IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF AND APPARATUS FOR MAKING BRICKS, TILES, AND OTHER ARTICLES PRODUCED BY EXPRESSING THROUGH MOULDING ORIFICES THE CLAY OR. MATERIALS OF WHICH THEY ARE COMPOSED
Year: 1868

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Jonathan Dumbleton Pinfold, of Rugby, in the
County of Warwick, Engineer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS
IN THE MANUFACTURE OF AND APPARATUS FOR MAKING BRICKS, TILES, AND
OTHER ARTICLES PRODUCED BY EXPRESSING THROUGH MOULDING ORIFICES THE
CLAY OR. MATERIALS OF WHICH THEY ARE COMPOSED."
Sealed the 29th December 1868, and dated the 2nd July 1868.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Jonathan Dumbleton
Pinfold at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his
Petition, on the 2nd July 1868.
I, JONATHAN DUMBLETON PINFOLD, of Rugby, in the County of
Warwick, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF AND APPARATUS FOR MAKING
BRICKS, TILES, AND OTHER ARTICLES PRODUCED BY EXPRESSING THROUGH MOULDING
ORIFICES THE CLAY OR MATERIALS OF WHICH THEY ARE COMPOSED," to be as
follows:-
The improvements embrace the lubricating the moulding orifices and
the pressing rollers of the apparatus (or some of them) and the surfaces

page_text: or some of them) of the compressing chamber or place where the
squeezing takes place, with oil, water, steam, or other lubricant. Also
the construction of and adaption to the apparatus of cheeks and
scrapers, which may be at, to, or near to the orifices, and of rollers in or
partly forming the compression chamber, such cheeks and the surface of
such rollers being of porous material or semi-porous or non-porous
material, such cheeks, scrapers, and rollers, or parts of them being move-
able and adjustable, if desired, to any dimensions required. Also, when
the compression chamber and die is formed with horizontal and vertical
rollers, the adaptation of an adjustable or fixed upper and an adjustable
or fixed lower plate or plates therein, or thereof, lying generally
horizontal or nearly so.
Further, the improvements embrace the construction of the com-
pressing chamber, orifices, dies, rollers, and plates wholly (in one or more
pieces as may be found convenient) of blue lias clay, Ransome's Patent
stone, terra cotta, wood, perforated or louvre fashioned metal or other
porous or semi-porous material suitably formed to hold or receive
lubricating matter if desirable. And with reference to cutting the
expressed clay or material into bricks or pieces the Invention embraces
the causing a folding cutter or divider to travel with the clay during the
action of cutting or dividing, and so that it may be returned to its normal
position all without stopping the expressing action, and also the mechani-
cally driving the carrying bands or rollers for receiving and carrying
forward the clay as delivered from the orifices by or from the motion of
a cutting wheel, such as in the "Rugby" brick machines, including
also application of friction arrangements and of change wheels for
varying speed.
The above improvements or some of them are not only applicable to
the apparatus for making bricks, tiles, pipes, &c., but are applicable to
all machines used for expressing or passing compressed clay or plastic
material through dies, orifices, compressing chambers, &c., or for other-
wise working plastic materials.
The manner of performing the several improvements is as follows:-
The cheeks and the surfaces of the vertical rollers may be of lias clay baked
or dried, without glaze, into a "bisque" or porous state, or may be glazed
or partly so, or may be made of Ransome's Patent stone, and made into a
shape or shapes or pieces to fit as required to be used, and may be made

