Apparatus and Arrangements for Discharging Fire-arms by means of Condensed Air; also Cartridges applicable thereto.
Year: 1816

page_text: Apparatus and Arrangements for Discharging
Fire-arms by means of Condensed Air; also
Cartridges applicable thereto.
TO ALL PERSONS TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME,
I, JEAN SAMUEL PAULY, late of Knightsbridge, in the County of Middle-
sex, Engineer, but now of Kennington, in the County of Surry, send
greeting.
WHEREAS, by His Majesty's Royal Letters Patent under the
Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,
bearing date the Fourteenth day of May now last past, after reciting
that I had by my petition humbly represented unto His Majesty that I
had lately invented "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION AND
USE OF FIRE-ARMS," and obtained His Majesty's Royal Letters Patent,
bearing date the Fourth day of August, One thousand eight hundred
and fourteen, for exclusively enjoying the benefit of the said Invention;
that after considerable application and expence I had invented certain
improvements in the said Invention which I believed would be of
general benefit and advantage; that I was the true and first Inventor
of the said last-mentioned improvements, and that the same had not
been made or used by any other person or persons whomsoever, to my
knowledge or belief; and that I therefore most humbly prayed that His
Majesty would be graciously pleased to grant unto me, my exors,

page_text: adñiors, and assigns, His Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of
Great Britain, for the sole working, constructing, making, selling, using,
and exercising of my said last mentioned improvements and Inventions,
and all other benefit and advantage thereof, within that part of the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland called England, His
Dominion of Wales, and Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and also in
all His Colonies and Plantations abroad; for the term of fourteen
years, according to the Statute in that case made and provided; His
Majesty, being willing to give encouragement to all arts and Inventions
which might be for the public good, did, by the said Letters Patent of
the
the Fourteenth day of May now last past, give and grant unto me,
said Jean Samuel Pauly, my exors, adñiors, and assigns, His special
licence, full power, sole privilege and authority, that I, the said Jean
Samuel Pauly, my exors, admiors, and assigns, and every of them, by
myself and themselves, or by my and their deputy or deputies, servants
or agents, or such others as I, the said Jean Samuel Pauly, my exors,
adñiors, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from
time to time and at all times thereafter during the term of years therein.
expressed; should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend
my said Invention within that part of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland called England, our Dominion of Wales, and Town
of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and also in all His Majesty's Colonies and
Plantations abroad, in such manner as to me, the said Jean Samuel
Pauly, my exors, adiñiors, and assigns, or any of them, should in my or
their discretions seem meet; and that I, the said Jean Samuel Pauly
my exors, adniors, and assigns, should and lawfully might have and enjoy
the whole profit, conimodity, and advantage from time to time coming.
growing, accruing, and arising by reason of the said Invention, for and
during the term of years therein mentioned; to have, hold, exercise, and
enjoy the said licence, powers, privileges, and advantages therein-before
granted or mentioned to be granted unto me, the said Jean Samuel
Pauly, my exors, adiiors, and assigns, for and during and unto the full
end and term of fourteen years from the date of the said last-mentioned
Letters Patent next and immediately ensuing, and fully to be complete
and ended, according to the Statute in such case made and provided;

page_text: which said last-mentioned Letters Patent contain a proviso, that if I, the
said Jean Samuel Pauly, should not particularly describe and ascertain
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, and
cause the same to be inrolled in His Majesty's High Court of Chancery
within six calender months next and inmediately after the date of
iny said last-mentioned Letters Patent, then and in such case the said:
last-mentioned Letters Patent, and all liberties and advantages thereby
granted, should utterly cease, determine, and become void.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the
said Jean Samuel Pauly, do hereby declare that the nature of my said
Invention and improvements, and the manner in which the same are to
be perforined and used, are set forth and, particularly described as
follows (that is to say):
:
My Invention consists of an improved manner of communicating
ignition without match or flint and steel, and of priming and loading at
the breech of the piece. It applies to all such fire-armis as consist of a
barrel or tube so made or constructed as to contain a charge of gun-
powder or any other explosive. material, which, when ignited, shall be
capable of propelling balls, bullets, shot, slugs, or other missile weapons,
whether the same fire-arms shall be called-guns, pistols, cannon, or by
whatever name the same shall be distinguished. And as it will be
attended with great difficulty for me to describe niy new Inventions and
improvements without recurring to and in some measure repeating the
Specificationr of parts contained in my former Spécification relating to
the said Letters Patent of the Fourth day of August, One thousand
eight hundred and fourteen, I shall, whenever I find it necessary, make
such repetitions, observing now only and generally that those matters
and things which are now and appertain particularly to the said Letters
Patent of the Fourteenth day of May now last past are designated and
particularly mentioned in a schedule or list thereof which I have placed
at the end of this present Specification..
My method of producing fire or ignition to the charge of gunpowder
or other explosive material is by the use of the action of condensed
air; the "condensation of which is effected by the action of a strong

