IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF INGOTS, PLATES, AND BLOCKS FOR SHIP AND FORT ARMOUR, AND OTHER PURPOSES
Year: 1877

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to James Yates, of Rotherham, in the County of York,
Esquire, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF
INGOTS, PLATES, AND BLOCKS FOR SHIP AND FORT ARMOUR, AND OTHER
PURPOSES."
Sealed the 16th November 1877, and dated the 19th September 1877.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said James Yates at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 19th September 1877.
JAMES YATES, of Rotherham, in the County of York, Esquire.
"IMPROVEMENTS
IN THE MANUFACTURE OF INGOTS, PLATES, AND BLOCKS FOR SHIP AND FORT ARMOUR,
AND OTHER PURPOSES."
My Invention relates to the carbonising or decarbonising wholly or partially upon
the surface to a given depth, or in their entirety, of cast ingots, plates, or blocks of
iron or steel, and it consists of an improved method or methods of effecting these
objects, as herein-after described.
"
In carrying out my Invention I run or "teem iron or steel containing a per-
centage of carbon from 0·00 upwards (as may be required) from a Bessemer converting
furnace, a refinery or other suitable furnace, into an open or closed mould, such
mould being specially prepared (as herein-after described) so that during the period
of cooling the ingot plate or block shall wholly or in part absorb or give out such a
quantity of carbon as may be desired, thereby producing an ingot plate or block
homogeneously or heterogeneously composed of iron or steel, of such a degree or
degrees of temper or hardness as may be required.
I also cast the plates and blocks described in the Specification to Letters Patent
granted to me, dated the 9th March, 1876, No. 1028, in one of the specially prepared
moulds (herein-after described) so as to enable the varying strata to retain their per-
centage of carbon, or to have it increased or diminished at will.
I construct in the following manner the specially prepared moulds herein-before
referred to, and which for convenience may be divided into three classes, viz. :-

page_text: 1. The carbonising mould.
2. The decarbonising mould.
3. The mixed mould, being partly carbonising and partly decarbonising in its
properties.
1. I construct the carbonising mould or its lining, or both, of carbon in any of its
forms, or of a substance or substances containing carbon, mechanically mixed or
chemically combined, and from which the ingot plate or block, or a part thereof, may
absorb the required carbon.
2. I construct the decarbonizing mould, or its lining, or both, of an oxide of iron
or other suitable oxide, or of plates or bricks of iron or low steel, or other sub-
stances, or substances which may extract from the whole or part of the ingot plate
or block the required carbon.
3. I construct the mixed mould by making part or parts of it upon the principle
of the No. 1 or carbonising mould, and part or parts of it upon the principle of the
No. 2 or decarbonising mould.
In each case the top of the mould may be made moveable, and as heavy as
possible, so that it may be suspended during the period of casting and then
allowed to press with all its weight upon the top of the ingot plate or block.
The ingots, plates, or blocks thus produced I either at once use without further
treatment, or after reheating in a furnace, having a reducing flame or other suitable
furnace, I roll, stamp, or press them in order to impart the required form and to give
additional strength to bear greater pressure or strain, tensibly, compressively, or by
impact, from projectiles or heavy blows.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said James Yates in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 19th March
1878.
JAMES YATES, of Rotherham, in the County of York, Esquire.
"IMPROVEMENTS
IN THE MANUFACTURE OF INGOTS, PLATES, AND BLOCKS FOR SHIP AND FORT ARMOUR,
AND OTHER PURPOSES,"
My said Invention relates to the carbonising or decarbonizing wholly or partially
upon the surface to a given depth, or in their entirety, of cast ingots, plates, or
blocks of iron or steel, and it consists of an improved method or methods of effecting
these objects, as herein-after described.
"
In carrying out my said Invention I run or " teem iron or steel containing a
per-centage of carbon from 0·00 upwards (as may be required) from a Bessemer
converting furnace, a refinery or other suitable furnace, or from a crucible or crucibles
into an open or close mould, such mould being specially prepared (as herein-after
described) so that during the period of cooling the ingot plate or block shall wholly
or in part absorb or give out such a quantity of carbon, as may be desired, thereby
producing an ingot plate or block homogeneously or heterogeneously, composed of
iron or steel of such a degree or degrees of temper or hardness as may be required.
