Improvements in Electric Telegraphic or Telephonic Apparatus.
Year: 1898

page_text: Improvements in Electric Telegraphic or Telephonic Apparatus.
I, WLADYSLAW NAHORSKY, of 7, Kirpitschno Péréoulok, St. Petersburg, in the
Empire of Russia, Telegraph Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this inven-
tion to be as follows:-
:-
The apparatus hereinafter described and which I call a "telephonegraph" is an
instrument in which telephonic and telegraphic keys are combined and which enables
the telephonic sounds transmitted to be recorded upon paper. This apparatus is
based upon a new principle of the production of sounds telephonically by the appo-
sition of a microphone.
According to my invention the connections for the reception of telephonic sounds
comprise two circuits; in one of them are interposed the primary coils of the
induction bobbin, a battery, a key and a microphone; the second circuit comprises
the secondary coils of the induction bobbin and the telephone, the diaphragm of
which is arranged in front of the diaphragm of the microphone. When the first
circuit is closed by means of the key a musical sound is emitted the moment
the closing takes place. This system can be applied to any number of telephones
connected up in the circuit; the telephones will always resonate in unison and
the distance between the telephones can be any that may be required.
In a similar installation in which four telephones are employed the key can be
connected up in a microphone circuit as conveniently as in the telephone circuit
provided that one of the circuits is closed; with this condition the closing of the
other circuit produces a sound, the intensity of which augments in proportion to the
energy of the battery; the phenomenon can even be produced with a single element.
The degree of sound depends upon the dimensions, upon the thickness and the
quality of the telephone diaphragm and of the microphone diaphragm. The percep-
tibility of the telephonic sounds depends upon the sensibility of the telephones and
of the microphone; the greater this sensibility so much less is the necessary energy
of the battery.
For recording the telephonic sounds produced in the manner herein before described,
a second telephone is included in the telephone circuit; its diaphragm is pivoted to
a lever having two arms balancing upon a pivot. Its large arm is provided with a
contact for breaking or making a local circuit in which is arranged a telegraphic
apparatus or other suitable recording or registering apparatus. As mentioned above,
by closing the key, the first and second telephones are caused to sound in unison;
during the whole duration of the sounds, that is to say, from the closing of the key,
the diaphragm of the second telephone whilst emitting sounds remains near the legs
of its electro-magnet and will not vibrate in a position of rest but in another position
which is hereinafter described. Consequently the end of the lever which is rigidly
connected to this diaphragm will be lowered and the opposite end will rise and will.
break the circuit of the local battery in which the registering apparatus is connected

page_text: up.
In this manner the different durations of closing of the key produce at the
same time the note of a corresponding reproduction upon the paper of the registering
apparatus.
The registering or recording apparatus of the telephonegraph comprises an electro-
magnet and a mechanism for actuating a paper band; an ordinary Morse apparatus
can be employed for this purpose. The apparatus for the production of the sound, is
A condenser
formed of a telephone and a microphone placed in front of the same.
and a graduater are provided, the object of which will be hereinafter explained.
There is also a lightning arrester with lead plates, an apparatus for making and
breaking the local circuit, an induction bobbin, a commutator for placing the apparatus
in the operative and inoperative positions or in the position for telephonically con-
versing, a key and terminals for the connection of different conductors in accordance
with the indications of the letters and of the sigus employed.
The microphone is mounted upon a support; the inner and external contacts of
the microphone are reciprocally isolated by an ebonite socket. The telephone is
also mounted upon a support in such a manner that it can be moved towards or away
from the microphone by means of a nut and of a lock-nut screwed upon its end.
Further, the telephone can be raised above its support. The telephone support is
formed of two parts, one of which passes into the other; these two parts are screw-
threaded externally and fitted together by means of a common nut; to remove the
telephone it is only necessary to unscrew the said nut.
The apparatus for making and breaking the local circuit comprises an ordinary
telephone furnished with a diaphragm to which is pivoted the end of a lever. The
cap or cover containing the telephone can be unscrewed from its box which is formed
with a slot through which passes the large arm of the said lever; the axis of rotation
of the lever divides it into two arins, the lengths of which are in the relation of 1
to 10, 1 to 20 etc. according to the sensibility which it is desired to give to the
apparatus. The point of rotation is formed of two points which practically avoid
all friction. The opposite end of the lever is provided with a platinum contact.
