AN IMPROVED PROCESS OF EXTRACTION FOR OBTAINING SUGAR, PHYTOLEUCOMINE (SOLUBLE ALBUMEN), PHYTODERMATIOSE, AND OTHER SUBSTANCES OR COMPOUNDS FROM THE SEEDS OF GRAMINEAE, AND THE APPARATUS EMPLOYED FOR AND IN CONNECTION WITH SUCH PROCESS
Year: 1878

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Henry Simon, of No. 7, St. Peter's Square, Manchester, in
the County of Lancaster, for the Invention of "AN IMPROVED PROCESS OF
EXTRACTION FOR OBTAINING SUGAR, PHYTOLEUCOMINE (SOLUBLE ALBUMEN),
PHYTODERMATIOSE, AND OTHER SUBSTANCES OR COMPOUNDS FROM THE SEEDS
OF GRAMINEAE, AND THE APPARATUS EMPLOYED FOR AND IN CONNECTION WITH
SUCH PROCESS. A communication from abroad by Dr. Gotthold Kühnemann,
of Dresden, in the German Empire, Chemist.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION filed by the said Henry Simon at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 26th October 1878.
HENRY SIMON, of No. 7, St. Peter's Square, Manchester, in the County of
Lancaster. "AN IMPROVED PROCESS OF EXTRACTION FOR OBTAINING SUGAR,
PHYTOLEUCOMINE (SOLUBLE ALBUMEN), PHYTODERMATIOSE, AND OTHER SUBSTANCES
OR COMPOUNDS FROM THE SEEDS OF GRAMINEAE, AND THE APPARATUS EMPLOYED
FOR AND IN CONNECTION WITH SUCH PROCESS. A communication from abroad by
Dr. Gotthold Kühnemann, of Dresden, in the German Empire, Chemist.
This Invention has for its object to produce separately from the seeds of
gramineae and the refuse thereof, glucose for brewing, pure sugar in place of the
sugar from potato starch used in commerce for the manufacture of wine, also starch,
cellulose (for paper pulp), phytoleucomine, phytodermatiose, sinistrin, and very
nitrogenous food substances, and lastly by this Invention other useful substances
may be cheaply and advantageously produced from the said seeds by means of the
application of non-injurious substances.
The seeds of the gramineae are for the above purposes firstly crushed by passing
through rollers and are then steeped for some hours in cold water containing a
small quantity of hydrated lime, thereby causing them to swell considerably.
The further manipulation of the seeds is effected in the apparatus herein-after
described.
The concentrated liquor drained off from the seed is turbid and viscous, and contains
suspended starch, which is removed either by subsidence or by filtration, and into

page_text: the remaining liquor is introduced cold carbonic acid gas in excess, whereby a con-
siderable separation of a brown substance is effected which can be separated by
filtration, but by preference it is boiled-together with the liquor, as by the boiling
a continued and considerable separation of coagulable albumen takes place, which
can be removed by filtration or otherwise after the principal separation and clari-
_fying of the liquor has been effected.
On the further evaporation of the liquor a small further quantity_of_coagulable
-albumen.is.separated; and on evaporation having been effected to a certain degree,
the mass is treated with phosphoric acid or with superphosphate of lime -in excess,
- whereby a brown coloration is produced, caused by the presence of sinistrin mixed
with other substances which are. useless and injurious in brewing operations.
This coloration is partially removed by the addition of a little animal charcoal,
which also takes up other impurities, but it is removed more effectually by
neutralizing the excess of phosphoric acid with carbonate of lime, and by filtering.
The liquor now purified to a great extent, and containing phytoleucomine and
several other valuable substances, is then either by itself or mixed with sugar,
evaporated in vacuo to the consistency of "extract," unless it be desired to produce
the phytoleucomine in a pure state.
'
The starch previously separated, as also that still adhering to the cellulose, is
converted into sugar by boiling with dilute sulphuric acid. Or the conversion can
be effected by a small quantity of malt extract if the sugar is to be used for
brewing.
If the starch and cellulose still contain lime compounds, these are readily first
removed by admixture with cold carbonic acid in excess, and by washing with
water charged with carbonic acid. In many cases other acids may also be used for
this purpose. Under certain circumstances the oleaginous fatty matter contained
in the seeds may also be extracted.
