Improvements in Calorimeters.
Year: 1892

page_text: Date of Application, 16th July, 1892
Complete Specification Left, 17th Apr., 1893-Accepted, 24th June, 1893
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Calorimeters.
I, HUGO JUNKERS, of 22 Antoinettenstrasse, Dessau, in the Empire of
Germany, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as
follows:-
In calorimeters hitherto known, the quantity of heat yielded by a source is
ascertained by heating a determined quantity of water or other liquid in a vessel,
secured as much as possible against loss of heat, and then the increase in temperature
is taken note of.
In opposition to the foregoing, in the present calorimeter, the quantity of heat
developed from a constant source is transmitted to a continually flowing body, such
as a liquid or gas. The quantity of heat of such source is then determined from
the body in transit and also from the increase in temperature which the body
experiences as it passes through that part of the apparatus taking up the heat, that
is to say, when a state of permanency has been created, wherein as much heat of
the constant source is taken up by the body in transit as the source produces. For
instance, if the degree of heat of a gas is to be determined, the gas is burnt in any
suitable burner, a pressure regulator at the same time being made use of, in case
the pressure in the influx conduit is not constant. Liquids can be burnt by means
of a wick.
In a calorimeter constructed on these principles, the quantity of heat.developed
by the burner is transmitted by means of a series of tubes to water surrounding the
tubes which is contained in a receptacle.
The latter is protected exteriorly as much as possible against cooling.
The water enters at the lower part into the receptacle whilst it leaves it at its
top by means of an overflow. Thermometers allow of the temperatures of the
inflowing and outflowing water being easily ascertained. The quantity of water
flowing through the apparatus can be regulated by means of a cock, whilst, by
means of an overflow pipe, the height of pressure, to wit, the difference in height
between the inflowing and outflowing water, can be kept constant.
The excess
water, conducted to the inlet point of the overflow by means of a pipe, flows off
again by means of another pipe.
After the cock has been manipulated, a state of permanence is set up, so that
the quantity of heat developed can at any time be easily ascertained from the
quantity in transit and the difference in temperature which the thermometers
indicate.
1 1
T
L
1000
WM. P. THOMPSON & Co.,
Of 6, Lord Street, Liverpool, Agents for the Applicant.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Calorimeters.
I, HUGO JUNKERS, of 22 Antoinettenstrasse, Dessau in the Empire of
Germany, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in
and by the following statement:—
In calorimeters hitherto known, the quantity of heat yielded by a source is

page_text: The quantity of leat developed by the burner a, Figure 1, is transmitted by
means of a series of tubes to the water surrounding the tubes which is contained
in a receptacle d.
The water enters below at e into the receptacle d and leaves it at f by means of
an overflow. In order to thoroughly subdivide the water in the receptacle d, a
hollow ring u, Figures 1 and 2, is inserted at the point of inflow, the inner side of
this ring being provided all round with a number of holes u', through which the
water coming from e passes into the chamber of the receptacle d. The liquid then
flows upwards round the pipes 62 and runs away from the apparatus as already
stated by means of an overflow f. Thermometers g and i allow of the temperatures
of the inflowing and outflowing water being easily ascertained. The burner a is
arranged in a heating chamber, which is formed of a wide tube which is held by
the upper and lower horizontal walls d² d³ in which the tubes are inserted. The
gases of combustion first rise upwards in this chamber, penetrate then at the upper
wall into the tubes & from above, and flow downwards through these tubes & in
order to escape into the open air through the discharge tube y arranged at the
bottom at one side. A thermometer y reaches into this tube q in order to allow of
the temperature of the escaping gases being ascertained. In this manner a practical
heating of the liquid takes place on the principle of the counter-current, by means
of the heating gases flowing through the pipes in an opposite direction to the
upwardly moving liquid.
Before the liquid quits the apparatus at the overflow at f, it must pass through a
row of slots arranged in an opposite direction one to another, Figure 3, which are
contained in discs t arranged one above the other so that the liquid thoroughly
mingled encounters the thermometer i which serves to determine the temperature of
the outflowing liquid.
The cock, which serves to regulate the supply of the liquid, is provided with
a pointer, Figures 1 and 4, which rests over a scale in such a way as to allow of
the position of the cock being exactly ascertained. A discharge tape is arranged
on the lower bend between the inlet pipe and the inflow nozzle e. The receptacle d
is attached to a supporting ring el carried by adjustable feet, on which ring there
is a run away pipe w for the water of condensation which may be formed by the
combustion of the gases on the cooled surfaces of the wall d' of the heating chamber
and in the cooling tubes. The outlet w opens into an annular groove e³ which is
formed in the upper surface of the bottom ring e¹, and into which the lower edge of
the wall d projects in such a way that the water of condensation trickling off the
same is caught and carried off through w. By means of an overflow pipe k the

