matthewleechen/300YearsOfBritishPatents huggingface dataset:
IMPROVEMENTS IN WHEELS FOR RAILWAY CARRIAGES AND OTHER VEHICLES OF LIKE DESCRIPTION
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Bristow Hunt at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 5th
December 1868.-A communication from abroad by Bernhard Edlich,
of Paris, in the Empire of France.
I, BRISTOW HUNT, of No. 1, Serle Street, Lincoln's Inn, in the County
of Middlesex, Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN WHEELS FOR RAILWAY CARRIAGES AND OTHER
VEHICLES OF LIKE DESCRIPTION," (a communication to me from abroad
by Bernhard Edlich, of Paris, in the Empire of France,) to be as
follows:-
This Invention consists in the application as hereafter described of
vulcanised caoutchouc to the wheels of railway carriages and other
vehicles of like description.
Figures 1 and 2 of the accompanying Drawing represent in side view
and cross section a railway carriage or truck wheel comprising the
prosent improvements.
In these Figures a, a, represent the hub or nave of the wheel, the web
of which is shewn in b. This nave is made separate from the web to

page_text: which it is connected by the disc or flange d and bolts ff, so that it can
be readily replaced when required by removing the flange, thus saving
much of the expense now incurred in the removal of wheels for repair.
The holes pierced through the web b, for the reception of the bolts f, f,
are made of larger diameter than those in the hub and flange in order to
admit a packing of caoutchouc c, c, around the bolts, to equalise the
strain and keep the latter from wearing. Other annular packings of
caoutchouc e, e, are interposed between the vertical surfaces of contact of
the disc and web, where they are pressed down by the bolts to neutralise
the lateral vibrations. A third caoutchouc packing 9, 9, is placed
between the nave a and the web b, to give easy motion to the tread,
and relieve the wheels from sharp concussions-or jolts.--
AN IMPROVEMENT IN THE MEANS OF HANGING AND ADJUSTING PICTURE FRAMES AND OTHER ARTICLES OF A LIKE NATURE
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Adam Oldham at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 13th July
1868.
I, ADAM OLDHAM, of Southport, in the County of Lancaster, Carver
and Gilder, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"AN IMPROVEMENT IN THE MEANS OF HANGING AND ADJUSTING PICTURE FRAMES
AND OTHER ARTICLES OF A LIKE NATURE," to be as follows:-
My Invention relates to the hanging and adjusting of picture frames,
and it consists in the application to the usual "cords" or "chains"
by which picture frames are suspended of a peculiarly shaped instrument
having at one end a swivel hook and at the other end a screw hook,
by which means the distance between the hooks may be made longer
or shorter by turning the body of the instrument so as to take in or
let out the screw hook. By this means a picture frame may be raised
or lowered for the purpose of adjustment with ease and certainty.
IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINES FOR WASHING, WRINGING, AND MANGLING TEXTILE FABRICS
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Richard Mills at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 28th
February 1868.
I, RICHARD MILLS, of Bury, in the County of Lancaster, Machinist,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for ."IMPROVEMENTS
IN MACHINES FOR WASHING, WRINGING, AND MANGLING TEXTILE FABRICS," to be
as follows:-
For the purpose of washing textile fabrics or wearing apparel I attach
a vessel to the sides of the machine and underneath the rollers for the
purpose of holding water, and in the said vessel near the front at
any convenient angle place a washboard or brush for the purpose of
rubbing the clothes or fabrics upon to clense them. The said board
consists of any convenient number of converging channels, these
channels being either parallel or otherwise; or the surface of the
board is made to imitate knuckles, the channels still being convergent.
The said board is made with a brush on one side and channels or
knuckles on the other, and made so that it may be reversed or
changed by sliding in a groove for that purpose, or the brush and
channels are made on seperate boards.

page_text: For wringing and mangling I use rollers of any convenient material,
and produce the necessary pressure on the top roller for squeezing
the fabrics by the use of a lever acting on each end of the top roller.
The fulcrum of each lever is fixed to the side of the machine, and
at the long end of the lever an india-rubber or other spring is
attached by means of a rod containing a screw and wheel for regulating
the pressure as may be desired. Each lever is connected to the cap on
the neck of the roller by means of a rod or rods passing down the sides
of the said necks so as to equalize the pressure, or another lever acting
on the top of the cap and attached to the before-named lever by a rod
may be used.
By the combinations and arrangements before named the materials
to be washed are rubbed on the grooved board or the brush with
water and soap, and then passed through the rollers for the purpose
of wringing or squeezing out the water, and afterwards when in a
convenient state of dryness they are passed through the rollers and
mangled, the pressure being regulated according to the nature of the
fabric by means of the wheels and screws before named. This com-
bination saves time and labour, and may be varied to suit the most
delicate fabrics or the strongest apparel.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PERMANENT WAY OF RAILWAYS
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Edward Myers and Gustave
Adolphe Cannot at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents,
with their Petition, on the 7th January 1868.
We, EDWARD MYERS, of Craven Street, Strand, in the County of
Middlesex, and GUSTAVE ADOLPHE CANNOT, of Pudding Lane, in the
City of London, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PERMANENT WAY OF RAILWAYS," to be as
follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in the mode of
supporting and fixing the rails in the construction of the permanent
way of a railway. For this purpose the transverse sleepers are formed
with grooves or channels which correspond in distance apart with the
gauge of the railway they are intended to support. A number of such
sleepers being placed at suitable distances apart the rails are placed
in the grooves and are fixed in position therein by means of plates or
clamps which act in combination with the grooves in the sleepers as
substitutes for the ordinary chairs. These clamping plates are formed
with ribs, flanches, or projecting surfaces on their edges which come in
contact with the rail, being so formed as to enter and fit into the hollow

