Year: 1888

page_text: Date of Application, 28th Aug.. 1888
Complete Specification Left, 21st Dec., 1888
Complete Specification Accepted, 16th Feb., 1889
[Communicated from abroad by CARL CHRISTENSEN, of Christiania, in the Kingdom
of Norway, Wood Pulp Merchant.]
I, JAMES YATE JOHNSON, Patent Agent, of 115 St. Vincent Street, Glasgow, in the
County of Lanark, North Britain, do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be
as follows:-
This Invention relates to improvements in apparatus for producing articles from
Wood-pulp and like material.
In accordance with .my Invention I employ a table resting upon the top of an
Hydraulic Ram; on the table is placed a hollow form of metal or of other strong and
rigid material, the said form is of the shape of the article required to be manufactured,
for example, the form may be that of a truncated cone; the form is perforated; the
outer surface of the form is covered with fine wire cloth or similar material and over
this is laid a thin India-Rubber form answering to the external shape of the article to
be made; the whole is enclosed in a dome-shaped cover, the arrangement being such
that a space is left within the dome for the exerting of water pressure against the
outside of the India-Rubber form aforesaid, the inner space of the dome being kept
water tight by the Hydraulic pressure forcing the table up close against the flange of
the dome, the edge of the India-Rubber form being also held between the dome flange
and the edge of the table.
The wood-pulp is forced through piping to the side of the perforated form in such a
manner that the pulp is caused to spread over the whole surface of the form, the thick-
ness of the layer of wood-pulp is regulated by the India-Rubber form which expands
until it reaches an outer perforated metal form which is of a size corresponding to the
thickness of the article to be produced, the India-Rubber form being unable to expand
further than to the size of the said outer perforated form and of course the said outer
form may be of any desired shape according to the shape desired to he given to the

page_text: exterior of the article to be produced. When the inpumped material has become evenly
distributed, the stop cock of the distributing pipe is closed and the space in the dome
is filled with water which is subjected to a severe pressure by means of an Hydraulic
pump. The water pressure passes through the perforations of the outer metal form
and acts upon the India-Rubber form, exerting even pressure in every direction, the
water in the pulp being squeezed out through the perforations in the central solid form
and out through the hollow of the said form.
When the article is thus pressed into a shape, the table on which the forms are
supported, is depressed so far as to allow of the removal of the pressed article which
has then to be subjected to drying and the further treatment in the turning lathe
and similar manipulation by polishing to acquire a fine surface.
The necessary motion for the press table may also be effected by a screw leverage
or other power.
As a modification of my Invention and moro particularly for making small articles,
I may exert the hydraulic pressure upon the articles inner sides; the form against
which the wood-pulp presses being arranged as an outer form instead of an inner form
as in the first arrangement. For producing cup-shaped articles for example, a fixed
table is employed, the centre of which is formed with an opening to receive a cup
shaped form, the said form being preferably carried by a hinge so that the said
form can be readily emptied of its contents by turning it back out of the aperture of
the plate; the inner surface of the cup form is provided with fine wire cloth, an India-
Rubber form and an outer perforated form upon the same principle as that described
with reference to the first arrangement. Over the top of the table is hinged a strong
cover so as to hermetically seal the space within the cup. The pulp is forced in below
the India-Rubber form and the water pressure is brought to bear upon the cup space.
The perforated cover, which regulates the expansion of the India-Rubber forin, is
preferably hinged at the opposite side of the table aperture to that of the hinge of
the main form, so that everything can be fixed up and taken down upon the principle
of a hinge and pivot. The main form is caused to fit tight against the edge of the
table opening and the India-Rubber form is also so arranged as to effect a water-tight
joint between the table opening and the form.
For long articles such as tubes mouldings and the like I also make use of the
hydraulic pressure from the inside outwards. In this arrangement the form consists
of two halves which can be separated each of them being mounted upon a hinge, the
two halves being united together by a flange and screw upon the top of the form,
the hinges being immediately below. The inner form, over which the India Rubber
form is stretched, goes somewhat beyond the ends of the outer form and in this case
is without holes, the said form resting upon a support at each end of the divided main
for: both the outer as well as the inner tubular forms are shut off at the ends by
flanges. The hydraulic pressure pipe is conducted in through the end flange of the
inner form whilst the supply of wood pulp is conducted in through the outer form's
end flange.
For pressing articles, which at the middle are of greater diameter than at the ends,
such as barrels and casks, the arrangement of the outer form in constructive respects,
may be upon the same principle as already described, but in this case the inner form
consists of an arrangement of distended bars or rods placed upon a centre axle con-
structed of tubes and which may be extended from or drawn .thereto, similar to the
mechanism of an umbrella.
17-

