IMPROVE- MENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION AND LIGHTING OF BUILDINGS AND WALKING SURFACES, AND IN THE PREPARATION AND MANUFACTURE OF MATERIALS FOR THOSE PURPOSES
Year: 1874

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Thaddeus Hyatt, of Gloucester Gardens, Hyde
Park, in the County of Middlesex, for the Invention of "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION AND LIGHTING OF BUILDINGS AND WALKING
SURFACES, AND IN THE PREPARATION AND MANUFACTURE OF MATERIALS FOR
THOSE PURPOSES."
Sealed the 21st April 1874, and dated the 4th March 1874.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Thaddeus Hyatt at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
4th March 1874.
I, THADDEUS HYATT, of Gloucester Gardens, Hyde Park, in the
County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of my said Inven-
tion for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION AND LIGHTING. OF BUILDINGS
AND WALKING SURFACES, AND IN THE PREPARATION AND MANUFACTURE OF
MATERIALS FOR THOSE PURPOSES," to be as follows:-
According to one part of my Invention I make fireproof illuminating
roofs and other surfaces by combining together any number of illu-
minating gratings or perforated plates overlaid by or encased in plaster
A

page_text: of Paris, fire-clay, or other equivalent material applied in a plastic
state, or fire-clay or other equivalent material in a moulded and
hardened form, or in the form of baked tile or brick moulded to fit
the parts.
The manner in which I prefer to employ the fire-clay
when in the plastic state is to combine it with fibrous asbestos, by
which means the granular portions are securely held, bound, and knit
together into an interlocked mass. In some cases I incorporate gelatinous
silica with these materials; or an alkaline silicate may be employed
followed by acid treatment to make it waterproof. When the earthy
fireproofing material is in the form of a moulded and dried, or a
moulded and burnt brick, tile, or casing, I prefer to employ fibrous
asbestos likewise as the binding substance in its composition. In some
cases I find it convenient to overlay or encrust the illuminating structure
with asbestos in the form of a pulp or felt after the manner of covering
steam or other heated surfaces. In this case I work into the compound
as much plaster of Paris as I can make hold.
According to another part of my Invention I set the glasses of
illuminating gratings in brick or other earthy mounts capable of being
bonded by hydraulic or other cement or mortar to the fire-clay encased
structures above described, the mounts being preferably provided with
wire netting diaphragms, and the glass cast upon it within the holding
of the brick.
According to another part of my Invention I make illuminating
brick mounts so shaped as to be conveniently built up with ordinary
brick or without them into walls, partitions, and other constructions
requiring light, and when designed for illuminating domes or arched
roofs I form each brick of special shape for the purpose. According
to one part of this part of my Invention I make ventilating roofs
and other constructions of these brick mounts by leaving out the
glass, the opening being protected with one or more diaphragms of
wire netting within the body of the brick, a removable translucent
weather protector or covering being employed according to my Patent,
No. 2788, 1873.
According to another part of my Invention I set the glasses in
mounts made of water brick, that is to say, the mount contains within
itself the materials for extinguishing flame. These mounts or bricks
are made according to my Patent, No. 3124, 1871, for the construction
of fireproof buildings.

page_text: According to another part of my Invention I make ornamental as
well as fireproof illuminating roofs and walking surfaces by means
of illuminating quarries made of colored slates or baked or hardened
clay, concrete, cement, or other equivalent material, for walking surfaces
using of preference encaustic tiles. These slates, tiles, or quarries I
form with perforations to give light which I close with blocks of
glass. The quarry or tile is so attached to the grating as to present
the appearance on roofs of ornamental slate, and in pavements of
mosaic work. For this purpose each quarry is provided with a screw
shank at the centre of the plate on its under side, an aperture to
receive this shank being specially made for it in the grating to which
it is secured by means of a nut. This shank may be small and solid
or large and hollow to receive a glass; in this latter case it is made
on the plan of the small lead mounts described in Patent No. 2788,
1873. Gratings to receive quarries of this kind require no special
seats. I also make the quarries with shoulders to rest in seats formed
in the grating to receive them, the sides above the shoulders abutting
according to the plan of setting mosaic lights described in my Patent

page_text: According to another part of my Invention I make illuminating
roofs which ventilate upon the dormer principle. In carrying this
Invention into practice I sometimes use bonnet or hood shaped glasses
which when set in the light apertures of the grating have an open
gable end for ventilation. The open end I close with a movable
glass to open and shut at pleasure. Where it is desirable to have
a larger dormer than can be conveniently formed of one glass I make
it of metal either perforated or cast with openings to receive small
glasses, and the gable end I close by a movable swivelled or hinged
glazed grating sash. In some cases I cast the grating with one or
several dormers upon it. Where the roof is constructed of my illu-
minating brick I make brick illuminating dormers, the mounts of the
glasses being suitably shaped to be masoned into such form, the gable
end being closed with a closure constructed of illuminating brick.
I also propose to make illuminating roofs upon a plan to prevent
the dripping of condensed moisture from the under surface of the
glass and metal. This purpose I accomplish in several ways:- -Where
the construction is of the skylight order, that is to say, made of large
sheets of glass set in a sash frame of parallel bars, my Invention
consists in the formation of the under face of the glass which is
formed with oblique channels which compels the drops of water to
pass to the sides of the glass pane where it rests, and is glazed into
the sash bar, a gutter being placed under this bar, or the bar itself
being formed with a gutter to receive and carry off the drip. But
where instead of a pane of sheet glass a perforated metal plate or
grating of small apertures filled with blocks of glass is the light
panel between the bars I form channels upon the bottoms of all the
glasses, and corresponding channels upon the flat face of the metal
grating, and I set the glasses in the grating so that both surfaces,
the glass and metal, are flush and true with one another, the channels a
'of the glasses matching those of the iron without break, the channels
running obliquely across the face of the panel, the same as in the
case of the one pane of glass. Where the illuminating construction
is of the skylight order I employ panes of glass which instead of
being flat are curved crosswise making an arch whose spandrils run a
along the bearing bars in which the pane rests. This form of pane
compels the condensed moisture to drip into the troughs at the bottom
of the bearing bars. In some cases where economy of construction is

