IMPROVEMENTS APPARATUS FOR COOLING AND FOR HEATING LIQUIDS AND FOR CONDENSING VAPORS
Year: 1873

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Lawrence, of St. Mary Axe, in the City
IN
of London, Engineer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS
APPARATUS FOR COOLING AND FOR HEATING LIQUIDS AND FOR CONDENSING
VAPORS."
Scaled the 19th September 1873, and dated the 24th March 1873.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Lawrence at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
24th March 1873.
I, WILLIAM LAWRENCE, of St. Mary Axe, in the City of London,
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "In-
PROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR COOLING AND FOR HEATING LIQUIDS AND FOR
CONDENSING VAPORS," to be as follows:-
I contemplate the flow by gravitation of liquids upon, over, or against
the external surfaces of chambers, troughs, or trays, formed principally
or partly of corrugated or bent surfaces of metal (or formed by pipes),

page_text: and in connection or combination with the said flow I also contemplate
the
passage of liquids or of vapors within, through, or into the chambers
(or pipes).
It will be convenient in this Specification to designate the external
liquid (whether brewers' worts or milk or whatever the liquid may be) {
required to be cooled or heated "wort" or "worts," and to designate
the internal liquid, (whether water or other cooling or heating liquid)
water," and to designate the vapor to be condensed (of whatever kind)
vapor."
t
"
The chambers, troughs, or trays are to be so disposed or arranged that
the wort in its flow may fall from one to the other and become agitated
or disturbed, and its particles in contact with the metal be continually
changed.
And the Invention consists in constructing, disposing, or arranging
the chambers, troughs, or trays, of or in such a form or manner as
partially or in degree to pond, hold back, or retard the flow, and more
effectually create or assist the desired eddies, rippling, rotation, agitation,
or disturbance of the wort.
Figure 1 is a sectional view, and Figure 2 a plan view of my improved
cooling and heating apparatus arranged in a horizontal form, the wort
and water flowing in the direction of the arrows a and b respectively;
c', c, c, &c. the chambers, troughs, or trays; d, the passage for
the water, and c, e, plates therein for directing the water flow, and
which in certain cases may be omitted and replaced by intermediate
stops.
The apparatus is inclined so that the ridges between the chambers
being each one lower than the preceding one will permit or cause tho
wort to flow and fall over from one chamber to the next in succession
throughout the series, and in so doing to become agitated in the
chambers, which but for the continued flow would pond or hold it
back.
The degree of inclination of the apparatus as represented is probably
a minimum which may be increased to any desired extent. A modifi-
cation of this refrigerator or apparatus is made by employing properly
shaped pipes so disposed as to constitute the chambers c between their
external surfaces. The pipes will consequently lic longitudinally across
the direction of the wort flow, and the water is intended to flow through

page_text: and along the several pipes, passing in one direction through one or
more pipes, and in the opposite through the next pipe or pipes, and so
on, suitable connections being provided at the ends to establish the
current as intended.
The Figures 3, 4, and 5 exhibit diagrams of various forms of my
improved cooling and heating apparatus arranged vertically, one of them
being constructed with pipes instead of with corrugated or bent plates,
and for illustration in these Figures a horizontal dotted line is drawn at
the level of the lip or edge of one of the chambers, troughs, or trays, and
it will be observed that the form of the chamber beneath the line is such
that the wort would be ponded back and would not pass off excepting
for the rush or general flow and the consequent disturbance or agitation
in the chamber. The water is intended to enter at the bottom and pass
off at the top by pipes to be provided for the purpose, the requisite head
or pressure being furnished from a cistern or otherwise. The construc-
tion is such that not only the wort but the water also will in degree
become agitated in its flow so as to change the particles in contact with
the metal, and with a view to effect this the more satisfactorily directing
plates m, as shewn in dotted lines in Figure 3, are sometimes to be
inserted across the current which would otherwise obtain, or inter-
mediate stops may be substituted. Preferably I employ copper as the
metal to be used for the chambers or pipes, and I sometimes coat the
external surface with tin, especially when the apparatus is to be used
for cooling or heating milk.
The use of the apparatus for suddenly and rapidly cooling milk as it
comes from the cow I have found to be very beneficial when the milk is
intended for transit or for making butter or cheese. It would appear
to arrest decomposition for a time, and in this sense I purpose to
"purify" milk and other liquids which may be subjected to the process,
in some cases raising them to a high temperature previously to the
cooling action. The condensation of vapour is to be effected by passing
the vapor into the interior of the apparatus, and cooling by a stream
passing externally.
The Invention also has reference to heating liquids up to a boiling
temperature or to some considerable degree of heat within or inside of a
back or heating vessel, and consists in constructing the back or vessel
with steam passages or channels formed in or against the sides and
bottom cither internally or externally.

