IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MAKING OF SAFETY PAPER, AND IN THE MACHINERY OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN
Year: 1863

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Tasker, the younger, of Waterloo Iron
Works, and of Manor House, in the Parish of Upper Clatford, in the
County of Southampton, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
MAKING OF SAFETY PAPER, AND IN THE MACHINERY OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED
THEREIN."
Sealed the 26th April 1864, and dated the 31st October 1863.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Tasker at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 31st
October 1863.
I, WILLIAM TASKER, the younger, of Waterloo Iron Works, and of Manor
House, in the Parish of Upper Clatford, in the County of Southampton,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
MAXING OF SAFETY PAPER, AND IN THE MACHINERY OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED
THEREIN," to be as follows:-
In carrying out this Invention I employ a metal casting with vertical
sides and ends, forming a geometrical figure, usually an oblong, the interior
cavity of which is of the shape and dimension of the separate sheets of water
mark paper intended to be made, at both ends of it are slotted ratchets for
adjusting and regulating the duplicate cylinder hereafter explained. This
casting also has lateral slots upwards, but not through to the surface edge,
and, by preference, the slots are semicircular at the top and bottom. Several
of these vertical castings are jointed so as to form a connected series, and the
[Price 8d.]

page_text: number thus united is proportionate to the quality, strength, and thickness of
the water mark paper to be made, and to the rate of speed in making it;
this combination, for want of a more distinctive name, may be termed the
vehicula or carriages. Two octagonal cylinders are placed opposite to each
other with their axes parallel, but as the cylinder at the upper end of the
machine works on moveable centres in vertical slots, it can rise and fall alter-
nately without changing its relative position, in which case both cylinders
would be on the same horizontal level during the latter action only. This
movement of the upper cylinder may be regulated or altogether suspended
by inserting a pin across each slot. Every side or flat of the octagonal
cylinders is the exact size to receive, carry, and deliver each section of the
vehicula, and while revolving one section after another in continued succession
throughout the whole series, performs a given circuit longitudinally on guides,
and then passes upon, over, or round the two cylinders; therefore the limit of
this circuit is at each extremity of the two octagonal cylinders, and its extent
is described in the space between them. No part of the vehicula is fixed to
the octagonal cylinders; these simply receive, carry, and deliver each section
on the corresponding flats so as to place the vehicula while in motion at any
level or angle or in any position, and subject to any movement, whether
sustained, intermittent, or reciprocal, that is requisite for the several processes.
I do not propose to restrict the form of the two cylinders to the octagonal;
the shape can be varied, and the vehicula made to match, but each of the
ends of all the sections of the vehicula is to be invariably a piece the exact
size of the flats on the cylinders. I also disclaim the use of any independent
carryingapparatus,such as chains and other similar linked gear, situatebetween
the bed of the machine and the vehicula so as to be separate from both, and not
contained therein, for the vehicula move along and upon friction wheel and
roller guides without any intermedial subsidiaries of that kind, the aforesaid
guides being a constituent part of the bed and vehicula, as follows:-Two
right-angled or rabbetted guides extend in horizontal parallel lines one on
each side of the machine from the upper octagonal cylinder either to the
lower or to the top of the inclined plane; the inner roller guides are placed
across the machine commencing at or near the extremity of the vibratory
table, thence along the machine, and as far as the second octagonal cylinder.
These inner guide rollers from the lower end of the vibratory table (not yet
described) to the duplicate cylinder are a gradual incline of about one-eighth
() of an inch to a foot, but the remaining portion is perfectly level. The
outer wheel guides terminate, or their prime action as guides is suspended
awhile at the top of the inclined plane (formed by the rollers) where a

page_text: junction is made, and the vehicula travel on the roller guides at right angles
with the line of motion, being the course of movement throughout the whole
of these directive stages; consequently the roller guides form the bed to this
extent, and the wheel guides are another part of it or of the vehicula; both
may be comprised in the bed itself, or distributed as above. A table of two
planes united at both ends by a transverse rail is supported on springs that
impart their elastic force to it, and produce a vibratory or quick reciprocating
motion up and down. This vibration from its original starting point at the
upper end of the machine decreases gradually until any portion of the
vehicula, in the course of revolving, has passed the extremity of the vibratory
table, at which point the vibrations altogether cease; but when any section
of the vehicula, after reaching the second octagonal cylinder, proceeds on
towards the first, it again comes into contact with the vibratory motion, and
80 on in regular alternations during the successive circuits of the vehicula;
therefore one portion of the vehicula, while revolving has the vibrations
transmitted to it by the operative elasticity of the springs, and the other part,
though moving at the same rate of speed, has temporarily ceased to vibrate
until it again reaches the original acting and reacting impulses of the springs.
These movements of vibration to non-vibration act simultaneously during the
uniform circuits of the vehicula, and the passing from full vibration to
diminishing vibration, and thence to its suspension occurs in consecutive
order. The first or upper octagonal cylinder may be subject to this vibratory
motion to the same extent as the vehicula, or its effect on that cylinder can
be wholly suspended by closing the vertical slots in which its moveable centres
work. The graduated decrease in the vibratory motion is produced as
follows: At the upper end of the machine is a pair of wheels which are
toothed the whole circumference of each wheel, and two brackets are placed
underneath the planes so as to come in contact with both wheels while in
revolution. At the lower end two pins or pivots are fixed to the table or
planes before described, which pivots work in corresponding slots, and thus
receive a diminished vibratory motion; or a similar arrangement to that at
the upper end of the vibratory table can be applied to the lower end also, and
thus from both extremities produce the same motion throughout its whole
length. The force and action of these rapid interchangeable movements or
vibrations from the range of the lowest degree of impetus to the highest may
be compared with an inclined plane; but another feature of this mechanical
combination is of importance, namely, although the superior or upper surface
of the table has a greater vibration transmitted to one portion of it than to
the other, yet the intermittent or vibratory action of the upper surface of the

page_text: table is such, that the vehicula, in travelling over and along it, nearly
maintain a level, a slight deviation from the perfect level being essential to
prevent the backward tendency in the flow of the pulp; this effect may be
obtained by any other suitable arrangement. The vibratory motion can be
increased or diminished at either or at both extremities of its action by means
of regulating screws that lessen or extend the space of the slots in which the
pins or pivots move, and that shorten or lengthen the stroke or lift of the
brackets on the toothed wheels. As previously observed, a uniform system
of vibration may be applied to the entire table by making the motory cause
equal at both ends of it, in which case the brackets would be placed under the
lower end of the vibratory table instead of the pins or pivots. Several plates
intersecting each other at right angles form a kind of trellis, their surfaces
being a single plane or otherwise according to the elevations of the pattern of
the matrice to be placed thereon. Each plate is an acute-angled triangle, the
apex of which extends up to the surface plane or planes, and as many plates
as will be in proportion to the size of the trellis have at the base of
both ends an adjustable pin to work up and down in the lateral slots of the
vehicula. Minute metal cylindrical lines are inlaid, about four to the inch,
either longitudinally or diagonally on the surface of these plates, and also
borderwise on the extreme edges of their sides and ends; this trellis slides
into the vehicula, each section of which is inverted for that purpose, and then
the trellis is kept in its working positions by the adjustable pins before men-
tioned; upon it the "laid" or wove wire and "marking," or the stamped
plates are attached for receiving the pulp and producing therein the
semiopacities or water marks. Now, as the pins work upward in the lateral
slots of the vehicula, so when each section of it arrives at the inclined plane
formed by the guide rollers, the trellis and the matrice thereon rise gradually
to the full elevation, that is, a little higher than the upper surface of the
vehicula, which latter varies not in height by the action of the guides. The
trellis and matrice return to the original position in the vehicula for receiving
the pulp or "stuff" by their unsupported weight, though, if necessary, the
depression can be caused by a roller working in moveable centres to rise and
fall as much as the trellis and matrice do in the vehicula. This roller would
be situate just before the trellis and matrice in the course of revolving come
to the place of supply at the upper end of the machine.
The matrices fastened on the trellis may be formed by any of the methods
now in use, but the kind of matrice best adapted to this machine is made by
pressing and stamping the whole design on wove wire in dies with moveable
sections, or by pressing wove wire between raised and engraved cylinders.

