matthewleechen/300YearsOfBritishPatents huggingface dataset:
IMPROVEMENTS IN ROLLERS FOR HORSES
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Thomas Coleman at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 17th March
1875.
I, THOMAS COLEMAN, of Bentinck Lodge, New Barnet, in the County
of Hertford, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN ROLLERS FOR HORSES," to be as follows :-
This Invention has for its object improvements in the rollers employed
for keeping in place the clothes worn by horses when in the stable.
In order to form such rollers so that they may be elastic and may
retain their elasticity after they have been for a long time in use, so that
they shall at all times allow free play to the lungs, which is requisite to
the healthy condition of horses, I apply on each side of the pad or
middle piece of the roller a stout leather enclosure having secured
within it two or other number of stong metal tubes. Each tube contains
a coiled spring, and the mouth of the tube is contracted to prevent the
springs being withdrawn from them. The end of a leather strap is
passed through the mouth of the tube and through the coiled spring,
and is secured to the rear end of the spring, so that when the strap is

page_text: pulled on the spring will be compressed, and will so give elasticity to
the strap. The straps on what is called the near side are secured by
buckles to the webbing which passes around the horse, whilst on the off
side they are secured to the webbing by stitching. By thus enclosing
the coiled metal springs which are to give clasticity to the straps in
strong metal tubes the springs will not be injured by the horse rolling
upon them, nor will the casing enclosing the springs be bent out of
shape, and so impede their action.
The springs and the tubes in which they are enclosed may either be
circular or of a flat form.
Also, according to my Invention I coat the springs with tin or other
metal by the electrotyping process, or by boiling them in a solution of
caustic soda or other alkaline solution, together with tin or other coating
metal. By these means the springs will be covered with a coating metal
without in any way injuring them.
AN IMPROVED DEPILATORY COMPOSITION FOR HIDES AND SKINS
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Clark at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 3rd
August 1875. A communication from abroad by André Sauvadet,
of Paris, France.
I, WILLIAM CLARK, of 53, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middle-
sex, Patent Agent, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "AN IMPROVED DEPILATORY COMPOSITION FOR HIDES AND SKINS," to be as
follows:-
:-
The chemical compounds heretofore employed for unhairing hides and
skins have for the most part a base of lime or highly caustic alkali, and
are liable to more or less prejudicially affect the hide or skin and hair;
others also contain arsenical products, the use of which is accompanied
with danger, while nearly all the depilatory compounds used necessitate
a subsequent washing of the hide or skin.
In the improved depilatory compound of this Invention, which is
applicable to all kinds of hides and skins whether in a fresh or dry
condition, the use of lime and arsenic is dispensed with, as also the
exclusive use of caustic alkalies,

page_text: The proportions of the ingredients of the above composition as also its
degree of concentration, may be varied to suit the necessities of the case
and the kind of hide or skin to be treated.
The following, for example, is the composition which I employ for
unhairing green sheep skins :-
Water
Sulphydrate of soda
Caustic soda
Nitrate of potassa
-
-
-
-
44 gallons.
11 lbs.
11 lbs.
5 oz.
10
The matters may be dissolved either in a cold or heated condition, the 1
solution marking about 12 degrees Baumé.
The composition may be employed either in the above condition or
reduced by the addition of water to a strength of 7 degrees or under,
when to be used for very fine quality skins.
Owing to the extreme solubility of the materials employed, I am also 2
enabled to obtain more highly concentrated solutions, which may either
be employed in this condition or diluted in water as required. These
solutions may also be prepared by double decomposition or by any
chemical reaction capable of producing an equivalent compound.
The composition is applied in the same manner as other depilatory 2
compounds upon the flesh side of the raw hide or skin, by means of a
brush or mop, the wool or hair after a short time being, readily
removable.
.
:
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Dry hides or skins should before treatment be! moistened with water
upon the flesh side. Hides or skins may after unhairing in this manner 3
be sun dried without injury and readily resoftened in water if necessary,
while they undergo no alteration and the hair is extracted without
injury.
}
IMPROVEMENTS IN SPINNING CARPET, BLANKET, AND OTHER YARNS, AND IN THE MACHINERY OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREFOR
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Robert Mackie at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 18th
November 1875:
I, ROBERT MACKIE, of Stewarton, in the County of Ayr, North
Britain, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN SPINNING CARPET, BLANKET, AND OTHER YARNS, AND IN THE
MACHINERY OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREFOR," to be as follows, that is to
say:
This Invention relates to improvements in condensers for preparing
wool for spinning carpet, blanket, and other yarns; and it has for its
object to make the rove of less diameter or thinner than at present,
thereby saving some of the operations necessary with condensers as at
present constructed.
In the improved condenser two or more bobbins are used in
combination with a single doffer, and the mechanism for rubbing and
twisting the rove for spinning carpet, blanket, and other yarns.

