IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PILED GOODS, AND IN THE MACHINERY OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN
Year: 1854

page_text: Sealed the 19th January 1855, and dated the 22nd November 1854.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Henry Johnson at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
22nd November 1854.
I, JOHN HENRY JOHNSON, of 47, Lincoln's Inn Fields, in the County of
Middlesex, and of Glasgow, North Britain, Gentleman, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PILED
GOODS, AND IN THE MACHINERY OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN," to be as
follows:-
This Invention relates, first, to the general construction and arrangement.
of looms for weaving double piled goods or fabrics.
Second, to a peculiar construction and arrangement of knife, and apparatus

page_text: sion and trap boards in the jacquards attached to looms for weaving figured
pile fabrics.
Fourth, to the employment of a board for aiding and assisting the weights.
of the harness in adjusting the knots of the cords previous to the elevation of
the trap board.
Fifth, to a peculiar mode of working the jacquard cylinder.
Sixth, to a system or mode of working the "dandy" or "straight" warp
from the mechanism which actuates the suspension and trap boards.
Seventh, to a peculiar arrangement of needles in the jacquard, whereby a
greater number of threads may be worked by a smaller proportionate number
of needles than has hitherto been done.
Eightht, to a peculiar mode of hanging the ground warp headdles, and
spinging the same.
Ninth, to an improved.mode.of.giving tension to the figure warp.
Tenth, to a peculiar mode of giving tension to the "dandy" or straight
warp.
Eleventh, to the employment of apparatus for guiding or directing the
figure warp to the harness.
Twelfth, to an improved apparatus for holding and drawing up the "f
or binding weft.
To an improved system or mode of throwing the shuttles.
filling"
".
Fourteenth, to the employment of a peculiar instrument or apparatus for
stopping the shuttles.
Fifteenth, to a peculiar construction and arrangement of the parting wires
which give the required length to the pile.
Sixteenth, to an improved take-up motion.
Seventeenth, to a peculiar construction and arrangement of apparatus for
drawing back the weft from the fell of the cloth on one side for the better
formation of the selvage.
A transverse shaft situated near the upper portion of the loom gives all the
requisite movements for the jacquard mechanism, and works also the dandy
or straight warp headdles. This shaft receives its motion from the second
motion shaft below, to which it is connected by a connecting rod and lever
arm. The cloth or fabric is taken up as fast as it is woven by a suitable
take-up motion, herein-after described, which take-up motion obviates the
necessity of a letting-off' movement.
The-straight-and-ground yarn_beams are arranged at the back of the loom
in pairs, above each other, in suitable supports. The straight and ground yarn
E

page_text: from the lower beams pass over a guide roller before entering the harness, and
the corresponding yarns from the upper beams pass underneath a similar guide
roller. The bobbin frames are made twice the length of the ordinary frames,
and contain double: the number of bobbins in each frame, the yarn employed
being about half the bulk in thickness of the ordinary carpet yarns, whether
such be used in one or more threads. The knife for cutting the pile or
dividing the double fabric consists of one or more blades, attached to an endless
band or chain, working in front of the fabric as it is taken up by the take-up
rollers. As the blade or blades are traversed along, they are made to rub
against a sharpening stone or emery buff, fitted to, a fixed portion of the loom.
The suspension and trap boards are worked by means of toothed segments,
taking into racks on the lower ends of the supports of such board,. the requisite
inclination being obtained by a tail-piece, fixed to the ends of the boards, which
works in an inclined slot. A board is situated on the top of the weights of the
harness, or on knots formed on the cords of the same, by which means the
cords of the harness are brought down by the weight of the board, and adjust
the knots, for the trap board. The jacquard cylinder is actuated by an in-
verted T lever, which receives its motion from cams on the third motion shaft.
The "dandy" or straight warp headdles are connected by chains or cords,
with segments fast on the shaft, which actuates the jacquard mechanism.
By a peculiar arrangement of the long eyes of the jacquard needles, a
greater number of threads are acted upon by a smaller proportionate number of
needles than has hitherto been employed. The guard warp headdles are hung
from "jacks," and are connected to long "cams" or. levers, beneath which
"cams" they are connected with treaddles, and actuated by cams on the third
motion shaft. To obtain the requisite tension of the figure warp, each thread
is passed..round a wire fixed behind its bobbin; the thread is then brought
forward, over the top of the bobbin again, and passed through a ring on a small
weight suspended thereto. The tension of the "dandy" or straight warps is
obtained from a pair of levers, which are connected to friction cords or chains
wound round the ends of the beams; these levers are pressed down, and
consequently tighten the friction cords by a bent lever, which comes into action
at every stroke of the of the slay sword by the aid of suitable tappets or cams.
The figure warp is guided from the bobbin frames to the harness by baving
each thread passed through a perforated board, conib bar, or reed. The filling
or binding, weft is held until the slag reaches the fell by the aid of of vertical
levers working on centres on the slay swords; these levers press the weft
threads into two or more interstices-or-slots, formed-similar-to-a griddle" on
vi.

