IMPROVEMENTS IN AND APPLICABLE TO HYDRAULIC AND OTHER PRESSES, PARTS OF WHICH Iи- PROVEMENTS MAY BE EMPLOYED FOR OR WITH OTHER DESCRIPTIONS OF MACHINERY
Year: 1867

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Thomas Watts, of Birminghain, in the
County of Warwick, Metal Dealer, and Daniel Joseph Fleetwood. of the
same Place, Manufacturer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN AND
APPLICABLE TO HYDRAULIC AND OTHER PRESSES, PARTS OF WHICH Iи-
PROVEMENTS MAY BE EMPLOYED FOR OR WITH OTHER DESCRIPTIONS OF
MACHINERY."
Sealed the 21st February 1868, and dated the 28th August 1867.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Thomas Watts
and Daniel Joseph Fleetwood at the Office of the Commissioners of
Patents, with their Petition, on the 28th August 1867.
We WILLIAM THOMAS WATTS, of Birmingham, in the County of
Warwick, Metal Dealer, and DANIEL JOSEPH FLEETWOOD, of the same Place,
Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IM-
PROVEMENTS IN AND APPLICABLE TO HYDRAULIC AND OTHER PRESSES, PARTS OF
WHICH IMPROVEMENTS MAY BE EMPLOYED FOR OR WITH OTHER DESCRIPTIONS Or
MACHINERY," to be as follows (that is to say):
in the finct place to

page_text: Daniel Joseph Fleetwood, and bearing date the Ninth day of April, One
thousand eight hundred sixty-seven.
In the Specification of the former Patent was described a press consisting
of a hydraulic cushion as a bed or anvil, and a forcer worked by steam or
other power, which press was applicable to the manufacture of hollow forms,
the cutting out or piercing of blanks, & to other peculiar uses.. We
propose by the present improvements to render this compound press appli-
cable to the purposes of coining, medalling, punching, shearing, and other
analagous operations; as well as the manufacture of hollow or tubular forms.
The press consists of a hydraulic ram arranged to act as a cushion or anvil,
upon which a die or dies or tools may be suitably secured, and the blow or
pressure is given by a top forcer working in a guide and actuated by cam,
excentric, or other suitable medium. And with this description of press, when
used in the manufacture of hollow or tubular forms, we propose to employ a
pressure plate capable of being acted upon or held down upon the surface of
the metal blank under operation by means of hydraulic rams governed by
suitable valves, or by weights or leverage, or springs bearing upon the
pressure plate with sufficient power to retain it in position, so that the metal
will be drawn equally and without buckling from beneath the plate as the
forcer 'opérates, and which pressure accomodating itself to the gradual
thickening of the periphery of the blank permits the inner or middle surface
to be forced into or through the mould, die, or shaping tool by the forcer or
ram. This resilient or self-acting pressure plate may also be used with other
kind of presses, stamps, or hammers. With the pressure plate we propose in
oǝme cases to use a self-feeding apparatus, which may consist of an endless
chain or chains, or a travelling bed passing above the lower die upon suitable
rollers and springs. These chains or bed carry with an intermittent motion
the metal blanks to be operated upon. The metal may be so laid upon the
separate links of the bed that it will be capable of being sunk by the action
of the press into the die under each link, the bed being depressed at the same
time, and the action of the bearing rollers and springs upon the bed tighten
it again at each action of the press, and thus the chain or bed is made to act
as an extractor, affording the means of releasing the metal from the die, or
each link of the bed may be so constructed and connected as to form so many
separate counter pressure plates capable of independent and combined action.
Or we can use a travelling bed consisting of a turntable, working by means of
a series of cam movements; in which case the blank would be laid upon the
lower die, and removed from it by each alternative advance movement of the
turntable. Or by a reciprocal motion in connection with a double cam we can

