MACHINERY FOR TWISTING YARNS OR THREADS"
Year: 1883

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Cunningham of Dundee in the County of
Forfar North Britain Engineer for an Invention of
MACHINERY FOR TWISTING YARNS OR THREADS"
IMPROVEMENTS IN
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Cunningham at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 23rd October 1883.
WILLIAM CUNNINGHAM, of Dundee, in the County of Forfar, North Britain,
Engineer, "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR TWISTING YARNS OR THREADS
"
This Invention has for its object to improve the construction and action of
machinery by which two or more yarns or threads are twisted together; and it
comprises mechanism by which, when one of the bobbins supplying the yarns
becomes exhausted the yarn from a fresh bobbin is introduced into the twist, and
the twisting is continued without stopping the spindle. The Invention also
comprises improved details which although designed for the more perfect carrying
out of the main part of the Invention, are also advantageously applicable to other
kinds of twisting machinery.
For convenience the following description is that of a set of details connected
with one spindle and arranged for twisting together four yarns or ends; but it is
to be understood the details may be arranged for twisting together any convenient
numbers of ende. The ends to be twisted together are drawn off bobbins placed
on an inclined carrier or bank at the upper and inner part of the machine, and
from the bobbins they first pass through certain duplex guides and down guide
tubes which last are nearly vertical. From the bottoms of the guide tubes the
ends pass under small drag rollers and between these rollers and bars on which the
rollers rest; and the ends next proceed in a forward and somewhat downward
direction to a second set of drag rollers resting on bars. The drag rollers turn by
the friction of the ends and by their weight exert a certain nipping action on the
ends which keeps the ends stretched with a certain tension between the first or
back drag rollers and the second or front drag rollers. The front drag rollers 'are
for the purpose of retaining hold of the portions of the ends between the front and
back drag rollers even when the parts of the ends which are past them have

page_text: become slack from the stoppage of the spindle or any other cause; and this is done
in order that the portions of the ends between the front and back drag rollers may
support certain detectors hereinafter described. From the front drag rollers the
ends pass between a pair of feed rollers down to the flyer or ring and traveller by
which the twisting is effected and the twisted yarn is wound on a bobbin on the
spindle in the usual way, the spindle being vertical, and the bobbin being moved
up and down by the usual traverse mechanism.
For holding the supply bobbins there are provided spindles each made with the
upper part tubular, and with the lower part solid and of a reduced size such that
the solid part of one spindle can easily enter the tubular part of another. This
admits of a more compact and convenient arrangement of the bobbins, as fresh
bobbins can be placed with their spindles in the ends of the spindles of bobbins
which are in action, and the bobbins can be very easily changed one for the other.
The spindles may be made with simple collars for supporting the bobbins, but they
are by preference made with rimmed or cup-like disks into which the bobbin ends
enter and which prevent the yarn from getting wound on the spindles.
The drag rollers may be fitted loosely on pins held by levers allowing the rollers
to rest on the bars below them; or the pins may be fixed the rollers being made
with eyes or bores a sufficiently loose fit on the pius to allow the rollers to rest on
the bars below. The bars on which the drag rollers rest are stationary but they
are rounded and can be turned partly round from time to time so as to be equally
worn; and the parts of the bars at the outer ends of the drag rollers are slightly
reduced in diameter to facilitate the entering of the yarn ends under the drag
rollers. Two ends pass under each drag roller and the two rollers for the four ends
of a set, are placed on opposite ends of one pin which is fixed by its middle to a
bracket.
A detector may be provided for each of the four ends but it is believed that in
practice two will be sufficient these two being arranged so that either can be
applied to one or other of the ends. Each detector is a bent tube having one part
passing through guide eyes in which it is free to move vertically and having
another part made like un inverted crutch with its underside grooved to rest on
the yarn end between the back and front drag rollers. The detector, is formed
with a curl or guide eye from which a yarn end (which is drawn off a fresh or
standing bobbin) passes vertically downwards to a spring clip which holds the end
of the yarn just above the nipping level of the feeding rollers. The yarn
approaches the curl of the detector from a spring clip situated behind so that the
yarn radiates from it to the detector curl in either the supported or dropped
position of the detector. The attendant worker places the crutches of the two
detectors on the two yarn ends whose supply hobbins are most nearly exhausted,
and then when one bobbin becomes exhausted its yarn fails between the back and
front drag rollers, the corresponding detector drops, and the fresh yarn end is by
the descent of the detector lowered so as to be caught between the feed rollers.
