IMPROVEMENTS IN THE EXTRACTION AND PREPARATION OF COLOURING, TANNING, AND SACCHARINE MATTERS FROM VARIOUS VEGETABLE SUBSTANCES, AND IN THE APPARATUS TO BE EMPLOYED THEREIN
Year: 1851

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
JEAN JULES VARILLAT, of Rouen, in the Republic of France, Manufacturing
Chemist, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Eleventh day of
September, in the fifteenth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and
successors, give and grant unto me, the said William Jean Jules Varillat, my
exors, aduiors, and assigns. Her especial licence, full power, sole privilege and
authority, that I, the said William Jean Jules Varillat, my exors, adñiors,
and assigns, or such other's as I, the said William Jean Jules Varillat, my
exors, adñiors, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from
time to time' and at all times during the term of years therein expressed,
should and lawfully night make, use, exercise, and vend within England,
Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and in the Islands of Guernsey,
Jersey, Alderney, Sark, and Man, and also in all Her said Majesty's Colonies
and Plantations abroad, my Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE EXTRACTION
AND PREPARATION OF COLOURING, TANNING, AND SACCHARINE MATTERS FROM VARIOUS
VEGETABLE SUBSTANCES, AND IN THE APPARATUS TO BE EMPLOYED THEREIN;" in
which said Letters Patent, there is contained a proviso that I, the said William
Jean Jules Varillat, shall cause a particular description of the nature of my

page_text: said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, by an instru-
ment in writing under my hand and seal, to be enrolled in Her said- Majesty's
High Court of Chancery within six calendar montlis next and immediately
after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same,
reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
William Jean Jules Varillat, do hereby declare that the nature of my Inven-
tion, and the manner in which the same is to be performed, are particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following statement tliereof, reference
being had to the Drawings hereunto annexed; and to the figures and letters
marked thereon, that is to say:-
My Invention relates to the whole of the operations for obtaining, from tlie
bodies which contain them, substances which, when manufactured, produce
extracts for dye stuffs, sugar, tannic acid, extracts of liquorice, and generally
from all kinds of vegetables. My Invention consists of four processes,
namely, first, the cutting operation in the treatment of logs of wood; second,
the dissolution of the extracted matters; third, the evaporation; and, fourth,
the final concentration of the extracted elements, when necessary.
Figure 1, on Sheet 1 of my Drawings, represents a side. elevation of a
machine,for cutting dye woods; Figure 2-represents, a plan of the same; and
Figure 3 is a back view thereof in elevation; the letters; on. the several
Figures represent the same parts throughout. c, c, are cylinders fitted with
.blades for cutting the wood; B is a log of; wood placed between the cylinders,
shewn in the position, it occupies during the cutting process; Gare tectli fitted
in a frame having a lever to hold, the log and press on to the cylinders during
the cutting process; s is a rest, with a moveable axis a crossed by the end of the
holding frame, and allows, the latter to vary its inclination; PP, are blade
holders, which can be separated from the cylinders; to these holders is fixed
a set of blades; E, E, E", are spur wheels receiving motion from the driving
pulleys. N, N', and transmitting. it to the cutting, cylinders c, c-is a fly
wheel; D, D, are cast-iron standards, placed on each side of the cylinders at
the place where the log is inserted to prevent it from sliding out of the cylinders
during the cutting action; N, N¹, are fast and loose driving pulleys..
Figure 4 is a detailed plan of the holder. G (Figure 1). g is a fixed toothed
piece which turns only on its centre; gis another similar piece-that advances
and recedes by means of a screw, .and when driven into the wood holds it fast,
though it can still turn on its centre; by this arrangement the log B is always
in a vertical position whatever may be inclination of the holder G.
Figure 5 is a section of one of the cylinders, P, P₁, showing the blade
5

page_text: holders and their position; they are fixed to the cylinders by the two bolts b,
-the nuts of which are placed in a hollow in each side of the cylinder.
Figure 6 is an elevation of the flat interior side of one of the blade holders.
b, bl, are the bolts attaching the blade holders to the cylinders; 1, 1, 1, 1, are
blades which are flat in one of the blade holders and fluted in the other holder
of the same cylinder; v, v, v, vl, are screws, slotted at their extremities
in these slots the blades are secured by means of screws; e, el, ell, el, are nuts,
working in grooves in the blade holders; they neither advance nor recede, but
cause the screw v to advance or recede, as required, in order to regulate the
projection of the blade; when the blade is thus regulated, it is finally fixed
at its forepart by means of screws w, which bind it to the blade holders by
entering in an open slot in the blade. When the machine is in operation, the
piece of wood is placed between the two cylinders, and an attendant presses
the end of the lever a so as to maintain the log in a vertical position; the
blades at each turn cut off a quantity of wood, which falls in shavings; the
fluted blades projecting rather more than the flat blades make a furrow in
taking off a shaving, and the flat blades coming immediately after cut off all
that the fluted blades have not carried away, and as the hollows are equal to
the grooves in the fluting of the blades, it follows that the flat blades only cut
shavings equal 'in dimensions to those carried away by the fluted blades. When
the holler or lever has arrived at the level of, the cylinders, it is released and
is raised higher when the log requires it. Wlien the logs are of a great
length, the fixed standard s may be replaced by a moveable standard working
between two grooves; then the holder G is raised to the necessary height by
means of a block and pulley, and does not then.. require to be moved again till
the log is completely. cut. When the log has arrived at the bottom, and it is no
longer possible to cut it, it is pushed by means of another log till there remains
but a very short length; this piece is thrown off and cut in shavings by
other means.. Instead of using two cylinders.c
.one only may be employed, as
shewn in the apparatus. represented in Sheet A, Figures 1 and. 2; the cylinder
and the framework supporting it are arranged as in the cutter herein-before
described, these Figures.merely.showing a peculiar. arrangement to cause the
log to advance as it is being cut. .This operation is as follows:--the moving
shaft is fitted with an under screw, which gears with a pinion X, and transmits
by means of two bevel pinions a. rotary movement. to the horizontal shaft N;
this shaft carries, at its extremity, a wheel furnished with two. toppets, which
act alternately on' the extremities of the two counter-weighted levers L, L, and
lift them up. These levers are furnished with small detents or stops, likewise
furnished with counterweights I, and take into the teeth of the wheel K in

page_text: such manner that the movement of the levers L, L, when these are lifted, has
the effect of making it turn on its axis. This wheel is fixed to a screw M,
which traverses the whole length of a cast-iron plate, on which slides a support
H; this support is for the purpose of holding the extremity of the log, and is
provided with two holders, which may, by means of two screws, be raised or
lowered. The support is set in motion by means of a nut, which is in one
pièce with it; and through which passes the screw M, which working in collar
bearings causes the support H to advance or recedé, as the case may be. The
levers being raised alternately, a constant movement is given to the support,
which thus forces the log against the cylinder. When a log is cut up, the
support H is brought back to its first position by a winch.handle fixed to the
screw M. With this cutter the whole of the logs of wood may be reduced to
shavings, the workman who directs the machine pushing by another log, or
with a piece of wood the pieces, that the support can no longer make advance.
One may also cut at the same time several logs when they are of a small
diameter.
Figure 1, on Sheet 2, represents an elevation of the apparatus for the dis-
solution and separation of the soluble parts of vegetable substances; Figure 2
is a plan; and Figure 3, a transverse section of the same; the same parts
in the three Figures being represented by the same letter. A', A, and A,
represents ten receivers of a cylindrical shape, united by a joint at their base
with their rounded extremities ȧ, (Figure 3,) and fixed to the common bottom
of the reservoir R, which is fitted witli holes to admit the ten bottoms of the
receivers; R is the reservoir in which are placed the ten receivers A1, A2,
to A, and the space left by the intervals of the ten vessels is filled with water
which is warmed by means of a double steam worm s, and thus serves as a
water bath to the liquids contained in the receivers A. P, (Figure 1 and 2,).
is a pump connected with the receivers A by means of two suction pipes t, t',.
and with a reservoir of hot water by the pipe t". It forces the liquid which it
receives into a reservoir B, which distributes it in the boilers by the pipe V,.
or. by closing the valve N, situated under the reservoir, and. by opening the
cock O in the contrary direction, the liquid will run into. another reservoir by
the pipe v', when it will have arrived at the required degree of density for
concentration. Each boiler has at the bottom a pipe t, which joins the
suction pipes t, t¹, and is connected with the latter by a valve-cock Z, which is
made so as not to prevent the liquids from the other boilers passing through it,,
though it closes the opening of the pipe attached to the boiler, and, thus,
although on the line of the suction pipe, this valve acts as a continuation of
the pipe Under this valve-cock is an adjustable piece c, which unites it

