Improvements in Calculating Machines.
Year: 1899

page_text: Improvements in Calculating Machines.
A communication from abroad by HENRY GOLDMAN, Accountant and Manufac-
turer, of Chicago, in the State of Illinois, United States of America.
'
.I, JAMES GRIEVE LORRAIN, M.I.E.E., M.I.Mech. E., of Norfolk House, Norfolk
Street, London, W.C., in the County of Middlesex, Chartered Patent Agent, do
hereby declare the nature of this invention (as communicated to me from abroad)
to be as follows:-
'
This invention relates to improvements in calculating machines by means of
which certain advantages are obtained.
In order that the invention may be readily understood I have appended hereto
certain sheets of drawings, in which
Fig. 1 shows my calculating machine, as seen from above.
Fig. 2 shows the right hand side of the side-plate, the outer cover-plate being
removed.
Fig. 3 shows the interior construction after the two side-pieces (Figs. 4 and 5)
are removed to show the mechanism of a chamber or cell.
Fig. 4 shows the inner side-plate and Fig. 5 shows the cover-plate.
Fig. 6 shows two numeral-tablets and their end-connecting piece
Fig. 7 shows a top view of the internal mechanism of the machine.
Fig. 8 shows a septum or partition between successive cells.
Fig. 9 shows a transverse section of Fig. 1, taken at any point, as on the
plane of Fig. 1.
Fig. 10 shows an enlarged plan of two registering-wheels, together with parts
of the side-wall, bc, (Figs. 4 and 5) in section, a part of the registering-wheel
shaft and the resetting-wheel with its stop-mechanism..
Fig. 11 shows a central section of one of the registering-wheels of Fig. 10,.
the shaft and the septum.
Fig. 12 shows a fragment of the side-plate b. shown in Fig. 4, with the stop:
mechanism shown in Fig. 10, in side view.
Fig. 13 shows a fragment of the stop-pin, in elevation or perspective.
Fig. 14 shows, in front and in side elevation, a pawl which holds the:
registering-wheels from reversing motion.
Fig. 15 shows a side view of a registering-wheel as seen from the right hand
end of the shaft together with a fragment of the actuating chain of it with the
mechanism of its opposite side in broken outlines.,
Fig. 16 shows the reverse side of the wheel shown in Fig. 15, with the
mechanism of the opposite side in broken or dotted outlines.
Fig. 17 shows a fragment of the upper part of a septum and a registering-
wheel on the further side of it, a part of said wheel covered by said septum, being.
shown in broken or dotted outlines. The pawl q is the actuating member-to
said wheel, and forms a part of the wheel on this, or near side of said septum,

page_text: its spur greaches across the septum and as shown is just making contact with
the tooth e. The wheel to which said pawl and its spring belong being removed
in both Figs. 17 and 18 to fully indicate the operation.
Fig. 18 shows the said parts of Fig. 17 after the pawl q has completed its
work and is released from the tooth by the action of the cam-edge o³, the
wheel e having now advanced the space of one tooth.
Said Figures 15, 16, 17 and 18 show the mechanism and its operation which
performs the decimal notation of my machine.
Fig. 19 shows a collar on which the registering-wheels turn, and are carried
in end view.
Figure 20 shows a reversing-cam in side view.
Fig. 21 shows a fragment of the upper end of the cover-plate showing the
resetting-wheel and the stop mechanism on it.
Fig. 22 shows the resetting-wheel of Fig. 21 on its reverse side. Fig. 23
.shows a fragment of the lower or front end of the bottom plate of the machine
with its rollers.
Fig. 24 shows the right hand of a fragment of a registering-wheel, a chain-
roller and chain, the ends of the levers which operate the chain in place and the
free end of the long lever with a part of its length broken out and its normal
position indicated in broken outlines while the extreme position of the opposite
condition is shown in full lines.
Fig. 25 shows two links of the chain in side elevation.
Fig. 26 shows Fig. 25 as seen from below.
