Improvements in the Method of Washing and Boiling off and in the Preparation of Fabrics to be Dyed or Printed.
Year: 1897

page_text: Improvements in the Method of Washing and Boiling off and in
the Preparation of Fabrics to be Dyed or Printed.
I, JOHN WAUGH, of Sunbridge Chambers, Bradford, in the County of York, Civil
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention communicated to me from
abroad by the Firm trading as the Neue Augsburger Kattunfabrik, of Augsburg, in
the Empire of Germany, to be as follows:-
This invention relates to the method of application of phenols, amines and
hydrocarbons of the aromatic series in printing and dyeing of vegetable fibres as an
entire or partial substitute for soap in washing and boiling off, or as a substitutional
or additional product of oil mordants employed in the preparation of fabrics to be
dyed or printed.
It is found that on applying Wallach and E. Schweitzer's method as described in
German Letters Patent No. 88432 of "Removing mineral oil spots on raw materials
by adding phenol or aniline and soap to the bawking liquor," these and similar
bodies may in many cases be advantageously employed in printing and dyeing, thus
saving much work and material, besides producing new technical effects.
It is found that soap may be entirely dispensed with by using very small quantities
of phenol or more particularly cresol in the open soaper.
In working with one kilogramme of raw carbolic acid to 4000 litres of water, a
much better result is obtained than by using 16 kilogrammes of soap with the same
quantity of water. The white of the fabric is much purer, even printed materials of
which the oil mordant has turned yellow, become faultless, without injuring delicate
colours, an effect not to be obtained by the old method; for an oil-mordant turned
yellow can only be whitened by repeated soaping and chlorination by which sensitive
colours are entirely spoiled and even fast colours suffer.
By employing carbolic acid in the open-soaper, an addition of soap is not necessary
and consequently the formation of lime, which causes so many spots, is not to be
feared.
The saving of material is considerable, the comparison being in about the follow-
ing proportion, 16 kilogrammes of soap costing say five shillings and six pence,
against one kilogramme of carbolic acid costing about three pence.
It is particularly to be observed, that colours treated with phenol are faster to
chlorine than when treated with soap.
With heavy covered patterns, grounds etc., where the open-soaper does not suffice,
a vat is employed and soap added, particularly so when using alizarine colours.
In this case by the application of phenol enables the work to be carried out or
effected at 75 degrees Centigrade, the covered grounds printed with tannin colours
such as acetine blue for instance, having red, pink and yellow alizarines as over-
prints, without the blue interfering with the over prints, which can only be done
with soap or malt at a low temperature.
By means of phenol which permits a higher temperature, the boiling off is done

page_text: much better and quicker and produces prettier colours; a subsequent treatment
with chlorine can thus be avoided, as it greatly injures the lustre of the colours.
As regards material to be dyed on mordants, good results may be obtained by
adding or substracting carbolic acid for cowdung; also carbolic acid with soap cleans
well ready dyed materials, only a very weak chlorination being necessary.
Another way of application is the addition of carbolic acid etc., or the substitution
of these products for oil-mordants, by which a whole series of colours, such as
alizarine, induline, tannin etc., gives better results, the white remaining purer and
the turning yellow of the oil-mordant is avoided.
These methods are specially suitable for cotton and linen, whilst wool gives no
particular result. Mineral oil spots cannot be removed in this way; it has to be
done by hand with a mixture of phenol and soap.
Wallach and E. Schweitzer's method of removing mineral oil spots from the raw
material has not proved successful by way of padding with phenol or aniline and
soap, or by adding these products to the bowking liquor, the cause of this is
probably due to bleaching on the system known as Mather & Platts.
The new method is illustrated by the following examples and tabulae.

