IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MEANS OR APPARATUS FOR REGULATING DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES OR OTHER SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRIC MOTORS
Year: 1881

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Charles Ashley Carus-Wilson, of Grenville Place, in the
County of Middlesex, for an Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MEANS
OR APPARATUS FOR REGULATING DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES OR OTHER
SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRIC MOTORS."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Charles Ashley Carus-
Wilson at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 3rd November
1881.
CHARLES ASHLEY CARUS-WILSON, of Grenville Place, in the County of
Middlesex. "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MEANS OR APPARATUS FOR REGULATING
DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES OR OTHER SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRIC
MOTORS."
The objects of this Invention are, first, to provide a regulator for dynamo-
electric machines so as to enable them to produce the electricity as it is required,
and to regulate its supply according to the demand; secondly, to provide a
governor or regulator for dynamo-electric machines so that the amount of
electricity produced at any time cannot exceed a certain fixed amount; and,
thirdly, to provide a governor or regulator for electric motors, so that a certain
maximum velocity in the motors cannot be exceeded.
For the purpose of enabling a dynamo electric machine to produce the electricity
as it is required, I employ a small motor driven by the current from the machine;
I connect the shaft of this motor by a band or other gear with an ordinary
ball governor.
I so arrange the governor that as it rises, consequent upon an
increased angular velocity in the motor, a circuit is made which prevents the
original current entering the field magnets of the machine or from entering part
of them, or otherwise diminishes it. The speed of the motor consequently
diminishes so that the governor drops and the circuit above referred to being thus
broken, the original current passes again through the field magnets of the machine,
or is restored. The point at which the governor makes circuit in this way is
regulated by the demand in the wires, the piece which makes contact being
moved by any power which varies with the current. The whole arrangement is
thus automatic.

page_text: When it is desired to govern or regulate the machine so that the amount of
electricity produced cannot exceed a certain fixed amount, I arbitrarily adjust, the
piece which makes contact, as above described, instead of allowing it to be moved
automatically; thus the current from the machine cannot exceed the amount which
will drive the motor at the speed which causes the governor to make circuit.
For the purpose of governing electric motors so that a certain maximum velocity
cannot be exceeded, I connect the shaft of the motor with a ball governor, as
before described, I connect one electrode of the motor with the governor, and to
the other electrode I connect a metallic piece in such a position that when the
governor rises owing to the maximum velocity being attained, it makes circuit so
that the current flows through the gear of the governor instead of through the
motor until the governor again falls and breaks the circuit. The metallic piece
with which the governor makes contact may be capable of adjustment, so that it
will permit of a greater or less velocity in the motor before it makes circuit.
Although I have herein before referred only to dynamo electric machines and
electric motors, apparatus such as I have described may also be applied for
regulating or governing other sources of electricity, such for example as secondary
batteries, and also the machines which are the primary means of producing
electricity, as will be readily understood.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said Charles Ashley Carus-Wilson in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 3rd May 1882.
CHARLES ASHLEY CARUS-WILSON, of Grenville Place, in the County of
Middlesex. 66
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MEANS OR APPARATUS FOR REGULATING
DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES OR OTHER SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRIC
MOTORS."
The objects of this Invention are first to provide a regulator for dynamo electric
machines so as to enable them to produce the electricity as it is required, and to
regulate its supply according to the demand; secondly, to provide a governor or
regulator for dynamo electric machines, so that the amount of electricity produced
at any time cannot exceed a certain fixed amount, and thirdly to provide a
governor or regulator for electric motors so that a certain maximum velocity in
the motors cannot be exceeded.
For the purpose of enabling a dynamo electric machine to produce the electricity
as it is required I employ a small motor driven by the current from the machine.
I connect the shaft of this motor by a band or other gear with an ordinary ball
governor. I so arrange the governor that as it rises consequent upon an increased
angular velocity in the motor a circuit is made which prevents the original
current entering the field magnets of the machine, or from entering part of them,
or otherwise diminishes it. The speed of the motor consequently diminishes so
that the governor drops, and the circuit above referred to being thus broken the
original current passes again through the field magnets of the machine, or is
restored. The point at which the governor makes circuit in this way is regulated
by the demand in the wires, the piece which makes contact being moved by any
power which varies with the current. The whole arrangement is thus automatic..
Figure 1 of the annexed Drawings represents a regulator, arranged as above
described; b is the shaft of the motor which is placed between the positive and
negative wires from the dynamo machine, so that it is moved by the current from
the machine and its speed varies with the electro motive force of the machine.
a is a centrifugal governor driven by b; c represents part of the field magnet
circuit; d is a lever on a fulcrum e moved by the rise and fall of the governor ; fis
a metal piece making a contact with the lever d; I take a wire from a fixed
point g in the field magnet circuit to e, and also from h to f; now when the current
passes in the direction of the arrow it passes from g to h through the magnet, so
long as there is no contact between d and f; but if the electro motive force rises,
and the motor goes faster, the governor rises and makes contact between d and f
thereby short circuiting the part g, h, of the field. Now I adjust the piece f so
that the governor has to attain a certain number of revolutions before it makes
circuit; directly that is attained circuit is made, and the electro motive force falls,
which at once breaks the circuit between d and f by a fall in the governor; thus the
electro-motive force is. kept constant. In the above figure the resistance of the
circuit g, e, d, f, h, is practically nothing, whereas that of the circuit g, h, is con-
siderable, but varies with the machine. If necessary the piece f can be moved
automatically from any distance (if the electro motive force has to be raised or
lowered) by employing a shunt of the main circuit to work a suitable apparatus.
When it is desired to govern or regulate the machine so that the amount of
electricity produced cannot exceed a certain fixed amount, I arbitrarily adjust the
piece f; thus the current from the machine cannot exceed the amount which will
drive the motor at the speed which causes the governor to make circuit.

