Improvements in or connected with Means or Apparatus for Compressing, Squeezing, or Squirting Heated Metals.
Year: 1894

page_text: Date of Application, 29th Nov., 1394
Complete Specification Left, 29th Aug., 1895-Accepted, 9th Nov., 1895
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in or connected with Means or Apparatus for
Compressing, Squeezing, or Squirting Heated Metals.
1, GEORGE ALEXANDER DICK, of No. 110 Cannon Street, in the City of
London, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as
follows:-
This invention relates to improvements in or connected with means or apparatus
for treating heated metals under pressure, and is more especially applicable to
apparatus employed in the manufacture of wire, rods, or bars (hollow or solid)
from various copper alloys by squeezing squirting or pressing them through a die
or dies.
In operations, such as that lastly hereinbefore referred to, a pressure chamber or
container for the metal is employed, such chamber being open at one or both ends,
and, if desired, reversible, that is to say, capable of being turned end for end.
This pressure chamber or container is formed of steel or other metal suitable for
the high temperature of the molten or heated metal or alloy when poured or placed
therein, and which metal, of which the pressure chamber or container is composed,
when heated will resist the pressure exercised by the hydraulic ram which is
employed in the squeezing or pressing operation.
When steel and some other metals are heated to a high temperature their power
to resist pressure is considerably diminished and the walls of the pressure chamber
or container have necessarily been constructed of considerable thickness in order
to withstand the pressure exerted by the hydraulic ram and in chambers so
constructed in consequence of the slow penetration of the heat through the walls
there is an unequal expansion and contraction of the metal of which the container
is formed and it frequently cracks or fractures from that cause thus destroying the
device for practical purposes and rendering it useless.
Now, the chief object of the present invention is to so construct the pressure
chamber or container that, when in use, it will better resist the heat and pressure
than heretofore.
The present invention is based upon the principle that whilst, as hereinbefore
explained, steel or the like when heated to a high temperature loses its
integral strength, yet at lower temperatures, say for example, not exceeding
about 400° Fahrenheit, it will retain its full power to resist pressure so that
a vessel formed of comparatively thin walls and protected from the extreme
heat will be better able to resist pressure than a vessel having walls of greater
substance heated to a higher temperature, whilst, a vessel formed with com-
paratively thin walls and heated to a comparatively high temperature is not so
injuriously affected by changes of temperature as a similarly heated vessel having
walls of greater substance.
In carrying the invention into effect, the pressure chamber or container is formed
with an interior lining of comparatively slight substance and having cylindrical or
at any rate parallel interior walls and which is open at one or both ends as heretofore,
whilst the external face or wall of the lining is tapered or coned, and around the
same are arranged one or more conical or tapered tubular and comparatively thin
casings formed of wrought iron or steel, a space being left around each casing and
between the outer wall of the lining and the adjacent casing, the whole being
contained within an outer casing or belt of cast or wrought iron or steel.

page_text: Into each of the said spaces is tightly rammed non-conducting material such as
granite in small pieces (by preference together with a small quantity of borax) or,
any other suitable non-conducting material might bo employed in lieu thereof, but
it must be a material of such a nature that it will not injuriously affect the lining
or casings of the container or pressure chamber nor melt nor become decomposed
at the high temperature of the metal contained within the lining of the pressure
chamber.
The spaces filled with non-conducting material are enclosed at both ends by
means of a ring or rings of iron or steel, in order to afford an abutment for, and to
enclose and prevent the escape of, the non-conducting material.
These rings are not in metallic contact with the casings but are separated
therefrom by asbestos or other suitable non-conducting packing.
When the lining of the pressure chamber or container is closed at one end the
exterior thereof and the surfaces of the casings need not be made conical or tapered
as hereinbefore stated but the non-conducting material is filled into the spaces
between them and a ring or rings is or are provided, for enclosing the non-conducting
material, as herein before described.
