Improvements in and connected with Means for Electrically Lighting Railway Carriages.
Year: 1898

page_text: Improvements in and connected with Means for Electrically Lighting
Railway Carriages.
I, EMIL DICK, of 4, Jasomirgottstrasse, Vienna I., Austria, Engineer, do hereby
declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
The present invention relates to the illumination of railway carriages on the
well known system, in connection with which, a dynamo and accumulator battery
are employed.
Each carriage of the train is provided with a storage battery and one of the
same carries a dynamo, by means of which the storage batteries are charged
and which also serves in part to supply current direct to the lamps. The dynamo
car or coach further contains all the regulating and safety devices as also the
switches for the dynamo.
The main conductors pass through all the cars and are coupled between the
cars by flexible cables adapted to be easily disengaged. The dynamo is driven
from one of the car axles by suitable gearing of any well known kind.
The arrangement of the appliances forming the whole system is as follows:--
The incandescent lamps of each car are shunt circuited in the main conductors
by means of parallel branch conductors.
The storage batteries are inserted in the shunt lines being so arranged as to
complete the circuit, including the lamps, when the switch closes the circuit to
cause the lamps to burn. Each of the shunt lines is provided with a safety fuse
which melts if any short circuiting with the main conductors takes place, thus
insulating the shunt branch in question, so that the lamp and the storage battery
will form a complete circuit.
The lamps are connected up in this manner in each of the 'cars, but the
apparatuses hereinafter described are only provided in the generator car attached
to the train. The armature and the electro-magnet of the dynamo are shunt
circuited in the main conductors, the said armature and electro-magnet being
inserted in branch lines.
The following apparatuses are inserted in the circuit of the dynamo armature; -
1) A commutator which serves to properly direct the motion of the current
through the storage batteries, on the reversal of motion of the train;
2) An apparatus by means of which the dynamo is circuited out of the main
conductors, as soon as the tension of the current generated falls below that
necessary for the lamps or that of the storage batteries, so as to prevent a return
current from the latter to the dynamo.
3) A solenoid, consisting of four superposed windings for the automatic resist-
ance regulating device for the energising current and finally;-
4) A resistance consisting of two parts.
A compensating resistance and a rheostat are inserted in the circuit in which

page_text: the said electro-magnet is, the effectiveness of the latter being varied by the
apparatus through which the current of the armature and its shunts passes.
The commutator consists of an electro-magnet having a revoluble armature,
the shaft of which carries three lever arms, underneath the downwardly bent
ends of which six receptacles are provided, each receptacle being filled with
quicksilver. The first four of the said receptacles are connected crosswise by means
of the conductors, the latter two being connected direct.
The spool of the said magnet is connected to a branch line of the main con-
ductor, that of the said armature to the branch line of the dynamo conductors,
the latter branch joining two of the said levers, which are insulated from each
other and connected to the dynamo brushes; two of the said receptacles are
connected direct to the dynamo conductors.
The said commutator also serves to short circuit the above mentioned compen-
sating resistance of the field energising wire, whilst the dynamo is running and,
with this object in view, two points, situated at either side of the said resistance
are connected by wires, with the third of the said levers which is also insulated
and the last two of the said quicksilver receptacles respectively, the latter being
connected, as previously described.
The said automatic switching device consists of two solenoids, each having
three windings; the inner windings being of thin wire and the windings for
the main current of thick wire.
Their cores of soft iron are attached to the ends of an oscillating beam, one
of the said cores carrying a counterpoises and the other an insulated contact fork,
the downwardly extending ends of which dip into the quicksilver receptacles
when the said fork is in its lower position, the respective conductor being in-
terrupted between these receptacles.
The inner windings of the said solenoids are inserted in a branch wire of the
armature conductors, so as to short circuit the interruption caused by the respective
receptacles.
The outer windings are connected up to a branch line of the main conductors;
this branch line includes further the spool of an electro-magnet belonging to a
relay, as also a spool of the solenoid of the device for regulating or operating the
rheostat.
