A CERTAIN IMPROVEMENT OR IMPROVEMENTS IN ANCHORS
Year: 1833

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
RODGER, of Norfolk Street, Strand, in the County of Middlesex, Lieutenant
in the Royal Navy, send greeting.
WHEREAS His present most Excellent Majesty King William the Fourth,
by His Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at
Westminster, the Twenty-sixth day of July, in the fourth year of His reign,
did, for Himself, His heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
William Rodger, His especial licence, full power, sole privilege and autho-
rity, that I, the said William Rodger, my exors, admors, and assigns, or such
others as I, the said William Rodger, my exors, admors, or assigns, should
at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
during the term of years therein mentioned, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-
upon-Tweed, my Invention of "A CERTAIN IMPROVEMENT OR IMPROVEMENTS IN
ANCHORS;" in which said Letters Patent is contained a proviso that I, the said
William Rodger, shall cause a particular description of the nature of my said
Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be inrolled
in His said Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar months
next and immediately after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent,
as in and by the same, reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at
large appear.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
William Rodger, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention, and
the manner in which the same is to be performed, are particularly described
and ascertained in and by the Drawing hereunto annexed, and the following
description thereof (that is to say):-
My said Invention of a "Certain Improvement or Improvements in Anchors"
relates to those parts of anchors which are usually termed the palms, and
whereby a considerable saving of the iron commonly employed in the forma-
tion of those parts may be effected, and it can be more beneficially applied in
strengthening the shank and arms. It has long been known to practical
seamen that when an anchor of the usual construction with large palms is
dragged through adhesive ground, it is liable to get "shod" by the adhe-
sion of the ground to the palm, and which forces or raises it out of the
ground, and when this takes place no dependance can be had on its again
taking hold, even with an increased scope of cable, and consequently it
becomes absolutely necessary to let go another anchor, when it would have
been more desirable to ride by one only. The cause of this effect, however,
has not heretofore been pointed out, and the object of my said Invention is to
obviate the liability of the anchors getting shod, and at the same time to
improve their holding properties, firstly, as regards their taking hold, and
secondly, to produce a greater amount of resistance to the dragging action of
the ship than has hitherto been accomplished with a given quantity of material
formed into an anchor of the same length. It may indeed be practicable to
obtain anchors possessing a greater holding property in proportion to their
weight by increasing their length, but it is obvious that this would be attended
with so great a loss of strength that the shank of the anchor would not be
capable of overcoming the great resistance opposed to the palm in raising the
anchor out of the ground. Of this there is sufficient proof on record, for
since the introduction of chain cables it has been found absolutely necessary to
shorten both the shanks and the arms of anchors in order to increase their
strength, for so frequently were the shanks of the long anchors broken when
used with chains, and chiefly in the act of weighing, that the chain cable
makers were at one time apprehensive of the chains falling into disrepute ;
and in order to remedy this evil the anchors were shortened, as above men-
tioned, but which was attended with a great sacrafice of holding power,
compensated, however indeed, in some degree by the weight of the chain
cable. But so little attention has hitherto been paid to the principle of action
in anchors, that palms of nearly the same size are now used with anchors
having short shanks and arms as were formerly used with anchors of the

page_text: same weight but of much greater length. From this it would appear that no
fixed or determinate rule has hitherto been acted upon. By a reference
to the printed tables of the dimensions of anchors, and by which all the
anchors used in His Majesty's Service have been made for nearly twenty years
past, as also to the manuscript tables by which anchors were made for the
Navy, both in the Royal dockyards and by contract, about the year One
thousand eight hundred and twelve, it appears that the length and breadth of
the palms were about one half the length of the arms, and the same length
and breadth has been continued, although the shanks and arms have been
shortened, consequently the length and breadth of the palms now in common
use are for the most part more than half the length of the arins. Although it
is now the practice in His Majesty's dockyards to make the breadth of the
palms equal to their length, exclusive of the point, yet they were formerly
made a little longer than broad, to the extent of from one inch in small
anchors to an inch and a half in those from 40 cwt. upwards, and even at the
present time it is the common practice in some private manufactories to
make the length of the palms an inch greater than their width without
reference to the size and weight of the anchor. To this length is also to be
added the length of the point, which is generally about a fourth or a fifth the
length of the palm. When what are termed "Dutch palms" are used, they
are generally made of about the same width and length as the common palms,
including points, as will be shewn hereafter. Now in order to avoid these
great defects, I have altered the size and form of the palms of my im-
proved anchors, by which alterations I have obtained a great superiority
both as regards their taking hold quickly and retaining their hold with
scarcely any liability to get shod; for although the anchor may be dragged
by the immense power of the wind and sea upon the ship, yet they
will rarely, if ever, intirely loose their hold, as it has been observed that
when dragged their shanks continue in contact with the ground, and do
not evince any tendency to rise by the action of the ground upon the
palm and arm of the anchor, and which forces from their hold anchors of the
old construction. When therefore a ship drags my improved anchor it is only
necessary to give her more cable, in order to bring her up, and every practical
seaman knows the disadvantages of having a second anchor "under foot," if
the same security can be obtained by one only; and, in addition to these
advantages, my improved anchor is more compact for stowing; and of whatever
sectional form the shank and arms, of the anchor made be made they will
possess additional strength compared with those of the same weight and length
of the old construction, from the circumstance of the iron which is saved

