matthewleechen/300YearsOfBritishPatents huggingface dataset:
IMPROVEMENTS IN COMPRESSING AND RAREFYING ATMOSPHERIC AIR WITH MACHINERY FOR APPLYING THE SAME TO OBTAIN A MOTIVE POWER, PART OF WHICH IS APPLICABLE FOR COOKING PURPOSES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Richard Fell at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 13th September
1861.
I, RICHARD FELL, of Kingsland, in the County of Middlesex, Engineer,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
COMPRESSING AND RAREFYING ATMOSPHERIC AIR WITH MACHINERY FOR APPLYING
THE SAME TO OBTAIN A MOTIVE POWER, PART OF WHICH IS APPLICABLE FOR COOKING
PURPOSES," to be as follows:-
The primary object of my Invention is to obtain motive power by means of
compressed air acting on water through cylinders and pistons constructed as
hereafter described, or acting directly frou a hot air chamber in the driving
cylinders.
By way of illustrating one method of carrying my Invention into effect, I
will describe it as it may be applied to the propulsion of vessels.
Over a furnace I place an air chamber, by preference cylindrical, and
between it and the furnace I mount a series of tubes provided with inlet and
outlet valves, connected to and free to revolve on a central shaft. A cold
water cistern is placed under the furnace, through which the aforesaid tubes
pass as they revolve. As the tubes descend, a partial vacuum is obtained in
them, but as they ascend, the air contained in them is expanded, and admitted
into the air chamber over the furnace, where it becomes compressed. For
some purposes the air is now sufficiently compressed, but where great power is
required, I employ another vessel containing cold water, and fitted with two

page_text: or more air-tight condensers.
There is a coiled pipe or worm in this vessel
for lending the air from the air chamber over the furnace into the condensers,
whereby the water contained therein is forced and made to act in the driving
cylinders. The cylinders contain collapsing pistons. opening to the external
water. The end of the cylinders is fitted with a sluice valvo or valves; the
piston rods are connected to cranks on the driving shaft of the air cylinder.
As the piston becomes expanded it draws in with it the external water, and
in collapsing forces the water back again, and thus tho vessel is propelled. I
make use of two or more cylinders, in one or more of which the piston is
expanded and in the other collapsed. For cooking purposes I admit hot air
as it passes to the cylinders into an air-tight compartment provided with
partitions, above which the cooking utensils are placed. Each partition is
fitted with a distinct cock, whereby hot air is admitted only to that particular
part where cooking is being carried on. The air is in constant circulation, so
that an even temperature is maintained.
IMPROVEMENTS IN TANNING HIDES AND SKINS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Henry Johnson at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 10th January
1861. A communication from abroad by Samuel Dunseith, of the City.
of Philadelphia, in the State of Pennsylvania, United States of
América.
I, JOHN HENRY JOHNSON, of 47, Lincoln's Inn Fields, in the County of
Middlesex, and of 166, Buchanan Street, in the City of Glasgow, North
Briton, Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN TANNING HIDES AND SKINS," a communication from abroad
by Samuel Dunseith, of the City of Philadelphia, in the State of Penn-
sylvania, United States of America, to be as follows:—
This Invention relates to an improved process for tanning hides and skins,
whereby a considerable economy of time is effected, whilst the skins are more
perfectly tanned than heretofore. According to this Invention it is proposed
to submit the bides or skins, with or without the hair upon them, to a tan
liquor composed of about one gallon of strong decoction of the anthemis cotula
(Lumeans' maruta cotula of modern botanists); to this is added about a quarter
of a pound of catechu or terra japonica, two ounces of alum, and two ounces
of common salt. The whole is well stirred together, and the hides or skins in
the same condition that they come from the "beam" are immersed therein for
a longer or shorter period, according to their thickness and the strength of the
tau. During the time of their immersion (which may vary from three hours

