AN ART OR METHOD OF CUTTING UP TALLOW, FAT, SPERMACETI; AND WAX FOR 'MELTING, AND OF MAKING THE SAME INTO CANDLES
Year: 1796

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOSEPH
STACEY SAMPSON, of Tabernacle Walk; Moorfields, in the County of Middlesex,
send greeting.
WHEREAS His present Majesty King George the Third, by His Letters
Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing dato at Westminster,
the Twenty-fourth day of May last' past, hath given and granted unto' me,
the said Joseph Stacey Sampson, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
special licence, full power, sole priviledge and authority, to make, use, exercise
and vend, within England; Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed
during the term' of years therein mentioned, my "Invention of AN ART OR
METHOD OF CUTTING UP TALLOW, FAT, SPERMACETI; AND WAX FOR 'MELTING, AND
OF MAKING THE SAME INTO CANDLES;" in which said Letters Patent there is
contained a proviso obliging me, the said Joseph Stacey Sampson; by 'an inistru-
ment in writing under my hand and seal, to cause a'particular description of
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, to be inrolled in His Majesty's High Court of Chancery within one
calendar month next after the date of the said recited Letters Patent, as in
and by the same (relation being thereunto had) may'more fully and at large
appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Joseph Staccy Sampson, in complianco
with the said proviso, do hereby declare that the naturo of my 'said Inven-
tion, and the manner in which the same is to be performed, is particularly
described and ascertained by the respective plans hereunto annexed, and tlic
following descriptions thereof (that is to say):-

page_text: Figure 1 is a machine for cutting up tallow, fat, spermaceti, and wax for
melting. A is the box which contains the tallow, &c. to be cut up; B, the grate
which covers over the box when filled; C, the knife which cuts the tallow
through the aperture of the grate; D, D, the pole to which the knife is
fastened; E, E, two sections of the pole; F, F, the slider wherein the pole is
fixed; G, the crank, by which the machine is put in motion; II, the pinion
which is fixed to the crank; I, the wheel, which is fastened over one end of
tho spindle; K, the pinion at the other end of the spindle, which works in
the coggs of the pole; L, the coggs of the pole, facing the crank; M, the
gudgeon of the spindle, near the pinion; N, N, the levers which keep the pole
in ballance when raised; 0, the chain which leads from the pole to the
lever of the spindle, with fixtures; P, the lever; Q, the spindle; R, R, the
two fixtures which draw the bolts by which the slider is confined from the
sockets; S, S, the two fixtures, with springs, which move the slider forward;
T, T. T, T, the pins inserted in the pieces which support the slider, and against
which the springs bavo a bearing; V, V, the two bolts, together with the
triggers which draw them from the sockets; W, W, the sockets into which
the bolts enter to keep the slider steady; X, the fly wheel, with coggs near;
the center; Y, the pinion which turns the fly wheel; Z, the spindle over which
the pinion is fastened, and which unites to the crank.
This machine consists of a square frame, well supported with braces, but
of no particular form or dimensions; it is about six feet in heighth, the upper
and under sides of which are horizontal. On its under side is placed a square
double box, or two sections of boxes, each having two opposite vertical sides
secured to an under side or bottom. These, when slipped one within the other,
and hooked to the corners, make the box, the top of which is left open to
receive the tallow, &c. The inner section is for the convenience of drawing
out the tallow, &c., after it is cut, and the outer or stationary section is caused
to move round a center in or about the middle of the machine, for the con-
venience of cross cutting the tallow, &c. When the box is filled with tallow,
it is covered over with a grato of iron or other metal, which grate has a
number of apertures. The outer edges of the grate project horizontally over,
the inner edges of the box; this grato is for the purpose of keeping down
the tallow, &c., and guiding the knifo which cuts it. In the upper part of
the machine there is a moving frame or slider, which moves horizontally
parallel to the sides of the machine, either in grooves or between four straight
pieces of timber, two on each side, firmly secured to the machine. The under
pieces bear the weight of the slider, and the upper pieces keep it from
rising while the machine is in operation. In this slider is fixed, perpen-

