IMPROVEMENTS IN MEASURING RULES, COMPASSES, AND OTHER MATHEMATICAL INSTRUMENTS, AND IN MACHINERY TO BE EMPLOYED IN MANUFACTURING MEASURING RULES AND OTHER MATHEMATICAL INSTRUMENTS
Year: 1858

page_text: Sealed the 15th June 1858, and dated the 9th January 1858.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Church at the
Fine Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
9th January 1858.
I, WILLIAM CHURCH, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, Engineer,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
MEASURING RULES, COMPASSES, AND OTHER MATHEMATICAL INSTRUMENTS, AND IN
MACHINERY TO BE EMPLOYED IN MANUFACTURING MEASURING RULES AND OTHER
MATHEMATICAL INSTRUMENTS," to be as follows:-
My improvements in measuring rules consist in making the joints which
are employed for folding or doubling the sides of the rule of several plates of
metal equal in thickness to the thickness of the portions of wood with which
they alternate. By this method of construction the blocking required in the
ordinary manufacture is unnecessary. Also in making the metal part of the
principal joint of the rule of a different form from that ordinarily employed,

page_text: that is to say, the base of the said metal part is made of a curve having the
centre of the rule joint for its centre.
My Invention consists, further, in the addition of a slide similar to that of
the slide rule to the set square or triangle used in drawing. The said slide
permits the set square to be used for drawing a great variety of angles.
My Invention consists, further, in graduating the head of the screw used on
one leg of a pair of compasses for effecting fine adjustments. By the said
graduation and a fixed pointer great nicety in setting off small distances may
be secured.
My new or improved machinery consists of a machine for cutting dovetail
grooves for the before-mentioned set squares and slide rules.
The said
machine consists essentially of two revolving cutters fixed on axes inclined to
one another, whereby the said cutters are enabled to undercut the said grooves.
The same machinery may be employed for forming the slides by changing the
relative positions of the cutters.
The slips of wood are
My Invention consists, further, of new or improved machinery for manu-
facturing measuring rules, constructed in the following manner :-In sawing
up the wood, I employ a series of circular cutters mounted upon an axis at
distances equal to the thickness of the pieces to be cut. The block of wood is
advanced against the cutters by the motion of a screw.
not quite separated by the cutters but are left joined together by a thin
joining. The wood is cut away for the metal plates of the joint by a machine
constructed as follows:-The piece of wood is supported on a platform
turning on a vertical axis, a slow rotation through a quarter of a circle being
given to the said axis. During its motion a pair of cutters perform a
reciprocating motion, cutting or slicing either side of the piece of wood and
reducing it to the requisite thickness. The curved figure of the portions cut
away is perfected by a fixed cutter against which the piece of wood is carried
during its motion. Or when the metal plates of the joint have the curved
figure described under the improvements in rules, the wood may be cut away
by two rotating cutters between which the wood passes, a middle cutter
forming the slit for the middle plate of the joint. The metal plates for the
joint are first eut out by a press and the centre hole drilled; they are then
strung upon a wire or mandril and fixed in a chuck upon the face plate of a
lathe. A cutter moving parallel to the axis of the lathe performs a recipro-
being
cating motion and planes the edges of the plates, the said plates
suitably moved by the chuck. In order to plane the edges of the circular
part of the plates the mandril upon which they are strung is brought into
a line with the axis of the lathe, and a slow motion given to the said plates

