Improvements in or connected with Pneumatic Tyres for Wheels and in Devices therefor.
Year: 1893

page_text: Date of Application, 23rd May, 1893
Complete Specification Left, 27th Mar., 1894-Accepted, 23rd Aug., 1894
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in or connected with Pneumatic Tyres for Wheels
and in Devices therefor.
I, HENRY LOUIS PHILLIPS of No. 57 Moorgate Street in the City of London
Gentleman do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
My present invention relates to improvements in or connected with pneumatic
tyres for wheels (such for instance as the pneuniatic tyres used in velocipedés) and
in devices therefor.
Pneumatic tyres as hitherto employed for the wheels of velocipedes consist of a
detached air-tube of rubber, enclosed in a cover of india-rubber and canvas
secured to the metal rim of the wheel. The air-tube is furnished with a nozzle-
valve through which the air is forced by means of an air-pump, thus expanding
the elastic air-tube, and enabling it to fit closely inside the cover and so support it
and render the tyre fit to sustain the weight of the machine and its rider.
Hitherto, such air-tubes have only been inade from india-rubber of good quality
and are consequently expensive. My novel invention is mainly devised to avoid
the use of an expensive rubber air-tube, and to cheapen and improve the external
circumferential portion of pneumatic tyres generally. Or, if a rubber air-tube be
employed then to more effectually save it from injury, and also if desired to entirely
prevent escape of air from the nozzle or valve.
My invention therefore relates (a) To the separate air-tube made or formed
(instead of from india-rubber) from any sufficiently air-tight material or substance,
or from any flexible non air-tight material or substance which shall be afterwards
rendered sufficiently air-tight by means of things and processes afterwards set forth
(b) To the protecting cover for an air-tube (whether of india-rubber or otherwise)
made or formed from materials or substances afterwards described (c) To the
nozzle-valve or nozzle employed to conduct and retain the air forced through it
into the air-tube or air-chamber, which nozzle I make absolutely air-tight as
hereinafter described; (d) To the forming the tyre with an air-chamber (instead
of with a separate air-tube) by means of processes things materials and substances
afterwards set forth; and (e) To the protection of the annular cover itself by means
of a strip or strips of sufficiently yielding material or substance secured preferably
to the outside of such cover.
My improved air-tube may be made as follows which I'give here only by way of
general illustration, as several methods may be adopted.
I take tough paper, or I take flexible material such as linen, calico, or other
fabric, and form it into an annular tube of the length and diameter required and
secure the ends firmly together, and fix on the tube a suitable air-valve. I dip
such tube of paper or of fabric into hot melted wax (such as paraffin-wax or
bees-wax) so as to coat it thoroughly and make it air-tight and then force air through
the valve, and when the waxed tube is sufficiently expanded I cover it with more
wax or with more paper or more fabric also dipped into wax or into cement.

page_text: I then sometimes take more paper or cotton or linen cloth, or I take canvas and
cover or wrap the same, or some of them round the tube and so gradually build it
up (employing suitable wax or cements or adhesive mixtures therefor as required) to
the strength or rigidity desired to.make the air-tube.
In forming the air-tube, it may be supported upon a circular shape in one or
more pieces or upon other suitable mould. It may be made in several pieces.
Such air-tube will be protected by a detachable cover of rubber and canvas
secured to the metal rim of the wheel or by such other cover as may be thought
desirable or is described below. The valve of the air-tube may also be hermetically
Bealed by the means hereafter described.
Sometimes I prefer to form an air-tube as above or herein set forth, and after
expanding it then to build upon it a stout cover as below described. That part of
the cover to be brought into contact with, or nearer the road may he made
thicker than that part of it which is protected by and lies against or in the metal
rim of the wheel, and some of the flexible materials composing it may be made
sufficiently wide to facilitate attachment to the wheel-rim.
My aforesaid novel air-tube may be formed of one or more thicknesses of
sufficiently tough paper, thin pasteboard, paper-pulp (moulded to shape) linen,
silk, cloth, cotton-cloth, canvas, india-rubber cloth, leather, leather-cloth, artificial
leather, thin oil-cloth vegetable fibre (as matting) wool compressed at great
pressure, animal membrane, vegetable parchment or parchment paper or from any
other suitable sufficiently flexible material (except india-rubber alone) or from any
suitable fabric. It may also be made from suitable composition or substance or
from any sufficiently air-proof fabric or material (other than india-rubber which
alone is in use for air-tubes at the date hereof) such for instance as rubber-cloth
and the like.
.
To prevent escape of the air (while being forced into the air-tube and afterwards)
through the material substance or composition of which my novel air-tube may be
formed, I make the same sufficiently air-tight (unless tlie air-tube is made from
already sufficiently air-tight material) by an application of one or more of the
following things, that is to say, varnish, oil-paint, suitable lacquer, oil, melted
paraffin wax, melted beeswax or other melted wax, melted stearine, melted grease
or fat, india-rubber solution, gutta percha solution, or any like or other suitable
solution. Or I may employ any suitable mixture or composition therefor such as
linseed oil and resin, linseed oil resin and powdered cement (such as gypsum) or
linseed cil and cement, or boiled linseed oil alone, all such oil mixtures being
applied hot, or sometimes I employ plaster of Paris applied thinly, pitch, thin glue
(preferably marine glue) or like or other cement or sufficiently air-proofing
substance, such as rubber cement, shellac or other gum dissolved in methylated
spirits of wine or other solvent.
The air-tube may be further protected if desired in which case such outer portion
or covering of the air-tube may be of canvas, rubber, gutta percha, canvas and
rubber in combination, one or more strips of compressed wool (which has been
compressed by hydraulic or other power) a sufficient thickness of paper, pastė-
board, feltine or paper felt, wood pulp or paper pulp (moulded thereon) bladder or
other membrane vegetable parchment, thin oil cloth, or any other suitable fabrics
substances or materials. All herein described materials may be placed either
lengthwise or bound round the tube as may be desirable or necessary.
"
As I generally prefer that such outer annular part shall be built up gradually
upon the air-tube described I employ suitable adhesive mixtures, cements wires
compositions, waxes, and stiffening materials therefor (and some of which I have
already herein enumerated) and I apply the sume in any suitable manner.
+
I generally prefer to protect the air-tube from injury by inserting in or between
some of the materials used one or more annular strips of thin sheet metal, such as
thin steel plate, thin zinc or aluminium or gutta percha, or other suitable substances.
Sometinies they may be made rough so as to better hold to the cement, and they may
*be curved in the direction of their width. Or, strips of cane or bamboo may be used,
i.

page_text: or thin wood. Sometimes such strips of metal or other substance may be placed
between the air-tube and the cover.
Occasionally I insert such strip or strips between a detachable india-rubber air-
tube (when one is used) and a cover or casing of an ordinary pneumatic tyre. Or,
for such tyres as well as for my improved tyre I may use strips of pasteboard or
wood-pulp board or the like. The strips of metal or other substance may be placed
by the side of each other or between different layers of the material used.
I sometimes employ chemical processes for hardening some of the materials or
substances herein described. For instance, I use a solution of copper, or cupro-
ammonium to imprnate (when suitable) the materials or fabrics used herein, so
as to stiffen and to someant waterproof them or to firmly cement such suitable
materials or fabrics firmly together.
The nozzle or nozzle valve may be fixed to the air-tube in the usual manner and
when it is not possible to get at the air-tube for repairs by reason of the
construction of the tyre, then in order to effectually prevent escape of air through
the valve I cement it over or cover the opening with a piece of metal and solder it
thereto or I may use solder alone.
The air-tube and cover will be secured to the rim of the wheel by any suitable
meaus. More than one air-tube may be used.
Some of the materials or substances herein set forth or referred to may be
pressed or moulded into shape previous to placing them in position.
In some cases I prefer not to form an air-tube as a first and distinct step in the
construction of my novel tyre but prefer instead to build up a hollow cushion or
tyre of inaterials or substances (such as these herein described) upon a suitable
shape or mould which when withdrawn will have formed the desired air-chamber.
The nozzle or valve will be fixed over an opening made in such cushion and
communicating with the air-chamber, and it may be permanently closed as
set forth.
My improved air-tube may sometimes be finished and laid in and upon the
metal rim of the wheel prepared to receive it and the covering (such as I have
already described) be placed over it and secured to the wheel rim in the usual
manner or the ordinary cover of rubber and canvas may be used and so secured to
protect my said air-tube.
A strip of compressed wool as already herein described may be placed upon the
outside of a rubber and canvas cover and fixed thereto in any suitable manner.
Such compressed wool may be of any suitable kind. Or the rubber and canvas
may be the outer cover and the compressed wool be placed at the back. Or thick
rubber solution may be placed on a foundation of compressed wool or such
compressed wool may be placed between other of the materials herein enumerated
or described, or.immediately in front of an air-tube whether of rubber or of other
material.
In some cases 1 employ an artificial rubber for all or any of the purposes for
which india-rubber may be advantageously used.
:
I sometimes form. or mould that part of a rubber tyre which is to come into
contact with the ground with studs or other raised. portions of suitable shape, and
at the back of such rubber I place a strip of sheet metal, (such as I have already
described) but I cut or punch out pieces therefrom-corresponding with the size and
shape of the base of each raised portion described. When such metal strip is in
position and secured by cement each thick rubber portion will be without metal at
its back and each thin portion will be protected by metal of corresponding shape
so that the bad effect of puncture upon the rubber may be in some degree
minimized without much increase of weight to the tyre. The back and front of
the metal strip will be cemented as desired. Thin metal may also be used to
support the tread aud worked into the substance of the tube.
Dated this Twenty-third day of May 1893.

page_text: Improvements in, or connected with Pneumatic Tyres for Wheels,
and in Devices therefor.
I HENRY LOUIS PHILLIPS of 57 Moorgate Street in the City of London
Gentleman do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner
the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement :-
As generally constructed, pneumatic tyres for certain wheels (such as velocipede
wheels to which my present invention more particularly relates) consists of a
detachable annular air-tube, made from vulcanized thin shoet india-rubber, and
enclosed in a thicker strip of sheet india rubber folded lengthwise (or moulded of
proper shape) to form an annular protecting, cover or jacket therefor, which is then
secured to the metal rim of the wheel in any desired manner. The air-tube.is
furnished with a nozzle-valve, through which by means of an inflator air is forced
into the tube, thus expanding it, and enabling it to fit closely. inside the cover, and
support it, and so render the tyre fit. to sustain the weight of the machine, and its
rider.
Although my prescut novel invention as will be hereafter seen is designed
amongst other things to avoid the use. of expensive sheet rubber applied to the
construction of such tubes, and covers for the purposes described, by substituting in
place thereof annular tubes and covers of novel or cheaper construction as herein-
after particularly appears, yet it is also designed to improve generally (and either
inside or outside) the external circumferential portion or protecting cover portion of
pneumatic-tyres, illustrations of which are hereinafter fully set forth.
Also in, those cases, where it may be preferred to employ a rubber air-tube of the
usual description (either as a separate detachable. rubber tube to be placed inside
the usual or any other suitable cover, such for instance as is herein described so as
to form therewith a pneumatic-tyre, or as a fixed rubber tube to form, the internal
rubber air chamber of a pneumatic-tyre) then, by means of certain devices forming
part of my present invention to more effectually protect such, rubber air-tube or
air-chamber from being injured from causes which may arise, either from within.or
from without as hereinafter more particularly appears.
My present invention also relates inter alia to a novel method of making the
separate air-tube from any suitable and flexible, sufficiently air-tight, materials or
substances, or from any suitable and flexible,non air-tight materials or substances
which are rendered, aufficiently air-tight by means of things, and processes applied
thereto as hereinafter set forth; to devising protecting covers for air tubes,
whether such be made of india-rubber or otherwise made. or, formed as hereinafter
particularly described in several illustrations; to forming the tyre as a whole from
materials substances and, things with an air-chamber forming part thereof (instead
of with a detachable air-tube) as hereinafter particularly described; and to pro-
tecting the annular cover portion of the tyre by means of a strip or of strips of
sufficiently yielding pliant flexible materials or substances of any desired shape
secured preferably to the outside (but may be sometimes placed at the inside) of
such cover portion.
To prevent needless repetition herein it is to be clearly understood that the several
air-tubes and air-chambers herein described, are furnished with suitable nozzle or
other air-valves.
My novel invention of forming the separate air-tubes and the detachable covers
therefor, as well as the pneumatic tyres as a whole as hereinafter described, mainly
consists in building them up or constructing them respectively from a sufficient
number of pieces, strips, layers, and thicknesses of suitable flexible materials fabrics
substances and things, some of which are herein described (and if more than one

page_text: such, then super-posed as may be desired) and applying thereto or combining
therewith, suitable sufficiently adhesive preparations to attach auch pieces, sheets
an layers together, and also other preparations which are applied to such pieces,
strips and layers in order to render the flexible materials and fabrics air-proof or
sufficiently air-proof for the purpose, and some of which preparations suitable for
such purposes are hereinafter set forth. Lu-some cases, I prefer for such purposes
to use as described materials or fabrics which are already sufficiently air-proof and
some of which are hereinafter described.
**
The devices and arrangements bereinafter set forth, as well in relation to the
materials used, as in the method of their application and distribution for the
purposes described are only given by way of illustration generally of my invention
as it will be obvious that every variation possible to be made by interchanging a
considerable number of materials, substances and things, cannot possibly be
exhaustively set out herein, and therefor other materials and things may be
employed and other arrangements and distributions than those herein particularly
described may be also made and adopted without departing from the scope or spirit
of my invention.
As illustrative but not exhaustive of my invention, it will be herein seen that my
novel separate detachable air-tubes for the purposes set forth, devised to be placed
within covers of the description hereinafter given, instead of being formed from
sheet india-rubber as is customary may be built up or constructed from a sufficient
number of sheets or pieces of sufficiently air-proof paper, or from a sufficient
number of layers, thicknesses or pieces, of suitable sufficiently flexible and air
proof materials or fabrics, and some of which are hereinafter particularly
described.
The air-tube proposed to be formed therefrom is preferably built upon a circular
mandrel of the size and section desired for the particular tube desired to be made,
and having
removable portion or gap as will be readily understood by persons
skilled in the art of making pneumatic-tyres, and such mandrel will be the core or
internal mould to form the interior parts of any of the novel various tubes herein
described. The different sheets, layers or pieces will be laid upon and over the
mandrel or core (and either lengthwise upon the mandrel or round it spirally or
otherwise or both), and when removed from the mandrel or core, their respective
ends will be secured together by means of sufficient suitable adhesive preparations,
such as some of those hereinafter described.
I
When a sufficient number of such sheets or layers have been arranged to form the
air-tube (and sometimes several thicknesses may be required), and after jointing up
the tube into annular form it is allowed to dry; but sometimes I remove it from the
mandrel after the first layer or thickness or so has been obtained, and then joint up
the tube into annular forin and continue the process of building up the tube to the
thickness required. I here mention however, that where it is desired to employ an
iuner protecting tubular cover to be drawn over an air-tube (as particularly described
at a later part of this Specification) that the air-tube will not be jointed into
annular form, but its two ends will be closed so as to be air-tight and so form what
is known as a butt ended tube and the ends be left free so as to butt against each
other when the tube is curved into aunular form. It will be understood that I
sometimes choose to employ preparations of an air-proofing character (some such
being hereafter given herein) to coat some or all of the different materials used as
above described. I also employ adhesive preparations (some such being also herein
given) to cement the different sheets or layers together some of which partake of
the character of each description.
The thickness of the substance of the tube will obviously depend upon the number
of strips, pieces or layers of material or fabric employed by the maker and the
quantity of adhesive and air-proofing preparations used. In the process of building
up the air-tube, the different pieces of material or fabric used, will be pulled or
stretched tightly, and properly rubbed down with suitable tools or appliances, so
that creases may be avoided.

page_text: Sometimes the air-tube is dried at various stages of the process as well as when
rompleted in a store or heated chamber; but the heat applied will depend upon
the character of the particular materials or fabrios or adhesive or other mixtures
employed. One end of the air-tube may be sometimes arranged to fit into, the
other end, and secured therein by suitable cement and by layers of suitable material
bound over them so as to form an annular tube, and a nozzle valve will be fixed
upon the air-tube so that air may be forced into it. I have thereinafter described
several methods and combinations for forming air-tubes from sufficiently, air-
proof materials or fabrics according to my invention, but such are to be taken
as illustrative only and not exhaustive thereof for the reasons, already herein
explained.
;
バ
In a similar mauner I form a separate detachable air-tube for the purposes
described of the length and diameter desired from a sufficient number of sheets,
pieces layers or thicknesses of suitable sufficiently flexible non air-tight materials
or fabrics (some of which are hereinafter described) which during the process of
building up or constructing such air-tube as already described are rendered
sufficiently air-tight for the purposes required by means of preparations, some of
which are hereinafter described, and applied to such pieces. in sufficient quantity
for the purpose of rendering such materials or fabrics air-proof or sufficiently
-air-proof. I also employ adhesive preparations to attach such layers thicknesses or
pieces to each other as already set forth. A nozzle valve will be attached to such
tube in the usual manner and to prevent needless recapitulation I refer to the last
paragraph above for details relating to construction which apply equally to the
present device..
:
Occasionally I prefer to take an annular air-tube of the usual well known
description made from sheet india-rubber, and I inflate it sufficiently. by means of
a nozzle valve attached thereto, and while so inflated I coat it with suitable
adhesive preparation and then cover it with a sufficient number of sheets, pieces
layers or thicknesses of suitable flexible materials or fabrics (some of which are
hereinafter described) and in that manner and with more adhesive preparation if
required, build up and construct a cover therefor and thus form an annular
pneumatic-tyre for the purposes-named, of any desired diameter and length and
having an interior rubber air chamber. I employ therewith some of the suitable
preparations hereinafter described for the purpose of rendering the pieces of
material or fabric employed as set forth sufficiently air-proof and I show herein
several examples which are however only illustrative and not exhaustive of my
novel invention for the reasons already herein given..
It will be thus and also hereinafter seen (in the several illustrations given by me
herein as illustrative but not to be regarded as exhaustive of my invention) that
my novel separate covers for air-tubes are built up or constructed from à sufficient
number of sheets, pieces. layers, or thicknesses, of suitable flexible, niaterials or
fabrics (some of which are hereinafter described) or from combinations thereof,
and that employ therewith preparations of an adhesive character and other
preparations of an air-proofing character (and some of which preparations partake
of both characters) for the purposes herein set forth. In like manner, as will be
hereafter seen,
I construct or build up pneumatic-tyres which are complete. in
themselves, that is to say, they are formed with an air-chamber (with which a
nozzle-valve communicates) made in the substance composing the tyre.
Instead of employing an air-tube of sheet rubber, and forming a cover therefor
by building suitable materials upon it as set forth above, I sometimes prefer first
to make an air-tube from layers or pieces of flexible materials or fabrics, in the
manner already described herein, and when completed and the nozzle-valve attached
thereto, I fill it with air under pressure and coat it with suitable adhesive
preparation, and then cover it with a sufficient number of layers or pieces of
suitable flexible materials or fabrics (some of which are hereinafter described)
and in that manner build up and construct a cover therefor and so form an
annular pneumatic-tyre for the purposes named of any desired diameter and