page_text: dicular, the rack or pole to which the knife is fastened. The pole, which may
or may not be of cast iron, works perpendicularly with the knife, which is in a
square form; its under edge, which is the cutting edge, extends horizontally
over the box, and from side to side in the clear. In the pole of the knife
there is a row of coggs, which may or may not be tied together by a strip of
iron extending over their ends. The coggs stand in a right line, vertical on
that side which faces the crank or winder by which the machine is worked.
This crank has either a pinion fixed to it, which turns a cogg wheel, fastened
over the end of a spindle; or, otherwise, the crank itself is fastened to this
spindle, over the other end of which is fixed a pinion that plays into the coggs
of the pole. The end of the spindle, passing a little through the pinion, has
a bearing against a ledge that is firm to the pole, which ledge encompasses
the coggs and is equally distant from them, allowing the pinion to work freely
on both sides and round the top and bottom cogg of the same; the end of
the spindle glides at the same time against the inner side of the ledge. The
said spindle works in a gudgeon at or near each end. Near the end which
goes through the pinion the gudgeon is fixed in one end of a rod or strake of
iron, that is nearly or quite perpendicular, the other end of which is so fastened
to the slider as to allow it to cant with the spindle; or, otherwise, the gudgeon
is made sufficiently wide to admit the spindle to move so far sideways
as to allow the pinion to traverse from side to side above the top and
below the bottom cogg, which causes the knife to rise and fall alternately, by
turning the crank one way. At the end annexed to the crank the gudgeon
may be allowed to move, to favor the working of the spindle. A fly wheel
may be introduced to regulate the motion, which may be of any size,
fastened over the crank or otherwise, variously fixed and attached to the
moving parts of the machine, which are connected with the slider; but of the
various ways of fixing the fly, that of fixing it vertically in front of the slider
is the most eligible. When the box is filled with tallow, and covered with the
grate, the crank is then turned either by manual force, steam, or any other
power, that forces down the knife through the first aperture of the grate to the
bottom of the box which cuts the tallow in its descent. The box may or may
not have grooves in the sides to direct the course of the knife. When the
knife is down, the pinion works over the uppermost cogg of the pole, which,
by the revolving of the crank, is carried to the opposite side to which it was in
forcing down the knife; it is then forced back again by continuing the crank
one and the same way. When the knife is raised so high as to clear the
grate, it advances forward with the slider, by means of a lever, which is made
firm at one end in or near the middle of a horizontal spindle, and square to

page_text: it; the other end of the lever is attached to a chain; which is secured to the
pole above; eacli end of the spindle is fixed to the slider in a gudgeon, and
is about as long as tho two sides of the slider, which aro- parallel to it; this
spindle has two fixtures to it, one at each end, near to tho said gudgeons,
extending about three inches out from the spinillé: At the end of each of
these fixtures there is a spring catch, which moves the slider forward to: its
proper listance' on. raising of the lever, by their bearing endwise against: two'
pins or ratch teeth, of which there are to the number of the apertures in tho
grate, in each. of the pieces which support the slider. On lowering of the
lever, the springs fall off from the pins against which they had a bearing, and.
yield to the two next in course, which they pass by and bear against on the
return of the lever, in the same manner as they did against the two preceeding
them, which moves the slider forward as before. There are likewise two other'
fixtures to the last-mentioned spindle, each standing a little distant from the
two above described, and between them and the lever; these are for the
purpose of relieving the slider from the barriers, whereby it is kept stationary
during the falling and rising of the knife. The barriers consist of 'two bolts
fixed in the slider, ona end of each bolt is united to the end of a shank or
trigger; these bolts, by the pressure of a spring over the end of each, are
directed through a part of the slider into sockets made in the aforesaid pieces
whereon the slider moves. Each trigger operates as a lever,, by working.over
a pin, in or about the middle. On raising the lever of the spindle, the fixtures
glide against the two triggers, which draws the bolts out of the sockets,
previous to the lever rising so high'ns to move the slider forward, after which
and while the lever continues to rise, the fixtures pass by and relieve the
triggers, which spring back, and the bolts enter into tlie sockets next in course.
On the levers descending, the fixtures return by gliding against the opposito
side of the triggers to which they were in drawing tho bolts, by the triggers
yielding to them. In tho 'upper part of the slider there are two ballanco
levers, which are about two feet in length, the fulcrum of each lever is
fixed near the pole of the knife, one on each side. The one end of the
levers enter through two apertures which are made in the pole (ond through
each aperture) a little above the coggs, which, when the pole is up; bring the
levers nearly or quite on a level; the other end of them is extended, 'and
otherwise made sufficiently heavy to counterballance the weight of the pole,
together with the knife. When the knife descends, the levors can't withdraw
out of the pole and glide against it untill the return of the knife, they then
re-enter through the pole and acquire the ballance as they return to a level:
When the knife has cut the tallow through the several apertures of the grate,

