Improvements in Machinery for Manufacturing Yarn from Fibrous Materials.
Year: 1898

page_text: Date of Application, 29th Nov., 1898-Accepted, 21st Jan., 1899
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Machinery for Manufacturing Yarn from Fibrous
Materials.
I, JAMES YATE JOHNSON, of 47, Lincoln's Inn Fields, in the County of London,
Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of this invention (which has been com
municated to me from abroad by William Henry Drury, a citizen of the United
States, residing at Waltham in the County of Middlesex, State of Massachusetts,
United States of America, Lawyer) and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement:-
:-
This invention relates to machinery for making yarn, whereby the processes.
of carding and spinning are combined and operated continuously, and whereby
unspun fibrous material is carded and then immediately spun into yarn by the
operation of a single machine.
The unspun fibrous material from which the yarn is made is continuously
carded in a carding machine, and a sufficient quantity at a time is carded to
supply material for making several strands of yarn; and the material, as it
comes through the carding machine, is, by special instrumentalities and mode
of treatment, converted into completed strands, and these strands, as completed,.
are wound upon spools or into balls.
In the operation according to this invention the twisting of the yarn is effected
by revolving that end thereof which is herein called its hind end," that is, the.
end which in the old system of spinning did not revolve.. The hind end of the.
yarn ia, according to this invention, kept constantly revolving with great.
rapidity, and the fibrous material is constantly fed at a uniform rate up to the
said hind end, which, as it revolves, gathers to itself the material fed up to it,
and the yarn, as it is made, is drawn away at a uniform rate of speed fast
enough to allow its hind end to keep constantly taking up the material fed
to it.
A machine having the general mode of operation has been described in the
Specification of Letters Patent No. 29072 dated 8th December 1897 in which.
machine the fibrous material is carded, and the carded material is subdivided
into numerous narrow sections, these fibrous sections which are rolled up and
the fibrous rolls thus formed are side-drawn crosswise of the direction of the
carding, and spun into yarn.
According to the present invention, although the fibrous material is carded
and the carded material is subdivided into numerous narrow sections the same as
in the before mentioned machine the fibrous sections are neither rolled up end
over end to form fibrous rolls, nor is the operation known as "side-drawing"
performed upon the fibrous sections at the place of changing from the carding
to the spinning thereof. Instead of being rolled up into fibrous rolls which
are side-drawn" or drawn crosswise of the direction of the carding, the fibres
of each fibrous section are gathered together into a strand at the place of tran-
sition from carding to spinning, and the strand is drawn in the direction of the
carding and therefore the term "front-drawing" is applied to describe the act
«
:

page_text: a
of drawing which takes place in the process of spinning the fibrous sections into.
yarn by the operation of the present invention, in order to distinguish it from
the side-drawing which takes place in the operation in machine before referred to.
Heretofore it has been supposed not to be possible to revolve the hind end of
front-drawn" strand of yarn sufficiently to produce the desired degree of
positive twist in the finished yarn as fast as it is drawn out from the fibrous
sections from which it is made; but my correspondent has discovered that this
is both possible and practicable, and has devised means for doing it successfully
and expeditiously. My correspondent has, moreover, discovered that this mode
of treatment of front-drawn fibrous sections has many advantages over similar
treatment of side-drawn fibrous sections, for instance, the character of the front-
drawn yarn is better than that of the side-drawn; the mechanism for producing
the front-drawn is simpler, much less costly and requires less power, skill and
labor in operation than is possible with that for producing the side-drawn;
many materials which are spun with difficulty by the side-drawing process are
spun with ease by the front-drawing process, and there are various other advan-
tages of the one over the other which need not be here recited.
In making yarn it has been common to continuously card the material by a
carding machine and to card a sufficient quantity at a time to supply material
for making numerous strands of yarn; this carded material, in its progress
through the carding machine has been continuously subdivided into numerous
narrow sections and these fibrous sections have been continuously front-drawn
and while being so drawn has been continuously condensed into what is called
roving by means of various condensing devices, such as rub rolls, apron rubs,
revolving tubes and power-driven endless belts. But this roving is not yarn
in the proper sense of the term. as it has not received any permanent twist.
