A Method and Apparatus for Freeing Rooms and Buildings (whether Public or Private) from the distressing Heat sometimes experienced "in them, and of keeping them Constantly Cool or of a Pleasant Temperature,whether Ex Emp
Year: 1821

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
VALLANCE, of Brighton, in the County of Sussex, Brewer, send greeting.
WHEREAS His most Excellent Majesty King George the Fourth did, by.
His Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain and Ireland called
England, bearing date at Westminster, the Twentieth day of June, in the
first year of His reign, and in the year of our Lord One thousand eight
hundred and twenty, give and grant unto me, the said John Vallance, my
exors, admňors, and assigns, His especial licence, full power, sole privilege and
authority, that I, the said John Vallance, my exors, adiñiors, and assigns, during
the term of years therein mentioned, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-
upon-Tweed, and also in all His Majesty's Colonies and Plantations abroad,
my Invention of "A Method and Apparatus for Freeing Rooms and Buildings
(whether Public or Private) from the distressing Heat sometimes experienced
"in them, and of keeping them Constantly Cool or of a Pleasant Temperature,
"whether they are Crowded to Excess or Empty, and also whether the
"Weather be Hot or Cold:" And also, whereas His said most Excellent
Majesty King George the Fourth did, by His Letters Patent under the Great
Seal of that part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
called England, bearing date at Westminster, the Nineteenth day of June,
in the second year of His reign, give and grant unto me, the said John
Vallance, my exors, admors, and assigns, His especial licence, full power, sole
privilege and authority, that I, the said John Vallance, my exors, admors,
°
A

page_text: and assigns, during the term of years therein mentioned, should and lawfully
might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and the Town
of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and also in all His Majesty's Colonies and Plantations
abroad, my Invention or discovery of "IMPROVEMENTS RELATIVE THERETO," (that
is, relative to the aforesaid Letters Patent, bearing date the Twentieth day of
June, One thousand eight hundred and twenty,) AND (IN SOME CASES WITH AND
IN SOME CASES WITHOUT A GAS OR GASES) EXTENDED OR ADDITIONAL APPLICATIONS OF
THE PRINCIPLES, OR OF SOME OR ONE OF THE PRINCIPLES (EITHER OF CONSTRUCTION CR
OPERATION) THEREOF, AS APPLICABLE TO PURPOSES OTHER THAN WHAT I FIRST CON-
TEMPLATED;" in which said Letters Patent there is contained a proviso that
if I, the said John Vallance, shall not particularly describe and ascertain the
nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, and cause
the same to be inrolled in His Majesty's High Court of Chancery within
six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent, that then the said Letters Patent, and all liberties and advantages
whatsoever thereby granted, shall utterly cease, determine, and become void,
as in and by the same, relation being thereunto had, will more fully and at
large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
John Vallance, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention, and
the manner in which the same is to be performed, are particularly described.
and ascertained in the following description thereof, and the Drawings hereunto.
annexed (that is to say):-
<<
By the Specification of my Patent for "A Method and Apparatus for Freeing
"Rooms and Buildings (whether Public or Private) from the Distressing Heat
"sometimes experienced in them, and of keeping them Constantly Cool or of a
Pleasant Temperature, whether they are Crowded to Excess or Empty, and
"also whether the Weather be Hot or Cold," it is shewn that I avail myself of
the variable nature of the capacity of air for caloric or the matter of heat
to effect a reduction of its temperature by condensing it, and consequently
rendering sensible or free a portion of its latent caloric, then abstracting from
it and carrying off this liberated or free caloric, and reducing it in its condensed
state to or nearly to the temperature of cold water, by passing it in pipes
through the water, &c., &c., &c., for the purpose of earrying off the caloric
which the condensation as it were expresses from it, or which in consequence
of the condensation passes from the state of latency to that of free sensible
caloric, and then releasing. it from the condensation to its natural state,.
&c., &c., &c. Now the "Improvements relative thereto, and (in some Cases

page_text: "with and in some Cases without a Gas or Gases) Extended or Additional
Application of the Principles or of Some or One of the Principles (either of
Construction or Operation) thereof as Applicable to Purposes other than what I
"First Contemplated," which I have since invented or discovered, I first declare
to be various; and secondly, that the effects of these improvements are, first,
to lesson friction; second, to prevent the escape of the air between the piston
and cylinder during the process of condensing it; third, to expedite or facilitate
the process of cooling the air; and fourth, to save considerable expence in the
first erection of the apparatus in general, and much labour in the making use
of it, by reducing the air in its condensed state to temperatures much below
what cold water would reduce it to. The methods by which I effect these
various improvements are as follows:-By my former Specification it may be
seen that the methods of condensation I took were either the common and
well-known methods of employing power to force down the piston of the
condensing cylinder, and condense the air, or that of causing the piston to
descend and produce the desired effect by fixing to the top of the piston rod a
sufficient weight, which (with the piston and rod) being raised as high as the
length of the cyiender would admit, was then suffered to fall and force down
the piston, and consequently condense the air according to the momentum
required by the weight from this method of proceedure. Now one of the
improvements I have invented or discovered carries further or heightens the
effect of this method of condensation first, by lessening friction between the
piston and cylinner, and secondly, by preventing the escape of any of the
condensed air between the cylinder and the piston; and these things I bring
about thus-Attending the method of condensation which I describe (that is).
by fixing a weight to the top of the piston rod, and then raising and letting
fall the piston with the rod and weight, &c., &c., &c., is I find an incon-
venience, arising from the difficulty of so exactly adjusting the packing of the
piston (whether leather or anything else) to the condensing cylinder as to prevent
the air's escaping by it, without causing so much friction as considerably to
lessen the effect produced by the momentum of the weight-with which the
piston rod is loaded; since, if the piston is so tightly packed as to prevent the
escape of any air by it, its friction against the cylinder is so great as to lessen
the effect which would be produced by the momentum of the weight which with
the piston rod is loaded; and if it be so loosely packed as is necessary to allow
of the utmost effect being produced by the momentum of this weight, then a
portion of the air escapes by it. Now as it would be an improvement to do
away with or lessen this inconvenience or preventative, I have arranged the
following methods of doing it. Instead of having the condensing pumps

