in expanding apparatus to be used for Fire Escape, Ladder, Scaffolding, Observatory, Surveyors Station, Hoist and purposes
Year: 1885

page_text: I, GEORGE EDWARDS of Whitby Lodge, Thornton Heath, Surrey, Civil Engineer,
do hereby declare the nature of my said invention to be as follows:-
My invention relates to improvements in expanding apparatus to be used for
Fire Escape, Ladder, Scaffolding, Observatory, Surveyors Station, Hoist, and other
purposes.
Whereas ordinary expanding lattices or lazy-tongs, and telescopic tubes and
screws, are not rigid, and consequently useless for the above named purposes, my
invention relates to, and comprises a system for, combining two or more lattices or
lazy-tongs, by uniting them at suitable angles by means of angle plates, hinges,
eye-bolts, or telescopic tubes and screws, so arranged that, while they retain the
lattices fast to each other, they allow, and aid, them to expand and contract
evenly; also in the means of, and apparatus for, expanding or raising and
lowering, and sustaining them, and in machinery for rendering the apparatus so
combined, useful for the purposes above mentioned.
Two or more lattices thus united, forming in plan the letters L, V, or T; a cross,
a triangle, a square, a hexagon, or any suitable form, become rigid and capable of
resisting side strain, and bearing weight to, at, or from, a considerable height, and
are herein generally called the "Tower."
Although I claim my invention as applicable to any suitable shape, in plan,
I here particularly describe a portable triangular tower, mounted on a carriage or
portable platform.
The slats, forming the lattice, may be made of wood; wood, partly or wholly
covered or combined with metal; and metal of any suitable kind or shape; but
I prefer, generally, to make them of steel, of a trough or box shape, in transverse
section. The required number of these slats are bolted, rivetted, or otherwise
joined together, in such manner as to form a lattice capable of being expanded and
contracted. Three of these lattices are joined together, forming a triangle at the
base, by means of my improved angle plates or eye-bolts.
One corner or some other suitable part, of the tower thus formed, is fastened to
the platform or framing of a carriage or trestle; and the other corners are free
to move in guides, as the base becomes narrower and wider, on the tower being
raised and lowered,

page_text: The
To elevate the tower, I affix a screw and a nut to the carriage and tower
respectively, near the fixed corner of the tower, sometimes aided by other screws
and springs to draw or force the loose corners towards the fixed corners.
screw or nut is made to rotate by suitable power and gearing, and, acting upon
one of the slats, raises that alat, which, in its turn, acts upon the other slats and
the slides or lattices forming the tower are simultaneously expanded by means of
the screw and nut.
Sometimes I apply two or more elevating screws geared together, and the screws
and nuts are affixed at the bottom, top, or any suitable part of the tower or
platform.
At the top of the tower is a platform with wheels or rollers to guide it against a
wall, or on the ground; the platform is provided with falling parapets, useful also
as steps, scaffolds, or gangways.
To the top, as well as to the bottom, platform, guides are arranged to direct the
rollers, studs, or other moving parts of the tower, and sometimes similar and
hanging platforms are placed at intervals between the top and bottom of the
tower.
Sometimes I expand the tower by means of one or more telescopic tubes,
extended by means of compressed air. In which case each tube is fastened to the
lattice, or the telescopic tube is fastened to the tower lattice and lower platform,
and the upper platform, and is held straight by means of intervening guides
attached to the tower. Sometimes these telescopic tubes are made large enough
to form a principal part of the apparatus, in which case two or more lattices are
combined in connexion with the tubes to regulate and keep them vertical; and
the tube and its braces may be placed inside and connected with a square lattice
tower.
I also employ simple pneumatic rams attached to suitable parts of the tower, to
elevate or aid in elevating the tower.
Air is supplied to, or exhausted from, these tubes and rams by means of air
pumps and tubes, attached to, or separate from, the carriage; and these air pumps,
in certain cases are worked by the revolving wheels of the carriage while being
taken to site, and so compress or exhaust air for immediate service.
With these tubes and rams, I also prefer to use screws to aid and regulate the
asscent and descent of the tower, which screws may be placed at bottom, top, or
any suitable part of the apparatus.
And I sometimes expand and contract the lattices by means of telescopic screws
extending throughout, attached to the tower and platform in a similar manner to
the telescopic tubes herein described.
