CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN PREPARING YARN OR THREAD BY MACHINERY, SUITABLY FOR WARPS IN PREPARATION FOR WEAVING IN LOOMS
Year: 1838

page_text: REID AND JOHNSON'S SPECIFICATION.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, JOHN
PATERSON REID, Power Loom Manufacturers, in Glasgow, and THOMAS
JOHNSON, Mechanic, in the employment of John and Archibald Reid, Power
Loom Manufacturers there, send greeting.
WHEREAS we did by petition humbly represent unto Her present most
Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, that, after much study and expence, we
had invented "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN PREPARING YARN OR THREAD BY
MACHINERY, SUITABLY FOR WARPS IN PREPARATION FOR WEAVING IN LOOMS;"
and Her said Majesty, being willing to give encouragement to all arts and
inventions which may be for the public good, was graciously pleased, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Twenty-eighth day of
April last (Eighteen hundred and thirty-eight), in the first year of Her reign,
for Herself, Her heirs and successors, to give and grant unto us, the said
John Paterson Reid and Thomas Johnson, our executors, administrators, and
assigns, Her especial licence, full power, sole privilege and authority, that we
or they, by ourselves or themselves, or by our or their deputies, servants, or
agents, or such others as we or they should agree with, and no others, during
the term of fourteen years from the date of the said Letters Patent, should
and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend our said Invention within
that part of Her said Majesty's Dominions called England, Her Dominion of

page_text: Wales, and Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, in-such manner as to us, our
executors, administrators, and assigns, shall seem meet, and as that we or they
shall enjoy the whole profit, benefit, and advantage, arising by reason of the said
Invention during the said term of fourteen years; and for that end Her said
Majesty requires and strictly commands all her subjects whatsoever within
England, Wales, and Berwick-upon-Tweed aforesaid, that they shall not,
neither directly or indirectly, make, use, or put in practice our said Invention,
or any part thereof; nor in anywise counterfeit, imitate, or resemble the same,
nor make any addition thereto or subtraction therefrom, whereby to pretend
himself or themselves to be the inventor or inventors thereof. And whereas
the said Letters Patent contain a proviso obliging us, the said John Paterson
Reid and Thomas Johnson, particularly to describe and ascertain the nature
of our said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, by an
instrument in writing under our hands and seals, or under the hand and seal
of one of us, and to cause the same to be enrolled in Her Majesty's High
Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately after the
date of the said Letters Patent, as in and by the same (reference being
thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
John Paterson Reid, for myself and for the said Thomas Johnson, do hereby
declare that our said Invention is described and ascertained in manner
following, and by the aid of two Sheets of Drawings hereunto annexed; that
is to say:-
The object of our said improvements is to perform the operations which are
usually termed winding, warping, and dressing of yarn or thread, by machinery
suitably for warps, at one operation, by means of a new combination and
arrangement of suitable parts of the machinery heretofore commonly employed
for the aforesaid three operations; that is to say, the most approved mode of
preparing yarn or thread by machinery suitably for warps is as follows:-
First, by means of a winding machine to wind off the yarn from the cops in
which it comes from the spinning, in order to transfer it to bobbins, each
distinct yarn or thread being wound upon a distinct bobbin. Secondly, a
suitable number of such bobbins so filled are then put to a warping machine,
wherein all the several yarns or threads proceeding from all those bobbins are
collected and wound together in due order, side by side, upon one beam or roller.
Thirdly, a suitable number of such beams so filled are then put to a dressing
machine, wherein the yarns or threads are transferred altogether from those
beams, and wound in due order, side by side, upon one beam, which is the
weaver's beam that is to be used in the loom. And it is during the transfer