page_text: an object I obtain the effect of the arched pane by using two inclined
halves, the apex or hip being made water-tight by any convenient
means; or instead of forming the glass panes with a curve of one
arch I sometimes form it with several, placing underneath the lowest
parts where the arches intersect each other a glass trough to catch the
drip.
In carrying out this part of my Invention in the construction of roofs
of open metal gratings, apertures of which are protected by wire mesh,
according to my Patent No. 2788, 1873, the upper side of the bars of
the gratings which form the roof are channelled throughout, thus
making a perfect drainage surface. Whatever moisture is condensed
upon the surface of the glass plate or pane resting upon or above this
grating roof will find its way into the guttered surface, the under face
of the glass plate being formed with indentations which correspond in
shape to those of the grating, and of such size as that all the lower
points or parts hang directly over the gutters. Where I use thin sheet
glass for the outer translucent weather protector I stamp it into the
required form to produce the underneath face required.
I also propose to prevent the condensed moisture upon the under sido
of an illuminating roof or skylight from dripping by means of a water-
proof translucent awning, curtain, or shade placed underneath it, which
serves as a drain shed to carry off the water. This waterproof shade may
be arranged to roll up out of the way when not needed in use.
According to another part of my Invention, having reference to
improvements in the form and manufacturo of glasses for making
illuminating constructions in order to cheapen the glasses, I mould them
in mass out of plate glass. The difficulty hitherto experienced in
attempting to carry out this Invention has been the impossibilty of
cutting through the plate sufficiently in making it as ordinarily produced
upon a table. Instead of rolling out the "metal" upon the table I roll
it into a metal mould upon the table, which is sufficiently strong to
support the weight of the glass, and which passes with it into the lear.
In this way the plate of glass may be almost or quite cut through, so as
to form small sections or quarries, or still smaller blocks of glass; or I
mould and cut the top of the glass plate into the forms I wish by means
of a direct downward pressure upon the whole face of the glass after it
has been rolled out by the roller.

page_text: According to another part of my Invention I make button head
illuminating metal sheets by placing the perforated sheet over the lower
half of a mould, having countersinks to match the holes in the metal
sheet, the countersinks being of larger diameter. The "metal on being
placed upon the perforated sheet or plate is forced by pressure through
the openings and into the countersinks beneath, which form the button
heads upon that side, while upon the upper face of the sheet corre-
sponding button heads are made by the direct pressure of the plunger or
roller.
According to another part of my Invention, having reference to the
form of the glass for distributing the light rays, I give to the under face
of my single lens glass a concavity which corresponds to the convexity
upon the top surface, this concavity being formed not within the body
of the glass to weaken it but upon a projecting stem carried beyond the
lower face of the glass. The same formation I also give to the under
face of each one of the lenses upon the glass plate described as the
cluster lens glass in my Specification of Patent No. 2755, 1870. Upon
this same plan I also form the under face of my plug lights for the
decks of vessels, described in my Patent No. 2788, 1873, but with the
addition of a hollow to the plug, thus converting its lower section below
the lens formation into a tube, the outside surface of which I prefer to
corrugate. I also form the glasses of roof gratings or plates upon a plan
which, in connexion with the setting of them, I call the lobster eye
glasses, because of their bulging out or prominence beyond the face of
the grating in order to catch the light, and I make these glasses hollow,
and as nearly as possible of uniform thickness in every part for the
purpose of obtaining a large area of internal reflecting surface. I also
make glasses for insertion in vessels decks or into illuminating gratings,
which in their lower section are hollow cones, for which reason they
require to be inserted from the under side of the grating or plank into
which they are put. In some cases I prefer to silver the outside of the
cone. In some cases I form the glass with a point or pendent in the
centre of the cone%; I also make illuminating surfaces from glasses
made upon the cellular principle of construction described in my Patent
No. 3381, '73. Each glass by this modo: of construction is cast with a
rim, and shaped to match any number of others, the preferred shape
being hexagonal. These translucent cells are put together like the
bricks described in the Patent referred to by means of interposed metal