page_text: with the pipe t, provided with an aperture, which is closed by a stopper y,
and pressed by a screw, the joint of which is made by a ring of india-rubber
or other elastic material. This. opening is necessary to enable the bottom of
the cylinders to be cleansed from the matter accumulated there at the time
the wood is taken out. The pipe v, which carries the liquids from the
reservoir B, to the receivers A, passes in the middle of the two ranges, and is
provided in its length with five three-way cocks r, each of which allow the
liquid to pass either in the boiler, or in the receiver under it, as the key is
turned one side or the other. The keys are worked by means of toothed
pulleys which are set in motion by chain gearing, which the attendant works
by turning a small handle or fly wheel. This arrangement, which is easily
understood, is not shown on the Drawing in order to avoid confusion. Each
receiver is furnished with a plate p, which has a wire cloth resting on a hollow
made in the point of junction of the receiver with the bottom of the reservoir
(Figure 3). It is on this plate that the wood or matter to be treated is laid.
This plate, which may be taken away when required, serves to remove the
matter after the whole of the essence has been extracted from it; for this
purpose a crane G, placed on a rail, is brought by a hanging chain over the
plate to be lifted off and is attached to it by three hooks, it lifts the plate and
carries it over the inclined plane D, situated at the extremity of the apparatus,
and there empties the matter, which falls into a pan placed at the foot of the
inclined plane; the empty plate is brought over its receiver and is replaced in
a few moments. Each receiver, as well as its plate, has a vertical shaft running
through it, which receives a rotary motion from a shaft placed under the
reservoir R. This shaft a¹, has an arm or blade attached to its lower ex-
tremity, the lower part thereof is placed a short distance above the metallic
cloth of the plate, and makes about eighty revolutions a minute, mixing in the
liquid of the receiver the matter sufficiently cut up. The shaft a' is fitted at
its lower extremity with a square socket in which is placed the end of a square
shaft, which is, driven by a level pinion m.
The vertical shaft passes through
a stuffing box, fitted in the bottom a of the receiver so as to prevent the loss
of the liquid. Each bevel pinion of the small shafts is fitted with a disengaging
clutch, which affords facility for stopping its motion when requisi.e. The
motion is communicated by two horizontal shafts L, L, worked by a wheel I,
which receives its motion from the bevel wheel K. The wheel K receives
its own motion by the corresponding wheel K, which likewise communicates
motion to the pump P, by means of the disc and pin H, and connecting
rod F. There is a stop apparatus fitted to the pump, and. another to the
horizontal shafts which allows the motion of one or the other to be stopped,

page_text: The following is the process to be adopted for the extraction of the soluble
parts of the matter:-The température of the water in the reservoir R
is 90°. The dye woods or other matters to be extracted are cut up by the
machine (as described in Sheet 1 of my Drawings) and plated in the vessels A',
A2, and As, with 13 or 14 times their own weight of water. This proportion
varies according to the kind of wood to be treated: When the liquid has been
stirred for about fifteen minutes it is made to pass from A³ to A*, by means of
the pump. By opening the valve-cock "a, of A³, and by turning the key of
the cock, on the side of A', at the same times a supply of wood is thrown
into A. The liquid is made to pass from A into A³, from A¹ into A², and
so on, as has been described; until hot water is put in A. The liquid in A
must generally mark one degree of density according to Beaumé's aerometer;
if it be in that condition, it is drawn out. of the apparatus by means of
the pump closing the valve N, and turning properly the cock O; it is thus
received into a reservoir to be used as hereafter described; A being emptied,
it is filled with the liquid from A, and so on. A quarter of an hour after the
extraction of the liquid from A, the new supply of A is made to pass to A
with a fresh supply. of wood; and thus the vessels must be emptied and filled
one from the other in the order above described, care being taken: to fill A
with hot water, each time allowing the space of a quarter of an hour to elapse
between filling of the vessel A6; the liquid poured out of the apparatus and the
work goes on as has been described. A quarter of an hour afterwards wood is
put in A, and the operation of the liquids is again performed at the ex-
piration of another quarter of an hour the liquid of A is poured. out of the
apparatus, and the same process is begun afresh; this must be continued till
the liquid be poured out of the apparatus by Aº: After having made the liquids
pass from the vessels one through the other, A¹ being empty, no hot water is
poured into it; the wood which is there contained is taken away by lifting the
plate, as herein-before, described, and it is put back in the manner before
described, care being taken to cleanse the vessel. Fresh wood is put in A¹º,
without the process of cleansing interfering with the progress of the operation
of the liquids which is continued; then A' being empty receives hot water and
becomes the last of the series. From this moment the opening has a regular
course, that is to say, that every half hour a fresh supply of wood is given,
and the liquid contained in a vessel is taken out. If the proportions between
the quantity of wood and water be well kept, the liquid charged ought to mark
one degree of density by Beaumé, for woods rich in coloring matter, and
three-fourths for those woods which have less colouring matter, as Brazilian
wood. It should be also understood that the wood is likewise taken out every

page_text: half hour from the vessel at the end of the series, which when the nine vessels
are in activity receives eighteen baths more and more weak. Thus the hot
water goes through a series of vessels, of which the matters contained in
them become richer and richer and more dense during eighteen changes,
whilst the extract is exhausted from the wood by the same proportions, a
contrary effect being produced upon it.
'This mode of dissolution may be applied to the manufacture of cane or
beetroot sugar, whether the sugar cane or beetroot be fresh or dry, and in
general to the separation of the soluble parts of an insoluble body in applying
to it the most suitable degree of heat, up to a hundred degrees (100°). The
degree of density of the liquid which is taken out of the apparatus is regulated
by the facility which the matter has of dissolving in the water; thus if 'dry
beetroot were treated, it would be easy, if requisite, to obtain liquids marking
twenty degrees (Beaumé); liquorice can give liquids marking from six to
eight degrees. In short, it is possible to obtain in general all the densities
which can be extracted from the matters to be treated.
I claim as one of the principles of my Invention in the use of this apparatus,.
the exclusive 'employment of distilled water as a dissolvant at a temperature of
less than a one hundred degrees centigrade, because as constantly the immense
quantity of distilled water is reproduced as herein-after described by the arrange-
ment and combination of my apparatus.
Figure 3 is an elevation and partial section of a displacing apparatus with
two compartments. The upper part A is an elevation and the lower part A¹
is shewn in sections; the two parts are perfectly similar. The cavities A in
A are terminated at their lower extremities by two inverted domes M, M,
and connected by a cock B, which is formed in one piece with the two
domes. These domes are fixed to a circular piece terminated by two axis, the
centres of which turn on the same line D, so as to render it possible to change
the respective position of the two compartments A and A' in making them
turn at will on the axis D, thus A may be down and A¹ up, and vice versa.
Between each dome M and each cavity A and A' two perforated plates C are
placed and pressed one against the other; this disposition is for the purpose of
receiving metallic tissue or filtering medium that may prevent the dust from
penetrating from one compartment to the other. The whole is strongly united
by perfect joints to the two compartments and is made very solid. The
compartments A and A' are surrounded by a double case, the space L of
which is filled with low pressure steam, which steam is brought by the pipes I.
which pass in the interior of the axis.
that is condensed in the double cases.
The cocks J are to run off the water
The same compartments are closed at

