IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PROCESS OF AND APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING COLD
Year: 1884

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
I JOHN HENRY JOHNSON of 47 Lincoln's Inn Fields in the County of Middlesex
Gentleman do hereby declare the nature of said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE PROCESS OF AND APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING COLD which invention has
been communicated to me from abroad by James C. Rossi a Citizen of the United
States and a resident of the City of Perth Amboy in the County of Middlesex and
State of New Jersey United States of America to be as follows:-
My Invention consists of processes and machines for the production of cold and is
primarily intended for the manufacture of ice though it may also be used for any
refrigerating purposes such as cooling rooms, liquids, meatsafes or the like.
>
The machines for the production of cold by means of compressed air and volatile
compounds operated under pressure are very old. It was also known long before
my Invention that certain chemical materials dissolved in the proper liquids would
produce cold or in other words would lower the temperature of the liquids in which
they are dissolved by the absorption of latent heat during the passage of the cooling
agent from the solid to the liquid state even to the extent of cooling the liquid to
the freezing point of water if the liquid at the beginning of the operation was
sufficiently cool. Thus it is old to add to powdered ice or snow the cooling ngent
directly or to the liquid previously cooled by the ice or snow and thus reduce the
temperature far below the freezing point of water, by dissolving the cooling agent
in the ice or snow or in the cooled liquid. This method of producing cold has
before the date of my Invention been but little utilized commercially being used
mostly in laboratories and such apparatuses as have.existed have been impractical
and totally useless for commercial purposes.
It is the purpose of my Invention to furnish a method by which ice can be
obtained if desired in a practically continuous manner by a process in which the
cold produced by the solution of cortain chemicals in water is made available with
[Pine 1021

page_text: but little loss of the materials used and with but an application of a small amount
of power. And my Invention is capable of producing ice even when the tempera-
ture of the water at the start is comparatively high, or with such water for example
as is exposed to the action of the sun in the hottest climates.
My Invention is not limited to the use of any one chemical in particular as many
chemical substances are capable of producing cold when dissolved in liquids. I can
use any salt or a mixture of salts which by their solution in water or other liquids
will materially reduce the temperature of such solution. For example, sal-ammoniac,
saltpetre and water may be used, or saltpetre, sal-ammoniac, chloride of calcium and
water; also, nitrate of ammonia alone and water; also, sulphate of soda in sulphuric
and muriatic acids. Certain mixtures of salts when dissolved in water for the
purpose of producing cold, exert a chemical action one upon the other or volatilize
and pass off to a certain extent when the liquid in which they were dissolved is
evaporated to dryness. Thus a certain amount is either lost or changed, and
repetitions of the operations will be accompanied not only by a material loss of the
chemical substance used, but also, in some cases, by a loss of efficiency in the
material. Some salts, however, such as nitrate of ammonia are capable of producing
comparatively low temperatures and when the water in which they are dissolved is
evaporated practically none of the salt is lost and the chemical substance can thus
be recovered and can be used over and over again without any other loss than that
incidental to the handling of the materials. I use those salts which do not act
detrimentally upon each other, and which can be recovered by evaporation, such as
nitrate of ammonia.
I shall describe my Invention as carried out with nitrate of ammonia while, at
the same time not limiting myself thereto.
The apparatus I use have all one feature, which consists of conducting the freezing
operation in such apparatus that from the beginning to the end of the process there
is a gradual and continuous reducing of the temperature of the water to be frozen
without requiring any "moving from vessel to vessel of the water to be frozen at the
various stages of the process.
My Invention consists in cooling a body of water by the addition of a salt thereto;
bringing this body of cooled water into contact with the walls of another vessel
containing pure water and thereby reducing the temperature of the pure water
almost to the temperature of the water containing the salt then dissolving salt in
the pure water previously cooled as described and thus reducing its temperature by
which operation ice can be formed in a vessel immersed in the second body of water
and which vessel and its contained water are subjected to the cooling due to the
dissolving of the cooling agent in the first as well as the second vessel. If thus I
commence with water at say 90° Fahrenheit in the first vessel, the addition of the
sult thereto will reduce it to say 40° Fahrenheit this will coul by conduction the
second body of pure water approximately to the same temperature and when the
salt is dissolved therein the temperature of this previously cooled water will be
reduced to 10° or 15° Fahrenheit approximately which is a sufficient degree of cold
to produce ice in a vessel immersed in the water.
To aid in the description of my Invention I will say that by the terms pure water
and impure water I mean water which is uncontaminated by the salt and water
which has had the salt dissolved therein and by the term drinking water or water
fit to drink I shall mean water such as is fit to be turned into ice to be used in
* tumblers for the table or to be cooled and intended for drinking.
In a vessel which may be of wood, sheet iron or other material not affected by
the chemicals used is contained another vessel. In both vessels are stirrers
which are rotated by the suitable gearing and a crank all supported in a frame.
The freezing boxes or vessels intended to contain the water which is to be turned
into ice, are supported in the space between the two vessels. Salt preferably
nitrate of ammonia is now thrown into the water in the inner vessel. The best
results being obtained when about as many pounds of nitrate of ammonia are added

