IMPROVEMENTS IN AND RELATING TO THE GENERATION DISTRIBUTION STORING UTILIZATION MEASURING AND REGULATION OF ELECTRICITY AND APPARATUS OR MEANS THEREFOR." PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION
Year: 1882

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Joseph Stokes Williams of Riverton New Jersey United
States of America, now of 8, Southampton Buildings London, for an invention
of "IMPROVEMENTS IN AND RELATING TO THE GENERATION DISTRIBUTION
STORING UTILIZATION MEASURING AND REGULATION OF ELECTRICITY AND
APPARATUS OR MEANS THEREFOR."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Joseph Stokes Williams at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 10th March 1882.
JOSEPH STOKES WILLIAMS, of Riverton, New Jersey, United States of America,
now of 8 Southampton Buildings London. IMPROVEMENTS IN AND RELATING
"
TO THE GENERATION DISTRIBUTION STORING UTILIZATION MEASURING AND
REGULATION OF ELECTRICITY AND APPARATUS OR MEANS THEREFOR."
My Invention relates to apparatus methods and means for generating distributing
storing utilizing measuring and regulating electricity.
Firstly. I utilize the water reservoirs and the pipes or mains for conducting and
supplying the water to cities towns and other places for the purpose of driving
water or turbine wheels with which are combined dynamo or magneto electric
generators for producing electric currents and I lead the current so generated
preferably into storage batteries accumulators or reservoirs and lead therefrom
electric conductors or mains to the cities, towns, places or works where suitable
apparatus are placed for translating the electricity into light heat or motive power
or all of them as may be desired. That is to say I utilize the water feeders or
mains for supplying cities towns works or places for introducing or leading the
water into or through the turbines in conjunction with the main or branches there-
from for the generation of electricity as the water flows from the elevated places.
These electric generators are combined with and driven by the turbine wheels
which are preferably placed within chambers which constitute the channel through
Povice 1 QJ1

page_text: which the water is conducted. Secondly I preferably form the channel or inlet
leading to and in proximity with the turbine somewhat in the shape of a cone or an
injector (with or without the form of a syphon) the water is thereby driven with
great velocity against the paddles or buckets of the wheels. I also thereby obtain a
high and uniform speed.
I preferably so construct the outlet as to provide for a free flow of the water
and so construct the turbines when placed directly in the mains as to permit the
free flow of the water. The electric generator can be attached directly to the
shaft of the turbine or combined therewith by belting or frictional gearing or
otherwise.
Thirdly I provide for utilizing the energy obtained through the
medium of the water in the mains the turbines and the electric generators by con-
ducting the electric currents produced into an electric storage system or reservoir
or a series of them and I connect the pole or poles thereof with auxiliary storage
systems placed where the electricity is to be utilized. Or I connect the pole or
poles thereof with the apparatus in which the electricity will be translated into
light heat or motive power and make returns by earth or otherwise from the
aforesaid auxiliary storage systems and the apparatus for utilizing the electric
energy that is to say I lead the currents from the generator to the prime storage
system or reservoir and conduct the electricity preferably therefrom into or through
an electro-motive force converter or a series of accumulators and from these I
lead suitably insulated conductors branches and sub branches to and through the
streets, highways, districts, furnaces, works, mines, houses, railways or places
where suitable apparatus are placed or are moved and through which apparatus
the electricity can be translated into heat light and motive power or any of them as
may be desired that is to say through the medium of the water conductors turbine
or water wheels, electric generators storage systems, insulated conductors electric
engines or motors and suitable appliances arranged or combined therewith
machinery can be operated for any industrial or other purposes and through the
medium of the electric lamps and heaters light and heat can be developed as may
be desired either for industrial or other public or private use. The different
devices or apparatus for utilizing measuring regulating and controlling can be of
any preferred pattern or such as herein described or as provided for in my previous
provisional specifications.
Fourthly. I preferably construct my electric generators so 88 to produce
electricity of comparatively low electro motive force and convert distribute and
regulate the electricity as will be understood from the description herein and in
the aforesaid provisional specifications filed 16th February 1882 No 766 and
22nd February 1882 No. 856.
Fifthly. As an illustration of my invention supposing the source or reservoir
of water is on a hill mountain or other elevation this reservoir or water supply
may be a natural one or created for the purpose. The reservoir of the water may
be at a higher or lower level that is to say the water may flow naturally or be
forced into such reservoir. I lead from such reservoir a pipe or a series of pipes
suitably arranged to conduct the water therefrom and at suitable places and
distances apart upon these pipes or channels I arrange a turbine or water wheel
and an electric generator and preferably an electric reservoir or series of them and
conduct the currents from these reservoirs as herein before described through mains
branches and sub-branches.
Sixthly. When I employ a series of generating and storage apparatus placed as
above described the prime storage system is in some cases most distant from the
city town or place where the electricity is to be utilized; therefore instead of
starting or establishing a prime storage system which supplies other storage
systems along the main as herein described for generating electricity each
generating and storage station becomes a feeder to the main conductor or to the
system or place where the electricity is to be utilized. For preventing overcharging
of the conductors I connect a series of these generating and storage systems 80 HS
to discharge their products into special storage reservoirs placed at convenient

page_text: I
positions nearer to the place or places where the electricity will be utilized. And
I provide automatic cut-offs with the accumulators or electric reservoirs ;
preferably so proportion these reservoirs and the capacity of the generating
apparatus as to provide for the storage of all the electricity that can be produced
by the generators.
Seventhly. I provide for preventing or arresting the free passage of the water
of the breakage or stoppage of any turbine wheel or generating
in case
apparatus.
In carrying this part of my invention into practice I provide a branch or part
of the main with a cut-off valve or gate which can be readily opened or closed
automatically or otherwise. This gate or valve can be combined with the turbine
wheel in such a manner as to parly or entirely close the inlet or channel leading
to the turbine wheel according to the speed at which the wheel is driven. In other
words this valve or gate can be utilized as the governor for the turbine wheel
or the generator of electricity; or such valve or gate may be combined with a
permanent or electro magnet and armature or electric motor which will cause its
adjustment according to the generation of electricity. This valve may be in the
form of a ball or piece which can be moved vertically or otherwise into a socket
or chamber by a rod extending through an aperture in such chamber the armature
electric motor or governing apparatus being attached to or combined therewith in
any preferred manner.
Eighthly. I arrange the bearings of the turbine wheels so that the axles shall
run or revolve in a reservoir constantly filled with water or other liquid so as to
obviate the necessity for the great care and attention which would otherwise be
necessary.
Ninthly. I also construct and arrange the bearings of my electric generator with
provision for a similar result. For this purpose I provide the axles with
enlargements which fit into corresponding cavities or recesses formed in the
bearings and I provide in connection therewith a reservoir containing a lubricant
and I preferably provide. a secondary reservoir which is fitted with a check-valve
so arranged that in case the oil or lubricant in the first reservoir cavity or recess
in the bearing shall be below a certain point the said check valve opens and
permits the entrance of the lubricant from the reservoir until sufficient shall have
been admitted. By this means I obtain a uniform supply of the lubricant and in
order to further provide against the heating of the journal I arrange in connection
therewith a thermostat and circuit maker which will cause the completion of the
circuit in case the journal shall become heated. This circuit maker which is
governed by the thermostat completes the circuit to an electric motor magnet or
governing apparatus in connection with the aforesaid valve or gate thereby limiting
or regulating the introduction of water to the turbine.
Tenthly I provide for conducting the currents from the electric generator without
friction or firing as hereinafter described with reference to collectors or circuit
makers.
Eleventhly. I can provide water tanks or reservoirs at each generating place
along the main and form the continuation of the main from such tank or reservoir,
or I can lead one or more branches from such tank or reservoir which form or
unite in the main.
Twelfthly I sometimes employ a series of pipes leading from the water main or
supply and place upon each of the same a turbine and electric generating and
storing apparatus as herein described. Such a system is applicable where there is
a large body or head of water and the electricity can be conducted into independent
reservoirs, or into a reservoir common to a series of the generators the electricity
being conducted therefrom by suitably insulated conductors to storage systems or
apparatus as set forth.
Thirteenth. I provide for saturating the field magnets through a shunt from
the main circuit or preferably through the medium of a storage battery accumulator
or electro motive force converter as herein described as provided for in the

page_text: aforesaid provisional specifications Nos 766 and 856. Or I may employ one or
more of the series of generators for saturating the field magnets of the other
generators.
Fourteenthly. In arranging the turbines electric generators and reservoirs in
series along the water main or channel I utilize a great number of times the power
of the same quantity of water as it flows towards the level. And at each successive
apparatus or installation I abstract without cost other than the wear of the
machinery the energy in the form of electricity in quantity dependent upon the
number of the apparatuses and the head or force of the flow or fall of the water.
Fifteenthly I apply this system for the generation of electricity where it is
necessary even to obtain the head reservoir or supply of water by pumping or
forcing the same into an elevated position. I arrange the apparatus herein described
for generating electricity from the waste waters flowing through sewers or forced
from pumps or driven machinery.
Sixteenthly I utilize sources reservoirs or supplies of water in mountains hills or
other elevated positions or districts where there is a sufficient head or supply for
furnishing water and generating electricity for distribution in cities towns villages
highways works or places as herein provided for.
Seventeenthly I utilize the sources or supplies of water in elevated positions or
reservoirs or flowing down or through mountains hills or districts where there is
a sufficient head or supply or a series of such sources or channels for generating
electricity to be utilized for the propulsion of vehicles over lines of railway tramways
and the like or for furnishing electric energy for the operation of the movable
mechanism placed along the lines of railway such as switches signals or other
movable apparatus or for furnishing light or heat or both at the stations or places
along the line or communicating systems in connection therewith. The apparatus
and means for carrying this part of my invention into effect other than for the
generation of electricity are preferably such as are more fully set forth in my
provisional specification No 700 dated 13th February 1882, No 766 dated
16th February, 1882 and No 856 dated 22 February 1882.
Eighteenthly I utilize the sources or supply of water in elevated positions or
flowing down through mountains hills or other districts for driving electric generators
through the medium of water wheels or turbines and lead the electricity so produced
into storage systems or reservoirs and utilize the electricity so stored for the
development of light heat and motive power through the medium of suitable
apparatus such as electric lamps heaters motors or other electric appliances placed
in houses factories public highways or other places.
Nineteenthly I utilize the water passing through sewers for the generation of
electricity through the medium of a water wheel or turbine and electric generator
and preferably conduct the electricity into storage systems or reservoirs and translate
the electricity into light heat and motive power or any of them through the medium
of suitable apparatus.
Twentiethly. provide for distributing regulating measuring and controlling
electricity so produced by means of apparatus herein described or as referred to in
the said provisional specification No
Twenty firstly. By the employment of the storage systems or reservoirs to which
I lead the electricity from the generators driven by the water power I provide for
constantly generating and through the medium of storage systems or accumulators
and electro motive force converters I provide for the distribution and translation
of the electricity in a manner that would be otherwise impossible or impracticable.
As (it will be understood) I am thereby enabled to conduct the electricity to different
or distant points or places where it is to be utilized. For instance I can conduct
the electricity to or along lines of railway and provide for the utilization thereof
through electric motors placed upon the engines, vehicles or trains and feed the
storage systems placed along the line. The electricity from such reservoirs can be
collected while the trains are running for the charging of electric tanks or reservoirs
placed upon such train vehicle or engine, the electricity so generated conducted and

page_text: fed to the storage system placed upon the train can be translated into light heat or
motive power as may be desired at any distance from the place of generation.
I employ a system of pipes for the draining of lands or basins so situated or placed
as to necessitate first the starting of the liquid through the pipes the end of the
pipes where the water is conducted being lower than the lands or basins to be
drained, the pipes being conducted therefrom, in order to prevent dirt or sand from
entering the pipes. provide strainers or checks at the ends and sometimes at the
joints where the water is designed to enter the main.
It will be understood that the electric energy so obtained can be utilized in any
desired place or position.
I employ in some cases where the power might be subject to variations a system
of check valves or gates in the water pipes mains or channels but I prefer to so
proportion these channels or pipes relatively to the supply as to provide for a constant
flow, I therefore in some cases in draining land create a reservoir into which the
water flows. I can thus conduct the water over hills and elevations as is well
known and I place such number of turbine wheels in their pipes or in chambers
formed thereon as may be feasible or desirable according to the power or energy in
the water flowing through these pipes. I prefer to store the electricity generated
and utilize it. Through suitable translating devices power can be obtained and
stored which now lies dormant in swamps or wet places situated on higher levels
than that of the seas or rivers-adjacent to them or possibly far distant therefrom
the electric energy can be distributed in primo works or distant places and may be
used for the lighting of coasts or harbours as well as for other public or private
purposes as herein before specified.
Twenty secondly. I arrange a series of generating apparatus as herein described
along a water channel or main and if I desire to utilize the electricity at points or
places furthest from the source or elevated water supply I provide electric conductors
or mains with decreasing sections towards the elevated position that is to say at
each generating apparatus placed along the main I increase the size of the conductors
when the electricity is conducted into a main conductor common to all or a series
of generators; or the electricity may be conducted into low or onto high places or
summits without difficulty thereby providing for the operation of machinery where
fuel would be difficult or expensive to obtain; or the electricity may be conducted
into mines for the operation of machinery therein for the propulsion of vehicles
thereby obviating the necessity for the use of horse power in such places.
In all cases I preferably employ storage systems or reservoirs placed in suitable
proximity to the mines works houses or places where the electricity will be translated
into light heat or motive power. For instance the storage system may be placed
at the surface of a mine or in the mine itself.
By the improvements-herein described for obviating the firing which usually
occurs with contact and circuit makers I am enabled to introduce and apply
electrical apparatus and machinery for working in mines where the ordinary
systems or devices would be dangerous. I preferably employ incandescent lamps
for the developement of light in such places.
My invention also relates to the construction of electric generators or motors and
electric apparatus or appliances generally where it is necessary or desirable to
provide against friction or provide for the movement of corresponding fitting or
contact parts through which it is designed electricity shall be conducted. In order
to obviate the defects in existing machinery or devices I so construct and arrange
the apparatus or parts thereof as to provide for conducting the electricity through
an intermediate substance or medium which may be a good or bad conductor. The
object of this arrangement as above stated is to obviate friction and firing in switch
or circuit making interrupting or regulating apparatus.
In applying my improvements to an electric motor or machine I preferably form
or place an enlargement upon the axles or rotating piece and a metal piece to
correspond reversely therewith which piece nay be pressed against the axle by a
spring or otherwise or the axle or enlargement thereon may rest upon such piece

