Improvements in Mechanical Hammers, also applicable as Cutting, Punching, and Shaping Tools.
Year: 1892

page_text: Date of Application, 5th Mar., 1892
Complete Specification Left, 2nd Dec., 1892-Accepted, 7th Jan., 1893
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Mechanical Hammers, also applicable as Cutting,
Punching, and Shaping Tools.
I, ERNST HAMMESFAHR of No. 7 Foche, Solingen, Prussia in the German
Empire, Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as
follows:-
My invention relates to a construction of mechanical hammers in which there
are one or more sets but by preference two sets of diametrically opposite recipro-
cating hammer blocks, the one set being arranged at right angles to the other set
and the two hammer blocks of each set being made to operate simultaneously on
opposite sides of the metal, so as to dispense with any anvil.
For this purpose the two opposite hammer blocks of each set are according to
one arrangement connected by rigid or elastic arms to shafts which are connected
by other rigid or elastic arms to sliding bars to which a rapid to and fro motion is
imparted by a crank cam or eccentric, such bars being so arranged relatively to
the arms of the shafts of the two opposite hammer blocks, that when the bar is
moved in one direction it turns the two shafts so as to cause their arms to move
the two hammer blocks away from each other, while when it is moved in the other
direction it turns the shafts so as to cause the haminer blocks to move towards each
other. The two shafts carrying the two cranks actuating the two sets of hammer
blocks are geared together by bevil gearing so as to rotate together and the cranks
are in such relative positions that the pair of hammer blocks either perform their
strokes consecutively or simultaneously. There may also be only a single opposite
pair of hammer-blocks, or more than two pairs. The clastic connection of the
hammer-blocks with their shafts may be effected by making the connecting arms
as blade springs or the arms may be rigid, and the studs on the hammer blocks or
on the sliding bars against which the arms act, may be made with spring action.
In order to effect a rapid blow with the hammer-blocks they may be acted upon
by springs during the forward stroke, such springs being compressed during the
back stroke.
According to another arrangement, the two opposite hammer blocks of a pair are
connected to a centrally situated sliding bar by two links pivotted at one end to the
bar and extending at an angle to the hammer blocks to which the other ends are
pivotted, so that by the reciprocation of the bar the hammer blocks are alternately
drawn together and pushed apart; or in place of pivotted links curved spring
arms may be used; or the links may be slotted and work on fixed studs so that as
their one end is moved to and fro by the sliding bar they are caused by the fixed
studs to shift laterally to and fro forming alternately larger and smaller angles with
each other, the other ends of the links being made to slide between two studs on
the hammer blocks, or the links may work on a fixed pivot and the studs be moved
to and fro by the bar in their slots. Or again, the two links may be replaced by
rigid angular forks forming the end of the reciprocating bar and sliding between
studs on the hammer blocks, the angle of the limbs of the fork being made
adjustable if necessary; or the links may be pivotted at one end to the one hammer
block and have their other ends working between studs on the pair of hammer
blocks at right angles to the first named one.
According to another arrangement, instead of actuating the hammer blocks by
reciprocating bars and links as described, each block may be connected to the
piston of a cylinder worked by steam or compressed air; like a steam hammer, the
supply of fluid to the cylinders being so controlled that each opposite pair of hammer
blocks are made to effect their strokes simultaneously as before described.

page_text: Lastly the reciprocating blocks instead of acting simply as hammers may have
cutting, punching or shaping tools fixed or formed on them for operating on the
metal under treatment, or they may be shaped as chisels for cutting file blanks.
Thus for example the machine may be adapted for forging screw nuts for bolts,
by providing the one pair of opposite hammer blocks with dies that together form
the hexagonal mould for the nut, while the other pair of blocks at right angles
thereto are formed with punches for forming the central hole of the nut. In
operating, the punching dies are by preference first made to advance and punch
the hole in the metal bar introduced between them, and then while the metal is
still being held by the punches the other pair of blocks with their dies advance so
as to impart the requisite hexagonal shape to the nut, and at the same time separate
jt from the bar.
Dated this 5th day of March 1892
ABEL & IMRAY,
Agents for the Applicant.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Mechanical Hammers, also applicable as Cutting,
Punching, and Shaping Tools.
I, ERNST HAMMESFAHR, of No. 7 Foche, Solingen, Prussia in the German
Empire, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the
same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement:-
My invention relates to a construction of mechanical hammers in which there
are two or more pairs of reciprocating hammer blocks, the two blocks of each
pair being diametrically opposite each other and made to advance simultaneously
towards the object to be operated upon, so that this can be worked on four or more
sides without the use of an anvil.
The hammer blocks are actuated by excentrics, cranks, or crank discs, through
intervening mechanisms and levers connected thereto.
On the accompanying drawings are shewn by way of example a variety of
mechanical hammers constructed according to my said invention.
In the construction shewn at Figs. 1 and 2, two pairs of hammer blocks a are
actuated by rigid or elastic levers n fixed to axes n' which in their turn are
actuated by elastic or rigid levers o. These levers receive motion from crank
discs through connecting rods q and sliding bars p, or other suitably guided
connections.
The crank plates r¹ are fixed on shafts c c¹ that are coupled. together by bevil
wheels. As shewn, the connecting bars p are so connected to the axes n¹ by the
levers o as to cause the two opposite hammer blocks to simultaneously approach
the object operated upon during the motion of the bar in one direction, and to
cause the hammer blocks to recede simultaneously during the motion in the opposite
direction.
By the considerable speed at which the hammer blocks (which as a rule only
have a small stroke) are moved, they receive a certain impetus whereby a
percussive action is obtained, this action being increased when the levers no are
made elastic.
The excentrics, cranks, or crank plates can be arranged so as to give a variable
⚫ throw.
The levers no can be constructed in a variety of ways so as to give spring
action, or arrangements may be provided whereby the connection between the
-levers and the hammer blocks may be made elastic or yielding.
For example, the levers may themselves constitute springs, or be built up of a
series of steel spring plates or laminae, as shewn at Figs. 1 and 2. Or springs may
be introduced between double armed levers as shewn at Fig. 14, or the studs on the

