IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR SPINNING AND DOUBLING COTTON, WOOL, SILK, FLAX, OR OTHER. FIBROUS SUBSTANCES
Year: 1851

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
WORMALD, of Manchester, in the County of Lancaster, Maker-up and Packer,
send-greeting.
..WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Royal
Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at West-
minster, the Eighteenth day of September, in the fifteenth year of Her.reign,
and in the year of our Lord. One thousand eight hundred and fifty-one, did,
for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said John
Wormald, my exors, admors, and assigns, Her'especial licence, full power, sole
privilege and authority, that I, the said John Wormald, my exors, aduiors, and
assigns, and such others as I, the said John Wormald, my exors, adñiors,
and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time
and at all times hereafter during the term of years therein expressed; should and
lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within that part of Her Majesty's
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland called England, Her Dominion
of Wales; and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and also in Her Islands
of Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney, Sark, and Man, and in all Her Majesty's
Colonies and Plantations abroad, my Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR SPINNING AND DOUBLING COTTON, WOOL, SILK, FLAX,
OR OTHER. FIBROUS SUBSTANCES;"in which said Letters Patent. is contained a
proviso, that,I, the said John Wormald, shall cause a particular description of
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-.

page_text: formed, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, to be enrolled
in Her said Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar months
next immediately after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as,
reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
John Wormald, do hereby declare the nature of my Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascer-
tained in and by the following description or Specification, reference being had
to the Drawings hereunto annexed (that is to say):-
My Invention relates to improvements in machinery or. apparatus for
spinning and doubling cotton, wool, silk, flax, or other fibrous substances.
Spinning may be divided into several processes, as stretching, twisting, and
doubling the fibre, until it becomes of the requisite strength and fineness, and
for which purposes there have been and are now used several separate
machines, as the bobbin and fly, or roving frame, the tube frame, doubling
frame, the throstle jenny and mule, some of which I supersede by my
improved machine, and obtain many considerable advantages over them.
Rovings produced by Dyer's tube frame have been generally of so soft a
nature, being without twist, that it has been found very difficult to subniit
them to the further necessary operation of stretching and twisting, without
which the yarn is deficient in strength and tenacity. The present construction
of the cop by the throstle has also prevented the yarn from being drawn to any
great degree of fineness, to remedy which the mule has been invented, which
is capable of producing yarn of almost any degree of fineness, but is a compli-
cated and expensive machine, and occupies a large space on the floor of the
mill, and the cop produced by it is often imperfect in formation, and subject to
great waste in material in what are called cop bottoms..
"
My machine is very simple in construction, and therefore comparatively cheap
in its first cost. The space or room on the floor of the mill is economised to a
very great extent, my machine requiring only about twenty-eight inches from
back to front, whereas the self-acting mule requires at least one hundred and
eight inches, the travelling motion of the carriage requiring upwards of sixty
inches, whereas my carriage travels only from half an inch to five inches in
making the cop. My machine is also perfectly self-acting, making the cop
without interference from any one. It is also continuous in the draft from the
rollers, whereby a much greater quantity of yarn or thread is produced and wound
on the cop or bobbin than is done by the machines now in use, I should say at
least one third more, and consequently a proportionate saving of power, breaking
of the threads being of so rare occurrence compared with the present machines;

page_text: I
thero is little or no piecing-up, thereby effecting a great saving of waste.
also form the cop perfectly on a tube spindle, from which it can be used by the
shuttle or reel almost to the last thread, and therefore there are no cop bottoms
to be wasted; and on account of the simplicity of my gearing there must be a
great saving in the wear and tear of machinery, in oil for lubrication, and in
bands, straps, &c. The frame of my machine, which, as before stated, is only
about twenty-eight inches from back to front, may be made any convenient
length, according to the construction of the room. The bobbins containing the
rovings are placed in a creel, in the ordinary position, at the back of the
frame, and a little above it; the soft threads unwound from these bobbins in
their way to the drawing rollers pass through eyeletsoin the ends of the wire
arms, and enter between the rollers at the back, in the usual manner. The
spindles and flys or flyers are fixed in brackets on the top of the frame, and
are all arranged in one plane, in a horizontal position, not perpendicular, as.
heretofore. Two rails fixed on the frame and parallel with its ends constitute
guides for the carriage, on which guides the carriage moves backwards and
forwards by a motion, hereafter explained, for the purpose of forming the cop
to the shape or dimension required. The spindles are, as usual, solid, mado
of steel or other suitable metal or material, perfectly straight, and turned truly
round; but on these spindles slide loose tubes or tubular spindles, on which is
formed the cop, and from which it can be used almost to the last thread, as
before stated. To each of the flys or flyers is attached a grooved whorl or
wharf, to receive a cord or band which extends to a drum or cylinder below or
beneath the flyers and spindles, from which they receive the necessary motion
for twisting the thread and winding it on the cop. The fly or flyer is made of
tin, brass, or other suitable metal or material, of light construction, in the form
of a cone, with a guide piece, tube, or conductor for the thread to pass through
and give it the necessary twist in winding it on the tubular spindle by
revolving round the solid spindle, which may be either fast or loose, thus
entirely dispensing with the fork spindle or common flyer. The rollers are
fixed in a horizontal position, parallel with the sides of the frame between the
creel and the spindles and the flys or flyers, between which the thread passes
and is drawn to the fineness required. By the arrangement of change wheels
and gearing fixed to the roller shafts in the usual manner, the top rollers
being covered with leather, india-rubber, or other suitable material, I obtain
the necessary drag motion, by fixing a small grooved whorl or wharf or a
flange on the end of the tubular spindle, over which I place a cord and weight,
or else an upright bracket, with a steel spring or some elastic substance
pressing against the whorl, wharf, or flange, and so adjusted as to keep the