page_text: through three-quarters of a circle, during which the before-mentioned cutter
planes them. The plates forming the joints and the pieces of wood to which
they are fitted are drilled by a series of drills geared together and working
simultaneously; pins are inserted in the holes and are rivetted by a series of
hammers or rams lifted by a crank. The bed on which the rule is supported
has depressions opposite the pins, so that the rivetting is effected at the lower
as well as the upper ends. By inverting the rules, and operating on them
with a plane portion of the bed underneath them, the rivetting is completed.
The tips of the rules are formed from sheet metal forced into a trough-like
die by a series of plungers which gradually perfect the form of the tip. The
scraping or smoothing of the sides of the rule is effected by a series of metal
scrapers situated obliquely on an endless band passing over pulleys. The
divisions or transverse lines on the rules are produced by a series of cutters
pressed by a spring upon the rules, the said cutters passing over and cutting
the divisions on the rules. The motion of the said cutters is limited by a
template with which the said cutters engage. Or the graduation or division
of the rules may be produced by a compound die made up of a series of small
dies dovetailed or otherwise connected together, the said dies being pro-
vided with suitable divisions. Both these methods of dividing or graduating
also be applied to other mathematical instruments. The holes for the
steady pins of the rules are drilled by a series of drills geared together and
working simultaneously.
may
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said William Church in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
7th July 1858.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
CHURCH, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, Engineer, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Ninth day of January, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight, in the twenty-first year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto
me, the said William Church, Her special licence that I, the said William
Church, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the
said William Church, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at
any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times

page_text: thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN MEASURING RULES, COMPASSES, AND OTHER MATHEMATICAL INSTRUMENTS, AND IN
MACHINERY TO BE EMPLOYED IN MANUFACTURING MEASURING RULES AND OTHER 5
MATHEMATICAL INSTRUMENTS," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the
said William Church, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in
writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly
describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner
the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great 1
Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately after
the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said William Church, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement thereof, that is to say:-
One of my improvements in measuring rules consists of making the joints
which are employed for folding or doubling the sides of the rule of several
plates of metal equal in thickness to the thickness of the portions of wood
with which they alternate. This part of my Invention is illustrated in
Figures 1 and 2 of the accompanying Drawings, Figure 1 representing a
single side, and Figure 2 two sides, of a folding rule. The manner in which
the metal plates composing the joint alternate with the wood will be suffi-
ciently understood by an inspection of the Drawing. By this method of
construction the blocking required in the ordinary manufacture is unnecessary.
My improvements in measuring rules consist, further, in making the metal
part of the principal joint of the rule of a different form from that ordinarily
employed. Figure 3 represents two plates of a rule joint made according to
this part of my Invention. The base of the plates has a curve, the centre
of which is the centre of the rule joint. I sometimes also make the principal
joint of the rule in the manner illustrated in Figure 4, that is to say, two of
the plates, marked respectively a and b, are flat, while the other two plates,
marked respectively c and d, are of the figure represented, the central portions
being situated out of the planes in which the other portions are situated.
One of the plates a, b, and one of the plates c, d, are shown separately in plan
in Figure 5. I sometimes make a bush or projection, as shown in Figure 6,
on the inner sides of the plates a, b, which bushes or projections pass through
holes in the plates c, d, the said bushes coming into contact. Two of the
lates of which this joint is composed are shewn in plan in Figure 7.

