IMPROVEMENTS IN PUNCHING, SHEARING, AND RIVETTING MACHINES, AND IN THE MEANS OR APPARATUS EXPLOYED FOR CONVEYING and ImpARTING THE REQUIRED MOTION AND PRESSURE TO THE SAME, SUCH MEANS OR APPARATUS RIING APPLICABLE FOR OTHER PURPOSES.” PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION
Year: 1875

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to George Henry Nussey and William Bradshaw
Leachman, both of Leeds, in the County of York, for the Inven-
tion of "IMPROVEMENTS IN PUNCHING, SHEARING, AND RIVETTING MACHINES,
AND IN THE MEANS OR APPARATUS EXPLOYED FOR CONVEYING and ImpARTING
THE REQUIRED MOTION AND PRESSURE TO THE SAME, SUCH MEANS OR
APPARATUS RIING APPLICABLE FOR OTHER PURPOSES.”
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said George Henry Nussey
and William Bradshaw Leachman at the Office of the Com-
missioners of Patents, with their Petition, on the 14th January
1876.
We, GEORGE HENRY NUSSEY and William Bradshaw Leachman,
both of Leeds, in the County of York, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN PUNCHING, SHEARING, AND RIVETTING
MACHINES, AND IN THE MEANS OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED FOR CONVEYING AND
IMPARTING THE REQUIRED MOTION AND PRESSURE TO THE SAME, SUCH MEANS OR
APPARATUS BEING APPLICABLE FOR OTHER PURPOSES," to be as follows:-

page_text: and in the means employed for conveying the required motion and
imparting the required pressure to the same. Within a suitable upright
or framework we provide a cylinder, in which is fitted so as to work
freely a ram carrying the punch and one of the shearing blades. The
above cylinder and ram are mounted over the table carrying the lower
shearing blade and die in the same manner as in machines of ordinary
construction. In order to give the required motion and pressure we fix
in a suitable position with regard to the machine a steam cylinder so
arranged that its piston rod forms the ram for a hydraulic cylinder
which is placed directly above or below it. The steam cylinder is pro-
vided with a slide valve which may be moved for the inlet or outlet of
steam, either self-acting or by the attendant. The piston rod forming
the ram of the hydraulic cylinder above or below the steam cylinder.
forces the water therefrom through a suitable tube or pipe into the
cylinder above the table, acting thereby upon the ram carrying the
shearing blade and punch, giving thereto the required motion and power
for punching and shearing. The power may be increased or diminished
as required in the varied sizes of the machines by increasing or
diminishing the proportionate sizes of the ram carrying the cutter or
shearing blades, and that in the hydraulic cylinder. Suitable counter-
balance weights, springs, or their equivalents may be employed for
bringing back the punch or shears after each stroke.
A
Secondly. In order to reduce the length of the steam cylinder and
stroke required in the hydraulic cylinder we cause the pressure of the
water in the hydraulic cylinder to act on the ram in its interior.
plunger for this purpose is fixed at the bottom of the ram cylinder, and
is made to work within the ram, provided with a water-tight packing,
Between the head of the plunger and the interior of the ram is admitted
water or its equivalent at any required pressure from the hydraulic
cylinder, at the same time water is admitted behind the ram from a
suitable tank. When sufficient water has passed behind the ram from
the tank it is shut off, at the same time the water already behind the
ram and that in the pipes connecting the interior of the ram with the
hydraulic cylinder are thrown into one by means of suitable cocks or
valves and receive the pressure simultaneously from the hydraulic
cylinder. The required motion being imparted to the ram with much
less stroke of the hydraulic cylinder.
Thill Our Invantia

