IMPROVEMENTS IN MEANS OB COMMIN OD DRESSING OF STONE
Year: 1868

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Joseph Booth, John Booth, and Jeremiah Booth,
all of Rodley, near Leeds, in the County of York, Engineers
and Millwrights, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MEANS OB
COMMIN OD DRESSING OF STONE"
Sealed the 8th December 1868, and dated the 16th June 1868.
Patents, with their Petition, on the 16th June 1868.
We, JOSEPH BOOTH, JOHN BOOTH, and JEREMIAH BOOTH, all of Rodley,
near Leeds, in the County of York, Engineers and Millwrights, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
MEANS OR APPARATUS FOR THE CUTTING OR DRESSING OF STONE," to be as
follows:-
The improvements relate, first, to when using lever or other holders
for the cutters to means for giving rotary motion to such cutters so
that the opposite sides or cutting edges of them may be used alternately.
For this purpose the teeth of a pinion on the cutter or cutter box are

page_text: taken into by teeth of a pinion on another shaft supported by the
lever holder with a wheel on an axis, which according to one
arrangement passes into the hollow axis of the lever, where it carries
another pinion acted upon by the teeth of a rack which is moved
endways so as simultaneously to operate the cutters of a series of
such levers. The endway motion to the rack is obtained by tappets
or cams brought into operation by other tappets and wheels or pinions
capable of sliding on the feather of another shaft operated by a driving
shaft and of being changed for variations in time as desired aided
by spiral or other spring. The pinion in place of acting in the hollow
axis of the levers may act on a rack over and in cross section forming
a segment with the axis of the lever holders. The tooth wheel on
the cutting tool and the wheel working therewith may be bevilled
or otherwise. Stops prevent the tool being carried too far round in
its partial rotation. Spring stops hold the tool in position after
each partial rotation, which are released in the order devised by inclined
projections from the axis, or the spring or catch may be drawn back
by a tappet or otherwise. Some of the teeth of one of the wheels.
for operating the tool may be removed at each position of part rotation
to admit of the removal of catch before commencing to rotate the
cutter box. A steadying spring or other suitable means is also applied
in the socket of the cutter to act on the stem of the cutter to prevent
its vibration. The endway motion to the shaft or rack for giving the
alternate motion to the tool may be given by lever, cams, endless
band, screw, or rack moved by hand, or as before described, or by
steam or other fluids which may be applied at each stroke or at any
desired number of strokes. The tool may be held in the end of its
holder or box by a screw cap and set screw; or the motion of the
tool may be effected as follows:-The wheel on top of cutter box is
propelled by a catch wheel controlled by an arm fixed on a shaft
working in the centre of axes of the lever holders; when the lever
holders rise they move the catch or ratchet wheel, when they fall they
cause the tools to move or rotate the required distance to secure the
exact motion required; when the lever holders are varied in height
the said shaft in centre of axes of lever holders has a partial motion
given. Brushes operate from lever arms or on axes to clear the stone
after each cut. To give support to thin slabs of stone during the
action of the cutters we apply underneath a bed of sand, sawdust,
gutta percha, india-rubber, or other suitable matter in frames. When

page_text: a series of tables carrying stones to be worked are caused to travel
round a centre of motion they may be caused to move to the action
of their cutters thercon in straight or other lines by trucks, or
projections, or guide from the tables passing into or operated by courses
of the desired form. The motion may be by rack or by screw or
otherwise. We also give to tables for carrying the stone under
operation a vibratory or transverse motion by means of cams or tappets
acting on an intermediate bed. To facilitato the use of internal
axes or shafts to the lever arms carrying the cutters we sometimes
form them by casting in two parts.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Joseph Booth, John Booth, and Jeremiah Booth in
the Great Seal Patent Office on the 16th December 1868.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, JOSEPH
Boотш, JOHN BOOTH, and JEREMIAH BOOTH, all of Rodley, near Leeds,
in the County of York, Engineers and Millwrights, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Sixteenth day of June, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight, in the thirty-
first year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto us, the said Joseph Booth, John Booth, and
Jeremiah Booth, Her special licence that we, the said Joseph Booth,
John Booth, and Jeremiah Booth, our executors, administrators, and
assigns, or such others as we, the said Joseph Booth, John Booth, aud
Jeremiah Booth, our executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any
time agree with, and no others, from time to time, and at all times
thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention.
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MEANS OR APPARATUS FOR THE CUTTING OR DRESSING OF
STONE," upon the condition (amongst others) that we, the said Josephi
Booth, John Booth, and Jeremiah Booth, our executors or administrators,
by an instrument in writing under our or their hands and seals, or
under the hand and seal of one of us or them, should particularly
describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what

