Year: 1886

page_text: Date of Application, 18th Mar., 1886.
Complete Left, 4th Dec., 1886.
Complete Accepted. 5th Jan., 1887.
I, ALEXANDER MELVILLE CLARK, of the firm of A. M. and Wm. Clark, of
53, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex, Fellow of the Institute of Patent
Agents, do hereby declare the nature of this Invention to be as follows:-
:-
This Invention relates to basic linings for apparatus used in metallurgical operations
such for instance as Bessemer Martin and other converters.
In order to economically apply a basic refractory material as a lining for these
apparatus it is necessary not merely to indicate the nature of the material but also to
describe the manner of its use and the whole of the arrangements whereby it is
rendered available.
The Invention consists first in the use of ordinary lime in a pure state as a lining for
converters and other metallurgical apparatus, and second in the combination of
arrangements hereinafter described whereby tliis material whose use for this purpose
has hitherto been deemed impossible can be economically employed.
I take lime as produced in the ordinary kilns, obtained from natural limestones,
preferably pure and non-silicious; magnesian limestones would also serve although
they are not so easily obtainable. Or instead of obtaining lime from ordinary kilns it
may be calcined in any other more improved apparatus the only essential condition
being that they should be capable of regularly calcining comparatively large blocks of
limestone throughout their mass.
The blocks of lime are very homogeneous and tender and are easy to cut or saw into
bricks; they have however a great affinity for moisture the absorption of which it is
necessary to avoid in order to render them available for the purpose desired.
If the kiln be provided with dampers for maintaining the heat and preventing the
admission of cold or damp air currents, the blocks may be allowed to remain in the kilu
until they are required to be cut up into bricks while if the blocks are to be drawn from

page_text: the kiln immediately after burning they should be immediately transferred from the
kiln into a stove or flame gallery where they are maintained in a heated condition and
all moisture excluded.
The blocks may in this manner be preserved intact for a considerable period, and will
moreover in course of time acquire greater strength to resist the inclemency of the
weather which is due either to their becoming charged with a small quantity of carbonic
acid whereby their affinity for water is diminished or to some other cause.
The blocks thus preserved if so required are formed into bricks of the desired
dimensions by means of a saw or other cutting tool but preferably by a band saw a fan
being employed for creating a strong draught around the saw and so carry off the dust
produced.
Every care should be taken to exclude moisture during the sawing operation. The
bricks of lime can be at once placed in position to form the lining of the converter but
if not immediately required they should be placed in a stove or flame gallery the same
precautions being observed as in the case of the blocks from which the bricks were
made.
Or the bricks immediately after being sawn may be dipped into tar, liquid pitch, or
other similar substances so as to cover them with a layer impervious to moisture and so
preserve them more readily.
The bricks are preferably rubbed one against the other in laying so as to cause them
to adhere and avoid openings at the joints, they may be grouted with liquid pitch or
tar, from which all water has been removed, or other like material. It is always
preferable to leave a space of a few inches between the bricks and the metallic sheathing,
which should be filled in with a compound of coke and tar in order to prevent the
molten metal penetrating the lining through any defect in the joints and coming in
contact with the metal sheathing. The bricks should be laid very rapidly and the metal
run in and blown immediately afterwards.
When it is necessary to renew the lining of the converter after use, the old lining
may be utilized (as well as the waste lime produced in sawing up the blocks) for the
basic material added in succeeding operations, the waste is in this manner reduced to a
minimum and considerable economy is thus obtained by the employment of linings of
this kind.
In cases where it is desired to have a very dense refractory lining not liable to
shrinkage, the bricks may after being sawn, be subjected to a fresh calcination at a high
temperature, as is often done with magnesian bricks; a very hard brick is in this
manner obtained which is much more impervious to moisture.
A. M. CLARK.
By A. M. & Wm. Clark,
53, Chancery Lane, London,
Patent Agents.

