New or Improved Method of Moulding Glass and Apparatus therefor.
Year: 1890

page_text: ουιιμιιε υμενα
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PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
New or Improved Method of Moulding Glass and Apparatus
therefor.
I, LEON APPERT of 16, Rue Drouot, Paris, in the Republic of France, Glass Makers'
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
The object of my invention is a new method for moulding glass (which I call
methodical moulding) adapted for the manufacture of articles of all kinds, open at
one or both ends or closed, such as tubes, pipes, cylinders, vases, vats, barrels, and the
like, of any reasonable height and depth. The said method is characterised by
the employment of a hollow mould, open or closed at either end, into which the
fluid glass, when poured in, is moulded progressively (and methodically) by the
introduction from below and motion upwards of a core of suitable shape and
dimension.
The unchangeable nature of glass and the valuable property that it almost alone
possesses of being easily and thoroughly cleansed from all infectious germs with
which it may have been impregnated, render it very suitable for the manufacture
of various domestic utensils and of many articles for public or private hygienic
use. Glass can be obtained at a low price when special requirements, as regards
its colour, are not made, and this fact, in all countries, and more particularly in
those lacking in mineral elements for the production of metals, permits of it being
utilised frequently with advantage in the manufacture of articles of large con-
sumption, such as pipes, for conveying liquids or fluids, the supply of drinking
water and the carrying off of waste waters. It is particularly necessary in the
manufacture of pipes, in order to make them economically, to have recourse to
special processes of manufacture; this is necessitated owing to their comparative
weak substance, and to the great length which it is advisable to give them in
order to diminish, when laying the pipes, the number of joints, which are always
costly and require repairs.
In order to avoid the necessity of employing skilled workmen and especially
skilled glass workers whose wages are always high and whose number is limited,
recourse must be had to mechanical processes of manufacture, such as the moulding
process.
The moulding processes in use at present in glass only allow articles of small length
and height to be produced; my new process, however, remedies this drawback.
For producing a pipe, tube or any hollow article open at both ends, I use a hollow
metal mould bored cylindrically throughout its entire length, its interior section
having the shape of the outside of the tube or pipe to be produced.
This mould can be opened entirely lengthwise and in two or more parts of its
breadth, by means of hinges of sufficient number to allow the glass pipe or tube
to be easily taken out when made. Bolts or movable ferrules allow of its being
secured firmly.
A double perforated envelope or casing surrounds the lower end of the mould and
allows of its sides being heated or cooled at will. The length of the mould is

page_text: determined by the length of the pipe or tube to be produced, its length being equivalent
to the length of the pipe added to the length of two bearings arranged at each end and
projecting beyond the sides of the mould and serving as guides to the movable core.
Transverse hollow grooves, made in the walls of the mould at its two extremities and
also at intervals along its length, retain the molten glass during the operation of
moulding and prevent the glass being carried away by the core. These grooves may
be replaced by any other form of depression, made inside the mould.
The mould is erected vertically in the moulding room near the furnace and at such
a height above the floor of the room as to be easily filled from the top. It is held
firmly in a rigid frame in such a manner as to allow of its sides being opened and
closed.
The mould is traversed by a metallic core, either solid or hollow, and slightly
conical, and having for its form and dimensions, the interior form and dimensions of
the article or tube to be produced. The said core has preferably a length equal to
that of the mould, increased by a few centimetres, sufficient to allow the ogival-formed
point, which terminates the upper part thereof, to project from the mould. This point
allows the core to penetrate the fluid glass and facilitates its passage through it. It is
connected at its lower extremity to a cylindrical stem of the same length as itself,
which slides between two bearings sufficiently separated the one from the other to
guide it perfectly in its movement of vertical ascension in its axial relation to the
mould. This stem is itself connected to any suitable mechanism driven by steam,
water or compressed air of sufficient power.
