IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRIC GENERATORS
Year: 1883

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Herbert John Haddan, of Kensington, Middlesex for an
Invention of IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRIC GENERATORS communicated to him
from abroad by the Bain Electric Company, of Chicago, United States of
America
.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Herbert John Haddan at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 5th November 1883.
HERBERT JOHN HADDAN, of Kensington, Middlesex, "IMPROVEMENTS IN
ELECTRIC GENERATORS," a communication to me from abroad by the Bain Electric
Company, of Chicago, United States of America,
The objects of this invention are to simplify and cheapen the construction of
Dynamo or Magneto Electric Generators, to produce a machine that will generate
the largest amount of electrical energy with the smallest expenditure of mechanical
force, to utilize the whole or the greatest amount possible of the current generated
in useful work in the circuit or circuits external to the armatures and to reduce
the internal resistance of electric generators generally, and to these ends the present
invention consists first, in the construction of the various mechanical parts of a
generator and the combinations of the same, and second, in the methods and means
of arranging the circuits and commutators in electric generators, whereby these
objects are attained in the manner more particularly pointed out hereafter.
The invention comprises the combination of two or more field magnets with the
cores, pole pieces and yoke pieces, all turned from a common centre, and means
whereby the magnets are clamped together.
Also the combination with field magnets and base piece or pieces, of a clamping
ring embracing the magnets, and means for securing the ring to the base.
Also field magnets consisting of the cores provided with semi-circular yoke
pieces, forming journal bearings for the armature shaft, of a ring or segment thereof
for securing the yoke pieces together.
Also the combination with the field magnets, each being the counterpart of the
other and provided with semi-circular yoke pieces, of a ring, segment, or band of
magnetic material embracing the field magnets as described, whereby consequent
points are avoided.

page_text: Also an armature ring consisting of a spider frame, the ends of which are
provided with blades and coils or layers of insulated iron wire wound or laid
therein.
Also the combination with the shaft and bearings of an electric generator, of a
sleeve or thimble embracing the shaft and provided with grooved flanges.
Also the combination with an armature of an electric generator, of two
commutators, the terminals of the coils of the armature being connected to both,
and suitable brushes and circuit connections whereby the current generated may all
be used in one or the other of the external circuits.
Also the combination with an armature of an electro generator, of two
commutators, the terminals of the coils of the armature being connected to both,
and brushes and major and minor circuit connections arranged so that the coils are
cut into or out of the major or minor circuits according to the strength of the
current being generated in the coils.
Also the combination with the armature of an electric generator, of one
commutator ring having twice as many segments as there are coils in the armature,
and another commutator ring or rings having as many segments as there are coils,
the terminals of the coils being connected to segments in both commutators, and
brushes and connections.
Also a method and means of connecting the coils of a dynamo or magneto
electric machine, which consists in placing coils in fields of like potential in parallel
circuit and others in fields of other potential in series.
Also a method and means of connecting the coils of electric generators' which
consists in placing the coils generating currents of higher strength or tension in
series circuit and passing said currents through the coils generating, currents of
lower strength or tension in parallel circuit.
Also a method and means of connecting the coils of an electric generator, which
consists in connecting the coils generating effective currents in series and connecting
the coils passing the neutral point, so that they will be momentarily short circuited
and disconnected from the main circuit.
Also the combination with an armature, the coils of which are connected in pairs,
of a number of commutators, to one of which the terminals of all the coils are
connected, the terminals being also connected to segments upon the other
commutators, and brushes and connections, the brushes upon the first commutátor
being short circuited, whereby the coils generating currents of one electro-motive
force may be connected in series, those generating currents of another electro-
motive force may be connected in parallel circuit, and those generating practically
no current may be short circuited.
Also a method and means of connecting the coils of a dynamo or magneto electric
machine, which consists in connecting the coils passing the fields of force of
practically no potential in a "long" circuit.
Also a method of increasing the efficiency of a dynamo or magneto electric
generator, which consists in connecting the coils passing through fields of force of
small potential by a circuit of high resistance, whereby the amount of ineffective
current generated is reduced, and at the same time sparking or flashing is
prevented.
