IMPROVEMENTS IN PREPARING AND ENGRAVING SURFACES, ALSO IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF CYLINDERS ADAPTED ENGRAVING, AND ALSO IN MACHINERY FOR PRINTING AND ORNAMENTING SURPACES
Year: 1848

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, ISAAC
TAYLOR, of Stanford Rivers, Essex, Gentleman, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present inost Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Twenty-first day of
August, One thousand eight hundred and forty-eight, in the twelfth year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto
me, the said Isaac Taylor, my exors, adñiors, and assigns, Her especial
licence, full power, sole privilege and authority, that I, the said Isaac Taylor,
my exors, adñiors, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Isaac Taylor,
my exors, adñiors, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others,
from time to time and at all times during the term of years therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England,
Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and in the Islands of Jersey,
Guernsey, Alderney, Sark, and Man, and in all Her said Majesty's Colonies
and Plantations abroad, my Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN PREPARING AND
ENGRAVING SURFACES, ALSO IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF CYLINDERS ADAPTED
ENGRAVING, AND ALSO IN MACHINERY FOR PRINTING AND ORNAMENTING SURPACES;"
in which said Letters Patent is contained a proviso that I, the said Isaac
Taylor, should cause a particular description of the nature of my said Invention,

page_text: and in what manner the same is to be performed, by an instrument in writing
under my hand and seal, to be inrolled in Her. said Majesty's High Court of
Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of
the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being
thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Isaac Taylor, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention, and
the manner in which the same is to be performed, are fully described and
ascertained in and by the following statement thereof, reference being had
to the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the figures and letters marked
thereon, that is to say:―
The machinery and instruments constituting the first part of my Invention
include and bring into combined operation three principal elements, by means
of which advantages are secured in preparing and engraving surfaces that
have not belonged to any mode hitherto adopted of employing the well-known
principle of the hinged rhomboidal frame or pentagraph. These advantages
are so substantial, and so extensive in their application, as to render the machi-
nery under the various modifications of which it is susceptible practically
efficient and available for almost every species of work connected with the
engraving, printing, and ornamenting of surfaces, and also for effecting upon
such surfaces simultaneously many exact repetitions of the same figure, device,
or species of work..
.
The first of the above referred to principal advantages attaching to my
Invention is that by means of which the highest perfection of work is secured,
and which is not attainable except by what is in this Specification called a
high diminution. By the term a high diminution is meant such a ratio or
proportion between the tracing point of the, instrument and the working point
as cannot be usefully.or for any practical purpose obtained by the means of a
single rhomboidal frame, for. if upon one such frame any such high diminution
is attempted as is required for. the perfection of work, not merely must the
longer arm or bar be of very inconvenient length, but the working point or
tool must be carried up so.near to the hinge or joint, and both must be so con-
tiguous to the fulcrum, as to render the whole inapplicable to important practical-
purposes. These inconveniences always attach to the use of a single rhom-
boidal. frame when a ratio of diminution is required beyond a twelfth to a
fifteenth degree, and this inconvenience, becomes a mechanical impossibility
when, as is often requisite, the. diminution is carried up as high as from a
twenty-fifth to a ninety-sixth degree. No such ratio as this, that is to say,
beyond a fifteenth, can, I believe, with practical advantage, be obtained, or be

page_text: may
applied to important purposes, except in the mode which my Invention brings
into operation in various forms, and this is by placing several rhomboidal frames
in a continuous series, the first imparting its movement to a second frame, or
to a pair of such frames, and these to a third or to a third pair, and so on if
requisite to a fourth or more. By this means while a power of leverage is placed
at command, which is sufficient for all ordinary purposes, any necessary extent
of diminution is easily effected while yet the working point on each of such
frames is kept far away from the fulcrum and from the hinging joint that is
to say, on no one of the frames need the working point be carried further up
toward the hinge or the fulcrum than is required for effecting a diminution
of 5 or 6. Thus if the first frame in the series be set at a diminution of one
third, which gives a convenient and extensive range to the tracing point, then
the second frame or pair of frames may be at one fifth and the third at one
fourth, thus effecting together a diminution of 60; or the successive diminutions
be varied; as, for instance, the first may be to th, the second to th, and
the third to th; thus 4 x 6 x 4 = 96. Beyond which ratio of diminution I
have not found it necessary to go; but, if desired, the diminution may be carried
further. The great advantage and indeed necessity of effecting a high dimi-
nution, for securing beauty, freedom, and perfection of work, becomes manifest
when it is considered that in whatever mode the lines of any. figure or design
may be followed by the tracing point, or even if this point be made to move in
a metallic groove or against an edge, the movement will be liable to some
extent of aberration from its true and exact track, and which in relation to the
finest description of work, and even to some important purposes less fine,
would be enough to render the work inadmissable. It should be said that
this supposed aberration attaches exclusively. to the tracing point, for if the
machinery now to be described is constructed with due care no perceptible
incorrectness is found to result from the series of frames. But if this incipient
and unavoidable aberration may, on an average, be estimated as equal to the
30th part of an inch, or even if it were not more than the fiftieth part, this
error, as carried forward to the work at a low diminution, say of 12, would
amount to the 360th or the 600th part of an inch, which in fine work would
often equal the half or the third of the distance between two adjoining lines,
and would therefore render such work quite useless. But if the same aber-
ration of the 30th part of an inch be applied. to a diminution not higher than
th, it will be reduced upon the work to the 1350th part, and which may
safely be disregarded as an insensible or unappreciable quantity. It is found
as a practical rule that the perfection of work, is ordinarily directly as the
diminution. The practical value of this high diminution appears not merely