The mode of action is as follows:-
--
The mould being closed and the core withdrawn to the lowest position of its course,
that is, to such a height that the little cylindrical part of the core just below the point
shall be at a level with the shoulder of the lower part, the molten glass is poured in
by means of a ladle or in any other way in sufficient quantity to forin a pipe or
tube. An upward movement is then imparted to the core which forces its
passage through the mass of glass just poured in, moulding it against the walls
of the mould, and pushing up the excess glass, which continues to be moulded
successively, according as the core ascends until the moment when, the cylindrical
portion of the core having reached the extremity of its course, that is to say to
the level of the lower portion of the upper bearing aforesaid the excess of the
glass is cut off and ejected from the mould on the point of the core.
The tube being then finished, the excess glass is quickly removed, the core is
drawn down, the mould is opened and, by means of tongs previously heated, the
finished tube or pipe open at both ends is removed and quickly conveyed to a
reheating furnace or a tempering bath.
When the pipe or tube to be produced is not of great length, the core can be
made of a single piece and of a slightly cylindro-conical form. When the pipe
or tube is to be of great length, in order to avoid breaking or cracking in con-
sequence of the chilling of the glass at its lower end which is first moulded, the
core is made of two pieces, so that the two cylindrical portions may be removed
from the mould each at one of its extremities. The upper portion of the core is
cylindrical, and has for its diameter the interior diameter of the piece. It is
provided with an ogival point as in the former case. This portion is hollow and
tits a tenon on the lower portion, which is cylindrical, but of a little less diameter
than that of the upper portion. These two portions should be made so as to be
separated with the greatest ease.
The moulding is effected in the same manner as with the one previously described,
with this difference, that the core having reached the end of its course and the
surplus glass having been removed, the upper portion of the core is taken hold
of by a nipper or clutch which is tightly compressed and lifted by any mechanism
whatever out of the mould. At the same time, the lower portion of the core is let
down and falls out of the mould and of the moulded article, the mould is then opened
and the tube taken out in its turn. The use of the core in two sections has not only
the advantage of permitting the moulding of pipes or articles of a much greater

page_text: length, but also of producing pipes perfectly cylindrical inside from one end to
the other. This process of progressive moulding can also be used with advantage for
moulding all kinds of articles of glass closed at one end. It is sufficient, in fact, after
proceeding in the manner above described and the glass is poured into the mould, to
insert, in the upper part, a cover, having the shape of the botto.n of the article to be
made and solidly fixed to the mould by any method. The glass is forced strongly
against this cover at the end of the course of the core.
Openings of suitable shape and number, arranged in the cover, allow the air
imprisoned in the mould to escape as well as form places for receiving the surplus
glass. This surplus glass will form projections on the article produced which can be
removed or planed to form feet on which the article can stand.
The removal from the mould is effected by the withdrawal of the cover, the pulling
out of the core, and the opening of the mould, as before described. If, in conse-
quence of the thickness of the piece or of the shape of the bottom of the same, in the
case of an article with closed end, or because of the fluidity of the glass or other
cause, it is found that the pressure produced by the weight of the mass of glass
poured in onto the core is insufficient for insuring the complete filling of the mould
and the moulding of the article; there can be placed on the surface of the molten
glass, when once poured in, a piece of metal of a section similar to the mould, having
sufficient play to slide easily (in the case of a mould open at the top it will be that of
the upper section) and of the thickness deemed most likely to be a suitable weight for
moulding the article. This metal plate partakes of the ascending motion of the glass
and of the core, and is ejected from the mould with the glass in the case of an open
mould or is pressed against the cover in the case of a mould for articles closed at one
end. In the first case, this metal plate must have an ogival shape with a flat bottom,
and, in the second case, a parallelopiped shape having on the under part the patterns
and projections which it may be desired to give to the piece when formed.
It can
also have, if necessary, vents corresponding to those in the bottom of the cover for
the escape of the surplus glass. This metal plate can even replace the cover against
which the bottom of the article is moulded. In this case, the upper extremity of the
mould being open, the upward motion of the plate is checked by means of bolts placed
at a suitable height which is determined by the size of the piece; the core, continuing
to press on the glass, forces it to mould itself against the bottom of the plate. It
may happen, in this case, that a thin ridge forms all round this plate at the joint
which can be very easily removed. The heavy metal plate may be replaced by a
lighter one operated by means of springs.
