CERTAIN IMPROVE- MENTS IN THE METHOD OF OPENING AND SHUTTING WINDOWS OR SASHES, AND ALSO IN THE APPLICATION OF MACHINERY TO THE OPENING AND SHUTTING WINDOW SHUTTERS, AND IN OTHER CASES WHERE THE AFORESAID IMPROVEMENTS MAY BE APPLIED
Year: 1818

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, GEORGE
MICHAEL, of Saint Austell, in the County of Cornwall, Builder, send greeting.
WHEREAS His most Excellent Majesty King George the Third did, by
His Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain, and Ireland bearing date at Westminster, the Twenty-sixth day of
May, in the fifty-eighth year of His reign, give and grant unto me, the said
George Michael, my exors, adñññors, and assigns, His special licence, full
power, sole privilege and authority, that I, the said George Michael, my
exors, alors, and assigns, should and lawful might, during the term of years
therein mentioned, make, use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales,
and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE METHOD OF OPENING AND SHUTTING WINDOWS OR SASHES, AND ALSO
IN THE APPLICATION OF MACHINERY TO THE OPENING AND SHUTTING WINDOW
SHUTTERS, AND IN OTHER CASES WHERE THE AFORESAID IMPROVEMENTS MAY BE
APPLIED;" in which said Letters Patent there is contained a proviso, that if I,
the said George Michael, shall not particularly describe and ascertain the
nature of my said Invention, and what manner the same is to be performed,
by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, and cause the same to
be inrolled in His Majesty's High Court of Chancery within two calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent, that
then the said Letters Patent, and all liberties and advantages whatsoever
thereby granted, shall utterly cease, determine, and become void, as in and by
the same, relation being thereunto had, may more fully and at large appear.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
George Michael, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention, and
the manner in which the same is to be performed, are particularly described
and ascertained in and by the Drawings hereunto annexed, and the following
description thereof (that is to say):-
My said Invention, as far as regards the opening or shutting of windows or
sashes, consists of a mode of fitting up sashes with moveable or detached stiles,
which I denominate counterpart stiles, and which are attached, by proper
fastenings, to the sashes themselves, in the manner hercin-after described, or
by any other suitable means, so that they will permit the sashes to slide in
the usual manner, and also to open by hinges in another direction, or be wholly
taken out, without the assistance of workmen, for the purpose of cleaning or
repairing; and I declare that the following description, with the Drawings
annexed, are sufficient to enable competent workmen to execute my said
Invention in a manner which will answer the intended purpose, and that I am
of opinion that the same is sufficient for the due understanding thereof; but I
do not think it needful to describe all other modes by which the same thing
may be done, because they may be varied in many ways, but I claim as my
Invention sashes having such detached or counterpart stiles, or any framing or
contrivance to serve the same purpose, by which sashes sliding in groves or
rabbets may be made to open with hinges, or be removed in the manner I shall
point out. And I do declare that the mode which, by preference I adopt, in
executing my said Invention, though other methods may be practised, is the
following, that is to say, the stiles of the sashes may be made or diminished in
their breadth, so as to pass freely between the beads that form the groves in the
sash frame on each side; to these stiles may be fitted, by rabetting, groving,
filletting, or otherwise, as may be found necessary, counterpart stiles, composed
of wood or any other fit material, in length and thickness suitable to the stiles of
the sash, and in breadth a sufficient addition to suit exactly the sash frame.
That one stile of the lower or inside sash be connected to one of the counter-
part stiles aforesaid, by hinges made of brass or any other fit material securely
fastened to each part. And that a fillet one quarter of an inch square, more
or less, may be formed on the inside of the said counterpart stile to slide freely
in a correspondent groove formed in the inside bead of the sash frame to detain
the said counterpart stile in its place when the said sash is open, and a similar
provision may be adopted, if necessary, for both sides. That the other stile of
tl.e sash aforesaid may be connected to the said counterpart stile by dovetails
or connecting rabbets, or any other proper means, securely fastened to each

page_text: part, made of brass, or any other fit material; and there may be inserted in the
said connecting rabbet or dovetail, placed at the bottom of each sash or spring,
catch to secure it in its place when shut, or it may be secured by screws or
bolts or other means, so as to suffor the sash to be completely detached there-
from when it is required to open in such a manner as the hinges on the other
counterpart stile will permit it to do. That the upper and outside sash, when
necessary, may be reduced in breadth narrower than the under and inside sash
one quarter of an inch, more or less, and that one stile of the said sash may be
connected to one of the said counterpart stiles by means of hinges made of brass,
or any other fit material, securely fixed either on the face or edge of the said
sash, with joints sufficiently extended towards the centre of the said sash, so
that it may, when it is opened on the inside, fall upon the lower or inside
sash. That the said counterpart stile, connected with the upper and outside
sash, may be groved in a perpendicular direction; on the inside next the
parting bead the said grove may be one quarter of an inch from the angle, and
the same depth and breadth more or less; and that a crank plate three
inches long, more or less, made of brass or any other fit material, fitted to
the fillet formed by the said grove, be inlaid and securely fastened to the
pulley piece of the sash frame, to detain the said stile in the manner described
for the other sash; and the said crank may be applied to the outside of the
counterpart stile, or any of the other stiles, if found necessary; or the grove
and crank aforesaid may be omitted when the party bead is of sufficient thick-
ness to be groved, and a fillet formed on the side of the said counterpart stile,
adopted to it as herein-before described; likewise, when required, a similar
grove may be formed in the outside casing, with corresponding fillet on the
outside of the said counterpart stile suited to it. That the other stile of the
said upper and outside sash be connected to the counterpart stile, in the same
manner as the under and inside sash herein-before described. That the sash
lines connected with the sash weights may be conveniently fastened to the said
counterpart stiles of both sashes, by means of plates, with loop holes adapted
to the size of the sash line, or other means, as may be found necessary. And
I declare that the hinges connecting the stiles of the said sashies to the counter-
part stiles may Le omitted, and the said stiles be connected by dovetails,
connecting rabbits, or otherwise, as herein-before described, whereby the sashes
may be disengaged from the counterpart stiles and taken out. And I do
further declare the advantages of my Invention be as follows:-
First, the glass on the outsi.ie can be cleaned with the greatest facility when
the sash is opened or taken out.
_. Secondly, the glass can be repai ed and sash painted with ease an 1 safety.

