IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE THE ARRANGEMENT AND COMBINATION OF MACHINERY OF PAPER AND IN THEREFOR
Year: 1882

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to James Hunter Annandale of Polton Paper Works,
Midlothian for an invention of IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE
THE ARRANGEMENT AND COMBINATION OF MACHINERY
OF PAPER AND IN
THEREFOR
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said James Hunter Annandale at
IMPROVE-
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 8th March 1882.
JAMES HUNTER ANNANDALE, of Polton Paper Works, Midlothian
MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER, AND, IN THE ARRANGEMENT AND
COMBINATION OF MACHINERY THEREFOR
The object of this invention is the production of machine made paper which
shall so closely resemble hand made paper as to be almost impossible to be
distinguished therefrom. To effect this, I manufacture paper, by a continuous
process, from the delivery of the pulp on the wire web until the paper is ready for
use, and the novelty of my invention consists in the continuity of the process
of manufacture and in the arrangement and combination of machinery necessary
for the carrying out of the said continuous process.
In manufacturing paper according to my invention, no change in the ordinary
process is necessary until the pulp reaches the point on the wire web where the
"couch" roll is, (in paper making machinery of the general type) except that room
should be left between the pump boxes to work double "dandy" rolls should this
be necessary or advisable.
The "couch" roll according to my invention, is, as at present employed entirely
dispensed with, (though it is replaced at a later stage of the manufacture as herein-
after described) and the place of the under coucher is filled by a simple wire
driving roll which may be jacketed to give it a better hold on the wire.
This roll should be placed so that the top of its circumference is on a running
level with the wire, and the guiding of the wire should be done at another point.
The wire should be brought well round the driving roll and the paper thus far
made be caused to drop off (or, if need be, it can be blown off) the said wire on to
the "coucher" felt which has now to be explained.
The coucher felt which is a thin fine open felt, is arranged at an incline round
n

page_text: suitable rollers so that the paper, from the time it drops off (or is blown off) the
wire on to the said felt, is caused to travel in a slightly upward direction, passing
under the upper "couch" roller, which, according to my invention, is placed at an
angle with the under couch roll so that water may run freely off. The upper
coucher, alone, requires jacketing, the felt acting as a jacket for the under coucher.
On the upper coucher a roll may be worked as at present, and a brush, if found
advisable.
These couch rolls must be capable of being worked at considerable pressure.
Owing to the inclined position of the coucher felt, as hereinbefore mentioned, the
paper, after passing between the "couch" rolls, continues to travel in a slightly
upward direction until it reaches the end of the said felt when it "drops" on to
the first press roll felt, this latter being also arranged to travel in an inclined
direction like the couch felt.
The "press" according to my invention is of ordinary construction and size, the
upper roll being bored for steam, but, in place of working the top roll hare, I either
jacket" it, like an upper "couch "roll, or work it with a felt, the object of this
being that the paper may be squeezed or pressed between two soft substances.
The pressure must be arranged to be considerable if necessary.
The upper felt should be fine, light, and open, and the under one a light, ordinary
felt. The paper, having passed to the end of the first press roll felt, "drops" on to
the second press roll felt or fabric which is arranged at an incline similar to the
first press roll felt and the "coucher" felt.
The second press rolls are arranged in the ordinary way, and bored for steam,
but the paper, according to my invention, continues its course direct through them
without being reversed.
Each roll will have its own felt or fabric, which must be of light thin material,
and the pressure here used must be considerable. Each felt or fabric will have its
own drying cylinder. The lower felt will deliver the paper (as before) sufficiently
high for it to "drop" to the next process which will be the sizing.
The sizing machine I purpose employing will be a machine of similar construction
to the ordinary continuous sheet sizing machine, though the paper will, according
to my invention, go through it in web between two felts. The size rolls must be
heavy, and capable of being worked at heavy pressure, as it is important to use
the size as thick as it will enter the paper so as to save drying. The under felt
will, as in the previous processes, deliver the paper so as to "drop" on to the felt
which will carry it on to the next process, viz. to be dried.
The carrying felt raises the paper nearly up to the roof of the building where
it is delivered on to the Drying machine. The machine I prefer is that which is
known in the trade as the "Gruhl & Hohls” machine for drying enamelled paper
but modified to suit the special purpose and of sufficient length to accomplish it.
At intervals a roll will carry the web up half a festoon or so to change the position
of the paper in festoons and expose it equally to the drying agency. This latter
will consist of a sufficient number of hot pipes under the machine most being to
the hot end to start the evaporation.
This machine will be entirely closed in, & the space most carefully ventilated, a
free ingress of air being allowed to the hot pipes while a free egress will be
permitted by numerous ventilators or a continuous roof ventilator assisted, if
necessary, by fans or by causing a swinging motion to festoons.
The length of the festoons will be regulated as found advisable by the brat which
feeds the cross bars and it may be found expedient to start with a shorter festoon
so as to save strain on the paper.
After drying, the reeling will be overtaken by an ordinary winding machine if
not taken direct to cutter.
It is all-important in the machine, from start to finish, that the paper is in no
way subjected to tension in the smallest degree, hence the care in delivering
it from one process to another by overlapping felts dropping the web on to the
next and the speeds must be arranged just to take up the slack.

