A NEW OR IMPROVED MOTIVE POWER
Year: 1875

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Johann Ernst Friedrich Lüdeke, of 15, Wilmot
Place, Camden Town, in the County of Middlesex, for the Invention
of "A NEW OR IMPROVED MOTIVE POWER,"
Sealed the 9th November 1875, and dated the 12th May 1875.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Johann Ernst Friedrich
Lüdeke at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his
Petition, on the 12th May 1875..
I, JOHANN ERNST FRIEDRICH LÜDEKE, of 15, Wilmot Place, Camden
Town, in the County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of
the said Invention for "A NEW OR IMPROVED MOTIVE POWER," to be as
follows:-
My Invention and discovery relate to a self-motive power, and to what
is technically termed the. "perpetuum mobile," in which pneumatics,
hydraulics, and specific gravity are combined.

page_text: propose in one example to construct a foundation and standards on
which two axes are supported, from which two sets of four tubular
arms or pipes extend, and are attached to a similar number of (that is,
four) telescopic or sliding cylinders, consisting of two or more sections
and two hemispherical caps or ends each. The tubes are permitted to
rotate with the cylinders by means of oscillating pivoted bearings, the
tubes not being arranged in parallel lines but át a suitable angle, so that
the space between their extremities is unequal. The tubes and cylinders
thus communicate with each other, and contain air or gas. The hemi-
spherical caps or ends oscillate according to the successive changes in
the position, of the cylinders, and act as ball-and-socket joints. The
diverging tubular arms or pipes are attached to the hemispherical caps
or ends of the cylinders. On placing this construction in water or other
liquid or fluid, or mercury, the most extended cylinder, that is, at the
widest part of the angle formed by the diverging tubular arms or pipes,
will ascend, by reason of its larger capacity than its opposite cylinder
and its consequent buoyancy, and power and rotary motion will begin
and continue, the successive and graduated extension and decrease of
the cylinders being due to the transfer of the air or gas from one
cylinder to the other by means of the tubular arms and their ever varying
angle.
Another example of my Invention consists in the application of two
discs set vertically at a similar anglo to that of the tubular arms in the
former example, and in forming the axis through the centre of the discs.
From the axis four hollow arms or spokes extend, and are attached to a
similar number of telescopic cylinders contained within or between the
discs. These cylinders consist of three or more sections, each arm or
spoke entering the mid section, the ends being closed by hemispherical
caps or ends. This construction may be enclosed in a receptacle of
water or other liquid or fluid, or mercury; or the discs may be closed by
an annular ring, and the water may be contained therein. The result of
power and motion will obviously be the same as in the former case, the
discs serving to regulate the action of the cylinders.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Johann Ernst Friedrich Lüdeke in the Great Seal
Patent Office on the 12th November 1875.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHANN
ERNST FRIEDRICH LÜDEKE, of 15, Wilmot Place, Camden Town, in the
County of Middlesex, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twelfth day of May, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and soventy-five, in the thirty-
cighth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give
and grant unto me, the said Johann Ernst Friedrich Lüdekc, Her special
licence, that I, the said Johann Ernst Friedrich Lüdeke, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Johann Ernst
Friedrich Lüdeke, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at
any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
thereaftor during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention
for "A NEW OR IMPROVED MOTIVE POWER," upon the condition (amongst
others) that I, the said Johann Ernst Friedrich Lüdeke, my executors
or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their,
or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to
be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date
of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Johann Ernst Friedrich Lüdeke, do
hereby declaro the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the
same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement :-
:-
My Invention and discovery relate to a self-motive power in which
the application of pneumatics, hydraulics, relative actual gravity, and
specific gravity are combined.
The Invention is based. firstly on the principle of continually chancing

page_text: the buoyancy or relative specific gravity of cylindrical or other hollow
bodies capable of revolving around a common centre or axis, such bodies
being immersed or contained wholly or in part in a fluid of greater or
less density, such as mercury or water, the hollow chambers containing
air, or if desired, hydrogen gas. Assuming for example that four
cylinders are attached to radial arms or spokes from a central axis or
shaft, and that one of these cylinders shall (by certain arrangements)
be made to contain a full complement of air, and that the other three
shall be made to contain from a less quantity to none or nearly none,
and also that these arrangements shall cause the four cylinders when in
motion to assume in succession all these changes as regards their com-
plement or the contrary; and, lastly, assuming that such construction
of parts be placed in a vessel containing mercury or water, then the
result would manifestly be that if one of the lower cylinders contained
the full supply of air, it would by its increased buoyancy in regard to
the other cylinders commence to rise or ascend in a circular path, and
give motion to the axis and the whole of the moving parts, so that by
the successive change in the position and state of buoyancy of the
cylinders a continuous motion of rotation would ensue. It will however
be obvious that the mechanism by which such principle may be de-
veloped must be capable of several examples, all bearing on the means
of continually changing the buoyancy of vessels or cylinders revolving
on arms or discs around a common axis, and on such principle and
general construction therefore the first part of my Invention is based.
The Invention relates, secondly, to the substitution of the power of:
relative actual gravity or preponderance of weight of solid bodies or
cylinders applied on the same principle, but causing a reversal of
motion. In this case the bodies or cylinders do not move in mercury or
water, but in air.
In order to explain fully the nature of my said Invention, and some
of the methods by which it may be carried into practical effect, I
proceed to describe the same with reference to the various Drawings
annexed.
Figs. 1, 2, shew an elevation and top view of one form of apparatus.