page_text: their open ends by a cap R, R, which forms a joint with a circular groove 1,
in which is placed packing of india-rubber or of any other compressible
substance. Each cap contains two plates C¹, perfectly similar to those
described at C, and fixed to this cap by screws round;its circumference; and
between these plates a sheet of metallic tissue is also placed. The caps are
screwed up tight by the arrangement shewn in Figure 4, they are each
furnished with a cock F, the object of which is to receive alternately the
injection when it is down, or to let the liquid escape when it is raised.
These cocks are furnished with screw threads, so as to adapt them to the pipe
conducting the liquid which is thrown up by a pump beneath. communicating
with a pressure valve above.
Figure 4 is a screw, the nut of which is in the centre of a cross head, each
arm of which has a strong hook at the extremity. These hooks are passed in
the gudgeons K screwed in the circumference and resting on the grooven, and
then by tightening the screw V which comes in the centre o of the cap R, the
latter is compressed against the compressible substance in the groove n, and a
perfect joint is thus obtained. The working of the apparatus is as follows:-
First, the cavities A and A' are filled with the matter to be exhausted, reduced
to fine slices or particles after the matter is well stowed in, and the caps
replaced; the lower one is placed in communication with the injecting pipe
communicating with a forcing pipe, and the upper one with the pressure valve
moderator above mentioned, and of which no description is given as this kind
of valve is well known. Hot water is injected, at a degree of heat to be varied
according to the substances to be discolored, and when the apparatus is filled
with water, the pressure valve is filled in such manner as to obtain a permanent
tension in the interior of the apparatus, and regulated according to circum-
stances, and the degree of heat employed; thus, for logwood, cighty degrees
centigrade may be used and five atmospheres of pressure; for Cuba, ninety
degrees and ten atmospheres of pressure, and so on according as experience
indicates. The pressure valve being regulated, the injection and the liquid is
run out by the pipe of the pressure valve and falls in the concentrating
apparati. When a sufficient quantity of liquid has been run in and the sub-
stance which was in the part A' of the apparatus is nearly exhausted, the
cock B is shut and the apparatus is turned to take off the cap from this part;
it is afterwards placed in its first position for the matter to fall by its own
weight, and when the cavity A' is emptied it is placed above and is filled with
fresh matter, which is equally spread. The cap is put on and the apparatus
is again in a condition to be worked as before, with this difference, that the
part A¹ is in the position formerly occupied by A, and the injection is begun

page_text: again. When the quantity of liquid calculated is passed, the cavity is emptied,
as herein-before described, and the operation is begun afresh.
Figure 1, Sheet III., represents à plan of my evaporating apparatus;
Figure 2 is a longitudinal section; and Figure 3, a transverse section of
the same. (The same letters represent the same parts in the three Figures.
A is a longitudinal case in one piece, to cover the upper portion of the
apparatus; A is a similar case, closing the lower part. These two covers
are surrounded with slotted projections which correspond to similar ones
in the frame B, and are joined to it by means of bolts forming (as shewn in
Figure 3) an air-tight joint having a band of india-rubber or other suitable
material passing round the junction. This cover is divided into ten compartments
by thin sheets of metal, and they communicate with one another by openings o
placed in the lower part (Figure 3). B is a frame formed of four pieces, of
which the two forming the extremities are rather rounded, and have attached
hollow trunnions with packing glands b, b. The two sides are furnished with
strong ribs for the purpose of resisting the exterior pressure of the atmosphere.
The joints are made air-tight, and the frame is supported on four standards s,
which fit into one another under the longitudinal rib and in the ends. by two
more three-legged standards s', s", which carry the hollow trunnions b, b', as well
as the other bearings. These four supports s are furnished with strong screws v,
which raise or lower the under cover A' when it is required to be cleansed.
The upper cover is taken off by means of ropes, attached to four rings, placed
in the vertical line of the four rests 8. L is a hollow shaft formed of two
pieces m, m, which joins the whole length of the shaft, each of these pieces has
ten tube holders. Before joining the two pieces m, n, a metallic diaphragm is
placed between, thus dividing the interior of the shaft into two separate
cavities, which is to cause each range of ten tube holders to be separate from
each other and correspond to the two different cavities. Each of these two
pieces m, n, has at one extremity an opening sufficiently wide to admit the
joint of the diaphragm, while the other extremity is closed. The opening of
the piece n, which is wider than that of piece m, is placed at u, and serves for
the introduction of steam; the opening of the piece m, which serves for the
expulsion of the water of the condensed steam, is placed at ¹ at the other
extremity of the shaft. At each extremity of this shaft is fixed a hollow
support L, L", which turns in each of the stuffing boxes b, b, with which the
rectangular frame is provided. These trunnions are placed in immediate
contact with the hollow shafts t, t¹, of the same exterior dimensions as the
trunnions, so that the packing of the box prevents the escape of the steam.
These trunnions are supported by bands, and serve to unite the pipes, which

page_text: being in the steam, or which take away the water formed by condensation.
The tube t is terminated by a stuffing box t", through which passes the shaft,
communicating a rotary movement to the shaft L.. This shaft traverses 'the
hollow shaft.t' and the stuffing box t", and is fixed in a kind of mortise in tlie
piece n, at its extremity at the point n; s, s, s, and following, are ten.coils, one
extremity of each joining to an opening on the shaft L, and the other to
another opening (Figure 3). By this arrangement, the steam entering by the
hollow shaft t, fills the cavity n,, passes through the ten, openings, goes out by
the other ten openings (see Figure 3) after being condensed, and is brought
in the cavity m at each rotary movement which the shaft gives to the coil's;
from there the condensed water. goes out by the hollow shaft L. tis a pipe
which is fitted on to the ring; Cis a column furnished with a tube, indicating
the level of the liquid contained in the apparatus with which it 'is in
communication; it is likewise connected to the apparatus; by pipes ff;
and with. Watt's condenser by the pipe g; it serves also to receive the
particles of liquid which the ebullition and suction of the condenser, might
have thrown out of the apparatus.
The process for effecting the evaporation of the liquids is as follows:
First, a vacuum is made in the apparatus by means of air pumps and a
condenser, in communication with the apparatus by means of the pipe g:
The liquid is introduced by the cock h, which draws it in immediately it
is opened until it has arrived at a level to cover the lower part of the coils."
The steam is then let in the shaft L, and the vacuum is maintained by the
action of the condenser and; of the air pumps; the.liquid is soon set in.motion
by the coils, which in turning are covered with a thin coating of liquid,
which they renew at each revolution. It is easy to calculate the instant
when the liquid which exists in the last. compartment of 'the opposite
side to the entrance arrives at a niedium density of ten to twelve degrees
Beaumé, by the quantity of liquid. which is introduced at each time that
the level lowers, or by maintaining the cock h open, so that there inay be.
a quantity of liquid sufficient to maintain the. level always at the same height.
The continuous or, intermittent,operation, at will; of the evaporation then com
mences. To have it continuous,, the cock, situated at the other extremity of
the apparatus and the vessel R (Figure 2), being in connection with the appa-
ratus by the pipe e, the liquid falls in the vessel by its own weight; this
vessel is thus left to fill; in less than a minute, by isolating.it from the appa
ratus, shutting the cocks which communicate with it, opening the little 'air'
cock i, and by opening the under, cock.j.. As soon as it is enipty, the cocks i
and are shut, the communication is established afresli, and the operation con-

