IMPROVE- MENTS IN DIRECT-ACTING HYDRAULIC MACHINES FOR RIVETTING, PUNCHING, SHEARING, PRESSING, FORGING, AND SUCH LIKE OPERATIONS
Year: 1877

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Ralph Hart Tweddell, of No. 14, Delahay Street,
Westminster, in the County of Middlesex, for the Invention of "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN DIRECT-ACTING HYDRAULIC MACHINES FOR RIVETTING, PUNCHING,
SHEARING, PRESSING, FORGING, AND SUCH LIKE OPERATIONS."
Sealed the 25th January 1878, and dated the 1st December 1877.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Ralph Hart Tweddell at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 1st December 1877.
RALPH HART TWEDDELL, of No. 14, Delahay Street, Westminster, in the County
of Middlesex, "IMPROVEMENTS IN DIRECT-ACTING HYDRAULIC MACHINES FOR
SUCH LIKE
RIVETTING, PUNCHING, SHEARING, PRESSING, FORGING, AND
OPERATIONS."
My Invention relates to machines for rivetting, punching, shearing, pressing,
forging, and such like operations, worked by direct hydraulic action, that is to say,
machines in which the presser, punch, cutter, or other tool employed is forced to
its work by the pressure of water or other liquid acting on a ram by which the
tool is moved.
'I construct a hydraulic rivetting machine in the following manner :-I provide
a strong frame having a gap of considerable depth, so as to admit plates to be
rivetted between the two sides of the gap. The one side serves as a strong abut-
ment, and has at its upper end the matrix or heading tool; the other side has fixed
on it a horizontal hydraulic cylinder with its ram, and in the gap in front of the
ram is mounted a lever centred on a fulcrum at the lower part of the frame, and
extending upwards some distance above the hydraulic cylinder. This lever has at
its upper end the punch or rivetting tool in line with and facing the matrix or
heading tool above referred to.
The plates or pieces to be rivetted being introduced between this lever and the
fixed abutment, with the rivet between the two tools, the ram is caused to advance,
and this presses the lever forwards, so as to effect the rivetting operation. As in

page_text: this arrangement the rivetting tools are at some height clear above the hydraulic
cylinder, pieces of boilers or other vessels or bodies can conveniently be brought
into position to have various parts rivetted.
The machine, constructed as above described, may be placed with its cylinder
vertical and its lever and abutment horizontal. Also the abutment arm, instead of
being stationary, may be moved from a hydraulic cylinder towards the lever at the
same time and speed of the lever. By this arrangement, blanks or plain pieces of
rod may be used instead of rivets, both ends being headed at the same operation.
As in some cases rivetting requires more or less force than in others, I provide
for variation in the power applied to the rivetting tool and in the stroke of the
hydraulic ram by making the fulcrum of the rivetting lever adjustable in a sliding
block fitting in slots in the lever and in the framing, so that it can be slid and
adjusted nearer to or farther from the point of the lever at which the ram acts,
thereby altering the leverage applied to the rivetting tool. Also the lever and the
abutment may be made with sockets at various heights to receive the tools.
In rivetting, it is necessary to apply at the end of the stroke a force considerably
greater than that required during the early part of the stroke; I provide for such
increase of power in the following manner:-I connect the hydraulic cylinder by
a pipe provided with a stop valve to a receiver having a capacity little exceeding
that of the cylinder of the machine. This receiver is fitted with a heavily loaded
plunger, which in descending displaces nearly all the contents of the receiver. The
area of this plunger should be small, the required displacement being obtained
chiefly by length of stroke. The receiver having been charged, the stop valve is
opened, admitting the liquid to the cylinder of the machine, the ram of which is
pressed outwards while the loaded plunger of the receiver rapidly descends.
When the movement of the rivetting ram is arrested by the resistance of the
rivet the descent of the plunger is at the same time checked; and this sudden check
of the momentum of the load causes a considerable temporary increase of the fluid
pressure acting on the ram, and consequently a more forcible compression of the
rivet. A like arrangement of receiver for giving a temporary increase of pressure
may be applied to machines for pressing generally, as for example, for forging,
shingling, and the like.
In many cases after the ram of a hydraulic cylinder has completed it outstroke
it is necessary to sustain the pressure by a small continued supply to make up for
leakages. For this purpose I connect to the working cylinder a small receiver
fitted with a plunger loaded to the maximum pressure. This receiver being
charged at the same time as the working cylinder, maintains the pressure in it
after the stroke of its ram has been completed.
