IMPROVEMENTS IN DYEING AND COLOURING WOOLS, HAIRS, SILKS, YARNS, AND TEXTILE FABRICS MADE OF THE MARSDELEO DIGTEN WHOLLY AD PARTIALLY
Year: 1856

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Edward Schischkar, of Halifax, in the County of
York, Manufacturer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN DYEING AND
COLOURING WOOLS, HAIRS, SILKS, YARNS, AND TEXTILE FABRICS MADE OF THE
MARSDELEO DIGTEN WHOLLY AD PARTIALLY
"
Sealed the 18th April 1856, and dated the 1st February 1856.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Edward Schischkar at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
1st February 1856.
I, EDWARD SCHISCHKAR, of Halifax, in the County of York, Manufacturer,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for IMPROVEMENTS IN
DYEING AND COLOURING WOOLS, HAIRS, SILK, YARNS, AND TEXTILE FABRICS MADE
OF THE SAME MATERIALS, EITHER WHOLLY OR PARTIALLY, to be as follows:-
My Invention consists in producing a metallic lustre on entire or mixed
fabrics of wool, silk, hair, and cotton, and on the yarn composed of those
substances, or the raw wool, silk, and hair, before it has been spun.
I have found that salts of metals, namely, those of copper, antimony,
manganese, iron, lead, and bismuth can be acted on by deoxidizing agents,
such as the protosalts of tin, iron, and manganese, arsenious acids, arsenites,
sulpho-arsenites, sulphurets of arsenic, sulphites, hyposulphites, tartaric acid,
and tartarates, and sugars of various kinds, so as to produce a bright and
lustrous appearance to the above-named fabrics, whether in a raw or manu-
factured state.

page_text: .
My Invention consists of two parts; namely, firstly, in the preparation of the
fabric, yarn, or raw material; and lastly; on the production of the lustrous
effect on the articles so prepared.
First, on the preparation. This is effected by taking the articles and
submitting them in an ordinary dye beck, or other similar vessel, to the action
of boiling solutionis; containing certain equivalent proportion's of a reducible
metallic salt and of a reducing agent. The metallic-salts, and their reducing
agents, I have above enumerated.
I will now state, by way of example, how I proceed with a salt of copper,
such as a sulphate:-I take a piece of goods, those generally known as stuff's,
measuring about thirty yards in length, and weighing about five pounds; this
I place in a boiling solution of sulphate of copper and protosulphate of iron, in
the proportion of; 1:19:pounds of the latter and 1·03 of the former for one
piece,.c
.or the same,weight of wool,, silk, or, hair, spun or raw; or, I immerse
the same weight of articles, in a solution of one and one-seventh of a pound of
sugar, mixed at the rate of two thousand grains to a pint of water, and 1.03
pounds of sulphate of copper. I allow the articles so treated to remain half an
hour in this boiling solution, and they are then washed and dried. This will
shew how the other metallic salts and their reducing agents can be employed,
as a scale of chemical equivalents will suffice to shew any ordinary chemist.
I find that it is better to introduce the various ingredients into the bath at
the same time, although their successive application would produce nearly a
similar result. To neutralize the corrosive action of certain of the above]
substances, such as chloride of tin, when employed with copper salts, I add
to the bath employed, in the preparation of the fabrics, yarns, or raw materal,
.certain equivalent-proportions, of the alkaline or, earthy acetates. After the
articles have been submitted to the above preparatory process they must be
washed and dried in the ordinary way.
what
The second part of my Invention consists in raising the lustre on the fabrics,
yarns, or raw..material, so prepared as aforesaid, by subjecting them to the
action of high-pressure steam.
:
绩
On plain. dyed fabrics, yarns, or. raw material, the effect is produced by
mixing the above metallic salts with the dye previous to the articles being
dyed; or I. take plain pieces,, yarns, or raw materials, dye them, and then pass
such dyed.articles.in a solution of the above metallic salts, and after they have
. been so prepared they are submitted to the action of. steam, as herein-before
mentioned.
r

