A METHOD OR METHODS OF CONDUCTING THE AIR AND REGULATING THE TEMPERATURE IN HOUSES AND OTHER BUILDINGS, AND WARMING AND COOLING EITHER AIR OR LIQUIDS IN A MUCH MORE EXPEDITIOUS AND CONSEQUENTLY LESS EXPENSIVE MANNER THAN HATH HITHERTO BEEN DONE WITHIN THIS KINGDOM, WHICH IS APPLICABLE TO VARIOUS USEFUL PURPOSES
Year: 1815

page_text: THE MARQUIS DE CHABANNES' SPECIFICATION.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JEAN
FREDERIC Marquis DE CHABANNES, send greeting.
WHEREAS His present most Excellent Majesty King George the Third, did,
by His Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Fifth day of
December, in the fifty-sixth year of His reign, give and grant unto me, the
said Jean Frederic Marquis de Chabannes, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, His especial licence, full power, sole privilege and authority, that I,
the said Jean Frederic Marquis de Chabannes, my executors, administrators,
and assigns, during the term of years therein expressed, should and lawfully
might make, use, exercise, and vend, "A METHOD OR METHODS OF CONDUCTING
THE AIR AND REGULATING THE TEMPERATURE IN HOUSES AND OTHER BUILDINGS, AND
WARMING AND COOLING EITHER AIR OR LIQUIDS IN A MUCH MORE EXPEDITIOUS AND
CONSEQUENTLY LESS EXPENSIVE MANNER THAN HATH HITHERTO BEEN DONE WITHIN THIS
KINGDOM, WHICH IS APPLICABLE TO VARIOUS USEFUL PURPOSES," within that part of
the said United Kingdom called England, the Dominion of Wales, and Town
of Berwick upon Tweed, and the Colonies and Plantations abroad, in such
manner as to me, the said Jean Frederick Marquis de Chabannes, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, should in our discretion seem meet, in which said
Letters Patent is contained a proviso that if I, the said Jean Frederic Marquis de
Chabannes, should not particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the
said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, by an instru-
ment in writing under my hand and seal, and cause the same to be inrolled in

page_text: His Majesty's High Court of Chancery within two calendar months next and
- immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent, that then the said
Letters Patent, and all liberties and advantages whatsoever thereby granted,
should utterly cease, determine, and become void, as in and by the said
recited Letters Patent, relation being thereunto had, may more fully and at
large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Jean Frederic Marquis de Chabarines, do hereby declare that my method
of conducting the air and regulating the temperature in houses and other
buildings is by producing a current of air in flues or chimnies, or through a
tube or tubes, or other aperture or apertures, which is effected by means of
the air pump or pneumatic machine hereafter described, forcing a current of
air through every winding, or even thro' liquids, and also by means of the
ventilator hereafter described, to be placed on the summit of the flue or
chimney, which, by its peculiar form when the wind blows upon it, causes a
draught upwards in the flue or chimney more or less powerful according
to the action or strength of the wind, but most powerful when the wind acts
strongest. This ventilator is the part of the Invention protected by my Patent,
which was communicated to me from abroad. No other method has hitherto
been suggested of which I am acquainted for producing a current in chimnies
than that which is caused by the rarefaction of the air in its passage through
the fire, the advantages of which method are not only limitted, but a current so
produced is subject to variation as often as a change happens in the direction
or force of the wind, or in the temperature or density of the atmosphere; but
my method is not liable to these accidental causes, and is invariable in its
effects, as the flues of chimnies or of ventilators are made to terminate in a
reservoir on which I fix an air pump or pneumatic machine, by working of
which a draught of air is produced in any proportion required without being
liable to variation either from the state of the atmosphere or the wind; and lofty
chimnies which are made so only for the purpose of procuring or increasing a
draught are rendered unnecessary, as this apparatus may be fixed either above
or below or upon a level with the fire. In order to annihilate every nuisance
or ill effect arising from smoke, I place in connection with the air pump or
pneumatic machine employed for furnaces, or any kind of fire-place, a cistern
of water, thro' which the smoke being forced by the action of the pump
becomes washed, and deposits in the water all the sooty and noxious particles
usually carried into the atmosphere. The above-described principle of the
ventilator is applicable to the ventilation of churches, prisons, hospitals,
dwelling-houses, stables, and every other description of buildings appropriated

page_text: to the lodging of mankind or animals, or for any other cause requiring pure
air, by the use of which health is less subject to injury, and the danger of
epidemical diseases is greatly diminished. Another useful purpose to which
the before-described air pump, and my method of warming and conducting
air, may be applied, is to the heating of ovens, by surrounding them with
flues acted upon by the said apparatus in the manner described in the annexed
Drawing, Fig. 5; also for heating drying rooms, manufactories, greenhouses,
and hothouses, by placing at proper distances in the flues already existing or
newly made for the purpose boxes of air pipes, of which the construction is
described in the annexed Drawing, Fig. 2. The above-mentioned ventilator
(which, if used alone without the air pump or pneumatic machine, is a cure for
smoky chimnies,) is formed of a tube of metal, burnt earth, or other suitable
material; its opening or diameter is proportioned to the dimensions of the
chimney, and it may be fixed in the usual method of fixing a common chimney
pot, or where there is a pot already fixed, it may be placed on the top of the pot;
around and close adjoining to the edge of the tube upon its summit there is a
plane of between 40 and 50 degrees of inclination, so that the air striking upon
it from any quarter of the winds is carried off in an oblique direction over the
opening, by which means the pressure of the atmosphere being removed from
off the column of air in the flue or chimney, a current of air is drawn
thro' the flue or chimney into the open air. A similar inclined plane,
but closed at the top, is fixed at a convenient distance above the first,
which terminating in the form of a cone prevents any eddy winds from
counteracting the effect of the lower plane. This upper plane may be placed
or not as circumstances or situation may require, and the distance between
the two planes, when both shall be used, is also to be determined by the
locality. When there is a range of flues in one stack of chimnies, two or
more of those flues may be united in the same ventilator. My method of
warming air or liquids, and which is particularly applicable to the purposes of
evaporation in order speedily to obtain the residuum or the chrystalisation of any
matter suspended in liquids, and which admits of the use of various sorts of
materials for boilers, as wood, brick, or metal, is by means of a moveable or
fixed apparatus, either with or without the application of the air pump or
pneumatic machine, and by the application of the reversed flame, immersed in
the liquid. It is proper here to observe, that I do not claim the reversed
flame or the air pump as parts of the Invention protected by my Patent, but
merely the present methods of applying them. The furnace which I employ
for heating boilers of all descriptions, as well as for warming air in churches,
prisons, hospitals, dwelling-houses, &c., is another application of the reversed
Hame, and is described as under. The fuel is lodged on a heap of fire bricks

