CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY, APPARATUS, OB IMPLEMENTS TO BE USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BRICKS, TILES, AND OTHER ARTICLES TO BE FORMED OR MADE OF CLAY OR OTHER PLASTIC MATERIALS, PART OF WHICH MACHINERY IS ALSO APPLICABLE TO OTHER USEFUL PURPOSES
Year: 1830

page_text: JADUL
of Whiskin Street, in the Parish, of Saint James, Clerkenwell, in
the County of Middlesex, Brick and Stone Manufacturer, for his
Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY, APPARATUS, OB
IMPLEMENTS TO BE USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BRICKS, TILES,
AND OTHER ARTICLES TO BE FORMED OR MADE OF CLAY OR OTHER
PLASTIC MATERIALS, PART OF WHICH MACHINERY IS ALSO APPLICABLE
TO OTHER USEFUL PURPOSES," bearing date at Westminster, the
Eighteenth day of August, One thousand eight hundred and thirty;
to which Letters Patent a Specification was duly enrolled by the
said Samuel Roscoe Bakewell, on or about the Eighteenth day of
February, One thousand eight hundred and thirty-one.
CLAIMER AND MEMORANDUM OF ALTERATION proposed
to be entered by JOHN MANNING, of Leicester, in the County of Leicester,
Assignee of the said Patent, with the Clerk of the Patents of England,
pursuant to an Act passed in the fifth and sixth year of the reign of His
late Majesty William the Fourth, entitled "An Act to amend the Law
touching Letters Patent for Inventions."
the said Specification the said Samuel Roscoe Bakewell did describe his
ation to consist of three particulars of invention:-
rst, the Specification described a method of combining or applying
inery, apparatus, or implements for mixing, grinding, and tempering
and other substances for the making of bricks, tiles, cornices, &c., and
applicable to various other purposes.

page_text: Secondly, it described a method of combining or applying machinery,
apparatus, or implements whereby previously moulded and partially dried
bricks and tiles were submitted to the action of presses; and,
Thirdly, it described a peculiar construction of hand mould for moulding
bricks.
And it has been found since the Enrolment of the said Specification that the
second particular of Invention has become of great value, and that such parts
of the said Invention as are above stated to constitute the first and third
particulars of the Invention have not in practice proved to be useful, for which
reason I, the said John Manning, do wish to disclaim, and I do hereby
disclaim, such first and third particulars of Invention, and all parts of the
Specification which relate thereto; and in order to the Invention which will
remain after such Disclaimer shall be allowed being fully understood, and tho
extent thereof more strictly limited, I am desirous of making certain
alterations towards the end of the Specification in the way of Disclaimer; and
in order to make the Title of the Specification conformable with the Invention
which will remain when the Disclaimer and Alteration shall be allowed, I wish
to disclaim, and I do hereby disclaim, all the words which follow the word
"tile;" and in order to make sense of the Title which will then remain, I wish
to introduce the word "and" between the word "bricks" and the word.
"tiles." By such Disclaimer and Alteration the Specification and Title which
will remain will be in the words or to the effect following, it being first
observed that the words ruled through with red ink are those which are dis-
claimed, and those words which are underruled with red ink are the alterations
made in order to make sense of the Title and of the Specification, and to limit
more fully the claim to Invention which will remain in the Specification:--
[The Words printed in Italic are underlined with Red Ink in the Original.]
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, SAMUEL
ROSCOE BAKEWELL, of Whiskin Street, in the Parish of Saint James Clerken-
well, in the County of Middlesex, Brick and Stone Ware Manufacturer, send
greeting.
WHEREAS His present most Excellent Majesty King William the Fourth
did, by His Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date
at Westminster, the Eighteenth day of August, One thousand eight hundred and
thirty, in the first year of His reign, give and grant unto me, the said Samuel
Roscoe Bakewell, His especial licence that I, the said Samuel Roscoe Bake-
well, my executors, administrators, and assigns, and such others as I, the said

