matthewleechen/300YearsOfBritishPatents huggingface dataset:
IMPROVEMENTS IN SAFETY APPARATUS FOR CAGES OR LIFTS IN PIT SHAFTS AND OTHER PLACES."
Year: 1877

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Large at the Office of the Com-
missioners of Patents on the 31st March 1877.
JOHN LARGE, of Lyncham, in the County of Wilts.
"IMPROVEMENTS IN SAFETY
APPARATUS FOR CAGES OR LIFTS IN PIT SHAFTS AND OTHER PLACES."
The object of my Invention is to construct safety apparatus for preventing the
sudden fall of cages or lifts to the bottom of the shafts or other places in which they
work, in the event of the winding rope or other raising or lowering apparatus
breaking.
For this purpose I provide at suitable intervals in the shaft two (or more) brackets
bearers at opposite sides of the said shaft, which bearers are, by preference, of tri-
angular form, and are each free to turn within certain limits upon a horizontal axle or
pivot. This axle or pivot is so placed in relation to the bearer that in the normal
position the bearer from its own weight projects horizontally into the space of the shaft,
and it is prevented descending below the said horizontal position by a suitable stop.
The bearer can be lifted from the horizontal to the vertical position, or nearly so,
but is prevented passing the vertical position by another stop. Cords or chains are
attached to the bearers for the purpose of moving them into the vertical position
when required, and each of these cords is provided with a handle, and they are all
connected with a cord leading to a handle or other device at the top of the shaft.
The action is as follows:-When the cage or lift is being raised up the shaft it
comes successively against the pairs of bearers and raises them in passing, cach pair
at once returning again by its own weight to the horizontal position, so as to be
ready to receive and support the cage in case of need, that is to say, in the ovent of
the winding rope breaking. When on the other hand the cage is being lowered
down the shaft all the pairs of bearers are in position to catch the cage in case of
need, but each pair is in turn pulled up out of the way by one of the men in the
cage acting successively upon the handles before named.
When the cage is descending empty or without occupants all the bearers can
be pulled up out of the way by means of the handle or other device at the top of
the shaft.
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR WORKING RAILWAY SIGNALS AND POINTS
Year: 1877

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Scatcherd at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents on the 11th January 1877.
JOHN SCATCHERD, of Guide Bridge, in the County of Lancaster, Mechanical
Engineer. "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR WORKING RAILWAY SIGNALS AND
POINTS."
My Invention relates to an arrangement applicable to the ordinary hand levers
by which railway signals and points are worked. To the top of each of these
levers I adapt a cap formed on an arm which is capable of turning upon a centre
carried by two guides, between which is situate a rod jointed to the said arm. This
rod is provided with a slot through which there passes a sector carried by the hand
lever and having two elevations. When a band lever is to be moved the points-
man in the first place raises the cap, whereby the said lever is free to be turned
upon its centre, by which motion the higher elevation of the sector keeps the cap
elevated, and when the lever has been turned to its full extent it is retained in that
position by a notch formed in the sector.
The act of raising the aforesaid arm brings a projection on the rod which it
carries against a bell-crank lever or similar part, which by working in conjunction
with similar apparatus lock by means of caps the other hand levers which work in
conflicting combination, and in like manner the outward positions of the hand levers
are mutually locked by bell cranks and rods or similar apparatus.
AN IMPROVED TOY
Year: 1877

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by David Hunter Bonnolla at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 11th October 1877.
DAVID HUNTER BONNELLA, of Mortimer Street, Cavendish Square, in the County
of Middlesex, Turner. "AN IMPROVED TOY."
This Invention consists of a stand formed with two parts, with a space between the
under side of the top part and the upper surface of the lower portion of the stand.
In the centre of the lower part of stand is a short spindle or rod, on which is
fixed a toothed wheel, and also a disc of wood or other material. Resting on this
disc is a magnet, preferably of the horse-shoe type, such magnet being fixed by
screws or other means to the disc.
When the case is complete the magnet lies flush with the under side of the top
of the stand. Gearing into the wheel under the disc is another wheel, which is
mounted on a spindle, such spindle terminating outside the stand in a handle.
The two parts of the stand are secured together by screws.
The action of the arrangements is as follows:-On the upper surface I place an
imitation of an animal or thing, say, for instance, a mouse.
The handle being
turned will by means of the toothed wheels cause the magnet to revolve.
When the poles of the magnet come under the animal or thing on the surface,
which animal or thing is to be made of suitable metal (or formed with a portion of
metal), the attraction of the magnet will take round with it the animal or thing in
the same path as the magnet, and thus by these means a source of amusement and
instruction is obtained.
Instead of toothed wheels the rotation of the magnet may be accomplished by
means of endless band and pulleys.
On the surface of the stand I may place a small house or receptacle for the
animal or thing used.
IMPROVEMENTS IN HARNESS HOOKS, SUITABLE ALSO FOR OTHER PURPOSES
Year: 1877