Fig. 27 shows both a front and an end elevation of a sliding shutter.
Fig. 28 shows, in front and end elevation, a separatrix or decimal pointer.
Fig. 29 shows an end for end reversed view of the registering-wheel shaft.
Fig. 30 shows a spring which works on the lever and chain within the respective.
cells, seen in elevation.
Fig. 31 shows the spring, shown in preceding figure, in plan.
Fig. 32 shows a chain-cover, or shield, or guard, for shielding any chain
against the stylus point.
Fig. 33 is an adjustable stop for the stylus.
Like letters of reference denote like parts in all figures.
The purpose of my invention is to produce a machine, adapted to perform all
arithmetical computations, of large capacity, though small in dimensions, light,
low-priced, durable and accurate, with an operating surface like the ruling of
an account-book, over which the machine may be moved, and serve as a guide
to the figures operated upon, yet so simple in its mode of operation, that it may
be used by anyone without practice or preparation.
My machine is placed in a metal case which can be opened on the right
hand side, because thus most convenient for replacing on removing its con-
tained mechanism. Said opening is closed by a side-plate b, fitting within the
walls of the case, and a cover-plate c fitting over the case.
The top of the case has an opening within which the chain-mechanism is
operated. A raised chamber a', at the upper end of the case, contains the regis-
tering mechanism, consisting of a channeled shaft d on which rotate a series of
notationally connected registering-wheels e having long figure-receiving tooth-
faces ea, and radial faces e¹.
Endless chains g moving under and tangentially to the wheels e on rollers h, h,
turning on shafts i are so placed as to bring the spurs g¹ in contact with the
tooth-faces e and while the chain g moves tangentially to the wheel e it is,
simultaneously, actuated towards and from said wheel to engage and release its
spurs with the teeth of said wheel by means of connected levers jk, (see Fig. 24),
the fulcrum of the lever j being on an off-set arm ; the lever j fulcrumed at j¹;
the lever being fulcrumed at near the shoulder made by said off-set arm;
and at said shoulder is a spur ³ which engages an offset-spur of the lever k.
In Fig. 24 the normal condition of the levers j k is shown in broken lines,

page_text: their upper edges forming a straight line, while their opposite condition is
shown in full lines; the chain g depressed by the stylus 7 (Fig. 3) bringing the
parts el gl in full contact, the chain 9 moving on the upper edge of the levers j k.
The stylus is set on the chain at any point below the rollers and pressed down
to the roller s where every stroke made with it is ended.
A notch m in the lever-leg through which passes a bar m³, limits the
motion of the levers j and k. The roller s makes an easy passage under it of the
depressed chain-spur g¹ and also helps said chain-spur to rise behind it and pass
between it and the bar s3 whose front edge arrests the chain-spur, and the roller s
partially arrests the chain by allowing the chain-spur to pass between it and the
bar when the chain rises with the lever j. The bar is rounded in front to
allow the chain to move from it freely when it is started.
The drum (Fig. 24) may be notched into teeth to receive the end of the
lever to aid in promptly arresting the chain-motion. The roller reduces
friction, but is not essential.
A spring m, pivotally supported on a rod at m² presses with both its ends
against the lever and raises and holds it to its normal position. The extended
and supplemental member m¹ of said spring depresses the chain under it and
yieldingly counteracts the lever while the foot ja depresses the part of the
chain under it which, thereby, tends to straighten the upper half of the chain
and release it from its locked position between the parts », s2, said springs and
levers always taking up all slack but never straining the chain. The spring-
end m lifts the free end of the lever j.
A pawl on a shaft f' pressed by a spring fagainst the wheel e both prevents
reverse motion and also completes any insufficient motion of each wheel e by
means of its beveled end-face f³ which slides over the radial face e¹ until pawl
and wheel-face e touch, then the end-face of the pawl will be on the face e¹ and
the wheel e in normal position.