The device which serves to regulate the resistance of the rheostat of the field
energising circuit, consists mainly of one solenoid, the core of which dips into
a quicksilver receptacle formed by superposed metal rings insulated one from
the other, said rings being electrically connected with the sections of the rheostat,
so that the greater the number of rings, with which the quicksilver contacts
simultaneously, the greater the number of sections of the rheostat will be; which
is switched out of the circuit.
The main feature of the present device consists in composing the solenoid of
four coils, two main circuit coils and two shunt circuit as also the manner
in which the same are controlled, which will now be described.
• The main circuit coils are arranged in series as also the resistances of the
rheostat, in the armature circuit.
The arrangement of the coil in the branch line has already been described.
The coil is arranged in the shunt line which short circuits the break in which
circuit are arranged another coil of an electro-magnet, the circuit breaker of a
relay and a contact, which is closed whilst the accumulators are being charged,
by a lever but open whilst the lamps are burning.
A shunt line is arranged to branch off between the two resistances of the
rheostat and is provided with a contact, which is only closed whilst the storage
batteries are being charged. The arrangement of the relay in the two shunt
lines has already been explained.
The following is a description of the operation of the system whilst the batteries
are being charged as also whilst the lamps are being supplied with electricity
from the dynamo and the storage batteries.

page_text: CHARGING THE STORAGE BATTERIES.
During the operation of charging, the respective switch is in the position in
which the circuit is closed.
When the train is standing still, the dynamo circuit is interrupted by means
of the automatic switching device, the fork of which is out of contact with its
quicksilver receptacles as long as there is no current in the conductors, whilst
a second interruption of the circuit of the dynamo takes place at the commutator,
the levers of which are in a horizontal position and consequently do not dip in
either of the quicksilver receptacles at the right or left hand side.
This double interruption of the circuit prevents the accumulator current from
returning to the dynamo armature.
Whilst, however, the dynamo circuit is entirely cut out, i.e., no current is
passing through the wires, a current is still circulating through the shunt wires
of the dynamo electro-magnet, the said current being reduced to the lowest
admissible degree by means of the resistance of this circuit.
The moment the train starts, the armature of the dynamo will be operated in
a direction corresponding to that of motion of the train, and since, as above
mentioned a weak current is circulating in the field energising circuit coming
from the storage batteries, a weak current will also be generated in the arma-
ture circuit, which will move in the only direction open to it, and circulate
round the rotary armature.
Since a weak branch current from the main conductors is circulating through
the wires to the electro-magnet, the levers will be oscillated according to the
direction of the current circulating round the oscillatory armature and com-
municated to the respective shaft.
Presuming this shaft and armature to have been oscillated to the right the
corresponding ends of the levers will be dipped into the respective quicksilver
receptacles; this contact alone would connect the dynamo circuit to the main
conductors, if it were not interrupted between the receptacles of the automatic
switching device.
Owing to this interruption, the armature current controlled by the commutator,
passes through the short circuiting branch line and the ampere-windings thus
generated in the coil operate the fork of the core attached to the oscillating beam
aforesaid exercising a pull on the latter.
If the commutator works properly, the effect of the windings on the respective
core will he increased by the effect of the windings in the constantly closed
shunt line of the main conductors.
If the commutator does not work properly, and directs the dynamo current in
the opposite direction to that of the accumulators, the two currents would com-
pensate each other and the armature remain at rest.
In the former case, however the sum of the effects of the said windings becomes
operative, and the said windings in combination with each other and the respective
counterpoises are so adjusted, that the moment the armature current attains the
tension for feeding the lamps, the said fork will dip into the respective receptacles
and connect the dynamo with the main conductors, thus bringing the winding
of the main current into operation and rendering the closure of the circuit at
tlie said receptacles safe.
The last named winding also effects the circuiting out of the dynamo in case
the accumulator current should become stronger than that of the dynamo, in
that the ampere-windings which in this case operate in the opposite manner,
raise the said fork and break the circuit at the said receptacles.
If the train is running in the opposite direction to that previously assumed,
the shaft of the armature together with its levers, would have been oscillated
in the opposite direction' and the dynamo current would have been closed by
way of the respective receptacles, but the current would have had the same
direction in the main conductors, owing to the crosswise connections between
the aforesaid receptacles.