page_text: punching and rivetting machines as follows:-We provide in the upright
or framework a ram which is fitted into a cylinder provided with a
water-tight packing, this ram is made to carry the punch and rivetting
tool, and in order to give the required pressure to the tools fixed in the
ram we provide another cylinder in connection with the ram cylinder but
of a different or less diameter. Within the lesser cylinder is provided a
plunger actuated by the attendant through a screw and hand wheel.
Between the plunger and ram, and within the plunger cylinder, is pro-
vided a space which is kept full of oil, water, or other equivalent fluid.
By means of this column of oil, water, or other equivalent fluid acting
upon the back of the ram, the power exerted by the attendant through
the screw and hand wheel is multiplied, which power is increased or
lessened in accordance with the difference between the internal diameter
of the ram and the plunger cylinder.
Fourthly. The same arrangement of hydraulic apparatus may be
applied to shearing machines.
Fifthly. Rivetting machines constructed with the herein-before
mentioned hydraulic apparatus may be employed for rivetting ships'
sides. For this purpose we provide outside the ship plates a framework,
on which is fitted so as to slide freely the bracket of the hydraulic
apparatus, the ram of the hydraulic apparatus carrying the rivetting tool,
as herein-before described. Instead of hydraulic power steam pressure
At the
power may, when preferred, be employed in this arrangement.
inside of the plate is also provided framework, on which is fitted so as to
slide freely when required another bracket which is provided with a
tool for receiving the rivet head during the operation of rivetting per-
formed by the hydraulic apparatus. The inner framework and the
external framework are secured together by suitable bolts passed
through the rivet holes.
Sixthly. For ordinary rivetting purposes, for such things as boiler
plates and other similar articles, the herein-before mentioned hydraulic
apparatus, with slight modifications, may be employed; but when
preferred we provide the steam cylinder mentioned in the first or second
part of our Invention.
The herein-before mentioned various arrangements of hydraulic
apparatus may be employed on other machines requiring similar motion
and pressure to punching, shearing, and rivetting machines.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said George Henry Nussey and William Bradshaw
Leachman in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 14th July
1875.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, GEORGE
HENRY NUSSEY and WILLIAM Bradshaw Leachman, both of Leeds, in
the County of York, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Fourteenth day of January, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-five, in the thirty-
eighth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto us, the said George Henry Nussey and William
Bradshaw Leachman, Her special licence that we, the said George
Henry Nussey and William Bradshaw Leachman, our executors, ad-
'ministrators, and assigns, or such others as we, the said George Henry
Nussey and William Bradshaw Leachman, our executors, adminis-
trators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others,
from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein
expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend,
within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN PUNCHING,
SHEARING, AND RIVETTING MACHINES, AND IN THE MEANS OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED
FOR CONVEYING AND IMPARTING THE REQUIRED MOTION AND PRESSURE TO THE SAME,
SUCH MEANS OR APPARATUS BEING APPLICABLE FOR OTHER PURPOSES," upon the
condition (amongst others) that we, the said George Henry Nussey
and William Bradshaw Leachman, our executors or administrators, by
an instrument in writing under our, or one of our, or their, or one of
their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to
be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date
of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said George Henry Nussey and William
Bradshaw Leachman, do hereby declare the nature of our said Inven-
tion, and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following statement, reference

