Improvements in Type-writing Machines, Linotype Machines, and the like.
Year: 1898

page_text: Date of Application, 1st Mar., 1898-Accepted, 4th June, 1898
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Type-writing Machines, Linotype Machines,
and the like.
A communication from abroad by THADDEUS CAHILL, of 1808, Sixteenth Street,
North West, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America,
Counsellor at Law.
I, ROBERT ALEXANDER SLOAN, of the Firm of Sloan & Lloyd Barnes, of Castle
Chambers, Castle Street, Liverpool, in the County of Lancaster, Patent Agent, do
hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement:
-
My invention relates principally to type-writing machines; but certain important
features of the invention are applicable also to linotype machines, as hereinafter
pointed out.
The object of my invention, briefly stated, is to increase the ease and rapidity with
which work can be done upon a type-writing machine or upon a linotype machine;
and my invention consists in the improvements and combinations hereinafter
described and specifically set forth in the statement of claim at the end hereof.
I shall first describe my invention as applied to a type-writing machine, and
after that will point out how certain important portions of my invention may be
applied also to linotype machines.
Type-writing machines or typewriters-I use the two terms synonymously-as
usually constructed, are adapted to print letters one at a time only; and it is
necessary also, in most of the type-writing machines that have been brought out,
to strike the space key, at the end of each word, in order to make the space between
such word and the next succeeding word; so that to make any word and the
necessary space at the end of it, the operator must make as many successive actions
as there are letters in the word plus one; to wit, a separate action for each succes-
sive letter and another action for the space at the end of the word.
Further, in type-writing machines as at present generally constructed, a large
number of keys is used-usually from thirty keys to seventy or more and the
operator, in the great majority of cases, finds it necessary to watch these keys
closely. When copying anything, he usually momentarily ceases writing while
looking away at his copy. Ordinarily, an operator looks at his copy for an instant
to get a clause or a sentence in mind to print, and does not strike the keys while
looking at the copy; then he looks at the keys and prints such clause or sentence;
then he looks back at the copy to get the next clause or sentence in mind to print;
then he looks at the keys and prints again; and so on alternately. There are,
doubtless, among experts some who can print uninterruptedly, looking at the
copy and striking the keys at the same time; but the method above described is
that which most operators find themselves obliged to pursue.
Further, to operate the keys of a typewriter so as to print properly, especially in
manifolding, requires some little exertion, which, when the operator writes rapidly,

page_text: has a tendency (a) to fatigue the operator and (b) to cause him to use only the strong
fingers in striking the keys. For this reason, many type-writer operators use only
the forefinger of each hand in striking the printing keys; many others use only
the forefinger and the middle finger; still others use the forefinger, the middle
finger and the ring finger; while the proportion of those operators who make any
use of the little finger in striking the printing keys, is very small. And by
reason of the ordinary construction of typewriter keyboards, the thumb is seldom.
or never used in depressing a printing key; though many operators use it in
striking the space key. To use only one finger of a hand or two fingers, or even
three, is a sensible disadvantage, as it requires much more running about of the
hands over the keys and much closer watching on the part of the operator, than
would be required if he could conveniently use all his fingers and the thumb, as in
playing a pianoforte.
Further, by reason of the large number of keys generally, if not always, employed
heretofore to operate a set of type-bars, the operator finds it necessary to use both
his hands to operate a single set of type-bars with the usual speed and convenience.
All the features above mentioned, to wit, (a) the multiplicity of keys employed to
control a single set of type-bars, (b) the constant watching of the keys thereby
necessitated upon the part of the average operator; (c) the large number of separate
and successive actions required to print a given amount of matter, to wit, an action
for each letter and for each interverbal space; (d) the heavy touch required for
rapid writing, and (e) the usual arrangement of the keys, whereby the operator
feels compelled, in most cases, to use only a portion of his fingers in striking the
finger keys, and finds it necessary, in practice, to use both hands to control a single
set of type-bars-all of which features are common, if not universal in the type-
writing machines now in general use-I consider to be defects, and it is the object
of my invention effectually to remedy all of them.
More particularly, the object of my invention, as applied to a type-writing
machine, is: To make a type-writing machine of durable and reliable
mechanical construction capable (a) of writing letters two at a time; and
adapted (b) to make the space at the end of a word either entirely
automatically without the operator having anything whatever to do to
produce it or simultaneously, so far as the operator is concerned, with the
last letter or the last two letters of the word; and in which (c) an ordinary, intelli-
gent operator can, with a little practice, manipulate the keys so as to make either
a single letter, or two letters at a time, or two letters and the space, all at the same
time, and without looking at the keys at all; so that he will have his eyes free
to look uninterruptedly at his copy, and will be able to operate the keys con-
tinuously, and in which (d) the power to impel the type-bars and effect the printing
is supplied from a source extra the operator (the operator acting only to call such
power into action for the impelling of the proper type-bar), so that the touch of
the machine is made to be extremely light, the dip or depression of the keys
reduced, and the operator thereby enabled to use the thumb and all the fingers upon
the printing keys, and to manipulate them with a maximum of speed and a
minimum of fatigue.
.
I enable the operator to write letters two at a time by employing two sets of
type-bars and two sets of keys respectively controlling said type-bars, one set of
keys serving for one hand and the other set of keys for the other
hand. The use of two sets of type-bars, in a type-writing machine,
is not, however, I wish it to be understood, broadly new with me.
It was patented to Henry Orpen on April 15, 1884, by Letters Patent of
the United States of America No. 297,086. Another machine on the same general
principle and likewise adapted to write letters two at a time, is described in the
Specification of Letters Patent of the United States of America, No. 543,085, dated
July 23, 1895, to Adolphus S. Dennis. Both in the Orpen machine and the Dennis
machine, a great number of keys is used, (Orpen shows seventy-six printing keys
in his drawing, and Dennis shows one hundred keys,) the watching of which, to

page_text: strike two keys at the same instant, must necessarily engage the close attention
of any ordinary operator, rendering it practically impossible to strike the keys
while looking at the copy, or to read the copy while striking the keys. I mention
these patents to Orpen and Dennis here, however, only so that it will be clearly
understood that my invention relates not to the two sets of type-bars considered by
themselves above, but (a) to the combination with them of means for operating
them, (which will be hereinafter described), whereby a few keys for each hand are
made to control the two sets of type-bars; and (b) to other combinations hereinafter
described and set forth in the statement of claim at the end hereof.
As to the making of the space at the end of the word: My machine, as will
clearly appear hereinafter, is designed to be operated to write letters in pairs,
beginning with the first pair of letters in a word, and continuing pair by pair until
the last pair of letters is printed, if the word contain an even number of letters,
or till the last letter is printed, if the word contain an odd number of letters. The
spacing mechanism is arranged in such a manner that whenever a key or a combina-
tion of keys is depressed to print a single character, or a pair of characters, the
carriage moves two teeth of the space rack-a space sufficient for two letters or for
a letter and an interverbal space; and there is a space key, adapted to be operated
simultaneously with the keys that control the type-bars, and whereby the move-
ment of the carriage can be increased to three spaces. If, then, a word contain
an odd number of letters, when the operator strikes the key or combination of
keys that make the final letter of the word, he has nothing whatever to do to make
the space at the end of such word since the carriage is arranged to normally move
two letter spaces. But if the word contain an even number of letters, the operator
at the same time that he strikes the keys that make the last two letters of the word,
depresses with another finger the space key; the effect of which is to increase
the movement of the carriage from two letter spaces to three, thereby giving the
necessary space at the end of the word. Thus, it will be seen, when the machine
is operated in the way in which it is designed to be operated, the space at the end
of a word containing an odd number of letters is made absolutely automatically-
the operator has nothing whatever to do to produce such space; and to make the
space at the end of a word containing an even number of letters, he depresses the
space key at the same instant that he depresses the keys that make the last two
letters of such word, making the last two letters of the word and the space at once
and with a single action.
I enable the operator to manipulate the keys without looking at them, so as to
make either (a) a single letter, or (b) two letters at the same time, or (c) two letters
and the space at the end of a word, all simultaneously, by using a few keys in one set,
operated by the right hand and serving singly and in different combinations to
control all the type-bars of the one set, and another set of keys, few in number and
adapted to be operated by the left hand, such keys serving singly and in different
combinations to control all the type-bars of the other set. Further, I shape and
arrange the keys somewhat like those of a pianoforte, so as to enable all the
fingers and particularly the thumb to act upon them easily. Thus, the operator,
having a few keys only for each hand to control-and those keys shaped and
arranged, as before said, like the keys of a pianoforte-with a little practice
instinctively feels the position of each key; and the finger or fingers whose duty
it is to strike the key or combinations of keys corresponding to the letter to be
printed, soon act as it were automatically, without conscious effort or thought upon
the part of the operator and without assistance from his eyes. Thus, in the draw-
ings, the three keys B1, B and B are adapted to be depressed with the thumb,
and the thumb should never operate any other keys; the forefinger is intended to
operate the keys C and C, and no other; the middle finger, to operate the keys (+
and C³, and those only; the ring finger, to operate the keys C3 and G, and no others,
and the little finger, to operate the keys C and C and no others. Thus, it will be
seen, each finger controls two keys only, one key in the front bank and one in the
rear bank, and the thumb controls three keys only, so that the hand very soon

page_text: learns the keyboard without any assistance from the eyes. Each of the keys B₁, B³
and B3, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6 and C7, when depressed by itself alone, makes its own
proper letter, (some one of the most frequently occurring letters of the alphabet);
and each of the keys C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6 and C7, when depressed simultaneously
with the key B', makes a different letter from what it makes when depressed alone;
still a different letter when depressed simultaneously or in combination with the
key 132 and yet a different letter when depressed simultaneously with the key B³.
The key G makes the space at the end of a word and is intended, as before said, to
be depressed simultaneously with the keys that make the last two letters of the
word. Thus, from the ten keys B1, B2, B3, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6 and C7, by using
them singly and in different combinations, we obtain, without the shifting of the
platen m, (and without ever depressing more than two keys to make a letter),
thirty-one characters, and by the shifting of said platen m, (each type-bar being
furnished, as in the Remington, Densmore and some other type-writing machines
with two characters on each type-bar) thirty-one more characters, in the upper case
position. The mechanism intermediate the keys and the type-bars, by which a
few keys acting singly and in different combinations, are made to control a large
number of type-bars, I designate in this specification, for lack of a better term,
permutational character-selecting mechanism, or sometimes permutational type-bar-
selecting mechanism; and sometimes I use the word device in this connection
instead of the word mechanism. My permutational type-bar-selecting mechanism
will be fully described hereinafter, in connection with the drawings. And apart
from the drawings it is difficult to explain it.
I make the touch of the machine very light, thereby enabling the operator to
employ all his fingers in manipulating the machine, and to work rapidly and easily,
by using motor mechanism, controlled by the keys, to actuate the type-bars and
the spacing mechanism; the arrangements of the parts being such that the keys
serve only (a) to connect the proper type-bar with the motor mechanism, and (b) to
bring the motor into action for impelling the type-bar connected with it, whereupon
the motor does all the work of impelling the type-bar and of making the space;
all of which is more fully described hereinafter.
In the accompanying drawings
Figure 1 is a diagrammatic view, illustrating the electrical connections of one form
of apparatus, constructed according to my invention, the keys being shown in plan.
Figure 1 is a view similar to Figure 1, illustrating a modification.
Figure 2 is a diagrammatic plan view, partly in section, illustrating the per-
mutational character-selecting mechanism; the paper-carriage, with the whole of
the upper portion of the machine, being removed, and the keys and various other
parts being omitted.
Figure 2 is a diagrammatic plan view, illustrating the two sets of type-bars, to
wit, the set of type-bars, a, a, adapted to be operated by the left-hand and the set of
type-bars a¹, a¹, adapted to be operated by the right-hand; the bars of each set
being arranged to strike to a printing-point common to the bars of such set, and
the printing-points of the two sets of bars being arranged adjacent to each other.
Figure 3 is a sectional view, partly in elevation, on the line x, x, Figure 2.
Fig. 3 is a detail sectional elevation, illustrating two type-bars, to-wit, one
belonging to the left-hand or quick-acting set of type-bars, and the other belonging
to the right-hand or slow-acting set of type-bars, each in its own proper printing
position.
Figure 4 is a sectional view, partly in elevation, in a plane at a right angle to
the plane of Figure 3.
Figure 5 is
mechanism.
diagrammatic view, a detail rear elevation, illustrating the space-
Figure 6 is a diagrammatic view, a sectional clevation, similar to Figure 3,
illustrating a modified construction.
Figure 7 is a sectional view, partly in elevation, illustrating one of my permuta-

page_text: tional character-selecting devices, connected to operate the escapement or releasing
devices of a Mergenthaler linotype machine.
Figure 8 is a view similar to the preceding, but illustrating a simpler construction
of the parts.
The drawings illustrate the essential features of the construction figured in them,
without attempting to show all the usual details well known in the art. Nor do
they attempt to show sizes and proportions of parts. Some of the figures, are,
indeed, quite diagrammatic, sacrificing to some extent form and proportion, and
occasionally even the relative positions of the parts, to a clearer illustration of the
essentials of the construction. This is particularly true of Figures 1 and 1^. Enough
in short, is shown to clearly illustrate the essential features of the construction;
and no effort is made to show non-essentials of construction, which are entirely
within the range of ordinary mechanical skill, and which every constructor makes
to suit himself.
The preferred form of type-writing machine, illustrated in Figures 1 to 5, con-
sists essentially of (a) two sets of type-bars, the bars of each set being disposed
around an arc and arranged so that they strike to a printing-point common to the
set, the printing-points of the two sets being adjacent to each other; (b) two sets
of keys controlling the two sets of type-bars above mentioned, the two sets of keys
being adapted to be operated simultaneously by the operator for the making of
two letters at the same time, one letter from each set of keys; (c) two permutational
character-selecting devices, one for each set of keys, each such permutational
character-selecting device being controlled by its own set of keys and serving to con-
nect such keys with the corresponding set of type-bars; (d) releasing mechanism,
whereby the type-bars are left free to return to their normal positions, after they
have printed their letters, notwithstanding the fact that the keys which have caused
them to act are still held down by the operator; (e) means whereby the two letters
which are produced substantially simultaneously are made to print one a very short
interval of time before the other, so that interference between the bars, when coming
into position to print, is avoided; (f) a suitable paper-carriage; and (9) spacing
mechanism, whereby the requisite spaces between the successive letters and words
are obtained. The ribbon mechanism, alarm-bell, interlinear spacing mechanism,
and other minor details, of which many forms are well known in the art, and no
particular one of which is essential to my invention, are not illustrated.
Such is the apparatus shown in Figures 1 to 5 in illustration of my invention as
applied to a type-writing machine; but some of the parts above enumerated may
be omitted, and many modifications may be made, without departing from certain
important points of my invention, hereinafter fully described and distinctly
claimed. At the outset, I wish it to be understood that in describing the structure
illustrated in Figures 1 to 5, I am describing the construction of my preferred
form of type-writing machine, so as to enable any person skilled in the art to carry
out the invention in that mode which I consider as, on the whole, best; but that I
am not setting out the dry essentials of my invention or distinguishing between
what is new and what is old, such pointing out of the essentials of my invention
and distinguishing between what is new and what is old, being done in the latter.
part of this specification, after the forms of device figured in the drawings have
been fully explained.
THE MAIN-FRAME.
The main-frame consists of a bed-plate 1, a top-plate 2, four columns 3, 3, 3, 3,
attached to the bed-plate and serving to support the top-plate, and front and back
bars 5, 5, attached to the columns 3, 3, and serving to furnish a support for various
rock-shafts and other parts hereinafter described. To the principal parts above
mentioned of the main-frame, other parts are attached, as illustrated in the draw-
ings and hereinafter described. Thus, rails 6, 6, lying transverse to the length of
the platen and parallel with the length of the keys, are screwed fast to the
columns 3, 3, and serve to support flanges e20 by which the frames e, e¹, e², e³, eª,

page_text: es, e6 and e², hereinafter described, are fulcrumed. Other rails, 6º, 6º, lying parallel
to the rails 6, 6, above described, serve to support the ends of said frames e, e¹, e²,
e³, etc., when said frames are in their normal positions. Bars. 7, 7, (omitted in
Figure 2, but shown in Figure 3,) lying parallel to the rails 6, 6, and 6º, 6º, but
supported by the front and back-bars 5, 5, serve to support pins f3, f³, to which
the fixed ends of the contractile springs f2, f2, hereinafter described, (by which
the type-bars are returned to their normal positions,) are secured. Other bars 8, 8,
(also omitted in Figure 2,) likewise attached to the front and back bars 5, 5, and
lying parallel to the parts 6, 6, 6, 6ª, 7 and 7, serve to carry the guide-pins fo, f³,
by which the type-bar-connected levers f, f, hereinafter described, are kept cach
in its proper lateral position. A fulcrum bar 11, extending transverse to the keys,
is attached to the bed-plate and serves to support the fulcrum pins 10, 10, by
which the various keys are centered. A bar of insulating material 12, suitably
attached to the bed-plate, serves to carry the contact springs, b, b, c, c¹, etc., herein-
after described; and a similar bar, 13, covered with felt on its lower surface, and
suitably attached to the bed-plate, lies above the front ends of said contact-
springs b, b, c, c', etc., a short distance, and serves to arrest the motion of the keys,
when the same are depressed in front of the center, and after they have established
connection with the corresponding contact-pieces, b, b, c, c¹, etc., as the case may be.
To the top-plate 2, various type-bar-hangers, the paper-carriage, and the inking-
ribbon mechanism, (the last of which is not shown in the drawings,) are attached in
any suitable manner; say, for example, after the fashion employed in the machine
long well known in the art and trade as the Remington Standard Typewriter,
Number Two, or in any other known or suitable manner. The top-plate 2, is
furnished with a downward extension A, to which the spacing mechanism is
attached, in a manner hereinafter described. Other details of the frame-work will
be described hereinafter. But no special importance is attached to the details of
the main-frame illustrated in the drawings. The main-frame of a typewriter is a
thing which every constructor varies to suit his own ideas and the peculiarities of
his machine.
THE TWO SETS OF TYPE-BARS.
I have said that I employ two sets of type-bars, the bars of each set being disposed
around an arc and arranged so that they strike to a printing-point common to the
bars of such set, the printing-points of the two sets of bars being adjacent to each
other. The construction is illustrated in Figures 3, 3 and 4, which are sectional
views, showing a few type-bars only of the many that are used in practice; and in
Figure 2, which shows a large number of the type-bars. The type-bars of the
one set, controlled by the keys of the left-hand set, are marked a; the type-bars of
the other set, controlled by the keys of the right-hand set, are marked a¹. The
dotted lines in Figure 4, drawn from the type-bars a¹, a', to the printing-point A¹,
common to such bars, are intended to illustrate the fact that all the bars of a set
strike to a printing-point common to such set; and the similar dotted lines in
Figure 3, drawn from the type-bars a, and a¹, respectively, to the printing-points A
and A', belonging respectively to the left-hand and right-hand sets of bars, are
intended to illustrate the fact that the printing-points of the two sets of type-bars
are adjacent to each other along the line of printing, a distance apart equal to one
letter-space, so that when letters are printed simultaneously, one from the set of
bars a, a, and the other from the set of bars a, a, the two letters thus printed
stand in proper consecutive order upon the line of printing, the letter printed by
the bar a, standing first in the line, and that printed by the bar a', following it in
proper order.
OF THE TWO SETS OF KEYS.
T 1
11

