IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE AND APPLICATION OF BRICKS, TILES, AND OTHER PLASTIC ARTICLES OR SURFACES, AND FOR CEMENTS OR COMPOSITIONS TO BE USED WITH, IN, AND ABOUT THE SAME FOR BUILDING AND OTHER USEFUL PURPOSES
Year: 1842

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME I, CHARLES
SMITH, of No. 13, Newcastle Street, Strand, in the County of Middlesex,
Gentleman, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at West-
minster, the Seventeenth day of November, in the sixth year of Her reign, did,
for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said Charles
Smith, Her special licence, full power, sole privilege and authority, that I, the
said Charles Smith, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others
as I, the said Charles Smith, my executors, administrators, or assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no other, from time to time and at all
times during the term of years therein expressed, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of
Berwick-upon-Tweed, and all Her said Majesty's Colonies and Plantations
abroad, my Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE AND APPLICATION
OF BRICKS, TILES, AND OTHER PLASTIC ARTICLES OR SURFACES, AND FOR CEMENTS OR
COMPOSITIONS TO BE USED WITH, IN, AND ABOUT THE SAME FOR BUILDING AND OTHER
USEFUL PURPOSES;" in which said Letters Patent is contained a proviso that I,
the said Charles Smith, shall cause a particular description of the nature of
my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, to bo
inrolled in Her said Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar

page_text: months next and immediately after the date of the said in part recited Letters
Patent, as in and by the same, reference being thereunto had, will more fully
and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Charles Smith, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention, and
the manner in which the same is to be performed, is fully described and ascer-
tained in the following statements thereof, reference being had to the several
Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the figures and letters marked thereon
(that is to say): :-
That in order to give the best explanation in my power, and that my Inven-
tion may be properly and distinctly understood, I have divided the Specification
of the same under thirteen heads or claims; the first of which relates to im-
provements in machinery and tools for tempering, moulding or forming clay
or any other natural or artifical admixtures of plastic materials into various
forms through orifices into frames or moulds, or otherwise, directly from what
is named a pug or clay mill over level or inclined planes, or between rollers,
or otherwise; also for a new form and improved position or construction of
pug or clay mills, with the working barrel placed horizontally or to any incli-
nation, and for modes and methods of delivering the clay or materials or
articles so formed from the frames or moulds, and for tables, machines, appa-
ratus, or tools; and modes of receiving, cutting, or dividing clay or other
mixtures of plastic or other ingredients into laminated, longitudinal, or cross
sectional slices, to suit for bricks, tiles, and other articles, and for utensils,
vessels, or things in pottery, as well as for building and other useful purposes;
premising, before adopting this part of my Invention, that the clay or other
materials are mixed together in the usual way, or in any other proportions
and improved method of mixing such ingredients, as will be shewn in the
sequel.
I will now proceed to describe the Drawings shewing the machines or tools
of this part of my Invention. These Drawings, as well as the others shewn
or explained under the different heads or claims of this Specification, are
principally drawn to a scale of an inch and a half to the foot.
Reference to plan Number 1 of the annexed Drawings.--Figure 1, A is
longitudinal section of the machine for forming clay or any other plastic
materials into various forms after being tempered in a pug mill of the
ordinary construction, with the addition of my improved mouth-piece ;
Figure 2 is a plan of the same; Figure 3 is a longitudinal elevation of the
same, and Figure 4 is a transverse section of the same. The same letters
refer to the same parts in sections, plan, and elevation. B is the mouth-piece

page_text: for conducting the clay or other plastic materials from the pug mill into the
box or mould C. This mouth-piece is firmly secured to the bottom of the
pug mill by screw bolts, and can be enlarged or contracted, as required, by
separate pieces, as shewn by the dotted lines, to which a variety of forms can
be given. D, D, are knives for cutting the materials horizontally; they are
screwed to the flanges of the mouth-piece, and can be increased or diminished
in number as required. E is a knife or sliding door for cutting off the
materials vertically, and stopping the supply from the pug mill when the box
or mould C is full; F is a door or slide which forms the end of the box or
mould, and retains it in its place during the time it is filling; T, T, are levors
supported on a shaft, working in plummer blocks for giving motion to the
knife E, and opening and shutting the door or slide F; G, G, are bell cranks
or levers, which are firmly secured by screw bolts to the box or mould C,
which can be enlarged or contracted as required by thumb or other screws
sliding in slots, as shewn in the transverse section, Figure 4; H, H, are
plummer blocks, in which the shafts of the bell cranks have free motion; I
is a joint, which connects together the cast-iron wood or other materials, on
which the materials contained in the box or mould C rests; J is a pinion,
worked by the winch K along the rack L, which is kept in gear by the friction
wheel a, running along the under side of the rack, and suspended from the pin
of the pinion by metal straps, and carries the clay or other materials into a
horizontal position directly opposite the cutting frame on the table, hereafter
described; and at the same time the sides of the box or mould describe a
circular motion in consequence of being connected to the bell cranks or
levers G, G; or the same results will be obtained by giving motion to the
winch M and the pinion N, which works a pin wheel O cast upon one of the
bell cranks or levers, which are shewn by the dotted lines in Figure 1, and by
lines in Figures 2 and 3. P is a box packed with hemp, sponge, or other
porous material capable of sufficiently retaining water, oil, or any other liquid,
and allowing it by degrees to exude through the packing, for the purpose of
cleaning and lubricating the inside of the box or mould during the period it
describes the circular motion; Q is a handle or lever for the purpose of
transferring the prepared materials by means of the hinged joints R, R, to
the cutting machine, hereafter described; S, S, are frames of cast iron or
any suitable materials firmly secured to the wood, stone, or other proper
foundation.
Figure 5 is a longitudinal section of the machine for cutting clay or any
other plastic materials vertically into slices, suited for bricks, tiles, and a
variety of other articles and surfaces, and for removing such materials when
A 2

page_text: so cut to any convenient place; Figure 6 is a plan of the same; Figure 7 is
a transverse section of the same, and Figure 8 is a longitudinal elevation of
the same.
A is the clay or other plastic materials; B is the metal frame
which carries the knives or wires, which I prefer to be of brass, which are
applied to the frame, and fastened with wedges and thumb screws, &c., as
shewn, for cutting the said materials, and which are shewn more distinctly in
Figure 9; C is a worm wheel, which communicates motion to the pinion D
by means of the winch E, and upon the same shaft as the pinion D are
fixed two pinions F, F, shewn by dotted lines in plan, which work the
racks G, G; H, H, are plummer blocks for carrying the shaft upon which
the pinions are fixed; I, I, are brackets for carrying the knife frame,
and are firmly secured to the rack by screw bolts; J is a carriage which
moves along the rails K, K, and carries the materials to any convenient
place; or the same can be done by manual labor, by putting hand
spikes through the sockets L, L, and lifting the board with the materials
from off the carriage; when they are removed therefrom the board is
again replaced by dropping the socket shown at the bottom of the same
on the wedge-shaped guide pin affixed to the bottom of the carriage; and
for taking each piece of laminated materials from the said boards without
injuring them, I prefer to use the trowel, as shewn at Figure 1, A, Plan
Number 5, or any similar useful tool, the blade of which I prefer to be of
brass to prevent oxidation, and with one hand I place a pallet board against
the articles so cut, and then apply the blade of the trowel in one of the divisions
made by the cutting knives or wires, and just sufficiently press it towards the
pallet board to separate it from the other materials, and remove it to the
mould barrow or drying hack, or other suitable place. M is a frame for
securing the materials during the time the knives or wires are passing through
them, and is shewn more distinctly in Figure 10; N is a screw press, for
compressing the materials and holding the frame M in its place. When the
knives have been raised bigh enough to reach the under side of the same, the
screw is unwound and the frame removed by hand, then the knives or wires
are carried up sufficiently to clear the materials, so that they can be removed
as above.
Plan No. 2 shews my new construction or form of a pug or clay mill with
the working barrel placed horizontally, or I can place it to any inclination
required. The apparatus for receiving, moulding, delivering, cutting, and
conveying the plastic materials therefrom are for the most part the same as
my apparatus above described in its application to the ordinary perpendicular
pug mill, and the same letters of reference are applied to each corresponding

page_text: part. The variations will be seen by commencing at the letter U alpha-
betically where the other letters of reference end.
Figure 1 is a longitudinal section, with the working barrel placed in a hori-
zontal position, and the apparatus connected therewith. The working barrel
or cylinder I prefer to be made in two parts and bolted together at the flanges,
as there shewn; Figure 2 is a longitudinal elevation of the same; Figure 3
is a plan of the same; Figure 4 is a transverse section from A to B ; Figure 5
is a transverse section from C to D. U is a beam or lever, connected with
animal or other motive force, and gives the motion to the beveled wheels V
and W, and finally to the knives which are contained in the cylinder or barrel
A of the pug mill, which knives, arms, or blades are formed to the spiral of a
screw, so that the plastic materials when not divided and tempered are forced
onwards and out through the port or mouth-piece B into the frame or
mould C, or otherwise; X is the hopper, for supplying the materials to the
barrel or cylinder of the pug mill, and is secured thereto by screw bolts passed
through the flanges, as shewn; Y is a friction wheel, which runs upon a
circular cast-iron plate, fixed on a wood curb resting on a wall, and supports
the lever or beam A; Z is a cast-iron framing, which is secured to a wood or
other suitable framework, as shewn, for supporting the vertical shaft G¹; A¹
is a step for supporting the bottom of the vertical shaft G'; B', B', are toothed
segements, cast upon the bell cranks; C³, C¹, are racks, which give motion to
the bell cranks or levers by working into the teeth of the segments; D¹, D¹
are pieces of wood to which the cylinder or barrel of the pug mill is secured;
E', E, E, is brick or stone work for supporting the cylinder or barrel of the
pug mill; F is a toothed wheel or pulley, fixed upon the shaft of the pug mill,
for communicating motion to rollers or other machinery for manufacturing
articles or surfaces in plastic materials.
And I do not confine myself to the precise method or methods herein set
forth, but my Invention relates to the full use of the same, or of any modi-
fications thereof, to the extent of its application.
The second part or claim of of my Invention relates to machines, apparatus,
or tools to be worked by hand, or other means, for effecting the same or similar
purposes to my machines or apparatus, before described attached to the pug
mill, as set forth in the first part or claim of this Specification, and for the
purpose of manufacturing imitations of marbles or any other stones, to be
applied for surfacing bricks, tiles, and other articles, vessels, and things par-
tially made of any plastic compound of materials for forming or making any
kind of articles, vessels, or things entirely of such plastic materials or admix-
tures of earthy, mineral, or metalic oxides, or colouring matters, for the