When it has gone through revolving tubes or between the meeting surfaces of
power-driven endless belts it has always been twisted in one direction before
reaching the tubes or belts, and in the opposite direction after passing the tubes
or belts, so that the twist imparted by the tubes or belts has been taken out,
and they have left the roving untwisted. This untwisted roving on coming from
the carding machine has been wound upon spools which have been carried away
from the carding machine, and these spools of roving have been converted into
yarn by some subsequent and entirely separate process of spinning, either by
mules or by other spinning machinery. Although in carrying out the present
invention, revolving tubes, or power-driven endless belts, or both, for spinning
the yarn are employed they are not employed in the way as before. The tubes
or endless belts heretofore commonly used in a carding machine have been used
for the production of roving only, and have never been located in the right
place, or caused to run at the right speed to spin the fibrous sections into yarn,
and when tubes have been so used they have not been constructed in a way to
act as spinning tubes for making yarn. Never prior to the present invention
have the fibrous sections, while being front-drawn as distinguished from being
side-drawn, been spun continuously into yarn as they passed from the carding
mechanism to the drawing mechanism and by twisting the yarn at its con-
stantly growing hind end.
In order that this invention may be clearly understood I will describe the
same with reference to the accompanying drawings.
The delivery end of the carding machine represented in the said drawings is
herein called its "front" end, the side at the right hand of a person facing to
the front of the machine is herein called its "right-hand side, and the other
its left-hand" side.
"
Figure 1 of said drawings is a view of the left-hand side of an ordinary
finisher carding machine for carding wool, with other mechanism attached
thereto to co-operate therewith in combining together the carding and spinning
processes in a single machine according to this invention.
Figure 2 is a view of the right-hand side of the same.

page_text: Figure 3 is an elevation of a portion of the front of the carding machine and
of the said mechanism attached thereto.
Figure 4 is a vertical section of certain parts taken along the line 4-4 of
Figure 3 looking from the right-hand side of the machine.
Figure 5 illustrates partly in horizontal section and partly in plan a modifi-
cation whereby a single doffer in place of two or more doffers, may be used in
carrying out this invention.
Figure 6 is a horizontal section of a portion of the front end of the said
machine and mechanism, taken on the line 6-6 of Figure 1, and shewing, the
means at the left-hand side of the machine for driving the spinning devices.
Figure 7 is a longitudinal axial section on an enlarged scale of one form of
twisting or spinning tube, and
Figure 8 is a cross section of the same taken on the line 8-8 of Figure 7.
Figure 9 is a longitudinal axial section of another form of twisting or spinning
tube and a vertical section of the guides which hold it in place and of the
upper and lower parts of the belt which rotates it.
Figure 10 is a plan of another portion of the front end of the said machine
and mechanism and shewing the idle pulley at the right-hand side of the
machine over which passes the belt which drives the spinning devices.
Figure 11 is a sectional view of a modification in which another form of
spinning tube is used and in which an endless belt is used to help the spinning
tube to do the spinning, this figure also illustrating the employment of a
needle for piecing up an end of yarn.
".
Figure 12 is the same as Figure 11, except that it shows the needle withdrawn,
and the end of the yarn drawn out with it.
Figure 13 is a sectional side elevation of a modification in which a wipe roll
and one or more other rolls may be used to feed fibrous material to the mouth of
the spinning tube.
Figure 14 is a like view of a modification in which an endless belt is used to
help the spinning tube do the spinning.
Figure 15 is a like view of a modification in which endless belts are used to
do the spinning without any spinning tube.
Figure 16 is a like view of another modification (differing slightly from
Figure 13) in which a wipe roll and one or two more other rolls may be used
to feed fibrous materials to the mouth of the spinning tube.
Figure 17 is a side view and
Figure 18 is a plan, shewing how the said rolls may be driven from a doffer-
shaft through intermediate gearing.
Figures 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 are drawn to a larger scale than
are Figures 1 and 2 and Figures 7, 8, 9, 11 and 12 are drawn to a still larger
scale.
