IMPROVEMENTS IN PLOUGHS, CULTIVATORS, OR TILLING IMPLEMENTS, AND IN MACHINERY FOR GIVING MOTION TO THE SAME BY STEAM POWER
Year: 1859

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Fowler, junior, Robert Burton, and David
Greig, junior, all of Cornhill, in the City of London, Edward Ellis
Allen, of Park Side, Knightsbridge, and William Worby, of Ipswich,
for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN PLOUGHS, CULTIVATORS, OR TILLING
IMPLEMENTS, AND IN MACHINERY FOR GIVING MOTION TO THE SAME BY STEAM
POWER."
Sealed the 31st January 1860, and dated the 19th August 1859.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Fowler, Robert
Burton, David Greig, Edward Ellis Allen, and William Worby at the
Office. of the Commissioners of Patents, with their Petition, on the 19th
August 1859.
We, JOHN FOWLER, junior, ROBERT BURTON, and DAVID GREIG, junior,
all of Cornhill, in the City of London, EDWARD ELLIS ALLEN, of Park Side,
Knightsbridge, and. WILLIAM WORBY,. of Ipswich, do hereby declare the
nature of the Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN PLOUGHS, CULTIVATORS, OR
TILLING IMPLEMENTS, AND IN MACHINERY FOR GIVING MOTION TO THE SAME BY
STEAM POWER," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in ploughs, cultivators, or
tilling implements, and in machinery for giving motion to the same by steam
power. One part of our Invention relates to the construction of ploughs and
other tilling instruments, which are furnished-with two sets of tilling tools, of
which one set goes out of action, and another set comes into action when the

page_text: implement arrives at a headland or at the end of a bout, thus avoiding the
turning of the implement, which would otherwise be necessary; and this part
of the Invention consists in so connecting together the two sets of tilling tools
and the tools to the frame or body of the implement which carries them, that
in whatever direction the implement be travelling, the draught will hold one
set of tilling tools in their work, and the other set suspended above the land,
and so also that when the direction of the draught is changed from end of
the implement to the other, by this change in the direction of the draught the
set of tilling tools previously held suspended will be caused to descend, and
the set of tools previously in the land will be raised out of it. For this
purpose the shares, mould boards, and coulters, the tines or other tilling tools,
are suspended by levers from the body of the implement, which is supported
on wheels, and has the draught ropes attached to it. When the suspending
levers are in a vertical or nearly vertical position, the tilling tools they carry
are at a distance below the body of the implement, and are in the ground ready
for work, and when the suspending levers are in a horizontal position, or
nearly so, the tilling tools they carry are raised up towards the body of the
implement, and are held at a distance above the surface of the land. The
suspending levers, carrying one set of tools, are so connected with the levers
carrying the other set of tools, that when the tools of one set are in their
lowest positions, the tools of the other set are necessarily raised to their
highest positions. When the tools are in action, the levers from which they
are suspended are prevented by stops from passing the vertical position; but
when the direction of the draught is changed to the other end of the imple-
ment, the suspending levers quit the stops in consequence of the body of the
implement commencing to travel, while the tilling tools, which are still in the
land lag behind, the levers thus turn on their axes and bring down the set of
tools previously held suspended until they enter the ground; and the motion of
the levers about their centres then continues until the levers of the latter, set
of tools come to a vertical, or nearly vertical position, and are prevented by
the stops from moving further. By this time the tools previously at work
are raised well above the land, and the implement then again commences to
operate on the land. The tilling tools are made to rise and fall vertically.
that is to say, without assuming an inclined position, by fixing them directly
to a frame or bar, and connecting this frame or bar at each end with the
suspending levers. At each end of the implement a furrow wheel is placed,
but the two furrow wheels do not both of them at the same time rest on the
land, the furrow wheel which follows the tilling tools which are in action
being raised up off the land by suitable mechanism..

page_text: .
When the tilling tools employed are coulters, shares, and mould boards, as
is required for ploughing, in place of mounting the tools of one set all at one
end of the implement and the tools of the other set all at the other end of the
implement, as heretofore in implements of this description, which arrangement
requires an implement of great length, as a certain distance must necessarily
be left between the tools of the same set, in order that they may not interfere
with each other when at work, we arrange one or more of the tools of one set
by the side of tools of the other set.
In implements arranged in the manner already described, and having three
coulters, shares, and mould boards in each set, we mount two complete tilling
tools of each set on two frames, the two tools of one set on one frame and the
two tools of the other set on the other frame, and each of these frames is
connected at its ends with suspending levers, as already described; and the
other tool of each set we mount on a frame by itself, also carried by sus-
pending levers, and one of these latter levers is fixed on the same axis as one
of the levers carrying the frame with two of the tools belonging to the other
set, and the levers are arranged in such a manner that when the two tools are
in the land, the single tool is carried above it, and vice versa.
In place of connecting the draught ropes with the body of the implement,
they may be connected with the suspending levers or the bars or frames to
which they are attached, the form of the suspending levers, and the arrange-
ment of the stops being somewhat modified, so that the desired motions of the
tilling tools may result from the lagging of the body of the implement behind
the tilling tools in place of by the lagging of the tools behind the body.
The same result may be obtained by mounting the two sets of tools on two
frames, each frame having levers attached to it with wheels at their lower ends
which run on the land, and support the frames. The levers turn on axes on
the frames, and when the levers are in a vertical position, they carry the
frames at such a height as to keep the tools out of the ground; when the
levers assume an inclined position the tools descend to a working level. The
hauling ropes are attached to the upper ends of the levers above the centres
on which they turn; thus when the implement is at work, the upper ends of
the levers are drawn forwards in the direction of the draught as far as the
stops with which the levers are furnished will allow, and the stops are so
arranged, that while the levers of the frame carrying the tools which are
required to be in action are drawn into an inclined position, those of the
frames carrying the tools which have to be raised are drawn into a vertical
position. When the direction of the draught is changed from one end of the
implement to the other, the levers previously inclined become vertical, and