The apparatus is mounted in a suitable frame, and the ram or plunger of the
press with an extension block adapted to be removed and heated as hereinafter
described, is introduced into the bore of the lining of the pressure chamber at the
broad end of the conical exterior by which means the pressure exerted by the ram
will tend to tighten the lining in its conical casings thus preventing any possibility
of the lining being forced therethrough.
The outer belt or casing of the pressure chamber is mounted on trunnions
provided with means for turning it thereon at the times desired in order to facilitate
the filling of the pressure chamber with heated or molten metal, the lower end of
the lining being temporarily closed by a suitable cap, which is removed when the
die is being placed in position.
No exterior heat is employed but the molten metal is introduced directly into
the chamber or container and in cooling down to a plastic condition, which is the
desirable condition in which to work it, efficiently heats the comparatively thin
lining of the pressure chamber or container to the required high temperature evenly
throughout its substance whilst the heat is to a great extent retained by the jacket
or jackets of non-conducting material and the casings are thereby protected from
the extreme heat and consequently retain their full strength.
The rain acts upon the heated metal through the intervention of a loose block
or cylinder of metal which enters the lining and bears upon the heated metal and
this loose block is made separate from the ram in order that it may be heated previous
to being brought into action and the cooling thereby of the heated metal thus
avoided whilst it is formed of such diameter that when expanded by heat it will
slide freely within the lining.
That part of the ram or plunger which enters the container is formed of smaller
diameter than the bore of the lining so that it will not come into contact therewith,
otherwise it would in following up the heated loose block tend to cool the lining.
The lining is only partially filled with heated metal so that space will be left for
the introduction of the loose heated block and in order to prevent the plastic metal
in advance of the loose block being forced between the same and the walls of the
lining a dished, bevelled or corrugated metal plate or check disc which may also
have been previously heated is placed between the heated metal and the loose block
of the rain.
This dished or bevelled plate or disc is formed of a metal or alloy that is less
plastic and more rigid than the heated metal at the working temperate and under
the pressure of the loose block spreads and closely fits the lining and constitutes
an efficient check against the passage of the metal under pressure past the loose
block.
The end of the ram and the corresponding end of the loose block are formed the
one with a conical, hemispherical or other suitable projection and the other with a

page_text: corresponding recess so that the block may be centralized with relation to the ram
and the latter supported and guided by the block.
By constructing a compound pressure chamber or container in the manner
herein before described, the lining which is exposed to the extreme heat of the
metal under treatment may be made with comparatively thin walls and thus will
not be liable to fracture caused by unequal heating and cooling and consequent
expansion and contraction whilst it is reinforced so as to render it capable of with-
standing the necessary pressure by means of the casings which although constructed
with correspondingly thin walls are insulated by the packing of non-conducting
material and are therefore kept at a comparatively low temperature and in a
condition to offer their greatest resistance whilst should the lining become injured
or if the metal is allowed to solidify therein it can easily be removed and replaced.
When first commencing work the non-conducting material is sometimes not as
tightly packed as is desirable and consequently the highly heated lining then
slightly bulges under the pressure of the ram but when this occurs it is easily
corrected by reboring the interior of the lining and thus truing it to its desired form.
The heated metal may be introduced into the lining of the chamber in a plastic
state and in this case the lining is previously heated by means of gas jets or a
heated metal block or billet which is removed after the lining is brought to the
required heat.
As a modification of the device hereinbefore described, and when it is desired to
construct the pressure chamber in such manner that the ram may be inserted from
either end of the chamber or container, the exterior walls of the lining take the
form of a double cone, and the casings are correspondingly shaped, the non-conducting
material being filled in between the same as hereinbefore described, whilst the
spaces at each end of the device are adapted to be closed by means of rings for
the purpose hereinbefore described with respect to the previous arrangement.
the
In some cases, only one tubular casing may be employed to surround the lining,
a space being left between the same to receive a packing of granite or other
suitable non-conducting material, as hereinbefore stated, but in such cases
lining and also the outer tubular casing must be of greater substance than if several
such casings were employed so as to effectually resist the pressure.
