IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PRODUCTION OF FERTILIZING MATERIALS OR MANURES, AND IN THE MEANS AND APPARATUS EMPLOYED IN THE MANU- FACTURE OF THE SAME, PARTLY APPLICABLE TO OTHER PURposes
Year: 1872

page_text: TTERS PATENT to John Garrett Tongue, of the Firm of Tongue
& Birkbeck, Patent Agents and Engineers, of 34, Southampton
Buildings, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex, for the
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PRODUCTION OF FERTILIZING MATERIALS
OR MANURES, AND IN THE MEANS AND APPARATUS EMPLOYED IN THE MANU-
FACTURE OF THE SAME, PARTLY APPLICABLE TO OTHER PURposes.”- -A com-
munication from abroad by Hascal Alfred Hogel, of the City,
County, and State of New York, and Hobart Baldwin Bigelow, of
the City and County of New Haven, and State of Connecticut,
United States of America.
-
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Garrett Tongue,
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 13th July 1872.
.
.
I, JOHN GARRETT TONGUE, of the Firm of Tongue & Birkbeck,
5 Patent Agents and Engineers, of 34, Southampton Buildings, Chancery
Lane, in the County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of

page_text: the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PRODUCTION OF FERTILIZING
MATERIALS OR MANURES, AND IN THE MEANS AND APPARATUS EMPLOYED IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF THE SAME, PARTLY APPLICABLE TO OTHER PURPOSES," to be as
follows:-
The first part of this Invention relates to the treatment of animal blood
for fertilizing and other purposes, and consists in a certain preparation
of coagulated blood, and in a process for producing the same by
subjecting animal blood to the joint action of heat and agitation.
The second part of the Invention relates to the production of an
improved fertilizer or manure obtained from the flesh of animals, and
consists in subjecting the flesh of animals, free from fat, or after the
fat has been extracted therefrom, to a considerable pressure for the
purpose of expelling liquid matter contained within the flesh, which
latter is afterwards thoroughly dried by exposing it to heated air in a
suitable vessel or otherwise, and is subsequently reduced to a powder by
crushing or grinding.
The third part of this Invention relates to a novel apparatus for
treating blood and animal matter by way of facilitating the processes
berein-before referred to, and which is also applicable to the manufacture
of superphosphates. This apparatus consists of a jacketed vessel and
tubular agitator for the circulation of steam or heated air, whereby heat
combined with agitation in a close vessel are most advantageously
applied to the material or materials under treatment, by which means a
superior product is obtained.
The fourth part of the Invention relates to an improved mode of
manufacturing superphosphates for fertilizing purposes, and in obtaining
a certain product by the said operation. This part of the Invention
embraces the use of bone black, or its equivalent, which is first soaked
in water, then mixed with sulphuric acid and thoroughly agitated, and
o this mixture flesh or meat, blood, or other nitrogeneous matter is
added, and the whole exposed to agitation and heat until thoroughly
dried, an apparatus similar to that shown in the Drawing hereunto
annexed and referred to in the third part of the Invention, being the
improved means or apparatus employed for this purpose.
Figure 1 is a longitudinal vertical section of apparatus constructed
in accordance with this Invention, and Figure 2 is a vertical transverse
section thereof, taken at the line x, x, in Figure 1.

