Improvements in Armoured Insulating Conduits and the Method of Treating same.
Year: 1899

page_text: Date of Application, 14th Sept., 1899.
Complete Specification Left, 12th June, 1900-Accepted, 14th Sept., 1900
Improvements in Armoured Insulating Conduits and the Method
of Treating same.
of
A communication from abroad by AMANDA MALVINA LOUGEE, of 178, Huntingdon
Avenue, Boston, in the State of Massachusetts, one of the United States o
America, Manufacturer.
I, ALFRED GEORGE BROOKES, of 55 & 56, Chancery Lane, in the County of
London, Chartered Patent Agent, do hereby declare the nature of this invention
to be as follows:-
In the installation of electric wires and for many other purposes, it is necessary
to utilize a conduit or pipe which shall possess insulating properties to a high
degree shall resist chemical and mechanical injury, shall be indestructible by a
considerable degree of heat or moisture, and which shall be capable of flexure
without injury, and without deterioration with respect to any of the properties
set forth.
In such conduit the inner diameter must be as large as possible consistent with
proper provision for insuring the various properties noted, must be simple in
construction and inexpensive.
Various conduits have been placed upon the market from time to time, but
none of these embody the properties essential to a satisfactory conduit, and in
order that my invention may be readily understood and its value appreciated, I.
will indicate briefly some of the particulars in which prior conduits have been
found wanting.
Various linings or inner tubes have been utilized to give properties of insulation
and moisture proofing to the conduits, and much effort has been expended in the
attempt to adapt paper to this purpose, but without complete satisfaction, for the
especial reason amongst others, that the paper is lacking in the requisite degree
of strength, and almost completely wanting in flexibility. In fact, rigid tubes
whether of paper, wood, or other fibrous material are open universally to this
objection, and to the additional objection that it is difficult to unite them properly
to the armor tube.
Furthermore, inner tubes, whether united directly to the armor, or whether.
an intervening binding agent of considerable thickness is employed, diminish
the inner diameter of the conduit to an undesirable extent.
To avoid this diminution and still provide for suitable adherence to the armor
tube, linings of oil cloth and other fabrics have been employed, and to a certain
extent a tube of larger working diameter has been obtained, but even with these
the tube is still bulky in many instances, and a fabric when ever used, exhibits
a constant tendency to pull away from the walls of the armor tube, provided the
fabric is strong enough to retain its integrity under the bending strain, but very
frequently the temperature applied in securing adherence of an oil-cloth, or
similar lining, and the very nature of the materials, renders the fabric liable to
a great weakening, so that its rupture ensues upon flexure of the conduit.

page_text: The evil effects and possibilities of such displacement or rupture of the inner
member of the conduit are too well known to require setting forth in detail.
In a conduit which has been provided with a lining of oil-cloth next to the
armor, and a lining of paper inside the oil cloth, the effect has been to have the
paper mechanically hold the oil-cloth after bending, against the tendency to
pull away from the walls of the armor tube, but the paper tube itself, by reason
of its non-extensibility, is invariably ruptured in one or more places transverse
to the length of the conduit.
The gas pipe of commerce affords a cheap and satisfactory armor member, but
is irregular in internal diameter, and the usual stiff insulating tubes of paper,
wood, oil cloth, rubber vulcanized hard, and the like, have barely approximated
the inner diameter of the armor not conforming to its contour in a manner
permitting proper union so that when bent cold, failure of the union, or fracture
of the insulating member has been universal.
This tendency has been augmented by the presence of asphalt or residum of
petroleum between the members of the conduit introduced in an unsuccessful
attempt to fill up the spaces left by the irregularity of the pipe, and by reason
of its brittle nature when cold, breaking up under bending strain.
Such a substance, thus introduced as a filler in bulk, has but little cementitious
quality and is a detriment rather than an aid to union, while moisture will
collect in the spaces where it has failed to penetrate, and increase the separation
of the members, with destructive chemical effect as well.
The great difficulty encountered in producing successful conduits of the type
noted above and their prohibitory expense whether satisfactory or not, has favored
the introduction to a considerable extent of pipes without inner tubes or linings,
other than coating of japan applied to the walls, an expedient which leaves a
maximum diameter and reduces the bulk of the pipe, but utterly fails to meet
the moisture, insulation, and other tests to which the best conduits should be and
are subjected, leaves also much to be desired in point of flexibility, and which is
unequal to the demands of permanence and resistance to rough handling and
manipulation in installation, as also are other more coatings deposited from
solutions.
