AN IMPROVED PRE- PARATION OR COMBINATION OF MINERAL SUBSTANCES APPLICABLE FOR USE AS A PIGMENT. CEMENT, OR MASTIC, OR TO BE USED EITHER ALONE OR IN COM- BINATION WITH OTHER WELL-KNOWN MATERIALS FOR 'WASHING, SCOURING, CLEANSING, OR BLEACHING PURPOSES."
Year: 1858

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Squier Cheavin, of Spalding, in the County of
Lincoln, Plumber and Glazier, for the Invention of "AN IMPROVED PRE-
PARATION OR COMBINATION OF MINERAL SUBSTANCES APPLICABLE FOR USE AS
A PIGMENT. CEMENT, OR MASTIC, OR TO BE USED EITHER ALONE OR IN COM-
BINATION WITH OTHER WELL-KNOWN MATERIALS FOR 'WASHING, SCOURING,
CLEANSING, OR BLEACHING PURPOSES."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Squier Cheavin at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
11th June 1858.
SQUIER CHEAVIN, of Spalding, in the County of Lincoln, Plumber and
Glazier, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED
PREPARATION OR COMBINATION OF MINERAL SUBSTANCES APPLICABLE FOR USE AS A
PIGMENT, CEMENT, OR MASTIC, OR TO BE USED EITHER ALONE OR IN COMBINATION
WITH OTHER WELL-KNOWN MATERIALS FOR WASHING, SCOURING, CLEANSING, OR
BLEACHING PURPOSES," to be as follows:-.
The mineral substances which I propose to use for the above-named pur-
poses are red ore or hematite iron ore in combination with slag cinder, scale,
or refuse obtained from iron works; these materials are mixed together in
various proportions, according to the purpose for which they are intended

page_text: to be employed, and are to be pulverized or ground up and intimately
combined. The ground or pulverized ingredients may be either combined
with oil, turpentine, or other materials and used as a paint or pigment,
or simply mixed with water and used as a cement or mastic; they
may also be combined with soap or other analogous substance, or some
suitable liquid, and employed in the operations of scouring, washing,
cleansing, or bleaching. The preparation may be sent to market either
mixed with water, oil, or some saponaceous matter, or it may be sold in the
form of a dry powder.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Squier Cheavin in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
8th December 158.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, SQUIER
CHEAVIN, of Spalding, in the County of Lincoln, Plumber and Glazier, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Eleventh day of June, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight, in the twenty-first year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said Squier Cheavin, Her special licence that I, the said Squier Cheavin,
my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Squier
Cheavin, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during
the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise
and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "AN IMPROVED PRE-
PARATION OR COMBINATION OF MINERAL SUBSTANCES APPLICABLE FOR USE AS A
PIGMENT, CEMENT, OR MASTIC, OR TO BE USED EITHER ALONE 01 IN COMBINATION
WITH OTHER WELL-KNOWN MATERIALS FOR WASHING, SCOURING. CLEANSING, OR
BLEACHING PURPOSES," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said
Squier Cheavin, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal,
should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention,
and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to
be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months
next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent,

