IMPROVEMENTS IN BREECH-LOADING FIRE-ARMS AND ORDNANCE, AND IN AMMUNITION TO BE USED IN BREECH-LOADING ARMS touching
Year: 1858

page_text: Letters Patent granted to THOMAS KESTELL, of
New Kent Road, in the County of Surrey, Engineer, for his
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN BREECH-LOADING FIRE-ARMS AND
ORDNANCE, AND IN AMMUNITION TO BE USED IN BREECH-LOADING ARMS,"
bearing date the Third day of July, One thousand eight hundred
and fifty-eight (No. 1497.)
DISCLAIMER AND MEMORANDUM OF ALTERATION proposed to be
entered by the said Thomas Restell, to the Specification of the said
Patent pursuant to an Act passed in the fifth and sixth years of His
late Majesty's reign, intituled. "An Act to amend the Law touching
Letters Patent for Inventions."
WHEREAS since the filing of the said Specification of my said Patent I
have discovered that certain parts of the Invention therein described were
not of sufficient value and novelty to render it desirable to retain them as
parts of the said Specification, I therefore disclaim certain heads of the Inven-
tion relating to arrangements of breech-loading fire-arms and cannon, and also
to ammunition, and I alter the title to conform thereto (that is to say) I
strike out from the title of the Patent the words "and ordnance and in
ammunition to be used in breech-loading arms." In the Specification, at page
7 of the printed copy, I strike out of the phrase commencing at line 24 the
words "fixed in the lock and is " also "simultaneously to" and "with the

page_text: hammer," and after the word "placed " I introduce the word "in" and thus
make sense of the passage which was before unintelligible. Commencing
with line 29 I continue an erasure down to and including line 10 of page 8,
and on the same page, commencing with line 17, I make a further erasure,
which I continue to lice 33 of page 10, ending with the words "the stock."
In the same line 33 I strike out the word "this," and introduce the words
"the gun,
"and at line 38 I commence a fresh erasure which terminates at
line 6, page 13. At line 8 of the same page I strike out the words "the next
part of" they having now no significance, and at line 23 I alter the word
"shews" to "shew" and introduce the article "a." At lines 27 and 28 I
strike out the words "as described in the Figures on Sheet I. of the Drawings
annexed;" and in line 28 I also alter the word "this" to "the breech" and
further at lines 37 and 38 I erase the words "above described in each
case." In page 14 1 strike out the paragraph commencing in line 5, and ending
in line 7, and I also strike out the last three lines of the same page. This
erasure I continue at page 15, striking out the whole page with the exception of
lines 13 and 14, and I carry on the erasure to the end of line 3, page 17. In
page 17 I further erase the word "first" commencing the first claim, and I
strike out all the claims but the first claim, and I cancel all the Figures of
the Drawings of the accompanying Specification but those specially referred
to therein when the title of the Patent and the Specification will read as
follows:-
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, THOMAS
RESTELL, of New Kent Road, in the County of Surrey, Engineer, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Third day of July, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight, in the twenty-second year of Her reign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said Thomas Restell, Her special license that I, the said Thomas Restell,
my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said
Thomas Restell, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time
agree with and no others, from time to time, and at all times thereafter during
the term therein expressed should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend within the United Kingdom of Great Britain, and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN BREECH-
LOADING FIRE-ARMS," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said
Thomas Restell, my executors, or administrators, by an instrument in writing
under my or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe

page_text: and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal
Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the
date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Thomas Restell, do hereby declaro
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement thereof, reference being had to the Drawings hereunto annexed (that
is to say):-
My Invention consists in improvements in breech parts of breech-charging"
arms, first, in applying moving parts in conjuction with a small box screwed
in at the rear end of the barrel just behind what is called in the gun trade
the "percussioning," and without such percussioning being of necessity
altered. This box forms part of a Patent granted to me the Fourteenth day
of October One thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven.
In the first arrangement of these breech parts, I use a wedge or bolt, and
affix a lever or arm at the top edge thereof, instead of at the side as shewn
and described in the Specification of my said Patent; upon this wedge being
lifted out from where it blocks in the box it can be pulled backwards, and the
breech of the gun will then be open for the purpose of inserting the cartridge.
When these parts are again pushed home the cartridge is forced forward in
the barrel, and upon bringing the lever or arm down to a line with the
stock, the whole becomes secure, or I simply use a flat disc of steel with
a cylindrical nose to enter the barrel. This disc has a spring fixed to its
upper edge, which is entirely covered by a long strap so that no recess is
seen in the bead or breech part of the gun which is fixed to the above disc,
and the spring has its end playing in a hole or recess formed in the under
part of the strap which causes it to lie flat on the stock and remain in the
curved part at the commencement of the upper end of the stock butt. In this
disc there is a hole through which the lock, as will hereafter be detailed, shoots
a bolt, and holds the parts just described firmly to the box before mentioned when
the gun is fired, but this hole being only opposite the bolt of the lock when
the breech is closed, the arm can by no possibility be discharged until the
breech is safely home.. I sometimes use a disc of steel and the strap shorter
with a curved bead affixed, to be partially withdrawn with the thumb when
this can be lifted up. Upon the top of this strap at its head is fixed a joint
having a wire or tube attached which slides into a hole at the rear end of the
barrel upon its upper side..
My improvements in locks, constructed expressly for breech-charging arms,"

