IMPROVEMENTS IN AND RELATING TO THE MANUFACTURE OF GLUE AND VARIOUS BYE-PRODUCTS FROM BONES AND APPARATUS THEREFOR WHICH INVENTION ALSO COMPRISES A METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR UTILIZING SUCH PRODUCTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER PULP
Year: 1883

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Robert Lake of the firm of Haseltine, Lake,
& Co., Patent Agents, Southampton Buildings, London for an Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN AND RELATING TO THE MANUFACTURE OF GLUE AND
VARIOUS BYE-PRODUCTS FROM BONES AND APPARATUS THEREFOR WHICH
INVENTION ALSO COMPRISES A METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR UTILIZING SUCH
PRODUCTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER PULP communicated to him
from abroad by Carl Valdemar Flodgvist of Mölndal in the Kingdom of
Sweden
"
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Robert Lake at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 11th September 1883.
WILLIAM ROBERT LAKE, of the firm of Haseltine, Lake, and Co, Patent Agents,
Southampton Buildings, London "IMPROVEMENTS IN AND RELATING TO THE
[A com-
MANUFACTURE OF GLUE AND VARIOUS BYE-PRODUCTS FROM BONES AND APPARATUS
THEREFOR WHICH INVENTION ALSO COMPRISES A METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR
UTILIZING SUCH PRODUCTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER PULP."
munication to him from abroad by Carl Valdemar Flodgvist of Mölndal in the
Kingdom of Sweden]
This invention relates to improved methods of obtaining glue from animal
bones by means of sulphurous acid and utilizing a solution of phosphate of lime
and sulphite of lime obtained in the manufacture in the production of pulp for
paper from saw-dust, wood, straw and other fibrous materials, and to apparatus
therefor.
In carrying the said invention into practice I provide a furnace in which both
sulphur and common pyrites are preferably burned simultaneously but in different
stores of the furnace. The produced sulphurous acid gas, having been cooled in a
refrigerator, is then conducted through a pipe to the apparatus for obtaining the
glue.

page_text: I also provide a number of chambers arranged in a series. The said conduit-
pipe is provided with two valves. When one valve is closed the sulphurous acid
gas passes through an inlet into the first chamber of the series, the walls of which,
in order to withstand the influence of the sulphurous acid, are coated with a
mixture of asphaltum and resin. From the said first chamber the gas, after having
passed through a wooden grate, (one of which forms the bottom of each of the
said chambers) passes through a channel to the second chamber, from thence
through another channel into the third chamber, and so on until it has passed
through all the chambers, of the series. All the chambers are in the same manner
as the first chamber, coated with asphaltum and resin. When the valve in the
channel of the last chamber of the series is closed the gas passes through a pipe
and a flue to a chimney which creates a draught and serves to draw the gas through
the apparatus.
In order to regulate the draught the said pipe and the flue are provided with
valves.
Of the chambers of the series, two chambers are filled to a suitable height above
the grates with animal bones, of which the fat has previously been abstracted by
boiling in the usual manner. The remaining chambers are filled with lime-stone.
The chamber having in this manner been filled respectively with bones and
carbonate of lime, and two reservoirs having been filled with water, a pump is set
in motion whereby water is raised to a reservoir from which it flows into the
chambers through suitable channels and pipes, which latter are bent in the form of
syphons in order to prevent the gas from passing therethrough.
At the end of each pipe, inside the chambers, is a rose, by means of which the
water is equally divided over the bones and the limestone in the chambers, As
the water descends it is met by the ascending sulphurous acid, so that, when the
said water reaches the bottoms of the chambers, it contains phosphate of lime or
sulphite of lime.
Through the pipes these solutions flow into channels in which they are mixed
together and from which the fluid passes into one of the reservoirs from whence it
is again passed through the chambers, this operation being repeated until the fluid
has obtained the required strength of about 5° Baumé when the first reservoir
is emptied and the water in the second reservoir is used in order to obtain a
similar solution.
