IMPROVEMENTS IN THE TREATMENT AND UTILIZATION OF A CERTAIN KIND OF CLAY
Year: 1885

page_text: I FRANK CANDY of No. 6 Leigh Road in the County of Middlesex Manufacturer
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
TREATMENT AND UTILIZATION OF A CERTAIN KIND OF CLAY" to be as follows:-
My invention consists of the improvements hereinafter described in the treat-
ment and utilization of such of the dark coloured clay found near the beds of
potter's clay in the district of Marland near Torrington in the County of Devon as
contains so much carbonaceous matter as to be unsuitable for use in the manu-
facture of bricks and pottery owing to the great extent to which the presence of
the carbonaceous matter causes the said clay to shrink and warp when dried and
burnt the objects of my said Invention being to utilize the said clay in the manu-
factures hereinafter referred to in which the carbonaceous matter and silicate of
alumina iron and free silica which are among the constituents of the said clay may
be rendered serviceable.
In order to the utilization of the said clay I treat it either alone or in admixture
with other matters as herein after described.
I take the said clay without addition of other matters and carbonize it. Or
I add chalk or ordinary limestone or lime to the said clay and carbonize or char
the mixture. Or I add spathose ore or carbonaceous ironstone to the said clay and
add sulphuric acid or hydrochloric acid' to the said matters and afterwards carbonize
or char the mixture. Or I add spathose ore or carbonaceous ironstone and chalk
or ordinary limestone or lime to the said clay and add sulphuric acid or hydro-
chloric acid to the said matters and carbonize or char the mixture.
The several products obtained as herein before described are capable of use in the
purification of water and other liquids and as disinfectants and deodorants and
filtering media, and agents for decolourizing liquids or solutions and for purifying
gas and I use one or other of the said products for the said purposes according to
the nature or condition of the matters to be treated or the result required. Where
it is advantageous to use the said products in a more-or less finely divided state
I either disintegrate the clay and such other of the materials used as are capable
of disintegration before carbonizing or charring them or I disintegrate the car-
bonized or charred products.

page_text: The products obtained as herein before described are also capable of use in the
manufacture of paint. In thus utilizing them I select one or other of the said
products and reduce it to powder and grind the powder with oil or with silicate of
soda. In some cases I calcine or burn the clay or the said mixtures with access of
air instead of carbonizing or charring and afterwards use the products in the
manufacture of paint as herein before described.
The said clay after carbonization is also capable of use in lieu of carbon in
electric batteries and in lieu of ordinary black chalk or crayons or charcoal. In
some cases I prepare the said clay for the said uses as hereinafter described
I take
the clay in the natural state and grind it in water or oil to a slurry and pass the
slurry through a fine sieve and dry or partially dry the slurry and press it into
blocks and then complete the drying if it has not previously been completely
dried and carbonize the blocks and cut or divide the blocks into pieces of the
required form and size after carbonizing them.