Sometimes I connect the lattices and their guides by means of binges, in such
manner that they may be folded for convenience of transport in narrow passages,
and for compactness, while they may be unfolded to the desired angle for stiffness,
when required to be elevated. The hinges for this purpose may be formed with,
or fixed to, telescopic pneumatic tubes, or telescopic screws, or they may be made
like ordinary butts or backflap hinges with tubular rivets through which the
lifting screws may pass, or any suitable hinge may be used for the corner, or angle
connexions of the lattices. And sometimes these hinges, as well as stiff corner
plates, are prolonged to, and supported at, other joint bolts, rivets or studs.
Sometimes two or more pairs of lattices (combined as above described) are
fastened to one base, and are further united by being attached, at the corners, to
the platform, and to distancing frames, which are preferably furnished with guides.
for the moving parts of the lattice. And the elevating and regulating screws and
the pneumatic tubes, are in this case preferably placed so as to expand the lattices
by lifting the platform and frames to which the lattices are attached.
These my improved expanding towers and ladders, composed of two or more
sides, may be of even width throughout their length, or taper; they may be male
of tiers of different widths to pass inside each other.

page_text: I affix to suitable parts of the tower, a sufficient number of projecting studs,
long bolts, or long rivets, to form steps for climbing, but, when expanded sufficiently,
the lattices themselves serve as ladders.
Sometimes I place the towers on my improved trestles, made so as to obstruct as
little as possible a public path. These trestles are constructed with wheels and
serve as carriages for transporting the towers within or upon them, with screw
lever or ratchet for lifting the base of the tower to the upper part of the trestle.
I connect two or more of my improved towers with girders, to serve as scaffold
for building or repairing edifices.
To stiffen or strengthen these towers for sustaining great weights when extended,
I arrange suitable struts props and stretchers to keep the slats from closing.
These may be permanently attached to the tower, or temporary and loose.
The carriage, trestle, or portable platform, used for the base of the tower, is
sometimes provided with a turntable to carry the tower, and at the corners with
feet or legs to stand upon, for greater stability; which feet are lowered and raised
by means of screws, sudden grip ratchet, or in any other suitable manner, for
plumbing and tilting the tower. Levers for steadying and tilting the tower are
arranged to fit recesses in the carriage or base, and these levers are sometimes used
as shafts of the carriage, and for helping to lift or expand the lattices.
I sometimes store the surplus force of the descending tower and its load, by
compressing air in the tubes or reservoirs, and by acting on springs. These are so
arranged as to give back the stored force during the ascent, by closing and opening
the lattices.
For use as a military or naval observatory my improved tower (when required)
is fitted with telegraphic, telephonic, heliographic, and photographic, apparatus ;
a masked ladder; and a bullet proof chamber or cylinder.
In certain cases, my improved towers are furnished with cranes, jib poles, jib
ladders, shoots, cages, pullies, chains, cords, and the necessary machinery for
lowering or raising objects without collapsing or expanding the tower.
Dated this 21st day of Dreambon 100K

page_text: .
Scaffolding, and the like.
I GEORGE EDWARDS, of Whitby Lodge, Thornton Heath, Surrey, Civil Engineer,
do hereby declare the nature of my said invention and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement :—
My invention relates to improvements in expanding apparatus to be used for
Fire Escape-Ladder Scaffolding, Observatory, Surveyors Station Hoist and other
purposes.
This I effect with expanding lattices or lazy-tongs combined in such manner as
to render them rigid.
These combined lattices are raised, lowered, and retained by means of screws
and pneumatic apparatus, separately or combined or aided by springs. They are
mounted on carriages for portability, with or without wheels, or they are erected
on bases or trestles, fixed or portable, as required.
Whereas ordinary expanding lattices or lazytongs and telescopic tubes and
screws are not rigid and consequently useless for the above named purposes, my
invention relates to and comprises a system for combining two or more lattices or
lazy tongs by uniting them at suitable angles by means of angle plates, hinges or
eyebolts, so arranged that, while they retain the lattices fast to each other, they
allow, and aid them to expand and contract evenly.
Also in the means of and apparatus for expanding or raising and lowering and
sustaining them, and in machinery for rendering the apparatus so combined useful
for the purposes above mentioned.
