Improvements in and relating to Dynamo Electric Machines, applicable for the Traction or Propulsion of any Vehicle, Vessel, or Body, as well as for all purposes to which Dynamo Electric Machines may be suitable.
Year: 1891

page_text: Date of Application, 7th Oct., 1891
Complete Specification Left, 7th July, 1892-Accepted, 7th Nov., 1892
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in and relating to Dynamo Electric Machines,
applicable for the Traction or Propulsion of any Vehicle,
Vessel, or Body, as well as for all purposes to which Dynamo
Electric Machines may be suitable.
I, JOHN MACHAFFIE, of Dalshannon Cottage (near Airdrie) Lanarkshire,
Mechanical and Electrical Engineer and Draughtsman, do hereby declare the
nature of this invention to be as-follows :—–—
This invention relates to spherical armature dynamo electric machines, and it
has for its object to so construct such machines, and the parts connected there-
with, as to adapt them for the efficient traction or propulsion of any vehicle, vessel,
or body, as well as for all purposes to which dynamo electric machines in general,
are applied, or are suitable.
19
The invention is designed to provide for these purposes, a versatile, simple,
compact, symetrically-balanced, light-weight, yieldy, instantaneously-manipulatable,
direct-acting, self-regulating, inexpensive and highly efficient, "alternating
"undulating," or "continuous" or "direct current," dynamo electric-machine, or
Citrodynamo as I term it.
"
or
The improved dynamo electric machine, or "Citropeller," is similar in its ultimate
mechanical and electrical effects, to all armature dynamo electric machines
rendering service in the art, being similar in its primary electrical action to that
class of dynamo electric machines, commonly called "alternating current dynamo
electric machines"-and. though nominally consisting of some parts in common with
all those machines, known under the generic phrase:-"dynamo electric machines,"
yet it is unique in certain features of its construction, and in its action.
The invention-may be put in practice in several ways; and the several parts may
be modified or altered to suit different requirements or circumstances, without
departing from the principle of the invention.
And in order that my invention may be properly understood; I have hereunto
appended twelve explanatory sheets of drawings, showing, by way of illustration,
methods of putting my invention into effect or practice.
On the drawings:-
Fig. 1,.is a longitudinal sectional elevation, showing the "Citrodynamo” applied
to the axle of a wheeled vehicle, such as a rail road car or locomotive.
Fig. 2, is an enlarged sectional view of one of the armature coils, within casing,
shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 3, is an enlarged sectional view of four strands of the armature coil illustrated"
in Fig. 2, showing the method of binding.
Fig. 4, is a Mercator's projection, (and longitudinal section of the same,) of the
internal contact surfaces of the transposing rings of that part of the Citrodynamo
named. by me the "qurrent transposer" shown in Fig. 1, or of the "
transposer" in general.
current
Fig. 5, is a diagram of the electric connections of the Citrodynamo in general;
though-particularly of that shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 6, is a cross section through "A. A,.A..A," of the electromagnets shown in
Fig. 1.
Fig. 7, is a modified form of the spider of the "current transposer” shown
in Fig. 1.
Fig. 8, is a part section of the armature shown in Fig. 1, showing.a method of
longitudinal movement for manipulationary..and actional, purposes.

page_text: Fig. 9, is a part section of the framework of the Citrodynamo, showing a
modification of that illustrated in Fig. 1.
Fig. 10, is a longitudinal sectional elevation of the Citrodynamo adapted to
aquatic service, the pole-pieces being shaped to act as propelling blades. Part of
this figure is shown on the next sheet.
Fig. 11, is a cross section through "B. B, B. B," of the electromagnets shown
in Fig. 10.
Fig. 12, is a Mercator's projection of the internal contact surfaces of the
transposer rings of the current transposer shown in Fig. 10.
Fig. 13 is a longitudinal sectional elevation of the Citrodynamo, the boss or
centre being extended and crowned with a hollow semi-sphere provided with
propelling blades, and adapted to aquatic service.
Fig. 14, is a cross sectional elevation of a marine ship with Citrodynamo at
cloven mid-ship bottom, the current transposer being inside, and the Citrodynamo
outside the ship.
Fig. 15, is a part longitudinal sectional elevation of the same ship under the
same conditions as is shown in Fig. 14.
Fig. 16 is a longitudinal sectional elevation of the Citrodynamo, the armature
with external radiating propelling blades being the electrical moving part, and
adapted to aquatic service.
Fig. 17, is a part sectional longitudinal elevation of a modified form of the
Citrodynamo thrust-block and appurtenances thereof, specially adapted to
mechanical regulationary purposes.
Fig. 18, is a longitudinal side elevation of a line-of-battle ship with Citrodynamo
attached to and protected by a cloven ship-bottom.
Fig. 19, is a bow-end elevation of the same ship under the same conditions as
in Fig. 18.
Fig. 20, shows the Citrodynamo applied to a fish torpedo.
Fig. 21, shows the Citrodynamo applied to a proposed air-ship.
Fig. 22, is a longitudinal sectional elevation of the Citrodynamo adapted for
general electric or motor purposes.
Fig. 23, shows a modification of the coils and electromagnets shown in Fig. 22.
Fig. 24, is a further modification of the coils and electromagnets shown in
Fig. 22.
Fig. 25, is a longitudinal sectional elevation of the Citrodynamo adapted for
general service, but more particularly to work as a motor.
Fig. 26, is a Mercator's projection of the contact surfaces of the transposer rings
of the current transposer shown in Fig. 25.
Fig. 27, shows a modification of the electromagnet's winding shown in Fig. 25.
Fig. 28, is a part longitudinal sectional elevation of the Citrodynamo, the
electromagnets being among the moving parts.
Fig. 29, shows a modification of the electromagnet's electrical contacts, shown
in Fig. 28.
Fig. 30, shows a modification of the electromagnets, shown in Fig. 28.
Fig. 31 is a longitudinal sectional elevation of the Citrodynamo, which may be
driven on, or drive from, the periphery of the machine, by any well-known and
suitable method.
On the drawings, the same letters, wherever repeated, indicate similar or like
parts.
Referring to Fig. 1-A is the axle of a railway car, street car, or other vehicle,
carried on the wheels C, W, and having fitted to or made in one with it, the
tapered circumjacent shoulders B, and B, The general framework, etc. of the car,
(which is or may be, of any ordinary construction) are broken away, that is to say
not shown. The axle is bent, cranked, or made eccentric, at the part or portion-A
The pole-piece F, which may be a built, (so built for the purpose of erection) disc
of paramagnetic metal, and the boss C, are carried on the axle as shown. Eis-the
armature body of the machine, (Citrodynamo) and H are armature coils, through

page_text: which electric current or currents may be passed, (when working as a motor) as
hereinafter set forth. It will be noted that the parts are so constructed, relatively
to each other, that the centre-line W. W; W. W; of the angled part A', at its
middle point i, intersects the general axis Y. Y; Y. Y; of the rotation of said
axle A, also the centre-line X. X; X. X; of the pole-piece F and boss C, and
the centre-line Z. Z; Z. Z; of the armature body E, therefore the intersection
point is a relatively stationary point, about which the several moving parts may
move in their respective paths, so that, there may be a thorough balanced action
imparted to said moving parts. At the ends of the crank-pin or portion A¹ of
the axle A, are the said solid, tapered or lobe-sided shoulders B, B', of paramagnetic
metal, which are so made tapered, or lobe-sided, as shown, as to retain the adjoining
parts in correct relative position to one another, and so that the boss C, being
placed loosely on said pin or portion A¹, is thereby retained in suitable relation to
those parts of the general framework which I have named "thrust-blocks"; and
lettered D and D', on one or other of which, at any one instant, the boss C has a
greater direct pressure contact on the faces M', N', being held thereto by a
difference of magnetic intensity in the opposite electromagnets N. The electro-
magnets may be wound, and thereby magnetically excited with suitable polarities,
by any well-known and suitable system of helices, supplied with the necessary
electric current or currents, either generated within the Citrodynamo, or supplied
from some external source or sources, (as the case may be), and further so that
the so called "magnetic lines" of force may have direct metallic medium with
little reluctance, in order to make their circuits from the said electromagnets N,
back to the same, by the armature body E, through the boss C and pole-piece F.
In passing from the said pole-piece F to the said armature body E, (or vice-versa,
as the case may be), the said magnetic lines" of force intersect the armature
coils H. The boss C is, preferably, as shown, fitted with the double series of anti-
friction balls C¹, which fit into the fillets of the pin or portion A' of the axle A,
and are so sunk into the boss C as to absorb in rolling action thereon, the friction
due to torsional strains. Oblique strain and sliding tendencies, due to the normal
impelling action of the pole-piece F, is absorbed in rolling friction on the
contacts M², N¹. The said pole-piece F may be, preferably, built up of two or
more parts, in any well-known and suitable manner, to admit of its being placed on
the portion A¹ of the axle A, and is suitably perforated with a number of holes F",
and provided with grooves F on the periphery, to admit of the passage of oil and
air whenever the pole-piece F impinges against the oil, (shown in dotted lines,) and
air, contained within the oil-holder N°, which holder is shaped so as to admit of
the normal wabbling action of the pole-piece F, and is retained in position by any
suitable and well-known means to form oil tight fixtures to the said thrust-blocks D
and D' near the parts N¹, and by the several oil and air tubes E³, E³, and E.
The tube E is provided with a suitable faucet E' for the discharge of waste oil.
The tube E' is for fresh oil supply, and the tubes E' for air ingress and egress,
during normal action with consequent cooling effects.
The armature body E is shown as constructed in three parts, bolted or otherwise
(in any well-known and suitable manner) secured together, so as to insure the necessary
spheroidal form, and to retain the armature coils H, with their suitable insulation,
binding, and casings K, (hereinafter more particularly specified), in position, and
also to admit of the termina L' of the coils H, being suitably led out to form con-
nections, (hereinafter specified,) with the current transposer C. T, (hereinafter
specified). The armature body E is shown as having fitted to or made in one with
it the electromagnets N, which may be of any well-known and suitable construction,
number, and arrangement or arrangements, for magnetic purposes. They are shown
arranged radially in this figure, and as projecting out from the thrust-blocks D, D',
to the armature body E. The armature has also fitted to or made in one piece
with it, the cover C. C. C, having a stuffing-box O and gland R, to prevent dust,
moisture, or obstructions, from getting inside. The armature body E is also
provided with suitable lugs E' which are secured to some suitable and convenient

page_text: permanent part E of the vehicle, by means of the bolts Es, which pass through
suitable slotted or oblong holes, so as to permit of a little oscillatory movement or
play, but, at the same time, to retain the armature body E in a non-revolutionary
manner. The said lugs E-may be cushioned by suitable spring or any other well-
known and suitable means, in any well-known and suitable manner, as may be found
desirable to add elasticity to said oscillatory play movement.
The device C. T. is what I term the "current transposer." It is in this case, for
the purpose of alternately changing the direction of the electric current or currents
passed, and to be passed, through the said coils E, thereby maintaining an alternating
current or currents in the internal circuit or circuits, and a constant current .or
currents in the external circuit or circuits, and may be, manifestly, not used at all, if the
utilised or generated, (as the case may be,) current or currents may be "alternating."
It consists of a cylinder T, which is made, preferably, in one with the armature E,
and may be provided with a suitable drain E" for the outlet of any oil which may
escape from the holder N°. In the cylinder T is embedded, in a suitable insulation V,
the transposer rings T. R, one of which is shown operatable by means of the rack,
(or wheel,) and wheel or pinion T', which is turned by the spindle T'. The
spindle T has its bearing in the end cover C. C, (which may also be provided, if
desired, with a suitable stuffing-box O and gland R, to keep out dust, moisture, and
obstructions) and is turned by bevel wheels T on the spindle T³, which latter may
be mounted suitably on a bracket Z', and is connected by any well-known and
suitable device or devices, such as levers, rods, cranks, handles, etc., in.and to any
convenient part or parts of the vehicle. With this arrangement the current
transposer ring with rack or wheel T'may be easily turned about the.axis Y. Y.; Y.Y;
of the axle A, into the proper relative position, (hereinafter specified,) to the other
transposer rings, so as to effect instantaneous stoppage, start, or reversal, of this
dynamo-electric machine or "Citrodynamo," by one or more manipulators, as may
:be preferred.
The current transposer C. T. is also shown as provided with a suitable hub or
centre Y, (which is grooved at one end or edge so as to throw off any waste oil into
the suitable, perforated or drained oil-guard No, attached to the thrust-block D³₂)
and springs Y', insulated from said hub Y, and bolts or pins V¹, by means of suitable
insulations V and V. The springs Y carry on their tips, in suitable bearings, the
pivots of the conducting rolls Y', which, as the axle A revolves, pass over the inner
circumference of the transposer rings T. R, thereby effecting the necessary trans-
positions of the electric current or currents from one transposer ring to.another, (as
hereinafter specified,) and thus effect the said alternating changes in the direction
of the currents passed through the said armature coils H.
Fig. 2, shows one of the armature coils H, of Fig. 1, to a larger scale, each
convolution being suitably insulated and bound together, (as hereinafter specified,)
and the whole suitably encased in the oil-tight casing K, (Fig. 2): .but if, in any
case, the said insulations, used on the several parts of the Citrodynamo, may be
sufficient proof, (electrically,) against oil, water, or damp, or other electric con-
ducting environment, (according as the case may be,) the said casing K may be
omitted, or substituted by any suitable and well-known covering on -each, or over
all, of the convolutions; and moreover, though a compound winding is here shown,
any well-known and suitable system or systems of winding ithe said coils H, may be
adopted, as may best suit any case. In Fig. 3, the method of binding the said
convolutions is shown clearly, is the binder, which may be of any well-known and
suitable kind and material, being crossed between and brought tightly over and
under each said convolution, as indicated, thus interlacing them.
•
Fig. 4, shows by a Mercator's projection and section thereof, the current trans-
poser rings T. R, (Fig. 1). The rings T. Rand T. B.,.(Fig. 4.).merely afford
contact bearings, being complete rings suitably insulated from each other, .and
without any electric connections; the rings, R, T. R³, and T. Rt, are each
divided into two parts, insulated each from each, the bearing.contacts, (sectioned)
of T. R¹ and T. R², being 'half the length of the same of T, R*; but all having the

