Improvements in or pertaining to Multiplex Printing Telegraph Systems.
Year: 1897

page_text: Date of Application, 3rd July, 1897
Complete Specification Left, 2nd Apr., 1898-Accepted, 2nd July, 1898.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in or pertaining to Multiplex Printing Telegraph
Systems.
A communication from abroad by HENRY AUGUSTUS ROWLAND, of 913, Cathedral
Street, in the City of Baltimore, State of Maryland, United States of America,
Professor of Physics.
I, PHILIP MIDDLETON JUSTICE, of 55 and 56, Chancery Lane, in the County of
Middlesex, Fellow of the Chartered Institute of Patent Agents, do hereby declare the
nature of this invention to be as follows:
This invention relates to improvements in synchronous multiplex telegraphy
and more particularly to a system of synchronous multiplex telegraphy in
which intelligence is transmitted by modifying the waves of an alternating current,
and making the modifications in the current manifest at any desired point in the
form of printed characters or otherwise.
To more fully describe the invention, reference is had to the accompanying
drawings, in which similar parts are indicated by similar letters and numerals
throughout the several views:
Fig. 1 is a diagram representing some of the apparatus, at the sending end of a
line, very much simplified for the sake of clearness in illustrating one of the methods
of sending a message or signal.
Fig. 2 represents an ordinary sine curve of an alternating current.
Fig. 3 represents the sine curve with one of its waves modified and
Fig. 4 represents the same with one of the waves replaced by one of opposite
polarity.
Fig. 5 is a diagram illustrating one of the methods of receiving a message or
signal.
Fig. 6 is a diagram illustrating a method of sending a message or modifying the
alternating current by closing or opening one or more circuits.
Fig. 7 represents a means for modifying the alternating line current by leaving
out a portion thereof and impressing an extra current upon the portion so
modified.
Fig. 8 represents a means by which the alternating line current may be modified
by completing or breaking another circuit or circuits at desired intervals by means of
a travelling tape.
Fig. 9 represents a means for modifying the alternating line current which
consists in completing or breaking other circuits, by means of a travelling tape,
somewhat different from that shewn in the preceding figure.
Fig. 10 is a diagram illustrating one of the methods of receiving a message or
signal.
Fig. 10 represents a sine curve of an alternating current.
Fig. 11 is a diagram shewing the electrical connections between the several parts
of the "combination device."
Fig. 12 is a diagram farther illustrating the combination device and system.

page_text: Fig. 13 is a diagram representing several commutators developed and
illustrating the general principle of combining circuits to produce a desired
effect.
Fig. 14 represents a plan view of the working apparatus shewing the printer
motor-dynamo regulating device, synchronous device, sending and receiving
commutator, device for setting the said commutator, and the line relay, all mounted
upon one base.
Fig. 15 represents a means by which a motor, dynamo or motor-dynatno may be
governed by a synchronous machine.
Fig. 16 is a diagram to shew the action of a current in several circuits upon several
magnetic devices to operate a printer.
Fig. 17 represents a further application of the principle illustrated in Fig. 16, and
shews the electrical connections between the several electro-magnetic devices forming
a part of the printer.
Fig. 18 represents the printer and a part of the combination device in side elevation,
and detached from the other apparatus shewn in Fig. 14.
Fig. 19 is a detail perspective view representing the contact device between the
synchronous device and the motor dynamo..
Fig. 20 represents in side elevation a detail view of the type wheel, and
Fig. 21 represents a section taken along the line 21-21 of Figure 20, and looking
in the direction of the arrow.
Fig. 22 is a detail view representing one of the brush holders of the synchronous
machine or motor-dynamo in side elevation.
Fig. 23 represents a side elevation of the armature of the synchronous device or
machine shewing the arrangement of the alternating current coils.
Fig. 24 represents a section of the device for setting the sending and receiving
commutator, taken along the line 24-24 of Figure 14, and looking in the direction
of the arrow.
Fig. 25 represents a plan view partly in section of the line polarized relay.
Fig. 26 represents a plan view of the keyboard.
Fig. 27 represents a section of the keyboard taken along the line 27-27 of Figure 26
and looking in the direction of the arrow, and
Fig. 28 represents a section of the keyboard taken along the line 28-28 of Figure 26,
and looking in the direction of the arrow.
Fig. 29 represents an end elevation of the contact device shewn in Figure 28.
Fig. 30 is a diagram shewing a method of signalling by reflecting a modified current
wave from one point to another, and
Fig. 31 is a diagram shewing the application of the ordinary system of duplexing
to this system of telegraphy.
The basis of this system of telegraphy consists in employing an alternating current
of electricity, and modifying the plus or minus waves of the said alternating current
as they pass a particular point, then in using this modification to transmit intelligence
in many different ways to any desired point or points.
First, the current by which it is proposed to transmit signals or intelligence, is a
true alternating current; not necessarily of the true sine form, but an alternating
current as contra-distinguished from a pulsating current.
Second, the source from which this alternating current is obtained may be either
an ordinary alternating current dynamo, a revolving commutator, or a vibrating
device of any kind used to transform a continuous into an alternating current. The
current may be also derived indirectly from the original source, as from a transformer,
either static or rotary; and in any case, especially where a transformer is used, it
may be shunted by a condenser, or put in series with it, as desired, in order to modify
the relation between the current and electro-motive force.
Third, the modification of such an alternating current as is employed will consist
in cutting or leaving out an integral number of half wave lengths of the alternating
current, or of cutting or leaving out any portion of a wave, or a whole wave, or any
number of waves; or it may consist in impressing an extra wave or waves or portions

page_text: of a wave or waves, upon the portion of the alternating current so cut out. Thus,
Figure 2 represents a sine curve of the ordinary alternating current, which will
obviously vary from the true sine form when the current is obtained from a vibrating
device. The modification of the current by leaving out one of the half wave lengths,
is shewn in Figure 3, and the modification by impressing an extra half wave in the
place of the wave left out, is shewn in Figure 4, in which latter case, the solid line
represents the current derived from an alternator or transformer, and the square one
in dotted lines represents current impressed from a battery.
But the invention is not confined to the modification of the current by cutting out
only half wave lengths; for instance, the current may be modified with equally as
good, if not better results, by beginning at the point in Figure 2, and cutting out
the current from that point to the point y, or by cutting out any of the current
intermediate between those points.
In order to shew how the messages or signals are sent by modifying the alternating
current, reference will first be had particularly to Figure 1, which illustrates a method
of sending by breaking the line current directly, thus cutting out the requisite
amount of current to be made manifest in an intelligible form at some receiving
station.
A represents the source of alternating current, which, as before stated, may not
be confined alone to an alternating current dynamo. L represents the main line
wire, one end of which passes to ground- in the figure and the other to the
receiving station, but obviously both may pass directly to the other station.
B represents what is in general neither a motor nor a dynamo, so will be
designated a "synchronous device" which will be described in detail hereafter.
The function of the "synchronous device" is to rotate in actual synchronism with
the line current by which is synchronized, and so rotating, to drive a brush C also in
synchronism with the current. This brush C rotates synchronously around and
in contact with a plurality of conducting segments D, the several segments
being connected to wires 1, 2,
8, and these latter wires connected at
points 1121
81, (where the connection may be broken, as by a key or
relay) to a similar number of wires which are all connected to the common line wire 1.
The brush C is represented as mounted on a disc C¹ carried by the shaft K, which
dise is driven by the pinion 600 on the shaft 67 of the "synchronous device." Obviously,
the same result may be obtained by having the segments D revolve, and the brush
remain stationary; or, that the means of revolving either from the synchronous
device may be varied in many ways; also that an alternating current generator may
be substituted for the synchronous device at the generating station.
But throughout all of the drawings, in order to secure greater clearness, all attempts
to adhere to mechanical points of design, especially in the diagrams, will be
avoided.
With all of the contacts 11, 21 to 81 closed, the current from the source A will pass
into the brush 62, and through the armature of the "synchronous device," and out at
brush 63 thence into the brush 64, shaft K, disc C₁, brush C and through that segment
of the ring D which happens, at that instant to be in contact with the brush C, then
into the wire connected to that segment, through one of the wires 11 21 to 8¹ and into
the line wire again.
If, as is shewn in Figure 1, the connection at 21 should have been momentarily
broken, a signal would have been transmitted by the wave, thus modified; for,
at that instant, the brush C was in contact with the segment connected to the line
thus broken. Other signals may be sent by similarly breaking the other contacts 11,
31 to 81.
While there are shewn only eight segments in the ring D, it is obvious that
the number may be increased to any desired extent to obtain a greater number of
branch circuits.
Having thus shewn how, at a sending station, the current may be modified and
hence a signal or message sent, it will next be shewn how this modified current makes
itself manifest at a receiving station.

page_text: Referring then to Figure 5, which is a diagram representing the receiving apparatus,
B is a "synchronous device" exactly similar to the one above referred to, and operating
to rotate the brush C2 in synchronism with the similar one at the sending end, which
brush, likewise, passes over a similar segmental ring D¹, but in this latter case the
segments of the ring D¹ are connected to eight relays R1 R2 to Rs, and from these
relays the branch circuits 12, 22, 32 to 82 unite and pass into the wire 10, which latter
is connected to the armaturer of the relay R. The upper contact 70 of the relay R is
connected through the battery or source of current X to the brush 64, which is, as in
the former case, in electrical connection with the shaft K and brush C².
The relay R is excited directly by the main line alternating current passing through
its coils. This alternating current passing normally through the said relay coils
keeps the tongue of that relay in a state of vibration between the contacts 70
and 700, and the brush C2 sweeps over the segment D' in synchronism with the main
line current.
The armaturer vibrated by the line alternating current, normally makes contact
with at each instant that the insulation between the segments of the ring D¹
comes in contact with the brush C2, and the said armature makes contact with 7.00
for each negative wave preferably of the alternating current, (or it may be the plus
wave) at every instant that one of the conducting strips of the ring Di comes under
the brush C2. But, if, as we supposed above, the contact at 21, Fig. 1, be broken (or
in fact, any of the contacts 11, 21 to 81, but 21 for simplicity, as the brushes are
shewn connected with those lines in the diagram), then, upon breaking the circuit
at 21, a part of the current will be left out, and when this current, so modified,
passing over the line I reaches the relay R, the effect will be to cause the armaturer
of that relay to remain for the length of the altered wave, against the contact rº, and
while thus against the contact 70 one of the conducting segments of the
ring D will come in contact with the brush C2 and thus close the local battery
circuit, and, as the brushes C and C2 revolve in synchronism, a current will be sent
through one of the segments D¹ exactly corresponding to a similar one at the sending
end, and into the corresponding relay R², which may be made to effect any desired
result in the way of making the signal thus sent, intelligible. It will hereafter be
shewn how the operation of these relays may be made to operate a device by which the
signals thus sent may be made manifest in printed characters; and it will be further
seen, as hereinafter explained, that in the present printing device a plurality of
circuits are simultaneously broken, and not single circuits, as above described although
the breaking of single circuits may be found useful in other devices.
The tongues of the relays R' R² to R" may be brought back to their initial positions
after they have been displaced by the signalling current as explained, by providing
them all with an extra winding 101 and connecting this to an extra segment Do in
the ring D¹, so that once in every revolution a current opposite in direction to the
signalling local current will be sent through the relays, thus causing the tongues
to return to their initial positions. But the same result may be accomplished by
causing a current of opposite polarity to the local signalling current to traverse all of
the relays through the regular signalling coils. Thus, as shewn in Figure 5, when-
ever a signal is received, a plus current will be sent through one or more of the
relays R¹ R2 to RS owing to the fact that at that instant the armature makes
contact with the upper local contact 0, but if every time the armature returns to
the lower contact a minus current is sent through the relays, the tongues will be
returned to their initial positions without the extra winding. The arrangement of
the battery and connection shewn in dotted lines, Figure 5, will accomplish this.
The above described method of sending, was to divide the main line current into a
plurality of branch circuits and pass the current from these into segments, and then
through a brush, back to the line again. But it has been found advantageous not to
pass the main line current through the segments D D¹ at all, but to operate a plurality
of local circuits, which enter the segments before entered by the line current, in such
a way, that by acting upon any of these local branch circuits the line current may be
simultaneously modified.

page_text: To further explain this method of sending, reference 15
Figure 6.
nad paricura
LO
In this instance, the line current passes normally through the local contact side
and the armature r¹ of the relay R°, the said armature being normally held against
the local contact by the spring 2. The line current may also pass through the
"synchronous device," or this device may be operated on a local circuit in synchronism
with the line. This local current, in synchronism with the main line current, may
be obtained by relaying the main current by a transformer or other suitable
device.
The resistance 3 with sliding contact 4 is connected around the armature 1, so
that when the contact between the said armature and the contact 70 is broken, the
line current may be made either to pass through any desired resistance, or the resis-
tance may be made infinite by breaking the contact between the arm and
resistance 3. This resistance may be replaced by a condenser or self induction
coil.
The brush C is rotated, as above described, in synchronism with the line current,
but in this case, the segmental ring D2 is composed of a greater number of segments,
thirty-four in all, nine of which are shewn connected to nine circuits, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
to 9, and the others may be divided into two more groups of nine each, which may
be connected to other groups of wires, and seven odd segments are left which may
be used for different purposes; as completing the circuit through relays for effecting
any desired results.
The current in any of the wires 1, 2, to 9 may be made to pass into the contacts
13, 23 to 93 and thence into the wire 11, through the relay Ro, and so on around the
local circuit of the battery X.
But in this case the contacts 13, 23 to 93 are normally open, and hence no current
passes in the local circuits until one or more of these contacts are made. There-
fore, it will be readily seen that when it is desired to transmit a signal, which is
done by cutting out a part of the line alternating current, one or more of the
contacts at 13 23 to 93 may be closed, which will close the local circuit through
the ring D2 and brush C, and cause the current to pass through the coils of the
relay Ro, which, becoming excited thereby, will attract its armature and break the
connection between the contact side 0 and the armature 1, which either breaks
the line circuit entirely, or introduces enough resistance at that instant to modify the
waves of the current, either of which may be employed. Instead of making
the local circuit through R° for a signal, by using the other contact 7.00 instead
of ro, it is possible to signal by breaking the local circuit. Instead of simply
cutting out a part of the alternating current, or of introducing high resistance at
times into the circuit, an extra current may be superimposed on the line current
in the place of the part thus cut out or otherwise affected.
In Figure 7, which shews a means for accomplishing this result, R00 represents the
electro-magnet of a relay and 75 its armature, having a contact spring 70 and contact
screws 7 and 8, the former being insulated from the armature, and the latter held
rigid. Normally the line current would pass through contact into the spring
and out at 9, but if the magnet R°° attracts the armature 5 which is pivoted. at 7.10
the end of the spring 76 will be thrust against the point which will break the
connection at and introduce the current from the battery X, which battery may
obviously be replaced by any other source of current.
In all the ways of breaking out portions of the alternate current here shewn it is
usually best to start at the point where least sparking is obtained. This is near the
point where the current is zero.
In Figure 8 is shewn a method of sending the message or signal by means of a
travelling tape. In this instance the contacts 13, 23, 33 to 93, the segmental rings D¹
and D2, and brushes C are dispensed with. R° represents a relay similar to that
shewn in Figure 6, and the connections of its armature with the inain line are all
exactly the same as shewn and described, the essential difference in the two methods
being in the mode of closing the local battery circuit which excites the relay Rº.

