IMPROVE- MENTS IN BOILERS OR APPARATUS FOR GENERATING STEAM
Year: 1865

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Richard Archibald Brooman, of 166, Fleet Street,
in the City of London, Patent Agent, for the Invention of "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN BOILERS OR APPARATUS FOR GENERATING STEAM."-A communi-
cation from abroad by Julien Belleville, of Paris, France.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Richard Archibald Brooman
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
18th December 1865.
I, RICHARD ARCHIBALD BROOMAN, of 166, Fleet Street, in the City of
London, Patent Agent, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN BOILERS OR APPARATUS FOR GENERATING STEAM," to be as
follows:-
These improvements are applicable, 1st, to marine engine boilers; 2nd, to
boilers of stationary or fixed engines of low, mean, or high pressure;
3rd, to the boilers of locomotive, agricultural, traction, and fire engines and
cranes; 4th, to utilizing heat and flame usually termed waste, and combustible
gases from blast, puddling, and other furnaces, and all manufactures where
waste heat or combustible gases are evolved; 5th, in all works and manu-
factures in which steam is employed for heating, drying, baking, or other
purposes.

page_text: The objects of the improvements are to obtain the following advantages:―
Security and safety from explosion, rapid production of steam, direct pro-
duction of dry or desaturated steam, reduction in bulk and weight of the
generator, capability of removal, preservation of the tubes, freedom of dilatation
and contraction of the tubes, facility of cleansing, absence of calcarious deposit
or incrustation.
The improvements consist in new arrangements and combinations of the
boiler and the parts thereof, which will be understood by the annexed
Drawings and the following description. They relate to the employment of
three principal kinds of apparatus, namely, boilers for fixed or stationary
engines, boilers for locomotive and similar engines, and boilers for marine
engines. These three kinds of inexplosible boilers may be employed for all
purposes, but it is best to use them specially for the purposes for which they
are designed.
Figures 1 to 4 represent the manner in which I arrange the boiler for fixed
engines; Figures 5 to 11 for locomotive engines, and Figures 12 to 15 for
marine engines; Figures 16 to 26 are views of various parts detached. The
same letters refer to corresponding parts in all the Figures.
A, A, are the generating tubes communicating with each other, composed
of horizontal tubes superposed quincuncially, connected with each other by
boxes and elbow pipes, and communicating at their lower and upper ex-
tremities with tubes which I call collectors; B is the lower collector, consisting
of a tube of square, rectangular, or oblong form, from which the generating
tubes take their feed; C is the upper collector in which the product of the
vaporization in the tubes is received; D is a tube for dividing the supply of
steam; the tube is fitted in the interior of the upper collector, where it should
be hermetically connected with the socket of the steam outlet pipe, so that
the steam in order to escape outside is caused to become divided by passing
through small holes formed along the upper side of the tube; the object of
these holes, the size of which increases in proportion as they are more distant
from the outlet, is to take the steam as equally as possible from the entire
length of the collector, in order to regulate the working, and thereby avoid
rising and drawing in of the water, instability of the level, and difficulty of
maintaining it at a convenient height, defects which in the absence of this
dividing tube would result from the suctions produced at the orifice of the
generating tubes nearest the steam supply pipe by intermissions in the
expenditure of steam. E is a dryer or superheater, composed of two circu-
lations of tubes interlacing or crossing each other, and communicating at one
extremity with the upper collector C, and at the other extremity with a