page_text: obtain a similar result, the blank being fed in at one end and removed at the
other.. Again we provide a hydraulic cylinder, within which a hydraulic
cylindrical ram open at either end is caused to work, and within this hollow
cylindrical ram we employ an inner plunger or forcer. When a metal blank
is placed upon a die for the formation of any desired hollow or cylindrical
shape and the press set in motion the hollow cylindrical ram works together
with the inner forcer or plunger until the hollow cylindrical ram obtains its
bearing upon a pressure plate or forms a resilient pressure plate in itself on
the metal blank under operation; the inner forcer or plunger continuing its
course carries the metal of the blank into the die or mould, or through the
shaping tool, the outer edges of the metal being held from buckling by means
of the pressure exerted by the hollow cylindrical ram, whilst by an adjustment
of the pressure to the differential areas of the two rams or forcers a slight
resilient action is allowed to the hollow cylindrical ram before a breaking
pressure has been attained, thus preventing the fracture of the metal, and
operating as a self-acting pressure plate. Or the same effect may be produced
by working the rams or forcers upwards against the dies by hydraulic power
from below. The return of the rams or forcers in either case may be effected
by admitting hydraulic pressure from the accumulator through the hollow
cylindrical ram into contact with the inner plunger or forcer, and by this
arrangement a double or reciprocating action of the press may be ensured,
working one set of dies on the one stroke and another on the return stroke.
We have described this press as consisting of two rams or plungers only; the
number of such rams or plungers may be increased, and three or even more
may be arranged to work within each other with a telescopic action, whereby
we can gain increasing or diminishing resistance at will by the action of the
water on the differential areas of the rams or plungers.
Again our improvements consist in the arrangement of a set or series of
valves similar to those described in the Specification of the before-recited
Patent of Daniel Joseph Fleetwood, so as to form au apparatus capable of
working with a rectilinear reciprocating action, which, when set in motion is
to a certain extent self-acting, and we can convert this rectilinear motion
into curvilinear motion by the employment of cranks or other suitable
mechanical means, so as to render the motion capable of being applied to or
employed with other descriptions of machinery, as well as the press already
specified. This apparatus is regulated according to the power required, and
is controlled by valves placed in positions suitable for the operators._

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said William Thomas Watts and Daniel Joseph Fleetwood in the
Great Seal Patent Office on the 28th February 1868.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, WILLIAM
THOMAS WATTS, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, Metal Dealer,
and DANIEL JOSEPH FLEETWOOD, of the same Place, Manufacturer, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-eighth day of August, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, in the thirty-first year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto
us, the said William Thomas Watts and Daniel Joseph Fleetwood, Her
special license that we, the said William Thomas Watts and Daniel Joseph
Fleetwood, our executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as we,
the said William Thomas Watts and Daniel Joseph Fleetwood, our executors,
administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others,
from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein
expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise; and vend, within
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and
Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
HYDRAULIC AND OTHER PRESSES, PARTS OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS MAY BE EMPLOYED
FOR OR WITH OTHER DESCRIPTIONS OF MACHINERY," upon the condition (amongst
others) that we, the said William Thomas Watts and Daniel Joseph Fleet-
wood, by an instrument in writing under our hands and seals, should
particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in
what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be
filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
IN AND APPLICABLE
TO
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said William Thomas Watts and Daniel
Joseph Fleetwood, do hereby declare the nature of our said Invention, and
in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following statement, reference being had to the
Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the letters and figures marked thereon
(that is to say):-
This Invention relates, in the first place, to certain improvements upon a
press specified in a former Patent granted to one of the present Petitioners,
Daniel Joseph Fleetwood, and bearing date the Ninth day of April, One
thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven.

