A NEW OR IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR EXTRACTING WATER OR ANY LIQUID THE BODIES IN DISSOLUTION OR IN SUSPENSION CON- TAINED THEREIN
Year: 1860

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Constant Jouffroy Duméry, of 29, Boulevart
St. Martin, Paris, in the Empire of France, Civil Engineer, for the
Invention of "A NEW OR IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR EXTRACTING
WATER OR ANY LIQUID THE BODIES IN DISSOLUTION OR IN SUSPENSION CON-
TAINED THEREIN "
Sealed the 28th May 1861, and dated the 5th December 1860.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Constant Jouffroy
Duméry at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his
Petition, on the 5th December 1860.
I, CONSTANT JOUFFROY DUMERY, of 29, Boulevart St. Martin, Paris, in
the Empire of France, Civil Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention for A NEW OR IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR EXTRACTING FROM WATER
OR ANY LIQUID THE BODIES IN DISSOLUTION OR IN SUSPENSION CONTAINED THEREIN,',
to be as follows:-
My Invention relates to apparatus suitable for application to all forms
of boilers, which may also serve as boilers of a novel construction. The
object of the Invention is to separate and extract from the water or other
liquids contained in boilers or other vessels all solid and viscid substances
contained therein, and to separate and classify them in the order of their
gravitation, whether the separation be effected for the purpose of re-
moving detrimental substances from the water, as in steam boilers; or for
the extraction from any liquid of the substances therein contained in a

page_text: state of solution or mixture, as in the operations of chemistry or physics,
commercially for the purpose of utilizing said liquid; or whether for the
double purpose, as in marine boilers, at the same time of obtaining a
useful product, and purifying the water to be converted into steam, or
employed for other useful purpose. There are a vast number of solid or
viscid substances which cannot be extracted from the liquids in which
they are held in solution or in suspension, except by completely evaporat-
ing these liquids. This method is, however, tedious and expensive, and
causes changes in certain substances which it is of advantage to obviate.
The object of my Invention is to arrive at the same result by simply
raising the liquid to a temperature sufficient to crystallize or solidify the
matters contained, and to profit by this condition of the bodies to extract
or separate them by precipitation, based on the laws of gravitation &
density.
The following is the method of operating-In the boiler to which my
apparatus is to be applied two openings are made, one at the upper part
a little below the water line, the other towards the lower part of the
boiler. I furnish each of the openings with a horizontal tube, which
tubes are connected together by a vertical tube. These three tubes on
the one hand, and the interior of the boiler on the other hand, form a
complete circuit, in which the water circulates without interruption.
Supposing the liquid in the boiler to be heated, while the vertical exterior
tube remains unheated, there will be between the two columns a differ-
ence of density resulting from the difference of temperature, which will,
as a consequence, produce a circulation in the circuit; in this state the
liquid and matters it holds in suspension will pass out and in the boiler,
by reason of the action of the heat which keeps it in motion; but
supposing the vertical tube to communicate at bottom with a recipient
into which the water and the matters are made to pass before re-entering
the boiler, the following result is produced;-The heavy matters which
fall vertically into the exterior tube will continue their passage in the
vertical direction by the force of gravitation acquired, and will be pre-
cipitated to the bottom of the vessel, while the water, by reason of its
density, will continue its circular motion as before. The recipient should
be of such length and dimensions that the lightest matters shall have
time to separate from the water, and be deposited at the bottom of the
recipient. The recipient may also be considerably larger than the con-
ducting tube, so that the movement of the water may be very slow. The
inlet and outlet of the circuit are furnished with stop-cocks, so as to cut
off the flow of water for the purpose of cleaning the recipient, when
required. The form, dimensions, and proportions of this apparatus are
dependant on the results desired to be obtained. The form depends on

