improvements in sizing Paper and such like Material.
Year: 1885

page_text: improvements in sizing Paper and such like Material.
I, CHARLES WEYGANG of N° 7 Hermitage Villas, Child's Hill, in the County
of Middlesex, Gentleman do hereby declare the nature of the said invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN SIZING PAPER AND SUCH LIKE MATERIAL " to be as follows:-
These improvements have for their object the sizing of paper with certain
substances and in such a manner as to produce a stronger and more impermeable
material than can be produced by the ordinary process, so that such material may
be applied to a greater number of useful purposes.-The sizing substances are
chiefly tar and resins, more particularly Stockholm tar & common rosin. I employ
either of these alone or both combined, and I sometimes mix either of them,
or the combination of tar & resin, with a farinaceous or gelatinous substance, or
with oils.
In carrying the invention into practice I dissolve the tar or resin in water with
the aid of an alkali, such as Potash, and I incorporate the solution with the fibrous
pulp in the beating engine, or other suitable mixing apparatus. I then precipitate
the size, that is to say the solution referred to, with a neutral salt of an alkali,
such as the sulphate, chloride or nitrate of Ammonia.-I sometimes employ such a
precipitating agent in combination with other and more energetic precipitating
agents, such as Calcium Chloride or Saccharate, Sulphate of Iron, or an acid, such
as Hydrochloric Acid.
Or, I employ for precipitation a salt of Chromium, such as Bichromate of Potash,
or a salt of Manganese, such as Permanganate of Potash, in combination with
another metallic salt, such as Sulphate of Iron.
Or, I employ for precipitation the saccharate of an alkaline carth, such as the
Saccharate of Lime alone or in combination with other precipitating agents.
In most cases the dissolved sizing agent is first added to the fibrous pulp and
then the precipitating agents.-But in some cases the precipitating agents are
added first to the pulp and then the sizing solution; this being more particularly
the case when a salt of Chromium or Manganese is employed in combination with
Sulphate of Iron or other metallic salt.
If farinaceous or gelatinous substances are employed these are mixed with the
solution of resin or tar size and in some cases the mixture is boiled together.―
Sometimes the farinaceous substance is boiled by itself or dissolved with an alkali
before it is mixed with the resin or tar size.

page_text: 66
Improvements in Sizing Paper and such like Material.
"
I, CHARLES WEYGANG, of No 7 Hermitage Villas, Child's Hill in the County
of Middlesex, Gentleman do hereby declare the nature of my invention for
IMPROVEMENTS IN SIZING PAPER AND SUCH LIKE MATERIAL and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement :-
These improvements have for their object the sizing of paper with certain
substances of an oily, fatty, resinous or tarry nature, and in such a manner as
to produce a stronger and more impermeable material than can be produced by the
ordinary process, so that such material may be applied to a greater number of
useful purposes.
In carrying my invention into practice I take any oils, resins, tars or allied
substances which are soluble in alkaline solutions.
After dissolving the same I call such solutions "the size" and I incorporate
the same with the fibrous pulp in the beating engine or other suitable mixing
apparatus. I then precipitate the size with a neutral salt of an alkali and I prefer
to employ the salts of Ammonia, such as the Nitrate or Sulphate.-I sometimes
employ such precipitating agents alone, but more generally with other and more
energetic precipitating agents, such as an acid, an 'acid salt, a calcium salt, a salt
of chromium in conjunction with another metallic salt, etc.
In many cases I omit the ammoniacal salt and employ a salt of chromium or of
manganese in combination with another metallic salt such as the sulphates of Iron,
Alumina, Copper or Zinc.
And sometimes I also employ the saccharate of an alkaline earth by itself for the
purpose of precipitation.
The object of employing a neutral salt of an alkali, and more particularly a salt
of ammonia, is for the purpose of avoiding acid in the pulp and to cause a less
basic precipitate which will adhere better to the fibres; also in some cases to cause
a more subtle size, particularly when employing a drying oil.
The object of employing the salts of chromium or manganese in combination
with other metallic salts, is for the purpose of rendering any albuminous matter in
the fibres and the size insoluble and thus insuring a more perfectly waterproof
material.