The working fluid may be supplied to the cylinder or to the receiver above
described in the usual way from pumps, or from an accumulator maintained under
pressure. I prefer however to supply it from a cylinder fitted with a ram or
plunger, which is in direct connection with a piston of greater area working in
a steam cylinder. When steam is admitted to the cylinder, its pressure on the
piston causing it to make its forward stroke produces a greater pressure in the
hydraulic cylinder in proportion as the area of the steam piston exceeds that of the
plunger.
The back stroke of the piston and of the rivetting ram may be effected by
counterweights or springs; I prefer however to effect them by the pressure of the
waste steam in the one case and of the fluid in the other by providing separate
pistons and rams, or pistons or rams of differential areas, according to known
arrangements for that purpose.
In order to economise steam when applied to the production of increased fluid
pressure for working such machines as are above described, I prefer to provide the
steam cylinder with apertures at various parts of its length, each of which is closed
by a valve or stop-cock and communicates with a valve chamber. Any one of
these apertures being opened, the piston in the course of its stroke passes it, where-
upon steam flows from the cylinder to the valve chamber, whereby, acting on a slide,

page_text: it closes the steam supply passage, so that the rest of the stroke of the piston is
effected by expansion of the steam already in the cylinder.
As a convenient arrangement of machines such as I have described in a portable
form, I mount on a truck a steam boiler and intensifying cylinder, and suspend the
hydraulic punching, shearing, or rivetting machine from the jib of a crane, which
is also mounted on the truck, the intensifying cylinder forming a base for the crane
post.
In rivetting boilers and other vessels of irregular form it is often necessary to
extend a stem carrying the rivetting tool to a considerable distance beyond the
hydraulic ram which works it, and in order to prevent flexure of the stem so
extended it is necessary to provide a strong projecting guide to steady it near its
outer end. As this guide may in some attitudes of the work come in the way, it is
convenient to arrange it in such a manner that its position may be shifted around
the axis of the tool. For this purpose I attach the guide firmly to the hydraulic
cylinder, from which it projects as a long horn, and I fit the hydraulic cylinder in
bearings, so that it can be turned on its own axis, the guide therefore being turned
with it, so as to accommodate itself to the work. A like arrangement of hydraulic
cylinder, fitted to turn on its axis, may be applied in other cases, as for shearing,
pressing, and such like operations, so that by turning the cylinder more or less round
the tool carried by its ram can be put in an attitude corresponding with that of the
matrix or fixed tool.
This
I construct a double punching, shearing, or pressing machine, or machine having
two alternately acting parts, one of which may punch while the other shears or
presses in the following manner:-I provide a strong frame, having at each end a
vertical hydraulic cylinder, with its ram receiving the punch, shear blade, or other
tool employed. Between the two vertical hydraulic cylinders, within the framing,
I fix a horizontal stean cylinder fitted with a piston of considerable area.
piston has rods extending each way, each serving as the plunger of a horizontal
hydraulic cylinder, attached to the end of the steam cylinder. Each of those
horizontal hydraulic cylinders is connected by a pipe to one of the vertical cylinders,
and the rams of the vertical cylinders are linked to opposite ends of a horizontal
lever pivotted at or about the middle of the framing.
The steam cylinder is fitted with a suitable slide or set of valves, whereby steam
is admitted to or discharged from each end of the cylinder. When steam is admitted
to the one, and while it is discharged from the other, the piston makes its stroke
towards the one band with force, due to the steam pressure; and its rod being of
smaller area gives a proportionally greater pressure to the liquid which works the
ram of one of the vertical cylinders, causing that ram to descend and effect the
punching, shearing, or other required operation.
Meanwhile, as the plunger on the opposite side of the piston is being withdrawn,
and the ram of the other vertical cylinder is raised by the movement of the horizontal
lever, the liquid from the latter flows back to the horizontal cylinder connected to
it. And thus as the steam piston is caused to reciprocate the vertical rams with
their tools are caused to descend and ascend alternately at the opposite ends of the
framing.
By means of suitable tappets applied to the lever or the links connecting the
vertical rams thereto, the steam slide or valves may be moved, so that the recipro-
cation of the piston is effected automatically.
The lever to which the two rams are linked may be made with arms of different
lengths, so that the stroke of the one ram may be different from that of the
other.
The two rams, instead of being both connected to one lever, may have each its
own counterbalance for effecting its back stroke, in which case by supporting one of
the counterweights the ram belonging to it can be thrown out of action while the
other continues to operate.
