
structed in a similar manner to a puddling or refractory furnace. 2¹ is the hole
for charging the fire, the products of combustion oscaping through the aunular
flue ².

page_text: "
APPARATUS FOR THE APPLICATION OF THE RECTIFIED PETROLEUM FOR THE
PURPOSE OF LIGHTING AND HEATING.-PLate 3.
The apparatus represented in Figs. 1, 2, and 3 is a lamp for utilizing the light
hydrocarbons obtained from the distillation of the petroleum, and which we term an
uto-gasogenous" lamp.
Fig. 1 is an elevation thereof; Fig. 2, a plan; and Figs. 3 and 4, sections on lines
A, B, and C, D, in Figure 2.
It is composed of two principal parts,-
1st. Of a ventilator a, acted on by a clock movement commanded by the barrel
(Fig. 4).
2nd. Of a pump m provided with a second clock movement, acted upon by the
barrel h². A small plate carrying a crank disc k¹ produces the alternate movement
of the piston p by the aid of the rod k².
3rd. Of a reservoir a¹ (Fig. 3), the cover a² of which is surmounted by a small
chamber carrying a screw thread c¹ for receiving the cock c, on which is screwed
the burner b; under this cover is soldered a very fine wire gauze j', which sifts the
gas passing through to the burner. In this reservoir a dips the pump in, of any
description, which raises the liquid contained in the lower part a¹ into the tube,
for diverting it into the upper reservoir a² formed by the closed bottom (Fig. 4).
This reservoir a' contains a diaphragm, formed of two copper plates o, o', main-
tained by tie pieces and pierced with holes, through which pass wicks of cotton
x, x, . The upper plate o' is slightly less in diameter than the lower plate o.
The liquid is introduced into the reservoir a' by a tube z opening out of the cover
a². is a tube containing a float f formed of a stem of pure aluminium, provided
with a disc of cork; this float indicates the quantity of the liquid which is able to
fill it. Two screwed stoppers d', d', hermetically close these tubes 2, z¹. A third.
tube traverses the reservoir a³, and serves as a passage for the rod k². A tube ³
receives the air from the ventilator a; this air passes through the tubes 2 and 25,
and spreads itself into the liquid by traversing the holes made in the tube from
the bottom of the reservoir a, up to the under diaphragm o'. The passage of the
air through these tubes can be regulated or intercepted by a cylindrical cock g,
surmounted by the handle 7. A casing c surrounds and protects all the upper
part of the lamp, extending from the cock c to the base e', which encloses the clock
movements.
Fig. 5 represents an important modification of the reservoir shewn in Figs. 3 and 4;
this modified reservoir contains only the pipe 23, 24, 25, for conducting the air, but
the pipe 5, in lieu of stopping at the close bottom l, descends to the foot 1 of
the cylinder a¹.
The action of the pump m is in this case replaced by that of a cork float fi, to
the centre of which is fitted a tube of pure aluminium u, which, drawn by the
float, slides vertically along the tube pierced from its starting point w² to its
base with small holes, or with one or more longitudinal slits, allowing passage for
the air from the ventilator.
A wire gauze j2 traversed at the centre by a ring joined to the aluminium tube u
serves as a stop to the float fi at the same time that it divides into molecules the
air leaving the tube and traversing the liquid of the reservoir; a second wire
gauze sifts the gas already formed in this place. In the upper part of the reservoir a¹
is a plate formed of two wire gauzes, between which is lodged some carded cotton
maintained by a band of wire gauze. This plate leaves between it and the sur-
rounding wall of the lamp an annular space of, say, 1 " in breadth for the purpose
of arresting the gas generated, and compelling it to go out by this annular space;
it retains also the condensation of the gas, moistening and enriching it in its passage
by vapours fit for its combustion. This reservoir evidently ought to contain also
the tubes and z¹ for the introduction of the liquid and the float f.
With the modified reservoir (Fig. 5) we make use of a ventilator by pressure,

page_text: such as the double ventilator of Roots (Figs. 6, 7, 8), or of any other producing the
pressure necessary for the penetration of the air through the liquid. Our lamps
thus arranged are applied for public or private lighting purposes to the apparatus
proper for culinary operations and to the heating of apartments.
HEATING RAILWAY CARRIAGES.
This apparatus represented on Plate 2, Fig. 6, is composed,-
1st. Of a lamp a terminating at is lower part in a tube or pipe a' fixed into a
horizontal pipe c (Fig. 7).
2nd. Of a tube e descending to the bottom of the tube or pipe a' open at its base
This tube e is fixed at its
and communicating with the interior of the pipe c.
upper part into a horizontal tube d through which arrives the air into the lamps.