page_text: out of the palms being diffused throughout those parts. Nevertheless
recommend the sectional form exhibited by the Drawing as affording a greater
amount of strength and flexibility with a given quantity of material than
is to be obtained by any of the sectional forms in common use, together with
the certainty of making the iron of a better quality.
Having stated above that anchors with palms of a certain length and breadth
in respect of their arms have hitherto been used and found defective, I now
state, as the result of actual experiments recently made by me, that anchors
with palms of much smaller dimensions, and even with arms without any
palms to them, have been found to hold much better than anchors on the
old construction of the same weight and length. There is, however, a limit
beyond which the palms, should not be reduced so as to obtain the greatest
amount of holding power with a given length of arm; and even this limit
should not be approached too nearly, as it is necessary to have a certain
breadth of palm, in order to fish the anchor with facility and dispatch by means
of a hook in the usual way. For this purpose I have fixed upon one fifth the
length of the arm as a suitable proportion for the length or depth of the palm,
although scarcely any difference is perceptible in the power of holding when
the palm is reduced to one sixth or even to one seventh the length of the arm;
but of whatever length the palm may be its breadth should be to its length in
the ratio of three to two, if without a point, or as eight to five, if with a point,
the length of which should be about one fourth the length of the palm.
The object which I have in view by fixing upon these proportions is to get the
extreme breadth of the palm at the greatest possible depth so as to obtain the
greatest resistance with a given surface, and to insure the most favorable
angle for taking hold and retaining it. By making the breadth of the palm
still greater in proportion to its length it would doubtless hold better in very
soft ground; but then it would not possess the same facility of entering into
hard ground; and it is of the utmost importance that an anchor should take
immediate hold on reaching the ground, as vessels are frequently obliged
to bring up, in critical situations, when dragging the anchor only a few feet
might be attended with the most disastrous consequences; care should there-
fore be taken to make the points and edges of the palm sufficiently thin for
that purpose. Now, when the old anchor reaches the bottom, if the surface of
the ground be even, it will rest upon the edges of the palms, and one end of
the stock with the crown scarcely, if at all, touching the ground. In order
therefore to "cant" the anchor," as it is technically termed, so as to bring
the flukesin to a vertical position, it is necessary to vur out a certain propor-
tion of cable, according to the depth of water, and if a sufficient quantity