page_text: keys. The two sets of keys are similar, so that a description of one set is a
description of both sets. See Figure 1 or 1. Each set of keys, as figured in the
drawings, consists of (a) three keys marked respectively B', 132 and B³, which with
the frame B, controlled by said keys, B1, B2 and 133, control four frames d, d, d²
and (Figures 2 and 3,) hereinafter described, belonging to the permutational
selecting device proper to such set of keys; (b) seven keys, C, C, C, C+, C³, C
and C, which with a frame C, controlled by said keys C1, C2, etc., control the eight
frames e, el, e, e³, et, e, e and e', (Figures 2 and 3,) hereinafter described, which
co-act with the four frames d, d¹, d and d³, before mentioned, in selecting letters,
as hereinafter described; and (c) a space key G. For convenience's sake, the
keys, B1, B2 and 133, will sometimes be termed hereinafter the B-group keys, or the
keys of the B-group; and the keys, C¹; C³, C3, C4, C5, C and C, will sometimes be
termed hereinafter the keys of the C-group, or the C-group keys. The keys are
preferably arranged somewhat like those of a piano-forte, as illustrated in the draw-
ing. (See Figure 1.) They may be centered by means of pins 10, 10, driven into
a fulcrum bar 11, as in a pianoforte; or they may be fulcrumed in any other
suitable manner. The rear ends of the keys rests normally down upon a felted
bar 12, Figure 4. The frames B and C, and the electrical connections will be
described after the essential parts of the selecting device have been described.
OF THE PERMUTATIONAL CHARACTER-SELECTING DEVICES.
The function of the permutational character-selecting devices is to enable a
large number of letters to be made by a smaller number of keys. There are two
such selecting devices, one for the right-hand set of keys, and the other for the
left-hand set of keys. The two devices are similar, so that a description of one is
a description of both. See particularly Figures 2 and 3. d, d², d³ and dare
frames, corresponding respectively to the three keys D1, D2, D3 and the frame B.
Said frames as illustrated in the drawings, consist each of a center-rod or shaft,
and a bent side-and-end portion firmly attached to the center-rod. The center-rod
is fulcrumed by means of pointed screws do, do, set in the front and back bars 5, 5,
and held in place by lock nuts. e¹, e², e³, et, e, e, e7 and e, are other framebor
levers corresponding respectively to the keys C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6 and C and the
frame C. The frames d, d², d³ and d, are each operated by electro-magnets, 1)¹, D²,
13 and D, hereinafter described, controlled respectively by the keys, B1, B2, 133 and
the frame B. In like manner, the other frames or levers, e¹, e³, e³, e¹, es, e, e and e,
are operated by other electro-magnets E1, E2, E3, E4, E5, E6, E7 and E, controlled
respectively by the keys C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7 and the frame C. f, f, f, f, are
levers corresponding to the type-bars of the set which they control; and said
levers, f, f, f, f, are connected each by a pull-down wire h, attached to one end of
said lever f, with the corresponding type-bar. The other end of each of said
levers, f, f, f, f, (that is to say, the end of said lever remote from the end to which
the pull-down wire h is connected,) is pin-jointed to one of the frames e, e¹, e², c³,
e, e, e ore; four of said levers, f, f, f, f, being pin-jointed to each of said
frames e¹, e, e³, et, e³, e and e', and three to the frame e. The frames d, d, ² and d³,
overlie the levers f, f, intermediate the points at which said levers are connected (a)
with the frames e, e¹, ea, e³, et, e³, e or e³, as the case may be; and (b) with the pull-
lown wires h, h, by which said levers are connected, it will be remembered, with
the type-bars. Said levers f, f, f, f, are operated each by the conjoint action of
some one of the frames d, d, and ³, corresponding to the B-group keys, and some
one of the frames, e, e¹, e³, 3, 4, 5, 6 and e, corresponding to the C-group
keys; and each different lever f, is operated by a different combination of the frames
above mentioned; and every different combination of two frames, belonging one to
the group of frames d, d, d2 and 3, (corresponding to the B-group keys,) and the
other to the group of frames e, e¹, e², e³, et, e³, e and e', (corresponding to the C-group
keys,) operates a different lever, and thereby a different type-bar. Each of the
frames, d, d, and d³ affects one of the levers f, f, f, f, connected with each of
the frames e, e¹, e², e³, et, e5, eû and e', (except that the frame d, for reasons which will

page_text: appear hereinafter, does not affect any of the levers f, f, f, f, connected with the
frame e;) and in each group of levers f, f, f, f, belonging to one of the
frames e, e¹, e³, etc., each of the frames d, d¹, d2 and d³, affects a different lever, f,
from what any other one of said frames affects. To this end, a projection f¹ is
attached to each of the levers, f, f, etc., immediately underneath that one of the
frames d, d, dor d³, which is designed to operate the particular lever f, to which
such projection is attached. The top surfaces of such projections, fi, f¹, stand
above the top surfaces of the levers 7, f,-a distance somewhat greater than the
maximum movement of the levers f, f, or of the frames d, d¹, and d³, at that
point, so that any particular lever in one of the groups of levers f, f, carried by
one of the frames e, e¹, e e³, e¹, e, e and e, can co-act with the corresponding
frame, d, d, d² or d³, as the case may be, without affecting, or being affected by,
any other of such frames d, d¹, d³, d³.
In my preferred construction, the frames d, d, d and d³, lie normally with their
lower surfaces in close proximity to the upper surfaces of the projections f¹, f',
attached to the levers f, f. Contractile springs f³, f, which are attached at one
end to the levers f, f, at the points at which said levers are connected by the
couplings f, f, with the pull down wires h, h, and at the other end to pins f3, f³,
driven into the bars 7, 7, (which latter extend across the machine from the front
bar 5, to the back bar 5,) serve to pull upwardly upon each of the levers f, f, with a
force greater than is required to lift one of the frames d, d', d³, ³. When, there-
fore, any of the frames e, e¹, e², e³, et, e³, eG and e, is tilted by the action of the
magnet E, E, E, etc., controlling it, so that the end of said frame connected with
the levers f, f, is raised, each of said levers f, f, connected with the frame that is
tilted, will move upon its point of connection with its pull-down wire h, as a
fulcrum, and will raise that one of the frames d, d, d² or d³, which lies over it,
(supposing said frame to be not held down by the action of the appropriate
magnet D, D1 D2 or D³, as the case may be,) without at all affecting the pull-down
wires h, h, or the type-bars with which said pull-down wires connect said levers, f,f.
But if, when any of said frames c, e¹, e², etc., is tilted in the manner above
described, any one of the frames, d, d¹, d² or d³, be held at rest, (by the action of
the appropriate magnet D, D1, D2 or D³, or in any other suitable manner,) such
frame, so held at rest, will give a fulcrum to that one of the levers f, lying under
it which is raised by the frame (e, e¹, e², e³, et, e³, e6 or e7,) that is tilted; said lever, f,
will move upon its point of bearing on said frame so held at rest,-d, d', d or d³,
as the case may be as a fulcrum; and the end of said lever f, connected with
the pull-down wire h, will move down, thus through the pull-down wire h, throw-
ing up the corresponding type-bar, so that said type-bar prints its proper character.
But the other three frames of the set of frames d, d', d2 and d³, which are not held
down, will be raised by the levers f, f, underlying them, and the type-bars corre-
sponding to such levers f, f, will be in no wise affected. Thus it will be seen, each
of the frames, e¹, e³, e³, et, e³, e and e7, serves for the printing of four different
letters, one by the co-acting of the frame d, when said frame is held at rest; one by
the co-acting of the frame d', when said frame is held at rest; another by the
co-acting of the frame 2, when said frame is held at rest; and a fourth character
by the co-acting of the frame d³, when said frame is held at rest. But the frame e,
serves for the printing of three characters only, to-wit, one by the co-acting of the
frame ; another by the co-acting of the frame d²; and the third by the co-acting of
the frame 3. In other words, the frame e, unlike the frames e¹, e², e³, et, e, e and e²,
and for reasons which will clearly appear hereinafter, has no lever (f, adapted to
co-act with the frame d. In the preferred construction, illustrated in the drawings,
electro-magnets, D1, D2, D3, and D, connected with the frames d', d², d³ and d, re-
spectively, and controlled by the keys B1, B2, 133 and the frame B, respectively,
serve to hold said frames at rest, each as required, with the magnet-connected
arm da, held fast down upon the stop do, so that the frame thus held at rest, affords
an effective fulcrum to the lever f, in moving its type-bar; and electro magnets E³,
E², E³, E4, E5, E6, E7 and E, controlled respectively by the keys C¹, C², C³, C4, C5, C

page_text: C7 and the frame C, are connected respectively with and serve to operate the
frames e¹, e2, 3, 4, 5, 6, e7 and e. But very obviously said frames d, d', d and d³,
and e, el, ez, e, et, e, e and e², might be operated in other ways than by means of
electro-magnets. Very obviously, each of said frames might, for example, be
operated by a key of its own, each key acting upon its controlled frame by direct
mechanical connections, and entirely independently of electro-magnets, or other
motor devices.
I prefer, as before said, to have the frames d, d', d³ and d³, lie in their normal
positions, with their lower faces in close proximity to the upper surfaces of the pro-
jections f, f, attached to the type-bar connected levers, f, f, so that when any one
of said frames, d, d¹, 2 and 3, is held down, it furnishes an effective fulcrum for
the lever f, underlying it, raised by the action of the proper frame, e, e¹, e³, etc.;
and so that such of said frames d, l, and d³, as are not held down are lifted by
the raising of those levers f, f, f, lying underneath them, which are raised by the
action of that one of the frames e, c', e, etc., that acts to make a letter. But instead
of employing this arrangement, the frames d, d', and jd, may be made to lie
each normally with its lower surface above the top surfaces of the projections f¹, f¹,
a distance as great as, or slightly greater than the distance which such projec-
tions f, f, are lifted by the tilting of the frames e, e¹, e², etc.; and each of the
frames d, d¹, and , when it acts for the printing of a letter, may be pulled
down from such its normal position, either by an electro-magnet, as illustrated in
the drawing, or in any other suitable manner, so that it will press down upon the
lever f to be operated in the middle, at the same time that said lever f is raised at
one end by the action of the corresponding frame e, e¹, e, etc., as the case may be.
It has now been made clear that each different combination of two frames
belonging one to the group of frames d, d, and d³, and the other to the group of
frames e, e¹, e, e³, et, es, e and e7, actuates a different one of the type-bar-connected
levers f. f, f, and a different type-bar, thereby printing a different character. This
statement, however, is to be taken subject to the exception that the frames d,.
and e, for reasons which will clearly appear hereinafter, are not adapted to act
together in printing a character, the frame c, carrying but three levers f, f, f,
which serve for the frames d', d² and d³, respectively; no lever f being furnished
by the frame e for the frame d to act upon.
It remains to describe the mechanism by which the keys control the frames d, d',
2 and ³, e, e¹, e², e³, e, e, ef and e. I shall first describe the arrangement of the
left-hand keys, with their electrical connections; after which the arrangement of
the right-hand keys and connections, being in most respects similar to those of the
left-hand keys, will be easily explained.
OF THE ELECTRICAL CONNECTIONS.
Electro-magnets, D, D1, D2 and D³, as beforesaid control the frames d, d,
and d³, respectively; and other electro-magnets, E, E¹, E³, E³, E, 15, E and E7,
respectively, as before said, serve to control the frames e, e¹, e, e³, cs, es, e and e³,
respectively. The construction of these magnets is fully illustrated in the drawings,
and will be referred to hereinafter; but it is sufficient for our present purpose to
call attention to the fact that each consists essentially of (a) a fixed core, screwed
fast to the bed-plate; (b) a movable armature, connected to the frame with which
such magnet corresponds, and which it serves to control; and (c) an energizing coil,
or solenoid, wound about a hollow tube, and surrounding both the fixed core and
the movable armature. When a current is passed through said energizing coil,
the enclosed core and armature become magnetized and attract each other. The
effect of energizing one of the magnets D, D¹, D2 or 13, is to cause such magnet to
pull down upon the corresponding frame d, d, dord; and the effect of energizing
one of the magnets e, el, e², e³, e, e, e or e7, is to cause such magnet to pull down
upon that end of the frame e, e¹, e², e³, e, e³, e" or e, with which said magnet is con-
nected, thereby elevating the other end of said frame, and the ends of the type-bar-
connected levers, f, f, ff, pin-jointed thereto.

page_text: A
The keys control the magnets before-mentioned, closing their circuits.
separate key might obviously be employed for each of the magnets D, D', D³
and D3, and another separate key for each of the magnets E, E, E³, E³, E', E³, E
and E7; in which case no letter could be printed except by the simultaneous
depressing of two keys; for no key, acting singly, would affect a type-bar. I have,
however, contrived things in such a manner that a number of the most frequently
occurring letters of the alphabet (ten, with the construction illustrated in the
drawings, constituting about seventy-six per centum of running letters,) can be
printed by the action of a single key, the other characters being produced by the
simultaneous depressing of two keys. I employ in the construction figured in the
drawings, (a) three keys, B1, B2 and B3, which serve to close the circuits respectively
of the magnets D1, D2 and D3; (b) seven keys, C¹, 02, 03, 04, 0³, C and C7, which
serve to close the circuits respectively of the magnets E¹, E2, E³, E¼, E³, E6
and E7; (c) a frame B, lying underneath the keys, B1, B2 and B³, which serves to
close the circuit of the magnet D when any of the keys E, E, E³, E, E, E or E7
is depressed, and when no one of the keys, B1, B2, B3, is depressed; which frame is
acted on by any of the keys B'; B and B when depressed, so that it breaks the
circuit of its magnet D, about the instant that the key D1, D2 or D³, depressed,
closes the circuit of the magnet, B1, B2 or 13, corresponding to it; and (d) I employ
a frame C, lying underneath the keys C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C and C7, which serves to
close the circuit of the magnet E, controlling the frame e, when any one of the
keys, B, B or B3 is depressed, and when no one of the keys C, C1, C2, C3, C4, C³, 06
or C7 is depressed; which frame is acted upon by any of the keys C¹, C³, C³, C+, C³,
C and C, when depressed, so that it breaks the circuit of its magnet E, about the
instant that the key C¹, C³, C3, C4, C5, C, or C, depressed, closes the circuit of the
magnet corresponding to it. There is also a space-key G, as before mentioned,
and a rocking-frame 15, the latter lying across all the keys, both those of the left-
hand set and those of the right-hand set, which serves when raised by the
depressing of any key to close the otherwise open battery circuit. And by
depressing a key, it may be well to say here, I mean the pressing down of the front
end of it by the operator; which, of course, causes the rear part of the key, which
the frame 15 overlies, to rise, thereby raising said frame 15.
It remains to describe the arrangement of the electrical circuits. See Figure 1.
B10 is a battery, or other suitable source of electrical current, one pole of which is
connected by a wire B" with the metal shaft of the metal rocking-frame 15, before
mentioned. The other pole of said battery is connected, through the space
magnet H, hereinafter described, and the wire 131, with the contact-lever B¹³,
(which is centered at 13) and through said lever B¹³ with the adjustable contact-
Screw B. Said adjustable contact-screw is connected by a wire B16, with each
and all of the keys, C¹, C2, C3, G, C, C³, C and C, and with the frame C. The
connection between said wire B16 and said keys and frame may be made in any of
the many ways well known to electricians. A convenient arrangement is illus-
trated in Figure 4, in which a flexible wire B7 leads from the principal wire B16
to a contact-piece B18, screwed fast to the rear end of the key, and carrying a plat-
inum point B¹, adapted to make and break connection with a corresponding
platinum point B20, carried by the contact springs c¹, c², c³, etc., with which the key
makes and breaks connection. These details, to-wit, the flexible wire B and the
contact-piece B18, screwed to the rear end of the key, with the platinum points B19
and 120, are omitted in the diagrammatic view, Figure 1, in which the key is,
for greater clearness and convenience of illustration supposed to be (as it might
well enough be, if it were made of steel,) itself connected with the battery 1310.
The diagrammatic view, Figure 1, will be more readily understood in such simpli-
fied form than it would be if it attempted to show all the mechanical details of the
wiring. Above the rear end of each of the keys, C¹, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6 and C7,
respectively, and in make-and-break relation therewith, is a contact-piece, c¹, c³, c,
c³, c³, co or c². With these contact-pieces the keys of the C-group make connection,
when depressed. But said keys C, C³, C³, C³, C³, Cº and C, do not, when in their

page_text: normal position, make connection with the corresponding contact-pieces c¹, c², c³, c²,
c5, c and c. The frame C, before mentioned, is centered at c¹0, (being insulated
from the main-frame,) and placed underneath the C-group keys in such a position
that no one of said keys can be depressed without depressing said frame, rocking
it on its center-rod. Immediately above the rear end of said frame is a contact-
piece c, with which said frame, when in its normal position, makes connection;
but when said frame is depressed by the depressing of any of the keys C¹, C2, C3³, C³,
C5, C6, C7, it breaks connection with its contact-piece c. With each of the contact-
pieces c, c¹, c², c³, c², c³, cº and c³, before-mentioned, respectively, is connected one
terminal of each of the electro-magnets, E, E¹, E², E³, E¼, E³, E and E7, respec-
tively, which magnets, it will be remembered serve to actuate the frames e, e¹, e²,
e, e, es, e and e³, respectively; and the other terminal of each of said electro-
magnets is connected with the wire B. One pole of the battery 110, it has already
been made clear, is connected with the metal center-rod of the metal rocking-
frame 15, which frame, it will be remembered, overlies all the keys, in such a posi-
tion that when any key is depressed in front by the operator it rises behind, and
thus raises the rocking-frame 15, that is to say, tilts said frame upwardly, on its
center. When thus tilted upwardly by the depressing of a key, said frame
connected as before described, by the wire B" with one pole of the battery B10,
comes in contact with the spring B2 and establishes connection therewith. A
wire, B23, serves to connect said spring with each and all of the keys B1, B2 and B³,
and with the frame B. The connection may be made in the manner illustrated in
Figure 4, with regard to wire B16 and key C, or in any other suitable manner
whatever. The details of wiring are not illustrated in Figure 1, which is, as
before stated, a diagrammatic view, intended only to illustrate the essential features
of the electrical system, without obscuring them by non-essential details, which
every machine designer arranges according to his own ideas. Above the rear end
of each of said keys, is a contact-piece 61, 62 or 3, with which the key, when
depressed, makes connection. But the keys B', 12 and B3, (like the keys C1, C2, C3,
C4, C5, C6 and C) do not, when in their normal positions, make connection with
the contact-pieces 1, 2 and 63. The frame B, before mentioned, is centered at 610,
(being insulated from the main-frame,) and placed underneath the keys B1, B2
and B3, in such a position that none of such keys can be depressed without depres-
sing said frame. Immediately above the rear end of said frame is a contact-
piece b, with which said frame B, when in its normal position, makes connection;
but when the said frame is depressed by the depressing of any of the keys B¹, B³
or B3, said frame breaks the connection with its contact-piece b. With each of
the contact-pieces b, b1, b2 and 63, respectively, one terminal of each of the electro-
magnets D, D1, D2 and D³, respectively, is connected; which magnets, it will be
remembered, control the frames d, d, 2 and 3, respectively; and the other
terminal of each of said magnets D, D1, D2 and 13, is connected with the same
conductor 121, with which the non-contact-piece-connected terminals of the electro-
magnets E, E, E², E³, E, E³, E and E7, (before mentioned as controlling the
frames e, e¹, e³, e³, et, e³, e6 and e7,) are connected.
We are now in a position to explain the actions which take place upon the
depressing of a key. It will be convenient first to explain those actions by which
a letter is made and afterwards to explain the construction and operation of the
spacing mechanism, by which the carriage is advanced, the releasing mechanism,
whereby the type-bars are left free to retreat from the printing-point, so soon as
they make an impression, although the keys controlling them are still held down ;
and the retarding mechanism, by which the printing of one of the two letters
which are made substantially simultaneously, is delayed an instant, to avoid
possible interference of the types, when getting into printing position; and other
details of construction. But to explain the actions which take place upon the
depressing of a key-let us suppose the key B' of the left-hand set to be depressed.
Said key, like all the other keys, when depressed by the operator in front of its
center, rises behind the center, thus tilting the frame 15 upwardly and establishing