page_text: being had to the accompanying Drawings and to the letters of reference
marked thereon, that is to say:—
Firstly. Our improvements consists in punching and shearing machines,
and in the means employed for conveying the required motion and im-
parting the required pressure to the same. Within a suitable upright or
framework we provide a cylinder in which is fitted so as to work freely a
ram carrying the punch and one of the shearing blades. The above
cylinder and ram are mounted over the table carrying the lower shearing
blade and die in the same manner as in machines of ordinary construction.
In order to give the required motion and pressure we fix in a suitable
position with regard to the machine a steam cylinder so arranged that its
piston rod forms the ram for a hydraulic cylinder which is placed directly
over or below it. The steam cylinder is provided with a slide valve which
may be moved for the inlet or outlet of steam, either self-acting or by the
attendant. The piston rod forming the ram for the hydraulic cylinder
above or below the steam cylinder forces the water therefrom through a
suitable tube or pipe into the cylinder above the table, acting thereby upon
the ram carrying the shearing blade and punch, giving thereto the
required motion and power for punching and shearing. The power may be
increased or diminished as required in the varied sizes of the machines
by increasing or diminishing the proportionate sizes of the ram carrying
the cutter or shearing blades and that in the hydraulic cylinder.
Suitable counterbalance weights, springs, or their equivalents may be
employed for bringing back the punch or shears after each stroke.
A
Secondly. In order to reduce the length of the steam cylinder and
stroke required in the hydraulic cylinder we cause the pressure of the
water in the hydraulic cylinder to act on the ram in its interior.
plunger for this purpose is fixed at the bottom of the ram cylinder, and
is made to work within the ram provided with a water-tight packing.
Between the head of the plunger and the interior of the ram is admitted
water, or its equivalent, at any required pressure from the hydraulic
cylinder, at the same time water is admitted behind the ram from a
suitable tank. When sufficient water has passed behind the ram from
the tank it is shut off, at the same time the water already behind the
ram and that in the pipes connecting the interior of the ram with the
hydraulic cylinder are thrown into one by means of suitable cocks or
valves and receive the pressure simultaneously from the hydraulic

page_text: cylinder, the required motion being imparted to the ram with much less
stroke of the hydraulic cylinder.
Thirdly. Our Invention consists further in the construction of
punching or rivetting machines as follows:-We provide in the upright
or framework a ram which is fitted into a cylinder provided with a
water-tight packing; this ram is made to carry the punch or rivetting
tool, and in order to give the required pressure to the tools fixed in the
ram we provide another cylinder in connection with the ram cylinder
but of a different or less diameter. Within the lesser cylinder is pro-
vided a plunger actuated by the attendant through a screw and hand
wheel. Between the plunger and ram and within the plunger cylinder
is provided a space which is kept full of oil, water, or other equivalent
fluid. By means of this column of oil, water, or other equivalent fluid
acting upon the back of the ram, the power exerted by the attendant
through the screw and hand wheel is multiplied, which power is increased
or lessened in accordance with the difference between the internal
diameter of the ram and the plunger cylinder.
Fourthly. The same arrangement of hydraulic apparatus may be
applied to shearing machines.
Fifthly. Rivetting machines constructed with the herein-before men-
tioned hydraulic apparatus may be employed for rivetting ships' sides.
For this purpose we provide outside the ship plates a framework on
which is fitted so as to slide freely the bracket of the hydraulic apparatus.
The ram of the hydraulic apparatus carrying the rivetting tool as herein-
before described. Instead of hydraulic power steam pressure power may,
when preferred, be employed in this arrangement. At the inside of the
plate is also provided framework, on which is fitted, so as to slide freely
when required, another bracket, which is provided with a tool for
receiving the rivet head during the operation of rivetting performed by
the hydraulic apparatus. The inner framework and the external
framework are secured together by suitable bolts passed through the
rivet holes.
Sixthly. For ordinary rivetting purposes, for such things as boiler
plates and other similar articles, the herein-before mentioned hydraulic
apparatus, with slight modifications, may be employed, but when
preferred we provide the steam cylinder mentioned in the first or second
part of our Invention.