According to a modified form of the double machine, I place the hydraulic cylinders
horizontally at the opposite ends of the framing, providing strong abutments to

page_text: sustain the thrust when the rams advance. In this case the rams, instead of being
linked to opposite ends of a lever, are simply connected to one another by side rods
or tension bolts, so that the one retreats as the other advances.
I also combine the two arrangements above described so as to form a quadruple
machine, baving at each end a vertical and also a horizontal ram.
The two vertical rams may be worked from one steam cylinder, and the two
horizontal rams from another, or all four may be worked from one steam cylinder,
the passages for the liquid under pressure being arranged as required for their due
alternation.
Although I have above mentioned steam as the fluid working in the cylinder
employed for intensifying pressure, it is obvious that any other fluid under pressure,
as, for example, compressed air or water supplied from a high level or from a loaded
accumulator, is likewise applicable for this purpose, the object in any case being to
convey fluid at moderate pressure to points whereby, acting on a piston of considerable
area in connection with a plunger of smaller area, it causes the production of a
considerably greater fluid pressure suitable for working machines for which
considerable pressure is required.
In any case the intensifying apparatus may form part of the machine or tool to
which it is applied, or it may be at some distance from it and connected to it by a
pipe conveying the high-pressure fluid; also, one intensifying apparatus may be
employed for the working of several separate machines or tools connected to it by
suitable pipes.
In the hydraulic cylinders of machines such as I have described above, I prefer to
insert the rain from the back, making it with a shoulder by which it is stopped at
the end of its stroke on a corresponding shoulder in the cylinder, the packing in this
case being also inserted from the back, which is closed by a fixed cover.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said Ralph Hart Tweddell in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 31st
May 1878.
RALPH HART TWEDDELL, of No. 14, Delahay Street, Westminster, in the County
of Middlesex. "IMPROVEMENTS IN DIRECT-ACTING HYDRAULIC MACHINES FOR
RIVETTING, PUNCHING, SHEARING, PRESSING, FORGING, AND SUCH LIKE
OPERATIONS."
My Invention relates to machines for rivetting, punching, shearing, pressing,
forging, and such like operations, worked by direct hydraulic action, that is to say,
machines in which the presser, punch cutter, or other tool employed is forced to its
work by the pressure of water or other liquid acting on a ram by which the tool is
moved.
I construct a hydraulic rivetting machine in the following manner:-I provide a
strong frame having a gap of considerable depth, so as to admit plates to be rivetted
between the two sides of the gap. The one side serves as a strong abutment, and
has at its upper end the matrix or heading tool; the other side has fixed on it a
horizontal hydraulic cylinder with its ram, and in the gap in front of the ram is
mounted a lever centred on a fulcrum at the lower part of the frame and extending
upwards some distance above the hydraulic cylinder. This lever has at its upper
end the punch or rivetting tool in line with and facing the matrix or heading tool
above referred to
The plates or pieces to be rivetted being introduced between this lever and the
fixed abutment with the rivet between the two tools, the ram is caused to advance,
and this presses the lever forwards, so as to effect the rivetting operation. As in
this arrangement the rivetting tools are at some height clear above the hydraulic
cylinder, pieces of boilers, or other vessels or bodies can conveniently be brought
into position to have various parts rivetted.
The machine constructed as above described may be placed with its cylinder
vertical and its lever and abutment horizontal. Also the abutment arm, instead of
being stationary, may be moved from a hydraulic cylinder towards the lever at the
same time and speed with the lever. By this arrangement blanks or plain pioces
of rod may be used instead of rivets, both ends being heated at the same
operation.
As in some cases rivetting requires more or less force than in others, I provide
for variation in the power applied to the rivetting tool, and in the stroke of the
hydraulic cylinder ram by making the fulcrum of the rivetting lever adjustable in a
sliding block fitting in slots in the lover and in the framing, so that it can be slid
and adjusted nearer to or farther from the point of the lever at which the
ram acts, thereby altering the leverage applied to the rivetting tools. Also the
lever and the abutment may be made with sockets at various heights to receive
the tools.
In rivetting it is necessary to apply at the end of the stroke a force considerably
greater than that required during the earlier part of the stroke; I provide for such
increase of power in the following manner:-I connect the hydraulic cylinder by a
pipe provided with a stop valve to a receiver having a capacity little exceeding that
of the cylinder of the machine. This receiver is fitted with a heavily loaded plunger,
which in descending displaces nearly all the contents of the receiver. The area of
this plunger should be small, the required displacement being obtained chiefly by
length of stroke. The receiver having been charged, the stop valve is opened,
admitting the liquid to the cylinder of the machine, the ram of which is pressed
outwards, while the loaded plunger of the receiver rapidly descends.
