IMPROVEMENTS IN LOCOMOTIVE ENGINES, AND IN MARINE AND STATIONARY ENGINES
Year: 1848

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, GEORGE
REMINGTON, of Warkworth, in the County of Northumberland, Civil
Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at
Westminster, the Twenty-sixth day of May, in the cleventh year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said George Remington, my exors, admiors, and assigns, Her especial
license, full power, sole privilege and authority, that I, the said George
Remington, my exors, adiñiors, and assigns, aud such others as I, the said
George Remington, my exors, admors, or assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times during the term of
years therein mentioned, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within England, Her Dominion of Wales, the Town of Berwick-upon-
Tweed, and in the Islands of Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney, Sark, and Mau,
and in all Her Majesty's Colonies and Plantations abroad, my Invention of
certain "IMPROVEMENTS IN LOCOMOTIVE ENGINES, AND IN MARINE AND STATIONARY
ENGINES;" in which said Letters Patent is contained a proviso obliging me,
the said George Remington, by an instrument in writing, under my hand and
seal, particularly to describe and ascertain the nature of my said Invention,
and in what manner the same is to be performed, and to cause the same to
be enrolled in Her Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent, as in and
by the same, reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
George Remington, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention

page_text: consists in improvements in the machinery at present in use in locomotive
engines, and marine and stationary engines,―
First, for the conversion of reciprocating rectileniar force or motion into a
rotatory motion, so as thereby to turn a shaft or axle with a continuous
motion; and,
Secondly, for the conversion of a rotatory force or motion into a recipro-
eating rectileniar motion, whereby the said machinery of such engines is
simplified, and the cost of construction proportionably lessened; and,
Thirdly, in an improved machinery for reversing the motion of an engine.
And in further compliance with the said proviso, I, the said George Remington,
do hereby. describe the manner in which my said Invention is to be performed,
by the following statement thereof, reference being had to the Diagrams herein
contained, and to the Drawings annexed, and to the figures and letters marked
thereon, it being observed that similar figures are used in the Drawing to
denote similar parts wherever they occur.
Before describing the Invention, however, and the machinery by which it is
carried into effect, it will be as well to explain shortly the principle in mechanics
of which I have availed myself, by reference to the following. Diagram
Let the line A, B, in the
applied to the plane A, B, in the direction L, c, then the point L being
immediately over c,, and. in the line of motion of the plane, the whole force
will be thrown on the centre c, and consequently the force applied to A, B,
will be resisted by the fixed axle or shaft c; but suppose the lever L to be
placed in the direction c, d', on one side of the line of motion, and A, B,
te moved down to a, b, and force applied to A, B, as before, so as to make it
then; if the points
move towards E, F, and in the same right. line L, c,

page_text: d', de d³, represent intervals of motion in the circle, which the end of the
lever L describes round its centre, it is evident that if the plane continue to
move it will press against the end of the lever and cause it to slide along the
surface of the plane A, B, in the direction of A; so that when the plane A, B,
arrives at a, b, the end of the lever will be at d', and when the plane A, B,
arrives at the plauc E, F, the end of the lever will be at d. The motion of
the plane being continued through the plane E, F, it will cause the end of
the lever to slide back in the direction B, and when the plane is at a, b, the
end of the lever will be at d³, in the same right line from which it began to
move, but on the opposite side of the centre; then (the dead centre being first
overcome by a fly wheel, or in any other usual way) if the motion of the plane
be reversed, and another plane be placed at as, b³, and force applied to it so
as to cause it to move through the same right line, when it arrives at E, F,
the lever will be at d', and when the plane returns to A, B, the end of the
lever will be at L, which completes one revolution of the circle.
Now, by availing myself of the effect of machinery thus placed, and of the
sliding motion of a lever along a plane thus obtained, I have invented the
following improvements in the machinery of locomotive engines, and marine
and stationary engines; that is to say, first, as regards locomotive engines,
marine and stationary engines, in which it is required to convert a reciprocating
rectileniar force or motion into a continuous rotatory motion. I propose to
effect that obiect by my Invention as followe