page_text: connection between one pole of the battery B10 and the spring 1323, which is con-
nected, it will be remembered, by the wire B323 with the keys B1, B2, B3 and the
frame B. Moreover said key B', like the keys B2 and B3, when depressed, depresses
the frame B lying underneath said keys B1, B2 and 133, breaking the electrical
connection between said frame B, and its contact-piece b, and electro-magnet D.
Lastly said key B', makes connection with the contact-piece b1, corresponding to
it. The circuit of the battery 1310 is now closed through the electro-magnets D¹
and E; the current flows from the battery 110, through the wire B, to the
frame 15, and thence to the contact-spring B, and from that through the wire B23
to the key B', and thence to the contact-piece b', magnet II, controlling the
frame, wire 1321, magnet E, controlling the frame e, to the contact-spring e,
frame C, wire B16, adjustable contact-screw B15, contact-lever B13, and wire B12,
and from thence through the spacing magnet, H, back to the other pole of the
battery B10. The magnet E, becoming thus energized, its armature draws down
that end of the frame e, with which said armature is connected, thereby raising
the other end of said frame e, to which the levers f,f, f, are pin-jointed; the mag-
net D, becoming energized at the same time, holds the frame 1, firm in its normal
position, (the magnet-connected arm de resting firmly down upon the stop ;)
the type-bar-connected lever f, underlying said frame d¹, being thus afforded a
fulcrum by said frame d¹, tilts on said fulcrum as a center, its type-bar-connected
end moving down, as the end pin-jointed to the frame e is moved up, and thus,
through the pull-down wire h, said lever f throws up the corresponding type-bar,
so that the proper letter is printed. The other levers f,f, pin-jointed to said
frame c, rise and lift the frames and which overlie them, without at all
affecting the type-bars with which said levers f, f are connected.
The electro-magnet 1324 forms a parallel path to the main circuit herein before
traced, of much higher resistance than the main circuit. Said magnet has one
terminal connected with the wire B and the other with the spring B, and it
serves to break the main circuit by attracting the contact-lever B³, before
mentioned, (which is made of soft iron, and serves as the armature of said mag-
net B) away from its normal position of contact with the adjustable contact-
screw 115, thereby interrupting the main or working circuit, so that the magnets D¹
and E lose their magnetism, and the various parts controlled by them return to
their normal positions. The armature-lever Bis is made to stand normally such a
distance away from its magnet 1324, that the circuit is broken about the instant
the type-bar strikes to print. By these means the type-bar is left free to retreat
from the printing-point the instant that it strikes, without waiting for the keys to
be released by the operator, which tends very materially to increase the possible
speed of working, and has also other important advantages. A contractile
spring 149 urges the contact-lever B13 to its normal position of contact with the
Screw 15
We have seen what takes place when the key B' is depressed by itself alone.
If either of the other keys of the B-group were depressed by itself alone, similar
actions to those above described would be produced, but the battery circuit would
now be closed through the key 132 or the key B³, whichever was depressed, and
thence through the contact-pieces 62 or 6 (according to which key was depressed,)
to the magnet 12 or the magnet D³, so that the frame or the frame would
afford a fulcrum to the lever f underlying it, thereby printing the proper letter.
Now let us suppose one of the keys of the C-group to be depressed by itself alone,
say the key C¹. This key, like every other key, when depressed in front of its
center, rises back of its center, thus tilting the frame 15 upwardly and establishing
connection between one pole of the battery B10 and the spring 1322, which is con-
nected, it will be remembered, by the wire B23, with the keys B1, B2, B3 and the
frame B. Said key C, also, like the other C-group keys, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6 and C7,
when depressed, depresses the frame C, lying underneath the C-group keys, break-
ing the connection between said frame C and its contact-piece c and electro-
magnet E. And lastly, said key C¹ makes connection with the contact-piece c¹

page_text: corresponding to it. The circuit of the battery B10 is now closed through the
electro-magnets E and D; the current flows from the battery B10 through the
wire B to the frame 15, and thence to the contact-spring 133, and from that
through the wire 133 to the frame B, and thence to the contact-piece 6 and mag-
net D, (controlling the frame d.) to the wire 1331, magnet E¹, controlling the
frame, and so to the contact-spring c¹, key C, wire B16, adjustable contact-
screw B15, contact-lever B13 and wire 1312, and thence through the spacing mag-
net H³, back to the other pole of the battery B310. The magnet E', becoming thus
energized, its armature draws down upon that end of the frame e¹ with which said
armature is connected, thereby raising the other end of said frame or lever e¹, to
which the levers f, f, f, f, are pin-jointed; the magnet D, becoming energized at
the same time, its armature holds the frame d, firm in its normal position, with
the armresting down upon the stop ; the type-bar-connected lever f, under-
lying said frame, being thus afforded a fulcrum by said frame d, tilts on said
fulcrum, its type-bar-connected end moving down as the end connected with the
frame is moved up, and thus, through its pull-down wire h, throws up the
corresponding type-bar, so that the proper letter is printed. The other levers, f, f, f,
carried by said frame e¹, rise and lift the frames di, d² and d³, which overlie them,
without at all affecting the type-bars with which said levers f, f, f, are connected.
At about the instant the type-bar makes its impression, the releasing magnet B24,
serving for the left-hand keys, breaks the circuit of the magnets D and E', in the
manner already described, thus leaving the various parts free to return to their
normal positions.
If any of the other keys of the C-group, as C2, C3, C4, C5, C6 or C6, be depressed
by itself alone, the circuit will be closed through the parts already described up to
and including the magnet D. controlling the frame d, to the wire B¹, and thence
"through the magnet, (E³, E³, E, E5, E6 or E7, as the case may be,) corresponding
to the key depressed, to the contact-spring, (2, 3, 4, 5, 5 or 7, as the case may be,)
corresponding to the key depressed, and so to the key (C2, C3, C4, C5, C6 or 07, as
the case may be,) depressed, and thence through the wire 1316 and the rest of the
path before described, back to the other pole of the battery B. Each different
key of the C-group, it will be observed, affects a different one of the mag-
nets, E1, E2, E3, E4, E5, E and E7, thereby operating a different one of the
frames e, e, e³, et, e5, e and e7. And when any key of the C-group is depressed
alone, the circuit is closed through the frame B and the electro-magnet D, which
controls the frame d, which latter affords a fulcrum to that particular one of the
levers f, f. f, f. pin-jointed to the frame e¹, e³ or e³, etc., operated by the key
depressed, which underlies said frame d; while the other levers f, f, f, pin-
jointed to the frame (e¹, e², e³, A, e, e or e7, as the case may be,) operated by the
C-group key depressed, having no fulcrum in the center, move upon their points
of connection with the pull-down wires, h, h, as centers, and raise the frames &, d³
and ³, overlying them, without in any wise affecting the corresponding type-
bars. In like manner each of the keys, B1, B2 and B³, when depressed, closes
circuit through the magnet D, D2 or D³, which controls the frame d, & or d³,
corresponding to the key depressed. And when any key of the B-group is depressed
by itself alone, the circuit is closed through the frame C and magnet E, con-
trolling the frame e, which co-operates with the particular frame d¹, d, or d³,
affected by the B-group key depressed, to print the proper character. Thus the
frame C, it will be seen, serves the function of a C-group key, and enables the
operator to print letters from the B-group keys, acting singly, without being to
the necessity of depressing a C-group ker to control a frame in the group of
frames e, e¹, e², e³, e, e5, e6 and e. And in like manner the frame B, it will be seen,
serves the function of a B-group key, and enables the operator to print letters from
the keys of the C-group, acting singly, without being to the necessity of depres-
sing a B-group key to control a frame in the group of frames d, d, and d. Thus,
while the printing of any character requires the co-acting of two frames, one from
group of frames d, d, d and d³, and the other from the group of frames e, e¹,
the

page_text: 2, e³, e, e, e and e', I make it possible, it will be seen, to print from each of the
keys, acting singly, and thereby, with the arrangement figured in the drawings,
I, in fact, make the ten most frequently occurring letters of the alphabet, being
about three-quarters of running letters, by the action of a single key.
Let us now see how letters are made by depressing different combinations of
keys. Two keys of the same B-group, with the construction figured in the drawings,
should not be depressed simultaneously, nor should two keys of the same C-group.
But any two keys depressed simultaneously, and belonging one to the B-group
and the other to the C-group, make a different character-a character peculiar to
such combination of keys. For when any two keys, belonging one to the B-group
and the other to the C-group are depressed simultaneously, the circuit is closed
through the magnet D1, D2, or D³, as the case may be, corresponding to the
B-group key depressed, and also through the magnet E¹, E, E, D, E, ES or E7,
as the case may be, corresponding to the C-group key depressed. Thus the par-
ticular frame d, or as the case may be, corresponding to the particular
B-group key depressed, is made to co-act with the particular frame el, e³, e³, et, e³, ea
ore, as the case may be, corresponding to the particular C-group key depressed;
and each different combination of two such co-acting frames affects, as we have already
seen, a different one of the levers, f, f, f, and a different one of the type-bars a, a,
and thus produces a different character.
The printing mechanism controlled by the left-hand set of keys has now been
fully described. It remains to describe that controlled by the right-hand set of
keys. In most respects the two are alike, as the drawings show.
The type-
bars a, a, however, controlled by the right-hand keys, strike to the printing-
point A, standing one letter space to the right of the printing-point A, to which
the type-bars a, a, a, controlled by the keys of the left-hand set strike. See on
this point Figs. 2, 3 and 3^. The keys of the left-hand set serve, when two letters
are produced simultaneously, to make the first letter of the simultaneously-pro-
duced pair of letters; and the keys of the right-hand set serve, when two letters
are made simultaneously, to produce or make the second letter of such pair of
simultaneously-produced letters. Hence the difference in the location of the two
printing-points A and A', serving respectively for the left-hand and right hand
sets of keys. The levers, f.f.f, f, frames d, d¹, d³ and ³, e, e¹, e², e³, e², e³, e and e7,
magnets D, D1, D2, and D³, E, E¹, E2, E3, E, E, E and E7, with the keys and
electrical connections of the right-hand set, are preferably exactly like those of the
left-hand set, as the drawings show, subject to certain modifications in respect of
the electrical connections, which will now be pointed out. The electrical connec-
tions of the left-hand set of keys and the right-hand set of keys, may, indeed, be
made in every respect exactly alike, but for reasons which will appear clearly
hereinafter, it is advantageous to make certain differences between them, which we
will now describe.
In constructing a type-writing machine, it is advantageous to arrange matters
in such a manner that the letters when printed will stand close together in the
line, as in ordinary printed matter. But when two letters are printed simul-
taneously, by means of two type-bars striking at the same time to adjacent print-
ing-points, it is obvious that without very delicate work, the type-bars cannot be
made always all of them to strike very close together, without sometimes inter-
fering, particularly after the joints have worn a little, as they inevitably do, in
practical use. It becomes necessary, therefore, to adjust the printing-points such
a distance apart as admits of the free working of the bars of both sets without
interference, under ordinary circumstances, and allowing a little for the in-
evitable wear and loosening of the joints resulting from practical use;
the distance between the printing-points which this necessitates tends to
spread the letters apart more than is usual in good printing. But if we arrange
matters in such a manner that one bar shall strike an instant before the other,
and retreat from its printing-point a short distance before the other bar reaches
and

page_text: its, it becomes possible to print the letters as close together as in ordinary type-
writer work; and those imperfections in alignment which it is well known develop
in the best machines in the course of time, as they are subjected to practical use,
can exist without the bars of the one set striking or becoming entangled with
those of the other set, when two bars print together. I accomplish this result,
in the device illustrated in Figure 1, by making the circuits belonging to one set
of keys a little slower-acting than those of the other set of keys, so that the keys
of the two sets being depressed simultaneously, the type-bar operating belonging
to one set strikes a little before that belonging to the other set, and in rebounding,
passes, at a little distance from the printing-point, where the bars diverge, the
approaching type-bar of the other set, controlled by the slower-acting circuits of
the other set of keys. In the drawings, the circuits of the left-hand set, already
described, are the quick-acting circuits, and the circuits of the right-hand set
are the slow-acting circuits, though of course the arrangement might be reversed.
The circuits of the right-hand set in the drawing, Figure 1, are made slower-act-
ing by putting a suitable self-induction 25, of small resistance, and consisting of
a coil wound about a mass of iron (which should preferably form a closed iron
magnetic circuit,) in the circuits of the right-hand set. The greater self-induc-
tion belonging to the circuits of the right-hand retards the rise of current, on
closing circuit, so that the type-bars of the right-hand set begin to move an instant
later than those of the left-hand set, and do not reach the printing-point, (when
the self-induction is properly adjusted to the circuit,) until the left-hand-controlled
type-bar has retreated a short distance therefrom. The amount of self-induction
should be made such that the retreating bar of the left-hand-controlled set and
the approaching bar of the right-hand-controlled set will pass each other a short
distance say an inch, below a horizontal line joining their centers, though of
course a greater or a smaller retardation may be employed, as desired. In this
way all interference between the type-bars as they approach their closely adjacent
printing-points is avoided, without any practical loss in speed and without in any
wise complicating the mechanism, and it becomes possible to print the letters as
close together as desired.
The different keys and the different combinations of keys may be made to print
the different letters and other characters in any order desired. In other words,
to each key and to each combination of keys may be assigned such letter or other
character as the constructor thinks fit. The principle is simple, the variations
endless. Probably no two designers, acting independently of each other, would
assign the various characters to the different keys in exactly the same order;
but whatever plan of assignment be pursued, the whole arrangement should be
in general such that the most frequently occurring letters will be pro-
duced by the keys or combinations of keys most readily depressed, a
regard being had to the normal position of the hand with reference to the various
keys. In making any desired arrangement, one has only to remember the follow-
ing simple rules: To produce any given letter by a given B-group key, acting
singly, assign such letter to the type-bar connected with the particular lever f,
that is operated by the conjoint action of the frame e and the frame (d, d³, or d³,
as the case may be,) controlled by such B-group key. To produce any given letter
by a given C-group key, acting singly, assign such letter to the type-bar con-
nected with the particular lever f, that is operated by the conjoint action of the
frame and the frame (e¹, e, e³, et, e³, e or e², as the case may be,) controlled by
such C-group key To produce any given letter or other character by a given combina-
tion of two keys, belonging one to the B-group and the other to the C-group, assign
such character to the type-bar connected with the particular lever f, that is
operated by the conjoint action of the frame (d, or ³, as the case may be,) con-
trolled by the B-group key belonging to such combination of keys, and the frame,
(el, e, e, et, e, or e, as the case may be,) controlled by the C-group key,
belonging to such combination of keys.

page_text: THE SPACING-MECHANISM.
is the space-rack, Figure 5, attached to the carriage so that it moves with it.
H is the dog-carrying lever, made in two parts adjustable with relation to each
other, so as to bring the loose-dog and fast-dog nearer together or further apart,
as required.
H³ is the fast-dog and H* the loose-dog.
H5 is a bridle-lever, connected with the fast-dog and carrying an adjustable
stop H33
He is another lever, carrying another adjustable stop, H. Flanges or
hangers H, H, etc., screwed fast to the downward extension of the top-plate A",
serve to fulcrum the various levers above mentioned, the armature levers herein-
after described, etc. H2, H2 are adjustable stops serving to limit the play of these
levers.
H30 is a lever, connected by a link H3 with the dog-carrying lever, and carry-
ing a stop H, against which the loose-dog H rests, when all the parts occupy
their normal positions. The other mechanical parts will require no description.
H is the principal spacing magnet. It is in circuit with the battery B10, (see
Figure 1,) so that when the circuit of said battery is closed, the current flows
through the wire of the magnet H. H is the armature of said magnet. When
the current flows through the magnet H it attracts the armature H53, which
thereupon tilts the dog-carrying lever H, raising the fast-dog H³ up into the
teeth of the rack and withdrawing the loose-dog H+ from engagement with
said rack, so that the loose-dog when released from the rack, moves under the
.influence of its contractile spring H, until it is arrested by the stop H³, attached
to the lever H3. The parts are all adjusted in such a manner that this movement
of the loose-dog is just sufficient to admit of the carriage making two letter-spaces,
and when the current is cut off from the magnet H by the action of the magnet 1321
upon its armature B3 in the manner before described, the armature H³ returns to
its normal position; the fast-dog is withdrawn from engagement with the rack 37;
the loose-dog is again brought into engagement with it and the carriage, no
longer held back by the fast-dog, moves on until it is arrested by the loose-dog H+,
coming in contact with the stop H³, so making two letter-spaces. This operation
takes place whenever a printing key, or a plurality of printing-keys is depressed.
At the end of a word, a space is needed between it and the next following word
to separate the two. If the word contain an odd number of letters (as three, five
or seven letters,) and the letters be printed as they should be, in pairs, as far as
possible, beginning with the first pair of letters in the word, and so continuing
pair by pair, the final letter will be printed by itself alone, and the two letter-
spaces made by the spacing-mechanism, in the manner already described, will
thus give, without any action upon the space-key, the necessary space at the end
of the word. But in writing words containing an even number of letters, the
operator must make the space at the end of the word. To this end the key-board
is furnished with a space-key G, which serves when acted upon by the operator,
to make connection with the contact-piece 9, which is connected through the
auxiliary space-magnet 51, and the space-enlarging magnet H, with the spring B,
and thence through the frame 15, with the other pole of the battery B10. The key G
is to be acted on by the operator simultaneously with the keys which make the
last letters of a word, and when acted on, it closes circuit through the space-
enlarging magnet H, and the auxiliary space magnet 51. The action of the
auxiliary space magnet 51, upon the armature H and related parts is exactly
the same as the action of the principal space magnet H³, before described. The
space-enlarging magnet, He, when energized, attracts its armature H2 which
carries the stop H down out of the way of the loose-dog, so that the loose-dog,
when freed from the rack, now moves under the influence of its spring H³, until
it is arrested by the stop H33, which stop is so set that the enlarged movement
which it permits to the loose-dog is sufficient to permit a movement of the
carriage of three letter-spaces, when the various parts return to their normal