page_text: In the Specification of the former Patent was described a press consisting
of a hydraulic cushion as a bed or anvil, and a forcer worked by steam or
other power, which press was applicable to the manufacture of hollow forms,
the cutting out or piercing of blanks, and to other similar uses. We propose
by the present improvements to render this compound press applicable to the
purposes of coining, medalling, punching, shearing, and other analogous
operations, as well as the manufacture of hollow or tubular forms. The press
consists of a hydraulic ram arranged to act as a cushion or anvil, upon which
a die or dies or tools may be suitably secured, and the blow or pressure is
given by a top forcer working in a guide and actuated by cam, eccentric, or
other suitable medium. And with this description of press when used in the
manufacture of hollow or tubular torms we propose to employ a pressure plate
capable of being acted upon or held down upon the surface of the metal blank
under operation by means of hydraulic rams governed by suitable valves or
by weights, or leverage, or springs bearing upon the pressure plate with
sufficient power to retain it in position, so that the metal will be drawn
equally and without buckling from beneath the plate as the forcer operates,
and which pressure accommodating itself to the gradual thickening of the
periphery of the blank permits the inner or middle surface to be forced into or
through the mould, die, or shaping tool by the forcer or ram. This resilient
or self-acting pressure plate may also be used with other kinds of presses,
stamps, or hammers. With the pressure plate we propose in some cases to
use a self-feeding apparatus, which may consist of an endless chain or a
travelling bed passing above the lower die upon suitable rollers and springs.
These chains or bed carry with an intermittent motion the metal blanks to be
operated upon. The metal may be so laid upon the separate links of the bed
that it will be capable of being sunk by the action of the press into the die
under each link, the bed being depressed at the same time, and the action of
the bearing rollers and springs upon the bed tighten it again at each action of
the press, and thus the chain or bed is made to act as an extractor, affording
the means of releasing the metal from the die. Or each link of the bed maybe
so constructed and connected as to form so many separate counter pressure
plates capable of independent and combined action. Or we can use a travelling
bed consisting of a turntable working by means of a series of cam movements,
in which case the blank would be laid upon the lower die, and removed from
it by each alternative advance movement of the turntable, or by a reciprocal
motion. In connection with a double cam we can obtain a similar result, the
blank being fed in at one end and removed at the other. Again we provide
hydraulic cylinder within which a hydraulic cylindrical ram open at either

page_text: end is caused to work, and within this hollow cylindrical ram we employ an
inner plunger or forcer. When a metal blank is placed upon a die for the
formation of any desired hollow or cylindrical shape, and the press set in
motion, the hollow cylindrical ram works together with the inner forcer or
plunger until the hollow cylindrical ram obtains its bearing upon a pressure
plate, or forms a resilient pressure plate in itself on the metal blank under
operation; the inner forcer or plunger continuing its course carries the metal
of the blank into the die or mould or through the shaping tool, the outer
edges of the metal being held from buckling by means of the pressure exerted
by the hollow cylindrical ram, whilst by an adjustment of the pressure to the
differential areas of the two rams or forcers a slight resilient action is, allowed
to the hollow cylindrical ram before a breaking pressure has been attained,
thus preventing the fracture of the metal and operating as a self-acting
pressure plate. Or the same effect may be produced by working the rams or
forcers upwards against the dies by. hydraulic power from below, the return of
the rams or forcers in either case may be effected by admitting hydraulic
pressure from the accumulator through the hollow cylindrical ram into contact
with the inner plunger or forcer, and by this arrangement a double or
reciprocating action of the press may be, ensured, working one set of dies
on the one stroke and another on the return stroke. We have described
this press as consisting of two rams or plungers only, the number of such
rams or plungers may be increased, and three or even more may be arranged
to work within each other with a telescopic action, whereby we can gain
increasing or diminishing resistance at will by the action of the water on
the differential areas of the rams or plungers.
Again our improvements consist in the arrangement of a set or series of
valves similar to those described in the Specification of the before-recited
Patent of Daniel Joseph Fleetwood, so as to form an apparatus capable of
working with a rectilinear reciprocating action, which when set in motion is
to a certain extent self-acting, and we can convert this rectilinear motion into
curvilinear motion by the employment of cranks or other suitable mechanical
means so as to render the motion capable of being applied to or employed
with other descriptions of machinery as well as the press already specified.
This apparatus is regulated according to the power required, and is controlled
by valves placed in positions suitable for the operators.
We will now proced to describe the object and nature of our Invention
more fully in detail, and by aid of the Drawings hereunto attached, which
represent those portions of our Invention not so readily to, be understood
without the aid of illustration.

