IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM ENGINES, AND IN FURNACES, BOILERS, AND CONDENSERS FOR THE SAME, PARTS OF WHICH ARE APPLICABLE TO FORCE *PUMPE
Year: 1864

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Thomas Ivory, of Edinburgh, Advocate, for the Inven-
tion of "IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM ENGINES, AND IN FURNACES, BOILERS,
AND CONDENSERS FOR THE SAME, PARTS OF WHICH ARE APPLICABLE TO FORCE
*PUMPE."
Sealed the 13th April 1865, and dated the 1st November 1864.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Thomas Ivory at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 1st November
1864.
I, THOMAS IVORY, of Edinburgh, Advocate, do hereby declare the nature
of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM ENGINES, AND IN FURNACES
BOILERS, AND CONDENSERS FOR THE SAME, PARTS OF WHICH ARE APPLICABLE TO
FORCE PUMPS," to be as follows:-.
My Invention with reference to steam engines relates, except where
otherwise specified, to engines having two cylinders placed end to end, as
described in the Specification of my Patent, 2437 (1863), and consists in the
several improvements herein-after stated, that is to say:-
In the first place, in working the valves of such engines by means of lazy-
tongs interposed between the valves or valve rods, and a reciprocating or
Die 1

page_text: revolving rod or shaft actuated by the engine, having one or more cams fixed
thereon, for the purpose of effecting a more rapid opening and closing of the
valves than is effected by the ordinary mode.
Secondly, in the adaptation and application of the same mechanism to
steam engines generally, and also to force pumps, for the purpose of working
their valves.
Thirdly, in applying and adapting to the kind of engines referred to, as
described in my said Specification, a separate valve or pair of valves for the
steam port or ports, another valve or pair of valves for the exhaust port or
ports, and a third valve or pair of valves for the passage or passages through
which the high-pressure steam passes from the high-pressure cylinder into the
expansion cylinder. It is intended that each of these valves or pair of valves
shall be worked independently, either from the shaft or from the side rod.
Fourthly, in an arrangement for the escaping of the exhaust steam from
the same kind of engines, and also from all single-acting double-cylinder
expansion engines which dispenses entirely with an exhaust valve. This
arrangement consists in providing one or more permanent openings in the
expansion cylinder, leading either at once to the atmosphere, or to the con-
denser, when there is one, at a distance of at least one-half of the length of
the cylinder from the intercommunicating port end. I prefer, however, that
this opening should be near the outer end of the expansion cylinder, especially
in condensing engines.
1
Fifthly, in the use of solid revolving cocks or valves worked by mechanism
from the shaft instead of reciprocating slide valves for my said engines, and
also for all other cylinder and piston steam engines. These cocks or valves
are segments of a solid cylinder, and are made to revolve in a case which is
steam-tight, except at the passages for the steam, and whose walls form in
part the arc of a circle having the same radius with the cock or valve.
Sixthly, in causing in some cases the high-pressure steam to continue to
flow into the cylinders after the high-pressure stroke is completed, during a
portion of the stroke of the expansion cylinder piston. For this purpose the
passage of communication between the two cylinders is opened before the
high-pressure steam port is closed.
Seventhly, in an arrangement for assisting to equalise the power given out
during the high-pressure and the expansion strokes, consisting in the use- of a
revolving unbalanced arm or mass of metal attached to the revolving shaft of
the engine, or to the fly wheel, where one is used, in such a way that it is
caused to make the rising half of its revolution during the high-pressure
stroke, and the descending half during the expansion stroke.

