Year: 1886

page_text: Date of Application, 27th Feb., 1886.
Complete Left, 29th Nov., 1886.
Complete Accepted, 26th Mar., 1887.
I, HENRY HARRIS LAKE, of the firm of Haseltine, Lake & Co., Patent Agents,
Southampton Buildings, in the County of Middlesex do hereby declare the nature of
my invention to be as follows:-
This invention. relates chiefly to improvements in magneto-electric machines or
apparatus.
In order to facilitate the designation of the different kinds of apparatus to which
my improvements are applicable I will first give a table of the various magneto
electric induction machines or apparatus which table shows the classification of the
apparatus under six heads, a, b, c, d, f, g, which are quite distinct and definite; and
in the course of my descriptions or explanations, I shall confine myself to placing
before each description, or remark, one or more letters a, b, c, d, f, g, which will
signify that the description or the remark applies to the kinds of apparatus designated
by the letters preceding the paragraph.
In the following table and description I shall also speak of the elements or con-
ductors in which currents are induced as the "induced conductors or elements, and
of the elements or conductors which induce the currents as the "inducing" elements
or conductors.

page_text: netic
Apparatus
wherein the mag-
inducing
fields and
in-
duced conductors
are not displaced
relatively to each
other
Apparatus
wherein a varia-
tion of the inten-
sity of the mag-
netic inducing
field takes place.

page_text: IMPROVEMENTS APPLICABLE TO MACHINES OF THE CLASSES a, b.
The improvements which I have made in machines of the classes a and b consist in
a combination, the object of which is to enable the construction to be effected without
any uncertainty; without any mis-calculation in the effectiveness or power; with the
economy and the advantages which the mechanical unit gives and without any
limitation of the total power; and the mounting upon the same shafts and upon the
same armature rings or drums of any number of induced elements which can be
altogether independent from one another as regards character or section of the
conducting wire, systems of winding and of collectors, and as regards operation and
functions, that is to say, elements respectively capable of acting or not acting and
fulfilling the generating function or the function of receiving continuous or alternating
currents.
This combination constitutes an improvement at the same time in the arrangement
and in the method of employing the apparatus.
Taking any machine of the kind a or b, of the kind a for instance, having either a
Gramme ring or a Siemen's drum armature.-I construct a machine M times as
powerful as follows: Suppose the drum to be cut upon a generatrix of the cylinder
parallel to a plane passing through the axis of rotation, and between two consecutive
armature coils, without cutting the armature wire but elongating it if necessary in
order that it is adapted to what follows; and also that the collector is cut between two
successive strips. Suppose then that the drum and collector are opened out at their
respective planes of cutting so as to give them the form of arcs of a circle having a
radius than otherwise M times greater the ares which they then occupy being
respectivly of the circumference, that the collector caries its two brushes along in
contact with the strips which corresponded with them before the opening; and that
each of the strips is provided with means for joining it to its armature coils, suppose
then that the circles of these two ares of circumference are completed by adding to
them respectively M-1 arcs of of the circumference.
I
M
M
M
Suppose then that around the drum armature thus M times onlarged are arranged M
pairs of alternately inducing magnetic poles, each of the poles having the same linear
developement as in the original machine. Under these conditions the armature
winding which occupies 1 of the circumference of the drum will act as in the machine
where it occupied the same linear developement and ione entire circumference of a
radius M times smaller; provided that, the new collector which is M times larger, the
M1ares of of the circumference is each occupied by a number of strips equal to
the number of strips of the 1th occupied by the strips of the original open collectors;
and provided that the strip No. 1 of this this connected by a conductor having very
M
M
little resistance to all the strips No. 1 of the other successive arcs M-1; that the M
strips No. 2 are likewise connected and that it is the same for each group of M strips
of the same row in the collector.
There now remain M 1 ares of
of these M
-
of the circumference not wound and upon each
1 places, I can place an induced element similar to the first, having also
an analogous collector.
This combination applies to all systems of winding and to all systems of collectors
or reversers.
It is clear that there can be between these M apparatuses the most complete
independence in all respects.
If it is desired to connect two of these apparatuses wound with wire of the same
section these apparatuses operating synchronously, and as the method of winding the

page_text: electrodes, the reversers or collectors and the brushes can be varied. I can without
inconvenience save one of the two reversers, or one of the two collectors, or one of the
two pairs of brushes, by connecting in the case of the reversers the ends of the
entrance, and exit wire of the two coils to the same reverser, and, in the case of the
collectors, by connecting the successive junctions of the coils to the same collector, in
such a manner that the two apparatus work for quantity with a single pair of brushes,
and a single reverser or collector.
Each pair of elementary coils (one of each apparatus) thus working for quantity is
accordingly connected to two strips of the reverser or collector by 4 connections,
2 connections for each strip. By separating from each of these two strips one of these
two connections in such a manner that one of the two strips remains connected with one
of the two coils and the other strip with the other coil and by connecting with each. other
the two separate ends, nothing will be changed in the combined function of the two
apparatus; if not however the two apparatus work for tension instead of working for
quantity.
I can likewise connect in this manner any number of distinct apparatus which thus
lose their independence at the expence of economy in the number of reversers or
collectors and of pairs of brushes.
I now proceed to describe the particular system of winding which I use for my
machines having a common drum.
Each of the common drum being divided into 2 N equal parts, I number these
M
parts from 1 to 2 N in the natural order.
-
The only numerical conditions to be fulfilled are that the value of N (whole number)
shall be so chosen that N
1 cannot be divided by 2 and that 2 N cannot be divided
by N
1, I can accordingly employ all the whole pair of numbers above N
My 2 N equal spaces being successively numbered 1, 2, 3
-
=
92, then N
=
-
3.
2 N in
the natural order, I term symmetrical spaces, the spaces whose difference of numbers is
equal to N. Thus if 2 N:
46, and the symmetrical spaces are the spaces;
1 and 47, 2 and 48, 3 and 49
46 and 92; I term "couple" of symmetrical
spaces each of these wholes, 1 and 47, 2 and 48,
I arrange the windings of my 2 N coils
2 equal coils for each couple.
•
and 49
46 and 92.
upon the N couples in the proportion of
The four ends of the wire of these 2 coils terminate in any order at the 4 extremities
of. 2 symmetrical generatrixes taken on the two symmetrical spaces of the couple in
such a manner, for example, that the two ends of the wire of one of the two coils
terminate at the two extremities of one of these generatrixes and that the two ends of
the wire of the second coil terminate at the two extremities of the other generatrix.
By abreviating language to avoid periphrase, I call "generatrix" the whole of these
two ends of the wire terminating at the two extremities of the generatrix which wire
ends are directed towards the exterior in directions opposing each other, as would be
directed the two ends of a single wire reduced to the simple length of this generatrix.
I distinguish the extremity of one generatrix from the opposite extremity by
qualifying as upper" the side which faces the collector, and as "lower" the side
opposite to the collector.
This stated, I effect in the upper and in the lower, according to the following rule,
the junctions of the generatrixes, two to two.
Let a generatrix of any number he n.
If n is uneven the upper of the generatrix number n is joined with the upper of the
generatrix whose number is n + (N-1), and the lower of this same generatrix
number n is joined to the lower of the generatrix number n + (N − 1).
-
If n is even the upper of the generatrix number n is joined with the upper of the
generatrix number n + (N + 1) and the lower of this same generatrix number n is
joined with the lower of the generatrix number n + (N-1).
For making myself hetter understood I have indicated in the following table the
application of the general rule to any numerical example; I have taken N
this case 2 N=92, N-1 = 45, N + 1 = 47.
46. In

page_text: The junction of the upper
with 46, or in a general manner 1.
with 1+ (N + 1) makes double
employment with the junction of
the upper 46 with 1 that is to
say N with N + (N + 1). This
latter must not accordingly be
shown in the table, and instead of
this the junction of the upper 47
with 92 must be shown, or in a
general manner N + 1 with
N + 1 + (N − 1) or N + 1
with 2 N, a junction which would
escape nomenclature, because,
among the 92 or 2 N junctions,
upper and lower, this is the only
junction which does not terminate
at one of the generatrixes of
the 46 or N first numbers.
-

page_text: .
The strips of the collector will be in number M N or 46 M in this example; these
46 M insulated strips will be united to the 46 junctions of the upper, which are
the junctions on the side of the collector; or, what amounts to the same thing, these 46
junctions will be united with 46 of these 46 M strips, if these 46 M strips are united
between each other M to M.
"
I number 46 of the distinct consecutive strips of the collector, for instance in the
natural order 1,2,3
46. I connect the junction of the upper (1 with 46)
to the strip number 1 and the junction of the upper (47 with 92) to the strip whose
number is above or 1 or + or 24 in this example. The actual position of the two
N
46
1
1th
brushes depends on the actual position which the winding of of the common drum
has with regard to any one of the M pairs of successive inducting polarities. If the
winding is exactly coinciding with the space of 2 consecutive inducing poles, one
of the 2 brushes will be upon the strip number 1, and the other brush will be upon
the strip number 24.
Moreover the strip of the successive numbers will be connected to the injunctions of
the upper according to the following scale.
The strip of any number m from 1 to N will be connected to the junction of the
upper connecting the generatrixes of the numbers m + (n + 1) and N + 2 (m-
-
1).