page_text: purpose of such imitations.
A full description of the modes of mixing such
materials will be shewn under the third head or claim of this Specification.
I do not confine myself to the precise machine or apparatus above alluded
to and hereafter described, as other methods as well as modifications of such
apparatus can be applied for producing the same or similar objects, or the
same may be produced by hand without the use of these or other machines, as
will be hereafter described.
The following descriptions of the tools, and methods of manufacturing and
producing the articles included in this part of my Invention, will be understood,
and are the best I am acquainted with.
I will now describe my hand machine, or apparatus for forming and cutting
the materials into perpendicular, cross sectional, and longitudinal strata or
lamina of various forms and thicknesses, to suit for almost an endless variety
of articles, vessels, or things capable of being manufactured from these kind of
materials.
Plan Number 3, Figure 1, is a longitudinal section of the machine; Figure 2
is a transverse section of the same; and Figure 3 is a sectional plan of the
same. A shews the position of the clay or materials, supported by the board
B, which forms the bottom of the box or mould, and on which the cutting
knives or wires hereafter described rest. C, C, is a cast-iron carriage on wheels
which runs upon the rails D, D, and carries the laminated materials to the
working bench E, or to a similar one placed on the left hand of the machine;
or the board and materials can be lifted off the carriage by handspikes, put
through sockets and carried to any other convenient place, and the laminated
materials taken therefrom with the trowel and pallet board, as before described,
and the board is again replaced on the carriage. F is a lever with a weight G
for connecting and disconnecting the carriage with the board, &c. upon which
the materials rest. H, HI, H, H, are friction wheels, to give the carriage easy
motion on leaving the board, and at each opposite end of the iron rails, which
forms the bearings for these wheels, sockets are formed, for applying the hand-
spikes, above alluded to; I is a lever which turns upon the pin J, which lever
when brought into right angular position with the rails supports one end of
the board upon which the materials rest, and the other end being supported by
the iron plate K, screwed to the working bench; and it will be seen that this
arrangement allows the carriage to be disconnected from the board with the
prepared materials thereon by pulling the carriage in an opposite direction,
and in this motion the socket L presses down the lever F, which is set free
therefrom, and then the carriage is placed with the other part of the machine,
and is ready for a similar operation. M is a pin for retaining the lever which

page_text: supports the board, &c. in a right angular position; N, N, are handles for
drawing the carriage along the rails; O is a worm wheel, which gives motion
to the pinion P, and upon the same shaft as the pinion P are fixed two pinions,
which work the racks Q, Q; R, R, are brackets, firmly secured to the racks
Q, Q, by screw bolts, and consequently have the same vertical motion; S, S, is the
box or mould, which rests upon the brackets by means of the projections formed
as shewn at T, T; U, U, U, U, are steady pins, securing the box or mould and
brackets together; V, V, is a frame of cast iron, which carries the knives or
wires for cutting or laminating the materials in the box or mould, which cast-
iron frame rests upon the bottom of the brackets, and is carried vertically
by them, as well as the box or mould, and at the same time the knives
or wires pass through the materials as they leave or are pressed out from the
box or mould; w is a screw press, for uniting, compressing, or consolidating
the materials contained in the box or mould, as well as for the purpose of
receiving the materials upon the board, &c., while the knives
wires press
through them until the knives or wires come in contact with the board X,
which board is made so to fit the size of the box as to pass through it on
the top of the materials, and scrape or clean its sides in its progress, and
remains until the cutting knives or wires have reached its under side, as above
described, after which the screw is unwound and the materials finished cutting.
Y, Y, Y, are cast-iron frames, firmly screwed to a wood, brick, or stone, or
other suitable foundation.
or
Figure 6, is a cast-iron frame for carrying the wires or knives for cutting
or laminating the materials horizontally, which knives or wires pass through
the materials as they are carried along to the working bench, as before
described. a are the knives or wires, the number of which can be increased
as required.
Figure 4 is the plan of a cutting frame and knives for dividing or laminating
materials, and forming a recess or rabbett at one and the same operation,
which kinds of lamina or strata are applicable to the moulding and forming
my improved roofing or weather tiles, hereafter described. Figure 5 is a
section of the same. A, A, A, A, is the frame; B, B, &c. are the knives or
wires for cutting the materials; C, C, &c., are wedges for tightening the
knives, &c. The before-described machine or apparatus I use for forming,
moulding, cutting, or dividing plastic or other materials applied to it after
being mixed and tempered in, or by any means.
The third part or claim of my said Invention relates to methods or processes
of combining and uniting any plastic materials, inctatic oxides, or earthy
matter, or any colouring ingredients fit for the purpose, and so mingling them

page_text: as to form imitations of any varieties of marbles or any other stones, so that
the veiny appearances or coloring parts of such materials are in the body
of the articles themselves, as is the case with the natural production. And
I also make imitations of freestones, as well as any plain or party-coloured
articles, and apply these materials to the manufacturing of the articles
themselves, or to surfacing any kinds of bricks, tiles, or slabs, and to the
making of an endless variety of articles in pottery, and for such like useful
purposes; and I claim any of such like plastic articles when produced in or
by the herein-after described method, or by any modifications thereof. And
it is well known that various qualities or colored clays, and such like argil-
lacious earths and plastic materials exist in a natural state, which being
manufactured and burnt produce various colours without any artificial
admixture being incorporated therewith; and it is also sufficiently understood
that any color or tint can be given to the more pure kinds of aluminous
earthy matters when mixed with the matalic oxides and such like ingredients.
And this part of my Invention principally relate to new methods or means
of separating, incorporating, and uniting such materials so as to form the
surfaces, articles, or things above alluded to. I prefer that such argillacious
earths and matters are of a good quality, and I prepare them as is the general
practice in manufacturing these materials for the the making porcelain and
such like earthenwares, and the different tints required for colouring these
materials I select from natural products, or I give the same by the metalic
oxides and such like usual coloring ingredients.
I will now describe this part of my Invention as I apply it to my band
machine, with the requisite cutting frames and the proper sized box or mould
required for the operation, and after the different plain, or tinted, or colored
materials are selected for forming the imitation of marbles or any other stones,
or surfaces, &c., as are properly tempered in any convenient way and the
proper degree of stiffness obtained, which will a little vary according as the
colors of the articles or surfaces to be imitated require to be more or less
blended or mingled, (that is to say,) the least blended the stiffer must be the
materials, and vice versa. I place these materials, as well as a vessel in
which I mix the plastic mixture of the proper color or tint, for the veiny
appearance of the marble or stone to be imitated, reduced to the pulpy
consistency of cream, contiguous to the machine, and I break or pull off
pieces of such stiffer prepared materials, in size or form according to taste
or to the pattern to be imitated; and as I break it off piece by piece I dip
it in the pulpy mixture, so as to form the veiney appearances required, and
I then place them in an almost promiscous manner in the box or mould of the

page_text: machine, and the pulpy mixture not only forms the required veiny appearance,
&c., but tends to stick or unite these pieces or fragments of materials together,
and this I continue until the box or mould is sufficiently full; I then place
the board, as described, which fits the inside of the box or mould, on the
top of the materials, and apply the screw, and press down the same sufficiently
to unite and consolidate them; I then turn the winch, which gives motion
to the worm wheel and the other parts of the apparatus, which carries up
the cutting frame and moulding box; and the materials may be cut vertically,
as before explained, into laminated strata of the thickness, &c., required, and
are carried along the rails towards the working bench or otherwise, and if
required are cut horizontally. A few repetitions of these operations will with
a little taste suit all the imitations of veined or colored marbles, &c., by the
operator having first well conceived his pattern, or provided himself with a
specimen of the kind he intends imitating; and it will be seen that these
methods or processes can be applied to other compounds of materials, such
as scagliola, which I also claim, or any other cements; and such stones as
granite or porphrey I imitate by first cutting the selected or prepared plane,
tinted, or colored plastic materials into small particles, in any convenient
way to mingle them; but I prefer for dispatch to laminate the materials into
their strata, and then cut them into small particles on the working bench
or other surface, with a tool similar to what is imployed for domestic purposes
in cutting mincemeat, which can have one blade, as customary, or more; and
I occasionally partially roll the fragments or particles under a piece of thin
board, with a handle fixed on one side to hold it by; and also occasionally
dry and finely grind some of the same materials, and sprinkle a little of it
over the particles, to prevent adhesion to the board or cutting blales, &c.;
and when prepared to the size required I place them in the box or mould a
little at a time, and with a brush sprinkle each addition of particles with the
pulpy solution of the tint required, sufficiently to properly surround and
unite them, and when the box or mould is filled the board and press are
applied, and an union and consolidation of the materials effected; the cutting
operations are then practised, as above explained, and the materials will be
in a fit state to be applied to the different articles and surfaces before alluded
to, and finished by means hereafter to be described under the different heads
of this Specification.
I will now explain other mode of effecting the like object principally by
hand or otherwise, and it will be seen that all the methods applied to the
manufacture of scagliola can be applied to my process, as well as my before-
described method can be applied to the manufacturing scagliola. I take

page_text: any or either of the before-mentioned prepared plastic materials, plain or
of the tints or colors required, and I laminate them by mine or any similar
apparatus, or prepare them between rollers, or I form them in moulds of any
convenient size and thickness as plain tiles are formed; and after being prepared
by this or any other similar method, I let them stiffen or dry in any convenient
way, but just sufficiently for the purpose, according as the coloured materials are
to be more or less mingled or blended; I then take two pieces of fine canvas,
or moleskin, or felt, or other suitable fabric of any convenient size, and I evenly
spread one of them on the working bench or any other even surface, and I
proceed to break the prepared lamina into pieces of various sizes, according to
taste or the specimen to be imitated, and I place those pieces on the cloth with
sufficient care to keep in view the articles or surfaces to be imitated, so as
much as possible to neglect art and approach nature, and I continue to apply
these pieces until as much of the cloth is closely covered as required; I then
take the brush and dip it in the pulpy mixture before described of the
proper tint or colour to form the veiny appearances, &c., and stick or
unite the fragments of the plastic material and sprinkle it sufficiently to fill up
the interstices, which I prove to be done by passing a trowel or other tool over
the same, and then apply on the top of the same the other piece of canvas; I
then take a piece of board about three or four inches wide and an inch or so
thick, long enough, and formed so as to hold it firmly and reach across the
materials; I then strike them until they are properly united; they can then
be taken between the cloths and applied to the moulds or articles, or one of
the cloths can be taken off and the materials cut to any size for articles or
surfaces and the colours may be mingled as required, and this and similar
methods can be applied, and stones or other surfaces imitated, and the particles
for imitating granite or porphery, &c. are placed or mingled on a cloth and
united by the pulpy mixture, as before described; the cloth evenly spread
is then applied and beaten until the materials are properly united, and are
then applied or cut in like manner; and I form plain, party, and coloured or
figured surfaces or articles by taking any of those materials after being
prepared as before described of the plain or of the different tints or colours
which I have described for making my marble articles or surfaces; I take such
materials separately and place them in the box or mould and consolidate them
and cut them by the same apparatus into laminated strata of any form or
thickness, and apply them to the formation of articles, surfaces, vessels, or
things alluded to, and which will be hereafter explained, as well as for an
endless variety of other useful purposes.
The fourth part or claim of my Invention relates to forming or applying

