IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PILE FABRICS AND IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED IN SUCH MANUFACTURE
Year: 1883

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to James Sillavan of 52 Faulkner St Manchester in the
county of Lancaster for an Invention of IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE
OF PILE FABRICS AND IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED IN SUCH
MANUFACTURE partly communicated to him from abroad by Dionys Marcon
of No 5 Rue Saint Merri, Paris, in the republic of France and is partly his
own invention
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said James Sillavan at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 24th December 1883.
JAMES SILLAVAN of 52 Faulkner St Manchester in the county of Lancaster
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PILE FABRICS AND IN MACHINERY
OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED IN SUCH MANUFACTURE." The result partly of a
communication made to me from abroad by Dionys Marcon, of No 5 Rue Saint
Merri, Paris in the Republic of France, and partly of an invention made by
myself.
The object of this invention is to weave a double pile fabric composed of two
pieces united by the threads which form the pile and further to divide or cut the
pile so as to form two pieces of fabric by means of a revolving circular knife
traversed by suitable mechanism near the taking up beam or beams.
In weaving a double pile fabric according to this Invention I prefer to employ
two warp beams, one of which coutains the warp for the back of each piece of the
double fabric and the other beam contains the yarn for the pile; I prefer to use
six heald shafts commencing with N° 1 from the lathe or front of the loom,
the pile warp is drawn in through N° 1 and 2 shafts the warp for the ground or
back of the upper piece is drawn in through N° 3 and 4 shafts and the warp for
the ground of the lower piece is drawn in through N°s 5 and 6 shafts.
The improved letting off motion consists of an arrangement for slackening or
letting off as much warp as may be required at every fifth revolution of the
crank shaft of the loom and maintaining an unchanging tension of the warp or
warps to effect this I secure to the shaft which actuates the picking motion a
tappet or double ended lever which acts upon pivoted levers that raise the

page_text: ordinary levers on which the weights are hung: a rope or chain which passes
twice or more round a pulley at each end of the warp beam has one end fastened
to these ordinary weighted levers and to the other end of the rope or chain
there is secured a counterpoising weight or spring to keep the rope under tension.
As the tappet or double ended lever revolves it raises for a moment the ends
of the pivoted levers and lifts one of the weighted levers thus allowing the
counterpoising weights to rest upon the ground and so slacken the rope and
release the warp, and the slack ropes are immediately tightened as the weighted
ends of the ordinary levers are released and allowed to fall. A similar motion
may be applied to both warp beams.
I employ five or more tappets to operate the healds and shafts; N°³ 1 and 2
heald shafts may be connected to one jack and tappet while each of the other
heald shafts has a separate tappet.
A wire is inserted at the required intervals in the shed between the threads
which form the ground or back of each piece of the double fabric alternately over
and under the pile warp.
The operation of weaving is as follows:-The heald shafts Nos 1 and 2, and
3 and 4 are up, and 5 and 6 down, the shuttle in the left hand box, the wire is
now automatically inserted between the ground warps and under the pile warp
and the lathe beats up an empty pick: as the lathe retires Nos 1 and 2, heald
shafts fall, 3 and 4 remain stationary N° 5 rises and N° 6 remains down: one pick
of weft is now beaten up by the lathe, as the latter retires Nos 1 and 2 shafts rise,
3 and 4 remain up, 5 remains up and 6 remains down, one more pick of weft
from the right to the left hand is put in and beaten up; as the lathe retires,
No 1 and 2 shafts fall, 3 and 4 remain up, N° 5 falls and 6 rises, one more pick of
weft from left to right is put in and beaten up and the healds change as follows;
Nos 1 and 2 remain down, 3 and 4 remain up, 5 falls and 6 remains down: as the
lathe retires the wire is withdrawn by the action of suitable mechanism at the
right hand side of the loom and the lathe beats up without weft; as the lathe
retires, Nos 1 and 2 shafts remain down, 3 and 4 are still up and 5 and 6 down,
the wire is now again inserted by suitable mechanism between the threads forming
the ground or back of the two pieces and over the pile warp; the lathe beats up
against the wire but without any movement of the shuttle, and the healds N°8 1
and 2 rise, No 3 falls, No 4 remains up and 5 and 6 remain down, a pick of weft
is thrown from left to right and beaten up; as the lathe retires Nos 1 and 2
remain up N° 3 rises 4 falls and 5 and 6 remain down, a pick of weft is now
thrown from right to left and beaten up; as the lathe retires the wire is
withdrawn and one beat of the lathe without weft follows; as the lathe retires
the wire is again inserted into the shed and the operations are repeated in the
same order.
