IMPROVEMENTS IN HEATING APPARATUS FOR CULINARY AND WARMING PURPOSES, AND IN PART APPLICABLE TO STEAM BOILER AND OTHER FURNACES
Year: 1858

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Thomas Steven, Ironfounder, and Thomas Scott,
Engineer, both of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North Britain, for
the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN HEATING APPARATUS FOR CULINARY AND
WARMING PURPOSES, AND IN PART APPLICABLE TO STEAM BOILER AND OTHER
FURNACES"
Sealed the 24th June 1859, and dated the 27th December 1858.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Thomas Steven and
Thomas Scott at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with
their Petition, on the 27th December 1858.
We, THOMAS STEVEN, Ironfounder, and TномAS SCOTT, Engineer, both of
Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North Britain, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN HEATING APPARATUS FOR
CULINARY AND WARMING PURPOSES, AND IN PART APPLICABLE TO STEAM BOILER AND
OTHER FURNACES," to be as follows, that is to say :-
This Invention comprehends various improvements in heating apparatus,
such as cooking ranges, close and open stoves, grates or fireplaces, hot-
water warming apparatus, and steam boiler and other furnaces.
In a cooking range embodying some of the said improvements, air is
admitted through oblique openings in a door or frame, such openings being
Price 8d.1

page_text: formed by using "venetian
or oblique bars, fixed or adjustable as regards
their positions. According to one modification the openings are horizontal,
and they are divided by one or more vertical cross ribs; the object being to
cause the air to enter in several oblique currents so as to thoroughly mix
with the fuel gases and prevent or lessen the formation of smoke. The
oblique openings may be variously arranged; for example, they may be
made to radiate round one or more centres. The quantity of air passing
through the oblique openings is regulated by means of a shutter or shutters
either adjustable by hand or rendered variable by means of any convenient
contrivance to suit the varying condition of the fire.
The boiler of the cooking range is formed with a corrugated bottom,
the corrugated surface being arched or otherwise shaped as regards its
general contour. The boiler is formed with flanges, either solid or hollow,
so as to constitute water spaces, to cause the fire gases to pass circuitously
in contact with the sides and top of the boiler. When pipes are connected
to the cooking range boiler for the circulation of hot water and to warm
apartments they are made of a square or other section instead of the
ordinary circular form, and an increased radiating surface is obtained by
forming upon or attaching to the hot-water pipes projecting flanges or
feathers, which may be of various forms and in various positions.
If the cooking range is of the "close-fire" class, an independent flue or
pipe is carried from it a sufficient distance up the chimney of the kitchen or
apartment, or otherwise, to obtain the requisite draught without closing up the
throat of the chimney or applying valves to it; and the vapours rising whilst
cooking have thus free egress up the chimney. The flue pipe is provided
with a valve to regulate the draught. When cooking is suspended, the
apparatus is converted into an open fire range by opening the fire door and
cover. The admission of air through the bottom grate of the cooking range
is regulated by a duplicate grating made capable of adjustment. A valve is
fitted in the flue passage beneath the oven of the cooking range, so that the
passage can be wholly or partially closed, and the heat of the oven be thereby
moderated. The flue of the cooking range is provided with a sliding damper
or valve of the ordinary kind, but the frame of the damper consists of a single
casting instead of being composed of two pieces.
In making a door for the fire box or for the flue, it is cast in position on the
frame, and requires no subsequent fitting or hinging, the frame being cast with
the hinge sockets or eyes complete (the sockets being formed by mandrills or
cores). The frame is embedded in the sand, and the door is moulded thereon

