Improvements in Internal Combustion "Heat" Engines.
Year: 1887

page_text: Date of Application, 20th Jan., 1887
Complete Left, 20th Oct., 1887
Complete Accepted, 29th Nov., 1887
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Internal Combustion "Heat" Engines.
I, HAROLD HERON HOSACK, of 77 Hatherley Street, Liverpool, in the County of
Lancaster, Engineer do hereby declare the nature of my said invention to be as
follows:-
My Invention relates more particularly to that class of motive power engines
operated by the combustion of a combustible mixture of air and gaseous, or liquid
fuel within a cylinder, or combustion chamber, or in connection with such engine ;
in which a non conducting, or hot ended cylinder, or cylinders is, or are used.
Prior to this Invention it has been proposed and is the practice in the working of
engines operated by the internal combustion of air and gaseous, or liquid fuel to
introduce into the cylinder, or combustion chamber a combustible mixture prior to
ignition.
In some cases the combustible mixture is drawn into the cylinder, or cylinders by
the outward stroke of the piston and compressed on the return stroke when it is
ignited and forces out the piston, the next return stroke being used to expel the
products of combustion. This completed the cycle of operations. In the above types
of engines the cylinder is artificially cooled by water, or air, or other means.-This
method of working is not applicable however for adoption in engines constructed with
non conducting, or hot ended cylinders, or combustion chambers, inasmuch as the
combustible charge would in such a case be liable to premature ignitions and ineffective
working.
In engines which are arranged to operate with one effective stroke in four (in a
single acting engine) and one of such being used to expel positively the great part
of the products of combustion, and to obviate the above described defects, I according
to my Invention introduce the air and the fuel separately in such a manner that
premature explosions will not take place. This may be conveniently effected by first
introducing the air or air and fuel in an incombustible mixture into the cylinder, or
cylinders, or combustion chamber, or chambers and subsequently introducing at, or
about the time, or point of ignition a charge of fuel which renders the whole mixture
in the cylinder, or combustion chamber combustible.

page_text: The air may be introduced by the piston itself, or by a separate pump, the gaseous
or liquid fuel being introduced by pressure. The fuel from the pump may be partly
admitted to the cylinder before the compression of the working piston, thus making
in the cylinder an incombustible charge, and near, or at the end of the compression
stroke, the remainder of the fuel is introduced and the charge rendered combustible.
I prefer to introduce the air, or portion of the air, into the cylinder, or cylinders
behind the piston, when at, or near the outer end of its stroke. By this incans I
facilitate the expulsion of the products of combustion.
When working on the above specified cycle a valve is provided for the inlet of
the air, or an incombustible mixture of air and fuel drawn in one stroke by the
outgoing piston.
would have it understood that I do not confine the whole of this Invention
solely to engines working as above set forth, as it is in part applicable to engines of
different types and working with different cycles.
To govern, or control gaseous, or liquid fuel engines in which the fuel is introduced
by a pump provide means for allowing the fuel when drawn into the pump to
return into the supply duct, or main. This may be effected by suitably connecting
the governor to the pump admission valve, or a separate valve, or it may be governed
by a valve operated by the governor which will either admit gas, or air to the pump
as required.
Dated this 17th day of January 1887.

page_text: COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Internal Combustion Heat Engines.
1, HAROLD HERON HOSACK, of 77 Hatherley Street, Liverpool, in the County of
Lancaster, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of my said invention and in
what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement :—
My Invention relates to that class of motive power engines operated by the
combustion of a combustible mixture of air and gaseous, or liquid fuel in a vaporous,
or comminuted state within a cylinder, or combustion chamber, or in connection with
such engine; such engines having a non conducting, or hot ended cylinder, or
cylinders, or cooled cylinders.
Prior to this Invention it has been proposed and is the practice in the working of
engines operated by the internal combustion of air and gaseous, or liquid fuel to
introduce into the cylinder, or combustion chamber a combustible mixture prior to
compression.
In some cases the combustible mixture is drawn into the cylinder, or cylinders by
the outward stroke of the piston and compressed on the return stroke when it is
ignited and forces out the piston, the next return stroke being used to expel the
products of combustion. This completed the cycle of operations. In the above
types of engines the cylinder is artificially cooled by water, or air, or other means.
This method of working is not applicable however for adoption in engines constructed
with non conducting, or hot ended cylinders, or combustion chambers inasmuch as
the combustible charge would in such a case be prematurely ignited and would
therefore cause ineffective working. These premature ignitions also occur in cooled
cylinders.
In engines of the type just described, namely those which are arranged to operate
with one effective stroke in four (in a single acting engine) and one of such being
used to expel positively the greater part of the products of combustion, to obviate
the above described defects, I, according to my Invention, introduce the air and the
fuel separately, in such a manner that premature explosions will not take place. This
may be effected by first introducing the air, or air and fuel in an incombustible
mixture into the cylinder, or cylinders, or combustion chamber, or chambers and
subsequently introducing at, or about the time, or point of ignition a charge of
fuel, which renders the whole mixture in the cylinder, or combustion chamber
combustible.
The
The air may be introduced by the piston itself, or by a separate pump.
gaseous or liquid fuel being introduced by pressure. The fuel from the pump may
be partly admitted to the cylinder before compression by the working piston thus
making in the cylinder an incombustible charge and near, or at the end of the
compression stroke the remainder of the fuel is introduced and the charge rendered
combustible.
I prefer to introduce a portion of the air into the cylinder, or cylinders behind the