The corresponding contact piece consists of an angular support furnished with a
flat spring having a platinum contact; the spring is regulated by an adjusting
screw.
The commutator is designed to place the apparatus in three different positions;
in the first position the secondary coils of the induction bobbin are excluded from the
circuit so as to diminish the resistance of the conductor and avoid the extra currents
in the interrupted primary circuit which counteract the action of the main current.
In the second position the lever of the commutator introduces into the circuit the
secondary coils of the induction bobbin; the third position is that occupied when
telephonic conversation is taking place; in this position the primary and secondary
coils of the induction bobbin are introduced into the circuit; at the same time a
battery of a smaller number of elements is introduced into the circuit of the micro-
phone. The commutator is formed of a lever furnished with an insulated metal
plate. Assuming the lever to be in its first position, the second position is obtained
by turning the lever around its pivot to the left so as to effect contact with a plate;
for the third position the lever is moved to the right until the plate of the lever
makes contact with two other plates simultaneously; at the same time the opposite
end of the lever makes contact with a fourth plate.
Let it be supposed that the apparatus is in its receiving position, that is to say, in
the position wherein the lever of the coinmutator is in contact with the first plate and
that the induction current arrives from the line at a certain point of the lightning
arrester it traverses the second telephone, passes through the said plate and through
the commutator lever and will thence traverse the first telephone and finally pass to
earth; the contact will then be broken, the local circuit in which the electro-magnet
is connected will be excluded and the registering apparatus will mark upon the
movable band of paper of the registering apparatus a line the length of which will
correspond to the time during which the circuit from the sending station has been
closed: For sending, the lever of the commutator is moved to the left; the secondary

page_text: coils of the induction bobbin will then be introduced into the telephone circuit. By
closing the circuit of one battery by means of the key an induced current is
obtained in the secondary circuit which will cause the diaphragms of the telephones of
the sending station and receiving station to vibrate; in their turn the telephone at
the receiving station will mark upon the registering apparatus a corresponding sign.
When it is desired to employ this apparatus as a telephone, the commutator lever
is moved to the right whereby the telephone and microphone circuits are closed, that
is to say, the microphone circuit by the microphone, the second and third plates, the
battery just referred to and the primary coils of the induction bobbin; the telephone
circuit by the earth, the first telephone, the commutator lever, the fourth plate, the
secondary coils of the induction bobbin, the second telephone, the lightning arrester
and the external line, then inversely by the same way to earth.
The telephonegraph above described has considerable practical advantages. When
employing it as a telegraphic apparatus, a great economy in the maintenance of the
elements is obtained as only a small number of such elements is required, and
exclusively for supplying the local circuits. Furthermore, the apparatus not only
serves for telegraphy but can also be used as a telephone; in this case it is easy to
intercept the signals from the Morse apparatus as the telephonegraph produces
sounds very precise and agreeable to the ear. Furthermore, a very important
advantage of the apparatus consists in the fact that it can be fitted up in any
telegraphic circuit or, in other words, the system enables the telephonegraphic service
to be fitted up over all existing telegraphic lines, and its signals and results do not
differ in any way from the ordinary telegraphic service. In this system which is at
once both telegraphic and telephonic the apparatus, above described, is introduced
into any suitable telegraphic line and can be employed independently of the
telegraphic service. For such an installation, condensers and ordinary graduaters are
employed which deaden the sounds of the telegraphic operations in the telephone
apparatus.
In a station furnished with two Morse apparatuses apparatus No. 1 is introduced in
the local circuit according to the telephonegraphic system; apparatus No. 2 is fitted
up according to the system of the service which is simultaneously telegraphic and
telephonic by means of condensers and graduaters. It is easy to follow the direction
of the currents in the two apparatuses. Suppose the two apparatuses to be in
operation and the telegraphic current arriving from the outer lines to the lightning
arrester, it will pass through graduater No. 1, the key, apparatus No. 2, and thence to
earth; the same current will pass through condenser No. 1 since the way is broken;
an induced current of the telephonegraph will charge and discharge the condenser
and will pass into the telephonegraphic system where it will cause the diaphragms of
the telephones to vibrate, which will have as a result the registration of the sound in
the form of a dash upon the movable band of paper of the apparatus.