page_text: blades. In some cases I make metal rims with a wire diaphragm cast
in it, and I then cast the glass upon the diaphragm within the metal
rim. The metal rim gives a stronger connexion than where all is glass.
In some cases I use the rims with plates of glass set in them, and then
make my illuminating constructions with these. I also propose to
illuminate the interior of buildings by reflected light from a “daylight
reflector" placed beneath my illuminating gratings, the peculiarity of the
construction being lenses of different focal lengths to accomodate the
light to the sloping reflector beneath the lenses nearest the reflector, at
top requiring a shorter, and those over the lowest part of the reflector at
bottom requiring a longer focus.
According to another part of my Invention I make illuminating
surfaces from perforated sheet lead or other soft metal, which by its
yielding nature admits of an easy water-tight setting of the glasses, and
from its pliability and freedom from cracking allows itself to be bent
over curved surfaces where light is required, a part of this part of my
Invention being a wire netting construction as the foundation for the
illuminating soft metal sheathing to rest on. According to this method
of construction I make an illuminating roof of any number of parallel
bars set at burglar proof distances apart. These bars carry a netting of
strong wire, whose apertures correspond to the size of the glasses.
cmployed in the soft metal covering upon it, and in place of the sheet
lead I use perforated lead plated metal as the covering in which I set the
glasscs.
According to another part of my Invention I make an illuminating
shcathing for roofing and other purpose by combining sheet wire netting
with sheet lead or other soft metal. This new sheathing I make of both
single and double thickness of lead, in one case the wire netting being
exposed upon one side of the lead sheet to which it is fastened, and in
the other being concealed between and united to the two layers of sheet
metal. These sheets in some cases I also propose to render fireproof by
a coating of asbestos, felt, or other fireproof compound caused to adhere
thereto.
According to another part of my Invention I make illuminating
bars for making illuminating surfaces of any strength, span, or extent.
The illuminating surfaces made from these bars I make by placing any
number of bars in conjunction on tho allbeam principle of constructing

page_text: floors and roofs set forth in my Patent No. 3124, 1871. The illuminating
bars are preferably of rolled wrought iron, and are of the gutter or
U shape, the H shape, the T shape, and the L. or angle iron shape, . and
the glasses are set in the flanges or horizontal parts of the bars. For
convenience of joining I prefer to lead plate the bars, the lead also
facilitating the setting of the glasses. In making roofs of these bars the
web where desired may be on the weather side, but for walking surfaces
I place the web on the enclosed side. Being made of light and soft
metal and in lengths of many feet these illuminating bars make con-
venient "stock," as they can readily be cut to any required length. These
bars I also make of burnetized wood, the web or blade being put on to
the flange by means of marine glue or otherwise. These metal and wood
bar lights I sometimes fireproof in the manner already referred to with
reference to the sheet metal lights, and I further fireproof as well as
strengthen the wood bar lights by a drawn coat or encasing of metal, by
which process the wood becomes somewhat condensed and thus made
harder, stronger, and less liable to burn. I also make half-hole bars of
both wood and metal for the construction of illuminating gratings.
These bars are passed through rollers or other machinery, which bend
and compress them into any desired shape, and at the same time form
cach bar with half holes upon each side, so that the lateral union of any
number of bars produces a complete grating or perforated plate with
complete openings. The metal bars I prefer to lead plate for convenience
of uniting them. In some cases I tin the bars and make them into
panels by riveting or otherwise uniting the required number and then
place the pack in a suitable mould with each glass in position. The air
having been withdrawn molten lead is admitted, preferably under
pressure. By this process every glass is soldered in place and the joints
of the pack of bars are made perfectly water-tight. In some cases
instead of placing the glasses in the mould I place cores for forming
holes and making screw threads around the sides of the same for the
entering of screw shanks or screw glasses after the panel is made. When
I make panels of wood gratings from the wood bars above described I
sometimes coat them with lead in a similar manner to that above
described, the wood having been first suitably prepared. I also make
both quarries and grating panels from ordinary bars of wood or metal
by "halving" them together and then submitting the pack to the lead-
coating process above described, by which means I obtain leaded aper-
tures for the reception of glasses as above set forth; or instead of the

page_text: lead process the pack of cross bars may be encased in any fireproof
plastic material, fire-clay, brick, or artificial stone, the metal constituting
the essential strength of the construction.
According to another part of my Invention I make illuminating con-
structions from wood with the grain standing vertically like the wood
blocks which make a "Nicholson pavement." These blocks are each
bored with a hole in the centre for the glass, and put together upon the
plan of the honeycomb cells described in my Patent No. 3381,
1873. The wood is preferably burnetized, and may also be otherwise
guarded against the weather.
According to another part of my Invention I make solid wrought-
iron gratings by stamping or pressure. These gratings differ from the
pressed sheet metal gratings described in my Patent No. 2116, 1871, in
not being got out of sheet metal, but out of solid or plate metal, which
latter method produces division bars between the apertures whose
strenght is in their depth.
According to another part of my Invention, which is an improvement.
upon that described in Patent No. 2116, 1871, I stamp or form the sheet
metal with cross corrugations, putting the apertures in the metal faces
enclosed by the cross corrugations and setting them with glass. These
perforated sheets I prefer to lead plate.
According to one method of forming the metal to get a retaining.
surface or plastic or other fireproof encasing material I form one set of
parallel corrugations somewhat after the manner of making " continuous
lathing."
According to another part of my Invention I make lead plated per-
forated metal either cast or rolled, and either in sheets or quarries, by a
lead plating process, which while coating the metal with lead also forms
a screw thread within the apertures to receive glasses made to be screwed
into them. In some cases I lead plate the metal without its being pre-
pared or tinned previously, the lead surrounding the metal like a jacket
and rivetting itself upon the two faces through the light holes.
:
According to another part of my Invention I make illuminating
constructions by setting glasses in compressed paper, papier maché, or
other equivalent pulpy or fibrous material solidified by pressure and
rendered fireproof by suitable chemical or other means, these con-
structions being made likewise waterproof either by an overlayer of