page_text: made use of so constructed as for the cylinder or pump barrel to be fixed
while the piston is moveable, and driven up and down by the machinery
&c., &c. made use of to work it, I reverse the method of procedure, and
render the piston a fixture, and the cylinder moveable, for the following
reasons: In operating to condense air I have found that the best way to
counteract its extreme fluidity and consequent tendency to escape by even the
most minute fissures or crevices is to interpose a stratum of liquid between it
and the piston, so as to prevent the piston and the air ever being in actual
contact, and consequently to bar its escaping between the piston and cylinder.
Now as when the piston (forming the top of the cylinder, or, in other words,
being over the air operated upon instead of beneath it) descends this cannot
be done, owing to the levity of air causing it to be uppermost in the cylinder,
and consequently in constant contact with the piston; to remedy this, and
prevent the escape of the fluid operated upon, I render the piston a fixture
and the cylinder moveable by strongly fixing and retaining the piston in a
perpendicular position, and then either forcing down or dropping the cylinder
or pump barrel over it, for the reason that as the piston then becomes the
bottom instead of the top of the cylinder any liquid which is poured in to
prevent the contact of the piston and the air operated upon will keep in the
proper place and produce the desired effect. This is one reason for rendering
the piston the bottom instead of the top of the cylinder. Another reason
is this: in condensing air the pistons made use of are (generally speaking)
caused to fit the cylinder by being leathered. But this method, though a
very good one for the mere purpose of condensation, has an injurious effect
as to the method of operation I have pointed out, owing to the friction
it occasions greatly counteracting and diminishing the momentum of the
weight; as if the piston be so tightly leathered as to prevent the escape of
any air by it the friction is then so great as to prevent the weights acquir
ing the momentum, and consequently producing the effect it would otherwise
produce; and if contrary on the it be so loosely leathered as to oppose no impedi-
ment to the acquisition of momentum, then so much air escapes by it as to
render the remedy as bad as the disease. Now to remedy these inconveniences I
have instead of the cylinder a fixture and the piston moveable, the piston a
fixture and the cylinder moveable, for the reasons that, owing to the piston's
then becoming the bottom instead of the top of the cylinder (or, in other
words, under instead of over the air operated upon), opportunity is given for
interposing a stratum of liquid between the air and the piston, and in con-
sequence friction may be lessened from its not then being necessary that the
piston should be so tightly leathered; and also may that description of pistons

page_text: known by the appellation of "metallic pistons" be made use of, owing to the
joints of metallic pistons being sufficiently close to prevent liquids such as:
oil, water, &c., &c., &c., escaping in very large quantities by them, though
they are not close enough to prevent air's escaping in large quantities by them,
should that description of piston be so made use of as to admit of the air
being in contact with it, as therefore having the piston a fixture and the
cylinder moveable, as I propose will, rendering the former the bottom instead
of top of the cylinder, place it under instead of over the air operated upon,'
and consequently diminish friction, owing to the stratum of liquid which can
then be interposed between the piston and the air to prevent the escape of the
latter by the joints and crevices of the former. admitting both of the pistons
being less tightly leathered or of metallic pistons being made use of. For these
reasons I adopt this method of operation, and strongly fixing the piston in a
perpendicular position, either force down or drop the cylinder over it, the
piston being either a leathered one, or of that description known by the appel-
lation of "metallic pistons," and there being on it and between it and the
air operated upon a stratum of water or other convenient liquid. These are
the circumstances which render what I propose an improvement. The
methods of construction and arrangement for effecting this improvement must
vary according to the magnitude of the apparatus operated with, as will at once
be seen by such mechanicians as are competent to construct condensing appa-
ratus of magnitude. A method, however, which will be found to answer very
well is as follows:-Let either a strong oak post, or a cast-iron column of
eleven inches diameter, be fixed perpendicularly in any convenient way, as the
posts of what are called "post" windmills are fixed for instance, and so as
for there to be a length of about twelve (or any other convenient number of)
feet clear of the braces or supports by which it is kept upright. On the top
of this post or column let there be a piston fixed, which piston suppose to be
a metallic one, and let the piston be of such size as will fit a cylinder some-
what (say three-tenths of an inch) larger than the post or column. Let this.
post or column have a groove or channel about an inch wide by about an
inch deep running up its side for its whole length. At about six inches from
the top of the post or column let this grove or channel begin to deepen so
as for it to cut sufficiently into the post or column for the back or innermost
side of it to come out at the top of the post or column half an inch beyond.
the centre, so that an inch pipe may run up the post or column in this
groove so as to be out of the way of the cylinder, and come out of the centre:
of the top of the post or column. Let the bottom or fixed part of a metallic:
piston be in any convenient way firmly fixed to the top of this post or column..

page_text: As
Through the centre of this part of the piston is to be made a hole somewhat
above an inch in diameter, and through the top disc or part of the piston or
similar hole, and through these holes along the inclined part of the groove at
the top of the post or column, and down the perpendicular groove in the side
of it is, when the piston is being fixed to the post or column, to be introduced
a metal pipe, iron, copper, or whatever may be most convenient.
This pipe
(the use of which will be by and by shewn) is to stand a few inches above the
centre of the top of the piston, and the hole where it passes through the
bottom part of the piston is to be made air-tight in any of the various ways
by which such an end may be attained. When the post or column (or, in
other words, the piston rod, for such it becomes in fact) is thus prepared, let
a cylinder to fit the bottom fixed on the top of it be also prepared thus:-
Let cylinders (of brass or iron) long as conveniently can be bored, turned,
&c., open at both ends, and about two inches thick, be "cast, with external
rims or flanches at their ends about three inches wide. Let these cylinders
be all of a size, and accurately and well bored to fit the piston, and let the
rims or flanches at the ends be, while they are on the lathe, so turned and
faced as for them to be exactly rectangular and perpendicular to the central
line of the cylinder. When they are thus prepared, let two of them be fitted
together so as to form one cylinder, and when they are got in the right position
so, as for their centres to be concentric, and consequently their inner peri-
pheries everywhere rectilinear with each other, let them be strongly fixed
together by bolts through the rims or flanches at the ends, and when this is
done let a joint be made between them (the flanches or flanges) so as to
prevent the escape of any air. Let so many of these cylinders be thus put
together as will be equal to the length of that part of the piston rod which is
above the braces or supports by which it is kept perpendicular, and let the one
of them which is to be uppermost or form the upper end of the cylinder be
much thicker and stronger than the others, as it will have to bear much more
strain than they will. When these things are done let a top or cap for the
upper end be prepared thus:-Have a strong circular plate of iron or brass
prepared, not less than three.inches thick, and of the diameter of the flanches
or rims at the end or top of the cylinder. Let this plate have in its centre on
the outside a hollow projection large enough and long enough in the inside
or hollow part for the pipe which stands above and projects from the centre
of the piston to go into. Let there be on the top or outside of this plate,
about four or five inches from the centre, a valve opening inwardly (downwards
that is) to admit air, and let this valve be by a spirals or other spring under-
neath it just strong enough to lift its weight (but not strong enough to prevent the

