IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM BOILERS AND GAS APPARATUSES, AND IN GAS ENGINES AND BOILERS, AND IN APPARATUSES CONNECTED THEREWITH, TO WARM, VENTILATE, LIGHT, SIGNAL, AND BREAK ON RAILWAY CARRIAGES AND OTHER VEHICLES.”
Year: 1873

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Peter Salmon, Engineer, of No. 5, Mabledon
Place, Burton Crescent, London, W.C., in the County of Mid-
dlesex, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM BOILERS AND
GAS APPARATUSES, AND IN GAS ENGINES AND BOILERS, AND IN APPARATUSES
CONNECTED THEREWITH, TO WARM, VENTILATE, LIGHT, SIGNAL, AND BREAK
ON RAILWAY CARRIAGES AND OTHER VEHICLES.”
YN AD
Sealed the 13th January 1874, and dated the 14th July 1873.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Peter Salmon at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
14th July 1873.
I, PETER SALMON, Engineer, of No. 5, Mabledon Place, Burton
Crescent, London, W.C., in the County of Middlesex, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention for " IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM BOILERS
AND GAS APPARATUSES, AND IN GAS ENGINES AND BOILERS, AND IN APPARATUSES
CONNECTED THEREwith, to Warm, VENTILATE, LIGHt, Signal, and Break in or on
RAILWAY CARRIAGES AND OTHER VEHICLES," to be as follows:-

page_text: No. 147, the six months protection on which is not yet expired, are
applicable,-
Firstly. To steam boilers and gas apparatuses or retorts, to produce gas
from spirit, oil, tar, fatty or carbonaceous substances, which are purified by
absorbing substances hereafter specified for lighting, cooking, warming,
smelting of ironstone, or other ores, heating metals for rolling, con-
version of iron into steel, or other purposes, such as fitting the appa-
ratuses to fire-grates and stoves.
And, Secondly. To gas engines and boilers, for locomotive, marine,
portable, stationary, road, omnibus, tramway car, wagon, truck, or other
purposes where power is requisite, in which the superheated or decomposed
steam in passing through the oils, &c., in gas generator forms a lubricated
and combustible gas,
which is first used as a motive power by its elasticity
or expansion, and after it has so actuated the pistons of the cylinders
of any power engine, it is consumed in the boiler or boilers to raise
steam from the water, and expand the air (if any) forced into the boiler
or superheater, and to various apparatuses in connection with these
engines, as hereafter described.
Under the first division of steam boilers and gas apparatuses, to
produce gas for any of the purposes or others before named, my In-
vention for these improvements consists,―
Firstly. In the forcing of the requisite quantity of air (heated
prefered) by force pump, fan, or other appliance, such as the present
gas holders, in connection with conveyance pipes into the steam boiler,
boilers, or retorts (prefered), or gas generator, superheater, or conveyance 2
pipes, to promote the circulation of water in the boilers, and of oil in
the gas generators, also to prevent the formation of scale in the boilers,
but chiefly to assist the combustion of the gas, either for bright lights
or strong heating or smelting power (this is claimed in the production
of gas by these generators or retorts). Also the option of forcing the 3
requisite quantity of oil, &c., into the steam boiler or retorts direct,
and thus dispensing with the gas generator, which boiler or retorts, if
the former is of tubes, may be of fire-clay or metal when used for this
purpose, and the elements of oil, air, and water, may if prefered, be
injected in the form of spray, or one or more of them only forced 3
therein after one or more of them have been passed through the heater
and superheater prefered. The combustion of the furnaces of these

page_text: boilers or retorts may be worked under pressure or by draft, as found
most suitable. These steam boilers may have also flues with tubes or
tubes in length throughout the steam portion (or consists entirely of
tubes or retorts in pieces or coils) to superheat or decompose the vapour,
a supply of shale, coal (small prefered), coke, charcoal, peat, or wood,
and alkili and metallic substances being placed in the interior of
boilers or retorts by suspended bags or otherwise in the vapour portion,
with or without perforated plates covered with sackcloth below, or other
means of intercepting any deposit from these substances. The spray
of oil, air, and water is prefered to be heated and superheated before
entering boilers or retorts, or any of these elements when forced in
separately; this may be (and is prefered to be) effected by the tube first
communicating with a heater placed in the brickwork of the furnace
or the back part of the furnace or flue to take up the waste heat; this
heater may consist of a series of tubes in pieces, or coils of metal, or
fire-clay, or a vessel with tubes, or a vessel surrounding the furnace or
flues prefered in segments.
In boilers or retorts where it is prefered to keep the carbonaceous
substances before named separate and distinct from the impurities
absorbing materials before named, or others, such as broken bricks,
earthenware, or clays, this is easilly effected in any style of boiler or
retorts, say in a bench of the latter, consisting of seven retorts, five of
these may be used for the former and two for the latter purpose; the
vapour from the five being afterwards passed through the two (and dis-
tribution and collecting tubes may be used in retorts) or a portion of
the whole seven retorts may be charged at one end with the carbonaceous
substances, and at the other end with the absorbing materials, the
vapour entering all the retorts at the former ends, and passing through
both classes of substances is exhausted from the other ends of the
retorts; but before entering the boilers or retorts the vapour from the
heater may be superheated by a tube or tubes placed in the furnace or
flues, so as to be in a state approaching to red heat when entering
boilers or retorts containing the carbonaceous and impurities absorbing.
substances, this superheating is prefered for boilers consisting of tubes
or retorts.
The system of working the foregoing mode of retorts or tubular boilers
be
as follows: The whole bench of retorts or tubes in boiler being
may
_:41.
f the
and

