IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR CUTTING, GRATING, OR PREPARING VEGETABLE SUBSTANCES.
Year: 1854

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Frederick Phillips, of the Hall Farm, Downham,
near Brandon, in the County of Suffolk, Land Agent, for the Invention
of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR CUTTING, GRATING, OR
PREPARING VEGETABLE SUBSTANCES.","
Sealed the 22nd September 1854, and dated the 27th March 1854.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Frederick Phillips at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 27th
March 1854.
I, FREDERICK PHILLIPS, of the Hall Farm, Downham, near Brandon, in the
County of Suffolk, Land Agent, do hereby declare the nature of the said In-
vention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR CUTTING, GRATING,
OR PREPARING VEGETABLE SUBSTANCES," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to certain improvements in the construction of turnip
or other root cutters or graters, which are also applicable for the cutting or
grating of dyewoods, and for other similar purposes, and consists in the
employment of a series of circular serrated cutters, arranged side by side upon
a cutter shaft, which may be driven by a winch handle or gearing, as required.
These cutters are kept separated by means of intervening discs or washers, and
the whole are held together by bolts and nuts. An adjustable curved grating
or guard is fitted to the machine, and the teeth of the cutters are made to
project slightly beyond it, so that the depth of cut may be regulated according
to the size of cut required. In front of these revolving cutters is placed an
inclined feeding table, composed of a series of sloping bars, with openings

page_text: between, to allow the dirt or earthy matter adhering to the roots to escape freely
without intermixing with the root gratings of pairings. A lateral vibratory
motion is imparted to this feeding table during the cutting action, by means of
cams on the cutter shaft, or by any other suitable mechanical arrangement, by
which means a fresh portion of the root is continually presented to the action
of the cutters. The machine may be made double, if required, two sets of
cutters being employed with the shafts geared together, and the roots fed into
the machine between the two sets of cutters. In place of serrated disc cutters
being employed, a series of curved claws or scrapers or chisel pointed knives
may be used, fitted into the periphery of a drum or cylinder, and working
through a guard, as herein-before described; or the claws or knives may be
fitted into the side or end of a disc or cylinder, in place of in the periphery, in
which case an indented or slotted-guard plate would be employed; in conjunction
with the arrangements last mentioned, I use, a circular edged scraper for the
purpose of completing the cutting or grating operation. It is obvious that the
saws or cutters before mentioned may be made equally applicable when cutting
longitudinally, in place of the circular saws before named.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Frederick Phillips in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
27th September 1854.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, FREDERICK
PHILLIPS, of the Hall Farm, Downham, near Brandon, in the County of
Suffolk, Land Agent, send greeting.
WHEREAS, Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-seventh day of March, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-four, in the seventeenth year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said Frederick. Phillips, Her special license that I, the said Frederick
Phillips, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the
said Frederick Phillips, my executors, administrators, or assigns, should at any
time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter,
during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exer-
cise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for ".IMPROVEMENTS IN
MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR CUTTING, GRATING, OR PREPARING VEGETABLE SUB-
STANCES," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Frederick
Phillips, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, should-par-
•

page_text: ticularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the
Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately
after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Frederick Phillips, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and, ascertained in and by the following
statement, reference being had to the accompanying Drawings, and to the
letters and figures marked thereon, that is to say:-
My said Invention relates to certain improvements in the construction of
turnip or other root cutters or graters, which improvements are also applicable
for the cutting or grating of dye woods, and for other purposes, and consists in
the employing of a series of circular serrated cutters arranged side by side upon
a cutter shaft, which may be driven by a winch handle or gearing, as required.
These cutters are kept separated by means of intervening discs or washers, and
the whole are held together by bolts and nuts. An adjustable curved grating
or guard is fitted to the machine, and the teeth of the cutters are made to
project slightly beyond it, so that the depth of cut may be regulated according
to the size of cut required. In front of these revolving cutters is placed an
inclined feeding table, composed of a series of sloping bars, with openings
between, to allow the dirt or earthy matter adhering to the roots to escape freely
without intermixing with the root gratings or parings. A lateral vibratory
motion is imparted to this feeding table during the cutting action by means of
cams on the cutter shaft, or by any other suitable mechanical arrangement, by
which means a fresh portion of the root is continually presented to the action
of the cutters. The machine may be made double, if required, two sets of
cutters being employed with the shafts geared together, the roots being fed into
the machine between the two sets of cutters. There may be used in place of
serrated disc cutters a series of curved claws or scrapers or chisel-pointed
knives, fitted into the periphery of a drum or cylinder, and working through a
guard, as herein-before described; or the claws or knives may be fitted into
the side or end of a disc or cylinder, in place of in the periphery, in which
case an indented or slotted guard plate would be employed. In conjunction
with the last-mentioned arrangements I use a circular-edged scraper, for
the purpose of completing the cutting or grating operations. It is obvious
that the saws or cutters herein-before mentioned may be made equally
applicable when cutting longitudinally, in place of with circular saws, which
I have described.
And in order that my Invention may be properly understood, I shall