page_text: in relation to that sort of work where an absolute mathematical accuracy is
required, but also where absolute freedom of line constitutes the excellence of
the work. No method of executing such work at a low diminution is found
to give the grace and spirit of an artist's handling to free lines. On the con-
trary, a mechanical stiffness and obtuseness and roundness, instead of sharpness,
attaches to all such work. It is therefore first and chiefly in order to obtain
a high diminution; next, for baving at command a requisite lever power; and
lastly, for the advantage of space in applying various mechanical adjustments
to the working tools, points, gravers, drills, or other instruments employed
upon metallic or other surfaces, that the work performed by machines of the
kind presently to be described is effected by a series of rhomboidal frames
which propagate the movement given to the first until it reaches the last.
Every movement is in continuous fluxion through the entire system of bars
and joints. On this construction no one frame is at any time liable to be either
stretched out or compressed into an extreme angular position, acute and obtuse,
but each performs its office near to that position, namely, a rectangular posi-
tion, which occasions the least possible strain upon the joints or resistance, or
pending upon its fulcrum, all which conditions are more or less important or
indispensable in relation to practical purposes, and especially so when the
work demands at once mathematical accuracy and force. But to secure this
accuracy and this forco along with perfect freedom of action, and to exempt
the tracing point as far as possible from sensible resistance, and from any
reaction and momentum resulting from a mass of considerable weight, the
whole and each principal part of the system of frames is so floated off from its
bearings, whether these be friction rollers or smooth surfaces, as that only such
a residue of weight shall be left upon these bearings as is required for securing
steadiness of horizontal movement throughout. This floating of the machine
is effected by the means of steel-yards, or by swinging arms, pulleys, and
weights. By these means, while the entire leverage of the machine is held at
command, the residual vis inertia is reduced almost to an insensible amount.
The complicated structure of the machine, instead of giving rise to an encum-
bered action, renders that action so much the more facile and exact.
That which constitutes the second of those principal advantages which my
Invention secures is the means of bringing a number of working points or
tools to operate simultaneously and in perfect unison upon one continuous
surface, or upon several continuous surfaces. Each point or tool must at the
same monent execute the same work, and the work of each must (most often)
flow into the work of the points next adjoining. In most cases in which a
design or pattern of any kind is to be often repeated upon a surface there

page_text: must be no visible break or want of perfect continuity of line throughout the
whole. Now for satisfying at once these two conditions, namely, a multiplied
repetition of the same figure or work, and a perfect fusion of the work on all
its sides with its fellows, no construction on the principle of the pentagraph has
hitherto been practically successful, or has been found available, except to a
very limited extent. But the second part of my Invention, as now to bo
described, meets both these conditions, while at the same time it embraces
and secures those before mentioned. These further improvements consist of
placing rhonboidal frames in pairs, or, as it might be said, back to back in
contrary positions one to the other, and yet so that tho two take on to one
and the same axis of movement at the extremity of the longer bar. The
pair being so adjusted, a bar of some kind is carried across from the working
point of the one frame to that of the other, as seen in the Drawing No 1,
Figure 1. It is evident that as these frames thus yoked together are exact
counterparts the one of the other, and as they receive their movement at a
common centre or axis, the bar which connects them will always preserve a
parallel position in reference to its own previous positions, and that therefore
every spot upon such a bar, board, frame, or table has the same movement in
all directions as every other spot upon its surface. By means of this bar we
are no longer confined to the one point upon the diagonal line, which is
mathematically identical with the tracing point, but may take as many points
around and between the two diagonal points as the bar or board will offer to
our use; and as this may be made indeterminately, large ample scope is
afforded as well as to the number of points as to the application of mechanical
adjustinents to them. It is also evident that whether the working points be
attached to the connecting bar, and the surface to be wrought upon be fixed
opposite to them, or whether, as is most convenient, the surface to be wrought
upon be attached to the bar, while the points are arranged over or beneath it,
the effect will be the same, though in a contrary direction. Inasmuch as the
working points attach to one surface, and are fixed in juxtaposition, they may
easily be so arranged as that the work of cach shall flow into that of its
neighbour. A machine on this construction covers a large surface with work
in the same time that would be required to execute a single compartment of
the whole.
I will now call attention to the third of those principal elements which
recommend and distinguish my Invention from what has heretofore been done
where pentagraph apparatus has been employed. For engraving rollers for
calico and other printing, and for other and analogous purposes, it is necessary
or highly desirable that by a simultaneous movement any figure or species of