page_text: when I arrange this piece under the axle or enlargement I place it in a cup or
give it such form as to provide for retaining a lubricant or liquid between the
movable and stationary parts.
It will be understood that by these means I am enabled to entirely avoid the
difficulties attending the use of electric machinery as for all practical purposes the
electricity will pass from one metal to the other through the slight film of lubricant
or liquid or it may be said through the insulation or resistance. To simplify the
use of the improvement as applied to an electric machine or apparatus in which I
wish to lead the electricity from or to a revolving armature or moving part I can
in some cases insulate the supports for the bearings of the axle and connect my
conductors to the journal or bearing boxes. The oil or lubricating material will in
such case perform an important service as will be understood.
The arrangements can be carried into effect in various ways and I do not confine
myself to any one method as my improvements are applicable for the largest
electric motors and engines as well as to the most delicate apparatus through
which electricity can be translated into motive power and the improvements are
especially valuable for electrical machinery or apparatus for the working of
railways mines or the like or such apparatus as cannot be constantly superintended
or seen. These devices are equally applicable to the machines described in my
previous but I can also apply them to the ordinary machines by providing a
series of suitable contact pieces or parts and I preferably conduct the currents from
both ends of the axle
My invention also relates to improvements in contact makers or circuit closers
or breakers; hitherto it has been customary in the construction of such electrical
appliances or devices to absolutely make and break the circuit or contact. It is
well known that in such cases the destruction of the apparatus is rapid and often
the surfaces are immediately destroyed.
In order to obviate these defects I so construct such apparatus as to provide for
the varied passage of the current from an ineffective minimum to its full power or
vice versa this system is applicable in the construction of apparatus to provide for
directing checking, limiting dividing subdividing varying and controlling electricity
for translation into light heat motive power and other purposes that is to say I
construct a simple circuit maker or breaker or a circuit maker which will
proportion the electric energy admitted to an apparatus or installation dependent
upon the amount of energy being consumed or dependent upon the will of the
operator. For instance in constructing such apparatus for controlling an electric
engine I provide a conductor with a series of terminals which terminate in or with
a continuous insulating or resisting extension or part which is common to a part
or all of the series. This insulating material or resistance (or bad conductor) is
arranged in close proximity to the other terminal which is a good conductor I then
preferably employ between these faces or parts a liquid which is either a good or
bad conductor (preferably the best possible) so as to lessen the resistance or
distance between the terminals of the solid metal conductors which are separated by
the conductor of high resistance common to the series before mentioned. Suppose
I wish to divide or distribute the electric energy into or through a hundred or
more apparatus, I arrange the terminals of the series in such relationship to each
other say in a row circle or spiral form that each of the series terminate successively
nearer to the conducting material through which the circuit is or can be completed
effectively. As the movable circuit maker is adjusted the liquid between the
series and the conductor is raise or lowered thereby increasing or dimininishing
the resistance to each conductor or branch constituting the series. It will be
understood that by starting with a continuous resistance or conducting face all
firing is obviated and according to the position of the conductor relatively to the
series so will be the proportion of electricity passing or vice versa. I also provide
for working or controlling such circuit makers resistance or regulating apparatus
automatically according to the consumption or generation of electric energy.
These devices are also applicable for charging and regulating the storage batteries

page_text: reservoirs or accumulators or for cut offs or resistances between such apparatus and
the source of electricity or for governing and controlling inlets or valves for gas
and liquids, they are also applicable as cut offs or regulators for an electric motors
or engines.
I sometimes employ a rotating shaft upon which I arrange a series of terminals
relatively to each other as herein described the single conductor being continuously
in the circuit.
My Invention also relates to improvements in methods apparatus and means for
conserving or storing electrical energy. In some cases I employ iron or steel filings
or scraps and oxidize them through the medium of sulphurous acid or other
chemical agent. These oxides can be used in the accumulators of the well known
form but I prefer to place them principally in single pairs in comparatively large
boxes tanks or reservoirs. I preferably saturate or cover the oxides with a diluted
alkaline solution such as caustic potash or the like; but I provide for an extended
surface in the reservoir and avoid the great resistance in charging the same by
employing good or moderately good conductors of electricity arranged within the
cells or parts in combination with the conserving medium. According to one
method of carrying this part of my invention into practice I mix iron or other
metallic filings, chips, pieces, or shavings with the metallic oxide or oxides or with
the other metal or substance for instance lead filings or pieces which provide for
conserving the electric energy. Into this mass I introduce or insert my
conductors or polar extensions.
I sometimes use a series of terminals extensions or parts terminating in one pole
or terminal common to all; or I use one or more of such extensions for charging
and one or more of such extensions for withdrawing the electricity and for feeding
it through the converter or for feeding it into a secondary accumulator connected
in series.
I employ a convertor of such proportions as to permit the passage of the current
with sufficient freedom to provide for the special use or work imposed upon
it. The said convertor not intended as a reservoir but merely as a converter of
electricity.
I so construct and arrange my apparatus that the terminals of the prime
reservoir shall serve two distinct purposes;-Those of one set feed the reservoir
and are of such capacity as to suit the capacity of the generating machine for
charging. The other terminal or series of terminals provides for charging the
convertor.
I employ a series of terminals or conductors leading from the converter so as to
connect it with the prime reservoir and the translating devices. The series of
conductors in the electro motive force convertor leading to the system or apparatus
are of such proportions as to be suited to the different electric lamps motors
heaters or other apparatus for translating the electricity. It will be understood
that by these means each lamp or apparatus can only receive its due proportion of
electricity but I prefer to provide for the regulation at each apparatus by means
of known resistances or electro motive force convertors arranged in the circuit
to or in connection with the appliances or apparatus for the translation of the
electricity.
I sometimes arrange for automatically operating a resistance or circuit limiting
device such as herein before referred to so as to proportion the delivery of
electricity from the convertor or storage system to the consumption or translation
of electricity.
I sometimes employ for conserving electric energy sheets wires plates filings
or pieces of metal saturated and covered by petroleum or other oil. These
metal pieces serve as conductors and the petroleum or oil serve to conserve the
electric energy.
I sometimes employ charcoal or carbon mixed with surrounding or covering the
metal pieces strips or filings with or without inetallic oxides.
I sometimes provide for the difference of potential between the parts of the

page_text: reservoir or the pairs by constructing these parts or pairs of different metallic
oxides or of different metals mixed with oxides or by using different compounds or
saturating mediums. I preferably construct the reservoirs or accumulators so as
to provide for hermetically sealing the same. I also preferably encase the reservoir
in or with an insulating material or medium.
In order to provide for measuring the electric current I arrange an apparatus
in connection with the conductor for feeding the storage system or reservoirs; by
this means I am enabled to provide effective apparatus for recording accurately the
electricity fed into such reservoir, and consequently the exact amount used by each
consumer; the electro motive force of the feeder always being the same it is
unnecessary to provide against variations.
In carrying this part of my invention into practice I employ an armature
arranged in combination with a permanent or electro magnet; this magnet is
placed in a derived or branch circuit and I arrange in close proximity to the
movable armature another magnet.
The current is first conducted through the coils of the one magnet and by this
means the armature is drawn in one direction; on or during the movement of
the armature the magnet is cut out of the circuit and a spring or weight forces the
armature back to its original position thus restoring the magnet in the circuit and
thereby producing an oscillating movement.
In the movement of the armature I sometimes provide for an excess of movement
at each end of the stroke so as to render positive the completion or interruption of
the circuit. Upon or with part of the armature 1 place a pawl ratchet tooth or
projection which engages in or with a tooth or series of teeth upon a wheel
arranged in proper relation thereto-or the projection on the armature can cause
the movements of the wheel or mechanism by friction solely or by means of a
spring band or belt passing entirely or partially around a pulley or pulleys.
This wheel operated by the armature has combined with it receding mechanism
and in order to prevent, such mechanism from moving independently of and
reversely to the intended direction. I provide a pawl or break which engages
with the said wheel this pawl can be held in position by a spring or weight-and
can be interlocked or combined with a link form the moveable armature and may
be capable of adjustment therein. In the latter case I sometimes connect with
the armature a sliding bar which moves across the centre portion of the wheel
transversely to the axle thereof; on this bar. I form cam faced pieces which fit
in corresponding recesses in or upon the wheels.
I provide that when one cam face shall cease operating the armature when
moved reversely causes the other end or cam face to engage with a part of the
wheel so as to cause its further movement. I also provide for the movement of
the wheel by a weight or spring so that the purpose of the sliding bar will be
principally for limiting the rotation of the wheel-according to the number of
times the armature is moved. I preferably place the wheel and frictional parts of
the mechanism in a liquid or oil box; the wheel may act as a turbine for pumping
the liquid so as to operate upon the recording mechanism.
In some cases in order to provide for recording the consumption or use of
electric energy under varying pressures in the main I arrange a secondary shunt
and magnet which cause an increased throw or adjustment of the armature and
consequently a corresponding movement of the recording mechanism.
My invention also relates to various forms of dynamo or magneto electric
machines electric motors which are especially applicable for my system of generation
distribution and translation of electricity that is to say the machines or motors
for generating or utilizing electricity are more efficient and economical in working,
cheaper to construct and more durable than those hitherto produced. I construct
generators of electricity or electric motors with duplicate armatures or duplicate
or duplicated series of inducing faces one portion or part for inducing so called
positive and the other negative currents; or I construct an armature composed of
sectional inducing parts which at any given time can only produce positive or

page_text: negative currents in accordance with the position such parts then occupy in the
magnetic field. I can provide for such result by different constructions or modifi-
cations For instance instead of adopting the ordinary well known construction
of dynamo-machine I construct the armature practically in two parts or sections
lengthwise of the axle or in other words I construct two machines one with a
positive magnetic field and positive inducing parts or armature and the other with
a negative magnetic field and a negative inducing part or armature the so called
positive and negative currents being conducted from the inducing parts by suitable
conductors leading into storage systems or immediately conducted to suitable
apparatus utilization for motive powers heating lighting or other purposes.
Instead of constructing two machines and connecting them by conductors merely
I prefer to divide the armature into so wound-constructed and sections insulated
from each other. I form each section of a series of discs strips or ribbons of
metal or of a continuous rod of wire or ribbon or section of metal preferably so
wound constructed or insulated as to provide for the induction of currents con-
tinously in the respective magnetic fields But it will be understood that as the
currents are not united in the opposing magnetic fields I can employ continuous
pieces of metal within each magnetic field. The currents are preferably combined
outside of the inducing parts of the magnetic fields.
I sometimes construct an armature of a series of strips ribbons or wires arranged
lengthwise on such armature and insulated from each other and connect the
terminals from at the end or ends of the armature with their respective collectors
That is to say the conductors which induce the positive currents will only be in
contact with the positive collector and the negative conductors with the negative
collector.
1
In order to construct an electric generator or motor and obviate the difficulties
of construction and so far as possible the ineffectiveness of the ordinary class of
such machines I coil upon the armature which I prefer to make of increased
diameter and of insulating material a ribbon or wire which so terminates that one
end is always in circuit with the negative collector while the other end is in circuit
with the positive collector I form these collectors so that each will cover the
series of the conductors and correspond to its intended respective magnetic field.
In constructing such machines instead of giving great length to the cores or polar
extensions of the electro magnets I obtain a more efficient and powerful generator
by using electro-magnets with very short polar extensions the electro magnets being
greatly increased in size The faces or surfaces of the electro magnets are equal or
about equal in area to the continuous line or surface of the armature I prefer that
my machine should have armatures with comparatively large end surfaces which
form a continuous line parallel or equidistant from the end surfaces of the electro
magnets in other words the axis ends of the armatures are either straight in a
continuous line and in combination with electro magnets of a corresponding form
or if the armature is convex or angular at its axis ends the electro magnets should
present thereto a surface of corresponding form by being formed reversely.
provide the electro magnets with a narrow groove extending around the same the
sides of this groove being equidistant from or parallel to each other and parallel to
and equidistant or nearly so from the end surface or surfaces of the electro
magnets. It will therefore be understood that the wire coils or strips can with
facility be wound upon such electro magnets and furthermore the coil or coils will
occupy a position of the closest practicable proximity to the armature and in
addition to these important advantages a great length of wire is possible even when
a single wire or strip wound throughout the depth of the groove the increased
length of wire being dependent upon the diameter of the armature or electro
magnets.
I
I prefer to extend the axle of the armature through the axis or core of the
electro magnets I can insulate such axle by space or by non-magnetic or insulating
materiale

page_text: I prefer to secure the electro magnets to or in connection with non-magnetic
supports and tie or brace them together by such medium.
I preferably construct the armature with strips or ribs of metals or continuous
wires or ribbons and I can with facility and advantage use exceedingly fine strips
of metal instead of wires upon the electro magnets or armature thereby obtaining
a great length of coil in a given space These strips can be covered with the
ordinary insulating material but I prefer to employ a pyro insulating material or
substance (such as a compound of Salts and oxide of Zinc) upon the coils ribbons,
strips or wires.
According to one method of providing insulation I attach or combine the end of
the wire metal strips or ribbons to be coiled to or with the electro magnet. The
magnet to be wound is mounted upon a shaft the said magnet and shaft being
enclosed in a tight box or Chamber which is heated to a sufficiently high tem-
perature to render glass or other vitreous insulating substances sufficiently pliable
to be wound around the core of the electro magnet along with the ribbon wire or
coils which it serves to insulate, or the wire may be passed through a bath of pyro
insulating material.
I sometimes so arrange the faces of the bars or strips comprising the armature
that they shall not be covered by the insulating material. When I wish to construct
a powerful generating machine I either increase the diameter of the magnets and
armatures or I employ a series of armatures or machines working on the same shaft.
I sometimes construct an electric machine wherein a stationary permanent or
electro magnet or series are arranged between two revolving armatures which are
wound with wire or ribbons. The permanent or electro magnet may be formed
with a central bush hub or core surrounding the shaft and may be of cylindrical
form. The said hub or core may be arranged between and formed in one piece
with the inducing faces of the magnet so as to connect the same or may be made
in two parts that is to say each plate of the magnet may have a projecting hub or
core which may be secured directly together or may have an insulating plate or
disc or space between them. In some cases the said insulating plate or the space
may extend to the periphery of the magnet. The said hub or core or the parts of
the same may be wound with or support the wires or strips used in the formation
of the electro maguet. When I employ a single wire or continuous strip upon each
polar extension or inducing face of the magnet I connect the said wires or strips
so as to form a continuous coil. By this construction I ensure the exciting of the
entire face of each pole of the magnet or magnets on the passage of the current
through the said wire or strip. The induced currents from the revolving armatures
are preferably carried off by circuit makers preferably revolving in a liquid con-
ductor or lubricant in a vessel in a similar manner to that above described. The
electricity passed into the electro magnet or magnets inay be produced by the
machine itself or may be derived from a separate exciting machine
In some cases the hub or core connecting the two faces of the electro magnet may
be formed of insulating material and the two inducing faces of the magnet or
magnets connected at their base or otherwise so as to practically constitute a horse
shoe magnet or magnets.
Under another construction the magnet is arranged between two armatures
whose faces adjacent to the said magnet or series thereof
Under another construction of electric machine the two armatures arranged on
each side of the permanent or electro magnet or series of them are provided with
ribs or projections. Each of the said armatures in this machine may consist of a
simple plate connected or otherwise. The armature can be arranged between electro-
magnets supported upon the standards of the machine
It will be readily understood that in these machines the induced currents from
the north pole of the electro magnet are taken off by one armature or part and the
induced currents from the south pole by the other armature or part the said
currents being collected or combined preferably by means of the circuit makers or

