IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR CUTTING AND DRESSING METALS, WOODS, AND OTHER MATERIALS, AND IN THE TOOLS TO BE USED IN COMBINATION THEREWITH
Year: 1868

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to James Murdoch Napier, of York Road, Lambeth,
in the
County of Surrey, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS
IN APPARATUS FOR CUTTING AND DRESSING METALS, WOODS, AND OTHER
MATERIALS, AND IN THE TOOLS TO BE USED IN COMBINATION THEREWITH."
Sealed the 14th July 1868, and dated the 17th January 1868.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said James Murdoch
Napier at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his
Petition, on the 17th January 1868.
AND
I, JAMES MURDOCH NAPIER, of York Road, Lambeth, in the
County of Surrey, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention,
APPARATUS FOR CUTTING
DRESSING METALS,
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
WOODS, AND OTHER MATERIALS, AND IN THE TOOLS TO BE USED IN COMBINATION
THEREWITH," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in apparatus for
cutting and dressing metals, woods, and other materials upon which
edge tools are employed, and in the tools to be used in such
apparatus.
ース
Now in my Invention I employ cutting tools having a circular

page_text: edge which rotates upon an axis so as continuously or at suitable
intervals to change the portion of the edge of the tool which operates
upon the work. The edge of the tool is concentric with and turns
truly around its axis so that the position of the operating portion of
it will remain the same during its rotation. Thus by the use
of my Invention I am enabled to divide the duty or wear and
tear of the tool over an extended cutting edge, so that it is less
liable to get out of condition and to become heated than the edge
of an ordinary tool and is capable of performing its work better and
more expeditiously.
My improved tool may be caused to rotate through suitable
connections communicating with any conveniently available movement
of the machine in which it is used, or it may be otherwise actuated.
When my apparatus is attached to the slide rest of a lathe it should
be arranged so that the tool will turn continuously upon its axis
while the slide rest travels or traverses as the case may be, and when
employed in reciprocating machines such as are used for planing,
slotting, and shaping metals, and in other machines in which the cut
is not continuous, the tool may if preferred be made to rotate by a
ratchet or jumping movement while it is off the cut and may remain
at rest while cutting. My improved tools may be attached to or may
be made of one piece with a spindle or axis which is supported in a
socket or bearing in which it turns. The spindle or axis of the tool
and the tool itself may be made either solid or hollow, and the cutting
edge may be varied in form and angle to suit the material to be
operated upon and the kind of work.
The form, size, and arrangement of my improved apparatus, and the
mode of actuating it should also be varied to suit the particular
application for which it may be intended, as for example when it is
to be used instead of the ordinary slide rest tool of a turning lathe
or metal planing machine or instead of the ordinary tools used in
boring, slotting, dressing, and shaping machines, and in other machines
whether attached to travelling and traversing slides or used as flying
tools (or tools which are carried round about an axis) or otherwise,
for which various uses it will be evident that to suit the case certain
simple modifications will become necessary.
My improved cutting tool may be caused to turn upon its axis at
any desired speed or to suit the circumstances of the case, but I prefer

page_text: to give a slow speed of rotation to the tool when it is used upon
hard substances, and to increase the speed when it is employed upon
softer substances.
When used for cutting wood and other materials for which keen
edged tools are employed, the speed of the axial movement of my
tools may if desired be increased so as to cause a greater drawing or
smoothing action of the edge of the tool while cutting and thus
improve the finish of the work.
For giving motion to my improved axial edge tool (as it may be
termed) especially when a slow motion is desired, a worm wheel may
be attached to it gearing with a worm to which the required movement
is communicated. Any other convenient means may however be used
to actuate the tool in its rotation.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent
filed by the said James Murdoch Napier in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 17th July 1868.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JAMES
MURDOCH NAPIER, of York Road, Lambeth, in the County of Surrey,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty, Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Seventeenth day of January, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight, in
the thirty-first year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs, and
successors, give and grant unto me, the said James Murdoch Napier,
Her special licence that I, the said James Murdoch Napier, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said
James Murdoch Napier, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time
and at all times thereafter. during the term therein expressed, should
and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and
Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR CUTTING
AND DRESSING METALS, WOODS, AND OTHER MATERIALS, AND IN THE TOOLS TO
BE USED IN COMBINATION THEREWITH," upon the condition (amongst

