IMPROVEMENTS IN TRANSMITTING MOTIVE POWER, AND IN MECHANISM OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREFOR"
Year: 1867

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to James Tennant Caird and Stewart Robertson, both
of Greenock, in the County of Renfrew, North Britain, Engineers, for
the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN TRANSMITTING MOTIVE POWER, AND IN
MECHANISM OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREFOR"
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said James Tennant Caird and
Stewart Robertson at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with
their Petition, on the 31st October 1867.
We, JAMES TENNANT CAIRD and STEWART ROBERTSON, both of Greenock, in
the County of Renfrew, North Britain, Engineers, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN TRANSMITTING MOTIVE
POWER, AND IN MECHANISM OF APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREFOR," to be as follows,
that is to say:-
This said Invention consists mainly in transmitting motive power by new
or improved arrangements of mechanism or gearing of great speed reducing
and power increasing capacity, combined with great compactness, requiring
few shafts or bearings, and having characteristic features requiring but slight
modifications to adapt them to the various purposes of the steering of ships,
actuating capstans, windlasses, cranes, crabs, and winches, the larger class of
turning lathes, boring and screwing machines, and other such tools, as well as

page_text: forming the coupling and actuating or transmitting gearing or wheelwork for
the main moving shafts of mills, such as those of sugar cane mills and their
rollers and other shafts, mills and machinery requiring to be driven slowly
from any of the usual fast moving shafts or prime motors.
One modification of this Invention as applied to the steering of ships
consists in a hollow shaft mounted so as to revolve loose on the upper part of
the rudder spindle, projecting up through a bearing formed in the sole plate
bolted to the deck of the ship; upon the lower end of this hollow shaft an
eccentric is formed or fixed working loose in the eye of a spur wheel with
teeth on its outer circumference gearing into and actuating an annular
internal toothed wheel with one, two, three, or other number of teeth more
than the said smaller wheel working within it. The radius of the pitch line of
the large wheel is made equal to that of the small wheel, and the radius of
the circle described by the axis of the eccentric taken together. When only
one set of these speed reducing wheels are required this first outer driven wheel
is keyed to the rudder spindle; but when two or three sets are employed the
large outer wheel of the last set is keyed to the rudder spindle so as to
actuate it, the other large wheels being allowed in that case to revolve loose
on the rudder spindle, each of these wheels having an eccentric formed or
made fast on it which actuates the internal wheel of the next large one to it
in succession. When the small wheel is left as heretofore described it
revolves loosely on the eccentric in the opposite direction to that in which it
rolls, or is turned in the teeth of the large wheel by the eccentric spindle at a
speed proportional to that of the eccentric spindle as the difference of the
circumference of the two wheels is to that of the small wheel without trans-
mitting motion to the large wheel. Various mechanical contrivances to be
herein-after more fully described may be adopted for holding and guiding the
small internal wheel from turning loose on its eccentric, as mentioned, so as
to cause its teeth to transmit the motion and power imparted to it by the
eccentric to the outer internal toothed wheel at a nearly uniform rate through
every part of the revolution of the hollow spindle and its eccentric, by holding
or maintaining the internal wheel so that any fixed right line taken through
its axis shall move in a parallel manner to a fixed or stationary line taken
through the main axis common to the hollow spindle, eccentric, large wheel,
and rudder spindle; or, as otherwise expressed, so that any fixed point in the
wheel would describe a circle equal to that described by the centre of the
eccentric round the axis of its spindle every revolution of the spindle. Each
revolution of the hollow spindle and its eccentric carries the internal small
wheel by its axis or eye within which the eccentric turns loose once round the

page_text: said common axis of the large wheel and rudder spindle in the circular path
passed through by the eccentric axis, which eccentric rolling action together
with the fixed parallel guiding action given to the internal wheel causes the
teeth of the small wheel to make a corresponding complete eccentric rolling
and traversing circuit, at the same time working to the extent and number of
its own teeth into the internal teeth of the large wheel into which they glide
or plait radially, and on which they act tangentially to both wheels regularly
at all points of the revolution. This combined eccentric rolling and parallel
guiding action of the small internal wheel turns the large wheel (loose upon
the rudder spindle in this case, in which two sets of duplex speed reducing
duplex gearing are employed) round on its axis during every revolution of the
eccentric to the extent of the difference of the number of teeth in the two
wheels, that is, the large wheel is driven or rotates at the reduced rate or
ratio of speed to that of the hollow actuating spindle which the difference of
the number of teeth between the driving and driven wheels bears to the whole
number of teeth in the large driven wheel, both wheels revolving in the same
direction as the actuating hollow spindle and eccentric. The under side of
the first large driven wheel, which in this case revolves loose on the rudder
spindle, has formed or fixed on it an eccentric giving motion to a second
duplicate set of internal and external speed reducing wheels, arranged and
worked in all respects as described in relation to the first set by the second
eccentric rotating within the eye of another or second actuating internal wheel,
which as the eccentric carries it round the axis of its hollow spindle drives the
second annular outer wheel by working into the teeth formed on its inner
periphery; this last driven wheel being keyed fast on the rudder spindle
actuates the helm with the great force due to the double multiple of the
power increasing ratio, as before described, while steering the ship. The
internal wheel on the second eccentric is also guided and prevented from
turning, so as to actuate the last driven wheel keyed on the rudder spindle, as
> described in reference to actuating the internal wheel of the first set of speed
reducing wheels described. The teeth of these internal and external wheels
are preferred to be of the rounded class at their bottoms and points, the whole
forming a most compact arrangement of gearing, all carried upon the rudder
spindle close to the deck secure from all risk of danger and breakage. The
actual steering is effected by a horizontal hand steering wheel keyed on the
hollow spindle of the first eccentric at the top of the rudder spindle, made to
project a proper height up from the deck to suit the steersman; when
preferred, however, a horizontal shaft and vertical hand steering wheel or
wheels may be carried in bearings at the top of standards secured to and

page_text: projecting up from the deck, much in the usual manner. The shaft may be
coupled by a pair of bevil or mitre wheels to the top of the hollow spindle of
the first eccentric. This compact arrangement of gearing is also susceptible
of being mounted on a strong steering shaft revolving in bearings formed in
brackets or pillow blocks projecting up from the deck, having the vertical
hand steering wheel or wheels keyed either on the hollow shaft or the central
shaft, whichever has the first eccentric formed or made fast to it, and having
a chain pulley with recesses and projections to receive and catch the chain
passed over the top of the pulley, and brought vertically down below guide
pulleys on each side, and led away laterally to any of the usual arrangements
of reversing chain blocks, when the two loose ends are brought back and
fixed to the "tiller" or lever keyed on the top of the rudder spindle, a screw
link being introduced at one side of the chain for tightening it up when
required.
The following are several of the mechanical arrangements herein-before
alluded to for so holding and giving the internal wheel in a parallel manner
that it will turn the outer driven wheel at a nearly uniform speed, as described.
One of such arrangements consists in the use of a thin double sliding frame
with a large opening in the centre to allow it to move with the eccentric
working within the opening, the frame being made to reciprocate in a fixed
stationary guide or in slides, in this case attached to and projecting up from
the sole plate on deck at right angles to the axis of the gearing, and parallel
to a right line passing through the said axis and into slides formed in or in
conjunction with the frame and the internal eccentric acting wheel or attach-
ment to it, so as to guide the wheel in a straight parallel course or manner at
right angles to the former traverse slide motion, which retains the wheel
parallel in its lateral motion, while the guide frame is being reciprocated by
the eccentric in the stationary guide in the right-angled line in the opposite
direction.
Another arrangement for effecting the same object consists in forming or
coupling a plate or disc upon the side of the eccentric internal wheel having
circular holes formed near the outer extremity of the plate, by preference two
or four in number, placed with their centres concentric to and in right lines
passing through the axis of the wheel or centre of the eccentric, the plate
and its wheel being kept from turning on the eccentric, and guided in a
parallel manner during its eccentric traverse by studs fixed in a stationary
frame; or secured, if used for the wheels of this rudder steering arrangement,
to the sole plate on deck, the position of the studs being concentric to the
axis of the driving spindle, and by preference in corresponding right lines

