IMPROVE- MENTS IN THE PROCESS, COMPOSITION, OR COMBINATION OF MATERIALS, MACHINERY, AND APPARATUS FOR MAKING BREAD AND BISCUITS, PART OF WHICH MACHINERY IS APPLICABLE TO THE MIXING AND KNEADING OF PLASTIC SUBSTANCES IN GENERAL
Year: 1852

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
EXALL, of Reading, in the County of Berks, Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Twenty-seventh day of
April, One thousand eight hundred and fifty-two, in the fifteenth year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said William Exall, my exors, adiñors, and assigns, Her especial license,
full power, sole privilege and authority, that I, the said William Exall, my
exors, admors, and assigns, or such others as I, the said William Exall, my
exors, admors, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from
time to time and at all times during the term of years therein expressed,.
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England;
Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, the Invention of "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE PROCESS, COMPOSITION, OR COMBINATION OF MATERIALS, MACHINERY,
AND APPARATUS FOR MAKING BREAD AND BISCUITS, PART OF WHICH MACHINERY IS
APPLICABLE TO THE MIXING AND KNEADING OF PLASTIC SUBSTANCES IN GENERAL,"
part of which improvements are of my own Invention, and the remainder a
communication from a Foreigner residing abroad; in which said Letters
Patent is contained a proviso that I, the said William Exall, shall cause a
particular description of the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, by an instrument in writing under my

page_text: hand and seal, to be inrolled in Her Majesty's High Court of Chancery
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
in part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being there-
unto had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
William Exall, do hereby declare that the nature of the said Invention, and
the manner in which the same is to be performed, are fully described and
ascertained in and by the following description thereof, reference being had to
the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the figures and letters marked thereon,
that is to say :-
The improved composition or combination of materials consists of about
equal proportions of wheaton flour, barley flour, or meal bean flour, or meal
and potatoes, with a sufficient portion of any suitable fermenting ingredient to
produce a slight fermentation. The materials, being mixed together with a
sufficient quantity of water and well kneaded, are set to ferment slightly, and
then formed into thin cakes or biscuits; and baked bread of this kind will be
found much more palatable than ordinary ship's biscuit, and will keep longer
than ordinary bread.
Figures 1, 2, and 3 represent the improved machinery for mixing, kneading,
and in some cases for shaping the dough; Figure 1 being a longitudinal
section; Figure 2, an end elevation; and Figure 3, a longitudinal elevation.
a is the hopper, into which the materials to compose the dough are introduced.
b, a bar of metal twisted into the form of a hollow screw or spiral, and
working in a trough or case c, attached to the hopper. d is a wheel attached
to the axis (e) of the spiral, and gearing into the pinion f, which may be
driven by hand or any suitable power. 9 is the cap or mouth-piece, through
which the dough is forced out of the machine by the action of the hollow
The form of the orifice of this cap may be varied according to the
form in which it is desired that the dough shail pass from the machine.
screw.
Figures 4 and 5 represent the improved machinery for rolling out dough,
and for printing and shaping biscuits. h, h, is a hopper board, upon which
the dough is placed.. i, i, are two rollers revolving in opposite directions
between which the dough passes, and whereby the dough is reduced to a
sheet of uniform thickness and delivered on to the endless cloth j, j, provision
being made for adjusting the distance between the rollers to the required
thickness of the sheet of dough. The cloth j, j, passes over a tightening
roller k, and a driving roller 7. m is a frame carrying the cutters, by which
the biscuits are cut and shaped, and n is the printing frame attached to and
moving simultaneously with it. 0, 0, are frames through which the cutters

