IMPROVED PROCESS AND APPARATUS OR PLANT FOR THE UTILIZATION OF HUMAN EXCRETA, DRAINAGE FROM STABLES, AND THE LIKE
Year: 1884

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
I WILLIAM PHILLIPS THOMPSON, Fel. Inst. P.A., of 6 Lord Street Liverpool in
the county of Lancaster, and 323 High Holborn in the county of Middlesex, Civil
Engineer do hereby declare the nature of the said invention for "IMPROVED
PROCESS AND APPARATUS OR PLANT FOR THE UTILIZATION OF HUMAN EXCRETA,
DRAINAGE FROM STABLES, AND THE LIKE," (a communication from John Robert
Brydon, a native of Liverpool, at present residing in Georgetown, British Guiana,
Sanitary Engineer,) to be as follows:-
The following is a description of the invention being mainly quotations from the
very voluminous and interesting communication sent me. The invention is based
on the fact that if sewage matter be kept out of contact with outside air and in
contact with soil, it rapidly decomposes into solid matter and a liquid manure
having nearly all the valuable nitrogenous matter of the sewage, and this liquid
manure if caused to percolate through the soil forms a rich manure tending to
greatly deepen the vegetable mould and enrich the subsoil for the use of plant life..
1st. The invention consists in a series of underground closed reservoirs with
earth bottoms, and their accessories superstructures for delivering the sewage to
these underground reservoirs. An area of planted horticultural or agricultural
ground to absorb the manure, or a secondary reservoir to take the liquid manure
from the first and store it from which it can be pumped at leisure.
The primary reservoir is formed of any size and material to suit circumstances,
and consists of an inverted tank with no bottom but the ordinary subsoil if in a
garden. It must however be at some distance from foundations, wells, et cetera,.
or should be. water tight and connected by pipes with a bore hole at some distance.
The secondary reservoir is a bottomless reservoir constructed similarly to the
primary one but having its earth bottom formed of a thick layer of impervious or
puddled clay, when this reservoir becomes a central reservoir under control of a
Sanitary Board; the clay bottom is necessary for the precipitation of the crude
matter of the manure; when used in a garden the ordinary earth contact is
"

page_text: sufficient bottom. This reservoir is to be placed under ground at not less than one
half the depth of the bottom datum line of the No 1 reservoir, and within a certain
when near,
it should
distance from the primary reservoir controlled by the locality;
have an earth wall between them of not less than six feet, and they should be con-
nected with each other by a cast iron pipe with bend, to draw off the supernatant
liquid manure. There should be an aperture similar to the hatchway to the
primary reservoir'; only this reaches the surface of the soil; the man holes of both
reservoirs with their respective doors or hatches are to be air-tight; this reservoir
is to have a suction pipe for the removal of supernatant fluid, its depth from the
bottom to be so regulated that the flocculence and feculence be not disturbed; when
the primary reservoir is used without the addition of the secondary reservoir it
must be supplied with a similar suction pipe; when not in use the top of this
pipe is closed securely with a cap screwed on similar to the caps which cover the
pipes of fire engines.
Over the primary reservoir as used for human excrements, a concrete or iron
receptacle or basin is constructed having one or more plug valves through which
The internal construction
the excrements are passed into the reservoirs beneath
of these basins for the reception of the human excrements are made with sufficient
concavity and gravitation towards the plug-valves as will facilitate its being rapidly
and thoroughly cleansed by the withdrawal of the plug from the valve, aided by a
douche from a bucket or water tap with elastic pipe and nozzle attachment, when-
ever water supply with pressure can be obtained.-No more water must be
used than is necessary for cleansing purposes, as a surcharge of water would
adulterate the liquid manure. A house closet of improved construction which will
be more fully described in the final Specification is affixed-by-pipe-connection_to_
the iron or concrete receptacle or basin above mentioned, by this arrangement the
complete disconnection of the house closet and the primary reservoir is effected ;-
direct ventilation of the down pipe and soil pipe must be secured as it is impossible
to prevent the internal surface of the soil pipes of even the most improved
type of house closet from being coated with focal matter, as no amount of water
flushing can clean the pipe without scrubbing, which in the house closet pipes is
impossible.
As there are individuals who will not forego the luxury of the unsanitary house
closets the soil pipes must be made of sufficient size to give the largest area for
ventilation compatible with the strength of material used; all surfaces exposed
to excretal matter whether in receivers, pans, or pipes, of house closets should be
strongly coated with glaze or earthenware.
