IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR WEAVING COACH. LACE, BRUSSELS TAPESTRY, AND VELVET CARPETING AND OTHER PILE FABRICS
Year: 1852

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, ALFRED
VINCENT NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery Lane, in the County
of Middlesex, Mechanical Draughtsman, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at
Westminster, the Thirty-first day of January, in the fifteenth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant .unto me, the
said Alfred Vincent Newton, Her especial license, full power, sole privilege
and authority, that I, the said Alfred Vincent Newton, my exors, adiñors, and
assigns, and such others as I, the said Alfred Vincent Newton, my exors,
adors, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no. others, from time.
to time and at all times during the term of years therein mentioned, should
and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales,
and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and in all Her Majesty's Colònies and.
Plantations abroad, and in the Islands of Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney, Sark;
and Man, an Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR WEAVING COACH.
LACE, BRUSSELS TAPESTRY, AND VELVET CARPETING AND OTHER PILE FABRICS,'
being a communication from abroad; in which said Letters Patent is contained
a proviso. obliging me, the said Alfred Vincent Newton, by an instrument in.
writing .under. my hand and seal, particularly to describe and ascertain the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed,.

page_text: and to cause the same to be enrolled in Her Majesty's High Court of
Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of
ihe said in part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being
thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Alfred Vincent Newton, do hereby declare that the nature of the said Invention,
and in what manner the same is to be performed, is particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following description thereof, reference being had
to the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the letters and figures marked
thereon (that is to say) :-
A a, Bb,
Figs. 7
Fig. 9,
Fig. 1 is a plan of the machinery for working the pile wires. Fig. 2, a
front elevation. Figs. 3, 4, and 5, vertical sections taken at the lines
Cc, of Fig. 1. Fig. 6 is a plan of the machinery for cutting the pile.
and 8, vertical sections thereof, taken at the lines A a and B b, Fig. 6.
a vertical section, representing one of the cutters, with the manner in which the
spring forces it down on to the loops; and Fig. 10, a cross section taken at the
line Cc of Fig. 5.
The first part of this Invention relates to improvements in the machinery
for operating the looping or pile wires, for which Her Majesty's Royal Letters
Patent were granted to me on the Nineteenth day of March One thousand
eight hundred and forty-nine. In the Specification of this Patent the wires on
each side are drawn out from under the woven pile, and inserted in the open
shed by carriers, to which the outer ends of the wires are attached, the motion
back and forth being given by the said corners and corresponding guides near
the selvages of the cloth, which have a back and forth movement in unison
with the carriers. In the said patented method, when two half wires are used,
meeting and lapping in the middle of the cloth, so soon as one range of loops
has been formed the wires must be drawn out preparatory to the formation of
another range of loops, so that the previously formed range has no support to
resist the pull of the warps, except the weaving in by the picks.
The object of the first part of the present Invention is to double the sets
of wires, in order the better to resist the pull on the warps during the process of
forming the range of loops. And to this end this part of the Invention
consists in combining together, on one or both sides of the loom, two sets of
wire carriers and guides, the carriers having an alternate in and out motion
towards and from the selvage of the cloth, for inserting the wires in the open
shed, and drawing them out of the formed loops, and the carriers and guides:
together having a back movement towards the lay or open shed, and a forward
movement towards the woven cloth. This part of the Invention also refers