page_text: manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed
in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Joseph Booth, on behalf of myself
and the said John Booth and Jeremiah Booth, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof, that is to say :-
The improvements relate, first, to when using lever holders for the
cutters used in the cutting or dressing of stone to giving motion to
such cutters by mechanical means so that the opposite sides or cutting
edges of them may be used alternately.
Secondly. The improvements relate to means of giving support to
thin slabs of stone during the action thereon of the cutters.
Thirdly. The improvements relate when series of tables carrying stone
to be cut by suitable cutters are caused to travel round a centre of
motion to causing such tables to be actuated so that the stone thereon
may move to the action of the cutters acting thereon in straight or other
lines diverging from a direct circular motion, so as to afford facilities for
varying the character of the cut produced.
Fourthly. The improvements relate to giving vibratory or alternating
transverse motion to tables carrying stone during the cutting thereof by
suitable cutters.
But that the Invention may be fully understood we will, by the aid of
the accompanying Drawings, proceed to describe means pursued by us
in carrying the same into effect.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
The first part of the Invention is particularly applicable to that character
of lever holders for carrying cutters described in the Specification of
Letters Patent granted to us, bearing date the 16th of December 1867
(No. 3571.)
Figure 1 shows a side view, Figure 2 a plan, and Figure 3 an end
view of parts of apparatus arranged according to this head of the
Invention; Figures 4, 5, and 6 show parts thereof separately. In each
of the Figures of the Drawings the same letters are used to indicate
corresponding parts wherever they occur, also for facility of reference

page_text: and to avoid unnecessary description of parts already described we have
marked some of the parts corresponding with those in the said former
Specification with the same letters of reference therein used.
According to the arrangement shewn by these Figures each cutter g
in place of being affixed direct in the end of a cutter lever f¹ is held in a
cutter box or holder A, and this cutter box or holder is applied in the
outer end of its lever fi so as to be capable of rotating therein, and it
has applied to its upper end a bevilled pinion A', the teeth of which are
taken into by the teeth of a bevilled pinion A* affixed on one end of the
shaft or axis A³, which is supported with capability of revolving in
bearings in its lever arm f', and has also affixed to it a pinion A*, the
teeth of which take into the teeth of a rack B, and the teeth of this rack
are formed in a curve struck from the centre or axis of motion f of
the series of lever arms f', so as to admit of the levers f¹ taking the
required motions for the cut and yet to retain the teeth. of the respective
wheels A in the teeth of the rack B: The rack B. is. supported with
capability of a transverse motion in the side frames d, and this transverse
motion to the rack B is in the Figures under description obtained by means
of the cam or tappet B', which is formed with a course B to receive a
truck or bowl B³ on a stud carried by the rack B, so that in the rotation
of that cam or tappet B' with its shaft or axis B', it may for a time hold
the rack in one position, then give it motion in one direction to the
extent desired, then hold the rack in the position it has been moved to,
and then move it back again and so on, and thereby through the
intermediate gear impart an alternate motion to the cutters, by which the
opposite sides of their cutting edges may be alternately employed. The
parts are so arranged that this change of position of the cutter is effected
between the blows for cutting, and in order to aid in retaining the cutters
steadily during the cutting there is a cone D affixed on the upper end
of each box A¹ with recesses D¹ formed in it corresponding, with: and
adapted to receive the conical surface of the part cone D affixed to the
shaft or axis A³, whilst the part D³ cut away from such cone D admits
of the passage of the conical portions of the cone D.. The ends D' of
the opening D are elastic to ease the entering into and out of gear of
the teeth of the wheel A2 with those of the wheel A¹. E is a spring
lever which is supported to have slight motion on the pin E'; at its
lower end E this lever bears. against the surface of the box A to give
frictional pressure thereto, and thereby prevent its too free rotation.