page_text: purifier or chest F. This purifier F is fitted with a steam valve, pipes for
supplying steam, a purging plunger, and has an aperture closed by a stopper,
through which the purifier may be cleaned. G, G¹, are junction boxes of
malleable cast iron, with collars and rings for joining the horizontal generating
tubes; H, H, are stoppers with fastening pins easy of removal to allow the
interior of the generating tubes to be cleansed; I, I, are stays and supports of
the generating tubes; J is cylinder fitted with a glass tube for indicating the
water level, with an emptying cock having an arrangement for avoiding its
obstruction by the sediment which it is intended to carry off, with stoppers for
closing apertures through which it is cleansed, and with sockets to receive the
feed and overflow pipes; K is a pipe for returning water from the upper
collector to the cylinder J; L is a pipe communicating between the cylinder
J and the lower collector; M is a graduated cock for regulating the feed;
N is a retaining valve to prevent the return of the steam or water to the
supply vessel; O is a feed pipe putting the cock M in communication with the
feed pump and with the regulating feed valve, the object of which valve is to
allow all the water supplied in excess by the feed pump, the generator having
taken the required quantity, to return to the supply vessel; P is a pipe which
leads the feed water from the cock M into the upper part of the cylinder J,
passing through the valve N; Q, Q, are baffle plates, plates for turning back
the flame and obturators, all for the purpose of dividing the heat and causing
it to distribute itself as much as possible over all the surface requiring it, and
to oppose the production of too direct currents to the chimney; R, R, are
doors to allow the interior of the apparatus and the outside of the generating
tube to be cleansed; S is the fire-place; T is the ash-pit furnished with a door
for interrupting the combustion when desired; U is a damper or register in
communication with the chimney, and serving to regulate the activity of the
combustion by means of a chain, counterweight, and graduated scale;
V, V, are jackets or casings of sheet and T-iron; ✗ is masonry formed of
ordinary bricks; and Y, masonry of fire-bricks; Z is a manometer in com-
munication either with the pipe K or the cylinder J.
The proportions, size, and number of the various parts before enumerated
may vary according to the purpose for which the apparatus is intended and its
power.
I now proceed to point out the differences between the three principal kinds
of boilers before named and illustrated in the Drawings.
Figures 1, 2, and 3 show the whole and the various parts of an apparatus
of 50 nominal horse-power for fixed or stationary engines.
The boiler or generator proper is composed of tubes arranged longitudinally

page_text: above the fire-place; the lower collector is supported on the front masonry
and on ribs formed for the purpose above the arches of the doors. In these
ribs notches or grooves are formed which determine the exact position of the
collector and form its bed. The back of the generator rests on a bridge of
masonry at the bottom of the fire-place, on which bears a cast-iron plate for
forming a regular and solid support on which the tubes are free to lengthen
when they become dilated; each part of the generator is composed of tubes
bent into a fork shape, and they are connected together by collars, rings, and
boxes, which, as well as the lower collector (and the upper collector if
desired), are furnished with stoppers, on the removal of which the interior of
the tubes may be cleansed. The boxes and the collectors are maintained at
the desired distances apart vertically and horizontally by rectangular stays or
supports, which are open-worked to allow of the passage of brushes for
cleansing the tubes which they cover. The separation of the bends or elbows
at the back of the tubes is maintained by dises placed between the bends of
each two adjoining tubes, and traversed horizontally by tubes fitted with
concentric bolts; these tubes act as horizontal stays between the bends of the
generating tubes. By tightening the nuts of the concentric bolts, flat iron
bracing pieces fitted vertically at each side of the generating tubes are applied
against the ends of the stay tubes, which limit the tightening while allowing
the bends sufficient play for the generating tubes to expand or dilate at the
back as at the front. The flat braces are bent upon the tubes at their two
ends to make firm the forks of the generating tubes. The generator thus
united and stayed possesses great solidity and homogeneity, and works as if it
were in a single piece. A fixed sheet iron baffle plate is arranged transversely
in the centre of the generator to avoid the action of direct currents, and to
cause the products of combustion to be distributed as equally as possible over
all parts of the generator. On each side of the generator between the
masonry and the tubes, that is to say, in the part where the quincunx is not
continued, an obturator is fitted longitudinally to stop the too direct passage of
the flame. A plate or partition for turning back the flame covers the hinder
part of the generator for about two-thirds of its length, that is to say, that it
leaves free at the front a sufficient passage for the products of combustion; it
is pierced with holes. This partition is indispensable on the one hand, because
the air being always admitted into the ash-pit from the front to the back at
a certain speed, the result is that the combustion is always more active at the
back part of the fire-bars, and that in consequence of the direction of the
current of air the flame has a great tendency to proceed towards the back of
the generator; it is therefore necessary in order to utilize the whole heat to