When the movement of the rivetting ram is arrested by the resistance of the
rivet, the descent of the plunger is at the same time checked, and this sudden check
of the momentum of the load causes a considerable temporary increase of the fluid
pressure acting on the ram, and consequently a more forcible compression of the

page_text: rivet. A like arrangement of receiver for giving a temporary increase of pressure
may be applied to machines for pressing generally, as, for example, for forging,
shingling, and the like.
In many cases after the ram of a hydraulic cylinder has completed its out stroke
it is necessary to sustain the pressure by a small continued supply to make up for
leakage. For this purpose, I connect to the working cylinder a small receiver, fitted
with a plunger, loaded to the maximum pressure. This receiver being charged at
the same time as the working cylinder maintains the pressure in it after the stroke
of its ram has been completed.
The working fluid may be supplied to the cylinder or to the receiver above
described in the usual way from pumps, or from an accumulator maintained under
pressure. I prefer, however, to supply it from a cylinder, fitted with a ram or
plunger, which is in direct connection with a piston of greater area, working in a
steam cylinder. When steam is admitted to the cylinder, its pressure on the piston
causing it to make its forward stroke produces a greater pressure in the hydraulic
cylinder, in proportion as the area of the steam piston exceeds that of the
plunger.
The back stroke of the piston and of the rivetting ram may be effected by
counterweights or springs, I prefer, however, to effect them by the pressure of the
waste steam in the one case, and of the fluid in the other by providing separate
pistons and rams, or pistons or rams of differential areas, according to known arrange-
iments for that purpose.
In order to economise steam when applied to the production of increased fluid
pressure for working such machines as are above described, I prefer to provide the
steam cylinder with apertures at various parts of its length, each of which is closed
by a valve or stop-cock, and communicates with a valve chamber. Any one of
these apertures being opened, the piston in the course of its stroke passes it, where-
upon steam flows from the cylinder to the valve chamber, where by acting on a
slide it closes the steam supply passage, so that the rest of the stroke of the piston
is effected by expansion of the steam already in the cylinder.
As a convenient arrangement of machines, such as I have described, in a portable
form, I mount on a truck a steam boiler and intensifying cylinder, and suspend the
hydraulic punching, shearing, or rivetting machine from the jib of a crane, which
is also mounted on the truck, the intensifying cylinder forming a base for the
crane post.
In rivetting boilers and other vessels of irregular form it is often necessary to
extend a stem carrying the rivetting tool to a considerable distance beyond the
hydraulic ram which works it; and in order to prevent flexure of the stem so
extended it is necessary to provide a strong projecting guide to steady it near its
outer end. As this guide may in some attitudes of the work come in the way, it is
convenient to arrange it in such a manner that its position may be shifted around
the axis of the tool. For this purpose I attach the guide firmly to the hydraulic
cylinder from which it projects as a long horn, and I fit the hydraulic cylinder in
bearings, so that it can be turned on its own axis, the guide therefore being turned
with it so as to accommodate itself to the work. A like arrangement of hydraulic
cylinder fitted to turn on its axis may be applied in other cases, as for shearing,
pressing, and such like operations, so that by turning the cylinder more or less
round, the tool carried by its rau can be put in an attitude corresponding with that
of the matrix or fixed tool.
I construct a double punching, shearing, or pressing machine, or machine having
two alternately acting parts, one of which may punch while the other shears or
presses in the following manner :-I provide a strong frame having at each end a
vertical hydraulic cylinder, with its ram receiving the punch, shear blade, or other
tool employed. Between the two vertical hydraulic cylinders, within the framing,
I fix a horizontal steam cylinder fitted with a piston of considerable area. This
piston has rods extending each way, each serving as the plunger of a horizontal
hydraulic cylinder attached to the end of the steam cylinder. Each of these hori-

page_text: zontal hydraulic cylinders is connected by a pipe to one of the vertical cylinders,
and the rams of the vertical cylinders are linked to opposite ends of a horizontal
lever pivotted at or about the middle of the framing.
The steam cylinder is fitted with a suitable slide or set of valves whereby steam
is admitted to or discharged from each end of the cylinder. When steam is admitted
to the one end while it is discharged from the other, the piston makes its stroke
towards the one hand with force due to the steam pressure, and its rod being of
smaller area gives a proportionally greater pressure to the liquid which works the
ram of one of the vertical cylinders, causing that ram to descend and effect the
punching, shearing, or other required operation.
