IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF ICE, AND FOR OTHER REFRIGERATING PURPOSES
Year: 1878

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Franz Windhausen, of Berlin, in the Empire of Germany,
for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR
THE MANUFACTURE OF ICE, AND FOR OTHER REFRIGERATING PURPOSES."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Franz Windhausen at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 25th April 1878.
FRANZ WINDHAUSEN, of Berlin, in the Empire of Germany.
MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF ICE, AND
REFRIGERATING PURPOSES."
"IMPROVEMENTS IN
FOR OTHER
This Invention relates to improvements in ice-making machines, whereby large
quantities of ice may be economically and continuously produced, and is based on
the known principle of producing cold by the direct evaporation of water in a com-
paratively high vacuum.
In machines hitherto constructed on this principle, the air pump served only for
the production of the rarefied air in the refrigerating room, but not for the removal
and condensation of the steam, and the rarefied and heated sulphuric acid had to be
replaced by fresh sulphuric acid, and the machines in consequence are very expensive
to work, and cannot be worked continuously, and for these reasons are little
adapted for the production of ice in large quantities. Now by these improvements,
the ice-making machine is provided with a combined air and steam pump of
peculiar construction, with two cylinders, which serves for producing the rarefied
air in the refrigerating room, and at the same time to remove and condense the
steam, and consequently it is enabled to make large quantities of ice economically
and continuously with or without the employment of sulphuric acid.
The sulphuric acid during the reception of the steam is by a peculiar cooling
arrangement herein-after described kept at a low temperature, and is concentrated
in apparatus of peculiar construction, which are in connection with the engine, and
a fresh supply of sulphuric acid is thus rendered unnecessary.

page_text: This machine is also provided with improved hermetical joints, whereby the
vacuum is effectually maintained. The water to be frozen is contained in hermeti-
cally closed refrigerating rooms in which the required vacuum is produced and
maintained by the air pump. The steam produced is removed and condensed or
absorbed by the air pump alone, or with the aid of sulphuric acid, which is con-
tained in separate vessels communicating with the refrigerating rooms. The
sulphuric acid heated in this manner is continually cooled by means of cold water,
and pumped in small quantities in proportion to the rarefaction into a concentrating
vessel to be reconcentrated by continuous evaporation. In the proportion in which
the rarefied acid is introduced into the concentrating vessel, so the concentrated
acid runs back from it into the absorption vessel, by which means the acid in this
absorption vessel is maintained at a nearly uniform degree of concentration and
level.
The refrigerating rooms are so constructed and arranged, that any one of them
can be easily opened for the purpose of taking out the ice, and closed without
interrupting the vacuum, and the freezing process in the other refrigerating rooms,
and in the absorption vessel. A continuous action may be kept up by this arrange-
ment of the machine
The hermetical closing of the doors of the refrigerating rooms is effected in the
following manner: In rebates made in the closing border between the door and
the chest are squeezed two india-rubber bands parallel with one another, and
slightly projecting, and the door is fastened by means of screws, and pressed on the
chest, the room between the parallel rubber bands during the emptying of the chest
being filled with water.
In a similar manner the air is excluded from all joints and pores of the walls, by
surrounding the chest (except the doors) with water jackets.
The refrigerating rooms communicate with each other, as well as with the
sulphuric acid absorption vessel, and with the air pump, by means of pipes, but the
communication between any one or all of these may be closed by means of valves,
in order to be able if required to open one or several rooms without thereby
destroying the vacuum and interrupting the freezing process in the other chests
and vessels.
The steam produced during the freezing process passes through pipes into the
air pump and the absorption vessel, where it is condensed by the sulphuric acid.
The easy opening of the chests is effected by means of atmospheric air which enters
by opening air-cocks with which the doors are provided.
The inner sides of the sulphuric acid absorbing vessel are lined with lead. This
vessel communicates by means of pipes above with the refrigerating chests, and
with the air pump, both the pipes being provided with bends for retaining particles
of acid.
The sulphuric acid is for absorbing partially or entirely the steam produced in
the refrigerating rooms, and to promote this object, a rotary apparatus is provided
in the absorbing vessel.
This apparatus consists of several lead pipes open at the lower end, bent upwards,
and there perforated like a sieve, and connected above with a sheet lead ventilator;
this arrangement is fixed to a vertical shaft. By the quick rotation of the shaft,
the steam is sucked in by the blower, and brought in energetic contact with the
acid centrifugally ejected from the lead pipes in the form of fine rain or spray. The
shaft of this ejecting apparatus turns in a stuffing box, and the water covering it
closes it hermetically. In order to remove from the sulphuric acid the water which
might still penetrate through the stuffing box, a round disk in an enclosing chamber
is provided upon the shaft under the stuffing box, the penetrating water runs first
on this disk, and is thrown centrifugally towards the wall of the chamber. Ont of
this chamber the water is then conducted by a thin pipe into a closed collecting
vessel, whilst in the latter vessel by a communicating pipe, the same vacuum is
maintained as in the absorption vessel.
The sulphuric acid heated by the reception of steam is continually cooled; on one