Whatever the form of the closet apparatus, the one feature common to them all
is the soil pipe; and the ventilating portion of this pipe should be of the same
diameter as the soil pipe to allow of an equal column of air to pass through the
pipe from its inlet at the mouth or discharge to the top of the ventilator. The
mode of attachment to the "Brydon's Latrina Israelitica," as I style my apparatus,
will be shown in the Complete Specification. The Banner System of soil pipe
ventilation is an improvement in the right direction but still faulty.
The buildings erected over the primary reservoirs with their basins or receptacles
attached are plain wooden structures suitable to tropical countries. I will describe
at the end of this specification the two trial latrines erected by Mr Brydon for the
purpose of continuous experiment on his own private property in Demarara.
The receptacles for the collection of the stabled animal excrements, excreta, and
offal, is a rectangular or other shaped brick or concrete pavement or trough of
sufficient capacity for locality and number of animals, of raised sides of sufficient
depth to prevent the escape of the fluids from the offal and the urine say the height
of a cart so that the mass of dry excreta can be easily removed into the cart; the
surface of the trough sloping with sufficient gravitation to the plug valves or inter-
vening trap with syphonage as will give rapid drainage into the underground
primary reservoirs. The drainage of the urine and the drainage from the offal
beap could pass intermittingly into the reservoir beneath by having the plugs with

page_text: drawn, and allowing the syphon trap to act as occasion required. Over this base-
ment trough a strong framed grating partition is erected to allow sufficient room
for a person to pass between it and the wall at the lowest gravitated side for
cleansing the open urine gutter that leads from the stables; from this grating par-
tition a series of ventilating or double gratings two inches apart are erected at right
angles from three to four feet apart from each other so as to divide the dung heap
into sections; these ventilating double gratings rest on half rounded gutters in the
pavement or trough, the gutters having a recess for holding the base of the double
gratings; these gratings are to be easily removed for cleansing whenever the dry
offal is removed, and can be made of strong lathing or narrow boards perforated
and nailed to vertical two inch pieces; this allows sufficient space for ventilation of
the dung heap, and by means of a stick the basement gutters can be kept cleared
from the precipitated fine portions of the dung; to gain rapid drainage and a
thorough drying of the dung heap is the object of this apparatus, and at the same
time to combine cheapness with cleanliness and easy manipulation The whole area
of this receptacle to be covered with a shed roof of cheap construction supplied with
rain water guttering to prevent rain-fall on dung and consequent adulteration of
the liquid manure. The plug valves are placed at the lowest gravitated corner,
where the plugs can be readily manipulated. The reservoir beneath being supplied
with its man hole, hatch, pipes, (suction and connection) as already described.
The plug valves are an essential to prevent the admission of atmospheric air into
the underground reservoirs where the automatic and natural chemical process is
carried on, also the syphon trap and automatic valves are essential accessories to
those parts of the apparatus where they are affixed.
The latrines used in the Guiana plantations consist of concrete basins with plugs
having long stems sticking up at back, and light wooden erections over them. On
using the closet, the plug is raised, the charge washed down by a discharge of water
as in a water closet, and the plug reinserted. Ordinary water closets would take
the place of these in better class houses.

page_text: I, WILLIAM PHILLIPS THOMPSON, Fel. Inst. P.A., 6 Lord Street, Liverpool,
Lancashire, and 323 High Holborn, Middlesex, Civil Engineer, do hereby declare
the nature of the said invention for "IMPROVED PROCESS AND APPARATUS OR
PLANT FOR THE UTILIZATION OF HUMAN EXCRETA, DRAINAGE FROM STABLES, AND
"
THE LIKE (a communication from abroad by John Robert Bryden, of Liverpool,
at present of Georgetown, British Guiana, Sanitary Engineer,) and in what manner
the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement:-
This invention is designed for the disposal and utilization of human and stabled
animal excrements, consisting of apparatus for the receiving of excrements in
reservoirs in which atmospheric air is excluded, whereby a natural chemical process
ensues in transforming of the excrements into liquid manure, which-is-disposed-of
by assimilation into the vegetable kingdom; or, collected from primary reservoirs,
by secondary reservoirs, for utilization as a commercial product; or, finally
disposed of, in the earth strata by percolation, from the open-bottomed primary
reservoirs connected with one or more open bottomed secondary reservoirs, from
which atmospheric air is excluded;-of such depth from the surface of the soil, as
shall be deemed sufficient for converting the crude excrements into their elementary
constituents; through their conversion in the soil, into that class of salts, culled
nitrates; of which class salt petre is a harmless base, the resultant fluid being
limpid, clear, harmless, and devoid of offensive smell. The process of natural
filtration through beds of earthy matter being particularly favourable to the
destruction of animal and vegetable remains, the last stage of decaying matter
being represented by the nitrates; the decomposing organic matter in its passage
through these filter beds being changed into nitric acid, a corrosive agent,
destructive to all animal and vegetable tissues. These changes do not affect the
drinking water supplied from wells near by; as the decomposition is effected with
rapidity in the decomposing primary reservoir j from which the atmospheric air is
excluded by the plug valve w. The confined gases are utilized in aiding in the
disintegration of the crude excrements, the two constituent gases, the sulphurous
acid gas, and the chlorine gas being powerful reducing agents, decomposing the
vegetable and animal substances, disinfecting the noxious effluvia, destroying
animal and vegetable life, and reducing all carbonised precipitations to disin-
tegration; and into its liquid elements.
