IMPROVEMENTS IN MAGNETS INDUCTION COILS, AND IN INSULATING WIRE AND METAL FOR ELECTRIC AND OTHER PURPOSES
Year: 1861

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Timothy Morris, Robert Weare, and Edward Henry
Cradock Monckton, all of 4, Trafalgar Square (Patent Office), in the
County of Middlesex, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MAGNETS
INDUCTION COILS, AND IN INSULATING WIRE AND METAL FOR ELECTRIC AND
OTHER PURPOSES."
Sealed the 22nd April 1862, and dated the 24th October 1861.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Timothy Morris, Robert
Weare, and Edward Henry Cradock Monckton at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with their Petition, on the 24th October
1861.
We, TIMOTHY MORRIS, ROBERT WEARE, and EDWARD HENRY CRADOCK
MONOKTON all of 4, Trafalgar Square (Patent Office), in the County of
Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE
'MENTS IN MAGNETS INDUCTION COILS, AND IN INSULATING WIRE AND METAL FOR
ELECTRIC AND OTHER PURPOSES," to be as follows:-
The electricity alluded to in this Specification is produced according to the
Patent granted to Timothy Morris for "Improvements in Voltaic Batteries, and
in Vats used in Depositing Metals by Electricity," dated 10 March 1860.
No, 653, and also in accordance with our Patent for "Improvements in
VoltaicBa tteries for Obtaining Electric Currents, and the Products there-
from," dated 14 September 1861. We propose to make and use permanent

page_text: magnets cast in suitable forms from cast iron, which are then to be decar-
bonized by annealing them; they are then to be recarbonized, hardened, and
magnetized, by which means these magnets can be made cheaper and more
uniform than those made from steel. With regard to coils or armatures of
magnets, electric machines, and induction coils, these must necessarily be
insulated in the most perfect manner, and the length of the wire composing
the coil must of course be in proportion to the effect required.
Our special and novel method of insulation is applied as follows:-
Suppose, for example, that we use gutta percha as an insulating medium; a
thin layer is to be first introduced between the first and every succeeding
coil, but with this difference that the thickness of the gutta percha is to be
increased as the number of the coils is increased and the intensity of the
electric current exalted; in short, the thickness of the gutta percha must
keep pace with the intensity of the electric current as the coil proceeds in
thickness. This principle must also be observed, whatever the nature of the
insulating medium may be, the above being only one example of numerous
other insulating media which might be specified.
We propose to use a coil constructed of graduated wire, it being made
thinner in its first coils and thicker as it proceeds onwards, in order to enable
them to conduct and discharge freely the increased current of electricity. We
also propose in lieu of wire to use sheets or plates of various metals insulated
in the various methods herein described with lamina of gutta percha rolled
between them. We also propose to apply this system as a substitute
for Leyden jars; sheets of gutta percha are to be introduced between sheets of
suitable metal, such as tin foil, but the arrangement is that the positive ends
are made to come out at one end of the folds and the negative at the other.
We propose to fill a Leyden jar with iron or other filings, and place this in
a large glass vessel filled with iron filings. Such and other coils may be
covered with collodion, but we use in suitable combinations two or more of the
following materials, viz., shell lac, gutta percha, india-rubber, or their solutions
cotton, paper, and woody fibres, and also their solutions, with or without the
addition of collodion, and we propose to cover the wire composing all coils
with cotton or other suitable fibrous material prepared exactly as gun cotton
is with acids, and made into pyroxilene, and then to cover them, as also silk
and woollen coverings, with collodion, and also in lieu of wool, animal fibre,
silk, and woody fibres we use their various solutions or ammoniacal solutions
of woody fibre, silk, wool, horn, and other animal substances, whether the
liquid ammonia contain metals in solution or not.
We propose to use graduated wires for the transmission of the electric

