de Force à Rotation Directe).
Year: 1885

page_text: de Force à Rotation Directe).
We, PAUL DOU, ingénieur des poudres et salpêtres at the Poudrerie nationale
du Ripault (Indre & Loire France) and AUGUSTE DOU, ingénieur des ponts et
chaussées à Lorient (Morbihan France) do hereby declare the nature of this
invention to be as follows:-
=
This invention, which we have patented in France on the 3rd October 1885,
relates to apparatus wherein motive power, such as steam, or other fluid pressure
applied to a piston inside an enclosed casing, produces the direct rotation of a shaft
connected thereto.
The apparatus consists mainly of a casing, the configuration of whose circumference
is a curve produced by the extremities of a straight line A. B, Fig. 1 of the
accompanying drawings, revolving upon a fixed point O while at the same time
the middle point C of the line describes a closed curve passing through O, such last
named curve being by preference a circle having its centre at 01. In this case the
curve described by the points A and B is a circle-conchoid, known as "Limaçon de
Pascal." A plane passing through the line A B and axis O constitutes the
diametral plane of the piston, which is formed as a symetrical body on each side
of that plane, having such a configuration that when in the position A B, that is
to say at right angles to the line 0 0¹, it entirely fills the space A N B in the
casing.
This apparatus operates by the admission of steam or other working fluid say at
the point B of the casing so that in pressing upon the surface of the piston which
is next the casing, it causes the piston to revolve in the direction of the arrow and,
starting from the position A N B P, shewn in full lines, to assume successively
different position such as that indicated by dotted lines A¹ N' B¹ P¹, and at the
same time rotating its shaft, until the fluid is allowed to escape through the
exhaust opening situated at A, when the piston has completed its revolution. If
the fluid pressure be admitted at A, and made to escape at B, the motion of the
piston will be reversed.
Apparatus constructed according to our above described invention may be
variously arranged; thus according to one arrangement, shewn in transverse and
Prian 1171

page_text: longitudinal sections at Figs. 2 and 3, the rotating shaft O is situated at the
point O of Fig. 1, being situated within a slot in the piston, which consequently
revolves round the shaft, being guided by the casing A M B N.
The shaft O has projecting arms within the slot of the piston, carrying
rollers K K', so that the piston, in pressing against these rollers during its rotation,
effects the rotation of the shaft. In this case the casing A. M B N may be formed
either according to the "Limacon de Pascal," or according to any other conchoid.
According to another arrangement, shewn in transverse and longitudinal sections
at Figs. 4, 5 and 6, the rotating shaft O¹ is situated at the point O¹ Fig. 1, and has
a crank formed thereon that passes loose through the centre C of the piston, so
that the latter in revolving, turns the crank and with it the shaft O¹. In this case
it is not absolutely necessary that the centre line A B of the piston should always
pass through the point O Fig. 1.
According to another arrangement, both the axes O and O¹ may be employed in
combination, by adding to the arrangement shewn at Figs. 2 and 3 a cranked
shaft O as in the last described arrangement, in which case either O or O¹ may be
used as the main shaft. In this case the curvature of the casing A M B N must
be a "Limacon de Pascal," or a curve only differing slightly from it.
When using steam or other elastic fluid with the above described motor engines,
such fluid may either be made to act by expansion or it may be admitted during
the entire stroke. In the former case either suitable valves or slides may be
provided for cutting off the supply of fluid when the piston has performed a part
of its revolution, or there may be two or more apparatus combined with each other
in such manner that when the fluid has done duty in the one apparatus, it is made
to act by expansion in the other apparatus.
The apparatus may be worked either by elastic fluids such as steam, compressed
or hot air, gaseous products of combustion &c or by unelastic fluids such as water
under pressure; it will be readily understood that the apparatus is also applicable
for forcing liquids or gases by driving the shaft by a suitable motor and thus
revolving the piston in the casing.
Dated this oath ...
11005