page_text: disposed in such a manner in a flue of the same or other suitable materials as to
suffer the air to pass freely between them; beneath these bricks is placed a
small grate for the purpose of receiving and consuming any part of the fuel
which might fall thro' the space left between the bricks. This grate is fur-
nished with an opening for the purpose of clearing the ash hole or lighting the
fire in case the air pump be not used; this opening is also calculated to admit
fresh air to consume what may remain of the fuel, as well as to burn the gas
which may have escaped combustion in its descent thro' the mass of bricks
which are placed upon an open arch of the same or other proper materials so
as to support the fuel on their summit; or in lieu of the above-described
furnace may be used the calorifere fumivore, for which I lately obtained Letters
Patent. When the air pump or pneumatic machine is used for the purpose of
forcing a current, the superficies of the object to be heated may be augmented to
any extent, and the whole of the caloric produced by the fuel may be employed
either on the liquid or on the air to be heated, as part of it being wanted to form a
current in the flues or chimnies. My method of cooling air is by means of the
air pump and ventilator before described, either jointly or separately, causing
the air to pass through a cool medium; and my method of cooling liquids is
fully shewn in the annexed Drawing of the cooling apparatus, and the descrip-
tion thereof. From the above Specification, which I have endeavoured to make
as explicit as possible, I have no doubt but any scientific person will be able fully
to understand the nature of my Invention; but as a further elucidation, I have
annexed Drawings of the air pump or pneumatic machine, of the apparatus for
heating and evaporating liquids, of the cooling apparatus, and of the ventilator;
also of the method of heating ovens and hothouses, drawing rooms, &c; but in
giving these Drawings, I do not attach more importance to the exact forms
therein shewn, or to the materials of which they are composed, than to any
other capable of producing the same effects, as it is evident that the forms and
materials may be varied in many ways according to the caprice of persons or
the locality of the apparatus.

page_text: machine; i, i, level of the water. Fig. 2 represents a box of tubes intended to be
placed at intervals in the flues of greenhouses, hothouses, or drying rooms, &c. :
a, the plan; b, the section; c, c, c, the dotted line, represents a cover which is
sunk in a groove at the top and bottom of the box filled with sand or other-
wise made air-tight; this cover is for the purpose of more easily getting at the
pipes to clean them. Fig. 3 represents an apparatus for heating and evapo-
rating liquids: a, the boiler; b, the furnace, moveable, and with the reversed
flame for heating the liquid; c, crane for raising and lowering the furnace or for
lifting up the furnace separately, for the purpose of either repairing or of
cleaning it; d, stage upon which the crane is fixed. Fig. 4 represents an
apparatus for cooling liquids: a, plan of the machine; b, section in the height;
c, c, the boiler, made of wood, metal, or any other materials; d, d, the cooler;
the liquor thrown up by the pump is made to fall down the cooler, where it is
intercepted and divided by a number of shelves made of wire or any other
materials pierced with holes to separate the liquid in its descent, so that falling
in a shower it is met by a current of cold air forced in a contrary direction by
the air pump marked e, e. This apparatus may be used without the air pump,
and in that case the cooler is left open on all sides above the shelves that the
air may circulate in the liquid while falling in a shower. Fig. 5 represents
the method of heating an oven by the reversed flame: A, the plan; B, the
section in the length; C, the transverse section; a, a, the oven, made of metal
or of earth; b, b, the doors of the oven; the bread or other thing to be baked
being put on plates mounted on castors or rollers is shoved into the oven, and
may be drawn out at the opposite end; c, the fire-place; d, the chimney.
Fig. 6 represents the chimney ventilator. Upon every occasion, either for
ventilation or producing a current of air in chimnies when the air pump is
not used, the ventilator is substituted in its place. In stables, in buildings of
whatever description, and to whatever uses they may be applied, which are
intended to be ventilated, this ventilator is placed on the summit of a tube
above the roof, which tube communicates at the other end with the place
intended to be ventilated; they are multiplied or increased in dimensions as the
capacity and situation of the building may require. Fig. 7 represents a
chimney with nine flues surmounted by three ventilators, each one separately
acting upon
three flues.
In witness whereof, I, the said Jean Frederic Marquis de Chabannes,
have hereunto set my hand and seal, this Fifth day of February,
in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixteen.
CHABANNES. (L.B.)

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Fifth day of February, in the
fifty-sixth year of the reign of His Majesty King George the Third, the said
Jean Frederic Marquis de Chabannes came before our said Lord the King in
His Chancery, and acknowledged the Instrument aforesaid, and all and every-
thing therein contained and specified, in form above written. And also the 5
Instrument aforesaid was stamped according to the tenor of the Statute made
in the fifty-fifth year of His said Majesty's reign.