page_text: same radius, and placed as shown, and suitably connected by combined bolts and
line-pieces L¹ to the armature coils H, (Fig. 1,) and to the external circuit or
circuits, as the case may be, with all appurtenances and devices thereon, so that, when
one of the rolls, Y, (Fig. 1,) may roll in contact, say at section D. D. D, (Fig. 4.)
closing say the positive current or currents between that section of the ring T. R³,
and the corresponding section of T. R³, the other roll will be simultaneously
closing the negative current or currents between the section A. A. A, and the
corresponding section of T. R³; and so on, closing section B. B. B. simultaneously
with section C. C. C, section D. D. D. simultaneously with section A. A. A, and
section C. C. C. simultaneously with section B. B. B, as the rolls aforesaid, perform
their circular paths, thereby alternately opening and closing the said sections D. D.D;
A. A. A; C. C. C; and B. B. B, of the said rings Ï. R¹, T. R³, T. R³, T. Rª,
and T. R', in order to maintain a continuous current or currents in the external
circuit or circuits, and alternating current or currents in the internal circuit or
circuits, in cases where this difference between the said currents of the said circuits
is expedient. It is evident that said rings T. R', T. R³ and T. Rª, may be suitably
divided, and a suitable number of rolls Y, (Fig. 1,) employed, to effect the proper
transpositions, for any suitable number of armature coils, which may be suitable as
the case may be.
Fig. 5, is a diagram of the electric connections of the Citrodynamo in general,
though it may be considered as more particularly the electric connections of the
Citrodynamo shown in Fig. 1. The following explanations will render this diagram
in Fig. 5, plain to those skilled in the art :-H represents the armature coils, and
H' the helices, (of which there may be any convenient number,) of the electro-
magnets, and solenoids, (solenoids hereinafter specified). C. T. represents the current
transposer, and E. C. the external circuit of either the generated or derived current
or currents, the crosses thereon indicating electric current sources, or lamps, or both
sources or source and lamps or lamp. It will be noticed that the arrow heads plainly
show alternating currents in the armature coils H and the general internal circuits,
passing in and out through the respective quarters of the said current trans-
poser C. T, and a constant current through the general external circuit E. C ; and
it is evident that suitable connections to and from the said rings T. R', T. R³, T. R³
and T. R, (Fig. 4,) may be made to suit any number of armature coils H, (Fig. 1,)
which may be adopted: and moreover, that in any case where alternating current
or currents may be preferable in both the external and internal circuits, (Fig. 5,)
the said current transposer may not be used.
The cross section shown in Fig. 6, is through A. A, A. A, (Fig. 1,) of the
electromagnets N, and shows the electromagnet core N', (Fig. 6,) insulated from
and surrounded by the helix N³, which may be insulated or covered in any well-
known and suitable manner, and all enclosed in the suitable oil proof and tight
casing N', which may be omitted in any case where the insulation or covering of
the helix N' may be sufficient in itself to insulate said helix N', from oil or other
electric conducting liquids.
Fig. 7, shows a modified form of spider for the current transposer C. T, (Fig. 1,)
and may be used in lieu of the spider there shown with the rolls Y', in any case
where suitable, or where brushes Y', (Fig. 7,) of any well-known and suitable type
and material, may be preferable to rolls Y, (Fig. 1). It will be noticed that the
springs Y¹, (Fig. 7,) in the sockets or arms Y³, keep a constant initial outward
pressure on the brushes Y*, to keep them in contact positions, when the centrifugal
force due to revolution may be small or nil.
With this arrangement, as portrayed in the afore-described figs, though with
special reference to Fig. 1, if suitable electric current or currents, be, as hereinbefore
specified, conducted through the armature coils H, then, by the well-known principle
of action of so called "electric motors," the disc pole-piece F with its boss C, being
the only part free to move under the conditions, and having suitable contacts at its
boss C, at any one instant, with either one or other of the thrust-blocks D.or D',
at the surfaces M³, N', is impelled to move as nearly at right angles to the said

page_text: locus,
armature coils H, opposite, or in the vicinity of, each electromagnet N, as the
rolling action of the said boss C on the said contact surfaces M', N', will permit,
which said impelling action is caused to be repeated in suitable, successive order, by
the current transposer C. T, (as hereinbefore explained,) alternately changing the
direction of the said electric current or currents passed through the said armature
coils H, so as to cause the said pole-piece F to wabble, with the intersection point i
as centre, and so that each atom in the said pole-piece F within the range of effects
of the aforesaid "magnetic lines" of force, is impelled in an oscillatory-reciprocative
locus, imparting simultaneously with each wabble or oscillatory-reciprocative
a complete revolution to the axle A, that is to say if the said contacts M³, N', on
the said thrust-block D or D³, (according to the direction of the aforesaid greater
magnetic intensity,) and on the boss C, have equal diameters; but since in this case,
(particularly Fig. 1,) the said surfaces M, N, of the said boss C, have the greater
diameter, each atom in the pole-piece F, will be impelled in a revolutionary-
Oscillatory-reciprocative locus, the said revolution of each atom being in the same
direction as that imparted to said axle A, therefore each said atom has a greater
angular velocity in its said locus about the said intersection point i, than the said
axle A has about its axis Y. Y, Y. Y. This difference in angular velocities is
equivalent to that which can be effected by any well-known form of gearing, thus
effecting in this case, or in any other case by the means shown in Fig. 1, a so called
"gearing down" effect, from the -angular velocity of the pole-piece Fabout the
point i, to the angular velocity of the axle A about its axis Y. Y, Y. Y, without the
intervention of so called "gearing." It will be noted that if, in any case, said
contacts M³, N', on the said boss C, may be preferably less in diameter than the
corresponding contacts M', N', of either one of the said thrust-blocks, a so called
"gearing up" effect would thereby be effected.
66
In order to reverse the Citrodynamo, the operatable ring, say T. R', (Figs. 1
and 4,) of the current transposer, may be turned by means of the wheels T, (Fig. 1,)
and spindle T', through 180° or any other suitable angular quantity, thereby
reversing the order of sections D. D. D; C. C. C; A. A. A; B. B. B; (Fig. 4,),
and in order to maintain a stoppage of the Citrodynamo, the same operatable ring,
say T. R', may be turned by the same means through 90°, or any other suitable
angular quantity, thereby destroying the alternating order of the transpositions
through the divisions D. D. D, A. A. A, C. C. C, B. B. B. In order to reverse
these operations the said ring T. R', may be either turned the reverse way, or still
further in the same direction, until the said sections D. D. D, A. A. A, C. C. C,
B. B. B, may have the necessary relative order to produce the desired results.
It will be noticed that if an oil or lubricant be used, which is a non-conductor of
electricity at the voltage at which this Citrodynamo may be worked at, then the
oil-holder N, (Fig. 1,) may be omitted, when the whole machine becomes simul-
taneously an oil-holder; and it will be noticed that in any case whatever, the
contact surfaces M³, N¹, at and on one or other of the said thrust-blocks, may have
different diameters from the similar surfaces at and on the other thrust-block, with
their corresponding surfaces M', N', of the boss or centre C, thus effecting a
difference between forward and reverse velocities in any case where preferable, as
for instance to return energy to the general circuit or circuits, when a car or other
vehicle, fitted with Citrodynamo or Citrodynamos, may be descending a grade; and
moreover the said electromagnets N, may be substituted by permanent magnets, in
this or any Citrodynamo or Citrodynamos, as the case may be, if preferable.
If in any case, the aforesaid difference of magnetic intensity or intensities,
between opposite electromagnets N, (Fig. 1,) may not afford sufficient pressure on
the contacts M¹, N¹, to maintain the necessary rolling action thereon at all points
of revolution of shaft A, in this or any other applicable case, then the modified
form of the armature body E shown in Fig. 8 may be used, where, (Fig. 8,) the
middle section or portion Es, is suitably screwed with right and left threads E, on
to the other sections of the armature body -E, while the plain extensions E" retain
`the armature coils in their respective positions, Externally on section EU, there

page_text: may be suitable teeth W, in which works the worm W', on the spindle T', which
latter is or may be connected by levers, or any other well-known and suitable
devices, to the device or mechanism fitted at any convenient place or places for
manipulatory purposes, so that at the will of any one of several possible manipulators,
there is thereby afforded a means of so varying the contact pressure on the
contacts M', N', that an instantaneous stop, or start, may be effected, independently
of any electrical means, thus rendering it unnecessary to interfere with the con-
tinuous action of the electric current or currents, except when a reverse action may
be desired.
In Fig. 9, is partly shown a modified form of the Citrodynamo, wherein the
variation of the contact pressure on the contacts M', N', is effected by means of
the lever T, which is connected by means of rods, or any other well-known and
suitable devices, attached at T", and connecting to manipulatory devices or
mechanisms, similar to the arrangement referred to in connection with Fig. 8, and
lever T, (Fig. 9,) is pinned or otherwise suitably connected at T", to a loose
collar or ring Z, on the ring T', around the axle A, and lever T" is further con-
nected at T to a link Z, which is jointed to the thrust-block D. With this
arrangement, by operating the lever T, the whole general framework of the
machine or Citrodynamo, may be moved longitudinally on the axle A, so as to
effect the desired variations on the contacts M, N', with the consequent manipula-
tions, independently of, or in combination with the action of the current
transposer C. T (Fig. 1,) in a similar manner to that already described in con-
nection with Fig. 8. Further, it will be noticed that in Fig. 9, the armature E,
and consequently the casing No, are each made or built up of a suitable number of
parts, (longitudinally divided, halves if preferable,) held together by the bolts or
pins E, in the respective flanges E"; and that the oil-holder N, has suitable
flange joints N', for the purpose of affording access to the internal parts; and
moreover, where this feature of division, for construction and access, may be con-
sidered, important, the said divisions of the armature body E, and of the said oil-
holder N, may be hinged or clasped together in any well-known and suitable
manner or method, to effect said access easily and quickly, in any case where
preferable.
Fig. 10, represents the Citrodynamo similar in the arrangement of the electro-
magnets N to those in Fig. 1; but in this Fig. 10, the Citrodynamo is adapted for
propulsion in water,. (as for instance at the stern, or in the "dead wood" of a
marine ship). This Citrodynamo, in this and all other cases, like all armature
dynamo-electric machines, may form either an electric motor or an electric
generator, according as to whether the shaft A is driven or is the driver. It will
be noticed that the current transposer C T, (see Sheet 4) is also in this case
arranged for manipulation in the same manner as explained in connection with
Fig. 1. The spindle T, (Fig. 10,) which is connected by any well-known and
suitable devices, (not shown,) to any well-known and suitable form of devices. or
mechanisms for manipulationary purposes as in previous figs., operates the
transposer cylinder T, (which in this case contains all the transposing rings T. R,
rigidly embedded in suitable insulation V,) by an external rack To, into which
gears the spur pinion T¹ on the spindle T', which is turned by the bevel wheels T',
the said spindles T and T' having their respective bearings on the bracket Z¹,
which may be fitted to or made one with, the rigidly fixed containing cylinder Z,
all the other parts of the said current transposer C. T. being similar to those
shown in Fig. 1. It will also be noticed that the pole-pieces F, (Fig. 10,) may be
similar in their helical formed surfaces to the blades of so called "screw-propellers'
now commonly in vogue, or they may be made specially wide, for propulsionary
and magnetic purposes, towards and at the outer tips, where they may be suitably
curved to; present sufficient surfaces to form, suitable magnetic fields with the
armature body E, (which is shown built in sections suitably jointed in a well-known.
and strong manner,) the middle.ring E' being to facilitate erection and repairs and
retain the suitable and suitably insulated, covered, or encased, coils H, rigidly in
"

page_text: their respective places. Armature body E, is further provided with the suitable
guard N primarily to protect the insulated electric connections L', (which pass
through the suitable stuffing-glands L', which prevent leakage of water) of
armature coils H and electromagnets N, from injury, A. P. being armature set pins
to prevent the armature body joints from loosening. It will be further noticed 5
that the thrust-blocks D aud D', are constructed with strengthening ribbed
flanges D', and pins or bolts D', for the purpose of forming suitable fixtures to the
Baid "dead wood "X, or other suitable and convenient part or parts of the structure
of any floating or sailing vessel or body. The block D' may be made of some
suitable and well-known diamagnetic material, to interrupt the direct magnetic 1
circuit between the electromagnets N and any paramagnetic material which may
form part of the said "dead wood" or structure; and the thrust-block D, may be
further provided with a stuffing-box O and the gland R, to prevent leakage of
water round the shaft A. The oil hole and groove W, is for the purpose
of
distributing oil over the bearing of the shaft A in the thrust-block D. The supply 1
of oil is conducted from the supply pipe X, to the oil channel U, which transmits
the oil to the several bearings within the boss C, which is spheroidal in contour,
and has its centre coinciding with the intersection point i as in Fig. 1, and is
provided with the internal contact rolling surfaces M³, N¹. The surfaces M', N¹,
on the boss C are less in diameter than the corresponding surfaces M', N', on the
thrust-block D. The said boss C is also provided with the external rolling contact
surfaces M, N, which are also of a lesser diameter on said boss than on the
thrust-block D'. By this arrangement, revolutionary motion of the pole-pieces or
blades F, in reverse directions to those of the shaft A is effected; thereby causing
an augmentation of the desired propulsionary effects, by causing the said blades F
to seek, or constantly revolve into, mechanically undisturbed water or air, as the
case may be, simultaneously with their oscillatory-reciprocative feathering pro-
pelling action, also due to the rolling contacts of the said boss C on the said
surfaces M', N', or M", N", said revolutionary, oscillatory-reciprocatory feathering
propelling actions, being, in direction, according as the said shaft A, may be moved
longitudinally in one direction or the opposite, by the solenoid S., which is provided
with a suitable spool T, having on it a cogged segment Ts, and a helical thread T
fitting into a corresponding groove in the rigidly fixed cylinder T' in which, at a
sliding fit, there is the piston G, of some suitably paramagnetic metal, and rigidly
attached to the shaft A at the part A. A, which may be made of some suitable
diamagnetic metal, so that by having the suitable spur pinion T, on the spindle T',
with the spur pinion T', (which operates the current transposer C. T,) and gearing
into said cogged segment T, the solenoid S will occupy a position at one side or
other, or mid-way in relation to the piston G, according to the manipulations, thus
by magnetic impulse, moving the said shaft A longitudinally, or retaining it in a
mid-way position, thereby engaging, or retaining in a mid-position, the con-
tacts M¹, N¹, and M", N", of the boss C; thus effecting the aforesaid forward and
reverse, or a cessation from, propulsion, at the will of any of several possible
manipulators, suitably and conveniently stationed as aforesaid. It will he noted
that the said pole-piece blades F may have a general profile, as seen in this Fig: 10,
modified to suit any desired requirements, as the case may be in point; and more-
over, that if in any case the yielding feature of the Citrodynamo to any obstruction,
may not be considered essential, said rolling contacts M, N, or M", N", or both
contacts M², N¹, and M", N", may be cogged surfaces to mash into each other
respectively.
Fig. 11, is a section through B. B, B. B, of the electromagnets N, in Fig. 10, the
core N, (Fig. 11), helix N', and waterproof and tight casing N2, being all of a
suitable oval or elliptical section, in order that the said electromagnets-N,
(Fig. 10,) may pass through water or air, as the case may be with a minimum
retardation to the desired propulsion.
Rio 1.2 ia Marcator' projection of the internal, surfaces of the omitent.
a

