Improvements in Machines for Justifying and Spacing Type.
Year: 1898

page_text: Date of Application, 22nd Feb., 1898
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION,
Improvements in Machines for Justifying and Spacing Type.
I, JOHN TYRRELL BOYES, of 37 and 39, Essex Street, Strand, London, W.C.,
Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of my said invention to be as follows:
The invention relates to a novel machine or apparatus for justifying and spacing
out lines of type to a uniform length or measure.
Briefly stated the method consists in first introducing wedge space bars between
the words in lieu of ordinary spaces as the type are composed or set in a line holder
gauged to the exact length it is desired to have the finished line then forcing all
of the space bars simultaneously through the line until it is spread or spaced out
to entirely fill the holder; removing the space bars successively and substituting
ordinary spaces of equal or slightly less thickness than the space bar at the point
it enters the line, and driving or forcing the remaining space bars simultaneously
further into the line to again expand it so as to fill the holder whenever a
substituted space is of less thickness than the removed space bar.
These operations may be performed by hand but in order that the method may
be used in justifying and spacing type set by composing machines where manual
labor would be too slow and expensive. A machine which is entirely automatic
in its action, which rapidly and accurately performs the several operations above
mentioned and which also removes the completed line of type to a galley is used.
The machine consists preferably of the following parts. First a line holder or
holders, which hold a line of type and which also determine and limit the length
of the line. The holders are provided with longitudinal openings of less width
than the length of the type the letter being set in or transferred to such holder
which travel along a suitable track or way to the spacing and justifying mechanism,
and thence to a galley: Second a series of wedge shaped or tapering space bars
preferably secured permanently to the line holders, which are inserted between
the words in lieu of ordinary spaces after each word is set up in the line holder,
and suitable mechanism for inserting the space bars, and for driving them all
uniformly further into or through the line after they are all in places. Third, a
series of trip lever stops which in combination with the space bars determine
the selection of the spaces of the required thickness to replace the successive
space bars: Fourth, a reciprocating space holder with suitable compartments for
containing one space each of the different thicknesses used, with means for moving
it to and fro across the line of type combined with a suitable source of supply:
Fifth, mechanism for extracting or withdrawing the space bars successively from
the line while the space is being inserted, in combination with suitable space
inserting mechanism to force the spaces from the space holder entirely down into
the line; Sixth, mechanism for forcing the space bars still remaining in the line
after the insertion of each successive space, to take up and apportion any fractional
space, and Seventh, mechanism for removing the completed line of type from
the line holder to a galley and then returning the empty line holder to the
position for receiving another line. The machine as will be obvious, may be used

page_text: in connection with any composing machine that may be arranged to set the type
in the line holder.
For convenience in description, the various portions of the mechanism
will be described separately, the method of operation of each being described
in connection with each portion so far as possible.
I do not limit myself to the construction of the machine as will described as
other means may be employed for carrying out the improved method of justifying
and spacing type.
The Line Holder Mechanism. The line holder consists of a rectangular box,
preferably of metal, provided with a hollow interior, of such dimensions as to fit
the type of the particular body which is in use. The line holders of which two
or more are used with each machine, are fitted to slide freely along a suitable
track, near the central part of the main plate, which extends the entire length of
the machine.
The portion of the track which is directly under the delivery chute of a
composing machine is substantially at right angles to the said chute and thus
forms an angle with the horizontal portion of the track. The line holders which
are really composing sticks holding a single line of type, have longitudinal
openings or slots extending the entire length of the recessed portion which holds
and limits the length of the line. A longitudinal opening of substantially the
same width, through the plate is directly in line with this opening, and extends
from the point where the space bars which will be hereafter described are inserted
in the line to the point where they are removed. The opening allows the space
bars to be moved freely longitudinally through the holder between the type, and
the opening in the plate allows the holder with its contained type to move freely
along the track.
While the line holder is described as having one side entirely open; the plate
serving to enclose and confine the type therein during the progress of composition
and the subsequent spacing and justification, it may be constructed, if desired,
with the open side permanently closed, and having a similar longitudinal opening,
in which case it would be necessary to change the method of the mechanism for
removing the line from the holder to the galley. It is evident that the type may
be set or assembled in the line holder either singly, or by successive words or parts
of words, or the entire line may first be assembled and transferred bodily into it.
For the purpose of advancing or feeding the line of type, as well as the line
holder, a cam, is provided which is secured to a shaft, which is revolved rapidly
by any convenient method. Each type as it drops down into the line holder, is
caused thereby to advance along the track, a distance equal to its thickness. This
arrangement may be modified, similarly acting mechanism of a different character
may be used, when the type are set or transferred to the line holder in any other
manner, but the cam mechanism is preferable when the type are set by gravity into
the line holder.
For the purpose of moving the line holder, after the same is filled and the space
bars have been inserted, to the space inserting mechanism, and thence to the galley
where the justified line is discharged, and thence back to its original position
ready to receive a new line of type, a sliding frame is provided. This frame
is attached at one end by a cord or chain to a treadle, which will be hereafter
referred to, and is arranged to slide freely along a track or way secured to the
plate. A similar frame is provided, arranged to slide freely along a track or way,
also on the plate but below and parallel to the track. This frame is in turn
attached at one side to a chain or cord which is attached to the same treadle as the
cord or chain. The frames are of precisely similar construction, and each has in
its upper surface a spring catch held in place by a flat spring plate. The point or
extremity of the spring catch projects in the case of the frame through a slot
cut through the plate a sufficient distance so that the frame engages the lower part
of the line holder on the upper rack, when it is drawn back beyond its rear end,
and the frame engages the front end of the empty line holder on the lower track.

page_text: Two drums are provided, attached to the plate preferably near the galley. These
contain coiled springs, and are provided with cords or chains coiled around them.
When the frames are caused to move by the depression of the treadle, to which
the cords are attached; the drums are rotated and thus wind up the coiled springs
contained in them and when the tension on the cords is released, the tension of
the springs in the drums serves to pull the two frames forward to their normal
positions. A short section of the upper track, of a length at least equal to that
of the line holder, is not secured to the main plate, but on the contrary, is securely
attached to the lower end of an upright plate, which letter plate slides in suitable
ways, in the plate, at right angles to the track.
This sliding plate with the attached short section of track, is held in its normal
position, so as to form a continuation of the main track by a spring attached to
the frame of the machine, but it may be drawn down until this short section of
track attached thereto is in line with and forms a continuation of the lower track
by means of the cord or rou secured to the same treadle as is before referred to.
The Justifying Mechanism. Instead of ordinary spaces tapering or wedge shaped
space bars are inserted between the words as the composition proceeds, or when the
type is transferred to the line holder, to be replaced mechanically by ordinary
spaces, as will be fully described later. The space bars proper are tapering
throughout the greater part of their length. At the the inner or thin end they
are for a short distance made with parallel side faces, in order that after they are
rectilinear
inserted in position the next following type may be set in proper
position against them, in the line. At the outer or thick end, the space bars are
also for a short distance made with parallel side faces in order to permit them to
come together as closely as possible the outer end being used only for manipulating
the space bars by means of the mechanism to be hereafter described, and never
being inserted in the line for the purpose of spacing it out. This construction
is essential in order that the space bars in their normal position shall be sufficiently
close together so that after their insertion on either side of short words or single
letters in the line, they will not bind together in such a way as to make it difficult
to push them forward when used in the operation of spacing out the line. A
sufficient number of space bars the requirements of any line are preferably per-
manently secured to each of the line holders used the space bars proper being
fitted to slide freely longitudinally in hangers which are suspended from a way,
secured to the front of the line holder. That part of the way which extends along
the opening in the line holder is at the proper height to bring the space bars
directly opposite said opening, while that portion extending beyond the line holder
is depressed sufficiently to lower such of the space bars as may not be needed in
any line out of the way of the mechanism which acts on the space bars during
the operations of spacing and justification. In order to limit the longitudinal
movement of the space bars proper in the hangers a spring is attached to the lower
part of the hanger which forces a pin or catch up against the lower flange of the
space bar. Two notches in the flange near one end of the space bar engage
this pin, and the notches are so located as only to allow the space bar to move to
and fro within the desired limit. I do not wish to limit myself to any particular
manner of attaching the space bars to the line holder, nor is their attachment
essential, as, with the space bars entirely independent of the line holder and
inserted in the line of type by suitable independent mechanism, the subsequent
spacing and justification may be effected in the same manner as described. I find,
however, that in practice their permanent attachment to the line holder is
preferable, as it allows of their being set or inserted in the line and removed and
placed in position for use again with more certainty and accuracy and with
simplex mechanism.
In order that the space bars may not partake of the forward movement of the
line holder, but may be held in the proper relative position with reference to
the type delivery chute and cam, so that the foremost space bar may at any time be
inserted in the line immediately behind the last type set, a space bar inserting rod