page_text: All the levers would have simultaneously oscillated, dipping one or other of
its ends into its respective receptacle. Owing to the closure of the circuit from
the centre part of the last lever to one or other of the respective receptacles the
compensating resistance is short circuited, so that the energising current is con-
siderably strengthened at the starting of the train.
The automatic resistance regulating device for the energising current is
operated by a solenoid, consisting of four superposed coils, being two outer main
current coils and two inner branch line coils.
Whilst the charging is going on, i.e., when the switch is in the position in
which the circuit is closed the larger part of the two part resistance is short
circuited to the main current winding and is consequently cut out as far as its
regulating influence is concerned.
The inner of the main current windings together with the other part of the
said resistance, which only serves to check current vibrations, which might
take place when the dynamo is circuited in, is arranged in the main conductor.
The last named main current winding in combination with the shunt circuit
winding of the branch line is so adjusted, that if a current of about a quarter the
charging capacity passes through the said main current winding, said current
having an E.F. equal to about 21 volt per cell, the iron core of the solenoid
will be on the point of being lifted, thus commencing to switch in the rheostat
and weakening the energising current.
If the strength of the charging current is normal and the maximum charging
tension attained, the inner of the branch and the main current line windings
will raise the respective iron core very considerably, thus circuiting in the
greater part of the rheostat into the energising winding.
On the maximum charging tension being attained, the electro-magnet of the
branch line comes into operation, and attracts the armature of the aforesaid
relay against the pull of its spring which is correspondingly adjusted, thus closing
its contact. The ampere windings generated in the outer of the two branch
line windings increases the effect of the inner of the main current and
the inner of the branch line winding and are so adjusted, that when the maxi-
mum number of revolutions of the dyname and the maximum tension for charging
is attained, the respective core will be completely raised and the whole rheostat
switched into the energising circuit.
The rheostat is adjusted to such strength, that when the whole of it is in
operation, the current from the dynamo to the batteries is interrupted.
In spite of the fact that by switching in the whole of the rheostat the tension
of the dynamo current is considerably lessened, and has fallen below the limit
at which the electro-magnet of the branch line of the relay winding of the
apparatus was set, in operation its armature will remain in the position to which
it had been attracted, since the effect of the said electro-magnet is reinforced by
that of the other electro-magnet of the relay.
The latter electro-magnet is so calculated that the armature will not be released
until the tension has fallen to 2 volt, so that at this tension, the outer winding of
the branch line will be without current and have no effect on the regulating
device.
The reduction of the tension to 2 volt does not take place until the speed of
the train has been very considerably reduced, and the result is that the machine
is switched out by means of the respective apparatus before the said armature is
released.
The operation of the said relay will be best understood by considering what
would take place were this part of the system omitted.
In such case, in the first place, the sudden switching in of the rest of the
rheostat, as soon as the maximum charging tension has been attained, would not
take place, and in the second place, the resistance would not be retained in the
circuit, on the reduction of the dynamo tension, on the contrary, a continual
variation of the amount of the resistance and in the dynamo current would be

page_text: noticeable, thus causing a series of switching in and out of the dynamo before
the latter is finally switched out, which would be attended by a series of vibra-
tions or shocks.
Thus the said relay serves to compensate or regulate the operation of the
rheostat.
FEEDING THE LAMPS, i.e. DISCHARGE OF THE BATTERIES.
If the charging of the batteries has been completed and the lamps are to be
lighted the respective lever switch is turned and the lamps in the cars are
switched into the accumulator circuit by means of its switch. By reversing the
said lever the short circuiting of the outer main current winding of the automatic
resistance regulating device and the large part of the respective resistance is cut
out and the latter and said winding are switched into the dynamo circuit.
Furthermore this manipulation has the effect of breaking the circuit and
preventing the same from being closed by the said relay.
The outer main current winding which is switched in when the lamps are burn-
ing, reinforces the effect of the inner main current and inner branch line wind-
ings. In consequence of the effect of these windings the respective core will
be raised entirely as soon as the force of the dynamo current has entirely taken
over the supply of the lamps, which will take place as soon as the tension of the
dynamo is equal to the momentary electrical force of the shunt circuited batteries
plus the loss of voltage due to the resistances.