page_text: cause the hot gases to return to the front. On the other hand in the arrange-
ment shown in the Drawing the chimney damper being placed at the back of
the generator, this partition for turning back the flame is necessary to prevent
the formation of a direct current. to the chimney. The dryer placed above this
partition rests at each side upon the masonry; it communicates at its front
end with the upper collector and at its back end with the purifier. This
dryer is applicable to the three kinds of boilers before mentioned. The dryer
as shown in the Drawings is composed of two circulations of tubes interlacing
or crossing each other; it is superior to dryers formed of only one circulation
of tubes for the reasons that the total internal section of its. tubes is greater,
it possesses more rigidity, the spaces between the tubes are nearly equal in
all directions,. and form narrow flues preserving a large section for the
passage of the hot gases, the brushing of the tubes is performed in a more
perfect manner, as the brush when passed into one of the flues is naturally and
forcibly applied against the top of one tube and the bottom of another; the
hot gases are more divided and the extraction of their heat is more complete.
At its end the dryer is also furnished with a sheet iron obturator .fitted
vertically in front of the opening of the chimney damper. This obturator
causes the gases to be distributed over all the extent of the dryer by pre-
venting them passing direct to the chimney. The two sets of tubes in the
dryer aro stayed so that all the tubes are maintained apart..
In some cases where the chimney is placed on the top of the generator, as
represented in Figure 4, which illustrates an arrangement specially intended
to utilize waste flame and heat, the partition or plate for turning back the flame
is dispensed with, or rather it is placed on the top of the dryer as an obtu-
rating plate; it covers the dryer so as to leave only sufficient opening for the
easy passage of the gases. This opening for the gases is apportioned between
the front and the back of the generator in the inverse ratio of the facility with
which the products of combustion have a tendency to pass at one part or the
other. When the chimney communicates with the top of the generator the
purifier is placed at the side, as in Figure 4.
The boilers for locomotive and similar engines differ from those for stationary
engines in this, that all the parts of which they are composed, as represented
in Figures 5 to 11, are combined, arranged, and grouped with the view of
obtaining with the least possible size and weight apparatus of great relative.
power and of solidity, which enables it to resist the shaking and shocks to
which they are exposed by the nature of their employment.
This kind of boiler may be employed for all the purposes before enumerated,
but on account cf the closeness of the tubes, which is unfavorable to natural

page_text: draught, it is more fit for employment in cases where artificial draught is made
use of, especially in locomotive and traction engines, cranes, fire engines, steam
carriages for common roads, farming implements, and all analogous machines,
the weight and size of the boiler of which should be as small as possible.
The boilers for marine engines differ from the two other kinds principally as
follows:-The generating parts are composed only of bent tubes; the tubes are
árranged transversely over the fire-place. There are two feed collectors. The
lower branch of each bent tube is arranged vertically to surround the fire, and
is connected with the feed collector placed for the purpose below the fire-bars.
The generating tubes are not fitted with stoppers to be taken out for cleansing
the tubes. The vertical parts of the tubes are provided with a movable obturator
fitted at each side in a prolongation of the fire-bars to prevent the passage of
cold air behind the tubes, the tubes being still free to dilate. These differences
have reference principally to the employment of distilled water; on the one hand
it does not produce calcarious deposit or incrustation, which renders necessary
the capability of cleasing the internal parts, on the other hand the fewer
points of junction there are the less chance there is of losing the distilled.
water by leakage. This kind of boiler may be used not only for marine
purposes, but in all cases where pure feed water is employed. The tube for
dividing the supply of steam fitted in the upper collector is of conical form;
it is pierced with holes, the diameter of which increases in proportion as they
farther from the steam outlet.
The casings of the three kinds of boilers before described are composed, as
indicated in the Drawings, of bricks, sheet iron, and angle iron specially
arranged and combined according to the requirement of each kind of boiler.
These special arrangements and combinations offer great advantages, it will be
unnecessary to describe them fully, as they are clearly shewn in the Drawings.
I will merely state the following general principles adopted :--All the parts of
the casings possess perfect solidity and are easy of access for repairs; their
assemblage and fitting is simple; they can be readily taken to pieces when
required;
the generators may by the unfitting of some joints and nuts be
taken out and again replaced in their casing without possibility of error, and
without the necessity of destroying, breaking, or cutting any parts of the
generator or casing; all the parts are free to dilate without twisting, rupturing,
or dislocating; the various doors and openings are arranged so that all the
parts of the generator are easy of access for examination and repairs; the heat
is dissipated as little as possible outside.
The working of the boilers is as follows:-During the working, the regu-
lating feed valve which is in constant communication with the feed pipe being