page_text: COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Apparatus for Producing Articles from Wood Pulp
and like Material.
I, JAMES YATE JOHNSON, Patent Agent, of 115 St. Vincent Street, Glasgow,
in the County of Lanark, North Britain, (a communication from Carl Christensen, of
Christiania, in the Kingdom of Norway, Wood Pulp Merchant,) do hereby
declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement:-
My presses for producing articles from Wood-pulp, as shown in figure 1,
consist of a press table A, resting upon a stamp B, with hydraulic pressure, in the
cylinder C, and guided by the four pillars D, two of which seen in the drawing can
be erected into the position which it takes in the Drawing.
On the press table is placed a perforated form E, of the shape that the objects
inner side is to have, and the outer surface of which is covered with fine wire-
cloth E, shown by dotted lines, over which again there is laid a thin india-rubber
form F, answering to the external shape of the article. The form E, is fixed exactly
in the centre of the table, by the aid of bar-formed frames e e, of various heights and
breadths (as required) in close juxtaposition to the press-table's raised outer edge a.
The said frames may be made of India-rubber, soft metal, or wood.
The table, with this form and adjuncts is held by a firm pressure against the
press's hollow upper part G G, so that the edges of the indiarubber form is fast
pressed against the lower edge of the same, whereby the whole room FI, becomes
hormetically closed. In this position the wood-pulp is forced into the fixed piping J,
and the flexible indiarubber tube K, to the valve furnished distributing
pipes L LL³, whereby L, in the exhibited example in the drawing is open.
The material, to be pumped through the same, distributes itself between the outer
side of the wire-cloth covered from E, and the elastic indiarubber form F, which
envelopes it, until the latter comes into close position to somewhat larger,
perforated, metal outer form M, the size of which depends upon the desired thickness
of the articles frame or shell, and as to the rest, the shape will have to be such as the
outside is intended to exhibit.
When the inpumped material has become evenly distributed, the stopcock in the
distributing pipe L is closed, and the room H, is filled with water, and subjected to
a severe pressure by the aid of the water-pipe O, which is in connection with a
hydraulic pump. This pressure, which can be controlled by the manometer N, and
is limited by the outlet pipe P', which is furnished with the safety valve P, operates
through the perforated metal form M, upon the indiarubber form F, exerting an
oven pressure in every direction, whereby the water in the inpumped material is
either entirely, or partially expressed through the form E, with free exit at the
Openings P