page_text: those previously vertical become inclined. The same object may also be
obtained by the following arrangement:-On an axle carried by a pair of
wheels levers are mounted so that they can turn freely on the axle from which
they project an equal distance on each side. The tilling tools are mounted on
two frames; one end of one of the frames is jointed to the extremities of the
levers projecting from the axle on one side, and one end of the other frame is
jointed to the extremities of the same levers projecting from the axle on the
other side. The other, or further ends of the frames are carried by wheels
mounted on levers, which are capable of turning on studs or pins fixed to the
frames, so that when the levers are thrown into an inclined position, the ends
of the frames they carry descend towards the land, and when the levers are
brought to a vertical position the ends of the frames are raised. Each of the
frames carrying the tilling tools has a pulley mounted on it, the axis of which
runs in guides which permit the pulley to move bodily along the frame; the
hauling ropes are made fast to the implement at or near the central axle, and
they are each led half round one of the pulleys before they pass away from the
.implement.
These pulleys are each connected by a link with the lever which carries the
wheel to support the end of the frame on which the pulley is mounted,
and the levers carrying the supporting wheels are continued up beyond their
centres, and are connected together at their upper ends by a suitable rod which
also connects them with an arm attached to the levers on the central axle which
carry the inner ends of the frames. The action of the apparatus is as follows:
-When the strain comes on the hauling rope to draw the implement in
either direction, the rope first draws up the pulley round which it passes as
near to the central axle as it is able to come, and the pulley being connected
to the lever of the supporting wheel of the frame carrying the tilling tools
which are to come into action draws it into an inclined position, and the
connecting rod passing from the upper end of this lever being jointed to the
arm of the levers on the central axle causes them to revolve partly on the axle ;
by these combined motions the two ends of the frame with the tools to come into
action are lowered simultaneously. The same motion of the levers on the
central axle which lowers one end of one frame, raises one end of the other
frame, and the other end is simultaneously raised by the connecting rod pass-
ing on to the lever carrying the wheel which supports the further end of this
latter frame, which lever it draws up to a vertical position. When the direction
of the draught is changed, the motion of the other pulley along its guides, by
acting in the manner already described, reverses the position of all the parts,
throwing one set of tools out of action, and bringing the other set into action..

page_text: In constructing cultivators, scarifiers, and other similar implements, we
employ a single set of tines or tilling tools only, and arrange them in a frame
in such a manner that they may be able to turn freely in a horizontal plane.
Each of the tines or tilling tools is curved backwards in such a manner that
when at work it will place itself opposite the point of draught, and when the
direction of the draught is changed, the tines or tilling tools will turn round
to adjust themselves to the change. It is preferred to arrange the tines or
tilling tools on a frame consisting of three arms connected together at the
centre and at equal angular distances apart; the tines or tilling tools are
arranged along the three arms of the frame, and the hauling ropes are attached
to two of these arms; when the draught comes on to one of the ropes, the
arm to which it is attached ranges itself in a line with it, the tines or tools on
it all following in the same track, the other two arms project one on each
side, and the tools they carry pass through the land at equal distances apart.
When the direction of the draught is changed, the implement turns one-third.
round, and the tines or tools rotate in the frame till they again come opposite
the point of draught.
The frame carrying the tilling tools is mounted on three wheels, one at the
end of each of the arms; one of these wheels is an ordinary swivel or castor
wheel, but the wheels at the ends of the arms to which the hauling ropes are
attached are carried by brackets, which turn on vertical axes at the ends of
the arms, the brackets of the arm which for the time is leading is locked to
the arm, so as to project straight out from its end; it is so connected with the
other bracket as to keep the two brackets constantly parallel the one with the
other. The stems carrying the wheels pass vertically through the ends of
the brackets, and the two stems are also connected together, so as to maintain.
the two wheels mounted on them parallel the one with the other. The
apparatus is steered by a handle applied to the stem of the leading wheel.
In order to give motion to ploughs, cultivators, or tilling implements by
steam power, we employ an engine having two drums mounted on it on.
horizontal axes, these drums being so constructed that the hauling rope may
pass several times over them, and then be led away from them, the rope notr
being wound on the drums. We prefer to mount one of the drums loosely
on the crank axis of the engine, on which also a pinion is keyed; this gives.
motion to an intermediate wheel which gears with teeth. formed on the inside.
of the drum, the second drum is mounted loosely on the axle of the hind
wheels of the engine and is not geared. On the side of the engine two
brackets are mounted on vertical axes; they each carry a pulley, or it may be
a number of small pulleys; the hauling rope by being passed round these

