Iм- PROVEMENTS IN SEWING MACHINES
Year: 1853

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Edward Joseph Hughes, of the City of Manchester,
in the County of Lancaster, Patent Agent, for the Invention of "Iм-
PROVEMENTS IN SEWING MACHINES."-A communication.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Edward Joseph Hughes
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
27th December 1853.
I, EDWARD JOSEPH HUGHES, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN SEWING MACHINES," to be as follows, being a
communication from abroad, and consisting of improvements upon sewing
machines already patented by me and other persons:-
The first part of my said improvements relates to the peculiar construction
of the needle or needles with bearded or spring eyes used in the process of
sewing by machinery, and of using either two needles with short length
threads, or one needle with two threads, or any modification thereof. Tho
primary arrangement of the said machinery or apparatus is shewn in the
accompanying outline Drawing, and which will be easily understood by any
persons conversant with sewing machines.
ADDITION TO PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
The only further explanation which can be given without entering into the
minutia of the construction of the machine, appears to be in more particularly
defining the sort of needle to be used in the Invention communicated to me.

page_text: Such needle is shewn separately, and is made with bearded or spring eyes; and
by the use of this needle (or more than one may be used,) the stitch or sewing
of the substance operated upon is formed exactly the same as if done by hand
and needle. The cam motion is obtained by the peculiar shape of the "fly
wheel." Such shape is shewn in the sketch deposited with the petition.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed by
the said Edward Joseph Hughes in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
27th June 1854.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, EDWARD
JOSEPH HUGHES, of the City of Manchester, in the County of Lancaster,
Patent Agent, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-seventh day of December, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-three, in the seventeenth year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said Edward Joseph Hughes, Her special licence that I, the said Edward
Joseph Hughes, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I,
the said Edward Joseph Hughes, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all
times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "Iμ-
PROVEMENTS IN SEWING MACHINES," being a communication from abroad, upon
the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Edward Joseph Hughes, by
an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, should particularly describe
and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the
same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great
Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the
date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Edward Joseph Hughes, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement, reference being had to the Drawings hereunto annexed, that is
to say:
This Invention, as communicated to me from abroad, relates to improve-
ments in,-

page_text: Firstly, the construction of the needles used in sewing machines by making
them with spring eyes or eyes sufficiently long to allow the sides to spring out
a little to admit of a hook and take the thread through it. Another modifi-
cation of the improvement in the needles consists of making them tubular
with a rod or piston working inside of each of them, the said rod or piston
being acted upon by a spring, so that when the thread is laid into the hook or
bearded eye the rod or piston by means of the spring passes down the tube,
and keeps or confines the thread in the eye, or in other words, prevents it
slipping out of the open eye of the needle, or of tearing or catching the fibre
of the material sewed. Another modification of the said improvements
consists of making a slide to pass over the hook or open eye of the needle
to keep the thread in its place as aforesaid, with other modifications of the
needles used for sewing machines.
Secondly, a machine for obtaining the cam motion from the rim of the fly
wheel, and sewing with two vertical needles and one thread, making a similar
stitch to that made by hand.
Thirdly, another form of machine for using two vertical needles to make
the same stitch as last described, with improved thread guides and feed
motion.
Fourthly, a machine for sewing with one thread and one needle, producing
a back stitch of various forms.
Fifthly, an improved method of feeding the material along whilst being
sewed by these sewing machines.
Sixthly, a method of using two needles and two thread guides, or one needle
and one thread guide.
All of these improvements will be clearly understood by reference to the
accompanying three Sheets of Drawings, in which the same letters and figures of
reference are used to represent the same parts in each Figure, having reference
to the same machine. The first part of the said improvements is shewn in
Fig. 12, of No. 2 Sheet of Drawings, in which the eye of the needle is made
sufficiently long to allow the sides to spring out a little to admit of a book to
take the thread through it. Another modification of the needle is shewn in
Figs. 4 and 5, of No. 1 Sheet of Drawings, in which the needle and its holder
are shewn on an enlarged scale with the hook or bearded ere a. and the rod
or piston 6, working in the tubular part of the needle 7, by means of the
spring C, for the purpose of closing the hook and forming an eye to retain
the thread during the operation, and also to prevent the needle catching in or
tearing the fibre of the material in making the stitch. This needle is pointed,
and the rode or piston moves freely in the tube w², and is of sufficient length