In all of the figures like letters of reference indicate corresponding parts.
The present invention can be combined with a carding machine of any desired
size and with any desired number of ring-doffers and any desired number and
width of rings. The position of the rings on either doffer of the machine repre-
sented in the drawing in relation to the rings on the other doffer is illustrated
in Figure 3, the rings on the one being opposite intervals between the rings on
the other, A2 being the doffer and 132 the rings thereon. Ordinary ring-doffers
are the means preferred for subdividing into numerous narrow fibrous sections,
the carded fibrous material on the main cylinder, but any other means suitable
for that purpose may be used if desired. For example as illustrated in Figure 5,
a single doffer A3 is shewn with thin separators attached at predetermined
intervals apart, to the support for the spinning tubes M and projecting there-
from into narrow peripheral channels in the card clothing of the doffer or any
other suitable means may be used whereby the carded material may be sub-
divided into numerous narrow fibrous sections of predetermined number and
width.

page_text: Το
The frames B which hold the spinning and winding machinery are supported
by and bolted to the side frames A of the carding machine at the front of the
latter in the place usually occupied by the condensing machinery on a common
finisher card working on the woollen system. To the left hand frame B are
bolted two supports C, both alike shewn in Figures 1 and 3, in the latter figure
a portion of frame B is broken away to shew more clearly the lower one of said
two supports C. A plan of this support is shewn in Figure 6. These supports
carry the bearings for the shafts as shewn in Figures 1, 3 and 6 and these
bearings are adjustable up and down, as shewn in Figure 3. The supports C
also carry brackets E, which are adjustable fore and aft of the machine, as shewn
in Figure 6, and to these brackets are clamped the left hand ends of the rails F
which are adjustable up and down, as shewn at f in Figure 3. The said sup-
ports C also hold the stands for the idler pulleys G. These stands are adjust-
able fore and aft of the machine, and the pins on which these idler pulleys turn
are adjustable up and down (see Figures 3 and 6). To the opposite or right-
hand frame B are bolted supports H, which are adjustable fore and aft of the
machine, and hold the brackets I which are adjustable fore and aft of the
machine, the supports H also carrying the stands for the pulleys J (see Figures 2
and 10), which stands are adjustable crosswise of the machine as shown.
the brackets I are clamped the right-hand ends of the. rails F, which are adjust-
able up and down at this end also. To the shafts D are fixed pulleys K which
drive the belts L, which in turn drive the spinning or twisting tubes M accom-
panying the doffer-rings B2 and corresponding thereto in number. The inner
surfaces of the endless belts L are made to meet, or nearly so, by the idler
pulleys G on the left-hand side of the machine, and the idler pulleys N on the
right-hand side. The lower portions of the belts L run on the horizontal
shelves O attached to the rails F and projecting out therefrom at right angles
thereto. The upper portion of the belts L are held down by, and run under,
pins or rollers P which are sustained by the rails F and are set therein so that
one of the said pins or rollers is between the first and second spinning tubes,
another between the third and fourth, and so on across the machine counting
from left to right. By means of the shelves O and the pins or rollers P the
belts L are made to bear upon opposite sides of the stems or shanks of the
spinning tubes M which are held in guide-ways cut in the rails F, as shown,
and are made to revolve when the belts L move. The upper and lower shafts I)
are coupled together by the beit Q which runs over the pulleys R fixed to said
shafts (Figure 1). The lower shaft D is driven from a shaft U of the carding
machine by the belt S which passes over the pulley T on the shaft U and over
the pulley V on the lower shaft D. From the foregoing it is seen that the
shaft U drives the spinning tubes M by means of intermediate motion trans-
mitt.ng mechanism. It is recommended that the motion transmitting mechanism
be so proportioned that the speed of the spinning tubes will be about 100 times
as fast as the main cylinder, or 7,500 revolutions per minute when the main
cylinder is run at 75 per minute. At this speed the spinning tubes turn fully
ten times during the passage of each inch of yarn through them, when yarn is
produced at the rate of 20 yards per minute for each end or stand. In order
to maintain this high speed of the spinning tubes with little power and little
friction and without grease, the tubes should be made of very light material
and should preferably be run as shown between the oppositely moving surfaces
of endless belts which not only drive but support them. Thus they will have no
bearing except between the belts, and therefore, of course, they will need no
lubricant. Maple wood is recommended as a good material for the tubes. Run
in this way there is no trouble in driving the tubes 10,000 or more revolutions
per minute if desired, and in making them do the work of twisting fast enough
to keep up with any possible rate of production of yarn.