page_text: length. I employ therewith some of the suitable preparations hereinafter
described for the purpose of rendering the pieces of material or fabric employed
sufficiently air-proof, and I give herein several examples which are only in
illustration of and not exhaustive of my novel invention for reasons already
explained..
.. ",
But whether a detachable air-tube be of rubber, or be constructed in the novel
manner herein described, I generally prefer to construct an external anṇular
cover therefor (to complete the construction of the pneumatic-tyre). According
to my novel invention, I'form such separate cover upou a suitable gap-mandrel.of
the length and particular section required; and I proceed to, form such cover, not
as a tube, but so that it shall have its central underneath portion in the direction
of its length left open sufficient. width; so that the cover shall have two free
longitudinal edges, devised to fit into the rim of the wheel in any, suitable manner
and so secure it thereto. Each such free edge will be devised to take one or more
metal wires or hooks or. it may be enlarged, or have a bead formed thereon of the
usual description so as to engage with the rim of the wheel in any customary For
desired manner. When the air-tube is laid in the hollow of the rim, the cover will
go: over it and. keep it in place. I form the external cover from a sufficient.
number of layers or pieces of suitable materials or fabrics (some of which are
hereinafter described) arranged in any suitable manner, and I employ suitable
adhesive and air or water proof preparations therewith (some of which are
hereinafter given) ns and for the purposes already herein-set forth, and so build up
or construct the hollow annular cover desired.
One of the main features of my present invention being to protect air-tubes
from injury when in use, which injury, as is well known, inay arise either from
their being punctured from the outside or, from their bursting through over
inflation, or through undue expansion of the air in the tube through solar heat,
I sometimes for the first named reason employ a separate protecting strip of thin
metal or other suitable substance to go sufficiently over the tube, and therefore of
any desired width, and I either employ it of flat section or curve it transversely so
that when bent into annular shape and placed over the annular air-tube and
preferably between such tube and its outer cover or tyre portion (or sometimes it
may be placed outside) the said air tube will be protected against accidental puncture
from flints, thorns, or other things upon the roadway. I hereinafter fully describe
such a strip or cover and give illustrations of its application. I also describe other
covers for protecting the air-tube from injury arising from other causes.
.!
An economical form of pneumatic tyre for the purposes set forth, consists in
forming it, as a whole, that is to say without a separate detachable air-tube and
simply as an annular tube of the size and thickness required, the annular hollow
portion thereof being the required air-chamber and having a nozzle valve
communicating therewith and fixed upon the tyre for the purpose of forcing in air.
Such tube will be built up or formed from a sufficient number of layers or pieces of
'suitable materials or fabrics (some of which are hereinafter described) upon a
circular mandrel as already set forth (which mandrel will give the shape and size
of the air-chamber) and suitable preparations (such as some of those herein.
described) will be used as already set forth for the purpose of causing the several
pieces of material or fabric employed to adhere together as well as to render such
materials or fabrics (or some of them) air proof or sufficiently air proof. The
thickness of the substance of the tube will depend upon the quantity of materials
and preparatious used. The construction of such novel hollow pneumatic-tyre
will differ but slightly from that of my novel air-tube already herein described at
length, to which I refer; but inasmuch as the outer portion of my novel tyre
should be constructed so as to stand considerable wear and tear,. I. generally
complete it by placing suitable canvas or rubber upon the outside portion: of the
tyre and cementing it thoroughly thereto.
The following illustrations exhibit the means by which my invention is carried
into effect; but they are given as illustrative.only, and not exhaustive thereof...
+

page_text: ILLUSTRATION 1.
A simple, economical form of air-tube for a pneumatic-tyre' is formed by me
from sufficiently tough paper, upon a suitable annular gap-mandrel or former of the
section desired, such as is used for like purposes. It will be made from strips of
paper wound preferably spirally, or arranged longitudinally upon the mandrel, an
such strips will be cemented together with' thin glae or other cement, and as many
strips will be used as are necessary for the purpose. It will be formed of annular
shape; and its ends be either joined together or made butt-ended as desired. It
will be dipped into hot' melted wax (such as paraffin wax) so as to retain the
air. A nozzle valve. will be attached thereto. Sometimes I employ rubber or
öther solution to coat some of the strips. I strengthen the tube with fabric such
as cotton fabric, or canvas, and such may be used as strips wound round preferably
spirally, or placed longitudinally upon the tube as desired. The canvas may be
thickened at its centre by doubling or otherwise as herein set forth especially when
longitudinally employed. Such air-tube will be built up with suitable adhesive or
other mixtures, so as to render it air-tight, and also water-proof. The air tube
may, at the commencement, be made in several pieces upon a suitably curved
monld or moulds, and the respective pieces be joined together to form the annulus
and cemented; coated and covered with paper or fabric as desired. This air-tube
is placed on the rim of the wheel (preferably a hollow rim) and kept in place
therein by solution or other means, as well as by means of an india-rubber cover of
the usual description (or any other desired cover) placed over it, and secured to
the wheel rim by any of the usual devices. I do not claim any particular method
of attaching the cover to the wheel, as several are in use. I give no drawing of
this device as its construction is sufficiently simple; but it is claimed in Claim 1
hereof.
ILLUSTRATION. 2.
Instead, however of making the tyre precisely as shewn in Illustration 1,
I sometimes make it as follows:-1 build up the tyre from a sufficient number of
strips of fabric, such as canvas, either arranged longitudinally upon the mandrel or
former, or bound ronnd it, and if so, then preferably spirally or helically. The
mandrel when removed will have formed the air-chamber. I employ therewith,
suitable cement (such as rubber solution) to cement the strips together.
Sometimes I insert between the strips of fabric, or some of them, a strip or strips
of waxed paper. Strips of fabric especially when longitudinally employed, are
preferably strengthened at the tread by folding or thickening as hereinafter
described. A nozzle-valve will be attached. The air-tube placed in the wheel
rim, and I then cover the tyre with a strip of vulcanized rubber preferablý
moulded in the usual way, of the shape desired, and placed longitudinally thereon,
and brought over the sides of the wheel rim (preferably a hollow rim) and the
edges of such rubber will be fixed to the sides or under part of the rim by means
of canvas and cement in the manner already well known. This device is claimed
in Claim 2 hereof; but I do not give any drawings.
ILLUSTRATION 3.
A modified form of the tyre described above, is to furnish it with sufficiently
wide strips of fabric, such as canvas, inserted between rubber, some of which
strips have extended portions, so as to facilitate attachment of the tyre to the
wheel rim.
Such a device is as follows:-I take an air-tube of rubber of the usual kind,
and expand it to the size required: This will be the air-chamber of the tyre.
I then coat it with one or more strips of fine canvas and cement them with rubber

page_text: 6
waxed and similarly used). Finally, I attach strips or pieces of canvas to the tube
by means of cement (such as rubber solution) and place the tube upon the wheel-
rim and then by means of such strips I fix the tube to the wheel-rim and solution
them thereto in the manner already well known. This device is not shown in the
drawings but is claimed in Claim 5 hereof. The cupro-ammonium solution referred
to, is made from a strong solution of ammonia, such as that known to chemists as
eight-eighty" in which sufficient copper has been dissolved. The ammonia is
preferably placed in a large glass vessel having an air-tight stopper, but only in
sufficient quantity to occupy about three-fourths of the vessel. Copper in long
strips is placed therein and the stopper removed daily for a few minutes and the
liquid shaken so as to promote air-contact. When the liquid is of so dark a colour
that it cannot be seen through, it can be used. The time occupied in making the
solution sufficiently strong, will depend upon the quantity of copper placed in the
vessel. Strips of paper intended to be stuck together should be soaked until they
feel somewhat slimy. Fabric will take somewhat longer than paper, and may be
dipped more than once if desired to be very stiff or hard; but the strength of the
solution will determine the time required for treating the materials.
ILLUSTRATION 6.
In this modified form of my invention I make the entire pneumatic-tyre
(consisting of the air-tube and cover combined in one) solely from canvas as a
material therefor. I first take a strip of canvas of fine quality (or any other
equivalent suitable fabric; but I prefer canvas) cut of the length width and shape
desired to form the annular air-chamber of the tyre (and preferably cut upon the
bias) and I make it up as an annular tube with a nozzle valve attached. I form
such air-chamber upon a suitable mandrel, and fold its edges over and stitch them
together and also use suitable cement therefor (as rubber solution). I then
connect the ends together to make the annular tube (or each two ends may be
closed in any desired manner, and the ends be made to butt together to form the
annular tube) I then coat it with suitable cement, such as strong india-rabber
solution (and sometimes the canvas may, before being cut into the strips have
been treated on one or both of its sides with suitable air-proofing solution). I
allow it to dry and I then inflate it, and wind round it somewhat narrow strips of
canvas (preferably spirally) to which I also apply rubber or other sufficiently
elastic solution. Any required number of strips may be so wound round the
tube of canvas, and preferably some will be wound in one direction and some in
another.
The tube or tyre will be attached to the wheel rim by means of strips or pieces
of canvas and rubber or other ceinent, bound round the wheel rim, or fixed in any
other desired manner. The canvas may be treated with any suitable solution so
as to preserve it from decay, such as that I have described in Illustration 5.
device is claimed in Claim 6 hereof, but I give no drawing thereof.
ILLUSTRATION 7.
This
In this and some of the following illustrations, it will be seen that I make the
pneumatic-tyre without a rubber outer cover, and a cheap and efficient tyre
(having a fixed and not a detachable outer portion) will be constructed in the
following manner :-I take an annular rubber air-tube of the usual kind, of the
length and diameter required for the wheel rim it is to fit, and by means of
the valve attached, I inflate it in the usual manner. I then bind it tightly round
(preferably spirally) with suitable fabric,. such as thin strip canvas of the kind
well known (or with tape) and I cement the same thereto with rubber or other
suitable elastic solution. I then take other strip canvas or tape and also bind it
round the tube described (and preferably in a contrary direction) and employ
olution as before, and sometimes I take another strip of canvas and with strong

page_text: them, may be attached or cemented longitudinally upon the tube and not round it.
Thin metal (such as flat wire) may be used to support or re-enforce the tread,
worked into the outer substance of the tyre, that is to say, the canvas longitudinal
strips before they are attached as set forth. I then place the tube or tyre in the
wheel-rim and attach it thereto by binding it with strip canvas and rubber
solution in the customary or in any other desirable manner. This device is claimed
in Claim 7 hereof; but I give no drawing as the device will be easily understood.
ILLUSTRATION 8.
As a modification of Illustration 7, I generally prefer (instead of building up
the tyre as therein set forth) to make the annular outer part of the air-tube as a
detachable canvas cover, so that the air tube may be easily got at and repaired if
necessary, and I construct such canvas cover as follows:-
I take a strip of canvas of good quality, and of the length of the air-tube it is
intended to protect, and of such width as will enable it to engage with the wheel
rim, either by beads formed upon its longitudinal edges of the description well
known, or by wires as may be desired (but I make no claim to the method of
attachment) I cover or coat the inside of such canvas strip with a strong elastic
cement or solution (such as rubber solution) and I then attach thereto, in like
manner, one or more strips of similar canvas, and thus build up to the required
thickness the cover desired.
The edges of the canvas strips will be turned over or thickened, to form edges
to engage with the wheel rim, and they may be stiffened with wire, or metal or other
strips, in any desired manner. Or the edges of the canvas may be devised to hold
wires for the purpose of fixing the cover to the rim or the edges of the canvas
may be otherwise suitably devised for a like purpose. I then stitch the several
strips of canvas together at their edges, and elsewhere thereon (such as the tread
portion) with strong thread, or fine wire, so as to strengthen or re-enforce the
canvas, and sometimes I place central longitudinal canvas strips in or upon the
canvas cover at the tread portions. The cover will be placed over the rubber
air-tube (when in place on the wheel rim) in the usual manner and be attached
to such rim as desired. This device is claimed in Claim 9 hereof.
Thin
In the construction of covers forming parts of tyres (and whether of canvas or
other materials, or of rubber as generally employed) I generally prefer to stiffen
and combine together the materials employed, by means of wire of suitable metal
applied, stitcbed, and worked into such materials, in any desired manner.
metal may also be used to support or re-enforce the tread portions of covers (or
that part likely to be affected by contact with the ground) worked or stitched into
the substance of the cover, or tube, to any desired extent. As a suitable form of
thin metal for such purpose, I generally prefer flat wire of any suitable metal.
The substance or materials may when worked with wire in such manner be greatly
strengthened and rendered less liable to be punctured or injured. These devices
are claimed in Claims 10 and 11 hereof.
I am aware that a wide strip of canvas and vulcanized sheet rubber have been
used in combination for the outer detachable covers of tyres, and I make no claim
therefor to such. I give no drawing of this illustration.
ILLUSTRATION 9.
A slight modification of Illustration 8 is to make the detachable cover from
several strips of canvas as set forth; but to incorporate therewith horse-hair cloth.
In such case, I generally interpose a strip of horse-hair cloth between the first
and second strips of canvas forming the detachable cover. Such strip I prefer to be
only of the width of the tread or wearing portion and therefore place it centrally
between the strips. Sometimes however I use more that one strip of horse-bair cloth.

page_text: Instead of inserting a shallow bag containing strips treated as set forth in the
last illustration, I prefer to saturate or treat the surface of the materials themselves.
which I have herein described as used in the construction of the pneumatic-tyres or
parts thereof, that is to say, the air-tubes, and the various protecting covers of
materials or fabrics inserted between the air-tube and cover, or built in, or
incorporated with, the latter as herein described, for instance I apply to the
rubber, canvas, paper, pasteboard, cloth, cord, string, or other like substance fabric
or material, hot melted resin or a mixture formed of resin and oil (such as linseed
oil) for which purpose I take resin preferably crushed small or powdered and I
take oil and place them together into a suitable iron vessel supported over several
gas jets and allow the resin to gradually dissolve. Oil will be gradually added as
required and the character of the mixture will be tested from time to time by
means of strips of material dipped into it. The mixture when cold upon the strip
should not render the strip too stiff. In some cases the mixture may be applied
with a brush to parts of the canvas only, as for instance to those parts where
devices are provided (as shown herein) to stiffen the materials, and so prevent
stretching of the fabric. This device is claimed in Claims 20 and 21 hereof.
ILLUSTRATION 15.
When I intend to form the separate annular air-tube or the annular air-chamber
herein set forth, from a strip or strips of flexible material or fabric such as canvas
or other fabric I sometimes prefer to do so by forming it spirally or helically, that
is to say, I wind it spirally upon a suitable gap or other mandrel of the shape and
size desired (such as I have already herein described) and while doing so, cement
the parts of the strip or strips so wound together with sufficiently elastic cement
(such as rubber solution). The strip or strips of canvas or other fabric, may have
been also previously treated with suitable air-proofing solution or otherwise made.
sufficiently air-tight. The edge portion of the strip in winding it may if desired.

page_text: rest upon or overlap the previously wound portion of the same strip to any extent.
desired. The air valve will be connected with such tube. I then wind another
strip of cauvas in like manner (spirally or otherwise as desired) upon the first
named strips, or I wind a length of sufficiently hard cord thereon using therewith
cement or solution in like manner, and sometimes I wind a second length of hard
cord thereon. The said tube may be butt-ended or the ends may be joined together
in any suitable manner and for such purpose, will be obviously removed from the
mandrel at an early stage of the manufacture. The tube formed as here set forth,
will be laid in the wheel-rin, and a detachable cover of any suitable kind desired
used therewith, or it may be fixed to the rim by pieces of canvas and cement in the
manner well known, but I make no claim therefor. The above devices are claimed
respectively in Claims 22 and 23 herein.
With the view of obtaining a spirally or helically shaped circumferential external
portion to an annular rubber air-tube, so that a pneumatic-tyre when formed by
being built up thereon of the description herein set forth, may also have helically
shaped projections upon its outer circumference; or with the view of forming spiral
or helical projections upon a rubber air-tube intended to go inside a detachable
cover I form the rubber air-tube in the manner set forth in Illustration 15 when
describing air-tubes of fabric, that is to say I take a strip of rubber of the length
thickness and width desired, and wind it spirally upon a suitable mandrel such as is
herein described or is in use by tyre makers and I employ suitable solution to
cement the parts of the tyre together such as rubber solution. The edge of the
strip in winding it, may rest upon or overlap the previously wound portion of the
same strip to any desired extent. The ends of the tube as I have already
mentioned will be either butt-ended, or joined together as desired.
This method of forming the rubber air-tube so as to have helical projecting
portions on its outer circumference as above set forth, will enable it to be used as a
helical rubber air-chamber for built up tyres; or, as a helical air-tube enclosed in
a suitable detachable cover, the helical projecting edges being utilised when in
contact with the inside of the outer cover to diminish or prevent creeping of such
tube. This device is claimed in Claim 25 hereof.
ILLUSTRATION 18.
A slight variation of Illustration 17 (to which I refer) is to take an ordinary
rubber air-tube of the size desired and after inflating it sufficiently, then to wind
upon it. (and preferably spirally) one or more strips of rubber which will be fixed
to the air-tube by means of suitable cement. The edge of such strip or strips may
overlap the previously wound portion thereof to any desired extent as already
described. This will form what is known as a single tube pneumatic tyre.
wind thereupon narrow strips of canvas or place thereon longitudinal strips of
canvas, or take a sufficient number of smaller pieces of canvas, and by means. of
then