page_text: The method as shewn in Figure 8, consists in causing a perforated tape to travel
at a uniform speed, and causing the circuit which operates the line relay R° to be
closed at such times as the perforations in the tape pass a predetermined point."
To accomplish this a tape G is used having perforations 9 and g¹, and motion is
imparted to the said tape from a small toothed wheel c° whose teeth engage the
perforations g¹ and this wheel c is in turn driven in synchronism with the line current
by the large gear Co, which latter is connected to the "synchronous device" B.
The local circuit 12 is completed through the perforations g¹ of the tape by having
the tape pass over a metallic contact body H. The contact is made from the brush h
through perforations g' to the conducting body H, and then to the brush h°. So that
every time the local battery circuit 12 is completed through one of the perforations g¹,
each of which perforations represents a letter or signal, the relay R° will modify the
main line current and transmit the corresponding signal to another point.
But such
an arrangement of the tape, as shewn in Figure 8, would make it necessary that the
tape travel at a very high speed, for the perforations g¹ to pass the contact point h fast
enough to transmit signals rapidly.
This may be overcome by the arrangement of the tape and other parts, as shewn in
Figure 9. In this instance the tape G₁ is made broader than the tape G and the contact
holes or perforations g² are disposed differently. The holes g² are arranged in
longitudinal rows representing eight circuits, and as these eight circuits may be
combined in many different ways, the perforations through which these circuits are
completed may be arranged so that they will form groups, and each group of
perforations is arranged in a line transversely of the tape, thus, each group of
perforations may represent a letter of the alphabet. In the special printer herein-
described the combinations are used simply in pairs.
Referring to Figure 9, it will be seen that a pair of perforations lie upon the
line o o another pair arranged differently and lie upon the line o¹-o¹ and another
pair upon the line 02-02, and so on, throughout the series. But it is obvious that
any grouping of the perforations may be used, or, that the number of holes or
perforations in the longitudinal rows which represent the number of circuits to be
completed, may be increased, or diminished, to suit the occasion, eight simply being
represented for the sake of clearness in the description, and obviously when the
number of groups of holes g¹ are increased, the segments D³ would be corre-
spondingly increased.
This tape G¹ then is made to pass over a conducting body H¹ as in the
former case, and the contact between the body H' and local battery circuit 13
is made by a plurality of brushes or points h¹, h² to h8 equal in number to
the rows of holes in the tape, the circuits from these brushes then pass into a
segmental ring, to and out through the brush C which as before described, rotates in
synchronism with the line current, being regulated by the "synchronous device," and
then the local circuit passes through the relay R° and back to the battery X. But in
this case the tape G' advances periodically, that is, it advances the distance from one
transverse row of holes g² to the next row, for every revolution of the brush C. This
is accomplished by mounting the one-toothed wheel c" on the same shaft with the
brush C and causing the tooth of that wheel to engage at each revolution one of the
teeth of the wheel c000, which latter drives the tape by engaging the row of holes g³.
So that if we suppose the holes g² on the line o―o to represent the letter A, then at
the instant that they were under the brushes h¹ h³, two waves would have passed
through the brush. C and segments D corresponding to the brushes h¹ h³, and would
have caused the relay R° to attract its armature and thus cut out, or modify two
corresponding waves of the alternating line current, which, being transmitted to
a receiving station, may be made manifest in the form of intelligible signals.
Instead of using the relay R, Figure 9, the main line circuit may be broken as
at Lo, and the connections made as indicated in dotted lines, the local circuit being
broken at any point between those connections, as at 131.
Fig. 10 illustrates a method of receiving the signals or messages whereby none of
the local receiving apparatus except the line relay is traversed by the main line
alternating current.

page_text: In this instance, all of the local apparatus with the exception of the line relay 'R00
is operated by a local current relayed by means of the line alternating current, and
therefore, any defects or accidents which may occur to the local apparatus or eircuit,
will not, in any way, affect the line current; in other words, the line current is
independent of any local apparatus and the local apparatus is dependent upon the
line current, according to the arrangement shewn in Figure 10.
This result is accomplished by making the line current traverse the coils of a
polarized relay R00, which, obviously, may be replaced by any current changing
device, and connecting the plus pole of one of the batteries X¹ to the contact 700 and
the minus pole to ro or vice versa, then the other poles of the batteries are connected
to a common wire 14 which branches into nine circuits 14, 24, 34, 44, to 94, each of
which passes through the coils of the relays R1, R2 to R10, which are in this case
alternately wound in opposite directions, and thence into nine segments on the
ring D³, and from the segments the current from any of the nine wires may pass into
the brush C through the "synchronous device" B, and back through the relay
tongue to the batteries X1 again. The action of the apparatus is as follows: by
virtue of the line alternating current passing through the coils of the polarized
relay R, the tongue 10 of that relay, will be kept in a state of vibration between the
contacts and 700, making contact alternately with each, and, therefore, sending an
alternating current through the local circuit from the battery X. If, now, the waves
of the line current be modified in any of the ways before described, the periodic
vibration of the relay tongue 7-10 will be interrupted for that instant, which will
accordingly interrupt or modify a wave of the local alternating current, and this
altered local current, which in this case would be two or more successive waves of the
same sign, will be transmitted down the wire 14 and enter the relay whose coils are
connected to that segment of the ring D³, which, at that instant happens to be in
contact with the brush C sweeping over it. The effect of this current passing
through any particular relay of the group R to R¹ will be to cause the tongue of
that relay to move from its normal position and close another circuit, which second
circuit operates devices for making the modified current manifest in the form of
signals or printed characters.
The circuit 15 passes through a relay R000 and through a segment of the ring D³,
the purpose of which, is to indicate when the ring D³ is so adjusted around its axis,
that the segments thereof occupy identical positions with the segments of a similar
ring at the station from which the message is sent. Thus the ring D³ is adjusted
around its axis until a point is found, where, at the instant the brush C sweeps over
the segment connected with the circuit 15, the relay R000 will sound, and thus
indicate the correct adjustment of the ring or commutator D³.
In Figure 10 it will be seen that the "synchronous device" is synchronized by a
local alternating current relayed from the line current, but it may be synchronized by
the line current directly, while the rest of the apparatus is operated by the relayed
current, by making the connections as shewn by the dotted lines 16, 17 and 18 and
breaking the former connections at the points 19 and 20. Also a second relay like Roo
may be used to produce the synchronizing circuit. In case this relay is more sensi-
tive than R and the waves are not entirely cut out but only reduced in intensity,
this relay will work constantly and produce a better synchronizing current. than R.
The relays R1, R2 to R all have their tongues inagnetized from a common central
magnet R20, around which they are arranged on the base R21. This arrangement affords
a very compact, reat and effective device.
It is not sufficient that a single relay of the group R¹ to R be acted upon by the
local current in order that the signal may be recorded or inade manifest according to
my present system, as a printed character, but two or more of the relays R¹¹ to R19
must be acted upon by the signaling current, and in this instance the local current.
This, of course, necessitates the breaking or making of two or more of the branch
circuits, 1, 2, to 8, or 1, 2, to 9, at the sending stations. But, while more than two
circuits may be broken or made for each letter transmitted, for the sake of clearness
the description will adhere to the system of breaking or making only two, or, which

page_text: is the same thing, making two modifications of the line current for each letter or
signal transmitted. Now considering Figure 10ª in conjunction with Figure 10, we
will suppose a current to be passing through the coils of the relay R00, which current
will be represented by the curve Figure 10, and as shewn in Figure 10, it will be
supposed that the tongue 10 makes connection with contact 700 for every plus wave of
the line, and contact with 70 for every minus wave, so that, as represented in the
drawing, the first of the relays to be traversed by a current will be the relay R",
supposing the brush C to revolve in the direction of the arrow, which current will be
a plus current, as the relay tongue 10 will be in contact with 700; but when the next
line wave passes the relay, the tongue 10 will send a minus wave through the
relay R¹², and so on around the series of relays R" to R¹. Now suppose after the
plus wave had passed the relay R00 and sent a plus wave through relay R", that
the next wave, being minus, was missing, cut out or reversed, then the relay
tongue 10 would remain against the plus contact 700 sending a plus current through
the relay R2, and thus closing the contact.
Thus we know that by making two modifications in the main line current we may
affect two alternate relays of the group R to R19 in such a way as to cause them to
open or close circuits, or otherwise. The object in making pairs of these relays Ru
to R¹ to open or close other circuits is to operate a printing mechanism, by which,
under different combinations of the circuits controlled by the relays R¹ to R1, the
signals may be printed. The idea is to cause the relays R" to R¹ to close nine
circuits in so many combinations, that a circuit operating a printing machine may be
closed for each or any of the combinations. The case here shewn contains nine
circuits arranged in pairs, and with the contiguous combinations left out.
To illustrate this, reference will be had particularly to Figure 11, where D+
represents a disc with twenty-eight segments, c, d, e, f, g, h, i; d, e, f, g, h, &c.,
with all of the segments represented by like letters, electrically connected together,
and each of these groups connected to the circuits c, d, e, f¹, g¹, h¹, i¹. D
represents a disc having seven segments a, b, c², d², e², f2, g², the outer periphery
of the segment a corresponding in length to the outer periphery of seven of the
segments on the disc D, and the length of segment b corresponding to six in the
disc D, and so on, until the segment g² is reached which is equal in size to one of
those in the disc D4. The circuits c¹, d₁, e¹, f, glare connected to the segments c²,
d², e, f, g2 of the disc D5 and all of the circuits, a, b¹, c¹, d¹, e¹, f¹, g¹, h¹ and i¹, are
connected, respectively, to the discs d², d³ to do, which discs are electrically connected
to the circuits a*, b*, c*, d*, e*, f*, gx, h*, i*, which latter circuits may be closed or
opened by the relays R¹ to R19 in different combinations.
Rx represents an electro-magnet, which, when excited, may be made to operate a
printing device.
This magnet R is connected in circuit with the battery X and
brushes C and C5, which latter rest, respectively, upon the discs D* and D. The way
in which the circuit is completed through the magnet R*, which operates a printer
hereafter described, by certain combinations effected by closing certain of the
circuits a, b to i* is as follows:-
Assuming that a signal has been sent, and that the relays R" and R¹³ are the ones
which are affected by the signal, as described in reference to Figure 10, these relays
will close the circuits a* and c. Tracing the circuit from the battery X at the
instant that the brushes C and C³ occupy the positions relative to the segments
under them, as shewn in the drawing, it will be seen that this circuit is complete,
passing through magnet R*, brush C5, segment a, disc d², circuit a*, then through c
into disc d' and back to battery through line c', segment c and brush C'. But, if
any of the contacts at a, b to are closed singly, the magnet R* will not be
affected, for the circuit through it will not be completed. As noted, only alternate
relays of the group R to R act; we will next suppose the relays R12 and R14 to
close the circuits 6x and d*. A current will then flow through the coils of the
magnet R, as will be obvious, when the segments in the discs D4, and D³, which
correspond to the closed circuits bx, dx come in contact with the brushes C and C5;
and in like manner, two other circuits of the group a to may be closed and in

page_text: this way twenty-eight combinations may be got from the nine circuits, not counting
contiguous combinations, with the polarized relays, each one of which combinations
will close the circuit through the printer magnet R* or may be made to accomplish
many other results.
This principle of combining circuits is further illustrated in Figure 12, which
shews the parts indicated in Figure 11 more as they occur in practice; but in
Figure 12, for the sake of clearness, all of the connections except two between the
discs D4, D5 and d² to do have been omitted, all of which were clearly shewn in the
enlarged diagram, Figure 11.
It will be noted that contiguous segments of the disc D in Figure 12 which are
connected to the same circuit, as h h and ii, are made into one segment instead of
connecting across the intervening insulation, as was done in Figure 11.
The discs D4, D5 and d² to do. are all shewn mounted upon the same shaft and
driven in synchronisin with the line current and regulated by the "synchronous
device."
W represents a type wheel and M the magnet for operating the hammer S, though,
as will hereinafter be shewn, the printer magnet M is not operated directly from the
brushes and C³, but indirectly through relays.
All of the parts shewn in Figure 12 correspond to those shewn and sufficiently
described in Figure 11.
But the method of combining circuits above described and shewn in Figures 11
and 12, is only a special case of many which may be derived from a general method.
of combining circuits which has been devised.
By the method before described the combination adopted was by pairs, that is
two circuits were together closed for each signal or letter to be printed, but the
combinations are not confined to pairs. Thus, given a number of circuits which can
be closed to operate devices by the combination of these, the combinations may be
either by twos, threes, fours, &c. For example, let the circuits be represented
by a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, then by combining these circuits in pairs, as ab, ac, bc, ef, &c.,
twenty-eight combinations may be got from the eight circuits, or combining them
by threes, as abc, abd, bed, &c., fifty-six combinations are possible; and by fours
as abed, abce, aceb, &c., seventy combinations are had, &c.
It is proposed to operate two hundred and fifty-five devices or less by making or
breaking eight circuits when positive currents only are used; but when. negative
currents are also used, the number of combinations is greater.
To further explain this system of combinations, reference is had particularly to
Figure 13, which, for the sake of simplicity, shews how the combinations may. be
effected between four circuits instead of between the larger number that would be
used in practice.
D represents the development of a commutator having fifteen segments and
D', D8, D and D10 represent the developments of four commutators, each of which is
composed of two parts of conducting material do, do, di, ds, &c., and in each
commutator the conducting pieces are separated from each other by insulating
material do as shewn. In each of the commutators D7 to D10, it will be seen that
the conducting parts d³, d", d', d³, d¹¹, d¹² interlock. The conducting members of
each of the commutators D' to D10 are made to so interlock that the portion included
by one of the protruding portions of one conducting member will represent the
length of a certain number of segments on the commutator De corresponding in
position to that portion of the one of the commutators D7 to 110.
To illustrate, suppose we let the segments in the commutator D* represent the
combinations of four circuits; thus abed, abc, cd, and a, as shewn. Then all
combinations embracing the letter "a" will be represented in the commutator D7 by
that portion of the member dⓇ which interlocks into the member d5 as at d¹³ and all
combinations involving "b" are represented in the commutator D' by the portions (14
which interlock into the member d, and all of the combinations involving "c" are
represented in commutator D in a similar way, and in like manner are the combina-
tions involving d represented in the commutator D10.

page_text: R21, R22, R23 and R24 represent relays adapted to close the circuit connecting two
conducting members of each of the commutators D', D³, D° and D10, and C, C. to C¹º
represent brushes in contact with these commutators and connected by the
wire C¹¹
Co is a brush in contact with the commutator D and connected to one of the
brushes C7.
It will be seen from the described connections, that no current will flow from the
battery X until one of the relays R21 to R24 acts to close the circuit through its tongue
as shewn in the drawing. Therefore, by making the relays R21 to R24 act singly,
currents will flow from the battery and pass through the magnetic device R* at such
times as the segments represented by single letters on the commutator Do come in
contact with the brush Co. Thus, suppose the relay R21 to cause its armature 21 to
make contact with the contact point 2.25, then a current will flow from the battery X
as long as the brush Co is on the segment d, but if as the brush C advances to the
segment c (all of the brushes moving simultaneously) the relay R22 closes the circuit
through its tongue 22 then a current will again flow from the battery which may be
made to operate the magnetic device R* and in like manner as the circuits are
completed through the relays R23 and R24, will a current flow from the battery, when
the brush C rests on the segments b and a respectively, assuming all of the rest of
the brushes C7, C8, C and C10 to advance simultaneously with the brush Co.
To make the combinations of two circuits two of the relays R" to R24 act together
and close the circuits through their tongues. Thus, for example, if the
combinations a d are desired, the relays R1 and R24 would act, closing the circuits
through their tongues 21 and 724, and a current would flow from the battery X, when
the brushes had advanced to a point where the brush Ce would rest on the segment ad,
and so when the combinations of three circuits are desired, three relays act and close
three circuits; for example, suppose relays R21, R2, and R23 to close the. circuits
through their tongues 21, 22, and 123, then a current would flow from the battery X,
when the brushes advanced to a point where the brush C indicated by abc, and the
same principle applies when four circuits are combined, all the relays then act, and a
current flows when the brushes advance to a point where the brush C6 comes in
contact with the segment indicated by abcd. If it is desired that the combinations
operate only once for each revolution of the brushes or commutators, as either may
revolve, a magnetic device such as is represented by Y may be connected in the
battery circuit as indicated by the dotted connections 21 and 22, in which case the
loop 23 would be left out of the circuit and the whole battery current made to pass
through the coil y, which would cause the tongue y¹ to be attracted, and to break the
circuit at y².
When the end of the revolution of the brush C6 or cylinder D is reached, the
tongue y may be brought back in connection with the contact y² by any suitable
periodically acting device; or, this may be accomplished by adding the segment c**
to the commutator D' and connecting the coil y³ to the circuit, as shewn by the
connections 24 and 25.
•
When it is desired to operate some magnetic device as R* only at given times,
dependent upon the combinations of the circuits closed by the relays R21 to R24, the 4
commutator De may be dispensed with and the wire 26 connected to the wire C¹¹, as
shewn, in which case the device Y would also be dispensed with.
Having now described the principle and operation of the system, some of
the working apparatus by which this system is put into practice will next be
described.
Referring particularly to Figure 14, which represents a plan view of the working
apparatus, shewing the "synchronous device" auxiliary motor, and means of
regulating the speed of same, the printer, "combination device," sending and
receiving commutator, device for setting commutator and line relay, all mounted on
one base, which base, may be extended to include still other printers as hereafter
described.

