IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRICAL APPARATUS."
Year: 1882

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Stephen Henry Emmens of 8 Argyll Street, in the
County of Middlesex, Actuary for an invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
ELECTRICAL APPARATUS."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Stephen Henry Emmens at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 18th May 1882.
STEPHEN HENRY EMMENS of 8 Argyll Street in the County of Middlesex,
Actuary, IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRICAL APPARATUS
My invention relates mainly to a novel construction of core for electro magnets,
and in the second place to the application of so-constructed magnets to electrical
apparatus, to certain structural improvements therein, to a battery to be used in
combination therewith, and to application of the said magnets to arc-lights
My improved cores are built up of a number of coils of insulated copper or other
suitable conducting wire, interspaced with iron wire parallel to their axes, the
whole arranged lengthwise. By this construction of magnetic core, I propose to
increase the magnetic force of the core as a whole, and to augment the electro-
motive force of the induced currents, to an extent unattainable by the known
construction of core of solid metal or bundles of straight wire.
In the application of my improved cores to dynamo machines, I use them as
described in both the armatures and the field magnets, save that in the revolving
armature I make the iron wires of my core continuous, so as to form a ring of my
cores, on which the usual coils are wound to form the complete revolving armature.
I arrange my field magnets to embrace the periphery of a circular space (in which
the armature is to revolve) all the North poles being on one side, and all the South
poles on the opposite side, thus forming two rings of opposite polarity. Between
these two rings and in the magnetic field produced thereby, revolves the armature.
The armature is revolved in one direction and the field magnets in the contrary
direction by suitable mechanical means. By this means at any given speed of the
prime motor, the speed of passage of the armatures across the field is doubled, and

page_text: the lines of force thus cut (and therefore the current excited) are consequently
augmented, as compared with any known machine.
A modified structure of dynamo generator to be driven by hand power, which is
to be used in combination with a special battery is as follows:-The field magnets
(constructed as already specified) and the revolving armature maintain their relative
positions; but they are of larger diameter, to give a high speed of passage at their
peripheries, and the outer coils of the armature are composed of thicker copper wire
than is usual in ordinary dynamo machines, or they are composed of coiled copper
ribbon in place of copper wire. The current from this generator is conducted
through a series of cells composed of manganesic, or carbon and manganesic
electrodes, and electrolytes of sulphate of manganese. Whilst being charged the
cells are coupled up for quantity, and when charged sufficiently they are coupled
for intensity, and are then ready to be put into service circuit either for lighting
or power. If for lighting they are conected in the ordinary way with the lamp
circuit;
but if for power they are connected with the field magnets of the generator.
These field magnets are fixed by a catch fastened to the winch, whilst the armature
is released from the winch and geared with a pair of fast and loose pulleys, which
may then be connected by driving connections to any mechanism it is desired to
work. I further apply my improved core to an arc-light. In this case the carbon
points are in a glass receiver, either vacuous or filled with non-oxidising vapour or
This is fixed so that the carbon points are in the magnetic field of a magnet
or magnets constructed with my improved core. By this means the radiating
surface of the light is increased.
gas.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said Stephen Henry Emmens in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
18th November 1882.
STEPHEN HENRY EMMENS of 8 Argyll Street, in the County of Middlesex,
Actuary, IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRICAL APPARATUS
My invention relates mainly to a novel construction of core for electro magnets,
and in the second place to the application of so constructed magnets to Electrical
Apparatus, to certain structural improvements therein, to a battery to be used in
combination therewith, and to the application of the said magnets to arc lights.
I construct my improved cores of a number of coils of insulated copper or other
suitable conducting wire, either in parallel circuit, or in series, and rolled into a
volute as follows, with reference to Figures 1 to 6.
I lay insulated straight copper wires A of suitable length and gauge, side by
side, and transversely on those I lay straight iron wires B, side by side, Figures
1 and 4.
I then roll up this double layer in a direction parallel to the iron wires, and
thus form a magnet, having its core imbedded in the exciting circuit to any required
extent, Figures 2. 3. 5 and 6. The copper wires may be spaced somewhat apart
as in Figure to allow the projecting ends B¹ of the copper wires to be passed out
sidewards, through the substance of the coil. Or the copper wires may be placed
close together, as in Figure 4, in which case, the ends A may be brought out
through the central axis of the roll.
If the whole of the inner ends B¹, be connected together and the like be done
with the outer extremities A, as shown in plan and elevation in Figures 5 and 6,
the magnet or collecting wires will be in parallel circuit. But if the inner and
outer extremities be alternately connected with each other, the magnet will be in
series as shown in plan and elevation in Figures 2 and 3.
By this construction of magnetic core, I propose to increase the magnetic force
of the core as a whole, and to augment the electro-motive force of the induced
currents to an extent unattainable by the known construction of core of solid metal
or bundles of straight wire.
In the application of my improved cores to dynamo machines, I use them, as
described, in both the armatures and the field magnets or in either of them, save
that in the revolving armature I make the iron wires of my core continuous so as
to form a ring of my cores, on which the usual coils are wound to form the
complete revolving armature. I employ magnets thus built up in my improved
electro-magneto-dynamo machines, which I make of various types, corresponding
with the work they are designed to perform, as generators of electric currents,
or as motors for converting electricity into mechanical work, as hereinafter more
fully described.
Figures 7 and 8 show in elevation and plan one of my improved Dynamo
machines for electric lighting purposes
CC are the field magnets, constructed with their cores as described above, which
are fitted with pole plates D D, and surround and embrace the periphery of the
armature E. All the North poles are on one side and all the South poles on the
other, thus forming two rings of opposite polarity. The magnets are mounted on
two wheels or frames F F which form part of or are keyed to the hollow shaft G.
This shaft is carried in bearings H H of the frame J, and is driven by the pulley G¹.
The armature E is mounted on the frame K carried by the hollow shaft L in the
bearing H', and inside the hollow shaft G, and is driven by the pulley L¹. The
magnet ring and armature may either of them be revolved, or both in opposite
directions, so that for any speed of revolution the speed of passage of the