In general, conduits at present on the market if they are sufficiently flexible
lack proper capability of resistance to mechanical and chemical injury, while those
possessing due resistance in the latter respects are not capable of flexure without
injury.
To remedy these defects and produce a conduit which shall meet the stringent
requirements of the electrical art and be available for many other purposes as
well, I employ for my lining material a composition of matter, thus avoiding
the structural deficiencies of a fabric, and by the use of suitable ingredients I
can secure in a degree hitherto unattained in a lining material, the extensibility
and flexibility as requisite in an armored conduit subject to flexure when cold.
As manipulation of a highly flexible insulating member of such a character
within ten, fifteen or twenty foot lengths of pipe of small diameter is almost
impracticable by ordinary methods, especially if coated thoroughly with a cemen-
titious substance of suitable adhesive qualities, I have devised a support by means
of which the introduction of the flexible material can be accomplished with facility,
and which is withdrawn after assemblage of the members of the conduit.
Existing methods of applying the insulating member having proved inadequate
in many respects, I have devised a method in which after the insulating material
has been inserted within the armor tube, a free blast of air or the like is projected
through the same to act progressively upon and within the insulating material
throughout, and I have in the present specification used this as illustrative of a.
convenient method of assemblage, but any suitable method of assemblage may
be used.
It will be understood that I do not restrict myself to the use of my novel

page_text: conduit for electrical purposes, but contemplate its utilization in any field where
it may be used to advantage.
My novel conduit comprises an armor tube and an inner insulating member of
an extensible and highly flexible composition of matter, united adhesively to
the inner walls of the armor so thoroughly as to make possible its support wholly
by said adhesion, and permit flexure of the conduit when cold, or on the job,"
without impairment of the union or of the insulating properties of the insu-
lating member.
"
وق
The armor tube and flexible insulating member may be of any material posses-
sing the qualities requisite to this end, and their union may be effected and main-
tained by any suitable means.
A convenient armor is yielded by the well-known " gas-pipe" of commerce,
which can be provided with its insulating member not only in the ten foot lengths
beyond which the manufacturer rarely, if ever, ventures at the present day, but,
by my improved methods I am able to treat profitably lengths running up to
twenty feet, and yield a product of such flexibility as to diminish remarkably
the quantities of elbows required in installations hitherto, accompanied as they are
by undue labor charges, while most subversive of good continuous insulation.
By the term "insulating" it will be understood that I do not mean to imply
that my conduit is of use only for purposes of containing and insulating electrical
wires, since it is capable of much broader use.
In accordance with an important feature of my invention, the flexible material,
with which the conduit or similar article is to be lined, is provided with a sup-
porting ply, and thus supported is presented for assemblage with the conduit,
the supporting ply being removed thereafter. While the supporting ply may
surround the lining material and act merely as a jacket to protect it until safely
within the conduit, I prefer to apply the lining material to the supporting ply
in the form of a coating, then introduce the supporting ply within, and with the
lining material presented toward the inner walls of, the conduit, dilating the
material against the walls, and then removing the ply, leaving the lining in
place.
The supporting ply may be composed of paper, light cotton fabric, or other
suitable material, and an economical method of preparation is to coat a web of the
fabric, of several feet in width and many yards in length, with the mixed
ingredients of the flexible insulating material, thereafter cutting or tearing the
web up into the widths and lengths proper for individual supporting plies, accord-
ing to the length and diameter of the armor member to be treated.
The ply with its coating of lining material is then inserted in cylindrical form
within the armor tube, coated side out, and dilated, by any suitable means, as
for example a free blast of air, introduced within the ply and acting progressively
upon it through the pipe to force the coating of lining material into intimate
contact with the inner walls of the armor tube throughout.
The introduction of water, naptha, or other suitable solvent, according to the
nature of the lining material and supporting ply respectively, will aid in freeing
the ply from the lining material and the ply in any event is removed from the
conduit, leaving the lining material in place.
Preferably the ply will be slightly longer than the length of conduit to be
treated and the removal of the ply may be effected by the use of a rod passing.
through the conduit and to which is tied the projecting end of the ply, and the
latter withdrawn through the conduit, turning inside out, or by other suitable
means.