page_text: The shuttles are thrown by suitable picking sticks, actuated by a cam which
gives motion to a treaddle, upon which is fixed a stud, which is brought to
bear upon a spring at the time that the shuttle is to be thrown. The spring
comes into action the instant the cam has released the treaddle, and the shuttle
is thrown by the agency or force of the spring alone. The treaddles are
connected with the picking sticks by straps passed over guide pulleys. In
order to stop the shuttle on arriving at the shuttle box, a metal thimble is fixed
in the box, into which thimble the end of the shuttle enters.
The parting
wires are made much longer than ordinary, and are bent down at the back to
a holding shaft or rod below all the warp threads, and they are, further held
secure by being passed through a fixed treaddle. The take-up rollers are
driven by a series of spur wheels and pinions, actuated by a ratchet wheel &
pall, the latter being fitted on to the lower end of one of the slay swords. A
detent is employed for holding the ratchet wheel steady between the strokes
of the slay.
The apparatus for drawing back the weft from the fell of the cloth consists
of a vertical lever, which works on a centre at the lower end of the slay sword;
the upper end of this lever enters a conical or tapered slot or recess in the slay
just before it strikes the fell, and as the weft thread is held between the lever
and the recess, it follows that it will be drawn back a short distance when the
slay recedes, thereby facilitating its subsequent tightening, and consequently
forming a better selvage.
The fabric produced by the herein-before described apparatus presents a
finer and more handsome face than the ordinary piled goods. The upper half
of the double fabric when cut forms an entirely new description of goods,
inasmuch as the figure warp is raised twice therein by the jacquard, thereby
producing the same effect as using a thicker figure warp. In the upper fabric
another novel feature presents itself also, which is, that it contains no running
figure warp whatever, the only figure warp contained therein being that which
is thrown up as pile to form the pattern. The upper fabric is of a new
"fabrication," and differs from that of the lower fabric, which is also new. The
new "fabrication "of the upper and lower fabrics consists in throwing a greater
number of shoots than heretofore in piled goods, and also in a different com-
bination of the warp and filling weft, by which a firmer and closer class of
goods is produced than heretofore.
The foregoing description may be considered as applying particularly to
looms and apparatus for the manufacture and production-of-pile-carpetings;
but I may here observe that the same is applicable; with slight modifications,.
to the manufacture of various other piled goods, such as woollen, worsted,

page_text: mohair, cotton and silk plush; cotton, silk, or other velvets, either plain or
figured; goods with plain ground and pile figures; and coach or carriage lace;
and in which yarns or warps, either plain, colored, or printed, are used, either
from bobbins, beams, or other apparatus, and with or without a jacquard or
figuring mechanism.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said John Henry Johnson in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
22nd May 1855.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
HENRY JOHNSON, of 47, Lincoln's Inn Fields, in the County of Middlesex,
and of Glasgow, North Britain, Gentleman, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-second day of November, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-four, in the eighteenth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said John Henry Johnson, Her special license that I, the said John Henry
Johnson, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the
said John Henry Johnson, my executors, administrators, or assigns, should
at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PILED GOODS, AND IN THE MACHINERY OR APPARATUS
EMPLOYED THEREIN," being a communication from abroad, upon the condition
(amongst others) that I, the said John Henry Johnson, by an instrument in
writing under my hand and seal, should particularly describe and ascertain
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be
performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent.
!
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said John Henry Johnson, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement, reference being had to the accompanying Drawings, and
to the letters and figures marked thereon, that is to say: ---

page_text: The said Invention relates, first, to the general construction and arrange-
ment of looms, and apparatus connected therewith, for weaving double piled
goods or fabrics.
Second, to a peculiar construction and arrangement of knife, and apparatus
for sharpening the same, employed in cutting or dividing the double fabric."
Third, to an improved_system_or mode of working or actuating the sus-
pension or trap boards in the jacquards attached to looms for weaving figured
pile fabrics.
Fourth, to the employment of a board for aiding and assisting the descent of
the weights of the figure harness in adjusting the knots of the cords prévious
to the elevation of the trap board.
Fifth, to a peculiar mode of working the jacquard cylinder.
Sixth, to a system or mode of working the "dandy" or straight warp, by
means of the mechanism which actuates the suspension. and trap boards.
Seventh, to a peculiar arrangement of needles in the jacquard, whereby a
greater number of threads may be worked by a smaller proportionate number
of needles than has hitherto been done.
"
Eighth, to a peculiar mode of hanging the ground warp leddles, and
springing the same. .
Ninth, to an improved mode of giving tension to the figure warp."
t..v
Tenth, to a peculiar mode of giving tension to the “dandy” or straight
warp.
Eleventh, to the employment of apparatus for guiding or directing the figure
warp to the harness.
Twelfth, to an improved apparatus for holding and drawing up the filling
or binding weft.
Thirteenth, to an improved system or mode of throwing the shuttles.
Fourteenth, to the employment of a peculiar instrument or apparatus for
stopping-the-shuttles.
Fifteenth, to a peculiar construction and arrangement of the parting Wires
which give the required length to the pile of the fabrics.
Sixteenth, to an improved take-up motion..
And, seventeenth, to a peculiar construction and arrangement of apparatus
for drawing back the weft from the fell of the cloth on one edge of the web for
the better formation of the selvage.
...
And in order that the said Invention may be more readily understood,
shall now proceed to describe the several Figures on the Sheets of Drawings
hereunto annexed. The same marks of reference denote-corresponding parts
throughout most of the Figures herein-after referred to.

page_text: Figure 1, on Sheet 1 of the Drawings, represents a side elevation of an
improved carpet loom with bobbin frames attached, a portion of the loom
framing being broken away, and part of the mechanism and shuttle apparatus
removed, to shew the arrangement of harness more clearly, and prevent un-
necessary complication. Figure 2 is a plan of, a bobbin frame, which is made
to contain twice as many bobbins as the ordinary frame.
The rest of the Figures on both Sheets of Drawings are various details,
which I shall herein-after particularly describe and refer to. A, A, is the
loom framing, which carries the crank shaft B, and cam or tappet shafts C
and D. The swords of the lathe are connected with the crank shaft by an
arm or link piece F, shewn in detail plan and elevation at Figures 1 and 1º,
on Sheet 2 of the Drawings. This link piece is formed with a curved slot G
at one extremity, and in this slot works the crank H. The opposite ends of
these links are attached to each sword of the lathe, and the links are each
supported near the crank shaft by a vertical vibrating lever arm I, which is
jointed at its upper end to the link, and works at its lower end upon a fixed
stud centre J. K, K', are two take-up rollers; they take up the cloth as fast
as it is woven, and are covered with wire card, for the purpose of more securely,
holding the cloth; the lower roller K' has a spur wheel L keyed on to its
axis, which spur wheel gears into and receives, a rotatory motion from the
pinion M, which works loose on the stud centre. N, attached to the side of the
loom framing. A spur wheel O, cast in one piece with the pinion M, receives
motion from the pinion P, which is cast on to the side of the ratchet wheel Q,'
working on the stud centre R; this ratchet wheel, which drives the whole of
the take-up motion, is actuated or moved one or more teeth forward at each
beat up of the lathe by a pall S, attached to the lathe sword E.
The spring detent T, attached to the side of the loom, serves to, keep. the
ratchet wheel steady and firm after each impulse that it receives from the lathe.
The take-up rollers, as well as, the gearing which drives them, must be made
of such a diameter and of such a number of teeth as will be found requisite
to bring forward the cloth, this being a positive take-up motion. The cam or
tappet shafts C and D receive their motion from the crank shaft B, which
has keyed on to it the spur wheel U; gearing into a larger spur wheel V, fast
on the cam or tappet shaft C. A spur pinion W, also fast on this shaft, gears
into the spur wheel X, fast on the end of the tappet shaft D. The suspen-
sion board Y, and trap or figure board Z of the jacquard mechanism, as well
as the heddles a, a', which works the "dandy" or straight warps b, b¹, are all
actuated by the transverse. rocking shaft c, which is situated at the upper