page_text: The synchronous device B, the function of which was indicated in the preceding
diagrams, is shewn in greater detail in Figure 14.
This device consists essentially of a disc armature B¹ mounted between the poles
of two permanent magnets B².
The armature B₁ consists of a non-magnetic disc 60 preferably metallic, carrying
upon one of its faces three or more coils B° adapted to carry a continuous current
and connected with the commutator 65 and upon the other face of the disc 6º are
mounted two coils B00 for an alternating current, and connected to the collector
rings B, but, obviously, the two coils may be replaced by four, six, or a greater
number of coils, if desired. By using two coils for the alternating current, the
armature makes one revolution for each complete period of alternation, and with
four, six, &c., coils the speed may be reduced to one-half, one-third, &c.
armature disc, collector rings and commutator are all mounted on the shaft 67 which
is journalled in the frame B³.
The
BB represent the brush holders which are most clearly shewn in the detail view,
Figure 22. They consist of two plates of insulating material 68, pivotally mounted
as at bo to each side of a central plate 610, which is bent as at 611 and there secured
to a rod 612, which rod is adapted to be held in a central opening in the upright 613,
and secured by the set screw 614. The brushes,615 are secured to each of the plates 68,
where they may be connected to the terminal wires as at 610.
The pressure of the brushes against the commutator or collector rings, is secured
by means of the weights 617 connected by the arms 618 to the upper portion of the
plates 68
These brush holders are used both for alternating and continuous
currents.
This "synchronous device" is driven by a continuous current, or any other
motive power, and regulated by an alternating current. The coils carrying the
continuous current as before described and revolving between the magnetic poles,
and supplied with the proper commutator 6', constitutes a continuous current motor
from which the power necessary to drive the "synchronous device" may be derived.
An alternating current of low frequency for the regulation of the device is made
to traverse the coils B00, and, as before stated, may be from any convenient source
of alternating currents, and this current regulates all of the synchronous devices on
the line.
The continuous current to drive the motor may be as small as one-tenth of an
ampere and 10 volts, or even less, while the alternating current for regulation
may be as small as one-hundredth of an ampere, or from 20 to 40 milliamperes.
Hence the device is adapted for ordinary telegraphic requirements, as only the
ordinary strengths of current need be used.
But the invention is not confined to the use of a continuous current motor alone
as the driving power for the synchronous device; this power may be a small water-
motor, or clock work, a falling weight, or in fact any suitable source of power sufficient
to drive may be connected to the armature shaft.
On one end of the armature shaft 67 of the "synchronous device" is mounted a
pinion 600 which meshes with a large gear C¹ mounted fast on a shaft F, which latter
is journalled in the bearings f. This shaft F only extends from the gear C¹ to the
point f, is made hollow and receives the shaft K which revolves loosely within it,
and motion is transmitted from the shaft F to the shaft K by means of the beveled
gears F, Fo and K¹; the gear F¹ being inounted on the shaft F, meshes with the
intermediate gear F, and that in turn meshes with the gear K¹ mounted fast on the
shaft K. The gear F is mounted in the lugs or bearings fo which are inounted on a
disc F, on each side of the slot foo of that disc, through which the gear Fo passes, shewn
most clearly in the detail view, Figure 24. This disc F°° is provided with a plurality
of notches 2 around its periphery which are adapted to engage a spring set-piece f³
by means of which the disc may be set in any desired position around the shaft K,

page_text: '
the disc Foo being mounted on the loose collar f. The object of this method of
gearing will be presently described.
Mounted fast on the shaft K, but capable of adjustment around the shaft when
desired, is the arm K². This arm is provided with an extension K° at right angles
to it, and upon which is mounted the two sets of metallic strips k and k¹ which are
insulated from the extension K° as at °. These strips carry at their free ends the
rollers and respectively, which are adapted to make contact with the commutator
or segmental cylinders D1, D2, which cylinders or commutators are mounted fast on
the hollow shaft D00, which receives the end of the shaft K, and is secured at the
other end in the upright u. Angular inovement may be given the cylinders Dll D¹²
around the shaft K as an axis by means of the toothed disc dx, and when adjusted
may be held in the desired position by the set piece (**.
The cylinder Du composed of a plurality of metal segments insulated from each
other, corresponds to the ring D2 of Figure 6, and is the sending cylinder or commuta-
tor, the metal segments being made broad enough to insure the cutting out of a
sufficient quantity of the current to make a signal.
The cylinder D2 corresponds in function to the ring D³ shewn in Figure 10, and is,
therefore,. the receiving commutator, for which reason, the contact segments are
made very narrow, as shewn.
J represents a cable made up of all of the wires which connect with the segments
of the cominutators or cylinders D1 and D12. The cylinders D1 and D12 are prefer-
ably, in reality, only one cylinder having two sets of commutator segments separated
by an intervening insulating ring. 00 represent the terminal connections from
which the current passes into the strips through the rings 01 0¹.
The object of the arrangement of the gears K¹, F° and F¹ is to set the contact
rollers and in the proper position relative to the segments of the commutators D¹¹
and D12. To do this the set spring f³ is withdrawn from engagement with the teeth
of the disc 00, which disc is then advanced or turned back, carrying with it the
gears F and K¹ until the rollers 2 rest upon the proper segments, when the set
spring may be again engaged with the disc F00, which will retain it in that position.
How the contact rollers 2 and 3 are adjusted to the proper segments, has already
been explained. For the purpose of setting the disc Foo, the teeth around its peri-
phery are separated from each other by an interval corresponding with the space
between two segments on the commutators D11 D12.
R000 represents the line polarized relay whose action and function are the same as
the relay Roo, Figure 10, but is constructed differently.
The relay R has a circular permanent magnet 40 between the poles of which is
mounted an oscillating armature 42, being pivoted as at 743 and consisting of an iron
core of such form as to be in unstable equilibrium when in the center of its
motion, wound with a coil 45, and having a tongue 746, which is adapted to vibrate
between the contact screws 70 and 7.00. A current through the coil 45 causes the
armature 42 to tend to rotate on its pivot, and owing to the proximity of the field
poles and the method of pivoting the armature and the form of the iron core, this
relay possesses great sensitiveness, and is especially adapted to the delicate work
required.
E represents a continuous current motor having field magnets E', and a disc
armature E² in every respect the same as the armature B¹ of the synchronous machine,
except that the armature E² is provided with the continuous current coils e¹ only..
The motor E is also provided with the commutator e² and brush holder B+ similar to
those of the synchronous device. The shaft e carries a pinion e° which gears with the
toothed disc Co Inounted on the shaft P. This shaft P carries at one end a disc N and
another disc N¹ insulated from each other as at n and secured on the shaft P by the
collar and set screws n². This disc N is divided, as shewn most clearly in the
detail view, Figure 19, into two or more parts N2 and N³, each half of the disc being
insulated from the other as at no, and one of which halves is electrically connected
to the disc N', hereinafter more fully described. The contact rollers 5 carried by the
strip F2, which is mounted on the arm Fs and rotated by the shaft K, makes contact

page_text: with the half of the disc Nor Ns or rests upon the insulation dividing them, as the
case may be, and which will be explained more fully in connection with a subsequent
figure. 3 represents a brush for carrying the current to or from the disc N¹.
The object of this arrangement consisting of the discs N and N¹ and rotating
contact F, is to regulate the speed of the motor E, operating on a circuit of its own,
by means of the "synchronous device," which is operated or driven by another circuit,
and at the same time to allow the motor E to be stopped and started without inter-
fering with the speed of the "synchronous device." To more clearly illustrate and
describe how this governing is effected, reference will be bad for the present to
Figure 15, from which parts have been omitted, for the sake of clearness.
In Figure 15, the motor E is represented as being provided with alternating current
coils, in addition to the continuous current coils, which makes it a motor-generator, but
this does not alter its connection with the regulating circuit. The arm F3 is supposed
to revolve in the direction of the arrow and the disc N in the same direction. It will
be assumed that the arm F3 is revolving, and that the disc N is at rest at first. Then
the motor E is started up froin the battery or source of current X, by the rheostat 733
until the motor E attains the speed of the "synchronous device," and until
the motor has attained the speed of the "synchronous device," the circuit through
which the local current flows will be from the battery or source of power X, to the
brush n³then into the arm F3, into roller fo and then into that half of the disc N, viz.: N2,
which happens to be connected to the disc N¹ and from the disc N¹ to the motor, and back
to the battery by way of resistance 30. The circuit being complete only so long as the
roller remains in contact with the part N2 of the disc N, it being broken when that
contact ceases. So that the motor E will continue to speed up until the disc N and
arm F3 revolve at the same speed, when the roller f will rest upon the insulation
dividing the parts N2 and N³ of the disc N, when the current will no longer flow
through the arm F3, but will pass through the resistance 31 which has been predeter-
mined; but should the speed of the motor lag, the roller would immediately run over
in contact with the part N2 of the disc N, thereby lessening the resistance in the
motor circuit and causing the motor to increase its speed. Or a current passing
through the disc N may be, made to put a brake on the motor E.
Referring again to Figure 14, the shaft P driven by the motor E, which, as above
described, is regulated by the "synchronous device," carries the combination device
and type wheel. The theory and operation of this "combination device" having been
described and illustrated in Figures 11 and 12, the practical working form is shewn
in Figure 14.
D and D represent the segmental discs separated by an insulating collar D000.
d² to do represent the rotating contact rings in contact with as many brushes d¹¹
to 19, which are mounted on the insulated support 20. These brushes, instead of
being of the form as shewn, may have small rollers on them as those have that make
contact with the commutators D¹¹ D¹².
c³ ³ represent spring metal arms carrying the contact rollers c¹.
The arms c3 are mounted on an insulating plate c5, carried upon a plate co which is
adapted to slide between the sides c7 of a support c8, being actuated by the milled
screw c. By turning the screw c either one way or the other, the rollers ct may be
advanced or withdrawn.
THE PRINTER.
It will be understood from what has gone before, that at such times as an electric
circuit is made complete through the combination device, the current in this circuit
which corresponds at any particular. instant to a signal sent over the line, may be
caused to operate magnetic devices in various ways.and of various kinds; but for the
purpose of making these signals manifest in an intelligible form, they are caused
to be represented by printed characters, and to this end the automatic printer shewn
most clearly in Figures 14 and 18, has been devised, the electrical connection between
i the several electro-magnetic parts being shewn by the diagram, Figure 17. -

page_text: W represents a type wheel mounted on the shaft P, and, therefore, rotating in
synchronism with the "combination device" and with the line current.
This type
wheel, most clearly shewn in the detail views, Figures 20 and 21, consists of a wheel W
having the type warranged around its periphery, and is provided with a long collar w¹
which extends from one side of the wheel only. This collar and wheel are mounted
loosely on the shaft P and on the opposite side of the type wheel from the collar is
a disc w² held fast on the shaft by the set screw w³. This disc is provided with a
plurality of small holes into any of which is inserted a small pin w, against which
a pin on the type wheel rests, the type wheel being driven against the pin by means of a
coil spring w³, the other end of the spring being secured to the hub of the type wheel.
By this arrangement the speed of the shaft is not affected by the repeated blows given
the type wheel by the printing hammer, owing to the fact that the type wheel is loose
on the shaft P, and whenever the type wheel is struck it will give way and the shaft P
will continue to revolve, the spring bringing it back to its initial point when the
hammer releases it. This arrangement also secures greater clearness in the printing,
as the wheel momentarily stops when stuck, which would cause a blur, were the type
wheel rigid on the shaft. The type wheel is inked from the roller W¹ mounted on the
rod W2, which latter is secured by the upright u¹. The characters are printed from
this type wheel on to a strip of paper V which passes between the periphery of the
type wheel and a printing hammer S.. This printing hammer S consists of an arm 8,
preferably of magnetic metal and pivoted as at so in the frame So and at the pivoted
end is bent at right angles to form the downwardly extending arm s¹. The hammer
head consists of a frame S' secured to the end of the arm s and carrying a striker s²,
mounted on the stem 83, which is pivoted as at s¹ to the frame S1. 85 represents a
spring secured to the frame S¹, and in engagement with the stem s³, and so represents
a set screw for adjusting the position of the striker 82. The spring 85 allows the
striker s² to give way with the type wheel, which will also obviate blurring in the
printing. The downwardly extending arm s¹ of the printing hammer carries a thin
metal strips, secured to it as at 88, and this arm &¹ forms the armature of the electro-
magnet M, so that whenever the magnet M is excited, the arm s¹ will be attracted and
will obviously send the striker 82 against the paper; and when the magnet M so attracts
the armature s¹, it causes it to break the contact at s and make the contact between
the strips and screw 80, the object of which will be shewn under the description
of the circuits of the printer.
The paper V passes between the rollers Z and Z¹ and is advanced the proper distance
after the printing of each letter by the ratchet z mounted on the same spindle with
the roller Z, on the upright 72. This ratchet is rotated the distance of one tooth for
each letter by the pawl 2', carried by the arm 73, which is pivoted at 20. The pawl z¹
is held in the proper position by the spring 2².
The rocking arm Z³ carries an armature 3, which, after each letter has been printed,
is adapted to be attracted by the electro-magnet %, thus causing the pawl 2¹ to
advance the ratchet wheel, and therefore, the paper V. A metal strip 24, secured to
the upper end of the arm 73, inakes contact with a screw 25 every time the magnet Zo
attracts the armature 23, and thus completes a circuit. which instantly causes the
magnet Zo to release the armature 23, when the contact at 25 is again broken and the
arm Z³ returns to its norinal position as shewn most clearly in Figure 18.
The circuits through the electro-magnets M and Zo are opened and closed by
the magnetic devices or relays R* and R** which are provided with vibrating
tongues 3 and 736 which are adapted to vibrate between the contacts 35—7.36
and 37739 respectively. The relay R* acts to close a circuit which operates the
printer for each combination on the combination device, before described.
To more fully describe the action of the printer, reference will be had to the
diagram, Figure 17. The wires are connected with the brushes or contacts c³ of
the "combination device " so that whenever signal is received, the magnet R25 of
the relay R becomes excited. This causes the tongue 34 to be attracted by the
magnet R25, making contact at 735, which completes the circuit from the battery X
through the wires a³, and x² and the magnet M, which instantly causes the magnet M

page_text: The key-board by which any two of the branch circuits shewn in Figure 1, and
indicated 1, 2, 3, 4 to 8, may be broken, for each signal to be transmitted, or, whereby
any two of the branch circuits indicated 12, 22, 32, 92 in Figure 6, already broken, may
be made complete for each signal transmitted, is shewn in Figures 26, 27 and 28.
The key-board will first be described as it is used for breaking eight circuits, then
will be shewn how, with a slight alteration, it may be made to close nine circuits, but
in either case the invention is not confined to the use of either eight or nine circuits
strictly, as the number of circuits obviously may be varied indefinitely.
T represents the base of the key-board and T¹ two uprights with insulators to on
their tops. To these insulating plates on the uprights T¹ are secured eight metallic
strips t, four on each upright, each of the strips t being connected with one of the
wires 1, 2, 3 to 8 of the branch circuits. In the uprights T2 is journalled a small
shaft 2 upon which are mounted eight metallic bows 13, four with one of their ends
terminating in contact with four of the strips t and the other four similarly terminat-
ing in contact with the other group of four strips t. Thus mounted, the bows may
turn partly around the shaft 2 as an axis, so that, whenever the portion of the bows t³
parallel to the shaft 2 is raised, the contact between the bow which is raised and one
of the strips t engaging that bow is broken, and this, therefore, breaks the circuit of
one of the branches 1, 2, 3 to 8 which is connected to that particular strip t.
The electric circuit norinally passes from the line Linto the base, then through
the uprights T2 to the bows, and then branches into the circuits 1, 2, 3 to 8. The
bows are raised by means of a plurality of keys t' mounted upon the pivots t³, and
having their ends passing under the bows, where the keys are so slotted as to form
teeth t, so that each separate key, will, when the finger pieces 17 are depressed, raise
two bows; and, by having eight bows, we may raise them in 28 pairs; each key, there-
fore, when depressed raises two bows, which breaks the contact at two of the strips t,
thereby modifying the line current as described, and sending a signal. But the