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Squier Cheavin, do hereby declare the
nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement (that is to say):-
The mineral substances which I propose to use for the above-named pur-
poses are red ore or hematite iron ore in combination with the slag cinder,
scale, or refuse obtained from the rolling or working of iron in iron works;
these materials are mixed together in various proportions, according to the
purpose for which they are intended to be employed, and are to be pulverized
or ground up'and intimately combined. The ground or pulverized ingredients
may be either combined with oil and turpentine or other materials and used
as a paint or pigment, or it may be simply mixed with water and used as a
cement or mastic. The iron slag cinder or scale may also be combined with
soap or other analogous substance or some suitable liquid, and employed in
the operations of scouring, washing, cleansing, or bleaching. The preparation
may be sent to market either mixed with water, oil, or some saponaceous
matter, or it may be sold in the form of a dry powder.
In the preparation of the ingredients for paints or pigments I take, say,
twenty pounds of hematite or red iron ore, to which I add from two to four
pounds of slag cinder or scale obtained from iron works; these ingredients
are finely ground and intimately mixed together, and then made into a paint
or pigment of suitable consistence for use by being mixed with oil or other
suitable liquid, according to the purpose for which the paint is to be employed.
If the paint is intended to be applied to wood it is advisable to add about
fifteen per cent. of litharge or white lead, and lamp black or other colouring
matter may be added to give the preparation any required colour. For some
purposes white lead,or oxide of zinc, or pulverized sulphate of barytes may be
added, and when the ingredients are all well incorporated together the
pigment will be found to possess a body and covering properties superior to
the pigments now in use and at very much less cost. If paints or pigments
of light colour are required I diminish the proportion of the hematite or red
ore and increase that of the iron slag or cinder. The pulverized hematite
aud iron scale well mixed together may also be mixed with water and used
for staining or colouring bricks, or with the addition of whiting and the other
usual ingredients it may be employed for colouring walls.
For making a mastic or cement I mix the pulverized red ore and iron slag
cinder or scale in various proportions with whiting, sand, plaster of Paris,
sulphate of lime, and any of the ordinary materials or substances of which

page_text: cements or mastics are usually composed. The proportions in which the
several ingredients are to be mixed together,must depend upon the purposes
to which the cement or mastic is intended to be applied. As an example, I
may say that I have found about ten parts of red ore and thirty parts of
-scale slag or cinder to sixty parts of sand, sixty parts of whiting, and thirty
parts plaster of Paris will, with some suitable liquid, make a very good and
useful cement or mastic. To these ingredients may be added any colouring
matter that may be desired, and when required for use the pulverized matters
are mixed with a liquid composition or solution composed of about equal pro-
portions of boiled linseed oil, and of size or glue dissolved in water, to which
are added about one gallon of equal quantities of turpentine and coal-tar
naphtha to every ten or twelve gallons of the oil and size. The linseed oil
and solution of size or glue are boiled together until they are well mixed, and
then the turpentine and naphtha are added. The dry pulverized ingredients
are to be mixed with the above liquid-composition until the proper consistence
for working with a trowel or float is obtained, and then the preparation is laid
on in the same manner as other cements or mastics; or if desired, the com-
pound may be made more liquid, so that it may be laid on with a brush.
For washing, scouring, cleansing, or bleaching purposes, I introduce into
the boiler with the water and other ingredients usually employed in the above
operations, the pulverized iron slag cinder or scale in varying proportions,
depending upon the hardness or softness of the water. I find that by adding
say, from two to four pounds of the pulverized slag or cinder to every tea or
twelve gallons of water the latter becomes softened, and has imparted to it
peculiar scouring or cleansing properties. The iron scale slag or cinder also
has the property of preventing the scum from rising to the surface of the
water, which therefore when drawn off for use, will be found quite clear, and
not liable to stain or discolourany fabrics which may be immersed therein. It
also possesses the property of preventing incrustation in the boilers, and there-
fore greatly facilitates the generation of steam.
Having now described my Invention of "An Improved Preparation or
Combination of Mineral Substances applicable for use as a Pigment, Cement,
or Mastic, or to be used either alone or in combination with other well-known
Materials for Washing, Scouring, Cleansing, or Bleaching Purposes," and
having explained the manner of carrying the same into effect, I claim as the
Invention secured to me by Letters Patentas aforesaid, the use or employment
for the purposes herein set forth of hematite or red iron ore, and also of iron
slag cinder or scale in combination with any of the ordinary ingredients.used

page_text: in the preparation of paints or pigments, cements or mastics, or in the
preparation of materials to be used for washing, scouring, cleansing, or
bleaching.
In witness whereof, I, the said Squier Cheavin, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, the Twenty-ninth day of November, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight.
Witness,
M. WALDEN,
Spalding.
SQUIER CHEAVIN. (L.S.).