IMPROVEMENTS IN CALENDARS OR APPARATUS FOR GLAZING AND FINISHING PAPER AND OTHER FIBROUS MATERIALS
Year: 1878

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Hermann Charles Gros, at present of Hackney, in the
County of Middlesex, Engineer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
CALENDARS OR APPARATUS FOR GLAZING AND FINISHING PAPER AND OTHER
FIBROUS MATERIALS." Partly a communication from abroad by Heinrich
Schlatter, Chief Engineer of the Vereinigte Werkstätten zum Bruderhaus,
Reutlingen, Wurtemberg, in the Empire of Germany.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Hermann Charles Gros at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 23rd October 1878.
"
HERMANN CHARLES GROS, at present of Hackney, in the County of Middlesex,
Engineer. IMPROVEMENTS IN CALENDARS OR APPARATUS FOR GLAZING AND
FINISHING PAPER AND OTHER FIBROUS MATERIALS." Partly a communication from
abroad by Heinrich Schlatter, Chief Engineer of the Vereinigte Werkstätten zum
Bruderhaus, Reutlingen, Wurtemberg, in the Empire of Germany.
This Invention relates to apparatus which are known as "calendars," and are
principally used in the manufacture of paper to give to the same after it has left
the paper machine a smooth shining surface on either one or both sides of the
paper, but which may also be employed for finishing in a similar manner other
materials.
In calendaring paper according to the ordinary system a series of superposed
rollers is employed forming a number of pairs of rollers, which are mounted in
suitable bearings so as to be capable of rotating therein, motion being imparted to
such rollers in any known manner.
The paper to be operated upon is caused to pass through all the pairs of rollers in
succession, and thesurface of the paper is rendered smooth either by pressure, or friction,
One
or both, which the rollers are caused to excercise upon the surface of the paper.
of the rollers of each pair employed is generally made of soft material on its surface,

page_text: whilst the other rollers of the several pairs have a hard polished surface made by a
special process, and are known under the name of hard or "chilled" rollers. While
the paper is passing through the several pairs of rollers, it is desirable_that_one_
surface of such paper should be exposed to the action of a hard or "chilled" roller
with the other side in contact with a soft roller, provided that both sides of
the paper are required to have the same finish. It is evident therefore that the
-finish-obtained-is-proportionate-to-the-number-of-passages-of-the-paper-through-
a pair of hard or "chilled" and soft rollers. It is therefore necessary when highly
finished paper is desired to be made to employ a large number of pairs of rollers,
which under the existing arrangement entails the use of machines of great height,
ponderous, and very costly, which inconveniences it is the object of this Invention
to remedy.
In carrying out the Invention in order to effect this object one roller is used
(which I designate the central roller), made of considerable diameter, and around
which the other rollers are placed having bearings at both ends arranged radially
to the centre of the central roller, and so that the outer rollers are capable of
receiving a positive motion or yielding in a path towards and from the centre of
the central roller. The bearings of these rollers are secured to the main frame of
the machine in which the central roller has its bearings in such a manner that they
are capable of being shifted around the centre of revolution of the central roller on
either side, so that the axis of the circumferential rollers can always be placed
exactly parallel to the axis of the central roller, and the whole is so arranged that
the number of circumferential rollers placed around the central roller may either be
decreased or increased as required. It will be readily seen that by these means
one and the same machine can be used for giving more or less finish to the paper,
the machine itself being comparatively of a much cheaper and compacter nature
than those heretofore employed. It is preferred to make the surface of the central
roller of soft material whilst the circumferential rollers are made with a hard
surface, but the circumferential material of the rollers may be otherwise arranged
if found desirable.
