CERTAIN IMPROVED MODES OR METHODS OF AND APPARATUS FOR HEATING AND LIGHTING, FOR DRYING SUBSTANCES, AND FOR EMPLOYING AIR IN A WARM OR COLD STATE FOR MANUFACTURING POR-
Year: 1849

page_text: Steam Boilers and Furnaces; Gas Stove and Burner;
Gas Exhauster, Meter, and Governor; Revolving
Stove and Reflector; Argand Candle and Lamps;
Air Wheel or Apparatus for Drying Substances.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, HENRY
CROSLEY, of the firm of II. Crosley, Son, and Galsworthy, of Emerson Street,
in the County of Surrey, Engineers and Coppersmiths, send greeting.
WHEREAS Iler present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Twenty-eighth day of
February, One thousand eight hundred and forty-nine, in the twelfth year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, ITer heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said Henry Crosley, my exors, adñiors, and assigns, IIer especial licence,
full power, sole privilege and authority, that I, the said 11enry Crosley, my
exors, adiñors, and assigns, or such others, as I, the said Henry Crosley,
my exors, adiiors, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others,
from time to time and at all times during the term of years therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England,
Wales, and the Town of Berwick upon Tweed, in the Islands of Jersey,
Guernsey, Alderney, Sark, and Man, and in all Her said Majesty's Colonies
and Plantations abroad, my Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVED MODES OR
METHODS OF AND APPARATUS FOR HEATING AND LIGHTING, FOR DRYING SUBSTANCES,
AND FOR EMPLOYING AIR IN A WARM OR COLD STATE FOR MANUFACTURING POR-
"in which said Letters Patent is contained a proviso, that I, the said

page_text: Henry Crosley, should cause a particular description of the nature of my said
Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, by an instrument
in writing under my hand and seal, to be inrolled in Her said Majesty's High
Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately after the
date of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in by the same, reference
being thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Henry Crosley, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention, and
in what manner the same is to be performed, are particularly set forth and
described in and by the present Specification thereof, reference being had to
the several Drawings hereunto annexed, that is to say :-
Firstly, my Invention consists of an improved method of apparatus for
heating water and other fluids. In Figures 1, 2, and 3, I have shewn this
method or apparatus as applied to generating steam. Figure 1 is a side
elevation of the apparatus in section; and Figure 2, a transverse elevation of
it on the line a, b. A is a furnace; and a, a, a, flues leading from it to the
chimney in the direction indicated by the arrows. B is a boiler, which consists
of two cylinders laid lengthwise and separated in the middle from each other
(except where connected by a short cross tube or tubes 6), but rounded and
joined at both ends, as shewn. C is a steam chest, into which the steam gene-
rated in B ascends, and from which it is conducted to wherever it is required
to be applied. I have represented the twin cylinders of the boiler as being
connected at the middle by one cross tube 6 only, but there may be any con-
venient number of such tubes used, and I do not limit myself to any specific
number. Figure 3 exhibits two such apparatuses combined together, and will
serve to shew that as many more may be so combined as to supply any quantity
of steam which may be required. The advantages anticipated from this
improved method of constructing and setting are, that the whole or nearly the
whole of the external surface of the fluid-containing vessel is subjected to the
action of the fire, and that consequently there will be less fuel wanted and a
more rapid generation of steam.
Secondly, my Invention consists of an improved mode, which I name
"Ronald," of constructing the masonry of furnaces of steam boilers of the
ordinary description. Figure 1 is a plan of a furnace on this improved plan;
Figure 2, a transverse section of it; and Figure 8, a longitudinal section.
b, b, are the grate bars; c, c, c, c, are three rows of pillars of fire brick, which
are arranged in such alternate order that each pillar comes immediately
opposite an open interval on the next adjoining row, so that the column of
flame and vapour from the fire-place is not only divided by the pillar into a
:

page_text: number of streams, but each stream is made to impinge against the pillars of
two of the rows. d, d, d, d, are air passages, which lead down from the upper
part of the brickwork into the ash pit e to or a little below the grate bars.
ff, are doors, by which the ash pit e is closed in front. The advantages
attending this form of construction are, a more complete combustion of the
fuel, a diminution, if not entire prevention, of smoke, and a considerable saving
of fuel.
Thirdly, my Invention consists in applying steam of high pressure to the
generation of steam of low pressure, in the manner represented in Figures
4, 5, 6, 7, and 8. By steam of low pressure I mean steam at from five to ten
pounds per square inch, such as is commonly employed in condensing steam
engines, and in particular those on board ship. Instead of employing fire under
the steam boilers of such engines, I propose to substitute high pressure steam,
produced by generators of the description represented in the said Figures 4
to 8, both inclusive, or by such steam boilers as are commonly worked at a
pressure of 30 to 50 or 60 lbs. per square inch and upwards. The high
pressure steam is to be conducted into a series of pipes c, c, placed in a vessel
b, b, filled with cold water, which I substitute for the steam boiler generally
used for steam engines. The high pressure steam, as it circulates in and passes
through the pipes, parts with its heat to the surrounding cold water, till it
escapes at last from the pipes in a condensed state.
Figures 4 and 5 are a plan of a steam generator or boiler constructed in the
manner which I prefer for the purposes of this part of my Invention. 6, 6, are
two vessels, in which steam-at a low pressure is generated by means of steam
of high pressure, circulating in coils of pipes c, c, as shewn in the section at
plan Figure 5. Figure 6 is an end and sectional elevation. d, d, are pipes
which lead from the high pressure boiler a, and are connected to the series of
pipes c, c.
A self-acting condensing box m is employed, of the construction separately
represented on an enlarged scale in Figures 7 and 8, which serves to ensure
the escape of the condensed steam much more effectually than an ordinary tap
or cock. This box has a circular valve attached to a rod and ball, but the seat
for the circular valve is not truly ground thereto, but is of a somewhat eliptical
form, as shewn in Figures 7 and 8. In Figure 6, e, e, represent pipes for
conveying the low pressure steam from the two vessels b, b, in which the low
pressure steam is generated by the heat from the steam circulating in the coils
or series of pipes immersed in and surrounded by the water in the said
vessels.
By the adoption of this system of generating low pressure steam a less

page_text: number of fires than usual would be necessary, since those only for the high
pressure steam generators need be employed, and thereby, independently of
less risk from fire, a less quantity of fuel would be consumed.
Fourthly, my Invention consists in an improved method of or apparatns for
applying heat to the boiling of sugar. Figure 9 exhibits a moveable furnace
grate and fire for working a battery of sugar pans, such as are used in the West
Indian colonies. Under the smaller pan, denominated the teache, a stationary
fire (one only) is made, and the heat which escapes therefrom passes under the
is deteriorated.
other pans, which form the battery. The quality of the sugar
by the fire so made being stationary and not under control. To remedy this
defect, that is to say, to be able to controul and remove the fire from under-
neath the teache when it is charged with syrup, or when the boiled syrup is
discharged therefrom, I place the fire, as shewn by Figure 9, in a furnace a,
mounted on a wheel truck or carriage b, which runs upon two iron rails c fixed
upon the ground (the open space between forming an ash pit). To the end of
the truck and on a level with the grate bars an iron plate d with bridge e is
fixed, which when the truck is drawn backwards slides into a frame or groove f
in the brickwork of the other part of the battery; by this movement the fire is
placed and acts under the pan next to the teache, and the heat is conveyed by
the flue under the other pans of the battery. A damper in frame g is also
placed vertically between the teache and the adjoining pan, which damper may
occasionally be used to regulate the draft of air acting upon the fire, and to
close the front when the fire is acting under the second pan. An aperture h
is left in the brickwork for receiving such ashes as might lodge on the iron
plate connected to the truck, and from that plate the ashes are discharged,
when the truck is drawn back and falls into the ash hole i.
Fifthly, my Invention consists of a stove of an improved description for
beating by means of coal or other gas, which I call "Ronald." Figure 10 is
a sectional elevation of this stove. A, is a hollow basement of a square
form, which is surmounted by a pyramidal chamber a, a, in which the gas
is burnt; g is the gas burner; and k, the supply pipe; is a tube, which
leads from the apex of the chamber a, a, to a box c, and is made with a
bell-shaped mouth, and to taper upwards therefrom, in order to give thereby
a greater draught to the heated air ascending from the gas-burning cham-
ber a, a.
The box c is divided into several compartments e, c, e, through
which the heated air supplied from b alternately descends and ascends, till it
escapes in a more or less exhausted state at the outlet pipe & into a chimney
or into the open atmosphere. f.f.f.f, are a series of pipes, open at top and
bottom, which aro passed vertically through the compartments e, e, of the box c

