IMPROVEMENTS IN PREPARING GELATINIZED GRAIN FOR USE IN BREWING
Year: 1885

page_text: Brewing.
I, JAMES DEATH, the Younger of Turners Hill, Cheshunt in the County of
Hertford, Consulting Brewer do hereby declare the nature of my invention for
IMPROVEMENTS IN PREPARING GELATINIZED GRAIN FOR USE IN BREWING to be as
follows:-
The object of my invention is the preparation of gelatinized grain for use in the
Mash Tun by applying a blast of Hot Moist Air obtained by injecting steam into a
current or blast of Hot dry Air or Hot spent products of combustion to grain
previously soaked in water and I find that such blast of Hot Moist Air does not
Scorch or burn grain so readily as does Hot dry Air.
I produce this blast of Hot Moist Air or Hot Moist Gasses of combustion
hereinafter called "The Hot Moist Blast," by injecting into the chimney of a coke
or smokeless Coal fire burning in a stove so arranged that the air supply passes
upwards towards the chimney through the fire, a jet of steam, which mingles with
the draught of Hot Gasses in the chimney and creates a blast. The jet of steain
is obtained from an ordinary steam boiler by a pipe with cock attached. The pipe
inside the chimney is directed so as to throw the jet of steam towards the exit end
of the chimney where I place in a suitable vessel or apparatus the damp grain to
be treated. The draught may be obtained either by the ordinary passage of air
through the fire; or the air may be forced through the fire in a closed stove by &
fan or blower; or atmospheric air may be heated in a pipe placed in an ordinary
furnace, the continuation of this pipe forms the chimney for the draught of heated
atmospheric air, into this chimney I insert a steam jet directed towards the exit
end of the chimney, the steam jet is connected by a pipe with cock to an ordinary
steam boiler; the draught of air may be the ordinary draught, or forced in by a
fan or blower. The injection of steam assists the draught and creates a blast. The
steam pipe before entry into the chimney may be heated when the steam is of low
pressure and the chimney may be divided into one or more chimneys, each provided
with steam jet so as to obtain one or more hot moist blasts from one fire, I further
provide a sliding damper or shutter to regulate the quantity of the Hot Moist Blast
and I provide means of cooling the Hot Air or Hot Gasses by admitting Cold Air
before admixing with the steam should the Hot Moist Blast become too heated.
The acting principle of the Hot Moist Blast for the purpose of my invention is

page_text: Heat, softened by the vapour of water, and the blast, and is not due to the chemical
composition of the air or gasses employed.
I utilize the Hot Moist Blast produced by the above, or by analagous means as
follows:-
I first steep the grain which may be whole, or crushed, or broken, or decorticated,
and may consist of Barley, Wheat, Maize, Tapioca, Rice, or other grain, in cold
water for a space of time sufficient to well soften the grain, I draw off the water
and bring the damp grain into contact with the Hot Moist Blast. The damp grain
is placed in a suitable vessel or apparatus and can be agitated by mechanical
means, by a hand rake, or by an agitator, or other appliance, but preferably by
revolving the containing vessel, so as to prevent agglutination of thin husked or
broken cereals and to bring the whole of the grain into contact with the Hot Moist
Blast. I turn on the steam from the boiler into the Hot Air or Hot Gasses and
produce the Hot Moist Blast which first moistens the exterior of the cold grain and
gradually warms it, should too much water condense I draw the condensed water
off, I agitate the grain during the exposure to the Hot Moist Blast and I continue
the process until the gelatinization of the starch corpuscles of the grain is completed.
I continue the process when the grain gradually becomes dry and I continue the
process until the gelatinized grain is sufficiently dry, when I stop the Hot Moist
Blast and the Agitation and I withdraw the grain from the vessel, grind it when
cold in a suitable mill, mix with dry malt and use for brewing in the mash tun.