page_text: Prior to describing the first part of the Invention it may be observed
that the utilization of animal blood for agricultural, fertilizing, and other
purposes by evaporation, and the application of acids, has generally
been more or less unsuccessful.. By this part of the Invention a new
and improved article of manufacture of superior quality of dry animal
blood is produced applicable to the purposes of this Invention, and the
process for producing which by subjecting the animal blood to the joint
action of heat and agitation may be worked in the apparatus shown in
the accompanying Drawing and herein-after described, or in any other
suitable apparatus, such for instance as a rotating closed vessel having'
hollow journals arranged to connect with steam pipes from a boiler. It
is preferred however to employ a closed stationary vessel A, more or less
encased by a steam or hot-air jacket B, as shown in the Drawing, and to
employ a rotary tubular agitator C, heated by the circulation of steam,
and when making superphosphates operating in conjunction with a free
supply of steam to the interior of the vessel by a perforated pipe D, or
otherwise.
The animal blood to be treated is introduced into the vessel through
a man-hole, or by raising the upper portion of it, which may be hinged,
for the purpose, and said vessel is afterwards closed. Steam, either
saturated or superheated, is then introduced into the jacket on the outside
of the vessel and into the agitator, or heated air may be circulated through
the latter, and the vessel or agitator is made to revolve so as to enable the
heat to act on every part of the mass. Steam of a temperature from
270 to 290° Fahrenheit may be used, but this may be more or less varied.
After the blood has thus been treated or coagulated hot air is
introduced as by an inlet E, the agitation still being kept up and the
vapory exhalations passing off by an outlet F to a chimney or otherwise..
This effects a perfect drying of the blood within a short space of time,
so that when the product is removed from the vessel A it is in a con-
dition ready for use, without subsequent drying, either as a fertilizer or
for other purposes for which animal blood is required.
In carrying out the second part of this Invention, which consists
in the production of an improved fertilizer prepared from the flesh of
animals by omitting or extracting the fat and treating the residuum as
herein-before specified, the following mode of proceeding is found to
answer best in practice.

page_text: Take the flesh of animals, such as horses or other animals, the fatty
portions of which have only been utilized, and after the fat has been
extracted, remove the flesh and subject it to the action of a press in
order to expel the liquid matter contained therein.
When this residuum or product thus obtained is taken from the press
it is to be thoroughly dried by exposure to heat or heated air in any
suitable vessel, as, for instance, by placing it within the vessel A of the
apparatus shown in the Drawing, heating said vessel externally by the
jacket B, and the rotary agitator by circulating steam through it, and
then subjecting the mass to heat and agitation combined. After being
dried the substance is reduced to a powder by passing it through any
suitable mill, and becomes a rich fertilizer or manure containing a very
large per centage of nitrogenized ammonia.
The vessel A is provided with an opening or openings G in its top
for the introduction of the material to be treated, said openings being
closed by tight stoppers or caps, and a man-hole H for the removal
of the material after treatment is provided at or near the bottom of
said vessel, which latter may also have a further outlet for drawing
off watery matter if necessary from the blood or material during the
treatment of the latter in the vessel.
;
The tubular agitator c arranged within this hollow vessel consists in
part of a hollow shaft b, arranged to revolve either by means of a pulley c
or otherwise. Said shaft is connected at its one end or hollow journal s
by any suitable attachment, with a steam generator or boiler, but is
closed at or near its other end by a partition in advance of the opposite
hollow journal s¹, which latter serves as an outlet for the steam after
its circulation through the revolving agitator c, the shaft 6 of which
and certain escape pipes or ducts d, d, arranged outside of and along
said shaft have hollow radial arms e, f, projecting from them and con-
necting with outside of peripherical tubular and polygonal shaped rims g,
between either adjacent pair of which are lifters h. The hollow arms e
of each transverse series connect in pairs with the tubular steam shaft b,
and serve as inlets for the circulation of the steam through the agitator,
while each radial arm f, between each pair of inlets e, connect with the
escape ducts d, and serve as outlets for the steam. The ducts d, d,
connect with the hollow journal &¹ of the shaft by perforations i, to
provide for escape of the spent steam through said journal.

page_text: D is the perforated steam pipe arranged within the vessel A beyond
the travel of the agitator, and connecting at its one end with a steam
generator subject to control by a cock, and open at its other end to
the atmosphere, or any suitable escape space, chamber, or pipe.
Hot air may in some instances be substituted for steam as a heating
or circulating medium within and around the vessel A. and tubular
agitator or either of them.
The fourth part of the Invention, which relates to the manufacture of
superphosphates, is as follows:-
First soak bone black or its equivalent in hot or cold water for ten
hours, more or less, then mix the same in the vessel A (by rotating
the heated agitator C) with sulphuric acid of about 60° strength, more
or less. About 700 lbs. of acid to 1,300 lbs. of bone black will answer,
but the proportions may be varied.
After thoroughly mixing the bone black and acid, animal matter
such as "tank meats," or blood, or other nitrogeneous matter, in the
proportion of about 1000 lbs. more or less is put into the vessel A along
with the bone black and acid of the quantities above stated, and the
whole is thoroughly stirred or agitated until dried.
For fertilizers for different crops,
sometimes be added.
"
"nitre cake or potash may
The vessel A and its agitator should be heated to a higher temperature
(say from 300° to 320° Fahrenheit more or less) when mixing the
animal or nitrogenous matter with the bone black and acid than when
previously mixing the two latter.
The heating of the mixing vessel and its agitator or either serves to
prolong as it were the temporary heat induced by the action of the acid
on the bone, and as a consequence increases the amount of -soluble
phosphoric acid.
During the mixing of the whole mass the latter if too dry may be
"moistened by letting on steam through the perforated pipe D.
After the mass treated as described is taken from the vessel A, it may
be bagged ready for market, the same forming a most valuable super-
phosphate for fertilizing purposes.