page_text: spring upon the piston of a small condensing syringe contained within
the lock for such purpose, and is operated upon by the trigger in the
usual way as the same has been heretefore explained in my former
Specification, but with the intervention of various apparatus to be
herein-after described, which have now, by repeated trials and experi-
ence, been rendered more certain and efficacious than the same then were,
as will hereafter appear. The means by which my approved manner
of introducing and fixing the charge at the butt or breech end of the
barrel, instead of at the muzzle as commonly practised, is to be brought
about, and the several parts which are necessary, together with their
uses and the relative situations of each, will be clearly seen and under-
stood by the following references to the Drawings hereunto annexed,
which in the first Drawing A, are all of half, and in the second Draw-
ing B, all of one eighth of the actual dimensions of the parts they are
meant to represent. The same letters of reference are used through-
out to express the same parts.
N° 1, is a general side view of part of a gun, in which A, repre-
sents the wooden stock or butt, of the usual form and construction.
The side plate is supposed in this Figure to be taken off, to shew the
interior construction of the lock. B, C, shews a part of the barrel so
formed as to load at the breech or butt end C, which in this instance
is turned or formed into a portion of a globe, fitting in the nature of a
ball and sockett joint into the breech piece D, which contains the barrel
of the syringe aforesaid. The particular form of this piece is more
distinctly seen at No 4, where the curved part which joins to the butt
of the barrel is seen, and the curved dotted line shews the depth of the
socket. The dotted lines a, a, shew the section of the syringe, and b, b, a
section of a plug of steel or other metal screwed into the piece D, so as
to form a bottom to the syringe, and having a small hole as at e, (which
I call the touch-hole,) to permit the ignition of the priming, when the
air in the syringe becomes sufficiently condensed. This hole may be
plated in the center of the syringe or not, but must in all cases be
c, is a
opposite to the hole, for the priming to be hereafter described.
screw hole, there being another opposite to it, which this piece may be
attached to the side plates of the lock, but those holes must not oper

page_text: into the syringe. No 5, is the plug or piston working in the barrel of
the syringe, in which f is a solid cylinder or plug of steel or other
metal, turned with sufficient accuracy to fit air-tight into the bore of
the syringe, which it will do with a little oil or soft grease; g, is a tooth
rack, by which the plug f, is moved backwards and forwards by the
action of the toothed tumbler, N° 8. h, in No 5, is a small stud or
handle, by which N° 5, can at any time be taken out of the syringe
of No 4, to clean or grease it. d, in No 4, is a small hole, such as is
usually placed at the top of condensing syringes, to admit the charge of
air when the piston is drawn up. The lock here set forth or drawn
consists of No 10, a bottom plate of metal seen edgewise, and N° 6,
the same seen in plan or from above, and which plate screws on to the
under part of the stock by the screw holes i, i. K, No 10, shews the
cocks or blocks in which the toothed tumbler N° 8, turns upon its
pivots 1, 1, one of which extends through the side plate, and ends in a
square or polygonal shape, as may be seen at M, N° 9, (which is an end
view of N" 8, to shew its thickness,) in order to carry the cocking piece,
No 16, the end E, of which stands up for the purpose of cocking or
half cocking the piece. The tumbler No S, is driven, urged, or moved
by a common main spring and swivel, the form of which is apparent
from the top view of it No 12, and the side view N° 11, as well as
from the view of it placed in its proper situation at F, in N° 1, where
the spring is seen held in its place by its two studs n, n, lodged in
holes made to receive them in the standards o, o, N° 6, and 10.
This spring requires to be of considerable force or strength; for the
perfection of my mode of ignition depends upon the power and sudden
velocity with which the air is condensed. k, in N° 13, is a side
view, and p, a plan or top view of k, in No 10; and q, is a top
view of the stop to be screwed into the holes 8, s, of No 6, for the
purpose of receiving the blow of the flat face r, of the tumbler N° 8,
and thereby stopping it when the gun is discharged. The operation
of stopping is also assisted by the snail or spiral projection t, seen in
No 16, which is an inside view of the cocking piece; the flat surface
of t, is made to stop either against a projecting part of the under plate,
or against any other stop placed to receive it, and becomes necessary