page_text: The embossed wire is then superimposed on " backing" in the usual manner.
Electrotype,stamped, saw-pierced,orwiremarking,can beapplied tothismatrice.
Another method is to coat the wove wire with an etching ground, and
trace or impress the design through it; then by the electrotype process
cause the metallic deposit to cohere between the conductible interstices of
the wire, and likewise to project above it.
For the production of elaborate semi-opacities or water marks in which the
intensities of light and shade are conspicuous, a duplicate cylinder is employed
in conjunction with the matrice. On both ends of this cylinder are toothed
wheels to work in the ratchets of the vehicula as the several sections duly
arrive where it is situate, the size of these toothed wheels being arranged so
that the area of the plane of each matrice is equal to any given whole or part
revolution of the duplicate cylinder, the latter being mounted on bearings
with regulating screws for the purpose of allowing it to rise and fall in its
centres. The framework of this cylinder is covered with the embossed design,
and when adjusted for working it forms the counterpart of the matrices
while the latter are in motion,therefore the embossed pattern of every matrice
matches that of the cylinder in passing under it, the pulp only intervening
between them to receive on both sides the impression in fac-simile of the
design, and thus by a compound method producing the semi-opacities or water
marks in outline and shade. This configuration is either sunk in the matrice
and raised on the duplicate cylinder or the reverse, these arrangements being
similar in action to a die and its counterpart; further, the pattern for pro-
ducing the water marks can be on the cylinder only, and all the matrices be
plain "laid" or wove wire, or the latter may contain any pattern, and be used
without the duplicate cylinder; or the design may be distributed in sections
over the matrices and cylinder, so that the separate portions when combined
may form the perfect water mark pattern in the paper. The effect of semi-
transparent applied "marking" can be produced by filling the interstices of
the matrice and duplicate cylinder with a soft metallic amalgam or any other
suitable stopping; however, in general use the raised lines of the wove wire
will give any water mark delineation in paper without having recourse to
such adjuncts. Underneath the matrices on both sides of the duplicate
cylinder is an apparatus to create a vacuum, and by atmospheric pressure
to force and compact the pulp into each matrice as it passes along.
The method of making endless water mark paper is as follows:-Several
small rollers are placed across the vibratory table,and a large drum is used at
each extremity of the "circuit," before described, instead of the octagonal
cylinders. The vehicula and trellis are superseded by a continuous web of

page_text: embossed wove wire. The drums are large and circular to prevent the
embossed pattern from being disarranged by over tension during its revolu-
tions or circuits. In order to keep the pattern at proper elevation, and to
avoid abrasion, all that part of the drums and rollers is removed which
corresponds with the indentations of the wove wire for producing the shaded
water marks. The general principle of this arrangement is analogous to that
of the ordinary paper-making machine, and with the above modifications can
be adapted to it; but the essential novelty is the embossed endless wove wire
to produce the water mark paper either with or without the duplicate
cylinder; for this fac-simile marking the duplicate cylinder is mounted on
bearings with regulating gear, and has equidistant parts round its outer
rims to work in metallic eyelets in the embossed wire; in other respects
the duplicate process is like that hitherto described.
Another modification is to emboss a border on the endless wove wire, and
to cover this border with oil silk or gold leaf, or close its interstices with
oleaginous, mastic, or other suitable material,so that it is impervious to water,
and resists a lodgement of pulp thereon. A roller revolving in contact with
these borders at the time of supplying with pulp, as also subsequently to it,
produces separate sheets of paper with deckle-like edges on the endless wove
wire. The duplicate cylinder in this case would have a convex groove in, it
to escape contact with the embossed borders; or the latter can be non-porous
and sufficiently raised to make the paper thin enough at that line of demar-
cation to be torn apart after the manner of the perforated postage labels.
Another form of embossing applicable to the making of separate sheets and of
endless paper, is to have the elevations or ground work planes of the designs
embossed, so as to produce blank thickness or thicknesses of paper, and to
impress the water marks into those blanks of pulp or semi-formed paper by
means of the duplicate cylinder, the former producing the requsite thickness
or thicknesses of paper in a single sheet, or in a continuous length, and the
duplicate cylinder producing the water mark configuration therein, so that
given parts of the design are impressed on a particular plane or thickness of
the half-formed paper, and the water-mark is developed accordingly con-
secutively. The endless wove wire is embossed thus:-The design is engraved
in a steel roller, and a counterpart roller is taken in copper or a softer
substance, such as gutta percha. The wove wire coiled round a drum passes
thence along a guiding tray between the pressing rollers. The embossing is
performed at several operations, the rollers being brought into closer contact
by regulating gear every time the wove wire passes between them, and for
this purpose it is annealed repeatedly. The rollers are mounted similarly to

page_text: those used in calendering. The wove wire can be embossed either in sections
or continued lengths.
Another plan of embossing the matrice is to engrave the design on a plate
and to pass it between a pair of plain rollers, the annealed wove wire being
placed on the plate with a layer of paper or other soft substance between the
wove wire and the rollers,and the pressure is regulated according to the depth
of the design. Electrotype plates may be used for this purpose instead of
the soft paper "force."
It is to be observed that the majority of water-mark designs are lineal, or
produced by raised lines on the matrice, whereas the shaded water marks are
formed by indentations in the matrice, therefore the general term"embossing"
comprehends all marking, both raised and sunk, that is formed by pressure
on and in the surface of wove wire.
The machine is fed with pulp by the existing methods or by modifications
to regulate the quantity of pulp and to distribute its flow equ ally over the
matrices, namely, a vessel with lifts or valves to discharge a measured quantity
of pulp and a meter to test its specific gravity. The place of supply in this
machine is just before the matrice reaches the vibratory table, where it
receives, by the natural laws or forces of applied mechanics, a reciprocating
motion equal to about three-fifths of the normal starting point of vibration.
Every matrice after this operation of feeding with "stuff" continues subject
to the vibratory motion, which, as previously described, decreases gradually as
each matrice proceeds towards the second octagonal cylinder at the lower end
of the machine, andthen the vibrations cease to effect that particular matrice
until it arrives at the original vibrations, and so in regular order all the
matrices, one following the other, perform their circuits on the vehicula.
Receivers for waste pulp are placed underneath the vehicula near to the
point of supply, and also troughs to convey the superfluous "stuff" to the
"chest" for the purpose of being used again. Or the small space between
any two vehicula can be stopped by an inclined guard placed on the surface
of the front vertical side of each vehicule, the inclination being towards the
feeding apparatus.
The next process is the transfer of the paper from the matrice, which is
performed in the subjoined mode:-Underneath the machine is the couch
roller covered with felt, above this is the small upper couch roller with a
flange at each end to guide the vehicula in the transit over the couch
roller,and to keep the trellis with the matrice thereon at the elevation requisite
for couching, the bearings of it working in slots or moveable centres; a guide
couch roller with flanges, as above, is placed in front of the upper couch

