CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR CUTTING, PUNCHING, AND COMPRESSING METALS
Year: 1842

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, WILLIAM
GALLOWAY, JOHN GALLOWAY, and JOSEPH HALEY, of Hulme, in the County of
Lancaster, Engineers, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at
Westminster, the Twenty-seventh day of January, in the fifth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto us, the
said William Galloway, John Galloway, and Joseph Haley, Her especial
licence, full power, sole privilege and authority, that we, the said William
Galloway, John Galloway, and Joseph Haley, our exors, adññors, and assigns,
and such others as we, the said William Galloway, John Galloway, and Joseph
Haley, our exors, adñiors, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times during the term of years therein
expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within
England and Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, our Invention of
"CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR CUTTING, PUNCHING, AND COMPRESSING
METALS;" in which said Letters Patent is contained a proviso that we, the said
William Galloway, John Galloway, and Joseph Haley, shall cause a particular
description of the nature of our said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be enrolled in Her Majesty's High Court of Chancery
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said in
part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being thereunto
had, will more fully and at large appear.

page_text: nature of our Invention to consist in the mechanical arrangement and con-
struction of a certain engine or machine, by which the various operations of
cutting, punching and compressing metals are performed in a more economical
and perfect manner than by the machinery at present in common use; and
the manner in which the same is to be performed and carried into effect will
be seen by reference to the annexed Drawings and the following description
thereof :-
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
The scale to which the annexed Drawings are made is marked thereon, and
the letters and figures of reference used in the following description are alike
in each Figure; that is to say, the same letter or figure of reference which
denotes any part of the engine or machine in one Figure denote the same part
in every other Figure where such letter or figure of reference is used; and the
movement or direction of rotation of the various parts is indicated by sinall
arrows.
Fig. 1 represents a side elevation; Fig. 2, a plan; Fig. 3, an end elevation
of the nearest end of Fig. 1; and Fig. 4, an elevation of the opposite end of
the same Figure; Fig. 5 is a longitudinal sectional elevation taken at the line
a, a, in Fig. 2; and Fig. 6 is a transverse sectional elevation taken at the
line b, b, in Fig. 1. In Figures 1, 2, and 3, A represents the fast and loose
pullies to receive the driving strap of the machine; and A' is a fly wheel to
render the rotation of the shaft A uniform when put in motion; from this
shaft A all the movements of the machine proceed; and to render the descrip-
tion and the manner in which these movements are performed more clear, wo
shall divide them into six. But before proceeding with our description it is
necessary to remark that it is a double-acting machine, that is to say, in each
revolution of the cam and tappet shafts (which will be bereafter referred to),
they perform duty twice, thus forming two rivets or bolts in one revolution;
and, as will be seen by reference to the plan as also the sectional elevation,
each side of the central line a, a, is a counterpart of the other, it is therefore
unnecessary in our description to refer to more than one half. First is the
cutting movement, for cutting off the required portion of the rod iron; second,
the lowering movement, for conveying such portion to a proper position to be
compressed; third, the compressing or heading movement; fourth, tho with-
drawing of the heading or compressing dio preparatory to the succeding
operation; fifth, the forcing out of the rivet or bult preparatory to the com-

page_text: mencement of another; and sixth, the regulating the periodical jets of water
for keeping the parts cool, which are subjected to the heat of the metal to be
compressed.
In making rivets or bolt heads with this machine, it is requisite to have
a furnace near at hand where a sufficient number of rods are heated to
supply the machine, each rod being returned to the furnace as soon as the
.portion required has been cut off. At the opposite end of the revolving shaft
A to that at which the driving pullies are placed is fixed the worm B, which
gears into and imparts motion to the worm wheel B', and the shaft B' on
which it is placed (see Figs. 1, 5, and 6). On the shaft B' is placed the
tappet wheel C, which by means of a small friction roller revolving in the
side groove, as seen at Fig. 5, conveys an alternating vibration to the lever
moving on the fixed stud E, and imparts a perpendicular movement to the
upright connecting rod C, and thence to the cutting lever C, which moves on
its fulcrum C³ (see Figs. 4 and 5). The opposite end of this lever is provided
with a strong projecting pin, which works into a slot, and gives a downward
motion to the sliding piece marked D (see Figs. 2, 4, and 6), moving freely
in perpendicular guides formel by the framing, and held firm to its work by
the friction roller d, as best seen at Figs. 1, 2, 5, and 6; to the lower end of
the sliding piece D is screwed on a cutter, Laving the cutting part nearly in tho
form of an inverted letter V, which sliding against a corresponding cutter fixed
in the framing underneath, acts as a pair of cutting shears, as shewn at Fig. 7,
where the rod D' is seen in the position in which it is cut. Supposing then
the operator to stand at the end of the machine represented at Fig. 4, and
insert a heated rod of iron (as shewn at D', Fig. 1,) through a guiding groove
in the framing and between the cutters, a portion will be cut off, the length of
which is dependant on the position of the stop a, against which it is forced,
and which is adjusted according to the length required by the tempering screw
R; see Figs. 1, 2, and 5; this completes the cutting movement.
The second or lowering movement is also dependant on the rotation of the
shaft B. In Figs. 5 and 6, E represents another tappet wheel, the direction
and curve of the groove on the face of which is seen at Fig. 5. This tappet
wheel or plate E gives a vibrating motion to the lever E', which moves on the
same fixed stud E³, and is connected by a joint and adjusting nuts to the part
which we call the cradle (see E, Fig. 6). At the period when the tappet E
has raised the lever E' and the cradle to its greatest elevation (guided by the
parallel sliding rods Es), the cutting movement takes place and deposits the
required portion of iron into the V part at the top of the cradle E, which
immediately drops down, carrying tho portion of iron to the position at which