The proposed system enables the apparatus to be utilized for telegraphic and
telephonic services. But if the service does not require telephone conversations, the
apparatus can be simplified. In this apparatus which is a combination of the telephone
and the microphone, there is arranged at the bottom of the box a microphone
furnished with a diaphragm; above this there is arranged a telephone formed by flat
annular superposed magnets having four pole pieces connected diametrically opposite
to one another, to the rings of the magnet; these pieces are enclosed in coils of
insulated wire; in front of the ecils are arranged two diaphragins one above and the
other below. In this manner two telephones are obtained having magnets common
to them both. To the centre of one of the diaphragms there is pivoted a lever similar
to that already described.

page_text: improvements in Electric Telegrapnic ог гетерпоте аррагатиs.
I, WLADYSLAW NAHORSKY, of 7, Kirpitschnoï Péréoulok, St. Petersburg, in the
Empire of Russia, Telegraph Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described
and ascertained in and by the following statement:-
The apparatus hereinafter described and which I call a "telephonegraph" is an
instrument in which telephonic and telegraphic keys are combined and which enables
the telephonic sounds transmitted to be recorded upon paper. This apparatus is
based upon a new principle of the production of sounds telephonically by the appo-
sition of a microphone.
To enable my invention to be fully and clearly understood I will describe it with
reference to the accompanying drawings.
Figure 1 is a diagrammatic view illustrating the connections for the reception of
telephonic sounds. These connections comprise two circuits; in one of them are
arranged the primary coil of the induction coil J, a battery E, a key K and a micro-
phone M; the second circuit comprises the secondary coil of the induction coil J
and the telephone T, the diaphragm of which is arranged in front of the diaphragm
of the microphone M. When the first circuit is closed by means of the key Ka
musical sound is emitted the moment the closing takes place. This system can be
applied to any number of telephones connected up in the circuit; the telephones
will always sound in unison and the distance between the telephones can be any
that may be required.
Figure 2 is a diagrammatic view illustrating a similar installation in which four
telephones T1, T2, T3, T+ are employed. The key can be connected up in the micro-
phone circuit as conveniently as in the telephone circuit provided that one of the
circuits is closed; with this condition the closing of the other circuit produces a
sound, the intensity of which increases in proportion to the energy of the battery;
the phenomenon can even be produced with a single element. The degree of sound
depends upon the dimensions, upon the thickness and the quality of the telephone
diaphragm and of the microphone diaphragm. The perceptibility of the telephonic
sounds depends upon the sensitiveness of the telephones and of the microphone;
the greater this sensitiveness so much less is the necessary energy of the
battery.
Figure 3 is a diagrammatic view of the arrangement for recording the telephonic
sounds produced in the manner hereinbefore described. To this end a second tele-
phone T is included in the telephone circuit; its diaphragm is pivoted to a lever
having two arms C, D balancing upon a pivot O. The longer arm is provided with a
contact for breaking or closing a local circuit in which is arranged a telegraphic
apparatus or other suitable recording or registering apparatus R. As shewn in
Figure 3 and as mentioned above, by closing the key K, the telephones T and T" are
caused to sound in unison; during the whole duration of the sounds, that is to say,
of the closing of the key K, the diaphragm of the telephone T2 whilst emitting
sounds remains near the poles of its electro-magnet and will not vibrate in a position
of rest but in another position which is hereinafter described and illustrated. Con-
sequently the end of the lever C, D which is rigidly connected to this diaphragm
will be lowered and the opposite end will rise and will break the circuit of the local
battery E in which the registering apparatus R is connected up. In this manner
the different durations of closing of the key K produce at the same time the
sound and a corresponding reproduction upon the paper of the registering
apparatus R.

page_text: Figure 4 is a plan view of the telephonegraph. R is the registering or recording
apparatus comprising an electro-magnet and a mechanism for actuating a paper
band; an ordinary Morse apparatus can be employed for this purpose. L. is an
apparatus for the production of the sound, formed of a telephone T and a micro-
phone M placed in front of the same. S is a condenser and Q a graduater, the
object of which will be hereinafter explained. B is a lightning arrester with lead
plates, A an apparatus for closing and breaking the local circuit, J the induction
coil, Fa commutator or switch for placing the apparatus in the operative and in-
operative positions or in the position for telephonically conversing, K is a key,
1, 2, 3, etc. the terminals for the connection of the different conductors in
accordance with the indications of the letters and of the signs marked on the
drawing.