page_text: The rubbing mechanism used is preferably that of parallel endless
travelling belts, which have a compound or rubbing motion imparted to
them by means of an eccentric or its equivalent, and the twisting
mechanism also consists of an endless travelling belt, which by moving
transversely under the line of rove twists it up.
IMPROVEMENTS IN CARTRIDGES FOR BREECH-LOADING FIRE-ARMS
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Barnett and Bernard
Zicschang at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their
Petition, on the 16th April 1875.
We, JOHN BARNETT, of Duncan Street, Whitechapel, in the County
of Middlesex, and BERNARD ZIESCHANG, of 11, Penny Hill, Catford
Bridge, in the County of Kent, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN CARTRIDGES FOR BREECH-LOADING FIRE-ARMS,"
to be as follows :—
This Invention has for its object improvements in cartridges for
breech-loading fire-arms.
In ordinary central-fire breech-loading cartridges, the cap is contained
within a chamber formed in the centre of the base of the cartridge, and
is exploded upon an anvil placed within it.
According to this Invention we employ a cap having the fulminate or
ignition contained within a flange or rim projecting around the base of
the cap, and this cap we place within a recess formed eccentrically in
the base of the cartridge in such manner that a portion of the flange or

page_text: rim of the cap will be at the centre of the base, and consequently in a
position to be struck by the striker when the cartridge is placed into a
fire-arm. By forming cartridges to be ignited in this manner a perfectly
free passage is afforded for the gases produced by the explosion of the
cap to penetrate directly into the charge of the cartridge and explode it,
whereby a more complete ignition of the powder is obtained and greater
effect produced.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MODE OF MANUFACTURING WROUGHT-IRON WATER SPOUTING
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Thomas Prichard at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 12th
July 1875.
I, THOMAS PRICHARD, of Wednesbury, in the County of Stafford, Gas
Tube Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MODE OF MANUFACTURING WROUGHT-IRON WATER
SPOUTING," to be as follows:—
A suitable furnace and draw bench being provided, I heat the iron,
which is in strips, to the required degree. Upon the head of the draw
bench near to the mouth of the furnace is placed a die, which is
constructed, substantially in the following manner :-The bed of the
under side of the said die is permanently attached to the draw bench,
its upper side being shaped to the form required to be given to the
spouting.
The upper part of the die consists of a roller corresponding in shape
and size to the lower part of the die, and this roller is allowed to revolve
upon a spindle, which is on one side jointed or attached to the lower part
of the die, and on the other side is extended so as to form a lever, which
whilst the machine is in operation is held down by the attendant.

page_text: When the metal is heated to the required degree nothing more is
needed than to draw from the furnace the strip of iron intended to be
formed into spouting, and the attendant having placed it within the die,
and taken secure hold of it, draws it through the said die in the ordinary
manner. The required joint is formed by a press or stamp in the usual 5
way.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PRODUCTION OR MANUFACTURE OF ORNAMENTAL FABRICS, APPLICABLE AS TRIMMINGS FOR DRESS, FURNITURE, AND OTHER LIKE PURPOSES
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John MoPherson at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
4th September 1875.
I, JOHN MOPHERSON, of Aldersgate Street, in the City of London, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
PRODUCTION OR MANUFACTURE OF ORNAMENTAL FABRICS, APPLICABLE AS TRIMMINGS
FOR DRESS, FURNITURE, AND OTHER LIKE PURPOSES," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to improvements in the production or manu-
facture of ornamental fabrics, suitable for being employed as trimmings
for dress, furniture, curtains, and other like purposes, such as necklets,
armlets, or ornaments for the head or hair. For this purpose according
to my improvements I employ paper having a gilt, silvered, metallized,
or other bright colored surface, which I perforate with ornamental
designs by passing lengths or strips of such paper between rollers the
surfaces of which are formed so as to cut out the desired design from
•

page_text: the paper passed between them; or the paper may be perforated by
other suitable means. The perforated ornamental paper thus prepared
is cemented or otherwise secured upon strips or lengths of velvet or
other fabric of any desired width suited to the purpose to which
trimmings of this character are-to-be-applied.
IMPROVEMENTS IN BOILERS FOR HOT WATER HEATING APPARATUS, AND IN THE METHOD OF FIXING THE SAME
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Benjamin Harlow at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 24th
March 1875.
I, BENJAMIN HARLOW, of Macclesfield, in the County of Chester,
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN BOILERS FOR HOT WATER HEATING APPARATUS, AND IN THE
METHOD OF FIXING THE SAME," to be as follows:-
:-
The object of this Invention is so to construct boilers of hot water
heating apparatus as to render it possible to fix such boilers above the
level of the ground, and not necessarily at a lower level than the return
pipe, notwithstanding that the flow and return pipes are not raised higher
than formerly.
Now this Invention consists in constructing such boilers with two flow
pipe connections, one at or near the highest point in the boiler, and the
other at a lower level; and in connecting these two flow pipe connections
together by a vertical pipe carried up above the level of the boiler, a
branch from which at the level of the lowest flow pipe then becomes the

