IMPROVEMENTS IN OBTAINING MOTIVE POWER AND IN APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN
Year: 1885

page_text: Bmpicyou mCTOR.
I, JOHN GAMGEE of 14 Whitehead's Grove Chelsea, in the County of Middlesex,
Gentleman do hereby declare the nature of my invention for IMPROVEMENTS IN
OBTAINING MOTIVE POWER AND IN APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN to be as
follows:-
This invention relates to a new method of operating engines by elastic gases,
whereby the fundamental property of elasticity, independently of heat or other
external agency, is relied on to yield what is known in mechanics as a reciprocating
force.
This has been hitherto deemed impracticable, owing to the manifestation of
"Heat of compression" when gases are condensed, and to the "Loss of heat on
expansion" when gases expand against a resistance.
A fall of liquid in a tube or series of tubes disturbs atmospheric equilibrium and
air acquires a penetrating velocity due to the relief of pressure in front of it. Thus
for every opposing gaseous resistance there is a certain velocity and weight of gas
capable of penetrating the volume compressed and this occurs without the heat
resistance supposed hitherto to be inevitable when gas at a lower pressure is added
to gas so as to attain a higher pressure.
Gases only heat on compression, when work is done on them as by the piston of
a compressor. They only cool when expanded as in a cut-off engine, but if allowed
to follow a piston at or about full stroke in an engine, only a slight and
unimportant reduction, if any, takes place.
The agency whereby a moving gas can be made to penetrate and progressively
increase the pressure of a confined volume of the same or another gas, is a current
of water or other suitable liquid, through a jet or jets, whereby reaction of the
compressed air is guarded against; a passage is kept open through a check valve
for the moving gas.
Every known form of motive power engine is recognized as utilizing external
energy approximately equivalent according to Joule, to 42.75 units of heat for an
indicated EP. A vast amount of continuous force is obtained without utilizing
any such energy by the use of elastic springs of steel or other substance endowed
D. 11

page_text: with the power of reacting against a strain. Gases afford the most perfect example
of elasticity but it is universally believed that they can only be utilized for the
transmission of force, owing to the external power required to condense them up
to the working pressures of motive power engines. I have discovered that a
condensed gas within the same apparatus, may in one part be virtually at rest,
and in another moving at high velocity, without let or hindrance to a return into
the comparatively stagnant body at its maximum pressure; this discovery enables
me to resort to gaseous elasticity as an inexhaustible source of mechanical work.
provide for permanently disturbing equilibrium by means of the gravity of dense
liquids and by the economical circulation of such liquids, utilizing the principle of
the hydraulic press. I thus establish what is practically a conservative system
whose source of motion is simply the source of motion throughout the universe.
Whatever heat manifestations appear in my apparatus when at work are purely
accidental and unimportant as in the heat manifestations of electric circuits.
They denote waste in relation to available work and in no senso a source of
power.
This invention is based on the fact that as no artifice can create power, all that
can be done is to disturb the equilibrium of matter and maintain that disturbance
in some way, such as I will now explain.
A check valve guards the admission of gas, say from the exhaust of an engine
to a chamber placed above a compression chamber or receiver. Working at 60 lbs
pressure for instance the gas in the compression chamber or receiver will be
at 60 lbs. The chamber above must therefore be kept open to the admission of
the in-rushing exhaust, and this is effected by jets in a multiple inductor or
injector in this chamber. A liquid pressure of 10 or 20 lbs above the gas pressure
is sufficient to prevent reaction, and maintain a swinging or pivoted check valve
free to the admission of the in-rushing gas. The velocity of that gas always
exceeds the velocity of the liquid used to produce the reduction of pressure in the
inductor chamber, so that the gas rushes past the liquid into the compression
chamber. Gas moving into gas meets with no resistance, hence no heat is produced.
