IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANU- FACTURE OF REFRACTORY BRICKS, CRUCIBLES, AND OTHER ARTICLES, AND ALSO REFRACTORY LININGS FOR FURNACES AND CONVERTERS, AND IN THE PREPARATION OF LIME TO BE MOULDED INTO FORMS ADAPTED TO METAL- LURGICAL AND OTHER USES
Year: 1878

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Edward Riley, F.C.S., of 2, City Road, Finsbury Square, in
"
the County of Middlesex, for the Invention of IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANU-
FACTURE OF REFRACTORY BRICKS, CRUCIBLES, AND OTHER ARTICLES, AND
ALSO REFRACTORY LININGS FOR FURNACES AND CONVERTERS, AND IN THE
PREPARATION OF LIME TO BE MOULDED INTO FORMS ADAPTED TO METAL-
LURGICAL AND OTHER USES."
led the 28th February 1879, and dated the 23rd November 18
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Edward Riley at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 23rd November 1878.
EDWARD RILEY, F.C.S., of 2, City Road, Finsbury Square, in the County of
Middlesex. "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF REFRACTORY BRICKS,
CRUCIBLES, AND OTHER ARTICLES, AND ALSO REFRACTORY LININGS FOR FURNACES
AND CONVERTERS, AND IN THE PREPARATION OF LIME TO BE MOULDED INTO FORMS
ADAPTED TO METALLURGICAL AND OTHER USES."
This Invention has for its object improvements in the manufacture of refractory
bricks, crucibles, and other articles, and also refractory linings for furnaces and con-
verters, and in the preparation of lime to be moulded into forms adapted to
metallurgical and other uses. I prepare lime for these purposes in such manner
that without converting it into hydrate of lime, the lime is made plastic or
coherent, or in such a condition that it may be used for the manufacture of bricks,
crucibles, tuyers, or any other form or shape used in furnaces or otherwise as a
refractory lining.
I also use lime in a plastic, soft, or moistened state for lining furnaces by means
of ramming round a mould or core as usually carried out in lining Bessemer
converters, ladles, and steel furnaces with ganister, sand, or any other refractory
material.
Hitherto there has been great 'difficulty in using lime for moulding bricks and
the like, and for lining furnaces on account of lime becoming hydrate of lime when
moistened with water in the usual way.