page_text: Referring to Sheet 1, Figures 1 and 2 shew our improvements upon the
press described in the aforesaid Specification of Daniel Joseph Fleetwood,
dated April Ninth, One thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven.
Figure 1 represents the parts of the press in front elevation, shewn partly
in section, Figure 2 being a side elevation of the same.
(a, a,) are the side frames of the press, between which the slide (6) works in
a vertical direction, carrying the plunger or forcer (c); (4) is the hydraulic bed
or cushion consisting of the ram (e) working in the cylinder (f), from which is
conducted a pipe (g) to the weighted valve and accumulator without pumps,
which are illustrated at (6), Sheet 2. To this press we add the pressure plate (h)
bolted to the under side of the pressure ring (i), which is actuated by four
hydraulic rams, three of which are shewn at (k, kt, k), the rain (2) being in
section, the lower ends of the four ram cylinders (the three which are shewn
being marked, 1, and 12.) are connected together by means of the pipes m¹),
and receive a constant supply of high-pressure water from the inlet pipe (n).
This pressure acting upon the annular areas of the rams marked (m), Figure 2,
ensures the rise of the pressure plate to its highest position whenever the
water is allowed to escape from above the rams. The upper ends of the
cylinders (1, 1, and 2), are connected together by the pipes (o) communi_
cating with the two weighted valves (p, p¹), (p) being the supply, and (2) the
exhaust. () is a rod worked by a cam upon the upper main shaft of the
press (not shewn), and it acts alternately and at the proper times upon the
vertical ends of the valve levers 7, r¹), by means of the double bell-crank
lever (s), the one valve being lifted whilst the other remains closed by its
weighted lever, The action of the press is as follows:-A blank of sheet
metal having been placed upon the die (t) whilst the forcer (c) is at its highest
position, the supply valve (p) is immediately opened by the cam rod (g), and
the pressure plate () is thereby caused to descend and to press upon the
metal blank with a force determined by the pressure of water used. The
forcer (c) which has meanwhile been following as nearly as possible the
pressure plate () now continues to descend through the pressure plate and
draws the metal blank from between the pressure plate (and the die (t),
forcing it into the die (t), and giving it the desired shape. The final pinch is
prevented from becoming injuriously heavy by the yielding of the hydraulic
bed or cushion (d), which afterwards returns to the stops (u). The pressure
olate prevents the formation of injurious puckers whilst the blank is being
Stamped, and at the same time possesses a sufficient degree of resiliency for
he purpose of yielding to the thickening of the blank form caused by the
liminishing of its diameter. The process having been completed the forcer (c)

page_text: begins to ascend, and at the same moment the cam rod (1) closes the supply
valve (p), and opens the exhaust valve (p¹), the rams (), and pressure
plate () are then lifted by means of the pressure upon the annular areas (m),
and the stamped article removed, when the process may be repeated. We
sometimes arrange the four small rams () so as to be single-acting only, and
without the annular area for lifting, as seen in (Sheet 2), in which case we
connect the upper ends of the cylinders (7) by means of pipes (a) to a low.
pressure air or weighted accumulator (b), which requires no pumps. Upon
the ascent of the forcer (c) a collar (d) formed thereupon lifts the pressure
ring (), together with the pressure plate (h) and rams (k), forcing back the
water into the low-pressure accumulator (6), the valve (d¹) being held open
for the purpose by means of a cam rod (e), actuated by a cam upon the main
shaft of the press, but not shewn. Upon the descent of the forcer (c), the
valve (di) being still held open, the low-pressure water causes the pressure
plate (h) to descend upon the metal blank, when the valve () will be closed
by the weight (f), which is so proportioned as to prevent the return of the
rams () unless the highest desirable pressure be generated by the thickening
of the metal blank, when the valve (d) will risé and allow a small quantity
of water to return to the accumulator (6).
With the press thus far described we propose in some cases to use a self-
feeding apparatus, which consists of an endless chain (A) passing over two
wheels, one of which (B) is shewn, the other being at the extreme right
and therefore not seen. An intermittent motion is given to the endless
chain (A) in the direction of the arrow (V) by means of the cam rod (C),
the ratchet (D), and toothed wheels (E), such motion taking place only while
the pressure plate (h) and forcer (c) are clear of the chain. The shaft (F)
of one of the chain wheels revolves in sliding blocks (G), which are pressed
outwards by a spring or by a weighted lever (H). Each link of the chain (A)
has a suitably formed hole, as at (K), which is of similar size to the mouth of
the die (t). When the pressure plate (h) descends it depresses the link beneath
it as, for instance, at (I) upon which lies the metal blank to be operated upon,
the chain when so depressed being represented by the dotted lines (A'), such
depression slightly draws inwards the chain wheel (B) and raises the weighted
lever (H); the link (I) is pressed upon the die (t) and becomes a counter
pressure plate, or in fact the working surface of the die from between which
and the pressure plate (h) the metal blank is drawn by the forcer (C).
Upon the ascent of the forcer (C) and pressure plate (h) the chain is restored
to the horizontal position by the action of the weighted lever (H), and the
stamped article (L) is thus lifted from the die (t) and carried from beneath