page_text: on each side of the rail, and also in the cavity of the groove in the
sleeper, thus embracing and retaining the rail in a vertical position
when fixed by suitable pins or bolts to the sleepers without the aid
of keys or wedges. Where the ends of the rails come together broader
clamping plates are employed, so as to embrace the ends of the two t
rails where they come together, thus dispensing with the use of fish
plates for bolting the ends of the rails together.
We prefer to construct the clamping plates of wrought iron rolled
into bars corresponding in section with that of the clamping plates,
such rolled bars being afterwards punched with suitable holes and cut 1
into short lengths corresponding with the width of the clamping
plates required. The sectional form of the rails and of the clamping
plates may be varied.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANU- FACTURE OF OPAL OR GLASS LAMP AND GAS GLOBES, CHIMNEYS, AND SHADES OF EVERY DESCRIPTION
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Henry Defries at the "Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 25th
February 1868.
I, HENRY DEFRIES, of the Firm of Jonas Defries and Sons, of
Houndsditch, in the City of London, Manufacturer, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANU-
FACTURE OF OPAL OR GLASS LAMP AND GAS GLOBES, CHIMNEYS, AND SHADES OF
EVERY DESCRIPTION," to be as follows:-
Hitherto glass or opal globes having pillars or curved projections in
their circumference have been ornamented on these pillars only by
cutting patterns or devices upon them after the manufacture of the
globe. Now I propose to ornament the pillars of such globes in a
much more economical manner than by cutting, and during the manu-
facture of the globe itself. For this purpose I form any desired device
or pattern in the mould, so that when the globe is made, whether by
the blow pipe or operating with a plunger, it will issue from the mould
with its pillars already bearing whatever device or ornamentation may
have been engraved in the mould, and the labour of cutting be dispensed

page_text: I also propose to apply pillars or curved projections to lamp or gas
chimneys, and to mould devices upon such pillars, or upon the plane
surface of a chimney unfurnished with pillars, as may be preferred,
the pressure in the mould being obtained in any ordinary manner.
Finally, I propose to ornament glass or opal lamp or gas shades by
making them with pillars or curved projections, and further to produce
patterns or devices upon these pillars by moulding, as above described,
or to mould designs upon shades made with planė surfaces.
AN IMPROVED METHOD FOR MAKING PLANE IRONS, SHEEP SHEARS, AND OTHER EDGE TOOLS
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Robert Brightmore Mitchell
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 22nd February 1868.
I, ROBERT BRIGHTMORE MITCHELL, of Sheffield, in the County of
York, Edge Tool Maker, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "AN IMPROVED METHOD FOR MAKING PLANE IRONS, SHEEP
SHEARS, AND OTHER EDGE TOOLS," to be as follows:-
By making dies or swages of certain forms and dimensions and
affixing the same in an anvil and head of a hammer or stamp, and by the
aid of such dies or swages so affixed to forge, draw, stamp, and finish
so that there will be an exactitude or precision of form and regularity
in size so difficult to obtain when manipulated by hand.
improved method the articles so forged, drawn, stamped, and finished
much labour will be saved in grinding.
By this
I also claim the advantage in making plane irons, sheep shears,
and other edge tools by cutting iron and steel into certain lengths
with the aid of hammer and chisel by hand labour or swages shears
or cutters worked in the usual manner in connection with a steam
engine or other power, (such iron and steel having been rolled or forged

