CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE SAPONIFICATION OF FATTY MATTERS
Year: 1856

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Peter Armand le Comte de Fontaine Moreau, of 39,
Rue de l'Echiquier, Paris, and of No. 4, South Street, Finsbury, London,
Patent Agent, for the Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
SAPONIFICATION OF FATTY MATTERS."-A communication.
Sealed the 8th July 1856, and dated the 1st February 1856.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Peter Armand le Comte
de Fontaine Moreau at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents,
with his Petition, on the 1st February 1856.
I, PETER ARMAND le Comte DE FONTAINE MOREAU, of 39, Rue de
l'Echiquier, Paris, and of No. 4, South Street, Finsbury, London, Patent Agent,
said Invention for "CERTAIN IMPROVE-
MATTERS," to be as follows, that is to
do hereby declare the nature of the
MENTS IN THE SAPONIFICATION OF FATTY
say:
The Invention consists in obtaining mechanically the complete combination
or saponification of alkalies or acids with fatty bodies. For this purpose, in
lieu of boiling the fatty bodies to a high temperature with alkalies, 1 take
care that the temperature should not exceed 90° centigrade, and should
always be under the temperature of boiling water; and to obtain the combi-
nation of the fatty bodies and alkalies, that is to say, a perfect saponification, I
employ an agitating machine for mixing and effecting the combination.
Any machine susceptible of being heated and mixing two liquid bodies
together may be employed. I give preference, however, to the rag crusher.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Peter Armand LE COMTE de Fontaine Moreau in the Great
Seal Patent Office on the 31st July 1856.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, PETER
ARMAND le Comte DE FONTAINE MOREAU, of 39, Rue de l'Echiquier, Paris, and
of No. 4, South Street, Finsbury, London, Patent Agent, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the First day of February, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-six, in the nineteenth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said Peter Armand le Comte de Fontaine Moreau, Her special license
that I, the said Peter Armand le Comte de Fontaine Moreau, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Peter Armand le
Comte de Fontaine Moreau, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should
at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "CERTAIN
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE SAPONIFICATION OF FATTY MATTERS," communicated to me
from a foreigner residing abroad, upon the condition (amongst others) that I,
the said Peter Armand le Comte de Fontaine Moreau, by an instrument in
writing under my hand and seal, should particularly describe and ascertain
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be
performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Peter Armand le Comte de Fontaine
Moreau, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascer-
tained in and by the following statement thereof, reference being had to the
Drawing hereto annexed, and to the figures and letters marked thereon, that
is to say:
These improvements consist, first, in submitting, in the process of saponi-
fication, the fatty bodies placed in a suitable vessel to a temperature not exceed-
ing one hundred and ninety-four degrees Fahrenheit.
Secondly, in the employment of an improved agitating or beating machine,
which, in combination with the heating process, rapidly effects the complete
saponification of the fatty bodies.

page_text: It is well known that the processes are incomplete which are now employed
for saponification, that is to say, the combination of alkalies or acids with fatty
bodies. To obviate this defect, I submit the fatty bodies, first, to a tempera-
ture below boiling point, and, secondly, to the operation of an agitating or
beating machine, by which means the combined fatty bodies are intimately
mixed with the solvents, both being heated during the operation to the tem-
perature before-mentioned.
Figure 1 of the accompanying Drawing is a plan of the beating or
agitating machine with the cover removed, and Figure 2, a vertical section of
the same.
This machine is a modification of the rag-cutting machine used
by the paper makers. It consists of an external wooden frame A, with semi-
circular ends as shewn in Figure 1. Within it is placed upon suitable
supports a sheet lead casing B, leaving about two inches space between the
latter and the wooden frame, to allow the introduction by the pipes C, C', of
steam from a boiler, or from the escape or waste pipe of the steam engine
which gives motion to the agitator, for the purpose of heating the fatty bodies
and solvents; D is a small tube to allow the escape of the steam, and the
stop cock E is used for drawing off the steam condensed between the wooden
and leaden casing. F is a metallic plate fixed in wooden supports attached
to the leaden casing. This plate of metal supports the box or case G, and
allows the fatty liquids, when in motion, to circulate round the casing. H is a
cylinder of wood fixed to the shaft I, working in brass bearings J, bolted to
the frame A, as in Figure 1. In this view the leaden casing is not shewn.
To the cylinder H are securely fixed keys, or other means, the arms or
beaters K, composed of copper or other metal. These beaters when in motion
pass between the metal blades L, which to the number of about 15 are fixed
by bolts or other means to the wooden support M, parallel with each other
and in a vertical position. N is another wooden cylinder fixed to the shaft O,
working in brass bearings P. This cylinder is provided with strong wire
gauze arms or beaters Q, which when in motion beat or mix together the fatty
and other bodies. These agitating cylinders are made to revolve by means of
pulleys R, fixed to the shafts I and O: R¹ is a loose pulley for putting the
machine out of gear; S is the cover of the machine, which fitting tight to the
frame prevents the cooling of the substances; to the cover a tube or chimney
T is fixed, which is furnished with a register for regulating the temperature.
The cylinder H should be made to revolve at the rate of about two hundred
to two hundred and forty revolutions per minute, which causes the liquid
matters to circulate, and effects by the assistance of heat the complete com-
bination of the fatty bodies with the alkalies or acids. The machine above

page_text: described is that which I employ. by 'preference, but any other inachinė pro-
ducing the same results may be used in its place.
Having now-described the nature of iny said Invention, and the manner in
which the same is to be performed, I would have it understood that what I
claim is,―
. First, the mode of effecting the saponification of fatty bodies, by exposing
them to a temperature not exceeding one hundred and ninety-four degrees
Fahrenheit, as herein-before described and referred to in the accompanying
Drawing.
Secondly, the employment and construction of the agitating or beating
machine, for effecting, conjointly with the above process, the complete combina-
tion of fatty bodies with alkalies or acids, as herein-before described and
represented in the annexed Drawing.
In witness whereof, I, the said Peter Armand le Comte de Fontaine
Moreau, have hereunto set my hand and seal, this Twenty-ninth day of
July, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-six.
L DE FONTAINE MOREAU.
L.S.)