page_text: Another arrangement, by which the rise of a ball governor consequent upon
increase of speed in an electric motor driven by the current from the dynamo
machine is made to diminish the current entering the field magnets is represented
in Figure 2.
a is the shaft of an electric motor placed between the positive and negative wires
from the dynamo machine; 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, are toothed wheels. b¹ is keyed on the
shaft a, and moves 6°, which turns the governor c; b³ is also keyed on a, and
turns b* and 65 (in opposite directions); d is a lever with a fulcrum at e, and is
moved up and down by the rise and fall of the governor. The two lower arms d², d³,
of the governor are jointed to a piece d' which rotates with the governor, and
bears in a collar held by the lever d; h is a vertical rod supported by the lever d,
so that it moves up and down with it, and also is capable of having a rotary motion
on its axis by being suspended in a small collar; k is a wheel keyed rigidly to h,
and placed midway between the two wheels 64 and 65; it is fitted with a rim of
teeth at top and bottom to correspond to similar rims ou 6 and 65, so that if h
rises or falls it engages one or other of b' or 65, and consequently k gets turned
round one way or another; the wheels and 65 rotate independently of h, and
have their centres bored out so as to permit h to move up and down; g is a rod
simply pivoted to the lever d, and carries a carbon rod 7 which dips into a mercury
cup m; at the lower end of his a small piece n fitted with a worm which works
on a screw cut in h; this piece is pivoted to another lever p which has a fulcrum
at q and works a rheostat. The current passing through the field magnets of the
machine passes through the rheostat and the mercury cup and carbon. When the
-motor-rotates-regularly-there-is-a-normal-amount-of-resistance_in_circuit.;_if_the_
electro motive force rises a little it goes faster, the governor rises, and the carbon
rod is pulled up a little, thus increasing the resistance and reducing the electro
motive force. Should the motor rotate too fast for the carbon rod to regulate it
properly the wheel & engages the wheel 65 and gets turned round a little, thus
screwing up the lever d and putting a resistance permanently in the circuit, and
vice versd; thus I obtain a very delicate governor for the electro motive force,
and I am enabled, by means of the supplementary rheostat, to sustain its sensi-
tiveness within great limits, the carbon rod 1 regulating instantaneously all small
variations due to various causes, and the supplementary rheostat regulating any
continued tendency to increase or decrease the electro motive force. I make the
supplementary rheostat a simple box of resistances; or I make it so that the motion
of p short circuits more or less of the field circuit.
I also employ the same general arrangement to regulate directly the engine
driving the dynamo machine. Instead of making the lever p work a rheostat I
make it regulate directly the throttle valve; or more preferably the cut off, doing
away with the rod g and carbon rod altogether; thus if the electro motive force
varies a little, the motor (still being driven by a shunt current between the
positive and negative wires of the machine), varies its angular velocity, and the
governor instantly regulates it at the cut off, whilst should there be a continued
. tendency to increase or decrease with which the ordinary governor is unable to
cope the wheel k engages as before, and the lever p is screwed up or down, thus
preserving the sensibility of the governor. In order to provide for various electro
motive forces I no longer make a the shaft of the motor, but connect it to it by a
system of speed cones so as to obtain varying angular velocities in the motor; or
more preferably, I vary the resistance in the shunt which works the motor; thus
in Figure 3 I have a box of resistances so arranged that when the handler points
to 50 (for example), such a resistance is in the circuit to the motor that the
governor will allow the electro motive force to rise to 50, and keep it there; if I
turn the handle to 60 the current to the motor diminishes, the governor drops, the
wheel engages b' and screws round the rod h, thereby reducing the resistance,
that is, raising the electro motive force; thus by turning the handle r I can obtain
any electro motive force I wish, the resistance having been graduated beforehand.
The handle, Figure 3, can also be moved from any distance automatically if

