IMPROVEMENTS IN JOINTS FOR PIPES AND APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH
Year: 1881

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Joseph Sinclair Fairfax, of No. 3, St. Paul's Road,
London, in the County of Middlesex, for an Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS
IN JOINTS FOR PIPES AND APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH." Partly a
communication from abroad by William Painter, of Baltimore, Maryland,
United States of North America.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Joseph Sinclair Fairfax
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 2nd February 1881.
JOSEPH SINCLAIR FAIRFAX, of No. 3, St. Paul's Road, London, in the County of
Middlesex. " IMPROVEMENTS IN JOINTS FOR PIPES AND APPARATUS CONNECTED
THEREWITH." Partly a communication from abroad by William Painter, of
Baltimore, Maryland, United States of North America.
"
My Invention relates to making pipe joints by hydraulic pressure, and is an
improvement on a similar Invention patented by Martin Benson on the 3rd day
of January 1878, No. 39, for "Improvements in Pipe Joints for Containing Liquids,
Gases, and Air, but more Especially Applicable to Gas and Water Mains," com-
municated to him from abroad by the above named William Painter.
Specification describes a method of making pipe joints by applying hydrostatic
pressure to a lead ring or gasket so as to compress and caulk it between the socket
and spigot.
His
The present Invention consists partly in improvements in the said method of
making pipe joints and in the apparatus connected therewith, and partly in
improvements in making the joints in earthenware, cement, or similar pipes.
By this Invention pipes are made with a groove, indent, or recess, so arranged
that it may contain or receive a gasket or ring of metal, leather, paper, or other
suitable material made with a concavity or cup shaped, so that hydraulic or
other suitable pressure being applied the gasket or ring will be compressed,
extended, or spread, so as to come closely into contact with the sides or surfaces of
the groove, recess, or spigot fitting the same and preventing leakage.
Instead or casting the lead ring or gasket in place I prefer in some cases to make
the ring and place it in position to receive pressure.

page_text: I arrange the core box so that the core of the socket may be more readily made,
and provide a means of casting the lead ring or gasket and cutting or breaking
the runner or gate more readily, and where a thick viscid fluid is used for conveying
the pressure to the ring or gasket I introduce it into and arrange the forcing jack
in a more convenient way; and instead of the hole communicating with the
groove, recess, or indent being cast upon a chill I prefer in some cases to cast a
ferrule in place or use a sand core, or in the case of a wrought iron or steel socket
drill or otherwise form a suitable hole.
Instead of using hydraulic or screw pressure to compress a piston or reduce the
space occupied by a thick or viscid fluid so as to expel the same from a chamber,
thereby exerting a pressure upon the ring or gasket, an hydraulic pump or other
suitable apparatus may be used to force the fluid direct, in some cases using plain
water for the purpose.
Pipes are also made with lugs or projections, and cut off either square or at an
angle, and the ends plain or formed to hold or retain a cement or gasket between
them, so that on being clamped or wedged together a tight joint is made.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Joseph Sinclair Fairfax in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 30th
July 1881.
JOSEPH SINCLAIR FAIRFAX, of No. 3, Saint Paul's Road, London, in the County
of Middlesex. "IMPROVEMENTS IN JOINTS FOR PIPES AND APPARATUS CONNECTED
Partly a communication from abroad by William Painter, of
Baltimore, Maryland, United States of North America.
THEREWITH."
This Invention relates to making pipe joints by hydraulic pressure, and is an
improvement on a similar Invention patented by Martin Benson on the 3rd January
1878, No. 39, for improvements in pipe joints for containing liquids, gases, and air,
but more especially applicable to gas and water mains, communicated to him
by the above named William Painter. His Specification describes a method of
making pipe joints by applying bydrostatic pressure to a lead ring or gasket so
as to compress and caulk it between the socket and spigot.
The present Invention consists partly in improvements in the said method of
making pipe joints and in the apparatus connected therewith, and partly in
improvements in making the joints in earthenware, cement, or similar pipes.