page_text: from the strength of the spring, to prevent this piece from breaking.
G, and H, N° 14, are top views or plans of top plates, which may be
applied to the upper part of the gun stock, to strengthen the same.
HI, is immoveable, and fastened by receiving the ends of the screws,
which pass through the bottom plate N° 10, and 6; G, is moveable,
either in a vertical or horizontal direction, upon a pivot or hinge at the
end nearest the letter G, so as to form a door or opening to get at the
syringe and piston, for the purpose of cleaning or greasing them. This
door G, is fixed down by a latch, catch, or turnbuckle. A side view of
the same is seen at G, and H, in N° 1.
Having so far described my lock, and the means of producing igni-
*tion to the charge of gunpowder, I shall in the next place describe my
cartridge or cartouche, as I construct it, for loading all small or port-
able fire-arms at the butt end of the barrel. It is shewn at N° 7, where
, represents that part which I nominate the rosette or cap of the
cartridge, which may be formed of box or other hard wood, or of paper
mache, or lead, or some plastic or yielding substance, turned or cast
in a mould, as pressed or stamped, to such size and form, and made so
much smaller than the inside of the barrel of the gun as to permit a
paper or other case, as y, to be glued, tied, or fixed upon the shoulder
W, to contain the charge of gunpowder, with the ball, shot, or other
missile weapon in it, as indicated in the Drawing, and which must
altogether fit the barrel as nearly as possible, but so as to permit it to
enter the same without difficulty. n, m, is a small projection or shoulder
on this rosette, which is turned to a conical or other form fitting a
rebate of a similar shape, which is made in the butt end of the barrel
⚫ for the purpose of not only stopping or preventing the cartridge o
charge from slipping down the barrel, but of forming a close and air
tight joint, when pressed into its situation, by the return of the barre
into its right lined direction, or other contrivance, to be hereafter
described. v, N 7, shews a small space or chamber in the rosette of the
cartridge, which diminishes into the small hole e, which is rammed with
a small portion of gunpowder or other explosive material, in the making
of the cartridge, before it is charged with its contents of explosiv
powder, ball or shot, so that when the gun is loaded with such a cartridg

page_text: as aforesaid, the small hole e, in the same, will present itself to and in
immediate contact with the small hole e, in the end of the syringe before
described. And I find that if a small piece of thin paper is glued, pasted,
or affixed upon the rosette end of the cartridge over the small hole e, it
will effectually prevent the bruised gunpowder or explosive material from
escaping or being injured by damp, and will not be detrimental to the
ignition and discharge. No 15, represents another cartridge, in which
the rosette is made conical or tapering, instead of with a bead or shoulder,
to fit the conical or other shaped rebate before described, to be formed
in the butt end of the barrel. This form of cartridge, however, requirés
that the inside of the butt end of the barrel should be inade of the same
shape to receive it, and it is forced into an air-tight bearing likewise by
the return of the barrel, which forces or presses it against the end of
the syringe piece or breech. A small stud or nutt is turned, as at u, ui,
in both rosettes, for the greater facility of taking them out of the barrel
after a discharge. No 17, is the same gun as No 1, but with the side
plate L, L, N, fixed on, and in a position to introduce one of my afore-
said cartridges at the breech or butt end; and No 18; shews the same
thing as applying to a pistol. In these the barrel B, C, is equipped at
its two sides near-its breech, with two strong trunnions or gudgeons, as
at K, and which may be better seen at K, K, No 3, which is a top view
or plan of such a barrel. These trunnions or gudgeons pass-through
two opposite holes in the strong plates L, L, which are well secured to
the wooden stock as well as to each other, by strong screws, as will
appear in the Figures. The barrel by this construction is capable of
being turned out of its right-lined direction, as indicated in No 17, and
by this means the bore at the breech becomes exposed and ready to
receive its charge. Z, in No 3, is a small metal door or lid, with a holé
in the middle, to confine the cartridge, and makes a more secure joint.
This may be used in all constructions of my small fire-armis, or may be
altogether dispensed with, though I prefer its use for rifles, carbines;
and pistols. The barrel, when loaded, has only to be brought back again
into its right-lined direction, in which it is firmly retained by sliding
the ring M, over the projecting ends N, of the side plate L, L, or in any
other safe and convenient manner. N° 2, represents a front view of

