Im- PROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE AND TREATMENT OF Paper AND MILLBOARD."
Year: 1875

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Scoffern, of the Canal Bank Works,
Willesden Junction, in the County of Middlesex, Bachelor of
Medecine, and George Tidcombe, junior, of Watford, in the County
of Hertford, Paper Makers' Engineer, for the Invention of "Im-
PROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE AND TREATMENT OF Paper AND
MILLBOARD."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Scoffern and
George Tidcombe at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents,
with their Petition, on the 5th March 1875.
WC, JOHN SCOFFERN, of the Canal Bank Works, Willesden Junction,
in the County of Middlesex, Bachelor of Medecine, and GEORGE
TIDCOMBE, junior, of Watford, in the County of Hertford, Paper
Makers' Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE and Treatment of Paper AND MILL-
BOARD," to be as follows:
-
This Invention has for its object improvements in the manufacture
and treatment of paper and millboard. Treating paper with cupro-

page_text: ammonium for the purpose of rendering it waterproof or improving its
quality or appearance either from recls on which paper is recled or in
the web of paper as it is made and dried by the paper-making machine.
After the paper is made and dried by the paper-making machine we
lead it through a bath of cupro-ammonium having a roll or rollers
therein or in connection therewith either from reels on which the paper
is reeled or from the continuous web of paper itself directly from the
paper machine, and from this bath we lead it over a table of wire cloth
or a cloth of india-rubber, or over a series of rollers forming a table,
under which we place steam pipes for the purpose of setting or partially
drying the web; we then lead it over suitable reels in a hot-air chamber
to season or finish the treated paper, we then cut it as the paper runs
by the ordinary cutting machine into the required sheets.
We employ means of ventilating the chamber in which paper is so
treated, and recovering the evolved ammonia that would otherwise be
wasted.
The mode of ventilation is also applicable to the recovery of ammonia
evolved in other processes of manufacture.
Over the bath and hot-air chamber alluded to we construct a chamber
having openings or orifices leading into the chamber or channels, and at
these orifices or in these channels we apply a steam blast or fan blast
which ventilates the chamber wherein the paper is heated and drives the
ammonia into. suitable contact with either sulphurous or hydrochloric
acid, and by these means we also recover the ammonia in a solid form
which would otherwise be wasted.
We incorporate hydrated oxide of copper with paper pulp so that
after it is made into paper it has only to be subjected to the influence of
ammonia, as ordinarily done, or else ammonia in the state of gas mingled
_ with steam.
''
In the manufacture of paper it is now well known that paper pulp is
incorporated with various powders, such as china clay and ochres,
which can only be regarded as prejudicial adulterations. Instead of
such materials we use the hydrated oxide of copper, not as an adulterant,
but as contributing to the strength and durability of the resulting paper,
we then subject the paper to a bath either of aqueous ammonical
solution, or else to gaseous ammonia mingled with steam in a suitable
chamber.

page_text: We glaze and strengthen brown and others papers by passing them
through a bath of paper pulp containing cupro-ammonium either with
or without pitch, tar, or other resinous matters.
It is well known that by passing paper through a cupro-ammonium
bath it is surface dissolved and glazed by its own material, and if it be
desired to stick two or more sheets of paper together this is the most
profitable way of conducting the operation, but if it be merely desired to
strengthen and glaze a single thickness of paper or millboard it is un-
desirable to make the glaze by dissolving a portion of the paper itself.
In this case we pass the web or sheet of paper through a bath, not
of cupro-ammonium simply, but of cupro-ammonium in which ligneous
material is already dissolved, and when the glazing of brown paper is in
question we prefer to fortify the bath with tar, pitch, marine glue, or
other resinous materials.
We also manufacture panels and tiles from millboard or thick sheets
of ligneous material made from pulp already incorporated with hydrated
oxide of copper. We pass the tiles or panels by means of endless webs
through a bath of ammoniacal solution, or we subject them to the influence
of ammoniacal gas and steam. We can surface glaze and impregnate
such tiles or panels or other sheets of ligneous material by exposing them
whilst moist to the action of fluo-silicic acid gas, whereby silica or flint
is deposited in the material and on its surface.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said John Scoffern and George Tidcombe in the Great
Scal Patent Office on the 4th September 1875.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, JOHN
SCOFFERN, of the Canal Bank Works, Willesden Junction, in the County
of Middlesex, Bachelor of Medicine, and GEORGE TIDCOMBE, junior, of
Watford, in the County of Hertford, Paper Makers' Engineer, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Fifth day of March, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-five, in the
thirty-eighth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and suc-