page_text: current as follows:-We increase the diameter of the wire gradually
throughout its length, and arrange it so that its largest diameter shall be
furthest from the battery, in order that it may conduct the increased current
more easily, and where one wire only is used for messages to be transmitted
from both ends, the wire must be thinnest in the middle and increase in
thickness as it approaches each end.
We propose to coat wires with a mixture of collodion and suitable non-
conducting oxydes, such as the various oxides of iron, lead, and the other
metals, and we propose to make coils of wire with oxydized surfaces, which
surfaces we again cover, where necessary, with collodion. Thus, for example,
we take copper wire, and we galvanize it with iron or zinc,lead, or other easily
oxydizable metals, we then oxydize them either by means of heat or acids
which are then covered with collodion, if necessary.
Some of these oxides are of a nature absolutely not requiring any other
covering at all, being in themselves perfectly good insulators. For example,
if we take an iron wire that is bright, and heat it so as to oxydize the surface, it
will become, if sufficiently oxydized, a sufficient insulator without having
recourse to anyother coating, but it is necessary to observe that layers or sheets
of gutta percha should as a matter of precaution be introduced between each
layer of coils where great intensity is required. Thus, if iron wire is merely
heated sufficiently to render it of a dark blue, even this slight amount of
oxydation will be found sufficient to insulate one wire from another in those
coils where the wires are even so close as to touch each other; so long as the
.coil is continuous, if another layer of coil is placed over it, a layer of gutta
percha ought, as has been said before, to be introduced.
It must be thoroughly understood that our principle of using graduated
wire in induction coils is the true theory for permitting the induction and
passage of electricity of whatever shape the wire may be laid into, that is to
say, the graduated wire will equally induce electricity whether it is used in
a straight or in a waved line or in a circle, the object being to transmit elec-
tricity as it is generated over a wire of a sufficiently large diameter to carry it
off; it is therefore obvious that this is the true principle on which telegraph
and all wires should be constructed by which it is intended to convey
electricity.
These graduated wires should be coated as described in proportion to their
length, that is to say, as the wire increases in length so the coating should be
increased in order to render the insulation perfect, and with regard to other
telegraphic and electrical wires of equal diameter throughout their length, the
coating should be proportionably thicker at each end than in the middle,

page_text: because as the electric current is transmitted from either end it necessarily
becomes more intense at the end furthest off.
We propose to prepare all telegraphic wires for deep sea and land purposes
with coatings or coverings of the nature above described, by which means they
are made to become perfectly insulated without having recourse to other
coverings, which may be used or not for further protection as maybe necessary.
We alse coat wires with paint prepared with oxydized iron, and then cover
that with collodion, if necessary, for all electrical purposes.
The various processes we have described are also applicable tothecovering
of other metals and wires for various useful purposes, to preserve them from
electrical action and other causes of decay, and with this object we propose to
cover metal trenails, fencing, and other useful articles with anyof the examples
described for insulation.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Timothy Morris, Robert Weare, and Edward Henry
Cradock Monckton in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 24th April
1862.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, TIMOTHY
MORIS, ROBERT WEARE, and EDWARD HENRY CRADOCK MONCKTON, all of
4, Trafalgar Square (Patent Office), in the County of Middlesex, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-fourth day of October, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-one,inthetwenty-fifth year of Herreign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto us, the said
Timothy Morris, Robert Weare, and Edward Henry Cradock Monckton, Her
special licence that we, the said Timothy Morris, Robert Weare, and Edward
Henry Cradock Monckton, our executors, administrators, and assigns, or
such others as we, the said Timothy Morris, Robert Weare, and Edward
Henry Cradock Monckton, our executors, administrators, and assigns, should
at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "Iм-
PROVEMENTS IN MAGNETS, INDUCTION COILS, AND IN INSULATING WIRE AND METAL
FOR ELECTRIC AND OTHER PURPOSES," upon the condition (amongst others) that we