The commutator ring may be composed of twelve pieces or segments numbered
respectively 1, 11, 2, 2, and 3, 3¹, corresponding to the sets of coils of the armature;
the wires from each set of coils are connected to the various pieces of the commutator,
the diametric opposite pieces being connected to the ends of diametric opposite
terminals of the armature, for instance the ends of the coils 1+ and 1.
connected to the pieces 1, 11, of the commutator and the pieces 1 and 1', are
connected together by wires. The other sets of coils 2+2 -, 3 +3
connected in a similar manner to the pieces 2, 2, and 3, 3¹.
- are
- are
Upon an insulating cylinder are secured the commutators, each consisting of a
ring of 3 equal segments of conducting material insulated from each other and may
be so disposed and connected that the terminals of any set of coils are in different

page_text: rings. This arrangement is not however absolutely necessary as when an even
number of sets of coils are used, as eight coils and four sets, they can be placed
upon the same ring opposite to each other and so disposed or lapped on the
commutator rings that only one set will pass out from under the commutator
brush at a time, and in this case only one ring need be used. However the former
arrangement is deemed preferable.
The terminals of the coils 2+ and 2 are connected respectively to the
segments 2+, on the first commutator ring, and 2 -, on the second, and the
terminals of the coils 3+ and 3-, are connected respectively to the segments 8 +,
on the second ring, and 3-, on the first ring.
Starting from the coils both terminals are connected to one of the diametrically
opposed pieces 1, of the third commutator and from those the terminals proceed,
the one to the segment or piece 1-, on the second ring, and the other to segment
or piece 1+, on the first ring.
The third commutator closes the circuit of the coil just as its termini leave the
other commutator rings and the latter are arranged to close the circuit of the coil
just as it leaves the third commutator, thus preventing sparks. By means of a
connection, the ends of the coils are reversed as regards the brushes of the third
commutator, just after the coil passes the neutral line, thus directing the current
generated at or near the neutral line in one direction into the minor circuit.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said Herbert John Haddan in the Patent Office on the 5th May
1884.
HERBERT JOHN HADDAN, of Kensington, Middlesex, "IMPROVEMENTS IN
ELECTRIC GENERATORS," a communication to me from abroad by the Bain Electric
Company, of Chicago, United States of America,
The objects of this Invention are to simplify and cheapen the construction of
Dynamo or Magneto Electric Generators, to produce a machine that will generate
the largest amount of electrical energy with the smallest expenditure of mechanical
force, to utilize the whole or the greatest amount possible of the current generated
in useful work in the circuit or circuits external to the Armatures and to reduce the
internal resistance of electric generators generally, and to these ends the present
invention consists first, in the construction of the various mechanical parts of a
generator and the combinations of the same, and the second, in the methods and
means of arranging the circuits and commutators in electric generators whereby
theso objects are attained in the manner more particularly pointed out hereafter.
The first part of this invention is illustrated in Figures 1 to 6 of the
accompanying drawing, in which: Fig: 1, is a vertical Section of the generator
taken through the shaft. Fig: 2, is an end elevation of the generator with a
portion in section. Fig: 3, is a vertical Section of the Armature and part of the
pole pieces Fig: 4, is a cross section of the same.-Fig: 5, is a view of the
Armature and shaft and Fig: 6, is an enlarged cross section of the latter.
Upon a suitable base piece E are supported the field magnets, consisting of two
like pieces or cores of metal I, I, provided at their ends with semi-circular yoke
pieces A and at their centers forming hollow pole pieces, in which the armature
revolves. The yoke pieces A, A, serve as supports for the bearings or thimbles G,
of the Armature shaft D, and they are preferably grooved or rabbitted as shewn
in Fig 1, for the reception of the ring or segment H. This ring is in form similar
to an eccentric strap, and is made to embrace the yoke pieces A, A, and clamp them
closely and firmly together the ends of the ring being bent outward as shown in
Fig 2, and secured by the screw bolt J, to the base E. By this means it is seen
that the field magnets are securely bound together in a most rigid and yet simple
manner, two screw bolts only being needed to be adjusted to attach or detach
the whole field magnets and the base.
Moreover by this construction the joint between the field magnets is covered or
connected by a solid metal connection and the superficial contact of the ring or
segment around the yokes A, A, is so grent that there is no "consequent point" at
the joint as is usually the case as where the field magnets are joined by bolts &o,.
