AND APPARATUS FOR AND IN THE MODE OF MANUFACTURING FIBRE FROM WOOD, RAGS, AND SUCH LIKE MATERIALS.
Year: 1875

page_text: AND APPARATUS FOR AND IN THE MODE OF MANUFACTURING FIBRE FROM
WOOD, RAGS, AND SUCH LIKE MATERIALS.'
!
"
12 A
Sealed the 4th January 1876, and dated the 10th July 1875.
Tyska djelom her self ar
az
7.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said James Noad at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
10th July 1875:
:1
I, JAMES. NOAD; of Plaistow, in the County of. Essex, Engineer, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for " IMPROVEMENTS IN
MACHINERY AND APPARATUS FOR AND IN THE MODE OF MANUFACTURING FIBRE
FROM WOOD, RAGS, AND SUCH LIKE MATERIALS," to be as follows:→
-My Invention consists in machinery in which I employ a number of
rollers or calenders; these rollers or calenders are groved or slotted so
as to be set up with cutters on the lance or tooth principle; these`
1.

page_text: cutters are arranged by set screws, whereby they may be regulated
according to the thickness of fibre required.
The rollers or calenders are set in rising bearings or centres; by this
means they may be raised or lowered according to the length of the
fibre required. The rollers or calenders are fitted at each end with
toothed wheels, travelling to and fro on racks arranged on both sides of
the framework, which gives to the rollers or calenders a revolving
motion, reversing on the return stroke of the travelling centres or
bearings.
Above the cutters is a stationary box or hopper; in this I place blocks
of wood, compressed rags, or other such like material, containing
fibrous or pulpy properties. By this means wood may be worked
into felt, paper pulp, or spun into threads, or for other suitable
purposes.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said James Noad in the Great Scal Patent Office on
the 8th January 1876.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JAMES
NOAD, of Plaistow, in the County of Essex, Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Tenth day of July, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-five, in the
thirty-ninth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and suc-
cessors, give and grant unto me, the said James Noad, Her special
licence that I, the said James Noad, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, or such others as I, the said James Noad, my executors, admi-
nistrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others,
from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein
expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend,
within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY
AND APPARATUS FOR AND IN THE MODE OF MANUFACTURING FIBRE FROM WOOD,
RAGS, AND SUCH LIKE MATERIALS," upon the condition (amongst others)

page_text: that I, the said James Noad, my executors or administrators, by
an instrument in writing under or their, or one of their hands
and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the
said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed,
and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within
six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said James Noad, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by
the following statement :-
My Invention consists in certain improvements in machinery and
apparatus in which I employ a number of rollers or calenders; these
rollers or calenders are grooved or slotted so as to be set up with cutters
on the lance or tooth principle; these cutters are arranged by set screws
and by an end plate or disc, or a series of plates or discs, to retain the
blades in their respective grooves, whereby they may be regulated
according to the thickness or character of fibre required.
The rollers or callenders are set in rising bearings or centres; by this
means they may be raised or lowered. The rollers or callenders are
fitted at each end with toothed wheels travelling to and fro on racks
arranged on both sides of the framework, which gives to the rollers or
callenders a revolving motion reversing on the return stroke of the
travelling centres or bearings.
Above the cutters is a stationary box or hopper; in this I place blocks
of wood, compressed rags, or other such like material containing fibrous
or pulpy properties. By this means wood may be worked into pulp for
the purpose of being made into felt, paper pulp material, or spun into
thread, etcetera, and for other purposes.
In the accompanying Sheet of Drawings I have shown a machine
constructed in accordance with my present Invention, the parts of which
are arranged in a convenient manner for effecting the object in view,
that is to say, the repaid disintegration of the structural arrangement of
the material to be operated upon for the purpose of producing fibrous
material, whether as pulpy material for paper making, for the production