page_text: in position, provision being made for the molten metal to run into the hinge
sockets to form the hinge pivots on the door; the shrinkage of the metal on
cooling makes the pivots loose enough for the hinges to act freely. When the
door is of large size, one of the hinges may be formed in the manner just
described, and the other hinge may be formed after casting the door; the
frame, according to one plan, being formed with a dovetailed recess and the
hinge socket being moulded and cast with the frame and door in position,
the latter having the pivot cast on it. The frame may be formed with the
hinge pivots, the door with the hinge sockets being afterwards cast in position;
or either part may be cast first, with the hinge, sockets, and iron pins being
placed in the sockets, the other parts may be moulded and cast in position, the
latter casting securing the pins. These operations are so arranged that the
shrinkage of the part last cast will free or loosen the working parts.
The improved arrangements herein-before described for admitting air to the
fire, and the herein-before described methods of constructing fire and flue doors
and dampers and their frames are applicable to steam boiler and other furnaces.
Boilers and pipes for warming purposes and unconnected with cooking ranges
may have applied to them the improvements herein-before described.
In a close stove for warming apartments, embodying some of the improve-
ments comprehended in this Invention, the flue pipe or casing communicates
with the fire-box at or very near the bottom of the latter by an aperture, by
preference elongated vertically; or the flue pipe may be made to rest on the
pedestal of the stove. Additional openings into the flue may be provided
above the main opening. The object of this arrangement is to deflect the
fuel gases into contact with the incandescent fuel prior to their passing off,
and thereby cause more effectual combustion. Air apertures provided with
regulating valves are formed through the sides of the fire box near the flue
aperture and at other parts, determinined by the height at which it is wished
to maintain combustion; the air entering these apertures aids the com-
bustion of the fuel gases. The bottom of the stove consists of a basin-shaped
piece of fire brick, which is either solid or has a contracted aperture to receive
the usual grating; or the bottom of the stove may be of cast iron, with a
grating supported on pivots, so that it can be tilted to give egress to ashes; or,
again, the grating may be carried by the ashpan, and move in and out there-
with. The stove has projecting ribs, feathers, or other cast-iron pieces
attached to it externally as ornaments, and to prevent the overheating of the
body of the stove; or the stove may be composed or built up of a closed or
endless seriesof bars formed with projectingflanges or feathers to give extensive

page_text: radiating surface, these bars being held together by wrought-iron rings or
hoops, or by being inserted inside top and bottom flanges, or otherwise, and
having projections and recesses on their contactsurfaces to lock them together,
or being formed with recesses or groves to receive cement, rust, or other
material to form joints.
In one modification the stove is formed with a hot-air chamber, round
which the flue is carried as round the oven in a common kind of close-fire
cooking range, the flue being ultimately carried upwards or downwards. The
hot-air chamber may be furnished with ribs, flanges, or feathers to increase
the radiating surface, such details being either cast on the plates forming the
sides of the chamber, or being formed on bars of which the sides of the
chamber are composed or built. The air enters and leaves the chamber
through open ornamental panels. Valve openings are provided to admit
air through the top of the fire-box to aid the combustion of the fuel gases.
In a fireplace of or similar to the "register" or "Leamington" class, and
embodying some of the improvements comprehended in this Invention, the
fire-box is made complete in itself and detachable from the cheeks and back,
in consequence of which arrangement the heat will be more effectually thrown
into the apartment, whilst the fire-box can be removed entire for cleaning.
The entire fire-box, or the front and bottom portions only, may be cast in
one piece with a solid bottom or with a contracted grating in the bottom, and
with a solid or nearly solid front, or with openings in front provided with valves
or shutters. The fire-box may be formed with radiating flanges, or its front
and bottom may be composed or built up of a series of bars having radiating
flanges, and fitted close, or with interstices or openings. It is preferred to
make the fire-box basin-shaped in front. The flue is formed by a back pipe
or casing, having its opening immediately above and at the back of the fire or
nearly so; and the front of this flue may have flanges cast or fixed on to give
increased radiating surface, or the front of the flue may be composed or built
up of bars having radiating flanges upon them. The fireplace is provided
with an adjustable front casing or cover, which is either mounted on pivots
or hinges, or arranged to slide vertically or otherwise, being ballanced by
counter weights if necessary; or the front casing, or part of it, may be made
to lift off. With these arrangements the fire may be used either as an open
fire or as a closed stove.
Provision is made for introducing air into the fire from behind by one or
more longitudinal or other openings at or near the top of the fire-box, the
openings being contrived to direct the air so as to thoroughly mix with the

