IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF SUGAR
Year: 1882

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Henry Johnson of 47 Lincoln's Inn Fields in the
County of Middlesex Gentleman for an invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF SUGAR" A communication from abroad
by Moriz Weinrich of Vienna in the Empire of Austria.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Henry Johnson at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 27th March 1882.
"
JOHN HENRY JOHNSON of 47 Lincoln's Inn Fields in the County of Middlesex,
Gentleman "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF SUGAR
A communication from abroad by Moriz Weinrich of Vienna in the Empire of
Austria,
This Invention has for its object to effect the quick, and economical manufacture
of refined Sugar, in rectangular sticks, simultaneously with sugar in lumps, in and
by means of centrifugal machines.
In carrying the said Invention into effect, rectangular frames or moulds are
employed of sheet iron steel or inalleable cast iron or any other suitable material,
the heighths of which are about 2 centimetres less than that of the centrifugal
drum. One of the smaller sides of the frame is provided with a frame, and is
jointed with the other three sides, by wedges or keys. When the wedges are
removed the said smaller side can easily be taken off.
The frames or moulds are either single, or in a convenient number put with an
open side, on a baseplate or stand, and by means of a bridle or clamping lever, are
pressed on this baseplate or stand, in order to form underneath closed boxes or
receptacles.
In the abovenamed frames or moulds are placed ribbed angular or zig-zag plates
in such a manner that the entire frame or mould is divided in a number of
prismatic spaces, of a rectangular quadrangular or any other suitable section
according to the shape the cubes of sugar have to be cut from the sticks.

page_text: The said plates may each have transverse projections from both sides the said
projections of adjacent plates forming alternately the ends or sides of the spaces
for the sticks. Or the said plates may have a serrated or double angular form so
that each angle of each plate forms two sides of each mould, the other two sides
being formed by the corresponding angle of the adjacent plate. The corners are
flattened to give a bearing at the meeting line of one plate with another.
The said plates are by preference made of malleable Cast iron, or of sheet iron, or
steel, or they may be of Ebonite, Brass, Tin, or other suitable material.
The said frames thus arranged with plates are filled to the edge with hot liquified
sugar and put in a warm room for its solidification, after which centrifugal operation
is commenced.
It is essential to make use of a strong, and solidly constructed centrifugal
machine, which must be provided with a shaft, in a firmly fixed bearing, or with a
Balance Regulator.
I
The drum of the centrifugal machine has a removable collar, and the collecting
drum, on liquoring with steam is provided with a cover to be closed. After removal
of the collar from the empty centrifugal machine a cap with a conical head in and
a handle on it, is placed in and over the central part of the drum, or instead of this
cap a cylindrical Sieve of Wiregauze is employed, which has to be well stiffened
above and below. The diameter of the cap (or of the Cylinder) is about 35 to 45
Centimetre smaller than that of the drum so that an annular space from 17 to 23
centim will remain between the drum and the cap (or the sieve) The filled frames
or moulds removed from their base plates are (when the sugar therein has cooled)
placed in this space so that one of the open sides may be directed towards the centre
and the other towards the circumference of the drum.
In this position the outer edges of the frames or moulds touch the drum whilst
inside a free space of from 2 to 4 centimetres remains between the enclosed cap (or
the sieve) and the said moulds. The free spaces before, behind and between the
moulds are then filled with raw sugar or with a mashed or squeezed sugar or with
the masse cuite taken direct from the vacuim-pan and after the collar is put in
place thereover the centrifugal machine is set in action. By using the before
mentioned cap in the Machine the said cap has to be taken out after a certain
number of revolutions but when the cylindrical sieve is used the said sieve may
remain in the machine during the entire operation.
As soon as the Machine is in full action the operation of liquoring is begun for
this purpose either water or sugar solutions or steam are employed but eventually
a combination of steam and liquor is employed.
By preference expanded steam is used for purifying the said steam not exceeding
the temperature of 185° Fahrenheit this being cheaper and acting more rapidly
than does water or liquor.
By using steam the liquored sugar may be completely dried in the centrifugal
machine in a very short time. Besides through the action of steam the layer of
Sugar (viz the masse cuite) before the moulds get warmed partly dissolved and acts
with the steam on the Sugar-Sticks in the moulds and likewise on the raw sugar or
masse-cuite placed behind and between the moulds. The operation of liquoring is
carried on until a light yellowish syrup flows out from the machine. The admission
of steam is then cut off and the machine is allowed to revolve 8 or 10 minutes
longer without steam. Meanwhile the white Sugar in and round the moulds
becomes hard and dry in consequence of its own high temperature and of the rapid
circulation of the air. The machine is then turned up and emptied. After
removing the covers of the frames or moulds the Sugar-Sticks are taken out from
the moulds and may then be divided into cubes. The white lumps may be worked
up as crushed or grinded Sugar or be used for liquoring purposes