page_text: For boiling liquids I contemplate casting the back either in gun
metal or iron in one or more pieces and with the required passages or
channels on or against the interior general surface, but for heating a
mash in a mash tun or vessel from which more or less solid matters have
to be scooped out or removed I contemplate casting the vessel in one or
more pieces, and with the passages or channels at the bottom and on
the exterior of the vessel. The passages or channels are to be radially
or otherwise conveniently disposed.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said William Lawrence in the Great Seal Patent Office ]
on the 24th September 1873.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
LAWRENCE, of St. Mary Axc, in the City of London, Engineer, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twenty-fourth day of March, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-three, in the
thirty-sixth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and suc-
cessors, give and grant unto me, the said William Lawrence, Her special
licence that I, the said William Lawrence, my executors, administrators,
and assigns, or such others as I, the said William Lawrence, my execu-
tors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, excrcise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
APPARATUS FOR COOLING AND FOR HEATING LIQUIDS AND FOR CONDENSING VAPORS,"
upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said William Lawrence,
my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my,
or their, or one of their hands and scals, should particularly describe
and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the
same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great
Scal Patent Office within six calendar mouths next and immediately
after the date of the said Letters Patent.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said William Lawrence, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement :—
I contemplate the flow by gravitation of liquids upon, over, or against
the external surfaces of chambers, troughs, or trays formed principally
or partly of corrugated or bent surfaces of metal (or formed by pipes)
and in connection or combination with the said flow I also contemplate
the
passage of liquids or of vapors within, through, or into the chambers
(or pipes).
It will be convenient in this Specification to designate the external
liquid (whether brewers' worts or milk, or whatever the liquid may be)
required to be cooled or heated "wort or worts," and to designate the
internal liquid (whether water or other cooling or heating liquid)
"water," and to designate the vapor to be condensed (of whatever kind)
vapor."
66
The chambers, troughs, or trays are to be so disposed or arranged
that the wort in its flow may fall from one to the other, and become
agitated or disturbed and its particles in contact with the metal be
continually changed.
And the Invention consists in constructing, disposing, or arranging the
chambers, troughs, or trays of or in such a form or manner as partially
or in degree to pond, hold back, or retard the flow, and more effectually
create or assist the desired eddies, rippling, rotation, agitation, or dis-
turbance of the wort.
Figure 1 is a sectional view, and Figure 2 a plan view of my improved
cooling and heating apparatus arranged in a horizontal form, the wort and
water flowing in and across the several chambers in opposite directions
as denoted by the arrows a and b respectively; c', c², c³, &c. are the
chambers, troughs, or trays; d, the passage for the water, and e, e, plates
therein for directing the water flow, and which in certain cases may be
omitted and replaced by intermediate stop plates.
Thus for instance instead of the said plates e, stop plates may be
employed to block up the water passages between the bottoms of the
chambers c and the bottom plate of the apparatus, such stop plates not
extending completely across the entire width but leaving openings at

page_text: intervals to cause the water to flow in the passages d, partly along the
said passages, and then through such openings into the adjoining
passages, and so on, after the fashion herein-after explained in describing
the Figures 1 and 2 and the cap connections m therein represented.
Or instead of stop plates as described the bottoms of the chambers c
may lie upon and be soldered to the bottom plate of the apparatus,
proper cross openings being provided by dishing or shaping the said
bottom plate at intervals, or by cap connections as in Figures 1ª and 2ª.
The chambers c, c¹, c², c³, &c. formed by the corrugated metal or other-
wise may be varied as to depth, width, form, and size, and need not
necessarily be sloped as shewn, provided a rippling or agitation of the
wort is produced or obtained.
The apparatus is inclined so that the ridges between the chambers
being each one lower than the preceding one will permit or cause the
wort to flow and fall over from one chamber to the next in succession
throughout the series, and in so doing to become agitated in the chambers,
which but for the continued flow would pond or hold it back. Some of
the arrows a, in Figure 1, indicate the probable manner or motion of the
rotation or agitation of the wort.
The degree of inclination of the apparatus as represented is probably
a minimum which may be increased to any desired extent. For this
purpose trestles of varying heights may be substituted according to the
adjustment desired, or the apparatus may be mounted upon rockers and
be wedged or blocked steadily at any required inclination, and if addi-
tional rockers be employed crossways to the first, they will afford a
convenient means of emptying the wort by draining to one side, exit
holes with removeable plugs or covers to them being provided for the
purpose in one of the side castings of the apparatus, and also a gutter
or channel into which they empty themselves. One of the side castings
may conveniently be made to close the ends of both the water passages
and the wort chambers, and the other side casting to close the ends of
the water passages only, the wort chambers at their ends being closed
by a removeable plank with india-rubber or other packing thereon. This
will afford facilitics in emptying the wort when it is required to cleanse
the chambers. Or the emptying may be effected by recesses or holes
through the bottoms of the chambers and bottom plate, and such
recesses or holes may be conveniently situate near to one or both sides

