AN IMPROVED MANUFACTURE OF ROLLERS AND CYLINDERS, APPLICABLE TO. VARIOUS KINDS OF MACHINERY WHERE A SMOOTH, HARD, AND REGULAR SURFACE IS REQUIRED
Year: 1854

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Chedgey, of the Grove, Southwark, in the County
of Surrey, Engineer, for the Invention of "AN IMPROVED MANUFACTURE OF
ROLLERS AND CYLINDERS, APPLICABLE TO. VARIOUS KINDS OF MACHINERY WHERE
A SMOOTH, HARD, AND REGULAR SURFACE IS REQUIRED."
Sealed 'the 14th July 1854, and dated the 15th May 1854.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Chedgey at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 15th May
1854.
I, JOHN CHEDGEY, of the Grove, Southwark, in the County of Surrey,
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED
MANUFACTURE OF ROLLERS AND CYLINDERS, APPLICABLE TO VARIOUS KINDS OF
MACHINERY WHERE A SMOOTH, HARD, AND REGULAR SURFACE IS REQUIRED," to be
as follows:
This Invention relates to the manufacture of true cylindrical surfaces in
glass, and their application when manufactured'; 'the object being to render
that material available for purposes to which it could not until now be applied,
owing to the difficulties attendant on the manufacture of rollers and cylinders.
In carrying out this. Invention, I use either of the well-known processes of
casting, pressing, blowing, or drawing, for bringing the metal to the required
shape (whether hollow-or-solid), selecting such process as is best suited to the
size of roller or cylinder required to be made. When casting the rollers or

page_text: cylinders (which plan I adopt for articles of large diameter), I prepare suitable
moulds, either with or without cores, and pour the melted glass or meta
therein. So soon as the glass is set, I withdraw the core and remove the
casting from the mould. Cylinders or rollers, whetlier obtained in this way, or
by either of the other well-known processes for forming articles in glass, I
subject to the operations of grinding and polishing, and for this purpose I
chuck them in a lathe, and bring a blunt tool of iron or other metal to bear
upon the work, keeping it well supplied with sand or emery and water, and by
this means I am enabled to turn down the surface of the roller or cylinder
and reduce it to a true cylinder. I then restore the lustre of the glass by
means of polishing.
Rollers thus prepared (whether hollow or solid) I propose to apply to
machinery used for glazing, smoothing, or polishing fabrics, and to other kinds
of machinery wherein they may be found serviceable. Cylinders thus formed,
when turned true on their inner periphery, will also find a wide application, as,
for example, in pumps used for pumping acids, &c.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said John Chedgey in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
15th November 1854.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOIN
CHEDGEY, of the Grove, Southwark, in the County of Surrey, Engineer, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Fifteenth day of May, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-four, in the seventeenth year of Her reign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said John Chedgey, Her special license that I, the said John Chedgey,
my exccutors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said
John Chedgey, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time
agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter
during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,
the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "AN IMPROVED
MANUFACTURE OF ROLLERS AND CYLINDERS, APPLICABLE TO VARICUS KINDS OF
MACHINERY WHERE A SMOOTH, HARD, AND REGULAR SURFACE IS REQUIRED," upon
the condition (amongst others) that I, the said John Chedgey, by an instru-

page_text: ment in writing under my hand and seal, should particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said John Chedgey, do hereby declare the
nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement (that is to say):-
This Invention relates to the manufacture and application of true cylin-
drical surfaces in glass, the object being to render that material available for
purposes to which it could not until now be applied, owing to the difficulties
attendant on manufacturing rollers and cylinders therefrom.
In carrying out this Invention, I use either of the well-known processes of
casting, pressing, blowing, or drawing, for bringing the metal to the required
shape (whether hollow or solid), selecting such process as is best suited to the
size of the rollers or cylinders required to be made, and I subsequently subject.
the glass rollers or cylinders to the operations of grinding and polishing. I will
now proceed to describe in detail my mode or modes of proceeding :-I prepare
a mould (by preference of metal) the counterpart of the rollers or cylinders to
be cast therein. This mould is formed either of brass, iron, or other suitable
metal, or of fire clay, loam, or other substance which will resist heat, and is
constructed in two or more pieces, with fine perforations in the sides and
bottom of the mould, for the escape of air when the melted glass is poured in.
By the term "rollers". I understand solid, and by "cylinders" hollow forms;
and as the mode of proceeding to manufacture these differs, I will describe
each.
In manufacturing rollers, having obtained a proper mould, I place it in an
upright position; and pour the melted glass from the pot therein, in the same
manner as in the casting of plate glass. When the glass is set the mould may
be removed, and the glass placed in the annealing arch, or the mould and glass
may together be placed in the same.
In preparing moulds for casting the glass therein, allowance must be
made for a slight concave at the upper end of the glass, which is formed as
the glass settles down in the mould. It is also convenient in casting some
rollers and cylinders to have a flange either at one or both ends.
In manufacturing cylinders, I insert a coro within the mould, to form the
hollow or inside. For this purpose, I use moulds and cores of brass, iron, clay,
loam, or other convenient substance. When the core is composed of metal, I