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said John Henry Johnson in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
15th September 1882.
"
JOHN HENRY JOHNSON of 47 Lincoln's Inn Fields in the County of Middlesex
Gentleman "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF SUGAR
a communication from abroad by Moriz Weinrich of Vienna in the Empire of
Austria
This Invention has for its object to effect the quick and economical manufacture
of refined sugar in rectangular sticks simultaneously with sugar in lumps in and
by means of centrifugal machines-The sugar produced in sticks may be at onco
cut or divided to the form of cubes whilst the lumps may be used in any convenient
manner.
In carrying the said Invention into effect rectangular prismatic frames or moulds
are employed of sheet iron steel or malleable cast iron or any other suitable
material the heights of which are preferably about 2 centimetres less than that of
the centrifugal drum-These moulds consist either of one piece or of parts all
connected as shewn in side views and plans in Figures 1 and 2 of the accom-
panying drawings and in perspective views opened and closed in Figures 1a 1b and
2a 2b corresponding respectively to Figures 1 and 2 or they may consist of two
parts as shewn in Figures 3 and 4-In the former case Figures 1. 1° and 1b the
upper side of the mould is cut through and locked by a pin 2 passing into the
lugs to or by turning tackets or buttons u after passing them through holes u² so
that the heads of the tackets secure the mould-as shewn in Figures 2, 20 and 2b
A piece of angle iron is rivetted to the mould on both sides of the closure each
with a hole for the reception of a handle for the purpose of carrying the mould-
In the latter case one of the smaller sides & Figures 3 and 4 of the mould is
provided with a handle and is jointed with the other three sides by wedges or
keys d passed through lugs d³When the wedges are removed the said smaller
side can easily be taken off.
The frames or moulds are (either singly or in any convenient number) put with
an open side on a base plate or stand Figures 6 and 7 and by means of a bridle
or clamping lever y are pressed on this base plate or stand z in order to form boxes
or receptacles closed beneath-In the said frames or moulds are placed ribbed
angular or zig zag plates in such a manner that the entire frame or mould is
divided into a number of spaces of a rectangular quadrangular or any other
suitable section according to the shape the cubes of sugar are required to have
when cut from the sticks-To effect this the said plates may each have transverse
projections from both sides as shown in Figures 5 and 9 the said projections of
adjacent plates forming alternately the ends or sides of the spaces for the sticks as
shewn at a Figure 5-or the said plates may have a serrated or double angular
form as shewn at Figure 8 so that each angle of each plate forms two sides of each
mould-space the other two sides being formed by the corresponding angle of
the adjacent plate as shewn at w Figure 5-The corners are flattened to give a
bearing at the meeting line of one plate with another-The said plates are by
preference made of malleable cast iron or of sheet iron or steel or they may be of.
ebonite brass tin or other suitable material.
The said frames thus provided with plates are filled to the edge with hot liquid
sugar and put into a warm room for its solidification after which the centrifugal
operation is commenced.
It is essential to make use of a strong and solidly constructed centrifugal