page_text: thick metal foil, by asbestos, or other fire and waterproof paint or other-
wise. These paper gratings I sometimes strengthen by means of some
woven fabric, such as calico or other equivalent material, in other cases
by wire cloth incorporated within the texture of the manufacture.
According to one process of manufacture I place the glasses in the
moulds with the pulp and compress and dry the substance upon them.
In some cases for a finish as well as waterproofing the construction I
submit it to the japanning process.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Thaddeus Hyatt in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 3rd September 1874.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, THADDEUS
HYATT, of Gloucester Gardens, Hyde Park, in the County of Middlesex,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Fourth day of March, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-four, in the
thirty-seventh year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and
successors, give and grant unto me, the said Thaddeus Hyatt, Her special
license that I, the said Thaddeus Hyatt, my executors, administrators,
and assigns, or such others as I, the said Thaddeus Hyatt, my executors,
administrators, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others,
from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein
expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend,
within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for “IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CON-
STRUCTION AND LIGHTING OF BUILDINGS AND WALKING SURFACES, AND IN THE
PREPARATION ANd Manufacture oF MATERIALS FOR THOSE PURPOSES," upon the
condition (amongst others) that I, the said Thaddeus Hyatt, my
exccutors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my
hand and seal, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of
the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed,
and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within
six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent.

page_text: .
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Thaddeus Hyatt, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement, reference being had to the accompanying Drawings,
and to the letters and figures marked thereon, that is to say :—
My said Invention relates firstly to fire-proofing the illuminating parts
of buildings usually constructed of iron and glass, also to the preparation
and manufacture of materials for such purpose..
My Invention relates secondly to ventilating the illuminating parts of
buildings usually constructed of iron and glass, also to the preparation
and manufacture of materials for such purpose.
My Invention relates thirdly to the removal of condensed moisture
from the under face of roofs and skylights, also to the preparation and
manufacture of materials for such purpose.
My Invention relates fourthly and generally to improvements in the
construction of illuminating perforated plates and gratings, to the
materials of which they are composed, and to the application of such
illuminating manufactures in the construction of building and walking
surfaces.
Figures 1 to 14, on Shect One, illustrate my Invention under the first
head thereof...
Figure 1 to 4, on Sheet Two, illustrate my Invention under the second
head thereof.
Figures 1 to 16, on Sheets Three and Three, illustrate my Invention
under the third head thereof.
Under the first head of my Invention, according to one part of it, my
O improvement consists in protecting illuminating roofs and other surfaces
against fire by forming them of gratings or perforated plates rendered
fire-proof by means of plaster of Paris, fire-clay, or fire-brick, or other
earthy or stony material, cither moulded and baked or otherwise hardened
before being applied thereto; or I apply such materials in a plastic form,

page_text: after the manner of using plastic asbestos, as set forth in my Specifi-
cation of Patent No. 3684, 1873. The glasses may be set directly into
the openings as left after the gratings have been encased; or they may
first be set in brick mounts, and these mounts be then joined to the
encased gratings by hydraulic cement; or the gratings before being
encased may be provided with wire netting across their openings, and
the glasses be then cast directly into the openings upon the wire
netting. A, Figures 1 and 2, Sheet Onc, represents the metal grating ;
B, the encasing material; C, the glasses; and D, the wire netting.
According to another part of my Invention, under the first head
thereof, represented by Figures 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8, I make illuminating
bricks or mounts B, closed with glasses C, and so shaped as to be readily
put together like ordinary brick or built up with them into walls,
partitions, roofs, and other constructions requiring light; and when
designed for illuminating domes or arched roofs I form each brick,
Figure 8, of special shape for the purpose. According to one modifi-
cation of this part of my Invention I make ventilating roofs and other
constructions of these bricks by omitting the glass closure, in place of
which I substitute wire netting D, Figure 7, a removable translucent
weather protector or covering being employed if desired.
According to another part of my Invention, under the first head
thereof, I set the glasses in mounts made of water brick, that is to say,
the mount contains within itself the materials for extinguishing flame,
being a hollow vessel containing water, or made of materials which
generate steam or gas on exposure to sufficient heat.
According to another part of my Invention, under the first head
thereof, represented by Figures 9 and 10, I make fire-proofed ornamental
illuminating roofs, ceilings, walking, and other surfaces by overlaying
or encrusting the gratings with encaustic or other colored tiles, quarries,
sheets or plates B, Figure 10, or other colored substances, such as
colored concrete, cement, carbonite, or other equivalent ornamenting
and fire-proofing material. These tiles, quarries, sheets, or plates I form
to receive glasses C. For roofing purposes I shape and color them to
resemble ornamental slates, Figure 11: For ceilings, partitions, pave-
ments, and other surfaces I form them into patterns or designs similar
to mosaic and encaustic pavements. These colored tiles and quarries
may be attached to the gratings in several ways. According to one

page_text: method I provide the tilo with a screw shank E, Figure 9, at the centre
of the same on its under side, an aperture to receive it being made in
the grating A, to which it is secured by the nut F. This shank may be
solid, as shewn at E in the left-hand quarry, Figure 9, or hollow to
receive a glass C, as shewn at E in the right-hand quarry of same
Figure.
According to another method the tiles or quarries are shaped and set
like the glasses employed in making "mosaic lights," as set forth in my
Specification of Patent No. 1482, 1871. In some cases instead of large
tiles and a number of glasses I use small ones, Figures 12 and 13, only
large enough to contain a single glass. These encaustics may be
attached to the grating in the manner already described, or the
glasses C, Figure 13, may be provided with a screw shank G, and the
nut F may fasten both the glass and the encaustic B which carries it to
the foundation plate or grating A. By another method I group and set
with cement a number of small encaustic fragments b, Figure 14,
around a central opening or glass. In some cases the fragments as b are
of regular shape, being moulded for the purpose with a segmental curvo
to fit around the glass. In other cases as c, same Figure, the fragments
are irregular, like the old Roman mosaics, but grouped into regular
figures, the design appearing in the ground work by the different colors
of the groupings. Where colored clay, cement, beton, or equivalent
material is employed in place of encaustics, I sometimes mould them
upon the grating around the glasses. The mosaics and colored clays,
[concretes, and cements may be held around the glasses according to
0300 1030

