Im- PROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER BAGS, AND IN THE MACHINERY OR APPARATUS USED THEREIN
Year: 1859

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to George Davidson, of Mugie Moss, in the County of
Aberdeen, Paper Manufacturer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
Sealed the 7th February 1860, and dated the 1st December 1859.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said George Davidson at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
1st December 1859.
I, GEORGE DAVIDSON, of Mugie Moss, in the County of Aberdeen, Paper
Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "Im-
PROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER BAGS, AND IN THE MACHINERY OR
APPARATUS USED THEREIN," to be as follows, that is to say:-
This Invention relates to the manufacture of paper bags according to an
improved system either directly from the paper-making machine as is pre-
ferred, or from webs of reeled paper. In making the improved bags in con-
nection with the paper-making machine, the web of paper as it exudes from
the machine is severed longitudinally by rotatory cutters into the requisite
widths. These severed widths then meet a set of creasing and cutting rolls.
The roll which both creases the paper longitudinally, and cuts it transversely

page_text: at the fold for the bottom of the bag consists of a cylinder with conical or
inclined end flanges, which give the two longitudinal edges of the sheet or strip
in each case a primary crease. The same roller also carries a compound longi-
tudinal creasing and cutting knife for giving the transverse crease, and
partial cut necessary for the formation of the bottom of the bag. This is an
edge piece of metal sharpened at its two extremities, so that the main central
portion gives the crease whilst the sharp ends cut the paper through trans-
versely to a short distance on each edge for the purpose of getting the neces-
sary folding flap portions for the longitudinal junctions of the bag. The
whole of these details are adapted either for operating upon a web of paper
severed into the necessary widths as herein-before described, or for manufac
turing bags from a single width reeled or otherwise arranged. When several
widths are worked up simultaneously, space is gained for the subsequent
operations by causing the different trips to diverge alternately above and below
the level of the rolls. After quitting the creasing and cutting rolls before
referred to, each strip now creased and cut as described, passes between a
pair of folding rolls which completely fold over the longitudinal creased flaps.
After leaving these rolls the strip passes to an unfolding slide, the edges of
which unfold or lift up the folded flaps in order to prepare them for the
pasting operation. This unfolding is only necessary for the back end of the
strip, as the flaps of the front end remain down, so that both flaps are in a
proper position for being attached together by folding over the front end of
the strip after the paste has been applied, and hence the unfolding slide has
a differential action imparted to it. The treated strip now passes to the
pasting rolls, which receive paste from a trough or holder, and impart it to
both folded flaps on the outside of one and the inside of the other. The strip
now reaches a transverse folder or doubler, which is brought round at the
proper instant to give the central transverse fold to the strip, and so form
the bottom of the bag. It then passes to a conical or inclined edge folder,
which folds over the open edge flanges. The doubled strip then passes
between a pair of nipping pressing rollers which press the pasted flaps
together, and at the same time, or at an earlier or later period, as may be
preferred, a cross cut knife is brought down to sever the folded strip, and
make the transverse cut for the open top of the bag. The finished bags may
then be passed over steam cylinders so as to dry them rapidly.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the-Letters Patent, filed
by the said George. Davidson in. the Great Seal Patent Office on the
1st June 1860.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, GEORGE
DAVIDSON,. of Mugie Moss, in the County of Aberdeen, Paper Manufacturer,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the First day of December, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine, in the twenty-third year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto
me, the said George Davidson, Her special license that I, the said George
Davidson, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I,
the said George Davidson, my executors, administrators, or assigns, shouldl
at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVE
MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER BAGS, AND IN THE MACHINERY OR APPA-
RATUS USED THEREIN," upon the condition (amongst others) that I; the said
George Davidson, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal;
should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention,
and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to
be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next
and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said George Davidson, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the follow-
ing statement,. reference being had to the accompanying Drawings and to the
letters and figures marked thereon, that is to say:
My said Invention relates to the manufacture of paper bags according to
an improved system, either directly from the paper-making machine, or from
webs of recled paper. In making the improved bags in connection with the
paper-making machine, the web of paper as it exudes from the machine is
severed longitudinally by rotatory cutters into the requisite widths. These
severed widths then meet a set of creasing and cutting rolls. The roll which
both creases the paper longitudinally and cuts it transversely at the fold for
the bottom of the bag, consists of a cylinder with conical or inclined end
flanges, which give the two longitudinal edges of the sheet or strip in each

