IMPROVEMENTS IN DYEING YARNS, THREADS, OR WOVEN FABRICS OF WOOL, SILK, COTTON, LINEN, OR OTHER FIBROUS OR FILAMENTOUS MATERIAL
Year: 1859

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to George Davies, of No. 1, Serle Street, Lincoln's
Inn, in the County of Middlesex, and No. 28, St. Enoch Square, in the
City of Glasgow, Civil Engineer and Patent Agent, for the Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN DYEING YARNS, THREADS, OR WOVEN FABRICS OF WOOL,
SILK, COTTON, LINEN, OR OTHER FIBROUS OR FILAMENTOUS MATERIAL."-A
communication from abroad by François Xavier Hurstel, of Paris,
Wool Comber.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said George Davies at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
25th July 1859.
I, GEORGE DAVIES, of No. 1, Serle Street, Lincoln's Inn, in the County
of Middlesex, and No. 28, St. Enoch Square, in the City of Glasgow, Civil
Engineer and Patent Agent, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN DYEING YARNS, THREADS, OR WOVEN FABRICS
OF WOOL, SILK, COTTON, LINEN, OR OTHER FIBROUS OR FILAMENTOUS MATERIAL,"
(a communication from abroad by François Xavier Hurstel, of Paris, Woo!
Comber,) to be as follows:-
In dyeing yarns, as hitherto practised, the yarns are first wound into skeins;
when these skeins are dyed, it is necessary to re-wind them on to bobbins,

page_text: spools, or tubes preparatory to their being woven, which re-winding occasions
a great expense and loss of time, besides being liable to soil bright colors.
This Invention relates principally to a method of dyeing the fibrous
materials on the bobbins, spools, tubes, or in any other form as they are
delivered direct from the spinning machines; but the process is also applicable
to dyeing fibrous materials in skeins or woven fabrics, and imparts to them a
brilliancy which cannot be obtained by the ordinary process.
In order to dye yarns on the bobbin, it is not sufficient to plunge them in
a bath containing the mordant: or the dye, since it would not penetrate the
interior, but would only affect the outer layers. For this purpose it is
necessary to draw or force the mordant and the dye through the bobbins, in
order that all the threads (even the innermost) may be equally imbued with
the mordant and the dye, so as to give to the bobbiu from the surface to the
core, without stain or cloudiness, a perfectly regular shade of color. This
penetration may be obtained by several methods, which may be divided into
two distinct classes, firstly, penetration obtained by a pressure inferior to or
equal to the pressure of the atmosphere; secondly, penetration effected by a
pressure superior to that of the atmosphere.
It is well known that a vacuum or pressure has been previously applied in
the process of dyeing, but this application has not produced any remarkable
results, because it has not been made under the requisite conditions. For
example, steam has been employed to produce the vacuum necessary for the
penetration of the material.
This process answers very well for the pre-
paration of the material for the mordant, but it is not applicable for preparing
the material for dyeing; the steam, in consequence of its temperature, partially
destroying the effect of the mordant.
In carrying out this Invention, it is proposed to employ mechanical pressure
to effect the necessary penetration of the fibrous material or fabric by the
mordant or dye, and the same means and process may be employed for forcing
through them the water for rinsing, or the solution for extracting the grease
from wool or woollen fabrics previously to dyeing. This may be performed
in a variety of ways; for instance, when proceeding under the first head of
the Invention, the fibrous material or fabric may be placed on the perforated
false bottom of an open vessel to the requiral depth, and covered with a
perforated plate or grating, and (the dye or other liquid being admitted above)
the air is withdrawn from the space between the false and the real bottom of
the vessel by means of a pump, and thus the liquid and air will be drawn
through the material, and effect a thorough penetration, the pump forcing the
liquid into another vessel placed above the former, and provided with a cock.