To make myself more clearly understood I will proceed to describe the process
in detail:-
For a general size for ordinary purposes I take common rosin and I dissolve the
same with an alkali in the manner well known to paper makers.-I mix the size
so produced, with the pulp in the beating engine or or other suitable mixing
apparatus. The proportion of size depends quite upon the quality of the material
to be produced and upon the nature of the fibres.-This will be understood by the
practical manufacturer. After the size is mixed with the pulp I add, preferably at
the finish of the beating, a neutral salt of an alkali, such as Ammonia sulphate in
a proportion of 20 lbs and upwards for every 56 lbs of rosin.-If a little acid is
added after the ammoniacal salt the precipitation is more energetic.-Instead of

page_text: adding the acid separately it can be mixed with the ammoniacal salt.-Instead
of an acid an acid metallic salt may be employed.-Instead of employing the rosin
alone as just described, a tougher size is produced by adding thereto a small pro-
portion of an oily substance, such as any kind of ordinary oil; or carbolic acid; or
fatty substances, such as common soap; or tarry substances, such as Stockholm tar.
The proportion depending upon the softness desirable. If oils are employed a pro-
portion of 5 to 10 per cent is generally sufficient.-If soaps or tars are employed
from 25 to 50 per cent can be used.
Or, I mix with the rosin size animal glue, or farinaceous substances, such as
starch. In the case of starch I prefer to employ the same with a saponified fatty
substance, such as common soap, and I prepare the compound as follows: I dissolve
the soap by boiling in water and when dissolved I add to the boiling solution an
equal proportion by weight of starch, previously mixed with cold water, and
I boil the compound for a few minutes.-I mix the requisite quantity of this com-
pound with the pulp in the beating engine and when mixed I add rosin size in pro-
portion according to the hardness desirable of the material to be produced.-I usually
employ an equal proportion of each of the three substances, rosin, starch and
soap. I precipitate this size with Ammonia sulphate alone or in combination
with a little acid, or or acid metallic salt, or Calcium chloride or saccharate.-
I add the Ammonia sulphate first and allow it to mix with the pulp and the size
and I then add a small proportion of the one or the other salts or acids. I prefer
to add these precipitating agents at the finish of the beating.-For soft purposes
the rosin may be omitted entirely.-Very good results are produced with this size
by precipitating with an acid salt without the Ammonia sulphate.-In this case
I prefer to employ sulphate of Alumina and to render the same less basic by the
addition of 3 to 5 lbs of Sulphuric acid for every 28 lbs of the aluminous salt; or,
Calcium chloride rendered less basic by the addition of hydrochloric acid in the
same manner.
The above are improvements upon ordinary sizing for common purposes.-For
producing material to be employed for more special purposes I proceed as follows:
I take a drying oil, such as linseed oil, and I prefer to employ the same boiled
to a consistency of treacle or thicker.-I prepare the same for the fibrous pulp as
follows: I take 1 cwt of common rosin and make it into size in the ordinary manner
with an alkali.-I stir into the hot rosin size from 1 to 4 cwt of the oil according
to the softness desirable of the material to be produced. I heat or boil the
mixture and gradually add a solution of an alkali, by preference caustic soda, until
the oil is dissolved and the compound forms a uniformily colored mass. Of this
I add the requisite quantity to the pulp in the beating engine or other suitable
mixing apparatus. The quantity of size depends upon the nature of the material
to be produced. A good average proportion is about 1 cwt of raw oil and rosin
for about 3 cwt of dry fibrous material.-After the size is mixed with the pulp
and when the beating is finished I add a solution of Ammonia nitrate or sulphate,
or Pottassium or Sodium nitrate.-The best for the purpose is Ammonia nitrate
and I add this substance in a proportion of 28 lbs and upwards for every 1 cwt of
raw oil and rosin employed. After this is thoroughly mixed I add a solution of
a calcium salt, such as the Chloride or Saccharate, until the water in the pulp
becomes clear. For the purpose of causing the size to contract better on the fibres
I sometimes add a little acid, such as hydrochloric acid, to the precipitating salt;
or I can add a little diluted acid separately to the pulp after the precipitation of the
size. In the place of the calcium salt I can employ an acid alone, but the working
is not quite so easy and more caution is required.