page_text: substances before named, either separately (or mixed) as specified with
the materials for absorbing the impurities of the vapour, water, oil, and
air combined as spray, or any two or one of these elements separately is
forced into the heater, and may be afterwards superheated in tubes
placed in the furnace or flues, thence to first or second class of retorts
or tubular boilers, and therein converted into a permanent gas, and
purified by passing through the absorbing materials, which gas is then
drawn off by an exhauster; very little oil (if any) will be required during
the first shift of six hours, when the gas is being discharged from the
coal or other carbonaceous substance, and the water may be forced into
the heater without the air if preferred, or the air without the water.
For the second shift of six hours the supply of oil to be increased in
equal or a larger proportion to the water used with or without air, and
for the third shift of six hours similar supplies to the second shift, and
at the termination of this third shift it is calculated that fresh charges
of the carbonaceous substances and absorbing materials will be required
(if not furthur shifts may be continued) and the process repeated.
ad libitum.
Separate benches of retorts or boilers may be worked alternately to
keep the supply of gas of the same richness (as I consider the gas from
the first shift will not be so rich in quality as those which follow) in
the holders where they mix. The carbonaceous system may be separated
entirely, and worked distinct or separate from the oil system, if either
be prefered alone.
These gas generators under the head of other purposes herein before-
mentioned I also fit and apply to fire-grates and stoves or cooking
ranges of all kinds to produce their own gas by a portion of the heat of
the same as burned, with regulating non-conducting plates or flexible
shutter to shut off and regulate the heat, so as to stop the making of the
gas when sufficient pressure is attained, say one to two lbs. pr square
inch. These generators consist of a vessel of any shape or form fitted
in the most suitable position of any fire-grate or stove, of the capacity
of one to six gallons (more or less), a quarter to one half of this space
being for oil and water and the remainder for gas. This generator may
be supplied with alkali and metallic substances by small door, and with
oil and water by a tube to near the bottom with brass stop-cock on top;
to which an open filler may be screwed on or a filler with double stop-
cock for use when pressure is on, and to start these oil gas stoves and

page_text: fire-grates either a jet of the ordinary gas may be applied and prefered,
or any other artificial heat. An iron tube with stop-cock conveys the
gas down to the burner from the generator, and to improve the gas for
burning a length or two of this tube or a chamber is superheated above
the gas before it is burned.
Secondly. My Invention consists in the conjunction of the two parts
known by the scrubbers and driers into one part, being a vessel placed
vertically, made of iron, clay, or other suitable substance built in brick-
work with fire or flame under and arround it, the cover of which vessel is
removeable by bolts and nuts close set, has a false bottom perforated,.
and the said vessel is filled with charcoal, coke, and a part of lime, or
other alkali and metallic substances. The gas from generator is
conveyed by pipes and enters this vessel under the false bottom perforated,
and passing upwards through the foregoing substances which are in a
state of red heat, the said oil gas is by this process rendered permanent,
dry, and after being coolod is fit for use or storing in the gas holder.
And, Thirdly. My Invention consists in the application of this gas
manufactured and improved as before described from similar or inferior
oils or other liquids or substances, to fire-grates and stoves filled with
asbestos, pumicestone, or other metallic substances to which the gas is
applied underneath, or burned in the terra cotta clay stoves, cooking
apparatuses, or other domestic or commerical uses. And in stoves and
fire-grates the gas generator may be fitted to absorb a portion of the
heat of the gas as burned, described under the head firstly. Also the
application to the smelting of ironstone or other ores in blast furnaces,
heating iron or other metals in furnaces and fires for plates, rods, rails,
or manufacturing purposes; also to furnaces or retorts for the conversion
of iron into steel. The steam used at iron and steel works for these gas
generators may be generated by the waste gasses of furnaces and fires,
and conveyed by piping with stop-cocks to these gas generators, and the
gas conveyed from these apparatuses by pipes with stop-cocks (or the
elements oil, water, and air (separately or combined), conveyed direct
in the form of spray heated and superheated prefered), to any of the
furnaces, fires, or retorts before-named, and burned therein in the most
suitable manner in each description to effect the best result.
And under the second division of gas engines and boilers for any of
the purposes before named my Invention for these improvements

page_text: Firstly. In the forcing of a requisite portion of air (heated prefered)
by force pump, fan, or other appliance into the steam boiler (prefered
and claimed in conjunction with these gas engines), superheater, gas
generator, or conveyance. pipes, to circulate the water in the former and
prevent scale forming on the plates, and in either of them, and chiefly to
assist the combustion of the gas after it has actuated the pistons of the
cylinders of any power engine. The decomposing materials of coke,
charcoal, alkali, and metallic substances may be put in the boiler or
superheater, by bags or otherwise, suspended in the steam portion of the
former. And the application of this to existing engines and boilers of
all kinds, converted to the use of oil on my principle, from that of coal,
coke, wood, or other combustible. Also in an improved bell-crank valve
to regulate the combustion under pressure with communicating rod and
handle to drivers of these engines.
Secondly. My Invention consists (in conjunction with these improved
gas engines) in a reciprocating axle, by the bushes moving in a slot (or
with lateral and vertical play with steel or india-rubber springs and center
spindles, under and above the bushes, and also at the sides if required,
the upper and under centre spindles having lateral motion in fixing,
with lapped plates between springs and fixing, and steel plates between
bushes and springs in the circular plates of the plummer blocks) for say
twelve inches, more or less, to prevent friction on railway locomotives,
road, tramway car, omnibus, wagon, or truck engines, or to the axles
of any description of vehicles attached thereto. And in winding leather
on its edge in strips, on the tyres of the driving tramway wheels, the
strips being glued or cemented together, and fixed by washer screwed up
with screw pins to prevent slipping on the rails.
Thirdly. My Invention consists in placing these engines vertically,
fixed to the steam boilers, and the option of dividing them into two for
use in omnibusses, tramway cars, wagons, trucks, or similar vehicles for
the common roads or railway purposes placed vertically at the sides and
actuated from either end of the vehicles so as to give a clear passage
through through these vehicles from end to end.
Fourthly. My Invention consists in the application of my gas
improvers and pipes of fire-clay or metal fitted on the exhaust gas pipes
in the combustion chambers of the steam boilers which may be partly
filled and renewed from time to time with coke or charcoal, and alkali