page_text: of papier maché, or any other similar purpose to which the same may be
applied as an after process of manufacture.
Figure 1 is a side elevational view of the general arrangement of the
parts which I prefer to adopt as a convenient form and disposition
thereof, but I do not propose to confine myself to the precise form of
the framing of the said machinery and apparatus, nor to the disposition
of the several parts thereof, and although I have shown a cranked shaft
for communicating a reciprocating motion to the table or frame con-
taining the cutting apparatus a disc with a stud pin therein may be
substituted, and various other modifications may be made therein as
mechanically equivalent means for effecting the same object.
Figure 2 is a plan view of Figure 1; the block of wood or other
material superimposed and held firmly over the revolving cutting and
other operating instruments fitted in or within and revolving in adjus-
table bearings supported in the traversing carriage or frame being
removed for the purpose of showing the reciprocating table and its
cutters more fully in plan.
Figure 3 is a detached view of a portion of the side frame broken off
in its length for the purpose of showing a portion of the rack and one
toothed pinion gearing therein, for the purpose of revolving and setting
in rotary motion the cylinders containing the longitudinal rows of radial
cutting blades which operate upon the under side of the wood block or
mass of material superimposed, and it also shows the carriages or
bearings, with a set screw and means of adjusting the rollers.
Figure 4 is a transverse sectional view of one portion of a side frame
of the machine, with its V groove, and also a corresponding portion of
one side of the traversing table or frame. One of the cutting cylinders
is shown in longitudinal section taken through the centre, and having
keyed on the end of the shaft or spindle a pinion which gears into the
longitudinal rack (which racks are capable of being raised and lowered
correspondingly with the vertical movement of the cylinders or revolving
cutting arrangements, and so as to keep the pinions and racks in their
relative positions towards each other), bolted or attached to or forming
part of the main frame, the set screw and its jamb nut (or set nut) being
shown for raising the roller and as supporting the bearing block and
maintaining the correct position of the revolving cylinders or rollers.

page_text: mounted within the traversing table or frame, which forms a general
carriage which by means of the V projection on its sides sliding in the
grooves provided in the sides of the main frame, and ensures the
traversing table or frame sliding truly and freely back and forth through
the motion of the crank and the intervening connecting rod attached
thereto, as shown on the plan, Figure 2.
Figure 5 is an elevational view of one of the cutting cylinders fitted
with longitudinal saw-like plates or saw blades arranged or disposed
radially around the circumference. On the two extreme ends of the
axle or spindle of the cylinder are shown the pinions for gearing into
the rack, as before described, and intermediately between the ends of
such cylinder and the pinions are the bearings or bearing blocks for
supporting such cylinders or revolving cutters to permit of their revolving
freely, and of their being adjusted vertically for regulating the amount
of cutting action or the nature and extent thereof.
Figure 6 is an end view of the cylinder, Figure 5, removed from its
bearing block, and with its pinion removed. The blades I prefer to
retain in their position and arrange for their ready removal or adjust-
ment and the substitution of others from time to time by means of
either a disc or cap having projections or notches therein cqual in
number to the number of sets of blades, so that when this disc or cap
is screwed up or otherwise secured to each end of the cylinder the blades
are held firmly in their places; or a series of independent cover pieces,
clips, or fastenings may be applied, but for the purpose of avoiding
unnecessary complication they have not been shown. Eighteen sets of
serrated knives or cutters, or saw blades combined together in pairs, are
shown as being each contained within and held in their proper positions
in radial slots or grooves formed longitudinally along the cylinder, but
any other number or proportion of cutting blades to the circumference
of the cylinder may be employed, according to circumstances or the
special requirements of the machine or apparatus, the material to be
operated upon, and the character of the fibre to be produced. The mode
of fastening them in their places has already been referred to.
In Figures 1 and 2 it will be seen that the intention is that the block
of wood shown in Figure 1 is held between two supporting brackets,
which also take the thrust transmitted to the material during the traverse