It is, of course, understood that these applications which 1 have just described are
only given as specimens, and that my new process of moulding can be applied to
manufacture other articles whatever may be their shapes and dimensions.
The new method of moulding has the following advantages
:-
1. It allows of articles being moulded of any and much larger dimensions than it
has been possible to make them hitherto.
2. The pressure of the core being only exerted progressively and always on molten
glass, the articles produced are clear of all kind of fissures, cracks and holes.
3. The interior surface of the articles is polished.
4. It is economical as it does not require the employment of skilled labour, and can
be carried out by unskilled men.
5. The apparatus employed is capable of giving a rapid and uninterrupted yield.
Dated this 1st day of February 1890.

page_text: COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
New or Improved Method of Moulding Glass and Apparatus
therefor.
1, LEON APPERT of 16, Rue Drouot, Paris, in the Republic of France, Glass
Makers' Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner
the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by
the following statement :-
The object of my invention is a new method for moulding glass (which I call
methodical moulding) adapted for the manufacture of articles of all kinds, open at
one or both ends or closed, such as tubes, pipes, cylinders, vases, vats, barrels, and
the like, of any reasonable beight and depth. The said method is characterised by
the combination of a hollow mould, open or closed at either end and supplied on all
its internal surface with grooves or cavities for the purpose of retaining the glass
already moulded with a conical metal core, solid or hollow, in a single piece or
formed of two independent pieces allowing of their being easily separated, even in
the mould itself, when the moulding of the article is completed.
The moulding processes in use at present in glass works only allow articles of
small length and height to be produced; my new process, however, remedies this
drawback.
In order to facilitate the comprehension of the Specification, I refer to the annexed
drawings, in which
Figure 1 is a longitudinal section, partly in elevation, of a sample of the apparatus
for methodical and progressive moulding, the said apparatus being adapted for the
production of a short article open at both ends, and being provided with a conical-
tipped core, the core being represented by continuous lines when at its highest
position, and in dotted lines, as at b, when in the position it assumes at the moment
the glass is poured in, and, as at c, when in the position it occupies at the moment of
withdrawing the article from the mould.
Figure 2 is a longitudinal section on a larger scale of the point of the core.
Figures 3 and 4 are views in transverse section (on a larger scale) along the
lines CD and B of Figure 1.
Figure 5 represents a longitudinal section partly in elevation of a type of apparatus
for progressive and methodical moulding having a cylindrical core, capable of being
divided, said apparatus being adapted for forming an article of greater length than
the preceding and open at both ends. The core is represented in continuous lines in
its highest position and in dotted lines at this being its position at the moment
when the glass is poured in.
Figure 6 is a longitudinal section, on a larger scale, of the point of the core, the
section being taken on the line ay of Figures 7 and 8.
Figures 7 and 8 are transverse sections along the lines CD and A B respectively
of Figure 6.
Figure 9 represents, in longitudinal section and partly in elevation, a type
apparatus for progressive and methodical moulding having a cylindrical core for
forming an article open at one end only, and
Figure 10 represents the finished moulded article.
Figure 11 shows a modified form of the apparatus depicted in Figure 9.
Figures 12, 13 and 14 illustrate a modified form of apparatus for moulding
articles having one end closed, Figure 12 being an end view with the mould and
core in section taken along the line CD, Figure 13, Figure 13 a section on the
line A B, Figure 12, parts being also in elevation, and Figure 14 a part section, on
an enlarged scale, also taken on the line C D, Figure 13.
Figures 15, 16, 17 and 18 represent an apparatus for moulding curved or bent
pipes or other hollow-ware in accordance with this invention; Figure 15 being an
elevation, the driving pulley, shaft bearings and framework being in section as on
line 1-2 of Figure 16; Figure 16 a view of the same apparatus in transverse

page_text: section taken along the line 3-4 of Figure 15; Figures 17 and 18 similar views to
Figure 16, in which the constituent parts of the apparatus have been displaced to
show their action clearly.
The same reference letters represent the same parts in the various figures.
For producing a pipe, tube or any hollow article open at both ends, I use a hollow
metal mould M bored cylindrically throughout its entire length, its interior section
having the shape of the outside of the tube or pipe T to be produced.