page_text: case a primary crease. The same roller also carries a compound longitudinal
creasing and cutting knife, for giving the transverse crease and partial cut
or nicking necessary for the formation of the bottom of the bag, or separate
knives
may be provided for giving the partial cut at the sides of the strip.
This creaser consists of an edge piece of metal, which may be sharpened at its
two extremities, so that the main central portion gives the crease, whilst the
sharp ends cut or nick the paper through transversely to a short distance on
each edge, for the purpose of getting the necessary folding flap portions for
the longitudinal junctions of the bag. The whole of these details are adapted
either for operating upon a web of paper severed into the necessary widths, as
herein-before described, or for manufacturing bags from a single width, reeled
or otherwise arranged. When several widths are worked up simultaneously,
space is gained for the subsequent operations, by causing the different strips to
diverge alternately above and below the level of the rolls. After quitting the
creasing and cutting rolls before referred to, each strip now creased and cut or
nicked as described passes between a pair of folding rolls, which completely
fold over the longitudinal creased flaps. After leaving these rolls the strip
passes to an unfolding slide or pair of fingers, the edges of which unfold or lift
up the folded flaps in order to prepare them for the pasting operation. This
unfolding is only necessary for the back end of the strip, as the flaps of the
front end remain down, so that both flaps are in a proper position for being
attached together by folding over the front end of the strip after the paste has
been applied, and hence the unfolding slide has a differential action imparted
to it. The treated strip now passes to the pasting rolls, which receive paste
from a trough or holder, and impart it to both the folded flaps, on the outside
of one and the inside of the other. The strip now reaches a transverse folder
or doubler, which is brought round at the proper instant to give the central
transverse fold to the strip, and so form the bottom of the bag. It is then
operated on by an edge folder, which folds over the open edge flaps. The
doubled strip then passes between a pair of nipping or pressing rollers, which
press the pasted flaps together, and at the same time, or at an earlier period,
as may be preferred, a cross cut knife is brought down to sever the folded
strip and make the transverse cut for the open top of the bag. The finished
bags may then be passed over steam cylinders, so as to dry them rapidly.
And in order that my said Invention may be fully understood, I shall now
proceed more particularly to describe the same, and for that purpose I shall refer
to the several Figures on the Sheet of Drawings hereunto annexed, the same
letters of reference indicating corresponding parts throughout all the Figures.
Figure 1 of my Drawings represents a side elevation of my improved paper

page_text: bag making machine; Figure 2 is a corresponding plan of the same;
Figure 3 is an elevation of the driving side of the machine, being the opposite
side to that shewn at Figure 1; Figure 4 is a corresponding longitudinal
sectional view, shewing the various instruments or apparatus employed in
their relative positions, the actuating gear being omitted, and the framing
shown in dotted lines only to avoid unnecessary complication of the Drawing;
Figure 5 is a plan of a sheet or strip of paper whilst passing through the
machine in the act of being manufactured into bags.
A, A, are the main framings or side standards of the machine, and B is the
main driving or first motion shaft supported in the bearings C, C, and provided
with a pair of fast and loose driving pullies D, D. This shaft carries also a
spur wheel E, which gears into the larger spur wheel F, keyed on the cam
shaft G, which works in bearings II bolted to the main framing; this shaft
has also keyed upon it the spur pinion I, cam J, and disc plate K. The spur
pinion I gives motion to the train of gearing L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, and T,
the separate actions of which I shall hercin-after describe. U is the reel of
paper to be manufactured into bags, the Drawings showing the process of
manufacturing paper bags from webs of previously reeled paper. This reel is
carried in suitable bearings in brackets V bolted to one end of the machine,
and the end of the strip of paper W, which is of the desired width for a bag;
after leaving, the reel is passed over the guide roller X, which directs it on
to and over the supporting tables Y, Y. The first process to which this strip
is subjected is the longitudinal creasing at the sides requisite for forming the
side flaps Z, Z, shewn in Figure 5, and the transverse crease a (Figure 5), for
forming the bottom of the bag. The cutting or nicking of the edges of the
strip to enable the flaps to be properly turned over, as shewn at b, b¹,
(Figure 5) is also accomplished simultaneously with the creasing of the strip,
and these several operations are effected by means of the pair of rollers c, c²,
carried in the small standards d, d, bolted to the top of the main framing.
The upper one, c, of these rollers is provided with a thin steel disc e at or
near each end; the edges of these discs project in the form of annular flanges
slightly beyond the surface of the roller, and are sufficiently sharp only to make a
longitudinal crease in each edge of the strip of paper without actually cutting it.
The transverse crease a is formed across the strip by means of the blade f fitted
into a longitudinal groove made in the surface of the roll, and secured therein
by a key or wedge, as shown more clearly in Figure 4, the creasing edge of the
blade projecting slightly beyond the surface of the roller. On the opposite
side of this roller is another blade g, similarly fitted, but in place of having a
creasing edge, it is provided with a row of perforating pins which perforate