page_text: others) that I, the said James Murdoch Napier, my executors, or
administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or
one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was
to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal
Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately after
the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said James Murdoch Napier, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement thereof, that is to say:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in apparatus for
cutting and dressing metals, woods, and other materials upon which
edge tools are employed, and in the tools to be used in such apparatus.
Now in my Invention I employ cutting tools having a circular edge
which rotates upon an axis so as continuously or at suitable intervals
to change the portion of the edge of the tool which operates upon
the work. The edge of the tool is concentric with and turns truly
around its axis so that the position of the operating portion of it will
remain the same during its rotation. Thus by the use of my Invention
I am enabled to divide the duty or wear and tear of the tool over an
extended cutting edge so that it is less liable to get out of condition
and to become heated than the edge of an ordinary tool and is capable
of performing its work better and more expeditiously.
My improved tool may be caused to rotate through suitable con-
nections communicating with any conveniently available movement
of the machine in which it is used, or it may be otherwise actuated.
When my apparatus is attached to the slide rest of a lathe it should
be arranged so that the tool will turn continuously upon its axis
while the slide rest travels or traverses, as the case may be, and when
employed in reciprocating machines, such as are used for planing,
slotting, and shaping metals, and in other machines in which the cut
is not continuous, the tool may if preferred be made to rotate by a
ratchet or jumping movement while it is off the cut and may remain
at rest while cutting. My improved tools may be attached to or may
be made of one piece with a spindle or axis which is supported in
a socket or bearing in which it turns. The spindle or axis of the
tool and the tool itself may be made either solid or hollow, and the.

page_text: cutting edge may be varied in form and angle to suit the material
to be operated upon and the kind of work.
The form, size, and arrangement of my improved apparatus, and the
mode of actuating it, should also be varied to suit the particular
application for which it may be intended, as for example when it is
to be used instead of the ordinary slide rest tool of a turning lathe
or metal planing machine or instead of the ordinary tools used in boring,
slotting, dressing, and shaping machines, and in other machines whether
attached to travelling and traversing slides or used as flying tools (or
tools which are carried round about an axis) or otherwise for which
uses it will be evident that to suit the various cases certain simple
modifications will become necessary.
My improved cutting tool may be caused to turn upon its axis at
any desired speed or to suit the circumstances of the case, but I prefer
to give a slow speed of rotation to the tool when it is used upon hard
substances and to increase the speed when it is employed upon softer
substances.
When used for cutting wood and other materials for which keen
edge tools are employed the speed of the axial movement of my tools
may if desired be increased so as to cause a greater drawing or smooth-
ing action of the edge of the tool while cutting, and thus improve
the finish of the work.
For giving motion to my improved axial edge tool (as it may be
termed), especially when a slow motion is desired, a worm wheel may
be attached to it gearing with a worm to which the required move-
ment is communicated. Any other convenient means may however
be used to actuate the tool in its rotation.
DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS.
Figure 1. a is the cutting portion of the tool which is fixed to the
spindle b, which is mounted in the support A; B represents a portion
of a slide rest to which A may be attached. The tool with its spindle
b. turns upon the centre at c and is supported in a bearing at c', pulley d
is fast upon its upper end. The tool a can be made to rotate by'a cord
or band passing round the pulley. The circle C indicates the piece of
work acted upon and the arrow the direction in which it turns, a' there-
fore indicates the position where the edge of the tool comes into contact
with the object operated upon,

