CERTAIN IMPROVE- MENTS IN ATMOSPHERIC AND VACUUM HAMMERS AND STAMPS, PART OF WHICH
Year: 1859

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to George Dawes, of Milton Iron Works, in the Parish
of Hoyland, in the County of York, Iron Master, and Charles John Carr,
of Hoyland; aforesaid, Engineer, for the Invention of" CERTAIN IMPROVE-
MENTS IN ATMOSPHERIC AND VACUUM HAMMERS AND STAMPS, PART OF WHICH
Sealed the 29th September 1859, and dated the 28th June 1859.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said George Dawes and Charles
John Carr at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their
Petition,, on the 28th June 1859.
We, GEORGE DAWES, of Milton Iron Works, in the Parish of Hoyland, in
the County of York, Iron Master, and CHARLES JOHN CARR, of Hoyland,
aforesaid, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN ATMOSPHERIC AND VACUUM HAMMERS AND STAMPS,
PART OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS IS ALSO APPLICABLE TO STEAM AND OTHER ENGINES,"
to be as follows:-
This Invention relates chiefly to improvements upon atmospheric forge
and other hammers forming the subject of a Patent granted to one of us,
and bearing date May 7th, 1858, & numbered 1019. In the Specification
of this Patent the hammer was described as being connected to a cylinder
working in vertical guides, and which cylinder fell with the force due simply
to its own gravity. Our main object is now, first, to give additional energy
[Price 8d.1

page_text: to the blows of the hammer head, by adding atmospheric pressure to the
falling weight; and, secondly, where this advantage is not attained, to make
the length of the oscillating piston rod which is used to lift the cylinder self-
adjusting, and thereby suit the fall of the hammer to the work in hand,
allowing at the same time the piston to work down to the bottom of the
cylinder. The adjustable piston rod we form of a hollow rod or cylinder which
is connected by a bolt, to the piston that lifts by exhaustion the cylinder
carrying the hammer head, and a rod fitted at one end with a small piston
working in the hollow rod or cylinder, and connected at its other end to the
crank of the driving shaft. The length therefore of the compound piston rod
will depend on the position of the small piston in its cylinder; this.compound
piston rod we propose to use in conjunction with a cylinder furnished with air
holes for the admission of air below the lifting piston, or with a cylinder
without these holes, the piston being in this latter case provided with valves
for admitting air below it at the time the cylinder is required to fall
upon the
work. The openings in the piston we prefer to cover with sliding segment
valves, which are furnished with friction rollers at their extremities, and
between these rollers wedge-shaped stops strike and slide the valves to close
or open them as required. A stop pendent from the main framing operates
the valves as the lifting piston rises with the cylinder, and thereby admits air
below the piston, allowing the cylinder to fall. The piston also carries a loose
stop, which, by striking against the bottom of the cylinder (as the piston
moves down to take up the cylinder), closes the valves, when the cylinder will
rise. Or the piston may be fitted with india-rubber valves opening outwards.;
The cylinder will in this case rise and fall with the piston as if it were bolted
thereto, allowing, however, for a slight slip, which will ensure smooth working.
The bottom brass of the crank shaft bearings is to be blocked on au elastic
bed of vulcanized rubber to moderate the shock caused by the sudden lifting
of the hammer, and the brasses in which the crank pin works are similarly
provided. The same effect may be produced and the upward movement of the
cylinder arrested at any given point by leading air channels up the sides of
the cylinder, and causing them to branch off laterally and pass through the
projecting shoulders of the cylinder. In these shoulders are fitted buffers,
which are pierced with air holes. When therefore the cylinder has risen to
the required height, the buffers will strike a fixed stop, bring the air passages
into coincidence, and allow air to pass below the lifting piston, which in this
case is furnished with valves opening outwards. The compound piston rod
may also be connected directly to a cylinder by a hinged joint. When
desired, a travelling piston may be used to lift a closed cylinder, and leave it

page_text: suspended on hooked levers. A cross head on the piston rod being provided
with tappits, will on its descent strike and trip up the levers, thereby releasing
the cylinder and allowing it to fall. The block for receiving the falling cylinder,
when no work is below the hammer head, we propose to mount on a bed
independent of the standards. Instead of lifting the cylinder by means of a
orank shaft and moving piston, we propose in some cases to employ a fixed
piston, the rod of which is hollow, and forms a communication between the
space in the cylinder below the piston and an exhaust.apparatus. The pipe
leading from the exhaust apparatus is provided with valves, which will alter-
nately cut off the vacuum and let in air, and vice versa, thoroby causing tho
cylinder to rise and fall as required.