page_text: ILLUSTRATION 19.
I generally prefer to protect from external puncture when in use, the separate
annular rubber or other air-tube which forms the inner portion of a pneumatic-
tyre, by placing outside that portion of such air-tube which is liable to be so
punctured and between it and that part of its detachable cover (of any suitable
kind) which goes over it, a strip of thin sufficiently flexible and suitable metal
(preferably a strip of ribbon steel) such strip may be of any desired width and
section as hereinafter shown and will be sufficiently long when bent into annular
form and the ends secured and placed in position, to protect the air-tube. The
edges of the curved strip must obviously not touch the wheel-rin under any
circumstances or the resiliency of the tyre will be destroyed. In this present
illustration, I preferably curve it transversely so that in cross-section it shall be of
nearly semi-cylindrical shape, or of such other curved sectional shape as will best
protect the air-tube at the wearing parts, or parts liable to puncture. The longi-
tudinal edges of the metal strip will be preferably turned slightly outward so as
not to cut the substance of the tube when fully inflated and in use. The steel strip
will be preferably galvanized, coppered or tinned by any suitable means (such as
by electrical agency) so as to diminish or prevent oxidation. The metal strip may
be also covered with fine canvas, leather, or fabric cemented thereto with rubber
solution or otherwise.
The air-tube of rubber or other substance, will be laid upon the rim of the
velocipede wheel (to which description of wheel my present statement refers) and
be then sufficiently, but not fully inflated, by means of the attached air-valve.
The annular metal curved strip of nearly semi-cylindrical or other cross-section
will be placed over and rest upon it, and its two end portions preferably fastened
together in any desired manner; but I prefer to braze the ends together and also
to rivet them. Sometimes, I bind the curved metal strip to the air-tube with
canvas or other fabric or material. The usual detachable external rubber cover
(or any other suitable detachable cover) preferably somewhat thicker at the tread
or wearing part, will be then placed over the curved metal strip in the usual way
and be secured tightly to the wheel rim in any desired or customary manner (of
which several methods are in use) such as by beads engaging with the rim or by
wires or by lacing and the air-tube be then completely inflated, by which means
the metal curved strip will be forced agaiust the inside of the rubber cover and
so be kept securely in place.
Sometimes I attach the curved strip to the air-tube by cement. The fore-
going description in illustration only of iny novel invention is claimed by me in
Claim 27 herein, and the upper part of the tyre is shown in cross-section at
Figure 2 of the drawings, where A is the elastic air-tube, B the outer cover
(here shown as of rubber) and D the metal annular curved strip placed between
them.
Methods of fastening the cover to the rim are neither shown nor claimed for
the reasons herein above stated. In some cases aluminium suitably alloyed may
be used as a suitable metal for the annular strip or hoop herein and hereinafter
described and is claimed in Claim 28. The hoop may be made without joined
ends as an unbroken hoop.
0.
ILLUSTRATION 20.
generally however prefer not to place an annular strip of metal, whether
curved in cross-section or flat, immediately next a rubber air-tube, but instead,
to place a strip of any suitable material such as canvas between the rubber air-
tube and the metal, and preferably for such purpose,. I employ the annular

page_text: A simple but modified form of pneumatic-tyre devised to contain my novel metal
strip made into annular form by connecting its ends together and placed so as to
protect the air-tube as already herein set forth (but not in this present illustration
having a detachable outer protecting cover) is made as follows: I take an annular
rubber air-tube of the description in common use, and of the length and width

page_text: desired, and inflate it sufficiently but not completely by means of the air-valve, so
as to form the annular air-chamber of the tyre, and then upon its outer circum-
ference (ie. at the tread or wearing portion) I attach preferably by means of
suitable cement, such as india-rubber solution (or it may be merely placed thereupon
and kept in place by the complete inflation of the air-tube and the binding material
hereinafter described) a thin flat annular strip of flexible metal of the description
already above given (such as properly tempered ribbon-steel) but I sometimes
prefer to very slightly curve its longitudinal edges outward for the reason already
set forth. The ends of the metal strip will be connected together so as to form an
annulus, and I do this by brazing and riveting. I place such inflated annular
rubber air-tubo with the annular strip or ban l surrounding it, in place upon the
wheel rim, and I then take a strip or strips of canvas or other suitable fabric or
flexible material, and bind such canvas round (1) the air-tube (2) the metal strip
attached to it, and (3) the said wheel rim so as to connect all three parts firmly
and tightly together, and I use for such purpose strong rubber or other solution
applied to the canvas and to the rim. I then take an annular india-rubber pro-
tecting or outer cover of the usual well known description, and of the length width
and thickness desired (but owing to the protection now afforded the air-tube by
means of my metal ring such outer cover may be made thinuer than usual) and I
place it over the tube (and canvas) and attach it to the wheel rim. In this illus-
tration, and with this particular form of combination, I prefer to use what is known
as a hollow wheel rim with a flat surface, accordingly I bring the longitudinal
edges of the said rubber cover down upon the outer sides of the rim, and fix such
edges thereto by means of strips of fine canvas placed over the edges of the said
rubber cover and cemented to them and to the wheel-rim by means of suitable
solution (as rubber solution), so that the edges of the rubber cover will be kept
in place against the sides of the rim in the manner already well known to tyre
makers.
I generally prefer that the metal strip mentioned in the foregoing and following
illustrations when fixed in annular form, shall be somewhat less in circumference
than the outer circumference of the rubber tube and its canvas or other cover (if
any) which it is the object of the said metal strip to go over and protect.
More
especially do I prefer such to be the case as in the present and subsequent
illustrations, where a metal annular strip of flat section is intended to be used.
Such device will operate to compress the air column longitudinally.
I also sometimes prefer that the metal strip shall be coppered or tinned to prevent
rust and I generally encase it in a thin rubber or canvas cover by means of rubber
solution so as to keep the steel from contact with the rubber air-tube and also to
assist its fixture to the air-tube when I employ solution therefor. The wheel rim
being flat at its surface and the metal annular band being also flat, the section of
the tyre will be practically rectangular. The metal strip will be about the widtb
of that of the inflated air chamber. Figure 5 of the drawing shows in cross-section
the combination of parts described in this illustration, wherein A is the rubber air-
tube; D the flat metal band; H the canvas cemented to the metal band; C the
canvas cover binding the tube and metal band firmly to the rim ; B the rubber
outer cover; I, I canvas pieces cemented to the edges of the cover and to the
wheel-rim; and F the wheel-rim. This device is claimed in Claim 32 hereof.
ILLUSTRATION 24.
Sometimes a strip of metal may be inserted between any of the various materials,
fabrics or substances used in building up either a pneumatic-tyre or a detachable
protecting cover for the air-tube. The example now given is a useful modification
of my invention, where I employ a flat annular strip or band of metal such as a
strip of thin steel, (as ribbon steel) as a protection to the annular air-tube contained
in a pneumatic-tyre. Such flat strip I generally prefer shall in width be about
equal in diameter to the inflated air-tube it is desired to protect, and I preferably

page_text: Garnier, or very sigutly curve, and then turn under, its
longitudinal, edges, so that that part of the outer rubber or other cover, which will
come in contact with it, may not be cut or injured by being pressed against any
sharp edges. The metal strip will be of such. annular length as will protect or fit
accurately the outer circumference of the air-tube when inflated, and its ends will
be fastened together by brazing or by riveting; but I generally prefer to both
rivet and braze the ends together. A useful form of this device, in which, the outer
annular cover is detachable from the air-tube but does not carry the anuular metal
strip, is constructed in the following manner: I take a rubber air-tube of the well
known description and inflate it in the usual manner by means of the air-valve
attached thereto. Upon the outer circumference thereof at the part corresponding
with the tread or wearing portion of the tyre, I place my annular flat metal strip
(preferably thin ribbon steel) and I sometimes cement it to the air-tube by means
of suitable solution or composition, such as strong india rubber solution. I
generally prefer to galvanize or to coat the metal strip with copper as set forth and
also to enclose the metal strip in thin canvas with cement. Over the whole I place
a strip or strips of canvas sufficiently wide to cover part or all of the air-tube to
which it will be cemented or solutioned (such strip or strips may be placed either
longitudinally upon or bound round the tube) by which means the air-tube will be
further protected, and the metal strip be better held in place upon the air-tube.
When the tube, constructed or protected as here described, is laid upon the wheel
rin, I place a detachable rubber outer cover of the usual description of any
required thickness (but preferably thin) over it, which will be secured to the wheel
rim in any desired or customary manner; but I do not claim herein any particular
method of attaching the cover to the wheel rim as several methods are in common
use, and my invention here set forth has reference only to the protection of the
air tube from injury in the manner shown. Generally however, I prefer to use
what is known as a hollow rim having a flat surface as calculated to give greater
resiliency to the tyre. Figure 6 of the drawing shows the air-tube, canvas cover,
and metal band encased in canvas as described, wherein A is the rubber air-tube;
D the metal band; C the canvas cover holding the metal band D in place upon the
air-tube. The outer detachable cover is not shown, or the wheel rim.
particular variation is claimed in Claim 33 herein.
ILLUSTRATION 25.
This
As a slight variation of the method above described (Illustration 24) the outer
cover instead of being loose or detachable as there set forth (but not shown in the
drawing) may if preferred be cemented by means of suitable solution to the inner
canvas strip C which goes over the metal strip and air-tube as described. The
outer cover may be attached thereto either wholly or in part, that is to say,
preferably only at its tread or wearing portion, in which case its free longitudinal
edges may be devised to engage with the wheel rim and be attached thereto in any
customary or suitable manner. Or, if the outer cover be entirely attached to the
canvas strip so as to surround the tube, and thus have no free edges, then the tyre
will be attached to the wheel rim by means of canvas placed over it or fixed to it
and solutioned thereto, and then bound to or fixed to the wheel rim by means of
cement as rubber solution or other suitable means. As this device is only a
modification of Illustration 24, I refer thereto for the general construction but I
claim this variation in Claim 34, and Claim 35 respectively.
ILLUSTRATION 26.
As a further variation I give the following: Instead of placing the flat metal
strip (preferably slightly curved at its edges) immediately upon and next the
inflated elastic rubber air-tube, and cementing it thereto by means of suitable

page_text: an annular canvas strip to the air-tube. Such canvas strip will be of the length of
the inflated rubber tube and may be sufficiently wide to surround it, so as to act as
a cover to prevent bursting of the tube from undue expansion from any of the
causes set forth herein; or it may be only a strip wide enough to cover the tread
portion or the tread and part of the two sides of the air-tube; but in any case,
I place the metal flat strip described upon the canvas cover, and cement it thereto
with solution or cement and secure the two ends of the metal strip together by
rivets and by brazing as set forth. I then cover the whole with an outer cover of
sufficiently thick rubber which may be lined with canvas if desired and is preferably
detachable. I claim this arrangement in Claim 36 hereof, and show it in Figure 7
where the air-tube, canvas cover, and metal strip are in cross-section, A being the
air-tube; C the canvas cover, and D the metal strip. The outer detachable cover
is not shown. As I do not claim fastening methods therefor, the tyre will be
attached to the rim in any suitable manner either by means of the free edges of the
outer cover engaging with the rim as usual or by means of canvas enclosing the
tyre and bound round the wheel rim (as set forth in some of the illustrations herein)
or in any other approved manner. The metal strip if preferred, may, like the
previous illustration, be covered with canvas; but the figure shows it uncovered.
ILLUSTRATION 27.
As a modification of the foregoing device shown in Illustration 23 I generally
prefer that the annular outer cover for the protection of the air-tube of the
pneumatic-tyre shall be detachable or distinct from the air-tube and that it shall
also carry or contain the aunular metal strip of flat or nearly flat section described,
instead of such metal strip being attached to the rubber air-tube as I have therein
shown. This arrangement will admit of the air-tube being easily got at and
removed, and another inserted in place at any time. I make such detachable cover
to contain the device for protecting the air-tube as follows: I take a strip of
rubber (preferably a suitably moulded strip) of the length width and thickness
required to form the external part of the tyre or the outer detachable cover, and to
the inside of such strip or cover I attach one or more strips of canvas preferably of
equal length and width by means of suitable cement or solution (such as india-
rubber solution). I then generally prefer to attach in like manner one or more
additional strips of canvas to the said inside of the cover so as to strengthen it; as
for instance by placing a narrow or other strip of canvas at the tread portion of the
cover, and cementing it thereto. but sometimes they may be omitted. As the metal
strip adequately protects the air-tube I generally place any additional strips of
canvas at the sides of the cover. In order to form an annulus or hoop for the
purpose described I take a strip of thin sufficiently flexible metal (such as thin
steel) of the length of the air-tube it is to protect and of suitable width which has
preferably been galvanized or coated with an electro deposit of copper or other
suitable inetal, so as to protect it from oxidation or rust (and I generally also
prefer to cover such metal strip with thin rubber or fine canvas attached to it by
rubber or other suitable solution as described) and I place it centrally upon the
inside portion of the cover of rubber and canvas described, and sometimes I secure
it thereto with cement or solution and I generally also cover it with a strip of fine
canvas cemented to it and to the cover by solution as set forth so as to keep the
strip of metal in place in the cover. The ends of the metal strip will be riveted
together so as to obtain and preserve the annular form, and sometimes I braze them
in addition.
The edges of the outer detachable cover here described, may be devised to
engage with the rim of the wheel either by beads or enlarged edges or by wires or
by other suitable means as may be preferred, (but I make no claim to the method
of fixing the detachable cover to the rim as several well known methods are in
constant use). In some cases however, the cover may be attached to the rim of the

page_text: wheel by its edges being brought down against the outsides of the rim and retained
there by means of pieces of canvas cemented to them and to the wheel rim as
already herein set forth. When the outer cover, constructed as described, is placed
over the air-tube in position upon the rim of the wheel, and fixed to the rim, and
such air-tube is sufficiently inflated my novel pneumatic-tyre will be ready for use.
A nozzle air-valve will be provided for the air-tube of the usual description.
Instead of building up by degrees the outer cover by adding to the rubber outer
part thereof the various separate strips of canvas and metal, and then cementing
them separately thereto as in this illustration above particularly described, to form
the complete detachable annular cover, I generally prefer to first place together in
the order desired, the several strips of canvas of various widths with the thin metal
strip to be also attached and all superposed as I have here shown, and attach them
together by cement or solution as set forth, and then in order to keep the metal strip
centrally in position upon such arrangement of pieces, I stitch, which this device
enables me to do, with strong thread, the canvas strips together close to and on
both sides of the metal strip, and then I fix such arrangement or combination of
pieces inside the rubber outer strip by means of strong solution as already
described.
The metal annulus is intended to be flat or nearly flat as I have said, but I generally
prefer to turn its longitudinal edges slightly outward, so as to prevent injury or
cutting of the canvas or rubber, as for instance when the rider is turning corners,
and the velocipede is then necessarily inclined from the vertical position. The
longitudinal edges of the canvas strips or some of them may be also stitched
together. Figure 8 of the drawing shows the arrangement of the outer cover of
rubber and canvas and the metal annulus as here described in cross-section,
wherein B is the outer cover of rubber, and C the canvas strip carrying D the
metal annulus enrased in canvas, and C¹ is the strip of canvas to keep it in place.
The air-tube is not shown herein as no parts are connected therewith.
I may sometimes vary the arrangement of some of the inner strips, or I may
of my
leave out the canvas next the rubber cover without departing from the scope
invention as here set forth, for instance instead of the canvas lining, I may
prefer to use a strip of rubber, or I may use a strip of rubber over such canvas
strip, and solutioned thereto. This device is claimed in Claims 37, 38, and 39
hereof.
ILLUSTRATION 28.
A variation of the pneumatic-tyre shown in Illustration 24, consisting of a
thus constructed: The
separate air-tube and a detachable outer cover therefor,
air-tube is of rubber of the usual kind and inflated. Upon its outward portion,
I place a strip of thin ribbon steel as already described about one inch wide and flat;
but such strip is preferably encased in fine canvas attached to it by rubber solution.
The metal annular strip will encircle the annular air-tube; but I generally prefer
that when made up, and its ends brazed and riveted together, in the manner
described it shall be somewhat less in circumference than the external circumference
of the air-tube. I then place over the metal annulus a strip of fine canvas cut
somewhat wider than the metal ring and cement this with rubber solution over the
strip longitudinally, so as to keep it in place, or a canvas strip or strips may be
bound round the air-tube and its metal ring and cemented. This tube will be then
placed in the rim and the outer cover of rubber or other material will be placed
over it, and be devised by means of beads or wires to engage with the wheel rim
(but I make no claim to any method of attachment thereto as many systems are in
use). The cover will be preferably of rubber, and to the inside I fix the longitudinal
strip of canvas and the short flexible links described by me elsewhere herein, and
generally cemented to the cover by means of rubber solution, and claimed herein.
I give
no drawing of this device, as the section is similar to that of Figure 6; but
it is claimed in Claim 40 herein.

page_text: A modification of the last described illustration is as follows: I take a rubber
air-tube with the walls made preferably somewhat thicker than usual, and inflate it.
Upon its outer circumference I place the annular flat thin steel strip of smaller
circumference described in the last illustration (28) fixed in like manner, and over
it, the fine canvas strip also therein set forth. When the tube and the rubber outer
cover are in place upon the wheel rim, I partly inflate the air-tube so as to keep the
cover in position, and I then place upon the outer circumference of the rubber
outer cover a non-expansible band of canvas devised to prevent longitudinal
extension of the tyre (I have herein described such bands in Illustration 71). With
the use of such outer band, I do not usually employ the long and short strips or
links described in the preceding illustration. I give no drawing, but this device is
claimed in Claim 41 hereof.
ILLUSTRATION 30.
When the quality or temper of the metal used for the annular metal flat or
curved strip, herein described, permits of it being done (as for instance when soft
steel is used) I sometimes roughen or form in or upon such strip by stamping or
otherwise with dies operated in a press, suitable corrugations, depressions or
projections. Such strip when employed in combination with material or fabric in
or upon which rubber or other solutions are used, will more readily take such
solutions and adhere more firmly to the material. Where such a metal strip is
placed outside an air-tube and sufficiently secured thereto with the corrugations or
projections described on its outside and a rubber or other external cover is placed
immediately over such metal strip, the said corrugations or projections will engage
with the inside portion of the comparatively soft rubber or other cover and prevent
it from "creeping" without diminishing the value of the strip as a protector for the
air-tube. The projections made will not be so sharp as to injuriously puncture the
outer cover. Where the metal strip is sufficiently curved I preferably make
the projections at the sides of the cover instead of at the tread.
Figure 9 of the drawing illustrates my device upon a flat strip (but projections of
other shape may be used). In some cases I employ a strip of smooth light metal
(such as the thin ribbon steel mentioned) to go underneath the corrugated or
roughened metal strip and between it and the air-tube, or it may be a strip of
suitable material such as rubber or one or more thicknesses of paper.
is claimed in Claim 42 hereof.
This device
ILLUSTRATION O1.
ILLUSTRATION 1.
As a further variation of novel invention,
my
may ha my strip of thin metal,
such as I have described in some of the preceding illustrations inside the detachable
cover intended to be the outside cover. Such strip may be of any suitable width
and section and will be of sufficient length to protect the air-tube intended to be
placed within the cover.
It will be placed inside the detachable outside cover of rubber or other materials
at the tread or wearing portion of such cover, and it will be attached thereto either
by means of rivets, or by suitable solution or cement. Or, it may be first attached
by rivets to a strip of material such as canvas and then that will be fixed by
cement (such as rubber solution) to the outer cover. I have claimed this variation.
in Claim 43 and shown it in Figure 10 of the drawings which illustrates the upper.
part of the tyre in cross-section (methods of attachment not being claimed by me)
wherein D is a strip of metal, having canvas cemented thereto, fixed to the detach-
able cover B but the canvas strip above described as having the metal riveted
thereto is not shown in this figure and sometimes the metal strip may be of curved
section so as to go over the sides of the cover as already described.