For the purpose of rendering the material to be produced more impervious to
water I substitute for the calcium salt, or the acid in the process just described,
Bichromate of potash in combination with another metallic salt, such as the sul-
phates of Iron. I employ for about 1 cwt of raw oil and rosin from 7 to 14 lbs of
the Bichromate and from 30 to 70 lbs, or thereabouts, of the iron salt.-I add the
Bichromate first, after the nitrous salt that is to say, the ammoniacal salt or other

page_text: salt conts nitrogen, and I dissolve it in boiling water before adding it to the
pulp. When it is thoroughly mixed and the beating is finished I add the Iron
sulphate, also in solution.-I prefer to add the solution very slowly in front of
the roll.
Instead of proceeding as just described, when Bichromate and Iron sulphate are
employed the proceedings may be reversed, that is, the nitrous salt, that is to say,
the ammoniacal salt or other salt conts nitrogen, can be added to the pulp first
and then the Bichromate and about one hour afterwards the Iron sulphate. The
pulp is beaten with these chemicals and when the beating is finished the size is
slowly added in a diluted condition.
The nitrous salt renders the oil more subtle. If still greater subtleness is
desired I add a little sulphor to the size when boiling the same, in a proportion of
from 5 to 10 per cent.-A little turpentine or petroleum may also be advantageously
added for the same purpose.
If the material to be produced is required to be less subtle I omit the nitrous
salt and employ the Bichromate and Iron salt only, in the same manner as
described before. In this case, when the chemicals are put into the beater after
the size, it is advantageous to render the Iron salt less basic by the addition of an
acid. For this purpose I add for every 28 lbs of the Iron salt from 3 to 5 lbs of
sulphuric acid.
:
In the place of the Iron salt in the process just described there may be employed
the sulphates of Alumina, Copper or Zinc, but so far as linseed oil is concerned
these chemicals do not produce such good results, unless gelatinous or farinaceous
substances are employed in combination with the oil size.-The advantage of
employing gelatinous or farinaceous substances with the oil size is that these
substances increase the adhesiveness of the oil and cause the material produced
to be firmer and more solid.-If I employ a farinaceous substance I proceed as
follows:-
I take starch in a proportion of about 1 part to 8 parts of oil and rosin.—I either
nix the starch with water and stir it into the prepared oil size and boil the mixture
for a few minutes; or I dissolve the starch first by boiling with a weak solution of
caustic alkali and simply mixing the resulting solution with the prepared oil size.--
I also generally add turpentine in a proportion of 10 to 20% of the whole quantity
of size. I proceed with this size as described before, that is, I add the requisite
quantity to the pulp in the beater and I then precipitate with a nitrous salt alone
or in combination with other and more energetic precipitating agents, such as a salt
of an alkaline earth, or an acid, or Bichromate of potash in combination with
another metallic salt, such as the sulphate of Alumina, in the same manner as before
described. Or, I omit the nitrous salt and employ the Bichromate and another
metallic salt in the same manner as before described.-If I employ a gelatinous
substance with the oil size I take glue and dissolve it with water in the ordinary
manner and I stir the solution into the prepared oil size.-The glue may be
employed in almost any proportion from about 25 per cent upwards; the larger
the proportion of glue the more cohesion will there be in the size. For the
purpose of rendering the material to be produced soft and tough I mix with the
size from 5 to 20 per cent of glycerine and I prefer to add the glycerine to the oil
size when the latter is being prepared.-It is also advantageous to add a little
turpentine and a little sulphor where the smell is not objectionable.-In the case
of turpentine this is simply stirred into the mixed size in a proportion of from
1 part and upwards. by weight of turpentine to about 8 parts of oil and glue size,
calculating the weights before the solution.-In the case of sulphor this may be
added to the oil size and boiled with the same when it is being prepared; or the
sulphor may be boiled by itself with a solution of caustic alkali and the solution
added to the size.--The sulphor can be employed in a proportion of 1 to 2 parts for
every 12 parts of size, always calculating the weights before solution of the respec-
tive substances. By "oil size" I mean the size composed of the thickened linseed oil
and rosin,—I proceed with this gelatinous oil size as before described, that is, I mix

page_text: the requisite quantity with the pulp in the beater and when the beating is finished
I precipitate with a nitrous salt in combination with a more energetic precipitating
agent. For this purpose I can employ an acid, or an acid salt, or a calcium salt, if
the oil size supervenes; otherwise I employ Tannic acid, or Bichromate of potash
with another metallic salt. The following proceedings give good results :-I take
56 lbs of sulphate of Ammonia, 14 lbs Tannic acid and 10 lbs Acetic or pyroligneous
acid. I dissolve and mix the substances and add the solution to the pulp with the
size until all the size is precipitated, that is, until the water in the beater becomes
clear. The proportions just given may be considerably varied, and instead of
mixing the ingredients together they may be put separately into the beater.
