IMPROVEMENTS IN PRODUCING AND TREATING PRINTING SURFACES, IN PRODUCING AND PREPARING TRANS- FERRING SURFACES, IN TRANSPERRING, IN PRODUCING IMPRESSIONS ON ALTERED SCALE, IN PREPARING OR TREATING SURFACES OF LITHOGRAPHIC STONES, AND IN OBTAINING DEVICES OR DESIGNS; ALSO IN AGENTS AND APPA- RATUS USED IN SOME OF SUCH IMPROVEMENTS, PARTS OF THE INVENTION BEING ALSO APPLICABLE TO PHOTOGRAPHY, AND TO ORNAMENTING POTTERY, PORCELAIN
Year: 1861

page_text: ETTERS PATENT to Joseph Lewis, of Rathmines, in the County of Dublin,
Lithographic Printer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN PRODUCING
AND TREATING PRINTING SURFACES, IN PRODUCING AND PREPARING TRANS-
FERRING SURFACES, IN TRANSPERRING, IN PRODUCING IMPRESSIONS ON
ALTERED SCALE, IN PREPARING OR TREATING SURFACES OF LITHOGRAPHIC
STONES, AND IN OBTAINING DEVICES OR DESIGNS; ALSO IN AGENTS AND APPA-
RATUS USED IN SOME OF SUCH IMPROVEMENTS, PARTS OF THE INVENTION BEING
ALSO APPLICABLE TO PHOTOGRAPHY, AND TO ORNAMENTING POTTERY, PORCELAIN,
"
Sealed the 3rd January 1862, and dated the 3rd August 1861.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Joseph Lewis at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 3rd
August 1861.
I, JOSEPH LEWIS, of Rathmines, in the County of Dublin, Lithographic
Printer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN PRODUCING AND TREATING PRINTING SURFACES, IN PRODUCING AND PRE-
PARING TRANSFERRING SURFACES, IN TRANSFERRING, IN PRODUCING IMPRESSIONS
ON AN ALTERED SCALE, IN PREPARING OR TREATING SURFACES OF LITHOGRAPHIC
STONES, AND IN OBTAINING DEVICES OR DESIGNS; ALSO IN AGENTS AND APPARATUS
USED IN SOME OF SUCH IMPROVEMENTS, PARTS OF THE INVENTION BEING ALSO APPLI-
CABLE TO PHOTOGRAPHY, AND TO ORNAMENTING POTTERY, PORCELAIN, AND GLASS," to
be as follows:-
In order to obtain superior lithographic and other impressions I first pro-
duce the required design, subject, or work, in transfer ink or its equivalent,.
A

page_text: upon what I term my elastic transfer surface or medium on a much larger
scale than that of the intended impression. I either draw or write the work
thereou direct, or I produce it by photography, or from a transfer, or a
printing block, plate, or surface. My elastic transfer surface or medium is
composed of gutta percha, extended or stretched into a very thin sheet, or of
parchment dust or pulp formed into a sheet, or of india-rubber brought into
a thin sheet extended, and caused to adhere on to a backing of stout card-
board, paper, or other stiff substance, or of gutta percha, cemented to india-
rubber. I then apply heat, thereby causing the transfer surface to contract,
and reducing the scale of the design, or subject thereon. When the transfer
surface is composed of gutta percha, I mostly use hot water as my means of
applying heat for causing the material to contract from its distended condition.
When of india-rubber, I also mostly use hot water, thereby dissolving the
adhesive agent, in order to release the rubber from its backing, and allow it
to contract from its distended condition.; but in this case cold water may
sometimes be used instead of heat for the purpose. The subject or design is
then transferred from the transfer surface on to stone, metal, plate, paper,
glass, wood, or any desired surface, for etching, printing, figuring, ornamenting,
and useful purposes, or to surfaces for figuring or ornamenting china, porce-
lain, and pottery.
To render work upon stone durable or permanent, and preserve it from
the destructive effects of repeated printings, I use a saturated solution of
soluble glass or liquid silex alone, or in combination with borax, or potter's
white clay, with which I coat the surface of the stone after the drawing,
writing, or transfer is produced, instead of employing gum arabic and acid as
usual; this mode may be applied to used stones also. I thus protect the fine
lines, and preserve the surface of the stone against the ink and other dete-
riorating agents.
To impart hardness and polish to stone when work is to be engraved,
etched, ruled, drawn, or produced thereon, to be printed in the manner of
engraved stone, I take a stone and beat it by boiling water or otherwise, when
dry, I pour soluble glass upon its face, and allow it to stand. I sometimes
give it several coats; I prefer to apply the glass solution to the stone under
vacuum.
To reverse the lights and shadows of work from a printing or other surface,
I take a transfer ink impression, and transfer it to a stone previously prepared
by soluble glass or otherwise, and dust with resin or bronze until the ink is
fully charged, I then wash the stone in acidulated alum water, and when dry,
eil and ink up, when the lights and shades will be reversed, the design may

page_text: either be printed off, or transfers taken, and duplicates transferred to another
prepared stone dusted over with resin or bronze powder, and etched with
acetic acid, or acidulated alum water. When dry, the stone may be oiled
and inked up, and used to print from as stone engraving is usually printed,
and the impressions used for various commercial purposes, also for ornamenting
china and earthenware, and for producing surfaces for block printing.
To produce upon metal plates designs for transferring or printing I take a
plate as prepared for engravers, and produce thereon a transfer as if it were a
lithographic stone. This transfer may be taken from a printing surface, or it
may be a photo-lithograph, or manuscript upon transfer paper executed in
transfer ink, or its equivalent. I dust the ink portions preferably with resin
powder or bronze, and clean the surface of the plate by washing it in
acidulated water, or in a solution of a mercurial salt, and then gild it by the
electro or the mercurial process. When the gilding can withstand acid used
in etching the transfer impression may be washed off in turpentine, and after-
wards in caustic potash, and etched as usual; or it may be done by the decom-
posing agency of electricity, or by any chemical agency that will not act upon
the gold. Other metals may be used for an etching ground, as silver, or
platinum, or lead. By a similar method I produce work and designs on
metallic cylinders for printing purposes.
To ensure complete results in etching photo-lithographing, and producing
photo-surface and other printing plates or surfaces, and for other operations, I
use what I call an automaton register, by which I can repeat the various
etchings, exposures to light, and other manipulatory details until I obtain
perfect results. The automaton register consists generally of a flat base board,
plate, or bed for the stone, plate, or other article to be operated on to rest
upon and to be secured to. Upon this base or bed is very accurately adjusted
a frame (or frames) capable of being moved in various directions with the
greatest precision, and so formed that sheets of printed or other matter, or
photographs, or surfaces bearing subjects, devices, or designs may be securely
fastened into it. If I wish to use this instrument in producing a surface
printing plate by means of impressions taken from a lithographic stone or
other printing surface, I fasten into the frame a thin level piece of gutta
percha or india-rubber cemented to cardboard or other waterproof non-elastic
smooth surface, which must not stretch under damp or pressure. The surface
is coated evenly with a thin film of any ordinary composition used for trans-
ferring paper, or a thin solution of printer's roller composition. The stone or
other surface having been fastened in a position where it must remain until
the final operation is complete, and which must allow the frame to be lowered

page_text: directly over the work, is first charged with transfer ink. The frame is shut
down upon it and submitted to pressure, on taking up the frame the impres-
sion which is produced on the transfer- composition is breathed upon or
otherwise damped to soften the composition; the frame is then turned round
and shut down upon the prepared surface intended to be operated on for the
production of the printing plate, and again subjected to pressure, by which
means the impression will be transferred and deposited upon the prepared
surface. The same operation of coating the gutta percha surface, taking the
impression from the stone, and transferring it to the prepared surface is repeated
until complete results are obtained. The automaton register enables each
successive layer of ink and other agents or media to be super-imposed with
precision in exact juxtaposition. The finest lines and shadings are distinctly
preserved during the various deposits of ink or other substances. I employ
like methods in applying the automaton register to the production of
etchings on stone and metal plates, and obtaining photographs, photo-
lithographs, and photo-printing, and printing surfaces generally.
To transfer photographs to stone or metal plate, or other surface to be
applied for printing purposes, or to paper or other surface for transferring or
other purposes, I take cleaned stone, metal plate, paper, or surface upon
which, having previously shut off the light, I spread a thin film of a sensitive
mixture preferring a composition of oil of lavender and asphaltum. The
photograph or other copy or original, which must be transparent, semi-
transparent, or translucent is fastened securely into the register frame, which
is shut down on the sensitive surface, the light is again admitted, and after a
proper time shut off, the frame removed back, and the stone or other surface
liberally washed with a mixture of turpentine and bi-sulphuret of carbon, or
other solvent. The light is again shut off, the stone or other surface again
coated with the sensitive mixture, the frame shut down, and the light
admitted; when sufficiently lighted it is to be fixed and examined from time
to time. Such of the fine tints as are sufficiently developed may be protected
from further action by coating that portion of the original or copy with apaque
powder, which is brushed off subsequently. The coatings, exposures, and
fixings are repeated until a perfectly developed copy is produced. For the
last fixing (in the case of stone) I add to the solvent oil and gum preferably
applying the printing ink by soft cotton rag and gum water.
If upon
charging the work with ink I find any deficiency, I wash the stone in clean
water and in alum water, and again apply the sensitive coating, and proceed
as before. When the work is satisfactory I wash off the traces of gum with
water (in which a little alum is dissolved) and apply a solution of soluble

page_text: glass or liquid silex, or gum and acid preparation, and allow this to stand for
a time before proceeding with the printing. I sometimes use bi-chromate of
potash in combination with glutinous substance, that will prevent its crystalli-
zation as a photogenic agent, in place of the asphaltum and oil of lavender.
In that case I use positive photographs or ordinary printed copies, and water
or alcohol as the solvent.
To produce a surface-printing plate for lithographic, transferring, or printing
purposes from a photograph or printed, drawn, or manuscript matter, I take
white lead, chalk, or white clay, or other substance capable of being formed
into an impalpable powder, with which I mix just enough gum or other
viscid substance to impart adhesiveness to the particles for the purpose
required; this mixture (which I sometimes use of the consistence of cream),
I spread or precipitate in a thin and even film on a flat plate or surface fas-
tened to the bed of the register instrument. If the subject be a photograph
it is placed in the frame of the automaton register, and the white lead or other
such surface brushed over or coated with asphaltum and oil of lavender or
other sensitive mixture; the frame is shut down and exposed to light; the
surface next washed with a mixture of turpentine and bisulphuret of carbon
or other solvent, and brushed over with a camel-hair brush or piece of cotton
wool, for example, until the drawing is developed, the insoluble asphalte resin
protecting the portions corresponding to the light of the photograph from being
brushed away, consequently stand in relief in proportion to the thickness of
the chalk or such like film. If the printing plate or block is made from
impressions taken from a printing surface I take an impression on the chalk
or white lead or similar surface in transfer ink, sometimes adding just suffi-
cient size to give consistency, or sifting the powder in a dry state over the
surface, or mixing with water and spreading by a brush, in either case
smoothing the surface. The transfer ink is of such nature that it binds the
particles of the composition together, so that in brushing those portions pro-
tected by the ink are preserved. I repeat the coating and print another
impression, bringing it immediately over the first by means of the automaton
register, and repeat coatings and impressions till the work is raised suffi-
ciently. Sometimes I wash off the unprotected powder instead of brushing;
I sometimes cover the design with hot wax or spirit varnish, which I allow to
settle between the crevices until the operation is complete, when it may be
dislodged by beat, spirit, or otherwise; and sometimes I repeat the coatings
immediately after the printed impressions are made, and so on alternately; I
then brush off while developing the raised surface. I stop out those portions
where the work is close and prevent their getting too high. When the work

page_text: is canplete, I soak it in a jelly of isinglass, white of egg, spirit varnish, or other
agent that will strengthen the work without injuring the sharpness of lines or
filling up crevices, after which it may be metallized and electrotyped, and used
for printing, embossing, or other purposes. I use the aforesaid composition
consisting of oil of lavender and asphaltum as a sensitive medium in photo-
graphic operations.
For obtaining raised and sunken plates or surfaces for printing and emboss-
ing purposes from printing surfaces, photographs, manuscripts, or printed
matter, I produce upon stone or metal a transfer of the subject to be repro-
duced generally to a much larger scale than intended for the printing surface,
either by using a transparent negative photograph, or transferring, or writing
the subject directly upon india-rubber or on gutta percha cemented to rubber,
and then extending their superficial area whereby I procure the subject on an
enlarged scale, which I transfer to the stone or plate; if a transparent negative
is used I use the solar camera, and by aid of the register instrument pro-
duce an enlarged image on stone or plate. The extended rubber or gutta
percha surface is to be again in readiness. I sometimes gum a sheet of stout
plate paper to the under surface of the rubber to prevent blurring or damage;
I then print upon the gutta percha or rubber surface a series or successive
layers of impressions by means of the automaton register instrument, and
after every successive impression or layer I apply powdered resin, or powdered
wood, or paper in a state of powder, or other agent for facilitating the eleva-
tion of the lines. When unsized paper is used I moisten it on the back, or
when I use the wheel or frame I relax the tension cords of the rubber, or
when I use gutta percha I contract it by hot water or vapour until the design
or subject is reduced to the intended scale; the work is now represented
elevated enough, and a cast can be taken from it, the surface metallized and
electrotyped, thereby producing a plate or surface for printing from. This is
also applicable for the transferring purpose, first herein-before described in
this Specification. Or to reproduce from type or any raised surfaces reduced
duplicates, I spread on the attenuated rubber a thin film of gutta percha or
other plastic material, on which, while hot or plastic, I produce an indented
or sunken impression; the raised lines will be represented by the rubber sur-
face, the gutta percha or plastic material forming a matrix, the heat or
moisture is then applied, and when the matrix is sufficiently plastic the rubber
is relaxed, until the matrix assumes the size and shape desired, it may then
be metallized and electrotyped or have a casting taken.
I employ bichromate of potash in combination with gelatine or other sub-
stance, which will retard the crystallization of the salt as a photo-actinic