page_text: by the usual methods into suitable forms) into suitable sizes, and
welding the steel upon the iron either in the centre or otherwise, and
by so doing make one or more tool or blade from each piece, and so
effect a saving in labour and material.
THE PUBLICATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF CERTAIN JOURNALS, ALMANACKS, Books, PAPERS, &C., WHICH IN THEMSELVES FORM A COMPLETE SYSTEM OF BUSINESS AND OTHER ADVERTISEMENTS,
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Stanly Etey at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 7th January
1868. A communication from abroad by Jean Charles Carol and
Oscar Ollivier, both of Paris, in the Empire of France.
I, STANLY ETEY, of 16, Great Windmill Street, London, in the County
of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"THE PUBLICATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF CERTAIN JOURNALS, ALMANACKS, Books,
PAPERS, &C., WHICH IN THEMSELVES FORM A COMPLETE SYSTEM OF BUSINESS AND
OTHER ADVERTISEMENTS," the same being a communication from abroad
made to me by Jean Charles Carol and Oscar Ollivier, both of Paris, in
the Empire of France, to be as follows:--
By means of card, book paper, or other printings imformation of
necessery importance is offered in a manner allowing the introduction of
certain advertisements, and by distribution much improve and facilitate
the publicity of advertisements.
AN IMPROVED METHOD OF PURIFYING DRAINS AND SEWERS
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Edward Kenworthy at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
8th January 1868.
I, WILLIAM EDWARD KENWORTHY, of Crown Point Road, Leeds, in
the County of York, Agricultural Chemist and Oil Merchant, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED METHOD OF
PURIFYING DRAINS AND SEWERS," to be as follows:-
My Invention relates to a means of purifying drains and sewers by
extracting and burning all the noxious gases therein contained. This
result is accomplished by connecting pipes to the drains or sewers, which
pipes are placed in communication with the furnaces of steam boilers
suitably disposed. In this manner the gases are drawn up through the
pipes from the drains and sewers by the furnace draught, whereby to
effect their entire combustion in the said furnaces, but should any of the
gases still remain they will be at once absorbed or taken up by the
carbon or flue dust contained in the flues around such boilers.
A NEW AND IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR LEVELLING AND MEASURING DISTANCES, ALTITUDES, AND ANGLES
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Henri Adrien Bonneville at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 6th June 1868.-A communication from. Charles Auguste
Constantin Eckhold, residing at Alexandria, in Egypt.
I, HENRI ADRIEN BONNEVILLE, of the British and Foreign Patent
Offices, 10, Sackville Street, Piccadilly, in the County of Middlesex,
and 18, Chaussée d'Antin, Paris, in the Empire of France, Patent
Agent, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "A
NEW AND IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR LEVELLING AND MEASURING DISTANCES,
ALTITUDES, AND ANGLES," a communication from Charles Auguste
Constantin Eckhold, a person resident at Alexandria, in Egypt, to be
as follows:-
The Invention communicated to me relates to a new and improved
apparatus by means of which may be obtained, 1°, the level or per-
pendicular difference between any two objects; 2°, the vertical line
between the centre of the sight or the spot where the apparatus is
placed and any object; 3°, the horizontal distance between the apparatus
and any object; 4°, the height of any object; 5°, the angles of any
given obiect.

page_text: The principles of the said Invention consist, 1°, in the use of two
sights, the one inversed to sight the object, the other furnished with a
microscope to consult the scale, both connected together and parallel
to each other, and operating simultaneously by the same movement;
2°, in the use of two air levels placed, the one on a levelling ruler and
the other on the sight of the microscope; 3°, in the use of the sight
with the microscope; 4°, in the use of a moveable rod supporting on
horizontal arms the said sights, which allow of being raised or lowered
by sliding in a stationary bracket; 5°, in the combination of the ruler
having an air level with a column or vertical support placed at one of
its extremities and carrying a slide with a graduated scale in which
slides a rod supporting at its upper part' two horizontal rulers, the one
stationary the other moveable, of unequal length answering the
purpose of a scale; 6°, in the combination of the two horizontal
rulers with a little aperture or window furnished with a pane resting on
the upper ruler and moveable in a frame placed above the slide.
The accompanying Drawing represents a side view of the said
apparatus in which c is the inversed sight, d, the other sight with its
microscope; E, the levelling ruler; S, its air level; h, the level of the
sight d; V, the rod supporting the sights; U, its stationary bracket;
G, the support combined with the ruler E; G¹, its slide; L, the gra-
duated scale; H, the moveable rod; N, the stationary horizontal ruler;
N', the moveable horizontal ruler; O, the little window; M, its frame.
AN IMPROVED COMPOSITION FOR PREVENTING THE FOULING OF IRON AND OTHER SHIPS' BOTTOMS AND FOR PRESERVING METAL AND OTHER SURFACES GENERALLY
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Munton Bullivant at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 27th February 1868.
I, WILLIAM MUNTON BULLIVANT, of Fenchurch Street, in the City
of London, Wire Rope Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature
of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED COMPOSITION FOR PREVENTING THE
FOULING OF IRON AND OTHER SHIPS' BOTTOMS AND FOR PRESERVING METAL AND
OTHER SURFACES GENERALLY," to be as follows:-
My improved composition to be applied on the bottoms of iron and
wood ships to prevent the adhesion of foreign matters and preserving
the same is composed of the following ingredients in about the pro-
portions given, although I do not absolutely confine myself to such
proportions as they may be varied if found desirablo in practice.
I take of Red lead about 43 pounds.
Beef suet
85
33
"
Wax
14
33
39
Pitch
43
"
"
Brimstone 172
Arsenic
Russia tallow
"
4
"
33
85
"
Rosin
64
"
وو
Blue butter
10
33