page_text: REFERENCE TO THE DRAWING.
a, a, section of sash frame, and weight; b, section of stile of sash; c, section
of counterpart stile; d, hinges of inside sash; e, fillet of counter stile; ff, con-
necting rabbets or dovetail at top; 9, g, section of ditto; h, h, connecting
rabbet or dovetail at bottom; i, i, section of ditto, shewing spring catch; k, k
hinges for outside sash; 1, 1, section of ditto; m, section of crank for outside
sash; n, plate for fastening sash line to counterpart stiles; o, section of ditto.
And I do hereby declare that my said Invention, as far as regards the
application of machinery to the opening and shutting window shutters, is
hereafter described as follows, that is to say:-
The window shutter may be composed of staves rabbetted to each other, and
connected by means of pin chain, with rollers inserted in the bottom of the
staves; but for the construction of which I do not claim any exclusivo right,
but the following is the description of the machinery:-The window shutter
may fold on a spiral axis (four inches and a half in diameter, more or less,)
placed at one end of the window at a convenient distance from the sash, and
made of wood or any other fit material. In the centre of the bottom of the
axis may be inserted and fixed a pivot, half inch in diameter, more or less,
made of iron, steel, or any other fit material, to work in a socket made of
brass or any other fit material. In the top of the said spiral axis may be
inserted and fixed a similar socket as described aforesaid, to receive a corres-
pondent pivot, fixed perpendicularly over the said pivot in the bottom of the
spiral axis. The grove in the stall board, in which the window shutter slides
and folds, may be adapted to its thickness, and cased with brass or any other
fit material, with holes and pipes in the bottom to let out the water, which
might otherwise remain there. At the rounded angle of the window on the
stall board, where the window shutter passes through the opening to the spiral
axis, may be placed two or more friction rollers, three inches in diameter, half
an inch thick, more or less, and perpendicular to the said rollers; the same
number of rollers at the top of the window. That a toothed wheel made of
iron or any other fit material, twelve inches diameter, more or less, with a
square hole in the centre, the teeth adapted to an endless screw or six-leaved
pinion, more or less, be fixed to the spiral axis under the stall board. The
pinion may be securely fixed on one end of an arbor of convenient length and
diameter; the said arbor to be groved on the surface one quarter of an inch in
depth, two inches in length, more or less; the grove to commence one quarter

page_text: of an inch distant from the side of the pinion. To this grove may be adapted
two brasses, to join in the centre, with a hole in the top of the upper one, and
square holes in the ends for securing the brasses to a frame of wood in such a
position as to fit exactly the teeth of the wheel on the spiral axis. That a
fusee, made of iron or any other fit material, in diameter equal to the largest
fold of the window shutter on the said spiral axis, with a spiral groove sunk on
its surface, diminishing in diameter exactly with the several foldings of the
window shutter on the spiral axis, and also having a square hole in the centre;
which said fusce may be fixed above the toothed wheel on the spiral axis
under the stall board. That a groove be formed in the outside part of
bottom rail or sill of the sash at a proper distance from the bottom of the
groove in the stall board, for a chain to work in, with rollers inserted at
proper distances when required. And that a grooved pulley, made with iron
or any other fit material, six inches in diameter, more or less, to Le placed.
in the end of the groove opposite the opening through which the window
slutter passes to fold on the spiral axis. That a chain be connected to the
fusce, and passing over the grooved pulley placed in the end of the groove in
the sill of the sash, be securely fastened to the bottom of the first stave in the
window shutter, and a similar one may be put to the top of the stave when
necessary; or the toothed wheel and pinion, or endless screw, with the fusec,
as described aforesaid, may be fixed on an arbor, or work between two plates
connected by pillars or other means. The said arbor, may be flanched at the
top with a square hole or cross, sunk in the upper surface to receive correspon-
dant square or cross in the lower end of the spiral axis, parallel with the
bottom of the groove in the stall board; the lower end of the said arbor to
work in a socket, as before described, attached to the under plate, and the
said pinion or endless screw adapted to the toothed wheel may be fitted to its
place by pivot holes in or connected with the pillars of the said frame on that
side most convenient; the whole to be made of iron or any other fit
material; or the fusee may be oinitted, and in order to draw out the window
shutter in the groove outside the sash there may be placed at the opposite side
or end of the said sash a tooth wheel adapted to an endless screw, fixed on an
arbour to work between two plates, as before described; and that under the
said endless screw.be placed a square box, in width and lengih equal to the
semi-diameter, and length of its working part. Above the toothed wheel may
be fixed on the arbour a plate twelve inches in diameter, more or less, and on
the upper surface of the said plate a spiral rim four inches in diameter, more
or less, adapted in height to the chain connected to the window shutter, the
whole to be made with iron or any other fit material; or, to fold the window

page_text: GEORGE (L.S.) MICHAEL.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Twenty-fourth day of July, in
the year of our Lord 1818, the aforesaid George Michael came before our
said Lord the King in His Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification
aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and specified, in form
5 abovo written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according to
the tenor of the Statuto made for that purpose.
Inrolled the Twenty-fourth day of July, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and eighteen.