IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM TAINS AND ROFFWHS AND ADDARAMIS CAYRAMAD PROAL
Year: 1873

page_text: “LETTERS PATENT to Abraham Pope, of No. 190, Edgware Road, in the
County of Middlesex, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM
TAINS AND ROFFWHS AND ADDARAMIS CAYRAMAD
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Abraham Pope at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
21st October 1873.
I, ABRAHAM POPE, of No. 190, Edgware Road, in the County of
Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM ENGINES AND BOILERS, AND APPARATUS CONNECTED
THEREWITH," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in steam engines and
boilers, and apparatus connected therewith..
In upright boilers, consisting of a cylindrical shell with a cylindrical
fire-box within it, I employ in order to increase the heating surface of
the boiler tubes projecting into the interior of the fire-box like the

page_text: spokes of a wheel. Each tube is open at one end where it communicates
with the water space of the boiler, and at the other or inner end it is
closed. The closed ends of the tubes abutt one on the other, and so
support the shell of the boiler and resist any collapsing pressure. The
upper part of the fire-box is filled with tubes arranged in this way tier t
over tier.
The tubes in each tier may be placed vertically one over the other,
but a spiral arrangement is generally preferable.
Sometimes I make the tubes of the lower tiers shorter than those
of the upper in regular gradation, so as to leave more free space within
the fire-box..
To promote circulation in the boiler I divide the water space between
the fire-box and the shell into two channels by means of an intermediate
casing surrounding the fire-box, and open at the top and bottom. The
hot current of water rising off the fire-box is thus kept separate from
the descending current which supplies its place.
I also construct boilers of pipes arranged alternately crosswise,
thus ✗. These pipes at their lower ends are connected to four
longitudinal and horizontal pipes, thus 8. The structure is contained
in a casing of brickwork or other material, and upon the inclined pipes
fire-bricks or lumps are laid. In this way a fire-box and flues aro
enclosed.
The furnace is formed beneath the cross pipes; the spaces on either
side of the cross pipes serve for the return of the draught, which after-
wards passes along the upper space or flue to the chimney...
The heat of the furnace sets up currents in the water ascending from
the lower horizontal pipes to the upper. These are closed at one end,
and at the other are connected with a steam drum or receiver placed
immediately over them, and into this receiver they deliver steam and
water together through the connecting pipes. The water separates from
the steam, and is led back into the two horizontal pipes at the bottom of
the boiler.
In some cases I curve the cross tubes thus
or. >, and connect

page_text: For packing the glands I employ a rod of lead, which is bent or lapped
around the piston or other rod. The leaden rod may advantageously be
covered or wound round with hemp.
For pumping water I employ an engine in which all the motions are
rectilinear. The piston at the ends of its stroke strikes tappets on a
sliding rod parallel to the axis of the cylinder. The rod passes through
the exhaust passage, and within the passage it has a finger upon it
which actuates a small slide valve. This valve gives steam to and
exhausts alternately two small steam cylinders, in which are pistons
fixed upon
the rod of the main slide valve, and by the steam acting upon
these pistons the main valve is worked.
In order to lessen the loss of heat by conduction I line the cylinders
of steam engines with silverine or German silver.
In order to lubricate working parts, especially where the lubricant has
to be forced in against an opposing pressure, I employ a cylindrical
vessel with a piston to which a spring is applied. The cylinder is filled
with the lubricant, and the spring presses it out through a tubular
passage which is choked by the insertion of a regulating wire, to render
the escape sufficiently slow and regular.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Abraham Pope in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 21st April 1874.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, ABRAHAM
POPE, of No. 190, Edgware Road, in the County of Middlesex, send
grecting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-first day of October, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-three, in the thirty-
seventh year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said Abraham Pope, Her special license that
I, the said Abraham Pope, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or
such others as I, the said Abraham Pope, my exccutors, administrators,
and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to