The same volume of liquid operating the jets is withdrawn by the pump, so that
the level of the liquid in the compression chamber remains practically the same,
and the compression by liquid, which would exactly equal the action of any other
kind of piston, is prevented. That is to say, if the water in the compression
chamber were permitted to rise, reducing the size of the chamber, and thus
compressing air within resisting walls heat of compression would at once appear,
but the capacity of the chamber being kept constant volume after volume of air
may rush in to fill the space at ever increasing pressure without manifestation of
heat in the gas. The liquid pumped heats by friction. This heat causes an
elevation of temperature steadily rising higher than that of the air, but the
compressed air remains at or below the surrounding temperature. The amount
of liquid pumped and the heat of friction are reduced to a minimum by establishing
an automatic circulation for the supply of the jets; and relying on the pump for
the maintenance of a small stream of high pressure water whereby the jets are
forced. This is effected by using a liquid jet pump for supplying liquid to the
many jets in the multiple inductor or injector.
The liquid ascending through a pipe from the lower part of the compression
chamber and through a check valve is forced by the jet pump into a chamber
above the inductor chamber. The pressure exerted equally in all directions in
this upper chamber and therefore equally on all the jets of the inductor is a mean
between the pressure with which liquid is forced up from the compression chamber
by the gas pressure therein, and the power exerted by the force pump through the
jet pump.
The phenomena essentially involved in my system of developing motive power
are:-
1st The gravity of dense liquids, which enables them to fall freely through
compressed gases.

page_text: 2nd The elasticity of gases which is constant, perpetual, and unimpaired by
action.
3rd The penetration of confined gases under pressure by moving gases at high
velocity.
4th The discharge through orifices of gas of any given pressure from one vessel
into another, at the same rate as into a vacuum notwithstanding that the second
vessel namely the inductor chamber is maintained at or about half the initial
pressure of the main receivers of the apparatus.
5th The currents induced in tubes by high pressure liquid jets whereby
equilibrium may be permanently disturbed and the reaction of the compressed
gases prevented.
6th The transmission of pressure equally through a large volume of water by a
comparatively small forced stream of higher pressure water as in the bydrostatic
press.
7th Gases that are self-compressed as hereinbefore explained without work done
on then by other bodies do not heat, and gases expanded freely, without over-
coming resistances as in air engines worked expansively, do not cool.
Having thus explained the nature of my invention, the means and method of
carrying it out in practical operation may be explained as follows:-
The principal parts of the apparatus which I employ are:-
First. Any well designed engine such as is used for steam, with tight piston in
truly bored cylinder, and adequate stuffing boxes to prevent leakage of gas.
Second. A check valve to guard the exhaust so as to prevent any reaction of
high pressure gas on the piston.
Third. A pipe leading from the exhaust to the inductor, or injector chamber
containing tubes of adequate area to pass all gas discharged from the engines to be
run. Such tubes contain in each a central water jet, whereby induced gaseous
currents at high velocity may be caused by the partial exhaustion of the upper
half, and the forcible discharge of gas and liquid into the compression chamber
below.
Fourth. A compressed chamber or receiver not less than S or 10 times the
capacity of the engines to be exhausted; such receiver to be surmounted by the
aforesaid inductor chamber and to be provided with an outlet tube guarded by a
check-valve and establishing a communication with the main compressed gas
receiver. From the most dependent part of the compression chamber a pipe leads
to the liquid pump which is to supply the jet-pump. Another pipe emerges from
the lower part of the receiver, and carries water to the main aperture of the jet
pump, whereby an automatic circulation of liquid may be established. When in
operation the said compression chamber contains about a fourth of its capacity full
of liquid, and the level of this should be at all times denoted by a glass guage.
Fifth. A force pump to be moved either by the main engine or by a separate
engine worked by the compressed gas, this pump being capable of taking liquid
from the compression chamber and raising it to a pressure at least 30 or 40 lbs
higher than the working pressure of the engine; and such pump supplying the jet
pump clears itself into the compression chamber.
Sixth. The main receiver of a capacity equal to supplying the engines without
marked jerk of the pressure guage and within reasonable limits, the larger the
better. This receiver has to be first filled with gas at any desired pressure; or a
liquid that is gaseous at ordinary temperatures, such as ammonia-inay be intro-
duced in adequate quantity to yield a volume of gas ready at all times to start the
engine. As many pipes as there are engines to run connect the main receiver with
such engines, and it receives back the gas from said engines through the compression
chamber. A guage to denote the liquid level is needed when such an agent as
liquefied ammonia is used. The main receiver is provided with a pressure guage
and safety valve.
