IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM BOILERS AND FURNACES FOR THE SAME
Year: 1859

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Thomas Ivory, of Edinburgh, Advocate, for the
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM BOILERS AND FURNACES FOR
THE SAME."
Sealed the 15th September 1859, and dated the 31st March 1859.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Thomas Ivory at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on thic
31st March 1859.
I, THOMAS IVORY, of Edinburgh, Advocate, do hereby declare the nature
of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM BOILERS AND FURNACES
FOR THE SAME," to be as follows:-
The first part of my Invention relates to boilers in which the products of
combustion are conveyed to a distance equal to or greater than the length of
the fire-box, measured horizontally from the back of the fire-box before they
are carried through return flues or passages, or into the chimney,aud consists
in dividing the boiler according to its proportional area of effective and com-
paratively ineffective heating surface into three or more compartments con-
nected by waterways, one of which compartments being that which contains
the water in immediate contact with the most effective portion of the
heating surface is a direct steam-generating compartment, and has always a
steain space above the water. The other compartments are used merely for
tho purpose of heating the water on its way to the steam-generating com-

page_text: partment, aud intended to be always full of water, except in the cusos
herein after described under the part of my Invention relating to the water-
feeding arrangement. I prefer that the first partition be beyond the fire-box
and near the back of the same, and that the second partition be at a distance
beyond the first, measured horizontally, not exceeding the length of the firo-
bars; also that the water compartments thereby constituted be arranged so
as to be readily separable as required from the steam-generating compartment
and from one another. This may be accomplished by having the inter-
communicating waterways in the form of one or more tubes, according to
convenience.
My Invention consists, in the second place, in an arrangement whereby in
any boiler furnace having the external fire-box of metal, the extent of heating
surface within the fire-box for a given amount of external fire-box area is
increased. This is accomplished by having the outer water space or spaces
round the fire-place in its horizontal section consisting of tubes, more than
one-half of the surface of cach of which is exposed to the heat. For this
purpose the several tubes are connected at their outer part by smaller water
tubes or simple metal plates or bars, the said larger tubes with the connecting
smaller tubes or metal together forming the walls of the fire-box. The object
proposed in this second part of my Invention may, be accomplished to an
increased oxtent by the use of a divided longitudinaldiaphragm or midfeather,
extending from the front to or towards the back of the fire-box or fire-boxes
and consisting of a row of tubes which connect the water above with that
below the fire-box, and have a space between each, whereby an intermixture
of the gases, so as to produce more perfect combustion in the fire-box or fire-
boxes is secured, and whereby at the same time an increased heating surface
is obtained. This arrangement may be used either with or without a bridge
at the back of the fire-box, but I prefer to use a bridge. Under this arrange-
ment my Invention also consists in introducing air into the fire-box above the
level of the fuel by means of air channels extending from the bottom of the
fire-box, and inserted in the spaces between the said water tubes. This mid-
feather part of my Invention consists not in the use of the separate and
distinct parts, except when used together for the combined purposes of
heating, of constant free intercommunication between the furnaces, and of
the admission of air in the spaces between the tubes.
My Invention consists, in the third place, in an arrangement whereby water
tubes or vessels may be beneficially used as firo-bars. This arrangement
consists in the application thereto of conductor pins or plates of metal
extending from the external surface of the said tubes or vessels into the

