IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS. FOR OBTAINING AND APPLYING MOTIVE POWER, AND IN TURBINES AND PUMPS APPLICABLE THERETO, PARTS OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE APPLICABLE TO RAISING WATER AND OTHER LIQUIDS OR FLUIDS, AND TO OTHER USEFUL PURPOSES
Year: 1874

page_text: °
LETTERS PATENT to Johann Ernst Friedrich Lüdeke, of Wilmot
Place, Camden Town, in the County of Middlesex, for the Inven-
tion of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS. FOR OBTAINING AND
APPLYING MOTIVE POWER, AND IN TURBINES AND PUMPS APPLICABLE THERETO,
PARTS OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE APPLICABLE TO RAISING WATER AND
OTHER LIQUIDS OR FLUIDS, AND TO OTHER USEFUL PURPOSES."
tion of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS. FOR OBTAINING AND
APPLYING MOTIVE POWER, AND IN TURBINES AND PUMPS APPLICABLE THERETO,
PARTS OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE APPLICABLE TO RAISING WATER AND
OTHER LIQUIDS OR FLUIDS, AND TO OTHER USEFUL PURPOSES."
Scaled the 11th December 1874; and dated the 19th August 1874.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Johann Ernst Friedrich
Lüdeke. at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his
Petition, on the 19th August 1874.
I, JOHANN ERNST FRIEDRICH LÜDEKE, of Wilmot Place, Camden
Town, in the County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR OBTAINING
AND APPLYING MOTIVE POWER, AND IN TURBINES AND PUMPS APPLICABLE THERETO,
PARTS OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE APPLICABLE TO RAISING WATER AND OTHER
LIQUIDS OR FLUIDS, AND TO OTHER USEFUL PURPOSES," to be as follows:-
My Invention relates to certain improvements in obtaining and
applying motive power, and has reference to machinery and apparatus

page_text: applicable for such purpose; also to turbines and pumps; portions of
the Invention being also applicable to raising water and liquids, and to
other useful purposes.
One example of the Invention consists in the employment of a suitable
tank or reservoir, into which the water or liquid is conducted, within
which tank I apply a centrifugal pump formed by a vertical tube with
two or more horizontal arms supplied with outlet valves at their
extremities, the vertical tube being provided with pivoted bearings at
its base and top, between which it is caused to rotate by means of a
pulley and band or other gearing. The horizontal arms are surrounded
by a turbine of any suitable construction, as, for example, a Fourneyron
turbine, which is supported by spokes or arms from an independent
shaft or axis forming a continuation from the upper pivot of the pump
shaft, and being secured at its upper extremity by a second bearing
seat.
The action is as follows:-The vertical tube and arms of the pump
being filled with water or fluid the pump is caused to rotate by actuating
the pulley on its shaft, when the water rises from the tank through an
opening or openings in the side of the tube and is discharged with
centrifugal force within the turbine, the consequence being that such
force is caught up by the turbine and returned by its gearing to the
pump, and the water being now raised to the level of the turbine escapes
therefrom into a circular chamber (enclosing the turbine and horizontal
arms) and is allowed to fall from a discharging outlet on to an overshot
water wheel or other motor, whence it returns to the tank. By these
means the power required to operate the pump is returned to it (minus
friction) by the turbine, but the surplus power of the water wheel or
other motor can be utilized in any desired manner by mean of connecting
gearing to drive machinery or mills, and gearing may be conveyed from
the water wheel to the main tube of the pump.
The next part of my Invention consists in certain improvements in
the construction of horizontal turbines to be used in connection with the
centrifugal pumps, as before mentioned, in substitution of the Fourneyron
or other forms of turbine, but my improved turbine may also be used
separately from my general apparatus for obtaining motive power, for
example, as a means of driving mills and machinery. or pumps wherever
a natural fall or flow of water can be obtained. I propose to form the

