New or Improved Method of and Means for Automatically Taking and Indicating Soundings for purposes of Navigation, applicable also for Taking and Indicating Soundings for Hydrographical, Topographical, Geological, and like Purposes.
Year: 1892

page_text: Date of Application, 22nd Nov., 1892
Complete Specification Left, 1st Dec., 1892-Accepted, 18th Mar., 1893
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
New or Improved Method of and Means for Automatically Taking
and Indicating Soundings for purposes of Navigation, applicable
also for Taking and Indicating Soundings for Hydrographical,
Topographical, Geological, and like Purposes.
I NICOLAUS POTSCHINSKY of Odessa in the Empire of Russia, Colonel of
Engineers, do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
This invention relates to a new or improved method of and means for taking
and indicating soundings for purposes of navigation, and is also applicable for
taking and indicating soundings for hydrographical, topographical, geological, and
like purposes; its chief object is to automatically measure and indicate the exact
depth of water (within certain pre-determined limits) immediately beneath a
vessel, even when the same is moving at full speed. The invention is based, as
will hereinafter appear, upon the theory of suspending a fixed point beneath the
keel of a vessel by a triangular system.
In taking soundings for purposes of navigation, it is almost impossible to
ascertain the exact depth of water immediately beneath a vessel moving at any
rate of speed by means of the ordinary sounding apparatus, such as a "lead-line "
and "lead," since by the time the "lead" reaches the bottom the vessel has usually
passed the point of contact, but by the employment of my invention the exact
depth of water (within certain pre-determined limits) immediately beneath the
vessel's keel will be automatically measured and indicated even when the vessel is
moving at its highest speed.
My invention may be embodied in various forms of apparatus, provided the
apparatus is so constructed and arranged as to embrace or comply with the follow-
ing principle or conditions, that is to say, in one of the integral parts of the
apparatus there must be a point, situated at a pre-determined distance below the
keel, and the position of this point relatively to the keel must remain constant and
unaltered so long as the depth of water beneath the vessel exceeds to any
appreciable extent the said pre-determined distance of the point from the keel,
but the moment the depth of water beneath the vessel approaches or becomes less
than the said pre-determined distance, the said point, without touching the bottom
of the sea, must be caused automatically to ascend through a curve which maintains
a constant or unaltered position relatively to the vessel, and must continue to
ascend through such curve so long as the depth continues to lessen, descending
again as the depth increases, thus following all the variations in depth (within the
limit fixed by the pre-determined depth of the point) beneath the keel of the vessel
in its course. The said point must be connected with apparatus or means which
will cause its upward or downward movement, and consequently the depth of water
beneath the vessel, to be automatically indicated.
I will now proceed to describe a convenient arrangement apparatus, constructed
in accordance with my invention, for automatically taking and indicating soundings
for navigable purposes :-
An arm or bar of metal or other suitable material (preferably of sheet nickel
plated) is suitably hinged at one end to the bottom of the vessel at or near the
junction of the stem and keel, to the free end of this arm (which should be of
such section as to offer as little resistance as possible to its passage through the
water) is attached a wire cord, which passes up through a tube into the interior of
the vessel and is connected at its other end to an automatically driven windlass or
winding apparatus; before the cord reaches the windlass it encircles a drum or
pulley mounted on the axis of an indicator which shews on a dial the depth of

page_text: water beneath the vessel. The junction of the free end of the said arm or bar
with the said wire cord constitutes the "point of one of the integral parts of the
apparatus" before referred to in describing the principle of the invention, and
the length of the arm or bar will depend upon the depth pre-determined for such
point, say for example 35 feet below the keel. To the free end of the arm or bar
is pivotted a swinging frame forming a prolongation thereof, at the free extremity of
which is mounted, in such manner as to be free to move in all directions, a long
steel cylinder, which I call a "feather." The "feather" is so constructed and
arranged as to always assume a vertical position when the depth of water beneath
the vessel exceeds the pre-determined depth at which the before mentioned point
is set, but when the depth of water lessens and approaches the pre-determined
depth of the said point, the sea bottom will come into contact with the lower end
of the "feather" and the forward motion of the vessel will cause it to assume an
inclined position. Within the "feather" I dispose electrical contact makers, so
arranged as to make contact and complete through suitable conductors an electric
circuit the moment the feather leaves its vertical position, the effect of completing
the circuit is to start the automatic winding machinery of the windlass, which will
by means of the wire rope draw up the free end of the arm or bar, and at the
same time move the indicator in corresponding proportions, thus indicating the
depth; the moment however the "feather" leaves the ground and re-assumes its
vertical position, the electrical contact is broken, the winding machinery is stopped,
and the bar and its appurtenances will again descend. The swinging frame which
carries the "feather" will prevent the "feather" from becoming injured when
violently brought into contact with the ground, as when the vessel plunges heavily,
since in that case the frame will rise on its pivots, and portions thereof will strike
against the wire rope which will act as a spring stop and restore the frame to its
normal position.
