IMPROVEMENTS IN MOULD- ING IN SAND AND LOOM FOR THE CASTING OF IRON AND OTHER METALS
Year: 1852

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Jeremiah Driver. of Keighley, in the County
of York, Moulder, and John Wells, of Bradford, the County
of York. Moulder. for the Invention of IMPROVEMENTS IN MOULD-
ING IN SAND AND LOOM FOR THE CASTING OF IRON AND OTHER
METALS."
Scaled the 7th February 1859. and dated the 15th October 1852.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Jeremiah Duver
and John Wells at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents,
with their Petition, on the 15th October 1859.
We, JEREMIAH DRIVER & JOHN WELLS. do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MOULDING IN SAND
& LOOM FOR THE CASTING OF IRON & OTHER METALS" to be as follows:-
Our present improvements relate to the moulding in sand & loom
for the casting of articles in metal, & consist,-
First, in preparing the moulds in what is termed green sand by
means of mechanical pressure; thus the pattern to be moulded being
made & prepared by any of the methods ordinarily employed is
divided into two or more portions, convenient for our improved mode of
moulding, (though in some instances the pattern may be of such a form
& description as to be already suited without any such division; the

page_text: pattern or portion of the pattern is then secured to the under side of
the follower of a screw or other press, or other mechanical power. The
box or flask in which the mould is to be made is then to be filled with
sand, & placed within the press or other machine beneath the pattern,
& the follower being forced down, the full impression or mould of the
pattern is impressed upon the sand, & at the same time the sand is
compressed & consolidated into a comparatively hard substance; this
completes one portion of the mould. The remaining portion on portions
is then produced in a similar manner, & upon placing them together
the desired mould is complete, ready to receive the fluid metal. We
should observe that the press or machine is formed to produce the
mould in its proper position in the box.
Our second improvement is a mode of moulding in what is termed
loom; & also sometimes is applicable to sand by means of cones or taper
figures or patterns; this is. exemplified in the accompanying Sketch.
Fig 1, & 2, representing sections. In this case a plain, cylinder is
supposed to be req. A, the box or flask, which is of a larger diameter
than the pattern B, which is a conc, though the mould to be produced
is to be a cylinder: The box A, is placed upon a base; the cone B, is
placed within it concentrically; the space within the box is then filled
wth the loom or sand, & the cone B, drawn upwards out of the box,
the base of the conc.following the dotted lines, & producing a mould
in form & size corresponding to the base of the conc; the loom or sand
being greatly compressed against the interier sides of the box, the
cores are produced & placed in the usual manner. Any desired form
may be given to the base of the cone or taper pattern.
It is now necessary to dry the moulds previous to the fluid metal
being run into them. For this purpose they are removed from the pit
or other place where they are formed, which is always kept cool, to a
drying pit which.is capable of being closed by a lid or cover. Hot air
or products of 'combustion is introduced into and caused to circulate
through this pit, which may contain one or other number of moulds
to be diied. When the moulds are thoroughily dried the molten metal
is poured into them while in this hot pit, from which the castings are
afterwards removed by any suitable means.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Jeremiah Driver and John Wells in the Great
Seal Patent Office, on the 15th April 1858.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we,
JEREMIAH DRIVER, of Keighley, in the County of York, Moulder, and
JOHN WELLS, of Bradford, in the County of York, Moulder, send'
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Fifteenth day of October, in the
year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-two, in the sixteenth
year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give
and graut unto us, the said Jeremiah Diiver and John Wells,
Her special licence that we. the said Jeremiah Diiver and John
Wells, our executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as
we, the said Jeremiah Driver and John Wells, our exccutors, ad
ministrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
MOULDING IN SAND AND LOOM FOR THE CASTING OF IRON AND OTHER
METALS," upon the condition (amongst others) that we, the said
Jeremiah Driver and John Wells, by an instrument in writing under
our hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to
be performed, and cause the saine to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date
of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said Jeremiah Driver & John
Wells, do hereby declare the nature of our said Invention, and in
what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described
and ascertained in and by the following statement, that is to say:
Our Invention of improvements consists in moulding or-inpressing
the pattern or model of the article to be cast in sand by means of

