IMPROVE- MENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS AND BUILDING MATERIALS WITH REFERENCE TO FIREPROOFING THE SAME, AND WITH REFERENCE TO SECURING LIGHT AND VENTILATION
Year: 1873

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Thaddeus Hyatt, of Gloucester Gardens, Hyde
Park, in the County of Middlesex, for the Invention of "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS AND BUILDING MATERIALS WITH
REFERENCE TO FIREPROOFING THE SAME, AND WITH REFERENCE TO SECURING
LIGHT AND VENTILATION."
Sealed the 1st January 1874, and dated the 10th November 1873,
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Thaddeus Hyatt at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
10th November 1873.
I, THADDEUS HYATT, of Gloucester Gardens, Hyde Park, in the County
of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of my said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS AND BUILDING MATERIALS
WITH REFERENCE TO FIREPROOFING THE SAME, AND WITH REFERENCE TO SECURING
LIGHT AND VENTILATION," to be as follows:-
To light and ventilate rooms below the level of the street with better
effect than as at present practised, I construct a ventilating space or

page_text: "light shelf" outside of the sunk area, allowed by law, in the footways of
streets. This space or "light shelf" is exceedingly shallow, in some cases
not more than 6 or 8 inches deep, say the depth of the side walk gutter
or curb stone, and of a width only sufficient to give by the openings
between its grate bars an amount of air space equal to the vertical
sectional area due to its depth. But when it is desired to obtain more
light than can be had from the opening of the area itself I then form a
sloping bottom to this "light shelf," inclining to the open area, and face
it with glazed tiles to reflect the light which falls upon it through the
open grating. This sloping face may be continued to any depth in the 1
direction of the area until it strikes it, and the "light shelf" in place of
an open grating may, if desired, be covered with iron and glass.
In lighting and ventilating roofs of buildings or parts of buildings,
according to one part of my Invention I construct dormers in the roof
made wholly of "illuminating gratings." By this means without loss of 1
vertical light I secure as many vertical openings to admit air as may be
necessary, and these I close by window sashes set upon centres to swivel,
or hung with weight and pully, or hinged to open and shut.
According to another part of my Invention I make fronts and rears
to buildings of illuminating gratings. These gratings I cast or form in
all shapes necessary to give architectural effect to the building using
them, to form columns, pillars, and pilasters, with their bases, capitals,
and entablatures, as well as for the windows and doors. The columns,
pillars, and pilasters I construct hollow and utilize them as ventilating
shafts for the basement of the building, a circulation of air being
obtained through the light openings in them, in which the glasses are so
set as to prevent the entrance of rain while admitting the air, upon the
principle herein-after set forth in the construction of the ventilating
windows. Upon this same plan I also construct the illuminating
gratings which I use to form that portion of the face of the building
directly under the windows of the ground floor, herein-after mentioned,
where open gratings or guards are placed ordinarily to admit air to the
basement.
According to another part of my Invention I illuminate and ventilate
the ground floor of stores by retreating the stories above it as well
upon the front as upon the back of the building, and I preserve the
architectural beauty of the building on the street line by constructing a

page_text: front of the usual appearance upon that line, but this front serves only
as a mask to the actual front of the building above the first or ground
floor. In doing this I maintain the side walls intact, merely cutting
away the floors and ceilings of all the upper stories, supporting the
front or mask wall by suitable stays, and covering over the space thus
obtained with a roof of illuminating gratings at the top of the building,
at the same time closing in the ground floor by a ceiling at that section
of it made of illuminating gratings. This ceiling I construct by pre-
ference upon the plan of the dormer roof already described.
According to another part of my Invention I make hollow window
sills and window frames arranged with registers to open and shut for the
purpose of admitting or excluding air at will and without the necessity
of opening and closing the window sash. I also make ventilating
window sashes by the use of two panes of glass in each panel, an inner
and an outer, both hinged throughout the whole pane or a section of
it, the outer at top, the inner one at bottom, by which arrangement
the air on entering the apartment is directed upwards towards the
ceiling instead of producing unpleasant draughts across the room. In
the ventilating window frame sill the air is admitted through the vertical
face of the outside of the sill and taken into the apartment through the
horizontal inside face of the sill which gives it an upward direction.
According to another part of my Invention I make dry panel walls
and partitions of a sectional character, that is to say, in pieces con-
venient for handling, by means of which a building is dry at the time of
its completion. Under this head of my Invention, according to one
plan, I make a cellular construction of either hollow pottery, brick,
concrete, artificial stone, beton-coignet, cement, plaster of Paris, or their
equivalents, or any combination of these, by moulding or casting single
hollow cells of suitable shape (hexagonal by preference) which, when
masoned together, form horizontal combs like those of the bee, each cell
being formed with a seat or shoulder at each end for the purpose of
receiving a diaphragm or closure of the same material as the cell, except
where the closures form the interior finish of apartment walls of a
building when they may be glazed tiles. In such cases I sometimes
form the closures with a double rest undercut or shoulder, by means of
which they may be brought edge to edge, after the manner of setting
"Dutch tiles," while still obtaining their hold within the cell by means
of the shoulder.