page_text: keys can raise the bows at just such times only as will not interfere with any other
circuit.
This is accomplished by providing each bow with a lug which lugs are arranged
in a row across the top of the bows. A lever arin to is pivoted in the upright to, and
is provided with a foot t1 which normally engages the tops of the lugs to, the upper
end of the lever to being held back by a spring 12 against a set screw t¹³, so that
while the lever is in its normal position, as shewn in the drawing, the bows will be
prevented from rising, but whenever the magnet To becomes excited the lever
arm will be attracted and the bow which is to be raised by one of the keys may
rise.
The lever arm t is thus kept vibrating before the magnet To, which is periodically
excited by a revolving contact device Q. This contact device Q consists of a dise q
having a segment q' insulated from the rest of the disc and mounted on an insulating
collar qon the shaft P; and on the same collar is a metal ring q³ electrically
connected with the segment q'. In contact with the disc q and the ring q³, are the
brushes q, which are connected with the terminals 13 of the magnet To, so that
once in every revolution of the disc q. the segment q¹ makes contact with one of the
brushes q', and completes the circuit through the magnet To
A device similar to
the one except that it makes contact for three printers instead of one is shewn
at Q', Figure 14.
By adding another strip and arranging them as shewn in dotted lines at 15 and
adding an extra bow t¹ and extending some of the keys to make contact with the
added bow t16 when it is desired to raise that bow, the keyboard may be used to
complete nine circuits already broken and thus adapted for use in the method shewn
in Figure 6.
DUPLEXING..
When an alternating current with a wave modified is generated at one end of a
wire and travels along the wire, the capacity and self induction of the line gradually
reduces the current and the modified wave is at the same time changed.
Thus if it is attempted to signal back from the far end of a line by breaking the
current at that end, we produce very little effect at the end where the currents were
produced. This difficulty is obviated by an arrangement similar to the ordinary
duplexing method in some respects, although the adjustments are different. This
arrangement is shewn in Figure 30, where L represents the line wire, resistance
and a condenser in the artificial line to balance the line L.
R*** represents a neutrally wound receiving relay, and R° the sending relays, and
A the alternating current generator, and B the "synchronous device."
R*** replaces R or R00 in Figures 5 and 10.
"
The bridge method of duplexing according to which the apparatus at the left
of the line in Figure 30 is arranged, is too well known to require an explanation.
It is sufficient to say that as long as the relay R° on the right in the figure keeps
the circuit closed, the artificial line 11 will balance the line L and the relay R*** will
not be affected by the alternating current from the dynamo A. When, however, the
relay R on the right, for example, breaks the circuit L, and cuts out a portion of
the current, say a half wave, we can consider that this half wave is reflected back to
the receiving station, for the relay Rxxx on the left becomes affected. Hence, the
person at one end of the line can signal to a person at the other end, even over, a
line of great capacity.
The ordinary system of duplexing as applied to my system of telegraphy is shewn
in Figure 31 where R*** represents a receiving relay neutrally wound and R° the
sending relay, L the main line and L' the artificial line with condensers 1.
Roo and R*** represent receiving relays. A represents the alternating. current
generator which may take the place of the "synchronous device" at that end of the
line and B represents the "synchronous device" at the other end.
X3 is a battery
or a dynamo or an alternating current dynamo in synchronism with that at the

page_text: other end, which with relay R° on the right is in the earth circuit, while the
"synchronous device" and receiving relay Ro are in the bridge. Obviously then, a
current or a wave modified by the relay R° on the right, will not affect the relay R,
but will operate the relay R*** at the other end, and so, when the relay R° at the left
opens the circuit and cuts out or modifies a wave, this wave will not affect the
relay Rxxx neutrally wound, but will pass into and affect the relay R at the other
end of the line, which is no more than the ordinary system of duplexing applied to
my system of telegraphy.
The "synchronous device" being in the bridge, is regulated only by the dynamo A
and is not affected by that at X³.
Improvements in or Pertaining to Multiplex Printing Telegraph
Systems.
A communication from abroad by HENRY AUGUSTUS ROWLAND, of 913, Cathedral
Street, in the City of Baltimore, State of Maryland, United States of America,
Professor of Physics.
I, PHILIP MIDDLETON JUSTICE, of 55 and 56, Chancery Lane, in the County of
Middlesex, Fellow of the Chartered Institute of Patent Agents, do hereby declare
the nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to be performed,
to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement :-
My invention relates to improvements in the art of telegraphy, and broadly con-
sidered the invention constitutes a method of and means for transmitting intelligence
by modifying the impulses or semi-cycles of an alternating current of electricity so
that the number and sequence of the modified semi-cycles will represent an
elementary signal whether it be a sign, symbol, or a letter of an alphabet, and then
transmitting the suppressed semi-cycles over a line and making them manifest in any
desired form. This invention also embodies a method and means whereby a plurality
of persons may independently transmit signals over a single line.
The system is thus multiplexed by providing a sunflower and trailer device at each
sending and receiving station and causing all such devices to move in synchronism
with each other. The sunflower devices are divided into as many groups of segments
as there are separate persons sending over the same line and as the segments repre-
senting signals on the transmitter correspond with those on the receivers and both
revolve in synchronism, there can be no interference caused by a plurality of persons
sending over the same line.
To explain this more fully we will assume the simple case of sending signals
between two stations only, the two being connected by a single line.
At each station there is a sunflower or ring having say forty segments and these
divided into groups of eight segments in each group, all of the segments at the send-
ing end as well as those at the receiving end of the receiving end of the line being
connected separately to the common line wire.
A trailer sweeps over the segments at the sending end in synchronism with a similar
one which sweeps over the receiving segments.
Then, obviously, when the trailer at the sending end is sweeping over the first
group of segments, a current will be sent over the line to the corresponding group at
the other end only, as the brushes move in synchronism; and likewise when a person
if sending on the third group or fourth, fifth or any other group of segments at the
C

page_text: ,
sending end the signals will be received only by the groups of segments at the
receiving end which correspond to those at the sending end, hence there can be no
interference of the message transmitted by separate persons over the same line.
The invention further embodies á method of and ineans whereby the signals when
transmitted may be recorded either as printed characters or otherwise. The electric
current by which intelligence is transmitted according to my invention is a true
alternating current; not necessarily of the true sine form, but an alternating current
as contradistinguished from a pulsating current. The source from which this alter-
nating current is obtained, may be either an ordinary alternating current dynamo, a
revolving commutator, or a vibrating device of any kind used to transform a continuous
into an alternating current.
The current may also be derived indirectly from the original source as from a trans-
former either static or rotary, and in any case, especially where a transformer is used,
it may be shunted by a condenser, or put in series with it, as desired, in order to
modify the relation between the current and electro-motive force.
Now the basis of this system consists in modifying the plus or minus semi-cycles
or waves of the alternating current so that the number and sequence of the waves
thus modified will represent a signal, as was above stated. To make this clearer,
suppose we have eight semi-cycles, four plus and four minus, the 1st, 3rd, 5th and
7th semi-cycles being plus, and the others minus. To send one signal or letter, for
example; the 1st and 3rd semi-cycles may be suppressed; to transmit a different
signal or letter, the 1st and 4th may be suppressed; and still another signal by
suppressing the 2nd and 5th, and so on, showing that each letter or signal is trans-
mitted by suppressing the semi-cycles in definite order, so that the number and
sequence of the modified semi-cycles will represent a signal or letter.
There are
many ways of making these modified waves intelligible either as signs or by printed
characters of an alphabet. Of these I will herein shew and describe the latter, that
is, how they may be received and printed in the characters of the alphabet. The
printing is accomplished by causing one combination of suppressed semi-cycles to
act upon certain magnetic devices, and another combination to act upon other
magnetic devices, and still another combination to act upon still other magnetic
devices, and so on through the alphabet, each combination of suppressed semi-cycles
representing a letter. So that with the printer, at least, two semi-cycles must be
suppressed for each letter of the alphabet, sign or symbol. Thus, given a group of
eight semi-cycles I may suppress them in pairs in twenty-eight different combinations,
allowing each combination to represent a letter of the alphabet and two extra signals.
And obviously by increasing the number of semi-cycles in the group the number of
combinations obtainable would be correspondingly increased. Thus, taking a group
of eight semi-cycles, they may be suppressed in twenty-eight pairs, as follows: 1-2,
1-3, 14, 1-5, 1-6, 1-7, 1-8, 2-3, 2-4, 2-5, 2-6, 2-7, 2-8, 3-4, 3-5,
36, 3-7, 3-8, 4-5, 4-6, 4-7, 4-8, 5-6, 5-7, 5-8, 6-7,
6-8,
and 7-8.
These combinations will so affect the printer as to make it print a letter or sign
for each combination. Thus it will be seen that my invention embodies a method of
transmission and a method of receiving.
In order that the whole may be more clearly understood, I will describe the same
with reference to the drawings which accompanied the Provisional Specification, and
in which
Figure 1 is a diagram representing some of the apparatus, at the sending end of
a line, very much simplified for the sake of clearness in illustrating one of the
methods of sending a message or signal.
Figure 2 represents an ordinary sine curve of an alternating current.
Figure 3 represents the sine curve with one of its waves modified; and
:
Figure 4 represents the same with one of the waves replaced by one of the opposite
polarity.
Figure 5 is a diagram illustrating one of the methods of receiving a message or
signal.

page_text: Figure 6 is a diagram illustrating a method of sending a message or modifying the
alternating current by closing or opening one or more circuits.
Figure 7 represents a means for modifying the alternating line current by leaving
out a portion thereof and impressing an extra current upon the portion so
modified.
Figure 8 represents a means by which the alternating line current may be
modified by completing or breaking another circuit or circuits at desired intervals by
means of a travelling tape.
Figure 9 represents a means for modifying the alternating line current which
consists in completing or breaking other circuits, by means of a travelling tape, some-
what different from that shewn in the preceding figure.
Figure 10 is a diagram illustrating one of the methods of receiving a message
or signal.
Figure 10 represents a sine curve of an alternating current.
Figure 11 is a diagram shewing the electrical connections between the several
parts of the "combination device."
Figure 12 is a diagram further illustrating the combination device and
system.
Figure 13 is a diagram representing several commutators developed and illustrating
the general principle of combining circuits to produce a desired effect.
Figure 14 represents a plan view of the working apparatus shewing the printer,
motor-dynamo regulating device, synchronous device, sending and receiving com-
mutator, device for setting the said commutator, and the line relay, all mounted upon
one base.
Figure 15 represents a means by which a motor, dynamo, or motor dynamo may
be governed by a synchronous machine.
Figure 16 is a diagram to shew the action of a current in several circuits upon
several magnetic devices to operate a printer.
Figure 17 represents a further application of the principle illustrated in Figure 16,
and shews the electrical connections between the several electro-magnetic devices
forming a part of the printer.
Figure 18 represents the printer and a part of the combination device in side
elevation and detached from the other apparatus shewn in Figure 14.
Figure 19 is a detail perspective view representing the contact device between the
synchronous device and the motor-dynamo.
Figure 20 represents in side elevation a detail view of the type-wheel; and
Figure 21 represents a section taken along the line 21-21 of Figure 20, and looking
in the direction of the arrow.
Figure 22 is a detail view representing one of the brush holders of the synchronous
machine or motor-dynamo in side elevation.
Figure 23 represents a side elevation of the armature of the synchronous device.or
machine shewing the arrangement of the alternating current coils.
Figure 24 represents a section of the device for setting the sending and receiving
commutator taken along the line 24-24 of Figure 14, and looking in the direction
of the arrow.
Figure 25 represents a plan view partly in section of the line polarized relay.
Figure 26 represents a plan view of the key board.
Figure 27 represents a section of the key board taken along the line 27-27 of
Figure 26, and looking in the direction of the arrow; and
Figure 28 represents a section of the key board taken along the line 28-28 of
Figure 26, and looking in the direction of the arrow.
Figure 29 represents an end elevation of the contact device shewn in Figure 28.
Figure 30 is a diagram shewing a method of signalling by reflecting a modified
current wave from one point to another, and
2
Figure 31 is a diagram shewing the application of the ordinary system of duplexing
to my system of telegraphy.
.

page_text: Similar letters and numerals refer to similar parts throughout the several
views :-
The modification of the alternating current, will consist in cutting or leaving out
an integral number of half wave lengths of the alternating current, or of cutting or
leaving out any portion of a wave, or a whole wave, or any number of waves; or it
may consist in impressing an extra wave or waves or portions of a wave or waves,
upon the portion of the alternating current so cut out.
Thus Figure 2 represents a sine curve of the ordinary alternating current, which
will obviously vary from the true sine form when the current is obtained from a
vibrating device. The modification of the current by leaving out one of the half
wave lengths, is shewn in Figure 3, and the modification by impressing an extra half
wave in the place of the wave left out, or reversing a wave, is shewn in Figure 4, in
which case the solid line represents the current derived from an alternator or trans-
former, and the square one in dotted lines represents current impressed from a
battery.
But I do not confine myself to the modification of the current by cutting out only
half wave lengths; for instance, the current may be modified with equally as good,
if not better results, by beginning at the point in Figure 2, and cutting out the
current from that point to the point y, or by cutting out any of the current inter-
mediate between those points.
In order to shew how the messages or signals are sent by modifying the alternating
current, reference will first be had particularly to Figure 1, which illustrates a method
of sending by breaking the line current directly, thus cutting out the requisite
amount of current to be made manifest in an intelligible form at some receiving
station.
A represents the source of alternating current, which, as before stated, may not be
confined alone to an alternating current dynamo. L represents the main line wire,
one end of which passes to ground in the figure, and the other to the receiving
station, but obviously both may pass directly to the other station.
B represents what is in general, neither a motor-nor a dynamo, so will be designated
a synchronous device" which will be described in detail hereafter.
66
The function of the "synchronous device" is to rotate in actual synchronism with
the line current by which it is synchronized, and so rotating, to drive a brush C also
in synchronism with the current. The brush C rotates synchronously around and in
contact with a plurality of conducting segments D, the several seginents being
connected to wires 1, 2, .
8, and these latter wires connected at points
11 21.8¹, (where the connection may be broken, as by a key or relay) to a
similar number of wires which are all connected to the common line wire L.
The brush C is represented as mounted on a disc C¹ carried by the shaft K, which
disc is driven by the pinion 6,00 on the shaft 67 of the "synchronous device."
Obviously, the same result may be obtained by having the segments D revolve, and
the brush remain stationary; or indeed the means of revolving either from the
synchronous device may be varied in many ways. It is obvious also that an
alternating current generator may be substituted for the synchronous device at the
generating station.
With all of the contacts 11, 2¹ to 8¹ closed, the current from the source A will pass
into the brush 62 and through the armature of the "synchronous device," and out at
brush 63, thence into the brush 6, shaft K, disc C³, brush C and through that segment
of the ring D which happens, at that instant to be in contact with the brush C, then
into the wire connected to that segment, through one of the wires 112' to 8¹ and
into the line wire again.
If, as is shewn in Figure 1, the connection say at 21 should have been momentarily
broken, a signal would have been transmitted by the wave thus modified; for at that
instant, the brush C was in contact with the segment connected to the line thus
broken. Other signals may be sent by similarly breaking the other contacts 11, 31
to 8%

