IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR WORKING WOOD INTO THE VARIOUS FORMS REQUIRED FOR MAKING DOORS, WINDOW SHUTTERS, WINDOW SASHES, MOULDINGS, FLOORING, AND OTHER PURPOSES
Year: 1844

page_text: WILKIE, of Glasgow, Mechanic, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at
Westminster, the Twenty-third day of May, in the seventh year of Her reign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
John Wilkie, Her especial licence, full power, sole privilege and authority,
that I, the said John Wilkie, my exors, admors, and assigns, or such
others as I, the said John Wilkie, my exors, admors, or assigns, should
at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
during the term of years therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-
upon-Tweed, and also in all Her said Majesty's Colonies and Plantations
abroad, and in the Islands of Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney, Sark, and Man, my
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR WORKING
WOOD INTO THE VARIOUS FORMS REQUIRED FOR MAKING DOORS, WINDOW SHUTTERS,
WINDOW SASHES, MOULDINGS, FLOORING, AND OTHER PURPOSES;" in which said
Letters Patent there is contained a proviso that I, the said John Wilkie,
shall cause a particular description of the nature of my said Invention, and
in what manner the same is to be performed, to be inrolled in Her said
Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
John Wilkie, do hereby declare that the nature of my Invention, and the
manner in which the same is to be performed, are particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following statement thereof, reference being had to
the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the figures and letters marked thereon,
that is to say :-
My Invention consists,-
First, of improvements in the feeding machinery or apparatus for carrying
boards or other wood forward in the operation of being sawn or dividing by
circular saws.
Secondly, of improvements in machinery or apparatus for planing, tonguing,
and grooving wood for various purposes required in joiner and other work.
Thirdly, of machinery or apparatus for making mortises and for cutting
mitre joints in wood for the various parts of doors, window shutters, sash rails,
styles, and other purposes.
Fourthly, of machinery or apparatus for making mortises and cutting mitre
joints in window sash bars.
Fifthly, of machinery or apparatus for cutting tenons and for fielding or
cutting the bevelled parts of the ends of panels for doors, window shutters, and
other purposes.
26
And in order that each operation of the Invention may be fully understood
and readily carried into effect, I will now proceed to describe the Drawings
hereunto annexed, using the following titles or names for distinguishing
different parts of the apparatus. First, the "circular saw table;" secondly, the
planing machine;" thirdly, the "mortising machine;" fourthly, the "window
sash bar mortising machine;" fifthly, the "tenoning and fielding machine."
And I would here state, that although I shall hereafter describe machinery of
a particular construction to be used for the various purposes above mentioned,
yet I do not confine myself to the details thereof, as variations may be made so
long as the general principle of construction be retained.
The "circular saw table" is represented in Figures 1, 2, and 3, to a scale of
about one inch to a foot. Figure 1 is a longitudinal section; Figure 2 is a plan,
having the top removed; Figure 3 is a transverse section in the line from B to C.
The spindle d carries the circular saw q, and is fitted with a worm or endless
screw which works into the wheel e. This wheel is fixed on the same shaft
with the conical drum f, and gives motion to the other conical drum g by a belt
shewn by dotted lines. On the upper end of the shaft of the conical drum ga

page_text: spur wheel h is fixed, working into the intermediate wheel i, to which it is
connected by the double strap k. This intermediate wheel is again connected
by the double strap m to the other spur wheel 1, which is fixed on the same
shaft as the feed roller n. The feed roller frame o has an aperture at top and
a groove at bottom, bothe marked p, into which are fitted bushes for the
journals of the feed roller n. These bushes are moveable along the aperture
and groove by means of the screws r, r, for the purpose of setting the roller in
a position to answer the different thicknesses of wood to be cut. The shifting
of the feed roller is effected, when necessary, by a belt turned by hand, which
passes over the pulley c¹, c', at the same time the spur wheels h, i, l, are kept
in gear by the straps k and m, which connect them together. s is a friction
roller fitted into a frame t, moveable along the aperture and groove p, p, and
by the screws u, u, turned by the small hand wheels d', d', and acting on the
ends of the spring v which is fixed on the back of the frame t. The roller s
presses the wood against the feed roller n, by which it is moved forward to be
cut by the circular saw 7. y is a forked belt lever, moveable on the stud or
fulcrum z, for raising or lowering the belt which passes round the conical
drums and g. This is effected by turning the screw a¹ by the handle b¹,
which is shown above the table detached from the screw; by this means the
speed of the feed roller may be increased or diminished to answer the state of
the saw, the depth of the cut, or the hardness of the wood to be sawn. e¹ is a
fence, moveable to and from the line of the saw, constructed on the principle
of common parallel rulers. This fence, designed for the purpose of guiding the
wood to the circular saw, is set in the same line with the feed roller n, and is
furnished with a stay and clamping screw for fixing it when so set. f' is the
driving pulley, which may be propelled by a belt from any adequate power,
and g' is a loose pulley to which the belt is shifted when the saw and appa-
ratus are required to be thrown out of gear. In the foregoing it has been
shown that the motion of the feed roller is taken from the circular saw spindle,
which mode I prefer, but it is evident that it could be taken from a separate
motion; and I have shown the feed and friction rollers as acting directly on
the wood to be sawn, which is chiefly applicable to the dividing of battens for
flooring, but when wood is to be sawn for general purposes the usual way is to
carry it forward on a travelling table, in which case the table is moved by a
pinion acting on a rack attached to it, the pinion taking its motion from
common reversing pulley gear moved by a straight and a crossing belt from a
drum fixed on the shaft of the conical drum g. The frame containing the
apparatus may be made of iron or wood, but I prefer the latter strengthened
with iron bolts, as being quite suitable and less expensive.

page_text: Figure 7 is a transverse
The "planing machine" is drawn to a scale of about one inch to a foot,
and is represented in Figures 4, 5, 6, and 7, as mounted for planing, grooving,
and moulding boards for styles and muntins of doors, but is capable of and
intended for being also otherwise mounted for preparing boards for flooring
and other purposes. Figure 4 is a side elevation. Figure 5 is a longitudinal
section through the centre. Figure 6 is a plan.
section in the line from D to E in Figure 6. The frame of this may be con-
structed differently from that shown in the Drawings and yet answer the same
purpose, and it may be made of wood, iron, or any other suitable material,
but I prefer iron for its greater strength and durability, and it may be fixed
down to a wooden, stone, or other appropriate foundation. The same observation
applies to the morticing, tenoning, and fielding machines. The shaft b, seen in
Figures 5, 6, and 7, which carries the tangent screws marked a, is supported
by the brackets c, and may be driven by any adequate power communicated by
a belt to the pulley d fixed thereon. e is a loose pulley on the same shaft to
which the belt is transferred when it is necessary to throw that part of the
machinery, which is moved by the shaft b, out of gear with the moving power.
The endless screws a drive the worm wheels f, on the shafts of which marked
9 are fixed the feeding rollers h, whose journals revolve in brass bushes fitted
into the brackets i and plumber blocks j, and are kept to the proper height by
packings. The five friction rollers marked k are guided vertically by apertures
in the brackets i through which their journals pass, and are each kept down by a
pair of levers and weights l, l. The rollers are connected to the levers by a pair of
irons straps m, m, passing over the shaft of each roller, and have connecting rods
n, n, attached to the levers and screwed into the end of the straps m, m; by this
means the distance between the friction rollers and the levers is increased or
diminished to fit the different thicknesses of wood required to be passed
between the feeding and friction rollers. The frame o serves as a table for
supporting the wood while passing from the first to the second pair of feed
rollers. The circular thickening plates p, p, rest on collars near the tops of
the vertical spindles q, q, but when necessary a washer is placed between the
collars and circular plates to answer the different thicknesses of wood to be cut.
The plates are kept down to the collars or washers by a screw and nut on the
end of each spindle. r, r, r, r, are four gouges similar to those used by wood
turners, two of which are inserted in sockets at the outer edge of each of the
circular plates, and are fixed by wedges in the proper position for cutting.
8, 8, 8, 8, are four irons, similar to hand plane irons, fitted into each of these
circular plates. The lower end of spindles q, q, revolve in steps which are
adjusted longitudinally and laterally by a screw in each side of the step boxes t.

page_text: The upper ends of the spindles revolve in bushes in plumber blocks, only one
of which u is seen in the elevation. A collar on each spindle bears against
the under flanches of the bushes of the plumber block u, and these collars are
kept up to the flanches of the bushes by wedges which pass under the steps,
and are made fast in their places by pinching screws, as seen in the Drawings.
v, v, are frames, into each of which are fitted two rollers to press down the
wood on the table o while passing under the thicknessing plates p, p. These
roller frames are noveable up and down in rectangular recesses in the larger
frame to, and are pressed down by the spring x which bears on the tops of the
roller frames v, v. The inverted plane stock z is similar in construction to
those commonly used in machines for planing flooring boards, with three plane
irons in it for smoothing the under sides of boards, and y is a similar plane stock
for smoothing the upper sides of boards. This plane stock is hung from the
cross bars 6, 6, by the screws a', a¹, a', a', each of which has a nut above and
one below the cross bars. Those above are for the purpose of raising or
lowering the upper plane stock to fit the different thicknesses of wood which
may be passed through the machine, and the under nuts are for securing it
when so adjusted. It is, however, sometimes necessary, according to the
condition of the wood to be planed, to fix the upper plane immediately after the
lower one; in this case it occupies a separate compartment of the machine,
which is not shewn in the Drawings, as the mode of fixing it is similar in both
places. In removing this plane, it may be observed that rollers are employed
in the usual way to keep the boards down to the cutting irons of the lower.
plane. The shafts c¹, c', revolve in bushes moveable up and down in three
pairs of brackets marked d³, and adjusted by pinching screws. On each of
these shafts are fitted two circular bevilled plates or scutchers e¹, e¹, each of
which are furnished with four knives or cutters, as shewn in the Drawings..
The shafts c¹, c, are screwed in their whole length, except the journals, and the
scutchers being bored to fit the diameter of the screwed parts of the shafts
may be moved to any part thereof to answer the different breadths of wood,
and fixed by a nut on each side of them to prevent the scutchers from turning.
round on the shafts. A longitudinal groove is cut on each shaft extending its
whole length, and fitted to a feather fixed in the eye of each scutcher. The
spindles f¹, f¹, are similar to the spindles 9, 9, before described, having
adjusting screws and wedges in the step boxes, but, instead of scutchers, are
fitted each with one or more grooving saws. 9, 9', the step boxes at the
bottom and the plumber blocks at the top of the spindles, are fitted on slides
by which they are moveable transversely, for the purpose of setting them at
the proper distance from each other to fit the different breadths of wood to be

page_text: grooved. h is a frame, with the brackets d' and ', which serve as fulcrums
for the levers that carry the rollers j', j', the other ends of these levers being
connected by a pin to the screwed bolt k, which passes through a hole in the
frame h¹. A spiral spring is coiled round the screwed bolt, and by means of
its elastic force acting between the bottom of frame h and the top of a nut on
the bolt ', the rollers are made to press the wood close to the frame or table
which supports it in passing through the machine, the pressure of the rollers
being regulated by altering the position of the nut above the frame; also a nut
is placed on the bolt so as to prevent the rollers from falling too far down
when the wood has passed from under them. The grooving or ploughing plane
stocks,, have each four apertures, three of which are furnished with plane
irons, similar to those used by joiners, the fourth having two knives or cutters
for the purpose of smoothing the sides of the groove previously roughed out by
the circular saws g', 9. The cutters, when adjusted to the proper position,
are secured by pinching screws. These planes are moveable to and from cach
other to answer any breadth of wood on which they may be required to
operate, and fixed to the table by screw bolts and nuts, as shewn in the
Drawing. The horizontal slide bars marked m³ are so fitted as to move up and
down in the vertical slides n¹, n', n', n¹, and when set at the requisite distance
from each other are fixed by bolts screwed into nuts, which are moveable in
the apertures of the vertical slides. To each of the bars is fitted two moveable
slide plates o', o¹, which also, when set at the requisite distance from each
other, are fixed by pinching screws that act on the edges of the bars m³, m.
The plates marked p' are attached to the slide plates o¹ by pins, on which they
turn, and are fixed at any required angle by the screws which pass through
the apertures in the plates p', and are screwed into the plates o. The
moulding plane stocks marked q' aré each fitted with four or more plane irons
similar to those used by joiners, and fixed by bolts to flanches which stand at
right angles to the faces of the plates marked p¹, by which means the plane
stocks may be set at the angle best adapted for working the planes, of which
different sets are used, according to the form of moulding required. On the
shaft s the driving pulley r is fixed, and may be moved by a belt from a steam
engine or other adequate power. t is another pulley fixed on the other end of
the same shalf.. A belt from this pulley passes in the direction shown by the
dotted line and arrows round the pullies on the spindles of the circular saw
g, g. It then passes on to the pullies on the spindles of the thicknessing
plates p, p, from which it passes round the tension pulley u¹ and thence back
over the pulley t'. Another belt from the pulley t¹ passes over and drives the
pulley v, which is fixed on the spindle of the lower scutchers e', e', while the

page_text: upper scutchers e¹, e¹, are driven from the same power as by a belt passing
round the pulley w¹, as shewn in the Drawing.
Having now described the principal parts of this machine, I will proceed to
explain the manner of its operation. The board x¹, as seen in the longitudinal
and transverse sections, passes through the machine in the direction shewn by
the arrows, and is carried forward by the revolution of the feed and friction
rollers marked h and k, while it is guided along and kept close to the fences
y', y', y', by the springs 21, 21, 21; when the board arrives at the thicknessing
plates p, p, any superfluous wood is taken off by the cutting irons with which
these plates are furnished, as already described. It next meets with the planes
y and z, which plane the upper and under sides; it then meets in its progress
with the four bevelled scutchers e', the knives or cutters on which take off
the corners of the board to prepare it for being moulded by the moulding
planes marked q'; but before it reaches these planes it has first to pass between
the grooving saws g', g', the grooving saw spindles being each made so as to
receive one or more saws according to the size of grooves required. After
passing the grooving saws it meets with the grooving planes C, P, fitted with
knives and grooving irons, as already described, the knives smooth the edges,
and the grooving irons clean the bottom of the grooves; it then passes
on to the moulding planes q', q', which form the mouldings, and thus the
piece of wood is prepared for door muntins or mid rails, or, if divided longi-
tudinally, it will answer for top and bottom door rails, or door styles.
flat panels for doors or surface planing is to be done by the machine, the
bevelled scutchers marked e', the circular saws g', g', and the moulding planes
9', q', are removed or shifted so far back that the boards to be planed pass
through the machine without coming in contact with any of them, while strip-
ping planes for dressing the edges are substituted for the grooving planes l', 1.
When raised pannels are to be wrought by the machine, the bevelled scutchers
e' are removed, and saws substituted for those on the upper shaft or spindle by
these, and a saw on each of the spindles f', f', which are set to a slight incli-
nation. A piece is cut off from the upper side of the panel on both edges,
leaving the panel raised in the middle. It is then moved on to the place of the
planes q', q', where, skew mouthed or fielding planes having been substituted
for the upper moulding planes and the under ones removed, the thinning of
the edges of the board, or what is generally called fielding, is completed on the
sides of the panel; the end fielding of the panel is afterwards done in another
machine, constructed for that purpose as herein described. When the
mouldings to be executed are of a heavy description, such as those used for
architraves or base mouldings, in each of the compartments 6, 6, a rectangular
When

page_text: upright bracket is bolted, on the inner sides of which a roughing plane stock
is fixed, furnished with moulding plane irons; the brackets which carry the
roughing planes are moveable transversely on the cross bars of the frame,
and are fixed in the requisite position by bolts, which pass through the
apertures marked a³, as seen on the Plan; and it is also sometimes necessary
to remove the grooving planes P, P, in the lieu of which a second pair of
roughing planes are introduced in a similar way, for the purpose of preparing
the mouldings for the finished planes q', q. When flooring is intended to be
prepared by the machine, the board being carried forward by the feed and
friction rollers in passing under the thicknessing plates p, p, is stripped of any
inequalities previous to coming in contact with the surface or smoothing planes
y, z, where it is faced and reduced to a uniform thickness; after which it
passes on to the spindles c', c¹, from which the scutchers e¹, e¹, e¹, e¹, have been
removed, and on one side a pair of vertical circular saws are substituted and
set for cutting into the board the depth for the feather, while, on the other
side, the lower spindle c' is furnished with a circular saw for breadthening the
board. It then meets with a pair of horizontal circular saws g', g', separated
from each other by a ring or washer, which determines the thickness of the
feather. These saws cut into the edge of the board so as to meet the cuts
already made by the vertical saws, by which the feather or tongue is formed;
at the same time one or more of the saws g' are fixed on the spindle on the
opposite side, and cut out the groove to the proper depth and width to corre-
spond with the feather. The board next arrives at the part from which the
grooving planes, A, have been removed, and others put in the same place for
planing the edge, so that it shall fit closely when joined to another flooring
board. When window styles are to be wrought, the lower scutchers e¹, e¹, are
removed and vertical saws substituted, the saws g', g', are all removed, with the
exception of one on each spindle, the grooving planes 1, l, are removed and
stripping planes substituted, and the moulding planes q¹ are removed and a
pair of moulding planes substituted for the upper pair; a piece of wood, of the
breadth required to form two styles, being entered into the machine. it first
passes under the scutchers p, p, it is then faced in passing between the planes
y and z, while the two upper scutchers e', e', prepare it for the moulding planes, and
the vertical saws, which have been substituted for the two under scutchers e', e¹,
cut the sides of the glass checks, and the horizontal saws g', g', complete them;
it then meets with stripping planes that have been substituted for the grooving
planes,, these plane the edges of the board; it next comes to the window
moulding planes, which have been substituted for the two upper moulding
planes q', q'. These cut the mouldings on both edges of the board, which,

page_text: after it has been divided longitudinally and cut into the proper lengths, forms
a number of pairs of window styles, or of top and bottom rails, while, by
removing the upper scutchers e¹, e¹, and the upper moulding planes q', q', the
rest of the machine remaining the same as when prepared for window styles
and rails, a piece of wood may be planed and the glass checks made on it, so
that when it is divided longitudinally and cut into the proper lengths, it will
form a number of pairs of upper sash meeting rails. The manner above
described of forming window styles or rails will also apply to the execution of
under sash meeting rails in pairs, except for cutting the glass checks, which in
this case consisting simply of a groove, the vertical saws are not required, but
both pairs of the horizontal saws marked g', are used for this purpose; when
window sash bars are to be wrought, the retangular piece of wood, out of
which they are to be made, is passed through the planing machine lying on its
side; after passing the scutchers p, p, it is planed on the upper and under sides
by the planes y and z; it next meets the scutchers e¹, e¹, e¹, e¹, two of which on
the one side of the machine prepare one side of the wood for the window
moulding planes, while the other two on the opposite side of the machine are
removed, and vertical saws substituted, which form the bottoms of the glass
checks, while the grooving saws g¹, g', on one side being removed, those on the
other, by having a washer placed between them, form the sides of the glass
checks. It next meets with an upper and under moulding plane, which have
been substituted for the moulding planes q', q', on one side of the machine.
These form the requisite mouldings, and the piece of wood after having thus
passed through the machine is afterwards cut into the proper lengths, and being
morticed and tenoned as herein-afterwards described, forms the window bars.
The mortising machine is delineated in Figures 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15.
Figure 8 is a side elevation. Figure 9 is a plan, with portions removed to
show the gear and framework. Figure 10 is a section taken transversely, so
as to pass directly through a mortising slide rest and a boring slide rest.
Figure 11 is an elevation of a portion of the interior, showing the construction
of the self-acting reversing gear. These Figures, 8 to 11 inclusive, are drawn
to a scale of about one inch to a foot. Figures 12, 13, 14, are enlarged views
of the inner side, the end, and the outer side of one of the mortising slides.
Figure 15 is a diminished view of the feeding, binding, and releasing gear.
The boards to be mortised, marked a, a, are secured in the slide table 6 by eight
screws, with pinions marked c. The screws which pass through bosses on the
cover or top plate of the slide table are attached to the binding boards d, d,
and raise or depress them by means of the rack bars e, e, working into the
pinions c. These racks being kept in gear with the pinions by friction rollers

page_text: screws 0.
while they are moved backward or forward by the wipers f, f, and 2, 3, acting
on their ends, as herein-after described), thus securing or relieving the boards
a, a, as required; the rails g, g, on which the table 6 slides are fitted with guide
pieces, and supported by chairs or brackets, resting on the four pillars marked h.
The parts for carrying the boring tools called the boring slide rests are move-
able, and may be fixed wherever required on the slide rails or frames r, r, on
which they are supported, and are each furnished with four augurs or boring
tools marked i, the spindles of which revolve in the small plumber blocks j. j
and are fitted with pinions to work into each other, while one of them, being
driven by a belt passing over the pulley k, communicates motion to all the
others. The plumber blocks j, j, are fitted by screw pins to the slide plates
1. These plates are moved in and out in dovetail guides by the rack bars
m, m. These rack bars drive the pinions marked n, fixed on the ends of the
These screws are kept in position by collars fixed on each end of
their journals, and communicate motion to the slides by passing through the
screwed holes in the brackets p, openings being left in the sole plates q to
allow these brackets to move backward and forward with the slides . The
sole plates marked 9 of the boring slide rests are supported on the horizontal
frames, r, which rest on the exterior framing, and on cross bars and brackets
attached to the pillars marked h. The parts for mortising and mitring
called "mortising slide rests," have their sole plates s resting on the same
frames r, r, with the sole plates of the boring slide rests already described, and,
like them, may be fixed wherever required. The slide plates t, which move
in and out of the plates s in dovetail guide pieces, carry the mortice irons u,
which may be described as rectangular hollow punches, of sufficient size to
cut out the whole mortice, where previously bored by the augers. The
dovetail slides which carry mitre knives or chisels are set at an angle of 45
degrees to the edges of the slide plates, and are each connected by a hinge
joint to one of the ends of the bent levers w, w. These levers move on the
studs x, which are fixed on the sole plates s, their opposite end being con-
*nected to a pin, which move backward and forward in the apertures of the
guard straps y. These straps are attached to the mortice slides t at one end,
by pins or bolts, and are adjusted to the requisite angle by clamping screws,
which pass through their other ends, and the circular apertures in the slides t,
the studs x, on which the levers w, w, move as centres, being fixed to the
sole plates s, and the slide plates t being moved forward by the screws f³.
The pins in the long ends of the levers w, w, will be moved in the oblique
direction of the gaurd straps y, and thus the other ends of the levers to which
the slides vare attached being moved forward, cause the knives to make

page_text: the mitre cuts to the depth required. On each of the dovetail slides a' and z,
a knife or chisel is placed for cutting away that part of the moulding which
has been left between the cuts made by the mitre knives. To communicate
motion to these knives, the tops of the slides z have cross heads or bars fixed on
them, one of which, with the upper vertical limb, is removed in Plan, to show the
mitres on each side of the mortice, which is represented by dotted lines across
the board a at 9. To each end of the cross heads the side rods b¹ and c¹ are
fitted, the other ends of these side rods being attached to one end of the short
side levers d', d', which are fixed by pinching screws on the shafts e², e², that
entend the whole length of the machine, and pass through bosses on the lower
rectangular limbs of the plates s. On the bottom of slide plates a¹ cross
tails are fastened, having the short side rods f¹, f', fitted to each end. The
other end of these side rods, being attached to the side levers d', d¹, connect
the upper and under slide plates z and a¹. Into the apertures of the side
rods ¹ one end of the bell-crank levers g¹ is fitted, their centres of motion
being on the sole plates s, and their other ends connected to the wipers h¹ by
the rods ³, both ends of which have hinge joints. The plates marked j¹ are
bolted to the slides t, and bave horns or studs k¹ and projecting over tho
sides of the sole plates 8.
When the slides t are moved forward with their
mortice irons nearly to the extent of their range, the studs k¹ strike the wipers
h', and, by means of the connecting rods ', the bell-crank levers g', the side
rods b', c', the side levers d', d¹, and the short side or connecting rods f', f',
the upper slides z with their chisels are moved downward, the under slides
a' with their chisels are moved upward, and at the same time the mitre
knives, as before specified, are driven forward. The cutting tools of the
mortising slides having now performed their respective operations nearly
simultaneously, the motion of the slides t, as afterwards described, is reversed,
by which the mortice irons and mitre knives are drawn back, and at the same
time the stud strikes the wipers h¹, which raises the upper and lowers
the under chisels, and thus all the tools of the mortising slides are brought to
their original position; and I would here observe, that when the mortising
slide rest is mounted with a mitring knife on each side, like the one repre-
sented in Plan for cutting the mortise at 7, the wipers h¹, with the connect-
ing rods and levers, cannot be applied in this case, the levers d being fixed by
pinching screws on the shaft e¹. When this shaft is turned by the action of the
studs and on the other mortising slide rests, as already described, motion
is communicated to the lever d', and thence to the slides a¹ and 2, but when
the mortising slide rests on each side of the one referred to are placed at a
considerable distance from it, so that the resistance of the knives is likely to

page_text: shaft with the mitre
On the shaft of this
cause torsion in the rod e¹, then the bell-crank connecting rod and guard
strap, shown by dotted lines in Figure 14, are used for raising and lowering
the slides a¹ and z on which the knives are fitted. I would also remark, that
when mortises are required of larger or smaller dimensions than those shewn
in the Drawings, the same or similar boring slide rests are used, furnished
with a greater or less number of augers, which may be the same, or of greater
or less size than those shewn, according to the breadth and width of the
mortises required. The number of the boring slide rests may also be increased
or diminished, to correspond with the requisite number of mortises to be cut
in each piece of wood, and, as is evident, the mortising slide rests, with their
cutting tools, must be adapted in every case to the size and number of the
boring slide rests, with their augers or boring tools. The driving pulley m¹,
moved by any adequate power, being fixed on the same
wheel n', communicates motion to the mitre wheel o¹.
wheel the tangent screw p¹ is fixed, which works into and drives the worm
wheel q. On the bottom of the slide table 6 the lug or snug is fixed, and
binge-jointed to one end of the connecting rod s¹, the other end of this rod
being similarly jointed to the lever t¹, which moves on the centre u¹. The
strap v¹ connects this lever t' with the lower end of the lever w¹, which moves
on the centre a¹, and is open in the centre to allow it to pass the shaft of
wheel q'. When this wheel revolves in the direction shewn by the arrows,
the stud¹ comes in contact with the lever t¹, and by pressing it back the
connecting rods shifts the slide table 6 into the proper position for boring the
mortises. By the time that the operation of boring has been completed
the wheel q has carried round the stud ¹ to the lever w¹, against which it
presses until the table is moved into the position required for the operation of
the cutting irons of the mortising slide, this movement being effected by the
connecting strap v² drawing back the lever t', to which the slide table is attached
by the rod s'. The spur wheel a, being fixed on the shaft of the worm wheel q',
turns the pinion 62, and thereby gives motion to the mitre wheels c² and d²,
fixed on the same shaft; these again give motion to their corresponding mitre
wheels e, f, and on the opposite ends of the shafts which carry these wheels, the
mitre wheels g, h, are fixed, and give motion to the reversing mitre gear; one
end of each of the reversing shafts revolves in the bushes of the central plumber
block, while the other ends revolve respectively in the bushes of the plumber
blocks and k². On one of these shafts the spur pinion is fixed, and
gives motion to the pinion m³, by the intermediate wheel n²; the pinion m² is
fixed on the shaft of the spur wheel o², which by working into the teeth on
the under side of rack p³, moves it forward or backward, according as the

page_text: motion of the spur wheel o is direct or reverse. The teeth on the upper
side of the other end of this rack give motion to the pinion q, which moves
another pinion on the shaft s, on each end of which are the pinions t³, t³;
these pinions work into and move the racks m, m, on each side of the
machine, which turn the pinions n on the ends of the screws o, thus driving
forward or drawing back the slides l, as already described. The horizontal
motion of the mortising slides t is similarly communicated to that already
described for the boring slides, viz-The reversing pinion u², by means of
the intermediate spur wheel, moves the pinion to, which, fixed on the same
shaft with the wheel a³, gives motion to the rack y, by working into the
teeth on its under side, while the teeth on the upper side work into and
drive the pinion, which again gives motion to pinion a³ fixed on the shaft
63; on each end of the shaft are fixed the pinions c, c; these pinions move the
racks d³, d³, which work into the pinions marked e³, these being fixed on the
screws f, drive forward or draw back the mortising slides t, with their
cutting irons. And it may be observed, that the racks p³ and y², together
with the racks m, m, and d³, d³, represented in the Drawings as broken, must
be of appropriate length to correspond with the number of revolutions
required for the triple threaded screws o and f³, to drive forward the boring
and mortising slides, to the extent necessary for the depth of the mortices;
and it may be necessary further to remark that of the number of the screws
which are turned by their respective pinions working into the racks e, e, m, m,
and d³, d, are right and the other half left-handed. On one end of the
shaft which carries the worm wheel q' a circular plate g³ is fitted, and revolves
in the circular hole of the fixed plate h³; on the latter plate studs are fixed
for carrying the levers l³, m³, n³, o³, p³; these levers are stuck successively
in the revolution of plate 93 by the stud ³. The lever being struck by
this stud the connecting rod q³ draws forward the bell crank, which acting
on the connecting rod s moves the bell crank t³, and turns the shaft u³; on
the ends of this shaft are fixed the wipers 3, 3, that strike the ends of the
rack e, e, and secure the wood to be operated on in the slide table 6 by the
binding boards d, d, as already described. After passing the end of the
lever P, the stud strikes the lever m³, which moves at the same time the
rod w³, the bell crank a³, the rod y³, the bell crank, the rod a', and lever b*;
one end of this lever is connected by a small rod to the lower end of the
clutch lever c, by which the clutch box d is thrown into gear with the
mitre wheel, which communicates direct motion to the pinion, and thence
through the series of wheels and racks before mentioned, the inward motion.
is communicated to the boring tools. The lever n³ is next struck by the

page_text: stud k³, which moves the rod e*, the bell crank f*, the rod g', and the lever h*,
that turns on the centre i, and by the connecting rod, shewn by dotted lines
in the Plan, reverses the motion of bell crank 23, by which the clutch lever
throws the clutch out of gear with the mitre wheel, and into gear with the
opposite mitre wheel, which reverses the motion of the spur pinion, and
thus through the wheels and racks the outward motion is communicated to
the boring tools, as already described. The stud k¹ next strikes the lever o
and by its connecting rod k also moves the bell crank a³, the rod y³, the bell
crank, the rod a', and the lever b. One end of this lever is connected by
a small rod to the lower end of the clutch c', by which the clutch is thrown
into the centre between the mitre wheels, and consequently out of gear with
both. And lastly, the stud comes in contact with and moves the lever p³,
which is connected with the rod l', the lever m, the wiper n', the rod ot, and
the bell crank p'; this bell crank, being fixed on the shaft q, gives motion to
the wipers f, f; these wipers then strike the ends of the racks e, e, by which
the binding boards d, d, are lifted up, and the wood now operated on released.
The bell cranks p' and t³, being connected to the rod r, and to the cranks
and rods as before-mentioned, it is obvious that, when the stud strikes
the lever p³, it brings the lever into its original position; and when the
lever is struck by this stud the lever p³ is likewise drawn back ready to be
acted on in the succeeding revolution of the plate g³. A plate, not shewn in
the Drawings, but similar to the plate g³ as now. described, is fitted at an
equal distance from the centre of the machine on the contrary end of the
shaft of the worm wheel q', and revolves in a circular hole in another plate
similar to h³, which is furnished with a set of levers similar to m³, n³, o³, and
acted on by a stud on the revolving plate, similar to the stud k³. These levers
are connected by a set of cranks and rods similar to those connected with the
levers m³, n³, o³, to the clutch of the other set of reversing gear, which acts
on the pinion u, as already described, by which means the inward and outward
motions of the mortising and mitring tools are effected in the same manner
as the inward and outward motions of the boring tools. The stud similar
to k³ is fixed on the plate similar to g³, in a position to strike the wiper
similar to m³, immediately after the stud z' on the worm wheel q¹ has acted
on the lever w¹, and brought the slide table 6 into position for the mortising
irons to operate.
And it may be necessary to state, that the stud z is
moveable along the aperture in the arm of the wheel q', for the purpose of
setting it in such position as by coming in contact with the levers t¹ and w
will give the requisite travel to the slide table 6. to answer the distances
between the corresponding boring and mortising tools; but lest, by any

page_text: inaccuracy in the fitting of these parts, the table should travel a little
too far, it is stopped by the screws 7 and 8, placed at the ends of the
machine. The principal parts of this machine with their relative connexion
being now described, I will next explain how the boards a are operated
on. Inmediately before the slide table 6 begins to move forward by the
action of lever the stud comes in contact with the lever p³, and raises
the binding boards d, d, as already described, and at the same time, by
the lever m and connecting rods, presses outwards the levers u', u', that
carry the tension pulleys vt, v', which bring the two feed belts to such
degree of tightness that they are moved forward by the driving pulley. One of
these belts wis seen in Figure 15 extending round the pulley, the guide
pulleys a, a, and the driving pulley y', placed at the end of the service
table and moved by any adequate power, two grooves being cut along
the top of the service table in the same line with those in the upper side of the
sole plate of the slide table, of sufficient depth to allow the belts w¹ to pass
freely through. A hopper a³ is fixed above each of these helt grooves, having
an apperture at each end of sufficient size to allow only one board to pass
through at once, a number of which having been previously deposited in the
hoppers, one of the catches 65 with which the feed belts are furnished, coming
in contact with the outer end of the undermost piece of wood in each hopper,
carries it forward, and while it is advancing towards the slide table 6 the
stud strikes the lever t¹, which, as before described, shifts the slide table
forward to the screw, into the position of boring the mortises. By this time
the feed belt has carried the wood forward into the table to the stopper c³, which
being kept up by the spring y¹ prevents the wood from being carried beyond
the end of the table. The stud now strikes the lever P, by which, as before
specified, the binding boards d, d, are pressed down and secure the wood in
the table, while at the same time the connection from the lever ³ being
continued through the rod r, the bell crank pt, the rod o', the levers n*
and m³, fixed on the same shaft, and the connecting rods s*, s*, the levers u*, u*,
which carry the tension pulleys are drawn back, and thus the belts are
slackened and prevented from being carried forward by the driving pulley y*.
After this the stud de fixed on the sole plate of the slide table comes against
and presses back the wiper e, which is fixed at the upper end of the shaft f³,
the wiper being fixed near the lower end of the same shaft, and connected
to the belt guide h which is supported by the standard to, shifts the driving
belt from the loose pulley to the fast pulley j³, and gives rotary motion to
the boring tools by belts passing under the pulleys, k, in the direction
shewn by the dotted lines and arrows over the several pulleys marked k, and

page_text: are conducted over these by guide pulleys m³, m³, on the brackets p, p,
attached to and moving with the boring slides; the belts, after passing over the
pulleys k, return under the tension pulleys 1, P, to the pulleys k³, k³, these
being of sufficient breadth to allow them to pass inward and outward along
with the slides which carry the boring tools; the rotary motion having been
given to these tools, the inward motion is at the same time communicated by
the stud as it revolves impinging against the lever m³, the stud k³ then
comes in contact with the lever n³, and imparts the outward motion to them,
after which the stud strikes the lever o³, and throws the machinery for the
inward and outward motion of the boring tools out of gear, the mode of doing
which has been already given in detail. The boring, as here stated, having been
effected, the stud 2¹ on to the worm wheel q' strikes the lever w³, which by the
connecting strap v¹ acts on the lever t', and carries the slide table with the wood
forward to the point of the screw s5, which brings the holes already bored
opposite the mortising irons u. At this time the mortising tools begin to
advance inwards, which with their mode of operation and outward motion
have been already fully described. As the slide table, however, begins to
move forward, previously to mortising, the stud ds leaves the wiper e*, which
being acted on by the spring no, presses it back, and thus the belt is shifted
from the fast to the loose pulley, when the rotary motion of the boring tools
ceases until the next operation, and as this forward movement of the table
continues, one end of the stopper c³ meets with the inclined plane o* and draws
down the stopper so as to allow the wood, after being mortised and the binding
boards raised, to be carried out by the feed belts to a delivery table placed
at the opposite end of the machine to that by which the wood enters. In the
foregoing description, it has been shewn that in one revolution of the wheel g¹
the machine is supplied with a pair of boards from the hoppers a³, which are
mortised, mitred, and carried out to the delivery table ps, and consequently in
every succeeding revolution of this wheel the same effect is produced.
In mortising and mitring window sash bars, a machine of smaller dimen-
sions is employed. This machine, called the "Window-bar Mortising Ma-
chine," is represented in Figures 16, 17, 18, to a scale of about three inches
to a foot. Figure 16 is an elevation; Figure 17 is a plan; Figure 18 is an
end view above the frame, shewing a sash bar, mitring knife, and bracket.
The frame of this machine consists of a series of pillars with top and bottom
plates, its full length accords with the longest sash bars in general use, and is
suited to short bars by shifting the brackets a and b with the standards c and d
nearer to the centre of the machine, and at the same time shortening the
connecting rods by couplings or otherwise. The "mortising slide rests"