page_text: height of pressure, to wit the difference in height between the inflowing and
outflowing water, can be kept constant. The excess water, conveyed to the inlet
point by means of the pipe m, flows off again by means of the pipe n. Any other
suitable liquid may of course be employed in place of water.
In carrying out the apparatus in practice, the heating surfaces of the receptacle d
must be so arranged and shaped that actually the liquid traversing the casing of
the receptacle may absorb the total amount of heat produced by the burner, so
that thus no heat escapes with the products of combustion. This may be easily
obtained by a suitable regulation of the draught and by keeping the temperature
low, and may be watched by means of the thermometer inserted in the exit opening.
In order to avoid errors, the discharged gases must leave the apparatus at the
same temperature and the same degree of moisture as exist in the air surrounding
the apparatus, and are also possessed by the gas intended for combustion. At
low temperatures, say about 15-20°, the errors which result from the unequal
degrees of moisture of the air of combustion and the discharged gases are for
the rest so small that they may practically be disregarded. The receptacle d
must also of course be so protected against radiation of heat that all the heat
produced by the burner may be imparted to the liquid. The less the temperature
of the discharged gases varies from the temperature of the inflowing liquid,
and therefore the lower the temperature of the discharged gases is, the more
exactly the apparatus works. This exact measurement is assisted more particularly
by the use of a suitable cool liquid, as well as by the even subdivision and inter-
mingling of the liquid more particularly at the points where the temperatures are
taken.
The constructive formation of the receptacle d as well as the mode of conveying
the products of combustion may of course be modified in various ways according to
the degree of exactitude demanded.
If, when the cock has been adjusted, the state of constancy has set in, which,
in the case of a simple gas jet, takes place already in a few minutes, the measuring
may be completed within another minute, which is of particular advantage when
compared with the extremely inconvenient estimations of the heating value of gases
by means of the calorimeters hitherto employed.
The quantity of heat developed may be easily calculated from the amount of flow
and the differences of temperature which the thermometers y and indicate.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
claim is
1. A calorimeter in which the amount of heat evolved from a constant source,
when in a condition of permanency, is determined by noting the rise in temperature
which a liquid (or a gas) undergoes which flows at a constant speed through the
hollow casing of a receptacle which is protected against radiation of heat and
which imparts to the liquid or gas the heat produced by the source of heat.
k
2. In calorimeter such as described in Claim 1, an overflow pipe at the point of
supply which allows of the pressure of the liquid which flows through the apparatus
being maintained at a constant height.
3. In a calorimeter such as described in Claim 1, the insertion of an adjustable
tap in the pipe between the overflow & and outlet for the object of regulating the
amount of liquid flowing through.
4. The hollow ring u having openings through which the liquid passes into d,
intended for dividing the liquid on its entrance into the receptacle d and arranged
at the lower part of the same.
5. The arrangement of discs t with slots t¹ set crosswise to one another, sub-
stantially as and for the purpose hereinbefore set forth.
6. The bottom ring e', which has an annular groove e³ at its upper surface into
which the tube d' forming the heating chamber projects in such a way that the

page_text: water of condensation falling down from the edge of the tube is caught in order to
be carried off by means of an outlet w.
Dated this 15th day of April 1893.
WM. P. THOMPSON & Co.,
Of 6, Lord Street, Liverpool, Agents for the Applicant.