IMPROVED ADAPTABLE ENDS FOR CANDLES
Year: 1866

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Lyon Field, of Chelsea, in the County of
Middlesex, Gentleman, and John Kingsford Field, of Upper Marsh,
Lambeth, in the County of Surrey, Candle Manufacturer, for the Inven-
Sealed the 9th November 1866, and dated the 19th May 1866.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Lyon Field and
John Kingsford Field at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents,
with their Petition, on the 19th May 1866.
We, JOHN LYON FIELD, of Chelsea, in the County of Middlesex, Gentle-
man, and JOHN KINGSFORD FIELD, of Upper Marsb, Lambeth, in the County
of Surrey, Candle Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVED ADAPTABLE ENDS FOR CANDLES," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object to provide improved adaptable cuds for
candles, which ends may be used in candlesticks or branches having sockets
of greater or less size, and may be attached to and used to support candles of
different sizes in connection therewith. For the purposes described we
make use of solid or bollow frustums of cones (tapering downwards) formed
of a soft yielding or friable material, and corrugated or having ridges or
projections on their external surfaces, which may be more or less removed
or pressed back by the act of forcing or pressing them down into the sockets

page_text: In
of candlesticks or branches in which they are required to be used.
cases where solid frustums as described are employed the candle may be
attached and held thereto by means of slender or knife-edged spirals, screws
or spikes projecting above the upper surface of the frustum for the purpose
of penetrating the candle and holding it as required. When hollow instead
of solid frustums of cones are employed they are, as in the former case, by
preference formed externally with corrugations, angles, or projections which
may be more or less rubbed off and removed or pressed back by the act of
pressing them down into the sockets of candlesticks or holders (as described
with reference to the solid frustums) to which they thus become adapted.
The frustums are in this case formed with holes or recesses passing wholly
or partly through them and tapering downwards for the purpose of receiving
the candles; these tapering holes or recesses are formed with notches or
serrations so that the ends of the candles by being forced downward into
them are rubbed or rasped thereby, and caused to more or less assume the
form of and to fit the tapering holes or recesses, which may farther be
provided with slender strips of metal running in the direction of the length of
the holes or recesses, and projecting inwards from their surfaces, so as to cut
their way into the candles when the latter are forced down into the holes or
recesses; otherwise slender or blade-like spirals projecting inwards from the.
surface of the conical holes or recesses may be employed so as to allow of the
candles being screwed downward into them.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said John Lyon Field and John Kingsford Field in the Great
Seal Patent Office on the 17th November 1866.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, JOHN
LYON FIELD, of Chelsea, in the County of Middlesex, Gentleman, and JOHN
KINGSFORD FIELD, of Upper Marsh, Lambeth, in the County of Surrey,
Candle Manufacturer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Nineteenth day of May, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-six, in the twenty-ninth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto us, the
said John Lyon Field and John Kingsford Field, Her special licence that
we, the said John Lyon Field and John Kingsford Field, our executors,
administrators, and assigns, or such others as we, the said John Lyon

page_text: Field and John Kingsford Field, our executors, administrators, and assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all
times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention
for "IMPROVED ADAPTABLE ENDS FOR CANDLES," upon the condition (amongst
others) that we, the said John Lyon Field and John Kingsford Field, our
executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under our, or their,
or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to
be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said John Lyon Field and John Kingsford
Field, do hereby declare the nature of our said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascer
tained in and by the following statement:-
This Invention has for its object to provide improved adaptable ends for
candles, which ends may be used in candlesticks or branches having sockets
of greater or less size, and may be attached to and used to support candles of
different sizes in connexion therewith. For the purposes described we make
use of solid or hollow frustums of cones (tapering downwards) formed of a
soft yielding or friable material, and corrugated or having ridges or projections
on their external surfaces, which may be more or less removed or pressed
back by the act of forcing or pressing them down into the sockets of candle-
sticks or branches in which they are required to be used. In cases where
solid frustums as described are employed the candle may be attached and
held thereto by means of slender or knife-edged spirals, screws, or spikes
projecting above the upper surface of the frustum, for the purpose of pene-
trating the candle and holding it as required. When hollow instead of solid
frustums of cones are employed they are, as in the former case, by preference
formed externally with corrugations, angles, or projections, which may be more
or less rubbed off and removed or pressed back by the act of pressing them
down into the sockets of candlesticks or holders (as described with reference
to the solid frustums) to which they thus become, adapted. The frustums
are in this case formed with holes or recesses passing wholly or partly through
them and tapering downwards for the purpose of receiving the candles; these
tapering holes or recesses are formed with notches or serrations so that the
ends of the candles by being forced downward into them are rubbed or rasped