page_text: of the table in each direction, when the change of direction of the
traversing table or frame is effected by the crank, and I have there
shown a fly wheel and a fast and a loose rigger or band pulley upon the
longer end of the crank shaft. I have not shewn, in either Figures 1
or 2, any mechanical contrivance for pressing the block down and into
firmer contact with the cutting surfaces contained within the longi-
tudinally traversing and reciprocating frame beneath it, as should such
be found necessary any of the well-known mechanical appliances may
be adopted for such purpose, and it is not intended to make any claim
herein for any such addition or application to my said machinery or
apparatus, whilst by sawing the balk of timber or piece of material to
the proper length and perfectly square at each end an amount of
parallelism and correctness of vertical motion during the process of
cutting may be ensured, and by the application of an additional piece
of material of similar form and dimensions on top of the thinned piece
which has been operated upon will enable the remaining portion or slab-
like piece to be worked out or exhaustively treated without material
waste.
On reference to Figures 1 and 2 it will be observed that I have alter-
nated the cylinders similar in character to that shown by Figure 5 with
spirally grooved cylinders, which add to the facility with which the
surface operated upon is transformed or converted into fibrous pulpy
matter of the required proportions and character according to the purpose
for which it is intended to be used or applied, and it is also by the com-
bination of these cylinders, alternated as they are and differing in the
character of their surfaces, that the surface operated upon, as well as
the saw-like cutters, are respectively kept clear and clean, and as the
form and dimensions of the cutting teeth of the saw-like blades and the
pitch of the spiral cutting teeth of the alternated cylinders may be
varied, the capabilities of the machine are thereby greatly extended, and
the range of its usefulness can be correspondingly increased. These
alternately placed rollers with spirally grooved surfaces, besides per-
forming the function described, mainly act as rolling and bearing
surfaces, by which the impossibility of overfeeding or glutting the
machine is prevented. There are no pinions fitted on the ends of these
axles or spindles, and their rotation is effected by their surface contact
with the wood.

page_text: In some case and for some purposes, more especially where the
material to be operated upon is applied for that purpose, both bencath
and above the longitudinal traversing table, so that two blocks can be
operated upon at the same time, I purpose to turn spiral grooves around
the body of the cylinders, in which longitudinal grooves are also made,
and blades are therein fitted, as herein-before described. In the latter
case each roller possesses the same characteristics, namely, of combining
the spiral form of surfacing with the longitudinal arrangement of grooves
and radial cutting instruments in the same cylinder instead of their being
arranged and disposed as in Figures 1 and 2.
The facilities for removing and replacing the cutting instruments
cylinders may be provided as follows:-Beneath each line of bearings,
on each side of the reciprocating table, a steel plate or bar running the
whole length of such table is securely bolted to the under side by means
of bolts tapped or scrowed into the divisions between the openings in
which the bearing blocks of the cylinders slide vertically. Thus after
the bearing blocks with the cylinder spindles have been inserted and held
in their places the steel bar or plate is then screwed up, and thus acts
as a stop for the whole of the bearing blocks.
Under each bearing is a
set screw, with its jamb nut (or set nut) as before described.
The adjustment vertically of each kind or description of cylinders or
calenders being independent, the one of the other, enables the cutting
action by the longitudinal arrangement of radial blade or cutters to be
followed by a greater or lesser action upon the body to be operated upon
through the differences between the bearing or rolling resistance or
support offered by the one set of rollers and the amount of cut put upon
the material by the others.
The details of the several Figures in the accompanying Drawing
illustrating my Invention having been so fully explained textually I
have not thought it necessary to refer to the several parts and portions
thereof by the aid of letters of reference, the same being sufficiently
clear without the use and employment thereof.
I am aware that heretofore longitudinally traversing tables contained
within or working upon longitudinal frames, have been employed for
carrying blocks of the material to be operated upon, and have been
devised for bringing such materials under fixed cutters suitably mounted