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by, Henry Davidson at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents on the 11th July 1877.
HENRY DAVIDSON, residing at the Builders' Arms Inn, Old Ford Road, E., in the
County of Middlesex. "IMPROVEMENTS IN HARNESS HOOKS, SUITABLE ALSO FOR
OTHER PURPOSES."
The object of this Invention is to provide an improved hook, especially adapted
for use where it is required to readily release a heavy pull or dead weight, as, for
instance, in the case of fallen horses, where it may be used as a trace hook, and also
in raising or lowering boats or other weights where security and rapidity of disen-
gagement is desirable. For this purpose I make the body of the hook in two parts,
namely, the shank or stem, and the hook connected thereto. At the lower part of
the shank I connect the hook by means of a pin or other suitable joint so as to allow
of the hook working freely thereon.
In a part of the shank, just above where the hook shuts in with the same, I make
a recess into which a prolongation of the joint of the hook fits in flush and is readily
put in or taken out. On the shank. I place a collar, moveable by hand, the object
of which is to retain the hook in its closed position by pushing it over the point of
the hook, when the same is closed, into the recess of the shank.
When it is required to disengage the hook the collar is pushed back, leaving the
hook free to open by turning on its joint with the shank.
The shank is furnished with a tumbler or stop working freely on a joint which,
when the hook is closed, keeps the moveable collar well over the point of the same;
when the stop is drawn away from the collar, the latter may he easily moved and
the hook thereby released.
IMPROVEMENTS IN CASES FOR HOLDING CIGARS AND CIGARETTES
Year: 1877

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Michel Marie Franzini at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 1st December 1877.
MICHEL MARIE FRANZINI, of Naples, in the Kingdom of Italy, and of 30, Regent
Street, in the County of Middlesex, Gentleman. "IMPROVEMENTS IN CASES FOR
HOLDING CIGARS AND CIGARETTES.”
This Invention consists in an outer case of metal, leather, or other suitable
material, into which a plate provided with guides, and on which rest the cigars
or the cigarettes, slides up and down by means of a flat spring passing between the
plate and a piece attached thereto. One end of this spring is hinged to one side of
the outer case, and the other end is attached to a moveable box placed at the bottom
of the outer case and entering therein; it is provided with a receptacle for matches,
and is furnished with a moveable knife for cutting the end of the cigar when to be
used. A piece of wire terminating in a hook passing through an eye fixed under
the cover of the outer case is fixed to the top of the sliding plate so as to rise or
lower the cover when the sliding plate rises or descends.
The box is pivoted at the end to which the spring is attached, and in such
a manner, that when it is caused to move around its pivot, the flat spring is bent,
and the sliding plate rises, thus causing the cigars or cigarettes to project a little,
and to be easily taken out of the case. The other end of the box is rounded and
forms a catch when entering the case, and it is provided with a projection which
gives more facility for moving the box.
IMPROVEMENTS IN RATLINE ATTACH- MENTS
Year: 1877

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Gill, of Liverpool, in the County of Lancaster,
Master Mainer for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN RATLINE ATTACH-
MENTS
"
led the 7th August 1877, and dated the 9th February 1877
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Gill at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 9th February 1877
WILLIAM GILL, of Liverpool, in the County of Lancaster, Master Manıncı
"IMPROVEMENTS IN RATLINE ATTACHMENTS
"2
The object of the said Invention is to provide means whereby latlines may be
securely and easily attached to the shrouds of a ship or vessel, and removed with
facility when necessary
For the above purposes I make use of a clip, yoke, or clasp, which passes lound
the shroud, and secure the same in position on the said shoud by means of a bolt
and nut, or set screw, or its equivalent, which draws the ends of the clip yoke or clasp
together The said bolt, set screw, or its equivalent, serves to cany a thimble secured
in an eye formed at the end of the ratline The chip, yoko, or clasp, may be solid or
pei foluated
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said William Gill in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 9th August
1877.
WILLIAM GILL, of Liverpool, in the County of Lancaster, Master Mainer
" IMPROVEMENTS IN RATLINE ATTACHMENTS"
The object of the said Invention is to provide means whereby rathines may be
securely and easily attached to the shrouds of a ship or vessel, and removed with
facility when necessary.

page_text: For the above purposes I make use of a chip, yoke, or clasp, which passes round
the shroud, and secure the same in position on the sand shroud by means of a holt.
and nut or set screw or its equivalent, which draws the ends of the chip, yoke, or
clasp together The said bolt, set screw, or its equivalent, sei ves to carry a thimble
secured in an eye formed at the end of the atline The clip, yoke, or clasp, may be
the shroud, and secure the same in position on Sa
and nut or set screw or its equivalent, which draws the ends of the clip, yoke, or
clasp together The said bolt, set screw, or its equivalent, sei ves to carry a thimble
The clip, yoke, or clasp, may be
secured in an eye formed at the end of the latline
sold or perforated
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
Fig 1 is a view illustrative of my Invention
a are the shrouds of a ship or vessel, bare the ratlines provided at the ends with
thimbles c, d are clips or yokes which pass round the shrouds, and are secured in 1
The bolts e pass through
position by their ends being drawn together by the bolts e
the thimbles c, and thus secure the atlines to the shrouds
Fig 2 is a view of the chip or yoke
Having now described the nature of the said Invention, so that others will be
enabled to carry my improvements into effect, I claim the improvements in ratline 1
attachments, substantially as herein set forth
In witness whereof, I, the said William Gill, have hereunto set my hand
and seal, the Fourth day of August, in the year of our Lord One thousand
eight hundred and seventy-soven
JAMES JOHNSON,
Patent Office,
Clayton Square,
Liverpool
W. GILL. (L.S)
MENTS IN APPARATUS FOR REGISTERING THE PAYMENTS RECEIVED FROM PASSENGERS AND OTHERS
Year: 1877