page_text: From the lower portion of the chamber in which the stove is placed there will
be a current of cold air constantly flowing upwards through those pipes f, f
and escaping at top in a heated state. Figure 11 is another elevation of the
apparatus, showing two circular dampers i, i, which are inserted in one of the
squares of the basement A, and opened more or less, according to the quantity
of air requisite for the combustion of the gas. Figure 12 is a top plan of the
apparatus, which shews the orifices of the air pipes f, ƒ‚ƒ, ƒ.
Sixthly, my Invention has relation to the manufacture of coal gas for
lighting purposes, and consists in an improved apparatus for drawing off or
receiving the gas as it is generated from the retorts and transferring it to the
purifyers or other apparatus where it is, or for drawing the gas through such
purifyers or other rectifying apparatus; and that improved apparatus may also
be applied to registering the quality of gas manufactured. Figure 13 is a
sectional elevation of this apparatus, and Figure 14 also a sectional elevation of
a modification of the same. A, is an open tank, filled with water to about the
height of the dotted line a, b. B is an oval shaped vessel filled with water,
placed within the tank and open at the top, which rises considerably above the
level of the water in the tank. C is a vessel of the same shape as B, which
is inverted over it, and dips into the water, so as to be completely sealed.
D and E, Figure 13, are two vertical pipes, which are fixed within the cylin-
der B, and serve as passages for the gas into and out of that vessel; the
former or inlet pipe being provided with a valve at top, that opens upwards,
and the latter or outlet pipe, with a valve at top, which open downwards. At
bottom these pipes are prolonged downwards through the vessels B and A,
and terminate respectively in boxes & and e, (separate and detached from the
tank A). F is a pipe that conveys the gas from the retorts into the box d,
and thence up the pipe D into the gas-holder C, thence it is returned down
the pipe E into the box e, and. thence through the discharge pipe G to the
purifyer or other receiving vessel. H is a rack, attached to the top of the gas-
holder C; and I, a pinion, which gives motion to the rack, and which may be
driven by steam or water power, or in small works by the action of a fan
driven by the blast of the furnace chimney. The gas-holder C is raised or
lowered, as required, for drawing off or expelling the gas. K, K, are guides for
keeping the gas-holder in a vertical position; and k, a pulley, which performs
the like service to the rack H.
Any number of apparatuses of this description may be placed in a line, and
connected to the moving power common to the whole; and instead of racks
and pinions, any other suitable mechanical contrivances may be adopted for
raising or lowering them.

page_text: When any one, two, or more of a series of such apparatuses are not re-
quired to be in work, all that is necessary is to fill the boxes d and e, in which
the inlet and outlet pipes D and E terminate with valves (through the funnell
cocks M, M,) up to a height sufficient to seal the bottom ends of these tubes,
and to resist the pressure of the inflowing column of gas. When required to
be again brought into use, the water is withdrawn by the cocks f, g; for
the purpose of regulating and preventing undue draught upon the retorts, I
employ a governor, as shewn in the Drawing, Figure 13. is a small tank
and gas-holder; is a pipe, which rises through the tank, and is connected
to the inlet main; w, w, are levers attached to the gas-holder and connected to
the cock v, fixed in a pipe u, which connects the inlet and outlet mains. The
gas-holder z is so adjusted in point of weight, that as the pressure is reduced
to near zero the gas is drawn therefrom, and by its dépression the levers are
acted upon, thereby opening the cock v, and permitting a small return of the
gas from the outlet pipe.
The modification in Figure 14, B is a closed vessel, divided into compart-
ments D and E, with valves at top, for the inlet and outlet of the gas to the
upper vessel, and counter-balance weights to the valves. I prefer making the
valves of a circular form. d, e, are stop valves or cocks, for stopping off either
of the vessels when more than one is employed. With this improved apparatus
the gas is drawn off from the retorts much more readily and freely than by
any exhauster of the ordinary description, and at much less expence or motive
power. The gas produced is found also to be of a much superior quality,
which is no doubt owing to there being no undue detention of it in the retorts,
which has always a more or less decomposing and consequently injurious
effect on the gas. I also make use of the apparatus last herein-beforc
described, as a meter for regulating the quantity of gas passed through tho
machine, by attaching to the same suitably arranged indices and a time-
piece.
Seventhly, my Invention consists of another improved form of gas-exhauster;
Figures 15 and 16 are sectional elevations of this apparatus; and Figures 17
and 18 are modifications of the same. 6 is a hollow shaft or axis, to which is
attached a fan wheel f; c is a close case, within which the shaft and wheel
revolve; a is a pipe which leads from the retorts, and is inserted into one end
of the hollow axis b; e, e, are slots in the axis b, through which the gas flows
into the interior of the wheel f; d is a drum, by which rotation is given (by
means of any suitable power) to the axis band wheel ƒ and g, and outlet
pipe through which the gas is expelled from the wheel, whence it flows to
and through the purifyers. In the modifications shewn in Figures 17 and