page_text: the compressing takes place (as hereafter explained); the groove in the tappet
wheel E (before referred to) is so formed that the cradle at this point makes
a short stop in its descent, during which the heading die advances, and
having secured the iron by the slight pressure endwise, the cradle drops down,
where it remains stationary until the succeeding rovolution of tho tappet
plate E carries it through the same movement. Returning to the driving
shaft A, F represents a pinion gearing into the spur wheel F', which is keyed
on the same shaft as the pinion F, see Fig. 5. This pinion works into and
drives the main wheel F. In Figs. 1, 2, and 5, this wheel F will be seen
fitted upon a stout shaft which revolves slowly by the train of geering already
described, and in the direction indicated by the arrow. This shaft is supported
in the journals G, G, and secured from end movement by the steel tail pins
at F, see Figs. 1, 2, and 5. On this shaft is placed the cam block or disc II
provided with a cam or inclined plane I, which, in its revolution, comes alter
nately in contact with the friction rollers i, i, placed in the respectivo cuds of
the sliding bars k, k, and forces them forward to effect the compressing move-
ment. These bars K, K, move freely endwise in their bearings K', K', and
are provided at the opposite end to that in which the rollers i, i, are placed
with a socket, into which is fitted the heading die of any required form. The
way in which the sliding bars K ȧare withdrawn after performing tho work wo
shall now describe. In Figs. 1 and 3, L represents a shaft passing across the
machine, provided with a tappet L'; this shaft receives a uniform rotation by
nieans of a worm and wheel of exactly the same patterns as already described
at B and B', which worm and wheel has been omitted in the Drawing for tho
purpose of more clearly shewing the position of these parts. M is a lever
moving on its fulcrum at m (see Fig. 5), and the upper extremity taking into
a slot or opening in the sliding shaft K (see Figs. 1, 2, and 5), so that when
they are forced forward by the action of the cam I, as already described, the
lower end of the lever M assumes the position seen at Fig. 5, where tho sinall
friction roller at the lower extremity comes in contact with the tappet L', and
is gradually forced forward, vibrating the lover and withdrawing the sliding
bar K to its original position. It will be observed, that all the tappets or
tappet wheels which perform the various movements in one half of the machine
are placed diametrically opposite upon the shafts to those forming the other
half of the machine, so that one revolution of each shaft causes an exact
alternate action in the various motions. We may hero also remark that the
shafts L, F, and B, are made to perform a revolution in the same time, so
that all the movements which emanate from them are regular.
The fifth movement, for forcing out the finished rivet or bolt, is performed