page_text: i
Under the third head of my. Invention, according to the first part
thercof, I prevent the drip of condensed moisture from the under side of
roofs and skylights by diverting it sidewise from its natural flow by 1
means of diagonal stops into gutters provided for it upon the rafters or
sash bars which support the roof.
Under the third head of my Invention, according to the second part
thereof, I make the framing of the roof or skylight of rafters or sash bars
laid diagonally to the flow of the condensed moisture, so as to intercept 1
it in its natural course without diversion therefrom.
Under the third head of my Invention, according to the third part
thereof, I make the roof or skylight with an under surface formed of
projections and depressions, in combination with guttered rafters or a
guttered grating, roof, or ceiling, the gutters of which lie directly under 2
the lower or dripping points of the projections aforesaid.
Under the third head of my Invention, according to the fourth part
thereof, I make roofs and skylights of guttered rafters or sash bars com-
bined with bent or curved glass or other covering surface glazed upon
and between the rafters, the inclined, bent, or curved form of the
covering compelling the condensed moisture to seek the gutters.
Under the third head of my Invention, according to the fifth and final
part thereof, I make illuminating roofs and skylights that are prevented
from dropping their condensed moisture by means of a translucent
waterproof awning or awnings attached to the under side thereof, and
connected with the drainage gutters of the sash bars or rafters, or with a
gutter placed at the foot of the roof.
Diagoñal Stops.-The principle of my method to prevent the drip of
condensed moisture by means of diagonal intercepting stops may be
applied in a number of ways, according to the first part of my Invention a

page_text: under the third head thereof. For example, the stops may be a part of
the surface itself, formed upon it in the shape of flutes or ridges a,
Figure 1, Sheet 3; or in the shape of ribs set at certain distances
apart a, Figure 2; or the stop may be a rod of glass b, Figure 5, or
other material laid diagonally between the sash bars or rafters E against
the under face of the glass or roofing surface; or the stop may be a
diagonal clip of glass c, Figures 3 and 5, or other material connecting
two panes of glass, slates, or tiles, trimmed diagonally at top and
bottom d, Figure 3; or the stop may be the head d of the under pane,
tile, or slate, where the roof is made by overlapping materials, Figures 4
and 5. e, Figure 5, represent cross sash bars arranged diagonally to
intercept condensed moisture. When I use commercial "fluted" or
"rolled fluted" glass, which as made has the flutes running in lines
parallel with the sides of the glass, I cut the sheets diagonally, and thus
obtain plates or panes the flutes of which are then diagonal to its sides.
This method however involves considerable waste. A part of my
Invention therefore consists in the manufacture of rolled sheet and plate
glass formed with diagonal flutes, beads, bars, or stops upon the face of
the glass, as shewn at Figure 1, Sheet 3, as already referred to. The
casting table, Figure 6, upon which this glass is rolled out differs from
the ordinary kind of tables for making fluted plate only in the flutes f,
being made diagonally upon it to imprint this form upon the glass. In
some cases I prefer to make the diagonals upon the roller B, Figure 7,
and use a plain table.
Where the roof is formed of illuminating gratings instead of plates of
glass I make a diagonally lined surface upon the under side of the
grating precisely as upon the glass plates described, the under face of
the iron grating A, Figure 8, being cast flat for this purpose with flutes a
upon it, the glasses C which block the openings being set flush with the
same and formed with flutes a to match those of the iron. The condensed
moisture is conducted by these flutes into the gutters g of the rafter or
sash bar D.
According to the second part of my Invention under the third head
thereof the condensed moisture is caught in its natural flow by the
guttered rafters or sash bars themselves, E, Figure 9, which being
arranged in diagonal lines act as stops to intercept the descending flow
of the water, the gutters g upon them receiving and discharging it. In
some cases I add cross diagonals, which may be light and without

