IMPROVE- REKLAMIC TAY THEN MANURA CRIED OR DARED
Year: 1853

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Richard Archibald Brooman, of the firm of
Robertson, Brooman, and Company, of 166, Fleet Street, in the
City of London, Patent Agent, for the Invention of "IMPROVE-
REKLAMIC TAY THEN MANURA CRIED OR DARED" A communication
Sealed the 23rd August 1853, and dated the 10th June 1853.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Richard Archibald
Brooman at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his
Petition, on the 10th June 1853.
I, RICHARD ARCHIBALD BROOMAN, of the firm of Robertson, Brooman,
and Company, of 166, Flect Street, in the City of London, Patent
Agent, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "Im-
PROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER" to be as follows:-
The Invention consists in making paper from wood reduced to small
fibres or particles. The wood is mounted in a frame in the direction of
the length of the fibre or grain, and reduced by means of a millstone
or millstones, or metal rollers or cylinders with roughened surfaces,

page_text: applied always in the direction of the length of the fibre. I fit a gauge
to the frame, in order to prevent the passage of such fibres as may not
have been sufficiently reduced. A current or stream of water is directed
on the surface of the stone or roller immediately before its contact with
the wood. After the reduction of the fibres they are passed through
sieves of different ganges; the finer portions passing through such sieves
are adapted to the manufacture of writing and such like papers, and are
submitted to a bleaching process, which consists of a bath of carbonate
of soda and alum.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters l'atent,
filed by the said Richard Archibald Brooman in the Great Seal
Patent Office, on the 10th December 1853.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I,
RICHARD ARCHIBALD BROOMAN, of the firm of Robertson, Brooman,
and Company, of 166, Fleet Street, in the City of London, Patent
Agent, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Tenth day of June, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-three, in the sixteenth
year of Her reign, did, for Ierself, Пer heirs and successors, give
and grant unto me, the said Richard Archibald Brooman, Ter
special licence that I, the said Richard Archibald Brooman, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said
Richard Archibald Brooman, my executors, administrators, and as-
signs, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to
time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, excrcise, and vend, within the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands,
and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFAC-
TURE OF PAPER." (communicated to me by a foreigner residing abroad,)
upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Richard Archi-
bald Brooman, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal,

page_text: should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said In-
vention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and
cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Richard Archibald Brooman,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described
and ascertained in and by the following statement thereof, reference
being had to the Drawings hereunto annexed (that is to say):
The said Invention consists in manufacturing paper from wood
reduced to small fibres or particles, which are obtained by some
mechanical agent acting on the wood in the direction of the grain
thereof and parallel therewith, the wood being held in every case so as
to present the grain in the direction of its length to the reducing agent,
and a current or stream of water being applied to the reducing agent
just before contact with the wood or woody substance operated on.
The machinery preferred to be employed for the purpose of obtaining
the fibres of wood and woody substances in manner aforesaid consists
of a millstone or millstones, or metal rollers, cylinders, or rasps with
roughened surfaces, which are caused to act upon blocks or pieces of
wood held in a frame always in the direction of the grain thereof, as
above mentioned, a current or stream of water as aforesaid being directed
on to the stone or other reducing agent immediately before its contact
with the wood. A gauge is provided to prevent the passage with the
water of such portions of the wood or woody fibres as may not be
sufficiently reduced. The fibres come from the stones, rollers, cylinders,
or rasps in a state of pulp, and are passed through sieves of different
gauges, from which they are taken to be applied to the manufacture of
different qualities of paper. The pulp thus obtained may be mixed
with rag pulp and with various other ingredients now employed in the
manufacture of paper; and the pulp is to be submitted to the ordinary
processes to which rag pulp is subjected to form it into paper.
Figure 1, of the Drawings hereunto annexed represents a vertical

