IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR BINDING AND SECURING CUT CROPS INTO SHEAVES."
Year: 1878

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Charles Thomas Burgess, of Brentwood, in the County of
Essex, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR BINDING
AND SECURING CUT CROPS INTO SHEAVES."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Charles Thomas Burgess at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 11th March 1878.
CHARLES THOMAS BURGESS, of Brentwood, in the County of Essex. "IMPROVE
MENTS IN APPARATUS FOR BINDING AND SECURING CUT CROPS INTO SHEAVES."
In order to deliver the crop as it is cut by a reaping machine in sheaves properly
bound and secured, I place at the delivery end of the platform of the machine a
second platform on to which the crop is delivered in proper size for forming a sheaf.
This second platform I hinge at its front end to the frame of the machine upon a*
hinge at right angles to the line of draught, and support its rear end on a wheel or
wheels, by preference in such a way as to allow of its rear end being raised or
lowered, or in some cases the second platform may be attached to or form part of
the delivery end of the ordinary platform. As each bundle of cut crop is received
ou to the second platform, it is gathered up by moving fingers to one or other of its
ends, where it is arrested by other receiving fingers, and it is held against these
fixed fingers and compressed by jointed fingers which then descend and take hold
of it, or other arrangements might be adopted for compressing the bundle of cut
crop.
The crop as it is moved up towards the receiving fingers, comes against a string
which is led up through a slot in the second platform, and held at its end at some
distance above the platform in a clip at the end of a moveable arm. The bundle of.
crop as it moves against the string carries the string along with it, and as the
bundle is being compressed, the string will lie under and partly around it. The
arm is then caused to descend until its end passes down through the slot in the'
platform, and lays the end of the string which it carries into a clip near to the

page_text: string as it comes from the reel or ball. A slight further movement of the arm
causes the spring clip at its end to open; this may be effected by the tail end of the
moveable jaw of the clip then coming against a fixed stop. The portions of the
string lying together are then taken hold of by a knotting apparatus which forms
them into a loop, whilst at the same time a cutting knife severs the strings near to
the stationery clip, and the free ends of the strings are drawn through the loop to
complete the knot.
The knotting apparatus I form by preference of a tube, against the side of which
the strings lie when in the position before mentioned. On the exterior of the tube
is a hook so carried that the strings may lie between the hook and the tube; the
tube and hook are revolved, and it may be at the same time drawn back; the hook
takes the two strings, and by its rotation, wraps them around the tube for about
one revolution, the ends of the loop around the tube will then be left crossing one
another, a rod with a hook at its end is then caused to project out from the end of
the tube; a further rotation lays the end of the loop which is furthest from the
sheaf into a position to be caught by the hook. The motions are then reversed, the
rod retires, the loop is caused to slip off from the hook on the exterior of the tube,
and remains around this tube; the strings are drawn against a cutter and severed
near to the clip, and the hook on the rod draws them into the tube and right
through the loop previously formed in the strings as before described so as to
complete the knot. As the hook on the rod draws the strings into the tube, the
loop slips off the end of the tube, and the strings are squeezed between the tube and
hook so as to draw the knot up tight. After the rod has retired into the tube, the
strings after a time are set free from pressure and can escape freely. The moveable
arm then commences to make its backward movement, the spring clip at its end
closes on the string, grips it, and as the arm rises draws the string upwards through
the slot in the platform ready for tying another sheaf.
The sheaf after it has been bound and secured as above described, is removed
from the platform. When the binding apparatus is used with reaping machines
having a controllable delivery, provision is made for causing the speed of working
of the binding apparatus to vary with the rate of the delivery apparatus of the
reaping machine.
If instead of using string to bind and secure the sheaves I desire to use a band
composed of part of the crop itself, I effect the tying up of the sheaf by drawing
back portion of the straw at the centre of the sheaf, so that the ears of these straws
come to about the centre of the other straws, and as the sheaf is brought together
and compressed, I cause the back ends of these straws to stand at right angles to the
sheaf and wind them around it at or near its centre, and secure their ends by
tucking them into the sheaf and under the encircling band. To effect this, I cause
the moving finger to deliver the bundle of crop into a section of a ring which is so
mounted as to be capable of being revolved. The ring carries on its interior
presser plates, which so soon as the ring commences to revolve, come down on to
and grip the sheaf, so that the sheaf revolves with the ring. The sheaf as it
revolves winds around itself the straw band, the end of the band being held by
hand or otherwise, and when the band has been passed entirely around the sheaf,
the end is tucked in as before described. When the ring has made a complete turn,
it again comes to rest, and the grippers release their hold of the sheaf, which may
then be removed from the receiver and thrown on to the ground, leaving the ring
in position for a fresh portion of crop to be delivered into it through its open
mouth.