.In order to obtain quick repetitious of a comparatively light blow suitable
for the tilting of steel, we propose to invert the cylinder and piston, and to
connect the piston rod with a crank.shaft below the cylinder. The pendent
hammer head we attach to the cylinder by any suitably shaped connection.
By working the piston at a speed superior to that at which the hammer would
fall by its own gravity, the hammer will fall with a force due to its own weight,
plus the atmospheric pressure due to the exhaustion of the cylinder. The
acting force of this arrangement of hammer may be regulated by connecting
the top of the cylinder with a valve box by means of a hollow rod which
passes into the box. By working the valve of this box air will be allowed to
enter the cylinder and regulate the force of the blow.
By constructing this arrangement of hammer in a more substantial manner,
and driving the piston at a speed inferior to that at which the hammer will
fall by gravity, we are enabled to produce a machine adapted for operating
upon puddled balls.
For the purpose of enabling the hammer to strike with a force due either
to its own gravity only, or its gravity and atmospheric pressure combined, and
act efficiently at variable speeds, we propose to lift the cylinder by a cam
motion, using a fixed piston with a hollow rod leading to a valve box. In
this instance the piston rod is passed through a stuffing box in the head of the
moving cylinder, and air is supplied to the cylinder above the piston through
the hollow rod as required; an opening is made in the lower part of the
cylinder to allow of the free access and discharge of air at the under side of
the fixed piston. By closing the cylinder at bottom and opening it at top,
compressed air may be introduced between the bottom of the cylinder and the
fixed piston, and increased percussive power will then be imparted to the
hammer.
A ready means of varying the fall or stroke of the hammer lifted by vacuum-

page_text: is by using a crank plate provided with holes for the crank pin, set at varying
distances from the axis of motion. As therefore the fall is required to be
diminished or increased, the crank pin is inserted in a.hole either further
from or nearer to the crank axis.
.In order to lubricate the pistons of the hammers a space is left behind the
metallic packing rings for the oil, and access is gained thereto to supply the
oil by a hole made in the face of the piston, and closed with a removable plug.
When applying this arrangement to pistons in closed cylinders a hole is made
in the cylinder cover in a line with that in the face of the piston, and like it
closed with a screw plug. To supply oil, the piston is moved up to the
cylinder head or cover, and the plugs withdrawn to give access to the lubri-
cating chamber. This part of our Invention is applicable also to steam and
other engines, whether they be made with vertical, oscillating, or horizontal
cylinders. In the latter case the side of the cylinder may be provided.with
the plugged hole that is to give access to the piston, without removing the
cylinder head.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said George Dawes and Charles John Carr in the Great Seal
Patent Office on the 28th December 1859..