3rd. Of a plate b in wire gauze similar to that we have already described Plato 3,
(Fig. 5), and a second similar plate 61 placed lower down prevents the escape of the
liquid during its passage.
4th. Of a small chamber i, into which opens a tube m, on which is screwed a
cock m' for regulating the gas arriving thereat; this tube m is terminated by an
adjutage or nozzle a similar to that of Plate 2 (Fig. 2), a different rule, for we
do not wish in this apparatus to mix with the gas 10 to 11 times its volume of
atmospheric air in order to obtain a higher temperature. This surrounding air
This mixture of
arrives by a hole b, also regulated by the cylinder with handle e.
gas and air passes into a pipe of cast iron or copper r, round which are formed cast-
iron branches s, s, which open into a cast-iron cylinder u; the gas escapes from this
cylinder u by holes o, o, opposite each coil of the worm x, where it is kindled by
holes conveniently formed round the casing and closed by sliding doors.
5th. Of a worm x in iron or copper, into which the air, by the difference of
temperature, is brought by the tube p, furnished with a trumpet-shaped mouth-
piece p¹, or with a ball pierced with holes.
6th. Of a pipe p², by which the heated air goes into the carriage.
7th. Openings w allowing the surrounding air necessary to the combustion of the
jets of gas to enter.
8th. Of a casing z in iron plates preserving the heat of the worm and pierced
with holes o, o¹, o¹, for the escape of the gas arrising from the combustion.
9th. Of a double casing z¹ in iron plates provided with a pipe x³, through which
the fixed gases escape.
10th. Of a protecting casing of iron plate surrounding the lamp and its appendages.
Fig. 8 represents a longitudinal view of the arrangement of heating apparatus here
described.
FUNCTIONS OF THE APPARATUS FOR THE DISTILLATION AND RECTIFICATION OF THE
PETROLEUM.
The mode of distillation and rectification of the petroleum differs little from the
ordinary procedure. Our Invention being principally distinguished by the form
and construction of the apparatuses, which are easily cleaned, we attach especially
great value to our condenser on account of its large surface of condensation ; also
the entirely novel means of refrigerating the vapours which pass into these appa-
ratuses by making use, instead of water, of artificial cold, which we obtain either
by the machines of cold air of M. Giffard, or by the procedures of M. Prael Picte,
or by any other means producing the same result.
The chambers in which the condensers are confined are entirely closed and isolated
from the parts of the apparatus which expand by the heat. By this system which has
not yet been applied we can liquify certain gases hitherto regarded as incondensible
by industrial procedures, and that in lowering the temperature of our chambers of
condensation from 0° to 30°, and maintaining this low temperature, or in elevating
it at pleasure, the liquids obtained leave our apparatus at temperatures able to be
varied from 15° to 30°.

page_text: We insist also on our system of heating the air which is sent into the worm d
(Plate 1, Fig. 1).
The introduction of our chambers of condensation offers also the advantage of
being able at the end of the operation, whilst the oils are charged with parrafin,
which is solidified at a temperature of 15° to 20° (centigrade) to suppress the cold air
which has filled the chambers in order to replace it by the heated air proceeding
from the exit tube of the worm d² (Plate 1, Figs. 1 and 2), that is to say, adopting
the system of distillation by fraction, which we consider as superior to all others
in yielding and in quality of production, we proceed in this manner:-The
distilling cylinder a (Plate 1, Fig. 1), is filled up with crude petroleum 0-150 m of
its internal upper part by the aid of a force pump communicating with the cylinder a
by the pipe w2, care being taken to open previously the cock of the tube v³ placed
on the dome, and the cock n of the tube (Plate 2, Fig. 1), so that the gas pro-
duced by the agitation of the petroleum in falling into the cylinder a can escape.
Both the tubes v3 and n of the various apparatuses of distillation conduct the
non-liquefied gas into a special cold air chamber containing a gasometer nicely
balanced in order that the lighter gases can lift the bell receiver. The introduction
of the petroleum being finished, the cock w² is closed, whilst the cocks vs and n
should still remain open, as also the butterfly valves p, p', of the tubes d¹, d", of
the worm through which the superheated air comes from the superheater a (Plate 2,
Fig. 2). The operator then introduces the air into the superheater at a moderate
speed regulating the apparatus by the current induced in the chamber n in such a
manner that a temperature of 5° to 15° centigrade is obtained, which it should
maintain as long as possible, and which ought not to arrive as gradually to 30°; he
ought to consult frequently the testing cock n', so as to be assured whether the non-
liquefied gases have ceased to be produced, which, if so, he should open one of the
two piston cocks or valves º, and draw off into test glasses by the test cock some
condensed liquid in order to prove its density, which should agree with the indi-
cations of the cremaschine thermometer. When this density has obtained 0.660
one should close the piston vs for opening the piston ; at this moment the
thermometer ought to mark 90° to 100° centigrade.