page_text: desired. The above arrangement supposes that in its normal condition the machine
is being run at a mean electro motive force.
For the purpose of governing electric motors so that a certain maximum velocity
cannot be exceeded I connect the shaft of the motor with a ball governor as before
described. I connect one electrode of the motor with the governor, and to the
other electrode I connect a metallic piece in such a position that when the governor
rises owing to the maximum velocity being attained it makes circuit so that the
current flows through the gear of the governor instead of through the motor until
the governor again falls and breaks the circuit. The metallic piece with which
the governor makes contact may be capable of adjustment so that it will permit of
a greater or less velocity in the motor before it makes circuit.
The arrangement just described for governing electric motors is represented in
Figure 4. A, B, are the electrodes of the motor, a is the shaft of the motor with
a toothed wheel b' gearing into another toothed wheel 62; 63 turns a governor c;
d is a lever with a fulcrum at e moved up and down as the governor rises and
falls. The electrode A is connected with the governor through the lever d, and
the electrode B is connected with a fixed metallic piece f. When the speed gets too
fast the rise of the governor causes the lever d to touch the metallic piece f, so
that the current passes from d to f, instead of through the motor circuit until the
speed of the motor diminishes and the contact between d and f is broken. Figure 5
represents a modified arrangement; here the end of d normally touches the fixed
metallic piece f, the current to the field magnets of the motor passes to e, along d
to f, and when contact is broken between d and f no current passes, or only a
current through a resistance R; now I place the piece f so that at a certain number
of revolutions in the motor there is just contact between d and f; if this number
is exceeded in the least the circuit is broken, the speed drops, and circuit is again
made, so that if the shaft of the motor is fitted with a suitable fly wheel the speed
can be kept practically constant. Now when I want to vary the speed of the
motor I employ apparatus illustrated in plan and elevation respectively in Figures
6 and 7; I make a' the shaft of the motor and g the shaft moving the governor,
the 6 of Figure 1. I employ two similar cones h and k, whose generating surfaces
are segments of the same circle dotted in Figure 6. I key the cone h onto the
shaft g, and the cone & onto the shaft a', and I place these two shafts in the same
horizontal plane in such a way that the contours of the two cones in plan form
parts of the circumference of the dotted circle above referred to. The cones are
also placed so that their ends of smaller diameter point the same way. Now I
place a wheel p whose diameter is a little greater than the diameter of the dotted
circle, with its plane at right angles to the plane containing the axes g and a' and
having its axis q in a plane parallel to the plane containing the axes g and a¹.
Now I make the circumference of the wheel p touch the two conesh and k, having
its diameter in plan coincident with a diameter of the dotted circle. The result is
that if I make k to rotate on its axis the motion is communicated to h, which has
an angular velocity varying with the position of the wheel p; that is to say, by
fixing the axes g and a¹ and moving the wheel p about a vertical axis passing
through the centre of the dotted circle, I can obtain any rate of rotation I like in
the shaft g from a constant rate in the shaft a' or vice versa Now as above stated
the governor in Figure 5 is geared to the shaft g; that is to say, the speed with
which g rotates is fixed and kept constant, and the shaft a' is that of the motor;
hence if a rotate, turning thereby g and the governor, the speed of a¹ is determined
by the speed of g; for instance, suppose g has a fixed rate of 400 revolutions per
minute, then if the diameters of the cones k to h where the wheel p touches are as 4
is to 1, the shaft a' will have a rate of 100 per minute; if this tends to increase or
decrease it is at once checked by the governor; now if I turn the wheel p round on
its vertical axis, so that the relative diameters of k to h are as 2 is to 1, k will tend
to drive h slower, but the rate of h is fixed, therefore the rate of k will increase to
200. By this means I can get any angular velocity I please in the motor by simply

page_text: turning the wheel p, and I fit this with a handle and indicator so that that can be
easily effected.
Although I have hereinbefore referred only to dynamo electric machines and
electric motors, apparatus such as I have described may also be applied for regulating
or governing other sources of electricity, such for example as secondary batteries,
and also the machines which are the primary means of producing electricity, as
will be readily understood, and as already described as applied to regulating the
engine of a dynamo machine.
Having now described the nature of my said Invention and in what manner the
same is to be performed, I declare that I claim as my "Improvements in the
Means or Apparatus for Regulating Dynamo Electric Machines or other Sources of
Electricity and Electric Motors."
First. The combination with a dynamo electric machine (or other source of
electricity) of an electric motor and a centrifugal governor for instantaneously
diminishing the current or varying the resistance in the field magnet (or
corresponding) circuit automatically as required, substantially in the manner
hereinbefore described.
Second. The combination with a dynamo electric machine (or other source of
electricity) of an electric motor, a centrifugal governor, and an automatic rheostat for
controlling the electric motive force, substantially in the manner hereinbefore
described.
Third. The combination with a dynamo electric machine (or other source of
electricity) of an electric motor, a centrifugal governor, an automatic rheostat for
controlling the electro-motive force and means of instantaneously altering the
resistance as required, substantially in the manner herein before described.
Fourth. The combination with the engine which drives a dynamo electric
machine or electric generator of an electric motor, a centrifugal governor for
instantaneously affecting the engine by means of the cut off (or otherwise) and
an automatic apparatus for controlling the cut off, substantially in the manner
herein before described.
Fifth. The combination with an electric motor of a centrifugal governor for
regulating the speed of the said motor, substantially in the manner herein before
described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Charles Ashley Carus-Wilson, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Twenty ninth day of April, One thousand
eight hundred and eighty two.
CHARLES ASHLEY CARUS-WILSON. (L.S.)