IMPROVEMENTS IN AND RELATING TO THE PRODUCTION OF BI-SULPHIDE OF CARBON VAPOR AND APPARATUS THEREFOR AND FOR UTILIZING THE SAME AS A MOTOR
Year: 1882

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Robert Lake, of the firm of Haseltine, Lake,
and Co, Patent Agents, Southampton Buildings, London, for an Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN AND RELATING TO THE PRODUCTION OF BI-SULPHIDE OF
CARBON VAPOR AND APPARATUS THEREFOR AND FOR UTILIZING THE SAME
AS A MOTOR."-A communication to him from abroad by William Samuel
Colwell, of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Robert Lake at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 31st October 1882.
1
WILLIAM ROBERT LAKE, of the firm of Haseltine, Lake, and Co., Patent Agents,
Southampton Buildings, London, 'IMPROVEMENTS IN AND RELATING TO THE
PRODUCTION OF BI-SULPHIDE OF CARBON VAPOR AND APPARATUS THEREFOR
AND FOR UTILIZING THE SAME AS A MOTOR" [A communication to him from
abroad by William Samuel Colwell, of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of
America.]
This invention relates to methods and apparatus for the production of vapor from
bi-sulphide of carbon, which I effect through the medium of the latent elements of
static and specific heat transmitted to the bi-sulphide of carbon through the
medium of steam generated from water; it also relates to the utilization of said
vapor of bi-sulphide of carbon for the purpose of operating machinery as
hereinafter described; the present invention being an improvement on that
described in the specification of Letters Patent granted to me the twenty third day
of September 1879, No. 8836.
In order that the nature of my present invention may be properly understood,
I will state briefly some facts connected with water and bi-sulphide of carbon,
which are the two liquids I employ for producing a motor by the utilization of the
latent heat of steam.
The boiling point of water is 212° Fahrenheit, and the latent heat of its steam

page_text: 966° Fahrenheit; and its specific heat is greater than that of any other liquid;
and its tension and expansive force are increased with every degree of heat added,
and said tension and force diminished with every degree of heat taken from it.
The boiling point of bi-sulphide of carbon is 118° Fahrenheit, and the latent heat
of its vapor is 156° Fahrenheit; and its specific heat is less than one-third of that
of water, while its tension and expansive force are, like that of water, depending
directly upon the temperature applied to it. To illustrate the difference between
the action of heat upon the two liquids named: to raise one pound of water from
50° Fahrenheit to 230° Fahrenheit, and evaporate it at that point, 1,132 thermal
units (or degrees of heat) will be required; to raise one pound of bi-sulphide of
carbon from 50° Fahrenheit to 230° Fahrenheit, and evaporate it at that point it
will require 216 thermal units, (or degrees of heat,) therefore, water and bi-sulphide
of carbon are to each othor as 1132 is to 216 at the temperature named.
It is a fact known to scientists that the tension or force of all vapors is the saine
at an equal distance above or below their respective boiling points. Now, 1,132 1
thermal units (or degrees of heat) applied to water will give a pressure of
21 pounds to the square inch or will show 6 pounds pressure on the pressure gauge
of the steam generator-; while. 216 thermal units (or degrees of heat) applied to
bi-sulphide of carbon will give a pressure of 83 pounds to the square inch and will
shew a pressure of 68 pounds on the pressure gauge of the bi-sulphide of carbon
boiler.
The chief object of my invention is to utilize this latent heat for vaporizing
liquid bi-sulphide of carbon for use as a motor by the process and means
hereinafter described.
"
In carrying the said invention into practice I provide an ordinary vertical boiler
or steam generator provided with the usual appendages: the steam conduit is
connected with a regulating valve, which acts in conjunction with a valve, used for
the purpose of regulating the flow of steam into a case for generating heat in a
bi-sulphide of carbon boiler.
By the peculiar construction and arrangement of the said regulating valves any
desired pressure of the vapor of the bi-sulphide of carbon may be had for a motor,
and said pressure maintained by adjustment of a weight with relation to a lever.
Having decided on a fixed pressure in the bi-sulphide of carbon boiler, if the
prossure therein should become more than that, it will press or force up a plunger of
one valve and close the other valve and thereby cut off the supply of steam from a
the steam generator or boiler, and from a steam space or chamber and a distributing
or circulating chamber in connection with the bi-sulphide of carbon boiler, which will
soon lower the pressure in the latter boiler. When the pressure falls below that
fixed upon, the plunger will sink, and thereby open the valve and admit more
steam into the said chambers which will cause an increase of temperature around
the latter boiler causing an increase of pressure of the bi-sulphide vapor to that
degreo desired. By this arrangement of the regulating valves and weight, which
can be adjusted at the will of the operator so that any desired quantity and
degree of heat may be admitted into the chambers, the bi-sulphide of carbon in the
boiler can be slowly or rapidly evolved into a vapor for a motor of any desired
power, which adapts it to all the requirements for operating locomotives and other
machines where sudden increase of power is required.
By the discovery of the inherent property in bi-sulphide of carbon, to wit, that
charging an additional quantity of it into the evolving chamber or vessel does not
increase the volume or pressure of its vapor when subjected to a given heat, and
that volume and increased pressure are only obtained by an increase of heat, the
engineer will understand that by husbanding heat in the heat generator he can, by
the proper manipulation of the regulating valves, control the power at will for
the purpose of a motor for operating machinery with great economy and perfect
safety.
The bi-sulphide of carbon boiler is of peculiar construction and operation.