page_text: through that axis parallel to the former lines, so that the studs will project.
into the holes in the eccentric rolling frame or plate, the heads of the studs
having antifriction rollers for the said holes to work and roll upon; the centres
of the holes and studs corresponding in parallel position and distance to the
centre of the eccentric and its main axis, and a line through these two points
respectively in all positions; the holes being made with a radius equal to that
of the eccentric circle, and that of the antifriction rollers together, so that the
plate and its internal wheel revolve or traverse in the eccentric parallel and
regular manner herein-before described as giving a regular uniform motion to
the teeth of the wheels at all points of their revolution and periphery. Instead
of the said holes and stud rollers for guiding the eccentric rolling disc or
plate and its internal wheel, small cranks or eccentrics revolving on fixed
studs may be used, arranged or placed in all respects as the said holes and
studs are in the former modification; the disc or plate being jointed loose to
the pins of these cranks or eccentrics, having their radii all equal to the
radius of the main eccentric, and lying parallel to it in all positions of the
revolution of the main crank. One such crank or eccentric only may be
employed by actuating it in the same direction and at the same speed as the
main eccentric by a train of light wheels from the main axis.
:
Other simpler modifications of guiding mechanism than those already
described may be employed for giving an approximate uniformity of speed
and action, which might suit in many circumstances where the motion of the
driven gearing was not required to be so perfectly regular.
. One arrangement of such other modifications consists in attaching or
coupling a flat rigid arm or dise to the side of the eccentric rolling internal
wheel having a stud or pin. fast in its extreme free end fitted with an anti-
friction roller or bush so as to reciprocate like an eccentric rod in a slotted
stationary guide, set and fixed radially towards the axis of the main spindle ;
and where this radial reciprocating arm can be made long in proportion to the
throw of the eccentric gives a nearly regular motion to the wheels; or other-
wise the slot may be formed in the arm or disc and reciprocate on a stationary
or fixed stud fitted with a bush or antifriction roller. Instead of the slotted
guides in these arrangements a link may be jointed to the stud in the free end
of the reciprocating guiding rod or disc oscillating at right angles to its motion
on a fixed stud.
One arrangement or application of these improvement of capstans consists
in a main vertical spindle supported in a footstep bearing and passing. up.
through a bearing formed in a bed plate firmily secured to the deck, to which
shaft is keyed close down to the bearing the first actuating eccentric working

page_text: into the eye of an internal driving wheel fitted with any of the mechanical
arrangements for holding or guiding it herein-before described, or other
equivalent therefor so as to actuate the large driven wheel, which is either cast
in one piece with or made fast to the large chain wheel placed immediately
above it, formed with pitched recesses in the usual manner to fit, catch, and
draw in the anchor or other chain which it is designed or required to actuate.
This large chain wheel has made fast to it or cast in one with it a smaller chain
wheel otherwise similarly constructed to the large one, but for giving greater
power when desired; these chain wheels revolve loose on the main spindle
along with their actuating internal toothed outer driven wheel. Above these
chain wheels is mounted loose on the main spindle the curved or tapered
barrel for actuating or holding the ropes or small chains by a few turns round
it, surmounted by the large boss or eye for the reception of the horizontal
rotating spokes or levers for actuating the capstan by manual power; this
boss being keyed on the top of the main spindle, so that the loose rope
winding barrel can be either locked to this boss or to the chain wheels below
it, as desired, and thus when the spindle or shaft is worked on deck by manual
or below by engine power the eccentric keyed upon it carries the axis of the
driving internal wheel round the axis of the main spindle of the capstan, so
that this eccentric or crank action, together with any of the duplex sliding
and guiding mechanical arrangement herein-before described, or other equi-
valent attached or fitted to this wheel, which it carries and actuates, cause the
teeth on its outer periphery to roll radially into and act tangentially on or
upon the teeth on the inner periphery of the second or driven wheel, and carry
it and the chain wheels of the capstan attached to it round at a nearly
uniform speed at all points of the revolution with a velocity and power pro-
portional to that of or given to the main spindle as the length of the radius
of the circle described by the eccentric axis of the rolling and driving wheel
is to the radius of the large driven wheel, and of the latter to the former
respectively for the speed and power. A duplicate set of these reducing
eccentric and duplex wheels may be employed, the last of the train being
made fast to the chain barrels. The chain or rope to be hauled or drawn in
is led round the chain wheels or barrel in the usual manner, and the palls
and ratchet teeth round the lower periphery of the capstan, and other
accessories are analogous to those generally in use.
The arrangement as applied to windlasses is much the same as that described
for capstans, except that the main shaft is fitted to revolve horizontally in
bearings formed in strong brackets projecting through or secured to the deck,
having under one modification a double set of the reducing duplex wheels

page_text: before described, and instead of the-bosses and hand levers for working the
main shaft and first eccentric by manual power, the usual duplex lever with
links and friction or ratchet palls may be employed working on large ratchet or
pall wheels coupled to the main shaft or to a hollow shaft working on it
attached to the first eccentric or to the eccentric itself; the hand lever
driving mechanism and palls being capable of disengagement as desired
when the main shaft or shafts, when two are used, are to be driven forwards
or backwards by engines placed at the extreme ends, having the connecting
rod or rods attached to a pin or pins in overhanging crank dises; the wind-
lass being also fitted with clutches, sliding keys, pins, or other equivalent
engaging and disengaging mechanism attached to the actuating wheels and
shafts, or the wheels and chain barrels, or to the guiding and holding discs or
sliding mechanism of the eccentric rolling actuating internal wheels for
disengaging the same and allowing the wheels to run loose when desired. on
their eccentric axis, and which may all be fitted with actuating levers so that
the chain wheels and winding barrel, or their actuating eccentrics or wheels,
or the main spindle can be unlocked at pleasure to let go the winding barrel-
or chain wheels, or actuate them at different speeds and powers by the use
of one or two sets of the duplex reducing spur wheels. A friction wheel,
strap, and lever arrangement (which is required when the windlass is to slack
back or let go the chain or rope being wound up or drawn in) is attached to
one of the driving or the chain wheels, or to the main spindle when the barrel
or chain wheels are fastened thereto, so as to slack back the chain wheel or rope
winding barrel, the chain being led over the chain wheel or barrel of the wind-
lass in the usual manner, where they are recessed to receive and hold the chain.
The application of these said improvements to eranes and crabs or winches
is essentially much the same as those described in reference to windlasses
(except that the parts are modified to suit the requirements of the various
forms, sizes, lightness, and other characteristics of these machines depending
on the. purposes for which they are designed or used), having only one
horizontal shaft or spindle under one modification, carrying a single, double,
or triple set of eccentric and duplex internally working and speed reducing
wheels with the chain wheel or barrel, according as the chain is desired to
simply pass over or wind upon these actuating cylinders or wheels, which they
actuate direct by the last or outer internal toothed wheel' revolving loose on
the shaft which carries the whole of the gearing, mainly as described in the
last of the former modifications, between the two main side frames or cheeks
into which it is fitted to revolve in suitable bush bearings; these side frames.
being generally stayed or attached to each other and bolted to their respective

page_text: frames of the form required to suit the kind of crane or crab to which they
are applied to be actuated in this improved manner, that is, to the sides of the
revolving pillar, or to the revolving frame of the fixed pillar or post of jib and
derrick cranes, or to the carriage frame or sole plate of travelling and other
portable or fixed cranes, crabs,, or winches, whether driven by motive or
manual power, and in either case the power and motion is transmitted direct
to the main shafts, by preference at their overhanging ends, by crank pin discs
having the connecting rods of the motive power engines attached to the crank
pin or pins of the disc or discs, or by winch handles and manual power
respectively; or otherwise belt or rope pulleys may be keyed or mounted loose
on the main spindle to actuate it by motive power, and which may when loose
be coupled to the shaft by a hand lever and clutch box or other coupling
arrangements. Engaging and disengaging coupling mechanisn ratchet wheel
and palls, and friction wheel and strap with actuating hand levers for each
are used in all cases in these drawing and hoisting machines, to give the
power of one, two, or three of the duplex eccentric and wheel motions for the
actual hauling or hoisting to the chain or rope over the recessed or notched
pitched chain wheel by simply leading it round or over a considerable part of
its circumference, or winding it wholly or for a considerable number of turns
round the winding barrel; and also for the necessary safety in holding and
slacking back the purchase or load while being exerted or sustained by the
chain or rope and gearing, all in essentially the same manner as described in
reference to these improvements as applied to windlasses.
These improvements as applied to the larger class of turning lathes, boring
and screwing machines, and such like tools consist in mounting one, two, or
more sets of the said eccentric and duplex internal speed reducing wheels upon
the main spindles of the machines and causing the stepped cone speed pulley
with the first actuating eccentric attached to it to revolve loose on the spindle or
otherwise, both fitted on a hollow spindle revolving loose on the main spindle
so as to actuate the first outer driven wheel, which in turn actuates the next
set of wheels by the eccentric fast on it, and so on, the last outer driven
wheel being either keyed or coupled to the main spindle of these machines
respectively.
The giving of the various speeds to the main spindle is effected in one way
by coupling the first or second outer driven wheel to the first eccentric or to
the spindle of the machine, or to the last wheel, which is attached to the spindle
when the second or third power or motion is to actuate it, at the same time
uncoupling the slides or guiding frames or plates from the internal eccentric
wheels not required or in use for driving the wheel which is actuating the