page_text: of the apparatus, and should be in communication with a gutter or pipe
or draining channel below. The pipe supplying the water may enter
from the side or end or bottom of the apparatus.
The before-mentioned Figures 1 and 2 correspond generally with
Figures 1 and 2 respectively and illustrate the flow of the water from
one passage d to the next passage d and so on in succession through
cross cap connections m of gun metal or other convenient metal or
material soldered or affixed to the bottom plate of the apparatus, and
on the under side thereof, the said plate having holes or openings therein
covered by the said cap connections. And these openings and the cap
connections are placed in alternate series so as to baffle the direct flow
across the chambers and induce a lateral flow as shown by the arrows
in Figure 2^, that is to say, along the length of the passages d, till a
vent or discharge forward is found at openings and cap connections
situate at a part of the length removed some distance away from the
place of entry. Boxes or cap connections may also be employed at the
sides of the apparatus (ends of water passages d), in addition to or sub-
stitution for the cap connections m as represented.
The apparatus in accordance with any of the above-described modifi-
cations will be found suitable as a refrigerator for cooling brewers' worts.
A further modification is made by employing properly shaped pipes
so disposed as to constitute the chambers c between their external
surfaces. The pipes will consequently lie longitudinally across the
direction of the wort flow, and the water is intended to flow through
and along the several pipes, passing in one direction through or partly
through one or more pipes, and in the opposite through or partly through
the next pipe or pipes, and so on, suitable connections being provided at
the ends or at intervals to establish the current as intended.
~
The Figures 3, 4, and 5 exhibit diagrams of various forms of my
improved cooling and heating apparatus arranged vertically, one of
them being constructed with pipes instead of with corrugated or bent
plates, and for illustration in these Figures a horizontal dotted line is
drawn at the level of the lip or edge of one of the chambers, troughs,
or trays, and it will be observed that the form of the chamber beneath
the line is such that the wort would be ponded back, and would not
pass off, excepting for the rush or general flow and the consequent dis-
turbance or agitation in the chamber. The water is intended to enter

page_text: at the bottom and pass off at the top by pipes to be provided for the
purpose, the requisite head or pressure being furnished from a cistern
or otherwise, and all proper cap connections or other connections being
furnished to establish or regulate the water flow as desired.
And in particular in respect of Figure 5 the construction may be
varied by placing the several pipes & alternately, that is to say, by
placing those on one side of the central frame at heights intermediate
between those on the other (instead of in pairs as represented) and
this variation will permit a cross communication to be established
through the central frame wherever required. The construction is
such that not only the wort but the water also will in degree become
agitated in its flow, so as to change the particles in contact with the
metal, and with a view to effect this the more satisfactorily directing
plates m, as shewn in dotted lines in Figure 3, are sometimes to be
inserted across the current which would otherwise obtain, or intermediate
stops may be substituted.
The Figures 6, 7, 8, and 9 shew an arrangement of vertical refrigerator
constructed in accordance with my previous Patents, which has been
found by lengthened use to answer extremely well, and is introduced in
this Specification as a model or pattern of the manner in which the
above-described improved modifications of apparatus represented at
Figures 3, 4, and 5 are to be mounted or made up to form a complete
refrigerator. Figure 6 is a transverse section; Figure 7 a side elevation ;
Figure 8 a section of one of the end frames; and Figure 9 a full size
transverse section or view of the corrugated metal corresponding with
Figure 6. The arrows a and b denote the wort and water flow respec-
tively; c, c, the chambers as before, and g, g, toothings or projections for
receiving and the more equably distributing the wort at the top of the
apparatus from the trough g*; h, h, are end frames which preferably
I form by casting in gun metal of the shape shown in section at
Figure 8. The ribs or projections on these frames form a channel for
a mass of solder which is run, whilst the corrugated plates are held in
place to unite them with the frames; i is a receiving trough for the wort
with one or more outlet spouts for its discharge.
Generally it will be necessary or desirable (in both the horizontal and
vertical forms of the apparatus) to provide a small air pipe or pipes or
channels (not shown in the Drawings) with pet-cocks for discharge of