page_text: When a pneumatic-tyre is constructed as a somewhat thick or large air-chamber
of rubber, or of canvas and rubber, or other materials, and formed as a large flat
air-cushion, or air-disc, (forming practically an air-tyre and air-wheel in combina-
tion as in certain pneumatic-wheels now in use) I generally prefer to attach to the
trend, or that portion of the outer circumference of such air-tube (or such flat
air-cushion or disc (which corresponds with the tyre portion of a wheel and is liable
to be punctured when in use, a strip of thin suitable metal, such as thin steel (as
ribbon steel or spring steel) of the length of the external circumference of such
pneumatic device and of any desired width and preferably suitably curved
transversely so as to correspond with the transverse curve of the outer circum-
ference of the tube or cushion. 1 fix such metal strip to the tread of the air-tube
or flat air-cushion preferably by means of cement or solution of the kind
generally used, and then I cover it with a wider strip of sufficiently thick rubber,
and cement or solution that to the strip, and also to any desired extent on either
side of the strip to the substance of the tube or cushion.
Sometimes I use canvas, and sometimes also canvas and rubber, or other suitable
material such as I have enumerated herein, and I may use several thicknesses
thereof and so build up an outer part which when cemented as set forth, will keep
the metal strip in place upon the tread and so prevent puncture of the air-chamber
and yet preserve resiliency. I do not give any drawing but this variation is claimed
in Claim 45 hereof.
ILLUSTRATION 34.
Or, the strip of suitable metal described in the last illustration, may be first
securely riveted to a separate strip of rubber or rubber and canvas or to canvas
alone or to other suitable flexible material which will be then placed upon the
circumferential or wearing portion of the pneumatic-tyre or pneumatic-cushion, and
be secured thereto by solution or cement. I then place a strip of rubber of
sufficient length and width to cover over and overlap the strip of metal (and also the
attached rubber strip) so that when the cement or solution is applied to such flexible
strip it will adhere sufficiently to the substance of the tyre or pneumatic wheel as
the case may be. A variation hereof is to take the metal strip riveted as described
to the flexible material and then to place it as set forth on the outer circumference
of the tube or cushion; but with the metal next to the tube or cushion and the
rubber or other material to which it is riveted outward. In such case I generally.

page_text: prefer to cut the strip of rubber or other material of such width as to take
a considerable volume of the cement or solution applied to it to cement it to the
tube or cushion. A further variation is to fix the metal annular strip to the outer
circumference of the pneumatic tube or pneumatic cushion by riveting it securely
thereto, and then to cover the metal with a strip of rubber, or rubber and canvas,
or canvas alone, wider than the metal strip, and cement it with rubber or other
solution thereto and to the tube or cushion. These variations are claim al
respectively in Claims 46, 47 and 48 hereof, but no drawings are given.
In some cases it may be preferred not to carry the sides of a separate curved
metal strip (such as those strips shown in Figures 2, 3 and 4 of the drawing) much
beyond that point which sufficiently protects the tread or wearing portion, yet it
may be thought desirable to also protect the upper part of the sides of such air-tube
from being punctured from the outside. I therefore sometimes prevent the two
longitudinal side portions of the cover of rubber or other material which goes over
the air-tube, from being punctured at their upper parts by attaching to such cover
at its outside or at its inside (as may be preferred) and either by riveting or by
suitable cement or by both, two strips (one at each side) of thin metal, such
as ribbon steel (but they may be of other suitable material such as thin gutta-
percha or other substance) attached to or worked into or inserted between the
material or materials composing the cover and solutioned or stitched thereon,
as desired. Such strips may be made in segmental portions.
In this manner the upper part of the nearly parallel sides of the cover will carry
the means of protecting so much of the air-tube at its upper part, as may not be
already protected by the curved annular metal strip herein before described, and
thus by combination of the parts, the pneumatic tube will be completely protected.
Figure 12 of the drawing shows in cross-section the upper part of a cover B (here
shown as of rubber) the lower part of which is protected by the longitudinal
strips J. J.; and Figure 13 shows in cross-section, the air-tube, the upper part of
which is protected by a curved strip D. The combination is claimed in Claim 50
hereof. The figures are not intended to show any particular description of cover
or tube, but merely the relative positions of the metal pieces, in the two separate.
parts.

page_text: building up a pneumatic-tyre, and I sometimes preferably do so in combination
with my herein before described flat-metal strip, and as in previous illustrations
herein relating to such flat strip I have shown preference for approximately
rectangular sections, so I preferably build the compound air-tube described in this
illustration, in a similar manner, and thus obtain a flatter tread than would
otherwise be the case. Having already herein fully shown the method of
protecting the air-tube with canvas and of fixing the metal boop to the air-tube or
of placing the flat metal strip centrally in the inside of the rubber cover and
described such flat metal annular strip and the attachment of its ends so as to bring
it into and retain the annular form when encircling the air-tube, it will only be
necessary here to state that the respective air-tubes or air-chambers will be placed
one upon the other and kept in such position and in place upon the wheel rim, by
lateral bands of canvas and by the outer cover preferably of rubber, the
longitudinal ends of which will be held to the flat sides of the rim by the means
The air-
already described or be secured thereto in any other suitable manner.
tubes or air-chambers will be devised to communicate with each other internally
by means of a small central opening made in those walls of the respective chambers
which touch, and the air valve will be preferably fixed to the chamber placed next
to the wheel-rim. The respective air-tubes where they are in contact will also be
cemented to each other with suitable cement or solution such as rubber solution so
as to make an air-tight joint.
In Illustration 23 herein I have described the combination of a single air-tube or
chamber with the flat metal strip such strip being attached to the air-tube and
covered by practically a non-detachable cover and in Illustration 27 herein I have
described the combination of a single air-tube or chamber with a detachable cover
in the tread portion of which the metal strip is held in place. I now claim
combinations of like character respectively but each for two or more air-tubes,
and such claims are 52 and 53 herein. I do not consider it necessary to give a
drawing.
ILLUSTRATION 39.
As a modified form of my herein before described device of an annular metal
strip or hoop placed between the air-tube and its outer protecting cover as set forth
in previous illustrations herein, I sometimes (instead of only one such metal strip)
employ more than one such annular strip or boop. For greater convenience, I will
describe such device as applied to two such boops. The two hoops will be formed
of the diameters desired and be placed concentrically in regard to each other, and
the one which is of larger diameter will obviously be the outer hoop. Between the

page_text: said hoops will be placed a flat annular strip or strips of rubber or of canvas or of
other flexible material or fabric, which will be preferably cemented to the two
metal hoops by means of suitable solution. If desired, the two metal hoops with
the strip or strips of soft or elastic substance between them, may be now bound
together with strip canvas or wire (so as to form one annular compact hoop) and
such combined hoop be then placed in position over the annular air-tube and be
fixed or bound thereto in the manner I have already herein fully described in
relation to the position of the single hoop; or the combination may be placed in
the desired position and then all bound together. This device of combined
concentric hoops will permit of the use of thinner metal strips or hoops than if only
one hoop were employed, or it will admit of forming a combination hoop which
will be more resilient than if one comparatively thick metal hoop were employed
(as in a heavier description of vehicle than a velocipede). I refer to those of my
previous illustrations berein which relate to the fixing of a single metal hoop
between the air-tube and its cover (which I have already described, may be fixed
to the air-tube or be fixed to the cover as preferred) in order to save repetition.
This device is not shown in the drawings but is claimed in Claim 54 hereof.
A variation of Illustration 38 wherein I have described the use of two air-tubes
in combination with one metal hoop, such metal hoop being placed between the
outer air-tube and the cover, is to also place between such air-tubes as may be
employed, other metal hoop or hoops so that the section shall consist alternately
of (1) air tube (2) metal strip (3) air tube, and (4) metal strip all superposed.
The metal strip which is intended to go between the air-tubes, will be furnished
with central openings so as to permit of the compressed air which will be forced
into an air-tube or chamber going into the other tube or chamber as described in
Illustration 38 where I have described openings made in those. parts of the air-
tubes respectively which come into contact with each other, and if the central
metal strip be coated with, canvas or other material, openings will be also made
therein for a like purpose. The air-tubes and strips will be held together by strips
or bands of canvas laterally and otherwise applied and all will be protected by a
suitable cover which will be attached to or engage with the wheel rim.. I have
already so exhaustively dealt with the method of fixing metal strips to air-tubes,
that I refer to such previous description to save repetition and as this is only a
variation of the form given in Illustration 38, I do not give drawings but I claim
the device in Claim 55 hereof.
ILLUSTRATION 41.
In some cases I slightly modify the construction of the pneumatic-tyre in which
a flat metal annular strip or band is used, in the following manner: I take the
metal strip and upon its surface I fix with cement or by other suitable means a
strip of rubber which may be of any suitable section such as a flat or plano-convex
section. The metal strip may be first encased with canvas as already herein set
forth. I refer to the foregoing illustrations herein relating to flat metal annular
strips to prevent needless repetition. I generally prefer that the ends of the metal
band shall be united in the manner I have already set forth; but they may be
sometimes free, in which case they will overlap any desired extent, and will then be
preferably guided by means of a central slot formed in one eud, and a button
placed upon the other end operating therein or the ends may be placed in guides.
Figure 14 of the drawing shows a flat metal hoop in cross-section having a plano-
convex rubber piece K cemented thereto. Figure 15 shows the upper part of the
tyre in cross-section wherein A is the air-tube D the flat metal hoop, K the plano-
convex piece attached, and B a cover of rubber (but may be of other material).
The wheel rim is not shown but I prefer for the reasons already given a hollow rim.
D

page_text: These devices are claimed in Claims 56 and 57 hereof. The method of attaching
the cover to the rim is neither claimed nor shown. by me.
ILLUSTRATION 42.
A simple tyre formed from materials already described herein is constructed as
follows:
I take a rubber air-tube and inflate it sufficiently but not to the full extent and
place it on the wheel-rim (preferably a hollow rim with flat surface). I then fix
upon the air-tube a flat narrow metal hoop by means of cement (such metal hoop
being first encased in canvas and stitched at the sides with wire as I have already
herein described) and then I cover the whole with strip canvas and wind it round
the tyre and the wheel rim and fasten it thereto with cement in the manner well
known, or I may cover it with a rubber cover of the ordinary kind fixed to the
wheel-rim in the usual manner; but I do not claim the method of attachment. I
do not give any drawing hereof as the device will be easily understood, but the
combination is claimed in Claim 58 hereof.
ILLUSTRATION 43.
I sometimes as I have already heroin shown in several illustrations place the
annular metal flat strip or hoop at the inside of the outer cover; but at other times
I may place it upon the outside of such cover. I preferably use ribbon-steel of the
length and width required of the kind already described, and I cement such
annulus to the outer circumference of the wheel. The ends will be preferably
riveted and brazed together and the metal strip if of steel will be preferably
coppered, tinned or otherwise treated so as to prevent oxidation of the metal.
Sometimes instead of fastening the ends together I allow the ends of the metal strip
to be. free in which case one end will overlap the other ta .sufficient distance and
will work in suitable guides. Instead of covering such strip with canvas (as it is
ito come into contact with the rond) I preferably cover it with rubber. I refer to
the foregoing illustrations herein relating to metal annular strips to prevent
needless repetition. I give no drawing of this device, but it is claimed in Claim 59
hereof.
ILLUSTRATION 44.
A variation of Illustration 43 is that I sometimes fix upon the outside of the metal
hoop devised to go outside the circumference of the tyre or the outer cover, strips
of rubber, gutta percha cane or other suitable substance of any suitable thickness
placed transversely in any suitable direction. Such strips will be attached by
means of cement or by riveting or the metal hoop may be formed with recesses
wherein the said short strips may be placed. Figure 16 shows such an arrange-
ment wherein D is a portion of the annular flat metal strip, and K the short strips
of rubber or other substance fixed thereon (but they may be fixed at a different
angle to that shown in the figure). "This device is claimed in Claim 60 hereof.
ILLUSTRATION 45.
To preserve as much as possible a rectangular section for the air-tube or chamber
as described in some of the previous illustrations, I sometimes employ strong canvas
links or strips attached at both their ends, to the opposite sides or walls of the air-
tube or air-chamber at its inside so as to prevent to some extent the said sides from
spreading or bulging outward. Such a device is especially useful where an air-tube
is preferred to be of rather larger diameter than those in common use. 'The
ends of each link will be 'fixed to the air-tube in any desired manner, but I
generally prefer to cut from a sufficiently wide piece of canvas a strip consisting of
two longitudinal parallel side pieces of such length and width as may be desired

page_text: and having links or strips at any desired distances between such paraner
Figure 17 shows in plan a part only of such canvas parallel strips formed preferably.
from. one piece (but may be made up from. separately cut long and short strips)
wherein M are the side pieces to be fixed to the opposite inside walls of the air-
tube, and L the links or holding strips. I fix the long strips M by menus of
cement such as rubber solution to the. inner sides of, the air-tube. This device is
claimed in Claim 61 hereof.
ILLUSTRATION 46.
As a cheaply constructed. and efficient pneumatic-tyre I sometimes make one as
follows: I take an india-rubber. air-tube, of the usual, kind: and of the size desired
aud inflate it. I then bind it round tightly with somewhat narrow strips of canvas,
or linen tape, or the like,, well. cemented or solutioned to the said rubber air-tube.
I then place over the tread or outer wearing portion of such tube an annular strip
of thin suitable metal as described above (preferably ribbon-steel) of such length as
to protect the circumference of the air-tube and of such.width or section as may be
desired,, but preferably of flat. or nearly flat section. (I have herein given several
sections for such metal strips.) The strip will. be cemented to the canvas or tape,
and I also secure it. firmly to the tube by binding it round tightly and closely with
hard cord of good quality to any required extent and with which I employ strong
rubber or other solution. The ends of the metal strip will be brazed together to
preserve the annular form. The tube will be then secured. to the wheel. rim. by
means of canvas bound round and solutioned, in. the manner well known.
preferably saturate the canvas and the cord with: the solution of cupro-ammonium,
herein described. This device is claimed in. Claim. 62 hereof,, but I do not show.
any drawing.
ILLUSTRATION. 47.
by
In some cases I form the pneumatic tyre as follows: I take an annular rubber
air-tube of the size desired; inflate it sufficiently but not completely, and place it
in the wheel-rim; I place rubber or other solution over the whole of the then
exposed part of the air-tube and. then. I fix thereon an annular metal strip as
already described having its ends brazed and riveted together to preserve the
annular form. The metal strip will be preferably flat and encased in fine canvas
cemented upon it and will be preferably of steel such as ribbon-steel as already
herein described. I bind the metal strip, the air-tube,, and the rim of the wheel'
together with tape (but I may employ strip canvas) and I use more solution
therewith. The metal strip being flat will give a flat tread and it may be made a
very narrow tread by reducing the width of the metal strip. Over the whole (and
including the wheel rim) I bind a strip of rubber or hard canvas preferably
spirally and solution it to the wheel rim. The air-tube will now be blown up hard.
In this way I obtain a pneumatic tyre in which the risk of bursting, puncturing
and slipping is considerably diminished and the tyre nevertheless light and fast
in travelling. Figure 18 of the drawing shows the upper part of the tyre in cross-
section, A being the air-tube; D the metal strip (here shown narrow and flat);
This
Cthe canvas cover; and B a rubber cover, fixed to the wheel rim.
device is claimed in Claim 63 hereof. I do not show the rim but I generally prefer
a hollow rim.
ILLUSTRATION 48.
I sometimes form or mould in the usual manner that part of the rubber outer
cover or tyre which is intended to be brought into contact with the ground with
suitably shaped studs, corrugations, or other externally raised portions or projections.
Such studs or projections may be made of any size and shape and the corrugations
may be made or moulded in a longitudinal transverse diagonal or other desired
direction; but at the back of all or any such outwardly projecting studs, raised
portions, corrugations or the like, I place a strip of thin metal (such as thin steel)

page_text: as already described; but instead of such strip of metal being plain, I cut or
punch out pieces therefrom corresponding or nearly corresponding with the size
and shape of the base of each such projecting stud, raised portion, or corrugation
so formed or moulded. When such metal strip is properly placed at the inside of
the rubber outer cover, and cemented thereto by means of suitable cement, such as
rubber solution, it will be so placed that each opening cut or made in the metal
strip will be exactly over the base of each projecting rubber stud or other projecting"
portions, so that in those places where the rubber is thick there will be no metal
at the back, and where the rubber is relatively thin it will be protected at its back
by a solid portion of the steel strip. In this way the bad effect arising from
puncture of the outer rubber cover may be minimised and the air-tube be adequately
protected without much increasing the weight of the tyre.
The metal strip may be coppered by the usual process, and it will be preferably.
encased in fine canvas cemented to it by solution. After being cemented in place
against the inside of the tyre it will be covered with a wider strip of canvas and
cement so that it may be kept securely in the cover. Figure 19 of the drawing
shows in plan part of a rubber cover B formed with projecting studs, and Figure 20
shows in plan part of the metal strip D formed with openings corresponding with
the bases of such studs. Figure 21 shows in longitudinal section part of the cover
with the studs projecting, and D the metal strip_protected by canvas upon it
showing openings corresponding with such studs. This combination is claimed in
Claim 64 hereof. Sometimes I prefer that the metal strip having the openings
above described shall be incorporated with the rubber at the time of moulding the.
cover, and be vulcanized therewith, in any suitable manner, that is to say, I take
the strip of metal described, and place it suitably over the rubber, so that metal
may be where the rubber will be thin, and vice versa as described, and then I cover
it with more rubber, and vulcanize all together so that the metal strip will have
rubber on both its sides and thus be kept securely in place as described.
If it be desired that longitudinal circumferential corrugations shall be made
upon the outer circumference of the external protecting cover of rubber described,
then I prefer to make the corresponding longitudinal openings in the metal strip
devised to go at the back thereof with short cross pieces of metal left at intervals
so as to retain the metal strip in proper shape.
Figure 22 shows in plan part of a rubber cover having the longitudinal
corrugatious as described K and Figure 23 of the drawing shows in plan the
corresponding part of the metal strip devised to go at the back thereof, wherein E
are the openings corresponding with the corrugations and N are the connecting
pieces of metal left in the cutting out of the openings. The metal strips described
in this illustration may be of flat curved or other desired section.
ILLUSTRATION 49.
Sometimes the annular strips of metal such as those already herein described or
the annular strips of other substance (such as pasteboard, cane, thin wood or the
like) devised to protect the air-tube of the tyre may be placed side by side. To
facilitate placing and fixing them side by side upon the air-tube I sometimes
instead of forming the air-tube from sheet rubber of uniform thickness as customary,
form it of variable thickness, that is to say, I mould the sheet of rubber from
which the air-tubes of the diameter and length required will be taken or formed,
with longitudinal corrugations of sufficient depth, into which longitudinal strips of
metal or other substances will be placed. When the air-tube is inflated and the
strips placed into the grooves they may be cemented therein with suitable solution
and be then covered with strip canvas also cemented to the tube. Channels or
grooves other than longitudinal may be made if preferred. Sometimes I mould

page_text: openings corresponding with such studs (and the like device will apply to certain
other forms of corrugations, as when they are of short length and made to project.
diagonally or otherwise upon the rubber). The strip of metal may be flat or
curved as desired. This device is similar in its object to the method or device
already herein described for the covers:
Figure 24 of the drawing shows in upper cross-section the outer part of the
inflated rubber air-tube A having corrugation A' running circumferentially thereon,
and metal or other strips (enclosed in canvas) D, placed on either side, and canvas C,
going over the whole. Figure 25 shows the air-tube A having corrugations E E' E'
with a slightly curved metal strip having solid places at D D'D' D³ and circumn-
ferential openings at E E' E' through which the rubber will be forced. In the
openings at convenient distances short lengths of metal will be left as hereinbefore
shown, so as to preserve the shape of the metal strip, and where these places exist
the rubber of the corrugation will be removed. These devices are claimed in
Claims 66 and 67 respectively.
A modification of Illustration 49 is to form the air-tube with a thickened outer
portion. This will enable a metal strip to be held thereto more securely than if
the tube had only a smooth exterior. Figure 26 of the drawing shows in upper
cross-section such device, A being the inflated air-tube having a thick portion A',
and metal or other annular strip D.
The metal strip may be cemented to the rubber. Canvas may he wound round
the tube, and the metal or other annular strip in the manner already herein
described, but is not shown in the figure. This device is claimed in Claim 68
hereof.
Another modification is to form the air-tube with a thickened portion of such
shape as to form in combination with the shaped or moulded outer rubber or other
cover a ridge and this device may be sometimes used without any internal metal
annular cover.
It will be obvious that instead of forming the air-tubes by moulding the thicker.
portions described herein and in Illustration 49, upon sheet rubber afterwards made
up into air tubes of the description desired, that the projecting portions may be
separately moulded or formed and fixed to the air-tube at the outer portion.
described by means of suitable cement. Figure 27 of the drawing shows in upper
cross-section the air-tube A having a thick portion A', and also shows a thin
metal or other strip of suitable cross-section D, to fit over the thick portion.
described. Such metal or other strip will be kept in place by cement or canvas
which is not shown in the figure. B is the outer rubber cover the edges of which
will be fixed to the wheel rim in any desired manner (but I make no claim thereto).
This device is claimed in Claim 70 hereof. A further modification is to protect
the air-tube with a strip or flap of paste-board or other suitable substance, or a'
strip or flap of rubber or rubber composition or the like may be used therefor.
This may be fixed over and to the inflated air-tube by means of suitable cement!
applied to one of its longitudinal edges.
Figure 28 shews the upper cross-section of an air-tube A, having a cover of
pasteboard rubber or the like D, fastened at one of its edges to the air-tube. This
device is claimed in Claim 71 hereof. Sometimes I insert between the flap and
the air-tube a strip of compressed wool, or cotton fibre or vegetable parchment,
gutta percha paper, feltine or paper felt, bladder or other membrane, thin oil cloth
or like or other suitable substances or materials.

