IMPROVEMENTS IN BUILDING WITH CONCRETE AND IN CONSTRUCTING, COMBINING, AND USING APPARATUS THEREFOR.”
Year: 1873

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Joseph John Lish, of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, in
the County of Northumberland, Architect, for the Invention of
" IMPROVEMENTS IN BUILDING WITH CONCRETE AND IN CONSTRUCTING,
COMBINING, AND USING APPARATUS THEREFOR.”
"
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Joseph John Lish
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 5th May 1873.
I, JOSEPH JOHN LISH, of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, in the County of
Northumberland, Architect, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN BUILDING WITH CONCRETE AND IN CON-
STRUCTING, COMBINING, AND USING APPARATUS THEREPOR," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its objects to improve, simplify, and cheapen
the apparatus, and expedite the operations required in building with
concrete, and to facilitate the making of adjustments to suit changes
in the thickness or direction of walls and other varied requirements.
A

page_text: The panels used for retaining the concrete whilst in a plastic condition,
and which may be of metal or wood, or a combination thereof, are by
this Invention suspended by straps or links, with or without rollers or
slide blocks from cross heads set on guide screws. These guide screws
are embedded in the concrete of the walls, and being screwed up through
it after each layer or increment has set they lift the panels and parts
carried thereby to the higher position required for the succeeding
addition of concrete.
The brackets and lateral platforms hitherto employed are to a great
extent dispensed with and a few planks are laid across the top edges
of the panels for wheelbarrows to run on, whilst the tipping in of the
concrete is facilitated by applying hopper boards to the panels, which
hopper boards as well as the planks may be shifted from place to place
as the operation of filling in the concrete proceeds. The planks or
platforms may be laid on bearers extending from one guide screw to
another.
To assist in placing the guide screws accurately in the necessary
vertical position when starting at the foundations, a double faced plumb
rule is used being shaped to fit against the screw with the faces
radiating from the centre of the screw and at right angles to cach
other. Oil is employed in the concrete immediately round the screws
'to facilitate their being screwed up through it. The panels are held at
the proper distances apart by struts and ties fixed by keys, wedges,
or otherwise across the wall, the tie holes being at uniform distances
from the tops and bottoms of the panels and equally apart horizontally
in order that each panel can be paired with any other, and that not only
when a pair are opposite each other at all parts but also when one is
higher or more to one side than the other.
The fastener which is by preference used for connecting adjacent
panels and other parts is a short cross bar turning on a pin on one
panel, and when in the fastening position engaged under reversed
staples, on the two panels. The fasteners may be fixed in position
when required by screws.
When two panels have to be connected at right angles, as for the
exterior of a corner, the necessary part of the fastener is fixed on the end
of one of the panels, the part on the other panel remaining unaltered.
When a wall has to be made with an angle differing from a right
angle, a short piece formed with the necessary angle or in two parts

page_text: hinged together and adjustable to any angle is interposed. Hinged
angle pieces are used by preference for all internal angles, window
and other openings or reveals, or portions of such openings are to be
moulded or shaped by means of panel pieces hinged or otherwise
connected to the wall panels instead of by frames or blocks. In a
similar way panel pieces hinged to the wall panels and turned outwards
therefrom are used for moulding or shaping chimney breasts and other
projections such as pilasters and the like. For lengthening a panel
light angle iron bars are provided, fitting and held by clips or otherwise
upon the top and bottom frame bars or flanges of the panel, and being
extended as far as required. beyond the end of the panel have short
pieces of panel inserted between them and fixed by buttons, screws, or
otherwise. In special cases when external platforms or supports for
workmen cannot be dispensed with, they may be carried by brackets
fixed to the wall in the ordinary way or suspended by straps from the
panels. In some cases a simple iron bar bent to a right angle and with
one part fixed vertically to a panel will form a sufficient support.
Arms or standards are by this Invention fixed to any platforms,
scaffolding, or supports for workmen, used in the building operations,
and guard rails or ropes are fixed from one to the other so that the
men may work in greater safety.
When a wall is to be faced with tiles or slabs or plates of any
ornamental or protective' material a skeleton metal panel is used with
adjustable bars of section, and the tiles, slabs or plates are arranged
between these bars before pouring in the concrete. Or laths are fixed
on the inner faces of the close panels to serve the samo purpose.
Isolated projections may sometimes be used instead of continuous bars'
or laths. When shifting these panels upwards they must first be moved
outwards to draw the bars or laths from between the tiles, slabs, or
plates, but the connection of the panels with the cross heads by rollers
or slide blocks admits of this being done as also the thickness of the
wall being altered at anny part.
When any bridging-over work such as a floor, roof, or ceiling is to be
made of concrete, the concrete is strengthened by there being embedded
in it a metallic structure connected to metal plates which are em-
bedded in the walls at corners or at any strong points of the building.
In the case of the space to be covered being comparatively small and,
square or nearly square, tension rods, bars, oi tubes of iron or steel are;
"