page_text: to about twenty days) the skins should be frequently stirred and handled, so as
to expose them to the air, which considerably hastens the process. If desired,
terra japonica may be used without the maruta, in about the following propor-
tions: Twelve pounds of terra japonica to fifteen gallons of soft water, to
which are added one and three-quarter pounds of alum and one and a half
pounds of common salt; but the first-mentioned ingredients and proportions
are preferred, as a finer color of leather is thereby obtained.
When skins are tanned without first removing the hair, it is proposed to
prepare them for the tan by first soaking them in water till they are soft and
pliable, and then working them off upon the flesh side. When skins are pre-
pared in the lime vat, instead of using a "bate vat" (composed of a solution
of hen dung) for neutralizing the lime, the following preparation may be used,
in which the skins are to be soaked :-To thirty gallons of soft water add one
pound of common sulphuric acid, six pounds of common salt, and one bushel
of wheat bran; these ingredients, which may be varied slightly, should be well
stirred together, so as to mix them thoroughly. The skins should then be
taken out of the preparation and worked off on the beam in the usual manner,
when they will be ready for the tan liquor herein-before described.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN FINISHING AND PERFECTING CURVED OR CIRCULAR STEREOTYPE PLATES, & IN APPARATUS FOR THE SAME
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by James Dellagana at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 4th October
1861.
I, JAMES DELLAGANA, of Shoe Lane, in the County of Middlesex, Stereotype
Founder, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN FINISHING AND PERFECTING CURVED OR CIRCULAR STEREOTYPE PLATES, &
IN APPARATUS FOR THE SAME," to be as follows:-
My Invention of improvements in finishing and perfecting curved or circular
stereotype plates relates to thin stereotype plates used in printing machines,
in which they are fixed on a cylinder and form a cylindrical surface. In these
plates it is of the utmost importance that they should have a truly cylindrical
form or part thereof, and also that they be of uniform thickness; to produce
which I subject curved stereotype plates to a planing, smoothing, and compressing
process by placing them on a metal bed, smoothly and truly prepared, of the
form desired, over which a curved intrument travels in a longitudinal direction,
being forcibly impelled and rigidly confined by suitable guides in its course
over the stereotype plate. The plate being held by suitable stops, the instru-
ment in passing over the plate forces every part of its surface down on the
curved bed, by which it receives its true form. The instrument at the same
time shaves or removes from the back part of the plate any excess of thick-
ness, & reduces the whole to a uniform thickness.
Instead of the curved instrument a straight instrument may be employed

page_text: according to my Invention; but in that case it must be mounted on an axis,
& form a radius & describe a circle the same as that of the printing
cylinder; a curved bed being used for the purpose and the plate held as before.
The apparatus, considered to be novel, are simply the instruments used in
producing the combined effects of cutting and compressing the metal plates.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE TREATMENT OF CARPETS
Year: 1861

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Henry Johnson, of 47, Lincoln's Inn. Fields, in
the County of Middlesex, and of 166, Buchanan Street, in the City of
Glasgow, North Britain, Gentleman, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS
IN THE TREATMENT OF CARPETS." -A communication from abroad by Jean
Dilemons of Peric in the Empire of Fra
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION filed by the said John Henry Johnson at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition and Declaration,
on the 8th November 1861, pursuant to the 9th Section of the Patent
Law Amendment Act, 1852:
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
HENRY JOHNSON, of 47, Lincoln's Inn Fields, in the County of Middlesex,
and of 166, Buchanan Street, in the City of Glasgow, North Britain, Gentle-
man, send greeting,
WHEREAS I have this day presented my Petition to Her most Excellent
Majesty Queen Victoria for a grant to me, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, in respect of an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE TREATMENT OF
CARPETS," a communication from abroad by Jean Armand Edmond Polonceau,
of Paris, in the Empire of France.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said John Henry Johnson, do bereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be

page_text: performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement, that is to say:-
The said Invention relates to a peculiar mode of treating Wilton and other
piled carpets of a similar manufacture, whereby their durability is greatly
increased and they are rendered at the same time impervious to dust and
damp. Heretofore carpets of the description above mentioned were liable to
deteriorate rapidly by reason of the insufficient adhesion of the wool to the
linen warp or back, and consequently the rubbing or wear on the surface of
the carpet readily detached or more off the wool from the back, leaving the
back or linen warp exposed. The object of this Invention is to remedy this
defect, and for that purpose it is proposed to apply to the back of the carpet
to be treated one or more coats of drying oil, varnish, india-rubber, solution,
or other highly adhesive and siccative composition or cement, which application
has the effect of firmly uniting the woollen pile or loops with the ordinary
linen warp forming the back of the fabric, and so preventing their disengage-
ment or detachment therefrom. It is obvious that the application of the
coating above referred to renders the carpet impervious to any dust which
may tend to rise up through it, and has the effect of waterproofing the back of
the carpet, thereby rendering it impervious also to damp if laid upon a damp
floor.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Henry Johnson, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Eighth day of November, One thousand eight
hundred and sixty-one.
AN IMPROVED COMPOUND TO PREVENT THE INCRUSTATION AND SEDI- MENTS OF CALCAREOUS MATTERS IN BOILERS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Edward Thomas Hughes at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 12th
October 1861. A communication from abroad by Ernest Louis Pichio,
of Paris, in the Empire of France.
I, EDWARD THOMAS HUGHES, of the Firm of Hughes & Son, Patent Agents,
123, Chancery Lane, London, do hereby declare the nature of the said Inven-
tion for "AN IMPROVED COMPOUND TO PREVENT THE INCRUSTATION AND SEDI-
MENTS OF CALCAREOUS MATTERS IN BOILERS," a communication to me from
abroad by Ernest Louis Pichio, of Paris, in the Empire of France, to be as
follows:-
This Invention consists of amalgamating or combining the following articles
in about the proportions stated; namely,-
Alum
Salts of soda at 32 degrees
Red ochre
دو
دو
-
25 kilos.
-
25
2
-
3
"
500 grammes.
Brown fecula of potatoes
-
15
,,
-
35
"
Sulphuric acid -
Distilled water
The alum, salts of soda, and ochre are mixed together after being well
pulverized separately. The distilled water is poured into a suitable vessel,
adding the brown fecula so as to make a paste of it, which is then heated to
the boiling point, the acid is added, and the boiling continued till the matter
becomes perfectly liquid, after which the whole is run into another vessel to