When the grain is required to be gelatinized for immediate use, I steep small or
coarse ground grain in water, drain, and submit in a suitable vessel to the Hot
Moist Blast for gelatinization with agitation, I occasionally withdraw a sample and
when I find by the appearance that the gelatinization is completed I cease to pass
the blast which would dry the grain, and I throw the gelatinized moist grain into
water, cool to the required brewing heat and mix with the wort in the Mash Tun.
If desired the damp gelatinized grain can be made finer by water pulp grinding to
give greater extract.
The apparatus or vessel which I employ to bring the damp cold grain into
contact with the Hot Moist Blast may be of several forms, but I prefer a
cylindrical shaped apparatus made of wood or iron, according to its size, of
polygonal shape in cross section revolving horizontally and fitted with inlet pipe
and stationary supply pipe which latter constitutes the end of the chimney
conveying the Hot Moist Blast from the stove, so arranged that the apparatus can
revolve freely on hollow side trunnion bearings which socket into the end of the
supply pipe or chimney. Between the opening of the inlet pipe inside the vessel
and the grain I place a perforated screen and I provide a moveable cover in the
longitudinal run of the material of the vessel to enter and empty out the grain, and
a shutter in the cross section to rake out the grain -lengthways and one or more
exits for the spent Hot Moist Blast and one or more openings with lids to take
samples. The Hot Moist blast can be made to enter into the apparatus through
one or both of the hollow trunnions or alternately at each end and its saturation,
force, temperature, &c is to be duly regulated as circumstances require.
Π

page_text: Improvements in Preparing Gelatinized Grain for
Brewing.
USE IN
I JAMES DEATH the Younger of Turners Hill, Cheshunt in the County of
Hertford, Consulting Brewer, at present temporarily resident at the Deccan
Brewery, Kirkee, British India do hereby declare the nature of my invention for
IMPROVEMENTS IN PREPARING GELATINIZED GRAIN FOR USE IN BREWING and in
what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following statement:—
The object of my invention is the preparation of Gelatinized Grain for use in the
mash tun by applying a blast of Hot Moist Gasses obtained by injecting steam
into a current or blast of the Hot spent products of combustion to grain previously
soaked in water.
I produce this blast of Hot Moist Gasses of Combustion hereinafter called the
"Hot Moist Blast" by injecting into the chimney of a coke or smokeless coal fire
burning in a stove so arranged that the air supply passes upwards towards the
chimney through the fire, a jet of steam, which mingles with the draught of hot
Gasses in the chimney and creates a blast.
The Stove which I prefer to use is shown on the drawing and made of fire clay
or of Magnesia Lime bricks A bound together by Iron, with an Iron lid B at the
top: The draught of gasses is carried away by a chimney C running horizontally
placed at the side and near the top. Fire-bars D are placed at the bottom of the
stove: The draught obtained by the ordinary passage of air through the firo is
sufficient and is simple in working; but a draught of hot gasses for some purposes
is obtained by a blower or aspirator and in such cases the draught so occasioned
can be utilized. Into the chimney of the stove I insert a steam jet E directed
towards the exit end of the chimney, the steam pipe F is connected with cock to
an ordinary steam boiler. The steam can be conducted directly into the chimney
to create the Hot Moist Blast but I prefer to heat the steam sufficient to restore
the velocity of the blast of steam lost by partial condensation, this I effect by
passing the steam from the boiler into a steam chest, G, placed inside the chimney.
The Top and bottom of the steam chest are respectively above and below the
horizontal chimney, the sides are heated by the draught of hot gasses passing
inside the chimney. The bottom of the steam chest is provided with a small pet
cock H to remove condensed water or "primings" from the boiler. The steam
chest is supplied from the boiler by a pipe J placed in the top of the chest, and
the supply of steam to form the jet is taken from the top portion of the steam
chest by a pipe K connected with the jet orifice E and provided with cock.