The entire apparatus should be made tight, and tested to withstand a higher
pressure than that at which it is designed to work. Nevertheless leakage must

page_text: occur and a special engine and force pump used as a feed pumping engine to supply
gas enough to make up for the leakage should be connected with the apparatus.
In this way a steady and uniform pressure is maintained, and the engine can be
run without interruption.
The process or method of using elastic gases and incompressible liquids as and
for the purposes above described, may be briefly stated as one consisting of a
double closed cycle of gas and liquid, preferably air and water.
Air being admitted say at 50 or 100 lbs pressure in the main receiver, the water
pumping engine is first started by turning air on to the engine, and starting the
water circulation through the inductor whereby the exhaust of the pumping engine
is cleared. When first started the compression chamber is to be at the pressure of
the atmosphere, so that the pumping engine may get a fair start, and the liquid
Water from
circulation become fully established before the main engine moves.
the compression chamber will then pass under pressure into the pump for the
supply of the inductor, and by the aid of the jet pump a closed automatic water
circuit will likewise come into play. The same water may be used over and over
again, but must be renewed if fouled or much heated.
The air from the main receiver passing into any engine to be moved, follows the
piston till the exhaust opens, and by virtue of the much higher velocity to which
it attains compared with the piston speed, it rushes onward through the check-
The rush
valve which is maintained free to lift by the forced jets in the inductor.
of air is by no means arrested by the air pressure in the compression chamber, and
as the pressure rises in this to a point slightly above that of the main receiver,
the air passes on through the check-valve guarding the communication between
the two.
There is therefore, for each engine a closed air or gas cycle, in which from a
state of rest, air expands against a moving piston, freeing itself through the
exhaust without chance of recoil, and returning promptly to the main receiver.
Thus in contrast with the closed cycle of a condensing steam engine-the con-
tracted volume in my gas cycle is in the compression chamber and main receiver
expansion commencing in the engine and terminating in the inductor. In the
steam engine the contraction is in the condenser clearing the exhaust whereas
I depend on gaseous velocity under the conditions stated as fully sufficient for this
purpose.
Simplicity of parts, and the very slight work to be done in supplying leakage
warrants the use of an air pump for the maintenance of uniform pressure in the
main receiver. With small engines the first supply of air, as well as its renovation
at intervals may be effected by a small pump driven by hand.
The continuous supply of air taken from the outside at atmospheric pressure can
be provided by the use of one or more inductors and compressing tubes similar to
the exhaust compressing apparatus above described. Such an arrangement super-
sedes the air pump by compressing air without the resistance due to heat of
compression.
The free discharge into the external air of the exhaust from the circulating
pumping engine, as well as from the main engine can thus be permitted wherever
circumstances favour the construction of such an apparatus.
It is obvious that any natural fall of water may be utilized for compressing air
for motive power purposes without the use of special water-motors or wasteful
compressors.

page_text: Otaining motive rower and in Apparatus
Employed therein.
I JOHN GAMGEE, of 14 Whitehead's Grove, Chelsea, in the County of Middlesex,
Gentleman do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the
same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement:-
This invention relates to a new method of operating engines by elastic gases
whereby the fundamental property of elasticity, independently of heat or other
external agency, is relied on to yield what is known in mechanics as a reciprocating
force.
This has been hitherto deemed impracticable, owing to the manifestation of
"Heat of compression" when gases are condensed, and to the "Loss of heat on
expansion" when gases expand against a resistance.
A fall of liquid in a tube or series of tubes disturbs atmospheric equilibrium and
air acquires a penetrating velocity due to the relief of pressure in front of it.
Thus for every opposing gaseous resistance there is a certain velocity and weight
of gas capable of penetrating the volume compressed and this occurs without the
heat resistance supposed hitherto to be inevitable when gas at a lower pressure is
added to gas so as to attain a higher pressure.
Gases only heat on compression, when work is done on them as by the piston of
a compressor. They only cool when expanded as in a cut-off engine, but if
allowed to follow a piston at or about full stroke in an engine, only a slight and
unimportant reduction, if any, takes place.
The agency whereby a moving gas can be made to penetrate and progressively
increase the pressure of a confined volume of the same or another gas, is a current
of water or other suitable liquid, through a jet, or jets, whereby reaction of the
compressed air is guarded against; a passage is kept open through a check valve
for the moving gas.