page_text: T.R, T. R', (Fig. 12,) embedded firmly in the arrangement shown, which arrange-
ment, it will be noted, is similar to that shown in Fig. 4, only the cylinder T,
(Fig. 12), with all contained parts, must be bodily operated, as before stated with
reference to Fig. 10, to effect the required manipulations of the Citrodynamo.
Fig. 13, represents the Citrodynamo differently arranged from that shown in
Fig. 10, but in Fig. 13 also adapted for service in water or air, as the case may
be, wherein it will be noted that the armature E, (Fig. 13,) with all its attach-
ments, is stationary, the guard or casing No, (which may be of some suitable
diamagnetic material,) being sufficiently large to prevent circulation of water
through the said armature E, thereby minimising retardation to desired propulsion,
besides being protective against the entrance of any obstruction. It will be
further noticed that the centre C. C. of the boss C, does not correspond or
coincide with the general centre i of the machine or Citrodynamo, therefore there
may not be a perfect balance of moving parts, since the shoulder B of the shaft A
may not always effect a balance, still the electromagnets N, being within the
diameter of the said guard N, they have no retarding effect on propulsion, which
retardation is thereby limited primarily to the blades F. F, and to the area and
consequent friction of the advancing edges of the hollow semisphere E. E, the
forward inner edge E. E', dipping inwards to limit to a small undestructive size,
any particles which may seek or float inside, thereby preventing obstruction
internally, such floated particles finding their way out at opposite quarters; and
it will be observed that the extended boss C presents the outer rolling
contacts M, N, to the outer thrust-block D', the boss C, (which is provided
with actuating anti-friction balls C¹³, which may be inserted by the hole, plugged
by the plug O'), presenting the inner rolling contacts M', N', to the inner thrust-
block D, which is provided with a suitable stuffing box O, and suitable oil-holes
similar to Fig. 10, and has fitted to it or made one with it the electromagnets'
core N, (shown dotted in Fig. 13) which has fitted to or made in one with them
the armature body E, which, it will be observed, is in two sections suitably screwed,
bolted or otherwise jointed, and retained in position by armature pins-A.P, and
clasping the armature ring A. R, which retains the armature coils H in their
respective positions.
In this case, (Fig. 13,) the current transposer cylinder T, is provided with a
drain hole T', and a suitable slot for the accomodation of the oil supply pipe X',
and is rigidly fixed by bolts T", to the general framework ✗ of the floating or
sailing vessel or body, the current transposer operations being effected by means
of the spindle T and connections similarly to Fig. 10, but in this case (Fig. 13,)
the spindle T is shown as extended and connected to operate the solenoid S, by
means of pinion T, and toothed segment T", of spool To with helical thread T³,
similarly to Fig. 10. In this view, (Fig. 13,) the said spool T10 is also shown as
mounted on a rigidly fixed cylinder T which it will be observed, is designed to
be directly operatable by steam, hydraulic, or pneumatic pressure on piston G,
and which cylinder, with its necessary valve or valves, ports, covers, and stuffing
boxes, is of any well-known and suitable type, said valve or valves being connected
by any well-known and suitable device or devices, to said spindle T³, or said
spindle T', so that the longitudinal action of piston G, (which is similarly fitted to
shaft A. A. as in Fig. 10) may be simultaneous and in unison with the operations
of the transposer ring T.R' and solenoid S, so that an instantaneous stop, start,
or reverse, may be effected similarly to Fig. 10, together with, in this case,
(Fig. 13,) an automatic regulation in storms at sea, or other irregular circum-
stances, by means of the solenoid S magnetically acting on the said piston G, in
contrary direction to the mechanical pressure. within said cylinder, thereby
varying. the pressure on said rolling contacts M, N'; M", N", (according to the
direction of the propulsion at any one instant,) thus operating the boss C, by
means of the actuating balls C on the bent, cranked, or eccentric portion A¹ of
the shaft A, which is suitably made, with contingent parts, to ensure aforesaid
propulsionary and regulationary effects, the part A. A being made of some
B

page_text: suitable diamagnetic material, if preferable, and provided with suitable oil
holes U, to supply lubricant to the bearing of the boss C, and with suitable
key-ways, or pin holes, or other well-known and suitable accomodations for the
attached parts.
Figs. 14, and 15, represent a case where a Citrodynamo is applied to the
suitably divided, or recessed, or cloven, mid-ship bottom of a merchant marine
ship, the current transposer C. T, being inside the vessel, and connected to the
shaft A, by means of a shaft or spindle A³, and suitable bevel wheels A', which
are, by any well-known and suitable means, suitably encased, to prevent
obstruction to their normal action. A is a suitable stuffing box and gland, of an
ordinary type, to prevent leakage of water into the ship. The armature body E may
be in halves, or any other suitable number of parts, and provided with the flanges E",
and bolts or pins E, for joining said halves, or parts, and for attachment to said
ship's structure X; and the Citrodynamo may be equipped with all necessary
electrical and mechanical parts, similarly to Figs. 10, and 13, as the case may be.
In Fig. 16, is shown the Citrodynamo, wherein the armature is the oscillatory-
reciprocative moving part, and is provided with the propelling blades F, rolling
contacts M, N, and boss or centre C, and has accommodation for the box-nut C³,
which is screwed internally over the extremity A¹ of the shaft A retaining
actuating balls C', and with suitable hole for the insertion of the cable L, which
makes the electrical connections with the coils H, and passes to the swivel L',
through the central hole U of the shaft A, which is provided with a suitable
stuffing gland L' to keep back oil and water, but is otherwise similar to shaft.A of
Fig. 13. The thrust-block D, (Fig. 16,) has fitted to it the electromagnets'
cores N, but is otherwise similar to thrust-block D of Fig. 13. The guard N³,
(Fig. 16,) is, in this case, shown sufficiently strong to be unfixed at its outer
edge E. E¹, which is contracted to keep floating particles, sufficiently large to be
obstructive, from getting into the said armature E, and letting any said particles
out freely at opposite quarters. The current transposer C. T, is similar to that
shown in Figs. 1, and 13, but in this case, (Fig. 16,) the transposer cylinder T
has fitted to it the bracket N, (which has fitted to it the said swivel L',) and the
solenoid S with suitable spool and core T, which is provided with the suitable
spring S¹, which presses against the hub Y of the current transposer C. T, thereby
keeping a longitudinal strain on shaft A to effect the necessary contacts M², N',
while the said solenoid S, (through which some suitable electric current may be
passed,) excites a magnetic impulse on said hub Y, in an opposite direction to said
spring's, (S,) action, thereby effecting an automatic regulation, similarly and for
the same purpose as solenoid S in Fig. 13.
Fig. 17, shows, by a part section, a modified form of thrust-block D, of the
Citrodynamo in general, though particularly adapted to aquatic service, being a
mechanical method of regulation, regulating the power at its source or sources, in
unison with the thrust on the said thrust-block D. Y is a cylinder of a well-
known and suitable type, and may be provided with well known and suitable
appurtenances as follows:-SP may admit some suitable fluid pressure to act on
piston G', which may be fitted to or made in one with the thrust-block D, so that
when thrust of propulsion, (if the case may so be,) comes on the said thrust-
block D, said fluid pressure on said piston Gwill yield to said thrust, admitting of
sufficient longitudinal movement of said thrust-block D, (before stop ring D R
comes in contact with block D D) to transmit a sufficient similar movement, through
any well known and suitable system of devices Q Q', to regulate the source or
sources of power, by any well known and suitable means, whether such source or
sources may be mechanical or electrical, this system of regulation being particularly
useful, as for instance in heavy seas, or any varying load. In lieu of, or in addition
to, the fluid pressure inlet SP, cylinder Y may be provided with any well known
and suitable system of valve and ports to effect, the manipulations of the Citro-
dynamo, by moving the said thrust-block D, similarly, and if so desired, in addition
to, the longitudinal manipulations of the shaft A, by means of the..arrangements-

page_text: for such purposes shown in Figs. 1, 8, 9, 10, 13, 16, and 21. In lieu of piston G¹,.
(Fig. 17,) and said fluid pressure acting thereon, a spring action may be adopted of
some suitable and well known type, acting on the said thrust-block D, substantially
in the same manner and for the same purpose as afore described in connection with
said piston G¹ and said fluid pressure.
Figs. 18, and 19 give side and bow elevations of a line-of-battle ship with the
Citrodynamo applied at a suitable cloven mid-ship bottom, with the current
transposer inside, similarly as shown in Figs. 14 and 15.
Fig. 20 shows the Citrodynamos applied to a fish torpedo, the armature body E
being a preventative against injury to the propelling pole-piece blades F; and a
Citrodynamo or Citrodynamos, may be similarly applied, (or in any other suitable
manner,) to any torpedo, or torpedo boat, or any other craft whatever, as any case
may be.
Fig. 21 shows twin Citrodynamos applied to a proposed air-ship, the said
Citrodynamos being similar to that shown in Fig. 16, the contacts M', N¹ being in
this case (Fig. 21) cogged, to ensure that the floats or blades F may strike the air
with a uniformity to effect steady sailing of said ship.
Fig. 22, shows the Citrodynamo adapted for general purposes, as a dynamo or
motor, having the electromagnets N, (similar to those of Fig. 1,) at one end, and
the current transposer C T, (Fig. 22,) also similar to that shown in Fig. 1, at the
other end of the armature body E, (Fig. 22,) which is provided with the external
helix N' to assist or augment the magnetic circuit or circuits through said armature
body E which may be further provided with suitable feet E' for the purpose of
fixture by means of the bolts E to a suitable bed or floor, or other suitable place,
(as the case may be,) but otherwise this Citrodynamo arrangement is similarly
equipped to that shown in Fig. 1, but may here, (Fig. 22,) be provided with teeth
or cogs on the contact surface M' of the thrust-block D, mashing into corre-
sponding teeth or cogs on the corresponding surface M' of the boss or centre C ;
and further with a solenoid S, (through which the electric current, or any
suitable part thereof, passes,) and spring S¹, similarly as in Fig. 16, but in this
case, (Fig. 22,) the mechanical and magnetic actions are directly on the hub Z of
the belt pulley B P, which is rigidly keyed, or otherwise fixed by any well known
and suitable means to the shaft A, thereby effecting automatic regulation similarly
as in Fig. 16. The shaft A* (Fig. 22) is attached rigidly to the extremity A' of
the shaft A, thereby retaining boss C with pole-pieces F in suitable relation to the
cogged contacts M¹ and the rolling contacts N¹. In any case where preferable,
the said toothed contacts at M¹ may be plain rolling contacts, in which case, (as
shown dotted) said shaft A may have fitted to it, or made in one with it, the suitable
collar Z, operatable by the lever T, Ts, which has its fulcrum at T, T' and operated
at the end T, T³ similarly, and for similar purposes, as shown in Fig. 9, which
collar Z³, (Fig. 22) may, in any case where preferable, but especially when the
Citrodynamo may be used as an electric generator, be applied, thereby rendering it
unnecessary to manipulate the said current transposer CT, thus avoiding possibility
of short circuiting with consequent detriment to electrical parts as is well known in
the art.
Fig. 23 shows a modification of the Citrodynamo of Fig. 22, N N, (Fig. 23,)
being additional electro-magnets and H, H being additional coil placed on the
pole-piece F, the currents from or to which pole piece F may be conducted by the
wires L', similarly as is shown in Fig. 29, (hereinafter described).
Fig. 24, shows a further modification of the Fig. 22, of the Citrodynamo, having
the coils HH, (Fig. 24) on the pole-piece F, in an extended casing KK, and the
electromagnets N clad by the shroud D³ and covered so as to act on the extended
portion of the said coil HH, and having an additional helix N S, on the thrust-
block D, thus utilising thrust-block D as another electromagnet.
In Fig. 25, is shown the Citrodynamo specially adapted as an electric motor for
general work, the thrust blocks D and D' being utilised as electromagnets, similarly
as in Fig. 24, and the armature body E, (Fig. 25,) which is similar to that in

