Improvements in Apparatus for Heating, Welding, Melting, or Gasifying Solid Bodies by Electricity.
Year: 1890

page_text: Date of Application, 17th Nov., 1890
Complete Specification Left, 17th Aug., 1891-Accepted, 17th Nov., 1891
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Apparatus for Heating, Welding, Melting, or
Gasifying Solid Bodies by Electricity.
I, HUGO ZERENER, of Eichendorff-strasse 20 Berlin, in the Kingdom of Prussia,
Germany, Doctor of Philosophy, Electrical Engineer, do hereby declare the
nature of this invention to be as follows:-
My invention has reference to a new process and apparatus for heating, melting,
or gasifying various substances by means of a voltaic arc influenced by electric
currents or magnets, and entirely independent of the object to be operated upon as
hereinafter more fully described.
It has long been known that a magnetic field has the effect of deflecting the
voltaic arc and this invention has for object to regulate this deflecting action in
such a way, that by means of the Davy or voltaic arc produced between two
carbon electrodes any desired temperature can be obtained and metals raised from
a red heat up to their melting points. The soldering or welding processes
heretofore known are applicable only to a limited extent for the purpose mentioned.
By the Thompson process the temperature of the metals to be operated upon can
be regulated very satisfactorily, but this process requires large currents and
appears to be applicable more particularly to welding bars, rods and the like of
certain limited cross sections, and less so for welding large surfaces and big sheets.
The Benardos process, according to which the voltaic arc is produced between a
carbon pole and the article to be operated on has a highly oxidising effect and also
the disadvantage, that the high temperature of the voltaic arc can neither be
lowered nor regulated. Now the electro-magnetic soldering apparatus hereinafter
described permits the temperature of the voltaic are to be utilized in any. desired
degree of strength by means of a voltaic arc of constant length, produced by a
corresponding current between carbon or other electrodes difficult of combustion,
the are being deflected by magnetic fields of variable strength polarity or position,
and being brought nearer to or further away from the article to be heated as may
be required..
By varying the strength of the working current, and the intensity of the
magnetic fields, and by changing the distance of the enlarged heat radiating surface
of the voltaic arc (formed without regard to the article to be treated) from the
article to be treated any desired heat can be obtained.
The source of heat, being thus properly formed for local heating has, like all
similar ones (although of other origin) different zones, which by the enlargement
of the heat radiating surface are more separated from each other than is the
case with the ordinary voltaic arc, the zones of which are so near to the centre
of heat which on account of its exceedingly high temperature cannot be used-
that it becomes impossible to distinguish and to utilise them for variable heating
effects. The strength of the working current may exceed 500 amperes, but the
difference of potential between the two carbons should vary only within certain
limits.
By means of apparatus such as hereinafter described any desired temperature
can be obtained and utilized in three ways viz.; by varying the strength of the
working current, by varying the deflecting magnetic forces, and by changing the
position of the heat radiating surface in relation to the article to be treated.
For these purposes the apparatus comprises three main parts riz., (1) an automatic
regulator of the current, which forms the voltaic arc in the required manner,
(2) a maguetic apparatus, and (3) devices by which the source of heat can be
moved nearer to or further from the article to be heated.

page_text: In the accompanying drawings,
Fig. is a diagrammatic view illustrating such an apparatus. A is the
automatic regulator, which by the vibrations of a magnet armature B, rotates a
spindle C which not only effects the regulation of the voltaic arc D, but also moves
the magnetic apparatus E in the same proportion as the carbons are burned away
thus causing the distance of the magnetic field from the voltaic are to remain
constant. For certain work however it is a drawback that the voltaic arc
moves gradually forward in a straight line. To overcome this disadvantage the
apparatus illustrated diagrammatically in Fig. 2 has been constructed, in which the
position of the voltaic arc remains unchanged. A, A are automatic regulators;
BB two racks carrying the carbons; D the voltaic arc; F a movable working
plate; and E the magnetic apparatus.
Figs. 3 and 4 are clevations at right angles to each other illustrating a hand
apparatus, which is applicable not only to small work, but can be advantageously
used in places that are not easily accessible. In this apparatus A A are the
regulators for the two carbons B; D the voltaic are; and E the magnet for pro-
ducing the variable magnetic field. The current enters at El energises by a shunt
current the magnets, and forms at C the voltaic are. F is a metal sheet for
protecting the hand of the operator.