page_text: to a mode of actuating the guides so that the wires which at the time of
weaving must be on the same plane may be enabled to pass one another.
sets.
In the accompanying Drawings, Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, I have not repre-
sented any part of the weaving loom, and only so much of my previous
Invention referred to above as is necessary to shew the connection of my.
present improvements. To the breast beam a of the frame of the loom are
attached four standard plates b, b, b', 6', the two inner ones b, b, near to the
selvages of the cloth to be woven, and the other two b', b', at the ends of the
breast beam. On each side, from the outer to the inner plates, extend four
rods c, c, c*, c*, two near the top and two near the bottom, thus forming two
As both sides of the loom are fitted alike, the description of one will
be sufficient. To each set of rods c, c, is fitted a plate or carriage d, d*, to
slide thercon freely from end to end, so that there are two such plates
d, d: In these plates are formed ways, to which are fitted the carriers e, e*,
each of which carries a wire f, f*, and these carriers are adapted to slide back
and forth in the plates or carriages d, d, the required distance to carry the
figuring wires ff*, from the woven pile to the open shed and back. The
figuring wires fit and slide in holes in the two guides. 9, 9*, which are
formed like the carriers, and which like them are fitted to slide in ways in two
plates h, h*, in a similar manner to the carriers e, e*, of the carriages d, d*,
except that instead of being adapted to slide on the rods c, c*, they are each
fitted to turn on one of the back rods c, c. The carriers can thus be made to
slide with the wires towards and from the selvage of the cloth, the wires being
sustained by passing through the guides 9, 9*, that remain near the selvage
of the cloth, and the carriers e, e, and guides g, g*, together can be made
to slide towards and from the lay. The in and out motion is imparted
to the carriers in the same manner as in the Patent before referred to,
but as there are two carriers in the present plan, instead of connecting the
mechanism which imparts the motion directly with the carriage of one of the
carriers, the connecting rod i (represented as broken off) is jointed to an
auxiliary carriage j, adapted to slide on the lower sets of rods c*, c*, and it is
provided with a rock shaft k, with two arms e, e, on one end, which, as the
rock shaft is vibrated, enter a socket m (see Figs. 2 and 4), first on the lower
carriage and then on the upper one. In this way, by simply turning the rock
shaft part of a revolution, either of the carriages can be connected with the
auxiliary carriage so as to be moved in and out by it. The rock shaft k has
another arm n, connected by a joint rod o with a rod or bar p, on which it can
slide as the auxiliary carriage is moved in and out, and each end of the bar p
is bent at right angles, forming two arms 2, 2, of a rock shaft r, which is

page_text: provided with an arm s, connected by a rod t with a slide u, which has two
pins v, v, embracing the periphery of a cam w, that receives motion from some
part of the loom, so that when the slide u is carried back by the cam the
auxiliary carriage f is connected with the carriage d* of the lower carrier, and
vice versa. The rock shaft r, by its connections with the slides u, in addition
to the function just described, also shifts the apparatus which moves the
carriers and guides towards and from the lay, that the upper and lower sets
may be alternately operated. For this purpose the said rock shaft r has two
arms x, x, connected with two lifters y, y, that slide vertically in sockets fitted
to the breast beam. The upper ends of these lifters are bent horizontally, and
to them are fitted the ends of a bar z, so that it can be made to slide thereon
freely by the vibration of a rock shaft a', provided with the arms c, c,
connected by rods d', d¹, with the bar z. The rock shaft a¹ is to be connected
with and operated by a mechanism like that described in the Patent referred
to for moving the wire carriers and guides towards and from the lay, and the
range of motion to be given to the bar must be sufficient to carry the wires
from the woven pile to the open shed of the warps, that they may be there
inserted. The wire carriers and guides are each provided with a stud pin e¹
projecting upwards on the lower and downwards on the upper set. The bar z
has a slot extending nearly its whole length, to receive alternately the pins e¹ of
the two sets of carriers and guides, and in which the pin of the two carriers
alternately slide as they move towards and from the lay, to insert and withdraw
the wires. In view of this the purpose of the vertical motion given to the
lifters y, y, is to shift the bar z from the lower set of carriers and guides to the
upper one, when one wire is to be drawn out of the woven pile, and carried to
and in the open shed, to form a new range of loops, whilst the other wire
remains in the woven pile, and vice versa. The ends of the carriers and
guides are but the lower set up and the upper set down. This is for the
purpose of having the two wires as near as possible on the same hori-
zontal plane. The ends of the two carriers just pass each other without
touching, which brings the two wires sufficiently near to the same horizontal
plane, as the carriers do not go near to the selvage of the cloth; but as the
guides are near to the selvage, the wires there must be on the same horizontal
plane, which would prevent the guide in connection with the wire to be drawn
out and transferred to the open selvage from passing by the other which is in
connection with the wire last woven in. To admit of its passing by, so soon
as the wire is drawn out of the woven pile the guide is moved vertically to a
sufficient distance to admit of its passage, and then moved back to its original
position. For this purpose the carriage of each carrier is provided with a