page_text: and used in the before described modifications consist in making- the centre
parts of the hammers partly cylindrical, in which an inclined groove or part of
a screw is formed. A bolt with its side cut away to fit in this incline is
placed in the lock plate. Upon half cocking or full cocking the gun this bolt
is drawn by the action of the incline in the hammer horizontally out of the
breech parts of the gun, enabling them to be moved for the purpose of char-
ging, I also use à pin or screw at the fore end of the trigger guard which
enables me to dispense with the breech pin or screw as at present used for
trigger plate and breech, and also the prong and small pin now attached to
the guard under the lock. This improvement does away with the connection
between the lock and guard, and admits of either being removed without
interfering with the other of them. In the gun stock a peculiar shaped
box is secured having a recess in the lower part for the purpose of allowing
a bolt, wedge, or disc to enter.
This form of box was patented by me Fourteenth October, One thousand
eight hundred and fifty-seven, and shewn at Figures 4, 5, and 6 of the Speci-
fication thereof.
Fig. 1, Sheet II. is a side view of part of a musket, constructed according
to my Invention. In this gun a bolt is shot into a hole in the breech closer
or disc A by the action of an incline formned on the upper part of the
centre of the hammer of the lock. a is the bolt, the under side of which is cut
away at b, on the cut away part a pin c projects, as shewn at Figures 2 and 3.
This pin c slides in an incline d of the hammer as shewn in separate views,
Figures 4 and 5. The bolt a is held in a horizontal position by a socket d' fixed
in the inner side of the lock plate so that upon half cocking or full cocking
the lock, the bolt a is caused to traverse outwards along the incline, thereby
withdrawing the locking end of the bolt a nearly out of the breech closer,
and allowing the breech closer to be drawn back. An inside view of the
lock is shewn at Figure 5* where the socket d¹ is seen. In this fire-arm,
the box described in the Specification of my Patent granted to me the Four-
teenth October, One thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven, is used, but
in this case a hole is formed through one side only, or through both as repre-
sented in Fig. 6.
Fig. 7 shews a section of the box, and Fig. 8 and 8A are rear end views;
Figures 7 and 8* shew a side view and section of the box with the per-
cussioning and nipple applied thereto. Views of this breech apparatus are shewn
in plan, Fig. 9, and in side view, partly in section, in Fig. 9*; Figures 10 and 11
are side views of the same with strap applied, which strap lies in a recess
or groove formed in the upper part of the stock. On the top of the breech

page_text: closer or disc a recess is formed in which a spring e is secured by a screw,
the other end of the spring projects beyond the rear end of the disc, and takes
into a hole formed in the under side of a strap B for the purpose of keeping it
down upon the stock when the breech closer is drawn back for the purpose of
inserting a charge.
Fig. 12 is a face view of the breech closer. Fig. 13 is a plan view of the
breech closer and strap attached; Fig. 14 is a plan of a breech closer, the
upper part of which is cut away on each side for the strap to lie in, thereby
making a flush top to that part of the fire-arm; the strap B works on a piu
placed in the fore end of the closer as shewn. In one side of the disc or
closer a slot F is formed lengthwise, into which the bolt a slides, and which
keeps the breech closer working in a direct line when being moved to and fro.
Fig. 15 shows a short handle or projecting stud 9 projecting from the
upper rear end of the closer for pulling it back, this stud is kept sufficiently
low as not to interfere with the sight.
'
Under the next part of my Invention, I use a breech closer or disc and
strap combined, which strap is much shorter than that previously described,
and terminates in a jointed knob as shewn at h, Fig. 16, or the under part
of the tail may be recessed as shewn at Fig. 17.
Fig. 18 is a plan of Fig. 17. In these Figures a cross piece i forming a
joint is placed on the front of the upper part of the strap, from the centre of
which a long pin or wire ; projects, this pin enters a slot or tube formed in
the upper part of the rear end of the barrel. A small screw is inserted through
the top of the barrel and presses against a flat in the top of the pin j. The
cross joint has a projecting piece which has a flat k filed upon it, this flat is
in the back part when the breech.closer is in its place, but when lifted up and
thrown over the top of the barrel the round part of the joint is presented to
the hammer and thereby prevents the hammer striking the nipple so that no
accident can occur, this is effected by placing a pin, stud, or lug under the nose
of the hammer.
Fig. 19 shows in section part of a gun with the breech closer thrown over
the barrel previous to inserting a charge. Fig. 20 is a side view of part of
a gun shewing another method of withdrawing the bolt. In this case a lever
is placed vertically or nearly so in the lock plate and jointed with it, having
a spring sight joint. The upper part of this lever projects above the top of
the stock for the purpose of drawing the bolt out of its place in the breech
closer by the fingers. A slot is formed in this lever to allow a screw head to
slide in when the lever is drawn out. This screw is screwed in the breech
locking bolt as represented in section in Fig. 21.

page_text: In
This can
be employed in any of the arrangements previously described.
Fig. 20 the hammer is shewn flattened or cut away at m in order that when
the gun is at half cock the hammer may be clear of the lever to. allow the
lever and bolt to be withdrawn. When the hammer is down on the nipple,
part of the hammer comes in front of the lever. Fig. 24 is a section of
part of a musket illustrating my method of securing the breech box and the
fore end of the guard by a single screw.
And having now described the nature of my said Invention, and in what
manner the same may be performed, I declare that I claim, the various im-
provements upon and modifications of breech parts. herein-before described,
as, applied to a box screwed in or formed at the rear of the barrel of fire-arms
which formed part of the subject of Letters Patent, granted to me the Four-
teenth October, One thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven.
In witness whereof, I, the said Thomas Restell, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Fifteenth day of December, One thousand eight
hundred and sixty-four

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Thomas Restell, of New Kent Road, in the County
of Surrey, Engineer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN BREECH
LOADING FIRE-ARMS AND ORDNANCE, AND IN AMMUNITION TO BE USED IN
BREECH-LOADING ARMS "
Sealed the 31st December 1858, and dated the 3rd July 1858.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Thomas Restell at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 3rd
July 1858.
I, THOMAS RESTELL, of New Kent Road, in the County of Surrey,
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE,
MENTS IN BREECH-LOADING FIRE-ARMS AND ORDNANCE, AND IN AMMUNITION TO BE
USED IN BREECH-LOADING ARMS," to be as follows:
My Invention consists in improvements in breech parts of breech-charging:
arms; first, in appling moving parts in conjunction with a small box screwed in
at the rear end of the barrel, just behind what is called in the gun trade, the.
"percussioning," and without such percussioning being altered. This box:
fórms part of a Patent granted to me the 14th day of October, 1857. .In
the first arrangement of these breech parts, I use a wedge or bolt, and affix,
a lever or arm at the top edge thereof, instead of at the side, as shewn and
described in the Specification of my said Patent; upon this wedge being,
lifted out from where it blocks in the box, it can be pulled backwards, and the,