page_text: tube,, I attach. by means of cement, such as rubber solution, a strip of any suitable
:flexible. substance such as a strip of flat ribbon steel, as already described
(preferably narrow, say half an inch wide, and if a. metal strip,, encased in fine
canvas. and. coppered as already. herein set forth). The ends of such strip will be
secured together as already herein: set forth by brazing and riveting. Over the
whole and including, the wheel rim, I bind a. strip or strips. of fine canvas and
cement it or them. with rubber solution: to each other. and. to the wheel rim in the
usual way. I prefer sometimes to bind such strips. helically. The. air-tube by
means of the valve attached, will be now inflated to the extent desired. As there
is no rubber protecting.cover to this. tyre, the walls of the air-tube may be made
slightly thicker than usual. As this form will be well understood I do not give any
drawing, thereof, but it is claimed in Claim. 72. hereof.
ILLUSTRATION 52.
It being important to keep the metal annular strips or hoops herein described
in their respective places either upon the air-tubes or air-chambers or inside the
covers therefor as the case may be,. I prefer as I have already stated to stitch the
canvas or other materials, in which the metal pieces are embedded or to which they
are attached, with strong thread or the like such. stitching. being. placed at the
edges of the metal so as to prevent its lateral movement. As in some cases it. may
be also thought desirable to provide against the possibility of the edges of such
metal strips (through. friction set up when riding) from gradually cutting the
canvas, rubber or other material. in or upon which they are embedded or placed, I
prefer to use wire of suitable metal, of any desired size and section instead of
thread, employed in like or other desired manner and. I claim this device, in
Claim 8.
I also sometimes prefer to improve the external circumferential portion of tyres,
and also to protect the air-tubes from injury (both devices being important features
of my present invention) by respectively stitching them, or the materials of which
they may be respectively composed or the materials, which may be employed
in respectively protecting them, with wire of suitable metal of any desired
section and size, such wire being worked. into and about the said materials or
things in any desired manner and especially at the thread or wearing parts of
such covers, air-tubes, and tyres. I claim this device in Claims. 8, 10, 11. and 11ª
hereof.
ILLUSTRATION 53.
As already herein stated, the protection of the thin elastic rubber air-tube, when
one is employed in the construction of a pneumatic tyre, and the saving such air-
tube from injury is a principal object of my present novel invention, and it is
obvious that the simplest way to attain such object is to employ a cover therefor.
I have already herein specifically described light metal and other semi-cylindrical
and also metal and other flat coverings therefor as being especially valuable as
protecting covers when it is desired to protect the air-tube from being accidentally
punctured from the outside; but in some cases. I employ a light but sufficiently
strong inner detachable annular cover made of non-expansible or nearly non-
expansible material, in order to protect the elastic air-tube from being injured or
burst through excessive expansion of the compressed air in it, which sometimes
arises, as I have already mentioned, from exposure of the tyre to solar heat, or
from over inflation, or from injury caused by excessive friction of the outer cover
upon the air-tube. For such protection of the said air-tube I preferably make
such inner detachable annular cover from canvas of good quality or from other
suitable fabric or material. I preferably make such inner cover in the manner

page_text: Tonowing which i give as шustrative and not exhaustive of this part of my
invention.
I take a strip (preferably cut upon the bias or in a slanting direction) of fine
quality canvas (but it may be of other suitable flexible practically non-expansible.
material or fabric) of the length of the rubber air-tube, it is desired to protect, aud.
cut of such width and shape as when transversely curved over such inflated annular
air-tube in place upon the wheel rim, its longitudinal edges (stiffened as I am
about to describe) will be kept secure in place upon the rim of the wheel and so
enable the cover to retain its position over the air-tube. I attach to each of the
longitudinal edges of such canvas strip or cover a sufficiently stout endless ring of
wire of any suitable metal, and I preferably attach it thereto by turning over a
sufficient portion of the edge of the canvas upon the wire ring so as to enclose it,.
and I then solution or stitch or sew up such canvas edges.
Methods of attaching covers to wheel rims as is well known are various: in some
cases single wires are used, in others more than one, some are endless and others.
have free ends which may be drawn together and tightened by screws, levers and
other mechanical means. Again it is obvious that any method of attaching covers
to wheel rims must depend upon the section of rim employed, and at this date a
large number of differently shaped rims are in use.
An outer detachable tyre cover is usually attached to the wheel rim by means
of a bead or thickened portion formed upon each longitudinal edge of such cover,
which edge fits into a longitudinal channel or groove made in each edge of the
wheel rim either by turning part of the rim over, or by forming a groove in it,
such cover being kept in place by means of the bead or enlarged edge assisted by
the pressure of the inflated air-tube and sometimes an annular wire is also employed
to hold down each edge of the cover to the rim.
As my inner cover is also furnished with sufficiently thick wired edge portions.
which may be formed either round or flat and of any desired width it will be
obvious that such edges may be either placed in the same channels or grooves which
are devised to receive the edges of the outer cover as above described, or such
round or flat edge portions may be placed upon the wheel rim at the lower part of
and between the outer cover and the air-tube, so that when the air-tube is properly
inflated the edges of the inner cover will be pinched tightly between the air-tube
and the outer cover. In this alternative forin, I take care to bring the wired
edges well down and preferably as flat as possible upon the rim. By either of
these means I am enabled to keep my novel inner cover in place.
But I make
no claim whatever to the method of fixing the said inner cover to the wheel rin.or
to the method by which it is kept or held down upon the wheel-rim so as to
sufficiently resist the pressure of the inflated air-tube against it, I simply claim the
use of an inner cover for the purposes set forth secured upon the wheel rim in any
desired manner.
An important result arising from the use of my novel internal cover is that as
the expansion of the rubber air-tube will be obviously limited or restrained by the
diameter or size of the sufficiently strong canvas or non-expansible cover placed
over it and kept in place upon the rim, it follows that the internal pressure and
strain upon the rubber outer cover (from expansion of the air-tube inside it) will
be very materially reduced and its liability therefore to leave the wheel rim be
diminished. This device is claimed in Claim 73 herein.
ILLUSTRATION 54.
Instead of making the non-expanding cover in the manner herein above set forth,
(Illustration 53) I sometimes make it as a sleeve to be drawn over the air-tube
In

page_text: ILLUSTRATION
The protection of the rubber air-tube from injury being a principal feature of my
present invention I sometimes employ therefor a protecting internal cover devised
to go between the air-tube and the outer cover and for such purpose 1 sometimes
employ as a protecting agent suitable vegetable fibre such as raw cotton or I may
take silk fibre or the like, or I may take a mixture of the same in any desired pro-
portions and in order to keep such fibre or fibres in place I prefer to insert such
fibre into a shallow bag of the length of the annular air-tube it is intended to
protect, and of any desired width and section so that it may rest closely upon the
inflated rubber air-tube and between it and the outer cover. The bag may be of
thin silk, thin canvas, or other fabric or of thin rubber so as to be resilient and it
will be either used in a detachable form, or be attached to the inflated air-tube, or
it will be fixed by suitable cement to the inside of the cover. This fibrous inner
cover is shown at O in Figure 34 of the drawing which illustrates the upper part
of the tyre in cross-section and is claimed in Claims 80 81 and 82 hereof; but such

page_text: Occasionally for the aforesaid protecting cover described in the above illustra-
tion (63) I take cloth, such as horse-hair cloth or like fabric in one or more strips
of the size desired and I stitch them together as described in Illustration 63.
Sometimes I cover such strips with fine canvas or thin rubber or other light
material so as not to chafe the air-tube and I fix such protecting strip upon the
inflated air-tube or to the inside of the rubber outer cover or
detachable form as desired. This device is claimed in Claims 93 and 95 hereof.
may use it in
ILLUSTRATION 63.
An arrangement of materials and substances to form a built up solid wall
pneumatic tyre as herein described is constructed as follows:
Commencing with the air-tube, I take an annular air-tube preferably of rubber
of the usual description and of the required size for the wheel rim, and inflate it by
means of the air-valve attached thereto. I then take a strip of thin vulcanized
rubber of the length of the air-tube and preferably of sufficient width to go round
it (but if preferred it may be narrower in which case it will be placed over the
tread or wearing part) and I cement it with suitable cement such as india-rubber
solution to the air-tube. I then take cloth such as a strip of horse-hair cloth and
cement or solution that in the same way, to the rubber; but as I use this more to
preserve the tube from accidental external puncture it may be only a narrow piece
so as to cover the tread of the tyre. I then generally prefer to employ another
trip of horse-hair cloth of the same length; but preferably wide enough to cover

page_text: A combination of materials and substances forming only a built up detachable
cover for a separate air-tube is constructed as follows: I first take a strip of
vulcanized india-rubber of the length, width and thickness desired to form the
outer portion of the cover preferably. moulded somewhat thicker at the tread or
wearing portion. Upon the inside thereof I place a strip of canvas (preferably.
treated with cupro-ammonium as separately described and claimed herein) and of
the length, and width of the rubber strip, and I cement such two strips together
with suitable solution such as india-rubber solution. I then place a strip of cloth
such as horse-hair cloth of like dimensions upon the canvas, and solution both
together. I then generally prefer to have another strip of horse-hair cloth of
similar length, so as to thicken the "tread". or central wearing part of the cover
and thus make it better able to resist accidental puncture from the outside; but
such strip is preferably only a somewhat narrow strip which I place centrally over
the last mentioned wider strip and similarly cement it thereto.
Upon this last I place a strip equal in length but preferably wider of vulcanized
rubber and solution both together in order to save the air-tube which will come
next it (but in a detachable form) from being rubbed by the hair-cloth. The
above describes my built up cover for the air-tube. Finally I place an india-
rubber air-tube of the usual description having a nozzle air-valve attached, in
position in the wheel rim and then place my novel cover over it which will be
secured to the rim by any of the customary methods such as by means of beads
upon the edges of the cover, or by wires or other approved devices; but I do not
describe (as I do not claim) any particular method of attaching the cover to the
rim as many methods are in use.
Instead of cementing the different layers of fabric, to the rubber outer cover, one
at a time as hereinabove set forth, I generally prefer to place the different layers
of canvas and hair-cloth in the order desired, and to cement the strips to each other
by solution, such as india-rubber solution, and then to stitch them together. I then
place the said compact arrangement of super-imposed strips upon the inside of the
strip of rubber which forms the outer part of the tyre, and cement it thereto as set
forth.
The advantage of this arrangement is that it enables me to stitch all the strips
together at their centres which I could not do if they were first placed in the
rubber outer strip without puncturing the latter also.
I do not restrict myself to the precise arrangement of the various inside strips
enumerated above, nor to their respective widths; for instance the strip of horse-

page_text: methods of improvement are shown by, the several means set forth in some of
the following examples which I give by, way of illustrating this portion of my
invention.
For one such method I sometimes employ a strip of canvas or other suitable
fabric made up as an endless band or annulus preferably of the width of the trend
of the cover (or the canvas or fabric may preferably be woven as an endless band
or annulus). Such annulus will (for the reasons given hereinbefore when describing:
metal annular bauds) be preferably made somewhat less in length at its inner
circumference than the outer circumference of the cover or tyre it will be placed
upon (when such cover is sufficiently inflated). When the tyre is so inflated, such
annular band as will be obvious, will keep better in its place upon the tyre. [E.
preferred it may be fixed in place with suitable cement. As mentio ed above, I
tave elsewhere herein described a similar device formning part of my present..
invention in connection with annular bands of metal and of fabric placed over air-.
tubes, the object being that such restraining rings of metal or fabric so devised
shall operate to give greater resiliency when riding. A lesser circumference for
the outer band of say two inches or thereabouts will be generally found sufficient
in a velocipede wheel of say thirty inches diameter for the purpose set forth.
In some cases, 1 may cover the canvas endless band when placed over the
external protecting cover of the tyre with a strip of rubber solutioned thereto of
any desired width so as to protect the band from friction with the road.
"This protecting annulus will be placed round the tyre after the latter is in place.
upon the wheel rim but before it is fully expanded, and before the wheel is fitted to
the velocipede and when complete inflation of the tyre is effected the annulus of
fabric will be held securely in place; but as I have said, cement may be also used.
This illustration is claimed in Claim 100 hereof but I do not consider it necessary.
to give a drawing.
ILLUSTRATION 71.
The improvement of the external circumferential portion or cover of the tyre and
the protection of the air-tube or air-chamber (both as objects of my present
invention) may be effected in the following manner. As is well known, rubber
outer covers for tyres are for the most part lined with one broad strip of canvas,
such rubber and canvas being vulcanized together, and the canvas being exposed.
Instead of thus vulcanizing the rubber and canvas I prefer that the canvas shall be
placed inside the rubber so that it may have rubber on both sides of it. As is also
well known rubber covers for tyres are moulded to the shape and size desired but
the methods of moulding or vulcanizing or sulphurizing rubber are technical,
It
various, and elaborate, and do not form any part of this my present invention.
will be therefore understood that the methods employed for the said treatment of
the rubber and the woven materials combined therewith and particularly described
hercin by me, will be carried out by those who are skilled in the art of rubber
manufacture and whose business it is to mould rubber articles. But I find that placing
one broad strip of canvas into the rubber mass to form the cover of the tyre is
calculated to somewhat diminish the resiliency of the tyre and therefore I generally
prefer that the rubber cover for the purposes set forth shall be manufactured of the
desired length, width, thickness and shape in such manner that instead of having
only one broad strip of woven material (as canvas) or woven cloth (as tape) placed
in the substance of the rubber that the rubber cover shall have placed in it and
incorporated therewith and in a longitudinal direction two or more narrow strips of
canvas or other suitable woven material or woven cloth (such as tape) each such
strip being of equal length and of any required width and all such strips placed
parallel with, but not touching each other, in order to allow of some portion of the
rubber mass being between them. They may be connected by short lengths woven
in the same fabric between them. In this way I form a substance wherein the
woven canvas or woven cloth or tape in the form of two or more longitudinal
parallel strips as described will be embedded in the vulcanized rubber cover.