page_text: fixed diagonally across the space, being screwed hard up to the corner
plates when they are in a heated state so that their shrinkage on cooling
will put them in a state of tension. Pairs or other numbers of the rods
may proceed from each corner and the rods of each pair or set may be
connected together at various points to form what may be termed tension
girders. Each rod may extend across from corner to corner, or short rods
proceeding from the corners may be attached to a central ring or frame.
When the space to be covered is oblong it may be divided into a
number of nearly square sections, a transverse girder, truss, or strut
being applied at each division, and each division may then have the
diagonal rods, bars, or tubes applied across it as already described.
In addition to the diagonal tension rods, or instead of them, tension
rods, bars, tubes, or girders may be stretched along two opposite walls
and may be connected by a number of tension rods, bars, or tubes fixed
at right angles to them. After the latter has shrunk the rods or girders
to which their ends are attached are connected by ties at a number of
intermediate points between their ends to a plate or bar embedded in
each wall. Wire or hoop iron may be interlaced with the tension rods,
bars, or tubes to give additional tenacity when the whole is embedded in
the concrete forming the substance of the floor, roof, or ceiling.
Another part of the present Invention relates to collapsable cores to
be used for moulding or shaping smoke flues or passages, which may be
formed throughout the walls of a house to lighten them and which may
be advantageously used for purposes of warming and ventilation. Each
core consists of a pair of semi-cylindrical plates connected so that their
edges overlap. Two or more transverse screws each with quick right-
handed and left-handed threads are applied diametrically, so as when
turned to draw in or push out the edges, of the plates, whilst the middles
of the plates are adjustably connected to short levers on the screws or
on the nuts thereof, a third lever on the same parts having a rod jointed
to it for moving the screws and links and thereby expanding or
collapsing the plates. The plates being of thin metal and capable of
bending without injury can with the described arrangements be easily
adjusted to give a more or less oval contour, whilst the core is firmer
than those hitherto used from the plates being held at two or more sets
of four points each. Either these collapsable core or slightly tapered
cores may be connected to the panels by cross bars at their tops so as to
be raised along with the panels.

page_text: The present Invention further comprises an improved concrete mixer
which consists of a barrel of a polygonal or other form, mounted so as
to be turnable about a horizontal axis. A door is formed along one
side and two temporary partition boards are inserted to form a space
along the middle for the proper proportion of cement, whilst the other
materials are placed in the remaining spaces on each side. After the
materials are put in the boards are withdrawn, the door closed, and
the barrel is made to rotate, whilst the requisite water is admitted
through the shaft which is made tubular and perforated for the purpose.
The mixer is by preference mounted in a kind of cart frame on wheels
for convenience of transport, the cart body being capable of being
turned down with a platform to receive the mixed material from tho
barrels.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Joseph John Lish in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 5th November 1873.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOSEPH
JOHN LISH, of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, in the County of Northumberland,
Architect, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Fifth day of May, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and seventy-three, in the thirty-sixth year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant
unto me, the said Joseph John Lish, Her special licence, that I, the
said Joseph John Lish, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or
such others as I, the said Joseph John Lish, my executors, adminis-
trators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others,
from time to time, and at all times thereafter during the term therein
expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend,
within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN BUILDING
WITH CONCRETE AND IN CONSTRUCTING, COMBINING, AND USING APPARATUS'
THEREFOR," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Joseph
John Lish, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing
under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly

page_text: describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed
in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Joseph John Lish, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement in writing, reference being had to the
accompanying Drawings, that is to say :-
My said Invention has for its object to improve, simplify, and
cheapen the apparatus and expedite the operations required in building
with concrete, and to facilitate the making of adjustments to suit
changes in the thickness or direction of walls and other varied
requirements.
And in order that my said Invention, and the manner of performing
the same may be properly understood, I hereunto append five Sheets of
explanatory Drawings, to be herein-after referred to, and representing
various examples of arrangements and apparatus embodying my im-
provements. In these Drawings the same reference, letters, and numerals
are used to mark the same or like parts wherever they are repeated.
Figure 1, on Sheet 1 of the Drawings is a general perspective view of
a building as in course of erection by means of my improved arrange-
ments and appliances; whilst the various details and combinations of
details are shown on Sheets 2, 3, and 4.
Sheet 5 represents an improved concrete mixer, which constitutes a
part of my present Invention.
The panels A, which I use for retaining the concrete B whilst in a
plastic condition, and which may be of metal or wood or a combination
thereof, are suspended by straps or links C, with or without rollers or
slide blocks, from cross heads D carried by guide screws E. These guide
screws E are embedded in the concrete B of the walls, and being screwed
up through it after cach layer or increment has set, they lift the
panels A and other parts to the higher position required for the suc-
ceeding addition of concrete.
The brackets fixed in the walls and the lateral platforms hitherto
employed are to a great extent dispensed with, and a few planks are
carried by the panels A for wheelbarrows to run on, whilst the tipping in