The above-described processes are carried out by means of special apparatus,
which, as shewn in the accompanying Drawings, is arranged in terraces of batteries
one above and beside the other.
The first upper apparatus are of iron, and the second ones below are of copper
coated with tin and arranged for boiling; they can, however, under certain cir-
cumstances be made of iron or wood. The third lower apparatus are again of iron
with double bottom arranged for boiling.
Between the topmost, the second, and the lowest apparatus presses can be placed
if it be necessary to subject the mass to pressure, or trucks for the purpose of
emptying the apparatus of the coarser solid residues, and for removing the latter
to a distance may be introduced below, and the removal of the mass after having
been pressed is effected in the same manner.
The swelled mass is introduced into the top apparatus, and is subjected by the
internal mechanism thereof for some hours in a cold state to continued rapid
motion, under repeated admixture of water containing hydrated lime, and occasional
removal of the liquid and rinsing of the mass.
The remaining coarser mass after removal of the liquid is then pressed and
introduced into the second lower apparatus, in which it is again stirred up with
cold water and freed from mechanically adhering particles of calcium compounds
by the introduction of CO, in excess, and removal of the liquid when charged with
this gas.
Steam is then introduced under pressure among the mass, and this is
then converted into sugar either by means of malt extract or by boiling with water
containing dilute sulphuric acid. The liquors obtained are let off from the apparatus
and again treated for conversion into sugar.
The cellulose, which is retained in the apparatus by means of the blades, is washed
and readily removed by the mechanism of the apparatus. It is then introduced in
a hot state into the third lowest apparatus and boiled therein with carbonate of
soda or hydrate of soda, then washed, and when slightly warmed it is bleached with
-chlorine in order to be applicable as paper pulp.
With this process, particularly in the cleansing of the starch and the residual

page_text: mass owing to the continued stirring, the addition of water and the introduction
of ordinary carbonic acid mixed with air, an aqueous solution of bicarbonate of
lime is obtained from the calcium compounds adhering to the starch and the mass,
and the air mixed with the carbonic acid escapes. This aqueous solution is drawn
off and heated in a suitable receptacle under continued stirring, by which means
pure CO, is disengaged, which can be collected and compressed.
The carbonate of lime separated by this means from the water is removed there-
from by filtering or by subsidence, and it is utilized for the purpose of neutra-
lization in the conversion of the starch into sugar by dilute sulphuric acid, whereby
the purchase of whitening for this purpose is avoided, and free CO2 is again
obtained together with the separation of gypsum. All these operations are carried
on in apparatus for the separation of soluble and insoluble, volatile and non-
volatile substances, having the following construction.
The apparatus consists of several parts and operates continuously by steam
power, its object being to obviate the use of several separate machines, as also to
reduce the amount of manual labor required, and to produce larger quantities at a
less cost for plant and working expenses.
The apparatus shewn on Figs. 1 to 7 of the Drawings consists of two opposite
double copper cylinders communicating with each other which are closed.steam.
tight by means of a hemispherical copper cover, or a conical cover might be used.
The size of the copper cylinder is by preference made 34 inches diameter, and 53
inches high, and the apparatus has a total height of 10 feet 8 inches, being hung
vertically in an iron framing. Below the cylinder is a space 4 feet 10 inches high,
in order to introduce a small truck for the removal of the undissolved mass, which
is discharged by the opening of the lowest aperture. As shewn in the elevation and
plan Figs. 1 and 2, each cylinder has a mechanical contrivance S, having for its object
to raise or lower at will the vertical shaft in the cylinder by means of the mechanism
at top. Below this mechanism each cylinder has a second one R for the purpose
of imparting rotary motion to the shafts, both mechanisms being connected to a
horizontal shaft, having at its middle a pulley P, by which rotary motion is
imparted from a steam engine. The bevil wheels at the ends of this shaft are
capable of being thrown out of gear, in order that the vertical shaft of each'
cylinder may be, rotated or allowed to stand still independently of the other.
Below these wheels there are on the covers of the cylinders, 1st, a small cylinder
A with two opposite flanged branch tubes through which the shaft n passes into
the apparatus, and which is closed by a stuffing box; 2nd, a circular opening B
which is closed by a removeable cover fixed by a bridge and screw; through this
opening the introduction and removal of the smaller parts of the apparatus, as also
the introduction of the materials to be treated, is effected; 3rd, a smaller circular
opening X, in which a removeable cover is screwed, having two branch pipes pro-
vided with stop-cocks, through which water, steam, and gases are introduced into
the cylinder from above.