page_text: charged to the desired pressure, the water furnished by the feed pump or by
any other means enters the upper part of the cylinder J by the graduated feed
cock M and by the valve N; the cylinder J being in communication with the
upper and lower collectors B and C, has thus perfect equilibrium of pressure
with the interior of the generator. From the cylinder J the feed water passes
into the lower collector and rises simultaneously into the generating tubeș
until its level is the same in the tubes as in the cylinder J, and consequently
in the glass indicating tube on the cylinder. The lowest tubes, that is to
say, those nearest the fire, are traversed by the current of water at the least
elevated temperature, they are thus not liable to injury from the fire. It is
in the second and third rows of tubes that the boiling is the most active, and.
that the steam bubbles as they become disengaged draw with them a relatively
large quantity of water in the vesicular state; these drops, to which the steam
acts as a vehicle, are rapidly vaporized by contact with the tubes of the upper
rows, then the whole of the steam thus formed is dried before reaching the
purifier, into which it issues by passing through the orifices of the tube D, for
dividing the steam supply, which tube equalizes the work between the different
tubes. The dryer E is applicable to the three kinds of apparatus ; in those
which are provided with it the steam reaches normally very saturated the
upper collector, from which the water drawn in excess returns to the cylinder J
by the return pipe K. The steam is then dried by circulating through the
dryer E.
In apparatus not provided with the dryer the generators are
generally composed of a greater number of tubes of such height that the
drying of the steam is effected therein; if under these circumstances any water
was drawn into the upper collector it would return by the pipe K into the
cylinder J, as before explained. The pipes for conveying the steam to the
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Amelia Susannah Brooman in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 18th June 1866.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, AMELIA
SUSANNAH BROOMAN, of Twickenham, in the County of Middlesex, Widow
and sole Executrix of Richard Archibald Brooman, late of 166, Fleet Street,
in the City of London, Patent Agent, deceased, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Eighteenth day of December, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-five, in the twenty-ninth year of Her

page_text: reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said Amelia Susannah Brooman, Her special licence that I, the said
Amelia Susannah Brooman, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or
such others as I, the said Amelia Susannah Brooman, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others,
from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein
expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands,
and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN BOILERS OR APPARATUS
FOR GENERATING STEAM," (communicated to the said Richard Archibald
Brooman from abroad by Julien Belleville, of Paris, France,) upon the con-
dition (amongst others) that I, the said Amelia Susannah Brooman, my
executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or
one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be per-
formed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Amelia Susannah Brooman, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the
same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in
and by the following statement thereof, reference being had to the Drawings
hereunto annexed, that is to say:—
These improvements are applicable, 1st, to marine engine boilers; 2nd, to
the boilers of stationary engines of low, mean, or high pressure; 3rd, to the
boilers of locomotive, portable, agricultural, traction, and fire engines and
cranes; 4th, to utilizing heat and flame usually termed waste, and combustible
gases from blast, puddling, and other furnaces, and all manufactures where
waste heat or combustible gases are evolved; 5th, in all works and manu-
factures in which steam is employed for heating, drying, baking, or other
purposes.
The objects of the improvements are to obtain the following advantages :-
Security and safety from explosion, rapid production of steam, direct produc-
tion of dry or saturated steam, reduction in bulk and weight of the generator,
capability of removal, preservation of the tubes, freedom of expansion and
contraction of the tubes, facility of cleansing, absence of calcarious deposit or
incrustation.
The improvements consist in new arrangements and combinations of the
multiple circulation or coil system of steam boilers and the parts thereof,