page_text: side the whole absorption vessel is surrounded with cooling water, and on the other
side a spiral lead cooling pipe is provided, through which the cooling water runs
continually.
The absorption vessel must only be about half filled with the acid, a discharge
pipe is therefore provided, through which the surplus acid is conducted into the
concentrating vessel by means of a pump, whilst in the same proportion, concen-
trated acid runs through another pipe into the absorption vessel.
The to-and-fro flow of the acid takes place in such a manner that the pumped
rarefied cold acid receives the heat of the affluent concentrated hot acid before the
latter enters into the concentrating vessel; this concentrated acid is perfectly cooled
when it enters the absorption vessel. For this purpose two vessels are provided.
Through these vessels passes in a spiral form the pipe which contains the con-
centrated acid, whilst in an opposite direction to the steam of concentrated acid,
the rarefied acid runs from below to above through the vessel, and then arrives at
the concentrating apparatus, by which means an exchange heat is effected.
another vessel the concentrated acid is still further cooled by cooling water.
In
The concentrating vessel consists of a hermetically closed boiler, lined internally
with lead and coated outside with non-conducting substance. In this boiler is a
spiral steam pipe completely immersed in the acid to be concentrated.
The steam is conducted from the steam boiler of the engine, and a steam con-
denser is connected with the concentrating vessel, and the steam of the acid is
condensed by contact cooling, or by injected water.
The water of condensation is removed in any suitable manner, and the vacuum is
produced and maintained through the pipes by means of the air and steam pump of
the engine.
The steam from the acid escapes through the valve in the top of the concentrating
vessel which may also serve as a safety valve for the condenser if required.
The air and steam pump has for object the effecting and maintaining with the
least possible expense of power in the above-described refrigerating rooms, and in
the absorption vessel an absolute pressure, till below 4'6 of the mercurial column,
further to continually remove completely or partially the steam developed by this
pressure.
This pump also serves to maintain a relatively high vacuum also in the concen-
trating vessel. The air and steam pump is composed of large and small cylinder
with peculiar pistons and suction and delivery valves, and a condenser which are
connected with one another by communicating pipes supporting parts and moving
appliances.
In the larger of the two cylinders, during the action of the engine, the air and the
steam are sucked out of the refrigerating rooms and compressed to that tension by
which steam can at the ordinary temperature be condensed by cooling water.
The compressed air and steam enter firstly into the condenser, in which the con-
densation of the steam takes place, the surplus air and the steam thence pass with
the water of condensation into the smaller cylinder in which the compression is
further effected up to atmospheric pressure.
The piston is hollow, and by its peculiar construction of packing a somewhat
higher pressure is maintained therein than is the maximum pressure in the cylinder,
by which its rubber cap is tightly squeezed to the packing ring, and this ring to
the cylinder wall. In a similar manner the tightly closing friction of 'the rod is
obtained by a leather cap.
In order to regulate the pressure in the interior of the piston, a delivery reduction
valve is provided. This valve is pressed to the inner face of the seat by the
pressure of a spiral spring by means of a screw, and is opened inwards by atmo-
spheric pressure, when and as soon as the pressure of the air has become less in the
interior of the piston, as before described.
The condenser and pump work in the ordinary manner with water injection,
which can be regulated.

page_text: The pistons of both cylinders are joined by connecting rods, with a single-acting
beam engine, and the latter with the crank mechanism.
For small portable ice-making machines, the direct evaporation, cooling, and
freezing are effected without sulphuric acid, by the action of the double-acting
cylindrical air pump, without employing any cooling water. The hermetically
closed refrigerating chest in this case is arranged immediately under the cylinders
and closely connected with them.
The motion of the piston is effected by two fly wheels fixed upon one shaft, which
may serve at the same time as carriage wheels for the whole engine. In this
arrangement, by working with the small cylinder, the vacuum up to about 14
atmosphere can easily be produced, and then the necessary higher vacuum can be
produced and maintained without difficulty by the action of the piston in the larger
cylinder.
It will be understood that the cold produced as hercin-before described may be
employed for other refrigerating purposes than the manufacture of ice.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said Franz Windhausen in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 25th
October 1878.
FRANZ WINDHAUSEN, of Berlin, in the Empire of Germany.
MACHINERY
"IMPROVEMENTS IN
FOR OTHER
OR APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF ICE, AND
REFRIGERATING PURPOSES."
This Invention relates to improvements in ice-making machines, whereby large
quantities of ice may be economically and continuously produced, and is based on
the known principle of producing cold by the direct evaporation of water in a com-
paratively high vacuum.
The practicability of direct ice making having been long since proved by Leslie,
with the ordinary air pump and the aid of the steam absorbing sulphuric acid, ice
machines based on the latter principle have been constructed and worked by
Edmond Carre at Paris, and afterwards by Eigel and Lesemeister at Cologne, par-
ticularly for the purpose of freezing wine coolers. In these machines, as is well
known, such a rarefied air chamber is produced by the ordinary air pump that
water can be evaporated in it at a temperature below zero, whilst the steam itself is
absorbed by sulphuric acid, which has been heated and exhausted.
In machines hitherto constructed on this principle, the air pump served only for
the production of the rarefied air in the refrigerating room, but not for the removal
and condensation of the steam, and the rarefied and heated sulphuric acid had to
be replaced by fresh sulphuric acid, and the machines in consequence are very
expensive to work, and cannot be worked continuously, and for these reasons are
little adapted for the production of ice in large quantities. Now by these improve-