The following proceedings produce equally good results: I employ Bichromate
of potash, and the sulphate of Alumina or Iron. I add for about 1 cwt of size,
calculating the weights before solution of the sizing materials, from 7 to 14 lbs
of Bichromate, previously dissolved in boiling water. After this is thoroughly
mixed and when the beating is finished I add the sulphate of Alumina or Iron in
solution until all the size is precipitated. I prefer to render the Alum or Iron
sulphate less basic before adding the solution to the pulp and for this purpose
I add 3 to 5 lbs of Sulphuric acid to every 28 lbs of Aluminous or Iron salt.-The
aluminous salt produces the firmer and more solid material; the iron salt a more
spongy material-Material made with the oil size and gelatinous substances can
be finished on the paper machine if not too thick.-But if oil size has been used
without gelatinous substances the material requires to be exposed to the atmosphere
for a time varying according to the thickness and the agents employed for precipi-
tation. Thus, if Bichromate and Iron sulphate have been employed, material of
the thickness of stout packing paper will season in from 4 to 8 hours.-If a nitrous
salt has been employed in combination with the Bichromate and Iron salt it will
take somewhat longer to season, and still longer if other salts than Bichromate and
Iron salts have been employed.
The oil size described is more particularly applicable for producing paper
material suitable for superior special waterproof purposes, such as oil packing
paper, oil sheets for letter copying books, material for naval and other engineering
purposes, floor covering, etc.
For the purpose of producing waterproof material for more ordinary purposes,
such as for packing paper, common leather boards, common floor coverings, etc,
I proceed as follows:-
I employ a size of a soft spreading nature, or a size the particles of which will
adhere or agglutenate in the paper material and I precipitate such a size with a
salt of Chromium or Manganese in combination with another metallic salt.
I prefer to employ the Bichromate of potash with a salt of Iron, Alumina, Zinc
or Copper. A size having the nature desirable for the purpose is common soap, or
common rosin size rendered fluid with oils.-As it is however essential that a
size should be of a binding nature I will proceed to describe several classes of
compositions most suitable for the purpose:-
I produce a common size by mixing to the ordinary paper maker's rosin size
petroleum or turpentine, or other fluid hydro-carbon which will mix with the rosin.-
Petroleum is more generally employed and can be used in a proportion of about
10 to 20 lbs to about 56 lbs of rosin.-The larger proportion is more generally
employed. I precipitate this size with Bichromate of potash in combination with
a salt of Iron, Alumina, Zinc or Copper and I can add the size to the pulp first
and the chemicals at the finish of the beating in the same manner as previously
described; or I can add the chemicals at the start of the beating and the size at
the finish. If I add the size to the pulp first I employ on an average 1 cwt of
rosin for about 3 cwt dry fibrous material.-I usually render the Iron, Aluminous,
Copper or Zinc salts less basic by the addition of an acid.-This is more particularly
the case if I employ Iron sulphate to which I add from 3 to 5 lbs of sulphuric acid
for every 28 lbs of the Iron salt.-The aluminous salt produces the lighter colored
material, but for waterproof properties the Iron salt is preferable and I prefer to

page_text: 30 lbs soap.