The mails or warp eyes in N° 1 and 2 shafts for the pile, are set one a little
above the other in order to allow the shed to be formed more easily.
The picking motion is effected by a tappet or boss with three projections, one
boss on each side of the loom secured to the shaft which governs the picking and
let-off motions and carries the section tappets: as this shaft revolves the projections
strike a lever pivoted to the loom side and when struck the other end of this lever
raises a tongue secured to the picking shaft which is struck by a tappet secured
on the side of the fly wheel and the pick is thus given to the shuttle, these parts
are employed on both sides of the loom.
I employ a grooved projection fastened to the front of the loom in which a
carriage slides, to this carriage is fastened the cutting motion and the wire: the
wire is withdrawn and partially inserted into the shed by the action of a cam and
suitable levers, and in order to drive the wire quickly into the shed I employ an
independent projection on one of the fly-wheels which at every fifth revolution
strikes a rod or bar connected with the wire motion, and drives the wire completely
into the shed.

page_text: Each time the wire is withdrawn the revolving cutter is traversed across the
front of the loom and cuts the pile threads and so separates the two pieces.
The revolving cutter is fixed on a stud with a pinion on the other end; this
pinion gears into a rack secured to or made with the grooved bar: two
sharpening stones, one over and one under, the cutter are held in contact with
it by springs
In order to weave two double pieces in a loom it is desirable to use a separate
wire and cutting motion at each side.
When it is required to weave a plain cloth, as for instance in commencing a
piece, the healds No 1 and 2 are geared from an independent plain tappet and the
pile warp is worked or mixed with the warp in Nº 3 and 4 shafts.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said James Sillavan in the Patent Office on the 24th June 1884.
JAMES SILLAVAN, of 52 Faulkner Street, Manchester, in the County of Lancaster.
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PILE FABRICS, AND IN MACHINERY
OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED IN SUCH MANUFACTURE." Partly a communication to
me from abroad by Dionys Marcon, of 5 Rue Saint Merri, Paris, in the Republic
of France, and is partly my own invention.
The object of this Invention is to weave a double pile fabric by the aid of two
warp beams only, one of which beams contains the warp for the backs of both
pieces and the other beam contains the yarn for the pile and so forming two
pieces united by the threads of yarn which are called the pile: the length of this
pile being regulated by the wire which is inserted in and withdrawn from the shed
after every three picks while the shuttle is at rest in the box, which I am enabled
to effect by an improved picking motion and further to divide or cut the pile by
means of a revolving circular knife traversed from side to side of the loom while
it is in motion by suitable mechanism, near the taking up beam or beams thus
forming two separate pieces of velvet or pile fabric the even texture of which is
secured by an improved automatic letting off motion hereinafter described.
In weaving a double pile fabric according to this Invention I prefer to employ
two warp beams, one of which contains the warp for the back of each piece of the
double fabric and the other beam contains the yarn for the pile, I prefer to employ
an ordinary "Woodcroft" tappet ten to the round and to use six heald shafts
commencing with No 1 from the lathe or front of the loom, the pile warp is drawn
in through N° 1 and 2 shafts, the warp for the ground or back of the upper piece
is drawn in through N° 3 and 4 shafts and the warp for the ground of the lower
piece is drawn in through No* 5 and 6 shafts.
The improved letting off motion consists of an arrangement for slackening or
letting off as much warp as may be required at every fifth revolution of the crank
shaft of the loom and maintaining an unchanging tension of the warp or warps:
to effect this I secure to the shaft which actuates the picking motion, a tappet or
double ended lever which acts upon pivoted levers that raise the ordinary levers
on which the weights are hung: a rope or chain which passes twice or more round
a pulley at each end of the warp beam has one end fastened to these ordinary
weighted levers and to the other end of the rope or chain there is secured a
counterpoising weight or spring to keep the rope under tension
As the tappet or double ended lever revolves it raises for a moment the ends of
the pivoted levers thus allowing the counterpoising weights to rest upon the
ground and so slacken the rope and release the warp and the slack ropes are
immediately tightened as the weighted ends of the ordinary levers are released
and allowed to fall. A similar motion may be applied to both warp beams.