page_text: time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands,
and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM ENGINES AND
BOILERS, AND APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH," upon the condition (amongst
others) that I, the said Abraham Pope, my executors or administrators,
by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands
and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the
said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and
cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Abraham Pope, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by
the following statement thereof, that is to say:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in steam engines and
boilers and apparatus connected therewith.
In upright boilers consisting of a cylindrical shell with a cylindrical
fire-box within it, I employ in order to increase the heating surface of
the boiler tubes projecting into the interior of the fire-box like the
spokes of a wheel. Each tube is open at one end where it communicates
with the water space of the boiler, and at the other or inner end it is
closed. The closed ends of the tubes abut one on the other and so
support the shell of the boiler, and resist any collapsing pressure. The
upper part of the fire-box is filled with tubes arranged in this way tier
over tier.
The tubes in cach tier may be placed vertically one over the other, but
a spiral arrangement is generally preferable.
Sometimes I make the tubes of the lower tiers shorter than those of
the upper in regular gradation, so as to leave more free space within
the fire-box.
To promote circulation in the boiler I divide the water space between
the fire-box and the shell into two channels by means of an intermediate
casing surrounding the fire-box and open at the top and bottom. The
hot current of water rising off the fire-box is thus kept separate from
the descending current which supplies its place.
i'

page_text: Drawing No. 1 shews in section, plans, and elevations, a vertical
boiler constructed as above described, and also full size sections of the
tubes; G, G, G, G, G, G, is an external casing; C, C, C, C, is an internal
fire-box connected to G by fluc tube O. In the fire-box are fixed a
series of horizontal tubes M. either arranged parallel as shown at A, or
spirally as shewn at B. These tubes touch in a small circle in the
centre, thereby forming stays to prevent collapse of the internal fire--
box C, C, C, C. Between C and G is a thin iron cylindrical casing E
-extending from bottom of boiler to or about the water level, the bottom
of this casing has a series of arched openings F to allow the free
circulation of the water, the upper part of such casing is covered to
within a distance of the flue tube as shown at K, above this opening is
a direction or deflection plate L fixed to flue tube O for the purpose
of directing currents of water as shewn. The tubes M are either made
parallel as shewn at M or taper as shewn at M, in full size detail.
The whole action of the boiler is distinctly shown in the Drawing, and
is arranged to expose a large heating surface with rapid circulation.
Drawing No. 2 shews a modification of boiler shewn in Drawing No. 1,
the tubes being arranged so as to form an internal core, the same
description and letters of reference apply as in Drawing No. 1. In this
boiler also the tubes may be either arranged in horizontal rows as shewn
at A, Sheet 1, or spirally as shown at B.
I claim as respects this part of my Invention the improvements herein
before described in the construction of boilers.
In some cases also I construct boilers of pipes arranged alternately
crosswise, thus X. These pipes at their lower ends are connected to four
longitudinal and horizontal pipes thus
*
The structure is
contained in a casing of brickwork or other material, and upon the
inclined pipes fire-bricks or lumps are laid. In this way a fire-box and
flues are enclosed.
The furnace is formed beneath the cross pipes; the spaces on either
side of the cross pipes serve for the return of the draught which
afterwards passes along the upper space or flue to the chimney.
The heat of the furnace sets up currents in the water ascending from
the lower horizontal pipes to the upper. These are closed at one end and