These resistances are so calculated that the loss of tension of the same, due to
the power of the current required for the lamps alone, is equal to the difference
between the normal lamp tension and the normal charging tension, the latter is
always greater than the former in order to properly utilize the short time allowed
for charging.
If the tension of the dynamo decreases owing to a decrease in the number of
revolutions, the current supplied to the lamps is taken partly from the dynamo
and partly from the batteries. The tension at the dynamo may vary between
the normal lamp tension and the normal charging tension during this period,
the lamps are fed partly by the dynamo and partly by the batteries.
If a further reduction of the electrical force is caused by the reduction of the
number of revolutions, a weakening of the ampere-windings of the main current
windings will take place, the core will consequently sink and the resistance of the
energising circuit will be reduced.
This successive strengthening of the energising current, on the reduction of
the number of revolutions has the effect, that the strength of the current sinks
more slowly than would be the case if the energising current remained constant
on a reduction of the number of revolutions.
Thus the tension sinks gradually to 2 volt per cell and the dynamo is not
switched out until the speed of the train has been considerably more reduced
than would be the case if the energising current had not been. reinforced.
יד
1
J
e
1000
F. BOSSHARDT & Co.,
Agents to Applicant.
Improvements in and connected with Means for Electrically Lighting
Railway Carriages.
I, EMIL DICK, of 4, Jasomirgottstrasse, Vienna, I., Austria, Engineer, do hereby
declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to be per-

page_text: formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement: -
This invention relates to the well known system of electrically lighting rail-
way carriages in connection with which a dynamo and an accumulator-battery
are employed.
Each carriage of the train is supplied with an accumulator-battery and one
of them also with a dynamo which supplies the current for the battery and also
partly for the lamps.
This carriage also contains all the switches, regulators and safety appliances
belonging to the dynamo.
As illustrated by the diagram on annexed drawings, the main wire I, II runs
through all the carriages, the connection between each two carriages being made
by a flexible cable and easily disconnecting coupling employed on the roof of
the carriages.
The dynamo is driven from one of the carriage axles by ordinary tooth gearing
and mounted thereon in the usual way.
The lamp switches and that of the secondary battery, the dynamo and the
auxiliary switches and regulating apparatus are arranged as hereafter described.
The lamps g of each carriage are inserted into the main wire I, II in parallei
by means of the branch wires I', II'.
Into the branch wires I, II are inserted the accumulator-batteries G, but
which form a closed conductor with the lamps when the respective switches glare
in the "light" position.
Each branch wire 1', II' is furnished with a fusible cut-out m, which should the
main wire I, II be short circuited, will melt and isolate the wires I, II' so that
the lamps form a closed conductor with the battery which supplies them.
The arrangement and working of the lamps and accumulators so far described is
repeated in each carriage (the annexed drawings showing two carriages) whilst the
apparatus hereinafter described are only employed in the generator carriage of the
train.
The armature a of the dynamo A and its main wire I, II in parallel, the
armature a being inserted into the branch wire III and the electro-magnet a¹ in
the branch wire IV.
Into the circuit of the dynamo armature a, a number of apparatus are inserted
which are described successively hereafter.
1) The commutator F, the function of which is to bring the direction of the
armature current, which changes with the direction of the train, in parallel with
the accumulator current.
2) The appliance B, the function of which is to keep the dynamo out of the main
wire until the current generated thereby has reached the tension necessary for the
supply of the lamp, i.e. the accumulator battery, to switch it out when its tension
has sunk below that of the battery and thus check the back flow of the accumulator
current to the dynamo.
3) The solenoid of the automatic resistance regulator P' belonging to the exciting
current, with a winding of four layers, and finally-
4) A resistance S formed in two parts st, s².
In the circuit IV are inserted two resistances & R the strength of which latter
is varied by the apparatus P through which the armature current and its branch
flow.
The apparatus referred to will be described successively hereafter.
