Method and Means of Manufacturing Detachable Covers for Pneumatic Tyres.
Year: 1898

page_text: Date of Application, 3rd Nov., 1898
1000
Date of Application, 3rd Nov., 1898
Complete Specification Lert, 25th Apr., 1899-Accepted, 8th July,
2000
1000
PROVIDIUNAL DICTION
Method and Means of Manufacturing Detachable Covers for
Pneumatic Tyres.
We, THE THOMAS & WILLIAM CALDWELL SYNDICATE LIMITED, of No. 3, Winwick
Street, Warrington, and LEWIS JOHNSTONE, Engineer, of Deeply Vale, Bury,
both in the County of Lancaster, do hereby declare the nature of this invention
to be as follows:-
This invention relates to the method and means of manufacturing detachable
covers for pneumatic tyres from a self-shaped fabric that is a fabric which is
curved or specially shaped in the weaving viz: curved to the radius (or there-
abouts) of the tyre when inflated in respect of which such detachable covers are
to be used.
Heretofore it has been known or has been proposed in patents of earlier date
to employ a textile fabric (advantageously a woven cotton cloth or canvas of
sufficient strength and resilience) formed somewhat V-shaped or U-shaped in
cross section and also curved as to its length of or about the radius of the tyre
to be made such shaped fabric being woven or produced in any suitable manner.
Now according to the present invention such specially shaped fabric is treated
(stretched and shaped) in the manner and by the means as follows:-
66
Two drums reels or rings (which for the sake of brevity will hereinafter be
referred to as rings") are employed advantageously of the diameter of the
finished tyre but narrower in cross section and mounted so as to be adapted to
revolve in the same plane advantageously in a frame; or two or more pairs of such
rings may be similarly mounted i.e. the rings in each pair being arranged in the
same plane; and between each said pair of rings and in the same plane there-
with is arranged a small convex or concavo-convex or other shaped drum reel or
roller which may either be formed in one piece or of a number of parts-(here-
inafter referred to as the "roller") advantageously as an idle roller and adapted
or said rings (or
to be adjusted in any direction desired with respect to said rings
and
one of them) may be adapted to be independently adjusted towards and away
from one another or the said roller or in any other desired direction the object
of which adjustment will be hereinafter explained.
One end of a length of the aforesaid specially shaped fabric is secured to one
of the said rings and such length of fabric is wound thereon and the other end
of said fabric is then led from said ring or from the underside thereof over the
said roller and thence downwards to the underside of the 2nd fing to which latter
it is firmly secured or if the fabric is led from the upper side of the 1st ring thence
it would be led downwards under the (convex) roller and upwards to the upper
side of the 2nd ring to which latter it would be attached as before.
A suitable brake or drag or retarding action is put upon the first ring upon
which the length of any stretched fabric is wound while the 2nd or winding
ring is revolved by any suitable means advantageously very slowly the (convex)
roller being so arranged with respect to the two rings (or said rings so adjusted
with respect to the convex roller) that as the fabric is dragged off the first ring

page_text: it will be inverted or turned inside out as it passes over the (convex) roller and
turned back again or inverted a second time between said roller and the winding
ring while at same time the fabric is in very great tension and is strongly stretched
during such circuitous passage from the first ring to the winding ring on which
latter the now stretched fabric is wound and thereafter employed for the purpose
of manufacturing the detachable covers for pneumatic tyres in any suitable or
desired manner; or before removing the stretched fabric from said winding ring
as soon as same has been stretched and wound thereon and before the tension is
released it may be clamped or secured in any suitable manner while thus wound
on said winding ring and such ring may then be removed from the machine (and
from the device or means by which it is revolved) and the fabric can then be
treated or subjected to the action of wet steam or treated in any other desired
manner (as for instance immersed in a bath or mercerised) while thus held tightly
wound on said winding ring and before being finally released therefrom, or the
fabric may have india-rubber applied thereto in any desired manner either while
thus held on the winding ring or while in the act of stretching and winding as
aforesaid or previously thereto as desired.