page_text: is provided, sliding in suitable bearings. The forward end of the inserting rod
which is slightly bevelled, in order to enter properly between the hangers, engages
the hanger of the foremost space bar, while a shoulder engages the rear end of the
space bar proper. An arm supported on the sliding rod sliding in suitable bearings
on the plate and actuated by springs engages the hangers and serves to force
the entire body of space bars against the space bar inserting rod and also feeds
them forward as fast as used. When the last type in any single word has been
set, and it is desired to insert a space bar, a suitable key or lever, is provided which
is depressed by the hand, thus forcing up a rod, which acting through bell crank
passing up through an opening in the plate, and a toggle link, pivoted to the
bell crank, and to the inserting rod, draws the inserting rod back, until the point
and shoulder are clear of the outer end and hanger, respectively, of the space
bar. The spring acting on the arm, of the space bar feeding rod at once advances
all of the space bars in a body forward, until they engage the end of the line
spacing bar, this forward movement being equal to the thickness of the inserting
rod. When the space key is released, a spring, forces the inserting rod forward
to its normal position, and the shoulder engages with the rear end of the foremost
space bar and pushes it into the line of type until the point where the taper upon
the space bar begins, is exactly in a line with the outer edge of the type. The
cam then advances the space bar together with the line holder, in the same
manner as it does the type allowing the next succeeding type to drop into the
line holder, just behind the space bar. The movement of the space bars further
through the line of type after their insertion by the inserting bar, in order to
justify the line of type, is effected by the so-called justifying bar. The line
justifying bar is secured to a bar or rod which slides freely longitudinally in
bearings in uprights and is parallel with and of the same length as the line
holder. This justifying bar serves to force all of the space bars simultaneously
further into the line, until the line is spread or spaced out so as to entirely fill the
line holder. The justifying bar is attached to a plate, which slides in suitable
bearings on the frame plate of the machine, and motion is imparted thereto by a
chain or cord, which passes over a pulley and is preferably connected at its end to
the same treadle, to which the shifting frames, are attached as above described.
This treadle may be of any convenient construction, and it is therefore not necessary
to be described, and is arranged in any convenient manner so that it may be
depressed by the foot of the operator. A spring is provided one end of which is
attached to the plate, and the other is made fast to the bearing whereby this plate
and the justifying bar, are normally held back from the space bars, and are only
advanced when pressure is applied to the treadle.
The line holder is filled as nearly as can be, according to the judgment of the
operator. This may be determined by a direct observation of the holder itself,
or of a suitable index conveniently located. When this has been accomplished,
the depression of the treadle referred to will effect practically simultaneously, the
following results. The line spacing bar will be forced against the ends of all
the space bars in the line thus driving them in and spreading the words further
apart until the line entirely fills the holder, the sliding frame will be drawn back-
ward until the catch will engage the rear end of the line holder; the short section
of track will be drawn down in line with the lower track and the sliding frame
drawn back, and with it the empty line holder along the lower track and upon or
unto the short movable section of track. When the treadle is released the spring
draws the line justifying bar back to its normal position; the coiled springs in
the drums will rotate the drums, so as to wind up the chains or cords thus drawing
the sliding frames forward the lower one being at once returned to its normal
position, while the upper one will draw the line holder with the line of type con-
tained therein, forward until the first space bar reaches the end of the longitudinal
opening in the plate thereby bringing it to rest, in position ready for
the commencement of the operation of removing the space bars and replacing
them with ordinary spaces. The short section of track with the empty line holder

page_text: on it is simultaneously raised by the spring, thus bringing the line holder in
position ready for the commencement of another line of type. In place of the
treadles referred to above, suitable cams may be provided on a shaft actuated from
a suitable sourse of power for actuating the various parts moved by the treadles.
The Space Bar Removing Mechanism. The mechanism employed in the removal
of the space bars and permitting the automatic selection and insertion in their
stead of the required spaces by means of the space selecting and inserting
mechanism hereinafter described, in the two cases which can occur, first, when
the number of units required to space out the line is a multiple of the number of
spaces in the line, and second, when the number of units required is not such a
multiple, is substantially as follows. In the first case it may be assumed that a
line has been set, containing six words, and the five space bars have been required
between the words which line lacks ten units of filling the line holder. This
shortage with the ten units of spacing already in the line or two units to each
space bar, will make a total of twenty units of spacing required. It will be evident
therefore, that when the space bars are forced in, by the line justifying bar they
will penetrate into the line till the thickness of the space bar is exactly four units.
The line holder having been drawn forward as before described, until the first
space bar by engaging with the end of the space bar slot, is brought to rest the
projecting end of this space bar will engage with and trip the two inner trip
levers. This space bar, as it approaches the place of rest, will also engage the
free end of a lever pivoted to the frame, which lever will operate to set the space
bar withdrawing mechanism in action.
The Space Selecting Mechanism. The mechanism (after removing the space
bars) for selecting ordinary spaces of the required thickness to properly and fully
space out the line is described in detail as follows: A space holder or rack having
compartments corresponding in number to the different spaces used is fitted or
arranged to slide freely longitudinally in parallel ways across the line of type in
the line holder, and is so adjusted, that, as it moves across the line, each space
compartment will be brought successively above any given space bar in the line
when the latter is at rest against the end of the space bar slot, with the front faces
of the compartments together with the spaces normally contained therein and the
front or flat side of the particular space bars which are to be removed in the same
vertical plane.
The several compartments of the space holder rack are open both at top and
bottom, and are provided with a series of narrow slots, cut partly down the front
of the holder. The plate serves as a bottom for closing the compartments of the
space holder.
An opening is provided through this plate directly over the line
of type, through which the space selected can drop through into its place in the
line, but the opening is normally closed, except during the operation of inserting
the space by means of a sliding plate or valve, which is opened at the proper time
The space
by a spring controlled by a cam, acting on the outer end of a lever.
holder is attached to a sliding bar, sliding at right angles to the line of feed of the
type in a suitable bearing. The bar is provided with an arm, which projects
downwards and engages with a crank provided with the roller. The crank rotates
with a shaft, to which motion is imparted in the manner described. A spring is
provided, which tends to pull the space holder constantly forward and to hold it in
position except during the revolution of the crank.
For the purpose of selecting the proper space to be inserted in the place of a
space bar, the so called trip lever mechanism is provided. This consists of a
series of trip lever stops pivoted on a shaft, with their upper extremities normally
projecting through the plate, above the base of the space holder, and which are
held in normal positions by springs placed at the back of each stop. These stops
are so adjusted, that as the space holder moves from its normal position towards
the line, that is, towards the right hand, when it strikes the first of the trip lever
stops, the thin space in the first compartment will be directly over the line of type,
and, as the other trip lever stops and are successively brought into position each

page_text: *
66
"
successive stop will bring the space rack to rest in position that the corresponding
compartment will come or stop directly over the line. The lower arms of of the
trip lever stops extend beyond the end of the space bar slot in such a way that
the thin end of any space bar which may extend a sufficient distance through
the line will engage with and trip one or more of these stops so as to permit the
space holder or rack to be moved to the right, by means of the spring which
brings it into contact with the third stop with the corresponding space in the third
compartment, directly over the line, ready to be dropped through the opening.
In the machine described, six different spaces are used varying uniformly from
two-eighths to seven-eighths of an em in thickness; but the holder may be
arranged to hold any convenient number, and the machine may be modified
accordingly. As one eighth of an em " is taken as the unit, it is evident that
the spaces will have a thickness respectively of two, three, four, five, six and
seven units, and the space bars having a thickness of two units at the point where
the taper begins, and a thickness of seven units at the point where the taper ends,
it will also be evident that at the intermediate points along the tapering portion,
the space bar will have a thickness respectively of three four, five and six units.
The space bar and the trip lever stops, are so adjusted relatively to each other that
the space bar will not project a sufficient distance through the line of type in the
line holder to engage and trip the first lever, until a certain point on the space
bar has reached the line of type thereby indicating that a three unit space will
be required to replace the space bar within the line, and also when the space
bar has entered the line to other points respectively indicating the even units, it
will engage and trip successively the levers. The space holder is normally held in
position with each compartment directly under a corresponding chute or slide
which serves to guide the spaces as required from the space channels, which contain
a full supply of the different sizes used, down into the proper compartments to
replace spaces which are inserted into the line. The spaces are inserted into
these conipartiments by hand or by machinery. A swinging gate or stop actuated
by a light spring, which normally held clear of the lower end of the chute by lug
on the rear face of the space holder, engaging a stud swings forward and closes
the chute when the space holder or rack moves towards the galley or forward and
to the right hand, so that any space which may be forced out of the space channels
will drop down to the chutes and rest on the stop until the space holder is again
returned to its normal position at which time the space will be free to drop into
the proper compartment in the space holder or rack.
bar
The space bars are removed by a reciprocating bar called the " space
extractor," which is arranged to slide horizontally and is held in its normal
position by a cam, also rotating with the shaft engaging a hanging arm on the
extractor bar. A spring is provided which, when the periphery of the cam is no
longer in contact with the arm immediately draws the extractor bar in, until the
spring hooks which are provided at its extremity, engage with the hooks on the
space bar and firmly hold them. As the shaft continues its revolution, the space
bar is quickly withdrawn from the line by means of the cam acting upon the arm
of the space bar extractor, which latter is thus returned to its normal position.
A shaft is provided with is kept in continuous revolution from any convenient
source of power, and is provided with a bevel gear wheel secured to the lower
end of the shaft, and a bearing in a suitable journal box, which may be moved a
short distance either backward or forward so as to throw the bevel wheel into gear
either with the gear, wheel, secured to the shaft, which actuates the spacing
mechanism, or into gear with the gear wheel which in turn is secured to the shaft,
which actuates the mechanism for removing the line of type from the line holder
to a galley, which will hereafter be described. The bottom of the journal box is
fitted to slide towards the front of the machine only, in guides which in turn
are secured to a plate. The plate is fitted to slide towards the rear only of the
machine in guides, which are in turn secured to the bed plate. The tension of
two springs serve to hold the journal box and bevel gear wheel normally in a