The apparatus F consists of an electro-magnet f with oscillating armature f¹,
upon the shaft of which are fixed three double armed levers d, h, k isolated from
each other and under the hook shaped ends of which six mercury cups d', d²,
h¹, 12, 1, respectively are arranged, the first four of which are connected
together crosswise by means of the wires III° and the last named ones k¹, ² direct
by means of the wire ko.
The winding of the electro-magnet f is inserted in the branch wire I of the main

page_text: wire and that of the armature f¹ in a side line 2 of the dynamo wire in such a
manner that the last named wires 2, 2, lead to the levers d&h which are isolated
from each other, and connected with the dynamo brushes as will be seen from the
diagram; the cups & & h² are directly connected with the dynamo wire III.
The apparatus F serves also to short circuit the resistance r of the exciting
wire IV during the rotation of the dynamo, for which purpose one side of the wire IV.
is conductively connected with the isolated lever k through the wire 3 and the
other side through wire 4 with one of the mercury cups 1, 2 which latter are con-
ductively connected with each other through the conductor piece ko.
The automatic switch B consists of two solenoids each of which has three wind-
ings; the inner windings 62, 63 are formed of thin wire and the main winding 61
of thick wire.
The coils are formed of soft iron and suspended from the ends of a lever b;
one of the said cores carries the regulating weight and the other an isolated con-
tact fork c the prongs of which dip into the mercury cups c, c¹ when the respective
lever arm has descended, between which cups the wire III is broken.
The winding of the solenoids are inserted into the branch wire 5 of the
armature current wire III in such a manner that they short circuit the interrup-
tion occurring at the cups c¹, c¹,
The windings are situated in the branch wire 6 of the main wire I, II; this
branch wire comprises the winding of an electro-magnet n belonging to the relay N
and a winding p¹ of the solenoid belonging to the resistance regulator P.
The regulator P which governs the resistance R of the exciting circuit consists
chiefly, as shown in the diagram, of a solenoid, the core p of which dips into a
mercury cup 70 which is formed of metal rings, superposed and isolated from.
each other and conductively connected with the several elements of the resistance R
so that a larger number of resisting elements are switched out of the line IV
than rings are simultaneously touched by the mercury.
The characteristic feature of this device is, the solenoid having four windings, i.e.
two windings p¹, 72 for the main current and two windings 3, 7 for the brancli
wires and the manner of employing the same as will be described hereafter..
The windings 1, 2 and the resistances s¹, 3 are inserted into the armature.
current III behind each other.
The working of the winding 24 in the branch wire 6 has been previously
described.
The winding is connected with the branch wire 7 which short circuits the con-
tact fork and in the circuit of which is inserted the bobbin n¹, the electro-
magnet n, the contact n³ of the relay N and the contact t2 which latter is closed by:
the lever T, whilst charging the accumulators, but remains open-when the lamps
are lit.
'
The branch wire III divides between the two resistances s¹, 42 and has inserted.
the contact which is only closed during the charging of the batteries.
:
The working of the relay N inserted into the branch wires 6 & 7. has been pre-
viously, described.
"
The following explains the working of the system during the charging of the
batteries and the supply of the lamps, which latter is effected by the dynamo and.
battery jointly.
THE CHARGING.
During the charging the reversing lever T is in the position shown in dotted
lines and thus the contacts 1, 2 closed, whilst the switch levers glare, opened...
The dynamo circuit wire III, which is free from current when the train.is.at. a
stand still, is broken by the apparatus B, the contact fork c of, which is above. the
mercury cups c¹, c¹ when the wire III is free from current, whilst a second break
of the dynamo circuit occurs at the commutator F, the contact levers d, h, k of
which are in a horizontal position and thus dip neither into the mercury cups or
the left or right,

page_text: This double break of the circuit prevents the accumulator current returning to the
dynamo armature.
But whilst the dynamo armature wire III is completely free from current as
described a current circulates through the branch wire IV of the dynamo electro-
magnet al, which in order to prevent loss of current is reduced to a reliable
minimum by the resistance inserted into the said circuit.