page_text: least atmospheric pressure from opening it) be kept constantly shut outside or
above this valve; let there be funnel or tunnel so fixed as for whatever enters
in through the valve to pass through the tunnel, and so as for anything which is
poured in the tunnel to run into the cylinder through the valve. Let this
valve, &c. be so fixed to the plate as for the joints to be perfectly air-tight.
Let the plate with these things to it be very strongly and so fixed to the top
of the cylinder as for the joint to be perfectly air-tight, and when all this is
done then proceed in the following manner :-By any convenient means raise
the cylinder so as for it to be suspended over the column or piston rod, and
then (the piston being got ready before hand) let the cylinder down over the
column till the pipe which projects from the centre of the top of the piston
goes into the recess provided for it in the top of the cylinder when the cylinder
rests upon and becomes carried by the piston. When it is there let a mark
be made on the column or piston rod just where the bottom of the cylinder
touches it, and then raising the cylinder up a little way let a metal curb be
strongly fixed to the column about a quarter of an inch above this mark for
the purpose of preventing the top of the
actual contact with the top of the piston.
doing let there have been prepared machinery similar to that made use of
for raising the weight, driver, ram, or whatever it is called, employed for
driving piles, and from beams or any convenient framework over the cylinder
let a chain and tongs descend for the purpose of raising the cylinder as
the pile-driver is raised, the top of the cylinder having (for this purpose)
fixed to it a bail, handle, or whatever may be convenient for the tongs
to catch hold of as they do of the pile-driver. When the tongs have
cylinder over again coming in
While these things have been
caught this bail, handle, or whatever it may be, let the machinery by
which the cylinder is to be lifted up be set in motion, and the cylinder
raised so high as for its bottom to be nearly on a level with the bottom
of the piston. When it is raised to this height the catch, stop, or what-
ever it is called which opens the tongs of the pile engine is to open
the tongs by which the cylinder has been raised and let it fall. Before
however this takes place, and indeed prior to the cylinder's being raised,
the funnel fixed over the valve in the top of the cylinder is to be
filled with water, which water, as soon as the cylinder begins to ascend, passes
through the valve into the cylinder and rests upon the top of the piston. As
soon as all the water has passed through the valve air follows it, so that when
the cylinder is raised to its height it is, excepting the space taken up by the
water, filled with air, while the valve through which the water and air entered,
is by the spring shut as soon as the cylinder ceases to ascend. With things thus,

page_text: the catch or stop which opens the tongs takes effect, and the cylinder, being
detached from the chain by which it has been raised up immediately falls,
similarly to the pile-driver, and in consequence of its so falling a condensation
greater than would be the consequence of condensing air in the common way
takes place, according to the weight of the cylinder and the distance it falls,
that is its length, which renders this method of condensation an advantageous
one, and an improved one, for the reasons that it admits of friction being
lessened, and of the escape of air being prevented owing to the water inter-
posed between it and the piston. It will seen that as it will perhaps be
'impossible to cause the piston so exactly to fit the cylinder as for nothing to
pass between them, a portion of the water in the cylinder will be forced passed
the piston and escape, when the effect of the descent of the cylinder takes
place. To remedy this, and prevent the piston's being exposed to the air, and
consequently the escape of a large quantity of that rarer medium through
crevices by which only a small portion of the water would pass, to prevent
this, there must be a pint, a quart, a gallon, or more or less, according to the
quantity that escapes by the piston, poured into the funnel or receptacle where
the valve is in the top of the cylinder every time that the cylinder falls while
the tongs and chain are coming down for the purpose of hoisting it up again.
As soon as the hoisting up commences the quantity poured into the funnel
runs into the cylinder and makes up for what has been forced out.
Having thus described the construction of the piston and cylinder, I may
proceed to preparing the way for stating what becomes of and is done to the
air when their operation has condensed it, and how the caloric, which in con-
sequence of that condensation, passes from the state of latency to that of free
sensible caloric, is abstracted and carried off. What I did with the air after
it was condensed, according to the method of operation described by the
Specification of my Patent to which these improvements refer, was to pass it in
pipes or convenient conductors through cold water for the purpose of abstracting
or carrying off the caloric or matter of heat, which had passed from the state of
latency to that of free sensible caloric in consequence of the condensation it
had previously undergone; but the process or rather processes I am about
to describe somewhat vary from this, including others of the improvements,
which improvements are follows:-By referring to my former Specification it
may be seen that after the air was condensed I passed it through cold water
for the purpose of abstracting or carrying off the caloric which the condensa-
tion caused to pass from the state of latency to that of free sensible caloric, and
that the pipes I made use of to pass the air through the water were (if of lead)
of small calibre, for the reason that a pipe of small diameter would without

page_text: yielding or rending bear a strain which would burst a pipe of large caliber.
Now in the course of some experiments I was making to discover what sized
lead pipe would best combine strength and capability of conveyance, I was
caused to perceive that a difference in the diameter of the pipe made a
difference as to abstracting and carrying off the heat of the air passed
through it; that the smaller the pipe the greater the rapidity with which the
beat was carried off, and that it was in consequence desirable to have the
pipes of the smallest possible bore that would admit of the fluids passing
through them for the purpose of causing the fluid to be cooled to be as much
as possible in contact with the pipe it is passed through. I accordingly have
them so, and am in consequence enabled more quickly to abstract or carry off
the caloric, which in consequence of the condensation passes from the state of
latency to that of free sensible caloric, effecting thereby another of the improve-
ments to which my Patent refers, as will be seen by giving an instance or two
of the effect produced by diminishing the size of the pipes through which the
air is passed. The diameter I meant when speaking of the lead pipes in my
former Specification was about half an inch; now if instead of half an inch
I have the pipe through which the air is passed for the purpose of abstracting
the liberated caloric of only one fourth of an inch diameter, I find that the
effect of abstracting or carrying off the liberated caloric is considerably
increased. If again, a pipe of only one eighth of an inch diameter be made
use of, I find that the effect is again considerably increased, so that in
operating now to carry off from air the caloric, which in consequence of
condensation passes from the state of latency to that of free sensible caloric,
instead of having pipes of the diameter of half an inch and excessively strong,
I have them of the smallest diameter that will admit of the air's passing
through them, say an eighth or a tenth of an inch for instance, and of less
strength; this is the rule I now follow. The cause of or principle on which
this diminution of caliber accelerates the cooling the air is thus :-It is known
that fluids, compared with metals, are very bad conductors of caloric, and vice
It is also known that the greater the surface exposed by any fluid
which is receiving or losing caloric to the communicating or abstracting
medium the greater the rapidity with which it is cooled or heated; and again it
is known that circles of small diameter have a greater circumference, in propor-
tion to their area, than those of large diameter. Now, as in extracting caloric
from or communicating it to a fluid which is inside a pipe the metal of the
pipe becomes the medium through which the caloric passes to or from the
fluid, and as that metal is a much better conductor than the fluid, it follows,
that the greater the proportion of fluid which is in actual contact with the
versa.

