IMPROVED MACHINERY FOR TURNING, SOME PART OR PARTS OF WHICH MAY BE MADE APPLICABLE TO OTHER USEFUL PURPOSES
Year: 1838

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHк
CLARK the younger, of Mile-end, Glasgow, Cotton Spinner, send greeting.
WHEREAS I did, by Petition, humbly represent unto Her present most Excel-
lent Majesty Queen Victoria that, after considerable application and expense
I had invented or found out "IMPROVED MACHINERY FOR TURNING, SOME PART
OR PARTS OF WHICH MAY BE MADE APPLICABLE TO OTHER USEFUL PURPOSES ;" and
Her said Majesty being willing to give encouragement to all arts and inven-
tions which may be for the public good, was graciously pleased, by Her Royal
Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Fourth day of April (Eighteen
hundred and thirty-eight) in the first year of Her reign, for Herself, Her
heirs and successors, to give and grant unto me, the said John Clark the
younger, my executors, administrators, and assigns, Her especial licence, full
power, sole privilege and authority, that I or they, by myself or themselves,
or by my or their deputies, servants, or agents, or such others as I or they
should agree with (and no others), during the term of fourteen years from the
date of the said Letters Patent, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,
and vend, my said Invention within that part of Her said Majesty's Dominions.
called England, Her Dominion of Wales, and Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed,
and also in all Her Majesty's Colonies and Plantations abroad, in such
manner as to me, my executors, administrators, and assigns, shall seem meet,
and as that I or they shall enjoy the whole profit and advantage arising by
reason of the said Invention during the said term of fourteen years; and for
this end Her said Majesty requires and strictly commands all Her subjects

page_text: whatsoever that they shall not, neither directly or indirectly, make, use, or put
in practice my said Invention, or any part thereof, nor in anywise counterfeit,
imitate, or resemble the same, nor make any addition thereto or subtraction
therefrom, whereby to pretend himself or themselves to be the Inventor or
Inventors thereof; . and whereas the said Letters Patent contain a proviso
obliging me particularly to describe and ascertain the nature of my said
Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, by an instrument
in writing under my hand and seal, and cause the same to be enrolled in Her
Said Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent, as in and by the same,
reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, the said
John Clark the younger, do hereby declare that my said Invention is
described and ascertained in manner following, and by the aid and assistance of
the two Sheets of Drawings hereunto annexed, and of the figures and letters
marked thereon, that is to say:-
My improved machinery for turning may be constructed in two different
ways, whereof one (which is represented in Plan I. of the Drawings hereunto
annexed) operates by a slow progressive motion in a circular orbit, and the
other (represented in Plan II.) operates by a slow progressive motion in a
straight line, the operation of such slow progressive motion being in either case
to subject rough unshapen articles which are required to be turned (that is, to be
reduced circularly by the operation of turning) to some particular form and
size which is truly circular, I say to súbject each one of such articles to the
operation of the cutting edges of a series of suitable cutting tools, whilst the
said article is turned continually and rapidly round its own axis of rotation
(that is, around the central line of its intended circular form), the said slow
progressive motion being in a direction crossways to the direction of the said
axis of rotation, in order that those said cutting edges may cut off from the
revolving article all such superfluities as may be requisite for reducing it circu-
larly to the intended form and size, and for thereby attaining the same result
as might be attained by turning the article in a lathe. The said slow progres-
sive motion (whether in a circular orbit or in a straight line as aforesaid) is so
"directed as to cause each revolving article and the cutting edges to approach
gradually, one towards the other, until by their gradual contact the intended
cutting or reducing is performed, and then after that the onward progress of
the same slow progressive motion (without any discontinuance or change of its
direction) causes the same revolving article and cutting edges which have been
recently brought into contact, to quit that contact and gradually récede or

page_text: separate one from another, in order that by the further onward progress of
the 'said slow progressive motion, the same revolving article which has been
subjected to the operation of the aforesaid cutting edges (and has been roughly
reduced thereby' to a circular form), and the cutting edges of other suitable.
cutting tools, may be caused to approach gradually one towards the other, to
bring them in gradual contact' suitably for reducing the revolving article circu-
larly to a nearer approximation to the intended form and size; and after such
contact the further onward progress of the said slow progressive motion
causes a gradual separation, as already explained, and so on the revolving
article is subjected to the operation of another and another tool, until that
intended form and size is attained. Wherefore, by operation of the slow pro-
gressive motion, each article is subjected to the operation of as many cutting
tools as may be requisite for reducing it circularly, by succeeding stages of
formation, from its rough unshapen form to its intended form and size, some of
those tools being adapted to cut and reduce some parts of the article, and others
of the tools being adapted to cut and reduce other parts thereof to the form
and size which is intended to be given to those parts respectively. And note,
the said slow progressive motion may either be given to the revolving article
or else the same may be given to the cutting tools, in order in either case to
cause the one to approach towards the other as aforesaid until they come
gradually in contact for performing the intended cutting, and after that to
cause them to quit that contact and gradually to recede or separate one from
the other as aforesaid; and the machinery may contain several duplicates of
the articles which are to be turned in manner aforesaid, and each of those
articles will by tlie aforesaid slow progressive motion be subjected in turn, one
after another, to the aforesaid action of the several cutting tools, so as to be by
them reduced circularly, by succeeding stages of formation, to the intended form
and size. And the said cutting tools (or some of them) may be stationary, or they
may be only moved with the said slow progressive motion whilst in operation,
that is, the said cutting tools may either be fixed immoveably during the time
of their intended cutting operation, or they may be carried along by the slow
progressive motion without any other motion than that, so as in either case,
when by the aforesaid operation of the slow progressive motion the revolving
articles and the cutting edges are brought into gradual contact, that those
cutting edges shall be duly qualified for intercepting and cutting off such
superfluities from the revolving articles as will reduce them circularly as much
as is intended to be done by those cutting edges. Or else the said cutting
tools (or some of them) may be revolving cutters, whereof the cutting edges
move round in circles, in order that those cutting edges may be kept in rapid