page_text: medium either in solution or in powder upon stone, cardboard, paper, or
metal previously covered with transfer ink, also as a sensitive mixture instead
of asphaltum and oil of lavender.
For transferring chromo-lithographic or other work from or to stone, plate,
or other printing surface to be used as or made into printing surfaces
when such transfers should be of the same size as the original, and each color
or tint should register exactly. I use a transparent, translucent, or semi-trans-
parent transfer medium instead of paper for receiving the transfer composition
for this purpose. I sometimes use gutta percha sheets rolled out very thin,
either alone or cemented to plate, gelatine, or tracing paper, or other trans-
parent backing, or I take india-rubber and stretch it out until it becomes
translucent or semi-transparent, and fasten it in that condition on a stretcher
frame. The transfer, when printed upon the prepared surface can be trans-
ferred to stone or metal after breathing or otherwise damping it, and subjecting
it to pressure.
The same surface may be again coated, and when dry used
repeatedly. I use this transparent, or semi-transparent, or extended india-
rubber for various tracing purposes, more particularly when such tracing is
used to form a printing surface without further artistic labour; also if I wish
to produce impressions on an altered, enlarged, or reduced scale.
For protecting against the counterfeiting of checks, notes, trade marks, and
other articles, and for other purposes, I take a printed or other design, or an
autograph or other subject, and transfer, print, draw, write, or produce it on a
piece of india-rubber which has been irregularly extended, or on extended
india-rubber of unequal thickness, or on a thin sheet of gutta percha that has
been extended by rolling it out unevenly, or stamping a device thereon; then
on allowing or causing the material to contract or recoil the work or auto-
graph will appear metamorphosed or distorted (the gutta percha is contracted
by hot water or other heat). The work so contorted or metamorphosed may
be transferred to stone, plate, or other printing surface, or to transfer surface,.
and printed impressions taken.
To produce elastic or non-elastic transfer surface or medium, when I wish
to draw out or extend the material superficially in all directions simultaneously,
I prefer to use a wheel, hoop, or flange, having on its face a number of pullies,
placed at equal distances, and on its outer edge a groove, into which fits a ring
or flange revolving on the wheel, being geared thereto by rack and pinion,
endless screw, or other contrivance, so that wheel and ring can revolve in
opposite directions, or one may revolve while the other remains stationary. A
disc or round piece of india-rubber, with or without a film of gutta percha

page_text: attached, is placed in the central area of the wheel; around the edges of the
india-rubber are screw pins or clamps, having holes or projecting hooks to
which are fastened cords or fine wire, the opposite ends of which are knotted,
or otherwise fastened at equal distances around the ring, each cord or wire
passing over a separate pulley, on turning the pinion, the elastic substance
will be extended equally in all directions. I sometimes use the elastic
material square, and in that case use an appliance, consisting of two right
angled or L pieces, joined together, so as to form a square, or inclose a square
space, each such piece consists of two slotted or toothed limbs, forming a right
angle, the slots in (or the edges of) the limbs are toothed, forming racks, into
which work pinions, there being one pinion at each of the two intersections
of the two pieces, having its journals in a box, which also clutches one arm of
each of the pieces, and secures them together, so that by working the pinion
either way, the square area is increased or diminished at pleasure, the square
sheet to be stretched is held in the frame by means of clamps around the edge
or margin, which fit into a groove or bead placed on the inner edges of the
arms of the square. This apparatus may be modified to form an oblong or
enclose an oblong area. When the subsequent reduction, enlargement, or
alteration is not to be in true proportion, but metamorphosed, contorted,
elongated, or foreshortened, I use an ordinary frame having moveable boxes,
which can be fastened adjustably by pinching screws, and have attached to
them thin flat bars, which extend across the frame to the opposite box, where
the other end is secured, there being eight boxes and four bars, the material is
introduced in the central area and properly secured at its edges by clamps
which hook on to and slide along the edges of the bars.
I sometimes use a frame with pins placed on the upper sides at distances
regulated by cords or wires arranged in directions radiating or diverging from
the centre of the frame, and attached to the pins a piece of elastic substance
of round, square, oblong, or other shape is placed in the central area, and held
at its margin by the diverging cords or wires. The material will be distended
by winding the cords or wires round the pins.
For the purpose of securing the india-rubber by its edges or margin during
the progress of extension and contraction; I prefer to use screw pins or
binding studs (with flat head and nut) which pass through small holes in the
margin of the rubber, and are securely held in that position by the nuts, there are
two discs or washers of india-rubber placed between the thin rubber and the
head and nut, also washers forming extending hooks to fasten cord or wire.
I also use spring steel or brass bent to take hold of the edges of the rubber

page_text: 5
and a flat ring to maintain its grasp on the rubber or spring clothes pins or
similar arrangements. When I use gutta percha and india-rubber united, I
stick them together by heat and extend them, and then I cement or stick a
stout sheet of paper or cardboard or the like, under the expanded sheet and
press the whole until the adhesive agent is dry and the gutta percha hard,
when it may be withdrawn from the stretcher and used in one piece. or cut
into small sheets as may be desirable.
When I use gutta percha alone, and without india-rubber as a medium for
the production of reductions, I take a common sheet and subject it to heat in
water; after allowing it to cool or set I cut a piece and note the exact size
and then draw it out equally by means of the wheel, rollers, or other means,
until it attains a considerably extended surface, a subject is then printed,
written, transferred, or photographed upon this attenuated or extended surface,
which is then submitted to water, heated to the same degree as before, when
the surface will instantly recoil or contract, and the work thereon will be
found on a reduced scale and may be transferred to stone, inetal, or paper, or
used as desirable for producing printing surfaces. The same process may be
reversed to obtain the subject on an enlarged scale, thus work may be enlarged
in scale by printing or producing it on gutta percha, which is extended by the
wheel before described or by other extending arrangements. I fasten a sheet
of india-rubber on the wheel, for example, and attach thereon the gutta percha
whereon the design or subject is produced, I place hot water beneath it, and
when it becomes plastic, draw it out to the required size by the wheel (or
other means). It can then be transferred.
Durable transfer surfaces may be obtained by printing or producing work
on gutta percha or india-rubber with transfer ink and then inclosing them in
sealed or air-tight wrappers or receptacles. When I use india-rubber and gutta
percha for reduction or enlargement, I prefer to transfer, write, or otherwise
produce the work or design upon transfer paper, and transfer same to the
clean surface of the rubber without any preparation of soluble or other inter-
vening substance in preference to printing direct on prepared rubber surface.
When the extended surface is sufficiently covered with work, I take a transfer
paper or surface, containing an extra quantity of gelatine in its composition,
and having damped it, preferably between folds of damped paper, lay it over
the transferred work face down, and submit it to pressure, when the damp
is completely evaporated, which I usually facilitate by heat, I pull the paper
off the rubber, when the work will be found transferred to the paper and may
be thence transferred to stone, or metal, or other surface for printing surface
and other purposes or to porcelain or pottery for ornamenting.

page_text: I sometimes use a cylinder arrangement as my automaton register to fasten
the transfer medium over and for other purposes before set forth.
To restore worn work, I employ my automaton register instrument to get an
exact register, and then transfer on the worn surface an impression of the
original design, or of the worn parts thereof, by etching or other means,
according to the nature of the work.
To obtain better photographic negatives, I also use my automaton register
in which I place the plate for the negative. After having produced a first
picture or object thereon, I coat it again with sensitive medium and reproduce
the picture or object, repeating this as often as desired.
To produce raised and sunken blocks or plates for printing purposes from a
design or subject written, phothographed, printed, or otherwise executed on a
flat surface I also use my automaton register; I place therein the flat surface
which I call the "transmitting surface," and a piece of india-rubber, gutta
percha, brass, or other material which I call the "receiving surface." I coat
the receiving surface with oil of lavender and asphaltum, or bi-chromate of
potash and gelatine or other sensitive agent, and I produce the picture or
subject thereon by the action of light from the transmitting surface which
must be transparent or translucent. I then again coat the receiving surface
with sensitive medium and reproduce the subject thereon from the trans-
mitting surface. I repeat these coatings and reproductions until I have
raise the subject on the receiving surface to a sufficient height, the instrument
bringing each reproduction into correct register. I then produce therefrom
a casting, or I metallize and electrotype. When the receiving surface is
elastic, I cause it to collapse and thereby produce a greater elevation of the
subject.
My automaton register may be applied with advantage to the production
of printing surfaces by the photoglyphic and other processes.
When portions of a design have been much worn, and others, not the worn
portions, can be reproduced in the automaton register as described.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Joseph Lewis in the Great Seal Patent Office, on
the 3rd February 1862.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOSEPH
LEWIS, of Rathmines, in the County of Dublin, Lithographic Printer, send 8.
greeting.

page_text: WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Third day of August, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-one, in the twenty-fifth year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto
me, the said Joseph Lewis, Her special licence that I, the said Joseph.
Lewis, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I,
the said Joseph Lewis, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should
at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN PRODUCING AND TREATING PRINTING SURFACES, IN PRODUCING
AND PREPARING TRANSFERRING SURFACES, IN TRANSFERRING, IN PRODUCING IMPRES-
SIONS ON AN ALTERED SCALE, IN PREPARING OR TREATING SURPACES OF LITHO-
GRAPHIC STONES, AND IN OBTAINING DEVICES OR DESIGNS; ALSO IN AGENTS AND
APPARATUS USED IN SOME OF SUCH IMPROVEMENTS, PARTS OF THE INVENTION BEING
ALSO APPLICABLE TO PHOTOGRAPHY, AND TO ORNAMENTING POTTERY, PORCELAIN, AND
GLASS," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Joseph Lewis,
my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their,
or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain
the nature of the said Invention and in what manner the same was to be
performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Joseph Lewis, do hereby declaro
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement thereof, reference being had to the accompanying Drawings and
to the letters and figures marked thereon, that is to say :-
First, in order to obtain superior lithographic and other impressions, I first
produce the required design, subject, or work in transfer ink, or its equivalent,
upon what I term my elastic transfer surface or medium, on a much larger
scale than that on which the intended impression is to be, I either draw or
write the work thereon direct, or I produce it by photography, or from a
5 transfer or a printing block, plate, or surface. My elastic transfer surface or
thin
medium is composed of gutta percha, extended or stretched into a very
sheet, or of parchment dust or pulp formed into a sheet, or of india-rubber
brought into a thin sheet extended and caused to adhere on to a backing of
stout cardboard, paper, or other stiff substance, or of gutta percha cemented

page_text: to india-rubber. I then apply heat, thereby causing the transfer surface to
contract, and reducing the scale of the design or subject thereon. When the
transfer surface is composed of gutta percha, I mostly use hot water as my
means of applying heat for causing the material to contract from its distended
condition; when of india-rubber I also mostly use hot water, thereby dissolving
the adhesive agent in order to release the rubber from its backing, and allow
it to contract from its distended condition, but in this case cold water may
sometimes be used instead of heat for the purpose. The subject or design is
then transferred from the transfer surface on to stone, metal, plate, paper, glass,
wood, or any desired surface for etching, printing, figuring, ornamenting, and
useful purposes, or to surfaces for figuring or ornamenting china, porcelain,
and pottery.
Second, to render work upon stone durable or more permanent than hitherto,
and to preserve it from the destructive effects of repeated printings, I use an
aqueous solution of soluble glass or liquid silex, alone or in combination with
borax, or with potter's white clay, with which I coat the surface of the stone
as soon as the drawing, writing, or transfer is produced instead of employing
gum arabic and acid, as usual. This mode may also be applied to used or old
stones. I thus protect the fine lines, and preserve the surface of the stone
against the ink and other deteriorating agents. To impart hardness and polish
to stone when work is to be engraved, etched, ruled, or drawn, or produced
thereon to be printed in the manner of engraved stone, I take a stone and
heat it by boiling water or otherwise; when dry I pour soluble glass upon its
face, and allow it to stand; I sometimes give it several coats. I apply the
glass solution to the stone (when used alone) and preferably also when used
with other substances under vacuum.
Third, to reverse the lights and shadows of work from a printing or other
surface, I take a transfer ink impression, and transfer it to a stone previously
prepared by soluble glass or otherwise, and dust with resin or bronze until the
ink is fully charged; I then wash the stone in acidulated alum water, and
when dry oil and ink up, when the lights and shades will be reversed. The
design may either be printed off or transfers taken, and duplicates transferred
to another prepared stone dusted over with resin or bronze powder and etched
with acetic acid or acidulated alum water. When dry, the stone may be oiled
and inked up, and used to print from, as stone engraving is usually printed,
and the impressions used for various commercial purposes, also for orna-
menting china and earthenware, and for producing surfaces for block printing.
Fourth, to produce upon metal, raised or sunken designs for transferring
or printing, I take a plate, as prepared for engravers, and produce thereon a