page_text: metal the greater the rapidity with which the fluid gains or loses heat; and
as the smaller the diameter of the pipe in which the fluid is, the greater the
proportional circumference of the cylinder of fluid inside the pipe, and con-
sequently the greater the proportion of that fluid which is in actual contact
with the metal, it also follows that diminishing the caliber of any pipe
through which a fluid is passed for the purpose of being cooled is advantageous
in the proportion of the increased surface which such diminution of caliber
causes the fluid to expose to the pipe, or (as it may be otherwise expressed),
the increased contact which in consequence of such diminution of caliber takes
place between the fluid and the metal. This is the principle of the improve-
ment on which I am treating; it brings the bad conductor of caloric (the fluid)
more into actual contact with the good conductor (the metal), in consequence of
.the greater surface which (compared with one of larger diameter) a pipe of small
diameter causes the fluid to expose, owing to a circle of small diameter having
(in proportion to its arca) a greater circumference than one of large diameter.
The methods or rather shapes or forms of the apparatus (that is, sets of pipes,)
by which I take advantage of this principle are entirely according to con-
venience, varying as to size and shape as circumstances may render desirable;
and similar are the applications of it; one of the allusions or references of the
words "extended or additional applications" in the Title of my Patent being to
the various applications of which this principle is capable. A method, however,
or shape or form of the apparatus which I have found to answer very well is
as follows: I have pipes (of any convenient metal, though generally speaking
I prefer lead) drawn to the caliber of about one eighth of an inch, and then
placed as shewn by Figure First of the Drawings annexed, where six pipes
are (endways) shewn, placed circularly around a seventh. These pipes I have
then put in this position (and as shewn by the same Figure), inside another
of such a caliber as will just allow of their passing through it, say about an
inch and a quarter in diameter, since as the caliber of the small pipes is one
eighth, as the thickness of them is also an eighth; as they are three in a line,
and as their joints take up some space, it requires a pipe of about the caliber
of an inch and a quarter for them to go into. These pipes thus put one in
the other I then (having sufficient lengths of them previously soldered
together) bend and place so as to form a spiral or worm about one hundred
feet long, as shewn by Figure the Second of the Drawings annexed, where the
pipe which contains the others is shewn as enlarging toward the top and
bottom, while the pipes it contains spread or separate and stand somewhat apart,
as shewn by the dotted lines at the top and bottom. The reason of it, as relates
to the bottom, is this: had all the pipes been kept together there would have

page_text: been some difficulty in making a joint between the contained and the containing
pipes; but owing to the enlargement of the ends of the containing pipe and
to the contained ones spreading as they do, room is given for making a tight
joint round each of the small.pipes by bringing them through a metallic plate
about eight inches wide, as shewn by Figure Third of the Drawings annexed,
and then making a separate joint round each, and afterwards finishing the joints
necessary at that end of the containing pipe by fitting to it and to the circular
plate through which the small pipes go a piece of pipe large enough at one end
to enclose the eight-inch plate, and at the other end of such a size as will just fit
over the containing pipe (in some such way as represented by the piece in which
the cock A is shewn), and then making this piece fast to the containing pipe and
to the circular plate at bottom by joints round the top and bottom of it,
putting into it at the same the cock. With these things thus arranged water
fresh from the well is in any convenient way brought to and permitted to run
into the widened top of the containing pipe and out by the cock A in the
widened part at the bottom, and consequently as this water runs down the
inside of the containing pipe and around those it encloses, caloric will be com-
municated to it from any thing of a higher temperature than itself which is
inside the small pipes it surrounds. These necessary prior descriptions being
given, I am enabled to bring the condensing apparatus first described into
action, and state the course taken with the air it operates upon. By any con-
venient machinery driven by any convenient means I cause the cylinder to be
raised up and suffered to fall down again, as is done by the ram or <lriver of
the pile engine. In consequence of the cylinder's thus falling the air inside
it becomes condensed to a degree proportioned to the area of the cylinder, its
weight, and the height from which it falls, and in consequence of this con-
densation finds its way out of the cylinder by the pipe which I have described
as leading from the top of the piston and down the piston rod or column,
though where it thence leads to I have not yet stated; I now therefore state
that this pipe, after passing down the groove in the column to below where the
piston descends to, turns from the column and leads to (entering it at the
bottom) a very strong metallic receiver, of any convenient size and shape, in
which it turns up, and finishes perpendicularly near the top, as shewn by the
dotted lines in Figure the Fourth of the Drawings annexed. At the top of
this perpendicular part is a valve B, opening upwards, that is from the cylinder
into the receiver. Now supposing the cylinder to be at work the air as it
descends passes from it into the top of the pipe which stands up from the
centre of the piston and down that pipe into this receiver, and is prevented
going back again by the valve B shutting as soon as the cylinder ceases to

page_text: descend. After a few strokes of the cylinder the air in this receiver becomes
condensed, when the refrigerating process commences thus:-From the top of
the receiver proceeds a pipe C, which leads to and has soldered to the other
end of it the small pipes which are shewn projecting from the bottom of Figure
the Second of the Drawings annexed. These pipes after they have passed
through and left the inclosing spiral pipe (Figure Second) are connected with
and open into a pipe D (Figure Fifth) which leads to the bottom of the place
into which the cold air is to be admitted or emitted. This pipe has at the
end which opens into the place where the air is intended to be emitted a
valve, which valve is loaded or weighted down according to the degree to which
it may be desired to cause the air to be condensed while passing through the
cooling pipes or apparatus, say five or ten, or more or less atmospheres per
square inch. When the air in the receiver has by the action of the cylinder
become sufficiently condensed this valve opens and suffers air to pass from the
pipes, and consequently from the receiver, just as fast as the operation of the
cylinder forces it into it, and in consequence the air in the pipes is of the same
density or condensed to the same degree as that in the receiver; while air from
the receiver is in consequence of this valve thus opening passing through the
small or contained pipes, water of a temperature lower than that of the air is
in any convenient way brought into the enlarged part at the top of the outer
or containing pipe. As this water runs down inside that pipe it abstracts
caloric from and cools the air passing through the pipes it surrounds, and the
air in consequence leaves those pipes at a temperature lower than that at
which it entered them, according to the temperatures at which the water and
air entered the pipes and the rate at which they passed through them. As
soon as it has left these pipes and is consequently released from condensation
it absorbs caloric from whatever it comes in contact with that is of a higher
temperature than itself, and on its entering the place it is intended to cool
lowers the temperature of that place according to its own temperature and
quanity, the degree of condensation it has undergone, and the temperature and
quantity of the air in the place, though this effect is modified by circumstances,
with reference to which nothing positive can be said, such as the quantity
and capacity (for caloric) of the materials in the building, the number of
people in it, &c., &c., &c. With reference to these circumstances nothing
positive can be said, as they would be found different at every different
place where this method of ventilation might be made use of, and must be
allowed and provided for according to the judgment of the person who directs
the preparation of the apparatus.
Having thus stated this improvement in the method of cooling the con-

page_text: densed air, and abstracting from it the caloric, which in consequence of
that condensation passes from the state of latency to that of free sensible
caloric, I proceed to other improvements of the same nature. In experimenting
on the subject I have found that the best method of procedure is not to operate
upon and cool in a small degree (say from 76 to 55°), the whole quantity of air
necessary for the ventilation of any place by condensation, &c., &c., as I have
described, but in the stead of it to condense and then render intensely cold a
portion of that air, which portion is then admitted to mingle itself with a larger
portion of uncondensed atmospheric air that is being by any convenient means,
(such as common forge bellows or blast cylinders for instance,) injected into the
place to be ventilated, as this method of procedure renders necessary a smaller
portion of condensed air, and consequently saves both labour as to condensing
it and expence as to the first cost of the apparatus. I accordingly act on this
principle, and condensing the air as I have described render it in its condensed
state very and indeed intensely cold, and then release it from the condensation
to mix with and cool common atmospheric air, which is being simply injected
into the place to be ventilated; and these effects I bring about as follows:-
Through the outermost or inclosing one of the vermicular or spiral pipes
which I have described any liquid will of course run, whatever be its tempera-
ture, and from the pipes inclosed in this outer one such liquid will of course
abstract caloric to an extent which will reduce any fluid in them to a tem-
perature approximating that of the liquid. With these things premised I
proceed to state, that instead of cooling the condensed air, and reducing it to
about the temperature of cold water as I have stated, (by which expression
"cold water" I mean water of the temperature of deep wells in summer, say
59,) I, whenever it is more desirable so to do, cool it to or about to the
freezing point in the following manner :-Into the coned top or open part of
the outer pipe (Figure Second) where the cold water was admitted into it I
put pounded ice. As the air passes through the pipes this outer one encloses
the ice thaws; as it thaws it runs down the enclosing pipe; as it runs down it
surrounds the enclosed pipes for their whole length; as it surrounds them it
abstracts caloric from them, and as in passing along around them it is con-
tinually meeting or rather running in an opposite direction to air hotter than
itself, it is continually acquiring heat, so that though it commenced running
at the temperature of only 32, it may by the time it arrives at the cock A,
where it runs out of the inclosing pipe, have acquired a temperature several
or many degrees above 32°. While this has been doing a reverse operation
has taken place as to the air, as in passing along the pipes enclosed in the
outer one it was constantly meeting or rather running in an opposite direction

