IMPROVEMENTS IN BAROMETERS AND THERMOMETERS, AND IN THEIR COMBINATION WITH WATCHES. CLOCKS, AND OTHER INSTRUMENTS
Year: 1868

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Andrew Barclay, of Kilmarnock, in the County
of Ayr, North Britain, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
BAROMETERS AND THERMOMETERS, AND IN THEIR COMBINATION WITH WATCHES.
CLOCKS, AND OTHER INSTRUMENTS."
Sealed the 19th March 1869, and dated the 23rd September 1868.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Andrew Barclay at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
23rd September 1868.
I, ANDREW BARCLAY, of Kilmarnock, in the County of Ayr, North
Britain, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention of "In-
PROVEMENTS IN BAROMETERS AND THERMOMETERS. AND IN THEIR COMBINATION WITH
WATCHES, CLOCKS, AND OTHER INSTRUMENTS," to be as follows, that is to
say:-
The first part of this Invention has for its essential object the
combining of a barometer with an ordinary pocket watch or other
timekeeper. The two instruments so combined show the dial of the
watch on one side of the case, and the dial of the barometer on the

page_text: opposite side, or one dial may be made to serve both purposes if
required.
The construction of barometer which it is preferred to employ consists
of a thin hollow tube of a section somewhat elliptical or flat; this tube
is exhausted and fixed at one end to the case or to the framing of
the instrument whilst the other end is free and attached by a link to
a lever which is moveable about a centre and which at its opposite
end carries a toothed rack that gears into a pinion, on the axis of
which the indicating needle is fixed. The link is to be made of a
more expansive metal than the tube, so as to counteract the expansion
of the tube by heat. By this arrangement as the variations in the
atmospheric pressure increase or diminish the compression on the tube,
the tube itself expands and contracts, and the motion thus produced
in it are communicated to the link, thence through the lever and rack
to the pinion and indicating needle. To provide for errors of indica-
tion which may occur when the instrument is held in some positions
an arm with a balance weight upon it is placed on the side of the
lever that carries the toothed rack, and opposite that side by which
the lever is connected, to the vacuum tube. In place of using a
barometer constructed as herein-before described, one constructed in a
manner similar to that of a " Bourdon " vacuum guage may be
employed; the vacuum tube in this case is held at the centre of its
length instead of at one end. It is to be understood that the
barometer tube is placed in the case of the combined instrument so
as to encircle or surround the mechanism of the watch. In place of
using in the combined instrument a barometer constructed as herein-
before described an aneroid" barometer may be likewise employed.
The second part of this Invention relates to the arrangement and
combination of instruments to be employed for ascertaining tem-
peratures, and it is so adapted as to enable the obtainment of a
diagram by which the variations of temperature are indicated in such
manner that not only the variations themselves but the time or period
of such variations are accurately noted.
"
The construction of thermometer as herein-before set forth consists
of a metallic tube with a bulb at one end filled with mercury or other
liquid, which in its expansion or contraction causes the movement of
a lever to which it is connected by a link in such manner that the
movements in the tube are communicated to it, and thence by means

page_text: of a rack fixed at one end of the lever to actuate a pinion carrying
the indicating arm. The indicating arm is provided with a pencil the
point of which bears against a graduated sheet of paper which is
maintained travelling at a uniform and known rate, so that as the
variations in temperature cause movements of the needle the pencil
point with which it is mounted varies in position accordingly, and
upon the graduated travelling web or sheet of paper these variations
are depicted. In place of using a continuous length of paper for
depicting a diagram upon a graduated disc may be employed, in which
case the pencil is caused to move from the centre towards the cir-
cumference and back, the variations in temperature being recorded by
the diagram thus obtained upon the slowly revolving disc. The
travelling of the continuous length of paper as well as the revolution
of the disc may be effected by clockwork or any other mechanism
used for obtaining a travelling or revolving motion. Thus the same
clockwork may be employed for indicating the time in combination
with the thermometer, and an "aneriod" barometer or other instrument
for obtaining the variations of the atmospheric pressure may also be
combined therewith. It is also to be understood that the thermometer
may be combined with an aneriod or self-registering barometer.
using a disc for depicting the diagram upon, one side of the paper
may be used for the temperature diagram the other side for the pressure
diagram.
When
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Andrew Barclay in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 23rd March 1869.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, ANDREW
BARCLAY, of Kilmarnock, in the County of Ayr, North Britain, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twenty-third day of September, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight, in the
thirty-second year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and succes-
sors, give and grant unto me, the said Andrew Barclay, Her special
license that I, the said Andrew Barclay, my executors, administrators,