On the cylinder is a funnel-shaped cock 1 through which oil or air can be rapidly.
admitted to the liquid, which froths considerably during boiling. 2, and 2, are two.
opposite openings closed with glass for observing the liquid; 3 and 4 are con-
trivances for the introduction of pressure gauges and thermometers.
At the bottom of each cylinder is a circular opening D for discharging the
undissolved matter. This opening is opened and closed by a cover operated by a.
lever device, as shewn. In place of this cover one having two curved branch pipes
with stop-cocks may be substituted, as shewn at the left-hand side of Fig. 1, through
which steam, water, dry air, or gases can be introduced into the cylinder from below.
These discharge openings D have each two opposite flanged branch pipes like those
of the cylinders A, of which the two outer ones are connected with the discharge
pipes C for the dissolved substances, while the other two establish a communication,
between the interiors of the two cylinders by means of a connecting pipe d, Fig. 2.
At Fig. 2 are shewn the pipe conduits and connections for enabling the contents
of the cylinders to be boiled by steam either under a pressure of several atmospheres

page_text: or under atmospheric pressure only. The steam is introduced by means of valves
at a, and a into the annular space formed between the inner and outer cylinders,
and it is allowed to pass through the pipe e, having three valves from the one
cylinder into the other, by means of the middle valve, the other two valves v, v,
serving to allow any excess of steam to escape. Each cylinder has at bottom a
cock b₁, b, for allowing the condensed water to flow off.
The inner-spaces of the cylinders_communicate with the connecting pipe d in
order to allow the liquid to flow from the one cylinder into the other, rising up
from below, or to be drawn off, which can be effected in a boiling condition.
In order to provide a safe and moveable connection of the pipes e-and-d-with the
two cylinders, such connection is effected by stuffing boxes, as shewn, thereby
allowing the pipes to expand and contract-freely..
In order that the pressure may not rise too high in the cylinders during the
boiling operation it can be regulated by cocks and valves on the hemispherical
covers.
'
The contents of the cylinders can also be boiled directly by steam by introducing
the steam through a second opening X in the hemispherical covers, which is closed
by a cover having two pipes provided with stop-cocks.
At the bottom of the interior of each cylinder is a conical or curved grating or
perforated diaphragm F extending from the periphery to the centre, and composed
of two concentric circular surfaces; each of these circular surfaces is divided into
four parts, and the blades or bars forming them are introduced consecutively through
the opening B on to the bottom of the cylinder; and they can be removed in the
same way for the purpose of cleaning or altering the blades. The perforated
diaphragm has at the centre a circular opening of 9 inches diameter, and differs
from the gratings at present in use in that the apertures are not formed by circular
holes but by removeable bars or blades which can be shifted nearer together or
farther apart, as shewn in plan at Fig. 2. In the same manner vertical removeable
bars or blades are provided at the periphery of the cylinder.
In the centre of the cylinder is a small vertical conical cylinder, the lower
diameter of which is 9 inches. The hole of equal diameter in the perforated
diaphragm can be opened or closed by raising or lowering this cylinder. It is also
constructed of vertical bars or blades t, and is 22 inches high, and has an upper
diameter of 3 inches. The vertical shaft n passes through it, and serves to raise or
lower it from the outside of the cylinder to the extent of about 6 inches in order to
allow the dry or moist substance to pass out of the perforated cylinders through the
Tower smaller openings of 6½ inches diameter.
The vertical and horizontal blades, as also the vertical central cylinder (also
formed of blades), have for their object to separate the fluid from the coarser parts
of the substance by means of the adjustable spaces between the blades, allowing
the fluid to pass out of the cylinder, and fresh liquid to enter with or without
pressure. This may be effected by means of horizontal and vertical communicating
pipes closed by valves and connected with a water tank standing about 50 feet
above the apparatus, without necessitating the opening of the cover D at the bottom
of the cylinder. This latter is only opened when it is desired to remove the residual
mass from the cylinder after it has been entirely exhausted, the liquid having been
previously removed through the discharge pipe C.
For carrying out the several operations now to be described by way of examples
by means of this apparatus, some parts thereof have to be removed.