When my invention is to be employed for taking soundings at a greater depth,
as for hydrographical, topographical, geological, and like purposes, I substitute a
cable for the arm or bar, which may be of any length not exceeding that of the
ship the rest of the apparatus being substantially the same as in the arrangement
above described.
Dated this 2nd dow of Nav 1000
E. P. ALEXANDER & SON, Fels. Chartd. Inst. P.A.,
19, Southampton Buildings, London, W.C., Agents.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
New or Improved Method of and Means for Automatically Taking
and Indicating Soundings for purposes of Navigation, applicable
also for Taking and Indicating Soundings for Hydrographical,
Topographical, Geological, and like Purposes.
I NICOLAUS POTSCHINSKY of Odessa in the Empire of Russia, Colonel of
Engineers, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the
same is to be performed to be particularly described and ascertained in and by
the following statement :-
This invention relates to a new or improved method of and means for taking and
indicating soundings for purposes of navigation, and is also applicable for taking
and indicating soundings for hydrographical, topographical, geological, and like
purposes; its chief object is to automatically measure and indicate the exact depth
of water (within certain pre-determined limits) immediately beneath a vessel, even
when the same is moving at full speed. The invention is based, as will hereinafter
appear, upon the theory of suspending a point beneath the keel of a vessel by a
triangular system or arrangement, two sides of the triangle being of constant length
and composed by the keel and one of the integral parts of the apparatus, whilst the

page_text: third side of the triangle, which is composed by another integral part of the
apparatus, is of variable length.
In taking soundings for purposes of navigation it is almost impossible to ascertain
the exact depth of water immediately beneath a vessel moving at any rate of speed
by means of the ordinary sounding apparatus, such as a "lead-line" and "lead,"
since by the time the "lead" reaches the bottom the vessel has usually passed the
point of contact, but by the employment of my invention the exact depth of water
(within certain pre-determined limits not exceeding the length of the vessel)
immediately beneath the vessels keel will be automatically measured and indicated,
even when the vessel is moving at its highest speed.
My invention may be embodied in various forms of apparatus, provided the
apparatus is so constructed and arranged as to embrace or comply with the
following principle or conditions, that is to say, in one of the integral parts of
the apparatus there must be a point situated at a pre-determined distance below
the keel and suspended in position by a triangular system or arrangement as
hereinbefore mentioned, and the position of this point relatively to the keel must
remain constant and unaltered so long as the depth of water beneath the vessel
exceeds to any extent the said pre-determined distance of the point from the keel,
but the moment the depth of water beneath the vessel approaches or becomes less
than the said pre-determined distance, the said point, without touching the bottom
of the sea, must be caused automatically to ascend through a curve which maintains
a constant or unaltered position relatively to the vessel, and must continue to
ascend through such curve so long as the depth continues to lessen, descending
again as the depth increases, thus following all the variations in depth (within the
limits fixed by the pre-determined depth of the point) beneath the keel of the
vessel in its course. The said point must also be connected with apparatus or
means which will cause the amount of its upward or downward movement, and
consequently the variation in the depth of water beneath the vessel, to be auto-
matically indicated.
I will now proceed to describe having reference to the accompanying drawings,
in which similar letters refer to corresponding parts in all the figures, two arrange-
ments of apparatus embodying the principle of my invention as above set forth;
the one being for taking and indicating soundings at a moderate depth for purposes
of navigation, and the other being for taking and indicating soundings at a greater
depth (not exceeding the length of the vessel) for hydrographical and like
purposes.
Fig. 1, is a side elevation, partly diagrammatic, which illustrates the application
to vessels of apparatus constructed in accordance with my invention for taking and
indicating soundings at moderate depths for purposes of navigation.