page_text: fuel gases. The air passages and the flue passage are provided with valves
to regulate the draught and the consumption of fuel. The fireplace is con-
structed so that the frame, comprehending the front and more or less of the
cheeks, may be first built in and the back plate and flue casing afterwards
secured in its place. If the fireplace has convex or projecting instead of
concave or recessed cheeks, a door may be provided at the top for the intro-
duction of fuel; and to prevent overheating of the front parts, ornamental
bars or flanges of various forms may be attached externally, or the covering
may be composed or built up of a series of flanged bars.
Another improvement consists in applying an ornamental metal front or
frame to an ordinary fireplace, a close stove standing more or less forward
being substituted for the ordinary grate, and an opening being provided in
the front or frame to receive the flue pipe of the stove. The front or frame
is by preference constructed so as to reflect into the apartment the heat
radiated upon it from the stove. The range, stove, and fireplace improve-
ments herein-before described, or parts of them, are applicable to various
kinds of ranges, stoves, or fireplaces.
An ashpan constructed according to further improvements comprehended in
this Invention is covered by a series of bent plates or leaves arranged so that
ashes can fall between them; one side of each plate is, however, made to
project laterally beneath, so that the ashes cannot be seen when looking directly
down. The plates are supported on bars, the inner end of each plate being
notched or forked longitudinally to enter under a catch formed in the bar,
whilst the front end is notched vertically to fit upon the bar against a projection
or notch on the outer end. In this way other fastenings are dispensed with.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Thomas Steven and Thomas Scott in the Great Seal
Patent Office on the 27th June 1859.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, wе, THOMAS
STEVEN, Ironfounder, and THOMAS SCOTT, Engineer, both of Glasgow, in
the County of Lanark, North Britain, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-seventh day of December, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight, in the twenty-second year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto

page_text: us, the said Thomas Steven and Thomas Scott, Her special licence that we,
the said Thomas Steven and Thomas Scott, our executors, administrators, and
assigns, or such others as we, the said Thomas Steven and Thomas Scott, our
executors, administrators, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein
expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle
of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN HEATING APPARATUS FOR CULINARY
AND WARMING PURPOSES, AND IN PART APPLICABLE TO STEAM BOILER AND OTHER
FURNACES," upon the condition (amongst others) that we, the said Thomas
Steven and Thomas Scott, our executors or administrators, by an instru-
ment in writing under our or their, or one of their hands and seals, should
particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and
in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be
filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said Thomas Steven and Thomas Scott,
do hereby declare the nature of our said Invention, and in what manner the
same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement in writing, reference being had to the accom-
panying Drawings, and to the letters and figures marked thereon, that is
to say: -
Our said Invention comprehends various improvements in heating
apparatus, such as cooking ranges, close and open stoves, grates, or fire-
places, hot-water warming apparatus, and steam boiler and other furnaces.
And in proceeding to particularly describe and ascertain the nature of
our said Invention we shall refer, where it appears necessary or desirable,
to the two Sheets of explanatory Drawings hereunto appended, remaking
that the same reference letters mark the same or like parts in the several
Figures in which they occur.
I. In a cooking range embodying some of our said improvements, air is
admitted through oblique openings in a door or frame, such openings being
formed by using "venetian" or oblique bars, fixed or adjustable as regards
their positions. According to one modification the openings are horizontal,
and they are divided by one or more vertical cross ribs, the object being to
cause the air to enter in several oblique currents so as to thoroughly mix with
the fuel gases and prevent or lessen the formation of smoke. The oblique
openings may be variously arranged; for example, they may be made to