page_text: transfer, as if it were a lithographic stone. This transfer may be taken from
a printing surface, or it may be a photo-lithograph or manuscript upon transfer
paper, executed in transfer ink, or its equivalent. I dust the ink portions
preferably with resin powder or bronze, and clean the surface of the plate by
washing it in acidulated water or in a solution of a mercurial salt, and then
gild it by the electro or the mercurial process. When the gilding can
withstand acid used in etching, the transfer impression may be washed off in
turpentine, and afterwards in caustic potash, and etched as usual; or it may
be done by the decomposing agency of electricity, or by any chemical agency
that will not act upon the gold. I repeat the operations using the automaton
register, as herein-after set forth. Other metals may be used for an etching
ground, as silver, or platinum, or lead. By a similar method I produce work
and designs on metallic cylinders for printing purposes.
Fifth, to ensure complete results in etching photo-lithography and producing
photo-surface and other printing plates or surfaces, and for other operations,
I use what I call an "automaton register," by which I can repeat the various
etchings, exposures to light, and other manipulatory details, until I obtain
perfect results. The automaton register consists generally of a flat base, board,
plate, or bed for the stone, plate, or other article (to be operated on) to rest
upon, and to be secured to. Upon this base or bed are accurately adjusted
one or more frames capable of being moved in various directions with the
greatest precision, and so formed that sheets of printed or other matter or
photographs, or surfaces, bearing subjects, devices, or designs, may be securely
fastened to them. If I wish to use this instrument in producing a surface
printing plate by means of impressions taken from a lithographic stone or other
printing surface, I fasten into the frame a thin level piece of gutta percha or
india-rubber cemented to cardboard or other waterproof non-elastic smooth
surface, which must not stretch under damp or pressure. The surface is coated
evenly with a thin film of any ordinary composition used for transfer paper, or
a thin solution of printers' roller composition. The stone or other surface
having been fastened in a position where it must remain until the final operation
is complete, and which must allow the frame to be lowered directly over the
work, is first charged with transfer ink, the frame is shut down upon it, and
submitted to pressure. On taking up the frame the impression which is
produced on the transfer composition is breathed upon or otherwise damped
to soften the composition; the frame is then shut down upon the prepared
surface intended to be operated on for the production of the printing plate,
and again subjected to pressure, by which means the impression will be
transferred and deposited upon the prepared surface. The same operation of

page_text: coating the gutta percha (or other) surface, taking the impression from the
stone (or other article), and transferring it to the prepared surface, is repeated
until complete results are obtained. The automaton register enables each
successive layer of ink and other agent or medium to be superimposed with
precision, in exact juxtaposition or superimposition, the finest lines and
shadings are distinctly preserved during the various deposits of ink or other
substances.
Sixth, I employ like methods in applying the automaton register to the
production of etchings on stone and metal plates, and obtaining photographs,
photo-lithographs, and photo-printing, and printing surfaces generally.
Seventh, to transfer photographs to stone or metal, plate, or other surface,
to be applied for printing purposes, or to paper or other surface for transferring
or other purposes, I take the clean stone, metal, plate, paper or surface upon
which, having previously shut off the light, I spread a thin film of a sensitive
inixture, preferring a composition of oil of lavender and asphaltum. The
photograph or other copy or original which must be transparent, semi-
transparent, or translucent, is fastened securely into the register frame, which
is shut down on the sensitive surface; the light is again admitted, and after a
proper time shut off, the frame removed back, and the stone or other surface
liberally washed with a mixture of turpentine and bisulphuret of carbon or
other solvent. The light is again shut off the stone or other surface, again
coated with the sensitive mixture, the frame shut down, and the light admitted;
when sufficiently lighted it is fixed and examined from time to time, such of
the fine tints as are sufficiently developed may be protected from further
action by coating that portion of the original or copy with opaque powder,
which is brushed off subsequently. The coatings, exposures, and fixings are
repeated until a perfectly developed copy is produced. For the last fixing (in
the case of stone) I add to the solvent oil and gum, preferably applying the
printing ink, by soft cotton, rag, and gum water. If upon charging the work
with ink I find any deficiency, I wash the stone in clean water and in alum
water, and again apply the sensitive coating, and proceed as before. When
the work is satisfactory, I wash off the traces of gum with water, in which a
little alum is dissolved, and apply a solution of soluble glass or liquid silex,
or gum and acid preparation, and allow this to stand for a time before
proceeding with the printing. I sometimes use as a photogenic agent
bichromate of potash in combination with glutinous substance that will
prevent its crystallization in place of using the asphaltum and oil of lavender.
In that case I use positive photographs or ordinary printing copies, and adopt
water or alcohol as the solvent.

page_text: Eighth, to produce a surface printing plate for lithographic, transferring, or
printing purposes from a photograph or printed, drawn, or manuscript matter,
I take white lead, chalk, or white clay, or other substance capable of being
formed into an impalpable powder, with which I mix just enough gum or
other viscid substance to impart adhesiveness to the particles for the purpose.
required. This mixture, which I sometimes use of the consistence of cream,
I spread or precipitate in a thin and even film on a flat plate or surface
fastened to the bed of the automaton register. If the subject be a photograph
or printed copy or manuscript, it is placed in the frame of the automaton
register, and the white lead or other such surface brushed over or coated with
asphaltum and oil of lavender, or other sensitive mixture; the frame is shut
down and exposed to light; the surface next washed with a mixture of
turpentine and bisulphuret of carbon or other solvent, and brushed over with
a camel's hair brush or piece of cotton wool, for example, until the Drawing
is developed, the insoluble asphalte resin protecting the portions corresponding
to the light of the photograph from being brushed away, those portions
'consequently stand in relief in proportion to the thickness of the chalk or such
like film.
Ninth, if the printing plate or block is to be made from impressions taken
from a printing surface, I take an impression on the chalk or white lead or
similar surface in transfer ink, sometimes adding just sufficient size to give
consistency, or sifting the powder in a dry state over the surface or mixing
with water, and spreading by a brush, in either case smoothing over the
surface; the transfer ink is of such a nature that it binds the particles of the
composition together, so that in the operation of brushing those portions
protected by the ink are preserved; I repeat the coating and print another
impression, bringing it immediately over the first by means of the automaton
register, and repeat coatings and impressions till the work is raised sufficiently.
Sometimes I wash off the unprotected powder instead of brushing. I some-
times cover the design with hot wax or spirit varnish, which I allow to settle
between the crevices until the operation is complete, when it may be dislodged
by heat, spirit, or otherwise, and sometimes I repeat the coatings immediately
after the printed impressions are made, and so on alternately; I then brush off.
When the work is complete I soak it in a jelly of isinglass, white of egg,
5 spirit varnish, or other agent that will strengthen the work without injuring
the sharpness of lines or filling up crevices; after which it may be metallized,
electrotyped, and used for printing, embossing, or other purposes.
Tenth, I use the aforesaid composition consisting of oil of lavender and
asphaltum, as a sensitive medium in photographic operations.

page_text: Eleventh, for obtaining raised and sunking plates or surfaces for printing
and embossing purposes from printing surfaces, photographs, manuscripts, or
printed matter, I produce upon stone or metal a transfer of the subject to be
reproduced, generally to a much larger scale than intended for the printing
surface, either by using a transparent negative photogragh, or transferring or
writing the subject directly upon india-rubber or on gutta percha cemented to
rubber, and then extending their superficial area, whereby I procure the
subject on an enlarged scale, which I transfer to the stone or plate; if a
transparent negative is used I use the solar camera, and by aid of the
automaton register produce an enlarged image on stone or plate. The ex-
tended rubber or gutta percha surface is to be again in readiness. I sometimes
gum a sheet of stout plate paper (unsized paper) to the under surface of the
india-rubber to prevent blurring or damage. I then print upon the gutta
percha or india-rubber surface a series of successive layers of impressions by
means of the automaton register instrument, and after every successive
impression or layer I apply powdered resin or powdered wood, or paper in a
state of powder, or other like agent for facilitating the elevation of the lines.
When unsized paper or elastic transfer medium is used, I moisten it on the
back, or when I use the wheel or frame I relax the tension cords of the india-
rubber, or when I use gutta percha I contract it by hot water or vapour when
the design or subject is reduced to the intended scale; the work is now
represented elevated enough and a cast can be taken from it, or the surface
metallized and electrotyped, thereby producing a plate or surface for printing
from. This is also applicable for the transferring purpose first herein-before
described in this Specification.
Twelfth, or to reproduce from type or any raised surface reduced duplicates,
I spread on the attenuated india-rubber a thin film of gutta percha or other
like plastic material, on which while hot or plastic, I produce an indented or
sunken impression, the raised lines will be represented by the india-rubber
surface, the gutta percha or plastic material forming a matrix; heat or
moisture is then applied, and when the matrix is sufficiently plastic the india-
rubber is relaxed until the matrix assumes the size and shape desired, it may
then be metallized and electrotyped, or have a casting taken from it.
Thirteenth, I employ as a photo-actinic medium bichromate of potash in
combination with gelatine or other substance, which will (as afterwards
explained) retard the crystallization of such bichromate, using the compound
either in solution or in powder upon stone, cardboard, paper, or metal,
previously covered with transfer ink, also as a sensitive mixture instead of
asphaltum and oil of lavender.

page_text: Fourteenth, for transferring chroma-lithographic or other work from or to
stone, plate, or other printing surface to be used as or made into printing
surfaces, when such transfers should be of the same size as the original, and
each color or tint should register exactly, I use a transparent, translucent, or
semi-transparent transfer medium instead of paper for receiving the transfer
composition, for this purpose I sometimes use gutta percha sheets rolled out
very thin, either alone or cemented to plate, gelatine, or tracing paper or other
transparent backing; or I take india-rubber and stretch it out until it becomes
translucent or semi-transparent, and fasten it in that condition on a stretcher
frame. The transfer when printed upon the prepared surface can be transferred
to stone or metal after breathing or otherwise damping it, and subjecting it
to pressure. The same surface may be again coated, and when dry used
repeatedly.
Fifteenth, I use this transparent or semi-transparent extended india-rubber
for various tracing purposes, more particularly when such tracing is used to
form a printing surface without further artistic labor. Also if I wish to
produce impressions on an altered, enlarged, or reduced scale.
Sixteenth, for protecting against the counterfeiting of checks, notes, trade
marks, and other instruments and devices, and for other purposes, I take a
printed or other design, or an autograph or other subject, and transfer, print,
draw, write, photograph, or produce it on a piece of india-rubber which has
been regularly extended, or on extended india-rubber of unequal thickness, or
on a thin sheet of gutta percha that has been extended either by rolling it
unevenly or by stamping a device thereon; then on allowing or causing the
elastic material to contract or recoil, the work or autograph will appear
metamorphosed or distorted. (The gutta percha is contracted by hot water
or other heat.) The work so contorted or metamorphosed, may be transferred
to stone, plate, or other printing surface, or to transfer surface, and printed
impressions may be thence taken.
Seventeenth, to produce elastic or non-elastic transfer surface or medium,
when I wish to draw out or extend the material superficially in all directions
simultaneously, I prefer to use a wheel, hoop, or flange, having on its face a
number of pullies placed at equal distances, and on its outer edge a groove, into
which fits a ring or flange revolving on the wheel, being geared thereto by
rack and pinion, endless screw, or other contrivance, so that wheel and ring
can revolve in opposite directions, or one may revolve while the other remains
stationary; a disc or round piece of india-rubber with or without a film of
gutta percha attached, is placed in the central area of the wheel; around the
edges of the india-rubber are screw pins or clamps, having holes or projecting
B

page_text: hooks, to which are fastened cords or fine wire, the opposite ends of which are
knotted or otherwise fastened at equal distances around the ring, each cord or
wire passing over a separate pulley; on turning the pinion, the elastic sub-
stance will be extended equally in all directions. I sometimes use the elastic
material square, and in that case employ an appliance consisting of two right-
angled or L-pieces joined together, so as to form a square, or enclose a square
space each; such piece consists of two slotted or toothed limbs forming a right
angle; the slots in (or the edges of) the limbs are toothed, forming racks, into
which work pinions, there being one pinion at each of the two intersections of
the two pieces, such pinion having its journals in a box, which also clutches
one arm of each of the L pieces and holds them together, so that by working
the pinion either way the square area is increased or diminished at pleasure;
the square sheet to be stretched is held in the frame by means of clamps
around the edge or margin, which fit into a groove or bead placed on the inner
edges of the arms of the square. This apparatus may be modified to form an
oblong or enclose an oblong area. When the subsequent reduction, or enlarge-
ment, or alteration is not to be in true proportion, but metamorphosed, con-
torted, elongated, or foreshortened, I use a frame having moveable boxes, which
can be fastened adjustably by pinching screws, and have attached to them thin
flat bars, which extend across the frame to the opposite box where the other
end is secured; there being thus eight boxes and four bars. The material is
introduced in the central area and properly secured at its edges by clamps,
which book on to and slide along the edges of the bars. I sometimes use a
frame with pins placed on the upper sides at distances regulated by cords or
wires, which are arranged in directions radiating or diverging from the centre
of the frame, and are attached to the pins; a piece of elastic substance of
round, square, oblong, or other shape is placed in the central area and held by
the diverging cords or wires. The material will be distended by winding the
cords or wires around the pins. For the purpose of securing the india-rubber
by its edges or margin during the progress of extension and contraction, I
prefer to use screw pins or binding studs (with flat head and nut), which pass
through small holes in the margin of the india-rubber, and are securely held in
that position by the nuts; there are two discs or washers of india-rubber
(which I call elastic washers) placed between the thin rubber and the head and
nut; also washers (which I call fastening washers) forming extending books
to fasten cords or wire; I also use spring steel or brass, bent to take hold of
the edges of the rubber, and a flat ring to maintain its grasp on the rubber;
or I use spring clothes pins, or similar arrangements.
Eighteenth, when I use gutta percha and india-rubber united, I stick them

