IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR CUTTING OR DRESSING STONES, WHICH ARE ALSO APPLICABLE FOR HAMMERING, CRUSHING, OR OTHERWISE REDUCING METALS AND OTHER MATERIALS
Year: 1862

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Edward Ormerod, of Manchester, in the County of
Lancaster, Engineer, and Christian Schiele, of the same Place, Engineer,
for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR
CUTTING OR DRESSING STONES, WHICH ARE ALSO APPLICABLE FOR HAMMERING,
CRUSHING, OR OTHERWISE REDUCING METALS AND OTHER MATERIALS."
Sealed the 31st October 1862, and dated the 3rd May 1862.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Edward Ormerod and
Christian Schiele at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with
their Petition, on the 3rd May 1862:
We, EDWARD ORMEROD,. of Manchester, in the County of Lancaster,
Engineer, and CHRISTIAN SCHIELE, of the same Place, Engineer, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR
APPARATUS FOR CUTTING OR DRESSING STONES, WHICH ARE ALSO APPLICABLE FOR
HAMMERING, CRUSHING, OR OTHERWISE REDUCING METALS AND OTHER MATERIALS,"
to be as follows:-
This Invention relates principally to improvements on a Patent granted to
the said Christian Schiele for purposes similar to the above, dated the 22nd
day of February 1860, No. 475, and consists of causing the swinging tools to
strike at an angle,before arriving at the lowest point of motion, and guide

page_text: them past or over the block of stone to be cut or dressed, preventing any
subsequent contact. We also guide them in their course during their swinging
motion by centrifugal force, and control their position when striking the
material, as well as regulating the depths of the cut and the subsequent
rebound without interfering with the earlier strokes. We construct the main,
shaft hollow, with an eccentric adjustably fixed in its centre, held outside the
bearings of the hollow shaft, which revolves round a spindle passed through or
fixed to the eccentric. A fork swinging on a fulcrum and carried round the
eccentric transmits the motion thus obtained to the tool arm by means of
links, a partially rolling friction being employed. The said arm passes outside
the hollow shaft by means of a tightly-fitting portion of it to prevent the
entrance of dust to any injurious extent. The cutting tools are attached to
these arms (which are comparatively heavy, acting similar to a hammer) by
links or joints, which, on striking the material, allow the tool to have the full
force of the stroke concentrated on its acting edge and to give way to such
strain, which otherwise might grind it off on its lower or outside cutting edge.
Where the nature of the material has.a tendency to grind the tool excessively,
this linking of the tool assists to keep it in a better condition than would
otherwise be the case by grinding farther off the cutting edge, and has also a
tendency to lift off portions of the stone or material. The tool is brought to
its proper position before striking again by centrifugal force or a spring. We
also grind the tools, when desired, by stones placed for that purpose, so that
the tools come in contact with the stones in passing at a favorable position.
In some cases we construct tools with merely a thin layer of steel on one side,
which, when hardened, maintains its edge when the soft iron has been worn
off, thereby preserving the cutting edge. We also fix the tools in tool boxes,
allowing of forward adjustment, but projecting a little, so that they may be
comparatively thin; or we adjust them by a screw which turns by means of a
touch finger, which, by hitting the previously cut surface when not sufficiently
reduced, adjusts the tool to compensate for its wear. Or the tool 'being fixed
pliable, reaching the material at a short distance before receiving the blow from
the hammer, imitates the natural action of a mason striking the blow. We
construct the truck or carriage to carry the stones or material as a frame over
apit, and hoist them up by chains slung under them by hoisting gear fixed to
the slides of the truck or carriage, and stay the material by wedges or screws
on the sides and ends. We also construct the truck or carriage with gear for
uniform adjustment up and down, the additional adjustment being accom-
plished by the eccentric. The tools of other stone hewing or dressing
machinery, and even hand tools, may be improved in a similar manner. When

