IMPROVEMENTS IN CONCENTRATING WINE, BEER, JUICES OR EXTRACTS OF FRUITS AND PLANTS, FERMENTED OR UNFERMENTED, AND IN THE MACHINERY FOR THAT PURPOSE
Year: 1879

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Edward Kunkler, of Lenzberg, Switzerland, for the
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN CONCENTRATING WINE, BEER, JUICES OR
EXTRACTS OF FRUITS AND PLANTS, FERMENTED OR UNFERMENTED, AND IN THE
MACHINERY FOR THAT PURPOSE.”
Sealed the 7th November 1879, and dated the 11th July 1879.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Edward Kunkler at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 11th July 1879.
EDWARD KUNKLER, of Lenzburg, Switzerland. " IMPROVEMENTS IN CONCEN-
TRATING WINE, BEER, JUICES OR EXTRACTS OF FRUITS AND PLANTS, FERMENTED
OR UNFERMENTED, AND IN THE MACHINERY FOR THAT PURPOSE."
This Invention of improvements in concentrating wine, beer, juices, or extracts
of fruits and plants, fermented or unfermented, and in the machinery for that
purpose, relates to the concentrating such substances by the application of cold and
freezing out the water contained in such substances in places of the usual process
of evaporation by aid of heat.
It is well known that many articles are greatly deteriorated by even very slight
application of heat when used with the object of concentrating such articles, for
instance, wine, juices of fruits, extracts of plants for pharmaceutical purposes, and
many others where it is essential that the substances should be preserved as much
as possible from organic change.
By practically applying the well known law that water in freezing rejects all
extraneous matter, and by subjecting such liquids as mentioned to intense cold, I
have been able to extract very large percentage of water from such substances, and
have protected them from much of the organic change that takes place in most
substances when subjected to heat.
I have also found that certain substances held in solution, for instance, salts of
tartar in wine, are during the process partly precipitated, and the effect of ageing
or maturing produced in this case very rapidly.
The Invention also relates to the construction of apparatus for freeing the liquid
from the frozen water, as many of the substances from their viscid condition will
contain the ice in minute crystals, the whole forming a magina that requires to

page_text: _be_separated_by mechanical means; for instance, either by the application of
centrifugal force or better still by pressure.
--Although the principle may be applied in-various ways I have devised certain
-apparatus for more conveniently working, and to which my Invention also
relates
I construct a vat jacketted so as to have an outer casing of the refrigerating
liquid, which is supplied-by-any-of-the well known cold producing methods. Over
this vat containing the liquid to be operated is a plate containing a series of
apertures corresponding in size to a set of double tubes supported by a plate the
size of the area of the vat. These tubes are-arranged so that the refrigerating
liquid circulates through them, and they are suspended and fitted to be readily
lowered or raised into and from the vat, the tubes passing through the perforated
plate. When the liquid to be operated upon is frozen by the cold of the tubes the
tubes are raised, the outer coating of crystals of ice being scraped off by the under-
side of the perforated cover or case. The magma of ice crystals then left in the vat is
subjected to hydraulic pressure, the concentric liquid is preserved for use, and the
solid cake of ice remaining is used for refrigerating other portions of the liquid
before it goes into the vat.
The hydraulic press I use is constructed with double rams, and several presses
are arranged so that they can be turned round in succession, being charged, pressed,
and discharged. The ram head with the charge of ice after pressure is lifted up out
of the case, and the cake of ice can then be removed, the liquid being caught in
suitable channels and retained in proper receiving vessels.
I have found it an advantage to repeat the operation on the liquid more than
once where great concentration is required.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Edward Kunkler in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 10th January
1880.
#t
EDWARD KUNKLER, of Lenzburg, Switzerland. IMPROVEMENTS IN CONCEN-
TRATING WINE, BEER, JUICES OR EXTRACTS OF FRUITS AND PLANTS, FERMENTED OR
UNFERMENTED, AND IN THE MACHINERY FOR THAT PURPOSE."