page_text: The above ingredients are to be mixed and boiled together, and the
resulting composition applied while hot with a brush or trowel on the
surface to be preserved.
Besides the application of the above improved composition to the
hulls of ships, I also use it for preserving metal, wood, and other t
surfaces generally which are exposed to the action of air or water
such as stone work, pier heads, jetties, telegraph posts, submarine cables,
and otherwise.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PRODUCTION OR MANUFACTURE OF STRIPS OR RIBBONS OF ZINC OR ALLOYS OF ZINC SUITABLE FOR BEING EMPLOYED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF TELEGRAPHIC CABLES
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Robert Harper at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
29th July 1868.
I, JOHN ROBERT HARPER, of the Firm of R. Harper and Son, Silver-
smiths, of Red Lion Street, Clerkenwell, in the County of Middlesex,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN THE PRODUCTION OR MANUFACTURE OF STRIPS OR RIBBONS OF ZINC OR ALLOYS OF
ZINC SUITABLE FOR BEING EMPLOYED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF TELEGRAPHIC
CABLES," to be as follows:-
Hitherto ribbons of zinc for the manufacture of telegraphic cables have
not been produced of the desired regularity in width, evenness, toughness,
and flexibility, and my Invention relates to an improved method of
manufacturing strips or ribbons of zinc or alloys of zinc suitable for being
employed for the above purpose.
In carrying out my improvements the cast zinc or its alloy after being
rolled into a "cake" or plate is cut into strips or bars by means of a
circular saw or other suitable means. The strips or bars after being
annealed are then drawn through a die so as to partially reduce them,
and any "burrs" or ragged edges produced by the drawing process are

page_text: then removed. The annealing and drawing processes are then repeated,
the "burrs" being removed between each process when necessary until
the bar or strip of zinc or its alloy is reduced to the form of a wire of
suitable size from which to form the strip or ribbon as hereafter described,
the annealing processes being repeated as often as required by the quality
or description of metal operated upon.
After a wire of zine or its alloy has been produced as above described
I next reduce it to the form of a strip or ribbon by rolling processes
repeated several times so as to reduce the wire by degrees to a strip or
ribbon of the required thickness and width, the metal being annealed as
often as is required according to its description or quality between the
rolling operations.
IMPROVEMENTS IN YARDS AND PARTS CONNECTED THEREWITH FOR CARRYING SHIPS' SQUARE SAILS
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Adam Lewis Hoffmann at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
4th August 1868.
I, ADAM LEWIS HOFFMANN, of No. 1, Duff Street, East India Road,
Poplar, in the County of Middlesex, Master Mariner, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN YARDS AND PARTS
CONNECTED THEREWITH FOR CARRYING SHIPS' SQUARE SAILS," to be as follows:-
Ship's square sails have heretofore been applied so as to be wound on
to rollers carried externally of the yards, but in such situation the sails
are when furled exposed to be injuriously acted upon by the weather,
and the object of my improvements is to remedy this evil by giving
protection to the sails when not in use, as well as to afford other
advantages.
In carrying out my improvements the yard is formed of metal and
hollow to contain the roller, to which the upper edge of the sail is made
fast. The sail passes from this roller through a longitudinal slit or
opening provided for it along one surface of the yard. The yard may
be strengthened by "quarter battens" and otherwise, and there may also

page_text: be quarter strengtheners to aid in the support of the roller against
"bending" if desired. Reefing chains or cords are wound around the
ends of the roller in order that when they are drawn upon to cause
the rotation of the roller the sail may be wound thereon. The surface
of sail may be increased when the sail is made fast to another yard
or otherwise at its lower end by simply raising the yard by haulyards
or otherwise until the desired amount of sail has been given out. The
sail may then be tightened up by drawing on the reefing cords. The
upper edge of the slit in the yard may be pierced for "bending sail"
in case of need.
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR RECAPPING CARTRIDGE CASES FOR BREECH-LOADING FIRE-ARMS
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by George Unwin at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 30th
September 1868.
I, GEORGE UNWIN, of Sheffield, in the West Riding of Yorkshire,
Powder Flask Maker, do hereby declare the nature of the said Inven-
tion for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR RECAPPING CARTRIDGE CASES FOR
BREECH-LOADING FIRE-ARMS," to be as follows:-
The improved apparatus is composed of a tube to receive the cartridge
case; one side of this tube has clamping jaws or arms standing out from
it, so that the apparatus may be clamped to the edge of a table.
Standing out sidewise from the upper end of the tube is an arm carrying
a pin which forms a fulcrum for the end of a lever; the pin passes
through a slot in the lever in order that a projection on the lever may
either be caused to bear upon the brass top or base of a cartridge case.
placed within the tube of the apparatus, or else upon the cap which is:
to be forced down into the recess in the centre of its base. Within the
exterior tube of the apparatus is soldered or fixed an inner tube, the
tubes being thus connected together at their lower ends, and a sufficient
space being left between their upper ends for the cylindrical case of a

