IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE. AND BAKING OF SUGARS
Year: 1859

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Louis Antoine Possoz, of No. 37, Rue de Rivoli, in
the City of Paris, in the Empire of France, Chemist, for the Invention
...
of IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE. AND BAKING OF SUGARS."
ولة
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION' left by the said Louis Antoine Possoz.at
the. Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
12tli August 1859..
LOUIS ANTOINE Possoz, of No. 37, Rue de Rivoli, in the City of Paris;
in the Empire of France, Chemist, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE AND BAKING OF SUGARS,"
to be as follows
I propose to purify the saccharine juices obtained from beetroot, sugar
cane, maple, or other saccharine vegetable, as well as the syrups or dissolutions
of raw sugar, by processes which will permit. me to dispense with the use of
animal charcoal and blood not only in making, but also in refining the sugar.
These processes are based upon successive additions of lime and carbonic acid,
as thus, I begin with the defecation of the vegetable juices by a suitable dose
of lime (which must be cold or at a much lower degree of temperature than
usual, because line when affected by heat dissolves azotic matters which,
when in solution, cannot readily be separated from the sugar. After defeca-
tion at a low temperature and separation from the deposit, I submit the clear

page_text: juices to a current of carbonic acid. The lime, in carbonating under these
conditions, carries with it a good deal of coloring matter, which becomes
insoluble, and is easily precipitated in combination with the lime after the
maaner of a lac This precipitate is quickly is quickly separated by decan-
tation of the clear liquid or otherwise. The saccharine liquid thus fined or
filtered receives another dose of lime saturated with an excess of carbonic acid,
and these two carbonizations generally suffice, but if still purer juices are
desired, they may be submitted to further additions of lime and carbonic acid.
In the accompanying Drawings, I shew the apparatus by which I put my pro-
cesses in operation, Sheet 1 being a view in elevation of my apparatus, Sheet 2,
plan, and Sheet 3, side view; A, A, defecating vases; B, boilers for reheating
the deposit from the defecating vases; C, C¹, turbines or centrifugal appa-
ratus for extracting the juices from the deposits withdrawn from the defe-
cating vases; D, pump for raising the defecated juices into the reservoirs;
E, E', reservoirs alternately receiving the juices raised by the pump D, and in
which is added the fixed quantity of lime; F, first carbonator, in which the
juices from the reservoirs E, E, are brought into contact with the carbonic
acid; G, G¹, turbines or centrifugal apparatus, receiving the juices from the
carbonator F when separating the carbonate of lime; H, pump for raising
the clear juice from the turbines G, G¹ into the reservoirs E2, E3; E³, E³,
reservoirs receiving alternately the juices raised by the pump H, and in
which is added a fixed quantity of lime; J, second carbonator, in which the
juices from the reservoirs E², E³, are brought into contact with the carbonic
acid; K, K', boilers for re-heating the juices from the carbonator J; L, pump
for raising the juices from the boilers K, K', into filters; M, tubular boiler
for cooling the gasses from the fire-place of the steam generators; N,N',
N2, N3, the steam generators of the manufactory; O, pipe conducting the
cooled gasses to the cleanser; P, the cleanser; Q, suction pipe of the
machine R; R, machine drawing the gas from the cleanser P, and forcing it
into the carbonators Fand J.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Louis Antoine Possoz in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 10th February 1860.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, LOUIS
ANTOINE Possoz, of No. 37, Rue de Rivoli, in the City of Paris, in the
Empire of France, Chemist, send greeting.