page_text: breech of the gun will then be opened for the purpose of inserting the
cartridge. When these parts are again pushed home, the cartridge is forced
forward in the barrel, and upon bringing the lever or arm down to a line with
the stock, the whole becomes secure; or I simply use a flat disc of steel with
a cylindrical nose to enter the barrel., This disc has a spring fixed to its upper
edge, which is entirely covered by a long strap, so that no recess is seen in
the head or breech part of the gun, which is fixed to the above disc, and the
spring has its end playing in a hole or recess formed in the under part of the
strap, which causes it to lie flat on the stock, and remain in the curved part
at the commencement of the upper end of the stock butt. In this disc there
is a hole, through which the lock, as will hereafter be detailed, shoots a bolt,
and holds the parts just described firmly to, the box before, mentioned when
the is fired, but this hole being only opposite the bolt of the lock when
the breech is closed, the arm can by no possibility be discharged until the
breech is safely home. I sometimes use a disc of steel, and the strap shorter,
with a curved head affixed, to be partially withdrawn with the thumb, when
this can be lifted up. Upon the top of this strap, at its head, is fixed a joint,
having a wire or tube attached, which slides into a hole at the rear end of
the barrel, upon its upper side there is also a curved piece connected with
this, so that immediately the strap is lifted, the hammer. is raised partially
from the nipple, and is kept so during the whole time the breech is open,
and it cannot therefore discharge the gun or rifle until brought to its
original position of loading.
gun
The same kind of lock fastens the breech of this plan as the previous one.
My improvements in locks constructed expressly for breech-charging arms,
and used in the before described modifications, consist in making the centre
parts of the lammers partly cylindrical, in which an inclined groove or part
of a screw is formed. A bolt with its side cut away to fit in this incline is
fixed in the lock, and is placed simultaneously to the lock plate, with the:
hammer upon half cocking or full cocking the gun; this bolt is drawn by the
action of the incline in the hammer horizontally out of the breech parts of the
gun, enabling them to be moved for the purpose of charging. Any kind of
guard, if necessary, (in consequence of the guns varying in form,) may be used
to prevent the hammer falling until the gun breech is properly closed.
My improvements in the nipples of guns consist in drilling a hole in them
directly in the side of any part of the screwed portions of them which is under
the flange, and which beds in the hole having the female thread. I am thus
enabled to drill a hole (without destroying the number of threads in the screw
or weakening the hold of the nipple) much higher up the "percussioning"

page_text: than usual, and to make the communication direct upon the middle of the
cartridge. In my method of converting the present military arms into breech-
charging arms, under my Patent of the 14th Oct, 1857, I find this of great
advantage, as it enables me to pierce the present Woolwich cartridge paper
bag (however thick it may be) with the flash of the cap, and without causing
the hammer to jut over the barrel; I also stop up the hole in the lower part
of the nipple as far as the hole drilled in its side, thus making a continuous
direct communication to the cartridge; of course, in making new guns, this
will not be Lecessary, as the vertical hole of the nipple will be drilled only half
way down, and just deep enough to be under the lower edge of the cap flange.
By way of addition to the breech-charging apparatus as described in the
Specification of my Patent of the 14th Oct 1857, I add on the opposite side to the
hammer a spring fastening, which enables me to remove or replace the breech
piece marked H, in the Drawings annexed to the Specification of such Patent,
without removing any other part or using a tool of any kind; I also use such
spring fastening to the modifications herein-before described; I also use a pin
or screw at the fore end of the trigger guard, which enables me to dispense
with the breech pin or screw as at present used for trigger plate and breech,
and also the prong and small pin now attached to the guard under the lock.
This improvement does away with the connection between the lock and guard,
and admits of either being removed without interfering with the other of
them.
In my improvements in breech-chargers having reference to the conversion
of the present sporting birding guns, and which I am now about to describe, I
find this nipple arrangement of great service, as heretofore the caps not being
used so strong for these arms as for military purposes, an ordinary cartridge
could not be penetrated, but by using a small stud inside what is called the
break-off, I pierce the end of the cartridge, and with that, in combination with
the above nipple, am enabled to secure an explosion.
The construction of my improved birding gun (which plan is particularly
adapted for converting the present ramrod gun into a breech-charger when
desired), consists simply in using the like screwed orgrooved axle as described
in the Specification of my Patent of the 14th Oct 1857, but in this case it is
fixed to the single or double barrels just at the fore end of the stock, and not
running through the bore of the barrel, as described in the Specification of
such Patent, but passing into a hole made in a long bar of steel let into the
stock at the part now occupied by the ramrod, this steel bar being affixed to
the break-off at the head of the gun, and the lock screw running through a
hook formed out of it. The lever which moves the grooved axle has a hole in

page_text: it, into which springs a stud; the front of this hole is deeply shamfered, so
that the finger can press in the stud, and the finger being already in the hole
at the time the stud is pressed in the lever, can be immediately moved, so as to
bring the axle out of the hole in the bar of steel. As described in my former
Patent, a pin or stud to cause this works in the inclinéd grooved or helical slot.
For this gun I simply use a cartridge of small shot in a case, and the paper
containing the powder is affixed to its back with a thread, or may be jointed
as in the Specification of my said Patent described. The cartridge for this, as
well as for the breech-charging rifle, I shall presently describe.
I sometimes use the last-mentioned arrangement for breech-charging rifles,
but the axle in this case bas a flat filed upon its side, upon which the hammer
of the rifle rests, and upon motion being given to the lever, the round parto:
the axle keeps the hammer off the nipple until the breech is properly closed.
The lever of this rifle, although the same as regards the principle in the
working part of the axle as the one already described in the Specification of
my Patent of 14th Oct 1857, is in this case on the right-hand side of the gun
instead of the left, and to make room for the axle the block or stud into
which the mainspring sets is placed further up towards the narrow end of the
lock plate, and the lock plate is then cut away to allow the breech part which
receives the axle to be placed just in front of the hammer's centre, so that it
may rest upon the flat formed on the axle of lever, as before described. For
breech-charging cannon I screw a very thick head of wrought iron or other
metal in a spherical form, or otherwise, on the rear end of the gun, through
which head I pass an axle with an inclined groove in it, and affix a lever of
suitable strength to the axle, using a similar spring stud at the end of the
lever, as is described for sporting birding guns, or I make the lever simply
snap over the round of the barrel.
In order to insure the firing of breech-charging cannons from the explosion
of a percussion cap, I screw into the touch-hole a nipple provided with an
arm or lever to screw it in and out, and cause the nipple to terminate at
bottom in a tube which enters into the cartridge.
My improvements in cartridges for breech-chargers (whether large or small
arms), and without which they would practically be of little use, consist in
forming the back of the cartridge with a deep recess made grease-proof with
gum arabic, shellac, cement, or any material suitable for the purpose, and in
charring the same with grease, tallow, or other lubricating material, so that
when tallow or lubrication of any kind is placed in such recess it will not heat
and penetrate to the powder, and at the same time, however soft the tallow or
other lubricating material may become in hot climates, in no case will it