page_text: flow pipe proper, which is carried round the building or apartment to be
heated, and is thence connected to the ordinary return pipe in the usual
manner. By this arrangement the main portion of the boiler may be
above ground, and thus avoid the necessity of sinking the stoke hole, or
having to descend steps to the furnace, whilst at the same time in some
situations the danger of springs or drainage water collecting in and
flooding the stoke hole is effectually obviated.
IMPROVEMENTS IN IRON OR METAL WHEELS
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Arnold at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 18th
February 1875.
I, WILLIAM ARNOLD, of Barnsley, in the County of York, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN IRON OR
METAL WHEELS," to be as follows:―
This Invention has for its object the improved construction of iron or
metal wheels, such being adapted for all kinds of vehicles, carts, drays,
waggons, drags, and cars of every description.
In carrying out my Invention I proceed substantially as follows :-
Firstly. The boss or nave of the wheel or felloe is made of wrought or
cast iron in two parts. The bush, which it is preferred should be a
chilled one, is so constructed as to be taken out and replaced with a new
one without any difficulty. The bush is formed with a recess at small
end to fit on the boss. The large end is cast with a small flange at
about half an inch from the end, so as to admit of a wrought-iron flange
about two inches broad (according to the size of the wheel), with three
or more countersunk holes for bolts to pass through the two bosses, and
to hold the bush in its proper place.

page_text: Secondly. The arms or spokes of the wheel are made of circular plate
iron of different strengths, according to the amount of weight the wheels
are made to carry. The plates are dished or otherwise, and are solid or
cut in sections, according to the size required, and strengthened on the
edge of plate or section of plate with a bead round bolt hole, also with
T or other sections of iron, according to requirements.
Thirdly. The rim of the wheel is or felloes are made of two solid angle
iron rings, and rivetted to the boxed plates or sections, one on each side.
The hoop or rim of the wheel is of one solid ring, and is put on, embracing
the whole together.
A NEW OR IMPROVED CAPPED BUTTON Lock
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William David Butler at tho
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
17th September 1875.
I, WILLIAM DAVID BUTLER, of 3, Stonebridge Park, Willesden, in
the County of Middlesex, Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of
the said Invention for "A NEW OR IMPROVED CAPPED BUTTON Lock," to be as
follows:-
This Invention consists of a new or improved capped button lock, and
has for its object a secure fastening for buttons, and to obviate the
necessity of using a needle and thread. This capped button lock is in
the nature of a stud, and secures. the button by means of a hook which
is suspended or fastened to the top of the inside of the convex cap, or
may be fixed to the sides.
This Invention is annlied to the hotton thus the shaul of the hall

page_text: then attached to the shank in one second by means of the hook catching
on the shank, and forms a firm and tight fitting fastening.
This Invention can be made in any metal or other suitable material,
such as ivory, bone, wood, or any hard or soft substance.
AN IMPROVED CONSTRUCTION OF SOCKET FOR SECURING HANDLES TO BLADES EXPLOYED FOR BRUSHING OR CUTTING HEDGES
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Samuel Morton at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 22nd
June 1875.
I, SAMUEL MORTON, of Norton Woodseats, (near Sheffield), and in the
County of Derby, do hereby declare the nature of my said Invention
for "AN IMPROVED CONSTRUCTION OF SOCKET FOR SECURING HANDLES TO BLADES
EXPLOYED FOR BRUSHING OR CUTTING HEDGES," to be as follows :—
This Invention is designed for the purpose of firmly securing to its
handle that class of blade or knife used in dressing or cutting hedges
called "brushing hooks" or sickles.
This construction of blade as hitherto employed is provided with a
socket which forms the termination of the haft end of the hook, and
into which the wooden handle is inserted and secured by rivets or pins,
which in use soon get loose and disabled.
Now by my Invention instead of forming the blade and socket of the
hook in one piece and securing it to the handle as described above, I
make them in two parts, that is to say, the socket is made of an

page_text: independent piece of metal provided with projecting pieces, into and
between which the handle is inserted, a tang with which the blade or
hook is provided being driven in the handle so as to be surrounded by
the socket, at which time the whole is secured together by rivets or
screws, or by brazing, thus effecting a permanent, firm, and rigid hold 5
between the handle and blade.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PRODUCTION OF STEAM POWER
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Robert Henelade Courtenay at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 4th May 1875.
I, ROBERT HENELADE COURTENAY, Heliographic Engraver, 4,
Meyrick Road, Clapham Junction, Surrey, do hereby declare the nature
of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PRODUCTION OF STEAM
POWER," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object the production of steam power at an
economical rate by means of high and low pressure steam generated by
gas, petroleum, or any other fuel used for the purpose, also the means of
self-regulating the pressure of steam generated by means heroin-after
described.
A superheating steam cylinder is connected with a low-pressure boiler,
on the top of which is arranged between the boiler and cylinder an
atmospheric gas furnace constructed so as to heat the two cylinders at
the same time by the furnace being placed between them. Another gas
furnace is also used for generating steam in the boiler. The heat of these
furnaces is regulated by means of a known or ascertained pressure acting