page_text: According as the form is greater or smaller, use is made of the various material
suppliers L, L, I, as well as
a greater or less number of the adjusting bars e e.
And the forms E, F, and M, are altered to suit the size and shape of the article
wanted.
When the article, as above indicated, is ready pressed, the table is depressed so
far as to allow of the removal of the pressed article, which has then to be subjected
to the necessary drying, and further treatment in the turning lathe, and similar
manipulation, for by polishing, to acquire a fine surface.
The necessary motion for the press table A, as well as the pressure against the
water edge of the press's hollow under part G, it is not necessary to effect by
hydraulic pressure, but may also be produced by screw arrangement, or by leverage.
For small articles, I make use of the arrangement of the outer and inner forms,
as indicated by figure 2, and as the hydraulic pressure is here exerted upon the
articles inner sides, the form against which the wood-pulp presses, is placed as
outer form, whereas, in the above described arrangement, it was the reverse.
The
plate O, in the centre, is furnished with an indentation and opening, in which is
placed the under form R, revolvable on the axle r, andin close contact with the frame
edge 7, which I pack with indiarubber, string, or asbestos, to make a good joint,
and the overlying elastic indiarubber form . At a suitable distance, over this, is
placed the over form S, made of perforated metal, revolvable on the axle
and the
whole at the top, is shut in, by the cover T, revolvable on the axle t, and shut off
by the lock u. The material is here forced in, through the pipe , whereby the
indiarubber form lies up against the over form S, and when the intermediate space
is sufficiently filled in, the necessary hydraulic pressure from the inside is obtained
from the hydraulic pressure pipe W. When the formed article is to be taken out,
the cover T, is first laid over in the position T, then the over form S, in the
position S¹, and then, finally, the under form R, in the position R¹, whereby the
formed object detaches itself from the last named.
For long articles, such as tubes, moulding, and the like, I also make use of the
hydraulic pressure, from the inside, outwards, by arranging the outer and inner
forms in the manner as shown in figure 3. The outer form, which here, therefore,
is the one, against which the pressure is exerted, consists of two perforated half
forms X', and X2, which can be separated, each of them separately, being revolvable
on the axle, and, at the upper part, are united by small, thereto attached,
hand vices, The fine wire cloth being in the inside.
The inner form y, over which the indiarubber form is stretched, goes somewhat
beyond the ends of the outer form, is here without holes, and rests upon two stands Z.
Both the outer, as well as the inner tubular form is, at the end, shut off by flanges.
The hydraulic pressure pipe, at Q₁, is conducted in, through the end flange of
the inner form, whilst the material supply at Q, is conducted in, through the
outer form's end flange.
This form permits of the pressed article being easily taken out, by means of
unfastening the flanges and handvices, and thus opening the mould.
For pressing articles, which in the middle, are of greater diameter than towards
the ends, such as barrels and casks, an arrangement as shown in figure, 4, is
required. The arrangement of the outer perforated form A¹, in constructive
respects, will be the same as above described, whereas the inner form here consists
of an Indiarubber bag a', of such a shape as the inner side of the article wanted,
and fastened to an arrangement of distended bars or rods d, placed upon a centre
axle 1, constructed of tubes, and which may be extended from or drawn thereto,
similar to the mechanism of an umbrella, (and such articles are manufactured by
the aid of press, figure 1, and also by press, figure 3). The edge of the bag a,
being so constructed as to allow of it being fastened to a hollow cylinder B', which
when brought into connection with the press form A', keeps it watertight.
The material is pumped through the pipe C, in between the bag a', and the
form A¹, whilst the hydraulic pressure may be conducted in through a pipe in the
cylinder B', or through the central axle Dr.

page_text: This arrangement allows of barrels, casks, or articles of a similar shape, open at
one end, being made.
As a modification of figure 4, I may so construct the arrangement as to enable
me to make barrels, or casks, closed at both ends, or circular shaped articles, such
as globes, or balls, there only being a small opening in each which can be easily
plugged or filled up.
I preferably employ two perforated half forms, covered on inside with fine wire-
cloth, the lower half form being fixed to the hydraulic stamp, and brought into
close contact with the upper half form, which rests on pillars, the said upper
half form having a small cylindrical opening on the top, through which the inside
tubes, Indiarubber bag, (all constructed similar to those already described with
reference to figuro 4, of the drawings,) can be inserted, or withdrawn, and thus
clearing the inside of the article; The lower half form being then lowered, allows
the made article to be easily extracted from the mould.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what 1
claim is:
:-
1st. In Apparatus for the manufacture of articles from wood pulp and like
material, the employment of hydraulic pressure for the purpose of straining the pulp,
and compressing it into the desired form, and thickness of shell; substantially as
hereinbefore described and shown in accompanying Drawing.
2nd. The perforated press form E, wire-cloth E', elastic form F, and
perforated metal outer form M, all in combination with the Hydraulic casing or
cover G, and the Ram A, B, C, as shown in figure 1; or modifications of the said
arrangements such as are shown in figures 2, 3, & 4, and as described.
.
Dated this 20th day of December 1888.
JOHNSONS,
115, St. Vincent Street, Glasgow,
Applicant's Agents.