page_text: motion when by the aforesaid operation of the slow progressive motion the
revolving articles and the said revolving cutting edges are brought into gradual
contact, and that rapid motion of the cutting edges will expedite the cutting
away of such superfluities as will reduce the revolving articles circularly as
much as is intended to be done by those moving cutting edges. In all cases!
each of the cutting tools, whether revolving or otherwise, must be susceptible
of adjustment as to the position wherewith its cutting edge or edges will by
operation of the slow progressive motion be brought into contact with the
revolving article, and those adjustments must be suitably made for enabling.
the cutting edges to reduce the article (or some parts of the article) as much
as is required to be done to the article, or to the several parts thereof, by
each of the tools respectively, at each succeeding stage of the formation of
the article.
DESCRIPTION of the IMPROVED MACHINERY for Turning, which is represented
in Plan I.
It operates by carrying round in a circular orbit a number of the
articles which are to be turned, and at the same time giving each of those
articles a rapid motion around its own central line or axis of rotation, in order
that by a slow progressive motion in that orbit the said articles may be sub-
jected, one after another, whilst they are revolving rapidly around their own
several axis of rotation, to the cutting edges of a set of cutting tools, some
whereof are rotatory, so that the cutting edges move with rapidity in circles,
and others are stationary tools; some of the said tools of either class being
adapted to cut and reduce some parts, and others of the said tools being
adapted to reduce other parts, of each article to the form and size which is
intended to be given to such articles by the operation of turning them in the
improved machinery.
Fig. I. is a front elevation, Fig. II. an end elevation, and Fig. III. is a ver-
tical section of the machine. The same letters of reference denote the same parts
of the machine in all the Figures. A, A, A, A, is a framework, constituting
a bench or table, upon which the machine is fixed. B, B, two circular plates
or rings of cast iron, fixed one opposite to the other, in parallel vertical planes,
their interior circular apertures being in exact conformity, the one with the
other. They are fixed by screws to the framing A, A, and are firmly united,
the one to the other, by the short stays m, m. C, C, are two moveable rings,
whereof the external circumferences are fitted truly into the interior circular
apertures of the two fixed rings B, B, so as to be capable of revolving freely.
therein. The two moveable rings C, C, are connected together by four or

page_text: more stays, which unite firmly; and the rings C, C, have prominent border
flanges around their exterior circumferences, which flanges, by applying
against the borders of the circular apertures in the fixed rings B, B, retain the
two revolving rings C, C, securely within the two fixed rings B, B, without
impediment to the revolving motion of the former. A, Figs. II. and III., is a
ring of teeth attached to one of the revolving rings C, so as to form a large
spur wheel, the teeth whereof are engaged by the teeth of the small spur.
wheelf; and by action thereof the two moveable rings C, C, are turned round
within the two fixed rings B, B, with a slow progressive motion. K is a hori-
zontal shaft disposed over the machine, and turned round by the first moving
power, for the purpose of giving the requisite motion to all parts of the
improved machinery. On the shaft K a small pulley I is fixed, and commu-
nicates a slower motion, by means of the endless belt or strap O, to the large
pulley H, which is fixed on the extremity of the same horizontal axis 9 as the
small spur wheel f, by which the moveable rings C, C, are turned slowly
round. Note, the motion may be rendered still slower when required to suit
the machinery 'for turning articles of hard materials, by then bringing into
action a small pinion j, which is fitted upon the axis g, in order to turn a larger
spur wheel k on an axis l, situate beneath; and on the axis is another small
pinion o, to work in the teeth of the small spur wheel f. The small pinion o
is fitted loose on its axis l, and therefore has no operation until it is required to
give the very slow motion. Then the pinion o must be made fast to its axis l,
and at the same time the wheelf must be set loose on its axis 9, and also the
endless belt on the pulleys I and H must be crossed. The two moveable cir-
cular rings C, C, are furnished with spindles, which are marked e, e, e, very
similar to the spindles of a turning lathe. They are supported in a horizontal
direction by having their ends fitted into suitable collars or holes in the two
rings C, C, so that all the twenty spindles are arranged at equal distances
around in one circle. The two ends of each spindle project out beyond the
two rings C, C, and one or both of those projecting ends may have screws
formed upon them, or may have hollows perforated in them, the inside of
which hollows may be screws, or the spindles may be hollow throughout, in
any of the modes used in turning lathes for fixing the article which is to be
turned to the end of the spindles. Each of the spindles has a pulley h fixed
upon it, and those pulleys are encompassed by a broad belt i from the large
pulley F, fixed on the upper shaft K. Note, the belt i is broken off in Fig. II.
to shew the pulleys h, h. The belt i passes within two rollers d, d, which are
supported by the two fixed rings B, B, so as to gather the belt in around the
greater number of the pulleys h. The belt i, by its action on the several
pulleys h, h, turns each of the spindles round with a rapid motion about its own