page_text: to water colder than itself, it was continually losing caloric, and has, by the-
time it passes the ice, become of so reduced a temperature as to be little if any
warmer than the ice, in which state it is emitted from the pipes it is in, either
to mingle with uncondensed air that is being injected into the place to be ven-
tilated according to the then temperature of the atmosphere, or emitted
directly and without being mingled with any warmer air into the place in
which it is wished to have it, according to the purpose to which it is to be
applied. This is one of the ways in which I proceed to reduce the tempera-
ture of the condensed air lower than mere cold water (by which expression I
mean as I have before said water procured from wells not supplied by what
are called "land springs," and which water is generally about 50° or 52° all
the year round), would get it, and in consequence of so doing attain the advan-
tages of very considerably reducing the expence of the condensing apparatus,
and of saving much labour in the subsequent use of it.
Another way I take is this. It is known that if pounded ice and muriate of
soda are mixed together in the proportion of two parts of the former to one of
the latter, the mixture slowly liquifies; that on its liquification caloric is
absorbed, owing to the capacity of the liquid mixture being greater than that
of the two solids, and that in consequence a degree of cold is produced which
sinks the thermometer to below zero. Now whenever it is convenient I avail
myself of this to reduce the temperature of the condensed air to below 32, by
putting pounded ice and muriate of soda into the tunnel part at the top of the
outer pipe, (Figure Second), in order that becoming fluid there they may run
down around the pipes in which the air is and cool it lower than mere ice
would do, in which state it is emitted from the pipes it has been cooled in to
mingle with uncondensed air that is being injected into any building, or it is
emitted directly from the pipes into the place where it is wanted, according to
the purpose to which it is to be applied. It is also known that if pounded ice,
muriate of soda, and muriate of ammonia are mixed together in the proportions
of five parts of the former to two of muriate of soda and one of muriate of
ammonia, the same effect takes place to an extent which sinks the
thermometer considerably lower. Of this I also avail myself in the same
way as I have just stated, as indeed I also do with reference to the
whole class of what are termed freezing mixtures, and in consequence
obtain the advantage of rendering the condensed air so intensely cold as both
to enable its cooling a larger quantity of uncondensed air and to admit of
"extended or additional applications" being made of it, as will by and by be
stated. It is necessary, however, first to observe, that equally as I take
advantage of such of the refrigerating or freezing mixtures as have ice in

page_text: them, so do I, whenever convenient, avail myself of those that are formed"
without ice, especially of that refrigerating mixture or rather method of
reducing the temperature of water by mixing muriate of ammonia with it, and
of that freezing mixture composed of muriate of ammonia, nitrate of potash,
and water. Such are the methods by which I reduce the temperature of the
condensed air; and as the doing this enables any portion of it much more to
lower the temperature of the uncondensed air it is mixed with, and conse-
quently rendering necessary a less quantity of it than would be required were
it cooled by cold water only, enables a smaller condensing apparatus to produce
the effect of a larger one, and consequently saves both expence in the first'
erection and labour in the subsequent use of it. These methods are improvements
on the process I first invented, in so far asthey both save labour and carry'
further the effect produced.
Having thus stated the various improvements on the method of cooling air.
described in the Specification of my Patent of June the Twentieth, One thousand
eight hundred and twenty, I may proceed to the "Extended or Additional
Applications of the Principles, or of Some or One of the Principles (either of
Construction or Operation)" referred to in the Title of the Patent of which this
is the Specification. The first of these extended or additional applications is
that of "operation" as follows:-It is known that a freezing temperature is'
preventive of putrefaction, and that if substances which are liable to it are'
reduced to and kept at that temperature they remain sweet and good, let them
be kept long as they may. Now as the improvements I have described enable
my reducing air in its condensed state to below 32, and as on the liberation of
this air from condensation to the common atmospheric pressure a farther
reduction of temperature takes place, these circumstances give me the means
of preserving substances which are liable to putrefaction from putrefying, by
keeping them in an atmosphere constantly about or below the freezing point.
I accordingly take advantage of this in any way that may prove convenient,
such as emitting the cold air into a place in which the substances to be'
preserved are, for instance, or around or about or upon them, as may be most
convenient. The same effect I also occasionally bring about in a somewhat
different way as follows:-It is known that carbonic acid gas is preventive of
putrefaction. Now whenever it is desirable so to do, I cool this gas in the
5 same way as I do air, and then emitting it in the place in which the
substances it is wished to preserve are, obtain the effect of preserving them
from putrefying from a double cause; this is, from the antiseptic properties
of the gas, as well as from its very low temperature. Also do I, whenever
desirable, treat carbonic oxide in the same way; this is one of the "extended*

page_text: or additional applications" to which I refer, and which I put in practice on
scales of greater or less magnitude, as circumstances may render desirable.
Another of these "extended or additional applications" is as follows:-It may
sometimes be desirable to have the fever or other wards of hospitals (or other
buildings) reduced to and kept at temperatures approximating or perhaps below
the freezing point, and whenever it is so I emit air treated as I have described
into them in such quantity as reduces them to and keeps them at that
temperature, and with this air (or it may be with air that is merely injected
without being condensed) I occasionally mingle such gasses as are counteractive
of contagion, &c., by admitting the gas into and allowing it to mix with the
air prior to its entering the place or building. In like manner do I do by
any place or thing that I wish to cool or freeze, emitting intensely cold air
into it (if a place), or around, or upon, or about it, if a substance I wish
greatly to cool or freeze. Such are the "extended or additional applications"
to which the term "operation" in the Title of the Patent. The extended or
additional applications to which the term "construction" refers are as follows:-
It will be remembered that one of the improvements I have described consisted
in facilitating or accelerating the cooling the air by diminishing the caliber of the
pipes through which it was passed for this purpose, and that the cause or principle
of this facilitation or acceleration was the bringing the bad conduction of
caloric (that is, the fluid), more into actual contact with the good conductor,
(that is, the metal,) in consequence of the greater surface or points of contact
which a fluid exposes in a pipe of small caliber, owing to a circle of small
diameter having a greater circumference in proportion to its area than one of
large diameter. Now as this applies equally to ponderable liquids as it does
to the (comparatively) imponderable fluid air, a variety of applications of it
may advantageously be made, to which variety of applications the term "con-
struction" in the Title of the Patent was intended by me to refer; these
extended or additional applications arising from an improvement on the
construction of the pipes or apparatus by which I first cooled the air. I
accordingly avail myself of this, and apply it to the cooling liquids and fluids
as follows:-By any convenient means I bring the liquid or fluid to be cooled
to the small pipes through which the air is passed, in Figure the Second of the
Drawings annexed, and there connecting the pipe which brings it to the lower
ends of those small pipes where they come out of the large pipe enclosing
them, I (by a force pump or any other convenient means) cause the hot
liquid to run up those small pipes and out of them at the top, where they leave
the large pipe by pumping it through them. At the time that the hot liquid is
thus being forced through the small pipes I force cold liquid down the pipe