page_text: DECKLE EDGE
The ordinary continuous deckle edge will appear on each side but if further are
required these can be produced by having a deckle drum behind slice and the
present drum complete across machine.
On these two will be movable guides, so that at any point a small strap or straps
can be run on to the wire, to partially or wholly divide the pulp. This will not,
however, prevent the paper carrying itself forward in the form of a web or of
webs throughout the process but will make it easily divided at completion.
Another way is to put straps round the dandy roll.
To gain the cross deckle edge it might be advisable to put a strap along the dandy
roll which would thin the paper at point of contact & lead to it being easily
afterwards cut at same point.
To complete the appearance of these edges, it will be necessary, when the paper
is stacked in sheets, to brush down the edges with a water brush.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said James Hunter Annandale in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
8th September 1882.
"
IMPROVE-
AND
JAMES HUNTER ANNANDALE of Polton Paper Works Midlothian
MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER AND IN THE ARRANGEMENT
COMBINATION OF MACHINERY THEREFOR
"
The object of this invention is the production of machine made paper which
shall so closely resemble hand made paper as to be almost impossible to be
distinguished therefrom. To effect this I manufacture paper by a continuous
process from the delivery of the pulp on the wire web until the paper is ready for
use and the novelty of my invention consists in the continuity of the process of
manufacture and in the arrangement and combination of machinery necessary for
the carrying out of the said continuous process.
And in order that my invention and the method of practically carrying it out
may be fully understood I will proceed to describe it in connection with the
accompanying Drawing reference being had to the letters marked thereon.
In carrying out this invention the pulp after being properly prepared is conveyed
to the wire or endless wire cloth a which in addition to having the ordinary
transverse shake motion will be provided with a longitudinal shake motion. The
pulp which is passing along with the wire will thus receive a motion practically
identical to that given to papers manufactured by the hand. The pulp after it has
passed along the wire and over the vacuum boxes b. b. in the usual way will not
pass with the wire through between two rolls (commonly called "couchers")
but simply pass over one roll c which roll drives the wire and may be covered with
a felt jacket so as to give a better grip to the said wire. This system prevents the
paper being imprinted on the under side by the mesh of the wire and which is
greatly caused by the pressure of the ordinary couch rolls.
The paper will now drop or be blown on to a thin fine open felt d which will
lead it through a first pair of rolls c. c'. The felt which has now received the web
of paper will be endless and passes along with the paper through the first
rollers c. c. the top one of which c will be covered with a suitable jacket and will
be provided with a small roll or doctor working on the top of it similar to that
used at present on the ordinary couch rolls. These first rolls are fitted
(advantageously) with compound levers so as to give very considerable pressure.
The paper and felt having passed these first rolls rise slightly upwards as shown
in the drawing so as to allow the paper to drop on to a second felt g also of a fine
open quality.
This felt leads the paper through a second pair of rolls h. h¹. similar in
construction to the press rolls of an ordinary paper machine. These rolls are
however bored and fitted for the admission of steam and also have a suitable
upper felt or jacket thus causing the paper to be pressed between two soft
substances. These rolls are also constructed so as to admit of considerable
pressure being given. The paper and lower felt after passing these second set of
rolls incline upwards as shown so as to deliver on to another felt i which will
again lead the web through a third set of rolls k. k'. similar in construction to the
second pair.