page_text: tinues. The intermittent mode of evaporation is by making a given quantity
of liquid come at once into the apparatus, and at the same time. in causing to
fall in the vessel R another quantity of liquid, which will be regulated each
time by the density attempted to be obtained. The quantity which enters the
vessel R is indicated.by a graduated glass tube. With two similar apparati, I
produce a double evaporation with a given quantity of steam, by means of a
very simple arrangement; I make equal use of steam going out of a machine
at a high pressure, or of that going out of a generator, or of. both at once by
introducing them into the coils of the first apparatus; they come out condensed
into the open air by the other extremity, as has been already described. When
the liquid of this first apparatus is in ebullition, the vapour which escapes from it,
instead of going to the ordinary condenser, is introduced into the shaft of the
coils of a second apparatus, precisely similar to the one before described, which
in this case serves as a condenser, and the steam, in condensing, puts in complete
ebullition the liquid contained in the second apparatus; the condensed steam
is exhausted by air pumps on issuing from the coils, so as to maintain the
vacuum in the first apparatus. The ebullition of the liquid contained in the
second apparatus produces vapours, which pass into an ordinary condenser and
other air pumps.
It must be understood that there is a separate working of
the air pumps for each apparatus, and the vacuum must be less perfect on the
first apparatus than in the second, the reason is evident, for if the .vacnum.in
the first apparatus, as is perfect as in the second, the steam arising from the
liquid. would not be sufficiently hot to set the liquid of the second in ebullition,
and it. would require four times tlie number of coils in the second that, there are
in the first, to turn to account the latent caloric of the steam which arises, from
the first. By making a partial vacuum in the first apparatus sufficient to lower
the column of mercury of a barometer about twelve inches, the steam arising
from it will have about eighty-five degrees centigrade heat, and will put, the
liquid of the second apparatus in complete ebullition, which having a partial
vacuum lowers the mercury about two feet at most," will evolve vapours of
seventy degrees temperature centigrade, and will completely condense by an
cqual surface of coils with the first apparatus; a triple effect might also be
obtained by the same apparatus in approaching the marked distances by the
manometers of each apparatus. Thus the first apparatus would mark thirty
to thirty-five degrees diminution, and the second forty to forty-five degrees,
and the third about two feet. In the manufacture of beetroot sugar, the
evaporation of the juice may be made from four degrees of density to fifteen
or eighteen degrees, and it is only filtered once before, the bake, as the
coloring will be, much less with this apparatus than by any other*.means:

page_text: The evaporation will be simultaneously made in both apparati with double
effect, and will be as great in one as in the other. This arrangement allows of
steam being employed as a conductor of the caloric at a temperature less than
one hundred degrees. And having found in practise in the immense advantage
of this, I claim it as part of my Invention for the manufacture of vegetable
extracts.
The air pumps are placed in such manner as to extract the water of the
condensed vapours issuing out the apparatus made by working double, and
to carry them back to a general reservoir, where the condensed water coils
of the appartus described in Sheets II. and IV. is contained. It is the
mixing of these waters that forms the non-interrupted source of distilled water,
solely employed as dissolving conductor, and of which I claim the exclusive
use in the extraction of the soluble parts of vegetables.
Figure 1, Sheet IV., represents, a vertical section of the apparatus for the final
concentration of the extracted matter; and Figure 2 a plan of the same, having
the cover removed. The apparatus is composed of two vessels, one placed on the
other, the upper one or the dome A may be separated from the lower one, or the
basin B, by a horizontal metallic bottom F, constructed so as to be able to resist
the pressure of the atmosphere. The case of the dome D is fitted with a pipe
with a cock r intended for the introduction of the liquids to be concentrated. A
wide circular opening is made at t, which serves as a man-hole to cleanse the
interior, and which is closed by a lid secured on it by a screw, the junction being
made air-tight by a band of india-rubber or other flexible material. There are
also three discs, one of which is composed of thick glass, which affords facility
for watching the process of concentration, by means of a Locatelli lamp, with a
reflector placed on one of them. The basin B is composed of two circular
pieces of cast iron, which are joined together. The upper part is cast in one
piece, with a rectangular oblong box b, having no communication with the
interior of the basin B, and is connected by an air-tight joint round its upper
part with its horizontal bottom F. This box has a rectangular opening at its
outer extremity, which is closed by a door; above the opening is a stuffing box
q, affording a passage to a screw rod herein-after described; there is a wide
opening at t¹ for the same purpose as that mentioned at t. The basin B is
connected in its middle, by a hollow column n, with the bottom F; it serves to
strengthen the said bottom, and at the same time affords a passage for the
shaft G, which passes through the whole apparatus. This basin is provided in
its lower part with a coil S, which receives the steam by the cock », and after
having circulated goes out at the point
water condensed in the coil to escape.
", by a cock which only allows the
There is a stuffing box at t. The

page_text: bottom F has several openings in the form of parallelograms at i, i, i, i, these
openings are situated above the box 6, and under them is placed a moveable
plate p in the form of a wedge, which is pierced with the same openings at
i, i, i, i. It is held secured by a fixed under plate, which is fitted with open-
ings ",", corresponding to the openings i of the bottom F. The moveable
plate p receives a traversing motion by means of the screw rod v, which is fitted
to it by two screw nuts at the point x, and passing through the stuffing box q
it is worked by a handle m, which by giving motion to a screw nut u, fitted
within bearings, causes the screw rod to advance or recede as required.
This plate, by its retrograde motion, connects the openings i, i, with the open-
ings ', ', and the liquid or pasty matters which are on the bottom F, escape
into the lower box b, or advancing over the openings i, i, as in Figure 1, and
intercepts the issue of these same matters as well as the extrance of the
exterior air in the apparatus. The shaft G, which passes through the appa-
ratus, has an arm E bearing a scraper; this scraper is slanting and loaded
with lever weights to form a sufficient pressure against the bottom F,. to
detach the pasty matter when it is required to get rid of it. The shaft G,
rests on a footstep C, and receives its motion by the bevil wheels G, G¹.
It passes through stuffing boxes so as to avoid the admission of air into
the apparatus. The method to be adopted consists in putting water on the
basin B till it comes above the coil pipe S. A heat of seventy to eighty
degrees is obtained, and vapour emitted serves to heat the bottom F... The
upper cavity communicates with the condenser and the air pumps by the
tube T, provided with a valve; as soon as this valve is opened the vacuum is
shortly produced, and by the cock the liquid to be concentrated or solidified,
is let in, taking in care to barely cover the surface of F with the liquid. In a
quarter of an hour the liquid is turned into a pulp, and if it be requisite to
make it solid, it must be stirred with the scraper R, which in its traverse
sends out the bubbles from the mass; the communication between the apparatus
and condenser is then intercepted, an air cock on the cover is opened, and the
vacuum being destroyed by the admission of the air in the apparatus, the
plate p is made to slide back, and the openings i, , ", being facing one
another, the pulpy matter falls in the box b, as thrown there by the scraper R,
where previously a conduit has been placed by the opening o so as to facilitate
the expulsion of the matter; above the conduit are placed rectangular boxes,
which are lined with paper, and they are filled one after the other. When the
concentration is sufficient, the cooling of the extractive matter is sufficient to
render it extremely hard, then it is easily taken out of the box by shaking the
latter, the paper preventing the matter from sticking to the sides of the box;

page_text: in this state it may be packed in cases ready for sale. The stopper which is
placed at o serves to empty the apparatus of the matter without letting any air
into the apparatus. For this purpose a receiver is placed in the interior of the
box 6, afterwards ō is stopped, the plate p is opened; and the matter falls; the
openings are closed again, and, in the charging the apparatus with liquid, the
operation continues without delay; in the meantime the receiver is taken out
of the box b, it is emptied of its extract in filling the boxes lined with paper,
another receiver is put in, and the operation continues immediately. This
apparatus is for the manufacture of vegetable extracts, and not for that of
beetroot of cane sugar. During the whole course of the manufacture the
extractive matter is not exposed to a higher temperature than a hundred
degrees:
I claim, first, the cutting machine with one or two cylinders, as herein-before
described.
Second, the apparatus for the dissolving and separation of soluble vegetable
matter from the insoluble bodies to which they are united, by means of distilled
water, at a temperature less than a hundred degrees centigrade..
Third, the apparatus for evaporating in vacuum, with double and treble effect,
by means of the waste steam of an engine, or by any steam expanded at less
than a hundred degrees, working by tlie differential vacuum of one apparatus
to the other (a new principle), as herein-before explained:)
Fourth, the apparatus for concentrating and solidifying the products with an
agitator in the vacuum with a heat less than a hundred degrees.
Lastly; the system or mode of producing extracts whereon throughout the
entire process the heat is never raised so high as one hundred degrees, nor is
the matter under treatment exposed in any way to a higher temperature.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Jean Jules Varillat, have here-
unto set my hand and seal, this Fourth day of March, One thousand
eight hundred and fifty-two.
W. J. J. (L.S.) VARILLAT.
Taken and acknowledged by the within-named
William Jean Jules Varillat, party hereto,
at Paris, the 4th day of March, 1852,"
in the presence of
Consul's
.Seal.
THOMAS PICKFORD,
..Her Britannic Majesty's Consul at Paris.