page_text: radiate round one or more centres. The quantity of air passing through the
oblique openings is regulated by means of a shutter or shutters, either
adjustable by hand or rendered variable by means of any convenient con-
trivance to suit the varying condition of the fire. These improved arrange-
ments are applicable to steam boiler and other furnaces.
Figure 1, Sheet 1 of the accompanying Drawings, is a front elevation of a
fire-door, embodying one modification of these improvements; Figure 2 is a
vertical section, and Figure 3 is a plan corresponding to Figure 1. The fire-
door A is formed with a number of openings separted by inclined partitions
or venetian" slats B, and divided into two sets by a central vertical bar C;
the air entering is thereby divided into two main streams, each consisting of
a number of smaller streams, which receive an upward inclined direction from
the partitions B, and in consequence form eddies as they proceed onwards, and
become intimately mingled with the gaseous matter rising from the fuel.
Immediately behind the openings in the door A a sliding shutter D is applied
for the purpose of regulating the quantity of air entering through the door.
This shutter D may be adjusted by hand or by self-acting mechanism, such as
is in use for a similar purpose. It is drawn as shaving a couple of eyes for the
attachment of the detail by which it is actuated. The fire door and frame is
shown in Figures 1, 2, and 3, as suitable for a steam boiler furnace. A
modification is represented as adapted to a cooking range in Figure 6.
II. In making a boiler for a cooking range or for domestic purposes, or for
causing the circulation of hot water in pipes for heating apartments, it is
preferred to form the bottom with corrugations, the corrugated surface being
arched or otherwise shaped as regards its general contour. The boiler is
formed with flanges either solid or hollow, so as to constitute waterspaces, the
object of such flanges being to afford increased heating surface, and to cause
the fire gases to pass circuitously in contact with the sides and top of the
boiler. Figure 4 is an elevation, and Figure 5 is a plan of a boiler embodying
a modification of these improvements, this boiler being suitable for effecting
the circulation of hot water through pipes. This boiler is rectangular in plan
and slightly arched in elevation. It is formed with flanges E, which, when
the boiler is built in its place, cause the fire gases to pass in the direction
of the arrows; the arrangement of the flanges may, however, be modified.
III. If the cooking range is of the "closefi-re" class, an independent flue
or pipe is carried from it a sufficient distance up the chimney of the kitchen or
apartment or otherwise to obtain the requisite draught without closing up the
throat of the chimney or applying valves to it, and the vapours rising whilst

page_text: cooking have thus free égress up the chimney; the flue pipe is provided
with a valve to regulate the draught. When cooking is suspended the
apparatus is converted into an open-fire range by opening the fire door and
cover. A valve is fitted into the flue passage beneath the oven of the
cooking range, so that the passage can be wholly or partially closed, and
the heat. of the oven be thereby moderated.
Figure 6 is a transverse vertical section of a close-fire cooking range
embodying some of our improvements. This section is taken through the
centre of the grate F and smoke pipe G. The fire gases pass as in a common
arrangement from the top of the grate F, by the flue H, across the top of
the oven, which is, in this example, to the right-hand side of the range;
they then pass down the side of the oven, and across the bottom of it by
the flue I, towards the left-hand side of the range, where they pass round a
boiler (or a second oven), and finally to the smoke pipe G. This smoke pipe
G is made sufficiently high to produce the requisite draught without closing
up the throat of the chimney. A valve J is provided in the smoke pipe G,
and another K, in the flue I beneath the oven.
IV. In making sliding dampers or valves of the ordinary kind for the
flues of cooking ranges, and of steam-boiler and other furnaces, we make the
frame of the damper of a single casting instead of in two pieces. This
improvement is shown in Figures 7, 8, and 9, which are respectively a front
elevation, a vertical section, and a horizontal section, the damper being
marked Land the frame M. The groove or slot for the damper is formed
by means of a suitable core inserted in the mould in which the frame is cast.
V. In making a door for the fire-box or for the flue of a cooking range,
stove, or furnace, we cast it in position on the frame, and it requires no subse-
quent fitting or hinging. The frame being cast with the hinge, sockets, or
eyes complete, the sockets being formed by mandrills or cores, the frame is
then embedded in the sand and the door is moulded thereon in position,
provision being made for the molten metal to run into the hinge sockets to
form the hinge pivots on the door. The shrinkage of the metal on cooling
makes the pivots loose enough for the hinges to act freely. When the door is
of large size, one of the hinges may be formed in the manner just described,
and the other hinge may be formed after casting the door, the frame according
to one plan being formed with a dovetail recess, and the hinge socket being
moulded and cast with the frame and door in position, the latter having the
pivot cast on it. The frame may be formed with the hinge pivots, the door
with the hinge sockets being afterwards cast in position, or either part may

