provements in Hydraullo Forging Machines.
Year: 1894

page_text: Date of Application, 6th Oct., 1894
Complete Specification Left, 6th Aug., 1895-Accepted, 6th Jan., 1896
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION
Improvements in Hydraullo Forging Machines.
:
I, DUGALD CLERK, of Diffold Villa, Manor Hill, Sutton Coldfield, in the
County of Warwick, Eugineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention to
be as follows
-
My invention relates to hydraulic forging machines in which the pressure is
brought to bear on the ram by a plunger entering the ram cylinder, the said plunger
being operated by crank or steam or gas cylinder
My invention consists in an improved mode of operating and improved arrange-
ment of the ram, pump plunger, and fluid distributing valves.
The distributing valves are so arranged that the ram, which carries on one end
the forging tup can be controlled by a single hand lever to perform the necessary
operations of lowering or raising the ram to any given height, to admit of any given
size of material being placed between the tup and the anvil, and also when this is
done, to put the machine into operation and give the necessary reciprocating squeezes
or nips..
The mechine consists of a strong framework, with suitable gap upon the bottom
of which the anvil nests. An overhead inverted hydraulic cylinder is bolted to the
framework and in this works the forging ram carrying the tup. Formed on the
cylinder und at a suitable angle to it, is the pump plunger casing. The pump
plunger is duiven by a connecting rod from a crank shaft, placed preferably
horizontal on bearings at the back of the framework and actuated by any suitable
means.
The ram cylinder is of one diameter, having at the bottom the usual gland and
cup leather. The forging ram is of two diameters, the smaller diameter being at
the bottom and working through the gland, and the larger diameter fitting the
cylinder; thus an annular space is formed between the top portion of the ram
and the gland, and a main chamber is left between the top of the ram and the
cylinder. The plunger casing communicates directly with the main chamber.
The
pump plunger and casing are formed similarly to the 1am and cylinder, that
is, the plunger being of two diameters, the larger and topmost working in the
casing and the smaller and bottom end working through its own gland and fixed at
that end to the connecting rod. Thus an annular space is formed between the top
portion of the pump plunger and gland. On the side of the plunger casing and
communicating with the aforesaid annular space is placed a distributing double
valve box hereinafter described, and on the top of the ram cylinder and communi-
cating with the main chamber is placed a distributing single valve box also
hereinafter described.
The distributing double valve box consists of a casing having two chambers in it,
placed vertically one above the other. The bottom chamber has a port leading to
the pump plunger annular space, and the top chamber has a port leading by a
In the bottom of each of these
connecting pipe to the ram cylinder annular space.
valve chambers is placed a small lift valve, the bottom chamber lift valve being au
ordinary suction one leading underneath it by a suitable conuecting pipe to the fluid
reservoir, and the top chamber lift valve leading underneath from the bottom
chamber and above by a suitable connecting pipe to the ram annulai space.

page_text: These valves..when, under certain conditions hereinafter described act like the
ordinary non-return suction and delivery valves in a pump, the bottom from the
supply to the plunger annular space, and the top as a delivery from the plunger
annular space to the ram annular space. These two valves are placed concentrically
one above the other. The bottom valve has on its top a guide rod which slides in
a bole drilled in a prolongation on the bottom of the top valve, a cottar is fixed in
this prolongation and passes through a slot in the guide rod of the bottom valve;
the slot is deeper than the cottar and allows the bottom valve a predetermined lift
without moving the top valve and similarly allows the top valve a predetermined
lift without moving the bottom valve. On the top of the top valve a prolongation
is formed having a bole diilled in it, and in this hole works a spindle rod, the top
of this spindle rod passes out through a stuffing gland fixed into the top of the
valve casing A cottar working in a slot in the bottom of the spindle rod is fixed
in the prolongation on the top of the top valve. The slot in the spindle 10d 15
deeper than the cottar and allows the valve a predetermined lift without affecting
the spindle rod, but as soon as the spindle rod is moved up it lifts the top valve
first and a further equal movement also lifts the bottom valve when both valvos
would then be off their seats. The single distributing valve box consists of a casing
having a non-return valve in it, the valve opening inwards to the main chamber of
the ram cylinder. The other side of the valve leads by a port and suitable con-
necting pipe to the flud reservoir. This valve has a long tail rod projecting
pwards through the usual stuffing gland. On the tail of the rod beyond
the stuffing gland is a light spring which holds the valve to its seat. The top of
the tail rod comes under a roqking shatt lever hereinafter described.