page_text: In order to make myself better understood I have represented in Figure 1 of the
accompanying example drawing the general diagrain of my mode of winding for a
common drum.
The lower part of the figure shews that a drum is used which is induced by M pairs
of inducing poles A, B, A, B.. AM BM.
•
The actual demarcation of the successive poles is represented by vertical lines upon
the drum. The drum is supposed to be developed, as well as the collector placed at
the upper part of the figure.
The symmetrical spaces of numbers 1 and N + 1 are represented by the space
which is occupied by the two bands having ten oblique lines spaced out in the height.
Upon this group of symmetrical spaces, there is seen represented by a broken
line (-
-) and by a dot and dash (-
) the two coils D and E
previously defined attached to this group; for the greater clearness of this figure they
are represented each by a single circumvolution.
-
For the
The two ends of the coil D) (----), which are the two ends 1 upper and 1
lower of the generatrix number 1, are connected to the end of the generatrix N
(upper) and to the end F¹ of the generatrix number (N + 2) lower.
greater clearness these two ends are represented in full lines.
The two ends of the coil E (- · ), which are the two ends N + 1 upper,
and N1 lower of the generatrix number N + 1 are connected to the end G of
the generatrix number 2 N (upper) and to the end G of the generatrix number 2
(lower). These two ends GG are likewise represented in full lines in the figure.
The upper part of figure 1 shews with equal generality how the collector is
constituted and connected to M N strips of one of the M apparatus, viz that whose
armature is actually in front of the poles A' and B¹.
The dotted horizontal line below the collector indicates for the strips number 1
the connection M to M of all the strips of the same number 1, likewise
number 2
likewise number N.
Above the strips of the collector part extend more or less oblique black lines at the
end of each of which is placed the number of one of these strips.
The two lines W W represent the electrodes connecting to the strips 1 and + 1
of the collector; the respective junctions of the upper of the coils D and E.
hughes
tally now the
1
N 1

page_text: Figure 2 of the drawing represents under the same conditions of generality a ring
machine, that is to say with a winding of the Pacinotti or Gramme class on the two
sides of the armature. The simplicity of the winding has not necessitated the use in
this drawing of lines of different characters; the winding is represented in fine full
lines, and each of the successive coils is represented by a single spiral, above in full
lines, and below in dotted lines.
The 2 N successive elementary coils are successively connected one to the other,
viz the exit wire of the first to the entrance wire of the second, the exit wire of the
second to the entrance wire of the third and so on, but the exit wire of the last coil
number 2 N is connected to the entrance wire of the first coil.
.
The electrodes W W W. connect the junctions of the coils (2 N junctions)
to the strips of the collector, the total number of which is 2 MN.
The brushes ff are actually upon the strips 1 and N + 1.
It is useless here to repeat the other indications which are the same as those given
with reference to Figure 1.
It is to be understood that the common drum as well as the common ring does not
comprise in my system a cap of iron. These common armatures are mounted upon a
non-magnetic frame arranged upon the shaft and firmly connecting the shaft and
armature.
My system of construction applies to all the types of machines whose currents are
collected by reversers or collectors, and it is to he understood that figures 1 and 2 are
only examples which shew how the application thereof is made to a ring machine and
to a drum machine.
My machines having a common drum are also arranged without a magnetic core,
the armature being between two systems of electro-magnets which face each other
and have poles of opposite kinds.
It will be observed that I employ the expressions "ring" and "drum" in the
most general sense and if I have represented these parts in figures 1 and 2 in
accordance with forms approaching those which it is usual to employ in the machines
in use, which are mostly cylindrical, my system is not, of course, applicable thereto
whatever the form of revolution of these parts may be.
Thus for instance, taking a ring or a drum usually of the general cylindrical form,
and supposing, that without modifying one of the terminal circumferences at one of
the ends, I gradually augment the circumference of the other end, the cylinder is
transformed into a truncated cone more and more open, until the continually
increasing circumference is in the same plane as that which has not varied in
dimensions. The part then becomes a sort of dise the central space of which has an
opening the circumference of which has not changed, and whose external circum-
ference has for its radius the radius of this opening augmented by the generatrix
of the primitive cylinder.
All these successive forms lend themselves to the application of my system. In
particular the latter of these forms presents certain special geometrical advantages.
It enables powerful machines having a horizontal or vertical shaft to be constructed
under very good mechanical conditions. These machines have electromagnets on
both sides of the armature and an iron disc magnetically continuous or sectioned,
serving as a support to the induced wire. The described winding or any other can
be applied to this flat disc as it is applied to a surface a rotation with a meridian
section of any curvature according to the principles specified above. The system of
magnetic induced conductors hereafter specified is likewise applicable thereto.
It is necessary to remark that the types baving collectors and a common drum
present the following advantageous feature.
In the proportion as these machines of great development in the direction of the
motion have armatures of greater dimensions in the direction perpendicular to the
motion, the effectiveness of the armature will improve for the same width of successive
inducing poles, because the proportion of the inactive induced wire to the active
induced wire keeps near zero whereas with the types having a common ring this
proportion always remains in proximity to .

page_text: The construction of very large machines of this system does not involve any uncer-
inty, these machines can be made large without any more difficulty than con-
tructing for instance an iron wire grating of a larger and larger development,
ecause by varying the number of successive inducing polarities and not their extent
the direction of the motion, I can retain the same type of inductors, magnets, or
lectromagnets and the same thickness of the iron of the common ring or drum, if
he machine permits that, without entering into a series of experiments which have to
e renewed if it is desired to pass from one machine to a more powerful and larger
achine. By my system I have the certainty that with the same dimensions of poles,
nd with the same linear velocity the effectiveness remains the same, whatever
ugmentation I make in the dimensions and the “power” of the machine.
IMPROVEMENTS APPLICABLE TO MACHINES OF THE CLASSES a bed jë
These improvements consist in a combination having for its object to utilize much
better the energy spent in the form of an exciting current in the wire of the inducing
electromagnets, to augment the intensity of the magnetic poles, and the effectiveness
and above all the capability of transforming the apparatus.
The improvement consists in employing under suitable conditions induced con-
ducting elements made of magnetic metal, soft iron for instance, the metal being a
homogeneous mass or magnetically sectioned or discontinuous, and in this case,
composed of magnetic eleinentary portions soldered by a non-magnetic metal for
preserving the electric conduction.
From the employment of magnetic metal as an armature under these conditions
result concurrently:
-
First. The possibility of considerably and economically increasing the intensity of
the magnetic field, approaching limits of saturation of the magnetic metal.
Second. The possibility, not only of obviating the increase in the resistance of
the armature which would in part destroy the benefit of the augmentation of the
magnetic intensity, but also the capability of causing in the armatures as intense
currents to circulate as is desired by the unit of strength of the polar surfaces in the
direction of the motion. It is known that the first of these results is not practically
possible with non-magnetic armatures of copper for instance; and the second result
is even a physical impossibility because with a non-magnetic armature the distance
which separates the polar surfaces from each other or from their armatures must
necessarily be limited and the more so as it is sought to realize a more intense
magnetic field.
On the contrary with the magnetic armatures of iron for instance, the distance of
the polar surfaces and the corresponding height of the induced element in an arbitrary
proportion so to speak, can be augmented at will without diminishing the intensity of
the magnetic field produced by a given excitement, and consequently, the electric
conductibility of the clement of the induced length assumes any desired magnitude
although the specific resistance is for iron about six times greater than for copper.
This improvement is applicable in general to any types of induced windings with
or without magnetic armatures, and particularly to machines without magnetic cores
in the armature the induced conducting elements consisting of only a few rods or
plates in the direction of the inducing magnetic lines of force, or preferably of singlo
iron plates in the direction of the lines of force and arranged between the two
inducing polar surfaces. In machines of this latter type the intensity of the
inducting magnetic field is in fact brought to its maximum for the same expense as
heretofore for the reason that the inducing magnetic circuit is completely enclosed by
magnetic substances, with the single exception of two small intermediate spaces
necessary between the external iron of the induced single plates and the iron of the
neighbouring polar surfaces.
(c, d) The application of this improvement to machines of the classes edf results

