IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CEMENT ALSO IN MACHINERY AND APPLIANCES FOR CARRYING SAME INTO EFFECT
Year: 1884

page_text: I ROBERT STONE of 23 Leadenhall Street in the City of London Engineer, do
hereby declare the nature of my said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF CEMENT ALSO IN MACHINERY AND APPLIANCES FOR CARRYING
SAME INTO EFFECT," to be as follows:-
Firstly I erect or construct furnaces or kilns of any shape or dimensions thought
proper; underneath or round these furnaces or kilns I provide tanks or reservoirs
into which I pump or force cold or hot air by any suitable machinery which can be
let off by taps or in full force; in erecting large works I prefer to have the main
chimney shaft in the centre of the drying floors, outside these floors I erect kilns or
furnaces, from the top or sides of these kilns or furnaces I carry the waste heat
under the drying floors and return and re-return it over the fire by endless pipes
to consume the smoke; this mode of construction will allow of two sets of drying
Hoors, one over the other; these floors can be made by arches erected on iron
pillars and beams. In forming the top of the drying floors I groove bricks or fire
clay slabs to receive the cast iron plates which complete the top surface of floors;
in order to secure draught in the furnaces or kilns when not using the blast I make
an eye at each end of the furnace or kiln.
Treatment of material in preparing the chalk or lime or river mud or clay. I
mix them in proper proportions and run it through a wash mill or otherwise; then
grind the whole through a machine, hereinafter described, and let it run into a
tank, and mix the proper quantity of breeze in, and when stiff form it into blocks
or brickets by a machine afterwards described, and when dried, by artificial means
or otherwise, I load it into the kilns or furnaces by wagons or otherwise and keep
a continuous loading and burning; or, may pump the slurry direct on the drying
floors and when dry load the kilns or furnaces in from the floors direct, adding
layers of breeze or coke; by this method of using the fuel equally through the
slurry, the heat in the kilns or furnaces are equalized throughout, thus ensuring
the material to be evenly burned. When the material is sufficiently burned, I
commence crushing and grinding it while in a red hot state; this method being
entirely novel and different to the present mode of treating burnt clinkers, as far
larger quantities can be ground with much less horse power, beside ensuring
specially fine powder or grinding.
Crushing Rolls:-These rolls are made say 5 feet diameter more or less, with
large cogs to fit closely into each other; say, in a 5 feet roll there are about 15 cogs
or projections; the outer rims of the rolls are cast in one or more parts of chilled
iron or steel or they may be made of powdered flint or emery, with burr stone and
cement; the outside rim of the rolls are made to ship and unship, and when worn
out, can be replaced by fresh ones; the ends of the rolls are separate castings, mado

page_text: so as to be adjusted to the rim. To preserve these rolls from knocking friction I
make special and novel gearing wheels, exactly the same shape as the rolls
themselves. In order to add grinding force to these rolls, I fix a heavy cast iron
lever, or over balancing, or falling weight, on the shaft in or outside the rolls; on
making the above named rolls I may cast them in one piece, if thought proper; in
order to prevent the rolls from clogging with the red clinkers I baste them with
powdered cement.
Grinding Machine:-This machine is for grinding the material to a fine powder
after it passes through the crushing rolls; and in order to ensure fine grinding I
make two large plain rolls, say, 5 feet diameter more or less, out of chilled iron or
steel or emery or powdered burr stone or flint and cement or any other hard
wearing material; when these set of rolls are placed together, I fit bed plates
under the rolls the same shape as the rolls to fit up close on the rolls to about the
centre more or less. These bed plates can be made of the same material as the
rolls. The object of the bed plates is to secure large grinding surface, as, after
the material passes the first grinding point, it secures a large surface grinding
against the bed plates. I purpose putting springs under the bed plates to keep
them close to the rolls. The shafts of these rolls I mount with lever, over
balancing, or falling weights similar to the corrugated rolls; in order to give
grinding force, the outside rim of these rolls are cast in one or more pieces and
adjusted to the ends, which are also made separate, so as the grinding rin may be
replaced by new ones when worn out. This machine I also baste with powdered
cement to prevent clogging. To prevent this machine from choking I fix disturbing
arms or blades under the first grinding point, or I may cast the rolls all in one
piece same as the corrugated rolls.
Moulding Machine-This machine is for pressing the material when stiff into
blocks or brickets, and consists of one or more diminishing tubes fed by the
to-and-fro action of a feed ram; these tubes are lined the whole or part way with
plate glass bedded in plaster of paris; the machine can be made to deliver at one
or both ends, or at several points at the same time; in or about the centre, or just
where the ram comes up in each tube, an oil feed or cavity is prepared, to keep a
continual flowing of oil or water all round the core, or material, which prevents
friction and secures a clean core; after the core passes out of the tube, it is cut into
blocks or brickets by wires or knives, and to enable the draught to pass through
the blocks or brickets; when in the kilns or furnaces I put indents or sinkings in
the brickets or blocks after they are wire or knife cut by means of sliding or rising
and falling plates worked by the action of a lever crank or screw; by this simple
open and closing action, several blocks or brickets can be stamped by the one action
of the cutting machine or table.
Machine for grinding the slurry:-This machine consists of a cone or barrel
shaped tube in the inside of which I fix bowl or basin shaped beds, in which runs
a large half split ball or cone, fixed on an upright shaft; one or more of these
balls or cones may be fixed on the same shaft, in order to secure several graduated
grindings on the same material by the one action; these cones or balls can be
adjusted on the shaft, so as to secure fine or coarse grinding. By this novel
method of running a split ball in a bowl or basin shaped surface, fine grinding is
certain, and far less friction is caused than by the flat surface of mill stone grinding;
these balls may be 3 to 4 feet diameter more or less. This machine may be made
of chilled cast iron, steel, burr stone, emery, flint and cement, to ensure fine
grinding; by this machine I put springs under the bowl or basin part of the
machine to keep it close up to the grinding ball; I also fit over balancing weights
on this machine.