The notation-wheel, and thereto connected mechanism, of a single cell, as
above set forth, is complete, but is, serially, connected for carrying to any number
of such cell-mechanism by recessing the notation-wheels e (see Figs. 15, 16, 17,
and 18), on the right hand side with a series of peripheral in-pointing teeth e
and a plain peripheral circle e on the opposite side. Said recessing is indicated
by the broken lines c et, shown in Fig. 11, and it extends to the wheel-hub eo.
In the left hand recess are pawls and hinged at qand, with short spurs q
and 2 and springs qrt to said spurs, one of said spurs pressing interiorly, the
other exteriorly; the latter to throw the free end of the pawl outwardly, against
the rim and the other to throw its free end inwardly onto the cam 2, provided
with a radial notch-face p¹. Said pawls have, each, a spur at their free ends q¹ º¹,
projecting vertically from the wheel the spur q' reaching across the septum o
into the teeth of the next wheel and the spur across the cam 2. The camp
is of the same thickness as the septum o, and in its plane and is held by the
spur in the groove to rotate with its axis.
The incomplete circle o, in the septum o, holds the spur g¹, radially, inside
the teeth e until it reaches the edge of, at one end of said are o³, after which it
slides. on the face of the tooth e3 and catches the radial face of its next tooth,
which it takes along until the edge o³, a tangent part of the arc o²; pushes it
inward until released from said tooth, (Fig. 18). The said spur is thus carried
across the gap between the edges oo, it having turned the wheel e the length
of one registering-tooth, or distance between two radial faces e¹. Said gap is
also shown as o' in Fig. 8.
The spur rides over the cam p; continuously, until the wheels e are to be
reset to zero, when the axle d is turned toward said cam-face p¹ by the resetting-
wheel a² so as to cause the outer face of the spur to push against the radial
face whereby said spurs are assembled into line, set so as to bring all the zero-
marked faces on e² to the registering-opening at that same time the stop sis
thrown into the hole of the resetting wheel a² by the forked spring s6 slipped

page_text: into the groove on the stops, one revolution of said shaft always setting; all
said wheels to zero. The push-bottom s releases the wheel a².."
The hubs e of the wheels e-turn on collars n slightly longer than the hubs (e
and they hold the cams in place and also prevent frictional contact of the
wheels and septa.
:
To indicate certain notations the tops of the septa or partitions o are made of
different form, or color, as shown at . The chains may also be similarly, dis
tinguished for like purposes.
A shutter t, held by inturned ends in undercut grooves 3 moves over-the
register-opening and covers such figures as the operating of the: machine may
require; and,below, said shutter moves a pointer i held by a stud in a slot u²
for decimal or other notation.
On the sides c are tablets each provided with a row of large figures ¹ and
outside thereof a row of smaller figures, the one on the left beginning with
zero and ending with nine. while the one on the right begins with one and
ends with ten, the numeral, one, being written within the large cipher of the
other row of numerals. Said sets of figures occupy opposite squares whose
dividing line is in line with the transverse rows of chain-spurs g'; which always
stop on such lines. A transverse plate connects the side-tablets into a single
piece. A shutter, or chain-guard, w. Fig. 32, with spurs ww2 at its ends,
sprung between and held by the rollers s s¹ covers an entire row of chain-links
for the purpose of preventing their use, while the numbers on its face corre-
spond with the larger side-tablet figures, to farther aid the eye in the same
manner as do said larger figures. One of said shutters divides the machine into
two independent machines whose results, within certain limits, depending on
the number of chains on either side of the shutter, or shutters so used, give
practical results.
Two or more such shutters may be used to divide the machine into two or
more independent result-producing machines.
An adjustable transverse stop 12 having arms 13 parallel to the tablets i,
under which they slide and hold said stop, slides on said tablets which may be
adjusted over any row of chain-spurs to stop the motion of the stylus is particu
larly advantageous, when the registration of the same figures in different columns
is required as it admits of increased speed and convenience in operation. The
stylus-point is claw-like in form so that its point may push the chain-spur fully
under the roller which stops the stylus.
