Improvements in the Manufacture of Building Boards, Paper Barrels or Cylinders, and similar Hollow or other Articles from Paper Pulp.
Year: 1891

page_text: Date of Application, 20th July, 1891
Complete Specification Left, 20th May, 1892-Accepted, 2nd July, 1892
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in the Manufacture of Building Boards, Paper Barrels
or Cylinders, and similar Hollow or other Articles from Paper
Pulp.
I, CHARLES WEYGANG, of No. 3 Hermitage Villas, Child's Hill, Middlesex,
Papermaker, do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
This invention has more particularly for its object the application of certain
processes, for which I have already obtained Patents Nos. 7904, 12,159 12,19088
3004, 14,753, or modifications or improvements of such processes, to certain
purposes, more particularly to the manufacture of " 'paper barrels " and other
hollow ware, made in the manner of paper or boards, or otherwise from paper pulp;
such products requiring a pulp of a more impermeable and harder nature than
hitherto produced in connection therewith, and which the process or processes
herein referred to are capable of imparting. The product in the form of paper or
boards, or otherwise, is also applicable to numerous other purposes, such as for
building material.
In carrying this invention into practice I generally proceed substantially as
follows:
I make a glutinous composition by boiling or otherwise treating a vegetable
matter of a more or less fleshy nature, such as peat in any form, horse manure, or
the like, with an alkali. More generally I boil such substances with caustic soda,
and of the resulting more or less glutinous mass I add a certain proportion to
ordinary paper pulp, and I more generally employ a proportion equal to
from 10 to 30%, dry, to dry weight of fibrous pulp materials. 1 also add a
certain proportion of ordinary paper makers' rosin size, or similar matter, and I
more generally employ from 7 to 14 lbs. of rosin, or the like, for every cwt. of dry
fibrous stuff. I also add a suitable chemical agent for the purpose of precipitating
the sizing matters, and I generally employ for this purpose an acid metallic salt,
more particularly a ferric or an aluminous salt, in a proportion of 10 to 14 lbs., or
thereabouts, to every cwt. of dry fibrous matter in the beating engine. I beat
these ingredients off together and towards the finish of the beating I add a certain
proportion of farinaceous matter, which I prefer to prepare as follows:-
I take a farinaceous matter, such as starch or flour, and mix the same with a
large bulk of water; I add a solution of caustic alkali until the mass becomes
thick and gelatinous.
Of this farinaceous preparation I add a proportion equal to about 2 or 3 lbs.
of dry matter for every cwt. of dry fibrous stuff, and I mix it thoroughly with
the pulp.
The pulp is then made into boards, barrels, cylinders, or any other articles,
preferably upon a millboard machine working with a wire upon the Fourdrinier
principle, or other suitable machine, the pulp being wound upon cylinders or drums
until the desired thickness has been reached, when it is taken off intact as a
cylinder, or cut to form a board, or otherwise.
For some purposes, more particularly for the heads of barrels, and in other cases
where bulk and lightness are desirable, 1 may also add a certain proportion of raw
peat, or peat matter in any form, to the pulp, in addition to all the other ingredients
referred to in the foregoing.
For the purpose of imparting higher water-resisting properties to the pulp, I
may employ a salt of chromium, more particularly the bichromate of potash, in
conjunction with the other metallic precipitating salts herein before referred to.
I wish it to be understood that I do not strictly confine myself to the foregoing.

page_text: I may omit one or the other of the ingredients mentioned, or make other changes
or modifications. For instance, I may obtain good results by omitting the
farinaceous preparation and employing peat, or peat matter in any form, or
equivalent substance, with the resinous size, substantially as described, for the
purposes herein intended; or, I may also omit the resinous size, employing the peat
or equivalent matter alone as the sizing ingredient; or, I may omit the peat or
equivalent matter, and employ the resinous and farinaceous preparation as the
sizing ingredients, substantially in the manner described; or I may apply any of
the processes described in the Specifications herein before referred to, or material
parts or modifications thereof, to the purposes herein intended.
For the purpose of producing barrels or other receptacles of a superior nature I
incorporate with the pulp one or the other of the gelatinous preparations described
in the Specification of Thos. Christy No. 12,230, or similar preparations, more
For instance,
particularly such as consist of animal glue and farinaceous matters.
in the case of barrels, or other receptacles, or cylinders, made by winding a layer
of paper pulp round a collapsible cylinder until the desired thickness has been
attained, I apply the gelatinous preparation by means of a roll revolving in a
reservoir containing the preparation, the roll resting upon the cylinder upon which
the pulp winds; or I apply the preparation in such similar or other convenient
manner. In the same way boards suitable for a variety of purposes may be made,
substantially in the manner as ordinary millboards are produced.
