AN IMPROVED MIXTURE OR COMBINATION OF FLUIDS TO BE EMPLOYED AS A CIRCULATING MEDIUM IN PIPES USED FOR WARMING AND HEATING PURPOSES
Year: 1873

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Edward Thomas Hughes, of the Firm of Hugbes
and Son, Patent Agents, 123, Chancery Lane, London, for tho
Invention of "AN IMPROVED MIXTURE OR COMBINATION OF FLUIDS TO BE
EMPLOYED AS A CIRCULATING MEDIUM IN PIPES USED FOR WARMING AND
HEATING PURPOSES."-A communication from abroad by Louis Grimm
and Johannes Corvin, both of Magdeburg, Prussia.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Edward Thomas Hughes
at the Office of tho Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 25th February 1873,
I, EDWARD THOMAS HUGHES, of the Firm of Hughes and Son, Patent
Agents, 123, Chancery Lane, London, do hereby declare the naturo
of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED MIXTURE OR COMBINATION OF FLUIDS
TO BE EMPLOYED AS A CIRCULATING MEDIUM IN PIPES USED FOR WARMING AND
HEATING PURPOSES,” communication to me from abroad by Louis

page_text: Grimm and Johannes Corvin, both of Magdeburg, Prussia, to be as
follows:-
This Invention relates to the system in which pipes filled with heated
water, air, mineral oil, or other matters are used for warming buildings,
heating ovens, and other purposes, and consists in using glycerine in 5
which is dissolved chloride of lime or similar salts or matters capable of
being dissolved in glycerine. The glycerine which at the average height
of the atmosphere has the specific gravity of 1.26 is mixed with chloride
of calcium until its specific gravity is from 1.40 to 1.45. The boiling
point of this mixture ranges from 300 to 330° Centigrade according to 1
the quantity of the salt, and it will be found that no ordinary amount
of heat has any evaporating effect even when heated in open vessels, for
in such cases the humidity derived from the atmosphere is immediately
evaporated. This mixture cannot be frozen by the ordinary extreme of
cold, and as the pipes can be heated to a high temperature without 1
danger of explosion in any weather there is a guarantee of safety that
no other system possesses, and at the same time there is no evaporation
at the ordinary temperatures.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent
filed by the said Edward Thomas Hughes in the Great Scal Patent 2
Office on the 25th August 1873.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, EDWARD
THOMAS HUGHES, of the Firm of Hughes and Son, Patent Agents, 123,
Chancery Lane, London, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Ier 2
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twenty-fifth day of February, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-three, in the
thirty-sixth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said Edward Thomas Hughes, Her special
licence that I, the said Edward Thomas Hughes, my executors, 3
administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Edward Thomas
Hughes, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time
agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter
during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,

page_text: exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
"AN IMPROVED MIXTURE OR COMBINATION OF FLUIDS TO BE EMPLOYED AS A
CIRCULATING MEDIUM IN PIPES USED FOR WARKING AND HEATING PURPOSES,"
a communication to me from abroad by Louis Grimm and Johannes
Corvin, both of Magdeburg, Prussia, upon the condition (amongst
others) that I, the said Edward Thomas Hughes, my executors or
administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one
of their hands and scals, should particularly describe and ascertain the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be
performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the
said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, tho said Edward Thomas Hughes, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement, that is to say :-
•
Amongst all the substances or matters hitherto used for circulating
heat in vessels and pipes, there is not one without many inconveniences
and defects, and therefore the various arrangements of heating apparatus
are not so generally used as they would be if they had a circulating
medium without the present defects and offering superior advantages.
In most apparatus water only is used, and the older arrangement
called the hot water or low pressure system labors under the following
disadvantages, which at the very commencement provented its general
use in England and North America, and afterwards considerably limited
its use on the Continent of Europe:—
Firstly. There is a disproportionately high capital required to bo
invested in the establishment, and a large amount of room' occupied.
Secondly. There is a large consumption of fuel on account of repeated
escapes of the circulating water.
Thirdly. A loss of time in firing and getting up the heat, as the largo-
quantity of water has to be heated nearly to the boiling point before it
begins to circulate and transmit warmth.
3 Fourthly. The great expenso incurred for heating, cleaning, and
•
.