I also cast the plates and blocks described in the Specification to Letters Patent
granted to me, dated the Ninth March, One thousand eight hundred and seventy-
six, No. 1028, in one of the specially prepared moulds (herein-after described) so as
to enable the varying strata to retain their per-centage of carbon, or to have it
increased or diminished at will.
I construct in the following manner the specially prepared moulds herein-before
referred to, and which for convenience may be divided into three classes, videlicet :-
First. The carbonising mould.
Second. The decarbonising mould.
Third. The mixed mould, being partly carbonising and partly decarbonising in its
properties.
1. I construct the carbonising mould, or its lining, or both, of carbon in any of its
forms, or of a substance or substances containing carbon, mechanically mixed or
chemically combined, and from which the ingot plate or block, or a part thereof, may
absorb the required carbon.
2. I construct the decarbonizing mould, or its lining, or both, of an oxide of iron
or other suitable oxide, or of plates or bricks of iron or low steel or other substance,
or substances which may extract from the whole or part of the ingot plate or block
the required carbon.
3. I construct the mixed mould by making part or parts of it upon the principle
of the No. 1 or carbonizing mould, and part or parts of it upon the principle of the
No. 2 or decarbonizing mould.
In each case the top of the mould may be made moveable, and as heavy as
possible, but so that it may be suspended during the period of casting and then
allowed to press with all its weight upon the top of the ingot plate or block and
additional weight may also be mechanically applied when required.
When desirable I employ a foundation plate of cast or wrought iron or steel, or a
combination plate in a heated condition, or otherwise, either as the bottom of tho
mould or placed within it, and upon its upper surface I cast iron or steel, the sides
and top of such mould being prepared, as before mentioned, for the whole mould, or
I employ a top plate of cast or wrought iron or steel, or a combination plate, in a
heated condition or otherwise, either as the top of the mould or placed upon the top
of the casting, and the top of the mould placed upon it, the bottom and sides of
such mould being prepared, as before mentioned, for the whole mould.
I prefer casting the aforesaid ingots in what is commonly known as the “horizontal
position," but I may cast them in any other position, vertical or otherwise, and in
such cases the "foundation " or " top” plate when employed would assume a corres-
ponding position.

page_text: When two or more plates are made during one operation by the insertion into the
mould (formned partly or not of iron or steel plates intended to become a portion or
portions of the completed ingot) of a core or division, or cores or divisions, as described
in the Specification to Letters Patent granted to Alexander Wilson, dated the Four-
teenth September, One thousand eight hundred and seventy-seven, No. 3472,
according to which Specification a core of "ganister or other refractory" material
is employed, I construct the mould or its lining, or both if necessary, in the manner
herein-before described; and I further construct the said core or division, or cores
or divisions, or it or their surfaces, of a material or materials having carbonizing
or decarbonizing properties, and substantially in the same manner as I construct
the "carbonizing," "decarbonizing," and mixed moulds.
The ingots, plates, or blocks thus produced I either at once use without further
treatment, or after reheating in a furnace having a reducing flame or other suitable
furnace, I roll, stamp, or press them in order to impart the required form and to
give additional strength to bear greater pressure or strain, tensibly, compressively,
or by impact, from projectiles or heavy blows.
The above resulting products may be applied to the production of blocks or
plates suitable for ship and fort armour, of beams, supports, girders, rails, tyres,
boiler and ship plates, shot, and other articles.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of my said
Invention, and the manner in which the same is or may be used or carried into
effect, I would observe in conclusion that what I consider to be novel aud original,
and therefore claim as the Invention secured to me by the herein-before in part
recited Letters Patent, is,-
First. The method of carbonizing or decarbonizing wholly or in part the entirety
or portions of iron or steel castings by "teeming" or casting iron or steel into
prepared moulds, substantially as herein-before described.
Second. The preparation of a "carbonizing" or "decarbonizing," or "mixed"
mould; or parts of the mould, by lining such mould wholly or partly with, or con-
stituting such mould or part thereof of carbonizing or decarbonizing substances
substantially as herein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said James Yates, have to this my Specification
set my hand and seal, this Sixteenth day of March, One thousand eight
hundred and seventy-eight.