page_text: bracket pulleys is deflected from a horizontal to a vertical direction, and vice
versa, as it passes to and from the drums. The brackets, by turning on their
axes, adjust themselves to the direction of the draught. In some cases we
employ an engine having but one winding drum mounted on it; and around a
portion of the drum and at distances from it, we place a number of small
pulleys. The hauling rope in passing on to the drum first takes three-
quarters of a turn round it, then leaves the drum and passes over the small
pulleys, and afterwards again comes on to the drum and takes another three-
quarters of a turn round it. In order to keep the rope taut as it passes from
the drum or drums, it is led over a pulley which is drawn constantly upwards
by the pressure of steam or air acting on a piston in a small cylinder, and we
take up the slack of the rope on the plough or other implement by winding it
on a drum or drums mounted thereon, such drum or drums receiving motion
from instruments which are from time to time (when it is required to take up
slack) brought in contact with the land, so that as the implement travels on,
the instruments, from the hold they obtain of the land, receive a motion
independent of that of the implement, and this motion is applied to actuate
the drum on which the slack is wound. We prefer to employ a spike wheel
having on its axis a pulley, round which an endless belt passes; this belt also
encircles a pulley on the axis of the drum on which the slack is wound; the
spike wheel is mounted at the end of an arm, and can by a treddle be brought
down on to the land when desired. In constructing the winding drums in
order to get a good bite on the rope, we line the grooves on the drum with
vulcanized india-rubber; we also in some cases line the grooves of the drums
with wood, with copper, or other metal softer than the iron of which the drum
itself is composed, in order to obtain a better hold of the rope and to reduce
the wear of the same; and we also, with the same object, make the grooves
with ridges and depressions corresponding with the lay of the wires or strands
of the rope.
In some cases we employ a packing or lining of hemp or other
elastic material to the grooves of the drum; and we construct the drum in
parts in such a manner that after the packing has been introduced by drawing
the parts together, by screws or otherwise, the packing or lining may be firmly
nipped and held in its place. In giving motion to ploughs; cultivators, or
tilling implements by steam power, we sometimes wind up the hauling ropes
on to the drums in place of passing it a few times over them, as herein-before
explained; when working in this manner we employ a single drum of con-
siderable length, that is to say, of sufficient length to receive on it in a single
layer one-third of the quantity of rope in use. The two ends of the hauling
rope are attached to the drum, and when the apparatus is at work the drum.

page_text: winds up the rope alternately at either end, and while it is winding up the
rope at one end, it is allowing it to wind off at the other end, so that the drum
has at all times the same quantity of rope upon it. In some cases we employ
two drums arranged to wind up the hauling rope alternately at either end. and
we mount these drums loosely on the same vertical axis; each of the drums
has spur teeth formed on its edge, and they are driven alternately by a pinion
which is capable of being brought into gear with the teeth on one or other
drum,as is required. In order to give motion to the pulley or anchor carriage
we. mount on it a drum on which a rope is wound; the axis of the drum is
geared with, and when it revolves it drives at a slower speed another drum,
and causes it to wind up a rope, one end of which is made fast ahead of the
pulley carriage. When it is desired to draw the pulley carriage forward, the
end of the rope on the first drum is clamped to the rope which hauls the
plough or other implement, and by it the rope is drawn off the drum, and thus
the pulley carriage receives motion.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said John Fowler, Robert Burton, David Greig, Edward Ellis
Allen, and William Worby in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
18th February 1860.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, JOHN,
FOWLER, junior, ROBERT BURTON, and DAVID GREIG, junior, all of Cornhill,.
in the City of London, EDWARD ELLIS ALLEN, of Park Side, Knightsbridge,,
and WILLIAM WORBY, of Ipswich, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Nineteenth day of August, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine, in the twenty-third year of Her
reign, did, for. Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto us,
the said John Fowler, Robert Burton, David Greig, Edward Ellis Allen,. and.
William Worby, Her special licence that we, the said John Fowler, Robert,
Burton, David Greig, Edward Ellis Allen, and William Worby, our executors,
administrators, and assigns, or such others as we, the said John Fowler,
Robert Burton, David Greig, Edward Ellis Allen, and William Worby, our,
executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and
no others, from time to time, and, at all times thereafter during the term
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend,
within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel,

page_text: Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN PLOUGHS,
CULTIVATORS, OR TILLING IMPLEMENTS, AND IN MACHINERY FOR GIVING MOTION
TO THE SAME BY STEAM POWER," upon the condition (amongst others) that
we, the said John Fowler, Robert Burton, David Greig, Edward Ellis Allen,
and William Worby, our exccutors or administrators, by an instrument in
writing under our, or their hands and seals, or under the hand and seal of one
of us, or them, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the
said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and
cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Robert Burton, on behalf of myself
and the said John Fowler, David Greig, Edward Ellis Allen, and William
Worby, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following statement thereof, that is to say :-
This Invention has for its object improvements in ploughs, cultivators, or
tilling implements, and.in machinery for giving motion to the same by steam
power.
One part of our Invention relates to the construction of ploughs and other
tilling implements which are furnished with two sets of tilling tools, of which
one set goes out of action and another set comes into action when the
implement arrives at a headland, or at the end of a bout, thus avoiding the
turning of the implement, which would otherwise be necessary. And this
part of the Invention consists in connecting together the two sets of tilling.
tools and the tools to the frame or body of the implement which carries them,
that in whatever direction the implement be travelling, the draught will hold
one set of tilling tools in their work and the other set suspended above the
land, and so also that when the direction of the draught is changed from one
end of the implement to the other; by this change in the direction of the
draught, the set of tilling tools previously held suspended will be caused to
descend, and the set of tools previously in the land will be raised out of it.
For this purpose the shares, mould boards, and coulters, the tines or other
tilling tools are suspended from the body of the implement, which is supported
on wheels by means of levers; and in order that the tilling tools may rise and 3
fall vertically, that is to say, without assuming an inclined position, they are
not fixed directly to the levers, but to bars or frames, and these at each end
are jointed to the suspending levers, and on the inclination of these levers
depends whether the tilling tools they carry are at a distance below the body

