IMPROVEMENTS IN MIXING, BAKING, AND DRYING MATERIALS IN THE MAKING OF BISCUITS AND OTHER ARTICLES WHERE PLASTIC MATTERS ARE EMPLOYED
Year: 1852

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Joseph Tringham Powell, of No. 28, Fen-
church Street, in the City of London, for the Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN MIXING, BAKING, AND DRYING MATERIALS IN THE
MAKING OF BISCUITS AND OTHER ARTICLES WHERE PLASTIC MATTERS
ARE EMPLOYED."
Sealed the 13th January 1853, and dated the 10th November 1852.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Joseph Tringham
Powell at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his
Petition, on the 10th November 1852.
I, JOSEPH TRINGHAM POWELL, of 28, Fenchurch Street, in the City
of London, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN MIXING, BAKING, AND DRYING MATERIALS IN THE
MAKING OF BISCUITS AND OTHER ARTICLES WHERE PLASTIC MATTERS ARE
EMPLOYED," to be as follows:-
The principal object of this Invention is to arrange machinery to
mix flour and other matters into dough, to convert it into sheets or
forms suitable for the object, to cut and carry the same to an oven

page_text: to bake, and then to dry the biscuit so formed; thus avoiding the
handling from the commencement to the end of the processes. The
principal of the inachinery, however, is applicable when preparing other
materials into a plastic state, and forming and drying articles made
thereof. The substances and liquids are admitted by pipes or spouts
from above into a cylinder, in which a shaft revolves; having fixed
thereon a series of beaters, and to the bottom of which is attached a
complete screw, which forces the dough or compound thro' an
aperture in any required shape. There is also a web, which conveys
the dough or substance under cutters, thence to an elevating shaft
or tube in which two chains revolve from bottom to top, on which
are fixed, at intervals, trays or shelves made of metal wire or other
material, which are so arranged as they revolve, to receive the
dough or substance off the before mentioned web at the bottom of
the shaft or tube, and carry the same to the top, and there deliver
it to be baked and dried.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters
Patent, filed by the said Joseph Tringham Powell in the Great
.. Seal Patent Office on the 10th May 1853.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, 1
JOSEPH TRINGHAM POWELL, of N°. 28, Fenchurch Street, in the City
of London, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Tenth day of November, in
the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-two,
in the sixteenth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and
successors, give and grant unto me, the said Joseph Tringham
Powell, Her especial license that I, the said Joseph Tringham
Powell, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any
time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully
might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom

page_text: of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man,
un Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MIXING, BAKING, AND DRYING MATE-
RIALS IN THE MAKING OF BISCUITS AND OTHER ARTICLES WHERE PLASTIC
MATTERS ARE EMPLOYED," upon the condition (amongst others) that
I, the said Joseph Tringham Powell, by an instrument in writing
under my hand and seal, should particularly describe and ascer-
tain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the
same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the
Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that, in compliance with the said proviso, I,
the said Joseph Tringham Powell, do hereby declare the nature of
the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed,
to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the follow-
ing statement thereof, reference being had to the Drawing hereunto
annexed, and to the figures and letters marked thereon (that is to
say):
.
The principal object of this Invention is to arrange machinery to
mix flour and other matters into dough, to convert it into sheets or
forms suitable for the object to cut, and carry the same to an oven
to bake, and then to dry the biscuits so formed; thus avoiding
handling from the commencement to the end of the process. The
principle of the machinery, however, is applicable when preparing
other materials into a plastic state, and forming and drying articles
made thereof.
And in order that my said Invention may be more fully under-
stood, I will proceed to describe the means pursued by me.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING,
which shows machinery and apparatus combined according to my
Invention, and suitable for making biscuits, or it may be other
articles, and according thereto the material employed are first

page_text: pressed and polished on one side, thence the sheet of dough passes
between a second pair of rollers, where it is polished on the other
side. The sheet of dough is then cut into biscuits by ordinary
machinery, and the same are received on to another endless web,
which conveys them to the oven, where they are received on to
trays, and by the trays they are moved thro' the oven, where they
are baked and dried, and are then delivered from the trays thro' an
opening out of the oven; and it is the arranging or combining appa-
ratus in such manner as to carry on these processes in succession,
without handling the biscuits or articles produced, which constitutes
the peculiarity of the Invention. I would state, that the construc-
tion of the machinery may be varied without departing from my
Invention.
Figure 1, is an oven of the form I prefer to use; the one em-
ployed by me is thirty-five feet high; within the oven endless
chains A, A, work, which carry numerous trays B (say one to each
link, though only a few are shown in the Drawing); C, is the shaft
which gives motion to the chains A, and in order to keep the chains
correct, the axes of the lower pulleys are carried by levers or arms
D, as shewn. This oven I prefer to be heated by anthracite coal,
which does not give off products prejudicial to the process, and the
heat and products of combustion from an anthracite fire come in at
the opening at F, and the oven may be said to be the vent or chim-
ney to the fire. In order to regulate the draft through the oven, I
apply a curved regulator or valve G, with slits or openings thro' it,
there being similar openings thro' the top of the oven. E, is a bar
of iron fixed within the oven at E', as shown; its upper end passes
out of the oven, and is connected by a pin joint to the bell crank E²,
which moves on an axis at E³; the other end of the crank being
attached by a pin joint to the valve G. Hence, as the rod expands in
length, the valve is more and more closed, and the draft through
the oven reduced, which acts as a damper to the fire if the oven is
getting too hot; and, on the other hand, the contraction of the bar
will cause the ventilator to be more open, and consequently induce

page_text: a greater draft, and more heat from the fire. The trays, as they come
opposite the hole or passage H, shoot off their contents, which slide
thro' the opening H, into a suitable receiver (outside of the oven)
in a baked and dry state.
Figure 2, shews the mixing apparatus, which consists of the
cylinder I, with an opening at J, thro' which the dough or mixed
materials pass, in a thicker or thinner sheet, according as the
moveable flap K, is pressed, and held less or more down by the
lever arm K. This machine is somewhat like a pug mill, it
having inclined blades L', on the axis L, which receives ro-
tatory motion from a steam engine or other power. M, is a fixed
partition, having openings for the passage of the materials under
process of mixing, and on this partition are fixed upright inclined
blades M'; on the axis L, is fixed the stirrer N, with blades N',
which act between the blades M'. The materials are supplied by a
hopper, and are mixed and driven out of the machine in a sheet, as
before stated. This sheet of dough is received by the endless web O,
and conveyed to the rolling and cutting apparatus, Figure 3, which
are well known, and are those in common use, and separately are
not claimed as of my Invention.
The first pair of rollers P, rotate by being geared together; the
upper one, however, moving with greater surface speed than the
other.
The dough then passes to the second pair of rollers Q, there being
a supporting plate or surface for the dough between the two pairs
of rollers P, Q.
In the second pair of rollers Q, the lower roller has the greatest
surface speed. The sheet of dough is then cut by the cutter cylin-
der R, as is well understood, and the sheet of biscuits is received on
to the endless web S, and by it they are delivered on to the suc
ceeding trays through the opening T.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention, and the
manner of performing the same, I would have it understood that
what I claim is, the mode herein described, of combining machinery

page_text: and apparatus for mixing, baking, and drying materials in the
making of biscuits and other articles.
In witness whereof, I, the said Joseph Tringham Powell, have
here unto set my hand and seal, this Tenth day of May, in
the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and
fifty-three.
Witness,
JNO. ALCOCK.
J. T. POWELL. (L.S.)