Improvements in and relating to the Construction of Ships and Vessels for Prevention from Sinking or Foundering and Protection from Shot or Fire.
Year: 1893

page_text: Date of Application, 8th July, 1893
Complete Specification Left, 28th Feb., 1894-Accepted, 7th July, 1894
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in and relating to the Construction of Ships and
Vessels for Prevention from Sinking or Foundering and
Protection from Shot or Fire.
JOHN JOSEPH FREDERICK ANDREWS Engineer and Naval Architect
2 Sundorne Road Church Lane Old Charlton Kent do hereby declare the nature
of this invention to be as follows:-
I propose to form and construct longitudinal vertical sides inner skins bulkheads
or casings together with watertight chamber belts and longitudinal watertight
decks, with watertight trunks worked through the watertight decks to the side
spaces formed by the inner longitudinal vertical sides and to the chamber belts or
casings.
The longitudinal vertical sides or bulkheads being worked from the upper or
main deck to the lower.deck, or at or about the level of the water line of vessel, and
from thence inclined to the sides of the vessel at or about the lower orlop or hold
beam stringer, and the spaces along the sides divided by diaphragms or partial
bulkheads giving-complete subdivision of the hull of the vessel-prevention from
sinking or foundering and protection from shot and from fire.
The longitudinal vertical sides inner skins bulkheads or casings will be placed at
or about one third the breadth of the vessel from either side, and worked from the
upper or main deck to the lower deck and from thence bevelled to the sides at the
orlop or hold beam stringer forming watertight, belts or casings, at or about
the water line of the vessel fore and aft, the longitudinal vertical sides, bulkheads
or casings being continued from them to the upper or main deck as may be desired,
and the spaces along the sides so formed being divided by partial bulkheads or
diaphragms, worked across them into divisions, compartments cells or box spaces, of
size as required, the watertight decks being worked between the casings and to the
sides of the vessel and the watertight trunks worked through the watertight decks
to the side divisions of the internal sides or compartments formed by the internal
sides, skins, or casings so that access can be gained to the several divisions and
compartments along the sides by means of the watertight trunks, and that upon
injury to the hull of the vessel, and water filling the holds, the longitudinal
bulkheads side skins or casings will give buoyancy and stability to the vessel.
By this system of internal longitudinal construction additional longitudinal
strength is given to the vessel and greater subdivision without closer spacing of
ordinary athwartship bulkheads. Greater protection along the sides from the
effect of shot.
And in the event of fire in any of the holds the hold may be flooded without fear,
and the water pumped out, after, leaving the vessel intact and as before the fire, in
addition to, giving a positive internal reserve of buoyancy, shoulder and stability,
to prevent sinking or foundering even with one or more or all of the holds filled
with water.
25th September 1893

page_text: COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in and relating to the Construction of Ships and
Vessels for Prevention from Sinking or Foundering and
Protection from Shot or Fire.
JOHN JOSEPH FREDERICK ANDREWS, 2 Sundorne Road Church Lane Old
Charlton London, S.E. Engineer and Naval Architect do hereby declare the
nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be
particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement :-
. I propose to form and construct longitudinal vertical sides, inner skins, bulkheads
or casings, extending from the upper or main deck to the lower deck, and from
thence inclined to the sides at the orlop or hold beams or bilges, together with
watertight decks worked across the vessel at the main or lower deck, and water-
tight trunks worked through the watertight decks to the side spaces formed by the
longitudinal vertical inner sides bulkheads or casings-and to the interior of the
holds and cargo spaces of the vessel, as shewn in the accompanying drawings and
described by the following Specification.
Fig. 1, Sheet 1 being a part body plan of a vessel, shewing the general
arrangement of longitudinal vertical sides, inner skins, bulkheads or casings, at the
fore and after ends of the vessel.
Fig. 2, Sheet 2, being a part cross section of a passenger and mail vessel, at the
middle of the vessel, shewing the longitudinal vertical sides, inner skins bulkheads,
or casings, at that portion of the vessel.
Fig. 3 & Fig. 4, Sheet 3, are cross sections of an armoured, and unarmoured
war vessel, respectively, shewing the longitudinal vertical sides, inner skins, or
casing at that part of the vessel.
Fig. 5, Sheet 4, shews the cross section of a large class war vessel, at the fore
and after ends, shewing the longitudinal vertical sides inner skins or casing.