page_text: also Applicable for Forcing Liquids or Gases.
We, PAUL DOU, Ingenieur des poudres et salpêtres at the Poudrerie nationale
du Ripault (Indre et Loire France) and AUGUSTE Dou, Ingenieur des Ponts et
chaussées à Lorient (Morbihan France) do hereby declare the nature of this
invention and in what manner the same is to be prepared to be particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following statement:-
This invention which we have patented in France ou the 3rd Oct 1885, relates
to apparatus wherein motive power, such as steam or other fluid pressure applied
to a piston inside an enclosed casing, produces the direct rotation of a shaft
connected thereto.
The apparatus consists mainly of a casing, the configuration of whose circum-
ference is a curve produced by the extremities of a straight line A B, Fig. 1 of the
accompanying drawing, revolving upon a fixed point O while at the same time, the
middle point C of the line describes a closed curve passing through O, such last
named curve being by preference a circle having its centre at O'. In this case the
curve described by the points A and B is a circle conchoid known as "Limaçon de
Pascal."
A plane passing through the line A B and axis O constitutes the diametral plane
of the piston, which is formed as a symmetrical body on each side of that plane,
having such a configuration that when in the position A B, that is to say at right
angles to the line 0 0¹, it entirely fills the space A N B in the casing.
This apparatus operates by the admission of steam or other working fluid, say at
the point B of the casing so that in pressing upon the surface of the piston which
is next the casing it causes the piston to revolve in the direction of the arrow and
starting from the piston A N B P, shewn in full lines, to assume successively
different positions such as that indicated by dotted lines A¹ N¹ B¹ P¹ and at the
same time rotating its shaft until the fluid is allowed to escape through the exhaust
opening situated at A, when the piston has completed its revolution. If the fluid
pressure be admitted at A and made to escape at B, the motion of the piston will
be reversed.
Apparatus constructed according to our above described invention may be
variously arranged; thus according to one arrangement, shewn in transverse and
longitudinal sections at Figs. 2 and 3 the rotating shaft O is situated at the point o
of Fig. 1, being situated within a slot in the piston, which consequently revolves
round the shaft, being guided by the casing A M B N. The shaft O has projecting
arms within the slot of the piston carrying rollers K K¹, so that the piston in
pressing against these rollers during its rotation effects the rotation of the shaft.
In this case the casing A. M B N may be formed either according to the " Limaçon
de Pascal" or according to any other conchoid.
It is not even necessary to employ arms carrying rollers to obtain this system
of guiding; it suffices to put in the slot of the piston a flattened part of the shaft,
and to make it slide in this alot as shewn at Fig. 2ª.

page_text: According to another arrangement shewn in transverse and longitudinal sections
at Figs. 4, 5 and 6, the rotating shaft O¹ is situated at the point 01, Fig. 1, and has
a crank formed thereon that passes loose through the centre C of the piston, so
that the latter in revolving turns the crank and with it the shaft O¹. In this case
it is not absolutely necessary that the centre line A B of the piston should always
pass through the point O; Fig. 1.
13.
According to another arrangement both the axes 0 and 0¹ may be employed in
combination, by adding to the arrangement shewn at Figs. 2 and 3 a cranked
shaft O¹ as in the last described arrangement, in which case either 0 or 0¹ may be
used as the main shaft. In this case the curvature of the casing A M B N must
be a "limacon de pascal," or a curve only differing slightly from it.
When using steam or other elastic fluid with the above described motor engines,
such fluid may either be made to act by expansion or it may be admitted during
the entire stroke. In the former case either suitable valves or slides may be
provided for cutting off the supply of fluid when the piston has performed a part
of its revolution, or there may be two or more apparatus combined with each
other in such manner that when the fluid has done duty in the one apparatus, is
made to act by expansion in the other apparatus.
The apparatus may be worked either by elastic fluids such as steam, compressed
or hot air, gaseous products of combustion etc., or by unelastic fluids such as water
under pressure; it will be readily understood that the apparatus is also applicable
for forcing liquids or gases by driving the shaft by a suitable motor and thus
revolving the piston in the casing.
As has been shewn, it is possible to construct our apparatus so as to drive or be
driven by a shaft lying either in the axis O or in O¹.
Thus machines of great simplicity may be obtained particularly applicable as
pumps. But with such arrangements the guiding is not perfect; the ends of the
piston are not forced to describe the curve assigned to them, the surface of the
casing would have to act to some extent as guide, and friction and wear would
consequently result. It is therefore preferred to afford the piston perfect means of
guiding, that is to say, to force its axis C to revolve round O and to force its
diametrical plane to pass continuously through the axis O. We will proceed to
describe the practical construction of a machine operating in this manner, referring
to Figs. 7 to 11 of the drawings. Fig. 7 shews a transverse section of the cylinder
and piston on line X Y Fig. 8, which is a longitudinal section on line W Z, Fig. 7.
Fig. 9 shews a transverse section on line UV Fig. 8.
The main shaft is situated in the axis 0¹, being formed with a crank 0" 0" in
the piston, which is formed of two symmetrical parts fitting against each other in
the diametrical plane and connected by bolts b b. There is no shaft in the axis O,
but the piston is forced to revolve round this axis by the following arrangement.
The two ends F F of the cylinder have two cylindrical guiding studs G G Figs. 8
and 9, concentric with the axis O; on these studs are fitted two guides g g the
side faces of which are planed and slide on the planed side faces L L on two
recesses in the sides of the piston. Thus it will be seen that in all the positions
assumed by the piston, its diametral plane, will always pass through O.
At T T are two channels which serve to always maintain a communication
between the two parts of the spaces E (only one of these is shewn on the drawing,
the slide g being at the bottom of its course) in order to avoid the compression of
the fluid alternately in the two parts.
Under these conditions the extremities of the piston will be made to describe
accurately the pascal curve, which is the conchoid of the circle O' C, and the
friction will only tend to smoothen and render accurate the geometrical surface of
the cylinder instead of deforming it, such surface only serving as a sufficiently
accurately fitting casing to insure fluid tight working. For insuring a fluid tight
action, the extremities of the piston are provided with sliding pieces D D, acting
as packing, hinged to pieces KK, which are acted upon by strong springs R R,