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, GEORGE
DAWES, of Milton Iron Works, in the Parish of Hoyland, in the County of
York, Iron Master, and CHARLES JOHN CARR, of Hoyland, aforesaid, Engineer,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-eighth day of June, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine, in the twenty-third year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto us, the
said George Dawes and Charles John Carr, Her special license that we, the
said George Dawes and Charles John Carr, our executors, administrators,
and assigns, or such others as we, the said George Dawes, and Charles John
Carr, our executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during
the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,
and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for " CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS
IN ATMOSPHERIC AND VACUUM HAMMERS AND STAMPS, PART OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS

page_text: ARE ALSO APPLICABLE TO. STEAM AND OTHER ENGINES," upon the condition (amongst
others) that.we, the said George Dawes and Charles John Carr, by an instru-
ment in writing under our hands and seals, or under the hand and seal
of one of us, should. particularly describe and ascertain the nature of our
said Invention, and. in what manner the same was to be performed, and
cause the same to.:be. filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Charles John Carr, on behalf of myself
and of the said George Dawes, do hereby declare the nature of our said
Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following statement, reference being
had to the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the letters and figures marked
thereon, that is to say :-
1
: This Invention relates chiefly to improvements upon atmospheric forge and
other hammers, forming the subject.of a Patent granted to one of us, and
bearing date the Seventh day of May, One thousand eight hundred and fifty-
eight. In the Specification of this Patent the hammer was described as being
connected to a cylinder working in vertical guides, and which cylinder fell with
the force due simply to its own gravity. Our main objects are now, first, to
give additionalenergy to the blows of the hammer head by adding atniospheric
pressure to the falling weight; and, secondly, where this advantage is not
attained, to make the length of the oscillating piston rod, which is used to lift
the cylinders, self-adjusting, and thereby suit the fall of the hammer to the
work in hand, allowing at the same time the piston to work down to the
bottom of the cylinder. To permit of the piston rod varying in length, we
construct it of two parts, which are capable of sliding one within the other.
The lower part of that which is connected to the piston, that lifts by exhaustion
the cylinder carrying the hammer head, consists of a hollow rod or cylinder;
which receives the piston of a rod that forms the upper part of the piston rod,
and is jointed to and pendent from the crank of the driving shaft. The length
therefore,of this compound piston rod will depend on the position of thesmall
piston in its cylinder. This compound piston rod we propose to use in con-
junction with a cylinder furnished with air holes for the admission of air below
the lifting piston, or with a cylinder without these holes, the piston being in
this latter case provided with valves for admitting air below it at the time the
cylinder is required to fall upon the work. The compound piston rod may be
used to work vertically by attaching its upper part to a cross head working in
slides

page_text: In Sheet I. of the accompanying Drawings, Fig. 1 is a side elevation of a
hammer answering this description, the cylinder, piston, piston rod, and valves
being shewn in section; and Fig.2isa front elevation of the same. The hammer
head a is attached to the lower or closed end of the cylinder b, which is raised
by exhaustion by the piston c. This piston is connected to the crank shaft d
by the compound piston rod e, g, and motion is communicated to the crank
shaft through the pulley h, which is driven by a belt, as shewn, or by gearing.
The pulley is mounted loosely on the shaft, and is driven by the teeth of a
clutch ¹ taking into corresponding teeth on the boss of the driving pulley;
the hammer can thus, by means of the lever B, be thrown in or out of gear.
Thecrank plate of the shaft d is furnished with holes made at varying distances
from the centre, into any one of which the crank pin may be inserted accord-
ing to the length of throw required. The special advantages of the compound
piston rod are that it will vary its length with the thickness of the iron operated
upon, and it will also at every stroke take the piston c to the bottom of the
cylinder b, thereby ensuring, by the almost total exclusion of the air under the
piston c, a great amount of lifting power. These advantages, it will be under-
stood, are gained by connecting the rod e (which forms the upper part of the
rod) to the cylinder g by means of a piston f, which works therein, the
cylinder g being provided with an air-tight gland at top for the rod e to work
through,and perforated with holes at the bottom, where it is connected by the
joint ho to the large piston c.. At every stroke, therefore, the piston/slides
more or less into the cylinder g,thereby shortening the length of the compound
piston rod. An india-rubber cushion is placed between the top of the piston f
and the cover of the cylinder g to prevent any undue shock on the upward
stroke, and the like provision is made under the large piston c to prevent an
undue shock on the downward stroke. The large piston c is furnished with
sliding segment valves i, i, which open and close alternately ports made
through the piston for the purpose of allowing the air to rush into or escape
from the space between the under side of the pistone and the cylinder bottom.
