Im, PROVEMENTS IN CLOSING THE ENDS OF METAL PIPES, AND IN CONNECTING AND SOLDERING METAL PIPES TOGETHER, AND IN THE COMBINATION OF METALS OR ALLOYS FOR THE LATTER PURPOSE, PARTS OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE APPLICABLE TO OTHER PURPOSES
Year: 1874

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Hunter Henry Murdoch, of No. 7, Staple Inn, in
the County of Middlesex, Patent Agent, for the Invention of “Im,
PROVEMENTS IN CLOSING THE ENDS OF METAL PIPES, AND IN CONNECTING AND
SOLDERING METAL PIPES TOGETHER, AND IN THE COMBINATION OF METALS OR
ALLOYS FOR THE LATTER PURPOSE, PARTS OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE
APPLICABLE TO OTHER PURPOSES."-A communication from abroad by
William Anthony. Shaw, of the City of New York, in the United
States of America.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION filed by the said Hunter Henry Murdoch
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition and¯
Declaration, on the 29th June 1874, pursuant to the 9th Section of
the Patent Law Amendment Act, 1852.

page_text: 33
WHEREAS I am in possession of an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
CLOSING THE ENDS OF METAL PIPES, AND IN CONNECTING AND SOLDERING METAL
PIPES TOGETHER, AND IN THE COMBINATION OF METALS OR ALLOYS FOR THE LATTER
PURPOSE, PARTS OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE APPLICABLE TO OTHER PURPOSES,"
and have petitioned Her Majesty to grant unto me, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, Her Royal Letters Patent for the same,
and have made solemn Declaration that the same has been com-
municated to me from abroad by William Anthony Shaw, of City of New
York, in the United States of America.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Hunter Henry Murdoch, do hereby
declare that the following Completo Specification, under my hand and
seal, fully describes and ascertains the nature of the said Invention, and
in what manner the same is to be performed :-
This Invention consists, firstly, of the improvements herein-after
described in closing the ends of pipes where (as in the case of plumbers'
traps), such pipes are closed by means of removeable caps or plugs. I
will describe this part of my Invention as applied to the closing of the
lower bend of a plumber's trap so as to permit of the removal of sediment
and refuse, which settling at that point might otherwise clog and obstruct
tho trap.
The improvement consist in the special manner of combining the cap
or plug, and its seat or collar with the body of the trap or pipe. I form
or fix the cap, collar, or seat on the exterior of the neck of the trap (or
pipe) at the lower bend thereof, and bevel or equivalently form the inner
surface of said collar, so that when casting the trap (or pipe) the metal
that forms the latter will run between the bevilled or correspondingly
formed inner surface of the collar, and the core around which the trap
or pipe is cast, thus forming a joint that will dovetail or lock the collar
securely on the neck of tho said trap (or pipe) formed at the point to
which the collar is applied. The collar is thus external to the trap or
pipe and the opening is left of the full diameter of the said trap (or
pipe) and without obstruction. The trap at that point is also strengthened
and reinforced by the encompassing collar which is removed from all
contact with the water and sediment in the trap, and is not liable to bo
clogged by matter which would otherwise lodge in the screw thread
usually formed in it to receive a screw plug.
Figure 1 is a vertical section of a trap made in accordance with this-
Invention; Figure 2 is a like section of a trap also embodying this-

page_text: Invention, with a slightly different style of plug; Figure 3 is a perspectivo
view of the lower bend of the trap in Figure 2, and, of the cap by which
the bend of the said trap is closed.
A is an externally screw threaded collar of brass or other suitable
metal at the lower bend of the trap B. This collar is bevilled on its
inner surface as shown, so as to be thicker at top than at bottom and is
of sufficiently greater diameter than the interior or bore of the trap to
allow the metal of the trap to run between the bevilled inner surface, and
the body of the core used to form the trap, as indicated in the Drawing a,
being the metal neck of the trap run inside of the collar and having the
same diameter as the main body of the trap. The collar is readily
applied when casting the trap, being provided with a shoulder or annular
flange b which fits snugly within the mould, and the collar itself rests
on a ledge on the core of suitable shape to receive it, and preferably to
prevent the metal of the neck a from extending down as far as the outer
end of the collar.
In lieu of forming the collar with a bevilled internal face it may be
provided on that face with inwardly projecting lugs which will answer
to interlock with the neck of the trap, but I prefer the dovetailed
formation shown. And if desired for greater security one, two, or more
lioles may be bored in the collar to allow the metal to enter therein.
The cap C has a female screw thread which engages on the male screw
on the collar. Between the end of the neck a and the cap may be
interposed a washer c of leather or other suitable material.
F
In Figures 2 and 3 is represented another form of plug. The collar D
is combined with and united to the neck a of the trap in precisely the
same way as before described with reference to collar A. The only.
difference is that in the present case the collar is not screw threaded but
lías lugs & to hold a plug E in place; this plug enters the collar and
rests on the end of neck a. It is provided with notches e to permit it to
pass the lugs & when entering the collar, and with inclines which, when
the said plug after having been inserted is turned, will be brought under
the lugs d, and will cause it to be pressed against the end of the neck a
and to be firmly clamped between the same and the lug so as to make a
Fight inint