page_text: turbine of a flat annular ring or plate of metal or combination of suitable
materials, having an external vertical flange or border, the whole being
supported by a shaft and spokes in the ordinary manner. The vertical
flange should continue from the edge of the annular plate by a curve
and not by a right angle, and the upper border or rim of the flange
should (by preference) be slightly turned inwards to form a lip. The
annular plate is to be perforated or cut with two, four, or other number
of apertures, through which the water flows from the turbine into two,
four, or other corresponding number of ducts or channel courses,
radiating from the centre and having a descent or incline thereto,.
whence the water is discharged from the centre of the turbine and
around the shaft which passes through a central aperture at the junction
of the ducts. The head of water being directed by a guide or guides or
other conducting appliance against the internal surface of the turbine
the centrifugal force of the rotation causes the water to rise against the
flange, and the apertures being near or close thereto the water flows
through them to the central discharge, as described. In order that the
full effect of the discharged water may be utilized in the motive-power
apparatus the turbine is regulated to rotate at a less velocity than that
of the pump. This is effected by tapering pullies on the axis of the
turbine shaft, connected by bands to another series of pullies on an
independent shaft, and thence to the shaft or axis of the centrifugal
pump.
But as a further improvement on the first part of my said Invention, I
propose in some cases to dispense altogether with the use of a turbine, of
whatever construction, that is to say, so far as my Invention relates to
motive power and raising water thereby; and in lieu of such turbines I
surround or enclose the horizontal arms of the centrifugal pump with an
inverted conical cylinder, within which and near its base they rotate,
the vertical tube of the pump passing through the centre of the cylinder
which is fixed on and supported by standards or pillars.
The top of the cylinder is covered by a raised plate or disc larger in
diameter and supported by a projecting flange outside the chamber or
cylinder on a lower level than its upper edge, such flange being turned
up at an angle to meet the circumference of the uppermost cover; but at
onc portion of this flange a duct or outlet pipe is provided. The cylinder
may be left completely open at the bottom or it may be provided with
an annular base plate with an open centre.

page_text: The operation is as follows:-Motion being given to the centrifugal
pump, the water or liquid from the tank is clevated to the level of the
horizontal arms, and by them discharged against the inclined surfaces of
the conical cylinder with centrifugal action and force proportionate to
the speed at which the pump rotates. The water is then forced or
ejected in an ever varying curvilinear direction over the edges of the
cylinder and falls into the flanged outer channel, whence it is discharged
from the duct or outlet pipe for use as required.
In another example of this part of my Invention I dispense with the
conical cylinder, and employ a true cylinder provided internally with a
series of curvilinear tubes or channels extending from the base of the
cylinder to the top, whereby the liquid discharged from the horizontal
arms is conveyed or directed as before described over the edge of the
cylinder into the external channel, but I prefer the former example, as
being more effective; and moreover, in that casc, tho pump may rotate
in either direction at any speed, as desired. Nevertheless, under certain
circumstances and where space is required or is an object, the latter
example may be used.
Now it will be evident that not only is a mere discharge of fluid
effected at the base of the cylinder, but the discharge is combined with
centrifugal action and force which is sufficient to carry the supply to an
increased altitude (nearly equal to that from which it has been raised by
the pump), and the conical surface of cylinder or the curvilinear channels
are eminently conducive to this result. The water or liquid thus raised
to a level above that of the pump itself may if required, be conveyed, all
or in part to an overshot water wheel of large diameter or other motor,
and the power thus obtained may be partly given back to the centrifugal
pump by suitable gearing, and may be directed to any suitable machinery
or other purpose where power is required, or the water or liquid may be
otherwise made use of.
Mercury may also be employed instead of water for the apparatus for
motive power.
In all cases the surplus power derived may be expended
in driving any description of machinery.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Johann Ernst Friedrich Lüdeke in the Great Scal
Patent Office on the 16th February 1875.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHANN
ERNST FRIEDRICH LÜDEKE, of Wilmot Place, Camden Town, in the
County of Middlesex, send greeting.
.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Nineteenth day of August, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-four, in the thirty-
cighth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said Johann Ernst Friedrich Lüdeke, Her
special licence that I, the said Johann Ernst Friedrich Lüdeke, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said
Johann Ernst Friedrich Lüdeke, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to
time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands,
and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR
APPARATUS FOR OBTAINING AND APPLYING MOTIVE POWER, AND IN TURBINES AND
PUMPS APPLICABLE THERETO, PARTS OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE APPLICABLE TO
RAISING WATER AND OTHER LIQUIDS OR FLUIDS, AND TO OTHER USEFUL PURPOSES,"
upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Johann Ernst
Friedrich Lüdeke, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in
writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should par-
ticularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and
in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same
to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months
next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Johann Ernst Friedrich Lüdeke, do
hereby declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascer-
|·tained in and by the following statement:—
My Invention relates to certain improvements in obtaining and
applying motive power, and has reference to machinery and apparatus