Each of the spinning or twisting tubes should have a slender stem or shank
to lie between the inner surfaces of the endless belts L, and should be so con-

page_text: are
structed that it may be held from moving lengthwise. One example of this is
illustrated on a large scale in Figure 11, in which the stem or shank W of the
tube lies between the inner surfaces of the two portions of the belt L, and longi-
tudinal movement of the tube is prevented by the head X of the tube, and a
collar Y, on the shank, the neck Z, being in the guide or bearing provided
for it in the rail F. When spinning Ol' twisting tubes alone
depended upon for twisting the yarn each of them should be pro-
vided in the passage therein, with an elastic nipping or pinching device whereby
the yarn, while passing through the passage shall be constantly nipped or
pinched by elastic pressure. This device should be such that it will open and
close automatically and maintain a constant pressure whether the yarn be large
or small, even or uneven. It does not matter in principle how or of what
material, the elastic pinching devices are made, the pinching of the yarn may
be between wooden, glass or other hard surfaces held together by springs or
elastic rubber bands, or between rubber, leather or other yielding or flexible
surfaces held together by such springs or bands or otherwise, so long as constant
pressure on the yarn is maintained and the pressure yields to allow the yarn to
pass without breaking when a bunch or other inequality in the yarn is encoun-
tered. Elastic and yielding rubber suitably placed within the tube supplies by
its own nature the kind of effect desired, and is preferred for such pinching
devices. In Figure 7 2 represents pieces of elastic rubber held together in the
head of the spinning tube and pressing lightly against each other and resem-
bling a pair of lips. These parts are also represented in Figures 4, 13, 14,
and 16, without being lettered. In Figure 9 the rubber lips are represented
as two pieces of rubber tubing 12 encased in the tail end of the spinning tube.
The pieces of rubber tubing, if of good quality, will wear and endure well and
when worn out may be replaced by others without much trouble or expense.
Each strand of yarn instead of being spun by running through a spinning
tube alone, may be spun by running through a spinning tube and also between
the meeting surfaces of an endless belt, as illustrated in Figure 14.
In this
case the tube may be of either of the forms above described, or it may be a
plain wooden tube of a form represented in Figures 11 and 12. The endless
belt acting directly on the yarn and working in combination with the tube
extends its influence through the whole length of the tube and renders unneces-
sary the rubber lips or other elastic pinching device inside the tube. For
many reasons it is a good plan to spin the yarn in this way, as for example the
tubes may be very simple and cheap, will act as good separators for keeping the
strands of yarn distinct from each other when they begin to be made, and will
give the material a good preliminary preparation for being acted upon by the
belt.
It is obvious that each strand of yarn, instead of running through a single
spinning tube, may run through any desired number of spinning tubes in line
with each other and driven in the same way as the spinning tubes M by endless
belts passing over pulleys on the shafts D and over pulleys similar to the
pulleys J.
Instead of a spinning tube alone, or a spinning tube and endless belt together,
for spinning each strand of yarn, a single endless beit alone, like the one
marked in Figure 15 may be used, or if preferred, two endless belts may be
used, as represented by E2 and F2 in Figure 15. In these cases the rails F
should have bell-shaped holes or eyes with their widest parts next the doffer-
rings, and these holes or eyes should be say about half an inch in diameter in
their smallest parts. The belts may be driven in the same way as those which
drive the spinning tubes M, by pulleys on the shafts D. If their speed were
the same as that of the belts which drive the spinning tubes, their twisting effect
on medium sized yarn would exceed that of spinning tubes turning more than
40,000 revolutions per minute. This would be fully four times too fast. Their
speed should not be more than one-fourth of the belts which drive the spinning

page_text: tubes and should be regulated according to the degree of twist wanted in the
yarn. This is easily done by change of pulleys on the shafts D which drive the
belts, or by changing the relative sizes of the pulleys T and V.