page_text: gutters, being used to simply divide the roof surface into lozenge-
shaped spaces for architectural effect.
According to the third part of my Invention under the third head-
thereof by one plan I make roofs of glass C, Figure 10, with an under
face formed of parallel corrugations h, from which the drip falls into
drainage gutters g formed upon the top of the rafters or sash bars E.
According to another plan I make roofs of iron and glass where the
roof is formed of iron gratings with drainage gutters upon its upper
face, and the weather surface is formed of sheets or plates of glass, the
under face of which is imprinted with cross corrugations that form
figures whose shape resemble the openings of the grating. The lowest
points of the under face of the glass are directly over the drainage gutters,
so that all moisture drips into them. Figures 11 and 12 represent in
plan and cross section a portion of a roof of this construction, wherein
Figure 11 is the plan and Figure 12 a cross section of the same. A, the
grating; i, openings in the grating; 7, drainage gutters; C, glass
covering or weather surface. This glass is made according to my method
of forming glass plates of irregular surface as set forth in the Specifi-
cation of my Patent therefor, No. 3549, 1869, such corrugated and cross
corrugated glass plates may have a plain or flat upper face if desired, as
shewn in Figure 10, or may be of uniform thickness throughout, as
shewn in Figure 12. When the plates are made with a flat upper surface
as mentioned the ordinary roller used in glass works will answer to
produce it, the casting table being formed as a die to corrugate the
under face, but when both upper and under surfaces are corrugated to
match each other the casting table and the roller work in concert like
two halves of a mould, each being fashioned with its own half of the
design, as shewn by Figure 13, Sheet 3ª.
According to the fourth part of my Invention under the third head
thereof I construct illuminating roofs of sheet or plate glass, or of
illuminating gratings, or perforated plates which discharge the condensed
moisture of their under surfaces into the drainage gutters g of the
rafters or sash bars E at their sides into which they are glazed by being
arched or raised at their centres, Figure 14, Sheet 3, thereby compelling
the drip to flow sidewise instead of lengthwise as would be the case if
the plates were flat. By using a ridge pole F, Figure 15, two inclined
narrow panes k, or a number of overlapping short ones, may be sub-
stituted for the one curved sheet of glass, _
-

page_text: According to the fifth and last part of my Invention under the third
head thereof I construct illuminating roofs or skylights, Figure 16,
Sheet 34, where the drip is caught upon a translucent waterproof
awning G beneath it. This awning may be formed of " tracing cloth" or
similar material in one or several picces, and attached to sliding, hinged,
or swivelling frames so as to discharge the drip into the gutters on the
sash bars E, or as I have shown it in one piece fastened at top to a spring
roller H at the head of the skylight. A gutter g is placed at the foot
of the skylight to catch the drip from the awning which at that point
overlaps it for the purpose.
Under the fourth head of my Invention according to one part thereof
my improvement consists in the employment of a removable plate or top
to lay upon the casting table during the making of small glasses in
sheets or plates upon the plan set forth in my Specification of Patent
No. 3549, 1869, to which I refer. As there shewn the sheet of glass
wholly or partially cut through is made upon the face of the casting
table itself, from which by some means it must be removed to the
annealing oven; the difficulty. of this operation is apparent. My present
improvement meets this difficulty, and consists in the employment of a
removable casting plate or sheet which is laid upon the casting table,
and the "metal" is poured and rolled out upon this sheet or plate instead
of being poured and rolled out upon the top of the table. By this
simple means without disturbing the glass it is easily handled and
conveyed to the oven, the supporting sheet going with the glass into the
oven and either remaining there without removal of the glass there-
from or it may be withdrawn, the glass remaining in the oven and the
sheet coming out.
Under the fourth head of my Invention according to another part
thereof, my improvement refers to the form of glasses used for insertion
in gratings, vessels, decks, and other surfaces and situations for illu
minating purposes, and consists in making the glass tubular in shape for
the purpose in some cases of forming an interior reflecting surface at the
point where the rays of light enter the weather face of the glass, and in
other cases for the purpose of forming a reflecting surface upon the
glass below or behind its weather face. The former description of
glasses are designed for use on roofs, in windows, and other places not

page_text: usually made for walking surfaces, the latter for vessels' decks, side walks,
floors, and other similar situations. A, Figure 1, Sheet 4, represents the
first named form of glass, and A, Figure 2, the second. The former I
term the lobster eye glass from its projecting so unusually beyond the
surface B in which it is set, the effect of which is seen by the angular
rays of light a, which entering the glass at its outer face at 6 fall upon
the interior face at c, and from thence are reflected into the space below
through the light opening C of the surface in which it is set; but for the
interception of the rays of light a by the prominence of the glass it is.
evident that they could not enter the light opening, and that even when
intercepted they would not be so completely reflected but for the hollow
form of the glass which creates an interior reflecting face. A, Figure 2,
represents the tubular part of the glass as formed to project below the
light opening, its form being conical. The exterior d of the cone A I
sometimes corrugate and silver on the plan of ordinary daylight
reflectors.
Under the fourth head of my Invention, according to another part
thereof, I make cellular glasses which are hollow hexagons or quarries
similar in shape and put together upon a like plan with those made of
other materials, as set forth in my Specification of Patent, No. 3381,
1873, to which I refer, and therefore add no Drawings to this description.
According to another part of my Invention, Figure 3, I set gratings
with lense glasses e, f, g, of varying focal distance, and combine with
such gratings a daylight reflector D so placed below as to catch the rays
of light from the lenses at the focal point of each as shewn.
According to another part of my Invention under the fourth head
thereof, my improvement consists in the use of perforated sheet lead set
with glass in any convenient manner, as an illuminating weather
covering to overlay perforated metal sheets, plates, or gratings, or lattice-
work in the construction of illuminating roofs and other light admitting
purposes. The difference when used for windows between my Invention
and the ancient method of setting glass in lead fillets consists in the
employment of the lead by me in the form of a perforated sheet instead
of in strips soldered together into latticework or cross bars. According
to one method of applying this part of my Invention, I make use of two
perforated sheets of lead E and F, Figures 4, 5, and 6, the apertures of
which may be diamond or lozenge shape, as shewn, or of an other shape