page_text: whereby the packing D D is pressed tightly against the cylinder surface, such
pressure being assisted by the pressure of the fluid upon the wings d d.
The body of the piston is made as light as practicable, P P are the solid parts
and p p hollows.
The ends or covers of the cylinder are made adjustable against the sides of the
piston, to insure a fluid tight fit, by means of screws W, which bear against
plates ff that are fixed on annular ribs n n of the cylinder by means of screw
bolts S. The plates f f form packings at J J on the joints of the cylinder and the
movable covers F. Stufting boxes Z Z are also provided for the passage
of the
shaft O¹ through the covers.
For insuring the permanent adjustment of this shaft, it does not bear upon the
covers but upon independent lubricating bearings carried in pedestals on each side
of the machine, one of which is shewn at H h Fig. 8. QQ is a wooden casing
for preventing loss of heat; a steam jacket might also be employed for this
purpose.
The perfect guiding of the motion of the piston without the use of a second shaft
may also be obtained by various other geometrical arrangements whereby the
extremities of the piston are made to describe the pascal curve. Thus Fig. 10
shews an arrangement in which the studs G through which the shaft O¹ passes, are
made concentric with the latter, and are provided with teeth, the diameter of the
pitch circle being exactly equal to the diameter of the circle 01 C of which the
section of the cylinder forms the conchoid.
The side faces of the piston have circular hollows E, the circumferences of
which are formed with teeth gearing with those of the studs, and whose pitch
circle is exactly double the diameter that of the pitch circle of the studs. By this
arrangement the piston in rotating is also made to describe the pascal curve.
We prefer the previously described arrangements however, particularly for
machines working with a rapid motion, although the arrangement with toothed
wheel has the advantage of permitting the use of more flattened pascal curves,
which affords greater power for machines of equal weight.
The above described engines may be made to work expansively and with
condensation, the air pump of the condenser being made to act on the same
principle as the engine. When arranging the engine as a compound engine, the
expansion cylinder may be arranged as shewn at Fig. 11 so that the exhaust
opening A of the high pressure cylinder may be as close as possible to the inlet
opening b thereof. The necessary increase of volume for the expansion may be
obtained by enlarging the cylinder in the direction of its axis.
The apparatus may also be employed as a gas motor engine, either with or
without compression of the charges within the cylinder, that is to say working with
the cycle of four operations: drawing in the combustible charge and air, com-
pressing the same, firing the charge and performing the working stroke and
expelling the products of combustion. Or the compression of the charge might be
effected in an auxiliary machine of the same construction.
Lastly, the machine may also be employed in combination with an auxiliary
machine of the same construction as a motor engine worked by the combustion of
air charged with hydrocarbon vapour the auxiliary engine serving as a pump for
forcing the air supply through vessels of any known construction containing
bydrocarbon liquid.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of our said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed we declare that what
we claim is;-
1. Constructing apparatus for the transformation of force into direct rotation
consisting firstly of a casing the inner surface of which is formed according
to a curve produced by the rotation of a straight line such as A B upon a fixed
point such as O while at the same time the middle point C of the line describes

page_text: a. closed curve passing through O, and secondly, a piston having a body formed
symmetrically on each side of the diametral plane passing through the line A B,
and having such a configuration that when in the position A B it entirely fills the
space A NB, substantially as herein described with reference to Fig. 1 of the
drawings.
2. The use of apparatus for the transformation of force into direct rotation or for
forcing liquids or gases constructed and operating as herein described with reference
to Figs. 2 to 11 of the accompanying drawings.
ABEL & IMRAY,
Agents for the Applicants.