page_text: central line, at the same time that by the motion of the rings C, C, within
the fixed rings B, B; all the spindles are carried round with a slow progressive
motion in the circular orbit which they occupy; the articles to be turned
being fixed at the ends of the several spindles, as seen at q, q, in Fig. II., in
their rough unshaped state. These articles partake of the aforesaid compound
motion of the spindles; that is, each article is caused. to revolve rapidly round
its own central line or axis of rotation, and at the same time they are all
carried slowly round in the circular orbit, wherein all those axis are arranged.
L is a horizontal bar or pathway, fixed on the top of the table A, A. It has
prominent edges, upon which the saddles n, m, n, are fitted, in the manner of
dovetailed sliders, and they can be moved along the pathway L by means of
the long screws r, r, r. S, S, S, are carriages for receiving and sustaining
horizontal spindles x, x, x, in suitable bearings. The lower parts of the car
riages S, S, S, are based upon and attached to horizontal sliders, which are
fitted to the saddles n, n, n, so as to be capable of being moved in a direction
at right angles to the pathway L by the screws u, u, u. These screws u, u, u,
together with the screws r, r, r, are for the purpose of adjusting the positions
of the several spindles x, x, x, and consequently the rotatory cutting tools t, t, t,
which are fixed on the extremities of the spindles x, x, x, (see Figs. II. and III.,)
in order to suit them for cutting the articles which are to be turned. Note, the
carriages S are attached to the horizontal sliders upon which they stand by
one screw for each carriage, which allows the same to be turned about, so as
to place the spindle x at any angle with the direction of the slider and
screw u, or parallel thereto, as may be required. The revolving cutting tools
are broken off at Fig. II. to shew other parts. Each of the spindles x has a
pulley y, y, fixed upon it to give it a rapid rotatory motion by a band or belt
from a large pulley or drum Z, fixed upon the shaft K. The revolving cutting
tools (some of which may be of the nature of circular saws variously
combined, or may be of other kinds of circular cutters, according to the
articles which are to be turned) are fixed upon the ends of the several spindles
x, x, x, and are placed by means of the screws r, r, and u, u, in suitable
positions to qualify their revolving cutting edges to intercept and cut the
articles which are to be turned as the same are carried round in their circular
orbit by the progressive motion of the rings C, C, each of those articles at
the same time revolving rapidly around its own axis by the motion given to
their several spindles e, e. The revolving cutting tools may be disposed so as
to act upon the said articles at the exterior of the circular orbit in which they
circulate, or else at the interior thereof, in which latter case the carriages S
must be tall enough to sustain the revolving cutters in a sufficiently elevated
position, but in the former case the carriages are lower, as is shewn in the 4

page_text: Drawing. The revolving tools when combined of circular saws may have
several such saws of the ordinary kind placed side by side, as shewn..in
Figure V., with circles of pasteboard or metal, or any other suitable sub-
stance, interposed between them to hold them at small distances asunder.
Such revolving cutters are adapted for roughly turning or reducing articles
which are to be turned in soft wood, because the wood which is left uncut
in the intervals between the saws is easily broken away in fragments, and as
much wood is removed as the whole breadth occupied by all the several saws.
which are so combined. If the circular saws which are. so combined are
all of one size, then all their several cutting edges will cut equally to reduce
the revolving article upon which they operate either to a cylindrical or to a
straight tapering form, according as the spindle a is set parallel to the spindles
e, or with a slight obliquity thereto; but if circular saws of several different
sizes are combined together in manner aforesaid, then the teeth of those saws
which are largest in diameter will cut deeper into the revolving article than the
teeth of the saws which are smaller in diameter will cut, and thus by suitable
adaptation of circular saws of different diameters they can be combined to
form revolving tools, whereby the articles may be roughly reduced to the
required form. Another kind of revolving tool for operating upon harder
wood, or for smoother turning than the before-mentioned combined saws, may
be made very similar to a circular saw, but of much thicker metal, as repre-
sented in Fig. VI., the teeth being formed to sharp cutting edges, and those
edges having a suitable bevel or obliquity to the direction of the spindle x, and
two or more such circular tools may be combined side by side, either in close
contact or with small intervals between them. Another kind of revolving
cutter may be formed of cutters very similar to carpenters' or joiners' gouges,
chissels, or plane irons, either single irons for rough cutting, or what are
called double irons for smooth .cutting. A number of such cutters may
be fastened, by screws or otherwise, on to suitable notches formed in a
circular wheel for their reception, and adapted to hold their cutting edges in
the most advantageous position for enabling them to perform the intended
cutting by the revolving motion of the wheel; an example is shewn at Fig. VII.
Other revolving cutters may be a circular knife or knives, having a continuous
sharp cutting edge all round the circumference for cutting the ends off the
articles which are to be turned (see Fig. VIII.) The stationary cutting tools are
seen at G, G, G, Figs. I. and II., and vary in form and construction according
to the work they are required to perform. Some of those fixed tools consist
of a series of teeth or sharp cutting edges similar to those of a number of
chissels, which may be formed of one piece of metal or of several pieces, blades,

page_text: or gouges, or chissels, or plane irons, double or single, combined and fastened
together by screws or wedges, or otherwise; the tools so formed being held
by suitable supporting brackets fastened by clamping screws to the ring B, B,
or to the table A, A, so as to be capable of all requisite adjustments to their
several positions to qualify their cutting edges for intercepting the revolving
articles which are to be turned, and reducing the same circularly to the
intended form and size, some such tools operating upon some parts of the
articles, and others of those tools operating upon other parts thereof, as may
be required. Also some of such tools must be adapted to operate delicately
for smooth cutting or turning the same parts of the articles which have been
previously roughly cut and rendered circular by other tools, either revolving
or stationary, or of both those kinds in succession. Others of the fixed tools
are knife edged, and are fixed in suitable positions for cutting, turning, and
forming the ends of the revolving articles which are to be turned. By way
of example of the operation of the said improved machinery, it may be sup-
posed to be employed (for the time being) in turning wooden bobbins, such as
are used by spinners and other manufacturers, for instance, such as is shewn at
Fig. IX. Each of the spindles e, e, is to have a suitable mandril or small
spindle p fixed into its hollow (see Fig. X.), and projecting out therefrom in a
suitable manner for receiving the unshapen piece of wood or block to be turned,
the same as would be done in a common turning lathe for turning the same
kind of bobbins. The rough pieces or blocks of wood, being previously pre-
pared and perforated with holes in the usual manner, are stuck on the pro-
jecting ends of the several mandrils p, and as they are carried with a slow
progressive motion around in the circular orbit by the motion of the rings C, C,
each piece of wood is at the same time turned rapidly round about its own
axis by the motion given to its spindle e; and in that course each piece of
wood (in its turn) is brought within reach of the teeth of the circular cutter t 1,
(see also Fig. V.,) which is revolving rapidly, and those teeth cut away the super-
fluous wood, and reduce the same circularly to a cylindrical form, which,
altho' roughly cut, is of a sufficient size to allow the outside diameter of the
bobbin to be formed therefrom. After that operation of the cutter t 1, the
same wood is in turn brought within reach of the teeth of the cutter t 2, (see
also Figs. VI. or VII.,) and their cutting edges eut away and reduce the revolving
wood circularly at the middle part to a sufficient size for roughly forming the
small part of the bobbin, leaving the two ends of the size to which they were
reduced by the preceding rotatory cutter t 1; and then the wood is in its
turn brought into contact with the stationary tool or tools G 1, Figures I. and
11., the cutting edges whereof are adjusted to smooth cut the same parts, which