page_text: cool; the mixture of alum, salts of soda, and ochre is then added, and stirred
up till the substances are well amalgamated.
The quantity of this compound to be put into each boiler will vary according
to the size and quality of the water used.
MANUFACTURING TALLOW CANDLES SUPPORTING A HEAT OF 28 DEGREES WITHOUT GREASING OR ADHERING, AND EXTRACTING FROM THE MOULDS, WHATEVER MAY BE THE ATMOSPHERE, EVERY TWO HOURS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Michel Courniol at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 15th January
1861.
I, MICHEL COURNIOL, Merchant, of Libourne, in the Department of Gironde,
in the Empire of France, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "MANUFACTURING TALLOW CANDLES SUPPORTING A HEAT OF 28 DEGREES
WITHOUT GREASING OR ADHERING, AND EXTRACTING FROM THE MOULDS, WHATEVER
MAY BE THE ATMOSPHERE, EVERY TWO HOURS," to be as follows:-
My proposed improvement in the manufacture of candles will consist in
adding to ordinary tallow a certain proportion of vegetable wax, say, to about
50 lbs. of tallow, 1 lbs. of wax, and I thereby propose obtaining a candle
which two hours after my composition has been run into the mould may be
extracted therefrom, and will then better resist heat, and be of superior
quality to tallow candles as now made.
IMPROVEMENTS IN ARMOUR-PLATED SHIPS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Sadler at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 18th October
1861.
I, WILLIAM SADLER, of 11, Tredegar Place, Bow Road, in the County of
Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN ARMOUR-PLATED SHIPS," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in armour-plated ships.
Heretofore it has been proposed to build armour-plated ships, so that the sides
of the ship slope outwards to a certain height above the keel, and then make
a sharp angle and incline inwards up to the bulwarks; and the object of this
construction is that shot, when striking the sides of the ship, may, in place of
penetrating, glance off, in consequence of the great inclination of the sides to
a horizontal plane. It has heretofore, however, been proposed in all ships
designed in this manner to make the angle bend at and near the bow of the
ship under the water line, an arrangement which greatly injures the sea-going
qualities of the ship. Now, according to my Invention, I make the angle
bend, above mentioned, above the water line, both at the bow of the ship and
elsewhere; and also I make this bend further above the water line at the
bow than the distance it is above the water line at the midship section.
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR PROJECTING CRICKET BALLS WITH ACCURACY
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Corbet Anderson at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 4th November
1861.
I, JOHN CORBET ANDERSON, of 2, Portland Place, Sumner Road, Croydon,
S., do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
APPARATUS FOR PROJECTING CRICKET BALLS WITH ACCURACY," to be as follows:-
The Invention consists of a circular barrel A (see accompanying Drawing)
to which is attached two double bows B' and B2. Within the barrel is the
cup C, Fig. 4, to contain the ball, which cup is connected to the bows B³.
On the upper and lower sides of the barrel are longitudinal openings D, Fig. 1,
for the purpose of allowing the connection between the cup and the bows B2
to traverse. Attached to the back of the cup is the strap E, Fig. 4, which is
wound round the drum F, Fig. 4, by means of the winch I, Fig. 1 & 3.
Attached to the drum on the outside of the barrel is the stop wheel G,
Fig. 3, and on the same axle is the winch I, Fig. 1 & 3. Fixed to the outside
of the barrel is the stop trigger H, Fig. 3. Near the muzzle are the truneons J,
Fig. 1 & 3, for the purpose of keeping the barrel in position. Underneath
the head of the barrel is the elevating screw K, Fig. 3, for the purpose of
raising and depressing the head of the barrel so as to command the desired
elevation. The instrument is attached to the iron frame L, Fig. 3, by means