page_text: WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Tweltth day of August, in the year of our Lord On e
thousand eight hundredandfifty-nine, in the twenty-third yearof Her reign, did,
for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and graut unto me, the said Louis
Antoine Possoz, Her special licence that I, the said Louis Antoine Possoz,
my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such other's as I, the said Louis
Antoine Possoz, my executors,administrators, and assigns, should at any time
agree with, and no others, from time to time and at, all times thereafter
during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Grea Britain and
Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "Iм-
PROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE AND BAKING OF SUGARS," upon the condition
(amongst others) that I, the said Louis Antoine Possoz, my exécutors or
administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their
hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the
said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and causé
the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Louis Antoine Possoz, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is
to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertaiiied in and by the
following statement, reference being had to the Drawings hereunto annexed,
and forming part of this my Specification:-
My Invention consists in purifying the saccharinejuice produced from beet-
root,sugar cane,maple,sorgho, and allother saccharine vegetables, as wellas the
syrups or solutions of sugar, raw or impute, by processes which dispense with
the employment of animal charcoal or blood, both in the manufacture and
refining of sugar. These processes have for basis the employment of successive
additions of lime and of carbonic acid in fixed proportions, and under
determinate conditions, and I carry such processes into practice by the aid of
certain particular arrangements of machinery and apparatus.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PROCESS OF MANUFACTURE.
The juice having been extracted from the saccharine vegetables (whatever
the mode of so doing may be) has immediately added to it a first dose of lime,
which is herein-after specified. The best proportions of lime to be used vary
áccording to the kind of saccharine juice to be acted on, the maturity of the
plant, and the nature of the soil which produced it. For the first addition of
lime with beetroot there should be used (on an average) ten parts in weight

page_text: of real lime for one thousand of raw juice to be purified, and it is advantageous
to commence by mixing from one to five parts of line, previously mixed with
water, with the pulp before the juice is extracted, and to mix the remainder
with the juice extracted. For the second addition, that is to say, before the
first carbonation add (on an average) 5 parts of real lime for 1,000 parts of
juice already purified by the first addition, and draw off clear, if necessary.
For the third addition, that is to say, before the second carbonation, I again
add, according to the state of the juice, from 2 to 5 parts of real lime for
every 1,000 parts of juice already once carbonated and clarified. For the juice
of the cane and others containing less extractive matter than that of beetroot,
the doses of lime may be diminished according to the purity of the juice. This
addition of lime may be made at any degree of temperature from zero to
85%" centigrade," (32% to 185°. "Fahrenheit"), but I prefer to operate
between 10% and 30% "centigrade," (50% and 86%, "Fahrenheit").
The juice with lime thus added for the first time is allowed to stand, in order
to cause the separation of the albuminous matter which, by combining with the
lime, precipitates itself in the form of flakes, and there is thus produced a
kind of purification, which I term cold defecation. As soon as the juice is
clear it is drawn off, in order to submit it to the carbonic acid. The juices
need not (if preferred) be clarified before being carbonated, that depending on
their nature and on the mode of operation adopted. Thus the juice of the
cane, or that of beetroot, limed, dried, or dressed before the extraction of the
juice, will produce little deposit in the defecation, and may be carbonated
without allowing it to stand. "If the plan adopted be to carbonate the juice,
cleared by standing, after it is drawn off clear, the second dose of lime is added
before submitting it to the first carbonation. If it be wished to act on juice
whichhasnotbeencleared, then add the first two doses of lime at the same time.
This latter method offers the advantage of suppressing almost all the purifying
vases A, A, Plate 1, of the annexed Drawings. The juice thus charged with
line is subjected to a first carbonation, which has for object to precipitate the
greater part of the dissolved lime, which in precipitating, carries with it, to the
state of carbonate, a very large quantity of azoted extractive and other matters.
This carbonation may take place completely cold; but I prefer to commence
at from 10% to 30% "centigrade," (50% to 86% "Fahrenheit,") and to
finish between 50% to 60% "centigrade," (122 to 14% "Fahrenheit,")
taking care to regulate the disengagement or carbonic acid in such a manner
that it be not iu excess at this first carbonation, but on the contrary, that the
juice remain alkaline. After this first carbonation the clear liquor is separated
from the deposit formed of carbonate of lime and extractive matters,either by