page_text: machine which must be provided with a shaft in a firmly fixed bearing or with a
Balance Regulator-Figure 10 in sectional elevation (each half shewing a different
modification) and Figure 11 is a one half sectional plan of a centrifugal machine
provided with the moulds.
The drum of the centrifugal machine must have a removeable collar r Figure 10
and the collecting drum on liquoring with steam is provided with a cover to be
closed-After removal of the collar from the empty centrifugal machine a cap l
Figure 10 provided with a conical head and a handle is placed over the central
part of the drum or instead of this cap a cylindrical sieve of wire gauze is employed.
as shewn at S, Figure 10, which has to be well stiffened above and below-The
diameter of the cap (or of the cylindrical sieve) is about 35 to 45 centimetres
smaller than that of the drum, so that an annular space from 17 to 23 centimetres
will remain between the drum and the cap (or the seive)
The filled frames or moulds removed from their base plates, when the sugar
therein has cooled, are placed in this annular space so that one of the open sides
may be directed towards the centre and the other towards the circumference of
the drum.
In this position the outer edges of the frames or moulds touch the drum
whilst inside a free space of from two to four centimetres remains between
the enclosed cap (or the sieve) and the said moulds-The free spaces o i e-
Figure 11. before behind and between the moulds (or if desired only the space or
chamber o in which case the employment of small protecting plates as at t Figs. 1
and 2 to cover the open parts between the moulds may be necessary) are then
filled with raw sugar or with a mashed and squeezed sugar or with the masse-
cuite taken direct from the vacuum pan and after the collar is put in place there-
over the centrifugal machine is set in action. By using the before mentioned cap h
in the machine the said cap has to be taken out after.a certain number of
revolutions but when the cylindrical sieve is used the said sieve may remain in
the machine during the entire operation.
When working with liquid Sugar the top cap or cover and the sieve s may
however be dispensed with in order to enable the corresponding quantity of syrup
or sugar to be poured into the hydro extractor or centrifugal machine whilst it is
in motion.
As soon as the machine is in full action the operation of liquoring is begun, for
this purpose, either water or sugar solutions or steam are employed but eventually
a combination of steam and liquor is employed.
By preference dried expanded steam is used for purifying purposes the said
steam, not exceeding the temperature of 185° Fahrenheit this being cheaper and
acting more rapidly than does water or liquor and the quantity as well as the
quality of the refined sugar obtained is at least equal to that resulting from any
other process in comparison with water the quantity of sugar obtained is greater
and more equal in quality.
By using steam the liquored Sugar may be completely dried in the centrifugal
machine in a very short time-Besides through the action of steam, the layer of
sugar (viz the masse-cuite) before the moulds gets warmed and partly dissolved
and acts with the steam on the sugar sticks in the moulds and likewise on the
raw sugar or masse-cuite placed behind and between the moulds-The operation
of liquoring carried on until a light yellowish syrup flows out from the
machine The admission of steam is then cut off and the machine is allowed to
revolve eight or ten minutes longer without steam-meanwhile the white sugar
in and. round the moulds becomes hard and dry in consequence of its own
temperature and of the rapid circulation of the air-The machine is then turned up
and emptied After removing or opening out the covers of the frames or moulds
the sugar sticks are taken out from the said moulds and may then be divided into
cubes The white lumps may be worked up to crushed or ground sugar or be used
for liquoring purposes.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of the said

page_text: Invention and the manner in which the same is or may be used or carried into
effect I would observe in conclusion that what I consider to be novel and original
and therefore claim as the Invention secured to me by the hereinbefore in part
recited Letters Patent is―
The combined manufacture of sugar in sticks simultaneously with Sugar in
lumps in centrifugal machines and by means of the rectangular prismatic moulds
and the machine for holding the same essentially as herein before described with
reference to the accompanying Drawings.
In witness whereof I the said John Henry Johnson have to this my
Specification set my hand and seal this thirteenth day of September One
thousand eight hundred and eighty two.
J. HENRY JOHNSON. (L.S.)