IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SOAP, PARTS OF WHICH IMPROVE- MENTS ARE APPLICABLE TO PREPARING MATERIALS FOR THE PURPOSES AND ILLUMINATION AND ALGO BAD THE PURPOSES OF LUBRICATION
Year: 1856

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Barker Anderson, of East Hill, Wandsworth, in
the County of Surrey, Soap Manufacturer, for the Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SOAP, PARTS OF WHICH IMPROVE-
MENTS ARE APPLICABLE TO PREPARING MATERIALS FOR THE PURPOSES AND
ILLUMINATION
AND ALGO BAD THE PURPOSES OF LUBRICATION
"
Sealed the 15th April 1856, and dated the 31st January 1856.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Barker Anderson
at the Office of the Commissioners of 'Patents, with his Petition, on the
31st January 1856.
I, JOHN BARKER ANDERSON, of East Hill, Wandsworth, in the County of
Surrey, Soap Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of the Invention for
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SOAP, PARTS OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS
ARE APPLICABLE TO PREPARING MATERIALS FOR THE PURPOSES OF ILLUMINATION, AND
ALSO FOR THE PURPOSES OF LUBRICATION," to be as follows:-
When oils and fatty matters are subjected to heat at high temperatures, by
which I mean temperatures exceeding that of boiling water, and ranging from
212° to 630° of Fahrenheit's scale, they undergo considerable changes, as in the
instance of palm oil; thus by the action of heat its orange-red colour is
destroyed, and it becomes of a brownish-white colour, its odour also is at the
same time altered in a great degree. Rancid fatty matters and train oil, and

page_text: other fish oils, are also advantageously treated by submitting them to the action
of heat, as thereby their offensive odours are destroyed to a considerable extent,
and they are thus rendered more agreeable for making soap.
Now I am
aware that oils and fatty matters have been subjected to the treatment I have
above described, and I do not therefore describe such process as novel, but as
necessary only to facilitate the description of the nature of my Invention, which
relates to the submitting to a purifying process, in the course of their conversion
into soaps, oils, and fatty matters, which have been heated at high temperatures
as above described.
My Invention also relates to the submitting to the said purifying process,
in the course of their conversion into soaps, oils and fatty matters, which
have been subjected to the action of an acid or acids for decolouring
them well known processes, or for the purpose of separating them from
combined bases; also by well known processes, as in the instance of tallow,
oleic acid (more or less pure) known in commerce as tallow, oil, or other
oleic acids, as produced in the stearic candle manufacture; and further,
my Invention relates to the submitting to the said purifying process, in the
course of their conversion into soaps, oils and fatty matters, which have been
subjected to the action of streams of atmospheric air for the purpose of
decolouring them; likewise a well-known process. The purifying process to
which I submit, in the course of their conversion into. soap, oily, and fatty
matters, which have been treated as above described, is similar to the "fitting
operation" employed in making a fine quality, yellow, or resin soap, and the
process or operation is well understood by practical soap makers, so that it is
unnecessary for me to go into detail. By this process I separate from the
original charge of materials, which I employ (and which shall consist of palm
oil, train oil, or other fish oil and fatty matters, that have been. heated as
described, or treated with acid or acids, or subjected to streams of atmospheric
air as above mentioned, and tallow, oil, or other oleic acids, or any one or more
of them) a considerable portion of a dark coloured soapy substance, I will call
"niger," and the remaining portion of the charge will then be found greatly
improved in colour and quality (if I deem it desirable I repeat the purifying
operation) and the thus purified goods I then convert into a "grain" soap, or
into a "run" soap, by adding thereto the ley or leys suitable to such opera-
tions respectively, and boiling, and thus finishing as a perfect soap; or, I convert
it into a yellow soap by adding resin thereto, and the proper ley or leys, and
.finishing it accordingly, as is commonly practised and well understood by
practical soap makers. The dark coloured soapy substance ("niger "); obtained
as above described, I employ in making a "mottled "soap, as it is very suitable

page_text: for that purpose, by adding the proper ley and boiling and finishing as such,
either in the state as I obtain it, or with the addition of other the ordinary and
well-known materials; or, I decompose the said "niger" with sulphuric or
other suitable acid, and the fatty acids thus obtained I submit to pressure, and
employ in manner following; that is to say, the solid part for making candles,
the fluid part for burning in lamps, or to be used as lubricants either in the
state I obtain them, or mixed with other the well-known and ordinary materials
for candles, as oils for burning in lamps or used as lubricants; or, I decompose
the "niger "in manner as above described, and the fatty acids obtained I distil,
and employ the products of the distillation either in the condition as obtained,
or after pressure, for the purposes of illumination and lubrication. And I
employ them either in the state as thus obtained, or mixed with other the
ordinary and well-known materials employed for said purposes.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said John Barker Anderson, in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 30th July 1856.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
BARKER ANDERSON, of East Hill, Wandsworth, in the County of Surrey, Soap
Manufacturer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Thirty-first day of January, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-six, in the nineteenth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said John Barker Anderson, Her special licence that I, the said John
Barker Anderson, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as
I, the said John Barker Anderson, my executors, administrators, and assigns
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all
times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might
make, use,, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SOAP, PARTS OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE APPLI-
CABLE TO PREPARING MATERIALS FOR THE PURPOSES OF ILLUMINATION, AND ALSO FOR
THE PURPOSES OF LUBRICATION," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the
said John Barker Anderson, my executors, or administrators, by an instrument
in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should

