IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF AND MODE OF WORKING TELEGRAPHIC APPARATUS
Year: 1861

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Alfred Vincent Newton, of the Office for Patents,
66. Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex, Mechanical Draughtsman,
for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF AND MODE
OF WORKING TELEGRAPHIC APPARATUS."A communication from abroad
by Giovanni Caselli, of Florence, in the Kingdom of Italy.
Sealed the 19th November 1861, and dated the 25th September 1861.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Alfred Vincent Newton
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
25th September 1861.
I, ALFRED VINCENT NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery Lane,
in the County of Middlesex, Mechanical Draughtsman, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION Or
AND MODE OF WORKING TELEGRAPHIC APPARATUS," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to improvements in electric telegraphic apparatus,
whereby through the synchronous movements of weighted pendulums at the
transmitting and receiving stations telegraphic communications may be rapidly
transmitted. The pendulums of the transmitting and receiving instruments
severally oscillate between two fixed electro-magnets, which are alternately
magnetized and demagnetized by the action of an electric battery, and are
thereby caused to act upon the armatures of their respective pendulums. The

page_text: Dattery which maintains this pendulum movement serves also to put the two
corresponding instruments into telegraphic communication, but the current
which may always circulate in the line wire only acts on the magnets at the
end of each oscillation. Each instrument is provided with a regulating
apparatus consisting of a clock movement, the pendulum of which makes two
oscillations for every oscillation made by the pendulum of the instrument
which it regulates. The current from the transmitting battery is first passed
through a circuit breaker contained in this apparatus, and then admitted to
the transmitting apparatus, where by means of the pendulum it sets in
operation the pantelegraph mechanism, presently to be noticed, and ulti-
mately passes by the line wire to the receiving instrument fitted with a
counterpart of the pantelegraph mechanism. To operate the circuit breaker of
the regulating apparatus, a separate small battery is used which sends a current
into an electro-magnet that draws down a lever, and thus completes the
circuit for the main current. The circuit of this auxiliary battery current is
made by the beat of the regulator pendulum, a spring being interposed which
forms a conductor when touched by a pin carried by the pendulum. The
pressure of this spring is adjusted by a micrometric screw for the purpose of
regulating the pulsations of the regulator pendulum to the greatest nicety,
and thus through the circuit breaker timing the pulsations of the instrument
under its control so as to produce a synchronous movement between the
transmitting and receiving instruments.
Each instrument is provided with a duplex pantelegraph arrangement,
consisting mainly of two segment-shaped tables for receiving respectively the
chemically prepared paper containing, and that intended to receive the message
to be transmitted, also of two traversing styles or pointers working on a slide,
and carried by a rock lever. This rock lever is operated by the pendulum to
which it is coupled by a connecting rod, and thus the style which at the same
time receives a progressive motion from a rotating screw shaft (operated by a
click and ratchet wheel) is traversed up and down over the paper. At the
completion of every oscillation of the pendulum a current of electricity is sent
through the paper when metallic contact is made by the style, and this
current passing to the line wire, and so to the receiving instrument, a chemical
change is made in the paper at the point of contact of the style, the frequent
repetition of which will produce a counterpart of the message intended to be
transmitted in colour or in white, as will be well understood. Each instru-
ment being similarly provided with a duplex pantelegraph apparatus, the
forward and backward oscillation of the pendulum is available, the one for-

page_text: obtaining a message and the other for transmitting a message simultaneously
in opposite directions, two batteries being employed for that purpose, and the
The
styles being alternately rocked to throw them into and out of action.
instruments are also fitted with audible signal apparatus, which is operated
by the electric current, the circuit being made and broken by the beat of the
pendulum on swing levers, which press spring circuit breakers into metallic
contact for completing the circuit for operating the pantelegraph apparatus.
It will be understood that every time the style of the transmitting instrument,
in passing over the chemically-prepared paper, comes in contact with ink lines
forming the written message, a break takes place in the circuit, and the
current is diverted into the line wire. When the line wire is not receiving
the current from the main battery, a weak current passes along it in the
opposite direction from the auxiliary battery before mentioned, which current
serves to give distinctness to the telegraphic characters.
As a modification of the pantelegraphic apparatus (with the view of obtaining
copies of telegrams written in Morse characters) it is proposed to use a
cylindrical table to receive the message on prepared paper, and to impart an
intermittent axial motion thereto to bring the paper under the point of the
styles, which are carried by a sliding bar. and receive a lateral traverse
motion through a segment rack operated by the pendulum of the instrument,
and working into rack teeth on the sliding bar. The styles which are intended
alternately to act are jointed to a sliding rod carried by the sliding rack bar,
and by that rod are alternately rocked into and out of action.
An electric
current passing through the apparatus, and thence by the line wire to the
receiving instrument, acts upon the chemically-prepared paper of the receiving
instrument, as already explained, and reproduces the telegram thereon.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Alfred Vincent Newton in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 25th March 1862.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, ALFRED
VINCENT NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery Lane, in the County
of Middlesex, Mechanical Draughtsman, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-fifth day ofv September, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-one, in the twenty-fifth year of Her