10 lbs petroleum, or turpentine.
Crude Carbolic acid may be employed in the place of the petroleum, or both these
substances may be employed.-I precipitate this size in the same manner as the
previously described rosin and petroleum size.
"
In some cases there may be added starch to these compositions, in the same
manner as before described, but the starch lessens the waterproof properties.
Very useful results are produced by employing certain tars, produced by oil and
grease manufacturers, in the place of petroleum.-Such tars are simply mixed with
the rosin size and I usually add as much of the tar as the rosin size will take up,
which is about one half the amount of the rosin.-Such a size I prefer to precipitate
with Bichromate and Aluminous sulphate in the manner as before described.
The cominon class of size just described is capable of producing such kinds of
material as perfectly waterproof paper of any quality, waterproof boards, roofing
material and material for other building purposes.-Material made with these sizes
is also admirably adapted for being compressed by hydraulic power into hard solid
substances applicable for many purposes where wood is used.
A much tougher size than the common rosin class just described, is produced
with Stockholm or other wood tar, alone or mixed with oils or other fatty
substances, or with carbolic acid, or other kinds of tar, or with rosin.-The tar is
rendered soluble by boiling with water and an alkali and I prefer to employ caustic
soda for the purpose. I dissolve the Caustic soda in water and allow the solution
to settle before mixing it with the tar.-I employ the clear solution only and add
the same gradually to the tar until a clear uniformily deep brown solution is
formed. I precipitate the tar compounds with Bichromate of Potash in combina-
tion with another salt, such as, Aluminous or Iron sulphate, in the same manner
as before described. To make myself more clearly understood I will proceed to
describe some of the most useful combinations of the tar:
I take tar size prepared as just described and I stir into the same whilst it is hot,
from 15 to 30% of crude carbolic acid, or about 10% of an oil such as Castor oil,
or from 15 to 30% of Rosin oil, or I can employ certain tars produced by oil and
grease manufacturers.
°
Rosin size is added where less subtleness is required and in any proportion
according to the hardness desirable.-Petroleum and turpentine may also sometimes
be employed in the place of the carbolic acid or the other oily substances, but they
do not impart the same degree of toughness to the tar-I usually employ
Bichromate of Potash and Aluminous sulphate for precipitating this size and I can
add the size to the pulp first and the chemicals last, but I prefer to add the
chemicals first to the pulp and when the beating is finished I. add the size in a
very diluted condition, in the same manner as before described.-I add as much of
the size as the pulp will take up, which the practical manufacturer will know by
the appearance of the pulp.-On an average the proportions will be from to
1 cwt of size to 3 cwt of dry fibrous pulp.-For the purpose of imparting a
slippery nature to the tar as well as subtleness, I add a saponified fatty substance,

page_text: .
such as ordinary soap.- may employ this substance in almost any proportion,
but I prefer to employ about 30 to 40 lbs of soap to about 1 cwt of tar.-If I wish
to increase the softness of the tar still further, I add, in addition to the soap, a
certain proportion of carbolic acid or rosin oil, on an average about 20 lbs.-For
more ordinary purposes petroleum or turpentine may be substituted for the
Carbolic acid, or both petroleum and carbolic acid may be employed.―The petro-
leum is advantageous because it gives greater covering property to the soap and
facilitates the waterproofing. For common purposes and where less subtleness is
required I add rosin to the size.-This size I can precipitate in the same manner
as the size just previously described, that is, with Bichromate and Alum sulphate;
or I can employ with very good results Bichromate with Iron sulphate, and I can
either add the size to the pulp first, or the chemicals first.-If I add the size to the
pulp first and subsequently Bichromate with Iron sulphate, I prefer to render the
latter salt less basic by the addition of 3 to 5 lbs of Sulphuric acid for every 28 lbs
of the Iron salt.