page_text: It will be obvious that the apparatus herein described may be varied
in construction, and that the treatment or proportions of the ingredients
employed for making superphosphates may also be modified without
altering the true character of the Invention.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patont,
filed by the said John Garrett Tongue in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 11th January 1873.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME I, JoпN
GARRETT TONGUE, of the Firm of Tongue and Birkbeck, Patent Agents
and Engineers, of 34, Southampton Buildings, Chancery Lanc, in the
County of Middlesex, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Thirteenth day of July, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-two, in the thirty-
sixth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give
and grant unto me, the said John Garrett Tongue, Her special license,
that I, the said John Garrett Tongue, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, or such others as I, the said John Garrett Tongue, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and all times thereafter during the term
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE PRODUCTION OF FERTILIZING MATERIALS OR MANURES, AND IN THE MEANS
AND APPARATUS EMPLOYED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF THE SAME, PARTLY. APPLICABLE
TO OTHER PURPOSES," a communication to me from abroad by Hascal
Alfred Hogel, of the City, County, and State of New York, and Hobart
Baldwin Bigelow, of the City and County of New Haven, and State of
Connecticut, United States of America, upon the condition (amongst
others) that I, the said John Garrett Tongue, my executors or adminis-
trators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their
hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature
of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed,
.

page_text: and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within
six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said John Garrett Tongue, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement thereof, that is to say :-
The first part of this Invention relates to the treatment of animal
blood for fertilizing and other purposes, and consists in a certain pre-
paration of coagulated blood, and in a process for producing the same by
subjecting animal blood to the joint action of heat and agitation.
The second part of the Invention relates to the production of an
improved fertilizer or manure obtained from the flesh of animals, and
consists in subjecting the flesh of animals free from fat, or after the fat
has been extracted therefrom, to a considerable pressure for the purpose
of expelling liquid matter contained within the flesh, which latter is
afterwards thoroughly dried by exposing it to heated air in a suitable
vessel or otherwise, and is subsequently reduced to a powder by crushing
or grinding apparatus.
The third part of this Invention relates to a novel apparatus for
treating blood and animal matter by way of facilitating the processes
hcrein-before referred to, and which is also applicable to the manufacture
of superphosphates. This apparatus consists of a jacketed vessel and
agitator for the circulation of steam or heated air in a most thorough
and perfect manner, and whereby heat combined with agitation in a
close vessel are most advantageously applied to the material or materials
under treatment, by which means a superior product is obtained.
The fourth part of the Invention relates to an improved mode of
manufacturing superphosphates for fertilizing purposes, and in obtaining
a certain product resulting from the said operation. This part of the
Invention embraces the use of bone black, or its equivalent, which is
first soaked in water, then mixed with sulphuric acid and thoroughly
agitated, and to this mixture flesh or meat, blood, or other nitrogeneous
matter is added, and the whole exposed to agitation and heat until
thoroughly dried, an apparatus similar to that shewn in the Drawing
hereunto annexed and referred to in the third part of the. Invention
being the improved means or apparatus employed for this
purpose..

