IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR AUTOMATICALLY TRANSMITTING AND STOPPING MOTION AND REGULATING THE SPEED AND AMOUNT OF POWER SO TRANSMITTED
Year: 1882

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Paul Pfleiderer of 37 Farringdon Street, in the City of
London, Engineer, for an invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR
AUTOMATICALLY TRANSMITTING AND STOPPING MOTION AND REGULATING
THE SPEED AND AMOUNT OF POWER SO TRANSMITTED."-A communication
from Abroad by Wilhelm Kankelwitz, of Stuttgart, in the Empire of Germany,
Civil Engineer.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Paul Pfleiderer at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 19th April 1882.
PAUL PFLEIDERER of 37 Farringdon Street in the City of London Engineer
"IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR AUTOMATICALLY TRANSMITTING AND STOPPING
MOTION AND REGULATING THE SPEED AND AMOUNT OF POWER SO TRANSMITTED.'
(a communication from abroad by Wilhelm Kankelwitz of Stuttgart in the Empire
of Germany Civil Engineer).
The object of this invention is to facilitate the coupling or gearing of two shafts
or parts of Machinery which are governed or driven by different or variable forces
or sources of power.
And the invention consists in the first place in arranging, connecting and
combining with the shaft intended to be driven; a driving pulley, toothed wheel or
driving handle, by means of a pawl gearing as required into a ratchet wheel fixed
on the said shaft, such pawl being automatically put or thrown into and out of
gear in the manner hereinafter described.
The pawl is hinged on its one end to a bar, link, or lever having its fulcrum on
the driving pulley or wheel or handle, on its other end it carries sliding pieces,
which can slide in an annular groove or in annular grooves formed in the face of
the ratchet wheel, and thereby serve to keep the pawl in its required position.
When the driving pulley or wheel or driving handle (fitting loosely on the shaft)
is revolving at a slower speed than the shaft which it should drive or help to drive,
the friction due partly to the weight of the pawl and partly to the increase of the
centrifugal force owing to an increase of speed, causes the pawl to be put out of
gear with the ratchet wheel. But as soon as the speed of the driving pulley or

page_text: wheel becomes greater than that of the shaft and ratchet wheel, the pawl is caused,
by the friction of the said sliding pieces, to engage with the ratchet wheel, and
thereby couple the driving pulley with the shaft. This arrangement serves also
when the power is to be transmitted in the reverse way; that is to say, the driving
pulley, wheel or handle may become the driven, pulloy or wheel.
The Invention relates in the second place to a mode of limiting or determining
the maximum of power transinitted by a friction coupling, and consists in the use
of a certain or determinate weight acting direct, or of a bell crank or other lever
loaded with such weight or determinate pressure, in such a inanner that the
pressure necessary to produce the friction is equal to, or in direct measurable
proportion to, the said weight or pressure.
The kind of frictional coupling preferred to be used for the purpose is that on
the Weston multiple friction principle, and the present invention consists further
in enclosing and arranging the multiplo friction discs in such a manner as to
facilitate their complete lubrication. This is effected by enclosing them in a box
which forms part of the coupling, and in all cases retains sufficient lubricant to
keep the friction discs under constant and complete lubrication, such box being
provided with a lid or cover fitting tight at the circumference, so that in upright
shafts the box is retained full of oil during rotation, while in the arrangements
with horizontal shafts, at least sufficient oil is retained whether rotation takes
place or not, such oil being bound to remain spread parallel with the axis of
rotation and touch all the discs at the circumference.-A series of rings or discs
are or may be also cast on the circumference of the box, so as to give a large
radiating surface, in order to prevent an undue accumulation of heat and
consequent inconvenience from the slip, that is to say, the friction caused by the
resistance being greater than the maximum power capable of being transmitted
through the coupling.