page_text: and metalic substances; and also in branch starting tubes and fillers
either with single or double stop-cocks to any of the exhaust pipes in
the boilers or generators of any of these gas engines.
Fifthly. My Invention consists in the option of forcing by pump or
other appliance direct into the steam boilers (which may be for any of
the purposes before named, constructed entirely of tubes, or coils, or
cast-iron hemispheres) of these gas engines, the requisite quantity of
oil and air (heated prefered) which may be combined with or without
the water, in the form of spray, entering a heater first placed in the flue
or back part of furnace, to take up the waste heat, similar to that
described under the head firstly, of the first division of my Invention),
and thus dispensing with the gas generator and superheater; this may be
carried out at small cost to existing steam engines of all kinds, to be
converted from the use of coal or coke to my gas principle. These
steam boilers may have flues with tubes, or tubes in length, through the
steam portion to superheat or decompose the steam, a supply of coke,
charcoal, alkali, and metalic substances being placed in the interior of
boiler, by suspended bags or otherwise, in the steam part, and the com-
bustion may be worked under pressure.
Sixthly. My Invention consists in the use of these improved gas
engines and boilers at fixed stations on the line of route of railways,
tramways, or common roads, for compressing air or raising steam and
air to supply receivers in vehicles, to actuate power engines fixed thereto
for any of these purposes; the heat of the lights or other heat may be
applied in the vehicles to expand the vapour.
And, Seventhly. My Invention consists in connection with these gas
engines, such as locomotives on railways and tramway and omnibus car
engines, in improved conveyance pipes and unions (of brass or metal, the
socket of the one screwing into the flange of the other, with india-rubber
rings, making a vapour tight joint, or another special metallic union con-
sisting of receivers of the form of a conc fixed to the carriages with
india-rubber ring bedded in each mouth piece thereof, the connection
being by a spindle tube of greatest diameter in the centre (where is fixed
a tie rod for keeping the union together, when it has once been joined,
by pins to fixing on each carriage) and tapering to each end, so that it
is connected and disconnected with facility, always in order, and forming
at once an air-tight joint; and the tube spindle having lateral facility of

page_text: play through the india-rubber rings either way cannot possibly get
smashed, injured, or out of order, while the intrinsic nature of the
substance of the connection promises great durability.
The fittings and apparatus (for working the breaks of a train in this
steam system is the same as that hereafter described as the air system)
for conveying the steam from the boiler or exhaust to chambers or
distribution pipes in the carriages (omnibuses or cars) in connection
therewith, to warm these vehicles in cold weather, which steam if of
sufficient pressure may also be applied as before indicated to my cushion
or cylinder breaks on all the vehicles of a train; and ventilation may be
effected by fan for air, actuated by the surplus pressure of steam, with
tube fittings to distribute the air in vehicles, with signaling apparatus
hereafter described in connection with the air system which I consider
the best for all purposes, the foregoing being merely put in this Specifi-
cation to shew how they can be effected by steam; or for the purpose
of warming and that of lighting gas from the generators on engine may
be conveyed by pipes and unions of smaller size, and burned in these
vehicles in stoves and glass globes to give warmth and light. By the
same or similar apparatus I effect the four purposes of ventilating,
warming, working the breaks, and signaling by air in trains of carriages 2
or other vehicles, as before stated as my air system, the ventilation being
effected in hot weather by fresh air from force pump on engine or other
appliance with or without receivers in guard's van, and on locomotive or
engine, which air in cold weather I pass through a heater in furnace or
chamber, and the said air, either cold or hot is first applied to my cushion :
breaks (the surplus pressure being used for the preceeding purposes) or
to one side of the pistons of cylinders, the other side of the pistons being
fitted and actuated by a metallic or other spring which works the breaks;
the requisite pressure of air being required to keep the breaks in position
from working, and to actuate the breaks the pressure has only to be
released, having all the required stop-cocks for its efficiency. The self-
acting pressure valves are in chambers, and the faces of these valves
may be clothed with leather or flexible material. The surplus pressure
may either escape into the carriages or vehicles by roses or perforated
tubes under the seats, or be inserted in the floors of the carriages under
grating, or may be enclosed in chambers with safety exit tubes, and
when the heat or ventilation is not required in the vehicles, the travellers
have the means at their hand, by handle and face plate in each com-

page_text: partment, of shutting off this surplus vapour or regulating the same.
The supply of air being under the control of the engine driver and guard
they can at any moment shut it off, and allow the pressure to escape, or
part may pass into the vehicles, if desired, thus instantaneously releasing
the air and allowing all the breaks to act to stop the train of vehicles or
vehicle, or in the event of any of the vehicles breaking from the train
the connection ceases and the breaks act automatically, and brings both
portions of the vehicles to a stand. Attached to the apparatus is a com-
munication for the travellers, and all the functionaries in a train for
signaling by two handles in a glass case opening in the front, in each
compartment of vehicle, each handle having a face plate with the
requisite indication diagrams.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Peter Salmon in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 14th January 1874.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, PETER
SALMON, Engineer, of No. 5, Mabledon Place, Burton Crescent, London,
W.C., in the County of Middlesex, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Fourteenth day of July, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-three, in the thirty-
seventh year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give
and grant unto me, the said Peter Salmon, Her special licence that
I, the said Peter Salmon, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
or such others as I, the said Peter Salmon, my executors, adminis-
trators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from
time to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend; within the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands,
and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM BOILERS ADD
GAS APPARATUSES, AND IN GAS ENGINES AND BOILERS, AND IN APPARATUSES CON-
NECTED THEREWITH, TO WARN, VENTILATE, LIGHT, SIGNAL, AND BRAKE IN OR ON
RAILWAY CARRIAGES AND OTHER VEHICLES," upon the condition (amongst
others) that I, the said Peter Salmon, my executors or administrators;