page_text: wrist pin f, near its inner end, and the rear end being free to turn on the front
rod c, and these pins are fitted each to a groove g' in a plate h', on a rock
shaft, the two grooves being on opposite sides of the axis of vibration.
These grooves for half their length are concentric, and the other half excentric,
so that when the plate vibrates in one direction from the vertical line, one
wrist pin is acted upon by the excentric part of its groove to lift or depress its
guides, whilst the other remains in the concentric part of its groove, and on
the return motion the reverse takes place. This rocking motion is given to
the shaft of the plate by a cam j³, on the same shaft as the cam before
described, and this cam is embraced by two pins k', k', on a slide l', connected by
a joint rod m', with an arm n' of a rock shaft o¹, provided with another arm p³,
in turn connected with an arm q' of the rock shaft of the plate h'. The
mechanism for working the wires is the same on both sides of the loom,
but to avoid the necessity of duplicating the cams and their connections for
imparting the motions, the three rock shafts r, a', and ', extend across and
have the same connections with the figuring wire apparatus on both sides.
It will be obvious that this part of the Invention is equally applicable to
wires of sufficient length to extend entirely across the width of the cloth, and
that in such case the range of motions for inserting and withdrawing the wires
must be of corresponding length. With wires of such length the machinery
In the
for working the wires can be either on both sides or only on one.
former there will be four, and in the latter two wires.
Having thus set forth the first part of this Invention, and the manner of
carrying the same into effect, I wish it to be understood that I do not limit
myself to the special construction and arrangement of parts herein specified,
as they may be varied without changing the principle or mode of operation.
But what I claim as new in this part of the Invention, and desire to secure by
Letters Patent, is, the employment on one or both sides of the loom of two
carriers, to which the figuring wires are secured, and two guides, substantially
as described, and operated alternately, the said carriers having a motion from
and towards the selvage of the cloth to draw out and insert the wires, and,
together with the guides, a motion towards and from the lay, to carry the wires
from the woven pile to the open shed and back, as described.
And I also claim, in combination, giving to the guides a vertical movement
after the withdrawal of a wire, to admit of the wires passing by each other,
substantially as described.
The second part of this Invention relates to machinery for cutting the pile
on the looping or pile wires. The wires on which the loops are formed are

page_text: like those usually employed in the manufacture of cut pile fabrics, in which
the pile is cut on the wires, that is, with a groove made in the upper edge of
sufficient depth to permit the cutting edge to sever the pile without coming in
contact with the wire. Whatever may be the number of wires employed, or
however operated, the cutting is to be done on that wire which at the time is
farthest from the wire last woven into the cloth; but it is represented in the
accompanying Drawings as applied to a loom provided with the improved
arrangement for operating the wires.
This part of the Invention consists,-Firstly, in connecting the cutter (one
or more), by means of a spring joint, with a carrier, to which are communi-
cated the required movements, when the said carrier is provided with a guide
or feeler (one or more), which in descending enters between two ranges of loops
to determine the position of the cutter before it is permitted to descend into
the loops before the cutting begins. Secondly, in connecting the carrier of the
cutter and guide or feeler with the carriage which imparts the reciprocating
motion across the face of the cloth by means of a spring joint, so that after
the guide or feeler has passed down between two ranges of loops the tension
of the spring shall draw it against the range of loops to be cut, and thus
enable it to bring the cutter to the right position, and guide it properly during
the cutting action. Thirdly, in hanging the ways on which the reciprocating
carriage runs to two arms jointed to the arms of a rock shaft, and also to two
inclined rockers, so that when a rocking motion is given in one direction the
cutter and guide shall in descending towards the face of the cloth have a
movement towards the lay of the loom, and when rocked in the reverse direc
tion the cutter shall rise and move back from the lay.
In the accompanying Drawings (Fig 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10), a represents the
frame of a loom, and b, b, the apparatus for operating the figuring wires c, c
which are permanently attached to carriers, by which they are introduced into
the open shed, drawn forward, and then drawn out of the cloth after the loops
have been cut. These wires are grooved on their upper edges, and meet and
lap in the middle of the fabric. This mode of mounting and working the
wires is made in accordance with the plan described in the first part of this
Invention, and there are three cutters d, d, d, with their cutting edges (as
represented) adapted to the cutting of the loops. Each cutter is inserted in a
mortise in one end of an arm e, and there secured by a temper screw f, and
the other end of the arm turns on a fulcrum pin in the projecting part g of a
carrier h, the arm of the cutter being borne down by the tension of a spring
(see sectional Figure 9), so that all the knives, which are all mounted in like

