Year: 1887

page_text: 4
Date of Application, 11th Nov., 1837
Complete Left, 23rd Dec., 1887
Complete Accepted, 17th Feb., 1888
DCC
We, GEORGE KYNOCH and HENRY AUGUSTUS SCHLUND, both of the Kynoch Gun
Factory, Aston Cross, Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, Engineers, do hereby
declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
Our invention relates to the manufacture of hollow projectiles, and especially to
that class of projectiles having heads of ogival shape in transverse section and of very
considerable thickness, such for instance as the Hotchkiss steel shell.
The method hitherto generally adopted of manufacturing such projectiles has been
to bore and turn solid pieces of metal, a recessed cap or plug being finally screwed
into the base of each to close the chamber. This method of manufacture is very slow
and consequently very costly.
Attempts have been made to reduce the cost of such manufacture by forging or
drawing a disc of metal into the required shape, but, in this case, in order to procure
the required thickness of head it was necessary to make the disc considerably thicker
at the centre than at the other parts; or the head was formed by closing in and
welding the sides. In either case the strength of the projectile was considerably
impaired, viz., in the first case owing to the fact that the thickening of the disc at the
centre caused a disturbance of the fibre of the metal, and in the second case that the
weld joints were at the head of the projectile and it has been found practically
impossible to form ogival headed projectiles with sides of gradually decreasing
thickness.
The object of our invention is to produce hollow projectiles from plain discs of metal
and without any welding so that the molecules of the metal may be uniformly
distributed and ultimately to be in the position required. To this end it consists
essentially in subjecting the metal discs to a series of operations during each of which a
pushing, drawing and punching action is exerted upon the blank all as hereinafter
described.
In carrying our invention into practice we employ a series of special shaping or
forming tools which are successively smaller in size so that after the blank has under-
gone one pushing, drawing and punching operation in one set of tools it may be
brought under the operation of the next set and so on until it is formed to the required
ize and shape.

page_text: In connection with each of the said special tools we use a punching tool the body of
which is adapted to fit the parallel portion of the forming tool or die and which is
provided with a head. This head is of smaller diameter than the body of the punching
tool so that a shoulder is formed around the said head. The end of the head is flat
and the sides thereof are shaped to give the required shape to the interior of the
projectile. The body and head of each successive punching tool are smaller in
diameter and longer than the last, until the head of the last punching tool corresponds
to the required internal shape of the projectile.
The operation of a punching tool and forming tool or die, such as are constructed
substantially in the manner herein before described, is as follows, that is to say, the disc
from which the shell is formed and the thickness and diameter of which are calculated
to contain the necessary quantity of metal, is placed while hot in the top or open part
of the forming tool or die, the punching tool is then caused to descend to push the
blank into the forming tool or die. During the first part of the pushing movement
the disc is forced through the tapering part of the forming tool or die whereby its
sides are drawn in, and as the pushing continues the metal is forced forward into the
concave bottom of the forming tool, or die by the head and shoulders of the punching
or pushing tool. It is important to note (that in order to effect the thickening of the
head of the projectile) the escape of the metal around the punching tool should be
prevented and this is accomplished by making the body of the punching tool of the
same diameter as the parallel part of the forming tool or die so that no passage is left
between the sides of the punching tool and the forming tool or die, the metal being
forced forward ahead of the punching tool and caused to take the ogival shape of the
forming tool or die.
In order to form the base of the shell, it is first pressed down into a forming tool or
die having a rounded bottom and parallel sides whereby its edges are drawn in and it
is then again forced into a second forming tool or die having a flat bottom whereby its
end is punched or forced into shape.
G. F. REDFERN & Co.,
4, South Street, Finsbury, London,
Agents for the Applicants.

page_text: Improvements in the Manufacture of Projectiles.
We, GEORGE KYNOCH and HENRY AUGUSTUS SCHLUND, both of the Kynoch Gun
Factory, Aston Cross, Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, Engineers, do
hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to be
performed to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement:
Our invention relates to the manufacture of hollow projectilos, and especially to that
class of projectiles having heads of ogival shape in longitudinal section and of very
considerable thickness, such for instance as the Hotchkiss steel shell.
The method hitherto generally adopted of manufacturing such projectiles has been
to bore and turn solid pieces of metal. a recessed cap or plug being finally screwed into
the base of each to close the chamber. This method of manufacture is very slow and
consequently very costly.
Attempts have been made to reduce the cost of such manufacture by forging or
drawing a disc of metal into the required shape, but, in this case, in order to procure
the required thickness of head it was necessary to make the disc considerably thicker
at the centre than at the other parts; or the head was formed by closing in and
welding the sides. In either case the strength of the projectile was considerably
impaired, viz., in the first case owing to the fact that the thickening of the di-e at the
centre caused a disturbance of the fibre of the metal, and in the second case that
the weld joints were at the head of the projectile and it has been found practically
impossible to form ogival headed projectiles with sides of gradually decreasing
thickness.
The object of our invention is to produce hollow projectiles from plain discs of metal
and without any welding so that the molecules of the metal may be uniformly
distributed and ultimately be in the position required. To this end it consists
essentially in subjecting the metal discs to a series of operations during each of which
a pushing, drawing and punching action is exerted upon the blank all as hereinafter
described.
In carrying our invention into practice we employ a series of special shaping or
forming tools which are successively smaller in size so that after the bland has under-
gone one pushing, drawing and punching operation in one set of tools, it may be
brought under the operation of the next set and so on until it is formed to the required
size and shape. The shapes of, and mode of working our special tools is hereinafter
described and illustrated in the accompanying drawings.
In connection with each of the said special tools we use a punching tool the body
portion of which is adapted to fit the parallel portion of the forming tool or die and
which is provided with a head. This head is of smaller diameter than the body of tho
punching tool so that a shoulder is formed around the said head. The end of the head
is flat and the sides thereof are shaped to give the required shape to the interior of the
projectile. The body and head of each successive punching tool are smaller in diameter