page_text: The herein-before mentioned various arrangements of hydraulic
apparatus may be employed on other machines requiring similar motion
and pressure to punching, shearing, and rivetting machines.
And in order that our Invention may be more completely understood
reference is given to the accompanying Sheets of Drawings and to the
letters of reference marked thereon.
DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS.
Firstly. Our improvements consist in punching and shearing machines,
and in the means employed for conveying the required motion and
imparting the required pressure to the same, as shewn on Sheet 1 of the
accompanying Drawings, in which Figure 1 is a front elevation, Figure 2
a side elevation, and Figure 3 a plan, looking at the top of machinery,
constructed according to this part of our Invention. Within suitable
uprights or framework a we provide a cylinder b, in which is fitted, so as
to slide freely, a ram c carrying the punch d and one of the shearing
blades e.
The cylinder b and ram c are mounted over the table fi
carrying the lower shearing blade g and die h in the same manner as in
machines of ordinary construction. In order to give the required
motion and pressure we fix in a suitable position with regard to the
machine a steam cylinder i so arranged that its piston rod J forms the
ram for a hydraulic cylinder 1, which is placed directly below or above
it. The steam cylinder i is provided with a steam chest m and slide
valve of ordinary construction which may be moved for the inlet or
outlet of steam, either self-acting or by the attendant, through rod n and
treadle o or by the tappet rod p which is actuated by the piston in the
cylinder i. Other equivalent means may be employed for giving the
required motion to the slide valve. The piston rod J forming the ram
of the hydraulic cylinder forces, by its motion upwards, the water or
other liquid from the cylinder 2, through the tube or pipe q into the
cylinder b, acting thereby upon the ram c carrying the shearing blade
and punch, giving thereto the required motion and power for punching
and shearing. After the ram c has been forced down by the action of
the water or other equivalent fluid as described, the pressure being taken
off by reversing the motion of the ram k, the ram c may be brought
back to its original position, as shewn on Drawing, by means of the
lever and weight s connected thereto by means of the rods t and cross
head u.
Other equivalent means may however be employed for this
purpose. The power may be increased or diminished, as required, in

page_text: the varied sizes of machines by increasing or diminishing the propor-
tionate sizes of the ram c in the cylinder 6 and the ram k in the
hydraulic cylinder l.
I
Secondly. Sheet 2 shews our arrangement as hereafter described for
reducing the length of the steam cylinder and the stroke required in the
hydraulic cylinder, of which Figure 1 is a cross section, and Figure 2 a
plan. a is a ram cylinder at the bottom of which is fixed a plunger b,
so arranged that the ram c works upon it within the cylinder a. The
water-tight packing d is provided to prevent any direct communication
from the space e to the space f. Into the space f, between the head of
the plunger b and the interior of the ram c, is admitted water or its
equivalent fluid at any required pressure from the hydraulic cylinder g
through g' which causes the ram c to rise, at the same time water is
admitted behind the ram into the space e. In order to supply this
water into the space e we provide a tank from which water is passed
through tube or pipe i. The tube or pipe i and the tube or pipe g' are
provided with a throttle valve j which may be of ordinary construction.
By opening this valve j a communication is at once made between the
hydraulic cylinder g and the space e through pipe g³, hole &, and pipe or
tube . When the ram c has been raised sufficiently by the action of
the hydraulic ram 1, giving its pressure direct through the pipe g' into
the space f, the valve j may be lifted which brings the hydraulic appa-
ratus before-mentioned into communication with the under face of the
ram c; by this means the pressure is at once brought to bear upon the
ram c within the space e, this space e having already been filled with
water from the tank h, it will be readily understood that very little more
water would be required from the cylinder g, consequently not only can
the length of the cylinder g and the steam cylinder m be much reduced,
but also the required pressure can be brought to bear in an instant
within the space e upon the ram c. The back pressure valve n is
employed to prevent the water being forced back into the tank h. 'The
ram cylinder g and steam cylinder m excepting with regard to the
length may be of a similar construction to those described on Sheet 1.
The working parts also may be the same. The cylinder a may form a
portion of the bed, and the ram c the table of a punching, shearing, or
rivetting machine.
I
Thirdly. Our improvements consists furtlier in the construction of