page_text: of the concrete is facilitated by applying hopper boards 1, Figures 1
and 2, which hopper boards, as well as the planks, may be shifted from
place to place as the operation of filling in the concrete proceeds.
To assist in placing the guide screws E accurately in the necessary
vertical position when starting at the foundations or at other times I
use a double-faced plumb rule 2, 3, shown in side elevation in Figure 3,
and in plan or top edge view in Figure 4. The two rules 2, 3; are con-
nected to each other at top and bottom by metal straps which hold them
at right angles to each other, and admit of their inner edges being
applied to the screw E in such a way that they may radiate from the
axis of the screw. A single rule 2, Figures 5, 6, may be adapted to
answer the same purpose by having jointed to it at top and bottom a
pair of metal straps 4, shaped to embrace the screw E, and admitting of
the rule 2 being turned round with its index line always parallel to the
axis of the screw. The guide screws E may be held steadily in position
by stretching stay rods from their upper ends to any convenient points,
such rods being applied with screw connections for lengthening and
shortening when adjusting the screws in position. The guide screws E
will also be steadied by the various parts herein-after described, which
being in connection with the guide screws and with each other combine
to form a stiff network extending over a number of the guide screws.
The guide screws E may be solid or more or less hollow and of
wrought iron, with the thread either rolled or cut, or cast in steel, iron,
gun metal, or other suitable metal.
In one convenient modification shown in transverse vertical section in
Figure 7, in sectional plan in Figure 8, and in side elevation in Figure 9,
and in which a compound cross head D 6, is used; the guide screw E
is formed with two shoulders, the lower one to receive the central eye of
the cross head proper D, and the upper one to receive the central eye of
an angular brace 6, by which the cross head is rendered rigid. The
arms of the cross head D are screwed and have nuts 7 screwed on them
to grip the ends of the brace 6. The top end of each guide screw E is
squared or otherwise shaped for the application of a double-armed lever
or other instrument for turning it. Instruments constructed like ratchet
braces may be used for turning the guide screws. The guide screws
may be served with oil or grease to facilitate their being screwed up
through the concrete, and oil may be employed in the concrete imme:
diately round the guide screws. A finer quality of cement, either

page_text: alone or mixed with plaster of Paris, may be used close to the guide
screws.
The panels A shown in the modification delineated in Figures 7, 8, 9,
are suspended from the cross head D by adjustable screw clip links C
formed with eyes 8 at their upper ends to string on the cross head D,
with upper and lower claws 9 to clip the top and bottom bars 10, 11, of
the panel, and with right and left screw. couplings 12, for tightening
them upon the panels. The clip links C are adjusted on the cross
head D, between nuts 13, screwed thereon; and to secure greater
rigidity and accuracy of gauge, spring distance pieces 14, the shape of
which will be understood from the cross section, Figure 10, are slipped
upon the cross head between its eye and the nuts 13. The thickness
of the wall B is also additionally gauged, and the panels A held at the
proper distances apart by flat bars 15, which act as struts and ties, and
which passing through slots in the panels are fixed by wedge-tongued
latches or hinged keys 16, as shown enlarged in plan and elevation in
Figures 11, 12.
The fastener which I use for connecting adjacent panels and other
parts, and which is shown in plan and elevation in Figures 13, 14, is a
short cross bar 17, turning on a pin on one panel A, and when in the
fastening position engaged under reversed staples or hooks 18, on the
two panels. These fasteners may be fixed in their holding positions
when required by small screws entered through them into the panels.
When two panels A have to be connected at right angles, as for the
exterior of a corner, the necessary part of the staples or hooks 18 is
fixed on the end of one of the panels, as shown in Figures 15 and 16,
which are an elevation and a plan, and the other hook 18, and cross
bar 17, remain unaltered on the other panel
When a wall has to be made with an angle differing from a right
angle, as shown in Figures 17 to 21, a short piece. 19, formed with the
necessary angle, or in two parts 19, 20, hinged together and adjustable
to any angle is interposed. These interposed pieces may be connected by
wedge-tongued latches 21 to staples 22 fixed to the ends of the adjacent
panels A. Hinged angle pieces 19, 20, Figures 19, 20, are used by pre-
ference for all internal angles, such pieces being suspended by the hinge
pin or spindle at the angle from a cross bar D. For lengthening a panel A
light angle iron bars 23 are provided, as shown in Figure 21, which is
a front elevation, such bars fitting and being held by clips 24 or other-

