Improvements in Earthenware Sewer Pipe Joints.
Year: 1891

page_text: Date of Application, 3rd June, 1891
Complete Specification Left. 18th Feb., 1892-Accepted, 26th Mar.. 1892
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Earthenware Sewer Pipe Joints.
I, ROBERT EWING, Earthenware Pipe Agent Avenue Mansions 16 Shaftesbury
Avenue, Piccadilly Circus, London W. do hereby declare the nature of this
invention to be as follows:--
This invention relates to improvements in the joints and jointing of earthenware
or stoneware sewer pipes, particularly in the kind or class of joint with ordinary
faucet and with shoulder or flange on plain or opposite end of pipe made of the
same material as, and integral with the body of the pipe described in the
Specification of Letters Patent No. 3264 of 1878 granted to Edward Pritchard.
The object of this invention is
1st. To provide an improved form of earthenware or stoneware sewer pipe joint,
which while having an ample internal space or chamber for the luting or grouting
material and affording a double bearing to the spigot or plain end of pipe,-viz.: a
support to it at the bottom and mouth of socket-dispenses with the ring or rib at
the lip of the socket usual in such chambered or grouted joints; thereby diminishing
the difficulties of making a sound joint arising from the collection of sand or dirt in
the recess in the socket necessarily created by the presence of this outer rib or lip.
It is found in practice that as this outer lip in a socket cannot be formed
conveniently by the metal die in the ordinary sanitary tube machine it is usually
moulded on separately and formed of a composition of sulphur sand & tar, which is
generally known to be less durable than earthenware material, and adds so greatly
to the cost of the pipes as to prevent their general use by the public.
2nd. To provide without the moulding on of any such composition, as is used in
the case of what are known as the "Stanford" joints (described in Specification
of Letters Patent No. 4039 of 1873 granted to W. H. C. Stanford) or material
different from that of the body of the earthenware pipe, a joint tightly-fitting or
nearly so, notwithstanding the well known tendency of earthenware or stoneware
pipes to warp" or depart from the cylindrical form in the process of drying &
burning.
"
To this purpose I make the socket of my improved earthenware sewer pipe joint
deeper than that of the ordinary joint & tapering outwards from the bottom to the
lip in two degrees of taper; the inner or bottom taper being more acute than the
outer the point or place of change in the degrees of taper being midway between
the bottom & the lip of the socket, and rounded or bevelled to allow of the easy
passage of the spigot when the end of the one pipe is laid in that of the other ready
for driving home.
On the outside of the spigot end of the pipe there are also two degrees of taper:
the one extending from the extreme end to about the middle of the spigot being
tess acute than the one from the middle of the spigot & widening up to the face of
the external shoulder on the pipe the point or place of change in the degrees of
taper being also bevelled or rounded as in the socket. The face of the external
shoulder on the pipe abuts or nearly so against the end of the socket & is made
concave or recessed to receive & hold the band of clay or other plastic material
and prevent its being washed out especially when the pipes are laid in water.
When the pipes are driven honie the band of clay or other plastic material
laced in the angle at the bottom of the socket, and the band of clay on the face of
he shoulder of the spigot are wedged in the joint: and form a liquid tight chamber
parallel sided or diamond shaped or nearly so.
In order to have the end of the spigot tight-fitting or nearly so in the bottom of

page_text: the socket at the narrowest part, 1 apply a special form of template of iron to the
ends of the pipes immediately before they are placed in the kiln, and, where
necessary, the ends of the pipes are rasped or pared so as to make them fit tightly
in the kiln, & diminish the tendency to warping which is a well known fault with
the ordinary joint; special thickness of material at the external shoulder, &
in front thereof on the spigot end also aiding to keep that end of the pipe
cylindrical.
A second set of templates of similar shape to the above mentioned but of
narrower diameter to meet the contracted state of the pipes is applied to the pipes
after burning and the pipes are rasped or pared again where necessary to make
them fit tightly & accurately.