These valves are forced open during the ascent of the piston c by a rod k,
formed with a pointed or tapered end, and suspended from the standard by a
box o. This box is so constructed that, if by any means the valves should
stick or not open when struck by the point of the rod k, the rod can rise in the
box, and so prevent a breakage. The box o is furnished with a gland o¹, by
lowering or raising which (the same being screwed for the purpose) the rod k
may be made to open the valves sooner or later, as desired, and thereby shorten
or lengthen the stroke of the hammer. The valves are closed on the bottom
stroke by a plug n, pointed or tapered at its upper end, and carried by the

page_text: piston in which it works. This plug is forced upwards on the piston c,
completing its stroke by coming in contact with the cylinder bottom. The
segment valves i, i, are shewn detached, and on an enlarged scale at Figs. 3
and 4, Fig. 3 being a plan view, and Fig. 4 an edge view thereof. Fig. 5
illustrates the mode of working these valves. The piston c is formed with
slots through it for the passage of air to and from the lower face of the piston,
and these slotsare covered by the sliding valves i, i, which are similarly slotted
for the purpose of opening and closing the air passages as required. The
valves are held to their seats by segment guides, and they are fitted at their
extremities with antifriction rollers *,*, between which the plugn and rod k
respectively strike, the former for closing and the latter for opening the valves.
When the crank shaft lifts the piston c, the valves will be closed to ensure the
rise of the cylinder 6 with the piston; but as the piston completes its upward
stroke, the pendent rod k will open the valves and allow air to pass down to
the under side of the piston, and release the cylinder therefrom, which will
then be free to fall, guided in its descent by the guides on the hammer
standards. In Fig. 5, a buffer r is shewn for ensuring the quick descent of
the plug n to its normal position on the piston leaving the cylinder bottom.
A block of india-rubber p, or other suitable spring, is placed on a projection <<
of the standard, on which the block standing out from the cylinder falls;
when from any reason iron is not supplied to the anvil, to prevent the shock
which would otherwise take place on the hammer and anvil coming face to
face. Forholding the cylinder and hammer head in suspension, a.gag bolt y
(Fig. 2) is provided, which being thrust under a shoulder of the cylinder, will
serve to sustain it. We find it beneficial to the working of the hammer to
fix a balance weight on the crank shaft or pulley on the opposite side of the
centre to the crank pin, thereby balancing the weight of the compound piston
rod, large piston, and also part of the weight of the large cylinder. If
required, the compound piston rod may be connected to the cylinder bottom,
as shewn at. Fig. 6, by a bolt a passing through the cylinder sides, and also
through the bottom of the compound rod. As in this case the cylinder and
piston rod rise and fall together, each end of the bolt must be cased with an
india-rubber bush to take off the shock; and in order still further to guard
against severe concussion, we place a cushion of india-rubber 1 under tho
joint 2. At the bottom of the cylindrical part of the compound rod an-india-
rubber bush, similar to the one described above, may be beneficially inserted
in the joint *, Fig. 1. The piston c (Fig. 1) may, if desired, be fitted with
india-rubber valves, opening outwards, in lieu of the segment valves. The
cylinder will in this case rise and fall with the piston, as if it were bolted

page_text: thereto, allowing, however; for aslightslip, which will ensure smooth working.
The bottoin brass of the crank shaft bearings may with advantage be blocked
on an elastic bed of vulcanized india-rubber to moderate the shock caused by
the sudden lifting of the hammer, and the brasses in which the crank pin
works may also be similarly provided..
Our improved compound piston rod may be applied with good effect to a
lifting piston, allowing of the upward movement of the cylinder being arrested
at any given point without the use of the segment valves. In lieu of these we
provide for the admission of air below the piston, by leading air channels up
the sides of the cylinder, and causing them to branch off laterally and pass
through the projecting shoulders of the cylinder, which are fitted with, what
.we term, buffer valves, for opening and closing the air passages.
