IMPROVEMENTS IN MAKING COVERS FOR AND IN BINDING BOOKS AND PORTFOLIOS, AND IN MAKING FRAMES FOR PICTURES AND GLASSES
Year: 1852

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Moses Poole, of Serle Street, in the County of
Middlesex, Gentleman, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
MAKING COVERS FOR AND IN BINDING BOOKS AND PORTFOLIOS, AND IN
MAKING FRAMES FOR PICTURES AND GLASSES."
Scaled the 8th January 1853, and dated the 1st October 1852.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Moses Poole at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his petition, on the
1st October 1852.
I, MOSES POOLE, of Serle Street, in the County of Middlesex,
Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MAKING COVERS FOR AND IN BINDING BOOKS AND
PORTFOLIOS, AND IN MAKING FRAMES FOR PICTURES AND GLASSES," to be
as follows:-
This Invention is a communication from America, on behalf of
Mr. Goodyear, the Inventor, and consists of employing in such manu-
facture of a hard substance produced by subjecting India-rubber com-
bined with sulphur, with or without other matters, to high temperatures;
and the Invention also consists of employing India-rubber combined

page_text: with sulphur in binding or fixing the leaves, and then subjecting the
India-rubber to heat, to produce a change therein.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent
filed by the said Moses Poole, in the Great Seal Patent Office, on
the 30th March 1853.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I,
MOSES POOLE, of Serle Street, in the County of Middlesex, Gentleman,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the First day of October in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-two, in the sixteenth year of
Her reign, did for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant
unto me, the said Moses Poole, Her special licence that I, the said
Moses Poole, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others
as I, the said Moses Poole, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at
all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and law-
fully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man,
an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MAKING COVERS FOR AND IN BINDING
BOOKS AND PORTFOLIOS, AND IN MAKING FRAMES FOR PICTURES AND GLASSES,"
upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Moses Poole, by
an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, should particularly
describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed
in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Moses Poole, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof (that is to say):
This Invention is communicated to me from America, on behalf of
Mr. Goodyear, the Inventor, and consists of employing in such mann-

page_text: factures of a hard substance produced by subjecting India-rubber
combined with sulphur, with or without other matters, to a high tem-
perature, and the Invention also consists of employing India-rubber
combined with sulphur in binding or fixing the leaves, and then sub-
jecting the India-rubber to heat, to produce a change therein. And in
order that the Invention may be most fully understood, and readily
carried into effect, I will proceed to describe the means pursued by the
Inventor, and as communicated to me.
In making the backs or covers for books and portfolios, I employ
sheets of India-rubber combined with sulphur, or matters containing
sulphur; for this purpose two thirds by weight of India-rubber to one
third by weight of sulphur are ultimately blended together by means
of a masticating machine, with or without colouring matters, and the
same being rolled into thin sheets are placed on to thick paper board
or strong woven fabric, the India-rubber being turned over at the edges,
according to the size and character of the book or portfolio, or the
covers and back are made wholly of sheets of the compounded mate-
rials, by using thicker sheets of the compound, with fibre or woven fabric
adhering to the inner surfaces, and, having shaped them, they may be
pressed into a mould, to obtain the desired device or character, and the
process of heat may be conducted whilst the compound is between the
surfaces of the moulds, or the process of heat may be performed before
obtaining the desired pattern, and then producing the device by pressure
between dies or engraved surfaces; the hinges are produced by vul-
canized India-rubber alone, applied to the surfaces of a woven fabric.
The heat necessary for obtaining the desired result requires to be applied
for about six hours, raising the temperature slowly up to about 230° of
Fahrenheit, say in about half an hour, and retaining about that tempe-
rature for one and a half hour, and then raising it again gradually
during the remainder of the six hours up to about 295° of Fahrenheit;
but where a large quantity of foreign matters are in the compound the
heat may be raised more quickly. In cases where the covers are to be
affixed by cementing to other matters after the process of heat, such as
paper, pasteboard, or cloth, the surfaces of the covers should be coated
with woven fabric before subjecting the covers to heat, by which means

page_text: the covers can have affixed thereto paper or other material, which can
thereby be made to adhere. In those cases where the ornamenting of
the exterior surfaces of covers of the material above described may be
done after applying the heat, then the surfaces are to be acted on when
at a temperature of about 300° of Fahrenheit, when the matter or
substance will take very sharp impressions.
In carrying out the second part of the Invention, the leaves of the
book are at the back to be coated with India-rubber cement containing
sulphur for producing vulcanization, which I prefer to contain at the
rate of one pound of India-rubber, about two ounces of sulphur, half a
pound to a pound of white lead, and half an ounce of the carbonate of
potash. Straps of woven fabric may be applied across at intervals, ex-
tending across the hinge, for the purpose of strengthening the back-and
hinge of the book; and in order that the edges of the leaves may be
well combined with the India-rubber cement, I have found it desirable
to rough the edges with a rasp or sand-paper or other instrument; and
having thus coated the back of the book, I apply heat till the change
called vulcanization is produced, which will generally result in about
fifteen minutes, by applying heat of about 265° Fahrenheit by a metal
or other surface; and this I find it convenient to do by means of a
hollow metal, shape to the form of the back of the book, in which water
is caused to circulate, in the manner known as Mr. Perkins' plan, in
closed pipes.
In making the frames for pictures and glasses, I employ sheets of
the compounds above described, and either use them as veneers, after
the sheets are vulcanized, to cover the surfaces of wood frames, or else
I mould them solid to the design or device desired, as when moulding
other articles of such compounds, and as is fully described in the
specification of another patent granted to me in behalf of the said
Mr. Goodyear, and when very sharp and well finished devices are desired,
the hardened material may be pressed, at a temperature of about 300"
Fahrenheit, between dies.
Having thus described the nature of the said Invention, and the
manner of performing the same, I would have it understood, that what
I claim is the application of the hard substance of a whalebone or

page_text: ivory like texture, produced by combining India-rubber and sulphur,
and subjecting the same to heat, to the making of the covers of books
and portfolios, and to the making of frames for pictures and glasses.
And I also claim the connecting of the leaves of books together
with India-rubber combined with sulphur, and converting or vulcanizing
the same by heat.
In witness whereof, I, the said Moses Poole, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twenty-eighth day of March in the
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-three
year of
MOSES POOLE. (L.S.)
Witness, B. GOBEY.