Figures 5, 6, 7 and 8 represent details of construction of the apparatus L for
producing the sounds. This apparatus consists of an ordinary telephone T and a
inicrophone M which is mounted upon a support a, b, Figure 7; c is the inner con-
tact and d the external contact of the microphone which are reciprocally insulated
by an ebonite socket. The telephone T is mounted upon a support e, f in such a
manner that it can be moved towards or away from the microphone M by means of
a nut u and of a lock-nut v screwed upon its end . Further, the telephone T can
be raised above its support e, f. As shewn in Figure 8 which is a longitudinal
section of the rear end of the telephone, the support e, f is formed of two parts, one
of which passes into the other; these two parts are screw-threaded externally and
united by means of a common nut w; to remove the telephone it is only necessary
to unscrew the nut w.
As
Figures 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 illustrate details of the apparatus A for establish-
ing and breaking the local circuit; Figure 9 is a plan, Figure 10 a side elevation of
the apparatus and Figure 11 a section of the box on the line a, b Figure 9.
shewn, the apparatus comprises an ordinary telephone furnished with a dia-
phragm n, m to which is pivoted the end of a lever A, B. The cap or cover
containing the telephone T can be unscrewed from its box L, M which is formed
with a slot through which passes the long arm of the said lever A, B; this lever is
shewn detached in Figures 13 and 14; the axis of rotation of the lever divides it
into two arms, the lengths of which are in the relation of 1 to 10, 1 to 20, etc.,
according to the desired sensitiveness of the apparatus. The lever turns on
centres d which practically avoid all friction. The opposite end of the lever is
provided with a platinum contact. The corresponding contact piece is shewn at
Figure 12 and consists of an angular support furnished with a flat spring having a
platinum contact s; the spring is adjusted by a regulating screw.
P
The commutator F is represented at Figures 15 and 16; it is designed to place the
apparatus in three different positions; in the first position marked the secondary
coil of the induction coil is excluded from the circuit so as to diminish the resistance
of the conductor and avoid the extra currents in the interrupted primary circuit
which counteract the action of the main current. In the second position marked
the lever of the commutator introduces into the circuit the secondary coil of the
induction coil; the third position is that occupied when telephonic conversation is
taking place; in this position the primary and secondary coils of the induction coil
are introduced into the circuit; at the same time a battery of a smaller number of
elements is introduced into the circuit of the microphone. The commutator F is
formed of a lever r, t furnished with an insulated metal plate k, l, Figure 16. The
first position of the lever is represented in Figure 15; the second position is obtained
by turning the lever upon its pivot o to the left so as to effect contact with the
plate; for the third position the lever is moved to the right until the plate k,l of
the lever makes contact with the plates and a simultaneously; at the same time
the opposite end of the lever makes contact with the plate w.
Figure 19 represents a complete diagram of the connections of the apparatus. T¹,
T2 are the telephones, M the microphone, A the registering or recording apparatus,
K the key, F the commutator, B the lightning arrester with lead plates; E¹ E² the

page_text: batteries and J the induction coil. Let it be supposed that the apparatus is in its
receiving position, that is to say, in the position wherein the lever of the commutator
is in contact with the plate r and that the induction current arrives from the line at
the point a of the lightning arrester B; it traverses the telephone T2, passes through
the point b then through the plate r and through the lever of the commutator F and
will thence traverse the telephone T and finally pass to earth; the contact at u will
then be broken, the local circuit in which the electro-magnet E is included will be
excluded and the registering apparatus will mark upon the movable band of paper
therein a line the length of which will correspond to the time during which the
circuit at the sending station has been closed. For transmitting, the lever of the
commutator is moved to the left at p; the secondary coil of the induction coil J will
then be introduced into the telephone circuit. By closing the circuit of the battery E¹
by means of the key K an induced current is obtained in the secondary circuit which
will cause the diaphragms of the telephones of the transmitting station and receiving
station to vibrate; in their turn the telephones at the receiving station will mark
upon the registering apparatus a corresponding sign.