page_text: letting it stand, or, which is better still, by machines of centrifugal force,
which I term centrifugal clarificators, and which are herein-after described,
The juice thus clarified has a third dose of lime added to it, and is subjected
to a second carbonation, which is continued until there is a completesaturation
of the lime. The juice when completely carbonated is carried up to boiling,
in order to carry off all excess of carbonic acid, and precipitate the car-
bonate of lime which might be held in solution; after which they are
clarified by the centrifugal machine, filtered, evaporated, and immediately
baked, without interruption or any other filtration being necessary.
Variations may be made in the manner of operating just quoted as an
example of my system, which reduces itself in principle to precipitating, by
additions of lime and carbonic acid, certain soluble combinations of extractive
matters and of lime, which are always found in the juice after the purification
and saturation as they have been hitherto executed. These combinations, which
become colored by the extract and the lime, have hitherto necessitated the use
of animal charcoal to eliminate at least a part, in order to be able to cook and
cristallize, for in order to entirely absorb the calcic combinations it would
require such considerable quantities of animal charcoal, that the complete
elimination by this means would be too costly; there is, therefore, always
found in the molasses much cristalizable sugar, which has been prevented
from cristalizing by the presence of that extract combined with the lime.
Having remarked that these colored calcic combinations are more par-
ticularly produced under the influence of the heat during the purification by
heat, I have particularly sought to diminish that production by clearing it at
a low temperature, and by observing the conditions which I recommend as
preferable; but the principle of purification of juice and of raw sugar may be
practised in different ways, either by making additions of lime and of car-
bonic acid more or less frequently, or by partially purifying them by that
method conjointly with small quantities of animal black.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
Plate I (Sheet 1), the plant; A, A', shew vases for defecation, to the num-
ber of 20, which receive the juice as it comes from the presses, the cylinders,
the inacerators, the turbines, or from any other apparatus employed to extract
it from the vegetable. It is in these vases that the lime which effects the
purification is mixed with the juice, either cold or at a low temperature. If I
work with the clear juice (as this example describes), the deposit of the
defecation is made in these vases in a shorter or longer time, according to the
nature of the juice. Under the least favorable conditious, 20 hours have

page_text: always been sufficient; this is why 20 vases are mentioned, the contents of
each corresponds to the work of each hour of the day (20 hours work out of
24). B, boiler to heat the deposits coming from the vases
', A', before
extracting the juice; C, C1, two turbines or centrifugal apparatus, destined
to heat the scum and the deposits; D, pump which forces the clear juice
coming from the defecators A, A1, into the reservoirs herein-after mentioned;
E, E', reservoirs receiving alternately the juice forced up by the pump D,
above mentioned. These reservoirs are of a given size to receive a fixed
quantity of juice, to which is also added a fixed dose of lime. F, carbonating
apparatus in which the juice from the reservoirs E, E. above mentioned, is
placed in order to be put in contact with the carbonic acids. The arrange-
ments of this carbonating apparatus, which is new, are more fully described in
the description of Plate 2. G, G, turbines, or special centrifugal apparatus,
receiving the juice from the carbonator F, to separate the carbonate of lime
formed by the saturation. The arrangements of these centrifugal apparatus,
which are new,are more amply detailed in the description of Plate 4. E, pump
raising the clear juice from the centrifugal apparatus above mentioned, into
the reservoirs herein-after described. E, E³, reservoirs receiving alternately
the juice raised by the pump HI, above mentioned. These reservoirs are of a
fixed size,and receive a determinate quantity of juice, to which a freshaddition
of lime is made, of a quantity also fixed. J, second carbonating apparatus,
into which the juice from the reservoirs above mentioned is carried, to be
again put in contact with the carbonic acid. This carbonator is similar to the
carbonator F. K, K¹, serpentine boilers, to heat to 100% "centigrade," the
juice leaving the second carbonator, in order to drive off the carbonic acid in
excess; L, pump raising from the ordinary filterers the juice which leaves the
boilers K, K; M, tubular boilers similar to that of the locomotive, in the
furnace of which a part of the gas from the generators of the manufactory is
taken, in order to utilise the carbonic acid contained therein. These gases,
composed for the greater part of carbonic acid and of azote, taken on leaving
the furnaces have a temperature of about 460 % "centigrade;" their cooling
(which is necessary to their use) is made to produce steam by passing into
the furnaces and the tubes of the boiler M; this steam is united to that of
the other generators of the factory. N, N2, N2, N3, steam generators of the
factory, in the general vent-hole of which is made the channel which conducts
the quantity of gas necessary for the carbonation; O, conduit carrying the
cooled gas leaving the boiler M into a washing apparatus, in order to clear it
from the dust and soot which may have soiled it; P, washing and cooling
apparatus for the gas which comes from the boiler M. The special arrange-