If the lining material has a longitudinal lap joint, it will aid removal of the
ply to strip a narrow portion of the supporting fabric from the edge of the lining
material before introduction of the latter into the conduit, and no portion of the
supporting ply will then be caught between the lapping edges of the lining.
The application of the lining material to the walls of the conduit will prefer-

page_text: ably be accomplished in the presence of heat sufficient to soften the cementitious
substance employed to effect the adhesive union of the lining to the armor,
whether said cementitious substance be included in the composition of the lining
material or preferably applied thereto before its introduction within the armor
or applied to the inner walls of the latter, or to both lining and walls.
In the construction of the lining material the strip of highly flexible lining
material after it has been separated into strip form from the sheet as already
described, with a supporting ply of suitable material, as a textile fabric, still
covering a portion of its inner face, a narrow portion of said fabric having been
removed by tearing leaving the uncovered selvage-like portion.
Preferably the layer of cementitious substance is grooved, to facilitate bending
about a longitudinal axis.
To prepare the lining material for inserting within the armor member a slight
quantity of suitable cement is preferably applied along the uncovered portion.
The opposite edge of the lining strip is doubled over along its entire length, and
the uncovered portion is then doubled over also upon and into contact with the
former.
A suitable rod or other implement may be inserted within the blank of lining
material, and by a suitable binding or other connection, provision will be made
for introducing the blank of lining material into the armor member.
The blank of lining material having been introduced within the armor member,
the rod may then be withdrawn and the lining material applied to the inner
walls of the armor members, as for example, by the use of a blast of air through
a nozzle or other suitable device in connection with a source of fluid pressure,
preferably air under pressure.
In a convenient form of nozzle the nose is slightly tapering to facilitate its
insertion within the lining blank, while a shoulder will serve to hold the ends of
the lining material in place by crowding it against the armor member.
To facilitate the introduction of the nozzle the portion of the lining projecting
beyond the end of the armor member after its introduction therewithin may be
split.
If found desirable a suitable mandrel like deflecting member may be introduced
within the lining member and in the path of the blast to ensure proper presenta-
tion of the latter to the inner walls of the lining material, and, if desired, this
deflecting member may have its forward end chamfered to a suitable degree.
After the lining has been applied to the inner walls of the armor member
the supporting ply may be removed and to facilitate such removal I prefer to apply
a suitable solvent to free the fabric or other supporting ply from the lining
material proper, and while this solvent may be applied in greater quantity
throughout the interior of the conduit, I have found that it will be sufficient in
most instances to apply a small quantity of naptha or the like to the projecting
ends of the blank of lining material.
The projecting portion of lining material proper may then be stripped away
from the fabric leaving the latter projecting.
This fabric may then be easily withdrawn, as for example, by tying it, to the
end of the member introduced within the conduit, and then pulling out the
member doubling the fabric upon itself, and the fabric will be found to part
readily from the lining material, leaving the latter in place supported by the
cementitious substance between it and the inner walls of the armor member.
By avoidance of fabrics as described and the use of an insulating composition
having qualities of extensibility and high flexibility equal to the invention and
by utilizing efficient methods of introducing, applying and uniting the lining
member, the new conduit is provided with a lining in exact conformity with
the inner walls of the armor throughout their adjacent surfaces.
Furthermore, in the improved conduit the perfect nature of the union between
the members provides for the support of the insulating member wholly from the
inner walls of the armor member, so that the thickness of the insulating member

page_text: is not such as either to reduce the effective diameter of the conduit or to inter-
fere with its flexibility.
Indeed the completed conduit may be bent cold, with perfect impunity afford-
ing a distinct advance over conduits as constructed in accordance with the present
state of the art.
Improvements in Armoured Insulating Conduits and the Method
of Treating same.
A communication from abroad by AMANDA MALVINA LOUGEE, of 178, Huntingdon
Avenue, Boston, in the State of Massachusetts, one of the United States of
America, Manufacturer.
I, ALFRED GEORGE BROOKES, of 55 & 56, Chancery Lane, in the County of
London, Chartered Patent Agent, do hereby declare the nature of this invention
and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following statement:--
In the installation of electric wires and for many other purposes, it is necessary
to utilize a conduit or pipe which shall possess insulating properties to a high
degree shall resist chemical and mechanical injury, shall be indestructible by a
considerable degree of heat or moisture, and which shall be capable of flexure.
without injury, and without deterioration with respect to any of the properties
set forth.