The property of diffusion, which is common in a greater or lesser degree to all
gases and vapours is well known to all earnest enquirers in Physical Science.
The hydrogen, and the carbonic anhydride, which last is 22 times heavier than
the bydrogen, occupying positions contrary to the laws of specific gravity when
these gases are enclosed in air tight vessels and placed in communication with each
other the heavier under the lighter in which case the lighter hydrogen gas will be
found in the lower vessel, and the heavier carbonic acid gas in the uppermost
vessel a transfusion being throughout; this phenomena in the diffusive power of

page_text: gases is utilized in the disintegration apparatus, or reservoir j and with its aid, the
natural chemical process is hastened in the destruction of all crude animal or
vegetable tissue in the excrements, and these are held in solution in this natural
chemical liquid manure provided such manure supply be secured before it can be
further transformed to its final nitrates by percolation in the soil; the presence of
vegetation securing this manure, as soon as nature prepares it, in condition for
their roots. The heavy carbonic acid gas superpoising above this fluid manure
being inodorous that is devoid of smell proves destructive to all animal life that
breathes oxygen and is the elastic fluid which is utilized as a medium to intervene
between the crude excrements and the atmospheric air thus being a fluid 1-5277
times heavier than the atmospheric air and 826-341 lighter than water.
This
elastic fluid gas can be easily manipulated, very securely confined, readily com-
pressed, always accumulating yet, on the withdrawal of the plug from the valve w
escaping through this valve by flowing upwards and filling the bowl or receptacle,
which is used for collecting the excrements; the fresh excreta in this bowl is thus
prevented contact with the atmospheric air, hence, this receptacle, while in use by
individuals evolves no effluvia, and allows no air contact during this time the
carbonic acid gas covers the collecting focal matter, although as a collector it may
remain for a week or two uncleansed, the cleansing being simple, easily effected,
and can be performed by a domestic 8 or 12 years old, a douche with a little water,
a scrubbing brush vigourously applied being all that is required :-in cases of
infectious diseases the excreta must be quickly discharged into the reservoir j and
the bowl washed with acidulated water to destroy microbes-bacterea and bacilli-
and the plug valve must be closed as soon as the thorough washing has been
effected. No mephitic exhalations are emitted, as the invisible inodorous carbonic
acid gas keeps all under its elastic super strata and as disintegration of the excreta
is rapidly carried forward the gases such as carburretted and sulphuretted hydrogen
enter into combinations and are fixed in the solutions of the manure and there
retained but as nature is never at rest, other combinations ensue which final result
in harmless nitrates. The supply of the carbonic acid gas being always in excess
of all the other gases evolved from the excrements, there need not be any alarm
that the supply can be exhausted the security of the plug w in its valve w is all
that is required to prevent the escape of this valuable elastic fluid gas, and its
conservation is necessary to prevent the reservoir j being water logged; in which
case the operation of the natural chemical process of disintegration would cease,
the soil would become saturated with the stagnant fluid, or water-logged, and
noxious odours would be emitted-the clearing of the reservoir of this surplus
fluid by its withdrawal by the pump, and the replacing of the plug valve to secure
the exclusion of the atmospheric air, will return all the several operations to their
normal condition, and the phenomenon of these gases, and the natural chemical
process will proceed.
During this natural chemical process, certain physical laws are called into
requisition by the arrangement of suitable apparatus, which convert most of the
excrementitious offal into a supernatant limpid liquid manure containing all the
valuable constituent elements of the excrements.