page_text: Fig. 22, is provided, in this case, (Fig. 25) with air-holes E' and oil-holes E*
and E drain-cock E, two external helices N, stuffing gland I, (to prevent leakage
of oil,) and having the current transposer cylinder T, (which is provided with
suitable cover cc, hole El for accommodation of electromagnets wires L', and
hole E to accommodate drain pipe T',) fitted to, or made in one with it. BP is
a belt pulley, but any well known and suitable means may be adopted for power
transmission from this motor, which may, if preferable, similarly to all dynamo
electric machines, be used as an electric generator. The current transposer CT, is
similar to that shown in Fig. 10, but in Fig. 26 is shown a Mercator's projection
of the transposing rings TR³, TR³, TR, TR, TR', which may be adopted in
the case shown in Fig. 25, (or in any other case where preferable); and in Fig. 26
it will be noted that the said rings, though different in shape from what has been
previously referred to herein, still the same electric effects are ensured, the bent
portions TR acting for bearings for the said rolls in the places 1 and 2 and rings
or portions TR³ in the other two places 3 and 4, as said rolls pass over spaces
between the divisions DDD, CCC, AAA, BBB.
In Fig. 27 is shown a modification of the electromagnets N in Fig. 25, the
helix N (Fig. 27,) being wound internally to the armature body E, and externally
on the thrust-block D, thus intensifying the so called magnetic circuit through
said armature body E, and thrust-blocks. D and D³, with consequent increase of
field intensity.
Fig. 28, gives a part longitudinal sectional elevation of the Citrodynamo with the
electromagnets N mounted on the common boss or centre C and tipped with the
pole-pieces F, the electric current being supplied to the helices of the said electro-
magnets by means of the rolling contacts L³, rolling in pairs, each pair being
insulated from one another, and connected by wires L to the electric, source or
sources (as the case may be,) and in this case the said armature body E will
have a suitable oblate-spheroidal form, to suit the paths of the said pole-pieces F.
Fig. 29 shows another method of supplying the electric current to the electro-
maguets N, (Fig. 28), L³, (Fig. 29) being the suitable metal contacts, and B³ the
insulations embedded in the shoulders B, B', of the shaft A, and in the thrust-
blocks D, D, conveniently near the rolling contacts M², N', and it will be noted
that this method of making electric connections may be adapted in any of the other
cases, herein referred to, or any other case, where convenient.
Fig. 30 shows another method of arranging the electromagnets shown in Fig. 28,
two being radial, and four tangental, (Fig. 30) passing their magnetic lines in
suitable directions, as is well known to the art, through four pole-pieces F.
Fig. 31, represents the Citrodynamo adapted to be driven, or to drive from, any
suitable part or parts of the peripheries, thus requiring no belt pulley or special
driving provision. The armature E, current transposer cylinder T, current
collector cylinder T³, the electromagnets N, pole-pieces F and shaft A each with
their respective appurtenances, are all driving parts respectively to the thrust-
blocks or pillow blocks D, D³, with their respective appurtenances in this case
stationary with the bed-plate X; the collector rolls Y, Y", (which may be
substituted by brushes similarly, as shown in Fig. 7, if preferable,) with their
appurtenances, being connected with the electric circuit by means of the wires L'
and held in fixed relation to the pillow block D which is adjusted longitudinally
by means of the hand wheel T T³, to effect the rolling contacts M', N', also to
effect a start, stop or variation as required, independently of the electric manipula-
tions by means of the current transposer CT; and the current transposer rolls Y³,
(or said brushes as the case may be,) being operatable on the pillow block D' by
means of the hand wheel T', the said pillow blocks D, D' being suitably attached
to bed-plate X by means of bolts D₁ and provided with oil chambers X', the
chains U lifting the oil therefrom, and passing it on through the helical grooves U
in the surface of the shaft A, to lubricate internal bearings; the internal casing No.
collecting internal drips, and conducting them out through the holes- E³, to be
caught, and drained away by the oil tray or guard 'N', with its suitable drain

page_text: pipe E, and suitably attached to the said bed-plate X. It will be noticed that
the said oil tray or guard N7 may be removed, or removed say to the edge of the
said cylinders T, T', if the oil used may not be an electric conductor at the voltage
used in any case to point, and holes E in armature body E, may be plugged up or
not made, when a belt or other well known and. suitable means of power trans-
mission may be applied directly to the periphery of the said armature body, E,
which may be made in two parts, with a plain or screwed, or other well known
and suitable joint, and said joint may be retained by the armature pins A P, and
the armature ring A. R, retaining the armature coils H, rigidly in their respective
places. It will be noted that, if preferable, the pillow block D' may be the
longitudinally adjustable one.
Although I have shown on my drawings, by way of example, convenient
methods of carrying out my invention in practice, I do not limit myself to the
exact arrangement or arrangements of parts thereon shown, as the arrangements
may be manifestly slightly altered, as is evidently compatible with the versatility
of the invention, to suit different requirements; and although I have only shown.
the improved dynamo electric machine or Citrodynamo; as adapted to street cars
or rail road coaches, marine and air ships and general craft, a fish torpedo, a
line-of-battle ship, general electric generation, and as a general electric motor, it is:
to be understood that it may be used efficiently and advantageously for alb
purposes to which dynamo electric machines in general may be applied or-are-
suitable.
Any one or more of the parts of the improved apparatus, or Citrodynamo, or
the modifications thereof, may be multiplied, as is also manifestly compatible with
the versatility of the invention, to suit different requirements.
•
My improved dynamo electric machine, or Citrodynamo, has the following
advantages, viz. :-That it admits of pronounced versatility, by slight variations
in the form and arrangement of the elements of the invention; permits of
thorough balance of moving parts, by symetrical construction, without necessarily,
having balance weights or parts; permits of an increase or decrease of relative
angular velocities between driven and driving parts, and between forward and
reverse actions, if in any case desirable, as for instance to return energy into the
general circuit, when a locomotive, or car, etcetera, may be descending a grade;
without the intervention of any gearing, or belting, other than the rolling or
cogged rolling, (as the case may be,) contacts, faces, or surfaces, thus affording all
the advantages, (well known, as far as yet attained; by the art,) of a direct drive,
with a possible gearing up or gearing down effect or effects, within suitable limits
of ratios of angular velocities; renders it unnecessary if preferable, to interfere
with the electrical action or actions, when a stop or start may be desired, by
having mechanical manipulationary means and devices, independent of all electrical
functions; makes the utilisation of either alternating or continuous electric current
or currents, from or by the same machine or Citrodynamo, quite optional, by the
use or disuse of the current transposer; that it reduces to a minimum, the likeli-
hood of obstruction, occasioned by breakage or loosening of parts, when in motion;
or by a breakage to disablement of moving parts, by external obstruction, (as for
instance floating material in harbours or at sea,) by the oscillatory-reciprocative;
revolutionary-oscillatory-reciprocative, (as the case may be,) motion, being
changed into a revolutionary, or non-revolutionary slipping action, (according to
the nature and conditions of the obstruction,) without interfering with the action
of the shaft or axle, or the shafts or axles, or the actuating electric current or
currents, as long as obstruction may continue; that it reduces to a minimum those
losses in dynamo electric machines commonly ascribed as due to what are known
as "Foucault," "eddy," "local," or "parasitical," or "extra" currents, "changes
of polarity," or changes of polarities," and "magnetic leakages," by.not
necessarily alternating the direction or directions of the so called "magnetic lines."
of force, in their circuit or circuits, or part or parts thereof, and by having the
armature, or armature and attached parts enclosing; or being the boundary of, all
or
C

page_text: the magnetic, or electromagnetic parts; that it cheapens manufacture and facilitates
repairs, by simplicity of construction, especially of the armature with its coil or
coils; that it minimises detrimental effects on the mechanical durability caused by
jolts and jars, unavoidable in present systems and general conditions of direct
driving of shafts, axles, et-cetera, by the light-weight construction, and by so
designing, as hereinbefore set forth, that any necessarily heavy part or parts may
be the rigidly fixed part or parts, and by having rolling contacts, (constantly
bathed in or supplied with cool lubricant, if desirable,) to constitute all bearings
under strain, and by suitable bound, covered and encased, simple armature coil or
coils; that it permits of exposure to wet atmospheres, or of being immersed in
water, or other electric conducting fluids, as the coil or coils, or helix or helices,
are suitably insulated, covered or encased, in a proof and tight manner; that it
permits of exposure to dust, and renders obstruction to normal action from without,
practically impossible, by so designing that all the moving parts, as hereinbefore
set forth, may be contained by the armature, the current transposer cylinder, the
current collector cylinder, and cover or covers; that cool air and lubricant may be
constantly supplied, while in action, in a spray or shower, by having the moving
parts enclosed in a suitable oil proof and tight casing, or holder, with suitable holes,
pipes, or passages, for ingress and egress of air and oil, when the machine, or
Citrodynamo, is designed to work in air, that it permits of easy and simple utilisation
of my
"Citropeller" invention, (covered under my prior Patent No. 12361 dated
7th Aug. 1890) by adding the necessary electrical parts; that it renders the
pole-piece blade or blades, or magnet or electromagnet blade or blades,
comparatively free from interruptions or injury from missiles or floating bodies or
objects in water or air, as well as other advantages well known to the art, such as
fewer disturbing water or air currents over the discs of the blades, when the
Citrodynamo is situated in the dead wood, or any other exposed part or parts of
any sailing or floating vessel or body, by the blades being encircled by the
armature; or avoiding most known disadvantages in stern, or similarly exposed
systems of marine, lake, river, or canal, ship propulsion, by the Citrodynamo being
attached at mid-ship bottom; that it affords an even or steady electric current,
or steady or regular action, (as the case may be,) when a vessel, or any other
floating or sailing body, may be pitching in a storm, with Citrodynamo at stern, or
other exposed part or parts, (in aquatic service especially,) by having the solenoid
or solenoids, to impart a longitudinal motion to the shaft or shaft, or axle or axles,
(as the case may be), thereby regulating the pressure on the rolling contacts to
suit the relative heavings of the vessel or body, or the variations in the load, as
the case may be, or by utilising the variations of the so called thrust in aquatic or
air service, to automatically vary the supply of energy, as may best suit any case
in point; that it affords a valuable and servicable utilisation of a Citrodynamo or
Citrodynamos, to act simultaneously as propulsionary device, or devices and dynamo
electric machine or machines, at any convenient and suitable external part or parts
of any sailing or floating vessel or body, by causing the propelling blades or floats
to act in water or air, simultaneously with any magnetic or electric functions,
thus combining mechanical and magnetic or electric effects; that it permits of a
valuable saving of space aboard a sailing or floating vessel or body, by merely
having the necessary wires or cables for the transmission of energy from some
suitable and convenient source or sources, (which evidently may be a Citrodynamo
or Citrodynamos, either externally or internally placed in relation to the said
floating or sailing vessel or body, and acting in reciprocity, or otherwise, as the
case may be,) to the Citrodynamo or Citrodynamos, in lieu of the large and
expensive shafting necessary under systems of aquatic and air propulsion now
generally in vogue, or known to the art; that it renders a direct drive from the
armature practicable, without the intervention of a belt pulley, or other device or
devices generally known to the art, by placing the belt, or engaging any other
well-known and suitable device or devices, for driving purposes, directly-on-the
ärmature, or on some part or parts rigidly attached to or made in one with said

page_text: armature; that it renders general regulation and manipulation simple, instantaneous
and economical, by any of several possible manipulators, whether at close quarters
or distanced as may be convenient, without stopping or necessarily varying the
revolutionary motion of the driven or driving shaft or shafts, or axle or axles, or
interfering with any switch or switches, by applying solenoid or solenoids, with or
without suitable and well known appurtenances, and connections, or by operating
the current transposer, or by longitudinal movement of the Citrodynamo, or some
suitable part or parts thereof, as for instance the shaft or axle, thus avoiding
wasteful heat, and resistance coils, as well as saving valuable time in case of
emergencies; and moreover, provides a dynamo electric machine, or Citrodynamo,
which may be regulated, or manipulated, or have the magnetic circuits induced,
regulated, or varied, by any of several of the suitable means and devices well-
known to the art for such purposes, if preferable, desirable or suitable.
Dated this 6th day of October 1891.
.
H. D. FITZPATRICK,
.70, Wellington Street, Glasgow, Agent.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in and relating to Dynamo Electric Machines,
applicable for the Traction or Propulsion of any Vehicle,
Vessel, or Body, as well as for all purposes to which Dynamo
Electric Machines may be suitable.
I JOHN MACHAFFIE of Dalshannon Cottage (near Airdrie) Lanarkshire,
Mechanical and Electrical Engineer and Draughtsman, do hereby declare the
nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be
particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement :-
This invention relates to spherical armature dynamo electric machines, and it has
for its object to so construct such machines, and the parts connected therewith, as
to adapt them for the efficient traction or propulsion of any vehicle, vessel, or body,
as well as for all purposes to which dynamo electric machines in general," are
applied, or are suitable.
The invention is designed to provide for these purposes, a versatile, simple,
compact, symetrically-balanced, light-weight, yieldy, instantaneously-manipulatable,
direct-acting, self-regulating, inexpensive and highly efficient, "alternating" or
"undulating" or "continuous" or "direct current" dynamo electric machine, or
Citrodynamo" as I term it.
66
The improved dynamo electric machine, or "Citrodynamo" is similar in its
ultimate mechanical and electrical effects, to all armature dynamo electric machines
rendering service in the art, being similar in its primary electrical action to that
class of dynamo electric machines, commonly called, "alternating current dynamo
electric machines;" and though nominally consisting of some parts in common
with all those machines, known under the generic phrase:-dynamo electric
machines" yet it is unique in certain features of its construction, and in its
action.
The several features of novelty, constituting the invention, are hereinafter
pointed out in the claims.
The invention may be put in practice in several ways, and the several parts may
be modified or altered to suit different requirements or circumstances, without
departing from the principle of the invention.
And in order that my invention may be properly understood, I have appended
unto the Provisional Specification twelve explanatory sheets of drawings, showing,
by way of illustration, methods of putting my invention into effect or practice.
Referring to the drawings annexed to the Provisional Specification:-
Fig. 1 is a longitudinal sectional elevation, showing the "Citrodynamo" applied
to the axle of a wheeled vehicle, such as a rail road car or locomotive.