page_text: manner, are free to yield upwards under the tension of their springs. The
carrier his jointed to the upper face of a carriage j by means of two
parallel joint links h2, h3, and held down to the carriage by a screw k,
that passes through the elongated hole l, so that the carrier can play back
and forth under the tension of a spring m (represented by dotted lines),
which is attached to the carriage, and bears against the carrier to hold it in
its forward position, except when something requires the spring to yield, and
then all the knives yield together, retaining their parallelism to the line of the
figuring wires. The carriage j is adapted to slide between two ways n, n,
attached to the inner end of two arms o, o, the outer ends of which are jointed
to the arms p, p, of a rock shaft q, mounted on the breast beam of the loom,
and the arms o, o, are also jointed to two rockers r,r, that turn on stud pins
s, s, secured to the breast beam forward of the point of their attachment to the
arms, so that when the shaft q rocks it gives to the ways and the carriage a
movement forward and upwards and backwards and downwards. The rocking
motion is given to the rock shaft q by a cam t on the main shaft u, which
must make one revolution for each entire operation of the loom. This cam
acts on a stud v attached to a link w that has a slot x in it, that embraces and
slides on the shaft as a guide. The lower end of this link is jointed to one
end of a lever y, that turns on a fulcrum pin z, its other end being in turn
connected by a joint link a¹ with an arm 6' of the rock shaft q. The weight
of the ways, carriage, and all its appendages keep the stud v in contact with
the periphery of the cam, which, from the point 1 to 2 in the direction the
reverse of the rotation, is concentric, to keep the cutters lifted up from the
face of the cloth. From 2 to 3 it runs in towards the axis, to let the cutters
descend on to the face of the cloth. From 3 to 4 it is concentric, to keep them
in the same position during the cutting operation; and then from 4 to 1 it
runs out to the place of beginning, to lift them up. Between the ways, and
directly under the carriage, there is a shaft c³, having its bearings mounted in
the ends of the arms o, o. The periphery of this shaft is threaded and
embraced by a nut d attached to the carriage, so that by the turning of this
screw shaft the carriage can be moved across the face of the cloth in either
direction. The screw shaft on one end carries a pinion e¹ (see Fig. 7), that
is embraced by a slot fi in a bar g', one edge of the slot being provided with
cogs h¹ that engage the cogs of the pinion. The lower end of the bar is
jointed to an arm i³ of a rocking shaft j¹, the other arm k¹ of which is jointed
to a link that slides on the main shaft u in the same manner as the link w
before described. And this link carries a stud or roller fitted to run in a