page_text: cessors, give and grant unto us, the said John Scoffern and George
Tidcombe, Her special licence that we, the said John Scoffern and
George Tidcombe, our executors, administrators, and assigns, or such
others as we, the said John Scoffern and George Tidcombe, our executors,
administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during tho term
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN THE MANUFACTURE AND TREATMENT OF PAPER AND MILLBOARD,"
upon
condition (amongst others) that we, the said John Scoffern and George
Tidcombe, our executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing
under our or their hands and seals, or under the hand and seal of
one of us or them, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature
of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be per-
formed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the
said Letters Patcut.
the
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said John Scoffern and George
Tidcombe, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention, and in
what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described
and ascertained in and by the following statement thereof, that is to
say:
This Invention has for its object improvements in the manufacture
and treatment of paper and millboard. We treat paper with cupro-
ammonium for the purpose of rendering it waterproof or improving its
quality or appearance either from reels on which paper is reeled, or in
the web of paper as it is made and dried by the paper-making machine.
After the paper is made and dried by the paper-making machine we
lead it through a bath of cupro-ammonium having a roller or rollers.
therein or in connection therewith either from reels on which the paper
is recled or from the continuous web of paper itself directly from the
paper machine, and from this bath we lead it over a table of wire cloth
or a cloth of india-rubber, or over a series of rollers forming a table
under which we place steam pipes for the purpose of setting or partially
drying the web; we then lead it over suitable reels in a hot-air chamber
to season or finish the treated paper, we then cut it as the paper runs by
the ordinary cutting machine into the required sheets.

page_text: We employ means of ventilating the chamber in which paper is so
treated, and recovering the evolved ammonia that would otherwise be
wasted.
The mode of ventilation is also applicable to the recovery of ammonia
evolved in other processes of manufacture.
Over the bath and hot-air chamber alluded to we construct a chamber
having openings or orifices leading into the chamber or channels, and at
these orifices or in these channels we apply a steam blast or fan blast
which ventilates the chamber wherein the paper is treated, and drives
the ammonia into suitable contact with either sulphurous or hydro-
chloric acid, and by these means we also recover the ammonia (after
evaporation of fluid and as an ammoniacal salt) which would otherwise
be wasted.
Figure 1 is a longitudinal section of apparatus for the manufacturo
and treatment of paper according to our Invention. a, a, are the steam
drying cylinders of a paper machine; 6 is a bath containing cupro-
ammonium, through which by means of rollers, as shown, the web of
paper is led.
The cupro-ammonium which we employ we prepare in the ordinary
manner. The paper after leaving the bath is carried forward on an
endless apron c, by preference of wire gauze, and whilst on this apron
the paper is exposed to the heat of steam pipes to partially set it.
Afterwards the paper passes on to the skeleton drums d, d, which are
enclosed in a hot ventilated chamber. Some of the skeleton drums may
contain flys or beaters to keep the air within them in agitation. When
the paper leaves the skeleton drums & it is dry and it passes on at once
to the cutting machinery which divides it into sheets. e is a hood
placed over the bath b to carry away the ammoniacal fumes, the hood
communicates with an air trunk in which a draft is maintained by a fan
or steam jet. The fumes are brought into contact with either hydro-
chloric acid or sulphurous acid, whether in the state of gas or aqueous
solution, whereby the ammonia is recovered (after evaporation of the
fluid) either as sal ammoniac or sulphite of ammonia, according to the
acid used. The apron c and the drums & are cased in and the casings
communicate with trunks by which the vapours are led away, and they
are collected in the same way as the vapours from the hood e.