page_text: that the yarns or threads are all dressed with wet paste or starch; and the
same is distributed evenly on the yarns or threads by brushing, which brushing
also lays the fibres of the yarns or threads smooth; and they. are also dried
during the transfer, that is, in the interval between unwinding or drawing them
off from the several beams aforesaid, and the ultimate winding of them
altogether upon the one weaver's beam. But, according to the new improve-
ments, the cops of yarn or thread, as they come from the spinning, are put
into the new combination of machinery a great number at once, and the
several yarns or threads are all drawn off those cops together, and after being
dressed with wet paste or starch, and brushed and dried by action of the said
machinery, are also wound in due order, side by side, upon the weaver's beam
or roller, ready.for weaving in looms.
The new combination of machinery is represented in the two Sheets of Plans
hereunto annexed, Sheet I. being an elevation of one end, and Sheet II. an
elevation in front. The same letters of reference are used in both Sheets to
denote the same parts, and the names of those parts are stated in the Table of
References at the lower part of Sheet I. The main frame which sustains all the
parts is marked 1, l. The lower portion of the machine is adapted to contain a
great number of cops of yarn or thread as they come from the spinning; they
are marked f, and are disposed one over another in vertical rows, and a
number of such vertical rows side by side, as is shewn in Sheet II. The
several cops are stuck upon as many horizontal spindles, or skewers, or
wires; and the yarns or threads unwind or draw off from the cops in
the directions of their wires, without requiring the cops themselves to turn
round. The said wires are supported by being fixed into upright legs c, of
the frame, which are called back rods, and they stand side by side in a row,
as shewn in Sheet II. Each of those back rods sustains one of the aforesaid
vertical rows of cops. The wires whereon those rows of cops are stuck, which
form adjacent vertical rows, although horizontal, are not parallel to each other;
but in projecting forwards from each back rod c, they converge towards their
neighbours on one side, and diverge from their neighbours on the contrary side,
so as to bring the small ends of the cops in every other pair of adjacent vertical
rows nearer together than the large ends thereof, and therefore the yarns or
threads, in drawing off from the several cops in the direction of their several
supporting wires, as before mentioned, come very near together, and the
threads proceeding from each pair of converying vertical rows of cops, are
conducted through holes in vertical front rods d, by which the yarns or threads
are guided (as is shewn in the separate Figuré, Sheet I.); and they go up
from those holes to the upper portion of the machinery in order to be dressed

page_text: with wet paste or starch, and brushed and dried; and then wound altogether in
due order, side by side, around the weaver's beam Q, at the top of the machinery.
In consequence of the two vertical rows of wires which are fixed in every
other adjacent pair of the back rods c, converging the one towards the other as
aforesaid, the cops which are stuck upon them come nearer together than the
cops which are sustained by the intermediate adjacent back rods c, which cops
diverge one from another, and by that divergence sufficient space is gained
between the cops, which are sustained by every alternate pair of adjacent back
rods c, to admit the hand amongst them when it is introduced between the
front rods d, which are only half the number of the back rods, and, being
slender, take but little room. The yarns or threads proceeding from these pairs
of cops which converge, are guided by the same front rod. The wires or
skewers are about four inches long and one quarter of an inch in diameter or
thickness, tapered at the point on which the cops are to be stuck, but the cops
need not be entered further than about one inch, and the thread or yarn will
then draw off or unwind more freely to the end or bottom of the cop. Each of
the back rods c is removeable, being retained in notches at top and bottom,
which are made in wood rails fixed horizontally for the purpose of receiving
the two ends of each of those rods c, and a small button bolt secures each rod
when in its place. By this means each rod, with the vertical row of wires which
is sustained by it, together with the cops upon those wires, can be removed,
in order that when a set of those cops which are sustained by any one of the
back rods are nearly unwound or run off, that the said back rod may then be
removed to a sufficient distance behind the machinery to admit of replacing
the exhausted cops by a new set of full cops joining on the several yarns or
threads of the said exhausted cops to the yarns or threads of the new ones as
they are replaced thereby; and when all the set of cops on the said back rod c
has been thus replaced, then that back rod may be replaced in the frame, all
which may be done whilst the machinery continues working, and drawing off
the yarns or threads from the cops, or else a duplicate back rod c, which is
already furnished with a fresh set of cops, may be substituted for that back rod,
which is removed in consequence of its cops being nearly run off and exhausted,
as before mentioned, the yarns or threads being joined or twisted to full cops
in the duplicate rod, which then may be replaced as in the former case, or the
motion of the machinery may be stopped whilst the exhausted caps are changed
for full ones, and the yarns or threads are joined, if that is thought more con-
venient. The manner of replacing the exhausted caps is represented in
Sheet I., that back rod which is removed from its place being carried back to
a suitable distance behind. The machine is supported and held in a vertical