page_text: spindle at the time; or the third or second wheel might be uncoupled from
the spindle respectively when not in use for driving the spindle by any of the
coupling and uncoupling mechanical arrangements herein referred to in the
former modifications or other equivalents, such as have heretofore been in use
for engaging eccentrics and wheels to their shafts and to each other. It will
at once be perceived that on motion being given to the cone pulley by its belt
the main spindle which revolves in the usual construction of bearings and
head stock will be driven at the inverse reduced speed and power due to the
particular eccentric and duplex set of wheels coupled at the time, and as each
of these may be constructed with a greater range of reducing speed of from
one-third to one-thirtieth without taking into account the power of the cone
belt pulley, it follows that a much greater range and variety of speeds can
be obtained by these improvements for the driving of such tools than by the
use of the complicated back speed or other supplementary gearing and
spindles heretofore in use for the like purposes and tools.
Another application of these improvements consists under one modification
in actuating sugar cane and other mills, or their main shafts requiring to be
driven with great power and at slow speeds from a first prime moving and
comparatively lighter shaft going at a high speed, as the crank shaft of the
engine employed for driving the particular mill by having the overhung end
of the first motion shaft revolving loose in a bush bearing formed in the con-
centric centre of the overhung end of the large mill shaft, or the one directly
coupled to it required to be driven one, two, or three sets of the eccentrics
and duplex speed reducing wheels as may be required to actuate the par-
ticular mill to be driven are mounted loose on the end of the actuating shaft
or the shaft to be driven close to the junction of the two shafts, so that the
first motion shaft actuates the whole of the outside internal toothed wheels in
succession, which all revolve loose on the shafts except the last, which is
keyed or cast on the shaft to be driven close up to the other wheels which
actuate it. The motion of the prime moving or crank shaft with the first
eccentric on it actuates the eccentric rolling internal wheel so as to drive the
first outside internal toothed loose wheel (as described in the former modi-
fications) which by the eccentric cast or fixed upon it gives motion to the
next outside loose wheel, which in turn (and both in like manner to the first)
by the eccentric upon it gives motion to the last driven wheel keyed or fast
on the intermediate shaft, or on the spindle or main shaft of the mill to be
driven, so as to drive the mill with a reduced speed and increased power in
the direction, manner, and ratio described in reference to the former modi-
fications. The transmitted motion of the eccentric wheels being regulated

page_text: by preference, when the motion is to be very regular, by the double sliding
frame or rectangularly and eccentrically moving and holding guide plate
working into transverse vertical fixed slides or on rollers, eccentrics, or cranks,
as herein-before described in reference to the several guiding mechanical
arrangements.
By another modification the first motion shaft may revolve in bearings in
the mill frame, and drive the main roller loose on the shaft by internal toothed
wheels cast on each end of the roller by eccentric rolling wheels working
within them upon eccentrics formed or keyed on the shaft, having the guiding
frames of the eccentric wheels in this case working in slides formed on or
attached to the sides of the mill frame on one side, and on the other into the
sides of the wheels.
In some cases the eccentric bearings of the eye of the internal driving
wheels when desired may be made or fitted with a ring of antifriction rollers
to lessen the friction and wear upon them, and also the fixed bearings in
which the quick revolving shaft works, and the bearings of the chain wheels
or rollers of mills which work loose on the shaft, where great strain is sus-
tained by the chain wheels, or the rollers of each mill may also be so fitted
with these antifriction rollers.
Although throughout this Specification eccentrics only have been described
as employed for actuating the internal wheels, cranks might also be employed
with considerable advantage when the radius of the eccentric or crank is
greater, and the difference of speed required to be given to the driven wheel
is required to be less than in the modifications and for the purposes herein-
before described, such as for giving the reducing power of from, say, a third
to two-thirds of that of the motor, in which case direct action might be
employed by coupling the free end of the connecting rod of steam engines to
the crank pin carrying the transmitting or moving wheel..
And although in the several modifications of these said improvements
herein specified the eccentrics or cranks have been described as actuating the
internal wheel, yet still the eccentrics or cranks may also be made to work in
and carry round the large outside internal toothed wheel by its axis, so as to
roll round and drive the small wheel inside of it at a speed in proportion to
that of the shaft as the difference of the circumferences of the two wheels is
to the circumference of the small driven wheel, which does not give quite so
much reducing power as when the large wheel is made the driven wheel.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said James Tennant Caird and Stewart Robertson in the Great
Seal Patent Office on the 27th April 1868.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, JAMES
TENNANT CAIRD and STEWART ROBERTSON, both of Greenock, in the County of
Renfrew, North Britain, Engineers, send greeting.
WHEREAS. Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Thirty-first day of October, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, in the thirty-first year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto us, the
said James Tennant Caird and Stewart Robertson, Her special licence that
we, the said James Tennant Caird and Stewart Robertson, our executors,
administrators, and assigns, or such others as we, the said James Tennant
Caird and Stewart Robertson, our executors, administrators, and assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all
times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man,. an Invention for "IM-
PROVEMENTS IN TRANSMITTING MOTIVE POWER, AND IN MECHANISM OR APPARATUS
EMPLOYED THEREFOR," upon the condition (amongst others) that we, the said
James Tennant Caird and Stewart Robertson, our executors or administrators,
by an instrument in writing under our, or their, or one of their hands and
seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Inven-
tion, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same.
to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next
and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said James Tennant Caird and Stewart
Robertson, do hereby declare the nature of our said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascer
tained in and by the following statement in writing, reference being had to
the accompanying Drawings, and to the letters and numerals marked thereon,
that is to say :-
Our said Invention consists mainly (and in general terms) in transmitting.
motive power by new or improved arrangements of mechanism. or gearing of.
great speed reducing and power increasing capacity, combined with great.
compactness, requiring few shafts or bearings, and having characteristic
features requiring but slight modifications to adopt them to the following
various purposes of the steering of ships, the actuating of capstans, windlasses,.

page_text: cranes, crabs, and winches, the larger class of turning lathes, boring and
screwing machines, and other such tools, as well as forming the coupling and
actuating or transmitting gearing or wheelwork for the main moving shaft
of mills, such as those of sugar cane mills and their rollers, and other heavy
shafts, mills, and machinery requiring to be driven slowly from any of the
usual fast moving or actuating shafts or prime motors employed therefor.
These said various adaptations or arrangements of mechanism forming our
said Invention are very much more simple and direct in their action, and
consequently can be made much cheaper than the arrangements of mechanism
which have heretofore been used for the like purposes.
In order that our said Invention and the manner of performing the same
may be properly understood, we have hereunto appended two Sheets of
explanatory Drawings showing various illustrative Figures of modifications or
arrangements of our said Invention, and the mode of putting the same into
effect or practice to be herein-after referred to, the same letters of reference
and numerals indicating the same or like parts in all the Figures.
Figures 1 and 2 on Sheet 1 are a sectional elevation and a sectional plan
taken on the line 1-1, in Figure 1, and Figure 3 is a horizontal section or
face view of a pair of the eccentric acting wheels detached, taken also near
the line 1-1, all respectively of a new or improved arrangement of gearing
for the steering of ships, mounted nearly wholly on the upper strong end of
the rudder spindle, all constructed and actuated in accordance with and illus-
trative of one modification of our said Invention as applied to this purpose.
Figures 4 and 5 are respectively a sectional elevation and a plan of a nearly
similar arrangement to that shown in Figures 1, 2, and 3, combined with a
mode of actuating the power increasing gearing by a horizontal shaft and vertical
hand steering wheels, having also fitted thereto the arrangement of chain
barrel and pulley blocks for actuating the rudder by connecting the ends of
the chain direct to the tiller lever at any time when desired, all much in the
manner heretofore much used.
Figures 6 and 7 are respectively longitudinal and transverse vertical
sections, the latter taken on the line 1-1, in Figure 6, of another arrangement
of steering gearing constructed in accordance with our said Invention, having
the power increasing gearing fitted and arranged on the horizontal shaft of the
hand steering wheels, actuating a chain barrel; from which strong chains are
led over pulley sheaves or blocks and connected to the tiller much in the
usual manner.
Figures 8 and 9 are detached end views of arrangements of parallel acting
mechanical motions of details somewhat different from those delineated in the