page_text: In place of taking the paper direct from the paper machine it may bo
drawn off a roll, as is indicated in Figure 2.
Figure 3 shows the apparatus which we employ when we desire to
combine several sheets. a, a, are the paper rolls; b, b, guide rollers so
applied as to keep them radial, or the stretches of paper as nearly equal
in length as possible. This is of great practical importance. c is the
bath; and d, a roller within it beneath which the papers are passed;
e', e, are two endless aprons of wire gauze passing around guide rollers
which carry the paper forward between them and render the process at the
bath automatic. The aprons of wire gauze may however be dispensed
with. e, e, are pressure rollers; and f, f, a second pair of pressure
rollers which press the sheets of paper together after they have been
delivered from between the aprons e¹, e¹.
The arrangements for driving off, combining, and recovering the
ammonia remaining with the paper are as already described.
We sometimes incorporate hydrated oxide of copper with paper pulp,
so that after it is made into paper it has only to be subjected to the
influence of ammonia cither dissolved in water and of the specific
gravity of 8.80, by preference, or else ammonia in the state of gas
mingled with steam.
In the manufacture of paper it is now well known that paper pulp is
incorporated with various powders, such as china clay and ochres, which
can only be regarded as prejudicial adulterations. Instead of such
materials we use the hydrated oxide of copper, not as an adulterant but
as contributing to the strength and durability of the resulting paper.
The oxide of copper we employ is that obtained by precipitation from a
solution of a copper salt in the ordinary manner, we mix it in a moist
state with the paper pulp and in such proportion that the dried paper
would contain about two per cent. of oxide, though other proportions
will answer. With paper thus prepared we employ a bath of aqueous
ammonia (specific gravity, 8.80 by preference) in licu of cupro-
ammonium; in other respects we work as already described.
Or in place
of employing an ammoniacal bath the moist paper may
through a chamber containing ammoniacal gas with steam.
should remain in the chamber for a time, varying according to its
thickness or until the original greenish tint of the paper becomes
decidedly blue.
be passed
The paper

page_text: It is well known that by passing paper through a cupro-ammonium
bath it is surface dissolved and glazed by its own material, and if it bo
desired to stick two or more sheets of paper together this is the most
profitable way of conducting the operation, but if it be merely desired to
strengthen and glaze a single thickness of paper or millboard it is
improper to make the glaze by dissolving a portion of the paper itself.
In this case we pass the web or sheet of paper through a bath, not of
cupro-ammonium simply, but of cupro-ammonium in which either
ligneous material or silk is already dissolved, and we sometimes fortify
the bath with tar, pitch, marine glue, or other resinous materials, all of
which are soluble in cupro-ammonium.
We pass the paper through the bath in the manner indicated in
Figure 2.
We also manufacture panels and tiles from millboard or thick sheets
of ligneous material made from pulp already incorporated with hydrated
oxide of copper. We pass the tiles or panels by means of endless webs
through a bath of ammoniacal solution, or we subject them to the
influence of ammoniacal gas and steam.
Figure 1 shows the apparatus which we employ when treating separate
slabs or tiles or panels of paper or millboard. a is a bath containing
cupro-ammonium or ammonia as the case may be; b and c are endless
aprons of wire gauze passing around rollers, as shown. The slabs, tiles,
or panels are inserted between the aprons and c and are carried by
them through the liquid in the bath. The slabs, tiles, or panels are
delivered on to the apron d, on which they are partially dried by heat,
as described in respect to Figure 1, and they afterwards are carried
around skeleton drums of large diameter in a drying chamber to
complete the drying. Wire bands or tapes are used to conduct the
pieces around the skeleton drums.
We will now describe the plan we pursue in impregnating and surfaco
glazing panels or other forms of paper material with flinty matter, and
we will premise by stating it is well known that fluo-silicic acid gas
immediately on coming into contact with aqueous moisture deposits flint.
This being known we form our panel of either ordinary paper material
or else paper material holding hydrated oxide of copper as a constituent.
In either case our paper or panels being yet wet with aqueous moisture
we pass it or them through a chamber (made of lead by preference)

page_text: containing an atmosphere of fluo-silicic acid gas. The paper or panelling
is transmitted into the chamber through a slit, and again out through a
slit, then collected and well washed.
If the paper or panel has been made of ordinary material and it bo
desired to cupro-ammonialize the same they must be passed (when dry)
through a cupro-ammonium bath in the ordinary manner, if however
they be made of material already incorporated with hydrated oxide of
copper it suffices to pass the paper or panels through an atmosphere of
moist ammonia, that is to say, through a chamber containing a mixture
of steam and ammoniacal gas. A. leaden chamber we consider the best..
In these processes we specify no plan of generating either ammoniacal
gas or fluo-silicic.acid gas, the ordinary means being adopted.
Having thus described the nature of our said Invention, and the
manner of performing the same, we would have it understood that we
do not claim the use of cupro-ammonium as an agglutinating agent or
as a waterproofing agent for paper, but we claim the means of and
apparatus for the manufacture and treatment of paper and millboard,
substantially as described.
In witness whereof, wc, the said John Scoffern and George
Tidcombe, have hereunto set our hands and scals, this Fourth
day of September, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight
hundred and seventy-five.