By this invention therefore such fabric can be readily stretched in a very
effective and expeditious manner and to any desired extent that is to say in this
way such curved or specially-shaped fabric can have the stretch-or sufficient
of the stretch-taken out of same or be rendered inextensible or sufficiently so
to prevent the detachable outer cover (for pneumatic tyres) made therefrom from
coming off the rim when inflated and under ordinary riding pressures.
The following apparatus will be found very advantageous in carrying out the
present invention.
In a suitable frame or support is journalled an axle or shaft one end of which
is adapted to receive thereon and revolve the ring on which the fabric to be
stretched is wound.
On this shaft a brake pulley is keyed or otherwise suitably mounted and a
brake device is provided (advantageously with a dynamometer or other suitable
indicator or spring balance in combination therewith) and means to apply said
brake to a greater or less extent so that any desired amount of drag or retardation
can be put upon said brake wheel and consequently upon said ring on this shaft-
such ring being advantageously carried or mounted on a chuck or other suitable
device by which means said ring can be fixed in position and removed from the
machine when desired.
The winding ring is similarly arranged and mounted on any shaft journalled
in supports in a parallel plane with the first-named shaft advantageously with
means to readily affix and remove said winding ring as described with reference
to the other ring.
In order to revolve this winding ring shaft at a very slow speed same is
driven by means of a worm and worm-wheel which latter can revolve idly upon
said shaft and carries a crank pin or stud upon which two small gear wheels of
different diameters (connected together) are adapted to freely revolve one said
gear wheel gearing with a non-revolvable toothed wheel affixed to the frame while
the other small gear wheel meshes with a toothed wheel affixed to the axle this
latter being of slightly different diameter from the aforesaid fixed toothed wheel
(advantageously smaller) an epicyclic or the like motion being thus produced to
gear down" and thereby revolve the winding ring at a very slow speed; or
any other suitable means may be employed to gear down" or impart very slow
motion to the winding ring shaft and consequently to very slowly revolve the
winding ring.
.
The support carrying the ring on which is wound the fabric to be stretched
may advantageously be made adjustable towards and away from the winding ring
the support of which latter may be fixed.
The (convex) roller is mounted on a shaft journalled on a forked support in
which fork said roller may be adjusted laterally .c. in the axial line of its shaft by

page_text: any well known or suitable means and this said support may advantageously be
arranged to swivel or otherwise adapted to be turned on its vertical axis and
moreover such support may also be so arranged and carried in the frame as to
be vertically adjustable therein for instance by passing through a nut or sleeve
which latter is externally screw-threaded and adapted to be screwed into a fixed
part of the frame to thereby raise or lower said (convex) roller.
Thus means are provided to readily put on the full rings of fabric to be
stretched and to readily remove such rings when empty to put on the empty
winding rings and readily remove same when the stretched fabric has been wound
thereon to adjust one ring with respect to the other and in the same plane to
adjust the (convex) roller in any direction desired to put on any desired brake
or tension and at any desired point or points of the fabric with respect to the
width thereof and consequently to stretch the fabric in the direction of its length
to any required extent or degree and proportion.
The aforesaid rings on which is wound the fabric to be stretched as also the wind-
ing rings i.e. the rings onto which the stretched fabric is wound as aforesaid are of
a narrow form in cross-section with a suitable circumferential edge said rings
being advantageously made with parallel sides and rounded edges.
Similarly the above described machine may be used for making up the tyre
covers as for instance after the fabric has been stretched and strained as above
described it may next receive a coating of india-rubber and may be again passed
through the machine the layers of fabric being now cemented together on the
winding on ring which latter may now be removed from machine and the fabric
thereon vulcanised before receiving the finishing strip of rubber; or this
latter may be applied directly-the vulcanising of the fabric being omitted.