In lieu of making the casings conical they may. with good effect be formed
corrugated, fluted or grooved or they may be otherwise so formed that the pressure
will not separate or telescope them.
As a further modification of the device hereinbefore described, the lining is upon
its exterior slightly tapered and the first casing is upon its interior correspondingly
tapered to closely fit the lining without the intervention of a wall of packing or
non-conducting material whilst the outer casings are protected by walls of packing
or non-conducting material as herein before described.
By this arrangement of parts the lining may be taken out and replaced without
disturbing the packing or non-conducting material.
It is desirable that the die through which the metal is squeezed and the die
holder should be heated previous to each operation, and to enable this conveniently
to be done, the die is made to fit into a shouldered recess in the die holder and the
die holder is bevelled or coned to removeably seat into a hollow metal block which
is formed with an annular groove to receive the gripping jaws of the holding
device which may be actuated by any suitable power, but preferably by hydraulic
power.
By the means hereinbefore described, the apparatus at a small additional cost is
rendered much more efficient than heretofore, inasmuch as it is comparatively
unaffected by the pressure and variations of temperature.
Dial: 301L
bo 100%
VAUGHAN & SON,
Agents for the Applicant.

page_text: Improvements in or connected with Means or Apparatus for
Compressing, Squeezing, or Squirting Heated Metals.
I, GEORGE ALEXANDER DICK, of No. 110, Cannon Street, in the City of
London, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what
manner the same is to be performed to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement :-
or
My said invention relates to improvements in or connected with means
apparatus for treating heated metals under pressure and is more especially
applicable to apparatus employed in the manufacture of wire, rods or bars (hollow
or solid) from various copper alloys by squeezing squirting or pressing them
through a die or dies.
In operations, such as that lastly hereinbefore referred to, a pressure chamber or
container, for the metal has been employed, such chamber being open at one or
both ends.
This pressure chamber or container is generally formed of steel or other metal
suitable for the high temperature of the molten or heated metal or alloy when
poured or placed therein and the metal of which the pressure chamber or
container is composed when heated is intended to resist the pressure exercised
by the hydraulic ram which is employed in the squeezing or pressing operation.
When steel and other metals are heated to a high temperature their power to
resist pressure is considerably diminished and the walls of the pressure chamber
or container have necessarily been constructed of a considerable thickness, in
order to withstand the pressure exerted by the hydraulic ram and in chambers so
constructed in consequence of the slow penetration of the heat through the walls
there is an unequal expansion and contraction of the metal of which the container
is formed and it frequently cracks or fractures from that cause thus destroying the
device for practical purposes and rendering it useless.
Now, the chief object of the present invention is to so construct the pressure
chamber or container, that, when in use, it will better resist the heat and pressure
than heretofore.
The present invention is based upon the principle that whilst, as hereinbefore
explained, steel or the like when heated to a high temperature loses its integral
strength, yet at lower temperatures, say for example, about 400° Fahrenheit it
will retain its full power to resist pressure so that a vessel formed of comparatively
thin walls and protected from the extreme heat will be better able to resist
pressure than a vessel having walls of greater substance heated to a higher
temperature whilst a vessel formed with comparatively thin walls and heated to a
comparatively high temperature is not so injuriously affected by changes of
temperature as a similarly heated vessel having walls of greater substance.
In carrying the invention into effect, the pressure chamber or container is
formed with an interior lining of comparatively slight substance and having
cylindrical or at any rate parallel interior walls and which is open at both ends as
heretofore whilst the external face or wall of the lining is tapered or coned and
around the same are arranged. one or more conical or tapered tubular and
comparatively thin casings formed of wrought iron or steel a space being left
around each casing and between the outer wall of the lining and the adjacent
casing, the whole being contained within an outer casing or belt of cast or wrought
iron or steel.
Into each of the said spaces is tightly rammed non-conducting material such as
granite in small pieces (by preference together with a small quantity of borax) or
any other suitable non-conducting material might be employed in lieu thereof, but

page_text: it must be a material of such a nature that it will not injuriously affect the lining
or casings of the container or pressure chamber nor melt nor become decomposed
at the high temperature of the metal contained within the lining of the pressure
chamber.