page_text: Samuel Roscoe Bakewell, my executors, administrators, or, assigns, should at
any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
during the term of years therein mentioned, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and Town of Berwick-upon-
Tweed, in consequence of a communication from certain Foreigners residing
abroad, and subsequent improvements made by myself, my Invention of
"CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY, APPARATUS, OR IMPLEMENTS TO BE USED
IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BRICKS, and TILES, and other-Articles-to-be-Formed of
Made of Cley or other Plastic Materials, Part of which said Machinery is
alse Applicable-to other Useful Purposes;" in which said Letters Patent is con-
tained a proviso that I, the said Samuel Roscoe Bakewell, shall cause a
particular description of the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, to be enrolled in His Majesty's High Court of
Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately after the date
of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference
being thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Samuel Roscoe Bakewell, do hereby describe the manner in which my said
Invention is to be performed, by the following description thereof, reference
being had to the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the figures and letters
marked thereon (that is to say):-
In Drawing No. 1 Fig. 1st is a section and elevation, and Fig.---a
plan, of a machine for mixing, grinding, and tempering clay or other plastie
substanees, so-as to prepare-and-render them fit to be applied to the forming or
making of bricks, tiles, cornices, copings, &e., and also for the grinding, mixing,
and tempering sand, line, chalk, barilla, and for various other useful-purposes,
part only of the eirouler pit being shewn.
The wheel may be made to traverse
armD, D, in various situations vary
In Fig. A, B, A, B, represents the edge or border of the pit, which may
be from go to 40 feet in diameter, and from 9 to 18 inches in depth, a circular
platform or mound L-being formed in the centre from 19 to-16 feet in-diameter.
C, C, is a wheel which may be from to 6 to 9 feet in diameter, and from
3 to 9-inches bread on its rim; the rim of this wheel must be made to come into
contact with the bottom of the pit N, N.
from A to B and B to A by placing the
ing from a radius line or a line pointing to the centre of the pit, and which
may be effected in different modes, namely, by turning the pinion C by means of
its handle or winch-so-es to cause the metal toothed are I, I, I, to bring the
arm connected with it, and which moves upon the pin M into such a position-as
is-shown by the dotted lines in Fig. 9, the pinion being prevented from moving by

page_text: means of e-peg being placed in one of the holes formed in the circular-plate-O-to
Feeeive it, and which nets against the winch or handle of the pinion C.-The
wheel C, C, is made to traverse in the contrary direction by changing-the
position of the arm D, D, accordingly from II, to K. E, E, and F, F, are
supporting wheels to keep the shaft D, D, from bending, but which, however,
may occasionally be dispensed with. The clay or other materials spread all
over-the-eiruular pit will thus be mixed, ground, or tempered by the repeated
action of the wheel C, C, in spiral courses passing over them. The top of
the eireular mound or platform L-in the centre is made perfectly flat for the wheel
F, F, to travel on, and a square hole or pit so made in the centre of it to receive
the post and frame -J, J, J, which supports the arm D, D.-m, m,-are-the
branebes of the yoke to which horses or other animals are to be affixed in-order
to actuate the machine, althe' it may also be turned by other powers, such
as steam, water, or wind, if found desirable. A counterbalance-or-weight, as
shewn in Fig. 1, may be hung up on the shorter end of the arm D, D, to
steady it, and the spindle P at that end of it must be made oylindrical-and
of a sufficient length to allow of it-rising or falling in the post and frame J, J,
according to the greater or lesser quantity of clay or other materials to be-spread-in
the circular pit in order to be operated-upon.-
Fig. is en end view, the different parts-being-indicated by the same letters-of
reference as in Fig.+.
Fig. 3 is another method of varying the position of the arm D, D, where,
instead of the toothed are and pinion before described, two small windlasses G-G
shewn in Fig 3*, are mounted upon the upper part of a metal frame II, and
around the barrels of which said windlasses ropes or chains may be coiled
and-uncoiled by means of a winch or handle applied upon the axis of the
windlasses, and which said ropes or chains being affixed to the arm D, D, the
windlasses may be kept in their required position by means of pegs being inserted
into the rings of holes provided for the purpose, as shown in Figure-3*,-and-as
before-inentioned.
Another mode of causing the wheel C to traverse over the whole extent of the
pit A, B, in eireles instead of spirals, as above-deseribed, is-shewn in-elevation in
Fig. 4 in plan in Fig. 5, and endways in Fig. 4", in which Figures a-toothed
metal rack is shewn as affixed-upon the upper surface of the arm D, D,
into which-a-pinion acts, which is mounted upon an axis working in holes
formed to receive it in the metal frame which is mounted upon the top
of the upright-eylindrical stem P, and by means of a winch or handle affixed upon
the said axis, the pinion may be turned a little at each revolution of the-wheel C
around the pit, in-order to cause it-to-run-in-fresh-eireular-paths;-or, instead of a