page_text: and assigns, or such others as I, the said Andrew Barclay, my executors,
administrators, or assigns, should at any time agree with and no others,
from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein
expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend,
within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN BAROMETERS
AND THERMOMETERS, AND IN THEIR COMBINATION WITH WATCHES. CLOCKS, AND
CTHER INSTRUMENTS," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said
Andrew Barclay, by an instrument in writing under my hand and
seal, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and
cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Andrew Barclay, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by
the following statement, reference being had to the accompanying
Drawings, and to the letters and figures marked thereon, that is to
say:
The first part of my said Invention has for its essential object the
combining of a barometer with an ordinary pocket watch or other time-
keeper. The two instruments so combined show the dial of the watch
on one side of the case and the dial of the barometer on the opposite
side, or one dial may be made to serve both purposes if required.
The construction of barometer which it is preferred to employ consists
of a thin hollow tube of a section somewhat elliptical or flat; this tube
is exhausted and fixed at one end to the case or to the framing of the
instrument whilst the other end is free and attached by a link to a lever
which is moveable about a centre and which at its opposite end carries a
toothed rack that gears into a pinion, on the axis of which the indicating
needle is fixed. The link is to be made of a more expansive metal than
the tube so as to counteract the expansion of the tube by heat. By
this arrangement as the variations in the atmospheric pressure increase
or diminish the compression on the tube the tube itself expands and
contracts, and the motions thus produced in it are communicated to the
link, thence through the lever and rack to the pinion and indicating
needle. To provide for errors of indication which may occur when the

page_text: وو
instrument is held in some positions an arm with a balance weight upon
it is placed on the side of the lever that carries the toothed rack and
opposite that side by which the lever is connected to the vacuum tube.
In place of using a barometer constructed as herein-before described one
constructed in a manner similar to that of a "Bourdon vacuum guage
may be employed. The vacuum tube in this case is held at the centre of
its length instead of at one end. It is to be understood that the
barometer tube is placed in the case of the combined instrument so as to
encircle or surround the mechanism of the watch. In place of using in
the combined instrument a barometer constructed as herein-before
described an aneroid" barometer may be likewise employed.
The second part of this Invention relates to the arrangement and
combination of instruments to be employed for ascertaining temperatures,
and it is so adapted as to enable the obtainment of a diagram by which
the variations of temperature are indicated in such manner that not only
the variations themselves but the time or period of such variations aro
accurately noted.
The thermometer consists of a metallic tube, with or without a bulb,
at one end filled with mercury or other liquid, which in its expansion or
contraction causes the movement of a lever to which it is connected by a
link in such manner that the movements in the tube are communicated
to it, and thence by means of a rack fixed at one end of the lever actuate
a pinion carrying the indicating arm. The indicating arm is provided
with a pencil, the point of which bears against a graduated sheet of
paper which is maintained travelling at a uniform and known rate, so
that as the variations in temperature cause movements of the needle the
pencil point with which it is mounted varies in position accordingly, and
upon the graduated travelling web or sheet of paper these variations are
depicted. In place of using a continuous length of paper for depicting a
diagram upon a graduated disc may be employed, in which case the
pencil is caused to move from the centre towards the circumference and
back, the variations in temperature being recorded by the diagram thus
obtained upon the slowly revolving disc. The travelling of the con-
tinuous length of paper as well as the revolution of the disc may be
effected by clockwork or any other mechanism used for obtaining a
travelling or revolving motion. Thus the same clockwork may be
employed for indicating the time in combination with the thermometer,
and an "aneriod" barometer or other instrument for obtaining the

page_text: variations of the atmospheric pressure may also be combined therewith.
It is also to be understood that the thermometer may be combined with
an " aneroid" or self-registering barometer. When using a disc for
depicting the diagram upon one side of the paper may be used for the
temperature diagram the other side for the pressure diagram.
And in order that my said Invention may be properly understood, I
now proceed more particularly to set forth the system, mode, or manner
in or under which the same is or may be used or practically carried into
effect, reference being had to the accompanying Drawings and to the
letters and figures marked thereon, that is to say :-
On Sheet 1 of the Drawings Figure 1 is an elevation of the interior
part of a barometer constructed in accordance with this Invention;
Figure 2 is a transverse section of the same; and Figure 3, a front view
of the indicating dial and pointers of the instrument. To the case A
the vacuum tube B is fixed by the connecting piece C, the other end of
the tube B is free to move according to the variations in the atmospheric
pressure affecting the tube. To the free end of the tube B the link D,
preferably formed of a metal having a degree of expansibility different
from the metal of the vacuum tube, is coupled, thereby connecting it to
the arm E, which is centred on a bearing pin at F. As the arm E is
altered in angular position by the movement of the tube B the rack on
its upper end acts upon the pinion G, which in turn moves the pointer H
over the face of the recording dial I. The arm E is provided with a
counterweight at K and K¹. In all the instruments comprised under
this Invention where racks are used it is preferred to employ racks a on
which the teeth are formed on the interior in place of the exterior of the
circle.
Figure 4, Sheet 1, is an elevation of a combined watch and barometer
drawn to an enlarged scale and showing the barometric dial; Figure 5
is a vertical section of the combined instrument corresponding
to Figure 4. In these Figures the barometer tube A surrounds the
watchwork contained between the plates and frames f, and as the
construction and action of the barometer is similar to that shown at
and herein-before described in reference to Figures 1, 2, and 3, Sheet 1,
it need not be herein further referred to. On either side of the case N
glasses O are fitted so that the indications on the two dials may be
read off, d being the hands of the watch, and e the finger or pointer of
the barometer.