This mould can be opened entirely in the direction of its length and also transversely
at two or more points in its length (Figures 4 and 5) by means of hinges M', the
joints being of sufficient number to allow the glass pipe or tube to be easily taken out
when made. Bolts or movable ferrules M" allow of its being secured firmly.
A double perforated envelope or casing E surrounds the lower end of the mould
and allows of its sides being heated or cooled at will. The length of the mould M is
determined by the length of the pipe or tube to be produced, its length being
equivalent to the length of the pipe added to the length of two bearings m arranged
at each end and projecting beyond the sides of the mould and serving as guides to
the movable core. Transverse hollow grooves m³ made in the walls of the mould at
its two extremities and also at intervals along its length, retain the molten gliss
during the operation of moulding and prevent the glass being carried away by the
core. These grooves may be replaced by any other form of depression, made inside
the mould.
The mould is erected vertically in the moulding room near the furnace and at such
a height above the floor of the room as to be easily filled from the top. It is held
firmly in a rigid frame in such a manner as to allow of its sides being opened and
closed.
The mould is traversed by a metallic core N, either solid or hollow, and slightly
conical, and having for its form and dimensions, the interior form and dimensions of
the article or tube to be produced. The said core N has preferably a length equal to
that of the mould M increased by a few centimetres, sufficient to allow the ogival
point N, which terminates the upper part thereof, to project from the mould. This
point allows the core to penetrate the Huid glass and facilitates its passage through it.
It is connected at its lower extremity to a cylindrical stem N" of the same length as
itself, which slides between two bearings n sufficiently separated the one from the
other to guide it perfectly, during its movement of vertical ascnsion, in its axial
relation to the mould. This stem is itself connected to any suitable mechanism
driven by steam, water or compressed air of sufficient power to satisfactorily perform
the moulding.
The mode of action is as follows:-
The mould being closed and the core withdrawn to the lowest position of its course,
that is, to such a height that the cylindrical part of the core just below the point shall
be at a level with the shoulder of the lower part of the moul (position & Figures 1
and 5) the molten glass is poured in by means of a la", or in any other way, in
sufficient quantity to form a pipe or tube. An upward movement is then imparted to
the core which forces its passage through the mass of glass just poured in, moulding
it against the walls of the mould, and pushing up the excess glass, which continues to
be moulded successively, as the core ascends. until the cylindrical portion of the core
having reached the extremity of its course-that is to say to the level of the lower
portion of the upper bearing m aforesaid the excess of the glass is cut off and
ejected from the mould on the point of the core N¹.
The tube being then finished, the excess glass is quickly removed, the core is drawn
down, the mould is opened and, by means of tongs previously heated, the finished
tube or pipe open at both ends is removed and quickly conveyed to a reheating
furnace or a tempering bath according to the sort of tubes it is desired to produce.
When the pipe or tube to be produced is not of great length, the core can be made
of a single cylindrical piece very slightly tapered or conical as in Figure 1. When
the pipe or tube is to be of great length (Figure 5) in order to avoid breaking or
cracking in consequence of the chilling of the glass at its lower end which is first

page_text: moulded, the core is made of two pieces N N" (Figure 6) so that the two cylindrical
portions may be removed from the mould one at each of its extremities thereof. The
upper portion N of the core is cylindrical, and has for its diameter the interior
diameter of the piece. It is provided with an ogival point N' as in the former case.
This portion N N is hollow and fits a tenon on the lower portion N1 which cylin-
drical, but of a little less diameter than that of the upper portion N. These two
portions should be made so as to be separated with the greatest ease.
The moulding is effected in the same manner as with the one previously described,
with this difference that the core having reached the end of its course and the surplus
glass having been removed, the upper portion N of the core is taken holl of by a
nipper or clutch G which is tightly compressed, and lifted by any mech unism whatever
out of the mould. At the same time, the lower portion of the core N" is let down
and falls out of the mould and of the moulded article, the mould is then opened and
the tube taken out in its turn. The use of the core in two sections has not only the
advantage of permitting the moulding of pipes or articles of a much greater length,
but also of producing pipes perfectly cylindrical inside from one end to the other.