The central roller receives motion from some ordinary power or device, and from
this central roller motion may be transmitted to the circumferential rollers by
means of suitable gearing. But I prefer to use belting carried over an expansion
pulley which is fixed to the shaft of the central roller, and passes direct over the
circumferential rollers either on one end of the same only, or on both ends of the
rollers if desired. More or less speed can thereby be imparted to the circum-
ferential rollers relatively to the speed of the central roller, and I am enabled by
this means to cause the circumferential rollers to exercise a friction upon the
material passing around the central roller. But if it is found desirable to dispense
with the expansion pulley on the central roller, I may employ an ordinary pulley
at each end of the central roller and arranged the part or diameter of the
circumferential rollers over which the belt passes in such a manner, with reference
to the diameter of the pulley on the central roller that the circunferential speed of
the central roller is less than that of the circumferential rollers. In this case I use
one or more special tension pulleys by which the belt may be tightened or slackened
as it may be desired. By placing a rope around the circumferential rollers which rope
is fixed to the frame at one end, and is wound upon a drum specially provided on
the frame, the winding up being effected either by hand or by means of levers and
weights, the circumferential rollers may be pressed against the central roller in a
radial direction so as to exercise a pressure upon the material to be finished, or I
may so arrange the parts that some of the circumferential rollers will act upon the
material to be finished by friction and some by pressure. I do not confine myself
to any special arrangements for obtaining the last-mentioned results, although I
have described the means by which I obtain them as being the best and most
suitable with which I am acquainted for transmitting motion to and operating upon
the circumferential rollers.
When it is required to operate upon both sides of the paper the web may either

page_text: be passed again through the machine after it has been operated upon on one side
for the other side to be glazed and finished, or an additional apparatus, the duplicate
of that herein-before described, may be employed, the web acted upon on one side in
one apparatus being conducted as it leaves the said apparatus into the other
apparatus to be operated upon on the other side.
When this arrangement is adopted the central rollers of the two apparatus may
be geared together either being driven from any suitable motor, and the circum-
ferential rollers of each apparatus may be driven by a strap or straps from a pulley
or pulleys carried upon the central pulley of the other apparatus.
The circumferential rollers or some of them may also be caused to operate by
friction, or to operate by pressure, by an arrangement such as that herein-before
described with reference to the single-acting apparatus for operating on one side.
When it is required to glaze and finish other fibrous materials similar apparatus
are employed, such modifications, in the details only, being made as the particular
material to be operated upon renders necessary.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said Hermann Charles Gros in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
22nd April 1879.
HERMANN CHARLES GROS, at present of Hackney, in the County of Middlesex,
Engineer, "IMPROVEMENTS IN CALENDARS OR APPARATUS FOR GLAZING AND
FINISHING PAPER AND OTHER FIBROUS MATERIALS." Partly a communication from
abroad by Heinrich Schlatter, Chief Engineer of the Vereinigte Werkstätten zum
Bruderhaus, Reutlingen, Wurtemberg, in the Empire of Germany.
ff
The said Invention relates to apparatus which are known as calendars," and are
principally used in the manufacture of paper to give to the same after it has left
the paper machine a smooth shining surface on either one or both sides of the paper,
but which apparatus may also be employed for finishing in a similar manner other
materials.
In calendaring paper according to the ordinary system, the apparatus employed
consists of a series of superposed rollers forming a number of pairs of rollers, which
are mounted in suitable bearings so as to be capable of rotating therein, motion
being imparted to such rollers in any known manner.
The paper to be operated upon is caused to pass through all the pairs of rollers
in succession, and the surface of the paper is rendered smooth either by pressure, or
friction, or both, which the rollers are caused to exercise upon the surface of the
paper. One of the rollers of each pair employed is generally made of soft material
on its surface, whilst the other rollers of the several pairs have a hard polished
surface, made by a special process, and are known under the name of "hard
"
"
or
chilled" rollers, While the paper is passing through the several pairs of rollers, it is

page_text: desirable that one surface of such paper should be as often as the other exposed to
the action of a hard or "chilled" roller, with the other side in contact with a soft
roller, provided that both sides.of_the_paper-are-required-to-have-the-same-finish-
It is evident therefore that the finish obtained is proportionate to the number of
passages of the paper through a pair of "hard" or "chilled" and soft rollers.
It is therefore necessary when it is desired to produce highly-finished paper to
-employ-a-large-number-of-pairs of rollers, and this under the existing arrangement
entails the use of machines of great height, ponderous and very costly, the remedying
-of-which inconveniences forms an important object of this Invention.
In order to effect this object according to the said Invention, and at the same
time obtain other advantages, the apparatus is constructed in the manner herein-
after described, reference being had to the several Figures on the accompanying two
Sheets of Drawings, the same letters on which indicate corresponding parts in all
the Figures.
Figure 1, Sheet 1 of the accompanying Drawings, represents an end sectional
elevation of a calendar constructed according to the said Invention.
Figure 2 is a front sectional elevation of the same, corresponding to Figure 1.