page_text: the kind of boiler to which it is applied, the dimensions on the amount
of duty required from it, and the proportions on the time in which it is
wished to accomplish the operation.
This apparatus is alike useful for removing the impurities contained in
steam boilers, as well as for collecting and extracting the useful products
often contained in water or other liquids; thus, when applied to steam
boilers fed with fresh water from springs, wells, or rivers, it clears them
of the impurities which occasion incrustation in the boilers; applied to
chemical and physical operations it acts in a contrary way to extract the
solid matters, and separate them from the water in which they are held
in suspension; lastly, as applied to marine boilers, it effects the double
purpose of separating the salt from the water, thereby giving it the
quality of fresh water, and also extracting a product having a great rela-
tive value.
I will now give a few examples in reference to steam boilers.
Description of Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, & 10, Sheets 1, 2, & 3.-
Fig. 1, Sheet 1, represents a side elevation of a locomotive boiler, & Fig. 2,
a front elevation of the same; Fig. 3, Sheet 3, shows an elevation of a
vertical boiler; Fig. 4, a plan of the same; Fig. 5. Sheet 1, end elevation
of a Woolf's boiler; Fig. 6, longitudinal elevation of the same; Fig. 7,
front elevation of a marine boiler; Fig. 8, longitudinal elevation of the
same; Fig. 9, Sheet 2, front elevation of a boiler with interior furnace;
Fig. 10, side elevation of the same. The same letters of reference indicate
the same parts in all the Figures. A, A, water line in the boiler; B,
tube or outlet pipe for the water charged with matters in suspension;
C, C, vessel for receiving the heavy matters; D, return pipe for the water
when deprived of impurities; B', D', are valves or obturators for stopping
the circulation for the purpose of cleaning the receptacle C, C; C', hole
and plug of recipient; E, tube with cock to facilitate the cleaning by
blowing off steam or water. The cleaning by water can be effected by
the opening of the obturators. If it is wished to supply the water purified
previous to its being introduced into the boiler I place my apparatus
between the pump or feeding agent & the boiler, taking care to heat the
tubes conducting the water either by fire or contact with water or steam
from the boiler; the decomposition is effected in the said tubes, and the
separation accomplished by its making a single circuit through the appa-
ratus of my Invention. I say one circuit, because in most cases it is suffi-
cient, but in case several are necessary I so arrange it as to cause a suffi-
cient number to be effected to assure a perfect result.
I will here also give a few examples of the application of the apparatus
herein-before described to the purification of the water before its introduc-
tion into the boiler. Fig. 11. Sheet 2, represents a side elevation of a

page_text: marine boiler with purifier; Fig. 12, front elevation of the same; Fig. 13,
longitudinal elevation of Woolf's boiler with apparatus for purifying the
water before going into the boiler. In the three Figs. the letters
A, B, C, D, E, indicate the same parts as in the preceding Figs. F, G', H',
represents a worm placed on the boiler, and receiving the feed water.
The water admitted at F follows the passage F, G¹ & G, H', or any other
more lengthened traverse, if necessary, during its course in contact with
the heat it reaches a temperature sufficient for solidifying the matters
contained in it, which then descend into the vertical column; from there
it traverses the receptacle C, C, and deposits the matters, the water
entering the boiler completely purified. Thus it may be seen, by the
examples I have given, and as already stated, the form, proportions, &
dimensions may be varied without influencing the result.
My apparatus possesses the double property of purifying the water
either before or after its introduction into the generator, and for marine
boilers it not only permits of collecting the salt during the voyage, but
also of separating the sulphates & carbonates of lime contained in the
sea water before extracting the salt, and thus obtaining the latter in a
greater state of purity. It is well known that sulphates of lime which
abound in salt water form part of the matters extracted, and are mixed
with the salt obtained; but as the salt does not crystallize till saturated
with water, while the sulphates of lime crystallize at a temperature of
150° Fahrenheit, it will be easy to first separate the sulphates by passing
the water through a worm heated to 150° Fahrenheit, and then through a
second apparatus or boiler accordingly as the water is to be acted on
before or after its introduction to the boiler, while if there be several
boilers employed for the same purpose, one may be used for the separa-
tion of the carbonate & magnesial salts, a second to obtain the sulphates
of lime, and the others for the evaporation & extraction of the salts, but
these details are dependent on the manner of carrying out my Invention.
I incline my receivers in such way that the carbonic acid and air con-
tained in the water may disengage itself more easily by following the
same movement as the water, and participating in some measure with
its movement, which it could not do if passing out in an inverse
direction, which would impede the flow of the water instead of assisting
it. This disposition, although preferable, is not however indispensable to
the result.
To complete my description, I will give some examples of different
modifications of my apparatus to render it suitable either for the ex-
traction of all kinds of salts, the separation and classification of ores of
precious metals, to the washing or steeping of linen, wool, and other
matters, and, lastly, to all chemical and physical operations in which the