page_text: impressed or rough surfaces to bricks of any kind, whether cut by any processes
before described or moulded, or formed by any other methods.
Secondly, my Invention relates to modes of applying a lamina or strata of
plastic ingredients or mixture of materials to form a surface on these and other
articles of a similar or other nature, not only in clay or such like plastic mate-
rials, but in any cements or compositions fit for the purpose, and also in imitating
marbles and other stones, and forming surfaces impervious to moisture, with or
without the impressed or roughed surfaces before described, and I occasionally
finish bricks, artificial stones, and such like articles by printings or paintings,
imitations or representations, on their surfaces. I also manufacture articles,
vessels, or things entirely made of such mixtures of plastic ingredients or
imitations of marbles or other stones; and also to bricks, tiles, artificial stones,
and such like articles or surfaces; and also to pottery and plastic goods of all
kinds, and to the machines, moulds, apparatus, and tools for forming, moulding,
pressing, planing, rolling, polishing, or printing the same, as well as for other
useful purposes, and any modifications thereof producing the like or similar
effects; and that my improvements in the manufacture and application of bricks,
artificial stones, and other such like articles and surfaces may be well and
sufficiently understood, they are fully set forth or ascertained in and by the
following descriptions thereof. And in order to give the best explanation in
my power, I have drawn or shewn a sufficiency of their forms and the modes
of producing and applying them. When I have given a sufficient description
of the articles or surfaces themselves and their application, I will then describe
my machines, moulds, apparatus, or tools I prefer in manufacturing, pro-
ducing, and finishing the same. And in the first place, as to forming bricks and
such like articles with marked, holed, roughed, impressed, or figured surfaces,
either on all their sides and ends, or partially or otherwise, to give a more
ornamental appearance or a better key to the mortars or cements use with
them, and these surfaces can be applied to any kind of bricks, whether formd
by my processes, or produced by any other means. Plan Number 5, Figure II.,
M, 1, 1, 2, 2, shews bricks of this description, detached and in elevation, as
applied in Flemish bond, and are formed with smooth surfaces on one side and
on one end, and impressed surfaces on three sides and one end, and can be
employed in constructing walls, &c. with smooth, rough, or figured surfaces, as
required; M 1, M. 1, shows them detached and applied with a smooth end
and side outwards; and M2, M3, shews the same also detached and applied
with the impressed or figured ends and sides outwards, thus producing in the
same articles at pleasure either a smooth or an impressed surfaced treader or
stretcher. M³ is a plan of the above, showing it applied as a nine-inch wall,

page_text: and the rough or impressed surface to form the key for the bed joint, and it
is obvious that a variety of forms or figures or sizes can be given to those as
well as the following and such like materials or surfaces.
My Invention relates to any form or size, and their application, and such
like articles when manufactured in this and similar ways can be set or bedded
so close as to leave the joints hardly perceptable, the morter or cement being
retained in the impress or key, and such work is much stronger than any done
in the usual way; and all mortars and cements applied as coating, plastering,
or stuccoing will be stronger, and can be of less thickness, owing to the key
given to it by the impressed surfaces, and the figured or ornamental surfaces
can be formed and applied without being coated, plastered, or covered. And,
secondly, this part of my Invention relates to placing or applying a lamina or
strata of materials on bricks, or any plastic or other articles, and whether they
have any impressed surfaces or are plain, as is the general practice, and I
form such improved surfaces either plain or figured, or to imitate marbles or
other stones, and any other plastic articles, vessels, or things I form entirely
of such imitations; and as it is well known that in proportion as pure clay
is combined with other earths it undergoes less shrinkage, attention must be
paid to this part of the process before applying the lamina, by making and
burning trial pieces of each of the materials intended for use, and by adding
earthy matter fit for the purpose, until an uniform shrinkage is acquired, and
then observing and adopting those proportions; but I prefer, an account of
rendering the laminated surface or such like plastic materials more impervious
to moisture, as well as to diminish the shrinkage, to incorporate a sufficiency
of any hard burnt clay finely ground and mixed, in the first part of the
process, in preparing the materials as before described. Plan Number 5,
Figure N', shews brickwork in imitation of marble; and Figure 13, 0, 0,
shews brickwork with a limina or plain surface applied thereon and with
the impress surface applied thereto on three sides, and one end to give a
better key; or I manufacture such like materials or articles without the
impressed surfaces. 02, 0%, shews a detached brick, and their application to a
nine-inch wall, with a laminated surface applied to all the external parts, or
surfaces applied to form the bed joints. Figure 16, R', shews blocks of
artificial marble, and R2 blocks of artificial stone or plain surfaced materials,
or any ornamental surface can be given, or any cements or compositions fit for
the purpose applied, as described under the next head, or fifth claim of this
Specification. The elevation or Figure shows their application with rusticated
or recessed bed joints, or I form it to represent ashtor or other masonry. R³ is
a section shewing the bond to a fourteen-inch wall R; F shews a method of

page_text: joining the receeded or indented parts of the rusticated joint, and also at the
same time forms a heading or bond course for the materials; and these, or any
other such like materials, when applied to represent or form ashtor or other
kinds of masonry, I bond or cramp them together, as is the common practice,
which is well understood. R' is a plan of the same, also shewing the bond to
a fourteen-inch wall, and with my impressed surfaces to form the bed joint;
but I manufacture them with or without that improvement; and it is obvious
that these or any other plastic articles or things can be formed entirely of such
or the like imitations, either with aluminous or other matter, or with any
cements or compositions fit for the purpose.
I will now describe my machines, moulds, apparatus, or tools which I prefer
forming the impressed or figured surfaces, and for applying the lamina or
strata to form surfaces on plastic articles wholly or partially formed of other
or coarser materials, and for forming articles, &c. entirely of imitations of
marbles and other stones, or plain or party-coloured surfaces or articles, and then
I will describe my mode or apparatus for pressing, planing, or, polishing bricks,
and other plastic articles or surfaces.
.
Plan Number 3, Figure 7, shows a longitudinal section of my expanding
and contracting moulds, for forming or compressing, and impressing, and
surfacing two bricks or other articles at one and the same time; but for
making blocks of artificial stone I prefer to construct the mould or apparatus
on the same principle, but to produce only one at each operation, on account
of their greater size and weight, which difference in the apparatus is fully
shown in the Drawing relating to flooring and other articles and surfaces,
under the next or fifth head or claim of this Specification. Figure 8 is a
transverse section of the same; Figure 9 is a sectional plan of the same;
and Figure 10 is the plan of the top plate, shewing the opening for the
jaws of the mould to work in, as well as guide holes for the piston rods to
pass through, which lifts the stone, &c. with the plastic articles thereon from
out the moulds, and brushing, cleaning, or lubricating the inside by the same
operation, and when the bricks, &c. are only to have roughed, impressed, or
figured surfaces applied thereon the trowels are used for such articles without
the lamina. 7 shews the trowels with the lamina upon it. 6 is a joint, which
allows the part d of the trowel to be pushed by the operator's thumb applied
to the projection e into a vertical position, in readiness to take the brick or
other article, and if they are to be laminated, they must be dipped on the side
or ends intended to be covered, to make it adhere firmly thereto in clay or
other plastic materials mixed in a pulpy state, similar to what the potters call
slip, which solution in its application to the different articles will hereafter be

page_text: called by that name:
And when imitations of marbles or other stones, or any
uniform or party-colored surface is formed in any fast setting or other cements
fit for the purpose, I place the strata on the trowel or bottom of the mould, and
while in a soft state I fill the remainder part of the mould, or form the other
part of the thickness intended with any coarser kind of cement or other
materials. E shows the trowel with lamina and brick upon it, which brick or
other article I prefer should have been stratified by my process, or otherwise
moulded or formed a day or so previous, in order to have become a little stiff,
or the lamina can be taken on the trowel, and then a little of the slip applied
thereon with a brush and then placed in the mould, and the plastic materials
thrown thereon, similar to the common practice of moulding bricks, or otherwise.
Figure 11 is a perspective view of a working bench. A shows the
materials laminated as they come from the hand machine, cut both perpen-
dicularly and horizontally; B shows the trowel as it is to be applied to each
piece of the lamina, which is turned back, as the leaves of a book are opened;
C are bricks, or other such like formed articles or blocks, of artificial stones,
ready for being impressed, or having the laminated surfaces applied to them;
D is a trough which contains the slip to be used for uniting the lamina to the
bricks or other articles; E shews the trowel with the lamina upon it; F shews
the trowel with the lamina and brick in readiness to be applied to the
expanding moulds.
I will now describe all the parts of the apparatus, as well as the operations
performed therewith, alphabetically. A, A, are the bricks or other articles
with marble or other lamina B, B, to be attached thereto C, C, C, C, C, C,
and the expanding and contracting moulds, which work upon the joints
D, D, D, D; E, E, E, E, E, are friction rollers, which being elevated
contracts or closes the moulds, and by being lowered, the jaws are expanded
by means of the pins F, F, F, F, sliding in grooves or slots formed in the
sides or cheeks of the moulds; G, G, G, G, G, are plummer blocks for
carrying the friction rollers; H, H, I, H, are levers, which act upon the
principle of the parallel rule, by giving a vertical and horizontal motion to the
plate I, and a vertical motion to the plate J, by means of the pins K, K, sliding
in the grooves L, L, formed in the plate J, and the guides M, M, cast upon
the plate J sliding in slots formed in the framework; N is a lever to be worked
by hand, and gives motions to the levers H, H, H, H. It will be seen that
other methods of applying levers or screws, &c. can be applied for expanding
or contracting moulds of this nature; but this method I prefer on account of
its effectiveness and simplicity, but I do not confine myself thereto. O is a
lever, which has free motion upon the pin P, the end of which being depressed