page_text: work which is placed upon the tracing table, and which of course is on a
plane surface, should be produced by the working points, not merely on one
breadth of the roller or cylinder from end to end, but on all sides of it, and
as if its rotund surface were spread out upon a flat surface. Heretofore it has
been attempted by the means of a pentagraph to move a cylinder so as to be
acted on by a row of gravers or instruments, and thus to execute a breadth of
a cylinder at a time, and then to repeat the operation until the circumference
had been successively wrought upon. But in this or any similar mode not
only does the work occupy a much longer time than in the method about to
be described, but an insurmountable difficulty presents itself in attempting to
effect a perfect continuity of work when the pattern is not an insulated figure,
but forms a continuous whole. Moreover, on any such construction as has
heretofore been attempted by means of pentagraphs, the working point or tool
does not take its bearing upon a cylindrical surface in a true radial direction,
except at the moment when it is passing over the tangential line. But, by
means of the construction now to be described, each tool, and how many
soever that may be brought to bear upon any part of a cylinder, operates
always in the line of the radius of the cylinder, and therefore the work it
performs is liable to no deflection. The cylinder, the surface of which is to
be etched upon, engraved, inscribed, or figured in any manner, is first fitted
upon a mandril running through it, or, in some cases, upon separate axes, the
mandril or these axes being of sufficient length to meet the requirement of
the machine, as seen in the Drawing No. 2. The cylinder, either upon its
own surface or upon surfaces of the same diameter at each end, rests with a
portion of its weight or with the whole of the weight upon blocks or sleepers
attached to the connecting bar or yoke of the working pair of frames, as seen
in the Drawing No. 5 (Figs. 3 & 4). The surfaces of these blocks or
sleepers are jagged, roughed, or grooved. The superfluous weight of the
cylinder, if any, is separately floated off by steel-yards, one over each end.
The cylinder, taking this bearing upon the bar, is carried with it, or if
unconfined would be carried in all directions, laterally or from side to side, in
the direction of its own axis. It is carried in obedience to the movement of the
tracing point. But what is wanted is to give it also a rotatory movement,
and so by the combination of the two movements at right angles to obtain a
diagonal or any other required movement. To effect this the axis, or mandril
of the cylinder is made to work freely and yet exactly at each end in sockets
which themselves are adjusted in the grooves of standards or brackets. When,
therefore, the moving bar takes its direction longitudinally, or in any direction
not precisely lateral, the cylinder receives a corresponding. rotatory moves

page_text: ment equivalent in peripheral extent to the longitudinal movement of the
bar on which it rests. It is therefore manifest, that if a fixed point be
brought to bear upon the surface of the cylinder on any part of it, the line or
figure which such a point would have traced upon a plane surface similarly
resting on this bar will also and with equal exactness be produced upon this
rotund surface. It is also evident that any number of such points which
might conveniently be made to apply to the cylinder above, beneath, and on
either side, and from end to end, would all and simultaneously produce the
same line or figure thereupon. It should be noted that, although it is usually
the most advantageous to plant the cylinder upon the bar, and to attach the
working points to a fixed frame, as shewn in the Drawing, yet the same effect
would be produced in a contrary direction if the cylinder were stationary,
while the working points should be attached to a cylindrical coop, planted
upon the moving bars: The first-named plan, as shewn in the Drawing
No. II., being the most convenient, a strong hoop is fixed to the table directly
opposite each end of the cylinder, and these hoops give support and attach-
ment to one, two, three, or more bars and rods, as may be required by the
work, and upon each of these bars carriages are attached; furnished with
points, graving tools, drills, or whatever instrument may be best adapted to
the particular description of work that is to be done. By. means of the
adjustment shewn in the Drawings Nos. 1 & 2, these points, which when
the machine is left to itself always stand off from the surface of the cylinder,
are made, at the pleasure of the person working the machine, to take on to it,
and to descend into it the requisite depth. If, for the sake of the beauty and
perfection of the work, it is done at a high diminution, then, instead of
attempting to give the cylinder such an extent of movement upon its bearings
as would be adequate to the exécution of the entire figure at once, a shift. of
the cylinder is effected according to a dial and index, or by any similar means;
at the same time the fulcrums of the pair of frames, and which rest upon a
bar working between guides, are moved laterally to a corresponding extent.
The machine should be placed in a horizontal position upon a slab of slate or a
planed iron table, and this slate or table taking its bearings upon frames or
trussels firmly bolted together, and fastened upon a solid floor.
If in any
case the whole of a pattern or figuré as prepared for the machine is of greater
dimensions than can be brought at once within the range of the tracing point,
it is placed in portions upon the table in accordance with registration lines and
intersections.
In preparing any pattern or design for the machine various means are
If the
adopted, at once for securing accuracy of work and for saving time.