page_text: water contained therein, and also in using either in combination with such
pins or separately, metal covers or shields to be soldered or otherwise fixed to
the said tubes for their protection.
My Invention consists, in the fourth place, in an improvement on the
arrangement of feeding apparatus described in the Specification of my Patent,
bearing date 21st January 1858, numbered 107, and is applicable to boilers
constructed on the principle described in my said former Specification, and
also to those described under the first head of this Invention, whereby greater
uniformity in the depth of the water level in the steam-generating com-
partment is secured than by means of the ordinary force pump arrangement.
For this purpose a communication, governed by a cock, is formed between tho
steam space of the steam-generating compartment and the adjoining water
compartment, and another communication is opened, also governed by a
cock, between the water space in the steam-generating compartment and the
body of water contained in the next adjoining compartment. It is intended
in this arrangement that the inner surface of the water compartment above
the water shall beabove the ordinary water level in the steam-generating com-
partment. In this way, when both cocks are opened, the water may be made
to flow in any regulated quantity from the water compartment into the steam-
generating compartment, and in this case there may be for a time, but only
incidentally to the purpose of feeding, a space occupied by steam above the
water in the second compartment. The only communication between the two
water compartments is by a siphon or other tube. The shorter leg of this
siphon is in the third compartment, and it is preferred that it shall have its
open end at about the level of the crown of the furnace, and be furnished
with a valve opening only inwards, and its longer log is in the second com-
partment, and it is preferred that it shall extend to nearly the bottom of the
same. A means of equalizing the pressure on the water in the second and
third compartments, to allow the water to flow from the third into the second,
is provided, similar in principle to that described with reference to the first
and second compartments. The above arrangement of feed apparatus inay
be used either alone or in combination with the ordinary force pump
arrangement.
My Invention relates, in the fifth placo, to boilers wherein the products
of combustion are made to enter return flues or passages within a distance
equal to the length of the fire-box, measured horizontally from the back
thereof, whether the said flucs or passages ascend and return above the level
of the fire-box or furnace, as in the ordinary marine tubular boiler, or descend
and return below the same, and consists in an application of the compartment

page_text: principle above described to this class of boilers. One inode of accomplishing
this object (and which is applicable to boilers in which the fire tubes are
turned over above the fire-boxes or furnace) is as follows:-The steam-
generating compartment is formed over the furnace, and consists of a
chamber, the only communication between the water in which and that in
the rest of the boiler is by a tube or channel governed by a cock which leads
into the second compartment. This compartment is a water chamber, three
of the walls in which are in contact with the back and side heating surfaces
of the upright tuc leading to the return tubes or passages, and also having
a portion of the surface forming the roof of the said upright flue. At the
side of this roof next the return tubes a wall or partition is made, which
separates the water in this compartment from that in the third, which is in
contact with the heat in the return flues or passages. This third compartment
is situated over the roof of the steam-generating compartiment. The only
communication between the second and third compartments is intended to be
by a siphon or other tube, in a manner similar to that described under the
fourth head of my Invention, and an arrangement for equalizing the pressure
between the first and second and also between tho second and third com-
partments, so as to allow the water to flow from one into the other, is provided
similar to that also therein described. This feeding arrangement also may
be used either with or without the ordinary force pump arrangement. I do
not, however, confine myself to the above-described mode of applying the
compartment principle above described to this class of boilers, but it may be
applied by arrangements applicable to the case of boilers with descending flues
or passages and return flues or passages below the level of the fire-box, and
in other ways. The above-described arrangements for the kind of boilers
dealt with under this head may be applied to such of those described under
the first head as have return flues or tubes above or below the level respec-
tively of the top or bottom of the main flue or fire passages.
And my Invention consists, in the sixth place, in the use within a boiler of
one or more open-topped vessels, the lower part of which being closed
extends below and the upper part extends above the usual water level of the
boiler, thereby displacing a portion of the water, and giving an increased
space for steam to or nearly to the extent of such displacement. The object
in using such vessels is, that additional steam space may be gained, and the
water contents diminished, although the water is maintained at the same level
as before the insertion of the vessel. These vessels may be in the form of
a trough or other shape, so long as they are open-topped, and have the effect
above described,

page_text: And ny Invention consists, lastly, in improvements in boilers with two
compartments, as described in my said foriner Specification, by adapting and
applying to them, as far as applicable, the arrangements above described.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Thomas Ivory in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
30th September 1859.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, THOMAS
IVORY, of Edinburgh, Advocate, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Thirty-first day of March, in the yoar of our Lord
One thousand right hundred and fifty-nine, in the twenty-second year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto inc,
the said Thomas Ivory, Her special license that I, the said 'Thomas Ivory,
my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said
Thomas Ivory, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time
agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter
during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,
the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN STEAM BOILERS AND FURNACES FOR THE SAME," upon the condition (amongst
others) that I, the said Thomas Ivory, by an instrument in writing under my
hand and seal, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the
said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and
cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Oflice within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Thomas Ivory, do hereby declare the
nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement, reference being had to the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to
the letters and figures marked thereon (that is to say):—
The first part of my Invention relates to boilers in which the products of
combustion are conveyed to a distance equal to or greater than the length of
the fire-box, measured horizontally from the back of the fire-box, before they
are carried through return flues or passages or into the chimney, and consists
in dividing the boiler, according to its proportional area of effective and com-