page_text: cartridge to pass down between them until the base or closed end of the
cartridge case rests upon the top of the inner tube. Within the inner
tube is a plunger carrying at its upper end a point, which when the
plunger is forced upwards projects up through the end of the inner tube.
The lower end of the plunger projects down below the bottom of the
exterior tube, and has a knob fitted to it by which it can be forced
upwards. The plunger is constantly pressed downwards by a spiral spring
around it, one end of the spring bearing against a collar on the plunger,
and the other against a contraction at the upper end of the inner tube.
This contraction also forms a guide for the top of the plunger, as this end
of the plunger fits within' it. The lower end of the plunger passes
through a hole in a screw cap which closes the rear end of the exterior
tube, and this forms the guide for the lower end of the plunger; it also
serves to prevent the plunger from being forced out from the bottom of
the tubes. To recap a cartridge case the case is placed within the
exterior tube of the apparatus, and the lever is with one hand held down
and caused to bear upon the top of the metal base of the cartridge,
whilst with the other hand the plunger is forced upwards; the point at
its upper end then comes against the anvil in the interior of the cap and
forces both it and the cap out from the recess in the centre of the
cartridge; a new cap and anvil are then placed in this recess, and the
cap is forced down by causing the projection on the lever to press upon
it, the slot in the lever, as before stated, allowing of this being done.
AN IMPROVED PROCESS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF SALTS OF AMMONIA FROM AMMONIACAL GAS LIQUOR
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Andrew M°Niel and William
Wheaton at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their
Petition, on the 4th July 1868.
We, ANDREW MONIEL, of Tiverton, in the County of Devon, Engineer,
and WILLIAM WHEATON, of Exeter, in the same County, Merchant,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED
PROCESS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF SALTS OF AMMONIA FROM AMMONIACAL GAS
LIQUOR," to be as follows:-
Our Invention of an improved process for the manufacture of salts
of ammonia relates to a process for obtaining sulphur salts of ammonia
from ammoniacal gas liquor. To this end we take the ammoniacal
liquor as it comes from the gas works, and add thereto gypsum or
sulphate of lime (by preference reduced to a coarse powder) in the
proportion of, say, 100 or 200 lbs. to 100 gallons of gas liquor, and we
allow the gypsum to remain in the liquor for two or three weeks
(occasionally stirring it). The ammonia from the water appears to
decompose the sulphate of lime and unite itself with sulphuric acid

page_text: contained therein. The sulphate of ammonia thus formed will be found
dissolved in the water, which when properly saturated may be drawn
off and evaporated, and the dry substance thus obtained will be found
to be an excellent manure very rich in sulphate of ammonia.
IMPROVEMENTS IN AND CONNECTED WITH SPRINGS TO BE APPLIED TO RAILWAY ROLLING STOCK AND OTHERWISE
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Thomas Currie Gregory at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
5th June 1868.-A communication from abroad by Elias Uriah
Benedict, residing at Chicago, United States.
I, THOMAS CURRIE GREGORY, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark,
North Britain, Civil Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN AND CONNECTED WITH SPRINGS TO BE
APPLIED TO RAILWAY ROLLING STOCK AND OTHERWISE," which Invention has
been communicated to me from abroad by Elias Uriah Benedict, residing
at Chicago, United States, to be as follows, that is to say :-
This Invention relates to an improved mode of applying steel blades
to form springs, specially adapted for the bearing springs of railway
rolling stock, but also suitable for various other uses. A spring may
be composed of one or more steel blades, but in one modification of
bearing spring for a railway carriage or wagon four steel blades are
taken, being cut to a uniform length and bent to the same elliptic
or circular arc, and these are placed in two pairs between a middle
block, which may be upon the top of the axle box and two end blocks
or shoes which may be fixed to the framing of the carriage. The

page_text: three blocks are made with side flanges or studs which prevent the
lateral displacement of the steel blades, and the end blocks are made
with stops to limit the spreading action. The middle block has its
bearing surface shaped concavely to a somewhat larger radius than
that of the steel blade, so that when the spring is compressed its bearing
contact is gradually increased. The end blocks have convexities formed
on them at their inner ends, and the steel blades come in contact
with and bear on these convexities at points somewhat short of the
ends of the blades when the spring is much compressed, and this
arrangement enables the spring the better to resist considerable com-
pression. The ordinary fastenings by means of bolts or straps at the
middle are dispensed with, as it is considered that they either weaken
the steel blades or prevent them doing full duty; whereas with the
improved arrangement herein-before described each blade yields under
pressure equally from one end to the other, and every part of the blade
is available and useful, so that a spring of a given strength may be
made of a less quantity of steel and of proportionally less cost, whilst
the fittings in connection with it are also simpler and more economical
than many kinds in use.
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR COOLING MILE AND OTHER FLUIDS
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Israel Edward Woolf at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
7th December 1868.-A communication from abroad by Charles
Gustavus Mueller, of Hanover, in the Kingdom of Prussia.
I, ISRAEL EDWARD WOOLF, of New Bond Street, in the County of
Middlesex, Merchant, do hereby declare the nature of the said Inven-
tion for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR COOLING MILE AND OTHER FLUIDS,"
to be as follows:-
The nature of this Invention relates to the construction, arrangement,
and combination of certain concentric, cylindrical, or otherwise suitably
shaped vessels, each vessel being made with double walls or sides
affording spaces between the said walls or sides for the circulation and
passage of the cooler fluid. Through the bottoms of the said vessels,
and fitted with water-tight joints, are short ripes, having made in
them openings communicating with the said spaces, so that the.
cooler fluid entering the bottom of the apparatus may be made to
fill and pass through all the said spaces to the points of discharge at
the top of the said vessels. The said vessels are adjusted one within
the other in such manner as to afford narrow spaces all around between