page_text: at the other are connected with a steam drum or receiver placed
immediately over them, and into this receiver they deliver steam and
water together through the connecting pipes. The water separates from
the steam and is led back into the two horizontal pipes at the bottom of
the boiler.
Drawing No. 3 shows in front and side elevations and plan a tubular
boiler constructed as above described, and also shews sections of the tube
joints. A is the fire-door; B, furnace bars; C, bridge; D, are two
longitudinal tubes, the whole length of boiler; E is a series of
inclined cross tubes having connection at top and bottom with D and F;
F, are longitudinal tubes the whole length of boiler closed at end in
fluc, also with door through brickwork; G is a cross connecting tube
connecting two tubes F, F, into one branch; H is a steam chamber the
whole length of boiler fixed in flues as shewn; J is a return branch pipe
or nozzle connecting H or steam chamber with return pipes K connected
into D; L is an ash or dust-hole; M is the ash-pit; N, uptake of flues
from fire; O, continuation of flues; P, entrance into chimney shaft;
Q, Q, are thin fire-brick linings laid upon tubes as shewn in Drawing; E
shows in detail the mode of fixing the tubes. .
The action of the boiler is as follows:-The fire passing to N or under
side of tubes E, E, causes rapid circulation or upward current through E
into F, the tube F being stopped at end in flues causes the whole of the
upward currents of water and steam below water line W, L, to traverse
its whole length to outlet G driving water and steam into upper steam
chamber H, the surplus water flowing as shewn by arrows in H to
outlets J and K supplying the return water to chamber D, thus causing
a rapid circulation of water throughout the whole boiler as shewn.; doors
are placed on ends of D for extraction of mud or sediment and
introduction of feed water. The tubes may be either of wrought or cast
iron and may be connected by other methods than the one shewn.
'
1

page_text: Drawing No. 5 shews the modification of the boiler with the tubes
curved but not crossing each other, the same description and letters of
reference apply as in Drawing No. 3.
In these Drawings also are shewn full size sections of the tube joints,
and the action of the boilers is clearly indicated by the arrows.
Sometimes I employ straight tubes, but slightly inclined from the hori-
zontal. They are arranged in sets, each set consisting of several parallel
tubes connected at their ends with upright tubes thus
;
they operate in the manner already described, being supplied with water
at the lower end of the system and delivering at the upper end water
and steam together into a receiver, where the water separates and
returns to the lower ends of the pipes. A number of such sets of
systems are arranged side by side in a furnace, and they deliver their
steam into a common reservoir. The joints are made by screw ferrules
and lock nuts.
The arrangement may be varied by substituting for the several nearly
horizontal tubes of each set, a single oval tube or barrel, and sometimes
I substitute a fire-box with a water space for the connecting tubes at
the end.
Sometimes also I superheat the steam by passing it through cylindrical
chambers heated by the furnace.
The steam may be conveyed away from the boiler in a superheated
state, or the feed water may be supplied into the last of the superheating
chambers, and the hot steam caused to. pass through it before it is led
away.
Drawing No. 6 shews in front and side elevations an inclined tubular
boiler constructed as above described. A is the firc-door; B, fire-bars;
C, bridge; D, dust hole; E, ash-pit; F, a series of inclined tubes
connected at one end into tubes G, which have stopped ends top and
bottom, and form the rising pipes to upper chamber of boiler. The
other ends of tubes F are- connected to the tubes H also with stopped
ends; J, longitudinal tube connected to tubes H and taken through
brickwork to introduce feed water and withdraw mud or sediment; K,
series of larger inclined tubes (only partly filled with water as shewn by

page_text: water line W, L, in Drawing for purposes after described) connected to
G by circulating and delivery pipes; L, M, return pipes from upper
tubes, taking the surplus water to bottoms of pipes H; N, connections
into steam chamber O from each of the upper tubes; O, steam chamber;
P, steam outlet; Q, Q, fire-brick flue divisions; R, R, flues and opening
into chimney P, deflecting nozzle to pipe L.
The action of the boiler is as follows:-Fire being placed on bars B
immediately causes an active circulation in tubes F delivering water and
steam generated into tube G rising through' pipes L and being blown
over water and steam together into tube K, tubo K being only filled
with water to height shewn by line W, L, the water blown up from G
running down over the inclined heated surface is rapidly formed into
steam, the surplus water flowing down the inclined tube K and again
reaching the bottom of boiler to tube H keeping up the circulation
through the tubes F, steam passes off from the tube K in a dry and
superheated state into the chamber O..
Drawing No. 7 shews in longitudinal and transverse sections a
chambered inclined surface boiler arranged to act in a similar manner to
the boiler just described. G, G, body of boiler; F, a series of cross
chambers with flue spaces between each, having connections at each end
with shell of boiler G, G; H, a series of inclined tubes over flue spaces
between F, F; L are circulating pipes from lower chamber of boiler to
upper tubes H; K is the return circulating pipe for surplus water con-
nected into bottom of boiler G; M is a deflecting nozzle in mouth of
pipe L; J, a series of small short pipes connecting tubes H with steam
chambers N; O and P, two other steam chambers connected at opposite
ends by pipes Q and R; V, outlet for steam; S, fire-brick stop over
pipes H; U, fluc spaces; T, opening into chimney; B, fire-door;
C, bars; D, short fire-bars turning on centre W, for removal of clinker
from fire; E, bearer bars for fire-bars.
The action of the boiler is as follows:-Fire being placed in fire-box A
on bars C and D and ascending through flue spaces between F, F,
enveloping chambers F in flame and flame impinging on tubes H and
filling the whole of the chamber U, U, U, U, in which space are the
three steam chambers N, O, P, the heated gases proceeding from
chamber to chimney T, the action of the fire immediately causes a very
rapid circulation in F and G. The steam and water are driven with
.