The front edge of the case has a scale 11 which corresponds to the ruling of
an account-book and thus serves to guide the accountant as he runs over the
page from the top downward. Rollers projecting slightly from the bottom
of the case a reduce the friction of the machine as it runs down the page of the
account-book.
The operation of my computing machine, called the "arithmachine," is sub-
stantially as follows, namely:
To place a number on the arithmachine the large figures on each tablet, con-
stituting the fundamental numeral scales, direct where the stylus point is to be
inserted, and the septa aid in selecting the notational chain, where the stylus
is to be depressed and moved to its stop. To indicate 70, for instance; the
stylus point is inserted opposite the large in the second column from the right,
and moved forward with the chain to the stop. A number composed of two or more
significant figures, is placed by registering the several figures successively.
Ciphers are never registered because the place value of the significant figures
is defined by the columnar arrangement of the chain-surface. To register the
complement of a number the small figures on the left hand tablet govern,
except units figures, which are registered according to the small figures of the
right hand tablet. For instance, by placing 567, according to the small figures,
433 appears in the register-opening, which is the difference between 567 and
1000.

page_text: In addition the numbers or amounts are placed successively, according to the
large numeral scale, preferably from the left to the right, as written, starting
at the head of the page or column, keeping the figures at the front end of the
machine, and making mental combinations whenever practicable. For example,
475 and 25 are registered as 500 by a single stylus stroke.
In subtraction the minuend is registered according to the large figures, while
the subtrahend is placed according to the small figures. The difference then
appears in the register-opening, from which, however, the figure one, in the
highest place, must always be omitted.
Multiplication is best performed by simply registering the partial products
of the multiplicand by the figures of the multiplyer, taking care that the results
of the multiplication table are placed in the proper columns, which produces
the answer in the register-opening.
In division the dividend is first registered, according to the large figures,
then the divisor is registered, complementally, or according to the small figures,
as often as contained in the first partial dividend, whereupon the first remainder
appears in the register opening and the first quotient figure in the left hand
place. The adjoining figure of the dividend is then annexed and the operation
repeated until every figure of the dividend has been used. The sliding shutter
and decimal pointer are, here, advantageously employed.
In computations with common fractions and denominate quantities, as pounds,
shillings, pence, and so forth; the chain-guard is utilized to, practically, suspend
the decimal operation of the wheels between the different denominations. For
instance, English currency requires the use of two chain-guards, so placed as
to preserve two places for pence and two places for shillings. The operations
are then performed as with ordinary numbers and the partial results reduced.
to the proper denomination. Problems in interest, discount, average, and so
forth, are easily solved and computations involving powers, riots, logarithms,
and the like, are quickly solved on my arithmachine; in fact all known methods
of mental or manual arithmetic can be readily worked on my machine.
Dated this 15th day of May 1899.
J. G. LORRAIN,
Communicatee.
Improvements in Calculating Machines.
A communication from abroad by HENRY GOLDMAN, Inventor, Accountant and
Manufacturer, of Chicago, in the State of Illinois, United States of
America.
I, JAMES GRIEVE LORRAIN, M.I.E.E., M.I.Mech.E., of Norfolk House, Norfolk'
Street, London, W.C., in the County of Middlesex, Chartered Patent Agent, do
hereby declare the nature of this invention (as communicated to me from abroad)
and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following statement:-
This invention relates to improvements in calculating machines by means of
which certain advantages are obtained.
In order that this invention may be readily understood I shall refer to the
drawings left with my Provisional Specification, in which
Fig. 1 shows my calculating machine, as seen from above.

page_text: Fig. 2 shows the right hand side of the side-plate, the outer cover-plate being
removed.
Fig. 3 shows, the interior construction after the two side-pieces (Figs. 4 and 5)
are removed to show the mechanism of a chamber or ce!!.
Fig. 4 shows the inner side-plate and Fig. 5 shows the cover-plate.
Fig. 6 shows two numeral-tablets and their end-connecting piece.