page_text: Figure 6, Sheet 1, is a front elevation, and Figure 7 a vertical section
of a thermometer constructed in accordance with this Invention. The
thermometer tube A is coupled to the case of the instrument by the
bracket B, and it has a bulb or enlarged chamber C formed at the fixed
end; this chamber may however be of different form to that shown at
Figure 6, or the bulb may be dispensed with. The free end of the tube A
is connected to the indicating lever D by the link E, and accordingly as
the tube A is expanded and contracted by the expansion or contraction
of the mercury or spirit contained within it, the lever D is moved over
the face of the dial F. The dial in the instrument shown at these
Figures is graduated by circles and radii, so as to represent the divisions
of time, and it is made to revolve by a clock or other mechanism not
shown, whilst the lever D is mounted with a pencil or pointer F¹ which
traces out a line on the dial showing the variations, thus giving a
diagram showing every change of temperature for any period of time
that may be required. The dial may be composed of paper, cardboard,
or other material, so that it can be removed when a diagram has been
made upon it and replaced by another.
On Sheet 2, Figure 1 is a front elevation of a barometer with a
diagram registering apparatus connected to it; Figure 2 is a transverse
section of the same. The barometer in this case is constructed similarly
to that herein-before described and shown at Figures 1, 2, and 3, Sheet 1,
and as the same letters have been fixed to corresponding parts it need
not be here repeated. In place however of the arm c indicating on a
dial, it in the present instance carries a pencil d at its extremity which
traces out the variations in the pressure of the atmosphere upon the
travelling diagram sheet e. The sheet e is caused to travel by means of
the revolving drums f and f', over which it is stretched as a belt. One
of the drums f is actuated by clock mechanism, which acting upon the
wheel g causes the sheet e to travel at any required rate. At the back
of the band or sheet e a plate h is fixed, thus giving support to it at the
part where the pencil d presses against it.
Figure 3, Sheet 2, is an elevation of a combined watch barometer and
thermometer showing the barometer and thermometer dials; Figure 4
is a transverse section of the same. As the parts constituting the watch
and barometer in this case are similar to those shown at and herein
specified in reference to Figures 4 and 5, Sheet 1, they need not be here
repeated, it being sufficient now to explain that the thermometer tube

page_text: is marked p, and that it is attached to the plates or pillars of the watch
near the bulb q. The free end of the tube p is connected to the lever r
by the link s. At its lower end the lever r carries the toothed rack t,
which acts upon the pinion u of the shaft or spindle carrying the
pointer. Accordingly then as the variations in temperature expand or
contract the liquid contained in the tube p, the same is indicated by the
pointer's position on the dial y.
On Sheet 3 of the Drawings are shown some other forms of thermo-
meters constructed in accordance with this Invention. In place how-
ever of using curved tubes, as in the preceeding modifications, straight
tubes are here used. Figure 1 is a side elevation, and Figure 2 a
vertical section of a thermometer so constructed. The mercury or spirit
is contained within the receiver A, on the upper part of which the
hollow stem B is situated, and it carries the elastic tube C which is
closed at its upper end, the mercury or spirit completely filling the tube.
The tube may be formed of india-rubber and closely surrounded by a
spiral coil of wire a so as to prevent any expansion or contraction in
diameter of the tube as the liquid contained in it becomes heated or
cooled, and therefore causing the expansion and contraction to take place
longitudinally only. The tube may or may not be again surrounded by
a spiral coil or spring b. The upper part of the tube C carries a pencil-
arm c, D being the pencil which bears against the graduated disc E.
The disc E is revolved at any given or required rate by clockwork.
Accordingly then as the pencil d is moved upwards and downwards by
means of the expansions and contractions of the fluid contained in the
instrument, and the disc E being maintained in constant revolution, a
diagram of the variations in temperature and the times of the variations
are obtained.
Figure 3, Sheet 3, is another form of thermometer constructed on a
similar basis to that herein described in reference to Figures 1 and 2,
Sheet 3. The receptacle at the bottom of the instrument in this case is
of different form and provided with tubes a for the purpose of increasing
the surface of exposure of the instrument, and the pencil d is carried
in a bent lever e connected to the expanding and contracting apparatus
by the link f.
Having now described the nature of my said Invention, and the
manner in or under which the same is or may be used or practically
carried into effect, I would observe in conclusion that what I consider

page_text: novel and original, and therefore claim as the Invention secured to me
by the herein-before in part recited Letters Patent is,―
First. The construction of recording or non-recording barometers in
which the vacuum tube is fixed at one end in order that a greater
indicating power may be obtained than when fixed at the centre, sub-
stantially as herein-before described.
Second. The construction of recording or non-recording thermometers
and the employment of tubes or vessels filled with mercury or spirit
as instruments for indicating changes of temperature, substantially as
herein-before described and shown on the annexed Sheets of Drawings.
Third. The combination of a barometer with a watch, or of a thermo-
meter with a watch, or both a barometer and thermometer with a watch,
as herein-before described and shown on the accompanying Drawings,
or any mere modification thereof.
In witness whereof, I, the said Andrew Barclay, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Twenty-second day of March, One
thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine.
ANDREW BARCLAY. (L.S.)