The field magnets are each made of a single piece of casting and owing to their
peculiar shape it will readily be seen that they can be cleaned and turned up to
the desired shape at a single operation; the cores, pole pieces and housings all
being turned from a common centre-Thus every part of the field magnet is
completed by a single "chucking." By this manner of construction it is easy to
make each field magnet the exact counterpart of the others so that they are
interchangeable, and they are allready to be bound together by the ring H and
secured to the base.
The base E, is preferably provided with a concaved piece or extension b. b. in
which a segment of the yokes A, A, of each field piece rests. By this arrangement
the field magnets will not fall apart when the ring is loosened or removed and they
can be turned a quarter, more or less, around and one of them easily removed
when it is desired to get at the armature for any purpose-The field magnets may

page_text: thus be turned at any angle and clamped by the ring. A dowel pin e, may be
passed through the upper side of the ring to prevent lateral displacement.
The armature consists of a spider frame K, of the form or construction 'shewn
in figures 3 and 4, the ends being provided with blades.o, upon which are wound
wires L, of iron or other magnetic material to form the body of the ring. It is
preferable to cover the wire with some sort of insulating material and to bind the coils
or layers together with glue, shellac &, in the usual manner-By thus winding the
wire on the prongs of the spider K, and binding the coils together, a strong iron
band or core is formed which will not move on the spider arms. The armature
bobbins M, consisting of coils of insulated wire, are then wound around the core
and bound with cloth or canvas and shellac, as is usual. In this manner I form
an exceedingly cheap, durable, simple and effective armature.
"
'
The bobbins or coils may be arranged in any series hereinafter setforth, and to
connect the bobbings to the commutator sections, I have provided the armature
shaft with grooves g, g, into which the terminals h, h, of the coils are placed
and a thimble or box F, is secured upon it. This box furnishes a journal bearing
for the shaft and allows the coils to be connected to the commutator, and in turn
becomes a bearing in the yoke pieces A A. In order that the bearing may be
properly lubricated without danger of the oil coming in contact with the wires
and injuring their insulation, the bearing thimble F, is provided with disks a a
having depressions or grooves in their peripheries.
•
Instead of making the rings of wire, ribbons bands or other masses of magnetic
material may be used.
Having now described the preferred form of construction of the generator, the
various ways of connecting the armature Circuits and the means of accomplishing
the same will now be described.
The second part of this invention is illustrated in the remaining figures of the
drawings."
It is well known that in machines of the so called Gramme or Paccinotti type
wherein all the coils of the armature are connected in closed circuit, the bobbins or
coils passing at or near the neutral points of the field of force magnets generate a
current of much lower potential than those passing a more intense field of force, but
the current froin the more active portions of the coils inust pass through those loss
active and raise them to a common potential, the resistances of the coils at all points
being equal or unchanged, by an expenditure of their own force thus reducing the
total energy of the machine by the amount of work performed within the armature,
and, besides, in this arrangement the internal resistance of the armature is greater
than necessary or desirable for the amount of current sent to the external circuit.
Various means have been invented for overcoming this objection, consisting_in
divers arrangements of the circuits of the armature and the commutators-For
instance, the coils passing at or near the neutral point have been open circuited,
but the sudden opening and closing of the circuit of the coils besides producing an
extra spark causes the coils to heat greatly, thereby lowering their conducting
qualities, moreover this arrangement produces a wavy and unsteady current
requiring a greater speed of revolution, in consequence of the bobbins or coils being
cut out from contributing to the generation of the working electric current for a
portion of the time. Another objection being that the generated current is liable
and often does shunt or flash through the opened coils.
Other attempts have been made to overcome the stated objections by short
circuiting the bobbins or coils passing at or near the neutral points, but in these
cases the current circulating in the short circuited coils greatly heats the coils, and
this short circuited current is not only lost as far as effective use is concerned but
is misapplied and acts to retard the rotation of the armature.
One way of overcoming these objections is illustrated in Fig's 1 a to 4 a, and
consists in arranging the circuits and commutators so that the whole current
generated is utilized in useful work in the circuit or circuits external to the
armature.

page_text: Fig: 1 a, is a diagram illustrating the connections and constructions of a machine
arranged to accomplish this object.
Fig: 2 a, is a diagram of the circuits.
Fig 3a, is a plan of the circumference of the commutator rings, shewing the
respective positions of the brushes as illustrated in figure 1a, and Fig: 4a is a
diagram shewing the manner of connecting the coils to the commutator rings.
i The. generator may be of any of the well known types; in fig: 1a, the field
magnets F and F -, are shewn as of a conventional form. The Armature, in the
drawings, consists of a ring supporting the bobbins or coils. In this instance six
coils are shewn connected to the commutator rings which are displayed separately 1
for better illustration.