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Frederick Warner Jones at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 13th April 1877.
" IMPROVE-
FREDERICK WARNER JONES, of Exeter, in the County of Devon.
MENTS IN APPARATUS FOR REGISTERING THE PAYMENTS RECEIVED FROM PASSENGERS
AND OTHERS."
My Invention relates to apparatus which is intended more particularly for
checking the receipts of the conductors of omnibusses and other public vehicles, the
fares paid to the conductor being passed through such apparatus and the amount
indicated and registered.
The apparatus is constructed and arranged in the following manner :-In the top
of a small cylinder is an opening for the introduction of money, which, after passing
through the cylinder, passes through a tube, forming by its prolongation the handle
for the apparatus. The money passes therefore in at the top of the cylinder, and
then through the tube into the conductor's hand, which holds the apparatus.
Inside the apparatus is a revolving wheel, the circumference for which is divided
into equal portions, which are numbered. In the front of the apparatus is cut a
square hole corresponding with the divisions of the inside wheel, the numbers of
which are seen when opposite the hole cut in the apparatus. In the bottom of the
apparatus is a gong. There is also a register of the numbers shown and the number
of times the gong is struck.
Adjacent to the handle of the apparatus are two knobs, which act as follows :-
On pressing the first it opens the aperture in which the money is placed, and closes
the tube, not allowing the money to pass through. It also sounds the gong once
and turns the inside wheel, bringing the first number (1) opposite the hole cut in
the cylinder, and also registers one on the register. For each time the knob is
pressed the gong sounds, the wheel revolves and brings the next number opposite
the hole, and another one is added to the register. In thus pressing the knob to the
amount of the fare, the lid is open to receive the money; the fare is shown to the
passenger, or if too dark to see, the bell rings it also. On the money being dropped
the conductor presses the second knob; this opens the tube and closes the lid
entrance; the money passes into the conductor's hand, and the inside wheel reverts
to zero, the number still remaining fixed on the register.
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR MOISTENING AND ADJUSTING POSTAGE AND OTHER ADHESIVE STAMPS INSTANTANEOUSLY
Year: 1877

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Edwin Wardroper at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents on the 5th July 1877.
EDWIN WARDROPER, Captain in Her Majesty's 107th Regiment, now quartered
at Parkhurst, Isle of Wight, in the County of Hampshire. "IMPROVEMENTS IN
APPARATUS FOR MOISTENING AND ADJUSTING POSTAGE AND OTHER ADHESIVE
STAMPS INSTANTANEOUSLY."
A rectangular box of wood or metal the dimentions of a stamp with a spiral
spring fixed at the bottom, at the other extremity of which is a metal plate the
same size as the box. A sliding lid at the side admits of the insertion of the stamps.
At the top of the box is a metal spring which restrains the stamps from the counter
pressure of the spiral spring. The lid of the box which closes with a spring hasp
contains a glass with sponge damper the same size as a stamp, but allowing of space
when the box is closed for rise in the spring which presses down the stamps.
This Invention does away with the objection of moistening the stamp with the
tongue, and afterwards soiling the fingers in adjusting.
If an envelope be inserted between the spring and the layer of stamps, and then
sharply withdrawn, it will be found duly stamped.
IM- PROVEMENTS IN VELOCIPEDES
Year: 1877

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Henry Bliss at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 29th September 1877.
WILLIAM HENRY BLISS, of Lewisham, in the County of Kent, Gentleman. "IM-
PROVEMENTS IN VELOCIPEDES."
This Invention relates to improvements in the arrangement and construction of
velocipedes.
According to one part of my said improvements I make a tricycle having the
driving wheel similar to a modern bicycle with brake attached. The beam or back-
bone of the machine I form so as to fit and screw up in a socket in the back fork or
arms that are attached to the axle of two small back wheels with suitable springs,
and a centre piece with a slot to work on a pivot or bolt in the centre of the axle
in such manner that the driving wheel may be kept upright although travelling on
the inclined side of a road, thus removing all strain, and enabling the machine to be
made nearly as light as a bicycle, while it is perfectly safe; it can be used either as a
bicycle or tricycle.
According to another part of my improvements I make a tricycle with two
driving wheels in front worked with a double cranked axle fitted with pawls and
ratchets to the wheels, so as to turn easily. This axle is fitted with bearings to a
suitable frame, and in the back part of the frame a small guide wheel is adjusted,
which wheel is guided by the handle in front of the saddle, and is furnished with a
brake worked by the handle. This machine can be made very light, and is perfectly
safe and well suited for use by rural postmen.
According to another part of my inprovements I make of spring steel a pair of
struts or crutches, each fitted with a short axle and a small wheel, and adjusted at
pleasure to a bicycle so as to convert it into a four-wheeled velocipede, pro tem.,
without interfering with the ordinary working of the bicycle and adding but little
weight, while they enable the rider to stand still at any moment and travel with
caution on a dark night or on a dangerous road.
IMPROVEMENTS IN SALT CELLARS
Year: 1877

