An Improved Cement, and Means and Methods for Producing the same, and Architectural and other Works thereof.
Year: 1895

page_text: Date of Application, 1st Oct., 1895
Complete Specification Left, 1st July, 1896-Accepted, 1st Oct., 1896
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
An Improved Cement, and Means and Methods for Producing the
same, and Architectural and other Works thereof.
I EDWIN ROBBINS, of 14 Balfern Street, Battersea in the County of Surrey,
Colour Concrete Modeller and Model-maker, do hereby declare the nature of this
invention to be as follows:-
net "
The invention relates to the production and use of an improved cement, and
means and methods of producing the same, and architectural and other works
thereof, which shall possess enduring properties, superior to those of cements
hitherto employed, and by various improvements in the treatment of aggregates
and fabrics and materials from which fabrics are to be made, either with or with-
out the aid of heat or steam, pneumatics or other power, it can be rendered water-
proof and weather and fire resisting, in the highest degree hitherto attained, and
thus with its vitreous cementitious or adhesive qualities combined, it can be
successfully rendered suitable for all ordinary purposes, and so to meet all require-
ments possible of evolution in present and prospective improvements, and
particularly as herein referred to, for example this improved cement may be used
pure" and otherwise, in combination with wood, stone, metal or glass, woven
interwoven and other fabrics and wares or materials of any kind, "as of use," can
be brought into requisition in building and other works speccially relating to roofing
or vaulting in architectural stereotomy of flat and cambered ceilings, and in a new
order of permeative mediums, in decorative construction including its preservation
with the same compo-cement, and so to form a firm keyhold tribond, of jagged,
groved, perforated, twisted and rough-wrought bands and tubes of iron and steel,
coated, embeded and otherwise treated and perminently preserved in the new
cement, and so to form a secure key to hold the larger bulk or body of concrete,
terra-cotta and other, and building materials generally, to well withstand the
strain of heat weight or impact, and effectually counteract thrust in every way, and
as constructed in union with concrete metal wrought surfaces, of vitreous and
cementitious works, of woven textile formed, fabrics, and plastics, akin to Henrey
Deux ware, Lambeth faience and Gobblin tapestries, kindred and other works of
note, which in like manner can be performed with Portland cement, conjointly, and
so to revive its use, in a greater diversity of works, of a more extensive and
enduring nature, than hitherto attained, the same applies to vary colour decorative
castings, crayon drawn and transfer frescos, compo cement paintings, plain and
chromo colour printings from engraved sheets, plates, plaques and moulds, woven
and other forms, in cement aluminium, silver and of gold, or alloys of the same,
and other non-tarnishing metals, which may also be employed to form the surface
to moulds of other metal, also to surface wax, gelatine sulpher or plaster, moulds to
cast this cement, canvas plaster, and lime compo pottery terra-cotta and glass, each
by pneumatics or other means performed, as in painting and plastering, as referred
to in my previous Specifications of Patents numbered and dated as follows,
No. 41-1869, 2116-1873, 1701-1877, 4773-1883, 12,803-1884, and
16,573-1895. The same as it relates to concrete and plastering, can be performed
successfully in pottery with the improved cements and in a manner not heretofore
possible of attainment, in any way by any of the ordinary means known.
The same means and methods equally applies and can be far more substantially.
employed in the monolithic casting of mercantile marine and maritime structures

page_text: "
of every kind, "finished "
complete, the powerful adhesive qualities of this
improved cement of lime" combined with its extreme buoyancy and strength
rendering it eminently the most enduring against fire impact "shot or decay,
absolutely the most effective practically and commercially for such purposes
generally.