In such conduit the inner diameter must be as large as possible consistent with
proper provision for insuring the various properties noted, must be simple in
construction and inexpensive.
Various conduits have been placed upon the market from time to time, but
none of these embody the properties essential to a satisfactory conduit, and in
order that my invention may be readily understood and its value appreciated, I
will indicate briefly some of the particulars in which prior conduits have been
found wanting.
Various linings or inner tubes have been utilized to give properties of insulation
and moisture proofing to the conduits, and much effort has been expended in the
attempt to adapt paper to this purpose, but without complete satisfaction, for the
especial reason amongst others, that the paper is lacking in the requisite degree
of strength, and almost completely wanting in flexibility. In fact, rigid tubes
whether of paper, wood, or other fibrous material are open universally to this
objection, and to the additional objection that it is difficult to unite them properly
to the armour tube.
Furthermore inner tubes, whether united directly to the armour or whether
an intervening binding agent of considerable thickness is employed, diminish
the inner diameter of the conduit to an undesirable extent.
To avoid this diminution and still provide for suitable adherence to the armour
tube, lining of oil cloth and other fabrics have been employed, and to a certain
extent a tube of larger working diameter has been obtained, but even with these
the tube is still bulky in many instances, and a fabric whenever used, exhibits
a constant tendency to pull away from the walls of the armour tube, provided the

page_text: fabric is strong enough to retain its integrity under the bending strain, but very
frequently the temperature applied in securing adherence of an oil cloth, or
similar lining, and the very nature of the materials, renders the fabric liable to
a great weakening, so that its rupture ensues upon flexure of the conduit.
The evil effects and possibilities of such displacement or rupture of the inner
member of the conduit are too well known to require setting forth in detail.
In a conduit which has been provided with a lining of oil cloth next to the
armour, and a lining of paper inside the oil cloth, the effect has been to have the
paper mechanically hold the oil cloth after bending, against the tendency to
pull away from the walls of the armour tube, but the paper tube itself, by reason
of its non extensibility, is invariably ruptured in one or more places transverse
to the length of the conduit.
The gas pipe of commerce affords a cheap and satisfactory armour member, but
is irregular in internal diameter, and the usual stiff insulating tubes of paper,
wood, oil cloth, rubber vulcanized hard, and the like, have barely approximated
the inner diameter of the armour, not conforming to its contour in a manner
permitting proper union so that when bent cold, failure of the union, or fracture
of the insulating member has been universal.
This tendency has been augmented by the presence of asphalt or residuum of
petroleum between the members of the conduit introduced in an unsuccessful
attempt to fill up the spaces left by the irregularity of the pipe, and by reason
of its brittle nature when cold, breaking up under bending strain.
Such a substance, thus introduced as a filler in bulk, has but little cementitious
quality and is a detriment rather than an aid to union, while moisture will
collect in the spaces where it has failed to penetrate, and increase the separation
of the members, with destructive chemical effect as well.
The great difficulty encountered in producing successful conduits of the type
noted above and their prohibitory expense whether satisfactory or not have favored
the introduction to a considerable extent of pipes without inner tubes or linings,
other than coating of iapan applied to the walls, an expedient which leaves a
maximum diameter and reduces the bulk of the pipe, but utterly fails to meet
the moisture, insulation, and other tests to which the best conduits should be and
are subjected, leaves also much to be desired in point of flexibility, and which is
unequal to the demands of permanence and resistance to rough handling and
manipulation in installation, as also are other mere coatings deposited from
solutions.
In general, conduits at present on the market if they are sufficiently flexible
lack proper capability of resistance to mechanical and chemical injury, while tliose
possessing due resistance in the latter respects are not capable of flexure without
injury.
To remedy these defects and produce a conduit which shall meet the stringent
requirements of the electrical art and be available for many other purposes as
well, I employ for my lining material a composition of matter, thus avoiding
the structural deficiencies of a fabric, and by the use of suitable ingredients I
can secure in a degree hitherto unattained in a lining material, the extensibility
and flexibility as requisite in an armoured conduit subject to flexure when cold.
As manipulation of a highly flexible insulating member of such a character
within ten, fifteen or twenty foot lengths of pipe of small diameter is almost
impracticable by ordinary methods, especially if coated thoroughly with a cemen-
titious substance of suitable adhesive qualities, I have devised a support by means
of which the introduction of the flexible material can be accomplished with facility,
and which is withdrawn after assemblage of the members of the conduit.