page_text: work consists of constantly recurring forms or figures, as in the instance of the
letters of the alphabet, or of musical or other, marks of notation, then it is
found advantageous to execute such forms, figures, or signs in metal, by cutting
casting, or stamping them, as many of each as may conveniently be disposed
upon the tracing table. When a design or pattern is of a more diversified kind,
it is first enlarged by means of an adjustment of rhomboidal frames, similar to
that already described, but working from the small to the large. The enlarged
outline thus obtained is perfected and filled up by hand, according to the taste
of the artist. When the entire surface of the design is required to be filled
with work, as in landscape and other pictorial subjects, the following method is
used: The several descriptions of work required are etched in large upon
thin sheets of zinc. Theso etchings are corroded with muriatic or other acid
to such a depth as to pierce the plate, except at certain nodes left for the
purpose of connecting and holding the whole together. A great variety of
such pattern plates being provided, each is put down where required upon the
paper, and a rubber being applied, charged with any black powder, such as
black lead dust or fine oxide of manganese, the pattern is transferred to the
paper. Adjoining patterns require some few strokes with the pencil to
connect them, and to supply any interstices. By this means, as variously
modified to meet the variety of work, large surfaces of those kind which, when
executed by hand, are the most laborious and costly, may be prepared and
effected by unskilled persons, under the direction of an artist, with great ease
and rapidity. A largo proportion of work upon metallic plates or cylinders is
effected in the following manner :-The plate or cylinder, having been covered
with an asphaltum ground in the manner usual with engravers, is placed on its
bearings in the machine, and the work as laid down upon the tracing table is
passed over by the person who guides the tracing point, and who, according to
the indications thereupon, gives the tools or points a greater or less extent of
action, so that there shall be a due proportion between the lighter and the
deeper work, although none of it may be of the requisite depth. In some
cases it is found to be best to pass over the deeper work a second or a third
time. The plate or cylinder is then removed from the machine, care being
taken so to mark the registrations as that it may readily be returned to its
place without deranging the relationship of the work to the tracing
point.
The plate or cylinder is then immersed in dilute nitrous acid or
other acid, according as the metal may require, for just so long a time as
suffices to remove the burr thrown up by the tool, and at the same time to
deepen the work, but not so long as would render the work coarse as to the
edges of the lines. The first ground is then removed in the usual mode; and

page_text: if the work is of the most delicate kind the requisite effect is produced in the
modes called rebiting, as practised by engravers, without recurrence to the
machine. But in all those varieties of work that are the most usual, as
adapted to calico printing and analogous purposes, and where a greater depth
may be required, the plate or cylinder is covered with a second ground, which
must entirely cover the surface and fill in the work already effected. It is
than returned to its place in the machine, with due care, and so much of the
work as is required to be deepened is passed over anew, the point or tool
entering its original track, and laying bare the bottom of the stroke, while the
sides are protected by the ground and burr thrown out in the second operation.
When this is completed, the plate or cylinder may be immersed anew in the
dilute acid for a time long enough to produce the greatest depth that is ordi-
narily required.
The readiness and celerity with which any species of work or decoration
may be effected upon surfaces by means of the system of machinery herein
described renders it available for an almost endless variety of purposes, in
adaptation to each of which some obvious modification of its parts is required.
Some of the most material or most useful of these may be described.
If a
large plane surface, or a cylinder, be covered with paper of any sort or thick-
ness required, over this may be placed a thin under-sized paper, the inner
surface of which to the surface in contact with the paper first named is coated
more or less thickly with any pigment mixed with an unctious medium, such
as white wax and oil, or lard or linseed oil alone, or for other purposes honey
or soap inay be used. Instead of the cutting points or tools employed when
metallic surfaces are to be wrought upon, the same carriages, or carriages
adapted to the purpose, are furnished with points somewhat obtuse, and more
or less so according to the nature of the work. These points, acting upon the
exterior of the upper and transfer paper, transfer to the other paper the color
it is charged with, the effect produced being nearly the same as that of a
pencil or crayon. When one color has thus been produced, a similar paper
charged with another color takes its place, and so on until the effect of a
finished crayon drawing has been printed or produced, the machinery thus
becoming printing or ornamenting machinery. In this mode many repetitions
of a drawing may be produced or printed at one time, and by planting one
frame carrying each its set of points a double or treble set may be in like
manner produced. For the decoration of paper, such as paper hangings and
other surfaces, as also for the adding those colors that are ordinarily produced
upon them by the means of what is called block printing, the following method
is applicable-In place of the blunted points above mentioned, and of the