page_text: upon a small piston connected with the main gas supply by means of a
lever connected with a spring of known power. At a pressure of over
sixty pounds the lever would be acted upon by the piston and the feed
of fuel shut off to a limited degree, the heat ever fluctuating.
By the fluctuating pressure steam is admitted to the steam ports of
the cylinder, after which, being of lower pressure, it now passes into a
condensing cylinder which lowers the pressure yet more, and is forced.
again through a chamber into the low-pressure boiler, and again
successively into the superheating cylinder..
By regulating the heat at the proper moment little or no waste of
steam can take place except through leakage at the joints, enabling a
large amount of power to be maintained at small cost, and much less
space occupied by the engine, as the condensing cylinder could be placed
in any out of the way place, and the boilers being of smaller size would
economise space.
IMPROVEMENTS IN INFANTS' AND INVALIDS' FEEDING BOTTLES
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Reuben Phelps, and George
Phelps, and Charles William Phelps at the Office of the Com-
missioners of Patents, with their Petition, on the 14th October
1875.
We, REUBEN PHELPS, and GEORGE PHELPS, and СHARLES WILLIAM
PHELPS, all of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, Jewellers, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
INFANTS' AND INVALIDS' FEEDING BOTTLES," to be as follows:―
Our Invention consists in applying to the elastic tube of infants' and
invalids' feeding bottles a regulating or closing apparatus, the parts of
which are constructed and combined as herein-after described, for the
purpose of regulating the quantity of liquid food passing through the
said elastic tube, or for closing the said tube and thereby preventing the
passage of liquid or air through it.
Regulating or closing apparatus constructed according to our Inven-
tion is readily connected to and detached from the elastic tube without
the necessity for removing the elastic tube from the feeding bottle.

page_text: The apparatus consists of a rectangular metallic frame of a size proper
to admit of the tube working freely within it. In one side of the said
rectangular frame is an opening through which the elastic tube when in
a compressed or flattened state can be passed into or removed from the
frame. After the elastic tube has been passed through the lateral
opening described into the frame that part of the tube which has been
compressed resumes its normal shape, and the frame is secured to the
tube and cannot be removed therefrom excepting by compressing the
tube and drawing the compressed part through the lateral opening. In
the said frame is a square or angular valve or pressing plate connected
to a screw working through one end of the frame, the end of the screw
external to the said frame being furnished with a milled head for
turning the screw. The screw swivels or turns on the valve or pressing
plate, but the valve is capable only of a sliding motion within the
frame. By turning the screw by its milled head the valve or plate can
be made to approach the bottom of the frame and compress more or less
the clastic tube between itself and the said bottom of the frame.
The passage of the liquid food through the elastic tube at the
compressed part is thereby more or less obstructed or completely cut off.
When the valve or pressing plate is driven home so as to cut off the
supply of liquid food through the tube the passage of air into or the
drawing of air from the bottle is also prevented.
By adjusting the position of the valve or pressing plate with respect
to the bottom of the frame the quantity of liquid food which may bo
drawn through the tube may be regulated with great nicety.
IMPROVEMENTS IN SEWING MACHINE NEEDLES, AND IN THE MEANS FOR SECURING THE SAME IN THE MACHINES
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Rowley Benbow Turner at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
9th October 1875.
I, ROWLEY BENBOW TURNER, of Brussels, in the Kingdom of
Belgium, Sewing Machine Importer, but at present residing at
Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, do hereby declare the nature.
of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN SEWING MACHINE NEEDLES,
AND IN THE MEANS FOR SECURING THE SAME IN THE MACHINES,” to be as
follows:-
The first part of this Invention relates to improvements in the needles
used in sewing machines, the object of the improvements being to
enable the attendant to adjust the needle in the proper position in the
needle bar of the machine with greater ease than heretofore.
The second part of the Invention relates to means for securing the
needle in the needle bar.
In carrying out the first part of my Invention I form a projection on
the shank or shaft of the needle, and at such a point thereon that it will
form a stop to prevent the needle from being inserted too far into the

