IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ROLLS AND ROLL PINIONS
Year: 1880

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Thomson King, of Liverpool, in the County of
Lancaster, Patent Agent, for an Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF ROLLS AND ROLL PINIONS." A communication from
abroad by Robert Christy Totten, of the City of Allegheny, State of
זד
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Thomson King at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 25th May 1880.
JOHN THOMSON KING, of Liverpool, in the County of Lancaster, Patent Agent.
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ROLLS AND ROLL PINIONS."
[A communication from abroad by Robert Christy Totten, of the City of
Allegheny, State of Pennsylvania, United States of America.]
The said Invention relates to the manufacture of rolls for reducing iron, steel,
and other metals, and the heavy pinions used in connection with said rolls and
other heavy machinery.
Heretofore these rolls and pinions have generally been formed by casting at the
same time both the body of the roll or pinion and the axle or necks on which it is
mounted of cast iron, homogeneous or cast steel, or other suitable metal. Owing
to the different dimensions of the coupling ends, necks, and bodies of rolls and
pinions cast in one piece, and the fact that the outside cools most rapidly, the
interiors of such rolls and pinions necessarily shrunk from the outer surface, and
they were strained and thereby made weak. It was also difficult to cast them true
to shape, as the casting, especially when large, was liable to sag on account of the
weight of the metal, and the roll being imperfect was thrown aside. The difficulty
as to cooling the roll has been partially overcome in cast iron rolls by forming a
hollow opening through them for the escape of the heat. Rolls have also been
formed by casting, shrinking, or otherwise securing a shell or ring forming the
outer surface of the roll on a solid shaft or axle of either wrought or cast metal.
Difficulty bas also been experienced with these rolls because of the difference in
expansion and contraction of the two bodies, which subjects the roll to beavy strain,
as the heat has no escape except on the outer surface of the roll, and would be
gradually stored up in the solid shaft, in some cases causing the cracking and

page_text: breaking of the shell on the cooling of the roll.
Where the shell and shaft were
formed separately and afterwards secured together the shell would often expand
and become loose on the shaft.
The object of the said Invention is to overcome these objections by forming a
roll or pinion which is made practically free from strain, and in which when in use
the expansion and contraction is even both in the shell and the shaft or axle to
which it is secured, and on which it is mounted.
The said Invention consists in forming the shaft or axle on which the roll or
pinion is to be mounted with a hollow opening extending centrally through it, and
securing on the said hollow axle the outer shell forming the working surface of
the roll or pinion.
The said improved rolls and pinions are formed of cast or wrought iron, homo-
geneous or cast steel, or other suitable metal or combination of metals, being either
chill or sand cast, or rolled, or forged to shape. The shaft is either cast to shape
and the hollow opening formed by means of a sand core, or by a tubular metallic
core which becomes embedded in the casting, or it is cast solid and the opening
bored through. Wrought metal shafts or axles are rolled in a manner similar to
the manufacture of tubing or hollow shafting, or rolled or forged solid, and the
hollow opening bored through. The ends of the shafting are shaped to fit a suitable
coupling box for connecting the roll or pinion to the motive power. When the shell
is formed by casting it is cast in a chill or in sand, according to its intended use,
being either cast on the hollow shaft which is placed in the mold, or cast separate,
and the interior bored out with suitable tools so as to fit the shaft neatly, the shell
thus formed being slipped over the shaft and keyed or otherwise secured thereto.
Where it is desired to shrink the shell on the hollow shaft, it is bored so that the
inner diameter is slightly less than the diameter of the shaft, and is expanded by
heat and placed over the shaft, and upon cooling will shrink tightly thereon.
the shell is to be rolled or forged it can be made on a large mandril, partible if
necessary, and afterwards bored to fit the shaft, being secured by either of the
means heretofore indicated.
If
When both the axle and shell are cast to shape, as each is of the same thickness
throughout, and cools from both the inner and outer surfaces, it will contract
evenly, and is formed as free from strain as a casting can be made.