The spaces filled with non-conducting material are enclosed at both ends by
means of a ring or rings of iron or steel in order to afford an abutment for, and to
enclose and prevent the escape of, the non-conducting material.
These rings are not in metallic contact with the adjacent casings and may be
separated therefrom by asbestos or other suitable non-conducting packing.
When the lining of the pressure chamber or container is closed at one end the
exterior thereof and the surfaces of the casings need not be made conical or
tapered as hereinbefore stated but the non-conducting material is filled into the
spaces between them and a ring or rings is or are provided for enclosing the
non-conducting material, as hereinbefore described.
The apparatus is mounted in a suitable frame and the ram or plunger of the
press, which is provided with an extension block adapted to be removed and heated
as hereinafter described, is introduced into the bore of the lining of the pressure
chamber at the broad end of the conical exterior by which means the pressure
exerted by the ran will tend to tighten the lining in its conical casings thus
preventing any possibility of the lining being forced there-through.
The outer belt or casing of the pressure chamber is mounted on trunnions
provided with means for turning it thereon at the times desired in order to
facilitate the filling of the pressure chamber with heated or molten metal, the
lower end of the lining being temporarily closed by a suitable cap, which is
removed when the die is being placed in position.
The container is in the first instance warmed by means of gas jets, coke fire or
other suitable means but no exterior heat is subsequently required as the molten
metal is introduced directly into the chamber or container and in cooling down to
a plastic condition which is the desirable condition in which to work it, efficiently
heats the comparatively thin lining of the pressure chamber or container to the
required high temperature evenly throughout its substance whilst the heat is to a
great extent retained by the jacket or jackets of non-conducting material and the
outer casings are thereby protected from the extreme heat and consequently retain
their full strength.
The ram acts upon the heated metal through the intervention of a loose block
or cylinder of metal which enters the lining and bears upon the heated metal and
this loose block is made separate from the ram in order that it may be heated
previous to being brought into action and the cooling thereby of the heated metal
thus avoided whilst it is formed of such diameter that when expanded by heat it
will slide freely within the lining.
That part of the ram or plunger which enters the container is formed of smaller
diameter than the bore of the lining so that it will not come into contact therewith
otherwise it would in following up the heated loose block, tend to cool the lining.
The lining is only partially filled with heated metal so that space will be left for
the introduction of the loose heated block, and, in order to prevent the plastic metal
in advance of the loose block being forced between the same and the walls of the
lining, a dished, bevelled or corrugated metal plate or check disc which may also
have been previously heated is placed between the heated metal and the loose block
of the ram.
This dished or bevelled plate or disc is formed of a metal or alloy that is less
plastic and more rigid than the heated metal at the working temperature and under
the pressure of the loose block spreads and closely fits the lining and constitutes
an efficient check against the passage of the metal under pressure past the loose block.
The end of the ram and the corresponding end of the loose block are formed
the one with a conical hemispherical or other suitable projection and the other with
a corresponding recess so that the block may be centralized with relation to the
ram and the latter supported and guided by the block.

page_text: By constructing a compound pressure chamber or container in the manner
herein before described the lining which is exposed to the extreme heat of the metal
under treatment may be made with comparatively thin walls, and thus will not be
liable to fracture caused by unequal heating and cooling and consequent expansion
and contraction whilst it is reinforced so as to render it capable of withstanding
the necessary pressure by means of the casings which although constructed with
correspondingly thin walls are insulated by the packing of non-conducting
material and are therefore kept at a comparatively low temperature and in a
condition to offer their greatest resistance, whilst should the lining become injured,
or, if the metal is allowed to become too cold to flow at the pressure used, it can
easily be removed and replaced.
When first commencing work, the non-conducting material is sometimes not as
tightly packed as is desirable and consequently the highly heated lining then
slightly bulges under the pressure of the ram but when this occurs it is easily
corrected by reboring the interior of the lining and thus truing it to its desired
form.