page_text: needle bar, and also form in conjunction with the second part of my
Invention a means of adjusting the needle in position; this projection
may take the form of a pin or stud on one side of the shank or shaft of
the needle, or it may be a bar which passes through the shank and will
project a short distance on either side thereof; in this latter case the
ends of the bar will be slightly bevilled outwards.
In carrying out the second part of my Invention I cut a groove in
one side of the end of the needle bar, into which the pin or stud on the
shank of the needle is intended to enter, or I cut a slot across the end
of the needle bar to receive the bar which passes through the shank of
the needle. By these means the needle will be readily adjusted in the
needle bar, and will prevent the annoyance usually experienced in
properly adjusting the needle. When the needle is in its place it may
be held there by a binding screw, as is now the case, or a ring having a
bayonet joint may be used.
Another mode of securing the needle in position is by means of two
springs fitted one on either side of the needle bar; holes are pierced in
the lower part of these springs into which the ends of the bar which
passes through the shank will enter, the entrance being assisted by the
bevelled ends of the bar, and thus the needle will be held securely in
position while its adjustment is at once attained. If desired a small
holc may be pierced in the lower end of one of these springs to serve as
a guide for the thread.
man ka made on the onning the
IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM CARRIAGES FOR TRAMWAYS AND OTHER ROADS
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Cornelius Blockmans and
Guillaume Charlet at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents,
with their Petition, on the 26th August 1875.
We, CORNELIUS BLOCKMANS and GUILLAUME CHARLET, of Brussels,
Belgium, Manufacturers, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM CARRIAGES FOR TRAMWAYS AND OTHER
ROADS," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to the propulsion of carriages for tramways and
other roads by means of steam power.
any
In carrying out this Invention the driving apparatus is placed inside
the carriage, and is connected to a vertical boiler in suitable
This boiler is made by preference of steel; and in order to
prevent condensation and the radiation of the heat is covered with felt
and a second envelope of thin boiler plate.
manner.
The driving apparatus may consist of one or more steam cylinders,
according to the nature of the road on which the carriage is to be
worked. The piston rod of the cylinder is attached to an arm which
works a crank fitted on the end of a shaft having its bearing in the

page_text: framework of the carriage. This shaft carries a fly wheel and also a
pulley, which latter-communicates- motion -by-means of a band, with a
second pulley mounted on a second shaft, on which is also mounted
a pinion wheel which takes into the teeth of a gear wheel mounted on
the axle of the running wheels.
The driving band fits loosely over the pulleys, and motion cannot be
communicated to the rest of the driving apparatus until the band is
tightened by means of a bowle fitted on the end of a lever. This bowle
presses against the band and tightens it up so that it will drive the
second pulley, which will communicate motion through the pinion and
gear wheel to the axle of the running wheels.
When it is desired to stop the carriage the pressure is withdrawn from
the band, which therefore slips round without acting on the pulleys; any
convenient brake arrangement to be used. The fly wheel or flyer for
steadying the driving motion consists of two or more weighted arms
which are jointed or connected to the driving shaft.
The driving motion may be imparted either to one or both of the axles
of the carriage.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE BOTTLES AND STOPPERS, USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF AERATED WATERS, TOGETHER WITH A BOTTLE OPENER FOR SAME
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Edward Russell Vaughan at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
12th October 1875.
I, EDWARD RUSSELL VAUGHAN, of Number Twelve, Rutland Square,
in the City of Dublin, Ireland, Aerated Water Manufacturer, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE BOTTLES
AND STOPPERS, USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF AERATED WATERS, TOGETHER WITH A
BOTTLE OPENER FOR SAME," to be as follows:-
The bottle is of the shape exhibited in the Drawing hereunto
annexed, having a cone-shaped neck to facilitate the entrance of the
ball stopper under pressure, and retain same securely when the bottle is
charged with gas.
The stopper is a solid spherical ball of vulcanized india-rubber coated
with a preparation of gelatine insoluable in water, gold or silver leaf,
which prevents it imparting a disagreeable taste to the contents of the
bottle, and weighted sufficiently to avoid any floative properties.
I am aware that bottles have been designed to suit the spherical form
of stopper; but I find that in these bottles a cavity has been placed