page_text: paratively ineffective heating surface, into three or more compartments
connected by water ways. one of which compartments being that which con-
tains the water in immediate contact with the most effective portion of the
heating surface, is a direct steam-generating compartment, and has always a
steam space above the water. The other compartments are used merely for
the purpose of heating the water on its way to the steam-generating compart-
ment, and intended to be always full of water, except in the cases herein-after
described under the part of my Invention relating to the water feeding
arrangement. I prefer that the first partition be beyond the fire-box, and near
the back of the same, and that tho second partition be at a distance beyond
the first, measured horizontally, not exceeding the length of the fire-bars, also
that the water compartments thereby constituted, be arranged so as to be
readily separable as required, from the steam-generating compartiment, and
from one another. This may be accomplished by having the intercommuni-
cating waterways in the form of one or more tubes, according to convenience.
My Invention consists, in the second place, in an arrangemont whereby in
any boiler furnace having the external fire-box or the external walls of the
fire-box of metal, the extent of heating surface within the fire-box for a
given amount of external fire-box area is increased. This is accomplished by
having the outer water space or spaces round the fire-place in its horizontal
section consisting of tubes, more than one-half of the surface of each of which
(with the exception of the corner ones) is exposed to the heat. For this
purpose the several tubes are connected at their outer part by smaller water
tubes, or simple metal plates or bars, the said larger tubes with the connecting
smaller tubes or metal together forming the walls of the fire-box. The same
purpose may also be accomplished without the use of the connecting metal
plates or smaller water tubes, by employing tubes of the shape represented by
the letters o, o, o*, in Fig. 3, herein-after described, which tubes are to be
fastened together where they are shewn as touching; or the same purpose
may be effected by the use of tubes of various other shapes. The object
proposed in this second part of my Invention may be accomplished to an
increased extent by the use of a divided longitudinal diaphragm or midfeather
extending from the frout to or towards the back of the fire-box or fire-boxes,
and consisting of a row of tubes which connect the water above with that
below the fire-box, and have a space between each whereby an intermixture of
the gases so as to produce more perfect combustion in the fire-box or fire-
boxes is secured, and whereby at the same time an increased heating surface
is obtained. This arrangement may be used either with or without a bridge
at the back of the fire-box, but I prefer to use a bridge. Under this arrange-

page_text: ment my Invention also consists in introducing air into the fire-box abovethe
level of the fuel, by means of air channels extending from the bottom of the
fire-box, and inserted in the spaces between the said water tubes. This mid-
feather part of my Invention consists not in the use of the separate and
distinct parts, except when used together for the combined purposes of heating,
of constant free intercommunication between the furnaces, and of the admis-
sion of air in the spaces between the tubes.
My Invention consists, in the third place, in an arrangement whereby water
tubes or vessels may be beneficially used as fire-bars. This arrangement con-
sists in the application thereto of conductor pins or plates of metal extending
from the external surface of the said tubes or vessels into the water contained
therein, and also in using, either in combination with such pins or separately,
metal covers or shields to be soldered or otherwise fixed to the said tubes for
their protection.
My Invention consists, in the fourth place, in an improvement on the
arrangement of feeding apparatus described in the Specification of my Patent,
bearing date Twenty-first January, One thousand eight hundred and fifty-
eight, and is applicable to boilers constructed on the principle described in my
said former Specification, and also to those described under the first head of
this Invention, whereby greater uniformity in the depth of the water level in
the steam-generating compartment is secured than by means of the ordinary
forco pump arrangement. For this purpose a communication, governed by a
cock, is formed between the steam space of the steam-gonerating compartment
and the adjoining water compartment, and another communication is opened,
also governed by a cock, between the water space in the steam-generating
compariment and the body of water contained in the next adjoining compart-
ment. It is intended in this arrangement that the inner surface of the water
compartment above the water shall be above the ordinary water level in the
stear-generating compartment. In this way, when both cocks are opened,
the water may be made to flow in any regulated quantity from the water
compartment into the steam-generating compartment, and in this case there
may be for a time, but only incidentally to the purpose of feeding, a
space occupied by steam above the water in the second compartment. The
only communication between the two water compartiments is by a siphon
or other tube. The shorter leg of this siphon is in the third compartment,
and it is preferred that it shall have its open end at about the level of the
crown of the furnace, and be furnished with a valve opening only inwards, and
its longer leg is in the second compartment, and it is preferred that it shall.