page_text: nammer blocks against which the levers bear, may be connected to the block with
spring action, as shewn at Fig. 1B, or various other arrangements may be adopted
for attaining the same end.
Furthermore, the levers n may be made rigid while those o are elastic, or
conversely o may be rigid and n elastic.
Also, special springs d can be applied in any suitable manner for increasing the
strength of the blow, as shewn by way of example at Fig. 1 on the right hand
side. The stroke of the hammers can be varied by varying the length of the
levers nor o, as also by varying the throw of the cranks; by this means it is
rendered possible to forge pieces of a flat, oval or other unsymmetrical cross
section, as shewn, for example in Figs. 3 and 4.
This construction of mechanical hammers can also be arranged horizontally, or
the hammer blocks may be arranged to act obliquely, as shewn at Fig. 5. Or the
hammers may be formed as inclined chisels for cutting files, as shewn at Fig. 5^,
the hammer blocks being either themselves formed with chisel edges, or having
chisels inserted in them.
In this way files, whether of a rectangular, flat, oval half round or other section
can be simultaneously cut on two or four sides; or, in the case of files requiring to
have a cutting surface on one side only, only the one hammer-block is provided
with a chisel edge, the opposite hammer block being without such edge.
It will be readily understood that in the above described manner various other
objects, such as bars or rods can be worked vertically, horizontally, or inclined,
between the pairs of hammers, for forging or elongating them; or for producing
ornamentation on one or more sides thereof, or otherwise' working the same in a
variety of ways, the object operated upon being moved between the hammers either
by hand or automatically by any suitable mechanism.
Instead of operating with only two pairs of hammers, three or more pairs may
be employed, so as to operate upon' pieces having a hexagonal or octagonal cross
section without the use of an anvil, as shewn for example at Fig. 6.
In this case
the pair of hammers a' a' is made to operate first, then the pair a³, then aª àª &c.,
after which the hammers a' a' are again made to operate."
On the other hand, the number of pairs of hammers in action can be reduced,
for example only a single pair of hammers can be used, the other pair or pairs
being thrown out of gear.
The actuating of the pairs of hammers can also be effected by elastic rods or
elastic pressing or pulling loops n³, one end of which is connected to the hammer
blocks, while the other ends or the middles thereof are connected to and actuated
by an excentric or crank and connecting rod y as shewn by way of example at
Figs. 8 and 84.
If the rod is pushed forward in the direction of the arrow I, the guided
hammer blocks a will be moved in contrary directions away from the object
operated upon, while during the return motion of the rod y they will be thrown
simultaneously against the object by the pull of the rod combined with the spring
action of the parts n' n³.
Fig. 9 shews a similar construction in which the opposite hammer blocks a a are
connected together by elastic or rigid toggle-like links or rods n' n', which are
pivotted to the blocks and are connected at their middle joint to a rod
in moving such joint to and fro causes the links to move the hammer blocks
which
2.
simultaneously to and from the object.
Fig. 10 shews a construction in which two rigidly connected arms n³ extend in
angular positions to the hammer blocks, which carry two studs provided with
rollers, between which the arms pass, so that as the middle part of the two arms is
moved to and fro in suitable guides by means of a rod and crank or excentric,
the arms cause the hammer-blocks to inove backwards and forwards.
The two arms n might also be pivotted together, and be adjusted to
angle" and secured by au-adjusting piece with setting screws, as indicated in dotted
desired
lines, whereby the stroke of the hammers can be varied according to the nature of
st
"
any