page_text: discs revolving in chambers or vessels containing a lubricant or liquid conductor as
above described.
Instead of forming the armatures in one piece either wound with a continuous wire
or otherwise the said armatures may be formed of independent sections strips or parts
which terminate in or are connected with one or more circuit makers such as are
last herein described or with the ordinary form of collectors or commutators
In another form of machine I employ a stationary annular permanent or electro
magnet which surrounds a revolving armature preferably so wound or divided at
its centre or neutral point so that the two parts of the same will induce currents
from the opposite poles of the permanent or electro magnet which currents may be
carried off by discs, revolving in a liquid conductor or by other collectors or com-
mutators. The said annular armature may be provided with a central disc or plate
for separating the wire upon its two magnetic fields or I may dispense with the
said disc or plate and wind the wire upon the said magnet as follows that is to
say-I first wind say upon the north pole of the magnet the coil or coils of wire
designed to excite the said pole and then wind upon the south pole of the said
magnet the coil or coils of wire for exciting the said south pole these two series of
coils of wire being independent of each other.
It will be obvious that this method of coiling the wire is applicable in the con-
struction of any form of magnet designed to be combined with an armature in such
a manner that the currents will be taken separately from the opposite poles of the
said magnet and afterwards combined.
This method of coiling the wire is also applicable in the construction of the
armatures whose two parts are designed to revolve in their respective magnetic
fields as herein described.
Sometimes the armature is wound with a single continuous wire terminating in
or at the two opposite ends of the said armature and connected with the collectors
which preferably revolve in vessels above described. The said wire may be wound
upon a block of insulating material or upon a metal drum and in some cases may
be surrounded or covered by one or more metal bands. These bands have no
connection with the collectors or commutators. By this means I am enabled to
conduct the currents induced in the said bands through the coil of wire. I preferably
employ at least two bands. The armature may have a series of superposed coils of
wire one series being arranged to revolve opposite one pole of the permanent or
electro magnet or magnets and the other series opposite the other pole of the said
independent magnet or magnets. These two series of superposed coils may be
composed of a continuous wire or ribbon which at the neutral point passes from
one coil to the other coil. The terminals of the wire or ribbon constituting these
coils extend to the collectors or circuit makers. When a continuous wire or ribbon
is employed I preferably wind them backward and forward lengthwise of the
armature such a number of times that the terminals shall be at the points nearest
to their respective collectors or circuit makers or I wind the wire in coils from the
core of the said armature to the periphè in superposed layers and in such a
manner that terminals will be provided at the ends of the armature for connection
with the circuit makers. In an armature in which the wires ribbons or strips
extend lengthwise and parallel to each other along the armature. The wires
ribbons or strips terminate at the circuit maker or in a connectin communicating
therewith. They may be arranged in a single layer upon the periphery of the
armature or as a series of superposed layers upon the same and can be made
continuous throughout the length of the armature and extend down over the ends
of the same or if desired united to a plate or plates upon the said ends. In some
cases I employ the rings or bands of metal (preferably of thin copper) which
partially cover the wires strips or ribbons. These bands serve to hold the wires
ribbons or strips in position and are preferably insulated from the circuit makers so
that the currents induced in them must pass through the length of the said wires
strips or ribbons.
In some cases I divide the said wires strips or ribbons at the central or neutral

page_text: point of the armature in the manner described. The aforesaid bands of metal may
be in one continuous piece and any desired number of the same may be employed.
I preferably form the strips extending lengthwise of the armature of thin copper
when it is desired to obtain a great electro motive force from the machine. When
the said strips are mounted upon a hub of wood or other insulating material they
may be separated from cach other by thin strips of paper or other non-conducting
material as asbestos or the like.
I sometimes provide an armature of similar construction to that last named
when adapted to be used for a motor. The currents may be admitted to the
armature by a series of collectors arranged in combination with a series of vessels
supported in any suitable manner and containing a liquid or lubricant by a series
of commutator brushes. These conductors are so arranged as to provide for
governing the amount of electricity passing to the motor that is to say in proportion
to the number of the divisions or sections of the armature thrown into the circuit
at one time so will be the power of the machine. For instance if the armature is
divided into six sections the current on being completed through one of the series
of collectors will pass to its corresponding section of the armature which represents
one of the capacity of the machine. It will be understood that this armature may
be divided into any desired number of sections or parts and is applicable for use in
any of the herein described forms of machines or in motors of ordinary construction.
Under another construction of armature wherein a series of independent coils of
wires are wound upon a core. These independent coils are provided with terminals
which may terminate in a single conductor or metal piece common to all or the
terminals of the said coils may be connected to a series of independent collectors
arranged to revolve within a liquid conductor or as herein described. The ribs or
projections between the series of coils may if desired be dispensed with as the
independent coils of wire or strips will provide the necessary insulation between
each other. I sometimes employ in the construction of this form of armature thin
discs or plates which are insulated from each other on the periphery and may be
connected so as to operate independently or collectively
Under another construction of armature I wind a wire or wires around a central
rod bar or core composed either of metal or insulating material. This central rod
bar or core wound with the wire may be of sufficient length to cover the entire
surface of the armature from end to end the terminals thereof being carried to a
conductor or collector through the medium of a plate or otherwise.
Or I may
employ instead of the rod bar or core extending the whole length of the armature
a series of independent rings or ring shaped pieces around which the wire is wound.
By this arrangement I am enabled to obtain the same result as that described
when I employ a series of collectors or conductors.
When the coils of wire or coils or strips extend around the armature transversely
to the axis thereof I preferably so arrange the same that an equal number of such
coils cores or strips will revolve in each of the magnetic fields.
Under another form or arrangement I employ a series of detachable plates bars
or rods around which a wire is wound one or more times.
It will be understood that the terminals of these wires may be led through
conductors to two collectors or to independent conductors as above described. It
will also be understood that instead of employing separate plates or bars the wires
may be wound over two rings which are of sufficient length to cover the greater
portion of the periphery of the armature.
In some cases I provide that the magnets may be so arranged in connection
with this armature that currents will be induced at the periphery alone or at both
its periphery and ends. Each half of the said armature is arranged relatively to
its magnetic field that one half a positive and the other a negative current The
various sections or coils of the armature in the opposing magnetic fields can be
connected with each other across the neutral point or non-inducing portion of the
armature in any preferred manner, this armature can be provided with extended
inducing face at its ends and a small inducing face upon its periphery where I

page_text: employ a series of coils or bobbins supported by metal plates the said coils or
bobbins are provided with projections which fit into or over projections or
apertures in the said plates. I firmly clamp the said coils or bobbins in position
I prefer to secure the plates in position by means of the screw bolts and nuts
The said coils or bobbins may be mounted upon independent plates or stripes
circular in form and secured to arms radiating from the hub or the said coils or
bobbins may be secured directly to radial arms.
When I employ metal plates extending over the end surfaces of the said coils or
bobbins I preferably insulate the same from the hub so as to cause the induced
currents to pass through the coils of wire strip or ribbons when such are used, the
wires or ribbons may be coiled over somewhat triangular core or form instead of
around a circular core.
In an armature in which the currents are induced mostly or entirely upon the
periphery and which is especially applicable for wheels of large diameter to be
driven at a high rate of speed. The said coils or bobbins are wound in a similar
manner to the armatures herein described that is to say in such a manner that the
currents induced from one magnetic field will traverse the wire or metal in
which currents are induced in the other magnetic field The terminals from this
coils or bobbins are each connected to the conductor leading to the circuit maker
or collector arranged in conjunction with the axle of the revolving armature
magnet or magnet. Instead of employing or strips a series of bobbins or
coils In some cases employ bands of metal for inducing electricity in quantity or
of low elected motive force
In a dynamo or magnet electric machine wherein distinct currents are induced
from the opposite poles of a horse shoe magnet through the medium of the inducing
faces parts or armatures arranged in each magnetic field the currents from these
armatures or parts are utilized or taken off by circuit makers or commutators and
brushes. I prefer however to employ in place of the ordinary commutator and
brushes a circuit maker adapted to revolve within a liquid conductor contained in
a vessel arranged in close proximity to the axle as set forth.
In connecting the different inducing faces or parts of the armature I provide for
the utilization of the machine as a motor This connection will be readily under-
stood as applicable to all machines of this class herein described
I can employ any desired number of said magnets or electro magnets arranged
on one both or all sides
or other form of the inducing faces of the armature
but in all cases I so arrange the said magnets or electro magnets relatively to the
faces or parts that one continuous portion of the inducing face or part will always
or continuously induce negative currents and the other position currents when
revolving or moving that is to say one armature or part of the armature remains
through in one magnatic field while the other armature or part will remain.
in the opposite magnetic field
The magnet or magnets may extend and cover each face of the armature
connected at the base so as to constitute a horse shoe magnet or they may be
connected both at the base and at their upper end I may employ a single strip or
coil of the same width as the space in the electro magnet or I may employ a series
of strips which together are equal to the width of the said space-The inducing
parts may also be wound with strips in a similar manner
The inducing faces can be continuous bands of metal when electricity of low
electro nature is to be generated or the said inducing faces can be composed of
coils or strips of wire-ribbons or sections The currents being produced and utilized
as herein described
In machines where inducing faces of the armature are arranged parallel to the
faces of the permanent or electro magnets These magnets are preferably con-
structed of wrought iron or steel and secured to a wrought or cast base which
imparts to them qualities of a horse shoe magnet or they may be formed of
continuous wrought plates bent to the desired form and may be built up of a
series of plates or pieces with their edges or faces arranged parallel to the inducing

page_text: faces of the armature or armatures I preferably so arrange these magnets as to
leave an intervening space between them to provide for removing or placing the
armature in or from the position it is to occupy the projections or arms of the
electro magnets are wound with or support a continuous strip coil or ribbon of
metal perfectly of very thin section compared with its width These Strips or
coils are insulated from each other so as to ensure the passage of the current
through their entire length to saturate the entire face of the magnet or magnets
The wires or ribbons upon the different sections or arms of the magnets are con-
nected with each other the strips or ribbons are wound or carried backwards and
forwards across the face of the magnets These different sections or arms of the
magnet are connected through a conductor and the arms projections or erections in
each magnetic field are also connected.
In machines where employ a series of armatures or independent parts The
central portion of the machine is preferably provided with an armature in two parts
as before described
The other inducing faces on either side of the central armature may be formed
of one or more parts that is to say the said faces can only induce either positive or
negative currents. In constructing this machine I may employ solid discs wheels
or plates of metal in which the currents are induced. These plates wheels or discs
may be constructed of any desired diameter and revolved at a high speed the
currents induced thereby being of low electro motive force and conducted from the
machine through the medium of circuit makers as herein before described It will
be understood that the central portion of the machine where the double armature
is situate represents the dividing line between the North and South poles of the
machine that is to say the sides of this armature will be opposing magnetic fields.
The upper portions of the magnets are shewo as secured in position by non-
magnetic supports or ties Under another construction of the machine I provide
for placing a metallic cap at the upper portion of the machine The central portion
of the machine would under such a construction become the neutral part of the
machine that is to say the central portion would correspond to the central line
between the ends of an annular permanent or electro magnet such as herein before
described
In an armature which is wound with a continuous ribbon strip or plate of metal
insulated as above described the ribbons strips or plates are supported in position
by metal bands or plates placed and secured at the sides thereof The terminal
adjacent to the axle is connected with a conductor leading to a circuit maker in a
similar manner as herein before described. When I desire to use such an armature
in a motor I connect the terminal at the periphery to a terminal on the
periphery of the other portion of the armature which revolves in the opposite
magnetic field.
The improvements herein described are designed to be used independently of or
in conjunction with the apparatus methods and applications described in my said
former provisional Specifications