In order to remove the rings from the finished cover when made up thus-the
rings for this last-named purpose are collapsible i.e. jointed.
As before stated the roller may be other than convex on its circumference and
may be broad or narrow in width as desired for instance the roller may be con-
cavo-convex (ie. with the middle portion lower than the side of the crown) or of
other suitable formation.
By altering the contour of this roller the stretch can be varied on different
parts of the fabric for instance if the crown of the roller be broader than the
centre section of the fabric then the side edges of the latter will come in for an
extra amount of stretching, on the other hand if the crown of the roller is con-
caved then the centre part of the fabric will not be stretched so much while again
if a convex roller of narrow width be used with the aforesaid winding and unwind-
ing rings close to same then more stretch is put on the central part of the fabric.
Dated this 3rd day of November 1898.
TONGUE & BIRKBECK,
Southampton Buildings, Chancery Lane, London, W.C.,
Agents for the Applicants.
Method and Means of Manufacturing Detachable Covers for
Pneumatic Tyres.
We, THE THOMAS & WILLIAM CALDWELL SYNDICATE LIMITED, of 3, Winwick
Street, Warrington, and LEWIS JOHNSTONE, Engineer, of Deeply Vale, Bury,
both in the County of Lancaster, do hereby declare the nature of this invention
and in what manner the same is to be performed to be particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following statement:-
-
This invention relates to the method and means of manufacturing detachable

page_text: covers for pneumatic tyres from a self-shaped fabric that is a fabric which is
curved or specially shaped in the weaving viz; curved to the radius (or there-
abouts) of the tyre when inflated in respect of which such detachable covers are
to be used.
Heretofore it has been proposed in patents of earlier date to employ a textile
fabric (advantageously a woven cotton cloth or canvas of sufficient strength and
resilience) formed somewhat V-shaped or U-shaped in cross section and also
curved in the direction of its length to or about the radius of the tyre to be made,
such shaped fabric being woven or produced in any suitable manner.
According to the present invention such specially-shaped fabric is treated in
the manner and by the means as follows;-
Two drums, reels, or rings (which for the sake of brevity will hereinafter be
referred to as rings") are employed advantageously of the diameter of the
finished tyre but narrower in cross section and mounted in the same plane. Two
or more pairs of such rings may be similarly mounted in one machine, the rings
in each pair being arranged in the same plane. Between each pair of rings
and in the same plane therewith is arranged a small drum, reel, roller, or ridge
(which may either be formed in one piece or of a number of parts) hereinafter
referred to as the "roller." This roller is advantageously an idle roller and is
adapted to be adjusted in any desired direction in relation to its pair of rings.
The said rings (or one of them) may be adapted to be independently adjusted
towards and away from one another or from the roller or in any other desired
direction the object of which adjustment will be hereinafter explained.
One end of a length of the specially-shaped fabric is secured to one of the rings
(which we will hereinafter term the "brake-ring") and such length of fabric
is wound thereon.
The other end of the length of fabric is led from the brake ring over the roller
and thence to the 2nd ring which we will hereinafter term the "winding ring")
to which latter it is firmly secured.
A suitable brake or drag or retarding action is put upon the brake ring while
the winding ring is revolved by any suitable means by preference very slowly.
The roller which is preferably of convex form is so adjusted with respect to the
two rings or one or other of the rings is so adjusted with respect to the roller that
as the fabric is dragged off the brake ring it will be inverted or turned inside
out as it passes over the roller and turned back again or re-inverted between the
roller and the winding ring while at the same time the fabric is in very great
tension and is strongly stretched during such circuitous passage from the brake
ring to the winding ring on which latter the stretched fabric is wound and there-
after employed for the purpose of manufacturing the detachable covers for pneu-
matic tyres in any suitable or desired manner.