page_text: the outer wall of each vessel and the inner lining of its larger fellow,
excepting at the top; these spaces are adapted to receive and permit
the passage of the fluid to be cooled, and aro so graduated as to afford
the largest possible area of cooling surface. The apparatus should be
made of thin sheet metal, such as tin or zinc. It is prefered that the
warmer fluid shall enter the top of the apparatus and the cooler fluid
at the botom, both fluids being discharged (by preference only) at
the top. In this manner two fluids are made to pass through the
apparatus at the same time without coming in contact.
IMPROVEMENTS IN VELOCIPEDES
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Edward Alfred Cowper at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
21st December 1868.
I, EDWARD ALFRED COWPER, of No. 6; Great George Street,
Westminster, in the County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature
of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN VELOCIPEDES," to be as
follows:-
My improvements have reference only to that description of
velocipedes having two wheels, one in front of the other, and with
cranks to the front axle.
One of my improvements consists in varying the throw of the cranks
by mounting the crank pins on sliding pieces carried by arms projecting
from the axle and caused to slide when required by means of screws
acting lengthways of the slides, which latter are held securely in position
by a set screw or a catch.
Another improvement consists in jointing the frame or back at or
near the middle of its length and connecting the two parts either by a
hinge so arranged that the two parts, each with its respective wheel, will

page_text: fold up side by side, and thus occupy a comparatively small space, or
the two parts may be made to separate from each other for this purpose,
and be connected when required by any suitable known form of
fastening.
Another improvement consists in constructing the wheels with a tyre
of steel, iron, or brass of a hollow, tubular, or trough-shaped section,
connected to the nave by spokes of drawn hard steel wire acting on the
suspension principle, the tyre being formed either with the hollow side
inwards or outwards, and either filled or not with india-rubber, wood,
cork, or other suitable material. To lessen the friction of the axles they
may be provided with small antifriction rollers in cylindrical boxes.
Another improvement consists in the use of drawn hard steel wire for
the spokes of the wheels whether these are constructed with metal tyres
as above described, or otherwise.
Another improvement consists in locking the steering apparatus to
prevent it from turning, either by a locking bolt or catch or clutch, or by
a friction clutch brought into operation either directly by hand or by
turning the steering handle upon its axis in one direction, whilst the
turning the handle in the other direction puts the brake on to the wheel
as usual; by this means the person riding has one or both hands set at
liberty provided he can keep the velocipede upright, and this object can
well be attained if two persons, each on a velocipede, choose to travel
alongside each other each one steadying the other's velocipede by a stick
or lever fixed in it.
Another improvement consists in constructing the frame or back of
A NEW OR IMPROVED MODE OR MANNER OF GIVING MOTION TO SEWING MACHINES AND OTHER LIKE PIECES OF MECHANISM
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Arthur Daniel Aulton at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
25th June 1868.
I, ARTHUR DANIEL AULTON, of Walsall, in the County of Stafford,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "A NEW OR
IMPROVED MODE OR MANNER OF GIVING MOTION TO SEWING MACHINES AND OTHER
LIKE PIECES OF MECHANISM," to be as follows:-
Sewing machines have hitherto been driven by means of a foot treadle,
hand crank, or occasionally by steam power; but the working of the
foot treadle is found to be injurious to health, the hand crank is
inconvenient by reason of the motion of the machine ceasing so soon
as the hand is taken off the crank, and steam power is very seldom
obtainable for domestic uses.
The object of my Invention is to provide another motive power better
adapted for the purpose for which it is intended to be applied.
The motive power I employ consists substantially of a coiled spring,
which is wound round an axis by the means herein-after explained. One
end of the said coiled spring is secured to the said axis, the other

page_text: or free end being secured to a box or drum, which revolves loosely upon
the said axis, and carries with it a wheel or series of wheels by means
of which motion is communicated to the machine. The spring is wound
up by means of a ratchet lever of peculiar construction, and which has
a double action for the purpose of increasing its power. The working
of the said lever is also so arranged that it may wind up the spring at
one end whilst it is uncoiling itself at the other. In this manner the
machine does not stop whilst being wound up. The speed may be
easily regulated or the machine stopped by means of a screw caused to
press upon the needle bar'; or any other mechanical equivalent may be
employed for this purpose.
My object has not been to obtain a long continuing motive power,
but as one hand of the operator is often at liberty I place the lever by
means of which motion is given in such a position that it may be used
from time to time without inconvenience; and it may be placed either
on the right hand of the operator, or in the upright or pillar upon which
the machine stands, or in any other convenient position.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN UTILISING OLD OR WASTE TARPAULIN IN THE MANUFACTURE OF GREASE AND OTHER USEFUL PRODUCTS, AND IN APPARATUS THEREFOR
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by James M'Culloch at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 3rd April
1808.
I, JAMES MCCULLOCH, of Shawlands, in the County of Renfrew, North
Britain, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN UTILISING OLD OR WASTE TARPAULIN IN THE MANUFACTURE OF GREASE
AND OTHER USEFUL PRODUCTS, AND IN APPARATUS THEREFOR," to be as
follows, that is to say :-
This Invention relates to the utilising of old or waste tarpaulin in the
manufacture of grease and other useful products, and is carried into
effect by first boiling the tarpaulin in a strong solution of alkaline,
hydrate, or carbonate, whereby the tarry matter is removed from the
canvas. Secondly, in obtaining a product suitable for grease and other-
wise by evaporating the liquor to dryness or comparative dryness (after
removing the cleansed canvas which may be used for making. paper).
Thirdly, in adding any acid or oleaginous or fatty matter to modify the
condition and quality of the grease obtained by evaporating the liquor.
And, fourthly, in using a closed boiler revolving on a horizontal or
inclined axis in the first process of boiling the tarpaulin.. The tarpaulin