page_text: laws of motion and gravitation may be usefully applied. Thus, for
operations in which recourse is had to successive separations, I employ
as many boilers as there are bodies variously influenced by heat. Each
boiler or vessel is then heated to the temperature suitable for the opera-
tion, and the liquid passed successively from one vessel to the other (see
Figs. 14 & 15, Sheet 3.) A is the inlet cock for the liquid; B, B, are
cocks for establishing communication from one vessel to another; C is
the outlet cock for the liquid purified of the different bodies it contains;
D are the vessels heated at different temperatures; E, receptacles which
are here represented circular to facilitate explanation, but it will be
understood that the form, as also the direction of the course of the liquid
may be varied at will. For all operations requiring a temperature above
that of 212° Fahrenheit, the vessels are closed to regulate their tem-
perature by pressure. In all operations not requiring a tem-
perature exceeding 212° Fahrenheit, the vessels may be open
at the top (as seen in Fig. 17, Sheet 3, which is supposed
to be applied to the separation of ores.) (Fig. 16, Sheet 3)
is a vessel filled with soapsuds or lye; B, articles to be
washed; C, column for the circulation of the liquids; D, receptacle for
the matters disengaged by caustic agents; E, return pipe for the water
deprived of the matters. (Fig. 17, Sheet 3) A, vessel in which are placed
the matters for separation; B, B, column for the circulation or flow of the
liquids; C, receptacle in which the matters are classed in their order of
gravitation; E, E, return pipe of the water in the vessel A. In the two
preceding examples the operation may be assisted and rendered more
active by agitators stirring up the substances contained in the vessels
A, A, but these conditions are not essential for the success of
my Inven-
tion. Where it is required to effect the separation of substances change-
able by heat, or which may be effected by heat, but which of itself will
effect the movement only, my improved vessels or apparatus are so
arranged as to perfectly supply these requirements, the circulation of the
liquid being obtained by means of mechanism, such as a pump, reservoir,
or other arrangement, instead of by the heat itself. Hence it is the
movement imparted to the liquid, and the force of gravitation acquired
by the bodies in their passage which forms the principal object of the
present Invention, the heat being the medium producing in certain cases
the double action of the solidification or change of state, and at same time
time imparting the movement. If it is required to separate substances
of less density than that of the liquids in which they are contained, the
receivers should be placed at the upper part or extension of the ascending
column. For liquids containing at same time bodies both heavier and
lighter than the liquid in which they are held, the apparatus may produce