1st. The Employment of the Apparatus for the Production of Volatile Oils.-The
apparatus is for this purpose altered by the removal of the vertical blades at the
periphery of the cylinder, as also of the vertical blades of the small conical central
cylinder, as otherwise the greater part of the steam would pass through unused. In
this case also a second perforated diaphragm must be introduced between the upper
cover of the cylinder in order that the vegetable matter may not be carried off
mechanically by the steam; or the small conical cylinder with blades may be
replaced by a solid conical one, through which only the vertical shaft passes.

page_text: For the production of volatile oils a refrigerating vessel must of course be.
provided, which is connected to one of the branch tubes on the before-described
small cylinder on the top of the cover through which the vertical shaft passes.
The volatile oils are, as is well known, quickly disengaged from the vegetable"
matter by means of steam, whereupon the substance freed from the oil is rapidly
removed while still hot, and under exclusion of air by the self-emptying apparatus
to be presently described, from the upper cylinder into cylinders arranged in terrace-
form below it, as shewn at Fig. 7, in order to be there further operated on. By the
self-emptying operation while the mass is still in a boiling condition the processes
are greatly accelerated and facilitated, which is of particular advantage in the
production of volatile oils.
2nd. The Employment of the Apparatus for Distilling and Mixing Different
Liquids of Different Specific Gravities. For this purpose the solid conical cylinder
with the circular concentric frame of the diaphragm is introduced without the
blades. By means of this framing the four legs which are connected to the
periphery of the annular frame T, Fig. 3, are fixed to the bottom of the cylinder.
On this annular frame the lower pair of arms y move, these being likewise fixed to
the periphery of a ring of equal size, and also to the upper armis m by means of the
vertical two-edged cutting blades m¹, as shewn on Sheet II.
3rd. The Employment of the Apparatus as Vacuum Apparatus.-For this purpose
the vertical shaft, and the conical cylinder, and perforated diaphragm are removed,
and the small cylinder at the top of the hemispherical cover is connected to a
syphon and air pump. If it be desired to operate with both steam coil and double
bottom the top hemispherical cover of the cylinder must be removed and a coil pipe
be introduced, after which the cover is fixed on again. The steam supply pipe to
coil and the discharge pipe thereof are connected to the cover, having two pipes
which closes the opening D at the bottom of the cylinder. The discharge of the
evaporated thick syrupy liquid is effected through the discharge pipe C.
The cylinder with coil can also be used as a refrigerator for cooling the liquid
that has been boiled in the cylinder by means of the steam coil, if instead of steam.
cold water is made to flow through the coil, and if a cooling cylinder is introduced
through the hemispherical cover into the middle of the liquid, such cylinder being
so arranged that it has an inlet pipe leading from the outside to the inside, and an
outlet pipe leading from the inside to the outside for the cooling water.
The cylinder can also be employed directly as apparatus for raising the liquid."
For this purpose the cocks of the pipe & communicating with the liquid in the
cylinder are closed, and the cocks c1, c2, and c are operated. c' is in communication
with the water gauge pipe f; c is a simple outlet cock; and c³ is connected to the
vertical pipe g, through which the liquid rises from the cylinder if the cock on the
discharge pipe C has previously been closed. All cocks and openings of the cylinder"
are then closed.
On the hemispherical cover of the cylinder is a circular opening X, which is closed
by a plate having two pipes with cocks; through one of these pipes either steam
pressure is introduced into the cyinder or through the other pipe compressed air is
forced in by an air pump. The liquid will then be forced up the pipe g to a height
corresponding to the pressure of the steam or air employed.
For some purposes the small cylinder A has in addition to the two opposite
branch pipes 7, 8, a third one between the other two, for the purpose of connecting
the apparatus more conveniently to the refrigerator for distilling purposes, and to
other apparatus, as may be required. From the foregoing it will be seen that the
apparatus can readily be adapted and used with advantage for a variety of
operations.
The internal mechanism which is fixed on the vertical shaft is so arranged that
the shaft can be raised from the outside. The six vertical cutters that are fixed
between the lower and upper arms, as also the arms themselves, are however not
raised at the same time. The edges of the cutters are somewhat blunted, particu-
larly in those cases when the substance under treatment has not to be cut up.