page_text: rack and pinion, I can employ two barrels 12, Q, turning upon axis working in
holes formed in the upper part of the metal-frame, with squared parts at their ends
to receive a handle or winch; and around these barrels, cords or chains may be
applied, which are likewise affixed to two studs or pins-driven or otherwise ceeured
into-the-upper-surface of the arm-D, D, and which cords pass underneath-two-loose
barrels QQ, also turning on an axis mounted in the said frame, and thus by
turning either of the two uppermost barrels a little at each revolution of the wheel
C, the cords or chains will move the arm-D, D, within the metal frame, a sufficient
quantity to cause the wheel C to move continually in fresh-eireles. Two friction
rollers are mounted in the lower part of the metal frame, to assist the motion of the
arm-D, D;-and-a-supporting roller mounted in a proper frame may be also-applied,
es shewn in Figure 4, to run upon the leval surface of the central platform-or
mound; and instead of one wheel C only, I can employ two or more, and these also
on each side of the mound or platform, if thought necessary.
Figure 6-represents another mode of effecting the latter-object. Here a female
serew is formed in a wood-or-meral head, which is affixed upon the top of the
eylindrical spindle P, and a corresponding screw is made upon the arm D, D,
which can be turned a little at each revolution of the wheel C, C, around the pit,
by means of a pin-or lever inserted into either of the holes formed through the
Gerew-to-receive-it.
Figure--exhibits-an-arm D, D, mounted upon the top of the spindle P, which
has-a-eylindrical stem and shoulder formed upon it, the cylindrical part being passed
through a hole formed to receive it in the centre of the arm D, D. This arm has
H-right-and-left-threaded serew, upon which female-right and left threaded-serews
made-in-soekets, naves, or boxes pitted into the centres of the wheels C, C, act, and
thus cause those wheels to run in spiral courses over the whole extent of the eirouler
pit; it being, however, necessary to reverse the motion of the arm to cause them
to move in the contrary direction. Other modes may also be employed to produce
a backward and forward lateral movement of the wheels C, C, such, for instance,
As the well-known mangle motion, namely, by fixing a windless barrel or wheel
upon the moveable head, upon which a chain, strap, or rope may be wound-and
unwound by means of a winch or handle-applied upon the axis of the windlass or
barrel.-The-arm-1) may be prevented from rising too high by affixing a cerewed
nut upon the top of the spindle P, es shewn in Figure 71 or upon the lower-end of
it, as shown in Figure 9.
Having thus described various machines for mixing, grinding, and, tempering the
materials, I shall next proceed to describe various machines for forming-or
pressing bricks and tiles, e., when in a partly dried state.
Figure 8 is an external elevation or side view of such a machine; Figures

page_text: 9 and 10, two internal views of it in different situations; and Figure 11, a
plan or top view of it, all of which Figures the same letters of reference indi-
cate the similar parts of the machine. A, A, &c., is the wooden or cast-iron
frame of the machine; B, B, the sides of the mould; C, the swinging frame
for keeping down and removing the upper plate of the mould; this frame is
mounted upon a strong axis D, which moves in bearings formed in the lower
ends of the swinging frame C; on the ends of the pivots of the axis D must
be placed screwed nuts to keep the swinging frames steady on the same; E, the
main lever united to or affixed firmly to the axis D; F, F, two side links
which connect the main lever E with a shorter lever G, affixed upon another
axis H, shewn in plan in Figure 11*, which turns on bearings or eyebolts
affixed on the end of the frame; upon a square formed on the end of the axis
H or hand lever J, Figure 8, is affixed, in order to actuate the apparatus, as
will be hereafter described; K, K, are two webs affixed upon the axis D, to
keep it in its place within the gaps formed to receive it on each side, within
the lower side rails of the frame A; L is a short lever fixed upon the axis
D, the use of which is to raise the stem M of the piston N, which forms the
bottom of the mould, when the hand lever J is brought into the position shewn
in Figure 8, and by the dotted lines in Figure 9. In order to compress the
brick in the mould when this has been effected, the cover of the mould C is to
be thrown aside; the hand lever J is then to be brought into the position
shewn by the dotted lines in Figure 10, and the piston N is to be farther
elevated, so as to push the brick out of the mould in the following manner :-
O is an axis shewn in plan in Figure 10*, the necks or pivots at the end of
which turn in bearings affixed underneath the upper side bars of the frame A;
P is an arm or lever affixed upon the axis O, to the end of which the two
links Q, Q, are jointed, and which are also jointed to the stem M of the
piston N; a hand lever R is affixed upon a square part formed upon the outer
end of the axis O, which rests in the position shown in Figures 8 and 9 whilst
the brick is in the mould, but upon bringing it into the situation shewn by the
dotted lines in Figure 10, it raises the piston N and lifts the brick out of the
mould ready to be taken away; the pressing of the brick in the mould is
effected by bringing the hand lever J into the position shewn in Figures
8 and 9, which depresses the levers G and E, and raises the short lever L,
which acts against and elevates the piston N at the part S of its stem, as shewn
in Figures 8 and 9. The lower end of this piston stem is guided and steaded
by means of five screws, three of which are passed through a strong cross bar T',
one of them U acting against the edge of the stem on one side, whilst the two
others V, V, bring a back plate into contact with its opposite edge; two other