page_text: e and which are fitted on the top plate are furnished with mortising irons,
mitring knives, and vertical cutters similar to those used in the larger " Mor-
tising Machine." The knives or chisels for cutting the mitres on the ends of
the sash bars are fitted on the slides 9 and h, which work in dovetail guides on
the brackets a and b, and are moved up and down by wipers i andj; these wipers
are fitted on the shafts k and l, and pass through apertures in the tops of the
slides g and h. The guide rails m, m, are moveable towards and from each other
along with the slide rests e and f, to suit the different thicknesses of sash bars,
while the rollers n, n, grooved to fit the mouldings of the bars, keep them in
proper position. The sash bar o, which has been previously faced, moulded,
rebated, and the tenons formed, is entered between the curved ends of the
guide rails m, m, and pressed forward against the stopper p, which is placed
on the table at the proper distance from the mitring knives. Several of the
parts next referred to being under the top plate of the frame are shown by
dotted lines in the Plan. The lever q moves on a stud fixed on the under side
of the slide rest e; the end r of this lever is furnished with a stud, which
passes through an oblong aperture in the mortising slide x, the other end s
is connected to the rod t and also to the slide y by the rod u. The handle v,
being drawn in the direction shown by the arrow, moves the lever w, by which
the rod t, the lever q, and rod u are acted on, and moves the mortising slides.x
and y so far inwards that the mortising irons shall nearly meet in the centre
of the sash bar, after which the piece of wood thus cut will be easily
removed from the bar and leave the mortise complete. The bell cranks marked
z, on the slide rests e and f, are each connected to the mitring chisel slides at
one end, and to the slide plates x and y by connecting rods a¹ at the other end,
and the inward motion of these slides the mitring chisels are urged forward,
and the mitre cuts made on each side of the sash bar. The three-armed crank
b, c, d, turns on the centre e', the rod f¹ connects the arm c¹ with the wiper
g¹, and the rod h¹ connects the arm 6¹ to the wiper ¹ on the same shaft with
the wiper. This wiper is connected by the rod k¹ to one end of the bell
crank , which is fixed on the same shaft with the wiper i that moves the
mitre chisel slide 9 up and down. The other end of the bell crank / is con-
nected by the rod m¹ to the lever n'. This lever is fixed on the same shaft
with the wipers o¹, o¹, which give motion to the slides p', p', that carry the
vertical chisels for removing the wood previously cut by the mitre chisels;
again, the rod q¹ connects the crank arm to the wiper r¹, which is fixed on
the same shaft with the wiper 8', and is connected by the rod t¹ to the wiper u³,
which is fixed on the same shaft with the wiper, that moves the mitre chisel
slide h up and down, the handle v being moved in the contrary direction to

page_text: that shown by the arrow. The vertical slides p', p', and mitre chisel slides g
and h, are, by means of the rods, crank levers, and wipers already described,
drawn downwards, and the mitres cut at the shoulders of the tenons; the
handle is then brought back to the centre of its travel, by which all the cutting
tools are drawn out clear of the sash bar, when it may be removed and another
put into the machine, to be operated upon in the same way.
The tenoning and fielding machine is represented in Figures 19, 20, 21, 22, 23,
to a scale of about one inch to a foot. Figure 19 is a side elevation. Figure 20
is a plan. Figure 21 is a transverse section through the line j, k. Figure 22 is a
side view of the fielding knives, as seen from the line L, M. Figure 23 is a front
view of the bracket and vertical saws, seen from the line N, O. That part of
the machine shown between the letters P, P, and Q, Q, is fitted up for forming
the sides of the tenons; the part between Q, Q, and R, R, shews one side
fitted up or mounted for cutting the mitres and reducing the tenons to the
required breadth, and the other for cutting the fieldings on the ends of the
panels; but to complete either process it is obvious that both sides must be
mounted alike. The transverse slides a, a, fitted on the vertical slides. b, b, b, b;
are moved and supported by the screws c, c, c, c; the brackets. d, d, carry.each
two vertical saws e, e, and four knives or cutters marked f, and are. moveable
along the slide d, which supports them; part of the slide, together with the
upper flanch of one of the brackets, is removed in Plan to show one of the saws,
its driving pulley g', the other three saws and their driving pulleys being
similar. The brackets d, d, are moveable towards and from each other to suit
the distance between the tenons; the saws and knives are also moveable
towards and from each other to correspond with the thickness of the tenons, as
shown in the Drawings. The horizontal saws marked h are for cutting the
tenons to the requisite thickness, their vertical distances from each other being
determined by washers on their spindles, and their horizontal distances regu-
lated by the screws in the top and bottom slides i and j. The slide table for
carrying the boards is composed of a sliding frame k, furnished with wing
plates 1, 1, which are moveable transversely to support broad or narrow wood.
The inner end of each plate carries a standard m, to which one end of the bar
n is attached by a hinge joint, while the other end is kept down by the hook
or catch o, which turns on a small excentric wheel fixed on the shaft p, so
that by pulling down the handle q, which is fitted on the same shaft, the
catches are drawn down and make fast the bars n, n, the necessary degree of
pressure being given to the binding boards r, r, by the capstain-headed screws
8, 8, 8, 8, and by raising the handle q, the catches o, o, are relieved, and may be
thrown back to allow the bars and binding boards to be lifted up and the wood