page_text: only in advantages without subsidiary inconveniences because the direction of the
magnetic poles never changes in the induced clements of these machines.
In the application to the class (a) a loss of energy is caused (heating) by the
reversion of the magnetic poles in the induced elements, but this subsidiary
inconvenience only produces a limited deleterious effect, considering the prepon-
derance of the durations of action of the induced poles relatively to each change of
polarity for each induced element.
In the case of machines of the class () the subsidiary inconvenience is at the
maximum, but then, when it takes place, I transform this inconvenience into an
advantage by the following combination. Around each induced element of iron, I
arrange, in plans parallel to the surfaces of the inducing poles, a winding of copper
wire and the whole of these copper windings constitute a second induced apparatus
having alternating currents and which operates precisely at the moments where the
induced system of iron does not operate, that is to say at the moment where each
induced element of iron passes from one inducing polarity to the opposite inducing
polarity.
The periods of activity of these distinct induced apparatuses the one of iron and the
other of copper accordingly increase and complete themselves in such a manner as to
augment the power of transformation of the machine.
Figure of the drawing represents clearly this arrangement.
The induced conducting element A of iron is seen in its active length, that is to
say between the two inducing polar surfaces B B. The non-active parts of the
induced winding, that is to say the conductors which connect between them the
lengths subjected to induction can be of copper, for diminishing if present the
resistance of the winding. The junction between these two parts (iron and copper)
can be made according to the arrangement on the right or the arrangement on the
Jeft of the figure, or according to any other mode of junction.
Figure 3 also shows the section of the copper plate D wound around the active
conductor of iron, which winding is parallel to the plane of the inducing polar
surfaces and the object of which is to collect in the form of an induced current the
energy regenerated in the induced iron at the moment of each change of magnetic
polarity, that is to say on the passage of a South or North magnetic field to a North
or South magnetic field or inversely, which energy without this combination would be
transformed into heat.
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS OF THE CLASS d f."
These apparatuses are adapted to any arbitrary combinations as regards variation of
the inducing actions in operation and consequently of the generated electromotive
forces. For example a variation of electromotive force will take place if the induced
element, of constant length, is moved alternately in opposite direction in a magnetic
field of constant intensity, by the connecting rod of a crank to which a rotary motion
of constant velocity is imparted.
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS OF THE CLASSES.
In all cases where this can be useful and particularly for operating the apparatus y,
the apparatus can undergo the most rapid variation relatively to the time by
combining,
T
T
OL
In all cases where this can be useful and particularly for operating the apparatus y,
the apparatus can undergo the most rapid variation relatively to the time by
combining,
velocity of the alternate displacements of the induced elements, that is
to say of the elements turning upon an axis in the inducing plane.
Second. The changes of lengths of the elements, that is to say the displacement of
one element relatively to the others so as to remain in electrical communication by
sliding contacts.
Third. Changes in the non-homogeneous repartition of the magnetic lines of force
cut by the induced element in the various phases of its displacements.

page_text: IMPROVEMENTS IN THE APPARATUS OF THE CLASSES ƒ d a.
The method of employing a connecting rod and a crank or excentric which are
applicable to the production of alternate motions of the induced currents is applicable
also to the production (in the same plane for instance, but in a perpendicular direction.)
of alternate motions of contacts employed for the reversal of the alternating elementary
currents or inversely.
The diagram Figure 4 makes such an operation understood CDE is the external
circuit in which the direction of the currents is always that indicated by the arrows;
the rectangles 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 represent. the fixed magnetic fields alternately
marked A B and B A, that is to say South-North and North-South. In each of these
fields is represented an induced generatrix to which an alternate motion is imparted in
the direction C towards E and E towards C: during one of these motions, the
elementary electromotive forces tend to cause the circulation of the currents in the
direction of the arrows in the fields 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and during this movement the
connecting rod which actuates the contacts maintains the connections marked in dots
above and below 11, 21, 81, 41, 5', 6'. These laiter six fields marked with the index 1 are
only duplicates of the first six which are the only existing fields; they have been
repeated merely for avoiding confusion in the indication of the connections of these
half-periods. It is to be understood that the connecting rods of the induced [element]
and the connecting rods of the contacts are keyed at right angles to each other, so that
the dead point of the induced motion corresponds with the movement of the maximum
rapidity of the contact which changes at this moment as I will explain with reference
to figure 5.
ghgh are the two extreme sections of one of the induced generatrices,
gh, gh, g, h, g, h, being parallel to the polar surfaces and parallel to the plane of
figure 4 all the connections of one of the two sections taking place above and against
the ends of the upper surface ghgh, whilst all the connections of the other half
section are effected below and against the ends of the lower surface g, h,g', ', in such
a manner that these two half sections do not incommode themselves in any way
although they are actuated by the same connecting rod.
IMPROVEMENTS APPLICABLE TO APPARATUS OF THE CLASS .
These improvements consist in a combination enabling the collectors to be replaced
by giving to the commutation of the induced coils any arbitrary degree of security of
conduction of the current, and of reciprocal insulation of the successive contacts of the
communications.
For fixing the ideas, let us consider a machine of the class a in which the induced
element is fixed and the inducing electromagnets are movable. Let us imagine for
example, keyed upon the shaft of the rotation a number of eccentries equal to the
number of coils or to the number of coils the commutations of which
must take place at distinct instants. These eccentries move their connecting
rods, to the two ends of the coil or induced element of winding considered. Two
metallic contacts of the connecting-rod, insulated from each other and of arbitrary
dimensions are displaced by a to-and-fro motion in their commutating cylinder and as
the diameter and the length of the connecting-rod as well as the radius of the crank or
of the eccentric are arbitrary, each eccentric is keyed in such a manner that the most
rapid movement of the connecting-rod corresponds with the moment of commutation,
whence results that any desired precision can be given to the commutation; one can
without difficulty, if desirable put out of circuit the induced coils at the moment when
they are inactive finally one can choose the dimensions of the aforesaid pieces, so as to
give to the contacts all the useful conductibility and insulate them as much as is desired
from one another.

page_text: the induced elements are supplied with alternating currents and the electro magnets
with currents of the same direction or continuous, either by the exciting machine
keye upon the shaft of the receiver, or by distinct circulation of a continuous
current, or by directing alternating currents from the line, after transformation into a
current for quantity into an apparatus of the class y or a condenser.
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS OF THE CLASSES, .
These improvements consist in a combination permitting an automatic regulation
by regulating the resisting force, of a dynamo having alternating or continuous
currents, operating as a receiver or as a generator.
Assuming a receiving dynamo for instance, and the induced elements supplied
supplied by an alternating current the operation will be synchronous, with the period
of emission. The driving shaft of this receiver is connected to the shaft which it
actuates by a device having a flexible spring from this results that the keying of
these two shafts varies with the force. Assuming these two shafts to be respectively
connected to any device adapted to give to an index or fixed needle, relatively to the
common motion of rotation, variable positions with each of the relative keyings of
the two shafts, each of these positions of the needle is consequently fixed for the
same angle of relative keying of the two shafts; for instance in a device having an
epicyeloidal train, the two shafts carrying the first mover concentric to the cominon
axis with different diameters, the second mover having the diameter of the two first
movers but reversed from one to the other and the common axis fixed, and the third
mover reversing again the same two diameters, but invariably keyed the one upon
the other; their axles being able to turn freely upon a flange around the common
axis of the second mover. Under such conditions I directly utilize each position of
the hand for giving each connection of supply suitable for the mechanical power to be
expanded for each of these values of forer.
This combination is equally applicable to receivers whose induced elements are
supplied by currents of the same direction, and the automatic regulation which in
principle is suitable to maintain any desired condition can consist in maintaining the
action by always giving the supply suitable for each value of the resisting force.
The change of supply can affect the induced element or the inductor or merely one
of them.
This type of regulation can also be employed to automatically modify the conditions.
of the supply of steam for example or of water to a turbine.
By transforming these movers which have to perform scarcely any work at all,
into gearing wheels of suitable power or driving palleys capable of serving as a
transinission gear for mechanical work between the driving shaft and the resisting
shaft, I can dispense with the springs directly connecting the two shafts and carry
them back upon the land or even dispense with them and replace them by a constant
weight, the sole condition being that each position of the hand shall correspond with
a different lever for the constant weight designed to equilibrate the variable resisting
force. These devices are adapted, of course, to furnish at the same time the
indication of the power spent.
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS OF THE CLASSES bƒy.
The improvements relating to these apparatuses consist in transforming by means
of apparatus the alternate currents of the apparatus or into currents for tension
1
1-
The improvements relating to these apparatuses consist in transforming by means
of apparatus the alternate currents of the apparatus or into currents for tension
at through the time, then to transform at the arrival, by apparatus o̟ m condensers,
the currents for tension coming from the line into currents for quantity designed to
supply machines having alternate currents for quantity or currents commutated for
quantity.