page_text: mechanical pressure; Fig. 1, being a longitudinal elevation of a machine
or apparatus which we employ for effecting the necessary pressure,
though we do not confine ourselves to this particular arrangement or
construction.
We first prepare the pattern or model which is to be moulded by
dividing it into two or more portions in such manner that those portions
may, by menus of our machinery, be pressed and forced into the sand
in the flask or box, and afterwards withdrawn therefrom, leaving a full
impression of the pattern upon the sand. Sometimes. however, the
pattern may be of such a description as not to require to be so
divided, and therefore it may be employed in its whole state.
The pattern or portion of the pattern is then to be attached to the
under side of the follower B, of the machine, the arrangement of which
is as follows A, A, the framing of the machine, upon which is
mounted the horizontal shaft C; this shaft is made cranked, or with a
handle, so that it may be turned by hand, and the machine thereby
worked by manuel labour, and it likewise carries upon it ordinary fast
and loose pullies, so that by means of a strap the machine may be
driven by any convenient first mover (as a steam engine): this shaft
has fixed upon it the bevil wheels D, D, one upon each end of the
shaft, these gear into the wheels E. E. upon the screws F, F; these
wheels are not fixed permanently upon the screws, but are attached by
means of feathers upon the shafts, so that rotary motion given to the
wheels is communicated to the screws, but at the same time allows ver
tical movement of the screws within the wheels; the lower parts arc
threaded, and they pass though fixed nuts m the framing; the lower
ends of the screws carry the follower B, and as the bevil wheels at
each end of the machine are of the same size, and the screws of the
same pitch, it follows that the follower will ascend and descend uni-
formly throughout; the lower part of the machine, below the follower,
is intended for the reception of the flask or box G, containing the sand
in which the mould is to be made.
The mode of operation is thus:-The flask or box being filled with
sand is placed in the machine beneath the follower, upon the under side
of which the pattern or a portion of the pattern has been attached;

page_text: the shaft C, is then turned, either by manuel labour or by steam or
other power, as most convenient; by this the follower will be caused to
descend until the pattern upon the under side of it is impressed and
imbedded in the sand in the flask or box. The direction of movement
of the shaft C, is then reversed, so as to cause the follower to ascend,
by which the pattern will be withdrawn from the sand in the flask, and
the full impression and mould of it will be left therein. If the pattern.
by which the mould is produced is a whole and complete pattern, then
the mould will be complete and in a fit state for the operation of casting
or running the fluid metal into it; but if that pattern be only a portion.
of the whole pattern, then the mould of the other portion or portions-
may now be taken in a similar manner, either by the same machine
or by another similar machine; or the several portions of the pattern
may be attached to the follower, and their respective moulds produced.
at the same time, separate flasks or boxes being used; the flasks or boxes
containing the moulds being now placed together in manner as is well
known in ordinary moulding, the whole and complete mould will be
formed. and is now ready for the operation of casting or running in the
fluid metal.
In completing the mould for casting by our improved method, where-
ever cores or other additions are required to the mould, such are to be
inserted and applied by the usual means.
We shall here observe that the flasks or boxes to contain the moulds.
are always placed in the machine in the same relative position and
situation so as to make perfect register with each other, so that when
the flasks are placed together to form the mold the portions of the
mould shall coincide with each other and render the mould perfect.
In moulding or forming moulds in loom, and which is also sometimes
applicable to moulding or forming moulds in sand, consists in the use
and employment of conical or taper figures or patterns, which shall by
being drawn or forced from the loom or sand, or from the flask or box
containing such materials, form the mould or some desired portion
thereof. A means of carrying out and effecting this improvement as
in Figure 2, which is a sectional elevation of one arrangement of appa-
ratus, we adopt, where the article to be formed is hollow, as a plain

page_text: cylinder. A, represents the flask or box within which the mould is to:
be formed; B, the core bar or tube upon which the core is to be formed;
C, a conical or taper pattern or figure, the interier and exterior surface:
of which are of such straight or curved forms that when drawn or
forced from the flask or box the loom or sand D, which had previously
been placed or thrown into the space between the flask or box A, and!
the core bar B, shall be pressed or forced against them, and thereby
form by the space vacated by the conical or taper pattern C, the mould,
or some portion of such mould. The mode of operation is thus:-The
flask or box being placed in a vertical or other convenient position on
the plate or base E, to which it is to be so attached as to prevent any
movement or displacement during the moulding operation, the corc
bar or tube is then placed within the flask or box concentrically or
otherwise, and resting likewise upon the base plate E. according to the
form or nature of the mould to be produced. The core bar is also placed
or attached so as to be immoveable upon the base plate during the
moulding operation. The figure or pattern, having been previously
prepared of the requisite diameter and form. is then placed within the
space between the flask or box and the core bar; a quantity of loom
or sand is then thrown or placed into the space between the flask or
box and the core bar above and upon each side of the pattern or figure,
so that when the pattern or figure is drawn or forced out of the space
thic loom or sand will be forced against the sides of the flask and the
core bar with considerable force, and thereby compress and consolidate
it into considerable solidity. As the pattern or figure is drawn or forced
onwards more loom or sand is thrown or placed within the space until
it becomes quite filled, and the pattern completely drawn or forced from
the flask, and any portion of loom or sand superfluously remaining
is removed. The mould, or this portion of it, is thus formed, and if
the article requires to have flanges. rings, or other additions, the mould
for such may be formed by patterns inserted at the desired points,
either before, during, or subsequent to the withdrawall of the conical
or taper figure or pattern, or any part or pattern of the mould thus
formed may be filled with loom or sand, technically known as stopping
off, in the usual manner. and which is well known. The mould, when

