IMPROVE- MENTS IN MARINE AND OTHER STEAM ENGINES AND APPARATUS CONNECTED THERE WITH, PARTS OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE APPLICABLE TO OTHER PURPOSES."
Year: 1875

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Loftus Perkins, of Seaford Street, Gray's Inn
Road, in the County of Middlesex, for the Invention of "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN MARINE AND OTHER STEAM ENGINES AND APPARATUS CONNECTED
THERE WITH, PARTS OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE APPLICABLE TO OTHER
PURPOSES."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Loftus rerkins at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
20th January 1875.
I, LOFTUS PERKINS, of Seaford Street, Gray's Inn Road, in the
County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the said In-
vention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MARINE AND OTHER STEAM ENGINES AND
APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH, PARTS OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE APPLICABLE
TO OTHER PURPOSES," to be as follows:-
This Invention has more especially for its object to improve the con-
struction of steam engines to be worked with steam at very high
pressures, and to be worked continuously with distilled fresh water, as

page_text: described in the Specification of a former Patent granted to mic; parts
of the improvements are however applicable to other engines.
I construct the engine with two high-pressure cylinders, two medium-
pressure cylinders, and à low-pressure cylinder. The admission of steam
to the high-pressure cylinder I arrange to be cut off at about half-
stroke, and at the completion of the stroke to be expanded into the
intermediate cylinder, and exhausted into the opposite end of the same
cylinder, which is enlarged to act as a chamber in the manner shown at
A, Figure 1, of the Drawings hereunto annexed, and from there to the
cut-off valve of the low-pressure cylinder.
The intermediate chamber I provide with a safety valve loaded to
about 30 lbs. to the inch, and fitted with a pipe to carry off any escaping
steam to the condenser. The cylinders are jacketed with coils of steam
pipe cast in with the metal, as described in the Specification of a former
Patent granted to me.
For the steam and exhaust valves I employ piston valves, such as
shown at Figures 2, 3, and 4; Figure 2 represents one of the exhaust
valves.
The valve cylinder is provided with a lining in two parts, which can
readily be inserted into the cylindrical valve casing, one from each end,
as shown. The pistons of the valve are fitted with numerous rings of
hard metal in the manner herein-after described with reference to the
pistons of the steam cylinders. The hard metal I use is, by preference,
that described in the Specification of a former Patent granted to me.
Figure 3 shows a single beat valve with similar pistons, and one
liner piece; and Figure 4 shows a double ported valve of a similar con-
struction.
.
All hot surfaces of the cylinders and pipes are surrounded with a
jacket of sheet iron packed with vegetable black. The pistons of the
steam cylinders I provide with several rings or set of rings, say six of
hard metal, each ring or set of rings being made to form in itself a per-
fectly packed piston, the several rings or sets of rings being separated
from one another by what I call intermediate junk rings, as shewn at
Figure 1. The sides of the top and bottom of the piston are also sur-
rounded with the same metal, as shewn.

page_text: Any ordinary system of breaking joint, together with suitable cover
plates at the back of the joint, may be used for each packing ring or
set of rings to make cach a complete piston in itself, and the joints
between the back portions of the junk rings where they rest against one
another, and the outer rings where they rest against the piston are made
perfectly tight, either by employing narrow bearing surfaces or other-
wise, so that each ring or set of rings is as it were enclosed in a steam-
tight recess.
By the construction above described a very tight-fitting piston is
obtained with comparatively little friction. Pistons construed as above
described may be employed in other engines and in pumps.
The surface condenser I form of numerous tubes of galvanized iron,
closed at one end, and at their opposite end screwed into a galvanized
iron tube plate, and firmly caulked. The inner tubes, which are intro-
duced through the open ends of the outer tubes as usual, and which are
for the purpose of ensuring a constant circulation of water through the
interior of such outer tubes, are also of galvanized iron and screwed into
a galvanized iron tube plate. The circulating water I arrange to be
drawn instead of forced through the condenser, as is for the most part
usual, and to be taken from the highest point, the supply centering at
the centre and passing first through the inner tubes. The steam casing
is made of wrought iron, all rivets and scams being firmly caulked. All
pipe joints and valves in connection with the engine are also to be
formed in such manner as to prevent all access of salt water to the
water used for working the engine. The engine is formed with two
separate feed pumps for each boiler, in order to ensure a certainty of
supply to each. For an engine of about 900 horse power I prefer to
employ 3 boilers, cach constructed in the manner described in the
Specifications of previous Patents granted to me. Each pump is fitted
with a separate delivery pipe, by-pass valve, double check valve, and
pressure gauge, and with a screw stop-cock on the suction, the by-
pass valves to deliver into the hot well at a higher level than the
suction.
Independent air circulating and feed pumps are also provided to be
driven by a separate pair of engines. Each feed pump is fitted with a
separate connection to the boiler which it is to supply, and the air and
circulating pumps are similarly fitted. By this arrangement, if the