page_text: reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said Alfred Vincent Newton, Her special license that I, the said
Alfred Vincent Newton, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such
others as I, the said Alfred Vincent Newton, my executors, administrators,
and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time
and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and
lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Inven-
tion for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF AND MODE OF WORKING
TELEGRAPHIC APPARATUS," being a communication from abroad by Giovanni
Caselli, of Florence, in the Kingdom of Italy, upon the condition (amongst
others) that I, the said Alfred Vincent Newton, by an instrument in writing
under my hand and seal, should particularly describe and ascertain the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be per-
formed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within
six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Alfred Vincent Newton, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the fol-
lowing statement, reference being had to the Drawing hereunto annexed, and
to the letters and figures marked thereon (that is to say):-
This Invention relates to a novel arrangement of mechanism for transmitting
currents of electricity, and termed by the Inventor the "Pantelegraph," which
mechanism depends for its accurate operation on there being a perfect accord
or synchronism between the oscillations of the pendulums of two connected
instruments placed at distant stations, the metallic circuit between the stations
being made and broken, as is well understood by the oscillations of such
pendulums. This desired accord in the action of the pendulums it is now
proposed to obtain by the pressure of a spring regulated by a micrometric
screw.
The Invention also relates to the employment of a special arrangement of
the electric battery by means of which, after every interruption of the principal
telegraphic current, a weak current in the contrary direction is produced in
the line wire.
And the Invention further relates to an arrangement of mechanism specially
applicable to the copying of telegrams in Morse or similar characters.
By the application of this Invention -the following results may be produced,

page_text: vizt., firstly, colored letters or characters are obtainable upon white paper
direct by the line current without any local battery or relay, and from original
writing in ordinary ink; secondly, despatches may be reproduced, either of
the same size as the originals or reduced, the character of the original writing
being at the same time retained; thirdly, different messages may be simul-
taneously transmitted through a single line wire; fourthly, telegrams written
in Morse or similar characters may be reproduced by electro-chemical action.
In the accompanying Drawing Figures 1 and 2 represent an instrument
with its batteries complete or set up at one station; and Figures 3 and 4
represent a similar instrument with its appliances as arranged for a distant
station, the two instruments being connected by means of a line wire; details
of certain portions of these instruments are shewn more clearly at Figures 5, 6, 7,
and 7*, as also in the edge view Fig. 8, and the plan view Fig. 9.
A, B,
Fig. 2, is a pendulum, six feet in length, provided at its lower extremity with
a rectangular piece of iron b, and a piece of lead c, weighing twelve pounds.
This pendulum is mounted in a cast-iron framing or standards C, D, E, F, to
which it is attached by a pendent strip of thin metal g*, or it may be simply
hung on a pivot. K is a battery. the current of which passing from the
positive pole +, arrives at the button 3 of the regulating apparatus. Fig. 1,
follows the wire d, d, and after having traversed a magnetic apparatus M,
returns to the button N. The current thence passes through the cable 0 to
the point e, Fig. 2, where it is divided into two conducting wires, which
terminate at the small copper plates a and a¹. The pendulum A, B, being in
the position shewn in the Drawing (that is midway between two fixed electro-
magnets H and 1,) the current will be interrupted at the said plates of
copper a and a', which are mounted upon pieces of wood or other insulating
material, but so soon as the pendulum (being made to deviate from its per-
pendicular position) follows the direction of the arrow e*, e, it will, on
arriving nearly at the end of its course, cause the arm f, w, to press against
he ivory button g, which is carried by a small pendent lever, and thereby
hrough the forward movement of that lever establish contact between a
pring and the plate a. The current will now pursue its course through the
vire s, s, to the magnet H, and having passed through the coil surrounding
hat magnet, it will pass up through the wire i, i, to the spring m, and
hrough the stud n and lever Q, to the framing C, F, D, E, thence to a wire
crewed to the framing at. 2, (Fig. 2.) and through the cable 0, 0, to the
utton 2, Fig. 1, and back to the negative pole of the battery K, through the
onducting wire . If the pendulum be caused to advance in the opposite