page_text: While I have shewn only eight segments in the ring D, it is obvious that the
number may be increased to any desired extent to obtain a greater number of branch
circuits.
Having thus shewn how, at a sending station, the current may be modified and
hence a signal or message sent, it will next be shewn how this modified current makes
itself manifest. at a receiving station.
Referring then to Figure 5, which is a diagram representing the receiving
apparatus, B is a synchronous device similar to the one above referred to, and
operating to rotate the brush C² in synchronism with the similar one at the sending
end, which brush, likewise passes over a similar segmental ring D', but in this latter
case the segments of the ring D¹ are connected to eight relays R¹ R² to R8, and from
these relays the branch circuits 12, 22, 32 to 82 unite and pass into the wire 10, which
latter is connected to the armature of the relay R. The upper contact 70 of the
relay R is connected through the battery or source of current X to the brush 64,
which is, as in the former case, in electrical connection with the shaft K and
brush C².
:
The relay R is excited directly by the main line alternating current passing through
its coils. This alternating current passing normally through the said relay coils keeps
the tongue r of that relay in a state of vibration between the contacts 0 and 700, and
the brush C² sweeps over the segment D¹ in synchronism with the main line current.
As long as the current flows uninterruptedly, it will thus be seen that the relay
tongue will make contact with 700 for each pulse or semi-cycle of the current.
Obviously then, as long as none of the semi-cycles are suppressed, the brush C² will
pass over the conducting segments of the ring D¹ when the tongue r makes contact
with, and will pass over a part of the insulation only when the said relay tongue
makes contact with the battery contact.
But, if, as we supposed above, the contact at 21, Figure 1, be broken (or in fact, any
of the contacts 11, 21 to 8', but 21 for simplicity, as the brushes are shewn connected
with those lines in the diagram), then upon breaking the circuit at 24, a part of the
current will be left out, and when this current, so modified, passing over the line L
reaches the relay R, the effect will be to cause the armature r of that relay to remain
for the length of the altered wave, against the contact 70, and while thus against the
contact one of the conducting segments of the ring D¹ will come in contact with
the brush C² and thus close the local battery circuit, and, as the brushes C and C² re-
volve in synchronism, a current will be sent through one of the segments D¹ exactly
corresponding to a similar one at the sending end, and into the corresponding relay
R2, which may be made to effect any desired result in the way of making the signal
thus sent, intelligible. It will hereafter be shewn how the operation of these relays
may be made to operate a device by which the signals thus sent may be inade manifest
in printed characters; and it will be further seen, as hereinafter explained, that in the
present printing device a plurality of circuits are simultaneously broken, and not
single circuits, as above described although the breaking of single circuits may be
found useful in other devices.
The tongues of the relays R¹ R² to R' may be brought back to their initial positions
after they have been displaced by the signaling current as explained, by providing
them all with an extra winding 10¹ and connecting this to an extra segment Do in
the ring D¹, so that once in every revolution a current opposite in direction to the
signaling local current will be sent through the relays, thus causing the tongues to
return to their initial positions. But the same result may be accomplished by causing
a current of opposite polarity to the local signaling current to traverse all of the relays
through the regular signaling coils. Thus, as shewn in Figure 5, whenever a signal
is received, a plus current will be sent through one or more of the relays R1 R2 to R8
owing to the fact that at that instant the arinature r makes contact with the upper
local contact, but if every time the armaturer returns to the lower contact a minus
current is sent through the relays, the tongues will be returned to their initial posi-
tions without the extra winding. The arrangement of the battery and connection
shewn in dotted lines, Figure 5, will accomplish this.

page_text: The above described method of sending, was to divide the main line current into a
plurality of branch circuits and pass the current from these into seginents, and then
through a brush, back to the line again. But it has been found advantageous, not to
pass the main line current through the segments D D¹ at all, but to operate a
plurality of local circuits, which enter the segments before entered by the line
current, in such a way, that by acting upon any of these local branch circuits the
line current may be simultaneously modified.
To further explain this method of sending, reference is had particularly to Figure 6.
In this instance, the line current passes normally through the local contact side 70
and the armature 1 of the relay Rº, the said armature being normally held against
the local contact by the spring 72. The line current may also pass through the "syn-
chronous device," or this device may be operated on a local circuit in synchronism
with the line. This local current, in synchronism with the main line current, may be
obtained by relaying the main current by a transformer or other suitable device.
The resistance 3 with sliding contact 4 is connected around the armature, so
that when the contact between the said armature and the contact is broken, the
line current may be made either to pass through any desired resistance, or the
resistance may be made infinite by breaking the contact between the arm and
resistance. This resistance may be replaced by a condenser or self-induction coil.
The brush C is rotated, as above described, in synchronism with the line current,
but in this case, the segmental ring D2 is composed of a greater number of segments,
thirty-four in all, nine of which are shewn connected to nine circuits, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
to 9, and the others may be divided into two more groups of nine each, which may
be connected to other groups of wires, and seven odd segments are left which may be
used for different purposes; as, completing the circuit through relays for effecting
any desired results, etc.
It will thus be seen that the transmitting ring or sunflower D2 (Fig. 6) is divided
into three groups of segments and while for the sake of clearness only one group is
shown connected to the main line, when it is desired to use the ring for three separate
transmitters, each group of segments would be connected to the line.
The transmitting ring may thus be divided into any number of groups of segments
depending upon the number or separate persons sending over the line, and as the
receiver would be divided, as hereinafter shown into a corresponding number of
segments, a person operating one group would not interfere with a person operating
another group of segments at the same transmitter as the brushes or trailers revolve
in synchronism and inake contact simultaneously with corresponding segments only.
The current in any of the wires 1, 2, to 9 may be made to pass into contacts 13, 23,
to 93, and thence into the wire 11, through the relay R° and so on around the local
circuit of the battery X.
But in this case the contacts 13, 23, to 93 are normally open, and hence no current
passes in the local circuits until one or more of these contacts are made. Therefore,
it will be readily seen that when it is desired to transmit a signal, which is done by
cutting out a part of the line alternating current, one or more of the contacts
at 13, 23 to 93 may be closed, which will close the local circuit through the ring 1)²
and brush C, and cause the current to pass through the coils of the relay R°, which,
becoming excited thereby, will attract its armature and break the connection between
the contact side 70 and the armature 1, which either breaks the line circuit entirely,
or introduces enough resistance at that instant to modify the waves of the current,
either of which may be employed. Instead of making the local circuit through Ro
for a signal, we can, by using the other contact 7-00 instead of 70, signal by breaking
the local circuit. Instead of simply cutting out a part of the alternating current, or
of introducing high resistance at times into the circuit, an extra current may be
super-imposed on the line current in the place of the part thus cut out or otherwise
affected.
In Figure 7, which shews a means for accomplishing this result, R° represents the
electro-magnet of a relay, and its armature, having a contact spring and contact
screws and, the former being insulated from the armature, and the latter held

page_text: rigid. Normally the line current would pass through contact 7 into the spring 16
and out at 9, but if the magnet R attracts the armature which is pivoted at 7:10,
the end of the spring will be thrust against the point which will break the
connection at 7 and introduce the current from the battery X, which battery may
obviously be replaced by any other source of current.
In all the ways of breaking out portions of the alternating current here shewn, it is
usually best to start at the point where least sparking is obtained. This is near the
point where the current is zero.
In Figure 8 is shewn a method of sending the message or signal by means of a.
travelling tape. In this instance the contacts 13, 23, 33 to 93, the segmental rigns D¹
and D2, and brushes C are dispensed with. R° represents a relay similar to that shewn
in Figure 6, and the connections of its armature with the main line are all exactly
the same as shewn and described, the essential difference in the two methods being
in the mode of closing the local battery circuit which excites the relay Rº.
The method as shewn in Figure 8, consists in causing a perforated tape to travel at
a uniform speed, and causing the circuit which operates the line relay R° to be closed
at such times as the perforations in the tape pass a predetermined point.
9
9,
To accomplish this, I use a tape G having perforations and gl, and impart motion
to the said tape from a small toothed wheel co whose teeth engage the perforations
and this wheel co is in turn driven in synchronism with the line current by the large
gear Co, which latter is connected to the "synchronous device " B.
The local circuit 12 is completed through the perforations g³ of the tape by having.
the tape pass over a metallic contact body H. The contact is made from the brush h
through perforations g¹ to the conducting body H, and then to the brush h°. So that
every time the local battery circuit 12 is completed through one of the perforations ¹,
each of which perforations represents a letter or signal, the relay R° will modify the
main liue current and transmit the corresponding signal to another point. But such
an arrangement of the tape, as shewn in Figure 8, would make it necessary that the
tape travel at a very high speed for the perforations g¹ to pass the contact point h fast
enough to transmit signals rapidly.
This may be overcome by the arrangement of the tape and other parts, as shewn in
Figure 9. In this instance, the tape G¹ is made broader than the tape G, and the
contact holes or perforations g2 are disposed differently. The holes are arranged in
longitudinal rows representing eight circuits, and as these eight circuits may be
combined in many different ways, the perforations through which these circuits are
completed may be arranged so that they will form groups, and each group of perfora-
tions is arranged in a line transversely of the tape. Thus, each group of perforations
may represent a letter of the alphabet. In the special printer hereindescribed, I
use simply the combinations in pairs.
Referring to Figure 9, it will be seen that a pair of perforations lie upon the
line o o, another pair arranged differently lie upon the line o'-o', and another pair
upon the line 02-02, and so on, throughout the series. But it is obvious that any
grouping of the perforations may be used; or, that the number of holes or perforations
in the longitudinal rows which represent the number of circuits to be completed may
be increased, or diminished to suit the occasion, eight simply being represented for the
sake of clearness in the description, and obviously when the number of groups of
holes g² are increased, the segments D would be correspondingly increased.
This tape G¹ then is made to pass over a conducting body H' as in the former
case, and the contact between the body H' and local battery circuit 13 is made by a
plurality of brushes or points h¹, h² to h³ equal in number to the rows of contact
holes in the tape. The circuits from these brushes then pass into a segmental ring,
to and out through the brush C, which, as before stated, rotates in synchronism
with the line current, being regulated by the "synchronous device." Then the
local circuit passes through the relay R° and back to the battery X. But in this case,
the tape G advances periodically, that is, it advances the distance from one
transverse row of holes g² to the next row, for every revolution of the brush C. This
is accomplished by mounting the one-toothed wheel c on the same shaft with the

page_text: brush C and causing the tooth of that wheel to engage at each revolution one of
the teeth of the wheel c000, which latter drives the tape by engaging the row
of holes g³. Then if we suppose the holes g2 on the line o-o to represent the letter A,
at the instant that they were under the brushes h¹, h³, two waves would have passed
through the brush C, and segments B corresponding to the brushes h¹ h³, and would
have caused the relay R° to attract its armature and thus cut out or modify two
corresponding waves of the alternating line current, which, being transmitted to a
receiving station, may be made manifest in the form of intelligible signals.
Instead of using the relay R°, Figure 9, the main line circuit may be broken as
at L, and the connections made as indicated in dotted lines, the local circuit being
broken at any point between these connections, as at 13¹.
Figure 10 illustrates a method of receiving the signals or messages whereby none
of the local receiving apparatus except the line relay, and if desired, the "synchronous
device" is traversed by the main line alternating current.
In this instance, all of the local apparatus, with the exception of the line relay R⁰⁰
is operated by a local current relayed by means of the line alternating current, and
therefore, any defects or accidents which may occur to the local apparatus or circuit,
will not in any way affect the line current; in other words, the line current is
independent of any local apparatus and the local apparatus is dependent upon the line
current, according to the arrangement shewn in Figure 10.
I accomplish this result by making the line current traverse the coils of a polarized
. relay R, which, obviously, may be replaced by any current changing' device, and
connecting the plus pole of one of the batteries X¹ to the contact 700, and the minus
pole to or vice versa, then the other poles of the batteries are connected to a
common wire 14 which branches into nine circuits 1, 2, 3, 44 to 94, each of which
passes through the coils of the relays R¹¹, R12 to R19, which are in this case alternately
wound in opposite directions, and thence into nine segments on the ring D³, and from
the segments the current from any of the nine wires may pass into the brush C through
the "synchronous device" B, and back through the relay tongue 710 to the batteries X'
again.
The action of the apparatus is as follows:
As long as the line current flows uninterruptedly through the coil of the polarized
line relay R, the tongue 710 of that relay will vibrate in unison with the line
current, making contact alternately with the contact posts 70 and 700. Every time
the tongue 10 makes contact with the post 70, a minus or negative current will be
sent through the relays R", R13, R15, R7 and R10, from the local battery as the
brush C sweeps over the segments of the ring D³ connected to those relays. Every
time the tongue 710 makes contact with the post 700, a plus current will be sent
through the local relays R12, R1, R1 and R, that is, of course, while no signal is
being sent. But, as adjacent relays of the group R to R19 are wound in opposite
directions from each other, the effect of the current thus passing through them will
be to cause their tongues to occupy the position away from the contacts a* to i* (see
Figs. 11 and 12), thus keeping the circuits through those contacts normally open,
that is, while the line current remains unmodified. Therefore, we know that if a
current is caused to traverse the coils of any of the relays of the groups R¹¹ to R¹º in
a direction opposite to that above stated, the effect will be to cause the relay
traversed by such a current to close the circuit through one of the contacts a to i*.
The current is caused thus to flow through the relays R" to R¹ in a direction opposite
to its normal direction by modifying the line current by suppressing the waves or
semi-cycles as explained.
It will now be supposed that the first of two semi-cycles suppressed at the
transmitting end, the one suppressed by the segment connected to the wire 1,
(Fig. for example) has arrived at the relay Rºº. When this happens, the brush C
will be in contact with the segment of the ring D³ connected to the wire l', and
in this case a minus current would ordinarily be transmitted down the wire to the
relay R, but now as a semi-cycle of the line current has been suppressed, the
tongue of the line relay will not make contact with that pole of the battery which

page_text: sends a minus current through relay R", but will remain against the contact 200
where the preceding semi-cycle had attracted it. The obvious effect of this will
be to cause a plus current to traverse the relay R", which will cause its tongue to
nake contact with the contact post *, (see Figs. 11 and 12). This will not,
however, effect the printer for it is necessary that at least two suppressed semi-cycles
arrive at the relay R before the printer will act. Now then, suppose the second
semi-cycle which was suppressed at the sending end arrives at the relay R. This
we will assume to be the semi-cycle suppressed by the segment of the ring D³ which
is connected to the wire 34. Then, when this semi-cycle is suppressed the brush C
will be in contact with the segment at the receiving end which is connected to the
wire 34. Ordinarily this would send a minus current through the relay R¹³, but, as
before stated, owing to the fact that a semi-cycle of the line current is suppressed,
the tongue of the relay Roo will remain against the contact, against which it was
drawn by the semi-cycle just preceding the suppressed one, and this will cause a plus
current to flow through the relay R¹³ which will cause its tongue to move. Thus
far, we have suppressed two semi-cycles and shewn how they affect two of the
relays of the groups R' to R¹º.
When the brush C again comes around to the segments connected to the wires 14
and 34, which were the ones above supposed to receive the signal, a current will be
sent through them in the usual direction, assuming that the line current is not
modified this time, which will cause the tongues of the relays R1 and R¹³ to return
to their normal position as shewn in the drawings. Now, while the operation has
just been explained for the transmission and reception of one signal or letter, the
operation is substantially the same for all the others, the only difference being that
the sending end of the local circuits would be operated on, and at the receiving end
other polarized relays of the groups R¹¹ to R19 would be affected.
The circuit 15 passes through a relay R000 and through a segment of the ring D³,
the purpose of which, is to indicate when the ring D³ is so adjusted around its axis,
that the segments thereof occupy identical positions with the segments of a similar
ring at the station from which the message is sent. Thus the ring D³ is adjusted
around its axis until a point is found where at the instant the brush C sweeps over
the segment connected with the circuit 15, the relay R000 will sound, and thus indi-
cate the correct adjustment of the ring or commutator D³.
In Figure 10 it will be seen that the "synchronous device" is synchronized by a
local alternating current relayed from the line current, but it may be synchronized
by the line current directly, while the rest of the apparatus is operated by the re-
layed current, by making the connections as shewn by the dotted lines 16, 17 and 18,
and breaking the former connections at the points 19 and 20. Also a second relay
like Ro⁰ may be used to produce the synchronizing circuit. In case this relay is
more sensitive then Ro⁰ and the waves are not entirely cut out but only reduced in
intensity, this relay will work constantly and produce a better synchronizing current
than R.
The relays R, R12 to R1 all have their tongues magnetized from a common central
magnet R20, around which they are arranged on the base R". This arrangement
affords a very compact, neat and effective device.
It has been shewn above that by making two modifications in the main line
current, we may affect two alternate relays of the group R to R19 in such a way as
to cause them to open or close circuits, or to act otherwise. The object, in making
pairs of these relays R¹¹ to R19 to open or close other circuits is to operate a printing
mechanism, by which, under different combinations of the circuits controlled by the
relays R¹ to R1, the signals may be printed. The idea is to cause the relays R¹¹
to R to close nine circuits in so many combinations, that a circuit operating a
printing machine may be closed for each or any of the combinations. The case here
shewn contains nine circuits arranged in pairs, and with the contiguous combinations
left out.
To illustrate this, suppose that we bave nine circuits represented by