page_text: the work to be performed. Also, such pivotted arms may be acted upon by
springs s, as shewn on the right hand side of Fig. 10 for influencing the blow of the
hammers, or the arms themselves might be made elastic.
Fig. 11 shews another modification of this construction.
The arms n are in this case made with slots and are pivotted to a common
centret, so that they can move to and from each other laterally on such centre.
A cross head u has two studs u¹ taking into the slots of the arm n and being moved
to and fro by a connecting rod g, imparts the said angular to and fro motion to the
arms n°. These are made to pass between studs a on the hammer blocks, as
before, so as to impart their to and fro motion to the latter. The other pair of
hammer blocks are actuated in a similar manner so as to perform their strokes
alternately with the first pair.
.: A similar arrangement is shewn at Fig. 12. The arms n' pivotted to the centre t
are, in this case also moved by the crosshead u², the arms being made to pass
between studs ³ preferably provided with rollers, on the cross head.
As in the case of the hammer at Fig. 1, the hammer blocks in all the other
constructions can be provided with springs d or other forms of springs for increasing
the force of the blow. Also, in all these cases the links or arms actuating the
hammer blocks are worked by cranks, crank plates or excentrics, with or without
adjustable throw.
The blow of the hammers is preferably effected by the pulling stroke of the
Jinks or arms. The working of two pairs of hammer blocks is preferably effected
by coupled shafts as shewn at Fig. 2, but they can also be driven separately
according to the circumstances of the case.
The arms n n²n connected to the hammer-blocks consist as a rule of separate
strips of spring steel, as indicated at Figs. 1, 2 and 9. They are made with a
greater or less degree of elasticity according to the weight and stroke of the
hammer-blocks. As already observed, the elastic nature of the arms and the
considerable speed at which the hammer-blocks are worked, afford a certain
swinging action or impact so as, in forging an object, to allow of a certain
amount of variation of stroke, such as is requisite for reducing the object from
say 40mm to 20 in size, although the throw of the eccentrics or cranks remains
the same.
It will be understood that the above described arrangements for driving the
hammer can be considerably varied, without departing from the essential feature
of the invention, which consists in the arrangement of pairs of opposite hammer-
blocks operating alternately. Thus the hammer-blocks might be worked by steam,
air, or gas pressure, in any of the known ways in which ordinary steam or
atmospheric hammers are worked. Such an arrangement is shewn by way of
example at Fig. 13.
The hammer may be provided with different kinds of tools. For example, two
of the hammer-blocks may be provided with dies for shaping metal objects, and
another pair with dies for punching the same, or each hammer-block may carry a
different tool.
Such an arrangement is shewn at Figs. 14 and 15, where the hammer-blocks are
provided with dies for formning and holing hexagonal nuts out of a bar. The
two side hanımers are provided with punches a' a', while the two vertical ones have
pressing dies as a for producing the hexagonal shape. The hammer-blocks a
advance first so as to form a hole of a certain depth on each side of the bar ³, so
that between the punches only a thin piece of metal is left. The bar is by this
means somewhat bulged or thickened upward and downward. The dies a then
advance and shape the nut while at the same time they cut it off from the bar.
The arrangement may be such that the punches remain in the holes of the bar so
as to hold this til! the dies a³ have shaped the outer surface thereof, the four dies
being then made to recede simultaneously, allowing the nut blank to fall, this being
then finished in the usual manner. With this method of manufacture it, will be
seen that there is no loss of metal at all.
"
་

page_text: In a similar manner, the before described hammers may be used for manu-
facturing a great variety of objects by operating on two, four or more sides thereof.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what I
claim is:
1. Constructing mechanical hammers with two pairs of hammer-blocks operating
alternately (a a Figs. 1 to 5ª, and 8 to 15) and connected by rigid, elastic, or
articulated levers, links or arms (no Figs. 1 and 2) or by toggle links or levers
(n Fig. 9) or by bent arms (n³ ³ Figs. 8 and 8^) or by rods (n³n n' Figs. 10 to 12)
or equivalent means, and suitable intermediate mechanism, to eccentrics, cranks, or
crank discs, with or without variable throw, whereby the hammer-blocks are
actuated, substantially as described.
2. Arranging two pairs of hammer-blocks, such as are referred to in the
preceding claim, to be worked by steam, air or gaseous pressure, substantially as
described with reference to Fig. 13.
3. Constructing hammers such as are referred to in the first claim with three,
four, or more pairs of bammer-blocks (a' a' a' a² a² a² . . . Fig. 6) operating
alternately substantially as described.
4. In hammers such as are referred to in the first claim, providing the hammer
blocks or one or more thereof with tools, such for example as chisels (Fig. 5A) or
punches (a a Fig. 15) or with shaping dies (as a³ Fig. 15) for working the objects
in any desired manner, such as for cutting files, holing and shaping screw nuts, for
ornamenting one or more sides of the object, and for other like purposes.
Dated this 2nd day of December 1892.
ABEL & IMRAY,
Agents for the Applicant.