The action is such that the fresh yarn end is taken hold off by the feed rollers and
begins to be twisted with the other ends just before the tail end of the exhausted
bobbin passes between the feed rollers; and the twisting proceeds without
interruption. The attendant worker having observed the dropping of the detector,
removes the exhausted bobbin putting the fresh and previously standing one in its
place; and removes the fresh yarn from the detector and places it in the guides and
under the drag rollers, using a small instrument provided for that purpose if
necessary.
Instead of the detectors sliding on guides as described they may be set on
centres so as to have a swinging or oscillating motion, and they may be made
otherwise than of bent tubes.
It may now be explained that the guide tubes hereinbefore referred to are for
the purpose of keeping the tail end of the yarn extended or straight after it has
left the bobbin so that it may not become twisted up in a curled condition. The
fresh yarn is got into a guide tube through a helical slit formed in the tube, the

page_text: top of each guide tube being fixed or close up to the bottom of the lower part
of the duplex guide which consists of two plates or flanges one a little above the
other, and made with parts like a ram's horn, one being curled oppositely to the
other. For the four yarn ends of a set the two upper rams-born guides on each
side of the middle are curled away from the middle whilst the lower ones are
curled towards the middle and the helical slits of the tubes are correspondingly
right-handed and left-handed. These arrangements are designed to facilitate the
insertion of the fresh yarns into their proper places in the guides.
As it will sometimes occur that a greater number of supply bobbins will become
exhausted at about the same time than can be properly attended to at once,
improved mechanism is provided for stopping the twisting action, and this
mechanism is by preference arranged for stopping two spindles and their feeding
rollers at a time. The two inner or back feed rollers are fixed on one spindle
the bearings of which are adjustably connected to a short downwardly projecting
arm of a bellerank lever having a second arm extending backwards. This second
.arm is connected by a vertical link to a treadle or foot lever below and this link
is made heavy to act as a weight for applying the necessary pressure to the feed
rollers when they are in action. The treadle extends forwards between the two
spindles near their lower ends and is made with a cross piece which is acted on
by a spring for the purpose of bearing (when the treadle is depressed) on disks
or collars formed or fixed on the spindles, The spindles are driven by belts or
cords and when the treadle is depressed its cross piece acts as a brake on the
collars and prevents the rotation of the spindles their belts or cords then slipping
upon the pulleys. The depression of the treadle by withdrawing the inner feed
roller stops the feeding action and the bobbins on the spindles may be stopped by
the application of a portable brake by the attendant. A weighted catch is provided
for retaining the treadle when depressed, and can be released by the foot when
restarting the operation. When the feed rollers are separated as described the
twist tends to run up but is prevented proceeding by a comb-like guide between
the dents of which the yarn ends pass separately. This comb-like guide is made
with its dents extended downwards as nearly as possible to the nipping place
of the feed rollers so as to keep the twist as far down as possible.
A slow-to-and-fro end on motion is imparted to the feed rollers to prevent the
wearing action of the yarn taking effect always at one part. The driven feed-
roller shaft has louse on it between collars near one end a cam, made with a groove
or feather which is helical one half being right-handed and the other half left-
handed. The cam is fixed to a ratchet wheel which is turned step by step by
a rod and pawl from an eccentric on a convenient slowly moving shaft, and a
finger on a fixed bracket projects into the groove or a fork embraces the feather
of the cam the action of which on the finger or fork causes the end-on movement
of the feed roller shaft. The buck feed rollers are made to move with the front
ones by collars on the latter projecting in between the former, the spindles on
which each two of the back feed rollers are fixed being free to move on end in
their bearings.
For the purpose of causing the twisted yarns to proceed from the feed rollers
down to the flyer in the axial line of the flyer so as to avoid the centrifugal strain
to which they are subjected when not in that line, there is fitted upon the top
of the flyer or spindle a guide cap having a central hole in its top and a pair of
diametrically opposite openings in its sides. A slit is formed across the top and
from each end of this slit helical or inclined slits are formed down to the side
openings. The yarn is entered by being laid in the top slit and finds its way
by one of the inclined slits to one of the side openings whence it passes to one
of the flyer legs.