If Alum sulphate is employed in the place of the Iron sulphate, the addition of
acid is not so necessary, and if acid is employed, I generally use rather less than
for the Iron salt. In the place of the Aluminous or the Iron salt I can employ
Copper or Zine salts but hardly with such good results.
'
With the tar sizes just described I produce such material as very strong and
waterproof packing papers, antiseptic waterproof paper, vermin and rot-proof papers
and many kinds of waterproof boards and other specialities.
For the purpose of producing a very soft, felty and elastic material I mix ground
cork with the fibrous pulp in about an equal proportion.-I can employ almost any
of the sizes described for the mixed pulp, but more particularly the oil size and the
tar sizes.
A useful composition for the purpose is the following:
80 lbs Wood tar.
20 to 40 lbs ordinary soap.
20 to 40 lbs rosin.
15 to 20 lbs crude carbolic acid.
This size I prefer to precipitate with Bichromate of potash and Alum or Copper
sulphate, and I can either add the chemicals before or after the size. If I add
them after the size I prefer to render them less basic by the addition of 3 to 5 lbs
of Sulphuric acid for every 28 lbs of Aluminous or copper salt. The ground cork
I prefer to soak in hot water before mixing it with the fibrous pulp; or a portion
of the size, or the chemical solution, as the case may be, can be employed for the
same purpose.
Material made with the ingredients just described produces a waterproof, anti-
septic, vermin- and rot-proof felt and is applicable for carpet purposes, for socks in
boots, etc.
The "rosin" mentioned is of course understood to be dissolved with an alkali
in the ordinary manner known to paper makers.
If any material produced by such processes as described, is to have an aromatic
smell I add essential oils, such as Birch-tar-oil.-I may put the same into the
beater separately, but I prefer to mix it with the size before the latter is mixed
with the pulp, proceeding in all respects as described.
If the material to be produced is not to be of a waterproof nature the Bichromate
can in most cases be omitted and the compositions described herein can be pre-
cipitated in more ordinary manner, so far as the commoner sizes are concerned."
As a general rule, if the size is added to the pulp first and the chemicals last,
more size can be mixed with the pulp than by the reverse process.-On an average
1 cwt of size, that is calculating the weight before solution, can be easily mixed
with 2 to 3 cwt of pulp (that is dry weight).-But the reverse process has the
advantage of greater simplicity and is more economical.-The chemicals being
brought in direct contact with the fibres render the latter waterproof, or partially

page_text: so, and, thus. less size is required.-Besides the chemicals can be added in a dry
state, instead of solution as with the other process.-The larger the proportion of
Bichromate employed the more waterproof the resulting material will be.
Therefore the proportions stated herein may be varied somewhat with very good
results. Also the salts employed in combination with the Bichromate can be
correspondingly varied.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
I claim is:
1st The manufacture of a waterproof, or partially waterproof material, substan-
tially as herein described.
2nd The employment of a nitrogenous salt, that is, an ammonical salt or any
salt containing nitrogen, in combination with any oily, resinous, fatty or tarry
substance, substantially as, and for the purposes herein described.
3rd The employment of a salt of Chromium or Manganese in combination with
a salt of Iron, Aluminum, Zine, Copper or other astringent metallic salt,' substan-
tially as, and for the purposes herein described.
4th The employment of Tannic acid in combination with a uitrogenous salt and
with or without Acetic or Pyroligneous or other acid, for the purpose of precipi-
tating any oily, fatty, or resinous compositions, or such compositions mixed with
animal glue or farinaceous substances, substantially as, and for the purposes herein
described.
5th The employment of a saccharate of an alkaline earth in connection with
sizing paper pulp, substantially as herein described.
6th The employment of aromatic substances in combination with sizing agents
of a nature as herein described.
7th The combination of ground cork with fibrous pulp in connection with sizing
compositions of a nature as herein described.
8th The tar compositions herein described, or similar compositions, for sizing
paper pulp, or such like material, substantially as herein described.
9th A composition of an oily or resinous nature containing gelatinous substances
in combination with glycerine, for sizing paper pulp or such like material,
substantially as herein described.
Dated this 6th day of Februar 1902