page_text: the press by the next movement of the chain. For convenience of illustration
the toothed wheels (E) are shewn in connection with the sliding shaft (f), but
in practice the wheels would be attached to the shaft of the other chain wheel
which has no sliding movement. Instead of the endless chain we sometimes
use a horizontal turntable provided with a series of holes similar to those
already alluded to at (K) in the chain (A), and we give to such turntable an
intermittent motion similar to that just described, and it is supported upon a
spring or weighted lever capable of yielding to the downward pressure of the
pressure plate (h), this turntable in its upward return motion forming the
extractor of the stamped article from the die (t). In either case the blanks
are fed in at one end of the machine, and the stamped articles are delivered
at the other end.
We will now describe, referring to Sheet 3 of the Drawings which contains
in vertical section Figure 1, and sectional plan Figure 2, a press consisting of
an inverted hydraulic cylinder (a) containing a hollow cylindrical ram (6),
within which again works the plunger or ram (c). (d) is the base, and (e) are
the columns of the press. To the hollow cylindrical ram (6) is attached the
pressure plate (f), and to the plunger or ram (c) is attached the forcer (g),
(h) being the die. Both of the rams have annular areas (i, i,) for the
purpose of lifting, and are provided with a constant supply of high-pressure
water through the pipe (/) and passage (¹), which has been drilled and
afterwards plugged at (²).
An arrangement of valves will now be described by which we give an
alternate or intermittent pulsative action to the forcer (g) and pressure plate (f)
so that the metal blank under operation shall be carried down into the die
a very small distance while free from the resistance caused by the pressure
plate; the pressure plate (f) then being depressed to take out the puckers
from the blank and the forcer (g) being arrested in its motion during the
application of such pressure by the pressure plate. This intermittent pulsative
action of the pressure plate may also be employed on the press illustrated in
Sheets 1 and 2. A metal blank having been placed upon the die (n) the
supply valve (2) is opened by moving the right-hand handle (4) towards
the right, water is thus admitted to the ram (6), which descends upon the
blank, carrying with it the inner ram (c); the handle (1) is now released,
and the left-hand handle (m) is moved towards the right; this raises the
shaft (n)-which-runs-in-bearings.in the levers (o) and is driven by_the_band_
bullies (p) until the eccentrics or cams (9) lift alternately the supply valve (r)_
and exhaust valve (r¹) of the pressure plate ram (b), thus giving an alternate
inch and release to the blank. The eccentric (s) also lifts the supply

page_text: valve (s) of the inner ram (c), but only while the supply valve (7) of the
pressure plate ram (b) is closed, the water gains access to the inner ram (c) by
means of the sliding pipe (t) packed at (¹). A set screw (u) determines the
amount of lift of the valves. The fourth valve (v), which is the exhaust
valve of the inner ram (c) is not acted upon by an eccentire because the forcer'g)
simply requires to be arrested but not to be allowed to rise, whereas a
very slight rise of the pressure plate is desirable after each pinch. When
the metal blank has been stamped both handles are moved towards the left
hand, the exhaust valve (v) of the inner ram (c) and the exhaust valve (1)
of the hollow cylindrical ram (b) are thereby opened and the two rams are
thus allowed to rise by the pressure upon their annular areas. The movement
of the handle (m) to the left lowers the revolving shaft (n) and the eccentrics
(2: 2,) and (s) before the cam (W) upon the weigh shaft (a) opens the
exhaust valve (v). A stop (y), determines the extent of movement to the left
hand of the lever (m). The valves (r,) (¹) and (s¹) which require to be opened
and closed with rapidity, are kept closed by springs (z) instead of by weights.
Referring to Sheet 4 of the Drawings, Figure 1 is a vertical section, and
Figure 2 a sectional plan on the line A, A, of a double-acting hydraulic
press constructed with a cylindrical ram open at both ends. (a) is the main
cylinder, (b) the top, and (c) the bottom of the press, the whole being united
by the pillars (d); (e) is the upper and (f) is the lower die or forming
block; within the cylinder (a) works the hollow cylindrical ram (g), which in
in its turn contains the inner ram (4). The pressure plates (2) and (e) are
attached to the ram (g), and the plungers or forcers (1) and (m) are attached
to the ram (h). Water being admitted by the pipe (n), the pipe (o) being
open to the waste pipe, both rams will descend until the pressure plate (c)
comes into contact with the blank (p), when its motion will be arrested and
the inner ram (h) only carrying the plunger or forcer (m) will continue to
descend drawing the blank from between the pressure plate (/) and the die (f)
until it assumes the form (r). The annular areas (8, s,) and (t, t,) are so
proportioned as to give the required amount of pressure upon the pressure
plates (i) and (k) and plungers or forcers (l) and (m). The openings (0)
and (v) allow of the flow of water to or from the inner ram (h); (W) (W) are
the cupped leather packings, and (*,) (*,) are glands for gaining access to the
packings when required. Upon reversing the current of water in the pipes
(n) and (o) by means of ordinary hydraulic valves the press acts in an upward
direction, releasing the stamped article (r), and acting upon a blank in the
upper die (e) in the same manner as has been described with regard to the
lower die (f)