page_text: come in contact with the fingers when the cartridge is being handled for
loading the recess, being only partially filled. By this arrangement I am
enabled to use a much softer lubrication than usual, which will aci equally
well in cold as in hot weather, and will not clog the barrel or breech parts.
I am also enabled to pack cartridges together without chance from increase
of temperature of the lubricating material passing from one cartridge to
another. The back of the paper or other material used for enclosing the
powder and ball at the recessed parts is formed of a uniform thickness with
its sides, and thus I make a rifle or gun cartridge at its rear end without the
usual process of tying, and obtain a much neater finish at the edges of the
recess.
'
I must also mention that above all in importance, and which is the most
particular object and use of the recess at the rear end of the cartridge or
powder part, is that the lubrication placed therein shall at each explosion be
forced into the breech parts of the weapon.
From the want of some plan for supplying such lubrication continuously,
breech-charging arms as heretofore used have after firing a few rounds
become fixed, and the arm rendered useless until the breech has been removed
and cleaned. Another advantage resulting from my plan is, that should the
weapons be left uncleansed or exposed to wet after use, they are effectually
prevented rusting until the opportunity occurs of removing the dirt and
moisture. Sometimes for ordnance (as the flash of these is so much more
powerful) I prefer filling the recess with bees'-wax or employ a disc of con-
siderable thickness of bees'-wax, mixed with tow or other suitable material
The above method of recessing and lubricating I use either at the rear end of
the ordinary cartridges or to the particular jointed cartridges I have already
specified under my Patent dated 14th Oct 1857.
Another improvement in the construction of cartridges consists when
making them in gumming or cementing the outside of the paper or other
material, enclosing the bullet at the point thereof (instead of fixing such
bullet to the paper itself, as has heretofore been the custom). Upon twisting
the above paper or other material over the point of the bullet, the folds
become fixed together by the gum or cement, so that the bullet is firmly
secured in and yet does not adhere to any part of the paper or other material.
The advantage of this is that when the bullets are fired they fit the barrel
very tightly, and yet immediately after they issue from its nose separate from
the paper, and their flight' and accuracy of shooting are not impeded.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Thomas Restell in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
3rd January 1859.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, THOMAS
RESTELL, of New Kent Road, in the County of Surrey, Engineer, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
l'atent, bearing date the Third day of July, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight, in the twenty-second year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said Thomas Restell, Her special licence that I, the said Thomas Restell,
my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said
Thomas Restell, our executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any
time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter
during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,
the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for IMPROVEMENTS IN
BREECH-LOADING FIRE-ARMS AND ORDNANCE, AND IN AMMUNITION TO BE USED IN
BREECH-LOADING ARMS," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said
Thomas Restell, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing
under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe
and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the
same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal
Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date
of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Thomas Restell, do hereby declare the
nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed,
to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement
thereof, reference being had to the Drawings hereunto annexed, that is
to say:
My Invention consists in improvements in breech parts of breech charging
arms; first, in applying moving parts in conjunction with a small box screwed
in at the rear end of the barrel, just behind what is called in the gun trade
the "percussioning, "and without such percussioning being of necessity altered.
This box forms part of a Patent granted to me the 14th day of October, 1857.
In the first arrangement of these breech parts, I use a wedge or bolt, and
affix a lever or arm at the top edge. thereof instead of at the side, as shewn
and described in the Specification of my said Patent; upon this wedge being

page_text: lifted out from where it blocks in the box,it can be pulled backwards, and the
breech of the gun will then be open for the purpose of inserting the cartridge.
When these parts are again pushed home, the cartridge is forced forward in
the barrel, and upon bringing the lever or arm down to a line with the stock,
the whole becomes secure; or I simply use a flat disc of steel with a cylindrical
nose to enter the barrel. This disc has a spring fixed to its upper edge,
which is entirely covered by a long strap, so that no recess is seen in the head
or breech part of the gun which is fixed to the above disc, and the spring has
its end playing in a hole or recess formed in the upper part of the strap, which
causes it to lie flat on the stock, and remain in the curved part at the com-
mencement of the upper end of the stock butt. In this disc there is a hole
through which the lock, as will hereafter be detailed, shoots a bolt, and holds
the parts just described firmly to the box before mentioned when the gun
fired; but this hole being only opposite the bolt of the lock when the breech is
closed, the arm can by no possibility be discharged until the breech is safely
home. I sometimes use a disc of steel, and the strap shorter, with a curved
head affixed to be partially withdrawn with the thumb when this can be
lifted up. Upon the top of this strap at its head is fixed a joint, having a
wire or tube attached, which slides into a hole at the rear end of the barrel
upon its upper side.
is
My improvements in locks constructed expressly for breech-charging arms
and used in the before described modifications, consist in making the centre
parts of the hammers partly cylindrical, in which an inclined groove or part
of a screw is formed. A bolt with its side cut away to fit in this incline is
fixed in the lock, and is placed simultaneously to the lock plate, with the
hammer upon half cocking or full cocking the gun; the bolt is drawn by
the action of the incline in the hammer horizontally out of the breech
parts of the gun, enabling them to be moved for the purpose of charging.
My improvements in the nipples of guns consist in drilling a hole in them
directly in the side of any part of the screwed portions of them which is under
the flange, and which beds in the hole having the female thread, I am thus
enabled to drill a hole (without destroying the number of threads in the screw
or weakening the hold of the nipple) much higher up the percussioning than
usual,and to make the communication direct upon the middle of the cartridge.
In my method of converting the present military arms into breech-charging
arms, under my Patent of the 14th October, 1857, I find this of great
advantage, as it enables me to pierce the present Woolwich cartridge paper
bug (however thick it may be) with the flash of the cap, and without causing
the hammer to jut over the barrel. I also stop up the hole in the lower part