The drawing back of the portion of straw and holding it whilst it is wound
around the sheaf and the tucking in of its end may be performed by hand or by
mechanism. In the same way the sheaf may be tied up with bands previously
prepared.
In place also of the sheaf being revolved after it has been drawn together and
compressed, the straw band may be passed around it by a revolving arm.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Charles Thomas Burgess in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
11th September 1878.
CHARLES THOMAS BURGESS, of Brentwood, in the County of Essex. "IMPROVE
MENTS IN APPARATUS FOR BINDING AND SECURING CUT CROPS INTO SHEAVES."
In order to deliver the crop as it is cut by a reaping machine in sheaves properly
bound and secured, I place at the delivery end of the platform of the machine a
second platform, on to which the crop is delivered in proper size for forming a sheaf.
This second platform may be hinged at its front end to the frame of the machine
upon a hinge at right angles to the line of draught, and support its rear end on a
wheel or wheels, by preference in such a way as to allow of its rear end being raised
or lowered, or the second platform may be attached to or form part of the delivery
end of the ordinary platform. As each bundle of cut crop is received on to the
second platform it is gathered up by moving fingers which I call gatherers to one
or other of its ends, where it is arrested by other receiving fingers, and it is held
against these fingers and compressed by jointed fingers called compressers, which
then descend and take hold of it, or other arrangements might be adopted for com-
pressing the bundle of cut crop.
The crop as it is moved up towards receiving fingers comes against a string
which is led up through a slot in the second platform, and held at its end at some
distance above the platform in a clip at the end of a moveable arm. The bundle of
crop as it moves against the string carries the string along with it, and as the bundle
is being compressed, the string will lie under and partly around it. The arm is
then caused to descend, until its end passes down through the slot in the platform,
and lays the end of the string which it carries into a clip near to the string as it
comes from the reel or ball. A slight further movement of the arm causes the
spring clip at its end to open; this may be effected by the tail end of the moveable
jaw of the clip then coming against a fixed stop. The portions of the string lying
together are then taken hold of by a knotting apparatus which forms them into a
loop, whilst at the same time a cutting knife severs the strings near to the stationary
clip, and the free ends of the strings are drawn through the loop to complete the
knot
The knotting apparatus I form of a tube, against the side of which the strings
lie when in the position before mentioned. On the exterior of the tube is a hook,
so carried that the strings may lie between the hook and the tube; the tube and
hook are revolved, and it may be at the same time drawn back; the hook takes
the two strings, and by its rotation, wraps them around the tube for about one
revolution; the ends of the loop around the tube will then be left crossing one
another, a rod with a hook at its end is then caused to project out from the end of
the tube; a further rotation lays the end of the loop which is furthest from the
sheaf into a position to be caught by the hook. The motions are then reversed, the
rod retires, the loop is caused to slip off from the hook on the exterior of the tube,
and remains around this tube, the strings are drawn against a cutter and severed
near to the clip, and the hook on the rod draws them into the tube and right
through the loop previously formed in the strings as before described, so as to
complete the knot. As the hook on the rod draws the strings into the tube, the
loop slips off the end of the tube, and the strings are squeezed between the tube and
hook so as to draw the knot up tight. After the rod has retired into the tube, the
strings after a time are set free from pressure and can escape freely. The moveable
arm then cominences to make its backward movement, the spring clip at its end
closes on the string, grips it, and as the arm rises, draws the string upwards through
the slot in the platform ready for tying another sheaf.
The sheaf after it has been bound and secured as above described is removed
from the platform. When the binding apparatus is used with reaping machines

page_text: having a controllable delivery, provision may be made for causing the speed of
working of the binding apparatus to vary with the rate of the delivery apparatus of
the reaping machine.