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Joseph Stokes Williams in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
9th September 1882.
$5
JOSEPH STOKES WILLIAMS, of Riverton, New Jersey, United States of America,
now of 8 Southampton Buildings, London IMPROVEMENTS IN AND RELATING
TO THE GENERATION, DISTRIBUTION, STORING, UTILIZATION, MEASURING, AND
REGULATION OF ELECTRICITY, AND APPARATUS OR MEANS THEREFOR "
My invention relates to a method of, and apparatus and means for, generating,
distributing, storing, utilizing, measuring and regulating electricity.
I utilize the water-reservoirs and the pipes or mains used for conducting and
supplying water to cities, towns, and other places, for the purpose of driving
water-wheels or turbines with which are combined dynamo or magneto electric
machines or generators for producing electric currents. I convey the currents
generated by such machines preferably into accumulators, storage batteries,
electric reservoirs or magazines and lead therefrom electric conductors or mains to
the cities, towns, works or other places, where suitable apparatus is placed for
translating the electric energy into light, heat, and motive power, or any of them,
as may be desired. That is to say, I utilize the water passing through pipes or
mains which supply cities, towns, or other places with water for operating one or
more turbines or water-wheels placed in conjunction with the said pipes or mains
or branches therefrom so as to generate electricity as the water flows from a high
to a low level. The dynamo or magneto electric machines or generators are
combined with, or operated by, or through, the medium of the said turbines or
water-wheels which are preferably placed within chambers, constituting part of
the channel through which the water flows. I, in some cases, form the portion
of the pipe main or channel adjacent, or in proximity, to the inlet to the turbine or
water-wheel conical in shape; the water is thereby caused to impinge with great
force or velocity against the buckets or floats of the turbine or water-wheel and a
high and uniform speed can thus be obtained.
I preferably so construct the outlet from the turbines or water-wheels as to
provide for the free flow of the water therefrom. The electric generator can be
attached directly to the shaft of the turbine or water-wheel, or can be combined
therewith through the medium of belting, toothed wheels, frictional gearing, or
otherwise.
I provide for utilizing the electric energy obtained through the medium of the
water flowing through the mains, the turbines or water wheels, and the electric
generators, by conducting the electric currents produced by the latter into a prime
storage system or apparatus consisting of an accumulator, storage battery, electric
reservoir, or magazine, or a series of them, and I connect the pole or poles or
elements thereof with an auxiliary storage system or apparatus consisting of an
accumulator, storage-battery, electric reservoir or magazine, or a series of the same,
arranged at, or adjacent to, the place or places where the electricity is to be
utilized Or I connect the said pole or poles or elements with the apparatus in
which the electricity is to be translated into light, heat, or motive power and make
returns by earth or otherwise from the aforesaid auxiliary storage system and the
apparatus for utilizing the electric energy, that is to say, I convey the currents
from the electric generator or generators to the prime storage system and conduct
the electricity emanating therefrom preferably into, or through, an electro-motive
force-converter or a series of accumulators, and from the same I lead suitably
insulated conductors, branches, and sub-branches to and through the streets

page_text: highways, districts, houses, works, mines, railways, or other places where the
electric energy is to be translated into light, heat, and motive power, or any of
them, as may be desired; that is to say through the medium of water mains or
pipes, turbines or water-wheels, electric generators, storage systems, insulated
conductors, electric engines or motors, and suitable appliances arranged in con-
nection or combined therewith, machinery or apparatus can be operated for
industrial or other purposes and through the medium of electric lamps and heaters
light and heat can be developed as may be desired either for industrial purposes or
for public or private use. The devices or apparatus for utilizing, measuring,
regulating, and controlling the electric energy can be of any preferred construction
or pattern or such as are described herein or in the Specifications of former Letters
Patent granted to me or on my behalf dated November 30th 1881 No 5233-
December 31st 1881 No 5742 January 16th 1882 No 224 February 4th 1882
No 700-February 16th 1882 No. 766 and February 22nd 1882 No 856 and in
the provisional Specification filed January 6th 1882 No 85-I preferably so
construct my electric generators as to produce electric energy of comparatively low
electro motive force, and I convert, distribute, and regulate such electric energy as
will be understood from the description herein given and that contained in the
Specifications of the aforesaid Letters Patent No 700-No. 766 and No. 856.
Assuming that the source or reservoir of water (which may be a natural one or
one constructed for the purpose and supplied by the flow of water thereinto by
gravity from a higher level than the water in the said reservoir or with water
pumped or otherwise forced therein from a lower level than the water in the said
reservoir) is on a hill, mountain, or other elevation, I lead from such reservoir a
pipe or channel, or a series of pipes, suitably arranged to receive and conduct the
water therefrom and at suitable places and distances apart. upon the said pipe or
pipes. I arrange a turbine or water wheel, and in connection therewith, an electric
generator or generators and preferably an electric reservoir, or a series thereof, and
conduct the currents from these reservoirs as herein before described through
mains, branches, and sub-branches.
When I employ a series of generating and storage apparatus as above described
the prime storage system is in some cases arranged at a considerable distance from
the city, town, or place where the electricity is to be utilized; therefore instead of
starting or establishing a prime storage system which supplies other storage systema
along the main as herein described for generating electricity, each generating and
storage station becomes a feeder to the main conductor or to the system or place
where the electricity is to be utilized. In order to prevent the overcharging of
the conductors I connect a series of the said generating and storage systems so as
to discharge their products into special storage reservoirs placed at convenient
positions near to the place or places where the electricity is utilized and I provide
automatic cut-offs in connection with the accumulators or electric reservoirs; I
preferably so proportion these reservoirs and the capacity of the generating
apparatus as to provide for the storage of all the electricity that can be produced
by the latter.
For preventing or arresting the free passage of the water in case of the breakage
or stoppage of any turbine, water-wheel, or generating apparatus I provide a
branch or part of the water main or supply pipe with a cut-off valve or gate which
can be readily opened or closed automatically or otherwise. This valve or gate
can be combined with the turbine or water-wheel in such a manner as to partly or
entirely close the inlet passage or channel for conveying the water to the said
turbine or water-wheel according to the speed at which the wheel is desired to be
driven. In other words, this valve or gate can be utilized as a governor for
regulating the movement of the turbine or water-wheel or the generator of
electricity. Such valve or gate is in some instances combined with a permanent or
electro magnet and armature or an electric motor which will cause the adjustment
of the said valve or gate so as to regulate the generation of electricity. This valve
may have the form of a ball or piece which is moved vertically or otherwise into a

page_text: socket or chamber by a rod extending through an aperture in such chamber, the
armature, electric motor, or governing apparatus being attached to, or combined
with, the said rod in any preferred manner.
I so arrange or construct the bearings of the turbines or water-wheels that the
axles of the latter turn or revolve in a reservoir constantly filled with water or
other liquid so as to obviate the necessity for the great care and attention which
would otherwise be necessary to prevent the heating of the said axles. I also
construct and arrange the bearings of my electric generator in such a manner as to
provide for a similar result. For this purpose I provide the axles or shafts of the
said generators with enlargements which fit into corresponding cavities or recesses
formed in the bearings, and I provide, in connection therewith, a reservoir con-
taining a suitable lubricant. I preferably provide, in connection with this reservoir,
a second reservoir which is fitted with a check-valve so arranged that in case the
oil or lubricant in the first reservoir, cavity, or recess in the bearing falls below a
certain point, the said check-valve will be opened and will permit the passage of
the lubricant from the second reservoir into the first reservoir until a sufficient
quantity of the said lubricant has been admitted to the latter. By these means I
ensure a uniform supply of the lubricant. In order to further provide against the
heating of the shaft or journal I arrange, in connection therewith, a thermostat
and circuit-maker which will cause the completion of an electrical circuit in case
the journal becomes heated. This circuit-maker which is governed by the thermostat
completes the circuit to an electric motor, magnet, or governing apparatus in
connection with the aforesaid valve or gate, thereby limiting or regulating the
introduction of water to the turbine or water-wheel.
I provide for conducting or discharging the currents from the electric generator
without friction or firing as hereinafter described with reference to collectors or
circuit makers.
I, in some cases, provide a water tank or reservoir at each generating place
along the main and form the continuation of the main from such tank or reservoir.
Or I provide one or more branches which extend from such tank or reservoir and
again form or unite in the main.
I sometimes employ a series of pipes extending from the water main or supply
and place upon each of the said pipes a turbine or water-wheel and electric
generating and storing apparatus as herein described. Such a system is applicable
where there is a large body or head of water and the electricity can be conducted
from the generators into independent accumulators, storage batteries, or electric
reservoirs or magazines, or into an accumulator or reservoir common to a series of
the generators, the electric energy being conveyed therefrom by suitably insulated
conductors to other storage systems or apparatus as set forth.
I provide for saturating or exciting the field magnets of a generator through a
shunt from the main circuit, or preferably through the medium of an accumulator,
storage battery, or electro-motive force converter as herein described, or as provided
for in the Specification of the aforesaid Letters Patent Nos. 766 and 856. Or I may
employ one or more of the series of generators for saturating the field-magnets of
the other generators.
In arranging the turbines, electric generators, and reservoirs in series along the
water main or channel, I utilize a great number of times the power of the same
quantity of water as it flows through the said water main or channel, and at each
successive apparatus or installation I am enabled to obtain or abstract without cost,
other than that due to the wear of the machinery, the energy in the form of
electricity in quantity dependent upon the number of the apparatuses and the
head or force of the flow or fall of the water.
This system of generating electric energy is advantageous even in cases where it
is necessary to obtain the head or supply of water by pumping or forcing water
into an elevated position. I sometimes arrange the apparatus herein described for
generating electricity in such a manner as to be operated by the waste water
flowing through sewers or forced from pumps or other driven machinery.

page_text: I utilize reservoirs or supplies of water in, on, or obtained from mountains hills
or other elevated positions or districts where there is a sufficient head or quantity
of water to enable sufficient electricity to be generated for distribution in cities,
towns, villages, highways, works or other places as herein provided for.
I utilize the water flowing from sources or supplies in elevated positions or from
reservoirs where there is a sufficient head or supply or where such head or supply
can be obtained for operating dynamo or magneto electric machines for generating
electricity to be utilized for the propulsion of vehicles over railways, tramways,
and the like or for furnishing electric energy to operate the movable mechanism
placed along lines of railway, such as switches, signals, or other apparatus, or for
furnishing light or heat, or both, at the stations or places along the line or in
systems for the distribution of electric energy communicating, or in connection
therewith. The apparatus and means for carrying this part of my invention into
effect, other than the generation of electricity, are preferably such as are more fully
set forth in the aforesaid Specifications Nos 766 and 856.
I utilize the water from sources, supplies, or reservoirs in elevated positions or
where a head, fall, or force of water can be obtained for driving electric generators
through the medium of water-wheels or turbines and convey the electricity so
produced into storage systems or reservoirs and utilize the electricity so stored for
the developement of light heat and motive power, or any of thein, through the
medium of suitable apparatus such as electric lamps, heaters, motors, or other
electric appliances placed in houses, factories, public highways, or other places.
I utilize for the generation of electricity, the water passing through sewers
through the medium of a water-wheel or turbine, or a series of the same, and an
electric generator or generators, and preferably conduct the electricity so produced
into storage systems or reservoirs and translate such electricity into light, heat,
and motive power or any of them through the medium of suitable apparatus.
I provide for distributing, regulating, measuring, and controlling the electricity
so produced by means of the apparatus herein described or by the apparatus
described in the aforesaid Specifications.
By the employment of the storage systems, accumulators, or reservoirs to which
I conduct the electricity from the generators driven by water power, I provide for
constantly generating electric energy, and through the medium of storage systems,
accumulators, or reservoirs, and electro-motive force converters, I provide for the
distribution and translation of the electric energy in a manner that would be
otherwise impracticable. I am thus enabled to conduct the electricity to more or
less distant points or places where it is to be utilized. For instance I can
conduct the electricity to reservoirs or storage systems along lines of railway and
provide for the utilization of the electric energy through electric motors placed
upon the engines, vehicles, or trains, and for feeding or supplying the storage
systems placed along the line. The electricity from such reservoirs can be taken
up or collected while the trains are running for the charging of electric tanks or
reservoirs placed upon such engines, vehicles, or trains; the electricity so generated,
conducted, and fed to the storage system placed upon the train can be translated
into light, heat, or motive power as may be desired at any distance from the place
of generation.
I employ a system or series of pipes for the drainage of lands or basins so
situated or placed as to necessitate first the starting of the liquid through the said
pipes, the end of the latter where the water is discharged being lower than the
lands or basins to be drained. In order to prevent the entrance of sand or other
obstructive matters into the said pipes I provide strainers, checks, or foraminated
plates or discs at the ends of the same, and sometimes at the junctions where the
water is designed to enter the main. It will be understood that the electric energy
generated by the employment of the power of the water in its descent can be
utilized in any desired place or position. I employ in some cases where the power
due to the downward flow of the water might be subject to variations a system of
check valves or gates in the water pipes, mains, or channels, but I prefer to s0

page_text: proportion the carrying or discharging capacity of these channels or pipes relatively
to the supply as to ensure a constant flow of water therethrough. I therefore in
some cases, in draining land, construct a reservoir into which the water flows. By
converting a natural force or power, or the force or fall of water, into electric
energy and conveying such energy through the medium of one or more electrical
connections to devices for conserving or storing such energy at distant points or
places, I am enabled to provide for the utilization of the electric energy at works
for the operation of railways or for the lighting of coasts or harbours as well as
for other public or private purposes, as herein specified.
I arrange a series of generating apparatus as herein described along a water
channel or main, and if I desire to utilize the electricity at points or places at a
distance from the source or elevated water supply, I provide electric conductors or
mains which decrease in section or carrying capacity towards the elevated position,
that is to say, at each generating apparatus placed along the main I increase the
size of the conductors when the electricity is conducted into a main conductor
common to all or a series of generators; or independent conductors may be led
from independent generators or from different sets or groups of generators to one
or more accumulators or storing devices arranged at or near the point or place
where the electricity is to be utilized. These accumulators or storing devices
provide for supplying and regulating the current in one or more discharging or
translating circuits. I can, by these means, provide for the operation of machinery
where fuel would be difficult or expensive to obtain, or could not be safely or
conveniently used. Or the electric energy may be conducted into mines for the
operation of machinery therein, for the propulsion of vehicles, thereby obviating the
necessity for the use of horse power in such places.
In all cases I employ storage systems or reservoirs placed in suitable proximity
to the mines, works, houses, or places where the electric energy is to be translated
into light, heat, and motive power, or any of them. For instance the storage
system may be placed at the surface of a mine, or in the mine.
By the improvements herein described for obviating the firing which usually
occurs with contact and circuit makers, I am enabled to introduce and apply
electrical apparatus and machinery for working in nines where the ordinary
systems or devices would be dangerous; I preferably employ incandescent lamps
for the development of light in such places.
My invention comprises the construction of electric generators or motors and
other electric apparatus or appliances in order to provide against friction and firing
between switch or circuit-making or interrupting or regulating devices or apparatus
through which it is designed electricity shall be conducted. I so construct and
arrange the apparatus or parts as to provide for conducting the electricity through
an intermediate substance or medium which may be a good or bad conductor.
In applying my improvements to an electric motor or machine I preferably form
or place an enlargement upon the axle or rotating piece and arrange in combination
with such enlargement a metal piece or part which may be pressed against the said
enlargement or the axle by a spring or otherwise; or the axle or enlargement
thereon may rest upon such piece; when I arrange this piece under the axle or
enlargement. I place it in a cup or so form it as to provide for retaining a
lubricant or liquid between the movable and stationary parts.
It will be understood that by these means I am enabled to avoid the difficulties
attending firing, as for all practical purposes the current will pass from one metal
to the other through the slight film of lubricant or liquid, or it may be said through
the insulation or resistance.
These devices for obviating firing are applicable to the largest electric motors
and engines and are especially valuable for electrical machinery or apparatus for
the working of railways mines or the like or such apparatus as cannot be
constantly superintended or supervised. The said devices can be arranged at one
or both ends of the axle of the motor or machine.
My invention also relates to improvements in contact makers or circuit makera

