Improvements in Earthenware or Stoneware Pipes, Junctions, Channels, and Gutters."
Year: 1897

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Earthenware or Stoneware Pipes, Junctions,
Channels, and Gutters."
I ABRAHAM GREENWOOD, of Avon Villas, Todmorden, in the County of York,
Surveyor and Sanitary Engineer, Do hereby declare the nature of this invention
to be as follows:-
This invention relates to improvements in pipes, junctions, channels and gutters
made of earthenware or stoneware, the object being to strengthen the same and
render them more efficient.
In the first place I propose to provide such pipes channels or gutters with a
longitudinal rib along the external surface thereof, the said rib being of such a
depth that the pipe can rest thereon instead of resting as it occasionally does with
its weight upon the socket. Such rib may be of any convenient form, preferably
half round, and either single or double, and I may, if requisite form more than one
rib along the pipe or gutter; and in the latter case the gutter which is ordinarily
in the form of a half tube may have a full rib at the bottom and a half rib at
each side or edge.
The longitudinal ribs not only strengthen the pipe or gutter but they also
prevent it from warping during the burning or firing thereof; and the bottom
rib as above described secures uniformity of bearing for the pipes, allows the
spigot end to rest freely in the socket end of the adjoining pipe, and relieves it
from all downward-bearing strain. It also secures uniform jointing space and
trueness of invert, and prevents lipping at the bottom which occurs when the pipes
rest as at present upon the sockets or flanges.
I sometimes also provide a flange or ring of similar depth or thickness to that
of the ribs above described near to the spigot end of the pipe or gutter.
I further propose to rebate the internal diameter of the extremity of the socket
to prevent the spigoti end from resting on the extreme end thereof, and thus save
fracture at one of its weakest parts, and to secure a suitable jointing space, the.
flange or ring above described coming close against the mouth of the socket, and
in this case I make a shallow recess at the end of the pipe and a corresponding!
bead in the face of the socket so as to bed into cement placed in the said recess,
and I thus form a good joint between the two pipes.
The side ribs above described may be used in the case of junctions to act as
supports therefor, and I also form a bracket extending from the side rib to still
further support the junction.
Furthermore instead of making the junction meet the main pipe in the centre
thereof, I cause it to meet the same level with the soffit of the pipe, and thus in
the case for example of a 12 inch pipe with a 6 inch inlet from the junction,
there will have to be more than 6 inches of water in the pipe before any backi
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page_text: pounding takes place in the junction; whereas under ordinary circumstances
when the junction is at the centre of the pipe there would only be a depth of
three inches in the pipe before back pounding takes place, and the difference is
very considerable in a pipe which is circular in section.
In some cases especially when the junction is about equal in diameter to the
main pipe I prefer to make the said junction meet the main pipe rather above
the soffit thereof.
I also propose to make the pipes in the case of junctions divided longitudinally
on the horizontal diameter into two half cylindrical parts, so that in the case of
applying a junction to a main pipe, one pipe only may be removed, and a new
split pipe applied having the junction entirely in the said upper half; and in
order to obtain a firm joint in this case I forin a longitudinal rebate along the
adjacent edges of the two halves, and I form the lower half with a flat base or
foot and with strengthening brackets on each side to support the same.
+
GEO. DAVIES & SON.
Agents for the Applicant, 4, St. Ann's Square, Manchester.
"Improvements in Earthenware or Stoneware Pipes, Junctions,
Channels, and Gutters."
I ABRAHAM GREENWOOD, of Avon Villas, Todmorden, in the County of York,
Surveyor and Sanitary Engineer, Do hereby declare the nature of this invention
and in what manner the same is to be performed to be particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following statement:-
This invention relates to improvements in pipes, junctions, channels and gutters
made of earthenware or stoneware, the object being to strengthen the same and
render them more efficient.
In the first place I propose to provide such pipes channels or gutters with a
longitudinal seating or rib along the external surface thereof, the said seating
being of such a depth that the pipe or gutter can rest thereon instead of resting
as it occasionally does, with its weight upon the socket, and for this purpose of
course the seating or rib must not be so long as to extend into the socket of the
next pipe such seating or rib may be of any convenient form and either single
or double as shewn at a by the accompanying diagrams A, B, C, D, E, F, G, M,
and T, and I may if requisite use a corresponding rib or ribs along the top and
sides preferably half round as seen at bon diagrams C and D and the channe!
or gutter which is in the form of half a tube may have a full rib or seating a for
the bottom with longitudinal ribs along each edge or side, see diagram M.
The longitudinal ribs not only strengthen the pipe or gutter but they also
prevent it from warping during the burning or firing thereof; and the bottom
rib as above described secures uniformity of bearing for the pipes, allows the
spigot end to rest freely in the socket end of the adjoining pipe, (the ribs a and b
of course stopping short of such socket, as seen at diagrams M and T) and relieves
it from downward bearing strain. It also secures uniform jointing space and

