IMPROVEMENTS IN TREATING OR OPERATING ON FARINACEOUS MATTERS TO OBTAIN STARCH AND OTHER PRODUCTS AND IN THE MANUFACTURE OF STARCH
Year: 1840

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME I
ORLANDO JONES of the City Road in the County of Middlesex
Accountant send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria
by Her Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain bearing
date at Westminster the Thirtieth day of April in the third year of
Her reign did for Herself Her heirs and successors give and grant
unto me the said Orlando Jones Her especial licence full power
sole privilege and authority that I the said Orlando Jones my
exors admors and assigns or such others as I the said Orlando
Jones my exors admors or assigns should at any time agree
with and no others from time to time and at all times during
the term of years therein expressed should and lawfully might make
use exercise and vend within England Wales and the Town of
Berwick upon Tweed my Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN TREATING OR
OPERATING ON FARINACEOUS MATTERS TO OBTAIN STARCH AND OTHER
PRODUCTS AND IN THE MANUFACTURE OF STARCH" in which said Letters
Patent is contained a proviso that I the said Orlando Jones shall
cause a particular description of the nature of my said Invention and
in what manner the same is to be performed to be inrolled in Her said
20939-1.

page_text: Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next
and immediately after the date of the said in part recited Letters
Patent as in and by the same reference being thereunto had will more
fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE that in compliance with the said proviso I the
said Orlando Jones do hereby declare that the nature of my Invention
and the manner in which the same is to be carried into effect are fully
described in and by the following statement thereof (that is to say)
All substances containing starch are composed of vegetable matters
besides the starch itself and in the manufacture of starch it is desirable
to separate it from the other vegetable matters with as little waste of or
injury to the starch as possible and in such manufacture as at present
generally practised (although other processes have been used) it is usual
to steep the substance from which starch is to be obtained for some
weeks in water for the purpose of separating by fermentation the starch
from the other matters and by such process not only is the starch or a
portion of it injured but a considerable portion of it is retained in the
other products and such other products with the starch associated
therewith (usually more than one-half of the whole weight of the sub-
stance employed) are of comparatively little value owing to the
fermentation through which they have passed. Now by my Invention
not only may a larger product of starch of the best character be obtained
from a given quantity of wheat or other substance containing starch
but the time expended in the production of it is materially shortened.
And further some of the other products of the substance employed can
be obtained fit for use from their not having gone through the process
of fermentation and thus they will be found suitable with an admixture
of wheaten or other flour for the making of bread biscuit and other
preparations of food. And particularly I am enabled to apply my
Invention to rice which has not hitherto been rendered practically avail-
able as a source of starch so as to obtain starch of good quality. And
further by subjecting rice to part of my treatment or operation as herein-
after explained I can obtain as a product a flour or powder divested
of its harsh character and more resembling wheaten or ordinary flour
appearance and to the touch which flour or powder is applicable to
in

page_text: various useful purposes to which starch of a low quality could be
applied and indeed it may at once be used as a low quality starch itself
whether for distillation stiffening fabrics making paste or other such
like purposes and which may be also useful as an article of food. I
will here generally state that my Invention relates to a mode of treating
or operating on farinaceous matters to obtain starch and other products
and for manufacturing starch by means of submitting such farinaceous
matters to a caustic alkaline process as hereafter more particularly
explained. I would observe however that I have not yet found that
my Invention can be applied with advantage in the manufacture of
starch from potatoes. In order that my Invention may be fully understood
and readily carried into effect I will proceed to describe the pro-
cesses as practised by me and which so far as my experience goes
I have found the best for effecting its object and as I find the
most advantageous results of my Invention are from its applica-
tion to rice I will first describe the method of applying it thereto.
I find it convenient to have the following vessels N° 1 one or more
vessels of iron tinned or copper tinued or such vessels may be of stone-
ware wherein to macerate the rice in a caustic alkaline solution
previous to grinding as hereafter explained and also for washing the
rice after the process of maceration. I would observe that no vessels
ought to be used liable to be materially acted upon by the alkali. N° 2
one or more vessels of iron tinned or copper tinned or of stoneware
wherein to macerate the rice flour in a caustic alkaline solution as
herein-after explained. N° 3 one or more vessels of wood wherein the
deposit of the starch is effected. N° 4 one or more vessels of wood
wherein the deposit of the gluten and other matters combined with the
caustic alkaline solution is effected. N° 5 one or more vessels of
wood to contain the water after washing the rice as stated above.
First I procure or make by the well-known methods described in
chemical works a solution of either caustic soda or caustic potash in water
and by means of a test acid which will be found described under the head
"Alkalimetry "in chemical works. I ascertain with great care the exact
per-centage of water and caustic alkali (that is real soda or real potash)
contained in the solution and I dilute it till I find the solution 'to
contain about two hundred grains of real soda or real potash to the gallon.