page_text: Sometimes more than two such, strips or masses of rubber containing the parallel
strips described may be super-posed and combined and vulcanized together in
constructing the cover so as to admit of the strips of canvas or tape being inserted
upon different planes. In such manner, the rubber which forms the cover may be
made to contain parallel strips of woven cloth, as canvas, or tape, in different
layers with rubber surrounding them, and the cover of the tyre be thus vulcanized
and moulded to the shape desired. Figure 35 of the drawing shows in plan,
B the rubber and C, C, C², longitudinal parallel strips of woven canvas, tape, or
other woven material and these devices are claimed in Claims 101 and 102 hereof.
Sometimes I prefer to weave my canvas or tape, or like woven strips, so that
each shall have a central thicker stiffer or less yielding central portion, and
sometimes the strip to go near the tread portion may be wider than the other
strips. Figure 36 shows such an arrangement in plan, where B is the rubber,
and C, C, C, the strips of woven material, the central strip being wider than the
others, and all having a thicker central portion. This device is claimed in
Claim 106 hereof.
The moulded cover having the longitudinal woven strips set forth, will be placed
over the rubber air-tube in position on the wheel rim, and will be formed with such
beads or other devices upon its longitudinal edges as are necessary to fix it to the
wheel rim, or it may be cemented to the wheel rim by means of pieces of canvas
and rubber solution in the manner well known (but I do not claim any particular
method therefor as many devices are in use). In some cases instead of vulcanizing
the materials as set forth above I may place the respective strips upon strip rubber
which has been already vulcanized and attach them together by means of cement
such as india rubber solution for the purposes described. Claimed in Claim 103
hereof.
ILLUSTRATION 72.
In some cases instead of the long strips, I sometimes employ short parallel strips
of woven canvas or woven cloth (such as tape) inserted into or between one or
more layers of rubber to form the moulded vulcanized cover described, above, and
either upon one or more planes in the manner set forth in Illustration 71, and such
short strips may in relation to the long strip of rubber forming the cover, be placed
in a diagonal, transverse or other direction. Such short strips so incorporated or
vulcanized with the rubber may be used in the construction of the cover described
in Illustration 71 either alone or in combination with the therein described long
woven strips incorporated and vulcanized with the rubber but I generally prefer
in the construction of such cover the particular combination of the rubber having
longitudinal strips of canvas above set forth and shown in Figure 35 with another
strip of rubber having short diagonal strips (Figure 37) as here described placed
over it and both such strips then vulcanized and moulded together; but such short
strips if preferred may be transverse so that in this combination the long strips will
be crossed with short strips but not touching and all the strips of woven material
being isolated from each other so as not to impair the resiliency of the tyre
(Figure 38). The cover will be completed in the manner set forth in several other
parts of this Specification with reference to attaching it to the wheel-rim to which
as I have already stated I make no claim.
Sometimes I place my aforesaid two or more longitudinal strips of woven canvas
or other woven cloth as tape (Illustration 71) in or upon one side of a strip of
rubber of sufficient thickness for the purpose and in or upon the other side of the
same strip of rubber 1 place other shorter strips of like woven canvas or woven
cloth; but in any desired angular direction (such as right angles) in reference to
the longitudinal woven canvas or tape strips aforesaid, so that in effect the
respective series of canvas or other woven strips shall cross; but so devised owing
to the thickness of the rubber body between them as not to touch or interfere with
each other. The rubber or rubber composition having such strips placed on either
side of it, will be now vulcanized, and the cover, when shaped or moulded, will

page_text: thus have longitudinal strips of woven material running circumferentially controlled
by transverse or diagoual shorter strips of woven material. These devices are
claimed in Claims 107, 108, 109, 110, 111 and 112 herein respectively.
The combinations set forth in this illustration will be moulded or formed of the
shape desired to form the cover for the air-tube; but I make no claim to any
ecessary devices formed upon the same to attach it to the wheel rim as several
methods of attachment are in common use. In some cases instead of vulcanizing
the materials as set forth above I may place the respective strips upon strip rubber
which has already been vulcanized and attach them thereto with cement (as rubber
solution) and such devices are separately claimed herein.
:
Cad of 10ming the detachable covers as described in the last two preceding
illustrations from rubber containing parallel strips of any desired width of woven
material, (as canvas) running longitudinally therein I sometimes form a tyre (not
as a detachable cover only) in combination with an interior air-tube or chamber so
as to make a solid-wall tyre as follows: I form the tyre from rubber and parallel
narrow strips of canvas or like woven material embedded therein, longitudinally as
described; but instead of moulding it as set forth to form only a separate cover
portion I prefer to take two strips of rubber or rubber composition of the length
and width desired in which the parallel strips of canvas or like woven cloth or
woven material are embedded longitudinally. I then take a tube of suitable rubber
or rubber and canvas or other substance of the size desired and wind one of such
strips round the tube and preferably spirally and then take the other strip and
wind that over the first strip in a contrary direction and preferably also spirally
and I then vulcanize the whole together. Sometimes I only use one such strip and
wind it round the tube as set forth. In this form of tyre it will be preferably
fixed to the wheel rim by means of pieces or strips of canvas attached to or wound
round it and cemented to the wheel rim, or in any other suitable manner; but I
make no claim as I have already stated to the method of securing the tyre to, the
rim as several methods are in use. This device is claimed in Claim 113 hereof.
For this and for the last preceding Illustration 72, as well as for other illustrations
herein, the canvas, or tape, or like fabric may be folded longitudinally and either in
one or more folds as I have herein more particularly described. Such folded strips.
will be suitably stitched, so as to keep their folds in place, and then such folded
strips will be placed in, upon, or between the rubber and then all vulcanized
together in the manner I have already herein and above set forth. Or, instead of
80 folding the various strips the canvas or the like, may be woven with thicker or
stronger central threads than the other longitudinal or cross threads thereof..
Instead of vulcanizing the materials together as herein set forth, I prefer in some
cases to make the above described tyre from strips of vulcanized rubber upon.
which are placed the parallel strips of woven material described and fixed thereto
by cement and I wind one or more such vulcanized rubber strips round the usual
rubber air-tube and cement them together as set forth. A nozzle air-valve will be.
attached to the tube in every case. This device is claimed in Claim 114 hereof.
ILLUSTRATION 74.
The improvement of a detachable rubber air-tube for a pneumatic-tyre may be
carried out in a somewhat similar manner to that described for the construction
of the detachable cover portion in Illustrations 71 and 72 hereof, that is to say,
the rubber or rubber composition to form such air-tube and intended to be

page_text: Instead of taking woven material as canvas or tape of the ordinary description
to furnish the longitudinal or the short strips required, I prefer to have the canvas
or equivalent material woven or manufactured in such manner that the strip
required shall have a thicker, stronger central longitudinal portion than the
remainder of the strip. Such extra thickness may be of double or of any other
required thickness. The strip formed in such manner will be of the length and
-width desired, and may be attached to the rubber cover at the inside or outside
as preferred with suitable cement or solution (such as rubber solution) and if
outside may be covered with a rubber strip solutioned thereto or the canvas strip
with a thickened centre may be manu'actured as an endless band or annulus as
described in Illustration 70 above. These devices are claimed in Claims 118 and
119 hereof.
ILLUSTRATION 76.
A variation of the preceding illustration (75) of fixing a strip of canvas or
other woven fabric (having a central thickened longitudinal portion) to rubber by
'means of solution, is to vulcanize the said canvas and rubber together. The
improvement generally of the external circumferential portion of tyres or outer
covers and also the saving of rubber air-tubes from injury by such means as are
herein shown being a principal object of my invention, I, for such purposes some-
times employ the following device :
I take a strip of woven material as canvas or tape or other suitable woven
material of the length and width desired; but with a thickened or stronger central
longitudinal portion as described above I combine this with rubber suitably
prepared and of the length and width desired to form a strip and vulcanize both
together in the usual manner. Claimed in Claim 120.
ILLUSTRATION 77.
Instead of so weaving or manufacturing the strip of canvas that its substance
shall be woven uniformly thicker at its central or wearing portion as set forth I
sometimes prefer to weave or manufacture such canvas strip (or other suitable
fabric) so that those threads in it devised to run in the longitudinal direction (or
circumferential direction when the strip is made into annular form) and particularly.
those which will preferably occupy the central or wearing portion of the canvas
shall be thicker threads than the transverse or cross-threads which will be combined
with them. The strip of canvas made in such manner or cut from canvas
devised will be of the length and width desired, and will be attached to the cover
forming the tyre at the inside with suitable cement or solution such as rubber
solution or it may be woven or manufactured in the manner herein set forth for an
endless band as described in Illustration 70 herein.
This device is claimed in Claims 121 and 122 herein.
SO

page_text: ILLUSTRATION 78.
The air-tubes of tyres are generally protected from liability to puncture by
lining the rubber cover which goes over it with canvas of good quality, and I
preferably do so in such manner as to improve generally such external circum-
ferential portion.
The canvas may be cut so as to go over the rubber wholly as hitherto done or
only partly as desired and if only partly, then preferably to go over the "tread"
or wearing portion, in the form of a long strengthening strip so as to support such.
tread portion. In some cases I thicken the canvas at its centre by doubling it over
as herein set forth and sometimes I attach strips of canvas to the sides of the rubber
I generally place the strips of canvas to both the "tread" and sides thereof
as hereinafter appears so that while diminishing the risk of puncture I reduce or
prevent slow longitudinal movement of the cover in the rim and the following is a
simple device therefor:
Cover.
I take a strip of canvas of good quality (or tape or other suitable material) of
the length necessary to line the outer cover of rubber, or other material; but, I
generally prefer it to be of rubber.
The width of such canvas strip will depend upon whether (after its centre is
folded) it is desired to cover the inside width of the rubber cover entirely or not.
If it is intended to cover the entire width, then the canvas strip must be cut of so
much greater width than the cover as will provide for the quantity of canvas taken
up by the central longitudinal plaits or folds hereinafter described and so on in like
proportion.
I take the strip of canvas, and I plait or fold it longitudinally once or more, so
as to produce a thickened or folded central portion. Such thickening of the canvas
is intended to protect the air-tube at the tread or wearing part of the tyre. I
cement with rubber or other solution the folded parts so as to form the central
thickness required, and 1 preferably also stitch the canvas through the folds and
may use wire for such purpose. I then attach the strip to the inside of the cover
by means of solution in the usual way or by any other means, or I may sometimes
attach it to the outer circumference of the cover and if so I prefer to place a strip of
rubber over it. The above describes the attachment of such folded strips to rubber
by the means set forth; but I sometimes prefer to incorporate such folded strips
with rubber or rubber composition in any suitable manner and then to vulcanize
and mould the canvas or other strip or strips and the rubber together in the way
well known and practised. Figure 39 shows in cross-section a canvas strip folded
so as to give three thicknesses at the centre and one thickness on either side thereof.
Figure 40 shows in cross-section a variation of the method of folding having
alternate thick and thin longitudinal portions. The rubber is not shown; but it
may be either on one side, or the other, or on both sides of said canvas strips.
These devices are claimed in Claims 123, 124 and 125 herein.
A
ILLUSTRATION 79.
70 Callam

page_text: the two edges of the co er or to such distance as may be desired..
But if desired the strips may vary in length and be alternately long and short.
When the rubber cover provided as set forth is placed over the air-tube and is
secured to the wheel rim in the usual or any other manner (but the method of
securing the outer cover thereto forms no part of my present invention and is not
claimed by me) the sides of such rubber cover will be prevented from "creeping
when in use, by reason of the action of the short flexible strips or links herein
described.
"
Instead of fixing the strip or strips of canvas described above (of which
illustrative devices are shown in the figures of the drawing given below) to
vulcanized rubber by means of cement as herein shown I sometimes prefer to
vulcanize the canvas strips and the rubber together to form the desired tyre
cover. In this case the cover will be moulded in the usual manner, and of the size
and thickness required and the strips be suitably arranged and placed by the
workman in or upon the rubber mass. This device is claimed in Claim 127
hereof.
Figure 41 of the drawing (part of series Figures 41 to 45 inclusive) shows in
plan the method of arranging the various cauvas strips upon the inside of the
cover, B is a short portion of the cover; C is the long central strip of canvas,
and C are the narrow canvas drag-strips. I do not restrict myself to the shapes
or to the arrangements of the strips shown herein. The strips may be straight;
but I sometimes prefer them to be slightly curved as shown in Figure 42.
Figures 43 44 and 45 are only modifications in plan, Figures 43 and 44
being without central strips. These devices are claimed in Claims 126 and 127
hereof.
ILLUSTRATION 80.
I do not however restrict myself in the application of such long and short
combined strips as are described in Illustration 79 and shown in the figures set
forth above to only outer covers of rubber. Such strips inay be also applied to
strengthen or support covers of canvas or other fabric, and will be attached to
such canvas or other covers by means of suitable cement such as rubber solution.
Whenever desired such strips may be also stitched to the material or substance.
This device is claimed in Claim 128 hereof.
ILLUSTRATION 81.
As is well-known, air-tubes are protected by vulcanized rubber outer covers.
Such covers are either of plain vulcanized rubber, or of vulcanized rubber lined
with canvas. I have already herein stated, a lining strip of wide canvas (the
entire width of the rubber cover) is calculated to affect its resiliency, and therefore
plain rubber alone is sometimes used and preferred. When I employ a plain
rubber cover for the air-tube (and also sometimes when canvas is used with a
rubber cover) I generally prefer to stiffen or render less pliable or flexible parts
of such rubber or rubber and canvas cover by means of suitable stiffening materials
with which I build up or re-enforce them.
As a suitable stiffening material to be applied in the construction of pneumatic
tyres, or parts thereof, such as the said outer annular part or cover (and especially
as I have said when such outer part or cover is of rubber or other readily yielding
substance) sometimes use wire or suitable metal thread and I stitch the rubber
therewith in such manner as to sufficiently stiffen it in parts so as to diminish the
stretching or flexibility in any particular direction of strips of rubber, or any
parts of rubber strips, or rubber sheets, which may be employed in making
pneumatic tyres, covers or other parts. Or, as an equivalent for stitching with
wire threads, I may instead sometimes use stout ordinary thread or fibrous
substance or fine cord or the like to stitch the rubber through so as to stiffen it
where required and thus reduce or restrain in the parts desired the stretching

page_text: power of the rubber. Such stiffening or stitching will therefore be done at such
places in the rubber, and in such directions as will best reduce or restrain the
elasticity of the rubber in the particular direction desired, therefore for such
purpose the stiffening or stitching for such object may be done longitudinally,
transversely, diagonally or in combinations thereof and may consist of as many
rows and may be of such shapes as are considered necessary or desirable for the
object in view. When such stitches are made in sheet rubber already vulcanized,
I generally rub in strong rubber cement over the stitches to protect them and to
6ll up the punctured places, and sometimes I also cement thin sheet rubber over
such places. In some cases I employ separate strips of rubber each being stiffened
by means of stitching in the manner here described and. I place one strip upon the
other and cement them together as with rubber solution and the stitched parts
thereon may be placed in different directions in relation to each other, that is to
say the stitches in one strip may be made at one angle and the stitches in the
other strip fixed to it, may be made at another angle.
The stitching above described may be done either in rubber which with such
stitching is afterwards vulcanized or in rubber which has been previously
vulcanized.
In a tyre cover the stiffening by the means hereinabove set forth will be mainly
directed to prevent the stretching of the rubber in a longitudinal or circumferential
direction. In such case the stitching of the suitable thread employed may be
done in the rubber in a longitudinal direction or diagonally and it may be single
or double stitching or it may take the shape of arrow-beads. I sometimes form
the stitches in a strip of thin vulcanized rubber of the shape of the tyre cover
and then on either side thereof cement to it by means of suitable solution (as
rubber solution) strips of thin vulcanized rubber of similar shape so that in this
manner the strip will be, protected. The air-tube may be similarly, made and
stitched, or if preferred the stitching may not be covered with other sheet rubber.
In some cases the stitching may be done in rubber prepared for vulcanizing in the
manner well known to rubber manufacturers and I then generally prefer that the
stitching shall be so done as to be embedded in the rubber vulcanized and suitably
moulded strip. In tyres of the single tube kind where the cover or outer portion
of the air-chamber is made in one with the air-tube, the stitching will be preferably
devised to take the same form as that described for the detachable cover.. But I
do not restrict myself to particular patterns or devices for any such stitching.
Figures 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 will show the different forms the stitches may take for
the purposes hereinabove described. Figure 50 shows also cross-stitching which
may be occasionally required. These devices are claimed in Claims 129, 130,
and 131 herein.
ILLUSTRATION 82.
In a similar manner I stitch strips or pieces of canvas or other fabric with metal
or other thread, cord and the like and I refer to illustration 81 accordingly for a
description thereof. I do not however vulcanize such strips of canvas or fabric;
but I generally prefer to place cement or solution upon them, so as to protect the
stitching described and I generally place another similarly stitched strip or piece
over such strip or piece and cement them both together with any desired suitable
cement, such as rubber solution. Occasionally I employ more than two such strips
cemented together. Such canvas strips will be used in building up the covers of
my novel tyre, air-tubes, protecting covers therefor, and single tube tyres. These
devices are claimed in Claims 132 and 133 hereof.
ILLUSTRATION 83.
The method of placing stitches of ordinary thread, cord or wire in or upon
rubber in the manner and for the purpose described in Illustration 81 may be
modified by forming a material to consist of single threads or cords of sufficiently

page_text: tough and strong material (such as hemp) all placed parallel and combined with
cement such as strong india-rubber solution placed between them so that each
thread may be isolated froin but kept parallel with its neighbours. As many
threads may be used as desired. The combination of parallel threads herein set
forth may be placed singly at a time upon the inner portion of the cover and
attached thereto by cement. I generally however prefer to take a strip of the
desired length of woven material such as canvas or like or other suitable fabric
woven in such manner that the outer longitudinal edges of such strip shall be
woven in the customary manner (ie. with the threads crossed) and the centre
portion consist of only longitudinal threads. Such central threads will be parallel
with each other of any desired size and may be arranged at any desired distance
from each other. Rubber (as thick rubber solution) will be applied to the strip to
keep the longitudinal threads separated and in place, or other suitable cement may
be used. Such strip of longitudinal separate threads will be of the length of
the rubber or other cover and of such width as may be desired and combined
with rubber or other cement as set forth and will be fixed to the inside of the
cover by means of cement such as rubber solution. Or, sometimes instead of the
woven strip having central longitudinal threads, the central threads may be woven
diagonally and rubber or other cement applied thereto for the purposes set forth,
and then when such strip is placed lengthwise inside the rubber outer cover, the
diagonal separate threads will be equivalent in position to what (if it were the
usual canvas lining of the cover) would be called "cut on the bias or cross
"which
is well known to be the method most generally adopted in employing canvas for
lining covers. I generally prefer to line the rubber cover of the tyre with two
such strips of diagonally placed threads one being placed over the other, in such
manner that the diagonal threads in each strip shall cross each other at an angle.
The strips will be cemented to the inside of the cover and to each other by means
of suitable elastic solution as rubber solution. The cover will be formed or
moulded of the desired shape and may be devised to be attached to the rim by
means of beads or enlarged edges or by wires but I do not claim any particular
method of attachment.
The cover or outer portion of the tyre may if preferred be built up of alternate
flat strips of rubber of the desired size and shape and of the longitudinal separate
threads described (preferably arranged in the strip form just described) all being
cemented together with solution as set forth. The strip consisting of threads if
narrow will be placed at the tread portion of the tyre.
Sometimes, instead of the strip having central longitudinal threads, I form a
strip containing threads placed therein diagonally or transversely such threads
being kept apart by solution as described. Such threads may be placed at any
angle desired and as many employed as required. The cover may be built up of a
combination of strips of sheet rubber with the arrangement of longitudinal threads
and with the separate arrangement of cross threads (which may be devised to cross
the longitudinal threads at any angle) but the two series of threads when so used
have preferably thick rubber solution placed between them so as not to chafe or
injure cach other. Such a cover will be formed of the shape desired with beads or
other devices for attaching them to the rim of the wheel but I make no claim
therefor as many methods are in use. The respective combinations above of
separated threads and rubber solution are not intended to be vulcanized and I do not
claim them as such. These devices are claimed respectively in Claims 134 to 138
inclusive. Figures 51 and 52 show strips with central separated threads as above
described.
ILLUSTRATION 84.
As a method of constructing a useful pneumatic tyre from materials described
herein I give the following by way of illustration only: I take a rubber air-tube of
the well known description and of the size desired, and placing it properly upon the