This process of progressive moulding can also be used with advantage for moulding
all kinds of articles of glass closed at one end. It is sufficient, in fact, (Figure 9)
after proceeding in the manner above described up to the point of pouring the glass
into the mould M, to insert in or attach to the upper part of the mould, a cover H,
having the shape of the bottom of the article to be made and solidly fixed to the mould
by any method. The glass is forced strongly against this cover as the core approaches
the end of its course.
Openings Hof suitable shape and number, arranged in the cover, allow the air
imprisoned in the mould to escape and also form apertures for the exit of the surplus
glass. This surplus glass will form projections S on the article produced (Figure 10)
which projections can be removed or planed to form feet on which the article can
stand.
The removal from the mould is affected by the withdrawal of the cover, the pulling
out of the core, and the opening of the mould, as before described. If, in consequence
of the thickness of the piece or of the shape of the bottom of the same (in the case of
an article with closed end) or because of the fluidity of the glass or other cause, it is
found that the pressure produced by the weight of the mass of glass poured in onto
the core is insufficient for insuring the complete filling of the mould and the moulding
of the article, there can be placed on the surface of the molten glass, when once
poured in, a piece of metal of a section similar to the mould having sufficient play to
slide easily (in the case of a mould open at the top it will be that of the upper section
of the mould) and of a thickness deemed most likely to be a suitable weight for
ensuring the proper moulding of the article. This metal plate partakes of the
ascending motion of the glass and of the core, and is ejected from the mould with
the glass in the case of an open mould or is pressed against the cover in the case of a
mould for articles closed at one end. In the first case, this metal plate must have an
ogival shape with a flat bottom, and, in the second case, a parallelopiped shape having
on the under part the patterns and projections which it may be desired to give to the
piece when formed. It can also have, if necessary, vents corresponding to those in
the bottom of the cover for the escape of the surplus glass. This inetal plate can even
replace the cover against which the bottom of the article is moulded. In this case, the
upper extremity of the mould being open, the upward motion of the plate is checked
by means of bolts placed at a suitable height which is determined by the size of the
piece. The core, continuing to press on the glass, forces it to mould itself against the
bottom of the plate. It may happen, in this case, that a thin ridge forms all round
this plate at the joint which can be very easily removed. The heavy metal plate may
be replaced by a lighter one operated by means of a spring or springs, as in
Figure 11.
When it is desired to mould thick articles, or articles closed at one end, the
following process can be employed in combination with the apparatus represented in
Figures 12, 13 and 14.

page_text: The upper edges of the mould M always open at top, are beveled obtusely as at M",
only leaving as a plane horizontal surface a land of the breadth of 1 to 3 millimetres;
the thickness of the mould being 20 to 30 millimetres. On this narrow surface a
cylinder or roller R can freely roll, pressing with all its weight. This roller is
turned and polished, of any suitable metal, of variable diameter according to the
dimensions of the piece to be made, and of sufficient weight, and its generatrices
may be straight or slightly curved in one direction or the other. Its surface may
also be provided with designs in intaglio or relief.
The lower part of the mould being alrealy filled and consequently the article
partly moulded, the glass not yet moulded but still fluid rises, in consequence of the
ascent of the core N, up to the upper edges of the mould, which it fills completely,
and even overflows, if an excess has been poured in at the commencement of the
casting. At this moment the operator brings into play the cylinder or roller R,
which has hitherto been supported at a suitable height on the rails R' arranged on
each side of the mould M, or in any other suitable manner. The roller rests on the
edges of the mould and, commencing at one end, levels the liquid glass giving it a
thickness corresponding to the height of the edges of the mould, whilst at the same
time it pushes before it the excess glass which has been poured in and drives it to
the outside of the mould.
The cylinder by pressing on the thin edges M¹ of the mould cuts the glass by
thinning it down, and thus enables the fins or edges forming the excess of glass, to
detach themselves from the moulded article. The latter is thus completely inished
without any need of subsequent retouching.
The advantage of this process consists therefore in producing, at one operation, a
finished article, the thickness of the bottom of which is exactly of the predetermined
size, and is consequently exactly equal in all the articles produced by the same
arrangement of core and mould.