This liquid manure being the food for plant life prepared in natures laboratory
is utilized by assimilation into the vegetable kingdom through the roots of plants,
and consequently is a far more efficient manure for plants, when used as a subsoil
manure, than any of the dry manures that are applied to the surface of soils and do
not penetrate sufficiently far beneath the surface to reach the roots, and consequently
lose most of the volatile constituents before they can be assimilated into vegetation,
the roots of the plants being unnaturally turned upwards in search of their food,
instead of being directed laterally and downward to give strength and stability and
vigour to the plant; the depth of the rich black alluvial soil can be regulated by
the depth of the apparatus for the subsoil manure irrigation. The supernatant
limpid liquid manure can be withdrawn into suitable air-tight vessels to be sold
for horticultural or agricultural purposes; or may be manufactured into various

page_text: Figure 7 end elevation of Figure 6 with a primary reservoir j having a cast iron
pipe with bend connecting the primary reservoir with the secondary reservoir for
carrying off the supernatant limpid liquid manure by gravitation, the mouth of
bend is so adjusted with sufficient height from bottom to prevent the removal of
the feculence from the reservoir j thus acting as a syphon in preventing any passage
of crude floating excrements. Earth or puddled clay contact as a bottom is
essential in the primary reservoir j for the natural chemical process of disintegration
of the foecal matter into the elementary constituents of the crude excrements, and
earth soil or puddled clay contact cannot be dispensed with, consequently, should
the primary reservoir j, be so located that an open bottom to the soil or earth is
considered objectionable through fear of the ground or soil becoming too organic or
saturated, then this reservoir can be enclosed on all sides top and bottom, but in
this case, a very thick layer of puddled clay must be rammed into the bottom to
form the necessary clay-contact; this clay can be periodically removed, and fresh
puddled clay rammed in, as it is the alumina that is necessary for the disintegration
of the foecal matter, and fluid excrements. This will entail labour, and cartage,
expense and inconvenience of periodical removal of the earth and debris.
Figure 8 the secondary reservoir (N° 2) with a fixed suction pipe with screw-cap
at outlet. The cover is a man-hole hatch and must be fixed on air-tight yet so
as to be easily removed. This secondary reservoir is of the same area as the
primary reservoir, and is for crowded cities where vegetation cannot admitted,
in which case it can have a closed bottom of puddled clay, rammed in solid, to
prevent percolation in the soil and save the limpid liquid manure no change is
effected on the outside soil in close proximity to the reservoir; consequently thero
is no soil saturation. This secondary reservoir can be of any shape or size or depth
to suit locality when used for central reservoir under control of a sanitary board,
the circular shape Figure 17 will be found most convenient for the insertion of the
radiated mains of the pipe connection. The bottom of the large reservoir must
be closed, and a very thick layer of puddled clay rammed in to prevent escape of
the limpid liquid manure in the earth strata. This bottom of puddled clay can be
renewed as occasion requires, by having a duplicate reservoir, or several, to which

page_text: the flow of the limpid liquid manure can be turned on, by suitable pipes and cocks ;
but where the sanitary board can procure a plot of unoccupied land near by where
vegetables can be grown, it would be a saving in the outlay as then the open
bottom with puddled clay being used to prevent excessive percolation. When the
primary or one or more secondary reservoirs are open to the subsoil without the
intervention of the puddled clay, but connected by the cast iron syphon-pipe the
resultant fluid taken from the last secondary reservoir will be clear inoffensive to
smell, and freed from the constituent elements which have been converted into
nitrates of which the base is nitre (salt petre) a harmless substance--the nitrates
remain in the soil.