page_text: carriages already described, a swing carriage is used, as represented in the
Drawing, at the extremity of which is a small conical tube loosely filled with
a roll of soft leather or sponge. Near to this tube is a cistern holding a sinall
quantity of the color required, and which is to be in such a state of solution
as the particular work may require, whether more or less limpid or thickened.
From the cistern to the head of the tube there is a communication, either by a
groove or pipe, or by a thread or two of worsted.
When the swing carriage
falls, to impart its color to the surface beneath, the fluid passes forward also;
but returns or ceases to flow when the carriage tilts upwards.
The requisite
Dumber of these carriages being planted upon cross bars over the surface to be.
figured or printed, the machine operates in its usual manner, the small aperture
of each tube conveying its contents at a regulated rate to the surface, whether
of paper or other material.
Having thus generally stated the nature of my Invention, I will proceed to
explain more in detail the mechanical details by which I have carried the same
into practice. At the same time I would remark that I do not confine myself
to the details herein given, so long as the peculiar character of my Invention,
or any part thereof, be retained.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS No. 1.
Figure 1, plan of the rhomboidal frames or floating part of the machine.:
Five frames, disposed and linked together in the manner here shewn, suffice
for most purposes to which the machine. is applicable. For some kinds of
work three frames are enough, and other kinds may require six or more.
These frames occupy the surface of a slab or table T, T, T, perfectly true on
the upper surface, and placed horizontally, and which rests upon the iron
trussells as seen in the Drawing No. 2. The fore part a, a, a, a, is a slab of
slate, the hinder, from a to b, is planed iron. A, A, A, is the first rhomboidal
frame; c.is the tracing point; e, the fulcrum, which by screw, bolt, and slot is
adjustable in all directions. The curve at d is for the convenienco of the
hand. is a curved bar or rail on which the bar 2 takes a support upon a
wheel or friction roller. The prolonged bar 4 takes a support under the
tripple point 9 upon the platform h. The superfluous weight of this frame is
floated off by cords or chains (or they may be rods) at p, p, carried up to as
great a height as the room will admit,, and which pass over, pulleys indicated
by the dotted lines, and as hereafter described. The prolonged end of this
frame at g is upon the diagonal line from c to c, where the fulcrum determines
its movements,.and this point g being at a third of the diagonal distance the
diminution there effected is of course three. At this point g the tracing frame

page_text: is jointed on to the two combined arms of the yoked frames B, B. . The
manner in which these three arms or bars take on to the same centre of
movement is best seen in the elevation Figure 2. The two frames B, B, are
exact counterparts of each other. Their respective fulcrums are at 1, 1, where,
as with the frame A and e, they are adjustable by bolt and slot. They take
their bearings on the platforms n, n, and o, o, and their superfluous weight is
floated off at p, p,
, in the same manner as is the tracing frame A. What would
be the working points of these frames is at m, m, where the bar or yoke Y
joints on. Every part of this connecting bar will always move in the same
direction as do the points at m, m, and the bar can never be in any position
not parallel with its position at any other time. The bars R, R, forming
a triangle, give support to an index or tracing point at R', which takes effect
in any required manner upon the registration tablet R. Although mathe-
matically any spot taken at pleasure upon the bar Y would answer the same
purpose, yet for the sake of securing a mechanical equipoise the central spot q
is chosen whereat to joint on the combined arms of the frames C, C, which
(in like manner as B, B, receive the movement from A) receive their motion
from the bar or yoke Y common to B, B. Thus it is that every movement
to B, B, and from these by the:
given to the tracer c is conveyed through it
bar Y to C, C, which at the axes or pivots t, t, receive a connecting bar.
indicated by the dotted lines. The floating of this pair of frames, with all
to which they give motion, is better shewn in another Drawing. The
fulcrums of this pair of frames at r, r, are upon a broad bar or slider E,
moveable laterally upon the table by means of a screw and winch S, as
seen in Drawings 2, 3, and 4, and the sliding bar is controlled by the guide:
plates E. The frames C, C, take support on friction rollers E³, upon the.
raised projections v, v, of the bar E. The bar yoke or table shewn by dotted.
lines D, and which joints upon C, C, at t, t, is called the working bar,
inasmuch as it is to this that the plate or the cylinder to be wrought upon is.
attached or (in some cases) the tools fixed by which the work is effected:
w is a rod or lever by means of which, as elsewhere shewn, the points-
or tools are made to take effect. The extent of movement allowed it at
any time is regulated according to a scale y by the lever and volute ..
Figure 2 is an elevation of this system of frames, taken through: the central.
line of the whole at q. This elevation shows that by adjustment of the joints
and a swan neck at g, there is but a small perpendicular difference between.
the hand at d and the working bar at the pivots t, t. This avoidance of
angular strain is of much importance as related to the mechanical perfection
of a machine, in which a delicate movement is propagated through a great