page_text: enclosing them; and as in running through this pipe it comes in contact with
and incloses the small pipes up which the hot liquid is, passing, heat is com-
municated to it through those pipes, and the liquid in them consequently
cooled. This is the process by which I cool liquids as well as air, by means
of the improvement by, which I expedite the cooling the, condensed air, and .tó
which the term "construction" in the Title of the. Patent refers, and the
extended or additional applications of this improvement to which I alluded are
to the cooling brewers' worts, distillers' wash, or any other liquid, the spirit
from their stills, or pure aqueous or other vapour. Since if either of these are
forced or cause to pass in one direction through the small pipes and cold
water or any other, cold liquid in an opposite direction through the pipe in
which the small ones are enclosed; the wort, wash, spirit, or aqueous or other
vapour passing through the inclosed pipes will be cooled; owing to the water
or other cold liquid which surrounds the pipes they are in carrying off the heat
communicated to it through the pipes. And with.reference to this it is to be
observed, that the liquid or fluid to be cooled may either be forced up or bé
caused to run down the, small pipes, according to convenience, so as the liquid
made use of for. cooling it is caused to run the reverse way. Such are the
extended or additional applications I make of the improvement I have devised
as to cooling the air by lessening the caliber of the pipes through which it is
passed, and to which the term "construction" in the Title of the Patent reférs;
and as extensive experiments I have made on the subject have.given me to
know that the so reducing the temperature of malt liquors brewed during the
summer conduces much to separate the yeast from and render them trans-
parent and well flavored, I take advantage of the effect which muriate of
ammonia, nitrate of potash; &c. &c. &c.,. produce on. cold. water to reduce
its temperature by mixing them with it, and consequently obtain the means of
cooling the wort, or wash, or spirit, or whatever it may.be, lower than water
alone would cool it. Or should it be more convenient; instead of using either
muriate of ammonia or the other salts I have referred to for. this purpose, I
employ ice alone or ice.and muriate of ammonia, muriate of soda, &c. &c. &c.;
such are the, methods, I take to reduce the temperature of the liquid to be
cooled lower than water alone would get it, and such the extended or addi-
tional applications referred to by the term "construction," which extended or
additional applications have a number of features which (taken conjointly) so
distinguish between this ".extended or additional application," and all methods
of cooling hot liquids.by.passing them in pipes through or between cold ones
which have been invented. by other persons, as to cause it immediately to
be seen a new process, so far as relates to the peculiar principles of this
B

page_text: improvement. New "ab origine" it certainly is not, since the practice of
cooling a hot fluid by passing it in a pipe through a cold one has been
followed for centuries. But I consider it new in the following points of view:-
First, the smallness of the caliber of the pipes through which the liquid to
be cooled is passed, as to which the following is the only limit. And with
reference to it I have first to observe, that as it relates to liquids of a viscous
and adhesive nature, we may not wonder at it, though with reference to a liquid
like water we may. If a hole of one tenth of an inch in diameter be made in
the side of a vessel in which water is, the water will spout from it according to
the altitude of the liquid above the hole, and if this altitude be great, and the
vessel thin, say of thin copper, for instance, the water will spout out with
considerable velocity and in not inconsiderable quantity; now, if instead of a
mere hole being thus made in the side of the vessel a pipe of the same caliber
as the diameter of this hole were (accurately, and so as not to impede the
passage of the water into the pipe) soldered over it,-if this were done, it might
be expected that the water would pass from the pipe as fast as it before did
from the hole. But I do not find this to be the case, as, instead of flowing
through the pipe as fast as it flowed out through the simple hole, it is, I find,
checked in velocity and quantity according to the length of the pipe, owing
(I conceive) to the joint effects of friction and the attraction of aggregation;
and experiments I have made on the subject give me reason to believe, that
if a pipe of sufficient length were made use of, these counteractives would
operate to such a degree as totally to prevent the passage of water through
or. rather emission of water from the pipe, notwithstanding that the orifice.
or bore of the pipe should be uninterrupted through its whole length;
with liquids of a viscous and adhesive nature this effect of course takes
place to a greater degree. Now these are the only circumstances I find
it necessary to consider when reducing the caliber of the pipes made use
of, since, as they could perhaps be drawn so as to be of less diameter than
one tenth of an inch, and as the smaller the caliber the greater (for reasons
I have before stated) the effect, it would consequently be desirable to
to have them of the smallest possible caliber, but for the impediment which
such reduction of caliber interposes as to the passage of liquids (particularly
those of a viscous and adhesive nature) through them; owing to this I am
obliged to, as it were, compromise matters, and instead of having the pipes,
through which the liquids to be cooled are passed, of the smallest possible
caliber, to have them of the smallest caliber that will admit of the liquids or
fluids conveniently passing through, say (generally speaking) about one fourth
of an inch; though, whenever circumstances render it desirable, I of course

page_text: have them of greater caliber. This is one of the distinguishing features alluded
to. The desirability (generally speaking) of having the pipes of the smallest
caliber that will admit of the liquid or fluid to be cooled being forced through
them, owing to the increase of effect which such reduction of caliber causes.
The second distinguishing feature is the method I take to overcome the impe-
diment this reduced caliber causes with reference to the passage of fluids which
cannot be pumped or mechanically forced through such as aqueous or other
vapour, which is as follows:-In condensing vapour from stills by means of a
worm it is usual to have the worm where it connects to the still very large
(six inches or a foot in diameter), in order that the vapour may pass freely off
by it, and be condensed as rapidly as the fire raises it from the liquid, and by
having the worm thus (i. e., very large at the part where it connects to the.
still, and from thence tapering gradually down to two or three inches) the
vapour is caused to be condensed sufficiently fast. Now, as through an appa-
ratus or set of pipes of such small calibers as I have described vapour has not
one hundredth the space to pass off by as through a worm six inches or a foot in
diameter, and as unless vapour can be condensed as fast as it is formed the
distilling process is checked, to remedy this I arrange as follows:-Enclosing
that end of the small pipes which is farthest from the still, and where the con-
densed vapour leaves them, I have any convenient vessel or receiver in which
I produce a vacuum, owing to the atmospheric pressure being thus removed,
vapour which possesses in the still, and elasticity equal only to the atmosphere,
and which would otherwise scarsely find its way through the pipes, rushes into
them with great rapidity, in consequence of which I am enabled both to
get vapour to enter pipes of caliber small as I have stated at.such a rate as to
cause them to condense large quantities of it, and at the same time obtain the
advantage of heaving behind the vapour after it becomes condensed, what (in
consequence of the vacuum which is before it) acts upon it with a propulsive
force sufficient to overcome the impediment which the smallness of caliber
opposes to the passage of the condensed vapour through it. And this method
of causing pipes of such small caliber (and into which there would otherwise
enter scarcely any, (if any vapour at all) to condense large quantities of vapour,
and of overcoming the impediment which their caliber opposes to the passage
of the condensed vapour through them, by having at that end which is farthest
from the still a vacuum, while there is at the other end, and in the still, steam
of an elasticity at least equal to the atmosphere, and which would raise mercury
about thirty inches in the torricellian vacuum,-this method of thus over
coming the impediment opposed by the reduced caliber of the pipes to the
entry of vapour into, and the emission of that vapour (when condensed) from
B 2