page_text: side of the loom by a vertical arm d, one of which is represented in the detail
view, Figure 3, Sheet 1. These arms are formed with a series of rack teeth e
at their lower extremities. The trap or figure board Z is similarly supported
by vertical arms f, Figure 3, which are also formed with rack teeth g at or near
their lower extremities. These two racks gear into and receive motion from
the toothed segments and i, the segments h being keyed on to a transverse
shaft j, while the segments i are keyed on to the rocking shaft c. The racks
and segments are similar on both sides of the loom. To one extremity of the
shaft c is fitted a weighted lever arm k, and to this lever is attached the con-
necting rod, which is secured at its lower extremity to a pin m in the spur
wheel V, whereby a constant vibrating motion is communicated to the lever k
during the working of the loom. Motion is transmitted to the shaft j from
the rocking shaft c by means of a cord or chain n (Figure 4), which is passed
round and secured to a small pulley o on the end of the shaft j, and thence
passes over and is secured to the segment p, which is fast on the rocking
shaft c. By this arrangement, whatever motion may be imparted to the shaft c,
will be transmitted, by means of the chain n, to the shaft j, and thus both the
toothed segments h and i are niade to work conjointly. It will be obvious,
however, on referring to the Drawing, that the trap board Z will rise and fall
rather more than twice the distance of the suspension board Y, by reason of
the small diameter of the pulley o, in proportion to the segment p, as is clearly
shewn by the detail (Figure 4) of the segment chain and pulley. The trap
board Z, shewn in detail plan at Figure 5, raises the figure knot cords q,
which are brought into action by the jacquard needles and cylinder s. The
suspension and trap boards are kept in their places by 'two slotted side
standards or guides t, shewn in detail at Figure 6, one being situated at each
side of the loom. The journals (Figure 5) of the trap and suspension boards
work in the vertical slot v of the guides t. On one end of each of the boards Y
and Z is fitted a short arm w, one of which is shewn attached to the trap board
in Figure 1. This arm has a stud pin-and-anti-friction-roller fitted to it at a
which roller works in the differential groove or inclined slot y, formed in
the guide plate t, alongside the vertical straight slot v. By this arrangement,
when the suspension and trap boards rise, the back part of the harness will be
elevated rather more than the front part, by which means a more regular and
even shed is obtained. By modifying the shape of the differential or inclined
slot y, the suspension and trap boards may be made to assume any required
degree of inclination when rising. The arms w serve also to keep the suspen-
sion and trap boards firm and steady in their proper positions at all times. The
heddles a, a, of the dandy or straight-warps b, b, which are colored red in

page_text: the Drawings, are hung at their upper sides to the chains, 2, (Figure 1),
which chains are attached to and pass over the segments 1, 2, fast on the
rocking shaft c, the chain being passed over the guide roller 3. The bottoms
of these heddles a, a, are connected by chains or cords to two levers a¹¹, a¹¹,
(Figure 2, Sheet 2,) and these levers are again connected to the chains 6", b¹¹,
which pass under the guide rollers.c", and are carried upwards and secured
to tlic two segments d", d", which are fast on the transverse shaft c, herein-
before referred to, or they may be fitted on to the weighted lever arm k.
These last-mentioned segments and chains are not shewn in Figure 1, Sheet 1,
in order to avoid complication in the Drawing. This apparatus is situated
on one side of the loom only, near the harness. It will thus be obvious,
that any movement imparted to the shaft c will be transmitted to the heddles
a, a', and consequently the functions of the rocking shaft c are two-fold, that
is, it actuates the suspension and trap boards as well as well as the "dandy"
warp heddles, the whole of such movements being obtained from the tappet
or cam shaft c. The jacquard cylinder S (Figure 1, Sheet 1,) is pushed
forward towards the needles r, and drawn back therefrom, by the inverted T
lever 6, to the vertical arm 7 of which it is connected by the short link 8.
This lever 6 works in fixed bearings 9 attached to the loom framing, and
receives an oscillating motion from the two rods 10 and 11, which are con-
nected at their upper ends respectively to the horizontal arms 12 and 13
of the lever 6, while the lower extremities of these rods are attached to the
levers 14 and 15, shewn in detail at Figures 7 and 8, on Sheet 1 of the Draw-
ings. These levers are both carried by the transverse shaft 16 (Figure 1),
and are actuated by the action of the cams 17 and 18 respectively, which
are fast on the cam shaft D (Figure 1). It will thus be obvious that when
the cam 18 depresses the lever 15, the jacquard cylinder s, with one of
the cards 19, will be brought up against the needles r, and held there
during the greater portion of the revolution of the cam 18. The cam 17 then
comes into action, which, by depressing the lever 14, draws out the cylinder
again, and by turning it over brings a fresh card into action. 20 and 21
represent the two yarn beams which contain the "dandy" or straight warps b, b¹,
colored red in the Drawing, and 22 and 23 are the yarn beams for the ground
or binding warps 24, 24', colored blue. These beams are supported at the
back part of the loom by a suitable framing, and are placed one above the
other; they are kept at a proper tension by means of flat link chains 25,
wound one or more times round their ends, and connected to rods 26, which
pass down to the under side of the loom, and are there fastened to weights or