Fig. 7 shows a top view of the internal mechanism of the machine.
Fig. 8 shows a septum or partition between successive cells.
Fig. 9 shows a traverse section of Fig. 1, taken at any point, as on the
plane of Fig. 1.
Fig. 10 shows an enlarged plan of two registering-wheels, together with parts
of the side-wall, b, (Fig. 4 and 5) in section, a part of the registering-wheel
shaft and the resetting-wheel with its stop-mechanism.
Fig. 1 shows a central section of one of the registering-wheels of Fig. 10,
the shaft and the septum.
Fig. 12 shows a fragment of the side-plate b. shown in Fig. 4, with the stop-
mechanism shown in Fig. 10, in side view.
Fig. 13 shows a fragment of the stop-pin, in elevation or perspective.
Fig. 14 shows, in front and in side elevation, a pawl which holds the
registering-wheels from reversing motion.
Fig. 15 shows a side view of a registering-wheel as seen from the right hand
end of the shaft together with a fragment of the actuating chain of it with the
mechanism of its opposite side in broken outlines.
Fig. 16 shows the reverse side of the wheel shown in Fig. 15, with the
mechanism of the opposite side in broken or dotted outlines.
Fig. 17 shows a fragment of the upper part of a septum and a registering-
wheel on the farther side of it, a part of said wheel covered by said septum, being
shown in broken or dotted outlines. The pawl is the actuating member to
said wheel, and forms a part of the wheel on this, or near side of said septum,
its spur q reaches across the septum and as shown is just making contact with
the tooth e. The wheel to which said pawl and its spring belong being removed
in both Figs. 17 and 18 to fully indicate the operation of said pawl.
Fig. 18 shows the said parts of Fig. 17 after the pawl has completed its
work and is released from the tooth by the action of the cam-edge o³, the
wheel e having now advanced the space of one tooth.
Said Figures 15, 16, 17 and 18 show the mechanism and its operation which
performs the decimal notation of my machine.
Fig. 19 shows a collar, on which the registering-wheels turn and are carried,
in end view.
Fig. 20 shows a reversing cam in side view.
Fig. 21 shows a fragment of the upper end of the cover-plate showing the
resetting-wheel and the stop mechanism on it.
Fig. 22 shows the resetting-wheel of Fig. 21 on its reverse side. Fig. 23
shows a
fragment of the lower or front end of the bottom plate of the machine
with its rollers.
Fig. 24 shows the right hand of a fragment of a registering-wheel, a chain-
roller and chain, the ends of the levers which operate the chain in place and the
free end of the long lever with a part of its length broken out and its normal
position indicated in broken or dotted outlines while the extreme position of
the opposite condition is shown in full lines.
Fig. 25 shows two links of the chain in side elevation.
Fig. 26 shows Fig. 25 as seen from below.
Fig. 27 shows both a front and an end elevation of a sliding shutter.
Fig. 28 shows, in front and end elevation, a separatrix or decimal pointer.
Fig. 29 shows an end for end reversed view of the registering-wheel shaft.
Fig. 30 shows a spring which works on the lever and chain within the respective
cells, seen in elevation.
Fig. 31 shows the spring, shown in preceding figure, in plan.
.

page_text: Fig. 32 shows a chain-cover, or shield,- or guard, for shielding any chain
against the stylus point.
Fig. 33 is an adjustible stop for the stylus in its upward motion. It is shown
applied at the top of the tablets in Fig. 1.
Like letters of reference denote like parts in all figures..
The purpose of my invention is to produce a machine adapted to perform all
arithmetical computations, of large capacity, though small in dimensions, light,
low-priced, durable and accurate, with an operating surface like the ruling of
an account-book, over which the machine may be moved, and serve as a guide
to the figures operated upon, yet so simple in its mode of operation that it may
be used by anyone, without practice or preparation.
My machine is placed in a metal case a which can be opened on the right
hand side, because thus most convenient, for placing or removing its con-
tained mechanism. Said opening is closed by a side plate b, fitting within the
walls of the case, and a cover-plate o fitting over the case.