page_text: Towards its upper end at E this lever also bears with frictional pressure
alternately in recesses formed for it in opposite sides or surfaces of the
box A, and at such time the upper end E of the spring E comes between
a projection E on the boss of the wheel A, and that wheel with a
tendency to increase the pressure exerted by the upper end of the
spring E. When the projection E³ has passed the upper end E' of the
spring E that end of the spring E rests there until motion is given to
the shaft As for the return stroke, or whilst a cut is effected by the
cutter, and then the end E' of the spring E springs to the outside of the
projection E, and thereby removes the part Es of the spring E from its
notch in the box A, whilst a part rotation thercof takes place for a
change of cutting surface to the cutter. The spring E, or part acting as
such, may be withdrawn from the notch in the box or holder A by other
suitable tappet on the shaft fe or otherwise. Motion is given to the
shaft B' in the arrangement shown by means of the bevilled pinion B³,
the teeth of which take into the teeth of a bevilled wheel B which is
affixed to the hollow shaft B', and this hollow shaft B' is supported with
capability of revolving in the screw socket B carried by the bearing B
from the plates d and e The shaft B is formed with a feather passing
through the shaft B', which is hollow for that purpose, so that whilst they
both rotate together the distance between the wheel B and cam or tappet
B¹ may vary with any variation in the adjustment of the shaft or axis fo
in relation to the lever arms f¹. This adjustment of the socket B' is
effected in the following manner:-1
-Upon the screw shaft fe is affixed,
in addition to the pinion f referred to in the former Specification, a
pinion B, the teeth of which take into the teeth of a pinion B¹ affixed
to the shaft or axis B", which is supported at its lower end to revolve
in a bearing B" from a side plate d, and near its upper end in a bearing
B¹s carried by the bearing of the shaft or axis f, whilst the shaft B"
has also affixed to it the bevilled pinion B", the teeth of which take
into the teeth of a bevilled pinion B capable of revolving freely on
the shaft f, and the teeth of which take into the teeth of a wheel B
affixed to the screw socket B³, the pitch of the screw on which is
adapted to give the desired motion to the hollow shaft B', so as to keep
the teeth of the wheels B and B together.
Another method of obtaining this adjustment of motion of the shaft
or axis B¹ to variations in the position of the shaft or axis f is indicated
by the side view and end view of parts Figures 7 and 8. In this case,

page_text: the teeth of a bevilled pinion B on the hollow axis B', this hollow
axis B' is supported to revolve in a bearing B' carried by the bearing of
the axis f.
Figure 9 shows a side view, Figure 10 a plan view, and Figure 11
an end view of parts showing another modification by which the change
of the cutting edge of the cutters may be obtained; Figures 12
and 13 show parts separately. According to this arrangement sup-
posing the axis f of the lever arms f¹ to be stationary other stationary
arms F may be affixed thereto, one for each lever arm f', and each
arm F is by a link 1 connected to a lever arm which is affixed
to an axis F which is capable of turning in bearings carried by the
outer end of its lever f¹ and has affixed to it a bevilled tooth wheel F',
the teeth of which take into the teeth of a bevilled tooth wheel A¹
aTixed on the box A of the cutter adapted to give the desired progressive
partial rotation to such cutter. By a modification of this arrangement
whilst the arms F are affixed to the axis f that axis f is capable of
partial rotation in its bearings in the frames d, and it has affixed to it
an arm F, which is formed with a slot F to receive the one end of the
slide F", the other end of which passes into so as to slide in a similar
slot in the lever arm F, which is capable of moving in the bearing
formed for it in the bracket 1 affixed to one of the frames e. The
lever arm F also carries a truck F, which passes into the cam course
formed for it in the cam or tappet F" affixed on the shaft or axis fe.
On the screw axis f³ is affixed a bevilled pinion F"; the teeth of which
take into the teeth of a pinion F¹s on the axis F, upon which is also
affixed the pinion F, the teeth of which take into the external teeth
of a pinion F, which is also formed with internal teeth to take into
a pinion F* on the screw shaft F", the thread of which is capable of
turning in a female screw formed for it in the slide F so as to vary
the position of that slide in relation to the levers F and F and thereby
vary the amount of traverse effected by the cam F; or this adjustment
may be effected by a winch or other handle applied on the end of the
shaft or axis F. In place of the lever F being keyed or otherwise
fixed to the shaft f it may turn freely thereon and have a click or
catch to it to take into the teeth of a ratchet wheel affixed on that
shaft f, so that the effect of movements to the lever Fs will be to
cause a progressive rotary motion to the axis f in the one direction.

