Year: 1886

page_text: Date of Application, 24th Nov., 1886
Complete Left, 22nd Aug., 1887
Complete Accepted, 24th Nov., 1887

page_text: Improvements in and relating to Churns.
We, JOHN BRYCE, Dairyman, 18 Cleveland Street, Glasgow, and THOMAS
COSSAR, Dairyman, 469 St. George's Road, Glasgow, in the County Lanark do
hereby declare the nature of our invention and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement in writing, reference being had to the accompanying Sheet of Drawings
and to the letters and figures marked thereon that is to say :-
Our invention comprises improvements in and connected with the construction of
milk churns for the production of butter, and especially to the making of their parts
all in malleable or cast-iron, or it might be other metal, for the purpose of being
enamelled according to our invention on the inner and other surfaces exposed to the
milk, and stand the process of enamelling, and the great heat of the furnaces required
for doing so without getting out of shape. And the purposes and advantages of our
invention over churns as heretofore constructed, are essentially the manufacture of
metal churns with their surfaces enamelled which are exposed to the action of the
milk in churning, and the greater cleanliness that will thereby be obtained, with the
power of obtaining a more regular temperature of the milk while under treatment,
and also for giving these churns so made a greater strength and durability.
And in order that the nature and novelty of our said invention and the manner of
erforming or carrying the same into effect or practice, may be properly understood,
we have hereunto appended an explanatory Sheet of Drawings, in which the same
reference letters are used to indicate corresponding parts in all the Figures where
shown.
---
Figures 1 and 2 are a longitudinal and a transverse section respectively, each on
the lines 1 - 1 and 2 - - 2 on the other, of one modification of our new or
improved box churn, having all the parts made of malleable-iron or mild steel; and
Figure 3 is a perspective elevation of the box churn closed up, corresponding to Figure 1,
showing the driving spindle passing out through the stuffing-box C, on one side of
the churn. Figures 4 and 5 show an end and a side view respectively of the
churning arms E, E¹ to a large scale, as detached from the driving spindle Ď.
Referring to these Drawings, which represent a box churn as constructed wholly of
malleable iron or mild welding steel, all constructed in accordance with and illustrative
of one modification of our improvements. The box part of this churn consists of a
deep rectangular vessel A, A¹, A", A', in which the two outer sides A, A', and ends A"
are all made of thick sheet-iron plate welded together and to the bottom A³ at the
corners a, where they are preferably slightly rounded to have no sharp corners ;
and has a longitudinal division partition A' welded to the bottom A³ at a', and to
the ends A at top dividing the box into working and circulating divisions B, B¹,
with openings b at the ends of the division plate A³, communicating between these
divisions for the circulation of the milk, as will hereinafter be described. The outer
sides A¹ and ends A", A", are formed at the top with a double angled or socket