Belts an inch wide and one eighth of an inch thick are recommended for driv-
ing the spinning tubes, and belts an inch and a half wide and one-eighth of an
inch thick are recommended for acting directly on the yarn.
The position of the spinning devices in relation to the doffer-rings is a matter
no less important than the speed of the spinning devices. In the operation of
the present invention the loose and fluffy fibrous material on the surfaces of the
doffer-rings is constantly being transformed into yarn as fast as it arrives at the
constantly revolving hind end of the yarn. Therefore when spinning tubes are
used next to the doffer-rings to spin the yarn, their mouths should be near the
doffer-rings, that is to say each tube should be sufficiently near its accompany-
ing doffer-ring to enable the tube to revolve the extreme hind end of the yarn
on the surface of the doffer-ring. This follows from the principle on which the
yarn is made by this invention, for unless the tube is sufficiently near its accom-
panying doffer-ring to do this, twisted yarn will not be made, and nothing will
be made but condensed untwisted roving, and the tube will act as a condensing
device only, and not as a spinning device. There is no exact rule for the posi-
tion of the tube, but it has been found in practice that a good position for its
height is to have its axis about three quarters of an inch above the level of the
centre of its accompanying doffer-ring, and that the proper distance between the
doffer-ring and the mouth of the tube depends somewhat on the kind of stock
being spun. If the stock is asbestos, or cotton waste, or very poor shoddy, or
other very short staple, the distance should be about three-eighths of an inch,
but if the stock is some long fibre like flax tow or a good quality of wool, the
distance should be about an inch. When an endless belt is used next the doffer,
as illustrated in Figure 15, the rail F should be about three-eighths of an inch
away from the doffer, in case of short stock, and about an inch in case of long stock,
and the centre of the holes or eyes in the rail through which the yarn passes
should be about three-quarters of an inch above the level of the centre of the
doffer.
The centre of each of the eyes or spinning tubes above mentioned is usually
placed opposite the middle of its accompanying offer-ring, but this is not
necessary, and it may if desired, be placed on either one side or the other, away
from the middle of such ring.
The mechanism for drawing the yarn through the spinning devices and for
winding the yarn may be of any suitable kind.
In the mechanism for this purpose illustrated in the drawings the drums G2
drive by surface friction the spools H2, bearing on said drums G2 by their own
weight and the weight of the yarn wound on them. Said spools should be about
one and three-quarter inches or so in diameter and of heavy solid metal, so as
to be driven as positively as possible. The spools are held in the stands 12 which
are clamped to the cross bars J2 bolted to the frames B. The drums G2 are
connected together by the sprocket chain K2 passing over the sprocket wheels L³
on the ends of the drum shafts, and the said chain is kept taut by the adjustable
idler M2. The drums G2 are driven by a belt passing over the pulley N2 on the
lower doffer-shaft 02 and over a pulley on the lowest of the drum shafts.
speed of the said drums is adjustable by changing the relative sizes of these
pulleys. To the sliding rods P2 are fixed the fingers Q2 for distributing the
yarn across the said spools; the said rods slide in holes in the frames B and
are fixed to the bars R2 to which are bolted pins S2 which work in the grooves
of the cam cylinders T². The cam cylinders T2 revolve upon studs fixed in the
left-hand frame B and are actuated by means of the toothed wheels U² fixed to
the left-hand ends of two of said drum shafts and gearing with wheels V2 con-
centric with and fixed to the said cams. The grooves in the cam cylinders run
spirally half way around the said cylinders like a left-hand screw thread and
The

page_text: round the other half like a right-hand screw thread. As the drums G³ revolve
they drive the cams T2, which in turn move the bars R2 and cause the sliding.
rods P2 with their fingers Q2 to move from side to side.