page_text: HEALEY, SCOFFERN, AND TIDCOMBE'S DISCLAIMER AND
MEMORANDUM OF ALTERATION.
[SCOFFERN AND TIDCOMBE'S PATENT.
Filed 5th October 1870.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, We ELKANAH
HEALEY, of Oakfield Gatacre, near Liverpool, in the County of Lancaster, Esquire,
JOHN SCOFFERN, of the Canal Bank Works, Willesden Junction, in the County of
Middlesex, Bachelor of Medicine, and GEORGE TIDCOMBE, Junior, of Watford, in the
County of Hertford, Paper Makers' Engineer, send greeting
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Royal Letters
Patent, bearing date the Fifth day of March, One, thousand eight hundred and
seventy-five, No. 827, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto
us, the said John Scoffern and George Tidcombe, junior, our executors, adminis-
trators, and assigns, or such others as we, the said John Scoffern and George
Tidcombe, junior, our executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time
agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the
term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend
within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and
the Isle of Man, an Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE AND
TREATMENT OF PAPER AND MILLBOARD," upon the condition (amongst others) that
we, the said John Scoffern and George Tidcombe, junior, by an instrument in
writing under our hands and seals, or under the hand and seal of one of us, should
particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the saine was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great
Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date
of the said Letters Patent.
And whereas we, the said John Scoffern and George Tidcombe, junior, by an
instrument in writing under our hands and seals, did declare the nature of the said
Invention and in what manner the same was to be performed, and caused the same
to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office on the Fourth day of September, Onc
thousand eight hundred and seventy-five:
And whereas by an Indenture bearing date the Second day of February One
thousand eight hundred and seventy-six, and made between us, the said John
Scoffern and George Tidcombe, junior, of the one part, and me, the said Elkanah
Healey, of the other part, the said John Scoffern and George Tidcombe, junior, did
grant, bargain, sell, and assign to me, the said Elkanah Healey, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, all those the Invention and Letters Patent herein-
before recited and numbered 827, A.D. 1875, to hold to me, the said Elkanah

page_text: Healey, my executors, administrators, and assigns, for and during all the remainder
then to come and unexpired of the said term. And by the same Indenture certain
covenants were entered into by the said parties thereto respectively, whereby we,
the said John Scoffern and George Tidcombe, junior, are entitled to participate in
the manner therein mentioned in the profits which may be made by ine, the
said Elkanah Healey, in working or disposing of the said Invention and Letters
Patent:
ne
A
."
And whereas since the filing of the said Complete Specification and the assign-
ment of the said Letters Patent to the said Elkanalı Healey, I, the said Elkanalı
Healey, have been advised that the said Specification may be construed as laying
claim to an arrangement of rollers for carrying the paper through a bath of cupro-
ammonium, and also to the use of cupro-ammonium generally for treating paper;
and also to the application of the mode of ventilation to the recovery of ammonia
in other processes of manufacture; and also to an apparatus employed when
treating separate slabs or tiles or panels of paper or millboard, which several
matters we are not desirous of separately claiming as being subject matter of the
said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said Elkanah Healey, John Scoffern, and George
Tidcombe, junior, by and with the leave of Her Majesty's Attorney-General, and for
the reasons aforesaid, do disclaim and alter parts of the description of the said
Invention as contained in the said Complete Specification in manner following, that
is to say:
We introduce the words "to which arrangement of rollers no claim is made"
between the word "machine" and the word "and" contained in the thirty-third
line of the fourth page of the said Specification as printed by the Queen's Printers,
and published at the Great Seal Patent Office in One thousand eight hundred and
seventy-five. We also introduce the words "but to the use of cupro-ammonium or
copperized ammonia generally for treating paper no claim is made; the use thereof
for the said purpose is described in the Specification of prior Letters Patent granted
to John Scoffern, dated the Twenty-fifth day of May One thousand eight hundred
and sixty-eight, No. 1717," after the word "sheets," which occurs in the last line of
page of the said printed Specification. We also for the reasons aforesaid disclaim
the words "the mode of ventilation is also applicable to the recovery of ammonia
evolved in other processes of manufacture," being the whole of lines 4 and 5 of
page 5 of the said printed Specification. We also, for the reasons aforesaid, insert
the words "as is well understood" after the word "led" in line 18 of page 5 of the
said printed Specification, and insert the words "but to the use of which we lay no
claim as forming a separate part of our Invention "after the word " millboard,"
which occurs in line 20 of page 7 of the said printed Specification. We also correct a
clerical error which occurs in lines 19 and 31 of page 6 of the said printed Specifi-
cation, and substitute for SS0 the numerals 'S80.
And in order that the effect of the said Disclaimer and Memorandum of Alteration
may be better understood, we annex hereunto a copy of the said Specification as it
will appear when so altered and amended, the Provisional Specification and the
preamble and testing clause of the Complete Specification being omitted.
This Invention has for its object improvements in the manufacture and treatment
of paper and millboard. We treat paper with cupro-ammonium for the purpose of
rendering it waterproof or improving its quality or appearance, either from reels on
which paper is reeled or in the web of paper, as it is made and dried by the paper-
making machine.
After the paper is made and dried by the paper-making machine we lead it
through a bath of cupro-ammonium having a roller or rollers therein, or in con-
nection therewith, either from reels on which the paper is reeled or from the
continuous web of paper itself directly from the paper machine, to which arrange-
ment of rollers no claim is made, and from this bath we lead it over a table of wire
cloth or a cloth of india-rubber, or over a series of rollers forming a table under
which we place steam pipes for the purpose of setting or partially drying the web,

