IMPROVEMENTS IN PARTS OF LOCOMOTIVE ENGINES AND CARRIAGES FOR RAILWAYS AND TRAMWAYS
Year: 1873

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to George Spencer, Civil Engineer, of 77, Cannon
Street, London, and Walter Mackersie Smith, Engineer, of
Henniker Cottage, Chandos Road, Stratford, Essex, for the In.
vention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN PARTS OF LOCOMOTIVE ENGINES AND
CARRIAGES FOR RAILWAYS AND TRAMWAYS."
Sealed the 6th June 1873, and dated the 20th March 1873.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said George Spencer and
Walter Mackersie Smith at the Office of the Commisioners of
Patents, with their Petition, on the 20th March 1873.
WC, GEORGE SPENCER, Civil Engineer, of 77, Cannon Street, London,
and WALTER MACKERSIE SMITH, Engineer, of Henniker Cottage,
Chandos Road, Stratford, Essex, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN PARTS OF LOCOMOTIVE ENGINES AND
CARRIAGES FOR RAILWAYS AND TRAMWAYS," to be as follows:-
-

page_text: in such engines. To accomplish this we connect the bogie axle nearest
to the ordinary driving wheel axle, by cranking such axles in or near
the centre, and connecting them by two connecting rods.
Where more than one pair of bogie wheels are used in the bogio
truck we connect the wheels by connecting rods. The engine may
have a bogie truck at one end only; or it may have a bogie truck
at each end coupled in the manner described, by which means all the
weight on the engine is used for driving.
For driving the engine a pair of cylinders may be used in the usual
manner fixed to the engine frame, or a pair at each end connected
with tho ordinary driving wheels by piston, connecting, and coupling
rods; or the steam cylinders may be placed on the bogie trucks, in
either case the cylinders instead of being single may be duplicated,
so that high-pressure steam may be used in one and afterwards expand
into the other, both pistons being on the same piston rod, or they can
be used together with the same pressure of steam, by which means
a smaller diameter of cylinder may be used.
The bogies may be provided with shifting centres to give lateral
play to the bogie truck, such for example as shown in William Adams's
Patent, No. 404, dated 13th February 1865, or Levi Bissell's Patents,
No. 1273, dated 5th May 1857, and No. 2751, dated 1st December 1858,
and similar contrivances, and may have india-rubber centre pads, as
described in William Adams's Patent, No. 404, dated 13th February
1865, by this means all strain is taken off the engine frame, and the
bogies have lateral and circular motion on the curves.
In cases where we dispense with the ordinary driving wheels and
use only the bogie drivers, one cranked shaft or axle, or in case of the
fire-box being in the way, two cranked axles, which being connected as
before described by coupling rods to the nearest cranked bogie axle, and
being driven by the power the same result is obtained, viz., all the
wheels are drivers; the advantage of this plan is that no lateral motion
is required in the bogie pin; or the methods described above for con-
necting, by cranks and connecting rods, the bogie wheels with the
ordinary driving wheels may be used with bogic engines with fixed
bogie pins.
On the plans described above all the wheels will be of the same
diameter hut where it is desired to use whools of diffamant diomotomo