page_text: of the implement, and are in the ground ready for work; or whether they are
raised
up towards the body of the implement, and are held at a distance above
the surface of the land. The suspending levers carrying one set of tools are
so connected with the levers carrying the other set of tools, that when the
tools of one set are in their lowest positions, the tools of the other set are
necessarily raised to their highest positions. The draught ropes may be con-
nected to the body of the implement; it is, however, preferred to connect them
with the bars or frames carrying the tilling tools. When the tools are in
action the levers from which they are suspended are prevented. by stops from
passing the vertical position, but when the direction of the draught is changed
to the other end of the implement, the suspending levers quit the stops in
consequence (if the draught ropes are connected with the bars or frames
carrying the tilling tools) of the bar or frame to which the power is applied
commencing to travel while the body of the implement lags behind; the levers
thus turn on their axes and bring down the set of tools previously held
suspended until they enter the ground, and the motion of the levers about
their centres then continues until the levers of the latter set of tools are
prevented by the stops from moving further; by this time the tools previously
at work are raised well above the land, and the implement then again com-
mences to operate on the land.
Figure 1 is a side view of a plough or implement constructed in the manner
above described; Figure 2 is a plan of the same; and Figure 3 shows the
central frames by which the working parts are carried. a, a, is a frame
mounted on a pair of wheels b, b, which turn on stud axes, and are capable of
being raised and lowered by the screws c, c; these parts are similar to the
corresponding parts of an ordinary balance plough, such as is now commonly
employed in steam ploughing. d is an inner frame capable of turning on
centres at d, d¹, it has the tilling tools connected with it, as herein-after
explained, and by turning this frame on its centres the tilting tools may be.
set at an angle to the direction in which the wheels b, b, are travelling, for the
purpose of steering the implement. The steering is effected in the usual
manner, by means of hand wheels e jointed to a screw f. The inner frame.d
carries a horizontal axis g, on which levers h, h, are mounted, and they
support at their ends the cross bars or bolts i, i, each forming one end of a
frame, on which shares, mould boards, and coulters are fixed, as is shewn; or
in place of these other tilting tools may be employed. Each of the frames.
consists, in addition to the bars or bolts i, of three longitudinal plates j, j, and
two cross bars or bolts 2 and 3, and carries a drum k, to which the traction.

page_text: rope is secured. is a beam fixed on the frame d; to its ends are jointed
suspending levers 7, and these are also jointed to the outer ends of the frames.
on which the tilting tools are fixed. The arrows in Figure 1 shew the:
direction in which the implement is travelling, and it will be seen, the strain
of the traction rope, and the tendency the shares or tools have to descend when:
they are set into the land, both tend to keep these tools in the land as far as:
the levers h, h, which may be stopped by coming in contact with the frame. d:
and the hand wheel will allow, the levers h, h, being thus maintained in the
positions in which they are shewn, keep the other set of tools which are out;
of use suspended over the land. When the direction of the draft is changed, 1
the tools now held suspended descend into the land, the draught rope drawing.
them down and by the same motion, and the other set is raised.
The important features in the arrangement above described are; the bringing.
the sets of tilling tools down to the land, and raising them from it with. a.
parallel or nearly parallel motion entirely by changing the inclination of. the. 1
levers by which they are suspended from the frame; and also the arrange-
ment of the draught ropes in combination. with the suspending lever, so that
in whichever direction the implement commences to travel, the corresponding:
set. of tools is. brought down to the land, and the other set raised, the set::
coming into work being assisted in penetrating the land. by the body of the: 2
implement laying behind the frame to which the draught is applied; such
motion being by the levers resolved into a downward pressure on the tilling.
tools.
In some cases, when the tilling tools employed are coulters, shares, and
mould: boards, as is required for ploughing, in place of mounting the tools of 2
one set all at one end of the implement, and the tools of the other set. all at
the other end of the implement as heretofore in implements of this description, ..
which arrangement requires an implement of great strength,. at a certain.
distance must necessarily be left between the tools of the same set in order
that they may not interfere with each other when at work. We arrange one 3
or more of tlie tools of one set by the side of tools of the other set, in imple-
ments arranged in the manner already described and having three coulters,
shares, and mould boards in each set. We mount two complete tilling tools
of each set on two frames, the two tools of one set on: one frame,: and the..
two tools of the other set on the other frame; and each of these frames is 3
connected at. its ends with suspended levers, as already described, and the other
tool. of each set we mount on a frame by itself also carried by suspending
levers, and one of these latter levers is fixed on the same axis as one of the.