page_text: and breakers-I construct a circuit maker or breaker which will proportion the
electric energy admitted to an apparatus or installation according to the amount of
energy being consumed or the will of the operator. For instance in constructing
such apparatus for controlling an electric engine I provide a conductor with a
series of terminals which end in or in connection with a continuous insulating or
resisting extension or part which is common to a part or all of the series.
employ between the conductors through which the circuit is to be completed a
liquid that is either a good or bad conductor (preferably a good conductor) when it
is desired to diminish the resistance or distance between the terminals of the
solid metal conductors which are separated by the conductor of high resistance
common to the series before mentioned. Assuming it is desired to divide or
distribute the electric energy into or through a great number of translating devices,
I arrange the terminals of the series of conductors in such relationship to each
other (say in a straight circular or spiral form) that each of the series terminates
successively nearer to the conducting material through which the circuit can be
completed effectively. As the movable, circuit maker is adjusted the liquid
between the parts is raised or lowered thereby increasing or diminishing the
resistance to each conductor or branch constituting the series. It will be under-
stood that by employing a resistance or conducting face interposed between the
terminals the danger of firing is obviated and according to the position of the
movable conductor relatively to the series so will be the quantity or proportion
of electricity passing or vice versa. I also provide for working or controlling such
circuit makers or resistance or regulating apparatus automatically according to the
consumption or generation of electric energy. These devices are also applicable for
charging and regulating the discharge of storage batteries reservoirs or accumulators
or for cut-offs or resistances between such apparatus and the source of electricity;
they are also applicable as cut-offs or regulators for electric motors or engines.
I sometimes employ a rotating shaft upon which I arrange a series of terminals
relatively to each other as herein described the single conductor being continuously
in the circuit.
My invention also relates to improvements in methods apparatus and means for
conserving or storing electrical energy.
In constructing accumulators storage batteries electric reservoirs or magazines
I provide for an extended surface therein and avoid great resistance in charging
the same by employing good or moderately good conducting material within the
cells or parts in combination with the conserving medium. According to one
method of carrying this part of my invention into practice I mix iron or other
metallic filings chips pieces or shavings with a metallic oxide or oxides or with
some other metal or substance for instance lead filings or pieces which provide for
conserving the electric energy. Into this mass I introduce or insert my conductors
or polar extensions. An alkaline solution is preferably employed for covering the
mass when I use iron or iron filings or scraps in such batteries or magazines
I preferably place such materials in boxes or chambers arranged as pairs or
elements and insert the pole pieces or extensions into such mass and I sometimes
employ a series of terminals or conductors leading from such elements. One set
of terminals or conductors can be utilized in charging vivifying or revivifying the
elements and the other set of terminals or conductors can be utilized for discharging
the electric energy either through a converter into the translating circuit or directly
into the latter.
I sometimes employ charcoal or carbon mixed with surrounding or covering the
metal pieces strips or filings with or without metallic oxides.
I sometimes provide for the difference of potential between the parts of the
reservoir or the pairs by constructing these parts or pairs of different metallic
oxides or of different metals mixed with oxides or by using different compounds
or saturating mediums. I preferably so construct the reservoirs or accumulators
as to provide for hermitically sealing the same. I also preferably encase the
reservoirs in or with an insulating material or medium.

page_text: In constructing accumulators storage batteries or electric reservoirs or magazines
I sometimes employ a series of terminals extensions or parts terminating in one
pole or terminal common to all; or I use one or more of such extensions to provide
for charging and one or more of such extensions to provide for discharging the
electric energy through the convertor or for feeding it into a secondary or auxiliary
accumulator or into the translating or dis-charging circuit.
I employ converting devices of such proportions and so arranged as to permit
the passage of the current both in charging and discharging and provide for the
special use or work imposed upon it. In some cases this convertor is not intended
as a reservoir but merely as a convertor and regulator.
I
In order to provide for the utilization of electric reservoirs accumulators or
regulating or converting devices in or throughout a system of electrical distribution
vary the construction of such devices and the parts used in connection therewith.
For instance I so construct and arrange the devices that their terminals extensions
or conductors will serve two distinct purposes; Those of one set feed the reservoir
and are of such a capacity as to suit the capacity of the generating machine for
charging or in other words to suit the quantity and tension of the current. The
other terminal extension or conductors or a series of them provides for charging
the convertor or for conveying the electric energy through the discharging working
or translating circuit.
I sometimes employ a series of terminals or conductors leading from the
convertor so as to connect it with the prime reservoir and the translating devices.
The series of conductors leading from the electro motive force convertor to the
translating or discharging system or apparatus is of such proportions as to provide
for conducting the necessary supply of electric energy to the different electric
lamps motors heaters or other apparatus in one or more discharging or translating
circuits, that is to say, the conductor or conductors of the translating or discharging
circuit leading from the conserving accumulating regulating or converting device
or devices is or are proportioned in carrying capacity to the current transmitted
or discharged from such device or devices and the current is regulated or converted
to suit the different apparatus or sets or groups of apparatus in one or more
translating or discharging circuits. It will be understood that by these means
each lamp or apparatus can only receive its due proportion of electricity, that is to
say, I prefer to provide for the regulation in one or inore translating or discharging
circuits through the medium of conserving accumulating storing regulating or
converting devices which are arranged in the circuit to or in connection with the
appliances or apparatus for the translation of electric energy into light heat and
motive power or any of them.
I sometimes arrange for automatically operating a resistance or circuit limiting
device such as herein before referred to so as to proportion the discharge of electric
energy from the conserving accumulating storing converting or regulating device
or devices to the consumption or translation f electric energy.
In order to provide for measuring the electric current I arrange an apparatus
in connection with the conducto. for feeding the torage system or reservoirs; by
this means I am enabled to provide for recording accurately the electricity fed into
such storage system or reservoirs
In carrying this part of my invention into practice I employ an armature
arranged in combination with a permanent or electro magnet; this magnet is
placed in a derived or branch circuit and I arrange in close proximity to the
armature another magnet. The current passes first through the cores of the one
magnet and by this means the armature is moved in one direction on or during
the movement of the armature the magnet is cut out of the circuit, and, a spring
or weight forces the armature back to its original position thus restoring the
magnet in the circuit and thereby producing an oscillating movement. In the
inovement of the armature I sometimes provide for an excess of movement at each
end of the stroke so as to render positive the completion or interruption of the
circuit. Upon or in connection with part of the armature I place a pawl ratchet

page_text: tooth or projection which engages in or with a wheel arranged in proper relation
thereto or the projection on the armature can cause the movements of the wheel or
mechanism by friction solely or by means of a spring band or belt passing entirely
or partially around a pulley or pulleys. This wheel operated by the armature has
combined with it recording mechanism and in order to prevent such mechanism
from moving independently of and reversely to the intended direction I provide
a pawl or brake which engages with the said wheel. This pawl can be held in
position by a spring or weight and can be interlocked or combined with a link
from the movable armature and may be capable of adjustment therein. In the
latter case I sometimes connect with the armature a sliding bar which moves
across the of the wheel transversely to the axle thereof; on this bar I form or
provide cam faced pieces which fits in corresponding recesses in or upon the
wheels.
I so arrange these devices that when one cam face shall cease operating the
armature when moved reversely causes the other cam face to engage with a part of
the wheel so as to ensure its further movement I also provide for the movement
of the wheel by a weight or spring so that the purpose of the sliding bar will be
principally for limiting the rotating of the wheel according to the number of times
the armature is moved. I preferably place the wheel and frictional parts of the
mechanism in a liquid or oil box; this wheel may act as a turbine for pumping the
liquid so as to operate upon the recording mechanism. In some cases in order to
provide for a recording the consumption or use of electric energy under varying
pressures in the main I arrange a secondary shunt and magnet, which cause an
increased throw or adjustment of the armature and consequently a corresponding
movement of the recording mechanism.
My invention also relates to improvements in dynamo or magneto electric
machines or electric motors. In constructing such machines I provide for inducing
currents from the opposite poles of the same electro magnet of horse shoe or other
form or from opposite poles of independent electro magnets. The independent
armatures or inducing parts are adapted to revolve continuously in opposite
magnetic fields.
In some cases I so arrange the magnets in connection with the armatures that
currents will be induced at the periphery alone or at both the periphery and ends
of the said armatures each part of the latter being so arranged relatively to the
magnetic fields that a positive current is induced in one part and a negative
current in the other. The various sections or coils of the armatures in the
opposite magnetic fields can be connected with each other across the neutral point
or non-inducing portion of the armatures in any preferred manner.
The armatures can be provided with an extended inducing face or faces at their
ends and a small inducing face upon their periphery.
Where I employ a series of coils or bobbins supported by metal plates the said
coils or bobbins can be provided with holes apertures or projections adapted to fit
over projections or into recesses or apertures in the said plate, that is to say, one
plate or part fits into or over another. I firmly clamp the said coils or bobbins in
position and prefer to secure the plates or supports in place by means of screw
bolts and nuts or otherwise. The said coils or bobbins may be mounted upon
independent plates or strips circular in form and secured to arms radiating from
the axle, or the said coils or bobbins may be secured directly to radial arms.
When I employ metal plates extending over the end surfaces of the said coils or
bobbins I preferably insulate the same from the hub so as to cause the induced
currents to pass through the coils of wire strips or ribbons when such are used;
the said wires strips or ribbons may be coiled over a somewhat triangular core or
form instead of around a circular core.
In an armature in which the currents are induced mostly or entirely upon the
periphery and which is especially applicable for wheels of large diameter the said
coils or bobbins are wound in a similar manner to the armatures herein described,
that is to say, in such a manner that the currents induced from one magnetic field

page_text: will not traverse the wire or metal in which currents are induced in the other
magnetic field. The terminals from these coils or bobbins are each connected to
the conductor leading to the circuit maker or collector arranged in conjunction
with the axle of the revolving armature.
In a dynamo or magneto electric machine wherein distinct currents are induced
from the opposite poles of a horse-shoe magnet through the medium of the
inducing faces parts or armatures arranged in each magnetic field the currents
from these armatures or parts are utilized or taken off by circuit makers or
commutators and brushes. I prefer however to employ in place of the ordinary
cominutator and brushes a circuit maker adapted to revolve within a liquid
conductor contained in a vessel arranged in close proximity to the axle.
By suitably connecting the different inducing faces or parts of the armature I
provide for the utilization of the machine as a motor. I can employ any desired
number of magnets of horse shoe or other form arranged on one, both, or all sides
of the inducing faces of the armatures, but in all cases I so arrange the said
magnets or electro magnets relatively to the inducing faces or parts that one
continuous portion of the inducing face or part will always or continuously induce
negative currents and the other positive currents when revolving or moving, that
is to say, one armature or part of the armature remains (though revolving) in one
magnetic field while the other armature or part of an armature will remain in the
opposite magnetic field. The magnet or magnets may extend over and cover each
face of the armature being connected at the base so as to constitute a horse shoe
magnet or they may be connected both at the base and at their upper end.
I preferably so arrange these magnets as to leave an intervening space between
them to provide for removing or placing the armature in or from the position it is
to occupy. This construction provides for the free vertical movement of the
magnets when the latter are applied to vehicles for the purposes of locomotion as
herein described.
The improvements herein described are designed to be used independently of or
in conjunction with the apparatus methods and appliances described in the
Specifications of my former Letters Patent Nos. 5233 dated 30th November 1881-
5742 dated 31st December 1881-224 dated 16th January 1882-560 dated
4th February 1882-700 dated 13th February 1882-766 dated 16th February
1882-856 dated 22nd February 1882 and in the Provisional Specification No. 85
dated January 6th 1882.
In the diagram illustrated in figure 1 of the accompanying drawings I have
shewn a method of utilizing a natural force or power or the force or fall of water
for the production of light heat and motive power or any of them by the
employment of devices and means for converting such natural force or force or
fall of water into electric energy. The electric energy so produced is transmitted
through electrical connections to conserving accumulating or storing devices which
are adapted and arranged in such a manner as to provide a supply of electric energy
in one or more discharging or translating circuits. I provide for regulating the
electro motive force or tension of the current in one or more discharging or
translating circuits irrespective of the electro motive force or tension of the current
in one or more of the charging circuits. And I provide for the utilization of the
electric energy in independent discharging working or translating circuits by
employing currents of different tension at different points or stations in or
throughout the system or apparatus. This result can be accomplished irrespective
of the tension of the current produced by or transmitted from one or more of the
generators or stores of electric energy or any combination of them. I provide for
the transmission of the electric energy from distant generating or storing devices
or any combination of them by employing a current of high electro motive force
or tension. I am thereby enabled to employ conductors of lighter section than
would otherwise be necessary for conveying or transmitting the electric energy to
one or more points or places where it is to be utilized or discharged. I provide
devices for conserving accumulating or storing the electric energy at or near such

page_text: points or places and I reduce or regulate the tension of the current admitted to
one or more of the discharging working or translating circuits. I also provide for
utilizing such natural force or power or the force or fall of water for the purposes
of locomotion or for causing or retarding motion or for lighting or heating or for
any or all of such purposes upon vehicles wagons or trains and I construct and
operate railways vehicles or the like so that their propulsion or movement will be
rendered independent of the conversion of the natural force or power into electric
energy at a given time. I conserve or hold the electric energy so produced in
reserve at one or more stations points or places along a line of railway highways
tramways or elsewhere so as to provide for charging vivifying or revivifying
conserving accumulating or storing devices placed upon or forming some part of a
wagon vehicle or train Or instead of conserving accumulating or storing the
electric energy upon one or more of the vehicles of a train on a line of railway
tramway or the like I provide for the operation of the vehicles over the same by
employing one or more electrical connections or conductors arranged in suitable
proximity to or along the line of railway and extending from or adapted to be
placed in circuit with the conserving accumulating or storing device or devices so
as to enable the electric motors or other translating devices upon the train to be
placed in circuit with the said conserving accumulating or storing device or devices.
By this means I am enabled to conserve accumulate or store the energy resulting
from a natural force or power or the force or fall of water when the electric
motors or other electrical appliances upon the wagons vehicles or train are not in
circuit with the stationary conserving accumulating or storing device or devices
and I provide for the conservation accumulation or storage of such natural force or
power or the force resulting from the fall of water irrespective of the translation or
consumption of electric energy at a given time.
In constructing such system or apparatus for generating storing distributing or
utilizing electric energy I provide for conveying such energy through one or more
sets of electrical connections from one or more generating devices either with or
without one or more primary electric reservoirs or converting devices for regulating
and converting the tension of the current emanating from the generator and I
provide one or more conductors for conveying such energy from the generating
source or primary reservoir or converting device so as to make electrical connection
with conserving accumulating storing and converting or regulating devices arranged
at one or more distant points or stations from which devices discharging or
translating circuits extend to one or more translating devices.
In order to provide for the utilization of conserving accumulating storing regu-
lating or converting devices in or throughout a system of electrical distribution I
vary the construction and arrangement of such devices in the system and provide
them with terminals or conductors which serve two distinct purposes. Or in other
words when I am charging such conserving or accumulating devices with a current
of low tension I connect the elements of the conserving or accumulating device or
devices to be charged with the generator or charging source through the medium of
electrical connections or terminals of such proportions as are suited to the force or
tension of the current from the said generator or charging source or so to speak
to the capacity of the generator, and when the current transmitted from such
conserving or accumulating device or devices is of increased tension the conductor
or terminal for conveying the electric energy therefrom can be of less proportions
in cross section or of less carrying capacity than the charging conductor that is to
say the carrying capacity of the discharging terminal extension or conductor can
be of less section or carrying capacity than the charging conductor.
When the discharging conductor leads to and is connected with another con-
serving accumulating storing converting or regulating device or devices from which
the electric energy is transmitted through one or more discharging circuits the
construction and arrangement of such conserving, accumulating storing converting
or regulating device or devices will be reversed from that of the previously
described device or devices. The discharging conductor or conductors are of such