The Chimney can be divided into two or more chimneys, each provided with
steam jet either directly from the boiler, or preferably from the steam chest: in
this manner more than one Hot Moist Blasts are obtained from one stove: When
the fire becomes too hot, I cool the gasses by admitting cold air into the hot gasses
of combustion before admixing with the steam jet, by lifting the lid of the stove
and allowing the steam to aspirate cold air along with the hot gasses, and when
1 require to further moisten the Hot Moist Blast I pass a jet of steam into the
Hot Moist Blast itself between the steam jet and the exit of the chimney by

page_text: means of a special pipe and jet proceeding from the boiler or steam chest and
directed towards the exit of each respective chimney.
The acting principle of the Hot Moist Blast for the purpose of my invention is
Heat, softened by the vapour of water, and the blast, and is not due to the
chemical composition of the air or gasses employed.
I utilize the Hot Moist Blast produced by the above or by apalagous means as
follows:-
I first steep the grain which may be whole, or crushed, or broken, or decorticated,
in cold or lukewarm water for a space of time sufficient to soften or damp the
grain, the period of immersion varies with the nature, age, and hardness of the
grain I prefer to employ the following periods when using a naturally soft water,
or a water artificially softened.
- thiol bual 8 to 10 hours.
If steeped in slightly alkaline water, or in lukewarm water (the temperature of
which must not exceed 135° before admixing with the grain). one half of the above
mentioned periods can be employed.
2
For other descriptions of grain than those mentioned the period of immersion
can easily be adjudged.-After the grain has been soaked, I draw off the water
and bring the damp grain into contact with the Hot Moist Blast. The damp grain
is placed in a suitable vessel which enables the grain to be agitated by mechanical
means, by a hand rake, or by a revolving agitator, or other appliance, but s
I prefer to revolve the containing vessel so as to prevent agglutination of thin
husked or broken cereals and to bring the whole of the Grain into contact with
the Hot Moist Blast. I turn on the steam into the Hot chimney gasses and
produce the Hot Moist Blast, I agitate the grain during exposure to the Hot Moist
Blast and I continue the process until sufficient gelatinization of the starch cor-
puscles of the grain has been effected, which can be told by the appearance of the
interior of the grain. If I further continue the process the grain gradually becomes
dry, but I prefer to effect the final drying on a Malt Kiln floor, or by a slower
drying process than the Hot Moist Blast Cylinder, which latter dries the exterior
of the colloidal grain so rapidly that the interior of the grain is not sufficiently
dried for grinding.
When the grain is sufficiently dried I grind it in a suitable mill, mix with
ground or crushed malt and use the mixture as malt is used in the mash tun.
When the grain is required to be gelatinized for immediate use: that is to say,
for use without previous drying, I gelatinize the grain as above described, mix
with water, cool to the required temperature and use either as a "mashing liquor
or throw into the tun along with the malt or goods according to circumstances:
When high extracts such as in distilling are required, I employ fine broken grain,
or I grind the gelatinized grain by water pulp grinding apparatus to a thin limpid
pulp.
The apparatus or vessel which I employ to bring the damp grain into contact
with the Hot Moist Blast may be of several forms, but I prefer a cylindrical shaped
apparatus made of Iron externally cased with wood or other non conducting
material, hexagonally shaped in cross section, revolving horizontally and fitted with
inlet pipe and stationary supply pipe, which latter constitutes the end of the
chimney conveying the Hot Moist Blast from the Stove so arranged that the
apparatus can revolve on a spindle at the end removed from the chimney, and on
one hollow trunnion bearing which constitutes the inlet pipe and sockets over the
stationary pipe or chimney: the inlet pipe tapers outwards, resembling a cone
towards and attached to the hexagonal shaped cylinder. Between the inlet pipe
inside the cone and the grain centained in the cylinder, I place a diaphragm at the

page_text: junction of the cone and the cylinder, perforated in the central portion with
th inch holes, to allow the passage of the Hot Moist Blast while preventing the
grain from coming into direct contact with the hot stationary pipe or chimney,
which latter I further provide with a rose or nozzle stopped at the end and per-
forated or slotted on the sides to distribute the Hot Moist Blast on entering the
cone. I also line the non-perforated portion of the diaphragm with asbestos, and
continue such asbestos lining for about six inches round the inside of the longi-
tudinal rim of the hexagonal cylinder. I provide a moveable cover with man-hole
in the centre of the side of the cylinder to enter in the grain and a shutter in the
cross section to rake out the grain. longitudinally. To better agitate the grain
I provide shelves running longitudinally through the length of the cylinder placed
in a line across the centre and separated from each other and from the sides of the
cylinder by a space of three inches. I also provide six or more exit holes for the
spent Hot Moist Blast each provided with sliding shutters to regulate the aperture
of exit: these exits holes can further be used for taking samples.