page_text: beams. The requisite tension is given to the yarn beams 20 and 21 by the
chains 27, which are wound one or more times round the ends of the beams,
and are connected at each end to the rods 28 and 29. The rods 28 are
attached to weights or springs, and the rods 29 are connected with the trans-
verse levers 30, which extend across the looin, and 'work' on fixed centres
attached to the loom framing, at the opposite ends to where the rods 29 are
attached. 31 is a bent lever, working on the transverse shaft 16, and caused
to bring down its short arm 32 on' to the transverse levers 30 at each stroke
of the lay by means of the tappet rollers '33, which are carried by arms made
fast on the tappet or cam shaft c. This shaft turns once for every two
revolutions of the crank shaft B; thus, each time the lay comes up to the fell
of the cloth, one of the rollers' 33 is brought into a vertical position and elevates
the lever 21, thereby depressing its short arm 32, and bringing it down on to
and depressing the transverse levers 30; which has the effect of tightening the
friction chains 27, and of holding the yarn beams 20 and 21 perfectly fast at
that point, the springs or counterweights connected with the opposite ends of
the chains serving to prevent the chain from sliping over the beams. By this
arrangement any degree of tension can be given to the "dandy" or straight
warps. When the transverse levers 30, however, are released again, the weights
or springs attached to the rods 28 are allowed to descend or collapse;" but these
rods must be made to stop in their descent at any given point, so that in doing
so the chains 27 will be slackened, and the yarn beams left perfectly free to
give off the yarn as fast as it is wanted: At the next succeeding beat-up, the
yarn is again held fast by the descent of the transverse levers 30, and again
released on the subsequent release of these levers, and so on, during the entire
operation of weaving. The transverse levers 30 are weighted, in order to give
that tension to the yarn between the beats that the nature of the goods may
require. The two yarn beams 22 and 23 may be mounted in a similar manner
-to-the-yarn-beams-and-20-and-21,-but-in-some-kinds-of-goods-they-will-only-
require weighting with the ordinary counterweights. The yarn or "dandy
warp passes from the upper Leam 20 under the guide roller 34, and through
the heddles or harness a, a, of the upper web; the yarn or "dandy warp" b¹ of
the lower beam 21 passes over the guide roller 35, and through the heddles or
harness a, a', of the lower web. The upper binding or ground warp 24 passes
from the beam 22 under under the guide roller 36, and thence through the
heddles or harness 37 and 38 of the upper web or fabric. The lower binding
warp 24 on the lower beam 23 passes over the guide roller 39, and through
the-heddles 40 and 41 of the lower web or fabric. Figure 3, on Sheet-2 of
the Drawings, is a diagram view of the various warps, shewing their relative
"b

page_text: positions with each other. This view shews also the position of the knife or
cutter 42 (herein-after more particularly described), and the slay sword E.
Figures 4 and 5, Sheet 2, represent two modes of hanging the ground and dandy
or straight warp harnesses, which are represented partly sprung; and Figure 6
is a detail of the cam and levers for communicating the requisite motion
to these harnesses. Two levers 43 (Figures 4, 5, and 6,) work loose on the
shäft 16 (Figure 1, Sheet 1,) as a fixed centre, and are connected at their
opposite ends with the rods or chains 44. These 'rods are connected' at their
upper ends to two long levers 45, which are placed side by side, and are each
connected by cords or chains 46 with the bottoms of the ground heddles 47.
The tops of these heddles, in'the arrangement shewn at Figure 4, are hung to
short jacks 48 by wires 49, one wire being attached to the top of the front
heddle, and the other wire to the top of the second heddle, and so on, throughout
the six heddles necessary in this kind of weaving. The jacks are hung on to
suspension bars 50, secured to a portion of the loom framing. It will be
obvious, on referring to the Drawing, that 'when one of the levers 43 is
depressed by the cams 51, Figure 6, on the cam shaft D. (Figure 1, Sheet 1,) it
will carry down one heddle and elevate the other. The cams 51 may be made
either as shewn in Figure 6, or they may be made of any other form, to suit
the nature of the goods to be produced. Two harness or heddles are re-
quired for the "dandy" or straight warps, and four heddles for the ground
warp, namely, two for the upper and two for the lower web.
The mode of hanging the ground & straight warp heddles or harnesses, re-
presented at Figure 5 differs from the arrangement shewn at Figure 4; merely
inasmuch as the jacks 48 are dispensed with, and two levers 52 are substituted,
these levers working on fixed centres 53, and connected at one end with the
front and back harness' respectively by the chains or wires 54, and at the other
with the levers 43 by the wires 55, which wires are so arranged as to assist
in elevating one heddle, while the other is brought down by one of the rods
or wires 44 and levers 45; as shewn in the Drawing.
The five-bobbin frames 56 are arranged at the back of the loom (Figure 1,
Sheet 1), and are each made to 'contain as many bobbins as two ordinary
frames, the whole being equivalent to a ten-frame looin. One of these frames
is shewn in plan at Figure 2 (Sheet 1), and is represented as containing
one bobbin 57. The requisite degree of tension or drag is given to the
figure warp 58 by the' arrangement shewn in detail at Figure 9 (Sheet 1).
The yarn 58 on leaving the bobbin 57 is passed round the transverse wire 59;
extending-across-the-frame and back again over the surface of the yarn on
the bobbin it then proceeds down through the frame and between the

