IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE FRAMES, SASHES, SHUTTERS, BLINDS, AND VENTILATORS FOR WINDOWS OR OTHER OPENINGS, PART OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE ALSO APPLICABLE TO OTHER CONSTRUCTIVE PURPOSES
Year: 1863

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Hilliar, of Cheapside, in the City of London,
Manufacturer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION
OF THE FRAMES, SASHES, SHUTTERS, BLINDS, AND VENTILATORS FOR WINDOWS
OR OTHER OPENINGS, PART OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE ALSO APPLICABLE TO
OTHER CONSTRUCTIVE PURPOSES."
Sealed the 18th November 1863, and dated the 25th May 1863.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Hilliar at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 25th May
1863.
I, JOHN HILLIAR, of Cheapside, in the City of London, Manufacturer, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
CONSTRUCTION OF THE FRAMES, SASHES, SHUTTERS, BLINDS, AND VENTILATORS FOR
WINDOWS OR OTHER OPENINGS, PART OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE ALSO APPLICABLE
TO OTHER CONSTRUCTIVE PURPOSES," to be as follows, that is to say :-
My Invention consists, firstly, in combining the sashes, shutters, blinds, and
ventilators intended for a window or other opening into one apparatus, so that
they may be raised or lowered by the same mechanism, and will occupy much
less thickness of wall, whilst every purpose of light, shade, ventilation, and
extent of open area will be served. With this view I make the sides or jambs
of a window, usually occupied by a sash frame, of a number of grooves running
vertically side by side, the corresponding edges of the sashes, blind, shutters,

page_text: or ventilator being tongued or otherwise formed so that they will work or slide
in the grooves aforesaid ; or these jambs may be advantageously formed with
open joint tubing, and the corresponding edges of the parts to work in them
likewise fitted with open joint tubing to work upon that forming the jambs.
The tubing I prefer to be of the description already patented by me on the
8th day of December, A.D. 1862, and numbered 3290. By employing a
system of cords and pulleys worked by toothed wheels and a winch handle at
one side of the opening, I can operate upon either of the sashes, lowering one
or both into a casing behind the dado, or below the floor, and leaving a clear
opening, if desired, or raising or lowering the shutters, which, when out of use,
also drop into the casing, or drawing over the whole or part of the opening a
wire gauze blind acting as a ventilator, and of the description also patented by
me in a second Patent of the same date as that last quoted, numbered 3291,
which gauze ventilator may, when not in use, be wound up into a tube in the
soffit of the window by a spring roller or other suitable means.
For the more
readily effecting any of these operations, I place above the winch by which the
mechanism is worked an index plate directing the operator which wheel to
throw into gear to effect a special purpose, so that any one of these operations
may be performed without interfering with either of the other parts of the
window.
Secondly, my Invention consists of improved shutters of metal or wire
gauze formed by employing jambs similar to those last described, either
grooved in wood or formed of tubes or of strips of corrugated metal forced closer
together or in closer corrugations, the shutters being made of splats or sheets
of metal or wire gauze, or both, fitted the one upon the other by a hook-
shaped groove formed upon the upper edge of the one engaging in a similar
groove upon the under edge of the one above it, plain side edges being left
'upon each splat or sheet, and each working in its own groove or corrugation
on the jambs; when lowered these splats or sheets fall one behind the other
into the casing behind the dado or beneath the floor; and this part of
my Invention is applicable to many other constructive purposes, such as the
making of iron houses, the closing in of beds, and other like uses too numerous
to mention, as large surfaces may be obtained with great economy of space in
packing.
Thirdly, my Invention consists in forming ventilators for insertion in
windows or other openings of a strip or sheet of wire gauze mounted in a thin
metal grooved frame, to the upper back edge of which is hung, by means of
the open tube binge already alluded to, a sheet of glass intended to fall close
at the back of the gauze, upon being allowed to do so, by releasing a cord

page_text: upon a pulley or a quadrant catch, which latter may then be turned over the
front of the gauze and form a lock for securing all together closely. The
gauze can be removed from the mount at any time when either more light or.
more air may be desirable.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said John Hilliar in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 25th
November 1863.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN HILLIAR,
of London, in the County of Middlesex, Manufacturer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-fifth day of May, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, in the twenty-sixth year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said John Hilliar, Her special license that I, the said John Hilliar, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said John
Hilliar, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the
term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION
OF THE FRAMES, SASHES, SHUTTERS, BLINDS, AND VENTILATORS FOR WINDOWS OR
OTHER OPENINGS, PART OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE ALSO APPLICABLE TO OTHER
CONSTRUCTIVE PURPOSES," upon the condition (among others) that I, the said
John Hilliar, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, should
particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in
what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in
the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately.
after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said John Hillar, do hereby declare the.
nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed,
to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement,
reference being had to the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the letters and
figures marked thereon, that is to say:-
My Invention consists, firstly, in combining the sashes, shutters, blinds, and
ventilators intended for a window or other opening into one apparatus, so that
they may be raised or lowered by the same mechanism, and will оссиру much