page_text: In making partitions I prefer to form both sides of glazed tile closures.
Also under this head of my Invention, but according to another method of
constructing the same thing, I make cellular walls and partitions on the
"honeycomb "plan by moulding or casting whole combs or wall sections
in place of single cells of pottery, brick, "beton-coignet," cement, plaster
of Paris, concrete, artificial stone, or other equivalent material or
materials, or any combination of them preferably with a diaphragm at
the centre of the cells as in the honeycomb. These combs or sections I
build up one upon another, using for interlocking them either the
closures themselves made sufficiently projecting at the shoulder to nearly
or quite reach to the centre of the cell; or I make use of single cells in
either case.
These joining members are cemented in place and serve to
connect or key the adjoining sections together. Where lath and plastering
is preferred the closures are omitted, & blocks of wood being inserted
here and there the "furring" strips are nailed to them, additional security
being obtained when desired by rods or wires passed entirely through
the partitions from the "furring" strips on one side to those upon the
other, and clinched upon them; the lathing and plastering is then put
on as usual. In both cases, that is, whether the walls and partitions are
built up from single cells or from combs these hollow constructions arc
dry at the time of being put to use, and are put together with only
sufficient mortar or cement to unite them properly. But a still dryer
form of partition and wall and more deserving the name of "dry panel"
is the following:-I first make a grating of any suitable materials, using
for cheapness wood, but which wood should be first burnetized and
waterproofed. This grating is made as to size for convenience of
handling, and to suit the place where wanted for use. The purpose of
this grating is not to merely connect the earthy materials together but
to add further strength. Upon this grating as a core I mould or form
the earthy material, such as beton-coignet, either making a cellular
construction like that already described or one that is perfectly solid.
In this latter case I prefer where the grating is of wood to use timber of
larger section, for the greater the proportionate amount of wood the
stronger as well as lighter the panel will be, besides drying sooner.
These dry pannels may also be used as roofs or as walking surfaces for
floor and pavements. In using them for roofs I prefer to finish the
weather face in a mould, giving it an imprint resembling shingles or
ornamental slates, and as an additional guarantee against dampness the
inner or concealed face may when desired have a coating of asphalt.

page_text: According to another part of my Invention I construct buildings in
such a way as to obviate the necessity for a continuous solid wall to
support the floors and roof. Instead of a continuous brick wall I build
piers, which I connect with each other by brick arches corbelled out and
levelled off at the top to receive a floor of timber, all solid on the "all
beam" principle. The spaces under the arches I close by the dry
pannels already described. The side walls are tied together from pier to
pier by solid beams of either wood or iron well overlaid and thoroughly
protected from fire by asbestos in some of its forms, such as felt, canvass,
board, or stone; or instead of using brick for the skeleton of the building
I employ wood, preferably burnetized. The building then will consist
first of a skeleton or framing made as follows:-At suitable distances
apart I place columns of wood in line, each column resting upon a flat
plate of cast iron having a socket or collar on its upper face to receive
the foot of the column or pillar, which is there bolted fast. The
diameter of this base plate is about double that of the columns.
The top of each pillar is similarly fitted with an iron socket piece
capable of receiving not only the head of the pillar below and the
foot of the pillar above it but likewise the side timbers right and left,
and a bracing timber upon its flooring face extending from wall to wall,
the opposite end of the timber resting in a similar socket head in that
wall. The cast-iron corner socket heads are specially shaped for that
position, one side socket being at right angles to the other. Socket
heads for pillars in the centre of a building have usually 6 sockets, viz.,
one at bottom, one at top, and one upon each of its 4 sides. Wall socket
heads have usually 5 sockets, but at chimney breasts I cast them double
to receive two sets of pillars, one in front of the other. The four sides
of a building thus constructed need no "walls" as supports, and the
principle of my construction is to throw the entire weight upon these
supports. By this means I obtain panel spaces between the pillar to be
filled with panels of any suitable character, the panels that I propose to
use being fireproof. The roof and floors of this construction are on tho
"all beam” principle, and preferably of solid wood.
The same principle of construction as herein described when wood is
the material I apply to metal, but in using metal I overlay every part of
it with asbestos or its compounds, or some equivalent fireproofing
material