And the invention consists in the last place in the combination with a coupling
of the above description of an auxiliary small shaft having a regulated speed,
whereby the character or nature of motion of the shaft is automatically
communicated to a part or parts of machinery driven from a powerful inain slinft,
through the coupling so regulated. For this purpose, the relative speed or the
deviations in the normal proportion of the two speeds, is made to act on the part
or parts producing the pressure which causes the friction in the coupling, so that if
any loss or increase of speed takes place, the corresponding forerunning or
remaining bebind of the governing shaft at once produces an increase or decrease
of pressure in the coupling, suflicient to overcome the increased resistance, or to
allow more slip in case of diminished resistance.
One method of attaining this is by a screwed bush or sleeve on the said small
shaft connected with a spur wheel gearing into a corresponding spur wheel on the
coupling. This screwed bush or sleeve works on a screw on the small shaft, and is
fixed in a bearing so as to prevent its moving longitudinally, so that if there arise
any variation between the speed of the small regulating shaft and that of the said
bush or sleeve, the regulating shaft is thereby caused to make a longitudinal
movement, the effect of which is either to press on a lover and increase the friction
in the coupling, and by this means make good any loss of speed, or to reduce the
pressure on the lever and thereby allow more slip and reduce tho speed of tho
coupling, but any other of the well known differential motion arrangements may
be employed to act on and regulate the pressure in the friction coupling, on
which the carrying friction, and therefore the amount of transmittible power,
depends.
The said action being immediate the nature of the motion of the regulating
shaft is copied or imparted to the power shaft in so small intervals that it practically
becomes continuauĠ.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said Paul Pfleiderer in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 18th October
1882.
PAUL PFLEIDERER of 37 Farringdon Street in the City of London Engineer.
"IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR AUTOMATICALLY TRANSMITTING AND STOPPING
MOTION AND REGULATING THE SPEED AND AMOUNT OF POWER SO TRANSMITTED
"
(a Communication from Abroad by Wilhelm Kankelwitz of Stuttgart in the Empire
of Germany Civil Engineer.)
The object of this Invention is to facilitate the coupling or gearing of two shafts
or parts of machinery which are governed or driven by different or variable forces
or sources of power.
And the Invention consists in the first place, in arranging, connecting and
combining with the shaft intended to be driven, a driving pulley toothed wheel or
driving handle by means of a pawl, gearing as required into a rachet wheel fixed
on the said shaft, such pawl being automatically put or thrown into and out of gear
in the manner hereinafter described.
The pawl is hinged on its one end to a bar, link or lever, having its fulcrum on
the driving pulley or wheel or handle, on its other end it carries sliding pieces
which can slide in an annular groove or in annular grooves formed in the face of
the ratchet wheel, and thereby serve to keep the pawl in its required position.-
When the driving pulley or wheel or driving handle (fitting loosely on the shaft
or being mounted on a separate shaft having the same axis as the ratchet wheel
shaft) is revolving at a slower speed than the ratchet wheel shaft, which it should
drive or help to drive, the friction due partly to the weight of the pawl and partly
to the increase of the centrifugal force owing to an increase of speed, causes the
pawl to be put out of gear with the ratchet wheel-But as soon as the speed of
the driving pulley or wheel becomes greater than that of the shaft and ratchet
wheel, the pawl is caused by the friction of the said sliding pieces to engage with
the ratchet wheel, and thereby couple the driving pulley with the shaft. This
arrangement serves also when the power is to be transmitted in the reverse way,
that is to say, the driving pulley wheel or handle may become the driven pulley or
wheel.
The Invention relates in the second place to a mode of limiting or determining
the maximum of power transmitted by a friction coupling, and consists in the use
of a certain or determinate weight acting directly, or of a bell crank or other lever
loaded with such weight or determinate pressure, in such a manner that the
pressure necessary to produce the friction is equal or in direct measureable proportion
to the said weight or pressure.