page_text: screws W, W, Figure 11, also pass through the lower side rails of the frame
which act against the sides of the stem. In order to keep the piston N
steady whilst the brick is removed, the lever R is to be lodged between two
pins X, Y, let into sockets, and moveable at pleasure; the lower one X
preventing the piston N from rising too high, and the upper one keeping it
steady. Z, in Figures 8, 9, and 10, is another pin let into a socket in the side
of the frame A, in order to limit the rise of the piston N, and thus to cause
all the bricks to be made of an uniform thickness. Across the upper plate C of
the mould a strong cross bar a is affixed by means of screws, and having
holes at each end of it through which the upper ends of the sides of the
swinging frame C are passed, and secured by screwed nuts above and below
the cross bar, as shewn at V, V, in Figure 8. Figures 12 and 13 are a front
and side view of the piston N and its stem M; Figure 14, a plan of the axis
D and lever E, a side view of which is shewn in Figure 15; and Figure 16
is a plan of the axis II with its lever G.
Figure 17 is another press for bricks, in which the piston N is raised and
lowered by means of a toothed metal rack C formed upon its stem M, into
which a pinion d acts, upon the axis of which a winch or handle may be
aflixed to turn it; and it has also a racket wheel e affixed upon it, into the
teeth of which a click, catch, or pall falls, in order to retain the piston in its
position. A friction roller g is placed
rack C in its place.
at the back of the stem to keep the
Figure 18 represents another press for bricks, in which the movements of
the piston N in the mould are effected by means of the two metal rods, one of
which is shewn at h in Figure 18, and which are jointed to the piston above,
and to a stud or pin i below, which is affixed in one of the arms of the wheelj,
which has teeth formed partly around it, into which a pinion d acts when
turned by means of a winch or handle affixed upon its axis. A ratchet wheel
e with a click f is also here provided, to retain the pinion in its position.
Figure 19 is a plan or top view of the press shewn in Figure 17; and
Figure 20 is another plan of the press exhibited in Figure 18. In Figure 17,
the top of the mould C is closed by means of a metal plate dovetailed on its
edges, and which slides in dovetailed grooves, made in the sides B, B, of the
mould to receive it; Figure 19 shews the same in plan. In Figure 18, 20, 21,
and 23, the top of the mould is shewn as closed by means of a metal lid C,
mounted either upon a rule joint hinge, or upon hinges on one side of it, and
the other kept closed when in use by means of a catch, either with or without
a spring; Figure 22 exhibits the top of the mould as opened for compressing
curved tiles in the mould. The under side of the top of the mould must either

page_text: be hollowed, or hollow blocks be introduced, as shown in Figures 22 and 23,
the top of the piston being also rounded to correspond therewith; or another
rounded block be also introduced into the mould, as shewn in Figures
22 and 23.
Figure 24 is a top view of a spring eateh-brick-mould, intended to mould bricks
by hand +-and-Figure 25 represents the same as opened. A, A, are the sides of
the mould; a joint B is made at one of its angles, extending the whole depth-of
the mould. Two-angular cars, one of which is shewn at D in both Figures, are
formed one-upon the upper, and the other upon the lower edges of the end of the
moveable part of the mould, and are passed-through-corresponding slits or holes
formed to receive them in the counterpart of the mould, and thus to keep the sides
steady, the end-C being also received into another gap made inside of the
mould. A spring eatch is affixed by serews upon the outside of the end of the
mould (between the ears) which passes through a square hole made to receive it
in the corresponding--side of the mould, and hooks itself fast when the mould is
sbut, but can be readily released by pulling the spring catch back.
Having thus shewn and described various modes of carrying my said Inven-
tion into effect, I now declare that I do not mean or intend hereby to claim
as my Invention any of the various parts which may have been already known
or in use, but only in combination; nor do I mean to claim the mode of
grinding elay or other materials, or mixing or tempering them in mills by nieans of
large stones employed as wheels, where they always run in the same circle or track;
but I do hereby claim the power of causing them either to run in spiral paths, or
in circular ones continually varying in their diameter, until the materials-spread
over the whole bottom of the pit shall have been repeatedly operated upon.-
although I have seen in Lancashire, in several of the potteries, ciones of four OF
five feet in diameter used in grinding or tempering clay, and also revolving spirally
by the nation of serewed shafts, but one end of which shafts rested on a wheel,
and the other end-was supported upon a pest in the centre of the floor, so that the
stones were suspended-upon the shaft at the height of 2 or 3 inches from the
floor; and which said floor was merely a flat-surface without borders or forming
a pit. Whereas my wheels come into contact with the floor of my pit, excepting
when-elay or other substances intervene-and-raise them therefrom. The borders of
she pit also confine the elay or other materials, and prevent thein-from-spreading
sideways, as in the ordinary methods. To the clay mills or stones revolving on a
serewed shaft, as above described; I have no claim whatever. It may be well to
observe that the moulded bricks or balls of clay, previously to being placed
in the presses, must be in a half-dried state (or in the same state as common
bricks are taken to be smoothed or polished), and their external surface or