page_text: positions. In a word, the space magnets H³¹, or 51, either or both, with the
armature H3, operate in the ordinary manner to actuate the spacing dogs; and
the space-enlarging magnet H, with its armature H, operates to enlarge the
space by increasing the movement of the loose-dog.
H37 and Hare contractile returning-springs, serving to return the dog-carry-
ing levers and the armatures to their normal positions.
m is the paper-roll or platen, Figure 4; m the frame of the paper-carriage;
m³ the back-rod, on which the carriage runs; and m³ the frame hinged to the
carriage-frame, and to which the space-rack 7, is attached.
In respect to the details of construction of the paper-carriage; the arrangement
of the shift, (not shown in the drawings, being universally understood in the art,)
whereby the platen or paper-roll is moved from its lower-case position to its
upper-case position, or vice versa; the interlinear spacing-mechanism; and the
ribbon mechanism, the machine illustrated in the drawings is intended to follow the
details of construction well known to the public in the old "Remington, No. 2"
machine; but none of these details forms any part of my invention, and any suit-
able plan or construction whatever may be followed for them.
It will be observed from the drawings, (see particularly Figure 4,) that I place
two types on each bar of each set. I prefer to place on twenty-six of the bars a, a,
etc., the twenty-six letters of the alphabet, upper and lower case, and to place
frequently-occurring marks of punctuation on the other bars of the set a, a. And
I prefer to place on twenty-six of the bars of the set a¹, a¹, etc.,
lower-case letters in the lower case position, and figures, marks of
punctuation and other characters on the same twenty-six bars in the upper-case
position. On the other bars of the set a', a¹, any suitable characters whatever may,
of course, be placed; but I prefer to place on them, both in the upper-case and
lower-case positions, the same marks of punctuation that are placed upon the
corresponding bars of the other set. By this means, the upper-case shift (which,
being universally understood in the art, is not illustrated in detail in the drawings,)
is made to give capitals from the set of bars, a, a, which print the first letter of two
simultaneously-produced letters, and figures and marks of punctuation, etc., from
the bars, a¹, a¹; and thus, with a moderate number of bars, (sixty-two, for the
device figured in the drawings,) all the letters of the alphabet, both upper-case
and lower-case, all the figures, all the usual marks of punctuation, and all other
necessary marks and characters are readily obtained, and that with a device having
two sets of bars, adapted to play simultaneously to adjacent printing-points, for
the printing of consecutive letters simultaneously. But a different arrangement
from that which I have described may, of course, be employed, if desired.
Instead of employing four frames, d, d, and , obviously, a greater or smaller
number may be employed, as desired; and so with the set of frames, e, e¹, e², e³,
e, es, e and e', a greater or less number of such frames may be employed, as
desired. If frames of either set be added, corresponding keys should be added,
with controlling magnets, (B-group keys, for frames of the set d, d³, d², etc., and
C-group keys for frames of the set, e, e¹, e², etc.); and if the number of frames of
either set be diminished, the number of keys and controlling magnets of the cor-
responding set, should be in like manner diminished. The proper number of
levers, ff, f, it will be seen on an inspection of the drawings is equal to the
number of frames in the one set, multiplied by the number of frames in the other
set, one being subtracted from the product.
Instead of connecting the levers, f, f, with the pull-down wires, h, h, at one end
and with the frames e, e¹, e², etc., at the other end, the frames d, d,, ³, etc.,
being arranged to act upon said levers intermediate such points of connection, the
frames d, d, and ³, might obviously be arranged to act upon the ends of the
levers f, f, f, remote from the frames e, e¹, e², etc., the pull-down wires, h, h, being
connected to such levers f, f, f, intermediate the points of connection of the
frames d, d, and 3, and the frames e, e¹, e², e³, etc., said frames e, e¹, e², etc.,
being arranged in such case to move the ends of the levers f, f, f, pin-jointed to

page_text: them downwards. And in any form of the device, obviously the positions of the
frames d, d, 2, 3, and the other frames, e, c¹, e², e³, et, e³, e6, c, might be inter-
changed.
A somewhat different arrangement of co-operating frames is illustrated in
Figure 6. e', is one of the frames of the group of frames, e, e¹, c², e³, et, e³, e6 and e,
already described. It is shaped as shown, and is hung by means of bridle
levers, I, I, which are fulcrumed by means of flanges or hangers, I, I, screwed
fast to the rail, I2. A contractile spring, 13, holds the frame I, normally in con-
tact with a stop, I. Another stop I, serves to limit the movement in the opposite
direction of said frame, under the impulse of the magnet E. The pull-down
wires, h, h, are attached to the levers f. f, f, near their free ends, which lie nor-
mally in close proximity to, but out of the path of movement of, the frames d, d',
d³, and d³. The effect of passing a sufficient current through the coil of the
electro-magnet, E¹, is to move the frame e¹, so that it thrusts the free ends of the
levers f, f, f, f, under the respective frames d, d, d and d³, respectively, so that
whatever one of said frames is moved by the corresponding electro-magnet,
(D, D1, D2 or D³, as the case may be,) it will pull down the free end of the lever f,
thrust under it by the action of the magnet E' and frame e¹, thereby pulling down
the pull-down wire h, and throwing up the corresponding type-bar, so that it
prints.
In the device of Figure 6, the springs shown in said figure for returning the
frames d, d, and d to their normal positions should be stronger than the re-
turning-springs 13, 13; and the armatures of the magnets E', E', (and of the
other similar magnets E2, E3, E, etc.) should stand normally closer to their cores
than the armatures of the magnets 1), DI, 12 and 13 do to their cores; or the parts
⚫ should be otherwise suitably arranged, so that the magnets that thrust the free
ends of the levers f, f, f, f, under the frames d, d¹, d² and d³, will, when the cir-
cuit is closed, perform this action before the frame d, d, or d³ acting moves
past the proximate end of the lever, f, which it should operate. All this will be
obvious to a skilled workman. And further, I wish it to be very clearly under-
stood that it is the preferred form of machine illustrated in Figures 1 to 5 that I
recommend to the public, and not the modification illustrated in Figure 6. The
form of machine illustrated in Figures 1 to 5, I consider to be the better of the
two.
It has been said herein before that I prefer to use the various frames d, d, 2
and d³, each in its turn, as fixed fulcrums, their magnets serving simply to hold
them firm as fulcrums, because with this arrangement of the parts the noise is
less than it is when the working frame d, d, 2 or 3, as the case may be, moves
positively down upon the lever f to be operated, at the same time that such lever
is lifted at its non-type-bar-connected end, by the proper frame e, e¹, e², etc. If
the arrangement which I prefer be used, in which the frames d, d', d and d³, each
when operating, serves merely as a fulcrum to the lever f raised by the proper
frame e, e¹, e³, etc., the construction of the magnets, D, D1, D2 and 13, should, to
secure the best results, be made somewhat different from that of the magnets E,
E1, E2, E3, E, etc. The magnets, 1, D1, D2 and 13, should be what we may term
clutch-magnets, capable of exerting a considerable attraction at a short range;
while the magnets E, E, E, etc., which do the work, should be made to exert a
moderate force through a greater space. To this end I employ what we may term
a direct-approach magnet for the frames d, d, d², and d³, and what we may term
lateral-approach magnets for the frames e, e¹, e², e³, etc. By a direct-approach
magnet, I mean a magnet in which the armature moves towards the core along the
lines or along the general trend of the lines of magnetic flux joining the two; and
by a lateral-approach magnet, I mean a magnet in which the armature approaches
the core upon lines transverse to the general trend of the lines of magnetic flux
joining the two. A very simple, cheap and effective direct-approach magnet is
illustrated in section in Figure 3, marked D). The magnets D1, D2 and D³, are
like unto it. Said magnet D, consists of two cylinders of soft iron, one attached

page_text: to the bed-plate and serving as a fixed core, the other connected with the frame d,
and serving as armature. Both cylinders lie within a non-ferruginous tube, out-
side which the magnetizing coil is wound; and each cylinder is furnished, outside
the coil with an enlarged head, which serves to conduct the lines of magnetic force
from the iron to the air. The air-gap between the armature and fixed-core, being
in the center of the magnetizing coil, is in a strong magnetic field, where the
leakage is a minimum; and the large heads outside the coil reduce the reluctance
of the magnetic circuit, which, being composed largely of air, demagnetizes
rapidly. When the adjacent faces of the two soft-iron cylinders stand close
together within the magnetizing coil, a very moderate megneto-motive force gives
a strong attraction, so that the magnet-connected arm 8 of the frame d, is held
firmly down upon the stop, and the frame made to afford a firm fulcrum to the
lever f, which is being raised by the proper one of the frames e, et, e³, e³, et, e³, e6
or e
A convenient form of lateral-approach magnet, is illustrated in Figure 3,
marked E. The magnets E, E¹, É², E³, E³, E and E, are like unto it. Instead
of having two solid cylinders of similar cross section, facing each other within the
bobbin, a soft-iron cylinder is used, lying inside the tube, for one part of the mag-
netic system, and a hollow cylinder of soft iron, lying outside of the tube is used
for the other portion of the magnetic system. The magnetizing coil surrounds
both cylinders, and when a current is passed through it, the iron cylinder of smaller
diameter filling the upper part of the non-ferruginous tube (around which the
wire is wound) connected with the frame e and serving as armature, tends to move
inside the larger iron cylinder which lies outside of the non-ferruginous tube
before mentioned. By this construction a gradual pull is obtained over a con-
siderable space. But any other suitable form of lateral-approach magnet may be
used instead of it. Indeed, direct-approach magnets may be used to operate the
frames e, e¹, e², etc., and direct approach magnets have some important advantages
over lateral-approach magnets; but direct-approach magnets tend to make noise
and to rack the joints more than lateral-approach magnets.
If the frames d, d', and d³, were made to operate by moving positively down
upon the lever f at the same time that such lever is being raised by the proper one
of the frames, e, e¹, e², etc., it would be advantageous to employ suitable lateral-
approach magnets for the frames d, d, and d. And in the modified construc-
tion illustrated in Figure 6, in which the principal work is done by the magnets
controlling the frames, d¹, and, lateral-approach magnets should be used
for the impelling of said frames, to secure the best results. But any suitable form
of magnet whatever may be used.
I show two sets of type-bars, and a set of keys and permutational type-bar-
selecting mechanism for each set of type-bars, in the drawings. Such a machine is
best for rapid writing. But obviously, a single set of type-bars, with a single set
of keys and permutational type-bar-selecting mechanism of the kind illustrated
in the drawings, and herein described, to control said type-bars, might be used
to write with, where speed is not the supreme object. Such a machine, too, could
he operated with one hand. It will be understood, then, that while I show in the
drawings two of my permutational type-bar-selecting devices, applied to working
two sets of type-bars, I do not restrict myself in respect of the permutational type-
bar-selecting mechanism to this duplex construction, but reserve the right to use
a single permutational type-bar-selecting device of the kind herein described, in
combination with a single set of keys and type-bars in simple machines. All this
will be obvious.
Other motor mechanism than the electro-magnets shown in the drawings could
probably be used for working the frames d, d, and d³, and the frames e, el, e,
e, e, e, e and e; and, indeed, as before pointed out, each of said frames might
be worked directly by a key of its own; a key being added in such case to the key-
board (in place of the frame B), to operate the frame d, and a key (in place of the

page_text: frame C) to operate the frame e. But I consider it much preferable to use the
electro-magnets.
It is not absolutely indispensable that the printing points of the two sets of
type-bars a, a, and a¹, a¹ should be separate and distinct. A single printing-
point might be used for all the bars of both sets, by making the set of bars a¹, a¹ so
much slower-acting than the set a, a, (for example, by the means hereinafter des-
cribed in connection with Figure 1) that the bar of the set a, a, will have time to
retreat from the printing point before the bar of the set a', a¹, reaches it, when keys
of the two sets are depressed simultaneously; the carriage being advanced in such
case a letter-space between the time of striking of the first bar and the time of
striking of the second. For this latter purpose, the normal play of the loose
dog H, should be reduced so that it will make a single letter-space, and every-
thing should be so adjusted that the circuit of the left-hand controlled magnets
will be broken, (by the action of the left-hand releasing magnet B2, upon its
armature B3), before the circuit of the right-hand controlled magnets is closed,
and the space magnet H1 should be wound with two coils, one outside the other,
one coil serving for the left-hand-controlled circuits and the other for the right-
hand-controlled circuits; said coils being oppositely wound, so that the current in
passing through from the right-hand keys will reverse the magnetism produced
by the previous current passing through from the left-hand keys. But it is much
more advantageous to have separate printing-points for the two sets of type-bars,
for thereby, either (a) less rapid movements of the type-bars are required, the hars
of the two sets moving at about the same time, but preferably one a little in
advance of the other; or (b) the work can be done more rapidly when two blows
are delivered and two letters printed at the same instant or almost at the same
instant, than when one type-bar has to return to its normal position before the
other can come up to print. And I wish it to be very distinctly understood that
the form of device I recommend to the public, and which I would myself practi-
cally use, is that in which the two sets of type-bars have separate and distinct but
adjacent printing-points, (as illustrated for example in Figures 2*, 3 and 3^;) and
that the construction above mentioned having one and the same printing-point for
both sets of type-bars, is referred to merely as a possible variation of my invention,
and not as a thing that I recommend the public to use.
On the other hand it is not at all indispensable that the bars of the one set be
slower-acting than the bars of the other set. The inductance, 25, might be
omitted, and the time-constants of the circuits of the two sets made to be the same.
It would not be possible, perhaps, to print the letters quite so close together, nor
to make quite so neat a page; but, notwithstanding this, the machine would be
capable of doing useful work, and of writing with great speed.
A con-
Instead of making the circuits of the one set slower-acting than the circuits of
the other set, by giving them a greater amount of self-induction, the same effect
may be produced by arranging matters so that the completing of the circuits of
the one set will be postponed a little after the completing of the circuits of the
other set, when keys of the two sets are depressed simultaneously.
venient arrangement for this purpose is illustrated in the diagrammatic detail
view, Figure 14, which is similar to Figure 1, and illustrates a modification of the
apparatus illustrated in Figure 1. Connection from the battery B10 to the wire 123,
leading to the B-group keys of the left-hand set, is made from said battery B10,
by the wire B, to the frame 15 and contact-spring B2, as in Figure 1; but the
current instead of flowing, as in Figure 1, direct from the spring B2 to the wire B23,
serving for the right-hand keys of the B-group, goes from the contact-spring B23
through a wire B29, to a connection-lever B30, which normally stands away from
the corresponding contact-screw, B³, which latter is connected by the wire B23
with the B-group keys and frame B. and by another wire with the releasing
magnet B, serving for the right-hand-controlled circuits. The lever B330, it will
be seen, makes a gap in the working circuit of the right-hand-controlled keys.
Said lever B30 is normally held away from the contact-screw B31 with which it

page_text: closes circuit, by a contractile spring, B, which holds said lever normally against
the stop B. A magnet B forms a parallel path to the main or working circuit
of the right-hand controlled keys, one terminal of said magnet being connected
with the contact-spring 13 and the other with the wire 112. Said magnet
becomes magnetized when the keys are depressed and the circuit closed from the
battery Bo, through the frame 15, to the contact-spring 1322 and through the
magnet B back to the other pole of the battery; and when so magnetized, said
magnet 1 attracts the connection-lever 1330, which is of soft iron, and serves as
its armature, so that said lever makes connection with the contact-screw 131, thus
leaving the current free to flow from the battery B10 through the wire 1323 to the
right-hand keys and the magnets controlled thereby. Some time elapses between
the closing of the left-hand-controlled circuits and the circuit of the magnet 1334,"
on the one hand, (both of which are closed the instant the frame 15 comes in con-
tact with the spring 122) and the closing, on the other hand, of the right-hand-
controlled working circuits, through the action of the magnet B4 upon the
lever B. This interval of time may be made greater or less as desired, (a) by
varying the time-constant of the circuit of the magnet B34; or (b) by regulating
the play of the armature of the magnet B30 and the strength of its spring.
The permutational selecting devices illustrated in the drawings are electro-
magnetic in the sense that they include electro-magnetic motor mechanism and
they are mechanical in the sense that the permutations or combinations result
immediately from the co-acting of mechanical controlling elements, to wit, from
the co-acting of the different frames or levers e, c¹, e², c³, etc., with the correspond-
ing frames or levers, d, d¹, d², d³.
Frequently in this specification, and particularly in the statement of claim at
the end hereof, I speak of a set of type-bars, a set of printing characters,
a set of ultimate letter-controlling devices, etc. By the word " set," in such
and similar phrases, I do not mean to limit myself to using a whole alphabet
of characters in each set, for a portion of an alphabet (in one of the
sets, at least) would still constitute a useful working set. Thus, some of the letters
as, for example, j, k, q, v, x, z, are of comparatively infrequent occurrence; and
while it is best, I think, to have all the letters of the alphabet in each set, the
omission, from at least one of the two sets of type-bars of a number-even a con-
siderable number of the less frequently occurring letters would not be fatal. The
remaining letters would constitute a working set, sufficient with the other set to
write two letters at a time, in the majority of cases.
A permutational character-selecting device of the sort hereinbefore described,
may be used in other machines than type-writing machines. Thus, for example,
it may be used for operating the escapement or releasing devices of the well known
Mergenthaler linotype machine, (by the action of which escapement devices the
matrices corresponding to the various letters and other characters are released, so
that they fall one by one upon the conveying belt, by which they are carried to the
assembling block). The levers f,f, in the drawings, or their equivalents, may be
used to control the matrices of a linotype machine, either (a) by connecting said
levers f.f, by the rods h, h, or otherwise to the key-levers of a linotype machine,
by which the escapement devices thereof are controlled; of (6) by connecting said
levers f, f, through said rods h, h, directly to the escapement devices of a linotype
machine.
Figure 7 illustrates the levers f,f, of one of my permutational character-select-
ing devices connected through the pull-down rods or wires h, h, to operate the
levers P, P, (answering to the key levers of the Mergenthaler linotype machine)
which, through the other parts shown, operate the escapement devices. The
upper part of Figure 7, to wit, all from and including the levers P, P, upwards,
illustrating the peculiar linotype parts, is taken from the well known patent to
Thompson, No. 14,582, of 1890, in which a full description of the various linotype
parts may be found, and to which patent reference is hereby had and made for