page_text: of the truneons and the elevating screw. The iron frame revolves on its
axis M, Fig. 3, upon a wooden frame. By means of the sighting apparatus N
accuracy of projection is ensured. To use the instrument the ball is first
placed in the cup C through the muzzle; by then turning the winch I the
drum F revolves, when, by means of the strap E, the cup C, and also the
bows B' are drawn back the required distance, the stop trigger H retaining
them in position. The winch I being shifted by depressing the handle of the
stop trigger H, the bow is liberated and the ball is projected from the
barrel.
IMPROVEMENTS IN LAMPS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Edward Gedge at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
27th March 1861.-A communication from abroad by Pierre Vanrechen,
of Watou, near Ypres, in the Kingdom of Belgium.
I, WILLIAM EDWARD GEDGE, of the Firm of John Gedge and Son, No. 11,
Wellington Street, Strand, in the County of Middlesex, Patent Agent, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN LAMPS,"
(communicated to me from abroad by Pierre Vanrechen, of Watou, near
Ypres, in the Kingdom of Belgium,) to be as follows:-
These improvements are applicable to most oil lamps, but more especially to
such as are intended to consume mineral or schistic oils. Rising from the
centre of the body of the lamp will be a rod surmounted by a button; surround-
ing this, and descending into a reservoir of oil at the bottom of the body of
the lamp, will be a cylindrical atmospheric tube communicating laterally with
the air, and at this point will be placed obliquely the stopper and opening by
which the reservoir is to be fed; around this tube will be another containing
the wick. Two rings furnished with small teeth, and in connection with a
rack and pinion, will serve to raise and lower the wick. There will also be
another cylindrical tube between the two external cylinders and within the
glass tube, giving access to atmospheric air. By these improvements great
economy of combustible is anticipated while obtaining a clearer flame without
smoke or odour.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CON- STRUCTION OF SWIVELS, HOOKS, OR OTHER SIMILAR CONNECTING INSTRUMENTS FOR CHAINS, JEWELLERY, AND OTHER ARTICLES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Charles Gill at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 9th April
1861.
I, CHARLES GILL, of Newington, in the County of Surrey, Jeweller, do
hereby declare the nature of the Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CON-
STRUCTION OF SWIVELS, HOOKS, OR OTHER SIMILAR CONNECTING INSTRUMENTS FOR
CHAINS, JEWELLERY, AND OTHER ARTICLES, to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in the construction of swivels,
hooks, or other similar connecting instruments for watch or other chains,
jewellery, or for other articles, so as to render them more secure and durable,
and less liable to become unfastened, either by accident or design, and consists,
first, in the application of a locking instrument or bolt for closing the passage
into the eye or loop of a swivel or hook to which a watch or other article is
connected; and, secondly, in an improved method of attaching the swivel ring
to the stems of such swivels, or to watch-keys, or other articles to which swivel
rings are applicable.
In carrying out the first part of my Invention I form the hook or loop
portion of a swivel or other hook for connecting watches to chains, or for other
purposes, as heretofore, and I close up the passage to the interior of the loop
by means of a jointed piece, which is connected at one end by a pin joint to
the stem of the swivel or hook, the other end being formed with an arm or
projection to act as a bolt, which, when closed, passes through a hole or opening
in the end or point of the hook and across the loop, the end of such armı