page_text: by the foot elevates the piston rods Q, Q, Q, by which means the articles are
lifted out of the moulds ready to be placed on palette boards or otherwise
for conveyance, to any convenient place for drying, &c., and at the same
operation the brushes R, R, R, clean the inside of the mould; S is a cast-iron
plate on which the snugs are cast, which carry the pins on which the levers
and expanding and contracting moulds work; T is a cast-iron plate, on the
bottom of which a brass plate is secured by means of screws, &c. On this
brass plate the impression, roughing, indenting, or figuring surfaces to be pro-
duced on the materials it comes in contact with are formed, and like brass
plates are fixed on two sides, and one end of the inside of the jaws of the
mould. The trowel which receives the lamina or other materials I prefer to be
of brass, and it forms the bottom and one end of each mould, and is plain or
figured, as thought proper, to produce either a smooth or a roughed or figured
faced wall or other surfaces in one and the same article at pleasure; and
articles are formed in these or similar moulds, with or without the laminated
surfaces, or I make them entirely of any plastic materials of plain surfaces,
or to imitate marbles or other stones, or otherwise. U is a screw, which being
turned by the handle V, raises or depresses the cast-iron and brass plates T;
W, W, are guide rods for insuring a vertical motion to the cast-iron plate, &c.;
T, X, is a lever which works upon the pin Y; Z is a handle for elevating and
lowering the lever X. a is the support or fulcrum for the pin Y, which
support is made in two parts; to the top part the pin 6 is fastened, which pin
turns in a socket formed in the bottom part, and allows the lever X, when
sufficiently elevated, to be pushed upon the shoulder of the recess formed in
the guide d, and is retained there by the spring e during the time the other
part of the operation is performing. f is a hook for holding the lever X down,
which hook turns upon the pin g, and is retained in a vertical position by the
spring hand the piece i, which is cast upon the snugs which supports the pin
upon which the hook turns; the spring allows the hook to fall sufficiently back
to permit the lever X when it descends to pass it, and by its reaction secures
the lever in its present position.
Having thus described the moulds and apparatus for forming such like
articles and surfaces generally, it will be obvious that such like articles can be
formed in other moulds or by other means. I will here mention, that my
Invention relates to the articles or surfaces themselves, however or by what-
soever means produced.
I will now describe my machine or apparatus for cutting, planing, rolling,
polishing, or compressing such like or any similar plastic articles, or for
any other useful purpose. The articles will be fit for this part of the

page_text: operation where any of the surfaces or intended impressed patterns or
figures upon any bricks or artificial stones or other such like articles or
surfaces are filled up or inlayed with clay and other materials previously
prepared and coloured with metalic oxides or other matters, and when they
are about half dry, or in what is called the green state, I apply or place
them in any cutting or planeing, rolling or polishing machine, and they
are reduced to an equal length, perfectly square, or any other figure desired,
and smooth, and of exact thickness, by being cut or pared by a cutting instru-
ment, and rollers working in the frame of such machine, whereby the upper sides
or end surfaces are gradually cut or planed to a clean and distinct exhibition of
the pattern marble, or other stones or surfaces or representations intended, and
are capable after being burnt, if needed, of forming a perfectly even surface.
Plan Number 4, Figure 1, is a sectional elevation from A to B. Figure 2
is a sectional plan from C to D; Figure 3 is a transverse section from E
to F; and G, G, show the boards upon which the articles required to be
planed, rolled, or compressed are placed. II, H, I, I, show the knives for
parting or planeing the surfaces both perpendicularly and horizontally at the
same operation; J is a cast-iron plate, which is made to move horizontally by
turning the handle K, which turns the shaft upon which the pinion L is fixed,
which pinion works into a rack cast upon the plate J, and carries the boards
with the materials thereon upon the moving horizontal plate forwards or back-
wards, according to the motion given to the winch or handle K, and their
surfaces come into contact with the cutting knives and smoothing or com-
pressing rollers; M, M, are rails on which the plate J slides; N is a toothed
wheel which gives motion to four toothed pinions, and on the spindles of the
pinions screws are formed, which work into female screws formed in the
sockets 0, 0, 0, 0, which sockets are cast or screwed upon the plate P, to
which the knives I, I, are fixed by means of screws. The pitched lines of
the toothed wheel and pinions are shewn in the plan by the red circles. Qis
a handle, which gives motion to the toothed wheel, and the pinions and screws
are simultaneously turned, and at the same time the knives H, I, are raised.
or lowered to the direction in which the handle is turned; R, R, are rollers
for smoothing and slightly compressing the surfaces after they have passed
the knives, and I smooth and compress such like articles in this way without
being planed by lifting the cutting blades sufficiently above or back from the
face of the rollers; S, S, S, are moveable cast-iron plates, forced forward or
drawn backwards or adjusted by the screws T, T, T, T; U, U, &c. shews the
metal plates for separating the articles to be planed or otherwise, and the
several articles which can be operated upon at one and the same time,.

page_text: according to the length of the horizontal plate J, as shewn, are slightly coin-
pressed by the plates and screws T, T, at the ends of the sliding horizontal
plate J, and I occasionally take off the cutting or planeing knives H, I, I, I,
and I then use this arrangement, or any modification of wheels, pinions,
sockets, and screws, as a downward pressure for printing or impressing plastic
articles or surfaces, and for various other useful purposes, by screwing plates
or other surfaces to the under side of the plate P.
Plan 4 shews the before described arrangements applied to a hand-press.
Figure 13 is a plan the red circles shew the pitch lines of the toothed
wheel and pinions. A is a toothed wheel; B, B,.B, are toothed pinions, the
spindles of which C, C, C, are screwed, and work into female screws formed
in the sockets D, D, D, which are cast upon the press E; F is a handle
which gives motion to the toothed wheel and pinions, and according to the
direction in which it is turned the press E is elevated or lowered; G is a
cast-iron box, which is open at the end, and supports the toothed wheel and
pinions; H is a cast-iron plate, firmly fixed to the top of a table by the side I
by means of flanges, which support the cast-iron box G; I also use the
arrangements of compressing or smoothing rollers for laminating or com-
pressing plastic articles and surfaces and for various other useful purposes,
and when any such like plastic articles or surfaces, as before set forth, are dry,
those that require it are burnt by any of the usual methods applied to articles
of similar natures. In employing my laminating processes, or any of my
imitations of marbles or other stones, &c. to articles, vessels, or things in
pottery, &c. that have not similar squares or flat surfaces, as before described,
they are formed or fashioned either by the wheel or in moulds, like other
earthenware, or I take the laminated materials and apply them to the moulds,
as in press work or otherwise, and they are then dried to their green state,
and any other parts are added after the surfaces have been rendered exact
and smooth, and a clear and distinct exhibition of the imitation is given by
finishing with the chisel in the usual way; but care must be taken to wet or
smear the surfaces as little as possible, so as not to deface any of the imitative
parts, and when dry they are burnt and glaized in the usual way.
The fifth part or claim of my Invention relates to the manufacture of tiles,
flooring, quarries, and rabbetted, mathematical, or other tiles, and such like
articles generally, with or without the recessed part being roughed or im-
pressed to form a key for the cements used in their application, and in forming
any of such like or similar articles or surfaces to various shapes, sizes, and
thicknesses, and the application of laminated strata, of plastic materials, or
any cements or compositions, or admixtures thereof on the same, so as to form
B

page_text: plain, ornamental, or impervious surfaces, and also in rendering cements or
compositions and imitations in scagliola impervious to moisture by saturating
them in oil or other fatty matter, and also in forming any kind of plastic
materials in various colours, and with various figured or fancy designs,
patterns, or figures impressed thereon, similar to the patterns on carpets and
oilcloths, or representing coats of arms, or crests, or Roman tasselated pave-
ments, or imitating any of the common or the most scarce and precious marbles,
either in any laminated surfaces or in forming the articles themselves with
such mingled ingredients or materials, and the apparatus, moulds, presses, or
tools I most prefer in producing such or any similar goods, and I claim these
or such like imitative articles or surfaces by whatever means produced.
And in order that the true methods of producing and applying such and
similar articles may be fully set forth and ascertained in or by the following
descriptions thereof, I have drawn and shewn some of the forms I adopt, and
the methods used in their application, and I will, after explaining sufficiently
those kind of articles or surfaces, then describe my machine, apparatus, or
tools I prefer in forming or producing the same and such like articles or
surfaces generally.
Plan Number 5, Figure 15, Q' shews figured patterns applied on my
laminated surfaces, and I apply my improved laminated surface process
of manufacturing to any form or shape, and my impress figured surfaces
either on such laminated surfaces or in the articles themselves. Q shews
a lamina of plastic materials applied to imitate marble, which imitation
I also form impervious to moisture in cement, as scagliola is practised,
after such imitative materials are formed in the usual way, or by my
laminated method before described. I apply them on any burnt plastic
articles or surfaces, or on slates or stones, or on any suitable materials or
surface, by uniting them thereto in the usual way of applying such composition;
but I prefer to use for the purpose, and in the like pulpy manner, my adhesive
cement described under the seventh head or claim of this Specification; and
any of these articles or surfaces, whether imitations of marbles or other stones,
or impressed or figured articles or surfaces, are intended to be exposed to
atmospheric influence. I prepare them up to the polishing in all respects in
the usual way applied in scagliola, I then saturate them by immersion or
with the application of a brush dipped in any pure oil or fatty matter, but
I prefer the drying kinds of oils after they have been purified to prevent them
as much as possible staining the imitative parts of the compositions, and the
immersion or application I continue until absorption ceases, and I prefer to
perform this part of the process of any moveable articles or surfaces in a warm

page_text: apartment, and when dry and hard I polish them in the usual way. Q³ shews
the whole of the article itself formed of such imitations.
Figure 14, P shews rabetted weather or mathematical tiles with the
recessed part roughed or impressed to give key to the cements used with
them, and also shews them with plain, figured, or marble laminated surfaces;
and I manufacture these or any such like articles in any plastic materials, or
in cements or compositions fit for the purpose, and with or without the
roughed or impressed surface applied to the recessed part. P¹, P', shews
either articles or the laminated surface to imitate marble, &c., and with a
roughed or impressed surface applied to the rabitted or recessed part; and
P, P2, shew plain or figured surfaced articles detached and applied; P³, P*,
shew a treader and closer to be used in their application to break joint, so
as to imitate any kind of well bonded brick or stone masonry; P³ shews their
application in section; and I laminate or form any articles of this or such like
nature, whether rabetted or plain, or otherwise formed, either for covering
roofs, weather tiling, or any other surfacing or purpose.
I will now describe the Drawing, shewing the machine, apparatus, moulds,
or tools I prefer to use in producing the same or similar articles or surfaces.
Plan Number 3, Figure 12 is a longitudinal section of my expanding and
contracting moulds, which I prefer for forming the flooring, and such like
articles and surfaces above alluded to; Figure 13 is a transverse section of the
same; Figure 14 is a plan of the upper part of the moulds and joint, on which
the plates turn and transfer the materials from one mould to the other, and
reverses their surfaces, which plates support the materials in the moulds;
Figure 15 is a plan of the brasses which are secured to the cast-iron plates T, T.
A, A, A, A, A, A, are the expanding and contracting moulds, the upper and
inward parts or jaws of which are lined with brass, and they work upon the
joints B, B, B, B, B; C, C, are articles with the lamina D, D, formed thereon;
E, E, are brass plates, made to slide off and on the cast-iron plates F, F,
after they have been lifted out of the moulds by means of the joint G, by the
application of the operator's hand to the handles H, H, and a lamina of the
materials taken thereon, and then a strata of other materials for uniting
the sanie dipped in the slip and placed there, or I place the plate and lamina
in the mould and close the jaws thereof. I then take a brush and dip it in the
slip, and apply it on the lamina, and then, in lieu of the strata above explained,
I throw upon the lamina any plastic materials sufficient to fill the remaining
parts of the mould, and the superflous part is struck off in the usual way; and
when I form the articles of one quality of material, I either throw it on the
plate in the mould in this way, or a strata previously prepared is placed
D9