page_text: the strip transversely, and facilitate its subsequent excision when the bag is
completed, as herein-after fully described. The roller c is further provided
with V-shaped knives h at each end for cutting out the angular notches b
Figure 5) from the sides of the strip, and with straight knives, on its diame-
trically opposite side for the purpose of nicking the edges of the strip, as
shown at (Figure 5); these last-mentioned knives, however, are not shown
-in the Drawings. The lower roller c', which should be exactly the same
diameter as the upper roller, is provided with soft cushions or pads i, i, of
vulcanized india-rubber or other suitable material upon which the knives and
creasers act without having their edges injured. The traverse of the strip
between these two rollers is intermittant, and the rollers themselves act as
drawers or feeders of the strip. Each half rotation of these rollers creases and
cuts or nicks a certain length of the strip sufficient for one side of the bag,
after which they make a pause or dwell during the time the folders are acting
and the completed bag is being cut off from the front end of the strip alter-
nately, as herein-after explained.
In order to ensure that these rollers make no more nor less than one half
revolution before they pause, I secure to the end of the spindle or axis of the
lower roller a check plate k, having two notches made in its periphery, into
which the end of the lever enters, and acts as a stop or detent to the rollers
until released therefrom by the action of the cam J. The end of the strip
having been creased and cut or nicked by the rollers c, c', passes onwards to
the pair of drawing and pressing rollers m, m', contained in standards n,
similar to those of the rollers c, c'. These rollers m, m' serve to press or fold
over the side flaps which have been raised by the creasing rollers, suitable
guides (not shown in the Drawing) being fitted to the table for the purpose of
inclining the raised flaps inwards as they approach the pressing rollers, and
thereby insure the flaps being laid or folded over in the proper direction by
those rollers, as shewn at 0, 0, (Figure 5). The pressing rollers like the creasing
rollers make one half revolution, and then pause or dwell. Motion is com-
municated to them and from them to the creasing rollers in the following
manner: On the axis of the lower pressing roller m' are fitted to turn loosely
the spur pinion p and ratchet wheel q, the teeth of the latter wheel engaging
with a number of palis carried by the pall plate r, which is fast on the axis of
the lower roller m'. s is a vibrating toothed quadrant working on a fixed
centre at t, and gearing into the spur pinion p. This quadrant is actuated by
a pin in the disc plate K, working in a slot in the tail of the quadrant, the
amount of traverse of which is regulated by adjusting the throw of the pin u by
means of the adjusting screw in the dise plate. When the quadrant makes a.