page_text: ments the ice-making machine is provided with a combined air and steam pump of
peculiar construction, with two cylinders which serves for producing the rarefied
air in the refrigerating room, and at the same time to remove and condense the
steam, and consequently it is enabled to make large quantities of ice economically
and continuously, with or without the employment of sulphuric acid.
The sulphuric acid during the reception of the steam is by a peculiar cooling,
arrangement herein-after described kept at a low temperature, and is concentrated
in apparatuses of peculiar construction, which are in connection with the engine, and
a fresh supply of sulphuric acid is thus rendered unnecessary.
This machine is also provided with improved hermetical joints, whereby the
vacuum is effectually maintained.
But to make my invention better understood I will proceed to describe the same
by reference to the accompanying Drawings.
Figure 1, Sheet 1, is a longitudinal section, and Figure 2 a plan of my improved
refrigerating apparatus.
ARRANGEMENT AND ACTION OF THE APPARATUS.
In the hermetically closed refrigerating chambers A, A, in which the water to be
frozen is contained the required vacuum is produced and maintained by the air
pump of peculiar construction. The steam produced is removed and condensed and
absorbed by the air pump alone, or with the aid of sulphuric acid, which is con-
tained in the absorption vessels B, which communicate with the refrigerating
chambers. The sulphuric acid heated in this manner is continually cooled by
cooling water, and is pumped into a concentrating vessel C in small quantities in
proportion to the rarefaction to be reconcentrated in this vessel by continuous
evaporation. In the same proportion in which the rarefied acid is introduced into
the concentrating vessel the concentrated acid runs back from it into the absorption
vessel B, by which means the acid in the absorption vessel is maintained at a nearly
uniform degree of concentration and level.
The refrigerating chambers are so constructed and arranged that each of them
can alternately be easily opened for the purpose of taking out the ice, and closed
without interrupting thereby the vacuum and the freezing process in the other
refrigerating chambers and in the absorption vessel B. A continuous action may
be kept up by this arrangement of the apparatus and the hermetical closing of the
chambers, and by its peculiar construction an exact action of the apparatus is
insured.
The refrigerating chambers A, A, are provided with doors a, a, the hermetical
closing of which is effected in the following manner-In rebates made in the closing
border between the door and the chamber are squeezed two india-rubber bands
parallel with one another and slightly projecting, and the door is fastened by means
of the screws b, and thus pressed tightly on the chamber, the space between the
parallel rubber bands during the emptying of the chamber being filled with water,
which enters through the pipe d. In a similar manner the air is hermetically
excluded from all joints and pores of the walls by totally surrounding the chambers
(the doors excepted) with water jackets.
The refrigerating chambers communicate with each other, as well as with the
sulphuric acid absorption vessel B, and with the air pump by means of the pipes E.
but the communication between any one or all of these may be closed by means of
the valve e operated by the attendant, and by this means one or several chambers
may be opened if required without destroying the vacuum and interrupting the
freezing process in the other chambers and vessels.
The freezing of the water is effected as represented in the Drawing, or in the
iron plate vessels placed in the rooms, or it may be effected also by placing into
them vessels otherwise formed, which are filled with water, or it may be effected
by the injection of water into the empty chamber, by which latter means large
blocks of ice can be gradually produced.

page_text: The steam produced during the freezing process passes through the pipes F in
the direction of the arrows marked 1, 2, and 3, into the air pump and the absorption
vessel B, where it is condensed and absorbed by the sulphuric acid.
The easy opening of the chambers is effected by means of atmospheric air, which
enters by opening the air cocks c, with which the doors are provided.
The inner sides of the sulphuric acid absorbing vessel B are lined with lead.
This vessel communicates with the refrigerating chambers by the pipe E above, and
on the opposite side with the air pump by the pipe F. Both of the pipes are pro-
vided with bends for retaining particles of acid.
The sulphuric acid is for partially or entirely absorbing the steam produced in the
1efrigerating chambers. In order to promote this object a rotary apparatus is pro-
provided in the absorbing vessel.
This apparatus consists of several lead pipes, open at the bottom end, bent
upwards, and there perforated like a sieve, and connected above with a sheet-lead
blower; this arrangement is fixed to a vertical shaft. By the speedy rotation of
the shaft the steam is sucked in by the blower and brought into energetic contact
with the acid centrifugally ejected from the lead pipes in the form of rain or spray.
The shaft of this ejecting apparatus turns in a stuffing box, and the water covering
it closes it hermetically.
In order to remove from the sulphuric acid the water which might still penetrate
through the stuffing box a round disc in an enclosing chamber is provided upon the
shaft under the stuffing box. The penetrating water runs first on this disc and is
thrown centrifugally towards the wall of the chamber. Out of this chamber the
water is then conducted by a small pipe g into a closed connecting vessel, whilst in
the latter vessel by the communicating pipe i the same vacuum is maintained as in
the absorption vessel B.
The sulphuric acid heated by the reception of steam is continually cooled, as on
one side the whole absorption vessel is surrounded with cooling water, and on the
other side a spiral lead cooling pipe k is provided in the apparatus, as shewn in the
Drawing, through which the cooling water runs continually.
The absorption vessel must only be about half filled with the acid, a discharge
pipe is therefore provided at about the middle of its height, through which the
surplus acid is conducted into the concentrating vessel by means of a pump pro-
vided at P (this pump is not represented in the Drawing), whilst in the same pro-
portion concentrated acid runs through the pipe m into the absorption vessel B.
The to-and-fro flow of the acid takes place in such a manner that the pumped
rarefied cold acid receives the heat of the affluent concentrated hot acid, before the
latter enters into the concentrating vessel; this concentrated acid is perfectly cooled
when it enters at m, into the absorption vessel. For this purpose the two vessels
G and H are provided.
Through these vessels passes in a spiral form the pipe. m, which contains the
concentrated acid, whilst in an opposite direction to the steam of the concentrated
acid, the rarefied acid runs through the vessel G from its lower to its upper part,
and then enters the concentrating apparatus at 1; by this an exchange of heat is
effected. In the vessel. H the concentrated acid is still further cooled by cooling
water which enters through the pipe n, and runs down through the pipe n¹.
pipes and m at their lowest parts are bent into the form of syphons, which
extend sufficiently low to prevent air or steam from entering through these pipes
into the absorption vessel B.
The
The concentrating vessel C for reconcentrating the acid rarefied in the absorption
vessel B consists of a hermetically closed boiler, lined internally with lead, and
coated outside with non-conducting substance. In this boiler up to about the
middle of its height is a spiral lead pipe completely immersed in the acid to be con-
centrated. In this lead pipe circulates steam, which transmits its latent heat by
contact to the acid to be evaporated.
The steam is conducted by the pipe o from the steam boiler of the engine, and
is conducted back into it through the pipe p. As the evaporation, up to an equal