page_text: the
grate is then raised up by the help of a lever, pulleys, or otherwise by hand,
and the box turned round one-fourth of the compass, which is covered again
with, the grate; the slider is likewise moved back, and the crank turned as
before, which carries the knife through the said apertures, and cross cuts
the tallow; the grate is then taken off, and the inner section of the box drawn
from the outer one, by means of a rope or chain which leads from the box to a
cylinder that is turned by a crank, which brings out the tallow ready and
proper for melting. The above machine may be made to work by reversing
the mode, which is, to fix the coggs of the pole in the place of the ledge, and
the ledge in the place of the coggs; also to fix the slider underneath the box,
and the pole in the upper part of the machine; the box will then move under
the knife, which will cut the tallow through the several apertures of the grate
in the same manner as though the box stood still, and the knife nioved over it.
In either case the slider, and likewise the two sections of the box, may move
on rollers to lessen the friction.
Figure 2 is a machine for-moulding candles and preparing the wicks for the
the same.
A, A, is the shaft of the wheel; B, B, B, B, B, B, the sections;
C, C, C, C, C, the frames which contain the moulds; D, D, D, D, the moulds
as-inserted in the frames; E, E, the moulds, seperate from the frames with the
wick through their centers. F, F, F, F, the circular bars which are on
the top of the moulds; G, the spool of wick; II, the point through which the
wick is drawn; I, the spring and pulley by which the wick is suspended;
K, K, K, K, K, the instruments used in wicking the moulds; L, L, the
utensils for prying up the bars, &c.; M, M, M, other utensils which sever
the wicks between every two candles. This machine consists of a horizontal
wheel with an upright shaft, whereon it turns. The wheel is formed by
several sections of a circle, the radius of which circle is according to the
length of the candles when moulded. The frames, which contain the candle
moulds, are likewise made circular, and fitted on the outside of the sections,
one to each section, or several, one above the other. In these frames the
moulds are inserted vertically, in circular rows, one, two, or more rows in each
frame, at proper distances one from the other. A circular bar of copper
or other hard metal extends over the top of the moulds in each row,
admitting.of a passage into the moulds on one or both sides of the bar. The
bars of the several rows in each frame may or may not be united in one, and
consist of as many holes or inlets as there are moulds, which they extend over
centrally. The inlets are made tapering from the upper to the under side of
the bar, to receive in the instrument freely which carries through the wick.
A spool of wick is fixed either above, below, or over against the point, through