page_text: --
required, is to be dried preparatory to the operation of casting the
metal.
5
÷
Thus it will be seen that by the withdrawal of the conical or taper.
pattern or figure from the flask or box the whole or a considerable
portion of the interior and the exterior of the mould and the core are.
formed and produced, and the loom or sand considerably compressed.
and consolidated by the operation. The figures and forms of the
exterior and the interior of the base of the conical figures or patterns.
will determine the figures or forms respectively of the exterior and
the interior of the mould, and likewise the extent of space between
them will determine the consequent thickness of metal of the article
when cast, which may be equal or unequal in such thickness, as de-
sired.
It is not essential in all circumstances that the centre of
the core shall be identical with the centre of the mould or flask.
but dependent upon the, nature or form of the article desired to be
produced.
The conical or taper figure or pattern is withdrawn or forced from
the flask or box in any convenient manner, and we have here shown it
effected by means of chains F, F, attached to the conical pattern and
to a cross G, above which, being attached to the chain of a crane, the
conical pattern can be withdrawn from the flask, as desired. It will be
necessary in some cases to guide the conical pattern as it is withdrawn
from the flask, so as to preserve the parelelism of the sides of the
mould; this may be done by rollers H, H, mounted upon arms I, I,
attached to and projecting from the conical pattern. which rollers move
against the surfaces of the flask and of the core bar. In the preceding
example we have shown the adaptation of double or compound conical
or taper surfaces; that is, an exterior conical or taper surface to pro-
duce the exterior of the mould, and an inverted and conical and taper
surface to produce the interior or core of the mould; but we some-
times prepare the mould, preparatory to the casting operation. by
forming the exterior of the mould within the flask or box, as above.
and then placing the interior or core within it, such core having
been previously prepared separately either by our improved method or
by the ordinary means; this is exemplified in Figure 3, which repre-

page_text: sents a sectional elevation of a flask and conical or taper pattern. The
flask A, is mounted as before upon a base plate E, the conical pattern is
now introduced, and proper means of guiding it provided to preserve
its parelelism during its withdrawal. D, the loom or sand; the conical
pattern in this case (as no core is to be formed by it) is made solid, or
so that when it is withdrawn from the flask the interior of the mould
so formed shall be left unoccupied and freee for the reception of the
core, when any such is required to be used; the inode of withdrawing
the conical pattern may be the same as that previously described.
When we desire to produce only what are known as cores we employ
a conical or taper pattern, conical or taper upon the interior side only.
as in Figure 4, which represents a sectional clevation. Upon the base
plate E, the core bar or tube B, is placed and secured; the comical pat-
tern C, is then placed, and loom or sand is then thrown or placed upon
it and between it and the core bar, so that as the conical pattern is
drawn up or along it the loom or sand is compressed against the core
bar, and thereby forms the core. K, K. guide bars. against which
the rollers II, II, move to guide the conical pattern while making the
core. Other means of guiding the conical pattern may be adopted as
convenient, but we prefer the mode we have here shown. When
moulds for the casting of iron & other fluid metal, and whether such
moulds have been made by our present improved method or by the
ordinary means, we dyy them, and cast into them the fluid metal by
our improved means, as follows: the moulds, after being formd, are
removed from the pit or other place where so formed to what we term
the drying pit, which is a pit capable of being heated to a high
degree of temperature by means of hot air or the products of com-
bustion from a furnace, or both, which are introduced into and caused
to circulate through the pit, the mouth or opening of which though
which the moulds are introduced being closed by a lid or cover to
retain the heat; when the moulds are sufficiently dry, and in a fit state
to receive the fluid metal, the casting or running of it takes place, the
moulds being still in the heated pit. When the castings are sufficiently
cooled they may be removed from the pit and treated in the usual
manner.

page_text: Having now herein described the nature of our Invention of im-
provements in the moulding in sand and loom for the casting of iron
and other metals, and also having herein fully described and shown
our mode of carrying our such Invention of improvements into prac-
tical effect, we hereby claim exclusive protection under the said Letters
Patcut:
First, the impressing models or patterns of articles, or portions of
such models or patterns. into sand or other like material by means of
mechanical pressure, for the purpose of forming and making moulds for
the casting therein of iron or other fluid metals.
Secondly, the forming and making the moulds, or the portions of
moulds, in loom or sand for the casting therein of iron or other fluid
metal by means of conical or taper figures or patterns in the manner
herein previously described.
Thirdly, the forming and making cores of moulds of loom or sand, to
be used as the cones in moulds for the casting of iron or other fluid
metal.
Fourthly. the treating and drying moulds of loom or sand, to be used
for the casting of iron or other fluid metal, which moulds require to be
dried by means of hot pits or chambers, as described. and the casting
of iron or other fluid metal mto such moulds while such moulls remain
in such hot pits or chambers.
In witness whereof the said Jeremiah Driver and John Wells
have hereunto set our hands and seals, this Fifteenth day of
Amil 10x9
(L.S.) JEREMIAH DRIVER.
(L.s.) JOHN WELLS.
(L.S.) JEREMIAH DRIVER.
(L.S.) JOHN WELLS.