Two or more lattices thus united forming in plan the letters L V or T, a cross,
a triangle, a square, a hexagon or any suitable form become rigid and capable of
resisting side strain, and bearing weight, to, at, or from a considerable height, and
are herein generally called the "tower."
Although I claim my Invention as applicable to any suitable shape in plan
I here particularly describe a portable triangular tower, mounted on a carriage or
portable platform.
The slats forming the lattice may be made of wood; wood partly or wholly
covered, or combined with metal, and metal of any suitable kind or shape, but
I prefer generally to make them of steel, of a trough or box shape in transverse
section.
The required number of these slats are bolted, rivetted or otherwise joined
together in such manner as to form a lattice capable of being expanded and
contracted. Three of these lattices are joined together, forming a triangle at the
base by means of my improved angle plates or eyebolts.
One corner or some other suitable part of the tower thus formed is fastened to
the platform or framing of a carriage or trestle and the other corners are free to
move in guides as the base becomes narrower and wider on the tower being raised
and lowered,

page_text: To elevate the tower I affix a screw and a nut to the carriage and tower
respectively, near the fixed corner of the tower, sometimes aided by other screws
and springs to draw or force the loose corners towards the fixed corners. The
screw or nut is made to rotate by suitable power and gearing, and, acting upon
one of the slats raises that slat which in its turns acts upon the other alats, and
the sides or lattices forming the tower are simultaneously expanded by means of
the screw and nut.
Sometimes I apply two or more elevating screws geared together and the screws
and nuts are affixed at the bottom, top or any suitable part of the tower or
platform.
At the top of the tower is a platform with wheels or rollers to guide it against a
wall or on the ground; the platform is provided with falling parapets, useful also
as steps, scaffolds or gangways.
To the top as well as to the bottom platform guides are arranged to direct the
rollers, studs or other moving parts of the tower, and sometimes similar and
hanging platforms are placed at intervals between the top and bottom of the tower.
Sometimes I expand the tower by means of one or more telescopic tubes
extended by means of compressed air, in which case each tube is fastened to the
lattice or the telescopic tube is fastened to the tower lattice and lower platform
and the upper platform, and is held straight by means of intervening guides
attached to the tower. Sometimes these telescopic tubes. are made large enough
to form a principal part of the apparatus in which case two or more lattices are
combined in connection with the tubes to regulate, and keep them vertical, and the
tube and its braces may be placed inside and connected with a square lattice tower.
I also employ simple pneumatic rams attached to suitable parts of the tower, to
elevate or aid in elevating the tower.
Air is supplied to or exhausted from these tubes and rams by means of air
pumps and tubes attached to or separate from the carriage; and these air pumps
are in certain cases worked by the revolving wheels of the carriage while being
taken to site and so compress or exhaust air for immediate service.
With these tubes and rams I also prefer to use screws to aid and regulate the
ascent and descent of the tower, which screws may be placed at bottom, top, or
any suitable parts of the apparatus.
And I sometimes expand and contract the lattices by means of telescopic screws
extending throughout attached to the tower and platforms in a similar manner to
the telescopic tubes herein described.
Sometimes I connect the lattices and their guides by means of hinges in such
manner that they may be folded for convenience of transport in narrow passages
and for compactness, while they may be unfolded to the desired angle for stiffness
when required to be elevated. The hinges for this purpose may be formed with,
or fixed to, telescopic pneumatic tubes, or telescopic screws, or they may be made
like ordinary butts or back flap hinges with tubular rivets through which the
lifting screws may pass, or any suitable hinge may be used for the corner or angle
connections of the lattices. And sometimes these hinges as well as stiff corner
plates are prolonged to and supported at other joint bolts, rivets or studs.
Sometimes two or more pairs of lattices (combined as above described) are
fastened to one base and are further united by being attached at the corners to
the platforms and to distancing frames which are preferably furnished with guides
for the moving parts of the lattices. And the elevating and regulating screws and
the pneumatic tubes are in this case preferably placed so as to expand the lattices
by lifting the platforms and frames to which the lattices are attached.
These, my improved, expanding towers and ladders, composed of two or more
sides may be of even width throughout their length, or taper; they may be made
in tiers of different widths to pass inside each other.
I affix to suitable parts of the tower a sufficient number of projecting studs, long
bolts or long rivets to form steps for climbing, but when expanded sufficiently the
lattices themselves serve as ladders.