"
or
My improved cement is composed of lime and clay fine water ground silica or
similar earths, oxide of magnesite and zinc and its relative chlorides, or such as
potassium, salprunella or the sodas in any form, required to impregnate the
granulated forms of the crude limestone rocks or earths in which condition, or
when reduced to a fine powder and in granular forms, it is mixed with white or
coloured clays and silica in various proportions for different purposes, and so
mixed up with water, formed into plastic balls, dried ard fired, the magnesia
being fired seperately each are then ground together with saccharine
saccharin," gum ammoniac and gum dextrine, similar and other ingredients and
such that may create heat, to set or bind the cement when gauged with water
alone or chemicals in solution, such as dilute silicate of soda or potash, and if to
assist the silica and clay to neutralize the adverse action of the lime on colour,
and so to fix set and preserve colour and to set the cement I employ nitric and
boracic acid, borax or boracite, and salamoniac "chloride of ammonia" with an
excess of ammonia, and oils such as linseed or caster oil and other mordants,
and with the addition of white lead in oil, and a greater proportion of the
oxide or carbonate of magnesia and zinc 1 form the adhesive quick setting
cementitious salmagundi to be used as paint to coat, cover or preserve
the flitch and other materials or fabrics generally, and to form a rough
adhesive binding or neutral aggregate or active agent, and aggregate when
charged with the above ingredients, and whereby I claim to employ any
suitable chemical crystal or crystaline substance required to effect the object
sought, in the accomplishment of so great a diversity of work as herein set forth,
for example the great variety of fibrous and other earths, and ligneous materials,
colours and dyes are formed of the most opposite or foreign nature, one to the
other, to preclude the possibility of giving a full or definite list of the whole of
such compounds that may and undoutedly will be brought into requisition, and to
provide for the unlimited, is the work of generations of mankind but as no good or
successful effort has hitherto been made to produce a white cement of the various
limes, or the lime silica and clay as herein described, to be of any practical use,
substantially, and having first succeeded in producing a good white cement of lime
as herein orriginally described, 1 claim the right to farther extend its improvements
by any additional means possible to be obtained for that purpose, therefore it may
suffice to farther prove my right, by giving a varied description of the manner in
which I of necesity have to treat the several parts or portions of the lime and
other materials to show the complex nature of the whole, by its first stages, whereas
I take the several portions of lime, each lot with its different ingredients are treated
seperately, and in liko manner the aggregates are charged with other various
chemicals by immersion in solutions, and not until dry, and reduced to fine grains
or a powdered condition can it be successfully mixed, to form a cement, more or
less of a fine white texture like matrix.
For example in some cases I surcharge a portion of the lime-silica and clay
mixture, with any of the ingredients above referred to, and in any desired form or
condition, either before or subsequent to firing and grinding the same, and when so
prepared fired and ground and dried, in one or more of its numerous divisions, it
can be mixed in any proportion or rotation, with the greater proportion of the
ground lime, silica and clay to form the cenient net, and with the white or.coloured
aggregates added thereto.
Otherwise the above chemicals, neutral and other ingredients can be mixed in a
dry condition, with ground lime in any form, and so to form the same improved
cement ready for use, and in like manner to be rendered suitable for any purpose.
And to produce the same cement of equal quality, at less cost and for general

page_text: use,
I slake the lime in seperate lots, each to be variously treated. For example
the above ingredients are added when the line is slaking hot, " or otherwise" and
in the form of a dry hot "or cold" quick lime, or slip like form of putty, in either
form it can be so prepared and used, lime also in the form of nir slaked or dead
lime of any kind, can be revived and so be repeatedly used, either with or without
refiring.
To render this cement more proof against fire I employ fire clays or shale,
biscuit or grog of the same, fibrous-asbestos, mica infusorial earths, ganister quartz
and fired silica, pummice stone and scoria in fine or coarse grains, such clays and
aggregates, can be used to form the most indestructible works in concrete pottery
and terra-cotta, for buildings complete, in nonshrinkable materials, in conjunction
with this improved cement, any of the above materials may be treated with various
chemicals according to its nature and the chemical nature of the colours or dyes
and the chemical action of the numerous materials combined in the production of
constructive and decorative fabrics, of the many various kinds, and so to obtain the
best results in all kinds of such works or preparations as evolved by heat in firing,
dry boiling, steam, super-heated steam or chemical vapour and injection, by
pneumatic power to be employed in the process of casting, to flux charge infuse
euamel or glaze wove wire and any such works, and so by the aid of electricity
when in an highly fused or other condition and otherwise applied.
And so by the application of dilute silicate of soda or pottash, boracic acid,
borax, boracite or lead, to fine or coarse sheet like forms of this cement and sand
or quartz, heated between hot metal sheet, castings of this kind may be rapidly
produced, to substitute lathing and for other works of great strength, forming a
good key for fixing and finishing, and to be applied with or without wove wire or
other suports, for building and other purposes, and by the above improvements the
whole of such works can be effectually performed throughout to completion.
Dated this 1st day of October 1895.
EDWIN ROBBINS.
An Improved Cement, and Means and Methods for Producing the
same, and Architectural and other Works thereof.