The moment the train starts, the armature a of the dynamo is moved in the
direction in which the train runs and as already stated a weak, current from the
accumulator batteries G circulates in the exciting wire IV, a weak current is also
generated in the armature wire III, which will flow through the contact pieces 2, 2
the only way open and circulate around the oscillating armature f¹.
As through the wires 1, 1, a weak current of the branch wire belonging to the
main wire I, II circulates in the electro-magnet f, the shaft f2 with its levers d, h, k
will be turned in the direction in which the current circulates around the oscillat-
ing armature, i.e. either as indicated by the arrow or y.
Assuming the armature has turned in the direction of the arrow y the ends. of
the levers d, h, k dip into the respective mercury cups d², h2, 2, this contact alone
would connect the dynamo wire III with the main wire I, II, even if no break had
occurred between the mercury cups. c¹, c¹ of the apparatus B.
This break, after the commutator has operated causes the armature current to
flow through the branch wire 5 which short circuits the mercury cups c¹, c¹ and
the ampèr windings thus generated in the bobbin 62 attract the iron cores c³ which
then lower the fork c.
When the commutator works correctly the action of the winding 62 upon the
core will be supported by the winding 63 in the branch wire of the main wire
which branch circuit is constantly closed.
If the commutator has worked incorrectly and set the dynamo current opposite
to the battery current, the two actions would become neutralized and the
armature 2 would remain at rest.
In the first named case the effects of the' windings 12, 63 accumulate and the
winding together with the winding and the regulating weights are so
calculated that the moment the armature current has normal lamp tension, the
fork dips into the cups c¹, c¹ and switches the dynamo into the main circuit, which
causes the winding b¹ to act and close the contacts e¹, el more reliably.
This winding 1 also switches off the dynamo, in case the accumulator current
should exceed that of the dynamo, owing to the ampèr windings of 1 in wire III,
which is this case would act reversely, will move the contact fork e in an opposite
direction, i.e. upwards and cause the current to be broken.
C
If the train had moved in the opposite direction to that just assumed, the shaft f
with its levers d, h, k would have moved in the opposite direction as indicated by
the arrow and the dynamo current been closed over the cups d', h¹, k¹, which how-
ever, owing to the cups d, h³, 13, d. h¹, d2 being connected crosswise would have
flown in the main wire in the same direction as in the previously explained case.
Simultaneously with the levers d, h, the lever k has also been moved in the
direction in which the train runs so that either the cup or 12 comes into contact
with the lever k.
Through the closing of the current between the middle of the lever k and one
of the cups 1, the resistance of the exciting wire IV will be short circuited
and thus the exciting current at once considerably strengthened when the train
starts.
The exciting current is governed. i.e. the strength of the resistance R to be
switched into the same, is regulated by the automatic regulator P the construction
of which has been already previously described.
1
This automatic regulator is actuated from a solenoid as previously describied
which consists of 4 windings 1, p³ ³, pt wound over each other, .e. two outer
main current and two inner branch current windings.
During charging when the lever T is in the position indicated in dotted lines,

page_text: the parts of the resistance S is short circuited with the main current winding 21
and the latter need therefore not be considered as regards the regulations.
The winding 2 is inserted into the main wire III with the resistances which
latter is smaller than the resistance and serves only to cushion shocks which
may occur in the current when the dynamo is switched on.
This main current winding together with winding in the branch wire S
are so disposed, that the iron core is just at the point of being raised when
a current equal to about one fourth of the normal strength of the charge flows
through the winding 22 and at a battery tension of about 2.1 volts per cell,
whereby the resistance R is switched on and thereby the exciting current
weakened.
At a normal strength of charge and maximum charge tension, the ampèr
winding of p & p² will raise the iron core considerably and thereby the greater
part of the resistance R be switched into the exciting winding.
When the tension of the charge is at its maximum, the electro-magnet n² of
the branch wire 6 attracts the electro-magnet n of the apparatus N and thereby
tensions its spring n whereby the contact m³ will be closed.
.
1
Through this contact the branch wire 7 will be closed and the coil 3 of the
regulator P in the latter and the electro-magnet ¹ of the apparatus N receive.
current..