page_text: immersed in mercury or water. In the first of these two latter examples
it has been stated that a tubular arm or spoke is attached to each end
of the telescopic cylinders. In the second example a solid arm or spoke
is used, to which the piston rods are connected, and a hollow or tubular
arm or spoke is used only at one end of the cylinders, and in each casc
the tubular arm or spoke is for the transfer of air from one series of
cylinders to another. I therefore propose to charge the cylinders with.
mercury or water, and to increase the size of the tubes as may be
required in order that the contents may flow from one to the other with
the same rapidity as is required for the transfer of air. The position of
the cylinders in regard to the junction of the tubes may be altered
accordingly in order to effect this object. By this method I dispense
altogether with the vessel containing mercury or water, and the machine
will work by actual gravity alone.
In order more readily to effect the transfer or flow of mercury or
water from one cylinder to another I propose to connect them by means
of tubes or channels leading from one to another, in which case I may
or may not dispense with the hollow spokes. This method may be
used in conjunction with or in substitution for the tubular arms or
spokes.
In another example I form a vessel or receptacle for containing water
or mercury; one side of the vessel is set diagonally in regard to the
opposite side, and receives a circular plate or disc which is capable of
rotation within a corresponding space left vacant in the diagonal side for
its reception; this disc is set in position by a corresponding diagonal
shaft and pivoted bearing supported on a standard, and it is perforated
with (for example) four circular equidistant apertures, through which
cylinders are permitted to protrude and slide, suitable packing being
applied to the cylinders and disc to prevent escape of the contents of
the vessel. The cylinders are then attached by means of spokes and
rods to a central axis.
Since the protrusion of the cylinders through a plane diagonal to their
central line would leave unequal lengths on each of their sides I obviate
this inequality by attaching to cach a supplementary base consisting of
a diagonal or oblique section of a cylinder equal in diameter to that of
the cylinders; a section is placed loosely on the end of each cylinder

page_text: by means of a short shaft or continuation of the shaft of the cylinder,
and is provided with a small float or buoyant ball, so as to maintain the
supplementary end in one position while the cylinders are constantly
changing their position in their revolution, and the result will be that
the cylinders with these attachments will always present equal surfaces
to the mercury or water.
On the same principle, as in the former examples it is evident that
the cylinder which is most fully protruded through the perforated disc
into the mercury or fluid will have the greatest buoyancy, and so on
with all of them in rotation. In this case I dispense with the transfer
of air from one cylinder to another and substitute the plan of continually
changing the extent of displacement of mercury or water by the mass
or bulk of the hollow cylinders, inserted laterally by protrusion through
the disc. There will consequently result a continually ascending and
descending motion in a circular or rotary path. But in lieu of adding to
the cylinders as described, I propose to set them at an angle in regard
to the plane side of the vessel or reservoir, on the same principle as
shewn and described in Figs. 3, 4, where the guide rods are set at an
angle to the pistons; the result will be that the cylinders will all move
perpendicularly or at right angles to the perforated disc, and con-
sequently the same result will be obtained as by the addition of the
supplementary diagonal section. Or I propose to fix the cylinders to a
circular disc capable of rotation in the side of the vessel, and the
cylinders are then protruded through the perforated diagonal disc, the
vessel containing mercury or fluid; the bearing shaft of the disc holding
the fixed cylinders is made strong enough to sustain the whole of the
moving parts, and the diagonal perforated disc is secured by the diagonal
nivated hearing

page_text: is based :-
In this apparatus I apply the cylinders to the interior of a circular
chamber, and cause them to be protruded and withdrawn through its
periphery instead of laterally through a disc or circular plate.
The method of effecting this is shewn in Fig. 5, which is an eleva-
tion, with one side or cover of the apparatus removed in order to shew
the interior arrangements, and Fig. 6, which is a horizontal section
of the same. a is a foundation; b, a pillar shewn in dotted lines in
Fig. 5; c is the external jacket or casing of the apparatus secured to
the foundation; d, d, are the cylinders connected by radial spokes or
arms to a shaft or axis f set excentrically to the shaft or axis of the
internal chamber e; and this shaft is then brought forward or extended
to and through the exterior of the apparatus, and set in bearings on the
external, pillar or standard b. The space h within and between the
jacket c and chamber e is filled, or partly filled with mercury or water,
or other liquid; and the openings in the chamber e through which the
cylinders move, are packed in a suitable manner to prevent the entrance
of the mercury or water. Each cylinder is caused to bear on a friction
roller, two of which are marked i are shewn set in the periphery of the
chamber e in contact with each cylinder, and aro capable of working in
a water-tight manner; or they may be within the chamber or outside
in the space h, or both inside and outside the chamber. The shaft or
axis of the chamber e is shewn fixed in the side of the external jacket
at g, Fig. 5.
In lieu of the excentric position of the shaft f, an excentric or cam
or other equivalent, may be applied according to the requirements of
the machine. The cylinder shewn furthest protruding into the mercury
or water by the excentric shaft fis at its full ascending power, and its
opposite cylinder is at zero; the consequence being, as in the former
examples, that a continuous motion of rotation will be effected by
reason of the continual change in the position of the cylinders, and
their ever changing degree of buoyancy.
It is obvious that machines may be constructed on this principle and
on that of the lateral protrusion to work by actual gravity instead of

page_text: And, Lastly. I claim to use any one or more parts of one form of the
machinery or apparatus, in combination with any one or more parts of
another or other forms or examples which are herein specified :-
In witness whereof, I, the said Johann Ernst Friedrich Lüdeke,
have hereunto set my hand and seal, this Ninth day of November
in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-
fiva
Witness,
J. C. H. SIEVIER,
Citizen Road,
Holloway.
J. E. F. LÜDEKE. (L.S).