page_text: ת
a. Oil mordant, 45 gramines turkish red oil per litre.
45 grammes turkish red
b. Phenol-oil morda mes rises urbolic acid.per
litre.
Instead of turkish red oil, acid soap or the carbolic acid being an acid too, soap
may be employed.
Improvements in the Method of Washing and Boiling off and in
the Preparation of Fabrics to be Dyed or Printed.
I, JOHN WAUGH, of Sunbridge Chambers, Bradford, in the County of York, Civil
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention communicated to me
from abroad by the Firm trading as the Neue Augsburger Kattunfabrik, of Augsburg,
in the Empire of Germany, and in what manner the same is to be performed,
to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement :-
This invention relates to the method of application of phenols and amines of the
aromatic series such as aniline in printing and dyeing of vegetable fibres as an entire
or partial substitute for soap in washing and boiling off, or as a substitutional or
additional product of oil mordants employed in the preparation of fabrics to be dyed
or printed.
It is found that on applying Wallach and E. Schweitzer's method as described in
German Letters Patent No. 88432 of "Removing mineral oil spots on raw materials
by adding phenol or aniline and soap to the bawking liquor," these and similar bodies
may in many cases be advantageously employed in printing and dyeing, thus saving
much work and material, besides producing new technical effects.
It is found that soap may be entirely dispensed with by using very small quantities
of phenol or inore particulary cresol in the open-soaper.
In working with one kilogramme of raw carbolic acid to 4000 litres of water, a much
better result is obtained than by using 16 kilogrammes of soap with the same quantity
of water. The white of the fabric is much purer, even printed materials of which the
oil-mordant has turned yellow, become faultless, without injuring delicate colours, an
effect not to be obtained by the old method; for an oil-nordant turned yellow can
only be whitened by repeated soaping and chlorination by which sensitive colours are
entirely spoiled and even fast colours suffer.
By employing carbolic acid in the open-soaper, an addition of soap is not necessary
and consequently the formation of lime, which causes so many spots, is not to be
feared.
The saving of material is considerable, the comparison being in about the following
proportion, 16 kilogrammes of soap costing say five shilling and sixpence, against one
kilogramme of carbolic acid costing about three pence.
It is particularly to be observed, that colours treated with phenol are faster to chlorine
than when treated with soap.
With heavy covered patterns, grounds and the like, where the open-soaper does not
suffice, a vat is employed and soap added, particularly so when using alizarine colours.
In this case, the application of phenol enables the work to be carried out or
effected at 75 degrees Centigrade, the covered grounds printed with tannin colours
such as acetine blue for instance, having red, pink and yellow alizarines as over-
prints, without the blue interfering with the over-prints, which can only be done with
soap or malt at a low temperature.

page_text: By means of phenol which permits a higher temperature, the boiling off done
much better and quicker and produces prettier colours; a subsequent treatment with
chlorine can thus be avoided, as it greatly injures the lustre of the colours.
As regards materials to be dyed on mordants, good results may be obtained by
adding or substituting carbolic acid for cowdung; also carbolic acid with soap,
cleans well ready dyed materials only a very weak chlorination being neccessary.
Another way of application is the addition of carbolic acid and the like, or the
substitution of these products for oil-mordants, by which a whole series of colours,
such as alizarine, induline, tannin and the like, gives better results, the white
remaining purer and the turning yellow of the oil-mordant is avoided.
These methods are specially suitable for cotton and linen, whilst wool gives no
particular result.
Mineral oil spots cannot be removed in this way; it has to be done by hand
with a mixture of phenol and soap.
Wallach and E. Schweitzer's method of removing mineral oil spots from the raw
material has not proved successful by way of padding with phenol or aniline and soap,
or by adding these products to the bowking liquor, the cause of this is probably due to
bleaching on the system known as "Mather & Platts."
The new method is illustrated by the following examples and tables.
8.
do.
water.
The material is passed either straight from the open-soaping to the drying machine,
or else is previously passed through a padding machine containing 1 litre of lime, 5
degrees Beaume and 80 litres of water.
One kilogramme of carbolic acid per compartment instead of 16 kilogrammes of
soap are used (see Table 1).
2ND. APPLICATION OF PHENOL IN THE HANK SOAPING.
15 kilogrammes of soap (150 grammes soap per litre) and 300 grammes raw carbolic
acid to 500 litres of water per vat.
The material is soaped as is usual with hanks, and 4 vats are prepared as above
described.
No. 1. 75 degrees Centigrade.
2. 62 do. do.
"
3.
وو
وو
دو
4.
5.
6.
50 degrees Centigrade.
30 do.
do.
1000 grammes carbolic acid to 500 litres of water without soap about
25 degrees Centigrade.
Either like No. or water only.
In this way the blue ground patterns are soaped according to table 2 and the red
squares according to table 3, the former are washed and dried directly, and the latter
only after a previous treatment of one litre of lime 5 degrees Beaume and 10 litres of
water.
The old style was the same for squares, only without carbolic acid and had to be
repeated three times in order to get purer materials.

page_text: 3RD. APPLICATION OF PHENOL AS ADDITION TO OIL-MORDANT.
a. Oil mordants: 45 grammes turkish red oil per litre.
b.
45 grammes turkish red oil
}per litre.
Phenol, oil-mordant; 20 grammes carbolic acid.
Instead of turkish red oil, acid soap or the carbolic acid being an acid too, soap may
be employed.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of this inven-
tion, as communicated to me, and in what manner the same is to be performed, I
declare that what I claim is :-
The herein before described method of application of phenols and amines of the
aromatic series in the dyeing and printing of vegetable fabrics as an entire substitute
for or used in combination with soap for the washing or boiling off, or as a substitute or
an addition to the oil mordants employed in the preparation of fabrics to be dyed or
printed.