The speed of the drawing and winding should be a little faster than the sur-
face speed of the doffers, and there should be a slight draft to the yarn. The
degree of draft depends much upon the kind of stock being spun, and the
proper degree will soon be found by any operative of ordinary skill. As a rule
the speed of the doffer should be about the same as that of the doffers of an
ordinary finisher card, working on the woollen system. In that case the machine
will convert into completed yarn as much of any given stock as can be converted
into mere roving by any finisher card of the same size and having the same
number of doffer-rings; and thus, inasmuch as the spinning attachment accord-
ing to this, invention merely occupies the space, consumes the power, and
involves the labor which are usually required for condensing machinery, the
machine will save the entire expense, labor, power and room required for spin-
ning machinery in the ordinary woollen system of making yarn.
In the operation of this invention the fibrous material is removed from the
doffer-rings by the spinning devices alone, without using a comb or other means.
It has been found by trial that this may be done with doffer-rings ranging in
width from 2 inches to ½ of an inch. The width most commonly used has
been an inch. It is unlikely that rings wider than an inch and a half or nar-
rower than half an inch will be required in working the invention, there being
little requirement for coarser yarn than can be made with the former, and the
latter being about as narrow as ever wanted in any system.
The spinning of the various ends can be started in a simple manner while the
machine is running and while fibrous material is going through the card. For
this purpose it is advisable to use a long steel needle pointed like a crochet
needle, as illustrated for instance in Figures 11 and 12, wherein the needle is
shewn as used in connection with a spinning tube and a spinning belt; but the
manner of piecing up an end is the same when a spinning tube alone or a spin-"
ning belt alone is used. The operative should insert the needle through the
spinning device until the point of the needle comes close to the doffer-ring,
care being taken not to let it touch the teeth of the card clothing, and then for
an instant he should let it whirl by the action of the spinning device until it
gathers upon its point some fibre from the doffer-ring, he should then speedily
withdraw the needle, which will draw the material along with it through the
spinning device which will immediately begin to spin the fibre into a strand of
varn. He should draw the strand out by hand until sufficiently long to put its
forward end over the adjacent drum G2 in the place prepared for it and lay over
the yarn one of the spools H2 with a paper tube on it and bring the forward
end of the yarn over the spool and tuck it between the spool and the drum G²
which will nip the yarn between them and will start the winding of the yarn
and continue to draw it through the spinning device while the winding is going
on. Proceeding in this way in starting the other ends, the operative will have
the machine in full operation in a few minutes. After the ends are once started
they do not break down when the machine stops, nor do they break down when
restarting the machine.
The yarn
never appears to lose its continuity and always appears.
to be pulling against the drag of the teeth of the card clothing
the teeth however are constantly advancing and letting go and catching
hold of the extreme hind end of the yarn which is constantly revolving on the
surface of the card clothing with too great rapidity for the human eye to see all
its motions.
It is not absolutely necessary that the place of transition from the carding to
the spinning mechanism shall be at the surface of the doffer, since a place away
therefrom may, if desired, be selected at which the hind end of the yarn may be
kept constantly revolving and from which the yarn may be kept constantly'

page_text: drawing away, and to which the carded fibrous material in its loose and fluffy
state may be constantly fed at a uniform rate while such end is constantly
gathering to itself the material thus fed.
Even if a place on the floor were selected for the hind end to revolve upon
while its front end were tightly held, and if at each instant of time a flake of
carded fibrous material in proper condition free for each instant from being
entangled with the flake following, it should be fed to this place as fast as the
yarn were made to recede therefrom, such material would be progressively spun
into yarn and the principle of this invention would be illustrated in a crude
way by the operation. Figures 13, 10, 17 and 18 illustrate means whereby
carded fibrous material in the condition in which it comes from the doffer may
be carried forward from the doffer and fed at a uniform rate at a place away
therefrom at which the hind end of the yarn being made is kept constantly
revolving while the yarn is being constantly drawn away at a uniform rate and
while each portion of material as it is caught hold of by the yarn and added
thereto is for an instant kept disentangled from the portion next following,
sufficiently to allow the spinning process to be performed continuously.