Figure 9 vertical longitudinal section of Figure 6 showing mode of connection
for soil pipe of this improved water-closet for houses, Figure 11 and the thorough
intermittent ventilation effected by this arrangement. On the removal of the plug
from the valve w Figure 9 the counterpoise valve p opens, and allows the inlet of
excrements into the primary reservoir , the hinged valve X opening at the same
time, and allowing all excrements to be discharged freely from the soil pipe. The
instant the gradient soil pipe is freed, the inlet pipe g for thorough ventilation,
acts by forcing a large volume of atmospheric air through the pipe equal to the
diameter of the pipe; this pipe is equal in size through its entire length of soil
pipe and shaft. This soil pipe Figure 9 from X to f can be flooded to the top part
of the inspection box at f by replacing the plug in valve w and allowing cleansing
water to enter from Figure 11 bowl, or receptacle; or from below, by raising the
valve X by means of a hooked rod passed through the eye bolt on the valve X and
supplying water into bowl, which will bring water level to top of inspection box f,
this water if allowed to remain some time will soften all adhesions of foecal matter
which has remained in the gravitated soil pipe; for the more thorough removal of
the adhering foecal matter, the inspection box is to be removed, and a circular
brush with stiff bristles on wooden disc of sufficient length to retain its perpen-
dicular, yet pass freely at the bend, (having a staple at each end) of diameter
nearly filling the pipe, and having a strong cord of sufficient length attached to
the staple, and rolled round a reel revolving on an axis whose points pivot in pipe
on one side, and notched recess on the other fixed by cover, which must be replaced
and screwed up watertight by india rubber packing in joint) the flow of water
down the pipe from Figure 11 bowl, will force the brush along the gravitated soil
pipe, and on its appearance at the ventilator inlet pipe, the top of which must be
disconnected at its slip-point at g, the hooked rod can be inserted in staple to
secure the brush; to which staple a similar cord must be attached, and the brush
returned to soil-pipe, when the process of cleansing the soil pipe can be effected
throughout its entire length (the water supplied to gravitated soil pipe being only
raised to the bottom of the inspection box indicated by another datum mark in
bowl, Figure 9) by removing the inspection cover and reel, and attaching this cord
to a cord let down by means of a leaden plummet from plug valve w Figure 11
through down pipe. By the connection of these cords, and the secure replacing of
the inspection cover, then by repeatedly drawing brush through pipe from plug
valve w Figure 11 to ventilator at g Figure 9; the thorough cleansing of the
soil pipe from end to end can be effected by the passage of the brush backwards
and forwards through the entire length of pipe, the brush being cleaned from foecal
matter in its passage through the water in the gravitated soil pipe; (this water
can be removed in a manure cart Figure 21.) The vertical soil pipe can be
cleansed during the passage of the brush by allowing water to pass down gradually
from bowl. In the arrangement of the pipe and ventilation Figure 11 and Figure 9,
the evil of foecal accretion to the inside of the pipe is minimised, and easy cleansing
manipulation effected, thus preventing by the removal of the foecal accretions that
may form in the inner surface of this improved soil pipe, their becoming nest-beds
for disease germs. During the cleansing process no ventilation occurs, but the
pipe forming the upper part of ventilator carries a current of air from the room to
the outside through the upward shaft, thus clearing the room from any effluvia

page_text: that may be in the soil pipe; the air passing out and upward as shown by the
arrow. Where the roof of the house supplies the drinking water, the top of the
ventilator must not be raised above the eaves and gutters; and can have the head
inverted with the mouth downward, but when the rain water from the roof is not
stored, but conducted into the street drainage, then we need have no fear in letting
the offensive gases from the soil pipe escape above the roofs, but in such case the
tops of the ventilators must be protected with a shifting cowl, against shifting
winds, and to prevent indraught into the room from the outside when the plug
valve is opened. The same stoppage in the ventilation occurs from the lodgment
of the excrements in the bowl, and gravitated soil pipe, Figure 9 and hence can
evolve no smell from the soil pipe into the chamber; any smell that arises is carried
off to the outside, with the upper current from chamber to outside, through plug
valve Figure 11. On removing plug w from valve Figure 9, thorough ventilation
throughout the pipe is immediately restored, on the withdrawal of the excrements
from the pipe, in its passage to the reservoir beneath. Should any person object
to the temporary lodgment of the excrements in the bowl and soil pipe at
Figure 9x, the plug valve w Figure 9 can be left open for the night, as the
equipoise valve p comes into use in the same manner as when the plug is removed
from the valve w in the stables bowl ff¹ Figure 19. The equipoise valve p comes
in service in admitting the excrementitious fluids from the stables and dung heap,
and at the same time preventing the escape of the effluvia of the gases from the
primary reservoir j beneath. The replacing of the valve is necessary to prevent
any liability to gas escape, as should such occur, a stoppage of the natural chemical
process-of-disintegration of the excrements ensues, and the latrine would evolve
offensive odour, it is therefore essential to keep the plug w secure-in-its-valve-w,
and not depend on the equipoise valve p, as any adhesion of foecal matter on the
mouth of the pipe, or on the valve, disc or cover might prevent the effective
closing of the valve, and thus allow escape, gradual and even imperceptible but
still escape of one of the principal elastic and useful gases. The equipoise valve p,
Figure 9 though automatic and useful as an auxiliary is not an essential. The plug w
with its valve wis the essential. In the temporary lodgment of the excrements
in the soil pipe, there is no danger of effluvia escape, as only a very small surface
(the diameter of the inlet pipe 9) is exposed to the action of the atmospheric air;
the other portion of the excrements in the soil pipe is for a time protected from
atmospheric action by the effluent carbonic acid gas which being disengaged from
the excrements, and denser than the atmospheric air remains superpoised over the
excrements and excludes for a time the action of the oxygen in the atmospheric
air, until by the admixture of hydrogen, with the carbonic acid gas, the carburetted
hydrogen ascends bearing with it an admixture of ammonia and fetid sulphuretted
hydrogen, before this can occur the excrements are released in the reservoir. On
the withdrawal of the excrements from the soil pipe, a little water flushed from
bowl of Figure 11, will sufficiently clean the pipe. The portion of the excrements
at inlet pipe g is similarly protected, but is of shorter length than the down pipe
leading from Figure 11.
