CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CON-
Year: 1875

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LETTERS PATENT to David Longsdon, of Number 4, Queen Street
Place, in the City of London, Gentleman, and Percy Toppin, of
Number 9, Cloak Lanc, in the City of London aforesaid, Wine
Merchant, for the Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CON-
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said David Longsdon and
Percy Toppin at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents with
their Petition on the 16th January 1875.
We, DAVID LONGSDON, of Number 4, Queen Street Place, in the
City of London, Gentleman, and PERCY TOPPIN, of No. 9, Cloak
Lane, in the City of London aforesaid, Wine Merchant, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE CONSTRUCTION OF SHOES FOR HORSES AND OTHER ANIMALS," to be as
follows:-
:-
These improvements relate to the construction of those kinds of shoes
for horses or other draught animals in which studs or wearing pieces of

page_text: metal or other substance are attached to the body of the shoe by any
mechanical means, and the principal objects attained by these improve-
ments are simpler and cheaper means of forming such shoes, more secure
methods of attaching the studs or wearing picces to the shoes, and
retaining them in their places, and of increasing their endurance.
In all cases heretofore proposed in which screws are the contrivances
employed to retain the studs in their places the studs have been fitted
into dovetailed mortices or recesses, and the screws have been relied upon
to resist the forces tending to drive the studs sideways or laterally out of
their proper positions.
In our Invention we construct the studs in such manner as shall
transfer the heavy strains and pressures to which they are necessarily
subjected from the screws to the shoe itself, or to certain jaws, pads, or
projecting pieces formed on the under side of the shoe for that purpose.
The screws have therefore simply to carry the weight of the studs, and
thus the danger of their fracture and of the falling out of the studs is-
obviated.
In constructing our improved shoe we stamp, or forge, or cast the
shoe in malleable or other iron or steel or other metal with mortices,
grooves, or recesses, the inner sides of which are made convex in opposite
directions or tapering towards the middle of their length from both the
inner and outer edges of the shoes, or such grooves are made with curved,
or rectangular, or V shaped projections to withstand the lateral strains or
hammering action brought to bear upon the studs by the weight or
movements of the animal. These mortices or recesses may be made
either transversely across the breadth of the shoe or obliquely or in the
direction of its length.
We construct our improved studs by stamping or casting or otherwise
forming them by preference with two of their sides of concave form, or
with a 66 set "inwards from both ends, so that they shall fit into and
correspond with the grooves in the shoe, or the studs may have curved, or
rectangular, or V shaped recesses to adapt them to the particular shaped
projections in the grooves in the shoe.
We also construct our improved studs with circular or other shaped
holes made. of one size through the greater part of their thickness, but
of lesser size through the remaining thickness, so as to cause the screw,
which we make with a shoulder or head, to hold the stud in its place.

page_text: :
A modification of our Invention consists in making the shoe with
slots cut completely or partially through its thickness, which we increase
in places if necessary. We form the stud with a neck or tongue, which
fits into the slot, whilst the body of the stud rests' solidly against the
under side of the shoe. We then pass a screw through the side of the.
shoe and through the tongue of the stud, which prevents the stud from
falling out, and the screw itself is protected from injury or fracture.
"
We also in some cases provide one or more clips," which we attach
by suitable means either to the studs or to the body of the shoe.
.65
In order to increase the resistance to wear of our improved studs we
in some cases "temper," or case harden," or "chill" the same after
stamping, forging, shaping, or casting them.
$
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said David Longsdon and Percy Toppin in the Great
Seal Patent Office on the 14th July 1875.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, DAVID
LONGSDON, of No. 4, Queen Street Place, in the City of London, Gentle-*
man, and PERCY TOPPIN, of No. 9, Cloak Lane, in the City of London
aforesaid, Wine Merchant, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Sixteenth day of January, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-five, in the
thirty-eighth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and suc-
cessors, give and grant unto us, the said David Longsdon and Percy
Toppin, Her special license that we, the said David Longsdon and
Percy Toppin, our executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others
as we, the said David Longsdon and Percy Toppin, our executors,
administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "CERTAIN IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF SHOES FOR HORSES AND OTHER ANIMALS," upon