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by James Chaplin at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents on the 17th October 1877.
JAMES CHAPLIN, of 45, Camp Hill, Birmingham, in the County of Warwick,
Gentleman. "IMPROVEMENTS IN SALT CELLARS."
I form a bird out of metal or other suitable substance, the inside of which is
hollow. When divided lengthways, and the upper portion is lifted off, it forms
with the lower portion of the bird two salt cellars. I prefer the shape of a water
bird, such as a goose, duck, or swan, from their having a web to the feet. The
legs I push or fix into a groove or slot, made in the same position as it would be in
a real bird of the aforesaid description. When the legs are detached they form salt
spoons.
It will thus be seen that I pack two salt cellars and two salt spoons not only in
an ornamental, but in a small, useful, and portable compass.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BRICKS, TILES, AND OTHER BUILDING MATERIALS, AND IN THE UTILIZATION FOR THAT PURPOSE OF VARIOUS REFUSE MATTERS
Year: 1877

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by David Basil Hewitt and George
Edward Davis at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 19th
February 1877.
DAVID BASIL HEWITT and GEORGE EDWARD DAVIS, both of Manchester, in the
County of Lancaster. "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BRICKS, TILES,
AND OTHER BUILDING MATERIALS, AND IN THE UTILIZATION FOR THAT PURPOSE
OF VARIOUS REFUSE MATTERS."
This invention has for its objects, firstly, the production of bricks, tiles, and other
building materials at a much cheaper rate than hitherto, and also the utilization of
the waste or refuse product from alkali works, known as "vat or soda waste" (and
now found difficult to deal with), in combination with other waste or refuse matters
containing silica or silicates, such as clinkers from mill and other furnaces, cinders
and town refuse, and ashes from chemical and other works, fine ash from general
town refuse, road detritus, sewage, sludge, and waste siliceous residues of all kinds.
Several of these siliceous residues have been heretofore used for the manufacture
of bricks, but the bricks produced therefrom have not been durable, and would not
resist the action of the weather.
The chief feature of this Invention consists in combining any one or more of these
siliceous residues with alkali waste, and with only a sufficient quantity of clay or
shale to hold the brick, tile, or other building material together during the drying
and burning process.
The proportions in which we prefer to use the ingredients are from fifty to seventy
per cent. of the alkali waste to about forty or twenty per cent. of the siliceous refuse,
and about ten per cent. of clay or shale. The ingredients are to be well ground and
mixed together in an ordinary pug mill or otherwise, and may then be made into
bricks, tiles, quarries, copings, window sills, and other forms of building materials,
either by hand or machine, and after drying may be burnt in close kilns or in the
usual manner.
The free lime contained in the alkali waste combines under the action of heat with

page_text: the silica contained in the siliceous refuse and produces a very hard silicate, and the
bricks or other building materials made therefrom will be found to be very durable
and capable of resisting the effects of exposure to the weather to a much greater
extent than bricks made in the ordinary manner, at the same time that being made
chiefly from waste or refuse materials, they can be produced at a cheaper rate.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN SHUTTLES EMPLOYED IN WEAVING
Year: 1877

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Leadbeater at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents on the 18th December 1877.
JOHN LEADBEATER, of Morley, near Leeds, in the County of York. " IMPROVE-
MENTS IN SHUTTLES EMPLOYED IN WEAVING."
This Invention relates to those shuttles which are used in broad looms for
weaving heavy fabrics, such shuttles being provided with wheels or antifriction
runners; and my improvements consist in the application of durable bearings for
receiving the axes of the said runners.
These bearings consist of metal plates fixed to the sides of the shuttles by screws
or similar fasteners, the said plates having bosses opposite the axes of the runners,
through which bosses the screwed centres are passed. By this means the shuttle is
strengthened and rendered much more durable, as owing to the frequent displace-
ment of the screwed centres when merely passed through the wood shuttle, the
shuttle was soon rendered useless in consequence of the frequent renewal of the
centres which had to be increased in size at every change.
IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR SAVING LIFE AT SEA."
Year: 1877