page_text: In Figure 2 the driving pulley d is placed upon a spindle b', upon
the lower end of which is a pinion which gears into a wheel fast upon
the tool spindle b. In this instance the upper part of the tool spindle
b is supported by a centre pointed screw at c¹ and its lower end fits into
a coned step or socket bearing, and rests upon a flat pointed adjusting
Screw at c.
In Figure 2 the driving pulley d is placed upon a spindle b', upon
the lower end of which is a pinion which gears into a wheel fast upon
the tool spindle b. In this instance the upper part of the tool spindle
b is supported by a centre pointed screw at c' and its lower end fits into
a coned step or socket bearing, and rests upon a flat pointed adjusting
Screw at c.
Figure 3 is a view in plan of Figure 2.
Figure 4 shows an arrangement for actuating the tool in its rotation
by bevil wheel and pinion.
Figure 5, in this Figure the tool spindle is supported by the
holder A in a coned bearing at c' and in a plain bearing at c.
Figure 6 shows the tool spindle 6 supported as in Figure 5, but in
this case it is furnished with a worm wheel e into which the worm e¹
gears. The worm e' is fast upon the tool spindle b' which also carries
the driving pulley d. In this Figure the tool a is shewn of larger
diameter than in the previous Figures and a roller is indicated to assist
in supporting it against the cut, means should be provided for adjusting
this roller against the tool.
Figure 7 is a view in plan of Figure 6.
Figure 8 shows the tool a formed as a tube. The tube has a projecting
rim at its lower end by which it is held fast in the hollow tool spindle 3,
a ring plate and screws for the purpose being clearly indicated in the
Figure. The hollow spindle b fits into the support A and rests in the
cone bearing at c. The worm wheel e is attached to the lower end of the
tool spindle b and it is turned round with the tool spindle b and the tool a
by means of a worm upon the end of spindle b', which worm gears with
wheel e Figure 9. In this Figure the tool a is turned by the worm
wheel e and the worm e¹. The worm e' is placed upon the spindle b¹ so
that it will slide along the spindle and has a feather which enters a groove
in the spindle so that it may be turned round by it. This spindle may
extend to any convenient length and should have its bearings upon
the lower slide B¹. The lower end of the support A which is fixed to
the slide B carries the worm along with it so that it is kept in gear
with the worm wheel. A means of driving the spindle b' is indicated
by two dotted circles representing wheels at the further end of the
slide gearing together, the one being fast upon the driving screw of
the slide and the other upon the spindle b¹. In this instance therefore
the tool is actuated through the screw which moves the slide,

page_text: Figure 10 is a variation of Figure 9 shewing the tool spindle placed
at an angle.
Figures 11, 12, and 13 shew another mode of connecting the tool
with the screw which moves the slide. In this case the screw of the
slide has a groove along it. The pulley d is bored to fit the outer
diameter of the screw and is provided with a feather which takes into
the groove in the screw. The pulley d has a boss projecting towards
the slide B; this boss has in it a groove into which the drag piece f
enters. The piece is fixed to the side B, so that as the slide moves
the pulley d¹ goes along with and slides on the screw.
The pulley d'
is thus kept in position and drives the pulley d by a cord or band, *
the pulley d being driven by the screw of the slide. C represents a
portion of a surface upon which the tool may be operating.
Figures 14, 15, and 16 represent my Invention adapted to a well-
known form of the slide lathe. a is the tool which is actuated through
worm wheel e, worin e', spindle b', wheels 62, spindle 6", pulleys d and d',
spindle 6', and pinion g; D represents the spindle which is used when
the main slide is moved along the bed of the lathe and which I,
have supposed to be at present out of gear; D' represents the screw
for moving the transverse slide; this screw we will suppose to be in
gear with the ordinary apparatus of the lathe for surfacing. Motion is
communicated from the screw D to the pinion g and so to the tool.
(through the connections above referred to) by means of pinion g'
and intermediate wheel g², the arrangement of which is indicated more
clearly in Figure 16. When, as in the case of a longitudinal cut, it is
desired to connect the pinion g with the spindle D so as to be actuated
by it, the pinion g³, which is shown forward, should be pushed back
into gear with pinion g, the intermediate wheel g² being raised out of
gear with the pinion g. The bearing supports for the spindle b* and
for one end of the spindle b' are fixed to the slide B', and the mitro
wheel on the spindle b' has a feather which takes into a groove in the
spindle b' in such manner that the spindle can slide in it when the
slide B is moved, while at the same time the turning of the mitre
wheel will necessarily cause the spindle to turn. At the worm end
of the spindle b' it is supported in a bearing which is fixed to the top.
of slide B.
Figure 17 will enable me to explain one mode of applying my
Invention to planing machines for planing metale The tool baga