page_text: with
grooves or channels, and holes and openings (which may be "louvre"
fashion if desired) for passage of the lubricant through them to surface next
the passing or moving clay; or wood or metal may be substituted. The
rollers may be hollow. The scraper may conveniently be of metal, and
may be placed horizontal or nearly so and be adjusted to the rolls by set
screws, or by preference by a bolt from each end of scraper to the back
of machine framing, or by other suitable means. The top and bottom of
the compressing chamber or die may be made of layers of metal plate or
other material placed "louvre" fashion, or having holes and passages
therein through which the lubricant can pass, and being adjustable may
by degree of relative inclination to each other regulate or assist in
regulating any degree of compression. When desired the compressing
chamber or die is made in one piece or several pieces of blue lias clay,
Ransome's Patent stone, terra cotta, wood, perforated or louvre fashioned
metal, or other porous or semi-porous material having grooves formed in
or thereon, and having suitable holes and openings for the passage of the
lubricant through them to surface next the passing or moving plastic
material. Where the expressed clay is to be cut by folding or hinged
cutting table or cutter this cutter may be made generally as heretofore,
excepting the travelling movement, which is new; and to cause this
movement the moving clay may be clasped by pallets on the travelling
cutter, or preferably by one of the ordinary rollers on which the clay
travels, being made so that it may be (at pleasure) somewhat elevated
above the others and receive the thrust of the extremity of the expressed
clay, the pallets or the rollers, as the case may be, being made to fall
back immediately the cutting wires have passed, and so that the cutter
may be returned to its original position. And as to the driving the
cutting wheel, the change wheels may be applied externally to frame of
machine, and the gearing employed between rim of cutting wheel and
next wheel may be worm gearing at any desired inclination or pitch;
and the friction arrangements may be made at the first or driving pulley,
or one of the wheels carrying endless band on which expressed clay is
propelled, or at both these places so as to regulate the amount of friction
required; or the passage of the clay itself may be made to move &
to regulate the speed of the cutting wheel as above.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Jonathan Dumbleton Pinfold in the Great Seal
Patent Office on the 2nd January 1869..
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JONATHAN
DUMBLETON PINFOLD, of Rugby, in the County of Warwick, Engineer,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, hearing date the Second day of July, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight, in the thirty-
second year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said Jonathan Dumbleton Pinfold, Her
special licence that I, the said Jonathan Dumbleton Pinfold, my exe-
cutors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said
Jonathan Dumbleton Pinfold, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at
all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and law-
fully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man,
an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF AND APPARATUS
FOR MAKING BRICKS, TILES, AND OTHER ARTICLES PRODUCED BY EXPRESSING
THROUGH MOULDING ORIFICES THE CLAY OR MATERIALS OF WHICH THEY ARE
COMPOSED," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Jonathan
Dumbleton Pinfold, my executors or administrators, by an instrument
in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should
particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention,
and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the
same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Jonathan Dumbleton Pinfold, do
bereby declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascer-
tained in and by the following statement :-
These improvements embrace the lubrication of the moulding orifices
and the pressing rollers of the apparatus (or some of them) and the
surfaces (or some of them) of the compressing chamber or place where
the squeezing takes place with oil, water, steam, or other lubricant. Also

page_text: the construction of and adaptation to the apparatus of cheeks and
scrapers which may be at, to, or near to the orifices, and of rollers in or
partly forming the compression chamber, such cheeks and the surface of
such rollers being of porous material, or semi-porous or non-porous
material, such cheeks, scrapers, and rollers, or parts of them, being
moveable and adjustable if desired to any dimensions required. Also,.
when the compression chamber and die is formed with horizontal and
vertical rollers, the adaptation of an adjustable or fixed upper, and an
adjustable or fixed lower plate or plates therein or thereof lying generally
horizontal or nearly so.
Further, the improvements embrace the construction of the com-
pressing chamber, orifices, dies, rollers, and plates wholly (in one or
more pieces, as may be found convenient) of blue lias clay, Ransome's
Patent stone, terra cotta, wood, perforated or louvre fashioned metal, or
other porous or semi-porous material suitably formed to hold or receive
lubricating matter if desirable.
And with reference to cutting the expressed clay or material into
bricks or pieces the Invention embraces the causing a folding cutter or
divider to travel with the clay during the action of cutting or dividing,
and so that it may be returned to its normal position, all without
stopping the expressing action. Also the mechanically driving the
carrying bands or rollers for receiving and carrying forward the clay as
delivered from the orifices by or from the motion of a cutting wheel,
such as the " Rugby brick machines, including also application
of friction arrangements and of change wheels for varying speed.
"
The above improvements, or some of them, are not only applicable to
the apparatus for making bricks, tiles, pipes, and such like articles, but
are applicable to all machines used for expressing or passing compressed
clay or plastic material through dies, orifices, compressing chambers, or
for otherwise working plastic materials.
In performing or carrying out the several improvements the cheeks
and the surfaces of the vertical rollers may be of lias clay baked or
dried without glaze into a " bisque" or porous state, or may be glazed
or partly so, or may be made of "Ransome's Patent stone," and made
into a shape or shapes or pieces to fit as required to be used, and may
be made with grooves or channels, and holes and openings (which may
be louvre fashion if desired), for passage of the lubricant through them
to surface next the passing or moving clay; or wood or metal may be