By this Invention pipes are made with a groove, indent, or recess, so arranged
that it may contain or receive a gasket or ring of metal, leather, paper, or other
suitable material, made with a concavity, or cup shaped, so that hydraulic or other
suitable pressure being applied the gasket or ring will be compressed, extended, or
spread so as to come closely into contact with the sides or surfaces of the groove,
recess, or spigot, fitting the same and preventing leakage.
In order to prevent the ring being forced entirely out of its groove I recess it
back from the general line of the inside of the socket, or form projecting wings on
the latter which limits the spread of the ring sideways.
In some cases I prefer casting a screwed thimble of wrought iron or steel in
place, the hole from which, whether cast or otherwise formed, communicates with
the groove; or instead of casting a screw hole upon a chill pin as formerly I may
form the screw hole upon a properly formed core of sand, loam, or suitable
composition.
Instead of forming the sand bead of the socket core straight or square on its
exterior diameter I make an indentation or recess of suitable form upon it, and I also
make the sides of the bead square with its axis, or curved, as desired, either by core
boxes or shaping the cores as hereinafter shown, so that when the ring is cast or
moulded within the groove or recess it takes the desired form, and I also provide
improved means of moulding the underside or interior of the ring, and a filler
through which the material is poured into the groove, the gate or runner of which
is afterwards cut or broken off.
Instead of casting the ring or gasket in place within the groove I prefer in some
cases to make the rings separately and place them in suitable position to receive
pressure.
I also provide more efficient and convenient forms of forcing jacks by means of
which pressure is communicated to the ring or gasket, and in improving and
making more accurately the groove by means of boring or casting the same,
arranging and proportioning the ring so that little. or no leakage of the forcing
liquid takes place, and introducing sand and fibre, or otherwise overcoming the
leakage, I am enabled to use water or water used with a thicker liquid to convey
the pressure direct upon the ring from an hydraulic pump or accumulator, so that
an ordinary pressure gauge being attached thereto the joint is made and tested at

page_text: the same time, and making and retaining pressure at the screw hole possible by
the use of suitable washers.
Pipes are also made with lugs, or projections, and cut off or ground square, or at
an angle with the ends plain or recessed to hold a cement or cup like form
of leather, paper, or composition which may be saturated or filled with pitch, tar,
or other suitable material, and clamped or wedged together until a tight joint is
made.
I am aware that several features of this last named plan for jointing pipes is not
new, and do not therefore claim them as such.
Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, and 24
are various modifications of joints, most of which show a cup like form, the
sides D, D, so arranged that pressure tends to force them against the sides of the
grooves, thus preventing leakage of the forcing liquid. Figs. 1 and 17 show sections
of socket or sleeve E and spigot F placed in position for making the joint, the
ring A being recessed back from the internal line of socket in both cases to prevent
undue spreading of the lead.
Fig. 10 shows a joint made at the mouth of the socket, the lead ring A being of
rolled lead turned over, driven into position, and set up tight by hydrostatic
pressure applied through the screw hole B. Figs. 11, 12, 13 show a joint made on
a flanged pipe, provided in this case with lugs for self locking; the ordinary nuts
and bolts may be used instead. Fig. 14 shows an arrangement for a ball and
socket joint, the spigot F being preferably turned if much deflection is likely to
occur after the joint is made.
Fig. 15 is a turned and bored joint with a ring A in addition set up by hydrostatic
pressure as in other cases. Fig. 16 shows (a ring rolled to section with sides D
turned over, as indicated by dotted lines, the forcing of which into the groove tends
to close the ring tight against the sides, as does also the hydrostatic pressure after.
In some cases the spigot is serrated or raised in order to prevent the pressure
within the mains forcing them apart; and in other cases the inside diameter of the
ring is adapted for the same purpose.
Figs. 1 and 20 show the screw hole B formed by being cast upon a chill pin or sand
core; and Figs. 10, 12, 15, and 18, show a thimble of wrought iron, steel, or other
suitable material cast in place. C, Fig. 2, shows a porous or fibrous material which
supports the sides D in placing the ring in the groove.