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Matthew Webb at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents on the 4th July 1877.
MATTHEW WEBB, of Ironbridge, in the County of Salop, Mariner. " IMPROVED
APPARATUS FOR SAVING LIFE AT SEA."
The object of this Invention is to construct a kind of air-proof mattress, which
can be used for ordinary sleeping purposes, and which, when removed from the berth
or bunk and thrown into the sea will float like a lifeboat, and can be made available
for saving life.
the waves.
The ends and bottom of the mattress I form of galvanized sheet iron, or other
similarly light and strong material, firmly jointed together at the angles and made
perfectly waterproof at the joints by soldering, or otherwise. The sides are perpen-
dicular and of the same depth from end to end. The bottom is made flat as regards
the transverse section, but instead of being flat in a longitudinal direction it is
curved, rising upwards both fore and aft like the bilge of a ship, so as to ride over
The sides extend below the bottom from end to end so as to form, as it
were, two side keels, and give increased steadiness when floating. The top of the
mattress is made of india-rubber, cloth, or other suitably pliable and air-proof
material securely fastened round the edges to the metallic sides and ends of the
frame. It is provided with a mouth-piece and valve for filling it with air, and when
inflated it forms an ordinary air mattress, and is to be used in place of any other
bed in the berths or bunks, which latter may be made without bottoms, but provided
merely with ledges or corner pieces to support the mattress frames.
When required
as a lifeboat, the mattress is always ready, and all that is necessary is to lift it from
the berth or bunk and launch it on to the sea. Each mattress may be provided with
a paddle or with a sail (or both) if desirable, which can be so contrived as to
occupy very little space and always remain attached to the mattress so that they
cannot be mislaid or lost.
As a further safeguard a sufficient quantity of cork shavings or other similar
buoyant substance may be placed inside the mattress to prevent it from sinking in
case of any accidental puncture of the air-proof material; or springs may be placed
inside to prevent it from collapsing and thus keep it filled with air.
IMPROVEMENTS IN COMPOSITIONS FOR COATING THE BOTTOMS OF SHIPS AND OTHER VESSELS, AND OTHER SURFACES
Year: 1877

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Edwin Lawrence at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents on the 9th October 1877.
EDWIN LAWRENCE, of No. 6, Lancaster Gate, Hyde Park, in the County of
Middlesex. "IMPROVEMENTS IN COMPOSITIONS FOR COATING THE BOTTOMS OF
SHIPS AND OTHER VESSELS, AND OTHER SURFACES."
The object of my Invention is to prevent or reduce the fouling or destruction of
ships' bottoms arising from the attacks of animal or vegetable parasites, and the
consequent impediments to the speed of vessels thereby caused.
The improvements are also applicable to the coating of piles and other surfaces.
Many attempts have been made to avert or destroy these growths or attacks by
the application of various paints or coatings to the ships' sides and bottoms, but so
far as I am aware these have only met with but partial success.
In carrying out my improvements I coat the vessel's bottom and sides, up to and
about the water line, and other parts exposed to such attack, with a paint, varnish,
or enamel, to which has been added granulated or powdered metallic zinc in sufficient
quantity, that when applied there shall not be a part of the surface exposed to such
attack unprotected by the zinc, zinc in a metallic form being highly distasteful or
destructive to animal and vegetable life of the kind referred to.
In some cases the powdered zinc may be added to the surface of the paint, varnish,
or enamel, after the same has been applied and before the same has become
Bolidified.
A NEW DISINFECTING DRY SOAP IN POWDER, AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING THE SAME
Year: 1877

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Richard Dixon at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents on the 10th July 1877.
RICHARD DIXON, of 7, Garden Lane, within the Borough of Rochdale, in the
County of Lancaster, Drysalter. "A NEW DISINFECTING DRY SOAP IN POWDER,
AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING THE SAME."
The novelty of this Invention consists in producing a dry soap in powder which
has great advantages over any other soap now known, some of which may be
enumerated as follows:-
It is a perfect disinfectant, and in consequence of being in powder it can be scattered
about, or put in holes or crevices.
It is equally serviceable in the laundry or wash house as at the toilette, and
will be found to possess superior cleansing properties, to be easier to use, and.
it can be made and sold considerably cheaper than any soap at present in use.
To make 1 cwt. of soap I take the following ingredients, viz.,—
21 lbs. soda ash
3/4 cwt. rock soda
1 pint raw linseed oil
2 lbs. unmade resin
1 oz. chloride of lime
1 oz. rock camphor
3 gills carbolic acid
2 lbs. farina gum
10 lbs. common brown soap
8 lbs. 14 oz. water.
The whole of these ingredients, with the exception of the soda ash, are placed in a
suitable iron vessel or boiler or other suitable receptable and well mixed together,
and boiled gently for about an hour, when the boiling liquid is emptied into a
suitable vessel or vessels for the purpose of cooling, it is then to be stirred with an
iron rake or other similar instrument for about 8 hours until perfectly cool, when it
forms itself into a powder, previous to which the soda ash is intermixed and stirred
Price 271

page_text: up with the other ingredients, when it is ready for use, and may be packed either in
tubs, jars, boxes, or other suitable or desirable vessel, or may be made up into one
pound and half pound packages as desired..
Although I have given certain proportions for the above named ingredients, I do
not bind myself to them, as in practice it may be found desirable to alter the same
without departing from the principle of my Invention..
IMPROVE- MENTS IN APPARATUS FOR LIGHTING COAL AND OTHER FIRES, AND IN FIRE-PLACES, STOVES, AND FURNACES FOR THIS PURPOSE
Year: 1877