Instead of treating the pulp in the manner as just described. it may sometimes
be more convenient to produce the barrel, or other receptacle or article, from ready
made paper by passing a suitable paper through the gelatinous preparation, and
then winding the saturated layer of paper upon a collapsible cylinder or other
apparatus for forming the article required.
Dated this 20th day of July 1891.
CHARLES WEIGANG.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in the Manufacture of Building Boards, Paper Barrels
or Cylinders, and similar Hollow or other Articles from Paper
Pulp.
I, CHARLES WEYGANG of No. 3 Hermitage Villas, Child's Hill, Middlesex,
Papermaker, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner
the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by
the following statement :-
This invention has more particularly for its object the application of certain
processes for which I have already obtained Patents Nos. 7904, 12,159, 12,1908,
300400, 14,75.30, or modifications of, or improvements upon such processes, to certain
purposes, more particularly to the manufacture of paper barrels and other hollow
ware made in the manner of paper or boards or otherwise from paper pulp; such
products requiring a pulp of a more impermeable and harder nature than hitherto
produced in connection therewith, and which the process or processes herein referred
to, or such modifications or improvements as hereinafter described are capable of
producing. The improved product in the form of paper or boards, or otherwise,
being also applicable to numerous other purposes requiring a more or less imper-
meable or insoluble character.
In carrying this invention into practice I proceed substantially as described in
the following:
Employing my Specifications Nos. 790488, 12,15988, 14,753, as a basis, I make a 5
glutinous composition by boiling or otherwise treating a vegetable matter of a fleshy
nature, such as peat in any form, horse manure, or the like, with an alkali or other
agent which will reduce such substances to a more or less glutinous condition.
For instance: 1 generally employ peat of the light spongy variety, for the

page_text: purposes herein intended, and I prefer to boil the same in water with caustic soda,
substantially as described in the herein before mentioned Specification No. 14,753.
Of the resulting more or less glutinous mass I add a certain proportion to ordinary
paper pulp in the beating engine, or other suitable mixing apparatus, and I generally
employ a proportion equal to from 10% to 30% dry to the dryweight of the
fibrous pulp materials; a good average proportion being about 20%. I also add a
certain proportion of ordinary papermaker's rosin size, and I more generally
employ a proportion of 7 to 14 lbs. of rosin for every 112 lbs. of dry fibrous
materials. I also add a suitable chemical agent for the purpose of precipitating
the sizing matters, and I generally employ for this purpose an acid metallic salt,
more particularly a ferric or an aluminous salt, such as the ordinary sulphate of
iron, or aluminous cake, in a proportion of 10 to 14 lbs., or thereabouts, to every
112 lbs. of dry fibrous materials in the beating engine. I beat these ingredients off
together and towards the finish of the beating I add a certain proportion of
farinaceous matter, preferably prepared with an alkali, substantially as described
in my Specification No. 7904 and others. Of this farinaceous preparation I
generally add a proportion equal to about 2 or 3 lbs. of dry matter for every
112lbs. of dry fibrous stuff, and I mix it thoroughly with the pulp. The pulp is
then ready to be made into paper, boards, barrels, cylinders, or any other articles,
by any known methods, or as herein subsequently detailed or referred to.
Instead of proceeding in the manner just described I may employ my Specifica-
tions Nos. 12,1908, and 3004" as a basis, that is, instead of mixing the glutinous,
sizing, or other matters tending to harden, size, color, or which otherwise impart
special properties to the pulp, with the pulp when the latter is in a diluted condition,
as is done in the ordinary manner, I combine such matters entirely or partly before
any considerable dilution takes place. For instance, 1 more or less saturate a part or
the whole of the fibrous, or other paper stock to be employed, with the sizing,
hardening, coloring, or other such matters, and I find it convenient to carry out
this operation in edgerunners, or similar, or other suitable apparatus, substantially
as described in the before mentioned Specifications Nos. 12,1909 and 300+0.
For example:-I take waste papers, wood pulp, or the like, and I grind the same
in edgerunners, or equivalent apparatus, with 15 to 30% of the glutinous boiled
peat preparation herein before referred to, calculating the proportions as dry
weight. I also add, if higher water resisting properties are to be imparted to the
pulp, from 5 to 10%, or thereabouts, of rosin, in the form of ordinary rosin size.
I also generally add from 2 to 5% of the farinaceous preparation herein before
referred to, calculating the proportions for dry weights. These ingredients are
milled together, and when sufficiently milled I add an acid salt, more generally in
the form of aluminous sulphate, in a proportion of 10 to 15 lbs., or thereabouts, for
every cwt. of dry paper stock.. When mixed I transfer the mass to the beater, and
when thoroughly brushed out the pulp is ready to be made into paper, boards,
barrels, cylinders, or other articles, as aforesaid.