page_text: "
front elevation; Figure 2 a plan looking at the top; Figures 3, 4; and 5,
shew the arrangement for holding a number of punches and dies for the
same. In our Drawing, at Figures 1 and 2 we have shewn the machine
for punching. We provide in the upright or framework a a ram b
which is fitted into a cylinder c provided with a water-tight packing d;
this ram b is made to carry the punch or rivetting tool b³, and in order
to give the required pressure to the tools fixed in the ram b, we provide
another cylinder e in connection with the ram cylinder c, but of a
different or less diameter. Within the lesser cylinder e is provided a
plunger actuated by the attendant through a screw and swing handle
or lever h, or their equivalent. Between the plunger f and ram b, and
within the plunger cylinder e, is provided a space i, which is kept full of
water, oil, or other equivalent fluid. By means of this column of water,
oil, or other equivalent fluid, the power exerted by the attendant
through the screw 9 is multiplied, and may be increased or lessened in
accordance with the difference between the internal diameters of the
plunger cylinder e and the ram cylinder 'c. In the arrangement shewn
at Figures 3, 4, and 5, for holding any required number of rivetting or
punching tools, Figure 3 is a section of the ram and punching or
rivetting tool box; Figure 4, a side elevation of the die box; Figure 5,
an end elevation of the same. The rivetting or punching tools j are made
a good fit and to slide within the box ⁄ on the rammer l. Between each
rivetting or punching tool j is provided the packing m which varies in
thickness as the pitch of the tools is required to be varied. After the
tools have been placed a proper distance apart in the box k, they are
The die, box o
retained in that position by means of the set screw n.
shewn at Figures 4 and 5 is of a similar construction to that for holding
the rivetting or punching tools ; and the dies p are fixed in position in a
similar manner.
Fourthly. The same arrangement of hydraulic apparatus may be
applied to shearing machines, as shewn on Sheet 3, at 9 and r, Figures 1
and 2.
Fifthly. Rivetting machines constructed with the same arrangement
of hydraulic apparatus as described in the third part of our Specification
may be employed for rivetting ships' sides, as illustrated at Sheet 4,
where Figure 1 is a sectional plan; Figure 2-a-front-clevation of such
apparatus. We provide outside the ship's plates.a. a framework or bed b,
which is constructed in a similar manner to a lathe bed. On the frame-

page_text: work is fitted so as to slide freely the bracket or headstock c carrying
or forming the hydraulic apparatus. This apparatus, as far as the
hydraulic arrangements are concerned and mode of operating the same,
is similar to that described with reference to the third part of our Inven-
tion. The ram & carries the rivetting tool e in the same manner as shewn
with reference to the third part of our Invention. Instead of hydraulic
power steam power may be employed behind the ram d for giving the
required pressure. At the inside of the plates a is also provided the
framework ƒ, on which is fitted so as to slide freely a bracket g, in which
bracket g is provided the screw h, the end i of which is made of a suitable
shape to receive the end of the rivet. The rivet being placed in position
as shewn at j the bracket g carrying the screw has shewn is then
brought up to the rivet head by means of the hand wheel for receiving
the pressure and keeping the rivet in position whilst the operation is
being performed. The inner framework f and the external framework b
are secured together by suitable bolts passed through the rivet holes as
shewn at m. In order to keep the inner framework f and the external
framework b up to the ship's plate we provide when required outside each
of them the framework n and o, on which are mounted the bosses P and q,
in which are provided the set screws r and s. These are brought to bear
upon both ends of the framework f and b,
steadiness to the same.
giving thereby additional
The framework n and o are firmly fixed to the
ship's plates by means of the bolts t, which are made to pass through
the rivet holes as shewn. This part of our Invention dispenses with
hand rivetting employed in the building of iron ships.
Sixthly. For ordinary rivetting purposes for such things as boiler
plates and other similar articles the therein-before mentioned hydraulic
apparatus with slight modifications may be employed in rivetting
machines, as shown on Sheets 5 and 6. On Sheet 5, Figure 1 represents
a section; Figure 2, a plan looking at the top; Figure 3, an elevation of
ram with top die attached; and Figure 4, a front elevation with bottom
die attached. a is a hydraulic cylinder, in which is fitted the hydraulic
ram b, the end c of which carries the top rivetting tool d. The top
cylinder a is fixed to the portable framework e, which framework e also
carries the bottom rivetting die f. The framework e acts as a guide for
the ram b in its descent on to the rivet, the jaws g being provided for this
purpose. Water is supplied to the back of the ram b, and the required
pressure given from the hydraulic apparatus shewn on Sheets 1, 2, or 3.