A easing surrounds the shell of this bailer which is furnished with larga
P

page_text: number of tubes, extending longitudinally through the boiler and secured in the
end thereof in the usual way. The head of one end of the boiler extends beyond
the diameter of the shell sufficiently to form a suitable bearing or flange for
attaching it to the flange of the case to which is also attached the flango of a part
which forms the distributing or circulating chamber. herein before referred to. On
one end, and at each side of the outer wall of the shell of the boiler, are secured
flanges, which are attached to, and rest upon, similar flanges on the inner side walls
and one end of the case, which flanges are so attached to each other as to form a
steam-tight joint. In the boiler, above its tubes, is arranged a perforated pipe,
extending longitudinally from end to end of said boiler and communicating with a
pipe, which pipe passes through the shell and through the case which surrounds
said boiler. In the upper side of the first pipe are a large number of perforations,
and in the lower side, a less number, the latter perforations being employed for
draining said pipe in case of condensation of steam. This pipe is used for the
purpose of drawing off the vapor evenly and uniformly from all parts of the
boiler. The latter should be internally and externally coated with tin or its
equivalent to prevent oxidation. Experience has also demonstrated that when the
inaterial of which the boiler is constructed is coated with tin the seams and joints
can be made more perfect and less liable to leakage.
On the under sido of the boiler, in the space formed by the case, is arranged a
perforated pipe, which communicates with a steam-pipe, and is employed for the
distribution of steam around the lower half of the shell of the boiler, the steam
being confined around the lower half of said boiler through the medium of the
flanges and caused to flow through the tubes into the circulating or distributing
chamber; from which it flows back through the tubes above the flanges and
surrounds the upper half of the boiler..
The part which forms the circulating chamber, and the end, are stayed
through the medium of stay rods which pass through the tubes and through said
end and part, and are secured thereto by screw nuts. A pipe, hereinbefore
mentioned, communicates with the steam chest and cylinder of the engine and is
surrounded with a casing or pipe, which cominunicates with the steam space around
the upper half of the bi-sulphide of carbon boiler and with the casing that
surrounds the steam chest and cylinder of an engine, which engine is of ordinary
construction and operation. By this construction and arrangement of the boiler,
case, chamber, and pipes, the steam is distributed thoroughly over the entire
surface of the shell and caused to travel through the tubes in one direction.in the
lower half of the bi-sulphide of carbon boiler, and in an opposite direction through
the tubes located above the Banges, the steam acting first on the lower half of the
shell of the boiler, heating it, then heating the tubes in that part, and then passing
into the chamber, and from it entering the tubes above the flanges, heating them,
and passing from them, enters the upper half of the steam-space, spreading over the
upper surface of the shell, heating it, and passes into the case, and the casing which
surrounds the steam chest and cylinder of the engine, so that the bi-sulphide of
carbon vapor evolved in the boiler is continuously heated by the steam trans-
mitting its latent heat to said vapor until it has performed its office upon the
piston of the engine.
The bi-sulphide of carbon boiler is provided with pressure-gauges and sight
gauge.
One gauge
is for showing the pressure in the boiler, another for indicating
the steam pressure in the casing, and the sight gauge for indicating the liquid bi-
sulphide of carbon in the boiler.
The pipe which communicates with the interior of the boiler is provided with a
safety valve, which communicates, through the medium of a pipe, with an ordinary
surface condenser, whereby, in case of undue pressure in the boiler, the surplus of
vapor is allowed to flow off to said condenser, and from it passes to a pump.
A "surface heater," is employed for the purpose of heating the bi-sulphide of
carbon prior to entering the boiler, and is provided with a coiled pipe, which is
arranged in a spiral forin in said heater, travelling up and then down through it,

page_text: and connected with a pipe, which communicates with the interior of the bi-sulphide
of carbon boiler, said coiled pipe communicating with the pump.
The exhaust pipe communicates with the lower end of the heater and it, with
the condenser, by means of a pipe, the condenser communicating with the pump
through the medium of a pipe.
By this construction of the heater and its arrangement and connections with the
parts stated, the liquid bi-sulphide of carbon, in passing from the condenser through
the pipe to the pump, and from it through a pipe, passes up through, and down,
the spiral coil and through a pipe enters the boiler in a highly heated condition,
which heat is imparted to it by the vapor exhausted from the engine.
Another and very important advantage is obtained by this arrangement of the
heater and its connections, to wit, the liquid bi-sulphide of carbon, in its passage
from the condenser to the boiler, as stated, is heated to the vaporizing point, which
vapor, in a saturated condition is forced into the boiler by a volume of the liquid
bi-sulphide of carbon acting against said conditioned vapor in the coiled pipe, which
volume of liquid bi-sulphide of carbon is always between the pump and some point
in this pipe of the heater, thus securing a result not heretofore obtained in the
operation of an engine, viz. forcing saturated vapor of bi-sulphide of carbon into
the vaporizing generator of bi-sulphide of carbon boiler.
The advantage of the heater in connection with the bi-sulphide of carbon engine
consists in avoiding the introduction into the evolving chamber of cold liquid
bi-sulphide of carbon, which is always attended with bad results by subjecting the
generator or boiler to undue strain, caused by the sudden condensation of the
vapor in it, and then rapidly expanding the liquid into vapor. This sudden
alternate condensation and rapid expansion subjects the material of which the
generator or boiler is constructed to such frequently repeated contractions,
expansions, and strains, as to cause crystalization, and, therefore, weakening snid
material, and thereby rendering the generator or boiler unfit for use and liable to
accident. The forcing or injecting into the generator or -boiler of cold liquid
bi-sulphide of carbon causes a hammering, thumping, and jarring action in it which
is transmitted to all parts connected therewith. All of these stated disadvantages
are overcome or avoided by the use of the heater for heating the bi-sulphide of
carbon prior to being forced into the generator or boiler by the pump in the manner
bereinbefore described, and at the same time regains the sensible heat of the
bi-sulphide of carbon lost by the condensation of its vapor exhausted from the
engine.
The casing of the steam chest and cylinder of the engine and the casing of the
bi-sulphide of carbon boiler communicate with a water pump by means of a pipe
which should be provided with an ordinary steam trap, so that said casings will
retain the steam in them, and only the product of condensation be carried to the
pump.