page_text: position midway between the two gear wheels. The outer end of a pivoted lever
is secured by a pin to the end of the plate in such manner that the movement of
the lever caused by the advancing space bar stricking it, will in turn cause the plate
and with it the journal box, and gear wheel to move backward a sufficient distance
to throw the gear wheels into gear. This thereupon starts the spacing machine
in motion. In order that the removal of the space bar by freeing the end of the
lever from the line shall not allow the gear wheel to swing forward to its normal
position out of gear, until the shaft has made a complete revolution a disk or wheel
is provided, secured to the shaft which has a notch cut in it large enough to receive
the edge of the plate which also has a corresponding notch. This disk or wheel
when in its normal position, prevents the shaft from rotating, but when it
is drawn back with the journal box the notch in the plate allows the disk, together
with the shaft and its attachments, to rotate. The rear shoulder of the notch of
the plate engaging the disk, prevents the journal from returning to its normal
position after the removal of the space bar until the completion of a full revolution,
which is required at each space. Simultaneously, with or immediately following
the release of the space bar extractor, the arm, which is secured to the space holder
or rack will be released from the normal position, where it is held by a roller on
a crank, which allows the space holder to move at once to the right until it strikes
the third stop it being the first one projecting up through the plate in its normal
position.
The Line Holder Brake. In order to hold the line holder stationary during the
operation of inserting the spaces, the line holder brake is applied, which consists
of a horizontal rod sliding in bearings. When the space holder is released, it
also releases the line holder brake, which is normally held away from the line
holder by an arm attached to the reciprocating rod of the space holder, which, in
turn engages the upper end of the lever pivoted at its lower end to the bed plate,
and engaging a shoulder on the brake rod. The inner end of the brake rod is
sharpened to a vertical knife edge, which by means of a strong spring encircling
the rod, is forced against the lower part of the line holder thus holding it stationary
until the operation of removing the space bar and inserting a space in lieu thereof,
is completed, as otherwise the line holder would begin its forward movement again
immediately upon the removal of the space bar.
The Space Inserting Mechanism. This consists of a space inserting rod which'
moves vertically up and down, and serves to force the space into the line after
the space bar is removed. A sliding valve is first opened by means of a lever
actuated by a cam, rotating with the driving shaft and a spring, which permits
the four unit space which is now directly over the line, to drop or be forced down
by the space inserting rod into the line until it rests upon the upper edge of the
space bar. The space inserting rod insures the forcing of the space entirely down
into the line, in case it should fail to drop under the influence of gravity alone.
The space inserting rod is attached to the horizontal arm, which in turn is
attached to a vertical plunger sliding vertically in suitable bearings. The lower
portion of the plunger carries a lug. On the shaft is placed a crank, which carries
at its extremity a roller, which engages with the lug, attached to a plunger
standard. A spring is provided connecting the upper end of the plunger with
any convenient stationary point above it, such as an arm on the top of the space
slide, in order to keep the plunger constantly drawn up, except when acted upon
by the crank. A series of sleeves which slide freely on posts are respectively
secured to the ejectors, by means of cords or wires and are forced down by the
shoulder projecting beyond the space inserting rod. This ejector operates to
release a four unit space from the channel containing the supply of that size,
which slides down the proper compartment of the slide until it rests on the
swinging gate. Each of the other sleeves are connected respectively to the ejectors,
which release in the same manner spaces of two, three, five, six and seven units.
A space of the same thickness as that in process of insertion into the line, is thus
provided to drop at once into the space holder on its return to its normal position.

page_text: When the crank has drawn the space inserting rod down to its lowest point and
the roller has cleared the outer end of the arm the spring draws it up at once to
its normal position. When the operations above described, have all been com-
pleted and the shaft has made about two thirds of a revolution the roller on the
crank again engages the arm and forces it out thus returning the space holder
and brake rod to their normal positions. The line holder upon being released,
thereupon moves forward along the track until a second space bar brings it to rest
as before, whereupon the same operation is repeated and another four unit space
will be inserted in place of the next space bar and this operation
will be continued until each space bar in the line has been re-
moved, one by one, and replaced by
four unit space,
a
which will
fully and accurately space out and justify the line, thus leaving the
line holder free to move along the track to the point of discharge into the galley
without further delay. As the next succeeding space bar advances to engage the
inner end of the lever before the shaft has entirely completed its revolution, the
journal box and the gear wheel cannot therefore swing forward when the notch
in the disk arrives opposite the shoulder of the plate, and therefore the operation of
the machine will be continuous until all the space bars have been removed and
replaced by spaces as described, one revolution of the shaft being required for each
space bar in the line. When the last space bar is removed, the lever will no longer
be actuated by the space bar, and the tension of the springs restores the journal
box to its normal position with the notch in the disk engaging with the shoulder
in the plate, and the gear wheels no longer engage and the shaft can no longer
rotate.
The Fractional Spacing Mechanism. It will be evident from the foregoing descrip-
tion of the method inserting a four unit space, that any of the other sizes of spaces
may be inserted in the same manner whenever the required spacing needed is a
multiple of the number of spaces in the line. If, however, the number of units
required, should not be a multiple of the number of spaces in the line it is evident
that the spaces in the finished line will not all be the same thickness. For example
suppose a line with five spaces as before, but requiring twelve units to space it
out, making with the space bars in the line a total spacing in the line of twenty
two units. In such case the space bars will then be forced into the line by the
justifying bar to a point two fifths of the distance from the four unit point to
the five unit point indicating that four and two fifths units would be required
between each word. As the space bar still only extends sufficiently far
through the line to engage the two first trip lever stops, a four unit space will be
selected and inserted and the space bar be withdrawn exactly as in the first example.
It is evident that now the line will lack two fifths of a unit of being fully spaced
out, and in order to drive in the four remaining space bars so as to take up and
apportion this fraction between them, a reciprocating space bar driver is provided
which consists essentially of the bar, parallel to the line holder, and secured to a
horizontal bar, which slides freely longitudinally in suitable bearings. A springs
tends to force the bar in against the ends of the space bars remaining in the line,
but it is normally held clear of the ends of the space bars by a cam which engages
the downwardly projecting arm secured to the bar. This cam is secured to the
shaft and is so adjusted relative to the other parts as to release the arm and allow
the spring to force the bar against the space bars just after the space has been
inserted and pushed entirely down the line, and then to draw it back to its normal
position before the line holders has been released from the brake. The fractional
two fifths of a unit, which is in this manner apportioned among the four remaining
spaces will, it is evident, increase the space between the words to four and one half
units, and the space bars will be driven into the line to a point half way between
the four unit point and the five unit point and another four unit space will be
selected and inserted as before, leaving one half of a unit to be apportioned to the
three remaining spaces by again driving in the space bars which will increase each
one to four and two thirds units. As the next space bar, still only projects

page_text: sufficiently to engage only the two first trip lever stops, another four unit space
will be selected and inserted, leaving two thirds of a unit to be apportioned to the
two remaining spaces which will make them each five units, allowing the two
remaining space bars to be again driven into the line up to the five unit point,
and as they now project through the line sufficiently to engage the three first trip
lever stops the space holder will again swing over against the third stop, and a five
unit space will be selected and inserted as the space bar is withdrawn. There
being now no fractional space remaining the last remaining space bar will not be
driven any further into the line on the release of the reciprocating space bar driver,
and consequently another five unit space will be selected and inserted, thus com-
pleting the spacing of the line, which will have three spaces each four units in
thickness, thus making the required total of twenty two units of spacing the line.
It will be found that whatever may be the number of units required to space out
any given line, the spaces used will never vary in any one line, more than one unit
in size, while the various lines will not vary in length more than one unit, which,
in the examples described, in one eighth of an em by using a smaller unit and
increasing the number of spaces proportionately, the variation in the length of the
lines will of course be less.
66
وو
The Line Removing Mechanism. After the last space has been inserted in the
line the release of the line holder from the brake will allow it to continue its
forward movement along the track while the spacing mechanism will come to rest
by the gear wheels being thrown out of gear. A bunter of substantially the same
length and width as the opening through the line holder is provided, secured',
to a reciprocating bar, which slides freely longitudinally in uprights. The recipro-
cating movement of the bunter is effected by means of an eccentric, secured by a
collar to a short shaft. A crank or cam may be used in place of the eccentric
wheel, if desired. The bunter is so adjusted as to stand normally in a position
with the projecting edge extending inwardly beyond the outer face of the line
holder, so as to prevent it from dropping at once down through the opening in
the track by reason of the fact that the upper rail of the line holder rests
on the projecting part of the bunter. The line holder as it advances along the
track engages the free end of a lever which is secured to the upper sliding plate
which carries the journal box. This movement of the lever throws the gear wheel
in gear with a gear wheel secured to the short shaft, to which the eccentric is
secured. This shaft immediately begins to rotate in a reverse direction of the
movement of the spacing mechanism, causing the bunter to move in through the
opening in the line holder and thus pushing the line of type therein out into
the galley and also pushing the entire body of type previously set, along the galley
a distance equal to the thickness of one line. After reaching the extreme limit of
its forward movement the continued revolution of the shaft withdraws the bunter
entirely clear of the line holder and allows the latter, which has in the meantime
passed off of the track, to drop down to a position where it rests on the track. In
order that the gear wheel may not be drawn back to its normal position, upon the
dropping of the line holder, which holds the lever forward, and thus throwing it
out of gear with the gear wheel and stopping the revolution of the short shaft
before it has completed the full revolution necessary to return the bunter to its
normal position, a disc is employed, with a slot cut therein to receive the edge
of the plate, the construction and operation of which is exactly the same as that
already described in connection with the spacing mechanism, and the gear wheel
is in the same manner held in gear with the wheel until the entire revolution has
been completed, when the wheel is returned to its normal position by the spring
acting on the sliding plate.
It will be evident from the foregoing that as the line holder is moved forward
to the opening into the galley the space bars which had been used in that line
of type will engage the rear end of the bunter and be pushed on to the depressed
part of the way of the line holder, the line holder will move off the track and
rest upon the projecting portion of the bunter which prevents it from dropping at
B

