Improvements in Bakers' and Confectioners' Ovens and Arrangements connected therewith.
Year: 1890

page_text: Date of Application, 26th July, 1890
Complete Specification Left, 25th Apr., 1891--Accepted, 18th July, 1891
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Bakers' and Confectioners' Ovens and Arrangements
connected therewith.
JOHN ADAIR, Commission Agent, Waterford, Ireland, do hereby declare the
nature of this invention to be as follows :-
The novelty of constructing by means of pipes a one or two decker or three
decker oven by laying such pipes in floors each floor of pipes to act as floor of
each deck of oven, all these pipes to be in one chamber thus permitting the air to
circulate freely. Allowing the bottom of chamber which is over furnace and
heating flues see Patent No. 12234 1888, and which will be the hottest to ascend
such heat to the top of chamber and allowing the less heated air which may be at
top to descend to bottom of chamber. By bottom of chamber I mean that part
which lies under first row of pipes and by floor of pipes I mean pipes set on a line
with spaces between them to allow air to circulate. I run my goods for baking
over these lines of pipes. This can be done by a tray see Patent No. 2750 1888.
Or I can place a frame of lattice work or strained iron rods over each floor of
pipes so as to permit a baker's peel to work in the setting of the goods baked. Or
if necessary a plate might rest over pipes upon which plate tiles might be laid, but
such plates must leave space around it or by holes through it for the free circulation
of air in oven.
As a further novelty in constructing such ovens I have what I term "flats" at
cach floor of pipes in a chamber at back and front of oven. By "flats
I mean
flues which run right along on a level with the pipe floors and feeds them with hot
air from furnaces or draws from them the hot air into chimneys. This altering
them to feed or draw is done by means of dampers which are at bottom and top of
flats, thus if I open damper on bottom of one flat and shut damper on top of same
Hat then heat must pass through from this flat into pipes or if I reverse this then
this flat ceases to feed pipes but must get fed itself from the pipes entering into it
and as chambers at back and front of oven communicate with both furnace and
chimney I can let heat pass from any particular flat or flats direct to chimney
without passing it through pipes, or I can prevent the heat from entering into
chimney from any particular flat or flats, and pass it through pipes or if required
I can prevent the heat from entering any particular flat or flats at all. It is there-
fore evident I have complete control over the heating of oven.
I further claim the baking over pipes heated with hot air without the addition
of lattice work or iron rods as described. And further as an easy method of
baking light goods in such ovens I make my baking trays with iron pipe frames
such trays being about 2 feet in width and ten feet in length, I pass wire rods
lengthways through such pipes, fastening one end of rod in back wall of oven and
other end twelve feet distant from oven outside, drawing such rods tight so that
tray by means of pipe will run freely on it. At each end of this tray I have
doors made after the manner of the fronts and ends of an ordinary drawer, so that
when examining goods or setting them the end of tray will act as door and when
tray is in oven the front will also act as door keeping oven closed..
Dated this 24th day of 7th Month 1890.
JOHN ADAIR,
Waterford.