page_text: and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the
said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and
cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Peter Salmon, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by
the following statement :-
These improvements are applicable,―
Firstly. To steam boilers and gas apparatuses or retorts to produce
gas from spirit, oil, tar, fatty or carbonaceous substances, which is
purified by absorbing materials hereafter specified for lighting, coking,
warming, smelting of ironstone or other ores, heating metals for rolling,
conversion of iron into steel, or other purposes, such as fitting the
apparatuses to fire-grates and stoves.
And, Secondly. To gas engines and boilers for locomotive, marine,
portable, stationary, road, omnibus, tramway car, wagon, truck, or other
purposes where power is requisite, in which the superheated or decom-
posed steam in passing through the oils, &c. in gas generator forms a
lubricated and combustible gas, which is first used as a motive power
by its elasticity or expansion, and after it has so actuated the pistons of
the cylinders of any power engine it is consumed or burned in or under
the boilers to raise steam from the water and expand the air, if any,
forced into the boiler or superheater; or the process in these gas engines
may be reversed, that is to say, the vapour from the boilers or super-
heaters may first actuate the pistons of the cylinders, and the exhaust
therefrom, afterwards pass through the oil in the gas generators; and
when air is used it may if found more advantageous be forced in proper
proportion only into the gas generators with the exhaust from cylinders,
to produce gas to maintain the power, by being burned in or under the
boilers, and to various apparatuses in connection with these engines as
hereafter described.
Under the first division of steam boilers and gas apparatuses to
produce gas for any of the purposes before named my Invention for

page_text: Firstly. In the forcing of the requisite quantity of air, heated
preferred, by force pump, fan, or other appliance, such as the present
gas holders in connection with conveyance pipes into the heater, steam
boiler, boilers or retorts prefered, or gas generator, superheater, or
conveyance pipes to promote the circulation of water in the heaters or
boilers, and of oil in the gas generators; also to prevent the formation
of scale in the former, but chiefly to assist the combustion of the gas,
either for bright lights or strong heating or smelting power. Also the
option of forcing the requisite quantity of oil, &c. into the steam boilers
or retorts direct, and thus dispensing with the gas generator, which
boiler or retorts, if the former is of tubes, may be of fire-clay or metal
when used for this purpose; and the elements of oil, air, and water may
if preferred be injected in the form of spray, or one or more of them
forced therein after one or more of them have passed through the
heater and superheater prefered. The combustion of the furnaces of
these boilers or retorts may be worked under pressure or by draft as
found most suitable. These steam boilers may have also flues with
tubes or tubes in length throughout the steam portion (or consist
entirely of tubes or retorts in pieces or coils) to superheat or decompose
the vapour, a supply of shale, coal (small prefered), coke, charcoal,
peat, or wood, and alkali, and metallic substances being placed in the
interior of boilers or retorts by suspended bags or otherwise in the
vapour portion, with or without perforated plates covered with sackcloth
below, or other means of intercepting any deposit from these substances.
The spray of oil, air, and water (if prefered) to be heated and super-
heated before entering boilers or retorts, or any of these elements when
forced in separately; this may be and is preferred to be effected by the
tube first communicating with a heater placed in the brickwork of
furnace or the back part of furnace or flue to take up the waste heat.
This heater may consist of a series of tubes in pieces or coils of metal or
fire-clay, or a vessel with tubes, or a vessel surrounding the furnace or
flues prefered in segments, and the superheater may have chambers
attached for holding absorbing materials.
In boilers or retorts where it is prefered to keep the carbonaceous
substances before named separate and distinct from the impurities
absorbing materials before named, or others, such as broken bricks,
earthenware, and clays. This is easily effected in any style of boilers or
retorts, say in a bench of the latter consisting of seven retorts; five or

page_text: six of these may be used for the former, and one or two for the latter
purpose, the vapour from the five or six being afterwards passed through
the one or two, or vice versa or a portion of the whole seven retorts
may be charged at one end (or any separate portions) with the car-
bonaceous substances, and at the other end or parts with the absorbing
materials. The vapour entering all the retorts at either end and passing
through both classes of substances is exhausted from the other ends of
the retorts. Before entering the boilers or retorts the vapour from the
heater may be superheated by a tube or tubes placed in the furnace or
flues, so as to be in a state approaching to red heat, and partly decom-
posed when entering boilers or retorts containing the carbonaceous and
impurities absorbing substances. This superheating is prefered for
boilers consisting entirely of tubes or retorts.
The system of working the foregoing mode of retorts may be as
follows: The whole bench of retorts or tubes in boiler being charged
with any of the carbonaceous substances before named, either separately
or mixed, as specified, with the materials for absorbing the impurities of
the vapour, water, oil, and air combined as spray, or any two or one of
these elements separately, is forced into the heater, and may afterwards
be superheated and partly decomposed in tubes or chambers placed in
the furnace or flues, thence to first or second class of retorts or tubular
boilers, and therein converted into a permanent gas, and purified by
passing through the absorbing materials, which gas is then drawn off by
an exhauster. Very little oil, if any, will be required during the first
shift of six or more hours, when the gas is being discharged from the
coal or other carbonaceous substance, and the water may be forced into
the heater without the air if prefered, or the air without the water.
For the second shift of six or more hours the supply of oil to be
increased in equal or a larger proportion to the water used with or
without air, and for the third shift of six or more hours similar supplies
to the second shift, and at the termination of this third shift it is
calculated that fresh charges of the carbonaceous substances and
absorbing materials will be required (if not, further shifts may be
continued), and the process repeated ad limitum.
.
Separate benches of retorts or boilers may be worked alternately to
keep the supply of gas of the same richness (as I consider the gas from
the first shift will not be so rich in quality as those which follow) in the
holders where they mix. The carbonaceous system may be separated