The construction and working of these apparatus which are shown diagram-
matically, will be better understood by reference to Figs. 5, 6 and 7 which
illustrate two such apparatus, specially constructed for welding iron articles and
which may be designated as magneto-electric welding or soldering lamps.
Fig. 5 shews a small regulator R such as is generally used for are lamps, with a
device which is intended to regulate the position of the carbons K and of the
magnets M. The guide-rod F moves a device such as lazytongs in such a manner,
that the carbon-points are constantly kept in the same position in relation to the
pole pieces m of the magnets, which can moreover be further fixed in a suitable
position by the lever H, or can be raised or lowered into such position by hand by
means of the lever . Fig. 7 shews an apparatus suitable for larger work, and in
which the welding-lamp, (illustrated in Fig. 6) carried by a suitable post can be
brought into any desired position to suit the article to be treated, which is fixed
beneath or can be moved along under the welding machine, the motion of the lamp
being effected either vertically, or horizontally by moving the same on the sliding
carriage that projects from the post.
The construction and arrangement of a large sized magneto-electric welding or
soldering lamp such as is shewn in Fig. 6 is as follows:-
The current required for the regulation of the lamp flows into the apparatus
through the clamps a' and a", and passes, if the two carbons n and n² are in
contact, through the coils of the electro magnet a and through the carbons, so as to
form a voltaic are between their point. If the carbons n and are slightly
separated from each other, when the apparatus is put into operation, the current
will be caused to pass through the coils of an electro-magnet, energising the same
and putting the armature into vibration. These coils are arranged as a shunt to
the coils of the magnet a. The vibration of this armature actuates a small pawl
located in the drum e in such a manner that, when the armature is attracted, the
drum, and consequently also the spindle c rotate, but each time the armature
recedes, the pawl slides back without moving the drun. Thus, a rotation of the
spindle in one direction is obtained, but causing a displacement of the arin y, so
that this arm gradually moves the carbon n' nearer to the carbon n, until both are
in contact. When this takes place the current will again pass through the coils of
the electro-magneta which attracts its armature and thereby forms the voltaic arc
by drawing back the carbon holder H. At the same time the tension at the
clamps or terminals of the appartus falls to such an extent that the electro-magnet f
is placed out of operation, until the burning away of the carbons renders a
regulation or adjustment of the carbon rods again necessary.
When a constant voltaic arc is thus established the working current is turned on,

page_text: entering through the clamp 1 and leaving the apparatus through 1. The very
powerful voltaic arc thus formed is then deflected to form a pointed flame,
resembling a blow-pipe flame, by the magnets m which are insulated from the other
parts of the apparatus.
The arm K should be insulated from the other parts of the soldering lamp, as it
has been found that when this was not done and both carbons were placed exactly
coaxial with each other, one of the carbons burned away and formed a point that
was pushed over the other carbon, and gave rise to serious disturbances, in the
working of the apparatus. The bar e serves as a guide to both arms and g'.
The size of the voltaic arc can be varied within certain limits by means of an
adjusting screws, the end of the spindle c striking the latter when the plate is
attracted by the electro-magnet a. The two arms and g can be brought into any
desired position by drawing back the levers and ¹, and then setting the arms, the
racks of the same being then again pressed against the spindle by the springs o
and o¹.
It is obvious that other arrangements may be combined with the lamps herein-
before described with the object of obtaining a better utilization of the radiated
heat, and a better absorption of the heat by the material to be treated. Also that
the position of the carbons and the form and position of the magnets may be
variously modified; for instance the position of the carbon-electrodes when using
alternating currents and change of poles for exerting the magnetic influence on
the are can be a parallel one, the latter arrangement making it possible to
cmstruct compact apparatus adapted for fine work.
Dated this 17th day of October 1890.
H.ZERENER,
By L. W., per F. B.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Apparatus for Heating, Welding, Melting, or
Gasifying Solid Bodies by Electricity.
1, HUGO ZERENER, of Eichendorff-strasse 20, Berlin, in the Kingdom of
Prussia, Germany, Doctor of Philosophy, and Electrical Engineer, do hereby
declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to be
performed to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement:-
My invention has reference to a new process and apparatus for heating, melting,
or gasifying various substances by means of a voltaic arc deflected or influenced by
electric currents or by the action of a magnetic field or fields and which is entirely
independent of the article to be treated as hereinafter more fully described.