page_text: which it is drawn in wicking the moulds, which moulds being equally distant
from said point or radius, as above, the wicks become of equal lengths in the
process of wicking. In the case of several rows in each frame, the said point
is made to shift occasionally to the above distance from each row. The wick
may be caused to run directly from the spool, or otherwise, over a pulley
suspended by a small spiral spring at a convenient distance, for the purpose
of gradually continning the velocity of the spool whilst wicking the moulds.
There may likewise be one or more pulleys at the aforesaid point to direct
the wick through the passage. The wicking of the moulds is performed by
an instrument of steel or other metal, a little exceeding the length of the
candles, which instrument lins a handle at one end, to which the band is
applied, and at the other end two or more prongs, which attaches and secures
the wick at the aforesaid point, the end of the wick being previously fastened
near the first mould in the row. By applying one hand to the instrument,
the wick is drawn from off the spool through the passage to the first inlet of
the bar, where it doubles in, and by pushing it with the instrument, is carried
in n central direction untill the loop or bend of the wick at the end of the instru
ment appears through the bottom of the mould, where the other hand receives
it from the said instrument, which instrument is then withdrawn and attached
to the wick, as before, which is carried through the next mould. It is thus
carried through the moulds in rotation, untill they are supplied with wick
throughout. The wick is then fastened near the last mould of a row, making
one chain of wicks, either in one row or in the several rows of each frame.
The frames may have a number of small clastic sprigs extending out from their
inner edges, nearly perpendicular, which by carrying the wicks circular with
the instrument, will keep it from closing untill it reaches the inlet of the bar;
the sprigs will then give way to the wick as it passes into the moulds.
When the moulds are supplied with wick, as above mentioned, the wheel is
then turned to receive the material for the candles, which is contained in a
vessel that is elevated above the wheel. This vessel may have one or more
apartments or small vessels adjoining it, into which the material is admitted,
and shut off from the main vessel by means of a key, and by the same means
ia drawn from the apartment in at the top of the frame, which frame rises at
the edges to prevent the material from running over while it is supplying the
moulds in at the passages on each side of the bar. In the mean time, those
of the next section are prepared with wick. After the candles are moulded
throughout the several sections, the frames are either taken off from the wheel
or let down through grooves, which may he made in each section for the
purpose, or they may remain in their station. When the candles are fit for

page_text: drawing, an utensil is used in prying up the bars. This utensil may consist
of any number of prongs not exceeding the number of spaces between the
moulds in each row, or of tho several rows in each frame. The prongs
(which may or may not have sharp edges on their upper sides) are caused to
go under the bars, and to pry against them, which disengages the candles
from the moulds; the prongs are then withdrawn from under the bar, and
these, or cutters of a similar utensil, are directed between the bar and tho
wick, which sever it between every two candles, or otherwise a tool with
an edge or sharp corner (either with or without a handle at each end)
glides horizontally on the face of the bar, and severs the wick. The
bars are then taken off, and the candles drawn from the moulds ready
and fit for use. The above machine may be so contracted as to make
the radius of the sections the center of the wheel, in which case the
frames may or may not be united in one on the wheel's verge, with the
moulds ranged in a true circle; the wick will then be drawn from the center.
There may be either one spool of wick fixed in a small frame, which
frame is made to swivel round the center of the wheel, or there may be
spools to the number of the sections, which spools are filled with wick by the
turning of a band wheel, the band of which leads into a circular channel that
is over the end of the spool. The instrument used in wicking the moulds may,
(if requisito to prevent a free expansion of light by a twisted wick,) be made
spiral at the handle, which handle may be concave, where it will pass through
a nut on pushing the wick into the moulds, and twist it in its descent; or
there may be a spring, similar to the main spring of a watch, fastened over the
instrument near the handle, the outer end of which spring is in contact with a
string or small chain, which leads over a pulley that stands out from the handle
to the one end of a fixture, the other end of which fixture is made secure to the
handle. The end of the fixture to which the string is attached, and which
may or may not act by a spring, is pressed by the hand towards the handle,
which draws the aforesaid spring from over the instrument, and turns it within
said handle, twisting the wick at the same time, or otherwise the outer end of
the spring is immediately attached to the end of the fixture, which fixture
may either be secured at one end, as above mentioned, or in or about the
middle, allowing the two ends to cant in and out from the bandle, which will
turn the instrument and twist the wick; or, instead of turning the instrument
by drawing out the spring, the outer end of the spring may be fixed to
the aforesaid handle, and a small pulley fastened over the instrument near
the spring, with the spring round the pulley that was otherwise fastened to the
spring, as above; then, by turning the pulley, the spring will run in and the