The commutator ring A is composed of twelve pieces or segments numbered
respectively 1, 11, 2, 2' and 3, 3¹, corresponding to the sets of coils of the armature;
the wires from each set of coils are connected to the various pieces of the com-
mutator, the diametric opposite pieces being connected to the ends of diametric
opposite terminals of the Armature. In the diagram Fig: 1a, the ends of the
coils 1+ and 1 -, are shewn as being connected to the pieces 1, 1, of the com-
mutator and the pieces 1 and 11, are connected together by the wires 8, 8². The
other sets of coils 2+ 2-, 3 x 3-, are connected in a similar manner to the
pieces 2, 21, and 3, 31, though the connections are not shewn in the diagram for the
sake of clearness,
Upon an insulating cylinder a, are secured the commutators B, C, each consisting
of a ring of three equal segments of conducting material insulated from each other
and in this instance are so disposed and connected that the terminals of any set of
coils are in different rings. This arrangement is not however absolutely necessary
as when an even number of sets of coils are used as eight coils and four sets they
can be placed upon the same ring opposite to each other and so disposed or lapped
on the commutator rings that only one set will pass out from under the commutator
brush at a time, and in this case only one ring need be used. However the former
arrangement is deemed preferable.
-
Referring to the diagram it will be seen that the terminals of the coils 2+ & 2-,
are connected respectively to the segments 2 +, on ring C, and 2 –, on ring B,
and the terminals of the coils 3+ and 3 -, are connected respectively to the
segments 3+, on ring B, and 3-, on ring C.
The manner of connecting the coils to the commutators is more fully shewn in ;
Fig: 4a. For the sake of clearness only one set of coils is shewn as 1 + and 1
Starting from the coils both terminals are connected to one of the diametrically
opposed pieces 1, of commutator A and from those the terminals proceed, the one
to the segment or piece 1-, on ring B, and the other to segment or piece 1 + on
ring C.
Commutator A, closes the circuit of the coil just as its termini leaves the
commutator rings B and C, and commutator rings B, C, are arranged to close
the circuit of the coil just as it leaves commutator A, thus preventing sparks. By
means of the connection S, the ends of the coils are reversed as regards the brushes
of commutator A, just after the coil passes the neutral line, thus directing the
current generated at or near the neutral line in one direction into the minor
circuit.
From this construction and arrangement the operation is readily understood.
When the armature and cominutators arrive at the position shewn in the diagram
Fig 1a, the circuits can be traced as follows; Starting at the binding post
thence to the brush +, of the commutator ring C, through segment 2 +, by the
conductor 2, to the coil 2 +, thence to the coil 2-, from this by the wire 2, to
the segment 2, of the commutator ring B, to brush b thence by conductor O,
to brush + and segment 3 +, of commutator B, thence by conductor 3, to coil 3 +,
to coil 3 by conductor 3, again, to segment 3 -, of commutator C, to brush 3
to binding post +, thence through the leading wires, the external circuit back to
binding post
-
-

page_text: It will be observed that coils 1+ and 1.-, and their corresponding segments 1 +
and 2, of the commutator rings B, C -, were not included in the circuit described,
which is termed the major circuit, but at the moment that coils 1+ and 1-, left
the major circuit by their segments passing beyond the brushes of commutators B, C,
the brushes of the commutator A, made contact with the segments 1, 1, of said
commutator and the current from said coils being of a comparatively low electro-
motive force, the coils at this time being shewn as passing at or near the neutral
point, was withdrawn from the major circuit and cut into the minor circuit where
it remained for a period of time equal to one-sixth of the time of revolution. This
minor circuit is shewn in Fig: 1 a, as being utilized to energize the field of force.
magnets.