A short rib is formed longtitudinally on the outer side of the spigot, so that when
the latter is placed in the socket this rib will be on the upper side of the pipe and
between the holes in the socket so as to prevent the luting from passing round
both sides of the pipe at the same time, when poured in one of the holes in the
socket.
ROBERT EWING.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Earthenware Sewer Pipe Joints.
I, ROBERT Ewixa of Avenue Mansions 16 Shaftesbury Avenue Piccadilly
Circus London W.C. Earthenware Pipe Agent, do hereby declare the nature of
this invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following statement:-
This invention relates to improvements in the joints and jointing for earthenware
or stoneware sewer pipes or other purposes, particularly in the kind or class of joint
with ordinary faucet and with external shoulder or flange on the plain or opposite
end of pipe made of the same material as, and integral with, the body of the pipe
described in the Specification of Letters Patent No. 3264 of 1878 granted to
Edward Pritchard.
The object of this invention is:-
1st. To provide an improved form of joint for earthenware or stoneware sewer
pipes or other purposes which while having an ample internal space or chamber
for the luting or grouting material, and affording a double-bearing to the spigot or
plain end of the pipe (viz. a support to it at the bottom and mouth of the socket)
dispenses with the ring or annular rib at the lip of the socket, usual in such
chambered or grouted joints, thereby diminishing the difficulties of making a sound
joint arising from the collection of sand or dirt in the annular recess in the socket
necessarily created by the presence of this outer annular rib or lip. It is found in
practice that as neither this annular recess nor this outer annular lip in a socket
can be formed conveniently by the metal die in an ordinary sanitary tube machine
this recess is usually formed by grooving out a part of, and taking from the original
or normal thickness and strength of the wall of the socket; while the outer lip is
not infrequently moulded on separately, or formed of a composition which is less
durable than earthenware material and adds so greatly to the cost of the pipes as
to hinder their general use by the public.
2nd. To provide without the moulding on of any such compositions of sulphur,
tar and sand as are used in the case of what are known as the "Stanford" joints
(described in Specification of Letters Patent No. 4039 of 1873 granted to
W. H. C. Stanford) or material different from that of the boily of the earthen-
ware pipe a joint closely or evenly fitting especially at the invert or floor of the
tube, notwithstanding the well known tendency of earthenware or stoneware pipes,
ordinarily to warp or depart from the cylindrical form in the process of drying
and burning.

page_text: In order that my invention may be fully understood, and readily carried out I
will describe the same by reference to the accompanying drawings.
Fig. 1 is a longtitudinal section of my improved joint with socket and spigot
slightly tapered.
Fig. 2 is a longtitudinal section of the same joint, but with the sides of the socket
and spigot not tapered as in Fig. 1 but running parallel with the sides of the body
of the pipe.
Fig. 3 is a longtitudinal section of said improved joint with a shoulder near the
end of spigot at M for the placing and holding of the plastic cement instead of in
the socket while the pipes are being laid.
Fig. 4 is a longtitudinal section of the spigot end placed upright, and part of the
plan of the template, showing the manner in which the same is inserted in the end
of the pipe, before being turned round by means of the cross-bar.
Fig. 5 is a longtitudinal section of the socket and showing also template applied.
I make the socket of my improved earthenware sewer pipe joint deeper than that.
of the ordinary joint and tapering outwards from the bottom at A Fig. 1 to the
mouth at B Fig. 1 in two degrees of taper; the inner or bottom taper from A to C
being more acute than tlie outer from D to B; a shoulder being formed between D
and C, the point or place of change in the degrees of taper, near the bottom of the
socket, and rounded or sloped to allow of the casy passage of the spigot into the
narrow part thus formed in the socket when the end of the one pipe is laid in that
of the other ready for driving home.