page_text: substituted. The rollers may be hollow. The scraper may conveniently
be of metal, may be placed horizontally, or nearly so, and be adjusted
to the rolls by set screws, or by preference by a bolt from each end
of scraper to the back of machine framing, or by other suitable means.
The top and bottom of the compressing chamber or die may be made
of layers of metal plate or other material placed louvre fashion, or
having holes and passages therein through which the lubricant can pass,
and being adjustable may by degree of relative inclination to each
other regulate or assist in regulating any degree of compression. When
desired the compressing chamber or die is made in one piece or several
pieces of blue lias clay, Ransome's Patent stone, terra cotta, wood,
perforated or louvre fashioned metal, or other porous or semi-porous
material, having grooves formed in or thereon, and having suitable
holes and openings for the passage of the lubricant through them to
the surface next the passing or moving plastic material. Where the
expressed clay is to be cut by a folding or hinged cutting table or
cutter, this cutter may be made generally as heretofore, excepting the
travelling movement, which is new; and to cause this movement the
moving clay may be clasped by pallets on the travelling cutter, or
preferably by one of the ordinary rollers on which the clay travels being
made so that it may be (at pleasure) somewhat elevated above the others,
and receive the thrust of the extremity of the expressed clay, the pallets
or roller, as the case may be, being made to fall back immediately the
cutting wires have passed, and so that the cutter may be returned to its
original position. And as to the driving of the cutting wheel the change
wheels may be applied externally to the frame of the machine, and the
gearing employed between the rim of the cutting wheel and the next
wheel may be worm gearing at any desired inclination or pitch; and
the friction arrangements may be made at the first or driving pulley
or one of the wheels carrying the endless band on which expressed clay
is propelled, or at both these places, so as to regulate the amount of
friction required; or the passage of the clay itself may be made to move
to regulate the speed of the cutting wheel as above.

page_text: "
A is part of the framing of the machine; B, B, are the two horizontal
rollers between which the clay is passed on its way to the mouth piece or
die; C, C, are the side cheeks which prevent the clay from being
squeezed out laterally, and which are set up by the adjusting screws D, D.
A recess E is formed in each of these cheeks and is filled with porous
material, such as lias clay baked or dried without glaze into a "bisque'
or porous state, or with other suitable material, as herein-before described.
In some cases I employ wood cut diagonally to the grain, or thin bars
of metal arranged in the manner of louvre boards, as shown at F in
Fig. 5, which represents a sectional plan of one of the cheeks. Spaces-
or channels are left in the recess behind the porous or louvred facing and
supplied with water or other lubricating fluid, which oozes through the
pores of the facing or between the louvre bars and lubricates the clay as
it passes onwards towards the mouth piece. G, G, are scrapers applied
to the rollers, and these scrapers are held in position by bolts G' ex-
tending to the back part of the framing, where they are easily accessible
for adjustment.
In Figs. 1 and 2 the mouth piece or die is represented as consisting
of vertical rollers L, L, for the sides and rubbing surfaces above and
below. These are adapted for adjustment in height and for lubrication
in the following manner:-The inner lining consists of two plates of
metal H, H, one above and the other below the clay. These plates are
firmly secured at the inner end to the body of the mouth piece; at their
outer ends they are secured by several screws drawing them apart, and
set up by several screws pressing them together as indicated at J, there
being sufficient flexibility in the metal to admit of the required adjustment
by means of these screws. At H', H', a groove is formed in each of these
metal linings so as to form a channel for water or lubricating fluid supplied
by pipes I, I. In front of the groove at H' there is a thin slip of metal
secured at the inner edge to the metal lining but free at the outer edge
so that the fluid can issue from the groove in a thin film, and thus
lubricate the clay passing onwards towards the mouth of the die.
When the mouth piece has no side rollers, and when it is not required
to make it adjustable so as to vary the thickness of clay issuing from it,
I construct it as represented in Figs. 3 and 4, where N is a porous
lining such as has been described above, with grooves or recesses behind
it. These grooves being supplied with water or lubricating fluid by a
pipe O moisture oozes through the porous lining and serves to lubricate