Before removing the stretched fabric from the winding rim and before the
tension is released the fabric is clamped or secured in any suitable manner on the
winding ring and removed from the machine and the fabric still on the ring is
subjected to the action of wet steam and dried or treated in any other desired
manner. It can for instance be immersed in a bath and dried or mercerised and
washed and dried.
India rubber can also be applied to the fabric prior to the stretching and wind-
ing process if so desired.
By this invention fabric of the kind described can be readily stretched in one
operation that is sufficient of the stretch can be taken out of the same to render
same inextensible or sufficiently so to prevent the detachable outer cover made
therefrom from coming off the rim when inflated under ordinary riding pressures.
In order that this invention may be the more easily understood and readily
carried into practice we will proceed to further describe the same with reference
to the drawings hereunto annexed.
Fig. 1 is a front view of a stretching machine according to the present invention.
Fig. 2 is an end view thereof looking in the direction of the arrow 2 Fig. 1.

page_text: Fig. 3 is an end view (partly in section) looking in the direction of the arrow 3
Fig. 1.
Fig. 4 is a local vertical sectional view on line 4-4 Fig. 1 showing the
mechanism for holding and adjusting the intermediate roller 2.
Fig. 5 is a diagrammatic view showing the fabric inverted on the roller 2 as
it is drawn off the ring 1 and again inverted as it is wound on the ring 19.
Fig. 6 is a separate view of the said ring 19 showing means by which same is
rendered collapsible though as hereinafter described the winding ring may in
part of the operations be a solid and not a collapsible ring.
Fig. 7 is a vertical sectional view thereof on line 7-7 Fig. 6.
Figs. 8 to 11 illustrate modified arrangement, & Figs. 12 to 15. another modifi-
cation, and Fig. 16 still another modification as hereinafter described.
The machine illustrated in Figs. 1 to 7 is double-sided that is as a double
machine the operation on either side being the same.
In the arrangement illustrated in said Figs. 1 to 7--the end of a length of the
special fabric is firmly fixed to the brake ring 1 and said fabric is then wound
upon said ring 1.
The ring 1 is fixed on the axle A on which latter is also fixed the band brake
wheel 2. The axle A is journalled in the adjustable bearing or carriage a which
is adapted to slide upon the supporting bars or rods carried on the main frame
or base c of the machine the said bearings or carriage a being adjusted by means
of the adjusting screw 3 see Fig. 3.
5 are band brakes which act on brake wheels 2.
6 is an adjustable mount or carriage on which are carried or mounted the small
rollers 7-one such roller only being shown in Fig. 4. The said mount is adapted
to slide upon the fixed rods b and can be adjusted thereon by means of the adjust-
ing screw 8 see Figs. 3 and 4.
The roller 7 is an idle roller on the shaft 9 journalled in the forked arms 10
of the support 11. The shaft 9 is adjustable in the direction of its length by
means of the screw nut 12 thereon.
The mount 11 is carried in the arms 13 and 14 of the mount and can be
adjusted vertically and turned upon its vertical axis. The vertical adjustment is
obtained by means of the screw sleeve 15 which screws through the internally
screw-threaded lower socket 14. The upper part of the spindle 11 has fixed thereon
a worm wheel 16 with which gears a worm 17 which can be rotated by the square
end 18 on its shaft.
19 are the winding rings one on each side of the machine which are fixed rigidly
on the shaft B which is journalled in the bearings or carriage d fixed to the
frame of the machine.
On the shaft B is the worm wheel 20 loosely mounted and driven by the
worm 21 on the worm shaft 22 which carries the driving pulleys 23 driven in any
suitable manner.
The worm wheel 20 carries rigidly fixed thereto the crank pinion or spindle 24
on which rotate the pinions 25 and 26 these two latter being cast or otherwise
formed together.
27 is a stationary toothed wheel keyed or otherwise fixed to the boss of the
carriage d.
