IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF LAMPS, AND SHADES FOR LAMPS AND OTHER LIGHTS
Year: 1844

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, Jonn
HARCOURT QUINCEY, of Old Street; City Road, Gentleman, and JOHN JOHNSTON,
of Cursitor Street, both in the County of Middlesex, send greeting..
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen. Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at West-
minster, the Twenty-fifth day of March, in the seventh year of Her reign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto us, the said
John Harcourt Quincey and John Johnston, Her especial licence,.. full power,
sole privilege and authority, that we, the said John Harcourt Quincey and
John Johnston, our exors, adñors, and assigns, or such others as we, the said
John Harcourt Quincey and John Johnston, our exors, adiñors, or assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all
times during the term of years therein expressed, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, .and the Town of
Berwick-upon-Tweed, our Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE
OF LAMPS, AND SHADES FOR LAMPS AND OTHER LIGHTS;" in which said Letters
Patent is contained a proviso, that we, the said John Harcourt Quincey and
John Johnston, or one of us, shall cause a particular description of the nature.
of our said Invention; and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be
inrolled in Her said Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said in part recited Letters.

page_text: Patent, as in and by the same, reference being thereunto nad, win more runy
and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, we, the said
John Harcourt Quincey and John Johnston, do hereby declare that the nature
of our said Invention, and the manner in which the same is to be performed,
are fully described and ascertained in and by the following statement thereof,
reference being had to the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the figures
and letters marked thereon, that is to say:-
Our Invention has for its objects, first, various improvements in the manu-
facture of lamps; and, secondly, improvements in the manufacture of shades
for lamps and other lights. And in order that our Invention may be fully
understood and readily carried into effect, we will proceed to describe the
means pursued by us.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
Figure 1 represents a section of a table lamp suitable for burning spirit, to
which some of our improvements are shown to be applied. a is a glass, or
china, or other suitable earthenware vessel for receiving the spirit to be
burned. The argand tube 6 passes through this vessel, so that the air for
supporting combustion of the interior of the flame passes through the vessel a.
In making spirit lamps as heretofore practised, where similar vessels a have
been used, and made of glass, china, or other suitable earthenware, it has been
the custom so to make them that spirit has been supplied through the burner
tube, which is very inconvenient; and one part of our Invention consists in
applying a suitable opening and stopper c to the upper part of a glass, or china,
or other suitable earthenware vessel a of an argand burner lamp, so that the
vessel a may at any time be supplied with spirit. It is well known that it is
important in argand lamps used for burning spirits that the heat from the
burner should not be conducted by the metal tubes of the burner to the spirits
in the vessels used, and we have discovered that by the use of a tube of glass,
china, or earthenware, surrounding the metal tube passing through the spirit
vessels a, that the heat of the tube will not prejudicially be communicated
laterally from the metal tube to the surrounding fluid. d is a tube of glass, or
of china, or of earthenware, the lower part of which, were it passes through
the bottom of the vessel a, is ground to fit tight, and the end of the tube d
and the lower part of the vessel a is cemented into the vessel e, by which the
upper part of the lamp is fixed to the stem; by this arrangement the heat of
the air tube b is prevented for the most part getting to the surrounding spirit.
The interior air tube b we prefer to be of tinned iron, because it may be made
thinner than when brass is used, and tinned iron does not conduct the heat of