I EDWIN ROBBINS of 14 Balfern Street Battersea in the County of Surrey,
Colour Modeller and Model Maker do hereby declare the nature of this invention
and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described
and ascertained in and by the following statement :-
The invention relates to improvements in the production of a white and coloured
hydraulic cement and architectural and other works thereof by heat exhaust aud
preumatics applied in any form or combination of heat or power as herein set forth
to perform the numerous operations in such works as these materials can be
applied to, wherby vitreous cementitious and other formations of the most
opposite nature can be firmly united in every variety of colour and form, wrought
by hand, machine, heated vapour, cold blast and otherwise rendered in moulding,
charging casting and weaving a house and other works complete, in plain diaper
and colour decorative construction, i.e. shape fix and preserve thatch, metal, wood,
stone reeds, straw, and other materials in cellular ventilative concrete walls
partitions roofs floors and other works, combined with transparent opaque and
dense deposits of metal, glass kindred and other substances, in liquid slip plastic
pulverulent and molten condition, flown by heated blast in jets or spray, so to
permanently combine coat cover and glaze enamel and preserve the perishable
materials and works wrought in combination with the above cement.
This invention relates to the production and use of an improved white and

page_text: coloured cement, and means and methods of performing the same, and architectural
and other works thereof, which shall possess enduring properties superior to those
of cements hitherto employed, also by the improved treatment of aggregates and
fabrics and materials from which fabrics are to be made by casting and otherwise
charging the same with the cementitious compounds or parts thereof as required
for its ultimate incorporation in each of such concrete works, and primarily by the
aid of heat, exhaust superheated vapour blast, impelled by compressed air, heat or
steam, hydraulic mechanical and other power applied in any form, whereby this
cement, concrete works, and combinations thereof can be made to possess both
vitreous and cementitious qualities combined, suitable for any purpose in ordinary
use, and specially to meet all requirements possible of evolution in its present and
prospective advancement, particularly relating to the change it will effect in the
nature use and manufacture of other cements and cementitious materials by the
improvements it will also effect in plain and coloured works in plastering and
building operations in general herein set forth for realization by the more complete
development in the future works of this patent.
For example this improved cement may be used net as a paint, duro-distemper,
plastering moulding casting and other purposes, also in combination with various
oils, saponaceous substances and oil emulsions of any kind, so rendered to form the
dry cement and cementitious compound concretes, and so to combine with white
lead litharge and paints thereof, also with ordinary distemper and other compounds
of the same kindred and other materials, variously composed in accordance with
the chemical and other nature of the colour pigments and dyes to be employed,
preferably those of an adhesive, binding or setting quality, and so to render it more
adhesive when gauged with pure silicate, and thus to combine with wood, stone,
metal and glass, or glass formed with the various silicates combined and so combined
with any suitable flux or lustre, fibrous asbestos, mica quartz, aluminium or other
metals metallic and other earths, for sheathing gilding and for use in any way most
desireable, and so I employ ligneous substances of every kind, "so treated," and
specially those of a light tuberous or porous nature, such as the soft spongy woods,
peat, moss, reeds, straw and grass, paper, felt and pulp, thatch, matting, woven and
interwoven fabrics formed of it, and of every kind which can be brought into
requisition for the more perfect production of woven and interwoven fibrous coucrete
fabrication, and in the formation of buildings, building materials and other
manufactures thereof, such fabrics can also be woven and otherwise worked and
fixed in situ complete, otherwise to be subsequently charged with concrete in any
colour or form to design, wherein to obtain lightness and warmth, for example
when combined with cork, coke, or pumicestone, and so bonded as comprehending
the greater strength and buoyancy, i.e. when combined with the above reeds and
other light fibrous bonding and key hoid strands referred to, each arranged to and
across, also in vertical and horizontal order of ventilative construction and warmth,
yet if to obtain greater strength metal bands, tubes, tie rods, strands, ropes and
stanchions are added, likewise the flitch of iron and steel, and other supports as inay