page_text: entering into a recess in the opposite side, where it is retained by a spring or
split in the arm, and by recesses which act as catches to hold the closing piece
securely in position until withdrawn by force to open the same when required.
Or I arrange the closing piece and the cross bar or arm to move inwards, the
arm having a spiral spring thereon to act on the closing piece. In place of
attaching the swivel ring to such swivels, hooks, watch-keys, or other articles,
by rivetting the top of the stem over a loose collar or washer, as heretofore, I
form the ring with a cap or socket, and the top of the stem has a fixed collar
or head formed thereon, below which a loose collar is placed on the stem of
the same diameter as the fixed head or collar, and of the inner diameter of the
cap on the ring, which is then placed over the stem, and the loose collar is
then fixed or secured to the cap or socket of the ring by pins passed through
the sides of the cap into the loose collar, or by soldering, or by other convenient
means.
Swivels and hooks made as before described, in addition to the purpose
before mentioned, will be found suitable for attaching or connecting sword
sheaths or other military accoutrements, harness, tourists' bags, knapsacks,
pouches, dog chains and collars, and for various other purposes.
IMPROVEMENTS IN MEANS OR APPARATUS FOR GENERATING STEAM
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Joseph Rhodes at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 21st March
1861.
I, JOSEPH RHODES, of Wakefield, in the County of York, Engineer, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MEANS
OR APPARATUS FOR GENERATING STEAM," to be as follows:-
The object of the improvements is to obtain extended heating surface in
connection with boilers, to facilitate the conversion of water into steam. For
this purpose in connection with a boiler, which may be of the ordinary kind,
I apply coils of pipe, one end of such pipe branching out from the lower part
of the boiler, and after passing in coils, rising upwards around the fire-place
and flue under or about the boiler, terminating at its opposite end within the
boiler, some distance above the other end. To facilitate application of such
pipes, as well as their subsequent examination, cleansing, or otherwise, I some-
times form them in several parts, yet acting in each case as one continuous
circuit. By these means a constant circulation of water will be maintained in
the coils of pipe, which will be subject to the direct heat of the fuel under
combustion in the fire-place, as well as to the heat of the products of com-
bustion passing through the flue space under or about the boiler.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN SHIPS' RUDDERS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Ford at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 4th June 1861.
I, JOHN FORD, of Thames Ironworks, Blackwall, in the County of Mid-
dlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN SHIPS' RUDDERS," to bo as follows:-
My Invention consists, firstly, in fitting the bottom of rudders with a
spindle, and in so pivotting them upon a frame or shoc projecting backward
beyond the rudder post that about one-third, more or less, of the rudder
may, when fixed, be in front of a vertical line drawn in a line with the
spindle.
My Invention consists, secondly, in affording protection for the heads of
rudders generally, by passing them through an aperture made in a forging or
forgings, which extend from the water line, or. below it to the deck of the
ship.
IMPROVEMENTS IN VALVES FOR STEAM AND OTHER ENGINES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by David Rollo at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 10th June 1861.
I, DAVID ROLLO, of Liverpool, in the County of Lancaster, Engineer, and
Partner in the Firm of James Jack & Co., of the Victoria Engine Works, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN VALVES
FOR STEAM AND OTHER ENGINES," to be as follows:-
My Invention relates, firstly, to slide valves for reversing the motion of
engines worked by steam or other fluid; and, secondly, to a single rod
arrangement of working the slide valve common to the high and low pressure
cylinder, as combined and patented by James Jack on the 14th October
1859, No. 2345.
The first, or arrangement for reversing, was mainly designed for steam
winches where two cylinders are used, one at each end, with the connections
to the shaft at right angles, in which case the slide valve is placed between
the cylinders and operated by a lever, similar to the ordinary steam cock.
From each side of the valve are two steam pipes to each cylinder, cither of
which can be used as supply or exhaust by a movement of the lever. The
final exhaust is through a pipe under or at the back of the slide valve.
The second, or combined cylinder slide valve, is an arrangement with
passages in the same, which passages may conduct the steam from either side
of the piston in the high-pressure cylinder to either side of the piston in the
low-pressure cylinder, and this by one rod or with one movement.
IMPROVEMENTS IN LIFE BELTS AND SWIMMING BELTS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Henry Johnson at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 11th March
1861. A communication from abroad by Messieurs Torrilhon Verdier
and Company, of Paris, in the Empire of France, Manufacturers.
I, JOHN HENRY JOHNSON, of 47, Lincoln's Inn Fields, in the County of
Middlesex, and of 166, Buchanan Street, in the City of Glasgow, North
Britain, Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN LIFE BELTS AND SWIMMING BELTS," a communication from
abroad by Messieurs Torrilhon Verdier and Company, of Paris, in the Empire
of France, Manufacturers, to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to an improved construction and arrangement of
life belts or safety apparatus and swimming belts to be used for the purpose
of sustaining a person when in the water. This apparatus, which may be
used either as a life preserving belt, or simply as a sustaining medium whilst
learning the art of swimming, consists according to one modification of a
pair of curved pads or cushions stuffed with cotton or other suitable light
and impermeable material, the one pad being fitted to the back of the wearer,
and the other to his chest, and the two held together and tightened to the
figure by a lace and eyelet holes at the sides, under the arms, in combination
with a strap and buckle in front. A shoulder or neck strap is also provided
to prevent the apparatus from slipping down. This apparatus is further
provided with suitable water-tight and buoyant pockets for containing pro-
visions, a drinking flask, a poignard, and a revolver, or other article likely

page_text: to be of use to a person in such a situation. An alarm whistle is also appended
to attract the attention of passing ships, and a lantern and phosphoric lighting
apparatus for the same purpose; suitable floating straps or life lines are
also attached to the apparatus for the purpose of sustaining one or more
additional persons. In place of making this apparatus in two separate parts,
it may be constructed in the form of a jacket, having eyelet holes and a lace
for adjusting it to the figure, and shoulder straps for keeping it in proper
position.
IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPA- RATUS FOR PREPARING AND SPINNING OF COTTON, WOOL, AND OTHER FIBROUS SUBSTANCES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Robert Hoyle, Henry Spencer,
and Thomas Holland, at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with
their Petition, on the 28th February 1861.
We, ROBERT HOYLE, of Bury, in the County of Lancaster, Machinist,
HENRY SPENCER, of Rochdale, in the said County, Agent, and THOMAS
HOLLAND, of Padiham, in the said County, Mule Spinner, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPA-
RATUS FOR PREPARING AND SPINNING OF COTTON, WOOL, AND OTHER FIBROUS
SUBSTANCES," to be as follows:-
The first part of our Invention consists in the rollers and clearers belonging
to the cylinder or cylinders of carding engines, which consists in giving
different speeds to the said rollers and clearers, and to promote better carding
of the material in passing through the same.
Secondly, our improvements in mules consists in applying a grooved shaft
or clearer, and driven at a greater speed than the ordinary under clearer, and
fixed between the latter and the spindles, thereby preventing the yarn from
broken threads lapping round the clearer now used, and keeping the waste
yarn and cotton separate.
Thirdly, our improvements consists in a self-acting apparatus for cleaning
the roller beams of mules, which consists of a cloth or other elastic substance
which
suspended to the roller beams, and being of the full length of the
is connected to the back shaft and receives a motion for cleaning the same.