page_text: stroke in the direction of the arrow (Figure 1) the spur pinion p and ratchet
wheel 2: which both work together by friction, and carry round with them
through the palls the pall disc r, which latter being fast on the axis of the
lower drawing or pressing roller m', causes it to rotate, making one half
complete revolution; the quadrant then moves back again, and rotates the
pinion pand ratchet wheel 9 in an opposite direction, but as these latter are
loose on the roller spindle, and the teeth of the ratchet wheel pass freely over
the palls without actuating the pall plate the roller m' will remain stationary.
In order to hold this roller steady during the return of the quadrant and
prevent backlash, I place a ratchet wheel w upon its spindle, on which act a
set of palls. It will thus be seen that the pause or dwell of the rollers m, m³, is
due to the back or return stroke of the quadrant. On the extreme opposite
end of the spindle of the roller m' is keyed a spur pinion x, which drives the
upper roller m through a corresponding pinion a, and which transmits motion
also through the carrier wheel y to the pinion z, fast on the end of the lower
creasing roller c, the upper roller c being driven from the pinion z, which gears
into the pinion fast on the spindle of the upper roller. The motion of the
creasing and pressing rollers is thus obtained entirely from the quadrants,
which is driven direct from the second motion shaft G. The upper one of
each pair of rollers is adjusted by the set screws 1, 1. The strip of paper after
passing between the pressing rollers m, m', has its side flaps doubled inwards,
but in order that the paste or cement may be properly applied it is necessary
before arriving at the pasting apparatus that the flaps of the after division
of the length which forms the bag be opened out or turned back again
into the position shewn at 2, 2, (Figure 5) in order that the paste may
be applied to the outside of one pair of flaps and to the inner surface
of the other or after pair. The opening or turning back of each alter-
nate pair of flaps I propose to accomplish by means of the fingers 3, 3,
which descend upon the paper and then move laterally in opposite directions,
and by entering beneath the flaps turn them back again into the position
shewn at 2, 2 (Figure 5). Each finger is made with a large boss, which works
or slides freely along the hollow spindle 4, within which works an internal
shaft 5 (Figure 4). The boss of each finger has two slots formed in it, the
one inclined and the other horizontal, and through each slot is passed a pin,
the one 6, which passes through the inclined slot, being screwed into the
internal shaft, and the pin 7, which passes through the horizontal slot, being
tapped into the hollow shaft only, as will be clearly seen on referring to
Figure 4. The effect of this arrangement is that when both shafts are
partially turned together in their bearings, the fingers will be brought down

page_text: upon or raised up from the paper, and by then turning the internal shaft and
allowing the outer one to remain stationary, the pins 6, 6, by acting upon the
inclined slots in the bosses, will cause them to slide along the hollow shaft and
recede from each other, so as to unfold or turn back the side flaps. These
combined and separate actions of the hollow and internal shafts are derived
from the two cams 8 and 9 (Figure 3), which operate respectively upon the
two levers 10 and 11, severally keyed on to the ends of the hollow and
internal shafts. Suitable counterweights are employed for keeping the two
levers in contact with their respective cams, as shewn in the Drawing. Motion
is imparted to the shaft 12, which carries the cams 8 and 9 by means of the
pinion 13 keyed thereon and gearing into the pinion O, which receives motion
from the carrier wheel N driven from the shaft G by means of the toothed
wheels I, L, and M, as will be clearly understood on referring to Figure 3 of
my Drawings. The strip now proceeds onwards to the pasting apparatus, by
which the flaps are coated with paste or cement preparatory to the final
folding of the end of the strip into a bag. The paste or cement is supplied to
the pasting rollers and brushes either directly from the cistern 14, or from
the trough 15 (Figure 4), but when paste is used, I prefer to employ the
trough. In this trough revolves a pair of circular brushes 16, which take up
the paste on their surfaces, and apply it to the distributing rollers or cylindrical
brushes 17. These brushes spread the paste upon the pasting rollers 18,
against which the flaps are held by the lower rollers 19, cleaned by the
scraper 20. The rollers 17 and 18 are carried in a frame working freely on
the axis of the roller 16, by which arrangement facility is afforded for
throwing them up out of action or contact with the paper when desired.
When the cistern 14 is used the cement is conducted on to the roller 16 by
the supply tube 21, and its flow is regulated by the stop-cock 22. The
several rollers of the pasting apparatus are geared together by the toothed
wheels 23, so that each roller has a positive motion of its own instead of
relying upon friction alone for its motion. The primary movement of the
pasting apparatus is derived from the grooved pulley 24 fast on the axis of
the lower roller 19, and this pulley is driven by means of the band 25, which
also drives the delivering rollers herein-after referred to. This band receives
its motion from the grooved pulley 26 fast on the axis of the lower
pressing or drawing roller m², round which pulloy it passes; it then passes
round the pulleys 24, 27, and 28, which last-mentioned pulley is carried by
weighted levers 29, and acts as a tension pulley, and finally the band is
passed round the grooved pulley 30 on the axis of the lower delivering roller.
The strip of paper having been creased and pasted is now submitted to the