page_text: Another method is to place the material on a perforated false bottom in a
closed vessel, and to exhaust the air above the material by means of a pump.
The liquid is then admitted from an open vessel through the perforations, and
permeates through the material. On opening a tap and admitting air above,
the liquid re-descends into the open vessel.
When proceeding, under the second head of the Invention, to effect the
desired penetration by a pressure superior to that of the atmosphere, the
material must be placed on a perforated false bottom in a closed vessel, and
the liquid forced upwards through it, which will drive the air in the material
and in the vessel before it, the air escaping by a valve. As soon as all the air
has escaped, and the liquid begins to flow through the valve, the latter is to be
weighted to the required pressure, and the pump kept in action till the valve
lifts. In all these vessels (whether open or closed) there is placed in the
space between the false and real bottoms a coiled pipe, through which steam
is allowed to circulate in order to keep the liquid employed at any required
temperature.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said George Davies in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
25th January 1860.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, GEORGE
DAVIES, of No. 1, Serle Street, Lincoln's Inn, in the County of Middlesex,
and No. 28, St. Enoch Square, in the City of Glasgow, Civil Engineer and
Patent Agent, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-fifth day of July, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine, in the twenty-third year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto
me, the said George Davies, Her special licence that 1], the said George
Davies, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the
said George Davies, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at
any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN DYEING YARNS, THREADS, OR WOVEN FABRICS OF WOOL, SILK,
COTTON, LINEN, OR OTHER FIBROUS OR FILAMENTOUS MATERIAL," being a com-
munication from abroad by François Xavier Hurstel, of Paris; Woo!

page_text: Comber, upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said George
Davies, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my,
or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
I was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal
Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the
date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said George Davies, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement in writing, and on reference to the accompanying Drawings, that is
to say:-
In dyeing yarns, threads, or woven fabrics, as hitherto practised, the yarns
are first wound into skeins; when these skeins are dyed, it is necessary to
re-wind them on to bobbins, spools, or tubes preparatory to their being woven,
which re-winding occasions a great expense and loss of time, besides being
liable to soil bright colors.
This Invention relates principally to a method of dyeing the fibrous
materials on the bobbins, spools, tubes, or in any other form, as they are
delivered direct from the spinning machines; but the process is also appli-
cable to dyeing fibrous materials in skeins or woven fabrics, and imparts to
them a brilliancy which cannot be obtained by the ordinary process.
In order to dye yarns on the bobbin, it is not sufficient to plunge them in a
bath containing the mordant or the dye, since it would not penetrate the
interior, but would only affect the outer layers. For this purpose it is
necessary to draw or force the mordant and the dye through the bobbins, in
order that all the threads (even the innermost) may be equally imbued with
the mordant and the dye, so as to give to the bobbin, from the surface to
the core, without stain or cloudiness, a perfectly regular shade of color. The
means necessary to arrive at this end form the object of the present Invention,
the principle of which is applicable to any system of dyeing. This principle
is as follows: A certain quantity of yarns or threads on bobbins or spools,
or in skeins, or woven fabirc, being given to cause the necessary matters
to penetrate forcibly through the mass so as to bring all the said yarns or
threads to an uniform tint, whatever may be the tint required, or the matter
employed to produce the same.
This penetration may be obtained in several manners, which the Inventor
has divided into two separate and distinct classes, that is to say, firstly,
penetration obtained by a pressure inferior or equal to that of the atmosphere;

page_text: and, secondly, penetration obtained by a pressure superior to that of the
atmosphere. The Inventor is aware that attempts have been already made
to apply a vacuum or pressure to dyeing; but these attempts have not pro-
duced the desired results, because they have not been made under the
necessary conditions. For example, steam has been employed to create the
vacuum necessary for effecting the penetration of the material; but if these
means are admissable for the preparation of filamentous material for the appli-
cation of the mordant, they are not so for the preparation of the same for
dyeing, the steam, on account of its heat, destroying in part the effect of the
mordant.
In order to obviate this defect, the Inventor proposes to produce the
necessary vacuum by mechanical means, by the aid of an apparatus analogous
to that which is employed for the saturation of cops with water. But a result
is obtained superior to that produced by the aid of simple aspiration of the
dyeing matter through the filamentous material, by operating in the
open air,
as will be herein-after explained. By employing mechanical pressure to
produce the penetration of the threads by the mordant or dye, and also by the
particular arrangement of the apparatus, the threads can be dyed on the bobbins,
which is an important and advantageous feature of the Invention, more par-
ticularly so for dyeing wool; and the same means and process may be em-
ployed for forcing through them the water for rinsing or the solution for
extracting the grease from wool or woollen fabrics previously to dyeing.
Such being the nature and object of the said Invention for "Improvements
in Dyeing Yarns, Threads, or Woven Fabrics of Wool, Silk, Cotton, Linen, or
other Fibrous or Filamentous Material, I will proceed to describe the different
methods of obtaining the penetration necessary to produce a regular and even
tint, and I would here observe that it is not intended to restrict the Invention
in any way to the dimensions or proportions of the apparatus indicated in the
annexed Drawings, as these dimensions and proportions will necessarily be
varied according to the quantity of work intended to be performed.
DESCRIPTION.