page_text: entirely, and worked separate and distinct from the oil system if either
be prefered alone. If prefered vertical retorts with screw feeders in
them of fire-clay or metal may be used for either system, or both com-
bined. The retorts and boilers may have distributing and exhausting
perforated pipes fitted in them to any extent.
These gas generators under the head of other purposes herein-before
mentioned I also fit and apply to fire-grates and stoves or cooking ranges
of all kinds to produce their own gas by a portion of the heat of the
same as burned. With regulating non-conducting plates or flexible
shutters actuated by self-acting gas spring valves on generators to shut
off and regulate the heat so as to stop the making of the gas when
sufficient pressure is attained, say one to two lbs. per square inch.
These generators consist of a vessel of any shape or form fitted in the
most suitable position of any fire-grate or stove of the capacity of one to
six gallons, more or less, a quarter to one-half of this space being for oil
and water, and the remainder for gas. This generator may be supplied
with alkali and metallic substances by small door, and with oil and
water by a tube to near the bottom with brass stop cock on top, to
which an open filler may be screwed on, or a filler with double stop
cock for use when pressure is on, and to start these oil gas stoves or
fire-grates either a jet of ordinary gas may be applied and prefered, or
any other artificial heat. An iron tube witli stop cock conveys the gas
down to the burner, and to improve the gas for burning a length or two
of this tube, or a chamber is superhcated above the gas before it is
burned. The oil tanks required in all cases may be enclosed or enveloped
in water tanks for safety.
Secondly. My Invention consists in the conjunction of the two parts
known by the names of the scrubbers and driers into one part, being a
vessel placed vertically, made of iron, clay, or other suitable substance,
built in brickwork, with fire or flames under and around it, the cover of
which vessel is removeable by bolts and nuts close set, has a false
bottom perforated, and the said vessel is filled with charcoal, coke, and a
part of lime, or other alkali and metallic substances. The gas from
generator is conveyed by pipes, and enters this vessel under the false
bottom, and passing upwards through the foregoing substances, which
are in a state of red heat, the said oil gas is by this process rendered
permanent, dry, and after being cooled is fit for use or storing in the gas
holder.

page_text: And Thirdly. My Invention consists in the application of this oil gas,
manufactured and improved, as before described, from similar or inferior
oils or other liquids or substances, to fire-grates and stoves filled with
asbestos, pumice-stone, or other metallic substances to which the gas is
applied underneath, or burned in the terra cotta clay stoves, cooking
apparatuses, or other domestic or commercial uses; and in stoves or
fire-grates the gas generator may be fitted on to absorb a portion of the
heat of the gas as it is burned, described under the head firstly. Also to
the smelting of ironstone or other ores in blast furnaces, heating iron or
or other metals in furnaces and fires, for plates, rods, rails, or manu-
facturing purposes; also to furnaces, fires, or retorts for the conversion
of iron into steel. The steam used at iron and steel works for these gas
generators may be generated by the waste gases of furnaces and fires,
and conveyed by piping and stop-cocks to these gas generators, and the
gas conveyed from these apparatuses by pipes with stop-cocks (or the
elements conveyed direct in the form of spray), heated and superheated
prefered, to any of the furnaces, fires, or retorts before named, and
burned therein in the most suitable manner in each description to effect
the best result.
And under the second division of gas engines and boilers for any of
the purposes before named my Invention for these improvements
consists,-
Firstly. In the forcing of a requisite portion of air, heated prefered,
by force pump, fan, or other appliance into the steam boiler (prefered
and claimed in conjunction with these gas engines), superheater, gas
generator, or conveyance pipes, to circulate the water in the former, and
prevent scale forming on the plates, and in either of them, and chiefly to
assist the combustion of the gas after it has actuated the pistons of the
cylinders of any power engine. The decomposing materials of coke,
charcoal, alkali, and metallic substances may be put in the boiler or
superheater by bags, or otherwise suspended in the steam portion of the
former; and the application of this to existing engines and boilers of all
kinds to be converted to the use of oil on my principle from that of coal,
coke, wood, or other combustible. Also in an improved bell-crank valve
to regulate the combustion under pressure with communicating rod and
handle to driver of engine.
Secondly. My Invention consists (in conjunction with these improved
gas engines) in a reciprocating axle, by the bushes moving in a slot (or

page_text: with lateral and vertical play, with steel or india-rubber springs, and
centre spindles under and above the bushes, and also at the sides, if
required, the upper and under centre spindles having lateral motion in
fixing, with lapped plates between springs and fixing, and steel plates
between brushes and springs in the centre plates of the plummer
blocks) for say twelve inches more or less, to prevent friction on railway
locomotives, road tramway car, omnibus, wagon, or truck engines, and
to the axles of any description of vehicles attached thereto; and in
winding leather on its edge in strips on the tyres of driving tramway
wheels, the strips being glued or cemented together, and fixed by washer
screwed up with screw pins to prevent slipping on the rails.
Thirdly. My Invention consists in placing these engines vertically
fixed to the steam boilers, and the option of dividing them into two for
use in omnibusses, tramway cars, wagons, trucks, or similar vehicles for
the common roads or railway purposes, placed vertically at the sides, and
actuated from either end of the vehicle, so as to give a clear passage
through the vehicles from end to end.
Fourthly. My Invention consists in the application of my gas
improvers and pipes of fire-clay or metal fitted on the exhaust gas pipes
in the combustion chambers of the steam boilers, which may be partly
filled and renewed from time to time with coke or charcoal, and alkali
and metallic substances; and also in branch starting tubes, either with
single or double stop-cocks, to any of the exhaust gas pipes in the boilers
or generators of any of these gas engines.
Fifthly. My Invention consists in the option of forcing by force
pump or other appliance direct into the steam boilers (which may be for
any of the purposes before named constructed entirely of tubes or coils,
or cast-iron hemispebres) of these gas engines the requisite quantity of
oil and air, heated prefered, which may be combined with the water in
the form of spray (entering a heater first placed in the flue or back part
of the furnace to take up the waste heat similar to that described under
the heat firstly of the first division of my Invention), and thus dis-
pensing with the gas generators and superheaters. This may be carried
out at small cost to existing engines of all kinds to be converted from
the use of coal or coke to my gas principle. These steam boilers may
bave flues with tubes, or tubes in length through the steam portion, to
superheat or decompose the steam, a supply of coke, charcoal, wood,.