page_text: to allow one end to rest upon the hook or beard, and the other to work through
the hole or guide in the upper part of the needle holder 8. Upon the rod
or piston is the plate or projection & between which and the part d', is the
spring c. It is evident that the rod or piston can be lifted and detained from
the hook or beard and allowed to regain its original position by the force of
the spring c. The end of the rod or piston b, is so arranged that when down
the needle has an eye or hole, and can guide the thread, but when up the
beard or hook can take hold of any thread placed within its reach. Figs. 10
and 11, No. 2 Sheet of Drawings, sliew a modification of the said needle in
which a slide passes over the hook or open eye to keep the thread in its
place whilst the stitch is made. The operation and working of this needle is
shewn in Figs. 12 and 13 of No. 3: Sheet of Drawings, in which a represents
the needle bar fitted into the arm b, having the needle c fixed into the lower
end. is a slido fitted into the arm b, and also into the stud e, moveable up
and down. On this slide there is a projection f, extending round the needle
bar on each side of it. Above this and around the needle bar is a spiral
spring attached at its upper end to the said needle bar, but arranged in such a
manner that its lower end will continually press upon the projection f and
keep it down upon the lower point h, over the opening of the hook of the
needle as seen at Fig. 13, until the needle moves down nearly to its lowest
position when the projection f strikes against the arm b, and prevents its
moving lower, whilst the needle still moves down until its hook is open, as seen
in Fig. 12, and when in that position the loop of thread which was taken down
through the material by the hook may be taken out, and another thread
thrown into it. This plan may be applied to any of the machines when
a hook or bearded needle is used. Figs. 5 and 6 of No. 2 Sheet of Draw-
ings, represent an arrangement for driving the bearded or barbed needle,
a single form of which is seen at Fig. 7. The same description of needle with
arrangements for more securely closing the barb of the cyc. is shewn at
Figs. 17, 18, 19, and 20 of No. 2 Sheet, and in Figs. 4 and 5 of No. 1 Sheet.
The apparatus of tubular shank and piston worked by springs shews the perfect
operation of the complete needle. In using the needle with beard or barb
in many descriptions of work, the curved shape of the beard or barb will gene-
rally in withdrawing the needle cause it, as it repasses through the material,
to press or shut down into the needle stock so as to present no obstacle to the
return of the needle. In cases when the back needs to be stifler, and may be
caused by the description of work to stand out more open, as shewn in Fig. 17,
No. 2 Sheet, two pressers attached to the thread guide frames liereafter described,
one pair above and one below the seam, move forward; each pair of pressers