page_text: thereon. I, I, I, I, are friction rollers, which, being elevated, contract or close
the moulds, and the depression of which expands by means of the pins J, J, J, J,
sliding in slots; K, K, K, K, are plummer blocks for carrying the friction
rollers; L, L, L, L, L, L, L, L, are eight levers, which acts upon the prin-
ciple of the parallel rule by giving a vertical and horizontal motion to the
cast-iron plate or frame M, M, M, M, and a vertical motion to the cast-iron
plate or frame N, N, N, N, by means of the pins 0, 0, 0, 0, sliding in grooves
P, P, P, P, formed in the cast-iron plates or frames and guides Q, Q, Q, Q,
cast upon the plates or frames sliding in slots formed in the framework; R
shews a side view of the levers to be worked by band, and give motion to the
eight levers above specified; S, S, are cast-iron plates upon which the snugs
are cast, which carry the pins on which the levers and contracting and ex-
panding moulds work; T, T, are cast-iron plates, on the bottom of which are
secured by means of screws, brass plates impressed with the indentations,
figures, or designs to be produced on or in the articles, &c., to be formed; U, U,
are screws, which being turned by the handles V, V, raise or depress the cast-
iron plates T, T; W, W, are guido rods for insuring a vertical motion to the
cast-iron plates T, T; X is a lever, which works on the pin Y, of which there
is one to each mould; Z is a handle for elevating and lowering the lever X;
a is the support or fulcrum for the pin Y, which support is made in two parts,
to the top part of which the pin b is fastened, which pin turns in a socket
formed in the bottom part, and allows the lever X, when sufficiently elevated,
to be pushed upon the shoulder e of the recess formed in the guide d, and is
retained there by the spring during the time the other parts of the operation is
performing; f is a hook for holding the lever X down, and turns upon the pin g,
and is retained in a vertical position by the spring h and the piece i, which is
cast upon the snugs which supports the pin on which the hook turns, the spring
allowing the hook to fall sufficiently back to permit the lever X when it
descends to pass it, and by its reaction secures the lever in its present position;
j.j.j, are cast-iron framing, which are firmly secured to a prepared foundation.
I will describe my apparatus, moulds, or tools I prefer in making or lami-
nating, and impressing or figuring mathematical or rabetted and other weather
or roofing tiles, and such like articles. Plan Number 4, Figure 4 is a trans-
verse section; Figure 5 is a longitudinal section from A to B; Figure 6 is a
longitudinal section from C to D; Figure 7 shews the hook and spring;
Figure 8 shews a section of the guide and spring for the lever; Figure 9 is a
sectional plan from E to F; Figures 10 and 11 are plans. This arrangement
of moulds, levers, and apparatus is in principle the same as my before-described
methods, only varying a little in detail. G, G, shew the tiles in the moulds;

page_text: H, H, shew the knives for cutting the tiles, &c. to the required size and form;
the knives are secured by means of screws to the iron plate I; I is a cast-iron
plate faced with brass, for the purpose of forming the required recess or im-
pressed surface of the tiles; J is a cast-iron plate, which is forced down by the
screw; K is a handle for turning the screw; L, L, are guide cords for ensuring
a vertical motion to the plate J; M, M, are levers; N, N, are guides for the
levers; 0, 0, are springs for pushing the levers upon the shoulders of the
recess formed in the guides, and for retaining them there; P is a hook for
holding the lever down; Q is a spring for retaining the hook in a vertical
position; R, R, are supports or fulcrums of the levers, which are made in two
parts, in the bottom part sockets are formed in which the pins S, S, turn, and
allow the levers to be pushed upon the shoulders above described; T is a cast-
iron frame, which raises the cast-iron plate I out of the mould by the projections
upon the cast-iron plate J coming in contact with it; U, U, U, U, are rods
rivetted into the cast-iron plate I; V is a brass plate which slides into the
moulds by means of the handle W, with the lamina upon it, and then the slip
is applied, and the remaining parts of the mould filled with any plastic
materials; X is a joint on which the moulds and materials turn, and are
transferred from one mould to the other, or taken therefrom on a palette
board and conveyed to any suitable place; Y, Y, are openings for the appli-
cation of the hand of the operator for raising the moulds; Z is a working
bench which supports the moulds and apparatus, and when those and such
liked formed or shaped articles or surfaces, with or without figured or im-
pressed surfaces or impressed parts filled up or inlaid with clay, or other
plastic materials previously prepared and colored with metalic oxides or any
suitable colouring matter, and have acquired a proper degree of dryness for
the purpose, they are rendered to a smooth, clean, and distinct exhibition of
the pattern given or intended by my pressing, rolling, or printing apparatus
before described, and are, when burnt in the usual way, capable of forming
perfect, true, and smooth surfaces; and I burn them in the usual way, and in
some instances apply the salt or other glaizo, as is well understood, and the
cement or composition articles or surfaces of this nature, and such like imita-
tions, are finished as above described.
The sixth part or claim of my Invention relates to moulds, tools, machines,
or apparatus, and the modes of manufacturing and applying tiles or slabs and
such like articles with marked, notched, roughed, or impressed surfaces, and
also for the manufacture of narrow plain tiles or slabs, and in applying such
or any similar modification of such like narrow plain, or roughed, or impressed
surfaced tiles or slabs, to supersede laths, and in some instances timber, and to

page_text: diminish the body or thickness of plaster in general, and to economise time
and expense, lessen the risk by fire, and prevent damp in buildings; and all
work performed with articles or surfaces so manufactured will be stronger
and more durable, and all mortars or cements used with or applied to them
will adhere better owing to the key given by those surfaces.
And whereas I have described the manufacture of tiles or slabs with
roughed marked or holed surfaces, for superseding laths and diminishing
the body or thickness of plaster, &c., in my Specification, enrolled in Her Ma-
jesty's High Court of Chancery on or about the Twenty-seventh of February,
One thousand eight hundred and forty-one, of a Patent granted to me
for the entire use of such articles or surfaces to such useful purposes, and
I having discovered in practice more economical, better, and more ready
methods of manufacturing the same and other such like useful articles and
surfaces than therein set forth, and also improvements in the use and applica-
tion of such and similar modifications thereof, and I can manufacture
them more economically as well to answer any general purposes with
good clay or such like argilicious matter, without the expence of grinding
or mixing scoria or clinkers, as I have therein set forth and described, I will
explain my improved methods of forming or moulding the same, which I also
apply to manufacturing narrow plain tiles for the same and similar purposes,
and for roofing tiles and soles for draining tiles and such like articles generally;
and after explaining the apparatus, moulds, or tools I use in forming or
moulding the same, I will explain my further improvements in applying such
like articles of this or any similar description to various useful purposes.
Plan Number 4, Figure 14, letter A is a plan of the mould for receiving
the plastic materials, which I prefer to have been previously prepared and cut
or laminated by my machine, as described under the second head or claim of
this Specification, or otherwise formed into strata, each about three-quarters
of an inch thick, and wide and long enough to make two or more tiles or
slabs with impressed surfaces, or four or more of the narrow plain tiles or slabs,
at each operation of the mould. Figure 15 is a transverse section; Figure 16
is a longitudinal section; and Figure 17 is a plan. B, B, are knives for
cutting or dividing the materials or strata perpendicularly, which can bo
increased or diminished in number or form as required, and either with or
without impressed surfaces; C, C, are handles, for turning or delivering the
articles when formed unto or upon the palette boards D, D, which is effected
by means of the hinged joints E, E; F is a screw for raising and lowering
the palette boards D, D, at each .operation sufficiently to take the thickness
of each additional tile, slab, or article until as many have been added as can

page_text: be conveniently removed, they are then dried or burnt as is the general
practice with plain tiles, which is well understood; G is a wheel handle for
giving motion unto the screw which effects the lowering of the palette boards;
H is a step or support, in which the bottom of the screw turns; I, I, is a cast-
iron frame, which is firmly secured to stone, brickwork, or any other suitable
foundation; J is a lever, with which and the plates and apparatus connected
thereto any suitable surface, form, figure, or pattern may be obtained in or
upon the upper or under or both faces of the artical manufactured. If the
figure or pattern be required on one side only, affix the impressed metal plate
at the under side of the lever; and if on both sides, fix another plate on or
to the bottom of the mould; and plain or even surfaces may be obtained by
the application of plain plates in like manner, or the edges can be a little
turned, as shown, for soles of draining tiles; K, the platen, is forced down by
the handle L and screw M, and compresses the laminated materials in the
mould A, and forms the impress in the upper or under surface, and at the
same time perforates the holes for receiving the nails, screws, or otherwise;
and the same operation I perform by applying metal flanges, with knife edges
cast, screwed, or rivited on the platen of the press of the lever, as occur in
Figures 15, 16, 17, in lieu or in substitution of the wood mould, as shewn
at A. O, O, are guide pins, to ensure a vertical motion to K; N, is a handle,
for elevating and depressing the lever; P is a support or fulcrum, for carrying
the pin of the lever; Q is a guide for the lever; T is a spring for forcing the
lever upon the shoulder or recess U, and retaining it there while the other
part of each operation is performing; V is a socket, in which the pin W turns
for the purpose of allowing the lever to be forced into the recess above
described; X is an iron hook, moving upon a pin for the purpose of holding
the lever J down; Y is a cast-iron plate for securing the whole of the apparatus
to the working bench.
Having thus described my improved methods of manufacturing plain,
roughed, holed, or impressed surfaced tiles or slabs, with the moulds or appa-
ratus I use in performing the same, I will now describe some of my improved
methods of applying such materials, and others will be shewn in the sequel.
Plan Number 5, Figure 3, G shows the application of my narrow plain tile
against joists or studs, &c.; these I prefer to be from two to five inches wide,
and long enough to reach from the middle to the middle of the bearings, as
shewn, and placed about three-eighths of an inch apart, to form the key for the
mortars or cements applied to them. I can make them with a great number
of holes, as shewn, or with only sufficient to take the nails or screws for
fastening them, and I prefer to fix these or any similar tiles or slabs in a zig-