Every known form of motive power engine is recognized as utilizing external
energy approximately equivalent, according to Joule, to 42.75 units of heat for an
indicated HP. A vast amount of continuous force is obtained, without utilizing
any such energy by the use of elastic springs of steel or other substance endowed
with the power of reacting against a strain. Gases afford the most perfect example.
of elasticity but it is universally believed that they can only be utilized for the
transmission of force, owing to the external power required to condense them up
to the working pressures of motive-power engines. I have discovered that à
condensed gas within the same apparatus, may in one part be virtually at rest, and
in another moving at high velocity, without let or hindrance to a return into the
comparatively stagnant body at its maximum pressure; this discovery enables me
to resort to gaseous elasticity as an inexhaustible source of mechanical work.
I provide for permanently disturbing equilibrium by means of the gravity of dense
liquids and by the economical circulation of such liquids, utilizing the principle of
the hydraulic press. I thus establish what is practically a conservative system
whose source of motion is simply the source of motion throughout the universe.

page_text: Whatever heat manifestations appear in my apparatus when at work are purely
accidental and unimportant as in the heat manifestations of electric circuits. They
denote waste in relation to available work and in no sense a source of power.
This invention is based on the fact that as no artifice can create power, all that
can be done is to disturb the equilibrium of matter, and maintain that disturbance
in some way, such as I will now explain.
A check valve guards the admission of gas, say from the exhaust of an engine to
a chamber placed above a compression chamber or receiver. Working at 60 lbs
pressure for instance the gas in this compression chamber or receiver will be
at 60 lbs. The chamber above must therefore be kept open to the admission of
the in-rushing exhaust, and this is effected by jets in a multiple inductor or
injector in this chamber. A liquid pressure of 10 or 20 lbs above the gas pressure
is sufficient to prevent reaction, and maintain a swinging or pivoted check valve
free to the admission of the in-rushing gas. The velocity of that gas always
exceeds the velocity of the liquid used to produce the reduction of pressure in the
inductor chamber, so that the gas rushes past the liquid into the compression
chamber. Gas moving into gas meets with no resistance, hence no heat is
produced. The same volume of liquid operating the jets is withdrawn by the
pump, so that the level of the liquid in the compression chamber remains
practically the same, and the compression by liquid, which would exactly equal
the action of any other kind of piston, is prevented. That is to say, if the water
in the compression chamber were permitted to rise, reducing the size of the
chamber, and thus compressing air within resisting walls heat of compression
would at once appear, but the capacity of the chamber being kept constant volume
after volume of air may rush in to fill the space at ever increasing pressure without
manifestation of heat in the gas. The liquid pumped heats by friction. This heat
causes an elevation of temperature steadily rising higher than that of the air, but
the compressed air remains at or below the surrounding temperature. The amount
of liquid pumped and the heat of friction are reduced to a minimum by establishing
an automatic circulation for the supply of the jets, and relying on the pump for
the maintenance of a small stream of high pressure water whereby the jets are
forced. This is effected by using a liquid jet pump for supplying liquid to the
many jets in the multiple inductor or injector.
The liquid ascending through a pipe from the lower part of the compression
chamber and through a check-valve is forced by the jet pump into a chamber
above the inductor chamber. The pressure exerted equally in all directions in this
upper chamber and therefore equally on all the jets of the inductor is a mean
between the pressure with which liquid is forced up from the compression chainber
by the gas pressure therein, and the power exerted by the force pump through the
jet pump.
The phenomena essentially involved in my system of developing motive power
are:-
1st The gravity of dense liquids, which enables them to fall freely through
compressed gases.
2nd The elasticity of gases which is constant, perpetual, and unimpaired by action.
3rd The penetration of confined gases under pressure by gases moving at high|
velocity.
4th The discharge through orifices of gas of any given pressure from one vessel
into another, at the same rate as into a vacuum notwithstanding that the second
vessel namely the inductor chamber is maintained at, or about, half the initial
pressure of the main receiver of the apparatus.
5th The currents induced in tubes by high-pressure liquid jets whereby equi
librium may be permanently disturbed and the reaction of the compressed gases
prevented.