page_text: we then lead it over suitable reels in a hot-air chamber to season or finish tho
treated paper we then cut it as the paper runs by the ordinary cutting machine
into the required sheets, but to the use of cupro-ammonium or copperized aminonia
generally for treating paper no claim is mude; the use thereof for the said purpose
is described in the Specification of prior Letters Patent, granted to John Scoffern,
dated Twenty-fifth May, One thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight, No. 1717.
We employ means of ventilating the chamber in which paper is so treated and
recovering the evolved ammonia that would otherwise be wasted.
tho
day of
A
Over the bath and hot air chamber alluded to we construct a chamber having
openings or orifices leading into the chamber or channels, and at these orifices or in
these channels we apply a steam blast or fan blast, which ventilates the chamber
wherein the paper is treated, and drives the ammonia into suitable contact with
either sulphurous or hydrochloric acid, and by these means we also recover the
ammonia (after evaporation of fluid and as an ammoniacal salt) which would other-
wise be wasted.
Figure 1 is a longitudinal section of apparatus for the manufacture and treatment
of paper according to our Invention. a, a, are the steam drying cylinders of a paper
machine; b is a bath containing cupro-ammonium, through which, by means of
rollers, as shown, the web of paper is led, as is well understood.
The cupro-ammonium which we employ we prepare in the ordinary manner. The
paper after leaving the bath is carried forward on an endless apron c, by preference
of wire gauze, and whilst on this apron the paper is exposed to the heat of steam
pipes to partially set it. Afterwards the paper passes on to the skeleton drums d, d,
which are enclosed in a hot ventilated chamber. Some of the skeleton drums may
contain flys or beaters to keep the air within them in agitation.
When the paper leaves the skeleton drums d it is dry, and it passes on at once to
the cutting machinery, which divides it into sheets. e is a hood placed over the
bath to carry away the ammoniacal fumes; the hood communicates with an air
trunk, in which a draft is maintained by a fan or steam jet.
The fumes are brought into contact with either hydrochloric acid or sulphurous
acid, whether in the state of gas or aqueous solution, whereby the ammonia is
recovered (after evaporation of the fluid) cither us sal ammoniac or sulphite of
ammonia, according to the acid used. The apron c and the drums & are cased in, and
the casings communicate with trunks by which the vapours are led away and they
are collected in the same way as the vapours from the hood e.
In place of taking the paper direct from the paper machine it may be drawn off a
roll, as is indicated in Figure 2.
Figure 3 shows the apparatus which we employ when we desire to combine
several sheets; a, a, are the paper rolls; b, b, guide rollers so o applied as to keep
them radial or the stretches of paper as nearly equal in length as possible. This is
of great practical importance; c is the bath, and a roller within it, beneath which
the papers are passed; e¹, c¹, are two endless aprons of wire gauze passing around
guide rollers which carry the paper forward between them, and render the process at
the bath automatic. The aprons of wire gauze may however be dispensed with;
e², e, are pressure rollers, and f, f, a second pair of pressure rollers which press
the sheets of paper together after they have been delivered from between the
aprons c¹ cl
The arrangements for driving off, combining, and recovering the ammonia
remaining with the paper are as already described.
We sometimes incorporate hydrated oxide of copper with paper pulp, so that after
it is made into paper it has only to be subjected to the influence of ammonia either,
dissolved in water and of the specific gravity of 880 by preference, or else ammonia.
in the state of gas mingled with steam.
In the manufacture of paper it is now well known that paper pulp is incorporated
with various powders such as china clay and ochres, which can only be regarded as
prejudicial adulterations. Instead of such materials we use the hydrated oxide of