I employ five or more tappets to operate the healds and shafts, Nos 1 and 2 heald
shafts may be connected to one jack and tappet while each of the other heald
shafts has a separate jack and tappet.
A wire is inserted at the required intervals in the shed between the threads
which form the ground or back of each piece of the double fabric alternately over
and under the pile warp.
The operation of weaving is as follows:-The heald shafts Nos 1 and 2 and 3
and 4 are up, and 5 and 6 down, the shuttle in the left hand box the wire is now
automatically inserted between the ground warps_and under the pile warp and the

page_text: lathe beats up an empty pick without changing the position of the shafts: as the
lathe retires Nos 1 and 2 heald shafts fall, 3 and 4 remain up, N° 5 rises and
N° 6 remains down, one pick of weft from left to right is now beaten up by the
lathe as the latter retires N° 1 and 2 shafts rise, 3 and 4 remain up, 5 remains up
and 6 remains down; one more pick of weft from the right to the left hand
is put in and beaten up as the lathe retires Nos 1 and 2 shafts fall, 3 and 4 remain
up, N° 5 falls and N° 6 rises: one more pick of weft from left to right is put in and
beaten up and the healds change as follows:-No 1 and 2 remain down, 3 and 4
remain up, 5 falls and 6 remains down: as the lathe retires the wire is withdrawn
by the action of suitable mechanism at the right hand side of the loom and the
lathe beats up without weft: as the lathe retires N° 1 and 2 shafts remain down,
3 and 4 are still up and 5 and 6 down, the wire is now again inserted by suitable
mechanism between the threads forming the ground or back of the two pieces and
over the pile warp; the lathe beats up against the wire but without any movement
of the shuttle and the healds N° I and 2 rise, N° 3 falls, N° 4 remains up and
5 and 6 remain down, a pick of weft is thrown from right to left and beaten up:
as the lathe retires No 1 and 2 fall, N° 3 remains down, N° 4 remains up, and
Nos 5 and 6 remain down, a pick of weft is thrown from left to right; as the
lathe retires Nos 1 and 2 rise, N° 3 rises, 4 falls and 5 and 6 remain down; a pick
of weft is now thrown from right to left and beaten up: as the lathe retires the
wire is withdrawn and to close the space left by the wire one beat of the lathe
without weft follows; as the lathe retires N° 4 rises the wire is again inserted into
the shed and the operations are repeated in the same order.
The mails or warp eyes in Nos 1 and 2 shafts for the pile are set one a little
above the other in order to allow the shed to be formed more easily.
The picking motion is effected by a tappet or boss with three projections, one
boss on each side of the loom secured to the shaft which governs the picking and
"let off" motions and carries the section tappets: as this shaft revolves the
projections strike a lever pivoted to the loom side and when struck the other end
of this lever raises a tongue secured to the picking shaft which is struck by a
tappet secured on the side of the fly wheel and the pick is thus given to the
shuttle; these parts are employed on both sides of the loom
I employ a grooved projection or bar fastened to the front of the loom in which
a carriage slides to this carriage is fastened the cutting motion and the wire is
inserted and the revolving knife is driven across the loom simultaneously and the
knife cuts the pile both on its forward and backward movement: the wire is
withdrawn and partially inserted into the shed by the action of a cam and
suitable levers and in order to drive the wire quickly into the shed I employ an
independent projection on one of the fly wheels which at every fifth revolution
strikes a rod or bar connected with the wire motion and drives the wire completely
into the shed.
Each time the wire is inserted and withdrawn the revolving cutter is traversed
across the front of the loom and cuts the pile threads and so separates the two
pieces.
The revolving cutter is fixed on a stud with a pinion on the other end: this
pinion gears into a rack secured to or made with the grooved bar, two sharpening
stones, one over and one under the cutter are held in contact with it by springs.
In order to weave two double pieces in a broad loom it is desirable to use a
separate wire and cutting motion at each side.