page_text: general arrangements or complete modifications shown in all the other Figures,
but capable of being substituted in many circumstances with advantage for
the approximate parallel motions therein shown.
Figures 10 and 11 on Sheet 2 are a vertical and horizontal section
respectively, the latter taken on the line 1-1, in the former Figure, of an
arrangement of transmitting gearing applied to a capstan constructed in
accordance with and illustrative of one modification of our said Invention as
applied thereto.
Figure 12 is a sectional elevation of capstan, showing a slightly different
modification of the Invention to that shown in Figures 10 and 11.
Figure 13 is a longitudinal elevation, one-half in section, of a double
-windlass, showing one modification of our said Invention as applied thereto,
and Figures 14, 15, and 16 are an end view and two transverse sections of
the same, taken on the lines 3-3 and 4-4, respectively, in Figure 13.
Figure 17 is a sectional elevation of a winding barrel suitable for a crane,
crab, winch, or other similar or like heavy winding purchases fitted with
and illustrative of one arrangement of this our said Invention as applied to
such machines and purposes.
t
Figure 18 is a sectional elevation of the motion or driving head of a large
lathe, and Figure 19 is a transverse section taken on the line 1-1, in Figure 18,
showing an arrangement as applied to such and like tools, forming one modi-
fication or adaptation of our said Invention.
Figures 20 and 21 are respectively a longitudinal and transverse section,
the latter taken on the line 1-1, in Figure 20, of the ends of two shafts fitted
and coupled with one arrangement of our improvements in transmitting circular
motion and power from light fast running shafts to heavy shafts requiring to
be powerfully driven, showing one modification and adaptation of this our said
Invention to this class of shafting and machinery generally.
Referring to Figures 1, 2, and 3, one modification of this our said Invention,
as applied to the steering of ships, consists in a short hollow shaft A mounted-so
as to revolve loose on the upper part of the rudder spindle a projecting up
through the bearing 6 formed in the sole plate 61 bolted to the deck of the
sbip, indicated by the line 2-2, in Figure 1. Upon the lower end of the
hollow shaft A an eccentric B is formed, or fixed when preferred, working
loose in the eye of the spur wheel or pinion C, with teeth on its outer circum-
ference gearing into those of the annular internally toothed wheel D so as to
revolve loose within or actuate it as shown more particularly in the sectional
face view, Figure 3, taken on the line 1-1, in Figure 1. The wheel D has
three teeth more than the pinion C, the respective numbers in this case being

page_text: 18 and 15, but there might be any other number of teeth more in the wheel D
than in the pinion C working within it; the radius of the pitch line of the
large wheel D is made equal to that of the small wheel C, and the radius of
the red circle B¹, B", Figures 3 and 9, described by the axis B₁ of the
eccentric B, taken together. When only one set of these duplex speed
reducing wheels C, D, is employed the first outer driven wheel D is keyed to
the rudder spindle; but when a second set, as in this case, is employed (or it
might be a third set) the large outer wheel, as D2 of the last set, is keyed to
the rudder spindle a, so as to actuate it, the other large wheels D being allowed
in this case to revolve loose on the rudder spindle, each loose wheel, as D, in
succession having an eccentric B² formed, or it may be made fast, on its back
or under face, which works loose into and actuates the internal pinion or
small wheel, as C³, of the next large wheel, as D2, to it in succession. When
the small wheel C is left loose on the eccentric B, within the wheel D, as
herein only so far described (and is indicated in Figure 3, without gearing
for holding and guiding it, as herein-after to be explained), it is turned round
loosely on its own axis B¹, and that of the eccentric B in the opposite direction,
as indicated by the red arrow, to that in which it rolls, or is turned or carried
round the main axis a¹ in gear with the teeth of the large wheel D by the
eccentric B and its hollow spindle A, and as indicated by the black lined
arrows at a speed in the opposite direction proportional to that of the
eccentric spindle A as the difference of the circumference or number of teeth
(namely, three) of the two wheels C, D, is to that of the small wheel C (or
namely, fifteen) without transmitting motion to the large wheel D. Various
mechanical contrivances to be herein-after more fully described may be
adopted for holding and guiding as well as for coupling and uncoupling the
small internal wheel C from revolving loose on its eccentric B without turning
the wheel D, as before explained, but so as to cause its teeth while rolling in
those of the wheel D to transmit the motion and power imparted to it by the
eccentric B to the internal toothed annular wheel D at a nearly uniform
rate through every part of the revolution of the hollow spindle A and its
eccentric B by holding or maintaining the internal wheel C, so that any fixed
right line, as 3-3, taken across or through its axis B¹ shall move in a parallel
manner to a fixed or stationary line, as 4-4, both indicated in dotted lines
in Figures 2, 3, 8, and 9, taken through the main axis a¹ common to the
hollow spindle of the eccentric, large wheel, and rudder spindle; or, as
otherwise expressed, so that any fixed point in the
circle equal to that of B¹, B, indicated in red
wheel C
lines, as
would describe a
described by the
centre B¹ of the eccentric B round the axis a¹ of the spindle A every

page_text: revolution of the spindle and eccentric A, B. Thus each revolution of the
spindle A and its eccentric B, when the wheel C is so parallelly held and
guided from turning, carries the internal wheel C by its axis or eye (within
which the eccentric B then turns loose) once round the axis a¹ of the large
wheel D and rudder spindle a in the circular path B₁, B", passed through
by the axis B¹ of the eccentric B; which combined true eccentric and fixed
parallel guiding action (or regular revolving radial inclined or wedge plaiting
action of the teeth of the wheel C on its moving axis B¹ into the teeth of the
wheel D on its fixed revolving axis) causes the teeth of the wheel C to make
a corresponding complete eccentric rolling and transmitting or working
circuit, to the extent and number of its teeth, into the internal teeth of the
wheel D, so that the teeth glide or plait nearly radially and act tangentially
in both wheels regularly at all points of the revolution. Thus this compound
transmitting action of the internal wheel C with the internally toothed
annular wheel D turns the latter round loose upon the axis or rudder spindle
a in this case in which two sets of speed reducing gearing B, C, D, are
employed during each revolution of the eccentric B, to the extent of the
difference of the number of teeth in the two wheels C, D, namely, three,
there being fifteen and eighteen teeth in these wheels respectively, as seen in
Figure 3; that is, the wheel D is driven at the reduced rate or ratio of speed
and inverse ratio of power to that of the actuating spindle A, which the difference
of the number of teeth between the driving and driven wheels C and D,
namely, three, bears to the whole number of teeth in the large driven wheel D,
namely, eighteen, that is, in this case at one-sixth of the speed, and with six
times the power or otherwise, in the inverse ratio of its radius to that of the
eccentric red circle B¹, B", both wheels revolving in the same direction as
the actuating hollow spindle A and eccentric B, as indicated by the black-
The under side of the wheel D which in this
lined arrows in Figure 3.
case revolves loose on the rudder spindle a, has formed or it might be fixed
on it the eccentric B³, which gives motion to the second internal and external
annular speed reducing wheels C and D arranged and worked in all respects
as described in relation to the first set by the second eccentric B² rotating
within the eye of the second actuating wheel C, which as the eccentric
carries it round the main axis a¹ of its hollow and rudder spindles A, a,
drives the second annular outer wheel D by working into the teeth formed
on its inner periphery, and this last driven wheel being keyed fast on the
rudder spindle a actuates the helm with the great force imparted or trans-
mitted to it through the two sets of duplex reducing wheels and equal to the
double multiple of their power increasing ratio, as before described while

