IM- PROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF TERRA COTTA OR VITREOUS STONE
Year: 1865

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Mark Henry Blanchard, of Blackfriars Road, in the
County of Surrey, Terra Cotta Manufacturer, for the Invention of "IM-
PROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF TERRA COTTA OR VITREOUS STONE."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Mark Henry Blanchard
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
10th August 1865.
I, MARK HENRY BLANCHARD, of Blackfriars Road, in the County of Surrey,
Terra Cotta Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF TERRA COTTA OR VITREOUS STONE,"
to be as follows:-
This Invention consists in the application and conversion of the refuse slag
of smelting furnaces in combination with the refuse of granite and slate
quarries, and also the refuse of ceramic or pottery manufactures combined
with plastic clay, alumina, alkali, chalk and lime, silica, or the shells of fish,
for the purpose of forming a body known as terra cotta or vitrified stone, to
be used in structurial and architectural embellishments, and for other pur-
poses for which terra cotta, stoneware, and plastic clays have heretofore been
employed.
I take from one to ten parts, more or less, of slag from smelting furnaces;
from one to five parts, more or less, of the refuse from granite or slate quarries;

page_text: from 1 to 20 parts, more or less, of the refuse of ceramic or pottery manu-
factures, and add from one to 3 parts of chalk or lime, more or less, and from
1 to 8 parts, more or less, silica or fish shells, the whole being crushed and
reduced to powder and passed through a suitable sieve. The alumina and
alkali I mix with water in the proportion of about 1 pound of the alumina
and 4 pounds of alkali to 12 gallons of water. This semi-fluid solution I mix
with a sufficient quantity of water to wet the ingredients above mentioned,
and finally I mix the same with about half the quantity of clay, and reduce
the same to a plastic state for modelling or moulding into articles of any
desired shape or form; and, lastly, I fire the same in the ordinary pottery or
terra cotta kiln.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Mark-Henry Blanchard in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 8th February 1866.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, MARK
HENRY BLANCHARD, of Blackfriars Road, in the County of Surrey, Terra
Cotta Manufacturer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Tenth day of August, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and sixty-five, in the twenty-ninth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said Mark Henry Blanchard, Her special licence that I, the said Mark
Henry Blanchard, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as
I, the said Mark Henry Blanchard, my executors, administrators, and assigns,.
should at any time. agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all
times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully
might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man,, an Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF TERRA COTTA OR VITREOUS STONE," upon
the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Mark Henry Blanchard, my
executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their,
or one of their hands and seals,, should particularly describe and ascertain
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be
performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office.
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Mark Henry Blanchard, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement, that is to say :-
This. Invention consists in the application and conversion of the refuse slag
of smelting and other furnaces in combination with the refuse of granite and
slate, or similar quarries and refuse, working in the several materials, also the
refuse of ceramic or pottery. manufactures, combined with plastic clay,
alumina, alkali, chalk, and silica, and the shells of fish, for the purpose of
forming a body known as terra cotta or vitreous stone, to be used in structural
and architectural embellishments, and for other purposes for which terra cotta,
stoneware, and plastic elays have been heretofore employed.
And in order to explain my said Invention as completely as possible, I now
proceed to describe the best means I am acquainted with for carrying the
same into practical effect, as follows:-
I take from 1 to 10 parts, more or less, of the slag from smelting furnaces;
from 1 to 5 parts, more or less, of the refuse from granite or slate quarries;
from 1 to 12 parts, more or less, of the refuse of ceramic or pottery manu-
factures, and add from 1 to 3 parts of chalk or lime, more or less, and from
1 to 8 parts of silica and shells of fish in their natural or calcined state, the
whole being crushed and reduced to powder, or ground in water together or
apart, and passed through suitable sieves for the purpose. The alumina and
alkali I mix with water in the proportion of about 1 pound of alumina
and 4 pounds of the alkali to 12 gallons of water; this semi-fluid solution I
mix with a sufficient quantity of water to wet the ingredients, and finally I
mix the quantity by bulk, more or less, of dried or plastic clay with the
several ingredients as previously described, and pass the same through a pug
mill or mixer, and reduce the same to a plastic state for modelling or
moulding into articles through the aid of moulds, or through suitable dies, or
thrown or turned in any desired shape or form by the aid of steam or other
power, and when sufficiently dry I pass the same into the ordinary pottery or
terra cotta or porcelain kiln, and fire the same to a vitreous state, or glaze
the same at the first firing, or glaze or enamel or gild as is usual in the
manufacture of pottery or ceramic wares.
Having now fully described and set forth the nature and object of my said
Invention for "Improvements in the Manufacture of Terra Cotta or Vitreous
Stone,"
by the application and conversion of all the refuse materials before
mentioned, for the purpose of forming a body known as terra cotta or vitreous
stone, together with the best means I am acquainted with for carrying the

page_text: same into practical effect, I desire it to be distinctly understood that what I
claim as my Invention intended to be secured to me by the above in part
recited Letters Patent is as follows:-I claim the employment of the several
ingredients and refuse gatherings from dust yards, slate, granite, or other
similar quarries, and from the manufacturers, vendors, or workers in the
several materials, as before described, in combination, and the converting of
the same when mixed with plastic clays into vitreous articles to be employed
for building or other purposes that terra cotta, stoneware, or plastic clays
have heretofore been employed as above stated.
In witness whereof, I, the said Mark Henry Blanchard, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Eighth day of February, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-six.
MARK HENRY BLANCHARD. (L.S.)