page_text: wick twist accordingly. The frames for, the moulds may be in the common
form, with the mould inserted either in straight lines or promisciously. Tho
candles may likewise be made by the aforesaid instrument and utensils, with-
out the use of a wheel, and the wicking of the mould, by running a chain of
wicks previous.to their being cut, may be performed by taking the wick in at
either end of the mould with the above instrument, or with a hooked instru-
ment similar to those in common use. The moulds may be such as are
common, excepting the lower or taper'd end, which may, if required, have little
or no swell on the inside, and may be made of a different and harder metal than
the body of the mould. There may likewise be two springs fixed at the lower
end of each mould, one on each side, which, by their inclining one towards tho
other, meet under the point of the mould. The springs will yield to the
instrument on pushing through the wick, and close upon the wick as tho instru-
ment withdraws, which will keep the wick from contracting and leaning out of
the center of the mould. Previous to the candles being cooled, the moulds
may be immersed upside down in cold water, that they may the sooner bo pre-
pared for drawing.
Figure 3 is a machine for cutting and dressing tho wicks for dipt candles;
A, A, (No: 1,) the two sliders, which move on the top of the frame; B, B, the
two inner frames, which are connected with the sliders; C, C, a slider and
inner frame seperate; D, D, D, the studs of the inner frame; E, E, E, E, E,
the pulleys, which play over pivots inserted in the studs; F, F, the cylinder,
by which the pulleys are turned; G, the pinion, which goes over the small end
of the cylinder; II, the wheel with a crank, which plays into the pinion; I, I,
the pulleys near the cylinder; K; K, the sheers, which cut the wick; L, L,
the wick, as it runs over the pulley; M (No. 2), the spool of the wick; N,
the treadle, which turns the wheel underneath the machino and draws back tho
sliders; O, the wheel; P, P, the lines, which lead from the wheel to the two
outer corners of each slider; Q, Q, Q, Q, Q, (No. 1,) the springs, between
which the wicks are closed; R, R; R, R, the straight pieces of wood, to which
the springs are fixed. This machine consists of a horizontal frame, about four
feet by two feet and an half square, and nearly three feet high. On the top of
this frame are two small frames or sliders, which are caused to move as one,
to and from each other horizontally. The sliders are about thirty inches long
and eight inches wide, extending lengthwise from the front to the backsido of
the machine; .ench of them are formed either of three or four pieces of wood,
nearly an inch thick; in case of three picces only, the inner sides are left open.
'There are likewise two other frames, a little smaller than the above described,
but uearly of the same dimensions, which are cach one connected with and

page_text: come within the outlines of each slider; they are made to cant in and out of
the sliders by turning on pivots at the two inner corners of each. These
inner frames have several prongs or studs projecting two inches or upwards
on a level out from the edges, which stand facing .one the other across the
middle of the machine. Each frame has an equal number of studs, which are
as far distant one from the other as the wicks when suspended on the rods. In
at the upper side. of each stud a pivot is inserted perpendicular, over which
plays a small pulley, of which pulley there are.to the number of the wicks that
are cut at once. The pulleys have each of them channels to receive the wick,
and all or the greater part of those of one.frame whereon is a cylinder have a
second channel, which is lower on the pulley than the first, to receive the bands
by which they are carried, which bands, go over the cylinder. This cylinder
is made tapering from one end to the other, and has a bearing on two pivots
at each end. The cylinder is set lengthwise over the frame, square to the
machine, with its tapered end in front, having a number of circular channels
to receive the bands, which channels are opposite to the pulleys of the
frame whereon it .rests. Over the small end of this cylinder is a pinion, into
which a vertical wheel plays, which is turned by a crank, or there .may be
several whcels connected, which, by turning the crank, revolve the cylinder
and turn the pulleys; there are likewise other pulleys near the cylinder, to the
number of those that draw the wicks, for the purpose of directing the bands.
The person who works the machine faces it in front, from which to the oppo-
site side is about two feet and an half,. agreeable to the length of a pair
of sheers by which the wicks are cut, the under part of which extends hori-
zontally from the front, through the middle to the opposite side of the machine,
parallel to the frames, which are on each side, and the upper part rises above it.
The sliders with the inner frames are moved one towards the other by applying
one hand to each slider, until the pulleys of each frame pass one by the other
between the sheers. The wick is then drawn from a spool, which is at the
opposite side of the machine, over one or two directing pulleys (one of which
pulleys may be suspended by a spring, as described in the machinery for
moulding candles) between the two setts of pulleys above mentioned to the
front, and there fastened. The sliders are then moved back by bearing on a
treadle, which brings the pulley against the wick each way. The treadle is
confined at one end near the floor and suspended by a line in or about the
middle, which line goes over a spindle that passes through the center of a
vertical wheel which is a little below the sheers, which wheel is about two
feet in circumference with a channelled edge that receives four lines, which