page_text: together by heat and extend them, and then cement or stick a stout sheet of
paper, or cardboard, or the like under the expanded sheet, and press the whole
until the adhesive agent is dry and the gutta percha hard, when it may be
withdrawn from the stretcher and used in one piece or cut into small sheets, as
may be desirable. When I use gutta percha alone and without india-rubber
as a medium for the production of reductions, I take a common sheet and sub-
ject it to heat in water; after allowing it to cool or set, I cut a piece and note
the exact size, and then draw it out equally in all directions by means of the
wheel, rollers, or other means, until it attains a considerably extended surface;
a subject is then printed, written, transferred, or photographed upon this
attenuated or extended surface, which is then submitted to water, heated to the
same degree as before, when the surface will instantly recoil or contract, and
the work thereon will be found on a reduced scale, and may be transferred to
stone, metal, or paper, or used as desirable for producing printing surfaces.
The same process may be reversed to obtain the subject on an enlarged scale.
Thus work may be enlarged in scale by printing or producing it on gutta
percha, which is extended by the wheel before described, or by other extending
arrangements. I fasten a sheet of india-rubber on the wheel for example, and
attach thereon the gutta percha whereon the design or subject is produced, I
place hot water beneath it, and when it becomes plastic, draw it out to the
required size by the wheel (or other means). It can then be transferred.
Nineteenth, durable transfer surfaces may be obtained by printing or pro-
ducing work on gutta percha or india-rubber with transfer ink, and these can
be rendered almost imperishable by inclosing them in sealed or air-tight
wrappers or receptacles.
Twentieth, when I use india-rubber or gutta percha for reductions or
enlargements, I prefer to print, write, or otherwise produce the work or design
upon transfer paper, and transfer same to the clean surface of the india-rubber
without any préparation of soluble or other intervening substance, in prefer-
ence to printing direct on prepared india-rubber surface. When the extended
surface of india-rubber or gutta percha is sufficiently covered with work, I take
a transfer paper, containing an extra quantity of gelatine in its composition,
and.having damped it, preferably between folds of damped paper, I lay it
over the transferred work, face down, and submit it to pressure; when the
damp is completely evaporated, which evaporation I usually facilitate by heat,
I pull the paper off the rubber, when the work will be found transferred to
the paper, and may be thence transferred to stone or metal or other surface
for printing surface and other purposes, or to glass, porcelain, or pottery for
ornamenting.

page_text: Twenty-first, I sometimes use a cylinder arrangement as my automaton
register to fasten the transfer medium over, and for other purposes before set
forth.
Twenty-second, to restore worn work, I employ my automaton register
instrument to get an exact register, and then transfer on the worn surface an
impression (repeated as often as desired) of the original design, or of the
worn parts thereof, by etching or other means according to the nature of
the work.
Twenty-third, to obtain better photographic negatives, I also use a modi-
fication of the automaton register, in which I place the plate for the negative,
and then having produced a first picture or object thereon, I coat it again with
a sensitive medium, and re-produce the picture or object, repeating this as
often as desired.
Twenty-fourth, the mode I adopt to produce raised and sunken blocks or
plates for printing purposes from a design or subject written, photographed,
printed, or otherwise executed as a flat surface, is more clearly explained in
the following description, as regards my mode of using my automaton register:
I place therein the flat surface which I call the "transmitting surface," and a
piece of india-rubber, gutta percha, brass, or other material, which I call the
"receiving surface." I coat the receiving surface with oil of lavender and
asphaltum or bichromate of potash and gelatine, or other sensitive agent, and
I produce the picture or subject thereon by the action of light from the
transmitting surface, which must be transparent or translucent; I then again
coat the receiving surface with sensitive medium, and reproduce the subject
thereon from the transmitting surface. I repeat these coatings and repro-
ductions until I have raised the subject on the receiving surface to a sufficient
height, the automaton instrument bringing each reproduction into correct
register; I then produce therefrom a casting, or I metallize and electrotype.
When the receiving surface is elastic I cause it to collapse, and thereby produce
a greater elevation of the subject.
Twenty-fifth, my automaton register may be applied with advantage to
the production of printing surfaces by the photoglyphic and other processes.
Twenty-sixth, when portions of a design have been much worn and others
not, the worn portions can be reproduced in the automaton register, as
described.
And having set forth the nature of my Invention, I nextly, in order that the
mode of carrying my Invention into effect may be still more fully understood,
proceed to describe more particularly the methods which I prefer to adopt as
the best modes known to me for carrying into effect such portions thereof

page_text: as appear to me to require further explanation for their best practical per-
formance.
The main object of the first head of my Invention is to produce printing
surfaces for the purpose of obtaining superior impressions, and for this object,
as before stated, I produce by means herein described, the subject, work, or
design on a much larger scale than that on which the intended impression or
ultimate effect is definitely to be, and for this reason, namely, that it is easier
to execute work on a larger scale than on a small one, and when such work is
reduced in size, its excellence becomes the more manifest, until, by considerable
reduction, coarsely executed lines become exquisitely fine, and the design is
obtained in a more compact and more highly finished condition than it would
be possible to attain if executed at first in the reduced state by hand, as in
the ordinary manner.
Another and important object of my Invention is to obtain superior surfaces
to be applied as or converted into printing plates or surfaces for printing
purposes, and for these purposes I repeat the printings, etchings, exposures,
or various other processes or operations consecutively and immediately one
over the other by means herein described, and for this reason, that such
operations, if but applied singly, would be insufficient to produce effectual
results, whereas by being frequently and accurately repeated and superimposed,
satisfactory results are ultimately obtained.
For the foregoing, and for other purposes herein set forth, I use what I
term my elastic transfer medium or surface, and also certain mechanical
contrivances, instruments, and apparatus, whereby I vary or alter the
superficial area and scale of any subject obtained from a printing surface or
from printed, photographed, transferred, drawn, or manuscript matter so as
to reproduce the same to any size or scale desired suitable for printing from
typographic, lithographic, or plate printing, or by other modes of printing or
obtaining impressions.
In carrying out the first and twentieth heads of my Invention, I prefer to
proceed thus I first produce the design, subject, or work in transfer ink or
its equivalent upon my transfer surface or medium by writing or drawing it
thereon direct or by means of photography, or by impressing or applying it
thereon by a transfer or printed impression, or by a printing block, plate, or
other printing surface. When my transfer medium consists of gutta percha
alone, I prepare it thus:-If I wish to have a considerable extension with a
view to a considerable ultimate reduction, I take a piece of gutta percha of a
thickness of about of an inch, but if I do not require such an extension, I
take it thinner. The gutta percha, whatever its thickness, I immerse for a

page_text: few seconds in hot water, and then withdraw it and allow it to set; I next
cut it into a desired shape, preferably square, and subject it to drawing rollers
or other means, whereby I draw it out superficially equally in all directions
into a thin sheet or film, the extent of enlargement or extension being deter-
mined proportionately to the degree of reduction to be subsequently obtained.
When sufficiently extended, I cut off a piece of the size of the work which I
intend to produce in a reduced state, upon which I transfer, print, photograph,
or otherwise produce the work or subject in transfer ink, or other equivalent
agent, of such consistency as to withstand the heat of the hot water (after-
wards used) without spreading. I float the piece face up upon the surface of
hot water, the heat of which will cause the gutta percha to contract instantly
in proportion to the degree of previous extension. If the gutta percha has
been irregularly extended, the design or subject will appear metamorphosed or
distorted. If the design has been executed in transfer ink, it may now be
transferred to stone, plate, or other surface, as desired.
Another mode I pursue is to attach gutta percha on the surface of india-
rubber, previously fastened into one of the stretching wheels or apparatuses
shewn on Plates 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. M, Plate 3, Figure 3, is the india-
rubber on which the sheet of gutta percha (which in case of enlargement may
contain the impression) is laid. Immediately under the india-rubber is placed
& flat vessel containing hot water, the heat of which will bring the gutta
percha into a soft and plastic condition. I then turn the handle E rapidly
until I extend the elastic material sufficiently; I next detach the gutta percha
film, and if the impression is to be applied to any purpose in its enlarged
state, it can be now so used, and its surface is afterwards washed in strong
potash when it is ready for being applied for obtaining reductions, as if other-
wise extended by pressure rollers. When I use parchment for obtaining
reductions, I use sheets made from parchment dust or parchment pulp, and
baving printed the transfer impression thereon in the usual manner, I effect
the reduction by submitting it to the action of hot water, which causes it to
shrink, and thereby reduces the impression. Ordinary parchment in sheet
might be used, but I do not recommend it from its uneven thickness.
Another mode pursued by me is to use thin sheets of india-rubber smoothly
finished on both sides (sometimes called gum plaster) of the thickness of
thin post paper.
I fasten these sheets into stretching frames or extending
apparatuses herein-after described by means of holding clamps, and having
stretched the superficial area of the india-rubber to the proper extent I cement
it on to a stiff backing of cardboard or other substance by paste, cement, or
other adhesive agent, soluble by water or heat. When the adhesive agent

page_text: has set the elastic is released from the holding clamps, and for convenience in
use may be cut up into sheets of suitable size for the work intended. I mark
the degrees of extension at the time of mounting, and prefer to print lines
upon the backing beforehand, as the elastic sheet being semi-transparent they
can easily be seen through, and serve as a guide to shew the size of the object
when the elastic is freed from its backing. When the reduction is to be
effected the india-rubber is released from its backing by softening the
adhesive substance. For reductions and enlargements I generally use the
surface of the india-rubber "clean," that is without transfer preparation. I
first print the impressions to be reduced or enlarged in transfer ink upon
transfer paper, and then arrange the position of each piece or transfer, and
damp them in the usual manner, and lay the elastic material upon some flat
surface, preferring a heated stone or slab. If it be stretched in a wheel or
frame without backing I paste a stout sheet of plate paper (unsized paper)
on the back to prevent it from becoming unequally stretched or injured
during the operation, and also to serve for marking guide lines to direct the
position of each transfer. I sometimes apply the transfer on the elastic
surface by the hand or shoulder rollers shewn in Plate 5, Figures 12 and
13 (in which the portion marked fis covered with fine cloth to give better
effect to the pressure), or I transfer it in a press. When the work is pro-
duced on the surface I relax the elastic sheet to its proper size, removing the
backing. I next re-transfer the work upon transfer paper from the india-
rubber sheet in its now altered form by preparing a transfer paper with a very
strong extra coating of isinglass or gelatine, and having moderately damped
it between folds of damp paper, I place the elastic sheet reduced or enlarged as
aforesaid, upon a flat surface, such as a beated lithographic stone for example,
the surface on which is the work, being upwards; on this surface I lay the
damp transfer paper, and over that place a thin sheet of metal or other
non-elastic substance, and subject it to a single application of strong
pressure in the press. After allowing a little time for the paper to get
completely dry, which the heat of the stone will facilitate (or it may be
held before the fire for a minute), I cautiously disengage the paper from
the elastic surface (to which it adheres tenaciously), whereupon the whole
or a considerable portion of the ink transferred upon the india-rubber will
be found re-transferred upon the transfer paper, and may be again transferred
back to the elastic if desired, to be further altered, which may be useful if I
require to enlarge the work temporarily to facilitate corrections or additions,
which by reason of the smallness of the design could not be otherwise so con-
veniently effected; or when the extent of alteration in size is too considerable

page_text: for a single operation of the india-rubber, the impression so altered may be
transferred to stone or plate in the manner of lithography, for printing or
etching purposes, such impressions, especially when the amount of reduction
has been considerable, can be produced in any ordinary description of ink or
marking medium, and having much force and intensity of color, are highly
ornamental; they can be applied with advantage to the ornamentation of
glass, and also of porcelain and pottery, if produced in inks or colors capable
of withstanding the heat of glazing.
The method of transferring the work upon the elastic surface instead of
printing direct thereon enables me to place any convenient number of dupli-
cates together on a sheet, thus making one operation for a number instead of
a separate one for each duplicate. The surface of the india-rubber must be
well washed with strong potash and afterwards in water, to which a few drops
of sulphuric acid are added to remove any greasy traces of the previous
tranfer. I adopt a similar method to produce impressions of a superior
description from chalk or crayon drawings, also chromographs. I print each
color upon my elastic transfer medium or upon india-rubber brought into a
translucent condition by extension in one of my frames or otherwise, the design
being, of course, much larger than the intended impression. I then by any of
the already described means cause the elastic substance or film to become con-
tracted, and then by using paper prepared by strong isinglass or gelatine and
by applying strong pressure I produce a finished chromograph upon paper, on
which it appears as if printed thereon, except that it is much more intense in
color and more complete than by other methods of color printing. Or a
painting may be made by hand in oil or water colors, or a drawing in Indian
ink or lead pencil upon transfer paper or elastic transfer medium, and then
transferred off to any desirable surface as described. An useful application of
the elastic medium consists in its use for coloring or producing designs for
magic lantern slides and reducing them to proper size for use, also for more
effectually coloring representations for microscopic objects, the aim being in
each case to magnify the work to such an extent that color can readily be
applied by ordinary means, I then reduce it back to its primitive size, thereby
preserving the minute natural details. This method of coloring also applies to
photographs.
In the preparation of my elastic transfer medium, and for other purposes, I
use various apparatuses represented in the Drawings for the purpose of
stretching the elastic material, and retaining it stretched. The apparatus
Figure 3, Plate 3, consists of two wheels, an outer wheel A and inner wheel B,
retained together by flat pins driven through the wheel A and fitting snugly