page_text: .
great force through openings in front plate of G, which are situated
below water level of boiler through pipe L and delivered on to the
highly heated inclined surface of tubes H, the water becoming rapidly
vapourized, surplus water flowing down the inclined tube H through
pipe K to bottom of boiler, thereby maintaining the circulation, the t
steam generated in H passing away through the pipes J into steam
chambers N, O, P, and in its passage travelling their whole length
forwards and backwards to the outlet V; these chambers being at a
-very elevated temperature deliver the steam at V in a very superheated
state. The chamber P may be partly filled with water, as shewn, and 1
the end of pipe R dipped below its surface causing the superheated
steam to pass through the water, taking up the quantity of water due to
its temperature in its passage to V; the feed water may be taken into
this chamber with an overflow pipe conveying it to bottom of boiler.
I claim as respects this part of my Invention the construction of
boilers substantially as herein-before described and represented on
Sheets 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7, of the Drawings hereunto annexed.
I also claim the construction of steam boilers in such manner that at
their upper end they deliver water and steam together into a receiver,
where the water separates from the steam and passes back to the bottom :
of the boiler.
In working steam expansively in steam engines I open the steam
valves by cams and close them by springs. The cams are formed on a
sleeve capable of sliding along an axis which is mounted parallel to the
cylinder, and is driven by the engine. By sliding the sleeve along the 1
axis different parts of the cams are brought to act upon the valve stems,
and the cams are so formed that the time during which the valves are
held open is varied accordingly. The sleeve has a number of rings and
grooves turned in it, and with these a pinion engages. The pinion is
actuated by a rack connected with a piston working in an hydraulic
cylinder. Water under pressure is admitted and allowed to escape from
this cylinder by a small slide valve which is moved by the governor.
Drawing No. 8 shews an expansion gear for steam engines in front
and side elevations, plan and detail, and mode of actuating the same by
governor. On a horizontal planed bed plate G, G, G, G, two exhaust
ports are cast through into a common outlet; an ordinary steam cylinder
A has cast on its bottom side two valve boxes 9; two exhaust passages