The cylinder, valves, valve seats, piston, and rods connected therewith, are
lubricated with pulverized plumbago, by introducing it into the "steam chest" of
the cylinder by means of a lubricating apparatus which consists of a capped hopper,
and receiving and distributing chamber, said parts communicating with each other
by n pipe, in two parts, furnished with valves, the point of separation being
between said valves. The upper part of the receiving and distributing chamber
communicates with the steam pipe or conduit by means of a pipe, provided with a
valve, and the lower end of said chamber communicates with the steam-chest by
means of a pipe, provided with a valve. Lubricants consisting of a single
ingredient, are very numerous, among which may be mentioned the several known
oils, tallow, glycerine, litharge, plumbago, black lead, beeswax and many other
articles, and the ingredients or articles mentioned have been compounded in almost
every conceivable way for forming lubricants, and I am aware that glycerine,
litharge, petroleum oil, oleaginous matter, and other things, have been used for the
purpose of lubricating bi-sulphide of carbon engines, and that they have failed to
meet the end desired as a lubricant for such engines. This is due to the fact that

page_text: as soon as the lubricant comes in contact with the heated vapor of bi-sulphide of
carbon the latter takes up the oleaginous matter and deposits a part of its sulphur,
and the vapor carries over to the condenser that part of the lubricant which it
has taken up, so that no element having any lubricating qualities comes in
contact with the working surfaces of the engine which require lubrication, and
said vapor taking up the oily matter and depositing part of its sulphur, will, in a
short time, destroy or render the bisulphide of carbon inefficient for the purpose of
a motor.
In the use of heated vapors of bi-sulphide of carbon for a motor two difficulties
have been encountered, to wit: First, the grest tendency of the working surfaces
of the cylinder, piston, slide valve, and its seat to become rough by oxidation
caused by the action of the atmosphere upon said surfaces when the engine has
cooled off and is not running, which tendency to oxidation is due to some
unexplained effect produced on said surfaces by the heated vapor, of bi-sulphide of
carbon. Second, experionce has demonstrated that the ordinary oils, when
subjected in the valve chamber and cylinder of the engine to heated vapors of
bi-sulphide of carbon, from some unknown cause, do not act well as a lubricant, and
do not protect the aforesaid working surfaces from oxidation. Henco glycerine,
caoutchouc, and petroleum oil have each been resorted to as the best articles for a
suitable lubricant for engines when heated vapor of bi-sulphide of carbon is used as
a motor; but these articles fail to fully meet the requirement for a good lubricant
in such case, and do not effectually protect said working surfaces from oxidation.
This tendency of the working surfaces of the cylinder, its piston, and alide valve
and its seat, to become rough and coated with oxide, which, by subsequent
movements of the piston and valve causes said oxide to grind and wear said
working surfaces, and the want of a reliable lubricant for relieving said parts from
undue friction and oxidation, have been the great obstacle to the use of heated vapor
of bi-sulphide of carbon for a motor.
According to my invention I obviate these difficulties by the use of finely
pulverized plumbago applied to said working surface, which article serves the two-
fold purpose of preventing oxidation of said working faces, and also acts as a most
excellent lubricant, meeting all the requirements demanded, and avoiding the
grinding, wearing, and undue friction of the said working surfaces.
When the plumbago 'is applied in the manner herein before described it is
deposited evenly upon all parts of the engine which require to be lubricated, filling
up the pores of the working surfaces of the valves, valve sonts, piston, cylinder, and
the rods connected therewith, causing said working surfaces to become coated
with a thin, smooth coating of enamel which is impervious to damp and atinospheric
influence.
D
For the purpose of securing the best result as a lubricant for bi-sulphide of carbon
engines the plumbago must be pure, with thin, flexible lamina. When the plumbago
is of this character a very small quantity will be sufficient for lubricating the
working parts of the engine herein mentioned, not requiring more than eight
ounces of said plumbago daily for an engine of "fifty horse power" and
therefore forms a very cheap lubricant for the purpose stated, not costing over
three cents per day for an engine of the power stated. It has been discovered by
experience that parts of a bi-sulphide of carbon engine which had been frequently
lubricated while in use, and afterwards exposed to damp and atmospheric influence
for a period of ten months, was entirely free from the least sign of oxidation. This
is due to some unexplained cause and in the present, state of knowledge of
chemistry is unexplainable. I therefore can only state the facts and results
discovered, which are of the greatest importance in the art, of operating bi-sulphide
of carbon engines. But that some unexplainable union or combination of the
heated vapor of the bi-sulphide of carbon and the plumbago is formed is certain;
and that such union or combination and that of the heated surfaces of the metal
previously subjected to the action of said vapors have an affinity for each other is
also certain, otherwise the result above stated could not be obtained.

page_text: By the process and apparatus herein before described the two liquids employed
and the vapors evolved therefrom are at all times and under all conditions kept
separate from each other.
Chambers surround the plunger of the pump, for the purpose of holding oil or
other suitable fluid packing, and chambers which surround the piston rod are for
like purpose, another chamber communicating with a reservoir.
My said invention has for one of its objects the obtaining of a high pressure
motor from low pressure steam.
In large cities and towns, for the purpose of avoiding the necessity for having
thousands of steam generators, and as many different fires, for the purposes of heat
and power, companies and corporations have been organized for furnishing people
with heat for dwellings, and offices and for culinary purposes, and power for the
purpose of driving machinery. To this end large batteries of steam boilers are
erected at some convenient point near the main street of the city or town, and
connected with said batteries of steam boilers are mains (large pipes) which are
placed in tunnels under the main streets, and from these mains project branches
under other streets, said mains or branches are tapped by pipes for conveying steam
into the buildings where heat. is desired for warming purposes and for power.
Examples of the above arrangements for furnishing heat and power can be found in
many of the large cities of Europe and America. To perfect said arrangement for
furnishing heat and power, and overcome the objections and disadvantages connected
therewith, the highest order of engineering skill has been employed, and..millions
of money-spent in attempts to overcome, the difficulties, dangers, disadvantages and
objections. The cause still remains, viz., the necessity of carrying a high pressure
of steam in said mains and the branches connected therewith.
Now my invention overcomes the necessity for carrying a high pressure of
steam in said mains and branches connected therewith, and thereby avoids the
danger, objections-and-disadvantages_incident to the carrying of high pressure
steam. This I accomplish by the use of the apparatus or engine herein before
described connected to, and communicating with, said mains or their branches.