Figs. 2 and 3, are detached views, shewing on a larger scale the bar and swinging
frame in side elevation and plan respectively.
Figs. 4 and 5 are detached views, shewing on a larger scale, in plan and part
sectional side elevation respectively, the method of suspending the "feather" in
the swinging frame.
Fig. 6 is a detached view on a larger scale shewing the "feather" in longitudinal
section, the electrical contact makers being omitted.
Fig. 7 is a longitudinal section of a portion of the "feather" on an enlarged scale,
shewing the arrangement of the electrical contact makers.
Fig. 8 is a side elevation of the pulley over which the rope D passes.
Fig. 9 is a diagrammatic view, illustrating in side elevation a modified form of
apparatus constructed according to my invention for taking and indicating soundings
at a greater depth (not exceeding the length of the vessel) for hydrographical and
like purposes.
Figs. 10 and 11 are detached views on a larger scale, shewing in side elevation
and plan respectively, the means employed in the said modified form of apparatus
for suspending the "feather."
Fig. 12 shews the device illustrated in Figs. 10 and 11 in the position it assumes

page_text: when the "feather" is brought into violent contact with the ground when in a
vertical position.
Fig. 13 is a diagram illustrative of the various directions in which the electrical
contact makers within the feather may be arranged to tip and make contact when
four electrical contacts are employed.
Referring to Figs. 1 to 8, A represents the keel of a vessel and B the stem or
cutwater. C is an arm or bar hinged at one end to the forepart of the keel and
having its other end connected at the point a with a wire rope D. The keel A
arm and wire rope D constitute the triangular system or arrangement before
referred to, D being the side of variable length, and the suspended point would be
situated at or near a. The length of the arm or bar C will depend upon the limit
of depth pre-determined for the point a, say for example 35 feet below the keel.
The wire rope D passes up into the interior of the vessel over a pulley 6 through a
tube c, and its end is secured to the drum of a windlass or winding apparatus E,
automatically operated in any convenient manner, as by steam or electricity, or, in
the case of small vessels where the apparatus is light, it may be operated by a
weight or springs. Before the rope D reaches the windlass it passes around the
drum or pulley d the axis of which carries a pointer or index e which moves around
the face of a graduated dial f. In order to maintain the bar C and rope D in a
vertical plane when the ship rolls, I prefer to hinge or pivot the bar C to the vessel
in the following manner :-g is a hook or bolt fixed in the stem of the vessel, h is a
shackle or shaped frame suspended by the bolt g, which bolt is of round section
where embraced by the shackle, the bar C is clasped on either side by the arms of
shackle and pivots between them on the pin . The bar C will consequently
always lie within a vertical plane notwithstanding rolling of the vessel, and in order
to preserve the proper relative positions of the pulley 6 and wire rope D when the
ship heels over, I mount the said pulley in a frame b' which is free to swing or
swivel on a vertical axis 62-I prefer also to secure the said pulley frame to the
interior of a tubular chamber i, free to slide within the tube c, without rotating
therein. This permits the tubular chamber i and contained pulley 6 to be drawn
up the tube c by a suitable rope ¹ when required, as for fitting purposes. F is a
light steel frame pivotted to the arm C at k and forming a prolongation thereof.
Between the arms of the frame F at the free end thereof is mounted on pivots ¹ the
ring . G is a steel cylinder which I term a "feather" and m are trunnions situated
exactly in the centre of its length which trunnions are mounted in the ring lat
right angles to the pivots thereof. My object in thus mounting the "feather" G
is to permit the same to swing or oscillate in every direction. When the depth of
water beneath the vessel exceeds the pre-determined depth at which the point a is
set and the "feather" G is consequently out of contact with the ground, the
"feather" G will, by its construction and arrangement as hereinafter described,
remain in a vertical position, but when the depth of water lessens and approaches
the pre-determined depth of the point a and the ground consequently comes into
contact with the lower end of the "feather" G, the forward movement of the vessel
will cause the "feather" G to leave its vertical position and assume an inclined
position as shewn in the dotted lines in Fig. 1. Within the "feather" G are
disposed electrical contact makers n so arranged and constructed as to tip over and
make contact with the sides of the "feather" G and thereby complete through
suitable conductors an electric circuit or circuits when the "feather "G leaves its
normal vertical position. The general arrangement of the contacts and circuits
will be hereinafter described. The effect of completing the circuit is to start in any
suitable manner the automatic winding machinery of the windlass E which will by
means of the wire rope D draw up and raise the arm C, and, at the same time, the
wire rope D will cause the index e to move in corresponding proportion, thus
indicating on the graduated dial the length of the arc described by the point a, and
since the depth at which such point a was originally set is known, it is obvious that
the dial may be readily so graduated as to indicate in feet and inches or other
-suitable denominations the exact depth of water beneath the vessels keel, within

page_text: the limit at which the apparatus commences to act, such limit being of course the
pre-determined depth at which the suspended point a was set, plus the length of the
feather" G below the level of such point. The moment however the "feather" G
leaves the ground and consequently re-assumes its vertical position the circuit is
broken thereby causing the stoppage of the winding machinery of the windlass E
which should be so constructed as to permit the apparatus to descend slowly again
by its own weight until it again reaches the pre-determined depth or until it again
touches the ground. An electric bell should be arranged in the circuit so as to call
attention to the dial every time the apparatus acts by reason of alterations in the
depth within the pre-determined limits.