page_text: The paper will however be led straight through instead of (as usual) being
reversed. Both felts in connection with this set of rolls will have a drying
cylinder bored and fitted with steam admission pipes for the purpose of drying
these said felts and thus contributing to the dryness of the web of the paper. The
web will now be in a proper condition to receive with the greatest advantage the
animal size and after passing the third set of rolls will be delivered between two
endless felts l. 1. which will convey it through a properly constructed sizing
machine. This sizing machine will have several pairs of guide rolls submerged in
the size through which the endless double felts and the web of paper will pass as
shown then the paper will be led through a pair of brass rolls A. B. made extra
heavy and fitted with levers in any convenient manner to give a considerable
pressure. Then the under felt will as usual drop the web on to another endless felt
or elevating band l. l. l. which will lead to the drying process.
At this end of the drying machine is placed a hopper C containing a certain
number of wooden spars C¹ which spars will be automatically picked out by a
travelling chain or chains D having small projections D' rivetted on at suitable
distances. These projections D₁ will ascend and the paper being also carried
upwards by the last mentioned felt band m the spar or roller which is lying on
these projections will catch the web at a particular point. At this point the rod
being in contact with the paper will leave the endless chain and become stationary
in a small platform overhead. The rod and paper being in contact a light bar will
at the same moment fall lightly on them both and as the paper is coming forward
continually from the making part the result is, the web of paper commences to
form a festoon. The next time the projection D¹ upon the endless chain comes
round to the hopper it will again pick up a spar or roller which spar or roller when
it has reached a certain point in its upward course will act upon a bell crank E at
each side of the machine. This bell crank E being moved forward by the spar is
so arranged that the other end E' simultaneously moves forward the first spar C*
which holds the first end of the festoon. This first spar is delivered by the
movement of the crank on to two longitudinal belts F having suitable receiving
stoppers screwed on at any desired pitch.
These side belts F are endless and can be made to any desired length. The first
festoon being formed the machine will continue picking up a spar and forming a
festoon as described with the addition that as each festoon is formed after the first
the endless side belts will be moved forward any desired distance by a crank or
eccentric I attachment causing the whole series to rock on the centres G G. The
guide rollers are connected together by longitudinal side rods H. H.
The entablature of this drying machine can be extended to any length and thus
carry any number of festoons. Underneath these festoons there will be a suitable
arrangement of steam pipes (or other heating or drying apparatus) to cause a
circulation of air through the festoons. To increase this circulation of air an
arrangement can be attached to the side belts carrying the spars from which the
festoons are suspended by which the whole can be swung backwards and forwards
this arrangement still further increasing the circulation. Also should the lower-
ends of the festoons get drier than the top ends a suitable arrangement can be
introduced so that the festoons can be turned end for end.
After the paper has travelled along sufficiently far to be perfectly dried it will
be led through a pair of gathering rollers driven at a correct speed after which it
will be wound up on an ordinary reeling machine such as is used in any paper
machine and as shown on the Drawings.
And having now described the nature of the said invention and in what
manner the same may be performed I declare that I claim as my improvements
in the manufacture of paper and in the arrangement and combination of machinery
therefor :-
First The improved method of manufacturing paper herein before described.

page_text: Second-The general arrangement and combination of parts hereinbefore
described and substantially as shown in the annexed drawings for the purpose set
forth.
In witness whereof I the said James Hunter Annandale have hereunto set
my hand and seal this Fifth day of September in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and eighty two.
JAS. H. ANNANDALE. (L.S.)