This Invention of improvements in concentrating wine, beer, juices, or extracts of
fruits and plants, fermented or unfermented, and in the machinery for that purpose,
relates to the concentrating such substances by the application of cold and freezing
out the water contained in such substances in place of the usual process of evapora-
tion by aid of heat.
It is well known that many articles are greatly deteriorated by even very slight
application of heat when used with the object of concentrating such articles; for
instance, wine, juices of fruits, extracts of plants for pharmaceutical purposes, and
many others where it is essential that the substances should be preserved as much
as possible from organic change.
By practically applying the well known law that water in freezing rejects all
extraneous matter, and by subjecting such liquids as mentioned to intense cold, I
have been able to extract very large percentages of water from such substances,
and have protected them from much of the organic change that takes place in most
substances when subject to heat.
I have also found that certain substances held in solution, for instance, salt of tartar,
in wine are during the process partly precipitated, and the effect of ageing or
maturing produced in this case very rapidly.
The Invention also relates to the construction of apparatus for freezing the liquid
from the frozen water, as many of the substances from their viscid condition will
contain the ice in minute crystals, the whole forming a magma which requires tobe
separated by mechanical means; for instance, either by the application of centri-
fugal force or, better still, by pressure.
Although the principle may be applied in various ways I have devised certain
apparatus for more conveniently working, and to which my Invention also relates.
I construct a vat jacketted so as to have an outer casing of the refrigerating
liquid, which is supplied by any of the well known cold producing methods. Over
this vat containing the liquid to be operated is a plate containing a series of
apertures corresponding in size to a set of double tubes supported by a plate the
size of the area of the vat. These tubes are arranged so that the refrigerating
liquid circulates through them, and they are suspended and fitted to be readily
lowered or raised into and from the vat, the tubes passing through the perforated
plate. When the liquid to be operated upon is frozen by the cold of the tubes the
tubes are raised, the outer coating of crystals of ice being scraped off by the
underside of the perforated plate. The magma of ice crystals then left in the vat
is subjected to hydraulic pressure, the concentrated liquid is preserved for use, and
the solid cake of ice remaining is used for refrigerating other portions of the liquid
before it goes into the vat.
The hydraulic press I use is constructed with double rams, and several presses
are arranged so that they can be turned round in succession, being charged, pressed,
and discharged. The ram head with the charge of ice after pressure is lifted up
out of the case, and the cake of ice can then be removed, the liquid being caught
in suitable channels and retained in proper receiving vessels.
I have found it an advantage to repeat the operation on the liquid more than
once where great concentration is required.

page_text: A, top or cover of the "congealer" with guides.
B, bottomplate, for holding-the-tubes leading off the freezing mixture or refrig-
erating fluid.
-
b, tubes leading off the refrigerating-fluid..
C, plate holding the freezing cooling tubes.
c, freezing-tubes.....
D, plate serving to strip the frozen matter-in-the-congealer from the freezing
tubes c when they are drawn up through the plate; packing may be used, but is
not shewn in the Drawing.
."
E, ring to which are screwed the plates B and C.
F, ring screwed to the top of the jacket G, to close it and make it watertight.
G, jacket to the congealer, for effecting circulation of freezing-mixture round the
inner shell of the "congealer."
H, moveable bottom to the congealer turning on hinges.
J, screws and nuts for pressing the moveable bottom H to the congealer drum,
so as to render the connection watertight.
K, drums and pulleys for moving the bottom H up and down.
L, rods and nuts for lifting plate D ("the stripping off plate ").
M, Rods for guiding the top or cover A of the congealer in its upward or down-
ward movement, and for bearing top or counter plate S with its pulleys.
N, nipple for the tube feeding the jacket with the cold mixture.
O, tube connecting bottom jacket with side jacket.
P, tube leading off the freezing mixture from the jackets.