page_text: 1st. Simple secondary cable. This cable comprises in principle a conducting wire
or cable covered with any conducting casing, for instance lead, this peripheric
conductor, insulated or not, is covered with insulated wire of soft iron wound in a
continuous spiral in planes perpendicular to the length of the cable. The winding of
the iron wire can be replaced by washers of thin sheet iron placed in a line. An
alternate current being sent into one of the two concentric conductors, the second
conductor furnishes an alternating current. This secondary cable being arranged in
windings comprising any number of spirals, 1 supply for quantity sectioned lengths of
the peripheric conductor for instance, and I collect for tension the corresponding
currents of the second conductors of the cable or inversely. I also employ the
secondary cable without an armature of iron wire, it then only comprises the double
conductor with or without external insulation. The secondary cable can likewise be
applied to the construction of transformers having continuous currents, designed to
pass from the current for quantity to the current for tension or reciprocally, the
winding being constituted by the secondary cable, the sectioned parts of the peripheric
conductor for the circuit for quantity and the internal conductor forms the circuit
for tension.
2nd. Multiple secondary cable-The secondary cable provided with a winding of
iron can comprise several double conductors in the same general armature with or
without an individual armature this latter arrangement permits the external
insulation of the double conductors to be dispensed with, all the conducting spherical
trunks of one and the same length of multiple cable operating for quantity being
in contact.
Brd. Secondary fabric-This fabric which is made of any width presents a warp
constituted by non insulated or insulated copper wire, and the weft by wire of any
material which is capable of lending itself to the textile function.
4th. Armature fabric--This fabric, of a width nearly equal to that of the secondary
fabric presents a warp constituted by non-insulated or insulated wire of soft iron and
weft constituted by any textile material.
5th. Transformer having a simple surface-Taking an arbitrary length of a
secondary piece of fabric, which length is a little greater than any multiple of its
width, and a length of equal development plus the fraction of final crossing which
will be referred to below, of a piece of arinature fabric either single or doubled
several times I apply the surfaces of these two elements (secondary and armature)
the one against the other starting from the commencement of the two pieces and
crossing the lengths at a right angle in such a manner that in each of the two elements
the warp of the one is parallel to the weft of the other, I then fold squarely and
completely at 180° one of the fabrics upon the other for instance the armature fabric
upon the secondary fabric so as to comprise in this fold the secondary fabric between
two armature fabrics I then pass to the secondary fabric which 1 fold in its turn
above the armature fabric, I then always recommence in the same order and in the
same direction to successively fold the armature fabric and the secondary fabric until
the lengths of the two elements are used up.
When this has taken place, I finally cause the ends of the same wires of the
beginning and the end of the length of armature fabric employed to approach by
magnetic contact. The result of this piling up is a kind of upright parallelipipedon
having a square base. Two opposite lateral faces show the exterior of the folds of the
secondary fabric passing beyond the edge of the armature by half the difference of the
widths of the two fabrics, and the two other opposed lateral faces show the exterior of
the folds of the armature. The base of the pile can moreover be modified in length or
width, either by the employment of fabrics of different widths or by the employment
of several widths of fabric.
The transformer having a simple surface being thus constituted, it is only necessary
to effect, with the fold of the secondary fabric, the suitable division and the junctions
of the uneven conducting wires and those of the even conducting wires, counted in the

page_text: For the regulation of a non magnetic receiving supply, such as a line of lamps or
electrolytic vessels in derivation for example. When the general line or conductor
distributes energy under various forms and when consequently this local regulation
cannot be effected at the workshop in all particular cases excepting where the total of
the energy of emission is constantly maintained equal to the whole of the external
expenditure, I effect the regulation at the receiving transformer by the adjunction of a
small electric motor having alternating currents or currents of the same direction.
supplied on the difference of potential which I will render constant. The power of
rotation due to the normal current which this difference of potential communicates to
it, is balanced by a weight suspended by a cord wound upon the drum, the shaft is driven
in one direction or in the other according as the difference of potential passes beyond
its normal value either above or below the same, and this corrective rotation removes
or adds elements of the transformer or of the condenser until the shaft stops, the
deviation being thus corrected. This system of automatic regulator is also applicable
to the regulation of the constancy of a current flowing out at any point of the general
line.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE APPARATUS OF THE CLASSES a b.
These improvements comprise a combination consisting in sending through the
line a continuous current, and in receiving the energy in a switch transforming the
continuous current into an alternating current feeding all the local receivers, or a
rertain number of them, either directly or indirectly through the medium of apparatus
of the class or of condensers from which flow currents for quantity employed
alternately or brought into the same direction.

page_text: IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS OF THE CLASS .
These improvements consist in a combination for making the line, connecting the
emission to the receiver a transforming apparatus g that is to say, composing the line,
of a bandle of conducting wires one part of them being exclusively reserved for the
circulation of alternating currents proceeding from the emission generator, the other
part of them being exclusively designed for the circulation of secondary alternate
currents for tension to be utilized at the reception, the whole bundle of the wires com
posing these two circuits being surrounded by a winding of insulated iron wires or of
sheet iron washers placed in a line. This combination offers the advantage of dispensing
with any induction outside the line, owing to the intervention of this magnetic
closing which concentrates all the reactions of the lines of force to the interior of the
apparatus.
T: 371
1100°
HASELTINE, LAKE & Co.,
For the Applicant.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in and relating to Apparatus for the Generation and
Utilization of Electrical Energy.
I, HENRY HARRIS LAKE, of the firm of Haseltine, Lake & Co., Patent Agents,
Southampton Buildings, in the County of Middlesex do hereby declare the nature of
this invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following statement :-
This invention relates chiefly to improvements in magneto-electric machines or
apparatus.
In order to facilitate the designation of the different kinds of apparatus to which
my improvements are applicable I will first give a table of the various magneto
electric induction machines or apparatus which table shows the classification of the
apparatus under six heads, a, b, c, d, f, g, which are quite distinct and definite; and
in the course of my descriptions or explanations, I shall confine myself to placing
before each description, or remark, one or more letters a, b, c, d, g, which will
signify that the description or the remark applies to the kinds of apparatus designated
by the letters preceding the paragraph.
"
In the following table and description I shall also speak of the elements or con-
ductors in which currents are induced as the induced conductors or elements, and
of the elements or conductors which induce the currents as the "inducing" elements
or conductors.

page_text: Machines
pro-
ducing continuous
currents or induced
elementary currents
which are directed
into the external
circuit at the mo-
ment of changing
their direction by
commutator appa-
ralus, such as re-
versers or collectors
Machines called
alternating current
machines, that is to
say, without com-
mutators, collectors
or changers.
Machines called
unipolar machines,
the continuous ro-
tations maintaining
the same induced
elements in the same
inducing polarities.
Machines having
cur-
elementary
rents flowing in the
same direction in
the external circuit.
Machines having
eur-
elementary
rents which become
alternating currents
in the external cir-
cuit.
Apparatu
wherein the mag-
netic inducing
fields and
and in-
Apparatus
wherein a varia-
tion of the inten-
sity of the imag-
netic inducing
duced conductors
are not displaced
relatively to each
field takes place.
other