page_text: ment of this washing apparatus is described in Plate 3. Q, pipe for letting
off the gas, cooled to 60% "centigrade," after its passage into the washing
apparatus. This pipe corresponds to the safety valve of the pump herein-
after mentioned. R, forcing gas pump; it draws the gas from the pipe Q,
and sends it into the carbonators F and J.
Plate 2 (Sheet 2), Figures 1 and 2, carbonator; the carbonating apparatus
destined to put the juice charged with lime in contact with the carbonic
acid in order to saturate the former, is combined in such a way as to
utilise as completely as possible the carbonic acid. It being very important
to thoroughly absorb the carbonic acid contained in the mixture, I have
for this object arranged an apparatus destined to put it successively in
contact with several layers of liquid charged with lime at different degrees.
This apparatus has moreover the advantage of working continuously.
A, A, cylinder, in sheet iron, forming the external body of the carbonator;
A, A¹, stand or base, in cast iron, on which the above cylinder is placed;
A2, beam of cast iron fixed above the apparatus by means of a rod which
goes through it, and which is united at the bottom with two bolts above
and below to tighten it. a,a,a,a³, a, diaphragms of sheet iron pierced with
holes (of about one-third of an inch in diameter) in great number, dividing the
interior of the column into six compartments; as, bottom of the column
which full; b, 61, 62, 63, 64, pipes for carrying off the surplus, running from
one plateau or stage of the column to the other; c, c¹, c², c³, c4, vases fixed
above each plateau to receive the lower end of the above-mentioned pipes and
form an hydraulic closing for them; the part of the plateau «, corresponding
to the bottoms of those vases, is not pierced with holes. d, cock to bring the
juice to the top of the column A, A; e, cock for emptying the juice at the
bottom of the same column; f. pipe for bringing the gas destined for the
saturation of the lime; g, steam cock fixed to the stand A¹, A¹, serving if
necessary to heat to 50% or 60% "centigrade," the juice which comes out
of f; h, cock for letting off the condensed water from the stand above men-
tioned; t, t, 2, 3, 4, manholes fixed on a level with each diaphragmn a of
the column A, A, in order, if necessary, to clear them from any deposits of
lime which may have formed therein.
Plate 3 (Sheet 2), gas cleanser; this cleanser is arranged in the same
mauner as the carbonator above mentioned, with the exception that the beam
A2 at the summit of the column is replaced by a full cover, which is tubulated,
T corresponding to the drawing pipe of the forcing machine B, of the entire
plau, Plate 1. The stand A¹, A is a simple support which receives the
column; it is not arranged to receive heat by steam as in the carbonating

page_text: apparatus (he same letters designate the same parts as in the car-
bonator).
Centrifugal clarifyer (Plate 4, Sheet 2.)-This apparatus, which has the
sameappearance externally as the centrifugal machines for sugar, nevertheless
'differs from them in a very material manner. A is the outer vat; B, the
arcade supporting the drum movement; C is the rotating drum; this latter
drum differs essentially from that of the sugar apparatus, as it is not per-
forated with holes like the latter, the sheet iron of which it is composed being
solid. A pipe a, fitted with a cock B, is intended to carry the liquid to be
clarified into this drum in a continued stream. G is a crown, in sheet iron,
for the vat A of the apparatus, and which covers externally, and to some
distance, the border of the drum C.
Progress of the operation :-The juice on leaving the extracting apparatus
is directed by a slant, or by means of a steam pump into the purifying vases
A, A',and so on,every two of which are filled successively; these vases contain
a heating apparatus of a serpentine shape in order to bring up the juice to the
temperature of from 10% to 30% "centigrade," (50% to 86% "Fahrenheit,")
or when the juice is maintained at that temperature by any other means, as
within those limits of temperature (which I still consider as cold purification
compared to the temperature of from 85% to 100% "centigrade," (183%
to 212 "Fahrenheit,") at which that operation is effected by the different
processes usually adopted), the deposits of defecation take place better and
quicker than at a higher or lower temperature. I introduce into these vases
the quantity of lime necessary for the cold defecation, putting,as already men-
tioned, for one thousand quarts of juice, about twenty-five pounds weight of
quick-lime, which is made into a kind of milk by the addition of a little water,
or (which is better) into a fine powder; this lime is well mixed with the juice
by means of a movement of the vat itself, or by the aid of a stirrer; the juice
thus agitated and mixed with the lime is left to itself for from 12 to 20 hours
for the formation and deposit of the scum. Each vase, as we have already
said, contains the juice produced by one hour's labour, each of them is there.
fore drawn off clear after the time allowed for the deposit. In order to effect
this drawing off, each vase is provided with a perforated pipe, the holes of
which are at different heights, like those used for the emptying of defecation
oilers. The clear juice, after it has run into a reservoir common to all the
vases, is again acted on by the pump D, to be carried alternately into one or
the other of the reservoirs E, E¹. The sediments or deposits are carried into
the boiler B, where they are again heated in order to be rendered more fluid,
and be heated in the same manner asordinary deposits caused in defecation by