page_text: plan,
zag form, as shewn, so as to break the joints. Figure 3, D is a
shewing the application of my figured or impressed tiles or slabs. It is
obvious that an endless variety of figures and forms can be given without
leparting from the true intent and meaning of my Invention. And I will
here mention, that my Invention relates to any form or figure however and by
whatever means produced, and their application. I prefer to make the impress
or key about a fourth of an inch deep, and three-eighths of an inch wide,
which I find in practice to be sufficient for general purposes, and also to
perforate them with a great number of holes, as shewn, which gives a greater
key, and admits of their being cut, fitted, and nailed or screwed to any plate.
3 C, and D, shew the kind of nails or screws I prefer fastening them with,
and the tool or metal punch I use in driving the nails home, as well as for
reaming any of the holes to a larger size, and for preventing injury from any
misblow of the hammer, which tool may be suspended by a strap round the
reck or to a buttonhole of the operator's clothes. Figures 2 B, shews
methods of applying those tiles or slabs against damp or other walls, thus
superseding battens as well as laths and one coat of mortar; and I prefer to
bed or fix them with my strong adhesive impervious cement described under
the seventh head or claim of this Specification; and when they are ɛet in
such or any other good strong adhesive cement, I further secure them by
metal holdfasts, as shewn at B 3, and drive them home by the punch or
tool shewn at B 2, which is of a similar description to D, already described,
only with a larger head to suit the holdfasts. Those tiles can be formed,
rabitted, grooved, or dovetailed together in a variety of ways; the above only
shew some of the simplest and most useful applications.
The seventh part or claim of my Invention relates to modes of combining
and manufacturing strong adhesive cements or compositions to be used with
the above, and for plastering, stuccoing, and a variety of building uses, and
after application they become impervious to moisture or atmospheric influences;
and the methods by which I manufacture and apply them will be fully under-
stood by the following descriptions, videlicit, I melt forty pounds of resin and
twenty pounds of asphaltum or other like bituminous matters by slow heat,
continued until the cement is made. I add thereto, by degrees, twenty gallons
of any drying oils, but I prefer half boiled and half raw linseed oil, and well
stir the same until the whole process is effected; or, secondly, I take forty
pounds of asphaltum, fifteen pounds of pitch, and five pounds of tar, and the
same proportions of oil, and mix them together in the same way; and I can
vary the proportions of the resin, asphaltum, pitch, or other bituminous matters,
either more or less of the one or other at discretion, so that the same in

page_text: number of pounds is added to the required quantity of oil. I next dissolve
in thirty gallons of water ten pounds of gluo or such like matter, by head, just
on the boiling point, which I continue through the process; this boiler should
be fixed conveniently near the one containing either of the before-mentioned
materials. I next take any fine ground chalk or other fine ground carbonate
of lime and clay or other argillicious matter in about equal proportions, and I
mix them, and in general prefer that the argillicious earths should be burnt
and finely ground previously to mixing, which must be in a dry state. I now
add to the mixture in each of the pans or vessels above described by slow
degrees, until both the liquid compositions are as thick as paste, keeping it
well stirred until thoroughly mixed. I now add together by degrees the two
plastic compositions, and thoroughly incorporate them, preferring to apply the
one containing the oil, &c., to the one containing the glutinous mixture; and
when perfectly mixed it is fit for use, and can be mixed with sand or any hard
grits or earthy or metallic matters fit for the purpose, about four parts of this
material to one of cement or composition; I bring it to the consistency
required for use by mixing it with water or oil or other fluids.
Its strong
adhesive qualities, its becoming, when applied, impervious to moisture and
atmospheric influence, makes it highly useful, and colouring matter can be
mingled with it, if required, and it can be applied to a variety of useful purposes,
such as floors, plastering, stuccoing, &c.
The eighth part or claim of my Invention relates to the manufacture and
application of new and improved forms of roofing, coping, or covering tiles,
and such like surfaces generally, and more especially to those known by their
form, and called Italian, Grecian, and Gothic, with or without their cover
joint tiles being formed thereto, and also to pan and plain roofing or weather
tiles, and ridge, trip, or vally tiles, and a variety of other plain and ornamental
roofing or covering tiles so as to fall one in another by rabbets or sinkages,
presenting uniform even surfaces both on their sides and top and bottom laps,
with central inkages or indentations forming a channel for the water, &c.,
and I form them without these central sinkages, and also for new forms of
copeing and capping tiles with weathered or ornamental waterproof joints to
any fancy pattern, in any plastic argillacious earth or compounds of materials
fit for the purpose, and in the articles, machines, moulds, or tools, or any modi-
fication approximating thereto, or in the forms of the materials producing the
same or any similar effect. And that my improvements in such like articles
or surfaces may be sufficiently understood, they are fully ascertained in the
following descriptions; and it is the present practice in making or applying all
kinds of roofing or covering tiles to form them so as they lap or project at

page_text: least their whole thickness one above another, which makes them very unsightly,
and leaves their sides and lower end open as regards the weather drifting
under them, and are also liable to slip, and the mortars or cements used with
them fall down and chokes up the gutters, causing an overflow of the water.
Now, my Invention remedies these and other defects, and roofs, &c., can be
covered with such formed articles to a much less pitch or inclination than by
any similar materials, and are a closer, lighter, and more ornamental covering
than the common tile.
Plan Number 5, Figure 4, E', E', shews my improvements applied to
tiles of the form called Italian, and are shewn as applied to a roof, or
detached with the tops of the same, rabetted, sunk, or recessed so as to
take the thickness of the lower end of the one applied to it; E, E², shows
tiles of the same form or kind, both detached from and applied to roofs, &c.,
with a central sinkage or indentation forming a channel for the water, &c.
I prefer these, as the roof, &c., can be covered with them at a less inclination,
and they can be formed of the same or customary size, or as thought proper;
a three-inch gauge or bond is in most cases sufficient for the lap or length
downwards of the rabbit, and keep the roof, &c., perfectly dry, and are applied
on strips or laths, and with knobs, pins, nails, or screws, as is common, and in
some instances they may be merely dropped one into the other, except at the
eaves, ridges, hips, valleys, varges, or other very exposed parts, and the ridges,
hips, or valleys are fitted and covered in the usual way; or I prefer to use
tiles of that kind with my sinkages formed in them, and the outlets for the
water in the same or similar form to that already described to the roofing till,
so as to make their cross joints even and perfectly water-tight. E' is an end
view of E, E, when applied, and can be ornamented at each their ends, as in
antique examples, &c. Et is a cross ccection, shewing the central sinkage and
the thickness required for the rabbet, which also applies to the other articles.
E is a central longitudinal section, which also applies to articles of a similar
description, shewing their form and application. Figure 5, F is the form
called Grecian, and the description I have above given of the Italian applies
to this in every respect, except that the side lap or side cover joints are formed
angular. F 1, F 1, shews them with top sinkage and recesses, and without the
central sinkage or indentation, and F2, F2, with both sinkages; F is an end
view of the same, and can be as shewn or ornamented, and the cross or longi-
tudinal sections apply to these as well as to those before described. Figure 6,
G, shews these kinds of tiles and without the side lap or side cover joint
being made or formed thereon, but are in every other respect the same,
and the side lap or cover joint tiles are separately made and applied with

page_text: rabbets, so as to present, when applied, a straight or even surface. G¹, G¹,
shews the roofing tiles, &c., with the top recess or sinkage, without the
central sinkage; G2, G3, shews them with the top recess and central sinkages;
G³, G., Go, shew end views, elevation, and cross section, as applied to detached
forms and applications of these cover joint tiles. 8 is the Gothic forms, 4, the
Grecian, and 5, the Italian, and a variety of other forms can be given without
departing from my Invention.
Figure 7, H shews the application of my Invention to the description
called pantiles. M' shows this form with top sinkage without the central
indentation; M2 shows both sinkages; M' is an end view of the same; and
Figure 17, S shews my Invention applied to plain roofing or weather tiling ;
S' shews the rabbeted or top sinkages only; S', S, shows them with top
and central sinkages, and the method of applying them to the same guago
or bond, as is the common practice and well understood; 4 S, is a longi-
tudinal section, also shewing their application; Figures 8¹ shews my new
form of coping or capping tiles with weathered or ornamental waterproof
joints to any fancy pattern, such like tiles I form with three of their sides or
weathering joints turned upwards, as shewn at I, I', and when the joints are
set in any good cement, these will answer well for general purposes, and
have a very neat appearance, but I give further security or ornamental
appearance to the joints of the same by cover joint tiles I³, I, to which a
variety of forins may be given. I' is a cross section, shewing their application
to incline or drip on the two sides of a wall, or it can be formed to narrow
walls, &c., to drip on one side only, with a single row of these tiles; I* shows
an end view of the same. I will now describe the moulds, tools, or apparatus
for manufacturing the same.
Plan 4, Figure 18 is a cross section; Figure 19 is a longitudinal section;
and Figure 20 is a plan. Letter A is the mould which receives the laminated
materials, the shoulder pieces having been taken out of them by the frame
of knives shewn in Figure 4, Plan Number 3, or by other means; this
part of the operation must partially form the upper surface, recess, or
sinkage. B is a projection which forms the central sinkage or waterway;
C is a projection which forms the recess, or rabbet, or lap for the lower end
of the tile to drop into; D is a frame or mould made of wood, which is placed
and removed by the handles E, E, at each operation; F is the mould which
receives the materials or articles thus partially formed in the mould A, which
is effected by taking hold of the handle G, and turning the mould upon the
joint II until the part I comes into contact with the part J, after which it is
turned back into its present position by the handle K; L, L, is wood, secured

page_text: to the cast iron M, M; N is a recess, for forming the projection upon the
articles. The following is the apparatus for forming and finishing the upper
surface:-P is a cast-iron plate, to which is secured the brass plate Q, of the
form of the upper surface of the articles or tiles, which are pressed down by
the cam R, or the lever or screw before described will answer the purpose,
until a good impression, form, and substance is given, and then the articlo is
taken from the mould on a palette board, and dryed in the usual way. S, S,
are guide rods, to ensure a vertical motion to the cast-iron plate P; T is a
support or fulcrum for carrying the lever U; V is a spring for forcing the
lever U upon the shoulder or recess W, and retaining it there while the other
part of the operation is performing; X is a socket in which the pin V turns,
allowing the lever to be forced into the recess, as described; Z is a handle for
elevating and depressing the lever; a is a hook moving upon a pin for holding
the lever down; 6 is a cast-iron plate securing the whole of the apparatus to
the working bench, made of wood or other materials, and such like articles or
surfaces being moulded or formed are dryed and burnt, as is well understood.
The ninth part or claim of my Invention relates to the application of tiles
or slabs, bricks, stones, slates, and other such like materials to the covering or
lining of tanks, cisterns, reservoirs, floors, vaults, arches, roofs, and such like
works or surfaces, either level or to any inclination, or curved, or straight, or
perpendicular, in conjunction with a strata or lamina of impervious and par-
tially elastic materials applied to or placed between layers or courses of such
materials, so as to prevent the passage of damp or water through them, or by
any slight track or settlement in the work which may occur.
Plan Number 5, Figure 9, J shews plain roofing tiles or slabs applied
for roofing, flooring, &c., resting on naked bearings; it can be applied on
boards or other surfaces, and with other materials, but as this method is
economical and requires more practical skill than applying it on formed
surfaces, I will explain its application:-After the rafters, joints, or other
suitable bearings have been fixed at proper distances, tiles or slabs are to
be applied, so as to reach from the middle to middle of the same; and if
the work to be performed is a level surface, any outside part is suitable for
the commencement of it; but if it is inclined, I begin at the lowest part
or the eaves of the roof to place the tiles or slabs, &c. on the bearings,
and fasten, nail, and screw them to the same through holes pierced or
formed in them for that purpose; and I prefer such tiles or slabs as are
described under the sixth head or claim of this Specification, but I do not con-
fine myself to that or any other modes or methods of producing these or
suitable articles; and previous to the fixing. I spread a little fine mortar or