page_text: degree of conceniration of the acid can be effected in the vacuum at a lower tem-
perature than if performed under atmospherical pressure, the steam condenser is
connected with the concentrating vessel by means of the pipe q, which is bent
upwards. In this condenser the steam of the acid is condensed by contact cooling,
or by injected water. The water of condensation is removed through the pipe r
in any suitable manner, and the vacuum is produced and maintained through the
pipes by means of the air steam pump of the engine.
The steam from the acid escapes through the valve t, when opened by the atten-
dant, and through the pipe u into the atmosphere; this pipe also serves as a safety
valve, if the condensing apparatus should not act at any time.
The running to and fro of the acid, as herein-before described, is effected by the
pipes and m. The acid which flows back being the most concentrated, it flows
through the double syphon-like pipe w, and into the bottom of the concentrating
vessel. Should the reflowing of the acid take place under the fixed level, a small
pipe open at the top is provided at the upper bend of the pipe.
In case of the discharge pipe being partially empty of acid, the lower end of the
syphon-like bend of the pipe w prevents steam from entering from the concen-
trating vessel B, otherwise the steam would condense in the pipe and rarefy the
reflowing acid.
I will now describe the air steam pump represented in Sheet 2 of the accompanying
Drawings.
This pump has for object the effecting and maintaining with the least possible
expense of motive power in the above-described refrigerating chambers A and in
the absorption vessel B, an absolute pressure till below 4, 6m of the mercurial
column, further to continually remove, completely or partially, the steam developed
by this pressure.
The pump also serves to maintain a relatively high vacuum also in the concen-
trating vessel C. The air steam pump is composed of a large and a small cylinder,
with peculiar pistons, and suction and delivery valves, and a condenser, which
are connected with one another by communicating pipes, supporting parts, and
moving appliances.
In the larger of these two cylinders during the action of the engine, the air and
the steam are sucked out of the refrigerating chambers, and compressed to that
degree at which steam can at the ordinary temperature be condensed by cooling
water. The air and steam compressed to about one-fortieth to one-tenth atmosphere,
enter firstly into the condenser. in which tlie condensation of the steam takes place.
The surplus air and the steam thence pass with the water of condensation into the
smaller cylinder, in which the compression is further effected up to atmospheric
pressure, and then ejected into the atmosphere with the water of condensation.
Figures 1 and 2, Sheet 2, represent an elevation and a section of this larger air
steam pump. A is the large cylinder and B the small cylinder; C is the condenser,
which contains the small cylinder B; D, the delivery pipe, which connects the two
cylinders and the condenser; E is the suction pipe leading to the absorption vessel
and refrigerating chambers: G is the moving mechanism of the piston. The cylin-
der A is hermetically closed outside by a jacket. In the upper part of the jacket
are the channels for the passage of the compressed air and steam sucked in, whilst
by the suction valves a and delivering valves b communication is effected and
stopped with the cylinder chambers above and below the piston C.
The suction valves are as light as possible; the upper one opens by its own weight,
and the lower one by the pressure of a spring.
The closing of the suction valves is effected by the throw of a rod passing closely
and with friction through the piston, during its ascent and descent. The delivery
valves lie on their seats, lightly closed by means of springs and by their own weight,
and are opened in the ordinary manner by the superpressure in the cylinder, when
the air and steam are compressed.
The piston C is hollow and provided with a hollow double-walled piston rod; it
sucks in air and steam, alternately above and below, into the cylinder and compresses

page_text: them both. The piston must therefore be tightly packed and must work with but
little friction. For this purpose the piston is provided with a peculiar packing,
represented in part section at Figure 3, Sheet 2, on a larger scale; e is the piston
ring, pressing lightly against the wall of the cylinder, moving easily in the ring rim
of the piston. Behind the latter an india-rubber diaphragm is provided, made in
one piece, which being squeezed forms a hermetical closing between the upper
and lower end of the piston C, by means of an interposed concentric ring g.
A somewhat higher pressure is maintained in the hollow of the piston than the
maximum pressure in the cylinder, by which the rubber cap is tightly squeezed to
the packing ring, and this ring to the cylinder wall. In a similar manner the
tightly-closing friction of the rod d is obtained by the leather cap, as shewn in the
Drawing.
In order to regulate the pressure in the interior of the piston a delivery reduction
valve his provided on a short jointed pipe k at the top of the hollow piston rod;
this arrangement is represented in section at Figure 4, Sheet 2. This valve is
pressed to the inner face of the seat by the pressure of a spiral spring, by means of
the screw i, and is opened inwards by atmospheric pressure, when and as soon as
the pressure of the air has become less in the interior of the piston, as before
described. Consequently the air enters until the required pressure is obtained in
the interior, after which the valve closes automatically.
The condenser C and pump B work in the ordinary known manner with a water
injection through the pipe 1, which may be regulated.
The pistons of both cylinders are connected with the single-acting beam by
connecting rods, and the beam is connected with the crank mechanism.
A single or double working beam engine may be employed as represented in
Figures and 5, or a direct-acting steam engine, as shewn in Figures 6 and 7, or
any other suitable motive power may be employed, provided the working of the
pistons and the cylinders, one with the other, as described, be not affected.
Where little or no condensing water can be obtained the condenser C may be
omitted and the cylinder B may be double-acting. In this case, the size of the
cylinder A should bear such a proportion to that of the cylinder B, that the initial
pressure of the steam and air sucked in shall nearly equal the final pressure in the
two cylinders, and consequently the compression of the air sucked into the cylin-
der A is equal to about one-fourteenth atmosphere, and from this pressure the com-
pression in the cylinder B is effected up to atmospheric pressure.
Figures 6 and 7 represent a portable ice-making machine, in which the direct
evaporation, cooling and freezing, are effected without the sulphuric acid by the
action of the double-acting cylindrical air pump, without employing any cooling
water. The hermetically closed refrigerating chamber in this case is arranged
immediately under the cylinders and closely connected with them.
The motion of the piston is effected by two fly wheels fixed upon one shaft. These
fly wheels may serve at the same time as carriage wheels for the whole machine by
means of two connecting rods and a cross head in a corresponding straight direction.
The rod of the piston of the smaller cylinder is fixed in the cross head, whilst the
hollow rod of the piston of the larger cylinder may be easily loosened and fastened
by hand by means of a fork edge at Y. In this arrangement by working with the
small cylinder a vacuum up to about one-fourteenth atmosphere can easily be pro-
duced, and the necessary higher vacuum can be produced and maintained without
difficulty by the action of the piston in the larger cylinder.
The motion of the machine, if stationary, is effected by a motor and pulley,
or if being transported, by the connection of the fly wheels serving as carriage
wheels.
The ice chamber herein-before described, and shewn in Figures 1 and 2, Sheet 2,
may be placed and erected in such a manner that the ice, which may be produced in
blocks, falls downwards, by opening the door or cover into a room which may serve
as an ice cellar.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention, and the best means I am