page_text: Eighthly, in another arrangement for the same purpose, consisting in the
use of an overhanging or inclined reciprocating unbalanced beam, connected
with the pistons in such a way that during the high-pressure stroke it is made
to rise, and that during the expansion stroke it is made to descend, and in
descending to assist the work of the expanding steam.
Ninthly, in adapting and applying a cylinder cover, either with or without
a relieving valve, to the other end of the high-pressure cylinder, and arranging
that there shall be always a space between the piston and such cover filled
with air, which shall be compressed during the high-pressure stroke, so as to
aid in the commencement of the expansion stroke.
Tenthly, in adapting and applying, where a condenser is used, a cylinder
cover to the outer end of the expansion cylinder, and in maintaining a com-
munication always open between such end and the condenser, for the purpose
of maintaining a constant vacuum behind the piston.
Eleventhly, in an improvement on the combined engines described in my
said Specification of 1863, consisting in the use of slide valves worked by
mechanism actuated by a revolving or reciprocating shaft or rod, receiving
motion from the primary engine for the force pumps, whether such valves have
a rectilineal reciprocating, or a partially revolving reciprocating, or a revolving
motion, and also in working the reciprocating ones by means of lazy-tongs
and a cam or cams, in a way similar to that herein-before referred to under
the first head; and also in adapting and applying such slide valves to force
pumps generally.
And, lastly, in connecting such force pump valves together, so that by
imparting motion to one, all are caused to move simultaneously, and in
arranging them so that when the admission port of the one end of the force
pump is entirely open, its discharge port and the admission port of the other
end thereof are closed, and the discharge port of the said last-mentioned end
of the force pump is open.
And my Invention with reference to furnaces and boilers for steam engines
relates, in the first place, to an improved arrangement for separately burning
the coal and the coke in the fire-boxes of steam engines, and consists in
arranging in one fire-box fire-bars for the coke, and a box or boxes for con-
taining the coal, the bottom of which shall be below the level of the top of
the fire-bars used for the coke, and in fitting such box with a piston for raising
the coal as it is coked. It is intended that the air for the gaseous portion
of the coal shall be supplied above it, and the air for the coke in any of the
usual ways below it. The piston or moveable bottom of the coal box may be
raised and lowered as required.by means of a screw or otherwise.

page_text: My Invention under this head consists, in the second place, in the use for
the sides of the fire-ways of boilers beyond the fire-box, of narrow hollow
metal vessels or leaves containing water, with conductor rods or bars, not only
connecting the opposite sides of such vessels or leaves, but continued so as to
project on one or both sides into the fire-way, whereby an increase of strength
and of heating surface is simultaneously secured. These rods or bars may
either be cast in one piece with the vessels or leaves, or they may be screwed
or otherwise fastened into them.
My Invention under this head consists, thirdly, in the use as fireways of
narrow cases of metal open at each end, having conductor pins or rods, not
only connecting both sides, but continued so as to project into the water space
of the boiler on one or both sides. These may be inserted in plates at each
end of the boiler, in a way similar to that in which tubes are inserted in tube
plates in multitubular boilers. These pins or rods may either be cast in
one piece with the cases, or they may be screwed or otherwise fastened into
them.
My Invention under this head relates, in the fourth place, to boilers of two
compartments arranged side by side, the one of which is a fire-box compart-
ment, whose length does not exceed twice the length of the fire-box, and the
other of which has return tubes or fire-ways passing through it, and consists in
so arranging that the fire-box compartment alone shall have a steam space in
contact with the water contained in it, and that the other or return compart-
ment shall be entirely filled with water in the ordinary working condition of
the boiler. This may be effected by having the top of the return compartment
on a level with the ordinary water level of the fire-box compartment, and
arranging a water communication between the compartments at that level, or
by other means.
My Invention under this head relates, lastly, to boilers in which there are
two fire-boxes with steam spaces in contact with the water in them in a
system of boilers, and consists in placing between them a single water com-
partment entirely filled with water in the ordinary working condition of
the boiler, and containing return tubes or fire-ways- for both fire-box
compartments.
And my Invention in connection with condensers for steam engines, relates
to an improved arrangement of surface condensers, for the purpose of taking
advantage of the cold produced by the sudden rarefaction or expansion of the
steam, as well as of that produced by the cold surfaces, and consists in
arranging an air-tight case which contains water tubes, surrounding a central
or internal open space, whose length extends to at least two-thirds of the

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Thomas Ivory in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
29th April 1865.
.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, THOMAS
IVORY, of Edinburgh, Advocate, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the First day of November, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-four, in the twenty-eighth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said Thomas Ivory, Her special license that I, the said Thomas Ivory, my
executors, adininistrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Thomas
Ivory, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during
the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,
and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
STEAM ENGINES AND IN FURNACES, BOILERS, AND CONDENSERS FOR THE SAME, PARTS
OF WHICH ARE APPLICABLE TO FORCE PUMPS," upon the condition (amongst others)
that I, the said Thomas Ivory, by an instrument in writing under my hand
and seal, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause
the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Thomas Ivory, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed. to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the fol-
lowing statement, reference being had to the Drawing hereunto annexed,
and to the letters and figures marked thereon (that is to say):-
My Invention with reference to steam engines relates, except where other-
wise specified, to engines having two cylinders placed end to end, as described
in the Specification of my Patent, No. 2437, One thousand eight hundred
and sixty-three, & consists in the several improvements herein-after stated
(that is to say):-
In the first place in working the valves of such engines by means of lazy