page_text: sides, ends and faces, be rubbed with fine sand or dust the (latter of which is
generally found in abundance in or near brick kilns), in order to prevent
them from adhering to the moulds. I must also observe, that my Patent is
not for pressing bricks and tiles eornices, Se. generally, when moulding or form-
ing brick earth into bricks or tiles, but only for the particular description of
presses that. I have herein shewn and described, whereby previously-formed and
partly-dried bricks or tiles are each again placed in a press consisting of a
mould, with a piston and cover, and pressed therein, the brick or tile being after-
wards delivered by the piston passing through the mould.
In witness whereof, I, the said Samuel Roscoe Bakewell, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Eighteenth day of February, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and thirty-one.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Manning, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Eighth day of August, One thousand eight hundred
and forty.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Eighth day of August, in the
fourth year of the reign of Her Majesty Queen Victoria, the said. John
Manning came before our said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and
acknowledged the Instrument aforesaid, and all and every thing therein con-
tained and specified, in form above written: And also the Instrument afore-
said was stamped according to the tenor of the Statute made in the fifty-fifth
year of the reign of His late Majesty King George the Third.
Inrolled the Fifteenth day of August, One thousand eight hundred and
forty.

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, SAMUEL
ROSCOE BAKEWELL, of Whiskin Street, in the Parish of Saint James
Clerkenwell, in the County of Middlesex, Brick and Stone Ware Manu-
facturer, send greeting.
WHEREAS His present most Excellent Majesty King William the Fourth
did, by His Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing
date at Westminster, the Eighteenth day of August, One thousand eight
hundred and thirty-one, in the first year of His reign, give and grant unto me
the said Samuel Roscoe Bakewell, His especial licence that I, the said
Samuel Roscoe Bakewell, my executors, administrators, and assigns, and such
others as I, the said Samuel Roscoe Bakewell, my executors, administrators,
or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to
time and at all times during the term of years therein mentioned, should and
lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend within England, Wales, and
Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, (in consequence of a communication from
certain Foreigners residing abroad, and subsequent improvements made by
myself,) my Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY, APPARATUS,
OR IMPLEMENTS TO BE USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BRICKS, TILES, AND OTHER
ARTICLES TO BE FORMED OR MADE OF CLAY OR OTHER PLASTIC MATERIALS, PART OF
WHICH SAID MACHINERY 18 ALSO APPLICABLE TO OTHER USEFUL PURPOSES;" in which
said Letters Patent is contained a proviso that I, the said Samuel
Roscoe Bakewell, shall cause a particular description of the nature of my

page_text: said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be inrolled
in His Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next
and immediately after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as
in and by the same, reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at large
appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Samuel Roscoe Bakewell, do hereby describe the manner in which my said
Invention is to be performed by the following description thereof (reference
being had to the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the figures and letters
marked thereon), that is to say:-
In Drawing No. 1, Fig. 1st, is a section and elevation, and Fig. 2 a plan
of a machine for mixing, grinding, and tempering clay or other plastic sub-
stances, so as to prepare and render them fit to be applied to the forming or
making of bricks, tiles, cornices, copings, &c. and also for the grinding, mixing,
and tempering sand, lime, chalk, barilla, and for various other useful purposes,
part only of the circular pit being shewn. In Fig. 1, A, B, A, B, represents
the edge or border of the pit, which may be from thirty to forty feet in
diameter, and from nine to eighteen inches in depth. A circular platform or
mound L being formed in the centre from twelve to sixteen feet in diameter.
C, C, is a wheel, which may be from six to nine feet in diameter, and from
three to nine inches broad on its rim; the rim of this wheel must be made to
come into contact with the bottom of the pit N, N. The wheel may be made
to traverse from A to B and B to A, by placing the arm D, D, in various
situations varying from a radius line, or a line pointing to the centre of the pit,
and which may be effected in different modes, namely, by turning the pinion
G by means of its handle or winch, so as to cause the metal toothed are I, I, I,
to bring the arm connected with it, and which moves upon the pin M into
such a position as is shown by the dotted lines in Fig. 2, the pinion being
prevented from moving by means of a peg being placed in one of the holes formed
in the circular plate O to receive it, and which acts against the winch or bandle
of the pinion G. The wheel C, C, is made to traverse in the contrary
direction by changing the position of the arm D, D, accordingly from H to
K. E, E, and F, F, are supporting wheels to keep the shaft. D, D, from
bending, but which, however, may occasionally be dispensed with. The clay
or other materials spread all over the circular pit will thus be mixed, ground,
or tempered by the repeated action of the wheel C, C, in spiral courses passing
over them. The top of the circular mound or platform L in the centre of the
pit is made perfectly flat for the wheel F, F, to travel on; and a square hole
or pit is made on the centre of it to receive the post and frame J, J, J, which