In order that the upper surface N111 of the core N may be hot enough not to con-
geal the glass and thus to destroy its malleability, and yet at the same time that it
shall be cold enough to prevent the glass from adhering thereto, and to enable the
finished article to be withdrawn, the upper part of the core is formed of a hollow
chamber F in which, by means of tubes ff" suitably arranged, water of a suitable
temperature is caused to circulate.
The new process of methodical and progressive moulding of glass also allows of the
moulding, with the greatest facility and exactitude, of articles having on their external
or internal surfaces patterns in relief or intaglio, whether these articles are open at
both ends or only at one.
In the first case it is sufficient if the interior face of the mould have the patterns in
relief or in intaglio which it is desired to reproduce on the external surface of the
article, whilst the core remains plain and arranged as before described.
In cases where the patterns are to be reproduce on the internal surface of the
article, the core instead of being smooth has projections in relief or in intaglio
corresponding to the patterns which it is desired to obtain. In this latter method
the patterns impressed are in the form of longitudinal bands of any shape in transverse
section, or of a helicoidal form if a rotary motion is given to the core during its
ascension. Both these modes of decoration can be applied simultaneously to the
articles, and patterns can be formed on both their faces by combining the processes
just described.
By the use of this invention it is possible obtain hollow ware for lighthouses and
the necessary tubes or cylinders for making window glass whether plain or figured,
these cylinders (after having been split) being finally flattened in a flattening
furnace.
When it is desired to apply this process to the moulding of curved or bent tubes,
pipes or hollow ware, the operation is performed in the manner herein before explained
for moulding straight tubes, but the apparatus employed presents some peculiarities
of construction which will now he explained, reference being had to Figures 15 to 18
inclusive. The mould may, in this case, as in the preceding ones, have grooves or

page_text: cavities internally for retaining the glass, but the necessity for this is less in this
instance, as, in consequence of its curved shape, the tube has less tendency to detach
itself from the mould. Both the mould and the core (which as before described is in
two parts) have a similar curve to that of the article to be moulded; they can both
he revolved round the same axis, and in consequence of this movement they lend
themselves easily to the operations of moulding and of removing the core and article
from the mould.
M M is a cast metal curved mould having an internal dimension equal to that of
the external dimension of the curved tube to be obtained. This mould which opens,
as in the case of the moulds previously described, is formed, either at one or both
sides of the mould, in two independent parts M M connected to the opposite part,
by means of the hinges m' m". The mould is mounted, by the middle piece A, on
the axle B around which a rotary motion may be imparted to it. It has at its two
ends as at a a' a metal ring into which the core can pass with a slight play. This
ring serves to retain the glass while it is still fluid and to regulate the thickness of
the tube to be formed. N is the movable core resting in the hollow core carrier N
which is of a somewhat less diameter than the greatest diameter of the core N. The
core carrier N is fitted on a cross piece C with which it is immovably united by
means of a bolt or other suitable device. This cross piece can itself revolve round the
axle B, as, for instance, by means of the arms B' B' which have at their extremities
a longitudinal bar B" serving as a handle. His a connecting rod serving to main-
tain the supports L of the frame in their proper positions. P is the driving pulley.
The following is the working of the apparatus:-
When the apparatus is in the position shown in Figure 16, that is to say, the
core N penetrating into the mould M M and plugging its lower end, the part M of
the mould is closed by means of the bolt V and the part M is opened; a sufficient
quantity of glass is then poured from a ladle, or in any other manner, into the part M
of the mould in such a way as to surround the core N and then the part M of the
mould is closed by means of the bolt V; that done, the centre piece A is discon-
nected from the shaft B and a slight rotary motion is given to the mould in the
direction of the arrow. In consequence of this motion the core N which is stationary,
penetrates through the mass of fluid glass with which the mould M M" is filled and
presses this glass against the walls of the mould, thus forming the tube, and con-
tinues to do so until the part a of the mould comes in contact with the cross piece C
of the core carrier (Figure 17). Then the core N to which the excess of glass
adheres is withdrawn from the carrier, the centre piece A is connected to the shaft B,
the arms B which retain the core carrier N in position are unkeyed from the
shaft B and the carrier is given a rotary movement in the direction of the arrow,
whereby it is caused to assume its former position with reference to the mould, as in
Figure 18. The moulded tube is thus free to be removed from the mould and by
opening the movable cheeks M and M" of the mould, the moulded tube can be with-
drawn therefrom, the said tube having the length of an arc of 180 degrees less the
thickness of the cross piece C and the rings a and a¹.