1.'
The ampèr windings created in 3 support the action of the windings. p2, 21.
and are so disposed that a maximum number of revolutions of the dynamo and
tension of the charge the iron core p will be completely raised and the whole
resistance switched into the exciting wire.
11.
1.
The strength of the resistance R is such that when the exciting current is.
switched on, it will be weakened to such an extent that the current from the
1..
dynamo to the battery will be broken.
Although the tension of the dynamo current is considerably reduced through
the switching on of the whole resistance R and has dropped to a point, which
causes the winding n² of the apparatus N to begin to act (as described above) the
electro-magnet n will still remain attracted, owing to the action of the winding n²
being supported by that of the winding n¹.
The winding n is of such a strength, that the armature will not be released
until the tension has sunk down to 2 volts, and thus the winding p³ of the branch
wire 7 will only become free from current and its action upon the regulator P
interrupted at the said tension.
4
;.
The tension is, not reduced to 2 volts until the train runs at a very low-speed
and the dynamo will then be switched off by the apparatus B before the armature
has been released.
The action and purpose of the relay N will be best understood from the descrip-
tion of the working of the system in case the apparatus would be dispensed with:
In such a case, if the charge reaches its normal tension; the rest of the resist
ance B would not be suddenly switched on (through winding p³) and on the other
hand when the tension of the dynamo falls the resistance would not remain
switched on, but the resistance. R and the dynamo current would continuously
fluctuate and a number of operations of the switch producing shocks in the
current, would precede the final switching off of the dynamo.
The apparatus N if compared with speed regulators thus serves to render the
regulator astatic.
THE LIGHT-POSITION, .e. DISCHARGE.
If after charging it is desired to switch on the lamp current the lever T is set..
to position "full" and the lamp wires in the carriages switched onto the accumu-
lator circuit by means of the switch g.
:
!!.
By reversing the lever T the short circuit of the winding p¹ of the apparatus P
and the resistance s¹ have been raised and p¹ & a switched onto the dynamo
circuit III.

page_text: not be closed by the relay N.
The winding 2 switched on when the lamps are lit support the action of the
windings & pt.
When the dynamo commences the total supply of the lamps, which takes place
when the dynamo tension is equal to momentary tension of the batteries inserted
in parallel plus the loss of voltage in the resistances s¹ & 2, the action of the
windings will completely raise the iron core p.
These resistances s¹ & s² are so disposed that their loss of tension resulting from
the strength of current which the dynamo requires to supply the lamps by itself,
amounts to the difference between the normal lamp tension and normal charge
tension; the latter is always larger than the normal tension of the lamps in order
to better utilize the short time at disposal for charging.
If the dynamo tension decreases owing to the decrease in the speed of the
dynamo the lamps will be supplied partly by the dynamo and partly by the
battery.
The tension of the dynamo may vary between the normal lamp tension and the
normal charge tension and during such time the lamps are also supplied partly
by the dynamo and partly by the battery.
If the battery tension is falling further owing to the reduction in the speed of
the dyname, the ampèr windings of will become weaker and its iron core
will descend and cause a reduction of resistance R of the exciting winding.
This successive strengthening of the exciting current when the number of revo-
lution is decreasing, causes the strength of the current to diminish slower, than
would be the case if the exciting current would remain constant during the
diminishing of the number of revolutions of the dynamo.
The tension will thus slowly go down to two volts per cell and the dynamo will
not be switched off until the speed of the train has been considerably reduced than
otherwise would be the case if the exciting current had not been strengthened.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
1 claim is:-
1st. A system of electrically lighting railway trains, consisting chiefly of a main
wire I, II extending through all the carriages and arranged in connection with
accumulator-batteries G one in each carriage and respective lamps y inserted in
parallel in branch wires I, II¹ of the main wire I, II and of a dynamo A driven
from the carriage axle and connected with the main wire I, II, the exciting wind-
ing a of which and two resistances r & R are inserted into a branch wire IV of
the main wire I, II and its armature current, which changes in direction with the
train, is always maintained equal to the current of the batteries G by the com-
mutator F, and will not be connected with the main wire I, II by the switch B,
until its tension exceeds that of the accumulator current, all substantially as set
forth.