page_text: Fig. 2 is an enlarged sectional view of one of the armature coils, within casing,
shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 3 is an enlarged sectional view of four strands of the armature coil illustrated
in Fig. 2, showing the method of binding.
Fig. 4 is a Mercator's projection, (and longitudinal section of the same) of the
internal contact surfaces of the transposing rings of that part of the Citrodynamo
named by me the "current transposer" shown in Fig. 1, or of the ",
transposer" in general.
current
Fig. 5 is a diagram of the electric connections of the Citrodynamo in general,
though particularly of that shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 6 is a cross section through "A˜A, A A" of the electromagnets shown in
Fig. 1.
Fig. 7 is a modified form of the spider of the "current transposer" shown in
Fig. 1.
Fig. 8 is a part section of the armature shown in Fig. 1 showing a method of
longitudinal movement for manipulationary, and actional purposes.
Fig. 9, is a part section of the framework of the Citrodynamo, showing a
modification of that illustrated in Fig. 1.
Fig. 10 is a longitudinal sectional elevation of the Citrodynamo adapted to
aquatic service, the pole-pieces being shaped to act as propelling blades. Part of
this figure is shown on the next sheet.
Fig. 11 is a cross section through "B B, B B," of the electromagnets shown in
Fig. 10.
Fig. 12 is a Mercator's projection of the internal contact surfaces of the
transposer rings of the current transposer shown in Fig. 10.
Fig. 13 is a longitudinal sectional elevation of the Citrodynamo, the boss or
centre being extended. .and. crowned with a hollow semi-sphere provided with. pro-
pelling blades, and adapted to aquatic service.
Fig. 14 is a cross sectional elevation of a marine ship with Citrodynamo at cloven
mid-ship bottom, the current transposer being inside, and the Citrodynamo outside
the ship.
Fig. 15 is a part longitudinal sectional elevation of the same ship under the same
conditions as is shown in Fig. 14.
Fig. 16 is a longitudinal sectional elevation of the Citrodynamo, the armature
with external radiating propelling blades being the electrical moving part, and
adapted to aquatic.service.
Fig. 17 is a part sectional longitudinal elevation of a modified form of the
Citrodynamo thrust-block and appurtenances thereof, specially adapted to the
purposes of mechanical regulation.
Fig. 18 is a longitudinal side elevation of a line-of-battle ship with "Citro-
dynamo" attached to and protected by a cloven ship-bottom.
Fig. 19 is a bow-end elevation of the same ship under the same conditions as in
Fig. 18.
Fig. 20 shows the Citrodynamo applied to a fish torpedo.
Fig. 21 shows the Citrodynamo applied to a proposed air-ship.
Fig. 22 is a longitudinal sectional elevation of the Citrodynamo adapted for
general electric or motor purposes.
Fig. 23 shows a modification of the coils and electromagnets shown in Fig. 22.
Fig. 24 is a further modification of the coils and electromagnets shown in
Fig. 22.
Fig. 25 is a longitudinal sectional elevation of the Citrodynamo adapted for
general service, but more particularly to work as a motor.
Fig. 26 is a Mercator's projection of the contact surfaces of the transposer rings
of the current transposer shown in Fig. 25.
Fig. 27 shows a modification of the electromagnets' winding shown in Fig. 25.
Fig. 28 is a part longitudinal sectional elevation of the Citrodynamo, the
electromagnets being among the moving parts.

page_text: Fig. 28.
Fig. 30 shows a modification of the electromagnets, shown in Fig. 28.
Fig. 31 is a longitudinal sectional elevation of the Citrodynamo, which may be
driven on, or driven from, the periphery of the machine, by any well-known and
suitable method.
On the drawings, the same letters, wherever repeated, indicate similar or like
parts.
.
;
Referring to Fig. 1:-A is the axle of a railway car, street car, or other vehicle,
carried on the wheels C, W, and having fitted to or made in one with it, the
tapered circumjacent shoulders B, and B¹. The general framework etc. of the car,
(which is or may be, of any ordinary construction) are broken away, that is to say
not shown. The axle is bent, cranked, or made eccentric at the part or portion A¹.
The pole-piece F, which may be a built (so built for the purpose of erection) disc
of paramagnetic metal, and the boss C, are carried on the axle as shown. E is the
armature body of the machine (Citrodynamo) and H are armature coils," through
which electric current or currents may be passed (when working as a motor) as
hereinafter set forth. It will be noted that the parts are so constructed, relatively
to each other, that the centre-line W W, W W, of the angled part A', at its middle
point i intersects the general axis YY YY, of the rotation of said axle A, also
the centre-line XX, XX, of the pole-piece F and boss C, and the centre-line Z, Z,
Z, Z, of the armature body E, therefore the intersection point i is a relatively
stationary point, about which the several moving parts may move in their respective
paths, so that, there may be a thorough balanced action imparted to said moving
parts. At the ends of the crank-pin or portion A' of the axle A, are the said solid,
tapered or lobe-sided shoulders B, B', of paramagnetic metal, which are so made
tapered, or lobe-sided, as shown, as to retain the adjoining parts in correct relative
position to one another, and so that the boss C, being placed loosely on said pin or
portion A¹, is thereby retained in suitable relation to those parts of the general
framework which I have named "thrust-blocks; " and lettered D and D³, on one
or other of which at any one instant, the boss C has a greater direct pressure contact
on the faces M¹, N¹, being held thereto by a difference of magnetic intensity in the
opposite electromagnets N. The electromagnets may be wound, and thereby
mechanically excited with suitable polarities, by any well-known and suitable
system of helices, supplied with the necessary electric current or currents, either
generated within the Citrodynamo, or supplied from some external source or
sources (as the case may be), and further so that the so called "magnetic lines" of
force may have direct metallic medium with little reluctance, in order to make
their circuits from the said electromagnets N, back to the same by the armature
body E, through the boss C and pole-piece F. In passing from the said pole-
piece F to the said armature body E, (or vice-versa, as the case may be), the said
magnetic lines" of force intersect the armature coils H. The boss C is preferably,
as shown, fitted with the double series of anti-friction balls C', which fit into the
fillets of the pin or portion A' of the axle A, and are so sunk into the boss C as to
absorb, in rolling action thereon, the friction due to torsional strains. Oblique
strain and sliding tendencies, due to the normal impelling action of the pole-piece F,
is absorbed in rolling friction on the contacts M¹, Ni. The said pole-piece F
may be, preferably, built up of two or more parts, in any well-known and
suitable manner, to admit of its being placed on the portion A₁ of the axle A, and
F
grooves
is suitably perforated with a number of holes F', and provided with
the periphery, to admit of the passage of oil and air whenever the pole-piece. F
impinges against the oil, (shown in dotted lines) and air contained within the oil-
holder No which holder is shaped so as to admit of the normal wabbling action of
the pole-piece F, and is retained in position by any suitable and well-known means
to form oil tight fixtures to the said thrust-blocks D and D' near the parts N', and
by the several oil and air tubes E', E and E. The tube E' is provided with a
suitable faucet E for the discharge of waste oil. The tube E is for fresh oil
on

page_text: supply, and the tubes E³ for air ingress and egress, during normal action, with
consequent cooling effects.
The armature body E is shown as constructed in three parts, bolted or otherwise
(in any well-known and suitable manner) secured together, so as to insure the
necessary spheroidal form, and to retain the armature coils H, with their suitable
insulation, binding, and casings K, hereinafter more particularly specified) in
position, and also to admit of the terminals L₁ of the coils H, being suitably led out
to form connections (hereinafter specified) with the current transposer C T (herein-
after specified). The armature body E is shown as having fitted to or made in one
with it the electromagnets N, which may be of any well-known and suitable_con-
struction, number, and arrangement or arrangements, for magnetic purposes. They
are shown arranged radially in this figure, and as projecting out from the thrust-
blocks D, D', to the armature body E. The armature has also fitted to or made in
one piece with it, the cover CCC, having a stuffing-box O and gland R, to prevent
dast, moisture, or obstructions, from getting inside. The armature body E is also
provided with suitable lugs E' which are secured to some suitable and convenient
permanent part E of the vehicle, by means of the bolts E, which pass through
suitable slotted or oblong holes, so as to permit of a little oscillatory movement or
play, but, at the same time, to retain the armature body E in a non-revolutionary
manner. The said lugs E' may be cushioned by suitable springs or any other well-
known and suitable means, in any well-known and suitable manner, as may be found
desirable to add elasticity to said oscillatory play movement.
The device C, T, is what I term the "current transposer." It is in this case, for
the purpose of alternately changing the direction of the electric current or currents
passed, and to be passed, through the said coils H, thereby maintaining an alternating
current or currents in the internal circuit or circuits, and a constant current or
currents in the external circuit or circuits, and may be, manifestly, not used at
all, if the utilized or generated, (as the case may be) current or currents may be
"alternating." It consists of a cylinder T, which is made, preferably, in one with
the armature E, and may be provided with a suitable drain E" for the outlet of any
oil which may escape from the holder N°. In the cylinder T is embedded, in a
suitable insulation V the transposer rings T. R, one of which is shown as operated
by means of a rack, (or wheel) and wheel or pinion T¹, which is turned by the
spindle T'. The spindle T' has its bearing in the end cover C. C, (which may also
be provided, if desired, with a suitable stuffing-box O and gland R to keep out
dust, moisture, and obstructions) and is turned by bevel wheels T on the spindle T',
which latter may be mounted suitably on a bracket Z', and is connected by any
well-known and suitable device or devices, such as levers, rods, cranks, handles etc.,
in and to any convenient part or parts of the vehicle. With this arrangement the
current transposer ring with rack or wheel T¹ may be easily turned about the
axis Y, Y, Y, Y; of the axle A, into the proper relative position (hereinafter
specified) to the other transposer rings, so as to effect instantaneous stoppage, start,
or reversal, of this dynamo-electric machine or "Citrodynamo" by one or more
manipulators, as may be preferred.
The current transposer C T, is also shown as provided with a suitable hub or
centre Y (which is grooved at one end or edge so as to throw off any waste oil into
the suitable perforated or drained oil guard No attached to the thrust-block D*) and
springs Y insulated from said hub Y and bolts or pins V' by means of suitable
insulations V and V³. The springs Y₁ carry on their tips, in suitable bearings, the
pivots of the conducting rolls Y', which, as the axle A. revolves, pass over the inner
circumference of the transposer rings TR, thereby effecting the necessary trans-
positions of the electric current or currents from one transposer ring to another, (as
hereinafter specified) and thus effect the said alternating changes in the direction
of the currents passed through the said armature coils H.
Fig. 2 shows one of the armature.coils H, of Fig. 1, to a larger scale,-each-convo-
lution being suitably insulated and bound together, (as hereinafter specified) and
the whole suitably encased in the oil-tight casing K, (Fig. 2): but if, in any case,

page_text: the said insulations used on the several parts of the Citrodynamo may be sufficient
proof (electrically) against oil, water, or damp, or other electric conducting
environment (according as the case may be) the said casing K tnay be omitted, or
substituted by any suitable and well-known covering on each, or over all, of the
convolutions; and moreover, though a compound winding is here shown, any well
known and suitable system or systems of winding the said coils H, may be adopted,
as may best suit any case. In Fig. 3, the method of binding the said convolutions
is shown clearly, J is the binder, which may be of any well-known and suitable kind
and material, being crossed between and brought tightly over and under each said
convolution, as indicated, thus interlacing them.
Fig. 4 shows by a Mercator's projection and section thereof, the current trans-
poser rings T. R. (Fig. 1). The rings T. R³, and T. R4, (Fig. 4) merely afford
contact bearings, being complete rings suitably insulated from each other, and
without any electric connections; the rings T R', TR³, and TR³, are each divided
into two parts, insulated each from each, the bearing contacts (sectioned) of T R¹,
and T R being half the length of the same of TR'; but all having the same
radius, and placed as shown, and suitably connected by combined bolts and line-
pieces L' to the armature coils H, (Fig. 1) and to the external circuit or circuits, as
the case may be, with all appurtenances and devices thereon, so that, when one of
the rolls, Y, (Fig. 1) may roll in contact, say at section D. D. D, (Fig. 4) closing
say the positive current or currents between that section of the ring TR³, and the
corresponding section of TR³, the other roll will be simultaneously closing the
negative current or currents between the section A. A. A, and the corresponding
section of T R³, and so on closing section B. B. B, simultaneously with section C. C. C,
section D. D. D, simultaneously with section A. A. A, and section C. C. C, simul-
taneously with section B. B. B, as the rolls aforesaid, perform their circular paths,
thereby alternately opening and closing the said sections D. D. D, A. A. A, C. C. C,
and B. B. B, of the said rings, T. R¹, T. R², T. R³, T. R*, and T. R³, in order to
maintain a continuous current or currents in the external circuit or circuits, and
alternating current or currents in the internal circuit or circuits, in cases where
this difference between the said currents of the said circuits is expedient. It is
evident that said rings T R¹, T R³, and T R³, may be suitably divided, and a
suitable number of rolls Y' (Fig. 1) employed, to effect the proper transpositions,
for any suitable number of armature coils, which may be suitable as the case
may be.
Fig. 5 is a diagram of the electric connections of the Citrodynamo in general,
though it may be considered as more particularly the electric connections of the
Citrodynamo shown in Fig. 1. The following explanations will render this
diagram in Fig. 5, plain to those skilled in the art :-H represents the armature
coils, and H¹ the helices (of which there may be any convenient number) of
the electromagnets, and solenoids (solenoids hereinafter specified). CT, represents
the current transposer, and E. C, the external circuit of either the generated or
derived current or currents, the crosses thereon indicating electric current sources,
or lamps, or both sources or source and lamps or lamp. It will be noticed that
the arrow heads plainly show alternating currents in the armature coils H and
the general internal circuits, passing in and out through the respective quarters of the
said current transposer CT and a constant current through the general external
circuit E C; and it is evident that suitable connections to and from the said
rings TR, TR, TR² and T R*, (Fig. 4) may be made to suit any number of
armature coils H, (Fig. 1) which may be adopted; and moreover, that in any
case where alternating current or currents may be preferable in both the external
and internal circuits (Fig. 5) the said current transposer may not be used.
The cross section shown in Fig. 6 is through A, A, A, A, (Fig. 1) of the electro-
magnets N, and shows the electromagnet core N', (Fig. 6) insulated from and
surrounded by the helix N³ which may be insulated or covered in any well-
known and suitable manner, and all enclosed in the suitable oil proof and tight
casing N', which may be omitted in any case where the insulation or covering