As the current in the coils changes direction at the moment the coils pass the
neutral line, when the minor current is used to energise the field magnets, it is
necessary to provide means for changing the direction of the current generated in
the coil so as to produce a straight or continuous current. This is accomplished
in the present instance by the connections shewn in Fig: 1 a. As the coils are
approaching the neutral line the brushes of the commutator A bear upon the
segments 1, 1, and the current may be traced from the coil 1-, to. the upper
segment 1, the brush, through the field maget coils to the brush +, to the
segment 1, to the coil 1 +, and coil 1 -. At the moment the coils 1, 1, pass the
neutral line the brushes bear upon the segments 1', 1' and the circuit may be traced
as follows: From the coil 1-, to the segment 1, across the commutator by the
conductor 8 to segment 11, brush +, through the field magnets, brush - segment 1+,
conductor 8, segment 1 and coil 1 + to coil 1
-
Thus it will be seen that although the current in the coils as they pass the
neutral line is changed in direction the current in the external minor circuit is
continuous.
When it is desired to use an alternating current in the minor circuit the
commutator A, may be provided with a number of segments equal to the number
of coils, when it is evident that the direction of the current would change at the
time the brushes are at the center of the segments thereby producing alternating
or to and fro currents. It is to be understood that each set of coils as it approaches
the neutral line is transferred from the major to the minor circuit in the manner
above setforth regarding coils 1 +, 1-.
It is evident that by a proper adjustment of the segments of the commutators
the time the coils are connected to the minor circuit may be increased and the
current of the machine be more evenly divided between the two circuits.
It will be seen that by the use of commutator A, arranged as above setforth, the
circuit of the coils of the Armature are always closed. The sets of coils being
included either in the major or minor circuit according to their position relative to
the neutral line of the machine, and that there are no useless or idle brushes in the
circuit. In the diagram the major circuit is shewn with the coils connected in
series, but they may be connected in multiple are by disconnecting the conductor O,
joining the brushes of commutators B and C, and connecting the brushes
and ++, of commutators B, C., as shewn in dotted lines at L
-
Another way of overcoming the objections referred to is represented. in figures 16
to 86 wherein the circuits and connections are shewn diagramatically.
The underlying principle of this arrangement consists in directing the circuit
through given bobbins or coils of the armature in parallel or multiple are circuit
and through other bobbins or coils of the same armature in series according to the
position occupied by the coils at the time in relation to the potential of the field of
force through which the bobbins or coils are passing-In other words the coils
cutting the lesser number of lines of magnetic force are connected in multiple or
parellel circuit while those cutting the greater number of lines of magnetic force
are connected in series circuit.
In order to more particularly describe this arrangement a number of diagrams
are shewn to more graphically illustrate the connections of the various bobbins or

page_text: coils with the commutators and brushes. In Fig's. 1 b, 2 b, and 3 b, M, represents
an armature ring provided with six coils, and A, B and C, three commutator rings.
In Fig's. 4b, 56 and 6b, the paths of the current are shewn corresponding to the
position of the coils and commutators shewn in Fig:'s. 1 b, 2 b and 3 b, respectively,
and in Eig's 7.6, and 8b, are shewn various ways of constructing the commutator
segments.
Fig: 1 b, shows the relative positions of the coils commutators and brushes when
coils 1 and 1+, arrive at a point, shewn by dotted lines a, a, which diverges on
each side 30 degrees from a perpendicular 6 drawn through the Armature which
corresponds to the theoretically neutral line, tlie maximum line of magnetic force
or potential being shewn by line c.
-
-
Referring to Fig: 1 b, the circuit may be traced as follows, starting at the
terminal, to the segment 2 - of commutator C, thence to the coil 2 -, and 2+, in
series thence to the segment 2 +, of commutator B thence by the double brushes
through segment 1 - and 3 through the coils 1 and 1+, and 3 - and 3 +
respectively, in parallel circuit, to the terminals 1 +, and 3+, in commutator C,
and double brushes to terminal +.
-
-
From the diagram it will be noticed that coils 1-, 1+ and 3 -, 3+, occupy
positions equally of lower potential and the coils 2,2 +, occupy a position of
higher potential, and the current from these coils 2, 2+, which are connected in
series, is directed so as to pass through coils 1. 1+, 3, 3+, in parellel
circuit, thus reducing the resistance, and at the same time coils 1 and 3 contribute
their efficiency to the effective current without lowering the electro-motive force of
the more active bobbins, represented in this case by the coils 2 and 2 +.
Commutator A, shows the brushes bearing upon the insulated segments as in this
position all of the coils are contributing usefully to the circuit and the brushes of
commutators B and C are shewn as bearing upon all six of the segments.