page_text: this ring as applying to an octagonal barrel. 0, 0, is a slide and stop,
to prevent the ring M from being removed from the barrel, or being
lost. No 19, is an entire top view of the side plates L, L, in which
I, I, are strong studs or stops to form an abutment for the back of the
syringe piece or breech D, N° 4, which appears in this view fixed
between the cheeks, to shew the manner in which this piece is held to
its bearing, and secured between the said cheeks or side plates L, L,
by the two screws c, c.
No 20, is a general view of another of my
improved guns, in which it will be seen that the same parts as have
been hitherto described occur, and to which the same letters of reference
are applied. In this gun the barrel does not lend to receive its charge,
as in No 1, 17 and 18, but maintains constantly its right-lined position,
it having a false or moveable breeching for the purpose of charging it,
and which contains my said improved apparatus for producing ignition,
the several parts of which will be evident from an inspection of the
Figures and the discription which has already been given of them.
No 21, is the breech or piece containing the barrel of the syringe. The
only difference in these is, that the dovetail p, in this, affixes to the top
moveable plate N° 22, instead of to the bottom onc, N" 10, as in No 4.
The bottom plate, Nº 23, carries the tumbler, main spring, trigger, and
guard, as may be distinctly seen at N" 20, and is drawn separately in
profile or side view at N° 24. The top plate is differently formed to
that in the gun No 1, for when the moveable breeching is employed I
give this plate a curve so as to cause it to pass from the upper part of
the stock through the middle of the lock to the under side of the barrel,
as it may be traced in No 20, by the letters g','d', g'. g. Its curved
shape is also distinctly seen by the same letters in N° 25, where e', is a
portion of the toothed tumbler N° 8, shewing through it. No 26, is a
top view or plan of this same top plate, in which the dotted line d', d'
and g', g', shew where it bends, as at the same letters in N° 20 and 25;
and the parallelogram e', e', shews the opening through which the teeth
of the tumbler N° 8, present themselves to work into the teeth of the
piston rack contained together with the syringe piece in N° 21, altogether
in the moveable breeching P, Q, R, which is shewn open, or in the fit
state for loading, in No 25, and shut or ready for discharging at N° 20.

page_text: No 27, shews a side view, and N° 28, a profile or top view, of one of
the side plates or cheeks of the moveable breeching, there being one on
each side of the barrel. 9', shews the holes which fit on to or work
upon the trunnions or gudgeons K, K. I, I, are solid studs of metal
projecting inwards, and coming immediately behind the breech or
syringe piece No 21, to prevent its being driven from its bearing on the
but or breach of the barrel by the force of the explosion. No 21, is
fixed between these two cheeks by screws c, c, which must not proceed
so far as the bore of the syringe; and the whole is united. into one piece
by the top plate R, S, T, affixed by screws, as will appear in the
Figures and by the dovetail B in 21, so that when the finger is put
into the loop at R, the whole can be raised upon the center K, as seen
at No 25, for the purpose of receiving a cartridge or charge; and as the
piece No 21, when fixed between the two cheeks No 27 or 28, or P, Q,
No 25, slides over the globular or spherical end, butt, or breech of the
barrel in the nature of a ball and socket joint, by drawing R down into
the position shewn in N° 20, the cartridge becomes compleatly fixed.
and the gun when cocked is ready to be discharged. As the syringe piece
21, and its piston, all raise together with P, Q, R, there is no necessity
for the door plate G, N° 14, as the rack and piston become compleatly
exposed, and can be taken out to be cleaned or greased, when R is
in the position shewn at N° 25. N° 29, is a view of the under side of
the moveable breeching, with the syringe piece and piston rack as
appears when elevated, or in a fit state to be loaded. V, in N° 20, is a
steel or other spring screwed to the bottom plate, and having a latch
head W, to its upper part, which passes through a notch in the loop R.
of P, Q, R, and serves to hold it in its place when pressed down; while.
by putting the finger into the loop R, to raise it, it is only necessary to
first press upou W, when it becomes immediately disengaged. The top
and bottom plates N 24 and 26, are firmly united to each other and
to the gun stock, by screws passing through both of them, as may be
seen in No 20, by which the necessary great strength and stability is
given to this construction of guns.
Having so far explained how my said Inventions or improvements
apply to the construction and use of small fire-arms, I shall in the next