Q, tube feeding the freezing tubesc fixed to plate C.
R, tube leading off the cold mixture from the tubes b fixed to plate B.
'm, wedges or bolts for keeping the "stripping off plate "D down on the con-
gealer as long as required, permitting D to be hoisted up when withdrawn.
S, top or counter-plate holding the 4 guiding rods M straight, and bearing the.
pulleys K and T.
T, drum and pulley for letting the top or cover of the congealer up and down.
U, arrangement for moving top and bottom of congealer acting with,-
u, crank and handle for moving the bottom H of congealer up and down.
v, crank handle for moving the cover or top A. of congealer up and down..
w, counterweight with break for regulating the upward or downward movement
of the top A or the bottom H of the " congealer."

page_text: Figure 3, side view and section E, F.
Figure 4, back view of the stopping and starting mechanism.
PLAN No. V., FIGURE 1, SECTION A, B, THROUGH HYDRAULIC PRESS AND PUSH
OUT MECHANISM FIGURE 2 SECTION C, A, PART THROUGH FILLING CYLINDER
AND PART FRONT VIEW.
A, hydraulic press "counterplate" of upper press frame P (No. III.).
B. Press table with cog wheel in its periphery.
C and D, pistons of the hydraulic press (C inner, D outer piston).
g, press plate, perforated, made of hard india rubber or other matter, resting in
press-ring p, so as to be able to rise and fall.
P, press ring (moveable up and down) of iron or other metal, perforated or not.
E, body or shell of the hydraulic press.
J, "filling cylinder," with
K, its piston for pressing down contents into press ring.
L, jacket of "filling cylinder" J for keeping contents cold.
e, supporting rollers for the press table.
h, push out piston, with G its supporting and guiding frame.
Round the base of the filling cylinder (or receiver) there is a circle of brushes or
other arrangement for preventing any loss of the contents (when the press table
revolves) by their being spread on the space intervening between one press ring
and the other, and below the "receiver" and under the press ring; under the latter
is an inclined plane or slide receiving any of the liquid oozing out of the frozen
compound, and guiding this liquid into a vessel alongside the press, or wherever
required.
This slide appears on plan V, Figure 2, but the ring of brushes (or other device)
is not drawn on any of the plans.
DESCRIPTION OF THE WORKING OF THE CONGEALER OR ("FREEZING APPARATUS").
The liquid required to be concentrated is first placed in a gauged vessel, "pre-
paratory cooler," having an outside jacket or a coil or number of tubes inside,
through which the cooling water circulates. This water is brought down to almost
freezing point by the ice formed in the liquid by the freezing process, and separated
from it by means of the automatic and revolving hydraulic press or other contri-
vance mentioned. .

page_text: The cooled down liquid is then let into the congealer.or (freezing apparatus), the
top A of which with its freezing tubes-c,-as-well as the "stripping off plate" D, are
first pulled up and kept suspended by the hoisting up arrangement.
As soon as all the liquid is in the congealer the "stripping off plate " D and the
top or cover A are then lowered down until they rest on the top of the congealer,
the wedges or bolts m being shot into their places in order to keep the stripping off
-plate-D-in.its place..
The freezing of the liquid required to be concentrated is effected,--
1st. By the action of a refrigerating fluid, or mixture, or gas, or other appropriate
and well known method-of-cooling,-which entering by Q circulates in the freezing
tubes c and leaves the apparatus by the tubes b inside the tubes c) and the common
tube R.
2nd. By a refrigerating fluid, or mixture, or gas, or other appropriate matter
entering the jacket round the inside shell of the apparatus at N, circulating up and
down from one compartment to the other, and then entering the jacket or space in
the bottom piece H by the tube O leading from the jacket of the cylindrical part
of the congealer to the corresponding hollow hinge of the bottom H, circulating
from thence through the hollow spaced jacket of the bottom H (having to turn
round a tongue traversing the hollow space and dividing it into 2 equal parts), and
then leaving the apparatus by the other hollow hinge and the tube P. The refri-
gerating fluid comes from a refrigerating cold producing machine, and after having
acted in the congealer returns to the before mentioned machine.
