IMPROVEMENTS IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC CURRENTS.
Year: 1883

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Henry Edward Newton at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 28th June 1883. Communicated
to him from abroad by Alphonse Isidore Gravier, a person resident at Warsaw
in Poland, Empire of Russia
HENRY EDWARD NEWTON of the Office for Patents 66 Chancery Lane in the
County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF
ELECTRIC CURRENTS. [Communicated to him from abroad by Alphonse Isidore
Gravier, a person resident at Warsaw in Poland, Empire of Russia]
33
The object of the present invention is to charge a network of distribution with
currents emitted under high pressure and transformed into useful currents of low
pressure through the expansion of the electricity.
When it is proposed to feed a network it is usual to place the electrical workshop
centrally in one or more districts, or again the workshop is placed outside the
network but at a short distance from it. One is led by this to produce currents
which should serve to supply the consumers with precisely the qualities which
these latter require, and one is led thus to the employment of large conductors in
order to reduce to the smallest limit, heating and loss.
But when it is desired to charge a network at a distance, the copper conductors
to be employed present insurmountable difficulties.
Various solutions have been given in order to avoid the onerous employment of
large copper conductors,-thus
(1) Currents of high potential are employed to charge accumulator batteries
variously arranged. The charge of these batteries is afterwards used at the
required potential.
(2) These currents of high potential are transformed into currents of a potential
more or less low, by the aid of mechanical arrangements and of dynamo electric
machines, but not without more or less loss accruing.
According to this invention the means employed is independent of expense since
it costs nothing and creates no loss beyond that due to the resistance of the
conductors.
.
The inventor thus explains his system.--
"I cause electricity of a volume, q, to pass at a pressure E to a volume, Q, twice,
"three times, or n times greater at a pressure twice, three times, or n times
amallan

page_text: “
"In order to fix these ideas, let us suppose two machines A and B (see diagram
Fig 1) excited externally and rotating at a determined velocity. Two
"wires A. a. B. b. fixed to the terminals A and B, and carrying to a distance the
energy emitted by these two machines. The conductors A a, B b, are charged
"with electricity under the pressures furnished by the arinatures which turn at a
"determined speed in given magnetic fields
"
"
Suppose that the machine A furnishes a pressure of 120 volts and the
"machine B a pressure of 20 volts. Their difference, 120-20, is then 100 volts.
"The diagram Fig: 1 indicates. the condition just described.
"It may be added that the sections of the wires of the machines, as well as the
"exterior conductors are calculated for a circulation of 25 amperes without
"sensible heating.
100▾
-
The difference of pressure P-p.=100 volts, being regulated and maintained
constant, we can utilize in the circuits a. r. b. a. b. (see Fig: 2) the currents
" emitted by the workshop and disposable at ab by giving to these circuits a
"resistance equal to 4 ohms. This work should have for the emission as
"for the utilization the formula
=250 k. m. s. Here there is no
expansion it is the ordinary condition of things met with everywhere, and
"is the limit of the work that can be obtained under the above conditions of
machines, conductors and pressures which limit cannot be exceeded without
heating more and more the inachines, and the conductors.
"
"
"
100 x 25
B
"But if the electricity is compressed in the conductors A a B b so as to have
" in a 220 volts and in b 120 it will be quite different The energy emitted will
5,00 k.m.s. the energy utilized 100″ × 50ª
"
be
200" x 25"
B
=
5
100▾
50%
=
500. k. m. s. if the
"resistances of the working circuits be made equal to = 50 ohms.
".Here again we have attained a limit that cannot be exceeded because as we
have said, the conditions of the machines and of the conductors. do. not allow of
a more intense circulation than 25 ampères.
65
"But we can increase the compression and furnish. pressures 420, 520, 620",
* 720, 820, 920, 1020", to the point a, and pressures 320, 420. 520. 620. 720*.
"820. 920 to the point b which will enable us to emit sums of the respective
energy.
400 x 25. 500 x 25. 600 x 25. 700 × 25 800 × 25 900 × 25 1000 × 25
g
g
g
g
g
; and to
g
100 x 124
g
100 x 150°
g
if we make the whole of the
." utilize them under the following formula 100″ × 100ª
6.
100 x 175 100 x 200* 100 x 225 100 x 250°
g
G
g
B
6
100 100 100 100 100
" resistances of the circuits arbarbarb. equal to 100 125
100° 100°
"E
-
"
"
E
220▾ 520"
Ohms.
150 175" 200°
"It will suffice to compare the expressions which represent the work of
emission, with those which represent the exterior work, to see that the first
represent a state of compression and the second a state of expansion.
"From the above it will be understood that the invention is based on the
employment of the expansion of emitted currents compressed in the conductors
"of emission under variable high pressures and finally utilized under a constant
"low pressure.
"To obtain this important result the pressures P and are made to vary at
"the points a and b (Fig 2) care being taken to inaintain constant their
difference P-p by the following means.
"S
"1" By the employment of machines which bave powerful electro-magnets, and
"armatures of small resistance, such machines being capable of furnishing currents
." of high pressure.
; "2nd By the employment of wires of emission of which the section and
consequently the intensity of the circulation is limited but which however
"

page_text: are capable of transmitting the sum of energy required under the form E. i
"in which the E is very large, and the very small, giving this value of i for
"limit.
"
"
3rd By employing the volt meter upon which the circuit of the "return wire
"is closed. This combination indicates at the workshop the variations of pressure
"which tend to produce themselves at the recipient or centre of distribution and
provides for the regulation of the pressure of emissions in such a way as to cause
to vary conveniently P and p so that P-p remains constant, and that the
"intensity of emission never passes the i, the limit imposed for the section of the
"conductors of emission.
"
ct
4th By the employment again of a second volt meter in combination with a
special wire which starts from a and terminates at A, passing through the volt
meter. This volt meter indicates the pressure of emission.
"5th By employing an ampère meter in combination with the circuit of emission.
"This ampère meter placed with the other indicators in the workshop indicates
"when the limit of is about to be passed.
"
These results being independant of any special form of machine, volt meter or
ampère meter a simple diagram will suffice to explain the arrangement just
described for obtaining these results.
"In Fig: 3, A is a dynamo-electric machine independently excited and
connected to a second dynamo inachine B by a short wire R.
2
To the two free poles A and B are attached the conductors of emission A. a. Bb
of limited section.
1
a and baro the two terminals of a recipient or centre of distribution; the
current arives from the workshop at a and returns from 6 to the workshop
when the working circuits are closed upon these two terminals.
"A return wire led from the terminals and bis closed at the workshop upon a
volt meter v. This circuit is termed "the return wire" because it carries to the
workshop indications of the pressure P-p between the two terminals a band
the current which traverses this wire is termed "the return current."
"The terminals A a are also connected by a special derivation, which is closed at
the workshop upon a second volt meter.
"The volt meter V indicates the variations of the pressures P-p which tend to
be produced between a and b and enables the attendant to regulate the emission
of energy by hand, or the regulation may be automatic.
"This may be effected by causing the speed of the engines or other motors to
vary, or by varying the magnetic fields of the generators, or by both these means
combined.
"The volt meter Vindicates specially the difference of pressure between the two
extremities of the line A. a; that is to say the pressure of emission.
Finally the ampère meter A placed in circuit upon A a and B b indicates the
quantities emitted under the pressure in-licated by the volt meter v² from 1
ampere up to the fixed limit i."