page_text: bobbins, and is then passed through a ring or hook on the small weight 60,
thence over the next succeeding transverse wire 59, and on to the figure harness.
Before entering the figure harness, however, the whole of the figure yarns
are collected or guided into a suitable perforated board or metal plate 61
(Figure 3, Sheet 2), shewn detached at Figures 7 and 8 on the same Sheet.
This board may be about four inches wide, and of a length corresponding to the
width of the figure harness; it is perforated with as many rows of holes, one
above the other, as there are frames, ten rows being here represented, and as
many holes in a row as there are threads in a frame or dents in the reed. This
board, or its equivalent, such as a comb bar or reed, may be secured at its ends
to the framework or standards of the loom, and is situated a short distance
behind the figure harness or knot cord g, as shewn in Figure 3 (Sheet 2).
62, in Figure 3 (Sheet 2), represents a perforated metal plate or board, con-
taining as many holes as there are knot cords in the figure harness, and
arranged to correspond with the holes in the suspension board. The knot
cords are passed through the holes in this board, and the board or plate itself
rests with its entire weight upon the weights 63 of the knot cords, or upon
knots formed for that purpose, thereby serving to bring down again into their
proper position all those cords which have been elevated by the ascent of the
trap board, and thus ensuring a correct lift by the next rise of the trap board.
The plate or board 62 is connected with the trap board by wires or chains, so
that as soon as the trap board has made its selection, the board 62 will rise with
it, and so prevent the straining of any portion of the knot cords raised by the
trap board. The wires for obtaining the requisite length of pile are shewn at
64, (Figures 1 and 3, Sheets 1 and 2 respectively,) and in detail at Figure 10
(Sheet 1), which shews the mode of securing or holding them steady in the
loom. These wires 64 are held firmly and steadily in their proper places by
the fixed clasped heddles 65, (Figures 1 and 10, Sheet 1,) and Figure 3, Sheet 2,
the shank of the wire being held between the upper and lower loops of the
heddles, while the opposite end from the fabric-is-bent-downwards,.to.be.entirely
out of the way of the various warps, and are secured to the transverse rod 66,
attached to the loom framing. The heddles which hold the wires in suspension
arc retained at the top by ordinary heddle shafts fixed to the loom, and at the
bottom by corresponding shafts or by weights attached to each heddle. The
wires are flattened or expanded at the end 67, and the width of this portion
must be sufficient to give the requisite length of pile to each fabric when cut
apart, and the ends of the wires must extend into or between the woven fabrics
about one inch from the fell of the cloth, or far enough to fasten the pile warp
in each fabric. One shuttle goes above the parting wires for the upper fabric,

page_text: and the other for the lower fabric traverses below the wires. There will be as
many of these parting wires required as will be necessary to keep the goods
properly apart, say, one for every other dent of the reed, or 134 wires for car-
peting of the Brussels description with 260 threads. The first four dents at each
edge may have a wire in each dent. By bending one-half of the wires down,
in the manner shewn in the Drawing, it not only leaves the warps perfectly
free, but it also prevents any possibility of the wires twisting or turning round,
as will be obvious on referring to Figure 10, Sheet 1.
Figure 9, on Sheet 2 of the Drawings, represents an arrangement of jacquard
with three needles, for operating six knot cords, or for what is termed six
frames; and Figure 10 is a plan of one of the needles detached, shewing the
four long eyes formed in it. A is the top or suspension board; B, the trap or
figure board; C, C, neck boards; D, the cylinder; E, spiral springs for pushing
forward the needles F, G, and HI; I, I, four long eyes formed in each needle,
shewn in Figure 10; J, the back board. Each needle is kept in its place by a
reed dent, and the neck boards C (one for each three cords) are for the purpose
of giving the proper direction to the knot cords K, L, M, N, O, P, which have
their angle from the needle towards the centre, as shewn in Figure 9. The knot
cords are hung to the suspension board A, and pass through suitable slots in the
trap board B, which are arranged in a manner precisely similar to that shewn
at Figure 5 (Sheet 1). These knot cords have knots formed on them at Q. The
front set of cords next the cylinder are represented as disengaged, or out of
their notches or slots in the trap board, and the back set are shewn engaged, or
in the notches or slots. It will thus be obvious, on referring to the Drawing,
that if the trap board B were raised as the cords now hang, it would bring up
with it the knot cords K, L, M, whilst the cords N, O, P, would remain sus-
pended from the suspension board A. Supposing, however, I required to
elevate the knot cord P, I punch for the needle F, and as the cylinder D comes
up, it allows the needle F to stand, and carries back the two other needles
G and H. The needle F standing, holds the knot cords N and O out of the
slots, and allows the cord P to fall into its slot, being pushed there by the two
needles G and H. The needles G and H on going back carry back also the
three cords K, L, M, out of the slots, and thus as the trap board rises, it will
take only the knot cord P. In order to raise the knot cord O, I punch for
the needle G; to raise the cord N, I punch for needle H; to raise knot cord M,
punch for needles G, H; to raise knot cord L, punch for needles F, II; and to
raise knot cord K, punch for needles F, G. The needle board R is made to
come forward-with the cylinder Das far as the ends of the needles, and is
carried back again-with-it. This-board-R is connected with the back board J,

page_text: and when it comes forward to the ends of the needles, it brings up the back
board J, and with it any needles which may stick behind. The needle board. R
is brought forward to the ends of the needles by springs. The slay sword E in
the various Figures has its fulcrum or working centre at E'; and is hung forward
of the fell of the cloth, so as to bring the bottom of the reed against the cloth
when beating up the felling or weft. Great strength is required in the reed
and weft in making-this.kind of goods. The reed is made with a bend near
the middle, as shewn in Figures 1 and 11 on Sheet 1, & Figures 3 and 14 on
Sheet 2, of the Drawings, so that when the lay is back, the reed for the upper
shed will be perpendicular. This bend is exaggerated in the Drawings for the
purpose of showing it; more distinctly. The shuttle boxes are made to corre-
spond with the reed when the lay is back. The lay is actuated by the crank
shaft B, in, the manner herein-before described with reference to Figures 1
and 2, Sheet 2, the curved slot producing the requisite pause or dwell in, its
movements. In Figure 11, Sheet 2, which represents a front elevation of a
portion of a carpet loom of the improved, construction, 68 is the shuttle, race,
to which is fixed the reed 69. The shuttles 70 are shewn in their respective
shuttle boxes, 71 and 72, on each side of the loom. 73 is a thimble or stop
(shewn in front view detached at Figure 12); it is made fast to each shuttle
box, and is for the purpose of stopping the shuttle when it has arrived as far
as is requisite in the shuttle box. The point of the shuttle enters into and con-
forms to the inside of the thimble, and the ends of the fly stick or picker, passes
through the slot formed in the under side of the thimble, as is clearly shewn
in the detail, Figure 12. The shuttle boxes 71 and 72 are made fast to the
sides of the loom by the-frame 74; the shuttles themselves are thrown by the
mechanism shewn in Figure 13 on the same Sheet of Drawings. 75 in this
Figure is a long blade spring, which rests at one end on the block 76 secured
to the floor, and at the other on the adjustable nut and bolt 77, the nut being
made to screw up or down to give any degree of tension or strength to the
spring. 78 is a stud or fixed arm secured to the under side of the treadles 79,
and pressing upon the surface of the springs 75-when-brought-down_by_the_
cam or tappet 80 on the tappet shaft C. The treaddles 7.9 work loosely on
the transverse shaft 16 (Figure 1, Sheet 1), herein-before referred to, and are
connected at their free ends by straps 81 with the picking sticks 82 (Figure 11),
such straps being first passed under suitable guide pulleys. 83. As the cam 80
revolves, it forces down one of the treaddles 79, and, by means of the stud or
fixed arm 78, strains the spring 75; but when the continued revolution of the
cam-80-releases the treaddle, it is forced upwards by the reaction of the spring
7.5, which thereby effects the throwing of the shuttle, througli the agency of-the-