page_text: of the nipple as far as the hole drilled in its side, thus making a continuous
direct communication to the cartridge. Of course in making new guns this
will not be necessary, as the vertical hole of the nipple will be drilled one half
way down, and just deep enough to be under the lower edge of the cap flange.
By way of addition to the breech-charging apparatus, as described in the
Specification of my Patent of the 14th October 1857, I add on the opposite
side of the hammer a spring fastening, which enables me to remove or replace
the breech piece marked H in the Drawings annexed to the Specification of
such Patent, without removing any other part or using a tool of any kind;
I also use such spring fastening to the modification herein-before described.
I also use a pin or screw at the fore end of the trigger guard, which
enables me to dispense with the breech pin or screw as at present used for
trigger plate and breech, and also the prong and small pin now attached to
the guard under the lock. This improvement does away with the connection
between the lock and guard, and admits of either being removed without
interfering with the other of them.
In my improvements in breech-chargers having reference to the conversion
of the present sporting birding guns, and which I am now about to describe,
I find this nipple arrangement of great service, as heretofore, the caps not
being used so strong for these arms as for military purposes, an ordinary car-
tridge could not be penetrated but by using a small stud inside what is called
the break off. I pierce the end of the cartridge, and with that in combination
with the above nipple am enabled to secure an explosion. The construction
of my improved birding gun (which plan is particularly adapted for the con-
verting the present ramrod gun into a breech-charger when desired), consists
simply in using the like screwed or grooved axle as described in the Specifica-
tion of my Patent of the 14th October 1857; but in this case it is affixed to
the single or double barrels just at the fore end of the stock, and not running
through the bore of the barrel, as described in the Specification of such Patent,
but passing into a hole made in a long barrel of steel let into the stock at the
part now occupied by the ramrod; this steel bar being affixed to the break
off at the head of the gun, and the lock screw running through a hook formed
out of it. The lever which moves the grooved axle has a hole in it, into
which springs a stud; the front of this hole is deeply chamfered, so that the
finger can press in the stud, and the finger being already in the hole at the
time the stud is pressed in, the lever can be immediately moved so as to bring
the axle out of the hole in the bar of steel, as described in my former
Patent; a pin or stud to cause this, works in the inclined groove or helical
slot. For this gun I simply use a cartridge of small shot in a case, and the

page_text: paper containing the powder is affixed to its back with a thread, or may be
jointed as in the Specification of my said Patert described. The cartridge
for this, as well as for the breech-charging rifle, I shall presently describe. I
sometimes use the last mentioned arrangement for breech-charging ritles, but
the axle in this case has a flat filed upon its side, upon which the hammer of
the rifle rests, and upon motion being given to the lever the rouud part of the
axle keeps the hammer off the nipple until the breech is properly closed.
The lever of this rifle, although the same as regards the principle in the
working part of the axle as the one already described in my Specification of
my Patent of 14th October 1857, is in this case on the right-hand side of the
instead of the left, and to make room for the axle the block or stud into
gun
which the main spring acts is placed further up towards the narrow end of the
lock plate, and the lock plate is then cut away to allow the breech part which
receives the axle to be placed just in front of the hammer centre, so that it
may rest upon the flat formed on the axle of lever, as before described.
For breech-charging cannon, I screw a very thick head.of wrought iron or
other metal, in a spherical form or otherwise, on the rear end of the gun,
through which head I pass an axle with an inclined groove in it, and affix a.
lever of suitable strength to the axle, using a similar spring stud at the end of
the lever as is described for sporting birding guns, or I make the lever simply
snap over the round of the barrel. In order to insure the firing of breech-
charging cannons from the explosion of a percussion cap, I screw into the touch.
hole a nipple provided with an arm or lever to screw it in and out, and cause
the nipple to terminate at bottom in a tube which enters into the cartridge.
My improvements in cartridges for breech-chargers (whether large or small
arms), and without which they would practically be of little use, consist in',
forming the back of the cartridge with a deep recess, made grease-proof with
gum arabic, shellac, cement, or any material suitable for the purpose, and on
charging the same with grease, tallow, or other lubricating material, so that
when tallow or lubrication of any kind is placed in such recess, it will not
heat and penetrate to the powder, and at the same time, however soft the
tallow or other lubricating material may become in hot climates, in no case
will it come in contact with the fingers when the cartridge is being handled
for loading, the recess being only partially filled. By this arrangement, I am
enabled to use a much softer lubrication than usual, which will act equally
well in cold as in hot weather, and will not clog the barrel or breech parts.
I am also enabled to pack cartridges together without chance, from increase of
temperature, of the lubricating material passing from one cartridge to another.