page_text: may
accumulate
and every such
any air or gas arising from the water or otherwise which
in the upper parts of any of the water passages,
and any
passage where such accumulation is likely to occur should have a com-
munication established with the said pipe or pipes or channels, or should
have some other means provided for its discharge. Preferably I employ
copper as the metal to be used for the chambers or pipes, and I sometimes
coat the external surface with tin especially when the apparatus is to be
used for cooling or heating milk.
The use of the apparatus for suddenly and rapidly cooling milk as it
comes from the cow I have found to be very beneficial when the milk is
intended for transit or for making butter or cheese. It would appear
to arrest decomposition for a time, and in this sense I propose to "purify"
milk and other liquids which may be subjected to the process, in some
cases raising them to a high temperature previously to the cooling action.
The condensation of vapor is to be effected by passing the vapor into the
interior of the apparatus and cooling by a stream passing externally.
The Invention also has reference to heating liquids up to a boiling
temperature or to some considerable degree of heat within or inside of a
back or heating vessel, and consists in constructing the back or vessel
with steam passages or channels formed in or against the sides and
bottom either internally or externally.
For boiling liquids I contemplate casting the back either in gun
metal or iron in one or more pieces and with the required passages or
channels on or against the interior general surface, but for heating a
mash in a mash tun or vessel from which more or less solid matters have
to be scooped out or removed I contemplate casting the vessel in one or
more picces, and with the passages or chambers at the bottom and
on the exterior of the vessel. The passages or channels are to be
radially or in the form of a volute or spirally or otherwise conveniently
disposed.
The following Figures illustrate the intended construction in accord-
ance with the lastly mentioned feature or features of the Invention.
Figure 10 is a vertical section, and Figure 11 a horizontal section or
plan of improved boiling vessel. p, p, are ordinary metal plates cast
with flanges as required for bolting together, and q, q, other plates,
likewise so cast, but also cast with corrugations forming the steam
passages or channels being the features referred to.

page_text: Figure 12 shows an enlarged view shewing the form in section of the
plates q.
r, r, denote the steam passages. Figure 13 is a corrc-
sponding view in which the castings q instead of forming the frame of the
boiling vessel are intended to be applied to the plates or frames q*
by rivets or bolts, the parts q and q* together forming the steam
passages r.
In Figures 10 and 11 8, 8, are steam passages (one to cach plate)
running across and communicating with the upper ends of the pas-
sages ", " (of cach plate) and similarly t, t, are condensed steam or
"condense" passages (one to cach plate) running across and com-
municating with the lower ends of the passages r, r, (of each plate);
u, u, arc steam nozzles (one to each plate) communicating with one
passage and thence by the passage & to all the other passages r (of
cach plate), and all the passages have their "condense" drained off
by the passage t; v, v, are main steam pipes with branches one to cach
plate, and w, w, are main "condense" pipes with feeders one from cach
plate. is a central main trough provided with an outlet (not shown)
for draining off the liquid contents of the vessel.
The form of the back or boiling vessel shown being generally rect-
angular on plan main steam and "condense" pipes are to be furnished
on both of two opposite sides though not fully so represented.
It is however to be understood that a circular or other form may be
adopted instead of the rectangular, and that at the bottom of the vessel
the plates and the passages may radiate from the centre or follow any
convenient disposition or arrangement, the main steam and "condeuse"
pipes being carried round as required.
If it be desired in any case that steam should pass from the passages
of one plate to those of another, the connection between the two may
be effected by a junction cap or connection, as at y in Figure 14.
A flat bottomed cast metal pipe having in section the general shape
of the passages in Figures 12 and 13 will be convenient for application
when the above mentioned "volute" disposition is desired, the passage
being either completely formed by the casting itself or completed by
fixing against a plate as described with reference to Figure 13.
Also I contemplate the employment of hollow projections from the
steam passages as above described or supplied with steam from passages

page_text: disposed or arranged in any convenient manner, the said projections
penetrating into the space within the back or vessel so as the more
effectually to boil or heat the contents.
The said projections may conveniently have a dome like or cone like or
sugar loaf like general shape with or without flutings to increase the
surface, but other varieties of shape may be employed.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Lawrence, havo here-
unto set my hand and seal, this Twenty-third day of September,
in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-
three.
WILLIAM LAWRENCE. (L.S.)