page_text: Figure 8 represents in front elevation a set square made according to my
Invention, and Figure 9 represents the same in back elevation. The said set
square is provided with a slide e similar in construction to the slide of an
ordinary slide rule. The said slide e works in a dovetail groove f in the set
5 square. The said slide e is provided with a series of divisions, as represented,
the graduation of the slide being so arranged that by drawing out the slide e
to different distances the set square may be used for drawing angles greater
than right angles, each division on the slide giving a uniform addition to the
angle which the instrument is arranged to draw. The graduation of the slide
0 e, Figure 8, is effected by the machine represented in plan in Figure 10, and
in elevation in Figure 11. g is a fence or guide on the bed plate h. An
arm i is jointed to the base of the instrument at k.
The said arm is provided
with a series of holes at uniform distances at l. An arm m, having a point n,
engages with the holes l. The slide e to be graduated is fixed in the slide o
5 on the arm i, and during the graduation of the slide e its end is kept pressed
by the workman against the fence or guide g. A graver p is moved by the
handle q, and made to mark a division on the slide e. The arm is moved
until the point n engages in the next of the holes l, the slide e is pushed
against the fence g, and the graver p worked by the handle 9.
the divisions are made at the proper distances on the slide e.
In this way
Figure 12 represents in front elevation, and Figure 13 in side elevation,
a pair of compasses constructed according to my Invention. This part of my
Invention consists in graduating the head of the screw r which is used on one
of the legs of the compasses for facilitating the fine adjustment of the com-
passes. By graduating the head r with uniform divisions and attaching an
index or pointers to the fixed part of the leg, great nicety may be secured in
setting off small distances by the compasses.
2
Figure 14 represents in elevation, and Figure 15 in plan, my new or
improved machine for cutting dovetail grooves in the before-mentioned set
squares and also in slide rules. t, u, are rotating cutters fixed on the axes
v, w, respectively, the said axes being inclined to one another, as represented,
and the cutters being made conical on their cutting surfaces. The cutters
t, u, are driven by a strap a worked by a pulley y on the principal axis z of
the machine. The course of the band by which the cutters are driven will be
sufficiently understood by an examination of Figure 14. The set square or
rule to be operated upon is fixed upon the bed or table 1, and is slowly
carried underneath the cutters t, u, by means of a screw 2, which may be
driven from the principal axis of the machine, or be worked by hand. The
figure of the groove cut by the cutters t, u, is that formed by the crossing of

page_text: the cutters below the line 3 in Figure 14. By changing the relative positions
of the cutters the same machinery may be employed for forming the slides of
the set square, herein-before described, as well as the slides of ordinary slide
rules.
Figure 16 represents in side elevation, Figure 17 in end elevation, and 5
Figure 18 in plan, my new or improved machinery for sawing up wood to be
made into measuring rules. 4, 4, are circular saws or cutters mounted upon
the axis 5 at distances apart equal to the thicknesses of the pieces to be cut.
The axis 5 carrying the saws 4, 4, is driven by a band passing over the
pulley 6. The block of wood to be cut is advanced against the saws by 1
means of the screw 7, which said screw causes the arm 8 to advance and
push up the wood between the guides 9, 9. The arm 8 is disengaged from
the screw 7 by means of the handle 10, and brought back for the purpose of
pushing up to the cutters a fresh block of wood by means of a cord connecting
it with the drum 11 containing a coiled spring. But as mechanism of the 1
kind I employ for disengaging the arm 8 from the screw 7 is commonly used
for similar purposes, I do not think it necessary further to describe the same.
12 is a worm on the axis of the cutters 4, 4, which said worm takes into
worm wheel on the screw 7. The motion of the screw 7 and the advance
motion of the block of wood, ivory, or other suitable material is thus effected
and made proportionate to the rate of motion of the cutters. The slips of
wood are not quite separated from each other by the cutters, but are left
joined together by a thin joining which is removed by the machine herein-
after described for cutting and smoothing the edges of the said slips. By
means of the screw 7¹ the wedge, shown in dotted lines in Figure 16, is made
to raise the block to the precise height required.
a
My machine for smoothing the edges of the slips of wood which have been
cut up by the machine, Figures 16, 17, and 18, and completely detaching the
said slips from one another, is represented in side elevation in Figure 19, end
elevation in Figure 20, and in plan in Figure 21. The slips of wood are
placed between the guides 13, 13, and pressed upon by the springs 14 and
arm or lever 15. The said slips of wood are carried slowly forward by means
of the screw 16 actuated by a band on the pulley 17 on the shaft 18. The
said shaft 18 carries two discs 19, 19, provided with cutters 20, 20, and as
the slips of wood 21 pass between the discs 19, 19, the cutters 20, 20, shave
or cut smooth the edges of the said slips of wood, and also cut off the thin
web by which they were left joined together by the sawing machinery,
Figures 16, 17, and 18. Before placing the slips of wood between the
guides 13, 13, I prefer to interpose between each strip thin metallic plates or