page_text: Having thus stated the nature and object or objects of the Invention,
I will now proceed to describe the manner of carrying the same into
practice, reference being had to the accompanying Drawing.
Figure 1 represents a plan of an apparatus constructed in accordance
with the Invention, the top portion of the case or cover of said appa-
ratus being removed for the purpose of exposing its interior; Figure 2
is a longitudinal vertical section of said apparatus constructed in
accordance with this Invention; and Figure 3 is a vertical transverse
section thereof. taken at the [line x in Figure 2. Similar letters of
reference indicate corresponding parts throughout the several Figures
of the Drawing.
Prior to describing the first part of the Invention it may be observed
that the utilization of animal blood for agricultural, fertilizing, and other
purposes by evaporation, and the application of acids, has generally been
more or less unsuccessful. By this part of the Invention a new and
improved article of manufacture and superior quality of dry animal
blood is produced applicable to the purposes of this Invention, and the
process for producing which by subjecting the animal blood to the
joint action of heat and agitation may be worked in the apparatus shewn
in the accompanying Drawing and herein-after described, or in any other
suitable apparatus, such for instance as a rotating closed vessel having
hollow journals arranged to connect with steam pipes from a boiler.
It is preferred however to employ a closed stationary vessel A, more or
less encased by a steam or hot-air jacket B, as shewn in the Drawing,
and to employ a rotary agitator C, heated by the circulation of steam,
and when making superphosphates operating in conjunction with a free
supply of steam to the interior of the vessel by a perforated pipe D, or
otherwise.
The animal blood to be treated is introduced into, the vessel through
a man-hole, or by raising the upper portion of it, which may be hinged
for the purpose, and said vessel is afterwards closed. Steam, cither
saturated or superheated, is then introduced into the jacket on the out-
side of the vessel, and into the agitator, or heated air may be circulated
through the latter, and the vessel or agitator is made to revolve so as to
enable the heat to act on every part of the mass. Steam of a temperature
from 270° to 290° Fahrenheit may be used, but this may be more or less.

page_text: After the blood has thus been treated or coagulated, hot air is intro-
duced as by an inlet E, the agitation still being kept up and the vapory
exhalations passing off by an outlet F to a chimney or otherwise. This.
effects a perfect drying of the blood within a short space of time, so
that when the product is removed from the vessel A, it is in 'a condition.
ready for use, without subsequent drying, either as a fertilizer or for
other purposes for which animal blood is required.
In carrying out the second part of this Invention, which consists in
the production of an improved fertilizer prepared from the flesh of
animals by omitting or extracting the fat and treating the residuum as
herein before described, the following mode of proceeding is found. to
answer best in practice.
Take the flesh of animals, such as horses or other animals, the fatty-
portions of which have only been utilized, and after the fat has been
extracted remove the flesh and subject it to the action of a press in.
order to expel the liquid matter contained therein.
When this residuum, or product thus obtained is taken from the press
it is to be thoroughly dried by exposure to heat or heated air in any
suitable vessel, as, for instance, by placing it within the vessel A of the
apparatus shewn in the Drawing, heating such vessel externally by the
jacket B, and the rotary agitator by circulating steam through it, and
then subjecting the mass to heat and agitation combined. After being
dried the substance is reduced to a powder by passing it through any
suitable mill. The matter or manure thus prepared is a powder without
offensive odour, which can be kept for any reasonable length of time in
dry places, being a rich fertilizer or manure containing a very large per-
centage of nitrogenized ammonia.
The following is a more minute description of the apparatus shewn?
in the accompanying Drawing, and which constitutes the third part of.
the Invention :-
:-
The vessel A is an elongated horizontal cylinder or chamber, either-
made whole or with its upper part constructed to open and close as a lid,.
and it is either partially or wholly encased by a jacket B into which'