page_text: be not vured out the anchor will be dragged with both flukes or arms lying
horizontally upon the ground, in which position the anchor will have very
little power to hold; and when an iron stock is used it frequently happens in
soft ground that the pressure upon its end forces it to such a depth that it
has not sufficient leverage to perform its office of canting the anchor, and
consequently when the anchor is dragged the stock will be either bent or
broken, to prevent which it is not unusual to have wooden ends affixed to the
ends of iron stocks to prevent their sinking into the ground in the act of
canting the anchor. Now, when my improved anchor reaches the ground it
will only rest for an instant upon the crown and one end of the stock, for the
palms are so small and at such a distance from the crown, that they do not
touch the ground, so that the slightest pull upon the cable without vuring out
more than has been drawn out of the hawse hole by the impetus acquired by
the falling of the anchor will immediately cant it, and bring it into action and
as has been justly observed, may frequently prevent serious damage when
obliged to bring up in the hawse of another vessel, or close to the shore.
I may add, in farther illustration of large palms being hitherto considered
as indispensable, that when an anchor is found not to hold well in proportion
to its weight, it is almost always attributed to the palms being too small, and
it has been known that when an anchor has had one of its palms broken off by
accident, the vessel has actually put into port in order to have it replaced. Now,
the fact is, that an anchor without palms will hold so much better than with
the large palms in common use, that were the palms taken off, the shank of the
anchor would be more liable to be broken in weighing than at present, unless
indeed the iron of which the palms have been formed could have been diffused
over the shank in order to increase its strength. In order to convert the old
long shanked anchors into what are termed chain cable anchors, the practice
has hitherto been to reduce the length of their shanks by cutting a piece out
of what is termed "the small of the shank," and without making any altera-
tion whatever in the arms. Now, it can be easily demonstrated that this does
not in reality strengthen the anchor, for if the lower arm be buried up to
the shank it will oppose the same resistance in weighing whether the shank be
long or short, and therefore if the leverage of the shank be shortened the power
of the windlass or capstan must be increased in the same ratio in order to pro-
duce the same effect, and consequently the strain upon the shank will be the
same as before, which will render it still more liable to be broken, from the
circumstance of the strain being more sudden, and the shank possessing less
flexibility owing to its reduced length. It may likewise be demonstrated, that
in the act of riding with any scope of cable which may be supposed to be

page_text: resting upon the ground, the reduced shank does not possess any additional
strength over.the long shank, unless the length of the arms be likewise reduced
in the same proportion, or the piece which had been cut off the shank be
diffused over it. Let us suppose, for instance, the lower arms of two anchors
to be buried in the ground to the depth of one third, one half, or three fourths
the length of their arms, which are supposed to be equal, it will be obvious
that, if the shanks be of different lengths, the longer shank will form a
more acute angle with the ground and the direction of the strain than a
shorter shank; and it will be seen that the leverage of the one into the
sine of its angle of inclination with the ground and the direction of the
strain will be equal to the leverage of the other into the sine of its angle
of inclination, and consequently the strain upon both the shanks will be the
same.
In the same manner it may be shewn that shortening the shank brings the
strain upon the arms nearer to a perpendicular direction, and consequently
renders them more liable to be broken. It likewise causes the arms to make
a less favorable angle for entering the ground than before, which materially
deteriorates their holding properties, as will be admitted when I state that I
have in my possession drawings of anchors which had been shortened in their
shanks to such an extent, that when lying on the surface of the ground with
their flukes in a vertical position, their palms made an angle with that surface
of from 80° to 85°, and with the middle line of their shanks about 52°.
The palm of my improved anchor similarly situated makes an angle of about
58° with the surface of the ground, and about 38° with the middle line of its
shank, so that the angle which my improved palm makes with the surface
varies between 58° and 38°, instead of between 80° or 85° and 52°, as is the
case with the palms of anchors of which the shanks have been shortened, as
before described. If it be deemed advisable to alter old anchors in order to
increase their strength, I would recommend the arms only to be shortened,
which would diminish their weight considerably, and without materially
affecting their holding properties; for it is well known to practical seamen
that the anchor does not always sink into the ground up to its shank, and it
will be seen that shortening the arins will produce a more favorable angle for
entering, and consequently it will penetrate deeper into hard ground, and in
ground of an adhesive quality it will be less liable to get shod, and therefore
be better able to retain its hold. Upon the same principle it might be shewn
that by lengthening the shanks of anchors, and retaining the same length of
arms, their holding properties would be improved in a higher ratio than their
increase of weight and loss of strength. This will be allowed when I state