When the apparatus has operated as above described and all the phosphate of
lime in the bones has been dissolved, so that only the cartilage remains, this is
taken out and is prepared for glue in the usual manner. In order to empty the
chamber for instance, which is supposed to have been filled with bones, the pipe
through which the sulphurous acid gas passes is removed, so that it connects the
valve openings. These openings are closed by lids, entering into the interspace filled
with water the respective valves of the channels are closed; and another valvo is
opened; a pipe is removed in order to connect other valve openings, and another
set of valve openings is closed by lids. The doors of the chamber are then opened
for taking out the cartilage. For cleansing the interior of the chamber below the
grate, a manhole cover is opened.
The said chamber having been emptied it is refilled with other bones and the
apparatus is left to work in its new position. In the same manner any chamber
wanted may be emptied and refilled without needing to interrupt the working of
the apparatus. By using a large quantity of water, and having a large area for
the gas to act upon the bones and the carbonate of lime in the chambers, the
sulphurous acid is absorbed within the apparatus whereby the air near the apparatus
will not be infected and the working expenses will be low.
According to that part of this invention which relates to the manufacture of
paper pulp by means of the solutions obtained in the preceding operation. I
provide a spherical boiler of steel plates lined on the interior with lead plates and
resting upon trunnions. In order to obviate the inconvenience resulting from the

page_text: unequal contraction and expansion of the lead and the steel the boiler is made
spherical.
To enable the lead lining to be fixed to the steel plates, the boiler is provided
with screws having large flat heads, plated with lead.
The said trunnions have a large internal diameter thereby rendering it possible
to pass the lead lining through the said trunnions thus forming an uninterrupted
passage to the interior of the boiler. The steel-plate is further provided with a
quantity of small holes the object of which is to afford opportunity for the air
between the plate and the lead to escape at an increased temperature. The boiler
is put in rotation by means of a worm-wheel and worm.
The man-hole through which the boiler is filled and emptied is provided with a
safety valve, by which the steam-pressure in the boiler may be regulated.
With the view of preparing pulp for paper from saw dust, the latter is cleansed
from bark and dirt. In order to leave space for the waste-water, caused by the
direct entrance of the steam into the boiler the latter is a little more than half
filled with saw-dust, the solution of acid phosphate of lime and acid sulphite
of lime at about 5° Baumé is now allowed to enter the boiler until the
saw-dust is entirely covered by the said solution. The cover of the man-hole is
then screwed on, when the boiler is caused to turn for about half an hour in order
that the saw-dust may absorb the solution as completely as possible. At the end
of this operation dry steam is admitted through a pipe, the air in the boiler being
allowed to escape as the boiler, which preferably revolves four times in an hour,
(an entire revolution occupying about five minutes) the steam pressure is gradually
increased, until it has attained a pressure of 70 lbs per square inch, which pressure
is maintained until the saw-dust has been converted into paper pulp which generally
takes place in from 8 to 9 hours.
In order to ascertain, during the course of boiling, how far the converting process
has proceeded a cock fixed in the man-hole cover is made use of, through which
cock samples may at any time be drawn out. The mass having been completely
boiled, the apparatus is brought into position and the boiler is emptied into a
receptacle placed beneath the boiler and provided with perforated wooden walls
through which the solution may escape.
In order to clean and to cool the boiler after its having been emptied water is
admitted.
The mass, after it has been removed from the boiler, is washed and ground in a
rag-engine and is thus rendered suitable for use in the manufacture of paper.
In order to prepare paper pulp from wood, the latter is cleansed from bark and
the like and is cut at an angle of about 45° to the fibres into pieces of about 6.™/
in thickness, which are treated in the above manner. If straw is used as raw
material it is cleansed from weeds and cut, in a common chaff-cutter, into pieces of
about 12 / in length which are treated in the above mentioned manner; care
should be taken that the solution to be used is only about 2.5 Baumé and that the
boiling is continued only about 6 hours.
n's
In using other fibrous matters they may be treated in the same manner as
straw.
The paper pulp obtained in the above mentioned manner is soft, and white,
which color it maintains for a long time, without changing into red. The described
apparatus for manufacturing glue and phosphate and sulphite of lime, might also
be used for producing sulphites or aqueous solutions of sulphurous acid, or for
manufacturing glue and manures.
In manufacturing sulphites the chambers are filled with coke or some other
suitable porous matter, over which a suitable solution, for instance a solution
of natron is poured, in which case sulphite of soda is obtained as an accessory
product.
In manufacturing aqueous solutions of sulphite the chambers are filled with the

page_text: sulphite, and the water which is poured over the same in the first instance is made
use of, until it has been sufficiently impregnated.
If the apparatus is to be used principally for the manufacture of glue, all the
chambers are filled with animal bones from which the fat has been abstracted, and
water is poured over these until the solution is obtained. The product will be a
transparent, soft, and very fine glutinous matter and also a solution of acid
phosphate of lime and acid sulphite of lime. The sulphurous acid may be driven
out of the latter and re-employed if the solution be heated in closed retorts. The
sulphurous acid driven out might be again conducted into the chambers with the
view of being made use of anew. As accessory product an aqueous solution of
acid phosphate of lime and deposited bydrate of lime are then obtained.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said William Robert Lake in the Patent Office on the 11th March
1884.
WILLIAM ROBERT LAKE, of the firm of Haseltine, Lake, and C Patent Agents,
Southampton Buildings, London "IMPROVEMENTS IN AND RELATING TO THE
MANUFACTURE OF GLUE AND VARIOUS BYE-PRODUCTS FROM BONES, AND APPARATUS
THEREFOR, WHICH INVENTION ALSO COMPRISES A METHOD AND APPARATUS
FOR UTILISING SUCH PRODUCTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER PULP." A
Communication to me from abroad by Carl Valdemar Flodgvist of Mölndal, in the
Kingdom of Sweden.
This invention relates to improved methods of manufacturing glue from animal
bones by means of sulphurous acid and utilizing a solution of acid phosphate of
lime and acid sulphide of lime obtained in the said manufacture in the production
of pulp for paper from saw-dust, wood, straw and other fibrous materials and to
apparatus therefor.
In the accompanying drawings.
Figure 1 is a top view or plan of the apparatus for manufacturing glue, and acid
phosphate of lime and acid sulphite of lime
Figure 2 is a vertical cross section on the line CD Figure 1
Figure 3 is partly a longitudinal vertical section on the line A. B. Figure 1. and
partly a side view of the apparatus.
Figure 4 is a horizontal section on the line E F Figure 2.
Figure 5. is a vertical section of a boiler for the production of the paper
pulp, and
Figure 6 is a section of the boiler at right angles to Figure 5.
The apparatus for producing the glue and the phosphate and sulphite of lime is
arranged and operates in the following manner that is to say;-A number of
chambers are arranged in a series In a suitable furnace both sulphur and common
pyrites are preferably burned simultaneously but in different stories of the furnace.
The sulphurous acid gas produced after having been cooled in a refrigerator, is
conducted through a pipe g to the apparatus for manufacturing the glue.
The furnace and the refrigerator are not represented on the drawing as they may
be arranged in any suitable manner.
The said conduit-pipe g is provided with two valves w w¹. When the valve w¹
is closed the sulphurous acid gas passes in the direction shewn by the arrows
Figure 2 through the conduit pipe g, the pipe i and the inlet k into the first
chamber of the series, the walls of which, in order to withstand the influence of
the sulphurous acid, are coated with a mixture of aspbaltum and resin. From the
said chamber the gas, after having passed through the wooden grate m and the bones
or carbonate of lime piled up thereon, passes through the channel n to the second
chamber from thence through the channel n' into the chamber l' and so on until
it has passed through all the chambers. The chambers to Pare in the same
manner as the chamber coated with asphaltum and resin.
When a valve in the channel n³ is closed the gas passes through the pipe o
(Figures 1 and 2) and the flue q to a (chimney) which creates a draught and serves
to draw the gas through the apparatus.
In order to regulate the draught the said pipe o and the flue ġ are provided with
valves Ρ and T.
Of the chambers 1 to 1 two are filled to a suitable height say five feet above the
grate m with animal bones, from which the fat has previously been abstracted by
boiling in the usual manner. The remaining chambers are filled with lime-stone.

page_text: The chambers to le having in this manner been filled respectively with bones and
limestone and two reservoirs, not shewn in the drawing, having been filled with
water a pump is set in motion, whereby water is raised through the pipe u to the
reservoir D from whence it flows through the channels v and pipes x into the
chambers to (Figures 1 and 2) which latter are in the form of a syphon in order
to prevent the gas from escaping.
At the end of each, pipe x inside the chamber is a spreader y, by means of which
and the perforated plate the water is equally divided over the bones and the
limestone in the chambers 1 to 1º.
As the water descends it is met by the ascending sulphurous acid gas whereby,
when the said water reaches the bottoms of the chambers it contains solutions of
acid phosphate of lime or acid sulphite of lime.
Through the pipes a these solutions flow into channels a" in which they are
mixed together and from which the fluid passes into one of the reservoirs from
whence it is again passed through the chambers this operation being repeated until
the fluid in the reservoir has obtained the required strength of about 5° Beaumé
when the first reservoir is emptied and the water in the second reservoir is used
in order to obtain a similar solution.
When the apparatus has operated as above described and all the phosphate of
lime in the bones has been dissolved, so that only the cartilage remains the latter
is removed and manufactured into glue in the usual manner.
In order to empty the chamber 1, for instance, which is supposed to have been
filled with bones the pipe i through which the sulphurous acid gas passes, is moved,
so that it connects the valve openings and a* (Figure 4) The openings and a
are closed by lids, entering the spaces filled with water as shown in Figure 2) the
respective valves of the channels n³ and n' are closed; the valve of the channel nº
is opened; the pipe o (Figures 1 and 2) is removed in order to connect the valve
openings c and d and the openings and d are closed by lids The doors 6³ ³
Figure 3 of the chamber 13 are then opened for taking out the cartilage: For
cleansing the interior of the chamber 13 below the grate m the man hole cover of /³
is removed.
The chamber having been emptied, it is refilled with other bones and the
apparatus is left to work in its new position. In the same manner any chamber
may be emptied and refilled without needing to interrupt the working of the
apparatus. By using a large quantity of water and having a large area for the
gas to act upon the bones and the carbonate of lime in the chambers the sulphurous
acid gas is absorbed within the apparatus, whereby the air near the apparatus will
not be infected and be injurious to health and the working expenses will be low.
Referring now to Figures 5 and 6 which illustrate a boiler adapted for the
manufacturing of paper pulp by means of the solution obtained from the preceding
apparatus. A indicates a spherical boiler of steel plates lined on the interior with
lead plates and resting upon trunnions. In order to obviate the inconvenience
resulting from the unequal contraction and expansion of the lead and the steel the
boiler is made spherical. To enable the lead lining to be fixed to the steel plates
the boiler is provided with screws having large flat heads plated with lead.
The said trunnions have a large internal diameter, say about 12 inches, thereby
rendering it possible to pass the lead lining through the said trunnions and pivots
forming at the same time an uninterrupted passage to the interior of the boiler.
The steel plate is further provided with a quantity of small holes the object of
which is to afford opportunity for the air between the plates and the lead to escape
at an increased temperature. The boiler is put in rotation by means of the worm-
wheel n and the worm o
k indicates the man hole through which the boiler is filled and emptied and la
safety valve, by which the steam pressure in the boiler may be regulated.
With the view of preparing pulp for paper from sawdust, the latter is cleansed
from bark and dirt. In order to leave space for the waste water caused by the
direct entrance of the steam into the boiler A, the latter is only a little more than

page_text: half filled with saw dust, the solution of acid phosphate of lime and acid sulphite.
of lime of about 5 degrees Beaumé is then allowed to enter the boiler through the
cock v until the saw-dust is entirely covered by the said solution. The cover of
the man-hole is screwed on and the boiler is caused to turn for about half an
hour in order that the saw-dust may absorb the solution as completely as possible.