page_text: have been previously roughly cut by the rotatory cutter t 2, and then in turn
the wood is brought into contact with the rotatory cutter t 3, which is shewn
in Fig. III., is double and adapted to cut away the two ends of the revolving
piece of wood, so as to leave it of only a sufficient length to form the
bobbin, the teeth of the double revolving cutter t 3 going as near as
they can towards the mandril on which the bobbin is fixed, but so as
to avoid touching the same. And note, and if it is intended to form
a beveled or chamfered edge to each of the ends of the bobbin, a circular
cutter, of suitable bevel on its edge and of a suitably less diameter than each
of the cutters t 3, may be applied flatways against each of them at that side
thereof which is adjacent to the other cutter, and then in turn the wood is
brought into contact with the fixed tool G 2, which is double, being two knife
edges adapted for paring smooth the two ends which have been previously
rough cut by the circular cutter t 3. Or note, in lieu of the fixed tool G 2, a
pair of revolving circular knives (see Fig. VIII.) may be applied, as shewn by the
dotted circles in Figure I., for paring smooth the two ends of the bobbin. And,
lastly, the wood is brought in contact with the cutting edges of a stationary
tool G 3, which smooths the outside or largest part of the ends of the bobbin
where it was first rough cut by the rotatory cutter t 1. Each block or rough
piece of wood passes in succession through all the above stages of its formation,
by which it is reduced from the rough state to the intended form and size of a
bobbin, which being done, then as it proceeds further round in the circular
orbit, that end of it which is nearest to the rings C, C, is brought into gradual
contact with an inclined plane b, which is fixed to the rings B, B, and operates
obliquely on the wood close to the mandril until it becomes loosened therefrom,
and the inclined plane may be adapted to remove the bobbin wholly from the
mandril so as to deposit in a trough or gutter down which it may descend into
a basket, and other rough pieces of wood may then be stuck on the several
mandrils, in order to be turned into bobbins in like manner as their prede-
cessors. If it is thought proper the extreme end of each mandril p may be
formed into a boring bit suitably for perforating the rough piece of wood,
which, being presented by the hand to the bit when the same is revolving
rapidly, the wood will be perforated through, and will become stuck in place
on the mandril at one manipulation. And note, there is a stop c fixed to the
rings B, B, to regulate how far the wood shall be pushed along the mandril.to
suit it for being operated upon by the several cutters in manner aforesaid.
And note, it is only by way of example that the making of bobbins has been
described, the machinery not being confined to the turning of these articles,
but may be adapted by application of suitable tools and suitable adjustments

page_text: of the cutting edges of those tools for turning other articles. And note, the
several spindles e, e, may have like mandrils and pieces of wood applied on
their opposite ends, with a suitable set of revolving and stationary cutters,
suitably disposed at the other side of the rings C, C (as is represented by
dotted lines in Fig. II.), for carrying on the operation above described at both
ends of the machinery at the same time. The articles which are in process
of turning at one of those sides may be of a different size or shape from those
which are turning at the other side according to the adjustment of the
respective cutting tools. Note, the broad strap i does not of itself oblige the
spindles to turn round when they are at the upper part of their circular orbit.
Note, the belt i must be of suitable strength and breadth to cause the pulleys h
and spindles e to turn round without being easily stopped, and if necessary an
endless cord or cords, or a catgut band or bands, may be carried about suitable
grooves at the end of the several pulleys h, in a suitable manner for trans-
mitting motion from one to another so as to keep them all in continual motion,
and prevent one or more from being stopped without stopping all the others,
and then the force wherewith the belt i operates to turn all those pulleys h
with which it is in contact, will become operative to keep each one going
whenever it may have any additional resistance to overcome. And note, the
two circles or moveable rings C, C, may be both firmly affixed to a horizontal
axis by means of radiating arms, with which each ring may be provided, in the
manner of two wheels fixed on one axis, so as to revolve therewith, and the
two ends of that axis being sustained in bearings at the tops of suitable
standards erected on the table. A, A, it will be unnecessary to support the
moving rings C, C, by the fixed rings B, B, but the latter (if used at all) may
be large enough in their interior apertures to leave the moveable rings C, C,
detached within them without touching. When the articles which are to be
turned project out so far from the ends of the spindles e, e, as to render an
additional support requisite for the outermost or most remote end of each
article, then another ring. D (whereof a front and side view are shewn in
Fig. XI.) may be attached to the revolving rings C, C, Fig. I., by means of the
studs E, E, Fig. XI., so that the ring D will go round with the rings C, C, and
in 'the ring D there is a sliding centre V to stand exactly opposite to the end
of each of the spindles é, e, so as to answer the purpose of what is called the
back centre in a turner's lathe for turning between centres. The ends of the
several spindles e may have suitable chinks fixed to each one for receiving and
sustaining one end of the mandril, wherein the article which is to be turned is
mounted (or for sustaining one end of the article itself if no such mandril is
required), and the other end of the mandril (or of the article itself). being