page_text: roller, this guide couch roller having moveable centres and working in like
manner. The vehicula are successively guided by these two upper rollers, so
as to bring the superior or pattern surface of each matrice on which the paper
is made in contact lengthwise with the first or couch roller, its diameter being
in proportion to the size of the matrice. Upon the line of contact any
amount of pressure can be given to the under or inner part of the vehicula
with the matrices attached thereto, because while revolving the latter are
inverted at that part of the machine where the couch roller is situate for the
transfer of the paper from the matrices to it. The pressure is produced thus:-
The second of these three rollers has two levers, one end of each lever resting
on each bearing of the roller; at the other end of each lever is a joint attached
by an arm to the bed of the machine. The levers are divided to scale, and
have moveable weights suspended from them, which regulate the pressure
according to the distance those weights are from the fulcrum of the lever.
This pressure can be employed from the minimum to the maximum, as
required, in the couching of the different kinds of paper. Round the couch
roller passes an endless felt, which is strained to proper tension by one or
more smaller rollers with regulating screws. Guides are also used to keep it
when moving in the right direction. As this endless felt performs its circuit
round the couch roller the paper is transferred on to it sheet by sheet, and
carried thence in succession to the lower extremity of the machine. In the
course of that operation the endless felt, with the sheets of paper thereou,
passes between ordinary press rollers to squeeze out the superfluous water,
but, if required by the heights of the design, it can be done on a graduated
scale, and so avoid damaging the water marks by too sudden pressure. For
the return of the vehicula, after leaving the couch roller, there are guide
rollers with moveable centres, or otherwise situate under the machine bed
between the couch roller and the first octagonal cylinder. One or more
rollers, if requisite, can be used to prevent the vibratory motion being com-
municated to that part of the machine where the couching is performed.
Another endless felt may pass between the press rollers over the paper on the
first endless felt. A suitable box or chamber contains a revolving brush or
brushes, through which the endless felt passes, in order to remove any super-
fluous stuff that might still adhere to its surface after delivering the paper.
A similar contrivance may be adapted to clean the matrices. Underneath
the bed of the machine, situate between or outside the octagonal cylinders,
are jets and reservoirs for rinsing the matrices with water during the circuit
of the vehicula, and like arrangements can be used for removing extraneous
particles from the felt.

page_text: For making paper of two waterleaf shee's united by pressure on the couch
roller, it is only necessary to place two machines in contraposition and work
bth simultaneously, the two waterleaf sheets would be pressed into one sheet
on the endless felts at the extremities of the machines, or the matrices of a
single machine can be supplied with pulp, either white or of several colors, at
two or more places over the vibratory table. This completes the making of
the water mark paper in the blotting or waterleaf stage, it can then be dried,
sized, and glazed by the usual processes. All the component parts of the
machine are mounted on a frame with standards, and nearly the whole of it
is made of metal for accuracy in working and for resisting the action of
water.
An indicator is fixed to the machine for the purpose of recording on dial
plates the number of every sheet of paper, and of the total quantities made
during any given period it is in work. Obviously a complete system of water
mark registration can be adapted either to the duplicate cylinder or to the
matrices, the numerals, letters, and signs employed therein being adjustable.
Various tinted or colored papers in conjunction with water marks may be
made by this machine.
1.
The motive power.-On the shaft of the octagonal cylinder, at the lower
end of the machine is the fly wheel, on which is a smaller wheel flange that
communicates by a driving band with another wheel on the shaft of the couch
roller, and imparts to the latter a motion equal to the ratio of the speed of
the vehicula, so that these (the vehicula) and the couch roller move at the
same rate of speed. A driving band from the fly wheel to another wheel,
the latter being on the shaft of the tooth wheels, transmits the motion to the
vibratory table; this same wheel (which is on the shaft of the tooth wheels)
having a flange for carrying a band to the wheel that drives the knotter and
agitators. Or the required motions to the different parts of the machine can
be obtained by wheeled gearing or other suitable means.
0 SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said William Tasker in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 30th
April 1861.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
TASKER, the younger, of Waterloo Iron Works, and of Manor House, in the
5 Parish of Upper Clatford, in the County of Southampton, send greeting.
B

page_text: S
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letter
Patent, bearing date the Thirty-first day of October, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, in the twenty-seventh year o
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said William Tasker, the younger, Her special license that I, the said
William Tasker, the younger, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or
such others as I, the said William Tasker, the younger, my executors, admi
nistrators, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from
time to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of
Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MAKING OF SAFETY PAPER, AND
IN THE MACHINERY OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN,"
upon the condition
(amongst others) that I, the said William Tasker, the younger, my executors or
administrators, by an instrument in writing under hand and seal, or under
the hand and seal of one of them, should particularly describe and ascertain
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be
performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said William Tasker, the younger, do
hereby declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement, reference being had to the accompanying Drawings, and
to the letters and figures marked thereon, that is to say:--
The primary object of my said Invention is to supersede the manufacture
of water mark safety paper by hand, in order to raise the standard of the tests
of its genuineness, and to render the possibility of counterfeiting it more
remote than hitherto. Among the secondary advantages arising from the
substitution of machinery for manual labor, I may mention the saving of space,
together with greater economy and expedition in the making. The scope of
my improvements will be apparent on referring to the fact that the original
vat process, though devoid of intrinsic excellence, has undergone no essential
change whatever. In the first place, the prime operation is performed
independantly of any fixed rule; the quantity of pulp the vatman dips on
the mould, as also the length of time and the way in which he shakes it, are
both done by hand, or, in other words, by guesswork, as compared with the
uniform precision of machinery; therefore the identity of the water-marks,
together with the texture and strength of the paper, depend on manipulations

page_text: that cannot be subject to the absolute control of the workman. In the
making of hand papers the peculiar flow and work of the pulp or "stuff"
cause the fore side sheet to differ in appearance and thickness from the
opposite sheet made simultaneously on the same mould; now in safety paper
there can be neither diminution nor increase of its standard texture however
small without corresponding deterioration of the semi-opacities commonly
termed the "water marks," and these being formed in the substance of the
paper during the manufacture of it, constitute one of the essential securities
against fraud. Practical illustrations of such defects are recognizable by the
most conspicuous water marks wearing into holes, or by their general in-
distinctness of outline. Again the equable gravity of the pulp, as well as
the manual skill of the workman, regulate to a great extent the uniform
substance and durability of the paper, yet the hydrostatics of the vat
process have not advanced beyond the hand-bowl test.
In the next stage of manufacture one sheet of paper is "couched " on
another, with a felt intervening between each sheet, and the pressure during
the transfer of it from the mould to the felt is made hap-hazard on the
couched sheets, and progressively in this way until the pile of felts is complete.
"Water-marks" are castings taken in pulp from the surface of a "mould,"
and for producing a perfect counterpart of the design there should be no
displacement of the cast after the taking of it, that is, when the pulp has
become sufficiently set on the mould for couching. Ordinarily the water-
mark marks have but a general resemblance to the mould, in consequence of
the uncertain "stroke" of the vatman while taking these casts, and whatever
accuracy of form he may give to the pulp is damaged by this hand couching.
Further, the mould loses its capacity for producing correct delineations in the
paper, because portions of its surface are gradually indented and forced out of
shape by the pressure of the coucher's fingers, and by the repeated concussion
in exchanging moulds. The result is, that every defect on the mould is
reproduced in the paper, therefore parts of it appear cloudy, and the water
marks are disfigured. Absolute identity is impossible amid such changes and
irregularities. Moreover there is no method of ascertaining with positive
exactness the quantity of paper made during its various stages, for all plans
of registration in which manual action is the mover must depend to a great
degree upon the executive will of the workman, and consequently can be
evaded by them. For these and other obvious reasons the vat process can
neither be upheld by the soundness of its general principles nor by the
difficulty of the handicraft employed therein; indeed, if divested of the
prejudices appertaining to monopoly, it must be admitted that the existing