page_text: plate A, B, C, D, and the surface of the plate made to slide close or near
to the lever, then apply force to press the plate in a right line downwards,
Let the block
so that the opening N, P, may slide over the axle or shaft S.
at the same time be pushed aside, the direct line of motion of the plate, say
towards 0; the force upon the plate will make the block slide from the centre
of the open cross along the opening O, E, which descends with the plate, and
when the opening O, E, of the plate arrives in a line with 20, 2, the block L
will be at the furthest extremity of the opening O, and the lever S, L, will be in
the direction S, C. Continue the motion of the plate, and the block L will
now slide from the end of the opening O back towards the centro of the cross,
where it will arrive when C, D, the lower line of the plate, is at G, II, and
the top of the opening P has reached the axle or shaft S, and the line O, E.
in the plate will be in a line with 3 and 3'; then the lever S, L, will have
made half a revolution; it has, in fact, moved from d¹ to do, and thence to <l",
and the axle or shaft to which it is attached has also been turned half round.
Now reverse the motion of the plate, and as it proceeds upwards the block
will be carried towards D, along the opening O, E, and when the opening O, E,
is in a line with C, D, the block will be at the end of the opening E, and the
lever S, L, will be in the direction S, D. Continue the motion of the plate
upwards, and the block will now slide from the end of the opening E back
to the centre of the cross, where it will arrive when the plate has returned to
its original position A, B, C, D; thus the lever will have moved through the
other half of the circle, and with it the shaft or axle will now have performed
one complete revolution. This operation being continuously repeated the plate
A, B, C, D, alternately descending and returning in the same right line over
the axis, imparts a continuous rotatory motion to the axle or shaft from whence
the power of the engine is applied to the different parts of it, as required,
according to the purposes for which the engine is constructed. The force or
motive power to be applied to the plate in all steam engines would be steam.
By connecting the opposite ends A, B, C, D, of the plate A, B, C, D, with
the piston rods or pistons working in the steam cylinders, the axle may
be turned in either direction by the same motion of the plate before
described, according as the block at starting be directed a little to the right or
left of the centre in the opening P, N, The same effect will be obtained, with
additional strength and security to the well working of the machinery, if there
be two levers fixed upon the shaft, both set in the same plane, but on
the opposite sides or surfaces of the plate A, B, C, D, and both set in the
same direction, so that they may both be secured to the same block by one
Spindle.

page_text: The Drawings Numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,
and 18, contained in the third and fourth skins hereof, and to which I refer as
part of this my Specification, will now shew (having reference to the explana-
tions herein-before contained) how my said Invention is to be applied to
locomotive engines and to marine and stationary engines.
Drawing No. 1 represents the cross section of a straight shaft or axle, with
a lever fixed upon it at right angles to the axis of the shaft. A is the axle or
shaft, L the lever, B the block, and S the spindle.
Drawing No. 2 represents a plan of the same near the end of the lever,
and on one side of it there is a block, represented by the letter B, through
which passes the pin or spindle S. The pin works in a journal or hole formed
near the end of the lever, the spindle being in a line parallel to the main or
working shaft, or the spindle may be fixed in the side of the lever, and nove
freely in a journal formed in the block, or the spindle may move freely in both
the block and lever, and there may be two levers, one on each side of the
block B, both connected by the same spindle.
Drawing No. 3 represents one form of the open cross guide; the opening
O, E, forms the guide for the block B, and the opening P, N, is to allow the
plate to pass the axle or shaft.
Drawing Number 4 represents the working shaft lever block and open
cross, A being the axle or shaft, L the lever, B the block, S the spindle,
X, X, X, X, the open cross guide, with the open cross O, P, E, N.
Drawing Number 5 represents a double piston with the cross between
them, P1 being the pistons, in addition to the parts designated in the four
Drawings already described.
Drawing Number 6 represents a cylinder suited to the pistons. There is an
opening through the transverse axis to admit the main working axle or shaft,
the opening being shaded black.
Drawing Number 7 represents a vertical section of this cylinder, with the
pistons, working shaft, lever, block, and guide in their respective positions,
when the pistons Pare at half stroke. If steam or any other motive force
be admitted into the cylinder so as to act alternately on each piston, it will
cause them to reciprocate in the same right line, and at the same time the
block B to slide in the guide O, E, by which means the force is transmitted to
the shaft or axle A, so that each single stroke will turn the shaft half a revolu-
tion, and the reverse stroke will complete the revolution, thus forming rotatory
motion from rectileniar reciprocating motion; for suppose the cylinder to be
standing upon its end, and the pistons at half stroke, as shewn in this Drawing,
the block B will be at the extreme end of the guide O, E, and the main shaft