page_text: steering the ship (namely 6×6=36 times that exerted or transmitted through
the shaft A). The internal wheel C2 on the second eccentric B is also
guided and prevented from turning so as to actuate the last driven wheel D
keyed on the rudder spindle a, as described in reference to the actuating of
the internal wheel C of the first set of speed reducing wheels described. The
teeth of these internal and external wheels are preferred to be of the rounded
class at their bottoms and points, particularly for very powerful gearing where
there is very little difference in the size of the wheels and number of their
teeth, as shown in Figure 3, the whole forming a most compact arrangement
of gearing all carried upon the rudder spindle close down to the deck secure
from all risk of damage and breakage, while the actual steering is effected by
preference by the simple horizontal hand steering wheel A¹ with vertical
handles keyed on the top of the hollow spindle A, which together with the
rudder spindle are made to project a proper height up from the deck to suit
the steersman, and to show the position of the rudder below to him on deck.
An index or pointing lever a² is keyed on the top of the rudder spindle above all
the gearing set radially parallel with the rudder vane below. Upon the under
side of the lower wheel D keyed on the rudder spindle a strong socket E is
cast for the insertion of a removeable iron tiller lever to be used either for
actuating the helm by other mechanical means than those described when
desired.
Figures 4 and 5 illustrate another modification or arrangement of our
said Invention somewhat analogous to that described in reference to Figures 1,
2, and 3, in which the compound steering gear of these arrangements are
actuated by a horizontal shaft F revolving in bearings G formed at the top
of the standards G¹, which may be coupled by a pair of bevel or mitre wheels
H, H¹, to the top of the hollow spindle A of the first eccentric B. The
wheel H and hand wheel A2 are by preference mounted loose on the
shaft F, and fitted with clutches on their eyes which gear into each other
so that when the hand wheel A is shifted a short distance aft on its shaft so
as to actuate the rudder spindle a through the bevil wheels H, H', and the
compound eccentric gearing mounted on it, and thereby steer the vessel, all
as otherwise herein described in reference to Figures 1 to 3. This modifi-
cation being most suitable for the purpose is also combined with an arrange-
ment of ordinary steering gear which consists of the chain barrel I and second
hand wheel A3 by preference made fast to the shaft F (but when the hand
wheel A2 is made fast to the shaft then the barrel and second one may be
made loose) having the light chain 1¹ coiled a few turns round the barrel and
conducted vertically down to and under the guide pulleys 12. stretching

page_text: laterally to and round the guide pulleys Is, along the starboard and larboard
sides of the ship close to the deck, where its two ends are strung through the
pulley blocks J, J, and K, K', and the latter of which J, K¹, are also
attached direct to the tiller E¹ fixed into the socket E (as before named
formed to receive it on the under side of the wheel D³ keyed on the rudder
spindle a) which chain gearing may be worked by the steering wheel As
along with the improved gearing described as actuated by the steering
wheel A² as an auxiliary power, or otherwise as a steering gear separate and
distinct from the other gearing, by both hand wheels, by shifting the one A*
backward on the shaft out of gear with the bevel wheel H into gear with the
chain barrel I through the clutches formed on the adjacent ends of their
bosses, and by uncoupling the holding and guiding link frame C¹ of the
eccentric acting wheel C2, which would then turn loose on the eccentric B
without moving the rest of the gearing, while the rudder spindle a is being
actuated by the tiller E' and wheel D through the chain gearing and
hand wheels all in this respect much in the usual manner of steering with
such chain gearing. A friction wheel A¹ is made fast on the eye of the
steering wheel A2 so as to hold the chain gearing and rudder by break
and lever arrangements worked by the hand or foot of the steersman when
desired.
.. /
Referring to Figures 6 and 7 which is another compact arrangement of
the compound eccentric steering gear (described in the two former modifica-
tions in Figures 1 to 5) in this case mounted on the strong solid horizontal
shaft A revolving in bearings G formed or fitted at the top of the standards
or pillow blocks G¹ projecting up from and firmly secured to the deck, having
the vertical band steering wheels A³, A³, keyed fast on it; or it might be upon
a hollow shaft on the central shaft, and also having the first eccentric B
formed or made fast to it. The motion imparted to this shaft and eccentric
by the steering wheels transmits a slow powerful motion to the last driven
wheel D of the duplicate set of compound reducing wheels, as in the former
modifications, so as to give motion to the ehain barrel I, on which it is either
formed or fixed, both revolving. loose on the shaft A, a strong chain being
coiled two or three turns round the barrel I, or it might be in the form of a
pitch chain arranged with a chain pulley having recesses and projections to
receive and catch the chain, which, in this case, would simply require to pass
over the top of the pulley, and whether with the said barrel or a pulley the
chain is brought vertically down on each side below guide pulleys, as at I³,.
and led laterally on each side and carried back round reversing chain blocks,
as at I, and J and K in Figure 5, when the two loose ends are fixed. by

page_text: shackles and a screw link at one side for tightening it up when required to
the "tiller," as E, fixed on the top of the rudder spindle a.
The simple arrangements of guiding and holding mechanism, illustrated as
applied in the several modifications of our Invention, herein described in
reference to Figures 1 to 7, and suitable for being employed generally for
very slow speeds where approximate uniformity of speed and action only is
required, consists, referring to Figures 1 to 3, in forming or attaching, or it
may be coupling a flat rigid arm or disc C¹ to the side of the eccentric rolling
internal wheel C having the stud or pin Cu jointed to one end of the double
link c by its extreme free end, fitted so as to oscillate on the stud C¹¹¹ fixed to
the deck at right angles to the reciprocating and oscillating and holding rod C¹,
and where this radial reciprocating arm C¹ of the disc can be made long in pro-
portion to the throw, as B, B", of the eccentric, in this ease gives a flat radial
arc or action of the line 3-3, to that of 4-4, at right angles to the line 5-5,
drawn through the centre of the reciprocating holding lever C¹, Figure 2, and
therefore transmitting a nearly regular motion to the wheels actuated through
it, as herein-before described.
In the modifications shown in Figures 4 to 7 the holding and guiding
rod C is well turned and fitted so as to work loose on the large eye of the
wheels C, C2, when one or both of these wheels are desired to revolve
loose without giving motion to the wheels D, D³, and are coupled and
uncoupled at pleasure by the sliding bolts or catches c¹ which take into
corresponding recesses c³ in the eyes of the wheels C, C2, a lateral acting
spring catch may be fitted to the handle for moving the bolts c¹ so as to
retain them out or in gear, or other such equivalent. When only one set
of power increasing wheels are required it is preferred to uncouple the first
wheel C from its holding guide C¹ and connect it to the first eccentric B by a
steel or other bolt inserted into recesses, indicated at Cs in Figure 6, or by
a like bolt or pin passed down through the holes indicated at B³ in both
eccentrics B, B³, or other equivalent, as by coupling the second driven
wheel D to its actuating wheel C, and thereby to the first driven wheel D,
or the eccentric B³ on it in like manner by a key or bolt, and uncoupling the
holding guide C₁ from the second internal wheel C, as similarly indicated
at D³ in Figures 4 and 6.
The following are several other mechanical arrangements for so holding and
guiding the internal whee's in a parallel manner during their eccentric
action that they will turn the outer driven wheel at a nearly uniform speed as
described.
Referring to Figure 8 this arrangement consists in the use of the narrow

page_text: double sliding frame C¹, C", the first part C¹ being either coupled or formed'
on the boss of the wheel C having a large opening in the centre to allow
the eccentric B to work freely within it when necessary, the outer frame C
being made to reciprocate. at right angles to the slide C in the fixed holding
or stationary guide C, attached to and projecting up from the sole plate or
other fixed part of the framing at right angles to the revolving axis of the
gearing or shaft, and so as to maintain the fixed lines 3-3, on the wheel C
parallel in all positions of its eccentric circuit to the right line 4-4, passing
radially through the axis a¹. Instead of the internal frame or guide C
sliding in the guide C", it may in addition to sliding in the outer guide C
slide on or into guides formed in or attached to the face of the internal
eecentrically acting wheel C, so as to guide the wheel in a parallel course
at right angles to the former traverse in the outer guide C, which would
retain the wheel parallel in its lateral motion, while the guide frame C¹ is being
reciprocated by the eccentric in the stationary guide C in the right-angled
line in the opposite direction.
Referring to Figure 9 another arrangement for effecting the same object
consists in forming or coupling the plate, disc, or frame C upon the side of
the eccentric internal wheel C, having the circular holes d formed near the
outer extremity of the plate C¹, by preference two or four in number, placed
with their centres concentric to and in right lines, as 3-3, passing through
the axis of the wheel C, or centre of the eccentric B, the plate and its wheel C
and C being kept from turning on the eccentric and guided in a parallel
manner during its eccentric traverse by the studs d' fixed in a stationary
frame, or if used for the arrangements herein described of gearing mounted
on the spindle of a rudder projecting above the deck for steering purposes
these studs may be secured to the sole plate on deck, the position or axis of
the studs d being concentric to the axis of the driving spindle A and in cor-
responding right lines 4-4, through that axis parallel to the former lines 3-3,
so that the studs will project into the holes d, the heads of the studs having
antifriction rollers for the internal surface of the holes d to work and roll.
upon, the centres of the holes and studs corresponding in parallel position.
and distance to the centre of the eccentric and its main axis, and a line through.
these two points respectively in all positions; the holes being made with a..
radius equal to that of the eccentric circle B¹, B", and that of the antifriction.
rollers together, so that the plate C' and its internal wheels C revolve or...
traverse in the eccentric parallel and regular manner herein-before described, as.
giving a regular or uniform motion to the teeth of the wheels C, D, at all points
of their revolution and periphery. When this arrangement of guiding and