page_text: When
as there are pounds of water in the inner vossel. The stirrers are then rotated
until the salt is dissolved in the water when it will be found that the water in the
inner vessel has been reduced in temperature to about 40° or 50° Fahrenheit. The
stirring operation is kept up until the temperature of the water the outer vessel
has been reduced to about the temperature of the water in the inner vessel.
this result has been reached a cock is opened and the inner vessel is emptied. As
the impure liquid is running out of the inner vessel, salt, preferably nitrate of
ammonia, is added to the pure water within the outer vessel, the best results being
obtained when pound for pound by weight are used. The stirring operation is still
kept up and after a certain length of time it will be found that the water in the
freezing boxes has been frozen which can be ascertained by opening them. When
the ice is formed a cock is opened and the impure water within the outer vessel
runs off.
The outer surface of the outer vessel may be jacketed.
According to a modification three chambers are used and the cooling of the water
surrounding the ice boxes is effected first by the cooling of the water in the central
chamber by the dissolving of the chemical therein which water cools through the
walls of the chamber the pure water in the intermediate chamber which pure water
then has a chemical dissolved in it and through the walls of its chamber cools the
pure water in the outermost vessel which in turn has a chemical dissolved in it
and which extracts the heat from the water in the freezing vessels. When the
liquid in each of the chambers successively has served its purposes it is run off
through pipes at the bottom of the vessel which pipes are provided with the
necessary valves and used as has been hereinbefore explained. The outer portion
of the outer vessel may be jacketed. This apparatus is especially useful in case
such salts should be employed as reduced the temperature comparatively a small
number of degrees by their solution in water or in cases when the temperature of
the pure water at the start would be very high or if it is desired to reach a very
low temperaturo in the last vessel. This same principle can be carried out and any
number of vessels may be used and thus the cooling of the final vessel may be the
result of the cooling of many bodies of water which successively as they are made
to dissolve the cooling agent and become thereby cool will operate to cool other
bodies of water without mixing therewith and destroying the capacity of such
bodies of water for absorbing the cooling material.
The previously described apparatus if used would of course be so operated as to
cool by conduction fresh bodies of pure water the cooling being offected by the cold
impure water flowing from the various. compartments of the vessels and this pure
cooled water would then be used in the vessels instead of the water at a natural
temperature and thus the operation would be quickened and the apparatus would
have an increased efficiency. It is to be observed that with my apparatus no time
is lost in taking apart and putting together again parts of the apparatus making the
operation practically continuous the only removable parts being the freezing vessels
and that for the purpose of removing the ice formed in the moulds. In my
apparatus the stirrers can be continuously at work and will be servicable at all
times acting to stir liquid in one or the other or both or all of the compartments.
Combined with the vessels bereinbefore first described thoro may be a vessel or
cooler containing water through which passes a coil of pipe which pipe has two
iulet openings responding with the outlets of the hereinbefore first described
vessels. This coil of pipe is continued through succeeding chambers which may be
a refrigerator or a room and terminates over a large pan or evaporator under which
is a furnace. A pipe leads from the bottom of the vessel or cooler containing the
coil which pipe runs upwards and terminates in two nozzles (controlled by valves)
which nozzles respectively empty into one and the other of the vessels herein before
first described.
Some form of pump must be used to force the water upwards or if it is desired a
cock may be placed in the bottom of the vessel containing the coil and water may

page_text: be drawn therefrom and poured into either compartment of the freezing apparatus
which it is desired to fill. The operation of this device is as follows:-The inner
and outer of the vessels herein before first described are one half filled with pure
water salt is thrown into the outer vessel thus cooling the water therein and by
conduction cooling the water in the outer vessel and when both have approximated
to the same temperature a cock is opened and the outer vessel is emptying, sult is
thrown into the inner vessel and the water in the freezing boxes is being congealed
and turned into ice. Meanwhile the cold impure water from the outer vessel
passes through the coil of pipes within the cooler thus it serves to cool pure water
and the same cold impure water from the outer vessel may pass through a pipe or
a coil of pipes and be used to cool air in a room or a refrigerator the liquid finally
finding its way to the evaporator. When the ice is formed in the freezing vessels
the liquid in the inner vessel is let out and follows the course of the liquid let out
from the outer vessel until it in turn reaches the evaporator. As of course it is
advantageous to start with as cold water as possible in the second batch of ice-
blocks are a result of the lowering of the temperature of the pure water previously
cooled in the cooler into which cooler more water is poured to make up the amount
delivered to the chambers or vessels which water in turn is subsequently cooled by
the passage of the cold impure fluid through the coil.
According to another arrangement a pipe leads from the inner vessel to the
evaporator, which pipe is furnished with one or two cocks. A pipe provided with
one or two valves leads from the outer vessel to the interior of a vessel which is
provided with a stirrer and within which vessel also are placed the freezing vessels.
From this vessel a pipe provided with valves, leads either to the evaporator or
through a coil within a cooling vessel and then into the evaporator.
The operation of this apparatus is as follows:-Water is placed in the outer and
inner vessels and the cooling cbeinical used is placed in the inner vessel thus by the
cooling of this body of impure water the boly of pure water within the outer vessel
is also cooled when the valves are opened so that the impure contents of the inner
vessel pass to the coil in the cooler and from there to the evaporator and the cooled
and pure contents of the outer vessel pass into extra stirring vessel where more of
the cooling agent is placed and the water within the freezing boxes is congealed.
When the freezing process within the extra stirring vessel is completed the cold
impure liquid is either passed direct to the evaporator where the salt can be
recovered from the liquid or else it is passed through the coil through the cooler
vessel to the nozzle in this way cooling the contents of the cooler and if water is
contained therein after it has been cooled it can be drawn out by a cock and used
for any purpose desired being preferably used for the commencement of another
cooling process. If the water in the cooler be very cold it can be put directly into
the extra stirring vessel and the use of the first vessel may be temporarily suspended
while the said extra vessel alone is in use. It must always be borne in mind that
in all of the machines the water placed outside of the freezing vessels must be pure
water capable of dissolving the necessary amount of salt and that before the salt is
placed in it it must be sufficiently cool so that the dissolving of the cooling agent
will sufficiently reduce its temperature to enable ice to be formed.
According to a modification the inner and outer vessels are capable of supplying
three vessels represented with water cold enough to absorb the salt for the freezing
operation. The necessary pipes lead from the outer vessel to the three vessels and
from each of these vessels a pipe leads either to a tank of water to be cooled to a
refrigerator or other device the temperature of which it is desirable to reduce and
thence to the evaporator. The manufacture of ice can be kept up.continuously
with this modification of my apparatus and to do so I proceed as follows:-
The pipe which leads from the inner vessel to the evaporator and if desired
through around or past something to be cooled on the way such.ns water for a
subsequent operation may have its valve left open so that there will be a continual
flowing of water from the inner vessel to the evaporator. If fresh water, preferably