In Sheet II., Fig. 1 shews this arrangement of hammer in side elevation;
and Fig. 2 is a vertical section of the cylinder. Instead of fitting the large
piston with the segment sliding valve, as before described, the inlet or buffer
valves d are placed in the projections e at the sides of the cylinder, the valves
being pierced with air passages corresponding to the air passages f made in
the sides of the cylinder. The action of these valves is as follows:-On the
piston c being raised by the crank shaft, the cylinder rises with it (by reason
of the exhaustion of the air under the piston), till the buffer valves d come in
contact with a fixed stop g attached to the standard. The pressure thus put
on the valves, which are cushioned on an elastic packing, will bring their air
passages into coincidence with those of the cylinder, and by admitting air
under the piston c, allow it to pass the ring of holes in the sides of the
cylinder b, shewn at m, Figs. 1 and 3. For discharging the air from below
the piston while it is making its downward stroke, the piston is fitted with
india-rubber valves a, a, (see the section and plan view of the piston, Figs. 3
and 4,) which will allow the air to escape from under the piston, but prevent
its return on the up stroke. Fig. 5 is a sectional plan of the cylinder and
slide bars, shewing also the stops g, g, for the buffer valves d, d, and the pro-
jections e, e, which contain them.; Fig. 6 is a section of the connecting rod
end, showing cushions of india-rubber a placed above and below the brasses
to lessen the shocks. Fig. 7 shows an improved form of standard for this
hammer, enabling us to make the block for receiving the bare blows separate
and distinct from the standard or main framing, by which means the vibration
is lessened. This standard is constructed of two parts, a and b, which are
bolted together and fastened down to a bed plate d, in which a hole is cast to
receive the block c, which carries the bare blow buffer ; Fig. 8 shows a plan
and side view of the block c, on the top of which is the bare blow buffer l.

page_text: In place of lifting the cylinder by means of a crank shaft and moving piston,
as described with reference to Sheets I. and II., we propose in some cases to
employ a fixed piston, the rod of which is hollow, and forms a communication
between the space in the cylinder below the piston and an air exhaust
apparatus. The pipe leading from the exhaust apparatus is provided with
valves, which will alternately cut off the vacuum and let in air, and vice versâ,
thereby causing the cylinder to rise and fall as required.
In Sheet III., Fig. 1 is a side elevation of this hammer or stamp worked
from an air pump or other exhaust apparatus; Fig. 2 is a vertical section of
the same; and Fig. 3 is a vertical plan of a. valve box fitted with a valve for
admitting air into the cylinder below the piston, and a valve for opening and
closing the communication to the exhauster. a is the standard; b, the
cylinder; c, the hollow piston rod; d, the stationary piston; e, a valve box,
into which the piston rod o projects; and the pipe connected to an air pump
or other exhaust apparatus. The piston rod is fastened to the standard by a
nut o, as shown, or by any other suitable means; rings of india-rubber r, r,
may be placed above the collar on the piston rod and under the nut if
required, to allow the cylinder to vibrate without straining the rod. This
hollow piston rod forms a communication between the under side of the piston
and the exhauster. On the valve g in the exhaust pipe f being opened by
hand, the air will be immediately exhausted from beneath the piston a, and
the cylinder b, which is open at the top, will rise until it strikes the tappet h,
which, by a well-known arrangement of rock shaft and levers i, i, (common to
such uses,) will close the valve n leading to the exhauster, and open the
valve m, whereby air will be admitted under the piston, and the cylinder
allowed to fall by its own gravity. The valve m is then to be closed, and the
valve n opened, either by a spring or by hand, when the cylinder will again
rise. The length of the stroke can be varied by raising or lowering the tappet
lever h.
Fig. 4, Sheet III., shews in sectional elevation a travelling piston applied
to lift a cylinder fitted with a hammer head, and leave it suspended on a
hooked lever, the tripping of which will cause the cylinder to descend and give
the required blow. In this Figure a is the cylinder carrying the hammer
head b; c is the piston worked from the crank shaft m by the connecting
rod n. 5 is a trip lever carried by the bracket 4, and furnished with a catch 1.