If the coils 1 and 3 were of greatly different electro-motive force and connected
in parellel circuit, the one of the lower electro-motive force would in a measure
short circuit the one of the higher electro-motive force, but in this arrangements
only coils of substantially equal electro-motive force are connected in parallel
circuit and those in higher electro-motive force are connected in series circuit.
-
In Fig: 26 the coils 1 and 1 +, are shown as occupying the neutral point and
are momentarily short circuited through the segments 1, 1, of commutator A, while
the coils 2, 3, which occupy a field of substantially equal potential are connected in
series In this position the amount of current generated in the four coils connected
in series is substantially equal to the amount of current generated in the six coils
in the preceding position, thus the current produced will be a practically oven and
steady current under all conditions.
-
-
Fig 3 b, shows the coils I
and 1+, again restored to the general circuit after
passing the neutral point and they are in a field corresponding to that of the
coils 2 and 2+, and consequently the coils 1 and 2 are connected in parellel
circuit and coils 3, being in fields of higher potential are connected in series. It
will thus be seen that all the coils are now in circuit as previously shown in
Fig: 1b, only the coils have changed places and this occurs in all the coils in
circuit in turn,
From these diagrams it will be clearly seen that the coils generating currents of
lower and substantially equal electro-motive force have the current from the coils
generating higher electro-motive force pass through them in divided and
approximately equal circuit and while they contribute their useful efficiency to
the general circuit they also reduce the resistance of the internal circuit of the
Armature and that coils are short circuited only when there is practically no
current generated in them.
In the Drawings are shown double brushes upon the commutators B and C, for
the sake of illustration, but it is preferable to have the segments cut spirally as
shewn in Fig: 7.6. or lapped as shewn in Fig: 8 b, in which latter cases, single
brushes may be used in places of the two shewn' in the Drawing.

page_text: By prolonging the lap of the commutator strips or segments it will not be
necessary to short circuit the coils at any time although I prefer to do so in the
manner heretofore setforth.
Still another way of carrying out this Invention is illustrated in figure 1. c.
In this arrangement the coils and connections may be substantially like those
shown in Figures 16, 26 and 3 b, but instead of short circuiting the coils passing
the neutral fields of force they are momentarily "long" circuited or connected in a
circuit of very high resistance
Referring to Fig: 1 c, it will be seen that the arrangements of circuits are the
same as shown in Figure 2b, above described, except that the brushes resting upon
the segments of commutator A, connected to the terminals of coils 1 + and 1°
instead of being short circuited are connected by conductor m, in which is included
the resistance n. This resistance may be, in any well known form adjustable or
otherwise but must be, compared to the resistance of the external circuit of the
machine, very high.
The operation of this machine will be apparent. The coils generating useful
currents are connected to the main or working circuit-In this instance they
are shewn as being connected in series, but it is apparent they may be
connected in series in part and in multiple arc in part, and the current of
those connected in series may pass through the coils connected in multiple
are as setforth, or they may be connected in any other well known manner
as the operation of this arrangement does not depend upon the particular manner
the coils generating useful currents are connected. The coils passing through
the fields of low or practically no potential are connected to the commutator A,
and the segments to which the terminals are connected are in contact with the
brushes, the ends of which are connected by the "long" circuit or circuit of
comparatively very high resistance m-If these brushos were short circuited as
shewn in Fig: 2b, the current generated depending upon the equation C = in
which R is comparatively very small or nil would be abnormally increased and
not being in the working circuit would only use up the mechanical energy
necessary to drive the generator without proportionately increasing the efficiency
of the generator, but on the contrary tending to retard it and lessen its relative
efficiency-By making tho R in the drawing represented by m, n, very high, C., is
necessarily reduced to its minimum or practically nil thereby the coils not
contributing to the working or effective circuit are generating the smallest
practical amount of current and consequently offering the least resistance to the
mechanical force driving the machine and at the same time being connected by
the high resistance circuit m, n, the currents from the active or efficient coils
will not flash through them producing sparks, nor will they offer unnecessary
resistance to the working circuit as in the Paccinotti type of machine, nor cause the
working current to be wavy or unsteady.
In the above description of the circuit connections and the drawings referred to
therein, one typical form of generator has been referred to, but it is to be understood
that the invention is not limited to that form as it may be applied to others equally
well by any one skilled in the art without departing from the principles setforth.
CLAIMS.
1. In electric generators the combination of two or more field magnets constructed
substantially as described, that is to say, with the cores, pole pieces and yoke
pieces, all turned from a common centre, and means whereby the magnets are
clamped.