Existing methods of applying the insulating member having proved inadequate
in many respects I have devised a method in which after the insulating material
has been inserted within the armour tube, a free blast of air or the like projected
through the same to act progressively upon and within the insulating material
throughout, and I have in the present specification used this as illustrative of a

page_text: convenient method of assemblage, but any suitable method of assemblage may
be used.
It will be understood that I do not restrict myself to the use of my novel
conduit for electrical purposes, but contemplate its utilization in any field where
it may be used to advantage.
The various features of my invention will be illustrated and described fully
in the accompanying drawings and specification, and set forth in the claims.
In the drawings, Fig. 1 is a view in side elevation of a short length of conduit
in the construction of which my invention has been utilized;
Fig. 2 being a view in transverse section of the same;
Fig. 3 is a view of a portion of lining material in course of preparation for
insertion;
Fig. 3 being a view in end elevation of the same;
Fig. 4 is a view in side elevation of an armour member showing the lining
after insertion, the members being broken away for the sake of clearness; and
Fig. 4 being a sectional view on the line, Fig. 4, looking from right
to left;
Fig. 5 is a view similar to Fig. 4 preparatory to introducing the blast for
applying the lining;
Fig. 5 being a cross sectional view on the line, Fig. 5;
Fig. 6 is a view similar to Figs. 4 and 5 after the lining has been applied, and
preparatory to. withdrawal of the supporting ply;
Fig. 6a being a cross sectional view on the line, Fig. 6, looking from
right to left;
Fig. 7 is a view partly in longitudinal section and partly in elevation illus-
trating the act of withdrawing the supporting ply;
Fig. 7 being a cross sectional view on the line 3, looking from right
to left.
My novel conduit comprises an armour tube, and an inner insulating member of
an extensible and highly flexible composition of matter, united adhesively to
the inner walls of the armour so thoroughly as to make possible its support wholly
by said adhesion and permit flexure of conduit when cold, or on the job,"
without impairment of the union, or of the insulating properties of the insu-
lating member.
The armour tube and flexible insulating member may be of any material posses-
sing the qualities requisite to this end, and their union may be effected and main-
tained by any suitable means.
"
A convenient armour is yielded by the well known gas pipe" of commerce,
which can be provided with its insulating member not only in the ten foot lengths
beyond which the manufacturer rarely, if ever, ventures at the present day, but,
by my improved methods I am able to treat profitably lengths running up to
twenty feet, and yield a product of such flexibility as to diminish remarkably
the quantities of elbows required in installations hitherto, accompanied as they are
by undue labor charges, while most subversive of good continuous insulation.
By the term "insulating" it will be understood that I do not mean to imply
that my conduit is of use only for purposes of containing and insulating electrical
wires, since it is capable of much broader use.
I have devised an insulating material possessing a high degree of flexibility,
and therefore of great utility as a lining for my novel conduit.
In the composition of this novel material vegetable oils are used, preferably
in a boiled or condensed jelly-like condition to impart the flexible quality found
in rubber without the resiliency which interferes with the permanent union of
the latter to the walls of a conduit.
Rubber shoddy or other shoddy or fibrous material may be added to give
consistency to the composition, while a filling and smoothness may be assured for
the material by including chalk, whiting, or the like, which also give bulk and

page_text: to the above may be added a small quantity of lead oxides and sulphur for
vulcanizing or drying purposes.
.
Asphalt or tarry, resinous substances, such as rosin, pine tar or Tuna or Tuno
gum may be mingled in small quantities with the other ingredients of the
material to aid in securing the adhesive union; asphalt and pine far being prefer
able by reason of their cheapness.
I have found a mixture in about the following proportions of the above
ingredients to yield a very satisfactory lining material, viz.:—
4/36 vegetable oil, as linseed, palm or cottonseed oil.
12/36 consistency giving material, as old reclaimed rubber shoddies or fibrous
shoddies or materials.
15/36 filling material, as chalk, whiting or the like.
2/36 vulcanizing or drying agents, as zinc or lead oxides and sulphur, or
antimony oxides.
3/36 adhesion promoting agent, as asphalt, tar or resinous substances.
