CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS AND SUNDRY, APPARATUS FOR COOLING, CONDENSING, AND VENTILATING WORTS, LIQUORS, AND ALL OTHER FLUIDS OB SOLID MATTERS
Year: 1819

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we,. ROBERT
SALMON, of Woburn, in the County of Bedford, Esquire, and WILLIAM
WARRELL, of Chenies, in the County of Buckingham, Engineer, send
greeting.
WHEREAS His most Excellent Majesty King George the Third did, by
His Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Fifteenth day of
January, in the fifty-ninth year of His reign, did give and grant unto us, the
said Robert Salmon and William Warrell, our, exors, admors, and assigns,
His especial licence, full power, sole privilege and authority, that we, the said
Robert Salmon; and William Warrell, our exors, admors, and assigns, during
the term of years therein mentioned, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-
Tweed, our Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS AND SUNDRY, APPARATUS FOR
COOLING, CONDENSING, AND VENTILATING WORTS, LIQUORS, AND ALL OTHER FLUIDS
OB SOLID MATTERS;", in which said Letters Patent there is contained a proviso
that if we, the said Robert Salmon and William Warrall, or one of us, shall
not particularly describe and ascertain the nature of our said Invention, and in
what.
at manner the, same is to be performed, by an instrument in writing under
our hands and seals, or under the hand and seal of one of us, and cause
the same to be inrolled in His Majesty's, High Court of Chancery within
six calendar months, next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters, Patent that then the said Letters Patent, and..all liberties and
advantages whatsoever thereby granted, shall utterly cease, determine, and

page_text: become void, as in and by the same (relation being thereunto had) will more
fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that we do hereby specify the nature of our Inven-
tion, and how the same is to be practised, first premising that the shape
and sizes, as also the ways of applying our apparatus and process, are so various
as to render it impossible to limit a description to any particular shape, size,
or application. We do, therefore, first particularize generally the principle of
our Invention, and then in explanation show the same by Drawings and
reference, not confining ourselves to such shapes of apparatus or modes of
application as we describe, nor to the introduction of the whole of the
described parts together, but to each individual part together or separate as
may be required.
In the first place, we explain that the principle of our Invention is the
production of cold by a blast of wind so applied as to create a constant revo-
lution in the liquid to be cooled, to act on a large surface of the same to cause
evaporation and production of cold, and to retain the colder particles and leave
the calaric at liberty to escape. This evaporation we continue as long as may
be requisite for the purpose of cooling, condensation, or congelation; and where
extreme frigidity is wanted we apply the blast in first place to the surface of
cold water, and re-collect and re-conduct such blast again into the condensing
machine so as to re-apply it each time more cold than before in all our appa-
ratus and process, causing the revolving air and exhaled vapour so to pass
horizontally on as to deposit the colder particles, leaving the more rarefied
and elastic part to escape; and this principle will be explained by a Figure
and reference hereafter given, before the introduction of which and other
Figures explanatory of our Invention, we further particularize the different
parts of the apparatus and process as follows:-
1st, we make use of any or many of the common condensing engines
already in use, adapted to the purpose, as herein-after explained. From these
'we apply the blast on the surface in any direction required, and these are
made to take in their air from the atomosphere, or from any well or cellar, or
their own blast may be re-conducted and re-applied without increasing the
labour of working them.
2ndly, we make such blast to cause a revolution in the liquid to be cooled,
so that every part thereof is put in motion, and each particle is made
successively to discharge its calaric.
3rdly, we occasionally introduce other apparatus; which we call breakers;
against, these the liquor is made by its impetuosity to dash and seperate,
thereby more thoroughly mixing the blast therewith, carrying with it and

page_text: evaporating part of the liquid, leaving the calaric at liberty by its elasticity
to escape, and depositing the colder particles on the revolving fluid.
4thly, we also occasionally introduce other apparatus, which we call
descenders. These occasion the surface of the liquor in revolving to descend to
the bottom, bringing the bottom to the surface so as to discharge its calaric.
5th, we also occasionally introduce other apparatus, which we call revolving
discharges. These are introduced for cooling liquor in deep vessels. These,
by the blast, are made to revolve and keep the liquor in motion, and by
revolving they successively bring up the calaric to and above the surface, at
the same time exposing a large moist surface to the action of the blast, thereby
increasing the evaporation and confining and directing the blast to the surface
of the liquor.
6thly, we occasionally introduce other apparatus, which we call confiners.
These are to keep the blast down to the surface of the liquor, to attract the
vapour raised from the liquor, and expose it to the blast for evaporation.
7thly, We occasionally introduce other apparatus, which we call condueters.
These are casings or troughs to re-conduct the blast into the pan, after having
passed over the surface of the liquor, and after having derived a temperature
below the atomosphere..
.
Having thus defined the principles of our Invention, we further parti-
cularize the nature thereof by Drawings and reference as follows:-Fig. 1
shews generally the principle of our process, and the manner in which
we produce cold and cool liquor. A, vessel containing the liquor. B, the
fluid. C, the direction of the blast. D, confiners to keep down the blast,
attract the humidity arising from the liquor, which being evaporated
forcibly by the blast, occasions cold, inclining the same towards the liquor,
whilst the calaric is left at liberty to escape upwards. E is supposed to
represent the course of the ascent of the particles of caloric arising from the
is supposed to represent the colder particles, and the situation
liquor.
поо
they take above the surface of the liquor.
is supposed to represent the
more heated particles or the calaric escaping from the liquor. From this
Sketch it will appear that as fast as the calaric arises from the liquor it is by
the blast in part condensed and carried forward on the surface, whilst other
particles more heated and charged with humidity rise upwards, striking
against confiners; these again, being cooled by the blast, are condensed,
return to the surface of the liquor, leaving their calaric at liberty to escape
upwards between the confiners. Thus, by the time the volume arrives at the