page_text: main engines are at any time stopping, no steam need be blown off, as a
constant circulation can be maintained between the boiler and con-
denser.
The above auxiliary engine may be fitted to work as a fire-engine, or
for washing decks and pumping out the bilge. The exhaust from the
auxiliary engine is connected to the condenser of the main engine, so
that no loss of water takes place when working it.
For the water gauges I employ mica gauges, and to secure a tight
joint between the two plates of mica and the two opposite faces of the
body of the gauges against which they are held I form on each face
around the opening formed through it a narrow raised edge, against
which the mica is firmly pressed by a metal plate applied to its front.
face. All the bolts used for drawing these plates against the mica arc
to be tinned, or may be made of copper, to prevent them from rusting
and acting injuriously upon the, mica.
The hot well is of wrought iron, and made to hold, by preference,
from 3 to 4 tons of water for an engine of the power above mentioned.
The independent and main engine air pumps are arranged to pump into
the same delivery box. A stand pipe is fitted on to the non-return
valve to be attached to the hot well as near the centre of the ship as
possible, and provided with a pipe to carry away the steam into the
funnel in the event of a stoppage in the working of the condenser,
and thereby obviate as far as possible all access of salt water to the
water used for working the engine. For retaining a supply of fresh.
water tanks of galvanized iron are provided closed with man-hole lids to
prevent all access of salt water. A distilling apparatus is arranged to
be worked from the steam boilers, the top of the steam coil of the
distiller being attached to the main steam pipe, and the bottom to lead
to the hot well. A salt water steam generator, similar in construction
to the distilling apparatus, and capable of working to any desired
pressure, is also provided. The steam coil for heating the water in the
steam generator is supplied with steam from the main boilers, and fitted
with valves, one on the main steam pipe, and another on the end of the
coil leading to the hot well. The steam produced in the salt water
steam generator is employed for all the various purposes where steam is
required to run to waste, as, for example, for heating, cooking, blowing
the whistle, working donkey engines, for hoisting, and such like.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Loftus Perkins in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 20th July 1875.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, LOFTUS
PERKINS, of Seaford Street, Gray's Inn Road, in the County of Middle-
sex, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twentieth day of January, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-five, in the
thirty-eighth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and suc-
cessors, give and grant unto me, the said Loftus Perkins, Her
special license that I, the said Loftus Perkins, my executors, admi-
nistrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Loftus Perkins,
my exccutors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter
during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
IMPROVEMENTS IN MARINE AND OTHER STEAM ENGINES AND APPARATUS CON-
NECTED THEREWITH, PARTS OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE APPLICABLE TO OTHER
PURPOSES," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Loftus
Perkins, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing
under my, or their, or one of their hands and scals, sliould particularly
describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed
in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
66
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Loftus Perkins, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement thereof, that is to say
This Invention has more especially for its object to improve the con-
struction of steam engines to be worked with steam at very high
pressures, and to be worked continuously with distilled fresh water, as
described in the Specification of a former Patent granted to me; parts of
the improvements are however applicable to other engines.