page_text: place proceed to describe how the same, or parts or modifications of
the same; may be used and applied to cannon, mortars, howitzers, car-
ronades, and all those varieties of large fire-arms commonly known or
included under the general name of. ordnance. The mode of pro-
ducing ignition. in these is the same as in small arms.
No 40, 41,
42, and 43, drawn half size, shew different constructions of locks
applicable to ordnance. In all these a represents the bottom of the
syringe with its touch hole; b, its plug or piston; c, the trigger by
which it is discharged; and d, the cocking piece. In No9 42 and
48, I have shewn examples of the use of spiral springs for driving
the pistou and in No 40, an example is given of common musket
springs. After the explanations herein-before given of small locks;
the construction of these will be sufficiently evident from inspection
of the Figures in N° 42. c, is a small oblong metal cup or pan, to
receive a rosette of hard wood, paper mache, or other material, made to
fit it, containing rammed gunpowder or other explosive material, (a
section of which is seen at h,) and is to be turned down upon the touch-
hole of the cannon, in order to effect the discharge, by moving the whole
syringe and lock half way round. The same thing is seen at f in
No 41, in which Figure g, is a hinge by which the pan may be opened
to prime it, and when shut down is likewise brought over and fixed
upon the touch-hole of the cannon. In all syringes an aperture must
be made at the top, to admit the air when the piston is drawn up; and
the manner of applying this, or any of my said contrivances for the pur-
pose of producing ignition in ordnance, will fully appear in the progress
of my description of a cannon which is capable of receiving its charge at
the breech, for which I have several contrivances, as shown in Drawing
B, in which the Figures are drawn one eighth of the actual dimensions
they are meant to represent, as follows:-N° 47, is a top view or
section, and N° 46, a. side view of a six-pounder gun on nearly the
same construction as that described in my former Specification, but
considerably improved. In these Figures A, is the body of the gun,
which is bored quite through; B, its trunnions by which it is to hang
on its carriage; and C, N° 47, the moveable breeching. This breeching
is supported by and hangs between the two strong cheeks or side plates

page_text: -D, D, which are to be made of wrought iron, or other sufficiently strong
and tenaceous metal. These cheeks are held together in the form scen
at No 47. by the strong back piece E, which has four or more metal
tenons F, F, (seen also in the front view of this piece No 48,) with
screws and nuts upon the ends of them, which pass thro: the holes
or mortices G. G. No 49. which is a separate side view of one of these
side plates or cheeks; and No 50, is a section or top view of the same.
The whole of the strong frame thus constituted is made to turn or
move upon the trunnions H, H, in N 46, 47, 49, 50, and 51; so that
when the gun is loaded, and in a state to be fired, it appears like No 46,
but when the moveable breeching is turned up for the purpose of
loading or charging it appears as drawn at N° 51. It may so far
appear to be similar to the cannon described in my former Specification;
notwithstanding which it will, upon examination, be found, not only
much more safe, but more manageable also, for by the checks or sidė
plates being extended so as to form the hooks I, which lay hold of the
hanging trunnions B. B, afford great additional strength, and weights
may be added to the ends I, I, to balance the breach and other hinder
parts. The manner of fixing in the back picce E, is also much more
efficaccous, and it is much strengthened by the ledges or projections
K, K, which are parts of the side plates, and project immediately behind
the back piece E. The hooks I, I, are so formed at the part where
they come into contact with the hanging trunnions B, B, that by their
wedge-like form the more they are pressed up the closer they will bring
the side plates to the sides of the gun, which is likewise facilitated by
the trunnions being made upon the side plates instead of upon the gun.
as mentioned in my former Specification. On this account the screws.
which were therein described as necessary to fix the trunnions H, now
become useless. The moveable breeching is square; and is seen in
front view at No 52, in which a, b, c, d, are notches or grooves made
to slide upon projections suiting them in the insides of the side plates.
No 58, is a side view of the moveable breeching, in which c, is the
recess into which the end, of the strong screw L, N° 46, 47, and 51,
'goes, for the purposes of forcing up the breeching, after loading and
withdrawing it. When it is to be removed for charging the piece, this

