AN IMPROVED METHOD OF LINING ROTARY PUDDLING FURNACES
Year: 1872

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Samuel Danks, of Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
of America, now of No. 8, Southampton Buildings, London, for
the Invention of "AN IMPROVED METHOD OF LINING ROTARY PUDDLING
FURNACES."
Scaled the 14th June 1872, and dated the 9th April 1872.
'
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Samuel Danks at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
9th April 1872.
i
, I, SAMUEL DANKS, of Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America,
now of No. 8, Southampton Buildings, London, do hereby declare the
nature of the, said Invention for "AN IMPROVED METHOD OF LINING ROTARY
PUDDLING FURNACES," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to a novel method of lining rotary puddling
furnaces and more especially the furnace described in the Specifications
of Inventions for which Letters Patent were formerly obtained, bearing!
date the 6th day of February, A.D., 1869, No. 370, and September 2nd,
A.D. 1870, No. 2397.

page_text: The material of which my improved furnace lining is made is a
compound of lime and oxide or silicate of iron or other metallic oxide,
to which I sometimes add soda or potash or other alkalies or common
salt, or a quantity of all of these substances.
In making this compound I mix the lime in water to the consistency
of a thick cream. If the soda, potash, or salt is to be used, the same
should be dissolved in the water before mixing the lime therein. I then
add to this cream iron ore well pulverized or other oxide or silicate in
such proportions as will give the compound the consistency of stiff
mortar.
-
In lining the aforesaid furnace with my improved compound I proceed
as follows The part of the inner surface of the revolving cylinder or
chamber which occupies the lowest position, is first covered with the
aforesaid compound between and over the hollow ribs of the said
cylinder. The compound is then dried or allowed to dry and becomes
quite hard. The cylinder is then turned partially around, the said hollow
ribs holding the compound securely in place. By thus turning the
cylinder on its axis another portion of its surface is brought to the
lowest position, and this portion is covered in like manner with the
compound, which in turn is dried or allowed to dry, and the cylinder is
again turned partially around, and so on till its entire surface is lined or
coated with the aforesaid compound to a depth of about one inch above
the top of the hollow ribs. When dry the said compound is very hard
and will not be displaced or fused by the heat of the furnace.
The aforesaid compound is also applied to the bridge plate and the
lower part of the shiftable piece, described in the said former Specifica-
tions, to form a protective lining or coating for the same.
t
When the aforesaid lining or coating of the cylinder or chamber is
dry, I make a fire in the furnace and introduce into the said cylinder
pulverized iron ore or other oxide or silicate of iron, and melt the same
in the cylinder, the latter being caused to revolve slowly; then the
temperature is slightly reduced to allow the molten oxide or silicate to
set upon the surface of the compound and form a vitreous lining or
covering thereon. Care must be taken that the ends of the revolving
cylinder as well as the circular portions of its inner surface are covered
both with the compound and the molten oxide or silicate.
1

page_text: After the first vitreous coating has been allowed to set or harden a
fresh quantity of pulverized iron ore or other oxide of iron is thrown into
the cylinder and melted therein; then the revolution of the furnace is
stopped, and the molten ore or oxide forms a bath in the bottom or:
lower portion of the revolving cylinder or chamber. Into this bath a'
number of large pieces or lumps of iron ore, or oxide of iron, or other
metallic oxides, or suitable refractory material, are thrown. The bath
of molten ore or oxide being thereby slightly cooled sets or hardens,
holding these pieces imbedded in it with their upper portions projecting
above its surface. A further quantity of iron ore or oxide is then
thrown into the cylinder and melted, the cylinder being set in motion
as before. When this fresh quantity of the ore or oxide is melted, the
cylinder is stopped in a position nearly opposite to its last position, the
molten ore or oxide again forming a bath opposite or nearly so to that
in which the aforesaid pieces are embedded. Into this bath I also throw
a number of large pieces of iron ore or other metallic oxides or refractory
material, which are set in the furnace by the cooling of the bath, with
their upper portions projecting like those first described. This operation
is repeated till five or six portions or the entire surface of the cylinder
have been set with these projecting pieces, care being taken to cool the
molten ore or oxide with the pieces or lumps therein, in such positions
that the cylinder shall remain evenly balanced on its axis.
The furnace is then ready for puddling. As the lining wears it may
5 SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Samuel Danks in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 9th October 1872.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, SAMUEL
DANKS, of Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America, now of No. 8,
o Southampton Buildings, London, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Ninth day of April, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-two, in the thirty-
fifth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,