page_text: may be boiled in an open or closed boiler of any convenient kind, but
a closed revolving one is preferred, as in such a one the materials are
constantly agitated and a more rapid action of the alkali is thereby
obtained. The concentrated product obtained by evaporating the liquor
is suitable for grease, for blacking, for paint, or for a waterproofing
material without further addition or treatment; but various qualities
may be obtained by adding to it some acid or some oleaginous or
fatty matter, which is by preference done during the process of
concentration.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF COMPRESSED BRICKS, AND IN THE MACHINERY OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Humphrey Chamberlain at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 18th February 1868.
I, HUMPHREY CHAMBERLAIN, of No. 3, St. John's, Wakefield, in
the County of York, Civil Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of
my said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF COMPRESSED
BRICKS, AND IN THE MACHINERY OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN," to be as
follows, that is to say :-
This Invention relates to the manufacture of compressed bricks from
what is known as "granulated clay," and has for its special object the
obviating the disadvantages arising from the presence of confined air
in the brick, which air by expanding after the brick has been released
from pressure in the mould frequently causes the fracture of the brick.
The presence of confined air in the brick also prevents the clay from
being compressed to that degree of density which is desirable. All
these defects are remedied by this Invention, which consists essentially
in pressing the brick two or more times, and each time in a fresh
mould, so that the second pressure which is exerted upon a brick
delivered from the first mould in the more or less defective state usual

page_text: in dry brick moulding perfects the article by completing the expulsion
of the confined air and equalizing the density of the brick, which
according to this Invention is turned over or reversed whilst passing
from one mould to another, and consequently becomes equally pressed
on the top and bottom surfaces.
It is obvious that this Invention may be carried out in various ways,
but I have found in practice that it may be most conveniently effected
by combining together on one bed plate two dry brick compressing
machines of the description given in the Specification of Letters: Patent,
granted to me bearing date the 10th of January 1865, No. 77, and to
gear together the two presses, or machines, so that they may both be
driven as one machine from one common driving shaft. After the brick
has been delivered from the first press it is received into a self-acting
cage which turns it over, so that the bottom side of the brick in the
first press shall be the top side in the second press, thus ensuing an
equalized pressure on both surfaces of the brick, and obtaining a brick
of uniform density. During this reversal of the brick and its delivery
from one press to the other it has time to expand, and when subjected
to a second pressure in the fresh mould all defects, or cracks. will be
effectually closed, and the brick will be delivered in a perfect state from
the second press.
IMPROVEMENTS IN MEANS EMPLOYED TO ASCERTAIN THE NUMBER OF PASSENGERS OR VISITORS AND THE AMOUNT OF MONEY RECEIVED BY OMNIBUS CONDUCTORS AND OTHER PERSONS
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Onions at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 29th July
1868.
I, JOHN ONIONS, of 41, Great Union Street, Newington Causeway, in
the County of Surrey, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MEANS EMPLOYED TO ASCERTAIN THE NUMBER OF
PASSENGERS OR VISITORS AND THE AMOUNT OF MONEY RECEIVED BY OMNIBUS
CONDUCTORS AND OTHER PERSONS," to be as follows:-
The Invention has for its object improvements in means employed
to ascertain the number of passengers or visitors and the amount of
money received by omnibus conductors and other persons. For this
purpose I employ a box or receptacle fixed in any suitable position
to receive tickets, which are printed, engraved, or otherwise marked to
indicate the amount of money paid by the passengers or other persons
to whom such tickets have been delivered, as is well understood. The
box or receptacle above mentioned I provide with a suitable lock or
fastening, and with suitable guides or deflectors to facilitate the entrance
of the tickets therein whilst they act to prevent the surreptitious extraction
of tickets therefrom.

