IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR MANUFACTURING. BRICKS
Year: 1871

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Augustus Morand, of Brooklyn, New York,
United States of America, now of Leeds, in the County of York,
Brick Machine Manufacturer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Augustus Morand
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 8th February 1871.
I, AUGUSTUS MORAND, of Brooklyn, New York, United States of
America, now of Leeds, in the County of York, Brick Machine Manu-
facturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
** IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR MANUFACTURING. BRICKS," to be as
follows:-
My said Invention relates to a machine which has a pug mill and a
horizontally rotating mould wheel or table of the usual construction
the clay being passed through the said pug mill to the moulds in the

page_text: table and the bricks delivered therefrom in a manner well understood
by those familiar with this manufacture.
The object of my said Invention is the production of a thoroughly
efficient machine which will be more simple of construction, more
durable, compact, and convenient, and less costly than the combined
pugging and moulding machines hitherto used.
To effect this object I construct my said machine in the following
manner-Upon a base plate or bed of cast iron or other suitable material
I erect a strong upright frame or standard. Upon this standard the
pug mill is supported above the mould wheel or table, and at one side
of the centre of the same. The pug mill shaft is driven directly from a
horizontal driving shaft by means of a worm or screw and worm wheel,
the worm being fixed on the horizontal shaft, and the wheel on the
pug mill shaft. The said pug] mill shaft is supported at the top in a
bearing formed in a bracket which is securely fixed on the side
near the top of the main frame or standard. The horizontal worm
shaft is fitted to turn freely in small standards which are also firmly
secured on the top of the main upright standard. The mould wheel or
table is supported to turn freely on a stud or short fixed shaft which is
secured on the base plate or bed. This table has a rotating motion
independent of the pug mill shaft communicated to it by a second worm
or screw which gears into worm teeth on the mould wheel on or
near the periphery thereof. The said worm is fixed on a second
horizontal shaft which is arranged below the first-mentioned worm shaft
and is supported to turn freely in standards fixed on the base plate or
some other suitable part of the machine. The driving power is com-
municated from a steam or other engine direct to one of the worm
shafts, and these shafts are connected together by a belt or band passing
over pulleys on the shafts.
It will thus be seen that I communicate the required rotating motion
to the pug mill shaft and the mould wheel or table solely by the worm
gearing and use no other wheel gearing for this purpose in any part of
the machine. By this means I greatly simplify the construction of the
machine, and consequently diminish its cost and its liability to derange-
ment, and render it more compact and convenient, while at the same
time I obviate the unpleasant noise occasioned by the use of cogged
or toothed wheels. The moulds are formed in the table in the

page_text: usual manner, and each mould is provided with a piston or follower for
expelling the bricks from the moulds. These followers are operated by
an inclined circular plate placed below the table. I prefer to give the
bricks a slight compression while they are in the moulds, and I effect
this compression by a peculiarly formed portion of the inclined plate
below the pug mill bottom. This bottom is a plate with an aperture
through which the clay is forced by the knives or blades of the pug mill
into the moulds. The said bottom plate is extended beyond the pug mili
and forms a pressure plate at the top of the moulds as they pass forward
after being filled with clay. The inclined plate acting on the followers
as they pass under the aforesaid bottom plate gives the bricks the
desired compression. It is important, however, that this pressure should
be relaxed as the moulds pass beyond the edge of the bottom plate, and
I therefore make the portion of the inclined plate which lies under the
edge of the said bottom plate parallel with the same for a short distance.
The inclined circular plate therefore has the following peculiarity of
configuration-It is first made level to allow the filled moulds to pass
from under the opening in the bottom of the pug mill, it is then inclined
upward to near the edge of the bottom or pressure plate, then made
parallel with the said plate for a short distance, and from this parallel
portion it is inclined upward to the point where the bricks are taken
from the table, from this point the inclination is reversed to allow the
followers to descend.
I prefer to have the bricks delivered automatically from the table.
upon an endless carrying belt or apron which has one end arranged in
close proximity to the table so that it may receive the bricks directly
therefrom. This belt or apron is passed over pulleys one of which is
connected by means of another pulley and belt with a driving pulley on
the lower horizontal or worm shaft. As the table rotates the bricks in
the moulds are gradually ejected therefrom, and as fast as each brick
is raised completely out of the mould it is brought up to a guide bar or
plate which lies parallel with the carrier belt or apron. In' connection
with this guide bar or forming part of it is a pusher which drives the
brick forward upon the apron, the latter then carrying it away from the
table. Foperate the said pusher by means of cam-like projections on
the table below the teeth' thereon. The said pusher is forced outward by.
these projections and is drawn inward after each brick is delivered by a

page_text: suitably arranged india-rubber or metal spring or by a weight. The
pusher has a chamber or box wherein I place some absorbent material
or other contrivance for holding a quantity of lubricating matter which
may be conducted thereto from a reservoir through a tube or a groove
or a channel in the pusher rod. As the pusher passes to and fro. over
the piston it lubricates the surface of the same. I sometimes form the
bottom plate of the pug mill with a receptacle for oil, which is admitted
to the moulds as they pass under it. If it is desired to subject the
bricks to a further compression after they have been removed from the
moulds I may place an ordinary brick press near the periphery. of
the table, I in this case arrange the aforesaid pusher to deliver the
bricks first to the press, and then from the press to the carrier belt, and
each brick after being pressed is pushed forward upon the said belt by
the next brick as the same is driven forward by the pusher.
In some cases I have two of the machines placed side by side operated 1
by a single engine mounted upon the base plate or the standards of
the machine, the same worm shafts serving for both machines.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,,
filed by the said Augustus Morand in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 8th August 1871.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, AUGUSTUS
MORAND, of Brooklyn, New York, United States of America, now of
Leeds, in the County of York, Brick Machine Manufacturer, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Eighth day of February, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-one, in the
thirty-fourth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and suc->
cessors, give and grant unto me, the said Augustus Morand, Her
special licence that I, the said Augustus Morand, my executors, a
administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Augustus
Morand, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time
agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter
during the term therein expressed; should and lawfully might make,

page_text: use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR MANUFACTURING BRICKS," upon the con-
dition (amongst others) that I, the said Augustus Morand, my executors
or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or
one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was
to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date
of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Augustus Morand, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement, reference being had to the accompanying
Drawings, forming a part of this Specification:-
My said Invention relates to a machine which has a pug mill and a
horizontally rotating mould wheel or table, the clay being passed through.
the said pug mill to the moulds in the table, and the bricks delivered
therefrom in a manner well understood by those familiar with this.
manufacture.
The object of my said Invention is the production of a thoroughly
efficient machine which will be more simple of construction, more
durable, compact, and convenient, more certain and regular in its..
operation, and less costly than the combined pugging and moulding
machines hitherto used.
To effect this object I construct my said machine in the following
manner-Upon a base plate or bed of cast iron or other suitable
material I erect a strong upright frame or standard. Upon this standard
the
Dug mill is supported above the mould wheel or table, and at one
side of the centre of the same. The pug mill shaft is driven directly
from a horizontal driving shaft by means of a worm or screw and worm
wheel, the worm being fixed on the horizontal shaft and the wheel on
mill shaft. The said pug mill shaft is supported at the top in a
pug
bearing formed in a bracket which is securely fixed on the side and near
the top of the main frame or standard. The horizontal worm shaft is
fitted to turn freely in small brackets which are firmly secured to the
top of the main upright standard. The mould wheel or table is sup.
the

page_text: ported to turn freely on a vertical stud of journal which is secured on
the base plate or bed. This table has a rotating motion independent
of
the pug mill shaft communicated to it by a second worm or screw which
gears into worm teeth on the mould wheel at or near its periphery.
The said worm is fixed on a second horizontal shaft which is arranged
below the first-mentioned worm shaft, and is supported to turn freely in
standards fixed on the base plate or some other suitable part of the
machine. The driving power is communicated from a steam or other
engine direct to one of the worm shafts, and these shafts are connected
together by a belt or band passing over pulleys on the shafts.
It will thus be seen that I communicate the required rotating motion
to the pug mill shaft and the mould wheel or table solely by the worm
gearing, and use no other wheel gearing for this purpose in any part of
the machine. By this means I greatly simplify the construction of the
machine, and consequently diminish its cost and its liability to derange-
ment, and render it more compact and convenient, and more certain
and regular in its action, while at the same time I obviate the unpleasant
noise occasioned by the use of cogged or toothed wheels. The moulds
are formed in the table in the usual manner, and each mould is provided
with a piston or follower for expelling the bricks from the moulds.
These followers are operated by an inclined circular plate placed below
the table. I prefer to compress the bricks while they are in the
moulds, and I effect their compression by a peculiarly formed portion
of the inclined plate below the pug mill. Attached to the bottom flange
of the pug mill is a plate which extends over a portion of the surface:
of the table, and forms a cut off and pressure plate at the top of the
moulds as they pass from under the pug mill after being filled with
clay. This plate is of suitable strength to firmly resist the upward
pressure to which it is subjected, and is preferably provided with a
chamber into which steam is admitted for heating the pressure plate.
By this means I facilitate the passage of the clay in the mould while
under pressure and prevent the adhesion of the same to the plate. The
inclined plate acting on the followers as they pass under the pressure
plate gives the bricks the desired compression. It is important however
that this pressure should be relaxed as the moulds pass beyond the edge a
of the pressure plate, and. I therefore make the portion of the inclined
the plate which lies under the edge of the said pressure plate parallel with
."