page_text: desired, and of any size consistent with the thickness of the metal and its
supports. The two sheets are put together face to face and united by
the process called "sweating," or they may be rivetted together or
otherwise. The edges h of all the openings in the upper sheet F,
Figure 6, are turned up so as to form a receptacle or scat i on the lower
sheet E for the glasses k, the edges h when the glass is in position are
lapped over as shewn at 1, Figure 6, after the manner of setting quarries
in the old fashioned lead fillets aforesaid. In order to strengthen these
lead sheets, particularly for use as window lights, I sometimes enclose
between them in hollows (stamped in each for the purpose) a sheet of
galvanized wire netting, the openings of which match the perforations in
the lead, the whole are then welded or soldered together by the
sweating" process aforesaid.
"
According to another part of my Invention my improvement consists
in making illuminating bars or rafters which are put together on the
"all beam" principle, that is to say, these bars. or rafters are laid side
by side with no intervening surface or weather facing material between
them. In this way the rafters of a roof become the roof itself and
contain within themselves all its strength. By making illuminating
rafters then I am able to readily construct illuminating roofs of any
curve, form, or span with case and quickness. I propose to make these
illuminating bars of all shapes, sizes, and strength required, preferably
of rolled metal and lead plated. Figuro 7 represents an angle iron bar G
with the glasses m set in both leaves of the bar. When the glasses are
thus inserted in both leaves I connect them together, as shown, to form
roofs, the edge of one leaf being bent as at n to overlap the leaf of tho
other. When these bars are employed in other positions I sometimes
set only one leaf with glass.
According to another part of my Invention, under the fourth head
thereof, I make panel gratings of ordinary galvanized bar-iron halved
together which I then place in a suitable mould and coat with lead,
which not only plates the iron but forms within the meshes of the
grating a suitable retaining seat for the glasses, which seat may be a
screw thread or otherwise. Figure 8 shews the grating before being
subjected to the lead bath, and Figure 9 the same after being coated,
C being the light holes to receive glass.
According to another part of my Invention I make illuminating wood
blocks. the light hole being made with the grain, which I set with class

page_text: as a "mount," Figure 10. These wood mounts I waterproof and other-
wise treat, to prevent decay, on well known methods, and these
illuminating wood blocks may be combined together for use into
illuminating surfaces of all kinds.
According to another part of my Invention, under the fourth head
thereof, I make solid wrought-iron gratings or quarries in the nature of
an improvement on my Invention, as set forth in my Specification of
Patent, No. 2116, 1871, by getting the aforesaid gratings out of the
solid on the principle of die sinking, that is to say, while the metal is
under pressure, whether gradual or the result of a sudden blow, it is
prevented from spreading laterally or yielding in any direction except
wliere it will go to produce the bars of a grating. I therefore place the
sheet or plate whatever its size, whether small and quarry form or large
in sheet form, in a mould or encasement sufficiently strong to resist all
tendency to lateral pressure, the matrix being formed in either the bed
of the mould, on which the sheet is placed in a properly heated state, or
in the face plate or plunger above it, or partly in both. The effect of
powerful sudden blow or great pressure then upon a plate of heated
metal so conditioned will be to force certain portions of the metal from
under the pressing faces out and into the surrounding hollow spaces or
channels, and thus make the bars of the grating. The light holes may
be made by a second process, or all may be done at one operation by
suitable machinery. These bars may be made to assume any form,
ornamental or otherwise, and even shapes not strictly bars but rathor
rings, with seats for the glasses. These solid gratings may also be used
without glasses for guards and other purposes, the principle of the In-
vention, like die sinking, consisting in raising a surface out of the solid
without stretching or straining the metal, its particles merely changing
their relative positions.
According to another part of my Invention, under the fourth head
thereof, I make perforated cross corrugated metal sheets, Figure 11, with
light holes C, as shewn, to be either set or overlaid with glass as an
ornamental illuminating material for roofing and other uses where light
is required. The cross corrugations may form lozenge shaped figures, as
shewn, or hexagonal or other shapes.
Under the fourth head of my Invention, according to another part
thereof, the same being in the nature of an improvement under my
Patent, No. 3380, One thousand eight hundred and seventy-three, to

page_text: which I refer, I make illuminating surfaces by combining glass with
gratings or perforated iron plates H coated with lead I mechanically,
the load rivetting or interlocking itself to both sides of the metal through
the light holes C, as shewn by Figure 12.
According to another part of my Invention, the same being in the
nature of an improvement under my Patent, No. 3380 aforesaid, and
also under my Patent, No. 1482, One thousand eight hundred and
seventy-one, with reference to "raised rims" around the light holes
of perforated plates, I cast such rims in lead as a part of the
process of plating a sheet with that metal, Figure 13. On one plan
the lead rims O are cast with a screw thread, Figure 14, to receive
glasses correspondingly formed to enter them. By another method
the raised rims, like the iron ones described in the Specification
of Patent 1482 referred to, are of the same diameter as the hole,
Figure 13, the glass taking its bearing on the surface of the plate outside
the rim O. By another plan, Figure 15, the rims O are of larger diameter
than the holes, and encircle the glasses as well as the holes.
According to another part of my Invention under the aforesaid Fourth
head thereof I make gratings or perforated sheets or plates (to be set
with or overlaid by glass) from or out of paper pulp, paper, or other
pulped or fibrous material, or from papier maché, or materials equivalent
thereto, moulding, compressing, waterproofing, japanning, and otherwise
treating these materials, as is done to render them fit substitutes for
wood and metal in architectural and engineering constructions of other
kinds.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of my
said Invention, and the manner in which the same is or may be carried
into effect, I would observe in conclusion that what I consider to be
novel and original, and therefore claim as the Invention secured to me
by the hercin-beforo in part recited Letters Patent is,―
First. Making fireproof illuminating roofs and other illuminating
parts of buildings of gratings or perforated plates, protected against the
action of fire by an overlayer, coating, or incrustation of moulded and
baked fire-brick or other equivalent material, substantially as herein
described and illustrated by Figures 1 and 2 of my Drawings on
Sheet 1.
Second. Combining illuminating bricks with fireproofed illuminating