page_text: Other equivalent known means or apparatus may be employed for this
purpose. Sheet 6 shows a modification of arrangement shown on Sheet 5,
having hydraulic apparatus attached at a and constructed in a similar
manner to that shewn on Sheet 3. Figure 1 is a plan and Figure 2 a
side elevation and part section of this part of our Invention.
Seventhly. On Sheet 7 is shewn the application of our hydraulic
apparatus for forging purposes. The principle of this arrangement is a
modification of that shewn on Sheet 2. a is a hydraulic ram cylinder at
the top of which is fixed and made to work within the ram b the hollow
plunger c. Between the head of the plunger c and the interior of the
ram b is admitted water or its equivalent at any required pressure from
the hydraulic cylinder through tube d and hollow plunger c in the
direction shewn by arrows, which causes the ram b to fall. In this
operation, whilst the ram b is falling water is received into the space e
through pipe f, the pressure, after the ram b has been brought down, is
transferred to the back of the ram b in the space e; and this operation
being performed exactly in the same manner as that described in the
second part of our Invention and shewn on Sheet 2.
For the purpose
of lifting the ram after each stroke we provide the steam cylinder g,
which is of ordinary construction. The piston being provided with
the piston rod i and a cross head j to which the rods are attached and
coupled to the ram b at m, as shewn. The valve n of the steam cylinder
is actuated by the attendant through rods o and levers p for the purpose
of letting off or admitting steam into the cylinder.
The ram bis pro-
vided with a head q, between which and the anvil the metal is placed
for forging purposes, and forged in the same manner as under ordinary
steam hammers. The whole apparatus is mounted on the framework s,
as shewn.
Having now set forth the nature of our said Invention, and shown
how the same may be carried into practice, we would have it understood
that we do not limit ourselves to the exact limits, details, or con-
figuration of the various parts we have explained and shewn, as the
same may be varied or modified without in any way departing from
our Invention; but what we do claim and desire to be secured to us by
Letters Patent is,—
Firstly. The arrangement, construction, and application of hydraulic

page_text: shearing, rivetting, and other machines requiring similar motion or
apparatus, substantially as and for purposes herein set forth.
Secondly. The arrangement, construction, and application of punching
and shearing machines in combination with hydraulic apparatus, shewn
on Sheet 1, substantially as and for purposes herein set forth.
Thirdly. The arrangement, construction, and application of hydraulic
apparatus shewn on Sheet 2, substantially as and for purposes herein set
forth.
Fourthly. The arrangement, construction, and application of portable
punching, shearing, and rivetting machines, as shewn on Sheet 3, in
combination with the hydraulic apparatus, substantially as and for
purposes herein set forth.
Fifthly. The arrangement, construction, and application of the various
parts forming the machine shewn on Sheet 4, substantially as and for
purposes herein set forth.
Sixthly. The arrangement, construction, and application of rivetting
machine shewn on Sheet 5, substantially as and for purposes herein set
forth.
Seventhly. The arrangement, construction, and application of rivetting
machines, shewn on Sheet 6, in combination with the hydraulic appa-
ratus, substantially as and for purposes herein set forth.
Eighthly. The arrangement, construction, and application of hydraulic
apparatus, shewn on Sheet 7, for forging and other purposes, substantially
as herein set forth.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Bradshaw Leachman, for
myself and on behalf of the said George Henry Nussey, have
hereunto set my hand and seal, this Twelfth day of July, in
the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-
five..
WILLIAM BRADSHAW LEACHMAN. (L.S.)