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Smith Hannington at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents on the 2nd February 1877.
SMITH HANNINGTON, of Tonbridge Wells, in the County of Kent. “IMPROVE-
MENTS IN APPARATUS FOR LIGHTING COAL AND OTHER FIRES, AND IN FIRE-PLACES,
STOVES, AND FURNACES FOR THIS PURPOSE."
This Invention relates to improvements in apparatus for lighting coal or other
fires in ordinary grates or furnaces by means of a portable apparatus to be placed
under the said fires for burning gas, atmospheric gas, oil, or spirit, and these im-
provements also relate to the construction of stoves, fire-places, and furnaces,
suitable for the introduction of gas or atmospheric fire-bars, so that by either
of these means the coal can be ignited without the aid of wood, paper, or other
combustibles.
For this purpose gas pipes are arranged which may serve as fire-bars at the
bottom of a fire-place, stove, or furnace, for supporting the coal or other fuel; gas,
or a mixture of gas and air, hydrocarbon or other oil or spirit is supplied to the pipos
from a supply pipe or reservoir placed near to the fire-place or furnace, and con-
nected by a flexible tube or otherwise.
The fire-lighting apparatus may either be a fixture, or it may be portable, so as
to be moved from one fire-place to another. The gas or other igniting incans
when the fuel is thoroughly ignited may be turned off or withdrawn, and the fuel
left to burn independently thereof. By this means fires do not require laying,
thereby saving time, firewood, paper, or other igniting combustible materials,
thus avoiding dirt.
There is no occasion to keep fires in when going out, thereby saving coals or
other fuel, as by the use of the "patent fire-lighter" fires can be relighted and in
full blaze in a few minutes.
The apparatus will be found most useful in offices, as any one can make a fire
by simply placing the coals or fuel in the grate and applying the "patent_fire-
lighter."
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR CONNECTING METAL FASTENINGS TO HEMP OR OTHER ROPE, AND FOR CONNECTING TRACES. TO THE HAMES OF HORSE COLLARS
Year: 1877

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William James Moffatt at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents on the 10th August 1877. A communication
from abroad by James K. Lake and Michael McDevitt, both of Chicago, in the
State of Illinois, America.
WILLIAM JAMES MOFFATT, of Manchester, in the County of Lancaster, Book..
keeper. "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR CONNECTING METAL FASTENINGS TO
HEMP OR OTHER ROPE, AND FOR CONNECTING TRACES. TO THE HAMES OF HORSE
COLLARS." A communication from abroad by James K. Lake and Michael McDevitt,
both of Chicago, in the State of Illinois, America.
This improved apparatus consists of two wedge-shaped clips which fit on each
side of the hemp or other rope; these clips are made with teeth to catch the rope,
and they are surrounded by a ring, within which fits a bridle, the ends of which
are shouldered to bear against the ring.
When the rope is used for hauling or other purpose the strain on the bridle
draws the ring up the wedges, and so binds the whole firmly together.
My improved apparatus for connecting the traces to the hames of horse collars
consists of a plate with two hooks, one of which is hooked to the hame and the
other to the trace; the trace may be made in the usual manner, or of rope, with the
improved apparatus above described attached to it.
CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN PRODUCING DEVICES AND DESIGNS IN WOOD
Year: 1877

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Stephen Joseph James Kelly at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 25th May 1877.
STEPHEN JOSEPH JAMES KELLY, of No. 196, Gray's Inn Road, in the County of
Middlesex, Gentleman. "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN PRODUCING DEVICES AND
DESIGNS IN WOOD."
My Invention has reference to the production of devices and designs in wood,
having for its object the perfect imitation of the most elaborate carving by hand or
machinery, applicable to various useful and ornamental purposes.
The wood is subject to the action of steam in an air-tight oven or vessel, which
renders it soft and pliable to receive impressions from metallic dies, through the
agency of hand, steam, hydraulic, or other power or pressure.
The devices or designs required to be produced, having been prepared in cast iron
or other metal, by the usual process of clay moulding, are then applied to the
steamed or softened wood, when the result is a perfect and permanent transler
thereto of the devices or designs, whether raised or sunk, represented in or on
the said metallic die or mould.
The work may afterwards be stained, if desired, to imitate any particular wood,
and polished or varnished.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SOAP
Year: 1877