page_text: Fourthly, our improvements in the throstle spinning frames consists of an
apparatus for cleaning the thread boards, roller beams, and creel boards, to
consist of a traveller of cloth, brush, or other elastic material connected to a
band, which will go round a pulley fixed at each end of the said frame, and to
be driven from the rollers or other geering, or worked by hand from
either end.
Fifthly, our improvements in winding frames consists in the application of
guides or plates of various sizes of spaces for the purpose of better cleaning
the yarn in passing through the same.
A NEW IMPROVED SPRING
Year: 1861

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Perry G. Gardiner, of New York City, in the County
and State of New York, in the United States of America, for the Inven-
tion of "A NEW IMPROVED SPRING."
Sealed the 10th October 1861, and dated the 10th April 1861.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Perry G. Gardiner at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 10th
April 1861.
I, PERRY G. GARDINER, of New York City, in the County and State of
New York, in the United States of America, do hereby declare the nature of
the said Invention for "A NEW IMPROVED SPRING," to be as follows:-
This Invention consists of a combination of steel blades or strips of tempered
steel, bent in different curves or directions, said blades being connected together
at their extremities by pins, so as to act one upon the other in such a manner
as that when in use the end portions of such said blades pressing upon each
other stiffens the springs, and thus adapts them to the load or pressure they are
required to bear or carry. The aforesaid improved spring may either be
formed each of a single blade of steel or each spring may be formed of several
blades, connected together in the usual manner. In all cases the two inner-

page_text: most or main blades are connected together by their ends. The form or shape
of the bend of these plates may either be elliptical or of other form. The
uppermost main blade I propose to form of a regular curve, but the lowermost
main blade I make of a compound curve, that is to say, I form the centre
portion curved in one direction and the ends curved in an opposite direction,
so that when a spring thus formed is in use, the ends only shall gradually press
more or less against the uppermost curved blade, thus shortening the elastic
parts of the two blades or altering the effective length of the spring, and
stiffening the spring in proportion to the weight or pressure thereon; and it
is this peculiar combination of curved plates that constitutes this Invention.
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS USED IN WINDING UP WATCHES, CLOCKS, TIME-PIECES, MUSICAL BOXES, OR TELL-TALES, OR FOR OTHER PURPOSES TO WHICH THE SAME MAY BE APPLICABLE
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Walker Lee at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 4th April
1861.
I, JOHN WALKER LEB, of Crich, in the County of Derby, Wine and
Spirit Agent and Commercial Traveller, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS USED IN WINDING UP WATCHES,
CLOCKS, TIME-PIECES, MUSICAL BOXES, OR TELL-TALES, OR FOR OTHER PURPOSES TO
WHICH THE SAME MAY BE APPLICABLE," to be as follows:-
I employ a steel or other metal pipe, similar to the pipe of a key as usually
made for winding up watches, clocks, or other instruments of similar character
to those above named, and instead of rings and a swivel being secured to the
top of such pipe, I firmly attach one half of a circular disc to the top of the
pipe (the lower end of which fits on to the square of the watch, clock, or other
article). To the half disc I connect a similar half disc, by hingeing the two
together, the disc formed of the two halves being made as thin as is con-
venient. To the under or pipe side of the fast half I attach a spring, which
will force the second half disc into a position at right angles to the first half
disc, when the second half is set free by moving a small stud at the end of a
spring or catch a little on one side, such spring or catch being secured to the
upper side of the fast half. When the two half discs are in such a position
as to form one disc, the top of such disc will lie flush with the inner case of
the watch, clock, or other article to which it belongs, such case or plate having

page_text: the hole through which the key is put on the square made as large as the
disc, so that the disc may freely revolve in the same; or I attach the fast
half of the disc to the square of the winding axle, instead of to a key pipe,
and instead of using a spring or spring catch to release the second half disc,
and force it up into a position for taking hold of to wind up the watch, clock,
or other article, I attach a spring (which forms part of a circle) to the under
side of the two half discs, and make the end of such a form that when the stud
is moved a little sidewise (the stud moving in a slot in the fast half disc) the
end of the spring is moved from under the fast half disc, and forces up the
second half, as above described, retaining it in a position for winding until it
is forced down again, and the stud moved into its original position.
IMPROVEMENTS IN CAPSTANS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Adam Steuart at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 5th April
1861.
I, ADAM STEUART, Captain 1st Administrative Batt". Surrey Rifle Vol., of
144, High Street, Croydon, do hereby declare the nature of the Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN CAPSTANS," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in ships* capstans, and
consists in applying to the pawl ring of a capstan a friction strap, which
embraces the upper part of the said pawl ring, and is capable of being drawn
tightly around the same by a lever, to the outer end of which a tackle is
applied. There is mounted on the deck of the ship, close to the pawl ring of
the capstan, a block a few inches in height, into this a vertical pin is firmly
fixed, and on it a lever is mounted; to the inner end of this lever one
extremity of the friction strap is jointed, the other extremity of the same being
also jointed to the lever, and at a corresponding distance from the centre pin,
but on the other side thereof. One block of the tackle is attached to the
outer end of the lever, and the other to an eye in the deck. The method of
applying the tackle to the lever may however be varied. By hauling on a
rope rove through the blocks the friction strap can be drawn tight around the
pawl ring, and any desired amount of resistance offered to the turning of the
capstan. Thus in running out a cable the speed of the capstan can be checked
to any desired extent, and this without the labor and danger to the men con-