page_text: now proceed to describe the several Figures on the two Sheets of Drawings
hereunto attached.
Fig. 1 on Sheet 1 of my Drawings is a side elevation; Fig. 2, an end
elevation at right angles to Fig. 1 ; & Fig. 3, a plan of what I term my
barrel mincing, grating, or pulping machine. In this arrangement, A is a
strong frame of wood or iron, on the upper side of which frame is a cast-iron
frame B, fixed by working into staples C at one end, and by bolts set through
slots D at the other, so that this frame may be taken off the other or drawn
backwards for the purpose of getting at the machinery within the wooden
frame. This iron frame has a main driving spindle E working across it, and
driven by a crank by hand, or by a pulley, or by any other motive power. On
this spindle a number of circular saws F are placed. Fig. 20 is a side view of
one of these saws in detail. Circular discs or wheels are alternated with the
whole of the saws, and the saws and intervening discs are bolted firmly
together by three bolts H extending through their whole length. Attached
to the back of this iron frame is a plate of metal, to which is affixed a
series of metallic scrapers I. Fig. 21 is a side view of one of these scrapers;
the saws in revolving pass freely between these scrapers, and are thus
deprived of any portion of the minced vegetable substance which they would
otherwise carry round with them; at the outside of the saws, and also between
every pair of saws, is a circular guard or fence, between which the saws revolve.
This guard or fence is formed of a series of these circular irons J. Fig. 22 is
a side view of one of these irons, and Fig. 23 is a front view of the same,
shewing how the interval is formed for the saws to pass through. These
circular irons or other metallic guards are placed side by side, and have a bolt
K passed through their upper and lower extremities, by which all are held
firmly together. This guard or fence is inserted at its lower extremity at each
end into an iron plate L, working freely in grooves in the wooden frame, and
from which it may be lifted out when required. The caps of the pedestals
which support the main spindle at each end of it are formed at their hindmost
extremities into standards, through the back of which, near the top, are passed
set screws M, having eyes at one end of them. The ends with the eyes have
the bolts K passed through them. The other ends of the set screws passing
through the standard J are held firmly to them by nuts N, and these nuts and
screws are the means by which the guard or fence is moved backwards or
forwards to regulate the fineness or coarseness to which the vegetable sub-
stances are to be minced, grated, or pulped. Circular shields O are attached
to the iron frame, to prevent the vegetable substances getting out of the hopper
or to the pedestals; in adjusting the guard or fence, it is proper to set it slightly

