IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR PREPARING AND SPINNING FIBROUS MATERIALS
Year: 1856

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Yuil Borland, of Manchester, in the County of
Lancaster, Machinist, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY
FOR PREPARING AND SPINNING FIBROUS MATERIALS."
Sealed the 30th September 1856, and dated the 6th August 1856.
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition and Declaration,
on the 6th August 1856, pursuant to the 9th Section of the Patent Law
Amendment Act, 1852.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
YUIL BORLAND, of Manchester, in, the County of Lancaster, Machinist, send
greeting.
WHEREAS I am in possession of an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
MACHINERY FOR PREPARING AND SPINNING FIBROUS MATERIALS," and have
petitioned Her Majesty to grant unto me, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, Her Royal Letters Patent for the same, and have made solemn
declaration that I verily believe myself to be the first and true Inventor thereof.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said John Yuil Borland, do hereby declare
that the following Complete Specification, under my hand and seal, fully
describes the nature of my said Invention, and the manner in which the
same is to be performed (that is to say) :-

page_text: This Invention is applicable to mules and other spinning machines, also to
slubbing and roving frames, and to speeds and other spinning machines in
which drawing and twisting is performed in any form, as cop, ball, or bobbin,
or any other shape, wound in regular layers or with quick crossings.
This Invention consists in a new and novel. construction of a fly and spindle,
shewn full size in Fig. 1 in the annexed Sheet of Drawings, in its application
to a mule to form cops, supplanting the ordinary carriage.
It likewise consists in a new and novel shaper to form cops, shewn in Fig. 1,
at A, and in the adaptation of bell cranks to perform the vibrations of the frame
in which the flies are fixed, shewn, Fig. 2, at B; these parts of the machinery
are shewn full size, Fig. 1, in the Drawings. (The same letters and figures of
-reference-will-be-used-on-the-same-and-corresponding parts in each-Figure
of the Drawings).
It likewise consists in a new application of machinery to perform the
gradual lowering of the frame containing the spindles.
The object of this Invention is to effect and introduce a simpler compound of
mechanism, possessing more utility and advantage in producing yarns than any
machine in existence, being partly a compound of the well-known throstle and
mule, possessing the superiority of water twist machines, and outrivaling
the mule in quality and quantity of production, of curtailing the room, and
being easier and more convenient for the working attendants than mules,
which require a great amount of bodily excitement and exertion in following
up the movements of the carriages. The above considerations has engaged the
attention of intelligent machinists and spinners these twenty years, in which
many attempts have been made; but at the present day no available machine
exists to spin and cross wind cops, so as to outrival either hand or self-acting
mules. Indeed, by the generality of machinists and spinners it is considered
impossible; it has hitherto been beyond the reach of machinery, owing to the
great amount of variable velocity involved in winding up the thread, and
crossing it, as in mule cops, from the small to the large cone of a cop, at the same
time that the spindle is revolving a speed of 6000 per minute, without affecting,
straining, or breaking the thread; no amount of calculation or machinery
could do this; even the approaches to this object were imperfect on the
compound driving principle, or driving and drag principle.
The present construction and composition of machinery solves most com-
pletely the problem of spinning, crossing, and winding simultaneously to any
amount and to any speed without straining, breaking, or injuring the thread,
and makes a beautiful cop; here a principle is employed which is easy, and
completely dissolves and removes all obstacles; heretofore has been employed