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to James Yates, of Rotherham, in the County of York,
Esquire, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF
INGOTS, PLATES, AND BLOCKS FOR SHIP AND FORT ARMOUR, AND OTHER
PURPOSES."
Sealed the 16th November 1877, and dated the 19th September 1877.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Jaines Yates at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 19th September 1877.
JAMES YATES, of Rotherham, in the County of York, Esquire.
"IMPROVEMENTS
IN THE MANUFACTURE OF INGOTS, PLATES, AND BLOCKS FOR SHIP AND FORT ARMOUR,
AND OTHER PURPOSES."
My Invention relates to the carbonising or decarbonising wholly or partially upon
the surface to a given depth, or in their entirety, of cast ingots, plates, or blocks of
iron or steel, and it consists of an improved method or methods of effecting these
objects, as herein-after described.
In carrying out my Invention I run or "teen" iron or steel containing a per-
centage of carbon from 0·00 upwards (as may be required) from a Bessemer converting
furnace, a refinery or other suitable furnace, into an open or closed mould, such
mould being specially prepared (as herein-after described) so that during the period
of cooling the ingot plate or block shall wholly or in part absorb or give out such a
quantity of carbon as may be desired, thereby producing an ingot plate or block
homogeneously or heterogeneously composed of iron or steel, of such a degree cr
degrees of temper or hardness as may be required.
I also cast the plates and blocks described in the Specification to Letters Patent
granted to me, dated the 9th March, 1876, No. 1028, in one of the specially prepared
moulds (herein-after described) so as to enable the varying strata to retain their per-
centage of carbon, or to have it increased or diminished at will.
I construct in the following manner the specially prepared moulds herein-before
referred to, and which for convenience may be divided into three classes, viz. :-

page_text: properties.
1. I construct the carbonising mould or its lining, or both, of carbon in any of its
forms, or of a substance or substances containing carbon, mechanically mixed or
chemically combined, and from which the ingot plate or block, or a part thereof, may
absorb the required carbon.
2. I construct the decarbonizing mould, or its lining, or both, of an oxide of iron
or other suitable oxide, or of plates or bricks of iron or low steel, or other sub-
stances, or substances which may extract from the whole or part of the ingot plate
or block the required carbon.
3. I construct the mixed mould by making part or parts of it upon the principle
of the No. 1 or carbonising mould, and part or parts of it upon the principle of the
No. 2 or decarbonising mould.
In each case the top of the mould may be made moveable, and as heavy as
possible, so that it may be suspended during the period of casting and then
allowed to press with all its weight upon the top of the ingot plate or block.
The ingots, plates, or blocks thus produced I either at once use without further
treatment, or after reheating in a furnace, having a reducing flame or other suitable
furnace, I roll, stamp, or press them in order to impart the required forin and to give
additional strength to bear greater pressure or strain, tensibly, compressively, or by
impact, from projectiles or heavy blows.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said James Yates in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 19th March
1878.
JAMES YATES, of Rotherham, in the County of York, Esquire.
"IMPROVEMENTS
IN THE MANUFACTURE OF INGOTS, PLATES, AND BLOCKS FOR SHIP AND FORT ARMOUR,
AND OTHER PURPOSES."
My said Invention relates to the carbonising or decarbonizing wholly or partially
upon the surface to a given depth, or in their entirety, of cast ingots, plates, or
blocks of iron or steel, and it consists of an improved method or methods of effecting
these objects, as herein-after described.
In carrying out iny said Invention I run or "teem" iron or steel containing a
per-centage of carbon from 0.00 upwards (as may be required) from a Bessemer
converting furnace, a refinery or other suitable furnace, or from a crucible or crucibles
into an open or close mould, such mould being specially prepared (as herein-after
described) so that during the period of cooling the ingot plate or block shall wholly
or in part absorb or give out such a quantity of carbon, as may be desired, thereby
producing an ingot plate or block homogeneously or heterogeneously, composed of
iron or steel of such a degree or degrees of temper or hardness as may be required.