page_text: An Improved Basic Lining for Metallurgical Apparatus.
I, ALEXANDER MELVILLE CLARK, of the firm of A. M. and Wm. Clark, of
53, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex, Fellow of the Institute of Patent
Agents, do hereby declare the nature of this Invention (a communication to me from
abroad by Henri Harmet of Saint Etienne (Loire) France, Engineer, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement :--
This invention relates to basic linings for apparatus used in metallurgical operations,
such for instance as Bessemer, Martin, and other converters.
In order to economically apply a basic refractory material as a lining for these
apparatus it is necessary not merely indicate the nature of the material, but also to
describe the manner of its use and the whole of the arrangements whereby it is rendered
available.
The invention consists, first, in the use of ordinary lime in a pure state as a lining
for converters and other metallurgical apparatus, and secondly, in the combination of
arrangements hereinafter described, whereby this material whose use for this purpose
has hitherto been deemed impossible can be economically employed.
I take lime as produced in the ordinary kilns, obtained from natural limestones,
preferably pure and non-silicious; magnesian limestones would also serve although
they are not so easily obtainable. Or, instead of obtaining lime from ordinary kilns it
may be calcined in any other more improved apparatus, the only essential condition
being that they should be capable of calcining regularly throughout their mass,
comparatively large blocks of limestone.
These blocks of lime are homogeneous, tender and easy to cut or saw into bricks;
they have, however, a great affinity for moisture, the absorption of which it is necessary
to avoid in order to render them available for the purpose desired.
If the kiln be provided with dampers for maintaining the heat and preventing the
admission of cold or damp air currents, the blocks may be allowed to remain in the kiln
until they are required to be cut up into bricks, while if the blocks are to be drawn
from the kiln immediately after burning they should be rapidly transferred from the
kiln to a stove or flame gallery where they are maintained in a heated condition and
protected from all moisture.
The blocks may in this manner be preserved intact for a considerable period, and will
moreover in course of time acquire greater strength to resist the inclemency of the
weather, either by reason of their becoming charged with a small quantity of carbonic
acid, whereby their affinity for water is diminished, or from some other cause.
The blocks thus preserved when required for use are cut into bricks of the desired
dimensions by means of a saw or other cutting tool, but preferably by a band saw,
a fan being employed for creating a strong draught around the saw in order to carry
off the dust produced, and every care being taken to exclude moisture during the
sawing operation.

page_text: The bricks of lime after being cut up, should be at once placed in position to form
the lining of the converter, but if not immediately required, they should be placed
in a stove or flame gallery, the same precautions being observed as in the case of
the blocks.
Or, the bricks immediately after being sawn may be dipped into tar, liquid pitch, or
other similar substances, so as to cover them with a layer impervious to moisture and
so preserve them more easily.
The bricks are preferably rubbed one against the other in laying, so as to cause them
to adhere, and avoid opening joints, or they may be grouted with liquid pitch, or tar,
deprived of all water, or other like material. It is always preferable to leave a space of
a few inches between the bricks and the metallic sheathing, which should be filled in
with a compound of coke and tar in order to prevent the molten metal coming in
contact with the metal sheathing, through any defect in the joints. The bricks should
be laid very rapidly and the furnace blown in immediately afterwards.
When it is necessary to renew the lining of the converter after use the old lining may
be utilized (as well as the waste lime produced in sawing up the blocks) for the basic
material added in succeeding operations; the waste is in this manner reduced to a
minimum and considerable economy is thus obtained by the employment of linings of
this kind.
In cases where it is desired to have a very dense refractory lining not liable to
shrinkage, the bricks may after being sawn, be subjected to a fresh calcination at a
high temperature, as is often done with magnesian bricks, a very hard brick is in this
manner obtained which is much more impervious to moisture.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of this said invention,
and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I claim is :—
1st. The use of ordinary lime in a pure state, as a basic lining for converters and
other metallurgical apparatus as specified.
2nd. The hereindescribed process of caleining blocks of lime and cutting them up
into bricks, by means of a band saw, and fan, which bricks are afterwards dipped in
tar or other similar substance as specified.
3rd. Constructing a basic lining for metallurgical apparatus, of bricks of lime, made
to adhere by rubbing one against the other in laying and having a space left between
them and the metallic sheathing, as and for the purpose specified.
A. MELVILLE ('LARK.
By A. M. & Wm. (lark,
53, Chancery Lane, London,
Patent Agents.