Fig. 6, Sheet 4, shews the cross section of a large class, passenger and mail
vessel, at the midship portion of the vessel, and at the boilers, or hold spaces of the
vessel.
Fig. 7 Sheet 5 shews the cross section of a large class, passenger & mail vessel,.
with water in the holds. The inner longitudinal sides, skins or casings giving
buoyancy to the vessel, Fig. 8 & 9 shewing the method of making them
watertight.
Figs. 1 to 7, Sheets 1 to 5, shew the application of inner longitudinal vertical
sides, skins, or casings C, worked from the upper or main deck to the lower deck.
and from thence inclined to the sides at the orlop, or hold beam, or bilge stringer,
and the watertight deck W. D. worked between the vertical longitudinal
bulkheads, inner, sides, skins, or casings and to the sides of the vessel.
The watertight trunks T being worked through the watertight decks to the hold
spaces, and to the spaces, formed along the sides by the longitudinal vertical sides,.
skins, or casings.
The spaces along the sides being divided by partial bulkheads, or diaphragms,
into cells compartments, or box spaces, and the spaces so formed, utilized for coal
bunkers, (along the sides of engines and boilers), stores, mails, specie, passengers'
baggage, light and valuable cargo, and other purposes of the vessel, so that no
room or space is lost to the internal capacity of the vessel.
Short bent trunks T¹ will be provided from the coal spaces to the stoke holds of
the vessel, and the trunks closed by sliding or pivoted doors, made so as to be
readily closed, and watertight.
The inner longitudinal sides, skins, or casings, will be so arranged that the
boilers may be got, "in and out," by shifting one boiler aft, and the other forward,
allowing each to be free for lifting, the beams, half beams, carlings, and plating,
being made removable between the casings for this purpose.

page_text: Fig. 1, Sheet 1, shews part body plan of vessel, shewing the arrangement of
longitudinal vertical sides, bulkheads, skins or casings C. at different sections of the
vessel, fore and aft, and the arrangement for watertight decks W. D. and water-
tight trunks T. towards the ends of the vessel and where the sections of the
vessel become finer.
Fig. 2, Sheet 2, shews the general arrangement of the longitudinal vertical sides,
bulkheads, skins or casings C at the midship portion of the vessel, with the lower
frames stopping under the casings at the hold bilge stringer, and thence continued
up internally of the casings.
The casings continued through the watertight deck W. D. or stopping under
the watertight deck as desired, and the watertight trunks T, leading to the side
spaces or divisions of the chamber belts or casings formed by the internal sides
skins or casings.
Figs. 3 and 4, Sheet 3, shew the application of inner longitudinal sides, skins, or
casings C to armoured and unarmoured vessels respectively the spaces along the
sides, being used for coal protection from shot, and in the event of collision,
rainming, or receiving injury from torpedo, or other cause, and water entering the
holds, the inner longitudinal sides, skins, or casings, will give buoyancy and
stability to the vessel to prevent capsizing or foundering.
Fig. 5, Sheet 4, shews the inner longitudinal sides, skins or casings C. confining
the water to the portion of the vessel injured (from the effects of ramming), and
preventing the flow of water over the longitudinal decks or into the holds of the
vessel, and in the event of the vessel receiving greater injury, the opening made to
the holds will not be so large or considerable for admittance of water to the holds
of the vessel, in addition to providing an internal reserve of buoyancy and stability,
for prevention from sinking or foundering.
In Fig. 5, is shewn, the section of a war vessel, either towards the ends, or at
the midship portion of the vessel, and the ram bow of another, and similar war
vessel, under the supposition of being in collision, or ramming, and the ram of the
colliding, or ramming vessel penetrating the outer skin of the vessel rammed, and
the longitudinal inner skins, sides or casings, as provided, preventing a further
penetration into the vessel rammed, or flow of water into the interior or hold
spaces of the vessel, or over the horizontal or protective decks, of the vessel
rammed, and by the close divisions along the sides, by diaphragms, or partial
bulkheads, the compartment, only, that is injured, will be filled with water, thus
confining the water to the portion injured along the side.