page_text: piston when at, or near the outer end of its stroke. By this means I facilitate the
expulsion of all the products of combustion, thereby obtaining a pure charge of air
and gas within the cylinder.
When working on the above specified cycle a valve is provided for the inlet of the
air (or an incombustible mixture of air and fuel) drawn in one stroke by the outgoing
piston.
To govern, or control gaseous, or liquid fuel engines in which the fuel is introduced
by a pump, I provide means for allowing the fuel when drawn into the pump to
return into the supply duct, or main. This may be effected by suitably connecting
the governor to the pump admission valve, or a separate valve or it may be governed
by a valve operated by the governor which will either admit gas, or air to the pump
as required.
An example of engine provided with the Improvements according to this Invention
is illustrated in the accompanying sheets of Drawings of which the following is an
explanation.
Figure 1 is a sectional side elevation of the engine, and
Figure 2 is a front sectional elevation of same.
Figure 3 is a plan at X X Figure 1.
Figure 4 is a detail of the ignition valve, and
Figures 5, 6 and 7, are respectively plan, elevation and side view of the exhaust
valve and ignition valve operating mechanism.
The engine herein illustrated is of that type in which the cylinder is maintained in
a cool condition by water lining it, but by adding to the cylinder a "hot end," and
elongating the piston thereof as in the Specification of Patent No. 13623 A.D. 1885
granted to E. R. Royston, or Patent No. 3010 A.D. 1886 granted to G. F. Deacon,
the engine can be converted into what is known as a "hot ended cylinder type." This
type of engine is well known, and I will therefore make no further reference to it.
The example of engine herein given is arranged to work with one effective stroke
in four.
A is the cylinder of the engine having water jacket a. B is the piston. C is a
casing enclosing the connecting rod D and the crank E and constitutes an air
reservoir, having the air inlet valve d. F is the gas pump worked by the spur
wheel which is driven by a spur wheel g₁ of half its diameter upon the crank
H designates the exhaust valve worked by the bell crank lever h, which is
operated by the cam projection formed upon the spur wheel g; and I is the
ignition valve of the well known heated tube type, worked from the lever i which is
operated by the cam projection formed upon the spur wheel g. J is the air inlet
valve to the cylinder.
shaft e.
The gas pump F is provided with a suction valve f and a delivery valve f. The
valve is an ordinary lift valve and forms the gas governing valve; namely, when
the engine runs above its normal speed the lever k of the governor K keeps the
valve open and so upon the compression stroke of the pump the gas is forced back
into the gas main and not into the cylinder. The delivery valve is kept upon its
seat by a spring 2 of sufficient strength to prevent any gas entering the cylinder
from the pump until it is compressed to say, one atmosphere, or 15 pounds. The
pump may be arranged to inject all the gas into the cylinder, so as to render the
charge combustible, just before the compression stroke of the piston B is terminated
or at any other moment that may be desired. In the compression stroke of the
piston B besides compressing the air, or air and gas as the case may be within the
combustion chamber of the cylinder A air is introduced through the valve d. In
the next outstroke of the piston the charge is ignited and presses forward the piston,
simultaneously compressing the air within the reservoir C. Just before the termination
of this outward stroke the pressure of the gases of combustion within the cylinder
is released by the opening of the exhaust valve H but when the piston has reached
its termination, the ports l'are uncovered and the air compressed within the reservoir C,
say to lbs. escapes through these ports into the cylinder and expels a large
portion of the remaining products of combustion from the cylinder. It will be seen

page_text: the piston is constructed so as to direct the air and to diminish mixing of air and
gaseous products as far as possible. Having thus got rid of a portion of the gaseous
products, the remainder is expelled by the return stroke of the piston (which also
introduces air into the reservoir C). Consequently the whole space in the cylinder
and combustion chamber is occupied with pure air and during the next outstroke of
the piston further pure air is drawn in through the valve J. By this means of
expelling the products of combustion and introducing air there will be in the cylinder
when the gas is introduced nothing but pure air and gas, that is to say there will be
an entire absence of products of combustion. The effect of the absence of products
of combustion is that a more perfect combustion and a "higher diagram" is obtained,
than in engines in which a proportion of products of combustion remain in the
cylinder for a given quantity of gas used.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
Invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, I would have it
understood that I do not confine the whole of this Invention to engines working
particularly as above set forth as it is in part applicable to engines working upon
different cycles, but what I claim is :-
First. In internal combustion heat engines effecting the expulsion of the whole of
the products of combustion as described, by (1) causing a body of air to enter the
cylinder behind the piston at the outer end of its stroke, and force out a portion of
the products of combustion through the exhaust port at the opposite end of the
cylinder, and (2) then expelling the remaining products of combustion by the return,
or next inward stroke of the piston as, or substantially as set forth.
Second. In internal combustion heat engines the cycle of working herein described
consisting of
1. The effective forward stroke in which the gases are ignited on one side of the
piston and press it forward; the other side of the piston compressing air,
into a reservoir, which is released at the outer end of its stroke and forces
out some of the products of combustion.
2. The first instroke in which the remaining products of combustion are expelled
by the piston.
3. The second forward stroke in which air is introduced into the cylinder.
4. The second instroke in which the air is compressed and gas, or vapour
separately forced into the air rendering the charge combustible; all substantially
as described.
Third. The herein described mode of governing the supply of fuel to internal
combustion heat engines, in which a gas pump is employed which mode consists in
causing the supply valve to the gas pump to be kept open during the compression
stroke of the plunger, or piston of such pump, by the governor whereby the gas is
forced back into the supply duct, or main substantially as and for the purposes
set forth.
Fourth. The construction of engine herein described and shown comprising the
cylinder A, piston B air reservoir C, crank E connecting rod D and gas pump F
arranged and operating substantially as set forth.
Dated this 19th day of October 1887