2. The combination with field magnets and base piece or pieces, of a clamping ring
embracing the magnets, and means for securing the ring to the base, substantially
as described.
3. The field magnets consisting of the cores provided with semi-circular yoke
pieces, forming journal bearings for the armature shaft, of a ring or segment:
thereof for securing the yoke pieces together, substantially as subscribed.

page_text: 4. The combination with the field magnets, ench being the Counterpart of, the
other and provided,with semi-circular. yoke pieces, of a ring, segment,or,band.or
magnetic material embracing the field magnets as described, whereby consequent.
points are avoided, as-setforth.
5. An armature ring consisting of a spider frame the ends of, which are provided
with blades and coils or layers of insulated iron wire wound or laid therein,
substantially as described.
6. The combination with the shaft and bearings of an electric generator, of a sleevo
or thimble embracing the shaft and provided with grooved flanges as and for the
purpose setforth.
7. The within described improvements in electric generators as illustrated in
figures 1 to 6 inclusive.
8. The within described modes of increasing the efficiency of an electric generator,
the same consisting in connecting the armature circuits and commutators in the
manners setforth whereby the electrical resistance of the armatures is reduced, the
heating thereof is avoided and an increased amount of current is utilized in the
working circuits.
9. The combination with an armature of an electric generator, of two commutators,
the terminals of the coils of the armature being connected to both, and suitable
brushes and circuit connections whereby the current generated may all be used in
one or the other of the external circuits, subsequently as described.
10 The combination with an armature of an electrio generator, of two commutators,
the terminals of the coils of the armature being connected to both, and brushes and
major and minor circuit connections arranged substantially as described whereby
the coils are cut into or out of the major or minor circuits according to the :
strength of the current being generated in the coils, substantially as described.
11. In the combination shewn in Fig: 1 a, connecting the terminals of the coils of
the armature to the segments of both of the commutators, as described
12 The combination with the Armature of an electric generator, of one commutator
ring having twice as many segments as there are coils in the armature, and another
commutator ring or rings having as many segments as there are coils, the terminals
of the coils being connected to segments in both commutators, and brushes and
connections, substantially as described.
13. The arrangement of segments and coil connection as described and shewn in
reference to commutator A, Fig: 1a.
1
14 The arrangement of commutators and connections as described and shown in
figure 1 a
15. The method and means substantially as hereinbefore described of connecting
the coils of a dynamo or magneto electric machine, which consist in placing coils
in fields of like potential in parallel circuit and others in fields of other potential
in series.
16. The method and means substantially as hereinbefore described of connecting
the coils of electric generators which consists in placing the coils generating
currents of higher strength or tension in series circuit and passing said currents
through the coils generating currents of lower strength or tension in parallel
circuit.
17. The method and means substantially as herein described of connecting the coils
of an electric generator, which consists in connecting the coils generating effectivo
currents in series and connecting the coils passing the neutral point, so that they
will be momentarily short circuited and disconnected from the main circuit.
18. In an electric generator, the combination with an armature, the coils of which
are connected in pairs, of a number of commutators, to one of which the terminals
of all the coils are connected, the terminals being also connected to segments upon
the other commutators, and brushes and connections substantially as described, the
brushes upon the first commutator being short circuited, whereby.. the coils {
generating currents of one electro-motive force may be connected in series, those;

page_text: generating currents of another electro-motive force may be connected in parallel
circuit, and those generating practically no current may be short circuited.
19 The within described improvement in connecting the coils of the armature of
an electric generator as described and shewn with reference to figures 1b to 8 b.
20 The method and means substantially as hereinbefore setforth of connecting the
coils of a dynamo or magneto electric machine, which consists in connecting the
coils passing the fields of force of practically no potential in a "long" circuit.
21. The method substantially as herein set forth of increasing the efficiency of a
dynamo or magneto electric generator, which consists in connecting the coils passing
through fields of force of small potential by a circuit of high resistance, whereby
the amount of ineffective current generated is reduced, and at the same time
sparking or flashing is prevented.
22. The within described improvement in connecting the coils of the armature of
an electric generator, as described and shewn with reference to Figure 1 c.
In witness whereof I the said Herbert John Haddan have hereunto set my
hand and seal this 5th day of May A.D. 1884.
T
+ TIRDI