page_text: of the helix N' may be sufficient in itself to insulate said helix N', from oil or
other electric conducting liquids.
Fig. 7 shows a modified form of spider for the current transposer CT,
(Fig. 1) and may be used in lieu of the spider there shown with the rolls Y³,
in any case where suitable or where brushes Y' (Fig. 7) of any well-known
and suitable type and material, may be preferable to rolls Y' (Fig. 1). It will
be noticed that the springs Y¹, (Fig. 7) in the sockets or arms Y³, keep a
constant initial outward pressure on the brushes Y³, to keep them in contact
positions, when the centrifugal force due to revolution may be small or nil.
With this arrangement, as portrayed in the afore-described figures, though with
special reference to Fig. 1, if suitable electric current or currents, be, as herein-
before specified, conducted through the armature coils H, then, by the well-known
principle of action of so called "electric motors," the disc-pole-piece F with its
boss C being the only part free to move under the conditions, and having suitable
contacts at its boss C, at any one instant, with either one or other of the thrust-
blocks D or D, at the surfaces M₁, N', is impelled to move as nearly at right
angles to the said armature coils H, opposite, or in the vicinity of, each electro-
magnet N, as the rolling action of the said boss C on the said contact surfaces M', N',
will permit, which said impelling action is caused to be repeated in suitable, succes
sive order, by the current transposer CT, (as hereinbefore explained), alternately
changing the direction of the said electric current or currents passed through the
said armature coils H., so as to cause the said pole-piece F to wabble, with the
intersection point i as centre, and so that each atom in the said pole-piece F within
the range of effects of the aforesaid "magnetic lines" of force, is impelled in an
oscillatory-reciprocative locus, imparting simultaneously with each wabble or
oscillatory-reciprocative locus, a complete revolution to the axle A, that is to say
if the said contacts. M', N', on the said thrust-block D or D', (according to the
direction of the aforesaid greater magnetic intensity) and on the boss C, have equal
diameters; but since in this case (particularly Fig. 1) the said surfaces M¹ N', of
the said boss C, have the greater diameter, each atom in the pole-piece F, will be
impelled in a revolutionary-oscillatory-reciprocative locus, the said revolution of
each atom being in the same direction, as that imparted to said axle A, therefore
each said atom has a greater angular velocity in its said locus about the said
intersection point i, than the said axle A has about its axis Y, Y, Y, Y. The
difference in angular velocities is equivalent to that which can be effected by any
well-known form of gearing, thus effecting in this case, or in any other case, by the
means shown in Fig. 1 a so called gearing down effect, from the angular velocity
of the pole-piece Fabout the point i, to the angular velocity of the axle A about
it axis Y, Y, Y, Y without the intervention of so called "gearing." It will be
noted that if, in any case, said contacts M', N', on the said boss C, may be prefer-
ably less in diameter than the corresponding contacts M³, N³, of either one of the
said thrust-blocks a so called "gearing up" effect would thereby be effected.
In order to reverse the Citrodynamo the operatable ring, say T R¹, (Figs. 1
and 4) of the current transposer, may be turned by means of the wheels T, (Fig. 1)
and spindle T, through 180° or any other suitable angular quantity thereby
reversing the order of sections D D D, C C C, A A A, B B B, (Fig. 4) and in
order to maintain a stoppage of the Citrodynamo, the same operatable ring,
say T R¹, may be turned by the same means through 90° or any other suitable
angular quantity, thereby destroying the alternating order of the transpositions
through the divisions D D D, A A A, C C B B
reverse
operations the said ring T R may be either turned the reverse way, or still further
in the same direction until the said sections, DDD, AA A, C C C, B B B, may
have the necessary relative order to produce the desired results.
It will be noticed that if an oil or lubricant be used, which is a non-conductor
of electricity at the voltage at which this Citrodynamo may be worked at, then the
oil-holder. N (Fig. 1) may be omitted, when the whole machine becomes
simultaneously an oil-holder; and it will be noticed that in any case whatever,

page_text: the contact surfaces M¹ N¹, at and on one or other of the said thrust-blocks, may
have different diameters from the similar surfaces at and on the other thrust-block,
with their corresponding surfaces M', N', of the boss or centre C, thus effecting a
difference between forward and reverse velocities in any case where preferable, as
for instance to return energy to the general circuit or circuits, when a car or other
vehicle, fitted with Citrodynamo or Citrodynamos, may be descending a grade; and
moreover the said electromagnets N, may be substituted by permanent magnets,
in this or any Citrodynamo or Citrodynamos, as the case may be, if preferable.
If in any case, the aforesaid difference of magnetic intensity or intensities,
between opposite electromagnets N (Fig. 1) may not afford sufficient pressure on
the contacts M', N¹, to maintain the necessary rolling action thereon at all points
of revolution of shaft A, in this or any other applicable case, then the modified
form of the armature body E shown in Fig. 8 may be used, where (Fig. 8) the
middle section or portion E is suitably screwed with right and left threads E,
on to the other sections of the armature body E, while the plain extensions Eli
retain the armature coils H in their respective positions. Externally on
section E, there may be suitable teeth W, in which works the worm W³, on the
spindle T which latter is or may be connected by levers, or any other well-known
and suitable devices, to the device or mechanism fitted at any convenient place or
places for manipulatory purposes, so that at the will of any one of several possible
manipulators, there is thereby afforded a means of so varying the contact pressure
on the contacts M¹, N¹ that an instantaneous stop or start, may be effected,
independently of any electrical means, thus rendering it unnecessary to interfere
with the continuous action of the electric current or currents, except when a reverse
action may be desired.
In Fig. 9 is partly shown a modified form of the Citrodynamo, wherein the
variation of the contact pressure on the contacts M' N', is effected by means of
the lever T, which is connected by means of rods, or any other well-known and
suitable devices, attached at T", and connecting to manipulatory devices or
mechanisms, similar to the arrangement referred to in connection with Fig. 8 and
lever T (Fig. 9) is pinned or otherwise suitably connected at T" to a loose
collar or ring Z, on the ring Ts around the axle A, and lever T" is further
connected at T to a link Z¹, which is jointed to the thrust-block D. With this
arrangement by operating the lever T, the whole general framework of the
machine or Citrodynamo, may be moved longitudinally on the axle A, so as to effect
the desired variations on the contacts M', N', with the consequent manipulations,
independently of, or in combination with the action of the current transposer CT
(Fig. 1) in a similar manner to that already described in_connection with Fig. 8.
Further, it will be noticed that in Fig. 9, the armature E, and consequently the
casing N, are each made or built up of a suitable number of parts (longitudinally
divided, halves if preferable) held together by the bolts or pins E, in the
respective flanges El; and that the oil-holder N, has suitable flange-joints N',
for the purpose of affording access to the internal parts; and moreover, where
this feature of division, for construction and access, may be considered important,
the said divisions of the armature body E, and of the said oil-holder N°,
may be hinged or clasped together in any well-known and suitable manner or
method, to effect said access easily and quickly, in any case where preferable.
Fig. 10 represents the Citrodynamo similar in the arrangement of the electro-
magnets N to those in Fig. 1, but in this Fig. 10, the Citrodynamo is adapted for
propulsion in water (as for instance at the stern, or in the "dead wood" of a marinė
ship). This Citrodynamo, in this and all other cases, like all armature dynamo-
electric machines, may form either an electric motor or an electric generator,
according as to whether the shaft A is driven or is the driver. It will be noticed
that the current transposer CT (see Sheet 4) is also in this case arranged for
manipulation in the same manner as explained in connection with Fig. 1. The
spindle T' (Fig. 10) which is connected by any well known and suitable devices (not
shown) to any well-known and suitable form of devices or mechanisms for purposes

page_text: of manipulation as in previous figs. operates the transposer cylinder T, (which in
this case contains all the transposing rings T R, rigidly embedded in suitable
insulation V) by an external rack To, into which gears the spur pinion T¹ on the
spindle T, which is turned by the bevel wheels T³, the said spindles T³ and T'
having their respective bearings on the bracket Z', which may be fitted to or made
one with, the rigidly fixed containing cylinder Z, all the other parts of the said current
transposer CT, being similar to those shown in Fig. 1. It will also be noticed that
the pole-pieces F (Fig. 10) may be similar in their helical formed surfaces to the
blades of so called "screw-propellers" now commonly in vogue, or they may be
made specially wide for purposes of propulsion and for magnetic purposes, towards
and at the outer tips, where they may be suitably curved to present sufficient
surfaces to form suitable magnetic fields with the armature body E, (which is shown
built in sections suitably jointed in a well known and strong manner) the middle
ring E being to facilitate erection and repairs and retain the suitable and suitably
insulated, covered, or encased, coils H, rigidly in their respective places. Armature
body E is further provided with the suitable guard N primarily to protect the
insulated electric connections L', (which pass through the suitable stuffing-glands L³,
which prevent leakage of water) of armature coils H and electromagnets N, from
injury, A, P, being armature set pins to prevent the armature body joints from
loosening. It will be further noticed that the thrust-blocks D and D³, are con-
structed with strengthening ribbed flanges Dʻ, and pins or bolts D¹, for the purpose
of forming suitable fixtures to the said "dead wood" X, or other suitable and con-
venient part or parts of the structure of any floating or sailing vessel or body. The
block D³ may be made of some suitable and well known diamagnetic material, to
interrupt the direct magnetic circuit between the electromagnets N and any
paramagnetic material which may form part of the said "dead wood or structure;
and the thrust-block D, may be further provided with a stuffing-box O and the
gland R, to prevent leakage of water round the shaft A. The oil hole and
groove W, is for the purpose of distributing oil over the bearing of the shaft A in
the thrust-block D. The supply of oil is conducted from the supply pipe X¹, to the
oil channel U, which transmits the oil to the several bearings within the boss C,
which is spheroidal in contour, and has its centre coinciding with the intersection
1, and is provided with the internal contact rolling surfaces M³, N¹.
point i as in N', on the boss C are less in diameter than the corresponding
The surfaces "
surfaces M, N, on the thrust-block D. The said boss C is also provided with the
external rolling contact surfaces M", N", which are also of a lesser diameter on
said boss than on the thrust-block D'. By this arrangement, revolutionary motion
of the pole-pieces or blades F, in reverse directions to those of the shaft A is
effected; thereby causing an augmentation of the desired propulsionary effects, by
causing the said blades F to seek, or constantly revolve into, mechanically
undisturbed water or air, as the case may be, simultaneously with their oscillatory-
reciprocative feathering propelling action, also due to the rolling contacts of the said
boss C on the said surfaces M², N', or M" N", said revolutionary, oscillatory-
reciprocative feathering propelling actions, being, in direction, according as the said
shaft A, may be moved longitudinally in one direction or the opposite, by the
solenoid S, which is provided with a suitable spool To, having on it a cogged
segment T. and a helical thread T fitting into a corresponding groove in the rigidly
fixed cylinder T in which, at a sliding fit, there is the piston G, of some suitably
paramagnetic metal, and rigidly attached to the shaft A at the part AA, which
may be made of some suitable diamagnetic metal, so that by having the suitable
spur pinion T, on the spindle T', with the spur pinion T', (which operates the
current transposer C T,) and gearing into said cogged segment T, the solenoid S
will occupy a position at one side or other, or midway in relation to the piston G,
according to the manipulations, thus by magnetic impulse, moving the said shaft A
longitudinally, or retaining it in a midway position, thereby engaging, or retaining
in a mid-position, the contacts M², N', and M", N", of the boss C; thus effecting
the aforesaid forward and reverse, or a cessation from, propulsion, at the will of any

page_text: of several possible manipulators, suitably and conveniently stationed as aforesaid.
It will be noted that the said pole-piece blades F may have a general profile, as seen
in this Fig. 10, modified to suit any desired requirements, as the case may be to
point, and moreover, that if in any case the yielding feature of the Citrodynamo to
any obstruction, may not be considered essential, said rolling contacts M', N¹,
or M, N, or both contacts, M¹, N', and M", N", may be cogged surfaces to mesh
into each other respectively.
Fig. 11 is a section through B B, B B, of the electromagnets N, in Fig. 10, the
core N, (Fig. 11) helix N', and water proof and tight casing N³, being all of a
suitable oval or elliptical section, in order that the said electromagnets N (Fig. 10)
may pass through water or air, as the case may be, with a minimum retardation to
the desired propulsion.
Fig. 12 is a Mercator's projection of the internal surface of the current transposer
cylinder T, (Fig. 10) showing the transposing rings T R', T R', T R', TR, TR',
(Fig. 12) embedded firmly in the arrangement shown, which arrangement, it will be
noted, is similar to that shown in Fig. 4 only the cylinder T, (Fig. 12) with all
contained parts, must be bodily operated, as before stated with reference to Fig. 10,
to effect the required manipulations of the Citrodynamo.
Fig. 13, represents the Citrodynamo differently arranged from that shown in
Fig. 10, but in Fig. 13 also adapted for service in water or air, as the case may
be, wherein it will be noted that the armature E, (Fig. 13) with all its attachments
is stationary, the guard or casing N', (which may be of some suitable diamagnetic
material) being sufficiently large to prevent circulation of water through the said
armature E, thereby minimising retardation to desired propulsion, besides being
protective against the entrance of any obstruction. It will be further noticed that
the centre c. c, of the boss C, does not correspond or coincide with the general
centre i of the machine or Citrodynamo, therefore there may not be a perfect balance
of moving parts, since the shoulder B of the shaft A. may not always effect a
balance, still the electromagnets N, being within the diameter of the said guard N,
they have no retarding effect on propulsion which retardation is thereby limited,
primarily to the blades F. F, and to the area and consequent friction of the
advancing edges of the hollow-semisphere E, E, the forward inner edge E E' dipping
inwards to limit to a small undestructive size, any particles which may seek or float
inside, thereby preventing obstruction internally, such floated particles finding their
way out at opposite quarters; and it will be observed that the extended boss C
presents the outer rolling contacts M", N", to the outer thrust-block D³, the boss C,
(which is provided with actuating anti-friction balls C, which may be inserted by
the hole, plugged by the plug O') presenting the inner rolling contacts M', N', to
the inner thrust-block D, which is provided with a suitable stuffing box O, and
suitable oil-holes similar to Fig. 10, and has fitted to it or made one with it the
electromagnet's core N', (shown dotted in Fig. 13) which has fitted to or made in
one with them the armature body E, which, it will be observed is in two sections
suitably screwed, bolted or otherwise jointed, and retained in position by armature
pins AP, and clasping the armature ring A. R, which retains the armature coils H
in their respective positions.
In this case (Fig. 13) the current transposer cylinder T, is provided with a drain
hole T', and a suitable slot for the accommodation of the oil supply pipe X', and
is rigidly fixed by bolts T", to the general framework X of the floating or sailing
vessel or body the current transposer operations being effected by means of the
spindle T and connections similarly to Fig. 10, but in this case (Fig. 13) the
spindle T' is shown as extended and connected to operate the solenoid S, by means
of pinion T, and toothed segment. Ts of spool T10 with helical thread T³, similarly
to Fig. 10. In this view (Fig. 13) the said spool T is also shown as mounted on
a rigidly fixed cylinder T which, it will be observed, is designed to be directly
operatable by steam, hydraulic, or pneumatic pressure on piston G, and which
cylinder, with its necessary valve or valves, ports, covers, and stuffing-boxes, is of
any well-known and suitable type, said valve or valves being connected by any