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Edward Schischkar in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
28th July 1856.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, EDWARD
SCHISCHKAR, of Halifax, in the County-of York; Manufacturer.
'
, WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Iler Letters
Patent, bearing date the First day of. February, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-six, in the twentieth year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant. unto
me, the said Edward Schischkar, Her special license that I, the said Edward
Schischkar, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I,
the said Edward Schischkar; my executors, administrators, and assigns, should
at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for IMPROVE
MENTS! IN DYEING AND COLOURING WOOLS, HAIRS, SILKS, YARNS, AND TEXTILE
FABRICS MADE OF THE SAME MATERIALS, EITHER WHOLLY OR PARTIALLY,, upon the
condition (amongst others) that I, the said Edward Schischkar, by an instru-
ment in writing under my hand and seal, should particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was
to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in. the Great Seal Patent
Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the
said Letters Patent...
.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Edward Schischkar, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement (that is to say)...
Wools,, hairs, silks, yarns, and textile, fabrics made of the same, materials,
either wholly or partially, and in a raw or manufactured state, have heretofore
been impregnated with salts or oxides of copper, or salts or oxide of; lead, for
the production of lustre. Now, I have, discovered that wools, hairs, silks,
yarns, and textile fabrics made of the same materials; either wholly or partially,
and in. a raw or manufactured state, when impregnated with the salts or oxides
of copper, or the salts or oxides of lead, can be acted on by reducing. or deoxi-
dizing agents, such as the protosalts and oxides of tin and iron, arsenious acid;
arsenites, ter-sulpheret, of arsenic, sulphites, hyposulphites, sulph-arsenites, and
sugars, so as to impart to them a bright lustrous appearance. The reducing

page_text: or deoxidizing agent which I prefer most is sugar, but other reducing or
deoxidizing agents well known to chemists will effect my purpose. The
reducible salts or oxides of metals which I employ for the impregnation are
those of copper and lead, including the sulphates, acetates, nitrates, tartarates,
and chlorides, and the suboxides and protoxides of copper, and the sulphates,
acetates, nitrates, and tartarates, and the protoxide of lead. The deoxidizing
or reducing agents which I employ are the protosalts or oxides of tin, including
the sulphates, nitrates, acetates, and chlorides; the protosalts or oxides of iron,
including the acetates, nitrates, and sulphates of protoxides and protochlorides,
arsenious acid, ter-sulphurets of arsenic, arsenites of potash, soda, ammonia, and
lime, sulpharsenites of potash, soda, and aminonia; sulphites of potash, soda,
ammonia, lime, and magnesia; hyposulphites of potash, soda, and ammonia;
and sugars.
The methods which I prefer for obtaining such metallic lustres on plain or
dyed fabrics, yarn, and fibres are the following, varying the details of the same
according to the degrees of lustre to be obtained, or the nature of the fabrics,
yarns, and fibres operated upon, as is well understood by chemists conversant
with the use of the above agents. The methods used to produce my lustres
may be divided into two distinct series of operations, namely, first, the prepara-
tion and impregnation of the fabric, yarn, or fibre, with the salts or oxides of
copper, or the salts or oxides of lead, and one of the following substances,
namely, the protosalts and oxides of tin and iron, arsenious acid, arsenites;
ter-sulphuret of arsenic, sulphites, and sugars. (The byposulphites and sulph-
arsenites are treated specially, as herein-after described). And, secondly, the
production of the lustrous effect on the articles so prepared, by submitting
them to the action of steam, in the manner herein-after described. The pre-
paration or impregnation of the fibres, fabrics, or yarns above-named is effected
as follows:-I. dissolve in an ordinary dye beck certain equivalent proportions
of one of the reducible metallic salts and one of the reducing agents (with the
exception of the hyposulphites and sulpharsenites, which will be herein-after
described), such reducible salts and reducing agents as have been above
enumerated, and in the beck so prepared when hot I pad them for the space
of about one hour, or two hours when cold or tepid, with the above-named
reducible salts and reducing agents. The impregnation of the goods being
complete, it is then necessary to wash and dry them, employing for those
purposes any of the ordinary machines or methods now in common use. If [
require the metals to be present in the state of an oxide, I pass the goods before
washing, but after the impregnating process, through a dilute alkaline solution,
composed of potash, soda, or ammonia, or their carbonates, of about one-half á