page_text: a double effect by furnishing them with upper and lower receivers, as
shown in Figs. 18 and 19, Sheet 3.
Fig. 18 represents an apparatus for the separation of bodies which are
lighter than water; Fig. 19 shews an example of the circulation of water
containing bodies both lighter and heavier than the water in order to
separate them. The same result can be obtained by a single apparatus
in which the receptacle is double, and in which the circulation is main-
tained at the centre by diaphragms, as represented at Fig. 22 (Sheet 2.)
The operation can be quickened by multiplying the number of circuits
in the same apparatus, see Fig. 20, Sheet 3. A is the entry for the
liquids to be purified, or from which any substance is to be extracted;
B, the outlet; C, C, the recipients with circular passages. The arrows
indicate the direction of motion. The rapidity of action also depends on
the relation existing between the dimensions of the boiler and that of the
descending tubes. It will be readily understood that if, instead of
altering the diameters, the number of descending tubes around the boiler
be augmented, the time required for the operations will be shortened in
proportion to the augmentation of the number of tubes, or the augmena-
tion of their size.
In Fig. 21, Sheet 3, is represented an arrangement of valve or obturator
worked by a rack, or it may be moved by a rod sliding in a stuffing box.
The same result may be obtained by clack valves, stop cocks, levers, or
others. I need only mention the slide valve to show that the orifices can
be entirely uncovered.
The object of the present Invention thus consists in mechanically
separating solid and liquid matters by circulation, taking advantage
either separately or combined on the one part of the gravitation resulting
from the motion acquired, and on the other of the heat, producing at the
same time in many cases the solidification of the matters in solution, and
in all cases a difference of density producing a movement, and obtaining
a liquid possessing different properties to those of the bodies to be
separated, that is to say, to the one the functions which engender the
laws of density, and to the other the functions due to the laws of
gravitation & to active force.
I will now add, that my Invention is not based solely on the functions
of the external parts herein-before. described, but also on the fact, that
in all boilers heated at one of their extremities, there is established a
circulating motion of the water, which not only results in raising the solid
bodies, and agitating them, but also keeps them in constant motion in
such way that the surface always travels in one direction, whilst that at
the bottom travels in the opposite direction. Hence an orifice placed at
the extremity towards which the upper current flows would very promptly

page_text: receive all the matters in suspension, and disengage them from the liquid
in a very short time; although there appears to exist an immense dis-
proportion between the orifices of the vessel and the volume of water
to be purified. Thus, although there be no circulation of water, and the
orifices at the upper part conduct it to a receiver without a return channel,
the same result may be obtained although occupying much longer time,
& for water which is but slightly charged with matters, an apparatus of
this kind would answer perfectly.
My improved apparatus may also in many cases be limited to the
upper outlet and vertical recipient, as represented in Fig. 23, Sheet 2;
it would be used as follows:-The principal features of my Invention are,
1st, the interior circulation; 2ndly, the outlet at the upper part; 3rdly, the
gravitation of heavy bodies effected out of the boiler; 4thly, the isolating
the liquids during their passage if required. The same result can be
obtained by a single partition, either vertical or inclined, placed in the
Boiler near the end where the current flows at the part the least heated,
as represented at Fig. 6, Sheet 1, A being the water line, B" the partition,
& C" the cock for emptying.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters l'atent, filed
by the said Constant Jouffroy Duméry in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 4th June 1861.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, 1, CONSTANT
JOUFFROY DUMERY, of 29, Boulevart St. Martin, Paris, in the Empire of
France, Civil Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Fifth day of December, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty, in the twenty-fourth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said Constant Jouffroy Duméry, Her special licence that I, the said
Constant Jouffroy Duméry, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or
such others as I, the said Constant Jouffroy Duméry, my executors, ad-
ministrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others,
from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein
expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, with-
in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "A NEW OR IMPROVED APPARATUS
FOR EXTRACTING FROM WATER OR ANY LIQUID THE BODIES IN DISSOLUTION OR IN
SUSPENSION CONTAINED THEREIN," upon the condition (amongst others) that
I, the said Constant Jouffroy Duméry, my executors or administrators, by