page_text: within standards capable of vertical adjustment, and being fed down
under regulation, and that such cutters have been placed in double sets
to cut alternately in each direction with the change of motion of such
traversing table; and also that machines of various other kinds or
descriptions have been employed for cutting threads or shavings of or
from wood for making paper pulp material, and which material had to
be submitted to after treatment.
I am also aware that machines have heretofore been designed for a
similar purpose, in which fixed knives have been employed in com-
bination with revolving cutters, operating in conjunction above and 1
below the block of wood to be operated upon, and that modifications of
such combinations have been applied to a reciprocating carriage and in
combination with an ordinary or adapted planing machine.
I am also aware that cylinders of large diameter having a series of .
circular saws or cutters, with their teeth set one in advance of the other 1
and otherwise arranged, and mounted within a frame and caused to
rotate against the under side of a log of timber mounted and carried
forward above such revolving cylinder, have been employed for the
purpose of producing a like or similar effect upon wood blocks.
I am also aware that revolving drums, with knives or cutters set at 2
an angle to and with their axis, have been designed and employed for
operating upon pieces of wood placed thereunder, and that shavings,
strips, shreds, or slivers of wood, for their further reduction, have
heretofore been treated in such machines and employed for preparing
such material in combination with chemical treatment of the material 2
thus produced in a more or less pulpy condition, and also that reci-
procating cutter frames with cutters of various forms and fitted in
various positions and angles in relation to the longitudinal, motion for
operating upon the upper surface of a fixed block of material mounted
within a frame, and that "lancet teeth" have been employed for scoring 8
the wood and thereby producing filaments thereof or therefrom, and that
numerous other variations of the mechanical arrangements of tho
cutting instruments have been proposed for a like or similar purpose.
I am furthermore aware that a reciprocating carriage or frame
containing saw-like blades, with their teeth set either right and left or, 3
both right and left of the saw blades, have been employed for operating

page_text: upon the under side of blocks of wood superimposed and loaded down
or pressed against them, but I wish it to be clearly understood that my
machinery or apparatus differs essentially from all those, and differs
materially in its action and the products of such working or action upon
the wood blocks, as herein-before explained.
Having now described the nature of my said Invention and the
manner in which I prefer to carry the same into practice, I may here
observe that I do not intend to restrict myself to the precise details or
arrangement of the parts nor to the dimensions of the parts thereof in
relation to each other, shown in the several Figures of the Sheet of
Drawings hereunto annexed, as the same may obviously be varied or
modified without departing from the principles of construction and the
objects to be gained thereby, but what I do claim as my Invention is,―
First. The novel arrangement and combination of revolving cutting
and abrading instruments, in the manner and for the purpose herein
set forth.
10
.
'
Secondly. The combination of cylinders, rollers, or calenders, within
a reciprocating frame for acting upon the under side of a block of wood
or other material, superimposed and held between fixed plates or framed
pieces, as herein described and as shown in Figures 1 and 2 of the
accompanying Sheet of Drawings, and as in part illustrated to an
enlarged scale by Figures 4, 5, and 6, on the same sheet.
Thirdly. The use or employment of revolving cylinders or rollers
fitted with longitudinal serrated blades in the manner described, mounted
in bearings and carried by a reciprocating table or frame, and rotated
by means of fixed racks, taking into or gearing into pinions fixed upon
the spindles thereof, such rotation being produced by the reciprocating
motion of a crank through a connecting rod, which rotation in one
direction is reversed on the return stroke, and the combination with
such cutting rollers alternately with spirally grooved bearing, regulating,
and clearing rollers mounted in the same travelling carriage or frame
without any pinion gearing (or the rotary action produced thereby), all
substantially as herein-described and as illustrated in the accompanying
Sheet of Drawings.
Fourthly. The novel arrangement and disposition of the operating
parts of wood pulp making machinery or apparatus, as illustrated in the

page_text: Sheet of Drawings hereunto annexed, or any merc modification thereof
or therein for producing fibre or pulpy material from wood without
necessitating its chemical treatment when required, for the purpose of
manufacturing certain classes of paper, papier maché, and such like
articles or materials.
In witness whereof, I, the said James Noad, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Seventh day of January, in the year of our
Lord 1876.
Witness,
H. H. M. SMITH,
Assistant to Mr. W. Smith, O.E.,
19, Salisbury Street,
Strand, W.C.
JAMES NOAD. (L.S.)