page_text: lines draw back the sliders; the lines lead from the two outer corners of cach
slider to the four corners of the machine, from whence they are directed at
right angles to other pulleys, which are about half way between the corners on
cach side where the two lines of cach slider meet, from thence they are directed
by pulleys into the channel of the wheel. When the pulleys of each frame
move back against the wick, the cylinder is revolved by applying one hand to
the crank which turns the pulleys on one side upon the wick, and draws it
out each way over the pulleys on both sides of the sheers to a proper distanco
for the length of the wicks, in the meantime the wick is lightly strained by
bearing on the treadle. The reason of the cylinders having a greater circum-
ference at one end than at the other is, that all the wicks are drawn over the
first pulley which stands opposite to it, which pulley is required to move faster
than any of the rest, the second nearly as fast as the first, and so on in grada-
tion throughout the whole. When the wick is drawn to the lengths required
for the candles, the inner frames are canted up by applying ono hand to each,
which lowers the pulleys and lightly presses the wick into seperate apartments,
where every two parts are caused to meet between two inclining springs, which
springs are fixed to four narrow pieces of wood, two on each side of the sheers,
the ends of which are let into grooves made in the front and back side of the
machine. These pieces are moved to any distance from the sheers that the
length of the wicks may require; the two. pieces which are farthest from
the sheers are near to the pulleys when the wick is drawn to a proper length.
There are likewise four flat horizontal pieces of wood, not presented in mini-
ture, as they would obscure other parts of the machine; they are of one
description, two of which fill up the spaces between the aforesaid pieces which
are on each side of the sheers; the other two are elevated so high above them
ns to admit the cylinder to pass between their under sides and the upper sides
of those which are fixed below the wicks, which upper and under sides may, if
necessary, have a covering that shall (when the elevated pieces are brought down
to meet with the pieces which are fixed beneath them) have a tendency to press
the wick into the apartments, where it will remain untill the wicks are cut
and drawn into form. The pulleys which were canted down are canter
still lower, until the wick is freed from them by its slipping over their
tops. The frames are then moved back and canted down into the sliders,
which raise the pulleys, at the same time a couple of rods, with hooks
inserted in them, aro handed by a person who attends at the opposite side of
the machine, the hooks of which are guided into the loops of the wick, which
loops were over the pulleys on each side; the upper part of the sheers is then

page_text: brought down upon the wick, which cuts it through the middle into equal
parts. The rods with the books are then raised, which brings the wicks that
were before in seperate parts on each side of the pulleys to meet at the book;
they are then lowered back into every other apartment, and by drawing the
rods horizontally or inclining, the two parts of each wick are drawn into one
by and between the springs. They are then taken to the dipping machine.
Figure 4 is a machine for dipping candles. A, A, (No. 1,) the per-
pendicular spindle which goes through the center of the wheel; B, one of
the arms which is braced to the spindle; C, the brace which supports the
arın; D, D, D, three of the straight pieces of wood which the wheel is
formed; E, a brace, which distends the two arms, between which the vessel
rises above the wheel; F, F, the rods; G, (No. 2,) the mould or vessel which
contains the materials for the candles; H, H, the frame whereon the vessel
rests; I, the rope or chain by which the frame and vessel are suspended;
K, K, the two arches secured to the two ends of the beam or lever; L, the
beam; M, M, the pillar on which the beam traverses; N, the weight sus-
pended at one end of the beam; O, the rope which leads from the under side
of the weight to the shaft of the vertical wheel; P, the wheel; Q, Q, the small
rope or line, which leads over pulleys to an inferior weight; R, the weight at
the end of the line; S, the steam tube, which is laid over the vessel to finish
off the candles; T, the end of the pipe through which the steam is conducted
into the tube. This machine may be of any size, and consists of a wheel with
a perpendicular spindle through its center, to which a number of horizontal
arms are braced from their upper sides to the upper part of the spindle; they aro
likewise braced at equal distances one from the other by several straight pieces
of wood, which picces form the circle of the wheel. The space between two arms
is according to the width of the mould or vessel which contains the material for
the candles wherein they are dipped. The pieces have gains in the upper part
of them to receive the candle rods; one division or column of candles
will require two pieces, and two columns will require three pieces between
two arms. Their distances, one from the other, are according to the length
of the rods which rest upon them. The rods are about an inch by half an
inch square, with the inch vertical. In the under side of cach rod hooks
are inserted at such distances as the candles will require when suspended on
them. The hooks may be made of wire, sufficient to support the weight of a
candle, and extend about three inches and a half out from the rod. The
vessel which contains the material for the candles is supported at the under
side by a frame which extends horizontally underneath that and the wheel,