The heated metal may be introduced into the lining of the chamber in a plastic
state and in this case the lining is previously heated by means of gas jets or a
heated metal block or billet which is removed after the lining is brought to the
required heat.
As a modification of the device hereinbefore described and when it is desired to
construct the pressure chamber in such manner that the ram may be inserted from
either end of the chamber or container the exterior walls of the lining take the form
of a double cone and the casings are correspondingly shaped, the non-conducting
material being filled in between the same as hereinbefore described, whilst the
spaces at each end of the device are adapted to be closed by means of rings for the
purpose hereinbefore described with respect to the previous arrangement.
In some cases, only one tubular casing may be employed to surround the lining
a space being left between the same to receive a packing of granite or other
suitable non-conducting material as herein before stated, but in such cases the lining
and also the outer tubular casing must be of greater substance than if several such
casings were employed so as to effectually resist the pressure.
In lieu of making the casings conical they may with good effect be formed
corrugated, fluted or grooved or they may be otherwise so formed that the pressure
will not separate nor telescope them.
As a further modification of the device hereinbefore described, the lining is upon
its exterior slightly tapered and the first casing is upon its interior correspondingly
tapored to closely fit the lining without the intervention of a wall of packing or
non-conducting material whilst the outer casings are protected by walls of packing
or non-conducting material, as herein before described.
By this arrangement of parts, the lining may be taken out and replaced without
disturbing the packing or non-conducting material.
It is desirable that the die through which the metal is squeezed and the die
holder should be heated previous to each operation and to enable this conveniently
to be done the die is made to fit into a shouldered recess in the die holder and the
die holder is bevelled or coned to removeably seat into a hollow metal block which
is formed with an annular groove to receive the gripping jaws of the holding device
which may be actuated by any suitable power but preferably by hydraulic power.
And, in order that the said invention may be more clearly understood and readily
carried into effect, I will proceed, aided by the accompanying drawings, more
fully to describe the same.

page_text: Figure 2. is an end elevation thereof.
Figure 3. is a horizontal section thereof but showing the stopper or cover
removed and the die in position.
Figure 4. is a transverse section of part thereof taken on the line 1-1 of
Figure 3., and,
Figure 5, is a similar view to Figure 3, but showing the die removed, the cap
replaced and the pressure chamber or container turned into its vertical position in
readiness to receive a charge.
Figures 6. to 12. represent modified forms of the pressure chamber or container.
Figure 13. is a plan of the disc shown in use at Figure 3.
Figure 14. is a transverse section thereof.
Figure 15, is a transverse section of a disc having a dished form given thereto.
Figure 16, is a similar view of a disc having a corrugated form given thereto.
Figure 17, is a plan of an annular dished ring answering the same purpose, and,
Figure 18. is a transverse section thereof.
In the several figures like parts are indicated by similar letters of reference.
Referring to Figures 1. to 5., a. represents the frame of the apparatus and
b. represents the pressure chamber or container which is provided with trunnions b¹
by means of which it is mounted in the frame . as hereinafter more fully described.
c. represents the ram or plunger, * represents the molten metal within the
pressure chamber or container b., d. represents the die through which the same is
expressed by the ram or plunger c. and 6°1 represents the rod or bar of metal
issuing from the die d.
The pressure chamber or container b. is formed with an interior lining 62 of
comparatively slight substance and having cylindrical or at any rate parallel interior
walls and which is open at both ends whilst the external face or wall of the
lining is tapered or coned and around the same is closely fitted a tubular
casing the internal face or wall of which is correspondingly tapered whilst
around the latter are arranged several or there might be only one tubular and
comparatively thin casings formed of wrought iron or steel a space being left
around each casing the whole being contained within a strong outer casing or
belt b. of wrought iron or steel.