page_text: that the shank would be lengthened at its small end, and which would require
but little additional weight; whereas if the arms be lengthened, the alteration
must be made at their thick ends, in order to counteract their increased
leverage, and which would require a much greater weight of metal without
producing the same beneficial effect.
Now, keeping the above principles of action in view, I have in the construc-
tion of my improved anchors with small palms altered the relative proportions
between their shanks and arms, in the manner to be herein-after described.
Previously to the introduction of chain cables it was the practice in this
country to make the length of the arms (from their points to the nearest part
of their junction with the shanks, which is termed the throat) to the extreme
length of the shank, in the ratio of one to three; but the length of the arms of
Danish, Dutch, and some other foreign anchors, bear a higher proprtion to the
length of their shanks; and the arms of anchors of which the shanks have been
shortened, as stated above, in order to adapt them to chain cables, are still
longer in proportion to their shanks. The general practice, however, at the
present time amongst respectable anchor smiths is to make the arms a little
more than one third the extreme length of the shank; nevertheless, we shall
scarcely find two anchors produced by different makers in which the leverage
upon their arms, under all circumstances, bears the same relative proportion to
the leverage of the shanks. This is owing to the different modes of "setting,"
or, as it is termed, "trinding" the anchor, practised by different operatives, who
in most cases can assign no better reason for doing so than "We have always
done so."
The usual practice is to make the arm form one side of an equi-lateral
triangle, the second side of which is formed by measuring the length of the arm
along the shank, the termination of which length is termed the "trind;" and
the third side is formed by making the distance from the point of the palm to
the "trind" equal to the length of the arm, but which, however, is done in three
different ways, first, by measuring from the point of the palm to the side of
the shank; secondly, by measuring to the quarter; and, thirdly, by measuring
to the middle line of the shank, which methods, of course, produce three
different angles, and also three different perpendicular depths with the same
length of shank and arms.
Now the object to be constantly kept in view is to obtain the greatest
perpendicular depth with a given length of arm, and which arm is to be bent
or curved in such a manner as to produce the most favorable angle for
entering the ground and retaining its hold.

page_text: Now it must be obvious that if the arms be short in proportion to the shank,
as I have already recommended, it will not be necessary to bend them so much
as would otherwise be required to produce the same angle with the surface in
first entering the ground. I have therefore laid it down as a rule that the
length of the arms, measuring from their points to the nearest part of their
throats, shall be to the effective length of the shank; that is, from the inside
of the arms to the centre of the hole for the shackle bolt, in the ratio of one to
three, and that the distance from point to point, measuring across the shank,
shall be equal to twice the length of the arms; consequently, the distance from
the points of the arms to the middle line of the shank is equal to their length,
as will be seen by referring to Fig. 1 of the annexed Drawing, from which it
will also be seen that the leverage upon the arms can never exceed one third
the leverage upon the shank, which may be useful as a guide for regulating
the strength of the arms; for, in most of the anchors which I have examined,
the sectional area of the arms within a few inches of the shank is greater than
the sectional area of the shank at the same distance from the arms, which
certainly cannot be necessary, as the shank has always been considered the
weakest part and most liable to be broken, particularly in weighing. This
being an admitted fact, I have availed myself of the iron saved by lessening
the palms, to add additional strength to that part of the shank nearest to the
arms, and where the strain is the greatest. I may here mention, in order to
shew the amount of iron saved in the palms, that those of the usual dimensions
are generally about one seventh the weight of the anchor; whereas the weight
of my small palms does not amount to one-fortieth part the weight of the
anchor, thus effecting a saving of about five sixths of the iron usually appro-
priated to those parts of the anchor where it is actually prejudicial, and employing
it in strengthening those other parts of it where it is so essentially necessary.
Having already stated that the length of the arms bears a certain propor-
tion (that is one third) to the effective length of the shank, I have now to
state that in order to obtain the greatest regularity in the construction of my
improved anchors I have deduced the dimensions of every part of them,
likewise from the effective length of the shank, and which I term my prime
number, and designate by the letter L. Thus, for instance, to find the
thickness of the crown it would be ; for the breadth of the shank at the
the thick end, ; for the depth of the shank at the small, ; for the breadth
of. the thick part of the arm, ; and so on for every part of the anchor,
observing that the breadth is to the depth of the section in the constant ratio of
three to four, excepting in that part of the shank termed the square, on which