page_text: alternately, so as to guide the needle barb or beard as it repasses through, and
press it down upon the needle stock; forming, temporarily, a perfect eye and
smooth exterior, that the needle may freely return through the substance as
shewn in Fig. 18, No. 2 Sheet, where the needle is seen being withdrawn
through from the under side, and the under pair of pressers f,f, ff, guide the
barb to its seat. The upper pair of needle pressers a, a, which are also shewn
as closed at the same time, but in actual practice only that pair against which
the needle barb is being drawn is closed at one time, one pair being open
whilst the other is closed, and vice versa. Figs. 19 and 20, No. 2 Sheet,
shew the beard or barb of the needle with the opening and closing effect
performed by pistons working in a tubular needle, producing a similar result
by effectually closing the needle eye at the proper time in its passage. Figs. 4
and 5, No. 1 Sheet, shew the same piston and tubular apparatus with a
different construction or modification of the beard or barb, which is not elon-
gated as before described, but is short, and forms one part of a hook in the
needle, and which when closed by the piston in the tube forms a temporarily
closed eye, which last described needle has been introduced into the machine
shewn in No. 1 Sheet of Drawings. Figs. 8, 9, 12, and 13 are other modifica-
tions of the needles, with hooks or beards and spring eyes.
The second part of the said improvements is shewn in Figs. 5 and 6 of No. 2
Sheet of Drawings, in which the method of obtaining the cam motion from
the rim of the fly-wheel is clearly shewn; and also one method of working two
vertical needles, one with a down motion to penetrate the material, and seizing
the thread draws it back with it through the material, and the other with an
upward motion for the same purpose. As these two Figures do not shew all
the necessary details for working the two vertical needles, I do not consider it
necessary to give letters of reference explaining the same, because they are
fully described in the next part of the said improvements, which consists of a
further adaptation of the same principle, giving the same motion and operation
for working the two needles, and which is found to work quite as well in
practice, and can be adjusted to run with greater steadiness.
The third part of the said improvements is shewn in Figs. 1, 2, and 3 of No. 1
Sheet of Drawings, shewing the details for working the two vertical needles
with one thread, and making a stitch similar to that made by hand sewing.
Fig. 1, is a side elevation of the machine; Fig. 2, a front elevation; and
Fig. a plan of the same; Figs. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12, shew in detail
the parts used for guiding and holding the thread, so that it can be taken hold
of by the hooks or bearded oyes of the needles; Fig. 11, shews these parts
conjoined in such a position that the thread can pass through in its direct

page_text: course; Fig. 12 shews the same parts conjoined, but in an open position, so as
to hold the thread at right angles to the line of motion of the needles. In
Fig. 13, the needles are placed in the actual position in which they work to
sew the particular stitch described in the illustrations given, making a half
back stitch; but by varying their positions, various sorts of stitches can be
made. Figs. 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18, are progressive views of the formation of
the stitch, and Figs. 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, and 28, are views of the
various stitches.
In Figs. 1, 2, and 3, the table a is supported by the column or pillar b, to
which is attached, and which is kept steady by, the three legs or projections c,
which may be secured by screws or similar contrivance. The two webs or frames
d are fixed to the colum b, to support the long grooved frames e, one placed
above and the other below the table, the sliding blocks f being adapted to the
grooves of the said frame e, to allow them to slide easily and truly. The
driving shaft g is placed on suitable bearings through the column or pillar, and
is furnished with the fly wheel and handle i. To the other end of the shaft
is fixed a double cain, the irregular parts of which are shewn at kand. In the
body of the cam is fixed the pin m, which forms the crank; upon the said pin
m are placed the two connecting rods n, the parts resting on the pin m being
only portions of a circle, the other ends of the said connecting rods are con-
nected to the pins o, fixed in the levers p, working upon the fulcrum q, attached
to the pillar b. At the end of the levers 7, and opposite to their fulcrums, are
small connecting rods, having their other ends attached to the sliding blocks
f, to which the needle holders s and t, are screwed, which hold the needles u
and, so that when a rotary motion is given to the crank pin m, by means of
the handle i, the levers p vibrate on their fulcrums, moving up and down
the sliding blocks and their corresponding needles alternately. The spool or
bobbin containing the thread is shown at w, and the material to be shewn at ..
In the operation of sewing by this machine, the thread is drawn alternately
from above the material to below it, and vice versa continuously; and in order
to allow the hook or beard of the needle to catch hold of the thread, the latter
is held and placed transversely by the thread guides, the motion of which is
regulated by the cams and I, which are placed side by side, though their
peripheries are opposite each other, and can thus act upon and give motion to
the two separate friction rollers y, which move upon pins in the arms, which
are fastened to the rods a', each having an end fitting a hole in the pillar b,
and another part supported by their bearings or supports b'. The arms have
pins or projections at c', against which the springs d' exert their power; thus,
as the cams revolve, the friction rollers y are pushed forward, and with them