It has long been known that a magnetic field has the effect of deflecting the
voltaic arc, and this invention has for object to regulate this deflecting action in
such a way, that by means of the Davy or voltaic arc produced between two carbon
electrodes, any desired temperature can be obtained and metals raised from a red
heat up to their melting points. The soldering or welding processes heretofore
known are applicable only to a limited extent for the purpose mentioned. By the
Thompson process the temperature of the metals to be operated upon can be
regulated very satisfactorily, but this process requires large currents, and appears
to be more particularly applicable to welding bars, rods and the like of certain
limited cross sections, and less applicable for welding large surfaces and sheets.
The Benardos process, according to which the voltaic arc is produced between a
carbon pole and the article to be operated on, has a highly oxidizing effect, and
also the disadvantage, that the high temperature of the voltaic arc can neither be
lowered or regulated. Now the electro-magnetic welding or soldering apparatus
hereinafter described, permits the temperature of the voltaic are to be utilised to

page_text: any desired degree by means of a voltaic arc of constant length produced by a
suitable current between carbon or other electrodes difficult of combustion, the arc
being deflected or its position controlled by magnetic fields the strength, polarity
or position of which can be varied so as to bring the arc nearer to, or further away
from the article to be heated, as may be required.
By varying the strength of the working current, and the intensity of the
magnetic fields, and by changing the distance of the hoat-radiating surface of the
voltaic arc (formed without regard to the article to be treated) from the article to
be treated, any desired degree of heat can be obtained.
The source of heat being thus properly arranged for local heating will like other
sources of heat, have different zones, which by the enlargement of the heat
radiating surface can be more separated from each other than is the case with the
ordinary voltaic arc, the zones of which are so near to the centre of heat-which
on account of its exceedingly high temperature cannot be used that it becomes
impossible to distinguish and to utilize them for variable heating effects. The
strength of the working current may exceed 500 amperes, but to form the arc
there is employed, as in the case of arc lamp, a definite tension (40-60 volts)
which should vary only within narrow limits.
By means of apparatus such as hereinafter described any desired temperature
can be obtained and utilized in three ways viz. by varying the strength of the
working current; by varying the magnetic deflecting forces; and by changing the
position of the source of heat in relation to the article to be treated.
Apparatus according to this invention may be divided into two kinds, wiz. :—
1. Welding apparatus in which automatic regulation of the distance apart of
the ends of the electrodes, or carbons takes place, and the carbon points are
arranged at an acute angle to each other or horizontally and in line with each
other and so that the horizontal voltaic are produced is always between. and in
the same plane as the parallelly arranged surfaces of two magnetic poles;
2. Soldering apparatus in which no automatic regulation takes place, the distance
apart and position of the carbon-points being regulated by hand or being unchange-
able in position.
Referring to the drawings left with my Provisional Specification,
Fig. 1 is a diagrammatic view illustrating a welding apparatus of the first kind.
A is the automatic regulator, which, by the vibrations of a magnet armature B,
rotates a spindle C', which not only effects the regulation of the voltaic arc C, but
also moves the magnetic apparatus E in the same proportion as the carbons are
burned away thus causing the distance of the magnetic field from the voltaic are
to remain constant. For certain work however it is a drawback that the voltaic
are should move gradually forward in a straight line. To overcome this drawback
the construction of apparatus illustrated diagrammatically in Fig. 2 may be used
according to which the position of the voltaic are remains unchanged. In this
construction, A, A are automatic regulators; B B two sliding racks carrying
the carbons; C the voltaic arc; D a movable working plate; and E the magnetic
apparatus.
Figs. 3 and 4 are elevations at right angles to each other illustrating a hand
apparatus, which is applicable not only to small work, but can be advantageously
used in places that are not easily accessible. In this apparatus A, A are the
regulators for the two carbons B; C the voltaic arc; and D' the magnets for
producing the variable magnetic field. The current which enters at E, energises
the magnets by a shunt current, and forms at C the voltaic arc. F is a metal
sheet for protecting the hand of the operator.
The construction and working of these apparatus which are shewn diagram-
matically, will be better understood by reference to Figs. 5, 6 and 7 which illustrate
two such apparatus, specially constructed for welding iron articles and which may
be called electro-magnetic welding or soldering lamps.