page_text: the stock is fitted, and which is formed close to the collar in the ratio of two to
three. By depth is meant the dimensions of the shank and arms in the
direction of the greatest strain to which they can be exposed, and which is
generally in the act of weighing. By the above method it will be seen that
the dimensions can be varied with the greatest facility, so as to make an
anchor of a given weight longer or shorter according to the particular purpose
for which it may be required, or, in other words, stronger or weaker in pro-
portion to its weight. Thus, for instance, should my improved anchor be
found to possess holding properties superior to its strength, notwithstanding
the additional quantity of iron diffused through its shank, I should in that case
alter or change all my divisors, so as to increase the transverse dimensions of
its varied parts in an uniform manner. Thus, the thickness of the crown
to instead of, as in the former instance, and so likewise for the breadth
of the shank at the thick end to instead of, and so on for all the other
dimensions. In anchors of the old construction, with large palins, little
attention is paid to the curve of their arms, it being deemed sufficient that
they form an equivalent triangle with the shank, consequently, it frequently
happens that the arms immediately above the palms form a kind of elbow,
which I consider objectionable, and, therefore, in my improved anchor, I have
made it a rule to curve or bend the arms by a certain sweep or radius, the
length of which is the distance from the point of the palm to the middle of the
crown, and the centre of curvature to be on the middle line of the shank at
the above distance from the lower parts of the throats, as may be seen by
Fig. 1, in the Drawing hereunto annexed; and the same radius with different
centres, also shewn in Fig. 1, may likewise be employed to sweep the outsides
of the arms and crown, and the space between the inner and outer curves so
described will very nearly agree with the required dimensions. After a little
practice the workmen will be able to curve the arms by the eye, without
having recourse to the above measurement, taking care, however, that the
distance from the points of the palms to the middle of the shank be equal to
the length of the arms, which will give the palms the intended angle of incli-
nation relative to the shank, namely, about 38°.
Fig. 1 is a working Drawing (on a scale of an inch to the foot) of an
anchor of about 10 cwt., with the dimensions written upon it, and from which
may be deduced the dimensions of anchors of any given weight, as the weights
are in proportion to the cubes of the lengths. In Fig. 2 are shewn various
forms of English palms now in use; and in Fig. 3 are shewn modifications of
what are termed "Dutch palms."

page_text: Fig. 4 is a-front, and Fig. 5 a back view of one of my improved arms,
with a small palm, having its length and breadth in the proportion of two
to three.
Fig. 6 is a front, and Fig. 7 a back view of another of my improved arms,
with a small palm, having its length (exclusive of the point) and breadth in
the ratio of five to eight.
Figs. 8, 9, and 10, are front views of my arms without palms, which, with an
additional length of shank and arms, may be advantageously employed as.kedges,
in which capacity they do not require to be fished, and from the narrow surface
of the arms they will take hold quickly, and their shanks will be less liable to
be bent in turning than kedges of the usual constuction with large palms, or
even than my improved ones with small palms, and will besides be more con-
venient for stowing on ships' decks. Should the arms without palms repre-
sented in Figs. 9 and 10 be adopted, their back parts should be formed as
shewn by the dotted line in Fig. 11.
Fig. 11 is a side view or elevation of one of my improved anchors, and
Fig. 12 is a plan of the same. Figure 13 being a back or end view of the
crown, arms and palms.
Figs. 14 and 15 are sections of the shank taken at the dotted lines in
Fig. 11.
Figs. 16 and 17 are likewise sections of the shank, shewing an improved
mode of laying the bars or slabs composing it flatways in the direction of the
greatest strain, with a view of obtaining greater flexibility, and rendering it
less liable to be broken by sudden jerks or strains in the act of weighing.
Figs. 18 and 19 are a side view and plan of the square of the anchor
without the stock.
Fig. 20 is a top view of the stock, and Figs. 21 and 22 are a plan and edge
view of one of the stock plates.
.
Fig. 23 is a plan of the loose collar and stock key.
I may now observe, that the arms of my improved anchor may either be
"shut" at the crown in the usual way, or according to Mr. Pering's plan, as
shewn in Fig. 24. Should the latter plan be followed, which I would strongly
recommend where the expence is not an object, and more particularly for
large anchors, I propose making the shank of two flat slabs, an edge view of
which is given in Fig. 25 and in plan Fig. 26. These slabs are forged about
two thirds the intended length of the shank, and after being welded together
are reduced to the proper form and dimensions, and drawn at the rate of
about four inches to the foot, in order to improve the quality of the iron. By