page_text: the under face of the same, or by diagonally shaping the lapping ends
of the materials which form the roof or skylight in combination with
drainage gutters upon the rafters or sash bars, substantially as and for
the purposes herein set forth and illustrated by Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and
8, on Sheet 3 of my Drawings.
Eleventh. Forming roofs and skylights of guttered rafters or sash
bars and roof covering laid diagonally to the plane of the roof, substan-
tially as and for the purposes herein described and illustrated by Figure 9
on Sheet 3 of my Drawings.
Twelfth. Forming rolled sheet and plate glass with a surface of
diagonal flutes, beads, bars, or stops, and the machinery for making the
same, substantially as and for the purposes herein described and illus-
trated by Figures 1, 2, 6, 7, and 8, on Sheet 3 of my Drawings.
Thirteenth. Forming roofs and skylights of a series of parallel guttered
sash bars or rafters, combined with a covering material curved from bar
to bar, substantially as and for the purpose herein described and illus-
trated by Figures 10, 14, and 15, on Sheet 3 of my Drawings.
Fourteenth. Forming a fire and burglar proof open work grating,
ceiling, or roof, with an upper guttered surface around the light holes in
combination with a roof covering of glass or other material, the under
face of which is formed of projections and depressions that compel any
condensed moisture thereupon to fall into the drainage surface aforesaid,
substantially as herein described and illustrated by Figures 11 and 12 on
Sheet 3 of my Drawings.
Fifteenth. Forming glass roofing plates with an under face composed
of alternate projections and depressions produced by cross lines or corru-
gations, the combination of which results in figures that are not only
ornamental, but serviceable with reference to discharging condensed
moisture, and the machinery employed for making the same, substantially
as and for the purposes herein described and illustrated by Figure 12 on
Sheet 3, and Fig. 13 on Sheet 3ª of my Drawings.
Sixteenth. Combining a waterproof translucent awning or curtain of
calico or other suitable material with the under or dripping side of an
illuminating roof or skylight, substantially as and for the purposes
herein described and illustrated by Figuro 16, on Sheet 3 of my Drawings.

page_text: Seventeenth. Employing a removable moulding sheet or plate as a
facing to the casting table in the manufacture of small glasses from
large sheets or plates of glass wholly or partially cut through, substan-
tially as and for the purposes herein described.
Eighteenth. Making tubular formed glasses and combining the same
with gratings and other perforated surfaces for purposes of illumination,
substantially as herein described and illustrated by Figures 1 and 2 on
Sheet 4 of my Drawings.
Nineteenth. Making and joining cellular or quarry formed glasses
for illuminating purposes, substantially as herein set forth.
Twentieth. Combining daylight reflectors with illuminating gratings,
the glasses of which are lenses of differing focal distance, substantially
as and for the purposes herein described and illustrated by Figure 3 on
Sheet 4 of my Drawings.
Twenty-first. Combining perforated sheet lead and glass as an illumi-
nating covering for lattice work, gratings, perforated metal, and other
supporting substructures, substantially as and for the purposes herein
described and illustrated by Figures 4, 5, and 6, on Sheet 4 of my
Drawings.
Twenty-second. Making lead latticework to be set with glass for.
windows and other openings by getting the material out of the solid in
perforated sheet form and strengthening the same, substantially as
herein described and set forth in Figures 4, 5, and 6, on Sheet 4 of my
Drawings.
Twenty-third. Making illuminating bars or rafters, also combining
the same into illuminating surfaces, substantially as and for the
purposes herein described and illustrated by Figure 7 on Sheet 4 of my
Drawings.
Twenty-fourth. Forming panel gratings of notched bar iron halved
into each other and overlaid with lead so as to form retaining seats or
sides to hold glasses, substantially as and for the purposes herein dc-
scribed and illustrated by my Drawings (Figures 8 and 9, Sheet 4).
Twenty-fifth. Forming illuminating wood mounts and wood pavements
with the glasses set "endways" of the wood, substantially as and for
the purposes herein described and illustrated by Figure 10 on Sheet 4 of
my Drawings.

page_text: Twenty-sixth. Making solid metal gratings or perforated slicets by a
method analogous to die sinking, substantially as and for the purposes
hercin described.
Twenty-seventh. Perforating and setting cross corrugated metal with
glass, substantially as and for the purposes herein described and illus-
trated by Figure 11 on Sheet 4 of my Drawings.
Twenty-eighth. Mechanically coating perforated plates with a jacket
of lead, substantially as and for the purposes herein described and illus-
trated by Figures 12, 13, 14, and 15, on Sheet 4 of my Drawings.
Twenty-ninth. Casting rims of lead as glass holders upon perforated
metal during the process of lead plating it, substantially as and for the
purposes herein described and illustrated by Figures 13, 14, and 15, on
Sheet 4 of my Drawings.
Thirtieth. Making gratings or perforated plates of fibrous and pulped
materials, such as paper and papier maché, and setting them with glass,
substantially as and for the purposes herein set forth.
In witness whereof, I, the said Thaddeus Hyatt, have to this my
Specification set my hand and seal, the Second day of September,
One thousand eight hundred and seventy-four.