page_text: action of the folders. In folding the end of the strip into a bag, three folds
must be made, namely, one fold for turning over the extreme end 31,
(Figure 5), of the strip, and laying it flat down upon the part 32, which may
be accomplished either by the folding plate 33 or by a slit and folding knife, and
two folds for doubling over the open side flaps 2, 2, of the paper on to the part
31, which may be effected simultaneously either by the aid of the peculiarly
actuated folding bars 34, or by folding flaps hinged to the supporting table,
after the manner hitherto adopted in the manufacture of envelopes. The
folding flap 33 is represented in the Drawings as in the act of folding over the
end 31 of the strip; but when at rest it lies in a horizontal position in the
same plane with the tables Y, Y, and forms a continuation thereof, so that the
end 31 of the strip will travel on to and lie flat upon its surface, being further
held thereon by the action of a vacuum and atmospheric pressure. For this
purpose the flap 33 is made in the form of a hollow box, the side or face upon
which the paper rests being perforated whilst the interior is in communication
by means of a flexible pipe 35 with any convenient exhauster or vacuum
chamber. The folding table 36 upon which the part 32 of the strip lies is
similarly constructed, and is also in communication with a vacuum chamber or
exhauster through the flexible pipé 37. It will thus be obvious that the paper
will be securely held in position during the main folding process, and conse-
quently all risk of false folding is obviated. The folding flap 33 is secured to
a transverse rod or rocking shaft 38, which works in the bearings 39, and its
working centres are so adjusted in relation to the folding flap and table that
the junction between the two forms the axis of motion, and exactly coincides
with the crease a, previously made across the strip by the creasing rollers,
herein-before referred to. Motion is imparted to the flap 33 by means of the
quadrant 40, which oscillates upon a fixed centre 41, and gears into a pinion
42 fast on the end of the rocking shaft 38. The quadrant 40 derives its to-
and-fro motion from the bell-crank lever 43, with which it is connected by a
link 44. This bell crank is actuated at the required time by the wiper 45
fast on the end of the transverse shaft 46, which derives its motion from the
carrier wheel P through the intermediate wheels Q, R, S, and T; the last
mentioned wheel T being fast on the shaft 46. A three-way cock 47 serves to
open a communication between the table and folding flap and vacuum chamber
simultaneously at the desired intervals, so that the folding having been com-
pleted the vacuum is shut off, and the flap 33 is free to rise leaving the
paper folded on the table, and at liberty to move forward under the knife,
herein-after referred to. For this purpose the plug of the cock is turned
by means of a counterweighted lever 48 and cam 49, so constructed as