Into each of the said spaces is tightly rammed non-conducting material such
as granite in small pieces (by preference together with a small quantity of borax)
or any other suitable heat non-conducting material might be employed in lieu
thereof, but it must be a material of such a nature that it will not injuriously
affect the lining or casing of the container or pressure chamber b. nor melt nor
become decomposed at the high temperature of the metal b° contained within the
lining of the pressure chamber.
The spaces filled with heat non-conducting material are enclosed at both ends
by means of rings of iron or steel in order to afford an abutment for and to
enclose and prevent the escape of the non-conducting material 64.
These rings are not in metallic contact with the casings but are shown
separated therefrom by asbestos or other suitable non-conducting material 6º.
The ram or plunger c. of the press which is provided with an extension block c¹
adapted to be removed and heated, as hereinafter described is introduced into the
lining of the pressure chamber b. at the broad end of the conical or tapered
exterior thereof by which means the pressure exerted by the ram c. will tend to
tighten the lining in its conical casings * 3 thus preventing any possibility of
the lining being forced therethrough.
The outer belt or casing b. of the pressure chamber is mounted upon trunnions 6'
as hereinbefore described and one of these trunnions has fixed therewith a worm
wheel which engages a worm e. formed upon a shaft e' mounted with capability
of revolution in bearings in an offset or bracket from the frame a. and the shaft e
has fixed thereon a bevelled toothed wheel which engages a corresponding
wheel fixed upon one end of a shaft or spindle the other end of which is
furnished with a crank handle e by the aid of which the pressure chamber or

page_text: container b. may be turned upon its axis at the times desired into the position
represented at Figure 5. in order to facilitate the filling of the casing 6* with
heated or molten metal and at this time the lower end of the lining is
temporarily closed by a suitable cap or stopper 68 held in position by a strap bas
will be seen more clearly upon reference to Figures 1., 2. and 5. and which is
removed when the die d. is being placed in position.
No exterior heat is generally employed but the molten metal is introduced
directly into the lining 63 of the chamber or container b. and in cooling down to a
plastic condition, which is the desirable condition in which to work it, efficiently
heats the comparatively thin lining 62 of the pressure chamber or container to the
required high temperature evenly throughout its substance, whilst the heat is to a
great extent retained by the jacket or jackets of non-conducting material and
the casings are thereby protected from the extreme heat and consequently retain
their full strength.
The ram c. acts upon the heated metal 6* through the intervention of the loose
block or cylinder of metal c' as will be seen upon reference to Figure 3. which
enters the lining 62 and bears upon the heated metal 6* and this loose block c' is
made separate from the ram c. in order that it may be heated previous to being
brought into action and the cooling thereby of the heated metal * thus avoided
whilst it is formed of such diameter that when expanded by heat it will slide freely
within the lining 62.
That part of the ram or plunger c which enters the lining of the pressure
chamber or container b. is formed of smaller diameter than the bore of the
lining so that it will not come into contact therewith, otherwise it would in
following up the heated loose block c¹ tend to cool the lining 62.
When charging the lining 2 with heated metal a space must be left for the
introduction of the loose heated block c' and in order to prevent the plastic metal 6*
in advance of the loose block c¹ being forced between the same and the walls of
the lining a dished or bevelled metal plate or check disc c² which may also have
been previously heated is placed between the heated metal 6* and the loose block c¹
of the ram c.
This dished or bevelled plate or disc is formed of a metal or alloy that is less
plastic and more rigid than the heated metal 6* at the working temperature and
under the pressure of the loose block c' the disc or plate spreads and closely fits
the lining band constitutes an efficient check against the passage of the metal
under pressure past the loose block c¹.
The end of the ram c. and the corresponding end of the loose block c¹ are formed
the one with a conical hemi-spherical or other suitable projection and the other
with a corresponding recess, as shown at Figure 3, so that the block c' may be
centralised with relation to the ram c. and the latter supported and guided by the
block c during the advance of the ram or plunger c.