page_text: Sometimes I place the towers on my improved trestles made so as to obstruct as
little as possible a public path. These trestles are constructed with wheels and
serve as carriages for transporting the towers, within or upon them, with screw,
lever, or ratchets for lifting the base of the tower to the upper part of the trestle.
(I connect two or more of my improved towers with girders to serve as
scaffolding for building or repairing edifices.)
To stiffen or strengthen these towers for sustaining great weights when extended
I arrange suitable struts, props and stretchers to keep the slats from closing. These
may be permanently attached to the tower or temporary and loose.
The carriage, trestle, or portable platform used for the base of the tower is
sometimes provided with a turntable to carry the tower and at the corners with
feet or legs to stand upon for greater stability, which feet are lowered and raised
by means of screws, sudden grip ratchet or in any other suitable manner, for
plumbing and tilting the tower or ladder.
Levers for steadying and tilting the tower are arranged to fit recesses in the
carriage or base, and these levers are sometimes used as shafts of the carriage and
for helping to lift or expand the lattices.
I sometimes store the surplus force of the descending tower and its load by
compressing and dilating air in the tubes or resevoirs and by acting on springs.
These are so arranged as to give back the stored force during the ascent by closing
and opening the lattices.
For use as a military observatory my improved tower when required is fitted
with telegraphic, telephonic, heliographic and photographic apparatua, a masked
ladder and a bullet proof chamber or cylinder.
In certain cases my improved towers are furnished with cranes, jib poles jib-
ladders, shoots, cages, pullies, chains, cords and the necessary machinery for
lowering or raising objects without collapsing or expanding the tower.
Having now stated the nature of the said invention, I proceed to describe
more particularly in what manner the same is to be performed by aid of the
accompanying drawings.
Fig. 1, plan; fig. 2. elevation closed fig. 8, elevation (of one side only) expanded;
of a triangular tower.
Fig. 4, plan, fig. 5, elevation closed, fig. 6 vertical section (through gearing)
expanded; of square tower.
Fig. 7, plan; fig. 8, vertical closed section; of a square telescopic tower.
Fig. 9, diagram showing chain gearing.
Fig. 10, diagram elevation of a tower leaning against a structure.
Fig. 11, diagram elevation of a tapering tower adapted as an observatory for
military and other purposes.
Fig. 12, diagram elevation of a telescopic tower.
Fig. 13, diagram elevation expanded; fig. 14, plan; fig. 15, closed section
reposing sideways; of a tower and telescopic tubes combined.
Figs. 16 to 20, details of corners and connections.
Fig. 21, cross sections of some of the forms of slats I used for constructing the
towers.
Fig. 22, eleven diagrams showing in plan (other than those shown by the
previous figures) forms applicable to my improved towers.
A (shown in all the figures) slats, arms or levers (herein generally called "slats")
fastened together by means of rivets or bolts at B (shown in all the figures
except 21) so as to form expanding lattices or lazy tongs (herein generally called
" lattices)."
These lattices are connected by means of corner or angle plates, bolts, or hinges O
(various forms of which are shown in detail at figs. 16 to 20) and when two
or more are connected as herein shown and described they form what is herein
called the "tower" capable of being extended longitudinally while they become rigid
sideways.

page_text: Figs. 1 to 3 represent three lattices, so combined and mounted on castors D, and
guide legs E. The leg E¹ is a screw, the angle plate C a nut, and the tower is
expanded or closed by turning the screw E¹ by any suitable means, such as the
lever key F. For the sake of stability the screw feet G may be turned by any
suitable means so as to raise the tower off its wheels, as shown fig. 3, when it may
be tilted or beld with suitable levers without danger from rolling of the wheels D.
Figs. 4, 5, 6, represent a square tower of four sides, combined as above described.
It is expanded and closed by means of two screws E³, geared so as to work
uniformly.
H, bevel wheels, I shaft which may be turned by windlass or other suitable
means. The two bevel wheels H¹ are mounted in a frame J (fig. 6) which is
connected with the slats at I' and travels with its wheels, along the square part of
the shaft I, between J and J¹ as shown by the dotted lines near J¹, as the tower
becomes wider or narrower.
