IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER, PAPIER MACHE,
Year: 1864

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Auguste Lucien Le Harivel, Paper Pulp Manu-
for the
facturer. Steam Mill, Tweedmouth, Northumberlandshire,
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER, PAPIER MACHE,
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Auguste Lucien Le Harivel
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
4th January 1864.
I, AUGUSTE LUCIEN LE HARIVEL, Paper Pulp Manufacturer, Steam Mill,
Tweedmouth, Northumberlandshire, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER, PAPIER
MACHE, CARDBOARD, AND OTHER SIMILAR ARTICLES," to be as follows:-
.
The material employed is wood reduced into thin delicate shreds or fibres
by being run against twenty or more circular saws placed one-eighth of an
inch apart on the same spindle. The material in this stage may be passed
through crushing rollers to facilitate the subsequent operation; or it may be
fed at once into the disintegrating millstones hereafter described. In order to
preserve suflicient length of fibre. the wood should be damp or in the green
state, and the disintegrating stones should be of a large diameter (from five to
six feet at least) with an eye proportionately large, so that the grist or working
portion of the stone may in no case exceed eighteen to twenty inches in
breadth. The stones must be very heavy and blunt so that the fibres may be
21

page_text: crushed and torn asunder, not cut short and ground into powder. The stones
should be rodded and dressed as for grinding the finest wheaten flour, but not
worked too close for fear of reducing the material into dust. When the pulp
is to be used immediately, it is preferable to let a small stream of water play
into the eye of the stone during the disintegrating process, as this has a
tendency to bleach the pulp and makes it fit for immediate use. Common
sawdust, shavings, hay, straw, and espartero (the four latter previously cut
short with a chaff-cutter, or any other suitable machine) may be treated as
above. When common sawdust is used, care must be taken to sift it
thoroughly through two riddles. This may be done simultaneously by placing
the one above the other in such a manner that the upper riddle shall reject
any coarse bits of wood or bark, and that the lower one, which is the finer,
shall free the sawdust from every short particle of wood, dust, and dirt. The
dry pulp may be sorted in any of the usual flour-dressing machines, and the
wet pulp by feeding it upon the first of two sorting sieves placed one above
the other, the under one being the finest. A jumping motion is communicated
to the sieves by means of a cam or by any other mechanical contrivance,
whereby part of the pulp is shaken through the first sieve into the second, the
meshes of which are so fine that water alone is allowed to escape. The pulp
which has passed through the upper sieve is fit for fine paper, that from the
upper sieve may be used for common paper boards, papier mache, and such like
articles, or it may be put through the distintegrating stones again to be refined.
The brass web on the first sieve will of course vary in fineness according to
the quality of paper the pulp is required for. When green wood cannot be
obtained, it will be found advisable to sprinkle the fibres or riddled sawdust
with water a day or two before they are disintegrated, so as to preserve some
amount of length in the pulp. When great whiteness is required, the fibres
riddled and crushed, sawdust, hay, straw, and espartero may be bleached
by any of the usual processes employed in paper-making either before or
after the disintegration.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Auguste Lucien Le Harivel in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 30th June 1864.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, AUGUSTE
LUCIEN LE HARIVEL, Paper Pulp Manufacturer, Steam Mill, Tweedmonth,
Northumberland, send greeting.

page_text: WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Fourth day of January, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-four. in the twenty-seventh year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said Auguste Lucien Le Harivel, Her special licence that I, the said Auguste
Lucien Le Harivel, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others
as 1, the said Auguste Lucien Le Harivel, my executors, administrators,
and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time
and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and
lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER, PAPIER MACHE,
CARDBOARD, AND OTHER SIMILAR ARTICLES," upon the condition (amongst others)
that I, the said Auguste Lucien Le Harivel, my executors or administrators,
by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and
seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said In-
vention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the
same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months
next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Auguste Lucien Le Harivel, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the
same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement:-
This Invention of "Improvements in the Manufacture of Paper, Papier
Mache, Cardboard, and other similar Articles," relates to the manufacture of
these and similar other articles from wood, straw, hay, esparto, and other fibre-
yielding plants. This object is effected by the employment of certain novel
arrangements of machinery for the purpose of operating upon wood, straw,
hay, esparto, and other fibre-yielding plants, in order, firstly, to convert the
same into fibres, or pulp, as may be required; and, secondly, to separate and
assort the fibres according to their different degrees of fineness preparatory to
their being manufactured into paper, papier mache, cardboard, and other
similar articles.
In carrying out this Invention, the wood being first cut into suitable
lengths, is reduced into small shreds by running it against the top of twenty
or more circular saws placed one-eighth of an inch apart on the same spindle..
as fully described in my first Patent, dated June the Twenty-second, Eighteen.
hundred and sixty-one, page three, beginning at the seventh line from the
Lup.
The material in this stage may be passed through crushing rollers to