page_text: heat. As the best means of treating sediments or scums, I use that which has
been lately patented by M. Manuel, of Dijon, France, and which consists in
acting on them by means of a centrifugal machine; this is why, in my general
plan, I have drawn two centrifugal apparatus C, C, instead of the scum presses
generally used in sugar works. The clear purified juice, when placed in one
of the reservoirs E or E',receives a fresh addition of lime; this second dose of
quicklime varies from two to five thousandth parts of the weight of the juice,
according to the quality of the latter. This lime is put into the juice,either in
the state of milk of lime, or of hydrated lime reduced to a fine powder and
sifted; it is well stirred when in the juice, in order to effect the solution.
The juice, with the lime thus added, is in the proper state for carbonation; this
operation may be effected in a series of open boilers, like those generally used,
but we prefer the use of the continuous apparatus F (see special description
of Plate 2). The juice when defecated, and after receiving the addition of
lime, is passed by the cock d to the upper plateau of the column A, A, and at
the same time (there is carried) by the pipe f,the gas containing the carbonic
acid for the saturation of the lime. This gas is driven into the said apparatus
by the forcing pump R, Plate 1. Between this pump and the carbonating
apparatus may be placed a bell or gasometer, serving to store the gas, and to
distribute it in a continuous manner without the action of the piston of the
pump being felt in the carbonating apparatus. The juice carried to the upper
part of the apparatus is met in a direction opposed to its fall by the saturating
gas; this juice, which would otherwise fall through the small holes through
which the diaphragms a, a, are filled, is kept up by the current of gas which
rises through those very holes,so that the juice accumulates on these pierced
plateaus until it attains the height of the pipes 6,61, 62, by which it runs on the
lower plateau. The juice falling through these pipes runs into the vases c, c',
(and so on), and from thence spreads over each of the plateaus. When the
operation is well in progress the juice forms a uniform layer on each of the
plateaus or stages, while it has at the same time a constantly descending move-
ment through the pipes before mentioned, and the gas successively rises into
each division of the apparatus in passing through the holes of the plateaus up
to the last, where the azote gas, deprived of the carbonic acid, escapes into
the air. The mixture of azote and carbonic acid arriving by the bottom of the
apparatus is brought,during the ascent,intosuccessive contact ineach division
of the column with the juice more and more charged with lime not saturated,
for in proportion as the juice descends, it is saturated by the contact of
the acid which ascends; the lower portions of the juice are therefore less
charged with lime than the upper ones; the mixture of gas is itself less