page_text: In this case the shaft is provided with a series of bevilled toothed
wheels G, as shown by the enlarged side and end views of a portion
of such shaft at Figures 14 and 15. These bevilled tooth wheels G
will each act on a pinion A', which will in this case be bevilled and
placed each on a shaft A³ to impart a half rotation to a cutter at each
movement in manner similar to that described in respect of Figures 1, 2,
and 3, or in other suitable way, but in this case in place of the bevilled
pinions G being affixed to the shaft f they are to a certain extent free
thereon, and are caused to rotate with that shaft by lugs G on that
shaft coming against lugs G2 projecting from the sides of the boss of
each wheel G, and the end E of each spring E after passing from
within a piece E³ will in place of returning on the outside of that
piece be raised by other suitable projections. Cams or tappets may
be variously applied to operate the racks used to give motion thereto
for effecting the partial rotation of the cutters, and thereby change
the cutting edge thereof in the times or order desired. An arrange-
ment which we find to answer well for this purpose is shown by
side view Figure 16, plan view Figure 17, and internal view Figure 18.
In this case H is a tappet adapted to give the desired motion to the
rack B in one direction, and there will be one of such tappets at each
side, one to move the rack B in one direction and the other in the
opposite direction when desired. Each of such tappets H is affixed
to a hollow shaft H' so as to be capable of sliding endways and yet
of revolving with a shaft H2, the object of the endway motion to such.
cam or tappet being to bring the cam or tappet into position for acting
on the rack at the time desired, and then to take it out of the way
of such action until it is again required, and the object of the
arrangement of mechanism shown in these Figures is to regulate the
times of such sliding motions. The hollow shaft H' to which the
cam H is affixed slides endways on a fin on a shaft H2 so that whilst
it may slide endways thereon it may yet rotate with the shaft H.
The hollow shaft H' is fixed to a boss H³ forming part of a plate H*
by which the cam H and plate H* are connected to move together.
The under side of the plate His as shown formed with two inclined
projections H³ which in the rotation of the plate H with the shaft H'
rest on another plate H", which is supported so as to be capable of
revolving on a rim formed on the inside of the case H'. This plate H*
at H is provided with inclined recesses formed in it and adapted to
receive the projections H³ from the plate H, and then by their inclined

page_text: '
shape to raise those inclines and consequently the plate H again in
its progress, and thereby move the cam H into or out of position for
action. The plate H' is borne downwards by means of a spring H".
Motion is given to the shaft H2 from the axle f* by means of a bevilled
pinion H, shown by dotted lines, the teeth of this wheel taking into
the teeth of a bevilled pinion H which is affixed on the shaft H³,
whilst the lower end of the shaft H is supported and guided in its
motion by revolving in a bearing H. Upon the shaft H2 is also
affixed the tooth wheel I, the teeth of which take into the teeth of a
wheel I affixed on the spindle I, which is supported to revolve in a
stationary bearing formed in the bottom of the box or case H' and has,
affixed on its upper end a pinion I³, the teeth of which take into the
teeth of a wheel I' affixed to the boss of the plate H' so as to com-
municate rotary motion to that plate H. If it should be desired to,
vary the relative speed imparted to the plate H this may be effected.
by removing the teeth of the wheel I³ out of gear with the wheel I*
and into gear with the teeth of an intermediate wheel J, which then,
gears with and thereby gives motion to the wheel J¹ fixed to a shaft J³,
upon which is also affixed a pinion J³ for gearing into the teeth of
the wheel I', or in place of the teeth of the pinion J³ gearing into the
teeth of the wheel I' it may gear with the teeth of the intermediate.
wheel K and thereby give motion to the tooth wheel K' affixed upon
the axis K upon which is affixed the pinion K³, the teeth of which
gear into the teeth of the wheel I*; or in place of the teeth of the
pinion K' gearing with the teeth of the wheel I' it may by means of
the intermediate wheel L give motion to the tooth wheel L' affixed.
upon the spindle L', upon which is affixed the pinion I, the teeth of
which will then take into the teeth of the wheel I'. Thus may the.
relative speed of the plate H, and consequently the times when the
tappets will be bought into action be varied.
In each of the Figures just referred to, as in many of the Figures
of these Drawings, the various tooth wheels are indicated simply by plain.
of by dotted pitch lines. The rack for operating pinions A may be
supported in the interior of a hollow axis f for the holders of the cutting,
tools to turn on, as indicated by Figure 19, where M represents the
rack, the teeth of which are formed by series of alternate projections
and grooves round a bar, as more clearly represented by the side view.