In existing vessels, an opening being made in the side, the water flows into
the holds, and over the respective decks, thus causing instability, and the sinking
of the vessel, which, by the longitudinal vertical sides skins, or casings, is
prevented, and gives buoyancy and stability to the vessel under this condition
of injury. In vessels of the ordinary construction, upon water entering the holds
through collision, ramming, or injury from other cause, the water flowing into the
holds, destroys the buoyancy due to that part, and the vessel sinks deeper in the
water in proportion to the volume destroyed. The shoulder or stability becomes
also destroyed, in proportion to this amount lost, and it may be, that, upon a
small volume of the original buoyancy and shoulder becoming destroyed, there
may not be sufficient internal reserve of shoulder or stability to right the vessel, on
either side to which she may incline, and she rolls over.
By these longitudinal bulkheads inner sides, skins, or casings, any casualty
happening to the vessel, the water will be confined to the portion injured, and in
the event of water entering, and filling the holds, the water being confined to the
compartment, cell, or portion injured along the side, the remainder of the
longitudinal bulkheads, inner sides, skins, or casings remaining intact, will give
buoyancy and stability to the vessel, even with one or more or all of the holds
filled with water..
Again, by the inner longitudinal sides, skins, or casings being removed further

page_text: into the vessel, than in the case of vessels, with, say the protective deck arrange-
ment, gives greater security and protection from penetration by shot, and with
the vessel rolling is not so liable to be penetrated at the water line or to the interior
or holds of the vessel, as in the present constructed vessels. And the spaces along
the sides, so formed by the inner longitudinal sides skins or casings, being utilized
for coal along the sides, gives greater protection from shot to the vessel.
In the event of ramming, or collision the injury caused to the vessel is not so
liable to penetrate to the interior or holds of the vessel for admission of water,
and by the divisions along the sides, only those divisions becoming injured will be
filled with water, and should the vessel be penetrated further into the holds or
interior, the opening made in the inner longitudinal vertical sides, skins or casings,
will not be so large for admittance of water to the holds, as in vessels of the present
system of construction.
Fig. 6, Sheet 4, shews the application of inner sides, skins bulkheads, or
casings C, to a large class passenger and mail steamer, extending from the upper
or main deck to the lower deck, and from thence inclined to the sides at the hold
stringer, the watertight deck W. D. being worked across the vessel, and watertight
trunks T provided for access to the side compartments, cells, or box spaces, formed
by the partial bulkheads or diaphragms worked across the side spaces formed by
the inner longitudinal sides, skins, or casings, these spaces, cells or compartments
being utilized for coal bunkers along the sides of engines and boilers, thus giving
coal protection along the sides in mail cruisers, and other vessels, and in the event
of collision or receiving injury from any cause and water entering the holds, the
longitudinal sides, skins or casings, will give buoyancy and stability to the
vessel.
And in the event of fire in any of the holds, the hold may be flooded without
fear, the water so admitted, being afterwards pumped out leaving the vessel as
before the fire.
Short trunks Twill be provided to the stokeholds, from the coal spaces, and
provided with sliding or pivoted watertight doors, or slides made su as to be readily
closed, and of small size in the event of water entering the holds.
Fig. 7, Sheet 5, shews the longitudinal casings, under the condition of injury,
and with water in the holds, with the sides formed by the longitudinal inner sides,
skins, or casings, together with the portions intact above the watertight deck,
giving buoyancy to the vessel, the water entering the holds merely rising in the
watertight trunks and being confined, and not flowing over the respective decks.
The side spaces formed by the internal sides, skins or casings, being divided by
partial bulkheads, or diaphragmns, worked across them, any one or more of the
compartments, cells, or box spaces, so formed, being injured by collision, the
divisions of the internal, sides, skins, or casings, remaining intact, will give
buoyancy to, and stability, to maintain and support the vessel on the surface of the
water.
The longitudinal vertical sides, inner skins, bulkheads or casings will be placed
at, or about, one third the breadth of the vessel from either side, and worked from
the upper or main deck to the lower deck, and from thence bevelled or inclined to
the sides at the orlop or hold bilge stringer, forming watertight belts or casings, at
or about the water line, "fore and aft," the longitudinal vertical sides-bulkheads,
or casings, being continued from them to the upper or main deck, as may be
desired and the spaces along the sides so formed, divided by partial bulkheads, or
diaphragms, worked across them, into divisions, compartments, cells, or box spaces
of size as required, the watertight decks being worked between the casings, and to
the sides of the vessel, and the watertight trunks worked through the watertight
decks to the interior or hold spaces, and to the side divisions of the internal sides
or compartments, so that access can be gained to the several divisions and
compartments along the sides, and to the holds of the vessel, by means of the
watertight trunks.