page_text: levers carrying the frame with two of the tools belonging to the other set, and
the levers are arranged in such a manner that when the two tools are in the
land, the single tool is carried above it, and vice versa.
At each end of the implement, a furrow wheel is placed, but the two
furrow wheels do not both of them at the same time rest on the land, the
furrow wheel which follows the tilling tools which are in action being raised
up off the land by suitable mechanism. Figure 4 is a plan, and Figure 5 is
a side view of a plough, so arranged; it is very similar to the plough already
described, and consequently we have not thought it necessary to shew it
complete in all its parts. a, a, is a rectangular frame carried by the land
wheels b, b,.and the furrow wheels c, c. Of these latter, however, one only
supports the implement when at work, the furrow wheel, which follows the
tools being, as before mentioned, raised for this purpose; these wheels may be
mounted one at each end of a lever centred to the side of a frame, so that by
rocking this lever, one wheel will be raised and the other depressed. The
lever may be actuated by means of a screw. At each end of the implement,
two of the tilting tools are fixed on bars or frames d, and are suspended from
the frame a by levers e and f, as shewn in Figures 1 and 2; and the bars or
frames d carry drums, to which the traction ropes are attached, as before.
The other. tilting. tools are connected each with a separate frame g, and the
outer ends of these frames are: jointed to levers h, h, fixed on the same axes
as the levers f, and at right angles to these. levers the inner ends of these
bars are suspended by levers i fixed on axes i, turning in bearings on the
frame a. The. bars or frames d, d, with their tools, come into and go out of
work in the same manner as the corresponding frames in Figures 1 and 2;.
and by so doing, they give motion to the frames g, g, with the other tools
thereon; one of the suspending levers h of each of these franies .being
fixed on the same axis with the suspending lever of one of the bars or
frames d. And the levers h, as shewn, are so placed on their axes that they
hold the tools connected with them out of work when the tools on the bars or
frames d, d, by the side of them, are in the land. The four wheels b, b, and
c, c, are arranged so that their distance below the frame a can be adjusted;
and these wheels are. all linked together so as to keep them parallel, the one
to the other, and by a steering handle they may be set at an angle to the
frame..
...
The following arrangement is also similar in principle to that first described.
On an axle, carried by a pair of wheels, levers are mounted so that they can
turn freely on the axle from. which they project an equal distance on each:
side. The tilting tools are mounted on two frames, one end of one of the

page_text: frames is jointed to the extremities of the levers projecting from the axle on
one side, and one end of the other frame is jointed to the extremities of the
same levers projecting from the axle on the other side; the other or further
ends of the frames are carried by wheels mounted on levers which are capable
of turning on studs or pins fixed to the frames, so that when the levers are
thrown into an inclined position, the ends of the frames they carry descend
towards the land, and when the levers are brought to a vertical position, the
ends of the frames are raised. Each of the frames carrying the tilling tools
has a pulley mounted on it, the axis of which runs in guides which permit the
pulley to move bodily along the frame; the hauling ropes are made fast to the
implement at or near the central axle, and they are each led half 'round one
of the pulleys before they pass away from the implement.
These pulleys are each connected by a link with the lever which carries
the wheel, to support the end of the frame, on which the pulley is mounted,
and the levers carrying the supporting wheels are continued up beyond their
centres and are connected together at their upper ends by a suitable rod which
also connects them with an arm attached to the levers on the central axle
which the inner ends of the frames. The action of the apparatus is as
carry
follows: When the strain comes on the hauling rope to draw the implement
in either direction, the rope first draws up the pulley, round which it passes
as near to the central axle as it is able to come, and the pulley being
connected to the lever of the supporting wheel of the frame carrying the
tilling tools which are to come into action draws it into an inclined position,
and the connecting rod passing from the upper end of this lever being jointed
to the arm of the levers on the central axle, causes them to revolve partly on
the axle; by these combined motions the two ends of the frame with the tools
to come into action are lowered simultaneously. The same motion of the
levers on the central axle, which lowers one end of one frame, raises one end
of the other frame, and the other end is simultaneously raised by the connect-
ing rod passing on to the lever carrying the wheel, which supports the further
end of this latter frame, which lever it draws up to a vertical position. When
the direction of the draught is changed, the motion of the other pulley along
its guides by acting in the manner already described reverses the position of
all the parts, throwing one set of tools out of action, and bringing the other
set into action.
Figure 6 is a side view of the principal parts of the frame of a plough, or
implement so arranged; a, a, are a pair of wheels which carry frames and
steering apparatus, as already described; 6 is a. horizontal axis corresponding
with the axis g, Figure 3; it has two drums c mounted on it, to which. the

page_text: ends of the hauling ropes are attached, and the druins are furnished with
suitable stops to prevent the rope coiled on them being drawn off; the axis b
also carries levers d, corresponding to the levers h, Figure 1, which as before
carry frames e, to which mould boards, tines, and coulters, or other tilling
tools are attached, but the other ends of these frames, in place of being
suspended by rods from a beam above, are carried by land wheels f, f, whether
the tilling tools be in the land or raised above it; g. g, are levers centred
to the ends of these frames and carrying the wheels f, f; h, h, are sheeves
mounted on the frames e, e, in such a manner that they can slide a distance
thereon, and the traction ropes in passing away the implement are led round
these sheeves. The axes of the sheeves h, h, are connected by rods i, i, with
the upper ends of the levers 9, 9, and these are connected by a jointed connect-
ing rod j, with the arm d' of the levers d, and also the one with the other,
when the implement is travelling, as in that first described, the draught
of the hauling rope, together with the tendency the tools have to descend
in the land, keep the tools which are at work, at their working level, that
is to say, as deep in the land as the levers d and 9 will allow, these
levers being stopped by the axis of the sheeve coming to the end of its
guides;. the tools which are out of work are held suspended over the land
by the same force, the inner end of the frame, which carries them, being
lifted by the levers e, and the outer end by the raising its lever g, to an
upright position, it being actuated by the connecting rod j, when the direction
of the draft is changed, on the implement arriving at the end of about the
sheeve h, round which the hauling rope passes, is drawn up as close to the
centre of the implement as the guides, in which it slides, will allow, the axis
of this sheeve being connected by a rod i with the lever g, on the same frame
with it throws this into an inclined position, and at the same time, the levers
e are moved by the connecting rod j, and thus the frame, with the tools to
come into work, is brought down towards the land, and by the same motion
of the levers e, and by the raising of the lever g, of the other frame of tools
to a vertical position, these tools are lifted clear of the land and go out of
action.
In constructing cultivators, scarifiers, and other similar implements, we
employ a single set of tines, or tilling tools only, and arrange them in a frame
in such a manner that they may be able to turn freely in a horizontal plane.
Each of the tines or tilling tools is curved backwards in such a manner that
when at work, it will place itself opposite the point of draught, and when
the direction of the draught is changed, the tines or tilling tools will turn round
to adjust themselves to the change. It is. preferred to arrange the tines or