page_text: the bar to bo
number of joints. Figures 3, 4, and 5 shew the structure of the joints
employed thoughout the frames; 3 the plan, 4 the elevation, and 5 a section
through the centre. a the body of a bar to be jointed.
connected with it. a swan neck piece, in which works the screw f. ga
lock nut. This pin has a finely turned conical end, which takes its bearing in
a hole drilled through the bar c. ea circular fascct or disc of steel let into
c, which plays upon a similar disc d, let into a. These fasects, being truo
surfaces, are held always in perfect contact and in position by the conical point
off. A degree of elasticity in the piece b* keeps this joint firm with the
Icast friction, and it is capable of more exact adjustment than any other kind
of hinge or joint with which I am acquainted.
DRAWING No. 2.
Figure 1 is a plan of that part of the machine for engraving cylinders
which is superposed upon the system of frames or floating part shewn in
Drawing No. 1. Figure 2 an elevation of the same as seen in the rear of
the table T, T. Figure 3 an elevation of the left-hand end of the same.
The shade of colour shews the upper part of the cylinder Z, or roller, with its
mandril and cylindrical ends X, X, of the same diameter. C, C, the bars
of the working pair of frames. E the platform which gives support to the
fulcruins of this pair at r, r, and which is moveable laterally by the winch and
screw s, s. t, t, the pivots of C, C, upon which is jointed a bar or table D, D,
at either end of which is a block or sleeper D, whereupon the cylinder Z
takes its bearing, either upon its ends X, X, or upon its own surface. F, F,
standards or brackets, one at each end of the cylinder, in the upright groove
of which (in bushes 2) the spindle end of the mandril works freely, and with
an exact fitting. (3) (3) the collars, and p, p, suspending wires, by which the
superfluous weight of the cylinder is floated off by steel-yards aloft. 4, 4, are
props, each of which at its lower end has an arm 4ª attached to it, and
these arms are connected together by means of the rod 4b, so that each prop 4
may have like movement given to it. The props 4, 4, have screws formed on
part of their length, by which they are supported in the nuts 4 with a
capability of raising the cylinder Z from its bearings when the cylinder is
required to make a partial revolution. G, G, fixed circular frames bolted to
the table beyond the standards. These circular frames give support and
attachment to bars, in whatever position as to the cylinder the working points
may require them to be placed. Three such bars, H, II, II, are here shewn.
To each bar is appended a rod or spindle (5) (5) (5), supported at one extre-
mity by the carriage (6), and at the other in a socket (7). The bar and

page_text: spindle give support wherever wanted to the carriages (8) (8) (8), one of
which is shown on a larger scale in Figures (5) and (6). These spindles (5)
(5) (5) receive a partial rotatory movement by wheels or pullies (9) (9) (9),
as shown in this Drawing, connected by a chain placed centrically, and taking
on to the wheels placed around its periphery. All these are simultaneously put
in action by a treddle. In Figures 5 and 6 is shewn the manner in which
the rotatory movement of the spindle brings the points or tools to bear upon
the cylinder (10) (10), a stock working in the journals (11) (11). (12) the
point or tool inserted in the stock (10). This stock is kept. off. from the work
by the spiral spring (13). (14) checks taking their hold: on either side of the
spindle. (15) is a volute cam bolted on to the spindle, and, which, when it
receives a limited movement, acts upon the friction roller (16), thus depressing
the stock, and so bringing the tool to bear upon the surface of the cylinder.
The side elevation, Figure 6, shows the mode in which the carriage takes its
hold of the transverse bar H, and is adjustable upon it. (17) are bars or
arms from the table D, by the aid of which this table, with what it supports,
is floated off from its bearings by the suspension wires p, p..
Figure 4 is a modification of part of the machine, showing another method
of raising and depressing the points or tools. (18) (18) are weights suspended
by the cords or straps 18*, and acting by means of the pullies (9) (9) upon
the spindle or cam axes 5, and thereby depressing.the points or tools. Upon the
surface of the cylinder 19 is a weight suspended to the other extremities of
the ends 18, and so acting as to raise the weights (18) (18), and permit the
points or tools to be removed from the surface of the cylinder. By means of
a treadle acting upon the cord 19*, the weight 19 is raised, and the weights
(18) (18) are allowed to act as before.
DRAWING No.. 3.
When fint surfaces are to be-wrought unon, whether as one plate or is