page_text: and longer than the last, until the head of the last punching tool corresponds to the
required internal shape of the projectile.
The operation of a punching tool and forming tool or die such as or constructed
substantially in the manner hereinbefore described is as follows, that is to say, the disc
from which the shell is formed, and the thickness and diameter of which are calculated
to contain the necessary quantity of metal, is placed while hot in the top or open part
of the forming tool or die, the punching tool is then caused to descend to push the blank
into the forming tool or die. During the first part of the pushing movement the disc is
forced through the tapering part of the forming tool or die whereby its sides are drawn
in, and as the pushing continues the metal is forced forward into the concave bottom
of the forming tool or die by the head and shoulders of the punching or pushing tool.
It is important to note (that in order to effect the thickening of the head of the
projectile) the escape of the metal around the punching tool should be prevented and
this is accomplished by making the body of the punching tool of the same diameter as
the parallel part of the forming tool or die so that no passage is left between the
sides of the punching tool and the forming tool or die, the metal being forced forward
ahead of the punching tool and caused to take the ogival shape of the forming tool
or die.
In order to form the base of the shell, it is first pressed down into a forming tool or
die having a rounded bottom and parallel sides whereby its edges are drawn in and it
is then again forced into a second forming tool or die having a flat bottom whereby its;
end is punched or forced into shape.
In order to enable our invention to be fully understood we will proceed to describe
how the same may be carried into practice by reference to the accompanying drawings
in which
Figure 1 is a longitudinal section of a three pound Hotchkiss shell of ordinary
construction which we take as an example in order to illustrate our method of
manufacture and the working of our special tools.
Figure 2 is a similar view of a shell of the same kind manufactured according to
our invention.
Figures 3 to 11 shew a series of forming tools or dies and punching tools drawn
to a reduced scale, suitable for manufacturing a shell similar to that shewn in
Figure 2.
Figures 2° to 11* show the blank and the various forms which it assumes during its
manufacture.
a, a are the forming tools or dies, the openings in which taper from 6 to are
parallel from c to d and concave from d to e.
ff are the punching tools, the diameters of which correspond with the diameters of
the parallel parts b to c of the respective forming tools or dies to which they belong,
h, h are the heads of these punching tools all of which, except that shewn in Figure 9,
are flat at the extreme end. i, i are the shoulders which prevent the metal from escaping
upwards from the forming tools or dies.
jj are plates which serve to guide the punching tools f, fand which themselves
slide upon rods k, k secured to the forming tools or dies a, a.
The said plates also serve to centre the blanks or partly formed projectiles in their
respective forming tools or dies by bearing upon their edges as shewn at l. The
guide plates j, j and the punching tools ff may be operated by hydraulic or other
power.
m, m are holes through which an instrument or pusher can be introduced
to remove the wholly or partially finished projectile from the forming tools
or dies.
In Figure we show a blank in position upon the forming tool or die ready to be
operated upon and Figure 3 shows the shape imparted to the blank during the first
operation. The blank, Figure 3ª, is next acted upon by the punching tool and shaping
tool or die, Figure 4, it being noticed that the head of the punching tool is longer and
of smaller diameter than the head of the preceding punching tool and that the shaping
tool or die is smaller in diameter and deeper, this being the case with each succeeding

page_text: punching tool and forming tool or die relative to that preceding it. In the forming
tool or die, Figure 4, the blank receives the form shewn in Figure 4ª and as it is
introduced successively into the forming tools or dies shewn in Figures 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9
it receives the shapes shewn in Figures 5ª, 6ª, 7", 8" and 9ª respectively. It will be
noticed that the interior of the forming tool or die and the exterior of the head of the
punching tool shewn in Figure 9 correspond to the external and internal size and
Shapes of the sides and head of the finished shell respectively.
After the body and head of the projectile are shaped as hereinbefore described we
subject the projectile to other pushing, drawing and punching operations by means of
the punching tools and forming tools or dies shewn in Figures 10 and 11. The
punching tools in this case are provided with recesses adapted to receive the head of
the shell, while the base of the opening in the forming tool or die is in one case made
tapering or rounding to form the base of the projectile as it is forced downwards to
give it the approximate shape shewn in Figure 10. and in the other case flat to give
the base the final shape shewn in Figure 11ª.
It is to be understood that in each of the before mentioned operations in the forming
tools or dies the metal to be operated upon is suitably heated throughout except in the
operation illustrated by reference to Figures 10 and 11 in which case only the
extremities of the sides are heated to obviate the deformation of the other parts of the
projectile under the pressure of the punching tool.
After the projectile has been completely formed in the forming tools or dies, the
hole n, Figure 11ª, in the base thereof is broached out and the protuberance o
(formed by the entrance of a portion of the metal into the holes m) is ground
off or otherwise removed so as to give to the front of the projectile the required
shape.
Although we have, for the sake of example, described the manufacture of
projectiles having ogival heads it will be obvious that our improvements are applicable
to the manufacture of hollow shells or projectiles having heads of other shapes.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of our said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed we declare that what we
claim is :-
1. The manufacture of hollow projectiles from plain metal blanks or discs by
subjecting them to a series of combined successive operations producing successive
results in the manner and for the purposes substantially as described.
2. In the manufacture of hollow projectiles, the employment of special tools
constructed and operating in the manner and for the purposes substantially as described
and illustrated in the accompanying drawings.
3. Hollow projectiles manufactured in the manner substantially as hereinbefore
described.
Dated the 22nd day of December 1907
G. F. REDFERN & Co.,
4, South Street, Finsbury, London,
Agents for the Applicants.