page_text: 18 the wheel or interior case is dispensed with, and the gas flows from the
axis into four (or other number of) hollow arms which open into the axle
or case c. In Figure 17 the arms are curved throughout, but in Figure
18 they radiate in straight lines from the axis, and are bent down at their
extremities.
Eighthly, my Invention consists in constructing gas stoves in such manner
and with such appliances that the light and heat generated by the gas may
be directed to and concentrated upon any particular part or parts of the apart-
ment in which the stove is placed. Figure 19 is a sectional elevation of a fire-
place with a divergent stove of this description fitted to it; and Figure 20,
a sectional elevation on an enlarged scale of the parts belonging to the stove.
a is a circular plate or reflecting mirror, made of iron, copper, or glass, or any
other material to which by grinding, polishing, lacquering, silvering, or gilding,
or otherwise, a reflecting surface can be given, and which may be either con-
cave, as represented in Figure 19, or a combination of the concave and convex
forms, as shewn in Figure 20, and in both cases either plain or reeded or
corrugated. is a gas burner, which is placed in the centre of the reflecting
plate a. a pipe which passes from the burner backwards through the
reflector a, and terminates in a hollow ball c, which works after the manner of
an universal joint in a socket made for it at one side of a box h, which serves
as a receiver for the gas delivered from the supply pipe i, j. fis an aperture
in one side of the ball, through which the gas flows into it from h, and thence
to the burner. The ball is kept in the socket by a conical ring or collar g,
which is screwed to the box h, and the mirror is firmly attached to the tube d,
in which the ball terminates, so that the mirror can be turned at any time
towards any desired point, whether upwards, downwards, or sideward, and the
heat and light which have been collected there into a focus may be directed
towards that point. Again, the heat and light so reflected may be received upon
another similar metallic concave plate or mirror, as represented in Figure 25,
affixed with ball and socket joint to the ceiling of an apartment, and as the
last-mentioned mirror can be set to any required angle, the rays of light
therefrom can be reflected and directed downwards or obliquely, to serve
for lighting the room, or any particular portion of it. Instead of the mirror
being directly attached to the tube of the burner it may be connected to a
separate tube, the one sliding within the other, as represented in Figure 20,
whereby the distance of the gas burner from the centre of the mirror may
be varied at pleasure. Figures 21, 22, 23, and 26 are simply modifications of
the plan of construction represented in Figures 19 and 20, and before described.

page_text: Figure 24 represents a stove with a scollop-shaped reflector, with suitable gas
burner, placed suitably for reflecting the heat.
Ninthly, my Invention consists of a divergent coal fire stove, which I call
"Garrow," constructed on the same principle as the gas stove last herein-
before described. Figure 21 is a front elevation, and 21b a sectional eleva-
tion, partly in section, of this stove fitted to a fire-place. a, a, is a concave
recess, which is fixed with a reflecting metal plate of the same form; bis the
fire grate which is placed within the recess a, and rests on a pivot e, which
turns in a standard c, so that the grate can be turned round to either side to
any extent desired. Or in place of the pivot e, a ball and socket support may
be substituted, such as is represented in Figure 24. 9 is a damper, by which
the opening into the chimney is closed when required. Figure 23 exhibits a
modification of the preceding plan of construction, in which both the fire
grate band the reflecting plate a are made to turn independently of cach
other, and are cach free to revolve to the full extent of a circle. The fire
grate rests in this case (by preference) on a ball and socket support c; d, the
reflecting plate, turns on a swivel at e. A great advantage attending this
modification is, that besides presenting the same facilities as the other plan for
turning the grate of the fire to either side, it offers also the means of removing
it more or less out of sight; for either the grate may be turned round com-
pletely so as to force them back, or the reflector may be brought round in
front, so as to serve as a shield either to the whole or any portion of the
fire-place.
When the reflector is brought round in front, an aperture 9', previously
covered by it, is thrown open, which serves then as the passage into the
chimney. When the reflector is returned into its place, an opening is made
into the chimney by pushing back the damper h, as in the other case.
Figure 21 is a front elevation of a stove of this description, constructed
according to either of the forms before described.
Tenthly, my Invention consists of an improved apparatus for burning gas for
lighting purposes, which I denominate the "concentric burner, of which a side
elevation is given in Figure 27, and a plan on the line y in Figure 28.
a', a, a, a, are four concentric tubular circles, the first and third of which,
reckoning from the outside, are appropriated to the supply of air to the burner,
and the second and fourth to the supply of gas (the like alternate order being
observed in the case of any greater number of tubes than four being used).
b, b, are cocks for letting on or shutting off the supplies as required. c, f,
and c, g, are pipes through which the gas or air is obtained from mains,

page_text: reservoirs, or other sources. The cocks b, b, however, are required only when
factitious air, such as the oxygen obtained from the combustion of manganesc,
is used in combination with the gas; for when common atmospheric air is
employed, the air tubes may be left open at the bottom, and need not be
connected with the supply pipes c, f, or c, g. Both sets of tubes are covered in
at top with plates, having either holes or slits in them in the same way as tho
ordinary Argand gas burners. To increase the effect or give greater diffusion
to the light obtained from this improved burner, I propose to attach it when
used in lighthouses, or in halls, or large rooms, a concave metallic reflector e,
composed of such metal or prepared in such manner by silvering, gilding,
lacquering, or japanning, that it will reflect the light of a denser or deeper
colour than the flame of the burner itself (which may not be of the required
density or colour for reflection to any considerable distance), preferring to give
the reflected light as nearly as may be the yellowish colour produced from the
combustion of oil. This reflector is supported in a central position behind
the burner by means of a stalk i, which is attached to a collar m, affixed to
the neck of the burner; and as a revolving light is occasionally used for
marine light-houses, the under part of the collar m is made with bevel cogs j,
which work into an endless screw k, which may be turned by hand or wheel-
work, so that by these means the reflector may be made to traverse in a circle
round the burner and to reflect its light in every direction. As an auxiliary in
obtaining the density or color of the light required, the chimney glass & may
be made of any desired color or shade. Figure 29 exhibits a modification of
this burner, which may be found useful where a very long flame is desired.
The concentric tubes, instead of being all in the same plane, as in the arrange-
ment immediately before described, rise in this case one above the other in the
form of a cone, and therefore I propose to denominate this last "the conical
concentric burner.
Eleventhly, my Invention consists another form of gas burner (which I call
"Ronald"), a side elevation of which is given in Figure 30, and a plan in
Figure 31. A is the gas supply pipe; B, the body of the burner, which is
screwed at the top of A. b, b, b, b, are four branch pipes, which radiate from B,
and are curved inwards, each projecting its jet of gas obliquely towards the
centre of the burner, where the four jets impinge against or run into one
another. c, c, c, c, are four burners, of a fish tail, swallow tail, or other like
form, which are inserted into the end of the pipes b, b, b, b. C is a glass
shade of a large saucer form, which fits into a seat d, made for it between a
flange formed on the top-of the gas supply pipe A, and an indented portion of