6th The transmission of pressure equally through a large volume of water by a
comparatively suiall forced stream of higher pressure water, as in the hydrostati
15044

page_text: 7th Gases that are self-compressed as hereinbefore explained-without work
done on them by other bodies do not heat, and gases expanded freely, without over-
coining resistances as in air engines worked expansively, do not cool.
Having thus explained the nature of my invention, the means and method of
carrying it out in practical operation may be explained as follows:-
The principal parts of the apparatus which I employ are,
--
First. Any well designed engine, such as is used for steam, with tight piston in
truly bored cylinder, and adequate stuffing boxes to prevent leakage of gas.
Second. A check valve to guard the exhaust so as to prevent any reaction of
high pressure gas on the piston.
Third. A pipe leading from the exhaust to the inductor or injector chamber
containing tubes of adequate area to pass all gas discharged from the engines to be
run. Such tubes contain in each a central water jet, whereby induced gaseous
currents at high velocity may be caused by the partial exhaustion of the upper
half, and the forcible discharge of gas and liquid into the compression chamber
below.
Fourth. A compressed chamber or receiver, not less than 8 or 10 times the
capacity of the engines to be exhausted, such receiver to be surmounted by the
aforesaid inductor chamber and to be provided with an outlet tube guarded by a
check-valve and establishing a communication with the main compressed gas
receiver. From the lowest part of the compression chamber a pipe leads to the
liquid-pump which is to supply the jet pump. Another pipe emerges from the
lower part of the receiver, and carries water to the main aperture of the jet pump,
whereby an automatic circulation of liquid may be established. When in operation
the said compression chamber contains about a fourth of its capacity full of liquid,
and the level of this should be at all times denoted by a glass guage.
Fifth. A force pump to be moved either by the main engine or by a separate
engine worked by the compressed gas, this pump being capable of taking liquid
from the compression chamber and raising it to a pressure 10 to 40 lbs higher than
the working pressure of the engine; and such pump supplying the jet pump clears
itself into the compression chamber.
Sixth. The main receiver of a capacity equal to supplying the engines without
marked jerk of the pressure guage and within reasonable limits, the larger the
better. This receiver has to be first filled with gas at any desired pressure; or a
liquid that is gaseous at ordinary temperatures, such as ammonia, may be intro-
duced in adequate quantity to yield a volume of gas ready at all times to start the
engine. As many pipes as there are engines to run connect the main receiver with
such engines, and it receives back the gas from said engines through the compres-
sion chamber. A guage to denote the liquid level is needed when such an agent as
liquefied ammonia is used. The main receiver is provided with a pressure guage
and safety valve.
The entire apparatus should be made tight, and tested to with-stand a higher
pressure than that at which it is designed to work. Nevertheless leakage must
occur and a special engine and force pump used as a feed pumping engine to supply
gas enough to make up for the leakage should be connected with the apparatus. In
this way a steady and uniform pressure is maintained and the engine can be run
without interruption.
The process or method of using elastic gases and incompressible liquids as and
for the purposes above described, may be briefly stated as one consisting of a
double closed cycle of gas and liquid, preferably air and water.
The annexed drawings illustrate my invention: Figure 1 is a general elevation
of the apparatus; Figure 2 is a vertical section on a larger scale of the inductor or
injector chamber, the hydraulic chamber above same, the water jet pump, the
compression chamber and their connections. a is the engine which may be of any
good form; its fly wheel b should be heavy. c is the pipe leading from the engino
exhaust, and d is the check valve to guard the exhaust so as to prevent any reaction
of high pressure gas on the piston. e is the inductor or injector chamber to which

page_text: the pipe c conducts the exhaust and e¹ is a check valve to guard the admission of
the gas to the inductor. The said inductor contains tubes f of adequate area to
pass all gas discharged from the engine a and any other engines that are being run
in connection with my apparatus. The tubes f each contain a central water jet f¹
as shown whereby, as has been already explained, induced, gaseous currents at high 5
velocity may be caused by the partial exhaustion of the upper half and the forcible
discharge of gas and liquid into the compression chamber below. The tubes fare
contracted conically at the upper part as shown where the jets f¹ enter them and
they may each be guarded at bottom by a diaphragm having a central aperture of
equal diameter to the conical contraction above, or instead of this diaphragm a
valve such as those shown at få f2 may be employed. g is the compression
chamber. h is the gas-outlet tube of this chamber establishing a communication
with the main compressed gas receiver i. j is a check valve in the pipe h. k is a
pipe leading from the bottom of the compression chamber g to the liquid pump
which is worked by gearing from the driving shaft of the engine a as shown. The
pump
works the water jet pump m the two being in communication by the pipe n.