page_text: an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and
seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause
the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Constant Jouffroy Duméry, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement, reference being had to the four Sheets of
Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the letters and figures marked thereon
(that is to say):-
My Invention relates to apparatus suitable for application to all forms
of boilers, which may also serve as boilers of a novel construction. The
object of the Invention is to separate and extract from the water or other
liquids contained in boilers or other vessels all solid and viscid substances
contained therein, and to separate & clarify them in their order of gravity,
whether the separation be effected for the purpose of removing detri-
mental substances from the water, as in steam boilers, or for the extrac-
tion from any liquid of the substances therein contained in a state of
solution or mixture, as in operations of chemistry or commercial physics
for the purpose of utilizing said liquid, or whether for the double purpose
of main boilers, at same time obtaining a useful product and purifying
the water to be turned into steam. There are a vast number of solid or
viscid substances which cannot be extracted from the liquids in which they
are held in solution, or in suspension, except by completely dessicating
these liquids by evaporation. This method is, however, tedious and ex-
pensive, and occasions changes in certain substances which it is of
advantage to obviate. The object of my Invention is to arrive at the same
result by simply raising the liquid to a temperature sufficient to crystalize
or solidify the matters contained, and to profit by this condition of the
bodies to extract or separate them by precipitation based on the laws of
gravitation and density.
The following is the method of operating-In the boiler to which my
apparatus is to be applied are made two openings, one at the upper part
a little below the water line, the other towards the lower part of the
boiler. I furnish each of these openings with a horizontal tube connected
to each other by a vertical tube. These three tubes on the one part, and
the interior of the boiler on the other, form a complete circuit in which
the water circulates without interruption. Supposing the liquid in the
boiler to be heated while the vertical exterior tube remains unheated,
there will be between two columns a difference of density resulting from
the difference of temperature, and consequently produce a circulation in

page_text: the circuit; in this state the liquid matters it holds in suspension will pass
out of and in again to the boiler, througn the action of the heat, which
keeps it in motion. But, supposing the vertical tube to communicate at
bottom with a recipient, into which the water and the matters are made
to pass before re-entering the boiler, the following result is achieved. The
heavy matters which fall vertically in the exterior tube will continue
their passage in the vertical direction by the force of gravitation acquired,
and will be precipitated to the bottom of the vessel, while the water, by,
reason of its density, will continue its circular motion as before. The
recipient may be of sufficient length and dimensions that the lighter
matters shall have time to separate from the water, and to be deposited
at the bottom of the recipient. The recipient may also be considerably,
larger than the conducting tube, so that the movement of the water may
be very slow; the inlet and outlet of the circuit are furnished with stop-
cocks, so as to cut off the flow of water for the purpose of cleaning the
recipient when required. The form, dimensions, and proportions of this
apparatus are dependant on the results desired to be obtained; the form
depends on the kind of boiler to which it is applied; the dimensions on
the amount of work required from it, and the proportions on the time in
which it is wished to accomplish the operation.
This apparatus is alike useful for removing the impurities contained in
the water of steam boilers, as well as for collecting and extracting the
useful products often contained in water or other liquids. Thus, when
applied to steam boilers fed with fresh water from springs, wells, or
rivers, it clears them of the impurities which occasion incrustation in the
boilers. Applied to chemical or physical operations it acts in a contrary
way to extract the solid matters and separate them from the water in
which they are held in suspension. Lastly, as applied to marine boilers,
it effects the double purpose of separating the salt from the water, there-
by giving it the quality of fresh water, and also extracting a product
having a great relative value.
I will now give a few examples in reference to steam boilers.
Description of Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, & 10, Sheets I., II., III.-
Fig. 1, Sheet I., represents a side elevation of a locomotive boiler, and
Fig. 2 a front elevation of the same; Fig. 3, Sheet III., shows an eleva-
tion of a vertical boiler; Fig. 4 a plan of the same; Fig. 5, Sheet I., end
elevation of a Woolf's boiler; Fig. 6, longitudinal elevation of the same;
Fig. 7, front elevation of a marine boiler; Fig. 8, longitudinal elevation of
the same; Fig. 9, Sheet II., front elevation of boiler with interior furnace;
Fig. 10, side elevation of the same. The same letters of reference indicate
the same parts.
A, water line in the boiler; B, tube or outlet pipe for the water charged