page_text: recessed part at a³ for supporting the segmental and flat removable tops B³, B³, closing
up the working and circulating divisions B, B', while working the churn, these lids
having handles 63, 63, for removing and replacing them. Handles a³ are also secured
on the outside ends A" A" of the churn box for shifting it when that is required.
The bottom A of the milk box is formed or angled lowest at one end A", and formed
and fitted with a plug 6' at this lowest end, so as to draw off the milk after each
churning, and also the water used in washing the churn. The side A of the churn
is fitted, at a convenient height, with a stuffing box C, for carrying the spindle D of
the churning wheel or "dasher" arms E, E'; while a screw bush C¹ is fitted in the
division plate A in horizontal line with the stuffing box C, to carry the inner end
journal of the spindle D of the dash wheel E E'. In this way the spindle D may be
inserted through the division plate A³ through the eye E³ of the dash wheel E, E¹,
and the stuffing box C, and then have the bush C¹ screwed in to make all secure and
tight for driving the spindle D, in the bush bearings C¹ and stuffing box C, and be
driven by wheels on its outer end D¹ beyond the stuffing-box C. The dasher arms E E¹
are secured to their spindle D by a steel pointed pinching screw d passed through
their eye E into a countersunk recess in the spindle D. The radial arms E, E¹, of
the dash wheel are made of strong angle-iron welded solid to the eye E³, and have
alternate transverse and radial dash bars e, e¹, those e being welded to them at
their inner ends, all secured by cross bars ee at their outer ends, where the hollow
angle-irons are closed to form them into air vessels on the front sides where they
enter the milk; ends and divisions es being also formed in the main arms E, E', for
the like purpose, the arrows in Figures I and 4 indicate the direction the dasher
wheel or arms E, E¹, turn to so carry the air into the milk and agitate it. In the
case of the radial dash arms E¹, e¹, these are all welded to their end bars e¹¹, which
are again welded to the back of the alternate arms E, E¹, as seen more particularly
in the detached enlarged views Figures 4 and 5. The milk as it is agitated in the
working chamber B, passes round out through the opening b in the dividing plate A*
on the left side, and along the circulating division B', entering again by the opening b
on the right side, all as indicated by the arrows in Figure 1. The removable lid B
over the working chamber B is preferably formed of sheet-iron or steel lighter than
that of the box, and for strength and lightness is formed with a strengthening band
round its lower edge where it rests on the recessed top a² to strengthen the sides, the
top being formed of an arch shape secured and strengthened to the sides by angle-
irons, so as to cover in the dash arms turned within the working chamber B; but
the circulating milk chamber B¹ requires only to be covered in by a flat wood cover B³·
resting in the recessed top a² of the circulating chamber B. This makes a very
durable construction of metallic box churn, suitable for being driven either by motive
wheel gearing or by belts and belt pulleys, or it might be by a crank handle secured
on tho end D of the spindle D for small sizes, as also so strong that the parts will
maintain their shape, while being put into the muffle or furnace for firing the enamel
and coating them with the silicious glazes. The surfaces and parts of this metallic
churn which are enamelled are the interior surfaces of the sides and bottoms A, A',
A", A³, As, within the chamber B, B₁, and the interior surfaces of the lid B³, and all
the exposed surfaces of the dash wheel or arms E, E, and their dash bars e, e¹,
ande, e, so that they may be easily washed and cleaned. The driving spindle
being turned would not be enamelled, nor the interior of the eye E³, which would
be made to fit on to the spindle, and easily removed for cleaning daily or periodically
as required.
For enamelling these parts as stated, the surfaces are first thoroughly cleaned with
dilute acid. This may be done to the empty churn box as forged by filling it with
dilute hydrochloric acid, and then running it out and drying the surfaces. The
dasher wheel would be immersed into a bath of this dilute acid, and the surfaces
dried. These surfaces would then be ready for receiving the silicious enamel powder,
a thin coating of dilute gum arabic being first applied, so as to receive and retain the
enamel powder or glaze which is preferably applied in a dry finely ground state to the
surfaces of the churn and its dasher fittings; although the mixture might be made

page_text: up into a creamy consistency and put on with a brush or poured on, but this is not
preferred. The metal parts thus coated with the fine dry enamel powder are placed
in an oven or chamber heated to a temperature of about 200 or 300 degrees
Fahrenheit to get exsiccated; and when dry these coated metallic parts are removed
and placed in another chamber or furnace and elevated to a bright red heat until the
glass or vitreous matter of the enamel or glaze has melted on the surface (which will
be observed by looking through a hole in the chamber), the metallic walls being
retained vertical or in such a position that they will not bend by the heat; or the
walls which have the slightest tendency to bend may be formed with flanges to give
them rigidity. The metal parts so far treated are then removed and placed within a
close or fluid-tight chamber to exclude the oxidising action of the atmospheric air and
allowed to slowly cool, when the enamelling, or glazing would be completed and the
churn and its dasher fittings be ready for use. The glaze or coating which we find
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and is prepared by melting those salts or compound in a covered or glass-makers
crucible set in a furnace, then drawing them off and allowing them to cool and solidify.
The solidified mass is ground or reduced to a very finely powdered state and sifted
through a sieve, when it is then ready to be used for conting the milk exposed
surfaces of the churn and its dasher fittings as herein before described.
The aforesaid is the preferable glaze which we use; but other glazes may be adopted
for enamelling the metallic surfaces of the churns, such as Flint Glass and Feldspar
or Sodium Chloride.
Although only a welded sheet-iron or steel box form or construction of churn has
been shown and described, it will be understood that they might also be made of
cast-iron or cast steel, and be strengthened with ribs, and that when round or other
forms of stationary oscillating or rotating churns are required, they may also be
constructed of malleable or cast-iron or steel to the hollow shapes required, with
flanges or rims to give them strength to make them sufficiently rigid to sustain the
high treatment and heat of enamelling all substantially as described.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of our said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, we declaro that what
we claim is,―
First. The making of churns and their dasher fittings of metal, enamelled on their
milk exposed surfaces, all substantially as and for the purposes and advantages
herein described in reference to and shown in the accompanying Drawings.
Second. The construction, or combination of a metallic churn and its dasher
fittings, for being enamelled or glazed on the milk exposed surfaces, all substantially
as and for the purposes and advantages herein described in reference to and shown in
the accompanying Drawings.
Third. The process, or mode and means of coating the milk exposed surfaces of
metallic churns with enamel glazes, substantially as and for the purposes herein
described.
Dol
AL 1007