IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BARRELS
Year: 1874

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LETTERS PATENT to James Carter, of Northumberland Street, Charing.
Cross, in the County of Middlesex, Gentleman, for the. Invention
of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BARRELS."-A communica-
tion from abroad by Amasa Mason, of the City and State of New
York, United States of America.
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PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left "by the said James Carter at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
11th November 1874
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I, JAMES CARTER, of Northumberland Street, Charing Cross, in the
County of Middlesex, Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention for ** IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BARRELS," a
communication, to be as follows :—
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My Invention has för its object to provide for general use a barrel or
cask which shall be cheaper in construction, possess greater strength,
and occupy less room than an ordinary wooden barrel of the same
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capacity, and which shall at the same time be waterproof and nearly air- .

page_text: .
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tight when headed up. The said Invention consists, first, in constructing
the body of the barrel from one sheet of compacted or compressed paper-
board in the form of a cylinder of uniform diameter, and in providing it
with hoops and heads; secondly, in constructing the heads in such a
manner as to afford the necessary hold for handling the barrel and to
protect the body when the barrel is rolled upon the ground; thirdly, in
the method of securing the ends of the paper board together in con-
structing the body of the barrel, as I will herein-after describe.
The material from which the body of the barrel is formed consists of
sheets of paper or paper board, compacted together by pressure and
rendered waterproof.
In constructing the barrel I first take a sheet of this board cut to the
proper size, with dovetailed ends, and bend it up to form the cylindrical
body with the dovetails fitting into each other, and secured in place by.
staples or double-pointed nails.
Or instead of joining the ends of the board by a dovetailed joint they
may be made with straight or inclined edges, overlapping each other-and
secured by the staples. The hoops are made of the compressed board and
joined together at the ends by staples. They are arranged at or near
both ends of the barrel and at its centre. Their edges should be beveled
off to prevent thier being abraded or torn in handling. They may also
be covered with canvas or other stout cloth, and instead of paper board
wooden hoops may be used.
The heads may be made of wood to fit into the ends of the barrel
and with a flange resting against the edges thereof to form a tight joint,
and prevent the forcing of the heads too far within the barrel. The
flanges project beyond the body of the barrel and form bearing edges
upon which the barrel may be rolled without the body coming in contact
with the ground or floor. The heads are also formed with a concentric
groove in their outer faces by which the barrel may be grasped in
handling, and which also afford the necessary hold for chine hooks when
the barrels are hoisted and lowered by rope tackle. The heads are
secured in place by nails or staples driven into their edges through the
ends of the barrel and its end hoops.
Instead of constructing the heads of wood they may be made of thick
paper board pressed into the requisite shape, or formed from paper pulp
pressed and moulded,

page_text: As a modification of my Invention I propose to make thebody of the
barrel seamless by forming it while the paper is in the pulp, as follows:-
I take the soft web of pulp directly from the coucher or cylinder of a
wet paper machine and conduct it around an expanding cylinder until
it forms a cylinder of the requisite thickness for a flour or other
barrel. The web is then torn off and the expanding cylinder with the
barrel on it removed and another put in its place to receive the web of
pulp for forming a second barrel, and so on indefinitely. While the
barrel is still wet, the forming cylinder is contracted and withdrawn from
it and the barrel put away to be dried by suitable means. It is necessary
in the formation of a flour barrel of this thick strong material that it
shall be dried uniformly to prevent the cracking of the surfaces and
exposure of the unsized inner fibre to the attacks of moisture after the
barrel has been filled. This uniformity in drying cannot be attained if
the barrel is dried upon the forming cylinder, because one surface dries
faster than the other, and by contraction breaks the outer fibre or skin,
and allow it to peel off; and if an unyielding or non-contracting cylinder
is used the barrel cannot be removed from it until dried. It is therefore
necessary to remove the contracting and expanding cylinder from the
barrel while the latter is in a wet state, and it must be removed while in
this state to be uniformly dried.
+
After the barrel has been removed from the expanding cylinder and
dried, I harden and compress both its interior and exterior surfaces
between two small rollers. The barrel is slipped upon one of these
rollers, and the two are adjusted to clamp it between them. They are
then set in motion and move the barrel between them while acting
simultaneously upon both its interior and exterior surfaces to compress,
harden, smooth, and finish the same. When the-barrel is removed from
the rollers it is smooth upon the inside and outside, and its surfaces are
rolled down so that the body of the barrel forms a compact and homoge- ·
neous fabric impervious to moisture and capable of resisting the rough
usage
to which such barrels are subjected.
I may use silicated straw board or other fibrous paper board in sheets,
or in a continuous form treated on one or both surfaces with, a coat of
liquid silicate or any adhesive material such as paint, varnish, or the
like. I then sift on sand or any material that will be hard and firm,
and when the coating is partly dried I force this sand into the board by
means of heavy metal rollers, thus making the surface smooth like that