page_text: alkali, and metallic substances being placed in the interior of boiler by
suspended bags or otherwise in the steam part, and the combustion may
be worked under pressure. The oil tanks required may in all cases be
enclosed or enveloped in water tanks for safety.
Sixthly. My Invention consists in the use of these improved gas
engines and boilers at fixed stations on the line of route of railways,
tramways, or common roads, for compressing air, or raising air and
steam, to supply receivers in vehicles to actuate power engines fixed
thereto for any of these purposes. The heat of the lights or other heat
may be applied to the receivers to expand the vapours.
And, Seventhly. My Invention consists, in connection with these gas
engines, such as locomotives on railways, and tramway car, and omnibus
car engines, in improved conveyance pipes, and unions (of brass or
metal, the socket of the one screwing into the flange of the other, with
india-rubber rings, making a vapour-tight joint), or another metallic
union, hereafter more particularly described, consisting of receivers in
the form of a cone, fixed to the carriages, with india-rubber ring bedded
in each mouth piece thereof, the connection being by a spindle tube of
greatest diameter in the centre (where is fixed a metallic tie rod for keeping
the union together when it has once been joined by the pins to fixing
on each carriage), and tapering to each end, so that it is connected
and disconnected with facility, always in order, and forming at once an
air-tight joint, and the tube spindle having latteral facility of play
through the india-rubber rings either way cannot possibly get smashed,
injured, or out of order, while the intrinsic nature of the substance of
the connection promises great durability) for conveying the steam from
the boiler or exhaust to chambers or distribution pipes in the carriages
(omnibuses or cars) in connection therewith, to warm these vehicles
in cold weather, which steam, if of sufficient pressure, may also be
applied to my cushion or cylinder brakes on all the vehicles of a train,
and ventilation may be effected by fan, actuated by the surplus pressure
of steam, with tube fittings to distribute the air in vehicles.
The fittings and apparatus for working the breaks and the signaling
apparatus are more fully described hereafter in connection with my air
system, which I consider the best for all purposes, the foregoing system
by steam being merely put in this Specification to shew how effect the
purposes therewith.
Or for the purpose of warming and that of

page_text: lighting, gas from the generators on engine may be conveyed by pipes
and unions of smaller size, and burned in these vehicles in stoves and
glass globes to give warmth and light. Or in my steam and air systems
a small portion of the vapour at each carriage may be carburated by
passing through a small vessel containing spirit to produce gas for light
or warmth. By the same or similar apparatus used in my steam
system, I effect by my air system, referred to above, the four or five
combined purposes of working the brakes, warming, ventilating,
signaling, and lighting railway carriages and other vehicles; the
ventilation in hot weather being effected by fresh air, as the surplus
pressure (which air may be passed through a chamber containing ice or
water) from fan or force pump on engine, with or without receivers in
guards' van and on the locomotive, which air in cold weather I pass
through the heater in furnace or chamber; or if air is used in the boiler
the combined vapour may be used, and the said air, either cold or hot, I
apply first to my cushion brakes (the surplus pressure being used for
the preceding purposes, and a small portion may be carburated for the
lights or stoves, as before stated), or to one side of the pistons of
cylinders, the other side of the pistons being fitted with a metallic or
other spring, which works the brakes, the requisite pressure of vapour
being required to keep the brakes in position from working, and to
actuate the brakes the pressure has only to be released; having all the
required stop-cocks for its efficiency, the self-acting pressure valves
being in chambers, and the faces of the valves may be clothed with
leather or flexible material. The surplus pressure may either escape
into the carriages or vehicles by roses or perforated tubes, or the tubes
be inserted in the floors of vehicles under gratings, or it may be enclosed
in chambers with safety exite tubes; and when the heat or ventilation
is not required in the vehicles the travellers have the means at their
hand in each compartment, by handle on face plate, of shutting off or
regulating this surplus vapour. The supply of air being under the
control of the engine driver and guard they can at any moment shut it
off and allow the pressure to escape, or part may pass into the vehicles,
thus instantaneously releasing and allowing all the brakes to act to stop
the train of vehicles or vehicle; or in the event of any of the vehicles
breaking from the train the connection ceases, and the brakes then act
automatically, and brings both portions of the vehicles to a stand.
Attached to the apparatus is a communication for the travellers and all
the functionaries of a train by two handles in glass case in each compart
R

page_text: ment, which glass case opens (by hinge) in front, the first handle being
in connection with an alarum bell and signal attached to the side of the
carriage; while in darkness a cover is taken off a lamp, for use in case
of robbery or assault, sudden illness or other cause; and the second
handle also actuates the preceding, and is also in union with the vital
and working part of the apparatus to release the air, and thus actuating
all the brakes, and so bringing the train or vehicles to a stop; this is
for use only in cases of fire, carriages running off the line, or other
imminent danger, and caution bills are recommended to be put up in
each compartment, stating their uses, with penalties for their abuse.
In order to prevent abuse the interrupters at their hand in each com-
partment are constructed so that when once they have been handled or
worked three results follows:-
First. When the handles have been actuated it is impossible for thè
travellers to place them in their original position.
Second. The alarum continues to ring till rectified by the guard.
And, Third. That a signal is displayed outwardly on the side of the
carriage; while in darkness a cover is taken off a lamp where the alarum
has been sounded.
And in order that my said Invention and the manner of performing :
the same may be properly understood, I have hereunto appended five
Sheets of explanatory Drawings, to be herein-after referred to, repre-
senting some modifications of my improvements, and wherever the same
letters of reference are repeated in the same Sheet of Drawings they are
used to indicate the same or like parts.
DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS.
Sheet 1 represents the first division of my Invention, viz., steam
boilers and gas apparatus with applications to fire-grates and stoves,
blast furnaces for smelting ironstone and other ores, furnaces for heating
metals, the application to retorts being similar, constructed in accordance
with my Invention.