page_text: copper false bottom C, C, on which the material to be dyed is placed. A lift
and force pump D, D, communicates by its suction pipe E, E, with the lower
part of the vat A, A, and the delivery pipe of the same communicates with
the cistern or reservoir G, G. A tube furnished with a cock allows of the
return of the liquid from the reservoir G, G, into the vat A, A. The piston
of the pump should have metallic packing in order that the hot liquid should
not act injuriously thereon. The coiled steam pipe in the lower part of the
reservoir G, G, is for raising the temperature of the liquid to the required
degree. When the filamentous material which is intended to be dyed is
placed on the false bottom of the vat A, A, it is to be covered with fine copper
wire gauze, and the cock of the reservoir G, G, opened. At the same time
the pump D, D, must be put in action, which causing a vacuum below the
false bottom, exhausts the air contained in the filamentous material, as well as
the liquid which descends from the reservoir G, G. The pump throws the
liquid again into the reservoir G, G, from whence it again descends into the
vat A, A. In a short time the bobbins or other filamentous materials are im-
pregnated with the liquid. The duration of the operation will necessarily vary
according to the material to be operated on, and according to the color desired
to be applied. When the operation is terminated the cock of the reservoir
G, G, is to be closed, and the pump still working will exhaust the liquid from
the bobbins or filamentous material, and at the same time cause the air to
penetrate the same. The operations of mordanting, rinsing, and dyeing are
performed in the same manner in the same apparatus, or in several successive
ones.
It is important that the capacity of the pump should be as large as
convenient, in order that the liquid may acquire a certain velocity in its
passage through the filamentous material. When dyeing bright colors and
"to pattern," the dyer should frequently compare the tint obtained with that
desired, and for this purpose the vat A, A, should be made shallow, and of a
large diameter or surface. The false bottom should have the exact form of
the bobbins, and the holes should only be pierced at the places where the
bobbins are laid. The height of the liquid should be regulated in such
a manner as that at each aspiration of the pump the upper part of the bobbins
should be exposed. It will be readily seen that the employment of such an
apparatus will be exceedingly convenient, both for the superintendence of the
work which is always in view of the operative, and also for the rapidity with
which the four successive operations of rinsing, mordanting, dyeing, and
second rinsing may be carried on, whether performed in the same apparatus
or in separate vessels. The operative can easily regulate the height of the
liquid, and examine the tint as often as he wishes. For certain colors,