page_text: the body part B of the burner, the seat & being made air-tight by means
of a little luting or almond cement. The air to support combustion is
supplied entirely from within the glass shade, and in this consists a great
distinction between this and other gas burners. I do not limit myself to the
use of four curved pipes only, as the number may be either more or less, and
the pipes may have also other curves and angles of inclination given to them
than those represented in the Drawings, without affecting prejudicially the
action of the burner. Figure 31*, is a modification by which the air ascends
though holes around part of the rim of the concentric ring, also a screw
button, as described in Figures 32, 33, 34, and 35, for the purpose of expanding
the flame.
Twelfthly, three other forms of gas burners (which I call "Russell"), are
represented in Figures 32, 33, 34, and 35, that have this feature in common,
that means are provided for opening the apertures for the emission of the gas
to the burners more or less, according to the degree of brilliancy desired to be
given to the light. In Figure 32, the gas is conveyed from the supply pipe A
by two passages a, a, into a chamber b, formed of the space between two
concentric rings d, e, the former of which d overlaps that space at top and fits
into a recess made for it in the top of the other ring e. The ring e is screwed
on to the outside of the supply pipe, and the aperture for the emission of gas
is formed by unscrewing it and so withdrawing it from contact with the over-
lapping part of the ring d, whereby an open slit is left between them all
round, which slit may be more or less, according to the extent to which the
unscrewing is carried. In Figure 33 and Figure 35, the same principle of
adjustment is adopted as in Figure 32, but with this modification, that it is the
inner concentric ring that unscrews, and thereby diminishes the size of the slit
through which the gas escapes, and that the slit is made to open inwards
instead of outwards. The burner, Figure 35, differs from that shewn in
Figures 32 and 33 merely in the form given to the parts that form the
slit.
The arrangements represented in Figures 32 and 33 and Figure 35 embrace
also a contrivance for increasing or diminishing the supply of air to the gas
flame, so far as that of supply is derived from the apertures usually made in the
galleries of gas burners. 9 is a flat ring, which is dropped into a recess made
for it over the apertures in the gallery and to a stud, by which this plate can
be moved, so as to cover these apertures either wholly or partially. In
Figures 33 and 35 is shewn a button with stem f, to screw. into h a cross
guide, at the top of which stem is i, a button, and at the bottom j, a thumb

page_text: screw, by which the button is moved upwards or downwards, to diffuse the flame
of the gas more or less whilst in a state of combustion.
Thirteenthly, my Invention consists of an improved method of or apparatus
for burning tallow, wax, or any of the other materials or compositions of which
candles are ordinarily or can be made, and which I denominate "Argand. A
sectional elevation of this apparatus or candle lamp is given in Figure 36. A is
the candle; a, a, a tubular wick, which passes up through the centre of the
candle, which inay be composed of any suitable material, but which I prefer
making of some vegetable fibrous material, as cotton, thread, or webbing, inter-
twined with threads or filaments of zinc or other soft metal or compound of
soft metals. h is the candlestick or holder; r, the seat on which the candle
rests, which has an opening in the centre of it to correspond with that in the
centre of the wick; s, a spiral spring, on which the seat r rests, and by which it
is pressed upwards as the candle is consumed; and b, b, apertures, which are
made through the basement of the lamp for the admission of air to the tubular
wick, and thence into the centre of the flame j; c, a gallery; and d, chimney
glass. I have ascertained by experiments that a candle lamp of this improved
description produces a more brilliant light than candle lamps of any other form
or make, and from its resemblance to the Argand lamp I propose to call it
"the Argand candle lamp."
Fourteenthly, my Invention consists of an improved whirling apparatus,
which serves the two-fold purpose; first, of discharging from natural sub-
stances and articles of manufacture any superfluous moisture or other liquid
matters with which they may happen to be charged; as for example, the
molasses or syrup from muscovado or raw sugar, the spent liquors from dyed
stuffs; and, second, of forcing liquids or steam, or warm air or cold air, or
factitious air of any kind, through such substances and articles. Figure 37 is a
side elevation of so much of this apparatus as is necessary to shew the principle
on which it is constructed. A is a hollow cylinder, which is mounted on a
hollow axis b. Both the cylinder and axis are perforated all over with holes; or
the cylinder, instead of being made of perforated solid metal, may be made of
bars of wood or other suitable material, covered with wire cloth. c, c, are sliding
flaps or doors, for introducing the substances or articles into the cylinder or
removing them therefrom. d is a box in which the cylinder A is enclosed, the
lower part serving as a cistern for the reception of the liquid or other matter
discharged. f is a door or flap in the outer case d, for obtaining access to the
inner flaps c. h is a pipe, which is connected to one end of the hollow axis b
(the opposite end being closed) by a stuffing box or spherical air-tight joint i;
and. j, k, l, are three branch pipes, which communicate respectively with