page_text: applicable to such purposes. The Invention also relates to turbines and
pumps, and portions of the Invention are also applicable to raising or
elevating water and other liquids or fluids, and to other useful
purposes.
One example of the Invention consists in the employment of a suitable
tank or reservoir, into which water or liquid is conducted or supplied.
Within the tank the lower extremity of a centrifugal pump is applied,
such pump consisting of a vertical tube with two or more horizontal
arms supplied with outlet valves, the tube being provided with pivoted
bearings at its base and top, between which it is caused to rotate by
means of a pulley and band or other gearing. The horizontal arms are
surrounded by a turbine of any suitable construction, as for example, a
Fourneyron turbine, which is supported by spokes or arms from an
independent shaft or axis forming a continuation from the upper pivot
of the pump shaft, and being secured at its upper extremity by a second
bearing seat.
The action is as follows:-The vertical tube and arms of the pump
being filled with water or fluid, the pump is caused to rotate by actuating
the pulley on its shaft, when the water rises from the tank or reservoir
through the apertures in the tube, and is discharged with centrifugal
force within the turbine, the consequence being that such force is caught
up by the turbine and returned by its gearing to the pump. The water
being now raised to the level of the turbine escapes therefrom into a
circular chamber (enclosing the turbine and horizontal arms), and is
allowed to fall from a discharging outlet on to an overshot water wheel
or other motor, whence it returns to the tank. By these means the
power required to operate the pump is returned to it (minus friction) by
the turbine, but the surplus power of the water wheel or other motor
can be utilized in any desired manner by means of connecting gearing
to drive machinery or mills, and gearing may be conveyed from the
water wheel to the main tube of the pump.
The next part of my Invention consists in certain improvements in
the construction of horizontal turbines to be used in connection with the
centrifugal pumps, as before mentioned, in substitution of the Four-
neyron or other forms of turbine, but my improved turbine may also be
used separately from my general apparatus for obtaining motive power,
for example, as a means of driving mills and machinery or pumps

page_text: wherever a natural fall or flow of water can be obtained. The turbine
is constructed in the form of a flat annular ring or plate of metal or
combination of suitable materials having an external vertical flange or
border, the whole being supported by a shaft and spokes in the ordinary
manner. The vertical flange should continue from the edge of the
annular plate by a curve and not by a right angle, and the upper border
or rim of the flange should (by preference) be slightly turned inwards
to form a lip. The annular plate is to be perforated or cut with two,
four, or other number of apertures, through which the water flows from
the turbine into two, four, or other number of corresponding ducts or
channels radiating from the centre and having a descent or incline
thereto, whence the water is discharged from the centre of the turbine,
the shaft of which is set on a pivoted bearing above the central aperture
at the junction of the ducts, the pump tube extending through such
aperture and above the base of the turbine to allow of the free rotation
of the horizontal arms. The head of water being directed by a guide or
guides or other conducting appliance against the internal surface of the
turbine, or the pump being used in lieu thereof, the centrifugal force of
the pump or the directed force causes the water to rise against the flange,
and the apertures being near or close thereto the water flows through
them to the central discharge as described. In order that the full effect
of the discharged water may be utilized in the motive power apparatus
the turbine is regulated to rotate at a less velocity than that of the pump.
This is effected by the application of tapering pullies on the axis of the
turbine shaft, connected by bands to another scries of pullies on an
independent shaft, and thence to the shaft or axis of the centrifugal
pump.
But as a further improvement on the first part of my Invention I
dispense in some instances with the use of a turbine of whatever con-
struction, that is to say, so far as my Invention relates to motive power
and raising water thereby, and in lieu of such turbine I surround or
cnclose the horizontal arms of the centrifugal pump with an inverted
conical cylinder, within which and near its base they rotate, the vertical
tube of the pump passing through the centre of the cylinder, which is
fixed on and supported by standards or pillars.
The top of the cylinder is covered or partly covered by a raised plate
or disc larger in diameter and supported by a projecting flange outsido
the chamber or cylinder on a lower level than its upper edge, such