Figure 10 plan of Figure 9 without soil-pipe connection, ww plug valves;
manhole hatch.
Figure 11 improved house water closet necessary for attachment to the reservoir j,
as a collector of excrements.
This water closet is to be used in dwelling houses as a collector of human
excrements, and must be kept exclusively for this use; (water and slops from
bath and other sources must be disposed of by other means of pipe discharge) as
its outlet is in the bowl of the primary reservoir j; this apparatus is arranged in
its improved construction, so as to minimise the adhesion of foecal matter to the
inner surface of the soil pipe; the soil pipe being constructed and arranged for
thorough ventilation, and non-admission of effluvin or noxious gases into the
dwelling house, and for periodical thorough and easy cleansing. The mode of
cleansing this improved apparatus, has a'r ady been described in its connection

page_text: with Figure 9. a is a footstool, w plug valve; c hinged cover or lid which can be
removed, while cleansing the soil pipe with the improved cleansing brush. All
parts of this apparatus such as the bowl or receptacle, Figure 11, and the internal
portion of the pipes should be glazed on such portions of the parts that come in
contact with the excrements, and are exposed to atmospheric air, to prevent
oxidation of the parts.
Another mode of collection of house excrements is shown in the Patent Portable
self acting Commode, Figure 22, it is here only recommended as a collector for
house excrements, in such chambers or houses where the fixed water closet
Figure 11 cannot be erected with economy and convenience, and forms no essential
part of this system.
Figure 12 plan of Figure 11, va lift pump for cleansing bowl, w plug valve.
d hole for funnel used in supplying water to well, formed by the outer casing of
bowl, and down pipe leading to soil pipe, through plug valve was further
illustrated in Figures 13, 15 and 16, and the lower part of Figure 11. This
arrangement for supplying cleansing water, minimises space in construction and is
clean; the inside can be painted with red lead, or anti-corrosive paint. One entire
upstroke of pump (3 in dia in bore) gives one gallon of water; thus a short pull
will be sufficient to give an ample supply of water required for flushing purposes.
The piston is a disc perforated with holes on the surface round the piston rod,
which screws in centre of disc and retains by a collar, a flexible disc of vulcanized
india rubber, the piston rod and valve to be of the lightest construction; the
retention valve is a sphere or ball valve y, the barrel of the pump is a cylinder of
light construction of suitable material, the discharge is a pipe, and if used with a
combined receptacle and bowl Figure 13 must be fitted with a stop cock to each
pipe, to reverse water to the bowl that requires flushing.
Figure 13 longitudinal vertical section of cast iron or blocked wrought iron
enamelled receptacle or bowl and combined water closet for out-door latrine
superior to the concrete receptacle or bowl, Figure 3 or 9, which being constructed
of cheaper material is more suited to the wants of the poor. These iron bowls
can be painted with red lead, or anti-corrosive paint to make it cheaper and
prevent oxidation; for flushing the larger bowl or receptacle a perforated pipe with
numerous holes encircles the inner part at top edge of bowl, as shown, connected
with lift pump with stop cock.
Figure 14 plan of Figure 13, h air tight removable manhole hatch for covering
inspection aperture in primary reservoir j.
Figure 15 vertical section of water-closet portion of Figure 13 showing curvature
of the back of bowl, and space for allowing excrements to pass with a clear rush
to valve w on withdrawal of plug w from valve; d funnel for charging water into
water tank, the tank being the body, or outer casing of bowl and down-pipe.