page_text: them, I conceive to be a circumstance distinguishing between the method
of cooling hot fluids which I have described and all hitherto followed; since,
as without a vacuum at that end of the small pipes where the condensed
vapour leaves them, the impediment to the passage of liquids through them,
which their reduced caliber opposes, would be so great as almost, if not totally,
to prevent steam of an elasticity which is but little superior to the common
atmospheric pressure entering them; while with the vacuum it rushes rapidly
into them, which distinguishes this method of cooling vapour from that of
doing it by worms; and as though there is a vacuum at that end of the pipes
where the condensed vapour leaves them, there is none at the other end, and
consequently none in the still, there being thus at one end of the condensing
pipes a vacuum while at the other end and in the still there is a plenum; the
thus making use of, the vacuum to, as it were, draw the vapour into and push
it when condensed through the pipes, and not for the purpose of causing ebulli
tion to take place in the still, & consequently vapour to pass from the liquid in it
at a lower temperature than the common boiling point, I conceive to be
a circumstance distinguishing between this method of condensing vapour and
all hitherto practised. The third distinguishing feature is this reduced caliber's
effecting or causing to take place a desideratum which has hitherto been
attended only by placing a stratum of the liquid to be cooled between
two strata of the liquid made use of for cooling it, as thus:-It is known that
liquids gain or lose heat more or less rapidly according to the surface they
expose to the communicating or abstracting medium; and it has been hitherto
supposed that the way most effectually to cause them to expose surface to
each other is to place them in very thin strata between each other, that is, a
thin stratum of hot between two thin strata of cold; and constructors of refri-
gerators or cooling apparatus have availed themselves of this to the greatest
extent it has (on the scale of business), been found practicable to go, which is
to place a stratum of the hot liquid, only one fourth of an inch in thickness,
between two similar strata of cold liquid, and beyond this it has been thought
impossible (practically, and on the scale of business), to cause them to expose
surface to each other. But the method of operation which I have described,
enables my more advantageously effecting this desideratum of exposition of
surface, since, as the outer circumference of the small pipes I have described.
is owing to the thickness of those pipes bearing a very considerable proportion
to their caliber, twice that of their inner circumference, and as the water or.
other liquid to which the heat is communicated is spread round the outside of
these pipes, the liquid made use of for cooling is caused to expose to the
medium of communication (that is, the metal), twice the surface that. the

page_text: liquid to be cooled exposes, a desideratum which has before been attained only
by positing a stratum of the liquid to be cooled between two strata of the
liquid made use of for cooling it. This is the third distinguishing feature.
The fourth is the rapid divergence of the lines of direction of the heat in
passing from the hot to the cold liquid, owing to this smallness of caliber; as,
for instance, if a stratum of hot liquid be (in a parallelogramical or right-lined
apparatus) placed between two parallel strata of cold liquid, heat passes from
one to the other in lines perpendicular to the surface of the hot liquid; and
if the liquids be placed similarly in a circular or curvilinear apparatus, heat
passes from one side of the hot liquid in diverging, and from the other side in
converging lines; and of these three ways or lines of direction in which heat
passes from a liquid.thus situated, the diverging is most effecacious as to dissi-
pating the heat, the parallel next, and the converging least. Now, the method
of operation which I have described gives the greatest possible opportunity for
the operation of the most advantageous of these lines of direction, since, as the
surface of contact between the medium of communication (that is, the metal),
and the liquid which receives and carries of the heat is twice as great as that
between the medium of communication and the liquid which imparts it, the
heat, in passing through the metal to get from the one to the other, diverges
in a ratio increasing in proportion to the diminution of caliber and the increase
of the thickness of the medium of communication, an. advantage which has
hitherto been overlooked and neglected, and which I consider as the fourth
distinguishing feature of this extended or additional application. The fifth'
distinguishing feature I conceive to be the rapidity with which the hot
liquid is cooled from being as it were wire drawn, and placed in so thread-
like a manner, by passing it through pipes of calibers so very small and
lengths so great, and out of all proportion with those calibers, as I have
stated; since, in an apparatus such as I have described, I have cooled water
from 176° to 60° in less than a minute, raising at the same time the' water
made use of to cool it from 52 to near 170. And I have no doubt but that
were I to wish to it, and to have the pipes of sufficient length (say, two'
instead of one hundred feet), that I could cool hot liquid from 210% to near
the freezing point, and at the same time heat the cold liquid from 34°. to near
the boiling point in about a minute, an effect distinguishing (I conceive) this
method of cooling from those practised by any other person; since, although
the practice of cooling hot liquids by passing them in a pipe (placed in a well,
or a tub, or a reservoir, or other convenient receptacle), through cold liquids,
has been long enough known; yet, as this practice has been acted upon
unattended by a knowledge of the effect which reduction of caliber produces,'

page_text: the various apparatus or refrigerators by. which hot liquids have by other
persons (practically, and on the scale of business), been cooled, have been
incapable of producing such rapid effects as cooling (in the space of about a
minute), from near the boiling to near the freezing point any quantity (for it
is but having a sufficient number of the sets of pipes I have described, and
the quantity cooled may be either one hundred or any other number of
gallons per minute) of liquid that may be desired, the liquid made use
of for cooling it being at the same time raised from near the freezing
to near the boiling point. The sixth distinguishing feature I conceive
to be the complete exchange or transfer of heat that takes place, which
exchange or transfer is so complete that liquid which entered the
pipes at nearly the boiling point may be caused to leave them re-
duced to nearly the freezing point, while the other liquid which entered
at nearly the freezing may (in consequence of its being possible by, this
apparatus to cool any portion of hot liquid with an equal portion only of cold
liquid) be caused to leave them raised to nearly the boiling point; which effect
arises from the circumstance of the hot liquids being, during the process of
cooling, constantly passing through liquid colder than itself, owing to the
small pipes through which it is passed going directly through the receptacle
(that is, the enclosing pipe) in which the liquid made use of for cooling is;
and not like the worm in the worm tub of a still, or like the pipe in various
refrigerators or cooling apparatus erected by the late Mr. Braithwaite in
several of the large London breweries, returning and running to and fro in
the receptacle or reservoir in which the liquid made use of for cooling is.
The seventh distinguishing feature is the (by means of muriate of ammonia,
&c. &c. as I have described) reducing the liquid cooled to a lower temperature
than any of the methods of cooling hitherto followed (in practice and on
the scale of business) can do; and the eighth is the constant cleaning out
which a cooling apparatus of this nature requires, and the means I take do
it. Owing to the extent to which the liquid passed through pipes of a caliber
small as I have described comes into actual contact with them, a deposition of
mucilage, &c. &c. takes place on the inside of them to an extent greater than
is usually the case. Now the way in which I clean these pipes and remove
what would else very soon stop up and render them useless is this: As often
as is found requisite, and indeed occasionally after every time of using them,
pass dilute sulphuric acid through the whole of the pipes, letting it remain
in them some hours (all night, for instance) that it may the better dissolve,
and take up the deposit, whatever it may be; and then, forcing clean water
through them, I get rid of what would else very soon stop up and render
I