page_text: the bogie axles may be connected to the ordinary axles by friction
wheels, spur gearing, wire and other suitable bands, pitch chains, or by
excentrics.
In some cases we prefer to connect the tender with the ordinary
driving wheels, and to have a separate bogio truck in front, connected
or not with the other wheels; in this latter case all the wheels except
those on the front bogie truck are drivers, and are connected by either
of the methods before described. The tender may be supported by a
bogie truck or trucks connected to the ordinary drivers.
In some cases we combine a passenger carriage with the above-
described engines.
2ndly. An improved form of bearing spring, which is shown in the
Drawings 1 and 2, Figs. 1, 2, and 3; by this plan a very safe spring
can be made, not so liable to fracture as springs made from laminated
steel plates; a, a¹, are levers fixed at one end to the under frame, and
resting on the axle box; b, b¹, are springs of india-rubber, volute or
helical springs of steel, or such combined with a core of wool or india-
rubber, such as are well known in present use.
3rdly. A method of arranging the draw and buffer springs between
engine and tender, which consists in placing a casting containing a
spring or springs, which may be of india-rubber, or steel, or other
suitable materials combined therewith in the centre of the tender
buffer beam, or the springs may be used without the casting, the
draw rod to pass through the centre of the buffer beam, and be con-
tinued to the back of the tender, by which means the weight of the
train will be removed from the tender to the engine, the tender draw
rod to be fitted with a draw spring to take the weight of the tender
only; this will be clear from Fig. 4, Drawing No. 3.
4thly. An improved form of axle journal for engines, carriages, or
trucks. Instead of making the axle journal parallel or a hollow double
cone, as now used, we make the centre of the journal of a larger
diameter than the ends, by which means the centre having a greater
velocity of motion than the ends of the journal, wears away the bearing
sooner at the centre and keeps the axle box steady, and also draws
the oil or lubricating material towards the centres of the journal instead
of throwing it off to the sides, as now; shoulders in the journal may
also be dispensed with.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said George Spencer and Walter Mackersie Smith
in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 19th September 1873.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, wc, GEORGE
SPENCER, Civil Engineer, of 77, Cannon Street, London, and WALTER
MACKERSIE SMITH, Engineer, of Henniker Cottage, Chandos Road,
Stratford, Essex, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twentieth day of March, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-three, in the
thirty-sixth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto us, the said George Spencer and Walter Mackersie
Smith, Her special licence that we, the said George Spencer and Walter
Mackersie Smith, executors, administrators, and assigns, or such
others as we, the said George Spencer and Walter Mackersie Smith,
our executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter-
during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN PARTS OF LOCOMOTIVE ENGINES AND CARRIAGES FOR RAILWAYS
AND TRAMWAYS," upon the condition (amongst others) that we, the said
George Spencer and Walter Mackersie Smith, our executors or admini-
strators, by an instrument in writing under our, or their, or one of their
hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of
the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed,
and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within
six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said George Spencer and Walter
Mackersie Smith, do hereby declare the nature of our said Invention,
and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following statement :-
Our improvements consist of,-
-
1st. In methods of causing all the wheels in the bogie trucks of bogie;

page_text: engines. To accomplish this, we connect the bogie axle nearest to the
ordinary driving wheel axle, by cranking such axles in or near the
centre, and connecting them by two connecting rods.
In the accompanying Drawings Fig. 1 shows a side elevation of an
engine with a bogie at each end; Fig. 2 shows a plan of the same.
The letters B in the Drawing are bogie wheels; D are fixed driving
wheels; C is the centre of the bogic trucks which are provided with
sliding blocks on William Adams's plan, in his Patent referred to below.
The two fixed driving wheels D are connected by coupling rods C³, the
cranks on the opposite side of the engine are placed at right angles in
the usual manner. The bogie wheels B, B, are connected by coupling
rods C; the cranks on the opposite side of the bogie are placed at right
angles in the usual manner.
The object of the Invention is to connect the axles d with the axle b
at or near the centre, by the use of cranks and connecting rods as shown
in the Drawings. A shows the centre connecting rods; a shows the side
or auxiliary connecting rods placed at right angles as shown; if preferred
two of these auxiliary connecting rods may be used, one at each side of
the centre rod A; if two auxiliary rods are used the cranks may be
placed so as to divide the circle of motion into three; if one auxiliary rod
only be used with the centre rod A the cranks will be placed at right
angles.
In going round a curve the rod A has no tendency to change its
length, while the auxiliary rods a will have to allow for lengthening or
shortening, as they may be placed inside or outside of the curve; one mode
of doing this is shown in Fig. 3; a is the auxiliary connecting rod, the
bearing of which shifts to allow the motion; the chief use of the auxiliary
rod a is to insure the cranks passing the centres.
Fig. 4 shows another method of accomplishing the same object in
which d is the fixed driving axle, and 6 is the bogie axle with cranks
placed at right angles; A' are two connecting rods one on each side of
the centre line of the engine, this Fig. as drawn shows the method by
which the axles radiate on curves.
Where more than one pair of bogie wheels are used in the bogie truck,
we connect the wheels by connecting or coupling rods. The engine.
may have a bogic truck at one end only; or it may have a bogie truck.

