IMPROVEMENTS IN MARINE VESSELS, IN APPARATUS PRESERVATION OF HUMAN LIFE, AND IN MOULDING, JOINING, AND FINISHING HOLW AND SOLID FIGURES COMPOSED WHOLLY OR IN PART OF
Year: 1849

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, EDWARD
JOHN PAYNE, of Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex,
greeting.
send
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Seventh day of June, in the
twelfth year of Her reign, did give and grant unto me, the said Edward John
Payne, my exors, adñiors, and assigns, Her special licence, full power, sole,
privilege and authority, that I, the said Edward John Payne, my exors,
admors, and assigns, and such others as I, the said Edward John Payne, my
exors, admors, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others,
from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term of years therein
mentioned, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within
that part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland called England,
Her Dominion of Wales, and Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and also in. the
Islands of Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney, Sark, and Man, and in all Her Colonies
and Plantations abroad, the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MARINE VESSELS,
IN APPARATUS
PRESERVATION OF HUMAN LIFE, AND IN MOULDING, JOINING,
AND FINISHING HOLW AND SOLID FIGURES COMPOSED WHOLLY OR IN PART OF

page_text: CERTAIN GUMS OR COMBINATIONS OF CERTAIN GUMS, ALSO FOR IMPROVEMENTS IN DIS-
SOLVING THE AFORESAID GUMS, AND IN APPARATUS OR MACHINERY TO BE USED FOR
THE PURPOSES ABOVE MENTIONED;" in which said Letters Patent there is con-
tained a proviso, requiring that I, the said Edward John Payne, shall par-
ticularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, by an instrument in writing under my
hand and seal, to be inrolled in Her said Majesty's High Court of Chancery
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
in part recited Letters Patent, as, reference being thereunto had, will more
fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance, with the said proviso, I, the said
Edward John Payne, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention,
and the manner in which the same is to be performed, is particularly described
and ascertained in and by this present instrument in writing, as follows, that
is to say:
The Invention relates, firstly, to a mode of constructing a boat or buoyant
vessel to be employed as a life boat for the preservation of human life, and
for other purposes, and also to the use of certain materials of which such boat
or vessel is constructed.
Secondly, to a method of moulding, joining, and finishing hollow or solid
figures which are composed of gutta percha or its compounds with other gums
or substances, and to the construction of the apparatus employed therefor.
Thirdly, to the manufacturing of liquids to be employed as waterproofing
paints or varnishes, by compounding gutta percha, india-rubber, guinmy copal,
gumy damar, resin, shellac, tar, pitch, linseed oil, sugar of lead, white of
lead, litharge, alum, and spirits of turpentine.
.
Sheet A, Fig. 1, 'represents an elevation, Fig. 2, a plan, and Fig. 3 a
transverse section, of a life boat or vessel of about the following dimensions,
videlicet, thirty-five feet. in length, and tén feet in breadth amidships. At
about five feet from the stem there is an open space of about fifteen feet 'in
length by about two feet in width, as shewn at-a; this space is provided with
seats b, b, and is intended for the reception of the 'rowers. At-the-after end of
this opening, at the distance of about twenty to twenty-five feet from the stem
of the boat, is a space' c, c, extending across the whole width of 'the boat, and
enclosed upon the upper sides; within this space are three openings, the after
one d being about four feet wide by two feet in length, and the others e, e,
each about two feet and three quarters wide and two feet and one-third in
length; these two last are separated from each other at a distance of about
three feet by an air-tight compartment f;. the other portions of the space c, c