The foregoing example I may vary by reducing the proportions of the peat
matter and increasing the resinous sizing. Or I may omit the peat matter
altogether, particularly when the collar is objectionable, and employ in its place, but
generally in smaller proportions than the peat, the farinaceous matter herein before
referred to, that is, starch or flour prepared with an alkali, either substantially as
described in my Specification No. 7904, or substantially as described in my
Specification No. 12,190, or such similar preparation of starch or flour or allied
substance, good proportions of such farinaceous matter being in this case 5 to 10%
of the weight of the fibrous materials, calculating dry weight, it being understood
that the larger the proportion of the farinaceous matter the harder the resulting
material will be. Or I may omit the glutinous matters entirely, that is, such as the
peat and the farinaceous matter, and only use the resinous sizing, either pure and
simple, but more generally saponified with a certain proportion of tallow or other
fatty matter or oil, a good proportion being 1 part of fatty or oily matter to 3 parts
of resinous. I wish it to be understood that, as a rule, the larger the proportions

page_text: of resinous sizing employed, the more impermeable the resulting material will be.
Or I may make such similar or other changes in the sizing compositions as the
particular matter under operation may require, and which would readily occur to
the practical manufacturer, the manipulation being substantially as cited in the
previous example, that is, the sizing matters are ground up with the fibrous
materials in edgerunners or equivalent machines, a precipitating agent is added
when the sizing matter is thoroughly mixed, and the stuff is then transferred to
beaters or equivalent machines, and when thoroughly brushed out it is made into
paper, boards, barrels, etc., as aforesaid.
For the purpose of imparting somewhat higher waterproof and insoluble properties
to the pulp, I employ in combination with the precipitating agent, that is, the
aluminous salt referred to in the example just described, a salt of chrominum, more
particularly the bichromate of potash, in a proportion of about 4 or 5 lbs., or there-
abouts, for every cwt. of dry paper stock, and I prefer to add this chromic salt
before the aluminous salt and to allow it to mix thoroughly before adding the
latter. In cases where the color of the bichromate is an objection I employ in its
place 2 or 3 lbs., or thereabouts, of chrome alum, generally somewhat reducing the
proportions of the aluminous or other precipitating salt employed.
For the purpose of imparting superior properties to the pulp and rendering the
material produced from the same tougher and firmer and at the same time more or
less oil- and grease-proof and insoluble in water, I incorporate with the pulp animal
glue or an equivalent albuminous or gelatinous substance, such as albumin, or
certain forms of soluble cellulose or vegetable colloids. I either use such substances
pure and simple, or in combination with resinous, oily, fatty, or farinaceous matters,
on the same principles and substantially in the same manner as described in the
example just cited. For example :—
I dissolve animal glue in water in the ordinary way and add to the same about
12 to 15%, calculating dry weights, of bichromate of potash or equivalent chromic
salt, as for instance, chromic acid, but in the latter case I only employ about
4 or 5%. With this chiomatized gelatinous solution 1 more or less saturate or
impregnate a fibrous material in a proportion according to the quantity of glutinous
matter to be incorporated with the pulp, which may vary from 10 to 25%, or more
or less; it being understood that the larger the proportions of the glutinous matter,
the harder and more impermeable and insoluble the resulting material will be. Í
grind the inass in edgerunners or similar suitable apparatus where the disintegration
and mixing can be effected without considerable dilution of the pulp, as herein
before mentioned. The edgerunner is a convenient apparatus for this purpose, and
when the gelatinous matter is thoroughly mixed with the fibrous material, I add an
acid salt, more generally aluminous sulphate, in a proportion of 10 or 15 lbs., or
thereabouts, for every cwt. of dry fibrous pulp materials, and according to the
proportions of the gelatinous matters employed, roughly calculating about 4 times
the weight of the bichromate used in the minor proportions of gelatin, and about
3 times the weight of the bichromate in the case of the larger proportions. I grind
the mass in the edgerunner until it is sufficiently milled, and I then transfer it to
the beater, or its equivalent apparatus, where I thoroughly brush it out. The stuff
is then ready to be made into paper, boards, barrels, cylinders, or any other article,
as aforesaid.