page_text: flange being turned up at an angle to meet the circumference of the
uppermost cover, but at one portion of this flange a duct or outlet pipe
is provided. The cylinder may be left completely open at the bottom,
or it
may be provided with an annular base plate with an open centre,
but in any case an outlet is arranged for the return of waste water to
the tank.
The action is as follows:-Motion being given to the centrifugal
pump, as before, the water or liquid from the tank is clevated to the
level of the horizontal arms, and by them discharged against the inclined
surfaces of the conical cylinder with centrifugal action and force pro-
portionate to the speed at which the pump rotates. The water is then
forced or ejected in an ever varying curvilinear direction over the edges
of the cylinder, and falls into the flanged outer channel, whence it is
discharged from the duct or outlet pipe for use as required.
In another example of this part of my Invention I dispenso with tho
conical cylinder, and employ a truc cylinder provided internally with a
series of curvilinear tubes or open channels extending from the base of
the cylinder to the top, whereby the liquid discharged from the hori-
zontal arms is conveyed or directed, as before described, over the edge of
the cylinder into the external channel, but I prefer the former example.
as being more effective, and moreover in that case the pump may rotato
in either direction at any speed, as desired. Nevertheless under certain
circumstances, and where space is required or is an object, the latter
example may be used.
It will be evident that not only is a mere discharge of liquid effected
by the pump at the base of the cylinder, but the discharge is combined
with centrifugal action and force, which are sufficient to convey the
supply to an increased altitude (nearly equal to that from which it has
been raised by the pump), and the conical surface of the cylinder or the
curvilinear channels are eminently conducive to this result. The water
or liquid thus raised to a level above that of the pump itself may if
required be conveyed all or in part to an overshot water wheel of large
diameter, or to any other convenient motor, and the power thus obtained
may be partly given back to the centrifugal pump by suitable gearing,
and the surplus may be directed to any suitable machinery, or to any
other purpose where power is required, or the water or liquid may be
otherwise made use of.

page_text: Mercury may also be employed instead of water for the apparatus for
motive power. In all cases the surplus power derived may be expended
in driving any description of machinery.
In order that the construction of the various apparatus may be clearly
understood I annex the accompanying Drawings, in which Fig. 1 repre-
sents an elevation partly in section, and Fig. 2 a plan of the first
example. A is the vertical tube, and B, B, the horizontal arms of the
centrifugal pump, supported by suitable bearings, and descending within
the tank T, where it is capable of rotation on its pivoted extremity;
C, C, are outlets from the arms, whenco the water is ejected with cen-
trifugal force against the turbine E enclosed or surrounded by the outer
chamber D, which is fixed on standards. The turbine is connected by
spokes or arms M, with an independent vertical shaft N, having a
pivoted bearing which gears with a socket in the closed or solid top of
the pump tube A, in order that the rotation of the turbine may be
regulated and controlled in comparison with that of the pump, and its
power communicated to the pump, shaft or tube by graduated band
gearing, as shewn, or by other equivalent means. The vertical tube is
provided with orifices L for the inlet of water from the tank; and above
them is the clack valve L'. The water thus becomes delivered by the
pump to the turbine, and by the turbine to the outer chamber or reser-
voir D, whence it is discharged by the eduction tube or outlet H on to
the overshot water wheel O, and finally returns to the tank for further
uso. From the water wheel shaft gearing may in like manner be
connected to the pump, care being taken to regulate the speed of rotation.
so that all parts may move with a velocity suitable to the work performed.
The pulley and band P are for the application of initial motion.
In accordance with the dimensions of apparatus and consequent
diameter of water wheel or size of other motor, so will be the power
obtained, capable of being transferred by ordinary gear and connections
to any description of machinery. In the plan view four horizontal arms
are shewn for the pump, and four spokes attached to the top annular plate
of the turbine, but of course these numbers may be varied. The arrows
shew the direction in which the pump and turbine rotate respectively.
Since it is necessary that the pump should be first filled with liquid.
or fluid before it receives its initial velocity or motion of rotation, I
apply to the lower part of the vertical tube, within the tank or reservoir,
a clack valve opening upwards, and I also apply valves at each orifice