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Edwin Powley Alexander at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 22nd October 1877. A communication
from abroad by Aimé Olivier, of Paris, in the Republic of France.
EDWIN POOLEY ALEXANDER, of 14, Southampton Buildings, in the County of
Middlesex, Consulting Engineer and Patent Agent. "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF SOAP." A communication from abroad by Aimè Olivier, of
Paris, in the Republic of France.
In the manufacture of soap, as ordinarily carried on, many precautions have to be
taken, and considerable labour expended in order to ensure such an admixture of
the oils with the alkaline lye, as that no part of the oil shall escape the action of
the alkali.
Now the object of this Invention is to obtain such a result in a sure and economi-
cal manner by taking advantage of the extreme state of division of the oil in the
seeds or fruit which contain it, and of the great permeability of cellular tissue. In
lieu of first extracting the oily or fatty matter for the purpose of subsequently
converting it into soap, it is proposed to allow the oil to remain in the cellular
tissue, where it is directly acted upon and saponified by the alkaline lye, molecule
by molecule, within the seed or fruit itself.
The strength of the lye may be about 12° Beaumé, and into this the oil-bearing
fruit or seeds are immersed until the lye has penetrated the organic matter, and
saturated the fatty acids contained in the cells. The lye should be in excess and be
used several times for the proper carrying out of the said process, as it becomes
gradually more and more charged with soap, owing to a portion of the oil escaping
from the seeds by the process of exosmosis, the soap thus obtained being readily
and economically separated from the lye.
The saponified seeds are reduced to a pasty mass and well mixed, and finally
moulded into cakes or tablets which are afterwards dried and allowed to harden.

page_text: When heat is applied in the process, it should be brought into action when the
saponified seeds are entire.
The azote supplied by the caseine and other organic products of the seeds
is eliminated in presence of the soda in the state of ammonia, which may be
collected.
The coloring matter may also be extracted, if desired, or the pure soap may be
separated from the paste which contains it.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CHEESE, AND IN APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN
Year: 1877

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Smith at the Office of the Com-
missioners of Patents on the 22nd December 1877.
JOHN SMITH, of Kynsal Lodge, Audlem, in the County of Chester, Gentleman.
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CHEESE, AND IN APPARATUS EMPLOYED
THEREIN."
In the manufacture of cheese great difficulty is experienced in separating the
whey from the curd without great loss of time and without undue heat. Now my
Invention consists in effecting the separation of the whey from the curd in a few
minutes' time, and without artificial heat, whereby a great amount of manual labour
is saved and good results produced.
When the milk has been curded in the usual manner it is put in bags or cloths
placed in boxes or cages with perforated sides, which are put into the compartments
of a centrifugal machine. When the machine is at work the whey is thrown off by
the centrifugal force, and collected in a suitable receptacle, while the curd remains
in the bags or cloths above referred to, and taken to the presses in the ordinary
manner.
IMPROVEMENTS IN AIR ENGINES
Year: 1877

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Robert Ebert at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents on the 5th January 1877.
ROBERT EBERT, of Great Coram Street, Russell Square, in the County of Middle-
"IMPROVEMENTS IN AIR ENGINES."
sex.
The object of this Invention is to transmit power to any required distance and in
any required direction by means of the pressure of the atmosphere at the ordinary
density of between fourteen and fifteen pounds to the square inch, and is designed
to supersede the air engines now generally in use which work by compressed air,
for which purpose I employ an engine similar in construction to the ordinary steam
engine but having the slide valve chest open to the atmosphere; air at the atmo-
spheric pressure entering the cylinder through the ports in accordance with the
action of the slide valve, and bearing or pressing against one side of the piston, the
other and contrary side of the same exhausting through a tube into a receiver or
chest, to which is connected air pumping machinery for the purpose of exhausting.
the air from the receiver, which latter may be placed at any convenient distance
from the engine. To the exhaust pipe between the cylinder and the receiver I fit a
stop-cock, which when closed cause the engine to stop. To the same pipe and some-
what nearer the cylinder I also fit a throttle valve which I connect to a governor
or speed regulator operating as in the case of ordinary steam engines. By the
partial opening or closing of the throttle valve, the exhaust from the cylinder is
more rapidly or slowly effected, and the speed of the piston and of the engine
thereby regulated.
The air pumping machinery may be worked by steam, water, or other power, and
may be placed at any convenient distance from the receiver, to which it is connected
by tubes.
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS USED TO REGULATE THE SUPPLY OF WATER TO WATERCLOSETS
Year: 1877

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Pope at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents on the 1st June 1877.
JOHN POPE, of Folkestone, in the County of Kent, Builder. "IMPROVEMENTS
IN APPARATUS USED TO REGULATE THE SUPPLY OF WATER TO WATERCLOSETS."
This Invention has for its object improvements in apparatus used to regulate the
supply of water to waterclosets and other like receptacles. For this purpose a
vessel, by preference a cylindrical pipo fixed erect is used, which is closed at the
bottoin, and has an opening at the top; the vessel is fixed in any convenient
position, and is connected to the closet basin by means of a pipe; the vessel is also
connected by micans of a pipe with the closet valve or tap, which forms the inlet of
the water from the source of supply.
My Invention consists essentially in the employment of a vessel, into which water
is admitted (under pressure), and which vessel is placed in the line of flow, and by
which means the continuity of pressure and flow becomes broken, and the water
then being unable to escape from the vessel with the same velocity as it enters it
rises and accumulates in the regulator, which quickly fills, and the contents of
which upon the closing of the tap or valve are discharged into the basin, thereby
effectually securing an efficient after flush.
If required a self-acting. air valve may be fixed in the open end of the regulator
so as to prevent overflow; the regulator having no mechanical working parts its
action will continue permanent and uniform, thereby preventing waste of water.
A NEW OR IMPROVED COMBINED CULTIVATOR AND DIGGER, PARTLY APPLICABLE ALSO AS A TURNIP TOPPING AND TAILING MACHINE
Year: 1877