page_text: behind the points of the teeth of the saws, and it is important that the saws be
gulloted and set, having the fore edges of their teeth sharpened; in front of
the metallic guard or fence, as also of the saw cutters, is a hopper P, made of
wood or metal, having a grated bottom Q inclined upwards, composed of metal
bars, having on each a wedge-like projection R. The hopper is suspended by
metal slings S, supported by metal bars T, which are carried by two standards
u on each side of the wooden frame above the upper part of the frame to the
level bars, on which they are suspended by eyes V, through which the said
bars pass, as also through eyes at the top of the two standards u on both sides
of the frame, where the two supporting bars T are secured by nuts acting on
screws at their ends against the standards u. In front of the hopper at its
lowest edge a series of small knives w are fixed on a transverse rail X of the
frame. Fig. 24 is a side view and section of the rail of one of these knives
and the rail, shewing how they are fastened to the rail by a screw or screws.
Each knife is below, or nearly so, each circular bar of the fence or guard, and
each of the saws when in action passes freely between a pair of these knives.
On the main spindle E, on which are the saws, at that part of it beyond the
wooden frame there is fixed a bevil wheel Y, which gears into a pinion z,
mounted on a metallic frame a, which is supported by the wooden frame.
This pinion gives motion to a crank b at the end of the axle, on which it is
fixed, and which crank gives motion to a connecting rod c, which works freely
on it, and is attached to its other end by a knuckle joint d to the hopper, to
which it communicates lateral motion. The hopper itself is kept steady in its
action when working by a light flat iron bar e, which is fixed to its two sides
across the bottom of it, and extending a short distance beyond it on both sides,
near the end of which bar it works freely between a pair of friction rollers f,
mounted on iron plates on each side of the wooden frame; on the outside of
it, connected with the moving hopper, and above it, is another hopper g, into
which the vegetable substances to be minced are first cast, and which has a
grated bottom h, in order to bring away from them into a trough i below
(which is fixed partly to the upper hopper and partly to the wooden frame)
any dirt, stones, or other things which it is desirable to separate from them,
and which thereby have an exit without getting intermixed with the vegetable
substances under treatment.
Figs. 4, 5, and 6, respectively, represent a side elevation, an end view, and a
plan of another modification of my mincing, grating, or pulping machine. A is
a strong frame of wood or metal, with suitable pedestals B on the upper part
of it, carrying a main spindle C, with a crank or pulley at one end of it and a
fly wheel at the other end. On this main spindle a series of wheels or discs D

page_text: are placed side by side, having two bolts E run through the whole of them
transversely, with screws and nuts at both ends, by which they are held firmly
together as one barrel. On each of these discs are fixed four serrated
segmental plates of iron or steel, Fig. 29. F is the full working size of these
segmental plates. The circumference of each disc is divided into four equal
parts; the two of these divisions, namely, the two opposite to each other, are
rebated down a depth equal to the thickness of the segmental plates intended
to be attached to them; these are then fastened to the discs, if of wood, with
screws H, and if of metal, with pins, in which case the two outside discs must
have their segmental plates riveted on to them, or otherwise securely fixed;
the other two opposite divisions of the discs are not rebated, but are grooved
to receive the segmental plates G in the centre of the periphery of each to the
depth of the plates intended to be inserted. The serrated segmental plates
should have their projections standing somewhat beyond the periphery of the
discs, but a lesser projection may be used if the vegetable substances are
desired to be minced, grated, or pulped very fine; but instead of having each
disc rebated and grooved, thinner discs may be used, and then all the segmental
plates may be attached to them by rebating only, having each disc to carry its
pairs of segmental plates in the diametrically opposite divisions of its circum-
ference. These segmental plates may be greater or less segments of a circle,
if desired, or even single teeth only, so as when fixed to the disc they do not
form a continuous circle; it is important, however, whether the teeth form part
of a segmental plate, or are attached separately, that they be gulloted and set
in front of these discs, which, with their serrated segmental. plates, form one
barrel. A rail I is fixed transversely on the frame. On this rail a series of
knives are grooved in or otherwise fixed side. by side, and so placed that each
of the serrated cutters when in action pass between two of these knives. The
knives, which are detailed in Figure 30, are fastened in their grooves by an iron
plate behind them, screwed or bolted to the rail in which they are fixed; a
similar rail J is also fixed to the frame behind the barrel with similar knives,
whose work it is to clear the barrel of any vegetable substance adhering to it.
A hopper K is fixed to the frame by bolts passing through irons L, with eyes,
having nuts to set them fast; there is also an upper hopper M with a grated
bottom, in order to bring away any dirt or extraneous matter which it is
desirable to separate from the vegetable substance under treatment, the foreign
matter being received into a trough below, and carried away from the minced
vegetable substance. At the back part of the lower hopper is a plate or
grating of iron N, fixed by screws to an iron plate or rod O at the back of it.
The fore plate N is supported by a light iron bar P on its lower edge, on which