By constructing a compound pressure chamber or container b. in the manner
herein before described, the lining which is exposed to the extreme heat of the
metal under treatment may be made with comparatively thin walls and thus will
not be liable to fracture caused by unequal heating and cooling whilst it is reinforced
so as to render it capable of withstanding the necessary pressure by means of the
casings and the outer casing or belt b. which are insulated by the packing of
non-conducting material 6 and are therefore kept at a comparatively low temperature
and in a condition to offer the greatest resistance whilst should the lining become
injured or the metal solidify therein the lining can easily be removed and
replaced.
When first commencing work, the non-conducting material 64 is sometimes not
as tightly packed as is desirable and consequently the highly heated lining then
slightly bulges under the pressure of the ram or plunger c, but when this occurs it
is easily corrected by reboring the interior of the lining 62 and thus truing it to its
desired form.
The heated metal 6* may be introduced into the lining 62 of the pressure

page_text: chamber or container b. in a plastic state and in this case and as represented at
Figure 5. the lining is previously heated by means of a gas jet f contained within
a cylinder f which registers with the bore of the casing 6 when the latter is
turned into the position indicated in Figure 5.
Or, a heated metal block or billet g. might be employed in lieu thereof and
removed after the lining is brought to the required heat.
It is desirable that the die d. through which the metal * is squeezed and the
die holder d should be heated previous to each operation and to enable this
conveniently to be done the die d. is made to fit into a shouldered recess in the die
holder d' and the die holder d' is bevelled or coned to removeably seat into a hollow
metal block d which is formed with an annular groove to receive the gripping
jaws of the holding device which may be actuated by any suitable power but
preferably by hydraulic power.
In the example hereinbefore given, the lining is upon its exterior slightly tapered
and is enclosed by a casing 63 which is upon its interior correspondingly tapered
to closely fit the lining without the intervention of a wall of packing or non-
conducting material whilst the outer casings 63 are protected by walls of packing
or non-conducting material 64, as hereinbefore described.
By this arrangement of parts the lining 62 may be removed and replaced without
disturbing the packing or non-conducting material *.
It will however be understood that, if desired, and as represented at Figures 6
to 12, a wall 6 of non-conducting material may separate all the casings b³.
In the example given at Figure 6., a modification of the device hereinbefore
described is shown in which the pressure chamber b. is constructed in such
nanner that the ram may be inserted from either end of the casing 62 and for
this purpose the exterior walls of the lining 6 take the form of a double cone and
the casings are correspondingly shaped, the non-conducting material being
filled in between them as hereinbefore described whilst the spaces at each end of
the device containing the non-conducting material are closed by means of rings 6
for the purpose hereinbefore described with respect to the previous arrangement.
In this case, the casing 63* immediately surrounding the lining is dispensed
with.
In the example given at Figure 7., a device is shown built up in a similar
manner to that represented at Figure 6. but having only one tubular casing, that
is to say, the outer belt b. to surround the lining a space between the same being
filled with granite or other suitable non-conducting material as herein before
described, but in this case the lining and also the outer tubular casing b., are
necessarily of greater substance than when several of such casings are employed
so as to effectually resist the pressure and for that same reason the device is inferior
to that previously described.
In the example given at Figure 8., the outer wall of the lining and the
casings instead of being formed conical as hereinbefore described are formed
stepped or grooved so that the pressure will not separate nor telescope them.
In the example given at Figure 9., the outer wall of the lining 62 and the walls
of the casings 63 are formed with projections 63° and recesses therein for the
purpose herein before expressed whilst in this example the end of each space filled
with granite is closed by means of a separate ring and instead of the outer
belt or casing b. being formed of considerable thickness it is formed of about the
same substance as the other casings b³.
In the example given at Figure 10, the lining 6, the outer casing and the
several casings are at one end formed with interlocking projections b²* enclosed
by a ring whilst at the other end the casings would be formed plain and enclosed
by a ring or rings such as 66.
In the example given at Figure 11, the device is somewhat similar to that lastly
hereinbefore described the casings b³ at one end being formed with projection 63**
to interlock with each other and with the lining 6 and outer belt 6 but at that end
the casings are not enclosed by a ring 6' whilst at the other end they are enclosed
B

page_text: by a ring screwing into the outer belt b. and loosely fitting the exterior of the
lining 6 in order to allow of the free expansion and contraction of the latter.