page_text: manufacture of water mark safety paper is greatly in arrear of the correlative
improvements of the age. Nevertheless, by my improvements I have raised
its production to a mechanical system.
In order that my Invention may be fully understood, I shall now proceed
to describe the same, with reference to the several explanatory Figures on
the accompanying Sheets of Drawings, of which Figure 1 (Sheet 1) represents
a complete side elevation of one form of my machinery or apparatus; Figure 2
is a corresponding plan of the same; Figure 3 (Sheet 2) is a longitudinal
vertical section taken along the centre of the machine. The rest of the
Figures are separate details of some of the parts drawn to a larger scale, and
herein-after more fully described. The same letters of reference indicate
corresponding parts throughout all the Figures.
In carrying out my Invention I employ a metal casting A, of which Figure
4 is a longitudinal section, Figure 5 a plan at the top, Figure 6 a bottom plane,
Figure 7 an end elevation, and Figure 8 a cross section. This casting is
made with vertical sides and ends, forming a geometrical figure, usually an
oblong, the interior cavity of which is of the shape and dimensions of the
separate sheets of water mark paper intended to be made, and thus serving
the general purposes of edge plates, and the cutting edges of deckles. Such
casting, or any other similar apparatus, may be formed of one whole piece, or
of separate pieces. At both ends of it are slotted racks B, that is, a rack
at each end provided with slots for adjusting and regulating the duplicate
cylinder, as herein-after explained. This casting has slots C (Figures 9, 10,
and 11,) made in the ends from the base or under edge perpendicularly
upwards, but not extending through to the upper surface or edge, and these
slots may quite pierce through or not the thickness of the sides and ends.
By preference the ends of the slots are simicircular, but they can also be flat.
Several of these castings A are jointed together, so as to form an endless
connected series for any extent and direction of circuit, as shown in Figures
1, 2, and 3, and the number thus united is proportionate to the quality,
strength, and thickness of the water-mark paper to be made, and to the rate
of speed in making it. This combination, for want of a more distinctive
name, Iherein-after term the " vehicula," or carriages. The joint that I prefer
for connecting the several vehicula is made as follows:-- One part D of each
the two joints is cast on each end of each vehicle, and the remaining
portions D¹, one on each extremity of the sides, so that these several parts,
combined with those of other vehicula and with a pin E for each joint, form
the complete joints, and also the union of any two vehicula, as shewn in
Figures 5 and 7. Two octagonal cylinders F, F¹, shewn more clearly in

page_text: Figure 3,are placed opposite to each other with their axes parallel, and nearly
or quite in the same horizontal plane; but as the first cylinder F at the upper
end of the machine works on moveable centres G,Figure 1,in vertical slots H,
it can rise and fall alternately, in which case both cylingers would be on the
same horizontal plane during the latter action only. This movement of the
upper cylinder F may be regulated or altogether suspended by inserting a
pin I across each slot. Both the octagonal cylinders have a circular or other
shaped flange J at or round each end to guide the vehicula, and every side or
flat, whether moveable or otherwise, of the two octagonal cylinders is of the
exact size to receive, carry, and deliver each carriage A of the series, and
while the octagonal cylinders are revolving one section of the vehicula after
another in continued succession throughout the whole endless series, performs
a given circuit longitudinally on guides, and then pass upon, over, or around
the two octagonal cylinders; therefore the limit of this circuit is at each of
the two octagonal cylinders, and its extent is described in the space between
them. This circuit is indicated by arrows in the Drawings. No part of the
vehicula is fixed to the octagonal cylinders, these simply receive upon, carry
over, and deliver from their corresponding flats or sides each vehicle of the
series, so as to place the vehicula while in motion at any level or angle, or in
any position, and subject to the movements, whether sustained, intermittent,
or reciprocal, that is requisite for the several processes. I do not propose to
restrict the form of the two cylinders to the octagonal, the shape can be
varied, and the vehicula made to match; but cach of the ends of all the
Bections of the vehicula is to be invariably a piece the exact size of the flats
on the cylinders, that is to say, inclusive of the joint, with the exception of its
knuckle, the distance from pin to pin of each joint being the determinate and
corresponding line of measurement with the flats of the octagonal cylinders.
The variation in the shape of these two cylinders may comprise any change
of form, or be simply such a transition as from octagonal to hexagonal or
quadrilateral, and so on; further, the variation may consist in removing
portions of the flats or sides of the cylinders, or one whole flat or more, or all
of them from the body or surface of the cylinders, and thus in the latter
arrangement (shewn in Figure 3) leaving the two octagonal ends (if that be
the shape of the whole cylinder) in the form of wheels on the shafts G and K
with their circular flanges J, namely, two on each shaft, but the ends of the
vetricula must still correspond, as above described, with these remaining
sections of the cylinder.
I disclaim the use of any independent carrying apparatus, such as chains,
and other similar linked gear situate between the bed of the machine and the

page_text: vetricula, so as to be separate from both, and not contained therein, for the
vetrucula move along and upon friction wheel and roller guides without any
intermedial subsidaries of that kind, the aforesaid guides being a constituent
part of the bed or main framing. Two right-angled or rabbetted guides M,M',
of one or more planes in height extend in horizontal parallel lines the wholl
or part length on each side of the machine from the upper octagonal cylinderF,
either to the lower cylinder F¹, or to the top of the inclined plane formed by
the series of guide or inner rollers N, N. These rollers extend only partly
across the machine, being carried in a frame 0 of their own set at a slight
inclination, as shown in Figure 3. Figure 12 is a plan of this part of the
machine without the vetucula. This incline commences at or near the lower
extremity of the vibratory table herein-after referred to, thence extends along
the machine, and as far as the series of rollers P, P, which not only extend
completely across the machine, but are in a horizontal plane. The inner
guide roller N, N, from the lower end of the vibratory táble to near the
duplicate cylinder Q, are a gradual incline of about of an inch to a foot, but
the remaining rollers P, P, are perfectly level. When the work is small, the
inclined plane may be formed of wheels instead of rollers. It is the upper
surface of the rollers N and P, and wheel guides R, R, that I have adverted
to as forming the requisite plane or planes of guiding motion for the vetucula.
The wheel guides R, R, attached to the rabetted guides M, M', commence
near to the upper octagonal cylinder F, and terminate; or their prime action
as guides issuspended awhile at the top of the inclined plane, where a junction
at P is made with the rollers P, P, and the vetuclua travel on these rollers
horizontally. Hence the roller guides P, form the guiding bed to this extent,
and the wheel guides R are another part of it; or if required the wheel
guides R may form part of the vetucula; both may be comprised in the bed
itself, that is to say, in the right-angled or rabetted guides, or distributed as
above. But if the antifriction wheels Rare not attached to the verticula (and
I prefer this arrangement), then at the point P where the junction is made
the guide rollers P extend across the whole width of the machine, as above
stated, that is, the rollers P occupy that part of the right-angled or rabbetted
guides which in the other arrangement has the friction wheels R thereon, the
rollers P to this extent forming the outer as well as the inner guides, and
performing their twofold office, consequently the place of junction is the
termination P of the wheel guides R. The action of these guides is as
follows: The first general purpose of the rollers, wheels, and the right-angled
orrabbetted guides is to keep the verticular with the apparatusattached thereto
at the requisite elevations, and in the direction for performing the circuit;

page_text: secondly, the wheel and roller guides obviate friction, as is well known, by
revolving; thirdly, the roller guides N placed at an inclination gradually raise
in succession the trellises and the matrices, herein-after described, from any
plane at which the latter are fed with pulp, either up to the surface edge of
the vetucula, or above it, and further, the roller guides P retain the trellises
with the matrices attached thereto in that position until these are successively
delivered on to the octagonal cylinder F'.
Figures 13 and 14 represent respectivelya transverse section of the rabbetted
guides M and M¹, shewing the position of a vehicle on the wheel guides R
and on the roller guides N, which raise trellises. The frame or vibratory
table M is composed of two pieces or side rails united at both ends by a
transverse rail, and supported at one end on springs S, which impart their
elastic force to it, causing the table to rise and fall at that end as much as the
adjustable pins or pivots Vattached to the table rise and fall in their vertica!
slots ¹, the adjustable screws W regulating the amount of play, and con-
sequently these springs in conjunction. with the tappet wheels (herein-after
described) produce the vibrations. This vibration from its original starting
point at the upper end of the machine decreases gradually until any portion of
the vehicula, in the course of revolving has passed the extremity of the
vibratory table or frame, at which point the vibrations altogether cease to be
directly transmitted by the vibratory table to the vehicula, and the apparatus
attached thereto,butwhen any section of the vehicula, after reaching the lower
or second octagonal cylinder F, proceeds on towards the first or upper
octagonal cylinder F, it again comes under the influence of the vibratory
motion, and so on in regular alternations during the successive circuits of the
vehicula, or two jointed brackets with regulating screws and flat-sided tappet
wheels, as shown in Fig. 15, may be used at the upper end of the vibratory
table instead of the arrangement X, T, U, shown in Fig. 3. These move-
ments of vibration to non-vibration act simultaneously during the uniform
circuits of the vehicula, and the passing from full vibration to diminished
vibration and thence to its suspension occurs in consecutive order, that is to
say,
the table or frame perpetually vibrates, but the vehicula only partake of
the direct full force of this motion, whether it be graduated or uniform, while
travelling over or upon the vibrating table M. Obviously the apparatus
attached to the vehicula, namely, the trellises and the matrices, also receive
the transmitted force of these vibrations in the same degree and to the same
extent as that to which the vehicula is subject.
The graduated decrease in the vibratory motion is produced as follows:-At
the upper end of the machine is a pair of tappet wheels T, which act upon the