page_text: degree of Twaddle's hydronicter, or lime, and proceed as above. When I
operate on wools, hairs, silks, yarns, and textile fabrics made of the same
materials, either wholly or partially, and in a raw or manufactured state, with
a salt of copper, such as a sulphate, I take a piece of stuff cloth, measuring
about thirty yards in length, and weighing five pounds; or I take five pounds.
in weight of yarn or wool, silk or hair, in the raw state; these I first wash
with soap; I then take such goods and place them for about an hour in a
solution when hot, and about two hours when cold or tepid; I prefer a tem-
perature of from about one hundred and seventy to one hundred and eighty
degrees Fahrenheit. This solution is composed of twenty gallons of water,
1.24 lb. of sulphate of copper, and 0.94 lb. of protochloride of tin, or the same
quantities of water and sulphate of copper, and the following proportions of
cach of the reducing agents, namely, 1.07 lb. of sulphate of tin, 1.21 lb. of
nitrate of tin, 1-18 lb. of acetate of tin, 1.39 lb. of the sulphate of the protoxide
of iron, 0-87 lb of the acetate of iron, 0.635 lb. of the chloride of iron, 0.900lb.
of the nitrate of iron, 0·990 lb. of arsenious acid, 1.46 lb. of arsenite of potash,
1.30 lb. of arsenite of soda, 1.51 lb. of arsenite of ammonia, 1.27 lb. of arsenite
of lime, 1.28 lb. of ter-sulphuret of arsenic, 0.79 lb. of sulphite of potash,
0.63 lb. of sulphite of soda, 0.58 lb. of sulphite of ammonia, 0-60 lb. of sulphite
of line, 0.52 lb. of sulphite of magnesia, or 0.41 lb. of sugar. When I use a
nitrate of copper, I take a piece or quantity of the measure and weight before
stated, and after washing it place it for the times above mentioned in a solution
composed of twenty gallons of water and 0.938 lb. of nitrate of copper, and
0.94 lb. of protochloride of tin, or the same quantities of water and nitrate of
copper, and the following proportions of each of the reducing agents, namely,
107 lb. of sulphate of tin, 1-21 lbs, of nitrate of tin, 1·18 lb. of acetate of tin,
1-39 lb. of sulphate of the protoxide of iron, 0.87 lb. of acetate of iron, 635 lb...
of chloride of iron, 0.900 lb. of nitrate of iron, 0.990 lb. of arsenious acid,
1.46 lb. of arsenite of potash, 1.30 lb. of arsenite, of soda, 1-51 lb. arsenite
of ammonia, 1.27 tb. of arsenite of, lime, 1.23 lb. of ter-sulpheret of arsenic,
0-79 lb. of sulphite of potash, 0.63 Ib. of sulphite of soda, 0.58 lb. of sulphite of
ammonia, 0-60 lb. of sulphite of lime, 0.52 lb. of sulphite of magnesia, and
041 lb. of sugar. When I use tartarate of copper, I take a piece or quantity
of the measure and weight before stated, and after washing it place it for the
times above mentioned in a solution, composed of twenty gallons of water and
1:80 lb. of tartarate of copper and 0.94 lb. of protochloride of tin, or the same
quantities of water and tartarate of copper, and the following proportions of
each of the reducing agents, namely, 1.07 lb. of sulphite of tin, 1.21 lb. of
nitrate of tin, 1-18 lb. of acetate of tin, 1-39 lb. of sulphate of the protoxide of