page_text: yarn stretched-out. to its full length during the operation ofowinding, it on the
tubular spindles and prevent it snarling..
The nature and particulars of my said. Invention; and, the manner in which
the same are to be carried into practical. effect, will be, fully understood.by
reference to the two Sheets of Drawings hereuntoxannexed;ion which the..
Figures are-progressivelyinumbered, and the same, letters of reference are used
to represent the same part or parts where different views or Diagrams; are
shewn:
In No. 1 Sheet of Drawings; Fig. 1 is a front elevation of my machine; Fig. 2
is a plan thereof; Fig. 3, an end view; Fig. 4, a section of the same; and,Fig..5,"
a view of the cone, flyer, and spindle, full size. In No. 2 Sheet of Drawings,
Fig. 1 is a view of the cam wheel; and Fig. 2, a view of the parabola formed
cam; Fig. 3, a view of the cone, flyer, and spindle, which I uses when I
substitute my machine for the tube- frame; and: Fig. 4, a view of the gearing
I use for the same purpose... Figs..5 and. 6 are front and side elevations of the..
spindle bracket, and drag, which I fix. in front of the carriage by the two studs
1 and 2, which move, backwards and forwards with it. On the stationary
spindle is placed the tube, spindle, or bobbin to receive the yarn; the set screw
regulates the pressure of the drag by pressing in the grooved wharf at the end
of the tube-spindle; and..Figs. 7 and 8, views of, my improved spindle for roving,
spinning, or doubling cotton, wool, silk, flax, &c, by which I avoid to a great
extent the necessity of the heavy drag usually employed in the shape of, cloth
washers or friction bands. The driving power is communicated to the machine
by the horizontal first motion shaft a, on which are the fast and loose pulleys
b and c. On this shaft is also keyed the spur pinion d, which gives motion to
the driving wheel-e, gearing. into the wheelf, upon the shaft of the front roller
g.h is a pinion driving the.wheel i and pinion.j, working into the wheel k,
upon the shaft of the back roller. . .This range of gearing, and also the pinions
at the other end of the roller shafts; are for the purpose of giving the rollers
the requisite differential-speed, by which the required draft of fineness of the
thread is obtained during, the operation of spinning. Upon the end of the
back roller is a pinion driving the wheel m, the, worm, shaft, n, and the
worm o, which gears into the worm wheel p, giving motion to the bevil wheel
upon this wheel is fixed a circular.incline.or spirals, which, incline slides the
rack or ratchet slide t on the face of the cam wheel u, which by its peculiar
shape gives the desired forward.motion to the carriage; the back motion is
obtained by a balance weight and corde, which being attached to the
carriage draw it back, when it is relieved from the point of the cam wheel by
its passing its centre. Upon the end of the carriage are fixed the brackets a³,

page_text: to hold the two catches p', which work into the sliding rack t, upon the end
of which is fixed the projecting piece q', which, working in a semicircular
shaped cam r¹, force the slidest backwards, and works the runner w.against
the..cam. by means of the spring-s¹; the wheel also drives the parabola
formed cam.u, which assist the cam wheel u to form the cop; the sliding
rack.t and the small runner, wworking on the face of the cam wheel u with
the drag attached, causes the carriage x to slide the tube or bobbin y upon the
solid spindle:z, which may be either. fast or loose; this tube is grooved at a¹to
receive the band or cord b', which is attached to the lever c and-small weight
d', for the purpose of giving the tube or bobbin the necessary drag, and also
for sliding it along the fast or loose spindlet... I also obtain the necessary
drag by.the bracket and spring: 62; which is loosened or tightened-by the screw
c²; or instead of the spring, I use an elastic band, or other convenient method
of adding a little pressure to the. tube spindle, to prevent the thread snarling
during the operation of spinning. This last-mentioned form of drag is shown
at Figs. 5 and 6 in No. 2 Sheet of Drawings. The flyer e' is in the form of
a cone, and may be made of tin, brass, or other metal or material, of light
construction.; it has a guide: piece or conductor for the thread to pass
through and give.it the necessary twist by revolving round the spindlez, driven
by the cord or band. h. running on the whorl or wharf g'..and the cylinder. 2.
On the end of the cylinder shaft is fixed a pulley k', which is worked by a
strap or cord from the large grooved-pulley upon the main driving shaft a.
m! are brackets, placed at convenient distances to support the barn, which
holds ithe flys.and spindles: .
In using.my improved machine for spinning rovings (a prior process to the
spinningof. yarns, which I have just described), I use the cone flyer and
spindle as shown in Fig. 3, which is necessarily a little different in shape or
configuration from the cone .flyer already.described, because it has to encase
a bobbin instead of a cop, which will be easily understood by. the spinner.
The gearing is; also different for this process, as will be seen on reference
to Figi:4.
a is the driving shaft; b, the pulley which drives the cone c by the strap c¹;
d is the cone shaft, on which is fixed the worme, which drives the spur wheel.f
and the upright shaft g, on the end of which is the bevil wheel h, driving the
bevil on the shaft 2; on this shaft is a conical eccentric ;, which by its revolu-
tions gives motion to the carriage by the connecting rod k; the back motion of
the carriage is obtained by a cord and. weight, as already.described. The rod k
commences it operations on the greatest diameter of the conical excentric cone,
and recedes every. half.revolution, thereby contracting the range of the rove