The distillation should be continued slowly and gradually for obtaining a tem-
perature of 200°, and when the cremaschine pyrometer indicates this temperature,
the operation should be stopped by interupting the current of air sent into the
superheater, and by closing the butterfly valves p, p, of the worm d, one opens
the cocks of the tubes 3 and n of a cylinder of distillation placed at some distance
below the working cylinder a, one opens gradually the piston cock or valve w¹ in
the emptying tube w, which descends and is fixed by a union joint, the latter being
replaced by a screwed plug when the filling up is finished. Upon the lower
cylinder for facilitating the emptying of the upper cylinder, there is previously
opened the cock v which permits the surrounding air to enter.
When the first cylinder is emptied, one proceeds to clean it for that purpose, a
current of cold air as been set up during the emptying between the casing c and
the cylinder a, which by this means is cooled; this current is obtained by opening
the orifices 11, 11, by means of the plates 2, 72. The cylinder being emptied, the
doors or covers behind or in front of the cylinder are taken off as before mentioned.
The surface of the cylinder a being free, it is cleaned by a jet of steam thrown on
all its parts; the water of condensation and the matters being expelled through
the piston cock or valve w¹ which is furnished with a pipe for conducting the
products of the washing to the outside. A workman can now finish the cleaning
by hand without risk to his health, the hot air from the superheaters taking up
every humidity.
The cleaning of the condenser is effected by a jet of steam repeatedly directed,
through the tube or pipe closed by the screwed plug o, the water of condensation
escaping by the tubes and v³..
The distillation and contents of the second cylinder is conducted in the same
manner as that of the first, and the operations should be stopped also when the

page_text: cylinder has attained a temperature of 200° to 250° centigrade. It is this interval
of time that by the cooling the heavy oils contained in the cylinder leave the
flakes of parrafin; the operator should then begin to suppress the low temperature
of the chamber of condensation by replacing it with air heated to (169 or 23º)
leaving the serpentine.
The liquids left from this operation are run out through pipes into a cast-iron
retort and there dealt with as in the other establishments, only these retorts are
also provided with condensers of cold air.
All the fractional products obtained since the commencement of the operation
undergo a second distillation, and the products thus refined offer the most complete
security from explosion.
APPARATUS PROPER FOR THE UTILISATION OF THE HYDROCARBONS OBTAINED
BY OUR PROCEDURES FOR LIGHTING AND HEATING.
The lamp described, Plate 3 (Figs. 1, 2, 3.) is the principal apparatus serving for
all the applications which we are able to make for lighting and heating by means
of the hydrocarbons obtained by our procedures of distillation of petroleum, the
gas produced in this lamp, and which we call acro-hydrocarbon gas, is obtained by
means of the hydrocarbons and air brought to the same point where it should be
burnt, an essential condition; for there has not been in the hydrocarbons, whether
combined or mixed, and with apparatus tried to this day with the same object, the
hydrocarbons mechanically drawn by the air and separated by being cooled in
prolonged pipes.
Our auto-gasogenous lamp is movable and transportable, exempt from all piping
whereby we are able to light small localities unfurnished with gas, and of two little
importance for permitting economically the introduction of the usual gas and pipes.
this lamp being placed in the prominent places like chandaliers. The manufactures
we can dispense with the clock movement of our lamp by borrowing from the steam
engine or other prime mover the trifling force necessary to send the air into the
lamp.
The function of this lamp is simple and easily understood from the preceding
description of the parts.
In the apparatus represented, Figs. 1, 2, 3, Plate 3, the reservoir a² is filled up
with liquid to the level indicated by the stoppage of the float s, lifted by the liquid,
and the upper part a² is filled through a hole n formed in the filling-up tube 3, the
tube z and ¹ being stopped, the cock f of the air tubes, t, is opened, and the
air arriving from the ventilator passes through the holes pierced in the tube 25 and
spreading into the wicks ¹ soaked with hydrocarbons, is drawn up by capillary
attraction, and in disengaging itself, carrys away the hydrocarbon vapours passing
with them through the annular space left round the upper diaphragm, and rising up
into the burner b' where it is lighted.
The pump m is for the purpose of retaining the reservoir a² at the constant
level of the liquid shown by dotted lines in Figs. 3 and 4, a hole u' being pierced
in the body of the pump at this level. By this description the action of the
modified form of reservoir before described, and represented in Fig. 5, will be well
understood.
.

page_text: APPLICATION OF THE AUTO-GASOGENOUS LAMP TO THE HEATING AND LIGHTING
OF RAILWAY CARRIAGES.
By reference to the description made and to the design of the apparatus repre-
sented in Figs. 6 and 7, the action of the apparatus is explained in the following
manner:-
2'
The lamps a, a, a, communicating by the tubes a with the cylinder c are filled
up with liquid through the tube a², the quantity poured in (marked on the
Drawing by a dotted Fig. 7) is regulated by a float like the float f (Plate 3,
Fig. 3), and shut up in the tube u³; these two tubes a³, a³, are also closed by the
screwed plugs c², c; the cylinder e occupies the entire lower length of the carriage,
and the tubes a, a³, occur in the same space between two consecutive carriages, this
arrangement permits easily a simultaneous filling up of three lamps placed under the
carriage. Before pouring in the liquid the cocks m³, m³, m³, of the three lamps are
previously opened in order that the air which they contain can go out. The iron tube
d which proceeding from the break-van, and afterwards bending, is prolonged under
the whole length of the train to bring the air into all the lamps, opens into a
cylinder of pressure placed in the van; this cylinder is provided with a safety valve
lifting at 2 atmospheres.
The air furnished to the tube d from the cylinder of pressure arrives in the
cylinder of a Giffard's injector, which is acted upon by the engine or other means,
and opens into a copper ball pierced with holes placed in the cylinder, or in a
chamber analogous to the chamber n (Pate 2, Fig. 2).
The surrounding air following the law of the current induced by the jet of steam
from the injector is drawn in and sent into the cylinder. In order that the air
ebbing in the pipe e may be cleared from the water drawn by the steam into the
cylinder of pressure, to the lower third part of the latter is fixed a syphon provided
at its external end with a valve cock by which the water drawn in and that of
condensation escapes. The air thus ebbing in the pipes e, e, e, by the conduit pipe
d, leaves by the lower end of the tube e through the liquid, and in rising is charged
with the hydrocarbon vapours of the liquid and changed into gas, which escapes
around the metallic plate b and enters into the chamber i, where being charged
with the surrounding air it goes into the cast-iron or copper piper, r, thence by
the branches s, 8, into the hollow cylinder u, from which it escapes by the holes
o, o, at issuing from which it is kindled. The worm x heated by these inflamed
jets draws in by its pipe p the surrounding air, which heated by the worm to a
temperature of 16° to 18° rises by the pipe p² into the carriages and spreads itself
into the canals of distribution placed under the seats or otherwise.
Note also that this apparatus by the suppression of the heating parts can be used
to send free and pure air into the carriages during the summer by the operation of
the parts for emitting the air.
At the same time that we heat the carriages with our lamps we can also light
them, in which case almost all the apparatus used for the heating is utilised except
the adjutagen and the worm x with their accessories; the tubes d and e are placed
parallel on the top of the carriage and on the same plan.
An arched tube v (Fig. 8) starting from the pipe & rejoins the tube e, which
descends into the lamp, and from the chamber i proceeds a tube bent into a syphon,
of which the lower end will be turned up again in the form of a nozzle into the
bowl containing the light; this turned up end of the syphon receives a butterfly
burner, the transverse section, Fig. 8, indicating sufficiently what is meant.
We have to remark that the air tube which goes under the whole length of the
train is joined between cach carriage, as the pipes of the portable gas which lights
the carriages are joined in Belgium.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of our said Inven-

page_text: tion and the manner in which the same is or may be used or carried into effect, we
would observe in conclusion that what we claim as our Invention is,-
1. The construction and arrangement of the apparatus for the distillation and
rectification of the petroleum, substantially as herein-before described, and illus-
trated in Figs. 1 and 2 on Plate 1 of the Drawings.
2. The construction and arrangement of the condenser apparatus, substantially
as herein-before described, and illustrated by Figs. 1, 4, and 5, on Plate 2 of the
Drawings.
3. The construction and arrangement of the superheating apparatus, substantially
as herein-before described, and illustrated by Figs. 2 and 3 on Plate 3 of the
accompanying Drawings.
4. The construction and arrangement of the apparatuses for heating and lighting
with their modifications, substantially as herein-before described, and illustrated in
Figs. 6, 7, and 8, on Plate 2 of the accompanying Drawings.
5. The construction and arrangement of the apparatus for utilising the hydro-
carbons obtained from the liquids with their modification to lighting purposes,
substantially as herein-before described, and illustrated on Plate 3 of the Drawings.
In witness whereof, we, the said Louis Hébert and Charles Robert Kemp,
have hereunto set our hands and seals, this Seventh day of January, in
the year of our Lord 1879.
Witness,
ALBERT CAHEN,
5
Civil Engineer,
of Boulevard Saint Denis, 1,
at Paris.
LOUIS HEBERT.
CHARLES ROBERT KEMP.
(L.S.)
(L.S.)