page_text: wire to preserve the surfaces of the said strips parallel during the smoothing
of the edges of the said strips.
Figure 22 represents in side elevation, Figure 23 in end elevation, and
Figure 24 in plan, my machine for cutting away the wood for the metal plates
5 of the joint for the tips and for the plates of the steady pins. 21 is a lever
jointed to the base of the machine at 22. By the motion of the said lever 21
a sliding motion is communicated to the slide 23. The said slide 23 carries
the rotating saw or cutter 24, working in a vertical plane, and the two
rotating saws or cutters 25 working in a horizontal plane. The slip of wood
to be operated upon is placed between the jaws of the clamps 26 and secured
in its place by the fastening 27. The said piece of wood projects from either
end of the clamps 26. The cutter 24 advancing cuts off the end of the piece
of wood, and the cutters 25 following shave the end of the piece of wood on
either side, so as to give it the requisite thickness for the tip to fit thereon.
The slide 23 carries a rack 28, which engages with the toothed wheel 29.
A pinion 30 on the axis of the wheel 29 engages with a rack 31 in the
vertical slide 32. As the cutters 24 and 25 advance in the manner described
the vertical slide 32 rises, the said vertical slide 32 carries the cutters 33,
and the said cutters being raised against the edge of the slip of wood cut
away a portion of the edge where the steady pin plates are to be inserted.
The slide 23 is connected through the link 34 and lever 35 with the slide 36,
which slide carries the rotatory vertical saw 37 and the horizontal rotatory
cutter 38. The saw 37 cuts off the end of the slip of wood, and the cutter 38
cuts away the quadrant-shaped piece from the end of the slip in which the
joint of the rule is inserted. By means of the handle 21 the return motion
is effected of the several rotatory saws and cutters, and the mechanism next
described is made to operate upon the side of the rule. 39 is a slide carrying
a pair of cutters 40, to which pair of cutters a reciprocating sliding motion is
communicated by the connecting rod 41 and crank 42 on the shaft 43. The
cutters 40 slice or shave the opposite sides of the rule, reducing the thickness
of the part on which they operate to the required degree for the insertion of
the metal plates of the joint. During the operation of the cutters 40 the
clamps 26 perform a slow horizontal motion through a quadrant upon the
shaft 44. This motion is effected in the following manner :-A connecting
rod 45, jointed to the crank on the end of the axis 42, gives motion to a
lever 46. A pall upon the said lever 46 engages in a ratchet wheel 47 and
effects the slow rotation of the said ratchet wheel 47. A worm on the axis
of the ratchet wheel 47 engages in the worm wheel 48 on the shaft 44, and
the rotation of the shaft 44 and clamps 26 is thus effected. The worm is

page_text: The lever 49 is held down by a coiled
held in gear with the worm wheel 48 by the hooked end of the lever 49
engaging behind a tail on the rocking frame which carries the said worm.
When the worm wheel 48 has moved through a quadrant, the arm 50 on its
axis engages under the lever 49 and raises it from the tail with which it
engaged. The said worm is now at liberty to ungear itself from the worm
wheel 48, and the said ungearing is effected by the spring 51 engaging under
a tail on the axis carrying the worm.
The curved figure of the portions cut
away is perfected by fixed cutters 40%.
spring. A spring 52 pressing against a disc on the axis of the ratchet wheel
47 produces the requisite friction to prevent the said ratchet wheel from
rotating while the pall slides over the teeth of the said wheel. When the
worm wheel 48 has been disengaged from the worm on the axis of the wheel
47, the clamps 26 can be returned to the position represented in the Drawing
when the rule operated upon can be removed and another introduced. When
the metal plates of the joint have the curved figure represented in Figure 3
the wood may be cut away by two rotatory cutters, between which the wood
passes, a middle cutter forming the slit for the middle plate of the joint.
Figure 24 A represents this machine in plan, and Figure 24 B in end
elevation. The cutters a² are mounted upon a shaft be driven by a pulley c².
The side of the rule to be operated upon is represented at d², the said rule side
being held in a pair of clamps e² which advances the rule side against the
cutters by a sliding motion. The jaws of the clamps e² are closed by a right
and left handed screw f².
In cutting away the wood for the joint of the folding side of the rule, I
employ the mechanism represented in end elevation in Figure 24 C, and
in side elevation in Figure 24 D. The figure of the part to be cut away is
shown at f³, in Figure 24 C. A series of rule sides g² g, are placed in the
holder h² and fixed therein by the wedge 2. Rapid rotation is given to the
eutter 2, the Figure of which cutter will be readily understood by an exami-
nation of Figure 24 C. The holder h³, carrying the rule sides g², is carried
on the dovetail slide 12 over the cutter k, when the said cutter cuts away
portions of the end of each of the sides g² of the figure indicated at f³.
Figure 25 represents in side elevation my machine for finishing the edges of
the plates of which the joints of rules are made. Figure 26 also represents
the said machine in side elevation taken from the opposite side; Figure 27
represents a plan; Figure 28 represents an end elevation, and Figure 29 an end
elevation partly in section. The metal plates are first cut out by a press
n the ordinary manner, and the centre holes drilled in the said plates. The
aid plates are then strung upon a mandril fixed in a chuck upon the face