page_text: such description; but without any such reference, it will probably be obvious
to persons skilled in the linotype art. The lettering of the parts, however, in my
Figure 7, is different from that used in the patent above mentioned to Thompson.
P, P, are levers (centered at P, P›) corresponding to the key-levers of the well
known Mergenthaler linotype machine, and which serve to operate the rods Q, Q,
and the escapement devices R, 2, 2, (whereby the matrices y, y, are released) and
the other parts shown, in a manner well-known to those skilled in the art, and
fully described in the patent above-mentioned, No. 14,582 of 1890. But the shafts
or drums q, q, with the cams 9, 96, and the springs 92, 92, carrying the little
rollers, may be dispensed with, and the pull-downs h, h, may be each con-
nected direct to the corresponding escapement lever R, as illustrated in Figure 8;
and the latter is what I prefer.
In various places in this specification I speak of two sets of type-bars. By the
word type-bar or type-bars as the same is used in this specification, I refer to the
things used in type-writing machines and called type-bars. The slugs or linotypes
produced by a linotype or line-casting machine are sometimes called type-bars;
but I do not use the word type-bar in this specification in any such sense. So,
also, the circulating matrices or type-plates of a linotype or line casting machine
are sometimes called type-bars. But I do not use the word type-bar in any such
sense in this specification. I use the word always with reference to the familiar
elements of a type-writing machine.
In various places in this specification, and particularly in the statement of
claim at the end hereof, I speak of producing consecutive letters by simultaneous
actions of the operator, and of an organization for producing consecutive letters
by simultaneous actions of the operator.. By consecutive letters, I mean letters
which follow one another in order in a word, or on the line of printing; and I
do not use the word consecutive, in the phrases above mentioned and other similar
phrases, with reference to sequence in time. The consecutive letters produced by
simultaneous actions of the operator may, indeed, be successive, in point of time,
if the type-bars of the one set be made quick-acting and the type-bars of the
other set be made slow-acting; or said consecutive letters may be printed
simultaneously, in point of time, if the two sets of bars be made (as it has
already been pointed out they may), to act simultaneously. But whether the
one construction or the other be followed, two letters, one of which follows
the other in due order in a word, with no letter interposed between them, are
consecutive letters, I wish it to be very clearly understood, in the sense in which
I use the words "consecutive letters," in the statement of claim at the end hereof,
whether those letters be produced simultaneously or successively.
In various places in this specification, and particularly in the statement of claim
at the end hereof, I speak of "character-corresponding devices" and of "character-
corresponding levers." By a character-corresponding device, I mean a device corres-
ponding to a character. A type-bar of a type-writing machine is a character-
corresponding device, for it corresponds to a character. So, in a linotype machine.
the matrix-controlling escapements are character-corresponding devices, in the
sense in which I use the language in this specification, for each such device
corresponds to a character, and serves, when actuated, to cause the matrix (upon
which the character to which it corresponds is formed), to start towards the
matrix-assembling mechanism, in consequence of which such character takes
its proper place in the line of matrices being assembled, and is eventually produced
in the slug. And by a character-corresponding lever, as the language is used
in the statement of claim at the end hereof, I mean a lever corresponding to a
character. The levers f, f, f, in the drawings, are character-corresponding levers;
for each of them corresponds to a character, and serves by its action to cause or
assist in causing the production of the character to which it corresponds.
In various places in this specification, and particularly in the statement of claim
at the end hereof, I speak of character-controlling devices and of character-con-
trolling levers. By a character-controlling device, I mean a device serving to

page_text: control a character; and by a character-controlling lever, I mean a lever serving
to control a character. The levers f,f, for example, or the levers P, P in the
drawings, are character-controlling devices. The matrix-controlling escapements
of a Mergenthaler linotype machine are also character controlling devices. I
refer to the foregoing merely as convenient examples and not by way of an
exhaustive enumeration of character-controlling devices. And when I speak in
the statement of claim of different character-controlling devices serving for
different characters, or serving for the production of different characters, I mean
that the character produced by one character-controlling device is a different
character from the characters produced by the other character-controlling devices
of the same set.
In various places in this specification, and particularly in the statement of claim
at the end hereof, I speak of permutational character-selecting mechanism and
sometimes, more shortly, of permutational selecting-mechanism. By permutational
character-selecting mechanism, or by the abbreviated term, permutational select-
ing-mechanism, or the equivalent terms "permutational character selecting
device," or permutational selecting device," I-mean mechanism in which a few
keys control a much larger number of characters, such keys being adapted to act
simultaneously, in different combinations or permutations, to produce different.
characters.
66
In various places in this specification, and particularly in the statement of
claim at the end hereof, I speak of permutational type-bar-selecting mechanism.
By permutational type-bar-selecting mechanism or the equivalent term permu-
tational type-bar-selecting device, I mean a mechanism or device in which a few
keys control a much larger number of type-bars, such keys being adapted to
act (a) singly, and (b) simultaneously, in different combinations or permutations,
to bring the different type-bars into action. Permutational-type-bar-selecting
mechanism is a narrower term than permutational character-selecting mechanism.
The latter term is a broad one, referring as well, for example, to a permutational
character-selecting mechanism, operating the matrix-controlling escapements of
a linotype machine as to a permutational character-selecting mechanism operating
the type-bars of a type-writing machine.
In various places in this specification, and particularly in the statement of
claim at the end hereof, I speak of controlling elements or controlling devices,
belonging to or forming part of the permutational character-selecting or the per-
mutational type-bar-selecting mechanism. And in other places I speak of the con-
trolled parts or controlled elements of said mechanism. I use the terms controlling
elements and controlling devices synonymously. The terms controlled elements
and controlled parts, I also use synonymously. In the sense in which I use
the language in this specification, the controlling elements of a permutational
character-selecting mechanism are those parts other than the keys which operate
by their varying combinations to determine what one of the controlled elements
shall be brought into action; and the controlled parts are those parts for the
operating of which one by one, the controlling elements act. Thus in the device
illustrated in Figures 2 and 3, and in the modification illustrated in Figure 6,
of the accompanying drawings, the levers or frames e, e¹, e², e³, et, e³, eG and e',
constitute one set or group of controlling elements, and the levers or
frames d, d, d2, 3, constitute another group or set of controlling elements; and
the levers f, f, etc., are the controlled elements.
A permutational character-selecting device may be either (a) a permutational
circuit-selecting device, in which the permutational mechanism is essentially
electrical and operates by selecting different circuits, as, for example, in the form
of device described in Specification of the Patent to Lloyd Barnes, No. 18,748,
dated August 25, 1896; or (b) a mechanical permutational device, in which the.
permutations are produced by the interacting of mechanical elements as dis
tinguished from electrical or circuit controlling elements.
The forms of per-
mutational character-selecting mechanism illustrated in the present case belong,

page_text: it should be understood, to the class of mechanical as distinguished from electrical
or circuit-selecting permutational mechanisms; for though electro-magnets are
preferably used, as illustrated in the drawings, to operate the mechanical con-
trolling elements e, e¹, e², e³, c¹, e³, e6, e², d, d¹, d2 and d³, yet it is by the inter-
acting or co-acting of the mechanical controlling elements e, e¹, e², e³, etc. of the
one set with the mechanical controlling elements as d, d¹, d², d³ of the other set
that the permutational actions-the selecting of the different levers f, f, etc.-
are directly affected; and the permutational mechanism, illustrated in the
drawings, is, in an important sense, complete without the electro-magnets; for
obviously, as before pointed out, said electro-magnets might be omitted, and the
mechanical controlling elements as e, e¹, e², e³, e¹, e³, e6, e², d, d¹, d² and d³, might
be operated either (a) by some other suitable form of motor mechanism, or (b) by
the keys direct, a separate key being provided for each controlling element, said
keys being, for example, directly connected with the controlling elements to
produce the actions thereon which the key-controlled electro-magnets produce
in the structure illustrated in the drawings, and hereinbefore fully described.
Among the distinguishing features of the preferred form of permutational selecting
mechanism illustrated in the drawings, are the following:
(a) The controlling elements form two distinct groups or sets, and every
character is formed by the co-acting of two controlling elements, belonging one
to one set and the other to the other set. This, it is thought, is broadly new with
me, in a mechanical (as distinguished from an electrical or circuit-selecting) per-
mutational character-selecting device. By this feature it is never necessary
to bring more than two controlling elements into action, nor to depress more
than two keys, to make any character.
By
(b) The mechanical controlling elements as e, e¹, e³, e³, etc., d, d¹, d³, etc.,
belonging to my permutational character-selecting mechanism, serve by their
movement, to communicate movement directly to the character-corresponding
devices; and they act simultaneously both to select the type-bar to be moved
and to impel the same from its normal position to the printing center.
arranging the device in such manner that the permutational selecting mechanism
acts simultaneously both to select the type-bar to be impelled and to impel the same
from its normal position to the printing center, I adapt the permutational
character-selecting mechanism to the requirements of ordinary work, by enabling
it to act with the requisite rapidity. In the drawings, (see Figures 2 and 3), the
selecting of a character depends upon what one of the frames d, d, d, and d³
acts and upon what one of the frames or levers e, e¹, e², e³, et, e5, e6 ore, acts at the
same time.
So soon as any two frames, belonging one to the set d, d¹, da, d³, d³,
and the other to the set e, e¹, e², e³, c¹, e³, ei, e, act, the letter is selected; and the
type-bar, it will be observed, moves simultaneously with this selecting action.
And where I speak, in the statement of claim, of permutational selecting
mechanism, or permutational character-selecting mechanism, having controlling
elements acting simultaneously both to select the type-bar to be moved and to
impel the same from its normal position to the printing-center, I use the adverb
simultaneously" to refer to simultaneousness existing between the selecting
action and the type-bar-impelling action, and not with reference to simultaneous-
ness of action of a plurality of the controlling elements.
6.
(c) Another important feature of the mechanism illustrated in the drawings,
is that motor mechanism is employed to act upon the controlling elements of the
permutational character-selecting mechanism, and that said motor mechanism
acts through said controlling elements upon the type-bars or other parts to be
moved. The motor mechanism, and the other parts of the permutational
character-selecting mechanism, are alike simple. And by the use of the motor
mechanism, the touch is made as light as possible; the speed of the machine
is materially increased; and other important advantages are gained.
(d) Another important feature of the permutational character-selecting
mechanism illustrated in the drawings consists in using the same motor device

page_text: to actuate a plurality of type-bars or other character-corresponding devices; the
keys serving only to connect the proper character-corresponding device with the
corresponding motor, and to bring such motor into action. By this feature
the keys, as they do not at all impel the type-bar or other character-corresponding
device, but merely serve to connect it with the corresponding motor device and to
bring the motor device into action for the impelling of it, have a very small
depression or dip, and a very light touch, which greatly increases the speed with
which the machine can be operated and the amount of work that can be turned
out with it The keys, it will be observed, serve only to control the action of the
motor mechanism upon the part to be moved, and the instant the keys are
depressed, the motor mechanism does the work.
(e) Another important feature of the various forms of permutational selecting
mechanism illustrated in the accompanying drawings, resulting, perhaps, in part,
from what has been already described, is (a) the groups into which the character-
corresponding devices naturally resolves themselves, and (b) the group-controlling
devices, each controlling a group of the character-corresponding devices. In
the device of Figures 2 and 3, with the frames d, d¹, d², and arranged to
operate in the preferred manner herein before fully pointed out, the frames e, e¹, e²,
e³, e, e, e and e7, (and the same is equally true of the corresponding electro-
magnets, E, E, E², E³, E4, E³, E and E,) each controls a group of the character-
corresponding levers, f, f, by which the type-bars of a type-writing machine
or the matrix-controlling escapements of a linotype machine, as before explained,
are operated. In the device of Figure 6, each of the frames e, e¹, e², e³, es,
es, e and e, (and the same is true of the electro-magnets E¹, E², E³, E4, E5,
E and E7), controls a group of four of the levers f, f, f, f, while the lever e controls
a group of three of said levers f, f. Viewing said device in another aspect, each of
the frames d, d¹, d², d³, (and the same is true of the magnets D, D1, D2 and D³,)
controls a group of the levers f, f, serving to give movement to whatever one of
said levers may be thrust in its path of movement by the action of the
frames, e, e¹, e², e³, et, e5, e6 and e. The levers e, e¹, e², e³, et, es, e and e, (and
the same is equally true of the electro-magnets E, E, E², E³, E, E³, E and E7,)
are group-controlling devices, since each of them controls a group of characters
and of character-corresponding levers. And the frames d, d', d², d³ are also group-
controlling devices. So are the electro-magnets D, D¹, D2 and D³. The levers
or frames, as e, e¹, e², e³, c¹, e³, ef and e², d, d¹, d², and d³, are mechanical group-
controlling devices actuated respectively by the magnets E, E¹, E³, E³, etc.
D, D1, D2, etc., which latter are electro-magnetic group-controlling devices.
the
(f) Another important feature of the permutational character-selecting
mechanism illustrated in the drawings consists in employing in one set of the
mechanical controlling devices, or in both sets of the mechanical controlling
devices, a controlling element, normally adapted to act when one of the controlling
elements of the other set acts and no other controlling element of its own set acts.
By this feature of construction, (see for example, the preferred device, illustrated
in Figures 1, 2, and 3,) it is made possible to produce letters from
keys C¹, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6 and C, without depressing any B-group key at the
same time, because the frame dis adapted to co-act with the controlling
elements (el, e, e³, etc.,) of the other set, so long as no one of the frames d', d², d³,
co-acts. And in like manner it is made possible to produce letters from the
keys B1, B2, B3, without depressing any C-group key at the same time; because
the frame or lever e is adapted to co-act with any one of the frames d¹, d², d³, so
long as no one of the frames or levers e¹, e², e³, et, e, e, e, is brought into action.
And the same is true of the device illustrated in Figure 6. And everything
is arranged in such manner, it will be seen, in the different forms of device illus-
trated (a) in Figures 1, 2 and 3, and (b) in Figure 6, that the normally co-acting
element is caused not to co-act when any other controlling element of the same
set or group is brought into action. By this feature of my invention, I make
it possible to produce,, with the keyboard illustrated in the drawings, (having three

page_text: B-group keys, and seven C-group keys,) the ten most-frequently occurring letters
of the alphabet, (being about three-fourths of letters as they come in actual use
in English) with the depressing of a single finger, where otherwise it would be
necessary to depress two keys for every letter.
In various places in this specification, and particularly in the statement of
claim at the end hereof, I speak of "retreating fulcrums." The frames d, d', d²
and ³, it has already been fully pointed out, may. be used in the preferred device
illustrated in Figures 2 and 3, in either of two ways, to-wit, (a) said frames may
lie normally remote from, or up off of, the levers f, f, f, said frames d, d¹, d³, d³,
moving positively down, each as required, upon the levers f, f, at the same time
that said levers are raised at the back by the action of the frames e, e¹, e³, etc.;
or (b) said frames d, d, d², and d³ may lie normally in close proximity to said
levers f, ff, the mode of operation being that one of said frames is held, when
one of the frames e, e¹, e², etc., acts, while the other three of said
frames d, d', d, d³, are not held, and lift lightly with the levers f, f, f, without
disturbing the type-bars or other parts with which they are connected by the
wires h, h. In the latter mode of working, the frames d, d¹, da, d³, constitute, it
will be scen, what we may, for lack of a better name call retreating fulcrums;
and the magnets D, D1, D2, D3, are locking devices, whereby said fulcrums are
locked, (that is, prevented from retreating), each as required.
In various places in this specification-particularly in the statement of claim
at the end hereof-I use the numeral "one," in an inclusive and not in an
exclusive sense. Thus, for example, in some of the paragraphs of claim, I speak
of two sets of type-bars, and of "type-bar-controlling mechanisms for each of the
sets of type-bars above mentioned; one of the type-bar-controlling mechanisms
above mentioned being a permutational type-bar-selecting device," etc. I mean
here that one at least of the type-bar-controlling mechanisms shall be a permuta-
tional type-bar-selecting device, and I do not mean at all to imply that the other
type-bar-controlling mechanism shall not be a permutational type-bar-selecting
device. By such language I mean to imply nothing as to what the other type-bar-
controlling mechanism shall be; for, in fact, while I prefer that it shall be a
permutational type-bar-selecting device, yet, it might perhaps be something else.
I use the words "linotype machine" and "linotyping machine" synonymously,
in this specification and in the statement of claim at the end hereof.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
I claim is
1. In a type-writing machine, or other similar instrument, an organization for
producing consecutive letters by simultaneous actions of the operator, said
organization including (a) two sets of type-bars; (b) two sets of keys; (c) quick-
acting connections between the one set of keys and the set of type-bars controlled
thereby and (d) slow-acting connections between the other set of keys and the
set of type-bars controlled by such keys; the quick-acting connections and the
slow-acting connections aforesaid having such differing rapidities of action that
when keys of the two-sets are depressed simultaneously, the type-bars controlled
respectively by them print in rapid succession.
2. In a type-writing machine, or other similar instrument, an organization
for producing consecutive letters by simultaneous actions of the operator,
said organization including (a) two sets of type-bars; the bars of each set striking
to a printing-point common to the bars of such set, the printing-points of the
two sets of bars being adjacent to each other; (b) two sets of keys; (c) quick-
acting connections between the one set of keys and the set of type-bars controlled
thereby and (d) slow-acting connections between the other set of kers and the
set of type-bars controlled by such keys; the quick-acting connections and the
slow-acting connections aforesaid having such differing rapidities of action that

page_text: when the keys of the two sets are depressed simultaneously, the type-bars
controlled respectively by them print in rapid succession.
3. In a type-writing machine, or other similar instrument, an organization
for producing consecutive letters by simultaneous actions of the operator, said
organization including (a) two sets of type-bars; (b) two sets of keys; (c) quick-
acting connections between the keys of one set and the type-bars controlled by
such keys; said quick-acting connection including suitable motor-mechanism
controlled by said keys and serving to impel the type-bars controlled by such
keys; and (d) slow-acting connections between the keys of the other set ande
tvpe-bars controlled by such keys; said slow-acting connections including suit-
able motor-mechanism controlled by said keys and serving to impel the type-bars
controlled by such keys; the quick-acting connections and the slow-acting
connections aforesaid having such differing rapidities of action that when keys of
the two sets are depressed simultaneously, the type-bars brought into action
respectively by them print in rapid succession.
I
4. In a type-writing machine, or other similar instrument, an organization for
producing consecutive letters by simultaneous actions of the operator, said
organization including (a) two sets of type-bars the bars of each set striking
to a printing-point common to the bars of such set, the printing-points of the two
sets of bars being adjacent to each other; (b) two sets of keys; (c) quick-acting
connections between the keys of one set and the type-bars controlled by such
keys; said quick-acting connections including suitable motor-mechanism con-
trolled by said keys and serving to impel the type-bars controlled by such keys;
and (d) slow-acting connections between the keys of the other set and the type-
bars controlled by such keys; said slow-acting connections including suitable
motor-mechanism controlled by said keys and serving to impel the type-bars
controlled by such keys; the quick-acting connections and the slow-acting con-
nections aforesaid having such differing rapidities of action that when keys of the
two sets are depressed simultaneously, the type-bars brought into action
respectively by them print in rapid succession.
5. In a type-writing machine, or other similar instrument, an organization
for producing consecutive letters by simultaneous actions of the operator, said
organization including, in combination, two sets of type-bars; a quick-acting
type-bar-controlling mechanism, operating upon the type-bars of one of the sets
before mentioned, and serving to bring the bars of such set into action
individually; and a slow-acting type-bar-controlling mechanism, operating upon
the type-bars of the other set, and serving to bring the bars of such set into action
individually; one of said type-bar-controlling mechanisms being a permutational
type-bar-selecting device, having a number of keys less than the number of type-
bars controlled by it, said permutational type-bar-selecting device being con-
structed and arranged in such a manner that its small number of keys, operating
in various permutations or combinations, serves to bring into action the various
type-bars controlled by it, each as required.
6. In a type-writing machine, or other similar instrument, an organization
for producing consecutive letters by simultaneous actions of the operator, said
organization including, in combination, two sets of type-bars; a quick-acting
type-bar-controlling mechanism, operating upon the type-bars of one of the sets
before mentioned, and serving to bring the bars of such set into action in-
dividually; and a slow-acting type-bar-controlling mechanism, operating upon
the type-bars of the other set, and serving to bring the bars of such set into
action individually; each of said type-bar-controlling mechanisms being a
permutational type-bar-selecting device, having a number of keys less than the
number of type-bars controlled by it, said permutational type-bar-selecting device
being constructed and arranged in such a manner that its small number of keys,
operating in various permutations or combinations, serves to bring into action the
various type-bars controlled by it, each as required.