page_text: wise upon the top and bottom frame bars 10, 11, or on flanges when the
panel has a metal frame. The clip 24 is shown enlarged in Figures 22
and 23, which are views at right angles to each other, and which make
its arrangement and mode of action easily understood. The bars 23 are
extended as far as required beyond the end of the panel A, and have
short pieces 25 of panel placed upon them and held by hook staples 26,
or by buttons, screws, or otherwise.
In special cases when external platforms or supports for workmen
cannot be dispensed with they may be carried by brackets fixed to the
wall in the ordinary way, or, as I prefer, they may be suspended by
straps or clip links from the panels.
In some cases a simple angle or other iron bar, 27, 28, with a part 28
at right angles, and the other fixed vertically to the panel A, as shown
in Figure 24, will form a sufficient support. The top of the bar 27 is
hooked to catch on the top panel bar 10, and a claw 29 is hinged lower
down to clip the bottom bar 11, as will be understood from the enlarged
views 25, 26. The platform planks or boards 30 are laid on the hori-
zontal parts 28, of the suspenders 27, 28.
In cases where considerable external finishing is required, a second
lower line of supporting boards 31, for workmen, may be carried by
supplementary suspension irons 32, of the kind shown in Figure 27, and
which may be bolted, rivetted, or welded to the upper suspenders 27, 28.
Triangular feet 33, Figure 28, are formed on these irons to give sufficient
bearing against the wall, the actual bearing part 34 being hinged to the
rest, so that it can be turned up quite clear of the wall to avoid scraping
it when being raised.
. Figures 29, 30, are views at right angles to cach other, showing the
form of bracket I use when I have such support attached to the wall;
it is formed with slotted lugs to string upon projecting ends of
gauge or
other bars 35 fixed in the wall, and is secured by wedge cutters passing
through these bars. This piece, Figures 29, 30, may be used as a bearing
foot to the suspender 27, 28, and without attachment to the wall. Arms
or standards 36 are by this Invention fixed to any platforms, scaffolding,
or supports for workmen used in the building operations, and guard
rails or ropes 37, are fixed from one to the other, so that the men may
work in greater safety.

page_text: Figures 31 and 32 are a plan and vertical section of registering details
for securing the proper positions of the guide screw E, and cross head D
relatively to each other. A pair of discs 39 are fitted on the screw head
so that one can turn and the other not, and a number of holes are bored
through one disc to admit of the other being bolted to it in any required
position. The movable disc is made with a lateral projection having a
hole for a steady pin 40, and a socket 41 for this pin is provided on the
cross head D, or its brace 6. Then when the guide screw has been
raised nearly to the required height it is finally turned until the steady
pin 40 can be entered into its socket 41 which secures accurate
adjustment.
Figures 33 and 34 on Sheet 3 of the Drawings are a vertical section
and a plan of a very useful and convenient modification of cross head
frame D for my guide screws E, the horizontal part D being in the form
of a square frame diagonally connected to the centre cye, and being
stiffened by diagonal angular braces 6 resting on the upper shoulder of
the guide screw. This arrangement is intended to be used when the
guide screws are made strong enough to admit of being spaced at
comparatively long distances apart, and in this case 1 or other suitable
iron bearers 42, Figure 35, supported on the cross head frames D, to
which they may be attached by clamps or other convenient fasteners
are extended from one guide screw E to another, whilst braces or bows
43 are laid on, and if necessary attached to these bearers 42, and hold
screwed cross bars 44 from which the panels A may be suspended
wherever required, instead of being suspended from cross heads D
(Figures 7, 8, 9,) set directly on the guide screws. In some cases the
cross head frame D, Figure 14, may be fitted as indicated by dotted
lines with lugs 45 to hold a screwed panel suspending cross bar 44.
Thus if the cross head frame is on a main wall running parallel to the
cross bar 44, that cross bar will conveniently support the ends of panels
for a partition wall adjoining the other at right angles.
Figure 36 is a plan of a circular cross head frame D which will be
very convenient at the corners of walls with angles differing from right
angles. This frame is fitted with horizontal radiating screw bars 46,
which can be fixed to the frame rim (holed all round for the purpose)
in any required positions, and which are formed with eyes to string upon