page_text: position by an upright stand, which has a heavy foot to stand firm on the floor
wherever it may be placed. The same stand holds a duplicate back rod
(containing a set of full cops) side by side with that back rod which has been
removed, and which contains exhausted cops. The joining or twisting of the
ends of the several yarns or threads of the exhausted cops to those of the
full cops is easily performed, as shewn in the Figure; and in order to keep
each of the several yarns or threads to a proper state of tension, and avoid
any occasional slackness or irregularity, each yarn or thread is conducted
through a loose ring of metal, which depends by its weight upon the yarn
or thread at the part thereof where it comes out through the hole in the
front rod d, as before mentioned for guidance. The said loose rings are
guided by means of upright guide plates fixed to the front rods d in front
thereof, so as to leave each of the rings at liberty to rise and fall through
as much space as the height of one cop above another, but there are stop
pins fixed into the front rods to prevent each ring falling further than that.
Each of the said rings acts as a weight upon that yarn or thread to which it
belongs, and by dragging the same down into a loop of more or less depth,
it keeps a constant and uniform tension upon that yarn or thread, as the
same is yielded off from the cop, and drawn away upwards from the ring to the
dressing apparatus at the higher portion of the machinery; for whenever,
owing to curls or snails in the yarn or thread, or other cause, an additional
length is suddenly dragged off from any one of the cops; then, instead of
that yarn or thread becoming slack in consequence, the ring belonging to
the same descends, and drags it down into a deeper loop than before, which
takes the extra length so dragged off, and keeps the yarn or thread to its
proper intended tension; but by degrees, as the upper part of the machinery
draws up the yarn or thread, the ring rises again, and yields up a portion of
the length which it had as before mentioned dragged down into a deep
loop, and that yielding up takes place before it drags or unwinds much
more from off the cop, whereby the ring serves as a regulator or corrector of
any irregularities in the dragging off the yarn or thread from its cop, and
causes the yarn or thread to be served up with regularity to the machinery
above. And note, the machinery may be double, consisting of two sets of all
that has been above mentioned, placed one opposite to the other, as is repre-
sented in Sheet I., leaving sufficient space between them for the persons who
are to attend to the cops and yarns or threads to stand between the two.
The
yarns or threads, in proceeding upwards through the higher parts of the double
machinery, may incline from the vertical one towards the other, so as to bring
the weaver's beam Q at the top of the machinery near together over the heads.

page_text: of the persons who stand between the two sides or parts of the double
machinery; and there may be two such weaver's beams, one filling with the
yarns or threads proceeding from one side of the double machinery, and the
other from the other side thereof, in which case the two sides of the machinery
will operate quite distinctly one from the other, and one side may be stopped
whilst the other continues working. It is shewn in Sheet II. that the space
below for the reception of the requisite number of cops is greater than the
length of the weaver's beam Q at the top upon which the yarns or threads
proceeding from all those cops are to be collected and wound, the yarns or
threads being for that purpose converged towards each other as they ascend
upwards, after having been brushed. By this means sufficient space may be
had for disposing the requisite number of cops for filling a short weaver's
beam. But in cases where a long weaver's beam is to be filled, so that a very
great number of cops are required to furnish the yarns or threads for it, then
the two sides of the double machinery may be worked in concert with only one
weaver's beam at top in the middle, between the two sides of the double
machinery; and the yarns or threads proceeding from both sides may be all
passed over rollers situated at u, u, Sheet I. (to give proper head room for the
person attending the machine), and brought together into one warp, which is
wound upon that one weaver's beam. In such case the moving machinery of
both sides must be so coupled together that their motion will always be exactly
coincident, in order that one side may yield up the yarns or threads just as
fast as the other side, but no faster. This may be done by having the main
driving belt B on one side only, and transmitting the motion to the other
side by connecting gear, such as a horizontal axis 7, with bevil gear s, 5, 5, 5,
connecting from the lower revolving brush D on the one side to the
lower revolving brush D on the other side, or else connecting in that
manner between the upper revolving brushes E, E, of each side, provided
these upper brushes are driven by means of spur wheels from their lower
brushes, and not by endless belts. The latter way, which is represented in
Sheet I., would be most convenient to the persons attending the machine if
two brushes on each side are used, but the machine may be worked with the
lower brushes only. The upper part of, the machinery contains or is com-
posed of parts which are so far similar to those used in ordinary dressing
machines, that a brief description will be sufficient. The liquid paste or starch
is contained in a trough X, in which a roller U is immersed, and another
roller V, which is disposed over the immersed roller U, rests thereon by its
weight. The lower or immersed roller U is turned slowly round by means of
a spur cog wheel I fixed upon one end of its axis, and deriving motion from