page_text: IMPROVEMENTS APPLICABLE TO MACHINES OF THE CLASSES
u, b.
The improvements which I have made in machines of the classes a and b consist in
a combination, the object of which is to enable the construction to be effected without
any uncertainty, without any mis-calculation in the effectiveness or power, with the
economy and the advantages which the mechanical unit gives, and without any
limitation of the total power; and the mounting upon the same shafts and upon the
same armature rings or drums, of any number of induced elements which can be
altogether independent from one another as regards character or section of the
conducting wire, systems of winding and of collectors, and as regards operation and
functions, that is to say, elements respectively capable of acting or not acting, and
fulfilling the generating function or the function of receiving continuous or alternating
currents.
This combination constitutes an improvement at the same time in the arrangement
and in the method of employing the apparatus.
Taking a machine of the kind a or b, the kind a for instance having a. Gramme
ring or a Siemen's drum armature, I construct a machine M times more
powerful as follows. Suppose the drum to be. cut upon a generatrix of the cylinder
parallel to a plane passing through the axis of rotation, and between two consecutive
armature coils, without cutting the armature wire, but elongating it if necessary,
in
order that it is adapted to what follows, and also that the collector is cut between two
successive strips. Suppose then that the drum and collector are opened out at their
respective planes of cutting so as to give them the forms of ares of a circle. having a
radius M times greater than otherwise, the ares which, they then, occupy. being
respectivly 1 of the circumference; that the collector carries its two brushes along in
contact with the strips which corresponded with them before the opening; and that
each of the strips is provided with means for joining it to the armature coils. Suppose
then that. the circles of these two arcs of 1 of the circumference are, completed by
adding to them respectively M 1 arcs of 1 of the circumference.
M
-
M
M
Suppose then that around the drum armature thus M times enlarged are arranged M
pairs of alternating inducing magnetic poles, each of the poles having the same lineal
developement as in the original machine. Under these conditions the armature
winding which occupies of the circumference of the drum will act, as in the machine
-
M
M
where it occupied the same linear developement and one entire circumference of a
radius M times smaller; provided that the new collector which is M times larger, the
M 1 ares of of the circumference is occupied by a number of strips equal to
the number of strips of the 1th occupied by the strips of the original open collector
and provided that the strip No. 1 of this 1th is connected by a conductor.baving very
little resistance to all the strips No. 1 of the M 1 other successive ares, that the M
strips No. 2 are likewise connected; and that it is the same for each group of M strips
of the same row in the collector.
M
M
-
There now remain M 1 arcs of of the circumference not wound and upon each
of these M
-
1 places, I can arrange an armature winding similar to the first having
also an analogous collector.
It is clear that this combination applies likewise to any systems of winding and to
any systems of collectors or reversers.
It is also clear that there can be between these M apparatuses most complete
independence in all respects.
If it is desired to connect two of these apparatuses wound with wire of the same
section, the two apparatuses operating synchronously, and presuming them to admit
C

page_text: of being connected as to the winding, the electrodes, the reversers or collectors and
the brushes, I can, without inconvenience, save one of the two reversers, or one of
the two collectors, or one of the two pairs of brushes, by connecting, in the case of
the reversers, the ends of the entrance and exit wire of the two coils to the sanie
reverser, and, in the case of the collectors, by connecting the successive junctions of
the coils to the same collector, in such a manner that the two apparatus work for
quantity with a single pair of brushes, and a single reverser or collector.
Each pair of elementary coils (one of each apparatus) thus working for quantity is
accordingly connected to two strips of the reverser or collector by four connections,
two connections for each strip. By separating from each of these two strips one of
these two connections in such a manner that one of the two strips remains connected
with one of the two coils and the other strip with the other coil, and by connecting with
each other the two separate ends, nothing will be changed in the combined function
of the two apparatus; if not however the two apparatus work for tension instead of
working for quantity.
I can likewise connect in this manner any number of distinct apparatus which thus
lose their independence at the expense of economy in the number of reversers or
collectors and of pairs of brushes.
I now proceed to describe the particular system of winding which I use for my
machines having a common drum.
Each of the common drum being divided into 2 N equal parts, I number these
M
parts from 1 to 2 N in the natural order.
-
The only numerical conditions to be fulfilled are that the value of N (whole number)
shall be so chosen that N
1 cannot be divided by 2 and that 2 N cannot be divided
by N
1; I can accordingly employ all the whole pair numbers above N = 3.
The 2 N equal spaces being successively numbered 1, 2, 3
1
=
2 N in
the natural order, I term symmetrical spaces, the spaces, whose difference of numbers is
equal to N. Thus if 2 N = 92, then N 46, and the symmetrical spaces are the spaces;
1 and 47, 2 and 48, 3 and 49
46 and 92 I term "couples of symmetrical
spaces each of these wholes 1 and 47, 2 and 48, 3 and 49
46 and 92.
I arrange the windings of my 2 Ń coils upon the N couples in the proportion of
2 equal coils for each couple.
The four ends of the wire of these two coils terminate in any order at the four
extremities of two symmetrical generatrixes taken on the two symmetrical spaces of
the couple, in such a manner, for example, that the two ends of the wire of one of the
two coils terminate at the two extremities of one of these generatrixes and that the two
ends of the wire of the second coil terminate at the two extremities of the other generatrix.
By abreviating language to avoid periphrase, I call "generatrix" the whole of these
two ends of the wire terminating at the two extremities of the generatrix, which wire
ends are directed towards the exterior in directions opposing each other, as would also
be directed the two ends of a single wire reduced to the simple length of this generatrix.
I distinguish the extremity of one generatrix from the opposite extremity by
qualifying as upper," the side which faces the collector, and as "lower" the side
opposite to the collector.
"
This stated, I effect in the upper and in the lower, according to the following rule,
the junctions of the generatrixes, two to two.
Let a generatrix of any number be n.
If n is uneven the upper of the generatrix number n is joined with the upper of the
generatrix whose number is n + (N-1), and the lower of this same generatrix
number n is joined to the lower of the generatrix number n + (N + 1).
If n is even the upper of the generatrix number n is joined with the upper of the
generatrix number n + (N + 1), and the lower of this same generatrix number u is
joined with the lower of the generatrix number n + (N − 1).
To make myself better understood I have indicated in the following table the
application of the general rule to any numerical example; I have taken N
-
this case 2 N = 92, N − 1 = 45, N + 1 = 47.
= 46. In

page_text: The junction of the upper 1
with 46, or in a general manner 1
with 1 (N-1) would make
double used with the junction of
the upper, 46 with 1, that is to
say, N with N + (N + 1). This
latter must not accordingly be
indicated in the table, and instead
of this, the junction of the upper, 47
with 92, must be indicated, or in a
general manner N + 1 with
N + 1 (N-1) or N + 1 with
2 N, a junction which would
escape nomenclature, because,
among the 92 or 2 N junctions,
upper and lower, this is the only
junction which does not terminate
at one of the generatrixes of
the 46 or N first numbers.

page_text: The strips of the collector will be in number M N, or 46 M in this example; these
46 M insulated strips will be united to the 46 junctions of the upper, which are
the junctions on the side of the collector, or, what amounts to the same thing, these 46
junctions will be united with 46 of these 46 M strips, if these 46 M strips are united
between each other, M to M.
"
N
46
I number 46 of the distinct strips of the collector for instance in the natural
order, 1, 2, 3 46. I connect the junction of the upper (1 with 46) to the
strip number 1, and the junction of the upper (47 with 92) to the strip whose
number is above or 1 or 24 in this example. The actual position of the two
brushes depends on the actual position which the winding of M of the common drum
has with regard to any one of the M pairs of successive inducting polarities. If the
1
1th
winding is exactly coinciding with the space й of 2 consecutive inducing poles, one
of the 2 brushes will be upon the strip number 1, and the other brush will be upon
the strip number 24.
Moreover the strips of the successive numbers will be connected to the junctions of
the upper, according to the following rule.
The strip of any number m from 1 to N will be connected to the junction of the
upper connecting the generatrices of the numbers m + (n-1) and N + 2 (m
-
. 1).

page_text: In order to make myself better understood I have represented in figure I of the
accompanying example drawing a diagram illustrating the general mode of winding
for a common drum.
The lower part of the figure shows that a drum is used which is induced by M pairs
of inducing poles A, B, A, B,
Ay By.
The actual demarcation of the successive poles is represented by vertical lines & upou
the drum. The drum is supposed to be developed, as well as the collector placed at
the upper part of the figure.
-
-
The symmetrical spaces of numbers I and N + 1 are represented by the space
which is occupied by the two bands having ten oblique lines spaced out in the height.
Upon this group of symmetrical spaces there is seen represented by a broken
line (-
-) and by a dot and dash line (-.
-) the two coils D)
and E previously defined, attached to this group; for the greater clearness of the
figure they are represented each by a single circumvolution.
The two ends of the coil D(- --) which are the two ends 1 upper end
1 lower of the generatrix number 1, are connected; to the end F of the generatrix
number N (upper) and to the end F¹ of the generatrix number N + 2 (lower).
For greater clearness these two ends are represented in full lines.
The two ends of the coil E (-. ), which are the two ends N + 1 upper,
and N+1 lower of the generatrix number N + 1 are connected to the end G of
the generatrix number 2 N (upper) and to the end G³ of the generatrix number 2
(lower).
1.
These two ends G G are likewise represented in full lines in the figure.
The upper part of figure 1 shows with equal generality how the collector is
constituted and connected to M N strips of one of the M apparatus, viz that whose
armature is actually in front of the poles A and B¹.
The dotted horizontal line Z Z below the collector indicates for the strips number 1
the connection M to M of all the strips of the same number I, likewise
number 2, likewise number N―.
From above the strips of the collector extend more less oblique black lines, at the
end of which are placed the indication numbers of these strips.
The two lines WW' represent the electrodes connecting to the strips 1 and +1
of the collector, the respective junctions of the upper of the two coils D and E.
The two brushes ff are actually upon the strips 1 and N
+1.