page_text: "
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the Conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said William Cunningham in the Patent Office on the 17th April 1884.
WILLIAM CUNNINGHAM, of Dundee, in the County of Forfar, North Britain,
Engineer. "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR TWISTING YARNS OR THREADS"
My said Invention has for its object to improve the construction and action of
machinery by which two or more yarns or threads are twisted together, and it
comprises mechanism by which, when one of the bobbins supplying the yarns
becomes exhausted, the yarn from a fresh bobbin is introduced into the twist, and
the twisting is continued without stopping the spindle. My Invention also
comprises improved details which although designed for the more perfect carrying
out of the main part of my Invention, are also advantageously applicable to other
kinds of twisting machinery.
For convenience the following description is that of a set of details connected
with one spindle, and arranged for twisting together four yarns or ends; but it is
to be understood that the details may be arranged for twisting together any
convenient numbers of ends.
The ends to be twisted together are drawn off bobbins placed at the upper and
inner part of the machine and pass under small drag rollers and between these
rollers and a bar on which the rollers rest; and the ends next proceed in a forward
and somewhat downward direction to a second set of drag rollers resting on a bar; |
or these second drag rollers may be dispensed with, the ends simply passing over
the second bar. From the front bar the ends pass between a pair of feed rollers
down to the flyer or ring and traveller by which the twisting is effected, and the
twisted yarn is wound on a bobbiu on the spindle in the usual way, the spindle
being vertical and the bobbin being moved up and down by the usual traverse
mechanism. An improved form of bobbin holder is used admitting of a more
compact and convenient arrangement of the supply bobbins; and the drag rollers
are fitted in an improved manner.
A detector may be provided for each of the four ends but I believe that in
practice two will be sufficient these two being arranged so that either.can be
applied to one or other of the ends. The detectors are, for lightness and stiffness
made of small tubing, and each is formed with a front straight part passing
through guides in which it is free to move vertically, whilst a back part joining
the front part with a bend extends downwards in the form of an inverted crutch
having its underside grooved to rest on the yarn end between the drag rollers and
the front or second bar. The detector is formed with a guide from which a yarn
end (drawn off a fresh or standing bobbin) passes vertically downwards to a spring
clip which holds the end of the yarn just above the nipping level of the feeding
rollers. The attendant worker places the crutches of the two detectors on the two
yarn ends whose supply bobbins are most nearly exhausted; and then when one
bobbin becomes exhausted its yarn fails between the drag-rollers and the front bar,
the corresponding detector drops, and the fresh yarn end is by the descent of the
detector lowered so as to be caught between the feed rollers. The action is such
that the fresh yarn end is taken hold of by the feed rollers and begins to be
twisted with the other ends just before the tail end of the exhausted bobbin passes
between the feed rollers; and the twisting proceeds without interruption. The
attendant worker having observed the dropping of the detector, removes the
exhausted bobbin, putting the fresh and previously standing one in its place; and
removes the fresh yarn from the detector and places it in the guides and under the
drag roller, using a small instrument provided for that purpose if necessary.

page_text: Instead of the sliding in guides as described they may be set on centres so as to
have a swinging or oscillating motion, and they may be made otherwise than of
bent tubes.
In some modifications I use behind the drag rollers certain guide tubes and
guides, hereinafter more particularly described, for the purpose of keeping the tail
ends of the yarns extended or straight and in an uncurled condition after they
bave left the bobbin.
As it will sometimes occur that a greater number of supply bobbins will become
exhausted at about the same time than can be properly attended to at once, I
provide improved mechanism for stopping the twisting action, and this mechanism
is by preference arranged for stopping two spindles and their feeding rollers at a
time. The two inner or back feed rollers are fixed on one spindle the bearings of
which are adjustably connected to a short downwardly projecting arm of a
bellerank lever having a second arm extending backwards. This second arm is
connected to a treadle or foot lever below by a link made heavy to act as a weight
for applying the necessary pressure to the feed rollers when they are in action.
The treadle extends forwards between the two spindles near their lower ends, and
is made with a cross piece which is acted on by a spring for the purpose of bearing
(when the treadle is depressed) on disks or collars formed or fixed on the spindles.