page_text: I construct the engine with two high-pressure cylinders, two medium-
pressure cylinders, and a low-pressure cylinder. The admission of steam
to the high-pressure cylinder I arrange to be cut off at about half-
stroke, and at the completion of the stroke to be expanded into the
intermediate cylinder, and exhausted into the opposite end of the same
cylinder, which is enlarged to act as a chamber, as herein-after described,
and from there to the cut-off valve of the low-pressure cylinder.
The intermediate chamber I provide with a safety valve loaded to
about 30 lbs. to the inch, and fitted with a pipe to carry off any escaping
steam to the condenser. The cylinders are jacketed with coils of steam
pipe cast in with the metal, as described in the Specification of a former
Patent granted to me.
For the steam and exhaust valves I employ piston valves constructed
in the manner hercin-after described.
All hot surfaces of the cylinders and pipes are surrounded with a
jacket of sheet iron packed with vegetable black. The pistons of the
steam cylinders I provide with several rings or sets of rings, say six of
hard metal, each ring or set of rings being made to form in itself a per-
fectly packed piston, the several rings or sets of rings being separated
from one another by what I call intermediate junk rings. The sides, of
the top and bottom of the piston are also surrounded with the same
metal, as shewn.
Any ordinary system of breaking joint, together with suitable cover
plates at the back of the joint, may be used for cach packing ring or set
of rings to make each a complete piston in itself, and the joints between
the back portions of the junk rings where they rest against one another,
and the outer rings where they rest against the piston, are made per-
fectly tight, cither by employing narrow bearing surfaces or otherwise,
so that cach ring or set of rings is as it were enclosed in a steam-tight
recess.
By the construction above described a very tight-fitting piston is
obtained with comparatively little friction. Pistons constructed as above
described may be employed in other engines, and in pumps.
The same arrangement can also be applied for packing the glands
around the piston rods, the rings being adapted to clasp the rods.

page_text: The surface cendenser I form of numerous tubes of galvanized iron
closed at one end, and at their opposite end screwed into a galvanized
iron tube plate, and firmly caulked. The inner tubes, which are intro-
duced through the open ends of the outer tubes as usual, and which are:
for the purpose of ensuring a constant circulation of water through the
interior of such outer tubes, are also of galvanized iron, and screwed into
a galvanized iron tube plate. The circulating water I arrange to be
drawn instead of forced through the condenser, as is for the most part
usual, and to be taken from the highest point, the supply entering at
the centre, and passing first through the inner tubes. The steam casing
is made of wrought iron, all rivets and scams being firmly caulked. All
pipe joints and valves in connection with the engine are also to be
formed in such manner as to prevent all access of salt water to the
water used for working the engine. The engine is formed with two
separate feed pumps for cach boiler in order to ensure a certainty
of supply to each. Or an accumulator weighted to a higher pressure
than the boilers are to work at may be interposed between the
boilers and pumps, and so give a continuous feed. For an engine of
about 900 horse power I prefer to employ two or three boilers, cach con-
structed in the manner described in the Specifications of previous Patents
granted to me. Each pump is fitted with a separate delivery pipe, by-
pass valve, double check valve, and pressure gauge, and with a screw
stop-cock on the suction, the by-pass valves to deliver into the hot well
at a higher level than the suction.
Independent air, circulating, and feed pumps are also provided to be
driven by a separate pair of engines. Each feed pump is fitted with a
separate connection to the boiler which it is to supply, and the air and
circulating pumps are similarly fitted. By this arrangement, if the
main engines are at any time stopping, no steam need be blown off, as a
constant circulation can be maintained between the boiler and con-
denser.
The above auxiliary engine may be fitted to work as a firc-engine, or
for washing decks and pumping out the bilge. The exhaust from the
auxiliary engine is connected to the condenser of the main engine, so
that no loss of water takes place when working it.
For the water gauges I employ mica gauges, and to secure a tight
joint between the two plates of mica and the two opposite faces of the
Ledy of the gauge, against which they are held, I form on each face