Fig. 18 is a partial section of a thimble or collar connecting the ends of two
pipes. In this case there are two rings A, A, on each pipe end, and the screw-
hole B is so arranged that pressure may be communicated to the rings
simultaneously.
In Fig. 19 is shown a method of making a joint upon a pipe of small diameter,
and where the lead ring would otherwise be forced entirely out of its socket. A
liner of sheet lead, prepared wood, or other suitable material is put around the
spigot, preferably enclosed in sheet iron, to prevent cutting; the joint is then made
in the usual way.
Figs. 20, 21, 22, and 23 are sections of sleeves for connecting two ends of
pipes with one lead ring. Wrought iron pipes are shown in this case.
Fig. 24 is a method of locking a spigot or plug end in making the joint.
Fig. 25 is a section, and Fig. 26 an elevation of keys for wedging a pipe into
concentric position for making a joint where no tapering shoulder is used for that
purpose.
Fig. 27 is a filler used in casting the lead rings in the grooves; and Fig. 28 is an
end plan of bottom portion showing the hole placed eccentrically for cutting off
the gate or runner at its junction with the ring.
Fig 29 is a receiver for holding the fluid or semi-fluid used in forcing home the
lead ring A in making a joint. O shows an inner connection to an ordinary
hydraulic pump or accumulator, the hydraulic pressure being applied direct.
Should water be used and any slight leakage take place it may be closed up by
inserting some fiue sand or fibrous material until the lead is caulked, or the pumps

page_text: may be arranged to deliver an excess of water so as to accumulate pressure and
force the lead firmly home. An ordinary gauge attached to the pump will serve
to show the pressure on the joint, thus testing it in the operation. If a thick
viscid fluid of greater specific gravity than water is used it may be placed in the
chamber of the receiver and the hydraulic pressure applied to it as before.
The nozzle is removable, and has a screw on end corresponding with that of screw
bole B, and it is further provided with a washer Q of suitable material to prevent
leakage through screw hole.
Fig. 30 represents part of a loam core for a sleeve casting, the bead being formed
by its revolution against a tool R to the shape required.
Figs. 31, 32, 33, 35, and 36 are partial sections of core boxes for making cores for
sockets with the bead of the form required. Fig. 34 is a plan of Fig. 33, half of
which latter Fig. is shown in elevation. In Fig. 32 a ring S, S, divided across its
diameter, as shown more plainly in Fig. 34, is fitted to the casting plate T, T, with
lugs for clamping the two parts together, the parts being drawn sideways. In
moulding the core in the ordinary way the ring S would be made the full depth of
the socket, as in Fig. 32, and in drawing the same in the direction shown by the
arrow the sides of the groove would have to be turned slightly tapering for a draft
so as to clear the sand bead and thus avoid breaking it. But as this draft leads to
difficulties in making the joint, it is desirable in most cases to form the sides parallel.
For this purpose the ring S is turned off at the top edge of the groove and a solid
ring U is fitted over the two halves S, S, the under edge forming the upper side of
the bead being square, or at right angles to the axis of the core, while the lower
side of the bead retains the draft, as shown by Fig. 31.
In order to make underside of bead parallel with the upper the ring at that part
is made square, and the bearing surfaces of the balves S rest on a tapering or
angular seat on the casting plate T, as shown in Fig. 33, so that as each half is
withdrawn from the centre the underside of the sand bead is cleared, and the ring
may be withdrawn. For the cores of large pipes it is desirable to have a more
positive motion, so a sliding piece actuated by a lever motion of a screw, as shown
in Fig. 35, is withdrawn at an angle sufficient to clear the underside of the bead,
the upper or solid ring U being previously withdrawn. This plan will also allow
for the sides of the groove being made dovetailing, as in Fig. 36.
In ramming up the sand for the socket core it is very desirable that the bead
shall be thoroughly well rammed, employing generally a finer grade of sand. The
division of the casting plate T, as shown by dotted lines, Fig. 35, will facilitate
this operation as the bead requires to be rammed horizontally, and the upper
portion of the casting may be removed for that purpose to be replaced after.