page_text: same for a short distance. The inclined circular plate therefore has the
following peculiarity of configuration:-It is first made level to allow
the filled moulds to pass from under the opening in the bottom of the
pug mill, it is then inclined upward to a point nearly under the edge of
the bottom or pressure plate, then made parallel with the said plate for
a short distance, and from this parallel portion it is inclined upward to
the point where the bricks are taken from the table, from this point
or a point near it the inclination is reversed to allow the followers to
descend.
I prefer to have the bricks delivered automatically from the table
upon an endless carrying belt or apron which has one end arranged in
close proximity to the table so that it may receive the bricks directly
therefrom. This belt or apron is passed over pulleys, one of which is
connected by means of another pulley and belt with a driving pulley
on the lower horizontal or worm shaft. As the table rotates the bricks
in the moulds are gradually ejected therefrom, and as soon as each
brick is raised completely out of the mould it is brought up to a guide
bar or plate which lies parallel with the carrier belt or apron. In con-
nection with this guide bar or forming part of it is a pusher, which
drives the brick forward upon the apron, the latter then carrying it away
from the table I operate the said pusher by means of cam-like pro-
jections on the table below the teeth thereon. The said pusher is forced.
outward by these projections, and is drawn inward after each brick is
delivered by a suitably arranged india-rubber or metal spring or by
a weight. The pusher has a chamber or box wherein I place some
absorbent material or other contrivance for holding a quantity of lubri-
cating matter which may be conducted thereto from a reservoir through
a tube, or a groove or channel in the pusher rod. As the pusher passes
to and fro over the piston it lubricates the surface of the same. If it is
desired to subject the bricks to a further compression after they have
been removed from the moulds I may place a press near the periphery
of the table. In this case I arrange the aforesaid pusher to deliver the
bricks first to the press and then from the press to the carrier belt.
The accompanying Drawings show my improved pugging and
moulding machine with its parts constructed and arranged in what I
consider the best manner for carrying my various improvements into
practice.

page_text: section; Figure 2 18 a back elevation of the same; rigure 3 is a vertical
section on the line x, x, Figure 1; Figure 4 is a side view of part of
the said machine showing the inclined plate and pusher; Figure 5 is a
front view of the same. The same letters indicate corresponding parts
throughout the Drawings..
a is the base plate or bed which is of convenient shape and dimensions
for supporting the various parts of the machine; bis the upright frame
or standard; c, the pug mill; d, the mould wheel or table; e, the pug
mill shaft; f, the worm wheel on the same; g is the worm or screw
geared in connection with the worm wheel f; h is the horizontal
driving shaft whereon the said worm is firmly keyed or otherwise
securely fixed. It will be observed that the worm g is fitted and kept
in place between the two bearings h¹; g¹, g¹, are shoulders on the worm
shaft h; i, i¹, are fast and loose pulleys for receiving a belt, whereby
the shaft receives motion from the engine, and is another pulley
on the said shaft for driving the lower horizontal shaft. The worm g
should have a tray or (trough g³ placed below it containing oil, so that
the said worm while working shall be partially immersed therein. The
brackets supporting the bearings are bolted or otherwise firmly
secured on the upper part of the standard 6 as shewn. The upper end
of the pug mill shaft e has a bearing in the bracket e¹ which is also
firmly bolted. or screwed upon the standard b. The said shaft is provided
inside the pug mill with knives or blades e* set in the usual manner.
A hopper or shoot may be used for conducting the clay into the pug
mill. For convenience I prefer to construct the cylinder of the pug
mill in two parts, c¹, c², which are secured together by bolts or screws
passed through the flanges c, so that the part of may be readily removed
or opened when it is desired to examine the interior of the pug mill.
The arrangement of the pug mill in relation to the table d will be
readily understood by referring to Figure 1, which shows clearly the
moulds in the said wheel. I prefer to use eight of these moulds,.
but it is obvious that any other convenient number may be employed.
dis the journal on which the table rotates, it is firmly bolted or other-
wise secured on the base plate or bed a, and extends nearly to the upper
surface of the table, leaving space at the top for a lubricating chamber.
The lower face of the boss d' of the mould table rests on the upper