page_text: be cast first, with the hinge sockets, and iron pins being placed in the
sockets, the other part may be moulded and cast in position, the latter
casting securing the pins. These operations are so arranged that the
shrinkage of the part cast last will free or loosen the working parts.
Figure 10 is a front elevation of a fire-box or flue door and frame as made
on our improved system; Figures 11, 12, and 13 are vertical sections taken
through the upper and lower frame bars and through the hinges. When the
frame N is cast first, it is cast with its portions O of the hinges as sockets, as
in Figure 11, and it is embedded in the mould in which the door P is cast,
the mould being shaped so that the door portions Q of the hinges with the
pivots form part of the door casting. The arrangement is obviously such
that the shrinkage of the door casting will loosen the parts. The door may
be shaped to present the appearance of ordinary hinges by way of orna
ment. The pivots may be cast on the frame portions O of the hinges as in
Figure 12, the door P with its portions Q of the hinges being cast last, as
before; but in this case it is desirable to make the pivots with a slight
taper, so that the shrinking towards each other of the door portions Q of
the hinges will by drawing them slightly off the pivots make them sufficiently
loose. In Figure 13 the pivots are shown as separate pins, these being inserted
in the mould prior to the casting of the frame and door. If the door
portions of the hinges are arranged to have the frame portions between them,
the door should be cast first and the frame second, so that the shrinkage of
the metal of the last casting may loosen the working parts.
VI. In a close stove for warming apartments, embodying some of
improvements comprehended in our said Invention, the flue pipe or casing
communicates with the fire-box at or very near the bottom of the latter by an
aperture, by preference elongated vertically; or the flue pipe may be made to
rest on the pedestal of the stove. Additional openings into the flue may be
provided above the main opening. The object of this arrangement is to deflect
the fuel gases into contact with the incandescent fuel prior to their passing
off, and thereby cause more effectual combustion. Air apertures provided
with regulating valves are formed through the side of the fire-box near the
flue aperture, and at other parts determined by the height at which it is
wished to maintain combustion. The air entering these apertures aids in
the combustion of the fuel gases. Figure 14 is a vertical section of a
warming stove embodying a modification of these improvements. The
casing is a vertical dome-topped cylinder B, the smoke pipe S communicating
with the fire-box or receptacle T by a lateral opening U near the bottom of

page_text: the box. There are a few smaller apertures into the smoke pipe above the
main aperture U (which may, however, be dispensed with in some cases),
and there are apertures at V and W for the admission of air, which apertures
may be provided with valves. According to a slightly modified arrangement
the communication U into the smoke pipe S is continued some length up-
wards, and a valve is, or valves are, adapted to it, which can be adjusted so as
to take off the gases at whatever height may be found best in practice.
VII. The bottom or fire-box of the stove consists of a basin-shaped piece
of fire-brick T, which is either solid or has a contracted aperture to receive'
the usual grating X; or the bottom of the stove may be of cast iron with a
grating supported on pivots, so that it can be tilted to give egress to ashes.
Or again, the grating may be carried by the ash pan, and move in and out.
therewith.
VIII. The stove has projecting ribs, feathers, or other cast-iron pieces Y
attached to it externally as ornaments and to prevent the overheating of the
body of the stove. Or the stove may be composed or built up of a closed or
endless series of bars formed with projecting flanges or feathers to give
extensive radiating surface, these bars being held together by wrought-iron
rings or hoops, or by being inserted inside top and bottom flanges, or other-
wise, and having projections and recesses on théir contact surfaces to lock
'them together, or being formed with recesses or grooves to receive cement,
rust, or other material to form joints. Figure 15 is a horizontal section of
the stove represented in Figure 14, already partly described. The radiating
ornamental flanges Y are shown in both Figures 14 and 15, being supposed
to be inclined to each other so as to form a "zig-zag" or "vandyke" pattern
in elevation round the stove. Figure 16 is a horizontal section of the stove
as built up of a series of bars Z with projecting flanges.
IX. In one modification the stove is formed with a hot-air chamber, round
which the flue is made to pass, being ultimately carried upwards; laterally,ór
downwards. The hot-air chamber may be furnished with ribs, flanges, or
feathers to increase the radiating surface, such details being either cast on the
plates forming the sides of the chamber, or being formed on bars of which the
sides of the chamber are composed or built. The air enters and leaves the
chamber through open ornamental panels. Valved openings are provided to
admit air through the top of the fire-box to aid the combustion of the fuel
gases. Figure 17, Sheet 2, of the accompanying Drawings, is a vertical
section and Fig. 18 is a horizontal section of a hot-air stove embodying these
improvements. The hot-air chamber a extends across the stove, having open-

page_text: work panels at each end (or having the ends open and without such panels),
or provision may be made for the entrance of air at the bottom (by a duct
from the outside of the building for example), and it may issue from the stove
at either one or both ends of the chamber a. On one side the chamber receives
the direct heat from the fire T, and the fire gases pass thence over the top of
the chamber by the flue or passage b, next down the other side by the flue or
passage c to the communication d with the discharge pipe or chimney. Or if
preferred, after passing through the spaces b, c, the fire gases may be conveyed
under the hot-air chamber a, and off by, for example, a vertical outlet, às
indicated by dotted lines at e in Figure 18. The sides of the hot-air chamber
a exposed to the heat are formed with flanges or feathers, as shown, to
obtain extended radiating surface from which to communicate the heat to
the air. Air has access by openings at finto the top of the stove, and
thence by a valve g into the fire space T.
X. In a fireplace of or similar to the "register" or "Leamington" class,
and embodying some of the improvements comprehended in our said Invention,
the fire-box is made complete in itself, and detachable from the cheeks and
back, in consequence of which arrangement the heat will be more effectually
thrown into the apartment, whilst the fire-box can be removed entire for
cleaning. The entire fire-box, or the front and bottom portions only, may be
cast in one piece with a solid bottom or with a contracted grating in the
bottom,and with a solid or nearly solid front, or with openings in front provided
with valves or shutters. The fire-box may be formed with radiating flanges,
or its front and bottom may be composed or built up of a series of bars having
radiating flanges or being of extra depth, and fitted closed or with interstices
or openings. It is preferred to make the fire-box basin-shaped in front. The
flue is formed by a back pipe or casing, having its opening immediately above
and at the back of the fire or nearly so, and the front of this flue may have
flanges cast or fixed on to give increased radiating surface; or the front of the
flue may be composed or built up of bars having radiating flanges upon them.
The fireplace is provided with an adjustable front casing or cover, which is
either mounted on pivots or hinges, or arranged to slide vertically or other-
wise, being balanced by counterweights if necessary; or the front casing, or
part of it, may be made to lift off. With these arrangements the fire may be
used either as an open fire or as a closed stove. Provision is made for
introducing air into the fire from behind by one or more horizontal or other
openings at or near the top of the fire-box, the openings being contrived to
direct the air so as to thoroughly mix with the fuel, gases. The air passage