page_text: iron, 0.87 lb of acetate of iron, 0.635 lb. of chloride of iron, 0.900 lb. of nitrate
of iron, 0.990 lb. of arsenious acid, 1.46 lb. of arsenite of potash, 1.30 lb. of
arsenite of soda, 151 lb. of arsenite of ammonia, 1:27 lb. of arsenite of line,
1:23 1b. of ter-sulphuret of arsenic, 0.79 lb: of, sulphite of potash, 0.63 lb. of
sulphite of soda; 0.58 lb. of sulphite of ammonia, 0-60 lb. of sulphite of lime,
0.521 of sulphite of magnesia, and 0.41 lb. of sugar.
When I use acetate of copper I take a piece or quantity of the measure and
weight before stated, and after washing it place it for the time above mentioned
in a solution composed of twenty gallons of water and 0.998 lb. of acetate-of
copper, and 0.94 Ib. of protochloride of tin, or the same quantities of water and
acetate of copper, and the following proportions of each of the reducing agents;
namely, 1:07 lb. of sulphate of tin, 1.21 lb. of nitrate of tin, 1-18 lb. of acetate
of tin, 1-39 lb: of sulphate of the protoxide of iron, 0-87 lb. of acetate of iron,
0.635 lb of chloride of iron, 0:900 lb. of nitrate of iron, 0·990 lb of arsenious
acid, 146 lb. of arsenite of potash, 1.30 of arsenite of soda, .151.-lb. of
arsenite of ammonia, 1.27 lb. of arsenite of lime, 1.23 lb. of ter-sulphuret of
arsenic, 0-79 lb. of sulphite of potash, 0.63-lb. of sulphite of soda, 0.58 lb.
of sulphite of ammonia, 0-60 lb. of sulphite of lime, 052 lb. of sulphite of
magnesia, and 0.41 lb. of sugar. When 1-use chloride of copper I take a piece
or quantity of the measure and weight before stated, and, after washing it place
it for the time above mentioned in a solution composed of twenty gallons of
water and 0.66 lb. of chloride of copper, and 0.94 lb. of protochloride of tin,
or the same quantities of water and chloride of copper, and the following
proportions of each of the reducing agents, namely, 1.07 lb. of sulphate of tin,
1:21 lb. of nitrate of tin, 1.18-lb. of acetate of tin, 1.39 lb. of sulphate of the
protoxide. of iron, 0-87 lb. of acetate of iron, 0:635 lb. of chloride of iron,
0.900 lb. of nitrate of iron, 0.990 lb. of arsenious acid, 1.46 lb. of arsenite of
potash, 1-30 lb. of arsenite of soda, 1.51 lb. of arsenite of ammonia, 1.27 lb.
of arsenite of lime, 1.23 lb. of ter-sulphuret of arsenic, 0.79 lb. of sulphite of
potash, 0-63 lb. of sulphite of soda, 0.58 lb. of sulphite of ammonia, 0-60 lb. of
sulphite of lime, 0.52 lb. of sulphite of magnesia, and 0.41 lb. of sugar. I then
wash and dry the goods in the ordinary ways.
When I operate on wools, hairs, silks, yarns, and textile fabrics made of the
sainė materials, either wholly or partially, and in a raw or manufactured 'state,
with a salt of lead, such as an acetate, I take a piece of stuff cloth, measuring
about thirty yards in length, and, weighing five pounds; or I take five pounds in
weight of yarn or wool, silk or hair, in the raw state; 'these I first wash with
soap; I then take such goods and place, them for about an hour in a solution
when hot, and about two hours when cold-or-tepid: I prefer a temperature

page_text: of about one hundred and seventy to one hundred and eighty degrees Fabren-
heit. This solution is composed of twenty gallons; of, water and 1-89 lb. of
acetate of lead, and 0.94 lb. of protochloride of tin, or the same quantities of
water and acetate of lead, and the following proportions of each of the reducing
agents, namely, 1.07 lb. of sulphate of tin, 1.21 lb. of nitrate of tin, 1.18 lb. of
acetate of tin, 1.39 lb. of sulphate of the protoxide of iron, 0.87 lb. of the
acetate of iron, 0.635 lb. of the chloride of iron, 0.900 lb. of the nitrate of iron,
0.990 lb. of arsenious acid, 1.46 lb. of arsenite of potash, 1.30 lb. of arsenite of
soda, 1.51 lb. of arsenite of ammonia, 1.27 lb. of arsenite of lime, 1.23 lb. of
ter-sulphuret of arsenic, 0-79 lb. of sulphite of potash, 0.63 lb. of sulphite
of soda, 0.58 lb. of sulphite of ammonia, 0-60 lb. of sulphite of lime, 0.52 lb. of
sulphite of magnesia, or 0.41 lb. of sugar.. When I use nitrate of lead, I take a
piece or quantity of the measure and weight before stated, and after washing it
place it place it for the time, above mentioned in a solution composed of twenty
gallons of water and 1.66 lb. of nitrate of lead, and 0.24 lb. of protochloride of
tin, or the same quantities of water and nitrate of lead, and the following
proportions of each of the reducing agents, namely, 1·07-lb. of sulphate of tin,
1.21 lb. of nitrate of tin, 1.18 lb. of acetate of tin, 1.39.lb. of sulphate of the
protoxide of iron, 0.87 lb. of acetate of iron, 0.635 of chloride of iron,
0-900 lb. of nitrate of iron, 0.990 lb. of arsenious acid, 1.46 lb. of arsenite of
potash, 1.30 lb. of arsenite of soda, 1.51 lb. of arsenite of ammonia, 1.27 lb. of
arsenite of lime, 1.23 lb. of ter-sulphuret of arsenic, 0.79 lb. of sulphite 'of
potash, 0.63 lb. of sulphite of soda, 0.58 lb. of sulphite of ammonia, 0-60 lb.
of sulphite of lime, 0.52 lb. of sulphite of magnesia, or 0.41 lb. of sugar. When
I use tartarate of lead, I take a piece or quantity of the measure and weight,
before stated, and after washing it place it for the time above mentioned in
a solution composed of twenty gallons of water and 2.43 lb. of tartarate of
lead, and 0.94 lb. of protochloride of tin, or the same quantities of water and
tartarate of lead, and the following proportions of each of the reducing
agents, namely, 1.07 lb. of sulphate of tin, 1-21 lb. of nitrate of tin, 1.18 lb.
of acetate of tin, 1.39 lb. of sulphate of the protoxide of iron, 0.87 lb. of
acetate of iron, 0.635 lb. of chloride of iron, 0-900 lb. of nitrate of iron,
0.990 lb. of arsenious acid, 1:46 lb. of arsenite of potash,, 1.30 lb. of arsenite
of soda, 1.51 lb. of arsenite of ammonia, 1.27 lb. of arsenite of lime, 1.23 lb.
of ter-sulphuret of arsenic, 0.79 lb. of sulphite of potash, 0.63 lb. of sulphite of
soda, 0.58 lb. of sulphite of ammonia, 0.60 lb. of sulphite of lime, 0.52 lb. of
sulphite of magnesia, or 0.41 lb. of sugar; I then wash and dry the.goods
in the ordinary ways. I find it better to introduce the various ingredients
into the beck at the same time, although their successive application will