Figure 16 vertical section of the end of. water closet portion of Figure 13
showing down pipe connection with primary reservoir j, and iron pipe bend in
No 1 reservoir, connecting this primary reservoir j with branch pipes, submains
and mains leading to central reservoir, or to a secondary reservoir in a garden, as
illustrated in Figure 8, or may be used without being combined with larger bowl
or receptacle, in which case it can be erected in a garden over a primary reservoir j
as shown in Figures 1 and 5. The erected buttding being constructed plain, or
with ornamentation as required.
Figure 17 plan of a central secondary reservoir, constructed of concrete, for
collection of limpid liquid manure, suitable for crowded cities and public institutions
pipe connections shown as mains, submains, and branch pipes from the primary
reservoirs, These central, secondary and primary reservoirs j, can be constructed
of concrete, brick, stone or iron (wood being liable to decay must not be used,)
Figure 17 is circular for the better fixing of the radiated mains, its size being
proportional to number of primary reservoirs in connection with it, and their
maximum number of users,

page_text: Figure 18 vertical section of Figure 17 showing mains with bends, all the limpid
liquid manure flowing into it by gravitation and syphonage, from the primary
reservoirs j, as shown in Figures 7, 16, fixed suction pipes for removal of limpid
liquid manure, shown, TT a small hole in each to keep level of fluid above the
discharge mouths of bends of the mains, to keep in the gases. These suction pipes
are fitted with screw caps, same as on a fire engine the removal of which and
coupling of the suction hose of manure cart shown at Figure 21 removes the liquid
manure for commercial purposes. This airtight box-cart is balanced at i on
quadrant standards fixed on shaft and connected by springs to crank axle c. This
air tight cart is an apparatus on wheels necessary as a vehicle for removal and
conveyance of the limpid liquid manure for commercial utilization. The liquid
manure is transferred from the primary or secondary reservoirs to the air tight
box-cart by the fixed pump, the suction hose being connected by coupling screw to
the suction pipe shewn in Figures 5, 8, 18, 21; safety plug a for regulating ingress
and egress of liquid manure in or from air-tight box-cart; d hose coupling, stop
cock with screw cap to prevent drippings, a balf turn of screw on coupling to be
sufficient for fixing hose, or caps tight; this cock in diagram is partly hid by the
pump suction hose and is used for discharging liquid manure into receivers, at
chemical works or into the subsoil irrigation receivers or reservoirs A and B,
Figure 23 for agricultural and horticultural purposes the discharge hose being
connected to screw coupling stop cock d of the air tight manure cart, and inlet
pipe A and b B, Figure 23. On removing safety plug a, the contents are
discharged in such quantity as may be required to each receiver A and B regulated
by the stop cock d.
Figure 19 front elevation of trial stables.
Figure 20 plan of ditto; the letters refer alike to both figures, for collection-of-
urine and drainage from the dung heap. A coach house, B B stalls, CC hay or
grass rack, DD manger or feeding trough; a, b, c, d dung heap divisional receptacles
for separating fluids from stable offal and dung; e, e, e, e opeu drains for collecting
urine from stalls B B, and drains e¹, e¹, e¹, e¹, for removing fluids from stable manure,
and other offul placed in the divisional receptacles, these drains are at right angles
to the urine drain e, e, e, the urine and fluids flowing by gravitation into f.ff.f
the bowl or receptacle for the urine and fluids, the crude portion falling into f,f,
are intercepted at K K, and freed from extraneous or fibrous portions of the dung
and offal, by an interceptor or strainer K K Figure 19 which is easily removed for
cleansing. A duplicate can be used when one is removed for cleansing as they are
formed of a frame or board perforated, or wired, slid into grooves as shewn at K K
Figure 20 f¹, f¹, the portion of receptacle or bowl for the excrement fluids freed
from the extraneous and fibrous portions of the dung or other offal of the heap that
would otherwise prevent the equipoise valve p from shutting closely, on the passage
of the fluids through the plug valve w into the primary reservoir j, on the with-
drawal of the ping w from its valve; in this arrangement the intercepter prevents
all tendency to irregularity of action in the equipoise valve p as referred to and
already described as liable to occur to the equipoise valve p shown in Figure 9,
where this valve is liable to adhesion of foecal matter etcetera, whereas the strained
fluids from the dung heap and urine are freed from solid matter and the plug
valve w can with safety be left out at long intervals without risking the loss of the
elastic gas which superpoises between the plug valve and the fetid excrements;
m, m, covering plank over urine gutter e, perforated with numerous holes for the
passage of the urine, easily removed for cleansing urine drain e; 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, dung
heap divisional ventilators to supply dung with air, to prevent putrefactive
fermentation, and give more rapid drainage to the fluids of the dung heap. f¹ is an
elevation of one of these ventilators. The dried stable offal makes excellent manure
for top dressing when buried in furrows or drills in the subsoil, and saturated with
the liquid manure.