page_text: especially for blues, it is necessary to cause air to be passed through the
filamentous material after the dye, and it will be evident that this can be done
with the greatest facility by the use of this apparatus. The desired penetra-
tion may also be obtained by exposing the fibrous material in a receptacle from
which the air has been exhausted.
Figure 2 is a section of the apparatus to be employed for this purpose;
A, A, is a reservoir containing the liquid with which the fibrous or filamentous
material is to be impregnated; B, B, is a coiled copper pipe, heated by steam,
to raise the liquid contained in the reservoir A, A, to the required temperature;
C, C, is a tube of communication between the reservoir A, A, and the vessel
E, E, which communication is opened or closed by means of the cock D;
E, E, is a copper boiler in which the fibrous material is to be placed; F, F, is '
a coiled copper pipe for heating the liquid contained in the vessel or copper E, E;
G, G, is a false bottom of copper pierced with holes, and supporting the fibrous
material; H, H, is a cover of cast iron, fixed air-tight on its seat; I, I, is a
pump for creating a vacuum in the boiler E, E; J, J, is a connecting rod
attached to the piston rod K, and receiving a reciprocating motion by any
suitable means. A barometer for indicating the vacuum, a thermometer for
the temperature, and a manometer for ascertaining the pressure, complete
the apparatus.
When the fibrous material is placed on the false bottom of the copper E, E,
the cover being closed, the pump is put in action. When the gauge or
barometer indicates that the vacuum is sufficiently perfect, the cock D is to be
opened and the liquid (mordant) is precipitated into the boiler E, E, and
thoroughly penetrates the bobbins or filamentous material. When the mor-
danting is completed a small cock or valve in the cover of the boiler must be
opened for the admission of air, and the mordant will descend again into the
reservoir A, A. In order to rinse the fibrous material, the tube C, C, must
communicate with a reservoir containing water, which must then be put in
communication with the boiler E, E, as soon as the pump I has again produced
a vacuum. The water is returned by the same process as the mordant.
When the rinsing is finished the dyeing may be then proceeded with by
admitting the requisite dyeing matter into the boiler E, E, when the vacuum
has been produced. The dye being fixed, the operative then proceeds with a
final rinsing, after which the fibrous material is submitted to the action of a
centrifugal apparatus, which it is not necessary here to describe. The drying
of the same is then completed in a hot-air chamber. In order to simplify
the operations, especially when they are conducted on a large scale, the above-
named processes are carried on in separate apparatuses instead of in one only.

page_text: When hot liquids are introduced into the boiler E, E, the pump I is
worked intermittently, so as to withdraw the vapours which form above the
liquid.
It now remains to describe the apparatus by means of which the penetration
is obtained by pressure superior to that of the atmosphere.
This apparatus is seen in section in Figure 3. A, A, is a copper vat closed
by a cover B, B, which is secured by screw clamps C, C; D, D, is a false
bottom pierced with holes; E, E, is a coiled copper pipe; F, F, is a copper
tube communicating from the valve G to the upper part of the vat A, A;
HI, H, is a space above the valve G; I and J are a lever and weight for
loading the valve G with the pressure required; K is a copper pipe opening
into the space H, and carrying back into the reservoir L, L, the liquid which
passes through the valve G; M, M, is a force punip communicating by means
of its suction tube with the reservoir L, L, and by its delivery pipe with the
lower part of the vat A, A. The reservoir L, I, is furnished with a coiled
copper pipe. When the material to be dyed is placed on the false bottom of
the vat A, A, the force pump M, M, must be put in action; this pump
forces the liquid from the reservoir L, L, into the vat A, A; this liquid in
ascending drives before it the air contained in the vat and in the fibrous
material; this air escapes through the valve G, which till then is but
slightly loaded. It is only when the liquid begins to escape that the valve is
loaded with a pressure equivalent to a certain number of atmospheres. A
pipe furnished with a cock brings back the liquid from the vat A, A, to the
reservoir L, L, when the operation is terminated. The different operations of
mordanting, rinsing, and dyeing are carried on in this apparatus by following
the same process, devoting only to each operation the time which is necessary
to its satisfactory performance, and which varies according to the materials to
be dyed, and according to the color desired. With this apparatus also a
pressure of several atmospheres can be obtained. To attain this it will suffice,
when the liquid has reached its level, to put the upper part of the apparatus in
communication with a boiler containing high-pressure steam, when the
When the bobbins are formed
pressure will be equalized in a few moments.
on paper tubes, in order to preserve the latter during the operation, it is
necessary to introduce small pieces of wood of the form shown at Figures 4
and 5, in order that the liquid may penetrate easily into the interior of the
bobbins. It may sometimes be necessary subsequently to the mordanting or
the rinsing to submit the bobbins to a strong pressure. For this purpose the
apparatus exhibited at Figure 6 may be employed. It is composed of a fixed
piece or bed of copper a, a, which piece or bed has an opening of the form of