This lever is intended to close under the flange 2 at the lower end of the
cylinder a, and hold-it in suspension while the piston c which lifted it is
descending to produce a vacuum between it and the cylinder end. When
this has been effected to the required degree, the incline 6 projecting from the
...

page_text: crank shaft m will force the end of the lever 5 outwards, and release the
cylinder from the catch 1, and the cylinder will then fall and give the blow;
on the turn of the crank the piston will again rise and lift the cylinder, and
lodge it on the catch lever, to which a tendency is given to close upon the
cylinder by means of the spring 7 which holds it up to the stop 8. A piece
of india-rubber d is placed on the top of the piston c to lessen the shock on
the piston coming in contact with the cylinder end; a valve opening outwards
is placed on the top of the cylinder to discharge any leakage of air. In order
to obtain quick repetitions of a comparatively light blowsuitable for the tilting
of steel, we propose to invert the cylinder and piston, and to connect the piston
rod with a crank shaft below the cylinder. The pendent hammer head we
attach to the cylinder by any suitable shaped connection. By working the
piston at a speed superior to that at which the hammer would fall by its own
gravity, the hammer will fall with a force due to its own weight, plus the
atmospheric pressure due to the exhaustion of the cylinder.
In Sheet IV., Fig. 1 is a vertical section shewing the connection of the
hammer head to the cylinder, also the crank connecting rod and piston; Fig. 2
is a section of the cylinder and hammer head, shewing its connection with
the driving shaft; Fig. 3 is a side elevation of the hammer; and Fig. 4 is a
plan view of the same. a is the inverted cylinder bolted to the hammer
head b; c is the piston connected by a rod n with the crank shaft m. The
hammer head slides in guides in the standards o, and it is lifted by the
up stroke of the piston, which is provided with a cushion of india-rubber d
to lessen the concussion of the up stroke. An outlet vaive e is fitted to the
cylinder head to allow of the discharge of any air therefrom as the piston
rises. By giving the piston a speed superior to that due to a falling weight,
a vacuum will be formed between the top of the pistón c and the cylinder
top, and thus the cylinder and hammer head will be caused to fall and deliver
a blow equal to the weight of the hammer head and cylinder, plus the atmos-
pheric pressure on the area of the cylinder; is the anvil block, and s the
driving pulley on the crank shaft m.
For the purpose of regulating the action of this arrangement of hammer,
we propose to connect the top of the cylinder with a valve box by means of a
hollow rod which passes into the box. By working the valve of this box, air
will be allowed to enter the cylinder and regulate the force of the blow.
At Fig. 5, Sheet IV., this modification of the hammer is shewn in front
elevation: In this Figure it will be seen that the cylinder a slides in guides h, h,
which carry brackets P.P, for supporting the valves. The valves 1 and 2 of
this box are connected with the inside of the cylinder a by means of a hollow

page_text: rod j, which is fixed into the cylinder a, and slides in the valve box k, the rod
being packed air-tight by the gland i; by this means a free communication is
kept between the valves 1 and 2 and the inside of the cylinder, and by moving
the rod g by the handle 7, the valves can be opened to allow air to pass into
the cylinder a and partially destroy the vacuum, and thereby lessen the force.
of the blow. The valves used are the-same as those hereafter described, with
reference to Sheet VI., the valve 1 being a pierced conical plug, receiving an
axial motion from its spindle for admitting air to the cylinder a and the valve
2, a flap valve for permitting of the discharge of the air from between the
cylinder head and piston..
By constructing the arrangement of hammer just described in a more
substantial manner than is shewn at Fig. 5, Sheet IV. and driving the piston
at a speed inferior to that at which the hammer will fall by gravity, we are
enabled to produce a machine adapted for operating upon puddled balls.
In Sheet V., Fig. 1 is a front view of the hammer adapted to this purpose.