page_text: straps 81 and picking stick 182. This picking stick is hung by a common
parallel motion.. 83 is a swinging fulcrum, which is attached to the under
side of the lower shuttle box to the picking stick at 85. The bottom of the
picking stick is hung to an arm 86, which works on a fixed centre 87, attached
to the side of the loom framing. There are four treaddles 79; two being placed
on each side of the loom (see Figure 11), and each treaddle is actuated by a
cam and spring of its own, in the manner shown at Figure 13. The back pick-
ing stick: 82 plays against a common picker, which, being placed horizontally,
passes through the back of the top shuttle box, and slides on suitable guide
rods. The shuttles are thrown during the pause or dwell of the lay, that is,
when the crank pin is passing along the circular slot in Figure 1 (Sheet.2).
Figure 14 (Sheet 2) is a detail of the lay and sword, shewing the arrangement
of apparatus connected therewith. The lever or arm 88, which works on a
centre 89 in the sword E, is for a two-fold purpose; first, to hold the filling
weft; and, second, to give notice when the shuttles fail to throw the weft.
This lever has 3 blades or edges 90, fitted to it at its upper extremity, which
blades play into corresponding slots in the piece 91, secured to the lay 68.
This piece is represented in detail side elevation and plan at Figure 15. The
blades 90 enter the slots 90¹ freely when no filling is going in, but when the
filling or weft is being thrown, then the lever, 88 comes in contact with it, and
the blades 90 are prevented from entering their slots,, the thread of the weft
being held tightly between the blades 90 and the piece 91, the lever 88 being
pressed up with sufficient force to hold the thread by a spiral or other spring.
The thread being thus held tight, the lever 92, having a finger 93 on the top,
is brought forward by means of a spiral, or other spring against the filling
thread, and by causing it to enter into a slot in the piece 91, tightens the
filling thread, so as to draw up the selvage on the opposite side of the cloth to
any degree of tightness required. The arrangements of arms or levers shewn
in Figure 14 is the same on each side of the loom, each set having their fulcra
on the same stud pin 89. The arm or lever 94 is for the same purpose as the
arm 92, and is similarly constructed, but it tightens the thread of the lower
web, while the arm 92 performs the same operation on the thread of the upper
web, being made rather longer for that purpose; these two arms therefore come
into action alternately out as the shuttles change sides. When the shuttle,
through the breakage of the thread, or through not boxing, omits to carry the
weft in front of the blades on the arm 88, these blades will enter the slots 90¹
in the piece 91 (Figure 15), and come in contact with the catch 95, Figure 14.
The hooked end of the horizontal arm 96 of this catch then fälls on to the stud
97 of the second catch.98, the-horizontal arm of which, by coming in contact

page_text: with the spring catch 99 (Figure 16), which represents a portion of the stop
motion of the loom, pushes it back, and thereby releases the starting handle 100
of the loom, and effects the stopping of the same. A similar apparatus is placed
on each side of the loom, with the exception of the starting handle, this being
situated on one side only. The arms or levers 88, 92, and 94 (Figure 14), arc
not allowed to follow back the lay as far as it goes by about 2 inches, in
order to allow room for the shuttles to pass in and out of the shuttle boxes,
and they are acted upon by springs of greater or less force, according to the
relative duty they have to perform. The arm 101 (Figure 14), and shewn also
in plan at Figure 17, is for the purpose of drawing back the weft thread from
the fell of the cloth, and at an angle from the selvage, for the purpose of allow-
ing the thread to be drawn up and tightened at the next throw of the shuttle
across the web. This is effected by the upper end of the arm 101 (which is
held in its place by a suitable spring) taking into the shaped groove or recess
102 (Figure 17), such groove or recess being fixed to the lay. As the lay comes
up with the recessed piece 102; it meets the arm 101 about 1 inches from
the fell of the cloth, the weft threaad 103 being between the arm and the recess
(see Figure 17). The arm 101 on entering the rccess 102 takes the weft
thread with it, and holds it fast in the recess during the time the lay is coming
up to the fell, and as the lay returns again it carries it back with it for about
1 inch from the fell, to enable it to be more effectively secured at the next
throw of the shuttle. The weft only requires to be thus operated upon at one
side of the cloth, one apparatus acting upon both the upper and lower wefts.
If the top shuttle is thrown from left to right when the figure warp is raised,
this apparatus will require to be placed on the left-hand side of the loom.
104, 104, (Figure 16,) represent two feelers, for the purpose of stopping the
loom if either of the shuttles should not box. These feelers are fitted to each
shuttle box, and are connected by the wires 105 and 105¹ with the two levers
or arms 106, 106, which work on a hanging stud centre at 107. The fecler
104 is represented as being in the position it would asume if there were no
shuttle in the shuttle box, while the opposite feeler is supposed to be acted-on-
by its shuttle. It will be seen, on referring to the Drawing, that when a
shuttle omits to box, one of the armis 106' will be brought in contact with an
oscillating lever arm 108, which is kept constantly vibrating by means of a
cam or tappet placed on the shaft B in Figure 1, Sheet 1. It will thus be
obvious, that when either of the arms are in the position shewn by 106', they
will both. be pushed back in the direction of the arrow against the spring catch
-99,-herein-before referred to, thereby releasing the handle 100, and stopping the
loom. But when the shuttles box regularly, the arms 106, 106', will be held