page_text: of the horizontal arms, unless they are made to terminate in curves to
form cups, in which case no valves would be required. In respect to
the gearing O¹, O¹, are the tapering pullies, one of which is mounted on
the axis of the pump, and the other on the vertical axis q. R, R, shew
the pullies on the turbine shaft and vertical axis, and P is the pulley to
form cups, in which case no valves would be required. In respect to
the gearing O¹, O¹, are the tapering pullies, one of which is mounted on
the axis of the pump, and the other on the vertical axis q. R, R, shew
the pullies on the turbine shaft and vertical axis, and P is the pulley to
act on P and cause the primary rotation of the pump.
In Fig. 3 I shew. a similar elevation of my improved horizontal
turbine, Fig. 4 being a plan view.
Similar letters denote corresponding parts.
E, shews the annular plate or base of the turbine; F, the flanged
vertical border; G, are the apertures or perforations through which the
water flows as it is discharged from the pump. I shew two apertures,
which communicate with a corresponding series of ducts or channels H
descending slightly towards the centre of the turbine, where the water
is delivered to the reservoir D (as before), and may be used in precisely
the same manner, as in the former example, by its conveyance to the
overshot water wheel and ultimate return to the tank. The general
arrangement of gearing is similar to that in the last example. It will
'be observed that in this example I dispense with shutes in the turbine,
and that I substitute the apertures and ducts for the escape of the
discharged water from the pump. The centrifugal force or tendency of
the water to fly off at a tangent is caught or arrested by the side of the
turbine; the water first ascends or rises against or around the side of
the turbine, and afterwards falls or descends through the orifices into
the channels or ducts, whence it is passed to the water wheel or tank.
As an example of the difference in speed in the rotation of the pump
and turbine, let us assume the water to have been raised eight feet by
the centrifugal pump, and let the inclination of the ducts towards the
centre be one foot; then the turbine should rotate about eight times
slower than the pump, in which case the turbine will catch up the full
force of the pump; but this construction of turbine may be used quite
independently of the pump as a means of obtaining power from a
natural flow or head of water, as it would only be necessary to conduct
the water within the turbine by suitable guides. In such case the
turbine would alone constitute a means of obtaining power for working
a mill or factory, and the turbine being horizontal the flow of water
could subsequently be conducted to an overshot water wheel, so that the
utmost possible resultant power would be obtained.

page_text: .
Fig. 5 represents a vertical section of the stationary conical cylinder,
which is to be used in lieu of a turbine. D is the inverted cone supported
on pillars, and situated at a convenient elevation above the water tank T,
in which the centrifugal pump is inserted as in the former examples;
E shews the external channel surrounding the upper edge of the cone;
Fis the top plate or cover; and H, the discharge to the overshot water
wheel or other motor. The letters A, B, C, and L shew the pump as
before. Fig. 6 is a plan view. In this example the pump receives a
return of power direct from the overshot water wheel or other motor.
S shews a pipe for the return of waste water from the cone to the tank.
In this example curved outlets are shewn to the pump arms to facilitate
the ascent of the discharge. The gearing consists of a band pulley and
cog wheels. The overshot water wheel is of peculiar construction, the
water not being allowed to escape till near the lowest part of the
periphery, as shewn.
Fig. 7 shews a vertical section of another example of stationary
cylinder, the conical form being substituted by a true cylinder D, pro-
vided with interior tubes or channels G, G, extending from the base to
the top, by which means the water is conveyed to the external channel E
for discharge at H to the overshot wheel or otherwise. Fig. 8 is a plan
view. The pump is shown by similar letters as previously. In both
these examples the centrifugal action and force of discharge is made
available for the elevation of the water to the external channel, so that
the power of the pump is increased without the addition of any moving
apparatus; and the same may be used for raising water only, or by the
application of an overshot water wheel or other motor, rotary or recipro-
cating, a power can be obtained as before.
Fig. 9 shews another example of the conical cylinder apparatus with
overshot water wheel set transversely to the tank; Fig. 10 is a plan view
of the same. In this example the gearing consists of a large beveled
cog wheel working in a pinion set on the pump shaft, whereby, as in
Figs. 5 and 6, motion is communicated from the water wheel to the
pump.
-
In all the examples however it is evident that the Invention is based
on the application of the principle of rotation and centrifugal action and
force. The mere discharge of water or liquid from a centrifugal pump,
or, the mere impulse of spherical globules or bodies, whether of mercury
or solid bodies, involves a generating power, which, unless utilized and