page_text: The internal sides, skins, bulkheads, or casings, will be built into and form part
of the structure of the ship or vessel. The main frames being worked through the
casings, or made to stop under the casings, and continued internally as may be
desired, and frames continued up internally of the inner skins, sides, bulkheads or
casings.
The longitudinal watertight decks; may be worked between the casings and to
the sides of the vessel, or worked through the casings, the casings being worked
between the watertight decks, the beams, half-beams, and framing, being cut off to
allow of this, and the connections made with knee or gusset plates.
The watertight trunks will be placed as desired, and worked through the water-
tight decks, and made watertight at the junction with the watertight decks, and
worked from the upper or main deck as desired, for access and openings to the
various compartments of the hold and to the side spaces formed by the longitudinal
vertical bulkheads, and to the various divisions, cells, compartments, or box spaces.
of the watertight chamber belts or casings-the spaces along the sides formed by
the longitudinal vertical or inclined casings being divided into cells, or compartments
by partial bulkheads or diaphragms as close as may be desired, and each division
made watertight.
Figs. 8 and 9, Sheet 5, shew the proposed manner of working the internal sides,
skins, or casings, at the sides of the vessel, and making them watertight, with the
frames stopping under the casings, at the orlop, or hold stringer, or bilges, or the-
frames continued through, in the usual manner, the internal sides, skins, or casings,..
being made watertight with lugs worked around them, and the frames continued up
internally of the longitudinal inner sides, skins, or casings,-gusset plates being-
worked under the casings at the orlop, or hold bilge, stringer, to thoroughly and.
efficiently connect the frames, and ensure continuity of strength, to the sides at
these places.
Where the frames are cut off to allow the casings to pass, the connections with.
the sides will be made with angles, worked so as to be caulked and made watertight,.
the inner frames, being continued up the casings in the manner shewn. The frames
may be made if preferable, with box corners and turned along to receive the plating.
By these longitudinal sides skins, bulkheads, or casings, being worked through
the vessel, greater strength is given to the structure of the hull for carrying deck
armament, and complete subdivision without closer spacing of athwartship bulkheads,
in addition to providing a positive internal reserve of buoyancy, shoulder, and
stability, to prevent sinking, capsizing, or foundering.
In armoured and unarmoured vessels, and cruisers, the divisions along the sides,
will give, protection along the sides from shot, and prevent the flow of water into
the holds, and confine the water to the portion injured, and the vessel by this.
system, will be divided into three athwartship divisions, viz., port, central, and
starboard, divisions, and that, upon any casualty happening to the vessel, and the
water flowing over the watertight decks, the casings or bulkheads so dividing the
vessel, will prevent the flow of water all across the vessel.
By this system the ordinary bulkheads of the vessel will be strengthened against
water entering the holds, and the diaphragms or partial bulkheads, along the sides
shifted away from the main bulkheads, thus reducing the chance of injury to the-
entire holds, and any one or more of the compartments along the sides, and one or
more of the holds, becoming filled with water, the portions along the sides
remaining intact, and the portion above the watertight deck, will give buoyancy to.
the vessel.
Having now particularly described, and ascertained, the nature of my said.
invention, for improvements in, and relating to, the construction of ships and.
vessels, for prevention from sinking or foundering, and protection from shot, or
fire, and in what manner the same may be performed- I declare that what I claim
as my invention is.
The formation of inner sides, longitudinal bulkheads, or casings, constructed in…

page_text: or attached to the vessel, extending vertically from the upper or main deck to the
lower deck, and from thence inclined to the sides of the vessel at the orlop or hold
beam or bilge stringer, together with watertight decks worked across the vessel,
and watertight trunks worked through the watertight decks to the holds, and side
spaces formed by the longitudinal vertical sides, inner skins, bulkheads, or casings,
giving
(1) Complete subdivision without closer spacing of athwartship bulkheads.
(2) Positive internal reserve of buoyancy and stability to prevent sinking or
foundering.
(3) Protection from shot along the sides of the vessel, and from fire in any of
the holds.
Dated this 28th day of February 1901
JOHN JOSEPH FREDERICK ANDREWS.