page_text: either in the neck or in the side of the bottle for the reception of the
stopper when the bottle is opened in order to permit the liquid to flow
out freely; by means of the opener I have designed, which remains in
the bottle until its contents are discharged, these cavities are rendered
unnecessary, and so the process of cleansing the bottle is much more
easily effected, and the cost of manufacture considerably diminished.
Another important advantage claimed for these stoppers over those
composed of a ball of metal coated with india-rubber, is that owing to
their clasticity they can be forced by pressure into a bottle with a much
narrower neck in proportion to the size of the ball, thereby enabling the
ærated water to be bottled under considerably higher pressure without
any fear of the stopper being blown out.
The bottle opener is an instrument composed either of metal or strong
wire, which effectually prevents any contact between the contents of
the bottle and the hands of the person opening it; it is so simple in its
operation that anyone can use it.
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A NEW OR IMPROVED FASTENER FOR FASTENING NECKTIES, SCARVES, AND CRAVATS, AND FOR OTHER LIKE USES
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Thomas Walker at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 2nd
March 1875.
I, THOMAS WALKER, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick,
Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"A NEW OR IMPROVED FASTENER FOR FASTENING NECKTIES, SCARVES, AND CRAVATS,
AND FOR OTHER LIKE USES," to be as follows:-
My Invention consists of a new or improved fastener constructed as
herein-after described for fastening neckties, scarves, and cravats, ex-
peditiously and securely without the injury to the fabric which attends
the use of the ordinary brooch or pin and without creasing the fabric by
compression as in the case of the ordinary fastenings which are not
provided with a pin.
My said Invention may also be used for other like purposes such as
fastening belts and waistbands.
I will describe my Invention as applied to a necktie, scarf, or cravat.
My said new or improved fastener is constructed as follows:-The
body of the fastener has a ring-like figure and may be of any ornamental

page_text: design. I prefer to
make the inner edge of the ring of an elliptical
figure and of such a size that the ends of the necktie, scarf, or cravat,
with which it is used may be readily passed through it. At the back
of the body and at the part which when the fastener is in use con-
stitutes the top of the fastener, I attach a tongue or pin which passes
through the opening in the body and terminates a little below the
lower edge of the body. The said tongue or pin is attached to the
back of the body by a hinge joint on which it is capable of turning,
the tongue or pin being capable of rising in front of the fastener into a
position nearly at right angles thereto. The knuckle of the tongue or
pin is pressed upon by a spring and the said knuckle is so formed that
the spring retains it with considerable force in either its raised or
depressed position. The tongue or pin may be provided with a jewel at
its front or may be otherwise ornamented.
In using my new or improved fastener the tongue is raised and the
ends of the necktie, scarf, or cravat, are passed through the ring-like
body from the back to the front. The said ends may either be crossed
or be allowed to hang without crossing. On shutting down the tongue
the said ends are held between the said tongue and the body of the
fastening and the necktie, scarf, or cravat is securely held in the position
in which it has been arranged.
In order to unfasten the necktie, scarf, or cravat it is only necessary
to apply sufficient pressure to the tongue to bring it into its raised
position, when the ends of the necktie, scarf, or cravat, may be with-
drawn from the body of the fastening.
IMPROVEMENTS IN RECEPTACLES FOR HOLDING PIPES, TOBACCO, CIGARS, MATCHES, AND OTHER ARTICLES
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by James William Banford at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
13th March 1875.
I, JAMES WILLIAM BANFORD, of 286, High Holborn, in the County
of Middlesex, Jeweller, do hereby declare the nature of the said Inven-
tion for "IMPROVEMENTS IN RECEPTACLES FOR HOLDING PIPES, TOBACCO, CIGARS,
MATCHES, AND OTHER ARTICLES," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to improvements in boxes, cases, or receptacles,
for affording convenience for holding pipes, tobacco, cigars, matches, and
other articles of like character used by persons who smoke tobacco or
cigars, and one of the chief objects of this Invention is to provide a
compact receptacle for the above-named and other analogous articles in
order to avoid the untidiness and inconvenience resulting from the
mislaying and want of a suitable repository for such articles. For this
purpose I construct a box or case of wood, paper, metal, vulcanite, or
other suitable material, arranged with compartments of suitable size, one
for the reception of pipes, another for tobacco, and another for cigars,

page_text: which latter may be arranged below a tray containing the pipes, or it
may be arranged as a drawer (with a lock) to draw out when required.
A small double compartment is arranged at one end of the case, one
for receiving matches and the other for ash, which latter has a tray or is
lined with metal, earthenware, or other suitable material, so as to be
capable of removal when required. At the other end of the box or case
there is a compartment for holding tobacco. Sand or prepared paper or
material is affixed to a convenient part of the box or case for striking
or igniting the matches upon.
IMPROVEMENTS IN STOVES FOR BOILING AND HEATING BY GAS
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Anthony Gapper Southby at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 3rd April 1875.
I, ANTHONY GAPPER SOUTHBY, of 23, Abingdon Street, Westminster,
in the County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, do hereby declare the nature
of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN STOVES FOR BOILING AND
HEATING BY GAS," to be as follows:-
-
I burn the gas in a chimney open below for the free admission of air,
and support the bottom of the pot or utensil to be boiled or heated so as
to allow a free space of less than one quarter of an inch between it and
the top of the chimney, and I regulate the consumption of the gas in the
chimney so that the space may be sufficient for the free escape of
the products from the perfect combustion of the gas
I make the chimney of a shape to suit the shape of the flame, for
instance, with a fish tail or batswing burner set perpendicularly; I use
a chimney 1½ inches across by something more than the extreme spread
of the flame; or if the same burners are laid at an inclination to the
perpendicular I make the chimney circular, or nearly so, and so on with