When the rolls are in use the heat imparted to the surface of the rolls by the
heated metal passing between them will pass through both the shell and hollow
shaft, and escape through the hollow opening in the shaft, causing an even expan-
sion of both parts, and consequently preventing the loosening of the shell, or the
heavy strain on the roll where there is an uneven expansion of the two parts
composing it. Upon the cooling of the roll the heat passes off both from the outer
surface of the shell and the centre of the shaft, causing an even contraction, and
preventing the cracking of the shell on account of the retention of heat in the
shaft. A roll is thus obtained as nearly free from strain as can be formed, and
injury to its surface, except that consequent to the use to which it is subjected, is
prevented. It is stronger, more serviceable, and can be made of greater length
than has heretofore been produced. The heat caused by the friction on the surface
of the pinions escapes through the hollow opening of the shaft in the same manner
as with the rolls.
The shell is either plain for the manufacture of plate or sheet metal, or grooved
for the manufacture of bars or shapes. It may also be desirable to make the shell
and the hollow shaft of different material, according to the intended use and
desired strength of the roll. The pinions can be formed to any shape of cog
desired.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said John Thomson King in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 25th
⚫ November 1880.
JOHN THOMSON KING, of Liverpool, in the County of Lancaster, Patent Agent.
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ROLLS AND ROLL PINIONS."
A communication from abroad by Robert Christy Totten, of the City of
Allegheny, State of Pennsylvania, United States of America.
The said Invention relates to the manufacture of rolls for reducing iron, steel,
and other metals, and the heavy pinions used in connection with said rolls and
other heavy machinery.
Heretofore these rolls and pinions have generally been formed by casting at the-
same time both the body of the roll or pinion and the axle or necks on which it
is mounted of cast iron, homogeneous or cast steel, or other suitable metal. Owing
to the different dimensions of the coupling ends, necks, and bodies of rolls and
pinions cast in one piece, and the fact that the outside cools most rapidly, the
interior of such rolls and pinions necessarily shrinks from the outer surface, and the
said rolls and pinions are strained and thereby made weak. It is also difficult to
cast them true to shape, as the casting, especially when large, is liable to sag on
account of the weight of the metal, and the roll being imperfect has to be thrown
aside. The difficulty as to cooling the roll has been partly overcome in cast iron
rolls by forming an opening through them for the escape of the heat. Rolls have
also been formed by casting, shrinking, or otherwise securing a shell or ring forming
the outer surface of the roll on a solid shaft or axle of either wrought or cast metal.
Difficulty has also been experienced with these rolls because of the different rates
of expansion and contraction of the two bodies, which subjects the roll to heavy
strain, as the heat as no escape except on the outer surface of the roll, and is
gradually stored up in the solid shaft, in some cases causing the cracking and
Where the shell and shaft are
breaking of the shell on the cooling of the roll.
formed separately, and afterwards secured together, the shell is often expanded
and becomes loose on the shaft.
The object of the said Invention is to overcome these objections by forming a
roll or pinion which is made practically free from strain, and in which when in use
the expansion and contraction is equal both in the shell and the shaft or axle to
which it is secured, and on which it is mounted.
The said Invention consists in forming the shaft or axle on which the roll or
pinion is to be mounted with a hollow opening extending centrally through it, and
securing on the said hollow axle the outer shell forming the working surface of
the roll or pinion.
The said improved rolls and pinions are formed of cast or wrought iron, homo-
geneous or cast steel, or other suitable metal or combination of metals, and are
either chill or sand cast, or rolled, or forged to shape. The shaft is either cast to
shape and the hollow opening formed by means of a sand core, or by a tubular
metallic core which becomes embedded in the casting, or the said shaft is cast
solid and the opening bored through. Wrought metal shafts or axles are rolled in
a manner similar to the manufacture of tubing or hollow shafting, or is rolled or
forged solid and the opening bored through. The ends of the shafting are shaped
to fit a suitable coupling box for connecting the roll or pinion to the motive power.