page_text: Having shewn how a press may be arranged to work telescopically in Sheets
(3 and 4) with a single or double action, it will be readily understood that
more than two plungers or rams may be similarly arranged to work one within
the other, the variation of force exerted by the pressure of the valve being due
to the differential areas of the rams or plungers, each one of which may thus
be made to work as a pressure plate to the one contained within it, and thus
affording a buffer or hydraulic cushion action.
In order to diminish the risk of breaking the metal blank while forcing it
through the die or mould we sometimes make the working surfaces of the die
or mould (f) (see Figures 3 and 4, Sheet 4) corrugated and funnel-shaped,
the lower surface of the pressure plate (K) being corrugated and made conical
to correspond with the aforesaid upper surface of the die or mould (f). The
inner plunger or ram (m) is fluted vertically at its circumference. The
operation of the press so formed is to convert a flat blank of metal into a
hollow vessel having corrugated sides and of a greater depth than can be
obtained without such corrugations; the corrugations are exaggerated in the
Drawings for the sake of clearness.
Having thus described the nature of our said Invention, and the manner in
which the same is practically to be carried into effect, we claim, without
limiting ourselves to these precise details, the several improvements in or
applicable to hydraulic and other presses, as described and illustrated in the
form of a compound pressin Sheets (1) and (2), in which a hydraulic ram being
arranged to act as a cushion or bed, a top forcer is employed in com-
bination with a pressure plate, the action of the forcer being gained by cam or
other mechanical power, whilst the action of the pressure plate is given by
hydraulic force, producing in the press shewn in Sheet 1 a pulsative and
resilient pressure upon the article under operation, and in the form shewn in
Sheet (2) a resilient action only of the pressure plate.
We claim also the accumulator without pumps applicable to any form of
hydraulic press, and as described and shewn in Sheet 2.
We claim also the self-feeding apparatus, as shewn and described.
We claim also the construction and arrangement of the parts of hydraulic
presses, as described and shewn in Sheets (3) and (4), by which a telescopic
action of the press is obtained in conjunction with an intermittent pulsative
action of the pressure plate, as shewn in the single press (Sheet 3), or a
merely resilient action of the pressure plate, as shewn-in-Sheet (4)-in-com--
bination with a double telescopic action of the rams or forcers,
We claim, also, the construction of hydraulic apparatus consisting of more
than two rams or plungers arranged to work the one within the other, and

page_text: forming a description of buffer or cushion applicable to other arrangements of
mechanism than presses.
We claim also corrugating or creasing down blanks of metal, as shewn in
Figure 3 Sheet 4, by which excessive tearing strain of the metal is prevented
during the operation of sinking the form.
And generally, we claim the several improvements in and applicable to
hydraulic and other presses, parts of which improvements may be employed
for or with other déscriptions of machinery, substantially in manner herein
more fully set forth and specified.
In witness whereof, we, the said William Thomas Watts and Daniel
Joseph Fleetwood, have hereunto set our hands and seal, this Twenty-
sixth day of February, One thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight
WILLIAM THOMAS WAT
DANIEL JOSEPH (L.S.) FLEETWOOD.