IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CARRIAGE AND OTHER BOLTS AND PINS, AND TYRE BOLTS AND TYRE AND OTHER RIVETS, AND IN MACHINERY TO BE EMPLOYED IN THE SAID MANUFACTURE
Year: 1869

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Wakefield, of Birmingham, in the County
of Warwick, Machinist, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF CARRIAGE AND OTHER BOLTS AND PINS, AND TYRE BOLTS
AND TYRE AND OTHER RIVETS, AND IN MACHINERY TO BE EMPLOYED IN THE
SAID MANUFACTURE."
Sealed the 22nd December 1869, and dated the 27th October 1869.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Wakefield at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
27th October 1869.
I, JOHN WAKEFIELD, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick,
Machinist, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "Iм-
PROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CARRIAGE AND OTHER BOLTS AND PINS, AND
TYRE BOLTS AND TYRE AND OTHER RIVETS, AND IN MACHINERY TO BE EMPLOYED
IN THE SAID MANUFACTURE," to be as follows:-
In manufacturing the said carriage and other bolts or pins I make the
same from wire or iron in a cold state, and form the head and shoulder

page_text: or head only in the following manner :-Where the carriage bolt or pin
has a hemispherical head and a rectangular or other angular shoulder
underneath the head I proceed as follows:-I take a length of wire or
iron of the diameter of the stem of the bolt, and by means of a pair of
suitably formed dies and a moveable compressing tool I upset or crush
the upper end of the wire into the upper part of the dies, which is of
larger diameter than the lower part. There is thus formed on one end
of the said wire a cylindrical portion of larger diameter. I next force
the part of larger diameter into a die or pair of dies which have the
required rectangular or other angular figure, and give to the said
cylindrical part the required rectangular or other angular figure. The
whole of the part of larger diameter is not forced into the angular die or
dies, but only sufficient to form the required shoulder, the end portion
retaining its cylindrical figure. The blank thus made has a hemi-
spherical or other shaped head made upon it by the ordinary process
cither in a hot state or cold state.
Where square or other angular-headed bolts round under the lead
have to be made I proceed as already described excepting that I force
the whole of that part of the wire or iron of larger diameter into the
angular die or dies, and by afterwards upsetting or compressing that
portion of the wire expand it into the square or angular head.
In making tyre bolts and tyre and other rivets I proceed as follows:-
That this part of my Invention may be the better understood I remark
that the said tyre bolts or rivets consist of a cylindrical stem and a
conical head, the base of the cone forming the extreme of the head end,
the said end gradually tapering towards the middle of the bolt, where it
joins the cylindrical part. In consequence of the gradual tapering of
the taper part it is necessary that the said part be made at two
operations, and I make the said part by first enclosing a length of wire
or iron in a pair of dies, the upper parts of which are cylindrical or have
a taper still more gradual than that of the finished bolt or rivet. By
means of a descending compressing tool entering the said dies the
upper end of the wire or iron is upset or compressed into the tapering
part of the dies. In order to give the blank thus formed the required
taper I introduce it into another pair of dies having the exact figure
which is required to be given to the taper part of the bolt. By means of

page_text: a moveable compressing tool the blank in the last-named dies is upset
or compressed, and the required taper figure produced.
The machinery I employ in the said manufacture consists of the
series of dies and compressing tools herein-before described worked by
ordinary pressing machinery, the essential feature of this part of my
Invention consisting in making the compressing tool enter the dies
before it begins to effect the compression of the wire or iron instead,
of compressing the wire or iron on the upper face of the dies, as is
commonly practised.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said John Wakefield in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 21st April 1870.
TO. ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
WAKEFIELD, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, Machinist,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her.
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twenty-seventh day of October, in
the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine, in the
thirty-third year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said John Wakefield, Her special licence
that I, the said John Wakefield, my executors, administrators, and,
assigns, or such others as I, the said John Wakefield, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and. no
others, from time to time and at all times thercafter during the term
thercin expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE MANUFACTURE OF CARRIAGE AND OTHER BOLTS AND PINS, AND TYRE BOLTS AND
TYRE AND OTHER RIVETS, AND IN MACHINERY TO BE EMPLOYED IN THE SAID
MANUFACTURE," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said.
John Wakefield, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in,
writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should,
particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and