page_text: the burner so freely. 9 is a surface of wire gauze, to prevent the rush of air
up through the tube b; h is the outer tube of the burner, and I prefer that it
should be of tinned iron, as it does not conduct the heat downwards to that
extent which brass does. This tube h carries the cone i, and near the lower
part of the tube h is affixed the perforated plate j, on which is placed the ring
or guard k, and the air for supplying the outside of the flame ascends from
below the guard k, and, coming against the tube h and the perforated plate j,
cools the same; and this taking of the air for the exterior of the flame down
near the vessel a, together with the arrangement shown of the tube h, the
perforated plate j, and the ring or guard k, constitutes the third part of our
Invention.
Another part of our Invention consists in forming deflectors (suitable for
causing the air to be deflected on to the exterior of the flame above the point
of combustion) of china or earthenware, which, forming a non-conducting
material, is particularly applicable for spirit lamps, and at the same time they
will be found better adapted for oil lamps. I shows a deflector made of china
or any suitable earthenware.
We would remark that we are aware that deflectors of air on the exterior
of the flames of argand lamps have before been used of metal, and in some
cases metal deflecting surfaces have been carried by glass, and in some cases
glass chimneys have been girt in, so as to form a chimney and a deflector of
glass; and we mention these to state that we do not claim the same; this
part of our invention having for its object the use of earthenware or china as
the deflecting surface.
Another part of our Invention relates to making the wind guards m of
glass, or china, or earthenware, or talc, which will be found very useful, not
only in spirit lamps but also in other lamps. In spirit lamps they are highly
useful, as they do not conduct the heat downwards to the spirit vessel. The
cone i is formed on the upper end of the tube i', on which is formed a screw,
the object of which is that the gallery n may rise and fall therein, to adjust
the position of the deflector to the best position for producing the best com-
bustion or flame, and it will be seen that the gallery has a tubular guard n',
which rises above and descends below the gallery, by which means, in adjusting
the position of the gallery, there will be no space for the passage of air
between the lower part of the deflector above and the wind guard below, by
which the air for supporting combustion must pass up from below the ring k,
as above explained. o is the wick holder, on which the wick P is placed, the
wick being retained in its place by means of the spring hoop 9; and it will be
seen that the wick p at its lower end is split in order to pass beyond the

page_text: pinion r, by means of which the wick holder and wick are raised and lowered.
s is an air tube, by which air is supplied to the vessel a, and any vapour which
may rise from the spirit will pass up to the interior of the flame of the lamp.
On the lower part of the outer tube of the burner is affixed the screw ring t,
by means of which that outer ring is affixed to the metal ring v, which is
On the cone i is carried
fixed by cement on the upper part of the vessel a.
the blower u, which is attached by stems u¹ to the ring u³, as is shown, and
this blower can readily be removed when cutting the wick; and we would state
that we are aware that similar blowers have before been used in lamps; which
blowers come on a level with the burner tubes, and the only novelty in that
shown is in the circumstance of its being made of glass, or china, or earthen-
ware, or tale, which, owing to those matters conducting heat very slowly,
render them more suitable for such purposes than metal.
Another part of our Invention consists. in constructing the interior of
deflecting instruments used in argand burner lamps of glass, china, or
earthenware, or tale. w is an instrument for deflecting the internal current of
air outwards. This instrument is to be constructed of glass, china, or earthen-
ware, or talc, and the shape of the instrument may be varied, this part of the
Invention not depending on the shape, and various shapes are shown in the
Drawing. And this improvement consists in forming suitable instruments (for
deflecting the internal currents of air outwards) of glass, earthenware, or
china, or talc, which will be found more suitable than metl, and these
deflectors w may be used for oil and gas as well as spirit lamps: Figure 2
is the plan of a vessel a. The Drawing shows several of the details separately,
as well as a section and plan of a spirit lamp, and all the parts so shown are
marked with the same letters of reference.
Another part of our Invention has for its object the construction of a
deflector (suitable for deflecting air on to the exterior of a flame of a lamp) of
tale, which will be found not only to offer the advantages of not being
injured by the heat to which it is necessarily, subjected when in use, but it is
also transparent, and at the same time conducts heat very slowly. Figure 3
shows a deflector for a lamp; it consists of the metal frame f, by which the
upper and lower edges of the cylinder of talc are strengthened, and the ends
joined, & by which the upper disc of talc is fixed to the cylinder of talc, the
upper disc having a hole formed therein of a size suitable for the sized burner
to which it is to be applied. These talc deflectors will be found useful both
for spirit and oil lamps. Figure 4 shews the section of a fountain lamp for
burning spirits. Those part which are similar to what have been described
are marked with the same letters of reference, and the general. construction of