28 is a toothed wheel keyed or otherwise rigidly fixed to the shaft B aforesaid
thus it will be seen that as the worm wheel 20 revolves it carries round the double
pinion 25 26 the pinion 25 gearing with the stationary toothed wheel 27 and
consequently the pinion 26 is thereby revolved and this latter in turn revolves
the toothed wheel 28 which being fixed to the axle B consequently will very
slowly revolve the latter and thus the speed is geared down and a very slow and
steady rotation of the rings 19 is obtained.
These rings 19 (when same are to be used as the mandrel on which the tyre is
to be built up and finished) are made collapsible as shown in Figs. 6 and 7-with
a central expansible frame 29 having three or other suitable number of arms one

page_text: arm of which is extensible by means of the internally screwed nut or adjusting
device 30 through which screws the screwed part 31 of the rod 32 by means of
which latter the frame 29 can be tightly pressed and locked against the inner
circumference of the collapsible ring 19 and thereby hold the same rigid while
when it is desired to collapse the ring this can be easily effected as will be readily
understood from the drawings for instance when the stretched fabric is wound
upon the ring 19 and there rubbered and finished to form the finished cover such
ring 19 must be collapsed to enable such finished cover to be removed therefrom.
Referring to Figs. 1, 2 and 3-the band brake 5 (the ends of which are provided
with a screw bolt 33 and nut thereon by which to vary the tightness of said band
brake 5 upon the brake wheel 2) has an extension 34 to the upper end of which
latter is pivoted a rod 35 which is connected to a dynamometer 36 or other suit-
able indicator or spring balance.
The latter is mounted on the framing or support 37 mounted on the fixed
carriage so that any desired amount of brake or retardation can be put upon
the brake wheels 2 and consequently upon the rings 1 fixed on the shaft A and at
same time the strain put upon the fabric is registered or indicated and can be
readily seen upon the dynamometer.
is the fabric to be stretched.
Means are provided for readily mounting the rings upon the shaft A or
removing the same therefrom and similar means are used for mounting the
rings 19 upon the shaft B.
The rings 1 and 19 are narrow in cross section with a suitable circumferential
edge the rings being preferably made with parallel sides and rounded edges.
By altering the contour of this roller 7 and altering its position relatively
to the rings 1 19 thereby the stretch on different parts of the width of the
fabric can be varied.
or
and
In place of this roller 7 a fixed convex surface or ridge of any suitable shape
may be employed.
The operation is as follows;-
The fabric is secured to and wound upon ring 1 and is led around the roller 7
and the end secured to and wound upon the winding ring 19.
The ring is adjusted towards or away from the ring 19 as desired and the
roller adjusted in any direction required and the brake band 5 tightened up
upon the brake wheel
so as to put the desired amount of strain upon the fabric ..
For example it has been found in practice that with a curved fabric of the
character described showing a breaking strain of say 400 lbs. to 450 lbs. or there-
abouts on the dynamometer-if the strain put upon said fabric in stretching same
(according to this invention) is made to indicate say 150 lbs. to 160 lbs. on the
dynamometer 36 then such fabric will be rendered inextensible or sufficiently so
(for the purposes stated) after same has been steamed or wetted and dried while
still held stretched on the winding ring as hereinafter described.
The shaft B and rings 19 thereon are then very slowly rotated and the fabric
is drawn off the ring 1 over the roller 7 on which it is inverted and thence wound
on to the ring 19 and inverted a 2nd time as it is wound on the latter and in this
manner the fabric is in one operation stretched to such a degree as to render
same practically inextensible for the purpose of forming the detachable covers
of pneumatic tyres as aforesaid. The roller in manipulated by the worm wheel
while winding to guide the fabric.
The machine may be used as a stretching machine pure and simple. In that
case the brake ring 1 and the winding-on ring 19 are both solid. The fabric to
be stretched is wound on the brake ring 1 the end being fastened to it, the other
end of the fabric is fastened to the winding-on ring and the fabric is then wound
on to the said winding-on ring under great tension.