The kind of frictional coupling used for the purpose is that on the Weston
multiple friction principle, and the present Invention consists further in enclosing
and arranging the multiple friction discs in such a manner as to facilitate their
complete lubrication. This is effected by enclosing them in a box which forms
part of the coupling, and in all cases retains sufficient lubricant to keep the friction
discs under constant and complete lubrication, such box being provided with a lid
or cover fitting tight at the circumference, so that in upright shafts the box is
retained full of oil during rotation, while in the arrangements with horizontal
shafts at least sufficient oil is retained whether rotation takes place or not; such
oil being compelled to remain spread parallel with the axis of rotation and touch
all the discs at the circumference. A series of rings or discs are or may be also
cast on the circumference of the box, so as to give a large radiating surface in

page_text: order to prevent an undue accumulation of heat, and consequent inconvenience
from the slip, that is to say, the friction caused by the resistance being greater
than the maximum power capable of being transmitted through the coupling.
And the Invention consists in the last place in the combination with a coupling
of the above description, of an auxiliary small shaft having a regulated speed
whereby the character or nature of motion of this shaft is automatically communi-
cated to a part or parts of machinery driven from a powerful main shaft through
the coupling so regulated. For this purpose, the relative speed or the deviations
in the normal proportion of the two speeds is made to act on the part or parts
producing the pressure which causes the friction in the coupling, so that if any loss
or increase of speed takes place the corresponding forerunning or remaining behind
of the governing shaft at once produces an increase or decrease of pressure in the
coupling, sufficient either to overcome the increased resistance or to allow more
slip in case of diminished resistanco.
One method of obtaining this is by a screwed bush or sleeve on the said small
shaft connected with a spur wheel gearing into a corresponding spur wheel on the
coupling. This screwed bush or sleeve works on a screw on the small shaft, and
is fixed in a bearing so as to prevent its moving longitudinally, so that if there
arise any variation between the speed of the small regulating shaft and that of the
said Bush or sleeve, the regulating shaft is thereby caused to make a longitudinal
movement, the effect of which is either to press on a lever and increase the friction
in the coupling, and by this means make good any loss of speed, or to reduce the
pressure on the lever, and thereby allow more slip and reduce the speed of the
coupling but any other of the various well known differential motion arrange-
ments may he employed to act on and regulate the pressure in the friction coupling
on which the carrying friction and therefore the amount of transmissible power
depends.
:
The said action being immediate, the nature of the motion of the regulating
shaft is copied or imparted to the power shaft in so small intervals that it
practically becomes continuous.
Having thus stated the nature of the said Invention, I will proceed to describe
more particularly in what manner the same is to be performed, by the aid of the
accompanying Drawings, in which are represented different modes of applying the
Figures 1 and. 2 represent a driving pulley connected with the shaft intended
to be driven by means of a pawl gearing with a ratchet. wheel fixed on the said
shaft as referred to under the first hend of the Invention. a is the pawl b is the
bar, link or lever to which it is hinged, the other end of the pawl carrying the
sliding pieces c c.-Fig: 3 shews the lever bin plan with the bearings for its
fulcrum axle omitted, while in Fig: 4 the mechanism is shewn detached in
elevation. The part although siruilar in appearance to the pawl a is merely
used as a counterweight, and also carries sliding pieces e, e, thereby adding to the
friction on which the action of the apparatus to some extent depends, and als»
balancing the weight of the pawl, so as to prevent rattling when the coupling
becomes engaged or disengaged.
I will now describe the figures relating to the second part of the Invention.
In fig 5 (Sheet 11) the shaft h and the box n represent the shafts or parts of
machinery to be coupled.-The box receives its motion from soine irregular source
of power, while only a certain determinate amount of power should be transmitted
to the shaft -The weight g acts through the lover with a certain determinate
pressure on the coupling, this lever has its fulcrum at o, ii are friction rings
mounted on the shaft h and ke k are such rings connected with the box n.-The
hut and screw serve as a means of adjustment to compensate for wear and tear

page_text: in the friction discs, being by its flange firmly screwed up against the box n,
while the nut l'is prevented by feathers on the box n from turning relatively to
the latter.