page_text: soon as it
direction, the arm f, w, will act upon the button g', and the current from the
battery K will then pass through the coils of the electro-magnet I. Thus, by
causing the pendulum to be deflected to the right or the left as
arrives at the end of its course, it is firmly retained by the attraction of one of
the electro-magnets H or 1, the magnetism of which reacts upon the piece of
iron b. The wooden box P, P', (Fig. 1,) contains a clockwork movement or
ordinary regulator P". The length of the pendulum of this regulator is
adjusted in such a manner that it makes somewhat less than two oscillations
during the time that the large pendulum A, B, is making only one oscillation.
The current of the battery 4, starting from the positive pole + passes through
the electro-magnet M, and thence through the circuit breaker or commutator 4¹
and wire p to the spring u. Every time that the metal stud s, by the
oscillation of the regulator pendulum, touches the spring u, the current passes
The successive
into the wire r, r, by which it returns to the battery L.
currents given off at cach double oscillation of the regulator pendulum
magnetise the electro-magnet M, which by attracting the iron lever t, instantly
breaks the circuit of the battery K, the resulting demagnetization of the
magnet Hallows the pendulum A, B, to fall by its own gravity, and it being
afterwards attracted by the magnet. I, remains at rest a fraction of a second,
The
and again falls by the constantly repeated action of the regulator P".
oscillation of the pendulum A, B, is thus maintained for any desired length of
time. It may be remarked that the action of this regulator would be much
more simple if instead of employing the battery L for the purpose of breaking
the circuit of the battery K, this were effected directly by the pressure of the
pins upon the spring u, by attaching the wire r, r, to the insulated piece I,
but long experience has shewn that the action of the commutator M being
very prompt and rapid, the oscillations of the large pendulum A, B, were by
this means more regular and isochronous. In order to arrest at pleasure the
movement of the pendulum A, B, it is only necessary to turn to the left the
small lever L, Fig. 1. The circuit of the secondary battery L being thus
broken permanently, the pendulum remains fixed by one or the other of the
two magnets H, I, according to whether its last oscillation was to the right or
the left.
When it is desired to stop the action of the machine for a long time, the
lever Q. Q, is to be raised by bringing it to the position of the dotted line
This movement of the lever produces two results, it stops the pendulun
mechanically either to the right or left, and breaks the circuit of the battery K
In order perfectly. to understand this result, reference should be had to Fig. 2

page_text: and also to Fig. 7*, which represents the said mechanism in plan view. The
double lever p, p, which is hung on the pendulum by the pivot p¹, is held in
its horizontal position by the spring r, and near its extremities, which are
hook-shaped, it carries two ivory studs c. c. When the pendulum is retained
to the right or the left by the action of the magnets H, I, if the lever Q be
raised, one of the extremities of the lever p, p, will take into the stop piece q,
and by being hooked on to it, will keep the pendulum in its oblique position,
at the same time the ivory stud c, c, bearing upon the spring m, will move
away from the metal pin n', and interrupt the current conducted by the
wire i, i. The same battery K, which maintains, as has been explained, the
movement of the large pendulum A, B, serves also to establish telegraphic
communication between the two corresponding stations. As soon as either
of the electro-magneis H, I, ceases to retain the pendulum, the current starting
from the pole of the battery K is conducted to the button 3, and as it
cannot pass out through the wire d, d, it enters the cable 0, 0, which is
composed of four copper wires covered with caoutchouc. The current passes
out of the cable by the wire 3 (Fig. 2), thence through the copper lever z,
the stud n, and lever g, and through the wire s¹ to the lever g'. From this
lever it passes, by means of the wire 1. into the cable O, O, out from thence
by the button 1, Fig. 1, and after having passed through the battery Z, again
enters the line wire, which conducts it to the apparatus Fig. 4, situate at the
other station. After having produced in this machine the effects about to be
described, it returns through the earth to the plate p. 1, Fig. 1, and through
the button 2, returns to the negative pole of the battery K.
In order to shew clearly the effects produced by the line current at the
receiving station, it is necessary to refer to certain parts of the machine not yet
explained. The movement of the pendulum A, B, is transmitted by means of
the link W to a lever y, y, which rocks upon a fulcrum supported in
bearings attached to a bracket of the main framing (see the detached sectional
view Fig. 7, and side view Fig. 5). This lever y carries the marking appa-
ratus, which consists of the following parts:-Two right and left handed
screws b, b', coupled end to end, and mounted in a frame attached to the
upper part of the lever form the shaft of a ratchet wheel c, which is keyed
thereto. The lever y carries also a pallet lever i u, u, two limbs of which
embrace the ratchet wheel c, while the pendent tail of the lever is situate
between two fixed screws attached to the main framing of the instrument.
As, therefore, the lever y is rocked on its fulcrum by the connecting rod
which couples it with the pendulum A, B, the tail i will strike against one of