page_text: plate of the lathe head 53 of the machine. The mandril upon which the plates
are strung must be very true; the said mandril is not fixed directly on the
face plate 54, but on a slide 55 which traverses the said face plate with a
sliding motion; the series of joint plates to be finished is marked 56. A
5 cutter 57 moving in a direction parallel to the axis of the mandril on which
the plates 56 are strung is worked by the lever 58; the lever 58 during its
motion acts through the connecting rod 59 and pall 60 upon the ratchet
wheel 61, communicating a slow motion to the screw 62, on which the said
ratchet wheel is situated; the slide 55 carrying the mandril is thus made
slowly to traverse the face plate 54, and the cutter is caused to operate upon
the edges 63 of the joint plates. The circular part of the joint plates is next
planed by the cutter, and for this purpose the face plate 54 has a slow rotatory
motion communicated to it; this motion is effected by the arm 58, which
works the cutter operating upon the rod 64, and through it and the pall 65
upon the ratchet wheel 66. The ratchet wheel 66 is situated upon the axis of a
worm which gears
gears into the worm wheel 67 on the axis of the face plate; the
worm is thrown into and out of gear with the worm wheel by the lever 68
which carries the said worm. After the circular part of the joint plates has
been planed the rotatory motion of the face plate 54 is stopped, and the cutter
67 made to plane the other surfaces.
As I believe the action of the machine will be sufficiently understood by the
description already given, I do not think it necessary to trace its action upon
the other portions of the joint plates, the remaining edges being planed by the
combination and reversal of the rectilinear and rotatory motions of the mandril.
The face plate 54 may be fixed firmly, when required, by the lever 69 engaging
in its under side.
Figure 30 represents in plan, and Figure 31 in side elevation, my machine
for drilling the holes for the steady pins, and for the plates in which the steady
pins are inserted. The apparatus consists essentially of series of drills
marked 70. The number and relative positions of the said drills vary
according to the number and positions of the holes to be drilled, the middle
drill of each series drilling the hole for the steady pin, and the outer drills of
each series drilling the holes by which the plate for the steady pin is rivetted
to the rule. The series of drills are worked simultaneously by a band
conducted by guide pullies 71, 71, around the pullies of the drills in the
manner which will be understood by an examination of Figure 31; the rule
to be drilled is placed on the table 72 and is pressed up to its bearing by
cylinder 73 mounted excentrically upon its axis; the cylinder 73 is turned by
a handle on the axis 74. Besides pressing the rule up to its bearing, th