page_text: once to the lower track. As soon as it is emptied the bunter is withdrawn and
the line holder drops down upon the lower track. There it is engaged by the
frame provided with the spring catch and thereby draw back on the lower track
to the lifting track, where it is carried upward to the upper track and assumes its
original position, for composing another line upon the depression of a treadle as
before described. In order to return the space bars to the front end of the line holder
while on the lower track the arm of the space bar feed is extended downward a
short distance sufficient to enable it to engage the hangers of the space bars on the
depressed portion of the way bringing them to rest while the continued movement
of the line holder carries the way through the hangers until they are brought to
their normal position at the forward end of the way.
Dated 22nd February 1898.
GEORGE DOWNING & SONS,
S, Quality Court, London, W.C., Agents.
I; JOHN TYRRELL BOYES, of 37 and 39, Essex Street, Strand, London, W.C.,
Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of my said invention and in what manner
the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by
the following statement: -
The invention relates to a novel machine or apparatus for justifying and spacing
out lines of type to a uniform length or measure.
Briefly stated, the method consists in first introducing wedge space bars between
the words, in lieu of ordinary spaces, as the type are composed or set in a line
holder which is gauged to the exact length it is desired to have the finished line,
then forcing all of the space bars simultaneously through the line until it is
spread or spaced out to entirely fill the holder; removing the space bars successively
and substituting ordinary spaces of equal or slightly less thickness than the space
bar at the point it enters the line, and driving or forcing the remaining space bars
simultaneously further into the line to again expand it so as to fill the holder
whenever a substituted space is of less thickness than the removed space bar.
These operations may be performed by hand, but in order that the method may be
used in justifying and spacing type set by composing machines where manual
labour would be too slow and expensive, a machine which is entirely automatic in
its action, which rapidly and accurately performs the several operations above
mentioned, and which also removes the completed line of type to a galley,
is used.
And in order that the said invention may be particularly described and ascer-
tained, reference is hereby made to the accompanying drawings in which similar
letters of reference indicate corresponding parts.
Fig. 1, is a front view of the machine complete, with the line gauge removed.
Fig. 2, a top plan view of the entire machine, with the space channels and
slide removed.
2.
Fig. 3, a side sectional view substantially on the line 3-3 of Fig.
Fig. 4, a front sectional view substantially on the line 4-4 of Fig. 2, showing
the mechanism for operating the reciprocating space holder; the line holder brake
or stop the space bar extractor, and the space inserting rod, all being in their
normal positions, and showing a line of type in position for spacing.
Fig. 5, the same view as Fig. 4, after the shaft and the parts secured thereto
have made part of a revolution.

page_text: Fig. 6, a side sectional view on the line 6-6 in Fig. 2.
Fig. 7, a perspective view of a line holder, with space bars attached, complete.
Fig. 8, is an enlarged perspective view of a space bar complete.
Fig. 9, a sectional view of the plate along which the line holders slide, showing
certain details of the mechanism on the line 9-9 of Fig. 2.
Fig. 10, a detail view of the mechanism for shifting the bevel on the
line 10-10 of Fig. 2.
Fig. 11, a detail view of the mechanism for engaging the line holders.
Fig. 12, a detail sectional view of the mechanism for throwing the justifying
machine into gear, on the line 12-12 of Fig. 2.
Fig. 13, an enlarged sectional view along the line 5-5 of Fig. 2, showing the
method of supplying spaces to the space holder.
Fig. 14, a detail sectional view of the device for inserting the space bars into
the line of type.
Fig. 15, a sectional view of the device for driving in the wedges after the inser-
tion of each space, on the line 15-15 of Fig. 2.
Similar letters refer to similar parts in all of the views.
The machine consists, preferably, of the following parts:-First, a line holder
or holders, which hold a line of type and which also determine and limit the length
of the line. The holders are provided with longitudinal openings of less width
than the length of the type, the latter being set in or transferred to such holders
which travel along a suitable track or way to the spacing and justifying
mechanism, and thence to a galley: Second, a series of wedge shaped or tapering
space bars, preferably secured permanently to the line holders, which are inserted
between the words in lieu of ordinary spaces after each word is set up in the line
holder, and suitable mechanism for inserting the space bars, and for driving them
all uniformly further into or through the line after they are all in place: Third, a
series of trip lever stops which, in combination with the space bars, determine the
selection of the spaces of the required thickness to replace the successive space
bars Fourth, a reciprocating space holder, with suitable compartments for
containing one space each of the different thicknesses used, with means for moving
it to and fro across the line of type, combined with a suitable source of supply:
Fifth, mechanism for extracting or withdrawing the space bars successively from
the line while the space is being inserted, in combination with suitable space
inserting mechanism to force the spaces from the space holder entirely down into
the line: Sixth, mechanism for forcing the space bars still remaining in the line
after the insertion of each successive space, to take up and apportion any fractional
space and Seventh, mechanism for removing the completed line of type from the
line holder to a galley and then returning the empty line holder to the position
for receiving another line.
The preferred construction of the mechanism by which these operations are
performed may be best explained in connection with the drawings, in which A
shows the bed plate of a type composing machine; A¹ the general bed plate of
the present justifying and spacing machine, upon which the mechanism hereafter
to be described is attached; B the delivery chute from which the type, set by hand
or by any convenient type setting machinery, is discharged; the composing
machine shown and described being of that class in which the type are assembled
by gravity; U the galley which is to be filled; S the shaft connected with any
suitable source of power.
The machine, as will be obvious, may be used in
connection with any composing machine that may be arranged to set the type in
the line holder. For convenience in description, the various portions of the
mechanism will be described separately, the method of operation of each being
described in connection with each portion, so far as possible.
The Line Holding Mechanism. The line holder consists of a rectangular box C,
preferably of metal, provided with a hollow interior, of such dimensions as to fit
the type of the particular body which is in use. The line holders C, of which two
or more are used with each machine, are fitted to slide freely along a suitable

page_text: track D, near the central part of the main plate D, which extends the entire length
of the machine. In Figs. 2 and a line holder C, is shown in the proper position
directly under the type delivery chute B, of the composing machine. This portion
of the track, as shown in Fig. 3 is substantially at right angles to the said chute
and thus forms an angle with the horizontal portion of the track. The line
holders CC, which are really composing sticks holding a single line of type, have
longitudinal openings or slots c extending the entire length of the recessed portion
which holds and limits the length of the line. A longitudinal opening D5, of
substantially the same width, through the plate D, is directly in line with this
opening, as seen in Figs. 3 and 9, and extends from the point where the space bars
which will be hereafter described are inserted in the line, to. the point where they
are removed. The opening c allows the space bars to be moved freely longitudinally
through the holder C between the type, and the opening 15 in the plate D allows
the holder with its contained type, to move freely along the track D'. While I
prefer to construct the line holder as shown, with one side entirely open, the
plate D serving to enclose and confine the type therein during the progress of
composition and the subsequent spacing and justification, it may be constructed, if
desired, with the open side permanently closed, and having a similar longitudinal
opening, in which case it would be necessary to change the method of and
mechanism for removing the line from the holder to the galley. It is evident that
the type may be set or assembled in the line holder either singly, or by successive
words or parts of words, or the entire line may first be assembled and transferred
bodily into it.
For the purpose of advancing or feeding the line of type, as well as the line
holder, a cam E, is provided as shown in detail in Figs. 2 and 9, which is secured
to a shaft e, which is revolved rapidly by any convenient method. Each type as it
drops down into the line holder, is caused thereby to advance along the track D¹,
a distance equal to its thickness. This arrangement may be modified, or similarly
acting mechanism of a different character may be used, when the type are set or
transferred to the line holder in any other manner, but the cam mechanism is
preferable when the type are set by gravity into the line holder, shown in the
drawings.
For the purpose of moving the line holder, after the same is filled and the space
bars have been inserted, to the space inserting mechanism, and thence to the galley
where the justified line is discharged, and thence back to its original position ready
to receive a new line of type, a sliding frame K is provided, as shown in Fig. 11.
This frame is attached at one side by a cord or chain 2 to a treadle, which will
be hereafter referred to, and is arranged to slide freely along a track or way k¹,
Figs. 4, 5, 6 and 13 secured to the plate 1). A similar frame K' is provided,
arranged to slide freely along a track or way k², also on the plate 1), but below
and parallel to the track k¹. This frame K is in turn attached at one side to a
chain or cord ht which is attached to the same treadle as the cord or chain h². The
frames K and K' are of precisely similar construction, and each has on its upper
surface à spring catch held in place as shown in Fig. 11 by the flat spring
plate. The point or extremity of the spring catch projects. in the case of
the frame K through a slot ³, cut through the plate D, a sufficient distance, so
that the frame K engages the lower part of the line holder C, on the upper
track D', when it is drawn back beyond its rear end, and the frame K¹ engages the
front end of the empty line holder on the lower track 12.
Two drums K and K are provided, attached as shown in Fig. 6, to the
plate D, preferably near the galley. These contain coiled springs, and are provided
with the cords or chains K and K coiled around them. When the frames K
and Kare caused to move by the depression of the treadle, to which the cords h³
and are attached; the drums K³ and K are rotated and thus wind up the coiled
springs contained in them, and when the tension on the cords h² and his released,
the tension of the springs in the drums K³ and K+ serves to pull the two frames K
and K' forward to their normal positions. A short section 13 of the upper track,