Fig. 37 shows a section of a forcing jack actuated by means of a screw W and a
split nut X, which is thrown in and out of gear by a sliding piece Y and springs,
and revolved by handles A' which compresses the charge in the chamber P, forcing
it through the hole in the screw W and nozzle Z.
Fig. 38 is a section of a forcing jack, in which the charge in the chamber P is
shown contained in a cartridge compressed by a small hydraulic ram B', which is
withdrawn by a handle C¹ when it is required to insert a new charge, the jack
separating at the upper end of the chamber P for that purpose. The connection to
the hydraulic pump is shown at o.
Fig. 39 shows a portion of a serrated disc preferably of chilled iron used for
cleaning out the sand in the grooves.
Fig. 40 is a portion of a spiral spring which is used as a mould upon which the
lead rings are cast, and is specially adapted for small and varying sizes of pipes.
The wire of the spring can be wound to the section shown in the Figure, or of the
ordinary circular form, as indicated by the dotted lines. In either case the spring
should be covered with felt, a portion at each end being removed to allow the wires
to interlock so as to hold the spring in position. The curve of the spring is made
to coincide with that of underside of ring A.
Fig. 41 is a tool used in inserting rings in the grooves where they are not cast in

page_text: place and is used with a hammer. The end next to and coinciding with the form
of the ring may be fixed as shown, or a roller of suitable section pivotted employed
instead.
Fig. 42 is a section of a spring mould or form used in casting the ring A, which
is better adapted for large pipes than the one shown in Fig. 40, and Fig. 43 shows
a part elevation of same, one half being inside and the other half outside the socket.
In the section Fig. 42 the mould is shown in position beneath the groove G, in
which the ring A is cast, a roller I working against a cam H, which revolves in a
plate J by means of a handle K. An arm L is attached to the segment of a circle,
to which is fastened a piece of sheet steel so arranged that the ends lap over
slightly and in section curved or formed to any shape desired, covered over with one
or more thicknesses of felt M. Springs keep the arms carrying the segments close
to its work, the cam of course being in suitable position, while a partial revolution
of the cam releases the mould ready for withdrawal.
Another and simpler form of mould for the same purpose is shown at Fig. 4+, in
which two arms are fastened to the ends of a band of slicet steel overlapping, the
inner ends of the arms being pivotted or hinged. The elasticity of the steel keeps
the mould in position after it has been inserted in the socket while compressing the
two arms towards each other releases it. The circumference should be covered with
felt, wood, or other suitable non-conductor.
Fig. 45 is a screw plug for closing up the screw hole B. It is pivotted with a
washer of any suitable material for making it tight.
Fig. 46 is an elevation of a form or mould in two or more pieces for running lead,
cement, or other material into the space between spigot F and socket E, as shown
by partial section in Fig. 47, which avoids the necessity of putting a trough of clay
around the pipe.
Figs. 48, 49, 50, and 51 show methods of jointing pipes at an angle which are
suitable for earthenware pipes; they should be ground or cut to a true surface, with
a slight recess, shown by dotted lines in Fig. 48, to hold cement or other plastic
material, and clamped or wedged together either with or without cups of leather,
prepared paper, or other suitable material.
Having thus described the nature of the said Invention, and the manner of
performing the same, I have to state that I do not restrict myself to the precise
details herein described or delineated; but what I believe to be novel and original,
and therefore claim as the Invention secured to me by and in terms of the herein-
before in part recited Letters Patent is,-
1. Forming a ring of lead or other material with a hollow indent or recess
on the outer surface or periphery, substantially as shown and for the purpose
described.
2. Forming a groove in a socket or sleeve with a projection at and from
the largest diameter or bottom of the groove, substantially as shewn and
described.
3. Subjecting a ring having a hollow, indent, or recess on its outer diameter
to hydraulic pressure, substantially as and for the purposes set forth.
4. Inserting a ring within a groove, recess, or indent so that hydraulic pressure
may be applied to it, substantially as and for the purpose set forth.