In the example given at Figure 12., the device is constructed in substantially the
same manner as that represented with reference to Figures 1. to 5. except that in
this case and as previously explained the casing 6** closely fitting the lining 6' is
dispensed with whilst the spaces filled with granite 6* are closed by separate
rings b³.
In the examples given at Figures 13. to 18., various forms of discs or rings c² are
represented the form of which will be readily understood by the aid of the
description of these figures and the drawings and the use of which is similar to
that described with respect to the disc c shown in action at Figure 3.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
claim is :-
1. In apparatus for treating heated metals under pressure, a pressure chamber or
container consisting of a tube or lining of suitable metal open at both ends and
surrounded by one or more concentric tubes or casings of metal open at both ends
and separated by a wall of heat-insulating or non-conducting material and provided
with means for preventing the escape of such material, substantially as herein
shown and described and for the purpose stated.
2. In apparatus for treating heated metals under pressure, a pressure chamber or
container consisting of a tube or lining of suitable metal open at both ends and
surrounded by one or more concentric tubes or casings of metal open at both ends
and separated by a wall of heat-insulating or non-conducting material and provided
with stop rings at each end for preventing the escape of such material, substantially
as herein shown and described and for the purpose stated.
3. In apparatus for treating heated metals under pressure, a pressure chamber or
container consisting of a tube or lining of suitable metal open at both ends and
surrounded by one or more concentric tubes or casings of metal open at both ends
and separated by a wall of heat-insulating or non-conducting material, the parts
being formed to interlock so that they will not become separated by the pressure
exercised upon the heated metal within the lining, substantially as herein shown
and described and for the purpose stated.
4. In apparatus for treating heated metals under pressure, a pressure chamber or
container consisting of a tube or lining of suitable metal open at both ends and
surrounded by one or more concentric tubes or casings of metal open at both ends
and separated by a wall of heat-insulating or non-conducting material, such parts
being formed exteriorly of the lining in the shape of a cone or double cone or of
other interlocking shape so that they will not become separated but be tightened
by the pressure exercised upon the heated metal within the lining, substantially as
herein shown and described and for the purpose stated.
5. In apparatus for treating heated metals under pressure, a pressure chamber
or container consisting of an exteriorly tapered tube or lining of suitable metal
open at both ends and closely embraced by a correspondingly interiorly tapered
casing open at both ends the lining and the tapered casing being surrounded by one
or more similar tubes or casings separated by a wall of heat-insulating or non-
conducting material, the parts being formed to interlock in one direction so that
by reversing the direction of the pressure the lining may be forced out of the
tapered casing without disturbing the insulating or non-conducting material,
substantially as herein shown and described.
6. In apparatus for treating heated metals under pressure, a pressure chamber
or container consisting of a tube or lining of suitable metal open at both ends and
surrounded by one or more concentric tubes or casings of metal open at both ends
and separated by a wall of heat-insulating or non-conducting material and provided
with means for preventing the escape of such material and a cap or stopper held in
position by a latch or bar for temporarily closing one end of the lining during the

page_text: filling with heated metal, substantially as herein shown and described and for the
purpose stated.
7. In apparatus for treating heated metals under pressure, the combination with
a pressure chamber of a ram or plunger of smaller diameter than the interior of
the lining of the pressure chamber a loose block adapted to approximately fit the
lining of the pressure chamber in advance of the ram or plunger and provided
with a recess or projection corresponding in shape with the head of the plunger,
substantially as herein shown and described and for the purpose stated.
8. In an apparatus for treating heated metals under pressure, the combination
of a pressure chamber or container open at both ends a ram or plunger a
removeable die holder and a die detachably mounted in the holder, substantially as
herein shown and described and for the purpose stated.
Dated this 29th day of August 1895.
VAUGHAN & SON,
Agents for the Applicant.