page_text: of a length at least equal to that of the line holder, is not secured to the main plate,
but, on the contrary, is securely attached to the lower end of an upright plate 1*,
which latter plate slides in suitable ways, dd, Fig. 9, in the plate D, at right
angles to the track D', as shown in Fig. 3. This sliding plate D with the attached
short section of track, is held in its normal position, so as to form a continuation
of the main track D³, as shown in Fig. 3, by a spring 16 attached to the frame of
the machine, but it may be drawn down until this short section of track 13 attached
thereto is in line with and forms a continuation of the lower track D2 by means of
the cord or rod ³, secured to the same treadle as is before referred to.
The Justifying Mechanism. Instead of ordinary spaces, I use tapering or wedge
shaped space bars CC, &c., which are inserted between the words as the com-
position proceeds, or when the type is transferred to the line holder, to be replaced
mechanically by ordinary spaces, as will be fully described later. The space bars
proper C, are clearly shown in the enlarged perspective view Fig. 8. They are
tapering throughout the greater part of their length. At the inner or thin
end they are for a short distance c² made with parallel side faces, as shown in Fig. 8,
in order that after they are inserted in position the next following type may be
set in proper rectilinear position against them in the line; at the outer or thick end,
the space bars are also for a short distance made with parallel side faces, as
shown, in order to permit them to come together as closely as possible, that part
of the wedge extending from the outer end being used only for manipulating
the space bars by means of the mechanism to be hereafter described, and never
being inserted in the line for the purpose of spacing it out. The outer or thick end
must not exceed in thickness the inner or thin end by more than the thickness of
the thinnest character used; in fact the excess in thickness of the thick end
must be slightly less than this. This construction is essential in order that the
space bars, in their normal position, shall be sufficiently close together so that after
their insertion on either side of short words or single letters in the line, they will
not bind together in such a way as to make it difficult to push them forward when
used in the operation of spacing out the line. A sufficient number of space bars to
meet the requirements of any line are preferably permanently secured to each of
the line holders used in the manner shown, the space bars proper C₁ being fitted
to slide freely longitudinally in hangers, which are suspended from a way cll
secured to the front of the line holder. That part of the way which extends along
the opening in the line holder is at the proper height to bring the space
bars CC, &c., directly opposite said opening, while that portion c, extending
beyond the line holder, is depressed, as shown in Fig. 7, sufficiently to lower such
of the space bars as may not be needed in any line out of the way of the mechanism
which acts on the space bars during operation of spacing and justification. In
order to limit the longitudinal movement of the space bars proper C in the
hangers c, I attach a spring to the lower part of the hanger which forces a pin
or catch up against the lower flange of the space bar C¹. Two notches
and co in the flange near each end of the space bar engage this pin, and the notches
are so located as only to allow the space bar to move to and fro within the desired
limit. I do not wish to limit myself to any particular manner of attaching the
space bars to the line holder, nor is their attachment essential, as, with the space
bars entirely independent of the line holder and inserted in the line of type by
suitable independent mechanism, the subsequent spacing and justification may
be effected in the same manner as here shown and described. I find, however, that
in practice their permanent attachment to the line holder is preferable, as it allows
of their being set or inserted in the line and removed and placed in position for
use again with more certainty and accuracy and with simpler mechanism.
In order that the space bars may not partake of the forward movement of the
line holder C, but may be held in the proper relative position with reference to the
type delivery chute B and cam E, so that the foremost space bar may at any time
be inserted in the line immediately behind the last type set, a space bar inserting
rod f is provided, as shown at the left of Figs. 2 and 3, and more clearly in Fig. 14,

page_text: sliding in the bearings g² and g³. The forward end fa of the inserting rod f, which
is slightly bevelled as shown, in order to enter properly between the hangers,
engages the hanger of the foremost space bar C, while the shoulder f³ engages
the rear end of the space bar proper. An arm F, Fig. 3, supported on the sliding
rod sliding in the bearings f10 and f" on the plate 1), and actuated by the
springs engages the hangers 4, and serves to force the entire body of space
bars against the space bar inserting rod f and also feeds them forward as fast as
used. When the last type in any single word has been set and it is desired to
insert a space bar, a suitable space key or lever F1, Fig. 3, is provided, which is
depressed by the hand, thus forcing up the rod ft which, acting through the bell
crank 3, Fig. 14, passing up through the opening f in the plate A, and the
toggle link f, pivoted to the bell crank at f8, and to the inserting rod at f, draws
the inserting rod f back, until the point f and shoulder f are clear of the outer
end and hanger respectively, of the space bar C as shown in Fig. 14. The
springs, acting on the arm f', of the space bar feeding rod at once advances all
of the space bars in a body forward, until they engage the end of the line spacing
bar g, this forward movement being equal to the thickness of the inserting rod f.
When the space key F is released, a spring, s¹, forces the inserting rod f forward
to its normal position, and the shoulder 7 engages with the rear end of the
foremost space bar and pushes it into the line of type until the point 2, where
the taper upon the space bar begins, is exactly in a line with the outer edge of the
type. The cam E then advances the space bar c', together with the line holder C,
in the same manner as it does the type, allowing the next succeeding type to drop
into the line holder, just behind the space bar. The movement of the space bars
further through the line of type after their insertion by the inserting bar, in order
to justify the line of type, is effected by the so-called line justifying bar. This
justifying bar g, is parallel with and of the same length as the line holder C, and
slides in the direction of the arrow shown in Fig. 2. It serves to force all of the
space bars simultaneously further into the line, until the line is spread or spaced
out so as to entirely fill the line holder C. The justifying bar is attached to
a plate g', which slides in bearings g² g³, Fig. 2, on the frame plate A¹ of the
machine, and motion is imparted thereto by a chain or cord h, which passes over a
pulley hand is preferably connected at its end to the same treadle, to which the
shifting frames K and K are attached as above described. This treadle may be
of any convenient construction, and it is therefore not necessary to be shown,
and is arranged in any convenient manner so that it may be depressed by the foot
of the operator. The connexions between the treadle and the various mechanisms
which it operates are provided with any suitable compensating unions; such, for
example, as springs, levers, pulleys, or the like, which serve to compensate for
the variations in length of stroke of the various mechanisms. A springs is pro-
vided, one end of which is attached to the plate g', and the other is made fast to
the bearing g³, whereby this plate and the justifying bar g, are normally held back
from the space bars, and are only advanced when pressure is applied to the
treadle.
The line holder C is filled as nearly as can be, according to the judgment of
the operator. This may be determined by direct observation of the holder itself,
or of a suitable index conveniently located. When this has been accomplished,
the depression of the treadle referred to will effect, practically simultaneously, the
following results: The line spacing bar g will be forced against the ends of all
the space bars in the line, thus driving them in and spreading the words further apart
until the line entirely fills the holder; the sliding frame K will be drawn backward
until the catch will engage the rear end of the line holder; the short section
of track D³ will be drawn down in line with the lower track, as shown in Fig. 9, and
the sliding frame K' drawn back, and with it the empty line holder along the lower
track D, and upon or on to the short movable section of track D³. When the
treadle is released, the spring 3 draws the line justifying bar g back to its normal
position; the coiled springs in the drums will rotate the drums K³ and K+, so as