page_text: tongs interposed between the valves or valve rods, and a reciprocating or
revolving rod or shaft actuated by the engine, having one or more cams fixed
thereon for the purpose of effecting a more rapid opening and closing of the
valves than is effected by the ordinary mode.
Secondly, in the adaptation and application of the same mechanism to
steam engines generally, and also to force pumps for the purpose of working
their valves.
Thirdly, in applying and adapting to the kind of engines referred to as
described in my said Specification, a separate valve or pair of valves for the
steam port or ports, another valve or pair of valves for the exhaust port or
ports, and a third valve or pair of valves for the passage or passages through
which the high-pressure steam passes from the high-pressure cylinder into
the expansion cylinder. It is intended that each of these valves or pair
of valves shall be worked independently either from the shaft or from the
side rod.
Fourthly, in an arrangement for the escaping of the exhaust steam from
the same kind of engines, and also from all single-acting double cylinder
expansion engines which dispenses entirely with an exhaust valve. This
arrangement consists in providing one or mode permanent openings in
the expansion cylinder leading either at once to the atmosphere or to the
condenser, when there is one, at a distance of at least one-half of the length
of the cylinder from the intercommunication port end; 1 prefer, however, that
this opening should be near the outer end of the expansion cylinder, especially
in condensing engines.
Fifthly, in the use of solid revolving cocks or valves worked by mechanism
from the shaft instead of reciprocating slide valves for my said engines, and
also for all other cylinder and piston steam engines. These cocks or valves
are segments of a solid cylinder, and are made to revolve in a case which is
steam-tight, except at the passages for the steam, and whose walls form in
part the arc of a circle having the same radius with the cock or valve.
Sixthly, in causing in some cases the high-pressure steam to continue to
flow into the cylinders after the high-pressure stroke is completed, during a
portion of the stroke of the expansion cylinder piston. For this purpose the
passage of communication between the two cylinders is opened before the
high-pressure steam port is closed.
Seventhly, in an arrangement for assisting to equalize the power given out
during the high-pressure and expansion strokes. consisting in the use of a
revolving unbalanced arm or mass of metal attached to the revolving shaft of
the engine, or to the fly wheel, where one is used. in such a way that it is

page_text: caused to make the rising half of its revolution during the high-pressure
stroke, and the descending half during the expansion stroke.
Eighthly, in another arrangement for the same purpose, consisting in the
use of an overhanging or inclined reciprocating unbalanced beam, connected
with the pistons in such a way that during the high-pressure stroke it is made
to rise, and during the expansion stroke it is made to descend, and in
descending to assist the work of the expanding steam.
Ninthly, in adapting and applying a cylinder cover, either with or without
a relieving valve, to the outer end of the high-pressure cylinder, and arranging
that there shall be always a space between the piston and such cover filled
with air, which shall be compressed during the high-pressure stroke, so as to
aid in the commencement of the expansion stroke.
Tenthly, in adapting and applying, where a condenser in used, a cylinder
cover to the outer end of the expansion cylinder, and in maintaining a com-
munication always open between such end and the condenser for the purpose
of maintaining a constant vacuum behind the piston.
Eleventhly, in an improvement on the combined engines described in my
said Specification of One thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, consisting
in the use of slide valves worked by mechanism actuated by a revolving or
reciprocating shaft or rod, receiving motion from the primary engine for the
force pumps, whether such valves have a rectilineal reciprocating, or a
partially revolving reciprocating, or a revolving motion, and also in working
the reciprocating valves by means of lazy-tongs and a cam or cams, in a way
similar to that herein-before referred to under the first head, and also in
adapting and applying such slide valves to force pumps generally.
And, lastly, in connecting such force pumps valves together, so that by
imparting motion to one, all are caused to move simultaneously, and in
arranging them so that when the admission port of the one end of the force
pump is entirely open, its discharge port and the admission port of the other
end thereof are closed, and the discharge port of the said last-mentioned end
of the force pump is open.
And my Invention with reference to furnaces and boilers for steam engines
relates, in the first place, to an improved arrangement for separately burning
the coal and the coke in the fire-boxes of steam engines, and consists in
arranging in one fire-box fire-bars for the coke, and a box or boxes for con-
taining the coal, the bottom of which shall be below the level of the top of
the fire-bars used for the coke, and in fitting such box with a piston for raising
the coal as it is coked. It is intended that the air for the gaseous portion
of the coal shall be supplied above it, and the air for the coke in any of the