page_text: .
6 from cylinder enter into valve boxes 9; in valve boxes are two solid
slides J alternately opening and closing passages 6, 6; on the cylinder
covers are cast two valve boxes B, as shewn, entering which are the
steam supply ports F; in cylinder covers are the steam inlet ports E,
covered by the solid valves C, to which are attached the valve rods D; H,
are springs for closing slide valves C; on ends of D are fastened the
frames Q, having guides T at their outer ends carried in suitable bear-
ings 7; the frames Q carry friction rollers R; P is a shaft recieving
motion from main engine shaft, and carrying the sliding sleeve or
socket; 8, 8, is a cast-iron sliding socket or sleeve sliding freely on P,
but turning with it. through feather P¹ cast or fixed on such sleeve or
socket; and opposite to each other are the two cylindrical conical cams
or projections O (which are shewn full size in detail) for giving motion
to frames Q and steam valves C, and varying the stroke of same accord-
ing to requirements of engine; in the centre of sleeve or socket 8 a
series of tooth rings are cut gearing into pinion V; on the shaft Y there
is a second pinion gearing into rack X, which is connected with a piston
working in a hydraulic cylinder not shewn in the Drawing; water under
pressure is admitted and allowed to escape from this cylinder by a small
slide valve, which is moved by the governor. The water under pressure
may be taken from the feed pump or the boiler, or from other source.
The shafts are carried in suitable bearings on shaft 2 at right angles to
P driven by mitre wheels I, I, and carried in suitable bearings is a cam
or wiper 3; on opposite side of cylinder to P, P, is a sliding rod N, work-
ing through proper bearings in cylinder covers; on such rod N is a frame
5, having two friction rollers 4, as shewn; at the end of such frame is a
continuance of rod N marked 10, working in a guide 11; two standards
M are fixed, one on each cover of cylinder, each carrying a lever L,
which are fitted into sockets in rod N, N, as shewn, the other ends of
such levers are fitted into exhaust valve rods K, K, to give motion to
valves J, J.
The action of the engine is as follows:-The engine starting from
rest, the governor balls down, and the sleeve 8, with cams O, being in
such a position that they will cause the steam valves to remain open the
greatest length of time the cams will allow of and the steam entering
through steam pipe and port F into valve box B enters the cylinder by
steam port E, the shaft P receiving motion from main shaft of engine,
and revolving at the same speed causes the cams O to give alternate

page_text: motion to the steam valves C, C, opening the steam ports E to cylinder;
on the engine increasing in speed the governor will cause the rod A and
rack X to ascend, acting through the pinion V, and causing sleeve 8 to
traverse shaft P, thereby decreasing the period of time the steam valves
are kept open. On the engine decreasing in speed the reverse action
takes place, the governor rack X descends, causing the sleeve 8 and cams
O to move in the opposite direction, prolonging the period of time the
steam valves are kept open; the cross or exhaust shaft 2, with cam 3 at
end, receiving motion also from crank shaft through P, alternately opens
and closes exhaust valves. The steam valves may be either equilibrium,
slide, or balance valves, as may be deemed advisable.
motion to the steam valves C, C, opening the steam ports E to cylinder;
on the engine increasing in speed the governor will cause the rod A. and
rack X to ascend, acting through the pinion V, and causing sleeve 8 to
traverse shaft P, thereby decreasing the period of time the steam valves
are kept open.
On the engine decreasing in speed the reverse action 5
takes place, the governor rack X descends, causing the sleeve 8 and cams
O to move in the opposite direction, prolonging the period of time the
steam valves are kept open; the cross or exhaust shaft 2, with cam 3 at
end, receiving motion also from crank shaft through P, alternately opens
and closes exhaust valves. The steam valves may be either equilibrium, 1
slide, or balance valves, as may be deemed advisable.
I claim as respects this part of my Invention the combined arrange-
ment of expansion gear for steam engines, substantially as herein-before
described.
· For pumping water and other such like purposes I employ an engine 1
in which all the motions are rectilinear, the piston at the ends of its
stroke strike tappets on a sliding rod parallel to the axis of the cylinder;
the rod passes through the exhaust passage, and within the passage it
has a finger upon it which actuates a small slide valve, this valve gives
steam to and exhausts alternately two small steam cylinders, in which 2
are pistons fixed upon the rod of the main slide valve, and by the steam
acting upon these pistons the main valve is worked.
Drawing No. 11 shows the improved steam engine in longitudinal
and transverse sections and plan. The cylinder is of the usual con-
struction with the main slide valve B moved by a steam piston C on the 2
valve face of main slide, and near the main steam ports L, L, and
exhaust K are two small steam ports M, N, and one exhaust port K,
leading from which steam ports are passages cut into cylinder D through
opening O, P. Working over such small steam ports is a slide valve E
with a tail or projecting piece F extending through exhaust port into 3
sliding bar G; this exhaust port opens into main exhaust of engine K;
a hole is bored through the whole length of cylinder, as shewn, into
which is fitted the rod G; sliding freely at ends of rod G and in cylinder
are two projecting tappets H working into recesses in cylinder covers.
In the centre of rod G in main exhaust port is an opening, into which 3
the steam F of small slide E is fitted, the rod G receiving motion
through the tappet pieces H by the alternate action of the piston gives