This tower and gearing are mounted on a frame K (figs. 4, 5, 6) arranged with
two slide bars L (figs. 4, 5) on which the corner plates K' slide as the tower
contracts and expands; and this frame is supported by suitable wheels as at M.
The screw feet G serve for raising the tower from its wheels, and when tilted as
shown fig. 10, the feet G¹ (being placed backward as shown) throw the centre of
gravity backward and cause less strain upon the shafts or levers N (figs. 4, 5, 10)
by which it is tilted. The shafts N may be withdrawn and placed as shown at Ni
(fig. 5) and these with other similar levers may be placed in the hollow axles and
slide bars as shown at N' as well as in other holders suitably arranged, for use in
steadying the base of the tower.
The action of the lifting screws is easily understood by reference to fig. 3. The
screw E turns in suitable collars attached to the corner plate C to which is
hinged the slat A, and the nut is part of or connected with the corner plate C¹ to
which is hinged the slat A¹. As the screw E is made to revolve the nut C¹ is
raised or lowered and the lattice is expanded or closed, and so on with all the other
slats and lattices connected directly and indirectly with these two slats by means
of the corner plates and rivets described above.
Figs. 7, 8, 12, show my improved arrangement of telescopic towers.
The number of slides here supposed is three but any required number may be
adopted. Slides or portions of a tower are fitted together as herein before
described, so as to fit within each other with the necessary spaces between them.
In these spaces are arranged the suspending and connecting rods or plates O, the
top ends of which are connected at the top P (figs. 8, 12) of the outer portion of
the two to be joined, and at the bottom Q of the inner portion.
Figs. 13, 14, 15, show how I use telescopic tubes for raising, sustaining, and
lowering my improved towers. Telescopic tubes without guides are unstable and
lattice towers when raised by acting upon only a few of the slats as herein before
described are not useful for raising heavy weights, but the combination hereafter
shown is both stable and capable of raising heavy weights. R telescopic tube,
S platforms or rigid frames. Fig. 14 shows how two pairs of lattices are fastened
to opposite corners of the platforms, at C, but they are not connected at the other
corners, so that when the tower is expanded these lattices contract towards the
fixed corners C, and are guided by studs or rollers U, in grooves or channels in the
upper, lower and intermediate platforms, or in any suitable manner. The tube R
is connected with the lattices A by means of the frames S and suspenders T as well
as rigidly to the top and bottom platforms. To expand this tower, compressed air
is forced into the tube R at any suitable place, and it is lowered or contracted by
its own weight at a speed regulated by a suitable valve to let out the air.
This arrangement of telescopic tubes with a slight modification of the suspenders
and connections is applicable to all the other towers herein described, and they
may also be used with screws E¹ to regulate the ascent and descent.
Fig. 15 shows how these my improved towers may be transported on the wheels M
and rollers V, which is also practicable when the tower is more extended.

page_text: Fig. 11 shows a taper tower fitted with my improved apparatus, suitable for
a military observatory in the battle field or elsewhere, by means of which the
enemy's movements might be observed from the bullet proof chamber W, preferably
made of steel like a cylinder, telescopic or simple, with suitable loopholes and
fastened to the top of the tower by means of suitable suspenders X. Y. masked
ladder by means of which a man could ascend or descend inside the indiarubber
canvas tube without being a conspicuous mark for an enemy's shots, Z steps or
bars attached to the hoops inside the tube to form the ladder.
At fig. 12 are shown stiffeners for keeping the lattices open and rigid, any
required number of which may be used. a is a screw stretcher and b is a screw
puller; they may be tightened in a similar way to railway couplings, they may
sometimes be used for expanding and lowering the towers, and other suitable props
and tighteners may be used.
At figs. 5 and 6 are shown simple cylinders with pistons. The cylinders are
fastened to the lattice near c and the piston rods near d. Compressed air is
supplied to these cylinders by means of suitable flexible tubes, (not shown) and
the lattices expanded or contracted as the case may require.
These cylinders and screw stiffeners of the required number and size may be
fastened to the platform and lattice or to any suitable part of the tower.
Some forms of corner plates for connecting two or more lattices are shown in
section at figs. 16 to 20 where A are slats, B rivets or bolts, C corner plates.
Fig. 16 shows an ordinary square corner plate. Fig. 17 corner plate suitable for
a triangular tower.
Fig. 18 a tubular hinge through the tube d of which the lifting screw may pasa.