page_text: with matters in suspension; C, vertical column for the descent of water,
and of the matters in suspension; D, vessel for receiving the weighty
matters; E, return pipe for the water when deprived of its impurities;
it is provided with obturators or stop-cocks, for stopping the circulation
for the purpose of cleaning the receptacle D; G, hole and lug of the
recipient; H, tube with cock to facilitate the cleaning by the injection of
steam or water. The cleaning by water can be effected at the opening
of the obturators. If it is wished to deprive the water purified previously
to its being introduced into the boiler. I place my apparatus between
the pump or the feeding agent and the boiler, taking care to heat the
tubes conducting the water, either by fire or contact with water or steam
from the boiler. The decomposition is effected in the said tubes, and the
separation accomplished by its making a single circuit through the
apparatus of my Invention; I say one circuit, because in most
cases it is sufficient, but if any cause whatever should render several
necessary I add a sufficient number to assure a perfect result; I will here
also give a few examples of the application of the apparatus herein-before
described to the purification of the water before its introduction into the
boiler.
Fig. 11, Sheet II., represents a side elevation of a marine boiler with
purifier; Fig. 12, front elevation of the same; Fig. 13, longitudinal eleva-
tion of Woolf's boiler, with apparatus for purifying the water before
going into the boiler.
In the three Figures the letters A, B, C, D, E, G, H, indicate the
same parts as in the preceding Figures. I, J, K, represent a worm placed
in the boiler receiving the feed water; the water admitted at I follows
the passage J & K, or any other more lengthened traverse, if necessary;
during its course in contact with the heat it receives a temperature
sufficient for solidifying the matters contained in it, and descends into
the vertical column; from there it traverses the receptacle D, and deposits
the matters, the water entering the boiler completely purified. Thus, it
may be seen by the examples I have given and as already stated, the
form, proportions, and dimensions may be varied without influencing the
result.
My apparatus possesses the double property of purifying the water,
either before or after its introduction into the generator; and for marine
boilers, it not only permits of collecting the salt during the voyage, but
also of separating the sulphates and carbonates of lime contained in the
sea water before extracting the salt, and thus obtaining the latter in a
greater state of purity. It is well known that sulphates of lime which
abound in salt water form a part of the matters extracted, and are mixed
with the salt obtained, but as the salt does not crystallize till saturated

page_text: with water, while the sulphates of lime crystallize at a temperature of
334° Fahrenheit, it will be easy to first separate the sulphates by passing
the water through a worm heated to 150° and then through a second
apparatus or boiler according as the water is to be acted on before or after
its introduction to the boiler, while if there be several boilers employed
for the same purpose, one may be used for the separation of the carbonate
magnesial salts, a second to obtain the sulphates of lime, and the others
for the vaporisation and extraction of the salt; but these details are only
dependent on the manner of carrying out my Invention; I incline my
receivers or vessels in such way that the carbonic acid and air contained
in the water may disengage themselves more easily by following the same
movement as the water, and participating in some measure in the same
movement, which it could not do if passing out in an inverse direction;
which would impede the flow of the water instead of assisting it. This
disposition, although preferable, is not, however, indispensable to the
result.
To complete my description, I will give some examples of different
modifications of my apparatus to render it suitable, either for the ex-
traction of all kinds of salts, the separation and classification of ores of
precious metals, for the washing or steeping of linen, wool, &c., and
lastly, to all chemical and physical operations in which the laws of motion
and gravitation may be usefully applied. Thus, for the operations in
which recourse is had to successive separations, I employ as many boilers
as there are bodies variously influenced by heat; each boiler or vessel is
then heated to the temperature suitable for the operation, and the liquid
passed successively from one vessel to the other (see Fig. 14 & 15;
Sheet III).
A is the inlet cock for the liquid; B, B, are cocks for establishing com-
munication from one vessel to another; C is the outlet cock for the liquid
purified of the different bodies it contained; D, the vessels heated at
different temperatures; E, receptacles which are here represented with
circular passages to facilitate explanation. But it will be understood
that the form and also the direction of the course of the liquid may be
modified at will.
For all operations requiring a temperature above that of 100°
Centigrade, the vessels are closed, to regulate their temperature by
pressure. In all the operations not requiring a temperature exceeding
100°, the vessels may be open at the tops, as seen in Fig. 17, Sheet III.,
which is supposed to be applied to the separation of ores, Fig. 16, Sheet
III. A, vessel filled with soapsuds or lye; B, articles to be washed; C,
direction of the liquid; D, receptacle for the matters disengaged by caustic