A pipe communicates with one of the branches of the main and with the regulating
valves of the apparatus or engine hereinbefore described. By this combination
a high pressure motor can be had from a very low pressure of steam in said mains
and branches, it having been demonstrated that a pressure of twenty-three pounds
of steam in said mains and branches will give a pressure of one hundred and ten
pounds of bi-sulphide of carbon vapor in the boiler, therefore it will be very
apparent that a high pressure motor is obtained from a low pressure of steam
the advantage of which will readily be comprehended without further description.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said William Robert Lake in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 30th
April 1883.
WILLIAM ROBERT LAKE, of the firm of Haseltine, Lake & C° Patent Agents
Southampton Buildings London "IMPROVEMENTS IN AND RELATING TO THE
:
PRODUCTION OF BI-SULPHIDE OF CARBON VAPOR AND APPARATUS THEREFOR AND
FOR UTILIZING THE SAME AS A MOTOR"-A communication to me from abroad
by William Samuel Colwell, of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of
America
This invention relates to methods and apparatus for the production of vapor
from bi-sulphide of carbon which I effect through the medium of latent elements
of static and specific heat transmitted to the bi-sulphide of carbon through the
medium of steam generated from water; it also relates to the utilization of the
said vapor of bi-sulphide of carbon for the purpose of driving an engine as herein-
after described; the present invention being an improvement on that described
in the specification of Letters Patent granted to me the twenty third day of
September A. D. 1879 N° 3836
In order that the nature of the present invention may be properly understood,
I will state briefly some facts connected with water and bi-sulphide of carbon,
which are the two liquids I employ for producing a motor by the utilization of the
latent heat of steain.
The boiling point of water is 212° Fah: and the latent heat of its steam
966° Fah.; its specific heat is greater than that of any other liquid and its
tension and expansive force are increased with every degree of heat added, and
diminished with every degree of heat taken from it.
The boiling point of bi-sulphide of carbon is 118° Fah., and the latent heat of
its vapor is 156° Fah. its specific heat is less than one-third that of water while
its tension and expansive force are like that of water, dependent directly upon
the temperature applied to it. The difference between the action of. heat upon the
two liquids named is illustrated as follows that is to say, to raise one pound of
water from 50° Fah. to 230° Fah. and evaporate it at that point, 1132 thermal
units (or degrees of heat) will be required; while to raise one pound of bi-sulphido
of carbon from 50° Fah. to 230° Fah, and evaporate it at that point 216 thermal.
units (or degrees of heat) will be required, therefore water and bi-sulphide of
carbon are to each other as 1132 is to 216 at the temperature named.
It is a fact known to scientists that the tension or force of all vapors is the
sume at an equal distance above or below their respective boiling points. Now
1132 thermal units (or degrees of heat) applied to water will give a pressure of
21 pounds to the square inch or will show 6 pounds pressure on the pressure gauge
of the steam generator; while 216 thermal units (or degrees of heat) applied to
bi-sulphide of carbon will give a pressure of 83 pounds to the square inch and
will show a pressure of 68 pounds on the pressure gauge of the bi-sulphide of
carbon boiler.
The chief object of the said invention is to utilize this latent heat for vaporizing
liquid bi-sulphide of carbon for use as a motor by the process and means herein-
after described
In the accompanying drawings
Figure 1 is a top view or plan of an engine, steam generator, bi-sulphide of
carbon boiler, condenser, heater, pump, and the several connecting pipes arranged
relatively to each other, and constructed according to this invention
Figura is a front elevation of the same

page_text: Figure 3 is a vertical longitudinal section of the case that surrounds the
bi-sulphide of carbon boiler a portion of the shell of the said boiler being
broken away for the purpose of showing the internal arrangement of its' pipes
and tubes.
Figure 4 is a vertical transverse section of the bi-sulphide of carbon boiler on
the line y y Figure 3.
:
Figure 5. is a side elevation of the heater for heating the bi-sulphide of carbon
after being exhausted from the engine and condensed by the condenser, and prior
to being forced into the bi-sulphide of carbon boiler by the pump.
Figure 6 is a side elevation of the pump employed for forcing the bi-sulphide
of carbon into its boiler, the upper portion which surrounds the piston being shown
in section.
Figure 7 is a section of the cylinder head and shows the arrangement of the
parts connected therewith employed for the purpose of packing the piston rod.
The remaining figures are hereinafter referred to
A indicates an ordinary vertical boiler or steam generator provided with the
usual appendages. The steam conduit or pipe a, is connected with a regulating
valve, B, which acts in conjunction with a valve, C, used for the purpose of
regulating the flow of steam into the case k for generating heat in the bi-sulphide
of carbon boiler E.
By the peculiar construction and arrangement of the said regulating valves
B and C, any desired pressure of the vapor of the bi-sulphide of carbon may be had
for a motor, and the said pressure maintained by adjustment of the weight k¹
with relation to the lever h¹. Having decided on t ressure to be maintained in
the boiler E, if the pressure therein should exceed this it will press or force upwards
the plunger o³ of the valve C, and close the valve B and thereby cut off the supply
of steam from the steam generator or boiler A and from chambers fand, O, whereby
the pressure in the boiler E will be soon lowered. When the pressure falls below
that fixed upon, the plunger-o³ of valve C-will sink, and thereby open the
valve B and admit more steam into the said chambers ƒ and O, which will cause
an increase of temperature around the boiler E causing an increase of pressure of
the bi-sulphide vapor to the degree desired. By this arrangement of the regulating
valves B and C and weight k', (which can be adjusted at the will of the operator so
that any desired quantity and degree of heat may be admitted into the chambers f
and O,) the bi-sulphide of carbon in the boiler E can be slowly or rapidly evolved
into a vapor for a motor of any desired power, which adapts it to all the require-
ments for operating locomotives and other engines where a sudden increase of
power is required.
By the discovery of the inherent property in bi-sulphide of carbon, to wit, that
charging an additional quantity of it into the evolving chamber or vessel does not
increase the volume or pressure of its vapor when subjected to a given heat, and
that volume and increased pressure are only obtained by an increase of heat, the
engineer will understand that by husbanding heat in the heat generator he can, by
the proper manipulation of the regulating valves B and C, control the power at
will for the purpose of a motor for operating machinery with great economy and
perfect safety.