page_text: cylinder 73 carries plates 75, 75, which press upon the rule, and hold it down
upon the table 72 during the drilling. The ends of the rule are brought into
and supported in their proper positions by means of the cams 752 worked from
the axis of the cylinder 73.
The holes for the pins by which the joint plates and tips are rivetted to the 5
rule sides are also drilled by the machine, Figures 30 and 31, the last-
mentioned drills being situated in a plane at right angles to that in which the
drills 70 are situated, and corresponding in number and relative positions to
the holes to be drilled. The drills for drilling the holes for the joint plates
and tips work simultaneously with the drills 70 and exactly resemble in their 1
construction and working the said drills 70.
Figure 32 represents in elevation, and Figure 33 in plan, the machine by
which I effect the rivetting of the pins by which the metal plates forming the
joint are secured to the wooden sides of the rule; 76, 76, are hammers or
rams working in guides 77, 77; the said rams are lifted by means of catches
78, 78, engaging therein, and connecting them with the lever 79; a connecting
rod 80 connects the lever 79 with the crank 81, to which a rapid rotation is
given by means of the toothed wheels 82, 83, and the winch 84. As the rams
76, 76, rise, the tails of the catches 78, 78, come in contact with the cross
piece 85, and the catches 78, 78, are disengaged from the rams 76, 76. The
rams 76, 76, fall by their own weight, and also by the elastic force of the
compressed helical springs 86, 86. On the descent of the end 87 of the lever
79 the catches 78, 78 again engage with the rams 76, 76; the said rams are
thus lifted and allowed to fall once during each revolution of the crank 81.
The descent of the rams 76, 76, upon the pins of the rule effects their rivetting.
The rule is placed in a bed shown in plan in Figure 34, and in side elevation
in Figure 35, during the time that it is being operated upon by the rivetting
machine. The rule is pressed up to its bearing by the short lever 88, actuated
by the hand of the workman through the lever 89. The bed has depressions
90, 90, opposite the pins, in which depressions the lower ends of the pins are
rivetted as well as the upper ends. By inverting the rules and operating upon
them with a plain bed underneath them the rivetting is completed. The
number and relative positions of the hammers or rams 76, 76, in the machine,
Figures 32 and 33, must be varied to suit the particular rule being operated
pon, as will be understood by reference to Figures 34 and 36, where the
heads of the hammers or rams are represented over the centres of the pins
roper to the principal joint of two different kinds of rules.
Where the pins to be rivetted are situated at the joint of the folding side
f the rule, the rams in the machine, Figures 32 and 33, must be in two

page_text: parallel rows, as will be understood by an examination of Figure 37, where
the position of the said pins is represented.
I form the tips of the rule, that is to say, the metal terminations of the rule,
from sheet metal forced into a trough like die by a series of plungers by
5 which the gradual perfecting of the form of the tip is effected, and the metal
thrown into the angles, as illustrated in Figures 37a, 37b, and 37c. But as the
said dies and plungers differ in no essential respect from the dies and plungers
ordinarily used for raising metals, I do not think it necessary to represent or
further describe the same.
0 The scraping or smoothing of the sides of the rule is effected by the machine
represented in side elevation in Figure 38, and in plan in Figure 39. The
said machine consists of an endless chain band 91 working over drums 92.
A series of scrapers 93, 93, are rivetted to the band 91 in alternating oblique
positions, as represented in Figure 39. The rule is placed upon the bed 94,
and by means of the rollers 95, 95, is slowly moved, while the scrapers 93, 93,
pass rapidly over and scrape or smooth the sides of the said rule.
The divisions or transverse lines on the rule are produced by the machine
represented in end elevation in Figure 40, and in plan in Figure 41. The
said machine consists of a series of levers 96, 96, each of the said levers carry-
ing a graver 97 and a pointer or guide 98; springs 99 press under the short
end of the levers 96 and depress the gravers 97. The levers 96, 96, and the
frame by which they are carried are capable of a transverse sliding motion on
the bed plate 100 of the machine, the said levers and frame being carried by the
slide 101 working in a dovetail in the bed plate 100. By means of the arm
or lever 102 a reciprocating motion is given to the series of levers 96, 96.
The rule to be divided is placed on the bed of the machine in the position
represented at 103. 104 is a template or pattern upon which the pointers or
guides 98 rest. When the pointer or guide 98 is in one of the depressions
105 of the template 104, the graver 97 bears upon the rule, but when the
pointer or guide 98 is on the elevated portion 106 of the template the graver
97 does not press upon the rule. By the lever 102 the frame carrying the
levers 96, 96, is moved once backwards and forwards, and the gravers 97 and
guides 98 are drawn over the rule 103 and the template 104 respectively.
The transverse lines are thus cut or drawn upon the rule of the required
lengths and at the proper distances. The graduation or divisions of the rul
may also be produced by a compound die made up of a series of small die
dovetailed or otherwise connected together, the said dies being provided wit
suitable divisions. Both these methods of dividing or graduating may b
applied to the manufacture of other mathematical instruments than rules.