page_text: holding frame C¹ is desired to be uncoupled so as to allow its wheel C to
revolve loose that may either be effected by removing the studs and rollers
from their stationary frame or removing its coupling key as indicated at C'.
Instead of the holes d and stud rollers d¹ for guiding the eccentric rolling
disc or plate C and its internal wheel C small cranks or eccentrics revolving
on fixed studs may be used, arranged or placed in all respects as the said holes
and studs are in the former modification, the disc or plate C¹ being jointed
loose to the pins of these cranks or eccentrics having their radii all equal to
the radius a', B¹, of the main eccentric circle and lying parallel to it in all
positions of the revolution of the main eccentric or crank. One such crank
or eccentric only may be employed by actuating it in the same direction, and
at the same speed as the main eccentric by a train of light wheels from the
main axis, as indicated by the red circles in Figure 7.; in this case the
wheels de being keyed on the axis as c³, and the arms c" acting as the said
guiding cranks c¹ connected so as to be parallel to the radial or crank axis
of the main eccentric, the pin working as a crank pin in the free end of the
reciprocating rod C¹ so as to retain it parallel in its reciprocating motion with
a line through the main axis A and crank axis C; the length of the crank c¹¹¹,
Cu, being equal to the radius B₁, a', of the eccentric circle.
Other equivalent mechanical motions may also be employed or applied to
any of the improvements contained in our said Invention for the like purpose
of holding and guiding a fixed radius of the actuating wheel C parallel to a
stationary line through the main axis a, A, while being carried round its
eccentric axis B₁ so as to actuate the wheel D at a uniform velocity, all as
herein-before described.
Referring to Figures 10 and 11 on Sheet 2, one modification or arrangement
of our said Invention applied to capstans consists in the main vertical
spindle A supported in the footstep bearing 2 on the under deck or basement,
passed up through and firmly supported in the bearing b formed in the bed
plate 6 and secured to an upper deck or basement 2-2, at the foot of the
capstan and its gear. The main shaft A has formed or keyed upon it close
down to the bearing 6' the actuating eccentric B working into the eye of the
internal driving wheel C so as to actuate the large driven wheel D, which is
by preference cast in one piece with the large chain wheel L placed imme-.
diately above it, formed with pitched recesses in the usual manner to fit,
catch, and draw in the anchor or other chain which it is to actuate, the
wheel C in this case being fitted with a modification of the holding and
guiding disc ring and rod C³, as described in reference to Figures 1 to 7, in
which the pin C at its free end is attached or formed in one piece, with a

page_text: bush c and made to reciprocate like an eccentric rod, but in the slotted
stationary guide c set and fixed to the deck radially towards the axis of the
main spindle A; or the pin C" might be fixed in the end of the rod and have
an antifriction roller upon it working into the guide c; or otherwise the slot
or guide may be formed in the arm C of the holding lever or disc and reci-
procate on a stationary or fixed stud fitted with a bush or antifriction roller
instead of the moveable pin and bush C, c, just described in reference to
Figures 10 and 11, either of which guiding arrangements would cause the
wheel C to transmit steady motion to the wheel D and its pitch or notched
chain wheel L. In some cases for very powerful capstans the first wheel D
may be made to actuate a second set of these compound transmitting wheels
C2, D2, as herein described in reference to the former modifications; and for
the like purpose of giving greater power when desired a smaller chain wheel
may be cast in one with or inade fast on the top of the chain wheel L, which
in either case will revolve loose on the main spindle A along with its actuating
internal toothed wheel D. Above the chain wheel L is mounted loose on the
main spindle A the curved or tapered barrel M for actuating or hauling ropes
or small chains, generally by a few turns round it, the whole being surmounted
by the large boss N or eye for the reception of the horizontal rotating spokes
or levers for actuating the capstan by manual power; this boss being keyed
on the top of the main spindle A so that the loose rope-winding barrel M can
be either locked to this boss N or to the chain wheel L below it by the bolts
or keys N¹ and M' respectively as desired, so that when the spindle or shaft A
is worked on the upper deck by manual power, or it may be on the lower
deck by engine power, the eccentric B upon it carries the axis of the driving
internal wheel C round the axis of the main spindle A, so that this eccentric
or crank action, together with the sliding and guiding mechanical arrange-
ments C, C, c, c; cause the teeth on its outer periphery to roll radially
into and act tangentially on the teeth on the inner periphery of the second or
driven wheel D and carry it and the chain wheel L of the capstan round at a
nearly uniform speed at all points of its revolution with a velocity and power
proportional to that of or given to the main spindle A, as the length of the
radius B', A¹; of the circle described by the eccentric axis of the rolling and
driving wheel is to the radius of the large driven wheel, and of the latter
to the former respectively, for the speed and power, as as herein-before
described in reference to the former modification. The chain or rope to be
hauled in or drawn by the capstan is led round a balf or more of the periphery
of the chain wheel or barrel L, or has a few turns given to it round the
barrel M in the usual manner by guiding pulleys having holding gear for

page_text: guiding and holding the chain from slipping back as desired, and having
palls 62 and ratchet, teeth 6" round the lower periphery of the sole plate 6¹ for
holding the capstan and other accessories analogous to and essential in the
manner generally in use.
In Figure 12 is shown an arrangement of capstan having the main actuating
shaft A hollow throughout its length with the eccentric B formed or keyed on
its lower end, and also the large boss N keyed on it at the top for the recep-
tion of the levers or spokes for turning it; the shaft A revolves loose on the
strong parallel axial pillar a firmly secured by a deep socket and screwed at b
to the sole plate 61, and otherwise actuates and carries all the moving parts of
the capstan, essentially as described in reference to Figures 10 and 11. This
modification besides being arranged to revolve loose on a fixed pillar a as a
single capstan may be made to revolve loose on the upper or lower deck and
parts a', or a", of the solid shaft A, in Figure 10, so as to work loose on it as
a pillar, or when desired be coupled to it, so that the hollow shaft would then
act as one shaft with the solid shaft A, and either work both capstans simul-
taneously or either of them singly with the power applied to the shaft A by
the levers of either or both capstans, the solid shaft A in this modified
arrangement of Figure 12 being understood to actuate the lower capstan
direct when the hollow spindle capstan was placed at the top, as described in
relation to that Figure, as delineated.
The arrangement of these said improvements as applied to windlasses is
much the same as that described for capstans, except that the main shaft A
is fitted to revolve horizontally in bearings at G formed in strong brackets G
projecting up from and secured to the deck 2-2, having in the modification
shown in Figures 13 to 16 one set of the reducing duplex wheels C, D, before
described, actuating each of the winding barrels M revolving loose on each
side of the main shaft A along with the respective actuating wheel D, the
eccentrics B carrying and actuating the transmitting and reducing wheels C,
in this case being keyed fast on the shaft A, having light chain wheels A¹
attached to or formed in one with them. In some cases pitch chains L, as
described in reference to capstans and shown in red lines in Figure 13, may
be employed, by preference attached to the side of the wheel D, in addition to
the windlass barrel M, when desired.
The holding and guiding mechanism of the transmitting wheel C is
essentially of the same construction as that shown and described in reference
to Figures 4 to 7, but having the large holding ring part of the rod C¹, more
as shown in the former modifications, Figures 10 to 12, in the form of a strong
eccentric strap working on the large eccentric smooth turned wheel or boss C²