In the above mixture the use of a shoddy or fibrous material not containing
rubber, should be accompanied by a decrease in the quantity of filling material
and an increase in proportion of oily matter to counteract the increased dryness
of tlie fibre.
In place of rubber or other consistency giving substance, such gums as Tuna,
or Tuno, Balata, and other resinous substances may be used with some advantage.
In accordance with an important feature of my invention the flexible material,
with which the conduit or similar article is to be lined, is provided with a sup-
porting ply, and thus supported is presented for assemblage with the conduit,
the supporting ply being removed thereafter. While the supporting ply may
surround the lining material and act merely as a jacket to protect it until safely
within the conduit, I prefer to apply the lining material to the supporting ply
in the form of a coating, then introduce the supporting ply within, and with the
lining material presented toward the inner walls of, the conduit, dilating the
material against the walls, and then removing the ply, leaving the lining in
place.
The supporting ply may be composed of paper, light cotton fabric, or other
suitable material, and an economical method of preparation is to coat a web of the
fabric, of several feet in width and many yards in length, with the mixed
ingredients of the flexible insulating material, thereafter cutting or tearing the
web up into the widths and lengths proper for individual supporting plies, accord-
ing to the length and diameter of the armour member to be treated.
The ply with its coating of lining material is then inserted in cylindrical form
within the armour tube, coated side out, and dilated, by any suitable means, as
for example a free blast of air, introduced within the ply and acting progressively
upon it through the pipe to force the coating of lining material into intimate
contact with the inner walls of the armour tube throughout.
The introduction of water, naptha, or other suitable solvent, according to the
nature of the lining material and supporting ply respectively, will aid in freeing
the ply from the lining material and the ply in any event is removed from the
conduit, leaving the lining material in place.
Naptha will be found a suitable solvent for use in removing a ply from lining
material of the composition above set forth and in such instances the supporting
ply may consist of light open mesh cotton cloth.
Preferably the ply will be slightly longer than the length of conduit to be
treated, and the removal of the ply may be effected by the use of a rod passing
through the conduit and to which is tied the projecting end of the ply, and the
latter withdrawn through the conduit, turning inside out, or by other suitable
means.
If the lining material has a longitudinal lap joint, it will aid removal of the
ply to strip a narrow portion of the supporting fabric from the edge of the lining

page_text: material before introduction of the latter into the conduit, and no portion of the
supporting ply will then be caught between the lapping edges of the lining.
The application of the lining material to the walls of the conduit will prefer-
ably be accomplished in the presence of heat sufficient to soften the cementitious
substance employed to effect the adhesive union of the lining to the armour,
whether said cementitious substance be included in the composition of the lining
material or preferably applied thereto before its introduction within the armour
or applied to the inner walls of the latter, or to both lining and walls.
An important feature of my invention resides in the novel cementitious sub-
stance which I have devised and which presents great adherence for the armour,
and affinity for the lining material.
Asphalt in its natural state would not adhere to either the lining material or
the iron suitably, and is lacking in flexibility as already noted, but when I com-
pound it in my novel cementitious substance it exhibits a high degree of adherence
to both armour and lining, and is valuable also for its permanence and heat proof
properties.
The base of my novel cement may be asphalt, coal tar, residuum of petroleum,
rosin or the like, asphalt being very suitable by reason of its cheapness and
heat proof quality.
To impart flexibility to the base, mineral oils, paraffin wax or soap are added,
and vegetable oil, pine tar, such gums as Tuna, Balata, gutta percha, etcetera.
The mineral oil or its equivalent imparts to the composition a flexibility and
smoothness, which the asphalt alone would lack, and is of great benefit in
obviating any roughness of surface to interfere with the easy introduction of
the coated lining into the armour.
The vegetable oil, or gum, which also promotes flexibility, is chiefly valuable
for the adhesive properties which it imparts to the cement.
I have secured. very advantageous results with a composition including
mineral oil, vegetable oil and asphalt in about the proportions following, viz.:-
7 pounds of mineral oil such as of the quality known as limpid" oil, and
2 pounds vegetable oil, as linseed, palm or cottonseed oil, to
330 pounds of asphalt.
"6
This mixture will be melted and spread generously upon the lining material
preferably before the latter shall have been cut up into the individual plies, or
the cement may be applied to the walls of the armour.
It may be found convenient at times to dissolve the mixture in volatile spirits
and make thus a paste to be spread over the lining material or interior of the
conduit.