page_text: To every fifty gallons of this caustic alkaline solution (which I put
into a vessel number 1) I add one hundred pounds of rice and allow
it to macerate from twenty to twenty-four hours.
Secondly when the maceration has been performed as above ex-
plained I draw off as much of the alkaline solution as possible into a
vessel N° 4. This may be done by means of a tin syphon or of
a tinned tap fixed at the bottom of the vessel the end of the tap
which is inside the vessel should be covered with a piece of finely
perforated tin or other strainer to prevent the rice passing through
with the liquor I then pour as much cold water on the rice in
vessel N° 1 as will be equal to twice the quantity of alkaline solution
taken off after stirring the rice and water well the water is drawn off
by the same means as before described into vessel No. 5. This latter
process which I call washing the rice is for the purpose of freeing
it from the caustic alkaline solution the rice is then removed into sieves
to drain.
Thirdly when the rice has done draining which can be ascer-
tained by its ceasing to drip I reduce it to flour by crushing or grinding
it with rollers or millstones or by other mechanical means used for
such purposes. The flour is then passed through sieves by means
of brushes and the particles which will not pass through a sieve
called by sieve makers a course silk sieve should be returned to the
crushing or grinding machine to be reduced sufficiently fine and then
passed through the sieves until the whole (except a small portion of the
outer skin or bran which is refuse) is thus disposed of.
I
Fourthly I proceed to macerate the flour thus obtained for which
purpose put into a vessel N° 2 a solution of caustic alkali of the
strength before named (about two hundred grains of real soda or real
potash to the gallon) and to every one hundred gallons of this caustic
solution I add one hundred pounds of the rice flour taking care to stir
it gradually into the solution until it is uniformly mixed leaving no por-
tion knotty or partially damped. Into this mixture I put any deposit
which may have taken place in vessel N° 5 (wherein the water with
which the rice was washed has been put) which deposit is obtained by
drawing off the water therefrom by a syphon or by taps or other obvious
means. The contents of vessel N° 2 should be stirred up together