In Fig. 5, R is a small regulator such as is generally used for shunt arc

page_text: lamps, which regulates for constant tension, adapted for use according to this
invention. The winding of the magnet shown at the right hand side of this
figure is in the main current circuit, so that its force increases when the resistance
of the arc diminishes. In this case its armature is attracted and raises the cross
piece F whereby the space between the carbons is increased. The winding of
the magnet shown at the left hand side is in a shunt circuit to that of the
other magnet. The vibration of its armature causes rotation of a screw spindle
located within the left hand rod of the framing and the rotation of which
causes the cross piece F to descend. This cross piece is connected with two
bent levers which are pivoted to the lower end of the framing and each of which
carries a carbon, the arrangement being such that the carbons are caused to
move towards or away from each other according to the direction of movement
of the said levers. Mis the magnet which serves to deflect the arc; it is
movable vertically and slides on two guide rods. Its poles m should at all
times be situated on opposite sides of the arc. For this purpose the magnet_is
moved up and down by the lever whose upper end slides in a slot in the
lever H which is rigidly fixed with the connecting rod to the cross piece F so
that when the parts F move downward, the magnet M and also the points of the
two carbons will rise and vice versa.
Fig. 7 shows an electro-magnetic welding or soldering lamp suitable for large
work. This welding lamp is shewn in Fig. 6, as adjustably carried by a suitable
post so that it can be brought into any desired position to suit the article to be
treated, which is fixed beneath or can be moved along under the welding lamp,
the adjustment of which can be effected either vertically, or horizontally by moving
the same on the radial arm that projects from the post.
The construction and arrangement of this lamp is as follows :—
The current required for the regulation of the lamp flows into the apparatus
through the terminals a' and a", and passes, if the two carbons n and n' are in
contact, through the coils of the electro-magnet a and through the carbons which
are then moved apart by the action of the magnet a on the armature & connected
with the carbon holder F, so as to form a voltaic arc between their points. If the
carbons n and n' are slightly separated from each other when the apparatus is put
into operation, the current will pass through the coils of an electro-magnet f
energising the same and putting the armature of this magnet into vibration. The
coils are arranged as a shunt to the coils of the magnet a. By this movement of
the armature actuates a small pawl located in the drum e is actuated in such a
manner that, when the armature is attracted, the drum, and consequently also the
screw spindle c upon which the drum is mounted, will rotate, but each time the
armature recedes, the pawl will slide back in the drum without moving the same.
Thus a rotation of the screw spindle in one direction is obtained which causes a
displacement of an arm g, so as to gradually move the carbon n¹ nearer to the
carbon n, until both are in contact. When this takes place the current will
again pass through the coils of the electro-magnet a which will then attract its
armature and thereby forms the voltaic arc by drawing back the carbon holder H.
At the same time the shunt electro-magnet will cease to operate until the
burning away of the carbons renders a regulation or adjustment of the carbon rods
again necessary.
When a constant voltaic arc has thus been established by a weak current, the
working current is turned on, entering through the terminal and leaving the
apparatus through the terminal . The very powerful voltaic arc thus formed is
then deflected to form a pointed flame, resembling a blow-pipe flame as shewn, by
the action of magnets m which are insulated from the other parts of the apparatus
For varying the blowing action of the magnets, both legs of the magnet can be
moved away from each other in a direction at right angles to the plane of illus、
tration. The field strength may also be varied by switching resistances in the
current circuit of the electro-magnet.

page_text: For further explanation of the drawings, it may be stated that the arm k, which
is insulated from the framing of the apparatus, is made movable for the reason that
it has been found that when this was not done, and both carbons were placed
exactly coaxial with each other, one of the carbons burned away and formed a
point that was pushed over the other carbon, and gave rise to serious disturbances
in the working of the apparatus. The bar el serves as a guide to both armis y
and g. The size of the voltaic arc can be varied within certain limits by means
of an adjusting screw d, which is struck by the end of the spindle c when the
plate bis attracted by the electro-magnet a.
The upper ends of the two arms g and g' which serve as part nuts for the
spindle g, can be disengaged from the spindle c and brought into any desired
position by drawing back the levers and ', and then setting the arms, the screw
threads thereon being then again pressed against the screw spindle e by the springs o
and o¹. Through the medium of the said levers, o o' are springs that normally hold
the screw threaded parts of the arms g¹ g against the screw spindle c.
Figs. 8, 9 and 10 of the accompanying drawings are elevations illustrating a
soldering apparatus with hand regulation and which may be regarded as a pair of
electrical soldering pincers. These pincers comprise two handles A hinged
together and constantly pressed apart by a spring placed between them. The
hinge is surrounded by a piece of insulating material that terminates in a bar or
support, n. The jaws, of the pincers which are insulated from each other, are
shaped as carbon-holders and carry at their free ends two metal clamps and to
receive the carbons which serve to produce the voltaic arc. The electric current
is led to these carbon-holders by a switch B provided with a lead safety device
and fastened in any suitable way to the rod or support n at the upper hinged side
of the pincers. By means of this switch the current can be turned on or cut off
as desired.