page_text: worm wheel behind it. The worm spindle b' is furnished at the upper
end with a ratchet wheel h which is made fast upon the spindle. The
pulley which has two diameters (for varying the speed of motion)
turns freely upon the spindle and carries upon its lower side a ratchet
pawl; this pawl takes into the teeth of the ratchet wheel h by the
action of a spring also carried on the under side of the pulley d and
extending in one direction to weight E. Sector pulley E' is connected
to the worm spindle and gears with a rack placed on the table of the
machine. It will be seen that as the result of these arrangements
the weight E will rise while the table is moving in one direction, the
.weight serving always to keep the cord i under tension. It will also
be understood that these movements will cause the pulley d to turn
first in one direction and then in the other and thus actuate the ratchet
wheel by the pawl carried on the pulley and so communicate the
desired motion to the cutting tool. By the mode just described the
axial motion may be imparted to the tool while the cut is being taken,
or the motion to the tool may, if preferred, be given during the return
stroke of the machine, in which case the tool will be at rest while the
cut is taken.
€2
worm e
Figures 18 and 19 show a variation in the apparatus which admits
of a slower speed being given to the edge of the tool in proportion to
.the motion given to the pulley d than is practicable by the arrangement
shown in the last Figure. This is effected by placing the worm wheel
upon the spindle 6' and providing the spindle 6 with a
upon it to gear with the wheel e; on this spindle the ratchet wheel h
is fixed, the driving pulley d running freely upon it and carrying the
pawl which takes in the teeth of the ratchet wheel. Instead of the
worm wheel e and worm e³ a bevil wheel and pinion may be used, if
preferred.
:
Figures 20 and 21 show a spur wheel e on spindle b', and a pinion e³
gearing with it. The pinion is attached to the ratchet wheel h and
turns freely with it upon the fixed pin 63. The pulley d carrying the
driving pawl also turns freely on the pin b².
Figure 22 illustrates a mode by which the tool may be conveniently
actuated from the main shaft of the planing machine when the planing
table is worked by a rack movement, and the main shaft (which carries
the pinion which works in the rack) passes through the side of the
machine. F represents the main shaft; the motion is communicated

page_text: from it to the driving cord i through worm F', worm wheel F",
spindle F³, cone-speed pulleys F and F, spindle F, and pulley F", to
which the driving cord i is attached. The pulley F has a feather
taking into a groove in the spindle F by which it is turned, and is
arranged so as to move up and down with the cross slide G.
It will be understood that the arrangement just described will
impart to the tool a movement similar in character to that which I
have described in reference to Figure 17.
Figure 23 shews a convenient arrangement for giving motion to the
tool when the table of the planing machine is worked by a screw;
H represents the end of the screw which works the table of the
machine. The motion is communicated from it through the speed cone
pulleys Hand H. The pulley H is fixed to the outer end of spindle H³,
which lies along the bed of the machine reaching towards the centre
of the machine. At the other end of this spindle is a worm wheel
which gears with the worm wheel H* fixed on the lower end of the
spindle F, which spindle is mounted as in the last Figure.
Figure 24 illustrates a modification of the arrangement for actuating
the tool shewn in Figure 22. F is the main shaft of the machine. The
motion is transmitted through worm F' to the worm wheel F" which is
fast upon spindle F3; on the other end of this spindle is placed the
pulley F round which the cord i passes, and then upwards over the
guide pulley I, which is supported on the cross slide G, as shown in
Figure 17. The cord i, which in Figure 24 is shewn broken, if continued
would pass round the pulley d, shewn in Figure 17, and over guide I',
and would be furnished at its end with a weight to keep it under
tension.
Figure 25 indicates an arrangement by means of which the cord i
may be actuated by an impulse given to it at the end of the travel of
the table of the machine; j is a tappet which slides in a groove in
the table of the machine J; this tappet is so placed as to come against
the lever when the table J is nearly at the end of its travel, so
that the lever is caused to vibrate by the action of the tappet
against it, and through the spindle j and pulley j" the motion is
communicated to the cord i which is attached to the pulley j". The
tappet j must be shifted and fixed in the groove to suit the travel
of the table J and the throw required to be given to the lever j';
on the return travel the lever should vibrate back against a stop