The bi-sulphide of carbon boiler E is of peculiar construction and operation and
is illustrated in Figures 3 and 4 in which & indicates the casing which surrounds
the shell c The said boiler is provided with a large number of tubes d, extending
longitudinally through it, and secured in the end thereof in the usual manner.
The head e of one end of the boiler extends beyond the diameter of the shell c
sufficiently to form a suitable bearing or flange for attaching it to the flange of the
case to which is also attached the flange of the part N, which forms the distri-
buting or circulating Chamber O, hereinbefore referred to. On one end and at
each side of the outer wall of the shell c of the boiler E are secured flanges P
which are attached to and rest upon similar flanges on the inner side walls and one
end of the case k which flanges are so attached to each other as to form a steam-

page_text: tight joint. In the boiler E above its tubes d is arranged a perforated pipe L;
extending longitudinally from end to end of the boiler and communicating with a
pipe M, which pipe passes through the shell c and through the case k which
surrounds the said boiler. In the upper side of the pipe L are a large number of
perforations, and in the lower side a less number, the latter perforations being
employed for draining the said pipe in case of condensation of steam. The pipe L
is used for the purpose of drawing off the vapor evenly and uniformly from all
parts of the boiler.
The latter should be internally and externally coated with tin or its equivalent
to prevent oxidation. Experience has also demonstrated that when the material
of which the boiler is constructed is coated with tin or the like the seams and
joints can be made more perfect and less liable to leakage.
On the underside of the boiler E in the space ƒ formed by the case k is arranged
a perforated pipe R, which communicates with a steam pipes and is employed for
the distribution of steam around the lower half of the shell c of the boiler E. The
steam being confined around the lower half of the said boiler through the medium
of the flanges P, and caused to flow through the tubes d into the circulating or
distributing chamber O, from which it flows back through the tubes & above the
flanges P and surrounds the upper half of the boiler as indicated by the arrows g
and h.
The part N and the end T are stayed through the medium of stay rods i which
pass through the tubes d and through the said end and part N, and are secured
thereto by screw nuts w. The pipe M communicates with the steam chest and
cylinder of the engine F and is surrounded with a casing or pipe U, which commu-
nicates with the steam space faround the upper half of the boiler E and with the
casing that surrounds the steam chest and cylinder of the engine F which engine is of
ordinary construction and operation. By this construction and arrangement of the
boiler E the case k the chamber O, and the pipes L and R, the steam is distributed
thoroughly over the entire surface of the shell c and caused to travel through the
tubes in ono direction in the lower half of the boiler E, and in an opposite
direction through the tubes d located above the flanges P the steam acting first on
the lower half of the shell c of the boiler E and heating it, then heating the tubes d
in that part and then passing into chamber O, from whence it enters the tubes d
above the flanges P heating them, passing from them it enters the upper half of
the steam space of spreading over the upper surface of the shell cheating it, and
passes into the case U and the casing which surrounds the steam chest and cylinder
of the engine F so that the bi-sulphide of carbon vapor evolved in the boiler E is
continuously heated by. the steam transmitting its latent heat to the said vapor
until it has performed its office upon the piston of the engine F.
The bi-sulphide of carbon boiler is provided with pressure gauges W, X and a
sight gauge Y. The gauge W is for showing the pressure in the boiler E, the
gauge X for indicating the steam pressure in the casing and the sight gauge for
indicating the amount of liquid bi-sulphide of carbon in the boiler E.
The pipe M, which communicates with the interior of the boiler E, is provided
with a safety valve I, which communicates, through the medium of a pipe l, with
an ordinary surface condenser, H whereby, in case of undue pressure in the
boiler E, the surplus of vapor is allowed to flow off through the pipe to the said
condenser from which it passes to the pump K.
The heater G which is known as a "surface heater" is employed for the purpose
of heating the bi-sulphide of carbon prior to entering the boiler E, and is provided
with a coiled pipe m which is arranged in a spiral form in tho said heater,
travelling up and then down through it terminating at n, and is connected with
the pipe o, which communicates with the interior of the boiler E the said coiled
pipe m communicating with the pump K through the pipes a.
The exhaust pipe p, (shown in Figures 1 and 2) communicates with the lower
end of the heater Gand the latter communicates with the condenser H by means of

page_text: a pipe o̟ the condenser communicating with the pump K through the medium
of a pipe r.
By this construction of the heater G and its arrangement and connections with
the parts stated, the liquid bi-sulphide of carbon passing from the condenser
through the piper to the pump K and from it through a pipe s, the spiral coil m
and a pipe o enters the boiler E in a highly heated condition, which heat is
imparted to it by the vapor exhausted from the engine.
Another and very important advantage is obtained by this arrangement of the
heater G and its connections that is to say, the liquid bi-sulphide of carbon in its
passage from the condenser to the boiler, as stated, is heated to the vaporizing
point, which vapor, in a saturated condition, is forced into the boiler by a
volume of the liquid bi-sulphide of carbon acting against the said conditioned
vapor in the pipe m which volume of liquid bi-sulphide of carbon is always
between the pump K and some point in the pipe m of the heater G thus securing
a result-not heretofore obtained in the operation of an engine viz, forcing saturated
vapor of bi-sulphide of carbon into the vaporizing generator or bi-sulphide of
carbon boiler.
The advantage of the heater G in connection with the bi-sulphide of carbon
engine consists in avoiding the introduction into the evolving chamber of cold
liquid bi-sulphide of carbon, which is always attended with bad results by
subjecting the generator or boiler to undue strain caused by the sudden condensation
of the vapor in it, and then rapidly expanding the liquid into vapor. This
sudden alternate condensation and rapid expansion subjects the material of which
the generator or boiler is constructed to such frequently repeated contractions,
expansions and strains, as to cause crystallization, and therefore weakening the
said material, thereby rendering the generator or boiler unfit for use and liable to
accident. The forcing or injecting into the generator or boiler of cold liquid
bi-sulphide of carbon causes a hammering thumping and jarring action in it which
is transmitted to all parts connected therewith. All of theso stated disadvantages
are overcome or avoided by the use of the heater G for heating-the-bi-sulphide.of.
carbon prior to its being forced into the generator or boiler by the pump in the
manner herein before described, and at the same time it regains the sensible hent of
the bi-sulphide of carbon lost by the condensation of its vapor exhausted from
the engine.