page_text: around the opening formed through it a narrow raised edge, against
which the mica is firmly pressed by a metal plate applied to its front
face. All the bolts used for drawing these plates against the mica are
to be tinned, or may be made of copper, to prevent them from rusting,
and acting injuriously upon the mica.
The hot well is of wrought iron, and made to hold, by preference,
from 3 to 4 tons of water for an engine of the power above mentioned.
The independent and main engine air pumps are arranged to pump into
the same delivery box. A stand pipe is fitted on to the non-return
valve to be attached to the hot well as near the centre of the ship as
possible, and provided with a pipe to carry away the steam into the
funnel in the event of a stoppage in the working of the condenser, and
thereby obviate as far as possible all access of salt water to the water
used for working the engine. For retaining a supply of fresh water
tanks of galvanised iron are provided closed with mau-hole lids to
prevent all access of salt water. A distilling apparatus is arranged to
be worked from the steam boilers, the top of the steam coil of the
distiller being attached to main steam pipe, and the bottom to lead to
the hot well. A salt water steam generator similar in construction to
the distilling apparatus, and capable of working to any desired pressure,
is also provided. The steam coil for heating the water in the steam
generator is supplied with steam from the main boilers, and fitted with
valves, one on the main steam pipe, and another on the end of the coil
Icading to the hot well. The steam produced in the salt water steam
generator is employed for all the various purposes where steam is required
to run to waste, as, for example, for heating, cooking, blowing the
whistle, working donkey engines, for hoisting, and such like.
In order that my Invention may be fully understood and readily
ααα
Figures 3 and 4, transverse sections of a marine steam engine and
apparatus connected therewith, the whole being combined together in
the manner above described to allow of the engines being worked con-
tinuously with distilled fresh water, and to avoid as far as possible all

page_text: loss of the fresh water, so that but a comparatively small supply of fresh
water need be carried to make good any loss that may take place.
To avoid loss from leakage, and prevent all access of salt water to
the water for working the engine, all pipe and other joints are as far as
possible metallic joints, as described in the Specification of a former
Patent granted to me.
To avoid loss when steam is blowing off from the safety valves the
stcam is conducted from these valves to the condenser, as has before
been proposed.
To avoid loss of steam when the engines are at any time stopping, the
necessity of blowing off steam, except through the safety valves leading
to the condenser, is avoided by providing a small auxiliary engine to
work independent circulating and feed pumps, and it may be also air
pumps for the purpose of maintaining a vacuum in the condenser,
and returning the condensed water to the boilers, the exhaust from this
auxiliary engine being also led into the condenser, so that no loss of
steam shall take place when working it. The hot well also is made
large enough to contain as much water as can safely be taken from the
boilers.
To prevent access of salt water to the water used for working tho
engine through the non-return valve provided for the escape of steam
or vapour from the hot well, should the condenser at any time not be in
thorough working order, and to prevent scalding the crew this valve is
fitted in a pipe leading upwards from the hot well to the funnel.
For distilling and for heating salt water for any purposes steam coils
are used, connected at one end with the steam space of the boilers, and
at the other to the hot well, so that no loss of the water used for working
the engine shall be occasioned, and also so that when the distilling
apparatus or salt water steam generator is not required to be in use the
admission of steam to the steam coils may be shut off by valves, so
that no heat shall then be taken off through them from the boiler.
To maintain a uniform feed to cach of the boilers either separate feed
pumps are used for cach boiler or an accumulator is to be interposed
between the boilers and pumps, as herein-before stated.
In the Drawings A, A, are the two high and medium pressure
cylinders of the engine, and B is tlie low-pressure cylinder. The maîner