page_text: n
and vertically a little from the wheel's outer edge to the height required for
raising and lowering the vessel. It then projects over it so far as to make it
convenient to suspend the weight of tlio frame and vessel centrally; when the
vessel is filled, it may be suspended either by a rope or chain, fastened to
the upper part of the frame that projects over the wheel; from thence it
leads over an arch, which is elevated directly above it. The arch is secured
to the end of a bean or lever, which traverses vertically upon an axis, sup-
ported by a pillar. The beam has a similar arch at the other ond, over which
the chain is carried, which leads from one arch to the other at the two upper
corners (or otherwise there may be two seperate chains). It then descends
perpendicularly to a weight nearly sufficient to ballance the weight of the frame
and vessel when the vessel is filled. To the under side of the weight a rope is
fastened, which goes down over the shaft of a vertical wheel, over which wheel
is another small rope that leads over pulleys to an inferior weight, which, with
the first-mentioned weight, balances the frame and vessel, as abovo; by lightly
drawing the last-mentioned rope one way, the vessel rises in a perpendicular
direction (guided by ledges which run in grooves on each side), and immerses or
dips a division of candles which are suspended over it, and by drawing it the
other way the vessel is lowered back from them. A fly wheel may be added
to regulate the motion whilst the vessel is descending. When the vessel is
lowered from the candles, the wheel (which turns on a center at each end
of the spindle) is then moved round so far as to bring the next division
of candles over the vessel, which vessel is raised' and lowered as before.
They are thus dipped in rotation throughout, repeatedly, untill they havo
increased to the proper size. A flat steam tubo is then laid horizontally
over the top of the vessel, the under and vertical sides of which tube may
be of wood, and the upper side of copper, or of any other metal.
steam is forced from a small boiler through a pipe into the tube which-
presses out the air at one or more apertures. When the upper part of
the tube becomes hot, it is then raised by pulling upon the rope, as in the
case of dipping to the tips of the candles, which will have collected beneath
the lower end of the wicks and melts them off, one division after another
throughout, which finishes then complete. During the process of dipping,
the vessel descends so low as to receive the material for the candles in at the
top by a trough which conducts it from a brass lock
Tho
that is fixed in or near
When the candles aro
the bottom of the pan in which the material is melted.
finished, the vessel is raised above the level of the pan through a space
left in the wheel for that purpose; the remainder of the material is then

page_text: returned back by the trough into the pan through an aperture at or near the
under side of the vessel.
In witness whereof, I, the said Joseph Stacey Sampson, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Seventeenth day of June, in the year of
our Lord One thousand seven hundred and ninety-six, and in the thirty-
sixth year of the reign of King George the Third.
JOSEPH STACEY SAMPSON. (L.B.)
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the same Seventeenth day of June,
in the year above written, the aforesaid Joseph Stacey Sampson came before
our Lord the King in His Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification afore-
said, and all and every thing therein contained. And also the Specification
aforesaid was stamped according to the tenor of the Statute in that caso made
and provided.
Inrolled the same Seventeenth day of June, in the year above written.