page_text: cooled as before said by the passage of the cold liquid be now continuously supplied
to the inner vessel and the salt be at the same time continuously dropped into the
inner vessel the mass of water therein and likewise the water within the outer
vessel can be kept continuously cooled the outer vessel being supplied with water
as fast as the water is drawn from the said vessel to fill that one of the separato
vessels which may be in need of pure cold water. The same pipe may also supply
the inner vessel. By a proper manipulation of the parts it is evident that the
operation can be made practically continuous.
According to another modification of my Invention I proceed as before described
with the first described vessels but with a double set of such vessels. When the
body of cooled water is ready to be drawn from the inside chamber of the first set
of vessels it is preferably run out in to the inside chamber of the second set of
vessels and serves to cool; or partly cool the water in the outer chamber of that set
in which water are the freezing boxes. When this cool impure water has done its
work it may be run out through a pipe and coil within a cooling tank and flow
from there to the evaporator. Afterwards when the first set of vessels has frozen
the water within the freezing vessels, the cold, impure water surrounding the said
vessels may in its turn flow into the inner vessel of the second set and thus serve
still further to cool the water in that set. When the second set of vessels has
made its ice, the cold, impure water surrounding the freezing vessels and in the
outer vessel may be run out as described through a pipe and coil (which may be, if
desired, used to cool air or water,) and thence to the evaporator and the water in
the inner vessel the second set may be run through another pipe and coil to the
evaporator. Meanwhile the first set of vessels may again be started into operation
and preferably beginning with cold water taken from the cooler. And if the
operations are properly conducted a practically continuous production of ice will bo
the result. The sets of vessels are to be provided with stirrers. The various pipes
are to be provided with valves and if desired pipes and a pump may be used to
elevato the pure cold water from the cooler to the sets of vessels.
According to a further arrangement a pipe may be provided through which there
is preferably a continuous supply of pure water with sufficient pressure to cause
the water to circulate in the apparatus the water then entering through the pipe
passes into the cooling chamber. Near the upper part of this chamber a pipe leads
out, and this pipe branches into two pipes with valves by one of which a portion
of the water passes into a large vessel provided with a hopper or other properly
shaped mouth, through which the cooling chemical to be used, preferably the nitrate
of ammonia passes and this hopper is best arranged so that it is continuously
shaken to insure the continual dropping of the salt into the water the other branch
of the pipe leads to a coil in the said vessel. If desired the hopper may be replaced
by a large receptacle having a perforated plate near its lower part. Thus if the
water flows into the vessel the water meets the salt, has its temperature reduced
and falls into the vessel saturated or partly saturated with the cooling salt. By
either of the arrangements the vessel is kept continually full or partly full of
impure water the temperature of which has been reduced by the salt dissolved in
it. A pipe leads out from the bottom of the vessel and is preferably in the form of
a coil passing through a cooling vessel and terminating in the evaporator. Thus
the water which is allowed continuously to flow out of the first vessel serves to
cool the pure water entering in the cooler. Of course the amount which is
allowed to pass out of the first vessel is the same in amount as is admitted. The
water circulates in the coil which is within the first vessel and this water is
reduced in temperature approximately to that of the water surrounding the coil.
This pure cold water which passes through this coil passes out after it has been.
cooled into another or second vessel. This second vessel is arranged to receive any
desired number of freezing vessels and it has stirrers and a hopper or mouth
through which the cooling salt can be passed into the interior thereof. This cold,
pure water flows from the coil in the first vessel into the second vessel wherein tho

page_text: temperature is reduced to a point far below that necessary to form ice by the
admixture of this pure cold water with the cooling material. From the lower
point of the second vessel a pipe leads either through a pipe back into the coil of
the cooler or through a coil (in another cooler) and pipe to the evaporator a three
way cock serving to control the flow of water and direct it as required. If the
cold impure water passes through last named coil and pipe it may be used to cool
water, air, a refrigerator, a room or anything else which it is desired to cool. If
the impure and very cold water passes through the pipe and the first named coil it
serves to greatly reduce the temperature of the water in the cooler. The operation
of this apparatus is as follows:-A continuous supply of water is reduced in
temperature in the cooler. It then is forced through the branched pipes to the
first vessel and its coil, that which passes through the vessel being mixed either in
or before it enters the vessel with the cooling salt producing a low temperature in
the said vessel and in the same proportion as it enters being allowed to flow from
the said vessel through the coil of the cooler to the evaporator. Meanwhile the
cold water in the first vessel has served to reduce that portion of the water from the
cooler which passed through the pipe to the coil of the first vessel and this wator
after being cooled in the said coil flows into the second vessel containing the
freezing boxes and being pure water and already cooled is in the condition to
dissolve the cooling chemical which is introduced into the said second vessel and
as the cold impure water absorbs heat from the water to be frozen in the boxes it
is passed out and its place is taken by fresh quantities of water from the coil in the
first vessel.
When the boxes have been in for a sufficient time to freeze the water in them
they are removed one by one the ice taken out and after being refilled with cold
water which may be if desired that cooled by the apparatus they are replaced to
again undergo the freezing operation. A stirrer may be used advantageously in
the first vessel if desired.
It is known that in the artificial manufacture of ice if the freezing is conducted
very slowly, and with freezing mixtures which are not much below the freezing
point of water though the operation will consume much time the result will be ice
inore free from air clearer and more transparent. To this end I propose when the
manufacture of ice is the only end in view to utilize the excess of cold of the liquid
in vessel containing the freezing boxes to conduct a certain part of the freezing
operation rapidly and with very cold water which cold impure water when it has
got up to say above 20° Fahrenheit can be run into separate tanks containing
freezing boxes and as it abstracts heat fresh bodies of cold impure water are to be
added from the first tank and thus a simultaneous freezing operation can be
conducted slowly in the second tank and at a comparatively high temperature thus
giving clear and perfect blocks of ice. This water when it has absorbed so much
beat from the water to be frozen that it will not make ice can be utilized as before
described by passing it through the coils.
An apparatus especially intended to cool cellars rooms or other places consists as
follows: The water enters as in the apparatus herein before last described passes
into a cooler from which it passes through a pipe into the first vessel preferably
insulated where it is mixed with salt the cooling material flowing in through the
hopper and its temperature thereby greatly reduced. It is then pumped through a
coil (or coils) into the cellar or room. From this coil the water passes by the pipe
to the coil within the cooler and the impure water goes from this coil to one or
more small evaporators. The cold impure water within the coil of the cooler cools
by conduction the pure water within the cooler which pure water is subsequently
to have its temperature further reduced by dissolving therein the cooling agent.
It is to be observed that in all of my devices the cooling agent can be added
gradually while stirring is taking place and that neither of my apparatus requires
to be sealed up tight at the top a removable cover being all that is required and

page_text: such cover need not be secured with bolts its simple function being to keep the hot
air from warming the liquid.
The partitions of my devices through which heat is required to pass are best
made of metal while those walls through which it is desired heat shall not pass aro
best made of some poorer conductor. Hoppers are to be provided through which
the salt can be passed and by the hoppers directed into the various vessels. Some
of the compartments are best fed by a hopper on the side others by a hopper on the
top so arranged as not to interfere with the stirring operations.
Detail this 10th day of June 1881.
·