page_text: applied to chisels, however, which are hit by a hammer, it is necessary that a
dead weight shall be applied in the front of the chisels, either securely fixed or
forged to them. We also apply the eccentric link motion to swinging arms
which carry hammers for forging and other purposes, or for crushing or
reducing quartz, metals, or other materials. For the latter purpose a guide
to lead the arms at a distance above the back of the anvil and in front of a
sieve is all that is necessary. We allow the feed of the material plenty of
room, so that it may find its own inclination, at a height where the pounders
may agitate it sufficiently for regular feeding and be adjusted by the supply
pipe. Wo make the anvils for the said hammers adjustable by a wedge or
wedges, or by levers acted on by the hand, knee, or friction produced on the
hammer spindle. When required, the extent of the anvils rising may be
adjusted so as to limit the extent of the reduction by the hammering.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,. filed
by the said Edward Ormerod and Christian Schiele in the Great Seal
Patent Office on the 3rd November 1862..
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, EDWARD
ORMEROD, of Manchester, in the County of Lancaster, Engineer, and CHRISTIAN
SCHIELE, of the same Place, Engineer, send greeting..
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Third day of May, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, in the twenty-fifth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto us,.
the said Edward Ormerod and Christian Schiele, Her special licence, that we,
the said Edward Ormerod and Christian Schiele, our executors, administrators,
and assigns, or such others as we, the said Edward Ormerod and Christian
Schiele, our executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the
term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR
APPARATUS FOR CUTTING OR DRESSING STONES, WHICH ARE ALSO APPLICABLE FOR
HAMMERING, CRUSHING, OR OTHERWISE REDUCING METALS AND OTHER MATERIALS,"
upon the condition (amongst others) that we, the said Edward Ormerod and
Christian Schiele, our executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing

page_text: under our, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe
and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the
said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said Edward Ormerod and Christian Schiele,
do hereby declare the nature of our said Invention, and in what manner the
same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement (that is to say):-
:-
This Invention relates principally to improvements on a Patent granted to
the said Christian Schiele for purposes similar to the above, dated the Twenty-
second day of February One thousand eight hundred and sixty, Number 475,
and consists in causing the swinging tools to strike at an angle before arriving
at the lowest point of motion, and guide them past or over the block of stone
to be cut or dressed, preventing any subsequent contact.
We also guide
them in their course during the swinging out by centrifugal force, and
control their position when striking the material, as well as regulating the
depth of the cut or other action and the subsequent rebound, without inter-
fering with any earlier accidental strokes. We construct the tool barrel hollow,
with an eccentric adjustably fixed in its interior, and held outside the bearings
of the tool barrel, which revolves on a spindle passed through or fixed to the
eccentric. A fork swinging on a fulcrum and carried round the eccentric
transmits the motion thus obtained to the tool arm by means of links, a
partially rolling friction being employed. The said arm passes outside the
tool barrel by means of a tightly-fitting portion of it to prevent the entrance
of dust to an injurious extent. The cutting tools are attached by links or
joints to these arms, which are comparatively heavy, acting similar to a
hammer, which, on striking, allow the tool to have the full force of the stroke
concentrated on its acting edges and to give way to such strain, which other-
wise might wear it off much more rapidly on the lower portion outside of the
cutting edge. Where the nature of the material has a tendency to grind the
tool excessively, this linking of the tool assists to keep it in a better condition
than would otherwise be the case by grinding it at a more favorable angle.
The said linking has also a tendency to lift off. portions of the stone or material.
The tool is brought to its proper position on the tool arm before striking again
by a spring. On the tool being fixed pliable, reaching the material at a short
distance before receiving the blow from the hammer, imitates the action
of a mason striking the blow. The tools of other stone hewing or dressing
machinery, and even hand tools, may be improved in a similar manner. When