page_text: sustained by the end of the sliding centre V, in the manner shewn at Figure
XII., the article will be securely sustained at each end.when it revolves in the
same manner as it would be in a turner's lathe when mounted therein betwixt
centres.. Each sliding centre V is made fast by means of a pinching screw W,
Fig. XI. Note, if the machine is intended to be used with the ring D and
sliding centres V, then the carriages S, S, S, for sustaining the spindles of the
rotatory cutters (if such cutters are required to be used), must be placed with
their basis so much farther off from the rings C, C, as will leave room for the
ends of the sliding centres V, V, to go round without interference with the
bases of the carriages S, S; nevertheless, the upper parts of the carriages S, S,
may be made to overhang their bases towards the rings .C, C, as much as is
requisite for holding the rotatory cutters in the position shewn in Fig. II. and III.
"
DESCRIPTION of the IMPROVED MACHINERY for Turning, which is represented
in Plan II.,
It operates by carrying along with a slow progressive motion in a straight
line a set of cutting tools (some of which may be rotatory), so as to bring the
cutting edges thereof into gradual contact with one after another of several
articles which are to be turned, those articles being kept in rapid motion,
each one around its own central line or axis of rotation. The machinery in
Plan II., although different in its construction from the machinery in Plan I.,
already described, produces the same results by a slow progressive motion
in a straight line, as the machinery in Plan I. produces by a slow progressive
motion in a circular orbit.
Fig. I. is a side elevation, Fig. II. a horizontal plan, Fig. III. an end elevation,
and Fig. IV.a cross section. The same letters of reference denote the same parts
in all the Figures. A, A, is a fixed bed plate or frame whereon the different parts
of the machine are supported. B, B, is a fixed frame erected at one side of
the bed plate A, A, opposite to the middle part of its length,, and affixed thereto.
The frame B sustains the bearings for a series of spindles a, a,.similar to those
of a turner's lathe. They are disposed horizontally, side by side, in a horizontal
row (see Figs. I. and II.), each spindle having its pulley 6 to give it motion,
and there is also a sliding bar d, d, fitted into the frame B, over each spindle,
for sustaining the outermost end of each of the articles which are to be turned.
D is an endless belt or band which causes all the spindles to revolve together,
by passing alternately under the pulleys b, b, of the several spindles, and over
intermediate guide pulleys c, c, so that the endless belt D encompasses half
round each pulley b, and gives motion thereto: the belt D may be tightened
at pleasure by means of the pulley E. f is a broad pulley, fixed on one of the

page_text: spindles a, for giving motion thereto by means of a belt C, which passes over a
large pulley wheel F, on a main driving shaft R, disposed over the machine.
The motion thus given to one spindle is communicated to all the others by the
belt D. d, d, are horizontal sliding bars, supported one over each spindle a,
in suitable sockets in the framing B, so as to draw in or out endways, and
Each of
they are capable of being fixed fast by means of pinching screws e, e.
these sliding bars turns down at the end to carry a centre screw g,
points horizontally towards the end of the spindle a, for the purpose of support-
ing the outermost extremity of the article which is to be turned, the other or
innermost end being supported and turned round by the end of the spindle a, a,
in the same manner as if the article was mounted in a turning lathe between
centres h.
which
But
Figures I., II., and IV. represent how rough blocks are sustained by their ends
in the machine in manner aforesaid for the purpose of being turned.
note, when more convenient, the articles to be turned may be affixed to the
ends of the several spindles a, a, by any of the modes used for turning like
articles in a common lathe, without using the centres screws g, g, which,
together with the sliding bars d, d, may in that case be removed out of the
way. The two uppermost projecting edges of the fixed bed plate A, A, are
made straight and true, one edge with an angle upwards, the other flat, in the
manner of the bed of a slide lathe, to receive the sliding frame or carriage H,
so that it can slide along all the length of the bed plate A, A, with a horizontal
straight line motion. H is a carriage which sustains a set of revolving and
fixed cutting tools, which are very similar to those used in the machinery,
Plan I., and, like them, are capable of every requisite adjustment of
their position on the carriage H for adapting them for the work to be
performed by each one. The carriage H, with the cutting tools, is moved
along upon the edges of the bed plate A with a slow progressive motion by
means of a small pinion M, Fig. IV., whereof the teeth work into those of a
long horizontal rack L, which is fixed within the hollow part of the bed
plate A, the said pinion M deriving its support from the carriage H, and its
motion from the following wheelwork:-A pulley k, on a short horizontal
axis l, across one end of the bed plate A, is turned by a belt from a suitable
pulley on the shaft R of the main pulley wheel F, and a mitre wheel m is
attached to the pulley k, so that both together can run loose upon the cross
axis, which serves them as a centre pin. The mitre wheel m turns such
another mitre wheel P, which is fixed on the extreme end of a long horizontal
axis n, n, whereon another pair of mitre wheels o, o, are fitted so as to run
loose thereon, and they are capable of sliding along the axis n, n, which has a

page_text: groove extending all its length, as seen in Figure II. r is a double catch box
fitted on the axis n, in the space between the two mitre wheels o, o, with a
feather entering into the groove of that axis so as to compel the catch box r
to go round with the axis n, n, although it can slide freely along that axis.
When the catch box r is engaged with either one of the mitre wheels e or o,
it connects that one to the axis n, and causes it to go round therewith, but
The two mitre wheels
o, o, both work into a third mitre wheel u, fixed on the upper end of an
inclined axis T, Figure IV., which is sustained in bearings fixed to the
carriage H, and at the lower end of the same axis is the aforesaid small
pinion M, whereof the teeth work in those of the fixed long rack L. And
according as one or other of the mitre wheels o or o is connected by the catch
box r with the long axis n, so the third mitre wheel u, with its axis T and
pinion M, will be turned round one. way or the contrary way, and will give a
slow progressive motion to the carriage H, in one direction or the other, along
the edges of its bed plate A, A; or if the catch box r is placed in the midway
between the two mitre wheels o, o, it will not connect with either of them, and
then the carriage II will remain motionless. K, K, are two small brackets
fixed to the carriage H, and projecting up laterally therefrom, with bearings to
fit the axis n, n, so as to sustain it from bending, and those bearings also
include the two mitre wheels o, o, between them, in order to oblige both those
wheels to partake of the motion of the carriage H, and slide endways along
the spindle n. p is a short lever mounted on a horizontal stud centre pin,
which is fixed into the carriage H, and projects out therefrom.
The upper
leaves the other mitre wheel o loose on the axis n.
end of the lever p is forked, to embrace the middle part of the catch box r, so
as to command its position between the two mitre wheels o, o. When the
carriage H, H, has been moved by the pinion M and rack L with the slow
progressive motion all the length of the bed plate A, then the tail or lower
end of the lever p, coming in contact with the fixed stud S or S, causes the
lever p to disengage the catch box r from that one of the mitre wheels o or o
with which it was previously engaged, so as to discontinue the further motion
of the carriage in that direction, and then by applying the hand to move
the tail of the lever p still farther, the catch box r may be engaged with the
other of those mitre wheels o, in order that the same may turn round the
third bevel wheel u with its inclined spindle T and pinion M in a reverse
direction suitably for beginning to move the carriage H in an opposite
direction to that in which it has previously progressed; and by these means
the carriage H is caused to move alternately backwards and forwards along
the edges of its bed plate A, A, with a slow progressive motion from one end of