page_text: repeatedly during twenty-four hours and then allowed to stand for about
seventy hours to settle or deposit. The process of this deposit is as fol-
lows The first deposit is composed of fibrous matters with a little
starch the second is starch the gluten with traces of other matter is held
in combination with or in solution in the caustic alkaline liquid which in
consequence is of a brownish yellow colour more or less turbid. When
the starch is deposited (which may be ascertained by drawing off from.
time to time a portion of the liquor into a glass when if any starch
remains suspended it will be easily detected and further time must be
allowed for the deposit) I draw off the brownish yellow liquor or caustic
alkaline solution (which is at the top) into vessel N° 4 without disturbing
the starch for which purpose I use a tin syphon. A quantity of water
equal to about twice the bulk of caustic alkaline solution taken off is
now to be poured on the deposit in vessel N° 2 for the purpose as
well of washing out the alkali as for drawing off the starch from the other
matters and the whole well stirred up. This liquor is to be allowed to rest
about an hour when the matters other than starch (which deposit much
quicker than the starch) will subside carrying therewith a small portion
of the starch but will leave by far the greater bulk of the starch sus-
pended in the liquor. The liquor thus containing the starch I then
draw off by means of a tin syphon passing it through sieves such as are
commonly used by starch makers and called by sieve makers fine silk
sieves (in order to remove any small portions of outer skin or bran) into
a vessel N° 3. In drawing off I commence at the top of the liquor
keeping the end of the syphon about an inch under the surface till I
come to the liquor containing principally other matters than starch,
which may be determined at any time by running a little of it into a
glass vessel when if it contain any of the other matters insoluble in the
caustic alkaline solution the same will soon subside and become appa-
rent. When I have drawn off the liquor containing the starch I pour
into the vessel N° 2 (containing the other matters) a quantity of water
equal to about one-third of the starch liquor drawn off and stir it up
and allow them again to subside and draw off as already described.
The process of adding more water of stirring up of allowing to sub-
side and of drawing off may be repeated till the whole or nearly the

page_text: whole of the starch is drawn off from the other matters as before
described.
The starch liquor in No. 3 is then to be allowed about seventy hours
to settle or deposit and after the deposit has taken place which may be
ascertained by the means before described the waste liquor is to be
drawn off and the starch stirred up blued (if thought necessary) drained
dried and finished in the usual way.
I have described above the mode of obtaining the best quality of
starch but I propose to procure a lower or secondary quality by the
following processes In one process I macerate the rice wash it drain
it grind it pass the flour through sieves macerate the flour and wash
the starch as in the preceding process but instead of drawing off the
starch while in suspension by means of a syphon from the other matters
mixed with it in vessel N° 2 I simply strain the mixture (after well
stirring it) into vessel N° 3 through a fine silk sieve before described so
as to remove any small portion of outer skin or bran or other matter
and treat the starch as in the preceding process.
In another process for obtaining starch of a lower or secondary
quality I proceed as follows I macerate the rice as before described
in the process for making starch of the first or best quality and draw
off the caustic alkaline solution after the lapse of about twelve hours.
The same quantity and strength of fresh caustic alkaline solution is then
added to the rice and allowed to remain for the same time and is drawn
off as before. This operation is repeated three or four times until as
much of the gluten or colouring matter is removed as may be desired
the rice is then to be washed drained dried and ground into flour and
the flour is to be passed through sieves as before to remove any small
portion of outer skin or bran and the flour thus procured may be used
as starch of an inferior quality. This inferior starch may be used not
only for the purpose of stiffening fabrics but also for that of distillations
making paste and in short for all purposes to which a low quality
starch may be applied. It may also be used as food but intended for
that purpose it is to be prepared by the second or last process above
described for making starch of a lower or secondary quality with the
exception that instead of three or four macerations only one is necessary.

page_text: In making bread biscuit or other articles of food I have found that a
very beneficial proportion in which this flour may be mixed with
wheaten or other flour is one part of the former to three parts of the
latter. And here I would observe that the process of maceration which
I have recommended to be applied to rice in its whole or usual state of
commerce I also apply to all grain of a harsh or brittle character. To
make starch from wheat or other similar grain suitable for making starch
I crush or grind it into meal in the usual way. Into a vessel N° 2 I
put a solution of caustic alkali as before stated (strength about one
hundred grains of real soda or real potash to the gallon) and to every
one hundred gallons of this caustic alkaline solution I add fifty pounds
of the meal taking care to stir it in gradually till the whole is uniformly
mixed this process of stirring should be repeated frequently during
about twelve hours when I allow it to stand seventy hours or there-
abouts to settle or deposit. The first deposit is the outer skin or bran
the second vegetable fibre and the third starch; the gluten with traces
of other matters is held in combination with or in solution in the caustic
alkaline liquor which is above the deposits and becomes of a brownish
yellow color. When the starch is deposited which may be ascertained
by the means before mentioned I draw off the brownish yellow liquor
which is on the top into a vessel N° 4 without disturbing the starch
for which purpose I use a tin syphon I then pour on the deposit in
the vessel No 2 as much water as will be requisite to pass it through
sieves of the usual description used by starch manufacturers for
separating the bran and I run the liquor into a vessel in order to
separate the starch from the other matters as before described. The
process from this point will be the same as that described under the
head of rice starch.
I shall now describe the method of obtaining the gluten for use. As
soon as the brownish-yellow caustic alkaline liquor containing it is
drawn off into vessel N° 4 as much sulphuric acid as will neutralize
the alkali is to be cautiously added. The starch manufacturer will
know when he has added a sufficient quantity of acid by using the well-
known test of litmus and turmeric papers. I then allow it to stand
about twelve hours to settle or deposit after which I run off the clear