page_text: screw is worked by its double-ended lever, and attached to the move-
able breeching by the screws or pins f, f, Nos 47, 52, and 53, passing
into the groove or notch turned at the end of the screw L, N° 47, to
receive it, or in any other convenient mauner, so that it will draw back
when the screw is withdrawn. N° 54, is a separate view of this screw,
and No 55, the back part E, which it passes into and works thro', which
is also a section of N° 48. Provision must be made at the butt end of
the bore of the cannon for the culot or cartridge stopper, which will be
hereafter particularly described as being essential to the perfection of
my said Invention. The cheeks and moveable breeching are likewise
stopped when drawn down by the projecting pieces M, cast upon the
gun, as at M, N 46 and 51, and this also serves to attach the elevating
screw to in the ordinary manner when the gun is mounted on its car-
riage. To apply my mode of ignition to a gun of this description, I
introduce the syringe or lock, as before described, into the said moveable
brecching; and to do this with sufficient accuracy it is preferable to
construct the syringe in a separate plug or piece of metal seen at g, in
No 56, and h, in No 53. I make this plug circular, in order that it may
be screwed into the said breeching, and I cause the necessary bore for
the syringe to be made quite through it, and I afterwards close one end
of the same by screwing in a small plug of metal seen at h, in N° 56,
and also in 57, which is another view of the same thing, together with
the piston, spring, trigger, &c., as before described. The touch-hole of
the syringe is in this case made at the side instead of the end, and
a priming or rosette rammed with gunpowder is to be introduced
against this touch-hole in the culot or cartridge stopper, to be after-
wards described, before the same is screwed up for firing. The
end of the syringe to which the trigger is affixed projects a small
distance through a hole in one of the side plates, which is made oval
or oblong, as at Q, in Nos 49, 47, and 46, for the purpose of letting
the projecting end of the syringe slide with the moveable breeching.
It will be needless for me to describe the manner in which my lock
and improved method of communicating ignition are to be applied to
the other constructions of guns which I am about to describe, since the
examples above given will throw sufficient light upon this subject, and

page_text: I shall therefore only observe, generally, that the syringe must be so
placed in the solid metal, or in the moveable breechings, to be hereafter
described, that it may not be in the way, that it may be easily got at
to be cleaned, and that the priming of gunpowder, either contained in
rosettes or not, may be so placed and fixed with ease and expedition as
to come in all cases between the touch-hole of the syringe and the
charge of gunpowder to be ignited. With a view to avoid the expence
of manufacturing and to diminish the weight of the gun already
described, I adopt the mode of leading at the breech, which is shewn
by No 58 and 59, where the cannon differs but little in appearance
from the ordinary construction, it being only made so much longer as
to admit the cartridge or charge to be admitted or put into its bore by
an opening on one of its sides near the breech, which is afterwards
closed by a solid door or stopper of the same materials as the gun, or
of iron, brass, or other suitable material, which turns upon a hinge at
the side of the gun, and is pressed up to its bearing, and there firmly
held by means of a strong screw of metal passing through and working
in the breech end of the gun by means of a double or single lever or
handspike, as may be most convenient. In these Figures, A, B, C,
represent the gun; the dotted lines D, D, its calibre or bore; E, E, E,
the space or cavity for introducing the cartridge or charge; H, F, I, the
solid door or stopper turning upon the hinge F; and the dotted lines
G, K, shews its sweep, or the direction in which it moves; when this
door is shut or returned into the cavity E, E, E, it must fill it, and
fit as correctly as possible; I, is the strong metal screw working
through B, the breech end of the gun, by means of the lever or handle
M, M; and the end n of this screw must finish in a conical point, to fit
into a similarly formed cavity o, in the solid door, stopper, or moveable
breeching F, I, II, so that whenever that door or moveable breeching
is returned into its place, and screw L is forced or pressed upon it,
it will not only push it forwards towards the muzzle, but will draw it
inwards at the same time, and prevent its opening until the screw
is again withdrawn. Fig. 59, is an external view of the gun as it
appears when this solid door or stopper is shut. In this Figure the
same letters are used as in the last to express such of the parts as arc