page_text: supports the arm D, D; m, m, are the branches of the yoke, to which horses
or other animals are to be affixed, in order to actuate the machine, although
it may also be found by other powers, such as steam, water, or wind if found
desirable. A counterbalance or weight, as shewn in Fig. 1, may be hung
upon the shorter end of the arm D, D, to steady it, and the spindle P at the
end of it must be made cylindrical, and of a sufficient length to allow of it
rising or falling in the post and frame J, J, according to the greater or less
quantity of clay or other materials to be spread in the circular pit in order to
be operated upon. Fig. 2* is an end view, the different parts being indicated
by the same letters of reference as in Fig. 1. Fig. 3 is another method of
varying the position of the arm D, D, where, instead of the toothed arc and
pinion before described, two small windlasses G, G, shewn in Fig. 3*, are
mounted upon the upper part of a metal frame I, I, and around the barrels
of which said windlasses ropes or chains may be coiled and uncoiled by means
of a winch or handle applied upon the axis of the windlasses, and which said
ropes or chains being affixed to the arm D, D, the windlasses may be kept in
their required position by means of pegs being inserted into the rings of holes
provided for the purpose, as shewn in Fig. 3*, and as before mentioned.
Another mode of causing the wheel C to traverse over the whole extent of the
pit A, B, in [circles instead of spirals, as above described, is shewn in
elevation in Fig. 4, in plan in Fig. 5, and endways in Fig. 4*; in which
Figures a toothed metal rack is shewn as affixed upon the upper surface
of the arm D, D, into which a pinion acts, which is mounted upon an
axis working in holes formed to receive it in the metal frame, which is
mounted upon the top of the upright cylindrical stern P, and by means
of a winch or handle affixed upon the said axis the pinion may be
turned a little at each revolution of the wheel C around the pit, in order
to cause it to run in fresh circular paths; or, instead of a rack and pinion,
I can employ two barrels Q, Q, turning upon axes working in holes formed
in the upper part of the metal frame, with squared parts at their ends to receive
a handle or winch, and around these barrels cords or chains may be applied,
which are likewise affixed to two studs or pins driven or otherwise secured
into the upper surface of the arm D, D, and which cords pass underneath two
loose barrels Q, Q, also turning on an axis mounted in the said frame, and
thus by turning either of the two uppermost barrels a little at each revolution
of the wheel C, the cords or chains will move the arm D, D, within the metal
frame a sufficient quantity to cause the wheel C to move continually in fresh
circles. Two friction rollers are mounted in the lower part of the metal frame
to assist the motion of the arm D, D, and a supporting roller mounted in a