page_text: applied to chisels which are hit by a hammer a dead weight may be applied
in the front of the chisels, either securely fixed or forged to them.
We con-
struct the truck or carriage to carry the stones or material as a frame over a
pit, and adjust their horizontal position by chains and screws on the sides of the
truck or carriage and stay the material by wedges, screws, or holdfasts on the
sides and ends. We also construct the truck or carriage with gear for uniform
adjustment up and down. We also apply the eccentric link motion to swinging
arms which carry hammers for forging and other purposes, or for crushing or
reducing quartz, ores, or other materials. For the latter purpose à guide to
lead the arms at a distance above the back of the anvil and in front of a sieve
is all that is necessary. We also allow the feed of the material plenty of room,
so that it may find its own inclination, at a height where the pounders may
agitate it sufficiently for regular feeding, which may be adjusted by the supply
pipe. We make the anvils for the said hammers adjustable by a wedge acted
on by the knee, and the height of the anvils rising may be adjusted so as to
limit the extent of the reduction of the hammering.
These improvements will be clearly understood by referring to the figures
and letters on the accompanying two Sheets of Drawings. In Sheet 1, Figs.
1 and 2 are front and side elevations, and Fig. 3 a plan of one of our
improved stone-dressing machines drawn to a scale of about three-fourths of
an inch to the foot. Fig. 4 is an end elevation, and Fig. 5 a sectional plan at
the line A, B, Fig. 4, drawn to a scale of one and a half inches to the foot,
shewing the eccentric and gear required for each separate tool. Fig. 6 is a
section of the tool in a cutting position. Fig. 7, a section of the tool turned
back for removal; and Fig. 8, a front view of Fig. 6, all drawn to about half
size; and Fig. 9 is a view of a method of holding and supporting flags or
slabs on the truck of the machine drawn to about one and a half inches to the
foot.
.
In Figs. 1, 2, and 3 the driving power is applied by the strap pulley a, fixed
to the tool barrel b, from which the arms holding the tools fly out, hit, recede,
clear the stone, and fly out again in such a manner that not more than one
tool acts at the same time, the tools being in such a position as to leave no
ridge between the cuts. Each tool arm and gear may be separately taken
out and in by an opening in the barrel covered by a plate. The spindle on
which the barrel turns is held at both its ends by the side frames or standards c.
The truck is advanced steadily by gearing arranged as follows:-A small
wheel d, fixed to the barrel, gears into a larger one c, which by bevil gear turns
the worm f, which works in a worm wheel 9 fixed to the same shaft as the
wheels h, i, h. These wheels are of different diameters, and can be set in
I

page_text: gear for obtaining different speeds with the wheels l, m, n, on a lower shaft,
on which the latter can slide together lengthways, there being a key by which
they turn the shaft and the pinion fixed on its end, projecting towards the
truck and gearing in the rack p fixed to two of the four supports 7 of the
wheel or axle bearings. The wheels on the pinion shaft being put out of, gear,
the truck can be brought back to the starting position by the handle Y. The
frame or main body of the truck slides vertically on these supports g, and is
adjusted uniformly vertically by screws s, worms, worm wheels, and bevil gear,
one of which, that with the handle attached, being removable if required.
The wheels run on planed rails, and the two on the side of the gear are
guided by a double rail, which hold their flanches so as to guide the truck
securely. There is a pit between the rails of sufficient size to allow a block
of stone or a combination of stones to enter, which are generally slung in
chains adjustable by screw straps after being let down by cranes to nearly
their proper positions. In most cases cross bars are fixed on the top of the
frame to support the wedges, so as to adapt them to stones of various sizes.
Where required, supports are employed for preserving the edges on the ends of
the stones, or the progress of the stone is retarded or altogether stopped bofore
arriving at the edge. One arrangement for holding flagstones is shown in
Fig. 9. A plate is fixed across the top of the truck, having narrow brackets
on the under side of its edges. Holdfasts u, which hold the edge of the flag
by notches, are drawn by double wedges downwards and inwards. At suitable
distances screws v are placed in the body of the plate for supporting the flags
by being screwed up against their faces, and secured by lock nuts or otherwise.
The spindle of the tool barrel holds the eccentric cylinder stationary inside
the tool barrel after being adjusted to give the proper angle to the tools by
means of the outside lever wand the screws x, x, Figs. 1, 2, and 3.
Figs. 4 and 5 represent the construction of the gear for each tool; a is the
fixed spindle; b, the tool. barrel; c, the excentric; d, the guiding strap revolving
with the barrel b; and e, the link to transmit its motion to the tool arm f; g,
the tool itself; and h, the cover for closing the opening in the tool barrel. A
peculiarity of this gear is, that on the rebound or receding of the tool from
its hitting position, the link centres and the strap pin assume a position almost
in a staight line, thereby giving great controlling power of the eccentric over
the swinging weight of the tool arm, which controlling power is encreased by
In
applying friction to the fulcrum of the strap d or other part of the gear.
case of any stone coming between the tool and surface of the stone, or in case of
a too high adjustment of the stone, the gear allows of an earlier receding of the
tool, there being a space between the smaller or thinner end of the strap d and