page_text: and the flue passage are provided with valves to regulate the draught and the
consumption of fuel. Figure 19 is a vertical section, and Figure 20 is a
horizontal section, of a fireplace embodying a modification of these improve-
ments. The fire-box or receptacle is complete in itself, and consists of vertical
back and side plates h, and a series of bars or frames i built together, the
latter, in this example, having interstices both in the front and in the bottom.
The fire gases pass into the fluej by the opening & situated at the back of the
fire and immediately above it. This flue; may have vertical flanges cast or
fixed on its front face, as indicated by dotted lines at 7. In this example,
however, the fireplace is shown as provided with a cover or hood m, and this
cover has cast or fixed on it a series of flanges n to give increased radiating
surface. If preferred the cover or hood may be made to entirely conceal the
fire. An air passage o is formed behind the back h of the fire-box, and the
upper end of this passage is shaped so as to direct the air across the current of
fire gases passing into the mouth of the flue j.. The between the
spaces
sides of the fire-box and the cheeks 2 are covered by flanges or plates vu, and
the air heated in these spaces will thus pass forward into the apartment
rather than up the chimney.
XI. The fireplace is constructed so that the frame comprehending the
front P, and more or less of the cheeks q, may be first built in, and the back
plate and flue casing afterwards secured in its place.
XII. If the fireplace has convex or projecting cheeks, as indicated by
dotted lines s, instead of concave or recessed cheeks, a door may be provided
at the top for the introduction of fuel, the front being closed; and to prevent
overheating of the front parts ornamental bars or flanges of various forms
may be attached externally, or the covering may be composed or built up
of a series of flanged bars.
XIII. Another improvement consists in applying an ornamental metal front
or frame to an ordinary fireplace recess, similar to the framing of an ordinary
fireplace, a close stove, standing more or less forward, being substituted for
the ordinary grate, and an opening being provided in the front or frame to
receive the flue pipe of the stove. The front or frame is constructed so as to
reflect into the apartment the heat radiated upon it from the stove.
The range, stove, and fireplace improvements herein-before described, or
parts of them, are applicable to various kinds of ranges, stoves, or fireplaces.
Thus, for example, the grate of a cooking range may consist of a built-up
series of bars, as shown at F in Figure 6, Sheet 1, of the accompanying
Drawings. In this example the interstices between the bars are open into

page_text: the oven, and the direct radiant heat of the fire acts therein through them,
whilst the projecting flanges of the bars present an extended surface for
radiating into the oven the heat conducted through them. The communication
may, however, be more or less cut off by means of a sliding door. One of the
bars composing the grate is shown in side elevation immediately above the
range. The oven may have internal flanges like the air chamber, Fig. 17.
XIV. An ashpan, constructed according to further improvements com
prehended in our said Invention, is covered by a series of bent plates or leaves
arranged so that ashes can fall between them; one side of each leaf is,
however, inade to project laterally beneath, so that the ashes cannot be seen
when looking directly down. The plates are supported on bars, the inner end
of each plate being notched or forked longitudinally to enter under a catch
formed in the bar, whilst the front end is notched vertically to fit upon the bar
against a projection or catch on the other end. In this way other fastenings
are dispensed with. These plates and supporting bars are shown in Figures
19 and 20, Sheet 2, of the accompanying Drawings. The supporting bars t
are in this example cast upon the grate bars i, but if preferred they may be
carried by the ashpan. The upper end of each plate u is notched longi-
tudinally, and the inner end of the notch enters a horizontal notch or recess
formed at the point of union of the bar t with the grate. The lower end of
each plate is formed with a transverse bridge piece, which has a notch in
its bottom edge, and the inner end of this notch bottoms in a transverse
notch in the supporting bar t. Thus the upper end is prevented from
moving laterally or longitudinally. The plates are adjusted by laying each
on its bar, and pushing its upper end into its notch, when the lower end
will enter its notch. Space is left for passing the ashpan under the bars t,
but the ashpan itself is not shown in the Drawings.
Having thus particularly described our said Invention, and the manner
in which the same is or may be used or carried into effect, we have to state,
in conclusion, that we do not restrict ourselves to the precise details herein-
before described or delineated, and that we do not claim to have invented
every separate detail herein-before described and delineated; but that what
we believe to be novel and original, and claim as the Invention secured to
us by the herein-before in part recited Letters Patent, is,-
First, the constructing of fire-doors with oblique openings combined with
a sliding valve, substantially as herein-before described in paragraph I.
Second, the constructing of boilers with flanges, substantially as herein-
before described in paragraph II.