page_text: conveniently placed. A weight at the end of the cord i (not shewn
in this Figure, but such as that lettered E seen in Figure 17), serving
to return the lever against its stop. By the means just described
it will be understood that the tool may be actuated in its axial
movement by a jumping action at either end of the travel of the
table of the machine. The tool can also be actuated at the end of
the travel of the table of the machine by the movement which may
be used to give the feed to the slide B (referring back to Figure 17).
The pulley d might in such case be fixed to the spindle b', the cord i
being passed round it and extended between two fixed points carried
by the cross slide G; as the slide B travels along the slide G the
pulley d would be turned slowly round, and as the movement of
the slide B would take place at the end of the travel of the table
when the feed is given the axial movement of the tool would take
place at the same time. A wheel and pinion can be used if desired
to increase the movement of the tool as compared with the movement
of the pulley d.
Figure 26 shews an arrangement by which the usual motion for
lifting the tool previous to the return stroke of the table of the
planing machine is made available to turn round the tool.
Y
a is the tool; e¹, a worm working into a worm wheel at the back
of the tool b'; the worm spindle is supported in bearings in the
vibrating holder A; h is a ratchet wheel fast upon the end of
spindle b. The pawl is attached to the tool box A', and takes into
the ratchet wheel h, thus when the holder vibrates upon its trunnions
,, the pawl turns the ratchet wheel h round a portion of its
circumference, thus giving the tool its axial movement.
Another mode of turning the tool by taking advantage of the
vibrating action just referred to is shewn in Figures 27 and 28. The
ratchet wheel h is in this instance placed on the end of the tool
spindle b and the pawl is attached to the slide B. The tool is
shewn in the Figure in contact with its work at a', but when raised
(vibrating upon the trunnions at ') the ratchet wheel his depressed,
the pawl then takes higher up upon the ratchet wheel, so that in
the return action the pawl moves the ratchet wheel h, and thus
actuates the tool and imparts to it the axial motion.
Figure 29 shows a mode of applying my axial edge tool to shaping
machines for cutting and dressing metals.

page_text: K represents the usual moving arm or slide; K', the frame of the
machine. The tool a comes into contact with the work C at a¹ and
is turned by means of the worm wheel e on the spindle b. Into the
wheel e a worm upon spindle b' gears; this spindle has its bearings
in the support A. Ratchet wheel is fixed to the spindle b', and is
turned by the pawl / attached to the lever j; the reciprocating motion
of the arm K actuates this lever by means of the rod j', which has
adjustable stops j, j", placed upon it; these stops being set so as in
succession to come into contact with the bearing piece j'.
Figure 30 illustrates a mode of applying my Invention to slotting
machines for cutting and dressing metals.
K represents the moving slide; K', the frame of the machine; a is
the tool which fits into the holder A; the holder A is firmly fixed in
the moving slide K. The movement for turning round the tool in its
holder A is very similar to that described in reference to the last Figure
and applied to a shaping machine. h is the ratchet wheel; j the lever;
j', the stop; is a piece fastened to the frame K' for carrying the stops,
and has a slot in it for the stops j', j, to slide in.
In Figures 31, 32, and 33, my Invention is shown applied to an
apparatus for boring cylinders.
L represents a boring bar, one end only of which is shown. The
driving wheel may be fixed at L'. The fixed bearing in which the
bar turns is indicated at L2; L" is the boring head provided to receive
four slides L', one of which only is shown in position. Tool a is
shown mounted on the slide L', which affords ready means for
adjusting to bore the required diameter. Axial motion is communi-
cated to the tool a by means of worm wheel e, worm e¹, spindle b',
worm wheel e, screw e", pinion e', and the toothed ring wheel e'.
This ring wheel is fastened to the frame L²; the pinion e* gears into
the ring wheel e", and as it is carried round the main centre it is.
caused to turn upon its axis and to turn the screw spindle é, upon
the end of which it is fixed. The screw e turns in a bearing provided
for it in the supporting piece L³, which is fixed to the bar L and
rotates with it. Thus it will be seen that as the bar L rotates upon
its axis the screw e³ is caused to turn upon its axis and to give axial
motion to the tool a. In order to advance the boring head L³ along
the bar L, two screws are provided; on the end of these screws
pinions are fixed which gear into the internal toothed wheel F,