page_text: 7. In a type-writing machine or other similar instrument, an organization
for producing consecutive letters by simultaneous actions of the operator, said
organization including, in combination, two sets of type-bars; a quick-acting
type-bar-controlling mechanism, operating upon the type-bars of one of the sets
beforementioned, and serving to bring the bars of such set into action individually;
and a slow-acting type-bar-controlling mechanism, operating upon the type-bars
of the other set, and serving to bring the bars of such set into action individually;
one of said type-bar-controlling mechanisms being a permutational type-bar-
selecting device, having a number of keys less than the number of type-bars
controlled by it; said permutational type-bar-selecting device being constructed
and arranged in such a manner that its small number of keys, operating in various
permutations or combinations, serves to bring the various type-bars controlled by
it into action individually; said permutational type-bar-selecting device includ-
ing a motor device acting to impel a plurality of the type-bars aforesaid, each as
required.
8. In a type-writing machine or other similar instrument, an, organization
for producing consecutive letters by simultaneous actions of the operator, said
organization including, in combination, two sets of type-bars; a quick acting
type-bar-controlling mechanism, operating upon the type-bars of one of the sets
before-mentioned, and serving to bring the bars of such, set into action in-
dividually; and a slow-acting type-bar-controlling mechanism, operating upon
the type-bars of the other set, and serving to bring the bars of such set into action
individually; one of said type-bar-controlling mechanisms being a permutational
type-bar-selecting device, having a number of keys less than the number of type-
bars controlled by it; said permutational type-bar-selecting device being con-
structed and arranged in such a manner that its small number of keys operating
in various permutations or combinations, serves to bring the various type-bars
controlled by it into action individually; said permutational type-bar-selecting
device including (a) motor mechanism whereby the type-bars aforesaid are
impelled, each as required; a plurality of said type-bars being normally dis-
connected from said motor mechanism, and (b) means whereby said type-bars are
connected, each as required, with the motor mechanism aforesaid.
9. In a type-writing machine or other similar instrument, an organization
for producing consecutive letters by simultaneous actions of the operator, said
organization including, in combination, two sets of type-bars; a quick-acting
type-bar-controlling mechanism, operating upon the type-bars of one of the sets
beforementioned and serving to bring the bars of such set into action individually,
and a slow-acting type-bar-controlling mechanism, operating upon the type-bars
of the other set, and serving to bring the bars of such set into action individually;
one of said type-bar-controlling mechanisms being a permutational type-bar-
selecting device, said permutational selecting device including controlling
elements, by the coacting of which the different type-bars aforesaid are brought
into action, each as required; and motor mechanism serving to actuate a plurality
of the controlling elements aforesaid.
10. In a type-writing machine or other similar instrument, an organization
for producing consecutive letters by simultaneous actions of the operator, said
organization including, in combination, two sets of type-bars; a quick-acting
type-bar-controlling mechanism, operating upon the type-bars of one of the sets
before mentioned, and serving to bring the bars of such set into action in-
dividually, and a slow-acting type-bar-controlling mechanism, operating upon the
type-bars of the other set, and serving to bring the bars of such set into action
individually; one of said type-bar-controlling mechanisms being a permutational
type-bar-selecting device, having controlling elements fewer in number than the
type-bars operated thereby, and motor mechanism, acting through controlling
elements of the permutational selecting mechanism aforesaid, upon the type-bars
above mentioned.

page_text: 11. In a type-writing machine or other similar instrument, an organization for
producing consecutive letters by simultaneous actions of the operator, said organi-
zation including, in combination, two sets of type-bars, the bars of each set being
arranged so that they strike to a printing-point common to the bars of such set,
the printing-points of the two sets of bars being adjacent to each other; and a
type-bar-controlling mechanism for each of the sets of type-bars above mentioned;
one of said type-bar-controlling mechanisms being a permutational type-bar-
selecting device, having a number of keys less than the number of type-bars con-
trolled by it; said permutational type-bar-selecting device being constructed and
arranged in such a manner that its small number of keys, operating in various
combinations or permutations, serves to bring into action individually the various
type-bars controlled by it, each as required.
12. In a type-writing machine or other similar instrument, an organization
for producing consecutive letters by simultaneous actions of the operator, said
organization including, in combination, two sets of type-bars, the bars of each set
being arranged so that they strike to a printing-point common to the bars of
such set, the printing-points of the two sets of bars being adjacent to each other;
and a type-bar-controlling mechanism, for each of the sets of type-bars above-
mentioned; each of said type-bar-controlling mechanisms being a permutational
type-bar-selecting device, having a number of keys less than the number of type-
bars controlled by it; said permutational type-bar-selecting device being con-
structed and arranged in such a manner that its small number of keys, operating
in various combinations or permutations, serves to bring into action individually
the various type-bars controlled by it, each as required.
13. In a type-writing machine or other similar instrument, an organization for
producing consecutive letters by simultaneous actions of the operator, said
organization including, in combination, two sets of type-bars, the bars of each
set being arranged in such a manner that they strike to a printing-point common
to the bars of such set, the printing-points of the two sets of bars being adjacent
to each other; and a type-bar-controlling mechanism for each of the sets of type-
bars above-mentioned; one of the type-bar-controlling mechanisms above men-
tioned being a permutational type-bar-selecting device, having a number of keys
less than the number of type-bars controlled by it; said permutational type-bar-
selecting device being constructed and arranged in such a manner that its small
number of keys, operating in various permutations, serves to bring the various
type-bars controlled by it into action individually; said permutational type-bar-
selecting device including (a) a motor device acting to impel a plurality of the
type-bars aforesaid, each as required; a plurality of the type-bars impelled by
said motor device being normally disconnected from said motor-device; and (b)
means whereby said type-bars are connected, each as required, with the motor-
device aforesaid.
14. In a type-writing machine or other similar instrument, an organization
for producing consecutive letters by simultaneous actions of the operator, said
organization including, in combination, two sets of type-bars, the bars of each
set being arranged in such a manner that they strike to a printing-point common
to the bars of such set, the printing-points of the two sets of bars being adjacent
to each other; and a type-bar-controlling mechanism for each of the sets of type-
bars above mentioned; each of the type-bars-controlling mechanisms above
mentioned being a permutational type-bar-selecting device, having a number of
keys less than the number of type-bars controlled by it; said permutational type-
bar-selecting device being constructed and arranged in such a manner that its
small number of keys, operating in various permutations or combinations, serves
to bring the various type-bars controlled by it into action individually; said per-
mutational type-bar-selecting device including (a) a motor device acting to impel
a plurality of the type-bars aforesaid, each as required; a plurality of the type-
bars impelled by said motor device being normally disconnected from said motor

page_text: device; and (b) means whereby said type-bars are connected, each as required,
with the motor device aforesaid.
15. In a type-writing machine, linotyping machine, or other similar instru-
ment, and in combination therein with suitable character-corresponding devices,
permutational selecting mechanism, having (a) plurality of controlling elements,
acting in different combinations for the operating of the different character-
corresponding devices aforesaid; (b) keys; and (c) motor mechanism controlled
by said keys and acting upon controlling elements of the permutational selecting
mechanism aforesaid, to bring said controlling elements into operation.
16. In a type-writing machine, linotyping machine, or other similar instru-
ment, and in combination therein with suitable character-corresponding devices,
permutational selecting mechanism, having (a) controlling elements fewer in
number than the character-corresponding devices operated thereby; (b) keys;
and (c) motor mechanism, controlled by said keys and acting through controlling
elements of the permutational selecting mechanism before mentioned, upon the
character-corresponding devices aforesaid.
17. In a type-writing machine, or other similar instrument, and in combination
therein with the character-corresponding devices, permutational character-select-
ing mechanism, having controlling elements fewer in number than the character-
corresponding devices controlled thereby, said controlling elements serving in
different combinations to bring the controlled elements into action, each as
required; a plurality of the controlling elements aforesaid acting, each when moved,
to communicate movement to the proper character-corresponding device.
18. In a type-writing machine, or other similar instrument, and in combination
therein with the character-corresponding devices, permutational character-select-
ing mechanism, having controlling elements fewer in number than the character-
corresponding devices controlled thereby, said controlling elements serving, in
different combinations, to bring the controlled elements into action, each as
required, and motor mechanism, acting to give movement to a plurality of the con-
trolling elements before-mentioned; said controlling elements serving, when thus
moved by the motor mechanism, to communicate movement to the proper character-
corresponding device.
19. In a type-writing machine, linotyping machine, or other similar instru-
ment, and in combination therein with suitable character-corresponding devices,
permutational selecting mechanism, having keys fewer in number than tho
character-corresponding devices controlled thereby and motor mechanism where-
by the character-corresponding devices aforesaid are actuated, each as required;
a plurality of the character-corresponding devices impelled by said motor mechan-
ism being normally disconnected from said motor mechanism; means whereby
said character-corresponding devices are connected, each as required, with the
motor mechanism aforesaid; said motor mechanism being brought into action by
the key mechanism before mentioned, and operating thereupon independently of
said key mechanism to actuate the character-corresponding device proper to the
key or combination of keys depressed.
20. In a type-writing machine, linotyping machine, or other similar instrument,
and in combination, character-corresponding devices; permutational character-
selecting mechanism, serving to actuate the character-corresponding devices
aforesaid; said permutational character-selecting mechanism including a plurality
of motor devices, each serving to control a plurality of the character-correspond-
ing devices aforesaid.
21. In a type-writing machine, linotyping machine, or other similar instrument;
and in combination, character-corresponding devices; permutational character-
selecting mechanism, serving to actuate the character-corresponding devices' afore-
said; said permutational character-selecting mechanism including a plurality of
motor devices, each serving to control a different group of the character-corre-
sponding devices aforesaid; a plurality of character-corresponding devices in each
group being normally disconnected from the motor device controlling such group;

page_text: and keys, operating to connect said character-corresponding devices, each as
required, with the corresponding motor device.
22. In a type-writing machine, linotyping machine, or other similar instrument,
and in combination, character-corresponding devices; permutational character-
selecting mechanism, serving to actuate the character-corresponding devices
aforesaid; said permutational character-selecting mechanism including a plurality
of motor devices, each serving to actuate a plurality of the character-correspond-
ing devices aforesaid; and keys controlling the motor devices aforesaid.
23. In a type-writing machine, linotyping machine, or other similar instrument,
and in combination, character-corresponding devices; different character-corres-
ponding devices serving for the production of different characters; permutational
character-selecting mechanism, serving to actuate the character-corresponding
devices aforesaid; said permutational character-selecting mechanism including
a plurality of motor devices, each serving to actuate a different group of the
character-corresponding devices aforesaid; a plurality of the character-corres-
ponding devices in each group being normally disconnected from the motor device
controlling such group: keys controlling said motor devices, and other keys,
operating to connect different character-corresponding devices of a group, each
as required, with the corresponding motor device.
24. In a type-writing machine, linotyping machine, or other similar instrument,
and in combination, character-corresponding devices; permutational character-
selecting mechanism, serving to actuate the character-corresponding devices afore-
said; said permutational character-selecting mechanism including a plurality of
electro-magnets, each serving to control a plurality of the character-corresponding
devices aforesaid.
25. In a type-writing machine, linotyping machine, or other similar instrument,
and in combination, character-corresponding devices; permutational character-
selecting mechanism, serving to actuate the character-corresponding devices afore-
said; said permutational character-selecting mechanism including a plurality of
electro-magnets, each serving to control a different group of the character-corre-
sponding devices aforesaid; a plurality of character-corresponding devices in each
group being normally disconnected from the electro-magnet controlling such group;
and keys, operating to connect said character-corresponding devices, each as
required, with the corresponding electro-magnet.
26. In a type-writing machine, linotyping machine, or other similar instrument,
and in combination, character-corresponding devices; permutational character-
selecting mechanism, serving to actuate the character-corresponding devices afore-
said; said permutational character-selecting mechanism including a plurality of
electro-magnets, each serving to actuate a plurality of the character-correspond-
ing devices aforesaid; and keys controlling the electro-magnets aforesaid.
27. In a type-writing machine, linotyping machine, or other similar instrument,
and in combination, character-corresponding devices; permutational character-
selecting mechanism, serving to actuate the character-corresponding devices afore-
said; said permutational character-selecting mechanism including a plurality of
electro-magnets, each serving to actuate a different group of the character-corres-
ponding devices aforesaid; a plurality of the character-corresponding devices in
each group being normally disconnected from the electro-magnet controlling such
group; keys controlling said electro-magnets; and other keys, operating to con-
nect different character-corresponding devices of a group, each as required, with
the corresponding electro-magnet.
28. In a type-writing machine or other similar instrument, and in combination
therein with the type-bars, permutational selecting mechanism, having controlling
elements, fewer in number than the type-bars controlled by them; motor mechan-
ism, acting upon controlling elements of the permutational selecting mechanism
aforesaid to bring said controlling elements into operation; and keys, controlling
the action of said motor mechanism upon the permutational selecting mechanism.
29. In a type-writing machine or other similar instrument, and in combination

page_text: therein with the type-bars, permutational selecting mechanism, having controlling
elements, fewer in number than the type-bars controlled by them; motor mechan-
ism, acting through controlling elements of the permutational selecting mechan-
ism aforesaid upon the type-bars aforesaid; and keys, controlling said motor
mechanism.
30. In a type-writing machine or other similar instrument, and in combination
therein with the type-bars, permutational character-selecting mechanism having
controlling elements fewer in number than the type-bars operated thereby; said
controlling elements serving, in different combinations, to bring the type-bars
aforesaid into action, each as required; a plurality of the controlling elements afore-
said acting each, when moved, to communicate motion to the proper type-bar.
31. In a type-writing machine or other similar instrument, and in combination
therein with the type-bars, permutational character-selecting mechanism having
controlling elements fewer in number than the type-bars operated thereby; said
controlling elements serving, in different combinations, to bring the type-bars
aforesaid into action, each as required; and motor mechanism acting to give
movement to a plurality of the controlling elements before mentioned, said con-
trolling elements serving, when thus moved by the motor mechanism, to com-
municate motion to the proper type-bar.
32. In a type-writing machine or other similar instrument, and in combination
therein with the type-bars, permutational selecting mechanism, having keys fewer
in number than the type-bars controlled thereby, and motor mechanism, whereby
the type-bars aforesaid are actuated, each as required; a plurality of said type-bars
being normally disconnected from said motor mechanism; means whereby said
type-bars are connected, cach as required, with the motor mechanism aforesaid;
said motor mechanism being brought into action by the key mechanism before
mentioned, and thereupon operating independently of said key mechanism to impel
the type-bar corresponding to the key or combination of keys depressed.
33. In a type-writing machine or other similar instrument, and in combination
therein with the type-bars, permutational selecting mechanism, acting simul-
taneously both to select the type-bar to be inoved and to impel the same from its
normal position to the printing-center.
34. In a type-writing machine or other similar instrument, and in combination
therein with the type-bars, permutational selecting mechanism, having controlling
elements acting simultaneously both to select the type-bar to be moved and to
impel the same from its normal position to the printing-center.
35. In a type-writing machine or other similar instrument, and in combina-
tion, (a) a multiplicity of type-bars; (b) permutational selecting mechanism, serv-
ing to operate the type-bars aforesaid, and having controlling elements fewer in
number than the type-bars operated thereby; (c) a plurality of motor devices acting,
respectively, upon different controlling elements of the permutational selecting
mechanism aforesaid; and (d) keys, controlling the motor devices aforesaid.
36. In a type-writing machine or other similar instrument, and in combination,
type-bars; a plurality of motor devices, each controlling a different group of the
type-bars aforesaid; a plurality of the type-bars of each group being normally dis-
connected from the motor device controlling such group; and means operating
to connect the type-bars in a group, each as required, with the corresponding
motor device..
37. In a type-writing machine or other similar instrument, and in combination,
type-bars; a plurality of motor devices; each controlling a different group of the
type-bars aforesaid, a plurality of the type-bars of each group being normally
disconnected from the motor device controlling such group; keys, controlling said
motor devices; and other keys operating to connect different type-bars of a group,
each as required, with the motor device corresponding to such group; said motor
device thereupon operating to impel the type-bar thus connected with it, from its
normal position to the printing-center.
38. In a type-writing machine or other similar instrument, and in combina-
tion, (a) a multiplicity of type-bars; (b) permutational selecting mechanism, serv-