page_text: will occupy the centre, midway between the two pistons, and when the pistons
have completed a stroke the block B will occupy the centre of the open cross
O, P, E, N, and at half stroke the block will alternately occupy the opposite
ends of the opening O, E.
Drawings Numbers 8, 9, and 10, represent an arrangement of the same
Invention, where (as I have before mentioned might be the case) there are
two blocks B, B, attached to the same lever L, by the same spindle, one being
on cach side thereof, and each working in a separate open cross guide. Here
Drawing Number 8 is the cylinder, and Drawings Numbers 9 and 10 repre-
sent cross sections of the same, with the working shaft A, lever L, blocks B, B,
and open cross guides X, X, X, X, in their respective positions at half stroke of
the pistons P, P¹.
Drawings Numbers 11, 12, and 13, represent an arrangement of the same
Invention, where the steam power or cylinder is on one side only of the axle,
and they represent an arrangement for an engine with a single piston. Here
A is the axle or shaft, L the lever, B, B, the blocks on each side of the lever,
X, X, X, X, the cross guides for the blocks; C the cylinder. D, D, are
stuffing boxes through which the shaft works, P¹ the piston, and I a cover for
the cross guides and lever to slide into. The lever and shaft are placed over
the centre of the cylinder, and the cross guides are made to work two blocks
in the manner shewn in Drawing Number 10, but may be according to the
first plan shewn in Drawing Number 7, with one block only. The openings
or guides for the blocks are placed near the end and not in the middle of-the
connecting plates; the steam or other motive power acts alternately on each
side of the piston.
Number 14 represents an arrangement of the same Invention suited for a
locomotive engine, or any case where two shafts are required to revolve simul-
taneously. The centre of the cylinder is placed in the same plane as the
centres of the shafts, and midway between them; there is but one piston, Pl, the
piston rod R passing through is attached to it, and projects from both ends of
the cylinder, which are packed in the ordinary way; at both ends of the piston
rod the cross guides for the blocks are attached. The cross guides for the
blocks and piston rod R work in parallel guides G, G. The axles or shafts
A, A, may be worked in the same direction or in contrary direction, according
to the respective positions of the blocks and levers, and any number of shafts
may be worked by increasing the number of the blocks and cross guides
working between the same external parallel guides G, G.
L
Drawings Numbers 15 and 16 represent an arrangement of the same Inven-
tion for an engine with the levers, or series of levers, on the same shaft or

page_text: axle, set at right angles to each other. Here there are two cylinders of
unequal diameters, the one placed inside the other, C and C'; the piston P¹ of
the middle cylinder C' is made to fit, and is packed in the usual way. The
piston P of the other or largest cylinder C is made to work steam right
round the outside of the cylinder C¹, and steam-tight round the inner circum-
ference of the cylinder C. Cross guides similar to those described in the
Drawing Number 11 are attached to the upper end of the small or central
piston P', which works into a box in the same way as in the single cylinder
engine described by Drawings Numbers 11, 12, and 18, and the two single
cross guides attached to the larger piston, one on each side the small cylinder,
but all three guides occupy the same right line in the transverse diameters of
the cylinders, and the middle lever L is placed at right angles to the two out-
side levers L, L, or those worked by the larger piston; thus when one piston is
at half stroke the other is at full stroke, and the dead centres thus overcome.
Another mode of obtaining by my Invention rotatory motion from rectileniar
reciprocating motion is shown by Drawings Numbers 17 and 18. This latter
improvement refers to the working of crank shafts to a lever fixed on the end
of an axle, or to a crank pin projecting from the nave of a wheel. This
arrangement does not require the opening P, N, for the shaft, shewn in Draw-
ing Number 3, but only one opening O, E, is required to guide the block, or a
wheel through which the crank pin is made to pass. Attached to piston P¹
is the plate or guide X, X, in which is the opening O, E. This opening
receives the wheel or block attached to the crank pin, and the wheel or block
rolls or slides in the opening O, E, alternately backwards and forwards with the
motion of the piston, in like manner as described in the second Diagram herein-
before contained. In these Drawings C represents the cylinder; A is the axle
or shaft; K, K, the crank; P' the piston; X, X, the guide plate; and O, E, the
opening for the block or wheel. In all cases it should be understood that the
dead centres are overcome in the usual way, either by using a pair of cylinders
with the levers or cranks set at different angles, or if a single cylinder be
employed, by means of a fly wheel.
And now, secondly, as regards locomotive engines, marine and stationary
engines, in which it is required to convert a continuous rotatory motion into a
reciprocating or rectileniar motion, it is evident that by the application of a
lever block and cross guide and parallel guides working in any of the modes
herein-before described to any part of a revolving shaft, rectileniar action may
be produced; and this mode of producing reciprocating rectileniar force or
motion from a continuous rotatory motion is the inverse of all the arrange-
ments herein described or referred to in my first article of invention.
And