be formed of perforated flitch shaped plates and other metal framing, and its
combination with wood joist or framing of wood and other materials of any form
which can be adapted thereto, the whole of which by the aid of the hot or cold
blast one or both, can be variously prepared embedded and so fixed together with
this cement, which in turn can be used for any purpose, in juxtaposition with and
so finished, like parquetry, half timbered buildings and other like works wrought
with this improved cement, and so to impart colour to design in combination with
wood and other materials so made veneered and otherwise treated, charged or
coated therwith, and other works performed thereof, i.e. the same or any such
prepared materials or amalgams herein referred to, can in the form of dust or spray
be united, conjointly incorporated with the cement or concrete in mass, to form
any object in part or buildings and other works complete, which also relates to
maritime construction and so to be finish by the same means, specially in rendering
the whole homogeneous in monolithic casting from dock formed moulds, also

page_text: materials, and fabrics and works of any kind therefor which can in like manner be
cast, the same monolithic castings and finished works, can also be produced with
the flitch of metal wrought as embedded in a compound of the cement with mercury
aluminium feld-spar potash and glass in a molten condition, the same to be applied
alone, also in combination with nontarnishing metals and metallic alloys, welded or
otherwise united to iron and steel or other framing, thus various kinds of
sgraffieto and cloisonne may be formed each also in high and low relief, and to
which mica, potters flint, "silica" or frost can be added to form the body, also to
enamel glaze or add lustre to the above works, also to the surface of terra-cotta of
any kind and so in any form, also to brick, wood, stone, metal and glass, slate,
wove wire and other sheets, slabs, blocks, tiles and other works, such as preparing
key-hold roughing and fixing the opal and other glass, pottery tiles and other
materials or forms in this cement, which can be used also to charge peat, moss
and thatch, or materials and works of that nature in mass, and with the same such
works can be suitably treated, embellished or in plain forms subsiquently indurated
with silicate, also with egg, each of can be applied in any form desired, each can
also be driven into the surface or bedy, by the successive application of the
sulphate of lime guaged in a solution of sulfuric acid laid on such work, and so
to form an indestructible body and surface finish to buildings, building materials
and fabrics of every kind, specially for the preservation of combustible substances
and perishable fabrics of the same, and when so charged incorporated and other-
wise treated with saponaceous oil in combination with the above compo concrete,
in laminated sheets, scales or relays, of one and the same kind of charge and
alternate layers of various and kindred admixtures, to obtain a dense, opaque and
transparent effect, both in vitreous and cementitious ingredients, to be employed
in the formation of wove wire transparencies, constructive and other works, for
electric lighting, and other plain and decorative results for illumination of any
kind, and for other purposes, and specially those of a more advanced order relating
to the plasterers craft, in improved means and methods of concrete construction,
and in plastering operation in general, moulds of wove wire, also of plain and
engraved plates, surface sheets, slabs and other forms of metal, plain and enriched
metallic alloys can be stamped specially woven and otherwise wrought to design,
and so prepared to combine with this cement and cementitious amalgams thereof,
the same can also be incorporated and otherwise used for colour modelling,
cementitious concrete crayon and plastic compo drawing, akin to fresco painting,
cloisonne and sgraffieto figuring, plain type, litho transfer colour casting and colour
printing, in vitreo compo concrete, each performed either with or without pressure
to any extent of surface, such moulds, lithograph blocks, wove wire and other
surfaces, compo stamping blocks and other forms, likewise the surface so formed
and other works can be heated and so charge and otherwise treated with a
lubricant if desirable, by means of the hot and cold blast, for moulding or casting,
either to shed i.e. cast out and otherwise, thus it can be so treated by heat to ensure
a firm cohesion of the molten glass spray, and in any suitable form, and so fused or
formed if required in combination with the silicates pottery flux, and so other hot or
cold liquefied substance can be applied, the same also as when flown on or into such
moulds, or surfaces by heat pneumatics exbaust or other power "combined," also to
be applied in the vary colour proces of the pulverulent dust formation of the same
admixture, and such for example as sulphur and bitumen, which can be so formed.