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
JEAN JULES VARILLAT, of Rouen, in the Republic of France, Manufacturing
Chemist, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Eleventh day of
September, in the fifteenth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, IIer heirs and
successors, give and grant unto me, the said William Jean Jules Varillat, my
exors, adiñors, and assigns. Her especial licence, full power, sole privilege and
authority, that I, the said William Jean Jules Varillat, my exors, adiiors,
and assigns, or such others as I, the said William Jean Jules Varillat, my
exors, adfiiors, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from
time to time and at all times during the term of years therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend within England,
Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and in the Islands of Guernsey,
Jersey, Alderney, Sark, and Man, and also in all Her said Majesty's Colonies
and Plantations abroad, my Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE EXTRACTION
AND PREPARATION OF COLOURING, TANNING, AND SACCHARINE MATTERS FROM VARIOUS
VEGETABLE SUBSTANCES, AND IN THE APPARATUS TO BE EMPLOYED THEREIN;" in
which said Letters Patent there is contained a proviso that I, the said William
Jean Jules Varillat, shall cause a particular description of the nature of my

page_text: said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, by an instru-
ment in writing under my hand and seal, to be enrolled in Her said Majesty's
High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately
after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same,
reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
William Jean Jules Varillat, do hereby declare that the nature of my Inven-
tion, and the manner in which the same is to be performed, are particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following statement thereof, reference
being had to the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the figures and letters
marked thereon, that is to say :-
My Invention relates to the whole of the operations for obtaining, from the
bodies which contain them, substances which, when manufactured, produce
extracts for dye stuffs, sugar, tannic acid, extracts of liquorice, and generally
from all kinds of vegetables. My Invention consists of four processes,
namely, first, the cutting operation in the treatment of logs of wood; second,
the dissolution of the extracted matters; third, the evaporation; and, fourth,
the final concentration of the extracted elements, when necessary.
Figure 1, on Sheet 1 of my Drawings, represents a side elevation of a
machine for cutting dye woods; Figure 2 represents a plan of the same; and
Figure 3 is a back view thereof in elevation; the letters on the several
Figures represent the same parts throughout. c, c, are cylinders fitted with
blades for cutting the wood; B is a log of wood placed between the cylinders,
shewn in the position it occupies during the cutting process; G are tecth fitted
in a frame having a lever to hold the log and press on to the cylinders during
the cutting process; s is a rest, with a moveable axis a crossed by the end of the
holding frame, and allows the latter to vary its inclination; P, P', are blade
holders, which can be separated from the cylinders; to these holders is fixed
a set of blades; E, E', E", are spur wheels receiving motion from the driving
pulleys N, N', and transmitting it to the cutting cylinders c, c¹; V is a fly
wheel;
D, D, are cast-iron standards, placed on each side of the cylinders at
the place where the log is inserted to prevent it from sliding out of the cylinders
during the cutting action; N, N', are fast and loose driving pulleys.
Figure 4 is a detailed plan of the holder G (Figure 1). ' is a fixed toothed
piece which turns only on its centre; g¹ is another similar piece that advances
and recedes by means of a screw, and when driven into the wood holds it fast,
though it can still turn on its centre; by this arrangement the log B is always
in a vertical position whatever may be inclination of the holder G.
Figure 5 is a section of one of the cylinders, P, P¹, showing the blade

page_text: holders and their position; they are fixed to the cylinders by the two bolts b
the nuts of which are placed in a hollow in each side of the cylinder.
Figure 6 is an elevation of the flat interior side of one of the blade holders.
b, b', are the bolts attaching the blade holders to the cylinders; 1, 11, 1, 7, are
5 blades which are flat in one of the blade holders and fluted in the other holder
of the same cylinder; v, v, v, vl, are screws, slotted at their extremities
in these slots the blades are secured by means of screws; e, e¹, ell, el, arc nuts,
working in grooves in the blade holders; they neither advance nor recede, but
cause the screw to advance or recede, as required, in order to regulate the
projection of the blade; when the blade is thus regulated, it is finally fixed
at its forepart by means of screws w, which bind it to the blade holders by
entering in an open slot in the blade. When the machine is in operation, the
piece of wood is placed between the two cylinders, and an attendant presses
the end of the lever a so as to maintain the log in a vertical position; the
blades at each turn cut off a quantity of wood, which falls in shavings; the
fluted blades projecting rather more than the flat blades make a furrow in
taking off a shaving, and the flat blades coming immediately after cut off all
that the fluted blades have not carried away, and as the hollows are equal to
the
grooves in the fluting of the blades, it follows that the flat blades only cut
shavings equal in dimensions to those carried away by the fluted blades. When
the holder or lever has arrived at the level of the cylinders, it is released and
is raised higher when the log requires it. When the logs are of a great
length, the fixed standard s may be replaced by a moveable standard working
between two grooves; then the holder G is raised to the necessary height by
means of a block and pulley, and does not then require to be moved again till
the log is completely cut. When the log has arrived at the bottom, and it is no
longer possible to cut it, it is pushed by means of another log till there remains
but a very short length; this piece is thrown off and cut in shavings by
other means. Instead of using two cylinders one only may be employed, as
shewn in the apparatus represented in Sheet A, Figures 1 and 2; the cylinder
and the framework supporting it are arranged as in the cutter herein-before
described, these Figures merely showing a peculiar arrangement to cause the
og to advance as it is being cut. This operation is as follows:--the moving
haft is fitted with an under screw, which gears with a pinion X, and transinits
y means of two bevel pinions a rotary movement to the horizontal shaft N;
his shaft carries, at its extremity, a wheel furnished with two toppets, which
ct alternately on the extremities of the two counter-weighted levers L, L, and
ft them up. These levers are furnished with small detents or stops, likewise
arnished with counterweights I, and take into the teeth of the wheel K in

page_text: such manner that the movement of the levers L, L, when these are lifted, has
the effect of making it turn on its axis. This wheel is fixed to a screw M,
which traverses the whole length of a cast-iron plate, on which slides a support
H; this support is for the purpose of holding the extremity of the log, and is
provided with two holders, which may, by means of two screws, be raised or
lowered. The support is set in motion by means of a nut, which is in one
picce with it, and through which passes the screw M, which working in collar
bearings causes the support H to advance or recede, as the case may be. The
levers being raised alternately, a constant movement is given to the support,
which thus forces the log against the cylinder. When a log is cut up, the
support is brought back to its first position by a winch handle fixed to the
screw M. With this cutter the whole of the logs of wood may be reduced to
shavings, the workman who directs the machine pushing by another log, or
with a piece of wood the pieces, that the support can no longer make advance.
One may also cut at the same time several logs when they are of a small
diameter.
Figure 1, on Sheet 2, represents an clevation of the apparatus for the dis-
solution and separation of the soluble parts of vegetable substances; Figure 2
is a plan; and Figure 3, a transverse section of the same; the same parts
in the three Figures being represented by the same letter. A', A, and A",
represents ten receivers of a cylindrical shape, united by a joint at their base
with their rounded extremities a, (Figure 3,) and fixed to the common bottom
of the reservoir R, which is fitted with holes to admit the ten bottoms of the
receivers; R is the reservoir in which are placed the ten receivers A¹, A³,
to A, and the space left by the intervals of the ten vessels is filled with water
which is warmed by means of a double steam worm s, and thus serves as a
water bath to the liquids contained in the receivers A. P, (Figure 1 and 2,)
is a pump connected with the receivers A by means of two suction pipes t, t',
and with a reservoir of hot water by the pipe t". It forces the liquid which it
receives into a reservoir B, which distributes it in the boilers by the pipe V,
er by closing the valve N, situated under the reservoir, and by opening the
cock O in the contrary direction, the liquid will run into another reservoir by
the pipe v', when it will have arrived at the required degree of density for
concentration. Each boiler has at the bottom a pipe, which joins the
suction pipes t, t¹, and is connected with the latter by a valve-cock Z, which is
made so as not to prevent the liquids from the other boilers passing through it,
though it closes the opening of the pipe attached to the boiler, and thus,
although on the line of the suction pipe, this valve acts as a continuation of
the pipe
Under this valve-cock is an adjustable piece c, which unites it

page_text: with the pipe t, provided with an aperture, which is closed by a stopper,
and pressed by a screw, the joint of which is made by a ring of india-rubber
or other elastic material. This opening is necessary to enable the bottom of
the cylinders to be cleansed from the matter accumulated there at the time
the wood is taken out. The pipe v, which carries the liquids from the
reservoir B, to the receivers A, passes in the middle of the two ranges, and is
provided in its length with five three-way cocks 2, each of which allow the
liquid to pass either in the boiler, or in the receiver under it, as the key is
turned one side or the other. The keys are worked by means of toothed
pulleys which are set in motion by chain gearing, which the attendant works
by turning a small handle or fly wheel. This arrangement, which is easily
understood, is not shown on the Drawing in order to avoid confusion. Each
receiver is furnished with a plate p, which has a wire cloth resting on a hollow
made in the point of junction of the receiver with the bottom of the reservoir
(Figure 3). It is on this plate that the wood or matter to be treated is laid.
This plate, which may be taken away when required, serves to remove the
matter after the whole of the essence has been extracted from it; for this
purpose a crane G, placed on a rail, is brought by a hanging chain over the
plate to be lifted off and is attached to it by three hooks, it lifts the plate and
carries it over the inclined plane D, situated at the extremity of the apparatus,
and there empties the matter, which falls into a pan placed at the foot of the
inclined plane; the empty plate is brought over its receiver and is replaced in
a few moments. Each receiver, as well as its plate, has a vertical shaft running
through it, which receives a rotary motion from a shaft placed under the
reservoir R. This shaft a', has an arm or blade attached to its lower ex-
tremity, the lower part thereof is placed a short distance above the metallic
cloth of the plate, and makes about eighty revolutions a minute, mixing in the
liquid of the receiver the matter sufficiently cut up. The shaft a' is fitted at
its lower extremity with a square socket in which is placed the end of a square
'The vertical shaft passes through
shaft, which is, driven by a level pinion m.
a stuffing box, fitted in the bottom a of the receiver so as to prevent the loss
of the liquid. Each bevel pinion of the small shafts is fitted with a disengaging
clutch, which affords facility for stopping its motion when requisi.c. The
motion is communicated by two horizontal shafts L, L, worked by a wheel I,
which receives its motion from the bevel wheel K. The wheel K receives
its own motion by the corresponding wheel K, which likewise communicates
motion to the pump P, by means of the disc and pin H, and connecting
rod F. There is a stop apparatus fitted to the pump, and another to the
horizontal shafts which allows the motion of one or the other to be stopped.

page_text: The following is the process to be adopted for the extraction of the soluble
parts of the matter:-The temperature of the water in the reservoir R
is 90°. The dye woods or other matters to be extracted are cut up by the
machine (as described in Sheet 1 of my Drawings) and plated in the vessels A',
A², and A", with 13 or 14 times their own weight of water. This proportion
varies according to the kind of wood to be treated. When the liquid has been
stirred for about fifteen minutes it is made to pass from A³ to A", by means of
the pump. By opening the valve-cock a, of A³, and by turning the key of
the cock, on the side of A', at the same time, a supply of wood is thrown
into A. The liquid is made to pass from A2 into As, from A' into A², and
so on, as has been described, until hot water is put in A. The liquid in A
must generally mark one degree of density according to Beaumé's aerometer;
if it be in that condition, it is drawn out of the apparatus by incans of
the pump closing the valve N, and turning properly the cock 0; it is thus
received into a reservoir to be used as hereafter described; A' being emptied,
it is filled with the liquid from A³, and so on. A quarter of an hour after the
extraction of the liquid from A, the new supply of A5 is made to pass to A",
with a fresh supply of wood; and thus the vessels must be emptied and filled
one from the other in the order above described, care being taken to fill A¹
with hot water, each time allowing the space of a quarter of an hour to elapse
between filling of the vessel A; the liquid poured out of the apparatus and the
work goes on as has been described. A quarter of an hour afterwards wood is
put in A7, and the operation of the liquids is again performed at the ex-
piration of another quarter of an hour the liquid of A' is poured out of the
apparatus, and the same process is begun afresh; this must be continued till
the liquid be poured out of the apparatus by A. After having made the liquids
pass from the vessels one through the other, A' being empty, no hot water is
poured into it; the wood which is there contained is taken away by lifting the
plate, as herein-before described, and it is put back in the manner before
described, care being taken to cleanse the vessel. Fresh wood is put in A1,
without the process of cleansing interfering with the progress of the operation
of the liquids which is continued; then A' being empty receives hot water and
becomes the last of the series. From this moment the opening has a regular
course, that is to say, that every half hour a fresh supply of wood is given,
and the liquid contained in a vessel is taken out. If the proportions between
the quantity of wood and water be well kept, the liquid charged ought to mark
one degree of density by Beaumé, for woods rich in coloring matter, and
three-fourths for those woods which have less colouring matter, as Brazilian
wood. It should be also understood that the wood is likewise taken out every

page_text: half hour from the vessel at the end of the series, which when the nine vessels
are in activity receives eighteen baths more and more weak. Thus the hot
water goes through a series of vessels, of which the matters contained in
them become richer and richer and more dense during eighteen changes,
whilst the extract is exhausted from the wood by the same proportions, a
contrary effect being produced upon it.
This mode of dissolution may be applied to the manufacture of cane or
beetroot sugar, whether the sugar cane or beetroot be fresh or dry, and in
general to the separation of the soluble parts of an insoluble body in applying
to it the most suitable degree of heat, up to a hundred degrees (100°). The
degree of density of the liquid which is taken out of the apparatus is regulated
by the facility which the matter has of dissolving in the water; thus if dry
beetroot were treated, it would be easy, if requisite, to obtain liquids marking
twenty degrees (Beaumé); liquorice can give liquids marking from six to
cight degrees. In short, it is possible to obtain in general all the densities
which can be extracted from the matters to be treated.
I claim as one of the principles of my Invention in the use of this apparatus,
the exclusive employment of distilled water as a dissolvant at a temperature of
less than a one hundred degrees centigrade, because as constantly the immense
quantity of distilled water is reproduced as herein-after described by the arrange-
ment and combination of my apparatus.
Figure 3 is an elevation and partial section of a displacing apparatus with
two compartments. The upper part A is an elevation and the lower part A'
is shewn in sections; the two parts are perfectly similar. The cavities A in
A' are terminated at their lower extremities by two inverted domes M, M,
and connected by a cock B, which is formed in one piece with the two
domes. These domes are fixed to a circular piece terminated by two axis, the
centres of which turn on the same line D, so as to render it possible to change
the respective position of the two compartments A and A¹ in making them
turn at will on the axis D, thus A may be down and A' up, and vice versa.
Between each dome M and each cavity A and A¹ two perforated plates C are
placed and pressed one against the other; this disposition is for the purpose of
receiving metallic tissue or filtering medium that may prevent the dust from
penetrating from one compartment to the other. The whole is strongly united
by perfect joints to the two compartments and is made very solid. The
compartments A and A¹ are surrounded by a double case, the space L of
which is filled with low pressure steam, which steam is brought by the pipes I.
which pass in the interior of the axis. The cocks J are to run off the water
that is condensed in the double cases. The same compartments are closed at