page_text: usual ways below it. The piston or moveable bottom of the coal box may be
raised and lowered as required by means of a screw or otherwise.
My Invention under this head consists, in the second place, in the use for
the sides of the fire-ways of boilers beyond the fire-box, of narrow hollow
metal vessels or leaves containing water, with conductor rods or bars, not only
connecting the opposite sides of such vessels or leaves, but continued so as to
project on one or both sides into the fire-way, whereby an increase of strength
and of heating surface is simultaneously secured. These rods or bars may
either be cast in one piece with the vessels or leaves, or they may be screwed
or otherwise fastened into them.
My Invention under this head consists, thirdly, in the use as fire-ways of
narrow cases of metal open at each end, having conductor pins or rods, not
only connecting both sides, but continued so as to project into the water space
of the boiler on one or both sides. These may be inserted in plates at each
end of the boiler, in a way similar to that in which tubes are inserted in tube.
plates in multitubular boilers. These pins or rods may either be cast in
one piece with the cases, or they may be screwed or otherwise fastened into
them.
My Invention under this head relates, in the fourth place, to boilers of two
compartments arranged side by side, the one of which is a fire-box compart-
ment, whose length does not exceed twice the length of the fire-box, and the
other of which has return tubes or fire-ways passing through it, and consists in
so arranging that the fire-box compartment alone shall have a steam space in
contact with the water contained in it, and that the other or return compart-
ment shall be entirely filled with water in the ordinary working condition of
the boiler. This may be effected by having the top of the return compartment
on a level with the ordinary water level of the fire-box compartment, and
arranging a water communication between the compartments at that level, or
by other means.
My Invention under this head relates, lastly, to boilers in which there are
two fire-boxes with steam spaces in contact with the water in them in a
system of boilers, and consists in placing between them a single water com-
partment, entirely filled with water in the ordinary working condition of the
boiler, and containing return tubes or fire-ways for both fire-box com-
partments.
And my Invention in connection with condensers for steam engines relates
to an improved arrangement of surface condensers, for the purpose of taking
advantage of the cold produced by the sudden rarefaction or expansion of the
steam, as well as of that produced by the cold surfaces, and consists in

page_text: arranging an air-tight case which contains water tubes surrounding a central
or internal open space, whose length extends to at least two-thirds of the
length of the tubes, and in causing the exhaust steam to issue into this central
space in a direction parallel or nearly so to the tubes.
Having thus stated the nature of the said Invention, I will proceed to
describe more particularly in what manner the same is to be performed by the
aid of the accompanying Drawings, which are Diagrams representing parts of
steam engines, furnaces, boilers, and condensers herein-before referred to.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
Fig. illustrates the first and second heads of my steam engine improve-
ments, and represents an arrangement for working the valves of my end-to-end
cylinder engines by means of lazy-tongs interposed between the cam wheel
A on the revolving shaft of the engine and the valve V; B, C, E, represents
one side of a metal case provided with friction rollers at B and C, on which the
cam or projection on the wheel A acts, and which case is connected to the
lazy-tongs by a pin at E. By the revolution of the wheel A the cam is
caused to act alternately on the rollers at B and C, and thereby impart a
reciprocating motion to the metal case, and thence through the lazy-tongs to
the valve V. The lazy-tongs are connected to a fixed pivot at D, and the
valve is connected to and moves about a fixed point I; H, I, is an arm rigidly
connected with the valve; F, II, is a connecting rod jointed at one end to
the lazy-tongs, and at the other end to the arm H, I. It will be observed
that for every unit of distance that the point E is caused to move from or
towards the point D. the point F is caused to move four units. The lazy-
tongs may in some cases be strengthened, and their working improved by
arranging fixed guide bars for the line of centre pivots to work in.
In order to apply to ordinary cylinder and piston engines the system of
working their valves by means of lazy-tongs and a cam or cams fixed on the
revolving shaft, it is necessary to have two independently worked valves for
the admission of steam, one at each end of the cylinder, and also two valves,
which may be either coupled so that both may be caused to move when
motion is imparted to one of them, or they may be independent, and have a
separate cam and lazy-tongs for each, so as to enable the one exhaust port
to be closed at any desired portion of the stroke without opening the other.
Fig. 2 is intended to illustrate the third head of my improvements with
reference to steam engines, and represents an arrangement of independently
worked valves, one for the steam ports and the other for the passage of steam
from the high-pressure cylinder into the expansion cylinder. The inde-

