A NEW OR IMPROVED PROCESS OF TRANSFORMING SCRAPS OR CUTTINGS OF BESSEMER STEEL AND OTHER SCRAPS OR CUTTINGS OF IRON. PUDDLED STEEL, AND CAST. STEEL INTO. INGOTS OF CASTI STEEL
Year: 1866

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Clinton Edgcumbe Brooman, of 166, Fleet Street, in
the City of London, for the-Invention, of." A NEW OR IMPROVED PROCESS
OF TRANSFORMING SCRAPS OR CUTTINGS OF BESSEMER STEEL AND OTHER SCRAPS
OR CUTTINGS OF IRON. PUDDLED STEEL, AND CAST. STEEL INTO. INGOTS OF CASTI
STEEL." A communication from abroad by Emile Martin and Pierre >
Emile Martin of Paris France.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Clinton Edgcumbe Broomant
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 23rd March 1866:
1, CLINTON-EDGGUMBE BROOMAN, of 166, Fleet Street, in the City of London,
do hereby declare the nature of the said-Invention for "A NEW OR IMPROVED
PROCESS OF TRANSFORMING SCRAPS OR CUTTINGS. OF BESSEMER STEEL AND 'OTHER
SCRAPS. OR. CUTTINGS OF. IRON, PUDDLED. STEEL, AND. CAST. STEEL INTO, INGOTS. OF
CAST STEEL," to be.as.follows:-
The object of this Invention is to transform into cast steel scraps or cuttings.
of Bessemer cast steel and all kinds of iron, puddled steel, and cast steel, in
order to revivify them. The process consists in heating separately the pieces of
steely iron, puddled steel, and scraps of Bessemer cast steel; in then melting C
them in a bath of steely, or hoop, or ribbandy (rubannée) cast iron without a

page_text: crucible, that is to say, directly in a reverberatory furnace heated by a grating
and preferably by gas to a high temperature according to that known as
Siemens' method. The previous heating of these pieces is carried to bright
red, white red, or white (to the maximum heat which the material to be
melted will bear without being altered). 1. then submit them to fusion
in the cast-iron bath of the Bessemer apparatus. For example, to remelt
according to this process scraps of Bessemer metal in a Siemens' gas furnace
I proceed as follows:-I charge with, say, 500 lbs. of ribbandy or hoop
(rubannée) cast iron heated to red heat; when this presents a sufficiently
liquid bath I add to the bath successive charges of about 100 lbs. of Bessemer
scraps heated to white heat; each charge of 100 lbs. is introduced into the
bath in proportion to the fusion of the preceding charge, and a total weight
of 1400 lbs. of Bessemer scraps may thus be conveniently melted in the bath;
then, when the bath is sufficiently liquid, and after examining its quality
several times, I introduce therein 200 lbs. of ribbandy or hoop (rubannée)
cast iron heated to bright red. When the whole has been well melted and
stirred I leave it to rest for about a quarter of an hour, and, say, 6 ingots,
weighing 1480 lbs., may be run out; there may then be added to the
remainder of the bath, say, 50 lbs. of ribbandy or hoop (rubannée) cast iron
heated to bright red, and when the bath is very liquid the quality may be
examined and the liquid stirred, and after the bath has been left to rest for a
while another ingot of, say, 200 lbs. may be run out. The steel of the first
six ingots will be found semi-hard or almost soft, and is especially adapted for
springs; the last ingot is of a harder nature and is adapted for tools of various
kinds. Fragments or scraps of every kind of iron, puddled steel, and cast
steel may be treated by the same process in order to transform them into
ingots of revivified cast steel.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Clinton Edgcumbe Brooman in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 22nd September 1866.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, CLINTON
EDGCUMBE BROOMAN, of 166, Fleet Street, in the City of London, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-third day of March, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-six, in the twenty-ninth year of Her

page_text: reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said Clinton Edgcumbe Brooman, Herspecial licence that I,thesaid Clinton
Edgcumbe Brooman, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others
as I, the said Clinton Edgcumbe Brooman, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time andat
all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully
might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
"A NEW OR IMPROVED PROCESS OF TRANSFORMING SCRAPS OR CUTTINGS OF BESSEMER
STEEL AND OTHER SCRAPS OR CUTTINGS OF IRON, PUDDLED STEEL, AND CAST STEEL
INTO INGOTS OF CAST STEEL," (communicated to me from abroad by Emile
Martin and Pierre Emile Martin, of Paris, France,) upon the condition
(amongst others) that I, the said Clinton Edgcumbe Brooman, my executorsor
administrators, by an instrument. in writing under my, or their, or one of
their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature
of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed,
and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Clinton Edgcumbe Brooman, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is
to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof, that is to say :-
The object of this Invention is to transform into caststeel scraps or cuttings
of Bessemer cast steel and all kinds of iron, puddled steel, and cast steel, in
order to revivivy them. The process consists in previously and separately
heating to redness the scraps of Bessemer cast steel, the pieces of steely iron,
and puddled steel; in then melting them in the presence of a clear slag in a
bath of steely or hoop or ribbandy (rubannée) cast iron without a crucible,
that is to say, directly in a furnace either reverberatory or with a grate,
but preferably heated by gas by a special generator, and to a very high
temperature according to that known as Siemens' method, for example.
The principle on which the present process is based is the combination by
fusion of the products of iron waste too much or equally decarburetted in the
various preparations of steel, chiefly following Bessemer's method, with cast iron
relatively rich in carbon, in which the kind called steely or laminated or rib-
bandy(rubannée)predominates, which like steelcoutains carbon in thedissolved
and combined state, and consequently seems to have a more decided tendency
to form steel. The principal advantage which results from this mixing or