Meanwhile as the plunger on the opposite side of the piston is being withdrawn
and the ram of the other vertical cylinder is raised by the movement of the hori-
zontal lever, the liquid from the latter flows back to the horizontal cylinder con-
nected to it; and thus as the steam piston is caused to reciprocate, the vertical rams
with their tools are caused to descend and ascend alternately at the opposite ends
of the framing.
By means of suitable tappets applied to the lever, or the links connecting the
vertical rams thereto, the steam slide or valves may be moved so that the recipro-
cation of the piston is effected automatically.
The lever to which the two rams are linked may be made with arms of different
lengths, so that the stroke of the one ram may bo different from that of the other.
The two rams instead of being both connected to one lever may have each its
own counterbalance for effecting its back stroke, in which case by supporting one
of the counterweights the ram belonging to it can be thrown out of action while
the other continues to operate.
According to a modified form of the double machine I place the hydraulic
cylinders horizontally at the opposite ends of the framing, providing strong abut-
ments to sustain the thrust when their rams advance. In this case the rams, instend
of being linked to opposite ends of a lever, are simply connected to one another by
side rods or tension bolts, so that the one retreats as the other advances.
I also combine the two arrangements above described so as to form a quadruple
machine, having at each end a vertical and also a horizontal ram.
The two vertical rams may be worked from one steam cylinder, and the two
horizontal rams from another, or all four may be worked from one steam cylinder,
the passages for the liquid under pressure being arranged as required for their due
alternation.
Although I have above mentioned steam as the fluid working in the cylinder
employed for intensifying pressure, it is obvious that any other fluid under
pressure, as, for example, compressed air or water supplied from a high level or
from a loaded accumulator is likewise applicable for this purpose, the object in
any case being to convey fluid at moderate pressure to points where by acting
on a piston of considerable area, in connection with a plunger of smaller area, it
causes the production of a considerably greater fluid pressure suitable for working
machines for which considerable pressure is required.
In any case the intensifying apparatus may form part of the machine or tool to
which it is applied, or it may be at some distance from it, and connected to it by a
pipe conveying the high-pressure fluid; also ono intensifying apparatus may be
employed for the working of several separate machines or tools connected to it by
suitable pipes.
In the hydraulic cylinders of machines, such as I have described above, I prefer
to insert the ram from the back, making it with a shoulder, by which it is stopped
at the end of its stroke on a corresponding shoulder in the cylinder, the packing in
this case being also inserted from the back, which is closed by a fixed cover.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
Fig. 1 represents a side view of a steam or hydraulic rivetting machine according

page_text: The
A is the abutment, having at its upper end one of the rivetting tools a.
other rivetting tool b is carried by the lever B worked by the ram of the hydraulic
cylinder C. The lever B, and the framing in which it is mounted, are advantageously
made with a number of holes of different heights, into any one of which the fulcrum
pin F can be inserted, so that the leverage may be altered according to the nature of
the work.
Fig. 2 shews a modified form of the machine in which the hydraulic cylinder C is
vertical, and an eccentric c is interposed between it and the lever B, so that the ram
of the cylinder C acts on B with increased leverage.
Fig. 3 is a side view, and Fig. 4 a vertical transverse section of a machine similar
to that described with reference to Fig. 1, except that the lever B is applied to work
a slide D carrying the one rivetting tool b, which is thereby guided to move
rectilineally.
Figs. 5 and 6 are side views shewing an arrangement of machine similar to that
shewn in Fig. 1, but having the lever B worked mechanically directly by a crank E 1
in Fig. 5, or by a cam and toggle joint E in Fig. 6 In Fig. 5 I have shewn a
portion of a boiler or such like rivetted platework G introduced in the gap of the
machine; the arrangement of the abutment A and rivetting lever B in this as in the
machines shown in Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 being such as to admit of the introduction
of the work between the rivetting tools without being interfered with by the 1
hydraulic cylinder or other mechanism employed to work the lever. For some
kinds of work it is convenient to apply a rivetting machine in an inverted attitude.
Fig 7 is a side view, and Fig. 8 an end view of a machine similar in its arrange-
ment to those above described, shewn as it might be used inverted. In this case the
am of the cylinder C works the lever B, which moves a slide D carrying the ono 2
rivetting tool b, as described with reference to Figs. 3 and 4
Fig. 9 shows a modified form of rivetting machine having the fulcrum pin F of
the lever B adjustable in a slot of the lever and framing, in any part of which slot
it can be secured by a nut.
