IMPROVE- MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER
Year: 1846

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, EDMUND
NEROT, of 72, Lombard Street, in the City of London, Gentleman, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Twenty-fourth day of
September, One thousand eight hundred and forty-six, in the tenth year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said Edmund Nerot, my exors, admors, and assigns, Her especial licence,
full power, sole privilege and authority, that I, the said Edmund Nerot, my
exors, admors, and assigns, or such others that I, the said Edmund Nerot,
my exors, adñiors, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others,
from time to time and at all times during the term of years therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England,
Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my Invention of "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER;" in which said Letters Patent there is
contained a proviso, obliging me, the said Edmund Nerot, to cause a particular
description of the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, to be
inrolled in Her said Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said recited Letters Patent,
as in and by the same, reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at
Jorge anneer

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Edmund Nerot, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention, and
the manner in which the same is to be performed, are described and ascertained
as follows, that is to say :-
My improvements consist, first, in the method herein described of making
the bark of the ozier and willow suitable for making paper, and of then
employing the same in that manufacture; and, secondly, in the application
of bleached jute (an article well known in commerce) in the manufacture of
paper.
The first-mentioned improvements in using the bark of the ozier or willow
are to be carried out as follows:-First, trenches must first be dug, proportional
in number and width to the importance of the manufacture, into which must
be placed the exact quantity of ozier or willow bark they can contain. After
having well picked the bark and thrown aside any wood or refuse matter
which may be found, clear water must be introduced into the trenches, sufficient
to cover the bark, which must be left to steep for eight days at least. If
left to steep for a longer period, even the bark would benefit by it.
Second, when the bark is ready for use, the water must be left to run out,
and the material must be taken out and crushed under a powerful millstone,
turning vertically upon a stone socket.
Third, after the bark is well crushed it must be put into a lye vat, heated
either by steam or by a furnace. Steam is preferable, as the ebullition is stronger
and better sustained. The use even of a supply vat is recommended. As
respects the boiling, it ought to continue for six hours if heated by a furnace,
and four if heated by steam. For every one hundred pounds of bark the
lye wash should be composed as follows: three pounds of potash, four pounds
of soft soap, one and a half pound of melted tallow; two quarts of any alkaline
liquid, say urine, can be added. This last addition is not indispensable, but it
is certainly advantageous. The lye which has served for the first wash can be
used twice again; a fourth part of the chemical ingredients above named only
must be used for the second, and a third part for the third wash. Experience
has shewn that the lye wash after having been used three times forms a rich
liquid manure; it is highly important therefore to save it. The price at which
it would be sold would pay, it is calculated, the expense of the purchase of
the bark.
Fourth, after the bark has been taken out of the lye vat it should be
threshed, in preference, by fullers acting obliquely, because they throw back
the material, which it is essential to keep always moist.
Fifth, when the operation of threshing has been concluded, the material

page_text: quarts of water. The whole must be well stirred for five minutes together,
and the vat must then be re-covered. The preparation must be stirred from
time to time, and in about four hours after the material is bleached. If it
should be desirable to obtain a superior white, the material must be washed,
pressed, and again left to steep in the same preparation for four hours longer.
The material bleached either in the first or second degree does not require
previous to its manufacture any addition of white rags. The waters which
have served for these different washes should be preserved in order to be of
use another time, but with additions proportionate to their loss of strength,
and they should not be thrown away until they have become too thick to act
upon the material.
The improvements in reference to the use of bleached jute are as follows:-
The jute being bleached, which is done by the patented process of Mr. Calvert,
and so bleached in long or short lengths by the paper manufacturer. The first
process will be to pass the jute through a chopping machine, set to three or four
inches gauge. After the jute is cut up into lengths of three or four inches, the
next process is to place the same in the rag engine, and there wash it off for
forty minutes or one hour, for the purpose of improving its color, and bleach
can then be applied to the water in the engine for the purpose also of further
improvement of color. It is requisite that the jute when requiring further
bleaching should be bleached within the engine, (or else so placed in bleach
liquid as to prevent its settling down,) and during the motion of the water caused
by the revolution of the engine roll, otherwise the jute will body down at the
bottom of the engine, and there form an entangled body, such as no bleach will
properly permeate. I have tried an increase of color for the jute by means of
additional bleaching, and I find the jute bleaches well when under the action
of the engine roll, for the engine roll maintains that action or revolving motion
in the water which prevents the jute from settling down. If the jute is to be
converted into paper without an admixture of linen or cotton fabric, two hours
beating in the engine will convert the same into pulp. Alum is to be added as
usual to harden the water and set in admixtures, and such quantities of size
and blue or other coloring to be added as may suit the purposed appropriation
of the paper. In admixing linen or cotton fabrics with the jute their pro-
portions would be in one-quarter, or one-third, or one-half of the weight of the
jute, (each article weighed dry,) and this admixture may be made when the
engine is first filled in, or after the jute is in the state of half stuff. The mode
of treating jute pulp upon the paper machine wire differs in no respect from
the mode of treating other paper pulps. If the jute pulp works fast or open
upon the machine wire, the jute pulp must then be given more time in the

page_text: beating engine; and if the jute pulp works wet or close upon the machine wire,
the remedy will be in using a sharper plate in the beater engine. The sizing,
the pressing, the glazing, and the finishing of jute paper differs in no mode
from the process followed with linen or cotton papers. I disclaim as new in
the manufacture of paper the use of ozier or willow bark, and claim only the
mode of treatment of the same and use thereof, herein-before described. I
also claim the application of bleached jute in the manufacture of paper in the
manner herein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Edmund Nerot, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twenty-third day of March, One thousand eight
hundred and fanty covon