page_text: the screws e, e, which are intended to limit its movement, while the pallets
w, u, will communicate an axial motion to the ratchet wheel c, and through it
to the screws b, b; working into the threads of these screws are the threaded
caps c¹, c¹, which are affixed to slides d, d', supported by guide bars e¹, c¹.
These bars are in the form of a rectangular prism, but they are rounded at
their extremities to allow of their turning in their hearings in the frame A, C,
(Fig. 5). These bars will turn either to the right or the left according to the
direction in which the pallet lever is rocked, and will alternately raise and
lower the arms b¹, b', (Fig. 6.) attached to the slides d, d', which arms carry at
their extremities a point or style v'; t, l, are segmental tables shewn in side
view at Fig. 5, and in edge view at Figures 2 and 7. These tables are made of
tin, and are carried by a bracket of the main framing; the centre of their arc
is at the point. From the above detailed description of the apparatus it will
be readily understood that when the pendulum A, B, oscillates the two styles
,, will alternately rise and fall simultaneously, and that at the completion
of each oscillation of the lever y they will receive a lateral or shogging motion.
Thus the successive beats of the pendulum will cause the styles alternately to
describe upon the paper, or other surface laid upon the segment tables, parallel
arcs of circles at a certain distance from each other. The number of teeth of
the ratchet wheel c and the pitch of the threads of the screws it is preferred
so to arrange that this distance shall be about one sixty-fourth of an inch.
G, H, Fig. 5, are counterweights for the purpose of maintaining equilibrium
between the two arms of the lever y, y. It now remains to observe the effect of
the line current which at each oscillation of the large pendulum (Fig. 2) arrives,
as has been shewn at the receiving instrument, Fig. 4. This current being
positive first meets with the battery z, Fig. 3. the poles of which are turned in
a direction contrary to it. If the batteries K, Figures 1 and Z, Fig. 4, were
of the same power, and if the line wire were perfecily insulated, the two opposite
currents, would mutually destroy each other: but as the battery Z has only one
or two elements, whilst the battery K is composed of a much larger number,
the result is that the line current entirely destroys the other, and is only slightly
weakened by its resistance. The current after having passed to the button 1,
Fig. 3, enters the cable O, O, passes therefrom through the wire 1, Fig. 4, to
the lever g', thence through a wire to the lever g and spring h, and by the
wire 2 back to the lever y, y. It should be observed that this lever is
insulated from the cast-iron framing by pieces of wood 4, seen more clearly in
Fig. 5. From the rock lever , y, the current passes to the style v, and
thence to the segment table-t,-t, mounted upon the cast-iron framing, and back