page_text: ing to operate the type-bars aforesaid, and having controlling elements fewer in
number than the type-bars operated thereby; (c) a plurality of electro-magnets
acting, respectively, upon different controlling elements of the permutational select-
ing mechanism aforesaid; and (d) keys, controlling the electro-magnets aforesaid.
39. In a type-writing machine or other similar instrument, and in combination,
type-bars; permutational type-bar-selecting mechanism, including a plurality of
electro-magnets, each controlling a different group of the type-bars aforesaid; the
type-bars of each group being normally disconnected from the electro-magnet
controlling such group; and means operating to connect the type-bars in a group,
each as required, with the corresponding electro-magnet.
40. In a type-writing machine or other similar instrument, and in combination,
type-bars; permutational type-bar-selecting mechanism, including a plurality of
electro-magnets, each controlling a different group of the type-bars aforesaid, a
plurality of the type-bars of each group being normally disconnected from the
electro-magnet controlling such group; keys controlling said electro-magnets;.
and other keys operating to connect different type-bars of a group, each as required,
with the electro-magnet corresponding to such group; said electro-magnet there-
upon operating for the impelling of the type-bar thus connected with it, from its
normal position to the printing-center.
41. In a
type-writing machine or other similar instrument, an organization for
producing consecutive letters by simultaneous actions of the operator, said organiza-
tion including (a) two sets of type-bars, the bars of each set striking to a printing-
point common to the bars of such set, the printing-points of the two sets of bars
being adjacent to each other; (b) permutational character-selecting mechanism
having a plurality of controlling elements, acting in different combinations to
operate the type-bars of one of the two sets aforesaid, keys, and motor mechanism,
controlled by said keys, and acting upon controlling elements of the permutational
character-selecting mechanism aforesaid; and (c) suitable means for operating the
type-bars of the other one of the two sets above mentioned.
42. In a type-writing machine or other similar instrument, an organization for
producing consecutive letters by simultaneous actions of the operator, said organiza-
tion including (a) two sets of type-bars, the bars of each set striking to a printing-
point common to the bars of such set, the printing-points of the two sets of bars
being adjacent to each other; (b) permutational character-selecting mechanism,
serving to operate the type-bars of one of the two sets aforesaid; said permuta-
tional character-selecting mechanism having controlling elements fewer in number
than the type-bars operated thereby; keys; and motor mechanism controlled by
said keys; said motor mechanism acting through controlling elements of the
permutational selecting mechanism before mentioned upon the type-bars controlled
thereby; and (c) suitable means for operating the type-bars of the other one of the
two sets above mentioned.
43. In a type-writing machine or other similar instrument, an organization for
producing consecutive letters by simultaneous actions of the operator, said organiza-
tion including (a) two sets of type-bars, the bars of each set striking to a printing-
point common to the bars of such set, the printing-points of the two sets of bars
being adjacent to each other; (b) permutational character-selecting mechanism,
serving to operate the type-bars of one of the two sets before mentioned; said
permutational character-selecting mechanism including controlling elements, less
in number than the type-bars operated thereby, the controlling elements serving, in
different combinations, to bring said type-bars into action, each as required, a
plurality of the controlling elements aforesaid acting, when moved, to communicate
movement to the proper type-bar; and (c) suitable means for operating the type-
bars of the other one of the two sets above-mentioned.
44. In a type-writing machine or other similar instrument, an organization for
producing consecutive letters by simultaneous actions of the operator, said organiza-
tion including (a) two sets of type-bars, the bars of each set striking to a printing-
point common to the bars of such set, the printing-points of the two sets of bars
E

page_text: being adjacent to each other; (b) permutational character-selecting mechanism,
serving to operate the type-bars of one of the two sets before mentioned; said
permutational character-selecting mechanism including controlling elements less
in number than the type-bars operated thereby, the controlling elements serving in
different combinations to bring said type-bars into action, each as required, and
motor mechanism acting to give movement to a plurality of the controlling
elements above mentioned, said controlling elements acting, when thus moved by
the motor mechanism, to communicate movement to the proper type-bar; and (c)
suitable means for operating the type-bars of the other one of the two sets above-
mentioned.
45. In a type-writing machine or other similar instrument, an organization for
producing consecutive letters by simultaneous actions of the operator, said organiza-
tion including (a) two sets of type-bars, the bars of each set striking to a printing-
point common to the bars of such set, the printing-points of the two sets being
adjacent to each other; (b) permutational selecting mechanism, serving to operate
the type-bars of one of the two sets above mentioned, said permutational selecting
mechanism acting with a single operation both to select the type-bar to be moved
and to impel the same from its normal position to the printing-center; and (c)
suitable means for operating the type-bars of the other one of the two sets before
mentioned.
46. In a type-writing machine or other similar instrument, an organization for
producing consecutive letters by simultaneous actions of the operator, said organiza-
tion including (a) two sets of type-bars, the bars of each set striking to a printing-
point common to the bars of such set, the printing-points of the two sets being
adjacent to each other; (b) permutational selecting mechanism, serving to operate
the type-bars of one of the two sets above-mentioned, said permutational selecting
mechanism having controlling elements, fewer in number than the type-bars.
operated thereby, acting with a single operation both to select the type-bar to be
moved and to impel the same from its normal position to the printing-center;
and (c) suitable means for operating the type-bars of the other one of the two
sets before mentioned.
47. In a type-writing machine or other similar instrument, an organization for
producing consecutive letters by simultaneous actions of the operator, said organiza-
tion including (a) two sets of type-bars, the bars of each set striking to a printing-
point common to the bars of such set, the printing-points of the two sets of bars
being adjacent to each other; (b) permutational type-bar-selecting mechanism
serving to operate the type-bars of one of the two sets above mentioned; said
permutational type-bar-selecting mechanism including a plurality of motor devices,
each controlling a group of the type-bars aforesaid; a plurality of the type-bars in
cach group being normally disconnected from the motor device controlling sucht.
group; and means operating to connect the type-bars in a group, each as required,
with the corresponding motor device; and (c) suitable means for operating the type-
bars of the other one of the two groups above mentioned.
48. In a type-writing machine or other similar instrument, an organization for
producing consecutive letters by simultaneous actions of the operator, said organiza-
tion including (a) two sets of type-bars, the bars of each set striking to a printing-
point common to the bars of such set, the printing-points of the two sets
of bars being adjacent to each other; (b) permutational type-bar-selecting
mechanism, serving to operate the type-bars of one of the two sets above mentioned;
said permutational type-bar-selecting mechanism including a plurality of motor
devices, each controlling a group of the type-bars aforesaid; a plurality of the type-
bars in each group being normally disconnected from the motor device controlling
such group; keys, controlling said motor devices; and other keys operating to
connect the different type-bars of a group, each type-bar as required, with the motor
device corresponding to such group; said motor device thereupon operating for
the impelling of the type-bar (thus connected with it) from its normal position to

page_text: the printing-center; and (c) suitable means for operating the type-bars of the other
one of the two groups above mentioned.
49. In a type-writing machine or other similar instrument, an organization for
producing consecutive letters by simultaneous actions of the operator, said organiza-
tion including (a) two sets of type-bars, the bars of each set striking to a printing-
point common to the bars of such set, the printing-points of the two sets of bars
being adjacent to each other; (b) permutational type-bar-selecting mechanism,
serving to operate the type-bars of one of the two sets above mentioned; said per-
mutational type-bar-selecting mechanism including a plurality of electro-magnets,
each controlling a group of the type-bars aforesaid; a plurality of the type-bars in
each group being normally disconnected from the electro-magnet controlling such
group; and means operating to connect the type-bars in a group, each as required,
with the corresponding electro-magnet; and (e) suitable means for operating the
type-bars of the other one of the two groups above mentioned.
50. In a type-writing machine or other similar instrument, an organization for
producing consecutive letters by simultaneous actions of the operator, said organiza-
tion including (a) two sets of type-bars, the bars of each set striking to a printing-
point common to the bars of such set, the printing-points of the two sets of bars
being adjacent to each other; (b) permutational type-bar-selecting mechanism,
serving to operate the type-bars of one of the two sets above-mentioned; said per-
mutational type-bar selecting mechanism including a plurality of electro-magnets,
each controlling a group of the type-bars aforesaid; a plurality of the type-bars in
each group being normally disconnected from the electro-magnet controlling such
group; keys, controlling said electro-magnets; and other keys operating to connect
the different type-bars of a group, each type-bar as required; with the electro-
magnet corresponding to such group; said electro-magnet thereupon operating
for the impelling of the type-bar (thus connected with it) from its normal position
to the printing-center; and (c) suitable means for operating the type-bars of the
other one of the two groups above mentioned.
51. In a type-writing machine, linotyping machine, or other similar instrument,
permutational character-selecting mechanism including, in combination with a set
of controlled parts, two sets of mechanical controlling devices, coacting to operate
the controlled parts aforesaid; each of said controlled parts being operated by the
co-acting of two controlling devices, belonging one to one of the sets of controlling
devices before mentioned and the other to the other set of controlling devices
before mentioned.
52. In a type-writing machine, linotype machine, or other similar instrument,
permutational character-selecting mechanism including, in combination with a set
of controlled parts, two sets of frames or levers co-acting upon said controlled
parts.
53. In a type-writing machine, linotype machine, or other similar instrument,
permutational character-selecting mechanism including, in combination with a
set of controlled levers, two sets of controlling devices, co-acting upon said levers,
to operate each lever individually, as required.
54. In a type-writing machine, linotype machine, or other similar instrument,
permutational character-selecting mechanism, including, in combination with a set
of controlled parts, two sets of mechanical controlling devices, co-acting to operate
the controlled parts before mentioned, each of said controlled parts being operated
by the co-acting of two controlling devices, belonging one to one of the sets of con-
trolling devices before mentioned, and the other to the other set of controlling
devices before mentioned; a normally co-acting device in one of the sets of con-
trolling devices before mentioned; and means whereby said normally-co-acting
device is thrown out of action when any other controlling device of the same set
is brought into action.
55. In a type-writing machine, linotype machine, or other similar instrument,
permutational character-selecting mechanism, including, in combination with a
single set of controlled parts, two sets of mechanical controlling devices, co-acting

page_text: to operate the controlled parts before mentioned, each of said controlled parts
being operated by the co-acting of two controlling devices belonging one to one of
the sets of controlling devices before mentioned and the other to the other set of
controlling devices before mentioned; a normally-co-acting device, in each of the
sets of controlling devices before mentioned; and means whereby the normally-
co-acting device of each set is thrown out of action when any other controlling
levice of the same set is brought into action.
56. In a type-writing machine, linotype machine, or other similar instrument,
permutational character-selecting mechanism including, in combination, keys; a
set of controlled parts; two sets of controlling devices, co-acting to control said
controlled parts; and motor mechanism, controlled by the keys, and serving to-
actuate the controlling devices before mentioned, and thereby to actuate the con-
trolled parts before mentioned.
57. In a type-writing machine or other similar instrument, and in combination
therein with the type-bars, permutational character-selecting mechanism having
two sets of mechanical controlling elements co-acting to operate the type-bars afore-
said; each of said type-bars being operated by the co-acting of two controlling
elements, belonging one to one of the sets of.controlling elements before mentioned,
and the other to the other set of controlling elements before mentioned.
58. In a type-writing machine or other similar instrument, and in combination
therein with the type-bars, permutational selecting mechanism, having two sets of
frames or levers co-acting to operate the type-bars aforesaid, each type-bar being
operated by the co-acting of two frames or levers, (or a frame and a lever), belonging
one to one of the two sets before mentioned, and the other to the other one of
said two sets.
59. In a type-writing machine or other similar instrument, and in combination
therein with the type-bars, permutational selecting mechanism having a set of
controlled levers, corresponding to and connected with the type-bars; and two
sets of controlling elements, co-acting upon the controlled levers aforesaid to operate
said controlled levers, each as required.
60. In a type-writing machine or other similar instrument, and in combination
therein with the type-bars, permutational selecting mechanism having two sets
of mechanical controlling elements co-acting to operate the type-bars aforesaid;
each of said type-bars being operated by the co-acting of two controlling elements,
belonging one to one of the sets of controlling elements before mentioned and the
other to the other set of controlling elements; a normally-co-acting controlling
clement in one of the sets of controlling elements before mentioned, and means
whereby said normally co-acting controlling element is thrown out of action when
any other controlling element of the same set is brought into action.
61. In a type-writing machine or other similar instrument, and in combination
therein with the type-bars, permutational selecting mechanism having two sets
of mechanical controlling elements co-acting to operate the type-bars aforesaid;
each of said type-bars being operated by the co-acting of two controlling elements,
belonging one to one of the sets of controlling elements before mentioned, and the
other to the other set of controlling elements before mentioned; a normally-
co-acting controlling element in each of the sets of controlling elements before
mentioned; and means whereby the normally-coacting element in each set is
thrown out of action whenever any other controlling element of the same set is
brought into action.
62. In a type-writing machine or other similar instrument, and in combination
therein with the type-bars, permutational selecting mechanism having two sets of
controlling elements co-acting to operate the type-bars aforesaid; each of said
type-bars being operated by the co-acting of two controlling elements, belonging
one to one of the sets of controlling elements before mentioned, and the other to
the other set of controlling elements before mentioned; and motor mechanism
controlled by the keys, and serving to actuate a plurality of the controlling
elements before mentioned, and thereby to actuate the type-bars aforesaid.

page_text: 63. In a type-writing machine, linotype machine, or other similar instrument,
a mechanical permutational character-selecting mechanism, including, in com-
bination with a multiplicity of controlled parts, a set of controlling devices, each
in general controlling a group of the controlled parts before mentioned; con-
trollable connections between the different members of a group of controlled parts
and the corresponding controlling device; and keys controlling said connections.
64. In a type-writing machine, linotype machine, or other similar instrument,
permutational character-selecting mechanism, including in combination with a
multiplicity of controlled parts, a set of mechanical controlling devices, cach in
general controlling a group of the controlled parts before mentioned; con-
trollable connections between the different members of a group of controlled parts
and the corresponding controlling device; and keys controlling the controlling
devices and the connections aforesaid.
65. In a permutational character-selecting mechanism, for use in a type-writing
machine, linotyping machine, or other similar instrument, the combination, with
the character-corresponding levers, of mechanical group-controlling devices, each
serving to control a group of the levers aforesaid.
66. In a permutational character-selecting mechanism, for use in a type-writing
machine, linotyping machine, or other similar instrument, the combination, with
the character-corresponding levers, of devices whereby movement is given to the
character-corresponding levers aforesaid, in groups; the different devices serving
each to give movement to a different group of the character-corresponding levers
aforesaid.
67. In a permutational character-selecting mechanism, for use in a linotyping
machine, type-setting machine, or other similar instrument, the combination, with
the groups of character-corresponding levers and the frames or levers equal in
number to the number of character-corresponding levers in a group, of mechanical
group-controlling devices, whereby the different groups of character-corresponding
levers aforesaid are brought into action, each as required.
68. In a permutational character-selecting mechanism, for use in a type-writing
machine, linotyping machine, or other similar instrument, the combination, with
the groups of character-corresponding levers, of mechanical group-controlling
devices, each controlling a different group of the character-corresponding levers
aforesaid; and means whereby the different levers of a group are brought into
action, each as required.
69. In a permutational character-selecting mechanism, for use in a type-writing
machine, linotyping machine, or other similar instrument, the combination, with
the groups of character-corresponding levers, of mechanical selecting devices
acting to select the group of levers out of which one is to be brought into action;
and other mechanical selecting devices, acting to select the lever in such group
which shall be brought into action.
70. In a permutational type-bar-selecting mechanism, for a type-writing
machine or other similar instrument, the combination, with the type-bars and
the type-bar-corresponding levers, of mechanical group-controlling elements, each
serving to control a group of the levers aforesaid.
71. In a permutational type-bar-selecting mechanism, for a type-writing machine,
or other similar instrument, the combination with the type-bars and the type-
bar-corresponding levers, of the devices whereby movement is given to the type-
bar-corresponding levers, in groups, the different devices aforesaid serving each
to give movement to a different group of the type-bar-corresponding levers
before mentioned.
72. In a permutational type-bar-selecting mechanism for a type-writing
machine, or other similar instrument, the combination, with the type-bars and
the groups of type-bar-corresponding levers, of the frames or levers, equal in
number to the number of the type-bar-corresponding levers in a group, and the
mechanical group-controlling elements, whereby the different groups of type-bar-
corresponding levers are brought into action, each as required.

page_text: 73. In a permutational type-bar-selecting mechanism for a type-writing machine,
or other similar instrument, the combination, with the type-bars, and the groups of
type-bar-corresponding levers, connected with the type-bars, of mechanical group-
controlling elements, each controlling a different group of the type-bar-correspond-
ing levers aforesaid; and means whereby the different levers of a group are brought
into action, each as required.
74. In a permutational type-bar-selecting mechanism for a type-writing machine,
or other similar instrument, the combination with the groups of type-bars and
the levers corresponding thereto and connected therewith, of two groups of
mechanical selecting elements; the selecting elements of one group acting to
select the group of type-bars out of which one is to be brought into action, and the
selecting elements of the other group acting to determine which type-bar in the
group selected, as before mentioned, shall be brought into action.
75. In a permutational type-bar-selecting mechanism, for a type-writing
machine, or other similar instrument, the combination, with the type-bars, and
the motor devices less in number than the type-bars, of the keys, each controlling
a group of said type-bars, and means whereby the different type-bars of a group
are brought into action, each as required.
76. In a permutational type-bar-selecting mechanism, for a type-writing
machine, or other similar instrument, the combination, with the groups of type-
bars, and the motor devices less in number than the type-bars, of (a) keys, less
number than the groups of type-bars above mentioned, said keys each correspond-
ing to and serving to control one of the groups of type-bars above mentioned;
and (b) a device controlling one of the groups of cype-bars above mentioned to
which no one of the keys above mentioned corresponds; the keys above mentioned
serving to control the device last above mentioned.
77. In a permutational type-bar-selecting mechanism, for a type-writing
machine, or other similar instrument, the combination, with the groups of type-
bars, and the motor devices less in number than the type-bars, of (a) keys, less in
number than the groups of type-bars above mentioned, each key corresponding to
and serving to control one of said groups of type-bars; (b) a device controlling one
of the groups of type-bars above mentioned with which no one of the keys above-
mentioned corresponds; the keys above mentioned controlling the device last
above mentioned; and (c) means whereby the different type-bars of a group are
brought into action, each as required.
78. In a permutational character-selecting mechanism, for use in a type-
writing machine, linotyping machine, or other similar instrument, the combina-
tion, with the groups of controlled parts and motor devices less in number than
said controlled parts, of the group-controlling keys, less numerous than the groups
of controlled parts, each of said keys corresponding to and serving to control one
of said groups of controlled parts; and a device, controlled by all said keys, and
operating to control one of the groups of the controlled parts aforesaid, with which
no one of the keys above-mentioned corresponds.
79. In a permutational character-selecting mechanism for use in a type-
writing machine, linotyping-machine, or other similar instrument, the combina-
tion with a plurality of groups of character-corresponding levers, and motor devices
less in number than said character-corresponding levers, of keys, each controlling
a different group of said levers, and means whereby the different levers of a group
are brought into action, each as required.
80. In a permutational character-selecting mechanism, for use in a type-
writing machine, linotyping machine, or other similar instrument, the combina-
tion, with a plurality of groups of character-corresponding levers, and motor devices
less in number than said character-corresponding levers. of group-controlling keys,
less in number than the groups of character-corresponding-levers, each of such
keys corresponding to and serving to control one of said groups of levers; and
a device, controlled by all said keys, and operating to control one of the groups of
the levers aforesaid with which no one of the keys before mentioned corresponds.