Instead of employing the glue, or gelatin or its equivalent, pure and simple as
just described, I can, as before stated, employ it in combination with other sizing
matters, such as ordinary rosin size, farinaceous matters, or the like. For instance :-
If I employ rosin sizing I prefer to incorporate the requisite amount with the pulp
before adding the gelatinous solution, otherwise proceeding as just described. In
the case of farinaceous matters, such as starch or flour, I prefer to boil these with
the glue or gelatin, adding the chromic salt as in the case of the latter substances
alone, and otherwise proceeding as herein before described. Or 1 may use all the
three sizing substances named together, that is, the resinous, gelatinous and
farinaceous. The resinous sizing imparts somewhat greater impermeability, and is
J

page_text: used accordingly. Otherwise the resinous and farinaceous matters are more
generally employed for the purpose of cheapening the gelatinous, and are conse-
quently employed in variable proportions, according to the quality of the product
to be made.
I wish it to be understood that I do not strictly confine myself to the chromic salt
in combination with another salt as described in the foregoing. There are other
agents capable of precipitating or coagulating the glutinous matter, such as chrome
alum, iron alum, tannic acid, etc., which may be employed upon the same principle
as herein before described, but, so far as my experience goes, not with such good
results. In such cases the chromic salt is omitted from the glutinous solution; the
latter is thoroughly mixed with the fibrous stock in the edgerunner, or equivalent
apparatus, as herein before described, and then the precipitating or coagulating
agent is added.
In thus treating the gelatinous substances referred to, that is, the animal glues,
albuminous matters, certain forms of soluble cellulose, and equivalent substances,
with chromic and other salts substantially in the manner just described, such
substances become very insoluble when dry and have a corresponding effect upon
the resulting materials. But in the case of albuminous matters and certain forms
of soluble cellulose, these matters coagulating and becoming more or less insoluble
by the action of heat, the chromic salt may be omitted, more particularly when its
color is objectionable, and a precipitating agent such as aluminous sulphate need
only be employed, substantially in the same manner just described; it being under-
stood that the resulting materials must be subjected to the action of heat, if the
gelatinous inatter is to become insoluble, which, in the case of paper is effected by
the hot cylinders over which it passes in the ordinary way for the purpose
of drying; and in the case of boards and other thick materials, these may be
subjected to the necessary heat in a steam chamber or other convenient heating
contrivance.
The pulp treated substantially as described in the foregoing is made into paper
in the ordinary way, or into boards, barrels, cylinders, or any other suitable articles,.
as aforesaid.
In the case of boards, barrels, and such like, these may be made direct from the
wet pulp in any suitable known way, but preferably upon a millboard machine
working with a wire upon the Fourdrinier principle, the layer of wet pulp being
wound upon a cylinder or drum until the desired thickness has been reached, when
it is taken off intact as a cylinder or shell of a barrel by means of a collapsible
arrangement, such as described in other Specifications, and as already in practical
operation; or the accumulated mass of laminated pulp is cut to form a flat board in
the ordinary manner of millboard making.
However, in the case, more particularly of the intact cylinder or barrel shell, and
such like articles which cannot be pressed like a flat board, and which are conse-
quently overloaded with water, causing drawbacks in the handling, drying, and
other difficulties, it is more practical, instead of the wet layer of pulp forming the
respective article by winding upon a drum or cylinder, as just described, to employ
the layer of pulp in a more consolidated state, as formed on the paper machine;
that is to say, either to form the aforesaid articles from the completely finished
paper, or from the layer of paper before it is quite dry. The latter is preferable
as it produces more solid and compact results, the layer of paper being reeled upon
a suitable drum or cylinder at the end of the machine substantially in the same
way as in the case of the wet pulp on the millboard machine as herein before
described.
For the purpose of consolidating the layer of paper more firmly I apply a weak
adhesive solution to the surface of the paper. I may apply the adhesive solution
most conveniently by passing the paper over a roll revolving in a trough containing
the adhesive solution. I prefer to employ for this purpose a solution which becomes
insoluble when dry, such as the gelatinous and other glutinous solutions treated as

page_text: described in the Specification of Thos. Christy No. 12,230%, or such similar
solutions.
Under the name of "barrels " in the foregoing 1 refer to the simple barrel shell;
to complete the same the shell has to be furnished with heads and hoops, as already
practically carried out.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what I
claim is :
1st. The improvements in the treatment of paper pulp before the same is diluted,
substantially as herein before described.
2nd. The improved material in the form of paper, boards, or any definitely shaped
articles, substantially as herein before described.
3rd. An improved more or less waterproof material in the form of paper, boards,
or any definitely shaped articles, substantially as herein before described.
4th. An improved more or less greaseproof material in the form of paper, boards,
or any definitely shaped articles, substantially as herein before described.
5th. The application of paper pulp, treated substantially as herein described, to
the manufacture of barrels, cylinders, and such like articles, substantially as herein
described.
Dated this 20th day of May 1892.