page_text: of a stone jar. This treatment of the paper by incorporating sand or other
hard material can be introduced while the board paper is being made
direct from the wet machine by sifting the material directly upon the
wet web as it passes along on cloth or wire.
I may improve the appearance of the paper by using wire cloth laid
upon the face of this paper board and passed between heavy metal
rollers. The wire is forced into the surface of the board leaving a pattern
on the same.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said James Carter in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 10th May 1875.
•
COME,
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JAMES
CARTER, of Northumberland Strect, Charing Cross, in the County of
Middlesex, Gentleman, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent bearing date the Eleventh day of November, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-four, in the thirty-eighth
year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs, and successors, give
and grant. unto me, the said James Carter, Her special licence
that I, the said James Carter, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, or such others as I, the said James Carter my executors,
administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term
'therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE MANUFACTURE OF BARRELS," a communication to me from abroad
by Amasa Mason, of the City and State of New York, United States of
America, upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said James
Carter, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing
under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly
describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what
.manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed
in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and
-immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.

page_text: Figure 3, and bend it up to form the cylindrical body A with the
dovetails fitting into each other, and secure in place by the staples or
double pointed nails B. These staples are driven through the dovetailed
ends from the outside of the barrel and are clinched upon the inner
surface of a paper or board strip 'C placed inside the barrel to cover and
protect the dovetailed joint.
Instead of joining the ends of the board by a dovetailed joint, they,
may be made with straight or inclined edges overlapping each other and
secured by the staples. In this case the inside strip O may be omitted
if desired. D, D, are the hoops made of the compressed board and joined
at the ends by staples. They are arranged at or near both ends of the
barrel and at the centre, as many being employed as may be desirable or
necessary. Their edges should be beveled to prevent their being abraded
or torn in handling, they may also be covered with canvass or other stout
cloth before being applied to the barrels, or instead of paper board
wooden hoops may be used, I prefer however to use the board hoops for
economy.
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E, E, are the heads in this instance made of wood and fixed into the
ends of the barrel and with a flange F resting against the edges thereof to
form a tight joint, and prevent the forcing of the heads too far within
the barrel. The flanges project beyond the body of the barrel somewhat,
and form bearing edges upon which the barrel may be rolled without
contact of its body with the ground or floor. By this construction the
body and hoops are protected against accident when the barrel is rolled
along. The heads are also formed with a concentric groove G in. their
outer faces by which the barrel may be grasped in handling, and which
also affords the necessary hold for chine hooks when the barrel is
hoisted and lowered by rope tackle. The heads are secured in place by
nails or staples B driven into their edges through the ends of the barrel
and its end hoops, as shown.
.i Instead of constructing the heads of wood they may be made
of thick paper board pressed into the requisite shape or formed from
paper pulp pressed and moulded. The paper boards are generally
waterproofed while being condensed in the process of manufacture, but
the barrels themselves may also be painted or varnished upon the inside
and outside to increase their capability for resisting the action of water,
and to produce a neat and ornamental finish.