page_text: COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Bakers' and Confectioners' Ovens and Arrangements
connected therewith.
JOHN ADAIR, Commission Agent, Waterford, Ireland, do hereby declare the
nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be
particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement :-
The constructing by means of pipes, a decker oven, by laying such pipes in
floors, each floor of pipes to act as floor of each deck of oven.
All these pipes to
be in one chamber, thus permitting the air to circulate freely, the bottom of which
chamber is over furnace and will therefore be the hottest to ascend such heat to the
top of chamber, and also permitting the less heated air, which may be at top of
chamber to descend to bottom.
By bottom of chamber, I mean that part which lies under first row of pipes-and
by top of chamber I mean that part which is furthest above top row of pipes-by
floor of pipes I mean pipes set on a line with spaces between them to allow air to
circulate, also at the sides and centre of chamber I leave air spaces which will
permit the air to circulate during the operation of baking as during this operation
the baking trays extend over the pipes and therefore cover up the spaces between
them. The circulation will be in measure staid there but only in measure-as the
baking trays being a distance above the pipes-say 4 or 5 inches there will be
therefore some circulation of air.
As it may be desirable to work some parts of this oven with the old and well
understood method of a baker's peel-not that I think it is desirable-but others
may not wish to go to the expense of trays and consequently may desire to work
the peel. Now as it would be impossible without some further arrangement to do
so, I lay over these pipes an iron frame sufficient to completely cover them-the
top irons on this frame run lengthways in oven-viz. from front to back and the
cross supporting irons rest on pipes-thus the peel can slide in and out the usual
baking tins for fancy bread and other work-but should it be desirable to not bake
on tins, but upon sole of oven, I then cover such iron tray with ordinary baking
tiles or fire blocks.
:
In cases where peels are used it is an important consideration that the top oven
should not stand very high and therefore it may be considered necessary to make
the height between each floor of pipes as low as possible therefore to put the iron
tray over the pipes and over this the tiles will require more space than if the
baking were done over the pipes or over tiles laid on the pipes.
To accomplish this purpose I make the pipes square that is instead of being
round pipes they are square-this permits them to hold a greater volume of hot
air in the same height, as we know the square in which a circle rests must contain
more space than the circle which rests in the square, and further should it be
desirable to still economize space I would widen this pipe and reduce its height.
The top now being flat the baking can be accomplished on it-with or without
tiles if without tiles there is nothing to prevent such pipes widening to a foot or
more and narrowing in proportion.
For the sake of clearness I will term pipes whether round square or further
widened as described-" heat encasing channels."
Also in the construction of such ovens, I have what I term flats at each floor of
pipes in chamber at back and front of oven, by flats I mean flues which run
right along on a level with the pipe floors and feeds them with hot air from furnace
at either front or back of oven-giving the power of thus alternating heat to back
and front of oven is a great method of equalizing temperature.
Heat can flow from one flat into the other flat and so on to next, or heat can pass
by any flat & flow into any particular flat, thus giving the power to cool or heat
any particular flat.

page_text: In cases where the peel is not used, baking is performed by large trays run on
wheels described in Patent No. 2750, 1888.
I run these baking trays in over pipes without any covering or flooring being
over such pipes and further as an easy method of baking light goods in such ovens,
I make my baking trays with iron pipe frames such trays being about 2 ft. in width
and ten ft. in length.
I pass wire rods lengthwise through such pipes fastening one end of rod in back
wall of oven-and the other end 12 ft. or more distant from outside of oven
drawing such rods tight so that tray by means of the pipe will travel freely on it.
At each end of this tray I have doors after the manner of the front and end of
an ordinary drawer-thus when I draw tray out of oven for the purpose of putting
goods on it or taking goods from it, the end now drawn to front of oven will close
the aperture, and thus prevent heat escaping and when I put in tray, the other end
will perform the like.
The heat escaping from furnaces especially 3 deckers by means of the metal
furnace doors and fronts of such, is very great and is particularly disagreeable to
any person working at the mouth of oven.
In order to prevent this and also to economize the waste of heat I use what I
term a non-conducting door, which runs across oven on wheels.
For further illustration of all now expressed-the drawings attached and
descriptions of same will explain.
As in my previous ovens, my heat storing chambers only run through front part
of oven and are only fed with hot air, when the furnace main dampers are closed-
(by furnace main dampers I mean the dampers which are on 1st floor of oven and
which receive the main draught from furnace to heat such floor) such dampers
being closer to the furnace heat, than if placed at front of oven-they are liable to
crack and warp.
To prevent this I place such dampers at front of oven, and modify the heat
before coming in contact with them, by taking off its rashness-by passing it
through heat storing chambers. The manner of doing this is fully set forth and
Represents on one side "A." ground plan of oven-see section lines Sheet No. 4.
C. C. C. C. C. are the heat storing chamber walls-through which furnace
current passes. These are fire brick walls-16 inches in depth-2 of these walls
run up to the cross wall D. thus dividing into 3 compartments the heat-storing
chambers say, compartment C. No. 1: C. No. 2: C. No. 3.
E is a pit about 16 inches deep. Side B. is that part of oven above the heat
storing chambers--and divided from such by a flooring of fire blocks in which floor
are set the dampers G. 1. G. 2 and G. 3.
F. F. are walls about 12 inches in height and which divide this side of oven into
3 compartments-say compartment B. No. 1. B. No. 2. and B. No. 3.
To explain the workings of this view of oven, I indicate the heat currents by
The
arrows, with numbers attached, indicating the order in which they follow.
arrow H. 1 passing from furnace enters into the heat storing chambers until it is
stopped by the cross wall D. there it rises through the damper G. No. 1.
It will be observed regarding these dampers, that when they uncover the heat-
storing chambers, they cover the pit E. and when they uncover the pit E. they cover
the heat storing chambers. Thence following on to H. No. 3. H. No. 4 H. No. 5.
this arrow dips through the damper G. 2. passing along the pit E. rises again
at G. 3. and flows on as H. 6 and H. 7. there reaching the flue J.
Before passing from this view of oven, it will be easily understood that I can
alter flame current into any compartment by means of dampers. Thus if I draw
out G. 2. and shut G. 1. then arrow H. 3. ascends at damper G. 2. and flows in a
reverse current to G. 1. dips there into the pit E. and ascends by damper G. 3. and