o is another pipe leading from the lower part of the compression chamber g; this
pipe communicates with the main aperture of the jet pump m and is fitted with
stop valve and a check valve p at the lower end and another check valve p¹. The
jet pump m forces the liquid into a hydraulic chamber above the inductor e; the
pressure exerted equally in all directions in this chamber and therefore.equally
on all the jets of the inductor is, as has been already stated, a mean between the
pressure with which liquid is forced up from the compression chamber g by the
gas pressure therein and the power exerted by the force pump through the jet
pump m.
q is a pipe leading from the main receiver i to the engine a; the
?' is
receiver i has as many of these outlet pipes q as there are engines to be run.
an air pump to supply leakage; its outlet pipe s communicates with the pipe q.
This pump while the apparatus is at work is actuated by gearing from the engine
as shown; it also serves to charge the main receiver i at starting for which purpose
it can be worked by means of the hand wheel t. u is an accumulator supplied with
liquid from the reservoir v; it serves to charge the pump m and chamber gat
starting and is subsequently put into communication by means of the pipe w with
the main receiver i when it becomes a gas and water pressure regulating chamber.
y is a cock for the discharge of gas from the compression chamber g. This chamber
and the accumulator are fitted with water gauges as shown so that the water
level therein can at all times be seen; the main receiver i should also be provided
with a pressure gauge and with a safety valve.
The modus operandi is as follows:-
is
Air or other gas being admitted, say at 50 or 100 lbs pressure, into the main
receiver the water pumping engine is first started by turning gas on to the
engine a, and starting the water circulation through the inductor e whereby the
exhaust of the pumping engine is cleared. When first started the compression
chamber g may be at the pressure of the atmosphere, so that the pumping engine
may get a fair start. In continuous work when the compression chamber
charged the engine can be started by slightly opening the relief cock on the pipe c
Water from the compression chamber will then pass under pressure into the pump
for the supply of the inductor e, and by the aid of the jet pump ma closed auto-
matic water circuit will likewise come into play. The same water may be used
over and over again, but must be renewed if fouled or much heated.
The air or gas from the main receiver i passing into any engine (a) to be moved,
follows the piston till the exhaust opens, and by virtue of the much higher velocity
to which it attains compared with the piston speed, it rushes onward through the
check valves d and e¹ which are maintained free to lift by the forced jets in the
inductor. The rush of air or gas is by no means arrested by the pressure in
the compression chamber g and as the pressure rises in this to a point slightly
above that of the main receiver i, the air or gas passes on through the check valve
guarding the communication between the two.

page_text: There is therefore for each engine a closed air or gas cycle, in which from a state
of rest, air or gas expands against a moving piston, freeing itself through the
exhaust without chance of recoil, and returning promptly to the main receiver.
Thus in contrast with the closed cycle of a condensing steam engine the
contracted volume in my gas cycle is in the compression chamber and main receiver
expansion commencing in the engine and terminating in the inductor. In the
steam engine the contraction is in the condenser clearing the exhaust whereas
I depend on gaseous velocity under the conditions stated as fully sufficient for this
purpose.
Simplicity of parts, and the very slight work to be done in supplying leakage
warrants the use of an air pump such as that shown at r for the maintenance of
uniform pressure in the main receiver. With small engines the first supply of air,
as well as its renovation at intervals may be effected by such a small pump driven
by hand.
The compression chamber and main receiver may if desired form only one
chamber.