page_text: a pinion, which is affixed to another spur wheel L, which derives its motion
from a pinion which is affixed to a smaller spur wheel K, and the latter is
turned by a still smaller wheel 7 fixed on the end of the axis of the main
driving pulley A, by which the whole machinery is worked with an endless
belt B, and the lower cylindrical brush D is also on that axis of the pulley A,
which is turned round quickly (or in place of the wheelwork 2, K, L, I, bevil
wheel gear might be placed upon the axis of the brush D, to drive the lower
pressure roller U, having bevil wheels and pinions, and an extreme diate shaft
between the brush D and the roller U); but the motion transmitted there-
from by the aforesaid wheelwork 9, K, L, I, to the lower or immersed
roller U is a slow motion. The yarns or threads, as they come up from the
moveable rings before mentioned at the front of the front rods d, are conducted
over one edge Y of the box or trough X, which contains the paste, being
guided and kept separate by a comb or by pins, which are fixed in a row
along that edge Y, and from that edge the yarns or threads first pass over a
small roller a, which is turned round by their contact, and then they pass
between the lowermost and the uppermost pressure rollers U, V, for the paste;
and the lowermost roller U, being immersed in the liquid paste at its lower
part, it communicates the paste to the yarns or threads, and the pressure of
the upper roller V, by its weight, squeezes out the redundancy. That upper
roller V is turned round by its contact with the yarn or threads upon which it
rests, and in consequence of its pressing them by its weight upon the moving
surface of the lower roller U, they derive motion therefrom, and are thereby
passed through between the pressure rollers U, V, and are drawn slowly upwards
from off their several cops below. The yarns or threads turn upwards around
the upper roller V, and ascend so as to come in contact with the lowermost
cylindrical brush D, which is moving quickly, and in a direction so as to act
downwards with a brushing action on the yarns or threads in the reverse
direction to that of their slow progressive motion, which is upwards. After
receiving that action from the lowermost revolving brush D, the yarns or
threads are conducted up through a reed or a row of guides i, which keeps them
separate each yarn or thread from its neighbours; then they apply against a
horizontal rod m, which keeps them in place, and pass in contact with the upper-
most revolving brush E, which acts on them in the same manner as the lower
one to smooth and distribute the paste. The uppermost brush E is turned by
a short endless belt F passing over pulleys on the ends of both revolving brushes
D and E, so that they keep pace one with the other, or else the upper brush
may be turned by a connection of toothed wheelwork, as shewn at q, o, and p,
Sheet I., o being an intermediate wheel beween the pinions q and p.: After

page_text: the proper way round. The box or
thus receiving the action of the uppermost revolving brush E, the yarns or
threads are conducted through another guide 2, which keeps them separate,
and after that, as they go up higher, they converge in the manner shewn in
Sheet II., so as to approach nearer together, in order to bring them into the
space within which they are intended to be collected and wound on the weaver's
beam Qat the top of the machinery, but they first pass through the reed k, by
which their convergence is regulated, to bring them to their intended distance
apart, and by which they are kept separate one from another at the said
distance apart, and are guided properly whilst they are winding up around the
weaver's beam Q. But whilst the yarns or threads are going upwards from
their guides to their reed k, they are dried by means of a current of air
forceably blown upon them by the revolving fanner H, H, which is enclosed
within a box or case n, and turned rapidly round by an endless belt G from a
large pulley on one end of the lower revolving brush D (which is also the axis
of the main driving pulley A), the belt G also passing round a smaller pulley
on one end of the axis of the fanner H. Note, the belt G is crossed to give it
better hold, and to turn the fanner H
case n, wherein the fanner is enclosed, is open at the side where the yarns or
threads pass by it, and thereby it blows a powerful current of air upon them,
and dries them from the wetness which they have imbibed from the liquid
paste or starch.
But in place of fanners to each machine, a current of warm
air may be blown by one powerful fanner (such as is used in blast furnaces)
placed in some convenient situation, and the air may be heated in a pipe
passing through the steam pipe (used for heating the apartment where work is
performed), or otherwise sufficiently heated and distributed to each machine
afterwards by smaller pipes having a row of holes to allow the air to pass
through the yarn. The weaver's beam Q at the top of the machinery is turned
slowly round by means of an endless belt N going up from a pulley M on the
extreme end of the axis of the lowermost pressure roller U for the paste, and
passing over a pulley O on the end of a horizontal axis P, to the other end of
which the weaver's beam Q is connected, so as to be supported and turned
round thereby, the other end of the same weaver's beam Q being sustained by
a centre screw R. The manner in which the beam Q is mounted and turned
round, in order to enable it to wind up the yarns or threads around itself,
being very similar to the manner of mounting such a beam in a turning lathe
when it is to be turned therein to a true cylindrical form, and in like manner
the supports for the axis P and centre screw R are affixed to a horizontal top
bar of the frame by clamping screws, which are fitted into long slits in that
top bar, so that the said supports can be placed and fixed at such distances