page_text: COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
I, JOHN HENRY JOHNSON of 47 Lincoln's Inn Fields in the County of Middlesex,
Gentleman do hereby declare the nature of said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE PROCESS OF AND APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING COLD "
which Invention has
been communicated to me from Abroad by James C. Rossi a Citizen of the United
States and a Resident of the City of Perth, Amboy in the County of Middlesex
and State of New Jersey United States of America and in what manner the same
is to be performed to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement :—
This Invention consists of processes and machines for the production of cold
and is primarily intended for the manufacture of ice though it may also be used
for any refrigerating purposes such as cooling rooms, liquids, meat safes or the like.
The machines for the production of cold by means of compressed air and volatile
compounds operated under pressure are very old. It was also known long before
this Invention that certain chemical materials dissolved in the proper liquids would
produce cold, or in other words, would lower the temperature of the liquids in which
they are dissolved by the absorption of latent heat during the passage of the
cooling agent from the solid to the liquid state, oven to the extent of cooling the
liquid to the freezing point of water, if the liquid at the beginning of the operation
was sufficiently cool. Thus it is old to add to powdered ice or snow the cooling
agent directly, or to the liquid previously cooled by the ice or snow, and thus
reduce the temperature far below the freezing point of water, by dissolving the
cooling agent in the ice or snow, or in the cooled liquid. This method of producing
cold has, before the date of my invention, been but little utilized commercially
being used mostly in laborities and such appartuses as have existed have been
impractical and totally useless for commercial purposes.
It is the purpose of this Invention to furnish a method by which ice can be
obtained if desired in a practically continuous manner, by a process in which the
cold produced by the solution of certain chemicals in water is made available with
but little loss of the materials used, and with but an application of a small amount
of power. And the invention is capable of producing ice even when the temperature
of the water at the start is comparatively high, or with such water, for example, as
is exposed to the action of the sun in the hottest climates.
The Invention is not limited to the use of any one chemical in particular, as
many chemical substances are capable of producing cold when dissolved in liquids,
any salt or a mixture of salts can be used which by their solution in water or
other liquids will materially reduce the temperature of such solution. For example
sal-ammoniac, salt petre, and water may be used, or saltpetre, sal-ammoniac,
chloride of calcium and water; also, nitrate of ammonia alone and water; also,
sulphate of soda in sulphuric and muriatic acids. Certain mixtures of salts when
dissolved in water for the purpose of producing cold, exert a chemical action, one
upon the other, or volatilize and pass off to a certain extent when the liquid in

page_text: which they were dissolved is evaporated to dryness Thus, a certain amount is
either lost or changed, and repititions of the operations will be accompanied not
only by a material loss of the chemical substance used, but also in some cases, by a
loss of efficiency in the material. Some salts, however, such as nitrate of ammonia,
are capable of producing comparatively low temperatures, and when the water in
which they are dissolved is evaporated, practically none of the salt is lost, and the
chemical substance can thus be recovered, and can be used over and over again
without any other loss than that incidental to the handling of the materials. It
is preferable to use those salts, which do not act detrimentally upon each other,
and which can be recovered by evaporation, such as nitrate of ammonia.
I shall describe the invention as carried out with nitrate of ammonia, while at
the same time not limiting myself thereto.
The apparatus used have all one feature, which consists of conducting the freezing
operation in such apparatus that from the beginning to the end of the process there
is a gradual and continuous reducing of the temperature of the water to be frozen
without requiring any moving from vessel to vessel of the water to be frozen at the
various stages of the process.
The Invention consists in cooling a body of water by the addition of a salt
thereto bringing this body of cooled water into contact with the walls of another
vessel containing pure water, and thereby reducing the temperature of the pure
water almost to the temperature of the water containing the salt, then dissolving
salt in tlie pure water, previously cooled as described, and thus reducing its
temperature, by which operation ice can be formed in a vessel immersed in the
second body of water, and which vessel, and its contained water, are subjected to
the cooling due to the dissolving of the cooling agent in the first as well as the
second vessel. Thus if the process is commenced with water, at say 90° Fahr, in
the 'first vessel, the addition of the salt thereto will reduce it to say, 40° F., this
will cool, by conduction, the second body of pure water approximately to the same
temperature; and when the salt is dissolved therein, the temperature of this
previously cooled water will be reduced to 10° or 15° Fahr., approximately
which is a sufficient degree of cold to produce ico in a vessel immersed in the.
water.
To aid in the description of this invention I will say that by the terms pure
water and impure water, I mean respectively water which is uncontaminated
by the salt, and water which has had the salt dissolved therein; and by the
term drinking water, or water fit to drink, I shall mean water such as is fit to be
turned into ice, to be used in tumblers for the table or to be cooled and intended
for drinking.
And in order that the said Invention may be fully understood I shall now
proceed more particularly to describe the same and for that purpose shall refer to
the several figures on the annexed sheets of drawings the same letters of reference
indicating corresponding parts in all the corresponding figures.
L
Figure 1 shows a vertical section of a simple form of apparatus with which the
Invention can be illustrated.
Figure 2 is a borizontal section on the line xx. of figure 1.
Figure 3 is a section corresponding to Figure 1, showing a modification thereof.
Figure 4 is a-horizontal section on the line y. y. of Figure 3.
Figure 5 shows an apparatus similar to Figure 1, arranged to make ice, cool pure
water, and also the air of the room, and an evaporator for recovering the salt.
Figure 6 shows another modification of the apparatus in which the pure water
is cooled by the cold impure water in one vessel and the freezing is conducted.
in another vessel, the same being shown in connection, with the evaporator, pipes
a tank &.
Figure 7 shows another modification of the apparatus.
Figure 8 shows an apparatus, which is, when used, more continuous in its operation.
L

page_text: machines and for continuous work.
Figure 10 shows a modification of a portion of figure 9.
Figure 11 shows a mode of carrying out the Invention more particularly for the
purpose of cooling air alone.
Figure 12 is a transverse section of a portion of figure 11.
I will first describe the use of the apparatus shown in figures 1 and 2. Although
this apparatus is not as well adapted for continuous work as others which are
herein after described.
A is a vessel which may be of wood sheet iron or other material not affected by
the chemicals used Within this vessel is another vessel shown at B. In both
vessels are stirrers C which are rotated by the gearing D all supported in a
frame D¹. E are freezing boxes or vessels supported in the space between the
vessels A and B and intended to contain the water to be turned into ice. Salt
preferably nitrate of ammonia is thrown into the water in the inner vessel B (the
best results being obtained when about as many pounds of nitrate of ammonia are
added as there are pounds of water in the vessel B) and the stirrers are then
rotated until the salt is dissolved in the water when it will be found that the water
in the inner vessel B has been reduced to about forty degrees or fifty dogreos
Fahrenheit The stirring operation is kept up until the temperature of the water
in the outer vessel A has been reduced to about the temperature of the water in
the inner vessel B When this result has been reached the cock f in a pipe
communicating with the interior of the vessel B is opened and the said vessel
emptied As the impure liquid is running out of this vessel salt preferably nitrate
of ammonia is added to the pure water in the outer vessol A (the best results being
obtained when pound for pound by weight are used) and the stirring operation is
still kept up and after a certain length of time it will be found that the water in
the freezing boxes E has been frozen which can be ascertained by opening them-
When the ice is formed the cock F in a pipe communicating with the interior
of the outer vessel A is opened and the impure water within the said vessel
run off.
The outer surface of the vessel A may be jacketed as shewn at a
Figures 3 and 4 shew a modification in which three chambers A. B and C¹ are
used and the cooling of the water surrounding the ice boxes E is effected first by
the cooling of the water in the central chamber A by the dissolving of the chemical
therein which water cools through the walls of the chamber the pure water in the
intermediate chamber B which pure water then has a chemical dissolved in it and
through the walls of its chamber cools the pure water in the outermost vessel C¹
which in turn has a chemical dissolved in it which extracts the heat from the water
in the freezing vessels E-When the liquid in each of the chambers successively has
served its purpose it is run off through pipes at the bottom of the vessel which
pipes are provided with the necessary valves and used as has been herein
before explained with reference to figures 1 and 2 The outer surface of the
vessel C¹ may be jacketed as shewn at a-This apparatus is especially useful in
case where salts are employed that reduce the temperature comparatively a small
number of degrees by their solution in water or in cases when the temperature of
the pure water at the commencement would be very high or if it is desired to
reach a very low temperature in the last vessel-This same principle can be carried
out and any number of vessels may be used and thus the cooling of the final vessel
may be the result of the cooling of many bodies of water which, as they are made
successively to dissolve the cooling agent and thereby cool, will operate to cool
other bodies of water without mixing therewith and destroying the capacity of
such bodies of water for absorbing the cooling material..
Either of the previously described apparatus would of course be so operated as
to cool by conduction fresh bodies of pure water the cooling being effected by the
cold impuro water flowing from the various compartments of the vessels and this