The casing of the steam chest and cylinder of the engine F and the casing k of
the bi-sulphide of carbon boiler E communicate with the water pump D by means
of a pipe which should be provided with an ordinary steain trap, so that the said
casings will retain the steam in them, and only the product of condensation will be
carried to the pump D
The cylinder, valves, valve seats, piston and rods connected therewith are
lubricated with pulverized plumbago, by introducing it into the "steam chest " of
the cylinder by means of the lubricating apparatus J, which consists of a capped
hopper 1 and receiving and distributing chamber 2 the said parts communicating with
each other, by a pipe 7 in two parts, furnished with valves 5 and 6, the
point of separation being between the said valves. The upper part of
the receiving and distributing chamber 2 communicates with the steam pipe or
conduit M by means of a pipe 3 provided with a valve 8 and the lower end of
the said chamber communicates with the steam chest by means of a pipo 4 provided
with a valve 9. The operation of the lubricating apparatus J is as follows; that is
to say, the plumbago is charged into the hopper 1, and the valves 5 and 6 of the
pipe 7 opened, which will allow the pulverized plumbago to flow into the receiving
and distributing chamber 2; the valves 5 and 6 are then closed, and the valves 8
and 9 of the pipes 3 and 4 opened slightly. The vapour flowing through the pipe 3
from the pipe M into the upper part of the chamber 2 will cause a fine stream of
the pulverized plumbago to flow through the pipe 4 into the "steam chest "t, from
which it is carried into the cylinder of the engine, thereby lubricating the valves,

page_text: valve-seats, cylinder, piston and the rods connected therewith. Lubricants consisting
of a single ingredient are very numerous, among which may be mentioned the
several known oils, tallow, glycerine, litharge, plumbago, black lead, bees-wax and
many other materials and the ingredients or materials mentioned have been
compounded in almost every conceivable manner for forming lubricants, and I am
aware that glycerine, litharge, petroleum oil, oleaginous matter and the like have
been used for the purpose of lubricating bi-sulphide of carbon engines, and they
have failed to meet the end desired as a lubricant for such engines. This is due to
the fact that as soon as the lubricant comes in contact with the heated vapor of
bi-sulphide of carbon the latter takes up the oleaginous matter and deposits a part
of its sulphur, and the vapor carries over to the condenser that part of the lubricant
which it has taken up, so that no element having any lubricating qualities comes in
contact with the working surfaces of the engine which require lubrication, and the
said vapor taking up the oily matter and depositing part of its sulphur will in a short
time destroy or render the bi-sulphide of carbon inefficient for the purpose of a notor.
In the use of heated vapors of bi-sulphide of carbon for a motor two difficulties
have been encountered that is to say;-Firstly the great tendency of the working
surfaces of the cylinder, piston, slide valve, and its seat to become rough by
oxidation caused by the action of the atmosphere upon the said surfaces when the
engine has cooled and is not running which tendency to oxidation is due to some
unexplained effect produced on the said surfaces by the heated vapor, of bi-sulphide
of carbon; and, secondly experience has demonstrated that the ordinary oils, when
subjected in the valve chamber and cylinder of the engine to heated vapors of
bi-sulphide of carbon, from some unknown cause, do not act well as a lubricant,
and do not protect the aforesaid working surfaces from oxidation. Hence glycerine,
caoutchouc, and petroleum oil have each been resorted to as the best articles for a
suitable lubricant for engines when heated vapor of bi-sulphide of carbon is used
as a motor but these articles fail to fully meet the requirements for a good
lubricant in such case, and do not effectually protect the said working surfaces from
oxidation. This tendency of the working surfaces of the cylinder, its piston and
slide valve and its seat to become rough and coated with oxide, which, by subsequent
movements of the piston and valve, causes the said oxide to grind and wear the said
working surfaces, and the want of a reliable lubricant for relieving the said parts
from undue friction and oxidation, have bern the great obstacle to the use of heated
vapor of bi-sulphide of carbon for a motor.
According to the said invention I obviate these difficulties by the use of finely
pulverized plumbago applied to the said working surface, which material serves the
twofold purpose of preventing oxidation of the said working faces, and also acts as
a most excellent lubricant, meeting all the requirements demanded, and avoiding
the grinding, wearing, and undue friction of the said working surfaces.
When the plumbago is applied in the manner herein before described it is
deposited evenly upon all parts of the engine which require to be lubricated filling
up the pores of the working surfaces of the valves, valve seats, piston, cylinder, and
the rods connected, therewith, causing the said working surfaces to become coated
with a thin smooth coating of enamel which is impervious to damp and atmospheric
influence.
For the purpose of securing the best result as a lubricant for bi-sulphide of
carbon engine the plumbago must be pure, with thin flexible lamina. When the
plumbago is of this character a very small quantity will be sufficient for lubricating
the working parts of the engine herein mentioned, not requiring more than eight
ounces of said plumbago daily for an engine of "fifty horse power," and therefore
it forms a very cheap lubricant for the purpose stated, not costing over three cents
per day for an engine of the power stated. It has been discovered by experience
that bisulphide of carbon engine which had been frequently lubricated while in use,
and afterwards exposed to damp and atmospheric influence for a period of ten
months, was found to be entirely free from the least sign of oxidation. This is due
to some unexplained cause and in the present, state of knowledge of chemistry is

page_text: unexplainable. I therefore can only state the facts and results discovered, which
are of the greatest importance in the art, of operating bi-sulphide of carbon engines.
But that some unexplainable union or combination of the heated vapor of the
bi-sulphide of carbon and the plumbago is formed is certain; and that such union
or combination and that of the heated surfaces, of the metal previously subjected to
the action of the said vapors have an affinity for each other is also certain, other-
wise the result above stated could not be obtained.