As when the vessel is moving the action of the water would tend to raise the
bar C, the same should be constructed of such transverse section as to cut through
the water easily, a preferable section would be that of a broad double edged sword.
The pressure of the water when the vessel is moving would also tend to raise the
arm C by curving or bowing out the wire rope D, (which should be of as small
diameter as possible so as to lessen its resistance to the water) consequently
I provide the arm C with a pressure counteracting prolongation o, preferably formed
of wood, which extends beyond the pivot h, and which, by offering greater resistance
to the water than the blade like arm C, will counteract any tendency of the said
arm to rise.
The main object of the swinging frame F is to prevent injury to the "feather" G
should the same be brought violently into contact with the ground when in a
vertical position, as by plunges of the ship for example. Should this occur, the
light frame F will rise on its pivots k thereby taking off the violence of the shock.
p is a pin or bolt connecting the sides of the frame F, which, when the frame is
violently thrown up by a sudden shock as above mentioned, will come into contact
with the rope D (as shewn in Fig. 2) which acts as an elastic buffer and serves to
restore the frame F to its normal position-pl is a pin or bolt secured transversely
across the arm C, upon which bolt the frame F is supported-o¹ are wooden discs,
constituting pressure counteractors, secured to the frame F for the same purpose as
the pressure counteractor o on the bar C before described, they resist the tendency
of the water to lift the swinging frame F when the vessel is in motion.
The method of mounting the "feather" G has already been described, and will
be clearly seen on referring to Figs. 4 and 5. It should however be mentioned
that the periphery of the ring should be sharpened, as shewn clearly in Fig. 5, so
as to cut through the water readily. As before mentioned the "feather" & in its
normal position when out of contact with the ground must always be vertical even
when the vessel is in motion, and I ensure this first by making the upper portion
of the "feather," above the trunnions m, in the form of a tube filled with wood or
light material, thereby rendering the lower portion below the trunnions m
heavier, and, secondly, by making both the said upper and lower portions of the
" feather of exactly equal size, thereby equalizing the resistance of each said
portion to the water when the vessel is in motion. n, Fig. 7, represents an
electrical contact maker within the "feather" which works on a pivot n' secured to
a base or partition of insulating material n². The said contact maker n when the
"feather"G leaves its vertical position will tip over as shewn in dotted lines and
complete an electric circuit through the side of the "feather," one of the conductors
or wires of the circuit being connected with the bolt 3 and the other with the
exterior of the "feather." The contact maker n should be so arranged in relation
to its pivot n' as not to tip over and make contact until the "feather" reaches
an angle of from 30° to 40° from the perpendicular, otherwise a slight swaying of
the "feather" from any-accidental cause would complete the circuit and give false
indications. It should also be so arranged upon its pivot as that when tipped over
it will not return to its normal position and break contact by a mere slight swaying
of the "feather." In Fig. 6 the "feather" is shewn as provided with spaces for
four contact makers which are intended to tip in four different directions (see the
diagram Fig. 13, where the short arrows indicate the directions in which the

page_text: contact makers tip) and thus to make electrical contacts in whatever direction
the "feather" is inclined, and this arrangement is sometimes necessary, as will be
hereinafter explained, in apparatus for taking and indicating soundings for hydro-
graphical and like purposes, but in the apparatus above described, for taking and
indicating soundings for purposes of navigation only, one contact maker, which
completes an electrical circuit when the "feather" inclines in the direction shewn
in dotted lines in Fig. 1 will be found to be sufficient.