For the purpose of deflecting the arc produced between the carbons, the bar n
carries at its upper free end two electro-magnets m, m' which are made adjustable
in a slot m" in the bar and are energized by a current passing through a shunt
circuit which also extends from the switch.
.In order that the deflecting action of the electro-magnets may be regulated to
suit requirement it is sometimes desirable to vary the strength of the electric
current passing through the winding of the electro-magnets m m.
For this purpose
the bar is provided with a resistance or rheostat C C consisting of two cylinders
capable of being rotated and one of which is covered with insulated metal wire such
as iron or nickel wound around it but laid bare for certain distances. So long as
the resistance of the whole of the wire is required in circuit, all the wire is wound
upon this cylinder the other cylinder being then left empty. The wire slides
between two conducting springs c which are connected to the winding of the
magnets in such a manner that the current has to pass through the whole of the
wire rolled up on the roller C on its way to the magnets mm². To increase
the strength of this current it is only necessary to wind off a suitable quantity of the
wire from the cylinder C and wind it upon the empty cylinder C¹, but in such a
way that a bare portion of the wire will be brought to rest on the sliding contacts,
thereby reducing the effective length of the resistance wire between the sliding
springs and the magnets as well understood. To bring this soldering apparatus
into operation, the carbon holders are connected with an electric generator and the
handles A are pressed towards cach other by hand until the carbon points come
into contact when the pressure of the hand is relaxed to allow the carbons to move
apart and produce a voltaic arc between them.
Not only can the voltaic arc be struck by hand, but the electro-magnets can be
readily changed for others and the position of such electro-magnets can be varied
to suit requirement, care being taken however that the magnetic lines of force
between the opposed poles of the magnets are at right angles or nearly so to an
imaginary line joining the carbon points. The carbons can be arranged parallel to

page_text: each other if alternating currents with alternately changing magnetic poles be used;
or if carbons of unequal sizes be taken and constant current used. By using
parallelly arranged carbon rods, isolated by an air space or otherwise, a still more
compendious soldering lamp can be constructed, as is shewn in elevation in Fig. 11,
and in section in Fig. 12, the section being taken in the line of Fig. 11. In
this construction the electro-magnet M is formed to receive the two parallel
carbons the sides of the holes through which these carbons pass being of
incombustible material. The carbons are insulated from each other by an air space
or otherwise and are supported by metal spring clamps, which can be fastened
on a plate of insulating material and are provided with screw terminals for con-
nection with an electric generator. A. layer of insulating material serves to cover
and protect the winding of the electro magnet which is secured within the perforated
ends of the holder which terminates at the other end in the handle A and carries
the resistance cylinders or rheostat C C¹.
The current is led to the carbons by a cable passing through the handle A, the
wire connection to the electro magnets being on the outside. The molecular currents
of the electro-magnet, having a vertical direction relatively to the axis of the magnet,
effect also in this case the deflection of the voltaic arc in a direction at right angles
to the line joining the carbon points, especially when the magnet poles which
appear cut off in Figs. 11 and 12 are lengthened and curved toward the voltaic arc
like the magnet poles shewn in Figs. 8, 9 and 10. In this case the axis of the
imagnet and the position of the carbons should be turned through an angle of
9. degrees from the position shewn. A small piece of carbon fastened to a
movable holder below the handle and capable of being brought in contact with the
ends of the carbons by the pressure of the finger, can be used for striking the
voltaic arc.
Fig. 13 is an elevation of another construction of electric welding apparatus
according to this invention, in which the two carbon holders can be moved toward
or from each other by screw nuts working on a screw spindle . rotated in one
direction or the other by the bevel wheels s. For this purpose the screw spindle
is provided at one end with a right hand thread, and on the other end with a left
hand thread. Motion is imparted to it by a small electric motor arranged in the
upper part of the lamp and comprising electro magnets a¹ a², av armature g, a com-
mutator and brushes and . The construction of this motor is such that the
armature will be rotated in one direction by one of its field magnets and in the
opposite direction by the field magnet as hereafter described, until the voltaic are
assumes its normal length when the motor will act to maintain the length of the
arc constant. The lamp belongs on account of its regulating mechanism to the class
known as differential lamps.
The winding of the electro-magnet a² of the motor shewn diagrammatically in
Fig. 14, is of a very much higher resistance than that of the electro-magnet a¹
through which the main current passes, and which for this reason is of thick wire.