page_text: a reference to Figs. 25 and 27, it will be seen that the thick ends of the slabs
are not to be welded together, a certain length to the extent of two fifths the
length of the arms being to be turned off or bent in order to form the stumps,
to which the arms are afterwards to be welded with long scarphs, and as
represented in Fig. 24. In turning off the stump arms the welding of the
shank is liable to open, to prevent which it is desirable after the slabs have
been welded together at their thick ends to let in binding pieces on each side
of the shank at the angle of divergence, or the opening of the stump arms, and
which is done in the following manner:-First, lay a piece of cold flat bar
iron, of suitable dimensions to the size of the anchor, over the middle seam, as
represented by the dotted lines in Fig. 27, and set it in nearly flush by a few
blows of the forge hammar; then lay another piece of flat bar iron of larger
dimensions upon the former, and as is likewise represented in Fig. 27, and
get a welding heat over all, and then proceed in the same manner with the
opposite side, and you will effectually prevent the splitting of the shank and
thereby require less iron to fill the cavity which will be left between the
opening of the stump arms and the crown piece, which is afterwards to
be welded to these parts in order to strengthen the crown and throats of the
anchor, and as a farther security it is desirable to have binding pieces let in
on each side in order to unite the crown piece and stump arms more firmly
together, and to facilitate which a large chamfer may be taken off the outsides
of the stumps and the inside of the crown piece previously to their being
welded together, which will leave a groove on each side into which the binding
pieces are to be laid and firmly united by welding heats. The scarphs are
next to be cut, as represented in Fig. 24, in order to receive the arms, which
are to be welded on as in the manner recommended by Mr. Pering. The
palms of the anchor may either be forged out of the solid, as is represented
in Figs. 4 and 5, or they may be welded on to the arms in the usual way, as
represented in Figs. 6 and 7. It will be observed, on referring to Figs.
4, 5, 6, 7, and 13, that the upper edges of the palms are made concave in
order to facilitate the fishing the anchors. Should arms without palms, as
represented in Figs. 8, 9, and 10, be employed for large anchors, it will be
necessary to have a chain affixed to the arms near the crown of the anchors
for the purpose of fishing them, as is the case at present with the anchors
having bay-leaf palms. By making the shank of two separate pieces, which
also form parts of the arms, it will be seen that a "shut" in the shank
is avoided. Whereas in His Majesty's dockyards the practice is to unite the
cross with the shank at a convenient distance from the arms, and at the very.

page_text: spot where the shanks are most frequently broken. In proof of which I have
recently seen in Woolwich Yard seventeen anchors, the shanks of which had
been broken, and twelve out of that number within three feet of their arms.
I may likewise mention that the practice in the naval yards is to lay the iron
of both the shank and arms edgeways to the direction of the greatest strain,
and directly contrary to the method which I now recommend, and which is
indeed an imitation of a coach spring, and the superiority of which I bave
proved by actual experiment. Of the truth of this any person may satisfy
himself by welding together five or six flat bars of iron and forming them
into a square bar of two or three inches in thickness; if the said bar be
notched across and a power applied to break it edgeways it will be found
to break quite short; whereas, if it be notched in a similar manner and
a power be applied in the contrary direction, or the flatway of the iron, it
will bend considerably before it breaks, and when broken will present the
fibrous appearance of a piece of wood when broken in a similar manner.
Although I have thus enlarged upon what I believe to be the best method
or manner of making anchors, yet I do not mean or intend thereby to claim as
my Invention anything herein described which has heretofore been used; but I
do mean or, intend to claim the peculiar shape or form of the palms, the
dimensions of which are greatly reduced in comparison with those in general
use, together with the making the arms of anchors without palms. And as it
has hitherto been the practice to make the palms of anchors longer or deeper
than they are broad, or of equal length and breadth, I do likewise claim as
my Invention the method of making palms broader than they are long or
deep; and as the old palms have been usually made about one half the length
of the arms, under the belief they were more efficient than they would have
been if made shorter and narrower, I do hereby also mean or intend to claim
as my Invention the reduction of the length of the palms, in the manner above
described. And as the benefit of my Invention will be in some measure
obtained even by a partial deviation from the ordinary proportions of palmis
now in use, without the adoption of the whole of my said Invention or
improvements, I shall consider all such partial adoptions of my Invention as
imitations or evasions thereof.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Rodger, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twenty-fourth day of January, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and thirty-four
(L.s.) W RODGER.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Twenty-fourth day of January,
in the year of our Lord 1834, the aforesaid William Rodger came before
our said Lord the King in His Chancery, and acknowledged the Specifica-
tion aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and specified, in
form above written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped
according to the tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Inrolled the Twenty-fourth day of January, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and thirty-four.