page_text: the bobbin to be pressed, but rather shorter than half the bobbin; a small hole
pierced in the lower part will allow the liquid to escape. The upper piece b,
which has a similar opening, is furnished at one end with a handle c, and at
the other with a hinge d, by this hinge it is fastened to the axis e; a copper
pin f, fixed in the bed and passing through the upper piece, guides the latter.
In most cases a sufficient pressure can be exercised by pressing the two parts
together.
When it is desired to dye carded wool, either on bobbins or in skeins, it is
necessary as a preliminary to discharge the grease therefrom. For this
purpose one of the arrangements of apparatus above described must be used,
only in that case the liquid must be a solution of soapy water, or of water to
which a certain quantity of acid or alkali has been added. This apparatus
may be employed with equal advantage for discharging the grease from carded
wool in bobbins or skeins after spinning, or from the same in the raw state.
In effecting the removal of the grease from the wool on the bobbins, the
unwinding and rewinding of the same are dispensed with.
The modifications represented in the following Figures of the Drawing may
be made in the construction of apparatus above described.
Figure 7 represents a longitudinal section of one modification. The boiler
A, A, has in its upper part a short tube B, B, ground level on its upper face,
and rivetted to the boiler A, A, so as to make a perfect joint. On the upper
face of the tube B, B, is a cover C', C', also ground and faced, so that the
contact of their two surfaces prevents all penetration of the external atmo-
sphere. When the material to be dyed is placed on the false bottom C, C,
and the cover C, C', is closed, a vacuum is produced in the boiler A, A, either
by means of a pump D, D, by steam, or by a condenser placed beside the
boiler. The vacuum being established, the operations of mordanting, rinsing,
and dyeing will be effected as above described. It is well to cover the
inaterial to be dyed with a very fine copper gauze, or with a finely perforated
cover. I would remark that the false bottom C, C, may be fluted, as shown
in the Drawing, to embrace the form of the bobbins, or it may be plain if
preferred. It should be fitted in such a manner as to admit no liquid between
it and the side of the boiler A, A.
Figure 8 represents a modification of the apparatus intended to effect the
second method of penetration (see Figure 3).
When the material to be dyed is placed in the boiler A, A, the vacuum is
produced in the said boiler, the material having been previously covered with
a finely perforated plate or wire gauze. In this apparatus the valve G is
dispensed with, and also the pipes F and K, which are replaced by a discharge

page_text: pipe F furnished with a cock G. It is this pipe which returns the liquid from
the boiler to the reservoir L, L. When the vacuum is produced in the boiler
A, A, the pump M, M, forces the liquid, until an indicator or gauge H fixed
on the outside of the boiler A, A, shows the level corresponding to the height
of the discharge pipe F. The cock G is then opened, and the rest of the
operation is performed as previously described. In this instance the false
bottom D, D, is made of very thick copper, perforated at certain distances
with holes, in which are fitted very thin conical copper tubes X, X, finely
perforated. On each of these tubes a bobbin of fibrous material Y, Y, is
placed, and the liquid is pumped through these bobbins by pressure. This
operation is effected either in the manner above described, or by taking off the
cover B, and then operating in the open air.
Figure 9 represents on a larger scale the detail of a copper tube which
receives the bobbin intended to be dyed. The tube is fitted hermetically in
the false bottom, so that the dye can only pass through the perforations.
Other improvements in the dyeing apparatus allow the degree of shade to
be varied by the application of a lift and force pump, which facilitates the
injection above the bobbins without dispensing with the pump which acts
under and in the body of the bobbins, thus retaining the power of effecting the
dyeing operation either by injection above or below, or both simultaneously.
There may also be adapted to this apparatus injection tubes, which extend
throughout the entire length of the bobbins to be dyed, and mechanical means
may be employed to allow of conveniently piercing the paper tube in the
bobbins, in order to facilitate the more direct injection of the bobbin, or to
remove the said tube before the operation of dyeing.
These new modifications are represented in the following Figures of the
Drawing.
Figure 10 is a section of the apparatus in which the process of dyeing is
carried on; Figure 11 is a section of a bobbin to be dyed furnished with its
paper tube and its injection tube; Figure 12 is a plan view of the injection
tube; Figure 13 is an elevation of the apparatus adapted for the piercing of
the paper tubes; Figure 14 is a section of the apparatus; and Figure 15 is
an elevation of the tool employed to pierce the said tubes.
In the particular apparatus, Figure 10, may be recognised the ordinary
apparatus comprising the vat A, A, having at its lower part the division D, D,
in which are not soldered, but screwed, the injection tubes X, X, which
traverse the entire height of the bobbins, at the same time that they also pass
through their respective paper tubes x, x. The injecting tubes are provided
with a base y, y, furnished with three projections, which serve to unscrew the