in combination with the above crayon drawn and other enrichment, wrought on
wire wove and other works also by moving stencils and other means to be employed
in moulds on and in such lubricated and other prepared surface sheets, rough key-
hold granulated tiles and other forms of opal and other glass and so combine with
brick and other materials and forms as above described, the whole of which as
understood relating to the use of the compound white and coloured cement, and as
performed with the running moulds free hand writing and drawing in varied colour
plastics, the same also apply to modelling, each wrought on or in the varied coloured

page_text: surface sheets gilded surfaces or laminated layers, thus each colour is revealed with
contour moulding up kind of modelling tools, used for the production of colour
decorative "robing," akin to writing and drawing to be so performed in colour,
i.e. a new kind of high art and art work to be wrought also with contour running
moulds and templets on revolving tables and other revolving apparatus of any kiud,
contrived also with suspended splayed and moving stencils, arranged as most suitable
for out lining and otherwise to be used in the production of architectural coloured
ornamental and decorative works, to be formed each in back and front moulds of
the same or skeleton like forms of open-work fittings, which can be used also in
combination with the jacquard and any ordinary weaving machine, such improve-
ments can be employed for weaving the molten glass and other liquid substances
with the vitreous and cementitious spray and other forms and admixtures of the
same, to be interwoven either with or without the fibrous flax, silk and other
threads reeds rushes and metal strands, the same to be wrought in any form
desirable, and each woven separately, and interwoven in conjunction with textile
woven wire and other fibrous fabrics, wherein such as asbestos can also be employed
and so to combine with pottery and other slips varie colour dust and plastics, the
same to be rendered also with running moulds and otherwise wrought in various
colours and form to design, a permeative medium of constructive embellishment in
architecture and other works, akin to Henrey Deux ware, Lambeth "robing
faience and Gobelin tapestries, kindred and other works of note, which by the
same means and methods can be employed to rapidly form and embellish bricks
wood work and stone, Portland and other cements, concrete buildings and other
works.
"
Whereas moulds, plates, plaques, engraved, chased and gilded surfaces of any
kind, and wire wove forms can be rolled, stamped and otherwise compressed and
chased by hand or the sand blast, and otherwise treated cut carved charged and
over modelled and mounted in coloured cement, the whole to be enameled and other-
wise worked drawn and painted and glazed in transparent lacquer vitreous and other
colour, the same to be variously deposited, wrought by hand and otherwise finished
in euamelling kilns or heated chambers, also by heated blast, exhaust pneumatic
and other power, also as when formed by the hot and cold blast in this cement,
combined with aluminium and other metallic amalgains thereof, the same also
applies when formed of silver and gold, and alloys of the same kindred and other
metals, also when used for the transfer of each from other surfaces and either with
or without colour thus the cement can be glazed with lustre also gilded mounted
and illuminated as formed of transfer castings of the same, and of any such designs
from metal surface worked moulds, the same to be so employed with the above and
for other purposes.
For example any of such metals may be combined and so
combined with the cement, and otherwise employed in juxtaposition for any
purpose, also to form a surface to cement moulds, either plain or chased by hand
and sand blast as stated above, the face of this cement and other enriched works.
can be so applied, shaped cut out, charged with coloured cement and otherwise,
each to be worked and so applied to form a surface to other metal also as of gilt
or other thin "flexible" surfaces which I apply to other metals each also apply to
wax, gelatine sulphur, and plaster moulds also to cast such finished surfaces and
other works in gilt and other forms of metal in combination with this improved
cement in any form, and so in combination with moulding casting and otherwise.
working and illuminating plaster canvas, lime, compo pottery, terra-cotta concrete,
compo cotta and glass, and works thereof of any kind, formed of or used in
combination with this improved cement, and each produced by blast, heat, exhaust
and other means, to charge or fill in with coloured cement the parts removed, so
to form a new kind of inlaid and gilded and other works produced by blast heat
exhaust and other means and as referred to in my previous Patent Specifications,
numbered and dated as follows, No. 41-1869, 2116-1873, 1701-1877, 4773-
1883, and 12,803-1884, thus it will be understood, that plastering in colour, also

page_text: colour modelling, model making ordinary and colour schemes of canvas plaster
casting and all other plain, monochromatic, and decorative works of the plasterers.
craft, can be successfully applied to and so carried out in the same manner in
terra-cotta, pottery metal and glass in various ways combined, by the use of this.
cement and as herein referred to and in a manner not heretofore attainable at least
by other known means.