When it is required to weave a plain cloth as for instance in commencing a
piece the healds Nos 1 and 2 are geared from an independent plain tappet and the
pile warp is worked or mixed with the warp in Nos 3 and 4 shafts.
And in order that this Invention may be fully understood and readily carried
into effect I will proceed to describe the accompanying four Sheets of Drawings
reference being had to the figures and letters marked thereon.
Fig. 1 is a front view Fig. 2 a plan and Fig. 3 an end view of a loom for

page_text: weaving a double pile fabric to which the Improvements are applied. Fig. 4 is an
end view showing the position of the revolving knife and the taking up rollers for
the two pieces of fabric when divided by the knife and Fig. 5 is a plan of the
knife. Figs 3 and 3B show a modification of mechanism for inserting the wire
into the shed.
Similar letters refer to similar parts on the several views.
In these views a is the frame of the loom: 6 the warp beam on which the yarn
for the two ground or back warps is wound; c the warp beam for the pile: & the
heald shafts; e is the crank shaft; f the lathe and f* the lathe sword; the crank
shaft e carries the fly wheels e¹ e: two tappets e³ ³ are secured one to each fly
wheel in connection with the picking motion: e¹ is a tappet secured to the fly
wheel e for assisting the mechanism to insert the wire into the shed. The shaft h
makes one revolution for every ten of the crank shafte and it is driven by a pinion e
on the latter: to the shaft h at each side of the loom are secured bosses or:
tappets h¹ h' with three projections which control the picking motion a tappet or
double ended lever h² for actuating the letting off motion of the warp beam b is
secured to the shaft h near the middle: another tappet h³ with two projections
connected with the wire motion is secured to the shaft h at the right hand side ;
the section tappets h* (in this case Woodcroft's) for operating the healds are also
secured to the shaft h.
l
.
The picking shafts or arms ii have each a tongue 2 secured to them: pivoted
levers with one end near or resting on the tappets h¹ h¹ raise these tongues
into position to be struck as required by the tappets e³ on the fly wheels. On the
crank shaft e is fixed a pinion e³ for operating the wire motion; this pinion gears
into a wheel j on a stud j¹: a cam 2 is cast with or secured to the wheel j. The
crank shaft e makes five revolutions for one of the wheelj and cam ja: as the
cam revolves it raises a lever ja pivoted at j; this lever raises a lever j³ by a
rod jo the lever j³ is connected by a jointed lever j' to an arm j8 secured to the stud
or shaft ; keyed to the shaft k is the end of a bent slotted lever : a lover
pivoted to the loom frame at the lower end has a stud 11 which lies in the slot of
the lever ; at the upper end the lever is connected by a link to a carriage m
which is free to slide in a groove in the bar m¹; the wire n is secured loosely at
one end to the carriage m by the swivel piece n¹: a hinged piece g rests at one
end on a pin g¹ which passes through the carriage m and allows the piece n¹ to
rise when the wire is withdrawn: the loose end of the wire n is passed through a
small guide n² secured to a bracket n³ pivoted on the grooved bar m¹; the spring n
keeps the bracket n³ in its position: when the lathe f beats up after the wire n
has been withdrawn, the wire is guided by passing over the projections f³ f² on the
lathe the pin g¹ falls into a cavity in the bar m¹ which allows one end of the
piece g to descend and the swivel piece n¹ is free to turn upward and the wire n is
thus protected from injury by the lathe: as soon as the carriage m commences its
traverse the pin g¹, rises again to the level of the groove by an incline in the bar
and the hinged piece g pushes the swivel piece n¹ down and the wire n is brought
to its position for being inserted into the shed. The action of the cam j³ and
levers is accelerated by the tappet h³ on the shaft h; this tappet comes into contact
with a pivoted lever o which moves the vertical rod o¹ into position for being
struck by the tappet e on the fly wheel e²: the rod o' is connected by levers o² o
to an arm o³ secured to the stud / and by this means the wire is rapidly driven
into the shed. The wire n is withdrawn by the levers and the cam j the vertical
rod of being held out of action until it is moved by the tappet e and pivoted
lever o.