2nd. In a system of electrically lighting railway carriages such as specified in
Claim 1, an apparatus F which serves simultaneously as commutator for the arma-
ture current and short circuit for the resistance inserted into the exciting
wire IV, consisting chiefly of an electro-magnet f with oscillating armature fi,
upon the shaft f2 of which are keyed double armed levers d, h, k isolated from each
other and the ends of which are retained above mercury cups d, d², h', h², k¹, k2
when the armature f, is free from current and when excited dip into the mercury
cups on the respective side of the shaft 2 all substantially as set forth.
3rd. In a system of electrically lighting railway carriages such as specified in
Claim 2, an electro-magnet f inserted into branch wire 1 of the main wire I, II,
levers d & h connected with the dynamo brushes and the winding of the oscillating
armature f¹, the mercury cup d² connected with the main current wire II and the
cup h², through a current interrupter c¹, c¹ with the second cable I of the main

page_text: ire, the mercury cups &², h¹ and h², d¹ crosswise conductively and finally the
ever and the mercury cups ², k¹ in connection with the resistance r of the excit-
ag wire IV, all substantially as set forth.
4th. In a system of electrically lighting railway carriages such as specified in
laim 1, an apparatus adapted to switch the dynamo onto the main wire when
s tension is equal to that of the batteries and is in parallel, consisting prin-
ipally of a current balance having three windings 1, 62, 63, the winding
eing in a branch wire 5 of the dynamo wire III which short circuits the
pparatus B, in the branch wire 6 of the main circuit I, II and the winding b
the main current wire III of the dynamo circuit, so that when the dynamo
urrent is in parallel with the battery current, the action of the branch wire
indings 2, in the branch wires 5, 6, support each other and pull the core c
n the fork e down, but otherwise neutralize each other and render the fork
assive, all substantially as set forth.
5th. In a system of electrically lighting railway carriages such as specified
Claim 1, a resistance l' having four windings p³, of which p¹, p² are
ain current windings and p³, p branch current windings and wherein
a) During the charging of the dynamo the winding p₁ and a resistance s¹
in series are short circuited, but during the light position together with
the resistances are switched onto the main dynamo wire;
b) During the charging of the dynamo the winding 2 together with the
resistance 2 is switched onto the dynamo circuit III and during the light
position also onto the dynamo wire but in series with the resistance s², s¹,
and the winding p¹;
c) The winding together with the winding a¹ of the relay N and the relay
contact n is switched onto a branch wire 7 of the dynamo wire III, closed
only during the charging of the batteries;
The winding together with the second winding 2 of the relay N and
the winding of the apparatus B is situated in the branch wire 6 of the
main wire, all substantially as set forth.
6th. In a system of electrically lighting railway trains such as specified in
laim 1, a relay N, the armature of which is actuated by two electro-
agnets 1, 2, the magnet n' together with the relay-contact and its inter-
pter being inserted into the branch wire 7 of the dynamo circuit III, n² to-
ther with the winding p4 & 3 positioned in a branch line 6 of the main wire
d so disposed that the armature N will not be attracted until the tension of the
arge has reached its maximum and the windings n' & n² will not release the
mature until the tension of the dynamo circuit has reached 2 volts per cell, all
bstantially as set forth.
7th. In the light-position of the system of electrically lighting railway trains
ecified in Claim 1, a resistance s¹ switched onto the dynamo circuit wire III, of
ch a strength that the loss of tension in the same caused by the strength of
rrent required by the dynamo to self support the lamp, will amount to the
fference between the normal charge tension and the normal lamp tension, all
bstantially as set forth.
Sth. In a system of electrically lighting railway trains such as specified in
aim 1, the arrangement of cut-outs m at the junction of the carriage wires I', II'
d the main wires in connection with the lamp and battery wires, for the purpose
maintaining the closed circuits I, II formed by the battery and lamp wires in
der, all substantially as set forth.
F. BOSSHARDT & Co.,
4, Corporation Street, Manchester, Agents to Applicant.