IMPROVE. MENTS IN THE MODE OR MEANS OF PREPARING OR TREATING CASTOR AND OTHER OLEAGINOUS SEEDS OR BERRIES FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF OIL, AND IN THE MANUFACTURE OF OIL FROM THE SEEDS OR BERRIES so PREPARED OR TREATED
Year: 1869

page_text: ETTERS PATENT to Anguish Honour Augustus Durant, of No. 3,
Avenue Road, Shepherd's Bush, in the County of Middlesex, late
.Captain in Her Majesty's Service, for the Invention of "IMPROVE.
MENTS IN THE MODE OR MEANS OF PREPARING OR TREATING CASTOR AND OTHER
OLEAGINOUS SEEDS OR BERRIES FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF OIL, AND IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF OIL FROM THE SEEDS OR BERRIES so PREPARED OR
TREATED."
Sealed the 1st January 1870, and dated the 3rd July 1869.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Anguish Honour
Augustus Durant at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents,
with his Petition, on the 3rd July 1869.
I, ANGUISH HONOUR AUGUSTUS DURANT, of No. 3, Avenue Road,
Shepherd's Bush, in the County of Middlesex, late Captain in Her
Majesty's Service, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MODE OR MEANS OF PREPARING OR TREATING CASTOR
Price Sd.1

page_text: AND OTHER OLEAGINOUS SEEDS OR BERRIES FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF OIL, AND IN
THE MANUFACTURE OF OIL FROM THE SEEDS OR BERRIES SO PREPARED OR TREATED,"
to be as follows:-
I put the castor or other oleaginous seeds or berries into a shoot or
feeder, which is so constructed that as the seeds fall from it they are
struck by blades or fans fixed on an axle, having a rotary action com-
municated to it by steam or other motive or manual power, and by such
percussive force the husks of the seeds are cracked and removed from
the kernels thereof, and the husks are also winnowed or separated from
the kernels of the seeds by means of blowers or revolving fans attached
to the husking apparatus or separate therefrom. The oil is then ex-
pressed from the kernels of the seeds in the. ordinary way, and the oil
so obtained is afterwards boiled in water until the scum rises to the
surface thereof, and when that is done the scum is removed from
it, and in some cases when the oil has cooled I mix some bi-sulphuret
of carbon therewith to further cleanse and clarify it. The proportion of
bi-sulphuret of carbon to be used will depend on the quality of the oil,
but as a general principle about one gallon of the bi-sulphuret of carbon
to about, one gallon of the oil will be sufficient; a less quantity of the
bi-sulphuret may be used, as the oil may be drawn off when clarified and
the bi-sulphuret may be re-used.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Anguish Honour Augustus Durant in the Great
Seal Patent Office on the 3rd January 1870.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, ANGUISH
HONOUR AUGUSTUS DURANT, of No. 3, Avenue Road, Shepherd's Bush,
in the County of Middlesex, late Captain in Her Majesty's Service, send
greeting..
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Third day of July, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine, in the thirty-third
year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and
grant unto me, the said Anguish Honour Augustus Durant, Her special
licence that I, the said Anguish Honour Augustus Durant, my exe-
cutors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Anguish
Honour Augustus Durant, my executors, administrators, and assigns,

page_text: should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and
at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and
lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United King-
dom of Great Britain and Ireland,, the Channel Islands, and Isle of
Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MODE OR MEANS OF PREPARING
OR TREATING CASTOR AND OTHER OLEAGINOUS SEEDS OR BERRIES FOR THE MANU
FACTURE OF OIL, AND IN THE MANUFACTURE OF OIL FROM THE SEEDS OR BERRIES
so PREPARED OR TREATED," upon the condition (amongst others) that
1, the said Anguish Honour Augustus Durant, my executors or
administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one
of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be
perforined, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date
of the said Letters l'atent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Anguish Honour Augustus Durant,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement thereof, that is to say:-
According to my Invention I proceed as follows:- first put the
castor or other oleaginous seeds or berries to be treated into a shoot or
feeder, which is so constructed and placed that as the seeds of berries
fall from it they come in contact with and are struck by blades or fans
fixed on an axis having a rotary action communicated to it by steam or
other motive power or by manual power. By such percussive force the
husks of the seeds or berries are cracked and separated from the kernels
thereof, and the husks are winnowed or finally removed or separated
from the kernels of the seeds or berries by means of ordinary blowers
or revolving fans attached to the husking apparatus or separate there-
from: The oil is then expressed from the kernels of the seeds or berries
in any ordinary way, and the oil so obtained is afterwards boiled in water
until the scum rises to the surface thereof, and when that stage of the
process is completed the scum is removed from the surface of the oil.
When the oil has become cool I mix with it by preference a quantity
of bi-sulphuret of carbon to further cleanse and clarify it.
The pro-
portion of bi-sulphuret of carbon to be used will depend upon the quality
of oil under treatment, but as a general principle about one gallon of
the bi-sulphuret of carbon to about one gallon of the oil will be suffi-