page_text: the guide screw E. The bars 46 may be diametrical instead of merely
radial.
Figures 37, 38, are diagrams indicating applications of this kind of
cross head frame. The braces 6 may be adjustable along with the
bars 46, instead of being fixed to the rim of the frame D.
Figures 39, 40, are sectional elevations as at right angles to each
other showing a modification of my clip link C for suspending the
panel A. The cross head D is in this case a plain angle iron, with the
vertical web holed for bolting the head 47 of the link C to at any
required point, and the head 47 is fitted with a roller 48 to run on the
top of the cross head D. It will also be scen from the Figures that the
link is made tubular and screwed internally to receive a screwed spindle
which being attached to the head 47 admits of the panel A being
lowered or raised in relation to the cross head D. In some cases when
accuracy and rigidity are not required the link C may be suspended
from the cross head D, or from the rim of the circular cross head frame
by an adjustable hook 49, as shown in Figure 41.
Figures 42, 43, are inside elevations as at right angles to each other,
and Figure 44 is a sectional plan showing my arrangements for forming
chimney breasts and jambs, and similar horizontally projecting parts
incidental to house construction. The jamb panels 50 are by preference
hinged to the main wall panels A, in the manner shown on an enlarged
scale in Figures 45 and 46, an angle piece 51, which may be of cast iron:
being hinged to the jamb panel 50, and coming away freely from the
corner when the latter is turned about the hinge connecting it to the
main wall panel A. The jamb and breast panels 50, 52, are formed
with angle iron top and bottom frame bars, the vertical webs of which
are holed to admit of the panels being connected together at any
required positions to give a greater or less depth of jamb, or a greater
or smaller width of breast, as indicated by the dotted lines in Figure 44.
Figures 47 to 50 are views showing my system of equally spaced slots
in the panels A to admit of the panels being placed at different heights
relatively to each other, and relatively to the gauge bars 15 in the
wall B.
Window and other openings or reveals or portions of such openings
are by my Invention moulded or shaped by means of panel pieces hinged
or otherwise connected to the wall panels A, instead of by frames or
:

page_text: blocks. Or the parts for shaping such reveals may be arranged to slide
instead of being hinged.
Figure 51 on Sheet 2 is a horizontal section showing a pair of
reveal shaping plates R, and Figure 52 is an inside elevation of a
similar arrangement for a simpler form of window opening than that
shown in Figure 51. The plates R are shaped to the desired internal
form of the opening, and are connected near the top and bottom by.
pairs of rack bars 53, fitted to slide in blocks on each other's ends.
Pinions on a vertical spindle 54 engage between the racks, and the
plates are moved apart or together as required by turning this spindle;
or screws and bevil gear may be substituted for the racks and pinions.
The plates R are suspended from the wall panels A, and are raised with
those panels, being drawn together before being raised so as to become
free of the parts of the wall just formed against them.
When a wall is to be faced with tiles or slabs or plates of any orna-
mental or protective character or material, a skeleton metal panel S is
used in combination with adjustable tile bars L of or other suitable or
required section, or with other equivalent tile supports or guides, and the
tiles, slabs, or plates T are arranged between, upon, or against the said
bars, supports, or guides before pouring in the concrete. Or the said
supports L may be built up of angle irons and flat strips, so as to present
surfaces similar to those of the or other section of iron for supporting
and retaining the tiles in position.
Figures 53, 54, and 55 are vertical sections as at right angles to the
wall or structure B, showing different arrangements of the skeleton
panel S, to suit flat work or such projecting work as occurs in strings,
cornices, or the like.
Figures 56 and 57 are enlarged views at right angles to each other
showing more clearly the constructive details, whilst Figures 58 and 59
show modifications of the mode of holding the tile supports L. These
tile supports L are or may be held by branches or arms 55, bolted in
suitable positions on vertical bars or members of the skeleton panels S,
and they are or may be of different lengths, so as to extend inwards
more or less as required. In some cases the skeleton panel S may be
constructed with inner vertical bars or supports 56, in a manner and
for a purpose that will be casily understood from Figure 55.