page_text: thereby, and caused to more or less assume the form of and to fit the tapering
holes or recesses, which may further be provided with slender strips of metal
running in the direction of the length of the holes or recesses, and projecting
inwards from their surfaces so as to cut their way into the candles when the
latter are forced down into the holes or recesses, otherwiso slender or blade-
like spirals projecting inwards from the surface of the conical holes or recesses
may be employed so as to allow of the candles being screwed downward into
them.
Fig. 1 of the accompanying Sheet of Drawings represents a side elevation of
an adaptable end for candles constructed according to our Invention, and
Fig. 2 a plan of the same.
.
The tapering main body a of this adaptable end is made of a soft, friable,
or yielding substance, such, for instance, as plaster of Paris, cork, india-rubber,
or other material capable of being more or less removed or otherwise accom-
modating itself to the forms of sockets of candlesticks as required, for which
purpose it is formed with ridges or projections 6 on its external surface,
which may be more or less removed or pressed back (as the case may be) by
the act of forcing or pressing down into the socket of the candlestick or branch in
which it is required to be used, the candle being attached and held to the main
body or frustum a by means of a spike c projecting above the upper surface
thereof for the purpose of penetrating the candle and holding it as required.
Fig. 3 is a side clevation of another modification of adaptable end arranged
In this,
according to our said Invention, and Fig. 4 a plan of the same.
as in the preceding case, the main body a is of the tapering form,
being (as shewn) considerably larger in its upper than in its lower diameter,
and is likewise provided on its outer surface with ridges or projections b
capable of being more or less removed or pressed back to accommodate itself
In
to the size and form of socket in which it may be required to be used.
this case the attachment to the candle is effected by three spikes c projecting
above the main body of the frustum a, as shewn.
Figs. 5 and 6 represent respectively a side elevation and a plan of an adapt-
able end similar to the foregoing, excepting that in this case the main body or
rustum a is of the octagonal form in cross section instead of being provided
with numerous small ridges or projections as shewn in the Figures already
described, the attachment to the candle being effected in a similar manner to
that described with reference to Figs. 3 and 4. Any other convenient number
of spikes may be used for this purpose.
Figs. 7 and 8 shew a modification in which the outer circumference of the
main body or frustum a is formed with numerous V-shaped grooves, the
-

page_text: intervals between which are capable of being partially removed or pressed
back as required, the candle being in this case attached to the adaptable end
by means of a combined spike and screw thread or blade d.
Fig. 9 is a vertical section, and Fig. 10 a plan of an arrangement in which
the tapering main body or frustum a is hollow instead of being solid as
described with reference to preceding arrangements. The frustum a is in this
case formed with a bole or recess e passing through it and tapering downward for
the purpose of receiving the candle. This tapering hole or recess is provided
with slender strips of metal f running in the direction of its length, and
projecting inwards from its surface so as to cut their way into the candle when
the latter is forced down into the holo or recess.
Figs. 11 and 12 represent an arrangement in which the tapering hole or
recess is provided with a slender or blade-like spiral or screw thread g
projecting inwards from its surface so as to allow of the candle being screwed
downward into it. The end of the candle in its downward passage is rubbed
or rasped by the notches or scrrations h, and thereby caused to more or less
assume the form of and to fit the tapering hole or recess.
Having thus described the nature of our said Invention, and the manner in
which the same may be conveniently carried into effect, we would have it
understood that we do not confine or limit ourselves to the precise forms or
details represented, as the same admit of being variously modified without
departing from the distinguishing features of our Invention, with reference to
which we claim, the use or employment in constructing adaptable ends for
candles of solid or hollow frustums of cones (tapering downwards) formed of a
soft, yielding, or friable material or materials, and corrugated or having ridges or
projections on their external surfaces, which may be more or less removed or
pressed back by the act of forcing or pressing them into the sockets of candle-
sticks or branches in which they are required to be used, substantially as
herein-before described.
In witness whereof, we, the said John Lyon Field and John Kingsford
Field, have hereunto set our hands and seals, this Seventeenth day of
November, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and