page_text: agents; E, return pipe for the water deprived of the matters disengaged
by the caustic agents.
Fig. 17, Sheet III., A, vessel in which are placed the matters for separa-
tion; B, B, direction of the flow of the liquids; C, receptacle in which the
matters are classed in their order of gravitation; E, E, return pipe of the
water in the vessel A.
In the two preceding examples the operation may be assisted and
rendered more active by agitators stirring up the substances contained in
the vessels A; but these conditions are not essential for the success of
my Invention. Where it is required to effect the separation of substances
changeable by heat or which may be effected by its intervention, or which
may itself operate the separation, my improved vessels are so arranged
as to perfectly supply this requirement. the circulation of the liquid being
obtained by means of mechanism, such as a pump, reservoir, or other
arrangement, instead of by the heat itself. Hence it is the movement
imparted to the liquid and the force of gravitation acquired by the boilers
in their passage, which forms the principal object of the present Inven-
tion, the heat being the medium producing in certain cases the double-
action of the solidifaction or change of state, and at same time imparting
the movement. If it is required to separate substances of less density
than that of the liquids in which they are contained the receivers should
be placed at the upper part or extension of the ascending column. For
liquids containing at same time bodies both heavier and lighter than the
liquid in which they are held the apparatus may produce a double effect
by furnishing them with upper and lower receivers, as shown in Figs. 18
& 19, Sheet III.
Fig. 18 represents an apparatus for the separation of bodies which are
lighter than water; the arrows show the direction of motion. Fig. 19
shows an example of the circulation of water containing bodies both
lighter and heavier than the water, in order to separate them. The
arrows indicate the direction of the flow of liquid. The same result can
be obtained by a single apparatus in which the receptacle is double, and
in which the circulation is maintained at the centre by diaphragms, as
represented at Fig. 22, Sheet II. The operation can be quickened by
multiplying the number of circuits in the same apparatus (see Fig. 20,
Sheet III. A is the entry for the liquids to be purified or from which
any substance is to be extracted; B, the outlet; C, C, the recipients with
circular passages; the arrows indicate the direction of motion. The
rapidity of action also depends on the relation existing between the
dimensions of the boiler and that of the descending tubes; it will be readily
understood that instead of altering the diameters, but augmenting the
number of descending tubes round the boiler, the time required for the

page_text: operations will be shortened in proportion as the number of tubes or the
augmentation of their sizes is increased.
In Fig. 21, Sheet II. is represented an arrangement of obturator
worked by a rack, or it may be moved by a rod sliding in a stuffing box;
the same result may be obtained by clack valves, stop cocks, levers, or
others. I will only mention the slide valve, to show that the orifices can.
be entirely uncovered.
The object of the present Invention thus consists in mechanically
separating solid and liquid matters by circulation, taking advantage,
either separately or combined, on the one part of the gravitation resulting
from the motion acquired and on the other of the heat producing the
same result; in many cases the solidifaction of the matters in solution,'
and in all cases a difference of density producing a movement and obtain-
ing a liquid possessing different properties to those of the bodies to be
separated, that is to say, to the one the functions which render active
the laws of density, and to the other the functions due to the laws of
gravitation and of force.
I will now add, that my Invention is not based solely on the functions
of the external parts herein-before described, but also on the fact that
in all boilers heated at one of their extremities there is established a
circular motion of the water, which not only results in raising the solid
bodies and agitating them, but also keeps them in constant motion, in
such way that the surface always travels in one direction, while that at
the bottom travels in the opposite direction. Hence, an orifice placed at
the extremity towards which the upper current flows would very promptly
receive all the matters in suspension and disengage them from the liquid
in a very short time, although there appears to exist an immense dispro-
portion between the orifices of the vessel and the volume of water to be
purified. Thus, although there be no circulation of water, and only the
orifices at the upper part leading to a receiver without a return channel,
the same result may be obtained, although occupying much longer time;
and for waters but slightly charged with matters an apparatus of this kind
would answer perfectly.
My improved apparatus may also in many cases be limited to the upper
outlet and vertical recipient, as represented in Fig. 23, Sheet 2; it would.
be used as follows:-1st, the interior circulation; 2ndly, the outlet at the
upper part; 3rly, the gravitation of heavy bodies effected out of the boiler;
4thly, the insulation of the liquids during their passage, if required. The
same result can be obtained by a simple partition, either vertical or in-
clined, placed in the boiler near the end where the current flows at the
part the least heated, as represented at Fig. 6, Sheet I., A being the water
line; L, the partition; H, the cock for emptying.