page_text: and prints pass, and serving to prevent the dough from rising with the cutters
and prints. p, p, are the guides to the cutter frame. q.is the driving shaft,
carrying a fly wheel r and a pinion s. t is a pin on the fly wheel, giving
motion by means of the connecting rod u and arm u¹ to a way shaft v, which
by means of the levers w, w, and connecting rods w¹, w¹, give a reciprocating
motion to the cutter frame and printing frame. On the opposite end of the
driving shaft
2 is a crank a, to which is attached a connecting rod Y, which
gives motion to the radius rod and the connecting rod z¹, and this latter
gives motion to the ratchet arm a', placed loose upon the axis of the cloth
roller l. 6 is a pall or tumbler moving in a groove in the wheel c¹, fixed upon
the shaft of the roller l, the pall holding friction in one direction and
returning loose in the opposite direction. The quantity of motion of the roller
is regulated by the screw d', which moves the pin of the arm a¹ towards or
from the centre of the roller. The pinion s on the driving shaft gives motion
through the intermediate which e' of the wheel f¹, fixed upon the shaft of one
of the rollers i, i, which drives the other roller by the means of the wheels
g, g. The operation of the machine is as follows:-The dough (if necessary,
previously worked through a pair of roughing rollers) being laid upon the
hopper board passes between the rollers i, i, on to the cloth j, by which it is
conveyed towards the printing and cutter frames. When it has arrived
immediately beneath the printing frame, the latter with the cutter frame are
at or near their greatest elevation. The advance of the cloth is then stopped
by the back action of the arm a and tumbler 6' upon the wheel c¹, and the
cutting and printing frame being brought down by the action of the way
shaft v, lever w, w, and connecting rods w¹, w, the first row of biscuits are
thereby printed. It should be stated, that immediately beneath the printing
and cutter frame, and below the travelling cloth, is fixed a board or plate
extending across the machine to receive the pressure of the prints and cutters.
On the ascent of the cutter and printing frames the cloth again moves until
the dough is brought under the cutter frame, when the motion of the cloth is
again arrested, and the frames descending the cutters cut out the first row of
biscuits, and the prints print another row, and so on at each revolution of the
shaft, one row of biscuits being cut and another row printed. By the repeated
motion of the cloth the biscuits are conveyed towards the end of the frame, and
may be removed by a common peel or delivered on to a similar endless cloth,
as shewn at m', with or without boards as convenient.
Figures 6, 7, and 8 represent in plan and upon a larger scale the cutters
and prints detached. These cutters may be of any suitable shape. With the

page_text: shape shewn in Number 6, and some other forms, there are no intermediate
fragments produced. Number 7 is one of many forms of cutters, in which
there are fragments between the biscuits, as shewn at h¹, h¹, h¹. In order to
prevent these fragments from being carried forward along with the biscuits
the spaces between the cutters corresponding to the form of the intestices are
left
open and free to the top of the cutter frame, as shewn in Figure 8 (which
frame is formed as a trough), and no keep downs being employed in these
spaces the fragments at each descent of the frame are forced up into the spaces
until they arrive at the top of the frame, whence they are easily removed.
Figure 8 shews the upper side of the cutter frame with the interstices.
My next improvement consists of an oven or baking apparatus upon an
improved construction for baking biscuits and other bread. It consists of a
number of tubes formed of clay or metal, and of any suitable section, ranged
over a fire in a chamber or flues after the manner of gas retorts. These tubes
may have doors to one or to both ends, so as to allow the bread to be entered
and withdrawn at the same or opposite ends, as convenient. My improved
process for making bread or biscuits consists in the manufacture of such bread
or biscuits from the improved combination of materials herein-before described,
by means of the apparatus herein-before described, with reference to the
Figures 1 to 8.
Having thus described the nature of the Invention, and the manner of
carrying the same into effect, I claim in respect thereof,-
First, the combination of materials herein-before described for the purpose
of making a cheap bread or biscuit.
Second, the employment of a hollow screw working in a cylinder or case for
the purpose of mixing and kneading the materials for making bread.
Third, the combination of prints and cutters in one machine, in such manner
that the printing takes place before or after the cutting of the biscuits.
Fourth, the mode of taking up the fragments produced in some forms of
biscuits by means interstices (corresponding to the shape of the fragments)
between the cutters and up through the frame.
Fifth, the employment of a wheel moved by a friction pall instead of the
usual ratchett wheel to move the endless cloth or web.
Sixth, the employment for baking bread or biscuit of a series of tubes set
over a fire in a chamber or flues similar to the setting of gas retorts.
Seventh, the improved process for making bread or biscuit herein-before
described.
Eighth, the application of the machine herein-before described with refer-

page_text: ence to Figures 1, 2, and 3, to the mixing and kneading of plastic substances
in general.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Exall, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twenty-sixth day of October, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-two.