page_text: the principle of twisting the thread independant of the spindle, and dragging
or pulling the spindle by means of the thread to cross and effect the winding
on of cops. The bare spindle is about 1200 grains in weight, and the cop from
nothing to 400 grains, when full; this weight revolving at 6000, and lowering
its speed instantly down to 2000, and instantly up to 6000 again, is more than
any thread can sustain on the drag principle, and the principle of compound
speed to drive the twist and spindles is obstructed by the variations of
atmosphere, of oil used on the working parts, by the amount of twist put in
the yarn, by the different kinds of cotton and their mixtures varying in
voluminousness, and by the position the thread itself takes in following tho
motion of the machine, renders all impractible except for strong yarns.
In this new and improved machine I reverse the principle of drag, that is,
I drive the spindles positively and in the usual way of mules or throstles at
an uniform speed, and drag the fly by means of the thread; the fly being made
very light, and the top point of very small diameter, requires almost no power
to move it, and gains no centrifugal force which can obstruct the variations of
winding, and can be driven to any speed which spindles will stand without
affecting in the least the finest yarns, and puts in any amount of twist, either
soft, hard, or doubling it, and subject to no disarrangement from any cause
whatever.
I have thus ascertained and made plain the principle on which this machine
is constructed, and the obstructions which have rendered all former attempts
unavailable, and it now remains for me to show in what manner the same
is performed.
Fig. 2 and 8 shews the adaptation and application of this Invention to a
mule; the framing A, containing the drawing rollers and bobbins are retained,
and the usual carriage with the spindle frame dispensed with; they are sup-
planted by a row of spindles of a peculiar shape not before used, and a row of
fliers not before used for this purpose, shewn in full size at Fig. 1; the spindle,
from its lowest point a up to the middle bolster b, is exactly the same shape as
a common mule spindle, but from 6 to its uppermost point c it is nearly all of
one diameter, being tapered only a small degree to enable the finished cop to
be withdrawn off it, as shewn in the Drawing.
The full size pin cop fly, shewn at Fig. 1, is made of two pieces of small
round wire, joined together at the top end at d, forming the top journal or
bearing, bent downwards parallel with the spindles to the lower bolster at e,
where they are also joined together into one piece, forming the collar or journal;
below this they are bent outwards to admit the top end of the cop betwixt
them; the extremities h¹ are curled like a throstle fly to an eye to admit the

page_text: thread; the bottom collar of the fly at e is bored out to admit the spindle
being entered upwards between the two wires of the fly, as shewn in Fig. 1;
the roving, after being reduced in thickness by the drawing rollers f¹, is passed
through a hole in the top end of the fly d, then once round outside of both
wires e and inside of the under collar, then two times round the angle end of
the fly g', through the purl h' on to the spindle c, b, a, which is revolved by a
warve g¹ and band, as in common mules, putting in the twist; the revolving of
the spindle causes the thread ¹ to pull the fly round with it, which follows as
much behind the spindle as the thread slackens from the rollers in delivering
it through them; at the same time the pinion a of 24 teeth on the bottom
front roller f(drives the shaping motion), which gears into wheel g of forty-five
teeth on same stud;-pinion_h_of_28 teeth drives wheel i of 60 teeth on same
stud; pinion drives wheel b of 84 teeth; on the face-of-this-wheel is
described the shapes P, Fig. 2, to vibrate by means of the small roller m
working on its face, and fastened on the end of the bell crank rod n, turning
on a stud n behind the fly frame, to which it is attached at o; the elevations
and depressions on the face of this shaper forcing the fly frame P¹ up and
down, thereby forming the necessary crossings while the spindle is twisting
and winding; in commencing the cop the lever carrying the small roller m is
forced into the centre of the shaper, which has a quite different curvature,
shewn by dotted lines p, p, p, than at the periphery, to facilitate the formation
of the bottom of the cop, and as the spinning proceeds the roller m is gradually
brought outwards by the descent of the spindle frame, and remains there till
the cop is long enough; the piece marked D, in dotted lines, Fig. 1, performs
this operation by the ascent and descent of the spindle frame.
Fig. 1, PA, shews front side of the shaper; 0, 0, 0, dotted lines, represent
the back side of ditto; P, P, P, the shape and elevation at the navel in dotted
lines qb, qb, is the wheel to which it is attached; the position of shaper and
driving wheels is shewn in Fig. 2, at R; the bell cranks to vibrate the
fly frame is shewn in connection at S', S', Fig. 2. I reserve to myself the
right of altering and modifying the face of this shaper, as the necessity of
the formation of the winding requires; the shape here given will suit the
purpose of cop spinning on mules with crossings.
The spindle frame is gradually lowered by the bell cranks t, t,'t, Fig. 2,
connected by a long rod u to the nut v and screw w, which is caused to revolve
by the wheel w' of 66 teeth which is keyed on it; the oblique shaft y has
a scroll on one end which works in it; on the other end a wheel a¹ of 66
teeth keyed on it is driven by a scroll b¹ on main axle, which speeds the
descent of the spindle frame. The main axle d'is a long tin roller E banded to

