IMPROVEMENTS IN CANDLES, AND IN APPARATUS FOR MANUFACTURING THE SAME
Year: 1871

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Arthur Field, of the Firm of John, Charles, and
John Field, of Upper Marsh, Lambeth, in the County of Surrey,
for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN CANDLES, AND IN APPARATUS
FOR MANUFACTURING THE SAME.'
"
Sealed the 14th July 1871, and dated the 18th January 1871.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Arthur Field at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
18th January 1871.
I, ARTHUR FIELD, of the Firm of John, Charles, and John Field, of
Upper Marsh, Lambeth, in the County of Surrey, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN CANDLES, AND IN
APPARATUS FOR MANUFACTURING THE SAME":-
--
One part of my Invention consists in manufacturing candles of
ornamental appearance by first making candles of paraffin, ozokerit,
or other transparent or semi-transparent materials with straight, longi-
tudinal, or spiral passages formed in them, according to either of the

page_text: methods described in Palmer's Specification, No. 2339, of 1864, Urbaine's
Specification, No. 1698, of 1869, and my previous Provisional Speci-
fication, No. 3397, of 1870, and then filling in the passages thus formed
with candle material of a colour different from that of which the candle
is made. I also in some cases form both a central hollow passage, and
surrounding this one or more spiral passages in the candle by introducing
into the mould both a central cylindrical core and spiral wires, similar to
those described in my above-mentioned Provisional Specification, which
passages I then fill in with candle material, by preference of two or
more different colours. Or I introduce into the mould two sets of spiral
wires, one set within the other set, and by preference with the spirals
running in opposite directions, and into the passages thus formed in the
candle I run the colored candle material. In the two last-mentioned
modifications the core or the one set of spiral wires is by preference
introduced into the mould from below in the manner described in my
before-mentioned Provisional Specification, while the other set of spiral
wires is introduced from the upper end of the mould. I also sometimes
combine with such internal passages filled in as described external
channels or grooves filled in with coloured candle material in the
manner described in the Specification to a Patent granted to myself
and W. B. Nation, No. 2489, of 1867.
Another part of my Invention consists in adapting the machines for
making single candles described in Newton's Specification, No. 2541, of
1857, and Pitman's Specification, No. 2556, of 1857, to the manufacture
of double-wicked candles. For this purpose I arrange below the rising
platform of those machines two wick bobbins to each candle mould, and
I pass the two flat plaited wicks up through the hollow tube carrying
the moveable mould for the tip of the candle, and in such moveable
moulds I form two flat parallel apertures corresponding in configuration
with the transverse section of the wicks, and in position with that which
it is required that, the wicks shall assume in the candle; the wicks are
passed through such apertures in such manner that the same sides of
the plait face each other, and they are held in the same parallel positions
back to back a short distance apart throughout in the candle mould-by
means of the candles previously made, which are held in the usual
clamps at the top of the machine, a tension being put upon the wicks
from below, in order to insure their being held in a perfectly.stretched
and parallel position, either by causing the wick. bobbins to turn with

page_text: ·
friction (produced by springs or other suitable known means), or by
causing the wicks before entering the moulds to pass through slits in a
picce of india-rubber or other suitable material capable of exerting a
pressure upon the wicks as they pass through. The candle material
having been run in and solidified, the candles are raised up out of the
moulds and into the clamps in the ordinary manner, thereby at the same
time drawing the lengths of wick for the next. candle through the
mould; the moveable mould for the tip in descending and passing with
its aperture before mentioned over the wicks insure these being held in
a perfectly parallel and stretched condition in the mould, such as is
required for causing the wicks in burning to bend outwards away from
cach other in a manner well understood. I also adapt. such aforesaid
candle machines for making candles with three or more wicks, by
arranging a corresponding number of wick bobbins to each candle
mould, and by forming a corresponding number of apertures in the
moveable mould for the tip in a similar manner to that described with
reference to the two-wicked candles.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Arthur Field in the Great Seal Patent Office on.
the 17th July 1871..
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, ARTHUR
FIELD, of the Firm of John, Charles, and John Ficld, of Upper Marsh,
Lambeth, in the County of Surrey, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Eighteenth day of January, in the year
of our Lord One thousand cight hundred and seventy-one, in the thirty-
fourth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs. and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said Arthur Field, Her special licence that
I, the said Arthur Field, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or
such others as I, the said Arthur Field, my executors, administrators,
and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time
to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed,
'should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and
Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN CANDLES, AND IN APPARATUS

page_text: FOR MANUFACTURING THE SAME," upon the condition (amongst others) that
I, the said Arthur Field, my executors or administrators, by an instru-
ment in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals,
should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Inven-
tion, and in what manner the same was to be performed; and cause the
same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Arthur Field, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof, reference being had to the accompanying
Sheet of Drawings, and to the figures and letters marked thereon, that
is to say:-
One part of my Invention consists in manufacturing candles of
ornamental appearance by first making candles of paraffin, ozokerit, or
other transparent or semi-transparent materials with straight, longi-
tudinal, or spiral passages formed therein according to either of the
methods described in Palmer's Specification, No. 2339 of 1864, Urbain's
Specification, No. 1698 of 1869, and in the Specification to my Patent,
No. 3397 of 1870, and then filling in the passages thus formed with
candle material of a colour different from that of which the candle is
made. I also in some cases form both a central hollow passage, and
surrounding this one or more spiral passages in the candle by introducing
into the mould both a central cylindrical core and spiral wires similar to
those described in my above-mentioned Specification, which passages
I then fill in with candle material by preference of two or more different
colours. Or I introduce into the mould two sets of spiral wires, one set
within the other set, and by preference with the spirals running in
opposite directions, and into the passages thus formed in the candle I
run the coloured candle material. In the two last-mentioned modifica-
tions the core or the one set of spiral wires is by preference introduced
into the mould from below in the manner described in my before-
mentioned Specification, while the other set of spiral wires is introduced
from the upper end of the mould. I also sometimes combine with such
internal passages filled in as described external channels or grooves filled
in with coloured candle material in the manner described in the
Specification to a Patent granted to myself and W. B. Nation; No. 2489
of 1867.