page_text: the arms and rods a³, all of which are pressed backwards by the springs d¹.
The rods a' are each connected to the two links e', to which are attached the
levers f and f³, which put in operation the thread guides. A needle, which is
shewn on an enlarged scale at Figs. 4 and 5, is fixed to the needle holders by a
screw, and receives its motion as already described. The cloth holder is shewn
at g', having in its upright rod h', the small projection or pin ", under which
the thread from the bobbin is drawn when the operation of sewing is about to
be commenced. l' is the toothed feed wheel, which, when the machine is in
motion, is operated upon by the cams shewn by the dotted lines at m³, and can
also be moved by hand by the handle and lever n'. The thread guide for the
upper needle is placed below the material to be sewed, and that for the lower
needle above it, the parts of each being alike, although in the machine they
are placed in opposite positions. In Fig. 11 is shewn, on an enlarged scale,
the end of the rod a', the connecting links e', the levers f', and the other parts
of the thread guides, as they appear when in a state of rest, or when not ncted
upon by their corresponding cams. When the cam is in motion, the rod or
piston links and levers are pushed forward, and the other parts are spread
apart, as shewn in Fig. 12. The lever f¹ is fast to its fulcrum, which consists
of a tube o, Figs. 8 and 9, having connected to its lower end an irregular
plate p', with the web g' projecting upwards to form the thumb, or one of
the sides of the nippers. The plate p' has a space r³, to allow the needle and
thread to pass through it; the other lever f" has a boss s¹, see Figs. 6 and 7,
which is screwed to a pin or rod t', of a proper diameter to fit and turn within
the tube o¹, which rod has fast to its lower end the bent hook u', having a pin
o' projecting upwards, against which the thread w' is pressed when first com-
mencing to sew. In the Figs. 11 and 12, and also detached in Fig. 10, is the
finger or other portion of the nippers; its inner semicircle fitting the exterior
of the tube o', its end is in a line with the web or projection q', so that they
can come in contact, and its other end is connected to a spring y', which moves
it to the position shewn in Fig. 11, when the face of the web or projection q¹
pressing against it is removed. Figs. 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18, No. 1 Sheet of
Drawings, are progressive views of the formation of the stitch. In Fig. 14,
the thread w' is pulled from the bobbin, passed under the pin A, and placed
against the upright plate v on the hooked thread guide u¹. In Fig. 15, the
thread guides have opened, the thread w³ is still pressed against the pin v',
and the under needle has advanced with the pin 6 in its tube u, held back by
a projection on the grooved slide, one of which is shewn at ', Fig. 2, by which
the needle can seize hold of the thread. In Fig. 16, the needle with its
thread is shewn passing through the cloth and through the under thread guides.

page_text: In Fig. 17, the material is shewn as having moved round by the feed the
length of a stitch, with the under thread guide spread open, with the thread
drawn across by the action of the thread guides, the other end of which has
been carried down with and escaped through the eye of the needle; the upper
needle can now seize hold of the thread and go through a similar operation to
the one just described. In Fig. 18, the upper thread guides are again
open, and the thread by their action drawn across so as to pass from the
material round the hooked guide u", and held by the nipper guide q' in a
transverse direction, thus allowing the under needle again to seizo hold of it
and carry it down as before. These processes being continued the stitching or
sewis is accomplished. It should be observed, that in commencing to sew,
only as much thread should be drawn off and stopped by the friction stopper
on the spool as to be of proper length to run out through the eye at every
withdrawal of the needles, which will vary, say, from eighteen to thirty inches
for each length of thread, according to the dimensions of the machine.
The fourth part of the said improvements is shown in Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, and 9, of No. 3 Sheet of Drawings. Fig. 1 is a side elevation of the
improved sewing machine, with the side plates off'; Fig. 2, a front elevation of
the same, with the front plates off'; Fig. 3, a plan, with the top plate off.
Figs. 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8, are progressive views of the formation of the stitch;
and Fig. 9 shows three kinds of stitch which can be made by this machine.
a represents the table or frame work to which most of the various parts are
attached; b, a crooked arm fastened upon the top of the table or frame a,
inside of which is hung on the stud c, the bent lever d, which gives the neces
sary motion to the needle bar e and needle f, by means of the groove 9 in the
cam h; the slide i is arranged on one side of the arm b, to move in a hori-
zontal direction, receiving its motion from the groove ; in the cam h, through
the lever. When the cam turns, the amount of motion is imparted to the
slide by the lever k, and is regulated at pleasure by the screw o. In the
other end of the slide i, the needle bar e is placed, and the whole apparatus
is so arranged that whilst the lever d gives the needle f the necessary up and
down motion, the slide i gives it a lateral motion every time it rises up,
causing the needle f to go down in the same place only every alternate time.
The arm m, which has a suitable hook n on the other end for catching in the
loop of the thread o, and drawing it entirely through the material on the under
side, and has the required motion given to it by the cam p, operating on the
arm and segment gear q, turning the pinion upon the shaft s, upon which the
said arm is fastened, and whilst the hook a is carrying the thread down
through the cloth, it passes between the two springs t, see Fig. 2, so arranged

