An Improved Method of Constructing Heat Radiating Cylinders or Chambers.
Year: 1898

page_text: Date of Application, 3rd Sept., 1898
Complete Specification Left, 3rd July, 1899-Accepted, 12th Aug.,
1899
An Improved Method of Constructing Heat Radiating Cylinders
or Chambers.
I, JAMES GEORGE ACCLES, of Holford House, Perry Barr, near Birmingham, in
the County of Warwick, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention
to be as follows:-
:-
This invention has reference to a method of constructing heat radiating
cylinders or chambers and is especially applicable to the cylinders of oil and
gas engines.
Heretofore it has been usual to construct heat radiating cylinders or chambers
with a series of transverse or longitudinal webs or ribs on the external surface
of the cylinder, such ribs being cast in one piece with the body of the cylinder.
The great unevenness in the sectional area of the cylinder arising by casting the
webs of the cylinder in one piece of metal gives rise to considerable weakness in
the structure and renders the web very liable to become fractured or broken but
by my invention this weakness and liability of fracture are greatly reduced.
According to my invention the said webs are made separate from the body
of the cylinder and are so arranged within a suitable mould box that in the
casting of the cylinder they become partially imbedded in the molten metal
which on cooling firmly connects them to the cylinder. This firm connection
is obtained by forming "the edges of the webs that lie contiguous to the cylinder
with dove-tail or other grooves or recesses so that when the molten metal is
poured into the mould it will enter such recesses and form transverse bands
around the cylinder where these dovetail recesses exist. Not only therefore
will the webs be very securely keyed to the cylinder by these bands but at the
same time the cylinder itself will be thereby strengthened. I prefer to form
the aforesaid webs of metal strips which are somewhat thicker at their bases
than at their edges.
In cases where it is desired to provide a cast iron cylinder or chamber with
webs of copper or other metal having a different fusion temperature to that of
the cast iron, I first cast the said cylinder and then arrange it and the webs
within a suitable mould box in such a manner that there exists an annular
space between the cylinder and the adjacent edges of the webs. Into this space
I pour molten aluminium or other metal having a lower or the same fusion
temperature as the copper or other strips. The molten aluminium on cooling
will shrink around the outer surface of the cylinder and at the same time firmly
grip the series of webs, thus holding the cylinder and the webs tightly together.
I do not confine myself to the use of the longitudinal webs above referred to,
as such webs may be made in the form of separate rings transversely arranged
around the cylinder or in the form of a continuous ring arranged spirally
around the cylinder, these rings being firmly connected to the cylinder by cast-
ing in the manner already described.

page_text: Although I have described my invention as being especially applicable to the
cylinders of gas and oil engines, I wish it to be understood that it is applicable
to the barrels of automatic guns or to any other internally heated chamber
with which a series of webs are employed for keeping it cool without the use
of a water jacket.
An Improved Method of Constructing Heat Radiating Cylinders
or Chambers.
I, JAMES GEORGE ACCLES, of Holford House, Perry Barr, near Birmingham, in
the County of Warwick, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention
and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described
and ascertained in and by the following statement:-
This invention has reference to a method of constructing heat radiating
cylinders or chambers and is especially applicable to the cylinders of oil and
gas engines.
Heretofore it has been usual to construct heat radiating cylinders or chambers
with a series of transverse or longitudinal webs or ribs on the external surface
thereof, such webs being formed by casting them in one piece with the body of
the cylinder or chamber. The great unevenness in the sectional area of the
cylinder arising by casting the webs and the cylinder in one piece of metal,
gives rise to considerable weakness in the structure and renders the webs very
liable to become fractured or broken, but by my invention this weakness and
liability of fracture are greatly reduced.
According to my invention the said webs are made separate from the body of
the cylinder and are so arranged within a suitable mould-box that in the cast-
ing of the cylinder-body they become partially imbedded in the molten metal
which on cooling firmly joins them to the said cylinder-body.
In order that my said invention may be clearly understood and readily car-
ried into effect I will proceed to describe the same more fully with reference to
the accompanying drawings in which:
―
Figure 1 is a vertical section of the body of a cylinder having heat radiating
webs applied longitudinally thereto in accordance with my invention.
Figures 2 and 3 are respectively a plan and a cross-section of the same.
Figure 4 is a vertical section and Figure 5 a horizontal section illustrating
the manner in which the said longitudinal webs are joined to the cylinder-body
during the casting of the latter, when they are in the form of straight strips.
Figures 6 and 7 are respectively an elevation and a transverse section of the
pattern.
Figures 8, 9, 10 and 11 are respectively a vertical section, a side elevation,
a plan and a cross section of the cylinder of an oil or gas engine having heat
radiating webs applied both longitudinally and transversely thereto in accord-
ance with my invention.
Figures 12 to 19 illustrate the manner in which the said transverse webs are
joined to the cylinder-body during the casting of the latter when they are in