page_text: into a groove in the rim of the wheel B; the wheel B revolves within A.
The elastic material M to be extended is placed in the central area of the
wheel B, and there fastened by means of clamps, each clamp being fixed to a
thin wire or cord D, the other end of which is hooked on to the wheel A, as
shewn at P, and (passes over the pulley C.
Figure 4 shews a portion of the opposite side of the arrangement. G is a
rack or toothed segment fastened to the wheel B; H is a pinion, the axis of
which carries a crank handle E, and is supported in a bearing I firmly screwed
to the wheel A; if the wheel A be held stationary, and the handle E turned,
the pinion H gears into the rack G and drives the wheel B round, and since
the wires D are hooked to the wheel A, it follows that as the rack travels
under the pinion H the distance between the point P and the pulley C will
gradually increase, and the elastic material in M will consequently be ex-
tended; when the desired degree of extension has been attained its recoil is
prevented by tightening down the milled-headed screw R on the rim of A,
so as to hold the wheels A and B firmly together.
Figure 5 explains how the wheel may be rotated by an endless screw or
worm Z turned by a handle E, and gearing into teeth upon the outer edge
of the wheel A. F, F, are supports screwed to the wheel B for carrying the
screw'rod Z. Here the wheel A rotates, and the wheel B is stationary.
Figure 6 shews how the wheel A may be rotated by a pinion working into
teeth on the rim; or teeth or a toothed segment may be set upon the outer
edge of the inner wheel, into which may gear a pinion, whose axis is secured
to the outer wheel.
Figure 7, Plate 4, represents a frame arrangement for extending the area
of the elastic material superficially. A and B are two right-angled pieces or
pieces of L-shape, in the centre of each arm or limb of each piece is a slot,
one side of each of which is toothed; when these L-pieces are placed on each
other they form a square, and are held together where they meet by moveable
boxes E, which grasp both contiguous limbs securely, but nevertheless leave
them free to move easily through the boxes. Into each of these boxes is
fitted a pinion K, which gears into the racks or toothed slots of each of the
two adjacent limbs. I move both pinions by means of the thumb nuts G
simultaneously, thereby causing the pieces A and B to move in the boxes,
still, however, retaining their rectangular position with regard to each other,
so that they increase or diminish the square area enclosed between them
according to the direction of motion communicated to the pinions, so that a
piece of elastic M held in such area will be either extended or allowed to
recoil according as to whether the pieces A and B move inward or outward, or

page_text: in other words, recede from or approach nearer to each other; H are clamps
of sufficient length to hold on to the outer edges of A and B; F is a spring
falling into the ratchets of the wheel D to prevent the recoil of the sheet when
it is to be held extended.
Figure 10 shews one of the boxes E with the top removed to expose the
pinion K; L, L, are shoulders on the box E, on each side fitted to the exact
thickness of the limbs of A and B, to secure an accurate adjustment.
Figure 9, enlarged view of thumb nut G.
Figure 11, Plate 5, represents an apparatus serving for a like purpose, and
also for when the material is not to be extended equally in all directions.
A is a light iron frame; B, B, four iron or brass bars, to the ends of which
are fastened boxes C, which slide easily along the arms or limbs of the
frame A; D are binding screws, which serve to retain the boxes at any degree
of the frame's expansion. When the inner frame is extended, and the elastic
material fastened in it, then by unscrewing the boxes at C, and clamping the
intersections G, G, of each corner, the frame B and piece M may be taken out
and others put in their place, whereby one frame will serve repeatedly.
Figure 14, Plate 6, shews a wood frame, which I call the "radiating frame,"
it has an outer series of pins D, and an inner series d; every outer pin having
an inner pin set in an oblique right line with it, say, G, which line, if pro-
longed in the same direction would reach to the centre of the area of the
frame, so that the direction of all these lines G radiates or diverges from the
centre. Each of the inner pins is equidistant, so also are the outer pins;
G are cords attached to the outer pins and to the edge of the material M,
coincident with the diverging lines before referred to. The extension of the
elastic material is effected by winding the cords G around the pins, as shewn
in the enlarged view Figure 15 at C, or on the frame at B, B. This arrange-
ment admits of obtaining a contorted design by the cords being unevenly
wound round the pins D, d.
Figure 16, Plate 7, shews an extending arrangement, in which screws E, E,
are used in place of the racks and pinions.
Figure 7, Plate 4, D, D, are the sliding boxes that hold the L-pieces A and B
together, and serve as nuts for the screws E, E, to work in.
Figure 17, Plate 8, shews a square cast-metal frame, or extending appa-
ratus, having slots on each angle C, the cross pieces B, B, are held in their
places by thumb screws D, as shewn at Figure 18.
Figure 23, Plate 9, represents a stretching frame, in which four shafts B
are geared together by bevilled wheels E in a rectangular position, or so as to
form a square or enclose a square area, into which is placed a piece of elastic

page_text: material M attached to the shafts B by fine wire or cord. Motion is commu-
nicated to the shafts by means of a crank handle C on the axis of one of the
wheels E, thereby causing the wires G to wind round the shafts in an
extending or radiating and at the same time spiral direction, as illustrated on
on enlarged scale at Figure 24, that is, radiating or diverging from the centre
of the frame so as to extend the area of the material M held therein, and
winding spirally on the shafts B. These shafts B are supported in bearings
cast at the angles of a stout cast-iron frame; F are caps screwed down over
the shafts to keep the wheels E in gear; D is a stop or break to lock the
wheels and prevent the recoil of the elastic. I construct the shafts B tubular
in preference to solid, as being lighter and more inflexible, and allowing of
rods of less diameter being used. The outer ends of the wires are fastened on
to the shafts B. I mostly prefer the apparatuses Figures 3, 23, and 14, as in
these instruments the elastic material is expanded equally in all directions
without requiring much attention, but in the other instruments it is necessary
to watch the condition of the clamps, as they do not travel equally with the
extension of the material, and have to be set right occasionally in the course
of the operation of expansion, (if the clamps are unevenly seperated, the
elastic will be unevenly expanded.)
any
For the purpose of securing the material previous to its extension in of
the above arrangements, I use various appliances according to requirement.
The appliance which I use for ordinary purposes, and when the same piece of
elastic material is retained in the frame for continual use, is shewn in Plate 8,
Figure 19, and consists of a thin metal plate O, which I call a fastening
washer, having a slotted hole at one end to hold a wire or cord, and at the
other end it is perforated to receive an ordinary binding screw formed with a
flat head P and murled disc of equal size for a nut; Q are the two elastic
washers or discs of india-rubber. The plate O serves as a washer between the
india-rubber disc and the nut. When I employ this clamp, which is shewn
in use in Figure 24, the india-rubber sheet must be perforated round the
edges with very small holes accurately spaced off, as any irregularity in regard
to their distance would cause a corresponding irregularity in the extension.
To use the clamp I unscrew the nut, and draw one of the washers Q on the
screw, which I insert into one of the perforations in the rubber M, and I
draw the second washer Q over the sheet M, which is now between the two
thicker elastic washers; I next introduce the metal plate O, and, lastly, the
nut, which I screw securely home by a pair of pincers; the same course is
repeated for each clamp, which I usually place about an inch or so apart
around the margin of the sheet M; N is a connecting link.

page_text: Figure 20, Plate 8, represents a spring-metal clamp, consisting of spring steel
or brass brought into appropriate shape at the ends H to grasp the elastic firmly;
it is furnished with a ring G, which slides down upon the jaws, causing them to
maintain their hold; that portion which comes in contact with the india-rubber
must be burnished and rounded on the edges to prevent its abrading it.
Figure 21, Plate 8, represents a self-acting spring clamp, the grip of which
is maintained by a spiral spring K. I, J, are two pieces of wood or metal of
the shape shewn, and hinged about the centre between the spring K and the
jaws L; the jaws are faced with pieces of thick india-rubber, to protect the
sheet M. This clamp is useful, when expedition is an object, and when I adopt
it I use an iron frame of sufficient weight, to counteract the force of the
springs, which frame I lay over all the clamps when arranged in position, in
order to cause their jaws to open and allow the sheet of elastic material to be
inserted therein, in order to be spread on the stretching frame. I take care
that the sheet is placed equally in all the clamps; upon removing the counter-
weight frame the clamps instantly close and grasp the sheet M and hold it,
until it has to be removed from the stretching frame, or until the backing has
properly set.
Figure 22, Plate 8, represents a metal clamp, used when the elastic is
very
thick, by introducing a friction roller between R and S on U, the clamps slide
along the edges of the frame readily.
In respect of the second and other heads of my Invention, I premise that
lithographic stones being essentially porous, the particles of greasy ink or other
matter which constitute the foundation of the printing surface, lodge and take
root, or become fixed therein, increasing by time and repeated applications of
printing ink and pressure, until the grease would radiate over the entire stone
in all directions, and destroy the sharpness and detail of the work; to prevent
this, it has hitherto been the practice, before beginning to print off, to prepare
the stone (or "etch," as it is called) with gum and acid; but this is liable to
get washed out or worn away in the processes of printing, and the ink takes
hold on the unprotected portions of the stone, and the lines of the work spread
at each intersection, until the design becomes deformed and useless. Now,
various substances may be used with more or less success to remedy this and
improve the texture of the stone and durability of the work, as any of the
metallic oxides or salts (iron or zinc by preference) applied to the stone before
or after the work is on, and drying oil, if allowed to penetrate for a few months
and exposed to air and light, will improve the surface for engraving upon;
also gallic, tannic, and phosphoric acids with gum arabic are serviceable pre-
parations for preserving the impression upon stone (or plate), more particularly

page_text: if iron or a solution of magnesia had been previously applied to the clear stone,
but all these are more or less ineffective.
Now, according to my Invention, I change, so to speak, the nature of the
stone's surface, or so much of it as is unprotected by the ink; for this purpose
I use for indurating or hardening the surface of the stone after the work has
been produced thereon, soluble alkaline silicates or liquid silex (soluble glass),
which I apply alone under a vacuum or else in combination (whether under a
vacuum or not) with magnesia, potters' clay, ammonia, or a dilute solution of
bydro-fluo-silicic acid, which I use for the purpose of rendering the deposited
silex insoluble and fixing it permanently to the stone. When the silicate is
applied under vacuum, a greater charge is imbibed; heat and exposure to air
help the indurating effect. I sometimes apply the silicate preparing a
transfer paper with dextrine and soluble silicate, and using it for transfer pur-
poses on to the stone, thus indurating and transferring the work at one opera-
tion. I also conveniently apply the silicate solution by soaking a sheet of
unsized paper therein, so as to be wet but not dripping, and this I lay over the
work on the stone and submit it rapidly to strong pressure. In making trans-
fers when the stone is to be afterwards hardened by silicates, care must be
taken that the composition of the transfer paper does not dry on the surface of
the stone; the safest mode is to prepare the transfer paper with dextrine
instead of gelatine as a viscid agent, and as soon as the transfer is put on the
stone it must be well washed in plenty of clean water. If ordinary transfer
paper has been used, the surface of the stone must be washed with dilute alum
water or acetic acid previous to applying the silicate solution. The silicate
I may be applied very dilute, and the wash repeated several times, until the
surface presents a smooth glassy flint-like appearance.
If the indurating process has been effectually performed, the surface of the
stone will resist a dilute solution of nitric acid and gum, that would otherwise
etch deep into it; or if the work be washed out in turpentine, and acid applied,
the portions covered previously by the ink will become etched, while the por-
tions protected by the silex will not be acted on, thus producing an etching of
the work. If therefore the stone can be so hardened as to withstand acid
strong enough to etch into the stone through the greasy foundation of the
work, it may fairly be presumed that the requirements of durability in printing
have been successively met, the silicated surface is also proof against oil or
soapy substances, which cannot leave a mark or stain on stone so prepared.
The surface of stones may be prepared with soluble silicates, as described,
for the purposes of stone engraving or machine ruling, and for "stopping
out" preparation for false lines, corrections, and ruling, also as a preven-