page_text: cement on the bearings, so that the materials applied may bed solid thereon;
and when a strong adhesive cement is used for this purpose, there is generally
only occasion to nail or screw them at the ends or other lowermost or exposed
parts of the work, except when the inclination is near approximating to a per-
pendicular, or in such works as weather tiling against damp walls, &c., where
I fasten them with holdfasts in the way I have described for fixing tiles for
superseding battens, laths, &c., and after the first course or layer of tiles or
slabs is placed or fixed on the whole surface intended, I stop in the joints or
any other defects with mortar or other cements, and bring the whole to a
tolerably even surface, and I then apply the strata or lamina of either imper-
vious or elastic material, sheets of metal, or otherwise I take any of these
sheeted materials; but I confine my description here to that manufactured
from paper or felted fabricks, which in most cases will be found fully to answer
tho purpose; but I do not confine myself to any kind of materials, but to the
application, however made, to prevent moisture or damp in buildings, or such
like purposes. And I begin at the eaves or the lowest part to be cowered, and
if formed of the common coarse wrapping paper, I lay it on in the way slates
are laid, so that when completed it presents not less than double thickness;
but if of stouter materials, as button paper or felt, one thickness will generally
suffice, only cach sheet must overlap three inches on the two sides next it, and
the joints be united by applying a hot iron, as shown at J, 15, Plan No. 5;
and I turn up the strata against the walls to form such flushing as may be
required, but before it is applied against any perpendicular, such surface must
be painted over with the hot liquid, and each piece of the strata united thereto
by the hot iron being passed over; I then apply another course of larger tiles,
bedded and close-jointed, and bedded in adhesive cement, or the same compo-
sition in a liquid state. This will be found sufficient for ordinary covering to
roofs; Grecian, Italian, or other cover joints may be fixed on the above in
cement, as shewn in Plan No. 5, in plan and sectiou J, J, Figures 9, J 3,
4, and 5. Additional strength can be given by applying more courses, and to
terrace roofs, &c., the last layer can be figured tiles, as shewn in Plan No. 5,
Figure 15, Q1, 2, and 3; and I apply the lamina or coat of the composition
against damp walls, and one course of tiles or slabs applied thereon will be
found sufficient; and I form plain or ornamental ceilings, &c., as shown in the
Plan No. 5, at section J 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12, or otherwise, either ribbed,
pannelled, coffered, or enriched to any design, by having the rafters, joists, or
other bearings casts moulded or carved. In forming arches, vaults, roofs,
ceilings, and such like works, I prefer the roughed surfaced tile, as giving a
better key to the cements, &c., and additional strength can be obtained by

page_text: additional courses; and I perform such work by bedding and jointing the tiles
in some strong adhesive cement, as that described under the seventh head of
this Specification, and arches can be turned with these materials to any curve
on centering, as brick or other arches are performed, and to the impervious
strata applied, as shewn in Plan No. 5, Figure J 14, but two or more courses
of tiles, &c., must be applied, and the soffect formed before the lamina is put
on, and it is best to apply this strata under or on the last course, as shewn in
Figure J 13, Plan 5. I also apply this strata on the top or through the
thickness of foundations at or about the ground level.
The tenth head or claim of my Invention relates to modes of forming adhe-
sive, impervious, or elastic compounds of materials for manufacturing some of
the lamina or strata I prefer for the before-mentioned works, and the manner
in which the same is performed is fully ascertained and set forth in and by the
following description:-I first melt forty pounds of resin, then add eighty
pounds of pitch, and incorporate them; I then slowly add six gallons of boiled
linseed or other drying oil, three pounds of india-rubber or caoutchouc which
has been previously cut into small fragments and boiled in water sufficiently to
soften it; I keep these materials just at the boiling point until the caoutchouc
is dissolved, and, if thought proper, strain it through a sieve, and it is fit for
use, or the caoutchouc is dissolved by naptha or other solvents, as is well
understood. I do not confine myself to these proportions, they can be
varied; the addition of more oil making it softer, of more rosin or pitch
harder, and more india-rubber more elastic and tough, this must be left in
some measure to the skill or judgment of the operator, having regard to the
description of work to be performed. The boiler or vessel containing this mix-
ture should be filled within about six inches, and be kept at about the
boiling point. I then immerse the the paper, felt, or other fabric a sheet
at a time; when taken out, lay it on a stack or pile, applying a little liquid
grease or fine charcoal to prevent adhesion, or it can be hung on a line
while the composition sets, which it will soon do. Once dipping will generally
be found sufficient for paper and felted fabric, but woven or such like materials
occasionally require repetition, but this must not be done until it becomes dry.
The whole process requires to be conducted under cover, and any article, or
surface, or fabric, or fibrous material can be covered, painted, or joined
together with this composition; while in a hot liquid state it can be spread
over any work requiring it with some convenient brush or tool, and will render
it impervious to moisture.
The eleventh bead or claim of my Invention relates to the use and
application of scoria or clinkers from smelting furnaces, forges, or any

page_text: such like materials, and fieldspar or glass, and what is called by glass-
makers fritt, and other silliceous matter, or a small portion of argilacious
earths, or any materials or mixture of other matter which will vitrify at
a red heat, either separately or in conjunction with fluxing ingredients,
metalic oxides, or such like matters, and for any methods of forming articles,
surfaces, vessels, or things thereof, not only for building but for other useful
purposes, and for methods of fiering or burning such like articles in cases
or moulds, which preserve them in the shapes given them, and the use and
application of parts of such materials in forming surfaces, &c., as a mixture
for or used with paints and other matters. These methods, and the modes of
applying the same, are fully set forth in the following descriptions:-Take of
scoria, clinkers, or such like vitrifyable matters, and grind to powder in the
dry way, and sift it to different degrees of fineness, according to the work it is
intended for; for the finer kinds, I grind it in the moist way, reducing it to a
pulpy consistency until the finer parts become suspended in the fluid, and are
run off from time to time near the top of the pan; this pulp is then passed
through a lawn, silk, or other fine sieve into vessels, and allowed to precipitate.
Secondly, I grind fieldspar, or broken glass, or any siliceous or other easy
vetrifyable matters, before or after being fritted, and prepare them in the same
manner in about the same proportions as practiced by glassmakers in making
their fritt, as is well understood; it is then ground and passed through sieves,
then run it off into other precipitating vessels; and when settled and the water
drained off, and it is about the consistency of paste, I then mix (as is the
practice with potters), with either of those precipitated matters separately, a
seventh part, or thereabouts, of fine plastic clay, or other argilacious matter in
the same pulpy state. I do not confine myself to the proportions here set
forth, as they can be varied according to the articles to be made. This
mixture can be used separately or combined in any proportion, and metallic
oxides, fluxing, or colouring matters added, if required, and is dried or the
water evaporated by artificial heat, is practised in potteries. When thus pre-
pared, temper it in a pug mill, or otherwise render it of uniform stiffness
throughout; it is then fit for forming any kind of articles or surfaces, as
practised in potteries or in working "terra-cota," or such like works; and
I prepare or finish them till they are ready for burning in the same manner;
but in burning such articles as vitrify at a red heat great care is required or
they will become unformed masses. And one of the noveltys of this part of
my Invention is, the casing and protecting such articles of pottery and the like
from deformity in the process of burning, which I accomplish as follows, viz*,
when the articles are finished and dryed, I cover or encase them in cement or

page_text: composition moulds of sufficient thickness to withstand the heat required,
varying from half an inch to a greater substance, according to the size, &c., of
the article encased, and they can in this way be sufficiently burnt or vitrified
without danger to their shapes; and they may be glazed in any fluxing in-
gridients or dipt in the glazing solutions before or after being burnt. The
articles being dry, I take fine ground bone ashes or carbonate of lime,
separately or mixed, in equal portions or thereabouts with fine ground burnt
fire-clay, ground mica, and such like slates or talce, or steatite, and use them
separately or together, or any other materials that will take a much higher
heat to vitrify than the articles to be envoloped. I mix with water either of
the above to the consistency of paint, and apply it by laying it over the articles
to be burnt with a soft brush, and in some instances the articles may be dipped
in the same; and I occasionally apply two or more coats, allowing such coats
time to dry; I then apply the encasing material in sufficient thickness to
withstand the heat, which practice must teach. I take about three parts of
burnt ground fire or other clay, and about one part of plaster of Paris of
commerce, and mix with water to the consistency of paste; I then apply it all
over the articles to an uniform thickness; but I prefer for the purpose my
cements described under the twelfth head of this Specification, which is applied
in the way above described. When this covering is dryed, I place the articles
so prepared in ovens or kilns, or by other means bring them to the degree of
heat required. The time will vary according to the articles, but may be
readily and accurately ascertained by trial pieces inclosed in like manner and
inspected from time to time. When sufficiently burnt and gradually cooled in
the usual way, they are drawn out and the moulds or cases broken, which will
be easily done; and I occasionally grind such broken moulds, and mix a portion
of it with the composition for forming other similar moulds. These burnt or
vitrified articles are of extreme hardness, and can be made of various colours,
and to resemble metals, and are superior for many purposes, as no oxidation
takes place upon them; and I apply fine ground scoria or clinkers after being
suspended in water and strained through seives and precipitated, as described
in the first part of this process, and taken therefrom and dried; or I finely
grind it, when it is highly useful where a dark or drying colouring matter is
required; or I levigate it with oil or any suitable colouring matter, as paints
are manufactured, and I apply it in that or any similar manner for covering
or forming surfaces.
The twelfth part or claim of my Invention relates to modes of com-
bining materials to be used in forming the moulds or envelopes for protecting
in the burning such like articles as are described under the cleventh