page_text: others, as for instance, a number of jets set in a row on a length of
pipe or round a circle of pipe or otherwise. But in all cases I take care
to make the chimney of such dimensions that the flame or flames may
not touch any part of it, and I make it so high that the flame cannot
reach to the level of the top of it.
E
When the stove is to be used for heating liquids I prefer to set the
burner at an inclination from the perpendicular, and to protect it from
the liquid boiling over on to it by either inclining the side of the
chimney over it so that its upper edge may cover it perpendicularly, or
I place a plate of metal a short distance above the burner, covering it in 1
the same way. By thus burning the gas in a chimney so that the flame
does not touch any part of it, or the utensil to be boiled or heated, and
by narrowing the opening through which the products of combustion
escapo I make a most economical stove which will not smell.
•
IMPROVEMENTS IN SAFETY CAGES FOR MINE SHAFTS
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Alexander Armstrong at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
16th December 1875.
I, ALEXANDER ARMSTRONG, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark,
North Britain, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN SAFETY CAGES FOR MINE SHAFTS," to be as follows, that is
to say:-
This Invention which relates to improvements in safety cages consists
of means or apparatus by which in the case of accident from the
breaking of the suspending rope or chain, or from other cause whereby
the safety of the cage and its contents are imperilled, the cage is locked
or firmly held in position in the guides, and is thereby saved from
falling to the bottom of the mine shaft. The apparatus whereby this
object is effected consists of a wheel, cam, or other equivalent body,
placed eccentrically on a pin or stud fixed in the framing extending
from side to side of the cage, and preferably immediately under the
roof thereof. The wheel or cam is provided around its circumference
with teeth, which become deeper and wider towards that part which,

page_text: when the wheel or cam is in its normal position is situated furthest away
from the cage guides.
Against the surface of one of the teeth one end of a spring bears, the
opposite end being fixed to the roof of the cage or in other convenient
position. One extremity of a short chain is also attached to the upper
side of each wheel or cam, its opposite end being secured to the
suspending rope or chain of the cage. By this means when the cage is
in proper working order the tension of the suspending rope or chain
keeps the fluted or toothed wheels or cams out of contact with the cage
guides; but should the suspending rope or chain break or become slack
the short chains herein-before referred to release the wheels or cams,
and these by the action of the springs upon them are forced eccentrically
outwards, thereby causing their teeth to enter into the cage guides and
maintain the cage in position.
Instead of employing one wheel or cam at each side of the cage as
herein-before set forth two or more such wheels or cams may be used, it
being explained that I do not confine myself to the arrangement
described, as the same may be modified to suit different constructions of
cages and guides.
AN IMPROVED METHOD OF PREVENTING OR DIMINISHING PRIMING IN STEAM BOILERS, AND IN APPARATUS THEREFOR
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Clark at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 9th
November 1875.
I, WILLIAM CLARK, of Dunfermline, in the County of Fife, North
Britain, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "AN IMPROVED METHOD OF PREVENTING OR DIMINISHING PRIMING IN STEAM
BOILERS, AND IN APPARATUS THEREFOR," to be as follows:-
The object of my present Invention is to prevent Invention is to
prevent or considerably diminish priming in steam boilers, and thus to
avoid or greatly mitigate the disastrous and costly consequences of such
priming.
In carrying out my said Invention in practice I fix a series of bars
or a grating within and near the top of the steam dome of the boiler;
and over or upon the said bars respectively I suspend as many pendent
wires, rods, or their equivalent as the said dome can easily hold. The
said wires or rods are long enough to nearly reach the water level in the
boiler. When the particles or spray of the water mixed with the steam
in priming strike the said wires or rods they are thereby arrested, and
trickling down the said wires or rods fall back into the boiler.

page_text: When the boiler is not fitted with a dome the said wires or rods may
be placed vertically or slanting in the steam space in the boiler, or in
the steam pipe which conveys the steam from the boiler. Or I fix a
trap or syphon at the base of the dome or in the steam pipe in such a
manner that the steam in passing through the said trap or syphon shall
flow through a quantity of water held in the said trap or syphon, so that
the particles of water mixed with the steam may be washed out of such
steam in the act of passing through the said trap or syphon.
IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR CUTTING AND SPLITTING WOOD AND OTHER SUBSTANCES
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Frederick Holmes and William
S. Hopkinson at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with
their Petition, on the 6th September 1875.
We, FREDERICK HOLMES and WILLIAM S. HOPKINSON, both of Hill
Street, Peckham, in the County of Surrey, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR
CUTTING AND SPLITTING WOOD AND OTHER SUBSTANCES," to be as follows :-
Our Invention of improvements in machinery for cutting and splitting
wood and other substances consists of the following arrangement of
machinery: The machine is constructed of a cast-iron bed plate placed
on a brick or stone foundation or bed, fixed to which are two bearings
carrying a crank shaft with a fly wheel, and fast and loose pulleys from
a steam engine connected by a rod to a plunger working between slides
in a cast or wrought iron box or case. This box, case, or chamber is
divided down the centre and fitted with knives placed vertically and
horizontally so that the piece of wood or any other substance to be cut
or split comes into contact with the knife or knives first in one position
and then in another. On receiving a blow from the plunger the block