page_text: by the lever N (best seen at Fig. 5,) which is similar to that described at M,
and acted upon exactly in the same manner, moving on its fulcrum at n,
and being vibrated by a tappet fixed upon the shaft B³, which forces back
its lower extremity at the period immediately after the sliding bar K has
retired; the forcing back of this lever causes the upper extremity to act in
the contrary direction against the sliding pin or punch O, and drives out
the rivet or bolt from the receiving die g, in which it has been compressed
and formed. This die g, for the work we are describing, is a circular block
of iron fitting into a bored part of the frame, and having a hole through its
centre (see Fig. 6, and the enlarged section, Fig. 8). The sliding pin or
punch O, before referred to, has a reduced part made to move freely in the
hole of this die, and (when not acted upon by the pressure of the heading
die) is held forward by the force of a coiled spring attached between the
lower end of the lever N and the framing, as seen at n', Fig. 5. It will be
observed that, unless the punch O be held forward, as described, so as
to be level with the face of the receiving dic, and offer a slight resistance
to the entrance of the iron about to be compressed, the iron would fall
down when the support of the cradle is withdrawn, which is obviated by its
being suspended endwise between the heading die and the resisting punch O
at the time cradle falls. The sliding bar K. continues to advance with the
heading die and forces the portion of iron forward into the hole of the re-
ceiving die, causing the pin O together with the lever N to retire, until it rests
against a stop, which is adjusted by substantial tempering nuts Y, supported
at Y' by the solid framing of the machine. The length of the bolt or rivet is
regulated by the screwing or unscrewing of these nuts Y, which increases or
lessens the depths of the hole into which the iron is compressed; the required
dimensions of the head of the bolt or rivet regulates the length of heated iron
to be cut off, a portion of which on its introduction to the receiving die pro-
jects out, which, by the pressure of the heading die, spreads itself and fills the
recess in such die, according to the shape which has been given to it. In
order that the form of these dies may be better understood we have shown
them in an enlarged section at Fig. 8. It will be observed that when the
bolt or rivet head is being formed and the greatest strain is on the machine, it
is ultimately sustained between the solid upright parts G' and Y' at the two
extremities of the frame, which may be made of any required strength or sub-
stance, according to the work to be performed.
The sixth movement, or arrangement for the flow of water, we will now
describe. It will be perceived that the heading and receiving dies, as also the
cutters, would quickly become heated and unfit for use (by being in continual

page_text: contract with the heated iron), which is obviated by a stream or jet of cold
water being thrown upon each of the dies and the cutters at the instant when
the head of the rivet or bolt is formed, which stream continues until the
moment when the operator is about again to introduce the heated iron, when it
suddenly ceases. The bent lever T, shewn in Fig. 5, is made to vibrate upon
the fixed stud t, having a small friction roller at the point v, which roller
revolves upon the tappet te fixed upon the shaft L, being so formed as to hold
the lever up the required length of time. At the extremity of this lever is
attached by a joint the connecting rod u, u, which is connected above to tho
valve lever W, so that when the lever T is elevated by the tappet on the
shaft L, before described, the water is simultaneously thrown from the three
jets x, x, x, which movement is performed at the forcing out of every rivet
or bolt. This forms the sixth or last movement, being for the purpose of cooling
the dies and cutters. There is also an incessant stream of cold water passing
down the tubes Z, which flows round the recess or cavity Z' formed on the
outside of the block or receiving die g. and passing out at the tube Z below
the cavity described, which tubes are shown at Fig. 8, being a section of this
part before referred to.
We shall now recapitulate the six movements of the machine, in the order
in which they arrise, in the formation of a rivet or headed bolt. The machine
being put in motion by the strap on the pullies A, as already described, the
operator places the heated iron rod between the cutters, in the direction seen.
at D', Fig. 1, forcing it against the stops, which determines the amount to be
cut off'; this done, he returns the rod to the furnace and places another rod in
the opposite cutters, and thus proceeds alternately. The piece cut off falls
into the V part at the top of the cradle E', which V holls it parallel to the
sides of the machine, and endwise towards the hole or receiving die g, opposite
to which it is immediately lowered. As soon as it arrives opposite the receiving
die, the heading de advances to force it in, and the cradle drops to its lowest
position, while the die continues to advance, forcing forward the iron along
with the punch or pin O and lover N till arrested by the stop P, which bears
the pressure of the rivet end until the head is complete, and the heading die
retired, by means of the lever M. At this period the lever N is also vibrateıl,
and the pin or punch O replaced in the hole of the receiving die, forcing out
the rivet or bolt; which falls in a finished state into any convenient receptacle
below; then follows the jets of cold water, as before described.
From the foregoing description of one modification or arrangement of our
Invention of certain improvements in machinery for cutting, punching, and
compressing metals, it will be obvious to any person conversant with work of