page_text: drawn out. The fixed pulleys t, t, and the loose pulleys u, u, on the shaft v,
by a straight and a crossing belt from any adequate power, give direct and
reverse motion in the usual way to the mitre wheel W, fixed on the shaft V.
The mitre wheel W, working into the mitre wheel x, gives motion to the
square shaft y, which passes through a worm or endless screw, similar to that
marked z. This screw works into the fixed worm rack a', and moves inwards.
or outwards along the rack, carrying with it the table, to the lower frame of
which it is attached by its journals in the plumber blocks, similar to those
marked b, b. The journals on the ends of both the shafts y, y, belonging to
each table revolve in bearings fixed to the cross rail a³, while the journals on
their opposite ends revolve in bearances fitted on the frame of the machine.
On the other end of the machine, between Q, Q, and R, R, a slide table is
fitted, similar to the foregoing, the corresponding parts of which are marked by
similar letters. The brackets f¹ is for carrying the fielding knives, the long
knife h' is for cutting vertically, while the smaller kuives i, ', cut obliquely,
so as to relieve the vertical knife.
I will now describe the manner in which the slide table is carried along the
machine, and the boards to be tenoned for framework, such as the rails or
muntins marked operated on. Let the slide table shown between p, p,
and q, q, be supposed drawn back to the extent of its outward or reverse
travel, and resting on a service table to which it has been conducted by the
continuous dovetail guides m¹, m', where it gets direct or inward motion by
the straight and the crossing belts being thrown by a forked lever in the
usual way on the two inner pulleys and t, by which the boards are
brought in contact with the saws h, that cut into their ends to the required
depth of the tenons. They next meet with the first pair of knives f, f, the
vertical saws e, e, and second pair of knives f, f. The first pair of knives cut
merely to a depth to prevent the saws e, e, from inaking a ragged cut; and
after these saws have cut to a proper depth, the second-pair of knives clean the
shoulders of the tenons. When the whole of the boards have thus been carried
through the saws and knives by the slide table, its motion is reversed by
shifting the belts from the inner to the two outer pulleys u and t, and when it
arrives on the service table the belts are shifted to the two loose pulleys u, u,
by which the table is stopped. The wood is then removed, and the slide
table again filled with an additional supply for the repetition of the process.
The boards, having their tenons now reduced to the required thickness, a
number of them marked n' are deposited on their edges, and secured in the
same way in the other side table, which likewise rests on a service table
at the opposite end of the machine. Here these boards are only shown on
19

page_text: one side of the slide table, with the saws and knives which operate on them,
the other ends of the boards, together with the saws and knives that act on
them, being removed to show the mode of working the fielding on the ends of
the panels. Inward motion being now given to this table, in the way already
described for the table on the other end of the machine, the boards first come
in contact with the pair of saws k¹, k¹, that cut the tenons of the required
breadth, and then, with the mitring knives on the brackets e, e¹, which are
attached to the bracket c. These knives are similar to the knives h¹, and
make the mitre cuts, which separate the superfluous wood previously cut from
the edges of the tenons by the saws k¹, k¹, this finishes the mitres and tenons
on the ends of the boards. The slide table is then returned to the service
table, the boards discharged, and others put in for the next operation. When
the tenons and back lips on the ends of the window sash meeting rails are to
be formed, the superfluous wood between the tenons and back lip is cut away
by a sufficient number of circular saws, placed on the spindles which carry
the saws marked h. When tenons are to be wrought on window sash bars,
such as is represented in Figure 24, a number of the bars, having the mouldings
and glass checks previously wrought on them, as already described, are
deposited on their edges in the slide table shown in the Plan between P, P,
and Q, Q. These, in their progress through the machine, first come in
contact with a thick and thin saw, fixed on the spindles which carry the saws
marked h on each side of the table, the thick and thin saws being separated
by a washer of the same thickness as the tenon marked a in Figure 24. The
thick saw cuts out the piece from the space 6 below the tenon, while the thin
saw cuts to the required depth above the tenon. The window bars are next
carried forward to the brackets d, d, which carry the vertical saws marked e,
and knives marked f. The upper knives and vertical saws being removed, a
knife similar to the knife marked h', but rounded on the back, is substituted
in their place. This knife cuts out the curve marked c in Figure 24, which
fits the curve of the window sash style or vertical sash bar, against which it
abuts; the under vertical saws cut off the requisite piece from the ends of the
glass feather, and the bars are then finished at the small mitring machine
previously described, which cuts the mitres marked d in Figure 24. The
panels having been side-fielded in the planing machine, as before described,
a number of them, marked o¹, are now put into the slide table, their ends
being removed from one side in Plan to shew part of the operation of tenoning.
The slide table, in moving forward from the service table, first meets with
the knives h, 2, 3, on the bracket f¹. These knives cut the edges of the
fields. The inclined saw g¹ is next met with, which cuts the fields to the

page_text: required bevel, and they are then finished by the skewed plane on the
bracket d. In the description of the fielding, however, as well as that of
cutting the edges of the tenons, it must be observed that the machine for
either process is to be mounted alike on both sides, as already stated, so as to
finish both ends of the boards at the same time. The motion of the horizontal
and oblique saws is communicated by the drum p¹ on the vertical shaft q' to
the pulley t, and thence, by the pulley u¹, to another pulley on the spindle
of the opposite saw h¹. Again, from the drum p' to the pulleys v¹ and w¹.
The vertical shaft q' may be driven by any adequate power, while the same
power moves the pulley r¹ fixed on the same shaft with the pulleys s¹, s¹,
which drive the vertical saws, the directions of the belts being shown by the
dotted lines and arrows.
Having now fully described the nature of the Invention, and the manner of
carrying the same into effect, I would have it understood that I claim the
combination of the various parts described to effect the purposes of my
Invention, but, particularly, in the "circular saw table," I lay no claim to
the several parts taken separately, as being before known. But what I claim
is, the mode of driving the feed roller or travelling table by conical drums in
connection with the saw spindle, or otherwise, by which I am enabled to
proportion the speed of the feeding apparatus to answer the state of the saw or
the kind of wood to be cut.
In the "planing machine" I lay no claim to the several parts taken
separately; but what I claim is,--
First, the mode of reducing boards to a uniform thickness by two horizontal
thicknessing plates, both of which cut inwards, whereby the edges of the
board are not liable to be splintered or broken by the operation.
Secondly, the mode of planing the upper and under surfaces of boards in
passing once through the machine, by the use of an upper in conjunction with
the under plane.
Thirdly, the mode of smoothing the edges and grooves of flooring and
other boards by planes furnished with knives and plane irons.
Fourthly, the mode of fielding the sides of panels by circular saws, which
cut vertically and obliquely, and by fielding planes.
Fifthly, the mode of forming mouldings on wood by bevilled scutchers and
planes.
In the "morticing machine" I claim the mode of making mortices, cutting
mitres, and removing the mouldings from the fore lips of the mortises, in
which I include the tools and the machinery or apparatus by which the
different movements are effected.

page_text: In the "tenoning and fielding machine" I lay no claim to the mode of
thicknessing tenons by horizontal and vertical circular saws, as being before
known; but what I claim is, an improved mode of forming tenons by circular
saws in combination with knives or cutting irons. And I also claim the 'niode
of fielding the ends of boards for panels, as in the manner described.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Wilkie, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this * day of November, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and forty-four.