page_text: pendently worked valve for the exhaust port is not shewn, but it may be
placed in any convenient position, either at the side of the expansion cylinder
or at that end of it which is next the high-pressure cylinder, and each of
the three valves is to be worked by a separate cam acting upon separate lazy-
tongs, in a way similar to that described under Fig. 1.
As a modification of this arrangement, the steam and the intercommuni-
cating ports may be worked by a single valve governing both ports, in the
manner herein-after described under Figures 3 and 4, and in this case the
valve for the exhaust port may be conveniently placed in a position similar to
that of the valve shewn as the steam valve in Fig. 2; the only change of
arrangement required being that of closing the connection of the valve chest
with the high-pressure cylinder, and opening a connection with the expansion
cylinder, and making the port communicate with the atmosphere or the con-
denser, instead of with the boiler; or the exhaust and intercommanicating
ports may be similarly governed by one double-acting valve, and the steam
valve may be worked independently.
Fig. 3 illustrates a series of my improvements described under the fourth
and other heads with reference to steam engines. A represents the high-
pressure cylinder, and B, the expansion cylinder. Near the outer end of the
expansion cylinder is shewn a permanent opening lending to the condenser C.
The area of this opening and its distance from the outer end of the expansion
cylinder will be varied according to the velocity of the piston or the degree of
the vacuum required, by means of an adjustable slide or by other suitable
means.
This Figure also shews a convenient arrangement of a double-acting valve,
governing both the steam port and the passage of communication between
the two cylinders. In travelling from left to right from its present position
the distance of a quadrant of a circle, it closes the steam port during the first
half of its travel, and opens the passage of communication during the second
half. For working this valve the cam and lazy-tongs are so arranged that
the valve is in the middle of its travel at the end of each stroke of the pistons.
A double-acting valve on the same principle, but having a rectilinear
reciprocating motion, is shewn in Fig. 4. The Figure shews the steam port
fully open. In moving it from left to right from its present position it closes
the steam port during the first half of its travel, and opens the passage
between the cylinders during the second half. For working it the cam and
lazy-tongs are so arranged that the valve is in the middle of its travel at the
end of each stroke.

page_text: cylinder engines to be used as oscillating engines. The dotted lines shew an
arrangement for the exhaust, and the trunnions will be in the positions indi-
cated by C and S., If the valve be such as is shewn in this Figure, it may
be worked from the revolving shaft. If the steam communication ports have
independent valves these valves may be worked by lazy-tongs acted upon by
cams fixed to the oscillating necks near C and S.
This Figure also illustrates my steam engine improvements described
under the ninth head thereof. D, E, F, II, represents an external cylinder,
(forming a cover for the high-pressure cylinder A,) with a stuffing box,
through which the high-pressure piston works, such external cylinder being
concentric with the high-pressure cylinder A, from which it is separated by an
annular air-tight space filled with air, which is compressed during the high-
pressure stroke.
'The application of the principle of this improvement may be modified by
having a communication always open between the steam space in the valve
chest or in the boiler, and the said annular air-tight space, for the purpose of
equalizing the power given out during the high-pressure and the expansion
strokes. The difference of areas of the two faces of the high-pressure piston
acted upon by the steam will be the effective high-pressure steam area.
prefer that the area of the piston face next the annular steam space should
not be more than one-fifth of the area of the other face, but it may often with
advantage be much less.
I
Fig. 5 illustrates the fifth head of my improvements in steam engines, and
represents an arrangement of revolving cocks or valves for the steam and
intercommunication passage of my engines, in substitution for reciprocating
slide valves. The cock or valve consists of about one half of a solid cylinder
cut through so as to present some such section as is shewn in the Figure, and
revolves in a case or box having a continuous concave wall, as shewn, forming
rather more than half the circumference of a circle concentric with the revolving
cock or valve, and only of so much greater diameter as will allow the valve to
revolve freely and practically without leakage. There is also provided another
portion of the wall, the inner part of which forms an arc of a circle of the
same diameter within the other portion of the wall, and which divides the
port or passage into nearly, but rather less, than two quadrants. These two
valves are so arranged that the one never begins to open until the other is
closed, as indicated by their relative positions, as shewn in the Figure. These
valves may be conveniently coupled together in the manner shewn in Fig. 11;
or they may be otherwise connected, so that both may be caused to revolve at
the same speed.
I