page_text: the form of rings; Figures 12 and 13 being respectively a vertical and a trans-
verse section of the mould-box with the webs in position, ready for the casting
operation; Figures 14 and 15 a vertical section and a plan of a box in which
the said webs are prepared for insertion into the mould-box; and Figures 18
and 19 an elevation and a plan of the pattern.
In all the figures A is the cylinder-body and B B are the webs.
Referring more particularly to Figures 1 to 7 in which the said webs are
disposed longitudinally, I first take a cylindrical pattern C such as that illus-
trated by Figures 6 and 7 and of the proper dimensions for the cylinder required,
and form therein a number of longitudinal grooves e into which the various metal.
webs B are inserted and maintained in a radial position relatively to the pattern.
The said pattern, and the metal webs are placed in a mould-box D) (Figures 4
and 5) which is then filled with the loam or casting sand in the usual manner.
The pattern is then withdrawn from the mould-box leaving the webs radially
disposed in the box and a suitable core E is inserted centrally in its place,
whereby a space F is left for the reception of the molten metal which is poured
into the box as is well understood. As the metal cools the aforesaid webs will
become effectually joined to the cylinder.
To obtain a very firm connection between the said webs and the cylinder, L
prefer to form the edges of the webs where they lie contiguous to the cylinder-
body with dovetailed grooves or recesses b b so that when the molten metal is
poured into the mould, it will enter such recesses and so form transverse
bands a a around the cylinder. Not only therefore will the webs be very
securely keyed to the cylinder by these bands but at the same time the cylinder
itself will be thereby strengthened.
When it is desired to provide the cylinder with transverse webs, as represented
in Figures to 11 I prefer to have said webs B in the form of annular plates
and in order to avoid the necessity of making the pattern of the cylinder with
recesses for the reception of the inner peripheries of the said annular webs,
(which would require the pattern to be made in several parts to enable it to be
removed from the mould and would entail liability of some of the said annular
webs becoming displaced during such removal) I prefer to proceed in the follow-
ing manner:
I take a cylindrical pattern F (Figures 18 and 19) of the proper dimensions
to correspond with the cylinder-body and provided with longitudinal grooves
or recesses whose purpose will be hereinafter explained. This pattern is placed
in the mould-box 1), and I then proceed to arrange around it the various
annular webs B, each of which has been previously provided with an annular
facing b¹ of loam, the said facing being of such a width that it leaves a marginal
portion around the inner edge of said annular plate or web uncovered (see
Figures 16 and 17). Therefore when the said annular plates are super-imposed
in the mould-box, a small inner marginal space 2 is left between contiguous
webs, into which spaces the molten metal will enter when it is poured into the
space occupied by the pattern and will thereby firmly retain the webs in place
by partially imbedding them. To facilitate the proper and uniform formation
of the said loam facing on the various annular webs, I provide a box G of the
kind represented in Figures 14 and 15 having an annular recess and a central
hole therein. The aforesaid annular recess is adapted to receive the casting
sand which is to be applied to the web and said web is placed above the sand
in the recess as represented in Figure 14 the central position of the web rela-
tively to the sand in the recess being obtained by providing a disc H having a
stem to enter the central hole gl. Instead of employing this disc H I may how-
ever make the box G with a raised central portion corresponding therewith.
On removal of the web from the aforesaid box G by inverting the latter the
upper surface of the web will be found to be covered with loam with the excep-
tion of the inner marginal portion (see Figures 16 and 17) which will be left