page_text: materials; d represents the perforated tube to force the air into the
boiler from end to end; and e, e, represents the perforated tubes from
end to end of boiler to draw off the hydrogen vapour; f, f, are the
return superheating flues on the top of the boiler.
Fig. 2 and Fig. 9 represent elevation sectional views of two gas
generators from oil, et cetera, in accordance with my Invention. i, i,
represent the admission hydrogen gas tubes perforated inside with regu-
lating apparatus attached; j represents the steam chest or tubes in the
interior to act by surface heat; k represents the level glass guages for
the oil; and are the pressure guage valves.
Fig. 3 represents an elevational sectional view of a drier and scrubler
combined; m represents the false bottom; and n is the admission
vapour tube perforated inside; o is the rod with handle to pull out
the materials; p is the coke in small pieces; q is the lime; " is the
metallic substances; 8 is the tube for drawing off the gas.
Figure 4 represents a clay D horizontal retort in section, and Figure 5
represents an end view of the same. t is the pipe for air; w is the pipe
for water; is the pipe for oil; w is the distribution pipe in the retorts
perforated; x is the pipe for exhausting the retorts perforated.
Figure 6 represents sectional elevation view of a boiler, consisting
entirely of tubes; and Figure 7 represents the end sectional view of one
of the tubes of the same with similar admission and exhaust pipes as the
retorts for gas making according to my Invention.
Figure 8 represents a longitudinal sectional view of one style of heater
for the flues to take up the waste heat, and convert the liquids into
vapour according to my Invention. a¹ represents the admission pipe for
the liquids or spray; z is the exite for the vapour passing to the chamber
2', which represents the chamber for decomposing materials.
Figure 10 represents front elevation view of one style of a heating
furnace with the improvements applied thereto for heating iron plates,
et cetera, or other metals according to my Invention. 6' represents the
oil tank enveloped in water for safety; c¹ represents the water tank for
supply; d' represents the pipe for air. Retorts for the conversion of
iron into steel arc similarly fitted.

page_text: :
Figure 11 represents elevation view of a blast furnace for smelting
iron ores, et cetera, with my improvements applied thereto by one plan
according to my Invention; e' represents the pipe for air; f¹ is the pipe
for oil; and g¹ is the pipe for water.
Figure 12 represents plan view of Figure Eleven in accordance with
'my Invention.
1
Figures 13, 14, 15, 16, and 17 represent elevational sectional views of
fire-grates and stoves with my gas generators applied thereto according
to my Invention. H₁ represents the gas generator; ", ¹, are fillers for
oil and water; is the gas pipe with stop cock for conveying the gas
from generator to burner; K is the handle or regulating apparatus and
shutter to regulate the heat to generator.
And under the second division of my Invention Sheet 2 represents a
tramway car gas engine constructed in accordance with my Invention.
b
Fig. 1 represents elevation view partly in section of tramway car and
gas engine constructed in accordance with my Invention, and Fig. 2 is a
plan view of the same. a represents the oil tank enveloped in a water
tank for safety; represents the water tank for supply; c represents
the steam boiler; d represents the gas generator; e represents the steam
superheater; frepresents the air heater; i represents the donkey engine
air pump; j represents filler to supply oil for starting combustion;
k represents gas improver on the exhaust gas pipe; represents the
handle and rod to bell-crank valve to regulate the combustion; m
represents the combustion chamber of boiler; 9 represents the engine
cylinders; represents the axle, which may be made reciprocating,
similar to the axle, shown in Sheet 3, on a locomotive engine.
The application of these improvements being similar in all classes of
new engines I only further illustrate them by a locomotive, from which
and the preceeding car engine, marine, stationary, portable, road,
omnibus, wagon, and truck, gas engines and boilers may be easily
understood. Sheet 3 then represents a railway locomotive gas engine
constructed in accordance with my Invention.
Figure 1 represents elevation sectional view of a new gas locomotive
engine for railways, and Figure 2 represents a plan view of the same
also in section. a represents the oil tank enveloped in a water tank for
safety; represents the water tank for supply of boiler; c represents

page_text: 1.
the steam boiler; d represents the steam superheater; e represents the
air heater; f represents the gas generator; g represents the donkey
engine air pump; h represents the reciprocating axle box; i represents
the perforated air tube to boiler; j represents the handle and rod to
bell-crank valve for regulating the combustion under pressure; k repre-
sents the doors on superheater for inserting the decomposing materials;
7 represents the engine cylinders; m represents the burning exhaust gas
pipe perforated; n represents the combustion chamber in the boiler.
Sheet 4 represents the application of these improvements in the con-
version of an existing locomotive engine from the use of coal or coke
to my Patent gas principle, from which all other classes of engines to be
converted will be easily understood.
Figure 1 represents elevation, and Figure 2 plan view of a converted
locomotive for railways in section. a is the oil tank enveloped in a
water tank for safety; b is the water tank for the supply of boiler; c is
the steam boiler; d is the gas generator; e is the donkey engine air-
pump and oil pump; f is the perforated tube to boiler; i is the engine
cylinders; j is the exhaust gas chambers lined with fire-brick; k is the
exhaust valve and gas distributing pipes to and in fire-box, with gas
improver clay tubes fitted on; v are the cylinder cocks, gas conveyed to
gas burners; m is the air and steam tube from boiler to gas generator
with cocks and valves; n is gas pipe from generator to cylinders with
direct branch, valves, et cetra; o, exhaust gas pipes to chambers; p, doors
on chambers for coke, et cetra; q, waste water tube from generator to
tank. The tubing on this engine is shewn fitted below, but many
engineers will prefer them fitted over head and covered in with a cab,
which can be easier done. When it is found that the gas burning pro-
duces too much heat with great superfluity of pressure this can be
utilized by the application of additional power cylinders to running
wheels or bogy frame wheels.
Sheet 5 represents the apparatuses in connection with these engines
on railways, tramways, and common roads to warm, ventilate, light,
signal, and actuate the brakes of railway carriages and other vehicles
constructed in accordance with my Invention.
Figure 1 represents elevation view part in section of a first and second
class railway carriage fitted with one style of my apparatus; Figure 2
represents a plan sectional view of the same; and Figure 3 represents