page_text: apart on the bar as will suit the length of the weaver's beam Q, which is to
be mounted between them, as is shewn in Sheet H, but sometimes a longer
and sometimes a shorter weaver's beam Q will require to be mounted at the
top of the machinery, according to the width of the warp which is to be formed.
By withdrawing the centre screw R. the weaver's beam can be easily dismounted
after it has become filled, to make way for another which is empty, to be
mounted in place and filled in turn. The pullies M and O.for the endless
belt N, by which the weaver's beam Q is to be turned round as above described,
are of such proportions as would be suitable for turning the beam Q faster than
it requires to do, in order to wind up the yarns or threads as fast as they are
delivered out by the motion which they derive from passing between the
pressure rollers U, V; but the belt N is not put on very tight, in order that it
may slip somewhat easily over the pulley O, nevertheless, so that it will by
thus slipping urge the pulley O round with sufficient force to wind up the yarns
or threads with a suitable tension on the weaver's beam Q, although without
straining them too tight thereon. That force and tension is regulated and
adjusted by means of a small roller T, which is carried at the lower end of a
pendulous lever S, and which, being brought to bear against the belt N, will
bend aside and therefore tighten the same. And in order that the said
tightening may be duly regulated at all times, the lever S is fixed on one end
of a horizontal axis, which extends all across the width of the machinery, as
shewn in Sheet II., and has short lever arms projecting out from it, in order
to carry a wooden rail which bears on the yarn or thread that becomes accu-
mulated or wound up around the weaver's beam Q, and thereby the roller T is
caused to bear more against the belt N as the yarn around the weaver's beam
grows larger, so that the belt N is rendered tighter on the pulley O as the
same requires to have more force for turning the weaver's beam Q, as the
same increases in diameter, in consequence of the yarns or threads accumulating
around it. But the common friction plate, with its usual wheelwork, may be
used in the place of the belt N, and driven from the shaft without the pendu-
lous lever S, or smaller roller T; the small roller a, which, as before mentioned,
is turned round by its contact with the yarns or threads (as the same is
drawn slowly upwards by the pressure rollers U, V), has a worm or endless
screw upon one end of it (but the worm or endless screw may be placed upon
the end of the lower pressure roller, in which case the small roller a would
not be required, and a wire or small rod might be substituted), to turn a cog
wheel Z, which, by a projecting pin that is fixed into it, rings a bell 6 to indicate
when the intended length of yarn or thread has been wound upon the weaver's
beam Q. And note, although it has been herein-before described, that the