page_text: again to the screw to which the wire 2 is attached. This wire after passing
through the cable 0, 0, passes to the button 2, Fig. 3, and again arrives at
the earth through the plate p. 1. The circuit being thus established between
the two telegraphic stations, the two iron styles », », will remain electrified
during the whole time that they pass over, and in contact with the tin segment
tables,,, . If the surface of these segments be covered with sheets of
paper steeped in a solution of ferrocyanide of potassium, the iron styles being
positively electrified will decompose the said cyanide, and trace lines of a light-
blue tint, which will gradually cover the whole surface of the paper. The
coloring thus produced by the battery placed at the other station can only be
discontinued by the interruption of the line current. This takes place, as will
be readily understood, by the action of a strip of silvered paper containing the
message, a fac-simile of which it is desired to reproduce at the receiving
station; the message having been previously written thereon by means of an
ordinary pen and ink. This paper having been placed upon the segmental
table, t, t, Fig. 2, notice is sounded at the other station by a bell, and the
transmitting and receiving instruments are set in motion by the mechanism
already described with reference to Figures 1 and 3. It should be first
remarked that when the point (which should be made of platinum) passes
over the silvered surface of the paper without coming in contact with the
written characters, the current of the battery K cannot circulate in the line
wire. In fact on starting from the positive pole it passes to the button 3, Fig.
1, through the cable to the wire 3, Fig. 2, passes through the brass lever z,
the wire z, the double lever y, y, and the platinum style v, thence through
the silvered paper into the segmental piece t, through the cast-iron framing to
the screw 2, enters the cable, passes from it to the button 2, Fig. 1, and
returns to the negative pole of the battery K. But every time this style.
comes in contact with the ink lines, as that substance is a non-conductor, the
electric communication is interrupted, and the current of the battery K not
being able to pass out on that side enters the line wire, following the course
already pointed out, and passes to the receiving station, where it produces the
coloring of the chemically prepared paper. When the movements of the
pendulums placed at the two corresponding stations are perfectly synchronous,
the arrangement of the blue lines will be identical with that of the ink lines
forming the original despatch. If their movement were not perfectly
synchronous the result would be that the copy of the writing would not have
exactly the same form as that of the original, but it would be more or less
inclined to the right or the left according to whether the oscillations of the

page_text: pendulum of the receiver were slower or faster than those of the pendulum of
the transmitting apparatus. In order to maintain the synchronous action at
the minimum fraction of a second, it is necessary from time to time to react
upon the pendulum of the regulator P, Fig. 3, so as to augment or diminish
the duration of its oscillations. This is readily effected by means of the
spring u, the pressure of which upon the point s fixed upon the pendulum of
the regulator may be increased or diminished by the micrometric screw v,
upon which is fixed the index i. On turning the button n of this screw the
index or pointer will pass over the divisions of a graduated arc on the side of
the box P, P, (but not shewn in the Drawing). If the pressure of the spring u
be increased by turning the index some degrees to the right, the movement of
the pendulum will be sensibly accelerated, and if on the contrary the index be
moved to the left, its movement will be retarded. By this means, which is
extremely simple, perfect synchronism (which is an essential condition for the
perfect reproduction of writings or drawings) is obtained; but identity in form
between the characters of the original and those of the copy is not the only
condition necessary for the perfect reproduction of telegrams; the lines of the
writing or drawing must also be clear and well defined. This is attended
with difficulties, especially when the operation is carried on at great distances.
To obtain clearness in the reproduction of pantelegraphic dispatches, the action
of a weak current in a contrary direction to that of the line current is employed.
This weak current is developed from the battery L, Fig. 3, at each inter-
ruption of the circuit of the battery K, Fig. 1. It is not necessary to
explain in what manner this negative current from the battery L may be
produced, as it has been already shewn that the action of that battery is only
prevented by the passage of the principal current which starts from the other
station. The effect of this counter-current is to depolarise the iron style v³,
and immediately to arrest its chemical action upon the surface of the paper.
In order simultaneously to transmit two different despatches, the originals
are to be laid upon the two segments of cylinders t, t, and t, t, of the instru-
ment represented at Fig. 2. The friction of the styles v, v', upon the surface
of the two despatches being alternate, the lines of the one cannot be con-
founded during their reproduction with those of the other, and they are
reproduced separately and at the same time upon the chemical papers placed
upon the segments of the instrument, shewn at Fig. 4.
From the foregoing description, the instrument Fig. 4 would appear to be
the receiver, and the instrument Fig. 2 the transmitter; it must, however, be
-remarked, that the two instruments are similar in construction, that the only