page_text: facilitate the subsequent operation, or it may be fed at once into the disin-
tegrating millstones hereafter described. In order to preserve sufficient
length of fibre, the wood should be green, or at least damp, and the disin-
tegrating stones should be of a large diameter (from five to six feet at least)
with an eye proportionately large, so that the grist or working portion of the
stone may in no case exceed eighteen to twenty inches in breadth. The stones
must be very heavy and blunt, so that the fibres may be crushed and torn
asunder, not cut short and ground into dust or powder. The stones may be
dressed and rodded as for grinding the finest wheaten flour, but it is found
preferable to rod them as shown in the accompanying Drawings (Figs. 2 & 3,)
as the rods then act somewhat like the knives of a beating engine, and leave
greater length of fibre in the pulp. When stones six feet in diameter are
used, they may be run at from a hundred and twenty to a hundred and fifty
revolutions per minute; larger stones are not required to run so fast.
When
the pulp is to be used immediately, it is preferable to let a small stream of
water play into the eye of the stone during the disintegrating process, as this
has a tendency to bleach the pulp. Shavings, straw, hay, espario, and all
fibre-yielding plants, being previously cut short with a rope-cutter or any
other suitable machine, may be disintegrated, as above, either separately or
mixed together in any proportion. Common sawdust may also be used, either
alone or conjointly with any of the above, but care must be taken to sift it
thoroughly through two riddles; this may be done simultaneously by placing
them one above the other in such a manner that the upper riddle shall reject
any coarse bits of wood or bark, and that the lower one, which is the finest,
shall free the sawdust from every small particle of wood, dust, and dirt.
The dry pulp or fibre may be sorted in any of the usual flour-dressing
machines, covered with very fine cloth made with oblong holes to facilitate
the passage of the fibre. The wet pulp is sorted by feeding it upon the first
of two sieves placed one above the other, the under one being the finer. A
jumping motion is communicated to the sieves by means of a cam, or by any
other mechanical contrivance, whereby part of the pulp is shaken through the
first sieve into the second, the meshes of which are so fine that water alone is
allowed to escape. The pulp which has passed through the upper sieve on to
the lower one is fit for fine paper; that rejected by the upper sieve may be
used for coarse paper, papier mache, cardboard, and other similar articles, or
it may be refined by being put through the stones a second time. The brass
web on the upper sieve will, of course, vary in fineness according to the quality
of paper for which the pulp. is required. When green wood cannot be
obtained, it will be found advisable to sprinkle the shreds of wood and cleaned

page_text: sawdust with water a day or two before they are disintegrated, as this tends
to preserve greater length of fibre in the pulp.
The straw, hay, esparto, and other fibre-yielding plants may be boiled with
lime and soda ash to soften them before being put through the disintegrating
stones. When great whiteness is required. the crushed fibres, riddled and
cleaned sawdust (either crushed or partly disintegrated,) straw, hay, espario,
and other fibre-yielding plants may be bleached by any of the usual processes
employed in paper-making.
In the accompanying Drawings. Figs. 1. 2. & 3 represent the disintegrating
stones. Fig. 1 is a transverse section of the stones in working order: Fig. 2
shows the face of the runner with bow C. C. attached: Fig. 3 shows the face
of the bed-stone. Similar letters of reference denote corresponding parts in
all these Figures.
A, A. (Fig. 1) is the runner hung on bow C, C. and with a strong iron hoop
E. E. The feeeding plates D, D, are slotted to allow of their working up as the
runner wears away: the use of plates D. D. is to send between the stones the
material to be disintegrated. O is the driver, keyed on shaft J, and slotted at
top to receive the bow C. C, of balance rhind; a notch R, R. on either side
of the driver O receives the bifurcated beater spindle P. G is the shoe.
and H the hopper; I is a screw, with two nuts i, i, to regulate the height of
the shoe. The beater F is made conical, thereby obviating the necessity of a
spring on the casing Q, for as the shoe is lowered the stroke becomes
stronger. M is the metal cone in which the bed stone is firmly wedged:
N. the bearing, frame; K. the driving pinion; and L. the screw to regulate
the distance between the stones.
It will be observed that in the runner (Fig. 2) the rods or furrows are
narrowed at the circumference. so that the fibre. after being produced, may
receive a certain amount of friction to soften it.
In the bed stone (Fig. 3) the rods are alternately reversed to facilitate the
delivery of the fibre, and to prevent heating, which would darken the fibre,
and might be productive of danger from fire.
Having thus described the nature of this Invention. and the manner of
carrying the same into effect. I desire it to be understood. that what I claim
as the Invention secured to me under the above in part. recited Letters
Patent, is,-
First, the application of wood. straw, hay, esparto, and other fibre-yielding
plants, either separately or in conjunction, in the manner above described,
namely, by disintegrating them by means of millstones, for the production of
paper, papier mache, cardboard, and other similar articles, the ligneous matter

page_text: being operated upon in such a manner that the said materials may be reduced
to the state of fine dry fibres, or pulp, as may be required, and as described
above..
Secondly. I claim the arrangement and construction of the mechanism, as
described and shown in the Drawings, and the combination of the various
processes, herein described, for the purposes above set forth.
In witness whereof, I, the said Auguste Lucien Lc Harivel, have here-
unto set my hand and seal, the Nineth day of June, in the year. of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixiy-four."
A. LE HARIVEL. (L.S.)