Figure 3 is a sectional detail, illustrating a modification of the method of trans-
mitting motion from the central to the circumferential rollers herein-after
described.
Figures 4 and 5 on Sheet 2 represent respectively end and front sectional eleva-
tions of a calendar constructed according to the said Invention, and so arranged as
to admit of both sides of the paper or other material being operated upon by a
single passage through the apparatus.
In carrying out the said Invention a roller C is used (which I designate the central
roller), made of considerable diameter, and supported in pluminer blocks A, A,, on
the standards B, B₁, and around this roller are placed the other rollers D, D₁, D., D3,
D, (herein-after designated circumferential rollers having plummer blocks E, E₁,
E, E, E, at both ends, those only of one end being shown in Figures 1 and 2,
Sheet 1, as those of the other end are of exactly similar construction.
The plummer blocks E, E,, E, E, E₁, are arranged radially to the centre of the
central roller, and so that the circumferential rollers are capable of receiving a
positive motion, or yielding in a path towards and from the centre of the central
⚫roller.
2
When a positive motion towards and from the centre of the said central roller C
is to be imparted to the circumferential rollers D, D₁, D., D, D, screw bolts d, d
da, de, d, are employed, which at one end are connected with the bearings F, F; F
F, F, in which the circumferential rollers revolve, and at their other end extend
through the upper part of the radial plummer blocks E, E₁, E, E, E₁, and are
provided with hand wheels c, c₁, C₂, C, C₁, serving as screw nuts, and by the act of
turning which the screw bolts , d₁, de, d, d, and with them the bearings F, F,, F.,
F, F, are forced to or from the centre of the central roller.
It is also preferred to allow a small amount of play to the pivots of the circum-
ferential rollers in their bearings, so as to admit of the said rollers being pressed
radially against the central roller in the manner herein-after described.
The plummer blocks E, E₁, E., E., E., are secured to the main plummer block A, A₁,
of the central roller by means of bolts b engaging in annular grooves c in such a
manner that the said pluminer blocks are capable (by simply loosening the nuts of
the bolts) of being shifted around the centre of revolution of the central roller on
either side, so that the axis of the circumferential rollers can always be placed
exactly parallel to the axis of the central roller, and the whole is so arranged that
the number of circumferential rollers placed around the central roller C may be
either increased or reduced as required.
It will be readily seen that by these means one and the same machine can be
used for giving more or less finish to the paper by simply taking off or adding. to
the machine a greater or less number of circumferential rollers, the machine itself
being of a much cheaper and compacter nature than those. heretofore employed. -- It

page_text: is preferred to make the surface of the central roller of soft material, whilst the
circumferential rollers are made with a hard surface, but the circumferential material
of the rollers may be otherwise arranged if found desirable.
The central roller C receives motion from some ordinary power or device, such for
example as that indicated at C in Figure 2, Sheet 1, and from this central roller
motion may be transmitted by means of suitable gearing so as to cause the circum-
ferential speed of the central roller to be less than that of the circumferential
rollers, by which means the circumferential rollers will be caused to exercise upon
the material passing around the central roller more or less friction, according to the
amount of difference which exists between the circumferential speed of the central
roller and that of the circumferential rollers.
It is preferred however for the purpose of transmitting motion as above described
from the central roller to the circumferential rollers to use belting passing direct
over the circumferential rollers, either on one end of the same only, or on both ends
of the rollers if desired, and which belting may also be carried over an expansion
pulley fixed to the shaft of the central roller. In the arrangement however shown,
Figures 1 and 2, Sheet 1, the expansion pulley is also dispensed with, and the
central roller itself is provided at both ends with grooves m, m₁, m2, m (Figure 2)
for the reception of the round belts or cords P, P₁, which pass in the manner indicated
in Figure 1 around the central roller C, and also over the circumferential; rollers
D, D₁, D₂, D3, D4, provided with corresponding grooves l, ₁, l₂, l, in their periphery.
In order that the belts or cords may grasp or take a firmer hold of the circum-
ferential rollers loose pulleys o, 01, 02, 03, 04, are provided, whereby the belts or cords
are caused to describe a larger arc of a circle around the circumferential rollers, and
increased adhesion is thus obtained.
The transmitting apparatus is further provided with tension pulleys, J, J₁, J,
around which the belts or cords pass, the said rollers being so arranged as to be
adjustable towards and from the central roller by a screw and hand wheel a₁, so as
to enable the belts or cords to be tightened or slackened as may be required.