page_text: tative against the undesirable rising up of old work. When applying the
soluble silex to surfaces that contain work produced in a soluble ink, as litho-
graphic, writing ink, or chalk, it is necessary to apply previously dilute acid or
alum water, or any agent that will neutralize the alkali and not precipitate the
soluble silex; if nitric acid be used, all traces must be removed before the silex
is applied in case of new work. I sometimes "etch" in the usual way and ink
up the work in printing ink, dust it over with powdered resin, apply alum
water or acetic acid in dilute state, and then apply the silex solution.
In regard to the third part of my Invention wherein I reverse the lights and
shadows of a printing surface and produce it as a print or printing surface
from which negative impressions may be printed, such negative surfaces may
have transfer copies taken and transferred to other stones, plates, or cylinders,
to be etched and printed in the manner of engraved stones, or metal plates, or
cylinders. Impressions taken from such surfaces retain a great body of ink,
and are well adapted for transferring to pottery, porcelain and glass, or printing
on textile fabrics, or other purposes.
To carry out this third head of my Invention, I I prefer to proceed thus:-
Take a lithographic stone, and having heated it by pouring boiling water over
it, or otherwise, I next apply the silicate solution several consecutive times,
distributing it evenly over the surface by rubbing the composition with the
palm of the hand or other smooth agent, and when the surface is completely
silicated I produce the work thereon by means of photography, or by printed
or transfer impressions, or I draw it by hand on stone. If it be by transfer, I
dust the ink with some resinous powder, to give greater substance to the ink and
render it fitter to withstand the action of the acidulated alum water or acetic
acid and water, with either of which solutions the surface is to be washed when
the work is finished, either of the above solutions is to be applied until the sili-
cated surface has been decomposed and dissolved off, the stone is next washed
in clean water and dried, then oiled or inked over, and washed out with tur-
pentine and gum water, and charged with ink; it will be found that those
portions of the hardened surface that were protected by the work are now sharp
and clear, and perfectly free from ink, and those portions which were acted on
by the alum water or acetic acid are shown fully charged with ink, thus
reversing the previous character of the work. Impressions taken from this
and transferred to other stones or cylinders and metallic surfaces may be
etched and used for printing purposes. When impressions are to be used for
etching purposes I prefer to strengthen the ink by dusting it with a resinous or
metallic powder or bronze, and harden the deposit, or by repeating the impres-
sions upon and over each other by means of my automaton register, a prepa-

page_text: ration of gum and acid may be used for preparing the stone for negative
productions or reverses, but I prefer the silicate of soda and other silicates as
described.
In respect of the fourth head of this Invention, I produce upon metal
plates or cylinders designs or work to print from in the manner of plate
printing, or by a "doctor" as in textile fabric printing, by means of transfer
impressions, photograph or manuscript reductions or enlargements thereof
or other modes. I take a metal surface, as prepared for engravers' use,
and upon this I produce the work, impression, or transfer as if it were
a lithographic stone; if the subject be a transfer from a chalk or crayon
drawing or a photograph, I prefer to give the surface an appropriate grain,
in the manner known to engravers, and I prefer to make the mezzotint
a separate operation after the first work has been produced, adding the sky
and middle tints by means of the ruling machine, thus combining the advan-
tages of lithography with the durability of engraved plate. I prefer to produce
the negative impression for etching purposes upon a metallic surface, having
an affinity with or capacity for grease or resinous substances of a greasy nature.
I prefer iron, brass, zinc, or steel as the metal; but if copper is to be used I
prefer to give it a thin coating of zinc, enough to constitute a surface to
receive the transfer ink; if iron or steel, I gild the surface after the impres-
sion is produced when positive impressions are used, or I coat the surface with
mercury; in any case I produce the subject, design, or work in strong transfer
ink, or some, resinous greasy substance that will resist the etching agent, or
prevent the union of the deposited metal on the parts covered by the work;
having produced the impression or work I submit the plate to galvanic influ-
ence in a solution of gold, silver, lead, or other metal, or any deposit that will
withstand the etching process; and in the case of negative impressions when the
ground is protected by ink, I use the decomposing influence of electricity or
acid without any metallic deposit. If I find that a single etching does not
produce complete results I repeat the transfer impressions, and etchings,
(stopping out the finer portions of work when sufficient effect has been
attained) by means of my automaton register, by which means I transfer one
impression immediately over another and in exact juxtaposition therewith, as
often as necessary, without injuring the original sharpness of the work. When
I wish to produce a raised surface printing plate or block by means of etching,
I transfer, print, photograph, draw, rule, or write the subject or work thereon,
and repeat it by superimposing a succession of impressions and etchings made
alternately and in rotation, using the automaton register to secure exact mani-
pulation in register until the lines become eventually elevated enough for

page_text: printing from, as in block printing. In repeating the printed or transfer
impressions I first produce very sharp impressions and etch cautiously, and
when I have secured a sharp clear outline on the surface I then purposely
allow the ink lines or work to become thicker in proportion as the etching is
progressing, thereby causing the biting or eating away to take place in an
oblique direction slanting outwards, thus preserving the finer portions of the
work from being eaten away without the tedious process of stopping out by
hand, while the result is much more satisfactory; or the impressions may first
be made very full of ink during the first etchings, and the upper surface
finished by a number of sharp impressions and delicate etchings, in this case the
latter impressions should be made on the plate after it has been clean washed
of the previous offset; by the same method and means I produce etchings on
stone for printing purposes.
I next proceed to describe, with reference to the Drawings, various arrange-
ments of my automaton register, which I use chiefly to ensure complete results
in etchings, printings, and photo-lithography in producing printing surfaces
raised, sunken, or otherwise, and for photographic purposes; also for obtaining a
better result from printing plates and surfaces and for other operatious, when
necessary or advantageous to repeat a series of operations several times to
obtain a better result for printing, producing, or treating printing surfaces, or
for placing upon a given surface repeats in the operations of coatings, films,
dustings, exposures to light, and other manipulatory operations and details.
My "automaton register" is shown in Plates 1, 2, 10, and 11. Figure 1,
Plate 1, represents one form or single frame arrangement. E is a strong table,
bed, or base plate, to which a stout cast-iron frame B is secured by bolts C;
F is a stout frame, hinged to the frame B, and having slots G in it, by which
a plate or other material is secured to it, in order to constitute what I call
the receiving surface H; A is a lithographic stone, or other surface constitut-
ing what I call the transmitting surface, it is fastened in the frame B by
wooden blocks 1 and 2, and also by screw bolts 4 screwed against the iron
bars 3. The transmitting surface is that from whence the design or subject is
imparted. The receiving surface is that on to which it is received. J, J, are
holes in the frame, fitting exactly on the studs I on frame B; these studs
taper towards the top, so that the frame rests steadily thereon; O is a raised
block, secured to B, and containing in the centre at N a device of cross lines
and dots or other design; M is an opening in the frame F, into which is fas-
tened a disc of some transparent material. When F is closed down upon the
stone, and in its place, the transparent disc comes immediately over the device
or marks N; these marks are then to be carefully traced by a diamond point

page_text: or other means upon the transparent medium, the object being to detect inac-
curacy in the working of the frame by examining the register of the engraved
marks with the original by means of a magnifying glass. To further secure
the frame and greater accuracy in register, I sometimes use an electro-magnetic
arrangement; K is the magnet, secured to the frame B; P and Q are wires,
leading to a galvanic battery; L is a projecting rest, faced with soft iron, in
such a position that when the frame F is shut down the rest L falls on the face
of the magnet K. The wire P is coiled around the magnet, passing into and
through the block O, its end being exposed flush with the surface, so that it
appears as a dot on the right of N; the wire Q leads from the battery and
appears as a dot upon the left side of N. On the frame F is a fine wire,
shown at M, and exposing two fine points to correspond with the points on
the block O, so that when the frame F is shut down the points in the block O
come in contact with those of the frame F, thereby establishing a continuous
metallic circuit from and to the battery, which causes K to become magnetic
and attract the rest L firmly to it, holding down the frame securely; but if
there should be any deviation in the working of the frame, that is, if the parts
do not come in accurate superimposition, the points will not strike each other,
and K will not attract L, nor hold the frame F; usually the pressure of the
hand to the frame will bring the points exactly over each other, this may be
ascertained by the frame F becoming fast. The part H may consist of a thin
metal plate, upon which is pasted a thin sheet of india-rubber or gutta percha;
if the object in view be to produce a raised matrix from a design on a stone,
which is transferred or otherwise produced on A, then the stone is to be charged
with ink, the frame shut down, and pressure applied by means of the pressure
rollers, Figures 12 and 13, Plate 5, or by other means; on taking up the
the frame an impression will be found on H₁, the stone is to be inked again,
the impression upon H, dusted with resin, chalk, or other powder and again
shut down over the stone, and a second impression produced, repeating the
impressions until the subject becomes sufficiently elevated to serve as a matrix,
from which to produce a printing block. By using as a receiving surface H₁,
elastic transfer medium, or a frame containing extended india-rubber pro-
ducing a semi or slightly raised surface, and causing the receiving surface to
contract, the design becomes elevated in proportion to the reduction effected;
when the subject is a photograph, or an elaborate and finely executed design, I
use a modification in which is a combination of frames, as represented in
Plates 2 and 10, in which Figure 2 represents an arrangement of three frames
H,, H, H., hinged to the base frame B; the arrangements for effecting perfect
registration are similar to those described in Plate 1, and repeated in each

page_text: frame, although not shown in the Drawings; the advantage of a number of
frames consists in this, that it affords means for producing semi or slightly
raised impressions upon each of the frames, and then transferring the series
one immediately over the other. Or I print first the impression on the area
of H¹ (previously coated with a solution of printers' roller composition or
other soluble transfer composition), and then shut down the frame H, upon
the stone; the area of H, consists usually of a smooth metal surface, the
impression upon H₁ is breathed on or damped to soften the composition, and
then the frame H, shut down upon the back of the frame H₂, and pressure
applied on taking up the frame H₁, the impression will be transferred to the
metallic surface, the receiving surface H₁ is then again coated, and a second
impression made from the stone, which is again transferred immediately over
the first upon H₂, repeating the impressions and transfers until the matrix
becomes sufficiently developed, and assisting the elevation by dusting the ink
occasionally with resin or other powder. When applying the apparatus to
transfer photographic originals or in photo-lithographic operations, I place the
original in one of the frames, which then becomes the transmitting surface,
and I place the paper, plate, or clean stone at A, which thus becomes the
receiving surface.
Plate 10, Figure 25, represents an arrangement wherein the base or bed
revolves, but otherwise the action of the frame C is the same as before
described; the pins F are taper, and fit into openings on the table B at H;
I is a rest for the frame; B a circular table supported by a pivot K; A an
outside table in which is an opening for the circular table to revolve in.
The spaces marked E¹ to E, are receiving surfaces, a design on one is
printed on the surface D and is thence transferred to each of the surfaces
E, E, &c., in succession by revolving the table to bring them successively
under the frame, and damping the surfaces, the design on each is in turn
transferred back to the frame D, thereby augmenting the elevation of the
work or surface in proportion to the number of deposits combined. Figure 26
is a perspective view; J, ratchet, fitting into notches in the edge of B (one to
each receiving surface) to stop table at proper place..
The modification of the automaton register which I use to carry out the
23rd head of my Invention for obtaining photographs in the camera is shown
in Figure 27, Plate 11.
A is a wooden box much larger than usual for cameras; G, the lens and
tube for regulating focus; the dotted line at B represents the frame that
contains the sensitive plate; this frame is hinged at E, so that it can be lowered
until it becomes again vertical, but inverted as shown by the dotted line C;

page_text: H is a glass jar with a flange at top for it to slide into an opening at the bottom
of the box, it can be raised up by hand so that the liquid contained therein
comes in contact with, and sensitizes the plate which may now be elevated to
the vertical position to receive the image, and then be lowered flat on the rest D
for the fixing operation, the top being hinged to fold back for that purpose as
shown at F; the first picture being developed, and the plate washed, a second
coating of collodion is to be applied, the frame lowered to the inverted position,
and the jar containing the sensitizing solution again raised, and the frame
again elevated to the focus, and a second image produced immediately over the
first, in this manner I repeat the operations until satisfied with the result
either as to a dense picture or a raised surface.
In my cylindrical modification of automaton register a revolving cylinder
carries the receiving surface and a plank, slab, or table fitted under the cylinder,
and having a reciprocating rectilinear motion carries the transmitting or
printing surface. The accurate register or cylinder and plank is secured by
mounting the latter upon friction rollers which are grooved with A-grooves
so as to fit thereby on rails of correspondent angular shape, on which they
revolve. As a farther precaution the ends of the cylinder have on them nurled
flanges of hardened steel which work in grooves in the margin of the plank, the
whole is held together in an iron frame consisting of tw exactly similar sides
held together by stays, to which they are screwed or bolted. The apparatus is ac-
commodated to the variable thicknesses of stones or plates used as transmitting
surfaces by means of packing blocks and bolts on the bed of the "plank" or slab.
When in employing the automaton register Figures 2 and 25 the frame
is used to receive an impression from a printing surface on the bed, and
transfer same back to another surface fastened into another frame, it should
be supplied with material that will not stretch by damp or pressure and will
accommodate itself to the printing surface, such as thin metallic plates coated
with a thin film of gutta percha or sheet of india-rubber. When I use india-
rubber or gutta percha, I coat the surface with a thin solution of printers'
roller composition, such as gelatine dissolved in glycerine, or any of the
preparations used for coating transfer paper, either using the india-rubber
fastened into one of my stretching frames in the extended condition
mounted on backing, I also use the attenuated gutta percha in a similar
.
5 manner.
or
If a photograph is used I cement it or otherwise secure it to a
stout sheet of plate glass that fits into one of the frames so that the side of
the plate containing the impression can shut down upon the sensitive
surface always on the same points. The sensitive surface is usually placed
upon the bed of the register, or on the back of one of the surfaces occupying