At the end of this operation dry steam is admitted through the pipe a, the pipes d,
the cocks e, e¹ the valves f-f¹ the pipes g-g¹, the boxes h, h¹ and the perforated
pipes i, bent in the form of a segment of a circle into the boiler; the cock m is
opened, in order that the air in the boiler be allowed to escape the said cock m is
then again closed. As the boiler which preferably makes four revolutions per hour
rotates (an entire revolution occupying above five minutes) the steam pressure is
gradually increased, until it has attained a pressure of about 70 lbs per square inch,
which pressure is maintained until the sawdust has been converted into pulp,
which generally takes place in from 8 to 9 hours.
In order to ascertain during the course of boiling, how far the process has
proceeded the cock m fixed in the man-hole cover is made use of, through which
cock samples may at any time be drawn out. The mass having been completely
boiled, the apparatus is brought into the position shown in figure 6, so that the
opening of the pipe i is raised above the surface of the fluid; the cock p is then
opened and the contents of the boiler are emptied into a receptacle B beneath the
boiler and provided with perforated wooden-walls t, through which the employed
solution may escape into the channels u.
In order to clean and cool the boiler after it has been emptied water is admitted
through the cock x
The mass when removed from the boiler is soft and of a white colour. It is
afterwards washed and ground in a rag-engine and is thus rendered suitable for use
in the manufacture of paper.
In order to prepare paper pulp from wood the latter is cleansed from bark and
the like and is cut at an angle of about 45 degrees to the fibres into pieces of
about 6 metres in thickness, which are treated in the above manner.
If straw is
used as raw material it is cleansed from weeds and cut in a cominon chaff-cutter
into pieces of about 12 /m in length, which are treated in the above mentioned
manner. Care should be taken that the solution to be used is only about 2.5 Beaumé
and that the boiling is continued only about 6 hours.
In using other fibrous matters they may be treated in the same manner as straw.
The paper pulp obtained in the above mentioned manner is particularly soft and
white which color it maintains for a long time without changing into red.
The described apparatus for manufacturing glue and phosphate and sulphite of
lime might also be used for producing sulphites or aqueous solutions of sulphurous
acid or for manufacturing glue and manures.
In manufacturing sulphites the chambers are filled with coke or some other
suitable porous matter, over which a suitable solution, for instance a solution of
natron is poured in, which case sulphite of soda is obtained as an accessary
product.
In manufacturing aqueous solutions of sulphite, the chambers are filled with
the sulphite and the water which is poured over the same in the first instance is
made use of and then the obtained solution until it has been sufficiently
impregnated.
If the apparatus is to be used principally for the manufacture of glue all the
chambers are filled with animal bones from which the fat has been abstracted and
water is poured over these. The product will be a transparent, soft and very fine
glutenous matter and also a solution of acid phosphate of lime and acid sulphite
of lime. From the latter the sulphuraus acid may be extracted and re-employed
if the solution be heated in closed retorts. As accessory products an aqueous
solution of acid phosphate of lime and deposited hydrate of lime are obtained.
Having thus fully described the said Invention as communicated to me by my

page_text: foreign correspondent and the manner of performing the same I wish it understood
that I claim
First The method of manufacturing glue from animal bones, from which the fat
has been abstracted, by means of sulphurous acid and the apparatus described and
shown in the accompanying drawing.
Second-The method hereinbefore described of producing simultaneously with
the manufacture of glue as described, a solution of acid phosphate of lime and acid
sulphite of lime, by means of sulphurous acid and the apparatus above described.
Third-The method hereinbefore described of manufacturing pulp for paper
from saw-dust, wood, straw and other fibrous matters, by means of aqueous
solutions of acid phosphate of lime and acid sulphite of lime.
'
Fourth: The apparatus hereinbefore described, with reference to the accom-
panying drawing, for producing glue and aqueous solutions of acid phosphate of
lime and acid sulphite of lime or sulphites, or for producing glue, with phosphate of
lime and hydrate of lime as accessory products.
:-
Fifth The spherical boiler hereinbefore described having hollow trunnions and
provided with screws having large flat heads plated with lead and holes through
the steel plate in order to permit the unequal contractions and expansions of the
lead and the steel without injuring the boiler.
In witness whereof I the said William Robert Lake have hereunto set my
hand and seal this eleventh day of March in the year of our Lord One thousand
eight hundred and eighty four.