page_text: The oil
cient, or a less quantity off the said bi-sulphuret may be used.
may be drawn off when clarified, and the bi-sulphuret may be used again
and again.
vanes which
1 proceed to describe the mode in which the Invention may be
carried into practical effect. 1 fix on an axis rotated by hand, steam, or
other motive power a number of blades, plates, or
revolve within a wire work cylinder or cage having an opening, into
which the seeds or berries to be treated fall by gravity from a vibrating
hopper or shoot caused to vibrate by an excentric or cam coming in
contact with it so as to shake it. The blades or vanes move in an
opposite direction to the seed falling or descending from the shoot, and
they thus strike the seed, and act on it with the percussive force
necessary to crack or break the husks and separate them from the seed.
The seed should have a fall of about 6 feet from the top of the shoot
through it to the beaters. The husks are then winnowed or driven away
from the kernels by ordinary blowers or revolving fans, such fan or blower
meeting them in an opposite rotary direction to the falling seeds or berries,
whereby the husks are easily separated from the kernels. The oil is
then expressed from the kernels or shelled seed or berry by the means
ordinarily used for expressing oil from husked or shelled seeds or berries.
The oil so expressed or obtained is boiled in about an equal proportion
or quantity of water until the scum rises to the surface, the scum is
then removed. The oil is allowed to cool, and it is afterwards mixed
with bi-sulphuret of carbon in order to further cleanse and clarify the
oil. I generally use equal quantities of oil and bi-sulphuret, say a
gallon of each, but the proportion of bi-sulphuret will depend on the
quality of oil. I mix or treat the oil with the bi-sulphuret of carbon in
an ordinary distilling apparatus and refrigerators so as to extract and
disengage it from the bi-sulphuret, leaving the latter free to be employed
in another or other operations. After thus distilling the oil I sometimes
redistil it, especially castor oil, upon concentrated potash, when sebacic
acid and caprylic alcohol are extracted as separate products, which
may be turned to good account for useful and industrial purposes.
The sebacic acid having a high melting point may he employed instead
of stearic acid in the manufacture of candles, and if mixed witli stearic
acid the hardness or quality of the candles will be greatly improved and
they will resemble porcelain. By distilling castor oil upon concentrated
potash, to obtain the sebacic acid and caprylic alcohol, I produce a
purer castor oil with less time, trouble, and expense.

page_text: The action of removing the husks and expressing the oil from the
kernels as above described effects the removal of the albuminous or
mucous portions of the seeds or berries. The oil is clarified by the
operations of boiling it with water and subsequently mixing it with
bi-sulphuret of carbon, as above described. The oil from husked seeds
when made and treated as described is very advantageous, as it produces
a larger yield of purer oil than heretofore without loss of time for all
ordinary business purposes.
Having now described the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same may be performed, I declare that I claim, the
improved method or means of preparing or treating castor and other
oleaginous seeds or berries, and of manufacturing oil from the seeds or
berries so prepared or treated, substantially as herein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Anguish Honour Augustus Durant,
have hereunto set my hand and
set my hand and seal, this Third day of
January, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred
and seventy.
Witness,
0
E. EDMONDS,
68, Fleet Street,
London.
A. H. AUGUSTUS DURANT. (L.S.)