page_text: pure cooled water would then be used in the vessels instend of the water at a
natural temperature and thus the operation would be facilitated and the apparatus
would have an increased efficiency-It is to be observed that no time is lost in
taking apart and putting together again parts of the apparatus thus the operation
is practically continuous the only removeable parts being the freezing vessels and
that for the purpose of removing the ice formed therein-The stirrers can be con-
tinuously at work and will be serviceable at all times acting to stir liquid in one
or the other or both or all of the compartments.
Referring to figure 5 A and B represent two vessels which may be similar to
those shewn in figure 1 combined with a vessel or cooler B' containing water
through which passes a coil of pipe b which pipe has two inlet openings communi-
cating with the interior of the vessels A and B at F, f-This coil of pipe b is
continued from the vessel B' and enters the Chamber C³ (which may be a refrigerator
or a room) through which it passes and terminates at 6 over a large pan or
evaporator G under which is a furnace g-c is a pipe leading upwards from the
bottom of the vessel B' and terminating in two nozzles (controlled by valves) one
of which leads into the vessel B and the other into the vessel A as shewn, the
water from the vessel B¹ being forced through the pipe c by the pump P or if
desired instead of the pipe c a cock e may be placed in the bottom of the vessel B¹
and water drawn therefrom into a vessel to be carried by hand and poured into
either compartment A or B of the freezing apparatus which it is desired to fill-
The operation of the device shewn in figure 5 is as follows The vessels A and B
are half filled with pure water, salt is thrown into the vessel A thus cooling the
water therein and by conduction cooling the water in the inner vessel B and when
both have approximated to the same temperature the cock fis opened, and while
the outer vessel A is emptying, salt is thrown into the inner vessel B and the
water in the freezing boxes E is being congealed and turned into ice Meanwhile
the cold impure water from the vessel A passes through the coil of pipes 6 within
the cooler B¹ thus it serves to cool pure water contained therein, and the same cold
impure water from the vessel A, may pass through a pipe or a coil of pipes and be
used to cool air in a room or a refrigerator C³ the liquid finally finding its way
through the pipe b¹ to the evaporator G. When the ice is formed in the freezing
vessels E the liquid in the vessel B is let out through the cock F. and follows the
course of the liquid let out from the vessel A until it in turn reaches the evapo-
rator G. As of course it is advantageous to start with as cold water as possible in
the vessels A and B the second batch of ice blocks aro a result of the lowering of
the temperature of the pure water previously cooled in the cooler B' into which
cooler more water is poured to make up the amount delivered to the chambers or
vessels A and B which water in turn is subsequently cooled by the passage of the
cold impure fluid through the coil b.
Referring to figure 6 which represents another arrangement, A. is the vessel
within which is located another vessel B within which lattor vessel are stirrers C
operated by gear wheels and a pulley or crank D-From the inner vessel B a pipe b*
leads to the evaporator G under which is a furnace g, which pipe is furnished with
two cocks F and ƒ³. A pipe 63 provided with one or two valves or cocks f leads
from the vessel A to the interior of a vossel H, which is provided with a stirrer C
and within which vessel also are placed the freezing vessels E.-From this vessel H
a pipe b provided with valves as shewn leads either to the evaporator G through
the pipes band 62 or through the coil b¹ within a cooling vessel B' and then
into the evaporator G.
The operation of the apparatus is as follows. Water is placed in the outer
vessels A and B and the cooling chemical used is placed in the vessel B thus by
cooling the water in this vessel the body of pure water within the vessel A. is also
cooled. The valve F in the pipe b and also the valve f in the pipe 62 are then
opened so that the impure contents of the vessel B passes to the coil b' in the
vessel B by the pipe b (the valve 3 being closed) and from there to the
evaporator Ğ.and the cooled and pure contents of the vessel A passes into.