page_text: their open ends by a cap R, R', which forms a joint with a circular groove 2,
in which is placed packing of india-rubber or of any other compressible
substance. Each cap contains two plates C', perfectly similar to those
described at C, and fixed to this cap by screws round its circumference, and
between these plates a sheet of metallic tissue is also placed. The caps are
screwed up tight by the arrangement shewn in Figure 4, they are each
furnished with a cock F, the object of which is to receive alternately the
injection when it is down, or to let the liquid escape when it is raised.
These cocks are furnished with screw threads, so as to adapt them to the pipe
conducting the liquid which is thrown up by a pump beneath communicating
with a pressure valve above.
Figure 4 is a screw, the nut of which is in the centre of a cross head, each
arm of which has a strong hook at the extremity. These hooks are passed in
the gudgeons K screwed in the circumference and resting on the grooven, and
then by tightening the screw V which comes in the centre o of the cap R, the
latter is compressed against the compressible substance in the groove n, and a
perfect joint is thus obtained. The working of the apparatus is as follows:-
First, the cavities A and A' are filled with the matter to be exhausted, reduced
to fine slices or particles after the matter is well stowed in, and the caps
replaced; the lower one is placed in communication with the injecting pipe
communicating with a forcing pipe, and the upper one with the pressure valve
moderator above mentioned, and of which no description is given as this kind
of valve is well known. Hot water is injected, at a degree of heat to be varied
according to the substances to be discolored, and when the apparatus is filled
with water, the pressure valve is filled in such manner as to obtain a permanent
tension in the interior of the apparatus, and regulated according to circum-
stances, and the degree of heat employed; thus, for logwood, eighty degrees
centigrade may be used and five atinospheres of pressure; for Cuba, ninety
degrees and ten atmospheres of pressure, and so on according as experience
indicates. The pressure valve being regulated, the injection and the liquid is
run out by the pipe of the pressure valve and falls in the concentrating
apparati. When a sufficient quantity of liquid has been run in and the sub-
stance which was in the part A' of the apparatus is nearly exhausted, the
cock B is shut and the apparatus is turned to take off the cap from this part;
it is afterwards placed in its first position for the matter to fall by its own
weight, and when the cavity A' is emptied it is placed above and is filled with
fresh matter, which is equally spread. The cap is put on and the apparatus
is again in a condition to be worked as before, with this difference, that the
part A is in the position formerly occupied by A, and the injection is begun

page_text: again. When the quantity of liquid calculated is passed, the cavity is emptied,
as herein-before described, and the operation is begun afresh.
Figure 1, Sheet III., represents a plan of my evaporating apparatus ;
Figure 2 is a longitudinal section; and Figure 3, a transverse section of
the same. (The same letters represent the same parts in the three Figures.
A is a longitudinal case in one piece, to cover the upper portion of the
apparatus; A is a similar case, closing the lower part. These two covers
are surrounded with slotted projections which correspond to similar ones
in the frame B, and are joined to it by means of bolts forming (as shown in
Figure 3) an air-tight joint having a band of india-rubber or other suitable
material passing round the junction. This cover is divided into ten compartments
by thin sheets of metal, and they communicate with one another by openings o
placed in the lower part (Figure 3). B is a frame formed of four pieces, of
which the two forming the extremities are rather rounded, and have attached
hollow trunnions with packing glands b, b. The two sides are furnished with
strong ribs for the purpose of resisting the exterior pressure of the atmosphere.
The joints are made air-tight, and the frame is supported on four standards s,
which fit into one another under the longitudinal rib and in the ends by two
more three-legged standards s', s", which carry the hollow trunnions b, b', as well
as the other bearings. These four supports s are furnished with strong screws v,
which raise or lower the under cover A' when it is required to be cleansed.
The upper cover is taken off by means of ropes, attached to four rings, placed
in the vertical line of the four rests s. L is a hollow shaft formed of two
pieces m, m, which joins the whole length of the shaft, each of these picces has
ten tube holders. Before joining the two pieces m, n, a metallic diaphragm is
placed between, thus dividing the interior of the shaft into two separate
cavities, which is to cause each range of ten tube holders to be separate from
each other and correspond to the two different cavities. Each of these two
pieces m, n, has at one extremity an opening sufficiently wide to admit the
joint of the diaphragm, while the other extremity is closed. The opening of
the piece n, which is wider than that of piece m, is placed at u, and serves for
the introduction of steam; the opening of the piece m, which serves for the
expulsion of the water of the condensed steam, is placed at u' at the other
extremity of the shaft. At each extremity of this shaft is fixed a hollow
support L, L", which turns in each of the stuffing boxes b, b, with which the
rectangular frame is provided. These trunnions are placed in immediate
contact with the hollow shafts t, t, of the same exterior dimensions as the
trunnions, so that the packing of the box prevents the escape of the steam.
These trunnions are supported by bands, and serve to unite the pipes, which

page_text: being in the steam, or which take away the water formed by condensation.
The tube t' is terminated by a stuffing box t", through which passes the shaft,
communicating a rotary movement to the shaft L. This shaft traverses the
hollow shaft t' and the stuffing box t", and is fixed in a kind of mortise in the
picce n, at its extremity at the point ²; s, s, s, and following, are ten coils, one
extremity of each joining to an opening 7 on the shaft L, and the other to
another opening (Figure 3). By this arrangement, the steam entering by the
hollow shaft t, fills the cavity n, passes through the ten openings, goes out by
the other ten openings (see Figure 3) after being condensed, and is brought
in tho cavity m at each rotary movement which the shaft gives to the coils;
from there the condensed water goes out by the hollow shaft L. t is a pipe
which is fitted on to the ring r; Cis a column furnished with a tube, indicating
the level of the liquid contained in the apparatus with which it is in
communication; it is likewise connected to the apparatus by pipes f, f',
and with Watt's condenser by the pipe g; it serves also to receive the
particles of liquid which the cbullition and suction of the condenser might
have thrown out of the apparatus.
The process for effecting the evaporation of the liquids is as follows:-
First, a vacuum is made in the apparatus by means of air pumps and a
condenser, in communication with the apparatus by means of the pipe g.
The liquid is introduced by the cock h, which draws it in immediately it
is opened until it has arrived at a level to cover the lower part of the coils.
The steam is then let in the shaft L, and the vacuum is maintained by the
action of the condenser and of the air pumps; the liquid is soon set in motion
by the coils, which in turning are covered with a thin coating of liquid,
which they renew at each revolution. It is easy to calculate the instant
when the liquid which exists in the last compartment of the opposite
side to the entrance arrives at a medium density of ten to twelve degrees
Beaumé, by the quantity of liquid which is introduced at each time that
the level lowers, or by maintaining the cock open, so that there may be
a quantity of liquid sufficient to maintain the level always at the same height.
The continuous or intermittent operation, at will, of the evaporation then com-
To have it continuous, the cock, situated at the other extremity of
the apparatus and the vessel R (Figure 2), being in connection with the appa-
ratus by the pipe c, the liquid falls in the vessel by its own weight; this
vessel is thus left to fill, in less than a minute, by isolating it from the appa-
ratus, shutting the cocks which communicate with it, opening the little air
cock i, and by opening the under cock j. As soon as it is empty, the cocks i
and are shut, the communication is established afresh, and the operation con-
mences.