page_text: .
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form it hollow, and pass through it a stream of water by means of a force
pump, to prevent the core becoming, so hot as to cause the adhesion of the
glass thereto. .I.sometimes attach a thick or solid metal core to a press, and
having first poured. a proper quantity of glass into the mould, .I.cause the.core
to descend therein, applying sufficient pressure to it to cause the glass to
ascend and fill the space between the mould, and the core, withdrawing the
core occasionally to prevent adhesion of the glass. This process is well known
to the flint glass maker. By this method, some solid glass will remain at the
bottom of the cylinder, which must be either bored through or cut off to form
the cylinder. When the mould is of clay; loam, or such like substance, I
prefer that it be heated to redness. In all cases the core must be of greater
length than the mould. The casting proceeds upon the plan which I have
described in making the roller.
When the moulds are of loam or clay, and I find it inconvenient. to remove
them (after casting the glass therein) to the annealing arch, I surround the
mould to a depth of four or six inches with sand heated to redness, and after
casting the glass' in the mould I place upon the top of it a slab of clay or
loam heated to redness, and cover this again with heated sand to a depth of
four or six inches; the whole may be left till cold. Metal moulds having a
slight coating of loam may be treated in the same manner. In large operations
-this-mode of annealing will be found convenient.
: Small rollers and cylinders I make by hand or by the press, processes well
known to the flint glass-maker.
:
The rollers and cylinders constructed in either of the above described modes
I afterwards turn or bore to obtain a true cylindrical surface. In order to
turn the exterior of rollers or cylinders I use an ordinary turning lathe'; I
place upon the ends of the glass metal caps, working upon dead centres, the
caps being about one inch more in diameter than the glass,.and sufficiently
long to secure the ends firmly. Through the caps are a number of holes in
which-work-set-screws. I cover the ends of the glass with leather, felt, or any
soft substance, and over this I place a piece of sheet lead or other metal; the
ends so protected I place within the metal caps, and by means of the set screws
I tighten the caps upon the glass, and centre the caps and glass so held in
them to the lathe. After turning the glass, I cut off the ends in the ordinary
way of glass cutting, or turn them true, chucking the glass from the centre for
that purpose, as herein-after described. Parallel to the lathe is. a spindle,
upon which one or more iron wheels (such as are used by flint glass cutters)
are fastened at right angles to the glass .roller or cylinder; the wheels are
made, to rotate, and also to traverse along; the roller also has a rotary motion

page_text: .
in the same direction as the iron wheels, but very much slower. Sand and
water are caused to pass between the glass roller and the iron wheels, and
these being brought into and kept in contact with the 'roller, the glass is
gradually reduced to a true cylinder. In place of iron wheels working against
the glass roller, I sometimes use a straight edge of iron or other metal;
which I keep pressed against the glass roller, with sand and water running
between them.
When more than one glass roller have, to be turned, one may be made to
take the place of the iron cutting wheel or straight edge, the one roller work-
ing against the other with the sand and water between them.
After the glass
roller has been ground sufficiently true, I cease this portion of the work, and
having prepared a straight edge of iron, copper, or other suitable metal of the
same length as the bed of the roller required, I press it against the whole
length of the roller, keeping between the iron straight edge and glass roller
a constant supply of ground emery and water; 'I now give to the glass roller a
quick rotary motion, and keep the straight edge pressing against it; the surface
of the glass will then gradually become smooth. Emery of greater degrees of
fineness is successively used until the surface is ready for polishing. For
polishing the roller, Luse wood covered with felt, leather, or other suitable sub-
stance, keeping between it and the roller a supply of red ochre, putty, or other
polishing powder, and applying it, as in the case of the emery, until the surface
be sufficiently polished.
I shall now describe a method of turning the inside of glass cylinders :-I pre-
pare a barrel of iron or other suitable material, one inch or thereabout larger
than the outer diameter, and about the length of the glass cylinder I require
to turn inside. This barrel has a number of holes through it furnished with
set screws, and within the barrel I secure the glass cylinder, having previously
covered such part as comes in contact with the metal barrel with felt, leather,
or other soft substance, and placed over this sheet lead or other suitable
metal, as previously described. This iron barrel works upon bearings carried
by the bed of the lathe, and it is driven by a band passing over the barrel.
to a drum (or wheel of the lathe) below, to which a rotatory motion is
given. Between the centres of the lathe I mount a spindle, which carries
an iron wheel, somewhat less in diameter than the interior of the glass
cylinder; I cause this iron wheel to enter the glass cylinder, and I adjust it
so that it will press against the cylinder in one part of its rotation; I then
apply sand and water between the contact surfaces, and give a slow rotatorý
motion to the glass. cylinder, while the iron wheel_receives a quick rotary
motion.

page_text: A traversing motion is also given either to the glass cylinder or to the iron
wheel, so that the whole internal face of the glass cylinder is brought under
the action of the iron wheel. Or in place of the iron wheel I use a straight
edge of iron or other suitable metal, and cause sand and water to pass between
it and the glass. This metal straight edge should have a slight end-way
motion to ensure an even cutting action, and a quick rotatory motion is
given to the glass cylinder. When the cutting of the interior is completed, I
proceed with the iron straight edge and emery, and polish with wood, red ochre,
or other polishing powder, as described in the turning of the glass roller.
Rollers and cylinders thus prepared I propose to apply to machinery used
for glazing, smoothing, or polishing fabrics, in lieu of the metal rollers
employed therein, and also to other kinds of machinery wherein they may be
found servicable, by preventing the corrosive effects of damp or of acids; and
cylinders thus formed, when turned true on their inner periphery, will also find
a wide application, as, for example, in pumps used for pumping acids, &c.
Having now set forth the nature of my Invention of "An Improved Manu-
facture of Rollers and Cylinders, applicable to various Kinds of Machinery
where a Smooth, Hard, and Regular Surface is Required," and explained the
manner of carrying the same into effect, I wish it to be understood that under
the above in part recited Letters Patent I claim,―
First, the manufacturing of glass rollers and cylinders, as herein-before
described.
And, secondly, I claim the application of glass rollers and cylinders, manu-
factured as above described, to the various kinds of machinery where a
smooth, hard, and regular cylindrical surface is required.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Chedgey, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, the Fifteenth day of November, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-four.
Witness,
J. W. MOFFATT,
66, Chancery Lane.
JOHN CHEDGEY. (.s.)