دوو
or
This my improved cement is primarily and essentially composed of lime "in any
form" with clay, fine water-ground silica or silicious earths, each of which are to
be selected as required for the production of both white and coloured materials and
works thereof, and so to combine with the silicates siccative and saponised oils
and emulsions thereof and so to combine with oxide of magnesium "and zine'
and its relative chlorides or such as potassium salprunella, "nitrate of potash
the solas in any form, such as those contained in the silicates of soda and potash,
and also as most required to impregnate and combine with the crude or fired
lime stone rocks, or earths, and variously proportioned, specially as most suitable
for the separate treatment of the various kinds of colour pigments and dyes, in
some cases I prefer such earths, both white and coloured to be fired with the clay
and lime mixtures, if for colouring purposes specially relating to to the production
of delicate tints, I have found 1 of china white clay to four of chalk lime ample to
neutralize the adverse action of lime on colour when so fired "in balls" together,
or some limes I prefer as found in the natural argilaceous formation, such for
example as the hydraulic limes, or the crude lime stone rocks, or these limes 60
rendered with the above crystalline ingredients, fired, or boiled when reduced to a
powder and when so charged with crystalline chemicals and other ingredients as
may be required to form the white or coloured cement it is then also refired in any
desired form of infusion rotation and proportion, varying from 1 to 2 per cent. of lime
to the bulk of magnesite, clay, colour litharge, silica and the cementitious chemicals,
crystalline and other ingredients which may be used and so varied to form the
matrix required thereof for any purpose, and to which may then be added, oil,
siccated or saponised oil or oil emulsions, saccharine gum dextrine, ammonia
gum-ammoniacum, kindred and other viscous substances any of which can be
prepared "as emulsions and seasoned" as most desireable for any purpose, and by
special treatment, as by concenteration by infusion and by fusion, oxidation by
atmospheric exposure or any form of siccation as by artificial heat, and by combi-
nation in any form of contact as by admixture with the aggregates or the fine
grains formed of lime, cement tibrous materials and colour, again for example
dilute sulfuric and nitric acid, also boracic acid borax, sulphate of magnesia, oils,
glue, and gelatine or gelatinous emulsions thereof will tend to protect and preserve
the blue yellow green and black from all such discolouration and so when formed
in combination with white lead litharge and paints thereof.
27
The following description will serve to show how the improved cement can be
parts, both white
composed in various proportions of its several "like constituent
and coloured to serve the numerous purposes of change to which the same cement
can be applied in the most successful manner.
1
For example to form a good hard and durable concrete of lime cement to be both
weather and fire resisting fairly cheap and white, as of its natural cast or tinge
firstly prepare a mixture of lime and crystal white saccharine with the oxide and
the chloride of magnesia "or zinc one or both," about 10 per cent. more or less of
each or either, to one hundred by measure or weight of the lime, "in some cases
I use the sulphate of magnesia in place of the chloride," and this proportion of each
separately employed with one or both of the rich and hydraulic lines will act well.
to serve all ordinary purposes for its more general application to plastering and
other purposes, this proportion also where required can be safely employed net
without risk when guaged and used fresh, but in most cases either crude prepared
sand, stone dust, fibrous and other aggregates can be mixed in varying proportions.
of from 2 to 4 or 10 of these and other admixtures to 1 of the lime cement.

page_text: In some instances I treat such aggregates and admixtures to a portion of the
lime cement, and cil emulsions, one or both, by guaging or amalgamating the same
with water, or so combined with other white or light prepared adhesive ingredients,
which is then left to set or to be indurated in any way, in granular or fibrous forms
like loose sand of a key hold form or bonding nature, this also will prevent cracking
or flying most effectually, and render the work in concrete forms of every kind far
more durable and free of risk in every way, when guaged up with the greater bulk
of lime cement ready for use, otherwise I form and treat the fine and coarse grains
of cement and other made up materials, formed and treated in the same manner,
either as aggregates or to give charactor in its varied tints, when mixed dry as a
new compound kind of aggregate cement, and so to be guaged up in water to form the
plastic mass ready for its application to any form or kind of work which in every
way as a concrete it is most suitable for; if to he faced by stoning and otherwise to
have the appearance of veined marble both white and colcured, and so to produce
an improved charactor when so formed in the same colour, it is necessary that it
should be made to form a harder and closer texture, this can be given by reducing
the proportion of lime to any degree suited to that and other like purposes, as
judgement by experience alone would guide.
For example the oxide, and either the chloride (or the sulphate) of magnesia can
be mixed of equal proportions with 10 or 15 per cent. more or less of the white
saccharine, and to which may be added nitric acid or nitrate of potash, each so
employed to set the whole mass and neutralize the adverse action of the lime on
colour, the same to be used net, and with any form or kind of aggregate, but when
used with the greater portion of saccharine and if used pet, the work will some-
times require more attention in working, by extra smoothing to compress the surface
and body of the work, to obviate its cracking, a process akin to ironing-technically
pronounced hand-floating and trowling, the same result can be gained also, by
retarding its drying and setting, by being kept damp or the air excluded, whereas
all such risks can be avoided by a portion of the cement being first formed into
grains, white or coloured and also with other admixtures used, and so to render it
by change suitable for most purposes, if for colour most of such grains can be dyed,
incorporated and impregnated by exhaust, and otherwise charged or coated with
crystalline chemicals and colours for which purpose I have found the soft native
lime stone and other soft rocks, also the unground forms of the dehydrated sulphate
of lime, and ligneous substances, thus treated with the cement crystalline chemicals
colour and dyes to act well, and in like manuer finished and other made. .up materials
can be thus treated and coloured in accordance with the colour required in the
concrete work, the whole of such prepared grains fibrous and other materials of
that kind, can be made up of the same or various colours, and so ground dry as a
concrete cement being ready mixed to be barreled up and otherwise stored as a dry
powder and in granular forms with the same and various coloured and white
cements.