page_text: to time its movements accurately in accordance with the rest of the me-
chanism. This cam is fast on the end of the transverse shaft 50 driven
by the pinion Q in gear with the carrier wheel P. This shaft 50
carries also a pair of cams 51 (shown in enlarged detail side elevation
and edge view at Figures 6 and 7) which cams actuate the folding bars
34, for folding over the side flaps of the bag. Each folding bar extends the
full length of the side flaps to be folded, and is carried by a rectangular bar 52,
along which it is free to slide towards or from the edge of the strip to be folded.
This bar has a hollow vertical boss formed at each extremity, through which
pass the two vertical and stationary spindles 53, and along which the bar is
free to slide vertically, a helical spring 54 keeping it down to its lowest position
when not otherwise acted upon. Each folding bar 34, is provided on its under
side with a forked pin 55 which embraces the projecting rib 56, formed on the
surface of each of the cams 51, the cam surface and rib being so formed as to
impart both a vertical and a horizontal lateral motion to the two folding bars.
When the pins 55 rest upon the concentric portion of the cam surface comprised
between the points 1 and 2, (Figure 6,) the folding bars will remain at rest
and at their lowest positions or below the level of the folding table, but when,
by the rotation of the cams in the direction of the arrow, the inclined portions
of the cams extending from 2 to 3, act upon the pins, the transverse bar 52
will be elevated along the guide rods 53, so as to bring the folding bars above
the level of the folding table and push upwards the side flaps of the paper into
a vertical, or nearly vertical, position. The rotation of the cams from 3 to 4;
now causes the folding bars to slide forward along the bar 52 and over the
edges of the table so as to fold over the side flaps 22, on to the surface of the
part 31. The lateral motion of the folding bars is obtained by the lateral
divergence of that portion of the rib 56 contained between the points 3 and 4,
(see Figure 7,) which portion of the cam is concentric, so that no vertical motion
will be imparted to the folding bars during their lateral traverse. The passage
of the pin from 4 to 5 allows the folding bars to descend on to the flaps, a certain
amount of pressure being at the same time exerted thereon by the combined
weight of the folding bars and the action of the helical springs 54, which
pressure is sufficient to ensure a perfect contact between the pasted surfaces,
and this pressure is maintained during the rotation of the cam from 5 to 6.
From 6 to 7 the raising of the folding bars from the paper is again ac-
complished, when they are drawn back out of the way by the diverging portion
of the rib from 7 to 8, and are finally dropped to their lowest position beneath
the level of the table by the further rotation of the cams from 8 to 1, which
completes the movements of the folding bars, and terminates the manufacture

page_text: of the bag, which has merely to be severed from off the end of the strip along
the perforated line a¹ (Figure 5). The folding flap 33 having previously
resumed its horizontal position, so as to form a continuation of the table Y,
the strip moves along it to the knives 57 and 58, which cut off the completed
bag from the strip. The blade 58 is stationary, being fixed to the supports 59,
but the blade 57 is moveable, being carried by the vibratory arms 60, actuated
by the wiper 61 and lever arm 62. This wiper is fast on the same shaft 46
that carries the wiper 45 of the folding flap motion herein-before referred to.
The completed bag now passes between the delivering and pressing rollers 63,
and is delivered by them on to the delivery table 64, these rollers being driven
by the endless band 25 and pulley 30, herein-before mentioned. If found
desirable, the tables Y may be provided with guide rails or ribs for directing
the course of the strip through the machine, and an endless band may be used
extending from the roller m to the pasting apparatus or further, and bearing
upon the centre of the strip, so as to hold it flat down upon the tables Y. If
hinged folding flaps are used for folding over the lateral pasted flaps of the
strip in lieu of the folding bars, they may be also made to act with a vacuum
in a similar manner to the flap 33. I am aware that it has been proposed to
manufacture paper bags from strips of reeled paper in various ways, and
therefore I lay no claim to such manufacture when not carried out in a
manner to produce the peculiarly constructed two-seam bag, herein-before
described.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of my said
Invention, and the manner in which the same is or may be used or carried
into effect, I would observe, in conclusion, that what I consider to be novel
and original, and therefore claim as the Invention secured to me by the herein-
before in part recited Letters Patent is,-
First, the peculiar construction of paper bags when made from a strip of
reeled paper, or from a reeled web of paper cut longitudinally into strips, as
herein-before described.
Second, the general construction, arrangement, and combination of mecha-
nism for making paper bags from strips of recled paper, as herein-before
described.
Third, the peculiar construction and arrangement of creasing and cutting
rollers, as herein-before described.
Fourth, the peculiar construction and arrangement of unfolding fingers for
laying back the side flaps preparatory to their being pasted, as berein-before
described.

page_text: Fifth, the peculiar construction and arrangement of apparatus for folding
over one side of the bag on to the other, as herein-before described.
Sixth, the peculiar construction and arrangement of apparatus for folding
over the pasted side flaps, as herein-before described.
Seventh, the peculiar mode of making paper bags, wherein the perfect bag
is formed on the end of a strip of paper, and is subsequently severed therefrom,
as herein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said George Davidson, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this First day of June, One thousand eight hundred
and sixty.
GEORGE DAVIDSON. (L.S.)