page_text: trueness of invert, and prevents lipping at the bottom which occurs when the
pipes rest as at present upon the sockets or flanges.
I may sometimes also provide a flange or ring 6 see diagrams B, D, F, G, M,
of similar depth and thickness to that of the ribs & near to the spigot end of the
channel or gutter.
I further propose to rebate the internal diameter of the extremity of the socket
as shewn by diagram H to prevent the spigot from resting on the entrance end
thereof, and thus save fracture at one of its weakest parts, at the same time
securing suitable jointing space, and for more effectually jointing the pipe, I
make a shallow groove or recess in the spigot end of the pipe, and a corresponding
bead in the face of the socket (see diagram H) or the face of the socket may be
grooved and the spigot end square as shewn by diagrams I and J.
Into this groove cement or other suitable jointing material is placed, forming a
tight joint when the pipe is pushed home.
Furthermore instead of making the junction meet the main pipe in the centro
thereof I make it meet the same level with the soffit of the pipe, as shewn by
diagrams G, O, P, and thus in the case for example of a 12 inch pipe with a six
inch inlet junction, there will have to be more than 6 inches of water in the
pipe before any back pounding takes place in the branch drain; whereas under
ordinary circumstances when the junction is at the centre of the pipe in the case
of a branch drain laid with a slight fall there would only be a depth of about'
three inches in the main pipe before back pounding takes place and the difference
is very considerable in a pipe which is circular in section.
In cases where the junction is equal or nearly equal in diameter to the main,
I make the junction to meet the main pipe above its soffit as shown by dia;
grams N, K and L. These junctions may be made either right angled or slanting.
For supporting and strengthening the junctions, I use a bracket (c) diagrams K
and P extending from the side of the pipe to or near the end of the flange. These
brackets are also suitable for supporting the inlets to traps and gullies and the
flanges of ordinary junctions.
For making connections with existing sewers, I make pipes divided longi-
tudinally on the horizontal diameter into two half cylindrical parts, so that in
case of applying a junction to a main pipe, one pipe only may be removed, and a
new split pipe may be applied, having the junction in the upper half of the
pipe, and in order to form a firm joint, I form a longitudinal rib with a
rebate along the adjacent edges of the two halves, and I form the lower half
with a flat base or foot, with strengthening bracket on each side to support
the same, as shewn by diagram R and T.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
claim is:-
1. A socketted drain pipe provided with a rib or seating upon which it rests, sub-
stantially as herein before described.
2. A socketted gutter or channel provided with a rib or seating upon which it
rests and side ribs, substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to
Diagram M.
3. A socketted drain pipe provided. with a groove or a bead in or on the sur-
face of the inner end of the socket, the spigot end being plain or provided with a
corresponding bead or groove to fit the inner face of the socket of the adjacent
pipe substantially as hereinbefore described.
4. A main pipe having a junction or junctions level with, or above, the soffit
thereof substantially as herein before described.
5. A main pipe having a junction or junctions level with, or above, the soffit
thereof with side bracket () supporting the junction and its flange or socket sub-
stantially as hereinbefore described with reference to diagrams, G, K, L N O, P, R.

page_text: 6. The pipe made in two halves, the upper half having a junction connected
therewith, and the two halves joined together longitudinally substantially as
described with reference to diagrams R and T.
Dated the 1st day of November 1897.
GEO. DAVIES & SON
Agents for the Applicant, 4, St. Ann's Square, Manchester.