The lever gear to operate the distributing valves is preferably arrango as
follows-On the side of the cylinder is placed a hand lever 'keyed at one end to a
short rocking shaft. On this shaft is keyed the rocking shaft lever in such a position
shat about mid way in its length it crosses over the top of the valvo tail rod from
the single distributing valve box. The extreme end of this lever comes underneath
the free end of a second lever working on a pin. "This second lever has about
midway.down its length a short link connecting the second lever to the double valve
spindle rod. Thus from the lever bandle both the single distributing and double
valves can be operated.
The method of operating the machine is as follows-Take first the normal position
in which the ram is delivering a series.uf squeezes or nips. The hand lever is in
and position and the rocking lever is in such a position that it is just clear of the
Al and of the single distributing valve, while the extreme end of the rocking lever
is holding up the second lever and through its 'link the top valve only, in the said
double valve box. Consider all the passages and chambers full of liquid, then the
Action is as follows-The pump plunger,on thrusting upwards into the rain chamber
forces dann the ram a certain distance. The ratio of the ram area to the pump
plunger area is the same as that of the ram annular space area to the pump plunger
anunlar space area, so that when the ram is travelling down the liquid is forced
from the cam annular space through the connecting pipe down over and through
underneath the uplifted top valve in the double distributing box, into the pump
plunger annular space. On the return stroke of the plunger the same liquid is
forced bank in the opposite direction into the rain annulur space and thus lifts the
ram through the same distance ready for the next down'blow or crush.
To lower the ram through any required distance for a smaller size of work,
the hand lever is moved a short predetermined distance in one direction. This
lifts the rocking lever up and away from the tail rod of the single distributing
valve and catching the end of the second lever lifts it a further distance-aud thus
lifts the bottom valve (in the double valve distributing box) off its seat, so that
both these valves are now off their sent. The effect is that both annular spaces
, are then always in communication with the reservoir and the plunger moving up
into the ram chamber depresses the ram through its stroke and on the return stroke
of the plunger the liquid behind it in the annular space is simply sent back

page_text: through the bottom valve into the reservoir. As the 1am is not' now lifting' on
this return stroke of the plunger, a varnum tenis to form in the iam chamber
and the single distibuting valve opens thus allowing the plunger to suck from the
reservoir. On the next stroke of the plunger up into the main chamber the single
distributing valve closes and the ram is forced down a further equal amount, and' so'
on, until the required setting is obtained.
To raise the ram iuto nay required position, the hand lever's moved a similar
distance from the normal one, only in the opposite direction from that required
when lowering. The effect of this is that the rocking lever depresses the tail rod
of the single distributing valve and holds it open, while the end of this lever
moving down and away from the second lever allows a return spring fixed on
the second lever to pull it down and with it the link connecting it to the double
distributing valves. The distance this moves down is sufficient to bung both these
valves to their seats and leave them free to act as suction and delivery valves from
the reservoir to the annular spaco behind the plunger and from that annular space
to the rain annular space. Thus when the plunger is reciprocated the ram is lifted
up, all liquid above the ram in the main chamber passing out through the single'
distributing valve (which is held open by the rocking lever) back into the
reservoir.
An ordinary safety valve; loaded to the maximum safe pressure is fixed on' the top'
of the ram chamber and when blown open communicates with the reservoir.
A steam cylinder may be applied to actuate the plunger or a gas engine may be' so'
applied, or the machine may be driven by belt.
Dated this 4th day of October 1894.
MARKS & CLERK,
18 Southampton Buildings, London, W.C., and
13 Temple Street, Birmingham, Agents for the Applicant.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Hydraulic Forging Machines.