page_text: pass
Another part of my Invention consists in adapting the machines for
making single-wicked candles described in Newton's Specification No. 2541
of 1857, and Pitman's Specification No. 2556 of 1857 to the manufacture
of double-wicked candles. For this purpose I arrange below the rising
platform of those machines two wick bobbins to each candle mould, and
I the two flat plaited wicks up through the hollow tube carrying
the movcable mould for the tip of the candle, and in such moveable
mould I form two flat parallel apertures corresponding in configuration
with the transverse section of the wicks, and in a corresponding position
with that which it is required that the wicks shall assume in the candle:
The wicks are passed through such apertures in such manner that the
same sides of the plait face each other, and they are held in the same
parallel positions, back to back, a short distance apart throughout, in the
candle mould by means of the candles previously made, which are held
in the usual clamps at the top of the machine, a tension being put upon
the wicks from below in order to insure their being held in a perfectly
stretched and parallel position either by causing the wick bobbins to
turn with friction (produced by springs or other suitable known means)
or by causing the wicks before entering the moulds to pass through slits
in a piece of india-rubber or other suitable material capable of exerting
a pressure upon the wicks as they pass through. The candle material
having been run in and solidified the candles are raised up out of the
moulds and into the clamps in the ordinary manner, thereby at the same
time drawing the lengths of wicks for the next candle through the
mould. The moveable mould for the tip in descending and passing with
its apertures before mentioned over the wicks insure these being held in
a perfectly parallel and stretched condition in the mould, such as is
required for causing the wicks in burning to bend outwards away from
each other in a manner well understood. I also adapt such aforesaid
candle machines for making candles with three or more wicks by
arranging a corresponding number of wick bobbins to each candle mould,
and by forming a corresponding number of apertures in the moveable
mould for the tip in a similar manner to that described with reference to
the two-wicked candles.
Figures 1 to 5 on the accompanying Sheet of Drawings shew various
1.

page_text: :
formed therein according to my before-mentioned Patent No. 3397 of
1870; which passages are filled in with coloured candle material as
'shewn. Figure 2 shews a candle having straight internal passages B, B,
formed therein according to Urbain's Patent, No. 1698 of 1869, or
Palmer's Patent; No. 2339 of 1864, which passages are filled in with
'coloured material. Figure 3 shews a candle having a central passage C
formed therein, which is filled in with coloured material. Figure 4
shews a candle having a central passage C, and surrounding this two
helical passages A., A, which are filled in with candle material cither of
the same colour or of different colours, as shewn. The helical passages
'may in this case be formed by the introduction of helical wires through
the lower end of the mould as described in my said former Patent, while
the central passage may be formed by the introduction of a core from
the top of the mould, or the core may also be introduced from the
bottom of the mould. Figure 5 shows a candle with a central passage C
filled in with coloured material and with external helical grooves D, D
also filled in with coloured material according to Field and Nation's
Patent, No. 2489 of 1867.
Figure 6 shews a part longitudinal section of a candle machine
constructing according to Newton's. and Pitman's Patents as aforesaid,
and adapted to the manufacture of candles with two wicks according to
the second before-described part of my Invention.
The pistons E of the candle moulds, F have two small apertures e, e,
of a size and configuration corresponding with that of the two wicks G, G,
(shewn in brown lines,) which pass from the two bobbins H, H, up
through the piston rod E¹ and through the said apertures into the mould,
the wicks being held centrally in the moulds by means of the previously
made candle I held in the clamps J in a similar manner to the ordinary
machines of this description. In order to insure the wicks being held in
a perfectly stretched and parallel position in the mould while the candle
material is poured in, a tension is put upon the wicks from below by.
causing them to pass between two strips of india-rubber K held in a
plate L fixed below the ordinary rising platform M, which strips are
pressed together so as to afford the required degree of resistance to the
passage of the wicks by means of clips M, the pressure of which is
regulated by the screws O, as shewn more clearly in the enlarged details
at Figure 7. The wicks G are passed through the india-rubber strips,
and the holes e, e, in the piston E in such manner that the same sides of

page_text: the plait face each other, so as to insure both wicks turning outwards in
burning. The piston E in descending in the mould after having raised
the finished candle I into the clamps J passes with its apertures e over.
the wicks G, and thus insures their parallel position in the mould ready
for the manufacture of the next candle.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, I wish it to be understood that I
am aware of the arrangement of machinery or apparatus for making
two-wicked candles described in Palmer's Patent No. 12,077, dated 28th
July 1848, and I in no way claim such arrangement; but what I claim
is,
First. Ornamenting transparent or semi-transparent candles by
forming therein internal straight or helical passages or a combination
of internal and external passages, and filling in such passages with
coloured candle material, substantially as herein-before described.
Second. Adapting candle machines constructed according to Newton's
and Pitman's Patents aforesaid to the manufacture of candles with two
or more wicks by providing two or more wick bobbins to each candle
mould, and by forming two or more apertures in the piston for the
passage of the wicks, such wicks being held centrally in the mould by
the candles previously made and having a tension applied to them below
the candle moulds, substantially as and for the purposes herein-before
set forth.
In witness whereof, I, the said Arthur Field, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Thirteenth day of July, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-one.