This form when extended at about a right angle as shown by the full lines, forms
with two lattices only, a rigid ladder, and when closed it may be folded for
compactness as shown by the dotted lines, where A takes the position of A².
Fig. 19 swivel bolts for corner connections C¹ is the swivel bolt, A the slats,
and B joint bolt.
Fig. 20. is a bent strap bolt corner plate, C strap bolt A slats, B nuts.
Fig. 21. sections of slats, A metal trough alat, preferably of steel A¹ wooden
slat. A metal box shaped covering for wood slat the two halves to be rivetted
together or fastened with screws, or nails let in or through the wood.
Fig. 22 shows eleven other shapes in plan, applicable to my improved lattice
towers. At h are telescopic tubes.
At fig. 10 is shown another way of expanding a tower, it is by means of a rope e
and drums or rolls ff¹. Excepting at e¹ the rope would not be made slacker or
tighter by expanding or contracting the tower, while at e¹ the rope is so disposed
as to draw together the lattices when tightened, at the drums f, f¹ and so expand
or sustain the tower. By slacking the rope at for f¹ the tower is allowed to
descend or close.
Sometimes I employ ropes or chains to transmit force from bottom to top of the
tower for turning the lifting screws. This is arranged in a somewhat similar
manner to those shown figs. 4, 5, and 6, and further illustrated by diagram fig. 9.
where g are chain or rope drums attached to screws E¹ at the top and bottom of
tower. e is the chain or rope which, passing over the druins g and suitable guide
pullies connects the two screws in such manner that when one is turned the other
is also turned.
This arrangement enables the screws to be worked from the top or bottom of the
tower or both, so that a man at the top may help raise, and himself adjust the
height of the tower.
The lifting screws herein described are simple screws but I sometimes use
telescopic screws for the purpose, similar to those used for dining tables, modified
to suit the circumstances.
The top of my improved tower is arranged to suit circumstances. At fig. 10 is
shown a platform with hinged parapets i, capable of taking positions shown by the

page_text: Hanging bags or skips m are sometimes attached to the towers to serve in case
of fire to dispose of persons or goods until they can be lowered and for other
purposes. Such like holders may be lowered as shown at p (fig. 10) by a chain or
rope T.
Resevoirs for compressed air are sometimes arranged in the base or tower and
in these the air is compressed while the apparatus is being removed to the site of
a fire so that the compressed air on being admitted by valve to the pneumatic
tubes expands the tower, which is thus quickly raised to be used as a fire escape
or fireman's ladder; while these resevoirs serve to store the force expended by a
descending tower.
When these towers are expanded they form ladders for climbing, inside and out,
and for the purpose of climbing when they are closed I sometimes place a sufficient
number of studs n fig. 8.
Sometimes I raise the tower, partly or entirely by using levers, not shown, to
open the lattices.
The towers may be kept in equilibrium by means of guy ropes fastened to stable
objects or held by men.
These my improved towers and all the parts thereof may be made of the size
strength and material best suited to the purpose for which they are intended.
They may be used; as Fire-escape; as Fireman's ladder to stand vertically near
a fire, for the purpose of enabling a fireman to direct the water efficiently; as
an ordinary ladder leaning against an edifice; as supports for scaffolding; as
observatory, military and civil and other like purposes.
And I also adapt these my improved compound lattices or luzytongs, made on a
small scale, for reaching to distant objects, and with my improved cord arrangement
I put in motion suitable shears, cutters or pincers to cut off or hold the object to
be reached. The towers made for ordinary ladders or other purposes may be
without wheels or expanding apparatus, as they may be expanded by pulling
while horizontal, they are then strutted to keep the lattices open and rigid and
raised like ordinary ladders.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
Invention and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what
I claim is-
1st. Compound lattices or lazytongs combined so as to form expanding apparatus
suitable for the purposes herein named and in the various manners herein described
and shown by the drawings (called Towers).
2nd. Carriages, supports, and tilting apparatus, for these my improved towers
as described and shown.
3rd. Apparatus for expanding and contracting, or raising and lowering these my
improved towers by means of pneumatic tubes and rams; screws geared together
or otherwise, chains and ropes for gearing, pulling, holding and shearing as herein
described and shown.
4th. Struts and couplings for keeping a tower expanded as described and shown
by the drawings.