page_text: I have discovered that when lime is mixed with crude petroleum oil, petroleum
oil, or other like oils or crude and waste products from the distillation of petroleum
oils or tar free from or practically free from water that lime may be moulded with
or without pressure, but preferably with pressure. In this state it may be mixed
with silica, oxide of iron, alumina, magnesia, or other materials to make it more
coherent after burning, as practised in the manufacture of other refractory bricks.
After moulding the bricks or other forms or shapes I heat the same in close
vessels or retorts so as to distil off the oils so that they may be used again.
The bricks or other form of fire resisting materials are then to be burnt or
fired. The petroleum oil may be burnt if it cannot be conveniently distilled.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Edward Riley in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 22nd May
1879.
66
EDWARD RILEY, F.C.S., of 2, City Road, Finsbury Square, in the County of
Middlesex. IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF REFRACTORY BRICKS,
CRUCIBLES, AND OTHER ARTICLES, AND ALSO REFRACTORY LININGS FOR FURNACES
AND CONVERTERS, AND IN THE PREPARATION OF LIME TO BE MOULDED INTO FORMS
ADAPTED TO METALLURGICAL AND OTHER USES."
This Invention has for its object improvements in the manufacture of refractory
bricks, crucibles, and other articles, and also refractory linings for furnaces and con-
verters, and in the preparation of lime to be moulded into forms adapted to metal-
lurgical and other uses.
I prepare lime for these purposes in such manner that without converting it into
hydrate of lime the lime is made plastic or coherent, or in such a condition that it
may be used for the manufacture of bricks, crucibles, tuyers, or any other form or
shape used in furnaces or otherwise as a refractory lining.
I also use lime in a plastic, soft, or moistened state for lining furnaces by means
of ramming round a mould or core as usually carried out in lining Bessemer
converters, ladles, and steel furnaces with ganister, sand, or any other refractory
material.
Hitherto there has been great difficulty in using lime for moulding bricks and the
like, and for lining furnaces on account of lime becoming hydrate of lime when
moistened with water in the usual way.
I have discovered that when lime is mixed with crude petroleum oil, petroleum
oil, or other like oils, or crude and waste products from the distillation of petroleum
oils or tar free from or practically free from water, that lime may be moulded with
or without pressure, but preferably with pressure. In this state it may be mixed
with silica, oxide of iron, alumina, magnesia, or other materials to make it more
coherent after burning as practised in the manufacture of other refractory bricks.
After moulding the bricks or other forms or shapes I heat the same in close
vessels or retorts so as to distil off the oils so that they may be used again.
The bricks or other form of fire resisting materials are then to be burnt or fired.
The petroleum oil may be burnt off in the kiln if it cannot be conveniently
distilled.
In carrying out my Invention I grind ordinary burnt lime, preferably magnesian
lime, in an ordinary mortar mill, adding to the lime from seven to fifteen per cent. of
crude petroleum oil, coal oil, rosin oil, or other like liquid which, without hydrating
the lime, will moisten it so as to make the lime coherent or cohesive after grinding
and working in the mill.
If it be intended to line the converter or furnace by ramming the lime thus
ground and moistened is then rammed round a core as usually practiced in lining
converters, cupolas, &c., or it is simply rammed in the hearth of a furnace if a lime
or basic hearth is required.
In some cases I grind a small quantity of coke with the lime; I believe this
to be an useful addition, say in the proportion of 5 to 10 per cent.
Small quantities of oxide of iron, burnt clay, silica, alumina, and the like may be
added to render the material when burnt more coherent, but I believe such
additions to be unnecessary.
For making bricks I employ the same method of preparing the lime, only I find
it unnecessary to use so much petroleum or other like oil, from five to ten per cent.
being sufficient, the bricks are then pressed in a brick press with hydraulic or other
pressure, as much or more than one ton on the square inch being desirable when a
strong brick is desired,

page_text: The unburnt bricks thus prepared may be built into a furnace or converter as
soon as made, being quite square and true; they can be laid with almost close joints;
the joint may, however, be filled in with some of the ground lime and petroleum
oil when necessary.
The furnace or converter, lined either by ramming or with the burnt of unburnt
bricks as thus described, is then fired with a moderately quick fire, using coke,
which may be of inferior quality as it assists to glaze the lining. I also use iron
scale or oxide of iron thrown into the converter furnace or cupola to obtain a
glazed surface.
The bricks, when made as thus described, may be burnt in a kiln in the ordinary
way, using a lime or limestone bottom, and keeping the bricks from the sides of
the kilns so as to prevent any fluxing action.
The crude petroleum oil or other oil may be distilled off in close vessels or
retorts so that it may be used again, and the bricks, where it is desired that they
should be of a very close and refractory nature, may be burnt at a higher
temperature.
By the above method of manufacturing bricks I avoid the great shrinkage that
takes place when limestone is used for the same purpose, the shrinkage being in
fact less than in the manufacture of ordinary clay bricks; there is actual expansion
both with the rammed lining and the bricks before they have been submitted to a
high temperature.
Tuyers and crucibles or other shapes or forms for metallurgical uses may be
ramined or pressed into the moulds and burnt in the same way as bricks.
Having thus described the nature of my said Invention, and the manner of
performing the same, I would have it understood that I claim,-
First. The production of linings for converters and furnaces by the use of lime
moistened with crude petroleum oil, coal oil, resin oil, or like liquid, substantially
as described.
Second. The production of bricks, crucibles, tuyers, and other articles from lime
moistened with crude petroleum oil, coal oil, resin oil, or other liquid moulded and
burnt, substantially as described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Edward Riley, have hereunto set my hand and
seal, this Sixteenth day of May, in the year of our Lord One thousand
eight hundred and seventy nine.
EDWP. RILEY. (L.S.)