After the liquid subjected to the concentrating process is congealed to the degree
required the top or cover A of the congealer (and with it the freezing tubes c) is
hoisted up until the nuts at the lower ends of the rods L, made for hoisting up the
"stripping off plate " D touch the said plate, in which position the bottom surfaces
of the freezing tubes c are on a level with the under surface of the "stripping off
plate" D, the frozen matter adhering before to the freezing tubes c when lowered
down into the congealer) being thus stripped off mechanically by one easy
movement.
<<
The wedges or bolts m keeping the "stripping off plate" D tied down are then
withdrawn, so as to set the said plate D free, and the top or cover A, with the
stripping off plate" D hanging on to it by the rods L, and the nuts at their ends,
is then drawn up to the utmost extent allowed by the apparatus, so as to permit
the looking into and eventual cleaning and emptying the "congealer," as well as
the scraping or brushing off of the small amount of frozen matter which may still
still adhere to the bottom surfaces of the freezing tubes c.
The tightening screws J of the bottom H of the congealer are then turned off,
and the bottom H turning on its hinge or hinges is let down by the arrangement
for doing so until it has the requisite position for allowing the congealer to empty
itself of its contents, as will be described later on.
The small quantity of frozen matter which may keep adhering to the inside
surface of the congealer and to its bottom surface is scraped or brushed off by a few
strokes of a soft india rubber or other scraper or brush.
The "congealer "thus emptied is then fitted for receiving a new charge by
pulling up the bottom H by means of the hoisting up arrangement and by
turning on the tightening screws J, so as to render the joint watertight.
All the surfaces of the preparatory cooling and gauging vessel, as well as those
of the congealer, which come into contact with the liquid to be subjected to the
concentrating process are of course protected by being made of or having a sufficient
coating of such metallic or other matter as is not affected by the said liquid.
DESCRIPTION OF THE WORKING OF THE "AUTOMATIC" HYDRAULIC PRESS.
The frozen liquid coming from the "congealer" falls on a slide, from whence it
is pushed into the cylindrical receptacle J, which is surrounded by a jacket L.
through which latter and the inner cylinder circulates a stream of the refrigerating.

page_text: -fluid or mixture, or gas, or other appropriate matter, so as to keep the contents of
the said receiving or "filling" cylinder J at or below the freezing point to the
required degree.
The piston K suspended over the "receiver" J is then lowered down into it and
set pressing on the contents by means of a regulated weight or other arrangement,
so that one of the press rings p, which at the time is in position directly under the
* receiver or "filling" cylinder J is thereby filled.
"
The press table B containing the 3 press rings p is then automatically turning
round on its pivot or perpendicular axis until the filled press ring arrives directly
under the counter piston or counter table A and over the pistons C and D of the
hydraulic press. The hydraulic press then automatically sets working, the outer
piston D of the hydraulic press of course rises first the very short distance required
for pushing the press ring p up against the counter plate or counter piston A,
against which it presses with such force as to render the joint watertight, thus
preventing the possibility of any loss of the matter to be pressed by its escaping
upwards.
As soon as this is effected the inner piston C of the hydraulic press E rises and
presses with great force against the frozen compound, so that the liquid part of it
runs out by the holes in the press ring p and the perforated movable bottom plato
or press-plate g down into the "receiving groove' round the outer piston D, and
thence into a vessel placed near the press or wherever it is required.
