IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY or Apparatus pOR BREAKING, CRUSHING, AND PULVERIZING Cement and other SubstaNCES
Year: 1870

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Julius Frederick Moore Pollock, of Leopold
Street, Leeds, in the County of York, Engineer, for the Invention
of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY or Apparatus pOR BREAKING, CRUSHING,
AND PULVERIZING Cement and other SubstaNCES.”
Sealed the 2nd June 1871, and dated the 16th December 1870.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Julius Frederick Moore
Pollock at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his
Petition, on the 16th December 1870.
I, JULIUS FREDERICK MOORE POLLOCK, of Leopold Street, Leeds, in
the County of York, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OB APPARATUS FOR BREAKING,
CRUSHING, AND PULVERIZING CEMENT AND OTHER SUBSTANCES," to be as
follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in machinery for
breaking, crushing, and pulverizing cement and other substances, for
which purposes I employ reciprocating grooved or roughened surfaces,
by and between which surfaces the substances to be treated are broken,

page_text: crushed, and pulverized, being fed thereto through a hopper or
equivalent contrivance.
The arrangement of the parts may be varied to suit the requirements
of particular cases, preferring to employ adjustable frames arranged in
such manner as to carry the operating surfaces in pairs at opposite &
angles to each other, with the under frame or frames fixed, and the
upper frame or frames reciprocating in a horizontal direction, so that
the space between the operating surfaces of the upper and lower frames
when seen in transverse section somewhat resembles the letter v inverted
or otherwise. The parts of the hopper may form portions of the upper 1
frame or frames.
The grinding surfaces consist of grooved or roughened plates attached
to the frames so that they may be readily removed, changed, or renewed.
The forms of the grooves are arranged to suit the substances to be
treated, preferring to begin with angular grooves rounded at their tops ]
and bottoms, and decreasing in depth towards the lower edges of the
operating plates so as to present waved lines at their lower edges.
When it is required to reduce the substances under treatment to a
very fine powder they may be passed from the upper set of operating
surfaces to a second set placed below them, which second set may be :
fixed to the same frames or to independent frames reciprocating at the
same or different speeds, a small space being left between the upper and
lower sets of operating surfaces, in which space the substance under treat-
ment is permitted to accumulate and act upon itself by the attrition of
its own particles brought about by the reciprocation of the frame or
frames.
When a second set of operating surfaces is used on the same frames
for purposes of fine grinding I prefer to place the grooves in the second
set at an angle, so that the opposite grooves cross each other, and prevent
the too rapid passage of the substances under treatment. The sets of
grinding apparatus may be repeated, and the substance under treatment
may be passed from one apparatus to another till the requisite degree of
fineness is attained.
The reciprocating motion may be obtained by any simple mechanical

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Julius Frederick Mooro Pollock in the Great Seal
Patent Office on the 16th June 1871.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, Julius
FREDERICK MOORE POLLOCK, of Leopold Street, Leeds, in the County of
York, Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Sixteenth day of December, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy, in the thirty-fourth
year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and
grant unto me, the said Julius Frederick Mooro Pollock, Her special
licence that I, the said Julius Frederick Moore Pollock, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Julius Frederick
Moore Pollock, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any
time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times there-
after during the term therein expressed should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR BREAKING, CRUSHING, AND
PULVERIZING CEMENT AND OTHER SUBSTANCES," upon the condition (amongst
others) that I, the said Julius Frederick Moore Pollock, my executors
or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or
one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to
be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date
of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Julius Frederick Moore Pollock, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement thereof, reference being had to the
accompanying Sheets of Drawings which form portions of this Speci-
fication, and in which equivalent, parts are marked with the same
letters of reference in all the several views :—
This Invention has for its object improvements in machinery for
breaking, crushing, and pulverizing cement and other substances, for
which purposes I employ reciprocating grooved or roughened surfaces,
by and between which surfaces the substances to be treated are broken,