page_text: top liquid by means of a syphon the deposit is then mixed with a
quantity of clean water equal to what was drawn off allowed to settle
or deposit and drawn off as before. The deposit is then to be drained
and dried in stoves then ground or crushed by a mill or by rollers or
any other mechanical means used for such purposes and the flour thus
produced may be mixed with wheaten or other flour for bread or
biscuit or other articles of food and I have found that a very beneficial
proportion in which this flour may be mixed with wheaten or other
flour is one part of the former to three parts of the latter. The other
matter than starch which is separated in the manufacture of the better
quality of starch may be mixed with the gluten and the whole drained
dried ground and appropriated with the gluten as above described.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention I would have it
understood that although I have been particular in describing the
processes and quantities of matters as practised by me and, which I
have found to be the best for giving effect to my Invention I do not
confine myself thereto but what I claim as my Invention is
First the mode of treating or operating on farinaceous matters to
obtain starch and other products especially the flour or powder pro-
duced from rice and in the manufacture of starch by submitting farina-
ceous matters to a process or processes of caustic alkaline treatment as
herein described.
And secondly I claim the mode of manufacturing starch from rice by
the process or processes herein described.
In witness whereof I the said Orlando Jones have hereunto set
my hand and seal this Thirtieth day of October in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and forty.
ORLANDO JONES (L.S.)
AND BE IT REMEMBERED That on the Thirtieth day of
October in the year of our Lord 1840 the aforesaid Orlando 30
Jones came before our said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery
and acknowledged the specification aforesaid and all and everything
therein contained and specified in form above written and also the

page_text: specification aforesaid was stamped according to the tenor of the Statute
made for that purpose.
Tallad
L
of Lond
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME I
ORLANDO JONES of the City Road in the County of Middlesex Ac-
countant send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria by Her
Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain bearing date
at Westminster the Thirtieth day of April One thousand eight hundred
and forty and in the third year of Her reign did for Herself Her
heirs and successors give and grant unto me the said Orlando Jones
my exors admors and assigns Her especial licence full power sole
privilege and authority that I the said Orlando Jones my exors
admors or assigns and such others as I the said Orlando Jones
should at any time agree with and no others from time to time and
at all times thereafter during the term of years therein expressed
should and lawfully might make use exercise and vend within that
part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland called
England the Dominion of Wales the Town of Berwick upon Tweed
the Islands of Jersey Guernsey Alderney Sark and Man and also
in all Her Majesty's colonies and plantations abroad my Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN TREATING OR OPERATING ON FARINACEOUS MATTERS TO
OBTAIN STARCH AND OTHER PRODUCTS AND IN MANUFACTURING STARCH"
And whereas I the said Orlando Jones in pursuance of a proviso
in the said in part recited Letters Patent contained did cause a
particular description of the nature of my said Invention and in what
manner the same is to be performed by an instrument or specifi-
cation in writing under my hand and seal to be inrolled in Her said
Majesty's High Court of Chancery on the Thirtieth day of October
One thousand eight hundred and forty And whereas I the said
Orlando Jones have since the said Letters Patent were so granted and