page_text: the excentric c. At the point of contact of the strap d and the eccentric c, as
shewn in Fig. 4, the friction is more of a rolling than of a sliding nature.
Fig. 6 represents a bolt h, pushed forward by a spring i into the hollow of
the tool holder k, holding it in its hitting position against a shoulder l. A tool
entering the stone describes a curve or diverges in an oblique direction from
the line of entering. To avoid undue strain on the machine and rapid wear of
the tool, we construct the tool by inserting the chisel m into its iron cylindrical
holder k, which arrangement allows of a giving way of the tool by turning
slightly with its holder the spring i and bolt h, offering increasing resistance
during receding and throwing the unavoidable grinding further away from the
front edge. During this action, and by the peculiar turning of the tool, a
lifting off or splitting motion is also produced, which improves the value of
the hit or the cutting of the stones. After the hit the spring and bolt force
the tool back to its original position. A fixed pin n passes through a slot in
the bolt for the purpose of terminating the range of its stroke both ways.
Fig. 7 shews how to remove the tool sideways from the tool arm, by turning
it far enough back to push the bolt h back.
the tool holder k, with the bolt h in position.
on both its ends for pushing the spring bolt back to allow the entrance of the
tool, which is here shewn as a finishing tool in the full lines, and as a roughing-
out tool in the dotted lines. It will easily be seen that to cut columns, ridges,
or mouldings, the supporting table or truck must be so arranged that the
stone can be carried in its proper position, sometimes angular, under a single
tool projecting far enough from a face plate to enter ridges or under a series of
tools on a barrel, the whole arranged and shaped to suit the peculiar require-
ments of the design.
Fig. 8 represents a front view of
It also shews inclined planes o
In Sheet 2, Fig. 10 is a side elevation of a tool arm for the stone-dressing
machine before described, so arranged that the working of a mason is imitated.
The tool m is held pliable, for instance, by a spring, as shewn, arrives at the
O stone before the hammer n, and then receives the hit, the spring or other
pliable holder allowing the tool to enter the stone in the diverging direction
before referred to. Fig. 11 shows a pickaxe supplied with linked tools; a
flat spring outside on the top of the tool head brings the tools back to their
proper position. Fig. 12 is a similar arrangement for a hand chisel; Fig. 13
5 represents a chisel where the curved entering of the tool into the stone
is assisted, and therefore so much of undue wear of cutting edge avoided
by the addition and firm fixing of a weight p hanging over before the tool.
A dead weight thus fixed, and the blow of the hammer alighting on the chisel
passing behind the centre of gravity of the whole, propels it in a diverging