It is, of course, understood that these applications which I have just described are
only given as specimens, and that my new process of moulding can be applied to
manufacture other articles whatever may be their shapes and dimensions.
It will be obvious that, without departing from the scope of my invention, I may
vary the dimensions, proportions and accessory parts of the apparatus and of the
moulds to be used, according to the forms and dimensions of the articles to be made,
and I may also employ my new or improved process of progressive and systematic
moulding, for moulding all sorts of articles whatever may be their shapes or
dimensions.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
claim is :
1
.
"

page_text: moulding glass, crystal, or other vitreous substance into hollow articles of the kind
described of any required form and dimensions and open at one or both ends, in
which method and apparatus there is employed in combination, a hollow mould of suit-
able form and dimensions open at one or both ends and provided on its inner surface
with grooves or cavities of any suitable form and size; and a metallic cylindrical or
very slightly conical core either solid or hollow, of a form and size corresponding to
those of the article to he moulded, and made either in a single piece or in two
independent parts, the said core being introduced from below and travelling upwards
in the mould, in order to mould therein progressively and systematically the liquid
glass or other vitreous substance which has been first poured therein; substantially as
described.
2. In an apparatus of the kind described a series of grooves or cavities of any
suitable form or dimensions made in the internal walls of the mould, the function of
said grooves or cavities being to retain the glass already moulded and to prevent it
from following the ascending movement of the core; substantially as described.
3. In an apparatus such as described a cylindrical or very slightly conical metallic
core either solid or hollow, and formed of two independent cylindrical or very slightly
conical parts, of different diameters, placed one above the other, and capable of
being separated in the mould when the moulding of the article is completed;
substantially as described and shown.
4. In an apparatus of the kind described the combination with the mould and core
of a piece of metal acting Ly its own weight or by spring power and capable, in the
case of a mould for articles closed at one end, of serving as a lid for the mould,
whereby any supplementary pressure which may be rendered necessary is exerted on
the mass of molten glass contained in the mould; substantially as described.
5. In an apparatus of the kind described, the employment of a core in the top of
which there is formed a chamber through which a current of water at a suitable
temperature can circulate, whereby there may be obtained the most favourable
temperature for moulding; substantially as described.
6. In an apparatus such as described, the employment of a roller or cylinder with a
smooth surface, or otherwise adapted to travel over the upper beveled off edges of
the mould, and by its motion to drive off the excess of still fluid glass; substantially
as described.
7. An apparatus for the systematic and progressive moulding of curved tubes,
pipes or other curved hollow articles, said apparatus having, in combination, a hollow
mould of the same curve as the article to be moulded, open at one or both ends and
of suitable form and dimensions; and a core formed in two parts and having the
same curve as the mould; both the core and mould being capable (whilst remaining
in the same relative position as regards their common axis) of a rotary motion round
said axis, whereby, on the one hand, the mould may be moved, whilst the core remains
stationary, and, on the other hand, the core may be moved whilst the mould remains
stationary substantially as and for the purposes described.
8. The application of the herein described process of systematic and progressive
moulding to the manufacture of glass tubes, suitable for the conveyance of clean or
dirty water or other liquid or mobile substance, said tubes being capable of being
employed alone, when they have only to resist a slight pressure (being in that case
connected one with another by means of ring joints) or capable of being covered
with some protective coating of any suitable material, either plastic or otherwise,
mineral or metallic, when they are intended to resist a much higher pressure; in which
case the ring joints may be replaced by ordinary socket joints; substantially as
described.
لبعد
1
1
1000
WM. P. THOMPSON & Co.,
Of 6, Lord Street, Liverpool, Agents for the Applicant.