page_text: combining in a furnace of elements of different irons and in variable pro-
portions is to produce a steel of a special nature according to a specimen given
as a type.
The principle, nature, and object of the present process being explained, it
is only necessary to point out the manner of carrying it into effect, I proceed
to describe the operations necessary for the production according to this
process of steel with Bessemer scraps; I do not, however, limit myself to the
proportions hereafter mentioned, as they are only given as examples. Let us
suppose then I take first 800 lbs. of cast iron with crystalline faces (fonte.à
facettes cristallines) or steely or laminated cast iron containing a certain
quantity of grey metal, I submit this iron to fusion in a bath in a rever-
beratory furnace capable of containing, say, 4000 lbs., and heated bygas with
Siemens' arrangement to a temperature of from about 2200° to 3600°
Fahrenheit, (1200° to 2000° centigrade). During this time I heat to redness
scraps of steel of from 6 to 8 lbs. weight, I throw them successively into the
bath of cast iron until 200 lbs. have been thrown in, adding thereto a little
slag. When the 200 lbs. are melted and mixed with the cast iron by stirring
the bath, if the slag which covers the bath is black and charged with oxide,
I withdraw it and substitute therefor clear slags from a blast furnace heated
by wood or any other pure vitreous slag of oxide. It is useful that the layer
of slag which covers the metallic bath be pure black oxide of iron, but
whether more or less pure, according to the quality of the metal employed,
the purification of the slag can be dispensed with. At the end of about half
an hour thealliance, or rather the combination, is produced and is homogeneous.
Ithen make a second addition of 200 lbs. of Bessemer metal by pieces thrown in
successively, and I continue the operation until a weight equal to the weight of
the first bath of steely laminated cast iron is thrown in. According to the
steely degree of the first bath of cast iron, according to the more or less
advanced state of the grain of the Bessemer metal, I obtain sooner or later
steel of a grain of good commercial quality. One or more examinations or
trials may be made to guide the operation. The mean duration of the opera-
tion is from 6 to 7 hours. The preference given to a reverberatory furnace
heated by gas is owing to the fact that this furnace allows of the bath being
readily kept at an elevated and constant temperature during the whole time
of fusion, and of determining and regulating it according to the quality of
the castings and the nature of the waste iron or steel composing the bath.
This process is therefore quite different from the Bessemer process, since there
is no draught or current of air or steam as a decarburetting agent, and the
decarburationiseffected directly without external agentinironproductspresent,

page_text: being in a manner rather the fact of a displacement or of a transfer of carbon,
leaving the materials.in which it is in excess to join or mix with the materials
which encloseät in too small a quantity, that is to say, in whatever state the
carbon is distributed in the materials I employ, combined or crystallized, the
present process has the effect of regulating its uniform distribution, putting it.
with iron in the particular state of combination which constitutes steel. .An
essential difference between this process and the Bessemer process exists in
the nature and kind of casting employed in the metallic bath. Thus while.
the Bessemer process requires a large proportion of gray metal.relatively to.
the laminated cast iron it is as it were the reverse in the present process,
which allows of the employment of a mixture of two elemental cast irons, in
which laminated cast iron predominates with grey metal.
Finally, in addition to a great economy in the price of the materials
employed, and in labour of the present process compared with the Bessemer
process, the present process has the merit of being able to effect the pro-
duction of steels.in conformity with a given specimen according to the use to
which they are to be applied, and this advantage has not yet been industrially
obtained by any process except by remelting in a crucible.
Instead of operating by successive fusions it will be understood that this
process leads to the direct transformation of steely cast iron, and others into
steel or steely iron, by operating in a furnace in a continious manner. In
fact when the bath has reached the required degree only a part of it may be
run out, then it is heated until the remaining bath commences to coagulate,
and I replace the steel run out into ingots by a like weight of cast iron pre-
viously heated in a separate furnace, as herein-before described in reference
to the scraps and waste of iron or steel. This fresh quantity of cast iron
brings back the bath to a liquid state and mingles with the mass which
becomes homogeneous, and allows of a fresh flow or rapping of steel being
made. I recommence again by an addition of cast iron of equal weight to the
steel of the last tapping, without other additions of iron or portions of steel
than those necessary to re-establish, if required, the exact proportions of carbon
to be in the product which it is desired to obtain, and this may be ascertained
on trial, and so on continuously. The duration of this continuous production
has no limit, except the duration of the furnace itself, and leads to great
economy of fuel as the furnace is not allowed to cool.
The characteristic features of this new or improved process are therefore,
1st, the trausformation of scraps of iron and steel, and especially the waste
from the Bessemer process into steel of good quality by means of their
successive fusion in a bath of cast iron suitably selected.

page_text: 2ndly, the mode of working the employment of a furnare, whether with a
grating or reverberatory, but preferably a Siemens' gas furnace, and the pre-
dominance of castings known as steely, ribbandy (rubannée), laminated, or
with large faces (facettes) for the composition of the baths, which castings or
cast irons have not hitherto been treated, except in a very small proportion
for the production of steel by the Bessemer process.
And, 3rdly, the possibility of rendering the process continuous, and the
means afforded of obtaining a kind of steel in conformity with a specimen
given as a type.
And having now described the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, I declare that I claim the new or
improved process her ein-before described of transforming scraps or cuttings of
Bessemer steel, and other scraps or cuttings of iron, puddled steel, and cast
steel into ingots of cast steel.
In witness whereof, I, the said Clinton Edgcumbe Brooman, have here-
unto set my hand and seal, this Twentieth day of September,. One
thousand eight hundred and sixty-six.
C. E. BROOMAN. (L.S.)