:
To the carriage m is secured the rod p connected at the other end to the
carriage p' which carries the revolving cutter p² fixed on a stud p³ with the
pinion p: the carriage p¹ slides in a groove in the bar q provided with rack
teeth q', the pinion p gears into this rack and gives a revolving motion to the
.cutter or knife p² as the carriage p' is traversed.

page_text: The operation is as follows:-The ground warp for both pieces is wound on the
beam b; the pile yarn is wound on the beam c: the pile yarn is drawn in through
the first and second heald shafts; the ground warp for the upper piece is drawn in
through the third and fourth heald shafts and the ground warp for the lower piece
is drawn in through the fifth and sixth heald shafts. The ground warp is "let off"
the beam 6 by the tappet or double ended lever h² secured to the shaft h: as the
tappet he turns it moves alternately the pivoted levers he h²; one end of each of
these levers supports the end of the ordinary weighted levers Bh°: to these levers
are secured ropes or chains ho h¹ which pass twice or more round pulleys secured
to each end of the beam b; to these ropes are connected counterpoising weights or
springs or weighted levers to keep the ropes under tension: as the tappet h²
revolves it raises alternately for a moment one of the pivoted levers h6 or h² which
raises one of the ordinary weighted levers h³ or h° thus allowing the counterpoising
weight to rest on the ground and so slacken the rope and release the warp and the
slack rope is immediately tightened as the end of the ordinary weighted lever is
released: in this manner the weighted levers h³ ho are raised alternately and the
quantity of warp to be "let off" is governed and controlled. The letting off
motion for the pile yarn c is regulated in a similar manner.
The heald shafts Nos 1 and 2 being up, the heald shafts N° 3 and 4 also up and
the heald shafts No 5 and 6 are down, the shuttle is in the left hand box, motion
now being communicated to the loom; the insertion of the wire n is commenced
by the cam and levers which give motion to the stud k and thus to the sliding
carriage m: at this moment the tappet h³ on the shaft h acts upon the lever o
which moves the vertical rod o¹ so that it is struck by the tappet e on the fly
wheel e² and the wire is rapidly driven into the shed; the lathe f beats up an
empty pick without changing the position of the shafts: as the lathe retires Nos 1
and 2 shafts fall, N° 3 and 4 remain up, N° 5 rises and N° 6 remains down: the
shuttle is now driven through the shed from left to right by one of the tappets h¹
coming against a lever i which moves the tongue on the picking shaft i into
position for being struck by the tappet e on the fly wheel e¹ as the lathe f retires
N° 1 and 2 shafts rise, Nos 3 and 4 remain up, No 5 remains up and N° 6 remains
down. another pick of weft from the right to the left hand is thrown across and
beaten up: as the lathe f retires Nos 1 and 2 shafts fall, N° 3 and 4 remain up
No 5 falls and N° 6 rises: one more pick of weft from left to right is thrown across
and beaten up and the healds change as follows:-Nos 1 and 2 remain down, Nos 3
and 4 remain up, N° 5 remains down and N° 6 falls: as the lathe f retires the
wire n is withdrawn, the lever ja is raised by the cam the lever draws the
carriage m along the bar m¹ and the wire n is withdrawn from the shed: at this
point the pin g falls into a depression or hole in the bar m¹ which allows the
end of the piece g to fall and releases the swivel piece n': the wire n can thus
slide on the projections f¹ f2 and turn up out of the way of the lathe f which
now beats up without any weft: as the lathe f retires the wire n falls, the pin gl
rises, and the hinged piece g forces the swivel piece n' down, and the wire is in
position ready to be inserted into the shed; N° 1 and 2 shafts remain down Nos 3
and 4 are still up, and N° 5 and 6 down: the wire is now inserted between the
ground warps and over the pile warp in the manner already described: the lathe f
beats up against the wire n but without any weft or movement of the shuttle; as
the lathe retires N° 1 and 2 shafts rise N° 3 falls N° 4 remains up and N° 5
and 6 remain down: a pick of weft is now thrown across from right to left and
the lathe beats up: as the lathe retires N° 1 and 2 fall 3 remains down 4 remains
up and 5 and 6 down a pick of weft is thrown from left to right and the lathe
beats up: as the lathe retires N° 1 and 2 shafts rise, N° 3 remains up, N° 4 falls
and No 5 and 6 remain down; a pick of weft is now thrown across from right to
left and beaten up; as the lathe f retires Nos 1, 2 and 3 remain up, N° 4 rises and
No 5 and 6 remain down the wire n is withdrawn in the manner previously
described and one beat of the lathe without weft follows: as the lathe f retires

page_text: again the healds change and the wire n is inserted into the shed: these operations
are repeated in the same order as already described The fabrics are cut or divided
in the following manner:-The carriage m is connected by the rod p to the
carriage which carries the stud p³ with the cutter or knife p² on its upper end
and the pinion p' on the lower end: the bar q has rack teeth q' cut in it; as the
carriage m with the wire is traversed it moves across the front of the loom the
cutter carriage p¹ and the cutter p² which latter revolves as its pinion p¹ gears into
the rack and the knife divides the fabric which is wound on to the taking up roller &
as shown in Fig. 4.