page_text: acquainted with for carrying the same into effect, I wish it to be understood that
I do not confine myself to the precise details herein laid down and shewn in the
accompanying Drawings, as these may be varied without departing from the peculiar
character of the Invention, but what I do claim is,-
--
Firstly. The general arrangement and construction of the refrigerating chambers
and the sulphuric acid absorption vessel and concentrating vessel in combination
with the double cylindrical air steam pump, substantially as and for the purpose
herein-before described, and represented in the accompanying Drawings.
Secondly. The arrangement, construction, and employment of the air steam pump
with two cylinders of unequal size, and the condenser for cooling water and other
fluids, and for freezing water with or without the aid of sulphuric acid, substantially
as herein-before described, and represented in the accompanying Drawings.
Thirdly. The peculiar construction of packing for the pistons with air pressure
to be regulated from without, substantially as herein-before described, and repre-
sented in the accompanying Drawings.
Fourthly. The method and arrangement, whereby the sulphuric acid is continually
cooled during the reception of the steam, as herein-before described.
Fifthly. The method of hermetically closing the refrigerating chambers and the
sulphuric acid absorption vessel, substantially as herein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Franz Windhausen, have hereto set my
hand and seal, this Twenty-third day of October, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and seventy-eight.
I. FRANZ WINDHAUSEN. (L.S.)

page_text: In the Matter of Letters Patent granted to Franz Windhausen of Berlin
in the Empire of Germany for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR THE
OTHER REFRIGERATING PURPOSES
1878 N° 1678
MANUFACTURE OF ICE AND FOR
bearing date the 25th day of April
DISCLAIMER AND MEMORANDUM OF ALTERATION as proposed to be
entered by the said Franz Windhausen pursuant to the Statutes in that case
made and provided.
WHEREAS Her Majesty Queen Victoria by Her Letters Patent under the
Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland bearing date at
Westminster the 25th day of April 1878 N° 1678 in the Forty-first year of
Her reign did give and grant unto me the said Franz Windhausen my executors
administrators and assigns, the sole privilege for the term of fourteen years thence
next ensuing of making, using exercising and vending within the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands and Isle of Man, the
said Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR THE
MANUFACTURE OF ICE AND FOR OTHER REFRIGERATING PURPOSES
"
And whereas in pursuance of a proviso in the said Letters Patent contained
I the said Franz Windhausen did within six Calendar Months next after the date
of the said Letters Patent cause a Specification or Instrument in writing under my
band and seal, purporting to describe and ascertain the nature of the said
Invention and in what manner the same is to be performed to be duly filed in
the Great Seal Patent Office.
was
A
And whereas since the filing of the said Specification I have ascertained that
some passages of the description are wanting in clearness, and that some of the
claiming clauses may be objected to as not defining with sufficient precision the
parts of the invention intended to be claimed, and I desire to render the description
more clear and the claims more precise.