I will now describe a convenient arrangement of connections between the
"feather" and any suitable apparatus for starting the windlass E. r, Fig. 1,
represents an electric battery or generator of small power, from one pole of which
a thin wire s passes down the tube c and leads to the exterior of the "feather" G,
whilst from the other pole a thin wire s' leads to the bolt n¹ to which the contact
maker n is pivotted. is a much stronger battery, from which thicker wires s² s³
complete a circuit with some suitable electrical mechanism t, such as powerful
electric magnets, for causing the starting of the windlass when the circuit is
completed. The second and stronger circuit is to be completed by the current of
the weaker circuit in any well known manner, my object in having two separate
circuits being to avoid the burning of the thin wires which lead to the "feather,"
which would probably happen were only one circuit employed in which the current
was of sufficient strength to operate the windlass starting mechanism. The barrel
of the windlass may be rotated from the motor employed by any convenient clutch
or like arrangement which will permit the weight of the suspended bar C to move
the barrel in the reverse direction when the operating mechanism is stopped by
the breaking of the circuits. A suitable break would be provided to prevent the
too rapid descent of the bar C. The driving mechanism of the windlass may be
caused to operate when the circuit is completed, in any suitable manner, as by
causing the current to start the motor, or, in the case of spring or weight operated
windlasses, to release a locking device of some sort such as a pawl engaging with
a ratchet wheel. This, and the arrangement of the circuits, will of course be
readily understood by those acquainted with the art. q' (Figs. 1 and 2) represents
a rope, which may be secured to the shackle h, for use in placing the apparatus
in position or raising the same. When the ground shoals so much as to cause the
arm C to be drawn up close to the keel, the "feather" is free to assume the
position shewn in dotted lines in Fig. 2.
I will now proceed to describe a modified form of apparatus having reference to
Figs. 10, 11, and 12, for taking and indicating soundings at a greater depth (not
exceeding the length of the vessel) for hydrographical and like purposes. The
only difference between this apparatus and that just described consists in the sub-
stitution of a wire rope C¹ (which should be of small diameter so as to offer as little
resistance as possible to the water) for the bar C. My object in substituting a
wire rope for the bar C is to reduce the weight of the apparatus which would be
excessive if the bar C made 300 or 400 feet long. It would also be impracticable
to construct an arm or bar of that length. The employment of the wire rope C¹
in lieu of the bar C necessitates also a modification in the means employed for
mounting the "feather," the said modified means consist of two curved frames F¹ F²
pivotally connected at 12 by the pivots of the ring within which the trunnions m
of the "feather" G are mounted. The keel A, rope D, and wire rope C¹, con-
stitute the triangular system or arrangement, and the suspended point would be
..situated at or near the junction of the rope D and frame F'.
Should the "feather" be brought violently into contact with the ground when
in a vertical position, as by a heavy plunge of the vessel, the frames F1 F2 will
open outwards and take up the shock, assuming the position shewn in Fig. 12.
The wire rope D is secured to the frame F¹, and the wire rope C³, which takes
the place of the arm C, to the frame F2. p² are bolts connecting the sides of the
..frames F, F, to which the ropes D and C. may be secured. In this modified
form of apparatus I prefer to employ four contact makers within the "feather,"
which will, as before explained, complete the circuit in whatever direction the

page_text: "feather" is inclined, since all the contact makers are so arranged as to tip or cant
in directions at right angles to one another. It will therefore be readily under-
stood, by any electrician, that by suitable indicators in the circuits of the various
conductors the direction of inclination of the "feather" G may be indicated on
Should
the ship, and consequently the directions in which the sea bottom slopes.
the "feather" G incline in a direction intermediate to the lines in which the contact.
makers tip (that is to say in the direction of the long arrows Fig. 13) two of the
contact makers n would complete simultaneous circuits, which could of course be
easily indicated, consequently every direction of inclination of the "feather
be ascertained on the vessel, and the directions of slope of the sea bottom as well
as the depth ascertained.
can
When employing my invention for geological purposes, i.e. for indicating the
nature of the sea bottom, the lower part of the "feather" G would be so con-
structed as to scoop up and retain specimens of soft and friable substances, and
the "feather" might also be provided with steel feelers which on concussion with
strong ground would press a spring and close an electric circuit which would
indicate on a special dial the presence of rock or stone.