page_text: 'which will be understood by the annexed Drawings and the following descrip-
tion. They relate to the employment of three principal kinds of apparatus,
namely, boilers for fixed or stationary engines, boilers for locomotive and
similar engines, and boilers for marine engines. These three kinds of inex-
plosible boilers may be employed for all purposes, but it is best to use them
'specially for the purposes for which they are designed.
Figures 1 to 4 represent the manner in which a stationary boiler is arranged;
Figures 5 to 11 a locomotive boiler, and Figures 12 to 15 a marine boiler;
Figures 16 to 26 are views of various parts detached.
A, A, are the generating tubes communicating with each other, composed of
horizontal tubes superposed quincuncially, connected with each other by boxes
and elbow pipes, and communicating at their lower and upper extremities with
tubes which I call collectors; B is the lower collector, consisting of a tube of
square, rectangular, or oblong form, from which the generating tubes take
their feed; C is the upper collector in which the product of vaporization in
the tubes is received; D is a tube for dividing or equalizing the supply of
steam; this tube is fitted in the interior of the upper collector, where it should
be connected steam-tight with the socket of the steam outlet pipe, so that
the steam in order to escape outside is caused to become divided by passing
through small holes formed along the upper side of the tube; the object of
these holes, the size of which increases in proportion as they are more.distant
from the outlet, is to take the steam as equally as possible from the entire
length of the collector, in order to regulate the working, and thereby avoid
'rising and drawing in of the water, instability of the level, and difficulty of
maintaining it at a convenient height, defects which in the absence of this
dividing tube would result from the suctions produced at the orifice of the
generating tubes nearest the steam supply pipe by intermissions in the expen-
diture of steam. E is a superheater or dryer, composed of two circulations of
tubes interlacing or crossing each other, and communicating at one extremity
with the upper collector C, and at the other extremity with a purifier or
chest F. This purifier F is fitted with a safety valve, steam pipe, and a dip
pipe for carrying off condensed water, and has an aperture closed by a door
through which it may be cleaned. G, G', are junction boxes of malleable
cast iron with screwed sockets for joining the horizontal generating tubes;
H, H, are mud-hole doors easy of removal to allow the interior of the gene-
rating tubes to be cleansed; I, I, are brackets for supporting the generating
tubes; J is a cylinder fitted with a gauge glass of the usual construction, with
an emptying cock for indicating the water level, and with sockets to receive
the feed and overflow pipes; K is a pipe for returning water from the upper

page_text: .collector to the cylinder J; L is a pipe communicating between the cylinder J
and the lower collector; M. is a graduated cock for regulating the feed; Nis
the back pressure valve; O is a feed pipe putting the cock M in communica-
tion with the feed pump and with the regulating feed valve, the object of
which valve is to allow all the water supplied in excess by the feed pump to
return to the supply vessel; P is a pipe which leads the feed water from the
cock M into the upper part of the cylinder J, passing through the valve N;
Q, Q, are baffle plates, plates for turning back the flame and obturators, all
for the purpose of dividing the heat and causing it to distribute itself as much
as possible over all the surface requiring it, and to oppose the production of
too direct currents to the chimney; R, R, are soot doors to allow the interior
of the apparatus and the outside of the generating tube to be cleansed; S is
the fire-plate; T is the ash-pit furnished with a door for regulating the com-
bustion; U is a damper or register in communication with the chimney and
serving to regulate the activity of the combustion by means of a chain, counter-
weight, and. index plate; V, V, are jackets or casings of sheet and T-iron;
✗ is an ordinary brick wall; and Y, a lining of fire bricks; Z is a manometer
in communication either with the pipe K or the cylinder J.
The proportions, size, and number of the various parts before enumerated
"may vary according to the purpose for which the apparatus is intended and its
power.
I now proceed to point out the differences between the three principal kinds
of boilers before named and illustrated in the Drawings.
Figures 1, 2, and 3 show the whole and the various parts of an apparatus
of 50 nominal horse-power for a stationary engine. Figure 1 is a sectional
elevation of the front of the apparatus; Figure 2 is a sectional side elevation;
Figure 3 is a plan.
The boiler or generator proper is composed of tubes arranged longitudinally
above the fire-place; the lower collector is supported on the front wall and on
ribs formed for the purpose above the arches of the doors. In these ribs
notches or grooves are formed which determine the exact position of the
collector and form its bed. The back of the generator rests on a bridge of
brickwork at the back of the fire-place, on which bears a cast-iron plate for
forming a regular and solid support on which the tubes are free to expand;
each part of the generator is composed of tubes bent into a horse-shoe or fork
shape, and they are connected together by screwed sockets and boxes, which
as well as the lower collector (and the upper collector if desired) are furnished
with mud-hole doors, on the removal of which the interior of the tubes may
.bo cleansed.
The boxes and the collectors are maintained at the desired dis-

