IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF TUTING
Year: 1860

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Isaac Blackburn, of Long Eaton, in the County of
'Derby, and of No. 35, Parliament Street, Westminster, Mechanical
Engineer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF
TUTING I
Sealed the 19th September 1860, and dated the 24th March 1860.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Isaac Blackburn at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
24th March 1860.
I, ISAAC BLACKBURN, of Long Eaton, in the County of Derby, and of
No. 35, Parliament Street, Westminster, Mechanical Engineer, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANU-
FACTURE OP IRON AND STEEL, AND IN MAKING IRON CASTINGS," to be as follows:-
My Invention is founded upon the well-established fact that when a
compound is subjected to an electrical current its negative and positive
elements are detached from each other; pig metal contains more or less of
carbon, phosphorus, sulphur, arsenic, oxygen, and silicon, bodies all electro-
negative in relation to iron, which is electro-positive. When impure iron in
an incandescent state is subjected to streams of electricity, the chemical
affinities by which its various heterogeneous components are firmly associated,
they are immediately subverted, and the sulphur, phosphorus, and other
impurities so degrading to the quality are nearly or altogether removed.

page_text: To effect this my Invention and to create the electric current, I employ the
agency of phosphorus, amorphous phosphorus, or their oxides, with or
without alumina or other pure clay suitable to my purposes, in the following
manner-
Stack Furnaces.-Having provided myself with a cast-iron or other suitable
vessel to hold any given quantity or weight of metal in a state of fusion upon
tapping out, I cause the metal to be run into this vessel or receiver the
approximate weight desired to be electrized, I throw in the phosphorus or
amorphous phosphorus, protecting the same from the action of the oxygen
of the atmosphere by a thin coating of alumina or other plastic clay; the
electric current effects the subversion and completes the perfect electrization
of the metal. After all visible chymical action ceases I run the metal into
suitable metal moulds, or into the ordinary sand pig beds, or I use the metal
moulds without the receiver. The quantity of phosphorus to be used must
be determined by analysis of the iron and the weight to be electrized.
Refinery. When the metal is tapped and the charge about half run out,
I then introduce the phosphorus into the moulds of the refinery, the metal
having become electrized remains in moulds the usual time, or until con-
venient to remove it to the puddling furnace to be puddled in the ordinary
manner, where the electrized pigs discharge all noxious elements so entirely
as to become, after a single reheating without piling or faggotting, brilliant
bars of fine fibrous metal.
Puddling. When the metal is thoroughly melted I introduce into the
puddling furnace the electric agent, the phosphorus, amorphous phosphous, or
their oxides, which acting energetically upon the electro-negative portions
of the metal to be electrized, the charge shortly commences boiling and the
whole mass speedily arrives at nature. In using phosphorus, I find it con-
venient, as before stated, to enclose it in plastic alumina or other clay, this
strengthening the cinder protects the metal more completely from the action
of the oxygen of the atmosphere.
Foundry. In making iron castings, I use phosphorus, amorphous phosphorus,
or their oxides, with or without alumina or other clay suitable to my purpose,
in the following manner :-The quantity I employ depends on the degree or
state of carbonization of the metal used on its supposed impurities, and on the
degree of hardness or softness sought to be obtained in the casting, therefore
I do not confine myself to any definite quantity; but the impurities and carbon
being known, it is easy to calculate from the oxygen required to oxidize the
former completely, and to saturate the requisite quantity of carbon, how much
phosphorus is to be used. The phosphorus must be well stirred or agitated

page_text: among the molten metal until all visible chemical action shall have ceased..
The metal having become subverted and the electrization completed, it is then.
run into the mould or moulds in the ordinary manner.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
.
by the said Isaac Blackburn in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
24th September 1860.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, ISAAC
BLACKBURN, of Long Eaton, in the County of Derby, and of No. 35,
Parliament Street, Westminster, Mechanical Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-fourth day of March, in the year of our.
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty, in the twenty-third year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto
me, the said Isaac Blackburn, Her special licence that I, the said Isaac Black-
burn, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I; the
said Isaac Blackburn, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at
any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF IRON AND STEEL, AND IN MAKING
IRON CASTINGS," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Isaac
Blackburn, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing
under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly
describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner
the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great
Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately after
the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Isaac Blackburn, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement thereof, that is to say:-
My Invention is founded upon the well-established fact that when .a
compound is subjected to an electrical current its negative and positive
elements are detached from each other; pig metal contains more or less of
carbon, phosphorus, sulphur, arsenic, oxygen, and silicon, bodies all electro-

page_text: negative in relation to iron, which is electro-positive. When impure iron in
an incandescent state is subjected to streams of electricity the chemical
affinities by which its various heterogeneous components are firmly associated,
they are immediately subverted, and the sulphur, phosphorus, and other
impurities so degrading to the quality are readily removed.
To effect my Invention and to create the electric current, I employ the
agency of phosphorous, amorphous phosphorous, or their oxides, with or
without alumina or other pure clay suitable to my purposes, in the following
manner :-
Stack Furnaces. Having provided myself with a cast-iron or other suitable
vessel to hold any given quantity or weight of metal in a state of fusion upon
tapping out, I cause the metal to be run into this vessel or receiver the
approximate weight desired to be electrised. I throw in the phosphorus,
amorphous phosphorus, or their oxides, protecting the same from the action
of the oxygen of the atmosphere by a thin coating of alumina or other plastic
clay, the electric current effects the subversion and completes the pèrfect
electrization of the metal. After all visible chemical action ceases I run the
metal into suitable metal moulds or into the ordinary sand pig beds, or I use
the metal moulds without the receiver. The quantity of electrisor to be used
must be determined by analysis of the iron and the weight to be electrized.
Refinery. When the metal is tapped and the charge about half run out,
I then introduce the phosphorus, amorphous phosphorous, or their oxides, into
the moulds of the refinery. The metal having become electrized remains in
moulds the usual time until convenient to remove it to the puddling furnace
to be puddled in the ordinary manner.
Puddling. When the metal is thoroughly melted I introduce into the
puddling furnace the electric agent, the phosphorus, amorphous phosphorus,
or their oxides, which acting energetically upon the electro-negative portions
of the metal to be electrized, the charge shortly commences boiling and the
whole mass speedily arrives at nature. In using phosphorus, amorphous
phosphorus, or their oxides, I find it convenient, as before stated, to enclose it in
plastic alumina or other clay, this strengthening the cinder protects the
metal more completely from the action of the oxygen of the atmosphere.
Foundry. In making iron castings, I use phosphorus, amorphous phosphorus,
or their oxides, with or without alumina or other clay suitable to my purpose,
in the following manner :-The quantity I employ depends on the degree or
state of carbonization of the metal used on its supposed impurities, and on the
degree of hardness or softness sought to be obtained in the casting, therefore
I do not confine myself to any definite quantity; but the impurities and carbon

page_text: being known, it is easy to calculate from the oxygen required to oxidise the
former completely, and to saturate the requisite quantity of carbon, how much
phosphorus is to be used. The electrisor must be well stirred or agitated
among the molten metal until all visible chemical action shall have ceased.
The metal having become subverted and the electrization completed, it is then
run into the mould or moulds in the ordinary manner.
And having now described the nature of my said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, I declare that I claim the employment
in the manufacture of iron and steel, and in making iron castings of phosphorus
amorphous phosphorus, or their oxides, with or without alumina or other
suitable clay, in manner and for the purposes herein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Isaac Blackburn, have hereunto set my
band and seal, this Twenty-fourth day of September, One thousand
eight hundred and sixty.
ISAAC BLACKBURN. (L.S.)