page_text: With reference to the sixth head of my improvements in steam engines it
is to be observed that valves independently worked will have to be provided
for the steam port and intercommunicating passage, each valve being worked
by a separate cam and lazy-tongs, in the manner described under Fig. 1. My
improvements under this head will be understood from this statement. without
further reference to a Drawing.
The mode of carrying into effect the seventh head of my improvements will
be obvious from the statement of it herein-before contained, without requiring
a Drawing to illustrate the same.
Fig. 6 illustrates the eighth head of my steam engine improvements. A, B,
represents an unbalanced beam having its centre of motion at C. to the end A
of which beam is connected the rod a, which communicates motion to the
crank, and b is the rod for connecting the beam with the piston rods. Whether
the beam be above the cylinders or below them, the high-pressure cylinder
must always be above the expansion cylinder, the effect of which will be to
give the high-pressure steam the work of raising the beam while the gravity
of the beam in its descent will aid the expansion stroke. The relative posi-
tions of the connecting rods a and b may be reversed if desired, and other
modifications of the arrangement may be adopted according to convenience.
The ninth head of my steam engine improvements has been already described
as illustrated by Fig. 3.
With reference to the tenth head of my steam engine improvements, it may
be useful in some cases to equalize the power given out during the high-pressure
and expansion strokes by allowing the steam at the end of the
expansion stroke to escape from the expansion cylinder into the atmosphere.
and maintaining a constant vacuum only on the outer side of the expansion
piston. In order to effect this the permanent opening into the condenser will
be most conveniently made in the cover of the expansion cylinder. A small
condenser and air pump will be sufficient in this case, as only the steam and air
which escape past the expansion piston require to be condensed and removed.
This arrangement may be modified by making also a permanent opening from
the outer end of the high-pressure cylinder into the condenser. But in this
latter case there will be no annular space for steam or air, such as is shewn in
Fig. 3. Stuffing boxes for the high-pressure and expansion piston rods will
be provided. With this explanation no Drawing is required to make this part
of my improvements understood.
Figures 7, 8, 9, and 10, illustrate the eleventh head of my steam engine
improvements. In Fig. 7, A and B represent two single-acting barrels or
cylinders of a force pump, which are divided by a fixed solid diaphragm y.

page_text: I represents the inlet, and D the outlet passage for the fluid; V₁ and V
represent the valves which govern these passages; and the valves are so
arranged that while- V is moved from right to left, V is caused to move from
left to right, and vice versa.
In Fig. 7, the outlet port of A is represented as closed, and that of B open,
while the inlet port of A is open and that of B closed. When the valve V¹ is
caused to move from right to left the effect of the arrangement of both valves
is that the inlet port of A is closed, and that of B opened, while the outlet
port of A is opened and that of B closed. And the reverse of this action takes
place when the valve V¹ is caused to move from left to right.
The simultaneous motion of the valves above described may be effected
either when each valve is worked by an independent system of cam and lazy-
tongs, or by the arrangement shewn in Fig. 11, which illustrates the last head
of my improvements in steam engines, and represents one method of working
several valves simultaneously by means of a coupling connecting rod jointed to
two arms rigidly connected with each valve, and each being of the same radius.
The foregoing is such an arrangement as is in general use for the driving
wheels of locomotive engines. In some cases the modification shewn in Fig. 12
may be used with advantage. The pistons in the two cylinders are in this
arrangement rigidly connected by means of piston rods fixed to cach piston on
the face farthest from the diaphragm, and then by means of cross heads and
side rods, in a manner similar to that described for my end-to-end cylinder
engine pistons in the Specification of my Patent, No. 2437, One thousand
eight hundred and sixty-three, so that when the one piston is at the inner end
of its barrel or cylinder, the other is at the outer end of its barrel cylinder.
Figures 8 and 9 represent two sections of an arrangement in which the inlet
valves V, V, and the outlet valve V are all fixed to the same axis; A and B
are two single-acting barrels or cylinders of a force pump. In the Figure, the
outlet passage of A is represented as closed, and that of B as open. At the same
time the inlet passage of A is shewn to be open, and that of B closed, as indi-
cated by the dotted lines which represent the inlet valves. By turning the axis
so as to move any of the valves from left to right, the outlet port of A is opened
and that of B closed, while the inlet passage of A is closed and that of B opened.
In this case a solid diaphragm V, y, (see Fig. 9) is fixed as partition in
the valve box, so as to prevent any communication between the inlet and
outlet divisions of the same, and the axis to which both the inlet valves and the
outlet valve are fixed, works through a water-tight stuffing box inserted in
this diaphragm, the inlet valves being on one side and the outlet valve on the
other side of the diaphragm.