page_text: difference between that which transmits and that which receives the telegrams
being, that in the one the position of the lever Z (as in Fig. 2) is turned to
the left, whilst (as in Fig. 4) it is turned to the right. In order to transmit
despatches from the instrument Fig. 4 to that shewn at Fig. 2, it is only
requisite to place these levers 2 in an inverse position, and to change the
styles, those which glide over the originals being made of platinum, and those
which touch the chymical papers of iron.
In order to produce telegraphic copies of a size less than that of the originals,
a duplicate of the apparatus carried by the bracket M, M, must be provided and
set up on a bracket at N, N, on the right-hand side of the instrument, the
duplicate apparatus being similar to that shewn (with the exception of the
bell apparatus E), but of smaller dimensions. Supposing the segmental
piece t, t, Fig. 7, to have a radius of five inches, and the ratchet wheel c to
have eighteen teeth, if it were required to reduce the breadth of the copy of
the despatch by one-sixth, the radius of the new segmental piece must be four
inches, and the wheel c must have fifteen teeth. In this case, by employing
the apparatus at the right side of the instrument as the receiver, telegrams on
a reduced scale would be obtained, reproducing faithfully the form. pro-
portions of the original writing. This arrangement might be of great utility,
especially between stations situate at great distances apart, as the electric
action being concentrated upon a surface of less extent, the despatch will be
well marked and legible, even supposing the line current to be much weakened.
The bell or signal apparatus E, Figures 2 and 4, can only work whilst the
pendulums A, B, of the two instruments are stopping, provided that the
levers Q, Q, are placed in the direction of the dotted lines. On pressing with
the finger upon the stud o of one signal apparatus, it is easy to follow upon
the Drawing the course of the current of the battery K, in order to arrive at
the magnet of the signal apparatus, which is at the other station.
Figures 10, 11, and 12, represent an apparatus which is added to that
above described, in order to obtain copies of telegrams previously written with
a pen in Morse's characters on metallized paper. A band of tinned or silvered
paper about four inches broad, and which may be even a yard in length, is
laid over a cylinder A, B, Fig. 10, which is mounted on a shaft c, d, and turns
by the action of a weight e. The rotation of this drum is governed by stops or
pallets e, f, working the teeth of an escape wheel attached to the cylinder A, B.
At the side of the iron standards C, D, E, F, of the receiving and transmitting
instrument, and at a distance of about three feet therefrom is placed the
apparatus here described, the two conducting wires b, r, of this apparatus

page_text: being connected to the points
and 2 of the instrument, Figures 2 and 4.
The connecting rods g; g, which is about three feet long, is attached to the
pendulum A, B instead of the rod w, which is detached from the apparatus.
On putting the pantelegraph into action in the ordinary manner, the bar h, i,
(Figures 10 and 11) will receive a reciprocating movement from a segment rack
s, which has a rocking movement corresponding to that of the pendulum. At
the same time the segment rack s gearing into rack teeth on the bar h, i, the
points v, v¹, will fall and rise alternately by the action of the double lever n,
which is mounted in brackets attached to the bar h, i, and strikes against the
screws m, m. This lever n is connected by means of a horizontal rod o, o,
with two rock levers h', h', which carry respectively the styles v, v¹, Figures 10
and 11. The pallets e, f, worked vertically by the lever G, by coming in
contact with the stop pieces a, a, will allow the cylinder A, B, to turn by
intermittent motions to the extent of about one-sixth of an inch under the
points v, v. If on the periphery of the wheel A, B, a metallized sheet has been
placed bearing an original telegram written in Morse's characters traced in
pen and ink, exactly upon parallel lines, at a distance from each other of about
one-fifth of an inch, and a strip of paper saturated with a solution of ferro-
cyanide of potassium has been placed upon a similar cylinder situate at the
other station, the result will be that every time the platinum point gliding
over the surface of the tinned paper comes in contact with ink lines, the
current of the battery K will pass to the other station, and reproduce faith-
fully upon the chemically prepared paper wound upon the periphery of the
In this
cylinder A, B, all the points and strokes composing the despatch.
manner a most exact copy of telegrams written on Morse's plan may be
rapidly obtained.
Having now set forth the nature of the Invention of "Improvements in the
Construction of and Mode of Working Telegraphic Apparatus," as com-
municated to me by my foreign correspondent, I wish it to be understood that
under the above in part recited Letters Patent, I claim,-
First, the general arrangement of parts above described, whereby synchro-
nous oscillations in the pendulums of transmitting and receiving instruments
are ensured, and counterparts or copies of different messages or designs are
simultaneously reproduced by the receiving instrument through the agency of
electric currents passing through a single line wire.
Secondly, the novel arrangement of apparatus above described, applicable
mainly to the reproduction of messages written in Morse or similar telegraphic
characters.

page_text: And, lastly, the means above described for ensuring distinctness in the
characters or designs transmitted through instruments acting sychronously, as
above described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Alfred Vincent Newton, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, the Twenty-fifth day of March, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-two.
A. V. NEWTON. (L.S.)