The doors and exits of the cylinder need not be constructed so as to form a
perfectly air tight vessel.
When the main chimney is divided into more than one chimney or blast pipe
more than one cylinder can be worked at the same time. The Stove can further
be constructed with one or more main chimneys each subsequently divided and
provided with steam jets and corresponding cylinders.
The Coke to be used should be in small pieces, without dust; and it is important
that it should not contain an excess of Sulphur. Coke made from Cannel Coal or
coked by the "Coal Limeing" process is preferable; admixture with lime water
can also be employed, but excess of lime will cause fire clay to fuse.
"
And whereas there exists some doubt as to the exact meaning of the terin
Gelatinized Grain," I would have it understood that in this specification I apply
the term "Gelatinized" to grain whose starch corpuscles or some of them have
been changed or altered wholly or partially, whether chemically or physically by
the action of Heat and moisture, and that the Starch corpuscles need not be
exfoliated; nor need the gelatinized grain present a crystalline or vitreous texture.
The temperatures and the jet of steam required to conduct the process necessarily
vary according to the size of the plant, the quantity of material, and other con-
ditions-I now proceed to give the relative dimensions and times of operation
required for a minimum out put of Gelatinized Rice of from 14 to 16 tons
per week.
Stove working three cylinders:
Diameter of internal heating surface
Height of live coke
-
13 inches.
20-25 inches.
Diameter of main chimney
Distance of steam jets from fire
Diameter of steam chest
Diameter of pipe from boiler to steam chest
Size of Boiler
Diameter of orifice (internal) of steam jets (cach
Diameter of Hot Moist Blast Chimneys
-
-
-
5 inches.
-
20 inches.
Length of pipe between steam jet and inlet to
cylinder
Pressure in Boiler
2 inches.
*inches.
4 Horse power.
18th inches.
1 inches.
-
30 inches.
40 to 45 lbs per Sq Inch,

page_text: Area of exits of Spent Hot Moist Blast (approximate):
At Commencement
After 5 Minutes
After 12 Minutes
-
-
-
-
-
2 to 3 Square Inches.
Square Inch.
2 to 3 Square Inches.
480°-500° F.
200-205.
Temperature of Hot Moist Blast at inlet to Cone
Temperature of Rice at end of 15 minutes
After withdrawing the charge the grain should be stacked in bulk for half an
hour to equalise the external and internal moisture before drying on the kiln.
During the middle of the operation the exit shutters should be closed partially,
to prevent too rapid evaporation: the Hot Moist Blast can be further moistened at
this stage by means of the special jet pipe for that purpose before described.-
When nearly dry the temperature of the grain rises rapidly.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what
I claim is
1. The application of the Hot Moist Blast produced by injecting a jet of steam
into the current of Spent Hot gasses from a fire to the purpose of Gelatinizing or
Treating moistened grain for use in brewing, whether such moistened gelatinized
grain is used direct in the Mash Tun, or dried for future use on a Malt Kiln, or by
other means of drying.
2. The application of the Hot Moist Blast to the purpose of Gelatinizing
Moistened Grain and subsequently drying such Gelatinized Grain by means of the
Hot Moist Blast.