page_text: the wheel fits freely upon the bar L and is formed with teeth also
at its circumference and there gears with pinion which is fast upon
the screw spindle e³. Through these means motion is communicated
to the screws 1, which can be connected with the boring head L³ in the
usual way.
Le represents the cylinder operated upon, the tools a
coming into contact with the cylinder at a'.
Figures 34 and 35 show an adaptation of my Invention to planing
machines for wood in which flying tools are used. Arrangements are
shown for four tools, but it will suffice for me to refer only to one in my
description.
a is the tool which is turned upon its axis by worm wheel and
worm. The axial motion is communicated to the tool a through
spindle b', universal joint m, spindle m', wheels m² and m³, and
spindle m*. Any convenient differential motion may be applied to
the spindle m'. M represents the driving wheel; M', a pinion gear-
ing with wheel M, and fast upon the main shaft M². It will be readily
understood that a pinion may be fixed to the upper end of the
spindle m of a diameter larger than the pinion M¹ and arranged to
gear with a wheel of a smaller diameter than the wheel M and
fixed to the same shaft as the wheel M, and that by this means a
differential motion will be obtained between the shaft M and the
spindle m which passes through it, and that by this difference of
motion the desired axial movement of the tool can be obtained.
represents the block of wood under treatment.
M'
Figures 36 and 37 represent a mode of turning the tool by means
of a friction roller applied against the object operated upon. n is
the friction roller which runs upon the object under treatment C;
this roller is made fast by a set screw to the spindle n'. The
spindle n' is supported in bearings in the frame n² which vibrates
upon the spindle b¹. On the end of spindle n¹ wheel n³ is placed
and gears with the wheel n' upon the worm spindle b', and thus the
motion is communicated to the tool a which comes into contact with
the object C at a¹.. The apparatus is mounted to travel with B, which
represents the slide of a lathe. Axial movement may also be con-
veniently transmitted to the tool by a band or cord passing round the
object under treatment in a lathe; in such case the band or cord should
be guided so as to be carried along with the slide of the lathe, the tool
being also mounted in its holder on the same slide.

page_text: The mode of actuating the tool shown in Figures 36, 37, and also
the mode last referred to, will apply to the turning of long uniform
cylinders against which a friction wheel or a band or cord will readily.
act.
Figures 38 and 39 shew an arrangement similar to that described
with reference to Figures 36 and 37, but adapted to the boring of
cylinders. C represents a portion of the cylinder; a the tool operating
against it at a; n is a friction wheel which may be covered with'
leather or vulcanized india-rubber. Wheel n has pinion n' attached
to it and turns upon a pin made fast in the vibrating frame n².
Pinion n gears with the wheel n' which is placed upon the end of.
the spindle n which turns in bearings connected with the slide P.
This slide is mounted upon P', which represents a portion of a boring
head, and is adjusted by screw n; spindle n' has a worm upon it,
which gears with a worm wheel on spindle n'. At the other end of n
is a worm gearing with a worm wheel upon the end of the tool spindle.
By these means continuous axial movement is communicated to the;
tool during the progress of the cut. The spring n through lever nº
(which is attached to the frame n²), operates to keep the wheel
against the cylinder with the necessary force. The tool head P1 may
be advanced through the cylinder by any suitable means, and will carry
with it in its passage both the tool and the apparatus just described for
giving the tool axial motion.
Figures 40 and 41 shew an arrangement of my Invention by which
I obtain the axial movement of the tool by placing it at an angle,
so that it will revolve at the time of cutting (by the friction of the
work against its edge) faster or slower according to the angle which
the plane of rotation of its cutting edge makes with a line indicating
the direction of the cut. a represents the tool; its spindle is fitted
to turn freely in a coned bearing in holder N and upon an adjustable
step. The holder N is provided with a cylindrical arm N' which fits
in the rest Nº. A segmental worm wheel N³ is fixed to the end of
the arm N', and the worm o gears into it. The spindle of the worm o
is provided with bearings upon the slide rest N2, and may be turned.
by the handle o'. By these means the tool may be placed at the
desired angle with facility, and when so placed the holder N can be
firmly fixed by the binding screws o³. It may be also bound firmly
by the nut on the end of the arm N¹. The curved arrow indicates