When a sufficient length of the fabric has been thus wound on to the winding-on

page_text: ring (say two or three laps) the fabric is clamped to the ring while still under
tension and the ring may then be removed from the machine.
If now the fabric were removed from the ring it would spring back but the
stretch is permanently removed by the fabric being steamed while clamped under
tension; this steaming puts such strain on the fabric that after being dried while
still clamped on the ring 19 the fabric will no longer spring back when the clamp
is released.
Instead of steaming the fabric while stretched on the ring the fabric may be
mercerised or treated in any suitable bath and then dried before being released
from the ring or the fabric may be made wet before it is stretched and then when
stretched and clamped on the ring allowed to dry there; but steaming has been
found in practice to have many advantages.
The machine above described may be used for making up tyres from already-
stretched fabric in the following manner.
A length of the stretched fabric is rubbered first to a sufficient extent, then
wrapped on the brake ring and wound under slight tension on to the winding-on
ring which in this case must be made collapsible.
If the completed tyre is to consist of more than one thickness of fabric (which
is in most cases preferred) a coating of rubber may be applied between the layers
during winding. During this operation slight tension only is used after a
sufficient thickness of fabric has been wound on the ring the outer rubber strip
is put on the outside of the tyre and, when dried, the ring is collapsed and the
tyre removed from the ring.
We may also use our improved apparatus for the manufacture of tyres in the
following manner :-
The unstretched fabric may be fully or partially impregnated with rubber
and placed on the brake ring and wound on to the winding ring under great
tension and there clamped.
Whether the fabric is fully or only partially impregnated with rubber it must
whilst still clamped on the winding ring be steamed and dried.
If the fabric has been fully rubbered in its unstretched condition and is placed
in that condition on the brake ring it may be thence at once wound under great
tension on to a collapsible winding-on ring being further rubbered between the
layers whilst being so wound.
In this case after the tyre has been steamed and dried in its stretched condition
and has had the outer rubber strip applied to it the tyre will be stretched and
finished in one winding operation.
Referring now to the modification shown in Figs. 8 to 11:-
Instead of using a rotatable roller 7 as shown in Figs. 1 to 5 to convert the
fabric a fixed block horn or ridge e may be used for the same purpose; Fig. 8
is a plan of a suitably shaped block; Fig. 9 is a longitudinal section thereof on
line 9-9 Fig. 8; Fig. 10 an end view of the block e and Fig. 11 a local diagram-
matic view (after the manner of Fig. 5) showing the block e fixed in position
between the unwinding ring 1 and the winding ring 19.
The said block e is recessed and undercut at each end at f as shown in Figs. 8
and 9 so that rounded ends project at each of the 4 corners el of said block e--
the object of this construction being that the undercut recess f enables the block e
to fit over without touching the rings 1 & 19 respectively so that the rounded
corners or projections e on said block e fit into and support the fold of the
fabrica as same is being inverted while passing from the unwinding ring on to the
block e and again to fit into and support the fold of the fabric as same is being
re-inverted while being drawn off the fixed block e on to the winding ring 19.
The fabric thus slides over the block e the rubbing contact surface of which
latter is smooth and by tilting the block e or altering the position of samo
relatively to the ring 1 or ring 19 or both thereby the stretch can be taken out
of the fabric either evenly right across its width or more stretch can be taken

page_text: out of the fabric at one point than at others; means being provided to support
and adjust said block e in a similar manner to those shown for supporting the
roller 7 (see Figs. 1 and 4) or the block e may be supported and adjusted in any
position by any suitable means as will be readily understood and need not there-
fore be further described here.
Instead of winding the fabric on the brake ring we have in Figs. 12 to 15
shown how this apparatus can be used so as to enable the fabric to be stretched
continuously from the "batch" or continuous bobbin.