page_text: Figure 2 of the drawing represents under the same conditions of generality a ring
machine, that is to say with a machine wound in a similar manner to a Pacinotti or
Gramme machine on the two sides of the armature. The simplicity of the winding
has rendered unnecessary the use in the drawing of lines of different characters; the
winding is represented in fine full lines, and each of the successive coils is represented
by a single spiral, above in full lines and between dotted lines.
The 2 N successive elementary coils are successively connected one to the other,
viz the exit wire of the first to the entrance wire of the second the exit wire of the
second to the entrance wire of the third and so on, but the exit wire of the last coil
number 2 N is connected to the entrance wire of the first coil.
.
The electrodes W W W. connect the junctions of the coils (2 N junctions)
to the strips of the collector, the total number of which is 2 MN.
The brushes are actually upon the strips 1 and N + 1.
It is useless here to repeat the other indications which are the same as those given
with reference to Figure 1.
It is to be understood that the common drum as well as the common ring does not
comprise in my system caps of iron. These common armatures are mounted upon a
non-magnetic frame arranged upon the shaft and firmly connecting the shaft and
armature.
My system of construction applies to all the types of machines whose currents are
collected by reversers or collectors, and it is to be understood that figures 1 and 2 are
only examples which show how the application thereof is made to a ring machine and
to a drum machine.
My machines having a common drum are arranged without a magnetic core, the
armature being between two systems of electro magnets which face each other and
have poles of opposite kinds.
It will be understood that I employ the expressions "ring" and "drum" in the
most general sense, and if I have represented these parts in figures 1 and 2 in
forms approaching those which it is usual to employ in the machines in use, which are
mostly cylindrical, my system is not of course applicable, whatever the form of
revolution of these parts may be.
Thus for instance taking an ordinary ring or a drum of the general cylindrical
form, and supposing, that without modifying one of the terminal circumferences at
one of the ends, I gradually augment the circumference of the other end, the cylinder
is transformed into a truncated cone more and more open until the continually
increasing circumference is in the same plane as that which has not varied in
dimensions.
The part then becomes a sort of disc, the central space of which has an opening
the circumference of which has not changed, and whose external circumference has
for its radius the radius of this opening augmented by the length of the generatrix
of the primitive cylinder.
All these successive forms are adapted to the application of my system. In
particular the latter of these forms presents certain special geometrical advantages.
It enables powerful machines having a horizontal or vertical shaft to be constructed
under very good mechanical conditions. These machines have electromagnets on
both sides of the armature and an iron dise magnetically continuous or sectioned,
serving as a support to the armature wire. The described winding, or any other, can
be applied to this flat disc, as it is applied to a surface of revolution having a
meridian section of any curvature, invariably according to the principles specified
above. The system of magnetic armature conductors hereafter specified is likewise
applicable thereto.
It is necessary to remark that my types having collectors and a common drum
present the following advantageous feature:-
In the proportion as these machines of great developement in the direction of the
motion have armatures of greater dimensions in the direction perpendicular to the
motion, the effectiveness of the armature wire will improve for one and the same width
of successive inducing poles, because the proportion of the inactive armature wire to

page_text: These improvements consist in a combination having for its object to utilize much
better the energy spent in the form of an exciting current in the wire of the inducing
electromagnets, to augment the intensity of the magnetic field, the effectiveness, and,
above all, the capability of transforming the apparatus.
The improvement consists in employing under suitable conditions of the total
conducting section, armature conducting elements made of magnetic metal, soft iron
for instance, the metal being a homogeneous mass or magnetically sectioned or
discontinuous, and in this case composed of magnetic elementary portions soldered
by a non-magnetic metal to preserve the electric conduction.
From the employment of magnetic metal as an armature under these conditions
result concurrently.
1st. The possibility of considerably and economically increasing the intensity of
the magnetic field, approaching limits of saturation of the magnetic metal.
2nd. The possibility, not only of obviating the increase in the resistance of the
armature which would in part destroy the benefit of the augmentation of the
magnetic intensity but also the capability of causing in the armatures as intense
currents to circulate as is desired by the unity of length of the extent of the polar
surfaces in the direction of the motion. It is known that the first of these results is
not practically possible with non-magnetic armatures of copper for instance; and the
second result is even a physical impossibility, because with a non-magnetic armature
the distance which separates the polar surfaces from each other or from their
armatures must necessarily be limited and the more so as it is sought to realize
a more intense magnetic field.
On the contrary with the magnetic armatures of iron, for instance, the distance of
the polar surfaces and the corresponding height of the armature element can without
diminishing the intensity of the magnetic field, produced by a given excitement, be
augmented at will in an arbitrary proportion so to speak, and consequently the
electric conductibility of the element of the induced length can attain any desired
magnitude, although the specific resistance of iron is about six times greater than that
of copper.
This improvement is applicable in general to any types of armature windings with
or without magnetic armatures, and particularly to machines without magnetic cores
in the armatures; the armature conducting elements consisting of only a few rods or
plates in the direction of the inducing magnetic lines of force, or preferably of single
iron plates in the direction of the lines of force and displaced between the two
inducing polar surfaces. In machines of this latter type the intensity of the
inducing magnetic field is in fact brought to its maximum for the same expense as

page_text: heretofore because the inducing magnetic circuit is completely enclosed by magnetic
substances with the single exception of two small intermediate spaces absolutely
necessary between the external iron of the single armature plates and the iron of the
neighbouring polar surface.
The application of these improvements to machines of the classes c d f results
only in advantages without subsidiary inconveniences, because the direction of the
magnetic poles never changes in the armature elements of these machines.
In the application to machines of the class (a) a loss of energy (heating) is
caused by the reversion of the magnetic poles in the armature elements, but this
subsidiary inconvenience only produces a limited deleterious effect, considering the
preponderance of the durations of action of the inducing poles relatively to each
change of polarity for each armature element.
In the case of machines of the class (6) the subsidiary inconvenience is at the
maximum but then if there is occasion for it I transform this inconvenience into an
advantage by the following combination. Around each armature element of iron I
arrange, in planes parallel to the surfaces of the inducing poles, a winding of copper
wire, and the whole of these copper windings constitute a second induced apparatus
having alternating currents, which operates precisely at the moments where the
armature system of iron does not operate, that is to say at the moment where each
armature element of iron passes from one inducing polarity to the opposite inducing
polarity.
The periods of activity of these distinct induced apparatuses, the one of iron and the
other of copper accordingly cross each other and complete themselves in-such a
manner as to augment the power of transformation of the machine.
Figure 3 of the drawing represents clearly this arrangement.
The armature conducting element A of iron is seen in its active length, that is to
say between the two inducing polar surfaces B B. The non-active parts of the
arinature winding that is to say the conductors which connect the lengths sub-
jected to induction can be of copper, for diminishing if necessary the resistance
of the winding. The junction between these two parts (iron and copper) can be
made according to the arrangement on the right, or the arrangement on the left of
the figure, or according to any other mode of junction.
Figure 3 also shows the section of the copper plate D wound around the active
conductor of iron, which winding is parallel to the plane of the inducing polar
surfaces and the object of which is to collect in the form of an induced current the
energy regenerated in the armature iron at the moment of each change of magnetic
polarity that is to say on the passage of a south-north magnetic field to a north or
south magnetic field or inversely, which energy without this combination would be
transformed into heat.
These apparatuses are adapted to any arbitrary combinations as regards variation of
the inducing actions in operation and consequently of the generated electromotive
forces.
For example a variation of electromotive force will take place if the induced
element, of constant length, is moved alternately in opposite direction in a magnetic
field of constant intensity by the connecting rod of a crank to which a rotary motion
of constant velocity is imparted.
It is clear that I do not intend to limit the applications of this improvement to the
arrangements which I have described, thus for example I can, with the object of
simplifying the construction and improving the conditions of diffusing the thernic
energy generated in the armature enclose armature conductors of iron in the iron
which in general accompanies the movable armature of ordinary dynamos having
copper armatures of the Gramme, Siemens, Edison, Brush or like type.
Suppose for example an armature of a machine of the Edison-Siemens kind, this
armature-comprises a pile of.thin iron discs the whole forming a cylinder.
In