page_text: I therefore disclaim alter and amend the said Specification in manner following
that is to say :-
"
Referring to the Queen's Printer's certified Copy of the said Specification-At
27 and
Page 4 Lines 32 for "steam I substitute "
"
A
"
"
"
Line 16 for "steam" I substitute "vapour." At Page 6 Lino
«
A
on "
"
"
"
"
<<
means of '
"
"
vapour "At Page 4 Line 33 for
"has been " I substitute 'becomes' for "exhausted" I substitute "diluted'
At Page 4 Line 36 for steam I substitute "vapour" for "rarefied" I substitute
"diluted "At Page 5 Line 1 for "steam" I substitute "vapour "-At Page 5
Line 4 for "steam I substitute " vapour "At Page 5 Line 6 for "steam "I
substitute
vapour "At Page 5 Line 8 for 'apparatuses I substitute
apparatus' At Page 5 Line 19 for "steam" I substitute "vapour "-At Page 5
Line 24 for "the rarefaction" I substitute "its dilution "-At Page 5 Line 25
for "rarefied" I substitute "dilute "-At Page 5 Line 41 for " emptying" I
substitute "exhaustion "-At Page 6 Line 1 for "steam" I substitute "vapour"-
At Page 6 Line 2 I omit "the air pump and "-At Page 6 Line 3 I add at the
end of the line "and thence to the air pump "-At Page 6 Line 4 for "
I substitute "admitting -At Page 6 Line 10 for "steam "I substitute "vapour
At Page 6 Line 20 for < remove "I substitute "keep separate "-At Page 6
Line 24 after "vessel" I insert "h"-At Page 6 Line 27 for "steam I substitute
vapour" and I omit "
At Page 6 Line 28 for "one side" I substitute
"outside" and I omit "on the "-At Page 6 Line 29 for "other side" I substitute
"inside"-At Page 6 Line 37 for "rarefied I substitute dilute "-At Page 6
Line 38 for "latter" I substitute "former"-At Page 6 Line 42 for "steam " I
substitute "stream"-At Page 6 Line 43 for "rarefied" I substitute dilute "-
At Page 6 Line 50 for "rarefied" I substitute "diluted "-At Page 6 Line 55
for "contact" I substitute "conduction"-At Page 6 Line 57 I omit "up to an
equal "At Page 7 Line 1 for "degree of" I substitute "for"
"and for "the
vacuum" I substitute a vacuum -At Page 7 Line 2 for "the steain "I substitute
"a" and after "condenser " I insert "J"-At Page 7 Line 4 for "steam of ” I
substitute "vapour from "-At Page 7 Line 8 for " steam
I substitute "vapour
and for " escapes" I substitute "may escape"-At Page 7 Line 13 for "and into
I substitute "from "-At Page 7 Line 14 for "Should" I substitute "To prevent,"
and for "take" I substitute "from taking" At Page 7 Line 17 for "steam" I
substitute "vapour "-At Page 7 Line 18 for "steam I substitute "vapour" and
for "rarefy" I substitute "dilute "-At Page 7 Line 20, for steam I substitute
"and vapour
'-At Page 7 Line 24 for "till below 4. 6. "/" I substitute "about
one eighth of an inch "At Page 7 Line 25 for "steam I substitute " vapour
At Page 7 Line 26 for "by" I substitute "under "-At Page 7 Line 28 for
"steam
I substitute "and vapour' At Page 7 Line 33 for " steam "I substitute
vapour "At Page 7 Line 34 for "steam " I substitute "the vapour" At Page 7
Line 35 for "steam " I substitute " vapour "At Page 7 Line 36 for "steam I
substitute "vapour' At Page 7 Line 37 for "the steam " I substitute "vapour'
At Page 7 Line 39 between "and" and "then" I insert "are"-At Page 7 Line 40
for larger" I substitute "compound." At Page 7 Line 41 for "steam I sub-
$4
"6
"
"
16
"
-At Page 7 Line 7 for steam I substituto "and vapour"-At Pago 7
"
>>
A
-Line 43 for "to" I substituto "from" At Pago 7-
A
""
"
"
"
"
""
"
"
"
At
stitute "and vapour "-At Page 7 Line 44 for "piston" I substitute "pistons
At Page 7 Line 45 for "part "I substitute "and lower parts"-At Page 7 Lines 40
and 47 for "passage of the compressed air and steam sucked in whilst by "I
substitute "suction and discharge containing "-At Page 7 Line 47 I omit "com-
munication is effected and "-At Page 7 Line 48 I omit the whole line.
Page 7 Line 49 after " opens" I insert "downwards"-At Page 7 Line 50 after
one" I insert "upwards"-At Page 7 Line 51 for "throw" I substitute "stroke"
and after "rod" I insert "d"-At Page 7 Line 55 for "steam I substitute
"vapour "At Page 7 Line 57 for "steam" I substitute "vapour "At Page 8
Line 4 after "cylinder" I insert "and," and for "ring rim" I substitute annular
groove "At Page 8 Line 5 for "latter" I substitute "ring e and before
diaphragm " I insert "
cup" and after "diaphragm" I insert "f" At Page 8
1
"
"
44

page_text: Figure 1 Sheet I, is a longitudinal section and Figure 2 a plan of my improved
refrigerating apparatus.
ARRANGEMENT AND ACTION OF THE APPARATUS.
In the hermetically closed refrigerating chambers A, A, in which the water to be
frozen is contained the required vacuum is produced and maintained by the air
pump of peculiar construction. The vapour produced is removed and condensed
and absorbed by the air pump alone, or with the aid of sulphuric acid, which is
'contained in the absorption vessels B which communicate with the refrigerating
chambers. The sulphuric acid heated in this manner is continually cooled by
cooling water and is pumped into a concentrating vessel C in small quantities in
proportion to its dilution to be reconcentrated in this vessel by continuous
evaporation. In the same proportion in which the dilute acid is introduced into
the concentrating vessel the concentrated acid runs back from it into the absorption
vessel B, by which means the acid in the absorption vessel is maintained at a
nearly uniform degree of concentration and level.
The refrigerating chambers are so constructed and arranged that each of them
can alternately be easily opened for the purpose of taking out the ice, and closed
without interrupting thereby the vacuum and the freezing process in the other
refrigerating chambers and in the absorption vessel B. A continuous action may
be kept up by this arrangement of the apparatus and the hermetical closing of
the chambers, and by its peculiar construction an exact action of the apparatus is
insured.
The refrigerating chambers A, A, are provided with doors a, a, the hermetical
closing of which is effected in the following manner : In rebates made in the
closing border between the door and the chamber are squeezed two india rubber
bands parallel with one another and slightly projecting, and the door is fastened by
means of the screws b, and thus pressed tightly on the chamber, the space between
the parallel rubber bands during the exhaustion of the chamber being filled with
water, which enters through the pipe d. In a similar manner the air is her-
metically excluded from all joints and pores of the walls by totally surrounding the
chambers (the doors excepted) with water jackets.
The refrigerating chambers communicate with each other, as well as with the
Bulphuric acid absorption vessel B, and with the air pump by means of the pipes E,
but the communication between any one or all of these may be closed by means of
the valves e operated by the attendant, and by this means one or several chambers
may be opened if required without destroying the vacuum and interrupting the
freezing process in the other chambers and vessels.
The freezing of the water is effected as represented in the Drawing, of in the
iron plate vessels placed in the rooms, or it may be effected also by placing into
them vessels otherwise formed, which are filled with water, or it may be effected
by the injection of water into the empty chamber, by which latter means large
blocks of ice can be gradually produced.
during
A
The vapour produced from the freezing process passes through the pipes F
in the direction of the arrows marked 1, 2 and 3 into the absorption vessel B,
where it is condensed and absorbed by the sulphuric acid and thence to the air
pump.
The easy opening of the chambers is effected by admitting atmospheric air which
enters by opening the air cocks c with which the doors are provided.
The inner sides of the sulphuric acid absorbing vessel B, are lined with lead.
This vessel communicates with the refrigerating chambers by the pipe E, above
and on the opposite side with the air pump by the pipe F. Both of the pipes are
provided with bends for retaining particles of acid.
The sulphuric acid is for partially or entirely absorbing the vapour produced in
the refrigerating chambers. In order to promote this object a rotary apparatus is
provided in the absorbing vessel.