page_text: formed on the back of the wheel C, having numerous recesses c² for the
reception of the holding catch c¹, as seen most clearly in Figure 15, lettered
as in the former modifications of the like parts. A friction brake wheel O is
shown in this arrangement, by preference formed on the outer periphery of the
wheel D, actuated by the strap 0' and by the short shaft O2, levers O", O,
and screws Os, or other such equivalent break gearing heretofore used for
actuating the breaks of winding machines, so as to allow the barrel M and
chain or rope which it may be winding to be slackened or drawn back at any
rate desired by this mechanism and the strain upon the rope or chain; the
holding strap and lever C¹ of the transmitting and reducing wheel C being
for the time unlocked, as well as the fixed palls M² for holding the windlass
from slipping backwards, being raised out of their ratchet wheel M", formed
by preference on the other end periphery of the barrel M, by a suitable lever
or other means for the purpose.
The principal mode of working this modification of windlass preferred con-
sists of an arrangement of friction wheel P keyed on each end of the main
shaft A, actuated by the silent feed or friction strap P¹ and duplex lever P¹¹
arrangement, shown more particularly in Figures 13 and 14, the two free ends
of the strap P¹ being jointed very close together to the central part of the
lever P formed with two sockets for the reception of a fore-and-aft straight
detachable lever, or when very many men are required, the arm of the lever may.
be made to branch out to the two sides laterally similar to the levers hereto-
fore used, of windlasses worked by friction or ratchet wheels and links with
gripping palls, and which actuating arrangement of gear might also be applied
to this improved construction of windlass when preferred, in such a manner
that the reciprocating up-and-down motion given to these levers shipped or
attached into the sockets of the central part P" slackens and carries round or
forward the friction strap P¹ upon the friction wheel P by the motion in one
direction, and tightens it so as to carry round or forward the friction wheel P,
shaft A, and windlass barrel M, all at the same time, in the direction of the
arrow in Figure 14, by the motion of their levers in the other direction (of
their reciprocating motion) so as to wind up the chain or rope passed two or
three turns round the barrel M, or half round the catch chain wheel L, when
that is used, all otherwise as described in reference to the other modifications,
with the inverse greater power and slower speed due, to the transmitting.
wheel C, D, and their actuating eccentric B keyed on the shaft A, directly.
driven by the two hand levers and friction wheel and strap arrangement at
the ends of the shafts, which may. either actuate one or both of the windlass.
barrels M by the whole power imparted to the shaft at the time by the

page_text: uncoupling of the holding strap and lever C' of the wheel Cof either of the windlass
barrels M. or not, as desired, and having the necessary guiding pulleys and lock-
ing gear for guiding the chain to the windlass, and holding it from slipping back,
when desired, all as in other windlasses. When this windlass is desired to be
actuated by motive power it may be driven backwards or forwards by small
engines placed at one or both ends of the shaft A, having the connecting rod
or rods attached by an eccentric or crank pin (or pins as the case may be) in
the overhung dises or side of the friction wheel P or the revolving shaft of
such a local or other motor might be connected by a crank and connecting
rod, so as to reciprocate the lever P" of the friction driving mechanism (as
described by band levers) or a light endless chain from a cam wheel or barrel
on such a motive-power shaft might be passed over the chain wheel A¹ fast
on the hollow boss (or hollow shaft if preferred) of the eccentric B, made in
this case loose on the shaft A, might be made to actuate each barrel M of the
windlass separately if desired.
The application of our said improvements to cranes and crabs or winches,
but having only a single barrel, is essentially so much the same as those
described and shown in reference to windlasses Figures 13 to 16, except that
these have two barrels, that we have only considered it necessary to show a
winding barrel for these machines, fitted in accordance with our Invention,
detached in Figure 17, and referring to this and the arrangement for wind-
lasses it will be seen that the parts before named have only to be modified to
suit the requirements of the various forms, sizes, lightness, and other
characteristics of these machines depending on the purposes for which they
are to be designed or used, requiring only the one horizontal shaft or spindle A
with the eccentric B formed or secured on it, actuating and carrying a single
or when desired for very powerful cranes a double or triple set of the
duplex internal working and speed reducing wheels C and D, the latter of
which is either formed on or made fast to the winding barrel M or it might
be a pitched or recessed chain wheel instead of the barrel, when the chain is
to be wound off and on to the winding cylinder or be simply passed over it
(as in the case of a chain wheel) the last wheel D of the set or sets which
actuates the barrel M direct, both the wheels and barrel revolving loose on
the shaft A. The shaft A thus carrying the whole of the reducing and
actuating gear, all substantially as described in reference to Figures 13 to 16,
is mounted so as to revolve in bush bearings by its journals G between the
two main side frames or cheeks of the particular crane, crab, or winch to
which these our improvements are to be fitted. These side frames or cheeks
are generally stayed or attached to each other and bolted to the respective

page_text: main frames of the form required to suit the kind of crane or crab to which
they are to be applied and to be actuated in this our improved manner, that
is, to the sides of the revolving pillar or to the revolving frame of the fixed
pillar or post of jib or derrick cranes, or to the carriage frame, or sole plate of
travelling and other portable or fixed cranes, crabs or winches, whether
driven by motive or manual power, in either case the power and motion is
transmitted direct to the main shafts by preference at their overhanging ends
by winch handles or motive power, all otherwise as the first motion shaft of
such winding purchases and hoisting machines have been as heretofore
constructed, that is for motive power, by crank pin discs at the ends of the
shaft A having the connecting rods of the motive power engines attached to
the crank pin or pins or the disc or discs, as the case may be, or otherwise,
belt or rope pulleys may be keyed or mounted loose on the main spindle to
actuate it or the first eccentric B, which pulleys when loose may be coupled
to the shaft by a hand lever and clutch box or other coupling arrangement,
and the unlocking of the wheel C by its holding ring and lever C¹ being effected
as described in reference to windlasses or other equivalent mechanism, and
the friction break strap at 0¹ on the outer periphery of the wheel D is or may
be worked by any of the well known simple lever arrangements used for the
like purpose in such machines, and for heavy cranes a fixed ratchet pall may
be made to work into a ratchet wheel formed on the barrel M or wheel D,
but for ordinary lifts this is not necessary as the back strain on the chain or
rope could not turn the main shaft A backwards as in some other transmitting
gear. For hoisting purposes when the improved crane or crab so constructed
is upon the ground the rope or chain simply requires to pass from the object
to be lifted over a single pulley above it so as to be led to the winding barrel
or chain wheel or pulley round which it may either be wholly wound or have
only a few turns passed round it, or simply pass round or over a considerable
part of its circumference, when it is a pitched or notched chain pulley which
is used, and which arrangement of hoisting gear would make a simple, cheap,
and efficient winding gear for the working for the working or raising and
lowering of diving bells and the buckets and ladders of dredgers.
Our said improvements as applied to the large classes of turning lathes,
boring and screwing machines, and such like tools, are illustrated under one
modification, as applied to the driving head of a large turning lathe in
Figures 18 and 19, consists in mounting one, two, or more sets of the
eccentric B and duplex internal speed reducing and increased power trans-
mitting wheels C and D upon the main spindle a, revolving in bearings in the.
láthe head Q, or other such machine and tool as named. The stepped cone

page_text: speed pulley A¹ with the first actuating eccentric B attached to it revolves
loose on the spindle a by a long hollow eye or spindle A revolving loose on
the main spindle a, so as to actuate the first outer driven wheel D, which in
turn actuates the next set of wheels by the eccentric B fast on it, and so on
when three sets or more of these wheels are employed, the last outer driven
wheel D² being keyed, or it may be coupled by a clutch or other equivalent, in
some cases when preferred to the main spindle a. The various speeds are given
to the main spindle a in this modification by locking the two eccentrics B, B, and
the transmitting wheels C, C³, by the sliding keys or cutters A", d", so that the
wheels C cannot roll on the eccentrics or in the teeth of their wheels D, D,
but carry these round with them, and also the spindle a at the same speed as
the eccentric B and first motion cone A¹, the two holding levers C¹ being at
the same time released from their wheels C and C by slacking the screws c¹,
which in this case couples the split ring or strap of the lever C¹, so as to hold
the wheels C and C² by stiff friction in place of by the sliding and locking key
or bolt c¹ of the former modification, although the said locking key or other
equivalent may be employed when preferred, as shown dotted at c. When
the second power and speed is required, by the use of one set of the trans-
mitting wheels the locking key A" is released, and the holding lever and
friction ring C¹, coupled by the screw c¹ to the wheel C, which then actuates
the spindle a by the wheel D coupled by the key d" to the wheel D², which
is keyed on the shaft a; and when the speed and power due to both sets of
transmitting wheels are required both eccentrics B and B2 are unlocked by
withdrawing the keys A", d", and the holding levers C of both internal
transmitting wheels C and C² coupled so that the power is transmitted through
both sets in succession from the cone pulley A¹, and first eccentric B to the
last wheel D keyed on the spindle a of the lathe, all as described in the
former modifications and applications of our said Invention. When three sets
of transmitting wheels are employed the several speeds may be given to the
spindle a by coupling the first or second outer driven wheels D or D² to the
first.eccentric, or to the spindle of the machine, or to the last wheel, which in
this case would be Ds attached to the spindle, when the second or third power
or motion is required to actuate it, the spindle a at the same time uncoupling
the holding and guiding levers C¹ (or other slides or guiding frames or plates
which may be employed) from the internal eccentric acting wheels C, C², or
C³, not required, or in use for driving the wheel D, D³, or D³, which is
actuating the spindle at the time, or otherwise the third or second wheel D
might be uncoupled from the spindle a respectively when not in use for
driving the spindles by any of the coupling and uncoupling mechanical