page_text: Having now described the nature of my saru
carrying the same into effect, I wish it to be understood that I do not limit
myself to the precise details herein described and represented, as the same
may be varied without departing from the nature of my Invention; but I
claim as my Invention,-h
Firstly, the methods of forming the joints of measuring rules, herein-before
described and illustrated in Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 of the accompany-
ing Drawings.
5
Secondly, the method of constructing set squares and of graduating the
same, herein-before described and illustrated in Figures 8, 9, 10, and 11 of 1
the accompanying Drawings.
Thirdly, the improvements in compasses, herein-before described and repre-
sented in Figures 12 and 13 of the accompanying Drawings.
Fourthly, the machinery, herein-before described and illustrated in Figures
14 and 15 of the accompanying Drawings, for making the grooves and slides
for set squares made according to my Invention, and the grooves and slides of
slide rules.
Fifthly, the machinery, herein-before described and illustrated in Figures
16, 17, and 18 of the accompanying Drawings, for sawing up wood, ivory, or
other suitable material in the manufacture of measuring rules.
Sixthly, the machinery, herein-before described and illustrated in Figures
19, 20, and 21 of the accompanying Drawings, for smoothing the edges of
slips of wood for the sides of measuring rules, and separating the said strips
from one another when the wood has been sawn by the machinery represented
in Figures 16, 17, and 18.
Seventhly, the machinery, herein-before described and represented in
Figures 22, 23, and 24 of the accompanying Drawings, for cutting the slips
of wood or other material for measuring rules of the proper length, and also
cutting away those portions of the wood or other material which require to be
removed for the tips, steady pin, plates, and joints of the said rules. Also the
machinery described for cutting away portions of the sides of the rules for the
reception of joint plates of the form represented in Figure 3. Also the
machinery for cutting away portions of rule sides for the reception of joint and
joint plates, represented in Figure 24 A, Figure 24 B, Figure 24 C, and
Figure 24 D of the accompanying Drawings.
Eighthly, the machinery, herein-before described and illustrated in Figure
25, 26, 27, 28, and 29 of the accompanying Drawings, for planing or finishing
the metal joint plates of measuring rules.
Ninthly, the machinery, herein described and illustrated in Figures 30 an

page_text: 31 of the accompanying Drawings, for drilling the required holes in measuring
rules.
Tenthly, the machinery, herein-before described and illustrated in Figures
32, 33, 34, 35, 36, and 37 of the accompanying Drawings, for rivetting the
pins, whereby the joints of measuring rules are attached to the sides of the
said rules.
Eleventhly, making the tips of measuring rules from sheet metal by dies
and pressure, as herein described.
Twelfthly, the machinery, herein-before described and illustrated in Figures
38 and 39 of the accompanying Drawings, for scraping or smoothing the sides
of measuring rules.
Thirteenthly, the machinery, herein-before described and illustrated in
Figures 40 and 41 of the accompanying Drawings, for dividing measuring
rules and other mathematical instruments.
Fourteenthly, dividing measuring rules and other mathematical instruments
by means of compound dies made up of small dies connected together, as
herein described.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Church, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Third day of July, in the year of our Lord On
thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight.
ATT
Witness,
GEORGE SHAW.
WILLIAM CHURCH. (L.S.)