page_text: the lamp will readily be understood by examining the Drawing; we will not,
therefore, enter into any description of this Drawing beyond what is necessary
to explain the nature of the improvements shown therein which constitute
parts of our Invention, and although such parts are shown to this particular
arrangement of lamps, they are, like those already described, equally applicable.
to other argand burners. In this Figure, it will be seen, that the wind guard,
and the deflector are made in one piece, and is suitably formed for upholding.
the chimney, and it constitutes one part of our Invention to make the
'wind guard and deflector in one when the same are composed of glass, china,
or earthenware; and although the instrument a, shown in this Drawing, con-
stituting the wind guard and deflector, is formed with three projections, other
means may be resorted to for upholding the glass chimney by the wind guard
and deflector, and such instrument is applicable for oil lamps as well as
spirit lamps. The deflectors here described, and also those before mentioned,
are to have holes for the flame of a proper size, according to the material
burned by the lamp, the diameter for oil lamps, being about that of the wick,
whilst those for spirit being somewhat larger, as shown.
Another of our improvements consists in making the outer tube of the
burner in several pieces and combining those several pieces, by rings of
lead, or lead compounded with tin, as is shown at y, y, by which means
we are enabled to reduce the conducting powers of the external metal tube
of the burner of an argand lamp used for burning spirits. Figure 5 shows
a section of another spirit lamp, and Figure 6 shows a plan thereof. The
parts of the burner are similar to those described in respect to the lamp
in Figure 1, and are marked with the same letters of reference. The
vessel a is made more flat, and is the means of supporting the shade z
at intervals, leaving a space between the shade and the vessel a, by
which it will be found that there will be a rush of air over the surface of the
vessel a between it and the lower part of the shade, and such rush of air will
tend to keep the vessel a and the spirit therein cool, which is important in:
spirit lamps. Figure 7 shows a section, and Figure 8 a plan, of another
arrangement of spirit lamp with argand burner, the parts of which are similar
to what has been already described; and such is the case in respect to the use
of lead rings to the burner tube, and the means of supporting a shade at inter-
vals, as described in respect to Figures 5 and 6, are applied in the present lamp;
and it will be seen that the deflector and wind guard x is made in one piece of
glass, china, or earthenware, as above described; but another means is resorted.
to for upholding the glass chimney, there being a metal gallery fixed to the
instrument x, as is shown, and as will readily be traced in this Drawing, par-

page_text: ticularly at the separate views of these parts. U is the opening through which
the spirit is supplied to the reservoir; the opening is closed by means of the
stopper T, which has a close joint at T', and, descending down into the spirit,
regulates the height of fluid in the burner tubes, and prevents the evaporation
of the spirit in the reservoir. Figure 9 shows an argand gas burner with a
deflector of china or earthenware applied thereto. Figure 10 shows a nozel
of a candle lamp, made of glass, china, or earthenware; and Figure 11 shows
these part separately; Figure 12 shows a section and a plan of a table lamp
for burning oil, and is particularly applicable for burning common oils
which may require to be heated before they come to the burner; and this
improvement consists of the peculiar arrangement of supply vessel between
the anular vessel A and the burner, whereby the supply apparatus comes up
nearly to the flame, and receives the heat of the gallery and lower parts of
the glass chimney by being placed in the position shown. The vessel B for
supplying the burner with oil we prefer to be of copper, so as to conduct the
heat quickly to the oil. The parts of the burner and apparatus used therewith
are clearly shown in the Drawing. Figure 13 shows a vertical section of
another arrangement of oil lamp. It is well known that in making argand
oil lamps with single wicks according to the arrangements heretofore pursued,
it has been found impracticable to construct them of dimensions larger than
of about one and a half inches diameter of wick, owing to the quantity of air
which was then allowed to pass up to the interior of the flame; but we have
found that by the use of an internal cone or deflector such as we have shown,
combined with a suitable arrangement of glass chimney, we are enable to con-
struct lamps having wicks of two inches or larger diameter. Z, Z, are the
wick tubes, between which, is placed the wick Y, the oil for which we prefer
should be supplied from a fountain lamp, as we have found that with so largo
a burner it is desirable to maintain the level of the oil in the burner, near the
point of combustion. a is the deflector, which we make of glass, or china, or talc,
as by so doing we find the flame is less obstructed than when such deflectors
are made of metal; and it will be seen that this deflector is capable of adjust-
ment to regulate the height of flame, there being a rack X to the frame
which supports the deflector, and this rack and the deflector is raised or
lowered by the pinion X*. W is the glass chimney, which is supported on the
projections V.
We will now describe our improvement in shades for lamps, which are made
of thin sheet meal, such as tin and of paper, and consists in forming segments of
sheet metal or circular discs of paper into comical shades by corugating, fluting,
or plaiting the same.