page_text: useless pipes of a caliber small as I have mentioned. This is the method by
which I clean out and keep clear for use pipes of a caliber small as I have
described, and which method is for the following reason a distinguishing
feature or characteristic. I have stated, that with reference to pipes of a
caliber small as I have described, I, generally speaking, prefer having them of
lead. Now one of my reasons for doing this is the opportunity which lead
gives of cleaning out pipes made of it by sulphuric acid without injuring
them, owing to the acids not corroding it: Other metals the acid acts upon
and dissolves, but on lead it has (unless concentrated and boiling) no action,
while on the deposit which takes place on the pipes it acts energetically,
and offering thus an effective means of cleaning (without injuring them),
cleaning out and keeping clear for use pipes of calibers so small as would
else by the deposition of the mucilage of wort, &c. be soon stopped up.. I
consider the doing thus to be a circumstance distinguishing between this
apparatus for cooling hot liquids and all others; and these circumstances of
having the caliber of the pipes as small as can possibly be, so as not to prevent
the liquid's being forced through them, say generally about a quarter of an
inch in the caliber, of having at that end of the pipes where the condensed
vapour leaves them a vacuum, while there is at the other end, and conse-
quently in the still, not only no vacuum, but owing to the vapour's being
generally of an elasticity superior to that of the atmosphere a plenum of the
reduce calibers, causing the liquid made use of for cooling to expose to the
medium of communication (that is the metal) twice the surface exposed by
the hot liquid, owing to the proportion which the thickness of the pipes bears
to their caliber; a desideratum which has before been attained only by positing
a stratum of the liquid to be cooled between two strata of the liquid made use
of for cooling it, of this caliber's causing the heat to pass from the hot to the
cold liquid in lines more rapidly divergent according to the proportion which
the thickness of the pipe bears to its caliber, the rapidity with which liquids
may be cooled from near the boiling to near the freezing point, the complete
interchange or. transfer of heat which takes place from the liquid cooled to
that made use of for cooling it in consequence of the inclosed pipes passing
directly through, and, without returning or running to and fro in the enclosing
pipe, of reducing, whenever it is desirable so to do, the. temperature of the
liquid cooled below that to which water alone would get it by mixing muriate
of ammonia, &c. &c. &c., with the water used for cooling, and of (without
injuring them) cleaning out and prevent the stopping up of the pipes by means
of sulphuric acid, as I have stated. These circumstances I consider as fea-
tures, characterising and distinguishing between these extended or additional

page_text: applications of the improvement as to cooling condensed air which I have
devised, and all methods hitherto followed of cooling hot liquids by passing
them through cold ones. Since as no other person first discovered the
method of cooling by which any portion of hot liquid may be cooled
from near the boiling to near the freezing point by an equal quantity only
of cold liquid, that cold liquid being at the same time raised from near
the freezing to near the boiling point, owing to the disposition of the
enclosed in the enclosing pipes causing a complete transfer of the heat
from one to the other, and these effects being brought about in the short
space of about a minute, as no other person discovered the method.
by which these things may be done, I cannot but consider them (in
conjunction with the other circumstances I have mentioned) as effectually
distinguishing between these extended or additional applications (that is
methods of cooling hot liquids) and all methods' invented by other persons.
The apparatus or combination of pipes by which these extended or additional
applications are brought about or done I vary as to length, shape, size, &c.,
according to circumstances, having the enclosed pipe of iron or other conve-
nient metal, and round or square or parallelogramical or any other shape, and
so as for the pipes it is to contain to either be put into it from the ends, or to
lay into it owing to its parting (lengthways) or having one side to take off and
on by means of bolts,. &c. &c. Also do I so bend or adapt and put the
lengths together as to form other shapes than the spiral or vermicular
according to convenience. Also do I put more or fewer than seven of the
small pipes inside the enclosing one, and have it and them of greater or less
length than I have stated as may be desirable. And as it is in some respects
immaterial (excepting as one way may be more convenient than another) by
what means the air (whether in a condensed or uncondensed state) is reduced
to the lowest possible temperature prior to being emitted into the place it is
intended to cool, provided it is so reduced, I take any way that may be con-
venient for the purpose, employing ice alone, or freezing or refrigerating mix-
tures, or effect. it by an adaptation of Professor Leslie's principle of producing
ice (and consequently cold) by evaporation and subsequent absorbtion in
vacuo, &c. &c. &c., as may best suit my purpose. Also do I, whenever
desirable, dispense with condensing the air, and cool it by merely passing it
through or near pieces of ice, or ice and salt, or other freezing mixture in any
convenient vessel prior to admitting it into the place to be ventilated or cooled.
Also do I, whenever desirable, condense the air by regular pressure in the com-
mon way, instead of by momentum, as I have stated; and as, to the method of
leading and bringing the air into the place to be ventilated, I take the same.

page_text: way as stated in the Specification of the Patent, on which the Patent to which
this Specification relates is an improvement, or any other convenient way.
Also do I vary the length and dimensions of the condensing cylinders according
to convenience, having them longer or shorter, and of greater or less diameter.
as may be desirable. And as it is generally desirable to cause the liquid made
use of for cooling to expose to the medium of communication (that is the pipe)
twice the surface exposed by the liquid which is being cooled, I have to
observe, that with reference to such liquids as being of a viscous or adhesive
nature, render it desirable to have the pipes, through which they are to be
passed for the purpose of being cooled, of a caliber nearer an inch than a
quarter of an inch, with reference to such pipes I have to observe, that I
occasionally have them of such thicknesses as, being equal to half their caliber,
renders their outer circumference twice that of their inner circumference; and
this principle of causing the liquid made use of for cooling to expose to the
medium of communication (that is the pipe) a greater surface than is exposed
by the liquid to be cooled, by increasing the thickness of the pipe, I follow up
to whatever extent circumstances may render desirable, and should circum-
stances render it expedient so to do, I reverse the method of operation, passing
the liquid or fluid to be cooled through the outer pipe, and the liquid made use
of for cooling through the inner pipes.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Vallance, have hereunto set my hand
and seal, this Eighteenth day of December, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and twenty-one.