page_text: rich in carbonic acid, in proportion as it rises to a higher plateau of the
apparatus; it therefore follows that the two matters are in the best state at
each stage of the operation for acting on each other, and that the carbonic
acid gas is as much absorbed as possible by meeting, in proportion as it
becomes exhausted,a liquid more and more charged with lime. There results
from the use of this apparatus a great saving of carbonic acid gas; this
carbonic acid gas is, as I have before said, extracted from the gases arising
from the combustion in the furnaces of the steam generators. The general
plan at Plate 1 shews the arrangement by which a part of the gas from the
combustion in the furnaces of the steam generators N, N¹, is passed through
the general smoke pipe to be used in the carbonation; as these gasses arising
from the ordinary furnaces are at a temperature of about 400 "centigrade,"
I have utilised their cooling (which is necessary to their use) in the inter-
mediate production of steam. I therefore make them pass through the tubes
of the boiler M filled with water; the heat of these gases produces in their
passage a quantity of steam, which is added to that ofthe ordinary generators.
The gases, cooled to about 150% "centigrade," are on leaving this boiler
carried to the washing or cleansing apparatus P,Plate 1,and in detailPlate 3.
The object of this cleansing apparatus is to clear the gases of smoke and soot
which may have escaped from the combustion, and in case of need, of all
sulphurous vapour. It also has the effect of cooling the gases to from 50° to
60% "centigrade," (122% to 140 °/3 "Fahrenheit "), the temperature at
which they must be employed for the saturation. When the gas arrives froin
the furnaces by the pipe, Plate 3, it runs through the different divisions of
the apparatus,in the same manner as in the carbonating apparatus previously
described; it meets in its ascent the different layers of water, which are
introduced by the tube d, Plate 3, into the different parts of the apparatus.
The successive passages of the gas through the different plateaus or stages
pierced with holes and charged with water, effect the washing and cooling of
it. The water which has served for this washing descends by the pipes 6,61,6³,
and escapes by the pipe e, which may have fitted to it a syphon, which will
counterbalance the partial vacuum which may be caused in the apparatus.
The quantity of water which is to be made to pass into the apparatus must be
regulated according to the temperature of the gas which arrives, and must be
such that the gas, on leaving by the pipe T,be at 60 "centigrade," (140°/
Fahrenheit,") at most. The gas is passed through this apparatus by the
action of the forcing machine R, Plate 1. The stroke of this machine
corresponds to the pipe T of the apparatus, (see Plate 3). It is this forcing
action which makes the gas pass through the different layers; and this draught

page_text: is kept up as far as the flue of the chimney from which the gas is first taken.
The drawing back of the cleansed gas is effected by the same machine R,
which sends it to the carbonating apparatus previously described by the pipef,
Plate 2, with the interposition of a gasometer to regulate the jet. The juice
having been subjected to this first carbonation, holds in suspension a large
quantity of carbonate of lime, united by the coloring matter of the juice; this
liquid, on leaving the carbonating apparatus F, Plate 1, is sent back into the
turbines or centrifugal apparatus G, G¹, that the carbonate which presents
itself in it in the form of lumps may be separated therefrom. This separation
may also be effected by allowing it to stand for a time, which would allow the
largest particles to settle; the clear liquid might then be sent into the filterers
fitted with pockets of crossed cotton; the solid deposit would be heated in the
centrifugal apparatus for that purpose, which have already been described.
I find, however, a more prompt result in the use of the special centrifugal
apparatus arranged for the direct clarification of liquids, shewn at Plate 4.
This apparatus works in the following manner:-The drum C is put in motion
at the rate of about seventy yards per second at the circumference; I then
open the cock b, which admits the juice to be clarified; this juice, which
comes from an upper reservoir, passes through a pipe in the direction of the
arrow No. 1; the liquid, the spreading of which is limited by the bottom of
the apparatus, then takes, under the influence of the centrifugal force, an
ascending motion, which makes it run over the drum and escape in the
direction of the arrows 2 and 3. This liquid, which arrives at the bottom of
the apparatus charged with carbonate of lime in suspension, disengages itself'
of this solid matter during its ascent, and quits the drum in a clear state,
leaving the carbonate attached to the sides thereof. The clear liquid runs into
the vat A, and leaves it by an exhaust pipe fitted to the vat. There is
successively formed over the whole surface of the drum a coat of carbonate of
lime, which goes on spreading itself until it becomes nearly as thick as the
rim which terminates the drum at its upper part. The drum is then stopped,
the coating of carbonate of lime is removed with a scraper, and the apparatus
is ready for another operation. This clarification is extremely prompt, and it
is more or less complete according to the rapidity of the rotary movement of
the drum, and its height. The druins usually used for sugar apparatus are only
from about S to 9 inches in height; I give to those above described a height of
from 13 to 15 inches, and even more. The juice on leaving the vat A may, if
it still contains some traces of carbonate of lime in suspension, be passed through
linen strainers to render it quiteclear; the juice thus treated is received into a
reservoir and again raised alternately by the point H, Plate 1, into one of the two