page_text: The vessel A is provided with an opening or openings G in its top
for the introduction of the material to be treated, said openings being
closed by tight stoppers or caps, and a man-hole H for the removal of
the material after the treatment is provided at or near the bottom of
said vessel, which latter may also have a further outlet for drawing
off watery.matter if necessary from the blood or material during the
treatment of the latter in the vessel.
The agitator C arranged within this hollow vessel consists in part of a
hollow shaft b supported in suitable bearings in the ends of the vessel,
and arranged to revolve either by means of a pulley c or otherwise.
Said shaft is connected at its one end or hollow journals by any suitable
attachment with a steam generator or boiler, but is closed at or near its.
other end by a partition in advance of the opposite hollow journal s¹,
which latter serves as an outlet for the steam after its circulation
through the revolving agitator c, the shaft b of which and certain
escape pipes or ducts d, d, arranged outside of and along said shaft have
hollow radial arms e, f, projecting from them, and connecting with
outside or peripherical, tubular, and polygonal shaped rims g, between
either adjacent pair of which are lifters h. The hollow arms e of cach
transverse series connect in pairs with the tubular steam shaft b, and
serve as inlets for the circulation of the steam through the agitator,
while each radial arm f between each pair of inlets e connect with the
escape ducts d, and serve as outlets for the steam. The ducts d, d,
connect with the hollow journal &¹ of the shaft by perforations i to
provide for escape of the spent steam through said journal. In this way
a perfect circulation of the steam is kept up within the agitator and
rims thereof throughout the several arms and entire length of
periphery of the rims, thus presenting a most perfectly heated agitated
surface.
D is the perforated steam pipe arranged within the vessel A beyond
the travel of the agitator, and connecting at its one end with a steam
generator, subject to control by a cock, and open at its other end to the
atmosphere, or any suitable escape space, chamber, or pipe.
This perforated steam pipe serves as herein-before specified to pass
steam into and amongst the mass in the vessel A when making super-
phosphates, but at other times passage of steam through or from said
pipe is shut off, and when necessary hot air forced through the inlet E
among the mass as previously described.

page_text: Hot air may also in some instances be substituted for steam as a
heating or circulating medium within and around the vessel A and
agitator, or either of them.
The fourth part of the Invention, which relates to the manufacture of
superphosphates, is as follows:-.
'First soak bone black, or its equivalent, in hot or cold water for 10
hours more or less; then mix the same in the vessel A by rotating the
heated agitator C with sulphuric acid of about 60° strength, more or
less. About 700 lbs. of acid to 1,300 lbs. of bone black will answer, but
the proportions may be varied.
After thoroughly mixing the bone black and acid animal matters, such
as "tank meats," or blood, or other nitrogeneous matter, in the proportion
of about 1,000 lbs., more or less, is put into the vessel A along with the
bone black and acid of the quantities above stated, and the whole is
thoroughly stirred or agitated until dried.
For fertilizers for different crops "nitre cake" or potash may some-
times be added.
'The vessel A and its agitator should be heated to a higher tempera-
ture (say from 300° to 320° Fahrenheit, more or less) when mixing the
animal or nitrogeneous matter with the bone black and acid than when
previously mixing the two latter.
The heating of the mixing vessel and its agitator or either serves to
prolong, as it were, the temporary heat induced by the action of the
acid on the bone, and as a consequence increases the amount of soluble
phosphoric acid.
During the mixing of the whole mass the latter if too dry may be
moistened by letting on steam through the perforated pipe D.
After the mass treated as described is taken from the vessel A it may
be bagged ready for market, the same forming a most valuable super-
phosphate for fertilizing purposes free from much or any stench, nor is
there much or any offensive odour during its manufacture, and the
drying of the mass is effected within a few hours of its introduction to
the agitating vessel, and it leaves the latter free from water, and ready
for the market.
It will be obvious that the apparatus herein described may be varied
in construction, and that the treatment or proportions of the ingredients

page_text: employed for making superphosphates may also be modified without
altering the true character of the Invention in its essential features, and
without materially affecting the peculiar character of the product.
Having thus described the nature of the Invention, and the manner
of performing or carrying the same into practice, what I claim on behalf
of the said. Hascal Alfred Hogel and Hobart Baldwin Bigelow under the
above in part recited Letters Patent is,―
First. The process herein described and referred to as a portion of the.
first part of the Invention for coagulating and drying blood to be used
as a fertilizer or for other purposes.
Secondly. The product resulting from the above-mentioned process..
Thirdly. The improved fertilizer prepared from the flesh of animals,
substantially as herein described and referred to as the second part of
the Invention.
Fourthly. The apparatus herein described and referred to as the third:
part of the Invention.
Fifthly. The herein-before described mode of manufacturing super-
phosphates by means of an apparatus constructed to operate substantially
as specified.
Sixthly. The new article of manufacture being the product of the
last-named mode of manufacturing superphosphates.
.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Garrett Tongue, have here-
unto set my hand and seal, this Eighth day of January, in.
the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-
three.
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