page_text: give and grant unto me, the said Samuel Danks, Her special licence
that I, the said Samuel Danks, my executors, administrators, and.
assigns, or such others as I, the said Samuel Danks, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "AN IMPROVED METHOD
OF LINING ROTARy Puddling FurnACES," upon the condition (amongst others)
that I, the said Samuel Danks, my executors or administrators, by an
instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and
seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and
cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Samuel Danks, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement :—
This Invention consists in an improved method of lining rotary
puddling furnaces, and more especially the furnace described in the
Specifications of Inventions for which Letters Patent were formerly
obtained, bearing date the 6th day of February, A.D. 1869 (No. 370),
and September 2nd, A.D. 1870 (No. 2397).
The material of which the lining is made is a compound of lime and
oxide or silicate of iron or other metallic oxide to which I sometimes
add soda, potash, or other alkali or common salt, or a quantity of all
of these substances.
In making this compound I dissolve the lime in water to the con-
sistency of a thick cream. If the soda, potash, or salt is to be used,
the same should be dissolved in the water before mixing the lime therein.
I then add to this cream iron ore well pulverized, or other oxide or
silicate in such proportions as will give the compound the consistency
of stiff mortar.
In lining the aforesaid furnaces I proceed as follows:-The part of the
inner surface of the revolving cylinder or chamber which occupies the

page_text: lowest position, is first covered with the aforesaid compound between
and over the hollow ribs of the said cylinder. The compound is then
dried or allowed to dry and becomes quite hard. The cylinder is then
turned partially round the said hollow ribs, holding the compound
securely in place. By thus turning the cylinder on its axis another
portion of its surface is brought to the lowest position, and this portion
is covered in like manner with the compound, which in turn is dried or
allowed to dry, and the cylinder is again turned partially round and so
on till its entire surface is lined or coated with the aforesaid compound
to a depth of about one inch above the top of the hollow ribs. When
dry the said compound is very hard and will not be displaced or fused by
the heat of the furnace.
The aforesaid compound is also applied to the bridge plate, and the
lower part of the shiftable piece, described in the said former Specifica-
tions, to form a protective lining or coating for the same.
:
:
When the aforesaid lining or coating of the cylinder or chamber is
dry I make a fire in the furnace and introduce into the said cylinder
pulverized iron ore or other oxide or silicate of iron, and melt the same,
in the cylinder, the latter being caused to revolve slowly; then the
temperature is slightly reduced to allow the molten oxide or silicate to
set upon the surface of the compound and form a vitreous lining or
covering thereon. Care must be taken that the ends of the revolving
cylinder as well as the circular portions of its inner surface are covered
both with the compound and the molten oxide or silicate.
After the foregoing or first vitreous coating has been allowed to set
or harden a fresh quantity of pulverized iron ore or other oxide of iron
is thrown into the cylinder and melted therein; then the revolution of
the furnace is stopped, and the molten ore or oxide forms a bath in the
bottom or lower portion of the revolving cylinder or chamber. Into
this bath a number of large pieces or lumps of iron ore, or oxide of iron,
or other metallic oxide, or suitable refractory material are thrown. The
molten ore or oxide being thereby slightly cooled sets or hardens,
holding these pieces embedded in it with their upper portion projecting
above its surface. A further quantity of iron ore or oxide is then thrown
5 into the cylinder and melted, the cylinder being set in motion as before.
When this fresh quantity of the ore or oxide is melted, the cylinder is.

page_text: stopped in a position nearly opposite to its last position, the molten ore
or oxide again forming a bath opposite or nearly so to that in which the
aforesaid pieces are embedded. Into this bath I also throw a number of
large pieces of iron ore or other metallic oxide or refractory material,
which are fixed in the furnace by the cooling of the bath, with their
upper portions projecting like those first described. This operation is
repeated, say in from four to six portions, until the entire surface of the
cylinder has been covered with the lining containing these projecting
pieces, care being taken to cool the molten ore or oxide with the pieces
or lumps in the same, in such positions that the cylinder will be nearly
balanced on its axis. The furnace is then ready for puddling. As the
lining wears, it may be repaired from time to time by a repetition of the
above processes.
The iron ore or oxide of iron may be melted in a separate furnace
and poured in a molten state into the hot revolving chamber to form or 1
renew the lining.
The metallic oxides which I commonly employ and find well suited
for the purposes above stated, are the "heating furnace cinder" or
"best tap; " but other metallic oxides containing a considerable per-
centage of iron, as native oxide of iron, oxide of titanium, oxide of 2
manganese, or other refractory oxides of iron may be employed for the
purpose.
By applying the lining in the manner above described it is obvious
that the interior surface of the cylinder when lined will not be circular
but polygonal, that is to say, it will consist of flat sides whose number 2
will be equal to the number of separate baths of iron ore or oxide used
in forming the said lining.
Having thus fully described the nature of the said Invention and the
manner of performing the same, I wish it understood that I claim,―
First. Providing the cylinder of a rotary puddling furnace with a 3
lining or fettling consisting of the above described compound, and other
substances applied to the interior of the said cylinder, in the manner
herein described.
Secondly. The application of vitreous coatings of iron ore or other
oxide or silicate of iron as above described.
35

page_text: Thirdly. Fixing in the aforesaid lining or fettling of the cylinder of a
rotary puddling furnace projecting pieces of iron ore or other suitable
refractory material, as hercin set forth.
In witness whereof, I, the said Samuel Danks, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Eighth day of October, in the year.
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-two.
SAMUEL DANKS. (L.S.)
Witness,
WM. ROBT. LAKE.