page_text: "
Instead of constructing the barrels at one place and then transporting
them to another to be filled the bodies, hoops, and heads are cut to the
proper dimension at the manufactory, and shipped in bundles or packages
to the mill or place where they are to be used, and there set up and
finished, the setting up and finishing of a barrel being accomplished in
about-three minutes. Thousands of barrels may be thus kept in store
without occupying much space, and only set up when required for use.
A still greater saving is therefore effected in storage room.
•
This improved barrel may be used as a fruit package, and to provide
the necessary ventilation I make suitable openings or perforations in the
body, giving them an ornamental configuration or design.
According to another part of this Invention I form a seamless flour
barrel by first winding a web of soft paper pulp from the cylinder of a
wet paper machine directly upon an expanding cylinder until the
requisite thickness for the barrel has been reached, then contracting and
withdrawing the cylinder while the barrel is still wet, so that both the
interior and exterior surfaces of the latter shall be exposed to the action
of the air or other drying medium at the same time to prevent the layers
of the web from cracking and peeling off; and I harden, compact,
smooth, and finish its interior and exterior surfaces between rollers of
less diameter than the barrel.
In carrying this part of my Invention into practice I take the soft
web of pulp directly from the coucher or cylinder of a wet paper
machine, and conduct it around an expanding cylinder until it forms a
cylinder of the requisite thickness for a flour barrel or other barrel. The
web is then torn off, and the expanding cylinder with the barrel on it
removed and another put in its place to receive the web of pulp for.
forming a second barrel, and so on indefinitely. While the barrel is still.
wet the forming cylinder is contracted and withdrawn from it, and the
barrel set away to be dried by suitable means. It is necessary. to-
the formation of a flour barrel of this thick strong material that it shall
be dried uniformly to prevent the cracking of the surfaces and exposure:
of the unsized inner fibre to the attacks of moisture after the barrel has:
been filled. This uniformity in drying cannot be attained if the barrel is.
dried upon the forming cylinder, because one surface dries faster than.
the other, and by contraction breaks the outer fibre or skin, and allows it
to peel off; and if an unyielding or non-contracting cylinder is used, the-

page_text: barrel cannot be removed from it until dried. It is therefore necessary
to employ the contracting and expanding cylinder as I propose in order
to remove it from the barrel while the latter is in a wet state, and it
must be removed while in this state to be uniformly dried.
"
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The soft web of pulp cannot be calendered upon the forming cylinder,
because the power necessary for this purpose would press the pulp off
the ends of the cylinder as well as roll it up in a ridge in front of the
calender to be scraped off by the latter. Neither can the pressure of the
calender be applied gradually, because it must first be exceedingly light,
and at last very heavy. In order to attain the latter result it must be
large and strong, and these requisités preclude the possibility of the very
light pressure first required, even if these gradual actions could be
reached. The time when the very light pressure should cease and a
heavier pressure. begin and increase to the heaviest pressure could never.
be determined owing to the wide difference in the consistency and com-
position of paper pulps. For these reasons all paper machines are
provided with a number of sets of press rolls, adjusted successively to the
different pressures required. The first set is very light, the next a little
heavier, and so through the whole number of sets until the calenders are
reached to apply the heaviest and finishing pressure. These successive
actions are only applicable to a web of pulp- passing in a line between
the rolls and calenders, and cannot be applied to the circular body of
pulp on the forming cylinder. The barrel therefore cannot be calendered
on the forming cylinder, and if not calendered it will shrink during the
process of drying. For this reason I employ the contracting cylinder,
and am thereby enabled to remove the uncalendered barrel-in a wet con-
dition, so that it can be dried uniformly to prevent cracking and peeling.
After the barrel has been removed from the expanding cylinder and
dried I harden and compress both its interior and exterior surfaces
between the two small rollers E, E, which are geared together at one
end; as shown in. Figure 7, and operated by a crank F or other suitable
means. The barrel is slipped upon one of these rollers, and the two are
adjusted to clamp it between them, as shown in Figure 8; they are then
set in motion, and move the barrel between them so as to act simul-
taneously upon both its interior and exterior surfaces to compress,
harden, smooth, and finish the same. When the barrel is removed from.
the rollers it is smooth upon the inside and outside, and its surfaces are
rolled down so that the body of the barrel forms a compact and homo-