In Figure 3, Sheet 1, I have shown a further modification of the arrangement for
imparting motion from the central roller to the circumferential rollers. According
to this modification sharp teeth are formed on one or both ends of the circum-
ferential rollers, which are pressed against the circumference of the central roller,
and the latter is provided with a layer a, of compressed leather or similar material
at the point of contact, so that the teeth of the circumferential rollers work into
the softer material of the central roller, and are thus caused to partake of the motion
of the said roller. When it is required that the circumferential speed of the cir-
cumferential rollers should be different from that of the central roller, this object
may be effected by varying the position (by means of the screws d, d₁, da, da, d₁, and
hand wheels e, е₁, c₂ е, е of the circumferential rollers in relation to the central
roller in such a manner as to diminish the pressure which they exercise with their
circumference upon each other.
When however it is desired to finish the material passing between the rollers by
pressure only the circumferential rollers are all simultaneously pressed against the
central roller by means of ropes g provided at both sides of the rollers. These ropes
are attached at one end to bolts f, and pass around the circumferential rollers, as
indicated in Figures 1 and 2, Sheet 1, whilst at their other end they are wound
upon grooved discs h, h₂, the winding up being effected either by hand or (as shewn
in the Drawings) by means of levers and weights i. The apparatus may also be so
arranged that some of the circumferential rollers will act upon the material to be
finished by friction and some by pressure. I do not confine myself to any special
arrangement for obtaining the last-mentioned results, but I have described the best
and most suitable means with which I am acquainted for transmitting motion to
and operating upon the circumferential rollers.
The material to be operated upon is wound upon a roll M, Figure 1, Sheet 1, from
which it passes over the stretching apparatus S, and thence, as indicated by dotted
lines, through the machine and is wound up on the roller M₁. One side only of the

page_text: material is finished by this process, but when both sides are required to be finished
the material is passed again through the apparatus in such a manner that the
surface which previously-was-in-contact-with-the-circumference-of-the-central-
roller will now be exposed to the action or circumference of the circumferential (hard)
rollers.
The second passage of the material through the apparatus may however be
-obviated-by-the-employment of the arrangement shewn in Figures 4 and 5, Sheet 2.
An additional apparatus, the duplicate of that herein-before described, is then placed
-beneath the latter apparatus, and the web or material which has been acted upon
by the circumferential (hard) rollers on one side in the latter apparatus is con-
ducted as it leaves_the_said apparatus_into_the-other-or-lower-apparatus-to-be-
operated upon by the circumferential (hard) rollers on the other side, as shewn most
clearly in Figure 4, Sheet 2.
When this arrangement is adopted the central rollers C and C₁ of the two appa-
ratus may be geared together by spur wheels G and G₁, as shewn in Figure 5,
Sheet 2, either of them being driven from any suitable motor, and the circum-
ferential rollers of the one apparatus may be driven by the central roller of the
other apparatus, as is most clearly indicated in Figure 4, Sheet 2. D, Do, D7, D8, De,
represent the additional circumferential rollers; E, E, E7, E8, E, their plummer
blocks; d, de, dr, do, do, screw bolts; and e, Co, e, es, C, hand wheels for effecting the
adjustment of the circumferential rollers, and 0, 0, 0, are additional loose pulleys.
All the remaining details are in this caso identical with those of the single apparatus
herein-before described.
It is obvious that the apparatus may be arranged either the one above the other, as
shewn, or side by side if preferred, and that a greater number than two apparatus
may be employed in combination if required.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of the said Inven-
tion, and the manner in which the same is or may be used or carried into effect,
I would observe in conclusion that what I consider to be novel and original, and
therefore claim as the Invention secured to me by the herein-before in part recited
Letters Patent is,-
The combination in a calendar or apparatus for glazing and finishing paper and
other fibrous materials of a central roller or central rollers and of a set or sets of
circumferential rollers placed round the same, the said circumferential rollers being.
arranged in relation to the central roller or rollers so as to be adjusted and actuated,
and the whole of the parts being arranged and combined, substantially in the manner
and for the purposes herein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Hermann Charles Gros, have to this my Specifi
cation set my hand and seal, the Sixteenth day of April, One thousand eight
hundred and seventy-nine.
H. C. GROS. (L.S.)