On the outside of the spigot-end of the pipe there are also two degrees of taper;
the one extending along the greater part of the length, from the extreme end of the
spigot at E Fig. 1 being less acute than the one widening up from G to the face of
the external flange | Fig. 1 on the pipe; a shoulder being formed between F
and G, the point or place of change in the degrees of taper, and rounded or sloped
as in the socket.
Where the character of the clay or other material of which the pipe is formed
will permit of it I dispense with the tapering above referred to in Fig. 1 on the
sides of the spigot and socket and make the same parallel with the sides of the body
of the pipe as in Fig. 2.
The face of the external shoulder or flange on the pipe at H Figs. 1, 2 & 3 abuts
or nearly so against the end of the socket at I and is made slightly concave or recessed
as in Fig. 1 or deeply scored as in Figs. 2 & 3 to receive and hold the band of clay
or other plastic material, and prevent its being washed out especially when the
pipes are laid in water.
When the pipes are driven home the band of clay or other plastic material placed
in the angle at the bottom of the socket, which is also slightly recessed or scored as
at J Figs. 12 & 3, and the band of clay or plastic cement placed on the face of the
Hange of the spigot at H Figs. 1 2 & 3 are wedged in the joint, and form a liquid-
tight chamber parallel sided, or diamond shaped or nearly so as shown at K
Figs. 1, 2, & 3.
Where the dressing of the plastic cement in the socket is liable to be washed out
by the passage of water through the pipes during the process of laying, a small
shoulder is formed near the end of the spigot as at M Fig. 3 on which plastic or
other suitable material may be applied instead of in the socket; and to abut against
the mouth of the narrow part of the socket at C Fig. 3.
In order to have the end of the spigot fitting accurately and closely in the
bottom of the socket at the narrowest part I apply a special form of template of
wood or iron as at N Figs. 4 & 5 to the ends of the pipes after they are quite dry
and immediately before they are placed in the kiln, and where necessary the ends
of the pipes are rasped or pared. Letter O Figs. 4 & 5 is the cross-bar by which
the templates, projecting downwards from each end of said bar are turned round,
with slight play inside the end of the pipe.
By these means earthenware pipes may be "set" in the kiln fitting so closely in

page_text: the ends as to diminish the tendency to warping from which arise many well known
defects in the ordinary carthenware tube joint.
The special thickness of material at the external flange at H and in front thereof
on the spigot end also helps to keep that end cylindrical, and moreover prevents
the glaze from passing into the interior of the joint when in the kiln.
A second set of templates of similar shape to the above-mentioned, but of narrower
diameter to meet the contracted state of the pipes is applied to the pipes after
burning, and they are rasped or pared again where necessary to make them fit
closely and accurately especially where the spigot enters the narrow part of the
socket at A Fig. 1.
A short rib is formed longtitudinally on the outer side of the spigot, or along the
wall of the socket, and so placed as to come mid-way between the two holes in the
socket, and act as a barrier to prevent the liquid cement or other luting passing
round both sides of the joint at the same time, when the luting is poured in one of
the holes at L Figs. 12 & 3 in the socket. The outlines of this rib or barrier are
shown by dots in the chamber K Figs. 1, 2, & 3.
Having now described the nature of my said invention, and the manner of
performing the same I claim
(1.) The particular form of spigot and faucet joint, with the end of spigot
bearing directly on a rounded or bevelled annular shoulder, of the same material
as, and integral with the body of the pipe, at the bottom or inner end of an
extended socket; and with the spigot, having at its base, in front of an external,
recessed or scored flange, a rounded or bevelled annular shoulder of the same
material as, and integral with the body of the pipe, resting directly upon and inside
the socket mouth, which is flat or without outer shoulder or annular lip, sub-
stantially as and for the purposes set forth in the accompanying Specification and
drawings.
2. The rib of the same material as the body of the pipe, so placed longtitudinally
on the outside of the spigot or inside the socket as to form a barrier in the chamber
of the joint, midway between the two holes by which the luting is poured into the
socket.
Dated this Seventeenth day of February 1892.