page_text: particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in
what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in
the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately
after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said John Barker Anderson, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement thereof, that is to say:-
When oils and fatty matters are subjected to heat at high temperatures, by
which I mean temperatures exceeding that of boiling water, and ranging from
212° to 630° or thereabout of Fahrenheit's scale, they undergo considerable
changes, as in the instance of palm oil; thus by the action of heat its orange-
red colour is destroyed, and it becomes of a brownish-white colour, its odour
is also at the same time altered in a great degree. Rancid fatty matters and
train oil, and other fish oils, are also advantageously treated by submitting
them to the action of heat, as thereby their offensive odours are destroyed to
a considerable extent, and they are thus rendered more agreeable for making
soap. I am aware that oils and fatty matters have been subjected to the
treatment I have above described, and I do not therefore describe such process
as novel. Oils and fatty matters are also subjected to the action of an acid or
acids for decoloring them by well-known processes, or for the purpose of
separating them from combined bases; also by well-known processes, as in the
instance of tallow, oleic acid, (more or less pure) known in commerce as
tallow, oil, or other oleic acids, as produced in the stearic candle manufacture;
and further, oils and fatty matters are also subjected to the action of streams
of atmospheric air for the purpose of decoloring them; likewise a well-known
process. Now oils and fatty matters that have been treated by the various
processes I have above described, evince in the course of converting them into
soap a strong tendency to "mottle," so that when making them into a "curd"
soap it is next. to impossible to avoid the developement of this peculiarity
more or less, and the soap shows "roe" or veins when cutting from the
frame.
The first part of my Invention, then, consists in subjecting oils and fatty
matters, that have been treated as above described in the course of their
conversion into soap, to an operation, similar to that performed in making a
fine quality, yellow, or rosin soap, and known as "fitting," by this I separate
from them a considerable portion of a niger substance, and so remove this
disposition to "mottling," and the goods
greatly improved in colour and quality.
after this treatment are found to be
Accordingly I boil the charge of

page_text: materials (which shall consist of oils and fatty matters that have been heated*
as described, or treated with an acid or acids, or subjected to streams of
atmospheric air as above mentioned, and tallow, oil, or other oleic acids, or any
one or more of them,) with the alkaline leys as commonly practised until the
goods are "strength." I then remove the strong ley, and treat with a weak
ley or water, and boil and perform the operation termed "fitting," as is well.
understood by practical soap makers. I allow twelve hours, or thereabout, for
subsidence of the niger, and then pump or draw it off, and I will presently
describe my mode of treating it. (If I deem it desirable I again boil up the
goods, and repeat the fitting operation.) The purified goods may now be dealt
with as may be desired, either to be finished as a "grain" or curd soap, (and
this can now be very readily performed) by adding a suitable ley for finishing
as a curd, or finished as a "run" soap, by adding a ley proper for such
purpose, or they may be converted into a yellow soap by the addition of rosin
as commonly practised, and adding the necessary leys and finishing by the
ordinary method. The niger substance which has been removed from the
purified goods, I convert into a mottled soap by adding the necessary ley, and
boiling and finishing as commonly practised, and as is well understood, either as
I obtain it, or with the addition of fresh materials suitable to the purpose.
The second part of my Invention is this, instead of converting the niger
substance into mottled soap (if I prefer to do so) I remove it into a suitable
vessel, blow in steam so as to boil it, and render it more or less fluid, and then
neutralize the alkali therein by the addition of an acid, as is well understood
(I prefer to use sulphuric acid), and the fatty acids thus obtained I now treat
in all respects as is commonly practised in the stearic candle manufacture; that
is to say, after a "washing operation" I submit them to pressure, and the
products obtained I employ in manner following: the solid portion for making
candles, the fluid part for burning in lamps, or to be used as lubricants, either
as I obtain them, or mixed with other the ordinary materials used for such
purposes, or I again employ them as materials for soap making.
The third part of my Invention is this, I distill by known processes and
apparatus, in an atmosphere of steam, the niger substance either as I obtain it
or after decomposition by the acid (I prefer the latter treatment), and the
products of the distillation I submit to pressure, and then deal with them
exactly as I have just described under the head of the second part of my Inven-
tion. The residue found in the still I employ for making a low quality soap.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention and the mode of per-
forming the same, I would have it understood that what I claim is, first, the
subjecting to the purifying or fitting operation, in the course of their conversion

page_text: into soaps, oils and fatty matters that have been subjected to the action of
heat for the purposes I have above described, or subjected to the action of an
acid or acids for the purposes also above described, and oils and fatty matters
that have been subjected to the action of streams of atmospheric air for
purposes likewise above described, by which I separate the substance I term
niger, and the conversion of the so purified and upper portion of the charge
into a "grain" or curd soap, by boiling it with a suitable ley, or into a
"run" soap by boiling it with a suitable ley, or into a yellow soap by adding
rosin thereto and the suitable ley, and finishing it as such.
Secondly, I claim the conversion of the niger substance or lower portion of
the charge into a mottled soap, by boiling with a suitable ley, and finishing as
such, either as I obtain it, or with the addition of other the ordinary materials
suitable to the purpose.
. I also claim the decomposition of the niger substance by means of an
acid (preferring sulphuric acid), but muriatic or other suitable acids may
be employed, and the application of the fatty acids so obtained to the
manufacture of candles, as oils for burning, or to be used lubricants,
either in the state as I obtain them, or mixed with other the ordinary
materials used for such purposes, and also their re-conversion into soaps;
and I also claim the distillation of the niger substance, either in the
state as I obtain it, or after decomposition by an acid or acids, and the appli-
cation of the products so obtained to the manufacture of candles, as oils for
burning or to be used as lubricants, either in the state as I obtain them, or
mixed with other the ordinary materials used for such purposes, and also their
reconversion into soaps.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Barker Anderson, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Twenty-eighth day of July, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-six.
Witness,
S. CARPMAEL.
JOHN BARKER ANDERSON. (L.S.)