page_text: stored up on the attainment of its maximum force, would be lost, but
which being arrested and caused to expend its power in a definite
method and according to mechanical laws, becomes an element of force
capable of being controlled and made available for almost every purpose
to which motive power is applicable, and thus it is clearly shewn by the
examples given in what manner this principle is to be carried out. I
have given them with the application or intervention of turbines, in
order that it should be seen how such intervention serves to exemplify
the principle as well as to serve useful purposes, because a power can be
obtained from the turbine alone, and water can be raised. So also, with
the addition of an overshot water wheel or other motor, an increase of
power can be obtained. Then in the application of the conical cylinder
or the truc cylinder with curvilinear tubes or channels, which act as
substitutes for the conical form of cylinder, we obtain similar results,
but as a matter of necessity, if we dispense with the turbine, the overshot
water wheel or some other less equivalent motor must be used, otherwise
sufficient power could not be restored to the centrifugal pump, and the
result would be that with a small motor, simply sufficient to restore the
power to actuate the pump, we should only succeed in elevating water,
and there would be no ultimate result of a motive power in practice,
although it is true that the actual elevation of the water would in itself
constitute a means always at hand for the generation of force. From
this it is manifest that the pump, turbine, conc, or true cylinder, the
overshot water wheel, or other motor, include in their various states of
combination separate means of obtaining motive power, since raising
water in itself implics such a definition, but it also follows that one
portion of the apparatus is improved by another. The centrifugal pump
is improved and indeed made available and valuable by its combination
with the turbine or with either of the fixed apparatus shewn by the cone
and cylinder. The turbine is not only improved by its method of con-
struction, but is rendered more efficacious by the application of the
centrifugal pump, and as a means of raising water may stand alone;
but when we proceed further, and utilize the fall or head of water even
thus obtained, we immediately obtain an effectively increased motive
power, and in like manner it may be proved by endless examples that a
due consideration of the principle of rotation, combined not only with
centrifugal power or force, but with centrifugal action as well as force,
will lead to further development of the same, although it can never
alternate the principle, nor do more than modify those examples herein

page_text: given, which must inevitably serve as foundations for any further
examples, however constructed.
Gravity or the mere disturbance of an equilibrium has no place in
this Invention. No portion of it is based on gravity, but it is based
absolutely and entirely on the principle of rotation and centrifugal
action; and the ultimate descent or return of the moving particles;
whether water, mercury, or other liquid or fluid, globules, atoms; or
bodies, is simply gravity by ultimate result, and not as any part of the
initial principle of the Invention.
In the calculation of power various considerations arise, chiefly due to
initial force, to the size and weight of the moving parts, to the philosophy
of action, to the maintenance of force, to friction and resistance, or in
other words to wear and tear, and no exact data can be given whereby
any precise result can be arrived at, because so many modifications may
be made in construction, as already affirmed; but it must be borne in
mind that in accordance with the principle laid down the initial force,
the friction, and the resistance must of necessity fall very much below
the figure even hitherto but approximately expressed in regard to
motive-power engines. The constructions given in this Specification
prove this incontestably. Then as to the dimensions of the moving parts
and maintenance of power, the proportionate friction must likewise be
considered as extremely small, because the philosophy of the action of
the apparatus in any of its modifications has been shown to be of the
most easy and uncomplicated character. The simplicity and scarcity of
frictional gearing constitute a remarkable feature in the practical con-
sideration of the entire subject.
With reference to the construction of the water wheel, shewn in
Fig. 5, it will be seen that the buckets are formed of a semicircular
cross section with front covers to form the periphery of the wheel,
leaving narrow openings to each bucket.
The buckets are very
numerous, and set as close together as possible, the object being that
each bucket shall be about half filled with water, in which case none
will escape till each descending bucket nearly reaches its lowest point,
thus giving the highest possible effective power to the wheel.
I proceed to describe some modifications in the centrifugal apparatus
or pump as applicable to this Invention, and which may be substituted
for those previously described.

page_text: In Sheet 2 Fig. 1 shews a side elevation partly in section; Fig. 2, a
transverse vertical section; and Fig. 3, part of a front view.
Similar letters denote corresponding parts in each Figure.
a is a hollow circular drum of wood or metal, or a combination thereof,
the internal space near the periphery being larger than that nearer the
centre. The drum is set on a pivoted axis b, which is supported in
adjustable bearings on the standards c, d, the standard c being solid, and
serving to carry the crank e and toothed wheel f, whereby motion is
given to the pinion g on the pivoted shaft of the drum. The standard d
consists of a tubular pillar with horizontal termination d¹ communi-
cating with the centre of the drum by suitable water-tight packing, and
water or liquid is supplied to the tube by means of the clack valve h,
which prevents its descent, and keeps the tube full.
The periphery of the drum is provided with a number of egress
valves i, six of which are shown in the Drawing; they consist of ports
or water-tight plates of the same curvo as the drum, and shut flush with
its surface. They open sideways on pin points ; secured in bearings
within the drum, and the joints or hinges are set slightly out of centre,
as shewn in Fig. 3, in order that when not otherwise controlled they
be closed by the internal pressure of water or liquid within the
drum.
may
I now explain the method of opening these valves. Assuming the
drum to be put in rotary motion by means of the toothed gearing, and
that a supply of water has been first given to the drum and vertical
tube, and the requisite velocity is attained, the valves are opened one at
a time on passing the wheel k, which is supported on a bracket cast on
the standard d.
It will be observed that to each outer surface of the valves I apply a
small horizontal projection or stem m, and as these stems in turn pass
over the rim of the wheel or disc k they become tilted up, and thus
cause the valves. to turn on their joints sufficiently to allow of the escape
of a body of water or liquid.
The bearing of the wheel k is set on an adjustable slide with a regu-
lating screw, so that the wheel can be set out at a further extent than
that shewn, in order to open the valves further if required. So also the
wheel can be drawn back so as to avoid contact with the stems, and thus