page_text: to wind up the chains or cords K³ and K, thus drawing the sliding frames K K¹
forward; the lower one being at once returned to its normal position, while the
upper one will draw the line holder C, with the line of type contained therein,
forward until the first space bar C reaches the end of the longitudinal opening
in the plate D, thereby bringing it to rest, in position ready for the commencement
of the operation of removing the space bars CC, &c., and replacing them with
ordinary spaces. The existing relations are clearly indicated in Fig. 9. The short
section of track 13 with the empty line holder on it, is simultaneously raised by
the spring Do, thus bringing the line holder C in position, ready for the composition
of another line of type, as shown in Fig. 3. In place of the treadles referred to
above, suitable cams may be provided on a shaft actuated from a suitable source
of power for actuating the various parts moved by the treadles.
The Space Bar Removing Mechanism. The mechanism employed in the removal
of the space bars and permitting the automatic selection and insertion in their
stead, of the required spaces, by means of the space selecting and inserting
mechanism hereinafter described, in the two cases which can occur, first, when the
number of units' required to space out the line is a multiple of the number of
spaces in the line, and second, when the number of units required is not such a
multiple, .is substantially as follows:
In the first case it may be assumed that a line has been set, containing six
words and the five space bars have been required between the words, which line
lacks ten units of filling the line holder. This. shortage, with the ten units of
spacing already in the line or two units to each space bar, will make a total of
twenty units of spacing required. It will be evident, therefore, that when the
space bars are forced in, by the line justifying bar g, they will penetrate into the
line up to the point, where the thickness of the space bar C is exactly four units.
The line holder having been drawn forward as before described, until the first
space bar, by engaging with the end of the space bar slot D5, is brought to rest,
the projecting end of this space bar C will engage with and trip the two inner
trip levers m¹ and m², shown
as
in Figs. 4 and 5. This space
bar, as it approaches the place of rest, will also engage the free end of a lever N,
pivoted at N to the frame A¹, as shown in Fig. 6, which lever will operate to set
the space bar withdrawing mechanism in action.
The Space Selecting Mechanism. The mechanism (after removing the space
bars) for selecting ordinary spaces of the required thickness to properly and fully
space out the line, is described in detail as follows: space holder or rack L, as
shown in Fig. 2, having compartments and 2, corresponding in number
to the different spaces used, is fitted or arranged to slide freely longitudinally in
the parallel ways L' L' across the line of type in the line holder, and is so adjusted
that as it moves across the line, each space compartment will be brought succes-
sively directly above any given space bar in the line when the latter is at rest
against the end of the space bar slot D5, Figs. 3 and 9, with the front faces of
the compartments together with the spaces normally contained therein and the
front or flat side of the particular space bars which are to be removed in the same
vertical plane. The several compartments of the space holder rack L are open
both at top and bottom, and are provided with a series of narrow slots, cut
partly down the front of the holder, as shown, for example, in Figs. 4 and 5. The
plate L serves as a bottom for closing the compartments 2 and of the
space holder.
An opening L' is provided through this plate L2, as shown in Fig. 3,
directly over the line of type, through which the space selected can drop through
into its place in the line, but the opening is normally closed, except during the
operation of inserting the..space, by means of the sliding plate or valve L³, which
is opened at the proper time by the spring L, controlled by the cam L5, acting
on the outer end of the lever L. The space holder L is attached to a sliding
bar M, sliding at right angles to the line of feed of the type, in the bearing G³,
as shown in Figs. 2 and 4. The bar M is provided with an arm M², which pro-
jects downward and engages with a crank M', provided with the roller M³. The

page_text: crank M rotates with a shaft S4, to which motion is imparted in the manner
described. A spring is provided, which tends to pull the space holder con-
stantly forward and to hold it in its forward position as shown in Fig. 5, except
during the revolution of the crank.
For the purpose of selecting the proper space to be inserted in the place of any
space bar, the so-called trip lever mechanism is provided. This consists of a series
of trip lever stops m¹ m² m³ m² and m³, of substantially the form shown in Fig. 6,
pivoted on a shaft r, with their upper extremities normally projecting through
the plate L, as shown in Fig. 2, above the base of the space holder C, as shown
in Figs. 4, 5 and 6, and which are held in normal positions by the flat
springs 234 and 5, placed at the back of each stop. These stops are so
adjusted that as the space holder L moves from its normal position toward the
line as shown in Figs. 4 and 5, that is, toward the right hand, when it strikes the
first of the trip lever stops m', the thin space in the first compartment will be
directly over the line of type, and as the other trip lever stops m² m³ m² and m³ are
successively brought into the position shown by the two first levers in Figs. 4, 5
and 6, each successive stop will bring the space rack to rest in such position that
the corresponding compartment will come or stop directly over the line. The
lower arms of the trip lever stops m² m² m³ m² m² extend beyond the end of the
space bar slot D5, as is shown in Fig. 6, in such a way that the thin end of any
space bar which may extend a sufficient distance through the line, will engage
with and trip one or more of these stops, as shown in Figs. 3, 4, 5 and 13, n
which figures the two first stops m¹ and m² are shown so tripped as to permit the
space holder or rack L to be moved to the right, by means of the springs, which
brings it into contact with the third stop m³, with the corresponding space in
the third compartment, directly over the line, ready to be dropped through the
opening L7, as shown in Fig. 5.
6
"
<<
In the machine shown and described, six different spaces are used, varying
uniformly from two eighths to seven eighths of an em "in thickness; but the
holder may be arranged to hold any convenient number, and the machine may be
modified accordingly. As one eighth of an em is taken as the unit, it is
evident that the spaces 21 22 23 24 25 and 26 will have a thickness respectively of
two, three, four, five, six and seven units; and the space bars C₁ having a thick-
ness of two units at the point where the taper begins, and a thickness of seven
units at the point where the taper ends, it will also be evident that at the inter-
mediate points indicated by the broken lines and along the tapering por-
tion, the space bar will have a thickness respectively of three, four, five and six
units. The space bars C¹ and the trip lever stops m¹, &c., are so adjusted relatively
to each other that the space bar C₁ will not project a sufficient distance through
the line of type in the line holder C to engage and trip the first lever m¹, until
the point 3 on the space bar C has reached the line of type, thereby indicating
that a three unit space will be required to replace the space bar within the line,
and also when the space bar has entered the line to the points 24 26 and 27, respec-
tively indicating the even units, it will engage and trip successively the
levers m2 m³ m and m³. The space holder L is shown in all of the drawings,
except Figs. 5 and 13, normally held in position with each compartment directly
under a corresponding chute or slide J, which serves to guide the spaces as required
from the space channels V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 and V6, which contain a full supply of the
different sizes used, down into the proper compartments to replace spaces which
are inserted into the line. The spaces are inserted into these compartmnts bv
hand or by machinery. A swinging gate or stop J1, actuated by a light spring .
as shown in Fig. 13, which, normally held clear of the lower end of the chute J
by a lug on the rear face of the space holder, engaging the stud swings for-
ward and closes the chute when the space holder or rack L moves toward the galley
or forward and to the right hand, so that any space which may be forced out of
the space channels will drop down to the chutes and rest on the stop until the

page_text: "
space holder is again returned to its normal position, at which time the space
will be free to drop into the proper compartment in the space holder or rack L.
The space bars C₁ are removed by a reciprocating bar called the
space bar
extractor," C, which is arranged to slide horizontally, as shown in Fig. 4, and
is held in its normal position by the cam C³, also rotating with the shaft S,
engaging the hanging arm C on the extractor bar. A spring S is provided,
which, when the periphery of the cam C is no longer in contact with the arm C*,
immediately draws the extractor bar in, until the spring hooks C5 C, which are
provided at its extremity, engage with the hooks C on the space bar C₁ and firmly
hold them. As the shaft S continues its revolutions the space bar C is quickly
withdrawn from the line by means of the cam C3 acting upon the arm C of the
space bar extractor C2, which latter is thus returned to its normal position. A
shaft S is provided which is kept in continuous revolution from any convenient
source of power, and is provided with a bevel gear wheel S¹ secured to the lower
end of the shaft, and a bearing in the journal box T, which may be moved a short
distance either backward or forward so as to throw the bevel wheel S into gear
either with the gear wheel S2, secured to the shaft S, which shaft actuates the
spacing mechanism, or into gear with the gear wheel S, which in turn is secured
to the shaft S³, which latter shaft actuates the mechanism for removing the line
of type from the line holder C to a galley U, which will be hereafter described.
The bottom of the journal box T, as shown in Fig. 10, is fitted to slide toward the
front of the machine only in guides T4, which in turn, are secured to a plate T2
The plate T2 is fitted to slide in the guides T3 T3, which guides are in turn secured
to the bed plate A¹. The tension of the springs t and t serve to hold the journal
box T and bevel gear wheel S¹ normally in the position shown in Figs. 2 and 3,
midway between the two gear wheels S and S. The outer end of the pivoted
lever N is secured by a pin N¹ to the end of the plate T2, in such manner that the
movement of the lever N, caused by the advancing space bar striking it, will in
turn cause the plate T2, and with it the journal box T and gear wheel S', to move
backward a sufficient distance to throw the gear wheels S1 and S2 into gear. This
thereupon starts the spacing mechanism in motion in the direction of the arrow as
shown in Figs. 4 and 5. In order that the removal of the space bar by freeing the
end of the lever N from the line shall not allow the gear wheel to swing forward
to its normal position out of gear until the shaft S has made a complete revolution,
a disc or wheel J³ is provided secured to the shaft S, which has a notch t³ cut
in it large enough to receive the edge of the plate t2 which also has a corresponding
notch. This disc or wheel J³, when in its normal position, as shown in Fig. 2,
prevents the shaft $4 from rotating, but when it is drawn back with the journal
box T, the notch 3 in the plate allows the disc J³, together with the shaft S
and its attachments, to rotate. The rear shoulder of the notch 3 of the plate
engaging the disc, prevents the journal T from returning to its normal position
after the removal of the space bar C until the completion of a full revolution which
is required at each space. Simultaneously with or immediately following the
release of the space bar extractor 02, the arm M2, which is secured to the space
holder or rack L, will be released from the normal position, where it is held by
a roller M³ on the crank M', which allows the space holder L to move at once to
the right until it strikes the third stop m³, it being the first one projecting up
through the plate L² in its normal position as shown in Figs. 5 and 13.
The Line Holder Brake. In order to hold the line holder C stationary during
the operation of inserting the spaces, the line holder brake is applied, which con-
sists of a horizontal rod O, Figs. 4, 5 and 13, sliding in bearings in the posts G7
and G. When the space holder L is released, it also releases the line holder
brake O, which is normally held away from the line holder by the arm M³, attached
to the reciprocating rod of the space holder, which, in turn, engages the upper end
of the lever 0¹, pivoted at its lower end 0 to the bed plate A¹, and engaging a
shoulder 02 on the brake rod O. The inner end of the brake rod O is sharpened
to a vertical knife edge 0³, which, by means of a strong spring 55, encircling the