page_text: at each end coupled in the manner described, by which means all the
weight on the engine is used for driving.
For driving the engine a pair of cylinders may be used in the usual
manner fixed to the engine frame, or a pair at each end, see Fig. 6,
connected with the ordinary driving wheels by piston connecting and
coupling rods, or the steam cylinders may be placed on the bogie truck;
in either case the cylinders instead of being single may be duplicated so
that high pressure steam may be used in one and afterwards expand into
the other, both pistons being on the same piston rod, or they can be used
together with the same pressure of steam by which means a smaller
diameter of cylinder may be used.
The bogie may be provided with shifting centres to give lateral play to
the bogie truck, such for example as shown in William Adams's Patent
No. 404, dated 13th February 1865, or Levi Bissell's Patents No. 1273,
dated 5th May 1857, and No. 2751, dated 1st December 1858, and
similar contrivances, and may have india-rubber centre pads, as described
in William Adams's Patent No. 404, dated 13th February 1865; by this
means all strain is taken off the engine frame, and the bogies have
lateral and circular motion on the curves.
In cases where we dispense with the ordinary fixed driving wheels and
use only the bogie drivers, one cranked shaft or axle, or in case of the
fire-box being in the way, two cranked axles, which being connected as
before described by coupling rods to the nearest cranked bogie axle, and
being driven by the power the same result is obtained, viz., all the
wheels are drivers. The advantage of this plan is that no lateral motion
is required in the bogie pin. Or the methods described above for con-
necting by cranks and connecting rods the bogie wheels with the
ordinary driving wheels may be used with bogie engines with fixed
bogie pins.
On the plans described above all the wheels will be of the same
diameter, but where it is desired to use wheels of different diameters,
the bogie axles may be connected to the ordinary axles by friction
wheels, spur gearing, wire and other suitable bands, pitch chains, or by
eccentrics.
In some cases we prefer to connect the tender with the ordinary
driving wheels and to have a separate bogie truck in fron connected, or

page_text: not, with the other wheels, see Fig. 5; in this latter case all the wheels
except those on the front bogie truck are drivers and are connected by
either of the methods before described; the tender may be supported by
a bogie truck, or trucks connected to the ordinary drivers.
In some cases we combine a passenger carriage with the above
described engines.
2ndly. An improved form of bearing spring which is shown in the
Drawings, Figs. 7, 8, 9, and 10, in which similar letters denote similar
parts; by this plan a very safe spring can be made not so liable to
fracture as springs made from laminated steel plates; a, a¹, are levers
fixed at one end to the under frame and resting on the axle box; b, b¹,
are springs of india-rubber, volute, or helical springs of steel, or such
combined with a core of wool or india-rubber, such as are well-known in
present use.
Fig. 10 shows a modification which is clear from the Drawing.
3rdly. A method of arranging the draw and buffer springs between
engine and tender, which consists in placing a casting containing a
spring or springs, which may be of india-rubber, or steel, or other
suitable materials combined therewith at or near the centre of the tender
buffer beam, or the springs may be used without the casting, the draw
rod to pass through the centre of the buffer beam and be continued to
the back of the tender, by which means the weight of the train will be
removed from the tender to the engine, the tender draw rod to be fitted
with a draw spring to take the weight of the tender only; this will be
clear from the Drawing.
Fig. 11 shows a plan; Fig. 12 an end elevation, and Fig. 13 a
longitudinal section of this arrangement. E is a portion of the engine;
F is a part of the tender; G are the springs; H is the plunger; I is the
case; J is the draw rod.
Fig. 14 is a plan, and Fig. 15 is a longitudinal section of a modification
of the plan previously described in which the tender is drawn by a
spring; similar parts are denoted by similar letters; K is the draw
spring on tender. A spring may be also placed on the engine in con-
nection with the draw rod if desired.
4thly. An improved form of axle journal for engines, carriages, or
trucks. Instead of making the axle journal parallel or a hollow double

page_text: cone as now used, we make the centre of the journal of a larger
diameter than the ends, by which means the centre having a greater
velocity of motion than the ends of the journal wears away the bearing
sooner at the centre and keeps the axle box steady, and also draws the
oil or lubricating material towards the centres of the journal instead of
throwing it off to the sides as now; shoulders in the journal may also be
dispensed with. This will be clear from the Drawings Figs. 16, 17, 18,
19, and 20, which show different modifications.
In witness whereof, we, the said George Spencer and Walter
Mackersie Smith, have hercunto set our hand and seal, this
Nineteenth day of September, in the year of our Lord 1873.