page_text: I will now describe some of the various forms which my apparatus can
invert whereby it is rendered fit for all applications.
Fig. 24, Sheet IV., shows a vertical section of the recipient of any of
my apparatus; Fig. 25 shows a horizontal section of the same through
A, B, Fig. 24; C, C, C', are the partitions between which the liquid
circulates; it enters the recipient through the orifice D, runs along the
passage pointed out by the arrows f, f, f, and runs out through F to
re-enter the boiler. The orifice D is provided with a diaphragm G,
causing inflowing water to be deflected horizontally; this diaphragm may
be dispensed with when the inlet tube enters horizontally. E, emptying
tube; H, plug with manhole cover for surveying the inside after each
cleaning; I, agitator placed, when required, within the apparatus.
Fig. 26 represents one of my apparatus as applied to Woolf's boiler. A,
funnel; B, outlet tube; C, return tube; D, the recipient of the apparatus;
E, emptying cock; F, F, cock for insulating the recipient.
Figs. 27 & 28 represent a boiler for a locomotive engine provided with
two apparatus, the one having its inlet towards the smoke box and the
other towards the fire box. A, inlet tubes for admitting the water into
the recipient; B, outlet tube; C, the funnel for each apparatus; D, re-
cipient; one recipient only may be used for a locomotive engine.
Fig. 29 represents the vertical section of a marine boiler, wherein A is
an ordinary boiler receiving the water from the sea and bringing it to a
certain degree of saturation; B, body receiving the water already
saturated from the preceding boiler, and bringing it by vaporization to
the crystallized.state; C shows my apparatus receiving the crystals as
they are formed within the body of boiler B; D is a first apparatus re-
ceiving the extraneous matters, such as carbonates, sulphates, &c.
The functions which I indicate as being performed by two bodies of
boilers may be accomplished by using a greater number, according as it
is wished to divide the operation in a greater number of degrees of
saturation. In order to prevent the crystals from adhering to the sides
of the last body of boiler in consequence of the projection caused by
ebullition, I place in the interior of the cylindrical body a circular agitator
like such as are made use of in kneading machines. In this manner the
projected crystals are detached before they had time to adhere, and are
immersed again directly into the water.
I have represented the recipients in Figs. 24, 25, 26, as being made of
cast iron, and those in Figs. 27 & 28 of sheet iron, in order to have it
well understood that these recipients may be made of any suitable sub-
stance.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention, and the manner in
which the same is to be carried into effect, I wish it to be distinctly

page_text: understood that I do not confine myself to the precise details herein
described, nor to the strict form or shape of the apparatus, or parts of the
apparatus, represented in the annexed Drawings, as such may be some-
what varied and modified without departing from the principle thereof;
but what I claim as being of my Invention is,―
First, the taking in of the matters near the upper level of the water
line.
Secondly, the return to the boiler in the vicinity of the fire-place.
Thirdly, the circulation channel in the vertical plane for the carrying of
the matters out of the boiler.
Fourthly, the circulation channel in the horizontal plane for the holding
of the matters out of the boiler.
Fifthly, the internal funnel.
Sixthly, the cylindrical, longitudinal, or other recipient, either simple
or multiple.
Seventhly, the circular or other recipient, with circulation channel
beneath the lid.
Eightly, the agitator, all arranged as & for the purposes herein-before
described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Constant Jouffroy Duméry, have
hereunto set my hand and seal, this First day of June, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-one.
C. J. DUMERY. (L.S.)