The Drawings hereunto annexed show part of a side delivery reaping machine,
with sheaf binding and tying mechanism arranged as above described.
Figure 1 is a plan view, and Figure 2 a side elevation; Figure 3 shows separately
on a larger scale an under side view; and Figure 4 a side elovation of the knotting
mechanism; Figures 5 and 6 show end views of the same parts.
Enlarged diagram views of the knotter, to explain the way in which the knot is
tied, are shown at Figures 7 to 16.
1
A is the main or driving wheel of the reaping machine; B is the axis upon which
the rake arms are carried, and which is on the outer side of the wheel, as in machines
heretofore made by me, and which are now well known; C is the platform on to
which the crop falls, as it is cut; D is the prolongation or continuation of this plat
form on the delivery side. The rakes as they sweep the crop off the platform C 1
deliver it on to the platform D, instead of on to the ground, and in order that the
bundles of cut crop may always be delivered on to the same spot on the platform D,
whatever may be the length of straw of the crop being cut, I hinge to the
platform C, at or near its delivery side, or flap E, which may be made to incline up-
wards, more or less, as required from the platform C, and thus cause the delivery
rakes to continuo acting on the bundle of crop for a shorter or longer time as
may be required for causing the rake to throw the bundle of crop the required
distance.
In order also to ensure that all parts of the bundle of crop shall lie correctly in
the path of the gatherer fingers, a board may be hinged to the platform D by a
vertical hinge at J.
When the crop is being delivered from the platform C to the platform D, this
board is in a line with the end of the platform C, and is just below it; so soon
as a bundle of crop has been delivered on to the platform D the board above
mentioned is turned a distance on its hinge, and sweeping the bundle before it,
ensures its being brought into the position required for the gatherer arms to
collect it into a sheaf.
All the above parts are shown in dotted lines.
Below the platform D is the knotting mechanism, and also the mechanism for
moving to and fro the gathering fingers. On the lower end of the rake axis B, and
capable of turning freely around it, is a bevil toothed wheel F driven by a pinion
on the same axis as the pinion, which as in machines heretofore made by mo,
gears with and drives another bevil wheel fast on the rake axis B. From the
bevil toothed wheel F motion is given to the several parts of the apparatus for
forming the bun iles of crop into sheaves. On the under side of the wheel F is
a crank pin G. This crank pin is coupled by a connecting rod H to one arm
of the lever I which turns on a centre at I*.
Universal joints are as shown at Figure 1, provided at the ends of the connecting
rod H, to allow the connecting rod to move freely in spite of the axis being as is
usual inclined to some extent from the vertical and not parallel with the axis of
the lever I. From the rocking of the lever I a straight line to-and-fro movement
is given to a slide L which carries the gathering fingers, as shown at Figure 1. The
longer arm of the lever I is for this purpose jointed to the centre of a link K, one
end of which is coupled to a short link K¹ which turns on a fixed centro, whilst the
other end is connected to a slide L capable of moving to and fro in a straight slot
in a frame below the extra platform D. This slide L carries the gathering forks L¹
which project up through slots in the platform D.
In addition to the connecting rod H being used to give a to-and-fro movement to
the gathering fingers, it is also used to give motion to the compresser fingers, and
also to the clip arm which holds the end of the string or cord. For this purpose a
curved slot H' is formed in the connecting rod; into this slot enters a pin at the
end of one arm of a bell-crank lever M. The other arm of this lever is by a link N

page_text: coupled a lever O at the back end of the platform D. This lever is linked by a
lever P to the clip arm Q, the clip at the end of which holds the end of the string or
cord. The clip arm Q turns on a fixed centre at R. From the movement of the
clip arm motion is given to the compresser fingers U; for this purpose there is a
lever S turning on the pin by which the link P is jointed to the clip arm. At each
end of this lever is a curved slot; through one slot passes a fixed pin T, and
through the other a pin on a short arm which is fast on the axis which carries
the compresser fingers. When the clip arm Q commences to turn downwards
from the position shown at Figure 2, the lever S turns in the opposite direction,
and causes the compresser arms to turn downwards at a much quicker rate than the
clip arm. Afterwards, when the compresser arms are near the end of their move-
ment they move with a slow motion, whilst the clip arm completes its movement,
and the compresser arms can exert a considerable pressure upon the bundle of crop
which it is gripping by reason of the pin joint carried by the clip arm being then
brought nearly into a straight line between the pin on the short arm on the axis of
the compresser fingers and the pin on which the clip arm turns. Thus the compresser
arm always keeps in front of the clip arm, and the bundle of crop being compressed
is held well away from the clip arm as it descends. Either a fixed or moveable
abutment may be used for the bundle of crop to rest against as it is being gripped
by the compresser arms. In the arrangement shown in the Drawing it is a
moveable one, turning on the same centre as the clip arm, and linked by a link to
the lever S, so that it turns downwards as the compresser arms descend, and moves
upwards so as to be out of the way when the compresser arms rise; other ways for
lifting and lowering the moveable back abutment of the compressing apparatus may
however be used, as, for example, the back abutment may be carried by arms free to
turn on pins situated, say, somewhere in front of the axis of the compresser fingers, and
be raised by cam surfaces on this axis at the times required, whilst it is allowed to
drop by its own weight when not upheld by the cams.