page_text: tinues. The intermittent mode of evaporation is by making a given quantity
of liquid come at once into the apparatus, and at the same time in causing to
fall in the vessel R another quantity of liquid, which will be regulated each
time by the density attempted to be obtained. The quantity which enters the
vessel R is indicated by a graduated glass tube. With two similar apparati, I
produce a double evaporation with a given quantity of steam, by means of a
very simple arrangement; I make equal use of steam going out of a machine
at a high pressure, or of that going out of a generator, or of both at once by
introducing them into the coils of the first apparatus; they come out condensed
into the open air by the other extremity, as has been already described. When
the liquid of this first apparatus is in ebullition, the vapour which escapes from it,
instead of going to the ordinary condenser, is introduced into the shaft of the
coils of a second apparatus, precisely similar to the one before described, which
in this case serves as a condenser, and the steam, in condensing, puts in complete
ebullition the liquid contained in the second apparatus; the condensed steam
is exhausted by air pumps on issuing from the coils, so as to maintain the
vacuum in the first apparatus. The ebullition of the liquid contained in the
second apparatus produces vapours, which pass into an ordinary condenser and
other air pumps. It must be understood that there is a separate working of
the air pumps for each apparatus, and the vacuum must be less perfect on the
first apparatus than in the second, the reason is evident, for if the vacnum in
the first apparatus, as is perfect as in the second, the steam arising from the
liquid would not be sufficiently hot to set the liquid of the second in cbullition,
and it would require four times the number of coils in the second that there are
in the first, to turn to account the latent caloric of the steam which arises from
the first. By making a partial vacuum in the first apparatus sufficient to lower
the column of mercury of a barometer about twelve inches, the steam arising
from it will have about eighty-five degrees centigrade heat, and will put the
liquid of the second apparatus in complete ebullition, which having a partial
vacuum lowers the mercury about two feet at most, will evolve vapours of
seventy degrees temperature centigrade, and will completely condense by an
equal surface of coils with the first apparatus; a triple effect might also be
obtained by the same apparatus in approaching the marked distances by the
manometers of each apparatus. Thus the first apparatus would mark thirty
to thirty-five degrees diminution, and the second forty to forty-five degrees,
and the third about two fect. In the manufacture of beetroot sugar, the
evaporation of the juice may be made from four degrees of density to fifteen
or eighteen degrees, and it is only filtered once before the bake, as the
coloring will be much Jess with this apparatus than by any other means.

page_text: The evaporation will be simultaneously made in both apparati with double
effect, and will be as great in one as in the other. This arrangement allows of
steam being employed as a conductor of the calorie at a temperature less than
one hundred degrees. And having found in practise in the immense advantage
of this, I claim it as part of my Invention for the manufacture of vegetable
extracts.
The air pumps are placed in such manner as to extract the water of the
condensed vapours issuing out the apparatus made by working double, and
to carry them back to a general reservoir, where the condensed water coils
of the appartus described in Sheets II. and IV. is contained. It is the
mixing of these waters that forms the non-interrupted source of distilled water,
solely employed as dissolving conductor, and of which I claim the exclusive
use in the extraction of the soluble parts of vegetables.
Figure 1, Sheet IV., represents a vertical section of the apparatus for the final
concentration of the extracted matter; and Figure 2 a plan of the same, having
the cover removed. The apparatus is composed of two vessels, one placed on the
other, the upper one or the dome A may be separated from the lower one, or the
basin B, by a horizontal metallic bottom F, constructed so as to be able to resist
the pressure of the atmosphere. The case of the dome D is fitted with a pipe
with a cock intended for the introduction of the liquids to be concentrated. A
wide circular opening is made at t, which serves as a man-hole to cleanse the
interior, and which is closed by a lid secured on it by a screw, the junction being
made air-tight by a band of in:lia-rubber or other flexible material. There are
also three discs, one of which is composed of thick glass, which affords facility
for watching the process of concentration, by means of a Locatelli lamp, with a
reflector placed on one of them. The basin B is composed of two circular
pieces of cast iron, which are joined together. The upper part is cast in one
piece, with a rectangular oblong box b, having no communication with the
interior of the basin B, and is connected by an air-tight joint round its upper
part with its horizontal bottom F. This box has a rectangular opening at its
outer extremity, which is closed by a door; above the opening is a stuffing box
7, affording a passage to a screw rod herein-after described; there is a wide
opening at t for the same purpose as that mentioned at t. The basin B is
connected in its middle, by a hollow column n, with the bottom F; it serves to
strengthen the said bottom, and at the same time affords a passage for the
This basin is provided in
shaft G, which passes through the whole apparatus.
its lower part with a coil S, which receives the steam by the cock », and after
having circulated goes out at the point, by a cock which only allows the
water condensed in the coil to escape. There is a stuffing box at t. The

page_text: bottom F has several openings in the form of parallelograms at i, i, i, i, these
openings are situated above the box b, and under them is placed a moveable
plate in the form of a wedge, which is pierced with the same openings at
i, i, i, i. It is held secured by a fixed under plate, which is fitted with open-
ings,, corresponding to the openings i of the bottom F. The moveable
plate p receives a traversing motion by means of the screw rod v, which is fitted
to it by two screw nuts at the point a, and passing through the stuffing box q
it is worked by a handle m, which by giving motion to a screw nut u, fitted
within bearings, causes the screw rod to advance or recede as required.
This plate, by its retrograde motion, connects the openings i, i, with the open-
ings ', ', and the liquid or pasty matters which are on the bottom F, escape
into the lower box b, or advancing over the openings i, i, as in Figure 1, and
intercepts the issue of these same matters as well as the extrance of the
exterior air in the apparatus. The shaft G, which passes through the appa-
ratus, has an arm E bearing a scraper; this scraper is slanting and loaded
with lever weights to form a sufficient pressure against the bottom F, to
detach the pasty matter when it is required to get rid of it. The shaft G
rests on a footstep C, and receives its motion by the bevil wheels G, G.
It passes through stufling boxes so as to avoid the admission of air into
the apparatus. The method to be adopted consists in putting water on the
basin B till it comes above the coil pipe S. A heat of seventy to eighty
degrees is obtained, and vapour emitted serves to heat the bottom F. The
upper cavity communicates with the condenser and the air pumps by the
tube T, provided with a valve; as soon as this valve is opened the vacuum is
shortly produced, and by the cock the liquid to be concentrated or solidified
is let in, taking in care to barely cover the surface of F with the liquid. In a
quarter of an hour the liquid is turned into a pulp, and if it be requisite to
make it solid, it must be stirred with the scraper R, which in its traverse
sends out the bubbles from the mass; the communication between the apparatus
and condenser is then intercepted, an air cock on the cover is opened, and the
vacuum being destroyed by the admission of the air in the apparatus, the
plate p is made to slide back, and the openings i, i, ", being facing one
another, the pulpy matter falis in the box b, as thrown there by the scraper R,
where previously a conduit has been placed by the opening o so as to facilitate
the expulsion of the matter; above the conduit are placed rectangular boxes,
which are lined with paper, and they are filled one after the other. When the
concentration is sufficient, the cooling of the extractive matter is sufficient to
render it extremely hard, then it is easily taken out of the box by shaking the
latter, the paper preventing the matter from sticking to the sides of the box;

page_text: in this state it may be packed in cases ready for sale. The stopper which is
placed at o serves to empty the apparatus of the matter without letting any air
into the apparatus. For this purpose a receiver is placed in the interior of the
box b, afterwards o is stopped, the plate p is opened, and the matter falls; the
openings are closed again, and, in the charging the apparatus with liquid, the
operation continues without delay; in the meantime the receiver is taken out
of the box b, it is emptied of its extract in filling the boxes lined with paper,
another receiver is put in, and the operation continues immediately. This
apparatus is for the manufacture of vegetable extracts, and not for that of
beetroot or cane sugar. During the whole course of the manufacture the
extractive matter is not exposed to a higher temperature than a hundred
degrees.
I claim, first, the cutting machine with one or two cylinders, as herein-before
described.
Second, the apparatus for the dissolving and separation of soluble vegetable
matter from the insoluble bodies to which they are united, by means of distilled
water, at a temperature less than a hundred degrees centigrade.
Third, the apparatus for evaporating in vacuum, with double and treble effect,
by means of the waste steam of an engine, or by any steam expanded at less
than a hundred degrees, working by the differential vacuum of one apparatus
to the other (a new principle), as herein-before explained.)
Fourth, the apparatus for concentrating and solidifying the products with an
agitator in the vacuum with a heat less than a hundred degrees.
Lastly, the system or mode of producing extracts whereon throughout the
entire process the heat is never raised so high as one hundred degrees, nor is
the matter under treatment exposed in any way to a higher temperature.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Jean Jules Varillat, have here-
unto set my hand and seal, this Fourth day of March, One thousand
eight hundred and fifty-two.
W. J. J. (L.S.) VARILLAT.
Taken and acknowledged by the within-named
William Jean Jules Varillat, party hereto,
at Paris, the 4th day of March, 1852,
in the vocaves of