page_text: proportions as to be suitable for conveying the electric energy to the electric lamps
motors, heaters or other apparatus employed in the same or independent circuits
for translating electric energy and in accordance with the current transmitted from
the converting regulating accumulating conserving or storing device or devices I
proportion the carrying capacity of the conductor or conductors of the discharging
circuit in which the translating devices or other converting conserving accumulating
or regulating device or devices can or may be placed. In accordance with the
known resistance of the lamps heaters or other apparatus placed in the discharging
circuit I provide for regulating the electro-motive force or tension of the current
through the medium of such converting or regulating devices The application and
use of these regulating conserving accumulating or converting devices as well as
the employment of conductors of light section for the transmission of currents of
high tension or of different tension to the points places stations or apparatus where
electric energy is to be utilized or discharged are fully described in the specifications
my former letters patent Nos 700, 766 and 856. A D 1882.
of
Figure 1 illustrates a system or apparatus for generating storing distributing and
utilizing electric energy produced through the medium of a natural force or force or
fall of water as herein provided for. A represents a turbine or water-wheel placed
in a channel water pipe or main or otherwise so arranged as to provide for the
utilization of the force or power of water. This turbine or water-wheel is shewn
combined through the medium of gearing with an electric generating machine B-
Although in the drawing I have shown the turbine or water wheel A and the
generator B connected by gearing it will be understood that the said turbine or
water-wheel may be employed for compressing air into chambers or receivers
through the medium of suitable air compressing devices such compressed air being
afterwards used for operating machinery geared or combined with the generator.
When I employ an electric generator or a series of them whose internal resistance
is insufficient to produce a current of the necessary tension for transmission through
the discharging circuit D I provide for increasing the tension of the current
emanating from the generator through the medium of a conserving accumulating
storing regulating or converting device or devices C. E represents a switching or
circuitmaking device which provides for the passage of the current from the
generator to the different parts of the device C. This switching or circuit making
device E is shown as consisting of a shaft or drum upon which are mounted
a series of contact pieces or parts a which are insulated from each other and
are adapted to be brought in contact with the bars or pieces b also insulated from
each other. These pieces b are connected with terminals or parts extending from
or connected with the elements of the conserving accumulating regulating or
converting device C. I so arrange the said device C as to provide for conveying
the current from the generator into some part of the said device while some other
part of the same is discharging electric energy into the discharging or translating
circuit D. To obtain this result the contact pieces or parts a and b are so
arranged relatively to each other as to provide for directing the current from the
generator first into one part of the device C then into another and so on through
the different parts of the latter. The switching device E also provides for con-
trolling the discharge of electric energy through the discharging or translating
circuit D first from one part of the device C then from another and so on through-
out the different parts of the same. In order to permit the constant generation of
electric energy or the constant conservation or accumulation of the power derived
from a natural force or the force of water as well as the constant or intermittent
utilization of such power when converted iuto electric energy I in some cases
arrange the switching or circuit making devices as follows. The terminals or
conductors 1, 2, 3, are secured to the contact pieces 6 and also to the different
parts of the device C and are adapted to be brought consecutively into connection
with the charging conductor 4 from the generator B through the medium of the
contact plates or pieces 5, 6, 7, 8 the return circuit froin the parts of the device ♥
being completed through the terminals or conductors 9, 10, 11 and the contact

page_text: plates or pieces 12, 13, 14, 15. To provide for the transmission or utilization of
electric energy through the medium of the discharging conductor D I arrange the
terminals or conductors 16, 17 and 18 so as to establish electrical communication
between the respective parts of the device C and the contact plates b and through
the medium of the contact pieces 19, 20 and 21 I provide for consecutively
bringing the parts of the device C into electrical communication with the
discharging conductor D the return circuit to the parts of the device C being
completed through the medium of the conductors or terminals 22, 23 and 24. It
will be seen that the conductors for charging the parts of the device C are
arranged in such a manner as to provide for charging with a current of less tension
than the current which is transmitted through the discharging circuit D as the
parts of the device C are coupled in series when placed in the discharging circuit
through the medium of the contact plates 19, 20 and 21 and the number of
elements so coupled will provide for converting the tension of the current from
the generator and regulate the tension of the current in the discharging circuit D.
The charging conductors 1, 2, 3 are of such proportions as to provide for conveying
the current of low tension from the generator to the parts of the conserving
accumulating regulating or converting device C in accordance with the
quantity and tension of the current transmitted from the said generator and
the discharging conductor D can be of less sectional area or carrying capacity
than the aforesaid charging conductor or conductors from the generator
and in accordance with the tension of the current transmitted through the Baid
discharging conductor. For instance the tension of the current passing from the
generator can be 100 Volts (more or less) while that passing through the discharging
circuit D may be 1000 Volts (more or less) I have shewn conserving accumulating
storing regulating or converting devices F at various points throughout the system
of electrical distribution the construction and arrangement of these devices being
in some cases such as to provide for operating in a reverse manner to that described
with reference to the device C that is to say, they may be so constructed and arranged
as to provide for converting the current of high tension transmitted through the
discharging circuit D into a current of less tension or into independent currents of
different tension. In constructing the devices F which provide for this result I
employ conductors G (leading from such devices to the translating circuits) which
have a greater sectional area or carrying capacity than the terminals or conductors D
through which the electric energy is transmitted to the said devices F. The
conductors G therefore have such proportions as to be suited to the quantity and
tension of the current transmitted from the devices F through the said conductors G.
The latter are moreover of such proportions as to be suited for conveying the
electric energy to the electric lamps motors heaters or other apparatus employed in
the same or independent discharging circuits G that is to say in accordance with
the known resistance of the lamps heaters or other apparatus placed in or adapted
to be placed in one or more of the discharging circuits G. I provide for regulating
the electro-motive force or tension of the current in the latter through the medium
of the conservting accumulating storing converting or regulating devices F or C.
At 25 I have shewn a conserving accumulating storing regulating or converting
device F arranged at a distant point from the generating source A. B. This device
is constructed and arranged in such a manner as to convert the current of high
tension transmitted through the conductor D into a current of lower tension. For
instance the current transmitted through the conductor D may have an electro
motive force of 1,000, 10,000 or any other number of Volts whilst the current
discharged from the device F may be reduced to an electro motive force of 100 or
any other number of Volts so as to provide for the transmission of the current
through the discharging circuits G with such reduced tension dependent upon the
number of elements of the device F coupled in series. The elements of the different
parts of the device F are adapted to be connected through the medium of the
contact plates or pieces a 6 with the charging and discharging circuits D and G so
as to provide for such a result. The aforesaid elements can be coupled in series

page_text: when being charged and coupled for quantity or a lower tension when being
discharged the result being the opposite to that described with reference to the
device Č.
The switching or circuit making devices E can be operated by time mechanism
an electric motor or an electro magnet or solenoid which has combined with it
suitable mechanism to cause the movement or rotation of the shaft drum or piece E.
For instance I can employ an apparatus or device operated as an electric meter
such apparatus or device being preferably placed in a derived or shunt circuit from
the main charging conductor. Or the said apparatus may be arranged in a derived
or shunt circuit from the discharging conductor D or G as the case may be. HH
represent a line of railway whereon vehicles are adapted to be operated through
the medium of electric energy transmitted from the generating source A B
through the electrical connections D or G connected with the elements of the
devices C or F.
I have shewn at 26 the conductors or discharging circuits G arranged between
the rails so as to conduct electric energy to the conserving or accumulating devices
upon the wagons vehicles or trains when placed in connection with the said con-
ductors. Circuit making devices 27 are interposed in the discharging circuit G
from the device F to control the supply of electric energy to the conductors at 26.
Instead of extending these conductors for short distances or at intervals along the
line they may extend throughout the entire length of the line. In the latter case
I preferably employ two insulated rails which may be either the ordinary rails or
special conductors which may be insulated from the earth in any preferred manner.
I connect the elements of the device F or C with the said conductors and provide
for the reversal of the current through such conductors and thereby control the
movements of the vehicles or trains over the electrical sections of the railway. The
circuit to the motors can be completed through the wheels or through special circuit
makers adapted to complete the circuit between the motors on the vehicles and the
conductors G. I have shewn a series of conserving or accumulating devices F
arranged along the line at 28 for holding electric energy in reserve at or near the
places where it is to be utilized the charging and discharging conductors of the
said devices being suitably proportioned as and for the purpose hereinbefore
described. I have shewn independent conductors leading to the central point or
station where a series of circuit makers 29 are arranged for controlling the dis-
charging circuits 30 from the reservoirs at 28. I preferably construct the circuit
makers at 31 of duplex form so as to provide for charging the device 28 from the
conductor G or D when the said circuit maker is in its normal position. When
however a current is transmitted through one or more of the independent circuits
by the adjustment of one or more of the circuit makers 29 one or more of circuit
makers 31 will be so operated as to cut out the charging conductors and place the
discharging conductors 31 in circuit with device at 28 thereby providing for the
translation of the electric energy by one or more devices in the discharging
circuits 30. By these means I provide for the conservation of the energy or power
at points or places along the line and control the utilization of such energy or power
at one or more central points or stations. Signalling devices or switches and
crossings may be operated through the mediuin of such energy or power. I I
represent tramway lines whereon vehicles are adapted to be operated in a similar
manner to those in the lines H H. The conductors G at 32 provide for conducting
the electric energy to the conserving or accumulating devices upon the vehicles
when the elements of such devices are placed in electrical communication therewith.
At 33. 33 I have shown circuit making or switching devices for making or breaking
the circuit between the devices F and the charging conductors at 32. The tension
of the current passing from the device F to the said conductors can be regulated
as hereinbefore described. I have shewn at 34 translating or discharging circuits
leading from the devices F in which circuits are included translating devices 35.
These devices may be connected in multiple arc with return by earth or by an
insulated conductor or may be coupled in multiple series or connected in series. I

page_text: have shewn a switching or circuit making device at 36 for controlling the dis-
charging circuit and also at 37 an electric device such as an electro magnet and
armature which is so arranged as to provide for cutting out or including the device F
in the charging circuit D. It will be understood that the discharging conductors G
for conveying the electric energy to the translating devices 35 from the device F
are proportioned in accordance with the quantity and tension of the current dis-
charged therefrom and irrespective of the carrying capacity for a given time of the
charging conductor D. The switching devices 37 can be adapted to operate in the
charging circuit or in the discharging circuit or both as described with reference to
the circuit making devices at 30. At 38 I have shewn translating devices arranged
in a derived or branch circuit from the charging conductor or circuit D. As above
stated the current transmitted through this circuit is of high tension; the devices
included in the said branch circuit must be of a construction suited to the translation
of currents of high tension.
In the diagram illustrated in Figure 2 of the drawings I have shewn a device
or means for conserving accumulating storing regulating or converting the tension
of the current which passes into the discharging circuits irrespective of the tension
of the current transmitted through the conductor 4 either from the generator or a
storage source or both. I provide in the independent discharging circuits currents
of different tension by employing independent conserving accumulating regulating
or converting devices 39 40 and 41. The elements of these conserving accumulating
regulating or converting devices are combined with the circuit making devices a b
in such a manner as to provide for charging vivifying or revivifying the elements
of the devices 39, 40, and 41. each of these devices being independent of one
another; the number of elements coupled in series in each device regulates or
defines the electro motive force or tension of the current transmitted through the
discharging circuits G For instance each pair of elements may represent a force
of 2 Volts and if the number of elements coupled in series in the part 39 should
be 1000 the electro motive force or tension of the current in the discharging
circuit extending therefrom will be 2000 Volts while if the device 40 be
composed of 100 elements coupled in series when in the discharging circuit the
electro motive force or tension of the current in such discharging circuit will be
200 Volts. The device at 41 may be so arranged as to discharge into the translating
circuit G connected with the elements of the said device a current of different
tension to those proceeding from the devices 39 and 40 or the tension of the
current in either one of the independent discharging circuits G can be converted
and regulated as best suited for the translating devices employed in the discharging
circuits and independent of the tension of the current from the charging source as
above stated.
From the above description the importance of constructing or arranging in a
system or apparatus for distribuing electric energy, electric reservoirs with terminals
or conductors which serve two distincts purposes, such conductors being so pro-
portioned as to provide for the charging and discharging of such reservoirs as herein
described. The operation of the switching or circuit making device E will be
readily understood by referring to the description of the switching or circuit
making devices E described in connection with Figure 1. The said switching or
circuit making devices are preferably arranged in a casing or enclosing chamber
lined with or composed of insulating material and partially filled with an insulating
liquid or oil which will prevent firing between the pieces a bas herein described
with reference to circuit makers for electric motors generating machines and other
purposes.
Figure 3 is a plan partly in horizontal section, and,
Figure 4 an elevation partly in vertical section of an engine and vehicles equipped
with devices which provide for the utilization of electric energy for causing or
retarding motion or for lighting or heating or for any or all of such purposes as
may be necessary or desirable in connection with such portable devices.
Figure 5 is a diagram representing means for supplying the electric energy to