page_text: the said instrument or specification was so inrolled as aforesaid dis-
covered that a certain part of my said Invention as described in the said
specification is not a new or original Invention by reason of certain
Letters Patent which I have discovered were granted to Thomas
Wickham "FOR AN IMPROVED AND PREPARED RICE RENDERED APPLICABLE
FOR USE IN ALL CASES IN WHICH STARCH IS APPLIED "the specification of
which last-mentioned Invention I find to have been inrolled on the
Tenth day of March One thousand eight hundred and twenty-four
and which specification is as follows that is to say "The substance of
my Invention is an improvement or preparation of rice which I make
in the following manner I take three ounces of sub-carbonate of potash
called pearlashes and one ounce of unslacked lime mix them together
in two gallons of boiling water and let the whole continue about ten
minutes until the sediment has fallen to the bottom of the vessel I
then pour off so much of the liquor as is clear upon eight pounds of
rice in the grain placed in another vessel and I keep it in a state of
agitation for an hour I then strain off the liquor from the rice and
wash the rice either in warm or cold water continuing to apply clear
water until it comes away without any turbid appearance I then mix
four ounces of sulphuric acid with a gallon of cold water immerse the
rice in it let it remain one hour pour off the liquid and then wash the
rice in either warm or cold water until the acid is removed I next dry
the rice upon a stove or kiln or in the open air and then grind it into
flour when it is fit for use. I have named sulphuric acid because I
have found it the most economical but I claim the use of any other
acid of which there are several capable of whitening rice after it has
been acted upon by the alkaline ley but I do not claim the exclusive
use of the alkaline ley or the acids except for the purpose herein
stated And whereas for the reason aforesaid I am desirous of entering
a disclaimer of that part of my said specification herein-after mentioned
and have obtained leave of Her Majesty's Attorney General certified
by his fiat and signature according to the form of the Statute in such
case made and provided.
NOW KNOW YE that I the said Orlando Jones do hereby disclaim
as part of my Invention any right to the process described in my said

page_text: specification of subjecting rice previous to crushing or grinding the
same into flour to a caustic alkaline solution and I do hereby
also disclaim as part of my Invention any right to the process
described in my said specification of drying rice after it has been
subjected to such caustic alkaline solution and of crushing or
grinding such dried rice into flour. And I the said Orlando Jones
do hereby declare that the above disclaimer is not such disclaimer as
will extend the exclusive right granted to me by the said Letters Patent
of the Thirtieth day of April One thousand eight hundred and forty.
In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand the Nineteenth
day of April One thousand eight hundred and forty-two.
ORLANDO
Witness J. H. WATSON 19 King's Arms Yard Solicitor.
JONES.
To the CLERK of the PATENTS of ENGLAND.
This is to certify That the above-named Orlando Jones of the City
Road in the County of Middlesex Accountant has applied to me for
leave to enter with you the above-written disclaimer of part of the
specification of a certain Invention for which Letters Patent were duly
granted to him under the Great Seal of Great Britain and dated at
Westminster the Thirtieth day of April One thousand eight hundred
and forty and on considering the said application I directed him to
advertise his said disclaimer in the London Gazette and in the Times
& Morning Chronicle newspapers and such advertisements having
been duly made and no objection assigned to the said application I
have accordingly granted leave to the said Orlando Jones to file his
said disclaimer pursuant to the Statute passed in the fifth and sixth
years of the reign of His late Majesty King William the Fourth
entitled "An Act to amend the Law touching Letters Patent for
Inventions."

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED That on the Twenty-fifth day of May in
the year of our Lord 1842 the aforesaid Orlando Jones came before our
said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery and acknowledged the disclaimer
aforesaid and all and everything therein contained and specified in
form above written and also the disclaimer aforesaid was stamped
according to the tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Inrolled the Twenty-sixth day of May in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and forty-two.