page_text: is driven on to a knife or knives placed in a vertical position; upon the
finish of the first stroke the block of wood or other substance is cut or
split into slabs; the plunger on its backward stroke allows another
piece of wood or any other substance to drop into the box, case, or
chamber, which piece receives the next blow of the plunger_and_forces_
the next piece of wood in front of it on to another set of knives placed
horizontally, thereby cutting or splitting the slabs into small sticks,
and at the same time cutting or splitting the second piece of wood into
slabs.
i
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF LACE
Year: 1875

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Thomas Wallis, of Ducie Works, in the City of
Manchester, Lace Maker, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE MANUFACTURE OF LACE."
Sealed the 29th June 1875, and dated the 5th May 1875..
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Thomas Wallis at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
5th May 1875.
I, THOMAS WALLIS, of Ducie Works, in the City of Manchester,
Lace Maker, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF LACE," to be as follows:-
:-
The Invention has for its object improvements in the manufacture of
lace, and refers to that class of lace in which the warp and weft are
united together by looping the one around the other by means of needles,
and my Invention relates to the production of lace on such class of

page_text: machines with a greater variety of effect than has heretofore been
produced. For this purpose instead of causing the guide bar to be
shogged a distance of four gaits I cause it to be shogged a distance of
five or more gaits, and I am thereby enabled to obtain a greater variety
of shading effect by means of the ordinary "pickers' or selectors
acting to stop the traverse of the various threads as desired.
In carrying my Invention into effect the cam and lever for operating
the guide bar must be so proportioned as to give the required traverse to
that bar.
IMPROVEMENT IN CLOD CRUSHERS
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Gray at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 21st
June 1875.
I, WILLIAM GRAY, of Brownrigg, in the County of Haddington, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENT IN
CLOD CRUSHERS," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object to roll or pulverize the soil between
drills or rows of growing crops, principally beans, mangolds, potatoes,
turnips, and such like. For this purpose I employ a series of discs or
wheels or solid rollers revolving independently or fixed upon an axle and
arranged so as to fit the form of the drills or a level space between
them, the discs, wheels, or rollers being adjustable upon the axle so that
they can be set at any required distance apart and retained in position
by collars or distance pieces or by set screws.
The clod crusher or roller may be adapted to act at once upon either
two, three, or more spaces between drills or rows of growing crop as
desired.
IMPROVEMENTS IN TREATING OR PURIFYING SUGAR
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Thomas Rowan at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 14th
December 1875.
I, THOMAS ROWAN, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North
Britain, Manufacturing Chemist, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN TREATING OR PURIFYING SUGAR," to
be as follows, that is to say :-
This Invention relates to the treatment of raw or more or less impure
sugar by new and simplified processes, by which its purification may be
effected in a rapid and economical manner.
In carrying out the Invention the impure sugar in a crystallised or
partially crystallised state, and by preference in a crushed or powdered
condition, is put into centrifugal apparatus similar to that commonly
used in sugar refineries for draining purified sugar, and whilst the
apparatus is in motion jets of water in fine spray are directed upon the
sugar. The impurities and more soluble constituents of the impure
sugar are loosened by the spray, and are driven off by the centrifugal

page_text: action, leaving a purified sugar in the basket. The water may have
alcohol or other spirit or glycerin combined with it, and may be applied
in a heated state.
By a second modification the impure sugar placed as before in
centrifugal apparatus, and in a more or less moist or damp condition,
is acted on by heated air, which is admitted by a pipe to the interior of
the basket, whilst the apparatus is in motion.
By a third modification the impure sugar is placed on a permeable
filter bed or diaphragm of any suitable material fixed over a chamber or
space, in which a vacuum or reduced pressure is formed by any con-
venient exhausting apparatus. Steam of low pressure is applied to the
upper surface of the sugar, and passing rapidly through in consequence
of the diminished pressure beneath drains off the impurities and more
soluble constituents without dissolving much of the pure sugar.
By a fourth modification the impure sugar placed on a filter as in
the third modification is treated with heated air.
By a fifth modification the impure sugar placed on a filter as in the
third modification is treated with a fine spray of water alone or com- .
bined with alcohol or other spirit, or with glycerin.
4
The syrup separated by the centrifugal apparatus, or by the filter in
any of the processes, may be concentrated to the crystallising point and
be treated over again to recover any pure sugar which may have been
separated along with the impurities.