page_text: the condition (amongst others) that we, the said David Longsdon and
Percy Toppin, our executors or administrators, by an instrument in
writing under our, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should
particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the. said Invention,
and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the
same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar.
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said David Longsdon and Percy
Toppin, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention, and in
what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described
and ascertained in and by the following statement thereof, that is to
say
These improvements relate to the construction of those kinds of shoes
for horses or other draught animals in which studs or wearing pieces of
metal or other substance are attached to the body of the shoe by any
mechanical means. The principal objects attained by 'these improve-
ments are simpler and cheaper means of forming or manufacturing such
shoes, more secure methods of attaching the studs or wearing pieces to
the shoes, and retaining them in their places and of increasing their
endurance.
In all cases heretofore proposed in which screws have been the con-.
trivances employed to retain the studs in their places the studs have been
fitted into dovetailed mortices or recesses, and the screws have been
relied upon to resist the forces tending to drive the studs sideways or
laterally out of their proper positions.
.
In our Invention we construct the studs in such. manner as shall
transfer the heavy strains and pressures to which they are necessarily
subjected from the screws to the shoe itself or to certain jaws, pads, or
projecting pieces formed on the under side of the shoe for that
purpose.
In order that our improvements may be better understood we have
hereunto annexed a Sheet of Drawings, in which Fig. 1 represents a plan
of the under side of a "hind" shoe fitted with studs and screws com-
plete, and Figure 2 an under plan of the shoe with studs removed.
a is the shoe, which we stamp, or forge, or cast to the desired shape in
mallcable or other iron or steel or other metal, with pads or projecting

page_text: picces b, b, the inner sides of which are made convex in opposite
directions, and form mortices or recesses c, c, for the reception of the
studs or wearing picces d, d. These studs are made with two of their
sides of slightly concave form, as shewn in Fig. 3, and are secured in
their places by screws e, e, as seen in Figs. 4 and 5. Circular or other
shaped holes a 1 are made in the studs of one size through the greater
part of their thickness, but of lesser diameter or size through the
remainder of their substance, so as to form shoulders d 2 by which the
heads of the screws support the studs. These holes in the studs are
made somewhat larger than the screws, so as to allow of a slight lateral
movement of the studs taking place without risk of injury or breakage of
the screws, and the double wedge form of the studs prevents them from
being forced out of position and transfers the heavy strains and pressures
to which they are subjected in wear to the pads b, b.
Fig. 6 represents an elevation of the shoe and studs; Fig. 4 is a section
on line A, B; and Fig. 5 is a section on the line C, D, of Fig. 1.
Fig. 7, 8, 9, and 10 represent modified forms of stud, to accommodate
which the inner sides of the pads or projecting pieces or of the grooves.
or mortices of the shoe are suitably shaped, as shewn. These mortices
may be made either transversely or obliquely across the breadth of the
shoc or in the direction of its length.
"
Another modification of our Invention consists in making the shoe
with slots cut partially or completely through its thickness, as shewn in
Fig. 11, an elevation; Fig. 12, a section; and Fig. 13, an under plan of
part of a shoe with stud. The stud is formed with a neck or tongue 1,
which fits into the slot m in the shoe n. The body of the stud rests solidly
against the under side of the shoe, which is increased in thickness at the
points of contact with the studs. The stud is retained in its place by a
pin or screw o passed either from the outside or the inside through the
thickness of the shoe and through the tongue 1, and the screw is pro-
tected from injury by making the hole in the stud slightly larger than
the diameter of the screw.
"1
In some cases it may be necessary to make the "clip
86
or clips"
separately from the shoe. One method of attaching it or them to the shoe
is represented in plan in Figure 14, and in section in Figures 15 and 16.
a is the shoe and b, b, the clips secured by screws c, c. These.clips may
form part of or be attached to the studs.

page_text: In order to increase the resistance to wear of our improved studs we
in some cases temper," or case harden," or "chill" the same after
the stamping, forging, shaping, or casting them."
: Having now described the nature of our said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, we declare that we claim the
methods of constructing and forming the studs," pads," "clips," and
other parts of shoes for horses and other animals, substantially as herein-
before described and as illustrated in the accompanying Drawings.
÷
In witness whereof, the said David Longsdon and Percy Toppin,
have hercúnto set their hands and seals, this Thirteenth day of :
July, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and
seventy-five.
Signed, sealed, and delivered by the
within-named David Longsdon
and Percy Toppin, in the pre-
sence of,
W. F. WARD,
Solicitor,
"10, Bedford Row,'
London.
DAVID LONGSDON. (L.S.)
PERCY TOPPIN.
(L.S.)