page_text: that bed to the other. 9 is a small pulley driven in the same manner as the
pulley k, by an endless belt from a suitable pulley on the shaft R of
the first motion wheel F. The pulley 9 runs loose upon the cross axis 1,
but there is a catch box v fitted on the cross axis with a feather,
so as to go round therewith, and the catch box v capable of being
slided along the axis in order to engage the pulley 9 with that axis,
and turn the same round. a is a lever arm which is fixed to the upper
end of an axis J (see Figure III.), the end of the lever a being forked to
embrace and command the catch box at the lower end of the upright axis J.
Another lever arm z is fixed at right angles to the lever arm a, and a connect-
ing rod y, y, extends horizontally from the end of that lever arm z along the
hollow of the bed plate A, A, towards the other end thereof. When the
carriage H is at the extent of its course, as in Figures I. and II., a suitable
prominence of the carriage H comes in contact with a stop fixed on the rod y,
and thereby moves the lever z so as to engage the catch box v with the pulley q
in order to give a rapid motion to the axis l. But note, that motion has no
effect on the pulley k and its mitre wheel m, because, as before mentioned, they
are fitted loose on the axis l. A large driving pulley Z, which is fixed on
the extreme end of the cross axis l, communicates motion by a long endless
band to the several rotatory cutting tools U, V, W, by means of a small pulley
which is fixed on the end of the spindle of each such tool. The endless band
N extends from the driving pulley Z all the length of the machine, and
returns round another leading pulley X at the opposite end thereof. In that
course the band N passes half round the pulley w, which is fixed upon the
spindle of one of the rotatory cutting tools V; then the band N returns to make
a half turn round of a similar pulley on the axis of the rotatory tool U, and
goes forward therefrom to make a half turn round the corresponding pulley on
the axis of a third rotatory tool W, whence it returns to make a final half turn
round a duplicate pulley fixed on the same axis as the first-mentioned.
pulley w, and proceeds forward therefrom to the leading pulley ✗. Fig. V. is
a horizontal plan of the carriage or sliding frame H. Figure VI., an end
elevation; Fig. VII., a side elevation; and Figure VIII. a longitudinál
section of the same. The spindles of the several rotatory cutting tools
U, V, W, are mounted in bearings at the upper ends of suitable spindle
carriages G, G, G, which are disposed crossways on the sliding carriage II,
and by means of horizontal setting screws E, in the base of each spindle
carriage G, G, G, the same can be moved horizontally endways in the
direction of the length of the spindle suitably for aljusting the positions of the
revolving cutting tools to their intended work. The spindle carriages G can be

page_text: also turned a little about on the carriage H as may be desirable for adjustment,
and the bearings for the spindles are fitted into upright grooves in the spindle
carriages G, with upright screws Y for elevating and depressing the bearing
in those grooves, as shewn in Figures VII. and VIII. The cutting tools can be
thereby adjusted to any height suitably for cutting and reducing the articles to
be turned (and which articles are mounted at the ends of the spindles a, a,)
as much as each tool is required to do, when it is carried beneath all those
articles in succession by the slow progressive motion of the sliding carriage H:
along the edges of the bed plate A, A. The rotatory cutters U, V, W, may
be of any of the kinds herein-before mentioned and described respecting the
machinery, Plan I., but they are fixed on the middle parts of the respective
spindles instead of on the extreme ends thereof. t are cutting tools affixed to
the carriage H. They are supported on the top of an upright cylindrical stem,.
which is fitted into a socket I, and fastened therein with a pinching screw, so as:
to be capable of adjustment to any height or direction which the cutting
edges may require; and the socket I is fixed to the sliding carriage H by a
scrow passing through an oblong hole in the foot of the socket, and through
another like hole in the flat surface of the carriage H; there are several such
holes, as shewn in Figure V., to admit of placing the fixed tools & (or several.
such tools) in any required position, to qualify their cutting edges for acting
properly on the articles to be turned. These tools may be of the nature of
cutters or of gouges, or of chissels or plane irons, either single or double, or
knife edges for paring, as already explained, respecting the machinery, Plan I.
according to the work that is required to be performed by each of such tools..
The rough unshapen articles which are to be turned by this machinery are to
be mounted at the ends of the several revolying spindles a, a, so as to be turned
rapidly round therewith, and their other ends may be supported (if necessary)
by the points of the centre scrows g, g. The sliding carriage H, containing
the rotatory and other cutting tools suitably adjusted to their proper positions
thereon for performing their respective parts of the turning operation, is moved
with a slow progressive motion from the position in which it is represented in
the Drawing, along the edges of the bed plate A, towards the other extremity
of that plate. The several rotatory cutting tools U, V, W, are at the same
time turned rapidly round by means of the band N, N, from the driving.
pulley z passing round the pulley w, and also round the other pullies on the
spindles of the rotatory tools. The several spindles a, a, to which the articles
to be turned are fixed, are at the same time turned rapidly round by means of
the endless belt from the main pulley wheel F, so that the several articles will
revolve about their own central lines in the same direction as the cutting tools