page_text: proper frame may be also applied, as shewn in Fig. 4, to run upon the level
surface of the central platform or mound, and, instead of one wheel C only, I
can employ two or more, and these also on each side of the mound or platform
if thought necessary. Fig. 6 represents another mode of effecting the latter
object; here a female screw is formed in a wood or metal head, which is
affixed upon the top of the cylindrical spindle P, and a corresponding screw is
made upon the arm D, D, which can be turned a little at each revolution of
the wheel C, C, around the pit, by means of a pin or lever inserted into either
of the holes formed through the screw to receive it. Figure 7 exhibits an arm
D, D, mounted upon the top of the spindle P, which has a cylindrical stern
and shoulder formed upon it; the cylindrical part being passed thro' a hole
formed to receive it in the centre of the arm D, D. This arm has a right and
left threaded screw, upon which female right and left threaded screws made
in sockets, naves, or boxes, fitted into the centres of the wheels C, C, act, and
thus cause those wheels to run in spiral courses over the whole extent of the
circular pit, it being, however, necessary to reverse the motion of the arm to
cause them to move in the contrary direction. Other modes may also be
employed to produce a backward and forward lateral movement of the wheels
C, C, such, for instance, as the well-known mangle motion, namely, by affixing
a. windlass, barrel, or wheel upon the moveable head, upon which a chain, strap,
or rope may be wound and unwound by means of a winch or handle applied.
upon the axis of the windlass or barrel. The arm D may be prevented from
rising too high by affixing a screwed nut upon the top of. the spindle P, as
shown in Figure 7, or upon the lower end of it, as shewn in Figure 3.1
-Having thus described various machines for mixing, grinding, and tempering
the materials, I shall next proceed to describe various machines for forming or
pressing bricks, tiles, &c. when in a partly dried state. Fig. 8 is an external
elevation or side view of such a machine. Figs. 9 and 10, two internal views
of it in different situations; and Fig. 11, a plan or top view of it, in all of
which Figures the same letters of reference indicate the similar parts of the
machine. A, A, &c., is the wooden or cast iron frame of the machine; B, B,
the sides of the mould; C, the swinging frame for keeping down and removing
the upper plate of the mould, this frame is mounted upon a strong axis D,
which moves in bearings formed in the lower ends of the swinging frame C. On
the ends of the pivots of the axis D must be placed screwed nuts to keep the
swinging frame steady on the same; E, the main lever united to or affixed
firmly to the axis D; F, F, two side links which connect the main lever E
with a shorter lever G affixed upon another axis II, shewn in plan in Fig. 11*,
which turns in bearings or eye-bolts affixed. in the end of the frame upon a

page_text: square formed on the end of the axis H, or hand lever J, Fig. 8, is affixed in
order to actuate the apparatus, as will be hereafter described. K, K, are two
webs affixed upon the axis D to keep it in its place within the gaps formed to
receive it on each side; within the lower side rails of the frame A, L, is a
short lever affixed upon the axis D, the use of which is to raise the stern M of
the piston N, which forms the bottom of the mould, when the hand lever J is
brought into the position shewn in Fig. 8, and by the dotted lines in Fig. 9, in
order to compress the brick in the mould. When this has been effected the
cover of the mould C is to be thrown aside, the hand lever J is then to be
brought into the position shewn by the dotted lines in Fig. 10, and the piston
N is to be farther elevated so as to push the brick out of the mould in the
following manner. O is an axis shewn in plan in Fig. 10*, the necks or pivots
at the ends of which turn in bearings affixed underneath the upper side bars of
the frame A. P is an arm or lever affixed upon the axis O, to the end of which
the two links Q, Q, are jointed, and which are also jointed to the stern M of
the piston N. A band lever R is affixed upon a squared part formed upon the
outer end of the axis O, which rests in the position shewn in Figs. 8 and 9,
whilst the brick is in the mould; but, upon bringing it into the situation shewn
by the dotted lines in Fig. 10, it raises the piston N, and lifts the brick out of
the mould ready to be taken away. The pressing of the brick in the mould
is effected by bringing the hand lever J into the position shewn in Figs. 8 and 9,
which depresses the levers G and E and raises the short lever L, which acts
against and elevates the piston N, at
in Figs. 8 and 9; the lower end of this piston stern is guided and steadied
by means of five screws, three of which are passed through a strong bar
T, one of them, U, acting against the edge of the stern on one side, whilst the
two others, V, V, bring a back plate into contact with its opposite edge. Two
other screws W,W, Fig. 11, also passes through the lower side rails of the frame
which act against the sides of the stern. In order to keep the piston N
steady whilst the brick is removed, the lever R is to be lodged between two
pins X, Y, let into sockets and moveable at pleasure, the lower one X preventing
the piston N from rising too high, and the upper one keeping it steady. Z, in
Figs. 8, 9, and 10, is another pin let into a socket in the side of the frame A,
in order to limit the rise of the piston N, and thus to cause all the bricks to be
made of an uniform thickness. Across the upper plate C of the mould, a strong
crossbar a is affixed by means of screws, and having holes at each end of it
through which the upper ends of the sides of the swinging frame C are passed
and secured by screwed nuts above and below the cross bar, as shewn at V, V,
the part S of its stern, as shewn