As the piston will be driven at a speed considerably slower than that of a
weight falling through the same space, there will therefore be no vacuum
formed between the top of the piston and the cylinder top until the haminer
head is arrested by the iron under operation. When this takes place, the
piston, still continuing its downward stroke, will leave the cylinder top, and by
forming a vacuum below it, cause the hammer head to fall, its descent being
assisted by the pressure of the atmosphere, whereby the iron will receive a
powerful squeeze. In this arrangement, two standards, o, o, are used, and the
hammer can be driven by gearing, as shewn, or by a belt. The valves and
arrangements above the cylinder are the same as described with reference to
Fig. 5, Sheet IV.
For the purpose of enabling the hammer to strike with a force due either
to its own gravity only, or its gravity and atmospheric pressure combined.
and act efficiently at variable speeds, we propose to lift the cylinder by a cam
motion, using a fixed piston with a hollow rod leading to a valve box. In
this instance the piston rod is passed through a stuffing box in the head of the
moving cylinder, and air is supplied to the cylinder above the piston through
the hollow rod as required.
This arrangement is shewn in side elevation at Fig. 1, Sheet VI., the
cylinder piston and rod being in section and in front elevation at Fig. 2; a is
the cylinder, the cylinder cover, and c the hollow fixed piston rod; a is the
driving pulley for lifting the cylindera. The hammer head is attached to this
cylinder, which is closed at the top by the cover b, through the gland of which
the fixed piston rod passes. At the bottom the cylinder a is open to the

page_text: atmosphere by reason of the air passage shewn at Fig. 1. On the cylinder a.
being raised by the rotation of the cam e, a vacuum is formed between the
top of the pistond and the cylindercover b, causing the cylinder, when released.
from the cam, to fall with a force equal to its own weight and the atmospheric
pressure on the cylinder cover equal to the area of the piston.
The piston rod c being hollow forms a communication between the top side
of the piston d and the valve box h. On the top of the valve box his a flap.
valve o opening outwards to allow of any accumulation of air in the cylinder:
to escape at each.downward stroke of the cylinder. For the purpose of
admitting a portion of air into the cylinder to partially destroy the force of the
blow, a small india-rubber valve, opening inwards, is placed on the valve box,
as shewn in dotted lines at 1. The port leading from the open air to this
valve is commanded by a plug valve or tap n, upon turning which by the
lever and handle
P
a clear way is made, and the air enters the cylinder. If
it be required to suspend the hammer, the handle is moved farther till the
port to the valve 1 is wide open. The notched spindle of the plug n will then
press upon the valve o, and by keeping it to its seat, prevent the escape of the
air from the cylinder, and thus the cylinder will be held suspended. When
the hammer is not required to work, it may be gagged up by the bolt m being
forced by the lever y into a slot cut into the cylinder, as shewn at k.
By opening the cylinder at the top and closing it at bottom, and causing
the passage down the hollow rod to open to the under side of the piston, and.
by reversing the regulating valves at the top, a blow will be given due to the
weight of the cylinder assisted by the percussive power of the air compressed
between the cylinder bottom and piston bottom. When desired, the moving.
cylinder may be closed at both ends, in which case the force of blow would be
equal to the weight of the cylinder assisted by the combined force of atmo-
spheric pressure and compressed air. In this arrangement of cylinder it will
be necessary to have a double opening down the piston rod; these openings
will communicate respectively with two sets of valves; the outside opening
leads to the inside of the cylinder above the piston, and to a set of valves exactly
similar to those shewn and described in Figs. 1 and 2, Sheet VI. The inside
opening is formed by a pipe placed within the hollow piston rod leading into
the cylinder below the piston, and to a set of valves whose action is thereverse
of those connected with the outside opening; this arrangement of valves is.
shown in Fig. 3 in their position, being that which they will assume when
the whole of the pressure is taken off. c is the piston rod; d, the piston; h,
the valve box; and n, the conical plug. The valve 1, together with the valve o,
shown in Fig. 2, act in the same manner as described in connection with that

page_text: Figure; the inlet valve 3 admits air down the inside opening in the piston rod
to the inside of the cylinder below the piston at each downward stroke of the
cylinder, when the air below the piston is of less than atmospheric density..