page_text: Figure 10 represents an arrangement of a double-acting force pump con-
structed according to my improvements. In this case V, V¹, and V, V, are
slide valves, having a rectilinear reciprocating motion imparted to them, and
they are worked in such a manner that while V, VI, are moved from right to
left so as to open one inlet port and close the other, V2, V2, are caused at the
same time to move from left to right, thereby opening and closing the corre-
sponding outlet ports. Double-acting force pumps may also be constructed
according to my improvements with valves at each end similar to those shewn
in Figure 7, and similarly arranged, and the whole four valves may be coupled
or connected together so as to produce the same effect as is produced by the
motion of the valves shewn in Fig. 10.
I proceed now to describe my improvements with reference to furnaces and
steam boilers. Fig. 13 illustrates the first head of these improvements, and
represents an arrangement whereby the fire-box is divided into two portions
by a wall or other partition D, the portion next the door being a box for the
coal, provided with a piston P, to which box the air is to be supplied above
the level of the coal, the other portion for burning the coke being provided
with fire-bars b, and an ash-pit a. As the coal resting on the piston P
becomes coked, it is to be distributed as required over the fire-bars B by
raising the piston, and when all or the greater part of such coal has been so
distributed, the piston is to be lowered again to the bottom of the box, and
coal fed in upon it through the door in the ordinary way.
This Figure also illustrates in conjunction with Fig. 14 the second head of
my improvements. Fig. 13 represents a section from front to back through
one of the fire-ways A, B, shewn in transverse section in Fig. 14. The dots
in Fig. 13 represent sections of the conductor rods which are shewn in Fig. 14
as extending across the narrow leaves or vessels containing water, and into the
fire-ways. The arrows indicate the course of the air, and of the products of
combustion; w, w, are the water vessels, and F, F, are the fire-ways. These
fire-ways are closed at the bottom, and at such distance from the top as may
be found most desirable in order to obtain the requisite depth of water in the
leaves or water vessels above them. In Fig. 14 they are shewn as closed
at f, f. I prefer to have a free space of several inches in depth at the bottom
of the fire-ways, as shewn unimpeded by conductor rods for improving the
draught. I also prefer to have a damper E hinged at C, and governing all
the fire-ways, which damper may be opened when the fire is first lighted, and
closed as soon as the requisite draught in the direction of the arrows can be
sustained. Access may be given to the fire-ways for cleaning them either
at the top or the bottom, or at the end next the chimney, by having the plates

page_text: or other means of closing them made moveable at any of those places. This
arrangement of fire-ways between water vessels as above described with
descending draught, and with a damper for the purpose of creating a draught
as described, is particularly adapted for furnaces and boilers in which liquid
or gaseous fuel is burned in the fire-box, as it admits of the use of a form of
boiler which is compact in proportion to its power.
Fig. 15 also illustrates the second head of these improvements, and repre-
sents a different section of one of the water vessels, shewing the arrangement
preferred for the conductor rods. The open circles shew the rods in one
compartment, and the dots serve to indicate the relative positions occupied by
the conductor rods in the adjoining compartment, when the whole boiler is
put together. The water cases or compartments are all to be connected by
means of tubes or otherwise with one another at top and bottom, and also
with the water space in the fire-box compartment at or a little above the level
of the crown of the fire-box, and also near what is intended to be the usual
level of the water in the water compartment.
Fig. 16 illustrates the third head of these improvenients, and represents an
arrangement of fire-ways F, F, and water spaces, w, enclosed in
a circular shell. The fire-ways are cases closed at top and bottom, and at the
sides as shewn, but they are open at one end to the furnace, and at the other
end to the chimney. The dotted lines represent the surface of the water;
a, a, at top and bottom represent the top and bottom of the fire-ways. The
water spaces are enclosed by the sides of the fire-ways, and at the front and
back by plates of metal welded or soldered to the fire-way cases, and also if
necessary tied by rods extending from front to back, and screwed or other-
wise fastened into them; the water spaces are to be connected together at
top and bottom by tubes or otherwise in order to preserve the same water
level in all.
Fig. 17 illustrates the last head of my improvements with reference to
furnaces and steam boilers, and represents two separate boilers B¹, B³, with
their respective fire-boxes F and F, and having a return fire-way arrange-
ment between them, constructed as herein-before described under the second
head of these improvements, but any other kind of return tube or fire-way
compartment may be used. The dotted lines represent the water level and
S, S, represent two steam compartments. The steam surfaces in both boilers
are to be connected with one another and with the compartments S, S. The
water vessels in the return division of the boiler are to be connected by tubes
or otherwise at top and bottom with one another, and also with the water