page_text: UV
placed within them, and the lower portion of Figure 51 is a corresponding
sectional plan.
'
Figure 61 is an enlarged sectional plan showing the arrangement to
be used in supporting the tiles at the corners of jambs, projections, or
recesses, and which comprises an angled or curved tile bar 56, jointed
to the inner tile bar L, and bolted to the outer one, and which can be
turned into the dotted position so as to free the corner on being dis-
connected from the outer tile bar L.
Figure 62 is a sectional plan showing the adaptation of the arrange-
ment just described to a recess.
Figure 63 is an enlarged plan showing how the tile bars L may be
arranged at an acute or other angle of a wall.
Figure 64 is a sectional plan showing an arrangement for an ordinary
square corner.
Figure 65 shows an edge view and a back view of a tile T, formed
with dovetail projections, with projections or indentations equivalent to
which I prefer to have all the tiles formed so that they may be firmly
held by the concrete. Instead of supporting the tiles on the bars L
on skeleton panels, simple laths or wooden or metal strips or any
other equivalent supporting device or means may be fixed for that
purpose on the inner surfaces of close wooden or metal panels, or
isolated projections may sometimes be used instead of continuous bars
or laths.
or the
Thus in tiling, such as is shown in Figure 66, the isolated projections
might be of the form of the small squares, such squares being left as
recesses, or subsequently filled up in any suitable manner;
supports may consist of points projecting inwards from the panel at
the corners of the small squares. These bars or supports or guides of
whatever description may be suitably disposed as to allow of the pro-
tective or decorative tiles, slabs, or plates being arranged or placed
between, upon, or against them in any desired order or design.
When raising the tile panels they must first be moved outwards
to draw the tile bars, laths, projections, or equival supports L from
between the tiles, slabs, or plates, but the connection of the panels with
the cross heads D, or cross bars 44, in the modes hercin-before described

page_text: being done in any case, as
CHC
THICKNESS OF CHIC
wall being altered at any part.
Figures 67 and 68 are views at right angles of a modification of my
panel fastener 17, 18, adapted for metal or skeleton panels, and Figures
69 and 70 are views at right angles of my wedge tongued latch 16,
for fastening the gauge bars 15, as modified for a similar purpose, a
flat staple 57 being fixed on the panel S for the gauge bar to be
entered under..
Figure 71 is an enlarged plan showing the mode of fixing one of the
hooks 18 on the panel end as required for example in the corner
arrangement, Figure 64.
Figures 72 and 73 are views at right angles, showing the lengthening
bar 23 and clip 24, as modified to suit a panel with an angle iron frame
bar 10.
Figures 74 and 75, are an elevation and a sectional plan showing the
adaptation of my arrangements for forming a round column, two
semicircular panels connected by fasteners being employed for that
purpose. The panels shown in these Figures are skeleton panels with
bars L for applying tiles.
When any bridging-over work, such as a floor, roof, or ceiling is to
be made of concrete, the concrete is by my Invention strengthened by
there being embedded in it a metallic structure in a state of tension
connected to metallic plates, which are embedded in the walls at corners
or at any strong points of the building.
In the case of the space to be covered being comparatively small,
and square, or nearly square, as in the horizontal sectional diagrams,
Figures 76, 77, 78, on Sheet 3 of the Drawings, tension rods, bars, or
tubes of iron or steel are fixed diagonally across the space as indicated
by dotted lines, being screwed hard up to the corner plates when they
are in a heated state, so that their shrinkage on cooling will put them
in a state of tension. Pairs or other numbers of the rods may proceed
from each corner, and the rods of each pair or set may be connected
together at various points, to form what may be termed tension girders.
Each rod may extend across from corner to corner, or short rods
proceeding from the corners may be attached to a central ring or
frame.

page_text: When the space to be covered is oblong, as shown in Figure 79, it
may be divided as indicated into a number of nearly square sections,
a transverse girder, truss, or strut being applied at each division, and
each section may then have the diagonal rods, bars, or tubes applied
across it as already described.
In addition to the diagonal tension rods, or instead of them, tension
rods, bars, tubes, or girders may be stretched along two opposite walls,
as shown in Figure 80, and be connected by a number of tension rods,
bars, or tubes fixed at right angles to them. After the latter have shrunk
the rods or girders to which their ends are attached are connected by
ties at a number of intermediate points between their ends to a plate or
bar embedded in each wall. Wire or hoop iron may be interlaced with
and across the tension rods, bars, or tubes, as shown in Figure 81, or at
other angles to give additional tenacity when the whole is embedded in
the concrete forming the substance of the floor, roof, or ceiling.
Figures 82, 83, and 84 are sectional views of examples of floors and
girders of concrete with tension rods, bars, or tubes embedded therein, as
indicated by dotted lines, and Figure 85 is a view showing how hoop
iron may be interlaced at right angles and attached to bars or plates in
the walls for the purpose of being embedded in and strengthening a
concrete floor, roof, or ceiling, it being understood that it is essential
to my improvements in such constructions to have the principal if not
all the rods, bars, or tubes in a state of tension obtained by heat.
The following brief references may be made to a few minor points in
connection with what is herein-before described. Cross bars 44 for par-
tition walls may be attached to any of the cross heads D, or cross head
frames D, as well as in the manner described with reference to Figure 34.
Where convenient panels A may be suspended from any part of the
cross head frame or from the longitudinal bearers 42. The lengthening
bars 23 may have their ends connected by vertical bars acting as ties
and struts to keep them at the proper distance apart when considerably
extended. In connection with panels A; S, for tiles it may often be
sufficient to extend only the tile bars or supports L. Tiles may be made
with indentations or projections on the face, which whilst forming part
of the ornamentation may also serve for the insertion of supporting
points, or to bear on the tile bars or their equivalents, so that the tiles
can be fitted quite close together. The tile bars or supports may be