page_text: α
sectional end view of the same in accordance with my Invention.
represents the air tube extending from end to end of carriages; 6 repre-
sents the receiving cone for connection between the carriages; c represents
the spindle tube of connection; d represents the rod tie link of the tube
to carriages; e represents the india-rubber ring bedded in the mouth
piece of cone; frepresents the stop-cock for disconnecting the carriages;
g represents the valve box (with set of valves), valve self-acting and set;
h represents the valve for admitting the air cold or hot to carriages;
i represents the valve and handle for releasing the air and stopping the
train; j represents the admission pipe to ventilate and warm the
carriages.
Figures 4, 5, and 6 represent views of the metallic connection between
the carriages; Figures 7, 8, and 9 represent views of the set of valves
required; and Figures 10, 11, and 12 represent views of the flexible
connection between the carriages. k represents the cylinder cushion
with piston and spring for actuating the brakes on vehicles' wheels;
n represents the air pipe with stop-cock for producing air gas for lighting;
m represents the small carburetting chamber for containing spirit or oil;
n represents handle in glass case, in connection with signal by wire, for
making an alarm; o represents the ice or water chamber to cool the air
in hot weather. These carriages or cars for railways may be filled or
emptied with travellers by the use of stepping carriages or rolling plat-
forms to prevent stopping at the stations or intermediate points, and the
backs of the seats of the carriages may be constructed on angular lines
for the head and chest to incline backwards.
Having now particularly described my said Invention and the manner
in which the same is to be performed, I have to state that I do not
restrict myself to the precise details herein-before described or illustrated,
but that what I believe to be novel and original and claim as my Inven-
tion secured to me by the herein-before recited Letters Patent is, viz.,―
First. Under the first division of my Invention the forcing of air,
heated and superheated preferred, by force pump, fan, or other appliance
into any description of steam boiler or retorts, and particularly those
specially described and illustrated as the most suitable. in combination
with any of my gas apparatuses or retorts to produce or carburate gas
(from any description of spirit, oil, tar, fatty, or carbonaceous substances
before stated, and in the presence of impurities absorbing materials

page_text: specified, for lighting, cooking, warming, raising of steam, smelting iron-
stone, or other ores, heating iron or other metals for rolling and manu-
facturing purposes, conversion of iron into steel and other purposes, as
described or illustrated.
Second. The application of my gas generators fitted to fire-grates,
ranges, and stoves to produce their own gas, as herein-before described
or illustrated..
Third. The option of forcing the requisite quantity of oil (heated and
superheated preferred) by pump or other appliance into the steam boiler
or retorts direct, with or without air and water, one or other, or these
separately in the form of spray or otherwise, which boiler or retorts may
be charged with any of the carbonacious or absorbing materials, either
mixed or in separate chambers, tubes, or retorts, or parts thereof, as
described or illustrated.
Fourth. The use of superheated or partly decomposed steam prepared by
heater and a superheater, for taking up the waste heat, with apparatuses
in furnaces and flues, with or without the vapour from oil and air, or
one or other) in boilers or retorts containing any of the carbonacious
and absorbing materials specified.
Fifth. The combined system of the use of carbonacious substances (in
the presence of absorbing materials, or the latter kept separate), and
spirit, oil, tar, or fatty matter of any description, commencing with a
shift of say six hours (more or less) by discharging the gasses from the
carbonacious substances, and followed immediately by the use of oil or
other liquid without labor at the retorts or boilers for two or more
simelar shifts, or these systems worked separately and distinctly, if either
be preferred alone, in conjuction with the heater and superheater, as
described and illustrated for taking up the waste heat of furnaces or
flues.
Sixth. The conjunction of the two parts of my gas apparatuses, viz.,
the scrubbers and driers into one part, as described or illustrated.
Seventh. And under the second division of my Invention, the forcing
of air, heated preferred, into any description of boiler (or parts thereof)
by force pump or other appliance in combination with any of my gas
engines, also the application of bell cranks and valves, for any of the
purposes described or illustrated.

page_text: Eighth. My reciprocating axle in combination with my gas engines,
or to the axles of any description of vehicle attached thereto, as described
or illustrated.
Ninth. In placing my gas engines vertically and dividing them into
two in tramway cars and other vehicles, as described and illustrated.
Tenth. The application of my gas improvers to the exhaust pipes of
any of my gas engines, and branch starting tubes and fillers, as described
or illustrated.
Eleventh. The option of forcing by pump or other appliance the
requisite quantity of oil, heated preferred, direct into the steam boiler of
my-gas engines of any description; and particularly those described or
illustrated as the most suitable.
Twelfth. The use of these improved gas engines at fixed stations on
railways, tramways, or common roads, with receivers in vehicles in
combination therewith, as described.
Thirteenth. My improved apparatus for the combined purposes of
warming and lighting railway carriages and other vehicles by my
improved gas or carburetted vapor, as described.
Fourteenth. My improved apparatuses for the combined purposes (less
or more) of working the brakes, warming, ventilating, lighting, and
signaling in or on railway carriages and other vehicles, as described or
illustrated, by steam, or air, or a conjunction of these two vapors.
In witness whereof, I, the said Peter Salmon, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Fourteenth day of January, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-four.
Witness,
FREDERICK ALFRED MESSER,
8, Quality Court,
Chancery Lane,
London,
W.C.
PETER SALMON. (L.S.)