page_text: the passing clay. I sometimes form the vertical side rollers L, L, so as
to lubricate the clay by constructing them as represented in section in
Fig. 6, where M is a hollow cylinder of porous material such as has been
above described held between two end bosses secured on the driving
shaft. The upper boss has a hole through it by which water or lubri-
cating fluid is supplied to the interior of the roller, and this fluid
oozes through the pores of the periphery and lubricates the passing
clay.
Although I have described these improvements as applied to a
machine in which the clay is forced through an orifice by means of
rollers, it is obvious that they are equally applicable to machines in which
the pressure is given by other means.
Fig. 7 represents a side elevation; Fig. 8 an end elevation, and Fig. 9
a plan of a cutting frame constructed according to my Invention with a
travelling movement imparted to it by the moving clay.
A is the cutting frame fitted with wires in the ordinary way and
mounted on a rocking shaft B, so that when the frame is swung on this
shaft the wires pass through the clay transversely to the direction of its
movement. The clay rests on rollers D in the ordinary way, but one of
these E is mounted on two arms of a rocking shaft, to which is attached
a handle E'. By means of this handle the attendant, after clay already
cut has been removed, raises the roller E above the level of the other
rollers. F, F, are two side cheeks which carry the rollers, and G, G, are
two axles to which these cheeks and the cutting frame are attached.
The axles G, G, have flanged wheels at each end which work freely in
slots in the framing of the machine. When the clay in its onward
movement encounters the elevated roller E it pushes it forwards and
carries with it the whole set of rollers and the cutting frame, which
during this movement makes its cut. The cut having been effected the
roller E is permitted to sink down to the general level, and to allow the
cut clay to pass onwards I apply a trigger or catch H to the arms which
carry the roller E, and this bearing against a pin or stop fixed in the
framing renders the action automatic. Instead of using the axles and
wheels G, as represented in the Drawing, the cutting frame and roller
cheeks might be made to traverse in slides, or might be suspended from
or mounted on swing arms, or the whole frame of this portion of the
machine might be mounted on rollers or otherwise fitted to traverse, the
object being that the forward movement of the clay during the cut shall

page_text: carry the cutting frame with it, and thereby secure a cut perfectly
straight and transverse to the line of movement, the movement itself of
the clay continuing without interruption. When the clay is cut by the
rotation of an oblique wheel having cutting wires as spokes, as described
in a Specification of a Patent obtained by Samuel Barlow Wright and
Henry Thomas Green, bearing date 27th November 1857, No. 2958.
I apply gearing to effect the cut in the manner shown in Figs. 10, 11,
and 12, of which Fig. 10 represents a part longitudinal, Fig. 11 a part
transverse section, and Fig. 12 a plan of so much of the machine as my
improvements apply to.
A, A, are two horizontal, and B, B, are two vertical rollers between
which the clay passes towards the cutting wheel C, causing them to
revolve. The shaft of one of the rollers A is connected by gearing F, F,
to a spindle G, driving it at speed which may be adjusted by changing
the proportions of the intermediate gearing F, F. The spindle G carries
a wheel G¹ with oblique teeth which gear into teeth on the periphery of
the cutting wheel C; K is a pulley driven by the prime mover which
works the machine and which is held more or less tight on its shaft K¹
by means of collars compressed by nuts so that it may have more or
less friction to drive the shaft K'. This shaft K' by means of gearing E
drives the cutting wheel C, but this wheel being held by the oblique
teeth on G¹ can only revolve at the rate permitted by that gearing, any
extra speed of the pulley K being absorbed in the friction on its shaft;
thus the movement of the cutting wheel is adjusted to that of the clay,
the force to drive it coming nevertheless from the prime mover. It is
obvious that with a similar arrangement of gearing instead of using the
four rollers A, A, B, B, the ordinary travelling band may be applied to
permit the movement of the cutting wheel C, as above described. Some-
times I find it convenient to make the pitch or obliquity of the teeth
on G' and the intermediate gearing F, F, connecting it with one of the
rollers A, such that this roller shall be driven by the cutting wheel.
This roller is in such case mounted on a hollow shaft fitted with a friction
cone H and tightening bolt and nuts, the bolt being prevented from
turning by an arm H', which is secured to the framing of the machine.
The strain necessary to drive this roller can thus be adjusted to suit the
friction with which the pulley K acts on its shaft K', and thus the
power driving the pulley K is partly employed to effect the cut by
driving the cutting wheel C, and partly applied to overcome the friction

page_text: of the cone H. By suitably adjusting the amount of friction at K
and H the rollers A, A, and B, B, are permitted to travel exactly with
the movement of the clay. The movement of the cutting wheel C is
also properly timed to that of the rollers by means of the gearing F and
G', and the power to work it comes directly from the prime mover. By
changing the wheels F, F, the time of the cut may be altered, and thus
the thickness of the bricks can be varied at pleasure.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, I would have it understood that I
do not limit myself to the precise details represented in the Drawings, as
these may be varied without departing from the principle of the
Invention as described, of the manner of performing which the accom-
panying Drawings are only illustrative.
In witness whereof, I, the said Jonathan Dumbleton Pinfold, have
hercunto set my hand and seal, this First day of January, in
the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-
nine
Witness,
J. D. PINFOLD. (L.S.)
ALEX. P. WRIGHT,
Secretary to the Inventors' Patent Right Association, Limited,
Patentees' Agents,
21, Cockspur Street,
Charing Cross,
London, S.W.