page_text: it works freely; the lower plate or rod.O projects through the hopper at both
ends, and is there made fast to the upper end of a lever R by a joint, on
which it works freely, which lever is supported by the sides of the hopper, and
is acted on by a striking lever S, attached to the driving spindle. This
arrangement is the same at the other end, and by these means lateral motion
is imparted to the iron plate or grating N at the back of the hopper. This
plate or grating N should have attached to it some wedge-like pieces of iron T,
in order to enable it to displace in its lateral motion any vegetable substance
lying on it, and by so doing continually present a fresh surface to the mincers,
graters, or pulpers. Another mode of effecting this lateral motion is by a lever
a, moving freely on a pivot b, Fig. 9, attached to the frame of the machine,
connected at one end with the sliding plate N, and with a steel or other spring
at the other end of it, so that a person using the machine can work the lever
when required with his hand, and thus communicate lateral motion to the
sliding plate.
Another of my machines for mincing, grating, or pulping vegetable sub-
stances is shewn in the detailed views, Figs. 7 and 8. At A. are a set of
longitudinal saws, affixed transversely to two discs or reels B. The saws are
fastened to the discs or reels in slots or grooves G by screws D, working into
the slots and compressing the saws therein. The discs or reels B should be
formed with open ends E, or as little obstructed as possible with arms or spokes,
in order that the vegetable, substances when reduced should have a free exit
at the outside of the lower reel B, B; through these discs or reels a main
spindle F is fixed and supported by suitable bearings on a strong frame, similar
to that shewn in Fig. 4, and possessing the same mechanical contrivances
for giving lateral motion to the sliding plate within the hopper.
Another of my machines for reducing vegetable substances is shewn at
Fig. 9.
In this case all the parts of which the machine is composed are the
saine as those specified in Fig. 4, except that the saws and discs are dis-
posed obliquely on the spindle instead of vertically.
Another of my machines for mincing, grating, or pulping vegetable sub-
stances is shewn at Fig. 31. In' this case all the parts of which this machine
is composed are the same as those herein-before specified in Fig. 4, except
that instead of lateral motion being given to a sliding plate within the hopper
'and to the vegetable substances placed thereon, lateral motion is commu-
nicated to the vegetable substances placed within the hopper by a roller
placed therein, in front of the reducers, this roller either being screw
fashioned, as in Fig. 31, or otherwise, with a plain surface, with iron
points or wedge-like projections thereon, as shown at T, Fig. 4. These

page_text: rollers are worked off the main spindle, either by toothed wheels gearing
into each other, or otherwise by pulleys and a band, as shewn at Figure 31,
K, K.
Another of my machines for reducing vegetable substances is shewn at
Fig. 19. In this case all the parts of the apparatus are the same as those
specified in Fig. 4, except that instead of lateral motion being given to a
sliding plate within the hopper, as in that machine, lateral motion is here
given to the reducers upon the main spindle by a cam motion A, Fig. 19, the
said cam being guided by a finger B fixed to the framework of the machine.
It is important that in this case, and in all my barrel reducing machines
herein-before specified, that the main spindle in each, except in its bearings,
should be square; in this case the barrel has free motion laterally upon the
square spindle.
Another of my machines for reducing vegetable substances is shewn at
Fig. 10, of which Fig. 10 is the side elevation; Fig. 11, the end elevation;
and Fig. 12, the plan. A is a strong frame of wood; on the upper side of this
framework are suitable bearings B, in which a main driving spindle C works,
and which carries an iron disc or wheel D; this disc or wheel has a heavy
ring E to give it momentum, and from the centre of the wheel are eight
radii F, which divide the disc into equal parts. Along these radii are placed
hooked knives or claws G, which are inserted into the disc by screw shanks
extending through it, and made firm and fixed therein by nuts at the back of
the disc. On the main spindle outside the framework is a toothed wheel H,
which gears into a pinion I at the end of a smaller pinion J, working in
suitable bearings. This smaller spindle has a crank K on it about the middle
of it, on which a connecting rod L works freely, and at the other end of it is
attached by a knuckle joint M to a box or hopper N, and it has a series of
metallic bars O within it, forming an incline, on which the vegetable sub-
stances to be grated rest and fall to the cutters. These metallic bars are
rivetted to the bottom next to the cutters into a flat iron bar P, and at the
top they are fastened into a cross rail Q. The bars have on each of them a
species of prong or fork R, or a wedge-like projection, as at B, Figure 4, in
order more effectually to keep the vegetable substances within the hopper in
motion. At the lower edges of the two sides of the box or hopper is inserted
a pair of friction rollers S, sufficiently wide between them to allow of a small
bar of iron fixed to the framework to work between them; in front of the box
or hopper, and between it and the iron dise or wheel, a metallic guard or
fence T is securely fixed to the central rail of the frame. This guard is formed
of a series of concentric bars U within an outer frame T, in the intervals between