The top of the case has an opening within which the chain-mechanism is
operated. A raised chamber a¹, at the upper end of the case, contains the regis-
tering mechanism, consisting of a channeled shaft d on which rotate a series of
notationally connected registering-wheels e having long figure-receiving tooth-
faces 2, and radial faces e¹.
Endless chains g moving under and tangentially to the wheels e on rollers hh.
turning on shafts i are so placed as to bring the spurs g in contact with the
tooth-faces e and while the chain y moves tangentially to the wheel e it is,
simultaneously, actuated towards and from said wheel to engage and release its
spurs with the teeth of said wheel by means of connected levers jk, (see Fig. 24),
the fulcrum of the lever being on an off-set arm, of the lever j fulcrumed at j¹;
the lever being fulcrumed at near the shoulder made by said off-set arm;
and at said shoulder is a spur which engages an offset-spur of the lever k.
In Fig. 24 the normal condition of the levers jis shown in broken lines,
their upper edges forming a straight line, while their opposite condition is
shown in full lines the chain g depressed by the stylus 7 (Fig. 3) bringing the
parts el g¹ in full contact, the chain g moving on the upper edge of the levers j k.
The stylus is set on the chain at any point below the rollers and drawn down
to the rollers where every stroke made with it is ended.
A notch m in the lever-leg through which passes a bar m³ limits the
motion of the levers j and k. The rollers makes an easy passage under it of the
depressed chain-spur g and also helps said chain-spur to rise behind it and pass
between it and the bar whose front edge arrests the chain-spur and the roller s
partially arrests the chain by allowing the chain-spur to pass between it and the
bar 2 when the chain rises with the lever j. The bar 2 is rounded in front to
allow the chain to move freely when it starts.
The drum h (Fig. 24) may be notched into teeth to receive the end of the
lever k to aid in promptly arresting the chain-motion. The roller 2 reduces
friction, but is not essential.
A spring m. pivotally supported on a rod at m² presses with both its ends
against the lever j and raises and holds it to its normal position. The extended
and supplemental member m¹ of said spring depresses the chain under it and
vieldingly counteracts the lever k while the foot depresses the part of the
chain under it which thereby tends to straighten the upper half of the chain
and release it from its locked position between the parts s2, said springs and
levers always taking up all slack but never straining the chain. The spring-
end m³ lifts the free end of the lever j
A pawlf on a shaft f¹ pressed by a spring f2 against the wheel e both prevents
reverse motion and also completes any insufficient motion of each wheel e by
means of its beveled end-face which slides over the radial face e¹ until pawl
and wheel-face touch then the end-face of the pawl will be on the face e¹ and
the wheel e in normal position.

page_text: The notation-wheel, and thereto connected mechanism of a single cell, as
above set forth, is complete, but is serially connected for carrying to any number
of such cell-mechanism by recessing the notation-wheels e (see Figs. 15, 16, 17
and 18) on the right hand side with a series of peripheral in-pointing teeth e
and a plain peripheral circle e on the opposite side. Said recessing is indicated
by the broken or dotted lines et e shown in Fig. 11, and it extends to the wheel-
hub e. In the left hand recess are pawls y and r hinged at 3 and 3, with short
spurs 2 and 2 and springs qr to said spurs, one of said spurs pressing interiorly the
other exteriorly; the latter to throw the free end of the pawl outwardly, against
the rim and the other to throw its free end inwardly onto the cam p. provided
with a radical notch-face p. Said pawls have each a spur at their free ends q¹ pl
projecting vertically from the wheel; the spur q reaching, across the septum
into the teeth of the next wheel and the spur across the cam p. The cam p
its plane, and is held by the
is of the same thickness as the septum and in
spur in the groove to rotate with its axis.