page_text: extend to nearly the bottom of the same. A means of equalizing the pressure
on the water in the second and third compartments, to allow the water to flow
from the third into the second, is provided similar in principle to that described
with reference to the first and second compartments. The above arrangement
of feed apparatus may be used either alone or in combination with the
ordinary force pump arrangement.
My Invertion relates, in the fifth place, to boilers wherein the products of
combustion are made to enter return-flues or passages, or are carried into the
smoke box or chimney, within a distance equal to the length of the fire-box
measured horizontally from the back thereof, whether the said fluos or passagès
ascend and return above the level of the fire-box or furnace, as in the ordinary
marine tubular boiler, or descend and return below the same, and consists in
an application of the compartment principle above described to this class of
boilers. One mode of accomplishing this object (and which is applicable to
boilers in which the fire tubes are turned over above the fire-boxes or furnace)
is as follows: The steam-generating compartment is formed over the furnace,
and consists of a chamber, the only communication between the water in
which and that in the rest of the boiler is by a tube or channel governed by a
cock which leads into the second compartiment; this compartment is a water
chamber, three of the walls in which are in contact with the back and side
heating surfaces of the upright fluc, leading to the return tubes or passages,
and also having a portion of the surface forming the roof of the said upright
flue. At the side of this roof, next the return tubes, a wall or partition is
made, which separates the water in this compartment from that in the third,
which is in contact with the heat in the return flues or passages. This third
compartment is situated over the roof of the steain-generating compartment.
The only communication between the second and third compartments is
intended to be by a siphon or other tube, in a manner similar to that described
under the fourth head of my Invention, and an arrangement fo: equalizing
the pressure between the first and second, and also between the second and
third compartments, so as to allow the water to flow from one into the other,
is provided similar to that also therein described. This feeding arrangement
also may be used either with or without the ordinary force pump arrangement.
I do not, however, confine myself to the above described mode of applying the
compartment principle above described to this class of boilers, but it may be
applied by arrangements applicable to the case of boilers with descending flues
or passages, and return flues or passages below the level of the fire-box, and in
other ways. The above-described arrangements for the kind of boilers dealt

page_text: with under this head may be applied to such of those described under the
first head as have return flues or tubes above or below the level respectively
of the top or bottom of the main flue or fire passages.
And my Invention consists, in the sixth place, in the use within a boiler
of one or more open topped vessels, the lower part of which being closed
extends below, and the upper part extends above the usual water level of
the boiler, thereby displacing a portion of the water, and giving an increased
space for steam to or nearly to the extent of such displacement. The object
in using such vessels is, that additional steam space may be gained and tho
water contents diminished, although the water is maintained at the same
level as before the insertion of the vessel. These vessels may be in the
form of a trough or other shape, so long as they are open topped and have
the effect above described.
And my Invention consists, lastly, in improvements in boilers with two
compartments, as described in my said former Specification, by adapting and
applying to them as far as applicable the arrangements above described.
Having thus stated the nature of the said Invention, I will proceed to
describe more particularly in what manner the same is to be performed, by
reference to the accompanying Drawings, in which are represented some forms
of the several improvements in steam boilers and furnaces above referred to.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
Fig. 1 represents a longitudinal section of a boiler constructed with three
compartments, whereof the first, 1, is the steam-generating compartment, and
the other two, 2 and 3, aro water compartments, and are used for heating the
water on its way to 1. The arrangement shewn in this Figuro is adapted for
the use of an ordinary continuously used force pump. A is the furnace; B,B,
the partition next the furnace separating the water in 1 from that in 2, so that
the only channel through which the water can in ordinary circumstances flow
from 2 into 1 is through the pipe w, w, the upper mouth of which is in the
partition B, B, above the level of the crown of the furnace. Similarly c, c, is
the partitiou separating the water in 2 from that in 3, and w, w*, is the
water pipe connection, through which alone in ordinary circumstances water
can flow from 3 into 2. The dotted parts of the pipes, w, w, and w*, w*, are
intended to shew that these pipes pass down through the water spaces by the
side of the fire ways and not through the fire ways, and the dotted portions of
the water pipes in the following Figures are intended to shew the same thing.
D represents the steam pipe, connecting the steam space in 1 when the water
therein is at its usual level (shewn by the horizontal dotted line) with the upper