""
When the modified form of apparatus is employed, the pressure of the water
on the long wire ropes D and C, will, when the vessel is in motion, cause them to
assume the curved form shewn in dotted lines in the diagram Fig. 9, and con-
sequently they will slightly raise the "feather so that presuming the feather G
to have been set at a pre-determined depth of say 400 feet, when the dial indicates
400 feet the depth will in reality be rather less, but the amount will be too small
to be of any importance. It is better however that the vessel should move at slow
speed when using this form of apparatus. In conclusion I would observe that 1
do not confine or limit myself to the precise details of construction herein before
described, and illustrated in the drawings, as the same might obviously be varied
without departing in any way from the principle of my invention as set forth.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what I
claim is :-
1. The herein described method of taking and indicating soundings, cousisting in
the employment of apparatus wherein a point normally situated at a constant and
predetermined distance beneath a vessel is suspended in position by a triangular
system or arrangement as hereinbefore set forth, two sides of the triangle being of
constant length and composed by the keel and one of the integral parts of the
apparatus, whilst the third side of the triangle, which is composed by another
integral part of the apparatus, is of variable length, the apparatus being so con-
structed and arranged as that when the depth decreases and the ground arrives at
or near the level of the said point (which is situated at or near the junction of
those two sides of the triangle composed of integral parts of the apparatus) the
same will be caused to rise by the automatic shortening of that side of the triangle
which is of variable length, and will be caused to descend again as the depth
increases and the ground recedes from the said point by the automatic lengthening
of that side of the triangle which is of variable length, substantially as set forth
and for the purposes described.
2. Apparatus for taking and indicating soundings, comprising in combination an
arm or bar hinged at one end to the vessel at or near the junction of the keel and
stem thereof, a rope connecting the free end of the said arm or bar with an
automatically operated windlass on the vessel, a swinging frame pivotted to the
said free end of the arm or bar, a cylinder or "feather so mounted at the free end
of the swinging frame as normally to maintain a vertical position whilst free to be
deflected or inclined from such vertical position by contact with the ground, an
electrical contact maker disposed within the feather so constructed and arranged
as to complete an electric circuit or circuits which starts the motor of the windlass
when the "feather assumes an inclined position, and an indicator on the vessel so
"

page_text: connected with the rope which raises the arm or bar as to record the amount of
movement of such rope in raising or lowering the bar substantially as and for the
purposes described and illustrated.
3. Apparatus for taking and indicating soundings constructed arranged and
combined substantially in the manner described in the last preceding claim, but
having, in substitution for the hinged arm or bar and swinging frame therein
referred to, a wire rope C secured to the vessel at or near the junction of the stem
and keel, and a jointed frame for holding the "feather" (constructed and arranged
substantially as described with reference to and illustrated in Figs. 10, 11, and 12)
connecting such wire rope with the rope D which leads to the windlass and
indicator, substantially as and for the purposes described and illustrated.
4. In apparatus for taking and indicating soundings, a "feather" G for
automatically indicating by contact with the ground the depth of water beneath
a vessel, wherein is disposed an electrical contact maker n so constructed and
arranged as to make contact and complete an electric circuit or circuits after the
feather G leaves its vertical position, substantially as and for the purpose
described and illustrated.
5. In apparatus for taking and indicating soundings a "feather" G for auto-
matically indicating by contact with the ground the depth of water beneath a
vessel, wherein are disposed a series of electrical contact makers n, so constructed
and arranged as to make contacts and complete an electric circuit or circuits after
the "feather" G has inclined in any direction from its vertical position substantially
as and for the purpose described and illustrated.
6. In apparatus for taking and indicating soundings the combination of the
arm C, swinging frame F, "feather" G and rope D, constructed and arranged
substantially as and for the purpose described and illustrated.
7. In apparatus for taking and indicating soundings, the combination of the
rope C, jointed frame F1 F2, "feather" G, and rope D, constructed and arranged
substantially as and for the purpose described and illustrated.
Dated GIS 1st day
*700T 10асшарала
TO
E. P. ALEXANDER & SON, Chartered Patent Agents,
19, Southampton Buildings, London, W.C., Agents.