page_text: The following is the 'mode in which such box or receptacle is to be
employed: When an omnibus conductor or other person is paid a
fare or receives payment for a purchase or entrance he gives a ticket
which may have the amount paid previously marked thereon, or such
amount may be marked thereon at the time of payment, as is now
frequently the case. The person receiving such ticket is required to
place it in the box or receptacle before mentioned, or to see that it is so
placed by the person in charge. At suitable times the box or receptacle
is emptied of the tickets deposited therein, and the number and value of
such tickets ascertained.
AN IMPROVED JOINT FOR METALLIC PIPES FOR CONVEYING FLUIDS AND LIQUIDS
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Frederic Chomé Steinbach at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 18th July 1868.
I, FREDERIC CHOMÉ STEINBACH, of Brussels, in the Kingdom of
Belgium, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN
IMPROVED JOINT FOR METALLIC PIPES FOR CONVEYING FLUIDS AND LIQUIDS," to be
as follows:
This Invention relates to an improved mode of uniting the ends of
pipes whereby a more simple and efficient joint is produced than by the
methods ordinarily employed for that purpose, such as flanges, bolts, and
collars. The pipes are formed with a spiggot and socket coupling, and
with an annular groove or grooves on the outer periphery of the one
pipe and the inner periphery of the other in a manner that will allow
(when the pipes are put together) of the grooves of the pipes to be
coupled forming together annular chambers. When more chambers
than one are formed at a joint they may be connected laterally, and an
external opening is provided to lead thereto. Into the annular chambers
molten lead or other metal or plastic material is run, and on cocling a

page_text: solid locking ring will be produced. A perfect register of the rings is
ensured by the end of one pipe abutting against a shoulder of the socket
end. In order to disconnect the pipes it will only be necessary to apply
heat thereto externally, when the locking or binding material will be
readily melted.
AN APPARATUS OR INSTRUMENT FOR DRAWING LINES RADIATING FROM A KNOWN CENTRE, PARTICULARLY ADAPTED FOR THE USE OF DRAUGHTSMEN IN DRAWING PERSPECTIVE VIEWS
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Robert Hunter Bentham at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 7th October 1868.
I, ROBERT HUNTER BENTHAM, of Bedford Row, in the County of
Middlesex, Architect, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "AN APPARATUS OR INSTRUMENT FOR DRAWING LINES RADIATING FROM A
KNOWN CENTRE, PARTICULARLY ADAPTED FOR THE USE OF DRAUGHTSMEN IN DRAWING
PERSPECTIVE VIEWS," to be as follows:-
The said Invention consists of a flat ruler similar to the well-known
rolling parallel ruler, but instead of two wheels of the same size one is
made of greater diameter than the other, proportioned according to
requirements, and made moveable along the axle common to both wheels,
and retained at any required distance from the other wheel. The nearer
the wheels approach each other the nearer will be the centre to which
the lines will radiate. If found desirable I would provide the instrument
with the ordinary or other wheels for a parallel ruler, to be removed or
altered when necessary, in addition to the above arrangement, in which

page_text: case the instrument could also be used as a parallel ruler. To retain the
ruler flat upon the paper in using the axle is raised at one end or
depressed at the other, and adjusted by a screw motion or other suitable
means.
IMPROVEMENTS IN STOVES AND FIRE-PLACES
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Phillips at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 17th August
1868.
I, JOHN PHILLIPS, of No. 197, Adelaide Road, South Hampstead, in
the County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN STOVES AND FIRE-PLACES," to be as
follows:-
My Invention has for its object improvements in stoves and fire-places
by means of which more complete control is obtained over the valves
or register doors, over the draught, and the combustion and consumption
of fuel, and over the formation of smoke than can be effected by stoves
and fire-places of ordinary construction. For these purposes a cylin-
drical valve or damper worked by a knob screwed into a rod attached
to the valve and moved up and down in a vertical slot in the top front
of the stove under the mantel is fitted into or upon a flue situated
above and behind the fire-place. This flue communicates at bottom
with a flue from the back of the ash-pit, in front with an opening over
the fire-box, and at top with the chimney flue. The space under the
fire-box is closed in front by a door or casing having a regulator fitted

page_text: thereto for admitting air when necessary. The sides, back, and part of
the bottom of the fire-box is formed of fire-clay, with iron bars in front
and an iron grating at bottom just inside the bars. Through this grating
the ashes fall into the ash-pit, which is sunk in the hearth, and is
emptied by removing a cover let into the hearth in front of the stove.
The opening leading to the flue above the fire-box is fitted with a sloping
back dividing the bottom part of the flue into two equal parts, through
which the air that enters the fire, together with the smoke and products
of combustion, pass from under and over the fire to the chimney. The
back fits at bottom into a groove, and rests at top against a pin
projecting on each side of the flue, and may be removed at pleasure for
examining and cleaning the flues.
The action of the stove or fire-place is as follows:-Fuel having been
put into the fire-box ready for igniting, communication is opened
between the fire-box and the chimney by drawing the cylindrical valve
or damper out of the flue by raising the knob at the top front of the
stove under the mantel; the fuel is then ignited at bottom or top, and
the smoke and products of combustion pass from under and over the
fire through the openings below and above the fire, up the flues to the
chimney, and into the atmosphere. When it is desired to diminish the
draught so as to economize the fuel and to make the fire burn steadily
the knob at the top front of the stove is moved down, pushing the
cylindrical valve or damper into the flue, the area of which may be
contracted to any extent. By means of this stove or fire-place there
is more heat evolved into the rooms, more perfect combustion, and
less consumption of fuel and less formation of smoke than in stoves
and fire-places of ordinary construction.