page_text: are alike made air-tight. At the after part of the space c, c, is another open-
ing in the middle of the breadth of the vessel at g; this opening is about two
feet and three quarters in width and three feet in length, partially surrounded
with air-tight compartments; the other portions of the boat, as h, h, h, and i, i, i,
being also formed of a series of air-tight compartments, or constructed of gutta
percha tubing, placed either in longitudinal or perpendicular positions, and the
tubing being either round or hexagonal. The whole depth of the boat at the
centre of keel line is about three feet, and at the sides about ten inches, so
that the tops of the air-tight compartments h, h, h, and i, i, i, which, form like-,
wise the top of the boat, slope or curve downwards from the centre line to the
sides. The space c, c, in the boat is intended for the reception of other persons
than the rowers, who occupy the seats b, b; the compartments around the open-.
ing g will likewise carry persons, and all the open spaces through the bottom
of the boat except the opening d are provided with gratings at the bottom, for
the purpose of allowing the water which may be washed in to escape out;
the opening d is not provided with a grating as the other openings are, this
is left entirely open for the purpose of allowing any person who may get under
the bottom of the boat to be drawn up into the boat; the bottom of the boat
is of a slightly curved form, being a segment of a circle of about forty feet
radius; the keel 7 of the boat is to be made either of iron rod or of metal
tubing, or of other proper and suitable materials, and upon this keel at suitable
distances asunder are secured the ribs or arms m, m; the ribs are secured o
a tube or barn, which passes around the boat; the ribs m, m, after passing
upwards over the top of the boat have their ends terminated so as to form the
rowlocks, and which are likewise all secured together by the two longitudinal
bars or tubes 0, 0, the ends of which are secured at the stem to the bar or
tube which passes around the boat, thus together forming a light and
efficient framing. The seats b, b, are attached to the keel, into which the
standards which support them are secured, the other seats in the boat, namely,.
those intended for others than the rowers, are formed by the tops of the air-
tight compartments around the openings. The air-tight compartments of.
which the life boat is constructed' are to be formed of sheets or plates of gutta
percha, or of gutta percha combined with india-rubber, and the mode of pre-.
paring these sheets or plates is as follows:-If gutta percha alone is employed,
then the mode of preparation will be that as herein-after described in' that part
of this Specification which describes the second part, of the Invention. If gutta
percha combined with india-rubber be the material used, then a sheet of india-
rubber of the required thickness is placed upon the lower plate of the press.
Fig. 5, the construction of which will be, berein-after described in the second,

page_text: part of this Specification. Whilst the sheet of india-rubber is upon the plate
of the press, an iron roller, Fig. 6, heated to a red heat is passed over the
surface of the sheet, and a similar sheet of gutta perchn is laid upon another
plate, and similarly heated by the hot roller; the sheet of gutta percha is then
laid upon the sheet of india-rubber (the heated surfaces together), and then
submitted to the action of the press, which should exert upon the sheets a
force of at least three hundredweight per square foot for a space of two or
three minutes. If it is considered requisite to increase the strength of the
combined sheet, large meshed wire netting may be introduced between the
sheets previous to their being combined together, the wire webbing being
heated to about 120° Fahrenheit previous to its introduction. Should it be
desirable to introduce the wire webbing to the sheets when formed of gutta
percha alone, then two sheets of the substance are to be employed, proceeding
as in the manner before described. The sheets are afterwards cut and formed
into the shapes required to form the compartments, and those forming the
interior divisions of the compartments are provided with flanges, by which
they are to be attached, and secured to the other parts by metal screws and
nuts with thin washers under them. The surfaces of the flanges and of the
adjoining parts to which they are to be attached being previously heated by
the application of a hot iron to cause them to adhere, and after being screwed
up, the heads and nuts are to be covered with a thick coat of varnish, the
composition of which will be hereafter described.
The second part of the Invention has reference to moulding, joining, and
finishing hollow and solid figures composed wholly or in part of certain gums
or combinations of certain gums, with the apparatus employed in the same.
First, I take gutta percha in the state in which it is imported and reduce it
to small scraps by means of saws, choppers, knives, masticators, or shears, the
kettle is then half filled with these scraps; I then pour in water until the
kettle is filled within six inches of the top, and to this I add from five to ten
per cent. (according to circumstances) of the quantity of water of common
salt, and from 2 to 5 per cent. of the oil of vitrol (acid. sulph.). The whole
is then boiled for one hour with the lid closed; after this the lid is raised and
the mixture taken out with a ladle.
. I will now describe the kettle, which may be made of iron or copper, and
be either bricked in, as shewn in the Drawing Sheet B, Fig. i, and heated by
introducing. a steam pipe, or it may be so constructed as to be heated by fire
underneath; the size of the kettle may of course vary according to circum-
stances; but the size I find most convenient is five feet diameter at the top,
diminishing to three feet six inches at bottom, and two feet high; it must be