page_text: the concentric bars of which the cutters or graters rotate. The cutters project
to such a length or distance beyond the concentric bars and into the hopper in
front of them as may be desired; the further they project into the hopper the
coarser will the vegetable substances therein be cut or grated. The distance
which I consider the best is from one quarter of an inch to three-eighths of an
inch. This extending or withdrawing of the cutters is effected by a sliding
motion, which can be given to the bearings of the main spindle by means of a
slot V in the pedestal. Opposite this guard or fence is another frame W of the
same size, only without any central bars. A round iron rod X extends from the
frame or fence in front of the disc or wheel D to the other or outer frame from
corner to corner, at the upper side of it, having a head to it at one end and
a screw end at the other, by which it works into the frame or fence next the
disc, and is there made fast. This arrangement is repeated on the other side.
These round rods have suspenders or slings Y which work freely on them, and
are attached at their lower ends by knuckle joints Z to the box or hopper N,
by which means it is supported and has motion laterally. Above this lower
hopper, and communicating with it, is another hopper a with a grated bottom b,
into which the vegetable substances to be cut or grated are first thrown, and
through the grating of which any dirt or stones can fall and be carried away
without being intermixed with the cut or grated vegetable substances. On the
central rail of the frame are fixed a series of metallic scrapers C, through the
intervals of which the knives or claws work upwards, and by these means any
portion of the vegetable substances adhering to them are removed. The con-
necting rod L, worked by the crank on the smaller spindle J, is the means by
which lateral motion is communicated to the hopper N. But another and
more economical method of obtaining the lateral motion necessary to the
perfect.cutting or grating of the vegetable substances within the hopper N is
shewn in Figs. 16, 17, and 18, enabling me to dispense with a considerable
part of the machinery by which lateral motion is communicated to the hopper
N. In this case, Fig. 16 is a side view and elevation of the disc or wheel.
A is the main or driving spindle, which gives motion to a cam B fixed upon it;
C is a lateral sliding plate within the hopper, which is fixed by nut-headed
screws to a second plate D. This second plate extends through the sides of
the hopper as far as G, where a lever is jointed to it, supported by an arm F,
which is its fulcrum, and terminating with a finger working in the cam B. By
these means, as the main spindle revolves and carries the cam round with it,
the finger working in the cam communicates lateral motion through the lever
E to the plates D and C within the hopper N, which plate C, having upon it
certain wedge-like projections, as at C, Fig. 17, imparts lateral motion to the

page_text: vegetable substances lying upon it. This method enables me to dispense with
the toothed wheel and pinion H, I, Fig. 12, the spindle J, the connecting
rod L, and the slings Y, as well as the knuckle joints Z.
I also make use of another method of cutting, grating, or otherwise preparing.
vegetable substances, as shewn in Fig. 25. In this case, instead of having
right radii of hooked knives or claws J, make use of four only, as shewn at G;
then at A, A, I make use of two long scrapers, which are bolted on to the disc
or wheel, and two radii of chisel-ended knives B, B. Figure 26 is a section
of the disc or wheel D, in which is a section of one of the hooked knives or
claws G, and a back view of the same G, G, as also shewing the manner in
which they are secured in the disc or wheels by nuts at the back side. Fig. 27
is a section of one of the chisel-ended knives B, and a back view of the same
B, B. In Fig. 28, A, A, is a sectional and back view of the scrapers, shewing
the manner in which they are bolted to the disc or wheel; E is a section of the
enlarged rim of the disc or wheel D. In this case there is no metallic guard
or fence for the cutters and scrapers to work through, but there is a toothed
plate at that lower edge of the hopper nearest to the disc or wheel through
which the cutters and hooked knives pass, and to the fore edge of which the
long inverted edged knives or scrapers work. The vegetable substances in
the hopper thus fall against the face of the disc or wheel, and present a fresh
surface to the cutters and scrapers., In this case I dispense with all the parts
enumerated in the preceding machine as dispensed with, and also the metallic
guard or fence in addition,
Another of my machines for cutting, grating, or preparing vegetable
substances is shewn in Figs. 13, 14, and 15; Fig. 13 being a side view or
sectional elevation. A is a strong frame of wood inclined from the lower end
to the upper. The upper strings B of this frame are rebated, and in these
rebates a framework C traverses forward and backward on friction rollers, and
may either be worked by hand or by other motive power. This framework
has either metallic or wooden bars D fixed to it transversely, and into these
are inserted hooked knives, cutters, or claws E, standing a little out of the rails
with a slight interval between every claw. The cutting edges of knives or
cutters are disposed down the inclined frame, except those in the last bar or
rail F, where they point upwards; or instead of these knives, or claws, or
cutters, another frame of the same dimensions may be used, only having
longitudinal saws H fixed in them, instead of transverse bars or rails D with
hooked knives, or cutters, or claws. Over this moving frame is a fixed hopper
G with a grated bottom, the bar of which are placed with such an interval
between bar and bar as will allow of the saws H fixed to the traversing frames