page_text: tances apart vertically and horizontally by rectangular brackets or supports
which are open-worked to allow of the passage of brushes for cleansing the
tubes which they cover. The separation of the bends of the tubes at the back
is maintained by discs placed between the bends of each two adjoining horse-
shoe tubes, and these discs are mounted on horizontal tubes with a bolt passing
through each concentrically; these tubes act as distance pieces between the
bends of the generating tubes, and by tightening the nuts of these concentric
bolts flat iron bracing pieces fitted vertically at each side of the generating
tubes are pressed against the ends of the stay tubes, which limit the tightening
while allowing the bends sufficient play for the generating tubes to expand or
dilate at the back as at the front. The flat braces are bent upon the tubes of
the two outer horse-shoe tubes to keep the whole number of tubes firmly
together. The generator thus united and stayed possesses perfect solidity and
homogeneity, and works as if it were in a single piece. A fixed sheet iron
baffle plate is arranged transversely in the centre of the generator to avoid the
action of direct currents, and to cause the products of combustion to be dis-
tributed as equally as possible over all parts of the generator. On each side
of the generator between the brickwork and the tubes, that is to say, in the
part where the quincunx is not continued, an obturator is fitted longitudinally to
stop the too'direct passage of the flame. A plate or partition for turning
back the flame covers the hinder part of the generator for about two-thirds of
its length, that is to say, that it leaves free at the front a sufficient passage for
the products of combustion; it is pierced with holes. This partition is indis-
pensable on the one hand; because the air being always admitted into the ash-pit
from the front to the back at a certain speed, the result is that the combustion
is always more active at the back part of the fire-bars, and that in consequence
of the direction of the current of air the flame has a great tendency to proceed
towards the back of the generator; it is therefore necessary in order to utilize
the whole heat to cause the hot gases to return to the front. On the other
hand, in the arrangement shown in the Drawing, the chimney damper being
placed at the back of the generator, this partition for turning back the flame
is necessary to prevent the formation of a direct current to the chimney.
The superheater placed above this partition rests at each side upon the
brickwork, it communicates at its front-end with the upper collector and at
its back end with the purifier. This superheater is applicable to the three
kinds of boilers before mentioned. The superheater as shown in the Drawings
is composed of two coils or circulations of tubes interlacing or crossing
each other; it is superior to superheaters formed of only one coil or cir-

page_text: culation of tubes for the reasons that the total internal section of its tubes
is greater, it possesses more rigidity, the spaces between the tubes are
nearly equal in all directions, and form narrow flues preserving a large
section for the passage of the hot gases; the brushing of the tubes is per-
formed in a more perfect manner, as the brush when passed into one of the
flues. is naturally and forcibly applied against the top of one tube and the
bottom of another; the hot gases are more divided, and the extraction of their
heat is more complete. At its end the superheater is also furnished with a
sheet iron obturator fitted vertically in front of the opening of the chimney
damper. This obturator causes the gases to be distributed over all the extent
of the superheater by preventing them from passing direct to the chimney.
The two coils of tubes in the superheater are stayed, so that all the tubes are
maintained apart.
a, in Figures 1, 2, and 3, is a dip pipe for clearing out the superheater; bis
the steam pipe leading to the engine; d is a movable shield or air jacket to
prevent radiation from the front of the boiler; e is an intermediate covering
for parting off and closing the space between two adjoining boilers.
In cases where the chimney is placed on the top of the generator, as repre-
sented by the sectional side elevation in Figure 4, which illustrates an arrange-
ment for a 50 horse-power stationary boiler specially intended to utilize waste
flame and heat, the partition or plate for turning back the flame is dispensed
with, or rather it is placed on the top of the superheater as an obturating
plate; it covers the superheater so as to leave only sufficient opening for
the easy passage of the gases. This opening for the gases is apportioned
between the front and the back of the generator in the inverse ratio of the
facility with which the products of combustion have a tendency to pass at one
part or the other. When the chimney communicates with the top of the
generator the purifier is placed at the side, as in Figure 4. a, Figure 4, is the
chimney; b is a door for getting at and clearing out the ashes; d, a perfo-
rated plate for the admission of air; e, the channel or passage leading to the
same; f, the waste flue from the oven furnace; g, a bracket for supporting
the purifier; and h, h, are soot doors placed in the side walls.
The boilers for locomotive and similar engines, Figures 5 to 11, differ from
those for stationary engines in this, that all the parts of which they are com-
posed are combined, arranged, and grouped with the view of obtaining with
the least possible size and weight apparatus of great relative power and of a
solidity which enables it to resist the shaking and shocks to which they are
exposed by the nature of their employment. This kind of boiler may be