page_text: THE
I ROBERT STONE, of 23 Leadenhall Street, in the City of London, Engineer, do
hereby declare the nature of my said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
MANUFACTURE OF CEMENT ALSO IN MACHINERY AND APPLIANCES FOR CARRYING
SAME INTO EFFECT" and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be
particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement:-
The object of my invention is to effect improvements in the manufacture of
cement by crushing and grinding the same while in a red hot state, and also to
effect improvements in the machinery to be used in such manufacture.
The means arrangements and appliances whereby I effect these improvements
will be understood from the following general description of my method of
procedure, reference being also had to the accompanying drawings-
First I erect or construct furnaces or kilns of any suitable shape or dimensions.
Underneath or round these furnaces or kilns I provide air chambers, or reservoirs,
into which I pump or force cold or hot air by any suitable machinery from which
air can be drawn in small or large volumes by means of suitable cocks or valves.
In erecting large works I prefer to have the main chimney shaft in the centre of
the drying floors-Outside these floors I erect kilns or furnaces and from the top
or sides of these kilns or furnaces I carry the waste heat under the drying floors
and return it over the fire by return pipes to consume the smoke; this mode of
construction will allow of two sets of drying floors, one above the other.
These
floors can be made in the form of arches erected on iron pillars and beams.
In
forming the top of the drying floors I groove bricks or fire clay slabs to receive the
cast iron plates which complete the top surface of the floors. In order to secure
sufficient draught in the furnaces or kilns, when the blast is not in use, I make an
eye at each end of the furnace or kiln.
Treatment of material in preparing the chalk or lime or river mud or clay.
I mix these in proper proportions, and run the mixture through a wash or other
mill. I then grind the whole through the machine herein after described, and
afterwards let it run into a tank, in which I mix the necessary quantity of breeze
therewith, and when of the proper consistency I form it into blocks or brickets by
means of the apparatus shewn in Fig. 9 also herein after described, and when
dried in the sun or by artificial means, I load it into the kilns or furnaces.
In some cases I pump the slurry direct on to the drying floors, and when dry
load the kilns or furnaces in from the floors direct, adding layers of breeze or coke.
By this method of using the fuel equally, through the slurry, the heat in the kilns
or furnaces is equalised throughout, thus insuring the even and equal burning of
the material. When the material is sufficiently burned, I commence cushing and
grinding it while in a red hot state; this method being entirely novel and differing
from the present mode of treating burnt clinkers by means of which far larger
quantities can be ground with much less horse power, besides ensuring specially
fine powder and superior grinding.
Crushing Rolls-These rolls are made as shewn in Fig. 1, usually of about 5 feet
diameter, with large cogs or corrugations fitting sufficiently close and adjustable.
In a 5 feet roll I use about 15 cogs or corrugations. The outer rims of the rolls are
cast in one or more parts of chilled irou or steel, or they may be made of powdered
flint or emery, with burr stone and cement; the outside rim of the rolls are made
inoveable for the purpose of renewal when worn out.
The ends of the rolls are
separate castings, and capable of being adjusted to the rim. To preserve these rolls