page_text: revolve. As the sliding carriage passes onwards the first rotatory cutting
tool W is brought within reach of the first revolving article, and it will reduce
that article circularly but roughly to a cylindrical form of the size required;
and progressing onwards, that rotatory cutter will perform the same operation
on the second, and then on the third article, and so on in succession of all the
rest. The second rotatory tool V following after the first one, as is obvious
from the Drawing, operates in its turn upon each of the articles in succession
to reduce their middle parts circularly but roughly in such manner as may be
required, and according as the same tool may have been previously adjusted
to do. Then the third revolving cutter u follows in due succession and operates
for cutting down the two ends of each article; and then the cutters t follow for
smooth cutting, and there may be others, if necessary, for performing the work.
required. After the last or finishing tool t has passed by the last of the
articles and completed the turning thereof, the sliding carriage H will have
run the whole course, and its further motion in that direction is stopped by its
lever p coming in contact with one of the studs S, Fig. I., and then by moving
the lever p the motion of the sliding carriage is reversed to move it back again
to its original position, as represented in the Drawing. The turned articles
are then removed and a fresh set of rough unshapen articles may be introduced
in order to be turned, as above described. The spindles a, a, may be made
suitably for giving motion to another additional set of articles at the opposite
end of each spindle to that which has been described, and the sliding bars d, d,
may have clamps to fix on the opposite ends of them for carrying suit-
able centre screws, to support the outer ends of those additional articles, as
shewn by the dotted lines in Figs. III. and IV., and a duplicate of the bed
plate A, A, may be fixed on the other side of the frame B, B, to
receive a duplicate of the sliding carriage H, with its set of cutting tools
and appurtenances, to operate on the said additional articles, whereby the
machinery will become capable of operating on two sets of articles at the
same time, in the same manner as already described respecting Plan I.
Note, in all cases the relative speeds of motion produced by the revolving
motion of the articles to be turned, and of the rotatory cutters, compared
with the speed of the slow progressive motion (whether in a circular orbit,
or in a straight line), whereby the cutting edges are to be brought into
operation on the revolving articles, must be adapted one to the other suitably
for the size and kind of articles to be turned, and suitably for the material of
which such articles consist. The requisite adaptation of such speeds is to be
attained by removing such of the several driving pulleys or wheels represented by
H, j, k, y, and F, Plan I., or by k, q, and F, Plan II., in the Drawings, as may

page_text: be too large or too small for producing the requisite speeds, and replacing
them by others of suitable sizes for producing such actual and relative speeds
of the several parts, as is well known to persons conversant with the art of
turning, to be suitable for operating upon different articles and materials.
And respecting those parts of my improved machinery which may be made
applicable to other useful purposes than that of turning, tho same are the
following parts of the machinery, Plan I., which have been herein-before
described; namely, the fixed frame A and rings B, B, also the revolving rings
or wheels C, C, with the spindles e, e, which are sustained by them, together
with the pulleys h, h, and broad belt i with the large pulley F, by which all
the spindles are turned round. Likewise the ring of teeth a, on the ring C, C,
and the wheelwork f, H, and I (with the aid of the additional wheelwork
j, k, and o, if requisite), whereby the rings C, C, are turned, so as to carry all
the spindles round in their circular orbit with a slow progressive motion, the
carriages S, S, for the second rotatory cutters being removed; and the said
improved machinery will then be applicable for the purposes of boring, or
perforating round holes in articles which require to be bored or perforated by
a succession of boring tools operating one after another; those boring tools
being affixed in their due order of succession to the ends of the spindles e, e;
so as to project out in continuation of the spindles, and so as to be turned
rapidly round therewith. The article to be bored may be held in the hands,
and presented to the cutting end of one such boring tool, and being pressed
towards the same will be bored or perforated thereby, and then, after being
withdrawn therefrom, will be ready to be presented in like manner to other
succeeding boring tool, which may be of larger size, and which by the slow
progressive motion of all the spindles in their circular orbit, will have been
brought round into a suitable position for presenting the article to it, in order
to rebore, or deepen, or enlarge the hole already bored or began' to be bored,
by the preceding tool; and in like manner a third boring tool and a fourth,
or as many thereof as may be required, and all which may be adapted to follow
one after another in due succession. And such application of the improved
machinery, Plan I., to the purpose of progressive boring, may be performed at'
one end of the several spindles and one side of the rings C, C, whilst the
operation of turning is carried on, in manner herein-before explained, at the
other end of the same spindles, and the other side of those rings, in which caso
the several carriages S, S, for the rotatory cutting tools, which are represented'
in Figs. I. and I., need not be removed, but only those which are represented by
dotted lines in Figure II., are to be removed or omitted, as appears in Figure ITT:
And the said improved machinery, either Plan I. or Plan I.F., may also be

page_text: made applicable to the purpose of filing or grinding articles to a circular form;
or of grinding and then polishing such articles by substituting circular files or
grindstones, or circular grinding laps or wheels, in place of the revolving
cutters herein-before described. Such circular files or grindstones, or circular
grinding laps or wheels, may be fixed on the same spindles as those herein-
before described for the rotatory cutters, and by operation of the aforesaid slow
progressive motion (whether in a circular orbit or in a straight line), each of
the revolving articles and the moving circumferences of the revolving circular
files or grindstones, or circular grinding laps or wheels, will be brought
gradually into contact one with the other, so as file or grind, or to grind and
polish the said articles by such contact, and then by further onward con-
tinuance of the same slow progressive motion, the said articles and moving
circumferences will be caused to quit such contact and separate one from the
other, and then by further onward continuance of the same slow progressive
motion, the said articles and the moving circumferences of other revolving
circular files or grindstones, or circular grinding laps or wheels, may
be brought
into contact in turn, all in the same manner as herein-before described
respecting rotatory cutters, but supposing revolving circular files or grind-
stones, or circular grinding laps or wheels, to be substituted as aforesaid for
those rotatory cutters.
Having now described the improved machinery for turning, I, the said
John Clark the younger, do hereby declare that the new Invention, whereof
the exclusive use is granted to me by the herein-before recited Letters Patent,
consists in the new combination of machinery herein-before described, and
which may be constructed as represented in Plan I., wherein any suitable
number of the article or articles which are to be turned are disposed, with their
several centre lines or axes of rotation side by side, parallel one to another
in a circular orbit; and at the same time that each article is turned rapidly.
round about its own axis of rotation, the whole are moved with a slow pro-
gressive motion round in their circular orbit, each article moving therein with
its axis of rotation parallel to itself, in order by that motion to bring each
revolving article in its turn (or one after another) in contact with (and then to
pass by or away from) the cutting edges of a succession of cutting tools, whereof
some are stationary and others are rotatory, and some of which cutting tools are
adapted to cut away and reduce (or to form by turning) some parts of the
revolving article or articles, when the same are caused by the said slow i-ro-
gressive motion, combined with their rapidly revolving motion, to come in
contact with and to pass by the said cutting edges, whereof such as belong
to the rotatory cutters are themselves in rapid motion, and others of the said