page_text: :
tilling tools on a frame consisting of three arms connected together at the centre
and at equal angular distances apart. The tines or tilling tools are arranged
along the three arms of the frame, and the hauling ropes are attached to two of
these arms; when the draught comes on to one of the ropes the arm to which it is
attached ranges itself in a line with it, the tines or tools on it all following in
the same track. The other two arms project one on each side, and the tools they
carry pass through the land at equal distances apart. When the direction of the
draught is changed, the implement turns one-third round, and the tines or
tools rotate in the frame till they again. come opposite the point of draught.
The frame.carrying the tilling tools is mounted on three wheels; one at the
end of each of the arms; one of these wheels is an ordinary swivel or castor
.wheel, but the wheels at the ends of the arms, to which the hauling ropes are
attached, are carried by brackets, which turn on vertical axes at the ends of
the arms.
The brackets of the arm which for the time is leading is locked
to the arm, so as to project straight out from its end; it is so connected with
the other bracket as to keep the two brackets nearly parallel the one with the
other. The stems carrying the wheels pass vertically through the ends of
the brackets, and the two stems are.also connected together, so as to maintain
the two wheels mounted on them parallel the one to the other. The apparatus
is steered by a handle applied to the stem of the leading wheel.
Figure 7 is a side view, and Figure 8-is a plan, of an implement constructed
as above described. a, a, is a frame with three arms; it has holes formed in
it, which the necks of the tines b, b, can turn freely. At the point c an
ordinary pivot.or castor wheel is centred, at the extremity of one of the arms
of the frame:a, which is prolonged to receive it. The wheels d, d, at the ends
of the other arms are carried by forks e, e, the stems of which can rotate in
the brackets f; f; these brackets are jointed to the ends of the frame a, the
next of two of the tines forming centres for them to turn on. The brackets f,f,
are linked together by the rod g, and stems of the forks e carry arms. h, h,
which are linked together by a rodi. On a pin at the centre of the frame a
the drum i is mounted; this drum is locked when the implement is at work.
One end of the hauling rope is connected with it, and is led through a swivel
eye on the top of the stem of one of the tines, as is shown in the position in
.which the .parts, are shown in the Drawing; this rope is the hauling rope.
The other end of the traction rope is attached to one of the brackets f. When
the implement is at work, the leading bracket is made fast to its arm-"by a
pin k, which is dropped through a hole formed in the piece f projecting from
the bracket into a hole in the frame. The other bracket is by the rod g held
into the position shown, thus keeping the wheel it carries in front of the tines.

page_text: Z is a steering handle, applied to the upper end of the fork carrying the
leading wheel; by it the implement is readily steered, the wheels d, d, being
linked. together by the rod i, so as to cause them to move together and keep
them parallel. the one to the other. When the implement arrives at. the end
of a bout, the attendant withdraws the pin k, and by the projecting.handle f*
of the hinder bracket lifts it round, so as to set it straight out from the arm of
the frame which carries it, and in this position it is locked by dropping in the
pin k, as before. The steering handle is removed to the wheel carried, by this
bracket. When the draught commences in the new direction, the implement
turns one-third round, and. the .tines, by rotating in the frame, adjust them-
selves to the new direction. In order to give motion to ploughs, cultivators,
or tilling implements by steam power, we employ an engine having two-drums
mounted on it on horizontal axes, these drums being so constructed that the
hauling rope may pass several times over them, and then be led away from
them, the rope not being wound on the drums. We prefer to mount one of
the drums loosely on the crank axis. of the engine, on which also a pinion is
keyed.; this gives motion to an intermediate wheel, which gears with teeth
formed on the inside of the drum. The second drum is mounted loosely on
the axle. of the hind wheels of the engine, and is not geared. On the side of
the engine two brackets are mounted on vertical axes; they each. carry a
pulley, or it may be a number. of .small pulleys; the hauling rope, by being
passed round these bracket pulleys, is deflected from a horizontal to a vertical
direction, and vice versa, as it passes to and from the drums...The brackets
by turning on their axes adjust themselves to the direction of the draught.
Figure 9 is a side view, Figure 10. a front view partly in section, and
Figure 11 a plan of a portable engine of an ordinary construction, having
winding apparatus combined with it. According to this part of our Invention,
a is the crank shaft of the engine, on which the pinion b is keyed; c is a
winding drum, grooved, as, shown, suitably to receive a rope passing several
times over it; this drum is mounted on the crank shaft of the engine in such
a manner as to be able to turn freely on it. On the interior of this drum cog
teeth c are formed, and these teeth c' gear with an intermediate toothed wheel d,
which also gearing.with the pinion b, communicates motion from the crank
shaft to the drum c. e is another grooved drum;. it is mounted, as is shown,
on the axle.of the hinder wheels of the engine, on which it can rotate freely.
On the sides of the engine brackets.f, f, are fixed.;. they carry cranks f';f³, on
which the frames 9, 9, are able to turn; they carry a number of small
pulleys g, g'. The hauling rope (whichever direction it, is traced) passes, as
is. shown, under the boiler of the engine, then over the small pulleys 9' on one