page_text: in which the high and medium pressure cylinders are formed is shown
clearly in the sectional view of these cylinders at Figure 5. The form
of valve I use for admitting steam to the high-pressure cylinders is
shown at Figure 6, and for admitting steam from the high-pressure to
the medium-pressure cylinder is shown at Figure 7, and for admitting
steam to the low-pressure cylinder from the steam chamber, into which
the medium-pressure cylinders discharge, is shown at Figure 8. The
manner in which the pistons which work in these cylinders are packed,
and also the pistons of the valves, is also shown in these Figures. C is
the condenser constructed in the manner shown at Figure.9; and D, D,
are the boilers.
The nature of the various other parts of the engine and apparatus in
connection therewith is written upon them in the plan view, Figure 2,
so that it is unnecessary to further distinguish them. This view shows
clearly the small auxiliary engine for working the independent feed, air,
and circulating pumps for maintaining a vacuum in the condenser when
the main engines are stopping and the several pipes in connection
therewith, and also the several other pipes in-connection with the other
parts of the main engine. The main and auxiliary air pumps and circu-
lating pumps are so arranged that whenever one or other of them is
not at work it shall be kept charged with water by the pump that is at
work, so that the pumps shall always be maintained in a state to work
efficiently whenever they may be put into action.
As before stated the high-pressure and medium-pressure cylinders of
the main engine are shown separately at Figure 5. In this Figure A¹
is the high-pressure cylinder, into the top of which the steam is first
admitted for about half-stroke, and expanded for the remainder; A2 is
the medium-pressure cylinder, into the bottom part of which steam is
expanded from A', and subsequently exhausted into the upper part of
this cylinder, which is carried up so as to form an annular space around
part of the high-pressure cylinder, as shown. On the exterior of the
medium-pressure cylinder there is also an enlargement of this space
leading to the valve by which steam is allowed to pass to the low-
pressure cylinder B. To this space is also attached a safety valve, as
before explained, all steam passing from which is led to the condenser.
The manner in which the pistons are constructed is also shown in this
Figure. a, a, are junk rings; b, b, piston rings made to break joint in
any usual manner, and with cover plates at the back of the joints to

page_text: make each ring into a complete piston; these cover plates may either bo
rings passing entirely around the back of the piston rings or may only
be applied at the joint as desired.
The Drawings show 6 piston rings to each piston, but this may be
varied, and two, three, or more rings may be similarly employed. As
before explained tight joints are made between the several junk rings
where they meet together at the back of the piston rings, and also
between the outer rings and the piston. The piston rings are of hard
metal, by preference such as is described in the Specification of a former
Patent granted to me, and the sides of the top and bottom of the piston
are surrounded with the same metal, as shown.
I would remark that I am aware that it has before been proposed to con-
struct pistons with two, three, or more split piston rings, known as Rams-
bottom rings, sprung into separate grooves formed around the piston,
but my construction of piston differs from this arrangement in that cach
ring forms a completely packed piston in itself, and that the several
rings are separated from one another by junk rings in the manner
before explained. Similar arrangements of piston rings and junk rings
may also be employed, as before stated, for packing the glands through
which the piston rods pass. Pistons constructed in this manner may be.
employed in other engines and pumps, and for piston valves, and for a
variety of other purposes.
I will now proceed to describe more fully the construction of the
piston valves.
At Figure 6 I have shown a section of the valves for controlling the
admission of steam to the high-pressure cylinder, and the passage of the
steam from this cylinder into the medium-pressure cylinder.
It will be seen that each valve piston is furnished with piston rings in
a similar manner to that above described with regard to the pistons
which work on the steam cylinders. Each valve piston works in a
cylindrical lining c, closed at one end, and open at the other for the
passage of steam; d, d, are the ports formed through the side of the
lining. Steam is admitted from the boiler to the space between the
lining and the cylindrical casing of the smaller valve, and when the
ports in the lining are uncovered by the piston steam passes to the space
surrounding the lining of the larger valve, and into the high-pressure
cylinder A. The admission of steam to this cylinder is cut off at about