page_text: sequent on checking it in the ordinary manner by walking back with the
capstan bars.
The friction strap is conveniently made in two parts jointed
together; this allows of its being readily unshipped by removing the pin of
the joint.
AN IMPROVEMENT IN MILLS FOR GRINDING
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Pleasant Hart at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with their Petition, on the 17th August
1861.
I, PLEASANT HART, of Hampton Wick, in the County of Middlesex, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVEMENT IN
MILLS FOR GRINDING," to be as follows:-
The object of this Invention is to facilitate the operation of grinding sub-
stances whether in the wet or dry state and economize the power used in
effecting the operation. Hitherto it has been the practice in dressing the face
of the bed stone and the runner to form channels therein with the view of
providing cutting or crushing edges for acting on the material under
operation, and passages for the crushed or ground substance to pass out from
between the operating surfaces. By experiment, however, I have found that
dressing the face of both stones deteriorates the grinding action of the mill,
and is not required to facilitate the discharge of the ground substance from
between the stones. I therefore propose to dress only the runner stone in
any well known or approved manner, and to provide the fixed stone or bed
stone with a smooth or approximately smooth or unchannelled surface. By
this means in contradistinction to the old practice I obtain in millstones of
equal diameters an increased area of operating surface, reduce the cost of
dressing the stones to one-half, and effect an important economy in motive
power.
AN IMPROVED CONSTRUCTION OF KILN FOR BAKING BRICKS, TILES, OR OTHER SIMILAR ARTICLES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Alexander Courtois and Jerome
Ernest do Soulange at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with
their Petition, on the 30th January 1861.
We, ALEXANDER COURTOIS, Architect, and JEROME ERNEST DE SOULANGE,
Gentleman, both of Paris, France, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "AN IMPROVED CONSTRUCTION OF KILN FOR BAKING BRICKS, TILES,
OR OTHER SIMILAR ARTICLES," to be as follows:-
The object of this improved construction of kiln for baking bricks, tiles, or
other similar articles is to economise fuel, and obtain the said articles
thoroughly and equally baked. The kiln is built of brick or other suitable
material, and is lined in the inside with fire-bricks; this inside forms an
ellipsoidal or other suitable vault, the fire-bricks of which are laid so as to
form vertical gutters extending from the sole or bed partly to the top of the
vault, where a suitable draught is created by two or more chimneys. At the
sole, bed or bottom of the vault the bricks are laid, also in such manner as to
form a sort of false grate for allowing the flames from the fuel underneath to
escape through the interstices left between the bricks of this false grate, and
thus reach the raw bricks, tiles, or other materials to be baked, and which are
suitably heaped up on this false grate, underneath which latter, at the required
distance apart, is situated the real grate. The fuel by which the kiln is to be
heated underneath the real fire-grate is situated the ash-pit; the openings for
this latter, and for the fire-grate, are provided with doors. Openings are

page_text: further provided at the required heights in the kiln for filling and emptying
this latter, which openings consequently have suitable fire doors. Draught
holes are also provided for regulating the draught, for which purpose the
chimneys at the top of the kiln have suitable dampers.
IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR RECEIVING AND CONSUMING THE RESIDUES OF CANDLES OR OTHER FATTY OR OLEAGINOUS SUBSTANCES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Sampson Handley at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 24th April
1861.
I, SAMPSON HANDLEY, of Cancel Street, Walworth, in the County of Surrey,
Confectioner, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVED
APPARATUS FOR RECEIVING AND CONSUMING THE RESIDUES OF CANDLES OR OTHER
FATTY OR OLEAGINOUS SUBSTANCES," to be as follows:-
The principal object of my Invention is to receive for consumption the
dropping or gutterings of candles. I make a metal cylinder of convenient
length, and of diameter to fit into the sockets of candlesticks (or the cylinder
can be formed as part of the candlestick). The upper portion of this cylinder
is perforated. Over the cylinder I pass a metal cup or receiver in such wise
that the inner edge of the cup shall be immediately under the holes or per-
forated part of the cylinder, the latter being fitted with a metal disc to support
the candle and the wick when the tallow of the candle is consumed. The
whole of these parts are soldered together. As the candle burns low the wick
inclines towards the top edge of the cylinder, which becomes heated and causes
whatever tallow there is in the cup to melt (and also any fatty matters which
may be deposited therein), the melted fat passes through the holes or perfora-
tions before mentioned, surrounds the wick, and feeds combustion as long as
any residue of the wick remains.
IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM ENGINES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Daniel Spink at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 25th July
1861.
I, DANIEL SPINK, of Eastbourne, in the County of Sussex, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM ENGINES,"
to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object the regulating of the pressure of steam ou
the pistons of steam engines when it is cut off from the boiler, and is effected
in the following manner :-I propose employing a separate vessel or vessels in
connection with the cylinder and steam pipe of the boiler, the pipe having a
valve or valves to cut off the steam in separate vessel or vessels from the
boiler at the beginning of each stroke of the piston. At each end of the
separate vessel is also a regulating valve to admit the steam gradually to press
alternately on either side of the piston, so that if the steam enters the separate
vessel of one-eighth capacity of cylinder, for instance, say, at 25 lbs. pressure,
and then is cut off from the boiler and is allowed to expand through the
entire stroke it has pressure of about 10 lbs. per square inch maintained
throughout every portion of the stroke of the piston in the cylinder, so that
nearly the same effect is produced as would be by cutting off the steam in
the cylinder at one-eighth of the stroke, with the important advantage of an
unvarying pressure throughout. The regulating valves are opened and closed
alternately to allow the steam to enter either end of the cylinder from the