Thus or by blending the cements in its various colours when guaged superior
imitations of malachite and other marbles not heretofore attainable can be
successfully realized, including an improved kind of scagliola marezzo and scag-
marezzo, for interior and external use, superior results in uniform monochrome and
other coloured works, can also be produced highly finished in brighter and deeper
colour and of the most delicate tints than hitherto, each of a far more durable
quality, equal to withstand all atmospheric changes and the most intense heat of
kilos melting pots and as furnace linings, and again the more effectually to
neutralize the adverse action on colour, of a volatile nature so or otherwise
employed, I farther reduce the proportions of lime or the fired lime and clay
mixture to 1 or 2 "and ten" per cent. respectively, which is ample in each case
for the purpose and so to produce a hard concrete, and also to slowly or quickly
set the compound mass by varying the admixture and proportions of nitric acid or
nitre cake, magnesia litharge "oxide of tin" oil emulsion, silica colour and pure

page_text: silicate, any of which by choice 1 likewise employ, separately or jointly in this
form and either with or without the aggregates or fabrics in any form.
"
Again the more effectually to avoid discolouration I form a mixture of lime and
"its chloride or the chloride of magnesia or other alkaline ingredients when
rendered plastic by thorough incorporation with 6 or 8, more or less of lime to 2
or more of saccharine, this I place aside in quantity to season ready to grind and
mix with the mass in any form to guage, and so proportioned to set the whole
quickly or slowly as desired when used otherwise the lime when fired with the
clay, white and of any colour or kind can be used in the same way with greater
safety and in far greater proportions of lime to the bulk, the same can also be
mixed with the sulphate of lime, each of the most extreme proportions when
mixed in the process of filling-in a mould and otherwise when cast bodily into a
mould or other form in a dry condition, to form the surface or boly one or both,
and thus remain in a loose porous form to be charged with other binding
mediums to be so compressed and then charge with water and while under pressure,
by capillary attraction air pressure and exhaust, and so to draw or force the
water or other liquids and such as bitumen sulphur and the molten substance into
the cold or heated mass, otherwise it can be mixed in a stiff crumbly condition
having but sufficient water or other solutions applied thereto to cause the mass to
cohere in all its parts when ramined and otherwise driven into moulds and other form,
so the proportions can be varied when applied in repeated and alternate dressings
in thin coats like paint or layers in thin sheets of comp, like paper each of which
can be formed by jets or spray driven by blast and otherwise forced and worked
in or upon
"flexible" transfer sheets of any kind, and so applied to reverse or
counter forms or moulds of any kind to stamp or work the plastics so transferred
into the face mould to be of equal thickness in all its parts, otherwise I spread the
slip dust and plastic materials by air pressure and exhaust so to obtain as more
perfect impress of such forms, when thus impelled by air blast, or so in combination
with other power, thus it will be understood that materials of the most opposite
nature can succeed and petrify each other by immediate contact, therefore it is
not possible or required to give the whole of the ingredients named or referred to,
as relating to the use of this cement, in each or either of such dressings, or to be
tied to any precise proportion of its parts in either or the whole of such mixtures
referred to, for example the same change in the proportions, would also be
necessary where heat to advantage can be applied in various forms, also by
change of materials for example the change from the purely cementitious indurated
concretion to the vitreous combination of the same cement, also as combined with
pottery or terra-cotta, such would incur the greater change by the additional
improvements in works so devised to meet all requirements, therefore I do not
confine myself to any precise admixture, process or proportion, yet in addition to
the proportions given herein above, I will further describe the kind of materials to
be employed to overpower the tendency of the clay "kaolin" and magnesia
to shrink and crack, which has ever proved the great obstacle to the use of the
magnesian cements, for plastering and other purposes, specially relating to the use
of colour, as most desireable in its combination with lime, and as referred to
above.