The operation of the apparatus or engine for utilizing the latent heat of steam
according to this invention is as follows, that is to say; by the process and
apparatus herein before described, the two liquids employed and the vapors
evolved therefrom are at all times and under all conditions kept separate from each
other.
The desired quantity of the liquid of bi-sulphide of carbon is charged into the
boiler E, and steam is generated in the stean generator A until the desired pressure
is obtained, and is then allowed to flow through the regulating valves B, C, into the
case & surrounding the boiler E the heat of which steam will evolve a vapor from
the liquid bi-sulphide of carbon in the said boiler; and when the desired pressure
is obtained by the heat acting upon the said boiler in the manner herein described,
the operator or engineer opens the throttle valve of the engine, which will allow the
vapor of the bi-sulphide of carbon to act upon the piston, the engine receiving and
exhausting the said vapor in all respects tho same as the ordinary steam engine.
The exhausted vapor from the cylinder of the engine F passes through the pipe p
into the heater G, and from it through the pipe q to the condenser H, where it is
condensed into a liquid, which Hows through the pipe to the pump K, which
latter forces it through the pipe s into the coiled pipe m, where it is heated by the
exhaust vapor and forced into the bi-sulphide of carbon boiler, in the manner and
in the condition herein before described. It will be observed that in this operation
of evolving the bi-sulphide of carbon and utilizing its vapors as a motor by means
of steam generated in the boiler A, the latent heat of the steam is utilized, so that
there is only a loss of 156 thermal units-(or-degrees of heat) occasioned by the
condensation of the exhausted vapor of the bi-sulphide of carbon, for the water
formed by the condensation of the steam that takes place in the case is returned to
the boiler A (through the medium of the pump D) at its 'boiling point, or 212° Fah.
thus saving and utilizing 966° of latent heat of the steam, less 156 thermal units
(or degrees of heat) lost in the condensation of the vapor exhausted from the engine.
The steam yields up its latent heat by transmitting it to the bi-sulphide of carbon
in the boiler E; and the said latent bent, and it alone, evolves the bi-sulphide of
carbon into a vapor for a motor, for the water at all times retains all of its sensible
heat, and therefore can, in the process described, only surrender the latent heat of
its-steam.
The chambers A', B', C¹ surrounding the plunger 11 of the pump shown in
figure 6, are for the purpose of holding oil or other suitable fluid packing, and the
chambers D, E, F which surround the piston rud H', shown in figure 7, are for
like purpose the chamber E' communicating with a reservoir G'.
Another part of the said invention has for its object the obtaining of a high
pressure motor from low pressure steam
In some large cities and towns, for the purpose of avoiding the necessity for
having thousands of steam generators and as many different fires for the purposes
of heat and power, companies and corporations have been organized for furnishing
people with heat for dwellings and offices and for culinary purposes, and power for
the purpose of driving machinery. To this end large groups of steam boilers are
erected at some convenient point near the main street of the city or town, and
connected with the said steam boilers are mains (large pipe) which are placed in
tunnels under the main streets, and from these mains project branches under other
streets; the said mains or branches are tapped by pipes for conveying steam into the 5
buildings where heat is desired for warming purposes and for power. Examples
of the above arrangement for furnishing heat and power can be found in many of

page_text: the large cities of Europe and America. To perfect the said arrangement for
furnishing heat and power, and to overcome the objections and disadvantages
connected therewith, the highest order of engineering skill has been employed, and
millions of money spent in attempts to overcome the difficulties, dangers, dis-
advantages and objections. The cause still remains, viz, the necessity of
carrying a high pressure of steam in the said mains and the branches connected
therewith.
The said invention overcomes the necessity for carrying a high pressure of steam
in the said mains and the branches connected therewith, and thereby avoids the
danger, objections and disadvantages incident to the carrying of high pressure
steam. This I accomplish by the use of the apparatus or engine herein before
described connected to and communicating with the said mains or their branches,
as shown in Figure 9, in which is represented a front elevation of the said apparatus
or engine, arranged in a building Ã³. B' indicates a section of a street, C³ the
pavement, D the tunnel under the street in which the mains E³ are placed and F
branches of the said mains. The pipe G communicates with one of the branches F
and with the regulating valves B, C of the apparatus or engine hercinbefore
described. By this combination a high pressure motor can be had from a very
low pressure of steam in the said mains and branches, it having been demonstrated
that a pressure of twenty-three pounds of steam in the said mains and branches
will give a pressure of one hundred and ten pounds of bi-sulphide of carbon vapor
in the boiler E; therefore it is obvious that a high pressure motor is obtained from
a low pressure of steam, the advantage of which will be readily understood
Having thus fully described the said invention as communicated to me by my
foreign correspondent and the manner of performing the same I wish it understood
that I claim
First The process of evolving steam from water and utilizing the latent heat
thereof by causing the said steam to travel circuitously over the exterior and
through the tubes in the interior of the boiler charged with liquid bi-sulphide of
carbon, and thereby transmit the said Intent heat to the said bi-sulphide of carbon
for evolving a vapor therefrom for a motor, substantially as, and for the purpose,
described
Second The process hereinbefore described, of evolving steam from water and
utilizing the latent heat thereof by causing the said steam to travel circuitously over
the exterior and through the tubes in the interior of the boiler charged with liquid
bi-sulphide of carbon, and thereby transmit the said latent heat to the said
bi-sulphide of carbon for evolving a vapor therefrom for a motor, and continuously
heating the said vapor in its passage from the said boiler, and until it has acted
upon the piston of the engine, as, and for the purpose, set forth.
Third. The process hereinbefore described, of evolving steam from water and
utilizing the latent heat thereof, by causing the said steam to travel circuitously over
the exterior and through the tubes in the interior of the boiler charged with liquid
bi-sulphide of carbon, and thereby transmit the said latent heat to the said bi-
sulphide of carbon for evolving a vapor therefrom for a motor, and continuously
heating the said vapor in its passage from the said boiler and until it has acted
upon the piston of the engine, condensing the said vapor after being exhausted
from the engine, and subsequently heating the product thereof by vapor exhausted
from the said engine, as, and for the purpose, set forth.