page_text: crushed, and pulverized, being fed thereto through a hopper or equivalent
contrivance.
The arrangement of the parts may be varied to suit the requirements
of particular cases, preferring to employ adjustable frames arranged in
such manner as to carry the operating surfaces in pairs at opposito 5
angles to each other with the under frame or frames fixed and the upper
frame or frames reciprocating in a horizontal direction, so that the spaco
between the operating surfaces of the upper and lower frames when seen
in transverse section somewhat resembles the letter V inverted or other-
wise. The parts of the hopper may form portions of the upper frame ]
or frames.
The grinding surfaces consist of grooved or roughened
plates attached to the frames so that they may be readily removed,
changed, or renewed. The forms of the grooves are arranged to suit the
substances to be treated, preferring to begin with angular grooves
rounded at their tops and bottoms and decreasing in depth towards the 1
lower edges of the operating plates, so as to present waved lines at their
lower edges.
When it is required to reduce the substances under treatment to a
very fine powder they may be passed from the upper set of operating
surfaces to a second set placed below them, which second set may be 2
fixed to the same frames or to independent frames reciprocating at the
same or different speeds, a small space being left between the upper
and lower sets of operating surfaces, in which space the substance
under treatment is permitted to accumulate and act upon itself by the
attrition of its own particles brought about by the reciprocation of the 2
frame or frames.
When a second set of operating surfaces is used on the same frames
for purposes of fine grinding I prefer to place the grooving in the second
set at an angle so that the opposite grooves cross each other and prevent
the too rapid passage of the substances under treatment. The sets of
grinding apparatus may be repeated and the substance under treatment
may
be passed from one apparatus to another till the requisite degree of
fineness is attained. The reciprocating motion may be obtained by any
simple mechanical means, preferring to have the stroke and speed
variable..
In the accompanying Sheets of Drawings Figs. 1 and 2 (Sheet 1)
represent respectively a sectional elevation and plan of the arrangement
I prefer to adopt in making a single machine or apparatus with
E

page_text: reciprocating grooved or roughened surfaces, by and between which the
substances to be treated are broken and crushed, according to my In-
vention, this arrangement being designed more especially to suit those
cases where a simple and expensive machine is required for breaking
stones or road metal or for preparing substances for a subsequent finer
grinding. Figs. 3 and 4 shew a partial section and side elevation of a
machine with adjustable frames arranged in such manner as to carry the
operating surfaces in pairs at opposite angles to each other (thereby
obtaining a double machine) with the under frames fixed and the upper
frames reciprocating in a horizontal direction, the space between the
operating surfaces somewhat resembling the letter V, there being lower
pairs of grinding surfaces in this case attached to the same frames and
moving at the same rate by which the material to be operated on is
finally ground and reduced to a very fine powder before leaving the
machine.
Figs. 5, 6, and 7 (Sheet 2) shew a modification in which the grooved
surfaces are placed nearly vertical, and the inner (answering to the
upper surfaces in Figs. 3 and 4) surfaces are caused to reciprocate, while
the outer (answering to the under surfaces in Figs. 3 and 4) are fixed.
In this modification the coarser surfaces are shewn as arranged to be
driven at a slower speed than the finer surfaces, thereby obtaining extra
power for breaking and crushing the coarser material and a higher speed
of delivery for the finely ground powder.
Fig. 8 shews in plan the form I prefer for the coarser grooved surfaces.
The grooves for fine grinding are similar in form, but instead of being
arranged at right angles to the direction of the movement of the surfaces
are preferably placed obliquely to the same so as to retain the material
to be ground longer under operation.
It will be observed that in each case when coarse and fine grinding
surfaces are used there is a space left between them for the material to
accumulate in and rub upon itself, and so help the operation by tho
attrition of its own particles.
The sets of grinding apparatus may be repeated for extra fine grinding,
or the pulverized material may be received from the fine surfaces into a
longitudinal trough of wire gauze or other suitable material formed in
section like the letter U acting as a sieve and attached to and reciprocating
with the said surfaces, one end of the said trough being higher than the
other, so that the fine material may be shaken through it and the coarser