By giving motion to the compresser fingers and clip arm from a bell crank
actuated by a groove or guide in the connecting rod, which serves to give a to-and-
fro motion to the gatherer fingers, I am able in a simple way, that is, by giving a
suitable shape to the slot or guide in the connecting rod, to give motion to the com-
presser fingers and clip arm at the times required.
The movements of the parts are as follows:-During about one half of the forward
movement of the gatherer, the compresser and clip arm remain at rest, and as the
gatherors advance, the crop may be held down by rods, not shown in the Drawing,
to prevent its piling up, and ensure its passing properly below the compresser. As
the bundle of crop is carried below the compresser, the compresser descends and
continues to descend after the gatherer has completed its forward motion. After
about th further revolution of the crank pin which gives motion to the
several parts, the knotting mechanism commences to tie together the ends of the
string which have been laid around the sheaf as herein-after more fully explained.
A further th revolution of the crank pin, or thereabouts, completes the
knotting, and during the later operation of tying the knot the compressers and
clip arm rise to their forward positions ready for a fresh bundle of crop to be
gathered up below them after that the bound sheaf has been removed; this at
present I arrange to be done by an attendant, either riding on the machine or
not, as may be desired.
I will now describe more particularly my knotting mechanism; see Figures 3 and 4,
and the enlarged diagram views, Figures 7 to 16.
The string or cord from a reel or ball is led up through an eye V, and into a clip
W at the end of the clip arm Q. When the clip arın rises into the position shown
at Figure 2 is draws the end of the string up through a slot in the platform D,
and the string remains distended between the clip and the oye V. As the gathering
fingers deliver a bundle of crop to the compresser the bundle comes against the
string. When the clip arm again descends it carries the string entirely around
the bundle, and at the end of its downward movement delivers the end of the

page_text: string held by it into another spring clip x, which was open to receive it. Ordinarily
this clip remains open by reason of a strong spring forcing forwards a rod Z, and the
end of the rod Z turning a small lever Z*, the spindle of which is flattened, and
passes between the jaws of the spring clip x. When the rod Z is pressing in the
lever Z the flattened portion of the spindle lies at an angle between the jaws of
the clip, and holds them apart. At the terinination of the downward movement
of the clip arm its end comes against the end of the rod Z, and presses it back; the
spring of the clip then causes the jaws of this clip to close, and lay hold of the
strings which lie in it, whilst at the same time the clip at the end of the clip arm Q
releases its hold of the spring, by reason of the tail of the moveable jaw of the clip
coming against a fixed stop. During the latter portion of the downward movement
of the clip arm a finger Ỷ jointed to this arm comes down on to the platform D,
and sliding along it presses the string along the slot in the platform, as shown at
Figure 4, to bring the part of the string which is then between the clip of the clip
arm and the platform D in a straight line with the other part of the string, which
is between the platform and the eye V. The two strings thus held in the clip x, a
little below the platform D, then lie against the side of the knotter tube, as shown at
diagrams 7. The knotter tube then commences to revolve to tie the two strings
into a knot.