page_text: proximity to the periphery suppose this cylinder of iron to be pierced with continuous
cavities traversing it parallel to the axis of rotation, the section of these cavities is
rectangular, and in these cavities I place iron armature bars. Each armature har
is composed of several thin strips piled up in such a manner that their height shall be
in the plane of the axis of rotation. These thin strips are insulated, and their
grouping is effected at the two ends of the armature so as to constitute coils which
are adapted to the tension that the machine must supply. These elementary coils are
then connected with each other according to the lists of junctions given in the present
specification.
It is well understood that the two cylindrical surfaces, that of the armature and
that of the poles of the electromagnet, are very close together so as to leave only the
play absolutely indispensible for the rotation.
can also surround the movable cylinder with a supplementary exciting winding,
I can reduce the excitement to that of the movable cylinder, and replace the cores of
ordinary inducing electromagnets by armature cores.
Suppose a straight electromagnet carrying its exciting winding, let us mount this
electromagnet upon a shaft perpendicular to the axis of the electromagnet. This
electromagnet can be of any length in the direction of the shaft, and the section
perpendicular to the shaft is circular and concentric to the shaft, so as to be able to
turn in the interior of the dynamo, which, moreover, comprises in passing from the
interior to the exterior.
1st. The thin iron strips which constitute the armature winding; these strips are
parallel to the shaft and in their section quadrilateral or nearly rectangular, the two
opposite large sides have directions passing through the axis of rotation. The whole
of these aruature strips form a circular assemblage, a sort of cylindrical barrel, which
surrounds the inductor so as to leave only the space strictly necessary for the rotation.
2nd. The exterior thin iron dises the piling of which constitutes the exterior
armature of the interior electromagnet. These armature discs are concentric to the
whole of the armature strips they are situated in planes perpendicular to the axis of
rotation, and the hollow cylinder formed by the whole of the armature strips is located
in the hollow cylinder forined by the whole of the armature discs which serve it as
a point of support and could be compared to a series of barrel hoops placed very near
to each other. It will however be quite understood that there is electrical insulation
between these two concentric cylinders. The height of these armature discs in the
direction of the radius is proportional to the development of the arc of the pole and
consequently of the height of the electromagnet in the direction of the diameter of
rotation, so that magnetic conduction of the flux of force shall be sufficient across
the armature.
The armature strips are connected with each other for quantity or for tension at the
extremities of their entire cylinder to form coils adapted to supply tension or quantity
in conformity with the object of the machine, and the junctions of these elementary
coils aro made according to the general formulae for junction which are given in the
present specification.
When rotary motion is imparted to the interior electromagnet, its exciting circuit
receives the current through the medium of two rings placed upon the shaft, and the
commutations of the armature winding are then obtained by means of brushes turning
upon a fixed collector, or by means of the special device having eccentrics, as described
in this specification. When rotary motion is imparted to the whole of the exterior
armature and armature winding, the customary devices having fixed brushes are
applicable.

page_text: of alternate motions of contacts employed for the reversal of the alternating elementary
currents or inversely.
The diagram Figure 4 makes such an operation understood CDE is the external
circuit in which the direction of the currents is always that indicated by the arrows;
the rectangles 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 represent the fixed magnetic fields alternately
marked A B and B A, that is to say South-North and North-South. In each of these
fields is represented an induced generatrix to which an alternate motion is imparted in
the direction towards E and E towards C; during one of these motions, the
elementary electromotive forces tend to cause the circulation of the currents in the
direction of the arrows in the fields 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and during this movement the
connecting rod which actuates the contacts maintains the connections marked in dots
above and below 11, 21, 31, 41, 51, 6¹ These latter six fields marked with the index 1 are
only duplicates of the first six which are the only existing fields; they have been
repeated merely for avoiding the confusion in the indication of the connections of
these half-periods. It is to be understood that the connecting rods of the induced
element and the connecting-rods of the contacts are keyed at right angles to each other,
so that the dead point of the induced motion corresponds with the movement of the
maximum rapidity of the contact which changes at this moment as I will explain.
Thus the seven connections, indicated in dotted lines above the line C D E (Figure 4),
are established and broken at the commencement and at the end of each semi-period,
as has been set forth. To the six metallic generatices, such as that in Figure 5, is
imparted a common alternating motion caused by a connecting rod or an eccentric
rod, so as to pass in one direction then in the opposite direction through the extent of
their respective magnetic fields; in one of these motions the induced current passes
through these generatices in such directions that the connections at the top of Figure 4
must be utilized, and for this seven metallic strips which slide upon the upper parts, such
as ghgh of the generatices, and upon two fixed parts parallel to the generatices,
one before the field No. 1, the other after the field No. 6. These strips have a direction
perpendicular to the generatices and receive a common alternating motion caused by
a connecting rod or the rod of an eccentric keyed upon the same rotary shaft as the
connecting rod which carries with it the generatices, but at a right angle to the former
so that the seven connections shown above the line C D E commence at the moment
when the notion of the generatices changes in direction, and that at this moment, the
motion of the connecting strips shall consequently be quickest. These connections are
maintained during the time that the generatices preserve the same direction of dis-
placement in their field, then at the moment when they change the direction of their
displacement the connecting strips again receive their quickest motion and cease to
provide electric communications because they escape at the extremity of the generatices
or touch them only by a prolongation of non-conducting material.
It is at the moment when the connections cease that the second similar series of
connections comes into play, only the contacts are made below the generatices upon
the surfaces such as g₁₁g, and they connect the generatices and the two fixed
parts as is shown by the dotted lines below CD E. This series of seven new contact
strips is moved by the same connecting rod or eccentric rod as the former seven
strips, and they commence to establish the connections indicated below C D E at the
moment when the connections shown above C D E are broken, then disestablish their
connections at the moment when the former seven strips re-establish them again,
and so on.
IMPROVEMENTS APPLICABLE TO APPARATUS OF THE CLASS a.
These improvements consist in a system of collector which presents over the others
the advantage of being able to render as perfect as desired 1st. The contact of the
successive strips of the collector with the external circuit; 2nd. The insulation of the
parts of this collector from each other.
For tixing the ideas, let us consider a machine of the class a in which the induced
element is fixed and the inducing electro-magnets are movable. Let us imagine for

page_text: These improvements consist in a combination permitting an automatic regulation
by regulating the resisting force, of a dynamo having alternating or continuous
currents, operating as a receiver or as a generator.
Assuming a receiving dynamo for instance, and the induced elements supplied
by an alternating current the operation will by synchronous with the period of
emission. The driving shaft of this receiver is connected to the shaft which it
actuates by a device having a flexible spring from this results that the keying of
these two shafts varies with the force. Assuming these two shafts to be respectively
connected to any device adapted to give to an index or fixed needle relatively to the
common motion of rotation, variable positions with each of the relative keyings of
the two shafts, each of these positions of the needle is consequently fixed for the
same angle of relative keying of the two shafts.
For example I provide a device having an epicyeloidal train in which the two shafts
that is to say the driving and driven, form one a prolongation of the other and are
connected as above stated by flexible springs. At the extremity of each of these
shafts is placed a gear wheel. These two wheels are not of the same diameter and
gear with a second system of two similar wheels but reversed, that is to say a large
wheel gearing with a small one; these two wheels are loose upon a common shaft.
Two other identical wheels but again reversed are keyed upon the same shaft which
can turn around the preceding shaft, that is to say the two wheels of the latter
system are satellites of the preceding ones with which they gear.
The rotation of the third shaft around the second has the effect of causing, by a
system of racks, a contact to rise and descend, which contact provides for each supply
connection suitable for the mechanical power to be expanded for each of these valves
of force.
This combination is equally applicable to receivers whose induced elements are
supplied by currents of the same direction; and the automatic regulation which in
principle is suitable to maintain any desired condition can consist in maintaining the
action by always giving the supply suitable for ensuring this for each value of the
resisting force.