The knife p2 is kept constantly sharp by means of two sharpening stones or
other surfaces pp which are held in contact with the knife pa by means of springs.
The lower side of the knife p² rests upon and is guided by a stationary bar t, near
its cutting edge.
In order to weave two double pieces or double widths in a loom it is desirable
to employ independent wire and cutting motions at each side of the loom.
The mail or warp eyes in Nos 1 and 2 shafts for the pile are set one a little above
the other in order to allow the shed to be formed more easily: or this can be
effected by using one heald shaft with the mails or warp eyes set one above the
other
When required to weave a plain cloth as for instance in commencing a piece,
the healds No 1 and 2 are geared from an independent plain tappet and the pile
warp is worked or mixed with the warp in N°* 3 and 4 shafts.
Instead of employing the mechanism hereinbefore described for operating the
lever to insert the wire I use a toothed wheel 1. formed with a cam 2 and
geared with the wheel j: this cam 2 actuates a bent lever 3 pivoted on a stud 4
connected by a link 5-to the lever as shown in elevation at Fig 3A and in plan
at Fig 3B on Sheet 4.
In order to regulate the insertion of the wire a slot 6 is made in one end of the
lever 3 through which the cam 2 passes, thus allowing it to revolve four times
without operating the lever 3: at the fifth revolution a plate 7, pivoted at the
under side of the lever 3 is moved by the cam 8 on the tappet shaft, and by the
connecting links 9 and levers 10, 11 and 12, so as to cover the slot in the lever 3
thus causing the cam 2, in its fifth revolution to actuate the lever 3 and transmit
motion to the wire and insert it into the shed. A spring is employed to bring the
plate 7 back to its normal position.
Instead of bringing the wire forward ready for insertion by the spring n¹
(shown on Fig. 2) operating the lever n³ I use a bent pivoted lever 13 in the
forked end of which the wire guide 14 rests the end 15 of the lever 13 is operated
by the lever 16 and a cam 17 on the tappet shaft which at every fifth revolution
raises one end of the lever 16 which depresses the end 15 of the lever 13 and so
places the wire in position for insertion.
In order to keep the wire at the level of the shed I use a rest 18 (see Fig. 3)
one end of which is fixed to the front of the loom. and the other end of which
rests in a slot in the lathe, and to keep the wire from rising I employ a guard 19.
Having stated the nature of this Invention and described the manner of
performing the same
I declare that I claim.
1. The improvements in the manufacture of pile fabrics and in machinery or
apparatus employed in such manufacture, substantially as and for the purposes
herein shown and described.
2. The combination of parts forming the improved "letting off" motion,
substantially as herein shown and described.
3. The improved picking motion consisting of a combination of the tappets h¹ h¹
with the pivoted levers and the tongues on the picking shafts i substantially
as and for the purposes herein shown and described,

page_text: 4. The mechanism for guiding, inserting, and withdrawing the wire n,
substantially as and for the purposes herein shown and described.
5. The use and application in the manufacture of a double velvet of two warp
beams, one of which supplies the warp for the back of both pieces and the other
the yarn for the pile for both pieces.
In witness whereof I the said James Sillavan have hereunto set my hand
and seal this twenty first day of June One thousand eight hundred and eighty
four.
JAMES SILLAVAN (L.S.)