Firstly. To overcome such contraction, I employ an excess of lime and the fine
silica, and pure silicate or oil emulsion, and where colour is of no consequence,
I use the silicates of soda or potash to great advantage with this cement in many
ways with lime.
°
For example I otherwise prepare the following materials as most. in request in
the formation of any kind of coloured concrete work, in durable forms, of deep and
bright colour to be performed in this particular branch of work and in this
improved kind of compo cement, in which the lime and the fired lime and clay,
nitric acid, nitrate of potash, or nitre cake, and the chlorides either or any of
which can be mixed in modified form and so incorporated with saccharine to
B
>

page_text: neutralize the caustic properties of lime as referred to above this will also set the
following or successive admixtures equally as the first preparation.
Secondly. I soak a portion of gelatine or glue, in water which can thus be
dissolved in linseed oil, or oil and turpentine, and when dissolved litharge "oxide
of tin" can be added, and when well mixed this can also be left to stand to season
to become a tough and adhesive emulsion.
"
Thirdly. I mix a quantity of siccative oil which has been driven through a
heated chamber in the form of spray by air pressure, to flow over heated surfaces
and subsequently to be mixed with ammonia, gum-ammoniacum or other alkali in
solution added to form a thick emulsion, this when .it has been well shaken or
churned to render it thick either of these two preparations are then used separately
or mixed together and so left to season to become more tough and adhesive by
the action of the turpentine on the oil, and thicken with the ammonia and nitre
salt, and the more completely to disseminate the gelatine, lime water and litharge
throughout the whole preparation with which and an equal quantity of the
"silicate of soda or pure silicate more or less to the oil can be added to the lime,
oxide of magnesia, fine water ground silica and colour, the same can thus be
guaged with an equal volume of water to the emulsion used, so it is thus mixed
and varied to suit any purpose, to which it can be usefully applied, and when
gauged ready for use, the lime or lime and clay and chloride in compound with
saccharine can be added in their respective proportions and otherwise as given
above, and so to set the whole mass quickly or slowly as most desirable, and in
some cases terebene and pulverulent nitre cake can be added for the same
purpose of setting, also to improve some colours if not of too delicate a tint for
the use of terebene, and in some cases 1 dispense with any part of the above, and
form good hard concretes by changing its composition as may be most desireable
for any purpose and specially to fulfil all requirements in the more perfect
production of all such works to completion in all its parts including the pre-
paration and manufacture of the improved cement aggregates and fabrics and
materials from which such fabrics and wares are to be made in all its various
colours, forms and proportions of its various or separate admixtures.
For example employ the lime in the form of lime water, or the sulphate of
lime which can be fired or half burnt in.a rock like form or powdered condition,
and so saturated with a solution of alum nitre cake borax or boracic acid, and to
be so charged or treated with other chemicals to be boiled or reboiled, otherwise
baked or refired with the oxide of magnesia "or zine" and its relative chlorides,
or the sulphate of magnesia nitric acid, nitrate of potash, and other crystaline
chemical ingredients any of which can be guaged with either of the saponised
substances or emulsions as referred to above excepting the silicates of soda and
potash which must be used with much, care, where the sulphates are employed
60 to avoid efflorescence and consequent integration, in this case I use
uot more than one of " pure
silicate with two or more of the oil emulsion
which also neutralize its adverse action on colour, the pure silicate will also
retard its setting when but little lime is in the compound thus producing a tough
adhesive concrete of use for many purposes specially for cohesion of this cement
to other surfaces.
"
And I find where the rich or hydraulics limes are mixed with the magnesia and
the chimicals as referred to, the same are best fired or boiled together in the same
manner.
In the proportions or manufacture of this cement the lime clay and silica
selected or in any form I prefer to be well seasoned fired or refired and reduced
to a powder by pneumatic hydraulic or mechanical power, and so driven by the
blast into a outer chamber, to separate the fine from the coarse grains without
sifting, by the adoption of any suitable arrangement of louvre like and other
receivers, as required in the production of a white or coloured cement, and as
required to form or separate the aggregate grains thereof, and as may be best
contrived for such changes.

page_text: Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion, and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
claim is
An improved cement and means and methods to be employed in producing the
same and architectural and other works thereof, as herein set forth.
1900
EDWIN ROBBINS.