page_text: are ribbed tablets attached to pillars (20) (20) (20) (20), which are bolted
on to the table T. These tablets on their under surfaces receive the ends of the
bars or arms (17) (17) (17) (17), which have a movement upon them by
which means the table D, with its plate or plates, takes its bearing upwards,
so that when the tools or points are at work upon the plates the pressure and
friction upon the bearings is diminished instead of being.increased, as it would
if the bearing were downwards. K, K, K, K, a strong frame of stool
extending beyond the range of the frames C, C, and which gives support to
the bars H, H, H, and spindles (5) (5) (5), with their carriages (8) (8) (8).
These spindles, upon which the volute cams-are-fixed, receive their partial
rotation by means of the compound levers moved by the rod w. This move-
ment is carried on from (21) to: (24) (25) (26) (27) (27) (27), and thus
affect the three spindles simultaneously. (23), a standard giving support to
the axis (22). The carriages and tools are the same as those shewn in the
preceding Drawing..
Figures 4 and 5. exhibit the structure of a graving apparatus which in
executing its work, that is to say, in cutting out and driving the metal beforó
it, moves on its axis of motion in conformity with the direction of the line its
cutter is ploughing. Fig. 4 a side elevation, and Figure 5 a front elevation
of the same. H, the bar which carries the: graving apparatus, and (5) the
spindle, as before described. (11) (11), the body of the carriage with its
journals in which the stock (30) rotates. (31), a wheel receiving a partial
rotatory movement from a band acting on its periphery. Upon this stock is
jointed at (33) and. (34) the body (32), which holds in oblique position the
rhomboidal graving tool or cutter (39). The stock (30) is tubular, and
within it the stock (35) rises and falls by the alternate action of the cords
(38) and the volute cam (15). The cutting extremity of the graving tool
is so placed as to be always precisely beneath the centre of motion. The dif-
ference of centering between (33) and (34) gives it a forward motion, clearing
the burr. when it rises from its work... Figure 6 shews the manner in which
these graving tools receive their rotatory movement, in conformity with the
direction of the line they cut. It is a plan of the whole machine, combining
the part: shewn in No. 1-and in Figure on this Drawing. To the tracing
point or axis (c) is attached a handle (40), which is held by both hands, so as
to give a more steady and determinate movement to the arm (1^);, The semi-
circular toothed rim (41) takes into the cog wheel (42). (41), being of
greater diameter than (42), a¨less movement of the handle (40) affects a
greater movement of the wheel. This wheel gives action to the rods (44)
(44), and these again to the wheel (45), which revolves upon the same centre,

page_text: as the joint (45) gives action in like manner to (46) (46), and these to the
wheel (47) This wheel revolves upon an axis concentric with the fulcrum
joint e. The axis of this wheel passes down below the table T in the manner
shewn in Figure 7. The wheel (48). on the same axis as (47) gives move-
ment right and left to the rods (49) (49) (49) (49), which attach to and
move the cross bars (50) (50). Figure 7 shews an elevation of Figure 6
from the wheels (51) on either side acting in combination. Movement is
conveyed by endless bands (53) (53) to the several tool wheels (31) shewn at
large in Figures 4 and 5. In this instance the fulcrum of A is of the shape
shewn, so as to afford a firm support on the table T over the circular-aper-
ture at (47). In working a machine on this construction the bar (40) is
to be kept nearly in a right-angular position to the line which the tracer is
following
Figure 1 is a longitudinal section, and Figure 2 a transverse section of the
mode of adapting a thin crust cylinder to the purposes of calico printing or
similar purposes, so as to obviate the necessity of employing, as is usual,
cylinders of very great thickness, such thickness being requisite in the ordinary
mode of embossing such cylinders, but which I conceive may be dispensed
with in the mode to which the present Patent relates. 70 is a crust of copper:
(71) the mandril or axis. (72) (72) (72). three segments which serve to
sustain the copper crust, which they fill out perfectly. These segments are