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Craig and George Clark
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 9th July 1877.
WILLIAM CRAIG and GEORGE CLARK, both of Oldmeldrum, in the County of
Aberdeen, North Britain, Agricultural Implement Makers. "A NEW OR IMPROVED
COMBINED CULTIVATOR AND DIGGER, PARTLY APPLICABLE ALSO AS A TURNIP
TOPPING AND TAILING MACHINE"
This Invention relates to a peculiar combination and arrangement of parts
constituting a new or improved combined cultivator and digger, which by suitable
additions herein-after described may also be employed as a turnip topping and tailing
machine.
Our combined cultivator and digger consists of a frame of circular or partial
circular form, through the centre of which passes a bean with the body connected
to the centre of the said frame by a pin or pivot which will permit of the beam
swivelling round to any desired angle according to the uses to which the implement
is to be applied. The beam carries a number of teeth or tines which are adjusted
to different depths by a hand lever mounted on the circular frame or beam. The
said lever is also connected to the front, centre, and hind wheels of the implement,
and serves to guide the same. The front wheel is caused to run in the former track
of the last tine; the centre wheel runs on the uncultivated or unbroken soil, and the
last or hind wheel runs in the track of the last tine. The peculiar shares which we
propose to employ have each a separate point attached thereto.
We also propose to attach to the above-described cultivator wheels or pinions for
the purpose of driving the topping part of our topping and tailing machine, the shaft
of the topper being made to revolve across the drill and carrying one or more knives
so as to give one or more cuts at each revolution, according to the number of knives
employed. These knives may act either horizontally, vertically, or at any desired
angle, or be made like the sickle of a reaping machine. The said shaft should run
at a slight angle with the line of draught, and below it there is provided a bar set at
about the same angle for the purpose of raising and lowering the knives according
to the size of the turnips. The edge of this bar is bevelled, made blunt, or turned
up to form a ledge or ridge on the lower side so as to prevent the bar itself from
Povice 71

page_text: cutting the turnips whilst allowing it to act as a guide, the knives being self-acting
or self-accomodating to suit large and small turnips, which is a most important
desideratum in this class of machine.
The cultivator points can be made to act as root knives, or they may be replaced,
if desired, by others fitted into the same sockets.
The herein-before described implement may either be used as a combined machine
or separately, as required, but in the former case it may be found requisite to employ
another lever for placing the wheels in their different positions.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE BLEACHING AND CLEANSING OF TEXTILE VEGETABLE MATERIALS
Year: 1877

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Imray at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents on the 27th September 1877. A communication
from abroad by Paul Bayle, Merchant, and Rinaldo Pontiggia, Chemist, both
of Paris, France.
JOHN IMRAY, of No. 20, Southampton Buildings, in the County of Middlesex.
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE BLEACHING AND CLEANSING OF TEXTILE VEGETABLE
MATERIALS." [A communication from abroad by Paul Bayle, Merchant, and Rinaldo
Pontiggia, Chemist, both of Paris, France.]
This Invention relates to the bleaching and cleansing of textile vegetable materials
for the purpose of clearing them from gummy, resinous, woody, or other incrusting
matters. This is effected, according to the present Invention, by immersing the
materials to be treated in a bath having a base of alkali and chlorine, with the
addition of fatty acid, such as margaric, stearic, or oleic acid, or of oil resulting from
the distillation of resins, such fatty acids or oils being kept in solution in a suitable
liquid vehicle such as spirit of resin, light or heavy tar oils, and the like. For the
said solution of fatty acids in spirit of resin or in tar oils may be substituted
mucilage of linseed or the like, or saponaceous or other thick lubricant matter. The
addition of such fat lubricant matters to baths employed for the bleaching and cleansing
of textile vegetable materials constitutes an essential feature of this Invention, as by
this means the destructive action of chlorine on the vegetable fibres is prevented,
and at the same time the solution of the gummy, resinous, and other incrusting
substances with which raw vegetable fibres are impregnated is promoted. Thus the
cleansing action is facilitated and rendered more active, while at the same time the
fibres are protected.
The composition of the bath may be varied according to the nature of the material
under treatment. It may consist of soda, salt, or carbonate of soda with chloride
of lime, or of caustic soda or potass, through which has been passed a current of
chlorine sufficient to saturate; also a solution of sulphate of soda, soda salt, and
chloride of lime may be employed, or a solution of the sulphate of alumina and soda,
or of alumina and potash with chloride of lime.
To any of these solutions and mixtures, which are made more or less strong

page_text: according to the character of the material to be treated, are to be added to the fatty
or resinous lubricant matters mentioned above, and in order to promote the bleaching
action, it is advantageous to add a small proportion of peroxide of manganese, 80 as
to disengage a little oxygen.
The baths may be used either hot or cold.