page_text: motion through the small exhaust port K to the slide valve E, thus
regulating the motion of the engine.
The action of the engine is as follows:-Steam being admitted
through the steam pipe J passes into piston valve chest D between the two
steam pistons C, C, on moving slide valve B by lever Q, the main piston
is caused to traverse cylinder; on arriving at end of stroke the tappet H
projecting into same is forced into recess fair with cylinder cover. This
motion is transmitted through sliding bar G to small slide valve E,
thereby admitting steam alternately behind pistons. C, C, through
openings O, P, causing alternate opening of main steam ports L, L, by
slide valve B.
I claim as respects this part of my Invention the combined arrange-
ment of steam engine, substantially as herein-before described.
In order to lubricate working parts, especially where the lubricant has
to be forced in against an opposing pressure, I employ a cylindrical
vessel with a piston, to which a spring is applied. The cylinder is filled
with the lubricant and the spring presses it out through a tubular
passage, which is choked by the insertion of a regulating wire to render
the escape sufficiently slow and regular.
Drawing No. 9 shews the pressure lubricator in transverse section,
front elevation, and plan, having for its design to deliver oil or other lubri-
cating fluids either under pressure to stuffing boxes of marine propellers
against the pressure of the external water or for lubricating purposes
generally. A is a cylinder; B is a piston moving in same with cup
leather; C is a double spiral spring between piston and cover; D is a
rack piston rod acted on by pinion E for the purpose of raising piston
and compressing spring C; F is a tube attached to side of cylinder
having connection with passage L; G is a second tube contained within
F having connection with passage K; H is a wire fitting loosely within
the tube G to allow the passage and regulate the supply of oil or other
lubricant from cylinder A to passage B, and from thence to journal or
stuffing box by pipe P; J is a small screw cap for taking out wire H
when required.
The action of the lubricator is as follows:-The piston B being at
bottom of cylinder A, and the spring C extended, oil or other lubricant
is poured in at aperture M till the body A is nearly full; on raising the
piston by the pinion E and handle N the oil passes below the cup

page_text: leather, filling the space below the piston B; and at the same time the
spring is compressed by the piston, the piston will be maintained at any
height without allowing passage of oil to upper side of piston; the oil or
other lubricant being under pressure is driven through passage K and
between the wire H and tube G, overflowing and passing into tube F, 5
thence through passage L, through stop cock O, and pipe P, to journal
or stuffing box; the supply of oil is regulated according to requirements
by the more or less perfect fit of wire H in tube G, the supply can be
wholly shut off by stop-cock O when necessary, the piston B remaining
for any time without leakage and ready to continue the supply of oil 1
when required.
I claim as respects this part of my Invention the construction of a
pressure lubricator, substantially as herein-before described.
In order to lessen the loss of heat from steam cylinders by conduction,
I line or clothe such cylinders with German or nickel silver or the alloy 1
called silverine, such metal being a worse conductor of heat than cast
iron in the proportion of 03 to 14. I prefer that the liner should be
about 1 of an inch in thickness, and that the cylinder should be bored
out as usual, and the liner turned and put tightly into it.
I claim lining or clothing the cylinders of steam engines with a liner 2
of German or nickel silver, or the alloy called silverine, as herein-before
described.
The last part of my Invention consists in employing drawn lead either.
round or square or of other section for packing piston rods, pump rods,
pump buckets, glands and such like; the lead is bent or coiled around 2
the piston or other rod so as to fill the stuffing box or the pump bucket
either with or without hemp or other fibrous packing, and is used in the
same way that ordinary hemp packing is now employed..
In witness whereof, I, the said Abraham Pope, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Twentieth day of April, in the year of our 3
Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-four.
TIDADH