page_text: rubber with plain strips of rubber. The tyre cover may be formed of one or more
suitably sliaped strips of stitched rubber and covered by plain rubber cemented thereto.
An excellent cover is made by stitching the rubber with fine wire in parallel lines so
as to leave a space of rubber between each line in order to preserve resiliency.
Figure 53 of the drawing shows a view of part of a detachable cover stitched
diagonally with fine wire. Figure 54 shows part of another cover, where the wire
stitching is made also in an opposite direction. Sometimes I make in a strip of
rubber one series of diagonal wire stitching and in another strip of rubber of the
same size, make another series of diagonal wire stitching (the wires being in
different directions) I then place one over the other and cement them together with
suitable solution to make the desired cover. In this combined manner I obtain a
similar result to that shown in the single piece of rubber, in Figure 54 where the
wires cross at an angle of 45 degrees or thereabouts. The Figures 53 and 54 are
only given suggestively. The rims of covers may be stitched longitudinally or by
turning over the wire. The detachable covers may be moulded or formed of any
desired shape, and my device is equally applicable to built-up tyres of the single
tube description. This device is claimed in Claims 141, 142 and 143 hereof.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention and in what manner, the same is to be performed, I declare that I am
aware it has been proposed to provide pneumatic tyres with puncture proof
metal bands and in particular I am aware of Candy's Specification' No. 11,062 of
1891 and I do not desire to claim anything described or claimed therein; but what
I do claim is :
1. In the construction of a pneumatic tyre for the purposes herein set forth, the
method of making the air-tube therefor from paper afterwards waxed and having
calico, canvas, or other fabric as a covering, substantially in the manner described
in Illustration 1 hereof.
2. In a pneumatic tyre, the method of making a solid-wall tyre of canvas and
rubber and other materials, substantially in the manner described in Illustration 2
hereof.
3. In a pneumatic tyre for the purpose set forth, the combination of a rubber
air-tube with canvas strips (some of which are adapted to fix to the wheel rim) and
with a rubber outer cover also attached to the rim, substantially as described in
Illustration 3, and shown in Figure 1 of the drawing.
4. In a pneumatic tyre, the combination of the rubber air-tube, canvas strips, and
rubber outer cover, as set forth in Illustration 3, with a metal strip, substantially as
described in Illustration 4 hereof.
5. In a pneumatic tyre, the method of making a solid-wall tyre from paper com-
bined with canvas or other fabric, and with paper treated with solution of cupro-
ammonium substantially in the manner described in Illustration 5 hereof.
6. In a pneumatic-tyre, the method of making a solid-wall tyre from suitable
canvas, or like fabric, and other materials, substantially in the manner described in
Illustration 6 hereof.
7. In the construction of a pneumatic tyre, the combination with a rubber air-
tube, of a non-detachable cover formed of separate strips of canvas or the like,
arranged, cemented, and built upon the inflated air-tube, and some of the canvas
outer portion being preferably re-enforced with thin metal (as wire), substantially:
as described in Illustration 7 hereof.
8. In the construction of pneumatic tyres for wheels, the use of suitable
sufficiently fine wire for stitching materials or fabrics together as and for the
purposes described in several places and in Illustration 52 herein.
9. In a pneumatic tyre, the method of constructing a detachable cover therefor
from separate strips of canvas, or the like, cemented together, and preferably
stitched and re-enforced with thin metal (as wire) substantially as described in
Illustration 8 hereof.
10. In the construction of a pneumatic tyre, the device of stiffening or

page_text: combining together the materials or fabrics employed therefor by means of wire of
suitable metal stitched and worked into such materials or fabrics in any desired
manner, as described in Illustrations 8 and 52 hereof.
11. In the construction of a pneumatic tyre, the device of supporting or
re-enforcing the tread portion of the cover (or the outer external portion of the
tyre) by means of thin metal (such as flat wire) worked into the rubber or other
substance forming the cover or tube in any desired manner as described in
Illustrations 8 and 52 hereof.
11. In a pneumatic tyre, the method of improving the air-tube therefor, by
stitching the same with wire so to support or strengthen the tread portion thereof
as described in Illustration 52 hereof.
12. In a pneumatic tyre the method of constructing a detachable cover therefor,
from separate strips of canvas or the like cemented together and combined with, one
or more strips of horse-hair cloth, and all preferably stitched and re-enforced with
thin metal (as wire) substantially as described in Illustration 9 hereof.
13. In the construction of a detachable cover for a pneumatic tyre, the use
of canvas therefor, such canvas being woven with the central portion of each strip
of thicker substance than the rest of the strip as described in Illustration 10
hereof.
14. In the construction of a cover or outer part of a pneumatic tyre, the method
of making it from a sufficient number of strips of canvas (or other fabric), such
canvas having its central longitudinal threads thicker and stronger than the
crossing threads, substantially as and for the purposes described in Illustration 10,
herein.
15. In the construction of a cover or outer part of a pneumatic tyre, the method
of making it from a sufficient number of strips of canvas (or other fabric) such
canvas strips being formed with a central folded longitudinal portion (or other
longitudinal folded portions) and suitably cemented or stitched so as to keep the
folds in place, substantially as described in Illustration 10 herein.
16. In the construction of a cover or outer part of a pneumatic tyre, the method
of making it from a combination of two or more strips of canvas (or other fabric)
woven or formed in the manner described or referred to in Illustration 10, wherein
three different devices are given, such selected strips being arranged in any suitable
manner and cemented or otherwise fixed together substantially as described in
Illustration 10 hereof.
17. In the construction of a detachable cover for a tyre, the method of making it
from a sufficient number of strips of canvas and combining therewith a metal
annular strip (preferably flat, but may be of other section) such canvas strips being
cemented together to form the cover and preferably stitched with wire, substantially
as described in Illustration 11 hereof.
18. In the construction of a pneumatic tyre, the combination with a rubber air-
tube of a non-detachable cover formed of strips of paper or fabric treated with
resin or resin mixture and of strips of canvas and rubber arranged and built upon
the air tube substantially as described in Illustration 12 hereof.
19. In a pneumatic tyre, the method of constructing a detachable cover therefor
from separate strips of canvas or the like, cemented together (but having in
combination, paper treated with resin or mixtures thereof or other resinous
substances) and such canvas being preferably stitched and re-enforced with thin
metal (such as wire) substantially as described in Illustrations 8 and 13 herein.
20. In the construction of pneumatic tyres, the use of hot resin, or a mixture of
resin and oil, as a suitable preparation for treating rubber, canvas, paper,
pasteboard, cloth, cord, threads or like, or other fabrics or materials used in the
construction of tyres, as described in Illustration 14 hereof.
21. In a pneumatic tyre the use of strips of material or fabric coated with resip
or the like (or resinous mixtures) such strips being inserted between the air-tube
and its cover, or between materials and fabrics employed in the construction of the
tyre, substantially as described in Illustration 14 hereof.

page_text: 22. In the construction of a pneumatic tyre, the method of forming the air-tube
or air-chamber therefor, by means of spirally or helically wound strip canvas
or other fabric, the edge portion of which preferably overlaps substantially in the
manner described in Illustration 15 hereof.
23. In the construction of a pneumatic tyre, the method of forming the air-tube
or air-chamber therefor by means of spirally or helically wound strip canvas or
other fabric (the edge portion of which preferably overlaps) combined with suitable
cord substantially as described in Illustration 15 hereof.
24. In the construction of a pneumatic tyre the method of forming a solid-wall
tyre, by winding round a spirally or helically formed air-tube of canvas or the
like, a strip or strips of rubber substantially as described in Illustration 16 hereof.
25. In the construction of a pneumatic tyre, the method of forming the rubber air-
tube or air-chamber therefor, so as to have projecting ridges thereon, substantially
as and for the purposes described in Illustration 17 hereof.
26. In the construction of a single tube pneumatic tyre, the method of making it
with a rubber air-tube combined with strip rubber wound thereupon (preferably
spirally or helically) such tyre being secured to the rim in any desired manner
substantially as set forth in Illustration 18 hereof.
27. In the construction of a pneumatic tyre for wheels (such as velocipede
wheels) the employment of an annular hoop of suitable thin metal (such as ribbon
steel) of
any desired cross-section (as for instance nearly semi-cylindrical) placed
between the air-tube, and the outer cover, substantially as and for the purposes
herein set forth in Illustration 19 and shown in Figure 2 of the drawing.
28. In the construction of a pneumatic tyre the employment of aluminium
(suitably alloyed) as a desirable metal for the thin metal strip intended to protect
the air-tube or air-chamber of the tyre, as set forth in several illustrations herein
but described in Illustration 19.
29. In a pneumatic tyre, the combination of an annular hoop of thin metal (as
ribbon steel) with a rubber air-tube and a detachable cover therefor, and also with
an outer rubber or other cover substantially as and for the purpose described in
Illustration 20 and partly shown in Figure 3 of the drawings.
30. In a pneumatic tyre the arrangement of an air-tube, canvas cover, thin metal
hoop and canvas over it, in combination with an outer rubber or other cover
substantially as described in Illustration 21 and partly shown in Figure 4 of the
drawings.
31. In a pneumatic tyre the method of fixing a metal hoop, such as described in
Illustration 19 and elsewhere herein, to a band of rubber or other flexible material
and then attaching both to the air-tube substantially in the manner described in
Illustration 22 herein.
32. In the construction of a pneumatic tyre, the combination for such tyre of a
rubber air-tube A, of a flat hoop or band of metal (such as thin steel) D, having
its ends fastened together and preferably encased in canvas H and of a strip or
cover of canvas C to keep such metal hoop firmly to the tube and wheel rim; with
a rubber cover B and a wheel rim F to which such rubber cover is secured by
strips I. 1. substantiaily as described in Illustration 23 herein, and shown in
Figure 5 of the drawing.
33. In a pneumatic tyre, the arrangement of an air-tube therefor; upon which is
fixed a flat metal hoop or band (preferably encased in canvas) and having its ends
fastened together the said metal hoop and air-tube being secured firmly together
by a canvas strip or cover, the whole being intended to be used with a detachable
rubber or other cover substantially as described in Illustration 24 and the parts,
combined as above described, shown in Figure 6 of the drawing.
centre
34. In a pneumatic tyre the method of fixing the rubber or other cover at its
to the canvas strip forming part of the combination described in
Illustration 24, substantially in the manner described in Illustration 25 hereof.
35. In a pneumatic tyre, the combination of the parts combined and shown in

page_text: Illustration 24, with a rubber or other cover so as to form a single tube tyre
substantially as described in Illustration 25 hereof.
36. In a pneumatic tyre, the combination therefor of an elastic air-tube, a canvas
cover therefor, and a flat metal hoop or band, fixed thereto with a rubber or other,
outer cover, preferably detachable, substantially as described in Illustration 26 and
shown (but not the outer cover) in Figure 7 of the drawing.
37. In a pneumatic tyre, the construction of an outer detachable annular cover
therefor, devised to carry a flat metal hoop or band (preferably encased in canvas)
and attached and kept in place in and to the inside of the cover by cement and
canvas substantially as described in Illustration 27 and shown in Figure 8 of the
drawing.
38. In a pneumatic tyre, the construction of an outer annular cover therefor,
devised to carry the metal hoop or band attached at its inside as described in
Illustration 27 and such cover shown in Figure 8 of the drawing, but such cover
instead of being detachable, devised to be fixed to the wheel rim as set forth in
Illustration 27 hereof.
39. In the construction of a pneumatic tyre, the combination for such tyre, of a
rubber or other air-tube, with a detachable outer cover therefor, devised to carry a
hoop or band of metal, canvas or other lining, and having protecting or retaining
strips (and preferably stitched together) and also with a wheel-rim with which
such cover will engage or be attached thereto, substantially as described in
Illustration 27 herein, and partly shewn in Figure 8 of the drawing.
40. In a pucumatic tyre, the arrangement and combination of parts described
and referred to in Illustration 28 hereof, as a suitable method of constructing the
tyre for the purposes set forth herein.
41. In the construction of a pneumatic tyre, the combination of parts described
in Illustration 29 hercof with an annular non-expansible band as described in
Illustration 71 herein, so as to form the pneumatic tyre.
42. In a pneumatic tyre, the use of an annular flat or curved métal hoop or band,
having projections or rough portions therein, and devised to go over the air-tube
substantially as described in Illustration 30 and an example shown in Figure 9 of
the drawing.
43. In a pneumatic tyre the method of constructing the outer cover therefor with
an annular metal hoop or band secured on the inside of such cover substantially as
described in Illustration 31 and shown in Figure 10 of the drawing.
44. In a pneumatic tyre the method of constructing the outer cover therefor
with an annular metal hoop or band placed between two rubber strips forming such
cover substantially as described in Illustration 32, and shown in Figure 11. of the
drawing.
45. As a means of protecting the pneumatic tyre or outer circumferential portion
of an air cushion or air-disc, or pneumatic wheel, the method of fixing to the tread
portion thereof, an annular metal hoop or band and coating the same with rubber
or canvas or both rubber and canvas substantially as described in Illustration 33°
hereof.
46. As a variation of the method claimed in Claim 45, the device for a like
purpose, of first fixing the annular metal hoop by rivets to rubber or canvas or the
like, and then fixing it in place and covering such metal with rubber substantially
as described in Illustration 34 hereof.
47: As a further variation of the method claimed in Claim 45, the device for a
like purpose of first fixing the annular metal hoop to rubber or other material, and
then fixing it in place with the metal inwards substantially as described in
Illustration 34 hereof.
48. As a further variation of the method claimed in Claim 45, the device for a
like purpose of fixing the metal hoop in place by means of rivets and then covering
it with strip rubber or canvas, or both combined, substantially as described in
Illustration 34 hereof.
49. In a pneumatic tyre the method of forming it by the combination of a rubber

page_text: air-tube, gutta-percha or pasteboard annular hoop, canvas, and horse-hair cloth,
with a rubber outer cover substantially in the manner described in Illustration 35
herein.
50. In the construction of a pneumatic tyre, the combination of an air-tube,
having upon its tread portion an annular metal strip of any suitable section, with
an outer cover having upon each of its sides a metal or other longitudinal strip,
substantially as and for the purposes described in Illustration 36, and the parts
shown separately in Figures 12 and 13 of the drawing.
51. In a pneumatic tyre, the device of forming the protecting cover for an air-
tube with more than one metal or other annular hoop, such hoops being preferably
placed upon different planes substantially as and for the purposes set forth in
Illustration 37 hereof.
52. In a pneumatic tyre the method of constructing it by the combination of two
air-tubes devised to communicate with each other and secured together, with an
annular metal or other hoop and also with an outer rubber or other cover which is
attached thereto devised to be fixed to the wheel rim in any suitable manner
substantially as described in Illustration 38 hereof.
53. In a pneumatic-tyre, the method of constructing it by the combination of
two air-tubes devised to communicate with each other and secured together with an
annular but detachable rubber or other outer cover (in the inner portion of which
is carried the annular metal or other hoop) devised to be fixed to the wheel-rim in
any suitable manner substantially as described in Illustration 38 hereof.
54. In a pneumatic tyre the device of forming the protecting cover for an
air-tube by the combination of two concentrical hoops of metal or other substance
secured together (but having an elastic or flexible material between them such as
rubber, canvas, or the like) substantially as described in Illustration 39 hereof.
55. In a pneumatic tyre the method of constructing it by the combination of
air-tubes and metal strips superposed and suitably fitted, held, and secured together,
with a cover of rubber or other material (and either a detachable or non-detachable
cover) substantially as described in Illustration 40 hereof.
56. In a pneumatic tyre the device of fixing upon a metal or other hoop, a rubber
strip of any suitable section as described in Illustration 41 and shown (as a plano-
convex strip) in Figure 14 of the drawings.
57: In a pneumatic-tyre the method of forming a tyre by the combination of an
air-tube, thin metal hoop having a plano-convex rubber strip thereon (or strip of
other section) with a rubber or other outer cover, substantially as described in
Illustration 41, and shown (but describing no method of attaching the cover to the
wheel rim) in Figure 15 of the drawing.
58. In a pneumatic tyre the method of constructing it with the materials and in
the manner substantially as described in Illustration 42 hereof.
59. In a pneumatic tyre, the device of placing the annular metal hoop upon the
outside of the cover (and having its ends either fixed together or free; but, suitably
guided or controlled) and protecting such hoop with rubber or canvas or other
suitable material, as described in Illustration 43 hereof.
60. In a pneumatic tyre, the device of placing transversely upon an external
metal hoop short strips of rubber, gutta-percha, cane or other suitable substance
as described in Illustration 44 hereof, and a form of such device shown in Figure 16
of the drawing.
61. In a pneumatic tyre, the device of flexible links (such as strong canvas)
placed so as to prevent the spreading of the walls of the air-tube or air-chamber
substantially as described in Illustration 45 herein, and a method therefor shown in
Figure 17 of the drawing.
62. In a pneumatic tyre, the method of making it by the combination of a rubber
air-tube, strip canvas, and thin metal hoop (bound to the air-tube), with a metal
wheel rim to which such tube will be secured by means of canvas and cement
substantially as described in Illustration 46 hereof.
63. In a pneumatic tyre, the method of making it by the combination of a rubber

page_text: air-tube and a thin metal hoop placed thereon and both then bound to the wheel
rim with canvas or tape and then covered with strip rubber or canvas, secured to.
the wheel rim substantially as claimed in Illustration 47 and partly shown in
Figure 18 (with a rubber covering) but the wheel rim not shown.
64. In a pneumatic tyre the device of combining with a rubber outer cover
therefor having external projections (such as studs, corrugations or the like) a
metal strip (having openings substantially corresponding with such projections)
placed inside such cover so that the relatively thin parts of the rubber may be
protected by metal, and the thicker parts be left unprotected, substantially as
described in Illustration 48, and in Figures 19, 20, 21, 22, and 23 of the drawing.
65. In a pneumatic tyre, the method of fixing the metal strip described in Claim 64
in and to the rubber cover, by vulcanizing the two together, substantially as
described in Illustration 48 herein.
66. In a pneumatic tyre, the method of forming the detachable air-tube therefor,
with recessed external portions devised to hold metal, pasteboard or other annular
strips, substantially as described in Illustration 49, and shown in Figure 24 of the
drawing.
67. In a pneumatic tyre, the method of protecting the tread portion of the air-
tube therefor, by means of an annular strip or hoop of metal (having openings
therein) or other suitable substance, (placed upon the tread portion of the air-tube)
and so devised that where the rubber is thin the metal will protect it, and vice versa,
substantially as described in Illustration 49, and shown in Figure 25 of the drawing.
68. In a pneumatic tyre, the method of making the air-tube therefor, with a
thickened portion adapted to take an annular metal or other hoop substantially as
described in Illustration 50 and shown in Figure 26 of the drawing.
69. In a pneumatic tyre, the method of making the air-tube therefor with a
thickened portion of such shape as to form a ridge upon the protecting outer
cover when such air-tube is sufficiently inflated, as described in Illustration 50 and
shown (in combination with a metal curved strip) in Figure 27 of the drawing.
70. In a pneumatic tyre, the method of forming it by the combination of the
air-tube A, having ridge thereon A', and metal curved hoop (preferably having its
ends fastened together) D, with an outer cover B, as described in Illustration 50,
and sufficiently shown in Figure 27 of the drawing.
71. In a pneumatic tyre, the device of protecting the air-tube therefor by means
of a cover of rubber or other material or substance, fixed by one of its longitudinal
edges to the air tube, as described in Illustration 50 and shown in Figure 28 of the
drawing.
72. In a pneumatic tyre, the method of constructing it by the combination of a
rubber air-tube, and a narrow strip of metal or other substance both secured to the
wheel rim by strip canvas and suitable cement, substantially as described in
Illustration 51 herein.
73. In a pneumatic tyre, the method of protecting a detachable air-tube therefor
(whether of india rubber or otherwise) by means of a detachable protecting cover
of substantially non-expansible material (such as canvas) adapted to go over such
air-tube and between it and the usual outer annular cover, and devised to be kept
or secured upon or to the wheel rim by means of its longitudinal edges (which are
suitably stiffened or enlarged for such purpose) assisted by the pressure (when
fully inflated) of the air-tube substantially as described in Illustration 53 hereof.
74. In a pneumatic tyre, the method of protecting a detachable air-tube therefor
by means of a sleeve or tubular cover of substantially non-expansible material
(such as canvas) drawn over such air-tube, substantially as described in Illustration 54
hereof.
75. In a pneumatic tyre, the particular device for corrugations formed upon the
outer circumference of the rubber or other cover shown in Figure 29 of the drawing
and described in Illustration 55 hereof.
76. In a pneumatic tyre, the particular device for corrugations formed upon the