page_text: as a further alteration I close in damper G 1 and G2. and draw out G. 3. then the
arrow H. 3 will rise at damper G 3. and thence into the flue J. and in the alteration
there will also be an alteration in the flowing of heat through the heat storing
chambers. This power of controlling the distribution of heat will assist in
equalizing the heat of oven.
Fig. 1. This view represents a section of oven-sce Sheet No. 4.
K. is furnace P. are pipes through which hot air passes, and which are arranged
in flats as No. 1 No. 2 and No. 3. L. are sand boxes for pipes described in
Patent 11140, 1890.
M. 1 M 2 M. 3 are what I term connectors, being metal boxes in which cross
dampers N. work, by means of a handle which is pinned into circle they are held
at the desired position. 0.0.0. are what I term cross-girders-these being hollow
boxes stretching across front of oven and into which pipes are connected.
Fig. 2. gives an illustration of how the connectors M. are joined to the cross-
girders Othus M. at top has a groove all round it, into which a deep lip on the
cross girder enters and at bottom M. sinks down into a groove which is in the cross
girder O. These joints are made good with fine sand or ashes. Expansion or
contraction will make no breach in such joints-also being always free, they can be
seperated, or put together without difficulty. Q 1. and Q 2 are dampers. Z. is
back wall of oven, upon which the pipes rest by means of sand boxes. The dotted
lines W. No. 1. W No. 2 and U. No. 3 represent the dampers which are illustrated
in Sheet No. 3. Like letters and figures representing like parts. Oven at back
and at front has a connection into main chimney at the points indicated by R. R.
To explain the workings of this particular view I adopt arrows after the manner
previously expressed in description of Sheet No. 1-thus-arrow S. 1. flows through
an opening in the wall Z. as S. 2. thence up into pipe as S. 3. by the damper Q. 2.
thence to S. 4. through the damper U No. 2. being open, on then to S. 5. and thence
to S. 6.
Again as a further illustration of workings--I take the arrow T. No. 1 and flow
it on by the damper Q 1. being open, and the damper Q 2. being shut into pipes
as T. No. 2. thence to T. No. 3. on to T. No. 4. through the damper U No. 3.
being open-thence to T. No. 5.
I need not explain the further operations that can be performed with furnace
currents by the opening or closing of dampers, as it can be easily read-but to sum
up, I may say, that by this system of flats, each flat having by means of dampers
the power to arrest the flame currents and make them pass through any particular
flat, either at back or front, or they may pass from one flat into another flat, as
before described reversing their action when desired and thereby equalizing the
heat of oven or should it be necessary, the heat can pass direct into chimney without
entering any flat, giving me by such arrangements a perfect and complete control
over my oven-which is an absolute necessity in working all ovens but especially
3 deckers.
As with such ovens it may be necessary to have for fancy bread the top oven
hotter than the ovens underneath-and it being possible to make the top air in a
chamber hotter than the bottom-it will be quite possible by passing the hot air
into the upper pipes direct from furnace to accomplish this object.
It will be further observed, that as the pipes in my oven stand apart and also,
as there is a large centre space and a space at each side-the air can circulate with
case in such an oven-thus the hot air will ascend from 1st floor which may be
the hottest, to 2nd or 3rd floor which may be colder, caused by some cold work
being there for baking, or possibly by less heat passing through pipes-but be it as
it may, the cold air descensd, and the hot air ascends, thus equalizing.
Compare this system with decker ovens, where each deck is a complete and

page_text: seperate chamber, no connection whatever from the inside of one deck with that of
the next, consequently no connection of air from one oven to another.
It is very
obvious the great advantage of my oven which is one chamber and virtually one
oven.
Fig. 3. shews top view of cross girder with groove for the connector M. I
make this cross girder, say a square hollow girder closed at both ends with openings
at one side to receive pipes, and at the other side to clean them-it being one
casting.