page_text: ;
part of 2, so as to equalize the pressure and allow water to flow from 2 into 1
E is a pipe between 2 and 3, intended similarly to equalize the pressure
between 2 and 3 by means of steam passing from 2 into 3,when the water in 2
has fallen below the lower mouth of E, and allow water to flow from 3 into 2.
These steam pipes are the only other channels through which the water in
one compartment can pass into the next one. H, H, H, are water tubes, tho
interiors of which are open to the water spaces of the boiler, and connecting
the upper and lower portions thereof. These water tubes are surrounded by
fire ways F, F, leading from the furnace to the chimney G; I represents the
mouth of the feed pipe in connection with the force pump.
Such being the arrangement of the parts, the operation is as follows:-
Supposing the feed pump to go temporarily out of order and check the supply
of fresh water into compartment 3, the level of the water in compartment 1
will become lowered. When this level sinks below the mouth of the pipe D,
the steam rises therein and tends to equalize the pressure in compartments 1
and 2, so that the water is caused to be fed from 2 into 1, so long as the water
level in 2 is higher than it is in 1, and this will continue to be so until after
the level of the water in compartiment 2 has sunk below the mouth of the
pipe E, when the water in compartment 3 will be similarly delivered therefrom
into compartment 2. The pipes w,w, and we, w, and the arrows indicate the
course of the water, from which it will be seen that only the hottest portion of
the water in compartment 3 is fed into 2, and again only the hottest portion
thereof in is fed into 1; the water at the bottom of 3, as it enters the feed
pipe, may by this arrangement be quite cold, and it will be gradually heatod
until before it reaches the place of delivery into 1 it has attained a high
degree of heat.
In order to regulate the proper flow of water into 1, the water pipe w, w,
between 2 and 1 is provided with a cock or a throttle valve, to be worked by
hand through a lever or otherwise. A convenient mode of arranging this is to
have the pipe w, w, at its upper end elbowed outside the boiler, and provided
in that outside elbow with a cock or a throttle valve, to be worked as above
described, or other suitable arrangement for regulating the flow of wator from
2 to 1 may be adopted. L, L, are air tubes (one in cach compartment), to
allow the air to escape when the boiler is first being supplied with water. In
filling the boiler so as while compartments 2 and 3 are made quite full, com-
partment 1 is only partially filled, the following mode of proceeding may be
adopted: The air pipe L in each compartment being opened the water is
filled into the boiler until the required water level in 1 is reached. The air
pipe L of 1, and also its water pipe w between 1 and 2, is then closed, and the

page_text: water is filled in until it reaches the top of 2 and 3, when their air pipes
are closed.
2
Fig. represents a mode of constructing a boiler with separable compart-
ments, from which it will be obvious that the three compartiments 1, 2, and 3,
when brought together and properly united will forma longitudinal section of
a boiler. On reference to the foregoing description of Fig. 1, and observing
that in the present Figure the same letters of reference indicate corresponding
parts, the course of the heat and of the water will be understood by the aid.
of the arrows. It is to be remarked that the boiler might be lengthened
by inserting two additional compartments between 2 and 3, making five in
all. In this case compartment 3 would be an ascending one, 4 descending,
and 5, as represented in the Figure by 3, or a greater number may be inserted
in pairs in a similar way.
The form of the compartments just described may be varied from that
represented, as the construction of the boiler in separable compartments is
not in anywise confined to such particular form thereof, and the compart.
ments may be of such form that a single one or any number of them may
be inserted between 2 and 5, each being similar to 2.
Fig. 3 is a horizontal section representing various forms of arrangements
for increasing the heating surface within the fire-box, as described above
under the second head of iny Invention. M, M, are a series of square tubes
arranged round the fire-box, which tubes with the conuecting plates N (or
these may be smaller water tubes) form the enclosure of the fire-box. By
such arrangement it will be seen that three sides of each of the contral
tubes and two sides of each of the outer ones are exposed as licating surface
to the action of the heat within the fire-box. O, O, represent the smaller
water tubes, and O*, O", O", an arrangement for the same purpose, without
the use of connecting metal plates or smaller water tubes. The form of
the several tubes shewn in Fig. 3 may be varied, so long as they effect the
purpose of exposing more than one-half of the surface of each (except the
corner ones) to the heat, and 'these corner tubes may evidently, if desired,
be also constructed and arranged so that more than one-half of their surface
shall be exposed to the fire.
This Figure also shews a forin of the midfeather arrangement above
referred to. Between the outside tubes M,M, and the partition tubes M*,M.,
are inserted fire bricks or other divisions P, and the spaces between the latter
are air passages. By this arrangemeut the free communication between
the fire-boxes on each side of the tubes M* is effected, and the more perfect
combustion in the fire-box or fire-boxes secured.