page_text: copper not as an adulterant but as contributing to the strength and durability of
the resulting paper.
The oxide of copper we employ is that obtained by precipitation from a solution
of a copper salt in the ordinary manner, we mix it in à moist state with the
paper pulp, and in such proportion that the dried paper would contain about two
per cent. of oxide, though other proportions will answer. With paper thus prepared
we employ a bath of aqueous ammonia (specific gravity SS0 by preference) in lieu of
cupro-ammonium; in other respects we work as already described. Or in place of
employing an ammoniacal bath the moist paper may be passed through a chamber
containing ammoniacal gas with steam. The paper should remain in the chamber
for a time, varying according to its thickness, or until the original greenish tint of
the paper becomes decidedly blue.
It is well known that by passing paper through a cupro-ammonium bath it is
surface dissolved and glazed by its own material, and if it be desired to stick two
or inore sheets of paper together this is the most profitable way of conducting
the operation, but if it be merely desired to strengthen and glaze a single thickness
of paper or millboard it is improper to make the glaze by dissolving a portion of the
paper itself. In this case we pass the web or sheet of paper through a bath, not of
eupro-ammonium simply, but of cupro-ammonium in which either ligneous material
or silk is already dissolved; and we sometimes fortify the bath with tar, pitch,
marine glue, or other resinous materials, all of which are soluble in cupro-ammonium;
we pass the paper through the bath in the manner indicated in Figure 2.
We
We also manufacture panels and tiles from millboard or thick sheets of ligneous
material made from pulp already incorporated with hydrated oxide of copper.
pass the tiles or panels by means of endless webs through a bath of aminoniacal
solution, or we subject them to the influence of ammoniacal gas and steam.
Figure 1 shows the apparatus which we employ when treating separate slabs or
tiles, or panels of paper or millboard, but to the use of which we lay no claim as
forming a separate part of our Invention. a is a bath containing cupro-ammonium
or ammonia, as the case may be; b and c are endless aprons of wire gauze passing
around rollers, as shown. The slabs, tiles, or panels are inserted between the
aprons and c, and are carried by them through the liquid in the bath. The slabs,
tiles, or panels are delivered on to the apron d, on which they are partially dried
by heat, as described in respect to Figure 1, and they afterwards are carried around
skeleton drums of large diameter in a drying chamber to complete the drying;
wire bands or tapes are used to conduct the pieces around the skeleton drums.
b
We will now describe the plan we pursue in impregnating and surface glazing
panels or other forms of paper material with flinty matter, and we will premise
by stating it is well known that fluo-silicic acid gas immediately on coming into
contact with aqueous moisture deposits flint. This being known we form our
panel of either ordinary paper material or else paper material holding hydrated
oxide of copper as a constituent. In either case our paper or panels being yet wet
with aqueous moisture we pass it or them through a chamber (made of lead by
preference) containing an atmosphere of fluo-silicic acid gas.
The paper or
panelling is transmitted into the chamber through a slit, and again out through
a slit, then collected and well washed.
If the paper or panel has been made of ordinary material, and it be desired to
cupro-aminonialize the same, they must be passed (when dry) through a cupro-
animonium bath in the ordinary manner; if however they be made of material
already incorporated with hydrated oxide of copper it suffices to pass the paper or
panels through an atmosphere of moist ammonia, that is to say, through a chamber
containing a mixture of steam and ammoniacal gas. A leaden chamber we
consider the best.
In these processes we specify no plan of generating either ammoniacal gas or
fluo-silicic acid gas, the ordinary means being adopted.
Having thus described the nature of our said Invention, and the manner of
performing the same, we would have it understood that we do not claim the use

page_text: of cupro-ammonium as an agglutinating agent or as a waterproofing agent for
paper, but we claim the means of and apparatus for the manufacture and treatment
of paper and millboard, substantially as described.
In witness whereof, 1, the said Elkanah Healey, on behalf of the said John
Scoffern, and George Tidcombe, junior, and myself, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Seventh day of September One thousand eight hundred
and seventy-six.
I hereby grant my fiat giving leave to the above-named Elkanalı Healey to file
in the Great Seal Patent Office, with the Specification to which the same relates,
the above-written Disclaimer an Memorandum of Alteration, dated this Fourth
day of October One thousand eight hundred and seventy-six.
JOHN HOLKER.
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