page_text: armatures across the magnetic field is doubled, and consequent excitation of
current augmented.
The collecting wires from the armature coils may be conveniently carried through
the hollow shaft L to the commutator M, whence the current can be taken up in
the usual way by brushes.
The electro magnets of the armature may be conveniently excited by part or all
of the main current, passed, by a brush contact with the insulated rings N N,
through the coils by suitable wire connections.
Figures 9 and 10 show in sectional plan and outside elevation, the construction
of my improved dynamo as a motor. It consists of ring armature E of construction
as before described, placed in a plane parallel to that of the axes of the field
magnets C, and free to revolve in that plane, having its periphery partially
embraced by the radial pole plates D D which cause the armature to revolve.
The necessary wire connections are made with the armature coils from a com-
mutator on the shaft L, the wires being conveniently carried along the axle to
the armature as before described.
Figures 11 and 12 show a transverse sectional, and outside, elevation, of my
modified dynamo machine, to be used for electro-lytic and charging operations. The
relative arrangements of the electro magnetic field and the armature, both revolving
in opposite directions, with the respective wire connections, remains as before
described, the distinctive structure being in the form of the magnets and armature.
Both magnet ring O and armature ring P consist of plates of iron Q, wound
longitudinally with insulated copper wire R, and then joined together to form two
hollow cylinders, one of which works inside the other, both being revolved in
opposite directions.
A modified structure of dynamo generator to be driven by hand power is
constructed on the type of Figures 7 and 8, and is used in combination with a
special battery as follows:-
The field magnets (constructed as already specified) and the armature, maintain
their relative positions, but they are of a large diameter to give a high speed of
passage and the outer coils of the armature are composed of thicker copper wire
than is usual in ordinary dynamo machines, or they are composed of coiled
insulated copper ribbon in place of wire. The current from this generator is
conducted through galvanic cells composed of magnesic or carbon and magnesic
electrodes, and electrolytes of sulphate of manganese. Whilst being charged, the
cells are coupled up for quantity, and when charged sufficiently, they are coupled
up for intensity, and are then ready to be put into service circuit, either for light
or power. If for light, they are connected in the ordinary way, with the lamp
circuit, but if for power they are connected with the field magnets and commutator
of the dynamo generator, which it is proposed to use as a motor, such as that
illustrated in Figures 9 and 10.
If in this machine both the field magnets and armature are constructed to
revolve, the field magnet frame is provided with a catch so that it can be secured
firmly, whilst the armature frame still remains free to revolve and carries a pair of
fast and loose pulleys, from which, by means of a strap, any suitable mechanism
may be driven.
I further apply my improved magnets to an arc-light. In this case, the carbon
points are in a glass receiver, either vacuous or filled with a more or less non-
oxidising vapour or gas. This is fixed so that the arc is in the field of the magnet
or magnets and is therefore caused to assume greater curvature with consequent
increase of radiating surface and steadiness and a prevention of circular motion
around the carbon points.
And having now fully ascertained and described my said invention and the
method of carrying the same into effect be it understood that what I consider
novel and desire to protect by letters patent is :-
1st The construction of electro-magnets or armature core substantially as and
for the purposes specified in reference to Figures 1 to 6.

page_text: 2nd. The construction of Electro-magneto-dynamo machines and motors sub-
stantially as and for the purposes specified in reference to Figures 7 to 12.
3rd The combination with a dynamo machine of a galvanic battery substantially
as and for the purposes described.
4th. The combination of a magnet with an arc lamp for the purpose of enlarging
and governing the arc, substantially as described.
In witness whereof I the said Stephen Henry Emmens have hereunto set
my hand and seal this Sixteenth day of November in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and eighty-two
Witness.
S. P. WILDING.
23 Rood Lane, Fenchurch St.
London. E.C.
Patent Agent
STEPHEN H. EMMENS (L.S.)