page_text: furnished with a lid, which may be raised either by hand or by a pulley. The
ladle,. Fig. 2, may be made of metal of any convenient size; it has a rim
half an inch in height, and the bottom is perforated like a sieve to allow the
water to run from the mixture while taking it out. The compound when.
boiled is then carried to a press, as shewn in Fig. 3; this press should be con-
structed on the principle of a common cheese press, as far as regards those
parts by which the pressure is given, and by which means a continuous pres-
sure may be obtained. This pressure is employed upon two highly polished:
iron plates, 3 feet X 2 feet, as shewn in the Drawing. The lower plate has.
a rim of any height that may be required, which regulates the thickness of
the cakes to be compressed; the size of these plates may vary according to
the quantity of stuff required to be manufactured. The lower plate rests on
four small wheels or rollers which run upon rails D, E, and F, G; these rails
are fixed at D and F on hinges, whilst E and G rest on an axle, which may
be raised or lowered by a lever, as shewn in Drawing C. When the axle is
down the rails sink slightly into the bottom of the press, and the lower plate
ceases to rest upon the wheels, but will be flat in the bottom of the press.
Again, when the axle is raised the rails will raise the wheels, lift the plates, and
rising at the points E and G higher than at D and F, will cause the plates
to slide down the inclined rails into the part marked H, whence they are.
removed by the workmen. The iron plates must be wiped with a flannel soaked
in cold soapy water each time before the compound is to be pressed. A power
of about three hundredweight per square foot of the plates will compress the
compound into the form of a flat cake; this pressure must be continued for
two or three minutes, when the cake is taken out and left to dry; it is then
brushed. This brush must be the shape of a common clothes brush, but instead
of bristles have strong steel wires, one inch in length and blunt at the ends.
This mode of brushing brings out all impurities from the cake which may
have been left in it after the process of boiling. To increase the strength
and toughness of the material, after having been cleaned it should next be
subjected to one or both of the following processes, or any other similar
process: Firstly, the cake may be passed in a pliable state (for which purpose
it must be slightly warmed) over an anvil and submitted to the action of
hammers striking very quick blows, see Fig. 4; or, secondly, the cake may be
passed in a soft state between a pair of flanged rollers, by means of which it
is cut either longitudinally or transversely into a number of thin strips (see
Fig. 5); the more it is cut up the better. These strips are then laid side by
side lengthways and again boiled until they slightly adhere in one mass, when
the whole is fixed between two wheels turning in opposite directions, by which..

page_text: means they are twisted like a rope; this is again boiled until it becomes quite
soft; it is then pressed out into flat cakes. If wire web is to be introduced
.between the cakes it must be done as described in the first part of this Speci-
cation. The process of brushing may now be repeated or not, and the plates
may then be cut up to suit the size of the moulds either for hollow or solid
.forms. The next process is the moulding in making either solid or hollow
figures; but as the moulding of the solid figures may be done either by forcing
a die into the compound, or by the compound being pressed in an open mould,
.or by its being pressed between two, three, or more dies, a description of these
operations is unnecessary, as they are well known, and used in other manu-
.factures. And I shall now proceed to describe the making of hollow forms, and
give as an example the method of moulding and joining a hollow figure, such
as a child's doll. After the cake has been cut into pieces of the size required
for moulding a figure, one of these pieces is thrown into each compartment of
the boiler, Fig. 6. This boiler is of the form of an oblong box with ten or
more equal compartments, and is made of. iron or copper for moulding figures
of about one foot to two feet ten inches in length; the oblong boiler should
be about one foot in depth, and each compartment three feet long by two feet
broad. These dimensions will vary according to circumstances. The bottom
of each compartment inclines slightly towards the middle of the boiler to
allow the water to fall towards the holes in the centre, to each of which holes
is attached the end of a pipe, making in all ten pipes. These may be united
.to one large pipe beneath the boiler, which may be shut or opened by means
of a cock to allow the water to run out of the boiler; in addition to this,
each compartment is provided with a steam pipe and cock and a separate
cover. When the cakes or sheets of the compound in the compartments are
in a soft state they are ready for the moulds. The moulds for each figure
consist of at least four pieces, and to distinguish them I term them,-a, "the
front mould," shewing the front half of the figure sunk into it; b, "the front
core," a die, upon which the front half of the figure is raised in bas relief.
These two parts must exactly fit at the edges,. but leaving a certain space
between the raised and sunk figures, according the thickness required to be
filled by the compound to be moulded. One of these moulds must have lugs
fitting into holes in the other to keep them firm in their places while in use.
c, the back mould, in which the back half of the figure is sunk; d, the back
core, upon which the back of the figure is raised; these two moulds must also
fit in the same, manner as the front moulds. The front mould a and the back
mould c must also fit accurately, therefore if the front mould a has lugs the
back mould c must have holes, or "vice versa." When these two moulds are