page_text: outer circumference of the rubber or other cover, shown in Figure 30 of the drawing
and described in Illustration 55 hereof.
77. In a pneumatic tyre, the particular device for corrugations formed upon the
outer circumference of the rubber or other cover, shown in Figure 31 of the drawing
and described in Illustration 55 hereof.
78. In a pneumatic tyre, the particular device for corrugations formed upon the
outer circumference of the rubber or other cover shown in Figure 32 of the drawing
and described in Illustration 55 hereof.
79. In a pneumatic tyre the device of forming it with two air-tubes (one being
placed upon the other) both such air-tubes being enclosed in one outer protecting
cover, and both such air-tubes being kept inflated therein substantially as described
in Illustration 56, and shown in Figure 33 of the drawing.
80. In a pneumatic tyre, the method of protecting the air-tube therefor by the
device of a flexible aunular bag containing vegetable fibre (such as raw cotton)
placed between the air-tube and the outer cover substantially as described in
Illustration 57 and shown in Figure 34 of the drawing.
81. In a pneumatic tyre, the method of protecting the air-tube therefor, by the
device of a flexible annular bag containing silk-fibre, placed between the air-tube
and the outer cover, substantially as described in Illustration 57, and shown in
Figure 34 of the drawing.
82. In a pneumatic tyre, the method of protecting the air-tube therefor by the
device of a flexible annular bag containing a mixture of raw cotton and silk-fibre
placed between the air-tube and the outer cover substantially as described in
Illustration 57 and shown in Figure 34 of the drawing.
83. In a pneumatic tyre, the method of protecting the air-tube therefor, by
means of compressed wool placed between the air-tube and the cover, or inserted
between materials forming the cover portion of the tyre substantially as described
in Illustration 58 hereof.
84. In a pneumatic tyre, the method of protecting the air-tube by means of
strips of paper (or thin pasteboard) secured in a shallow bag or stitched and
preferably treated with resin or resin and oil mixture and placed between the air-
tube and cover in any desired manner substantially as described in Illustration 59
hereof.
85. In a pneumatic tyre, the method of making the annular shallow bag devised
to contain the protecting medium (such as fibre, paper, or the like described herein)
from muslin (in one or more thicknesses) treated or saturated with resin or resin
and oil mixture substantially as described in Illustration 59 hereof.
86. In a pneumatic tyre, the combination as a suitable protecting medium to be
placed between the air-tube and cover, of a muslin bag containing strips of muslin
or like fabric saturated with resin, or resin mixture, substantially as described in
Illustration 59 hereof.
87. In a pneumatic tyre, the device as a protecting cover for the air-tube of
strips of paper treated with cupro-ammonium, and made into a thick annular flat
or curved strip and placed between the air-tube and the cover (and preferably
secured to the air-tube with canvas or by other means) substantially as described.
in Illustration 60 hereof.
88. In a pneumatic tyre, the device as a protecting cover for the air-tube, of
strips of vegetable parchment preferably treated with resin or resin and oil
mixture, and also preferably stitched together and inserted between the air-tube
and cover, substantially as described in Illustration 60 hereof.
89. In a pneumatic tyre, the device as a protecting cover for the air-tube of
annular strips of thin and tough paper stitched together and placed between the
air tube and the outer cover portion of the tyre in any suitable manner substantially
as described herein in Illustration 61.
90. In a pneumatic tyre, the device as a protecting cover for the air-tube, of
annular strips of waxed paper stitched together and preferably enclosed in an

page_text: annular shallow bag of light material preferably treated with melted wax or
otherwise made waterproof substantially as described herein in Illustration 61
hereof.
91. In a pneumatic tyre, the device as a protecting cover for the air-tube of
placing an annular hand of substantially non-expansible material (as canvas) upon
the cuter circumference of the air tube substantially in the manner described in
Illustration 62 (with reference to Illustration 70) hereof.
92. In a pneumatic tyre, the device as a protecting cover for the air-tube, of
strips of fine canvas or other suitable fabric (preferably treated with cupro-
ammonium) and stitched (preferably with wire) placed between the air-tube and
the outer cover substantially as and for the purposes described in Illustration 63
hereof.
93. In a pneumatic tyre, the device as a protecting cover for the air-tube, of
horse-hair cloth in one or more strips (preferably stitched with wire) and placed
between the air-tube and cover substantially as described in Illustration 64 hereof.
94. In a pneumatic tyre, the method of constructing it, by the combination of
an air-tube; rubber strip; horse-hair cloth; canvas; and rubber cover, substantially
in the manner set forth in Illustration 65 hereof.
95. In a pneumatic tyre the use of horse-hair cloth as a suitable cloth or fabric
to he employed in the construction of tyres, tyre covers, and the like, described in
Illustrations 64, 65, and 66 hereof.
96. In a pneumatic tyre, the method of forming a detachable cover therefor
from the combination of rubber, canvas, horse-hair cloth, and rubber, substantially
as described in Illustration 66 hereof.
97. In a pneumatic tyre, the method of constructing a detachable cover therefor,
by the combination of materials and things arranged and described substantially
as set forth in Illustration 67 hereof.
98. In a pneumatic tyre, the method of constructing a detachable cover therefor
by the combination of materials and things arranged and described substantially
as set forth in Illustration 68 hereof.
99. In a pneumatic tyre, the method of constructing a detachable cover therefor
by the combination of materials and things arranged and described substantially
as set forth in Illustration 69 hereof.
100. In the construction of a pneumatic tyre the employment of a woven or
made up band or annulus of canvas or other suitable fabric devised to go over and
next the outer protecting cover as described in Illustration 70 hereof.
101. In a pneumatic tyre, the employment (as a suitable material or substance
for the construction of the external circumferential portion or cover thereof) of
rubber in which is embedded (so as to be surrounded by rubber) a longitudinal
strip of woven material (as canvas) or woven cloth (as tape) such rubber and
material being vulcanized in the shape desired, substantially as described in
Illustration 71 hereof.
102. In a pneumatic tyre, the employment (as a suitable material or substance
for the construction of the external circumferential portion or cover thereof) of
rubber having in or upon it, two or more narrow longitudinal parallel strips of
woven material (as canvas) or woven cloth (as tape) such rubber_and_woven
material being vulcanized in the shape desired substantially as described in
Illustration 71 and (the arrangement of strips) shown in Figure 35 of the drawing.
103. In a pneumatic tyre (instead of vulcanizing the two or more strips with
the rubber as set forth in Claim 102 above, for the purpose described) the method
of fixing with cement such strips to a strip of vulcanized rubber of the desired
shape for the purpose described in Illustration 71 and (the arrangement of strips)
shown in Figure 35 of the drawing.
104. In a pneumatic tyre the employment (as a suitable material or substance
for the construction of the external circumferential portion or cover thereof) of
rubber having in or upon it strips of woven material (as. canvas) or woven cloth

page_text: (as tape) arranged upon different planes, such rubber and woven material being
vulcanized in the shape desired substantially as described in Illustration 71 hereof.
105. In a pneumatic tyre (instead of vulcanizing the strips with the rubber on
different planes as set forth in Claim 104 above for the purpose described) the
method of fixing with cement such strips to strip vulcanized rubber of the desired
shape for the purpose described in Illustration 71 hereof.
106. In a pneumatic tyre the employment (as a suitable material for the con-
struction of the cover thereof) of rubber combined with strips of woven material
or woven cloth such strips of woven material or cloth being made with thicker
central portions substantially as described in Illustration 71 hereof and shown in
Figure 36.
107. In the construction of a pneumatic tyre the employment (as a suitable
material or substance for the external circumferential portion or cover therefor) of
rubber having in or upon it transverse or diagonal parallel strips of woven material
(as canvas or tape) all vulcanized together to the shape desired substantially as
described in Illustration 72 and (the arrangement of strips) shown in Figure 37 of
the drawing.
108. In a pneumatic-tyre (instead of vulcanizing the strips with the rubber as
set forth in Claim 107 above for the purpose described) the method of fixing with
cement such strips to a strip of vulcanized rubber of the desired shape for the
purpose described in Illustration 72 hereof.
109. In the construction of the external circumferential portion or cover of a
pneumatic tyre the combination therefor of a strip of rubber having longitudinal
strips of canvas or woven cloth or the like, with a strip of rubber having diagonal
or transverse parallel strips of canvas or woven cloth or the like all such strips of
rubber and materials being vulcanized together to the shape desired substantially
as described in Illustration 72 hereof, and (the device of crossing strips) shown in
Figure 38 of the drawing.
110. In a pneumatic tyre (instead of vulcanizing the strips with the rubber as
set forth in Claim 109 above for the purpose described) the method of fixing with
cement such strips to vulcanized rubber of the desired shape for the purpose
described in Illustration 72 hereof, and (the device of the crossing strips) shown in
Figure 38 of the drawing.
111. In a pneumatic tyre the employment (as a suitable material or substance
for the construction of the external portion or cover therefor) of rubber having in
or upon one side of it longitudinal strips of woven material as canvas or tape and in
or upon the other side of it crossing strips of like or similar woven material all
vulcanized to the shape required substantially as described in Illustration 72 hereof.
112. In a pneumatic tyre (instead of vulcanizing the strips with the rubber as set
forth in Claim 111 above for the purpose described) the method, of fixing with cement
such strips to vulcanized rubber of the desired shape for the purpose described in
Illustration 72 hereof.
113. In the construction of a solid-wall tyre the method of constructing it
with materials and things arranged and described substantially as set forth in
Illustration 73 herein, such materials being vulcanized together.
114. In the construction of a solid-wall tyre the method of constructing it
with materials and things arranged and described substantially as set forth in
Illustration 73 herein but the materials cemented together and not afterwards
vulcanized.
115. In a pneumatic-tyre the method of constructing the air-tube therefor from
rubber and parallel strips of woven canvas or woven tape or the like arranged and
described substantially as set forth in Illustration 74 herein and the materials
vulcanized together.
116. In a pneumatic-tyre the method of forming the air-tube therefor in such
manner that the woven canvas or woven tape shall form rings upon the air-tube as
described in Illustration 74 hereof.

page_text: 117. In a pneumatic-tyre the method of constructing the air-tube therefor from
rubber and parallel strips of woven canvas or woven tape or the like, arranged and
described substantially as set forth in Illustration 74 herein, but the materials
cemented together and not afterwards vulcanized.
118. In a pneumatic-tyre the device of a strip of woven material (having a central
longitudinal thicker or stronger portion than the rest of such strip) cemented to
the inside of the outer or cover portion of the tyre substantially as described in
Illustration 75 hereof.
119. In a pneumatic-tyre, the device of a strip of woven material (having a central.
longitudinal thicker or stronger portion than the rest of such strip) cemented to the
outside of the outer or cover portion of the tyre substantially as described in
Illustration 75 hereof.
120. In a pneumatic-tyre, the method of making the cover therefor by the com-
bination of a strip of woven material (as canvas or tape) having a central thicker
or stronger longitudinal portion, with the rubber which is intended to form the cover.
or outer part of the tyre, and such material and rubber being vulcanized together
as described in Illustration 76 hereof.
121. In a pneumatic-tyre, the device of weaving a strip of canvas or other woven
suitable fabric in such manner that its longitudinal threads or fibres which occupy.
the central or wearing part of such strip shall be thicker than the transverse threads
combined therewith, and of combining such strip of canvas with and attaching
it to the cover forming the outer part of the tyre substantially as described in
Illustration 77 hereof.
122. In a pneumatic-tyre, the particular method of weaving canvas or other
suitable fabric (as claimed in Claim 121) and making or weaving it as an annulus to
be placed on the cover described in Illustration 70 substantially as set forth in
Illustration 77 hereof.
123. In a pneumatic-tyre the employment of folded canvas or other suitable
fabric as a suitable material in the construction of tyres and covers therefor as
described in Illustration 78 hereof, and shown in Figures 39 and 40 of the drawing.
124. In a pneumatic-tyre, the combination to form a suitable cover therefor, of
canvas longitudinally folded, and stitched, and fixed to the rubber outer cover
portion, by means of solution substantially as described in Illustration 78 hereof.
125. In a pneumatic-tyre the combination of the folded canvas set forth in
Claim 123 with rubber to form the cover portion such canvas and rubber being then
vulcanized together as described in Illustration 78 hereof.
126. In a pneumatic-tyre, the method of lining the rubber or other outer cover;
or external portion of the tyre, with strips of canvas or other fabric (cemented to
such cover) such strips being devised to act as protecting and drag strips combined,
and suitable devices therefor shown in Figures 41, 42, 43, 44, and 45 of the drawings,
substantially as described in Illustration 79 hereof.
127. In a pneumatic-fyre, the employment (as a suitable material or substance
for the construction of the external portion or cover thereof) of rubber, having in
or upon it one of the series of the strips of canvas or other fabric shown in
Figures 41, 42, 43, 44 and 45 respectively of the drawings. Such strips of fabric,
and rubber being vulcanized together in the shape desired substantially as described
in Illustration 79 hereof.
128. In a pneumatic-tyre, the combination of one of the series of the strips of
canvas or other material described in Illustration 79 with canvas or other material
(instead of rubber) substantially as set forth in Illustration 80 hereof, and having
reference to Figures 41, 42, 43, 44 and 45 of the drawings respectively.
129. In the construction of a pneumatic-tyre, the method of stitching rubber with
metal or other thread, cord, and the like and afterwards vulcanizing such rubber:
and threads together substantially as and for the purposes described in Illustration 81
hereof, and various examples of such stitching shown in Figures 46, 47, 48, 49.
and 50 of the drawings.

page_text: 130. In the construction of a pneumatic-tyre, the method of stitching vulcanized
rubber with metal or other thread, cord, and the like, substantially as and for the
purposes described in Illustration 81 hereof and various examples of such stitching
shown in Figures 46, 47, 48, 49, and 50 of the drawings.
131. In a pneumatic-tyre, the method of constructing a cover therefor, by
employing vulcanized strip rubber and stitching the same with metal or other thread,
so as to stiffen the cover in any desired manner such stitched strip rubber being
employed in one or more pieces and arranged in any required manner substantially
as set forth in Illustration 81 hereof.
132. In a pneumatic-tyre, the method of stitching canvas or like fabric with metal
or other thread, cord, and the like in order to diminish stretching of the same in
any desired direction, substantially as described in Illustration 82 and various
examples of such stitching shown in Figures 46, 47, 48, 49 and 50 of the drawings.
133. In a pneumatic-tyre the combination of canvas cemented together and having
suitable stitches made therein of metal or other thread, cord, and the like, substan-
tially as and for the purposes described in Illustration 82, and various examples of
such stitching shown in Figures 46, 47, 48, 49 and 50 of the drawings.
134. In a pneumatic-tyre, the device of placing upon the inside of a cover of
rubber or other material, a sufficient number of separate parallel threads of suitable
material or substance (such as threads of hemp or the like) and attaching them
thereto in any suitable direction by means of cement (such as rubber solution) sub-
stantially as and for the purposes described in Illustration 83 hereof.
135. In a pneumatic-tyre the device of placing and fixing with suitable cement
upon the inside of a cover of rubber or other material, a strip of fabric having
threads of suitable substance (as hemp or the like) placed or running in a longitudinal
or other direction (and such threads being separated by rubber solution) substantially
as set forth in Illustration 83 hereof.
136. In a pneumatic-tyre the device of weaving or making a strip of suitable
fabric (such as canvas or the like) as a suitable material to be employed in the
construction of the cover or outer part of such tyre, such strip of fabric having its
central portion to consist of single parallel threads, but its edges woven with cross-
threads in the usual manner substantially as and for the purpose described in
Illustration 83 hereof and an example of such strip shown in Figure 51 of the
drawing.
137. In a pneumatic-tyre as a useful form of weaving or making the strip of fabric
having separate parallel threads and woven edges described in Illustration 83 and
an example of which is given in Figure 51 of the drawing, the device of making
such strip with central separate parallel, diagonal, or transverse threads (instead of
longitudinal central threads) substantially as described in Illustration 83 and an
example thereof shown in Figure 52 of the drawing.
138. In a pneumatic-tyre the method of constructing a cover therefor by the
combination of a strip having threads running at one angle, with another strip
having threads at a different angle thereto, such strips being cemented to the inside
of the rubber cover (one being placed over the other) as and for the purposes
described in Illustration 83 hereof.
139. The particular method of constructing a pneumatic-tyre by means of the
combination of materials and things described and arranged substantially in the
manner set forth in Illustration 84 hereof.
140. The particular method of constructing a pneumatic-tyre by means of the
combination of materials and things described and arranged substantially in the
manner set forth in Illustration 85 hereof.
141. In a pneumatic-tyre the method of supporting the cover or outer portion
therefor by means of wire stitched therein in any desirable manner and a method of
placing such stitching shown in Figures 53 and 54 hereof substantially as and for
the purposes set forth in Illustration 86 hereof.
142. In a pneumatic-tyre the method of constructing the cover or outer portion

page_text: therefor by means of the combination of strips of rubber (each stitched with wire
running in opposite directions) such strips being cemented together to form the cover
substantially as in the manner set forth in Illustration 86 hereof.
143. In a pneumatic-tyre the method of supporting the edges of a cover therefor
by means of wire stitched longitudinally therein or turned over or otherwise as
described in Illustration 86 hereof.
144. The use of paper as a suitable material for use in the construction of
pneumatic-tyres or the air-tubes or covers thereof and some methods of its application
described or shown in some of the illustrations herein.
145. The use of paper which has been treated with cupro-ammonium as a suitable
material for use in the construction of pneumatic-tyres or the air-tubes or covers
thereof and some methods of its application described or shown in some of the
illustrations herein.
146. The use of canvas or other fabric or like suitable material (which has been
treated with cupro-ammonium) as a suitable material for use in the construction of
pneumatic-tyres or the air-tubes or covers thereof and some methods of its application
described or shown in some of the illustrations herein.
147. The use of paper which has been treated with wax (such as melted paraffin
or other suitable wax) as a suitable material for use in the construction of pneumatic-
tyres or the air-tubes or covers thereof and some methods of its application described
or shown in some of the illustrations herein.
148. The use of canvas or other fabric or like suitable material which has been
treated with wax (such as melted paraffin or other suitable wax) as a suitable
material for use in the construction of pneumatic-tyres or the air-tubes or covers
thereof and some methods of its application described or shown in some of the
illustrations herein.
Dated this 22nd day of March 1894.