page_text: employed for all the purposes before enumerated, but on account of the
closeness of the tubes, which is unfavorable to natural draught, it is more fit
for employment in cases where artificial draught is made use of, especially in
locomotive, portable, and hoisting engines, cranes, fire engines, steam carriages
for common roads, steam cultivators, and all analogous engines, the weight
and size of the boiler of which should be as small as possible.
Figure 5 is a sectional front elevation of a portable engine boiler; Figure 6
is a sectional side elevation; and Figure 7 is a plan. a is the framing of the
engine; a', the steam cylinder; b, the exhaust pipe; c, the regulator; d,
injection pipe at the ash pan; e, the axles with angle pieces e¹ for attaching
them to the boiler; f, brackets for attaching handles; g, movable vertical
screens inside the fire-box for keeping in the heat.
Figures 8, 9, and 10 are respectively a sectional front elevation, a sectional
side elevation, and a plan of a passenger locomotive engine; Figure 11
represents a sectional front elevation of a goods locomotive engine. a, Figure 8,
is the smoke box; b, the steam pipe leading to the cylinders; c, the exhaust
steam pipe; d, the chimney; e, a man-hole or sight-hole; f, the regulator,
and the lever for the same; 9, safety valve; h, steam whistle; and i,
frames of the engines. The cylinder may be placed transversely against the
front of the boiler; the chimney may be laid horizontally. The purifier and
the regulator may be either behind or in front of the boiler.
The boilers for marine engines, Figures 12 to 15, differ from the two other
kinds principally as follows:-The generating parts are composed only of
bent tubes; the tubes are arranged transversely over the fire-place. There
are two feed collectors. The lower branch of each bent tube is arranged
vertically to surround the fire, and is connected with the feed collector placed
for the purpose below the fire-bars. The generating tubes are not fitted with
mud-hole doors to be taken out for cleansing the tubes. The vertical parts of
the tubes are provided with a movable obturator fitted at each side in a pro-
longation of the fire-bars to prevent the passage of cold air behind the tubes,
the tubes being still free to expand. The differences have reference principally
to the employment of distilled water; on the other hand it does not produce
calcarious deposit or incrustation which necessitates the cleansing of the
internal parts, on the other hand the fewer points of junction there are the
less chance there is of losing the distilled water by leakage. This kind of
boiler may be used not only for marine purposes, but in all cases where
purified water is employed. The tube for dividing the supply of steam
fitted in the upper collector is of conical form; it is pierced with holes, the