The incomplete circle 2 in the septum o, holds the spur q', radially, inside
the teeth e until it reaches the edge of, at one end of said arc of, after which it
slides on the face of the tooth e and catches the radial face of its next tooth,
which it takes along until the edge, a tangent part of the arc o², pushes it
inward until released from said tooth (Fig. 18). The said spur is thus carried
across the gap between the edges oo, it having turned the wheel e the length
of one registering tooth, or distance between two radial faces e¹. Said gap is
also shown as o' in Fig. 8.
The spur rides over the camp continuously, until the wheels e are to be
reset to zero, when the axle is turned toward said cam-face by the resetting_
wheel a² so as to cause the outer face to the spur to push against the radial
face whereby said spurs are assembled into line, set so as to bring all the zero-
marked faces one to the registering-opening t and at that same time the stop s' is
thrown into the hole of the resetting-wheel ² by the forked spring 56 slipped
into the groove on the stop one revolution of said shaft always setting all
said wheels to zero. The push-button * releases the wheel a².
The hubs of the wheels e turn on collars slightly longer than the hubs e
and they hold the cams in place and also prevent frictional contact of the
wheels and septa.
To indicate certain notations the tops of the septa or partitions o are made of
different form, or color, as shown at The chains may also be similarly dis-
tinguished for like purposes.
A shutter held by inturned ends 2 in undercut grooves 3 moves over the
register-opening and covers such figures as the operating of the machine may
require, and below said shutter moves a pointer u held by a stud ¹ in a slot u²
for decimal or other notation.
On the sides care tablets each provided with a row of large figures and
outside thereof a row of smaller figures, the one on the left beginning with
zero, and ending with nine. while the one on the right begins with one and
ends with ten, the numeral one being written within the large cipher of the
other row of numerals. Said sets of figures occupy opposite squares, whose
dividing line is in line with the transverse rows of chain spurs g', which always
stop on such lines. A transverse plate + connects the side tablets into a single
piece. A shutter, or chain-guard w. Fig. 32, with spurs ww2 at its ends,
sprung between and held by the rollers ss covers an entire row of chain-links
for the purpose of preventing their use while the numbers on its face corre-
sponds with the larger side-tablet figures, to further aid the eye in the same
manner as do said larger figures. One of these shutters divides the machine into
two independent machines whose results, within certain limits, depending on
the number of chains on either side of the shutter or shutters so used give
practical results.

page_text: Two or more such shutters may be used to divide the machine into two or
more independent result-producing machines.
An adjustable transverse stop having arms parallel to the tablets
under which they slide and hold said stop, slides on said tablets which may be
adjusted over any row of chain-spurs to stop the motion of the stylus is particu-
larly advantageous when the registration of the same figures in different columns
is required as it admits of increased speed and convenience in operation. The
stylus-point is claw-like in form so that its point may push the chain-spur fully
under the roller which stops the stylus.
The front edge of the case has a scale // which corresponds to the ruling of
an account-book and thus serves to guide the accountant as he runs over the
pages from the top downward. Rollers a projecting slightly from the bottom
of the case reduce the friction of the machine as it runs down the page of the
account-book.
..
The operating of my computing machine, called the Arithmachine" is sub-
stantially as follows, namely:
To place a number on the arithmachine the large figures on each tablet, con-
stituting the fundamental numeral scales, direct where the stylus point is to be
inserted, and the septa aid in selecting the notational chain, where the stylus
is to be depressed and moved to its stop. To indicate 70, for instance, the
stylus point is inserted opposite the large 7, in the second column from the
right, and moved forward from the chain to the stop. A number composed of more
significant figures is placed by registering the several figures successively.
Ciphers are never registered because the place value of the significant figures
is defined by the columnar arrangement of the chain-surface. To register the
complement of a number the small figures on the left hand tablet govern,
except units figures, which are registered according to the small figures of the
right hand tablet. For instance, by placing 567, according to the small figures,
433 appears in the register-opening, which is the difference between 567 and
1000.