The spindles are driven by belts or cords, and when the treadle is depressed its
cross piece acts as a brake on the collars and prevents the rotation of the spindles,
their belts or cords then slipping on the pulleys. The depression of the treadle by
withdrawing the inner feed rollers stops the feeding action, and the bobbins on the
spindles may be stopped by the application of a portable brake by the attendant.
A weighted catch is provided for retaining the treadle when depressed, and can be
released by the foot when re-starting the twisting operation. When the feed
rollers are separated as described, the twist tends to run up, but is prevented from
proceeding by a comb like guide between the dents of which the yarn ends pass
separately.
A slow to-and-fro' end-on motion is imparted to the feed rollers to prevent the
wearing action of the yarn taking effect always at one part.
And in order that my said Invention and the manner of performing the same
may be properly understood I hereunto append three sheets of explanatory drawings
to be hereinafter referred to and representing twisting machinery as made with my
improvements.
Figures, 1, and 2, on sheet, 1, of the accompanying drawings are a front elevation
and a sectional side elevation showing one modification of a portion of my improved
apparatus. The figures on sheets, 2 and 3, represent a small machine having six
spindles and as made with my improvements, the parts of this machine corro,
sponding to the parts shown on sheet, 1, being simplified. Figure, 3, is a front
elevation of the machine as with minor details removed; figure, 4, is a transverse
vertical section but with some details shown in side elevation. Figures, 5 and 6
are a plan and a sectional side elevation of a set of parts for one spindle and
comprised between the supply bobbins and the feed rollers. In these drawings the
same reference letters and numerals are used to mark the same or like parts
wherever they are repeated.
The modifications represented in the drawings are arranged for twisting together
four yarns or ends by means of each spindle, and for each set of four yarns two
detector appliances are provided for introducing fresh ends into the twist when
required. In the modification shown in figures, 1, and 2, the yarns Y, which are
being twisted, pass down from supply bobbins (not shown in these figures) to
duplex guides, 11, in a plate fixed to the front edge of a wooden bar, 12, and thence
down guide tubes, 13. A fresh yarn is at any time got into a guide tube, 13,
through a helical slit formed in the tube, the top of each tube being fixed or held
close up to the bottom of the lower part of the duplex guides, 11, which consist of
two plates or flanges one a little above the other, and made with parts like a ram's
horn, and the lower one being curled oppositely to the upper one. For the four

page_text: yarn ends of a set the two upper rams-horn guides on each side of the middle, are
curled away from the middle whilst the lower ones are curled towards the middle,
and the helical slits of the tubes 13, are correspondingly right-handed and left-
handed. These arrangements are designed to facilitate the insertion of the fresh
yarns into their guides, whilst the tubes, 13, are as herein before explained for
preventing the tail ends of the yarns from curling.
From the bottom ends of the guide tubes, 13, the yarns Y, pass under small drag
rollers 14, and between these rollers and a bar, 15, on which the rollers rest; and
the yarns next proceed in a forward and somewhat downward direction to a second
set of drag rollers, 16, resting on a bar, 17. The drag rollers, 14, 16, turn by the
friction of the yarns, and by their weight exert a certain nipping action on the
yarns which keeps the yarns stretched with a certain tension between the first or
back drag rollers, 14, and the second or front drag rollers, 16. The front drag
rollers, 16, were designed for retaining hold of the portions of the yarns between
the front and back drag rollers even when the parts of the yarns which are past
them have become slack from the stoppage of the spindle or other cause; and this
is done in order that the portions of the yarns between the front and back drag
rollers may support the detectors. I do not now consider it necessary to use the
front drag rollers 16, and have omitted them in the modification shown in
Figures, 8 to 6. From the front drag rollers, 16, or front bar, 17, the yarns pass
downwards and between a pair of feed rollers, F, E, (not shown in figures 1 and 2)
to the flyer or ring and traveller by which the twisting is effected.
The drag rollers, 14, 16, shown in figures, 1; and 2, are placed on pins, 18, fixed
in parts of a bracket, 19, the rollers being made with eyes or bores a snfficiently
loose fit on the pins, 18, to allow the rollers to rest on the bars, 15, 17, below.