page_text: A portion of the shaft n above the conical cylinder is formed of triangular section,
in order to enable it to be raised and lowered while the arms are being rotated
thereby. The upper arms are formed of two pieces at 2, 2, and have in the middle
-a-triangular opening, as shewn in plan at Fig. 4, through which the triangular part
of the shaft moves up and down, while-the-auns and cutters always remain in the
same position, almost touching the bottom of the cylinder, in order to clear this as
completely as possible of the undissolved mass. For this purpose the conical
cylinder is raised-with the shaft n so as to open the aperture in the centre of the
perforated diaphragın, through which the mass is made to pass by the continued
rotation of the arms. The lower arms are attached to the outer periphery of a ring,
which together with the arms rotate upon the lower ring T of equal diameter,
-secured by feet to the bottom of the cylinder, as before described, and shewn at
Figs. 3, 4, and 5.
The middle cutters between the right and left hand arms can rotate upon-their-
own axes. For certain purposes cutters with four edges can be inserted.
For the purpose of removing the undissolved mass the six cutters, as shewn at
the plan, Fig. 4, are by means of a key and a special contrivance Z' turned into such
a position that they form a closed surface, as indicated by dotted lines, whereas at
other times the cutters are in the position shewn in full lines, having spaces
between them. By this means the mass is pushed from the circumference of the
cylinder. towards the centre, and is there automatically expelled through the
discharge opening before described. This can be effected while the mass is in a
boiling condition, whereby the continuous repetition of the operations is greatly
accelerated.
Should pulverulent substances be treated that on admixture with fluid do not
become uniform, they must previously be worked up with a little fluid, as is done
in mashing operations.
The filtering apparatus may be used, firstly, for filtering; and, secondly, for
raising liquids.
In applying the apparatus for filtering and drying the substances the opening D
in place of being closed by a cover is connected air-tight to the wide mouth of a
funnel, the other end of which is provided with a stop-cock, and connected to the
lower cylinder A, as shewn in Fig. 6. This cylinder has at top three openings; in
the first one, a, is fitted a pipe, which passes down to near the bottom of the
cylinder, and is provided outside with a cock; the larger middle opening b has a
stuffing box by which the lower end of the funnel is fitted air-tight into the
cylinder A.; the third opening c connects the cylinder with an air pump in order to
establish a partial vacuum in the cylinder so as to establish rapid filtration.
The cylinder has in addition a guage pipe l, and opposite to this, near the bottom
of the cylinder, is a cock d for drawing off the filtered liquid.
In the funnel is fitted a small point of platinum, iron, or other metal, and in the
same is placed a small treble or quadruple paper filter; or, in certain cases, a filter of
felt or linen; this metal point prevents the filter from tearing through.
The cylinder B has the same object as the cylinder A, but with the difference
that this cylinder is not fitted with its wide mouth to the opening D; the mouth,
which is about 6 inches diameter, being closed by a cover, in the middle of which
is a branch pipe connected to the pipe C of the apparatus which serves for conveying
away the dissolved substances.
For raising the liquids by means of the cylinders A and B the funnel is secured
to the stuffing box, as shewn, so that it cannot be forced out by pressure.
As soon
as the cylinder is tolerably full the cock of the funnel is closed, and the cock of the
pipe leading to the bottom of the cylinder is opened. An air-pressure pump is
then substituted for the exhaust pump, or the pipe to which the air pump was con-
nected is connected to a pipe leading to the steam space of a steam boiler.
The terrace-like arrangement of the apparatus shewn at Fig. 7 has for its object to
enable the contents of the top apparatus to be conducted through the communicating
pipes into the lower ones without loss and without coming in contact with the outer
F

page_text: air. In each communicating pipe there is provided a slide valve in lieu of the
before-described cover closing the opening D. With this arrangement of the
apparatus it is also possible to remove from the middle or other point of the
terrace-like battery one or more apparatus, and to substitute for it or them
other apparatus suited to a certain change of process which is desired to be
carried out. This can readily be done as each apparatus consists of two con-
nected cylinders fitted vertically into a framing, which may be provided with
wheels at bottom.
Below the cylinder is a small truck, into which the substance is delivered from the
apparatus by the self-emptying contrivance before described, and which is at once
removed.
Each cylinder has externally a contrivance V, V, by which the vertical shaft
with its conical cylinder can be raised and lowered from each floor, thus enabling
the emptying of the top cylinder to be controlled from each floor below.