page_text: In making a comical metal shade according to this part of our Invention, we
cut out segements of a circular disc of metal, and then we proceed to corugate
the same. Figure 14 shows a plan of the lower die, and Figure 15 shows a
plan of the upper die; these dies are used in a fly press, as is well understood
when pressing metals by dies and pressure. Figure 16 shows an end view of
the two dies together. The corresponding grooves in the two dies may be
angular, as shown, or they may be rounded. The grooves are formed radially,
hence they diminish as they proceed towards the centre from the larger or outer
end. A segment of sheet metal is placed on the lower die, as is indicated by
blue lines, and the upper die is caused to press thereon, by which three coruga-
tions will be formed, after which only one corugation is to be made at a time,
the metal only being moved a distance equal to one corugation from the
position in which it receives the previous pressure, hence two of the coruga-
tions already formed will each time be in two grooves; the segments are then
to be soldered together into a conical shade. In making shades of paper, silk,
or other woven fabric, we make them of circular discs of paper or other fabric,
such as is shown at Figure 17; but before cutting out the circle, we print them,
if desired, with any suitable device, and having done so, we emboss them with
marks to facilitate the folding them, so as to form them into the desired conical
shape, by having radial corrugations decreasing in size as they approach the
centre of the circular discs of paper. And in order to mark or emboss the
circular discs to facilitate the folding the shades, we form a plate, Figure 18,
of metal with radial lines a, a, which are grooved or sunk into the plate'; and
we form other radial lines 6, 6, by fixing wires on the surface of the plate,
by which those lines will be in relief on the plate, and we make register
marks c, c, on the plate. In using this plate, the paper in a damp state is
placed on the plate, and the register marks d, d, printed on the paper are
brought to coincide with the marks c, c, on the plate, which can readily be done
owing to the marks c, c, being readily seen through the paper or other fabric
used when in a damp state. A printing felt or blanket is then placed over the
paper, and the plate with the paper and felt is passed between two pressing
rollers, or they are pressed by other suitable means, by which the paper or other
fabric will become pressed and embossed, the grooved lines in the plate making
prominent marks on one side of the paper, and the projecting radial wires
making projecting marks on the paper or other fabric on the opposite side, by
which means the paper or other fabric when dry may be folded into angular
corrugations at the outer circumference, being larger than towards the centre.
When silk or other woven fabrics are used they are to be stiffened with starch
or other suitable material.

page_text: We would remark that these folded shades are very similar in appearance to
those which have been before used, and which were secured by patent by Mr.
Samuel Parker, and the only novelty in the present ones consists of forming
them from circular discs of paper, as above explained. The shades being folded
are pressed into shape in the angular dies, Figure 19, and then the outer cir-
cumference may be cut into any desired figure.
Having thus described the nature of our Invention, and the best means we
are acquainted with for performing the same, we would have it understood that
what we claim is,-
First, the applying a suitablo opening and stopper to the vessels a of argand
spirit lamps, when such vessels a are made of glass, china, or suitable earthen-
ware.
Secondly, we claim the application of the tube d of glass, china, or other
suitable earthenware, so as to prevent the heat of the burner being conducted
to the spirit in the vessel a.
Thirdly, we claim the mode of combining the parts h, j, and k as herein
described.
Fourthly, we claim the making of deflectors for lamps, of china or earthenware.
Fifthly, we claim the forming of the wind guards of lamps, of glass, china,
earthenware, or talc.
Sixthly, we claim the constructing blowers of lamps, of glass, china, earthen-
ware, or talc.
Seventhly, we claim the making of the internal deflectors w of lamps, of
glass, china, earthenware, or talc.
Eighthly, we claim the application of tale deflectors f to lamps.
Ninthly,we claim the making the wind guard and deflector x in one piece of
glass, china, or earthenware.
Tenthly, we claim the application of rings of lead, or lead and tin y, to
connect the parts of a burner tube.
Eleventhly, we claim the supporting of a shade z by means of the vessel a in
such manner, that there being a space all round, the rush of air may tend to
keep the vessel a cool.
Twelfthly, we claim the application of deflectors of china and earthenware
to gas burners. And we also claim the application of glass, china, and
earthenware nozels to candle lamps.
Thirteenthly, we claim the mode of arranging the supply apparatus B, in
respect to the burner and the vessel A, as shewn in respect to Figure 12...
Fourteenthly, we claim the combination of the parts X, W, and Z, when the