The bars, 15, 17, on which the drag rollers rest are stationary, but they are rounded
and can be turned partly round from time to time, so as to be equally worn; and
the parts of the bars at the outer ends of the drag rollers are slightly reduced in
diameter to facilitate the entering of the yarn ends under the drag rollers. Two
ends pass under each drag roller, and the two rollers, 14, or 16, for the four yarns
of a set are placed on opposite ends of one pin, 18.
The other details shown in figures, 1, and 2, are the same or almost the same as
the corresponding details shown in figures, 3, to 6, which I will now proceed to
describe. Figures, 5, and 6, show modifications of the parts shown in figures, 1,
and 2, and will require to be described only so far as seems necessary for explaining
differences or parts not shown in figuros, 1, and 2. For holding the supply bobbins, B,
there are provided spindles each made with the upper part, 20, tubular, and with the
lower part, 21, solid and of a reduced size such that the solid part, 21, of one spindle
can easily enter the tubular part, 20, of another. This admits of a more compact
and convenient arrangement of the bobbins, B, as fresh bobbins can be placed with
their spindle ends, 21, in the tubular ends, 20, of the bobbins which are in action,
and the bobbins can be very easily changed one for the other. The spindles may
be made with simple collars for supporting the bobbins, but they are by preference
made with rimmed or cup-like discs, 22, into which the bobbin ends enter and
which prevent the yarn from getting wound on the spindles. An inclined bank or
plate, 23, is provided for holding the supply bobbins, B, and is made with tubular
bosses, 24, to receive the spindle ends, 21, In figure, 6, washers or plies of fibrous
material are shown as fixed to the plate, 23, to prevent the bobbin holders from
turning, and similar plies are shown between the insides of these disks, 22, and the
bobbin ends for the purpose of applying frictional drag to the bobbins, the latter
are however not always required. In the modification now being described the
guide tubes, 13, are dispensed with, and the yarns, Y, pass in a direct manner from
the supply bobbins, B, through plain guides, 25, to the drag rollers, 14, and bar, 15,
and proceed to the front bar, 17, and thence downwards to the feed rollers, F, E.
The drag rollers, 14, are fitted loosely on pins fixed to levers, 26, which being
hinged to brackets, 27, allow the rollers to rest on the bar, 15. The holes in the
drag rollers, 14, for the pins are not bored through and soiling of the yarn with

page_text: oil is thereby avoided as the yarns are passed into place across the unbored ends.
Each pair of rollers is placed with the unbored ends together and keep each other
on their pins because of the small space left between them.
"
"
Each detector, D, made of thin steel tubing consists of a vertical front part, 28,
joined with a bend to a slightly inclined back part, 29, the latter having a curved
bottom end, 30, made of hardened steel and resembling an inverted crutch. This
crutch, 30, rests on a yarn between the back and front bars, 15, 17, whilst the
front part, 28, of the detector is free to move vertically in guides, 31, fixed to a
bracket, 32, At the upper part of each detector, D, there is a yarn guide, 33; in
the form of a curl or of a spring clip; and there is a spring clip, 34, attached to
the lower end of the front part, 28, for holding the fresh or standing yarn, y, ready
for being introduced into the twist. The fresh yarn, y, is held with its bottom end
a little above the nipping point of the feed rollers, F, E, and nearer that than the
distance through which the detector, D, drops when no longer supported by the
yarn, Y, between the bars 15, 17. The fresh yarns, y, are drawn from standing
bobbins, b, which may be placed above supply bobbins, B, from which yarns, Y, in
action are being drawn.
The arrangements hereinbefore referred to for stopping two spindles, when more
of the supply bobbins, B, become exhausted nearly at the same time than can be
.conveniently attended: to are shown in figures 3 and 4-The inner or back feed
rollers, E, of each two spindles, S, are fixed on one spindle the bearings of which
are adjustably connected by an internally screwed arm 35, and a screwed rod, 36,
to a short downwardly projecting arm, 37, of a bellcrank lever having a second
arm, 38, extending backwards, this lever being centred on a bracket, 39. The
horizontal arm, 38, is connected by a vertical link, 40, made heavy for applying
pressure to the feed rollers, to a treadle or foot lever, 41, centred on a bracket, 42.