page_text: produce nearly similar results. To neutralize the corrosive action of certain
of the above substances, such as, for instance, the protochloride of tin, I add
to the beck employed in the preparation of the above fabrics, yarns, or fibres,
the chemical equivalent. of an alkaline or earthy acetate any of the following
namely, acetates of potash, soda, ammonia, or lime, will answer my purpose.
The fabrics, yarns, or fibres so prepared, are then submitted to the action of
high-pressure steam, for the purpose of raising the lustre on them. Several
methods may be adopted for this purpose, but I prefer to use a damp current
of steam at about thirty pounds pressure to the square inch, although in some
cases a lower pressure will suffice. In order to obtain the steam in this
required damp condition, I enclose a cotton cloth, moistened equally through-
out, by passing it through the rollers of an ordinary padding machine, either
with water or an extremely dilute alkaline solution of one of the following sub
stances, namely, potash, soda, ammonia, or their carbonates, marking about one
quarter of a degree of Twaddle's hydrometer, and lime, between two dry cotton
cloths; I then roll these three pieces of cotton cloth together with the goods
to be lustred, which are on the outside on a hollow perforated cylinder, such
as is ordinarily employed in dye works for steam goods in the operation
of roll boiling and setting," enclosing the whole in a stout cotton wrapper.
The cylinder is then placed on a steam tap, and a current of steam of
about the above-mentioned pressure, forced through it for the space of
about half an hour, by which time the lustrous effect will have been
produced. When I employ hyposulphites of potash, soda, or ammonia,
or sulph-arsenites of potash, soda, or ammonia, my method of proceeding
is as follows:-I impregnate the fabrics, yarns, or fibres with the salts
or oxides of copper or lead by boiling them for about one hour in solutions
of those metals of the strength above described, say, twenty gallons of water to
each of the following, salts and oxides of copper and lead, in the following
quantities: 124 lb. of sulphate of copper, 0.938 lb. of nitrate of copper, 1.80 lb.
of tartarate of copper, 0-998 lb. of acetate of copper, 0 66 lb. of chloride of
copper, 1-66.b. of nitrate of lead, 2.43 lbs. of tartarate of lead, and 1.89 lb. of
acetate of lead in an ordinary beck, washing and drying them by any of the
ordinary and well-known machines and methods. To raise the lustre; I moisten
a cotton cloth with a saturated solution of either hyposulphite of potash, soda,
or ammonia, or sulph-arsenite of potash, soda, or ammonia, and enclose it
between two dry cloths, and then roll the three, cloths together with the pre-
jared goods on a steam cylinder, similar to the one above described. To
produce the lustre equally over the whole surface of the goods, a current of
steam of about thirty pounds pressure to the square inch must be passed tlirough

page_text: the cylinder for about half an hour. These lustrous effects as above described
may be produced before dyeing, and the goods can be dyed afterwards, or the
goods either during or after dyeing may be subjected to the above-described
methods, and similar results will be obtained.
I wish it to be distinctly understood that I do not confine myself to the
precise details above described and referred to; but what I claim is, the pro-
duction of metallic lustres by the application of reducing or deoxidizing agents
and steam to the fabrics, yarns, and fibres above mentioned, in the manner and
for the purposes herein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Edward Schischkar, have heretofore set
my hand and seal, this Twenty-sixth day of July, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-six.
EDWARD SCHISCHKAR. (L.S.)