page_text: suitable placed sourses of supply of water or other liquid, steam, and air (warm
or cold or factitious); and m, .m, is a cord, which is wound round the closed
end of the axis b (which is enlarged at that end for the purpose of giving the
cord a greater purchase upon it), and left free at both ends, so that it may be
pulled in either direction. The mode of working the apparatus is as follows:-
The cord m is pulled alternately in opposite directions. by the application of
manual or any other suitable power, and a reciprocating rotary motion thereby
given to the hollow cylinder, that is to say, a rotary motion first in one direction
and then in another. The successive changes in the direction of rotation pre-
vent that gathering or heaping of the contents of the cylinder at particular
places, which is found so objectionable in other whirling machines. For the
better avoidance of that evil, the cylinder may be divided into compartments, as
exemplified in Figure 38; but in general this will be unnecessary. When the
machine is employed for discharging liquids or liquid matters from substances
and goods, or for forcing liquids, or liquid matters through the same, the dis-
charged matters which collect at the bottom of the outer case d are drawn off
from time to time by the cock E, and when used to force steam or air (either
warm or cold or factitious) through the substances and goods, the sliding flaps
ff, in the outer case, may, if necessary, be drawn back, so as to leave free
egress for the steam or air, which escapes through the apertures of the inner or
revolving cylinder. The apparatus may be modified, so that instead of the
hollow cylinder may be worked in a vertical instead of a horizontal position, as
shewn by Figure 39.
Fifteenthly, my Invention consists in certain improved methods or appa-
ratuses for warming or heating air, and applying it in a warm or hot state to
manufacturing purposes, and more particularly to the evaporation and concen-
tration of liquid solutions. Figure 40 is a side elevation, partly in section, of an
apparatus of this improved description. A is a reverberatory furnace, in which
a coil of iron pipes a, a, arranged in a pyramidial förm, is placed immediately
over the fire bars b,b; cis a flue, which leads to the chimney; d is a connecting
pipe, by which a communication is formed between the coil of pipes a, a, and
an air pump or pumps, or other apparatus, by which air is forced into and
through the coil of pipes, and therein heated to any required degree. d' is a
pipe, by which the air after it has been so heated is carried over into a
receiver e, to which a safety valve f is attached. 9, 9, and i, i, are two sets of
pipes, each fitted with stop cocks, by either of which sets of pipes the heated
air may be transmitted from the receiver e to the vessel V, containing the
liquid solution, which is required to be evaporated or concentrated. If the
heated air is required merely to boil the liquid, in that case the stop cock g' is

page_text: P
closed, and the stop cock opened, and the air is forced by a blowing machine
into a chamber parted off from the bottom of the, vessel V, or into a coil of
pipes, as shewn separately in Figure 41, or into both the chamber and
pipes should more rapid evaporation be required; but when the solution is
desired to be evaporated and concentrated at a comparatively low temperature,
then, in addition to the heated air being forced into the chamber or coil of
pipes, the stop cock g' of the other scries of pipes g, g, is also opened, and
heated air conveyed thereby, and by the parts g", m, n, and p, in connection
therewith, into an air-diffusing wheels, s, which rotates within the body of the
solution. g is an elbow pipe or continuation of the series of pipes g, g, which
descends into a stuffing box m, through which it communicates with a vertical
pipe n, supported at its lower end by bearing plates and friction rollers o, o.
is a pipe of smaller bore than 2, which slides up and down in it by means of
two chains and weights working through a pulley piece attached to the upper
pipe n. The air-diffusing wheel s, s, is on the same general principle as that
for which I obtained former Letters Patent for England and the Colonics, on
the Eighth of April, One thousand eight hundred and thirty-four, but differ
advantageously therefrom in several of its constructive details, as is fully shown
in Figures 43, 44, 45, 45ª, and 48. The wheel, as now improved, has a hollow
nave with downward perforations at the sides, and through this nave a circle of
perforated pipes passes completely through and through; the consequence of
this is, that when the wheel is in action the liquid or syrup passes through the
perforations upwards, in licu of its being displaced from the bottom of the
boiling pan, which is highly injurious to the bottom, if fire in lieu of a heated
medium is employed. Again, the spokes s, s, instead of being curved, as
heretofore, and as formerly patented by me, which was an imperfect mode of
construction, as the depth of the column of liquid was not equal, and thereby
the emission of air not uniform) are now made perfectly straight; and further,
the perforations are made in spiral lines, by which means the air is emitted in
streams, which do not pass over the same spaces of the bottom of the pan, as
is the case when the perforations are made in concentric circles. The rotation
given to the air wheel need not exceed six revolutions per. minute when a
sacharine solution or syrup is to be concentrated, and this is regulated by
attaching to the upper pipe n a pair of bevel wheels t, of suitable diameters,
the smaller one of which is placed upon a working shaft driven from a steam
engine or any other convenient first mover. The heated air is universally and
equally diffused by the wheel throughout the syrup or liquid, and the evapo-
ration thereby accelerated in a much greater proportion than the temperature
is raised. It may be here proper to observe, that when heated air is to be