1, DUGALD CLERK, of Driffold Villa, Manor Hill, Sutton-Coldfield, in the
County of Warwick, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and
In what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following statement:-
My invention relates to hydraulic forging machines in which the pressure is
brought to bear on the ram by a plunger entering the ram cylinder, the said
plunger being operated by crank or steam or gas cylinder.
My invention consists in an improved mode of operating and an improved
arrangement of the ram, pump plunger, and fluid distributing valves.
The distributing valves are so arranged that the ram, which carries on one end
the forging tup, can be controlled by a single hand lever to perform the necessary
operations of lowering or raising the rain to any given height, to admit of any
given size of material being placed between the tup and the anvil, and also when
this is done, to put the machine into operation and give the necessary reciprocating
squeezes or nips.
Referring to the two sheets of accompanying drawings which' illustrate an
application of my invention
-
Figure 1 is a side elevation of the improved hydraulic forging'machine.
Figure 2 is a front elevation of the same.
Figure 3 18 a plan of the same.
Figure 4 is a vertical section on an enlarged scale of the double distributing
A

page_text: Figure 5 is a diagrammatic vertical section through all the principal valves and
passages to clearly illustrate the action of my invention.
Figures and 7 are sunlar vertical sections of the double distributing valve
box A with the valves in the different positions necessary when operating the
machine.
Tho machine consists of a strong framework B, with suitable gap C, upon the
bottom of which the anvil or the block D rests. An overhead inverted hydraulic
cylinder E is bolted to the framework B and m this works the forging ram F
carrying the tup or swage or die. Formed on the cylinder E and at a suitable
angle to it, is the pump plunge casing G. The pump plunger H works in this
casing G and is driven by a connecting iod I from a crank shaft J placed preferably
horizontal on bearings K K at the back of the framework B and actuated by any
suitable means.
The ram cylinder E is of one diameter having at the bottom the usual gland
and cup leather. The forging am F is, however, of two diameters, the smaller
being at the bottom and working through the gland, while the larger diameter fits
the cylinder E; thus an annulai space L is formed between the top portion of the
ram and the gland, and a main chamber M is left between the top of the ram aud
the cylinder. The plunger casing G communicates directly with the main
chamber M. The pump plunger H aud casing G are formed sunilarly to the ram F
and cylinder E, that is, the plunger II being of two diameters, the laige and
topmost working in the casing G and the smaller and bottom end working through
its own gland N and fixed at that end to the connecting rod 1; thus an anunlar
space O is formed between the top portion of the pump plunger H and the gland N.
On this side of the plunger casing, connected to it by a short pipe P as clearly
shown in Figure 3, and communicating with the annular space O, is placed a
distributing double valve box A hereinafter described. On the top of the an
cylinder E and communicating with the main chamber M is placed a distributing
single valve box Q hereinafter described.
The distributing double valve box A consists of a casing having two chambers R, S,
in it placed vertically one above the other. The bottom chamber R has a port
leading to the pump plunger annular space O, and the top chamber S has a port
leading by the connecting pipe T to the 1am cylinder anuular space L. In the
bottom of each of these valve chambers, small lift valves U, V, are placed, the
bottom chamber lift valve U being an ordinary suction valve leading from under-
neath it by a suitable connecting pipe W to the fluid reservoir ✗; while the top
chamber fit valve V leads from the bottom chamber R on its underside to the
top chamber Sou its upper side and thence by the connecting pipe T to the ram
annular space L. These two valves U and V are placed concentrically one above
the other. The bottom valve U has on its top a guido rod a which slides in &
hole drilled in a prolongation on the bottom of the top valve V; a cottat c 19
fixed in this prolongation and passes through a slot d in the guide rod a of the
valve V; this slot is deeper than the cottar c and allows the bottom valve U a
predetermined lift without moving the top valve V, and similarly allows the top
valve Va predetermined lift without moving the bottom valve U.