The winding of the magnet a² and also that of the armature y are placed in shunt
circuits between a' and the voltaic-arc as shewn. The electro-magnets a' and a³ are
so wound that like poles are turned towards the armature. The arrangement is
such that assuming the carbons are not in contact then the current through a
and will be interrupted and no current will pass through the winding of
the electro-magnet a' which will consequently be out of action. The current will
then pass wholly through a² and g, energizing a² and causing the armature g to
rotate in such a direction as will, through the bevel wheels s, spindler and nuts 6¹ 6³
cause the carbons to approach each other as will be readily understood. When the
carbons come into contact the greater portion of the current will pass through the
winding of the magnet a' and energize this magnet in such a way as to cause
the armature g to rotate in opposite direction and move the carbons apart thus
producing an arc between them. By the moving apart of the carbons the resistance
in the main circuit will be increased and the movement of the carbons will continue

page_text: until the current passing through the two electro-magnets causes these magnets to
neutralize each other's action on the armature. The windings of the two magnets
must be so proportioned that the voltaic arc will then be of its desired normal
length. The armature will then rotate slowly in a direction to move the carbons
together in the same proportion as they are burned away, thereby maintaining the 5
resistance and length of the arc constant.
If the pitch of the screw threads at the two ends of the spindle be equal, it will
be necessary, in order to maintain the focus of arc constant, to use carbon rods of
different diameters, or if carbon rods of equal diameter be used, the pitch of the
threads must be correspondingly varied as well understood. The electro-magnet f
for deflecting the arc is made of rectangular form in cross section, in order that
the blowing or deflecting action thereof shall remain constant, notwithstanding a
displacement of the arc to the extent of a few millimetres. Its wire winding is
insulated with incombustible material such as asbestos or mica. Its magnetic
power can be regulated by varying the width of the air space between the poles
for which purp se the legs of the magnet may be made movable from each other as
in the arrangements shown in Fig. 7. Or for this purpose a rheostat may be
placed in circuit therewith as in the arrangements shown in Figs. 8 to 12 inclusive.
Such a rheostat may for a like purpose also be used in the construction of
apparatus shewn in Figs. 3 to 7 inclusive. The horse-shoe electro-magnet f, whose
legs are arranged on opposite sides of the arc, is shewn in Fig. 13 as cut through at
the bend so that only the lower shauk, arched a little outward, can be seen.
current is led to and from the apparatus by the flexible cord g which contains two
conductors viz., the main and return conductors, which are connected to the several
circuits in the lamp in the manner shewn in Fig. 14. Fig. 15 illustrates a modified
arrangement of the several circuits of the lamp rendered necessary when currents
of large quantity say of 100 amperes or more are used, as in this case with the
arrangement shown in Fig. 14 wires of considerable thickness would be required
for the windings of the electro-magnet a¹ a³ and f of the armature g and other
inconveniences would result. This is avoided in the arrangement shewn in Fig. 15
by shunting the said electro-magnets and armature each by a thick wiro as
indicated so that only a part of the current will pass through the respective
windings, the result being, notwithstanding the use of large currents, the lamp and
its motor can be made of small dimensions.
The
The construction of the electro-motor and the arrangement of the windings of
its electro-magnets a & a³ can be variously modified in order to cause the armature
to rotate both forwards and backward for the purpose of regulating the position of
the carbons in the manner described. Thus both electro-magnets could for this
purpose be provided each with two coils one of thick wire and the other thin
wire.
The lamps shewn in Fig. 13 can if desired be supported upon the legs n¹ n²
shewn diagrammatically; or it can be held or suspended by the handle p, in the
position shewn; or held by this handle in any other desired position, the regulating
mechanism being independent of the action of gravity.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what I
claim is :-
1. An apparatus in which an electric arc can be produced for welding and other
purposes and in which magnetic poles are so arranged in relation to the arc as to
produce a magnetic field that will deflect the said arc in a direction parallel to the
molecular currents of the magnet and consequently perpendicularly to its magnetic
lines of force and away from the magnetic poles, the strength, polarity, or position
of which is capable of being varied substantially as herein described for the
purposes specified.
2. The several constructions of electro-magnetic welding or soldering lamps

page_text: herein before described with reference to and shewn in the drawings for producing
an electric arc and for deflecting the same so that it projects in the form of a blow
pipe flame to such an extent that it can be employed for soldering or welding
purposes.
Dated this 17th day of August 1891.
H. ZERENER,
By L. W., per F. B.