page_text: well-known and suitable device or devices, to said spindle T', or said spindle T', so
that the longitudinal action of piston G, (which is similarly fitted to shaft A, A,
as in Fig. 10) may be simultaneous and in unison with the operations of the
transposer ring T. R, and solenoid S, so that an instantaneous stop, start, or reverse,
may be effected similarly to Fig. 10, together with, in this case (Fig. 13) an
automatic regulation in storms at sea, or other irregular circumstances, by means
of the solenoid S magnetically acting on the said piston G, in contrary direction to
the mechanical pressure within said cylinder, thereby varying the pressure on
said rolling contacts M³, N', M", N" (according to the direction of the propulsion
at any one instant) thus operating the boss C, by means of the actuating balls C¹
on the bent, cranked, or eccentric portion A of the shaft A, which is suitably
made, with contingent parts, to ensure aforesaid effects of propulsion and regulation,
the part AA being made of some suitable diamagnetic material, if preferable, and
provided with suitable oil holes U, to supply lubricant to the bearing of the boss C,
and with suitable key-ways, or pin holes, or other well-known and suitable
accomodation for the attached parts.
Figs. 14 and 15, represent a case where a Citrodynamo is applied to the suitably
divided, or recessed, or cloven, mid-ship bottom of a merchant, marine ship, the
current transposer CT, being inside the vessel, and connected to the shaft A, by
means of a shaft or spindle A², and suitable bevel wheels A³, which are, by any
well known and suitable means, suitably encased, to prevent obstruction to their
normal action. A' is a suitable stuffing box and gland, of an ordinary type, to
prevent leakage of water into the ship. The armature body E may be in halves,
or any other suitable number of parts, and provided with the flanges E", and bolts
or pins E, for joining said halves, or parts, and for attachment to said ships
structure X; and the Citrodynamo may be equipped with all necessary electrical
and mechanical parts, similarly to Figs. 10 and 13 as the case may be.
In Fig. 16, is shown the Citrodynamo, wherein the armature is the oscillatory
reciprocative moving part, and is provided with the propelling blades F, rolling
contacts M", N", and boss or centre C, and has accommodation for the box-nut C³,
which is screwed internally over the extremity A' of the shaft A retaining actuating
balls C, and with suitable hole for the insertion of the cable L, which makes the
electrical connections with the coils H, and passes to the swivel L' through the
central hole U of the shaft A, which is provided with a suitable stuffing gland L
to keep back oil and water, but is otherwise similar to shaft A of Fig. 13. The
thrust-block D, (Fig. 16) has fitted to it the electromagnets' cores N', but is other-
wise similar to thrust-block D of Fig. 13. The guard Nº (Fig. 16) is, in this case,
shown sufficiently strong to be unfixed at its outer edge E, E, which is contracted
to keep floating particles, sufficiently large to be obstructive, from getting into the
said armature E, and letting any said particles out freely at opposite quarters.
The current transposer C. T, is similar to that shown in Figs. 1 and 13, but in-
this case (Fig. 16) the transposer cylinder T has fitted to it the bracket N2, (which
has fitted to it the said swivel L',) and the solenoid S with suitable spool and
core T, which is provided with the suitable spring S', which passes against the
hub Y of the current transposer CT, thereby keeping a longitudinal strain on
shaft A to effect the necessary contacts M', N', while the said solenoid S, (through
which some suitable electric current may be passed,) excites a magnetic impulse
on said hub Y, in an opposite direction to said spring's S' action, thereby effecting
an automatic regulation, similarly and for the same purpose as solenoid S in
Fig. 13.
Fig. 17 shows, by a part section, a modified form of thrust-block D, of the
Citrodynamo in general, though particularly adapted to aquatic service, being a
mechanical method of regulation, regulating the power at its source or sources, in
unison with the thrust on the said thrust-block D. Y is a cylinder of a well-known
and suitable type, and may be provided with well-known and suitable appurtenances
as follows:-SP may admit some suitable fluid pressure to act on piston G³, which
may be fitted to or made in one with the thrust-block D, so that when thrust of

page_text: propulsion, (if the case may so be,) comes on the said thrust-block D, said fluid
pressure on said piston G' will yield to said thrust, admitting of sufficient longi-
tudinal movement of said thrust-block D, (before stop ring DR comes in contact
with block D D) to transmit a sufficient similar movement, through any well
known and suitable system of devices Q, Q', to regulate the source or sources of
power, by any well known and suitable means, whether such source or sources
may be mechanical or electrical, this system of regulation being particularly
useful, as for instance in heavy seas, or any varying load. In lieu of, or in
addition to, the fluid pressure inlet S, P, cylinder V may be provided with any
well known and suitable system of valve and ports to effect the manipulations
of the Citrodynamo, by moving the said thrust-block D, similarly, and if so desired,
in addition to, the longitudinal manipulations of the shaft A, by means of the
arrangements for such purposes shown in Figs. 1, 8, 9, 10, 13, 16 and 21. In lieu
of piston G (Fig. 17), and said fluid pressure acting thereon, a spring action may
be adopted of some suitable and well-known type, acting on the said thrust-
block D, substantially in the same manner and for the same purpose as afore
described in connection with said piston G¹ and said fluid pressure.
Figs. 18 and 19 give side and bow elevations of a line-of-battle ship with the
Citrodynamo applied at a suitably cloven mid-ship bottom, with the current
transposer inside, similarly as shown in Figs. 14 and 15.
Fig. 20 shows the Citrodynamo applied to a fish torpedo, the armature body E
being a preventative against injury to the propelling pole-piece blades F; and a
Citrodynamo or Citrodynamos, may be similarly applied, (or in any other suitable
manner,) to any torpedo, or torpedo boat, or any other craft whatever, as any case
may be.
Fig. 21 shows twin Citrodynamos applied to a proposed air-ship, the said Citro-
dynamos being similar to that shown in Fig. 16, the contacts M², N¹, being in this
case (Fig. 21) cogged to ensure that the floats or blades F may strike the air with
a uniformity to effect steady sailing of said ship.
Fig. 22 shows the Citrodynamo adapted for general purposes, as a dynamo or
motor, having the electromagnets N, (similar to those of Fig. 1,) at one end,
and the current transposer CT (Fig. 22) also similar to that shown in Fig. 1, at
the other end of the armature body E, (Fig. 22) which is provided with the external
helix N to assist or augment the magnetic circuit or circuits through said armature
body E which may be further provided with suitable feet E' for the purpose of
fixture by means of the bolts Es to a suitable bed or floor, or other suitable place
(as the case may be,) but otherwise this Citrodynamo arrangement is similarly
equipped to that shown in Fig. 1 but may here (Fig. 22) be provided with teeth or
cogs on the contact surface M' of the thrust-block D, meshing into corresponding
teeth or cogs on the corresponding surface M¹ of the boss or centre C; and further
with a solenoid S (through which the electric current, or any suitable part thereof,
passes) and spring S¹, similarly as in Fig. 16, but in this case (Fig. 22) the
mechanical and magnetic actions are directly on the hub Z' of the belt
pulley B. P, which is rigidly keyed, or otherwise fixed by any well known and
suitable means to shaft A, thereby effecting automatic regulation similarly as in
Fig. 16. The shaft A (Fig. 22) is attached rigidly to the extremity A¹ of the
shaft A, thereby retaining boss C with pole-pieces F in suitable relation to the cogged.
contact M' and the rolling contacts N. In any case where preferable, the said
toothed contacts at M¹ may be plain rolling contacts, in which case (as shown
dotted) said shaft A' may have fitted to it, or made in one with it, the suitable
collar Z, operatable by the lever T. Ts, which has its fulcrum at T. T', and.
operated at the end T. To, similarly, and for similar purposes, as shown in Fig. 9,
which collar Z (Fig. 22) may, in any case where preferable, but especially when
the Citrodynamo may be used as an electric generator, be applied, thereby rendering
it unnecessary to manipulate the said current transposer C T, thus avoiding
possibility of short circuiting with consequent detriment to electrical parts as is
well known in the art.

page_text: Fig. 23 shows a modification of the Citrodynamo of Fig. 22, N, N, (Fig. 23)
being additional electromagnets and H, H being additional coils placed on the
pole-piece F, the currents from or to which pole-piece F may be conducted by
the wires L', similarly as is shown in Fig. 29, (hereinafter described).
Fig. 24 shows a further modification of the Fig. 22 of the Citrodynamo, having
the coils H H, (Fig. 24) on the pole-piece F, in an extended casing K K, and the
electromagnets N clad by the shroud D³ and covered so as to act on the extended
portion of the said coil H, H, and having an additional helix N N³, on the thrust-
block D, thus utilising thrust-block D as another electromagnet.
In Fig. 25, is shown the Citrodynamo specially adapted as an electric motor for
general work, the thrust-blocks D and D' being utilised as electromagnets similarly
as in Fig. 24, and the armature body E, (Fig. 25) which is similar to that in
Fig. 22, is provided in this case (Fig. 25) with air-holes E³, and oil-holes E³,
and E, drain-cock E, two external helices N', stuffing gland L³, (to prevent
leakage of oil,) and having the current transposer cylinder T, (which is provided
with suitable cover cc, hole E" for accommodation of electromagnets, wires L',
and hole E to accommodate drain pipe T') fitted to, or made in one with it.
BP is a belt pulley, but any well known and suitable means may be adopted for
power transmission from this motor, which may, if preferable, similarly to all
dynamo electric machines, be used as an electric generator. The current trans-
poser CT, is similar to that shown in Fig. 10, but in Fig. 26 is shown a Mercator's
projection of the transposing rings TR, TR², TR, TR, TR³, which may be
adopted in the case shown in Fig. 25 (or in any other case where preferable); and
in Fig. 26 it will be noted that the said rings, though different in shape from what
has been previously referred to herein, still the same electric effects are ensured,
the bent portions T R acting for bearings for the said rolls in the places 1 and 2
and rings or portions TR in the other two places 3 and 4, as said rolls pass over
spaces between the divisions DDD, CCC, AA A, B B B.
In Fig. 27 is shown a modification of the electromagnets N in Fig. 25, the
helix N (Fig. 27) being wound internally to the armature body E, and externally
on the thrust-block D, thus intensifying the so called magnetic circuit through
said armature body E, and thrust-blocks D and D', with consequent increase
of field intensity.
Fig. 28 gives a part longitudinal sectional elevation of the Citrodynamo with the
electromagnets N mounted on the common boss or centre C and tipped with the
pole-pieces F, the electric current being supplied to the helices of the said electro-
magnets by means of the rolling contacts L', rolling in pairs, each pair being
insulated from one another, and connected by wires L to the electric source or
sources (as the case may be,) and in this case the said armature body E will have
a suitable oblate-spheroidal form, to suit the paths of the said pole-pieces F.
Fig. 29 shows another method of supplying the electric current to the electro-
magnets N, (Fig. 28) L³ (Fig. 29) being the suitable metal contacts, and B' the
insulations embedded in the shoulders B, B', of the shaft A, and in the thrust-
blocks D, D³, conveniently near the rolling contacts M, N, and it will be noted
that this method of making electric connections may be adapted in any of the other
cases, herein referred to, or any other case, where convenient.
Fig. 30 shows in part another method of arranging the electromagnets shown in
Fig. 28, two being radial, and four tangental, (Fig. 30) passing their magnetic
currents in suitable directions as is well known to the art, through four pole-
pieces F.
Fig. 31 represents the Citrodynamo adapted to be driven, or to drive from, any
suitable part or parts of the peripheries, thus requiring no belt pulley or special
driving provision. The armature E, current transposer cylinder T, current
collector cylinder T', the electromagnets N, pole-pieces F and shaft A each with
their respective appurtenances, are all driving parts respectively to the thrust-
blocks or pillar-blocks D, D', with their respective appartenances in this case
stationary with the bed-plate X; the collector rolls, Y, Y, (which may be