On the top of the top valve V a prolongation is formed having a hole e drilled
in it, and in this hole works a spindle rod, the top of this spindle rod passes out
through a stuffing gland fixed into the top of the valve casing. A cottar y working
in a sloth in the bottom of the spindle 1odfis hxed in the prolongation on the top
of the top valve V. The slot in the spindle rod fis deeper than the cottar g
and allows the valve V a predetermined lift without affecting the spindle rod but
as soon as the spindle rod is moved upwards, it lifts the top valve V first, and a
further equal movement also lifts the bottom valve U, when both valves V and U
would then be off their seats.
1 preferably operate the spindle by a rigid lover and link connection from the
lever k.
•
The single distributing valve box Q consists of a casing having a non-return

page_text: valve Y in it, the valve Y opening inwards to the main chamber M of the ram
cylinder E. The other side of the valve Y leads by a port and connecting pipe Z
to the fluid reservoir X. This valve Y has a long tail rod, projecting upwards
through the usual stuffing gland. On the tail rod beyond the stuffing gland 18 a
light spring which holds the valve Y to its scat. The top of this tail rod comes
under a rocking shaft lever q bereinafter described.
One arrangement of lever gear we may use to operate the distributing valves is
clearly illustrated at Figures 1, 2 and 3, and consists of a gear which is operated by
hand. There is also shown on Figures 1, 2, and 3 an auxiliary foot gear attached
to the hand gear. The arrangement of the hand geat is as follows:-
A hand lever kis keyed onto a rocking shaft l, this shaft working in the supporting
bracket m. On this rocking shaft a short lever n is keyed as shown clearly at
Figure 2, and a chain is attached from the end of this lever n to the top of the
tail rod in the double distributing valve box A.
I
It is to be noted that when a chain is used the spindle f requires to be balanced
as to internal pressure and returned by spring. A camp with one rise, is also
keyed in the 1ocking shaft and in such a position that it comes over a lever q
pivotted from the bracket m, but whose free end rests in the tail rod of the single
distributing valve Q. The hand lever k has on it a sping thumb lever or an
equivalent device so that the hand lever & may be moved into any of three
predetermined positions and held there. The foot gear consists of a rocking
fiatne s pivotted at and connected to the rocking shaft by a long link u and
lever v.
The method of operating the machine is as follows :—
Take first the normal position in which the ram F 18 delivering a series of
squeezes or nips; the hand lever k is theu in such a position as shown clearly at
Figure 2 and the lever n is in such a position that the igid link or short chain
from n to is pulled up sufficiently to lift the top valve in the double distributing
valve box A. The position of the valves at this time is clearly shown in
Figures 5 and 6.
Consider all the passages and chambers full of liquid when the action is au
follows
The pump plunger H in thrusting upwards into the ram chamber M forces down
the ram Fa certain distance. The ratio of the largest diameter of the ram F area
to the largest diameter of the plunger H area is the same as that of the ram annular
space Laien to the pump plunger annular space O area; so that when the 1am 18
travelling down the liquid is forced from the ram annular space L through the
connecting pipe T, down, over and through underneath the uplifted top valve Y
into the bottom chamber R and from thence by the short connecting pipe P
into the plunger annular space O. On the retuin stroke of the plunger H the
same liquid is forced back in the opposite direction into the rain annular space L
and thus lifts the ram F through the same distance ready for the next down blow
or crush.
To lower the ram F through any required distance for a smaller size of work,
the hand lever k is moved a short predetermined distance to the right and then
held in that position by the thumb spring lever r. This causes the lever n in
the rocking shaft to pull the short chain up a further distance, and thus lift
the bottom valve U ( the double distributing valve box) off its seat, so that
both the valves V and U are now off their seat as shown at Figure 7. The
effect of this is that both the aumulat spaces L and O are now in communication
with the reservoir by the pipe wand the plunger II moving up into the ram
chamber M depresses the ram F through its stroke and in the return stroke ot
the plunger H the liquid behind it in the aunular space O is simply sent back
past the bottom valve U and up the pipe W into the reservon. As the ram F
is not now lifting on this return stroke of the plunger H a vacuum tends to
form in the am chamber M and the single distributing valve Y is sucked open
thus allowing the plunger H to suck from the reservoir X through the pipe
Z.

page_text: On the next stroke of the plunger H up into the main chamber M the single
distributing valve Y closes and the ram F is forced' down a further equal amount,
and so on, until the required setting is obtained.