page_text: in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to
be filed in the Great Scal Patent Office within six calendar months next
and immediately after the date. of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said John Wakefield, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof, that is to say:-
In manufacturing the said carriage and other bolts or pins I make
the same from wire or iron in a cold state and form the head and shoulder
or head only in the following manner :-Where the carriage bolt or pin
has a hemispherical or other head, and a rectangular or other angular
shoulder underneath the head I proceed as follows:- I take a length of
wire or iron of the diameter of the stem of the bolt, and by means of a
pair of suitably formed dies and a moveable compressing tool I upset or
compress the upper end of the wire into the upper part of the dies,
which is of larger diameter than the lower part. There is thus formed
on one end of the said wire a cylinderical portion of larger diameter.
I next force the part of larger diameter into a die or pair of dies, which
have the required rectangular or other angular figure, and give to the
said cylindrical part the required rectangular or other angular figure.
The whole of the part of larger diameter is not forced into the angular
die or dies, but only sufficient to form the required shoulder, the end
portion retaining its cylindrical figure. The blank thus made has a
hemispherical or other shaped lead made upon it by the ordinary process
either in a hot state or cold state.
'
Where square or other angular-headed bolts cylindrical under the
head have to be made I proceed as already described excepting that I
force the whole of that part of the wire or iron of larger diameter into
the angular die or dies, and by afterwards upsetting or compressing that
portion of the wire expand it into the square or angular head.
In making tyre bolts and tyre and other rivets I proceed as follows:-
That this part of my Invention may be the better understood I remark
that the said tyre bolts or rivets consist of a cylindrical stem and a
conical head, the base of the cone forming the extreme of the head end,
the said end gradually tapering towards the middle of the bolt, where it
joins the cylindrical part. In consequence of the gradual tapering of

page_text: the taper part it is necessary that the said part be made at two operations,
and I make the said part by first enclosing a length of wire or iron in a
pair of dies, the upper parts of which are cylindrical or have a taper
still more gradual than that of the finished bolt or rivet. By means of
a descending compressing tool entering the said dies the upper end of
the wire or iron is upset or compressed into the tapering part of the dies.
In order to give the blank thus formed the required taper I introduce
it into another pair of dies having the exact figure which is required to
be given to the taper part of the bolt. By means of a moveable com-
pressing tool the blank in the last named dies is upset or compressed
and the required taper figure produced.
The machinery I employ in the said manufacture consists of the series
of dies and compressing tools herein-before described worked by the
ordinary pressing machinery, the essential feature of this part of my
Invention consisting in making the compressing tool enter the dies
before it begins to effect the compression of the wire or iron instead of
compressing the wire or iron on the upper face of the dies as is commonly
practised.
Having. explained the nature of my Invention, I will proceed to
describe with reference to the accompanying Drawings the manner in
which the same is to be performed.
Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 represent the dies and tools which I employ,
in the manufacture of carriage and other bolts and pins having angular
shoulders under the heads, and I will describe the said dies and tools in
conjunction with my improved method of making the said bolts and pins..
Figures 1 and 2 represent in vertical section the dies and tool which I
employ for upsetting or compressing the upper end of the wire or iron
to form the part of larger diameter from which the angular shoulder
and the head of the carriage bolt or pin are made. a, a, are the two dies
fixed on the bed of the machine, between which dies the wire or iron to
be operated upon is held and shaped. The acting faces of the dies a, a,
when brought together enclose a cylindrical space, the lower part a³ of
the said space being of a diameter proper to grip the wire, while the
upper part marked a³ is of the diameter which it is wished to give to the
upper end of the wire. b is the bolt or slide of the machine carrying.
the moveable compressing tool c, the said tool c having the same
diameter as the upper part a³ of the dies a, a. In making a carriage