page_text: the direction in which the tool turns whilst cutting when the tool is
inclined in the direction shown in the Figure. If it be inclined in the
opposite direction it will turn the other way.
Figure 42 represents an arrangement nearly similar to that indicated
in Figures 40 and 41, but instead of the segmental worm wheel and
worm shewn in those Figures for angling the tool it is accomplished.
by the bar p and set screws p', p³. The bar p is fixed to the
end of the arm N' of the holder N, which is seen more clearly in
Figure 40, and the points of the set screws form stops which, come against
the top of the slide Nº. In the Figure the point of the screw p³
is shown against the slide N. Screw o is used for fastening the tool
holder, as in the last Figure.
:
Figure 43 shows an angled tool mounted for boring a cylinder repre-
sented at C. a is the tool, which comes into contact with the work at
a. N is the holder; its cylindrical arm is fixed in a bearing in Q, which
represents a portion of a boring head.
Figures 44 and 45 shew another arrangement for supporting and
setting the tool to the desired angle that it may be turned upon its
axis by the operation of cutting. a is the tool; its spindle b is carried
in bearings c and c¹ of the holder O, which vibrates at the bolt q which
is fast in it, and passes through the top of the slide O', in which it fits
freely. The nut on the bolt q when tightened binds the holder O to
the slide O'; the bolt and nut q' also serve to bind the holder O to the
slide O'. The axis of the tool is shown vertical in the Figure, but it
may be angled in either direction by turning the handle q2, which,
through the wheels q³, actuates the worm q', which gears into a toothed
segment on the lower part of the holder O. When the tool is set to
the desired angle by the means just described the nuts on the bolts
and q¹ should be tightened. The cutting edge of the tool a is shown in
this Figure on a level with the axis upon which the holder vibrates.
In order to adjust the height of the tool slide O is arranged to slide in
the supporting slide O; a projecting piece q which forms part of
slide O¹ passes through an opening in the supporting slide O³, and is
furnished with an adjusting screw q, the point of which acts against
the piece q', which forms part of O³. When the tool is adjusted to
height by these means the nuts q¹ and q³ may be tightened; the bolt
upon which the nut 78 is placed is fastened into the slide O¹, and passes

page_text: through an elongated hole in the supporting slide O². Bolt and nut. '
serve to fix both holder O and slide O' to the supporting slide 0%, in
which there is an elongated hole for it, while in the holder O there,
is a slot to admit of the holder O being angled. O represents part
of the travelling slide of a lathe. The tool spindle should be accurately
fitted in its bearings so as to work truly and freely, and the set screw
for supporting the pivot end should be carefully adjusted to prevent
an excess of pressure coming upon the cone bearing at c. The nut
below the cone bearing c may be dispensed with if preferred; it is
placed to prevent any rising action of the tool, but it is not intended
to act with force against the under side of the bearing c. If desired,
means may be added to the arrangement just described, to rotate the
tool through its spindle, also so that either mode can be used at pleasure.
When the more arbitrary means is employed to actuate the tool through
its spindle its axial movement can be perfectly controlled at all speeds,
however slow; but the axial movement obtained by angling the tool
cannot conveniently be reduced in speed below a certain rate, which
is governed by the friction to be overcome in giving it rotation, and
its proportion to the power applied against the edge in the direction of
its rotation.
Figure 46 shows an angled tool and holder placed in a position such
as it would occupy when used in a planing machine. C represents the
surface under treatment; the straight arrow indicates the direction
in which it moves The tool a comes into contact with the work
at a', and turns while cutting in the direction the arrow upon it
indicates.
Figures 47 and 48 also represent my improved tools mounted in holders
suited for being angled.
Figures 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, and 56 show various forms of tools
which I need not describe in detail, as their construction will be readily
understood from the Drawings.
In these Figures a represents the cutting portion of the tool; b, the
spindle; A, a portion of the holder; e, a worm wheel; e', a worm.
I have shown in the Drawings various way in which my improved
axial edge tool may be formed and constructed, the spindle of the tool
and the part which is formed to a cutting edge are either made in one