page_text: c, d, e, f, g, h, i; c with d, e, f, g, h, i; d with e, f, g, h, i; e with f, g, h, i; f with
g, h, i; g with h, i, and h with i, thus obtaining thirty-six separate combinations.
Then, not counting contiguous combinations, that is, combinations as ab, bc, cd, de,
ef, fg, gh, and hi, we have left from nine circuit twenty-eight combinations as
follows: a (c, d, e, f, g, h, i); b (d, e, f, g, h, i); c (e, f, g, h, i); d (f, g, h, i);
e (g, h, i)f (h, i,) and gi. Thus it will be seen that these combinations may be
arranged in seven groups. In the first, "a" combines seven others; in the second,
"b" combines with six others, and so on, until the last of the group is reached.
I have devised a mechanical means based upon the above arrangement of the
combinations, whereby the nine circuits may be combined in any of the above
described ways. This device for combining the circuits will first be described with
reference to Figure 11, where D represents a disc with twenty-eight segments,
c, d, e, f, g, h, i; d, e, f, g, h, &c., with all of the segments represented by like
letters, electrically connected together, and each of these groups.connected to the
circuits c, d, e¹, f¹, g¹, h¹, 2. D' represents a disc having seven segments
a, b, c, l², e², f2, 92, the outer periphery of the segment a corresponding in length
to the outer periphery of seven of the segments on the disc D, and the length of
the segment b corresponding to six in the disc D4, and so on until the segment g² is
reached, which is equal in size to one of those in the disc D4. The circuits
c, d, e, f, g¹ are connected to the segments c², d, e, f, g² of the disc D' and all of
the circuits, a¹, b₁, c¹, d¹, e¹, f, g, h¹ and 21 are connected, respectively, to
the discs d², d³ to do, which discs are electrically connected to the contacts
ax, bx, cx, d*, ex, f*, gx, hx, ix, which latter contacts may be closed or opened by the
relays R1 to R1 in different combinations.
The discs D' and D' rotate in synchronisin with each other, either by both being
mounted on the same shaft, or otherwise, and the brushes C and C' remain stationary,
or, the brushes may be made to rotate in synchronism with each other and the discs
made to remain stationary. The idea is that the dises D4, D5 or brushes C4, C5 shall
travel at such a rate, that at such times as two of the relays R¹ to R19 act to close
two circuits, the brush C5 will rest upon one of the segments of the disc D5, which at
that moment corresponds to certain prearranged segments of the disc D*.
The way in which the circuit is completed through the magnet R* which operates
a printer hereinafter described, by certain combinations effected by closing certain of
the circuits a*, bx, to ix is as follows:
Assuming that a signal has been sent, and that the relays R¹¹ and R13 are the ones
which are effected by the signal, as described in reference to Figure 10, these
relays will close the contacts a* and c*. Then tracing the circuit from the battery X
at the instant that the brushes C4 and C5 occupy the position relative to the segments
under them, as shewn in the drawings, it will be seen that this circuit is complete,
passing through magnet Rx, brush C5, segment a, disc d², contact a*, then through c*
into disc d, and back to battery through line c¹, segment c and brush C. But if any
of the contacts at a*, 6x to * are closed singly, the magnet R* will not be effected,
for the circuit through it will not be completed. As noted, only alternate relays of
the group R to R10 act; we will next suppose the relays R12 and R¹ to close the
contacts b and d. A current will then flow through the coils of the magnet R*,
as will be obvious, when the segments in the discs D and D5, which correspond to
the closed circuits bx, dx come in contact with the brushes C and C5, and in like
manner, two other circuits of the group a to i may be closed, and in this way
twenty-eight combinations may be gotten from the nine circuits, not counting con-
tiguous combinations, with the polarized relays, each one of which combinations
will close the circuit through the printer magnet R* or may be made to accomplish
many other results.
This principle of combining circuits is further illustrated in Figure 12, which shews
the parts indicated in Figure 11 more as they occur in practice; but in Figure 12,
for the sake of clearness, all of the connections except two between the discs D4, D5
and d2 to 10 have been omitted, all of which were clearly shewn in the enlarged
diagram, Figure 11.

page_text: It will be noted that contiguous segments of the disc D* in Figure 12 which are
connected to the same circuits as h h and ii, are made into one segment instead of
connecting across the intervening insulation, as was done in Figure 1).
The discs D, D5 and d² to do are all shewn mounted upon the same shaft and
driven in synchronism with the line current and regulated by the "synchronous
device." The discs d² to do having the function only of collectors, may obviously be
replaced by collector rings or any other means for making contact between a rotating
and a fixed body.
W represents a typewheel, and M the magnet for operating the hammer S, though,
as will hereinafter be shewn, the printer magnet M is not operated directly from the
brushes C+ and C5, but indirectly through relays.
All of the parts shewn in Figure 12 correspond to those shewn and sufficiently
described in Figure 11.
The operation of printing the characters as accomplished by the device shewn in
Figure 11, is as follows:
For every letter or symbol of the type-wheel W, there is a time in each revolution
of the discs D4 and D5 that a segment of the disc D+ and one of the disc D5 comes in
contact with the brushes C and C5 the instant that a letter on the type wheel corre-
sponding to such a combination of segments comes in front of the printing hammer. To
illustrate, a letter of the type wheel will come in front of the printing hammer at each
time that the segments c and a, for example, come in contact simultaneously with the
brushes C and C, then if at that instant the relays R¹¹ and R¹³ closed the contacts a*
and cx, the electric circuit from the battery X through the magnet M will be com-
pleted and will cause the printing hammer to strike the letter on the type wheel and
thus print it.
The operation of the device for printing one letter is just the same as that for
printing any other letter or character. For instance, suppose a signal is sent which
causes two other relays of the group R to R¹ to act; then as soon as a segment of
the disc D+ electrically connected with a contact of one of the relays acting, comes in
contact with the brush C at the same time that one of the segments of the disc D³
that is connected to the contact of the other acting relay comes in contact with the
brush C, a letter on the type-wheel corresponding to the signal sent will appear before
the printing bammer, which latter will be caused to strike that letter owing to the
electric circuit through the printing magnet being made complete at that instant.
But the method of combining circuits above described and shewn in Figures 11
and 12, is only a special case of many which may be derived from a general method of
combining circuits which I have devised.
By the method before described the combination adopted was by pairs, that is, two
circuits were together closed for each signal or letter to be printed, but the combina-
tions are not confined to pairs. Thus, given a number of circuits which can be closed
to operate devices by the combinations of these, the combinations may be either by
twos, threes, fours, &c. For example, let the circuits be represented by a, b, c, d, e,
f, g, h, then by combining these circuits in pairs, as ab, ac, bc, ef, &c., twenty-eight
combinations may be gotten from the eight circuits, or combining them by threes as
abc, abd, bed, &c., fifty-six combinations are possible; and by fours, as abcd, abce,
aceb, &c., seventy combinations are had, &c.
I propose to operate two hundred and fifty-five devices or less, by making or
breaking eight circuits when positive currents only are used; but when negative
currents are also used, the number of combinations is greater.
To further explai: this system of combinations, reference is had particularly to
Figure 13, which, for the sake of simplicity, shews how the combinations may be
effected between four circuits instead of between the larger number that would be used
in practice.
De represents the development of a commutator having fifteen segments, and
D7, D3, D and D10 represent developments of four commutators, each of which
is composed of two parts of conducting material d³, do, d, ds, &c., and in
each commutator the conducting pieces are separated from each other by insulating

page_text: material do as shewn.
In each of the commutators D7 to D10, it will be seen that the
conducting parts d", do, d, d³, d¹¹, d¹² interlock. The conducting members of each
of the commutators D7 to D10 are made to so interlock that the portion included by
one of the protruding portions of one conducting member will represent the length
of a certain number of segments on the commutator De corresponding in position to
that portion of one of the commutators D7 to 110.
To illustrate, suppose we let the segments in the commutator D6 represent the
combinations of four circuits; thus abcd, abc, cd, and a, as shewn. Then all com-
binations embracing the letter "a" will be represented in the commutator D7 by
that portion of the number de which interlocks into the member d as at 13, and
all combinations involving "b" are represented in the commutator DS by the
portions d which interlock into the inember 7, and all of the combinations
involving "c" are represented in commutator D9 in a similar way, and in like
manner are the combinations involving "d" represented in the commutator D10.
R2, R22, R23 and R24 represent relays adapted to close the circuit connecting two
conducting members of each of the commutators D7, D8, Dº, and D, and C7, C8 to C¹º
represent brushes in contact with these commutators and connected by the
wire C¹¹.
C is a brush in contact with the commutator and connected to one of the
brushes C7.
It will be seen from the described connections, that no current will flow from
the battery X until one of the relays R21 to R24 acts to close the circuit through its
tongue as shewn in the drawing. Therefore, by making the relays R21 to R24 act
singly, currents will flow from the battery and pass through the magnetic device R*
at such times as the segments represented by single letters on the commutator Do
come in contact with the brush Co. Thus suppose the relay R21 to cause its
armature 21 to make contact with the contact point 25, then a current will flow from the
battery X as long as the brush C is on the segment, but if as the brush Co advances
to the segment c (all of the brushes moving simultaneously) the relay R22 closes the
circuit through its tongue 22, then a current will again flow from the battery which
may be made to operate the magnetic device R*, and in like manner as the circuits
are completed through the relays R22 and R24, will a current flow from the battery,
when the brush C rests on the segments 6 and a respectively, assuming all of
the rest of the brushes C7, C8, C and C10 to advance simultaneously with the
brush Co.
To make the combinations of two circuits, two of the relays R21 to R24 act
together and close the circuits through their tongues. Thus, for example, if the
combinations ad are desired, the relays R21 and R24 would act, closing the circuits
through their tongues 21 and 24, and a current would flow from the battery X, when
the brushes had advanced to a point where the brush C6 would rest on the
segment ad, and so when the combinations of three circuits are desired, three
relays act and close three circuits; for example, suppose relays R21, R22 and R23
to close the circuits through their tongues 7-21, 722 and 23, then a current would flow
from the battery X, when the brushes have advanced to a point where the brush C
rests upon the segment indicated by abc, and the same principle applies when
four circuits are combined, all the relays then act and a current flows when the
brushes advance to a point where the brush C comes in contact with the segment
indicated by abcd. If it is desired that the combinations operate only once for
each revolution of the brushes or commutators, as either may revolve, a magnetic
device, such as is represented by Y, may be connected in the battery circuit, as
indicated by the dotted connections 21, 22, in which case the loop 23 would he left
out of the circuit and the whole battery current made to pass through the coil y, which
would cause the tongue y' to be attracted, and to break the circuit at y².
When the end of the revolution of the brush C or cylinder De is reached, the
tongue y may be brought back in connection with the contact y² by any suitable
periodically acting device; or, this may be accomplished by adding the segment c**

page_text: to the commutator D6 and connecting the coil y³ to the circuit, as shewn by the
connections 24 and 25.
When it is desired to operate some magnetic device as R*, only at given times,
dependent upon the combinations of the circuits closed by the relays R21 to R24, the
commutator 16 may be dispensed with and the wire 26 connected to the wire C", as
shewn, in which case the device Y would also be dispensed with.
for
Having now described the principle and operation of the system, some of the
working apparatus by which this system is put into practice will next be described.
Referring particularly to Figure 14, which represents a plan view of the working
apparatus shewing the "synchronous device," auxiliary motor, and means
regulating the speed of same, the printer "combination device," sending and
receiving commutator, device for setting commutator and line relay, all mounted
on one base, which base may be extended to include still other printers hereafter
described.
THE SYNCHRONOUS DEVICE:"
The synchronous device B, the function of which was indicated in the preceding
diagram, is shewn in greater detail in Figure 14. This device consists essentially
of a disc armature B₁ mounted between the poles of two permanent magnets B²...
The armature B₁ consists of a non-magnetic disc 6º, preferably metallic, carrying
upon one of its faces three or more coils B° adapted to carry a continuous current and
connected with the commutator 65 and upon the other face of the disc 6° are mounted
two coils B00 for an alternating current, and connected to the collector rings be, but,
obviously, the two. coils may be replaced by four, six, or a greater number of coils, if
desired. By using two coils for the alternating current, the armature makes one
revolution for each complete period of alternation, and with four, six, or more coils
the speed may be reduced to one-half, one-third, etc. The armature disc, collector
rings and commutator are all mounted on the shaft 67 which is journalled in the
frame B³.
B4 B represent the brush holders which are most clearly shewn in the detail view,
Figure 22. They consist of two plates of insulating material 68, pivotally mounted
as at 6º to each side of a central plate 6, which is bent as at 6 and there secured to
a rod 612, which rod is adapted to be held in a central opening in the upright 613, and
secured by the set screw b¹. The brushes 615 are secured to each of the plates 68,
where they may be connected to the terminal wires as at 610.
The pressure of the brushes against the commutator or collector rings is secured
by means of the weights 617 connected by the arms 618 to the upper portion of the
plates 68. These brush holders are used both for alternating and continuous
currents.
This "synchronous device" is driven by a continuous current, or any other motive
power, and regulated by an alternating current. The coils carrying the continuous
current as before described and revolving between the magnetic poles, and supplied
with the proper commutator 65, constitutes a continuous current motor from which
the power necessary to drive the "synchronous device" may be derived.
An alternating current of low frequency for the regulation of the device is made
to traverse the coils B00, and, as before stated, may be from any convenient source of
alternating currents, and this current regulates all of the synchronous devices on the
line.
The continuous current to drive the motor may be as small as one-tenth of an
ampere and 10 volts, or even less, while the alternating current for regulation may be
as small as one-hundredth of an ampere, or from 20 to 40 milliamperes. Hence the
device is adapted for ordinary telegraphic requirements as only the ordinary strengths
of current need be used.
But I do not confine myself to the use of a continuous current motor alone as the
driving nower for the synchronous device. This power may be a small water motor.