page_text: half-stroke, and the steam is expanded in the cylinder for the remainder.
At the end of the stroke the larger piston valve is opened, and the steam
allowed to pass through it from the high-pressure to the medium-
pressure cylinder. The piston of each valve has passages formed through
it from end to end, so that the pressure upon the two ends of the piston is
approximately balanced. It will be seen that in each of these valves the
pressure of the steam is upon the exterior of the rings of the piston valves,
so that as the valves are closing the rings are not pressed outwards by the
steam. By thus arranging piston valves that are to be subjected to high
pressure the wear upon the valves is much reduced. In order that the
packing in the gland through which the piston rod of the high-pressure
piston valve passes may be renewed without allowing any escape of steam,
and without stopping the working of the engine, I form a valve face
around the piston rod above the piston, which, if the piston is raised
slightly beyond the end of its stroke, comes against a valve face at the
end of the gland, and forms a steam-tight joint. When the piston rod
has been disconnected from the valve gear, and has thus been raised, the
packing may be removed, and fresh packing inserted. During the time
the valve is thus put out of action steam may be allowed to pass
continuously from the boiler to the high-pressure cylinder through a
by-pass valve. The stop valves and other valves may be similarly con-
structed to allow of the packing in the gland around the valve rod
being renewed without permitting any escape of steam to take place
through the gland during the time that the packing is being
renewed.
At Figure 7 are shown the valves for controlling the admission of
steam to and escape from the medium-pressure cylinder. The smaller
valve, which is also shown in Figure 6, is the valve for admitting steam
to the medium-pressure cylinder, as before explained, and the larger
valve for delivering the steam from this cylinder into the intermediate
chamber, which surrounds the high-pressure cylinder, as shown at
Figure 5. The valve I employ for delivering steam from this chamber
to the opposite ends of the low-pressure cylinder is shown at Figure 8.
A similar valve is employed for controlling the exhaust from the ends
of this cylinder. For the inlet valve steam is admitted from the inter-
mediate chamber to the central port e, and as the piston is moved
to and fro is allowed to escape alternately by the outer ports fand g to
the opposite ends of the low-pressure cylinder. For the outlet valve the

page_text: action is reversed, and steam passes from the ends of the cylinder to the
outer ports, and is delivered from the central port to the condenser.
It will be seen that in these valves also the pistons work within linings,
which have the ports formed in them in a similar manner to that shown
in Figures 6 and 7, and that these linings can readily be inserted into
the cylindrical valve casing from its two ends.
Any suitable arrangement of valve gear may be employed for working
the several valves, so that I have not thought it necessary to shown any
in the Drawings. I however prefer to employ double eccentrics, and to
have the weight of the link motion balanced. The condenser is shown
separately at Figure 9. It is composed of galvanized iron tubes / closed
at one end, and at the other screwed into a galvanized iron tube plate i;
I are the inner tubes screwed into another tube plate . These also are
of galvanized iron. The steam casing mis of wrought iron, all rivets
and seams being firmly caulked. The circulating water is drawn off
from the highest points of the condenser, and enters by the inner
tubes k.
At Figure 10 I have shown a water gauge constructed according to
my Invention. The novelty in the construction of this gauge consists
in forming the opposite faces of the body of the gauge with narrow
raised edges o around the opening. The sheets of mica. are pressed
against these edges by slotted cover plates, as shewn. By this means
the sheets of mica are securely held, and a tight joint obtained without
the use of any material which might be injurious to the mica.
The construction of the distilling apparatus for distilling the fresh
water prior to using it in the steam boilers, and the construction of
the salt water steam generator for generating steam or for heating
water for all purposes when the water or steam are required to run to
waste will be clearly understood from the description herein-before
given, and from the plan view, Figure 1, so that it is unnecessary to
give any further description of them.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention and the
manner of performing the same, I would have it understood that I
claim,-
First. The combined arrangement of engine and apparatus in con-
mention therewith substantially as herein hefore described and shown in

page_text: i
Second. Combining with an engine adapted for working with fresh
water, in the manner herein-before described, an auxiliary engine for
working independent circulating and feed pumps to avoid the necessity
of blowing off steam to waste when the engines are stopping.
Third. The construction of the high-pressure and medium-pressure
cylinders of steam engines and enlarged chamber in connection there-
with, substantially as described and shewn at Figure 5.
Fourth. The construction of pistons, substantially as described and
shown at Figure 5, also the construction of a metallic packing for glands
in a similar manner.
Fifth. The construction of piston valves substantially as described
and shewn at Figures 6, 7, and 8.
Sixth. Placing a valve on the rod of piston and other valves to make
a tight joint whilst the gland through which the rod passes is being
packed.
Seventh. The employment of separate feed pumps for each boiler when
more than one boiler is used. I also claim placing a loaded accumulator
between the pumps and boilers, as herein-before described.
Eighth. The construction of surface condenser, substantially as
described and shown at Figure. 9.
Ninth. The construction of mica water gauges, substantially as
described and shown at Figure 10.
In witness whereof, I, the said Loftus Perkins, have hereunto set
my hand and scal, this Nineteenth day of July, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-five.