page_text: conical in their interior surface, and the mandril is conical on its exterior
surface. They are driven home to a tight fit by the nut (73) upon the conical
mandril (71). Figures 3 and 4 shew in longitudinal and transverse elevations
the cylinder or roller Z, taking its bearings at X, X, upon the blocks or sleepers
D, D, which are roughened on their upper surface in order to their better
taking hold of the cylinder. These views shew also the mode of its suspension
by wires p, p. (3) (3), collars within which the axis of the mandril works.
P. P, wires of suspension passing up to the steel-yard or beam (79) in Figures
6 and 7. This beam revolving at (81) is held in equipoise by the weight (80),
adjustable in the slot according to a scale. 82, 82, checks taking on to the
wheels (83) (83), which run upon rails in (84), and thus allow the cylinder
beneath a requisite extent of movement in the line of its axis. t, t, (Fig. 3,)
the pivots of movement in the bar table D, D. (76), a collar taking a bearing
upon the friction wheels (77) (77), so as to give freedom of movement to the
frames C, C, instead of counterpoises. Figure, 4, 78, 78, are screws by means
of which the blocks or sleepers D*, D*, are adjusted and brought to an exact
bearing beneath the ends X, X.
Figure 5 is a plan of the frame or table D, D. D*, D*, the blocks or
sleepers sustaining the ends X, X, of the cylinder. 76, 76, collars resting and
revolving upon the friction wheels 77, 77, as shown in Figure 3. The arms 17
are the means of suspending the bar or table D. Figure 8 shows the mode
of floating off the superfluous weight of the frames where some extent of
movement in every direction is required by that part of the rhomboidal frame
to which it attaches. The cord p of the weight 86 passes over the pulley
(87), which pully is suspended by the checks 88 upon the swivel joint 89,
which allows the pulley to revolve freely. The whole also runs by the wheels
and carriage 90, 90, upon the rail 91. Figure 9 shows the mode of floating
off where a run upon the rail is not required, but where a swivel movement is
sufficient.
Figure 10 shows the mode of counterpoise or floating off which is applied
to the longer arm of the tracing frame A (Drawing No. 1). In this case a
wide range of movement is provided for. The parts 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91,
are similar to those shown in Figure 8, but the whole is attached to a long
lever 92, with its pivot at 93. 94 is a wheel running upon a curved rail 95,
as indicated by the dotted lines in Drawing No. 1.
Figures 11 and 12 are plan and section of what is called a swing carriage,
applicable to surfaces when some fluid color is to be imparted to them. The
body 107 rests and revolves upon conical points 106, taking into holes of small
bore, and thus resting upon the cross piece or bar 111.
108 is a flat cistern

page_text: containing the fluid pigment.
109, a conical tube with a small aperture at its
lower apex. The communication from the cistern to the tube is effected by a
thread of worsted, or other similar substance having a capillary structure.
110, 110, weight adjustable in slots for regulating the pressure of the tube
upon the surface it is to act upon. This swing carriage rises or falls in
obedience to the foot by means of the treadle in the usual mode, and as other-
wise shown in these Drawings. Figures 13 and 14 are plan and section of a
similar swing carriage furnished with a point 112, instead of the tube and
cistern above described. The other parts are similar to corresponding parts in
Figures 11 and 12. This carriage is applicable either where a point, whether
diamond or steel, is to be employed upon a surface with extreme delicacy, as
in the etching of fine works, or where (as for the purpose above described) a
tracing is to be effected upon a surface of paper by means of an interposed
transfer paper.
Figures 15 and 16 are plan and section of a ruling machine of a novel
construction, by means of which, when applied to the tracing point on the
tracing table, parallel lines, either straight or waved, may be effected. 96 and 97
are grooves, the one straight and the other waved, in a metallic plate attached
to the forepart of the board or frame 98, 98, within which is placed the
frame 100, 100, moving freely within the frame 98, and having an extent of
movement forwards and backwards limited at pleasure by the screws 102, 102,
against the polished knobs 103, 103. The bearings upon the side of these
two frames are so adjusted as that the loaded cylinder 105, in passing to and
fro, shall alternately rest upon the outer and the inner frame, and shall
insensibly transfer its weight from the one to the other, the upper surfaces of
the frames 98, 100, being recessed at the parts 98*, 100, so that when the
roller is resting upon one frame the other shall be at liberty to slide or move
freely the distance to which it is adjusted by the set screws 102. The wrist
and fingers of the left-hand easily effect these movements, and give perfect
direction to the tracing point with great rapidity of execution. The same
contrivance, made up upon a larger scale, and with the requisite adjustments,
is available as a ruling machine for executing skies and other similar parts of
plates in the mode usually practised by engravers.
In witness whereof, I, the said Isaac Taylor, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Sixteenth day of February, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and forty-nine.
ISAAC (L.s.) TAYLOR.
B

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Sixteenth day of February,
in the year of our Lord 1849, the aforesaid Isaac Taylor came before our said
Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification afore-
said, and all and every thing therein contained and specified, in form above
written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according to the
tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Enrolled the Twenty-first day of February, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and forty-nine.