page_text: face of the journal piece d³, so that the table has a firm bearing and
support thereon; is the worn wheel or series of worm teeth on the
table; m is the worm or screw which is geared into the said worm wheel;
n is the lower horizontal shaft on which the worm m is keyed or other-
wise firmly secured. The table has a rim d* projecting down below the
worm teeth and running upon a standard d** extended under the table
from 5 to 6 in Figure 1. This standard is firmly attached to the base
plate below the pug mill, and the table is thereby firmly sustained
against the downward pressure caused by the action of the pug mill.
The worm m like the upper worm g is kept in place by and between two
bearings which are firmly bolted or screwed upon the base plate a;
o and o' are fast and loose pulleys on the end of the shaft n, whereby
the said shaft is driven from the upper shaft h; m³ is an oil trough
similar to g. The pug mill is firmly secured above the table upon the
standard 6 by bolts or screws. The inclined circular plate p is also
firmly secured upon the base plate a below the table, as clearly shown
in Figure 3. The pistons or followers 7 have rollers q' which run on
the incline, and the bricks are raised out of the moulds as the followers
pass from under the pressure plate to the point of delivery on the
incline.
me
As herein-before specified the peculiar formation of the incline allows
to compress the bricks in the moulds and relax the pressure as
the bricks pass from below the pressure plate. From 1 to 2 (Figure 4)
is a short incline which lies under the said pressure plate, and it is
obvious that in passing over this incline the followers will be forced
upward and the bricks will be compressed between them and the plate k.
If this pressure were continued beyond the edge of the said plate
the bricks in passing from under the said edge would be unequally
compressed, I therefore make the portion of the inclined plane from 2
to 3 horizontal or parallel with the plate k, and while passing over this
part the followers are not acted upon. From the point 3 to 4 the
followers are gradually raised and the bricks expelled from the moulds.
The devices for removing the bricks from the table are best shown in
Figures 1, 4, and 5; r is the carrier belt or apron which passes over the
pulleys, On the shaft of the pulley ¹, which is supported in the
brackets 8, there is a pulley - which is connected by the belt with
the pulley on the shaft n; t is the combined pusher and mould lubri-
cator which is moved outward by the cam projections ", one of which is

page_text: arranged on the table outside each of the moulds; 2 is a vertical lever
whose fulcrum is at *. The projections act on the arm of this
lever, which is formed at its upper end to act on a horizontal lever t',
whose fulcrum is at ** and is connected by a link with the pusher;
to is the spring for driving back the pusher after each brick is delivered;
is the pusher guide, and t the guide sleeve of the same.
The incline P is so arranged that the bricks are raised to the top of
the table just before they come in contact with the guiding part of
the pusher rod, the cam projection then forces the pusher outward
which delivers the brick to the carrier belt. The pusher then returns
into position to receive the next brick, as it passes over the top of
the piston or follower it deposits thereon the lubricating matter which
is carried down into the mould as the follower descends; u is the
chamber containing the lubricant which may be supplied to the same
continuously from a reservoir or in any other convenient manner.
also sometimes form the bottom plate of the pug mill with a receptacle
for oil which is admitted to the moulds as they pass under it.
I
In some cases I have two of the above described machines placed side
by side, both being operated by a single engine mounted upon the base
plate or standards, and the same worm shafts serving for both machines.
Having thus fully described my said Invention and shown how the
same may be conveniently and advantageously carried into practice, I
hereby declare that I do not claim the exclusive use of any of the
several parts herein-before described and referred to except when the
same are employed in and for the purposes of my said Invention, but
what I claim is,―
First. The pug mill and mould wheel or table arranged together and
actuated by worm or screw gearing applied to the shaft and table in such
a' manner that the required motion is imparted directly to them without
the use of other wheel gearing in any part of the machine.
Second. A pusher (for delivering the bricks from the table to the
carrier belt or to a press) operated by projections on the mould wheel
or table, and provided with means for lubricating the mould as above
described.
Third. A machine for pressing and moulding bricks with the pug
mill and mould what the
HARM

page_text: the circular inclined plane and delivery apparatus, combined, arranged,
and operating together as above described.
Fourth. The pushing and lubricating apparatus operated by projections
on the mould wheel and a spring or weight in combination with the
table and the carrier belt or press as above described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Augustus Morand, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Fifth day of August, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-one.
Witness,
W. J. LowE.
AUGUSTUS MORAND. (L.S.)