page_text: The change of supply can affect the induced element or the inductor or merely one
of them.
This type of regulation can also be employed to automatically modify the conditions
of the supply of steam for example or of water to a turbine.
By transforming these movers which have to perform scarcely any work at all,
into gearing wheels of suitable power or driving pulleys capable of serving as a
transmission gear for mechanical work between the driving shaft and the driven
shaft, I can dispense with the springs directly connecting the two shafts and com-
pensating for the strain, by fixing a cam as an involute of a circle to the third system
of gear wheels, in such a manner that this cam turns around the shaft of the second
system by following the displacements of the third, a constant weight being attached
to a cord which acts upon the cam. These devices are adapted, of course, to furnish
at the same time the indtination of the nower chant
Inese improvements consist in the application, to apparatus g, or the ionowing
various points
1st. Simple secondary cable-This cable comprises in principle a conducting wire
or cable covered with any conducting casing, for instance lead, this peripheric
conductor, insulated or not, is covered with insulated wire of soft iron wound in a
continuous spiral in planes perpendicular to the length of the cable. The winding of
the iron wire can be replaced by washers of thin sheet iron placed in a line. An
alternate current being sent into one of the two concentric conductors, the second
conductor furnishes an alternating current. This secondary cable being arranged in
windings comprising any number of spirals, 1 supply for quantity sectioned lengths of
the peripherie conductor for instaner, and I collect for tension the corresponding
currents of the second conductor of the cable or inversely. I also employ the
secondary cable without an armature of iron wire, it then only comprises the double
conductors with or without external insulation. The secondary cable can likewise be
applied to the construction of transformers having continuous currents, designed to
pass from the current for quantity to the current for tension or reciprocally, the
winding being constituted by the secondary cable, the sectioned parts of the peripheric
conductors form the circuit for quantity and the internal conductor forms the circuit
for tension.
2nd. Multiple secondary cable-The secondary cable provided with a winding of
iron can comprise several double conductors in the same general armature with or
without an individual armature; this latter arrangements permits the external
insulation of the double conductors to be dispensed with, all the conducting spherical
trunks of one and the same length of multiple cable operating for quantity being
in contact.
3rd. Secondary fabric--This fabric which is made of any width presents a warp
constituted by non-insulated or insulated copper-wire, and the weft by wire of any
material which is capable of lending itself to this textile function.
4th. Armature fabric-This fabric, of a width nearly equal to that of the secondary
fabric presents a warp constituted by non-insulated or insulated wire of soft iron and
weft constituted by any textile material.

page_text: 5th. Transformer having a simple surface-Taking an arbitrary length of a
secondary piece of fabric which length is a little greater than any multiple of its
width and a length of equal development plus the fraction of final crossing, which
will be referred to below, of a piece of armature fabric, either single or doubled
several times. I apply the surfaces of these two elements (secondary and armature)
the one against the other starting from the commencement of the two pieces and
crossing the lengths at a right angle in such a manner that in each of the two elements
the warp of the one is parallel to the weft of the other, I then fold squarely and
completely at 180° one of the fabrics upon the other, for instance the armature fabric
upon the secondary fabric so as to comprise in this fold the secondary fabric between
two armature fabrics; I then pass to the secondary fabric which I fold in its turn
above the armature fabric; I then always recommence in the same order and in the
same direction to successively fold the armature fabric and the secondary fabric until
the lengths of the two elements are used up.
When this has taken place, I finally cause the ends of the same wires of the
beginning and the end of the length of armature fabric employed to approach by
magnetic contact. The result of this piling up is a kind of upright parallelipipedon
having a square base. Two opposite lateral faces show the exterior of the folds of the
secondary fabric passing beyond the edge of the armature by half the difference of the
widths of the two fabrics and the two opposed lateral faces show the exterior of
the folds of the armature. The base of the pile can morcover be modified in length or
width, either by the employment of fabrics of different widths or by the employment
of several widths of fabric.
The transformer having a simple surface being thus constituted, it is only necessary
to effect, with the fold of the secondary fabric, the suitable division and the junctions
of the uneven conducting wires and those of the even conducting wires, counted in the
direction of the weft of the secondary fabric, for constituting the inducing conducting
circuit and the induced conducting circuit adapted to the transformation.
6th. Transformer having a multiple surface-This comprises several plies of
secondary fabric between each two armature plies, but then the secondary fabric is
made with the secondary cable; all the peripheric conductors of the secondary cable
form the circuit for quantity, and all the internal conductors of the cable form the
circuit for tension.
The armature fabric is equally applicable to multiple secondary cables and is also
adapted with the same ordinary winding for making transformers having independent,
simple or multiple surfaces which can be employed separately or built up.
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS OF THE CLASS J.
For the regulation of a non-magnetic receiving supply such as a line of lamps or
electrolytic vessels in derivation for example. When the general line or conductor
distributes energy under various forms and when consequently this local regulation
cannot be effected at the workshop in all particular cases excepting where there total of
the energy of emission is constantly maintained equal to the whole of the external
expenditure, I effect the regulation at the receiving transformer by the adjunction of a
small electric motor having alternating currents or currents of the same direction,
supplied on the difference of potential which I will render constant. The power of
rotation due to the normal current which this difference of potential communicates to
it, is balanced by a weight suspended by a cord wound upon a drum, the shaft is driven
in one direction or in the other according as the difference of potential passes beyond
its normal value, either above or below the same, and this corrective rotation removes

page_text: '6
certain number of them, either directly or indirectly through the medium of apparatus
of the glass or of condensers from which flow currents for quantity employed
alternately or brought into the same direction.
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS OF THE CLASS y.
These improvements consist in a combination for making the line, connecting the
emission to the receiver transforming apparatus g that is to say composing the line,
of a bundle of conducting wires one part of them being exclusively reserved for the
circulation of alternating currents proceeding from the emission generator the other
part of them being exclusively designed for the circulation of secondary alternate
currents for tension to be utilized at the reception, the whole bundle of the wires com-
posing these two circuits being surrounded by a winding of insulated iron wires or of
sheet-iron washers placed in a line. This combination offers the advantage of dispersing
with any induction outside the line, owing to the intervention of this magnetic
closing which concentrates all the reactions of the lines of force to the interior of the
apparatus.
In the following claims the letters placed at the commencement of each claim
explanation indicate the class of apparatus to which they are applied according to the
table at the commencement of this specification.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said invention
and in what manner the same is to be performed as communicated to me by my
foreign correspondent I declare that what I claim is.
First. (a, b) The means of arranging upon the same shaft and upon the same
common ring or drum any number of induced apparatuses having continuous or alter-
nating currents, and capable of being completely independent of one another as to
systems and sections of windings as to systems of collectors of currents and as to
operation the whole substantially as described with reference to Figures 1 and 2 of
the accompanying drawing.
Second. (a bed) Means for improving the utilization of the inducing energy
spent as exciting current for augmenting the effectiveness and the specific utilization
of the materials by the employment of magnetic metal for constituting the armature
conductors substantially as described with reference to Figure 3 of the drawing.
Third. (d) Means for obtaining a sinusoid variation of the induced electromotive
force by causing the alternate displacement of the armature by the connecting rod of
a crank to which is imparted a constant angular velocity.
Fourth. (,, a) Means of obtaining the commutation of the elementary currents
by the connecting rod and crank gear or, inversely of transforming continuous
currents into alternating currents in principle as described above with reference to
Figures 4 and 5.
Fifth. (a) Means of replacing the collectors by realizing any desired degree of
conduction and insulation by connecting rod or excentric with the armatures fixed.
Sixth. (b, f) Means of utilizing the machines as synchronous receivers by supplying
the armatures with alternating currents and the inductors by currents passing in
the same direction.
Seventh. (b, a) Means of regulation based on the variations of the angle of keying
of the driving shaft and of the resisting shaft, by direct corresponding variation of

page_text: the supply, and application of this means to alternating and continuous current
receivers and generators and to any driving machines or motors.
Eighth. (b) Arrangement consisting in employing the exit and entrance only
alternating current machines for quantity and sending through the line alternating
currents for tension, with the employment of transformers of the class y at the ends of
the line.
Ninth. () Means of obtaining converters which are practical economical and
powerful, by simple and multiple secondary cables the secondary fabric and the
armature fabric, the converter having a simple or multiple surface described above.
Tenth. (g) Means of regulating the non-mechanical receiving supplies by an electric
motor having constant opposing weights automatically regulating the number of
apparatus or supply condensers in operation.
Eleventh. (a,,) Means of transport or distribution consisting in sending through
the line a continuous current and receiving the energy in a device transforming the
continuous current for tension into an alternating current for mean or low tension the
said means being designed to supply the local receivers either directly or indirectly
by apparatus of the class y or condensers from which pass quantity currents alternate
or are commutated in principle as above described.
Twelfth. Means of suppressing any induction outside the line by making of the line
an apparatus of the class 9 converting alternating currents of emission into alternating
currents which can be used after passing through the line, as explained above.
Dated this 29th day of November 1886
HASELTINE, LAKE & Co.,
45, Southampton Building, Loudon, W.C.,
Agents for the Applicant.
HASELTINE, LAKE & Co.,
45, Southampton Building, London, W.C.,
Agents for the Applicant.