Fourth. The process hereinbefore described, of evolving steam from water and
utilizing the latent heat thereof, by causing the said steam to travel circuitously
over the exterior and through the tubes in the interior of the boiler charged with
liquid bi-sulphide of carbon, and thereby transmit the said latent heat to the said
bi-sulphide of carbon for evolving a vapor therefrom for a motor, and continuously
heating the said vapor in its passage from the said boiler, and until it has acted
upon the piston of the engine, condensing the said vapor after being exhausted
from the said engine, and subsequently heating the product thereof by vapor
exhausted from the said engine, and forcing saturated vapor evolved from the said

page_text: condensed product into the said boiler through the medium of a pump and a
volume of heated liquid bi-sulphide of carbon, for the purpose set forth.
Fifth. The combination of a heater for heating a liquid product obtained from
the vapor exhausted from a bi-sulphide of carbon engine, a pump, and a vapor
generator, substantially as, and for the purpose; set forth.
Sixth. The combination with a bi-sulphide of carbon engine, of a boiler or steam
generator, a boiler for evolving the bi-sulphide of carbon, a heater, a condenser, and
a pump, whereby the vapor exhaused from the engine may be returned to the said.
boiler or generator, substantially as described, and for the purpose set forth.
Seventh. In combination with a bi-sulphide of carbon engine, a boiler or
generator for evolving liquid bi-sulphide of carbon into a vapor, the said boiler
or generator being surrounded by a case divided into two compartments f, com-
municating with each other through the medium of tubes passing through the said
boiler and communicating with the circulating chamber O, substantially as
described, and for the purpose set forth.
Eighth. In combination with a bi-sulphide of carbon engine, a boiler or
generator for evolving liquid bi-sulphide of carbon into a vapor, the said boiler or
generator being surrounded by a case divided into two compartments. communi-
cating with each other through the medium of tubes passing through the said boiler,
a receiving and circulating chamber, and a perforated pipe R, substantially as
described, and for the purpose set forth
Ninth. In a bi-sulphide of carbon engine, an apparatus for lubricating with
plumbago the valves, valve seats, cylinder, piston, and rods connected therewith,
by the pressure of vapor of bi-sulphide of carbon being applied to the upper surface
of the plumbago, for forcing it into the valve chamber or chambers and cylinder
of the engine, substantially as described, and for the purpose set forth.
Tenth. In a bi-sulphide of carbon engine, an apparatus for lubricating with
plumbago the valves, valve-seats, cylinder, piston, and rods connected therewith,
the said apparatus consisting of a hopper, communicating with a receiving and
distributing chamber, which communicates with the vapor generator and the valve
chamber or chambers, and the cylinder of the engine, substantially-as;-and-for_the_
purpose, set forth.
Eleventh. In a bi-sulphide of carbon engine, the apparatus J for lubricating
with plumbago the valves, valve seats, cylinder, piston, and rods connected there-
with, the said apparatus consisting of the hopper 1, the receiving and distributing
chamber 2, and the pipes 3, 4, and 7, furnished with valves, substantially as, and
for the purpose, set forth.
Twelfth. In a bi-sulphide of carbon engine, the union or combination of
plumbago and vapor of bi-sulphide of carbon, for a lubricant for the valves, valve
seats, cylinder, piston, and the rods connected therewith, substantially as, and for
the purpose, set forth.
Thirteenth. The combination of a bi-sulphide of carbon engine, with a steam
main or branches of a heating apparatus for a city or town, substantially as
described, and for the purpose set forth.
Fourteenth. The combination of the apparatus or engine, hereinbefore described,
with the steam main or branch, of a heating apparatus for a city or town,
substantially as described, and for the purpose set forth.
Fifteenth. The combination of the regulating valve B, C, the boiler E for
evolving the bi-sulphide of carbon, and a heat supplying apparatus, substantially
as described, and for the purpose 'set forth.
Sixteenth. The method herein before described for automatically conveying
heat froin a generator, to or into a chamber containing bi-sulphide of carbon in
quantity sufficient for evolving it into a vapor for a motor, as, and for the purpose,
set forth.
Seventeenth. In apparatus for evolving bi-sulphide of carbon into a vapor for a
motor, the evolving chamber, having its walls coated with tin or its equivalent, as,
and for the purpose set forth

page_text: Eighteenth. The mode of conveying bi-sulphide of carbon evolved into a vapor
for a motor to the piston of an engine through the medium of a pipe enclosed in
a casing and surrounded with a liquid or vapor, substantially as, and for the
purpose, set forth.
Nineteenth. The cylinder of a bi-sulphide of carbon engine and its valve chamber
or chambers, communicating with the chamber f which surrounds the boiler E,
substantially as, and for the purpose set forth.
Twentieth. In combination with the apparatus or engine, hereinbefore described,
the method of applying heat to the bi-sulphide of carbon, so that a given
temperature will be imparted to it and a determined volume and pressure of vapor
obtained for a motor, as, and for the purpose, set forth.
Twenty-first. In combination with the apparatus or engine herein before
described, the method of applying heat to bi-sulphide of carbon so that a given
volume and pressure of its vapor will be obtained for a motor, and not increased
or diminished by augmenting the quantity of the bi-sulphide of carbon in the
boiler E, as, and for the purpose, set forth.
Twenty-second. In the apparatus or engine, hereinbefore described, the boiler E,
having one or more heat receiving and distributing chambers, a regulating valve
or valves, and a pipe L, as, and for the purpose, set forth.
Twenty-third. In the apparatus or engine, hereinbefore described, the boiler E
enclosed in a casing, and having one or more heat receiving and distributing
chambers, and a regulating valve or valves, and surrounded with a liquid or vapor,
as, and for the purpose, set forth.
Twenty-fourth. In the apparatus hereinbefore described, the combination of
the boiler E, one or more heat receiving and distributing chambers, a regulating
valve or valves, a safety valve, and an indicator gauge, as, and for the purpose,
set forth.
In Witness whereof I the said William Robert Lake have hereunto set my
hand and seal this Twenty-eighth day of April in the year of our Lord one
thousand eight hundred and eighty three.