page_text: said tubes by means of a key. The injecting tube is slightly conical, and
pierced with a certain number of holes on several generating lines of the cone,
observing that these holes should be closer together in the lower part of the
tube, and at the same time of a larger diameter, in order to compensate for
the greater force exerted at the upper part of the tube. In this new arrange-
ment a force pump M, M, lifts the dye liquor from the reservoir L, L, and
forces it through the tubes X, X, and thence through the bobbins; or, instead
of thus forcing the liquor, a lift and force pump N, N, will pour the liquor
into the upper part of the vat A, A, on to the bobbins Y, Y, or again these
two systems may act simultaneously. In this arrangement the cover of the
vat A, A, and the level gauge H, H, may be dispensed with, retaining only
the discharge pipe F, F. In many circumstances, and according to the
nature of the material which composes the bobbin, the paper tube is not
easily removed, and the dyeing operation must then be performed whilst this
paper tube is in the interior of the bobbin, where it would interfere with the
direct injection through the perforated tubes X, X. It therefore becomes
necessary to pierce these paper tubes with holes, which will allow of free com-
munication with the liquid passing through the perforated injecting tubes X, X.
For this purpose a metallic spring a, a, must be introduced into the paper
tube. This spring (the form of which is seen in section in Figure 18) is
fastened to two metallic plates b, b, which are capable of being caused to
approach or recede from each other by a screw c. This small spring apparatus,
terminated above by a joint a', is pierced at that part with a small excentric
hole o.
This apparatus being introduced into the paper tube, and the screw
being operated, forces the spring to separate and cause the tube to assume an
oval form. Into the cavity of the spring is then introduced the tool R (see
Figure 15), formed of a steel rod r, provided with a number of curved teeth
t, t, t, t. This rod r is terminated at the top by an excentric pin v, and is
fastened in a handle V. This tool being introduced into the cavity of the
spring a, and supported by the pin v, engaging in the hole o, on turning the
handle slightly, the curved teeth t, t¹, t", t, are forced into the paper tube,
and thus form a line of holes. On turning the spring a slightly, (say, one.
fourth of a revolution,) and again operating with the tool R, a second row of
holes will be produced. The paper tube will thus be pierced with a greater
or smaller number of holes, giving a free passage to the dyeing liquid. In
cases where the paper tube can be removed, a kuitting needle or other
suitable implement is introduced between the material of the bobbin and the
exterior of the paper tube, the body of the paper tube is compressed slightly,

page_text: and it may then be withdrawn easily with the fingers, and replaced after the
operation of dyeing.
Having now described the nature and object of the said Invention for
improvements in dyeing yarns, threads, or woven fabrics of wool, silk, cotton,
linen, or other fibrous or filamentous material, together with the manner in
which the same may be performed, I would remark in conclusion that I claim
as the Invention communicated to me by the above-mentioned François
Xavier Hurstel,-
Firstly, the dyeing of fibrous or filamentous materials, either in the raw
state or on bobbins, spools, or tubes, or in skeins, or woven fabrics, by causing
a current of the dyeing liquid to pass through the same by means of the
pressure of steam, water, of a suction or force pump, or by the combination
of any two or more of these means, as above described.
And, secondly, the employment of the perforated tubes above described,
either in drawing or forcing the dyeing liquids through the said bobbins, and
also the method of dyeing the said bobbins without removing the paper tubes
therefrom.
And, lastly, the application of the samo process and apparatus for mor-
danting, rinsing, and removing the grease from the fibrous material, as above
fully described and illustrated in the Drawings annexed.
In witness whereof, I, the said George Davies, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twenty-fifth day of January, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty.
GEORGE DAVIES. (Ls.)