page_text: or clock-work, a falling weight, or in fact any suitable source of power sufficient to
drive may be connected to the armature shaft.
On one end of the armature shaft 67 of the "synchronous device" is mounted a
pinion 600 which meshes with a large gear C¹ mounted fast on a shaft F, which latter
is journalled in the bearings f. This shaft F only extends from the gear C₁ to the
point f, and is made hollow and receives the shaft K which revolves loosely within
it, and motion is transmitted from the shaft F to the shaft K by means of the
beveled gears F¹, F° and K¹. The gear F¹ being mounted on the shaft F, meshes
with the intermediate gear Fº, and that in turn meshes with the gear K' mounted
fast on the shaft K.
The gear F is mounted in the lugs or bearings fo, which are
mounted on a disc F00, on each side of the slot f00 of that disc, through which the
gear F° passes, shewn most clearly in the detail view, Figure 24. This disc F00 is
provided with a plurality of notches f2 around its periphery, which are adapted to
engage a spring set-piece f3 by means of which the disc may be set in any desired
position around the shaft K, the disc F00 being mounted on the loose collar f4. The
object of this method of gearing will be presently described.
Mounted fast on the shaft K, but capable of adjustment around the shaft when
desired, is the arm K2. This arm is provided with an extension K° at right angles
to it, upon which is mounted the two sets of metallic strips and ¹, which are
insulated from the extension K° as at k°. These strips carry at their free ends the
rollers and ³ respectively, which are adapted to make contact with the commu-
tator or segmental cylinders D1, D2, which cylinders or commutators are mounted
fast on the hollow shaft D00, which receives the end of the shaft K, and is secured at
the other end in the upright u.
.:
Angular movement may be given the cylinders D11, D12 around the shaft K as an
axis, by means of the toothed disc d*, and when adjusted may be held in the desired
position by the set piece d**.
The cylinder D" composed of a plurality of metal segments insulated from each
other, corresponds to the ring D2 of Figure 6, and is the sending cylinder or commu-
tator, the metal segments being made broad enough to insure the cutting out of a
sufficient quantity of the current to make a signal.
The cylinder D12 corresponds in function to the ring D³ shewn in Figure 10, and
is, therefore, the receiving commutator, for which reason the contact segments are
made very narrow, as shewn.
J represents a cable made up of all of the wires which connect with the segments
of the cominutators or cylinders D and D12. The cylinders D1 and D12 are
preferably, in reality, only one cylinder having two sets of commutator segments
separated by an intervening insulating ring. 00 represent the terminal connections
from which the current passes into the strips through the rings 0104,
The object of the arrangement of the gears K', F and F is to set the contact
rollers 2 and 3 in the proper position relative to the segments of the
commutators D1 and D12. To do this the set spring f³ is withdrawn from engagement
with the teeth of the disc F00, which disc is then advanced or turned back, carrying
with it the gear F° and K¹ until the rollers 2 3 rest upon the proper segments when
the set spring may be again engaged with the disc F, which will retain it in that
position. This arrangement allows the gear K³ to be adjusted without altering its
speed relative to the gear F¹. For the purpose of setting the disc F00, the teeth
around its periphery are separated from each other by an interval corresponding with
the space between two segments on the commutators D¹¹, D¹².
R000 represents the line polarized relay whose action and function are the same as
the relay R, Figure 10, but is constructed differently. The relay R000 Fig. 25 has
a circular permanent magnet between the poles of which is mounted an oscillating
armature 42, being pivoted as at 7 Fig. 14, and consisting of an iron core of
such form as to be in unstable equilibrium when in the center of its motion. The
core is wound with a coil 45, and is provided with a tongue 16, which is adapted to
vibrate between the contact screws 0 and 700. A current through the coil 15 causes
the armature 42 to tend to rotate on its pivot, and owing to the proximity of the

page_text: field poles and the method of pivoting the armature and the form of the iron
core, this relay possesses great sensitiveness, and is especially adapted to the delicate
work required.
F Fig. 14 represents a continuous current motor having field magnets E¹, and
a disc armature E² in every respect the same as the armature B' of the synchronous
device, except that the armature E² is provided with the continuous current coils e¹
only.
The motor E is also provided with the commutator e² and brush holder B* similar
to those of the synchronous device. The shaft e carries a pinion e° which gears with
the tooth disc Co mounted on the shaft P. This shaft P carries at one end a disc N
and another disc N¹ insulated from each other as at n° and secured on the shaft P by
the collar n¹ and set screws n². This disc N is divided, as shewn most clearly in the
detail view, Figure 19, into two or more parts N2 and N³, each half of the disc being
insulated from the other as at no, and one of which halves is electrically connected
to the disc N¹, hereinafter more fully described. The contact rollers f5 carried by the
strip F2, which is mounted on the arm F³ and rotated by the shaft K, makes contact
with the half of the disc N2 or N³ or rests upon the insulation dividing them, as the
case may be, and which will be explained more fully in connection with a subsequent
figure. m³ represents a brush for carrying the current to or from the disc N¹.
The object of this arrangement consisting of the discs N and N¹ and rotating
contact F, is to regulate the speed of the motor E, operating on a circuit of its own,
by means of the "synchronous device," which is operated or driven by another
circuit, and at the same time to allow the motor E to be stopped and started without
interfering with the speed of the "synchronous device." To inore clearly illustrate
and describe how this governing is effected, reference will be had for the present to
Figure 15, from which parts have been omitted for the sake of clearness.
In Figure 15, the motor E is represented as being provided with alternating current
coils, in addition to the continuous current coils, which makes it a motor-generator,
but this does not alter its connection with the regulating circuit. The arın ³ is
supposed to revolve in the direction of the arrow and the disc N in the same direction.
It will be assumed that the arm F3 is revolving and that the dise N is at rest at first.
Then the motor E is started up from the battery or source of current X, by the
rheostat until the motor E attains the speed of the "synchronous device," and
until the motor has attained the speed of the "synchronous device," the circuit
through which the local current flows will be from the battery or source of power X,
through resistance 30, and motor E, to the brush n³, then into the arm F³, through
the roller f and that half of the disc N, viz.: N2, which is connected to the disc N¹,
and from the arm F back to the motor battery through the brush cº. The circuit
being complete only so long as the roller f³ remains in contact with the part N² of
the disc N, it being broken when that contact ceases. So that the motor E will
continue to speed up until the disc N and arm F3 revolve at the same speed, when
the roller will rest upon the insulation dividing the parts N2 and N³ of the disc N,
when the current will no longer flow through the arm F³, but will pass through the
resistance, which has been predetermined; but should the speed of the motor lag,
the roller would immediately run over in contact with the part №2 of the disc N,
thereby lessening the resistance in the motor circuit and causing the motor to increase
its speed. Or a current passing through the disc N may be made to put a brake on
the motor E.
Referring again to Figure 14, the shaft P driven by the motor E, which, as above
described, is regulated by the "synchronous device," carries the combination device
and type-wheel. The theory and operation of this "combination device" having been
described and illustrated in Figures 11 and 12, the practical working form is shewn
in Figure 14.
D' and D' represent the segmental discs separated by an insulating collar Dººº.
d² to do represent the rotating contact rings in contact with as many brushes d
to do which are mounted on the insulated support 20. These brushes, instead of
being of the form as shewn, may have small rollers on them as those have that make
.

page_text: contact with the commutators D11 D12. c³ ³ represent spring metal arms carrying
the contact rollers ct.
The arms c³ are mounted on an insulating plate c', carried upon a plate c³ which is
adapted to slide between the sides c7 of a support c8, being actuated by the milled
screw c. By turning the screw c9 either one way or the other, the rollers c¹ may be
advanced or withdrawn.
THE PRINTER.
It will be understood from what has gone before, that at such times as an electric
circuit is made complete through the combination device, I may cause the current
in this circuit which corresponds at any particular instant to a signal sent over the
line, to operate magnetic devices in various ways and of various kinds, but for the
purpose of making these signals manifest in an intelligible form, I preferably cause
them to be represented by printed characters, and to this end have devised the auto-
matic printer shewn most clearly in Figures 14 and 18, the electrical connection
between the several electro-magnetic parts being shewn by the diagram, Figure 17.
W represents a type-wheel mounted on the shaft P, and, therefore, rotating in
synchronism with the "combination device" and with the line current.
This type-
wheel, most clearly shewn in the detail views, Figures 20 and 21, consists of a wheel W
having the type w arranged around its periphery, and is provided with a long collar w¹
which extends from one side of the wheel only. This collar and wheel are mounted
loosely on the shaft P and on the opposite side of the type-wheel from the collar is a
disc w held fast on the shaft by the set screws w³. This disc is provided with a
plurality of small holes w° into any of which is inserted a small pin w, against which
a pin on the type-wheel rests, the type-wheel being driven against the pin by means
of a coil spring w³, the other end of the spring being secured to the hub of the type-
wheel. By this arrangement the speed of the shaft is not affected by the repeated
blows given the type-wheel by the printing hammer, owing to the fact that the type-
wheel is loose on the shaft P, and whenever the type-wheel is struck, it will give way
and the shaft P will continue to revolve, the spring bringing it back to its initial
position when the hammer releases it. This arrangement also secures greater clear-
ness in the printing, as the wheel momentarily stops when struck which would cause
a blur were the type-wheel rigid on the shaft. The type-wheel is inked from the
roller W mounted on the rod W2, which latter is secured by the upright u¹. The
characters are printed from this type-wheel on a strip of paper V which passes
between the periphery of the type-wheel and a printing hammer S. This printing
hammer S consists of an arm s, preferably of magnetic metal and pivoted as at so in
the frame S° and at the pivoted end is bent at right angles to form the downwardly
extending arm 8¹. The hammer head consists of a frame S¹ secured to the end of
the arms and carrying a striker 82 mounted on the stem 83, which is pivoted as at 8*
to the frame S¹. 86 represents a spring secured to the frame S¹, and in engagement
with the stem 3, and represents a set screw for adjusting the position of the
striker s². The spring 85 allows the striker s² to give way with the type-wheel, which
will also obviate blurring in the printing. The downwardly extending arm s¹ of the
printing hammer carries a thin metal strip 87, secured to it as at 88, and this arm 8¹
forms the armature of the electro-magnet M, so that whenever the magnet M is
excited, the arm 8 will be attracted and will obviously send the striker 82 against the
paper; and when the magnet M so attracts the armature s¹, it causes it to break the
contact at 8 and make the contact between the strip 87 and screw 810, the object of
which will be shewn under the description of the circuits of the printer.
The paper
passes between the rollers Z and Z¹ and is advanced the proper
distance after the printing of each letter by the ratchet z mounted on the same
spindle with the roller Z¹ on the upright Z. This ratchet is rotated the distance
of one tooth for each letter by the pawl 21 carried by the arm Z³, which is pivoted
at z°. The pawl z¹ is held in the proper position by the spring 2².
The rocking arm Z³ carries an armature 23, which, after each letter has been
printed, is adapted to be attracted by the electro-magnet Zº, thus causing the

page_text: pawl ¹ to advance the ratchet wheel, and, therefore, the paper V. A metal strip,
secured to the upper end of the ar:n Z3, makes contact with a screw 25 every time
the magnet Z° attracts the armature 3, and thus completes a circuit which instantly
causes the magnet. 7° to release the armature 3, when the contact at 25 is again
broken and the arm 73 returns to its normal position as shewn most clearly in
Figure 18.
'
The circuits through the electro-magnets M and Z° are opened and closed by the
magnetic devices or relays R* and R**, which are provided with vibrating tongues 7-34
and 36, which are adapted to vibrate between the contacts 735, 38, 737-39 respectively.
The relay R* acts to close a circuit which operates the printer for each combination
on the combination device, before described.
"
To more fully describe the action of the printer, reference will be had to the
diagram, Figure 17. The wires are connected with the brushes or contacts c³ of
the combination device so that whenever a signal is received, the magnet R2 of
the relay R* becomes excited. This causes the tongue 34 to be attracted by the
magnet R25, making contact at 35, which completes the circuit from the battery X
through the wires x and x2 and the magnet M, which instantly causes the magnet M.
to attract its armature s¹, which causes the printing hammer S to print a letter on
the strip V. But at the instant that the magnet M attracts the armature s¹, the
strip s makes contact with the point s10, and this completes the circuit from the
battery X, through the magnets R27 and R26 by way of the wires x³¹, x, x and x7,
which causes the magnet R26 to attract the tongue 34, which breaks the contact
at 35 which releases the printing hammer and also causes the magnet R2 to attract
the tongue 30 and make contact at 37. The effect of making the contact at 37, is to
complete the circuit through the magnet Z° by way of the wires x and x, which
magnet then attracts its armature 23 and makes contact between and 25, the effect
of this being to close the circuit through the magnet R28 by way of the wires x10
and x, causing that magnet to attract the tongue 80 and breaking the contact
at 37, and therefore breaking the circuit through the magnet Zº, and thus restoring
all of the parts to the initial position.
This cycle of operations takes place every time the letter is printed, but the action
of all of the parts is so rapid that while following each other in perfect. order they
appear to act simultaneously.
The arrangement when the device for advancing the paper V is omitted, is shewn
in Figure 16.
In this instance, when a signal is received the magnet R25 becomes excited by the
current from the wires and attracts its tongue 34 which makes contact at 35, and
closes the circuit through the magnet M and causes that magnet to attract its
armature s' and print a letter, and also make the contact between the strip 87 and
point s10, which completes the circuit through the magnet R26, causing that magnet
to attract the tongue 34, and breaking the contact at 735, causing the current through
the magnet M to cease to flow, thus allowing the printing hammer to return to its
normal position, and the apparatus thus returns to the starting position.
THE KEY-BOARD.
<
The key-board by which any two of the branch circuits shewn in Figure 1, and
indicated 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, to 8, may be broken, for each signal to be transmitted, or
whereby any two of the branch circuits indicated 12, 22, 32, 92 in Figure 6, already
broken, may be made complete for each signal transmitted, is shewn in Figures 26, 27
and 28.
The key-board will first be described as it is used to close or open eight circuits,
then will be shewn how with a slight alteration, it may be made to close or open
The key-board by which any two of the branch circuits shewn in Figure 1, and
indicated 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, to 8, may be broken, for each signal to be transmitted, or
whereby any two of the branch circuits indicated 12, 22, 32, 92 in Figure 6, already
broken, may be made complete for each signal transmitted, is shewn in Figures 26, 27
and 28.
The key-board will first be described as it is used to close or open eight circuits,
thon will be shown how with a slight alteration, it may be made to close or open
nine circuits, but in either case I do not wish to confine myself to the use of either
eight or nine circuits strictly, as the number of circuits obviously may be varied
indefinitely.
T represents the base of the key-board and T¹ two uprights with insulators to on
E

page_text: their tops. To these insulating plates on the uprights T¹ are secured eight metallic
strips t, four on each upright, each of the strips being connected with one of the
wires of the branch circuits. In the uprights T2 is journalled a small shaft t
upon which is mounted eight metallic bows 3, four with one of their ends
terminating in contact with four of the strips t and the other four similarly
terminating in contact with the other group of four strips t. Thus mounted, the
bows may turn partly around the shaft 2 as an axis, so that whenever the
portion of the bows t3 parallel to the shaft 2 is raised, the contact between
the bow which is raised, and one of the strips t engaging that bow is broken,
and this, therefore, breaks the circuit of one of the branches which is connected
to that particular strip t.
The electric circuit normally passes from the line L into the base, then through
the uprights T2 to the bows, and then branches into the circuits. The bows are
raised by means of a plurality of keys t mounted upon the pivots t5, and having
their ends passing under the bows, where the keys are so slotted 'as to form
teeth to, so that each separate key, will,, when the finger pieces t7 are depressed,
raise two bows, and, by having eight bows, we may raise them in 28 pairs.
Each key, therefore, when depressed, raises two bows, which breaks the contact
at two of the strips t, thereby modifying the line current as described, and
sending a signal. But the keys can raise the bows at just such times only as
will not interfere with any other circuit. This is accomplished by providing each
bow with a lug 8, which lugs are arranged in a row across the top of the bows.
A lever arm to is pivoted in the upright 10, and provided with a foot t¹ which
normally engages the tops. of the lugs t8, the upper end of the lever to being
held back by a spring 12 against a set screw t¹³, so that while the lever t is in its
normal position, as shewn in the drawings, the bows will be prevented from rising,
but whenever the magnet To becomes excited, the lever arm to will be attracted and
the bow which is to be raised by one of the keys may rise.
The lever arm to is thus kept vibrating before the magnet To, which is periodically
excited by a revolving contact device Q. This contact device Q consists of a dise
having a segment q₁ insulated from the rest of the disc and mounted on an insulating
collar q² on the shaft P; and on the same collar is a metal ring q³ electrically con-
nected with the segment q¹. In contact with the disc q and the ring q³, are the
brushes q, which are connected with the terminals 14 of the magnet To so that once
in every revolution of the disc q the segment q¹ makes contact with one of the
brushes q', and completes the circuit through the magnet To. A device similar to
the one Q except that it makes contact for three printers instead of one is shewn
at Q1, Figure 14.
By adding another strip and arranging the strips as shewn in dotted lines at £15,
and adding an extra bow 16, and extending some of the keys to make contact with
the added bow 16 when it is desired to raise that bow, the key-board may be used to
complete nine circuits already broken and thus adapted for use in the method shewn
in Figure 6.
DUDI EVING
When an alternating current with a wave modified is generated at one end of a
wire and travels along the wire, the capacity.and self-induction of the line gradually
reduces the current and the modified wave is at the same time changed.
Thus if it is attempted to signal back from the far end of a line by breaking the
current at that end, we produce very little effect at the end where the currents were.
produced. I obviate this difficulty by an arrangement similar to the ordinary
duplexing method in some respects, although the adjustments are different.
arrangement is shewn in Figure 30, where L represents the line wire, L¹ resistance
and a condenser in the artificial line to balance the line L.
This
Rxxx represents a neutrally wound receiving relay, and R° the sending relays,
and A the alternating current generator, and B the "synchronous device."