page_text: Fifthly. The danger of the water freezing in the pipes when there is
intenso cold and the heating not continuous, as in churches, concert
rooms, railway waggons, and other places requiring to be warmed only
at intervals.
Sixthly. The heat cannot circulate to a great distance, and therefore
in some cases a large number of fire-places are required.
1-
Seventhly. The temperature of the heated pipes or bodies cannot be
made to exceed 63° Centigrade, and then the heat is insufficient in
extremely cold weather.
And Eighthly. There is a constant increase of sediment and incrusta-
tion in consequence of the frequent supplics of water, especially when
the latter is impure.
If the heating apparatus is filled with a circulating medium herein-
after described there will be no evaporation nor restoration, no sediments
or incrustation, an augmentation of heat to more than 300° Centigrado,
and no freezing at 40° Centigrade, and thus the apparatus can be applied
to all places not requiring to be continually heated.
Another arrangement for heating is called the Perkins' system, which
is divided into the middle and high pressure, there being a safety valve
which opens when the pressure is too high.
In comparing the low and high-pressure systems the latter has
undoubtedly the advantages of being much cheaper in the cost of
establishment, in less occupation of space, and in the capability of
heating the apparatus to a high temperature, thereby rendering it
suitable for bakers' ovens, drying stoves, varnish ovens, and cooking
apparatus, and. its use is widely spread in England and Northern,
Germany, but still the middle and high-pressure systems have several
disadvantages :-
'
First. There is danger of explosion, for when an enormous pressuro
is existing a shock or blow will be sufficient to burst the metal of the
pipes in those surfaces which are in immediate contact with the fire and
in weak places generally, and thus persons are often covered with boiling
water and frequently scalded to death.
Secondly. Apparatus of this kind is in cold weather subject to
freezing, the more so as the cooling is a quick one, and on this account a
the system has been prevented from being introduced on railways

page_text: .
- Thirdly. The apparatus is soon unfit for work, for the violent cir-
culation of the superheated water in the apparatus and pipes subjects
them to a continual shaking, by which the joints are loosened and costly
repairs necessitated.
In other heating apparatus heavy mineral oils having a high degréo
of ebullition have been tried, but in practice it has been found that the
oil gradually decomposes or thickens into a tough fluid, and besides the
extremo combustibility of heated mineral oils renders them exceedingly'
dangerous.
Glycerine combined with water has been employed, but the compound.
in heated pipes is found to undergo a slow decomposition, and has the
peculiarity of having shocks when boiling.
The new and peculiar nature of this Invention consists in tho
employment of glycerine in which is dissolved or incorporated chlorido
of calcium or similar hygroscopio salts soluble in glycerine. The
glycerine which at the average pressure of the atmosphere has the
specific gravity of 1.26 is mixed with chloride of calcium until the
composition or mixture has the specific gravity of 1.40 to 1-45, and the
boiling point of this composition ranges from 800° to 830° Ocntigrade,
according to the quantity of the salt, and no change of heat will affect
this composition even when used in open vessels, as the humidity taken
from the air would be instantly evaporated. This composition can be
efficiently employed for all systems of heating, and usod instead of steam
for cooking and heated metal baths, it being admirably suited for bakers'
5 ovens, railway wagons, tramway cars, varnish stoves, and other heating
and warming apparatus, the composition being entirely exempt from
all the inconveniences and dangers arising from the use of warm and
hot water, mineral oils, simple glycerino, and other analogous matters.
The composition is not subject to freezing in the coldest temperature,
it is incombustible, corrodes no motal, and when heated so as to exert a
pressure of about fifteen pounds on the square inch, a temperature of
840° Centigrade is transmitted.
Open heating systems may be used without fear, as no explosion can
possibly take place, and as the heated bodies are not affected by great
pressure the material of which the pipes or tubes are made may be
thinner, and the apparatus less costly than those fed with water, and as

page_text: no evaporation takes place there is no necessity of continually renewing
the supply.
Instead of water in the heating pipes of "Wieghorst's baker's oven,"
this improved glycerine composition is particularly recommended, there
being no risk of explosion and greater duration of efficiency, and for
cooking stoves this glycerine composition is also recommended, because
the matters cooked cannot be burnt, and as no pressure takes place the
apparatus is less costly, and also as the apparatus is not necessarily
located in or on the stove, several cooking apparatuses may be put in
action by one and the samo heating, and all this without soot and dirt, :
less fuel, and with greater cleanliness.
Having thus described the nature and particulars of the said Invention,
I claim, the improved mixture or combination of fluids to be employed as
a circulating medium in pipes used for warming and heating purposes,
substantially as set forth.
In witness whereof, I, the said Edward Thomas Hughes, have here-
unto set my hand and seal this Twenty-fifth day of August. One