page_text: the valves need not be opened until a suitable velocity of rotation is
effected.
In Fig. 1 a stem is shewn as just making contact with the opening
wheel, so that the valve will open and shut during its traverse along so
much of the arc of the wheel as projects beyond the periphery of the
'drum.
It is evident that by a lower position of the wheel k the valves might
be opened exactly at the moment they reached the horizontal diameter
of the drum. I have shewn the point of opening a few degrees higher,
but this is a matter of practice and experience. n shew three internal
divisions of the drum reaching from the periphery nearly to the centre.
They are intended to force the water or liquid to follow the rotation of
the drum, but two divisions, or even one, would suffice for this purpose.
The arrows shew the direction of rotation. Or this arrangement may
be modified by the application of a cam or excentric i, and by attaching
rocking or tilting levers to the valves within the cylinder, as shewn in
Figs. 4 and 5. These levers work on bearings or fulcra fixed within the
cylinder, and terminate in curved arms with studs which travel in the
slot or channel of the cam. In this case also the excentric may be set
on a square bearing on the inlet tube, and made to slide out of gear with
the rods. By these means the valves are consecutively opened and
closed at special positions or angles, as required for the discharge of water.
Having now described the nature of my said Invention and the
manner in which the same is to be performed, I would remark that I do
not limit myself to the examples given herein, nor to the precise details
and configuration of parts expressed and shewn, because, as I have stated,
they may be changed or modified without in any way departing from the
principle on which my Invention is based. The instances I have shewn
will serve to render the whole subject perfectly clear to the mind of a
practical engineer or man of science, who might readily suggest modifi-
cations of detail as in all other scientific discoveries; but what I claim
and desire to be secured to me by the herein in part recited Letters
Patent are,
The apparatus, means, and machinery, shewn by the Drawings, in
conjunction with the practical explanation given in this Specification
in relation thereto, whereby my Invention is sufficiently and clearly
defined as being based on the principle or discovery of the application

page_text: of rotation in combination with centrifugal action or force expressed by
me as consisting in the elevation or discharge from a reservoir or recep-
tacle or otherwise of bodies, masses, or quantities of liquids or fluids,
whether water, mercury, spherical or globular atoms or bodies, through
or by means of a centrifugal pump or other centrifugal apparatus, in
such manner as that they or any of them shall be arrested, caught up,
or controlled at the moment of their discharge by means of turbines,
conical cylinders, true cylinders provided with curvilinear channels, and
by external reservoirs or other equivalents to such apparatus or any part
thereof, and either further elevated or else discharged at an elevation at
or nearly equal to that of their exit from the centrifugal pump or
apparatus in order to acquire a head or fall to actuate an overshot water
wheel or other motor for the purpose of obtaining and applying motive
power.
I also claim the improvements in pumps, consisting in the combina-
tion therewith of the turbines, and also the centrifugal apparatus.
And I further claim the improved construction of turbines either for
use in combination with the other parts of the apparatus or separately
as a means of obtaining and applying motive power.
And lastly, I claim the whole or any two or more parts of the
apparatus as a means of raising water or other liquids or fluids or for
any other useful purposes to which the whole or any part or parts of
such apparatus may be applicable, all substantially as herein specified.
In witness whereof I, the said Johann Ernst Friedrich Lüdeke,
have hereunto set my hand and seal, this Sixteenth day of
February, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred
and seventy-five.
Witness,
A. KEPPLER-TEMPLE,
111, St. George's Road,
Southwark.
J. E. F. LUDEKE. (L.8.)