page_text: of the frames g and partly around the drum c; afterwards it is led around the
drum e, from which it returns to the drum c; and in. this manner it passes
from one drum to the other, until two coils of the rope are on the drum e and
three on the drum c (the number of coils may, however, be varied); then it
passes over the pulleys g¹ of the other frame 9, again under the boiler, and
away from the engine. The ropes may be led away in any desired directions,
and the frames g, by turning on these centres, will accommodate themselves
thereto. In some cases, in place of a number of small pulleys g', g', being
employed in each of the swinging frames g, a single and larger pulley 9 is
made use of, as is indicated in Figure, 10, and the rope,. in place of being led
towards and away from the engine by passing under the boiler, is made to pass
in the contrary direction. The single pulley accommodates itself to the
direction of the hauling rope, in the same manner as when a number of pulleys
are employed.
g
In some cases we employ an engine having but one winding drum mounted on
it, and around a portion of the drum, and at distances from it we place a number
of small pulleys. The hauling rope in passing on to the drum first takes
three-quarters of a turn round; it then leaves the drum and passes over the
small pulleys, and afterwards again comes on to the drum, and takes another
three-quarters of a turn round it. Figure 12 is a side view, and Figure 13 is
a plan of winding apparatus so arranged. The drum a is, by preference,
mounted under the boiler of the engine on a vertical axis, as is other winding
apparatus commonly employed. The axes of the small. pulleys b, b, ranged
round it are all' carried by one frame formed of two bars, one over and the
other under the pulleys; they are bolted or fixed the one to the other, and the
frame so constructed is carried by studs or projections from the under side of
the boiler. The direction the rope takes has been already described, and is
clearly shown in the Drawing. In order to keep the rope taut it is passed
from the drum or drums; it is led over a pulley, which is drawn constantly
upwards by the pressure of steam or air acting on a piston in a small cylinder;
for this purpose we mount on the top of the boiler of the engine, over the two
points at which the rope passes to and from the winding apparatus, 'two
standards, to the upper ends of which levers are jointed, the length of these
levers being in a direction across the engine at a short distance from these
standards, and underneath. the levers two small cylinders are fixed on the
boiler; they contain pistons, and the upper ends of the rods of these piston's
serve to support the levers to the spaces under the pistons; steam is admitted;
which tends to force the pistons upwards. The levers project' several feet
from the side of the engine, and their ends are capable of descending to the

page_text: ground, or nearly so, when the pistons are forced to the bottom of the cylinders.
It is preferred to make. the outer ends of these levers of ash or other light
material. They carrey pulleys, over which the traction rope is laid. When
the traction rope has a strain on it, the lever over which it is passing is drawn
down, the power of the steam not then being sufficient to draw the rope out
of its direct course, but when the rope becomes slack the lever is raised by the
piston of the steam cylinder pressing against it, and thus the rope is lifted out
of its direct course and the slack taken up; compressed air may be used in
place of steam, but not so conveniently.
Another part of our Invention applies to taking up the slack of the rope on
the plough or other implement; this we do by winding it on a drum or drums
mounted thereon, such drum or drums receiving motion from instruments
which are from time to time, when it is required to take up slack, brought in
contact with the land, so that as the implement travels on, the instruments
from the hold they obtain of the land receive a motion independent of that of
the implement, and this motion is applied to actuate the drum on which the
slack is wound. We prefer to employ a spike wheel having on its axis a
pulley, round which an endless belt passes; this belt also encircles a pulley on
the axis of the drum on which the slack is wound; the spike wheel is
mounted at the end of an arm, and can, by a treddle, be brought down on to
the land when desired. Figure 14 is a side view, and Figure 15 a plan, of à
portion of a balance plough, such as is now commonly employed in steam
ploughing, having apparatus combined with it for keeping up the slack of
the traction rope, as above described. a, a, are two drums mounted on the
frame of the plough, for the purpose of winding up the slack of the rope;
they are actuated by apparatus which we will proceed to describe. This
apparatus in the Drawing is shown fitted to one only of the drums to avoid
unnecessary repetition of the parts. Underneath the seat of the steersman is
a treddle c, carried by an axis c', on which an arm c³ is also mounted; this arm
carries at its end the spike wheel d, having a small pulley d¹ on its axis. e is
a belt passing from this pulley to the larger pulley f on the axis of the drum a;
thus, when the treddle is pressed down by the foot of the steersman the spike
wheel d is brought in contact with the land, and as the plough travels on it
revolves, thus giving motion to the belt e, which transmits it to the pulley f
and the drum a, and thus the slack is wound up. The periphery of the
drum is furnished with ratchet teeth, into which a stop g drops to prevent the
rope unwinding from this drum when the wheel d is raised from the land,
which takes place by means of a spring, when the steersman removes his foot
R