A
In Figure 16 W2 represents an ordinary wipe roll extending the whole length
of the doffer A2. This roll should be covered with corduroy or some other
material suitable for a wipe roll. X2, Y2, and Z2, represent conveying rolls,
which may be covered with leather or other suitable material or may be bare.
Figures 17 and 18 illustrate means for operating the said rolls. The toothed
wheel A³ on the shaft of the doffer A drives the wheel B³ which gears with
and drives the wheel C³ fixed to or integral with a wheel D³ which drives the
wheels E and F fixed to the shafts of the rolls X and Y2 respectively.
wheel G3 fixed to the shaft of the roll X2 gears with a wheel H³ fixed to the
shaft of said wipe roll W and a wheel I³ fixed on the shaft of the roll Y³ gears
with a wheel, J3 fixed on the shaft of the roll Z2. The fibrous material, as it is
removed from the doffer-rings by the wipe roll W2 is carried by the latter
between itself and the roll X2 and thence by the latter and the rolls Y2 and Z2
to the mouths of the spinning tubes M, where the ends of yarn may be pieced
un and started in a manner above described. The material between the mouth
of each spinning tube and the point where the rolls Y2 and Z2 meet becomes
loose for an instant from the material following behind it and is revolved bodily
by and with the spinning tube and spun into yarn which keeps its twist per-
manently, whilst the rolls Y and Z prevent the material while behind the point
where these rolls meet from being revolved or twisted. Instead of spinning
tubes alone, a spinning belt may be used in combination with them, or one or
more spinning belts may be used without spinning tubes, in the manner here-
inbefore described.
The rolls Y and Z may be dispensed with, if desired, and the spinning tubes
carried back a distance say about equal to the diameter of the roll 72 so as to
be that much nearer the said wipe rolls and the roll X2. In such case it is better
to keep the wipe roll and the roll X2 far enough apart to allow the revolution of
the fibrous material to extend back to the doffer and let the surface of the doffer
be the place where the spinning begins. The advantage of this use of the two
rolls over spinning with no rolls at all is that the wipe roll would insure keeping
the doffer clean and that there would be a safeguard to prevent the needle used
in piecing up from ever touching the card clothing of the doffer.
Figure 13 differs from Figure 16 merely in the size and disposition of the
rolls.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what
I claim is;-
1st. In machinery for making varn from fibrous materials the combination

page_text: narrow sections, of mechanism whereby said fibrous sections are continuously
front-drawn, and means whereby the fibrous sections as they pass to the drawing
mechanism are severally spun and twisted into yarn, substantially as herein-
before described.
2nd. In machinery for making yarn from fibrous materials the combination
with means for carding the material and subdividing the same into numerous
and narrow sections, and mechanism whereby said fibrous sections are continu-
ously front-drawn, of a series of spinning tubes whereby the said fibrous sections
as they pass to the drawing mechanism are severally spun and twisted into yarn,
means whereby the said tubes are restrained from lengthwise movement, and a
power driven endless belt which supports and drives the said spinning tubes, sub-
stantially as hereinbefore described.
3rd. In machinery for making yarn from fibrous materials, the combination
with means for carding the material and subdividing the same into numerous
narrow sections, and mechanism whereby the said fibrous sections are continu-
ously front-drawn, of a series of spinning tubes and an endless spinning belt,
through which tubes, and between the meeting faces of which belt, the said
fibrous sections successively pass on their way to the drawing mechanism and
are thereby severally twisted and spun into yarn, and means for actuating the
said spinning tubes and the said spinning belt, substantially as hereinbefore
described.
4th. A spinning tube for condensing fibrous materials and spinning the same
into yarn, the said spinning tube having an axial passage for the materials to
pass through, and an elastic and yielding pinching or gripping device therein,
whereby the material, as it passes therethrough, is constantly gripped so as to
be twisted when the tube revolves, substantially as herein before described.
Dated this 29th day of November 1898.
JOHNSONS & WILLCOX,
47, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, W.C., Agents.