5. Filling up the recess or cavity of the ring with a porous or plastic material,
substantially as described.
6. Forming and proportioning a ring so that upon its being subjected to hydraulic
.pressure it is distended or forced sideways against the sides of groove, substantially
as shewn and described.
7. Forming a groove, recess, or indent. with curved sides cither convex or
concave.
8. Making a groove, recess, or indent as wide or wider as the diameter of the
hole communicating directly with the groove, through which pressure is applied,
substantially as set forth.
9. Recessing a groove, recess, or indent back from the interior line of socket,

page_text: so that the ring is prevented spreading unduly, substantially as shewn and
described.
10. Casting a ferrule of suitable material within a socket or sleeve communi-
cating with the groove, recess, or indent, substantially as shewn and described.
11. Applying hydraulic pressure to two or more rings simultaneously, sub-
stantially as shewn and described.
12. Forming a ring so as to embrace the ends of two pipes and applying
hydraulic pressure thereto, substantially as shown and described.
13. The use of water, or water combined with a thicker fluid, and with particles
of silica or fibre in applying pressure to a ring, substantially as and for the purpose
described.
14. A mould or form upon which a ring may be cast or moulded within a
groove, substantially as shown and described."
15. A core box arranged to form the sides of the bead square with the axis
thereof, or one side square and the other side at an angle, not a right angle,
substantially as shown and described.
16. Forming or shaping a bead core by means of a tool and a circular motion
intended to produce a recess, groove, or indent for a ring to which hydrostatic
pressure is applied, substantially as shown and described.
17. A sliding piece or part of a ring moving diagonally on its seat in a core box
arranged to form the underside or surface of a bead or projection, substantially as
shown and described.
18. Forming a screw hole by casting upon a sand core, when used as and for the
purpose specified.
19. The use of wedges for setting pipes in concentric position when prepared
to make a joint by hydrostatic pressure, substantially as and for the purpose
described.
20. A serrated disc for removing sand from a groove, recess, or indent
intended for a ring to be subjected to hydrostatic pressure, substantially as
shown.
21. A tool adapted for inserting within a groove, recess, or indent a ring
to which hydrostatic pressure is to be applied, substantially as and for the
purpose set forth.
22. A plug having a washer of suitable material when used to close up a screw
hole through which hydrostatic pressure is applied, substantially as and for the
purpose set forth.
23. The use of a liner of metal, wood, or other suitable material when making
joints by hydrostatic pressure, substantially as shown and described.
24. A ball and socket joint made by hydrostatic pressure, substantially as shown
and described.
25. The combination of a turned and bored joint with a ring set up by hydro-
static pressure, substantially as shown and described.
26. Joining pipes by setting up a ring or rings horizontally by hydrostatic
pressure, substantially as shown and described.
27. A casting plate having the upper portion removeable for the purpose
of ramming up a bead when used, substantially as and for the purpose set
forth.
28. A forcing jack having a removeable portion or cap through which the
charge is inserted, substantially as and for the purpose set forth.
29. A forcing jack having a hollow stem extending up into the chamber
into which the charge is inserted, substantially as and for the purpose set
forth.
30. A receiver or chamber adapted to hold a charge of liquid or semi liquid
with a connection to a pump or accumulator, substantially as and for the purpose
set forth.
31. A metal mould in two or more pieces enclosing a spigot with a funnel
shaped mouthpiece, as shown when used as and for the purpose set forth.

page_text: 32. The combination of pipes having diagonal joints cut or ground with lugs,
clamps, keys, and recess for holding pitch or other suitable substance, with cups
of leather, prepared paper, or other suitable material and chairs, substantially as
and for the purpose described.
33. A funnel shaped vessel through which the lead ring is cast arranged so as to
cut off the runner or gate at its junction with the ring, substantially as shown and
described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Joseph Sinclair Fairfax, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this 29th day of July, in the year of our Lord
1881.
JOSEPH SINCLAIR FAIRFAX. (L.S.)