page_text: closely fitted together they must give exactly the form of the figure, hollow
inside, as the two shells of a walnut when empty leave the precise size and
form of the kernel. The thickness of the mould in any part should not be
less than half an inch. The blocks of metal for each mould should be about
two and a half inches in depth for a figure twelve inches in height. The.
moulds may be made of brass, iron, or zinc; if necessary portions of figures
may be cast separately, for instance, the body and head of a figure, but in this
case every separate piece requires a complete set of four moulds; each mould
should have handles at the ends, and the outer sides of the moulds must be
perpendicular to withstand the pressure. Before using the moulds they should
be slightly heated to about 75° Fahrenheit, and then wetted with soapy water,
they are then to be laid side by side ready to receive the boiling plates or
cakes, which are taken from the boiler by means of a spoon or ladle, Fig. 7,
perforated to allow the water to escape, and put into the front mould a,
covering every portion of the sunken figure. The front core 6 is then quickly
fitted in, and the whole is put under a press of the same description as before
described, but exerting a pressure of half a ton for a twelve-inch figure, and
larger in proportion. The moulds are left under the press for two or three
minutes and then removed, when the same process is gone through with the
back pair of moulds c and d to form the back of the figure. Some qualities
of gutta percha require cooling by immersing the moulds in cold water as
they come from the press; others can be taken from the moulds directly,
having cooled sufficiently during the process of pressing; as this depends
entirely on the quality of the compound, no rule can be given when these
operations have been performed. In removing the moulds two shells will
have been formed, one the front, the other the back half of the whole figure:
Each of these shells will be encircled by a flat rim half an inch broad, caused
by the rim of the moulds; this must be cut away all round to one-eighth of
an_inch_from_the-outline-of-the figure. In joining these two shells into a
hollow figure only the front mould a and the back mould c are used; these are
laid side by side, and in each the corresponding half figure is refitted tightly;
an iron, the shape of a common hearter for an Italian iron, but fixed to a landle
in the centre, Fig. 8, three inches long and three quarters to one inch
diameter in the middle, is then made red hot and drawn along the remainder
of the flat rim (above described as adhering to the outline of the figure) and
along the inner edge of the figure itself; this is done with both halves of the
figure, particular care being taken that every part of the rim and edge is
touched. The moulds are then fitted together and left under the press for
two or three minutes. Upon opening the moulds the figure will be found

page_text: completely jointed, but still encircled by a small rim, which must be cut off
close to the outline of the figure without injuring the form, and which may
be done with a strong small-bladed knife, exceedingly sharp, and any little
irregularity that may remain can be smoothed with the hot iron. The figure
is then completed ready for painting.
The third part of the Invention has reference to the manufacturing of
liquids to be employed as waterproofing paints and varnishes, by compounding
gutta percha, india-rubber, gummy copal, gummy damar, resin, shellac, tar,
pitch, linseed oil, sugar of lead, white of lead, litharge, alum, and spirits of
turpentine.
The gutta percha in the state in which it is imported is taken and reduced
by knives or other means to small particles, and then placed within the kettle,
Fig. 10, and submitted to the action of heat; the quantity put into the
kettle at any one time should not exceed one-third the cubic contents of the
kettle. A pipe provided with a stop-cock is attached to the middle of
the bottom of the kettle, and should be protected from the direct action
of the fire by a coating of clay within a metal casing. The kettle is provided
with a lid or cover, which can be raised and lowered by a chain and pulley
above it. A crane or other means should be provided for placing the kettle.
into and removing it from the oven when required. To the gutta percha in
the kettle gummy copal and linseed oil are to be added, in the proportion of
three ounces of gummy copal and half a pound of linseed oil to one pound
weight of the gutta percha, and the whole well incorporated together, being
frequently stirred, which will take about one hour's time; at the end of this
time, and when they are fully combined, eight ounces of sugar of lead to
each pound of gutta percha are to be added and well stirred to incorporate
it; when well combined, the kettle to be removed from the furnace and spirits
of turpentine in small quantities is to be added, the quantity of spirits of
turpentine being two pounds of turpentine to one pound of gutta percha;
when mixed, the cock at the bottom of the kettle is to be opened and the
hot compound allowed to run into a press, similar to a tincture press, the
cylinder of which is to be covered by a casing filled with hot sand. By
the operation of the press the liquid varnish will be extracted and run into a
reservoir, the refuse solid matters being left in the press.
The first of the compositions is compounded of the following materials in
about the following proportions:-Gutta percha, one hundred pounds weight;
gummy copal, eighteen pounds twelve ounces; linseed oil, fifty pounds; sugar of
lead, twenty-five pounds; spirits of turpentine, two hundred pounds. The second
compound is formed of about, india-rubber, fifty pounds; gutta percha, one