"
Figures 6 and 7 show arrangements by means of which the weight may be caused
to exert its pressure on the friction rings in a somewhat different manner from
those shown in Fig: 5. The manner in which the lubricating oil is enclosed for
keeping the discs under constant lubrication is shewn in Figures 5, 10, and 12
to 19, on reference to which figures, the several arrangements for effecting the
purpose as to lubrication herein before referred to will be readily understood.
In Fig: 10 is represented a coupling with enlarged radiating surface formed by
means of rings or discs cast on its outer shell or casing, for the purpose of preventing
an undue accumulation of heat as herein before referred to.
In Figures 8 and 9 are shewn an application of the Invention to a wood pulping
machine fitted with a friction couplings lever r and weight q. The power shaft
in this case revolves at a higher speed than the coupled box 8 with its chain
wheel t, and it transmits to the latter only a certain amount of power which is
regulated as required by increasing or diminishing the weight q.-Consequently a
chain passed over the chain wheel t, will receive an uniform strain in proportion
to the weight acting on the friction coupling, which strain is distributed on the
several chain wheels u, u, in such a manner that the total pressure exerted by the
racks and pinions on the pieces of wood to be pulped remains constant.
The application of the Invention to vertical shafts is illustrated in Figures 15
and 16. Fig: 15 represents the coupling of a mill-stone spindle with the driving
wheel b; at g, 9, are weights applied to the wheel for increasing its weight.
Fig: 16 shews a similar coupling of two vertical shafts.-The lever h (Figures 15
and 16) only serves to disengage the coupling altogether. I will now describe the
figures relating to the last part of the Invention.
In Fig: 10 the coupling box d represents the driven shaft or part of machinery,
the spur wheel b serving to transmit the power further―The box d receives its
motive power through the coupling from the main shaft a, but not its speed,
which is regulated entirely by the dominating or governing shaft w, such shaft
being driven as required by some controllable means, as for instance by a rope
pulley e The requisite differential motion consists of a screw thread c and a
screwed bush or nut v, which is caused to revolve by suitable spur wheel gearing
from the driven shaft, or as in this case, from the box d.
Under normal conditions of speed, the dominating or governing shaft whas
the same speed as the bush or nut v.-As soon however as the box d runs too fast,
a differential motion is caused to take place, which motion, as the bush or nut
cannot move longitudinally, forces the dominating or governing shaft w to move
in that direction, thereby easing the pressure exerted on the coupling by the loaded
lever. Consequently more slip will take place, and the box d (or driven shaft)
will move more slowly, but on the other hand, if its motion be too slow the opposite
action will take place, z is only intended to act as a counter of the revolutions.-
The dominating or governing shaft w may also be made to receive its motion from
the main shaft as represented in Fig: 11.
In fig: 17 H is the main shaft, R the driven shaft, while the dominating or
governing shaft is represented by a screwed bush or nut b, fitting the screw a
which is set in motion from the driven shaft R.-The mechanism for producing
the differential motion is the screw a and nut b.-In this case the nut is free to
move while the shaft a is fixed against axial motion, the nut is caused to act on a
lever and thereby exerts an influence on the friction coupling.
In Fig 18 the box d with the main pulley c represent the main shaft; e is the
driven shaft furnished with a screw the dominating or governing shaft m is
represented by a screwed bush or nut fitting the screw k―This screw is the means
for producing a differential motion, and a relative motion of the dominating or
governing shaft m produced on the driven shaft e will increase or diminish the
pressure in the coupling.

page_text: In Fig: 19 is the main shaft and w the driven one, so that, the main shaft t
and the driven shaft we (which latter is in its movement independent of the former)
have a common axis.