The knotter consists of a tube a with a hook b projecting from its side, and forming
part of a boss or enlargement near the end of the tube, and which is shaped in the
manner shown by the diagram views. Just before the knotter tube commences to
revolve the strings lie against the side of the tube, and in front of the hook, as
shown by diagrams 7. As the tube revolves the hook carries the string in a loop
around the tube, as shown at diagrams 8; as it continues to revolve the part of
the strings which goes up through the platform and around the sheaf slips off the
enlarged boss, and crosses in front of the end of the tube, as shewn at diagram 9,
but cannot escape from under the hook, by reason of there being a fixed plate c,
which the hook has to pass at this time, and between which and the hook the
string cannot pass freely. A further rotation of the tube brings it into the position
shown at diagrams 10, and then into the position shewn at diagrams 11. The loop
previously formed in the part of the strings which goes to the sheaf has then been
straightened out. This straightening out of the loop is important, and forins one
of the peculiar features of my knotter; it enables the knot to be tied properly and
with centre, whereas heretofore in other knotters, where the same knot was to
be tied, the knots produced have frequently been imperfect, by reason of this bend
still remaining in the string at the time when the knot was tightened up; the knots
formed were consequently not to be relied on.
A further revolution of the knotter tube brings it into the position shown at
diagram 12. The hook & has then been protruded from the end of the tube; the
part of the strings which go to the clip has also slipped over the front of tho
tube, and entered the hook. To ensure that this part of the string as it passes over
the front of the tube shall tighten up at once and enter the hook the clip, as shown
at Figure 4, is capable of turning on a pin x', but is pressed by a spring into the
position shown in that Figure.
During the operation above described of winding the strings around the knotter
tube the clip gets drawn somewhat towards the tube. The moment, however, that
the part of the string which goes to the clip slips over the front of the knotter
tube the clip springs back to its former position, and, at once straightening the
strings, lays them into the hook. The hook now retires into the tubo at the same
time that the tube turns back in the opposite direction. When the string has been
drawn into the tube the part of it which goes towards the clip gets nipped or
pressed between the hook and the interior of the tube, and the strings are then cut
near to the clip, as herein-after explained, when the knotter is about in the position
shewn at diagram 13. The hook then continues to retire, and the knotter tube to
turn back, as shewn in the diagrams 14, 15, and 16, the end of the string being
drawn inwards with the tube, and taking up the slack string caused by the turning

page_text: back of the knotter tube, the coils of the knot still remaining around the tube.
As, however, the knotter tube still continues to turn back the part of the strings
which are being drawn into the tube of the hook slip little by little over the front
of the tube until the knot is almost tight.
e is a spring finger against which the part of the strings which pass to the sheaf
come as the tube turns back. As the hook continues to draw in the end of the
strings into the tube the knot is tightened up, and then the now bound and secured
sheaf is released by the compresser; the sheaf is then at once removed by an
attendant.
To give the to-and-fro revolving motion to the knotter tube and a similar motion to
the hook, as well as giving to the hook a backward and forward movement. I employ
a rocking shaftf; this shaft at its end has a crank arm on it, which is connected by a
link to a crank on a pinion which is formed with a delay space. Working with the
pinion is a delay wheel g formed on the upper surface of the wheel which carries
the crank pin by which the movements are given to the gatherer and compresser.
When the teeth h on the delay wheel gear with the teeth on the pinion they give
this pinion one complete turn, and then it remains for a time at rest, and the turning
of the pinion gives a rocking motion to the shaft f. On the shaft f are fixed two
similar quadrants i and k. One quadrant i gears with a pinion on the knotter tube,
and gives it its revolving to-and-fro motion; the other gears with a long pinion on
the stem of the hook, and gives it a similar revolving to-and-fro motion. The stem
of the hook has formed on it a screw thread, which gears into a fixed nut on the
frame which carries the knotter, so that as the hook turns to and fro it also
moves backwards and forwards. The rear end of the stem of the hook also gives
a to-and-fro motion to the knife employed for severing the strings. The knife
itself is of a hook form, somewhat similar to the hook d, and the ends of the strings
which are sprung into the hook, as before explained, when forming the knot are
simultaneously sprung into the hook of the knife. When the knife is drawn back
by the backward movement of the hook the knife acting close up to the spring plate
m cuts the strings; it acts somewhat after the hook has drawn the strings into the
knotter tube, as the back end of the knife stem is acted on by nuts at some
distance apart on the rear end of the stem of the hook, as shown at Figures 3
and 4.