page_text: reservoirs E², E³. In these reservoirs the juice undergoes a third addition of
hydrated lime, the dose of which in quicklime varies from 1 to 3 or 5-1,000th
parts of the weight of the juice; this addition is made in the same manner as
for the preceding operations. The juice, thus limed for the third time, is sent
to the second carbonating apparatus J, Plate 1, where it is subjected to the
action of the carbonic acid in the same manner as I have before described.
This time the carbonation must be carried on until the whole of the lime be
completely saturated with carbonic acid, that is to say, until some drops of
the juice filtered through paper no longer precipitateoxalic acid, or until they
become thick by lime water, which indicates an excess of carbonic acid in the
juice, and consequently the complete absence of lime in suspension. This
result is continuously obtained by properly proportioning (a facility only
acquired by practice) the flowing of the juice, and the quantity of carbonic acid
supplied to the apparatus. The juice being in a proper state is, on leaving
the carbonator J,carried into the boilers K, where it is heated to 100% "centi-
grade" for some minutes; thence the juice goes to the vats to clear, and the
clear part is placed in ordinary filterers, whence the juice will issue completely
limpid. For this second clarification the centrifugal apparatus may be used
as for the first, instead of vats. The juice, thus heated by two successive car-
bonations, is completely cleared of azoted matters or combinations having
lime for basis, without the use of animal black; this juice is carried to the
evaporating boiler, and the cooking proceeds without sediments being depo.
sited. This juice, when cooked, is much finer and has a better taste than that
which is obtained by the processes hitherto adopted, and is terminated by the
cristalization and the turbinage as usual to extract the sugar from it. I would'
here observe that a variation occurs in the production of carbonic acid gas,
caused by the bad quality of the coal in some localities, and fears might be
entertained about the use of the gas proceeding from the generators. In this
case I apply the direct heating by coke to a tubular steam generator of a force
correspoding to the quantity of coke to be consumed for the production of the
necessary quantity of carbonic acid. The coke used ought to be the purest
possible, and made from washed coal, the produce of the combustion is brought
into the smoke box of the boiler, and taken thence by the blowing machine
already set forth, by a ventilator, or by any other machine which will bring it
to the washing apparatus. In this manner, I shall only have gas lear from
smoke and sulphurous vapours to send to the carbonating apparatus, and
on the other hand, the consumption of coke will have cost nothing to the
manufacturer, since he will have produced steam with the heat caused by the
combustion. If the tubular boiler above mentioned is only established in pro-

page_text: I
portion to the quantity of coke to be consumed for the saturation, this boiler
will not require a chimney, since all the gas will be taken by the blowing
machine or the ventilator; but if the boiler be of larger dimensions, a chimney
must be placed to carry off the surplus air uselessly combined in the satura-
tion. Lastly, in order to obtain gases still purer and richer in carbonic acid,
and also to utilize their heat while cooling,instead of simply burning the fuel
in the furnace, I may heat a tubular or other boiler with the gases of a furnace
or of a cooking oven for carbonate of lime, the carbonic acid of which unites
with that of the fuel. I think it desirable here to point out, as a special appa-
ratus for forcing up and driving back the gases, the exhauster which is inade
use of in some manufactories for lighting,and which with greatsimplicity acts
on large volumes. I am aware that for a long time past the use of cold lime
has been recommended either in the pulps, the "cossettes," or the juice, in
order to avoid from the very common cement any change in the saccharine
principle,and that a process has even been based on the indefinite preservation
of the juice in cisterns by means of alcalisation. That it has been observed.
that juice, alcalized before or after its extraction, undergoes a kind of cold
defecation. That it has been recommended to saturate the lime in solution
in the juice urified cold, by means of carbonic acid in excess by a single
saturation. That it has been claimed to saturate lime in solution in juice
purified by heat (that is to say, between 85%, and 100% "centigrade," or
18% to 212% "Fahrenheit"), sometimes to the point when the froth falls,
at other times to excess (presumed) of carbonic acid, and in sometimes
again putting lime into the saturated juice, in order to give to the latter a
certain alcalinity during the evaporation. That it has been recommended to
utilise the gases arising from combustion in order to evaporate and carbonate
the juices of beetroot defecated by heat, with or without their scums, by
making the gas from the chimney circulate in a turning cylinder exposed
internally and externally to the current of smoke, but in truth without pre-
vious washing, and at such a temperature that the sugar must be affected by
it. I do not therefore claim any of the above processes, either patented or in
use; and I remark that I differ from them completely, in so much as if I defe-
cate cold, or at a temperature of from 10% to 30% "centigrade," (50%
10 86% "Fahrenheit,") I do not keep the juice to treat it at a distant period
but do it as soon as the deposit of the scum has taken place, and withiu
the shortest possible delay. That successive additions of lime have not for
effect to alcalize the juices in order to evaporate them in that state, but to
render entirely precipitable by the carbonic acid, the combinations of lime and
of azoted and extracted matters arising from the first defecation, which with-