The rivetting tools a and b may also be shifted to various holes provided in the
opposing faces of the abutment A and of the lever B, as shewn at a³, b', and it is to
be understood that they may be shifted in like manner in the machines above
described with reference to Figs. 1, 2, 5, and 6.
Fig. 11 is a side view, partly in section, and Fig 12 is a back view of a rivetting
machine of like kind, in which the lever B is bent to a right angle, and has the
ram of the cylinder C linked to its horizontal arm B'. In this case the cylinder C
is fitted to slide horizontally in the interior of the abutment so that it can be linked
to B' at various distances from the stationary fulcrum F, for the purpose of varying
the leverage according to the work. The pin by which the ram of Cis jointed to B¹
can be inserted into any one of a number of holes in B¹, or may pass through a slot,
as shewn in Fig. 11.
An arrangement of abutment and lever, such as I have described above, can be
applied in a portable rivetting machine, as shewn in side view at Fig 13, plan at
Fig 14, and end view at Fig. 15, the abutment A being in this case tied by strong
bolts to the frame H which carries the cylinder C, and the lever B being forked
with an arm on each side of the frame H.
In a modified form of portable rivetting machine, shewn in side view at Fig. 16,
plan at Fig. 17, and end view at Fig. 18, the ram of the cylinder C works a cross
head K, which is linked by bolts to the lever B. To provide for varying the
leverage, the fulcrum F being stationary, the abutment A is made with flanges c,
constituting guides, along which the cylinder C and the guide eyes for the bolts / can
be slid, a number of holes being provided in A and B to receive pins securing the
parts at various distances from F.
Another modified form of portable rivetter is shewn in side view at Fig. 19, in
plan at Fig. 20, and in transverse section at Fig. 21. In this case the abutment A
and lever B are connected by links L to the fulcrum pin F, and for varying the

page_text: leverage these links can be shifted nearer to or farther from the cylinder C, as
indicated by the dotted lines at F'.
Fig 22 is a side view, partly in section, of a hydraulic rivetting machine, worked
by pressure intensified by means of a plunger worked by a piston of larger area, and
farther intensified towards the end of the stroke of the rivetting tool by the
momentum of the load of an intermediate receiver or accumulator, a plan of which
is shewn at Fig. 23. In this arrangement N is a cylinder, fitted with a piston, the
rod of which works as a plunger in a barrel n. This barrel communicates by a
pipe n' with the cylinder C of the rivetting machine, and in the course of this pipe
is introduced an intermediate receiver or accumulator O, consisting of a loaded
barrel sliding vertically on a stationary hollow plunger, the interior of which com-
municates with the pipe n'. The cylinder N is supplied with steam, compressed
air, or other fluid, or water under moderate pressure, its admission and emission
being governed by suitable valves n, which for convenience may be worked, as
shewn, by a chain or cord extending to a handle, within reach of the attendant at
the rivetter, the same connection working a valve at nt in the pipe n', which is
also closed by a valve at n³, that can be opened by a treadle or hand lever. The
barrel n being charged with water, oil, or other suitable liquid the apparatus operates
in the following manner :-The admission valve at n³ and the valve n being
opened, while n³ is closed, the fluid at moderate pressure acting on the piston of N
gives to the liquid in a pressure increased or intensified in proportion as the area
of the piston of N exceeds that of the plunger of n. The liquid at this intensified
pressure raises the load of the accumulator O, whereupon the valves n², n*, are
closed. The valve n³ now being opened the load of the accumulator descends,
forcing the liquid into the cylinder C, the ram of which is thereby propelled,
effecting the rivetting. Towards the latter part of the rivetting stroke the ram
becomes checked in its advance by the increased resistance of the rivet head, and
the load of O having the momentum of its descent thus checked causes the liquid
to act with increased pressure in C while the rivetting tool is finishing its work.
The emission valve at n being now opened the piston of N descends, and the liquid
flows back from C to n, when the operation can be repeated. For convenience in
varying the load of the accumulator O I provide a number of holes in the framing,
and corresponding holes in the weights, so that bars can be inserted to support any
desired number of the weights, leaving those below to act as the load.