page_text: Visible. N, is a ring for the greater convenience of opening and
shutting this door or moveable breeching. The fixed part of the
hinge is cast upon the gun, and the moveable part upon the door:
which turns upon the strong pin or screw F. Figures 60, and 61;
represents a construction of a gun having a side door, as in the last
example, but which has the advantage of being sponged, loaded; or
examined from the breech end. The gun in this case must be bored
quite through, and of larger dimension at the breech end, as at E, E
in order to introduce the cartridge and culot; and the door or moveable
breech, instead of. opening in a longitudinal direction, opens in a trans-
verse one. The particular form of this door is seen at X, in Fig. 61,
and X, in Fig. 62, as it. appears when open; Fig. 62, being a trans-
verse section of tlie gun in that part in which the door or moveable
breeching is situated. Its position in the gun. itself is seen at Z, in
Eig. 60, where a, b, c, d, represents the door or moveable breeching:
e, f, the hinge or part upon which it turns for the purposé of loading.
This door is so adjusted at its hinge that its flat side a, b, which comes
nearest to the muzzle of the gun, does not rub or touch against the
cavity or recess.made to receive it, but only against the culot or cartridge
stopper, which is placed with the cartridge within the bore, as will be
hereafter described. The thickness of this door or moveable breech
should in all cases be made equal to the bore of the gun to which it is
to be applied; and its back part c, d, should be made in a slight degree
like a wedge, so that the. more it is pressed down the more it will press
forward or towards the muzzle of the gun, in order that it may effectually
secure the culot or cartridge stopper. In Figures 61 and 62, at X, it
will be seen that teeth or cogs' are cast or formed on the outside of this
door, and which are acted into by similar teeth in a wheel or pinion
which works into them, and is moved by a winch projecting behind the
breech of the gun, by means of which the door is forcibly driven upori
the culot, to fix. the same with the cartridge in the gun; and should the
door at any time become set fast by friction, rust, or other means, the
mechanical power gained by this rack and pinion will overcome the
resistence. In this construction of gun it is necessary that the door
should be a little larger than the bore of the same, and that a rebate

page_text: should be made for it to fit into, as at g, h, d, Figure 62. In all other
parts the door may be made less than its recipient cavity, to prevent
friction, but the curved lines of its sides must be parrellel with each other,.
as at g; e, and concentric with the centre of the hinge c, upon which the
same turns. i, i, in Figure 61, is a front view of the toothed edge of
the door X; and a side view of the same is seen at i, i, in Figure 62:
The manner in which my syringe locks may be applied to the guns
No 58, 59, and 62, will be seen at Y, in those Figures; and in these the
priming or rosette may be applied to the end of the syringe in these
several doors, instead of applying it in the culot.
Having described the various forms and constructions which I give
to cannon or other large arms, for the purpose of loading or charging
them at the breech or butt end, I shall in the next place describe my.
culot, plug, or cartridge stopper, which is an essential part of Invention.
which inust be used with any or all the constructions of cannon which
have herein-before been described or mentioned by me, when the same
are to be fired or discharged. The great obstacle to the use of large
arms loading at tlie breech has hitherto been the difficulty of producing
an air-tight or perfect closure between the moveable breech and the
body or remainder of the gun; and if the effort of the explosion can
at all make way into this joint or 'closure, the construction becomes
dangerous, inasmuch as the opening will become larger, and even-
tually the moving breeching may be blown away or torn from its
situation. This effect will entirely be prevented by the adoption of
my culot, plug, or cartridge stopper, which is so placed in the gun aş
to come between the charge of gunpowder and the moveable breech+
ing in all cases, and is formed' of lead, copper, for such other ductilo
materials as will give way to the explosive force of the charge, and so
formed and situated that by yielding or giving way it will completely
and effectually cover and close up the joint or joining between the
moveable breeching and the gun itself. Some of the manners in which
this is to be performed and placed will be seen in the Drawing A,
in which No 68, is a general section of one of these culots or cartridge
stoppers, drawn half of their size in dimensions for a six-pounder; and
No 64, a front view of the same. The external edge a, a, b, b, of this