page_text: separato vessel, and are worked by cams or eccentrics, or by any of the usual
means; the size of the separate vessel may vary according to circumstances,
being in some instances of the same or even greater capacity than the
cylinder.
IMPROVEMENTS IN STAMPING, ENDORSING, AND EMBOSSING MACHINES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Turner and Robert Buchanan
Dunnett at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their
Petition, on the 6th August 1861.
We, JOHN TURNER and ROBERT BUCHANAN DUNNETT, of Liverpool, in the
County of Lancaster, Stationers and Printers, do hereby declare the nature of
the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN STAMPING, ENDORSING, AND EMBOSSING
MACHINES," to be as follows:-
Our Invention relates principally to that class of macbines used for stamping,
endorsing, embossing, and printing in inks and colours; when the die receives
the said inks and colours from an absorbent "pad" or cushion at one part of
the stroke, or by movement in one direction, and transfers the impression to
the paper or other fabric placed or resting on another "pad" or cushion at
another part of the stroke, or by a return movement. Our said machines,
however, are also suitable for embossing in relief in connection with a sta-
tionary matrix, or for any other stamping process, and they can be operated
by band, treadle, or motive power.
In constructing these our improved machines we secure near the top of an
ornamental stand or pedestal, of about the usual shape, a stud or pin, to which
we attach a toothed wheel and joint, or hinge a lever; to this lever we secure
other two or more studs or pins to carry an equal number of toothed wheels
left free to revolve on their centres, geared together, and to the fixed wheel,
above referred to, as secured to the stud in the stand or pedestal. To one of

page_text: the wheels free to revolve on their centres, by preference the one furthest
removed from the joint or hinge, we affix an arm to carry the engraved,
embossed, or otherwise ornamented stamp or die.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SAFETY FUZES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Solomon Bickford and George
Smith at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their Petition,
on the 30th September 1861.
We, JOHN SOLOMON BICKFORD and GEORGE SMITH, both of Tucking Mill,
in the Parish of Camborne, in the County of Cornwall, Safety Fuze Manu-
facturers, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SAFETY FUZES," to be as follows:-
The improvement in the manufacture of safety fuzes now claimed as our
Invention is the application of a fibrous coating with or without varnish to a.
metallic fuse. Besides the fuse of Bickford's Invention now in general use,.
and which is composed of a varnished coating of yarn or thread enclosing a
column of gunpowder in its centre, there has been long known what has been
called a metallic fuse, which is a small metal tube filled with gunpowder. But
this fuse, although possessing very important advantages in the incombustible
nature of the metallic coating, and its perfect imperviousness to damp and
water, has altogether failed in practice, because when the metal is made suffi-
ciently thick to resist the action of the tamping and of the tamping bar, the
fuse is too expensive for general use, and even then is liable to fracture in
bending. The present Invention obviates this defect, and renders all the-
advantages of metallic coating practically available.. The small metal tube
filled with gunpowder is enclosed in threads of yarn and countered, and, if
necessary, varnished in the manner of the ordinary Bickford's fuse. By this-

page_text: process it is rendered firm and strong, and forms a perfect fuse for submarine,
blasting, and for military purposes, where great durability and entire resistance
of moisture are essential requisites.
IMPROVEMENTS IN V LOCIPEDES, APPLICABLE ALEO FOR PROPELLING CARRIAGES, BARGES, AND BOATS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Ebenezer Poulson at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 15th February
1861.
I, EBENEZER POULSON, of No. 3, Strathmore Terrace, Shadwell, in the
County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN V LOCIPEDES, APPLICABLE ALEO FOR PROPELLING CARRIAGES,
BARGES, AND BOATS," to be as follows:-
The drawback to the present velocipedes is a want of sufficient power; I
now overcome the present difficulty by giving a much greater power by employ-
ing two levers, one on each side of the velocipede, with a connecting rod from
each lever, and those levers attached to two cranks fixed on the main axle or
shaft of the driving wheel, and these cranks are fixed at right angles, thereby
giving a continuous and greater power to be worked from the end of the
lever, either by manual labor or by steam. This Invention may be applied
to all kinds of carriages, barges, and boats.