page_text: from the treddle. The belt e is, as is shown, crossed, in order that the motion
communicated to the drum may be in the proper direction.
In constructing the winding drums in order to get a good bite on the rope,
we line the grooves on the drum with vulcanized india-rubber; we also, in
some cases, line the grooves of the drums with wood, with copper, or other
metal softer than the iron of which the drum itself is composed, in order to
obtain a better hold of the rope, and to reduce the wear of the same; and we
also with the same object make the grooves with ridges and depressions
corresponding with the lay of the wires or strands of the rope, and this we
prefer to do by forming the indentations on the wood pattern from which the
drum is cast; or, in some cases, we employ a packing or lining of hemp or
other elastic material to the grooves of the drum, and we construct the drum
in parts in such a manner that after the packing has been introduced by
drawing the parts together by screws or otherwise, the packing or lining may
be firmly nipped and held in its place.
The most convenient method of applying linings of india-rubber, wood, or
hemp to the grooves of the drums is to cast the drum cylindrical, with a
flange at one end only, and slipping over it one, two, or more rings of cast
iron, according to the number of grooves the drum is intended to have. A
ring of the packing material being interposed between each of the rings and
between the first ring and the end of flange. A ring of packing material is
also put on over the last ring, and a cast-iron flanged cover is then placed on
'the end of the drum and drawn up tightly by screw bolts, so as to compress
strongly the several rings of packing material. In this manner the packing
will be securely held. When copper is employed the most convenient manne
of applying it is to revit a lining of sheet copper to the drum, cast in the
ordinary manner. When soft metal is employed it may be cast into the
grooves, numerous holes being previously bored in the drum in order that the
soft metal may obtain a secure hold. In giving motion. to ploughs, culti-
vators, or tilling implements by steam power, we sometimes wind up the
.bauling ropes on to the drums, in place of passing it a few times over them, as
herein-before explained. When working in this manner we employ a single
drum of considerable length, that is to say, of sufficient length to receive on
it in a single layer one-third of the quantity of rope in use. The two ends of
the hauling rope are attached to the drum, and when the apparatus is at work
the drum winds up the rope alternately at either end, and while it is winding
up the rope at one end it is allowing it to wind off at the other end, so that
the drum has at all times the same quantity of rope upon it.
Figure 16 is a

page_text: side view of a winding drum working in the manner above described. It is
mounted by preference on a carriage separate from the engine, and on a
vertical axis, which enables the ropes to be led off in any desired direction.
The drum should be of such a diameter and length as to allow of there being
wound upon it in a single layer a quantity of rope equal in length to the
distance over which it is desired that the plough or tilling instrument should
be drawn by it at one operation. The drum has spur teeth formed on its
flanges, and these gear with pinions on a vertical axis, which is driven by a
driving belt and suitable gearing from a portable engine. The rope as it is
wound up by the drum is guided on to it by suitable guiding instruments such
as are commonly employed, in order to lay the coils of the rope close, the
one to the other. In some cases we employ two drums arranged to wind up
the hauling rope alternately at either end, and we mount these drums loosely
on the same vertical axis; each of the drums has spur teeth formed on its
edge, and they are driven alternately by a pinion or pinions capable of being
made to drive one or other drum as is required. A side view of this arrangement
is shown at Figure 17, and a plan at Figure 18. In these figures the boiler
of the engine is indicated by dotted lines. a and b are the two drums, they
are mounted so that they can turn freely on an axis fixed under the boiler, and
carried by suitable framing, as in other arrangements of winding apparatus
for steam ploughing described in the Specifications of other Patents granted
to some of us, and also commonly employed, in which an axis similarly placed
has been employed to support a single winding drum. c is a vertical shaft
driven by bevilled wheels from the crank shaft of the engine; it carries two
pinions c, c², capable of revolving freely on the axis, except when clutched to
it by an ordinary clutch box. They gear with teeth formed on the periphery
of the drums a and b, and when one or other of them is clutched to the axis it
drives the corresponding drum.
In order to give motion to the pulley or anchor carriage we mount on it a
drum, on which a rope is wound, the axis of the drum is geared with, and
when it revolves it drives at a slower speed another drum, and causes it to wind
up a rope one end of which is made fast ahead of the pulley carriage. When
it is desired to draw the pulley carriage forward, the end of the rope on the
first drum is clamped to the rope which hauls the plough or other implement,
and by it the rope is drawn off the drum, and thus the pulley carriage receives
motion. Figure 19 is a plan of a portion of a pulley or anchor carriage
having such apparatus combined with it. a is the frame of the carriage, and
b is one of the rollers on which it rests, another similar roller not shown being

page_text: at the other end of the frame a. c, c, are disc wheels on 'the ends of this
roller, and which by cutting into the land prevent the carriage being drawn
sideways by the strain of the traction rope passing round the sheeve d. On
the carriage is mounted a small drum e, on which a short length of cord is
wound, and this drum has on its axis a pinion gearing with a spur wheel on
the axis of another drum f, having one end of a rope g, made fast to it,.the
other end being made fast in advance of the. pulley carriage, so that when the
drum e revolves it causes the drum f also to revolve to draw forward the car-
riage. At the end of the cord on the drum e is a clip, consisting of three
parts, viz., a flat piece h, which when the clip is in use rests against the rope.h
and around the rope, and a piece h³, which the ring connects with the piece h;
the piece h, when put into the position shown in the Drawing, which. is.done
by an attendant when it is desired that the carriage should travel on armis,
the rope against the piece h, and prevents the rope running through. the
'ring 'h', and consequently the clip travels, with the rope, and the cord to. whịch
the clip is attached being drawn off. its drum the carriage is, as before
'explained, wound forward until the chain or, line i attaching the piece h? to
the carriage becomes taut, when it pulls back the piece and releases. the
rope, which then runs on freely. through the ring . j is a shoe attached
to the clip to prevent it catching in obstacles on the land?
In witness whereof, I, the said Robert Burton, have hereunto set : .
hand and seal, this Eighteenth day of February, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty.
ROBERT BURTON.. (L.s:)