page_text: pieces U secured to the, under side of the table at its extremity; the lower
end of the table Mworks on the two pins or pivots U before mentioned, which
pins or pivots by means of the springs S rise and fall in the adjustable vertical
slots v¹, as herein-before described; or a similar arrangement to that at the
upper end of the vibratory table can be applied to the lower end also, and
consequently from both extremities the same motion throughout its whole
length may be produced. The force and action of these rapid interchangable
movements or vibrations from the range of the lowest degree of impetus to
the highest may be compared to an incline plane; but another feature of this
mechanical combination is of importance, namely, although the upper surface
of the table has a greater vibration transmitted to one portion or end of it
than to the other, yet the vibratory action of the whole upper surface of the
table is such that the vehicula in travelling over and along it nearly or quite
maintain a level, a very slight deviation from the perfect level being in inost
cases requisite to prevent the backward tendency in the flow of the pulp; or
the exact level of the vibratory table can be retained by the well-known
application cf an oil silk flap to the feeding lip of the chest. This vibratory
effect may be obtained by any other suitable arrangement; likewise the
first octagonal cylinder F might be made subject to this vibratory motion to
the same extent as the vehicula by supplementary contrivances, or its effect on
that cylinder may be wholly suspended by closing the vertical slots in which
its moveable centres work, but the former contingency is very remote.
The vibratory motion can be increased or diminished by the regulating or
adjusting screws X, which serve as stops for the table to strike against, and
consequentlyshorten or lengthen the stroke of the table,whilst the screws W,W,
serve to regulate the height of the pivots or working centres V of the table
rise and fall in the vertical slots. As previously observed, a uniform system
of vibration may be applied to the entire table by making the motory cause
equal at both ends, in which case the tappet wheels would be placed under
the lower end of the vibratory table as well as under the upper end. The
action of this part of the machine is important as regards the consistence, the
evenness, and the strength of the paper, the latter of which will depend not
only on the natural quality of the fibres, but also on the interlacing or
"shutting" of these together,so that the least number of pores will remain in
the contexture of the paper after it is made. The water in which the fibres
forming the "stuff" or pulp are floated ought during the making of the paper
to subside gradually, otherwise the fibreswill simplycohere likea felted fabric,
therefore the length of time occupied in the vibratory motion and the inter-
changeable force of it should be adapted with perfect accuracy to "shut" or

page_text: interlace the fibres of the pulp on the surface of whatever apparatus may
be used for producing the water mark paper. The scale of velocity of
these mechanical vibrations may range from 60 to 300 per minute. For
making the greatest possible strength of paper this method of vibration is
in contrast to the uncertain shaking of the mould by hand; further, as the
exact alternating motions of the vibratory table cause the paper to be equal
in the density of its parts, that is, in accordance with the elevations of the
matrice, so are any manual efforts fruitless to shake the pulp on the hori-
zontal plane or planes forming the mould surface with a view to distribute
the pulp with perfect uniformity, and in whatever direction the mould is
agitated on the incline from that level plane the paper will in a geometrical
ratio be too thick and the water marks indistinct, whereas the highest part
of the inclination of the mould will produce the reverse defect, namely, the
paper being too thin and the water marks partly in holes. Now this
irregular agitation of the pulp on the mould is an irremediable and radical
deficiency in the making of safety paper by hand.
The trellis Z is composed of several plates intersecting each other at
right angles, or a portion obliquely (see Figures 4, 5, 6, 8, and 10),
their surfaces being single plane or otherwise, according to the elevations
of the pattern of the matrice to be placed thereon. Each plate of the
trellis is an acute-angled triangle, the apex of which extends upwards to
the surface plane or planes which support the matrice. Of course where
many longitudinal plates are used only a few need be brought up to the
surface, as many plates as will be in proportion to the size of the trellis have
at the base of both ends an adjusted lug or projection a, (Figures 9, 10,
and 11,) working up and down in the lateral slots C of the vehicula. A simple
form of lug is to have it cast on the ends of the trellis, as shewn in this
arrangement, the slots C of the vehicula would be flat at the top or ends
instead of semicircular. Minute metal cylindrical rods or wires are inlaid
about four to the inch, either longitudinally or diagonally, on the surface of the
trellis and also borderwise on the extreme edges of the sides and ends in order
to form a groundwork or "backing" for the matrice; or this backing may
consist of a casting attached in one piece to the upper surface of the trellis by
screws, which arrangement I prefer. Upon this trellis are placed the "laid "
or wove wire and "marking" or the stamped plates forming the matrice or
mould 6 (Figures 4, 5, and 8,) for receiving the pulp and producing therein
the semiopacities or water marks. The trellis works vertically inside the
vehicula, each section of which is inverted for that purpose, and then the
trellis is kept in its working positions by the adjustable lugs or projections a

page_text: before mentioned. The term adjustable as applied to this lug or projection
denotes its capacity to be regulated in the slots C of the vehicula, the lug
itself being a fixture to the trellis or forming a part of it while the latter is
at work, but the lug is still adjustable in any arrangement to rise and fall
in the slots aforesaid. The base of the trellis is as much below the under
part or surface edge of the vehicula as the trellis is required to rise in the
vehicula, consequently when both these under parts are even or level (as in
the operation of couching), the surface of the trellis will be either level
"with or slightly above the surface edge of the vehicula. It is obvious that
any degree of play or rise and fall of the trellis in the vehicula may also be
controlled by regulating screws c acting on the adjustable lugs, or by any
suitable contrivance, which lessens or extends the depths of the slots C, or
the slots can be of the exact depth to allow the matrices when fed with
pulp to be at the required distance from the surface edge of the vehicula.
A simple arrangement of this regulating screw is as follows:-The screw c
passes through an aperture in the adjustable lug a into the top of the slot
C, the lug a rests (when the matrices are fed with pulp) on the head of the
regulating screw c, the lug moving freely up and down the plain part of
the screw. The threaded part of the screw enters the end of the vehicula
slot c, and the further it is screwed therein the less will be the rise and fall
of the trellis and lugs a in the slots of the vehicula. As these lugs a work
upwards in the slots C of the action of the guide rollers N, N, forming the
incline plane, it follows that when each vehicle arrives at the aforesaid
incline plane the trellice and the matrice thereon rise gradually as the vehicle
proceeds onwards to the full elevation, and are kept at that elevation by the
rollers P, P, such elevation being either as high or a little higher than the
upper surface edge of the vehicle, the level of which latter is unaffected by
this action of the guides; indeed, the vehicula remain level throughout these
guiding stages, but the trellises and the matrices affixed thereto rise and fall,
as above described. The trellis and matrix,after being retained in the extreme
upward position as long as necessary, return to their original position again
in the vehicula for receiving the pulp or "stuff" by their own unsupported
weight, though if requisite the depression can be caused by a roller working
in moveable centres so as to move to and fro the same distance as the trellis
and matrice are required to move in the vehicula. This roller would be situate
just before the trellis and matrice in the course of revolving come to the
place of supply or chest e at the upper end of the machine.
The matrices fastened on the trellis may be formed by any of the methods
now in use, but the kind of matrice best adapted to this machine is made by