page_text: R replaces R or R in Figures 5 and 10.
The bridge method of duplexing according to which the apparatus at the left of
the line in Figure 30 is arranged, is too well known to require an explanation. It
is sufficient to say that as long as the relay R° on the right in the figure, keeps the
circuit closed, the artificial line L' will balance the line and the relay R*** will not
be affected by the alternating current from the dynamo A. When, however, the
relay Rº on the right, for example, breaks the circuit L, and cuts out a portion of
the current, say a half wave, we can consider that this half wave is reflected back to
the receiving station for the relay R*** on the left becomes affected. Hence the
person at one end of the line can signal to a person at the other end even over a line
of great capacity.
The ordinary system of duplexing as applied to my system of telegraphy is shewn
in Figure 31 where-R*** represents a receiving relay neutrally wound and R° the sending
relay, L the main line and L¹ the artificial line with condensers l. R° and
R*** represent receiving relays, A represents the alternating current generator which
may take the place of the "synchronous device" at that end of the line, and B
represents the "synchronous device" at the other end. X³ is a battery or a
dynamo or an alternating current dynamo in synchronism with that at the
other end, which with relay R° on the right is in the earth circuit, while the
synchronous device" and receiving relay R°° are in the bridge. Obviously then, a
current or a wave modified by the relay R° on the right, will not affect the
relay R, but will operate the relay R*** at the other end, and so, when the relay R°
on the left opens the circuit and cuts out or modifies a wave, this wave will not
affect the relay R***, but will pass to and affect relay R, which is no more than the
ordinary system of duplexing applied to my system of telegraphy.
"
«
The synchronous device" being in the bridge, is regulated only by the dynamo A
and is not affected by that at X³.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
I claim is :-
1. In an apparatus for transmitting intelligence by means of alternating currents
of electricity, the combination of parts, substantially as herein described and shewn
in Fig. 1 of the drawings hereunto annexed.
2. In an apparatus for receiving intelligence transmitted by means of alternating
currents of electricity, the combination of parts, substantially as herein described
and shewn in Figure 5 of the drawings hereunto annexed.
3. In an apparatus for transmitting intelligence by means of alternating currents
of electricity, the combination of parts substantially as herein described and shewn
in Figure 6 of the drawings hereunto annexed.
4. In an apparatus for transmitting intelligence by means of alternating currents of
electricity, the combination of parts, substantially as herein described and shewn in
Fig. 8 of the drawings hereunto annexed.
5. In an apparatus for transmitting intelligence by means of alternating currents of
electricity, the combination of parts, substantially as herein described and shewn in
Figure 9 of the drawings hereunto annexed.
6. In an apparatus for modifying the waves of an alternating current of electricity,
the combination of parts, substantially as herein described and shewn in Figure 6
with the current modifier of Figure 7 substituted for that of Figure 6.
7. In an apparatus for receiving signals transmitted by alternating currents of
electricity, the combination of parts, substantially as herein described and shewn in
Figure 10 of the drawings hereunto annexed.
8. The arrangement of a plurality of relays having their tongues magnetized from
a common magnet, substantially as herein described and shewn in Figures 10, 11 and
12 of the drawings hereunto annexed.
9. The construction and combination of parts constituting the improved synchroniz-

page_text: ing device, substantially as herein described and shewn in Figures 1, 5, 6, 10, 14, 15
and 23 of the drawings hereunto annexed.
10. The construction and combination of parts constituting the improved combina-
tion device, substantially as herein described and shewn in Figures 11 and 12 of the
drawings hereunto annexed.
11. The improved means for combining a plurality of circuits, substantially as
herein described and shewn in Figure 13 of the drawings hereunto annexed.
12. The combination and arrangement of parts constituting the apparatus for trans-
mitting and receiving intelligence by means of alternating currents of electricity,
substantially as hereindescribed and shewn in Figure 14 of the drawings hereunto
annexed.
13. The combination and arrangement of parts constituting the apparatus for
regulating the speed of one or more electric motors or dynamos by means of a
revolving shaft, substantially as herein described and shewn in Figures 14 and 15
of the drawings hereunto annexed.
14. The means for operating and controlling the printing mechanism, substantially
as herein described and shewn in Figure 16 of the drawings hereunto annexed.
15. The means for operating and controlling seriatim the printing mechanism and
feed mechanism and returning the several parts to the initial position, substantially
as herein described and shewn in Figure 17 of the drawings hereunto annexed.
16. The printing mechanism and means for operating the same, substantially as
herein described and shewn in Figures 18, 20, 21 and 14 of the drawings hereunto
annexed.
17. The improved form of polarized relay, substantially as herein described and
shewn in Figures 14 and 25 of the drawings hereunto annexed.
18. The improved key-board, with the means of making or breaking the circuit,
by means of the keys and for locking the keys when desired, substantially
as herein described and shewn in Figures 26 to 29 of the drawings hereunto
annexed.
19. The improved method of duplexing in the transmission of intelligence by
alternating currents, substantially as hereindescribed and as shewn in Figure 30 of
the drawings hereunto annexed,
20. The improved method of duplexing in the transmission of intelligence by
alternating currents, substantially as herein described and as shewn in Figure 31
of the drawings hereunto annexed.
21. The method of transmitting intelligence which consists in dividing the
waves of an alternating current having waves of equal length, into groups and
modifying a plurality of the waves in each group to represent a signal or letter of the
alphabet.
22. The method of transmitting intelligence which consists in dividing the waves
of an alternating current having waves of equal length into groups and modifying
two waves in each group, the position of these two waves in the group representing
the signal or letter.
23. The method of transmitting intelligence which consists in dividing the waves
of an alternating current having waves of equal length into groups and modifying a
plurality of the waves in each group by leaving out an integral number of the said
waves, to represent a signal or letter of the alphabet, substantially as described.
24. The method of transmitting intelligence which consists in dividing the waves
of an alternating current having waves of equal length into groups and modifying
two waves in each group by leaving out the said waves, the position of these two
altered waves in the group representing the signal or letter, substantially as
described.
25. The method of transmitting intelligence by an alternating current of electricity
which consists in modifying the waves of the said current by diminishing one or
more of the said waves in intensity, transmitting the modified waves to a distant
point and there separating them from each other into separate conductors,

page_text: and operating signalling devices by means of the modified waves, substantially as
described.
26. The method of regulating the speed of an electric motor by that of a rotating
shaft substantially as herein described and shewn in Figure 15 of the drawings
hereunto annexed.
27. In a system for the transmission of intelligence by means of alternating
currents of electricity, the combination with a source of independently impressed
alternating signalling and synchronizing currents of electricity, of a synchronizing
device regulated by the alternating current and means independent of the alternating
current for driving the said synchronizing device, substantially as described.
28. In a system for the transmission of intelligence by means of alternating currents
of electricity, the combination with a source of independently impressed alternating
signalling and synchronizing currents, and also a source of continuous current of
electricity, of a synchronizing device regulated by the alternating current and a
continuous current motor for driving the said synchronizing device, substantially as
described.
29. The combination of a synchronizing device provided with a field magnet, an
armature provided with a plurality of conductors, means for passing a continuous
current through some of the conductors of said armature for driving the armature,
means for passing an alternating current through other of the conductors of the
armature for regulating the speed of said armature, a main line conductor, and means
for applying thereto an alternating current with its waves modified and in phase with
the regulating alternating current, substantially as described.
30. In a synchronizing device, the combination with a field magnet, of an armature
having two sets of windings, one set for a continuous current and another set. for an
alternating current, means for keeping the alternating current in synchronism with
the main line current, a source of continuous current, a source of alternating current
with conductors therefrom, and a main line conductor carrying an alternating current
with its waves modified, substantially as described.
31. In a synchronizing device, the combination of a line conductor, a source of
alternating currents and means for nodifying the waves thereof, a field magnet, a
disc armature provided with a plurality of conductors, means for passing a' continuous
current through some of the conductors of said armature for driving the armature
and for passing an alternating current through other of the conductors of the arma-
ture for regulating the speed of the said armature, and means for keeping the
armature alternating current and the main line current in synchronism with each
other, substantially as described.
32. In a synchronizing device, the combination with a field magnet, of a dise
armature made of non-magnetic material provided with a plurality of conductors,
means for passing a continuous current through some of the conductors for driving
the armature, means for passing an alternating current through other of the con-
ductors for regulating the speed of the said armature, substantially as described.
33. In a telegraph system, the combination with a source of alternating currents
of electricity for transmitting signals and means for modifying the waves or impulses
of said currents, of a synchronizing device regulated by the said alternating signalling
current, a brush and commutator whose relative positions are regulated by the
synchronizing device and connected to the source of alternating currents, and
adapted to separate out the modified waves, and a signalling device operated by said
modified waves, substantially as described.
34. In a system of telegraphy, the combination with a relay, of means for
generating an alternating current of electricity having one or more of its impulses
modified and passing it through the winding of the said relay, a synchronizing device
regulated by the aforesaid alternating current, means for separating out the impulses
of the said alternating current, a plurality of branch circuits conveying the said
separated impulses, means for breaking the said branch circuits, a local circuit
adapted to be opened and closed by the aforesaid relay and a plurality of signalling
devices in the said local circuit, substantially as described.

page_text: 35. In a key board for the transmission of intelligence by modifying the impulses
of an alternating current of electricity, the combination of a plurality of keys, a
plurality of conducting bows, a series of contact points adapted to make or break
contact with the said bows, a lever engaging portions of said bows, a magnet
operating said levers for preventing the contact between said points and bows
from being either broken or made, except at certain intervals, substantially as
described.
36. In a key board of the character described, the combination with a plurality of
keys, of a plurality of conducting bows, a series of contact points adapted to make
or break contact with the said bows, a series of lugs arranged upon the conducting
bows, a lever adapted to engage the said lugs, and an electro-magnet actuating the
said lever at such intervals as will not interfere with any other apparatus which may
depend on the current through the key board for its action, substantially as
described.
37. The combination of an electric conductor carrying an alternating current
having waves of equal length and certain of its waves suppressed, a continuously
moving synchronizing device regulated by the alternating current, a relay through
which the impulses pass, and a local battery with its circuit passing through the
local contact side of said relay, through a brush moving over strips of metal by means
of the synchronous device and through one of a system of polarized relays, substan-
tially as described.
38. The combination of a telegraph wire carrying an alternating current, having
waves of equal length and certain of its waves suppressed, a continuously moving
synchronizing device, regulated by the alternating current, a relay through which the
impulses pass, and a local battery with its circuit passing through the local contact
side of said relay, through a brush moving over strips of metal by means of the
synchronous device and through one of a system of polarized relays operating a
combination device and printer, substantially as described.
39. The combination of a source of independently impressed signalling synchron-
izing currents, a synchronizing device consisting of coils of wire moving in a magnetic
field, driven by an independent source of power and regulated by the alternating
signalling current, and a brush moving over a system of conducting strips which latter
are connected to conductors whose resistance or other electrical properties may be
-altered at will, for the purpose of modifying the impulses of an alternating current,
substantially as described.
40. In a system for transmission of intelligence by alternating currents of electricity,
the combination with a source of independently impressed signalling sychronizing
current, a synchronizing device consisting of a coil of wire moving in a magnetic
field, and regulated by the alternating signalling current and independent means for
driving the same, substantially as described.
41. In a system of signalling or the transmission of intelligence, the combination
with a source of independently impressed alternating signaling and synchronizing
currents, means for cutting out certain of the impulses of said currents, a synchron-
izing device regulated by the alternating signalling current and independent means
for driving the said synchronizing device, substantially as described.
42. In a telegraph system using an alternating current with the waves of equal
length and certain of its waves suppressed, a continuously moving synchronizing
device regulated by the alternating signalling current, a relay operated by said current
and a local battery with its circuit passing through the local contact side of said relay,
through a brush moving over conducting strips by means of the synchronizing
device and through one or more of a system of polarized relays, substantially as
described.
43. In a system for the transmission of signals of intelligence, the combination of
a source of independently impressed signalling, synchronizing and alternating current,
a synchronizing device consisting of coils of wire moving in a magnetic field, driven
by an independent source of power and regulated by the alternating current, and a
brush moving over a system of conducting strips which latter are connected to con-

page_text: ductors whose resistance or other electrical properties may be altered at will for the
purpose of modifying the waves of an alternating current, substantially as de-
scribed.
44. The combination of a line conductor carrying an alternating current having its
waves of equal length and certain of its waves suppressed, a continuously moving
synchronizing device regulated by the alternating current, a relay through which the
impulses pass adapted to release its armature and close the local circuit for modified
line waves, and a local battery with its circuit passing through the local contact side
of said relay, and passing through a brush moved over strips of inetal by means of the
synchronous device, and through a system of polarized relays, substantially as
described.
45. The combination with a line conductor carrying an alternating current having
its waves of equal length and certain of its waves suppressed, of a uniformly and
continuously moving synchronizing motor regulated by the said alternating current, a
relay through which the impulses pass adapted to release its armature and close the
local circuit for modified line waves, and a local battery with its circuit passing
through the local contact side of said relay, and passing through a brush moved over
strips of metal by means of the synchronous device, and through a system of polarized
relays,, substantially as described.
46. In a printing telegraph, the combination with a synchronous device, and a
shaft operated thereby, of a second independently driven shaft regulated to synchronism
with the first shaft by means of said synchronizing device, and a printer operated by
said second shaft, substantially as described.
47. A polarized relay consisting of a coil of wire adapted to move in a magnetic field
and wound on an iron body in unstable equilibrium in said field and having a tongue
which can rest against either of two contacts by reason of its unstability, substantially
as described.
48. In a device for making manifest in the forin of printed characters the modified
waves of an alternating current, the combination with a magnetic circuit closer; of a
type wheel, a printing hammer pivoted near the said type wheel, an electro-magnet
adapted to actuate the said printing hammer and to cause the same to complete a
circuit through the said circuit closer, which breaks the circuit through the electro-
inagnet actuating the printing hammer, substantially as described.
49. The combination with a source of alternating current, of a main line conductor,
a relay with the circuit of the said main line conductor normally passing through its
contact side, a perforated tape adapted to travel in synchronism with said line
current, a synchronous device operating in synchronism with said line current and
governing the speed of said tape, a local source of electric current with its circuit
passing through the coil of said relay, which circuit is adapted to be made or broken
through the said perforated tape, substantially as described.
50. The combination with a source of alternating current of a main line conductor
adapted to carry said alternating current, a relay with the circuit of said main line
conductor normally passing through the contact side thereof, a plurality of conducting
strips, a brush adapted to move in synchronism with the said alternating current
over and in contact with said strips, conducting wires connected to said strips, a
local source of electric current with its circuit passing through any of said conducting
wires and a perforated tape making or breaking the continuity of the electric circuit
through the said conducting wires, substantially as described.
51. A combination device, consisting of a plurality of segments mounted upon a
shaft and representing combinations of circuits, a plurality of contact rings electrically
connected to the said segments, a plurality of circuits in electrical connection with
the said rings, means for closing said circuits in combinations, brushes in contact
with said segments and adapted to convey a current to or from the said segments
during the forward movement of the said segments, for each new combination of the
said plurality of circuits, a source of electric current, an electro-magnet and conductors
connecting the said brushes with said source of current and electro-magnet, and a

page_text: printer adapted to be operated by the said electro-magnet for each combination of
the said plurality of circuits, substantially as described.
52. In a circuit combining device, of the character described, the combination
with a plurality of segments mounted upon a shaft and representing combinations
of circuits, of a plurality of contact rings electrically connected to the said segments,
a plurality of circuits electrically connected to the said contact rings, a plurality of
polarized relays adapted to close the said circuits in combinations, brushes in contact
with the said segments and a source of electricity connected to the said brushes, the
said brushes being adapted to convey a current of electricity to and from the said
segments during their forward movement for each combination of the said plurality
of circuits, an electro-magnet in electrical connection with said brushes and said
source of current, and a printer adapted to be operated through the said magnet for
each combination of the aforesaid plurality circuits, substantially as described.
PHILIP M. JUSTICE,
55, Chancery Lane, London, Chartered Patent Agent.