page_text: injected into and diffused throughout a liquid or syrup for the purpose of
keeping it at a comparatively low temperature (which it is especially advan-
tageous to do when saccharine solutions are to be operated upon), a blowing
cylinder sufficient to overcome the pressure of the liquid column is absolutely
necessary to be employed, but if the same is to be heated or boiled at the usual
high temperature, then a fan blowing machine will suffice.
The process of evaporation may be still further promoted, by carrying from
the hot air chamber ; or coil of pipes ¹ a curved pipe k outside of the vessel
V, and returning it into the vessel near to the top surface of the evaporating
liquid, where it terminates in a trumpet mouth-piece of the entire breadth of
the vessel. The air, after acting as the heating medium, is, by the force of the
air pumps or blowing apparatus and by the said mouth-piece, diffused over the
surface of the boiling liquid, and thereby carries off the vapour arising there-
from. I sometimes also adopt as an additional means of acceleration a hood
or roof to the vessel V, of the description represented in Figure 42. This
hood is moved up and down by a weighted cord passing over pullies and rests
by its two sides upon two sides of the vessel, while the two ends are left open,
the end opposite the trumpet mouth serving as a passage for the escape of
the vapour.
Figure 46 represents another modification of an air-diffusing
apparatus, suitable for forcing artificial or factitious air or gas into liquids, or
liquid solutions or other substances, for the purpose of purifying or decom-
posing certain impurities combined therewith. A is a closed vessel of a dome
shape. At the centre of the dome b a vertical pipe c works in a stuffing box,
with adjusting gland to keep the pipe & which enters therein air-tight; and to
the vertical-placed pipe c, the appendages of bevel wheel shaft, with bevel
wheels, and the lower or sliding pipe, as shewn by the Drawing, may be
attached, so as to produce a rotation of the air-diffusing wheel in the pan,
from the dome of which, the air forced into the liquid solution or other
substance, by blowing cylinders or other suitable apparatus, escapes, and may
be permitted to escape freely into the atmosphere, or may be collected, if
useful, into another vessel or vessels by the pipe e.
When the heating apparatus, on the principle of that represented in Figure
40, and before described, is intended to be employed for the destructive distil-
lation of substances, such as peat, it may be advantageously modified in the
manner represented in Figure 47. In this case the fire-place (b) and ash pit
c should both be closed, and a pipe e should be carried through the door of the
ash pit, round to the emission end of the series of pipes a, a, within the rever-
beratory arch, and connected thereto; and in place of the-flue c, which leads,
in Figure 40, to the chimney, a curved head piece g, similar to an ordinary still
.

page_text: head, is affixed to the top of the arch, and connected to other pipes (not shewn
in the Drawing) that convey the products of the distillation to suitable vessels.
Another modification of the system of applying warm or hot air for evapo-
rating a liquid or syrup at a comparatively low temperature is shewn in Figure.
49. I employ in this case a cylindrical or square vessel a, a, in which a series
of pipes b, b, b, b, are fixed in tiers crosswise. On the top of this vessel is
placed a recipient c, for the liquid or syrup to be evaporated, and this recipient
has a perforated bottom e, through which the liquid falls down in streams upon
the external surfaces of the pipes b, b. Into and through these pipes heated air.
is forced by a blowing cylinder, the air passing off at the bottom through a
trumpet mouth f, whence it re-ascends through the body of the liquid or syrup,.
from which it escapes at the orifice or orifices g. The bottom of the vessel-
has a cock h or plug valve for drawing off the liquid or syrup, which, if not
evaporated to the desired density or specific gravity, may be pumped back
into the recipient c, and worked over again.
Sixteenthly, my Invention consists in the application, in manner shewn in
Figure 50, of the improved apparatus last herein-before described, to the
purification of coal gas. a is the inlet pipe to the purifier; b, the air wheel,
with perforated spokes, by which the gas is more equally distributed into and.
through the lime water or other solution, and a better purification effected
than at present. The spokes may be perforated on one side only, as shewn
in Figure 48, c, c, c, c. The emission of the gas causes the rotation of the
wheel 6 and the agitator d upon a conical joint at e; or the spindle f may be
continued through the stuffing box g, and an increase of rotation given through
the medium of the bevil wheels h, h. i is the outlet pipe; j, a pipe for
charging the purifier; and k, a plug at bottom for discharging the same.
And having now described the nature of my said improvements, and in what
manner the same are to be performed, I declare that the improvements which
I claim as constituting my said Invention are as follows:-
First, I claim the apparatus for heating water and other fluids first herein-
before described, in so far as regards the construction of the two cylinders in
the manner described.
Second, I claim the construction of boiler and other furnaces with rows of
pillars of fire brick; two, three, or more placed immediately behind the fire bars,
and with air passages leading from the top of the brickwork to beneath the fire
bars, as before described, which mode of construction I have named "Ronald."
Third, I claim the method of generating steam of low pressure by the appli-
cation of steam of high pressure, as before described, as also the self-condensing
box used in connection therewith.