Figure 21 transverse section showing fixed pump and the incline floor of
receptacle gravitated to urine drain, it is necessary to have a fixed pump, and hose

page_text: pipe at stables, as the liquid manure can be more readily removed to air tight
vessels, should the increased supply of fluids necessitate more rapid removal from
the reservoir j, the supply can be sent to gardens, but it is always preferable to
connect the primary reservoir ; with secondary or central reservoirs when the
supply is removed automatically by syphonage and gravitation preventing necessity
for the use of the fixed pump.
Figure 22 patent portable commode described in Figure 11 section.
i
Figure 23 vertical section of apparatus showing method of utilizing the limpid
liquid manure, by applying it to the roots of trees and plants by subsoil irrigation
in agriculture and horticulture; a tank or reservoir enclosed on all sides top and
bottom, having an aperture at the bottom in which is fitted a plug valve leading
into a radiated series of earthenware pipes with numerous perforations laterally and
at the top, allowing diffusion in the soil only through the perforations. Iron pipes
are useless as the holes and pipes would oxidise and become stopped, a second plan
for immediate diffusion is by charging the bottomless reservoir B with periodical
supplies of liquid-manure. With these reservoirs there is no fear of the pipes
choking with soil or corrosion, as the pipes and bottom are dispensed with. The
ends of the pipes from A night be connected with a duplicate A reservoir to charge
the pipes in order to clear any soil deposit that may be formed in the pipes, by
emptying one reservoir and charging the other under force from a pump, water
being used and on removing the plug from the empty one, the force of the water
will clear earth deposit by the plug valve through which the bulk of the water will
rush into the empty tank. The B reservoir will be found the more efficient diffuser
in utilizing the liquid manure, as no earth stoppage of pipes can occur, it will also
be the cheaper mode of appliance, with this B reservoir; it can be furnished from a
central tank or reservoir enclosed on all sides, top and bottom, which can store the
necessary supply of manure on the enclosed gardens, or lands; a small hand tank
on two wheels, with pump and hose, could supply quantity required to each
B reservoir. A third plan is by means of a tapered plug driven between the roots
of the trees, and removed and the hose directed to fill these holes, with the liquid
manure, the top of the holes being immediately covered with soil. For the A and
B reservoirs vitrified jars of large size and earthenware pipes can be used the b b
and gland for plug rod a must be air tight. The covers for man hole for cleansing
must easily remove and be air tight.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of this said
Invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
I claim is
1st. The process of eliminating or getting rid of foecal matter in a useful manner,
which consists in collecting it in an air tight chamber open at the bottom to the
soil, and allowing it to percolate through the same as a subsoil manure, substantially
as described.
2nd. The process of quickly eliminating or getting rid of foecal excrements in air
tight chambers, open to the subsoil, and connected to one or more secondary reservoirs,
from which atmospheric air is excluded, but open at the bottom to required depth
in the subsoil; from the fresh excreta or foecal matter in a state of impure decay,
offensive to the senses, and productive of loathsome insects, the resultant fluid being
converted into a limpid, clear, harmless liquor, free from all offensive smell, sub-
stantially as described.
3rd. The process of preparing a strong liquid manure by allowing ordinary foecal
matter to stand in a chamber closed against contact with the external air, and having
its bottom lined with puddled clay for the purpose of retaining the contents, and of
assisting their decomposition.
4th. The combination of parts forming the improved sanitary system consisting
of house, closet or out door latrine with the primary reservoir D and secondary
reservoir F, substantially as described and shown in the annexed drawings.
5th. The combination of parts forming an improved urban sanitary system with
air-tight collecting reservoir substantially as described.

page_text: 6th. The combination of parts forming the improved drainage and manure storage
system for stables substantially as described and shewn in the annexed drawings.
7th. The improvements in the apparatus for working this system of sanitation
for clean and safe collection of crude excrements, during which collection the spores
and ova of microbes in the atmosphere are excluded and destroyed, and the
prevention of obnoxious smells secured, also the combinations for ensuring the
same.