page_text: back out of contact with the oscillating lever arm 108, as shewn by 106, and
the lever arm 108 will then be free to vibrate without stopping the loom. A
small spiral spring, situated between the arms 106, 106¹, serves to bring them
in contact with the vibrating lever 108, when they are no longer held back by
the action of the shuttles on the feelers 104, 104. Figure 18, on Sheet 2
of the Drawings, represents a side elevation of a portion of a loom framing,
shewing the arrangement of mechanism for starting and stopping the loom,
such mechanism being placed on the opposite side of the loom to that seen in
Figure 1 (Sheet 1). 109 is the driving shaft, which is fitted with the ordinary
fast and loose driving pulleys 110, and carries also the small spur pinion
111. This pinion gears into the spur wheel 112, running loose on a stud
centre, and carrying a second pinion 113, gearing into the spur wheel 114
on the crank shaft B, herein-before referred to, and illustrated in Figure 1,
Sheet 1 of the Drawings. The driving belt 115 is guided from one driving
pulley to the other by the fork or guide 116, secured to the upper end of
the vertical lever arm 117, which is keyed or otherwise secured on to one end
of the horizontal shaft 118. This shaft has fitted on to its opposite extremity
the starting handle 100, herein-before referred to, which handle is held in
its place by the spring catch 99, as herein-before described in reference
to Figure 16. A brake block 119 is placed below the fast driving pulley,
and works at its lower end on a fixed stud centre 120, attached to the loom
framing. When the starting handle 100 is in its place in the catch 99, the
driving belt will be kept on the fast driving pulley by the fork or guide 116,
which at the same time bears against the front of the brake block 119, and
holds it cut of contact with the periphery of the driving pulley; but when the
starting handle is released, whether by hand or by the self-acting mechanism
of the loom, the guide or fork 116 moves outwards, and conveys the driving
belt from the fast to the loose pulley, at the same time releasing the brake
block; and allowing it to press or wedge itself against the periphery of the
driving pulley, and thereby instantly stopping the loom. In Figure 1 (Sheet 1);
the loom is represented as being ready to throw the shuttles, the upper one
from the left and the lower one from the right hand shuttle box. The
weighted lever arm k elevates the suspension board sufficiently to bring all
the figure warps 58, which are not required for the pattern, up into the centre
between the webs, and even with the parting wires 64.
Half of the upper
and lower ground warps, as well as the upper and lower straight warps,
are also brought to the centre between the webs, and the figure board is
also raised with the figure yarns requisite to form-the-pattern. The
shuttles-are-now thrown, and as the lay comes forward it meets-all-the-six

page_text: arms, herein-before described in reference to Figure 14 (Sheet 2), these arms
being arranged at each side of the loom, all of which arms take hold of or
come in contact with the weft thread, if there be any.
The arm 88 (Figure 14) holds the thread, while the arms 92 or 94 draw it
tight on the other side or edge of the cloth. All these arms vary from each
other as to the degree of tightness with which they hold the weft threads,
their actuating springs being adjusted accordingly. As the lay comes up to
within about two inches of the fell of the cloth, the weft threads are released
by the following apparatus:-A small vertical catch 121 (Figures 11 and 12,
Sheet 1,) is attached to one end of the rod or spindle 122 (Figure 12),
fitted near the under side of the lay. Two T arms 123 are forged on to or
otherwise attached to the spindle 122, and when not in action they hang down
so as to be perfectly out of contact with the several lever arms 88, 92, and 94,
(Figure 14, Sheet 2,) in front of which they are situated. "In the Drawing,
Figure 12 (Sheet 1.), these arms (for the sake of compactness) are shewn
nearer together on the spindle 122 than they would be in the loom; as each
arm must be opposite the three levers herein-before referred to on each side
of the loom. The Tarms 123 are for the purpose of throwing the levers 88,
92, and 94 out of action, and effecting the release of the wefts. When the
lay, as before stated, has arrived near the fell of the cloth, the catch 121
(Figures 11 and 12) comes in contact with the fixed stud 124 (Figure 1,
Sheet 1), and being thereby pushed back, it partially turns the spindle 122;
and elevates accordingly the two arms 123, which, by the onward progress
of the lay, are brought up against and enter a notch or recess in the three
levers 88, 92, and 94, on each side of the loom, as shewn at Figure 11,
Sheet 1), and thereby release the wefts, these levers being held back or out
of action until the back stroke of the lay permits of the catch 121 returning
to its original position, upon which the T arms 123 will fall down, and allow
the levers 88, 92, and 94 to come into action again, ready to receive the
next shoot-of-weft. The next spring of the warps brings up the weighted
lever (Figure 1), and consequently lowers the suspension and trap-boards-to
the bottom of their traverse, the whole of the figure warps being thereby
dropped to the bottom of the lower shed, so that the figure warp, which was
previously carried up and bound into the upper fabric, is now bound into the
lower web.
Having described the construction and arrangement of mechanism for
weaving or producing a double fabric, I shall now proceed to describe the
cutting apparatus for severing-such-double fabric, which apparatus is carried
in front of the loom, and is attached to the loom framing.