page_text: and bobbin according to the diameter of the rove, and receives its motion from
the rack by the two spur wheels m and n. The two forks a, a, on the shaft i
lift the catches p, p, alternately, which liberate the rack and allows, it to move
to the weight t and cord u; connected with the rack. is a rod v, which slips a
collar on the driving shaft b, and moves the pulley a in a slot on the shaft in
Proportion to the movement of the rack. The pulley 9 on the cone shaft d
gives motion to the tin roller which drives the bobbin spindles. The spur
wheel 2 on the cone shaft & drives the bevil s, giving motion to the jack box,.
which regulates the speed of the bobbin motion. It will be perceived, that the
whole of this motion is derived from the cone, and that by this simple arrange-
ment I gain the following advantages over the bobbin and fly or tube frame:
put considerably more bobbins in the same space; I make finer and better
yarn, and gain an increased speed; I also put twist in the roxing, which
cannot be done by Dyer's or the tube frame; and for simplifying the gearing,
as above described, I reduce the first cost of the machine, and economise the
wear and tear of the machinery and strapping..
Figs. 7 and 8 show my improved method of fixing the spindle for any of
the before-mentioned purposes, by which I give a better and more uniform
drag to the yarn whilst it is being laid on the bobbins, and dispense to a great
extent with the usual mode of drag by cloth washers, friction bands, &c. 0, 0,
are revolving tubes, which are carried round by the pulley m on the stud n;
this pulley m is driven by the friction of the wharves p, p, and when in
motion they drive the tubes o, o, at a slower speed than the spindles, and
a little slower than the bobbins, thus preventing the spindles taking the
bobbins round with them at the same speed; but the speed of the tubes
may be regulated by a flange on the pulley m, approaching to or receding
from the centre of the wharves on the spindles, thereby regulating the drag
on the yarn as may be wanted or required. In this part of my Invention,
the bottom end of the bobbin fits on the outside of the tubes o, o, and the
top end fits the outside of the spindles revolving freely round them; the
said tubes may be driven by having a wharf on the bottom end of the tubes
o, o, instead of friction disc, and driven by the same band that drives the
spindle, or by gearing such as is applied to the roving or tube frame. The
small washer 9, as shewn on the stud n, may. be used for holding up the tubes
0, 0, off the wharves, so as to make them stationary, and thus give more drag
to the yarn whilst winding it on the bobbins.
Having now described the nature of my said improvements, and the arrange-
ments for carrying the same into practical effect, I desire it to be distinctly
understood that I do not confine myself to the precise details herein mentioned,

page_text: as such may be varied, according to the peculiar circumstances of each case for
the purpose of carrying out my Invention; but what I claim as the Invention
for which the said Letters Patent were granted is,-
Firstly, the constructing, spinning, and doubling machinery with the spindles
and flys or flyers in a horizontal position, having a loose tube on which is
wound the yarn or thread adapted thereto, as above described.
Secondly, the adapting a fly or flyer in the shape of a cone with tube tubes
or conductors for the sliver or yarn to pass through to machinery, as above
described.
Thirdly, the construction of the carriage with the peculiar carriage and cop
motion, and adapting the same to machinery, as above described.
Fourthly, the arrangements above described for obtaining the necessary
drag to keep the yarn or thread from snarling.
Fifthly, the fixing the spindles with revolving tubes, as above described.
And, sixthly, the constructing machinery for spinning and doubling cotton,
wool, silk, flax, or other fibrous substances in the manner and according to the
arrangements and combinations above described and represented.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Wormald, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Sixteenth day of March, One thousand eight
hundred and fifty-two.
Enrolled the Seventeenth day of March, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-two.