The dominating or governing shaft is here reduced to a mere screw u on the
main shaft. The differential mechanism consists of this screw and the bush or
nut v fitting it, which receives motion from tho driven shaft w.-The differential
motion is a relative turning of the bush on the screw 2 or shaft and a
consequent shifting of the dominating screw u or the main shaft t.
The dominating or governing shaft being in this instance driven directly from
the main shaft, a speed or motion is imparted to the driven shaft which is in direct
proportion to, and of the same nature as, that of the main shaft, the proportion
being only regulated by the mode of genring between the driven shaft and the
bush or nut v, but the nature of the resulting motion cannot in this case be
arbitrarily governed
n
Fig: 20 shews a last example in which i is the main shaft, p the driven shaft,
and o the dominating or governing shaft; g is a well known form of differential
mechanism. The differential notion in this case is an absolute revolving of the
bush, and according to whether this is in a forward or a backward direction the
screw cut on the outside of the bush r tends to press on or release the friction
clutch by means of the lover 8.
In some cases the intervention of elastic media in order to reduce the suddenness
of the regulating action in such combinations of a dominating shaft with a friction
clutch may consist of a simple application of an elastic substance as shown at n n
in Fig: 18.
It inay be remarked that although the chief object of the Invention can for
many purposes be only accomplished by means of a combination of the several
heads of the Invention herein before described, yet the various parts of the Invention
admit of separate application.
For instance, in applying brake power to a rotating part of mechanism in such a
manner that the strain due to the application of such brake shall be limited to a
certain determinate measure. This method consists in the combination of Weston's
friction coupling loaded with weights as described under the second head of tho
Invention. It is easy to combine such a brake for lifting apparatus with a
coupling as described under the second head of the Invention in such a manner
that the brake shall become loaded in the same measure in which the coupling is
unloaded or freed, so that all the usual pawl and ratchet wheel arrangements may
thereby be dispensed with..
Figures 12 and 13 show such arrangements. A is the shaft to which the brake
is required to be applied, B is the box of the brake and coupling, C is the pressure
lever with the load or weight D. The arrow at E shews the direction in which
the lever may be lifted in order to take off the brake.
Fig 14 shews another arrangement is which case the brake or coupling box G
is the part to which the, brake is applied in order to stop or rotard its motion.
F is a stationary shaft, H is the pressure lever loaded with the weight I.
In the foregoing description of the Invention it is to be understood that the
object of the Invention may be stated more precisely than in the outset, as the
driving or gearing of a shaft or part of machinery in such a manner that the
power transmitted may be limited to a certain determinate amount or measure,
and that the motion may be diversely controlled as required.
It is also to be understood that the permanent slip in the coupling is a
characteristic of the arrangement, and it is clear that the driven or regulated shaft
(or the power-receiving shaft as it might be called) can never run at a higher speed
than that of the main shaft, the maximum speed being obtained with the friction
coupling acting in the manner of a dead locking coupling without allowing of
any slip.
Having thus described the nature of the said Invention and in what manner the

page_text: same is to be performed (communicated to me from abroad as aforesaid) I hereby
declare that what I claim as of the said Invention is. -
First: The adaptation of pawl and ratchet wheel couplings to the purpose of
automatically engaging and disengaging the same in the manner substantially as
described under the first head of the Invention.
Secondly: The combination with Weston's multifriction couplings of determinate
weights or loads for the purpose of limiting the power transmitted, in the manner
substantially as described.
And lastly: The combination of friction couplings with a dominating or governing
shaft in the manner described under the third head of the Invention, whereby the
motion or movement of a driven or power-receiving shaft or axle is dominated or
governed by such shaft through any suitable, intervening differential motion or
mechanism substantially as herein before described.
In witness whereof I the said Paul Pfleiderer have hereunto set my hand
and seal the sixteenth day of October in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and eighty two.
Witness.
WILLIAM SPENCE.
8, Quality Court.
Chancery Lane,
PAUL PFLEIDERER. (L.S.)