page_text: Fig. 2. represents a side view of this tray-like figures—like parts.
Fig. 4. represents a non-conducting door passing in front of furnace by means of
wheels running in a girder L. An illustration of these wheels and how they fasten
into door is at Fig. 6.
The metal frame which carries wheel has a slot at the centre in each end.
The door K. is cut after the manner shewn entering into this slot. 2 screws
passing through all attach them.
Fig. 5. represents side view of furnace with non-conducting door K. these
furnaces I place under the level of floor. M. is therefore floor line-the non-con-
ducting door K. will run back into a prepared space between the oven furnace wall
on one side and the earth on the other-steps descend into this furnace from floor
line.
There is an under-rail R. shewn at Fig. 4. with a groove in it which steadies
door K.
Fig. 7. shews how this door K. is constructed a plate is cut at the corners and
then turned in at the dotted lines-this fastened on to the door K. by bolts makes
a box with a mouth open at top which receives ashes, asbestos or any other non-
conducting material, thereby filling box-a few bolts are put across the mouth,
which pass through pieces of pipe-the pipe keeping the box from yielding while
the bolts are tightening-this will be a strong and durable non-conducting door.
enter.
SHEET No. 6.
W. arc walls of oven. D are doors through which the materials for baking
The side A. of oven shews an iron frame-work with tiles T. on a part of it.
The side B. of oven shews the pipes through which the hot air passes. S. S. S. are
the air spaces, through which the air circulates in oven, though of course while
materials are not baking the air can circulate between the pipes-also through the
iron tray which may rest on pipes-provided it is not covered with tiles.
The object of this iron tray is for the purpose of working with an ordinary baker's
peel, setting the goods on this tray in the same manner as they are set in an
ordinary oven-viz.: upon tins which are placed by a peel in the oven.
But where it is desirable to have the power of baking direct on sole of oven I
cover this iron tray with tiles.
It is thus clearly evident that this iron frame will be a great advantage as it will
permit the air to circulate through whatever parts of it may not be covered also it
will be exceedingly durable-and the covering of such tray with tiles can be done
so easily, and they will remain so level by such a method also they will so
quickly and evenly take in heat underneath, that their baking power will be very
satisfactory.
Should it be desirable to reduce the height between floors of pipes and con-
sequently alter the form of such pipes-(this is fully alluded to and described in
previous part of this Specification)-then at the front part of oven sand boxes will
not be convenient-pipes may therefore be fastened by means of flanges bolting
them by such to cross girder-leaving contraction and expansion to be performed in
sand box at other end.
Having now, particularly described and ascertained the nature of this my said
invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, I wish it to be
distinctly understood, that I do not confine myself, to the precise dimensions or
relative proportions of the several parts hereinbefore described it will be readily
seen that these may be considerably varied, without departing from the invention-
but what I claim is:
1st. An oven constructed after the manner described and further illustrated by
accompanying drawings, Sheets No. 1. 2. 3. and 4.
2nd. The having in one chamber several floors constructed of heat encasing
channels with air spaces at each side of them for the purposes mentioned and after

page_text: the manner described in this Specification and further illustrated by accompanying
drawings Sheet 234 and 6.
3rd. The method by means of flats arranged with dampers of giving to each floor
of chamber the power of taking in hot air at front or back of oven, thereby tending
to equalize heat of. chambers as described and further illustrated by drawings
attached Sheet No. 3 and 4. Fig. 1.
4th. The cross girder with soot doors for cleaning the heat encasing channels P.
also the connectors M. with sand joints and damper arrangements as described and
further illustrated by Sheet No. 2. Figs. 1. 2 and 3.
5th. Trays for running into oven with the connecting arrangements for same,
constructed and working after the manner described and further illustrated by
Sheet No. 5. Figs. 1. 2 and 3.
6th. In combination with oven after the manner described in this Specification
non-conducting door for furnace front constructed and working after the manner
described and for the purposes mentioned and illustrated by Sheet No. 5. Figs. 4. 5
and 6.
7th. An iron grating resting over heat-encasing channels, and the using of tiles
on same as a method of arranging floors for bakers' peels to work on, after the
manner described and further illustrated by Sheet No. 6.
Sth. The placing of main furnace dampers, at front of oven, for the purpose
specified, and the arrangements for performing this, as set forth in Sheet No. 1.
Dated this 22nd day of 4th Mo. 1891.
JOHN ADAIR.