When it is desired to employ this apparatus as a telephone, the commutator lever
is moved to the right at s whereby the telephone and microphone circuits are closed,
that is to say, the microphone circuit through the microphone, the plates y and z, the
battery E¹ and the primary coil of the induction coil; the telephone circuit through
the earth, the telephone T¹, the lever of the commutator F, the plate t, the secondary
coil of the induction coil, the telephone T2, the lightning arrester B and the external
line, then inversely through the same way to earth.
The telephonegraph above described has considerable practical advantages. When
employing it as a telegraphic apparatus, a great economy in the maintenance of the
elements is obtained as only a small number of such elements is required, and
exclusively for supplying the local circuits. Furthermore, the apparatus not only
serves for telegraphy but can also be used as a telephone; in this case it is easy to
intercept the signals from the Morse sounding apparatus as the telephonegraph
produces sounds very distinct, very precise and agreeable to the ear, Furthermore, a
very important advantage of the apparatus consists in the fact that it can be included
in any telegraphic circuit, or, in other words, the system enables the telephonegraphic
service to be fitted up over all existing telegraphic lines, and the signals and results
of such service do not differ in any way from the ordinary telegraphic service. In
this system which is at once both telegraphic and telephonic the apparatus, above
described, is introduced into any suitable telegraphic line and can be employed
independently of the telegraphic service. For such an installation, condensers and
ordinary graduaters are employed which deaden the sounds of the telegraphic opera-
tions in the telephone apparatus (Figure 4).
Figure 20 represents a diagram of the connections in a station furnished with two
Morse apparatuses A¹ and A2; the apparatus A¹ is introduced in the local circuit
according to the telephonegraphic system; the other apparatus is fitted up according
to the system of the service which is simultaneously telegraphic and telephonic by
means of condensers S1 and S2 and graduaters Q¹ and Q2. It is easy to follow the
direction of the currents in the two apparatuses. Suppose the two apparatuses to be
in operation and the telegraphic current arriving from the outer line to the lightning
arrester B, it will pass through graduater Q2, the key K², apparatus A², and thence to
earth; the same current will pass through the condenser 81 since the way to it is
broken; an induced current of the telephonegraph will charge and discharge the
condenser and will pass into the telephonegraphic system where it will cause the
diaphragms of the telephones to vibrate, which will have as a result the registration
of the sound in the form of a dash upon the movable band of paper of the
apparatus.
The proposed system enables the apparatus to be utilized for telegraphic and
telephonic services. But if the service does not require telephone conversations, the
apparatus can be simplified as represented in Figures 17 and 18. This apparatus is a
combination of the telephone and the microphone; it is represented in elevation at

page_text: Figure 17 and in vertical section at Figure 18. There is arranged at the bottom of
the box a microphone furnished with a diaphragm a, b; above this there is arranged
a telephone formed of flat annular superposed magnets having four pole pieces
connected, diametrically opposite to one another, to the rings of the magnet; these
pieces are enclosed in coils of insulated wire; in front of the coils are arranged two
diaphragms one, c, d, above and the other k, l, below. In this manner two telephones
are obtained having magnets common to them both. To the centre of the
diaphragm, l, there is pivoted a lever A B similar to that already described.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
claim is
1. An apparatus designated a telephonegraph adapted to serve as a telephone, as a
telegraph and as a register or recorder for recording the telephonic sounds, substan-
tially as herein before described.
2. An apparatus comprising a telephone to the diaphragm of which is pivoted a
lever, the fulcrum of which is arranged in such a manner that the free arm of the
lever is several times longer than the pivoted arm and closes the circuit of a local
battery in which is connected up a suitable registering or recording apparatus,
substantially as set forth.
3. A system of connecting up the telephonegraph described in a suitable telegraphic
circuit by means of condensers and graduaters, substantially as hereinbefore
described.
4. An apparatus comprising a microphone and a telephone having two diaphragms,
one of which is arranged in front of the diaphragm of the microphone and the other
of which is pivoted to one of the arms of a lever, the fulcrum of which is arranged in
such a manner that its free arm is several times longer than the pivoted arm and,
when desired, closes the circuit of a local battery in which is connected up a suitable
registering or recording apparatus so that the lever marks signs with its free arm
upon a band of paper which moves in proximity thereto, substantially as set
forth.
Dad the ILL J... f. 1000
G. F. REDFERN & Co.,
4, South Street, Finsbury, London, Agents for the Applicant.