page_text: substituted by brushes similarly as shown in Fig. 7, if preferable), with their
appurtenances, being connected with the electric circuit by means of the wires, L'
and held in fixed relation to the pillow block D which is adjusted longitudinally
by means of the hand wheel T, T, to effect the rolling contacts M', N', also to
effect a start, stop or variation as required independently of the electric manipu-
lations by means of the current transposer CT; and the current transposer
rolls Y, (or said brushes as the case may be,) being operatable on the pillow
block D by means of the hand wheel TT, the said pillow blocks D. D³, being
suitably attached to bed-plate X by means of bolts D) and provided with oil
chambers X, the chains U¹ lifting the oil therefrom, and passing it on through the
helical grooves U in the surface of the shaft A, to lubricate internal bearings; the
internal casing N collecting internal drips, and conducting them out through
the holes E³, to be caught, and drained away by the oil tray or guard N', with its
suitable drain pipe E, and suitably attached to the said bed-plate X. It will be
noticed that the said oil tray or guard N' may be removed, or removed say to the
edge of the said cylinders T, T', if the oil used may not be an electric conductor at
the voltage used in any case to point, and holes E³ in armature body E, may be
plugged up or not made, when a belt or other well known and suitable means of
power transmission may be applied directly to the periphery of the said armature
body E, which may be made in two parts, with a plain or screwed, or other well-
known and suitable joint, and said joint may be retained by the armature pins AP,
and the armature ring A R, retaining the armature coils H, rigidly in their
respective places. It will be noted that, if preferable, the pillow block D' may be
the longitudinally adjustable one.
Although I have shown on my drawings, by way of example, convenient methods
of carrying out my invention in practice, I do not limit myself to the exact arrange-
ment or arrangements of parts thereon shown, as the arrangements may be
manifestly slightly altered, as is evidently compatible with the versatility of the
invention, to suit different requirements; and although I have only shown the
improved dynamo electric machine or Citrodynamo, as adapted to street cars or
rail road coaches, marine and air ships and general craft, a fish torpedo, a line-of-
battle ship, general electric g ion, and as a general electric motor, it is to be
understood that it may be used efficiently and advantageously for all purposes to
which dynamo electric machines in general may be applied or are suitable.
Any one or more of the parts of the improved apparatus, or Citrodynamo or the
modifications thereof, may be multiplied, as is also manifestly compatible with the
versatility of the invention, to suit different requirements.
My improved dynamo electric machine, or Citrodynamo, has the following
advantages, viz. :-That it admits of pronounced versatility, by slight variations in
the form and arrangement of the elements of the invention; permits of thorough
balance of moving parts, by symetrical construction, without necessarily having
balance weights or parts; permits of an increase or decrease of relative angular
velocities between driven and driving parts, and between forward and reverse
actions, if in any case desirable, as for instance to return energy into the general
circuit, when a locomotive or car, etcetera, may be descending a grade, without the
intervention of any gearing, or belting, other than the rolling or cogged rolling
(as the case may be,) contacts, faces, or surfaces, thus affording all the advau-
tages, (well known, as far as yet attained, by the art,) of a direct drive, with a
possible gearing up or gearing down effect or effects, within suitable limits of
ratios of angular velocities; renders it unnecessary, if preferable, to interfere
with the electrical action or actions, when a stop or start may be desired, by
having mechanical manipulationary means and devices, independent of all electrical
functions; makes the utilisation of either alternating or continuous electric
current or currents, from or by the same machine or Citrodynamo, quite optional,
by the use or disuse of the current transposer; that it reduces to a minimum, the
likelihood of obstruction, occasioned by breakage or loosening of parts, when in
motion, or by a breakage or disablement of moving parts, by external obstruction

page_text: 66
"
$6
(as for instance floating material in harbours or at sea,) by the oscillatory-
reciprocative, or revolutionary-oscillatory-reciprocative, (as the case may be)
motion, being changed into a revolutionary, or non-revolutionary slipping action
(according to the nature and conditions of the obstruction,) without interfering
with the action of the shaft or axle, or the shafts or axles, or the actuating electric
current or currents as long as obstruction may continue; that it reduces to a
minimum those losses in dynamo electric machines commonly ascribed as due to
what are known as "Foucault' 66
'eddy" "local," or parasitical" or extra
currents, changes of polarity' ΟΙ changes of polarities and "magnetic
leakages" but not necessarily alternating the direction or directions of the so
called "
'magnetic lines" of force, in their circuit or circuite, or part or parts
thereof, and by having the armature, or armature and attached parts enclosing, or
heing the boundary of all the magnetic, or electromagnetic parts; that it cheapens
manufacture and facilitates repairs, by simplicity of construction, especially of the
armature with its coil or coils; that it minimises detrimental effects on the
mechanical durability caused by jolts and jars, unavoidable in present systems and
general conditions of direct driving of shafts, axles, et-cetera, by the light-weight
construction, and by so designing, as hereinbefore set forth, that any necessarily
heavy part or parts may be the rigidly fixed part or parts, and by having rolling
contacts, (constantly bathed in or supplied with cool lubricant, if desirable,) to
constitute all bearings under strain, and by suitable bound, covered and encased,
simple armature coil or coils; that it permits of exposure to wet atmospheres, or
of being immersed in water, or other electric conducting fluids, as the coil or coils,
or helix or helices, are suitably insulated, covered or encased, in a proof and tight
manner; that it permits of exposure to dust, and renders obstruction to normal
action from without, practically impossible, by so designing that all the moving
parts, as hereinbefore set forth, may be contained by the armature, the current
transposer cylinder, the current collector cylinder, and cover or covers; that cool
air and lubricant may be constantly supplied, while in action, in a spray or shower,
by having the moving parts enclosed in a suitable oil proof and tight casing, or
holder, with suitable holes, pipes, or passages, for ingress and egress of air and oil,
when the machine, or Citrodynamo, is designed to work in air that it permits of
easy and simple utilisation of my "Citropeller" invention covered under my prior
Patent No. 12361 dated 7th Aug. 1890 by adding the necessary electrical parts;
that it renders the pole-piece blade or blades, or magnet or electromagnet blade or
blades, comparatively free from interruptions or injury from missiles or floating
bodies or objects in water or air, as well as other advantages well known to the art,
such as fewer disturbing water or air currents over the discs of the blades, when
the Citrodynamo is situated in the dead wood, or any other exposed part or parts of
any sailing or floating vessel or body, by the blades being encircled by the
armature; or avoiding most known disadvantages in stern or similarly exposed
systems of marine, lake, river or canal, ship propulsion, by the Citrodynamo being
attached at mid-ship bottom; that it affords an even or steady electric current, or
steady or regular action, (as the case may be) when a vessel, or any other floating
or sailing body, may be pitching in a storm, with Citrodynamo at stern, or other
exposed part or parts, (in aquatic service especially,) by having the solenoid or
solenoids, to impart a longitudinal motion to the shaft or shafts, or axle or axles,
(as the case may be) thereby regulating the pressure on the rolling contacts to
suit the relative heavings of the vessel or body, or the variations in the load, as
the case may be, or by utilising the variations of the so called thrust in aquatic
or air service, to automatically vary the supply of energy, as may best suit any
case in point; that it affords a valuable and servicable utilisation of a Citrodynamo
or Citrodynamos, to act simultaneously as propulsionary device or devices and
dynamo electric machine or machines, at any convenient and suitable external part
or parts of any sailing or floating vessel or body, by causing the propelling
blades or floats to act in water or air, simultaneously with any magnetic or
electric functions, thus combining mechanical and magnetic or electric effects; that

page_text: it permits of a valuable saving of space aboard a sailing or floating vessel or
body, by merely having the necessary wires or cables for the transmission of energy
from some suitable and convenient source or sources, (which evidently may be a
Citrodynamo or Citrodynamos, either externally or internally placed in relation to
the said floating or sailing vessel or body, and acting in reciprocity, or otherwise,
as the case may be,) to the Citrodynamo or Citrodynamos, in lieu of the large and
expensive shafting necessary under systems of aquatic and air propulsion now
generally in vogue, or known to the art; that it renders a direct drive from the
armature practicable, without the intervention of a belt pulley, or other device or
devices generally known to the art, by placing the belt, or engaging any other
well known and suitable device or devices, for driving purposes, directly on the
armature, or on some part or parts rigidly attached to or made in one with said
armature; that it renders general regulation and manipulation simple, instantaneous
and economical, by any of several possible manipulators, whether at close quarters
or distanced as may be convenient, without stopping or necessarily varying the
revolutionary motion of the driven or driving shaft or shafts, or axle or axles, or
interfering with any switch or switches, by applying solenoid or solenoids, with or
without suitable and well known appurtenances, and connections, or by operating
the current transposer, or by longitudinal movement of the Citrodynamo, or some
suitable part or parts thereof, as for instance the shaft or axle, thus avoiding
wasteful heat, and resistance coils, as well as saving valuable time in case of
emergencies; and moreover, provides a dynamo electric machine, or Citrodynamo,
which may be regulated, or manipulated, or have the magnetic circuits induced,
regulated, or varied, by any of several of the suitable means and devices well
known to the art for such purposes, if preferable, desirable, or suitable.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
I claim is
1. A dynamo electric machine having a main rotating shaft or axle arranged in
a straight line and made with a bent, cranked, or eccentric portion or part (A³)
said bent, cranked, or eccentric portion or part being at an angle of inclination less
than a right angle, and carrying the pole-piece or pieces the magnet or magnets, or
the armature or armatures of the machine or Citrodynamo, substantially as herein-
before described, with reference to the drawings.
2. In dynamo electric machines the combination with a main rotating shaft or axle
arranged in a straight line and having a bent, cranked, or eccentric portion, of a boss
or centre fitted on the bent, eccentric, or cranked portion of said shaft or axle, and
of a pole-piece or pieces fitted to or made one with said boss, substantially as
herein before described with reference to the drawings.
3. In dynamo electric machines the combination with a main rotating shaft or
axle arranged in a straight line and having a bent, cranked or eccentric part, of a
boss or centre fitted on said bent, cranked or eccentric part, and of a pole-piece
blade or blades fitted to or made one with said boss, substantially as hereinbefore
described, with reference to the drawings.
4. In dynamo electric machines the combination with a bent, cranked or
eccentric shaft or axle, of a boss or centre fitted on the bent, cranked, or eccentric
part of said shaft or axle, and of a pole-piece, with a hollow semisphere, having
external blades thereon, substantially as herein before described, with reference to
the drawings.
5. In dynamo electric machines, the combination with a main rotating bent,
cranked or eccentric shaft or axle, of one or more lobe-sided shoulders, made in one
with, or fitted to, said shaft or axle, substantially as and for the purpose herein-
before set forth.
6. In dynamo electric machines, the combination with a bent, cranked or
eccentric shaft or axle, of a boss or centre fitted on said shaft or axle, a pole-piece,

page_text: made in one with, or fitted to, said boss, and of thrust blocks, with contact or
bearing faces M', N', on which said hoss rolls, substantially as hereinbefore set
forth.
7. The combination with the bent, cranked, or eccentric shaft or axle A,
of the boss C, pole-piece F, thrust-blocks D, D³, magnets N, and enclosing
armature E, substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the
drawings.
8. The combination with the armature body E, of the cylindrical extension T,
carrying the current transposer C, T, substantially as hereinbefore described, with
reference to the drawings.
9. In a dynamo electric machine, a current transposer C, T, constructed and
operating, substantially as herein before described with reference to the drawings.
10. The combination with the shaft or axle, A, of a spider complete with brushes
and springs, fitted on said shaft or axle, current transposing rings, against which
Baid spider-brushes bear, and a device for manipulating one or more of said rings,
substantially as hereinbefore set forth.
11. In dynamo electric machines, the combination with a main rotating bent,
cranked or eccentric shaft or axle, of a thrust block or blocks, fitted on said shaft
or axle, and devices for moving the armature and thrust block or blocks longi-
tudinally, substantially as hereinbefore described and shown on the drawings.
12. The combination with the shaft A, of a thrust block surrounding said shaft,
and capable of being moved thereon by the "thrust" of propulsion, and of devices,
connected to said movable thrust block, for regulating the source or sources of
power, substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the drawings.
13. The combination with the shaft A, of an extended thrust-block, surrounding
said shaft, and a piston G³, (Fig. 17), made in one with, or secured to, the thrust-
block, said piston being enclosed in a cylinder containing fluid pressure, substantially
as and for the purpose hereinbefore set forth.
14. In dynamo electric machines, the combination with a bent, cranked or
eccentric shaft or axle, of an enclosing armature, made in two or more parts, and
carried on said axle, and of a device for drawing the parts of said armature together,
or for thrusting them apart, substantially as hereinbefore described with reference
to the drawings.
15. The combination with a main rotating bent, cranked or eccentric shaft or
axle, of a current transposer, fitted on said shaft or axle, and a solenoid, for
moving the shaft or axle longitudinally, substantially as hereinbefore described,
with reference to the drawings.
16. The combination with the bent, cranked or eccentric shaft or axle, of a
current transposer, fitted on said shaft or axle, and a steam or other fluid pressure
cylinder, for moving said shaft or axle longitudinally, substantially as hereinbefore
described, with reference to the drawings.
17. The combination with the bent, cranked or eccentric shaft or axle, of a boss,
fitted on the extremity of said shaft, a hollow semisphere, fitted to, or made in one
with, said boss, and propelling blades, fitted to, or made in one with, said semisphere,
substantially as hereinbefore described, with reference to the drawings.
18. The combination with the pole-piece F, and enclosing armature with coils H,
of additional coils H, H, fitted to said pole-piece, substantially as hereinbefore
described with reference to the drawings.
19. The combination with the bent, cranked or eccentric shaft or axle A, of a
boss (C), fitted thereto, one or more magnets (N³), fitted to said boss, and one or
more pole-pieces (F), surmounting said magnets, substantially as hereinbefore
described with reference to the drawings.
20. The combination with the bent, cranked or eccentric shaft or axle A, of a
boss fitted thereon, one or more magnets, fitted to said boss, one or more pole-
pieces, fitted to said magnets, and electrical contacts L', substantially as hereinbefore
described with reference to the drawings.

page_text: 21. The construction, or combination of parts, of the dynamo electric machine, or
"Citrodynamo," substantially as hereinbefore described, with reference to Fig. 1 of
the drawings.
22. The modified construction of "Citrodynamo," as adapted for aquatic service,
substantially as hereinbefore described, with reference to Figs. 10 and 10 of the
drawings.
23. The modified construction of "Citrodynamo," as adapted for aquatic service,
substantially as hereinbefore described, with reference to Fig. 13 of the drawings.
24. The modified construction of "Citrodynamo," as adapted for aquatic service,
substantially as hereinbefore described, with reference to Fig. 16 of the drawings.
25. The modified construction of "Citrodynamo," substantially as hereinbefore
described, with reference to Fig. 22 of the drawings.
26. The modified construction of "Citrodynamo," substantially as hereinbefore
described with reference to Fig. 25 of the drawings.
27. The modified construction of "Citrodynamo," substantially as hereinbefore
described, with reference to Fig. 31 of the drawings.
Dated this 5th day of July 1892
H. D. FITZPATRICK,
* 70, Wellington Street, Glasgow, Agent.