The treadle, 41, extends forwards between the two spindles, S, near their lower
ends, and is fitted with a cross piece, 43, which is acted on by a spring, 44, for the
purpose of bearing (when the treadle is depressed) on disks or collars, 45, formed
or fixed on the spindles. These collars, 45, have leather fixed on them and leather
is also fixed on the undersides of the cross piece, 43, so that sufficient brake action
may be obtained for stopping the spindles without applying great pressure to
the treadle. The depression of the treadle, 41, by withdrawing the inner feed
rollers, E, stops the feeding action, and the action of the cross piece, 43, stops
the spindle, S, which is driven frictionally by a belt acting on a pulley, 46, the
belt slipping when the brake is applied. A weighted catch, 47, provided for
retaining the treadle, 41, when depressed and can be released by the foot when
re-starting the twisting operations. When the feed rollers, F, E, ure separated ns
described the twist tends to run up to the parts of the yarn above those rollers,
but is prevented from doing so by a comb-like guide, 48, between the dents of
which the yarn ends pass. This comb-like guide, 48, is made with its dents (of a
broad form as seen in figure 6,) extended downwards as nearly as possible to the
nipping place of the feed rollers, F, E, so as to keep the twist as far down as
possible.
The mechanism for imparting to the feed rollers, F, E, a slow to-and-fro' motion
as herein before mentioned, is shown in Figures, 3, and 4. The shaft, 49, of the
driven feed roller, F, has loose on it between collars near one end a short tuba or
cam, 50, made with a projecting feather which is helical, one half being right-
handed and the other half left-handed. The cam tube, 50, has forined or fixed on
it a ratchet wheel, 51, which is turned step by step by a pawl, 52, and rod, 53,
from an eccentric, 54, on a convenient slowly moving shaft, 55, this shaft being, in
the example delineated, that having on it the heart cam, 56, for giving the
transverse motion through the lever, 57. These parts are shown in external
elevation in figure, 4, although other parts near them are shown in section. The
excentric rod, 53, is jointed to a pair of disks or annular plates, 58, mounted
loosely one on each side of the ratchet wheel, 51, and the cam tube and other parts
are kept in place by a movable collar, 59, fixed by a screw nut on the end of the

page_text: shaft, 49. The helical feather of the cam, 50, works through a fork or groove in
the end of a fixed bracket, 60, and as the cam rotates the shaft, 49, is thereby
made to move slowly on end as required. The back feed rollers, E, are made to
move with the front ones, F, by collars, 61, on the latter projecting in between the
former, the spindles on which each two of the back feed rollers, E, are fixed being
free to move in their bearings.
Figures, 3, and 4, represent a machine having six spindles on one side; it will
however be understood that machines can be made with any convenient number
of spindles on one or both sides.
In my Provisional Specification relative hereto a guide cap for the spindles was
described but as I do not now intend to make any claim for it I have not described
it herein.
Having thus particularly described my said Invention and the manner of
performing the same I have to state that I do not restrict myself to the precise
details herein described or delineated but that what I believe to be novel and
original and claim as the Invention secured to me by and in terms of the
hereinbefore in part recited Letters Patent is :-
1-In machinery for twisting two or more yarns or threads together, the
arranging or combining together of mechanism for automatically introducing into
the twist a yarn or thread from a fresh bobbin when one bobbin is exhausted,
substantially in the manner herein before described.
2.-The arrangement of the detector for holding the fresh yarn or thread and
which when ceasing to be supported by a running yarn or thread drops and lowers
the fresh yarn or thread so as to become caught, between the feed rollers and
taken into the twist, substantially as hereinbefore described.
3. The application of the duplex guides, (11) and guide tubes (13,) substantially
as and for the purposes herein before described.
4. The improved construction of the spindles and disks or holders for the
supply bobbins as hereinbefore described.
5. The modes of constructing and carrying or arranging the drag rollers as
hereinbefore described.
6 The improved mechanism herein before described more particularly with
reference to figures, 3, and 4, for stopping pairs of spindles.
7. The application of the comb-like guides (48) for preventing the twist from
running up when the feed rollers are separated, as hereinbefore described.
8. The mechanism for imparting a slow to-and-fro' motion to the feed rollers as
hereinbefore described.
In Witness whereof, I, the said William Cunningham have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this 15th day of April, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight
hundred and eighty four.
WILLIAM CUNNINGHAM
01