To raise the ram F into any required position; the hand lever k is moved to the
right of the filst position, and held there by the thumb spring lever r. The effect
of this is that the lover n in the rocking shaft / moves downwards until the short
cliam becomes slack and the valves Vand U'in tlie double distributing valve box A
return to their seats, being assisted by the small spring to shown in Figures 4, 6
ard' 7. Another effect of this movement of the hand lever k to the right is to
bring the rise in the cam P down on to the pivoted lever and thus to dopress the
tail rod and valve Y. The valves V and'U are now free to act as suction and
delivery valves, froin the reservon X by way of the pipe W to the annular space
and from that annular space O by way of the pipe T' to the ram annular space L.
Thus when the plunger II is reciprocated the ram F is lifted up, all liquid above
the ram in the main chamber M passing out through the single distributing
valve Y, now held open, and through the connecting pipe Z into the reservoir X.
ፃ
sometimes nfhx an automatic stop action on these machines which I preferably
arrange as shown at Figures 1, 2 and 5. This geni 18 for the purpose of
automatically stopping the ram F (when raising it) at any given height. On the
side of the ram Fa bracket is fixed carrying a sliding rod y. This rod y can be
adjusted so that at any given point in the upward travel of the ram Fit lifts a
lever and this lever in tuin lifts a small' tail rod and though it the valve U in
the double distributing valve box. The effect of this is that the action of the
valves U and V as a suction and delivery valve is destroyed and the ram stops
sing owing to the fact that the liquid is simply sucked from the reservoir X by
the pipe W and sent back in the same direction through the open valve U.
An alternative lever gear for operating the distributing valves is arranged as
follows: On the side of the cylinder is placed a hand lever keyed at one end to a
short locking shaft. On this shaft is keyed the rocking shaft lever in such a
position that about midway in its length it crosses over the top of the valve tail rod
from the single distributing' valve box The extreme end of this lever comes
underneath the fice end of a second lever working on a pin. The second lever has
about midway down its length a short link connecting the second lever to the
double distibuting valve tail 1od. Thus from the lever handle both the single
distributing and double valves can be operated.
In operating my forging machine may also arrange that when the ram is
reciprocating or giving a series of working squeezes or nips the amount the ram
lifts is not quite equal to the downward thrust and to effect this I may airauge a
slight leakage (by a bye-pass valve or equivalent device) on the under side of the
ram and plunger; so that there is a gradual creep down on the part of the am
equal to the amount of leakage.
An ordinary safety valve B loaded to the maximum safe pressure is fixed on the
top of the ram chamber and when blown open communicates with the reservoir.
A steam cylinder may be applied to actuate the plunger or a gas engine may be
so applied on the machine may be driven by belt.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion, and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that. what I
claim is.-
1. In a machine for hydraulic forging, or stamping, in which the forging,
stamping tool or tools are operated by a hydraulic ram, the use of a ram of two
diameters and a plunger of two diameters having annular spaces so arranged that
the movement in one direction of the ram caused by the displacement of the plunger
in the liquid in the ram chamber is balanced by the transference of liquid from the
ram annular space to the plunger annular space and that upon the reverso stroke of
the plunger this transference of liquid takes place again and restores the ram to its
ofiginal position.

page_text: 2. In a hydraulic forging, or stamping machine the use of a double distributing
valve box and a single distributing valve box us herein before descubed and
illustrated at Figures 4, 5, 6 and 7 as a means for controlling and distributing
the liquid in the operations of lifting, lowering and operating the ram.
3. A hydraulic forging machino in which a ram is reciprocated by hydraulic
pressure produced by means of a plunger or plungers operating directly, the said
plunger or plungers being so arranged and combined with valve connections that by
the movement of a controlling lever the ram may be caused to reciprocate in one
position or move up or down at the will of the operator, substantially as herein-
before described.
4. The bydraulic forging machine hereinbefore described and illustrated at
Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7.
Dated this 6th day of August 1895.
MARKS & CLERK,
18, Southampton Buildings, London, W.C., Agents.