page_text: to pass freely between. By these means any vegetable substances lying on the
bars of the hopper are grated or cut to pieces. There is a hood I to the
hopper at the lower end, which prevents the vegetable substances from being
forced out of the hopper by the action of the traversing frame.
Over this hopper
is another hopper J, also with a grated bottom K, into which the vegetable
substances to be grated or cut are.first thrown, so that any dirt or stones
thrown in with them can freely pass through the grated bottom into a trough
L beneath, and may thus be brought away without falling amongst the cut or
grated roots.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of my said
Invention, and the manner in which the same is or may be used or carried
into effect, I would observe, in conclusion, that. I. do not confine or restrict
myself to the precise details or arrangements which I have had occasion to
describe or refer to, as many variations may be made therefrom without
deviating from the principles or main features of my said Invention; but what
I consider to be novel and original, and therefore claim as the. Invention
secured to me by the herein-before in part recited Letters Patent, is,
First, the general arrangement and construction of machinery or apparatus
for cutting, grating, or preparing vegetable substances, as herein-before
described.
Second, the application and use of circular saws with serrated teeth gullotted
and set for the purpose of reducing vegetable substances, as herein-before
described.
Third, the application and use of the guard or fence through which the
cutters work, as well as the knives near the bottom of the circular guard, and
the scrapers behind the barrel, together with the lateral action of the hopper
and the prongs on the bottom thereof, áll as herein-before represented in
Figures 1, 2, and 3 in my Drawings.
Fourth, the application and use of the serrated reducing barrel as combined
with the laterally sliding plates within the hopper or in front of the barrel,
together with the cutters in front of and behind the barrel, and the wedge-like
projections on the sliding plate.
Fifth, the system or mode of constructing machines for the reduction of
vegetable substances wherein transverse or obliquely transverse saws are
formed into a conical cutting barrel by being disposed upon two unequally
sized discs or reels.
Sixth, the application and use of saws and discs obliquely disposed upon the
barrel, as represented in Figure 9.
Seventh, the application and use of the guard or fence, as represented in

page_text: Figures 10, 11, and 12, with its central bars and the hooked cutters as
working through the bars, together with the laterally moving hopper and the
toothed plate through which the cutters work.
Eighth, the system or mode of constructing machines for reducing vegetable
substances with screw or helically formed cutting rollers, or plain rollers with
wedge-like or other projections thereon, for giving lateral motion to the
vegetable substances in the hopper.
Ninth, the application and use in reducing machines of a laterally moving
barrel, as delineated in Figure 19 of my Drawings.
Tenth, the system or mode of constructing reducing machines with hooked
cutters, square or chisel-edged knives, and long knives or scrapers with
inverted edges, as herein-before described.
Eleventh, the application and use in reducing machines of an inclined frame
with frames traversing thereon, one with hooked knives' and the other with
longitudinal saws, as herein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Frederick Phillips, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, the Twenty-sixth day of September, One thousand eight
hundred and fifty-four.
FREDERICK PHILLIPS. (L.S.)