page_text: bolt or pin, having a conical (or other) head and an angular shoulder
under the head according to my Invention I take a length of iron or
wire of the diameter of the stem of the bolt to be made and place it
in the dies a, a, as represented in Figure 1, where the length of wire
or iron is marked d. By the descent of the moveable compressing
tool c upon the wire d in the dies a, a, the upper end of the said wire
is upset or compressed into the upper enlarged part a³ of the dies a, as
seen in Figure 2, where the compressing tool c is shown in the dies a, a.
There is thus formed on the upper end of the wire da cylindrical
portion of larger diameter marked d. By an examination of Figures 1
and 2 it will be seen that the compressing tool c enters the enlarged
part of the dies a, a, before it begins to effect the compression of
the end of the wire d. I next form the angular shoulder on the
enlarged part d² of the wire by means of the pair of shaping dies
represented in section (in conjunction with a pair of holding dies) in
Figures 3 and 4 and separately in plan in Figure 5, and section in
Figure 6. The sections of the angular dies represented in Figures 3
and 4 are taken obliquely on the line e, Figure 5, and the section,
Figure 6, is taken on the line f, Figure 5. The acting part of the said
angular shaping dies marked g, g, consists of an angular collar, the
sides of which are inclined in opposite directions and meet at the middle
of the dies as represented in the sections. The collar part of the dies
of least diameter is that by which the shaping of the wire or iron is
effected. In forming the angular shoulder on the enlarged part d² of
the wire the said wire is placed in the holding dies h, h, and between
the shaping dies g, g, as illustrated in Figure 3. By the descent of a
compressing tool carried by the slide of the machine upon the end of the
enlarged part of the wire d a portion of the said part is forced
into and through the shaping dies g, g, as represented in Figure 4.
By this means that part of the enlarged portion d near the stem d
is shaped into a square or angular figure, the angular part being
'marked d³.
Figure 7 represents the wire after it has been operated upon by the
dies g, g, and compressing tool of the machine. The blank, Figure 7,
thus made has a conical, hemispherical, or other shaped head made

page_text: Figure 8 represents a finished carriage bolt or pin the conical or
mushroom head d' of which has been made from the cylindrical end d
of the blank, Figure 7, the angular shoulder under the head being
marked d. Instead of giving an angular figure to a portion only of
the enlarged part of the wire sufficient to form the angular shoulder
of the bolt or pin the whole of the said enlarged part may be made
of an angular figure, and the head be made from the upper part thereof,
leaving an angular shoulder under the head. A single die may be
used instead of the pair of dies, g, g, that is, the collar part of the dies
may be made in the middle of a plate of steel.
In making square or other angular headed bolts cylindrical under
the heads I proceed nearly in the manner last described, that is, I make
the whole of the enlarged part of the blank of an angular figure and
afterwards form the head from the whole of the said angular part.
In carrying this part of my Invention into effect I take the length of
wire d represented in Figure 9, and by means of dies and tools of the
kind represented in Figures 1 and 2 I form on the upper end of the
said wire d a portion d² of larger diameter, as represented in Figure 10.
I then take the blank, Figure 10, and by means of an angular die or
dies of the kind represented in Figures 3, 4, 5, and 6 I force the whole
of the enlarged portion d² of the wire into the angular die or dies, and
give it the angular figure represented in Figure 11 and marked d³. I
next upset or compress the whole of the angular part of the blank
into the square or angular head represented in Figure 12 by the use
of either of the pair of dies represented in Figures 13 and 14. In the
pair of dies i, i, Figure 13, the upsetting or compressing of the angular
part
of the blank into a head is effected by the compressing tool k
inside the dies, and in the pair of dies 1, 1, Figure 14, the upsetting.or
compressing of the angular part into a head is effected by the com-
pressing tool m in the ordinary manner, that is, outside the dies. The:
upper parts n of the dies, Figures 13 and 14, have the angular figure
of the heads to be made and the compressing tool, Figure 13, has the
angular figure proper to fill up the angular part of the dies into
which it enters before commencing to compress the metal..