page_text: this my second article of invention is especially applicable to stationary
engines, where the motivo power is a wheel driven by a fall of water, which
may thus be converted into a reciprocating rectileniar motion, working a lif
or force pump or other machine.
And now whereas it is evident that the variety of modes of applying my
said Invention is almost endless, and it would be needless to extend them
beyond the examples already given, and from which it will be manifest that
my Invention may be applied at the end of a beam vibrating on a fulcrum to
turn an axle or shaft, and that it may be made to turn a cranked shaft or a
cranked pin as well as an ordinary straight shaft; but in these last-mentioned
cases, where no provision is required to be made for the passage of the
revolving shaft through the reciprocating plate, an opening in the form of a
cross is not necessary, a simple slot or groove being sufficient, as shewn by the
Drawings, Figure 17 & 18. And whereas a grooved plate will, in some cases,
answer as well as a plate with an open slot in it; nor is a plate absolutely
necessary, for a skeleton frame made of bars to guide the block (which block
may be a friction roller if preferred), might be in some cases substituted for
the plate. But what I claim as my Invention is, the application to locomotive,
marine, and stationary engines, of the mechanical action explained by the
Diagrams contained in the first skin hereof, and shewn applied to engines by
the Drawings contained in third and fourth skins hereto annexed, for the
purpose of converting, first, reciprocating rectileniar force or motion into
rotatory motion; and, secondly, converting a rotatory force or motion into a
reciprocating rectileniar motion; with the exception only, that so far as regards
its application to a cranked axle with a single slot or guide O, E, I only
claim its application when the slot or guide is placed and works within the
cylinder.
And now, thirdly, as regards my other improvement in locomotive engines,
and marine and stationary engines, herein-before mentioned to be an improved
machinery for reversing the motion of an engine, I do hereby, in further pur-
suance of the said recited provision of the said Letters Patent, declare my Inven-
tion, and the manner in which the same is to be performed, to be shewn by the
following statement, having reference to the two Drawings, Numbers 19 and 20,
contained in the fifth skin hereof; that is to say-Let A represent the axle or
working shaft of an engine, and 1, 1, 1, a circular plate fixed upon it eccentric
to the shaft. 2, 2, will represent a ring, and 3, 3, an arm or lever fixed upon
the ring (or the ring and arm or lever may be formed in one). As the eccentric
plate revolves within the ring 3, 3, it causes the arm or lever which is confined
by a block or blocks working between two fixed guides 4, 4, to move with a

page_text: reciprocating rectileniar motion. Now, to this arm or lever 3, 3, let another
lever or bar with a handle be attached by means of a spindle running through
the block: this lever is marked 5, 5. Now, let 6 represent a weigh bar,
and 7 a tongue projecting from it into a slot formed in the slide valve rod of a
steam engine: Now 8, 8, will be another lever fixed on the end of the weigh
bar. In this lever 8, 8, is a slot or hollow, as shewn, in which works a pin
projecting from the arm or lever 5, 5. Now, having a vibrating motion given
to this arm or lever by its connexion with the first, lever, and block, and the
pin working in the slot of the lever attached to the weigh bar, the latter will
vibrate on its axis, and give motion to the valve slides in the usual way.
These parts of the machine being thus in motion, the whole is reversed by
moving the lever and handle to the opposite end of the slot or hollow, in
which its pin works. I therefore, thirdly, claim an improvement in the
mode of reversing the motion of an engine by the machinery last herein-before
described.
And all these parts of my Invention being, to the best of my knowledge and
belief, entirely new, and never before used in that part of Her said Majesty's
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland called England, Her Dominion
of Wales, and Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, Her Isles of Jersey, Guernsey,
Alderney, Sark, and Man, nor in any of Her Majesty's Colonies and Plantations
abroad, I do hereby declare this to be my Specification of my said Invention,
and that I do verily believe this my Specification doth comply in all respects
fully and without reserve or disguise, with the proviso in the said in part
recited Letters Patent contained; wherefore I do hereby claim to maintain
exclusive right and title to my said Invention.
In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal, this Twenty-
third day of November, One thousand eight hundred and forty-
night
Signed, sealed, and delivered by the
within-named George Remington,
in the presence of
GEORGE (L.S.) REMINGTON.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Twenty-third day of November,
in the year of our Lord 1848, the aforesaid George Remington came before
our said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Specifi-
cation aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and specified, in
form above written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped
according to the tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Enrolled the Twenty-third day of November, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and forty-eight.