If the building is of sufficient height more than three pairs of cylinders can be
arranged in terrace-form. They might also be arranged in a horizontal row, one
beside the other, but not so advantageously.
The apparatus is strongly constructed, and only apparently complicated; the
operations, which can be carried out by means thereof, are of very various nature,
so that by its means articles of commerce may be produced from a great number of
raw materials, either by heat or by cold, or by a wet or by a dry process, and whether
by means of air or other gases.
According to the operations to be carried out thereby the apparatus may be con-
structed of various metals, such as copper, iron, tin, lead, or of earthenware, cement,
and wood, which may be lined with tin or lead, or the former, being, if necessary,
plated with silver or platinum.
In many cases it is expedient not to provide the apparatus with double cylinders
and covers, and as for various operations all the parts are not required, these may
be omitted in the construction, whereby the cost of the apparatus will be lessened.
On the other hand, when operations on a large scale have to be carried out, thereby
requiring, say, from 70 to 100 tons of produce to be turned out in 24 hours, the
cylinders would have to be constructed of double or treble the size shown;
also twelve or more cutters would have to be used instead of six, and the
internal parts would have to be of greater strength. In such cases the first
cost of the apparatus would be considerably diminished in proportion to its great
powers of production.
Together with the above-described apparatus a further continuously working
apparatus is used, specially for the production of glucose from the seeds of
gramineae, and for the separation of starch, &c., according to the processes herein-
before described, which apparatus is termed the "analyser." This apparatus con-
sists, as shewn in vertical section, Fig. 8 of the Drawings, of an upper wide cylinder,
which is closed air-tight by a cover, and of a lower cylinder of smaller diameter
connected to the upper one by a conical part. The cover, shewn in plan at Fig. 12,
has two man-holes, two sight holes, and in the centre a cylindrical projection
having a stuffing box, through which the vertical revolving shaft passes air-tight.
Below the stuffing box the cylinder has two opposite branch pipes with stop-cocks
for the connection of conduit pipes. Within the cover, underneath the cylindrical
projection, is a metal disc having small holes, and so arranged that water or other
liquid introduced through the conduit pipes shall flow through such holes in finely
divided streams on to the substances contained in the "analyser." One of the man-
holes may also serve for the introduction of greater volumes of liquid.
Fig. 13 shews a plan of a guide with fixed toothed wheels e, e, which is secured
between the cover and the top of the cylinder, and through the centre of which the
vertical shaft passes.
A ring frame, Fig. 9, has four arms connected to a central boss with triangular
opening, through which the vertical shaft of corresponding section passes freely so

page_text: as to be capable of moving up and down through it. This ring is below the
before-mentioned fixed toothed wheel, and its diameter is nearly equal to that of
_the interior of the upper cylinder. A second ring below is of the same construction
as that just described, with the addition of four-rollers on its under side, as indicated
in dotted lines at Fig. 9. These two rings- are connected by vertical bars g, g, of
the same height as the upper cylinder which work in bearings in the rings them-
selves,-and-in the arms thereof, thus forming an open frame, which is rotated by the
revolving shaft, and rests with the before-mentioned rollers upon a shoulder_on_
another-ring which is fixed in the conical connection between the two cylinders.
This ring has a circular groove, into which are fitted vertical bars or blades extending
round the inner circumference of the upper cylinder, the upper ends of these blades
being fitted to the before-mentioned guide fixed in the upper part of the cylinder.
The three vertical bars which pass through each radial arm of the two revolving
rings project above the upper one, and have fixed thereon toothed wheels gearing
with one another. The wheel of the middle bar is made double the depth of the
other two, and gears with the before-mentioned fixed wheel e on the circular guide.
All the wheels are housed in so as to prevent their becoming choked by the sub-
stances operated upon. Thus as the framing revolves with the vertical shaft the
four middle bars thereof receive rotary motion from the fixed toothed wheel, and
impart such motion to the two side bars, and the outer ones of these impart their
motion to other bars mounted in the peripheries of the rings.
The substances operated upon have a further motion imparted to them by
extending the axis of each of the before-mentioned rollers of the lower ring towards
the centre of the cylinder; where they are provided with conical or bevil dises
bearing against each other, which discs in rotating with the rollers effect the gradual
downward movement of the liquid, and also of the solid particles when these are
being discharged.