page_text: less thickness of wall, whilst every purpose of light, shade, ventilation, and
extent of open area will be served. With this view I make the sides or
jambs of a window usually occupied by a sash frame of a number of grooves
running vertically side by side; the corresponding edges of the sashes, blind,
shutters, or ventilator being tongued or otherwise formed so that they will
work or slide in the grooves aforesaid, or these jambs may be advantageously
formed with open joint tubing, and the corresponding edges of the parts
to work in them likewise fitted with open joint tubing to work upon that
forming the jambs; this tubing I prefer to be of the description already
patented by me on the Eighth day of December, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-two. By employing a system of cords
and pulleys worked by toothed wheels and a winch handle at one side of the
opening, I can operate upon either the sashes, lowering one or both into a
casing behind the dado or below the floor, and leaving a clear opening,
if desired, or raising or lowering the shutters, which, when out of use, also
drop into the casing, or drawing over the whole or part of the opening a wire
gauze blind acting as a ventilator, and of the description also patented by me
in a second Patent of the same date as that last quoted, which ventilator
may, when not in use, be wound up into a tube in the soffit of the window by
a spring roller or other suitable means. For the more readily effecting any of
these operations I place above the winch by which the mechanism is worked
an index plate directing the operator which wheel to throw into gear to effect
a special purpose, so that any one of these operations may be performed
without interfering with either of the other parts of the window.
gauze
Secondly, my Invention consists of improved shutters of metal or wire
gauze, formed by employing jambs similar to those last described, either
grooved in wood or formed of tubes or of strips of corrugated metal forced
close together or in closer corrugations, the shutters being made of splats or
sheets of metal or wire gauze, or both, fitted the one upon the other by a hook-
shaped groove formed upon the upper edge of the one engaging in a similar
groove upon the under edge of the one above it, plain side edges being left
upon each splat or sheet, and each working in its own groove or corrugation
on the jambs. When lowered these splats or sheets fall one behind the other
into the casing behind the dado or beneath the floor; and this part of my
Invention is applicable to many other constructive purposes, such as the
making of iron houses, the closing in of beds, and other like uses too numerous
to mention, as large surfaces may be obtained with great economy of space in
packing,
Thirdly, my Invention consists in forming ventilators for insertion in

page_text: windows or other openings of a strip or sheet of wire gauze mounted in a thin
metal grooved frame, to the upper back edge of which is hung, by means of
the open tube hinge already alluded to, a sheet of glass intended to fall close
at the back of the gauze, upon being allowed to do so by releasing a cord
upon a pulley or a quadrant catch, which latter may then be turned over the
front of the gauze and form a lock for securing all together closely. The
gauze can be removed from the mount at any time when either more light or
more air may be desirable.
Figure 1 represents a plan of the apparatus required to work the com-
bination of sashes, shutters, and blind alluded to under the first head of my
Invention.
(a) shews the open joint tube secured to the jamb or frame of a window;
(6) the slides secured to the edges of the sash or shutter, and working freely
up and down the tube (a); (c) is the spindle, formed by a solid pin passing
through the centre, upon which pin are fixed tubes (d), each tube acting as
an independent spindle for its own ratchet pulley (e), and by which each
separate cord attached to a sash or shutter is worked by means of a key
inserted into either of the openings (f) upon the nuts (9), each nut being
marked with the name of the part which it governs, and thus forming an
index; the small handles (h) are similarly hung upon a second series of
spindles (i), upon which are hung the spring pawls (k) engaging in the ratchet
pulleys (e). The cords pass over the ratchet pulleys, up the outside of the
jamb or frame, over pulleys in the top, and down the tubes (a) to the sash or
shutter to which they are secured; consequently if it be required to raise the
lower sash I release the ratchet pulley by which it is governed by employing
the handle in the group (h), which will release the pawl upon that pulley, and
inserting the key in that one of the openings (f) which is indicated as
belonging to the lower sash, I wind up the lower sash, and so on with any of
the other parts I may wish to work. The wire gauze blind may be similarly
worked up from below, or as I prefer to use upon the plan of a rolling blind
from above, as shewn in section (Figure 2), in which is also represented a
simple mode of causing this blind to be drawn down simultaneously with the
lowering of the upper sash, the beak (1) engaging in a catch (m) attached to
the lower edge of the blind; when the blind is not required to be down and
the window is to be opened an upward pressure applied to the catch (m) by
means of the thumb-piece (n) will release the catch and allow the sash to be
lowered. This is an arrangement also adapted for carriage windows. Instead