page_text: may pass out at the lower end and be returned again by hand or suitable
mechanical means to the space between the coarse and fine grinding
surfaces. By these means a uniformly fine grinding may be obtained.
In the Drawings I have in each case shown what I consider to be the
simplest form of driving apparatus and of framework, the same letters
being applied to similar parts in all the Figures.
a, a, are the fixed frames; a¹, a¹, the coarser, and a², a³, the finer
fixed grooved surfaces; b, be, are the reciprocating frames; 6', 6', the
coarser; and 6, 6, the finer reciprocating grooved surfaces; c, c, show
the upper parts of the frames forming hoppers for the reception of
material to be operated upon; d, d, are the points at which the crushed
or ground material is delivered.
In Figs. 3 and 5, e represents the space wherein the material is allowed
to accumulate between the coarse and fine surfaces; f,f*, are eccentric
shafts from which reciprocating motion is obtained through the medium
of connecting rods; f', f', the shafts being driven by a pulley gas
shewn, or in other suitable way, as well understood by engineers. A fly
wheel may be placed on the driving shaft with advantage, as shown at.
h in Figures 4, 6, and 7; i is the base plate carrying the whole machine
in each case.
In the arrangement shown in Figures 1 and 2 the grooved surface &¹
is fixed to a reciprocating frame b, arranged for compactness and
convenience to bear against an abutment b³.
I
In Figs. 6 and 7 the arrangement of gearing for obtaining different
speed for the coarse and fine surfaces b' and 63 is shown. The driving
pulley is attached to the lower eccentric shaft f*, and gives motion
direct to the fine grinding surfaces ³, attached to the lower reciprocating
frame or bar 6*. The same shaft ƒ* carrying a pinion j driving the
wheel k attached to the upper eccentric shaft f, and thereby giving the
requisite reduction of speed and increase of power for the coarser
grinding.
In Figures 3 and 4 the moving surfaces are shown supported and
guided by antifriction rollers 1, 1, made adjustable vertically, so as to
increase or diminish the distance between the operating surfaces as
may be required.
In Figs. 5, 6, and 7 the reciprocating parts 6, 6, are shown moving
in V guides at m, m, made adjustable by the caps m² and cotters inserted

page_text: In Fig. 8 the lines n, n, represent the form of the coarse grinding
surfaces a, b, at their top edges, the grooves gradually getting shallower
until they assume at their lower edges the waved line form represented.
by the inner lines o, o. The capacity of the machines shewn in Figs. 3,
4, 5, 6, and 7 may obviously be augmented by increasing the lengths of
their reciprocating, grooved, or roughened surfaces and the frames whereby
the same are carried and operated, preferring in such cases to insert cross
stays between the upper portions of the outer frames as shewn at p, in
Fig. 5, for the purpose of maintaining the requisite degree of rigidity. For
crushing hard substances, such as cement and stone, I prefer to make the
operating surfaces of steel or chilled iron, but for operating upon softer
substances, such for instance as grain, the crushing surfaces may be made
of stone, the roughening of the surfaces or the sizes of the grooves
being proportioned accordingly.
And having now described the nature of my said Invention, and in
what manner the same is to be performed or carried into practical effect,
I would remark that I do not confine or limit myself to the precise details
and arrangements shewn in the accompanying Drawings, as the same
may evidently be more or less modified to meet the requirements of
particular cases without departing from the distinctive character of my
Invention; I desire also to state that I lay no claim to the several
mechanical parts herein-before described or referred to, except when
the same are used in combination with reciprocating, grooved, or
roughened surfaces arranged and operating together so as to produce
the peculiar rubbing and triturating action as herein-before described,
whereby the breaking, crushing, and pulverizing of the cement and
other substances are effected substantially as. specified, but what I claim
as new and desire to have secured to me by the herein-before in part
recited Letters Patent is,―
Firstly. The use or employment of the reciprocating, grooved, or
roughened surfaces arranged and operating together in the peculiar
manner herein-before described, whereby the cement or other substances
operated upon are broken, crushed, and pulverized by and between the
´said surfaces as specified.
Secondly. The combination of the fixed, grooved, or roughened
surfaces, with the reciprocating surfaces moving parallel thereto, and the
adjustable frames carrying the operating surfaces in pairs at opposite
angles to each other, the whole being arranged and operating together,

page_text: substantially as herein-before described and illustrated at Figs. 3 and 4
of the accompanying Drawings.
Thirdly. The combination and arrangement of the fixed, grooved, or
roughened surfaces with the reciprocating surfaces moving parallel
thereto, and the adjustable frames carrying the operating surfaces in t
pairs opposite to each other, the upper or coarser grinding surfaces being
arranged to move at a slower speed than the lower or fine grinding
surfaces, substantially as and for the purposes herein-before described
and illustrated at Figs. 5, 6, and 7, of the accompanying Drawings.
Lastly. The construction of the machines with spaces e between their 1
upper and lower sets of operating surfaces, in which spaces the substance
under treatment is permitted to accumulate and act upon itself by the
attrition of its own particles, substantially as described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Julius Frederick Moore Pollock,
have hereunto set my hand and scal, this Sixteenth day of 1
June, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and
seventy-one.
Witness,
W. LLOYD WISE,
Patent Agent,
London, W.C.
JULIUS F. M. POLLOCK. (L.S.)