page_text: Fig. 4 is a cross section of a hollow firo bar, which is at the same time a
water tube or vessel, as referred to under the third head of my Invention.
Q, Q, are the conductor pins of metal from the outside of the bars extending
into the water contained therein; R ropresents the shield, which is fixed
to the bar for its protection.
Fig. 5 represents a form of the arrangement referred to under the fourth
head of my Invention, consisting of a mode of supplying the water through
the water compartiments without the aid of a continuously acting force pump,
so as to preserve a nearly uniform level of water in the steam generating
compartment. The only difference that is required in the arrangements
in this case is, that there shall be a greater depth or body of water in the
various water compartments, or at least in that which is the farthest from
the furnace than when the force pump is continuously used, so that the
quantity required to be supplied for any given time shall be contained in
that portion of the water compartiments, which is above the highest level
of the heating surface in the steam-generating compartment, and also above
the highest level of the heating surface in the water compartments them-
selves. For this purpose, in the case of water tube boilers, I prefer that
the level of the tops of the water tubes should be not more than an inch
above the level of the crown of the furnace.
The rest of the Figure will be understood on reference to the description
of Fig. 1. I would here remark, that this arrangement is not confined to
that shown in Fig. 5, nor to any number of compartiments, so long as there
is provided a ready means of compensating for the rapid ovaporation of
water, and consequent sinking of the water level in compartment I, by
self-acting communication between the feed water and that in compart-
ment 1. While this arrangement is intended to dispense with the necessity
for the continuous action of the force pump, it may evidently, if desired,
be combined with a continuously acting force pump arrangement.
With reference to the adaptation and application of my compartment
principle to boilers with return flues, as stated under the fifth head of my
Invention, it may be remarked that with the aid of what has been already
described, the arrangement particularly described thereunder will be under-
stood without a Drawing, but another arrangement for applying the said
principle to boilers with return flues is represented at Figures 6 and 7.
Fig. 6 shews the compartments on one side of the boiler, and Fig. 7, those on
the other side. In this case the return flue or fire way is below the furnace;
compartment 1 (Fig. 6) occupies the entire breadth of the boiler, and 2,
which is behind it, only half the breadth thereof, the other half being occupied