page_text: the said Timothy Morris, Robert Weare, and Edward Henry Cradock Monck-
ton, our executors or administrators, by an instrument inwriting under our,
or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal
Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the
date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said Timothy Morris, Robert Weare, and
Edward Henry Cradock Monckton, do hereby declare the nature of our said
Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particu-
larly described and ascertained in and by the following statement :-
In obtaining electricity for carrying out our Invention we employ any of the
known methods, but prefer those specified in the Patent granted to Timothy
Morris for "Improvements in Voltaic Batteries, and in Vats used in Depositing
Metals by Electricity," dated March 10th, 1860, No. 653, and also in
accordance with our Patent for "Improvements in Voltaic Batteries for
Obtaining Electric Currents, and the Products therefrom," dated September
14th, 1961, No. 2298. We make and use permanent magnets cast in suitable
forms from cast iron, which are to be decarborized by any of the known
methods, so that they may be rendered sufficiently soft to file, drill, fit, or be
otherwise operated upon. They are then to be recarbonised, hardened, and
magnetised, by which means these magnets can be made cheaper and more
uniform than those made from steel. With regard to coils for armatures of
magneto-electric machines where great intensity is required, and also in
induction coils, the insulation should be effected in the most perfect manner,
and the length of the wires composing the coil must, of course, be in pro-
portion to the effects required.
Our special and novel method of insulation is applied as follows:-Suppose
for example, that we use gutta percha as an insulating medium, a very thin
layer is to be introduced to separate the first from the second coil, and alsoa
layer introduced between each of the succeeding coils, but the thickness of
the layers of gutta percha is to be increased as the number of coils is increased
and the intensity of the electric current exalted, in short, the thickness of the
gutta percha must keep pace with the intensity of the electric current as the
coil proceeds in thickness. This principle must also be observed, whatever the
nature of the insulating medium may be, the above being only one example of
numerous other insulating media which might be specified.
We use a coil constructed of graduated wire, it being made thinner in its
first coils and thicker as it proceeds onwards, in order to enable them to con-

page_text: duct or discharge freely the increased current of electricity. We also,in lieu of
wire, use sheets or plates of various metals, insulated by any of the various
methods herein described. Such and other coils may be covered with collodion,
or we use in suitable combinatious two or more of the following materials, viz.,
shell lac,gutta percha, india-rubber, or their solutions; we cover the wires com-
posing coils with cotton or other suitable fibrous material,prepared with acids
exactly as gun cotton is prepared, and thus made into pyroxilene, whereby a
much better insulation is obtained. In lieu of paper, wool, animal fibre, silk,
and woody fibres, we use their various solutions, or ammoniacal solutions of
woody fibre, wool, horn, and other animal substances, whether the liquids
contain metals in solution or not.
We coat wires with a mixture of collodion and suitable non-conducting
oxydes, such as the various oxydes of iron, lead, and other metals, and we
make coils of wire with oxydized surfaces, which surfaces we cover, where
necessary, ,with collodion. Thus, for example, we take copper wire, and cover
it by electro-deposition with iron, zinc, lead, or other oxydizable metals; we
then oxydize it either by means of heat, acids, sulphuretted or other com-
pounds, which are then covered with collodion, if necessary.
Some of these oxydes are of a nature not requiring any other covering; for
example, if we take an iron wire that is bright, and heat it.so as to oxydize
the surface, it will become an insulator without having recourse to any other
coating, but it is necessary to observe that in making coils or helices, a layer
or sheet of gutta percha or other insulating material should be introduced
between each coil Thus, if iron wire is heated sufficiently to render it of a
dark blue, even this slight amount of oxydation will be found sufficient
insulation in those coils where the wires are even so close as to touch each
other; a layer of gutta percha or insulating substance ought, as has been said
before, to be introduced between each coil.
We prepare all telegraphic wires for deep sea and land purposes with
coatings or coverings of the nature above described, by which means they
become sufficiently insulated without having recourse to other coverings,
although others may be used for further protection. We also coat wires with
paint prepared with oxydized iron, and then cover that with collodion, if
necessary, for all electrical purposes.
The various processes we have described are also applicable to the covering
of other metals and wires for various useful purposes, to preserve them from
electrical action and other causes of decay,and with this object we propose to
cover metaltrenails, fencing, and other useful articles, with any of the examples
described for insulation.

page_text: Having now described the nature of our said Invention, and the manner
in which the same is to be carried into effect, we would remark that we do
not limit ourselves to the precise details herein expressed ; but we claim the
"Improvements in Magnets, Induction Coils, and in Insulating Wire and
Metal for Electrical and other Purposes,"substantially as herein described aud
set forth.
In witness whereof, we, the said Timothy Morris, Robert Weare, and
Edward Henry Cradock Monckton, have hereunto set our hands and
seals, this Twenty-third day of April, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and sixty-two.
TIMOTHY MORRIS. (L.S.)
ROBT. WEARE.
(L.S.)
E. H. C. MONCKTON. (L.S.)
TIMOTHY MORRIS.
(L.s.)
ROBT. WEARE.
(L.S.)
E. H. C. MONCKTON. (L.S.)