page_text: must in all cases accord with the form of the butt or chamber end of the
barrel, so that if that is made with a rebate or rebates, or conical or
cylindrical, this part of the culot or cartridge stopper must be the same,
and they must fit each other pretty accurately. The back part of this piece
b, b, must likewise be made flat, convex, or concave, to suit the form of
the moveable breeching which is to come against it; and the front part
a, must be hollowed out, or so cast as to leave a recess c, c, into
which the cartridge may fit. For my guns the cartridge case will be
best made of sheet iron, copper, tinned iron, or other thin metalic
plating capable of holding the gunpower, with or without a ball, or as
d; d, e, No 6%, and is completely detached and separate from the culot
but to which it may be attached instantaneously by pushing the part
dl. d, into the recess c, c, by which operation the small metalic piece f, g.
enters the cartridge by a hole h, left or made in the end plate d, d, of
the cartridge, but stopped up by pasting or otherwise fixing a piece of
paper, parchment, or other material capable of retaining the gunpowder
over it, but which becomes broken by the point of f: 9, when they are
pressed together. The end of the metalic piece f. g, is hollowed out at
y, so as to form a cup or cavity for one of my primings or rosettes, herein-
before described, and as may be seen at 7, and which will come into
immediate contact with the touch-hole of the syringe when the g
gun is
in a state fit to be discharged, and the fire from the rosette at,
9.
is con-
ducted into the gunpowder through h, by a hole drilled through the
picce f, g, but not in a right-lined direction, but in a right angle, since
I find it better by experience to carry the hole from g, nearly to f, and
then to carry it into the gunpowder through the side of the piece f, g,
as at I, I, I, where this hole is marked in. The hole h, in the end d, d,
of the cartridge is not circular, but oval, or with two wings or latteral
openings, as at k, k, No 66; and the piece f, g, N° 63, has two pins or
projections, as at m, m, which may pass into k, k, N° 66; and then by
turning it partly round the the cartridge becomes completely fixed or held
upon the culot or cartridge stopper, and the two together may be very
conveniently held to introduce the cartridge, and withdraw its case, after
the gun has been discharged, by the semi-circular handle 7, 7, turning on
the pins or rivets n, n, and so adjusted as to fit into the countersunk or

page_text: of
hollow circle o, o, o, made or turned in the back of the culot to receive
it, by which means it gets completely out of the way of the moveable
breeching whenever it may be pressed upon it. No 65, is a front view
my culot or cartridge stopper, in which the touch-hole piece f, g,
with its projecting arms m, m, to lay hold of the parts k, k, of the car-
tridge, are seen. No 67, is another construction of my culot, in which
the back part a, b, a, b, may be made of cast iron or other metal; but
in this the end of the cartridge is made cliptical or spherical, and the
space between them, as at q, q, is fitted up with lead or other soft and
ductile material to receive the first effort of the charge; and in all cases
in which it can be used I recommend a collar of leather s,s, to be fixed
round the call, as seen at No 68, to prevent the windage which usually
occurs, particularly in large arms.
In witness whereof, I, the said Jean Samuel Pauly, have here-
unto set my hand and seal, the Twelfth day of November, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixteen.
THE SCHEDULE ABOVE REFERRED TO.
The union of the syringe with the breech piece, as in N 4 and 21,
Drawing A, and the form now given to it, and the manner of fixing it
between the said plates.
The form and construction of N° 5, in Drawing A.
The door G, No 14, in Drawing A, by which the syringe and piston
can be got at and kept in order with great facility.
The form and manner of stopping No 8 or 9, by the application of 2,
No 13, in Drawing A.
The improved form of the rosettes for the cartridges of large and
small arms, as at No 7 and 15, Drawing A; and r, No 63, and h, N° 42,
Drawing B; and the application of paper fixed over them to confine the
rammed powder.
The improved form of locks shewn in No 40, 41, 42, and 43, Drawing
A, and No 57, Drawing B.
The improved construction of side plates to ordnance in N° 49, and
50, and as shewn in Nos 46, 47, and 51, in Drawing B.
The guns shewn at No 58, and 59, 60, 61, and 62, in Drawing B.

page_text: The culot or cartridge stopper, shewn at N° 63, 64, 65, and 67, in
Drawing A
J. FRISARD, 31, Gt Winchester Street, London.
JOHN CROSLAND, Broad Street, London.
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Twelfth day of November,
in the year of our Lord 1816, the aforesaid Jean Samuel Pauley, came
before our said Lord the King, in His Chancery, and acknowledged the
Spécification aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and
specified, in form above written, thro' the interpretation of James Frisard,
the said interpreter being first sworn that he would truly interpret the
acknowledgment to the said Jean Samuel Pauley. And also the Speci-
fication aforesaid was stamped according to the tenor of the Statute
made for that purpose.
Inrolled the Twelfth day of November, in the year of our Lord