page_text: of a portion of such a rack at Figure 20. This rack may be operated
by any of the means described, and in any case the racks referred to
may be operated by suitable levers, by steam, or other fluids.
Figure 21 shows by a sectional view a simple method of holding a
cutting tool in position in its box or holder A. In this case the cutter g
is formed with a square head R adapted to be received into a recess
formed for it in the end of the socket A, where it may be held by means
of the screw cap N.
Figure 22 shows a transverse vertical section of a socket with a
stop O inside thereof adapted to be acted upon alternately on its opposite
surfaces 01, 0%, thereof by the opposite but corresponding surfaces of
the projection P formed on the tool holder A, whereby when the cutting
edges of the tools are reversed by being moved partly round in one
direction and then in the next motion they are moved to that extent
back again; these stops regulate the distance of such motions. Brushes
applied to lever arms or on axes may be used to clear the stone after
each cut. In order to give support to thin slabs of stone we according
to the second head of the Invention make use of rectangular or other
suitably shaped frames to hold such stone, these frames being first
packed with sand, sawdust, gutta percha, india-rubber, or other suitable
matter adapted to form a firm bed to the stone.
Figure 23 shows by plan view, and Figure 24 by side view an
arrangement of parts by which according to the third part of the
Invention a series of tables travelling round a common centre and
carrying stone under the operation of being cut by suitable cutters
may be moved in series of straight or in other lines than a direct circle
around the common centre. In this case each table i which is adapted
to receive a block or a series of blocks to be cut is provided with a
series of bowls or projections y which pass into guides y¹ which are
in form adapted to control the progressive movement of the tables i
in the manner desired, so as to cause the action of the cutters to be in
paralled or straight lines or in such other directions desired depending
on the course given to the carriages by the guides y¹.
Figures 25, 26, and 27 show by plan view, front view, and end view
an arrangement of parts according to the fourth part of our Invention

page_text: adapted for giving a lateral motion to carriages carrying stone simul-
taneously with a longitudinal motion. a is a stationary bed; a¹ is a
moveable bed which carries the table for holding the stone to be
dressed. The method of operating with this apparatus is as follows:-
a is a driving shaft working in suitable bearings in the stationary bed a
and having applied to it a cam or tappet a³ and a wheel at. The
wheel a gears into a wheel a³ keyed upon one end of the shaft aº, at
the opposite end of which is applied the wheel a working into a
wheel as fixed with the cam or tappet a' upon the shaft a⁰ which
works in suitable bearings in the table a. This moveable bed a has
projections working into the irregular grooves of the cams or tappets a³
and a, so that in the revolution of the cams or tappets a³ and a' a
transverse motion is imparted to the bed a'. The longitudinal motion
is effected as follows:-The screw ¹ works in bearings in the bed a',
on one end of which is fixed a tooth wheel x. Working freely upon
the end of the screw x is a feed lever 3 carrying a double-ended.
click x. 2 is a screw or stud fixed into the bed a and working in a
slot in the feed lever x. It will be observed that by the backward
and forward motion of the bed a¹ and the retension of the lever a³ by
the stud the click x working into the teeth of the wheel will
impart a circular motion to the screw x¹. To facilitate the use of
internal axes or shafts to the lever arms carrying the cutters we
sometimes form them by casting in two parts.
Having thus described our Invention, and means we adopt in carrying
the same into effect, we would have it understood that we do not confine
ourselves to the precise details of parts as shown or described, as these
may be varied without departing from the peculiar character of the
Invention; but what we do claim is,―
First. The arranging or combining means whereby the cutting edge
or surface of cutters used in the cutting of stone may be changed during
the working, substantially as described.
Secondly. We claim giving elastic support to thin slabs of stone during
the cutting, as described.
Thirdly. We claim for giving motion to carriages carrying stone
under the operation of cutters in directions diverging from a direct
circle, substantially as described.

page_text: Fourthly. We claim the giving a vibratory or alternate traversé
motion to tables carrying stone, substantially as described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Joseph Booth, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Fifteenth day of December, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight.