Improvements in Machinery or Apparatus for Producing Cold by the Employment of Carbonic Anahydride.
Year: 1891

page_text: Date of Application, 25th July, 1891
Complete Specification Left, 20th Nov., 1891-Accepted, 24th Dec., 1891
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Machinery or Apparatus for Producing Cold by
the Employment of Carbonic Anahydride.
We EVERARD HESKETH and ALEXANDER MARCET, both of 23 St. Swithin's
Lane in the City of London Engineers, do hereby declare the nature of our said
invention to be as follows:
--
This invention relates to improvements in machinery or apparatus for producing
cold by the employment of carbonic anhydride as hereinafter described.
In such apparatus it is usual to employ a screw down valve by which the passage
from the compresser to the condenser can be closed when necessary.
If the com-
presser is put into operation when the said valve has been inadvertently left closed
the continued working of the compresser will eventuate in such a high pressure
being gained as to cause damage to the apparatus and danger to any person in its
neighbourhood. It has been proposed to use a safety valve to relieve this pressure
but it has been found impracticable to provide one which is perfectly tight under
the normal working pressure. According to this invention we provide between the
compresser outlet passage and the aforesaid screw down valve a disc or piece of
material which will withstand the normal working pressure but which will rupture
should undue pressure be attained from the aforesaid cause. Copper is we believe
the most suitable material of which to form the said disc or piece and there may be
used therewith a safety valve which when rupture has taken place will sufficiently
well retain the gas in the system but allow the relief of the excess pressure:
The carbonic anhydride passing from the compressers is usually contaminated
with a lubricant such as glycerine. In order to effect the separation of this
glycerine or other impurity with which the carbonic anhydride may be contaminated
we provide a catch box or receptacle into which the pipe from the compresser
opens and from which leads the pipe by which the carbonic anhydride passes to the
condenser. The carbonic anhydride passing from the compressers into this box or
receptacle impinges upon the side thereof or other surface therein and the glycerine
or impurity deposits in the box or receptacle and can be withdrawn therefrom at
intervals, the purified carbonic anhydride passing from the said box or receptacle
to the condenser. The coils of the condenser or of the refrigerator require to have
their exteriors cleaned from time to time so that it is desirable to provide ready
means for enabling the tank in which they are contained to be removed. To effect
this we lead the coil pipes into and from the tank at the same end or side 'thereof
so that the connections do not interfere with the ready removal of the outer tank
which may be made in sections for the purpose. The openings by which the
pipes are led into and from the tank may be arranged so that there is one opening
for all the pipes entering and another for all the pipes leaving the tank and these
openings may be between removeable sections of the tank and the spaces between
the pipes passing through the said openings may be filled in with lead or like soft
metal which can be readily cut away when any of the pipes are to be removed.
The several pipes are preferably led into the tank and then continued in coils until
the opposite end of the tank is reached and then the pipes are returned to the end
where they entered and passed out thereat.
When the cold is to be utilized for the production of ice we prefer to arrange the
refrigerator coil in a tank containing the liquid to be frozen so that the convolu-
tions of the coil are in contact with each other or have metal pieces between them.
The carbonic anhydride being allowed to evaporate in these coils ice is 'formed at
their exteriors (and on the metal pieces between them if they be used) and as the
contact of the pipes with each other or with the metal between them prevents the

page_text: ice on one side being connected to the ice on the other side, the said ice can be
readily removed from the exterior of the coil. In order to prevent the ice forming
as one body around the convolutions of the pipes we place at intervals walls (which
may be formed by pieces of wood) so that the ice forms in disconnected slabs
readily removeable from the coil. For instance if the coil be disposed to form the
sides of a rectangle or other angular figure these walls may be situated at the
angles thereof.
In order to prevent injurious heating of the compresser the cold gas returning
from the refrigerator may be led into the compresser cylinder to the rear of the
piston thereof and be passed therefrom by the return stroke of the piston into the
other end of the cylinder to be compressed by the next stroke. The presence of
the cold gas thus prevents undue heating of the compresser.
Dated this 25th day of July 1891.
J. H. JOHNSON & CO.,
47, Lincoln's Inn Fields, Agents.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Machinery or Apparatus for Producing Cold by
the Employment of Carbonic Anhydride.
We EVERARD HESKETH and ALEXANDER MARCET both of 23 St. Swithin's
Lane in the City of London Engineers do hereby declare the nature of this
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed to be particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following statement :-
This invention relates to improvements in machinery or apparatus for producing
cold by the employment of carbonic anhydride (CO2) as hereinafter described.
If the com-
In such apparatus it is usual to employ a screw down valve by which the passage
from the compressor to the condenser can be closed when necessary.
pressor be put into operation when the said valve has been inadvertently left closed
the continued working of the compressor will eventuate in such a high pressure
being gained as to cause damage to the apparatus.
It has been proposed to use a safety valve to relieve this pressure but it has
been found impracticable to provide one of the ordinary construction which is
perfectly tight under the normal working pressure. According to this invention
we provide a disc or piece of material which will withstand the normal working
pressure but which will rupture and relieve undue pressure should it be attained
from the aforesaid cause. Copper is we believe the most suitable material of
which to form the said disc or piece and there may be used therewith a safety
valve of the ordinary description which when rupture has taken place will
sufficiently well retain the gas in the system but allow the relief of the excess
pressure.
Figure 1 of the accompanying drawings shews an arrangement according to this
part of our invention. The compressor outlet passage is situated at a, and b is the
passage controlled by the screw down valve B. the orifice e leading to the outlet
passages c² in the cap piece C containing the safety valve c³. In the passage care
blocks d holding between them, by a tight joint as shewn, the piece D of copper or
like material which is capable of withstanding the normal working pressure but
will rupture under undue pressure as aforesaid and allow the gas to open the
valve cand pass off by the passages c². The valve c³ will return to its seat when
excess of pressure is relieved and retain the gas sufficiently for working the
apparatus until the disc D can be conveniently replaced. Although I have shewn
the disc D as situated beyond the valve it will be evident that it may be between
the valve and the compressor outlet passage if desired.
The carbonic anhydride passing from the compressors usually holds in suspension
a lubricant such as glycerine. In order to effect the separation of this glycerine or
other impurity which may be mixed with the carbonic anhydride we provide a