page_text: arrangements herein-before referred to in the former modifications, or other
equivalent, such as heretofore in use for engaging eccentrics and wheels to
their shafts and to each other. It will at once be perceived that on motion
being given to the cone pulley by its belt the main spindle a which revolves
in the usual construction of bearings and headstock Q will be driven at the
inverse reduced speed and power due to the particular eccentric and duplex
set of wheels coupled at the time, or the multiple of the same when more
than one set is so used or in action, and as each of these sets of wheels may
be constructed with a great range of reducing speed to from one-third to
one-thirtieth, without taking into account this power or range of the cone.
belt pulleys, it will be perceived that a greater range and variety of speeds
can be obtained by these improvements in the driving of such tools than
by the use of the complicated back speed or other supplementary gearing
and spindle heretofore in use for the like purpose of actuating such
tools.
Referring to Figures 20 and 21 another application of our said improve-
ments consists, under one modification, in actuating sugar cane and other
mills and their main shafts, as a, requiring to be driven with a great power
and at slow speeds from a first prime moving and comparatively lighter
shaft as A, going at a high speed, as the crank shaft of the engine employed
for driving the particular mill by having the overhung end of the first motion.
shaft A revolving loose in a bush or solid bearing formed in the concentric
centre of the overhung end of the large mill shaft a, or the one directly
coupled to it required to be driven. One, two, or three sets of the
eccentric and duplex speed reducing wheels, as may be required to actuate
the particular mill to be driven (in this case two sets are shown as used)
are mounted loose on the end of the actuating shaft A, or the shaft a to be
driven close to the junction of the two shafts A, a, so that the first motion:
shaft A actuates the whole of the outside internal toothed wheels D, D³, in
succession, which all revolve loose on the shafts except the last D³, which is
keyed on the shaft a to be driven close up to the eyes of the other wheels C
and D, which actuate it.
The motion of the prime moving or crank shaft A by the eccentric B and
transmitting wheel C with the first outside internal toothed loose revolving
wheel D (as described in the former modifications), which by the eccentric B²
cast or fixed upon its boss gives motion to the next outside wheel D³, which
might if three sets of wheels were employed be also loose, and in turn (and both
in like manner to the first) by the eccentric upon it gives motion to the last
driven wheel D³, in this case keyed fast on the intermediate shaft a, or this,

page_text: shaft a may in either case actuate the main shaft of the mill to be driven at
the reduced speed and increased power in the direction, manner, and. ratios
described in reference to the former modifications herein described, the
transmitted motion of the eccentric wheels C and C² being held and regulated
in this case by the disc levers C' formed in one piece with the wheels C, C²,
rocking in a vertical plane on the links d. linked to the free ends of the
levers.c and to the fixed studs c¹¹, substantially as described in reference to
Figures 1 to 3, oscillating in the horizontal plane; but when the motion is
required to be very regular the eccentric transmitting action of the wheels C
and C may be regulated by the double sliding frame or rectangularly and
eccentrically moving and holding guide plates C¹ working into vertical fixed
slides, or on rollers and eccentrics or cranks, as herein-before described in
reference to the several guiding mechanical arrangements shown in Figures 7,
8, and 9, or other such parallel acting and holding mechanism.
By another modification the first motion shaft may revolve in bearings in
the mill frame, and drive the main roller, loose on the shaft. by internal
toothed wheels cast on each end of the roller by eccentric. rolling wheels
working within them upon eccentrics formed or keyed on the shaft, having
the guiding frames of the eccentric wheels, and in this case working
in slides formed on or attached to the sides of the mill frame on the one side
and in the one direction, and on the other side into or on slides formed in or
on the wheels, or the slides on the wheels may be made to work in the guide:
frames working in the sides of the mill and at right angles to them.. In some
case the eccentric bearings of the eye of the internal driving wheels, when:
desired, may be made or fitted with a ring of antifriction rollers to lessen the
friction and wear upon them, and also the fixed bearings in which the quick
revolving shaft works, and the bearings of the chain wheels or the rollers of
mills which work loose on the shaft, where great strain is sustained by the
chain wheels, or the rollers of each mill may also be so fitted with these anti-
friction rollers.
Although throughout this Specification. eccentrics only have been described,
as employed for actuating the internal wheels C, C2, cranks may be employed
with considerable advantage when the radius of the eccentric or. crank circle
is greater, and the difference of the speed to be given to the driven wheel is
less than in the modifications: we have herein described and shown for par-
ticular machines and purposes, such as for giving the reducing power of from,
say, one-third or one-fourth to two-thirds or:three-fourths of that of the velocity
of the first motor or mover; in which case direct action may be employed by
coupling, the free end of the connecting rod or rods of a steam engine or

page_text: engines to the crank pin carrying the transmitting or eccentric moving wheel,
as C, C, of the various Drawings.
And although in the several modifications of these improvements herein
specified the eccentrics or cranks have been described as actuating the internal.
wheel, yet still the eccentrics or cranks may also be made to work in and
carry round the large outside internal toothed wheel by its axis so as to roll.
round and drive the small wheel inside at a speed in proportion to that of the
driving shaft, as the difference of the circumference of the two wheels is to
the circumference of the small driven wheel, which does not give quite so
much reducing power as when the large wheel is made the driven wheel, but,
on the other hand, this peculiarity makes this arrangement of making the
outer wheel the eccentric acting and transmitting wheel more convenient
for being worked on, and by the crank pin of motive-power engines, and
for only very slightly reducing, or for materially increasing, the speed of the
shaft or gearing actuated by this arrrangement of our said Invention.
Having thus particularly described our said Invention, and the manner in;
which the same is or may be used or carried into effect, we may observe in;
conclusion that we do not confine ourselves to the precise details which we
have had occasion to describe, delineate, and refer to, as many variations of
and from these may be made without departing from the main or essential.
features of our said Invention; neither do we claim to have invented the.
forms and constructions of many of the parts or their modes of attachment,
or the transmitting eccentric acting internal wheel giving motion to an outside
revolving wheel, which we have had occasion to describe and refer to by
themselves specially, as such may have been used for other purposes in other
kinds of machinery, except in so far as these have essential reference to and
form part of our said Invention; but what we consider to be novel and
original, and therefore claim as the Invention secured to us by the herein-
before in part recited Letters Patent is,―
First. The general construction. and arrangement of the parts of machines,
mechanism, or gearing, and their use for actuating or transmitting motion
and power by and through them for the several and respective purposes,
namely, the steering of ships, or the actuating of ships' rudders, of capstans,
windlasses, cranes, crabs, and winches, the larger class of turning lathes, boring
and screwing machines, and other such tools; and for forming the coupling
and actuating or transmitting gearing of sugar mill shafts, or their rollers, or
other such heavy powerful shafting or gearing which has to be driven from
quick speed shafts or motors, all substantially in the new or improved manner

page_text: herein specified and shown in the accompanying Drawings, or any mere
modification thereof.
Second. The adaptation, arrangement, and use of one, two, or more sets
of the duplex internal toothed annular wheel, geared into a smaller externally
toothed one within it, having either of these wheels carried eccentrically
round the other one, as a transmitting wheel on and by an eccentric, or a
crank pin, and held and guided parallelly so as to transmit nearly uniform
circular motion and power to the other wheel, and to the shaft, pulley,
barrel, or other axial revolving part to which it is attached to be so actuated,
for the purposes severally and respectively herein-before described and stated
in the first claim, and otherwise, all substantially in the new or improved
manner as shown in the accompanying Drawings, or any mere modification
thereof.
Third. The construction and arrangement of the parts of the several
mechanical arrangements of mechanism, and their use for holding and guiding
the transmitting wheel, so as to impart a nearly uniform circular motion to
the axial driven wheel, of the duplex wheels herein-before described, and also
mentioned in the second claim, whichever of the two wheels is made the
transmitting one, all substantially in the new or improved manner herein
specified and shown in the accompanying Drawings, or any mere modification
thereof.
In witness whereof, we, the said James Tennant Caird and Stewart
Robertson, have hereunto set our hands and seals, this Twenty-first
day of April, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and
sixty-eight.
JAMES TENNANT CAIRD. (L.B.)
STEWART
ROBERTSON.
(L.S.)