page_text: of the system of tubing and slides for the jambs as shewn in (Figure 1),
these parts may be constructed as seen in (Figures 26, 27, 28,) and in con-
nection with the mode of construction scen in (Figure 27), I form a sash
and casement window, shewn in (Figures 7 and 8), this I effect by fixing
the glass in an independent wood or metal frame hinged to the metal sliding
frame; the glass then opens as a casement also, and admits of being cleaned
from the inside.
Figure 3 shews a plan, Figure 4 an elevation, and Figure 5 a vertical
section of the description of shutter named under the second head of my
improvements. This is formed by connecting together splats or strips of metal,
wire gauze, or wood (or of the latter material edged with metal), and
arranged to engage one in the other by the mode shewn in Figure 5, the
jambs being formed with grooves of a hook section, as shewn in (Figure 3),
the cord being attached to the top splat, the others follow and are raised with
it, and in lowering the shutter each splat falls by its own weight, or if inclined
to stick the upper one forces them down, and they are received into a casing
beneath the level of the floor or behind a dado.
(Figure 6) shews in section another form of shutter made of strips or splats
secured together the open tube joint, but arranged to wind up as a roller
blind. The remaining Figures illustrate the several improvements under the
third head of my Invention.
(Figures 9 and 10) shewing sections of two forms of ventilators constructed
to admit in (Figure 9) a single current, and in (Figure 10) a double or
ingress and egress current. This is effected by hanging the leaves (a) car-
rying the glass to fall either from or to the centre as shewn, the leaves
forming the blind or ventilator being similarly hung from the inside; the
leaves are opened by the curved springs (6), and closed by the cord and
pulley (c).
Figures 11 and 12 shew a modification of this, in which a double level
current is obtained by making the leaves to open horizontally instead of
vertically, and a leaf of glass on each side, as seen at (d) and (e); springs
and cords in this instance also govern the opening and closing.
Figure 13 shews in section a simple form of single current ventilator. It
consists of a splat of thin metal (f) hinged to a frame in which the gauze is
mounted, and moveable upon a quadrant stay (9). Figures 14 and 15 shew
a similar construction, but with glass fixed in a frame, opened and closed by
means of the notched-jointed stay bar (h). In Figures 16 and 17 both the
glass and the gauze are moveable, the gauze being hinged to the inside, and
secured by a catch as at (i), and the glass hung to the outside as in the form

page_text: last described. Figures 18 and 19 shew the wire gauze ventilator working
as a rolling blind, and the glass opening by means of springs, one end of
each of which is attached to the fixed frame of the window, and the other to
the moveable glass frame. The blind is drawn down and the glass is also
closed by a cord and pulley. (Figures 20 and 21) shew the spring and cord
application for opening and closing applied to the system shewn in (Figures 16
and 17). Figure 22 shews another mode of opening and closing by means of
cords and pulleys and through tubular brackets (k).
Figures 23 and 24 shew a novel form of wire gauze blind. It is made by
attaching to each side or bead of the window frame a strip of metal forming a
groove (m), the corresponding edges of the blind being formed into a solid
bead, to which is attached an open joint tube (1) engaging with the groove (m),
the buttons (n) are merely for the purpose of readily sliding the blind into or
out of position. The top and bottom edges of the gauze may be finished with
a guimpe edging, as shewn in (Figure 23), or with a brass tube, as shewn in
(Figure 25), or in any other suitable manner.
Figure 26 shews another mode of forming these blinds by means of a
wooden frame (o), to which are attached the open tube-slide fittings (p), and
the gauze is secured between the face of the frame and a thin brass plate (9),
instead of being rebated in the middle of the frame as usual.
IIaving thus described the nature of my said Invention, and the manner in
which the same is to be performed, I claim the several improvements in the
construction of the frames, sashes, shutters, blinds, and ventilators for windows
or other openings, part of which improvements are also applicable to other
constructive purposes, substantially as herein more fully set forth and
specified.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Hilliar, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twenty-first day of November, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-three.
JOHN HILLIAR. (L.S.)