page_text: '
inclined to suit special forms of tiles, and may of course be arranged
and fixed on the skeleton panels or their equivalents in various positions
and at various distances apart. If preferred; or in case the guide screws
E are found not to work quite satisfactorily in the concrete, in some
cases nuts may be embedded in the concréte for them to work in, the
screw threads being protected. from the concrete by casings of. paper or
other suitable material. Or the guide screws may work inside of tubes
screwed. or partly screwed internally and smooth externally, such tubes
being supported when the guide screws are being screwed up, and being
subsequently raised. themselves on removing their supports, supporting
the guide screws, and screwing the latter reversely. For gauging the
lift of the guide screw it may have two holes formed through it' at the
proper distance apart, and a bolt placed in the wall and through the
upper hole be withdrawn when lifting, and then re-entered through the
lower hole on its rising to the proper point. In the case of curved
walls it will be preferable to use numerous guide screws with short
curved panels, and with longitudinal bearers, for supporting intermediate
parts of the panels to prevent tilting when they are being raised. The
planks or platforms for workmen may be laid on the top edges of the
panels A, or on the longitudinal bearers 42, as may be convenient,
and in either case depending ultimately on the guide screws E. Hoisting
apparatus may be supported on the longitudinal bearers 42, on the
panels A, or on the platforms; and when projecting over and beyond
the outsides of the walls may be additionally steadied by consoles
extending down and bearing on the face of the wall.
All the panels and other clements of my combined apparatus herein-
before described are by preference originally prepared with screw or other
holes for attaching fasteners or other parts, and with slots for gauge
bars, wherever there is any likelihood of anything of the kind being
required, and so that when a building is once begun there may be the
least possible delay in changing the connections where required as the
work progresses.
.
Another part of my present Invention relates to collapsable cores to
be used for moulding or shaping smoke flues or passages which may be
formed throughout the walls of a house to lighten them, and which may
be advantageously used for purposes of warming and ventilation.
Figures 86 and 87 on Sheet 4 of the Drawings are vertical and
horizontal sections of my improved corc, which consists of a pair of

page_text: semi-cylindrical (or otherwise curved) plates 58, 59, connected so that
their edges overlap. The edges are kept together by tongues 60,
Figure 85, on one edge entering sockets formed inside the other by an
angle iron stiffening picce 61. Two or more transverse screws 62, cach
with quick right and left threads are jointed to the plate 58 as shown
in Figure 89, so as when turned to draw in or push out the edges of the
plates, whilst the middles of the plates 58, 59, are adjustably connected
by links 63 to short levers 64 on the coupling tubes 65 of the screws
62. A third lever 66 on the same parts has a rod 67 jointed to it for
moving the screw couplings 65, and the links 63, and thereby expanding
or collapsing the plates 58, 59. Screws 62, 65, may be substituted for
the links 63, if preferred, or links may be used in both directions. The
plates 58, 59, being of thin metal and capable of bending without injury
can with the described arrangements be easily adjusted to give a more
or less oval contour, whilst the core is firmer than those hitherto used,
from the plates being held at two or more sets of four points each.
Either these collapsable cores or slightly tapered cores may be connected
to the panels A by cross bars at their tops, so as to be raised along with
the panels.
Figures 90 and 91 are views at right angles to each other of a portion
of a wall, and show by dotted lines an arrangement of passages therein
for warming or ventilating purposes. The vertical parts of these passages
can be shaped by means of my collapsable cores, whilst the horizontal
connections can be easily contrived during the progress of the building
operations.
My present Invention further comprises an improved concrete mixer,
a modification of which is shown upon Sheet 5 of the accompanying
Drawings, Figures 92 and 93 being elevations as at right angles to cach
other, Figure 94 a transverse vertical section, and Figuro 95 a plan,
whilst Figures 96 and 97 are horizontal and vertical sections of an
internal water supply pipe and certain parts connected therewith. The
mixing vessel is a barrel or case 71 of a polygonal or other suitable form,
mounted so as to be turnable about a horizontal axis on a light
wrough-iron framing, which is composed of a permanent triangular
frame 72, 73, 74, at one end connected by tie rods 75 to a similar
triangular frame at the other end, the lower member 74 of each of these
end frames being looped to receive a wheel 76. A platform 77 and pair
of struts 78 are jointed to the end frames, and are set in the positions
B