In place of the wheel by which the several movements herein-before described
are given to the gathering and compressing fingers, and to the knotter being
mounted on the lower end of the rake axis, as above described and shewn in the
Drawings, it might be on a separate axis, and be driven, as shewn at Figure 17, by
a chain working over a chain wheel. The crank pin upon one side of it might give
motion to the gathering fingers in the manner herein-before described, whilst the
delay wheel on its opposite side gives at each revolution one turn to a delay pinion,
and so gives the rocking motion to the shaft which drives the knotter.
I would remark that although in the arrangement above described, and shewn
in the Drawings, the moveable parts of the compresser and the clip arm turn in
centres above the platform D, whilst the knotting apparatus is below it, the
arrangement might be varied, and the knotting apparatus be in the upper
position, and the compressing apparatus and clip arm in the lower position.
I would remark that the arrangement, herein-before described, of an extra plat-
form D secured to the delivery side of the platform of a side delivery machine, and
of gatherer fingers moving to and fro along such platform to gather together each
bundle of crop as it is received on to the platform, might advantageously be used for
delivering the crop in compact bundles without their being tied up into sheaves.
In this case I should make the platform D somewhat shorter; I should also place a
moveable abutment at the end of the platform, but nothing else to hinder the free
delivery of the bundles at the back end of the platform.
As the gathering fingers moved towards the abutment, and gathered together the
bundle of crop, the crop would be prevented from dropping off the end of the plat-
forms by the abutment; but when the gatherers arrived at a suitable distance from

page_text: "
the abutment the abutment would rise or fall, and allow the gathering fingers to
deliver the bundle of crop off the platform, and on to the ground in a very
compact state.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention, and the manner of performing
the same, I would have it understood that I do not claim generally arranging sheaf
binders in such manner that the bundle to be bound is delivered on to a string
passing from a reel to a clip on a moveable arm, which afterwards carries the string
entirely around the sheaf, and brings it to a knotting apparatus for the two ends
of the string which are around the sheaf to be tied into a knot; but what I claim
is,—
First. The combined arrangement of reaping machine for delivering the crop in
tied-up sheaves, substantially as herein-before described.
Second. The combined arrangement of apparatus for tying a string around a
bundle of crop to form it into a sheaf, substantially as herein-before described.
Third. Giving motion to the gathering, compressing, and tying-up mechanism
from one wheel on the lower end of the rake shaft, substantially as described.
Fourth. Giving a to-and-fro motion to the gatherer fingers by a straight line
motion (or nearly so) composed of a system of links and cranks, substantially as
herein-before described.
Fifth. Giving motion to the thread carrier arm and compresser by one rod
worked by a bell crank that derives its movement from a slot or guide in the con-
necting rod, which sets in action the mechanism for moving the gatherer fingors.
Sixth. Giving the requisite motions at the times required to the knotting
apparatus by means of a rocking shaft rocked by one complete revolution given to
a delay pinion by a delay wheel, substantially as herein-before described.
Seventh. The construction of knotting apparatus, substantially as herein-before
described, the peculiarities of which have been clearly pointed out.
Eighth. The combined arrangement of mechanism for giving a revolving to-and-
fro motion to the knotter tube, and the same motion to the hook, whilst the hook,
in addition, is moved endwise to and fro.
Ninth. The means, herein-before described, for ensuring that the strings are laid
hold of by the hook of the knotter, and by the knife.
Tenth. Causing the clip at the end of string carrier arm to deliver the end of the
string after it has been laid by it around a sheaf into a spring clip, which then
closes and holds the strings until they are tied with a knot and cut, then causing
the clip at end of string carrier arm to again close on the end of the string, and
and carry it with it when the carrier arm rises, it being free to do so, as the
other clip opens so soon as the thread carrier arm moves back.
Eleventh. Combining with the thread carrier arm a finger to press the strings
up to a point above the knotter tube to ensure that the strings shall always lie in
the same position against the side of the knotter before the knotter commences to
tie the knot.
In witness whereof, I, the said Charles Thomas Burgess, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Third day of September, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and seventy-eight.