page_text: section, and Figure 2, a plan of a machine suitable for reducing wood
and woody fibres to pulp for the manufacture of paper. The main part
of this machine consists of a circular millstone or cylinder of steel, iron,
or other metal, having a rough surface, and fixed in a vertical position
on an axis or shaft which revolves in suitable bearings. A, is the
millstone, and B, the axis on which it is fixed turning in bearings C,
which rest on beams or on a stone or iron foundation. The millstone
turns in a box or casing A', the under part of which is provided with
an outlet El, for the ground pulp. The millstone is driven by suitable
power, and revolves in the direction indicated by the arrow. The
speed at which it is driven is preferred to be from 180 to 240 revolu-
tions per minute, when the millstone is about four feet in diameter.
The upper part of the casing A', enclosing the millstone has an aperture,
in which is placed the frame D, which is open at bottom, and the four
extremities of which come nearly in contact with the millstone. At
one side of this frame is formed a perforated compartment E, which is
intended to receive the water required to wet the millstone and mix
with the fibre to form pulp, and on the other side of the frame aud
opposite to the compartment E, is fixed within the frame an iron or
steel gauge plate G, which nearly touches the stone, and is intended to
prevent any large particles of fibre which have not been sufficiently
reduced from passing into the case H. This gange plate can be raised
or lowered by hand or by tappets or other suitable contrivances, according
to the extent required, to suit the material operated on. The wood or
woody substance to be reduced to pulp is placed with its fibres running
in the same direction as that in which the millstone revolves, as before
particularly directed, and as shown in the detached views Figures 3, 4,
and 5. This arrangement is absolutely essential, as upon it depends
entirely the production of fibrous pulp suitable for the manufacture of
paper.
The wood is cut into suitable lengths, which are put into the
frame D, in the position described, and pressed down or held with the
grain of the fibre parallel to the direction in which the stone rotates by
a lever and weights, or by any other convenient means, on the grinding
cylinder. The fibres when separated from the wood are carried away

page_text: by the streams of water, and, passing downwards, pass through the
case H, into a vessel I, which is furnished with a partition K.; and after
having passed the partition K, they flow gradually into a sieve L, which
by means of tappets., 2, is jogged or shaken, in order to separate or
divide the finer from the coarser particles of the pulp. The finer
particles in the same way pass again into a sieve M, where a second
separation takes place, and proceeding onwards they are allowed to flow
under the sieve N¹, which allows water to escape, and from whence the
fine pulp is conveyed into the reservoir N². The separation may be
carried on to a greater extent as may be found requisite. The sieves
are of different gauges, from coarse to fine, and they are shewn in the
Drawing on a larger scale than the rest of the machinery for the
purpose of indicating more clearly the proportionate size of the meshes.
The different qualities of pulp thus obtained may be employed for the
manufacture of paper of different qualities alone or mixed with any
pulp of the sort ordinarily used, and with such other ingredients as are
generally employed in manufacturing pulp into paper. The wood pulp
may be bleached by any ordinary process, or by means of the following
process, which I will now proceed to describe :-According to this
process the pulp is mixed, in the first place, with a solution of carbonate
of soda or soda ash, and subsequently with a solution of alum, the
strength of these solutions being regulated by the degree of whiteness
required to be given to the pulp. The relative proportions of the two
chemical bodies in their respective solutions are as about two to one,
that is, the quantity of carbonate of soda contained in its solution should
be about double the quantity of alum contained in the solution of that
salt.
The total quantity of both required is about one tenth by weight
of the pulp operated on.
And having now described the nature of the said Invention, and the
manner in which the same may be performed, I declare that what I
claim as the said Invention is,—
First, the manufacture of paper from wood andwoody fibres reduced
to fibrous pulp by means of mechanical agents acting in the direction
of the length or grain of the said fibres and parallel thereto, together

page_text: with water or other suitable liquid applied in the manner herein-before
described.
And, second, the particular arrangement of machinery represented in
the Drawing annexed, and herein-before described, for reducing wood
to fibrous pulp suitable for the manufacture of paper.
In witness whereof, I, the said Richard Archibald Brooman, have
hereunto set my hand and seal, this Tenth day of December, One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-three.