page_text: head of this Specification, which composition will be found highly useful
in making moulds for stereotype plate and other founding, and for building
purposes, figures, and other casting. And this part of my Invention, with
the metals of combining and applying the same, are fully set forth in the
following descriptions:-Take one hundred parts of plastic clay and five of
muriate of soda, and kneed them into a paste with water, and form it into
loaves of about a pound each, and when dry burn them in a reverberating
furnace or by other suitable means for about two hours, then withdraw and
grind it to powder, which put into a sound cask, and pour over by degrees ono-
fourth of the weight of sulphuric acid, and stirring it well on each addition;
and when the moriatic gass is dissipated, add a quantity of water equal to the
acid, keeping the mixture stirred; then add more water and repeat it until
about fifty gallons of water are added, or a greater or lesser quantity, according
to the strength required; next dissolve in water and mix with the above potash
or soda equal to one-fourth of the weight of the acid previously added (sulphate
of potash or soda may be used, but twice as much of these as of the alkali are
necessary); other alkaline or earthy salts can be used in the same or other
proportions; or mix about about one pound of earthy or alkaline salts with
each gallon of water, either separately or mixed, and with or without the
mineral or other acids, but I prefer the above, altho' I do not confine myself
thereto. I next take two parts of lime, ground chalk, or whiting, or any other
fine ground carbonate of lime or such like matters, and one part of fine plastic
clay or other argilacious earths; these proportions can be a little varied,
according to the qualities of the materials to be operated on; and I place
them in a cylindrical pan under rollers or otherwise, and add so much of the
above solutions as will, when properly ground, bring the materials to the con-
sistency of paste; but where the materials are of a hard nature, I grind
them, either with or without the solution, by any method equally effectual,
and if the materials selected are of a fine plastic nature, I omit the
grinding, and simply diffuse them in the solution, or temper them by any
other means, and add such part to the other which require grinding, or vice
versa, or otherwise, or any metalic oxides or silicious or other matters fit
for the purpose; the moisture is evaporated as before-mentioned, and being
divided into pieces and dried, the burning can be performed in a common
lime kiln, or other suitable places, observing, that the itensity and duration of
heat be sufficient to expel the carbonic acid contained without vertrifying any of
the substances, and the burnt materials when ground to powder are fit for use,
either alone, mixed with water, or with any sand or grit, proportioned accord-

page_text: ing to the work, as Roman and such like setting cements are mixed for use;
and I form a cement from sulphate of lime, gypsume, and such like calcarious
earth, and any moulds or things formed of plaster of Paris of commerce.
I take any quantity and grind it to powder, and mix thirty pounds with each
gallon of the solution above described, and occasionally add five pounds of any
plastic argilacious earths, burnt or ground, or in the raw state, to each gallon
of the solution; I then place it in boilers lined with lead or otherwise, and
profer to heat them with steam as a bath, and I keep them at the boiling point
for an hour, or until the excess of moisture is evaporated, and the mass is of
the consistency of mortar when used; it is then dried by exposure or by
artificial heats, and is burnt and applied as herein-described in the next
process of applying the solution.
Secondly, break such like gysum or calcarious materials in their raw state
into pieces that will pass through a sieve of not more than an inch meesh and
place it in an oven at a low red heat until it covers the floor about four inches
deep, and the water of crystallization, &c. is driven off, and the fragments have
lost their brilliancy, which will take about four hours, then place it in a cistern
and pour in enough of the before-mentioned solution to cover it (with or without
the five pounds of argilacious materials), and when it has absorbed as much
as possible of the solution, which will be in thirty-six hours, or therebouts,
remove and dry them by exposure or by artificial heat, then place it again in
the oven for four hours at a low heat, visible by daylight, then reduce it to
powder, and if necessary sift for use. In applying either of these materials
for making the cases or envelopes before inentioned, I mix it with water and
ground fire clay, or the like, and for moulds for sterotyping and other
founding, and in applying it to buildings, plastering, or to stuccoing, or to
figures and other castings, I use it without the aluminous matter, and any
color or tint may be mingled with it.
The thirteenth and last head or claim of my Invention relates to improve-
ments in the manufacture and forms of draining tiles, pipes, or tubes, and soles,
and such like articles, and the methods of forming or piercing holes to admit
the water through them, and for splaied or bevel ends or joints to the same;
also for knobs or flanges on the edges or sides of the soles, which prevents
their getting out of place, an accident of frequent occurrence with the kind at
present in use, which entirely destroys the drain; also for apparatus, moulds,
or tools used in forming the same, and for similar purposes.
And I claim such or such like formed articles or surfaces, whether the same
or similar or any other methods are employed in forming them.

page_text: And in order that my improvements may be distinctly understood, I have
drawn and shewn in plans the application of my improvement to such like
articles.
Plan Number 5, Figure K' shews an elevation with a quantity of holes
pierced or formed therein to admit the water; K2 shews a longitudinal cross
section of the same, with my improved splaied or beveled joints; K³ shews a
side view of the same; K shews an end view with my improvements applied
to draining soles, by knobs or flanges formed on their sides for keeping them
in place.
Figure 10, L+ shews my improved draining pipes or tubes pierced with a
number of holes to admit the water; L' shews a longitudinal cross section of
the same, with the splaiced or beveled joints; L' shews an end view of
the same.
I will now describe my apparatus, moulds, or tools for forming such like
articles. Pian Number 4, Figure 21 shews a longitudinal section of the mould
and apparatus for forming the cylindrical draining tile or tube. Figure 22 is
a plan of the same; Figure 23 is a transverse section of the same. Figure 24
shews a longitudinal section of the mould and apparatus for forming the arched-
shaped tiles; Figure 25 is a plan of the same; Fig. 26 is a transverse section
of the same. Figures 27 and 28 shew the materials cut into lamina, of which
the tiles or tubes are formed. A, A, are wood cores, which form the inside of
the tiles or tubes, with the projecting part, which forms one of the beveled ends,
as shewn; B, B, shews the materials of which the tiles, &c. are formed,
wrapped round the wood cores c. Figures 21 and 23 is a mould, made of cast
iron or other suitable material, for forming the bottom half and end D of the
tiles, &c. E, E, are projections upon the cores, which fit into square holes
cast in the ends of the moulds, and prevents the cores turning round; F, F, are
levers; that shewn in Figures 21, &c. forms the upper half of the cylindrical
tiles, &c.; the knife-like edges are for cutting off the surplus materials; that
shewn in Figure 24, &c. forms the outside of the arched tile G. Figures 24
and 26 is a cast-iron plate with the projection H for supporting the wood core.
I is cast upon the plate, and forms one end of the tile on which the parts that
forms the beveled joints at one end is formed; J, J, are projections which
form the holes; K, K, are supports or fulcrums for carrying the pins of the
levers, and are made in two parts; in the bottom parts sockets are formed, in
which the pins L, L, turn, so as to allow the levers when elevated to be
pushed upon the shoulders M, M, formed by the recess in the guides N, N;
and 0, 0, are springs for retaining the levers upon the shoulders M, M.

page_text: Having thus described the nature of my Invention, I would have it
understood that what Iclaim is,-
First, the apparatus, methods, or means herein described, or any modification
thereof, of forming, delivering, cutting, or laminating plastic or admixtures of
materials to to suit for general manufactures; also for a new form and
position of pug or clay mills, with the working barrel placed horizontally or
to any inclination, whether attached to or separate from the above apparatus,
to the full use of their application.
Secondly, my claim relates to machines or apparatus to be worked by hand,
or otherwise, for moulding, uniting, compressing, or delivering and laminating
plastic or admixtures of materials, either perpendicularly or horizontally, to
suit them for general manufacture, as described.
Thirdly, I claim the preparation and full application of imitating marbles or
any other stones or surfaces; by manufacturing plastic and other materials, and
also in forming such and similar materials into lamina, or otherwise, to suit for
general manufactures, as described.
Fourthly, I claim the manufacture of bricks and such like articles with
impressed or roughed surfaces, as described, and the application of a laminated
surface on bricks or artifical stones to imitate marbles or other stones, plain,
printed, or ornamented, and for making those or such like articles and pottery
of all kinds entirely of such imitation materials, with the apparatus for
moulding, rolling, plaining, pressing, or printing the same, and for other useful
purposes.
Fifthly, I claim the manufacturing of flooring and rabitted tiles, and such
like articles generally, in imitation of marbles or other stones, either in the
articles themselves, or on their surfaces, or with or without impressed, figured,
or printed surfaces, as described, and for saturating with oil or fatty matter any
such like imitations that are formed of cement or compositions, with the tools,
apparatus, &c. used in or about the same.
Sixthly, I claim the manufacture and application of impressed surfaces as
well as narrow plain tiles in any plastic materials to be used in substitution of
laths and picking-up coats of plastering; and also for the prevention of damp
in buildings, and other useful purposes, with the moulds, apparatus, or tools
used in or about the same, or, further, to the extent of their application.
Seventhly, I claim the modes of combining rosin, asphaltum, pitch, or other
bituminous matter, and oil, glue, or other glutinous matter or ingredients,
and water and other fluid, and other materials, for making a cement, as
described.

page_text: Eighthly, I claim the modes of forming roofing or other tiles with rabitted
or recessed parts, so that they drop one into the other, and present uniform or
even surfaces, and with or without central sinkage, and for coping or other.
tiles with weathered or ornamental joints, as described, with the tools or
apparatus for producing the same, and other useful purposes.
Ninthly, I claim the application of tiles; slates, stones, brick, or other such
like articles or surfaces, in conjunction with a strata or limina of impervious
or partially elastic materials, applied to or placed between layers or courses of
such or any suitable materials, as described.
Tenthly, I claim the modes of forming adhesive, impervious, or .elastic
compounds of materials, by combining resin, pitch, asphaltum, and other
bituminous matter with oil and caoutchouc, and for methods of applying the
same with carbonacious matter or other suitable materials, as described, and
for other useful purposes, to the extent of its application.
Eleventhly, I claim the use and application of slag, scoria, or clinkers from
smelting furnaces, forges, &c., or glass, feildspar, or fritt, or any other easily
vitrifiable matter, or in conjunction with clay or other matter, as described, and
for manufacturing and burning articles thereof, or made of any other plastic
materials in moulds or envelopes, so as to keep them in shape, and for the
application of fine-ground stag, clinkers, &c. to be used for a colouring matter,
or as a paint, and other purposes.
Twelfthly, I claim the modes of combining the alkaline or earthy salts and
mineral or metalic acids, in conjunction with the carbonates and the sulphates
of lime and argilacious earths or matters, as explained, for making a cement,
5 and for the application of such or similar compositions to forming the envelopes,
before described, as well as for moulds for stereotype founding, building, and
other useful purposes.
And, lastly, I claim the improvements in moulding and forming draining
tiles or tubes with splaiced or beveled ends to keep them in place, with the
o methods of forming or piercing holes in the same, and for making soles with
their sides turned up to afford a greater security, as described, and for the
moulds or tools used in performing the same, and other purposes.
In witness whereof, I, the said Charles Smith, have hereunto set my hand
and seal, the Seventeenth day of May, One thousand eight hundred and
Sauber thes
CHARLES (L.S.) SMITII.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Seventeenth day of May, in
the sixth year of the reign of Her Majesty Queen Victoria, the said
Charles Smith came before our said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and
acknowledged the instrument aforesaid, and all and every thing therein
contained and specified, in form above written. And also the instrument
aforesaid was stamped according to the tenor of the Statute made in the
fifty-fifth year of the reign of His late Majesty King George the Third.
Innalled AL