When the shell is formed by casting it is cast in a chill or in sand, according to
its intended use, being either cast on the hollow shaft which is placed in the mold,
or cast separate, and the interior bored out with suitable tools so as to fit the shaft

page_text: •
neatly, the shell thus formed being slipped over the shaft and keyed or otherwise
secured thereto. Where it is desired to shrink the shell on the hollow shaft, it is
bored so that the inner diameter is slightly less than the diameter of the shaft, and
is expanded by heat and placed over the shaft, and upon cooling shrinks tightly
thereon. If the shell is to be rolled or forged it can be made on a large mandrel,
partable if necessary, and afterwards bored to fit the shaft, being secured by either
of the means heretofore indicated.
When both the axle and shell are cast to shape, as each is of the same thickness
throughout, and cools from both the inner and outer surfaces, it will contract evenly,
and is formed as free from strain as a casting can be made.
When the rolls are in use the heat imparted to the surface of the rolls by the
heated metal passing between them will pass through both the shell and hollow
shaft, and escape through the hollow opening in the shaft, causing an even
expansion of both parts, and, consequently, preventing the loosening of the shell
or the heavy strain on the roll where there is an uneven expansion of the two
parts composing it. Upon the cooling of the roll the heat passes off both from the
outer surface of the shell and the centre of the shaft, causing an even contraction,
and preventing the cracking of the shell on account of the retention of heat in the
shaft. A roll is thus obtained as nearly free from strain as can be formed, and
injury to its surface, except that consequent to the use to which it is subjected, is
prevented. It is stronger, more serviceable, and can be made of greater length
than has heretofore been produced. The beat caused by the friction on the surface
of the pinions escapes through the hollow opening of the shaft in the same manner
as with the rolls.
The shell is either plain for the manufacture of plate or sheet metal, or grooved
for the manufacture of bars or shapes. It may also be desirable to make the shell
and the hollow shaft of different material, according to the intended use and
desired strength of the roll. The pinions can be formed to any shape of cog
desired.
In order that the said Invention may be better understood, I have appended a
Sheet of Drawings illustrative thereof, where
Fig. 1 is a side elevation, Fig. 2 a longitudinal section, and Fig. 3 a transverse
section, all of a roll constructed under the said Invention. a is the shaft or axle
by means of which the roll is mounted in the bearings, and b the shell or ring
forming the outer or working surface of the roll. The shaft or axle a is formed
or constructed with the opening c, which extends therethrough from end to end.
Fig. 4 is a longitudinal elevation partly in section, and Fig. 5 a transverse section
of a roll pinion constructed under the said Invention. a, axle ; b, pinion; c, opening
through axle.
The same letters denote like parts in all the above views, and the axles of both
roll and pinion are shown cast on a metallic tube core d, which forms the opening
above mentioned. The said axles might be cast on a sand core or have the opening c
otherwise formed, as herein set forth.
Having now described and particularized the nature of the said Invention in such
manner that others will be enabled to carry the improvements herein set forth into
effect, I claim,―
First. In the manufacture of rolls for rolling metals, forming the shaft on which
the roll is mounted with an opening extending centrally therethrough, and securing
on said hollow shaft the outer shell forming the working surface of the roll, sub-
stantially as and for the purposes set forth.
Second. In the manufacture of rolls for rolling metals, forming the shaft on
which the roll is mounted with an opening extending centrally therethrough, and
securing to said hollow shaft a previously and separately formed shell forming the
outer or working surface of the roll, substantially as and for the purposes
set forth.
Third. In the manufacture of pinions for rolls and like heavy machinery, forming

page_text: the shaft on which the pinion is mounted with a hollow opening extending cen-
trally therethrough, and securing on said hollow shaft the outer shell forming the
working surface of the pinion, substantially as and for the purposes set forth.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Thomson King, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twenty third day of November, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and eighty.
J. T. KING. (LS.)