page_text: pressing and stamping the whole design on wove wire in dies with moveable
sections, or by pressing and stamping the whole design on wove wire between
raised and engraved cylinders. The embossed wire is then superimposed
on backing in the usual manner. Electrotype, stamped, cast, saw-pierced,
or milled, or wire marking can be applied to this matrice.
Another method is to coat the wove wire with an etching ground and trace
or impress the design through it, then by the electrotype process cause the
metallic deposit to cohere between the conductible interstices of the wire, and
likewise to project above it. Now the vertical sides and the ends of the vehicula
acting in conjunction with the surfaces of these matrices, not only determine
the size and boundary of the sheets, but also form the peculiar edges technically
known as the "deckle," natural "feather," or uncut edges of the paper, and
this important characteristic will be precisely similar to that produced by the
common vat deckle, with the exception of making an indefinite number of
sheets perfectly accurate in dimension, a result unattainable by the hand wood
deckle, which being constantly used in water loses its standard shape.
For the production of elaborate semi opacities or water marks in which the
intensities of light and shade are conspicuous, a duplicate cylinder Q (Figures
1, 2, and 3) is employed in conjunction with the matrices. The object is to
produce a perfect fac-simile of the matrice in the paper, and so distinct in
every detail, however minite, as to make the water mark appear like engraving
in the clearness of its configuration. On both ends of this cylinderare toothed
wheels f,f, working in the racks B of the vehicular as the several sections
arrive, the size of these wheels fbeing arranged so that the area of the plane of
each matrice is equal to any given whole or part revolution of the duplicate
cylinder Q, and the latter is mounted on bearings with regulating screws g,
for the purpose of adjusting the height of the cylinder, thereby controlling the
speed and the pressure of the duplicate cylinder on the pulp. There is also
an aunular grove in the middle of the cylinder Q, corresponding with the
divisions or spaces h between the vehicula. The framework of this cylinder
is covered with the embossed design, and when adjusted for working it forms
the counterpart of the matrices 6 while the latter are in motion, therefore the
embossed pattern of every matrice matches that of the duplicate cylinder in
passing under it, the pulp only intervening between them to receive on both
sides the impressure in fac-simile of the design, and thus by a compound or
duplicate method producing the semi-opacities or water warks in outline and
shade. This configuration is either sunk in the matrice b and raised on the
duplicate cylinder Q, or the reverse, these arrangements being similar in action
to a die and its "force" or counterpart. Further, the pattern for producing

page_text: the water marks may be on the duplicate cylinder only, and all the matrices
may then be plain-laid or wove wire, or the latter may contain any pattern,
but be used without the duplicate cylinder, or the design may be distributed
in sections over the matrices and duplicate cylinder, so that the separate
portions when combined will form the perfect water mark pattern in the
paper. For example, the matrices may be either wove or laid wire, or both
combined, and their surfaces of one or more planes without any marking pattern
thereon, such plane or planes to make one blank-laid or wove thickness or
several blank-laid or wove thicknesses of the fabric of each sheet, but the
water marks, commonly so called, are to be impressed in the blank thickness
or thicknesses of the paper by the marking action of the duplicate cylinder.
These blank planes of the wove wire may be embossed of any shape, and by
the same methods as the entire pattern.
Another modification is to have the complete pattern in the matrices, and
on the duplicate cylinder to have the more prominent parts of the design only,
such as the outline and shaded lettering, thus giving conspicuousness to the
chief features of the water mark.
The effect of semi-transparent applied marking can be produced by filling
the interstices of the matrice and duplicate cylinder with a soft metallic
amalgam, or any other suitable stopping, such as gutta percha tissue in general
use. The raised lines of the embossed wove wire will give any water mark
delineation in paper without having recourse to such adjuncts. Evidently the
use of the duplicate cylinder is quite optional, as the water mark paper may
be made on the matrices either with or without it. Underneath the matrices
on both sides of the duplicate cylinder Q, there can be applied any well-known
apparatus for creating a partial vacuum, and by atmospheric pressure to
compact and force the pulp into each matrice as it passes along. When
great speed in the making is not required these exhausting air troughs are
unnecessary: Indeed, to make durable paper the "shutting" of the "stuff"
must occupy a certain time, and consequently there would be no superfluous
water to draw off. Moreover, the percolation caused by the "backing" will
suffice for all the ordinary purposes of the machine. Nor is an extraordinary
rate of working speed necessary, siuce about sixteen tons is the average
weight of safety paper consumed annually by one of the chief establishments,
whereas three thousand tons per annum is the rate of production in some
of the large machine paper mills.
The method of making endless water mark paper is as follows:-Several
small rollers are placed across the vibratory table or frame, and a large drum
is used at each extremity of the circuit before described instead of the two

page_text: octagonal cylinders F, F. The vehicula and trellises are superseded by a
continuous web of embossed wove wire. The drums are large and circular, to
prevent the embossed pattern from being disarranged by over tension daring
its revolutions or circuits. The incline plane formed by the rollers N is also
changed to a level plane. In order to keep the pattern to its proper height,
and to avoid abrasion, all that part of the drums and rollers is removed which
corresponds with the indentations of the wove wire for producing the shaded
water-marks, or with any other sunken portions of it. The general principle
of this arrangement is analogous to that of the ordinary paper-making machine,
and with the above modifications can be adapted to it; but the essential
novelty is the embossed endless wove wire, to produce the continuous web of
water mark paper, either with or without the duplicate cylinder. For this
fac-simile marking the duplicate cylinder is mounted on bearings with
regulating gear, and has equidistant pivots round its outer rims to work in
metallic eyelets in the solvage of the endless embossed wove wire. In
other respects the duplicate process is similar to that already described.
The next modification is to emboss a border on prescribed parts of the
endless wove wire, and to cover or coat this border with oil silk, gutta percha
tissue, or gold leaf, or close its interstices with oleaginous mastic, or other
suitable material, so that it is impervious to water and resists a lodgment of
pulp thereon. By having a roller revolving in contact (or nearly so) with
these non-porous borders at the time of supplying with pulp, as also a second
roller acting subsequently to it, separate sheets of paperwith deckle-like edges
may be produced on the endless wove wire. The ordinary machine deckle
strap can be used for the side edges, and the non-porous borders for the
transverse edges. The duplicate cylinder would have a groove in it 'to
escape contact with the embossed borders. Or the latter can be sufficiently
raised and non-porous to make the paper thin enough at these border lines
of demarcation to be torn apart or separated into sheets, either before or after
drying, similar to the method of dividing the perforated postage stamps.
Another form of embossing applicable to the making of separate sheets and
of endless webs of paper, is to have the elevations or groundwork or surface
planes of the design embossed, so as to produce one blank thickness or several
blank thicknesses of paper, aud to impress the water-marks into the blank
shaped thickness or thicknesses of semi-formed paper or pulp or paper, by
means of the duplicate cylinder; the former producing the requisite substance
or shaped thickness or thicknesses of paper in a single sheet or in a continuous
length, and the duplicate cylinder producing the water mark configuration
therein, so that given parts of the design are impressed on a particular plané,

page_text: substance, or thickness or thicknesses of the half-form ed paper or paper, and
the water mark is developed therein consecutively by the marking action
of the duplicate cylinder. The term "blank" comprises any extra thickness
of the sheet, such as forming a plain border of any shape thicker than the
body or substance of the sheet itself.
The endless wove wire is embossed thus :-The design is engraved on a
steel roller, and a counterpart roller is taken in copper, or a softer substance,
such as gutta percha. The wove wire having been coiled round a drum
passes thence along a guiding tray between the pressing rollers.
The embossing is performed at one or several operations, according to the
depth and complexity of the pattern, the rollers in the latter case being brought
into closer contact by regulating gear each time the wove wire
passes between
them, and for this purpose it is annealed repeatedly. One single embossing
operation is preferable, and it will suffice in nearly every case.
are mounted similarly to those used in calendering.
The rollers
If the design is elaborate and parts of it are very deep, I prefer to use a die,
or several dies (usually three) held together by a metal collar, and then to
emboss the wove wire under a screw press; by this plan any section of the
design can be transposed, and the embossing performed gradually. This
method of embossing the matrices supersedes the stamping and perforating
of the mould plates, as also the making of moulds by building up such plates
on wires and stitching them together, a branch of handicraft which has now
for cheapness become common to factory people, and thereby lost the merit of
its former official exclusiveness. Those practically acquainted with transfer
engraving will perceive the production of these cylinders to be a work of art,
and that the subsequent use of them is equally difficult, for the lines require
the nicest finish to prevent cutting the wove wire while embossing it; indeed,
on a comparison of this with the existing method, the engraving of the
original cylinder exceeds the ingenuity employed both in the mould and paper
manufacture. The greater economy of the cylinder embossed matrices and
the increased expedition of the process are as evident as the difficulties it
creates against illegal imitations. Moreover, the embossed wove wire matrice
is better adapted to produce elaborate water-marks in a durable paper than
any plate or laid wire mould, and this is owing partly to the difference of
the percolation of water through its surface. While the efficiency of the
embossed matrice is such as to render its use preferable, still any other kind
of matrice or mould surface can be employed on this machine with less wear
and tear than ordinary, by reason of the absence of that handling and con-
cussion which accompany the vat manufacture.