page_text: The back of the paper or other material used for enclosing the powder and
ball at the recessed parts is formed of a uniform thickness with its sides, and
thus I make a rifle or gun cartridge at its rear, and without the usual process
of tying, and obtain a much neater finish at the edges of the recess. I must also
mention that above all in importance, and which is the most particular object
and use of the recess at the rear end of the cartridge or powder part, is that
the lubrication placed therein, shall at each explosion be forced into the breech
parts of the weapon. From the want of some plan for supplying such
lubrication continuously, breech-charging arms as heretofore used after
firing a few rounds have become, fixed, and the arın rendered useless until
the breech has being removed and cleaned.
Another advantage resulting from my plan is, that should the weapons be
left uncleansed or exposed to wet after use, they are effectually prevented
rusting until the opportunity occurs of removing the dirt and moisture.
Sometimes for ordnance (as the flash of these is so much more powerful) I
prefer filling the recess with bees'-wax, or employ a disc of considerable
thickness of bees'-wax mixed with tow or other suitable material. The
above method of recessing and lubricating, I use either at the rear end of
the ordinary cartridges, or to the particular jointed cartridges I have already
specified under my Patent dated 11th October 1857.
Another improvement in the construction of cartridges consists when
making them, in gumming or cementing the outside of the paper or other
material enclosing the bullet at the point thereof (instead of fixing such bullet
to the paper itself, as it has heretofore been the custom). Upon twisting the
above paper or other material over the point of the bullet, the folds become
fixed together by the gum or cement, so that the bullet is firmly secured in
and yet does not adhere to any part of the paper or other material; the
advantage of this is, that when the bullets are fired they fit the barrel very
tightly, and yet immediately after they issue from its nose separate from the
paper, and their flight and accuracy of shooting are not impeded.
Figure 1, Sheet 1, of the annexed Drawings is a plan of a portion of a
musket constructed according to the first head of my Invention, with the
breech closer removed. A is the barrel; B, the stock. In this stock a
peculiar shaped box is secured, having a recess in the lower part for the
purpose of allowing a bolt, wedge, or disc to enter. This form of box was
patented by me 14th October 1857, and shewn at Figures 4, 5, and 6 of the
Specification thereof.
Figure 2 is a portion of a musket partly in section, shewing the box secured

page_text: in the stock. C is the box, separate views of which are shewn in side view,
Figure 3, section, Figure 4, in perspective at Figure 5, and in plan, Figure 6.
a is the fore end of the breech box, which is screwed in the rear of the barrel,
and forms part of the bore of the gun; near the rear end of this a portion is
cut out lengthwise, or a recess b is left to allow a plug to pass when the breech
closer is drawn back for the purpose of loading in the rear end; a slotted
recess c is likewise left for a hook to take into when the breech closer is
pushed forward. On the inside of the rear end of the box two projecting
pieces d, d, the fronts of which are inclined for the purpose of securing the
bolt, disc, or wedge, when pushed down. From the outside of one side only
of this box a small pin e is passed and projects on the inside; this pin takes
into a slot in one side of the breech closer. Figure 7 is a view of the rear
end of the box. Figure 8 is a side view of the breech closer, to be used with
the box above described. Figure 9 is a plan of the same; fis the nose which
enters a bore a, and has a small-headed pin g projecting therefrom, over which
the wad mentioned hereafter is forced or not by the explosion, as may be
required. The wad can be arranged so that the succeeding cartridge case
is pushed forward by the next cartridge, or if the hole in the wad be left
sufficiently small, the wad with the case is retained on the screw head, and
upon bringing back the. breech parts this wad may be taken off and liberty
given for the entrance of the succeeding cartridge.. Just behind the nose fa
joint is formed, being the centre on which the bolt, wedge, or disc works.
On the left hand or off side of the closer a long slot is formed for the pin e to
slide in, and on the under side of this closer, a hook similar to that described in
the Specification of my former Patent, dated 14th October 1857, and marked I'
therein. Figure 10 is a detached view of the bolt or wedgej, which has upon the
upper part a long strap k which lies in a recess / made in the top of the stock.
At the under part of the end of this strap recesses are formed to allow the
fingers of the person using the fire-arm to enter and lift the strap previous to
drawing the closer back; similar recesses m, m, are likewise formed in the
stock; the incline or curved part n of the bolt is forced down the curved part
of the two projecting pieces d, d, in the box when the breech closer is pushed
home. In whatever position the gun may be fired,the arm or lever remains close
upon the stock. Figure 11 shows a breech closer and bolt or wedge attached.
Figure 12 shows a section of a box slightly modified, that is to say, the lower
part of the rear end is.solid, except a hole for the hook I¹ of the breech closer
to take into. Figure 13 is a side view of a box constructed according to the
one above described, but in this the "percussioning "and the box are made of

page_text: the same piece of metal, as shewn. Figure 14 is a plau, and Figure 15 a
rear end view of the same.
of
Figure 16 is a sectional view of a "Woolwich" small arm cartridge bag or
case. Figure 17 shows a cartridge complete. In this cartridge a disc or wad
any suitable material is placed to prevent the powder getting around the
flat of the bullet, and thereby damaging the paper case. In the powder end
of this case another wad may or may not be placed, and this wad may have a
hole of any shape therein.
Figure 18 is a view of a cartridge made in two parts, the powder is inclosed
in a case of its own, and the edges turned and secured by gum, paste, shellac,
any material used for securing the edges or folds of paper, and the bullet is
enclosed in a case of its own. Over the flat part or back the paper is folded
or turned down, and secured in the same manner as the powder case; on the
outside of the front end of the bullet paper a portion of gun or other material
is placed, on the outside preferred, and the paper twisted round the curved
part of the bullet by the fingers; the paper is not fixed to the bullet as in
ordinary cartridges, but the bullet is held within the paper by the gummed
folds, so that at the time of leaving the mouth of the fire-arm it has no portion
of paper attached, but leaves the gun perfectly free and unencumbered. The
two parts of the cartridge are secured together by placing gum or other
adhesive material between them, when they form a jointed cartridge, as
represented in Figure 19. These jointed cartridges are claimed in the
Specification of my Patent, dated 14th October 1857.
Figure 20 is a view of a jointed cartridge similar to those shown at
Figures 34 and 35 in the Specification of my said Patent. Figure 21 is a
section of the same; A is the bullet; B, the wooden plug in the hollow
thereof; C, the powder, all of which are enclosed in an ordinary "Woolwich"
small arm cartridge bag or case. The back of the cartridge is hollowed or
recessed, as shown, to hold lubricating material, and a wad may or may not
be gummed or secured therein or thereto. Figures 22, 23, and 24 are
perspective views of the above cartridge. Figures 23 and 24 have wads
placed on them. In these wads holes are formed of various shapes; separate
face views of the wads, having different shaped holes or recesses formed therein,
are shewn in Figure 25. I do not confine myself to any of the shapes shewn,
as the holes may be of any other shape, but I am desirous of clearly showing
the new and important nature of my present Invention as respects cartridges,
that of having a recess at the back thereof.
One of the methods of charging the recesses with lubricating matter with