page_text: piece or are firmly fixed together. The cutting edge should turn truly
and concentric. with the spindle, which is provided, as I have shown,
with pivotting end or ends, coned or cylindrical bearing parts, and cone
centres, so that by these means it may be fitted to turn freely and
truly in its holder, and that it may be supported with steadiness against
the pressure of the cut, and may be turned round while cutting. The
tool holders used in my apparatus are formed with accurately finished
bearing parts, to which the tool spindle is fitted. They have also
bearing screws with flat or coned points to assist in taking the pressure
off the coned or other bearing parts, and to regulate the pressure
upon those parts. In all cases where the cone bearing has only a
slight angle of inclination from the line of axis of the tool I employ
bearing screw to act against the pivotting end of the tool spindle.
In cases where the whole pressure of the cut is borne by a cone bearing
I make the angle of the cone great enough to avoid excessive friction
in turning the tool. The spindle of the tool should in all cases have a
step or pivot bearing when the tool is to be turned by the action of
the work against its edge. My improved tool should be carefully
ground so that the cutting edge may turn truly upon its axis, and the
more especially so when it is desired to produce a perfect surface upon
the work.
In the process of grinding I prefer to make the tool to turn upon
its axis, while the grinder which acts against it turns also. The grinders
should be varied to suit the form of the edge of the tool, and may be
made of any suitable grinding substance, or of metal coated with a
grinding substance. When it is desired to dress with great perfection
a large surface of metal, as in the boring of steam cylinders, the
surfacing of the tables of planing machines, and in other cases, it may
be found preferable to turn the tool only once round during the progress
of the cut over the whole surface, every part will then have been sub-
ject to the same condition of the edge of the tool. Such a slow axial
movement of the tool should be obtained by actuating the tool through
its spindle. The tool may be turned on its axis either rolling over
towards the cut or in the opposite direction, in which latter case the
incoming part of the edge of the tool gives its finish to the work. In
the first case, the incoming or fresh part of the edge of the tool first
reduces the thickness of the cut, and then finishes the surface of the
work.

page_text: In the instances in the Drawings where I have given sketches of
parts of machines to illustrate the application of my Invention I have
only thought it useful to indicate the features of the machines
sufficiently to make the manner of applying my Invention clearly
understood.
I am aware that circular edge tools have been already used or
proposed for various purposes and in various ways. Fixed circular edged
tools have been used for cutting metals with similarly formed edges to
some of those shown in my Drawings. In the cases where such tools
have been used they have been fixed firmly to the slide while the work
is going forward, and until the portion of the circumference which has
been the operating part is worn sufficiently according to the judgment
of the operator to make it desirable that another portion in a better
condition should be used instead of the part worn away or blunted.
In such a case when the changing of the edge is performed the fasten-
ing which binds it to the rest is undone by the operator, and he brings
round a fresh part of the edge for use; he then again fastens the tool to
the rest before commencing to work.
Circular edged tools have also been used for dressing stone; they
have been made in the form of a disc with the circumference of a
V section, and have been mounted upon an axis placed at a right angle
to the path of the cut, so that the tool rolls upon the stone as a carriage
wheel upon a roadway, producing a crushing action or a combined
dividing and crushing action of the tool against the surface of the
stone.
These methods it will be at once seen have their distinct charac-
teristics, and are in no respect similar to my Invention as herein shewn
and described.
I do not claim as my Invention the application or use of circular edge
tools generally; but what I claim is,-
First. The application or use of circular edge tools of the kind herein
shown and described with means or apparatus to give rotation or axial
motion to the cutting edge of such tools, substantially in the manner
herein shown and described.
Second. I claim the forming or furnishing of circular edge tools of
the kind herein shown and described with a spindle or axis to which
the tool is either fixed or with which it is formed in one piece, such

page_text: axis or spindle being provided with bearing parts for the spindle to turn
upon, substantially as herein shown and described.
In witness whereof I, the said James Murdoch Napier, have here-
unto set my hand and seal, this Seventeenth day of July, in
the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-
eight.
JAMES M. NAPIER. (L.S.)