page_text: geneous fabric, impervious to moisture and capable of resisting, the rough
usage to which a flour barrel is subjected.
After having been hardened and finished as above described, the heads
and hoops are applied to complete the barrel for use. The heads are
made of any suitable material set into the ends of the barrel wholly or
partially, as shown in Figures 10 and 11. In Figure 11 it is shown held
between the hoops A, B, but in Figure 10 it is formed with a flange C
resting upon the edge of the barrel, and is held in place by nails D driven
into its edge below the flange and through the ends of the barrel.
Exterior hoops are also applied as shown in Figure 9.
If desired the expanding' cylinder may be provided with a blanket
of any suitable kind to cover the joints, and admit of its easy removal
from the barrel.
The protecting hoops may be composed of paper, wood, or metal;
or they may be made by winding a narrow web of 'soft pulp directly
upon the barrel during the process of forming the latter, or after it has
been formed and dried.
In the modification of my Invention illustrated in Figures 12, 13,
and 14, the body A is made by winding paper or other suitable material
upon a form or mandrel in a continuous length, one surface of the paper
being covered with paste, sizing, or cement as it passes to the mandrel
so as to build up the body in a solid form..
The mandrel may be made of any desired shape in cross section,
cylindrical, square, triangular, octagonal, or otherwise, and the body
when wound will be of the same shape. After the body is completed
hoops a, a, of paper or other material may be wound in the same
manner outside the body in the proper positions to give additional
strength. The body thus formed may be cut into sections when made in
long lengths, said sections each forming a barrel or package which is
perfectly seamless, the length forming the same having been wound
over and over. Heads or covers may then be placed in one.or both
ends. I prefer heads B, B, made from straw, mill, or junk board; but
if desired they may be made from sheet metal, wood, or other material.
They are simply discs of concavo-convex form, as shewn in Figure 12.
In order to secure the edges I employ interior hoops d, d, which may
be either made separate from each other, leaving a groove between

page_text: for the entrance of the edge of the disc, or they may be combined by
means of an overlying wrapper 9 of paper, which leaves the same groove
as shewn in Figure 14. These hoops are sprung into the interior of the
body at the ends, and are secured by nails, tacks, or glue, or in some
equivalent manner.
5
These seamless barrels or packages may be made waterproof, and
colored, stained, or otherwise prepared with a sizing or wash of any
suitable kind, and they may be made either plain or embellished, as
may be desired. To produce the embellished surface a pressing roller
may be used which may be corrugated or cut with any suitable figuring; 1
or a flexible wire or other apron may be rolled between the mandrel
and pressing roller upon the body A when formed.
I do not confine myself to any precise arrangement of machinery for
forming the body A. That shown in Figure 13 is very convenient for the
purpose. C.is the mandrel; D, the pressing roller; E is a pasting 1
cylinder resting in a tank G; and H is the roll of paper or other
material from which the body is formed. The paper or other material
passes over the pasting cylinder which imparts the sizing before tho
winding and pressing operation takes place.
.
Having thus fully described the said Invention as communicated to 2
me by my foreign correspondent, and the manner of performing the
same, I wish it understood that I claim,
First. A barrel or cask with its body formed of a single sheet of com-
pressed paper board bent into cylindrical form, and provided with wooden
-heads and compressed paper hoops, as herein described.
Second. The head of the said barrel constructed with an edge flange
projecting beyond the body of the barrel, and provided with a concentric
groove in its outer face to afford the necessary hold in applying or
removing the head, and in handling the barrel, as herein described.
2
Third. A barrel or cask with its body formed of a single sheet a
of compressed paper board bent into cylindrical form, and secured
together at its edges by a dovetailed joint and double-pointed nails, as
herein described.
Fourth. The interior stiffening piece combined with the body .

page_text: Fifth. Forming a seamless barrel from soft paper pulp by first
winding the web upon an expanding cylinder to the requisite thickness,
and then removing and drying the same, and hardening, compacting,
smoothing, and finishing its interior and exterior surfaces between rollers.
of less diameter than the said barrel, as herein described.
Sixth. The seamless barrel consisting of the body formed of paper or
other suitable material wound in a continuous length, the exterior
hoops, or linings, and concavo-convex heads, as herein specified.
In witness whereof, I, the said James Carter, have hereunto.
set my hand and seal, this Tenth day of May, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-five.
Witness,
HY. JA. NoONE.
JA³. CARTER. (L.S.)