page_text: celerity is the immersion of the entire "Woolwich" small-arm cartridge
bag or case in the usual Woolwich lubricating matter, prior to placing the
powder or bullet in the cases.
Figure 26 shews a side view of a musket where a spring partly encircles
the barrel where the ramrod enters the stock, so as to prevent the ramrod
shaking out during the firing of the gun.
Figure 1, Sheet 2, is a side view of part of a musket constructed according
to the next part of my Invention. In this gun a bolt is shot into a hole in
the breech-closer or disc A by the action of an incline formed on the upper
part of the centre of the hammer of the lock. a is the bolt, the under side
of which is cut away at b; on the cut away part a pin c projects, as shewn at
Figures 2 and 3. This pin c slides in an incline d of the hammer, as shewn
in separate views, Figures 4 and 5. The bolt a is held in a horizontal
position by a socket d' fixed in the inner side of the lock plate, so that upon
half-cocking or full-cocking the lock, the bolt a is caused to traverse outwards
along the incline, thereby withdrawing the locking end of the bolt a nearly
out of the breech-closer, and allowing the breech-closer to be drawn back.
An inside view of the lock is shewn in Figure 5*, where the socket d' is seen.
In this fire-arm the box described in the Specification of my Patent granted
to me the 14th October 1857, is used, but in this case a hole is formed
through one side only or through both, as represented in Figure 6.
Figure 7 shews a section of the box, and Figure 8 and 8 A are rear end
views; Figures 7 and 8* shows side view and section of the box with the
percussioning and nipple applied thereto. Views of this breech apparatus are
shown in plan, Figure 9, and in side view, partly in section, in Figure 9*;
Figures 10 and 11 are side views of the same with strap applied, which strap
lies in a recess or groove formed in the upper part of the stock, as described
in the Figures on Sheet 1 of the Drawings annexed. On the top of this
closer or disc a recess is formed, in which a spring e is secured by a screw;
the other end of the spring projects beyond the rear end of the disc, and
takes into a hole formed in the under side of a strap B, for the
purpose of
keeping it down upon the stock when the breech-closer is drawn back for
the purpose of inserting a charge.
Figure 12 is a face view of the breech-closer; Figure 13 is a plan view of
the breech-closer and strap attached; Figure 14 is a plan of a breech-closer,
the upper part of which is cut away on each side for the strap to lie in, thereby
making a flush top to that part of the fire-arm; the strap B, above described,
in each case works on a pin placed in the fore end of the closer, as shewn
In one side of the disc or closer a slot f is formed lengthwise, into which the

page_text: bolt a slides, and which keeps the breech-closer working in a direct line
when being moved to and fro.
Figure 15 shows a short handle or projecting stud g projecting from the
upper rear end of the closer for pulling it back; this stud is kept sufficiently
low as not to interfere with the sight. The cartridges used with this gun
are precisely the same as those previously described, and the Drawings of
the same are repeated separately in Sheet 2.
Under the next part of my Invention I use a breech-closer or disc and
strap combined, which strap is much shorter than that previously described,
and terminates in a jointed knob, as shewn at h, Figure 16, or the under
part of the tail may be recessed, as shewn at Figure 17.
Figure 18 is a plan of Figure 17. In these Figures a cross piece i, forming
a joint, is placed on the front of the upper part of the strap, from the centre
of which a long pin or wire j projects; this pin enters a slot or tube formed
in the upper part of the rear end of the barrel. A small screw is inserted
through the top of the barrel, and presses against a flat in the top of the pinj.
The cross joint has a projecting piece which has a flat filed upon it; this
flat is in the back part when the breech-closer is in its place, but when lifted
up and thrown over the top of the barrel the round part of the joint is
presented to the hammer, and thereby prevents the hammer striking the
nipple, so that no accident can occur; this is effected by placing a pin, stud,
or lug under the nose of the hammer.
Figure 19 shows, in section, part of a gun with the breech-closer thrown
over the barrel previous to inserting a charge.
The upper
purpose of
Figure 20 is a side view of part of a gun, showing another method of
withdrawing the bolt. In this case a lever is placed vertically, or nearly so,
in the lock plate, and jointed with it, having a spring sight joint.
part of this lever projects above the top of the stock for the
drawing the bolt out of its place in the breech-closer by the fingers. A slot
is formed in this lever to allow a screw head to slide in when the lever is
drawn out. This screw is screwed in the breech-locking bolt, as represented
in section in Figure 21. This can be employed in any of the arrangements
previously described. In Figure 20 the hammer is shewn flattened or cut
away at m, in order that when the gun is at half-cock the hammer may be
clear of the lever to allow the lever and bolt to be withdrawn. When the
hammer is down on the nipple part of the hammer comes in front of the lever.
I sometimes use a spring placed on the outside of the box, as shown at n,
Figure 21*, a portion of which spring projects inward, and takes into a slot
in the side of the breech-closer, keeping it down in its place. By pressing