In the drawing, the armour member is designated by the reference letter A,
the insulating member by the reference letter B, and the cementitious sub-
stance by the reference letter C.
In the construction of the lining material selected as a convenient form for
illustration in Fig. 3, B designates the strip of highly flexible lining material
after it has been separated into strip form from the sheet as already described.
with a supporting ply 1 of suitable material, as a textile fabric, still covering
a portion of its inner face, a narrow portion of said fabric having been removed
by tearing along the line d leaving the uncovered selvage like portion b.
C designates the layer of cementitious substance preferably grooved, as at c,
to facilitate bending about a longitudinal axis.
To prepare the lining material for inserting within the armour member a slight
quantity of suitable cement is preferably applied along the uncovered portion b.
The opposite edge of the lining strip is doubled over along its entire length, and
the uncovered portion b is then doubled over also upon and into contact with
the former, the initial stage of the doubling being shown at the right hand end
of Fig. 3 to illustrate the relative position of the edges which will also be
seen in Fig. 3ª.

page_text: A suitable rod may be inserted within the blank of lining material, and by
a suitable binding or other connection, as that illustrated at c', Fig. 4, provision
will be made for introducing the blank of lining material into the armour
member, in the instance illustrated by thrusting upon the rod E.
I do not limit myself to the use of such a rod, since other suitable means for
introducing the blank of lining material within the conduit may be utilized
as found desirable.
The blank of lining material having been introduced within the armour
member, the rod E may then be withdrawn and the lining material applied to
the inner walls of the armour members, as for example, by the use of a blast
of air through a nozzle or other suitable device H in connection with a source
of fluid pressure, preferably air under pressure.
A convenient form of nozzle will be found to take the form illustrated wherein
the nose is slightly tapering to facilitate its insertion within the lining blank,
while a shoulder h will serve to hold the ends of the lining material C in place
by crowding it against the armour member.
To facilitate the introduction of the nozzle the portion of the lining projecting
beyond the end of the armour member after its introduction therewithin may
be split, as indicated at d³, Fig. 6.
If found desirable a suitable mandril like deflecting member F may be intro-
duced within the lining member and in the path of the blast to ensure proper
presentation of the latter to the inner walls of the lining material, and, if
desired, this deflecting member may have its forward end chamfered to a suit-
able degree, as indicated at f.
After the lining has been applied to the inner walls of the armour member,
when it will take somewhat the appearance illustrated in Fig. 6, the supporting ply
may be removed, and to facilitate such removal I prefer to apply a suitable solvent
to free the fabric or other supporting ply from the lining material proper, and
while this solvent may be applied in greater quantity throughout the interior of
the conduit, I have found that it will be sufficient in most instances to apply a
small quantity of naptha, or the like, to the projecting ends of the blank of
lining material.
The projecting portion of lining material proper may then be stripped away
from the fabric leaving the latter projecting as indicated at d¹, at the right hand
end of Fig. 6.
-
This fabric may then be easily withdrawn, as for example, by tying it, as
at, to the end of the member introduced within the conduit, and then
pulling out the member k, as shown in Fig. 7, doubling the fabric upon itself,
and the fabric will be found to part readily from the lining material, leaving
the latter in place supported by the cementitious substance C between it and
the inner walls of the armour member.
By avoidance of fabrics, and the use of an insulating composition having
qualities of extensibility and high flexibility equal to that devised by me, to
which I have referred above, and by utilizing efficient methods of introducing,
applying and uniting the lining member, as my methods to which I have referred
also, the conduit of this present application is provided with a lining in exact
conformity with the inner walls of the armour throughout their adjacent surfaces.
Furthermore, in the conduit constructed according to my invention and illus-
trated, it will be noted that the perfect nature of the union between the
members provides for the support of the insulating member wholly from the
inner walls of the armour member, so that the thickness of the insulating
member is not such as either to reduce the effective diameter of the conduit or
to interfere with its flexibility.
Indeed the completed conduit may be bent cold, with perfect impunity, afford-
ing a distinct advance over conduits as constructed in accordance with the
present state of the art.

page_text: Having described my invention thus fully, I wish it understood that I do not
limit myself to the exact details of construction or materials illustrated and
described, nor in general otherwise than as set forth in the claims.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
I claim is:-
:-
1. The novel step in methods of applying lining material to conduit, which
consists in providing said material with a supporting ply, presenting said
material, thus supported, for assemblage with the conduit, and thereafter remov-
ing the supporting ply.