page_text: spaces in the two boilers. The products of combustion may be made to
return either by entering at the top and descending to the bottom of the fire-.
way in the manner shewn in Fig. 13, or they may be made to pass from back
to front in a horizontal direction. This Figure will also serve to illustrate
the fourth head of these improvements if the second boiler B3 and fire-box E
be omitted from consideration.
1 proceed now to describe my improvements with reference to condensers.
Figures 18 and 19 represent two different sections of a condenser constructed
according to my improvements. Fig. 18 represents a section through all the
tubes; these tubes are constructed, as shewn, in the form of hollow cases
filled with water having conductor rods connecting the side of cach, and also
continued into the vacuum space so as to present within a small compass a
large amount of cooling or condensing surface, but any kind of tubes may be
used, so long as the principle of the arrangement, as before described, is
preserved. The steam to be condensed enters at S. The outer lines repre-
sent a section of the air-tight box within which the tubes are enclosed.
Fig. 19 represents a section of the same condenser taken in the line A, B, of
Fig. 18. The water for condensation enters at the bottom at 1, and passes
out at the top at D. The steam when condensed passes into the well through
the passages indicated by the descending arrows, and the steam enters the
condenser at S. The sides of the outer case may be made so as to be easily
removeable when desired, in order to afford access to the condenser for
cleaning, or the condenser may be conveniently constructed in separable
divisions for the same purpose. I prefer that the same water should be used
over and over again for condensing in order to keep the insides of the tubes
clean; this may be effected by any known means for causing the condensing
water after it has passed out of the condenser to pass over_cooling surfaces
exposed to the sea, or to fresh water, or to the air, and being caused to return
and re-enter the condenser at I after being cooled.
Having thus described the nature of the said Invention. and in what manner
the same is to be performed, 1 hereby declare that what I claim as of my
Invention is, with reference to steam engines,―
First, the use of lazy tongs acted upon by a cam fixed on the revolving shaft
or on the side rods of the engine for working the valves of steam engines and
force pumps, as herein-before described.
Secondly, the use of three valves or pairs of valves. worked independently,
as described for my end-to-end cylinder engines, together with the modification
described.

page_text: Thirdly, the working of single-acting double-cylinder expansion engines
without an exhaust valve, and the mode of effecting this end, as herein-before
described.
Fourthly, the use of revolving steam cocks or valves of the kind described
in substitution for reciprocating slide valves, whether as applied to my end-to-
end cylinder engines or to engines of other constructions.
Fifthly, the use of valves so constructed and arranged as to be capable of
opening the passage of communication between the two cylinders before the
high-pressure steam port is closed.
'This
Sixthly, the method of equalizing the power given out during the high-
pressure and expansion strokes by means of such an annular air or steam
space as is described under the ninth head of these improvements.
improvement is equally applicable, and I therefore claim its application to all
single-acting double-cylinder engines in which the stroke in one direction is
produced by the steam acting at high pressure and in the other direction by
the same steam used expansively.
Seventhly, the method of attaining the same end by means of either a
revolving or a reciprocating unbalanced arm or weight described under the
seventh and eighth heads of these improvements.
Eighthly, the system of maintaining a constant vacuum, either partial or
complete on the outer face alone of the expansion or high-pressure piston or
of both pistons and the arrangements for the same, as herein-before described.
This improvement is equally applicable, and I therefore claim its application
to all engines of the class described above in the sixth claim.
And, lastly, the use for force pumps of slide valves caused to move simul-
taneously, as herein-before described.
And, with reference to furnaces and steam boilers, what I claim is,-
First, the system of dividing the fire-box so as to have not only a set of
fire-bars for the coke to rest upon, but also a box for receiving coal fitted with
a piston for raising the coal as coked, and distributing it over the fire-bars, as
herein-before described.
Secondly, the use for the sides of the flues of steam boilers beyond the fire-
box of narrow hollow metal vessels or leaves filled with water, and having
conductor rods or bars not only connecting their two sides, but also extending
on one or both sides into the fire-way, as herein-before described.
Thirdly, the use as fire-ways of narrow metal cases open at the fire-box and
smoke-box ends, and having conductor rods or bars not only connecting their
two sides, but also extending on one or both sides into the water spaces, as

page_text: Fourthly, the arrangement described of a fire-box compartment combined
with a return fire-way compartment at the side of it entirely filled with water
in the ordinary working condition of the boiler.
And, fifthly, the arrangement described of two fire-box compartments with
a return fire-way compartment between them.
And, lastly, with reference to condensers for steam engines, what 1 claim
is the arrangement within an air-tight case of a central space surrounded by
water tubes, into which space the exhaust steam is caused to issue for the
purpose of producing surface condensation, in the manner herein-before
described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Thomas Ivory, have hereunto set my
hand & seal, the Twenty-fourth day of April, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-five.
Witness,
JOHN C. CHRISTIE,
Writer to the Signet,
4, Duncan Street,
Edinburgh.
THOMAS IVORY. (L.S.)