page_text: by 5 (Fig. 7), which is the last return compartment, including the chimney.
3 (Fig. 6) turns back under the furnace, and is immediately under the same
half side of 1, on which 2 is. 4 (Fig. 7) is under the other half side, and
communicates with the flue of 5. The arrows shew the course of the water.
No steam pipe communication between the compartiments is necessary, except
between 1 and 2 (Fig. 6), and between 2 (Fig. 6) and 5 (Fig. 7), nothing
more than water pipe communications being required between the other
compartments.
The water is forced into 5 at the feed pipe I (Fig. 7). The upper mouth
of the water pipe w, between 5 and 4, is shewn above the level of the water
tubes. The water passes into the bottom of 4, at the upper part of which
is shewn the mouth of the water pipe leading therefrom into the bottom
of 3 (Fig. 6). At the upper part of 3 the water passes therefrom by the
pipe into the lower part of 2; then above the heating surface in 2 a pipe
is shewn, leading the water therefrom into the lower part of 1, the steam-
generating compartment. If a force pump be not continuously used, the
steam pipe may be led from just above the heating surface in 2 (Fig. 6) up
into the top of 5 (Fig. 7), and then water will continue to be fed in, until
the water level in 5 falls as low as that in 2.
An arrangement similar to the above may be adapted to marine boilers,
wheroin the fire ways or flues return over the top of the furnace, by merely
making compartment 2 with an ascending arrangement communicating
with 3, which shall turn over instead of under 1; 4 will then return by the
side of 3, and communicate with 5, which will ascend by the side of 2.
It will thus be evident that the mode of applying the said principle to boilers
with return flues will be varied as to the distribution of the several compart-
ments, according to the particular type of boiler required to be constructed
on this principle.
Fig. 8 represents an application of the compartment principle to
boilers with cylindrical flues, which will be readily understood on reference
to the Drawing without further description. Fig. 9 represents the same as
applied to locomotive boilers. In this case there are horizontal fire tubes with
intervening water ways, as shewn, F, F, being the fire tubes and H, H, the
water ways. This arrangement will also be at once understood from the
Drawing, by the aid of the foregoing description of other types of boilers.
Figures 10 and 11 represent modes of displacing some of the water in the
boiler, and thereby obtaining an increased space for steam by the use of open-
topped vessels, as described above under the sixth head of my Invention.
These vessels are also shewn in vertical and horizontal section at Figures 1

page_text: and 3. S, S, are the said vessels, which it will be seen, on reference to the
Figures, may be variously formed and arranged; neither are they confined
to the forms and arrangements represented therein.
With reference to the last head of my Invention, I would remark that the
foregoing improvements, or some of them, are applicable to boilers with
a steam-generating compartment, combined with one water-feeding compart-
meut, that is to say, so far as regards the arrangement of these compartments
in relation to the furnace and flues,and the ready communication between the
compartments, so as to effect the required compensation for the evaporation
of the water in the steam-generating compartment. In this case also, the
water compartment would be increased in capacity, as compared with that
denoted by 2 in the several Figures above described.
And I would remark with reference to the several heads of my Invention,
that parts described under one head may be usefully combined in some cases
with those described under another head, but I have described them as above
for the purpose of making my Invention better understood in its several
features, and I would further remark that any one or more of the parts inay
be used without others of them, as each improvement described is more or
less an independent one. It is likewise to be observod, that I have shewn in
the accompanying Drawings only such parts as were required to illustrate
the application of my improvements to the various types of boilers, omitting
matters of detail common to all boilers, such, for instance, as arrangements
for getting access to the flues to clean them out, &c.
Having thus described the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, I hereby declare that what I claim as
my Invention is,
of
First, the system or mode of constructing steam boilers, according to the
proportional area of effective and comparatively non-effective heating surface,
in three or more compartments, as above described, whereof the compartment
which contains the water in immediate contact with the hottest or most
effective portion of the heating surface is used as a direct steam-generating
compartment, while the other compartments are used merely, or at least
primarily, as water compartments, for the purpose of heating the water on
its way to the steam-generating compartment, as above described.
Secondly, the system as above described, of obtaining an increase of heating
surface in the fire-box, by means of water tubes around the same, more than
one half of the surface of each of which is exposed to the heat, whatever may
be the shapes, forms, or arrangements of these tubes; also the inid-feather
arrangement for the combined purposes of heating, of affording free communi-

page_text: cation between the fire-boxes or portions of the fire-box, and of admitting
air to the spaces between the tubes.
Thirdly, the use of water tubes, with conductor pins for fire-bars.
Fourthly, the use of open-topped vessels for displacing water, and thereby
increasing the steam space in boilers or steam-generating compartments
thereof, without affecting the ordinary water level therein.
And lastly, the application of the improvements above described to boilers,
with only two compartments, so far as rolates to the particular improvements
specified above.
In witness whereof, I, the said Thomas Ivory, have hereunto set my
hand and scal, the Twenty-second day of September, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine.
THOMAS IVORY. (L.S.)
Witness,
JOHN C. CHRISTIE,
No. 4, Duncan St., Newington, Edinburgh,
Writer to the Signet.