Fig. 12 is a diagrammatic view showing how the apparatus would then be
worked. An additional fixed block g (shown in detail in Figs. 13 to 15) may
be usefully employed in guiding the fabric from the stock bobbin on to the brake
ring. Fig. 13 is a plan of a suitable block g; Fig. 14 a longitudinal sectional
view on line 14-14 Fig. 13; and Fig. 15 an end view thereof looking in the
direction of the arrow 15 (Fig. 13).
The bobbin of material i may advantageously be mounted over the
brake ring 1 and instead of fixing the fabric to this ring as pre-
viously described the surface should be roughened or provided with pins or
equivalent arrangement to prevent the material from being dragged over the
brake ring 1 at a speed quicker than the brake ring 1 is allowed to revolve.
From the brake ring 1 the material passes to the winding ring over a similar
block e and in a similar manner to the arrangement previously described with
reference to Figs. 8 to 11.
is
A convenient form for the block or shoe g as employed in Fig. 12 is shown in
Figs. 13, 14 and 15. The block is formed with an undercut recess h (similar to
the recess in the block e) so as thus to form projecting rounded corners g¹
(similar to the corners e¹) at one end only. The other end g² of the shoe
slightly rounded in a convex manner so as to pass the cloth a coming from the
bobbin over the convex end g² on to the shoe g and thence on to the ring 1
the cloth being inverted as it passes from the shoe g.
Fig. 16 is a diagrammatic view illustrating an arrangement similar to that
shown in Fig. 12, except that the brake ring 1 instead of revolving has a brake shoe m
applied directly to the fabric which is dragged between the brake block m and
the ring 1 so that the fabric is thus held back or retarded and consequently
stretched as it is drawn by and wound on to the winding ring 19.
This brake block m may be applied in any suitable manner to the ring 1 and
by any suitable means as for instance by means of the brake lever n turning
about the fulcrum o-this lever being weighted at p so that according to the
leverage and weighting of the lever n any desired pressure or braking action
can be obtained; no dynamometer or separate band brake wheel will then be
required.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of this said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed we declare that what we
claim is:
1. The herein-described process of stretching textile fabric of curved form
such process consisting in passing the fabric around or partly around a brake or
retarding ring, thence passing the fabric over a convex surface interposed between
the brake ring and a winding ring, winding the fabric under great tension upon
the winding ring so that in passing from the brake ring to the convex surface
the fabric is inverted and in passing from the convex surface to the winding
ring the fabric is re-inverted, and steaming or wetting and then drying the fabric
whilst in its stretched condition upon the winding ring whereby the fabric is
rendered practically inextensible in the direction of its length substantially as
and for the purposes set forth.
2. The modification of the process of stretching textile fabric of curved form
claimed in the preceding claim wherein the fabric is first wetted and is after-

page_text: wards stretched in the manner described in the preceding claim and allowed to dry
in its stretched condition upon the winding ring whereby the fabric is rendered
practically inextensible in the direction of its length substantially as and for the
purposes set forth.
3. A machine for the purpose of stretching a curved shaped textile fabric so
as to render the same practically inextensible in the direction of its length con-
sisting of a brake ring, a device to retard the revolution of such ring or the
passage of the fabric over such ring, a winding ring on to which the said fabric
is wound off the brake ring, means to revolve the said winding ring and a convex
surface mounted adjustably between said brake ring and winding ring combined
and arranged to act substantially as and for the purposes herein before described.
4. A machine for the purpose of stretching a curved shaped textile fabric so
as to render the same practically inextensible longitudinally constructed combined
and arranged to act substantially as and for the purposes herein before set forth
and illustrated in the drawings hereunto annexed.
5. Outer covers for pneumatic tyres constructed from textile fabric of curved
form stretched rubbered and treated in the manner and by the means substantially
as herein described and set forth.
TONGUE & BIRKBECK,
Southampton Buildings, Chancery Lane, London, W.C.,
Agents for the Applicants.