page_text: '
the vessel H by the pipe b³ where more of the cooling agent is placed and the
water within the freezing boxes E is congealed. When the freezing process within
the vessel H is completed the valves f of the pipe b is opened and the cold
impure liquid is either passed through the pipe and pipe 6' (the cock f' being
opened) direct to the evaporator G, where the salt can be recovered from the
liquid, or else it is passed to the evaporator through the coil b¹ in the vessel B¹ in
this way cooling the contents of the vessel B¹ and if water is contained therein it
can be drawn out after it has been cooled by the cock e and used for any purpose
desired, preferably being placed within the vessels A and B to be used for the
commencement of another cooling process-If the water in B¹ be very cold it can
be put directly into the vessel H and the use of the vessels A and B may. be
temporarily suspended while the said vessel H alone is in use-It must be borne.
in mind that in all of the machines the water placed outside of the freezing vessels
must be pure water, capable of dissolving the necessary amount of salt and that
before the salt is placed in it it must be sufficiently cool that the dissolving of the
cooling agent will sufficiently reduce its temperature to enable ice to be formed.
Figure 7 shews a modification of figure 6 the vessels A and B being capable of
supplying three vessels H with water cold enough to absorb the salt for the
freezing operation. The necessary pipes lead from the vessel A to the three
vessels H, and from each of these vessels, a pipe lends either to a tank of water to
be cooled to a refrigerator or other device the temperature of which it is desirable
to reduce and thence to the evaporator. The manufacture of ice can be kept up
continuously with this modification of the apparatus, as follows:--
The pipe 62 which leads from the inner vessel B to the evaporator (and if desired,
through, around or past something to be cooled on the way, such as water for a
subsequent operation) may have its valve F left open so that there will be a
continual flowing of water from the said vessel to the evaporator. If fresh water,
preferably cooled by the passage of the cold liquid be now continuously supplied to
the vessel B and the salt be at the same time continuously dropped into the vessel,
the mass of water therein and likewise the water within the outer vessel A can be
kept continuously cooled, the vessel A being supplied with water through the
pipe c as fast as the water is drawn from the said vessel A, to fill that one of the
vessels E, which may be in need of pure cold water. The pipe c may also supply
the vessel B. By a proper manipulation of the parts it is evident that the
operation can be made practically continuous.
Figure 8 shows another modification in which two vessels such as are shown in
figure 1 may be used. In this modification of my Invention I proceed, as before
described with reference to Figure 1 when the body of cooled water is ready to be
drawn from the inside chamber B of the vessel Number 1 it is preferably run out
through the pipe b³ into the inside chamber B of vessel Number 2, and serves to
cool or partly cool the water in the outer chamber A of that vessel, in which water
are the freezing boxes E. When this cool, impure water has done its work it may
be run out through the pipe and coil b within a tank B¹ and flow from there to the
evaporator. Afterwards when the vessel No 1 has frozen the water within the
freezing boxes, the cold impure water surrounding the said boxes may, in its turn
flow into the chamber B of vessel Number 2 through the pipe 6º, and thus serve
still further to cool the water in vessel Number 2. When the vessel Number 2
which may be a duplicate of vessel Number 1 has made its ice, the cold, impuro
water surrounding the freezing boxes, and in the outer chamber A may be run out,
as described, through the pipe and coil 65 (which may be, if desired, employed to
cool air or water) and thence to the evaporator G, and the water in the inner
chamber B of the vessel number 2 may be run through the pipe and coil b to tho
evaporator. Meanwhile the vessel Number 1 may again be started into operation,
and preferably beginning with cold water taken from the tank B₁. If the,
operations are properly conducted a practically continuous production of ice will be
the result. The vessels Numbers 1 and 2 are to be provided with stirrers, and in their
internal arrangements may resemble the apparatus shown at figure 1. The various

page_text: pipes are to be provided with valves as shown and if desired, pipes and a pump may
be used to elevate the pure, cold water from the cooling vessel B' to the vessels
Numbers 1 and 2.
.
-
Referring to Figure 9, c represents a pipe through which there is preferably a
continuous supply of pure water coming from a pump, hydrant, tank or other
source of supply, and forced in the direction of the arrow through the pipe with
sufficient pressure, to cause the water to circulate in the apparatus; the water
entering through the pipe c, passes into the chamber B'. Near the upper part of
this chamber, a pipe c' leads out, and at c² this pipe branches into two pipes c³ and
c; valves V being placed in both branches. Thus a portion of the water passes
through the pipe c, and a portion through the pipe c. The water that passes
through .c flows into the large vessel A. A hopper or other properly shaped
mouth, opens into the top of the vessel A, as shown at a through which-the cooling
chemical to be used, preferably the nitrate of ammonia passes, and this hopper is
best arranged so that it is continuously shaken to insure the continual dropping of
the salt into the water within the vessel A. If desired this part of the apparatus
may be modified, as shewn at Figure 10, where the hopper a is replaced by a large
receptacle, having a perforated plate a near its lower part. Emptying into this
receptacle is the pipe c (Figures 9 and 10) Thus, if the water flows into this
vessel through the pipe c' the water meeting the salt, has its temperature reduced,
and falls into the vessel A saturated or partly saturated with the cooling salt. By
either of the arrangements the vessel A is kept continually full or partly full. of
impure water the temperature of which has been reduced by the salt dissolved in it.
The pipe B leads out from the bottom of the vessel A and is preferably in the forin
of a coil passing through the vessel B¹ and terminating in the evaporator G. Thus
the water which is allowed continuously to flow out of A serves to cool the pure
water entering in the chamber B¹. Of course the amount which is allowed to pass
out of the chamber A through the pipe B is the same as that admitted through the
pipe c. Returning now to the water that passes through the pipes c¹ and c³ it will
be seen that the water circulates in the coil A¹ which is within the vessel A. and is
reduced in temperature approximately to that of the water surrounding the coil A¹.
The pure water which passes through this coil A¹ passes out, after it has been
cooled through the pipe a¹ and thence into the vessel C. This vessel is arranged to
receive a number of freezing vessels E and it has within it stirrers F. At K is a
hopper or mouth through which the cooling salt can be passed into the interior of
the vessel C. The cold, pure water flowing from the coil A' into the vessel C is
reduced to a temperature far below that necessary to form ice by the admixture
therewith of the cooling material. From the lower part of the vessel C a pipe N
leads the water either through the pipe M back into the coil B or through a coil O,
in another cooler D to the evaporator through the outlet O¹; a three way cock X
serving to control the flow of water and direct it either to the pipe M or to the
coil O. If the cold impure water passes through the pipe O, it may be used to cool,
water, air, a refrigerator, a room D, or the like. If it is conducted through the
pipe M and the coil B it serves in connection with the water coming directly from
the vessel A to greatly reduce the temperature of the water in the chamber B'. The
operation of this apparatus is as follows: A continuous supply of water passes in
through the pipe c This water is reduced in temperature in the chamber B'. It
then is forced through the pipes c³ and c, that which passes through c being
mixed either in or before it enters the chamber A with the cooling salt, and
producing a low temperature in A and in the same proportion as it enters, it is
allowed to flow from the chamber A. through the coil B to the evaporator G.
Meanwhile, the cold water in the chamber A has served to reduce that portion of
the water from the chamber B' which passed through the pipe and this water
after being cooled in the coil A' flows into the chamber C, and being pure water
and already cooled is in the condition to dissolve the cooling chemical which is
introduced into the chamber C through the hopper K, and as the cold impure