page_text: 81. In a permutational character-selecting mechanism, for use in a type-
writing machine, linotyping machine, or other similar instrument, a plurality of
groups of character-corresponding levers; motor devices less in number than said
character-corresponding levers, keys, less in number than the groups of character-
corresponding levers aforesaid, each key corresponding to and serving to control
one of the groups of character-corresponding levers aforesaid; a device con-
trolling one of the groups of levers above mentioned, to which no one of the keys
above mentioned corresponds; the keys above mentioned serving to control the
device last above mentioned; and means whereby the different levers of a group
are brought into action, each as required.
82. In a permutational character selecting mechanism, for use in a type-
writing machine, linotyping machine, or other similar instrument, the combination,
with the character-corresponding levers and motor devices less in number than
said character-corresponding levers, of the group-controlling devices whereby move-
ment is given to the character-corresponding levers aforesaid, in groups, of the
group-controlling keys, less numerous than the group-controlling devices afore-
said; each key corresponding to and serving to control one of said group-con-
trolling devices; and a device controlled by said keys and serving to control one
of the group-controlling devices aforesaid, with which no one of the keys above
mentioned corresponds.
83. In a permutational character-selecting mechanism, the combination, with a
group of mechanical controlling elements, of a group of keys less in number than
the controlling elements of the group aforesaid, each key corresponding to and
serving to control one of the controlling elements of the group before mentioned;
and means, controlled by said keys, acting to control one of the controlling elements
of the group above-mentioned to which no one of the keys above mentioned
corresponds.
84. In a permutational character-selecting mechanism, for use in a type-writing
machine, linotyping machine, or other similar instrument, the combination, with
the set of frames or levers, as e, e¹, c², etc., of keys, less in number than the frames
or levers aforesaid, such keys each corresponding to and serving to control a
different one of the frames or levers aforesaid; and a device controlled by the keys
aforesaid, corresponding to and serving to control one of the frames or levers of
the set aforesaid, with which no one of the keys above mentioned corresponds.
85. In a permutational character-selecting mechanism for use in a type-writing
machine, linotyping machine, or other similar instrument, the combination, with
the frames or levers, as d, rl, etc., of keys, less in number than the frames aforesaid,
such key or keys, if more than one be used, each corresponding to and serving to
control some one of the frames aforesaid; and a device controlled by the key or
keys before mentioned, said device corresponding to and serving to control one of
the frames or levers d, d, etc., before mentioned, with which no one of the keys
before mentioned corresponds.
86. In a permutational type-bar-selecting mechanism, and in combination
therein with a plurality of groups of type-bars, group-controlling devices, each
adapted to impart movement to all the type-bars of one of the groups before
mentioned, each type-bar as required; different group-controlling devices acting
upon different groups of type-bars.
87. In a permutational type-bar-selecting mechanism, and in combination
therein with a plurality of groups of type-bars, group-controlling devices, each
adapted to give movement to all the type-bars of one of the groups above mentioned,
cach type-bar as required; a plurality of the type-bars in each group being
normally disconnected from the device serving to give movement to them; and
means serving to connect the type-bars of a group, each type-bar as required, with
the group-controlling device serving to give movement to them.
88. In a permutational type-bar-selecting mechanism and in combination
therein with a plurality of groups of type-bars, group-controlling devices, each
adapted to give movement to all the type-bars of one of the groups before men-

page_text: tioned, each type-bar as required; and devices each serving to connect one type-
bar in each of a plurality of the groups aforesaid with the group-controlling
device that serves to give movement to the bars of such group.
89. In a permutational type-bar-selecting mechanism, and in combination
therein with a plurality of groups of type-bars, group-controlling devices, each
adapted to give movement to all the type-bars of one of the groups before' men-
tioned, each type-bar as required; a plurality of the type-bars in each group being
normally disconnected from the group-controlling device serving to give movement
to them and keys controlling the group-controlling devices aforesaid.
90. In a permutational type-bar-selecting mechanism, and in combination
therein with a plurality of groups of type-bars, group-controlling devices,
each adapted to give movement to all the type-bars of one of the groups before
mentioned, each type-bar as required; a plurality of the type-bars in each group
being normally disconnected from the device serving to give movement to them;
keys, controlling the group-controlling devices aforesaid; and means serving to
connect the type-bars of a group, each type-bar as required, with the group-
controlling device serving to give movement to them.
91. In a permutational type-bar-selecting mechanism, and in combination
therein with a plurality of groups of type-bars, group-controlling devices, each
adapted to give movement to all the type-bars of one of the groups before
mentioned, each as required; keys, controlling the group-controlling devices afore-
said; and devices, each serving to connect one type-bar in each of a plurality of
the groups aforesaid with the group-controlling device that serves to give move-
ment to the bars of such group.
92. In a type-writing machine or other similar instrument, the combination,
with the type-bar-impelling frames or levers, of the corresponding groups of type-
bars, a plurality of the type-bars in each group being normally disconnected from
the type-bar-impelling frame or lever corresponding thereto; motor mechanism,
serving to give movement to the type-bar-impelling frames or levers before
mentioned, each as required; keys, serving to bring the motor mechanism into
action for the moving of said parts; and means whereby the type-bars of a group
are connected, each as required, with the type-bar-impelling frame or lever corre-
sponding thereto.
93. In a permutational character-selecting mechanism, the combination, with a
multiplicity of character-corresponding levers, and devices each controlling a
different group of said levers, of the retreating fulcrums for said character-corre-
sponding levers; and means whereby said retreating fulcrums are locked, each
as required, to prevent them from retreating.
94. In a permutational character-selecting mechanism, the combination with a
multiplicity of character-corresponding levers, and devices each controlling a
different group of said levers, of the retreating fulcrums for said character-corre-
sponding levers; and electro-magnets whereby said retreating fulcrums are locked,
each as required, to prevent them from retreating.
95. In a permutational character-selecting mechanism, the combination, with
a multiplicity of character-corresponding levers, and devices each controlling a
different group of said levers, of retreating fulcrums for said character-correspond
ing levers; and keys, and means controlled by such keys, serving to lock the
retreating fulcrums aforesaid, each as required, to prevent them from retreating
96. In a permutational character-selecting mechanism, the combination with
multiplicity of character-corresponding levers, and devices each controlling
different group of said levers, of retreating fulcrums for said character-correspond
ing levers; and keys, and electro-magnets, controlled by the keys, serving to lock
the retreating fulcrums aforesaid, each as required.
97. In a type-writing machine or other similar instrument, the combination
with the frames or levers, as d, d¹, etc., of the corresponding groups of type-bars, th
bars of each group being normally disconnected from the frame or lever afore
.mentioned corresponding thereto; and means whereby, the type-bars of a grou

page_text: are connected, each as required, with the frame or lever aforementioned corre-
sponding thereto.
98. A permutational character-selecting mechanism, for use in a type-writing
machine, linotyping machine, or other similar instrument, including a group of
motor devices; keys, less in number than said motor devices, each key corre-
sponding to and operating to control one of said motor devices; and a device
operating to control one of said motor devices to which no one of the keys above
mentioned corresponds; said motor-controlling device being itself controlled by
the keys aforesaid.
99. A permutational character-selecting mechanism, for use in a type-writing
machine, linotyping machine, or other similar instrument, including, in combina-
tion with suitable character-controlling devices, a group of motor devices, each
serving to control a group of the character-controlling devices aforesaid; keys, less
in number than said motor devices, each key corresponding to and operating to
control one of said motor devices and a device operating to control one of said
motor devices to which no one of the keys above mentioned corresponds; said
motor-controlling device being itself controlled by the keys aforesaid."
100. A permutational character-selecting mechanism, for use in a type-writing
machine, or other similar instrument, including, in combination with the type-
bars, a group of motor devices, each serving to control a group of the type-bars
aforesaid; keys, less in number than said motor devices, each key corresponding
to and operating to control one of said motor devices, and a device operating to
control one of said motor devices to which no one of the keys above mentioned
corresponds; said motor-controlling device being itself controlled by the keys
aforesaid.
101. A permutational character-selecting mechanism, for use in a typewriting
machine, linotyping machine, or other similar instrument, including, in combina-
tion with suitable character-controlling devices, a group of motor devices, each
serving to control a group of the character-controlling devices aforesaid; a
plurality of the character-controlling devices in each group being normally dis-
connected from the motor device controlling said group; keys, less in number
than said motor devices, each key corresponding to and serving to control one of
said motor devices; a device serving to control one of the motor devices aforesaid
to which no one of the keys aforesaid corresponds; said motor-controlling device
being itself controlled by the keys aforesaid; and means operating to connect the
different character-controlling devices, controlled by a motor device, with such
motor device, each as required.
102. A permutational character-selecting mechanism, for use in a type-writing
machine, linotyping machine, or other similar instrument, including, in combina-
tion with suitable character-controlling devices, a group of motor devices, each.
serving to control a group of the character-controlling devices aforesaid; a
plurality of the character-controlling devices in each group being normally dis-
connected from the motor device controlling said group; keys, less in number than
said motor devices, each key corresponding to and serving to control one of said
motor devices ; a device serving to control one of the motor devices
aforesaid to which no one of the keys aforesaid corresponds; said motor-
and devices,
controlling device being itself controlled by the keys aforesaid;
each serving to connect a different character-controlling device in each of the
groups aforesaid with the motor device controlling such group.
103. A permutational character-selecting mechanism, for use in a type-writing
machine, or other similar instrument, including, in combination with suitable
type-bars, a group of motor devices, each serving to control a group of the type-
bars aforesaid: a plurality of the type-bars in each group being normally discon-
nected from the motor device controlling said group; keys, less in number than
said motor devices, each key corresponding to and serving to control one of said
motor devices; a device serving to control one of the motor devices aforesaid to
which no one of the keys aforesaid corresponds; said motor-controlling device
RR

page_text: being itself controlled by the keys aforesaid; and means operating to connect the
different type-bars controlled by a motor device with such motor device, each as
required,
104. A permutational character-selecting mechanism, for use in a type-writing
machine, or other similar instrument, including, in combination with suitable
type-bars, a group of motor devices, each serving to control a group of the type-
bars aforesaid; a plurality of the type-bars in each group being normally dis-
connected from the motor device controlling said group; keys, less in number
than said motor devices, each key corresponding to and serving to control one of
said motor devices; a device serving to control one of the motor devices aforesaid
to which no one of the keys aforesaid corresponds; said motor-controlling device
being itself controlled by the keys aforesaid; and devices, each serving to con-
nect a different type-bar in each of the groups aforesaid with the motor device
controlling such group.
105. In a type-writing machine, linotype-machine or other similar instrument,
permutational character-selecting mechanism, including in combination with a
set of controlled parts, two sets of motor devices, co-acting to operate the con-
trolled parts aforesaid; each of said controlled parts being operated by the co-
acting of two motor devices, belonging one to one of the sets of motor devices
before mentioned, and the other to the other set of motor devices before mentioned.
106. In a type-writing machine, linotype machine, or other similar instrument,
permutational character-selecting mechanism, including in combination, a set of
controlled parts, two sets of motor devices, co-acting to operate the controlled parts
before mentioned, each of said controlled parts being operated by the co-acting
of two motor devices, belonging one to one of the sets of motor devices before
mentioned, and the other to the other set of motor devices before mentioned; a
normally co-acting motor device in one of the sets of motor devices before
mentioned and means whereby said normally co-acting motor device is thrown
out of action when any other motor device of the same set is brought into action.
107. In a type-writing machine, linotype machine, or other similar instrument,
permutational character-selecting mechanism, including in combination with a
set of controlled parts, two sets of motor devices co-acting to operate the con-
trolled parts before mentioned, each of said controlled parts being operated by the
co-acting of two motor devices, belonging one to one of the sets of motor devices
before mentioned, and the other to the other set of motor devices before mentioned,
a normally co-acting motor device in each of the sets of motor devices before
mentioned and means whereby the normally co-acting motor device of each set
is thrown out of action when any other controlling device of the same set is
brought into action.
108. In a type-writing machine or other similar instrument, and in combina-
tion therein with the type-bars, permutational selecting mechanism having two
sets of motor devices co-acting to operate the type-bars aforesaid; each of said
type-bars being operated by the co-acting of two motor devices, belonging one to
one of the sets of motor devices before mentioned, and the other to the other set of
motor devices before mentioned.
109. In a type-writing machine or other similar instrument, and in combination
therein with the type-bars permutational selecting mechanism having two sets of
motor devices, co-acting to operate the type-bars aforesaid; each of said type-bars
being operated by the co-acting of two motor devices, belonging one to one of the
sets of motor devices before mentioned, and the other to the other set of motor
devices before mentioned; a normally co-acting motor device in one of the sets
of motor devices before mentioned; and means whereby said normally co-acting
motor device is thrown out of action when any other motor device of the same set
is brought into action.
110. In a type-writing machine or other similar instrument, and in combina-
tion therein with the type-bars, permutational selecting mechanism having two
sets of motor devices co-acting to operate the type-bars aforesaid; each of said

page_text: type-bars being operated by the co-acting of two motor devices, belonging one to
one of the sets of motor devices before mentioned, and the other to the other set
of motor devices before mentioned; a normally co-acting motor device in each of
the sets of motor devices before mentioned; and means whereby the normally
co-acting motor device in each set is thrown out of action whenever any other
motor device of the same set is brought into action.
111. In a permutational character-selecting mechanism, for use in a type-
writing machine, linotype machine, or other similar instrument, the combination
with a group of motor devices, of a group of keys less in number than the motor
devices aforesaid, each key corresponding to and serving to control one of the
motor devices of the group before mentioned; and means controlled by said keys
acting to control one of the motor devices of the group above mentioned to which
no one of the keys above mentioned corresponds.
112. In a permutational character-selecting mechanism, for use in a type-writing
machine, linotype machine, or other similar instrument, and in combination, (a)
a group of motor devices; (b) a group of keys, less in number than the motor
devices aforesaid, each key corresponding to and serving to control one of the
motor devices of the group above mentioned; (c) means controlled by all said keys
acting to control one of the motor devices of the group above mentioned to which
no one of the keys above mentioned corresponds; (d) another group of devices
adapted to co-act with the motor devices of the group first above mentioned in
selecting the characters to be produced; (e) one or more keys, each corresponding
to and serving to control one of the devices of the group in the last clause
mentioned; and (f) a device operated by the key or keys Tast above-mentioned,
and serving to control one of the devices of the group second in this paragraph
mentioned.
113. In a type-writing machine, linotype machine, or other similar instrument,
an organization for producing consecutive letters by simultaneous actions of the
operator, including in combination (a) two sets of suitable printing characters;
(b) quick-acting letter-selecting mechanism, controlling one of said sets of print-
ing characters, and adapted to afford facility to the operator to produce by its
manipulation various letters singly, each as desired; and (c) slow-acting letter-
selecting mechanism, controlling the other one of the two sets of printing
characters aforesaid, and also adapted to afford facility to the operator to produce,
by its manipulation, various letters singly, each as required.
114. In a type-writing machine, linotype-machine, or other similar instrument,
an organization for producing consecutive letters by the simultaneous depressing
of different keys, including in combination (a) two sets of suitable printing
characters; (b) two sets of keys, one set of keys controlling one of the sets of
printing characters before mentioned, and the other set of keys controlling the
other set of printing characters above mentioned; the keys of the two sets being
arranged in such juxtaposition that keys of each set can be depressed by the
operator at the same instant, keys of the two sets operating when thus depressed
simultaneously for the production of consecutive letters, one letter from each of the
two sets of printing characters above mentioned; (c) quick-acting letter-controll-
ing mechanism connected with one of the sets of keys before mentioned and
operating upon one of the sets of printing characters before mentioned; and (d)
slow-acting letter controlling mechanism, connected with the other set of keys
above mentioned, and operating upon the other set of printing characters above
mentioned.
115. In a type-writing machine, linotype-machine, or other similar instrument,
an organization for producing consecutive letters by the simultaneous depressing
of different keys, including in combination, (a) two sets of ultimate letter-control-
ling devices (b) two sets of keys, one set of keys controlling one of the two sets
of ultimate letter-controlling devices above mentioned and the other set of keys
controlling the other set of ultimate letter-controlling devices above mentioned;
the keys of each set being adapted to afford facility to the operator to produce

page_text: by their manipulation various letters individually, each as desired; the keys of
the two sets being arranged in such juxtaposition that keys of each set can be
depressed by the operator at the same instant; keys of the two sets operating, when
thus depressed simultaneously for the production of consecutive letters, one letter
from each of the two sets of ultimate letter-controlling devices above mentioned;
(c) quick-acting connections intermediate one set of keys and the ultimate
letter-controlling devices controlled by such keys; and (d) slow-acting connections
intermediate the other set of keys and the set of ultimate letter-controlling devices
controlled by such keys.
116. In a type-writing machine, or other similar instrument, an organization
for producing consecutive letters by simultaneous actions of the operator, said
organization including, in combination, two sets of printing characters, the
different characters in each set being movable independently of each other; two
letter-selecting mechanisms, one serving for one set of printing characters and
the other serving for the other set of printing characters above mentioned, each
letter-selecting mechanism serving to afford facility to the operator to produce
letters singly one of the letter-selecting mechanisms above mentioned being a
permutational letter-selecting device, having a number of keys less than the
number of characters controlled by it, said keys operating in various combinations
or permutations to produce a large number of characters.
117. In a type-writing machine, or other similar instrument, an organization
for producing consecutive letters by simultaneous actions of the operator, said
organization including, in combination, two sets of printing characters, the dif-
ferent characters in each set being movable and controllable independently of each
other; two sets of ultimate letter-controlling devices, the ultimate letter-control-
ling devices of one set controlling one of the sets of printing characters above
mentioned, and the ultimate letter-controlling devices of the other set controlling
the other set of printing characters above mentioned; letter-controlling mechan-
isms, one operating upon one of the sets of ultimate letter-controlling devices
before mentioned, and the other operating upon the other set of ultimate letter-
controlling devices above mentioned; each of said letter-controlling mechanisms
serving to afford facility to the operator to select letters singly; one of the letter-
controlling mechanisms above mentioned being a permutational letter-selecting
device, having a number of keys less than the number of characters controlled by
it, said keys operating in various combinations or permutations to produce a larger
number of characters.
118. In a type-writing machine, linotype machine, or other similar instrument,
and in combination, two sets of printing characters, the different characters in
each set being movable independently of each other; a quick-acting letter-con-
trolling mechanism, operating upon one of the sets of printing characters above
mentioned; and a slow-acting letter-controlling mechanism operating upon the
other set of printing characters above mentioned, each of said letter-controlling
mechanisms serving to afford facility to the operator to produce various letters
singly, each as required; one of the letter-controlling mechanisms above mentioned
being a permutational letter-selecting device, having a number of keys less than
the number of characters controlled by it, said keys operating in various combina-
tions or permutations to produce a large number of characters.
119. In a type-writing machine, linotype machine, or other similar instrument,
and in combination, two sets of printing characters, the different characters in
each set being movable and controllable independently of each other; two sets
of ultimate letter-controlling devices, the ultimate letter-controlling devices of
one set controlling one of the sets of printing characters above mentioned and the
ultimate letter-controlling devices of the other set, controlling the other set of
printing characters above mentioned; quick-acting letter-controlling mechanism
operating upon one of the sets of ultimate letter-controlling devices before men-
tioned and serving to afford facility to the operator to select letters singly; and
slow-acting letter-controlling mechanism, operating upon the other set of ultimate

page_text: letter-controlling mechanisms and serving to afford facility to the operator to
select letters singly, one of the letter-controlling mechanisms above mentioned
being a permutational letter-selecting device, having a number of keys less than
the number of characters controlled by it, said keys operating in various com-
binations or permutations to produce a larger number of characters.
1
odul 1
1
1000
SLOAN & LLOYD BARNES,
Castle Chambers, 26, Castle Street, Liverpool,
Agents for the Applicant.