page_text: this nature that it may be varied to suit work of a different description than.
that which we have described. For instance, railway pins, and various other
articles requiring a head, also nuts of various forms, by varying the construc-
tion and shape of the dies into which they are to be compressed. The cutting.
or punching of metallic plates may also be effected, together with a variety of
other operations where compressing is required, amongst which is the rivetting
or forming the counter head upon the rivet in the connection of plates, to
which operation we shall more particularly refer.
.
T
Figs. 9, 10, 11, and 12 shew another modification of the machine. Fig. 9
is a side elevation; Fig. 10, an elevation of the end at which the geering is.
affixed, for the purpose of driving the machine; Fig. 11, a plan; and Fig. 12,
the detached or upper part of the opposite end, where the sliding bar (here-
after referred to) is supported, supposing the resisting post removed. It will
be seen that the working parts in this modification are few, and their mode of
nction being similar to those already described in the manufacture of bolts.
and rivets, it will be unnecessary to enter into minute detail. The framing.
consists in the strong sides of cast iron, firmly bolted or screwed to a massive
bed, and connected at the upper part by the pieces which form the bearings
for the sliding bar and those which carry the pedestals for the support of the
shafts. The sliding bar K is similar to the one before described, moving freely.
endwise in its bearing, and having a friction roller i at the end, which is ope-
rated upon by the cam I on the block II as before described. Motion is given to.
the machine by a strap on the pullies A, which gives rotation to the shaft on
which they are fixed, and on which is keyed the fly wheel A', to keep the motion.
uniform and to overcome any check it may receive at the moment of compression..
On the other end of this shaft is a pinion, taking into the main spur wheel F
which communicates a slow revolving motion to the cam I, and causes the
sliding bar to advance once in each revolution. In order to withdraw the bar
K and heading die after the rivet's head is formed, the lever u is made to.
vibrate upon the cross shaft shewn at Q, which lever at its upper end takes
into a slot in the sliding bar K, similar to the former modification described..
On the end of the shaft Q is fixed another lever, horizontally, having a weight
hung, sufficient by its gravity to withdraw the sliding bar at the proper time.
In the bed of the frame a strong iron post is firmly fixed, as shewn at Fig. 9,
which is made sufficiently strong to bear the pressure in performing the work.
In the upper part of this post, as also in the end of the sliding bar K, dies
are fitted, being exactly opposite to each other (see Figs. 9 and 11), and of any
required form of cavity. When this machine is put in operation, the plates
required to be connected (having been first punched or prepared) with corre-

page_text: sponding holes, aro held together in the required position, and are suspended
by convenient apparatus fixed above, in order that they may easily be con-
trolled or moved by the operator and held in a proper position. A short picce
of round rod iron is then heated and introduced into the corresponding holes
of the plates to be connected, when the operator guides them until the piece of
heated iron is endwise and between the two dics, when the sliding bar advances
by the action of the cam I, and performs the compressing movement, after
which it is withdrawn by means of tho weight and lever before referred to.
Another piece of heated iron is then introduced, and so on, until the work is
completed. It will be observed, that the pressure is ultimately borne between
the post (before named) and the steel tail pins F, which tail pins are supported
against a strong cross bar A' fixed in the upper part of the framing.
Having now explained the nature of our Invention, and the manner in which
the same is to be performed and carried into effect, we would remark that an
essential characteristic of such Invention consist in the general horizontal
arrangement of the machine, by which the resistanco required for the com-
pressing action is received endwise on the moving parts, and finally transferred
to the solid framing of the machine; which arrangement also enables us in the
manufacture of rivets and bolts to convey the metal to be compressed by its
own gravity to the various parts of the machine at which it is to be operated
on, and finally allow it to fall into a receiver below. And although we do not
claim as our Invention any of the separate or well-known parts of which
the engines or machines are constructed, wo do claim the combination of such
parts, firstly, for cutting the metal to be operated on, and transferring it to the
various parts of the machine, till it is finally forced out in a finished state;
secondly, for compressing the same; and, thirdly, for applying the jets of cold
water periodically to the heated parts of the machine, together with encircling
the receiving die with water, as already explained; all which being to the best
of our knowledge and belief new, and never before used in that part of Her
Majesty's Dominions called England, we deliver this as our true and faithful
Specification of the same.
In witness whereof, we, the said William Galloway, John Galloway, and
Joseph Haley, have hereunto set our hands and seals this Twenty-
sixth day of July, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Twenty-sixth day of July, in the
year of our Lord 1842, the aforesaid William Galloway, John Galloway, and
Joseph Haley came before our said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and
acknowledged the Specification aforesaid, and all and every thing therein con-
tained and specified, in form above written. And also the Specification afore-
said was stamped according to the tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Inrolled the Twenty-seventh day of July, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and forty-two.