page_text: Another plan of embossing the matrices is to engrave a design on a plate,
and to pass it between a pair of plain rollers, the annealed wove wire being
placed on the plate with a layer of paper or other soft substance between the
wove wire and the roller, and the pressure is regulated according to the depth
of the design. Electrotype plates properly mounted may be used for the
purpose instead of the soft paper "force." This plan of embossing is not
adapted to endless lengths of wove wire. It is to be observed that the
majority of water mark designs are lineal or produced by raised lines on the
matrice, therefore the general term embossing comprehends all "marking'
both raised and sunk, that is, formed by pressure on and in the surface of
wove wire.
The machine is fed with pulp or "stuff" by the existing methods, such as a
chest (e) bisected or otherwise, with or without steam pipes; agitator (i),
knotter (k), incline lip (1), from an aperture regulated by a sluice (m), and
having a guard and flap to prevent regurgitation of the pulp; or by modifi-
cations to regulate the quantity of pulp, and to distribute its flow equally over
the matrices, namely, a vessel with lips or valves to discharge a measured
quantity of pulp, and a meter to test its specific gravity. The motion of the
vehicula when fed is in the same direction as the flow of the stuff. The place
of supply in this machine is just before the matrices reaches the vibratory
table M. Every matrice during the operation of feeding or furnishing with
"stuff," and also after it, continues subject for a given time to the vibratory
motion, which, as previously explained, decreases gradually as each matrice
proceeds towards the second octagonal cylinder F, and then, having completely
left the impulses of the vibratory table, these latter cease to affect that par-
ticular matrice until it again arrives at the original vibrations, and so on in
regular order, all the matrices performing their circuits with the verhicula and
trellises, as before described. Receivers n for waste pulp and water are
placed under the vehicula near to the point of supply, or at any other con-
venient part beneath their line of motion, and also troughs to convey this
superfluous stuff to a chest for the purpose of being used again. Or the inter-
vening space between any two vehicula can be stopped by incline guard o
placed on the surface of the front vertical side of each vehicle, the inclination
of that guard being towards the feeding apparatus; or a depressible guard
may be used.
The next process is the "couching," or transfer of the paper or semi-formed
paper from the matrice, which is performed in the following manner:-Under
the machine bed, or, in other words, subtending the lower circuit of the
vehicula, is the couch roller p covered with felt; above this is the small

page_text: upper couch roller 9 with a flange or projecting rim at each end to guide the
vehicula in the transit over the couch roller, and to keep the trellices with the
matrices attached thereon at the elevation requisite for couching, the bearings
of it working in slots or moveable centres A guide couch, roller r, with
flanges, as above described, is placed in front of, or facing, or opposite to the
upper couch roller; this guide couch roller having moveable centres, and
working in like manner. The position of these two rollers may be above,
over, or contiguous to any part of the periphery of the couch roller. The
vehicula and the apparatus attached thereto are successively guided by these
two upper rollers, so as to bring the superioror pattern surface of each matrice
on which the paper is made in contact, by preference lengthwise, one matrice
after the other with the couch roller p, its diameter being in proportion to the
size of the matrice, and its under felt covering may be adapted in shape and
elevation to the shaded water-marks or thicknesses of paper. Upon the line
and are of contact any amount of pressure can be given to the under or inner
part of the vehicula, that is, to the trellises Z and matrices attached thereto,
because while revolving or performing their circuit the latter are inverted at
that part of the machine where the couch roller p is situate for the transfer of
the paper from the matrices in rotation to it. The pressure is produced
thus: The second of these three rollers, hereafter termed the guide press
couch roller q, has two levers s, one end of each lever resting on each bearing
of the roller, and at the other end of each lever there is a joint attached by an
arm to the framing L of the machine. The levers are divided to scale or
perforated, and have moveable weightst suspended from them, which regulate
the pressure according to the distance those weights are from the fulcrum of
the lever. This pressure can be employed from the minimum to the maximum
as required in the couching of different kinds of paper, consequently theguide
press couch roller q keeps the trellises Z, with the matrices b thereon, at the
proper elevation, and in the consecutive order for couching the separate sheets
of paper, and further transmits the requisite couching pressure to them by
means of the weighted levers s applied to the guide press roller 2, and com-
municating such pressure from it to the trellises and the matrices, and thence
to the paper, the other guide couch roller r acting in conjunction with the
former, and guiding the vehicula and the apparatus attached thereto in
succession to the line and arc of contact with the couch roller p. This
machine couching may, for illustration, be compared with the hand process,
namely, the inverted surface of each matrice in contact with the couch
roller P is analogous in the relative positions to those of the common
mould and of the pile of felts during the hand couching; moreover, the

page_text: guide press couch roller q corresponds with the manual pressure given to
such vat mould by the coucher, but with the exception, before noticed, of
not couching one sheet indiscriminately upon another to the detriment of
all. Necessarily, the uniform general action of this machine couching is greatly
superior to that performed by hand. Round the couch roller (p) passes an
endless felt (u), which is strained to proper tension, and kept in position
by one or more small rollers (v) with regulating screws. The roller (w) near
to the lay table is fitted with regulating gear (y) to tighten the endless felt
in the event of its stretching while at work. Guides also are used to keep it,
when moving, in the right direction, which latter may extend in any line and
distance from the couch roller (p) though there should be no acute angles of
the felt for carrying the separate sheets. (In the first stage of the process the
level line of the felt is preferable, as shewn in Figure 3), otherwise the paper
will wrinkle in the drying. As this endless felt (u) performs its circuit round
the couch roller (p) the paper is transferred on to it sheet by sheet and carried
thence in succession to the lower extremity of the machine' or lay table (r).
When several matrices are used widthwise on the machine of course a
corresponding number of sheets will be couched simultaneously. Figure 5
represents this double form of vehicula. The endless felt (u) with the sheets
of paper thereon passes between ordinary press rollers (2, 1) having a toothed
wheel on the end of each to squeeze out the superfluous water, though, if
required by the height of the design, it can be done on a graduated scale (by
the regulating screws 1, 1,) and so avoid damaging the water marks by too
sudden pressure. For the return of the vehicula after leaving the couch
roller there are guide rollers (2, 2,) with moveable centres or otherwise situate
between the couch roller (p) and the first octagonal cylinder (F). One or
more steadying rollers, if requisite, may be used to prevent the vibratory
motion being communicated to that part of the vehicula which is passing over
the couching roller. This arrangement is on the supposition that the vehicula
circuit is very much contracted and the duplicate cylinder not used, or that,
for the above reason, there is a transmitted back motion from the octagonal
cylinder F. Another endless feit may pass between the press rollers (z, z¹)
over the paper on the first endless felt (u). A suitable box or chamber (3)
contains a revolving brush or brushes (4, 4), through which chamber the
endless felt passes, either with or without water or injected steam, in order to
remove any superfluous "stuff" that might still adhere to its surface' after
delivering the paper, and to again prepare the felt for the couching. A similar
contrivance may be used to clean the matrices. Within the bed a framing of
the machine, situate between or outside the octagonal cylinders, are jet pipes