2. The novel step in methods of applying highly flexible lining material to
conduits, which consists in introducing said lining material upon a supporting
ply within said conduits, dilating said ply to apply said lining material to the
inner walls of said conduits, and removing said supporting ply.
3. The novel method of lining armoured insulating conduits which consists
in coating a supporting ply with insulating material, introducing said supporting
ply within, and with said material presented toward the inner walls of, said
armour, dilating said material against said walls, and removing said supporting
ply.
4. The novel method of lining conduit, which consists in introducing lining
material within said conduit upon a supporting ply, dilating said ply by a free
blast acting progressively upon said ply to apply said lining material to the
inner walls of said conduit, and thereafter removing said ply.
5. The novel method of lining armoured insulating conduit which consists in
applying lining material to the inner walls of said conduit in the form of a
coating upon a supporting ply, applying thereafter a solvent to free said ply,
and removing the latter, leaving said lining in place.
6. The novel method of lining armoured insulated conduits which consists in
coating a fabric with a flexible insulating compound; providing said material
with a cementitious substance; applying said material, thus supported, to the
inner walls of said armour; applying a suitable solvent to free said fabric; and
removing the latter leaving said lining material in adhesive union with said
walls and free to flex with said armour, when bent, without impairment of said
union or of the insulating properties of said lining.
7. The novel step in methods of applying lining material to conduits, which
consists in providing said material with a supporting ply, presenting said
material, thus supported, for assemblage with said conduit, applying said material
attaching said ply to a stripping member, and by means of the latter withdraw-
ing said ply doubling it upon itself and stripping it from said material.
8. An armoured insulating conduit consisting of an armour tube, and an inner
lining of an extensible, highly flexible composition of matter in intimate con-
tact with the inner walls of said tube at every point throughout the area of their
adjacent surfaces.
9. An armoured insulating conduit; comprising an outer armour tube of heavy
iron pipe, a lining of an extensible, highly flexible composition of matter, in
intimate contact with the inner walls of said tube at every point throughout the
area of the adjacent surfaces of said tube and lining; and means to secure
adhesion of the former to the latter throughout said area, substantially as
described.
10. An armoured insulating conduit consisting of an armour tube and an inner
ply of an extensible, highly flexible composition of matter conforming exactly
to the contour of, and supported wholly by adhesive union with, the inner walls
of said tube, said conduit being capable of flexure without disruption of said
union.
11. An armoured insulating conduit comprising an armour tube and an inner
insulating member of an extensible, highly flexible composition of insulating

page_text: material supported wholly by adhesive union with the inner walls of said armour
tube, said conduit being capable of flexure when cold, without impairment of
said union or of the insulating qualities of said insulating member.
12. The improved step in methods of applying linings to the inner walls of
pipes or conduits, which consists in directing into said lining, after its assem-
blage within said pipe, a blast to act progressively on said lining at successive
points throughout its length and force it into intimate contact with the inner
walls of said pipe at every point throughout the area of the adjacent surfaces
of said lining and pipe..
13. The improved method of applying linings to the inner walls of pipes or
conduits, which consists in directing into said lining, after its assemblage within
said pipe, a blast of air, live dry steam, or the like, said blast being free to move
axially along said conduit and set up a wave of pressure acting progressively
and continuously against successive portions of said lining to force the latter
outwardly into intimate contact with the inner walls of said pipe at every point
throughout the adjacent surfaces of said lining and pipe.
14. A blank of lining material for armoured conduits comprising a ply of
lining material having its longitudinal edges united in a seam adapted to start
during the operation of application to the inner walls of the armour.
15. The improved step in method of applying linings to and within armour
tubes, which consists first in inserting said lining within its said armour tube
and thereafter projecting through said enclosed lining a free blast to act expan-
sively progressively upon and within said lining throughout.
16. The improved step in methods of applying linings to and within armour
tubes, which consists first in inserting said lining within its said armour tube
with a deflecting member arranged axially within said lining, and thereafter
projecting through said lining between the latter and said deflecting member a
free blast to act expansively progressively upon and within said lining through-
out.
1000
WM. BROOKES & SON,
55 & 56, Chancery Lane, London,
Agents for the Applicant.