page_text: further end the quantity of calaric is reduced and the remainder carried off in
the current of air.
"
Fig. 2 explains the manner of applying, the blast from a common fan or
condensing machine. A, a common fan, mounted in. a frame, which frame
may stand wholly or partly in the cooler or at the end thereof, and be worked
by hand, horse, or any other way. B, the aperture for delivering. the. blast on
to the surface of the liquor. C; the liquor. :D, regulating board hung on
hinges to direct and confine the blast, as may be found requisite..
Fig. 3 explains the nature of our breakers.: A, separate. pieces of iron or
wood to be placed in the cooler promiscuously at pleasure, to stand on feet
totally detached from the cooler. B, front view of the same. The edge of
these breakers are placed somewhat above the surface of the liquor, and divided
like. saw teeth, so that by the blast. the liquor is made to run up them, and is
discharged in the air, whereby the blast completely mixes with the liquor and
discharges the calaric.
Fig. 4 explains the operation of the descenders. There are loose pieces of
boad or metal with. proper loaded feet placed in the cooler; and inspection
of this. Sketch will shew. they will. force the passing liquor to go to the bottom
of the cooler.
."
27
Fig. 5 explains the revolving discharges for cooling liquor of considerable
depth. These are a sort.of. wheel A, or of any other shape, or any number of
them, applied at pleasure in the liquor. By inspection it will appear that the
blast will move these round, plunging the boards in the hot liquor, and
exposing them to the blast alternately.. These, as they rise wet, are. cooled,
and great evaporation, and consequently cold, is produced. Over these the
confiners are placed, and the blast kept down to the surface. Bare boards
placed across the cooler to assist in determining the current of, the liquor,
which, as shewn by the small arrows, will be from the machine at the..top
and towards it at bottom, so that the surface and bottom are continually
changing places.
Fig. 6 explains the confiners, the operation of which is sufficiently
explained by Fig. 1. They are pieces of board or metal going across and
resting on the sides of the cooler, and made to remove at pleasure.
Fig. 7, plan of a cooler, with a single condensing machine at one end, and
constructed so as to re-conduct the blast to the fan, if required, after it
has attained a temperature below the atmosphere. A; cooler, B, con-
finers, as before explained. C, conducting doors at the end of the cooler,
which when standing open leave the blast at liberty to escape, the fan being
supplied from the atmosphere. D, the point at which the doors meet

page_text: when closed, and being so closed they prevent the discharge of the blast,
which is then re-conducted by slight trunks under, over, or by the side of the
cooler, to re-supply the fan, so that when the fan is supplied with air below the
temperature of the atmosphere, and again condensed to a still lower degree,
and so discharged on the fluid. E, division board, placed in the cooler to
occasion a revolving of the liquor, which will take place in the direction of the
small arrows when acted on by the blast in the large arrow.
Fig. 8, plan of a coooler with two condensing machines, constructed so as
to re-conduct the blast to re-supply the machines. A, machines at contrary
ends of the cooler; B, division board placed in the middle of the cooler;
C, confiners, as before; D, conducting doors, which when open admit the
blast to escape at each end of the cooler; E, the point at which the doors
close and turn the blast into the other machine when wanted. The manner
of making good the trunk and casing to re-conduct the blast is so plain and
easy, and subject to variation, as to need no explanation.
Having thus explained the principle whereon we produce cold, namely, by
causing a blast of air to act on the surface of water so as to force the water
into vapour if required, then again to re-collect the same, and again decom-
pose or evaperate it, and by these means, and others before described, to
deposit the colder parts for use and leave the calaric to escape, we now
generally claim all the means of producing the blast, and also all other
purposes to which this process of cooling may be applied.
In witness whereof, I, the said Robert Salmon, have hereunto set my
hand, and seal, the Second day of July, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and nineteen.