page_text: as to press together, and hold the thread tight between them and the material
to be sewed. This hook n may have a roller in it for the thread to pass round
it to prevent friction, as seen at Fig. 18. The thread guide obtains the
requisite motion for guiding the thread o into the hook of the needle f, by the
small arm von the lower end of the arm m, pressing against the lower end w
of the thread guide, which is curved into such a form as to give it the requisite
motion. The cloth or material is fed along under the needle whilst being
sewed by means of the metallic plate a, which is notched or toothed on the
upper side. The bar y, of which the toothed part is a projection, has a slot or
elongated hole at one end at 2, see Fig. 2, through which a pin is placed,
allowing the said bar y a free lateral motion. This bar is held in its position
until moved by the cams a¹ and b', and by the two springs c' and d'. When
the shaft e' is turned, the cam b' moves the bar y up, and also the toothed
plate a, up against the under side of the cloth, which is pressed against it by
means of a smooth plate f', and springs g', when the cam a' carries it against
the plate on the adjusting screw, and moves it laterally together with the
rod Y, the plate causing the cloth to move in the same direction far enough
for a stitch. The cams turn and the bar y comes into its first position.
When the said bar y is again raised by the other end of the cam b', the
cam a' then moves the plates on the adjusting screw, feeding the cloth
Interally but in a contrary direction, yet not so far as in the direction first
described. By this method of feeding, and the lateral motion of the needle,
back stitching or sewing of every description may be accomplished. The
length of the stitches in the direction of the seam is adjusted by the nuts
m' and ', and may be varied either way at pleasure, or the feed motion may
act in such a manner as to feed, the material in one direction whilst it is
suspended in the other, and vice versa. In making the stitches, as shewed at
Fig. 9, the needle passes down through the material at 1, the thread guide
carries the thread into the hook of the needle, which then rises and takes the
loop of the thread up through the cloth or material and to some distance
above it. In the first example, the needle carries the thread down through
the cloth at 2, by means of the lateral motion of the needle alone; in the
second, by the lateral motion of the needle and the back feed motion together;
and in the third example, by the back feed motion alone, which is produced by
the cam moving the notched plate. After the needle has passed the thread
down through the cloth at 2, the hook n draws it entirely through on the
under side of the cloth, passing it between the two springs t already described,
which hold it straight, whilst the thread guide throws it into the hook of the