page_text: •
'
water absorbs heat from the water to be frozen in the boxes E it is passed out
through the pipe N and is replaced by fresh quantities of water entering the
chamber C through the pipe a².
As I have before explained the cold impure water may flow to the evaporator
either through the pipe M and coil B or through the coil O, and tho pipe O' When"
the boxes have been in the chamber C for a sufficient time to freeze the water
in them they are removed one by one the ice taken out, and, after being refilled
with cold water (which may be, if desired, that cooled by the coil O, or in the
chamber B¹) they are replaced in the chamber C to undergo the freezing operation.
A stirrer may be used advantageously in the vessel A if desired.
It is known that in the artificial inanufacture of ice, if the freezing is conducted
very slowly, and with freezing mixtures which are not much below the freezing
point of water, though the operation will consume much time, the result will be
ice more free from air clearer and more transparent. To this end it is proposed
(when the manufacture of ice is the only end in view) to utilise the excessive cold
of the liquid in the vessel C containing the freezing boxes (figure 9 for example)
to conduct a certain part of the freezing operation rapidly, and with very cold,
water, which cold impure water, when it has got up to say above 20 degrees
Fahrenheit, can be run into separato tanks or. vessels like C containing freezing
boxes, and as it abstracts heat, fresh bodies of cold impure water are to be added
from the first tank, and thus a simultaneous freezing operation can be conducted
slowly in the second tank, and at a comparatively high temperature, thus giving
clear and perfect blocks of ice. This water when it has absorbed so much heat
from the water to be frozen, that it will not make ice, can be utilised as before
described through coils B or O figure 9.
Figure 11 shows an apparatus especially intended to cool cellars, rooms or other
places In this apparatus the water enters through the pipe c and passes into the
cooler B¹ from which it passes through the pipe c¹ into the vessel (preferably
insulated) A, where it is mixed with salt (the cooling material flowing in through
the hopper a) and its temperature thereby greatly reduced.-It is then pumped by
the pump P through the coils D in the cellar or room D'. From this coil the
water passes by the pipe d to the coil B in the vessel B' and the impure water goes
from this coil to one or more small evaporators G, G. The cold impure water
within the coil B cools by conduction the pure water within the vessel B' which
pure water is subsequently passed into the vessel A to have its temperature further
reduced by dissolving therein the cooling agent which passes into the vessel A
through the hopper or mouth a-Figure 12 shows a section of the coil D, and H
indicates the walls or floors of a building.
It is to be observed that in all of the devices illustrated the cooling agent can be
added gradually while stirring is taking place, and that they do not require to be
sealed up tight at the top, a removeable cover being all that is required, and such
cover need not be secured with bolts or the like, its simple function being to keep
the hot air from warming the liquid.
The partitions of my devices through which heat is required to pass are best
made of metal while those walls through which it is desired heat shall not pass,
are best made of some poorer conductor-Hoppers are to be provided through
which the salt can be passed into the various vessels Some of the compartments
are best fed by a hopper on the side others by a hopper on the top so arranged as
not to interfere with the stirring operations.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my Invention and
illustrated means whereby the same may be practically carried into effect I would
observe in conclusion that I do not restrict myself to any of the forms or arrange-
ments of apparatus illustrated by my drawings they being given merely as exatoples
which are capable of considerable modification but I declare that what I claim is
First The process of reducing temperature or producing cold, which consists in
applying in a liquid a chemical that will produce cold while going into solution

page_text: therein, using the cold solution thus formed to cool a fresh body of liquid, then
dissolving a cooling agent in, and thus further reducing the temperature of tho
second body of liquid, substantially as and for the purposes setforth.
Second The process of. reducing temperature or producing cold, consisting of a
serics of two or inore successive steps, each of which consists of applying in a
liquid a chemical that will reduce the temperature of the liquid, and then using this
cooled liquid to cool another liquid, substantially as and for the purposes setforth.
Third The process of producing cold which consists in using four or more
vessels properly connected, so that by the solution of a chemical in a liquid in the
first vessel, a mass of pure liquid contained in the second vessel may be cooled,
which liquid is subsequently further cooled by the use of a chemical therein, and
then at the proper times using either or both of these masses of liquid in the third
vessel for cooling pure water contained in the fourth vessel, which pure water
subsequently has its temperature reduced by the solution of a chemical therein,
substantially as described.
Fourth The continuous process of reducing temperature for manufacturing ice,
or for refrigeration, which consists of providing a continuous supply of liquid,
cooling it continuously by conduction from a second mass of liquid, also continuously
supplied and continuously cooled chemically, then further reducing the temperaturo
of the first mass of liquid by introducing into it a chemical, and continuously
discharging both masses of liquid after they are cooled chemically, at the same rate
at which they are supplied, substantially as and for the purposes setforth.
Fifth The continuous process of reducing temperature for inanufacturing ice, or
for refrigeration, which consists of providing a continuous supply of liquid, cooling
it continuously by conduction from a second inass of liquid, also continuously
supplied, and continuously cooled chemically, then further reducing the temperature
of the first mass of liquid by introducing into it a chemical, and continuously
discharging both masses of liquid after they are cooled chemically, at the same rate
at which they are supplied, then employing the discharged impure cold liquid to
cool the supplied liquid, or for any other purpose, substantially as and for the
purposes setforth.
Sixth The process of producing cold, which consists in using four or more
vessels properly connected so that by the solution of a chemical in a liquid in tho
first vessel, a mass of puro liquid contained in the second vossel may be cooled,
which liquid is subsequently further cooled by the use of a chemical therein, and
then at the proper times using either or both of these masses of liquid in the third
vessel, for cooling pure water contained in the fourth vessel, which pure water
subsequently has its temperature reduced by the solution of a chemical therein,
and then using at the proper time the 'cold impure liquids from the vessels threc,
and four, for cooling masses of water in other like or unlike vessels, or for any
purpose for producing cold substantially as described.
Seventh The process of producing cold which consists in dissolving in a liquid.
contained in a vessel a chemical which will produce cold while going into solution,
and which cold solution serves to cool a fresh body of liquid contained in another
vessel, the temperature of which is to be further reduced, by dissolving therein a
cooling agent and then subsequently at the proper time using the cold impure
liquids from either, or both vessels, for cooling other masses of water, or for any
purpose where it may be desired to produce cold, substantially as described.
Eighth The continuous process of producing cold which consists in continuously
passing water into a containing vessel around a contained vessel, which may be
formed of a coil of pipes, and into which water or other liquid in said containing
vessel a cooling agent is thrown in a proper proportion continuously for the purpose
of cooling the water or other liquid, allowing the impure water to escape as rapidly as
pure water is added, and simultaneously therewith passing pure water through the
contained vessel which may be a coil of pipes cooling the same by conduction
therein, then passing said cooled pure water into another vessel where its