page_text: Figure 19, on Sheet 2 of the Drawings, represents a front view of the
cutting and knife-sharpening apparatus detached, a portion of the same being
shewn in the act of severing the fabrics at 42, in Figure 3 (Sheet 2). The
actual cutter or knife 124 (which is represented in detail detached at
Figure 20) is attached, as shewn at Figure 19, to the endless belt or chain
125, carried by the two pulleys 126, 126, which are actuated from the
pulley 127 by the driving belt 128. The pulley 127 is fast on the shaft 129,
which may be driven from the cam shaft C (Figure 1, Sheet 1,) at the same
speed by mitre wheels, or it may be driven faster if required. The knife 124
is hinged to a fixed piece 124¹ on the carrying belt or chain, so that when it
has completed its cut across the fabric, it may be raised up to a vertical posi-
tion from the belt, as in Figure 19, in order to bring its edge out of the way
of the shaft of the take-up roller K¹ (Figure 3); otherwise, from the position it
assumes with regard to this roller, it would come in contact with it on passing
round the carrying pulleys 126. The knife when cutting stands out hori-
zontally from the edge of the belt or chain, which carries it, as shewn by the
detached plan Figure 20, and only resumes its vertical position when passing
over the carrying pulleys, after which it again assumes a horizontal position on
the under portion of the belt or chain, when it passes in its traverse under
and over two sharpening stones or emery buffs 130, which are attached to a
fixed portion of the loom. The knife is changed from a horizontal to a
vertical position, and vice versa, by passing over fixed inclines, formed on or
fitted to a supporting bar or rail 131 (Figure 3), which serves to support and
steady as well as guide the knife while in the act of traversing across the
fabric to cut the pile. The knife, which has a slanting cutting edge, may
be attached to the carrying belt or chain by a spring hinge, similar to an
ordinary pocket knife blade, so that when it is brought into a horizontal
position, it will remain fixed until acted upon by the inclines, herein-before
referred to.
L-
The double fabric to be cut asunder is drawn forward and presented to the
knife by the two take-up rollers K, K', (Figure 3,) covered with cards, between
which it is passed. When severed, the upper fabric passes round the carrier
roller 133, and over the curved plate 134, which serves to keep it clear of the
knife-actuating mechanism. The lower fabric passes over the carrier roller
135, and thence with the upper fabric down through the floor and underneath
the weaver, as found most convenient; as the knife is not shewn' action in
Figure 1, Sheet 1, the fabric is represented as passing over the top of the
upper take-up roller K, instead of between the two rollers, as in Figure 3,
E

page_text: The fabric produced by the herein-before described apparatus presents a
firmer and more handsome than the ordinary piled goods. The upper half
of the double fabric when cut forms an entirely new description of goods,
inasmuch as the figure warp is raised twice therein by the jacquard, thereby
producing the same effect as using a thicker figure warp. In the upper fabric
another novel feature presents itself also, which is that it contains no running
figure warp whatever, the only figure warp contained therein being that which
is thrown up as pile to form the pattern. The upper web is of a new
fabrication, and differs from that of the lower fabric which is also new. This
new fabrication of the upper and lower goods consists in throwing a greater
number of shoots than heretofore in piled goods, and also in a different combi-
nation of the warp and filling weft, by which a firmer and closer class of goods
is produced than has hitherto been effected. The foregoing description and
annexed Drawings may be considered as applying particularly to looms and
apparatus for the manufacture and production of pile carpetings; but I may
here observe, that the same construction and arrangement of mechanism,
modified slightly, is equally applicable to the manufacture of various other
piled goods, such as woollen, worsted, mohair, cotton & silk plush, cotton,
silk, or other velvets, either plain or figured; goods with plain ground &
pile figure, & coach or carriage lace; also when yarns or warps, either plain,
colored, or printed, are used, whether from bobbins, beams, or other apparatus,
and with or without a jacquard or figuring mechanism.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of the said
Invention, and the manner in which the same is or may be used or carried
into effect, I would observe, in conclusion, that I do not confine or restrict
myself to the precise details or arrangements which I have had occasion to
describe or refer to, as many variations may be made therefrom without devi-
ating from the principles or main features of the said Invention; but what I
consider to be novel and original, and therefore claim as the Invention secured
to me by the herein-before in part recited Letters Patent, is,―
First, the general construction and arrangement-of-looms-and-apparatus-
connected therewith for weaving double piled goods or fabrics, as herein-
before described.
Second, the peculiar construction and arrangement of knife or cutter
employed in dividing the double fabric, and also the sharpening of the same
whilst the loom is in motion, as herein-before described.
Third, the system or mode of working or actuating the suspension &
--trap-boards in jacquards connected with looms for weaving figured pile
fabrics as herein-before described.

page_text: Fourth, the application and use of a board for facilitating the adjustment of
the knots of the harness previous to the elevation of the "trap board," as
herein-before described.
Fifth, the peculiar system or mode of working the jacquard cylinder, as
herein-before described.
Sixth, the system or mode of springing the straight warp by means of the
same mechanism which actuates the suspension and trap boards.
Seventh, the herein-before described peculiar arrangement and disposal
of the eyes of the needles in jacquards, whereby a greater number of threads
may be worked by a smaller proportionate number of needles than has hitherto
been accomplished.
i
Eighth, the system or mode of hanging the ground warp heddles, and
the peculiar mode of springing or actuating the same, as herein-before
described.
Ninth, the peculiar system or mode of giving tension to the figure warp, by
making use of the friction of the yarn over the surface of the bobbins, as
herein-before described.
Tenth, the system or mode of giving the requisite tension to the straight
warp, as herein-before described.
Eleventh, the application and use of a guide board, or other similar guiding
apparatus, for concentrating the figure warp; and directing the same to the
harness.
.
Twelfth, the system or mode of holding and drawing up the filling or
binding weft for the purpose of tightening the selvage, as herein-before
described.
Thirteenth, the system or mode of throwing or actuating the shuttles by the
aid of blade or other springs, as herein-before described.
Fourteenth, the application and use of a thimble, or other similar stop-
piece, for the purpose of stopping the shuttle in the box and receiving the
concussion therefrom.
Fifteenth, the peculiar construction and arrangement and mode of holding
the parting wires, as herein-before described.
Sixteenth, the peculiar construction and arrangement of the "take up"
motion for carpet and other looms, as herein-before described.
Seventeenth, the system or mode of drawing the weft from the fell of the
cloth on one side for the better formation of the selvage, as herein-before
described.
Eighteenth, the peculiar formation of pile goods herein-before described,
wherein one-half of the double fabric when cut has the figure warp raised.

page_text: twice therein by the jacquard, and contains no running figure warp whatever,
by which means the same effect is produced as using a thicker figure warp.
Nineteenth, the herein-before described peculiar formation of the second
half of the double fabric, which contains a greater number of shoots than has
hitherto been found practicable in piled goods.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Henry Johnson, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, the Twenty-second day of May, One thousand eight
hundred and fifty-five.
J. HENRY JOHNSON. (L.s.)