page_text: needle, which in the mean time has been raised up out of the cloth and passed
to the point 3, in the first and second example, by the lateral motion of the
needle and the forward feed motion together, and in the third example, by
the forward feed motion alone, produced by the cam moving the plate. As
the needle passes down at 3, the thread is thrown into the hook by the thread
guide, the loop is taken up and down again at 4, and the hook draws it
through the under side; the needle rises up again and enters the material at
5, takes the thread, carries it up through and over the cloth, and down through
it at 6 again, as before described, and by continuing the operation the seam is
formed. The three first examples, as shewn in Fig. 9, may be modified to any
extent; the fourth example is a side view of the seam.
G
The fifth part of the said improvements consists of an improved feed
motion generally applicable to sewing machines, is shewn in Figs. 10
and 11, Sheet No. 3, in which « represents a section of the table of the
machine; b, a chain; c, a slide, which is moved directly by the cam f, when
the feed motion is to operate only in one direction; g is a cam elongated
on one side, and is for the purpose of feeding in two directions; d, d, are
two levers, only one of which is used when the feeding is in one direction;
e, c, are two slides placed upon the under side of the table, so that they will
slide freely backwards and forwards in the direction of the chains; h, h, are
two springs to move the slides c, c, to their nearest position to the shaft ; i, is
a projection on the under side of the bar e, moved by the cam f; jj, are two
regulating screws attached to the slides e, e, in such a manner that they can
regulate the amount of motion which the cam y will impart to the slides e, e;
kis the main shaft; 1, 1, are two rollers over which the chain b passes; at the
sides of the machine m, m, are two other rollers for the said chain to pass under
near the needle; n, n, are two rollers up the bar c, for the purpose of pressing
alternately one of the levers d against the chain, and holding it fast between
the said lever and the projections, which extends down between the two chains
until the regulating screw j, and the slide c to which it is attached, are moved
by the cam y carrying the chaius along with them far enough for a stitch, then
the bar c begins to move back and loosen the lever upon the chain, permitting
the slide e to move back to its first position without moving the chain back
with it; then, if desirable at the proper time to feed the contrary way, the
other lever is pressed against the chain which is moved in the other direction;
0, 0, are two pins to prevent the slides e, c, from going back too far after they
have fed the chain along; is a part of the table over which the side chain
moves; r, are the fulcrums upon which the levers d, d, turn.

page_text: The sixth part of the said improvements is shewn in Figs. 12, 13, 14, and
15, No. 2 Sheet of Drawings, in which a represents the needle; b, the springs
through which the needles bring the threads, and which hold the thread
whilst the thread guide is taking it through the needle eye, as seen at Fig. 14,
which is a side view of the same; c is the thread guide which carries the
thread through the needle eye; d, is the thread; and e, the material to be
sewed. The operation is as follows:-The needles a and a' (which have a
long slot or groove in them extending through from one side to the other, as
seen in Fig. 12, to allow the sides to spring out a little to admit the thread
guide c to take the thread through it as described,) are made to pass through
between the two springs b and through the material e, as seen at Figs. 14 and
15. The thread guide c passes through the needle eye, takes the thread d,
and passes back through the needle eye, taking the thread with it. Then the
needle is made to pass back out of the material and from between the
springs b, carrying the thread with it which is held between the springs b,
when the other needle a' passes through the cloth from the other side, and the
other thread guide c passes through it, bringing all to the position seen at
Fig. 15. The thread is passed into the thread guide c as before described,
the needle a' then draws the thread back through the material, completing the
stitch, as seen at Figs. 14 and 15. This needle (a) and the thread guide c
may be substituted for the hook needle and hook or thread guide described in
the fourth part of these improvements, making a stitch similar to that made
by hand, as seen in Fig. 9, No. 3 Sheet. The necessary motions are given to
the needles and thread guides as already described.
Having thus fully described the nature and particulars of the said improve-
ments, as communicated to me from abroad, I desire it to be distinctly under-
stood that I do not confine myself to the exact details thereof, as such may
be varied or modified without departing from the principle of the same. But
I claim,-
Firstly, the improved constructions of the needles.
Secondly, the means of obtaining the cam motion from the fly-wheel for the
purpose of working the two vertical needles.
Thirdly, the method of using two vertical needles to make a similar stitch to
that made by hand with the improved thread guides and feed motion.
Fourthly, the method of sewing with one thread and one needle, producing
a back stitch of various forms similar to such as are made by hand.
Fifthly, the feeding motion by a notched chain.
Sixthly, the method of using two needles and two thread guides, or one

page_text: needle and one thread guide, as all of which improvements are herein described
and illustrated in the accompanying three Sheets of Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said Edward Joseph Hughes, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, the Twenty-seventh day of June, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-four.
Signed, sealed, and delivered by the within-named
Edward Joseph Hughes, in the presence of
E. J. HUGHES. (L.S.)
WHY YOUNG.