page_text: 5, 5, and a reservoir (6) for rinsing the matrices with water, either hot or
cold, or both by turns, during the circuits of the vehicula; and like arrange-
ments, as before noticed, can be used for removing extraneous particles from
the felt
For making paper of two water-leaf sheets united by pressure or
first contact on the couch roller it is only necessary to place two machines in
contra-position and work both simultaneously; the two water-leaf sheets would
be pressed or couched into one sheet on the endless felts at the extremity of
the machines; or both the machines may transfer the paper upon one couch
roller, one sheet on the top of the roller and one under it, when the top
couched sheet has arrived there, that is to say, on the same part of the couch
roller, but in different positions of its revolution, and this would be caused by
a deviation in the circuit of the extra machine, which latter may take placeat
the octagonal cylinder (F),and from this point travelling onwards till arriving
beneath the couch roller of the original machine; or by suspending and par-
tially reversing the action of the couch roller and the endless felt a second
sheet may be couched on the first. The subsequent union of any of these two
sheets into one sheet can be perfected by the well-known application of press
rollers. Or the matrices of a single machine may be supplied with pulp, either
white or of several colors, at two or more places over the vibratory table.
A
This completes the making ofthe water mark paper in the porosity, blotting,
or waterleaf stage; it can then be dried, sised, and glazed by the usual pro-
cesses. A suitable method of drying is shewn in Figure 2 and 3, namely, to
pass the endless felt (u), on which the paper is couched, round several drying
cylinders, 7, 8, and 9, heated by injected steam, the first, 7, being the lowest
in temperature, the second, 8, of a medium temperature (and so on progres-
sively, if required), and the last cylinder 9, of the highest temperature.
laying apparatus placed at the end of the machine would there stack or collect
the paper in piles upon the lay table x. Although the word water-mark is a
misnomer, arising from the old trade fallacy that the particular kinds of water
are essential for the production of certain water-marks, yet that term is still
retained throughout this Specification instead of semi opacities, because the
former has received the sanction of usage. All the component parts of the
machine are mounted on a bed or frame with standards, and nearly the whole
of it is made of metal for accuracy in working and for the resisting the action
of water. Any suitable and well-known counter or indicator is fixed to the
machine for the purpose of recording on dial plates or printing chequewise the
number of every sheet of paper, and of the total quantities made during any
given period it is in work. These dial plates indicate by pointers or hands,
units and tens, hundreds and thousands, ad infinitum. Preferentially the

page_text: indicator would receive its action from the couch roller (p), but it might
also be derived from the octagonal cylinders (F and F¹). Obviously a
complete system of water-mark registration might be adapted either to
the duplicate cylinder (Q) or to the matrices; the numerals, letters, and
signs employed thereon being adjustable; also semicircles, curves, and angles
can be made in the edges of the paper by corresponding pieces cast on the
vehicula or trellises. Various tinted or parti-colored, and colored, as well as
white papers,in conjunction with water-marks, may be made by this machine,
and with or without size or gelatine in the pulp or stuff, and any chemical
ingredient incorporated therewith. Motion is imparted to the various parts of
this machine by the following or any other more convenient arrangement of
driving straps and gearing:- K is the first motion or main driving shaft upon
which it is keyed a pully 10, which actuates a pully 11 fast on the tablet,
which shaft by means of a strap 12. A second pully 13 on the tablet above
shaft gives motion by means of the band 14 to the agitator i, which by means
of another pully 15 and band 16 drives the pully 17 on the tablet shaft 18,
which works the knotter. A bevil wheel 19 on the shaft K gives motion
through the train of mitre and bevel wheels 20 to the couch roller p, and
imparts to the latter a motion equal to the ratio of the speed of the vehicula
and the apparatus attached thereto, so that these and the couch roller move
at the same rate of speed; or, if preferred, the couch roller p may be driven
direct from the shaft K by a driving strap and pulleys. 21 is another pully fast
on the shaft K, which drives by means of the strap 22 the cone pully 23, which
is loose on the shaft of the drying cylinder 7. From this cone pully are
driven the press rollers z,, by means of the straps 24. The rotatory brushes
4, 4, are also driven from the cove pully 23 by the strap 28 and small pulleys
29 fast on the axes of the brushes. When an endless web of wove wire is
employed, as herein-before described, the duplicate cylinder Q is driven from
the shaft K by means of the bevel gearing 20 above mentioned and the pair
of bevel wheels 30.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of my said
Invention, and the manner in which the same is or may be used or carried
into effect, I would observe in conclusion, that what I consider to be novel
and original, and therefore claim as the Invention secured to me by the
herein-before in part recited Letters Patent, is,-
First, the general construction,arrangement,and combination of machinery
or apparatus for making safety paper, as herein-before described and illustrated
by my Drawings.

page_text: Second, the application and use to and in the manufacture of safety paper
of a series of carriages or "vehicula" provided with rising and falling trellises
and matrices, the whole being made to travel along and over suitable guides,
substantially as herein-before described.
Third, the imparting of a vibratory motion to the carriages or "vehicula "
during their circuit, substantially in the manner and for the purpose herein-
before described.
Fourth, the application of flat-sided drums or cylinders for carrying and
transmitting motion to the series of carriages or "vehicula," as herein-before
described.
Fifth, the combination with a series of carriages or "vehicula" and their
trellises and matrices of the adjustable duplicate cylinder, substantially in the
manner and for the purpose herein-before described.
Sixth, the peculiar arrangement of roller guides for elevating the trellises
and matrices during the circuit of the "vehicula," and for maintaining the
same at the desired elevation, substantially as herein-before described.
Seventh, the application and use of inclined or flexible guards for covering
the intervening spaces between the several carriages or "vehicula," as
herein-before described.
Eighth, the mode of regulating the rise and fall of the trellices and matrices
in the carriages or "vehicula," as herein-before described.
Ninth, the mode of washing and rinsing the matrices in the series of
carriages or "vehicula," as herein-before described.
Tenth, the combination of the couching roller and guide couch rollers and
endless felt with the series of carriages or "vehicula," substantially in the
manner and for the purpose herein-before described.
Eleventh, the couching of separate sheets of water-mark paper upon the
endless felt on the surface of a couching roller, substantially as herein-before
described.
Twelfth, the manufacture of continuous lengths or webs of water-mark
paper by the use of an endless wove wire, so constructed as to give the
desired water-mark in combination with the duplicate cylinder, as herein-
before described.
Thirteenth, the peculiar modes or methods of preparing or constructing
matrices for the production of safety paper, as herein-before described.
Fourteenth, the peculiar mode or method of uniting together upon the
endless felt on a couching roller two sheets of safety paper of the same or
different colors and water-marks, as herein-before described.

page_text: Fifteenth, the method of producing water-marks in safety paper by the use
of adjustable or moveable signs, figures, numbers, or letters carried by the
duplicate cylinder, as herein-before described.
Sixteenth, the application and use to and in machinery for manufacturing
safety paper of a self-acting counter or indicator, as herein-before described.
Seventeenth, the application and use to and in machinery for manufac-
turing safety paper of a pulp meter, as herein-before described.
Eighteenth, the manufacture of continuous water-mark paper on an endless
web of embossed wove wire, parts of which are non-porous and work in
contact, or nearly so, with revolving rollers, whereby facility is afforded for
separating or dividing the continuous sheet or web of water-mark paper into
separate sheets either before or after it has been dried, as herein-before
described.
Nineteenth, the employment of endless wove wire or of separate pieces of
wove wire of two or more blank planes of any shape or contour, such planes
being intended to produce corresponding blank-shaped thicknesses of ]
into which water-marks are impressed by the duplicate cylinder, as herein-
before described.
paper
Twentieth, the embossing, pressing, or stamping of endless lengths or webs
of wove wire by the aid of raised or engraved surfaces, as herein-before
described.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Tasker, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this 29th day of April, One thousand eight hundred and
sixty-four.
WILLIAM TASKER, JUNIOR. (L.S.)