page_text: out that escapes at the carbonation, and definitively only to submit to
evaporation juiceperfectly purified without requiring the use of animal black.
Refining of Sugar. As mentioned above, I apply to the refining of sugar
my method of making additions of lime and ca bonic acid, as well as the
carbonating apparatus, washers, and exhausters of gas, and the centrifugal
clarifications above described for the manufacture of sugar. As an example
of the application of this system to refining, I give the following description
of the operation:-I commence by dissolving the raw sugar in a quantity of
water, which varies according to the quality of the sugar and the mode of
filtration, or in solution of a density of about from 1.120 to 1-160, and add to
this solution, for 100) of raw sugar and according to quality 5 to 8 of real lime
reduced to a milk. This mixture is afterwards carbonated, either hot or cold,
but I prefer a temperature of from 50% to 60% "centigrade," (122% to
140% "Fahrenheit." The carbonation is carried on until the calcareous
precipitate separates itself from the liquid in the form of lumps; at this phase
of the operation it may be proved that the syrup is still very alkaline by its
giving a strong bluish tint to red turnsol paper. The operation of the con-
tinuous carbonating apparatus, Plate 2, (if that apparatus be made use of)
is thereby directed. In all cases I make use of carbonic gas derived from the
same sources as in the sugar factory. As to the syrup charged with carbonate
of lime, it is cleared by being allowed to stand, by filtration, or still better by
the centrifugal clarificator. The syrup when cleared of its calcareous deposit
is already very well purified, and I might, either by carrying the carbonation
above mentioned a little further, or by completely carbonating the syrup
deprived of this colored deposit, terminate its treatment at this stage. But
after this first carbonation the syrup is not generally sufficiently cleared of
colored matters. I then add to it a new dose of line, weaker than the former,
or about one-half less, and afterwards carbonate completely this last addition
or until the limpid lime water becomes dull by the addition of a few drops of
the syrup. The syrup is afterwards boiled or clarified by repose, by the
centrifugal clarificator, or by filtration,and is then baked in the ordinary way.
I thus obtain, without animal charcoal or blood, sugar perfectly pure and
exempt from all traces of lime, in loaves of a colour and quality equal to
the best sugar obtained by those agents.
Having now described the nature of my Invention, and the means of
carrying the same into practical effect, I would have it distinctly understood
that I do not confine myself to the precise details herein given or set forth;
but I claim the exclusive use of the means, whether substances, gases,
machinery, or apparatus (except where herein mentioned as of ordinary (use)

page_text: or the property of another), whereby or wherewith I purify juice and raw
sugar, er refine sugar, as herein-before described or set forth, which con-
stitute a new system of manufacturing sugar.
In witness whereof, I, the said Louis Antoine Possoz, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Sixth day of February, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty.
0
Witness,
A. PERIER,
Maire de Flary-le-Martel,
LOUIS ANTOINE POSSOZ. (L.S.).
Aisne, France.