page_text: rod is forced against the lower part of the line holder C, thus holding it stationary
until the operation of removing the space bar and inserting a space in lieu thereof,
is completed, as otherwise the line holder would begin its forward movement again
immediately upon the removal of the space bar.
P
The Space Inserting Mechanism. This consists of a space inserting rod P, which
moves vertically up and down, as shown in Figs. 4, 5 and 13, and serves to force
the space into the line after the space bar is removed. The sliding valve L³ is
first opened by means of the lever L, actuated by the cam L, rotating with the
driving shaft S, and the spring L which permits the four unit space, which is
now directly over the line, to drop or be forced down by the space inserting rod P
into the line until it rests upon the upper edge of the space bar. The construction
of this part of the mechanism is clearly shown in Figs. 5 and 13. The space
inserting rod insures the forcing of the space entirely down into the line in case it
should fail to drop under the influence of gravity alone. The space inserting
rod P is attached to the horizontal arm P5, which in turn is attached to the vertical
plunger, sliding vertically in suitable bearings P6. The lower portion of the
plunger carries a lug 13. On the shaft $4 is placed a crank 12, which carries ab
its extremity a roller P, which engages with the lug P, attached to the plunger
standard P6 A spring S6 is provided connecting the upper end of the plunger P
with any convenient stationary point above it, such as the arm 16 on the top of
the space slide, in order to keep the plunger constantly drawn up, except when
acted upon by the crank 12. A series of sleeves q¹ q² 939, &c., which slide
freely on the posts Q1 Q2 Q &c., are respectively secured to the ejectors V1 V2, &c.,
by means of cords or wires ¹² &c., and are forced down by the shoulder P4 pro-
jecting beyond the space inserting rod P as shown in Fig.
This ejector operates
to release a four unit space, from the channel containing the supply of that size
which slides down the proper compartment of the slide J until it rests on the
swinging gate J'. Each of the other sleeves q'q q³, &c., are connected respec-
tively to the ejectors V1 V2 V3, &c., which release in the same manner spaces of
two, three, five, six and seven units. A space of the same thickness as that in
process of insertion into the line, is thus provided to drop at once into the space
holder on its return to its normal position. When the crank P2 has drawn the
space inserting rod P down to its lowest point and the roller P¹ has cleared the
outer end of the arm P³, the spring s draws the plunger up at once to its normal
position. When the operations above described have all been completed and the
shaft S has made about two thirds of a revolution the roller M3 on the crank M¹
again engages the arm M2 and forces it out to the position shown in Fig. 4 thus
returning the space holder L and brake rod O to their normal positions. The line
holder C, upon being released, thereupon moves forward along the track D', until
a second space bar brings it to rest as before whereupon the same operation is
repeated and another four unit space will be inserted in place of the next space
bar, and this operation will be continued until each space bar in the line has been
removed one by one, and replaced by a four unit space, which will fully and
accurately space out and justify the line, thus leaving the line holder C free to
move along the track D¹ to the point of discharge into the galley U without further
delay. As the next succeeding space bar advances to engage the inner end of
the lever N, before the shaft S has entirely completed its revolution the journal
box T and the gear wheel S¹ cannot therefore swing forward when the notch in
the disc J3 arrives opposite the shoulder of the plate 2, and therefore the opera-
tion of the machine will be continuous until all of the space bars have been re-
moved and replaced by spaces as described, one revolution of the shaft being
required for each space bar in the line. When the last space bar is removed the
lever N will no longer be actuated by the space bar, and the tension of the springs t
and restores the journal box P to its normal position with the notch in the
disc J³ engaging with the shoulder in the plate 2, and the wheel S¹ no longer
engages with the wheels S3, and the shaft S can no longer rotate.
The Fractional Spacing Mechanism. It will be evident from the foregoing

page_text: description of the method of inserting a four unit space that any of the other
sizes of spaces may be inserted in the same manner whenever the required spacing
needed is a mulüple of the number of spaces in the line. If, however, the number
of units required should not be a multiple of the number of spaces in the line, it
is evident that the spaces in the finished line will not all be of the same thickness.
For example, suppose a line with five spaces as before, but requiring twelve units
to space it out making with the space bars in the line a total spacing in the line of
twenty two units. In such case the space bars will then be forced into the line
by the justifying bar g to a point two fifths of the distance from the four unit
point to the five unit point, indicating that four and two fifths units would be
required between each word.
As the space bar still only extends sufficiently far
through the line to engage the two first trip lever stops m¹ and m³ a four unit
space will be selected and inserted and the space bar be withdrawn exactly as in
the first example. It is evident that now the line will lack two fifths of a unit
of being fully spaced out, and in order to drive in the four remaining space bars so
as to take up and apportion this fraction between them a reciprocating space bar
driver is provided, shown in Figs. 2, 3 and 15, which consists essentially of the
bar G, parallel to the line holder and secured to a horizontal bar G¹, which slides
freely longitudinally in bearings in the uprights. G G³. A spring s tends to
force the bar G in against the ends of the space bars remaining in the line but it is
normally held clear of the ends of the space bars by a cam G which engages the
downwardly projecting arm G³ secured to the bar G¹. This cam G is secured to
the shaft S4, as shown in Fig. 15, and is so adjusted relative to the other parts as
to release the arm G and allow the spring to force the bar G against the space
bars just after the space has been inserted and pushed entirely down in the line,
and then to draw it back to its normal position before the line holder has been
released from the brake O. The fractional two fifths of a unit which is in this
manner apportioned among the four remaining spaces will it is evident increase the
space between the words to four and one half units, and the space bars will be
driven into the line to a point half way between the four unit point and the
five unit point 25, and another four unit space will be selected and inserted as
before, leaving one half of a unit to be apportioned to the three remaining spaces
by again driving in the space bars which will increase each one to four and two
thirds units. As the next space bar, still only projects sufficiently to engage only
the two first trip lever stops another four unit space will be selected and inserted
leaving two thirds of a unit to be apportioned to the two remaining spaces which
will make them each five units allowing the two remaining space bars to be again
driven in to the line up to the five unit point 5, and as they now project through
the line sufficiently to engage the three first trip lever stops m¹ m² m³, the space
holder will again swing over against the third stop and a five unit space will be
selected and inserted as the space bar is withdrawn. There being now no frac-
tional space remaining the last remaining space bar will not be driven any further
into the line on the release of the reciprocating space bar driver, and conse-
quently another five unit space will be selected and inserted thus completing the
spacing of the line which will have three spaces, each four units in thickness, and
two spaces, each of five units in thickness thus making the required total of twenty
two units of spacing in the line. It will be found that whatever may be the num-
ber of units required to space out any given line, the spaces used will never vary
in any one line more than one unit in size, while the various lines will not vary
in length more than one unit, which in the examples described, is one eighth of
"em.". By using a smaller unit and increzing the number of spaces propor-
tionately the variation in the length of the lines will of course be less.
an
The Line Removing Mechanism. After the last space has been inserted in the
line, the release of the line holder from the brake O will allow it to continue its
forward movement along the track D, while the spacing mechanisin will come'
to rest by the wheel S¹ being thrown out of gear with the wheel S². A bunter R,