I also cast the plates and blocks described in the Specification to Letters Patent
granted to me, dated the Ninth March, One thousand eight hundred and seventy-
six, No. 1028, in one of the specially prepared moulds (herein-after described) so as
to enable the varying strata to retain their per-centage of carbon, or to have it
increased or diminished at will.
I construct in the following manner the specially prepared moulds herein-before
referred to, and which for convenience may be divided into three classes, videlicet:-
First. The carbonising mould.
Second. The decarbonising mould.
Third. The mixed mould, being partly carbonising and partly decarbonising in its
properties.
1. I construct the carbonising mould, or its lining, or both, of carbon in any of its
forms, or of a substance or substances containing carbon, mechanically mixed or
chemically combined, and from which the ingot plate or block, or a part thereof, may
absorb the required carbon.
2. I construct the decarbonizing mould, or its lining, or both, of an oxide of iron
or other suitable oxide, or of plates or bricks of iron or low steel or other substance,
or substances which may extract from the whole or part of the ingot plate or block
the required carbon.
3. I construct the mixed mould by making part or parts of it upon the principle
of the No. 1 or carbonizing mould, and part or parts of it upon the principle of the
No. 2 or decarbonizing mould.
In each case the top of the mould may be made moveable, and as heavy as
possible, but so that it may be suspended during the period of casting and then
allowed to press with all its weight upon the top of the ingot plate or block and
additional weight may also be mechanically applied when required.
When desirable I employ a foundation plate of cast or wrought iron or steel, or a
combination plate in a heated condition, or otherwise, either as the bottom of the
mould or placed within it, and upon its upper surface I cast iron or steel, the sides
and top of such mould being prepared, as before mentioned, for the whole mould, or
I employ a top plate of cast or wrought iron or steel, or a combination plate, in a
heated condition or otherwise, either as the top of the mould or placed upon the top
of the casting, and the top of the mould placed upon it, the bottom and sides of
such mould being prepared, as before mentioned, for the whole mould.
I prefer casting the aforesaid ingots in what is commonly known as the "horizontal
position," but I may cast them in any other position, vertical or otherwise, and in
such cases the "foundation" or "top" plate when employed would assume a corres-
ponding position.

page_text: When two or more plates are made during one operation by the insertion into the
mould (formed partly or not of iron or steel plates intended to become a portion or
portions of the completed ingot) of a core or division, or cores or divisions, as described
in the Specification to Letters Patent granted to Alexander Wilson, dated the Four-
teenth September, One thousand eight hundred and seventy-seven, N°. 3472,
according to which Specification a core of "ganister or other refractory" material
is employed, I construct the mould or its lining, or both if necessary, in the manner
herein-before described; and I further construct the said core or division, or cores
or divisions, or it or their surfaces, of a material or materials having carbonising
or decarbonizing properties, and substantially in the same manner as I construct
the "carbonizing, decarbonizing," and mixed moulds.
2366
The ingots, plates, or blocks thus produced either at once use without further
treatment, or after rekeating in a furnace having a reducing flame or other suitable
furnace, I roll, stamp, or press them in order to impart the required form and to
give additional strength to bear greater pressure or strain, tensibly, compressively,
or by impact, from projectiles or heavy blows.
The above resulting products may be applied to the production of blocks or
plates suitable for ship and fort armour, of beams, supports, girders, rails, tyres,
boiler and ship plates, shot, and other articles.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of my said
Invention, and the manner in which the same is or may be used or carried into
effect, would observe in conclusion that what I consider to be novel and original,
and therefore claim as the Invention secured to me by the herein-before in part
recited Letters Patent, is,-
First. The method of carbonizing or decarbonizing wholly or in part the entirety
or portions of iron or steel castings by "teeming" or casting iron or steel into
prepared moulds, substantially as herein-before described.
"
Second. The preparation of a
<<
"carbonizing" or decarbonizing," or "mixed
mould, or parts of the mould, by lining such mould wholly or partly with, or con-
stituting such mould or part thereof of carbonizing or decarbonizing substances
substantially as herein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said James Yates, have to this my Specification
set my hand and seal, this Sixteenth day of March, One thousand eight
hundred and seventy-eight.