page_text: temperature is again reduced by the addition of a chemical thereto which is
continuously thrown therein, and allowing this very cold impure water to escape
as rapidly as pure cooled water is added, substantially as described.
i
Ninth The process of producing cold, which consists in continuously passing
water into a containing vessel around a contained vessel, which may be formed of
a coil of pipes, and into which water or other liquid in said containing vessel is
thrown continuously in proper proportion, a cooling agent for the purpose of cooling
the water or other liquid, allowing the impure water to escape as rapidly as pure
water is added, and using the same for cooling fresh masses of water or other
substance, and simultaneously therewith passing pure water through the containing
vessel, which may be a. coil of pipes, cooling the same by conduction therein, then
passing said cooled pure water into another vessel where its temperature is again
reduced by the addition of a chemical thereto which is continuously thrown therein,
and allowing this very cold impure water to escape as rapidly as pure water is
added, and using this very cold impure water to cool fresh bodies of water, or other
substances or things, which it is desired to cool, substantially as described.
Tenth The process of producing ice which consists in making one set of ice
blocks rapidly with an extremely cold solution, and another set of ice blocks slowly
with the comparatively warmer discharged solution, substantially as described.
Eleventh A double vessel as described, each compartment of which is properly
arranged to carry out the process of cooling liquids therein by the absorption of a
cooling agent, so that the cold liquid in ono compartment may cool by conduction
the liquid in the other compartments, before the said liquid itself has absorbed
the said cooling agent, combined with stirrers in one or both of the vessels, and
suitable cocks, substantially as described.
Twelfth A double vessel as described each compartment of which is properly
arranged to carry out the process of cooling liquids therein by the absorption of
a cooling agent, so that the cold liquid in one compartment may cool by conduction
the liquid in the other compartments, before the said liquid itself has absorbed the
said cooling agent, combined with stirrers in one or both vessels, and suitable cocks,
and with boxes or vessels for containing liquid which is to be congealed by cold
liquid surrounding the said boxes, substantially as described.
Thirteenth An apparatus for producing ice, or cold liquids, which consists of two
vessels within one of which a liquid is cooled by absorbing the cooling agent, and
which cold impure liquid by conduction cools the liquid in the surrounding or
contained vessel, in combination with a pipe, conduit or conveyor, for the pure cold
liquid, and a third vessell within which the said cooled pure liquid is placed, where
it is to absorb in solution the cooling agent so as to be still further cooled for the
purpose of making ice, or for any other desired object, substantially as described.
Fourteenth An apparatus for producing ice or cold liquids, which consists of two
vessels within one of which a liquid is cooled by absorbing the cooling agent, and
which cold impure liquid by conduction cools the liquid in the surrounding or
contained vessel, in combination with a pipe conduit or conveyor for the pure cold
liquid, and a third vessel within which the said cooled pure liquid is placed where
it is to absorb in solution the cooling agent so as to be still further cooled for the
purpose of making ice, or for any other desired object, and stirrers, and pipes
provided with valves to conduct the impure liquids when they have served their
purpose through coils or the like, substantially as described.
Fifteenth An apparatus for producing ice or cold liquids, which consists of two
vessels one within the other, within both of which a liquid may be placed, and
pipes leading to two or more smaller vessels substantially as and for the purposes
set forth.
Sixteenth An apparatus for making ice or cold liquids, which consists of
a contained and containing vessel, in both of which a liquid is placed, and in one
of which is placed a chemical, the dissolving of which in the liquid results in the
lowering of the temperature, thus cooling by conduction the liquid in the adjacent

page_text: vessel, which is subsequently to have its temperature further reduced by the
addition of a cooling agent, combined with pipes which conduct the liquid to
the contained and coutaining vessels of another substantially similar apparatus,
capable of substantially the same use, but in which the liquid in one of the vessels
is cooled by conduction from the cold water drawn from one or both of the vessels.
of the first apparatus, substantially as described.
Seventeenth. An apparatus for continuously producing ice, which consists of.
a contained and a containing vessel, into both of which a stream of liquid is
continuously passed, and into one of which the cooling agent is continuously fed,
combined with the coil of a tank for cooling by conduction pure water by the
impure water drawn continuously from a vessel into which the cooling agent is
supplied, in combination with another vessel into which cooled water, cooled by
conduction in the containing or contained vessel passes, and in which vessel the ico
boxes are placed, and to the coolel pure water surrounding which ice boxes and
within the vessel the cooling agent is continuously added, in combination with
a pipe lealing from said vessel and continuously carrying off the cold impure water,
substantially as described.
Eighteenth An apparatus for continuously producing ice, which consists of
a contained and a containing vessel, into both of which a stream of liquid is
continuously passed, and into one of which the cooling agent is continuously fed,
combined with the coil of a tank for cooling by conduction pure water by the
impure water drawn continuously from a vessel into which the cooling agent is
supplied, in combination with another vessel into which cooled water cooled by
conduction in the containing or contained vessel passes, and in which vessel the ice
boxes are placed, and to the cooled pure water surrounding which ice boxes and
within the vessel the cooling agent is continuously added, in combination with
a pipe leading from said vessel and continuously carrying off the cold impure water,
and an evaporator and coils of pipe through which the stream of cold impure liquid
surrounding the freezing boxes may be directed when desired.
Nineteenth-An apparatus for continuously producing ice, which consists of
a contained and a containing vessel into both of which a stream of liquid is
continuously passed, and into one of which the cooling agent is continuously fed,
combined with the coil of a tank for cooling by conduction pure water by the
impure water drawn continuously from a vessel into which the cooling agent is
supplied, in combination with another vessel into which cooled water, cooled by
conduction in the containing or contained vessel passes, and in which vessel the ice
boxes are placed, and to the cooled pure water surrounding which ice boxes and
within the vessel the cooling agent is continuously added, in combination with
a pipe leading from said vessel, and continuously carrying off the cold impure
water, and stirrers either to one or both of the vessels into which the cooling agent
is thrown.
Twenty. The process of cooling rooms, refrigerators, cellars, and the like, which
consists in continuously supplying liquid and the cooling agents to a vessel, then
circulating the cold liquid through coils or the like, and before it reaches the
evaporator or evaporators cooling by conduction with this liquid the water which is
subsequently to have its temperature further reduced by the addition in the vessels
first mentioned of the cooling agent thereto, substantially as described.
Twenty first-The apparatus for cooling rooms, cellars, or the like, which consists
of a vessel into which cooled water and the cooling agents are continuously added,
coils of pipe through which this cold liquid is circulated, a tank containing pure
water the contents of which are cooled by conduction, and which tank or vessel
receives the liquid, which is subsequently to be combined with the cooling agent,
and which liquid is cooled in said tank, and a pipe or conduit connecting said tank
with the vessel when the cooled pure water and the cooiing agent to be dissolved
therein are brought together, substantially as described.

page_text: Twenty Second. The process of cooling water or other material, which consists
in first dissolving in a liquid, a chemical which produces cold, and cooling by
conduction another mass of liquid which is subsequently to have. its temperature
further reduced by the dissolving therein of some chemical which produces cold, and
subsequently using the first and second body of cold, impure liquid, or either of
them, for cooling by conduction other substances which it is desired to cool
substantially as described.