page_text: is usually experienced in joining such pipes, and to make a perfect and
tight joint requires the skill of an experienced workman. To obviate
this expense and difficulty the joints are formed by means of a solder
lined sleeve, that is to say, a sleeve or tube of lead or other metal or
alloy lined with tin, solder, or fusible metal having a lower fusing point
than the outer sleeve or tube, so that the application of heat to the latter
will melt down the solder lining. Into this sleeve the contiguous ends
of the two pipes to be joined are inserted, and then by external
application of heat to the sleeve the solder lining will be melted down
and caused to form a perfect solder joint, which morcover will be shielded
and protected by the said sleeve.
The solder lined sleeve can be produced by lining a tube of the harder
metal with the solder or more fusible metal by any of the ways usually
practised in analogous cases, and then cutting up this solder lined tube
into sleeves of proper length, or the sleeve may be made by casting the
outer harder metallic portion in moulds and then casting their lining
within them. In using the solder lined sleeve the pipes to be joined
are to be prepared in the usual manner and their ends brought together
within the sleeve. Heat is then applied by means of soldering coppers
or tongs or in any other suitable manner.
The sleeves described may be divided longitudinally into two or more
sections and used to repair bursted pipes. This system is applicable to
plumbing traps. The traps are provided with sleeves or rings of solder
at the extremities of their branches either outside or inside thereof.
The lead or other pipes to be connected with the trap is brought to its 2
place and the joint finished by the application of heat.
The Invention consists further of the arrangement or combination as
herein-after described of metals or metalline alloys to be used as solder
for joining the ends of pipes, and for other purposes to which solder is
applicable. The object of this part of the Invention is to produce solder g
of a better quality, and at a less cost and expense than has hitherto been
practicable. This object is accomplished by economising in the amount
of tin or other expensive metal or metals entering into the composition
of the solder, and at the same time producing an article that will flow as
freely as a more expensive mixture when heat is applied, and possessing 3
greater tensile strength, be superior in quality to that heretofore used. The
improved processes and the materials thereby produced enable metals to
be soldered together forming joints of much greater strength than

page_text: heretofore, and such joints possess a higher melting point and are less
liable to be weakened or damaged when exposed to heat, as in cooking
utensils and other like articles. These results are attained by covering a
core of relatively coarse solder or one containing a less proportion of tin-
with an outside covering or envelope of fine solder or one with a greater
portion of tin. For some purposes this order may be reversed, that is,
the fine solder may be placed inside and covered with an envelope of.
coarse metal; when heat is applied to the compound stick or bar thus.
formed, the finer metal or alloy will melt easily and dissolve and melt
down the coarser metal or alloy, causing the entire combination to melt
and flow as readily as if it were composed entirely of fine solder. These
combinations of metals or alloys may be made in the form of bars or
rods, wires, or ingots, or pellets of any desired shape and size.
Bars, tubes, or rods may be made by the use of the hydraulic or other
power press by casting within a cylinder or receptacle an ingot of coarse
solder surrounded by a covering of fine solder, or vice versa, and pressing
all out through a die placed either at the bottom or top of such cylinder
either within the die holder or the plunger used as in the various
methods for making lead and other pipes. This part of the Invention is
applicable to the manufacture of foil, such for instance as lead covered with
tin; such foil has heretofore been made by casting ingots of lead coated
with tin, and rolling them out together, a tedious and expensive process,
and one in which there is much waste of material from the difficulty of
making the metals roll together without breaking or cracking.
For the manufacture of foil according to this application of the Inven-
tion it is preferred to make the aforesaid receptacle elliptical in cross
section with a plunger to correspond. This receptacle or retaining vessel.
has a die with an opening along its longer axis of the width of the foil
to be made. Within this vessel is to be placed a series of wedge shaped.
ingots of lead placed one upon the other. Around these central ingots
-melted-tin-is-to-be-poured,-and-the-whole-has-consolidated,-it-is-to-be-
forced out through the dic by pressure applied to the plunger. These
wedge-shaped ingots are to be so made and adjusted in size and shape as
to insure a uniform product in thickness of lead, and tin. Or there
may be a number of additional equidistant openings distributed around
the die to allow surplus tin to escape, and for the purpose of relieving
the pressure necessary, to be used. The product-may-then- be carried-
between rollers should it be required to further reduce the thickness.
"