page_text: catch box or receptacle (shewn in vertical section in Figure 2) into which the pipe
from the compressor opens and from which leads the pipe by which the carbonic
anhydride passes on its way to the condenser. The carbonic anhydride passing
from the compressors by the pipe F into this box or receptacle G impinges upon
the side thereof or other surface therein it being directed against the side by the
inclined surface at 2 of the continuation f from the pipe F and the glycerine or
impurity deposits in the lower part of the box or receptacle and can be withdrawn
therefrom at intervals by the outlet and valve 2 purified carbonic anhydride
passing from the said box or receptacle on its way to the condenser by the pipe H.
The coils of the condenser or the refrigerator may require to have their exteriors
cleaned from time to time so that it is desirable to provide ready means for
enabling the tank in which they are contained to be removed. To effect this we
employ the arrangement shewn in vertical section in Figure 3, in elevation in
Figure 4, and in plan in Figure 5.. We lead all of the coil pipes i into and from the
tank I at the same end thereof so that the connections do not interfere with the
ready removal of the outer tank which may be made in sections for the purpose.
The openings by which the pipes are led into and from the tank may be arranged
so that there is one opening for all the pipes entering and another for all the pipes
leaving the tank and these openings may be between removable sections 12 and I³
of the tank foundation casting and the spaces between the pipes passing through
the said openings may be filled in with lead or like soft metal which can be readily
cut away when any of the pipes are to be removed. The several pipes are
preferably led into the tank as at and then continued in the coils i (concentrically
with each other) until the opposite end of the tank is reached and then the pipes
are returned as at to the end where they entered and passed out thereat as at it.
When the cold is to be utilized for the production of ice we prefer to arrange the
refrigerator coil in a tank containing the liquid to be frozen so that the convolutions
This
of the coil are in contact with each other or have metal pieces between them.
is illustrated in sections at right angles to each other in Figures 6 and 7.
carbonic anhydride being allowed to evaporate in the coils J ice is formed at their
exteriors (and on the metal pieces between them if they be used) and as the
contact of the pipes with each other or with the metal between them prevents the
ice on one side being connected with the ice on the other side the said ice can be
readily removed from the exterior of the coil which may be done by passing warm
carbonic anhydride through it thus thawing the ice off. In order to prevent the
ice forming as one body around the convolutions of the pipes we place against the
flat surfaces of the coil frames J2 made of galvanized iron or other suitable material
in which frames the ice is formed and when the ice is thawed off, the frames are
removed with the ice contained in them. At the corners of the coil where it is not
required to form ice we place coverings or fillers of wood or other non conducting
material as shewn at k.
The
In order to prevent injurious heating of the compressor the cold gas returning
from the refrigerator may be led into the compressor cylinder to the rear of the
piston thereof and be passed therefrom by the return stroke of the piston into the
other end of the cylinder to be compressed by the next stroke. The presence of
the cold gas thus prevents undue heating of the compressor. Figure 8 illustrates
this it being a longitudinal section of a compressor cylinder. The cold gas from
the refrigerator enters at as the piston makes its compression stroke and passes
into the compressor cylinder L to the front of the piston. On the back stroke the
gas passes through the pipe M and valve m to the other side of the piston to be
compressed by its next compression stroke and passed out therefrom by the outlet
valve n.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of our said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed we declare that
what we claim is :-
1 In machinery or annaratus for producing cold by the employment of carbonio.

page_text: anhydride (or CO2) an orifice or relief outlet closed by a disc or piece of material
which will withstand the normal working pressure but which will rupture should
undue pressure be attained as aforesaid substantially as herein before described with
reference to Figure 1 of the accompanying drawings.
2. In machinery or apparatus for producing cold by the employment of carbonic
anhydride (or CO2) an orifice or relief outlet closed by a disc or piece of material
which will withstand the normal working pressure but which will rupture should
undue pressure be attained as aforesaid in combination with a safety valve outward
of the said disc or piece substantially as hereinbefore described and shewn in
Figure 1 of the accompanying drawings.
3. In machinery or apparatus for producing cold the employment of carbonic
anhydride (or CO2) a catch box or receptacle into which the pipe from the
compressor opens and from which the carbonic anhydride passes on its way to the
condensers substantially as and for the purpose herein before described.
4. In apparatus of the kind referred to the construction and arrangement con-
stituting the catch box or receptacle and its adjuncts as and for the purpose herein-
before described and shown in Figure 2 of the accompanying drawings.
5. In apparatus of the kind referred to arranging the coils of the condenser or
the refrigerator substantially as and for the purpose herein before described with
reference to Figures 3, 4 and 5 of the accompanying drawings.
6. In apparatus of the kind referred to the arrangement of the coils of the
refrigerator substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to Figures 6 and 7
so that the ice formed can be disengaged from the cooling pipes and with or with-
out the frames J².
7. In apparatus of the kind referred to the combination with the compressor
cylinder of means for admitting cold gas returning from the refrigerator to the
one side of the piston of the said cylinder and thence passing it to the other side of
the said piston for compression substantially as and for the purpose hereinbefore
described with reference to Figure 8 of the accompanying drawings.
Dated this 20th day of November 1891.
J. H. JOHNSON & Co.,
Agents.