page_text: cam groove m' in the face of a wheel on the main shaft, the form of the
groove being such relatively to the cam t before described that from the
point 1 to 2 it runs gradually towards the axis, to slide the carriage and
cutters from the right to the left side. From 2 to 3 it is concentric for a short
distance, to permit the knives to be let down on to the cloth by the cam t. Then
from 3 to 4, by a reverse curve, it runs out from the centre to carry the carriage
and cutters from the left to the right, to cut one range of loops. And then from
4 to the place of beginning it is concentric, to keep the parts in the same position
until the next operation. Back of each cutter, and about half the thickness of
a range of loops therefrom, there is a plate n, with the lower edge thin, but
rounded. These three plates are termed the cutter guides or feelers, to bring
the edge of the cutters in their proper position over the range of loops to be cut.
Just forward of the arms e that carry the cutters there is an arbor o', that has its
bearings in the projecting part g of the carrier h. This arbor has three cam
faces p, p, p, on which rest pins projecting from the arms e; and the left-
hand end of the arbor has an arm r¹, which, when the carriage is let down
on to the face of the cloth, comes in contact with the top of a stud s¹, to turn
the arbor, and by the face of the cams lift up the cutters relatively to the guides
or feelers as the carrier descends, so that the cutters shall not be permitted
to come in contact with the loops until their position shall have been deter-
mined by the guides or feelers, which in descending are brought in contact
with the rear curved part of the range of loops to be cut, and draw the cutters
to the position required, the parrallel joint links admitting of the forward
movement, whilst the spring m draws them against the range of loops. The
carriage then begins its cutting movement. The arm r' slides from the stud s³,
and the springs force the cutters down to enable them to cut through the
loops, the cutting edges running in the groove of the wire without reaching the
bottom thereof to be injured. At the end of the cutting motion the carriage
and its appendages are lifted up to be prepared for another operation. As
the carriage reaches the end of its motion from the right to the left, which
may be termed its return motion, the carrier is forced forward by coming
in contact with an inclined face or stationary cam t', so as to carry the cutters
and guides or feelers so far towards the lay as that the guides shall descend
back of the range of loops to be cut, and the moment the carriage begins its
cutting motion, the carrier is relieved from the inclined face or cam t', and
then the tension of the spring m draws or keeps the guides or feelers in close
contact with a range of loops that are being cut. I wish it to be understood
that the motion of the feeler against the range of loops to determine the

page_text: position of the cutter may be given in the reverse direction of that above
described, by placing the feelers in front of the cutters, and reversing the
motion; but I prefer to do it in the manner above described. It will be
obvious from the foregoing, that the movement of the carriage across the face
of the cloth can be effected by other equivalent mechanical means, as also the
motion of the cutters and guides or feelers towards and from the face of the
fabric, and that the carrier and carriage can be connected with each other
by other equivalent means to admit of the spring play between them to enable
the feelers to bring the cutters to their proper position. Therefore I wish it
to be distinctly understood that I do not limit myself to the special construction
of parts, or their arrangement, nor to the special devices employed for pro-
ducing the movement, so long as the required motions are obtained by
mere mechanical equivalents. It is to be observed, that the number of
cutters can be varied at pleasure, from one upwards, but the less the
number the greater must be the range of motion. I have found in practice
that three is the best number. It will be obvious to those acquainted with
the art of weaving cut pile fabrics, that the movements of the cutters must
correspond with the movements of the loom for forming the loops, and that,
when weaving with only two entire wires, the cutting operation will be best
performed just prior to the withdrawal of the wire from the fabric. It is
deemed unnecessary to give a description of the loom for weaving the fabric,
as the improved mode of cutting the pile can be adapted to any known con-
struction of weaving machinery wherein the loops of the fabric are formed on
grooved wires.
What I claim as new in this second part of the Invention, and desire to
secure by Letters Patent, is, the method of connecting the cutter (one or
more) with the carrier by means of a joint substantially as specified, in com-
bination with the guide or feelers (one or more) substantially as specified,
whereby the guide or feeler is carried down to determine the position of the
cutter or cutters, as described, before the cutting of the loops is commenced.
I also claim connecting the cutter or cutters and the feeler or feelers with
the reciprocating carriage by means of a spring joint substantially as specified,
so that the tension of the spring or its equivalent shall draw the feeler or
feelers against the range of loops to be cut, to ensure the proper position of
the cutter or cutters relatively to the range of loops to be cut, as specified.
And, finally, I claim the method of operating the cutters and guides or
feelers towards and from the face of the fabric, and towards and from the lay,
by connecting the ways in which the carriage runs by arms to the arms of a
rock shaft, and to two inclined rocking joints substantially as specified,

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Twenty-ninth day of July, in
the year of our Lord 1852, the aforesaid Alfred Vincent Newton came before
our said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Specifica-
tion aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and specified, in
form above written.. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped
according to the tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Enrolled the Thirty-first day of July, in the year of our Lord One