page_text: Fourth, I claim the method of heating sugar pans by means of a moveable
furnace mounted on wheels, as before described.
Fifth, I claim the gas-heating stove, to which I have given the name of
"Ronald," in the peculiar arrangement and combination of parts of which the
same consists, as before described.
Sixth, I claim the first of the two gas-exhausting apparatuses herein-before
described, in so far as regards the employment of the two-valved pipes or
compartments, one for the inlet and the other for the outlet of the gas, such
pipes or compartments being within a vessel immersed in water, and the vessel
covered over at top by an inverted vessel; and in so far also as regards the
mode of occasionally closing the said pipes or compartments at their lower ends
by columns of water or cocks. I claim farther, the application of certain parts
to the said apparatus, and to other apparatus partaking of the same nature, to
measuring and registering the gas which passes through it, as before explained.
Seventh, I claim the governor used in connection with the apparatus last
herein-before claimed and as before described, and also the application thereof
to gas exhausters generally.
Eighth, I claim the three rotary or wheel gas exhausters, herein-before
escribed, each in the peculiar arrangement and construction of parts of which
the same consists.
Ninth, I claim the moveable or divergent gas stove, herein-before described,
in so far as regards the construction of means by which the light and heat
generated by the combustion of the gas may be directed to and concentrated
upon any particular part or parts of an apartment.
Tenth, I claim the divergent coal fire stove, and also the revolving coal fire
stove with revolving reflector or shield, both as before described, to which I
have given the name of "Garrow."
Eleventh, I claim the "concentric gas burner" and "conical concentric
gas burner," each in the peculiar arrangement and construction of parts of
which it consists, as before described.
Twelfth, I claim the gas burner named "Ronald," before described, in so
far as regards the employment therein of jet pipes; two, three, four, or more
so shaped and placed, that the streams of gas issuing therefrom shall be
ejected obliquely towards the centre of the burner, and impinge against or run
into one another, and also of the bottom shade closed against any access of air
from beneath (the usual glass chimney being dispensed with). And I claim
farther, the application of the close-bottom shade to all other gas burners to
which the same may be applicable, and also the modification of the burner, as
described.

page_text: Thirteenth, I claim the three gas burners described under the twelfth head
of this Specification, in so far as regards the means provided in each for dimi-
nishing or enlarging the apertures through which the gas escapes, which said
gas burners I have called "Russell."
Fourteenth, I claim the candle which I have denominated "Argand," and
also the "Argand candle lamp," before described, in so far as regards therein
the combination of a hollow wick with apertures in the basement for the
admission of air into such wick; and I claim also the employment in candles
generally of hollow wicks, made of vegetable fibrous materials, intertwined or
otherwise combined with threads or filaments of zinc or other soft metal or
metallic compound.
Fifteenth, I claim the improved whirling apparatus for drying substances,
herein-before described, in so far as regards the means therein employed to
give a reciprocating rotary motion to the hollow cylinder, that is to say, a
rotary motion first in one direction and then in another.
Sixteenth, I claim the several methods of applying air in a warm or cold
state for manufacturing purposes, described under the fifteenth head of this
Specification, each in the peculiar arrangement, combination, and adaptation
of parts of which it consists; and also the improvements in the air wheel,
formerly patented by me, which are herein-before specifically enumerated.
And, seventeenth, I claim the application of my improved air wheel to the
purification of coal gas, as lastly herein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Henry Crosley, havo hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twenty-eighth day of August, in the year of our
Londond and font ning
HENRY (L.S.) CROSLEY.
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Twenty-eighth day of August,
in the year of our Lord 1849, the aforesaid Henry Crosley came before our
said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification
aforesaid, and all and everything therein contained and specified in form above
written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according to the
tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Enrolled the Twenty-eighth day of August, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and forty-nine.