In addition the numbers or amounts are placed successively according to the
large numeral scale, preferably from the left to the right, as written, starting
at the head of the page or column, keeping the figures at the front end of the
machine, and making mental combinations whenever practicable. For example
475 and 25 are registered as 500.by a by a single stylus stroke.
In subtraction the minuend is registered according to the large figures, while
the subtrahend is placed according to the small figures: The difference then
appears in the register-opening, from which, however, the figure one, in the
highest place, must always be omitted.
Multiplication is best performed by simply registering the partial products
of the multiplicand by the figures of the multiplier, taking care that the results
of the multiplication table are placed in the proper columns, which produces
the answer in the register-opening.
In division, the dividend is first registered, according to the large figures,
then the divisor is registered, complementally, or according to the small figures,
as often as contained in the first partial dividend, whereupon the first remainder
appears in the register-opening, and the first quotient figure in the left hand
place. The adjoining figure of the dividend is then annexed and the operation
repeated until every figure of the dividend has been used. The sliding shutter
and décimal pointer are here advantageously employed.
In computations with common fractions, and denominate quantities, as pounds,
shillings, pence, and so forth, the chain-guard is utilized to practically suspend
the decimal operation of the wheels between the different denominations, for
instance, English currency requires the use of the two chain-guards, so placed as
to preserve two places for pence and two places for shillings. The operations
are then performed as with ordinary numbers and the partial results reduced
to the proper denomination. Problems in interest, discount, average, and so

page_text: forth are easily solved and computations involving powers, roots, logarithms
and the like, are quickly solved on my arithmachine; in fact all known methods
of manual arithmetic can be readily worked on my machine.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
I claim is:-
1. The combination with a series of operatively connected and toothed, non-
reversible, registering-wheels, of endless chains, on rollers, radially tangent
to said wheels, substantially as set forth.
2. The combination with spurred endless, roller-mounted, chains and
rotating, non-reversible, registering-wheels, tangent at a radial point to said
chains, of opposed tablets, each provided with numerals, relatively complemental
to nine on one tablet, and relatively complemental to ten on the other tablet,
substantially as set forth.
3. The combination with spurred endless, roller-mounted, chains and regis
tering-wheels tangent at a radial point to said chains, and a register-opening,
of opposed tablets each provided with scale-numbers relatively complemental to
nine on one tablet and relatively complemental to ten on the other tablet, and
chain-covers and register opening with movable shutter and separatrix, or decimal
pointer, substantially as set forth.
4. The combination with a series of revoluble non-reversible chain-spur
nctuated side-recessed numerating-wheels, the right hand-sided recesses provided
with teeth and the opposite recesses with two spring-actuated pawls, one actuated
centripetally and the other centrifugally, and each provided with a spur at its
free end, vertical to its wheel, of a shaft for said wheels, a circular cam with a
radial spur and a septum in the same plane between said wheels, an opening in
said septum forming a cam to operate said centrifugally acting spur to engage
and release said in-pointing teeth and operate said numerating-wheels, and a
hand-wheel with releasable spring-stop to said shaft to reset said numerating-
wheels to zero, substantially as set forth.
5. The combination with a series of numerating-wheels and endless and spurred
chains on rollers, radially tangent, to actuate said wheels, of spring-actuated and
connected levers to carry and laterally actuate said chain, and rollers and bars
to catch and release said chain-spurs, and a stylus to operate said chain, sub-
stantially as set forth.
6. The combination with a series of numerating-wheels and endless, radially
tangent and spurred, actuating-chains and septa between said chains, of a stylus
with curved point to actuate said chains, substantially as set forth.
7. The combination with a series of endless and spurred chains and numerating-
wheels, actuated by said chains, of septa and chains provided with distinguishing
colors and marks, substantially as set forth..
8. The combination with a series of chains and numerating-wheels actuated
by said chains, of means to shut out any of said chains and thereby, temporarily,
separate the numerating-wheels and chains into independent result-producing
machines, substantially as set forth.
Th15. I1
1000
J. G. LORRAIN, C.P.A.,
Communicatee.