page_text: the various discharging or translating circuits and means for conserving
accumulating and storing such energy on the different vehicles and for conducting
or conveying the energy to the devices upon one or more of the vehicles or upon
the train from the conductors accumulators or storage devices arranged along
or in proximity to the line over or along which the vehicles are propelled or moved
as will be understood by reference to the description given of other Figures of the
drawings. The devices or means designed to be used in combination with the
improvements herein described are in part set forth in the Specifications of
my former Letters Patent No. 5233 of 1881 Nos. 700, 766 and 856 of 1882. and
in the Provisional Specification No. 85 of 1882.
In the equipment of the electrical engine J I employ conserving accumulating
storing regulating or converting devices F¹ which are mounted and secured in
position on such engine. These devices may be of any preferred construction or
kind, the elements of the same being adapted to be charged vivified or revivified
from the conductor or conductors G or D when such elements are placed in
electrical connection with the generating source A B or with the storage source C
or F or any combination of them. The electrical connection between the
devices F¹ and the conductor or conductors G can be effected by means of a device K
which is adapted to complete the circuit or the circuit can be completed between
the devices F¹ so as to provide for the conservation accumulation or storage of
electric energy derived from the natural force or power or from the force or full of
water in the devices F¹ or any combination or arrangement of such devices upon
the train. The devices F¹ can be arranged or adapted to operate in a similar
manner to the conserving or accumulating regulating or converting devices For C
so as to regulate or convert the tension of the current in one or more of the
discharging circuits G upon the vehicles or train irrespective of the electro-motive
force or tension of the current transmitted through the charging circuit D or G
along the line, or irrespective of the tension of the current produced by the
generator. The charging and discharging circuits upon the train can be adapted
to operate in a similar manner to other charging and discharging circuits herein
described. The devices F¹ can be adapted to reduce the current transmitted from
the charging conductors along the line. I have shewn independent circuits
extending from the driving department of the train or upon the engine to the
motors L arranged on the different vehicles, but I prefer to provide means for
translating the electric energy for the purposes of locomotion upon one vehicle J
only, that is to say, one or more motors upon this vehicle J provide for propelling
one or more other vehicles constituting the train. I provide electrical connections
from the devices F¹ extending to the armatures of the motors L' or to both the
motors L and L¹, and govern or control the supply of electric energy from the said
devices F through the medium of one or more circuit-makers 42. The latter can
be adapted to provide for placing some part of the devices F' in the discharging
circuit G extending to the motors L L¹ or other appliances or conserving devices
upon the vehicles or train, and is either so combined with the circuit-maker K as
to provide for some part of F" being charged, vivified, or revivified while some
other part is conserving or accumulating the energy transmitted through the
electrical circuit completed through the medium of the device K, or otherwise.
From the circuit-maker 42 an electrical connection or discharging circuit 43 extends
to the armatures of the electric motors L', and a shunt or branch can be carried
from this discharging circuit so as to provide for exciting the field-magnets, or the
current may be passed through the coils of the field-magnets from an independent
discharging circuit which is controlled by the circuit-maker 42 or some other
circuit-making device. The motors L' L' are shewn provided with two armatures or
a double armature M M. The coils or conductors of the armature or armatures are
shewn in detail in Figures 8, 9, 10 and 11 herein described. The motors may be
connected in series or in multiple are and I provide for reversing the current
through the motors by employing a circuit-maker at 42, of compound form. This
circuit-maker may be a rotating piece or shaft which has contact-pieces mounted

page_text: upon it and insulated from each other. One portion of the circuit-maker, when
adjusted into the proper position, provides for the completion of the circuit through
the discharging conductors G in one direction while another portion of the said
circuit-maker provides for the reversal of the current through the motor, the return
circuit being completed through another portion of the said circuit-maker 42 to the
negative elements of the devices F¹. I have shewn at 44 a circuit-making device
which provides for placing the elements of the devices F' arranged upon one
vehicle or upon a series of vehicles of a train, in electrical communication with
some part of the devices F¹ arranged at some other portion of the vehicle or train,
or the said device 44 may be so adapted as to provide for placing one or more sets
or groups of the devices F¹ upon one or more of the vehicles of the train in electrical
communication with the conductor G or conserving devices For C arranged along,
or in proximity to, the line. The devices F' are provided with one or more
terminals or discharging or translating circuits G in which electric lamps, heaters.
motors, or brakes may be placed. The said lamps, heaters, or brakes may be
coupled in multiple arc, multiple series, or series. I prefer, however, to couple
then in multiple are or multiple series. I provide for controlling the utilization of
electric energy for lighting or heating, or for brake power if desirable, in the
different compartments or vehicles of the train through the medium of the circuit
makers 47, and in order to control the lights or brakes from the driving department
of the vehicle or train, I provide one or more independent circuits extending from
the switching devices 45 and 46 in the driving department and 48, 49 and 50 in
the guards van or either of them to the discharging circuits G, where electro-
magnets having combined with them armatures which provide for making or
breaking the circuit in the translating or discharging circuit G at 51 in the lamp
circuit at 52 in the heater circuit and at 53 in the brake circuit. I have also
shown the brakes provided with electrical connections leading to the devices F¹
upon the engine through the medium of the circuit-maker 45. The subsidiary or
auxiliary devices F¹ upon the vehicles can be placed in electric cominunication, one
with another, or they may act independently of each other and be supplied with
electric energy through the medium of the conductor G at 54 from the devices F¹
upon the engine or directly and independently or collectively from the conductors G
or devices For C arranged along the line. The said devices F¹ upon one or more
of the vehicles can be charged, vivified, or revivified at stations or places where
the vehicles may be stationary or when they are in motion over the sections of the
line along which the conductors G extend. I have shown the motors provided
with two armatures and corresponding pole pieces or a double armature. I have
shown the armature at 55 so arranged that the current passes first into one armature
or section of such armature as at 57 and then through the medium of the
connection 56, into the other armature or section of an armature. By changing
the direction of the current passing through these armatures I provide for reversing
the movement of the motor. The circuit-making devices at 56 57 I preferably
arrange in boxes containing a liquid or lubricant as herein described with reference
to circuit-making or commutating devices in connection with electric motors or
generating machines. At 58 I have shewn the circuit-makers or commutating
devices for the armatures arranged at the ends of the axles. These circuit makers
or commutating devices are preferably placed in boxes containing a lubricant as
herein described. The armatures M may be combined and operated in a similar
manner to that described with reference to the armatures at 55, that is to say the
electrical connections may be established between the two parts of the armature or
they may operate without electrical connections between them. It will be seen by
reference to the adaptation and arrangement of the armatures and electro magnets
shewn at 59 that I provide for the vertical movement of the magnets when
supported or carried by the springs of the vehicle. Instead of the armatures M
being arranged upon the sides of the wheels they may be centrally located upon
the axle in which case the same result will be realized.
Figure 6 is an elevation of a tramway car and Figure 7 a plan of the under

page_text: frame of the same the said car being adapted to be operated by electric energy as
herein described with reference to the electric engine J or other vehicles. The
elements of the conserving accumulating storing converting and regulating
devices Fare adapted to be charged vivified or revivified from the discharging
circuits G or D or the conserving or accumulating devices F or C. Electrical
connections lead from the device F¹ to one or more electric motors L placed upon
the vehicle as herein described circuit makers being provided for controlling the
supply of electric energy or for reversing the current through the motors. I may
employ independent circuits from the devices F¹ or some part of such device so as
to provide for lighting heating or brake power as described with reference to
Figure 5. I provide for operating vehicles on railways in mines in a similar
manner to the operation of vehicles on tramways or railways wherein I employ
conserving accumulating regulating or converting devices For C or any combina-
tion of such means and devices F¹ for conserving accumulating or storing the
energy upon the vehicles and for regulating or converting the tension of the current
upon such vehicles. I provide means to prevent firing when the circuit between
the devices F¹ and the devices F or C or the conductor D or G is being completed
or interrupted. For this purpose I interpose between the parts which come in
contact a liquid or lubricant which acts as a resistance. Other electrical contact
or circuit making devices in connection with the vehicles or trains are constructed
in a similar manner so as to prevent firing. The conductors G extending along
the line within the mine may be covered by a liquid such as water or oil. I
preferably place the electric reservoirs F or Č in the mine or at the surface of the
same. Conductors may be led from such reservoirs to electrical machinery having
combined with it suitable devices for pumping water or for boring drilling or
other purposes and the mines can be illuminated by incandescent lamps connected
to or placed in one or more discharging or translating circuits extending from one
or more or some part of one or more of the devices For C. I can utilize the force
or power of water pumped from the mine for driving turbines or water wheels as
the water flows or descends through pipes or channels from the surface of the
mine to a lower level and thereby convert such force or power into electrical energy
to be utilized in the mine or elsewhere.
Figure 8 is a plan partly in horizontal section and
Figure 9 a central vertical section of an electric motor as applied to the electric
engine J.
Figure 10 is a face view of the armature and one of the wheels of the vehicle,
and,
Figure 11 is a vertical transverse section of the same.
Figure 12 is a vertical section of the switching or commutating device shewn in
Figure 8 and hereinafter described.
In these Figures I have shewn the armature built up of section c; the coils or
conductors d which provide for conducting the electric energy through such
sections c of the armature are supported by metal plates ef provided with recesses
or projections or both and when the wire conductor or bobbin is placed in position
it is supported or clamped in position by the two plates or parts ef which fit into
or over each other and are secured in position by screw bolts and nuts or
otherwise.
These parts are firmly secured in position with the coils bobbins or conductors
supported by them. It will be understood that the bobbins or conductors are
insulated from the plates or parts ef of iron which form the support for the said
bobbins or conductors d. The terminals of the said bobbins or conductors & extend
through or outside of the support; each support box or part so formed represents
a certain section of the armature and as they are of similar construction they are
adapted to be readily secured in position by screw bolts or otherwise preferably on
a non-magnetic support or base g. The terminals from the bobbins or conductors d
can extend and be secured to a commutator h in the usual or any preferred manner
as will be understood with reference to the motors upon the vehicles. I preferably

page_text: employ a circuit making device adapted to conduct the current to or from such
machine without firing or friction.
Such switching or commutating device is shewn in Figures 8 and 12 of the
drawings. The contact pieces or parts which may be in the form of a brush or of
other suitable construction are shewn placed vertically and pressed against the
commutator by springs j. The commutators are placed or enclosed within a box or
chamber k. In the lower portion of this chamber I employ a liquid which acts as
a lubricant. I may employ cotton waste asbestos or other absorbing material in
the said box or chamber which material serves to keep the commutator clean and
at the same time prevents an excess of liquid on the surface of the said commu-
tator. It will be understood that I can employ a lubricant or liquid without the
material at l. It will be seen by reference to the drawings that when I employ
the motors for the purpose of locomotion I sometimes place these circuit making
devices at the ends of the axle so that they may be readily examined or super-
vised. The contact pieces i can be readily removed in case of their inefficiency and
the boxes k prevent the accumulation of dust or dirt upon the circuit making
devices. The entire box may be filled with the absorbing material 7.
Figure 13 is a plan partly in horizontal section and
Figure 14 a vertical section of an electric generator or motor whose armatures
are built up of sections in a similar manner to that described with reference to
Figures 8 to 11. The said sections consist of boxes c which contain the conductors
or coils d and are so formed as to fit upon and be secured to the periphery of the
body of the armature each section being independent of the other. The connections
between the terminals or conductors can be so made that each armature will
operate independently or so that one or more sections on one armature may be
connected to one or more sections on the other armature. The circuit making
devices are shewn arranged at the ends of the axle and are adapted to operate as
described with reference to Figures 8 and 12. Or the circuit making devices may
be placed centrally between the armatures as described in connection with the
motors on the vehicles in Figure 5.
In Figures 5, 8, 9, 10, and 11, I have shewn the inducing faces of the armatures
arranged perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis of the axle and adapted to
revolve in proximity to the outer faces of the field magnets I sometimes arrange
the two inducing faces of the armatures in close proximity to but separated from
each other and at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the axle so as to revolve
between the field magnets and by providing a slot or space between the pole pieces
of the field magnets I am enabled to provide for the vertical movement of the
magnets when supported by the springs of the vehicle.
i
In the machines such as described with reference to Figures 8 to 14 in which
independent armatures or inducing faces are provided I sometimes so connect the
portions of the independent armatures that one inducing face or part will always
be employed for inducing currents of the same denomination that is to say the
electro magnets are so arranged and wound as to provide against the reversal of
the current through the independent inducing parts or sections of the armatures as
more fully described in the provisional Specification No. 85 A.D. 1882. In some
cases I arrange the electro magnets in such machines in such a manner as to
provide a break in the magnetic field either by arranging the pole pieces of the
inagnet at a sufficient distance from each other or by employing a single pole piece
in proximity to each armature.
Figure 15 is an elevation partly in section of an electrical meter constructed
according to my invention.
In this Figure m represents an armature adapted to vibrate in front of a magnet
or magnets n arranged in a shunt or branch circuit from a derived circuit from the
main charging conductors G or D or both when applied to the system of electrical
distribution herein described. This vibrating armature is pivoted at m' to a
suitable support and carries a pawl or piece m² which engages with a ratchet
wheel o combined with the recording mechanism through the medium of speed

page_text: The
reducing gearing. p represents a solenoid or magnet included in the derived or
branch circuit extending from the main charging conductors G or D and commu-
nicating with the translating or working circuit or with the conserving accumulating
or storing device F or C. The solenoid or magnet and its core or armature q
provide for ensuring the proper record of the consumption of electric energy what-
ever the pressure of the same in the branch or derived circuit from the conductors
G or D may be. In order to provide for this result the armature or core q is
adapted to operate upon or control the movement of the vibrating armature m through
the medium of the extension or link having a cam face or surface at r
position of the armature q is governed by the quantity or pressure of the current
passing through the coils of the magnet p. It will be understood that I am thereby
enabled to provide for regulating or varying the extent of the vibration of the
armature m through the medium of the movable link, a part having the cam
surface r, as such piece serves to limit the extent of oscillation of the said
armature m. In order to provide for the vibration of this armature m I place the
magnet n in a secondary shunt from the aforesaid branch or derived circuit from
the conductors D or G and complete the circuit to the said magnet through the
medium of the contact-maker 8; the armature m may be forced against the contact
maker s by a spring or weight and the power of the magnet n. is adapted to over-
come the power of such spring or weight. In the drawing, t represents a spring-
plate adapted to operate in this manner, that is to say, to draw the armature into
contact with the piece 8. By these means, when the current is passing through the
coils of the magnet n the vibrating armature m will be drawn towards the said
magnet, will come in contact with the part r and break the circuit at 8, thereby
allowing the power of the spring which may be arranged as at t to overcome the
force of the magnet so as to provide for the oscillating movement of the armature m
which communicates motion to the recording mechanism at u through the medium
of the pawl m³, the wheel o, and the speed reducing mechanism connected there-
with. To prevent the rotation of the wheel o during the return movement of the
armature m from the magnet or magnets n, I provide a weighted or spring pawl v
which engages with the teeth of the said wheel o. In order to better regulate or
control the movement of the link having the cam surface r, I arrange, in connection
therewith, a spring or weight, or so proportion the parts as to provide for this
result.
Figure 16 is a side elevation, partly in section, representing another form of
meter adapted to operate in a somewhat similar manner to that described with
reference to Figure 15. The armature m is, in this Figure pivotted at m¹ towards
the base of the meter. The main difference in the said meters is that in Figure 15
the armature is similar to a pendulum, whilst in Figure 16 the armature is shewn
supported towards the base of the meter and the speed-reducing mechanism is
somewhat differently constructed and arranged to that shewn in Figure 15. These
apparatus can be combined with the charging conductor or with the discharging
conductor of the devices F or C in such a manner as to provide for measuring and
recording the electric current passing into such devices.
Instead of employing a single magnet n for attracting the armature m in one
direction and utilizing the force of a weight or spring for moving the said armature
in the other direction, I, in some cases, employ, in connection with the latter, two
magnets one arranged on each side of the same, suitable circuit making and breaking
devices being provided to ensure the oscillation of the armature whilst a current is
passing through the meter.
I sometimes immerse the movable mechanism of the said meters in a liquid;
such liquid will prevent the wear of the parts and will also provide for preventing
tampering with the meter by magnets on its exterior. The liquid will also serve
to steady the movements of the parts. It will be understood that such liquid
must be an insulating liquid.
Figure 17 represents in plan an arrangement of an electric reservoir or conserving,
accumulating, or regulating, device in which I have shewn boxes, cells, or tanks w