page_text: In the use of dry panels for closing up the spaces between piers or
pillars I make use of two, an inner or room panel and an outer or wall
panel, leaving a space between the two equivalent to the depth or
thickness of the pier or pillar. The room panel I propose to make with
a finish, so as to dispense with papering, plastering, & painting.
According to another part of my Invention instead of setting in the
usual manner the marble or encaustic tiling used for the entrance ways
and hall ways of buildings I combine them with gratings of wood or
metal in the dry panel style already described, the marble or encaustic
tiles being preferably made with shoulders to take into the apertures of
the grating, leaving their exposed edges to come together, giving the
appearance of the usual setting.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Thaddeus Hyatt in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 9th May 1874.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, THADDEUS
HYATT, of Gloucester Gardens, Hyde Park, in the County of Middlesex,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Tenth day of November, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-three, in the
37th year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give
and grant unto me, the said Thaddeus Hyatt, Her special license that I,
the said Thaddeus Hyatt, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or
such others as I, the said Thaddeus Hyatt, my executors, administrators,
or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to
time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and
Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF
BUILDINGS AND BUILDING MATERIALS WITH REFERENCE TO FIREPROOFING THE
SAME, AND WITH REFERENCE TO SECURING LIGHT AND VENTILATION,"
upon the
condition (amongst others) that I, the said Thaddeus Hyatt, my executors
or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal,

page_text: should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention,
and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same
to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months
next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Thaddeus Hyatt, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement, reference being had to the accompanying Drawings
and to the letters and figures marked thereon, that is to say :-
My Invention relates to improvements in the construction of buildings
and in building materials with the view of rendering the same fireproof,
and of obtaining more light and better ventilation than heretofore.
And in order that my said Invention may be fully understood, I
shall now proceed more particularly to describe the same, and for that
purpose shall refer to the several Figures on the annexed Sheets of
Drawings, the same letters of reference indicating corresponding parts in
all the corresponding Figures.
Figure 1, Sheet 1, of my Drawings is a vertical section of an area
illustrating one mode of lighting and ventilating rooms situate below
the level of the street; A is the area space; B, the wall of the building
having an opening C therein into the basement D of the building. The
opening C
may if desired be fitted with a window sash; E, is the outer
wall of the area, at the top of which wall I form a space or light
chamber E¹ extending a short distance under the footway of the street,
and cover the same with an open grating F through which air and light
enters the area A and thence through the opening C into the
basement D; G is an illuminating grating covering the area space A,
through which grating additional light enters the area.
The light
chamber E¹ need not be more than eight inches in depth, and of a
width only sufficient to give an amount of air space equal to the
vertical sectional area due to its depth.
In cases where more light is required than can be obtained by the
means above described, I incline the area wall E, as shewn by the dotted
line e, and cover the surface thereof with glazed tiles or other reflecting
5 material in order to reflect the rays of light which fall upon it through
the gratings F and G through the opening C into the basement.

page_text: Where ventilation is not required, the light chamber E¹ may be
covered with a closed illuminating grating similar to G in lieu of an
open one.
Figures 2 and 3 are side and front elevations respectively of a portion
of the roof of a building, shewing my mode of lighting and ventilating
the top rooms thereof. A is a roof having openings B therein, which
openings I cover with illuminating gratings C in the form of dormers,
the fronts of which dormers I close with illuminating gratings D so fitted
as to slide up and down like a window sash, or to turn on centres, or
hinged to open and shut as desired. By the above-described con-
struction of dormer roofs, I obtain considerably more light than by the
ordinary construction, whilst I secure as many vertical openings in the
roof for ventilation as may be necessary, such openings being closed
when desired by the gratings D as above described.
According to another part of my Invention I make fronts and rears
to buildings of illuminating gratings; these gratings I cast or form in
all shapes necessary to give architectural effect to the building using
them, to form columns, pillars, and pilasters, with their bases, capitals,
and entablatures, as well as for the windows and doors. The columns,
pillars, and pilasters I construct hollow, as shown in Figures 4, 5, 6,
and 7, and utilize them as ventilating shafts for the basement of the
building, a circulation of air being in some cases obtained through the
light openings, in which openings the glasses are so set as to prevent the
entrance of rain while admitting the air, upon the principle herein-after
set forth in the construction of the ventilating windows.
According to another part of my Invention I illuminate and ventilate
the ground floor of stores by retreating the stories above it at the front
as well as at the back of the building, and I preserve the architectural
beauty of the building by constructing a front of the usual appearance
on the street line, which front serves only as a mask to the actual front
of the building above the first or ground floor.
Figure 8 is a vertical section of a building illustrating this mode of
construction. I maintain the side walls A intact, and merely cut away
a portion of the floors and ceilings of all the upper stories; B is the
mask front having the appearance of an ordinary front, but made in
the lightest manner being only a shell, and may be made of paper if
desired. This mask is held and supported by means of beams, bolts, and

page_text: tie rods, or otherwise, which connect it to the actual front wall C of the
building behind it. The space between the mask B and the wall C
I cover with a roof of illuminating gratings D at the top of the
building and close in the ground floor E by a ceiling of illuminating
gratings F.
According to another part of my Invention I make hollow window
sills and window frames arranged with registers to open and shut for
the purpose of admitting or excluding air at will without the necessity
of opening and closing the window sash.
Figure 9, Sheet 2, is a perspective view, and Figure 10 a vertical
section of a window frame and sill so constructed. The hollow window
frame A is provided with holes B at the lower part thereof, for the
admission of air from outside the building, which air passes up the two
vertical sides and into the apartment through opening C made in the
inner face of the upper part of the frame, the admission of such air being
regulated by a slide or register D fitted to slide over and cover the
openings C more or less as desired. The sill E is also made hollow and
provided with holes F on its outer vertical face, through which holes
the air enters the sill and thence into the apartment through openings G
made in the top face of that part of the sill which projects inside the
apartment, the openings G being closed or opened as desired by a slide or
register H. The air entering the apartment through the hollow sill
will take an upward direction in lieu of directly across the apartment
as is the case when a window is opened for the admission of air.
Figure 11 is a vertical section of a ventilating window sash constructed
according to my Invention. Each panel of the sash is composed of two
panes of glass a and 6 secured in separate frames of their own hinged to
the sash frame c, the outer one a at the top and the inner one 6 at the
bottom as is clearly shewn in the Drawing, the frames carrying the
panes a and b are provided with racks d or other suitable contrivance for
regulating the amount of opening between them for the admission of
air, which air on entering the apartment is directed upwards towards the
ceiling as indicated by the arrows instead of producing unpleasant
draughts across the room.
In constructing illuminating gratings to form that portion of the face
of a building directly under the windows of the ground floor, and
intended for the admission of air to the basement I fit my illuminating

page_text: glasses into frames having seats to receive them, arranged one behind the
other as shewn in Figure 12. The front glasses A are supported at the
upper part of the openings and extend downwards so as to cover about
one-third of the depth of the back glasses B which latter are secured in
the lower portion of the openings, and extend upwards behind the front
glasses A to about one-third of their depth a space being left between
the two sets of glasses for the admission of air which enters in the
direction indicated by the arrows.
According to another part of my Invention I make dry panel walls
and partitions of a sectional character, that is to say, in pieces convenient
for handling, by means of which a building is dry at the time of its
completion. Under this head of my Invention, according to one plan I
make a cellular construction of either hollow pottery, brick, concretes,
artificial stone, beton-coignet, cement, plaster of Paris, or their
equivalents or any combination of them by moulding or casting single
hollow cells of suitable shape (hexagonal by preference), which when
masoned together as shewn in Figure 13 (which represents a portion of a
wall so constructed, and Figure 14 a horizontal section of the same), form
horizontal combs like those of the bee. Each cell A being formed with
a seat or shoulder a at each end for the purpose of receiving a diaphragm
or closure B of the same material as the cell, except where the closures
form the interior finish of apartment walls of a building when they may
be glazed tiles. In such cases I sometimes form the closures with a
double rest undercut or shoulder as shewn at 6 Figure 15, by means of
which they may be brought edge to edge after the manner of setting
"Dutch tiles" while still obtaining their hold within the cell by means
of the shoulder.
In making partitions I prefer to form both sides of glazed tile closures;
also under this head of my Invention, but according to another method
of constructing the same thing, I make cellular walls and partitions on
the honeycomb plan by moulding or casting whole combs or wall
sections in place of single cells of pottery, brick, bèton-coignet, cement,
plaster of Paris, concrete, artificial stone, or other equivalent material or
materials or any combination of them preferably with a diaphragm at
the centre of the cells as in the honeycomb.
Figures 16 and 17 is an elevation and horizontal section respectively of
a portion of a wall built up of honeycomb sections. These combs or
sections I build up one upon another using for interlocking them either.