page_text: the spindles; the rollers are driven as usual, which are all the motions required
for spinning and winding on this system. The fly frame and spindle frame
slide on round rods e¹¹, secured to the rail F' at the bottom end and to the
roller beam g' at the top end. For strong yarns, where the drag of the fly
is not sufficient to wind tight or produce the necessary tension, a fan will be
attached to the fly, such as is used in the striking work of clocks, shewn
in dotted lines at a, a', Fig. 4.
Another method for spinning fine yarns, which cannot stand the fatigue
of pulling or dragging the fly, I accomplish in the following manner :-
The fly rests and centres on the spindle point, Fig. 5, revolving on the same;
the spindle may stand still or be revolved to any amount, thereby easing and
facilitating the revolutions of the fly to any degree. A tuber or pipe e, f, with
awarve on its lower end 92, driven by a band from first motion drum, slides up
and down on this spindle, twists and receives the spun yarn, shewn at Fig. 5,
which represents a spindle fitted up in this manner.
This Invention may be used very advantageously to twist and coil the
slubbing from cards and from speeds or drawing frames, thereby rendering it
more tenacious and advantageous for distributing the fibres in a longitudinal
direction, and condensing their bulkiness; from the explanations already given
it will be very easy to adapt it to any machine.
In the application of this Invention to spin slubing or roving, the same
kind of fly and spindle as that described in Fig. 1 will answer the purpose well
for soft bobbins, and for hard wound up ones all that is necessary is to add an
air fly, as shewn in Fig. 4, to drag on the air in revolving, as described for
clock work, and similar motions as to those already described for fine spinning
will suit this purpose only, as the yarns are coarser; a larger proportion of tho
working parts must be used with a small modification of the shaper to suit the
requirements of winding up, or likewise to make one side of the fly hollow
with a slit in it to introduce the slub, as in common flies.
In piecing up with this fly the thread may be hooked through it, or a slit or
cut may be made in the bolster and fly to admit the thread; as this fly must
be made very light, I do not confine myself to any particular material, as it is
evident it can be made out of several metals, or glass, or any substance
whatever that is light, and will stand tear and wear, will suit the purpose; but
what I wish to be understood is, that the value of this improvement lies in the
fly being pulled or dragged by the thread, and having no other arrangement to
drive it, and that this makes out a prominent feature in this Invention, and is
new, and is shewn full size, Fig. 1, as it is in the action of spinning on mules;
it can also be made in a tubular form from light substances, but any form or

page_text: any other substances does not alter its dragging principle, which is here shewn
to be its merit in practicability for spinning.
Figs. 6, 7, 8, are different modifications of this fly, which all answer with
more or less advantage in particular cases.
I claim as my Invention,-
First, this light fly, as drawn, constructed, described, applied, used, adopted,
and combined with a spindle, as explained and shewn in Fig. 1, and its
adaptation and particular shape here described for spinning, in conjunction
with a spindle which drags it, and for the before-named purposes.
Second, I claim this method of the spindle dragging the fly solely by means
of the thread for the purposes before explained.
Third, I claim this cop shaper, as explained, drawn, and exhibited in
Fig. 1, for the before-named purposes.
Fourth, I claim this fly in all its modifications, and of whatever substance it
may be made of, in its use, and in conjunction with a spindle dragging it for
the purpose of spinning and twisting or doubling fibrous substances, which
I claim as novel-and-new,-and-not-in-use or used before.
Fifth, I claim the before-described application and adaptation of mechanism
for lowering the spindle frame slowly while spinning and vibrating the fly
frame to perform the crossings in quick succession by the before-described
mechanism.
In witness whereof, I, the said
have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Sixth day of August, in the year of our
JOHN YUIL BORLAND. (L.S.)