page_text: this spring outward, it is disengaged from the closer, and the closer is free to
be removed for the purpose of cleaning the interior of the gun.
Myinprovement in nipples of guns consists in drilling the hole through the
screw thread; this is done by filing a flat on the outside of the screw portion
of the nipple, and dove-tailing a piece of platinum to it previous to cutting
the screw thread; by this arrangement the lead becomes more direct, and I
am enabled to penetrate the case or bag of the cartridge by the action of the
percussion explosion.therebyrendering the biting of the cartridge bag previous
to inserting the charge unnecessary. A sectional view of my improved nipple
is shewn at Figure 22, where the ordinary hole is represented in dotted lines.
Figure 23 is a side view of part of a musket with a spring stud fastening to
the lever, like that used by nie in my birding gun, as herein-after described;
Figure 24 is a section of part of a musket illustrating my method of securing
the breech box and the fore end of the guard by a single screw.
Sheet 3 represents my improved method of couverting the present muzzle-
loading sporting gun into a breech loader. Figure 1 is a side elevation, and
Figure 2 a plan of part of a breech charger, where I employ simply a lever
and bolt to open and close the breech. In using this description of breech-
loading arm it is necessary to employ a wad of felt or other like material at
the back of the cartridge. The groove in the bolt works over a fixed stud
The lever is placed on the same side as the hammer, and is so formed at the
end where it is united to the bolt, that upon raising it to open the breech it
raises the haminer and places it at half-cock. In his arm, as in that
previously described, similar arrangements prevent the cap being exploded by
the descent of the hammer before the breech is properly closed This form of
breech closer is applicable for cannon as well as for small arms.
Another method of converting muzzle-loading sporting guns into breech-
loaders consists in fixing a long bar or strip of steel in the place usually
occupied by the ramrod, and continuing it into the breech end of the stock;
the breech part of this bar of steel has a plate lying across the front of the
stock, and forms a face plate; in the front of this face plate a nose is arranged
to have a piece of soft metal between two pieces of hard, as claimed by me in
the Specification of my Patent, dated 14th October 1857. On the under part
of the barrel a slotted bar is placed, into which the flat bolt generally used in
connecting the barrel to the stock slides; the bar and bolt are marked a
and b in Figure 3; the long steel bar is firmly secured to the stock by screws.
Figure 4 shows a plan of the under side of the gun, with the stock partly in
section; near the fore end of the steel bar there is a
lug, through which a

page_text: grooved axle works. This axle is similar to those described in the Specification
of my Patent, dated 14th October 1857; on this axle one end of a lever is
placed, on the other end of the lever there is a deeply chamfered hole, into
which a small spring stud takes, which is pressed inward previous to raising
the lever. I do not confine myself to altering single-barrel guns only, as the
same method can be adapted to those having double barrels. Figure 5 is a
side view of the bar of steel, shown separately.
The cartridges for my sporting guns are constructed as before described,
excepting that small shot are confined in the paper in lieu of the bullet.
Figure 6 is a plan, Figure 7 a side view, and Figures 8 and 9 are sections
illustrating my improvements in cannons and guns of large calibre; they
consist in boring the cannon entirely through,in placing a breech-closer in the
breech end, and in securing it by a screw axle, as, hereafter explained. On
the rear end of the closer is a stout curved piece of metal c, which projects
beyond the breech of the gun, on the lower part of which piece of metal a
long pin d projects toward the fore part; this pin rides in a socket e, which
forms part of the breech of the gun; the fore end of the breech closer is
curved, and made either concave or convex, as represented in Figures 8
and 10, and the rear of the bag containing the powder is correspondingly
shaped. For the purpose of loading, the small lever placed at the side is
turned, and the axle withdrawn; the curved piece of metal, together with a
breech closer, are drawn outward clear of the gun, when the curved piece
turning upon the pin d falls by its own weight. The shot is first inserted at
the breech, then the powder bag, the curved piece of metal c is now swung
round on its pin until it is opposite, the bore, into which it is pushed home,
the lever is then returned to its original position; or I simply use a screw
axle to close the breech, as represented in Figure 11; in this case a wad must
be used with the cartridge, as shown in Fig. 11*.
Sometimes, as a modification of the foregoing, I secure the screwed axle of
the lever to the rear end of the gun instead of in its side, and for the purpose
of giving strength several grooves are made in the axle, and in this case work
in the body of the metal of which the gun is composed, instead of
upon the
pin; this arrangement is represented at Figure 12. Previous to loading this
gun: the lever is turned to bring the screwed breech.closer out sufficiently far
to be clear of the aperture a in the top of the gun, as shewn in Figure 13.
In this case the shot is inserted first through the aperture in the top of the
cannon; it is then pushed forward a little to allow the powder bag to be
inserted, the bag being jointed, as shown at Figure 14; the breech is then

page_text: screwed up until the aperture is entirely closed, the bag being pushed
forward at the same time. The lever being jointed can be thrown over the
top of the breech, and the handle lies in the aperture a before described.
And having now described the nature of my said Invention, and in what
manner the same may be performed, I declare that I claim,―
First, the various improvements upon and modifications of breech parts
herein-before described, as applied to a box screwed in or formed at the
rear of the barrel of fire-arms, which formed part of the subject of Letters
Patent granted to me the 14th October 1857.
Second, the employment of the short strap C, with a knob, recess, or
otherwise as applied to my said patent breech box, and the recessing of the
stock, as shown at D, Figs. 19 and 24 of Sheet 2, for the purpose of
allowing of the taking hold of such strap.
Third, the employment of a pin, lug, or stud on the under side of the
hammer of the lock, in conjunction with the part marked k in Figure 18,
Sheet 2, of the Drawings hereunto annexed, to prevent the hammer
striking the cap until the breech is safely closed.
Fourth, the causing of the half-cocking of the lock in breech-closing
arms when using the lever to open the breech, in the manner herein-before
described.
Fifth, the constructing of the nipples of breech-loading fire-arms in the
manner herein-before described.
Sixth, the constructing of breech-loading cannon in the manner herein-
before particularly described.
Seventh, the constructing of cartridges for breech-loading arins with a
recess at the rear thereof, whether such recess be formed in the case con-
taining the powder, or in any wad or other article or material placed,
attached, or fixed at the rear thereof, and whatever may be the shape or
form of such recess.
Eighth, the placing of lubricating material in a recess formed at the rear
end of the cartridge, with or without a wad.
Ninth, the securing of bullets in cartridge cases by turning over..and.
cementing the outside surface of the case, in manner and for the purpose
herein-before described.
Tenth, the method of securing the breech box and the fore end of the
guard by a single screw, as shown at E, Figure 24, Sheet 2.
Eleventh, the method of constructing locks for breech-loading arms herein-
before described.

page_text: And, last, the lubricating of cartridges for breech-loading arms, by
dipping the cartridge or covering case in a lubricating material or com-
position, in manner berein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Thomas Restell, have, hereunto set.my
hand and seal, this Third day of January, One thousand eight
hundred and fifty-nine.
THOMAS RESTELL. (L.S.)