The continuous supply of air taken from the outside at atmospheric pressure can
be provided by the use of one or more inductors and compressing tubes similar to
the exhaust compressing apparatus above described. Such an arrangement super-
sedes the air pump by compressing air without the resistance due to heat of
compression. The sectional view Figure 2 already described shows how air
entering from outside by the pipe c may pass into the compression chamber g and
onwards into the pipe h to be delivered into a second apparatus of exactly similar
construction to supply air during work. I have used two or three inductors and
compression chambers in series taking in air at atmospheric pressure at one inductor,
passing it on to a second at a mean higher pressure, the final or highest pressure
supplying the main receiver. The free discharge into the external air of the
exhaust from the circulating pumping engine, as well as from the main engine can
thus be permitted whenever circumstances favor the construction of such an
apparatus.
It is obvious that any natural fall of water may be utilized for compressing air
for motive power purposes without the use of special water motors or wasteful
compressors. To effect this, water falling naturally from a height is made to
operate an inductor as described and a relief cock is allowed in the compression
chamber permitting surplus water to flow out under restraint equal to the pressure
to which the air has to be compressed. The in-rushing air is passed on under
pressure in a receiver and can be apportioned to running low pressure engines
which can be worked expansively according to well known engineering practices.
When using ammonia gas evolved in the main receiver from anhydrous ammonia
liquid water cannot well be used in the liquid pump . Then a saturated solution
of cominon salt and water which soon becomes fully charged with ammonia may
be employed as the circulating medium operating the inductor. Any liquid of a
density approaching that of alcohol or water and which does not chemically
combine with ammonia may take the place of the brine.
Theoretically a "perfect engine" is one in which the motor fluid starting at a
definite initial pressure is restored to the same condition after performing work,
and this I effect in the manner herein set forth. Indeed the pressure in the com-
pression chamber during work is always somewhat higher than the pressure in the
main receiver owing to the relatively greater velocity of discharge from the engine
compared with the admission.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
I claim in respect of obtaining motive power and apparatus employed therein, is
1. A motor constructed substantially as hereinbefore described based on the self-
contained action and reaction of a falling liquid and an elastic gas both under
pressure in closed cycles, as set forth.

page_text: 2. An apparatus in which a double circulation is established liquid being forced
into a pump by compressed gas, the pump discharging the liquid to fall through
said compressed gas continuously and the compressed gas being kept in constant
motion through an engine, returning into the same receiver through the falling
liquid, as set forth.
3. The method of permanent disturbance of equilibrium or development of
mechanical work by combining a liquid pump with an engine operated by an elastic
gas in the way herein described, the said engine driving the liquid pump and the
pumped liquid maintaining the circulation of the gas.
4. The arrangement whereby the direction of the moving gas in a closed circuit
is secured, without permitting reaction, by a check valve on the engine exhaust,
another on the inductor and a third on the admission in the main receiver, and
other check valves if required as herein provided.
5. The double water circuit viz: the flow forced by the pump, the jet pump and
the automatic lift under air pressure through a pipe or pipes guarded by check
valves substantially as described.
6. The compression of gases without heating by causing the flow of gas at high
velocity into still gas under pressure through liquid jets, as set forth.
7. A gas compressing apparatus consisting of a reservoir discharging below into
a liquid pump and admitting liquid above through an inductor into which gas is
aspirated and in which gas and liquid act and react on each other, as described.
8. A gas-inductor in which a liquid chamber acting as a hydraulic accumulator
discharges through one or more annular jets into tubes contracted conically above
and guarded by a perforated diaphragmn or valve below, as herein explained.
9. A water jet pump surmounting the gas inductor, to favor the automatic
circulation of liquid and by reducing the volume of liquid passed through the
pump diminishing the heat of friction, as described.
10. In an engine the discharge of motor fluid through a check valve into a com-
pression chamber in which the maximum gas pressure occurs for the continuous
supply of the engine, as described.
11. The combination of a liquid, such as ammonia, which gasifies at ordinary
temperatures and a suitable circulating liquid, such as brine, to operate the inductor
and start the engine, as described.
12. An engine constructed substantially as hereinbefore described which is
continuously supplied with air automatically without resorting to auxiliary power,
as set forth.
13. An engine constructed substantially as herein before described in which a
continuous supply of air is taken from the outside at atmospheric pressure and
passed through one or more inductors and compression chambers as set forth.
14. A "perfect engine". constructed substantially as herein before described in
which the motor fluid starting at a definite initial pressure is restored to the same
condition after performing work as herein set forth.