page_text: Kind of Clay.
I FRANK CANDY of No. 6 Leigh Road in the County of Middlesex Manufacturer
do hereby declare the nature of this Invention and in what. manner the same
is to be performed to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement:—
My invention consists of the improvements employed as hereinafter described in
the treatment and utilization of such of the dark coloured clay hereinafter referred
to as carbonaceous clay found near the beds of potters clay in the district of
Marland near Torrington in the County of Devon as contains so much carbonaceous
matter as to be unsuitable for use in the manufacture of bricks and pottery owing
to the great extent to which the presence of the carbonaceous matter causes the
said clay to shrink and warp when dried and burned the objects of my said inven-
tion being to utilize and employ the said clay in the manufactures hereinafter
referred to in which the carbonaceous matter and silicate of alumina iron and
free silica which are among the constituents of the said clay may be rendered
serviceable.
In order to the utilization of the said carbonaceous clay I treat it either alone or
in admixture with other matters as hereinafter described.
I take the said clay without addition of other matters and I cause the car-
bonaceous matters contained in or mixed with the clay to be acted upon by the
necessary heat and so carbonize it. Or I add chalk or ordinary limestone to the
said clay and carbonize the mixture.
Any ordinary form of carbonizing apparatus may be used for carbonizing the
said clay or the said mixture.
Before carbonizing the said clay I grind it either in a dry or moist state by.
means of suitable apparatus such as an edge runner mill or other clay grinding
mill or machine and if ground moist I afterwards pug it and dry it in masses of
convenient size. If ground dry I afterward moisten it and pug it and thus bring
about uniformnity of structure and chemical combination and then dry it in portions
of size and form convenient for granulation and then granulate it and afterwards
carbonize it or I carbonize it and afterwards granulate it.
In preparing the mixture of the said carbonaceous clay and chalk or clay and
limestone I add them together either in a moist or dry state and in the proportion
of about one part by weight of the chalk or limestone to ten parts by weight of
the clay making allowance for moisture in case the said matters or one of them be
in a moist state and I then grind the whole and further treat it as hereinbefore
described with reference to the clay alone. The mixture may be conveniently
prepared by first mixing or grinding the chalk or limestone with water to a slurry
and then adding the slurry to the clay and grinding the whole together. The said
clay or the mixture after being ground in a moist state may be at once placed in
the carbonizing apparatus or the clay or the mixture may be dried before being
placed therein.
The carbonized products obtained as herein before described are capable of use in
the purification of water and other liquids and as deodorants and filtering media
and agents for decolourizing liquids or solutions and I use one or other of the said
products for the said purposes according to the nature or condition of the matters

page_text: to be treated or the result required. Thus where it is required to purify water if
the water be hard and it be required to soften it; I use the product. resulting from
the carbonization of the mixture of chalk and clay or limestone and clay and if the
water be not hard or it be not required to soften it I use the product resulting
from the carbonization of the clay alone. Either of the said products may be used
for deodorizing and in using them for this purpose I spread them over the matters
to be deodorized. When the said products are to be used for the purification and
decolorization of water I prefer pieces of sizes varying from that of coarse sand
grains to that of horse beans and when required for use as deodorants I reduce the
said products to powder. For most other purposes I use the said products in
pieces of about the size of the charcoal used by sugar refiners.
The products obtained as herein before described are also capable of use in the
manufacture of paint in substitution for or in addition to the oxide of lead or the
other matters ordinarily used in place thereof. In thus utilizing the said products
I reduce them to an impalpable powder and mix and grind them with oil and the
other matters ordinarily used in the preparation of lead paint and other mineral
paints or if a fire proof paint be required I mix and grind them with silicate of
soda and in either case I use one or other or both of the said products according to
the degree of blackness required in the paint. Where a warm tint is required in
the paint I calcine or burn the said clay or the said mixture with access of air and
use the product either alone or in admixture with the carbonized product.
The said clay after carbonization is also capable of use in lieu of carbon in
electric batteries and in lieu of ordinary black chalk or crayons or charcoal for
marking or drawing or writing. I prepare the said clay for the said uses as
hereinafter described. I take the clay in the natural state (selecting the darkest
varieties) and grind it in water to a slurry and pass the slurry through a fine
sieve in order to remove grit and foreign matter and dry or partially dry the
slurry and mould or press it into blocks and then complete the drying if it has not
previously been completely dried and carbonize the blocks and if they be not of
the form and size required I cut or divide them into pieces of the required forin
and size after carbonizing them.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my invention
and the manner in which the same is to be performed I declare that what I clain
as my invention is
First The manufacture as described of materials prepared for use in the purifi-
cation of water and other liquids as deodorants and filtering media and agents for
decolourizing liquids or solutions by carbonizing clay of the kind hereinbefore
referred to either alone or in admixture with chalk or limestone.
Secondly The manufacture as described of materials prepared for use as pig-
ments or as paint and resulting from the carbonization or calcination of clay of
the kind herein before referred to either alone or in adınixture with chalk or
limestone.
Thirdly The use of the product resulting from the carbonization of clay of the
kind hereinbefore referred to as a substitute for the carbon ordinarily used in
electric batteries.
Fourthly The use of the product resulting from the carbonization of clay of
the kind herein before referred to for marking or drawing or writing.
Dated this ninstranth 'T
1000
W. T. WHITEMAN,
Agent for the Applicant.