page_text: shown in Figures 92 and 93 when the apparatus is in use, but are
turned up when the apparatus is travelling, and then the frame is placed
with the parts 74 horizontal or nearly so, and trams or shafts are fixed
in staples 79 thereon for a horse to be harnessed to. Doors S0 arc
fitted along one side of the measuring and mixing barrel 71, and two
temporary partition boards S1 are inserted between guide lugs 82, fixed
to the ends of the barrel, and form a space along the middle for the
proper proportion of cement, whilst the other materials are placed in the
remaining spaces on each side. After the materials are put in the
boards 81 are withdrawn, the doors 80 closed and fastened, and the barrel
is made to rotate whilst the requisite water is admitted through a central
shaft 83, which is made tubular and perforated for the purpose. When
the mixing is complete the barrel 71 is turned to bring the doorway
into a suitable position for emptying the contents into a barrow or upon
the platform 77. The measuring boards 81 are fitted with handles at
the top for conveniently lifting them, and the guide lugs 82 can be
shifted when it is wished to alter the proportions of the materials.
The central tubular shaft 83 is enclosed in a slicet metal casing 84,
Figures 96 and 97, to prevent the dry cement or dust from choking the
perforations in it. This casing 84 is slit along the bottom, and at the
sides of the slit there are fixed at intervals inclined lugs 85, between
which there are wedges 86 on the shaft 83, and this shaft being moved
on end by means of an external hand lever 87, Figure 95, these wedges.
open the slit, and thus give egress to the water, the slit closing again
when the shaft is moved back by the springing of the metal of the
casing. The water may be supplied by a flexible pipo 88 from the
main, or from a cistern 89, fitted on the framing, and the tap 90 for.
admitting the water is connected to the hand lever 87, so that the water
may be let on and the casing 84 opened simultaneously. The tap is
by preference of the kind which will supply a certain limited quantity
of water, whether closed at the right time or not. Blades 91 are fixed
on the casing 84 to aid in the thorough mixing of the materials. The
barrel 71 is made to rotate by means of a driving belt acting on a
pulley 92, on the shaft or trunnion, or by manual power applied to a
shaft 93 geared by spur wheels 94 95, to the shaft or trunnion.
desirable an additional platform piece may be hinged at the back of the
platform 77, to be turned up to the frame bars 73 when the apparatus
is travelling.
If

page_text: Ilaving thus particularly described my said Invention, and the manner
of performing the same, I have to state that I do not restrict myself to
the precise details herein described or delineated, and that I do not
claim to have invented everything it has been necessary for me to herein
delineate or refer to, but that what I believe to be novel and original,
and claim as the Invention secured to me by the herein-before in part
recited Letters Patent is,-
1. Building in concrete, substantially in the improved manner, and
by means of improved arrangements and combinations of apparatus,
substantially such as are herein described and delineated.
2. The applying of guide screws (E) substantially in the manner and.
for the purposes hercin-before described.
3. The suspending of the panels by links or straps from cross heads or
cross bars above them, as herein-before described.
4. The applying of the longitudinal bearers (42), substantially as and
for the purposes herein-before described.
5. The forming of a double-faced plumb rule, or its equivalent, as and
for the purposes herein-before described.
6. The constructing and adapting of fasteners for the panels,
lengthening bars and gauge bars in the improved modes herein-before
described.
7. The supporting of planks or platforms for workmen by brackets
secured upon the panels, substantially in the manner herein-before
described.
8. The fixing of standards or arms with safety ropes or rails to the
platforms, scaffolding, or supports for workmen, as herein-before
described.
9. The various herein-before described arrangements and modifications
for shaping window or other openings, reveals, or portions of openings,
recesses, projections, and the like.
10. The system of applying tiles, slabs, or plates of ornamental or
protective materials upon concrete buildings, wherein they are put in
position before introducing the concrete, as herein-before described.
11. The various herein-before described combinations of panels or
apparatus for applying the tiles, slabs, or plates.

page_text: 12. The strengthening of bridging-over work, such as floors, roofs,
or ceilings by embedding therein metallic structures connected when in
a heated state to plates or bars embedded in the walls, as herein-before
described.
13. The constructing and combining together of the parts of col-
lapsable cores, substantially in the improved manner herein-before
described.
14. The constructing and combining together of the parts of apparatus
to form a portable concrete measurer and mixer, substantially as hercin-
before described with reference to Sheet 5 of the accompanying
Drawings.
1
In witness whereof, I, the said Joseph John Lish, have here-
unto set my hand and scal, this Third day of November, in
the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-
three.