page_text: -thread or yarn is to be-supplied-from-cops-as-they-come-from-the-spinning
(and which is the system of what is called mule spinning); nevertheless for
such kinds of spinning as is performed with wooden bobbins, to receive the
yarn or thread which is spun (and which is the system of what is called
throstle spinning or water spinning), those bobbins are to be used in place of
the cops herein-before described, and may be placed upon upright (or nearly
upright) wires or spindles, in place of horizontal wires, so that their weight,
when resting on their ends, may prevent their overrunning. Colored yarn,
after being dyed in hanks, may be wound upon bobbins or upon perns, which
may be mounted in the machinery upon wires or spindles, in place of cops,
herein-before described, for supplying the yarns or threads, which are, by
action of the machinery, to be dressed, brushed, dried, and wound upon the
weaver's beam, in manner already described. The spindles, or skewers, or
wires whereon such bobbins are to be mounted, must be disposed in a direction
at right angles (or nearly at right angles), or crossways, to the direction in
which the yarns or threads are to proceed when they are drawn off or unwound
from such bobbins, instead of the spindles or wires being disposed, as herein-
before mentioned, in the same direction as the yarn or threads so proceed.
The revolving cylinder brushes may be made in the manner heretofore prac-
tised for such brushes in dressing machinery, but it will be more convenient to
compose the cylinder of four, six, or other number of long brushes mounted
around the circumference of suitable wheels, which are fixed on the horizontal
axis of each revolving brush, so as to form the required cylinder brush; but
the several long brushes, being fastened in their places by steady pins and
bolts, which admit of being unbolted, the several brushes can then be dis-
mounted from the cylinder in order to wash and clean them, or other clean
brushes can be applied and fastened in their places.
The dimensions of the parts of the machinery may be found by the scale of
feet and inches on Sheet I.; but the dimensions admit of all the same variation
as is usual in other dressing machinery. The number of back rods, and the
number of cops upon each, may be more or less than is shewn in the Drawings,
suitably for the number of yarns or threads which are required to be brought
together into one warp.
Having now described our said improvements, I, the said John Paterson
Reid, for myself and for the said Thomas Johnson, do hereby declare that the
new Invention, whereof the exclusive use is granted to us by the said Letters
Patent, consists in preparing yarn or thread by the combination of machinery
herein-before described, suitably for warps in preparation for weaving in looms;
the novelty of that combination of machinery being, that it is adapted to take

page_text: the yarns or threads from as many detached cops or bobbins as there are yarns
or threads; and as fast as it draws them off from these cops or bobbins it
applies suitable dressing of liquid paste or starch to the yarns or threads so
drawn off, then brushes the same smooth, then dries them, and finally gathers
or winds them up in the form of a warp around the weaver's beam, in prepa-
ration for weaving in looms, all being performed at one operation, which in the
ordinary mode requires three successive operations.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Paterson Reid, for myself and for
the said Thomas Johnson, have hereunto set my hand and seal, this
Seventeenth day of October, One thousand eight hundred and thirty-
eight years.
I, John Harvie, of the City of Glasgow, Clerk at Law, do hereby declare
that I was present, together with Hugh Moncrieff, of the City of Glasgow,
Attorney at Law, and did see John Paterson Reid, Power Loom Manufacturer,
in Glasgow, sign, seal, and as his act and deed acknowledge and deliver, a
certain deed or instrument in writing, hereunto annexed, bearing date the
Seventeenth day of October, Eighteen hundred and thirty-eight, purporting to
be a Specification describing and ascertaining the nature of the said John
Paterson Reid's and Thomas Johnson's (Mechanic, in the employment of John
and Archibald Reid, Power Loom Manufacturers, in Glasgow) Invention
of "Certain Improvements in Preparing Yarn or Thread by Machinery,
suitably for Warps in Preparation for Weaving in Looms." And I do
further declare that the name "John Paterson Reid," set and subscribed
to the said deed, as the party executing the same, is of the proper hand-
writing of the said John Paterson Reid, and that the names Hugh
Moncrieff" and "Jn° Harvie, set and subscribed to the attestation of the said
deed, as witnesses to the signing and sealing thereof, are of the proper hand-
writing of the said Hugh Moncrieff, and of me this Declarant respectively;
and I do solemnly and sincerely declare that this Declaration is made by me
66

page_text: under the conscientious knowledge and-belief-that-the-same-is-true, the said
Declaration being emitted in virtue of an Act passed in the Fifth and Sixth
years of the reign of His Majesty William the Fourth, entituled An Act to
repeal an Act of the present Session of Parliament entituled An Act for the
more effectual Abolition of Oaths and Affirmations taken and made in various
Departments of the State, and to substitute Declarations in lieu thereof, and
for the more entire Suppression of voluntary and extra-judicial Oaths and
Affidavits, and to make other Provisions for the Abolition of unnecessary
Oaths

page_text: REFERENCES.
Small roller connected with lever S pressing belt
Lower and upper pressure rollers for the paste.
Box containing paste.
Pins on top of box to guide yarn.
Wheel to indicate length of yarn put upon yarn
& driven by worm wheel on end of smalt roller a
Small roller turned by yarn.
Bell to ring at each length of yarn required
piece of cloth.
Back rode on which the spindles for the copes
are placed
Front rods to act as guides for yarn as it comes o
cope or bobbin.
Rings through which the yarn passes.
Cope or bobbin of yarn.