Although I have shewn the accumulator O as applied in conjunction with an
intensifying cylinder and barrel N and n, it is obvious that it may be applied on
the supply pipe n¹ of a hydraulic rivetting machine, whatever be the source from
which the liquid under pressure is derived. For example the pipe n' may be
supplied from an accumulator loaded to a high pressure, or from a set of pumps, or
from an elevated cistern, or from any source giving pressure sufficient to work the
rivetter. Moreover an arrangement of momentum accumulator, such as O, may be
introduced in connection with the supply pipe of hydraulic apparatus for purposes
other than rivetting, such as presses, whenever it is desirable that the last part of
the stroke should be effected under a higher pressure, such as is obtained from the
checking of the momentum of a descending load.
In Fig. 22 I have shewn the machine arranged for rivetting work G of a kind
requiring the tool b to project to a considerable distance beyond the cylinder C, in
which case the stem of the tool is guided in a projecting horn or bracket M. In
order that this horn may be turned to various attitudes to suit different kinds of
work I attach it to the cylinder C, which I mount in a cylindrical seating in the
framing H, so that it can be turned on its axis by a tangent screw k, the horn M
turning with it as may be required, so as to leave the one side of the stem of b
clear to allow the work to be brought close up to the tool.
Fig. 24 is a section showing the construction of such a rotating cylinder with
the connection to it by means of a trunnion of the pipe n' for supplying the
working liquid, and also means of effecting the back stroke of the rain. The pipe
n¹ communicates with the cavity at the back of the cylinder C, directing the

page_text: pressure on the whole area of the ram. The ram is hollow, presenting in its middle
a tubular barrel fitted with a tubular stationary ram R, which communicates by its
interior passager with a supply of liquid under pressure, sufficient to effect the back
stroke when the supply by n¹ is relieved by pressure.
This construction of rotatable cylinder may obviously be employed whatever be
the source from which the working liquid is supplied to the pipe n', whether as in
the arrangement shewn in Fig. 22, from an intensifying apparatus, and in conjunc-
tion with a momentum accumulator, or otherwise.
In order to provide for the drawback of the rams of such hydraulic machines as
are employed for rivetting, punching, shearing, and the like by means of apparatus
which also intensifies the pressure of the working liquid, I employ an arrangement
such as is shewn in the longitudinal section, Fig. 25, which arrangement may be
conveniently substituted for that shewn at N, n, in Fig 22.
In the arrangement shewn in Fig. 25, the piston of the cylinder N is made of
trunk form, presenting on its one side an annular area which is constantly subject
to the pressure of the steam or other fluid that is supplied to N. The piston rods
extend both ways, the one rod working as a plunger in the barrel n which
communicates by the pipe n' with the cylinder for rivetting or the like, so as to
produce the forward or acting stroke of its ram; and the other rod working as a
differential plunger in another barrel R¹ which communicates by the pipe with
the drawback part or barrel of the hydraulic cylinder, as for example with R in
Fig 24. On opening the supply valve at n³ closing at the same time the exhaust,
the piston of N is propelled producing the intensified pressure in n.
On closing
the supply valve and opening the exhaust valve at n², the piston of N is caused by
the pressure on its annular aica, to make its back stroke, intensifying the pressure
in R¹ for effecting the back stroke of the operating ram.
In order to economise expenditure of steam, compressed air, or other fluid
employed to effect intensification of hydraulic pressure, I provide for the cut-off at
various parts of the stroke in the intensifying cylinder by the arrangement of
which Fig. 26 is an clevation, and Fig. 27, a vertical section. Here N is the
cylinder fitted with its piston, the rod of which works as a plunger in the hydraulic
barrel n.
In the passage from the supply valve n², to the cylinder N, there is fitted a
transverse plunger 8 of differential area. Its front or smaller area fits a cavity s'
connected constantly with the supply at n²; its larger area fits a cavity & connected
by a pipe t, with an upright pipe T, from which there are several branches t¹
opening into the cylinder N at various heights, each branch being provided with a
stop-cock, screw plug, or stop valve, by which it can be opened or closed at
pleasure. The piston of N being at the bottom of the cylinder, as shewn in Fig. 27,
the supply valve at n² is opened and the pressure thus admitted to 8' forces back
the transverse plunger 8, opening a passage to the cylinder N, wherein the pressure
effects the ascent of the piston. But if one of the branches t' be open, as soon as
the piston passes the mouth of that branch the pressure communicated through T
and t, to s³, and acting on the larger area of 8, forces it forwards, thereby closing
the passage from n to N, whereupon the piston of N is caused to make the rest of
its stroke by expansion of the fluid already admitted.