page_text: hundred pounds; gummy copal, thirty pounds; gummy damar, seventy pounds;
linseed oil, one hundred and fifty pounds; sugar of lead, seventy-five pounds;
spirits of turpentine, five hundred pounds. The third compound, in the pro-
portion of india-rubber, one hundred pounds; gummy copal, twenty-five pounds;
linseed oil, seventy-five pounds; sugar of lead, twenty-five pounds; and spirits of
turpentine, two hundred pounds. The fourth compound, india-rubber, one
hundred pounds; gutta percha, two hundred pounds; gummy damar, one
hundred and twelve and a half pounds; linseed oil, two hundred and thirty-five
pounds; sugar of lead, sixty-two and a half pounds; and spirits of terpentine, six
hundred pounds. In any of the compounds wherein india-rubber is employed
combined with gutta percha, the india-rubber is to be placed first in the kettle
with the gummy copal and linseed oil, the gutta percha is then added when
the india-rubber is on the point of being dissolved; and when gummy damar
is employed it is added when the india-rubber and gutta percha are on the
point of being dissolved, gummy copal being always introduced first. The
compound No. 1 is what is proposed to be employed in the preparation of
the colours to be given to dolls and other like articles of gutta percha, the
colors being mixed with the compound by passing the compound and colors
together through an ordinary oil color mill. The quantity of color will always
depend upon the degree of tint required and the purposes to which it is to be
applied; but as a general rule the quantity of the compound should be at least
equal to that of the colouring matter. The colour of the compound being a
light brown, it will consequently darken all light colors mixed with it, there-
fore if a light shade of color be required white is to be combined with it to
produce the tint; this white may be white lead or zinc white, which latter is
the best to withstand the action of the atmosphere. The colours will dry by
the evaporation of the linseed oil and the spirits of turpentine, therefore to
again soften them fit for use I employ the following compound to combine
with them, to renew them to the proper consistence Linseed oil, twenty-five
pounds, boiled with sugar of lead, twelve and a half pounds; to which is added
spirits of turpentine, one hundred pounds. The application of these colors or
varnishes to the surface of the articles required to be coated is effected by an
ordinary paint brush; but porous articles, as wood, brick, sandstone, should
be first coated with a thin coating of the compound itself, and when this is dry
then the application of the compound and color may be given.
The varnish or compound No. 1 is preferable to cover gutta percha, india-
rubber, or articles painted with ordinary oil colors. The compound No. 2 is
more applicable for rough unpainted woodwork; the compound No. 3 for
metallic articles; and compound No 4 for stone, brick, &c.

page_text: The general name which I intend to give the above-described compounds
and varnishes is "the imperishable coating and waterproofing liquids."
Any of the before-mentioned solutions, or, in fact, any other solution of
india-rubber, gutta percha, or the same with compounds boiled with. linseed
oil and afterwards mixed with proportions of white of lead, red lead, mennig,
or other calcinated absorbing oxides of metals, will form cements more or less
efficient; but I generally prefer a solution compounded of one hundred pounds
india-rubber, one hundred pounds gutta percha, two hundred pounds linseed
oil, one hundred pounds turpentine; as the most efficient, I employ the solution
mixed with white of lead, &c. in the proportion of one part of solution for
three parts of white of lead, as a cement to be used in particular for glass or
metals..
Having now described the nature of the said Invention, and the manner of
carrying it into effect, I wish it to be understood that I do not confine myself
to the precise details herein described and stated, or to the exact proportions
of the compounds; but what I claim is,
First, the mode of constructing life. boats or vessels herein described and
shewn.
Secondly, the forming, moulding, and shaping solid and hollow figures and
other articles of gutta percha by heating, the materials in the manner herein-
before described, and also the construction and application of the machinery
and apparatus described.
Thirdly, the dissolving, treating, and combining gutta percha, india-rubber,
gummy copal, gummy damar, resin, shellac, tar, pitch, linseed oil, sugar of
lead, white, of lead, litharge, alum, and spirits of turpentine, all or any of them,
and producing thereby waterproofing compounds, varnishes, and paints to be
employed for coating and covering the surfaces of articles, and as cements. for
joining articles, and whether combined with colouring matters or not..
In witness whereof, I, the said Edward John Payne, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, the Twenty-ninth day of November, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and forty-nine.

page_text: in the year of our Lord
before our said Lady the
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Twenty-ninth day of November,
1849, the aforesaid Edward John Payne came
Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the
Specification aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and specified,
in form above written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped
according to the tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Enrolled the Fourth day of December, in the year of our Lord One