page_text: the area of one of the frames, so that when the frame is shut down upon the
bed the sensitive side will be upwards and in position to receive the negative or
other photoite. If the subject to be copied be an ordinary printed impression
or manuscript it may be placed in the frame as if it were a photograph, but it
must of course be transparent or translucent. When expedition is not a particular
object I use this means of producing raised matrices for printing surfaces.
In regard to the ninth part of my Invention where I nse the automaton
register for producing a raised surface to be made into a printing block by
means of impressions taken from lithographic stones or other printing surface
I prefer to proceed thus:-I fasten into the frame H₁, Figure 1, a thin level
piece of india-rubber or gutta percha, which may, or may not have been
stretched and mounted on cardboard backing as previously described, or elastic
transfer, medium, or other waterproof smooth surface, which will not stretch
by pressure or damp, the surface is coated evenly with a thin film of an ordi-
nary composition used in making transfer paper, or a solution of printers'
roller composition in water, or a mixture of gelatine dissolved in glycerine, to
these may be added a little silver white, or other powder or substance, to give
body. The stone or other surface having been fastened into the bed of
the register instrument (where it must remain until the final operation is
complete), is to be charged with ink by the usual method, the ink is con-
stituted according to the purpose desired. If to produce a matrix to be used
in casting a raised block of the same size as the original, then I use a quick
drying ink, dusting each impression or film with powdered chalk or other
suitable substance, but if the raised subject is to be reduced, then I use an
ink of a flexible nature, dusting each film or impression with resin powder, or
other similar substance; the frame containing the india-rubber surface is to
be evenly coated with one of the coatings before referred to, and when quite
dry, is shut down upon the surface of the stone, and pressure applied, the
frame is next taken up, and frame H, laid down upon the stone, the area of
this frame contains a thin flat metal plate fastened on the upper side; the
impression upon frame H₁ is to breathed on, or otherwise damped and turned
down on the surface of H₂, and submitted to pressure, on taking up the frame
the impression will be found effectually printed or transferred to the plate
fastened to the frame H₂, which may now be dusted over with red lead, resin
powder, or other ingredient that will aid in raising the ink marks above the
level of the plate, and at the same time leave the raised surface in such a
condition that it will readily attach the next film of ink to it, both frames
being taken up, the stone is to be again charged with ink, the surface of the
frame again coated and shut down on the stone, and an impression taken, the

page_text: frame H, shut down, containing the plate with the previous transferred im-
pression upon it, now receives a second impression immediately over the first,
and so accurately, that each dot and line of ink has its height augmented, and
in a perfectly vertical direction, it is only necessary to repeat these various
operations until the work has become sufficiently elevated, so that it can be
used to be cast from, or be made into printing surfaces. To ensure success,
each impression should be very carefully taken; if it be found that during the
progress of the work some lines do not take up their measure of ink and
dust (for a few operations will cause them to cease rising altogether), a flat
surface should be rubbed or pressed over the work to level it, or if the ink be
dry enough, very fine emery paper may be used; by this operation the upper
surface of the lines will be broader than before, but they will be flat and level,
and a few more sharp impressions are to be transferred on the top, which is
the finishing or facing process to be employed in every case, by which means
elevation and sharpness are secured, and the original duplicated to print in
type press; when cast or electrotyped by the ordinary methods, I sometimes
make a semi or slightly raised surface on several frames prepared in a similar
manner to that described for the surface in the area of frame H₁, in this case
I pull several impressions in succession upon each frame or transfer surface,
dusting the impressions each time a film of ink is added; I take care that
there shall be strong lines on the surface of the first frame; having produced
the required number of impressions upon each frame, I next place each in
contact with the first, so as to produce one raised impression or matrix by the
combined films transferred upon each other in exact superimposition, the frame
containing the thickest impressions being transferred first on a clean flat
smooth plate of copper or other metal surface, copper coated with zinc being
preferred, the contents of the other frames are to be transferred in rotation
over and on the top of each other in the same manner; the surfaces must be
thoroughly damped, and pressure applied evenly, it is better to retain the first.
printing surface ready, so that after each frame has transferred its series of
impressions, a fresh impression may be printed in an ink of more adhesive or
resinous nature, the better to cement the films together..
When the raised work is made upon a metal plate with hard drying ink,
I prefer to make the matrix by pressing very thin and soft lead over the sur-
face, and thereby obtain a matrix ready. for electrotyping at once, or I spread
upon a sheet of heated gutta percha a coating of sterling silver bronze, or I
gild it by leaf, and while plastic it is to be pressed on the raised pattern, and
a matrix is thus produced ready to be electrotyped.
In carrying out the seventh head of my Invention I prefer to proceed thus:-

page_text: After having coated the plate with a sensitive agent, as before described, the
plate or sensitive surface is cemented to the stone in the bed, but if I work on
the surface of the stone direct, I close the photograph on the prepared surface
of the stone. When sufficiently lighted, the stone or surface is washed in
bisulphuret of carbon and turpentine, and a second coating given by taper or
other subdued light only; the exposure again made, and this is repeated for
a number of times until satisfactory results are obtained. The progress of the
work must be carefully watched, and when the minor tints have become
developed such portions should be stopped out from further action by coating
them on the photograph with some opaque powder that can be afterwards
brushed off without injury. The coatings, exposures, and fixings are repeated
until a perfectly developed copy is produced. In case of stone or metal plate
I add, in the last process of fixing, a little oil of lavender and gum water to
the solvent, preferably applying the printing ink by soft sponge, rag, and gum
water. If upon charging the stone with ink I find any imperfection, I wash
it in clean water, and in alum water or diluted acetic acid, and if the work be
produced on zinc or iron in a very dilute solution of sulphuric acid, and again
apply the sensitive coating, and proceed as before. When the work is satis-
factory I wash off the traces of gum with very dilute alum water; after which
I apply a wash of any of the soluble silicates, or gum and acid, and if the
surface be of zinc or iron I apply a decoction of nutgalls and gum, or tannic
acid and gum, or phosphoric acid to prepare the surface for withstanding the
deteriorating influences to which is exposed in the course of printing, and I
apply soluble silicates for the purpose of indurating the surface of the stone
for a similar object. I use bichromate of potash or bichromate of ammonia
as a sensitive agent, in combination with gelatine and glycerine, made into a
jelly, or any of the gums or glutens that by their nature prevent or suspend
the crystallization of the sensitive salt, in that case ordinary printed copies, or
transparent positive photographs, or manuscripts may be used to produce relief
surfaces for printing purposes generally by means of the automaton register.
I use the chemical agency of light and the automaton register to obtain a
matrix from a flat or other printing surface by spreading a sensitive coating
upon extended india-rubber, or elastic transfer medium or metal plate, and
when I place the stone or surface in the bed of the automaton register, and
print therefrom an impression upon the sensitive coating in opaque ink;
and I sometimes increase the density of the ink by dusting over the surface
some opaque powder that will not smear the paper or sensitive coating; I
then admit the light to act upon its surface, and when sufficiently "lighted" a
fresh coating is applied; when dry, a second impression is taken directly over

page_text: the previous one; the surface is again powdered and exposed, and these
operations repeated until complete effects are produced. To finish the work,
the deposited ink is washed away in turpentine and bisulphuret of carbon or
other powerful solvent. If the work appears high enough for printing pur-.
poses it may be bronzed or dusted with silver powder or plumbago, and
electrotyped. By similar means I produce raised surfaces, substituting films
of collodion and salts of silver that are sensitive to light and their reagents;
or I produce an enlarged negative, and having prepared a sensitive collodion
or albumen surface on a sheet of elastic transfer medium, I produce by the
automaton register a series of photographs until the work appears well defined
above the surface; I then cause the elastic medium to contract, thereby
reducing the size of the subject to its original dimensions, and obtaining a
greater degree of elevation in the work. I also use my automaton register
for obtaining photographs for printing purposes by allowing the films of silver
or other agents to accumulate upon a non-elastic surface of the same size as
the original or negative.
I employ the bichromate of potassa or ammonia in combination with gum,
dextrine, resin, and other similar agents, either in state of solution or in impal-.
pable or fine powder. I spread upon a smooth flat surface of cardboard, metal,
glass, or other substance a thin coating of transfer ink, preferring a kind
I next
containing very little alkali, and therefore not very soluble in water.
prepare a powder of bichromate of ammonia or potash and gum arabic or
dextrine, glycerine, sugar, or other substance that will combine with the
bichromate by a slight degree of atmospheric moisture. This powder I dust
evenly over the inked surface, which I turn over or place on a smooth surface,
and submit it to pressure; it is then ready for exposure under the photograph.
When lighted, a damp sheet of soft paper is held close to the surface, but not
near enough to touch until the surface becomes viscid, but not wet; a second
application of the sensitive dust or powder is applied cautiously, and again
smoothed and exposed, and this is repeated several times; the surface is then
carefully washed, dried, and examined. For the latter purpose trial lines
should be previously put upon some unoccupied part of the original, where
they will not interfere with the subject. If, on burnishing a piece of clean
paper over a portion of the trial lines, they appear on it clear and distinct, the
work is complete, but if the impression on the paper appear slurred, the
dustings and exposures must be repeated until clear lines are obtained upon
the trial paper on an uniform white ground; the work may then be trans-
ferred to stone or plate by means of pressure, and printed from in the manner
of lithograuby

page_text: The following shews how my register may be applied in combination with
the daguerreotype process, using similar transfer inked surfaces for producing
printing and transferring surfaces. For this purpose I prepare a very fine
and pure silver powder, which I spread over the inked surface, and press or
planish it smooth, it is then ready for sensitizing in the same manner as if it
were a silver plate, and the picture is produced and washed in the hypo-
sulphite, and is then ready for etching, the first exposure should not be
prolonged far enough to bring out the detail, the object being to produce and
secure the broad lights in the first operation, and to apply a second coating of
silver powder; I prepare and expose again and etch carefully, to secure the
middle tints, and a third operation will supply the finishing tints and detail.
I sometimes prefer to stop out or obcure in the negative the finer portions of
the drawing during the first operation, the etching is accomplished by any of
the usual processes employed for etching photographic images upon silver
plate; when the etching is complete, the service is washed in ammonia or
cyanide of potassium, to dissolve any remaining deposit that may obscure the
shadow portions of the drawing or work, which should now be represented in
a clear silvery ground, and the pure transfer ink producing the shadows, it
may therefore be used to transfer to stone or plate for printing from in the
manner of lithography or on to prepared surfaces for etching purposes. I
also use a silvered copper plate repeating the productions of the picture and
etchings until a complete effect is produced. I also use on an inked surface
instead of common silver powder, sensitive salts of silver in state of powder,
such as the chloride, bromide, and iodide.
In respect to the thirteenth head of my Invention, I use powdered bichro-
mates of potash, preferably in combination with gum, which I apply on the
surface of a lithographic stone or other flat surface, quite dry, and allow it to
settle down or deposit itself in a very fine film for the first operation, after
each exposure an additional film of the sensitive powder is allowed to deposit
itself by means of a pouncing or dredging box, from which the powder at first
rises in very fine particles, and finally settles down on the stone, which it
attains through the opening at the bottom of the box when laid upon the
surface. In repeating the exposures and film the light is enabled to penetrate
more effectually into and through the complete film, thereby securing the
gradations of shadow, which are usually lost, because the delicate actinic
influence cannot penetrate to the bottom through a thick yellow substance with
the same effect as a broad and powerful ray. By the automaton register
a most delicate sensitive film can always be applied at first, thereby allowing
the finer degrees of detail to mark themselves upon the sensitive surface and

page_text: by gradually thickening the coating or deposit the broad and deep effects are
produced. When I use the sensitive powder upon a clean dry stone, I employ
the focus of a camera instead of a negative or positive, using an enlarging
camera arrangement or otherwise, in connection with a transparent negative, and
as the delicate state of adhesion would not admit of the photograph touching the
surface of the stone, I bring the focus of their image upon it, and after the
first exposure, repeat the coating by means of the dust box, before described;
when the desired object is reached, I breathe carefully over the stone, or
otherwise cause a damp air to circulate in close proximity to its surface,
thereby causing the soluble portion to adhere to the stone, those portions
acted on by light may be removed after the surface has dried by blowing and
rubbing over the stone with oil, and inking up in the usual way, it is then
ready for printing. Or I sometimes use a transfer inked surface, and for this
purpose, immediately after the exposure, lay the inked surface down upon the
exposed dusted film, in this case I use only one coating or film of the dust
which may be denser or thicker than usual, and giving it a prolonged exposure;
the surface acted upon by light is that which is next the ink, and hence the
delicate and middle tints are preserved, because there is no soluble substance
under them, and when the powder has been taken up by the inked surface it
is to be smoothed or flattened by pressure on a smooth surface, and then well
washed in water or alcohol, the soluble and unchanged portions will wash off,
leaving those portions that have been changed by light adhering to the inked
surface, and this insoluble deposit will prevent the ink beneath or under it
from passing to the stone when it is pressed in close contact thereto or
such inked card containing the image. I may here mention that the real
characteristic of the substance to be used in combination with the bichromate
of potassa, under this head of my Invention, is, that it must be one that
coagulates under the action of light, and by that action the crystallization of the
bichromate is retarded or prevented.
In carrying out the eighth and eleventh parts of my Invention, to produce
a raised surface printing plate by means of photography, printed copies,
manuscripts, or photographs, I prefer to proceed thus:-I take white lead,
chalk, or white clay, or other substance capable of being formed into an impal-
pable powder, and mix it with just enough of gum or other like viscid
5 substance to impart adhesiveness to the particles as before described. I prefer
to use strong pressure to consolidate the surface to fit it for receiving the
impression. This mixture may be applied in solution by a brush, or it may
be precipitated or dusted over in the state of powder upon a level surface
which is fastened into the bed of the automaton register and coated with a