page_text: diameter of which increases in proportion as they are farther from the steam
outlet.
Figure 12 is a sectional front elevation of the apparatus (the Drawing
shews only half of it); Figure 13 is a sectional side elevation, Figure 14 is a
plan, and Figure 15 is a detail view of the steam stop valve and the safety
valve. a is the steam stop valve, which admits steam from the upper
collector to the purifier; 6 is the safety valve; d, the waste pipe from the
safety valves; e, the main waste pipe; f, steam pipe leading to the engines;
9, a pipe joining the upper chambers of two units forming a group, and which
are on the same level so as to be in perfect equilibrium with each other
h, partition of sheet iron and angle iron, the object of which is to divide the
products of combustion in two currents; l, girders on which the lower
[collectors rest; m; pipes joining the lower collectors. of each unit; n, blow-off
pipe for the two conjoined units; p, a pipe joining the lower collectors of the
two conjoined units; and g, movable shields, having for their object to
prevent the radiation of heat from the front. The casings of the three kinds
of boilers before described are composed, as indicated in the Drawings, of
bricks, sheet iron, and angle iron specially arranged and combined according
to the requirement of each kind of boiler.
I will now state the following general principles adopted: All the parts of
the casings possess perfect solidity and are easy of access for repairs; their
-fitting together is simple; they are readily taken to pieces when required;
the generators are, by undoing some joints and nuts, taken out, and again
replaced in their casing without possibility of error and without the necessity
of destroying, breaking, or cutting any parts of the generator or casing; all the
: parts are free to expand without bending, rupturing, or dislocating; the
various doors and openings are arranged so that all the parts of the gene-
rator are easy of access for examination and repairs, and only a slight amount
of heat is lost by radiation.
The working of the boilers is as follows:-During the working the regu-
lating feed valve, which is in constant communication with the feed pipe, being
charged to the desired pressure, the water furnished by the feed pump or by
..any other means enters the upper part of the cylinder J by the graduated feed
cock M and by the valve N; the cylinder J being in communication with
the upper and lower collectors B and C has thus perfect equilibrium of
pressure with the interior of the generator. From the cylinder J the feed
water passes into the lower collector, and rises simultaneously into the
generating tubes until its level is the same in the tube as in the cylinder J,

page_text: and consequently in the guage glass on the cylinder.. The lowest tubes, that
is to say, those nearest the fire, are traversed by the current of water at the
least elevated temperature, they are thus not liable to injury from the fire. It
is in the second and third rows of tubes that the boiling is the most active and
that the steam bubbles as they become disengaged draw with them a relatively
large quantity of water in the vesicular state; these drops, to which the
steam acts as a vehicle, are rapidly vaporized by contact with the tubes of
the upper rows, then the whole of the steam thus formed is dried before
reaching the purifier, into which it issues by passing through the orifices of
the tubes D for dividing the steam supply, which tube equalizes the work
between the different units. The dryer E is applicable to the three kinds of
apparatus; in those which are provided with it the steam reaches normally
very saturated the upper collector, from which the water drawn in excess
returns to the cylinder J by the return pipe K. The steam is then dried by
circulating through the superheater E. In apparatus not provided with the
superheater the generators, are generally composed of a greater number of
tubes of such height that the drying of the steam is effected therein; if
under these circumstances any water was drawn into the upper collector it
would return by the pipe K into the cylinder J, as before explained. The
pipes for conveying the steam to the engines are fitted on the purifier F.
Figures 16, 17, 18, and 19 show the details of construction of the steam
pipe in the upper collector. By the use of this pipe the irregularity caused
by the ordinary method of drawing off the steam is done away with, so that in
any of the three kinds of apparatus the steam can with perfect security be
drawn from any part of the upper collector. a is the exit opening of the
steam pipe in the marine boiler type; b, the exit opening of the steam pipe
in the stationary boiler type.
Figures 20, 21, 22, 23, and 24 show the details of my pipe joints which
are made by screwed sockets and collars. This does away with the incon-
venience of continual leaks, because of the chamber hollowed out near each
end of a ring forming a receptacle for the cement, and because of the concen-
tricity of all the screwed parts.
Figures 25 and 26 show the mud-hole doors which I use in my stationary
and portable boilers, by means of which any of the parts can be emptied and
cleaned. The boilers of the marine type are only worked with distilled water,
and hence the tubes need not be cleaned inside.
And having now described the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, I declare that I claim the general

page_text: arrangement and combination of parts of multiple circulation or coil boilers
or apparatus for generating steam, substantially as herein-before described
with reference to the accompanying Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said Amelia Susannah Brooman, have
hereunto set my hand and seal, this Fifteenth day of June, One
. thousand eight hundred and sixty-six.
A. S. BROOMAN. (LS.)