IMPROVEMENTS IN DIRECT HYDRO- CALORIC MOTORS FOR MORE COMPLETELY UTILIZING THE MECHANICAL POWER OF HEAT, AND APPLICABLE AS INDUSTRIAL MOTORS, AND AS DIRECT PROPELLERS IN NAVAL AND FLUVIAL NAVIGATION
Year: 1873

page_text: TTERS PATENT to Arthur Charles Henderson, of the Firm of
Henderson and Company, British and Foreign Patent Agents, of
No. 6, Southampton Buildings, Ohancery Lane, in the County of
Middlesex, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN DIRECT HYDRO-
CALORIC MOTORS FOR MORE COMPLETELY UTILIZING THE MECHANICAL POWER OF
HEAT, AND APPLICABLE AS INDUSTRIAL MOTORS, AND AS DIRECT PROPELLERS IN
NAVAL AND FLUVIAL NAVIGATION.”—A communication from abroad by
Gustave Demailly, Civil Engineer, and Léon Bruneaux, Mcchanician,
both of Brussels, in the Kingdom of Belgium.
aled the 18th July 1873, and dated the 7th May 1873.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION filed by the said Arthur Charles Henderson
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition
and Declaration, on the 7th May 1873, pursuant to the 9th Section
of the Patent Law Amendment Act, 1852.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, ARTHUR
CHARLES HENDERSON, of the Firm of Henderson and Company, British
and Foreign Patent Agents, of No. 6, Southampton Buildings, Chancery
Lane, in the County of Middlesex, send greeting.

page_text: WHEREAS I am in possession of an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN DIRECT HYDROCALORIC MOTORS FOR MORE COMPLETELY UTILIZING THE
MECHANICAL POWER OF HEAT, AND APPLICABLE AS INDUSTRIAL MOTORS, AND AS
DIRECT PROPELLERS IN NAVAL AND FLUVIAL NAVIGATION," and have petitioned
Her Majesty to grant unto me, executors, administrators, and assigns, 5
Her Royal Letters Patent for the same, and have made solemn
Declaration that it has been communicated to me from abroad by
Gustave Demailly, Civil Engineer, and Léon Bruneaux, Mechanician,
both of Brussels, in the Kingdom of Belgium.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Arthur Charles Henderson, do 1
hereby declare that the following Complete Specification, under my
hand and seal, fully describes and ascertains the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, in and
by the following statement:―
This Invention relates to the combination of a direct hydrocaloric 1
motor for the more complete use of heat in mechanical actions, the said
system being applicable to industrial motors in general, and as direct
propellers in naval or river navigation.
It is based on the application to motors of all kinds, of the effect
produced by the contact of a jet of steam (at a given temperature and 2
pressure) with a proportionate and sufficient quantity of water to effect
the instantaneous condensation of the heat contained in the steam,
permanently and thoroughly.
The water, the recipient of the force, becomes a piston indefinitely
prolonged, incompressible, elastic, whose mission is to transmit the said 2
force and change it to any movement, whether rectilinear, circular,
continuous, or alternate.
By this system and by aid of injectors the steam from a generator is
applied on the same organ, on an agent, water, which condenses all the
caloric unity which was contained in the steam and acts as receiver and 3
transmitter of the mechanical power which is its equivalent.
As demonstration of the practical employment of these principles the
following examples will more readily explain their nature, that is to
say, first, the application of the system to all industrial motors and
to navigation; second, its application to propelling ships and adapted as a
a uniform and continuous motion thereto.

page_text: First Application.-The accompanying Drawings show (in section
following the longitudinal axis) the distributing and propelling apparatus
where the steam issues from a generator of any kind at a determined
temperature and pressure, and is distributed and brought in contact with
a sufficient quantity of water for effecting the permanent condensation.
The heat freed by condensation is transformed into energetic sensibility,
and the mass of water animated with a great speed becomes the recipient
of the action effected, and is at the same time the agent charged to
transmit this action.
Fig. 2 is a section following the axis A, B, a circular motor on which
this force centres to be transformed into a continuous circular motion,
and used or distributed as external power.
Fig. 3 is a section following the axis C, D, of the same motor. The
steam reaches the apparatus by the tap E, presents itself in the
cylindrical column F, terminating in a truncated cone F, and the same
axis encloses a truncated obturator G (also directed by the water) which
permits by a greater or less section of the entry of the steam into the
propelling recipient H. The steam entering this recipient with its
initial velocity and in the shape of an annular jet, more or less con-
strained or voluminous, and precipitating itself in the extended tube I
instantly produces as the first effect a vacuum in rear of its passage;
the result of which is the aspiration and vertical drawing at a short
distance of the water contained in a reservoir J by means of the tubes K
and K¹. Immediately then the jet of steam meets the mass of water
which is precipitated towards the tube I with a speed due to the initial
velocity of the steam from the generator where it was enclosed under
a determined temperature and pressure, and due also to that of the
water when the latter acted under pressure.
The tube I is also a truncated cone and may be considered as the
total of a succession of circles added one to the other, the diameters of
which successively cross a little; its function is to convert the great
speed with which the water is suddenly animated into a lesser speed,
which acting on a larger section produces the same total effert.
The expenditure of steam and the proportionate admission of the
mass of water is regulated by the fly wheel O acting as a crank
and effecting the drawing near of the truncated cones F and G. The
annular space allowing of the exit of the jet of steam is increased or