page_text: from knocking friction I make the gearing wheels in the same manner as the rolls
themselves. Pressure is afforded to the rolls by means of a heavy cast iron lever,
or weight on the shaft in or outside the rolls. In making the above named rolls
I sometimes cast them in one piece, and in order to prevent the rolls from clogging
with the red clinkers I baste them with powdered cement.
Grinding Machine-This machine is for grinding the material to a fine powder
after it passes through the crushing rolls and is shewn in Fig. 2; and in order to
insure fine grinding I make two large plain rolls, say, 5 feet diameter more or less,
of chilled cast iron or steel, or emery, or powdered burr stone, or flint and cement,
or any other hard wearing material. When the set of rolls are placed together, I
fit curved or concave bed plates under them, to an approximate curve to that of
the rolls and placed close or nearly close to the rolls, as shewn in Fig. 2. These
bed plates may be made of similar material to that of the rolls. The object of the
bed plates is to secure large grinding surfaces, as, after the material passes the first
grinding point, it secures a large surface for grinding against the bed plates.
The shafts of the rolls may be caused to approach each other by means of levers
and weights in a similar manner to the corrugated rolls, in order to afford sufficient
grinding force; the outside rims of these rolls are sometimes cast in one or more
pieces and adjusted to the ends, which are usually made separate, so that the
grinding rims may be replaced by new rims when worn out. This machine I also
baste with powdered cement to prevent clogging. To prevent this machine from
choking, I fix vibrating arms or blades under the first grinding contact; and
I sometimes cast the rolls all in one piece, in the same manner as the corrugated
rolls.
Moulding Machine.-This machine, as shewn in Fig. 9, is for pressing the
material when it has arrived at a proper consistency into blocks or brickets, and
consists of one or more diminishing tubes fed by the reciprocating action of a feed
ram. These tubes are wholly or partially lined with glass bedded in plaster of
paris. The machine can be made to deliver at one or both ends, or at several
points at the same time. In or about the centre, or just where the ram enters each
tube, an oil feed or cavity is prepared, to keep a continual flowing of oil or water
all round the core, or material, which prevents friction, and secures a clean core.
After the core passes out of the tube, it is cut into blocks or brickets, by wires or
knives, and to enable the draught to pass through the blocks or brickets, when in the
kilns, or furnaces I put indents or sinkings in the brickets or blocks after they are
wire or knife cut, by means of sliding, or rising and falling plates, worked by the
action of a lever crank or screw. By this simple opening and closing action, several
blocks or brickets may be stamped by one action of the cutting machine or table.
Machine for grinding the slurry. This machine consists of a Mill, constructed
somewhat like a pestle and mortar. Fig. 8 shews the mortar in section, the lower
portion of which is semi-globular, with a central hole at e to allow the ground
material to drop into any convenient receptacle. The mortar is formed of chilled
cast iron, or other suitable hard material. Circular grooves ƒ ƒ ƒ preferably of
varying sizes, are provided in the mortar, as shewn, or cup surfaces may be
provided in lieu of grooves; such cup surfaces being formed as shewn in Figs. 4
and 7. The pestles are formed of similar hard materials, and consist of solid or
hollow spheres, or portions of spheres, as shewn in Figs. 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7. These
pestles have a spindle or crank g. No guide or spindle is required at the lower
end, and thus the inconvenience of lower bearings and their lubrication is avoided;
the semi-globular mortar provides a sufficient guide. The pin g is, by preference,
kept constantly at an angle of 60°, and in that position is rotated in the circular
path shewn in Fig. 5 (which is a top view of a pestle) by means of a crank with
a vertical shaft placed above. The effect of this motion is that the grooves or cup
surfaces seize and shear the larger sized material, which becoming reduced, falls
lower down, and is reduced to the necessary fineness before it falls out at e, and
this motion of the pestle prevents circular scoring of the metal, as the wear becomes
equalised in every direction.

page_text: In some cases I make portions of the skin of the pestles and mortar moveable, in
order that they may be renewed when worn, but it is not generally necessary to
make this provision.
In Fig. 9 is the lining of glass, is the groove for receiving the supply of oil.
The material is forced into the interior in a plastic state and falls out at both ends
prepared for cutting into blocks or brickets.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
Invention and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what
I claim is:
1. The method, means and arrangements of and for manufacturing cement,
substantially as herein before described.
2. In the manufacture of cement by the above named process, the use of
corrugated rolls gearing into each other substantially as herein before described and
shewn in Fig. 1 of the drawings.
3. In the manufacture of cement by the process aforesaid, the use of tine
grinding rolls and bed plate, substantially as herein before described and shewn
in Fig. 2 of the drawings.
4. In the manufacture of cement by the process aforesaid, the use of pestles and
mortars constructed and operating substantially as herein before described and
shewn in Figs 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 of the drawings.
5. In the manufacture of cement by the process aforesaid, the use of moulding
machines constructed and operating substantially as herein before described and
shewn in Fig. 9 of the drawings.
Dotad this 1ot dare of Notabor 1001