page_text: The receptacle or retaining vessel for holding the charges of lead and
tin may be made square or rectangular in shape, with a square or
rectangular plunger fitted to it. There may in this case be a series of
dies parallel to each other, and the charge may be made of a number of
tin ingots, cach one enclosing lead and placed side by side in thic 5
retaining vessel. On applying pressure to the plunger there will be a
number of sheets of foil (as many as there are dies) formed at one
operation; this arrangement will diminish the amount of pressure
required to work the machine and will allow the process to be conducted
with more rapidity.
1
If desiried a fixed core may be placed within the receptacle or
retaining vessel, the plunger travelling around and over this core. The
latter may be of rectangular, elliptical, or other suitable shape, and be
hollow so as to allow a hot blast or steam or other heating medium to be
supplied to the centre of the charge, or cold water may in like manner 1
be admitted according to the nature of the material being operated
upon.
Another office of this core would be to cause the metals composing
the charge to issue uniformly and evenly from the dic, even should they
be formed into ingots or blocks with parallel sides. The charges or 2
ingots may be cast in moulds and afterwards be placed within a retaining
apparatus and pressed into sheets or foil. The retaining apparatus may
be heated or cooled in any suitable manner as is well-known and
practised in making metal pipes. The dies for forming the sheets may
be placed within the face of the plunger which is mado hollow for the
escape of the material, or they may be placed in a suitable holder at the
bottom of tho retaining vessel. The latter may be stationary aud
the pressuro communicated to the plunger, or the ram or plunger may
be stationary and the pressure be applied to the retaining vessel.
The ingots of metal may be cast in moulds so constructed as to form a
tongues and grooves on their faces, after which they may be locked
together by sliding one over the other, and afterwards pressed out
through the machine. Or ingots prepared in this manner may be rolled
by means of an ordinary rolling mill. The dies through which the
metals are to be forced may consist of rolls mounted in a frame and
"bottom piece" suitably adjusted to the digester. These rolls may be
arranged so as to be set at different distances from cach other to mako

page_text: sheets of different thicknesses. Two or more sets of such rolls may be
placed one behind the other, so that the metals pass through from one to
the other. These rolls may be caused to rotate by independent driving
mechanism if desired.
The improved solder may be cast into ingots and rolled or drawn out
into bars or wires by any of the forms of rolling mills or draw benches
used for manufacturing bars or wires. Wires may be made independently
of different alloys, and twisted into ropes or cables of the improved
combination.
Another method of manufacturing such solder is as follows:-A plate
or slab is formed of the compound materials in similar manner to the
manufacture of tin foil rolled to the required thickness, and out into
strips or bars by any well-known devices for cutting up sheet metals.
There may be three or more different alloys united, for instanco the
interior core may consist of what is known as fine solder surrounded by
a coarser solder, and the whole inclosed within a shell of fine solder, not
only solders or alloys composed of tin and load in various proportions
may be used together but solders of different metals; for instance, one
portion may be of lead and tin, another of lead, tin; and cadmium, or
of lead, tin, and bismuth, or of any other suitablo combinations of
metals.
This Invention may also be carried into effect by casting bars, rods, or
wires separately, and making up the same into bundles or faggots by
binding, soldering, or joining in any manner, so that the combined metals
or alloys may be melted simultaneously or nearly so in using the
same.
:
This Invention is not limited to any particular configuration or form
of ingot nor to any special compound or alloy since it is manifest that I
can use all solders or alloys that may be combined, so that the alloy
melting at the lowest temperature will dissolve_down and assist-the-
melting of its associates, thereby economizing in the cost of improving
the qualities of solders. Bars or pieces of any desired form may be
made separately of different grades and simply placed in juxtaposition
when-used-in-the-act-of-soldering. Such pieces can be tongued and
grooved or made to be locked together by any suitable device. Tubes of
fine metal may be filled with grains of coarser metal. Rosin may bo
mixed with such grains in the filling.

page_text: Having now described the nature of this Invention as communicated
to me by my foreign correspondent, and the manner in which the same
is to be performed, I claim in respect thereof the improvements herein.
before described in closing the ends of metal pipes, and in connecting
and soldering metal pipes together, and in the combination of metals or
alloys for soldering, and the applications of such improvements essentially
as described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Hunter Henry Murdoch, have here-
unto set my hand and seal, this Twenty-ninth day of June, in
the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-
four.
Witness,
B. WILLCOX,
his Clerk.
H. H. MURDOCH. (L.S.)