Fig. 28 is a side view, partly in section, of a double punching or shearing press
worked by an intensifying apparatus, consisting of a cylinder N with its piston,
the rods of which work as plungers in hydraulic barrels U₁, U². These barrels
respectively communicate by pipes u, u², with the two hydraulic cylinders C¹, C³,
the rams of which carry punches or shear blades, and are linked to a lever V, or V.
As the steam or other fluid under moderate pressure is by means of suitable valves
or a slide alternately admitted to and discharged from the opposite ends of the
cylinder N, so the intensified pressure in U¹ and U³ is communicated alternately to
the cylinders C and C. As the ram of the one descends under this pressure, the
other is by the lever V caused to ascend, returning the liquid from its cylinder back
to the barrel U¹ or U* alternately.

page_text: Figure 29 is a longitudinal section, partly in elevation, and Fig. 30 is an end
view of a similar arrangement of machine, in which the rams of C³, C², instead of
being connected together by a lever V, as in the arrangement shewn in Fig. 28,
are caused to make their return strokes by counterweights W₁ and W
Either of the rams can, when desired, be kept out of action by introducing a
key or bar w under the lever of its counterweight, thus preventing the rain from
making its return stroke upwards.
Fig. 31 is a side view, partly in section, of a quadruple press of like kind, having
ono intensifying cylinder N with its two hydraulic barrels U1, U2, of which the
one U¹ communicates by pipes furnished with stop valves with two cylinders C¹
and C³, and the other, U², with two other cylinders C³ and C'
The rams of C and C² may be counterweighted, as shewn in the Figure, or they
may be linked to a lever, such as V, in the inanner shewn in Fig. 28.
The rams
of C³ and C' are connected by side bolts X, so that with the advance of the one the
other retreats.
It is obvious that the rams in this machine, as well as those in Figs. 28, 29,
and 30, and the levers in Figs. 1 to 21 inclusive, may be applied to punch, shear,
bend, or rivet, according as the suitable tools for those purposes are mounted on
them.
Fig. 32 shews a section of hydraulic cylinder and ram with its drawback
applicable in such machines as I have described above, a fixed stop for the ram at
the extreme of its stroke being provided by a collar Y on the ram, which at the
end of the stroke butts against a shoulder y in the cylinder. In this case the ram
has to be introduced from the back of the cylinder, which is then closed by a strong
cover Z, in which is provided a cylindrical cavity for a drawback piston z attached
by a screwed rod to the main rain.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention, and in what manner the
same is to be performed, I claim,―
First. The construction of punching, shearing, stamping, or livetting machines,
according to which the ram, instead of itself carrying the tool, works a lever towards
an abutment, the lever and abutment extending beyond the ram to receive the tools
in a position where the work can be conveniently introduced between them, sub-
stantially as herein described.
Second. In machines of the kind referred to in the preceding claim, fitting the
fulcrum pin of the lever so that the leverage can be altered substantially as herein
described.
Third. In hydraulic apparatus worked by pressure intensified by the use of a
piston working a plunger of smaller area, obtaining an increased pressure at the end
of the stroke of the ram by the check given to the momentum of the descending
load of an intermediate receiver or momentum accumulator introduced between
the intensifying and the operating cylinders, substantially as herein described, with
reference to Figs. 22 and 23 of the accompanying Drawings.
Fourth. In pressure-intensifying apparatus wherein a moderate pressure of steam
or other fluid acts on a piston working a plunger of smaller area in a hydraulic
barrel, cutting off automatically the working fluid by providing at any required
part of the cylinder a passage for the said fluid to a cut-off valve, substantially as
and for the purposes herein set forth.
Fifth. In direct-acting machines having the tool guided by a projecting bracket
or horn, attaching the said horn to the cylinder, and mounting the latter so that it
can be turned round on its axis so as to direct the horn in the required attitude,
substantially as herein described.
Sixth. The construction of double or quadruple hydraulic punching, shearing, or
rivetting machine, substantially as herein described, with reference to Figs. 28, 29,
30, and 31 of the accompanying Drawings, wherein the rams of two or of two
pairs of hydraulic cylinders are worked alternately by the reciprocation of one
intensifying piston.

page_text: Seventh. In a hydraulic cylinder applied for punching, shearing, rivetting, and
such like operations, providing a stop for the ram at the end of its stroke by means
of a collar and shoulder, substantially as herein described, with reference to Fig. 32
of the accompanying Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said Ralph Hart Tweddell, have hereunto set my!
hand and seal, this Twenty-ninth day of May, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and seventy-eight.
DAT DIT TAD DEL T
Gal