page_text: mixture of asphaltum and oil of lavender or other sensitive film, and exposed
under a transparent photograph or other transparent representation capable of
being photographed by transmitted or permeated light. It is firmly secured to
one of the frames of the register, and after a proper exposure the surface is
washed with a plentiful supply of turpentine and bisulphuret of carbon or
other solvent, and brushed over with a soft hair brush, or cotton wool, for
example, until the drawing or work is developed; the insoluble asphalte
protects the portions corresponding to the lights of the original photograph
or phototype from being brushed away, and consequently stand in relief in pro-
portion to the thickness of the chalk or other like film. I repeat the coatings
and exposures until I bring the work which is to constitute the printing surface
to the required elevation or relief.
If the printing plate or block is to be obtained by means of impressions
taken purposely direct from printing surfaces I preferably proceed thus:-I
prepare the chalk or other temporary fugitive surface as before described, and
thereupon print or transfer the impression on to the prepared surface, and then
I brush the surface over with a soft brush, cotton wool, or flannel; the viscid
nature of the ink protects the portions that it covers from being rubbed away.
For the purpose of obtaining increased relief I secure the printing surface
from which the impressions are obtained in the bed of the automaton register,
and I fasten the surface coated with the chalk or other fugitive substance in
one of the frames of the register, and I repeat the printings, or transfers, and
coatings, and brushings till the desired effect is obtained. Sometimes I dissolve
or wash away the unprotected "portions of the surface or proceed with the
coatings and impressions until the desired thickness is obtained, and make
only one operation of the brushing. I strengthen the surface and indurate
the raised lines by varnishes, size, collodion, soluble silicates, or other hardening
substance, that protects them without filling up the crevices. When the
work is elevated enough for printing purposes it may be metallized and electro-
typed, or a casting or a stereotype taken. I sometimes reverse the operation
by printing the impression upon the chalk or other calcareous surface, helping
the effect by dusting the ink with a resinous powder. I then pour a solution
of alkaline silicate (soluble glass) over the surface, and apply a fresh coating
of chalk or carbonate of magnesia and pipe clay, and again repeat the im-
pression and wash with the indurating liquid. I then wash or dissolve out the
ink by turpentine or bisulphuret of carbon or other strong solvent, adding
water and brushing at same time to carry away the films of chalk mixed up in
the ink which remain in the sunken portions until dislodged by mechanical
means. I sometimes begin by printing an impression on a bare polished

page_text: copper plate or other level metallic surface before applying the chalk coating,
and then coat and proceed with the impressions as before, whereby when the
ink is dissolved and an electrotype taken, I obtain a polished and flat face to
the printing surface, and thus can add to the depth of the broad light with
facility by applying by a brush a mixture of hot wax and black lead to those
portions of the surface where broad spaces or whites occur.
In respect of the tenth part of my Invention, when I use a mixture of
asphaltum and lavender oil as a sensitive medium in the production of photo-
lithographic, photo-block, and other photoites and photographic impressions, I
prefer to add as much asphaltum to the oil of lavender as will produce, upon
evaporation, a substance that will feel hard to the touch, but not soft enough
to soil paper pressed upon it. I prefer a mixture of equal portions of bisul-
phuret of carbon and spirits of turpentine as a liquid for dissolving the
unaltered sensitive coating, sometimes adding a few drops of oil of lavender or
other oil.
In carrying out the twelfth part of my Invention to produce from a block
or type or other raised printing surface reduced duplicates, I prefer to proceed
thus: I spread upon the surface of the elastic medium mounted, or on a
surface of caoutchouc extended in one of my frames or wheels, a thin film of
gutta percha or other plastic substance, on which, while semifluid or plastic, I
produce an indented or sunken impression from the block, type, wood-cut, or
raised surface, the raised or projecting portions of which will press through the
gutta percha to the india-rubber surface, the gutta percha rising up as a matrix
around each dot and line. The india-rubber is now allowed to shrink to the
size and shape of the intended block or reproduction, reducing, of course, the
gutta percha with it. In relaxing the caoutchouc and gutta percha the gutta
percha or other plastic substance used must be brought back to the same con-
sistency it had when the impression was taken. To prevent very fine raised
lines from running together and disfiguring the matrix, I sometimes, before
O relaxing the elastic, pour a small quantity of oil over the impression as soon as
the gutta percha is set or hardened. The oil is effectually washed out by
strong potash lye. The surface may then be metallized and electrotyped as
usual.
I sometimes take a subject or work and reproduce it on stone on a large
5 scale, and in that state convert it into an etching by a process of inkings,
dustings with resin powder, and etchings for several consecutive times as usual.
From this raised surface I produce an indented impression upon the elastic
surface extended to the same degree as to produce the enlarged transfer, and
covered as before described with the gutta percha film in plastic condition.

page_text: The india-rubber is then relaxed until the subject assumes its former size.
The raised surface will be found elevated enough for printing in the typo-
graphical press when electrotyped into a block.
In carrying out the fourteenth part of my Invention, I sometimes use, as my
transparent, translucent, or semi-transparent transfer medium for receiving the
transfer composition (instead of paper) gutta percha sheets rolled out very
thin, either alone or cemented to a transparent backing of plate, gelatine, or
to india-rubber or to stout cardboard, or I take india-rubber, and extend it in
one of the stretching frames herein described until it becomes transparent, in
which condition I retain it for use. I coat the surface with a composition
similar to the usual transfer paper compositions, but according to the nature
of the work, that is, if it consists of "rubbed tints" or chalk or crayon
drawings, the composition used must as readily return the entire charge of ink
back to the new stone as it takes it from the first stone without altering the
breadth of the ink surface. Too soft or soluble ink must not be used; albumen
and gelatine form an excellent surface for fine work; I prefer, however, a
composition of glycerine in which gelatine has been dissolved, forming a strong
hard jelly. I rub a wet sponge over the jelly, and then coat the surface evenly
with it; the impression is pulled when the coating has properly dried. I
sometimes add a little silver white, white lead, or fine plaster to the gela-
tinous composition. I use this transparent non-elastic medium in the same
manner in what is termed chroma-transfer paper for the purpose of transferring
duplicates of subjects or work to print together in sheets or otherwise, or for
other purposes. I also use the transparent extended india-rubber for tracing
purposes, more particularly when such tracings are required in an altered
scale or size, or when they form a printing surface, being executed in transfer
ink, and transferred to stone or plate; also if I wish to produce pencil sketches
or marks on an enlarged or reduced scale.
In carrying out the nineteenth head of my Invention for preserving transfer
impressions for future use, I prefer to proceed as follows:-I print the
impression in strong transfer ink upon gutta percha films or on surfaces of
india-rubber previously coated with gelatine and glycerine or other suitable
coating, and dust over the impression with a mixture of asphaltum, resin,
bicarbonate of soda formed into a solid body by heat, and afterwards converted
into an impalpable or fine powder in a mortar, or otherwise the impressions
are preserved from air and dust by putting them into envelopes or cases, and
sealing them up till wanted for use, when they may be transferred at any time
by damping the surface as usual. In preparing transfer paper to contain an
"extra quantity of gelatine," as described under twentieth head of my Specifi-

page_text: cation, I prefer generally to use a coating or film of gelatine of twice the
usual quantity, generally about 4 oz. gelatine to 1 quart water, applied hot;
the proper quantity may be determined by using first a thin solution, and
repeating the coatings till the surface gets glossy. My transparent or semi-
transparent india-rubber or gutta percha sheets are very serviceable for
obtaining devices or designs when required on an altered scale; thus such a
sheet may be placed over a map, an engraving, or other like article, whereof
the lines, &c., may be traced on the transparent sheet, which may then be
contracted or extended, and the tracing transferred to stone or other surface.
Having now described the nature of my said Invention, and in what
manner the same may be performed, I declare that I'claim,-
First, the mode of producing printing surfaces for the obtaining of superior
impressions according to which the work or subject is first produced on a larger
scale than required for the ultimate impression or effect, and is then reduced
to such smaller or ultimate scale, as herein-before described.
Second, the production of elastic transfer surfaces or media of india-rubber
extended mechanically, and caused to adhere when so extended to a stiff
backing, which retains it extended until it is released from such backing,
substantially as described.
Third, the use of gutta percha as a transferring medium, and for obtaining
impressions on an altered scale, substantially as described.
Fourth, the use of parchment dust or of parchment pulp made into sheets
for effecting reductions, as described.
Fifth, the preparing or treating of surfaces of lithographic stones by
applying thereto liquid silex under vacuum, or a combination of liquid silex
with borax or with potter's white clay, and heat under vacuum or not, as
described.
Sixth, the mode of reversing lights and shadows of work, as described under
the third head of this Specification.
Seventh, the application of printed negative transfers for etching purposes,
as described in reference to the third and fourth heads of this Specification.
Eighth, the automaton registers herein-before described, that is to say, each
in so far as regards the general arrangement and combination of parts of which
the same consists.
Ninth, the employment of india-rubber and gutta percha for chomagraphic
tranferring purposes, as described.
Tenth, the employment of printers' roller composition for preparing transfer
surfaces, as described.
Eleventh, the production and application of the improved sensitive

page_text: photogenic agent, consisting of oil of lavender combined with asphaltum, as
described.
Twelfth, the use of bisulphuret of carbon as a solvent, as described.
Thirteenth, the mode of producing surface printing plates and raised
surfaces by fugitive coatings and successive impressions or exposures, as
described.
Fourteenth, the mode of producing printing surfaces by means of repeated
photographic or other impressions on extended india-rubber or gutta percha,
which is afterwards allowed to collapse or not, as described.
Fifteenth, the temporary attaching of a sheet of stout unsized paper behind
india-rubber to prevent blurring, as described.
Sixteenth, the mode of obtaining from raised surfaces, matrices, copies or
reproductions of increased elevation or depth of relief, as described under the
twelfth head of my Specification.
Seventeenth, the production and application as a sensitive coating, and as a
photo-actinic medium of the bichromate powder mentioned, that is to say, of
bichromate of potash combined with a substance (preferably gum) that will
retard its crystallization, and reduced to the state of a fine or impalpable
powder, as described.
Eighteenth, the preparation and application of surfaces coated with transfer
ink, substantially as described for the purposes of photo-printing.
Nineteenth, the preparation of transparent and translucent and semi-trans-
parent surfaces or media of india-rubber and of gutta percha in the manner
described, and their application as set forth.
Twentieth, the obtaining of devices or designs by metamorphosing, distorting,
contorting, or altering autographs, figures, devices, designs, or subjects, as
described under the sixteenth head of this Specification.
Twenty-first, the production of an agent for reductions and enlargements by
combining india-rubber with gutta percha, in the manner described.
Twenty-second, the employment of "clean" india-rubber, that is, of india-
rubber without surface preparation or coating, in the manner and for the
purposes described.
Twenty-third, the application of impressions obtained by reductions from an
original purposely produced on a large scale to the ornamenting of pottery,
porcelain, and glass, as described.
Twenty-fourth, the stretching or extending machines or apparatuses herein-
before described, that is to say, each in the general arrangement and combi-
nation of parts of which the same consists.
Twenty-fifth, the improved clamp or instrument for holding the elastic

page_text: material in the extending apparatus represented in Figures 19 and 24, in so
far as regards the elastic washers and fastening washers applied in manner
described; also the improved spring metallic clip, represented in Fig. 20, and
the self-acting spiral spring clamp, represented in Figure 21, each in the
general arrangement and combination of parts of which the same consists,
and the application of such holding instruments, as set forth.
Twenty-sixth, the application of my automaton register to etching photo-
glyphic, photo-lithographic, and photographic processes and transferring
purposes, and to the production of printing surfaces, as described.
Twenty-seventh, the protecting of sufficiently developed portions of work
from further action, in the manner and for the purpose described in the seventh
and other heads of this Specification.
Twenty-eighth, the application of transparent, translucent, or semi-trans-
parent india-rubber and of gutta percha as a substitute for chroma-transfer
paper, as described under the fourteenth head of my Specification.
Twenty-ninth, the production of durable transfer impressions by using
surfaces of gutta percha or india-rubber, as described under the nineteenth
head of this Specification.
Thirtieth, the method of transferring and re-transferring, and the preparation
of transfer and retransfer paper for the purpose, as described under the
twentieth head of this Specification.
Thirty-first, the application of the automaton register to the treatment of
printing surfaces for the restoration and reproduction of worn work, as
described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Joseph Lewis, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twenty-ninth day of January, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-two.
Witness,
WILLIAM J. HARTY,
29, Dame St., Dublin.
JOSEPH LEWIS. (L.8.)