page_text: reduced, or closed, by aid of the fly wheel P acting as a nut. The
quantity of water is regulated by the elongation or shortening of the
cone F¹ of the conical orifice of the tube I, in which the projected water
successively arrives to replace the pressure used to subject the resistance.
This resistance is the tangential wheel L which is shown to demonstrate &
the principle. This wheel, Figs. 2 and 3, is vertical; it turns on its
horizontal axis M, and is enclosed in a circular race adjusted with the
greatest nicety. The water after its action flows by the orifice N and
may be directed where desired according to circumstances, and even in
the reservoir J as shown Figs. 1 and 2. The axis M can then 1
distribute the power produced outside.
Second Application.-This application of the system is for the propulsion
of ships by the creation of a direct hydrocaloric propeller with
rectilinear, continuous, and uniform motion being specially adapted to
vessels at sea or in rivers, doing away with steam engines, the ordinary 1
motors of propulsion, as well as wheels and screws.
In the specimen shown, Fig. 4, an apparatus consisting of three
principal parts a, b, c, is placed below the water line; a is the
distributing apparatus where the jet of steam issues from the generator
at a determined temperature and pressure, and is distributed and 2
brought in contact with a quantity of water sufficient to produce
condensation in a permanent and instantaneous manner.
The liberated heat is converted into energetic sensibility, and the mass
of water animated with a great speed becomes the recipient of the action
produced, and is at the same time charged to transmit it.
2
b is the feed pipe which supplics a with the mass of water necessary;
c is the prolonging tube where all the efforts imparted to the water
(become a piston motor) are concentrated, the said piston transmits
its force outwardly in a rectilinear, continuous, and uniform manner on.
the mass of water bearing the vessel; and the reaction of this force is 3
transmitted to the vessel for effecting its onward progress, the permanent
suction of the water by the tube 6 will be a factor to add to this power.
Supposing a vessel, see Fig. 5, to be provided with two similar
propellers, one to the right A, B, C, the other to the left a, b, c, and that
the two end C, c, are arranged in such a way as to be able to describe a 3
certain arc of a circle shown by the dotted lines C¹, c', it will be

page_text: understood that if C, c, remain in the rectilinear position, the ship or
boat, as the case may be, receiving the action of these two apparatus will
be animated with a forward movement following a straight line passing
through the axis of the vessel, the result of the forces A, B, C,
and a, b, c.
.
If the action of one of these propellers is arrested, that of A, B, C, for
instance, and allowing the other a, b, c, to continue the movement will
take an oblique course and the vessel will turn; and if C is directed
following the segment of a circle O¹ which it is capable of describing the
vessel will turn in a much shorter radius.
Supposing the apparatus A, B, C, and a, b, c, returned to their normal
position consequently propelling the vessel forward by reversing the
functions of the tubes, that is to say, the tubes A, a, distribute the jets
of steam towards B, b, those C and c become the feed pipes, and B, 6,
the prolonging tubes of the mass of water which animated with all the
sensible energy it has received from the heat contained in the steam,
will act on the water bearing the vessel in producing a backward
movement.
It will be observed by the foregoing observations that the application
of the hydrocaloric motor as a direct hydrocaloric propeller, whilst doing
away with engines, paddles, and screws, admits of manoeuvring the
vessel under the best advantages.
The apparatus here described as illustration of the principle has been
selected as best elucidating the system, other dispositions may be adopted
either for the distributing propeller, or for the hydraulic motor which
receives the forces, but the Invention resting on the principle of “ more
completely utilizing the mechanical force of heat" converting its use to
mechanical movements and forces applicable as motors, it has not been
deemed necessary to enumerate the different combinations capable of
bringing steam and water in contact, or of describing the various descrip-
tions of motors vertical, horizontal, turbines, helicoids, and so on, which
may be employed for receiving the force produced.
It must be remarked that although steam and water are only
mentioned as being brought into contact, nevertheless the application of
the principle is reserved for other steams or gas, such for instance as
ether, carbonic acid, azote, hydrogen, and so on.

page_text: The advantages and economy of this Invention are calculated to be of
great importance both to industry and in naval and fluvial navigation. Its
applications are numerous, especially where a certain supply of water is
aț command, for instance on the banks of lakes, ponds, rivers, canals,
and watercourses, and above all in navigation.
The forces thus obtained are greater and more economical, the losses
occasioned by friction almost nullified, the economy in fuel very great,
and the cost of the apparatus and maintaining it in order reduced to a
minimum. And in navigation the advantages are more sensibly felt by
the increased power and speed, shortening the voyage, being less
encumbered with fuel, economizing room for passengers and freight.
In witness whereof, I, the said Arthur Charles Henderson, have
hereunto set my hand and seal, this Fifth day of May, in
the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-
three.