page_text: wire for the manufacture of tyre bolts and tyre and other rivets;
Figure 16 is a plan of the lower dies of Figure 15. Figure 17 represents
the ordinary dies and compressing tool which I use for finishing the
head of the bolt or rivet prepared by the first pair of dics, Figure 15,
and Figure 18 is a plan of the lower dies of Figure 17. The
cylindrical opening enclosed by the dies, p, p, Figures 15 and 16, is
larger at the top. part p² than at the bottom part 2, and the two
parts p, p, are joined together by the tapering part p.. In making a
tyre bolt, or tyre or other rivet, I take the cylindrical length of wire
represented in Figure 19, and place it in the dies p, p, the length of
the said wire marked q being a little less than the length of the space
in the said dics p, p. By means of a descending compressing tool *
carried by the bolt or slides of the machine the upper end of the wire q
is upset or compressed into the tapering part p and enlarged upper
part p of the dies p, p, as seen in Figure 15. In Figure 15 the par-
tially made bolt or rivet is represented in the dies after the compressing
tool has compressed the upper end of the wire into the parts p* and p
of the dies. A partly made bolt or rivet is represented in Figure 20.
The compressing tool renters the dies p, p, before it begins to effect
the compression of the wire or iron q, as described with respect to the
dies, Figures 1 and 2, for the manufacture of carriage bolts and pins.
The taper part 2 of the dies may be dispensed with, and the whole of
that part of the dies into which the wire is compressed may be cylin-
drical. In order to give the upper end of the blank Figure 20 the
required taper to form the head of the bolt or rivet, I introduce it into
the dies t, t, represented in section in Figure 17 and plan in Figure 18,
and by means of the moveable compressing tool the taper part q
and enlarged end q³ of the blank are upset or compressed into the
taper part of the dies t, t, and the required taper figure thus given
to the head of the bolt or rivet. The dies and tool, Figures 17 and 18,
are of the ordinary kind, and constitute no part of my Invention. A
bolt or rivet finished by the dies, Figures 17 and 18, is represented in
Figure 21. Each of the lower dies herein-before described is provided
with several working faces, so that when one pair of the said faces is
worn another pair can be put to work by changing the faces of the
dies.

page_text: in which the same is to be performed, I wish it to be understood that
I do not limit myself to the precise details herein described and illus-
trated, as the same may be varied without departing from the nature
of my Invention; but I claim as my Invention of improvements in
the manufacture of carriage and other bolts and pins, and tyre bolts
and tire and other rivets, and in machinery to be employed in the said
manufacture,
Firstly. The improvements in the manufacture of carriage and other
bolts and pins herein-before described and illustrated in Figures 1 to 14,
both inclusive, of the accompanying Drawings, that is to say, upsetting
or compressing in a cold state the upper end of a length of wire or
iron (having the diameter of the stem of the bolt or pin to be made)
into a cylindrical portion of larger diameter, giving a rectangular or
other angular figure to a portion or the whole of the part of larger
diameter to form the angular shoulder or head or both shoulder and
hicad of the bolt or pin, and finally heading, substantially as described
and illustrated.
Secondly. The improvements in the manufacture of tyre bolts, and
tyre and other rivets herein-before described and illustrated in Figures 15
to 21, both inclusive, of the accompanying Drawings, that is to say,
making the taper head of the bolts and rivets by first upsetting or com-
pressing in a cold state the upper end of a length of wire or iron
(having the diameter of the stem of the bolt or rivet to be made) into
a cylindrical or taper part of larger diameter, and giving the blank
thus formed the required taper head by a subsequent process, sub-
stantially as described and illustrated.
Thirdly. The construction of the dies and tools hercin-before described
and illustrated in Figures 1, 2, 15, and 16 of the accompanying Drawings
and their use in the manner herein-before described for upsetting or
compressing the end of the wire or iron into a part of larger diameter,
the moveable compressing tool entering the dies before it begins to
effect the compression of the wire or iron, also the construction of the
dies and tool represented in Figure 13 for forming the head inside the
dies.
Lastly. The construction of the angular shaping tool or tools herein-
before described and illustrated in Figures 3, 4, 5, and 6 of the accom-
panying Drawings, for giving the required retangular or other angular

page_text: figure to the cylindrical part of larger diameter for the purposes and
substantially as described and illustrated.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Wakefield, have hereunto
set my hand and scal, this Fourteenth day of April, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy.
Witness,
RICHARD SKERRETT,
Clerk to George Shaw,
Birmingham.
JOHN WAKEFIELD. (L.S.)