page_text: in Fig. 8. Figs. 12 and 13 are a front and side view of the piston N and its
steru M. Figure 14, a plan of the axis D and lever E, a side view of which
is shewn in Fig. 15; and Figure 16 is a plan of the axis H with its lever G.
Fig. 17 is another press for bricks, in which the piston N is raised and
lowered by means of a toothed metal rack c, formed upon its stern M, into which
a pinion d acts, upon the axis of which a winch or handle may be affixed to
turn it; and it has also a ratchet wheel e affixed upon it, into the teeth of which
a click, catch, or pall f falls in order to retain the piston in its position. A
friction roller g is placed at the back of the stern to keep the rack c in
its place. Fig. 18 represents another press for bricks, in which the move-
ments of the piston N in the mould are effected by means of two metal rods,
one of which is shewn at h in Fig. 18, and which are jointed to the piston
above and to a stud or pin i below, which is affixed in one of the arms of a
wheel j, which has teeth formed partly around it, into which a pinion d acts when
turned by means of a winch or handle affixed upon its axis. A ratchet wheel e,
with a click f, is also here provided to retain the pinion in its position.
Fig. 19 is a plan or top view of the press shewn in Fig. 17, and Fig. 20 is
another plan of the press exbibited in Fig. 18. In Fig. 17 the top of the
mould C is closed by means of metal plate dovetailed on its edges, and which
slides in dovetailed grooves made in the sides B, B, of the mould to receive it.
Fig. 19 shews the same in plan. In Figs. 18, 20, 21, and 23, the top of the
mould is shewn as closed by means of a metal lid C mounted either upon a
rule joint hinge or upon hinges on one side of it, and the other kept closed
when in use by means of a catch either with or without a spring. Fig. 22
exhibits the top of the mould as opened. For compressing curved tiles in the
mould the under side of the top of the mould must either be hollowed or
hollow blocks be introduced, as shewn in Figs. 22 and 23, the top of the
piston being also rounded to correspond therewith, or another rounded block be
also introduced into the mould, as shewn in Figs. 22 and 23. Fig. 24 is a top
view of a spring-catch brick mould, intended to mould bricks by hand, and
Fig. 25 represents the same as opened. A, A, are the sides of the mould.
A joint B is made at one of its angles extending tho whole depth of the
mould. Two angular cars, one of which is shewn at D in both Figures, are
formed, one upon the upper and the other upon the lower edges of the end of
the moveable part of the mould, and are passed through corresponding slits or
holes formed to receive them in the counterpart of the mould, and thus to
keep the sides steady, the end C being also received into another cap made
inside of the mould. A spring catch is affixed by screws upon the outside of

page_text: the end of the mould (between the ears), which passes through a square hole
made to receive it in the corresponding side of the mould, and hooks itself fast
when the mould is shut, but can be readily released by pulling the spring
catch back.
Having thus shewn and described various modes of carrying my said intention
into effect, I now declare that I do not mean or intend hereby to claim as
my Invention any of the various parts which may have been already known or
in use, but only in combination; nor do I mean to claim the mode of grinding
clay or other materials, or mixing or tempering them in mills by means of
large stones employed as wheels, where they always run in the same circle or
track. But I do hereby claim the power of causing them either to run in
spiral paths or in circular ones, continually varying in their diameter until the
materials spread over the whole bottom of the pit shall have been repeatedly
operated upon. And although I have seen in Lancashire, in several of the
potteries, stones of four or five feet in diameter used in grinding or tempering
clay, and also revolving spirally by the action of screwed shafts, but one end of
which shafts rested on a wheel and the other end was supported upon a
post in the centre of the floor, so that the stones were suspended upon the
shaft at the height of two or three inches from the floor, and which said floor
was merely a flat surface without borders or forming a pit, whereas my wheels
came into contact with the floor of my pit, excepting when clay or other
substances intervene and raise them therefrom. The borders of the pit
also confine the clay or other materials and prevent them from spreading side-
ways, as in the ordinary methods. To the clay mills or stones revolving on a
screwed shaft, as above described, I have no claim whatever. It may be well
to observe, that the bricks or balls of clay previously to being placed in the
presses must be in a half-dried state, or in the same state as common bricks
are taken to be "smoothed or polished," and their external surface or sides, ends
and faces be rubbed with fine sand or dust (the latter of which is generally found
in abundance in or near brick kilns) in order to prevent them from adhering
to the moulds. I must also observe, that my Patent is not for pressing bricks,
tiles, cornices, &c., generally, but only for the particular description of presses
that I have herein shewn and described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Samuel Roscoe Bakewell, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Eighteenth day of February, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and thirty-one.
S. R. (L.S.) BAKEWELL.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Eighteenth day of February,
in the first year of the reign of His Majesty King William the Fourth, the
said Samuel Roscoc Bakewell came before our said Lord the King in His
Chancery, and acknowledged the Instrument aforesaid, and all and every thing
therein contained and specified, in form above written. And also the Instru-
ment aforesaid was stamped according to the tenor of the Statute made in
the fifty-fifth year of the reign of His late Majesty King George the Third.
Inrolled the Eighteenth day of February, One thousand eight hundred
and thirty-one.