page_text: which are composed of suitable material, for instance lead, and into which I
introduce granulated carbon and lead filings or granulated or powdered lead, with,
or without, metallic oxides for instance the oxides of lead. These boxes or cells
are arranged in such position as to constitute the pairs or elements of the conserving,
accumulating, or regulating device. Into the granulated mass I introduce one or
more terminals, extensions, conductors or parts x, and I provide another terminal
extension or part y which is connected with another portion of the element as
at y. At z I have shewn another terminal which is connected to the box or cell
arranged in proximity to the box or cell connected to the conductor y. I have
shewn in the said Figure a number of boxes connected in this manner. One set
of cells or boxes are shewn connected with the conductors y and the other set
with the conductors z which may provide for either charging or discharging the
elements. The terminals or extensions x arranged in the elements w are so
combined as to provide for charging or discharging the said elements. They are
shewn coupled in series.
Figure 18 is a plan of a modification of the reservoir shewn in Figure 17.
Figure 19 is a plan representing the elements of an ordinary accumulator, for
instance lead plates separated by broken or granulated insulating material such as
glass or pumice stone, or by shreds of such material. The plates may be held in
position by cement as described in the Specification of my former Letters Patent
dated February 22nd AD 1882 No. 1856. I may simply employ lead plates and
oxidize them through the medium of an electric current or coat the plates with
lead oxide. The granulated insulated material will support the oxide in position
and provide for a minimum resistance between the elements. It will be understood
that I can employ in the said reservoirs acidulated or alkaline solutions.
As a further explanation of the general or various applications of my invention
I would remark that I utilize a natural force or the force or fall of water for
driving water wheels or turbines with which are combined dynamo or magneto
electric machines for producing electricity and I preferably conduct the electricity
thus generated into conserving, accumulating, storing, converting or regulating
devices, and extend therefrom electric conductors or mains to cities, towns, places
or works where suitable apparatus or devices are placed for translating the
electricity into light, heat, or motive power or any or all of the same. In other
words I utilize the water reservoirs, channels, feeders, or mains for supplying cities,
towns, works, or other places, as a source of motive power, and through the medium
of suitable turbines or water wheels, generate electricity as the water flows from
elevated places. The armature or armatures of the electric generator may be
attached directly to the shaft of the turbine or water wheel or may be combined
therewith through the medium of belting, gear-wheels, frictional gearing or
otherwise. The electricity produced in the electric generators is conducted into
one or more conserving, accumulating, storing, converting, or regulating devices
which are in communication with auxiliary conserving, accumulating, storing, con-
verting, or regulating devices situated near the point or place where the electricity
is to be withdrawn or utilized. Or the prime storage devices may be connected
directly with the apparatus in which the electricity is to be translated into
light, heat, or motive power. Moreover, in some cases, I lead the electricity
generated by the machines and stored up in the prime storage devices, into, or
through, one or more electro-motive force convertors or one or more accumulators
for converting a current or currents of low tension into a current or currents of
higher tension or vice versa. From this apparatus I lead suitably insulated
conductors, mains, branches and sub-branches to and through the streets, highways,
districts, furnaces, works, mines, houses, railways or places where electric reservoirs
or other apparatus or any combination of them can be supplied with electric energy
so that such energy can be translated into light, heat, or motive power, or any of
them, at some fixed or determined point as may be desired. I may employ a
source or reservoir of water on a hill mountain or other elevation. This reservoir
or source may be a natural one or may be constructed for the purpose. From

page_text: such reservoir I lead a pipe or a series of pipes or channels suitably arranged to
conduct the water therefrom, and at suitable places and distances apart upon the
said pipe, pipes, or channels I arrange a turbine or water-wheel, or a series of the
same. In combination with the said turbines or water-wheels I arrange the electric
generating machines which I connect with the conserving, accumulating, storing,
converting, or regulating device, or a series of them. From these devices I conduct
the electric energy through electrical connections to subsidiary conserving devices
or arranged in combination with the devices for translating electricity into light,
heat, and motive power, such as electric lamps, heaters, electric motors or other
apparatus.
To prevent any overcharging of the conductors I, in some cases, connect a series
of the conserving, accumulating, storing, converting, or regulating devices with a
main conserving or regulating device, or with a series of such devices so that they
may discharge their contents into the same. The said main device or devices may
be placed in a convenient position or positions nearer to the place or places where
the electricity is to be utilized than the couserving devices which supply electric
energy to the said main device or devices. I preferably so proportion these
devices and the capacity of the generating apparatus as to provide for the storage
or utilization of the whole of the electricity that can be produced by the generator
or generators. By arranging a series of turbines or water-wheels and electric
generators along a water main or channel I am enabled to utilize a great number
of times the power of the same quantity of water as it flows downward, and at
each successive apparatus or installation I abstract without cost, other than the
wear of the machinery, the energy in the form of electricity dependent upon the
number of apparatus employed and the head or force of the flow or fall of the
water. From the electric conserving, accumulating, storing converting, or regulating
devices I convey the electricity through a suitable conductor or conductors to the
conductor or conductors arranged along, or in proximity to, the lines of railway, or
to the conserving, accumulating, storing, regulating, or converting devices arranged
preferably in close proximity to the said conductor or conductors. From the latter
the electricity is taken up into an electric conserving device or devices placed upon
the wagons, vehicles, or trains through the medium of conductors or circuit-makers
thereon.
In some cases I utilize the water passing through sewers for the generation of
electricity through the medium of a water-wheel or turbine, or a series of the same,
and an electric generator, or a series of the same, and conduct the electricity into
conserving, accumulating, storing, converting, or regulating devices, and translate
the electricity into light, heat, and motive power, or any of them, through the
medium of suitable apparatus as herein provided for.
In some cases I arrange in a pipe or channel or in a series of the same through
which water flows from a high to a low level turbine or water-wheel, or a series of
the same, which drives a machine or machines for generating electricity, and I
conduct the electricity so generated into one or more conserving or regulating
devices which, through the medium of suitably insulated conductors with or
without the medium of subsidiary conserving or regulating devices are placed in
communication with machinery for driving pumps or other apparatus by electricity.
For instance water may be pumped, through the agency of an electric motor or
series of the same from mines or low lands or places either for drainage or for
supplying water to works, cities, or places and as such water flows to such places
the energy is stored and utilized as set forth. It will be understood that the
electric energy thus obtained can be utilized in any desired place or position.
When I arrange a series of generating machines along a water channel or main,
and if I desire to utilize the electric energy at points or places at a distance from
the source of water or elevated water supply, I provide electrical conductors or
mains which decrease in section or carrying capacity as they approach the same,
that is to say, at each generating apparatus placed along the main, I increase the

page_text: size of the conductors when the electric energy is conducted into a main conductor
common to all or to a series of generators or conserving systems.
Having thus fully described my said Invention, and the manner of performing
the same, I wish it understood that I Claim :-
First: The method of utilizing a natural force or power, or the force or fall of
water for the production of light, heat, and motive power, or any of them in an
electrical system of distribution, by converting the natural force or power, or the
force or fall of water, into electric energy, and converting or regulating the
supply and electro-motive force or tension of the current in one or more discharging
or working circuits irrespective of the electro-motive force or tension of the
current transmitted from one or more of the devices for converting the natural
force or power or the force or fall of water into electric energy or from one or
more or some part of one or more of the devices for conserving, accumulating,
storing, regulating, or converting the electric energy, substantially as herein
described.
Second-The method of utilizing a natural force or power, or the force or fall
of water for effecting the propulsion or retardation, or both, of a vehicle or train
over fixed or determined lines of railway, tramways, or places, and for the
developement of light and heat upon such vehicle or train, or for any combination
of such purposes, by converting the natural force or power of water into electric
energy and conserving, accumulating, or storing such energy at one or more fixed
or determined points or stations over or along the line, or lines, highways, or
places over or along which a vehicle, vehicles, or trains are designed to pass, with
or without one or more conserving, accumulating, storing, regulating or converting
devices mounted upon, or forming part of, one vehicle or one or more vehicles of a
train adapted to be charged vivified or revivified and to hold in reserve the electric
energy for the purpose of locomotion or with one or more conserving, accumulating,
storing, regulating, or converting devices mounted upon, or forming part of, one
vehicle or one or more vehicles of a train, for the purpose of lighting or heating
the same, or both, or for causing or retarding the motion of the vehicle or train, or
for all of such purposes, substantially as herein described.
Third: The method of utilizing a natural force or power, or the force or fall
of water for the production of light, heat, and motive power, or any of them, in an
electrical system of distribution, by converting the natural force or power or the
force or fall of water into electric energy, whereby I provide for the translation or
utilization of such energy independently of the consumption, withdrawal, or
translation of such energy at one or more points, places, or stations or throughout
an electrical system of distribution, or by which I provide for the conversion of
such natural force or power, or the force or fall of water into electric energy, and
the conservation, accumulation, or storage of such energy at one or more points,
places, or stations in or throughout a system of electrical distribution without
affecting, or materially affecting, the working of one or more electric translating
devices, or without affecting, or materially affecting, the translation or discharge of
electric energy in one or more discharging or working circuits, substantially as
herein described.
Fourth-The method of utilizing a natural force or power or the force or fall
of water for the purposes of traction or locomotion over highways railways
tramways or over fixed or predetermined lines or places or for the production of
light or heat, or any two or more of these purposes, by which I provide for the
conversion of the natural force or power, or the force or fall of water, into
electric energy irrespective of the movement or position of one or more vehicles,
or any number of vehicles or trains at a given time, substantially as herein
described.
Fifth-The method of constructing or using one or more conserving,
accumulating, storing, regulating or converting devices, with electrical conductors,
terminals, or parts which constitute or form the charging and discharging or
translating circuits, these conductors being of different proportions in cross section

page_text: or carrying capacity, so as to be adapted to supply into, or through, the discharging
circuit electric energy suited to the translating devices in such circuit, irrespective
of the carrying capacity of the charging conductor or conductors for a given time,
substantially as herein described.
Sixth-The method of constructing or using one ог more conserving,
accumulating, storing, regulating, or converting devices with electrical conductors,
terminals, or parts which constitute or form the charging and discharging or
translating circuits, these conductors being of different proportions in cross section
or carrying capacity, so that one or more charging conductors are adapted to convey
the current of low electro-motive force or tension from one or more generating
devices to one or more conserving, accumulating, regulating, or converting devices
whilst the other conductor or conductors or discharging circuit, through which the
electric energy is transmitted from such conserving, accumulating, regulating, or
converting device or devices being of suitable carrying capacity for conveying the
current of increased electro motive force or tension through the discharging circuit,
substantially as herein described.
Seventh-In combination with an electrical system of distribution, the employ-
ment of any number of the devices described in, or under, either one or both of
the two preceding claims, or any combination of the said devices adapted to operate
substantially as herein described for the purposes specified.
Eighth The method herein described of utilizing a natural force or power, or
the force or fall of water, by converting such force or power into electric energy
and converting such energy into currents of different tension in independent
translating or discharging circuits.
Ninth The combination with an electric motor or electric generating machine,
of switching, commutating or circuit-making, devices adapted to operate in com-
bination with a liquid or lubricant, substantially as herein described and for the
purpose specified.
Tenth In combination with an electric motor arranged upon a vehicle for the
purpose of locomotion the employment of switching commutating or circuit making
devices as provided for in the preceding claim arranged at the ends of the axle or
elsewhere and adapted to operate as herein described.
Eleventh The construction or use of electric motors for the purpose of
locomotion adapted to operate substantially as described with reference to Figures 8
to 12 or Figures 13 and 14 of the drawings.
Twelfth: An electric generating machine constructed and adapted to operate
substantially as described with reference to Figures 8 to 12 or Figures 13 and 14
of the drawings.
Thirteenth The method herein described of operating vehicles upon electrical
railways in mines or other places whereby I obviate the danger from firing at
contact or circuit making parts or places.
Fourteenth The method herein described of utilizing electric motors or other
electrical appliances for operation in mines whereby I provide for the conservation
of electric energy at or near the place where it is to be utilized and obviate firing
at the circuit making parts or places.
Fifteenth: The method of utilizing a natural force or power or the force or fall
of water for the operation of movable mechanism connected with or adapted to be
operated along a line of railway such as switches crossings movable signals or
signal lights or any combination of such devices by converting the natural force or
the force or fall of water into electric energy and conserving such energy at one
or more stations points or places along or in proximity to the line or at one or
more points or places adjacent to the aparatus or devices to be operated substantially
as herein described.
Sixteenth-The combination with the subject matter of the preceding claim of
a series of independent circuits leading from a series of circuit makers arranged at
some central point or station to the different electric translating devices adapted to
operate the movable mechanism substantially as herein described.

page_text: Seventeenth-The combination in an electric meter of the oscillating or
vibrating armature adapted to operate the wheel o connected through the medium
of suitable gearing with the registering or recording devices at u the magnet or
magnets n arranged in a shunt or branch circuit the solenoid or magnet p included
in the main circuit or a derived circuit from the same and the core or armature q
connected to the part having the cam surface r adapted to operate substantially as
set forth and for the purposes specified.
Eighteenth-The employment in an electrical meter of a liquid substantially as
set forth for the purpose specified.
Nineteenth-The construction or use of a conserving accumulating storing
regulating or couverting device adapted to operate substantially as set forth with
reference to Figure 17 of the drawings.
In witness whereof I the said Joseph Stokes Williams have hereunto set my
hand and seal this Ninth day of September in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight bundred and eighty two.
JOS S. WILLIAMS. (L.B.)