page_text: uncovered. The web is then dried or baked and is inserted into the mould-
box D in the manner already stated.
The aforesaid annular webs are preferably formed with notches or recesses 63 in
their inner edges, to permit the metal of the cylinder-body to enter the same during
the casting operation and so form longitudinal ribs a¹ (Figure 9) which act to
firmly key the webs to the cylinder-body in an analogous manner to that already
described with reference to the transverse bands a a in Figures 1 to 4.
I do not confine myself to the use of separate annular discs or rings to form
the aforesaid transverse webs as I may if desired form them of a separate band
or separate bands arranged spirally around the cylinder-body and joined thereto
during the casting of the said body. Neither do I wish to confine myself to
the specific means above referred to for providing the webs with their facing
of loam or casting sand as any other appropriate means may be employed for
the purpose.
In Figures 8 to 11 I have illustrated the cylinder-body provided with valve
chambers A which have been furnished with rectilinear webs in an analogous
manner to that already described with reference to Figures 1 to 7, it being
understood that such valve chamber is made separately from the cylinder-body
and connected thereto at a subsequent operation.
In cases where it is desired to provide a cast iron cylinder or chamber with
webs of copper or other metal having a lower fusion temperature than that of
the cast iron, I first cast the said cylinder-body and then arrange it and the webs
within a mould-box in such a manner that there exists an annular space between
the cylinder-body and the adjacent edges of the webs. Into this space I pour
molten aluminium or other metal having a lower or the same fusion temperature
as the copper or other strips. The molten aluminium on cooling will shrink
around the outer surface of the cylinder-body and at the same time firmly grip
the series of webs, thus joining the cylinder-body and the webs tightly together.
Sometimes the aforesaid webs are made somewhat thicker at their inner than
at their outer edges.
Although my invention is especially applicable to the cylinders of gas and
oil engines, I wish it to be understood that it is also applicable to the barrels
of automatic guns or to any other internally heated chamber with which a series
of external heat radiating webs are employed.
I also wish it to be understood that I am aware that it has before been pro-
posed to manufacture cylinders or chambers with heat radiating webs disposed
either longitudinally or transversely thereon but in such cases the webs have
been cast simultaneously with the cylinder or chamber, whereas according to
my invention the webs are first cast or otherwise produced and then joined or
integrally combined with the cylinder simultaneously with the casting thereof
or of a sleeve thereon.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said in-
vention and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
claim is
1. The method of constructing heat radiating cylinders or chambers which
consists in placing in a mould-box, metal webs or ribs made separate from the
body of the cylinder or chamber, and then casting the cylinder whereby the
said webs or ribs become integrally joined thereto substantially as described.
2. The modification of the aforesaid method, whereby the heat radiating webs
or ribs and the cylinder or chamber are integrally connected together by cast-
ing between these parts a metal sleeve having a lower or the same fusion tem-
perature as the webs or ribs substantially as described.
3. The manner of causing the inner edges of the heat radiating webs or ribs
to be imbedded in the molten metal during the casting operation, substantially
as described and for the purpose specified.
4. A cylinder or chamber provided with heat radiating webs or ribs applied

page_text: thereto substantially as described with reference to Figures 1 to 7 or Figures 8
to 19 of the accompanying drawings for the purposes specified.
Dated this 3rd day of July 1899.
HASELTINE, LAKE & Co.,
45, Southampton Buildings, London, W.C., Agents for the Applicant.