page_text: This apparatus consists of several lead pipes open at the bottom end, bent
upwards and there perforated like a sieve and connected above with a sheet lead
blower. This arrangement is fixed to a vertical shaft. By the speedy rotation of
the shaft the vapour is sucked in by the blower and brought into energetic con-
tact with the acid centrifugally ejected from the lead pipes in the form of rain or
spray. The shaft of this ejecting apparatus turns in a stuffing box and the water
covering it closes it hermetically.
In order to keep separate from the sulphuric acid the water which might still
penetrate through the stuffing box, a round this disc in an enclosing chamber is pro-
vided upon the shaft under the stuffing box. The penetrating water runs first on
this disc and is thrown centrifugally towards the wall of the chamber.
Out of
this chamber the water is then conducted by a small pipe g, into a closed connecting
vessel whilst in the latter vessel by the communicating pipe i, the same vacuum
is maintained as in the absorption vessel B.
The sulphuric acid heated by the reception of vapour is continually cooled, as
outside the whole. absorption vessel is surrounded with cooling water and inside a
spiral lead cooling pipe k is provided in the apparatus, as shewn in the Drawing,
through which the cooling water runs continually.
The absorption vessel must only be about half filled with the acid, a discharge
pipe is therefore provided at about the middle of its height, through which the
surplus acid is conducted into the concentrating vessel C, by means of a pump
provided at P, (this pump is not represented in the Drawing) whilst in the same
proportion concentrated acid runs through the pipe m, into the absorption vessel B.
The to-and-fro flow of the acid takes place in such a manner that the pumped
dilute cold acid receives the heat of the affluent concentrated hot acid, before the
former enters into the concentrating vessel; this concentrated acid is perfectly
cooled, when it enters at m, into the absorption vessel. For this purpose the two
vessels G and H, are provided.
Through these vessels passes in a spiral form the pipe m, which contains the
concentrated acid whilst in an opposite direction to the stream of the concentrated
acid the dilute acid runs through the vessel G, from its lower to its upper part and
then enters the concentrating apparatus at 7; by this an exchange of heat is
effected. In the vessel H, the concentrated acid is still further cooled by cooling
pipes-l-and-m water which enters through the pipe n, and runs down through the
pipe n. The pipes l, and m at their lowest parts are bent into the form of syphons,
which extend sufficiently low to prevent air or steam from entering through these
pipes into the absorption vessel B.
The concentrating vessel C, for reconcentrating the acid diluted in the absorption
vessel B, consists of a hermetically closed boiler lined internally with lead and
coated outside with non-conducting substance. In this boiler up to about the
middle of its height is a spiral lead pipe completely immersed in the acid to be
concentrated. In this lead pipe circulates steam which transmits its latent heat
by conduction to the acid to be evaporated.
The steam is conducted by the pipe o, from the steam boiler of the engine and
is conducted back into it through the pipe p. As the evaporation for concentration
of the acid can be effected in a vacuum at a lower temperature, than if performed
under atmospherical pressure a condenser J is connected with the concentrating
vessel by means of the pipe 9 which is bent upwards. In this condenser the
vapour from the acid is condensed by contact cooling or by injected water. The
water of condensation is removed through the pipe r in any suitable manner, and
the vacuum is produced and maintained through the pipes by means of the air and
vapour pump of the engine.
The vapour from the acid may escape through the valve t when opened by the
attendant and through the pipe u, into the atmosphere this valve also serves as a
safety valve if the condensing apparatus should not act at any time.
The running to and fro of the acid as hereinbefore described is effected by the
pipes and m. The acid which flows back being the most concentrated, it flows

page_text: through the double syphon-like pipe w from the bottom of the concentrating vessel,
To prevent the reflowing of the acid from taking place under the fixed level, a small
pipe open at the top is provided at the upper bend of the pipe
In case of the discharge pipe being partially empty of acid the lower end of the
syphon-like bend of the pipe w prevents vapour from entering from the concen-
trating vessel B, otherwise the vapour would condense in the pipe and dilute the
reflowing acid.
I will now describe the air and vapour pump represented in Sheet II of the
accompanying drawings.
This pump has for object the effecting and maintaining with the least possible
expense of motive power in the above described refrigerating chambers A, and in
the absorption vessel B, an absolute pressure about one eighth of an inch of the
mercurial column, further to continually remove, completely or partially the
vapour developed under this pressure.
The pump also serves to maintain a relatively high vacuum also in the concen-
trating vessel C. The air and vapour pump is composed of a large and a small
cylinder with peculiar pistons and suction and delivery valves and a condenser
which are connected by one another by communicating pipes, supporting parts
and moving appliances.
with
1
In the larger of these two cylinders during the action of the engine, the air and
the vapour are sucked out of the refrigerating chambers, and compressed to that
degree, at which the vapour can at the ordinary temperature be condensed by cooling
water. The air and vapour compressed to about one-fortieth to one-tenth
atmosphere, enter firstly into the condenser, in which the condensation of the
vapour takes place. The surplus air and vapour thence pass with the water of
condensation into the smaller cylinder, in which the compression is further effected
up to atmospheric pressure, and are then ejected into the atmosphere with the water
of condensation.
Figures 1 and 2 Sheet 2 represent an elevation and a section of this compound
air and vapour pump. A, is the large cylinder and B, the small cylinder; C, is the
condenser which contains the small cylinder B; D the delivery pipe which connects
the two cylinders and the condenser; E, is the suction pipe leading from the
absorption vessel and refrigerating chambers; G is the moving mechanism of the
pistons. The cylinder A is hermetically closed outside by a jacket. In the upper
and lower parts of the jacket are the channels for the suction and discharge
containing the suction valves a and delivery valves b.
The suction valves are as light as possible the upper one opens downwards by
its own weight and the lower one upwards by the pressure of a spring.
The closing of the suction valves is effected by the stroke of a rod d passing
closely and with friction through the piston, during its ascent and descent. The
delivery valves lie on their seats lightly closed by means of springs and by their
own weight, and are opened in the ordinary manner by the superpressure in the
cylinder, when the air and vapour are compressed.
The piston C is hollow, and provided with a hollow double-walled piston rod;
it sucks in air and vapour alternately above and below, into the cylinder and
compresses them both. The piston must therefore be tightly packed and must
work with but little friction. For this purpose the piston is provided with a
peculiar packing represented in part section at Fig 3 Sheet 2, on a larger scale,
e is the piston ring pressing lightly against the wall of the cylinder and moving
easily in the annular groove of the piston. Behind the ring e an india rubber cup
diaphragm is provided made in one piece, which forms a hermetical closing
between the upper and lower sides of the piston C, being squeezed by means of an
interposed concentric ring g.
A somewhat higher pressure is maintained in the hollow of the piston than the
maximum pressure in the cylinder by which the rubber cup is tightly squeezed to
the packing ring and this ring to the cylinder wall. In a similar manner the tightly