The lower cylinder of the analyser has bars or blades at its inner periphery and
at bottom, and is surrounded externally by a metal jacket, into which steam under
pressure is introduced, whereby the mass can be readily heated to boiling point.
The central shaft, which can be both rotated, and raised, and lowered by external
mechanism, reaches nearly to the bottom of the lower cylinder, and is there fitted
with a small cylinder provided with blades or bars, which in being raised by the
shaft allows the spent substances in the analyser to escape through the central
opening.
On the lower part of the central shaft are fixed, at a distance equal to the height
of the lower cylinder, two or more horizontal arms, which rest on a circular stand
and revolve round the before-mentioned central cylinder. Between these arms two
vertical bars of a star-shaped section are mounted, as indicated at h, h, Figs. 8, 10,
and 11, which as the arms revolve with the shaft are carried round in the cylinder,
and are at the same time made to revolve round their own axes by being connected
to the bars of the upper revolving framing.
By this combined system a great variety of movements are produced in the sub-
stances contained in the analyser, and the finer particles of the mass and viscous
solutions are driven through the spaces of the inner bars, and propelled towards the
escape pipes of the upper and lower cylinders, such operation taking place con-
tinuously as the liquids employed are caused to flow, either with or without
pressure into the analyser through the before-described branch pipes on the cover,
the discharge being effected through the cocks on the two cylinders.
It is advantageous to have two such apparatus side by side, connected together,
and for certain purposes to combine several such sets in terrace form, or side by
side, according to the quantity of material to be operated upon at one time.
Presses for pressing the solid material and trucks for removing the same may be
arranged in combination with this apparatus in the same manner as with that first
herein-before described, and the apparatus may also be constructed of the different
materials there enumerated.

page_text: Having thus described the nature of the said Invention and in what manner the
same is to be performed, as communicated to me by my foreign correspondent, I
claim,―
First. The method of acting on the seeds of gramineae with hydrated lime and
water, whereby the solution of the nitrogenous substances contained therein and
the separation of other valuble constituents thereof is effected.
Second. The method of treating with carbonic acid the liquids employed for the
extraction, for the purpose of separating and obtaining the nitrogenous compounds
therein.
Third. The method of obtaining separately the starch and cellulose, and the puri-
fication of these by means of carbonic acid or other acid from the mechanically com-
bined calcium compounds.
Fourth. The method of purifyng and bleaching the residual cellulose resulting
from the processes herein described, so as to render it applicable as paper
|pulp.
Fifth. The herein described method of separating the soluble albumen and
sinistrin.
Sixth. The method of precipitating the sinistrin combined with other substances
from the liquid, and of separating it from the phytoleucomine by the application of
phosphoric acid, and of superphosphate of lime.
Seventh. The combination of the several methods set forth in the six preceding
claims as the consecutive steps of a process for separating and obtaining in a pure
state the most important and valuable constituents of the seeds of gramineae.
Eighth. The method of obtaining pure carbonic acid and carbonate of lime
powder, as by products in the manner herein described.
Ninth. The use of the herein described apparatus for carrying out the chemical
and mechanical operations for obtaining glucose and other constituents of the seeds
of gramineae.
Tenth. In apparatus herein described with reference to Figs. 1 to 7, the arrange-
ment for closing and rending air-tight the lower discharge opening D of the inner
and outer cylinders by means of a lever mechanism.
Eleventh. The herein described appliances on the upper cover ✗ and on the cover
closing the discharge opening D for the introduction and emission of steam and
gases.
"
Twelfth. The peculiar arrangement of the vertical shaft passing through the
cylinder, and effecting the raising and lowering of the small conical cylinder, where-
by the central opening in the perforated diaphragm or grating is opened for the
discharge of the residual matter, and is then closed again.
Thirteenth. The arrangement of the revolving arms in separate parts, whereby
these and the cutters can be removed from and replaced in the cylinder.
Fourteenth. The arrangement whereby the raising and lowering of the vertical
shaft can be effected externally, and the shaft of the upper apparatus be operated at
the level of the lower apparatus, as shewn at V, V, V, Fig. 7.
Fifteenth. The general combination of the apparatus, herein termed the
analyser," and described with reference to Figs. 8 to 13 of the Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said Henry Simon, have hereunto set my hand
and scal, this Twenty-fifth day of October, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and seventy-eight.
רודד
AMAX
HENRY SIMON. (L.S.)