page_text: Third, the applying to a cooking range of a smoke pipe or flue extending
up the chimney a sufficient height to produce the requisite draught,combined
with the leaving of the throat of the chimney open, and without valves,
substantially as herein-before described in paragraph III.
Fourth, the using of a valve in the flue beneath the oven of a cooking
range, substantially as herein-before described in paragraph III.
Fifth, the casting of the frames of ordinary sliding flue dampers in one
piece, substantially as herein-before described in paragraph IV.
Sixth, the casting of fire and flue doors and their frames so as to be
hinged together when taken from the moulds, and so that the shrinkage
of the metal loosens the working parts, substantially as herein-before
described in paragraph V.
Seventh, the arranging of the flue cominunication and air apertures of close
warming stoves, substantially as herein-before described in paragraph VI.
Eighth, the constructing of the fire-box of a close stove with a bottom
grating mounted on pivots, or carried by the ashpan, substantially as herein-
before described in paragraph VII.
Ninth, the attaching to the outsides or heat-radiating surfaces of stoves,
fireplaces, flues, and fire covers, of a series of separate projecting ribs or
flanges, as herein-before described in paragraphs VIII, IX., X., and XII.
Tenth, the building up of stove casings of separate ribs or bars with
projecting flanges, and the securing of the same, substantially in the modes
herein-before described in paragraph VIII.
Eleventh, the constructing of a hot-air stove, substantially in the manner
herein-before described in paragraph IX.
Twelfth, the arranging or constructing of a fireplace for warming apart-
ments with a fire-box, which is complete in itself, and removeable from the
cheeks or frame, substantially as herein before described in paragraph X.
Thirteenth, the modes of constructing fire-boxes, herein-before described
in paragraph X.
Fourteenth, the constructing of the front of the flue with projecting ribs
or Hanges, substantially as herein-before described in paragraph X.
Fifteenth, the arranging and constructing of adjustable covers or front
casings in connection with fireplaces, substantially as herein-before described
in paragraph X.
Sixteenth, the introduction of air at the back of the fire by elongated
horizontal openings, shaped to direct the air streams across or into the
current of gases, substantially as herein-before described in paragraph X.

page_text: Seventeenth, the constructing of the parts of fireplaces of or similar to
the "register" or "Leamington" class, substantially as herein-before
described in paragraph XI.
Eighteenth, the modes of constructing closed and projecting fronis of
fireplaces, herein-before described in paragraph XII.
Nineteenth, the combining of a detached or outstanding stove with an
ornamental metal front or frame, substantially as herein-before described
in paragraph XIII.
Twentieth, the mode of securing the plates or leaves covering the ashpan,
herein-before described in paragraph XIV.
In witness whereof, I, the said Thomas Steven, on behalf of myself and
of the said Thomas Scott, have hereunto set my hand and seal, this
Twenty-fourth day of June, in the year of our Lord One thousand
eight hundred and fifty-nine.
Witness,
EDMUND HUNT, Patent Agent,
28, St. Enoch Square, Glasgow.
THOMAS STEVEN. (L.S.)