After a lapse of time necessary for a thorough pressing the two pistons C and D
of the hydraulic press automatically fall back into their first position, the press
plate then automatically revolves until the next press ring, which in the meantime
has been filled as already described, is directly over the hydraulic press pistons
when the above described pressing operation again takes place. The first press
ring containing the cake of compressed ice is then in position exactly over tho
"push out" piston b, which at once automatically rises up to and through the press
ring, pushing before it the perforated press ring bottom plate g, on which lies the
cake of ice crystals (with if required a hair, cloth, or other filtering pad between
them so far upwards that the lower surface of the ice cake lies exactly on a level
with the upper surface of the revolving press plate or press table. The upward
movement of the piston then stops automatically, and the arm W of the push
out arrangement then automatically turns on its upright axis as far as is necessary
for pushing off the ice cake from the press table until it falls into a box, truck,
cistern, or other receptacle, or on the floor, by a slide which is not shown in the
plans.
The push out arm W then automatically turns back to its former position, so as
to be ready for repeated action. The push out piston b at the same time goes
down again as far as necessary with the perforated press plate (and filter if there
is any) until all is in its original position again.
The press table then revolves again automatically as far as is necessary, and the
three operations of filling, pressing, and "pushing off" simultaneously go on
again.
"
The revolving press thus does everything required of it automatically until the
filling cylinder" or "receiver" J is emptied, when the attendant stops the move-
ments by turning the small wheel of the friction arrangement a, H, until the
cylinder J is filled again and ready for action.
The press table B, as well as the counter plate or counter piston A, is kept at or
below freezing point if required by a stream of refrigerating fluid circulating in the
hollow spaces left for that purpose in the press table B and the counter piston A.
If required non-freezable mixture of some kind or another (water and glycerine
or water and salts, or other appropriate matter) kept cold by the cold producing
machine or otherwise is used in place of mere water for acting on the hydraulic press
pistons, thus keeping them at a low temperature.
All the surfaces of the apparatus which come into contact with the matter sub-

page_text: jected to the process are of course either made of or protected by a coating of such
metallic or other matter as is not affected by the said matter.
The automatic movements are brought about in the following manner, viz.,-
-The principal shaft. A from which the movement of the apparatus is effected
(makes, say, 13:5 revolutions per minute), then e¹ and e make-1 revolution -
-per
3 minutes, shaft B', B2, makes 20 revolutions per 1 minute, press table B makes
033 revolutions per 1-minute, therefore turns per 1 minute round 1/2rd of its axis,
the shaft then stops for 2 minutes, shaft C makes 1 revolution per 2 minutes
during the pressing, and acts during these 2 minutes on the push out and on the
steering mechanism during the 3rd minute-it-stops.-..
The movements of the whole mechanism would therefore be, 1st minute the
press table turns round 1/rd of its axis, shaft C stops (is quiet); during the 2nd and
3rd minute shaft B stops, shaft C makes 1 revolution, steering gear D acts, and so
on again until voluntarily stopped by the attendant by turning wheel a.
During these 2 minutes (i. e., during the second and third minute) the "push
out" piston (g, Plan No. IV.) moves upwards, and when up to the required height
stops, when at once the push out arm W moves forward and pushes the ice cake off
the press table, then immediately returns to its original position; at the same time
the "push out" piston moves down also to its original position.
Having now described and particularly set forth the nature of the said Invention,
and the manner of carrying the same into effect, I would have it understood that
what I claim is,-. .
1st. The method of concentrating wine or other liquids by partial freezing and
separating the magma of crystals as described from the liquid.
2nd. The battery of concentric tubes with the refrigerating liquid flowing
through for the purpose described, substantially as set forth.
3rd. The arrangement of the bydraulic presses and the rotating movement for
rapidly filling, pressing, and discharging, substantially as described.
4th. The clearing or stripping plate for the tubes as described for the purposes
set forth, and
5th. The hollow hinge arrangement of the bottom of the congealer.
In witness whereof, I, the said Edward Kunkler, have hereunto set my hand
and seal, this Eighth day of January, in the year of our Lord One thousand
eight hundred and eighty.
EDWARD KUNKLER.
(L.S.)