page_text: closing friction of the rod d, is obtained by the leather cup as shown in the
Drawing.
In order to regulate the pressure in the interior of the piston, a reduction
valve h is provided on a short jointed pipe k at the top of the hollow piston rod,
this arrangement, is represented in section at Figure 4 Sheet 2. This valve is
pressed to the inner face of the seat by the pressure of a spiral spring adjustable by
means of the screw i and is opened inwards by atmospheric pressure when and as
soon as the pressure of the air has become too low in the interior of the piston, as
before described. Consequently the air enters till the required pressure is obtained
in the interior after which the valve h closes automatically.
The condenser C, and pump B work in the ordinary known manner with a
water injection through the pipe l, which may be regulated.
'
The pistons of both cylinders are connected with the single acting beam G by
connecting rods and the beam is connected with the crank mechanism.
A single or double working beam engine may be employed as represented in
Figures 1 and 5 or a direct acting steam engine as shewn in Figures 6 and 7, or
any other suitable motive power may be employed provided the working of the
pistons and the cylinders one with the other as described be not affected.
Where little or no condensing water can be obtained, the condenser C may be
omitted and the cylinder B, may be double acting in this case.
The size of the
cylinder A, should bear such a proportion to that of the cylinder B that the
compression of the air in the cylinder A, is equal to about one-fourteenth
atmosphere and from this pressure the compression in the cylinder B is effected up
to atmospheric pressure.
Figures 6 and 7 represent a portable ice making machine in which the direct
evaporation cooling and freezing are effected without the sulphuric acid by the
action of the double acting cylindrical air pump without employing any cooling
water. The hermetically closed refrigerating chamber in this case is arranged
immediately under the cylinders and closely connected with them.
rod
The motion of the piston is effected by means of a crosshead and two connecting
rods from cranks on a shaft carrying two fly wheels. These fly wheels may serve
at the same time as carriage wheels for the whole machine. The rod of the
piston of the smaller cylinder is fixed in the crosshead whilst the hollow A of
the piston of the larger cylinder may be easily loosened and fastened by hand by
means of a key at y. In this arrangement by working with the small cylinder a
vacuum up to about one-fourteenth atmosphere can easily be produced and the
necessary bigher vacuum can then be produced and maintained without difficulty
by the action of the piston in the larger cylinder.
The motion of the machine if stationary is effected by a motor and pulley or if
being transported by the connection of the fly wheels serving as carriage wheels.
The ice chambers hereinbefore described and shewn in Figs 1 and 2 Sheet II
may be placed and erected in such a manner that the ice which may be produced
in blocks falls downwards by opening the door or cover into a room which may
serve as an ice cellar.
Having thus described the nature of my invention, and the best means I am
acquainted with for carrying the same into effect I wish it to be understood that
I do not confine myself to the precise details herein laid down and shewn in the
accompanying Drawings as these may be varied without departing from the
peculiar character of the invention but what I do claim is :-
Firstly. The general arrangement and construction of the refrigerating chambers
and the sulphuric acid absorption vessel and concentrating vessel in combination
with the double cylinder air and vapour pump substantially as and for the purpose
herein-before described and represented in the accompanying Drawings.
Secondly. The arrangement and construction of the air and vapour pump with
two cylinders of unequal size and the condenser employed for cooling water and
other fluids and for freezing water with or without the aid of sulphuric acid,

page_text: substantially as herein-before described and represented in the accompanying
drawings.
Thirdly. The peculiar construction of packing for the pump piston with internal
pressure regulated from without, substantially as herein-before described and
represented in the accompanying Drawings
Fourthly. The arrangement whereby the sulphuric acid is continually cooled
during the reception of the vapour as herein-before described.
Fifthly. The method of hermetically closing the stuffing box of the sulphuric
acid absorption vessel, as herein before described.
In Witness whereof I the said Franz Windhausen have hereto set my hand
and seal, this Twenty-third day of October in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and seventy eight.
I. FRANZ WINDHAUSEN. (L.S.)
In Witness whereof I the said Franz Windhausen have hereunto set my
hand and seal this Twenty-seventh day of December in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and eighty-two.
Witness
HEINRICH SPRINGMANN
Agent of
23 Gneisenau St. Berlin.
FRANZ WINDHAUSEN. (L.S.)
Notice of The application for leave to file this Disclaimer and Memorandum of
Alteration having been advertized in accordance with my direction :-
I hereby grant my Fiat giving leave to the above-named Franz Windhausen to
file in the Office of the Commissioners of Patents with the Specification to which
the same relates the foregoing Disclaimer and Memorandum of Alteration.
Dated this fourth day of January One thousand eight hundred and eighty
three.