A NEW AND IMPROVED METHOD OF MAKING AND MANUFACTURING PAPER, PASTEBOARD, FELT, AND TISSUES
Year: 1838

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TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, MORTON
BALMANNO, of Queen Street, Cheapside, in the City of London, Merchant,
send greeting.
of
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WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent under the Great Seal of that part of the United Kingdom called
England, bearing; date, at Westminster, the Sixth day of September, in the
second year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and
grant unto me, the said Morton Balmanno, Her especial licence, that I, the
said Morton Balmanno, my exors, admors, and assigns, or such others as I,
the said Morton Balmanno, my exors, admors, and assigns, should at any time
agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times during the term
years therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my
Invention of "A NEW AND IMPROVED METHOD OF MAKING AND MANUFACTURING
PAPER, PASTEBOARD, FELT, AND TISSUES;" in which said Letters Patent there is
contained a proviso obliging me, the said Morton Balmanno, by an instrument
in writing under my hand and seal, particularly to describe and ascertain the
nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed,
and to cause the same to be enrolled in Her Majesty's High Court of Chan-
cery within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the
said recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being thereunto
had, will more fully and at large appear.
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NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Morton Balmanno, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention
and the manner in which the same is to be performed are described and
ascertained as follows, that is to say:-

page_text: the
young shoots of trees of one, two, or three years growth, such as osiers,
and I proceed as follows:-I put the oșiers or other young shoots of trees
either into hot or cold water to soak for three or four hours. The skin or
outward, coating may then be easily detached by the hand or by a machine.
Having proceeded thus far, if I want to make any one of these substances
into white paper, I wash it, then submit it to the action of steam, or I boil it
in an open or closed boiler either in water or water mixed in potash, soda, or
other alkali, made caustic or otherwise; but the effect is more readily produced
if made caustic, using from three to six pounds of alkali to one hundred-
weight of bark. The quantity of water or solution to be used should be
sufficient to cover the material by three or four inches at least. Having thus
steamed or boiled it for three or four hours, I strain off the liquor, and care-
fully wash the substance so steamed or boiled, and, if necessary, I again submit
it to the same operation of steaming or boiling, with a further portion of alkali,
for five or six hours longer. This operation should be repeated until the water
is no longer discoloured, or only in a slight degree. The substance so boiled
hould be well washed after each boiling. After these operations have been
gone through the substance is in a fit state to be put into the paper engine,
and is easily reduced to what is known by paper makers as half stuff. I then

page_text: bleach this substance (so reduced to half stuff) by the usual process of
bleaching, and if it should not be sufficiently white, I again boil it, as before
described, and having again washed it, I bleach it a second time. I then
make it into paper, or an article which may be used for the same purposes
as paper, and which, therefore, I call, in my Patent and Specification, paper,
by the usual mode of trituration, and in the manufacture of paper. Paste-
board is, in the usual way, made with this paper. In operating upon shoots
of above three years, and up to ten or fifteen years growth, I do not begin by
putting them to soak in water, but strip the bark off, as is usually done in
stripping hop-poles. I then submit the bark so obtained to the process,
already described, of boiling and bleaching, always washing it after it has
undergone each operation, taking out any portions of wood that may havo
adhered to the bark and which may not have been dissolved. I produce the
same results from bark, taking from trees of any age, as the mulbury, &c.; but
in operating upon them I first break off or separate the epidermis or outward
coating, and only operate upon the fibrous part which exists between the out-
ward coating and the body of the tree or branches. I then proceed, as before
described by boiling bleaching &c.
This class consists of such herbaceous plants as do not possess an outward
skin, or only in a very slight degree, but having a fibre intermixed with the
interior or ligneous part, such as the stalk of potatoe. With this. description
of plants I do not strip off the outward skin, if any. I commence by boiling,
as before described, and which is known to be compleat when the ligneous and
mucilaginous part is sufficiently. dissolved or softened, so to be easily detached
and carried away by washing, leaving the fibrous part only. I then carefully
wash this substance, and submit it to the same usual known operation of
bleaching, and which I repeat, as above described, if necessary.

page_text: FIFTH CLASS
Consists of dead or dried leaves, which I use indiscriminately. I collect
the leaves without separating the different sorts, and then I subject them to
the operation of boiling, washing, bleaching, and the other subsequent
processes, as above described.
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.10.
Although I have declared that, in the employment of and working upon the
several substances, I make use of certain processes by, which I obtain the fibre,
and which I afterwards bleach and manufacture into paper, pasteboard, and
tissues, yet, when my object is to make felt or brown paper, I only use the
processes described for the several classes for obtaining the fibre, such as
striping, soaking, and boiling and washing, and I omit altogether the operation
of bleaching. The substances are by such means sufficiently prepared and
fit to be made into felt or brown or wrapping papers. I disclaim all methods
heretofore used with respect to any of the substances above classed, for fibrous
materials may be obtained by other imperfect means. But I claim as my
Invention the discovery of the method by which the substances above classed
are, by, the processes above described, made fit for the purpose of being con-
verted into paper or good articles of commerce, as paper, pasteboard, felt, and
10.
tissues.
EASY
19.
1.J..
In witness whereof, I, the said Morton Balmanno, have hereunto, set
my hand and seal, the Fourth day of March, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and thirty-nine.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Fourth day of March, in the
year of our Lord 1839, the aforesaid Morton Balmanno came before our said
Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification afore-
said, and all and every thing therein contained and specified, in form above
written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according to the
tenor of the Statute made for that
purpose.
Inrolled the Fourth day of March, in the year of our Lord One thousand
eight hundred and thirty-nine.