page_text: the closures themselves made sufficiently projecting at the shoulder to
nearly or quite reach to the centre of the cell as shewn at B in Figure 17,
or I make use of single cells. In either case these joining members are
cemented in place and serve to connect or key the adjoining sections
together, or the sections may be built up so as to break joint by which
arrangement they will not require the key pieces B to hold them.
together as the cells themselves will interlock with each other as shewn
at C, C, in Figure 16. Where lath and plastering is preferred the
closures B are omitted and blocks of wood are inserted here and there,
the furring strips being nailed to them.
Additional security may be obtained when desired by passing rods or
wires entirely through the partition from the "furring" strips on one
side to those upon the other and clinching them, the lathing and
plastering is then put on as usual. In both cases, that is, whether the
walls and partitions are built up from single cells or from combs,
these hollow constructions are dry at the time of being put to use and
are put together with only sufficient mortar or cement to unite them
properly. But a still dryer form of partition and wall and more
deserving of the name of "dry panel" is the following:-I first make
a grating of any suitable material, using for cheapness wood, but which
wood should be first burnetized and waterproofed, this grating is made as
to size for convenience of handling and to suit the place where wanted
for use.
The purpose of this grating is not merely to connect the earthy
materials together but to add further strength. Upon this grating as a
core I mould or form the earthy material, such as beton-coignet, either
making a cellular construction like that already described or one that is
perfectly solid. In this latter case I prefer where the grating is of wood
to use timber of larger section, for the greater the proportionate amount
of wood the stronger as well as lighter the panel will be besides.
drying sooner. These dry panels may also be used as roofs or as walking
surfaces for floors and pavements. In using them for roofs I prefer to
finish the weather face in a mould giving it an imprint resembling
shingles or ornamental slates, and as an additional guarantee against
dampness the inner or concealed face may when desired have a coating
of asphalte.
According to another part of my Invention I construct buildings in
such a way as to obviate the necessity for a continuous solid wall to

page_text: Figures 18 and 19, Sheet 3, represent respectively a sectional elevation
and plan of a portion of a building illustrating this part of my Invention.
Instead of a continuous brick wall I build piers A, which I connect
with each other by brick arches B corbelled out and levelled off at the
top to receive a floor of solid timber B' on the "all beam" principle.
The spaces C under the arches I close by the dry panels already
described. The side walls are tied together from pier to pier by solid
beams D of either wood or iron overlaid and thoroughly protected from
fire by asbestos in some of its forms, such as felt, canvas, board, or
stone, or other fire-proofing material. The beams D extend from one
side wall to the opposite one, and are firmly connected thereto by bolts
which connect the beams to metal shoes or supports E built into the
piers A.
Or instead of using brick for the skeleton of the building I
sometimes employ wood, preferably burnetized. The building then will
consist, first, of a skeleton or framing made as follows:-At suitable
distances apart I place columns of wood in line, as shewn in Figures 20
and 21, Sheet 4. Each column A rests upon a flat plate of cast iron B,
having a socket or collar C on its upper face to receive the foot of the
column or pillar A, which is there bolted fast. The diameter of the
base plate should be about double that of the column. The top of each
pillar A is similarly fitted with an iron socket piece D capable of
receiving not only the head of the pillar A below and the foot of the
pillar E above it, but likewise the side timbers F right and left, and
also a bracing timber G upon its flooring face. The bracing timbers G
extend from wall to wall, their opposite ends resting in similar socket
heads in the opposite wall of the building to those shewn in my
Drawings. Bracing timbers may also be used at the feet of the columns
when desired. The cast-iron corner socket heads D' are specially shaped
for that position, one side socket & being at right angles to the other d.
I propose to cover every portion of this skeleton framing with suitable
fire-proofing material. The four sides of a building thus constructed
need no
"walls" as supports, and the principle of my construction is to
throw the entire weight upon these supports; by this means I obtain
panel spaces between the pillars to be filled with panels of any suitable
character, the panels that I propose to use being fire-proof. The roof
and floors of this construction are on the "all beam" principle, and
preferably of solid wood.
The same principle of construction as herein described, when wood is

page_text: of it with asbestos or its compounds, or some equivalent fire-prooung
material.
In the use of dry panels for closing up the spaces between piers or
pillars I make use of two, an inner or room panel and an outer or wall
panel, leaving a space between the two equivalent to the depth or
thickness of the pier or pillar, minus the thickness of the panels. The
-room panel I propose to make with a finish, so as to dispense with
papering, plastering, and painting.
According to another part of my Invention, instead of setting in the
usual manner the marble or encaustic tiling used for the entrance ways
and hall ways of buildings, I combine them, as shewn in Figure 22,
with gratings of wood or metal A in the dry panel style already
described, the marble or encaustic tiles B being preferably made with
shoulders C to take into the apertures of the grating, leaving their
exposed edges to come together, giving the appearance of the usual
setting.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of my
said Invention, and the manner in which the same is or may be used or
carried into effect, I would observe in conclusion that what I consider
to be novel and original, and therefore claim as the Invention secured
to me by the herein-before in part recited Letters Patent is,-
First. Forming a shallow sunk area in the side walk for ventilation
outside of and additional to the light area, substantially as herein-before
described and illustrated by my Drawings.
Second. Making illuminating dormers for the roofs of buildings con-
structed of illuminating gratings, substanstantially as herein-before
described and illustrated by my Drawings.
Third. Constructing the fronts and rears of buildings of illuminating
gratings cast or otherwise formed into columns, pillars, pilasters, or
other shapes to give architectural effect to the building, substantially as
herein-before described.
Fourth. The application and use of hollow columns, pillars, and
pilasters, composed of illuminating gratings for ventilating the basements
of buildings, substantially as herein-before described and illustrated by
my Drawings.

page_text: Fifth. Lighting and ventilating the ground floor or principal story of
buildings used for merchandize by retreating the floors above it at the
front of the building, and erecting a mask or false front on the
street line, substantially as herein-before described and illustrated by my.
Drawings.
Sixth. Constructing window frames hollow, and admitting air through
them into the apartment, substantially as and for the purpose herein-
before described and illustrated by my. Drawings.
Seventh. Constructing hollow window sills for the purpose of ven-
tilation, substantially as herein-before described and illustrated by my:
Drawings.
Eighth. Constructing window sashes with panels composed of two
panes of glass, hinged to open and close as required for the purpose of
ventilation, substantially as herein-before described and illustrated by
my Drawings.
Ninth. Constructing illuminating and ventilating gratings to serve as
vertical guards to basement openings under the store windows of
buildings by fitting two sets of glasses in seats so arranged, one set
behind the other, as to leave a space between the two sets of glasses for
the admission of air, substantially in the manner herein-before described
and illustrated by my Drawings.
Tenth. Constructing cellular or honeycomb panel walls and partitions
by building up single cell blocks composed of pottery, brick, concrete,
artificial stone, beton-coignet, cement, or other similar material, and
closing the mouths thereof with glazed tiles or other suitable material,
substantially as herein-before described and illustrated by my Drawings.
Eleventh. Constructing the cells of honeycomb structures with double
seats for the reception of facing diaphragms, substantially as herein-
before described and illustrated by my Drawings.
Twelfth. Constructing cellular or honeycomb walls of sections con-
taining several cells, and locking the adjoining sections together by
means of the facing diaphragms, as herein-before described and illus-
trated by my Drawings.
Thirteenth. Constructing walls, partitions, and other structures by
moulding on cores of wood or other suitable material, beton-coignet or

page_text: other similar material, either solid or in the form of honeycomb, sub-
stantially as herein-before described.
Fourteenth. Constructing buildings of brick piers connected together
by arches, and connecting the two opposing piers together by suitable
beams of either wood or iron, substantially in the manner and for the
purpose herein-before described and illustrated by my Drawings.
Fifteenth. Constructing the skeleton of buildings of wood or iron
columns connected together by transverse beams in combination with
metal sockets or other suitable mechanical connections; also covering
the whole with asbestos or other suitable fire-proofing material, substan-
tially in the manner herein-before described and illustrated by my
Drawings.
Sixteenth. Closing the space between the piers or columns of buildings
constructed as described with an inner or an inner and outer panel,
substantially in the manner and for the purposes herein-before
described.
Seventeenth. Forming marble and encaustic tiles or other ornamental
brick with shoulders, and setting the same in wood or other gratings in
such a
manner that their exposed edges shall meet and have the
appearance of the ordinary setting of such pavements, substantially as
and for the purposes herein-before described and illustrated by my
Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said Thaddeus Hyatt, have to this my
Specification set my hand and seal, this Eighth day of May,
One thousand eight hundred and seventy-four.
THADDEUS HYATT. (L.S.)