page_text: of substantially the same length and width as the opening through the line holder
is provided secured to a reciprocating bar R¹ which slides freely longitudinally
in the uprights R2 and R3, as shown in Figs. 1 and 2. The reciprocating move-
ment of the bunter R is effected by means of an eccentric R4, secured by the
collar R5 to the shaft S5. A crank or cam may be used in place of the eccentric
wheel if desired. The bunter R is so adjusted as to stand normally in the position
shown in Figs. 1 and 2 with the upper projecting edge extending inwardly beyond
the outer face of the line holder so as to prevent it from dropping at once down
through the opening in the track D by reason of the fact that the upper rail of the
line holder rests on the projecting part of the bunter. The line holder C as it
advances along the track D₁, engages the free end of a lever I which is secured
to the upper sliding plate T which carries the journal box T. This movement
of the lever I draws the wheel S1 forward in gear with the wheel S³, which is
secured to the shaft S5, to which the eccentric R4 is secured. This shaft S³
immediately begins to rotate in the direction of the arrow in Fig. 1, being the
reverse direction of the movement of the spacing mechanism causing the bunter R
to move in through the opening in the line holder C, and thus pushing the line
of type therein out into the galley, and also pushing the entire body of type pre-
viously set, along the galley a distance equal to the thickness of one line. After
reaching the extreme limit of its forward movement the continued revolution of
the shaft withdraws the bunter R entirely clear of the line holder C and allows
the latter which has in the meantime passed off the track D¹, to drop down to the
position shown in Fig. 3, where it rests on the track D³. In order that the wheel S¹
may not be drawn back to its normal position upon the dropping of the line holder
which holds the lever I forward and thus throwing it out of gear with the wheel S³
and stopping the revolution of the shaft before it has completed the full revolution
necessary to return the bunter to its normal position, a disc J is employed with
a slot cut therein to receive the edge of the plate the construction and operation
of which is exactly the same as that already shown and described in connection
with the spacing mechanism and the gear wheel S¹ is in the same manner held
in gear with the wheel S3 until the entire revolution has been completed when the
wheel is returned to its normal position by the spring acting on the sliding
plate T.
It will be evident from the foregoing that as the line holder C is moved forward
to the opening into the galley, the space bars which had been used in that line
of type will engage the rear end of the bunter and be pushed on to the depressed
part of the way C as may be seen in the case of the lower line holder shown in
Fig. 3 the line holder will move off of the track D¹ and rest upon the projecting
portion of the bunter R which prevents it from dropping at once to the lower
track D³. As soon as it is emptied the bunter is withdrawn and the line holder
drops down upon the lower track D³. There it is engaged by the frame K¹, pro-
vided with the spring catch K and thereby drawn back on the track D2 to the lift-
ing track D³, where it is carried upward to the track D¹ and assumes its original
position for composing another line upon the depression of a treadle as before
described. In order to return the space bars C¹ C¹ C¹ to the front end of the line
holder while on the lower track the arm F12 of the space bar feed F is extended
downward a short distance as shown in Fig. 3, sufficient to enable it to engage the
hangers of the space bars on the depressed portion of the way el bringing them
to rest while the continued movement of the line holder carries the way through
the hangers until they are brought to their normal position at the forward end
of the way.
5
The foregoing description and the drawings referred to are substantially con-
fined to illustration of the form and arrangement of the parts shown. It is evident
however that in many particulars the details may be modified by the substitution
of other well known mechanical movements for some of those shown and described 5
being merely one approved embodiment of my invention,

page_text: Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what
I claim is:
1. The improved machine for justifying and spacing type substantially as set
forth.
2. The method of and means and appliances for justifying and spacing type,
by first setting up a line of type in a line holder and inserting wedge spacing
devices between the type; expanding the line of type by forcing the wedges in-
ward; replacing such wedges by ordinary spaces and transferring the justified
line of type to a galley, substantially in the manner herein before described.
3. In machines for justifying and spacing type the combination of means for
assembling a line of type, means for introducing spacing devices into the line of
assembled type, means for forcing the said spacing devices inward and means
for replacing such spacing devices by ordinary spaces all constructed and arranged
substantially as hereinbefore described.
4. In machines for justifying and spacing type, the application and use of a
line holder adapted to hold and determine the length of a line of type and into
which the type is set, the holder being formed with a longitudinal opening of
less width than the type height and adapted to travel on suitable tracks constructed
and arranged substantially as and for the purposes specified and illustrated by the
drawings.
5. In machines for justifying and spacing type, the application and use of a
series of tapering space bars preferably mounted on the line holder so adapted
and arranged as to be inserted between the words by mechanism such as that
described in the act of setting the type; and apparatus for driving the said space
bars uniformly into the line for temporarily justifying the predetermined length
of line of type in the line holder substantially as hereinbefore described and illus-
trated by the drawings.
6. In machines for justifying and spacing type the application and use of a
series of trip lever stops so adapted and arranged as to determine the selection
of the spaces of the required thickness to replace the successive space bars operating
substantially as described and illustrated by the drawings.
7. In machines for justifying and spacing type the application and use of a
reciprocating space holder having suitable compartments each containing a single
space of the different thicknesses used, adapted to be moved to and fro across the
line of type and fed from a suitable source of supply such as that described sub-
stantially as and for the purposes hereinbefore described and illustrated by the
drawings.
8. In machines for justifying and spacing type, the combination with the re-
ciprocating space holder of the opening in the bed plate opened and closed by a
sliding valve actuated by the means described, whereby the space in the space
holder is permitted to fall or to be forced at the proper moment into the line of
type, operating substantially as herein before described and shown by the drawings.
9. In machines for justifying and spacing type, the application and use of a
space inserting rod operated by a plunger carrying a lug which is forced down
at the proper moment by a crank mounted on a shaft driven in connection with
the mechanism, whereby the space is forced into the line of type from the space
holder, operating substantially as hereinbefore described and illustrated by the
drawings.
10. In machines for justifying and spacing type the method of and means and
appliances for extracting the space bars successively from the line of type while
the space is being inserted operating substantially as herein before described and
illustrated by the drawings.
11. In machines for justifying and spacing type the method of and means and
appliances for taking up and apportioning any fractional space remaining in the
line after the insertion of each successive space substantially in the manner herein-
before described and illustrated by the drawings,

page_text: 12. In machines for justifying and spacing type the method of and means and
appliances for removing the completed line of type from the line holder to a
galley and then returning the empty line holder to the position for receiving
another line of type operating substantially as herein before described and illus-
trated by the drawings.
13. In machines for justifying and spacing type the method of and means and
appliances for determining the thickness of the space required by the length of
the space bars projecting from the back of the line holder acting in combination
with the trip fever stops, substantially as hereinbefore described and illustrated
by the drawings.
14. In machines for justifying and spacing type the application and use of
space bars, consisting of a wedge having parallel sides at each end and a uniform
taper between said ends and provided with flanges on which they slide in a suit-
able way, constructed arranged and operating substantially as herein before
described and illustrated by the drawings.
15. In machines for justifying and spacing type the combination with a line
holder of space bars mounted on a way or track attached to the line holder adapted
to be readily inserted instead of a space in the line of type by the mechanism,
the whole constructed, arranged and operating substantially as hereinbefore
described and illustrated by the drawings.
16. In machines for justifying and spacing type, the combination with the
travelling line holder of the means, engaging with the space bar hangers when
the line holder has passed a given point, for forcing the hangers back to the
raised portion of the way or track, operating substantially as described and illus-
trated by the drawings.
17. In machines for justifying and spacing type the combination with the line
holder and space bars of the mechanism for inserting the space bars in the line
of type being set in the line holder substantially as hereinbefore described and
illustrated by the drawings.
18. In machines for justifying and spacing type, the method of and means
and appliances for feeding the space bars to the line holder as required to be
inserted in the line of type substantially as hereinbefore described and illus-
trated by the drawings.
19. In machines for justifying and spacing type the combination and arrange-
ment of the upper lower and moveable tracks bunter and sliding frame whereby
the line holder is returned to its initial position all severally. operating substan-
tially as hereinbefore described and illustrated by the drawings.
20. In machines for justifying and spacing type the method of and means and
appliances for moving the line holder to and fro along the upper and lower tracks
respectively and for returning the same to its setting position operating sub-
stantially as herein before described.
21. In machines for justifying and spacing type the application and use of a
bunter adapted to support the line holder and transfer the line of type therefrom
to the galley at one operation and release the line holder in order that it may be
returned to its initial position the bunter being operated by mechanism such as
that described substantially as hereinbefore described and illustrated by the
drawings.
22. In machines for justifying and spacing type the application and use of a
brake adapted to arrest the motion of the line holder during the operation of
spacing operating substantially as hereinbefore described and illustrated by the
drawings.
23. In machines for justifying and spacing type, the application and use of the
mechanism for temporarily locking either bevel wheel in gear with the bevel
pinion on the power shaft consisting of two notched discs each mounted on a
separate shaft, acting in combination with a notched plate attached to the hearing
of the power shaft, operating substantially as and for the, purpose described and
illustrated by the drawings.

page_text: 24. In machines for justifying and spacing type, the application and use of a
rotating power shaft carrying a gear wheel, a sliding bearing in which the shaft
rotates, a trip lever arranged to cause the bearing to move whereby the gear wheel
is thrown in gear with the gear wheel on a driving shaft, thereby operating a series
of cams on the driving shaft for actuating the various members of the spacing
mechanism, substantially as herein before described and illustrated by the drawings.
25. In machines for justifying and spacing type the combination of a line holder
travelling on a suitable frame plate; space bars inserted therein; a rotating power
shaft driven from any convenient source of power; a sliding bearing in which the
said shaft rotates; a gear wheel on said power shaft; a trip lever for moving the
shaft arranged to be tripped by a space bar carried by the line holder; a driving
shaft carrying a gear wheel and arranged to engage with the gear wheel on the
power shaft when the latter is moved by the trip lever; a cam on the driving shaft
for actuating the space holder; a second cam on said driving shaft for actuating
the space bar ejector; a third cam on said shaft for actuating the space valve; a
fourth cam on said shaft for actuating the space ejector; and a fifth cam on said
shaft for actuating the fractional spacing bar; said cams being so set on the
driving shaft with respect to each other that the various members of the mechanism
will act successively on the line holder in the proper order during a single revolution
of the shaft, the whole arranged and operating substantially as and for the purposes
hereinbefore described and shown on the accompanying drawings.
GEORGE DOWNING & SONS,
8, Quality Court, London, W.C., Agents.