page_text: ⚫direction.
About the centre of gravity, or rather in front of it, a side handle
is fixed for the mason to hold the tool. Fig. 14 is an end view, and Fig. 15
a plan of a hammer for forging or otherwise reducing metals by hammering
The gear for guiding and retarding the hammer or tool arni a is attached to a
-face plate fixed on one end of the spindle c, its other end carrying a fly wheel
d, and having loose and fast pulleys mounted between its bearings. A bracket
e, cast to the bottom plate, carries a pin f by a flanch and boss adjustable by
the screws g and nuts i. This pin is thus held in an eccentric position to the
spindle c, and a pulley or roller turns on it. This roller runs inside a strong
strap, which swings on its pin 1 fixed to the face plate b. The inside of the
strap is shaped so that the motion produced by it will guide the hammer in its
course, and allow of its free receding after hitting, similar to that before described
in the dressing machine. The transmission of the motion from the strap to
the hammer a is obtained by means of the links m. The anvil n is raised and
lowered by the wedge support o; p is a buffer for resting the knee against;
and a strap for drawing out the wedge to lower the anvil n. Pressing
the buffer inwards by the knee will raise the anvil, bring the metal up to the
hammer to receive a light or heavy hammering, according to the amount of
raising the anvil. The buffer is adjustable by its screw, so that it may be
limited by its coming in contact with the anvil block in the range of forcing
the anvil upwards, to limit the amount of reducing the metal. For a variety
of work the wedge may be fixed by driving a key between it and the anvil
block, or otherwise. For heavy forging separate leverage may be employed.
and two or more wedges in combination, to obtain quicker and higher range of
anvil. Fig. 16 shews an end view of the hammer head, shewing the T-section
of its iron shaft or arm; two projections 7, also in Fig. 14, hold the hammer
from shifting its position lengthways, the top wood wedge s holding the pro-
jections in gear. The T-iron does not touch the hammer on its lower edge,
as the wood wedges t hold it up. The anvil block is also supported by
layers of timber, and the holding-down bolts have some elastic medium under
their heads or washers to prevent injury from continued recoil. Fig. 17 is a
sectional side elevation, and Fig. 18, a plan, with top plate partly removed, of
a crusher, pounder, or mill, shewing our improved arrangement of guiding
the flying out of the arms or pounders a by means of cams b, instead of eccen-
trics, one of the positions being shewn by the dotted lines. These cams are
fixed one on each side to the top half of the casing c.
The anvil block d
secures the sufficiency of receding of the arms a. The projections f cast to
the pounders rest against the cams 6 as the connecting medium. Instead of
the cams b, side bars or guides may be employed, projections from the side of

page_text: the pounders bearing against them. An eccentrically turned pin h on the
opposite end of the spindle gives motion to the sieve i by means of the rocking
shaft k. The lever projects through an oblong hole in the top part of the
sieve frame, fitting with sufficient play to cause the regular eccentric motion
to be transformed into a jerking. one. There is a grating m fixed over the
sieve to prevent its being injured by large pieces or. the rapid flying on of
smaller pieces of the material. For readily changing the sieve it is slid
upwards out of its guides, the rocking shaft being previously thrown out of
gear. A removable cover n is fixed behind the sieve for collecting the reduced
material. For opening the mill the upper half of the casing c can easily be
removed. The adjustable supply pipe o, bringing ore or other material from a
chamber above, is so placed that the natural incline the material assumes on
coming out below is proper for the regular feed to the mill. Large pieces are
broken up on their way to the anvil. A lower position of the feed pipe for
material assuming a less incline is shewn in dotted lines. When desired, we
cause the motion of the stone-dressing tools, when not hitting, to be employed
for the purpose of grinding or sharpening them, the said tools coming in con-
tact with stones or other grinding materials placed in suitable positions. The
tool arm or hammer head would have to be formed so as to allow its passing:
the stone or material without touching.
Having now described the nature and particulars of our said Invention, and
the manner in which the same is to be performed, we desire it to be under-
stood that we do not confine ourselves to the precise details herein set forth,
as such may be varied or modified without departing from the principle
thereof; but what we claim under the above part recited Letters
Patent, is,
First, the eccentric or cam motion and gear connected with it for controlling
the movements of the tool arms.
Secondly, the peculiar system of constructing the tools for stone cutting or
dressing, so that they yield, and thereby lessen wear and tear, and produce the
splitting or lifting-off motion.
Thirdly, the peculiar construction for inserting, holding, and removing the
stone-dressing tools.
Fourthly, the improved modes of supporting, adjusting, and fixing stone for
the purpose of cutting or dressing.
Fifthly, the improved mode of grinding or sharpening the tools during their
motion when not cutting.
Sixthly, the improved method of fixing the stone-cutting or dressing tool in
advance of the tool arm or hammer.

page_text: Seventhly, in forge hammers, the improved mode of adjusting the anvil
block.
And, eighthly, the improved mode of supplying the material to pounders or
crushing mills, as all such improvements are herein described and illustrated
in the accompanying two Sheets of Drawings.
In witness whereof, we, the said Edward Ormerod and Christian Schiele,.
have hereunto set our hands and seals, this First day of November,
in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-two..
Signed, sealed, and delivered by the
within-named Edward Ormerod and
Christian Schiele in the presence
of
G. SEPTIMUS HUGHES,
20, Cross Street,
EDWARD
IEROD. (L.S.)
CHRISTIAN SCHIELE. (L.S.)
Manchester.