Upon the upward stroke of the cylinder this air is compressed in the space-
left between the piston and cylinder bottom, thereby increasing the force of the
blow; the outlet valve 2, which is commanded by the conical plug n, is for the
purpose of allowing the escaps of air from below the piston, thereby preventing.
its compression, and consequently reducing the force of the blow. It will be
seen, on reference to Fig. 3, that the conical plug n commands both of the
openings down the piston rod. A lever, as shown in Figs. 1 and 2, is attached
to this plug, upon the turning of which the passages will be either opened or
closed, the blow being thereby either diminished or increased, as desired.
behind
In order to lubricate the pistons of the hammers, we leave a space
the metallic packing rings for the oil, and gain access for supplying the oil by
means of a hole made in the face of the piston, and closed with a removeable
plug. When applying this arrangement to pistons in closed cylinders, a hole.
is made in the cylinder cover in a line with that in the face of the piston, and
like it closed with a screw plug. To supply oil, the piston is moved up to the
cylinder head or cover, and the plugs are withdrawn to give access to the
lubricating chamber. This part of our Invention is applicable also to steam
and other engines, whether they be made with vertical, oscillating, or horizontal
cylinders.
In Sheet V., Fig. 3 is a section of a horizontal steam cylinder and piston,
showing the improved means of lubricating applied thereto. A cavity a, a, is:
formed behind the rings or metallic packing of the piston b to receive the oil:
or other lubricating material, which being allowed to work its way between the
rings to the sides of the cylinder, thereby keeps up a constant and very
economical lubrication.
To allow of the oil being poured into the piston, a scrow plug c is fitted into
the side of the cylinder, and a screw d is fitted into a hole in the piston cover
communicating with the cavity behind the rings. The plug.c being taken out
of the cylinder side and piston moved to the end of the stroke to bring the
screw d opposite the hole in the cylinder side, the same can be readily removed
and access gained to the cavity a. When the piston is filled with oil, the
screw d and plug c are to be replaced.
.
Fig. 4, Sheet V., is a section of a vertical steam cylinder with its piston fitted
according to this part of our Invention. In this example the plug c is placed
in the cylinder cover, and a pipe d is fastened in the piston cover, the opening
down which is becured at the top with a screw e; this screw and pipe work

page_text: directly under the plug c, and on the piston being brought to the top stroke,
the plug and screw can be removed while the piston is filled with oil and then
replaced. This mode of lubrication is shewn at. Fig. 3, Sheet 2, Fig. 2,
Sheet 3, and Figs. 1 and 2, Sheet 4, as applied to the pistons of air hammers.
Having now set forth the nature ofour Invention of certain improvements in
atmospheric and vacuum hammers and stamps, part of which improvements
are also applicable to steam and other engines," we wish it to be understood
that under the above in part recited Letters Patent, we claim,―
First, the application to hammers and stamps of a compound piston rod
operating in the manner and for the purpose above described.
Secondly, the valve arrangements described with reference to Sheets I.andII.
of the Drawings for admitting air between the piston and cylinder bottom,and
discharging it therefrom for the purposes above set forth; also the improved
form of standard shown at Fig. 7, Sheet 2, for the purposes described.
Thirdly, the arrangement of hammer set in action by means of an exhaust
apparatus, as described with reference to Sheet III.,and also the arrangement
of hammer shewn at Fig. 4, Sheet III., whereby a blow of force superior to
what is due to the gravity of the cylinder and hammer may be obtained.
Fourthly, the arrangements of hammer with inverted cylinder, as shewn in
Sheets IV. and V.
Fifthly, the arrangements of hammer or stamp described with reference to
Sheet VI. of the Drawings.
Sixthly, the arrangements described with reference to Sheets II., III., IV.,
and V., for facilitating the lubrication of the pistons of hammers and stamps,
and of the pistons of steam and other engines.
In witness whereof, I, the said Charles John Carr, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Twenty-fourth day of December, in the
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine.
year
CHARLES JOHN CARR. (L.S.)