page_text: cutting tools are adapted in like manner to cut away and reduce (or to form by
turning) other parts of the said articles. And the said cutting tools being so
applied as to be adapted for operating in that manner one after another
for rough turning the parts on which they are severally intended to operate,
and then in due succession for smooth turning the same parts, the said
cutting tool or tools, being also capable of all requisite adjustments of its or
their several position or positions, in respect to the revolving article or articles,
(when by the aforesaid slow progressive motion it is (or they are) caused to
come in contact with and then pass by or away from the cutting edge or
edges of those tool or tools, so as by such adjustments, together with suitable
adaptations of the cutting edge, or of the several cutting edges, to qualify the
latter (for the time being) for cutting away and reducing (or for forming by
turning) the revolving article or articles (or a continual succession of such) to
that particular form and size to which they are all intended to be turned or
formed by turning. Or the machinery may be constructed in the manner
represented in Plan II., wherein any suitable number of the article or articles
which are to be turned are disposed side by side parallel to each other in a
straight row, and at the same time that they are all turned rapidly round
about their own several central lines or axes of rotation, a cutting tool, or
series of cutting tools (which may be or whereof some may be rotatory), is or
are moved along with a slow progressive motion in a straight line in a direction
across the said several axis of rotation, but parallel to the row in which all
those axis are disposed, in order by such slow progressive motion to bring the
cutting edge or the several cutting edges of the said tool or tools in succession
in contact with and then to pass by or away from one of the revolving articles
after another, so as by the revolving motion of the article or articles, combined
with the slow progressive motion of the cutting tool or tools, and also with the
revolving motion of such of those tools as are rotatory, to cut away and reduce
(or to form by turning) all the articles to that particular form and size to
which they are intended to be turned (or formed by turning); some of the
said cutting tools being adapted to operate in that manner upon some parts of
the revolving article or articles, and others of those tools to operate in like
manner on other parts thereof; and the said cutting tools being so applied as
to be adapted for operating in that manner one after another for rough turning
the parts on which they are severally intended to operate, and then in due suc-
cession for smooth turning the same parts; the said cutting tool or tools
being also capable of all requisite adjustments of its position, or of their several
positions, in respect to the revolving article or articles, when by the slow pro-
gressive motion of the cutting tool or tools the cutting edge or edges thereof

page_text: me in contact with and then pass by or away from the article or articles, so
by such adjustments, together with suitable adaptations of the several cutting
ges, to qualify the latter (during the time being) for cutting away and
ducing (or forming by turning) all the revolving articles to their intended
rm and size. And note, I make no claim to the revolving cutters or files, or
indstones or grinding wheels, by themselves, but only when they are used in
e new combination of machinery herein-before described.
:
In witness whereof, I, the said John Clark the younger, have hercunto
and to each of the two Plans before described respectively set my hand
and seal, this Twenty-second day of September, Eighteen hundred
and thirty-eight. The words "time" upon the thirty-fourth line,
"wheel" upon the forty-second line, "of the" upon the forty-third line,
all of skin first, "thereof" upon the sixteenth line of skin second,
"screws" upon the fourteenth line, "and" upon the twenty-third line,
both of skin fourth, and "frame" upon the seventh line of skin eight, 1
being each respectively first interlined, and one word upon the eleventh
line of skin second, and one word upon the fourth line of skin the
sixth, being each respectively first delete.
within-namea Jonn Clark
younger, in the presence of
the
ANDREW MENZIES,
Of Balornock, near Glasgow, in Scotland.
JA STIRLINGE,
Of the City of Glasgow, in Scotland, Writer.
James Stirling, of the City of Glasgow, in Scotland, Writer, maketh oath
and saith, that he was present and did see John Clark the younger, of Mile
End, Glasgow, sign, seal, and, as his act and deed, acknowledge and deliver a
certain Deed Poll or Instrument. in writing hereunto annexed, bearing date the
Twenty-second day of September, Eighteen hundred and thirty-eight, purporting
to be a Specification describing and ascertaining the nature of the said John
Clark the younger's Invention of "Improved Machinery for Turning, some
Part or Parts of which may be made applicable to other Useful Purposes."
And this Deponent further maketh oath and saith, that the name "John
Clark" younger" set at the foot of said Deed as the party executing the same,
is of the proper handwriting of the said John Clark the younger, and that the
names or characters "Andrew Menzies" and "Jas. Stirlinge," indorsed on the

page_text: spective handswriting of this Deponent and the said Andrew Menzies, Esquire.
Sworn at Glasgow, the Twenty-second
day of September, Eighteen hundred
and thirty-eight, before me, Henry
Dunlop, Lord Provost and Chief
Magistrate of the said City of
Glasgow in Scotland aforesaid.
HENRY DUNLOP, Provost.
JA STIRLINGE.
This is the Acknowledgment or Affidavit marked A, referred to in the
Affidavit of John Connell, sworn before me, this First day of October, 1838,
A. H. LYNCH.
John Connell, of Fludyer Street, Westminster, Parliamentary Agent,
maketh oath and saith, that he has for some time past been in the habit of
secing the writing of Henry Dunlop, Lord Provost and Chief Magistrate of
the City of Glasgow, in Scotland, and is well acquainted with his manner and
character of handwriting; that he, this Deponent, has looked at the signature
of the said Henry Dunlop, subscribed at the foot of the Acknowledgment or
Affidavit above written, and marked with the letter A, and be, this Deponent,
verily believes the words or signature "Henry Dunlop" to be the handwriting
of the said Henry Dunlop.