IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF TUBES AND OTHER VESSELS AND OTHER ARTICLES, AND IN THE MACHINERY AND APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH
Year: 1860

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Robert Hanham Collyer, of Alpha Road, Regent's
Park, M.D., for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE
OF TUBES AND OTHER VESSELS AND OTHER ARTICLES, AND IN THE MACHINERY
AND APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH."
Sealed the 4th October 1860, and dated the 23rd May 1860.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Robert Hanham Collyerat.
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
23rd May 1860.
I, ROBERT HANHAM COLLYER, of Alpha Road, Regent's Park, M.D., do
hereby déclare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF TUBES AND OTHER VESSELS AND OTHER ARTICLES, AND IN THE
MACHINERY AND APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to the employment of and to the modes or methods
of using fibrous and other materials of short length or staple, in combination
with bitumen, bituminous compounds, or mastics, for the purpose of forming
tubes and other vessels, and other articles by more direct and simple means
than heretofore employed. I prefer to employ for the purpose of forming a
mass of suitable material for the purpose of moulding, rolling, or otherwise
forming therefrom the articles required, either straw or other vegetable fibre
prepared according to the processes patented by me on the Twenty-ninth day.
of February, One thousand eight hundred and sixty, and on the Twenty-eighth
day of March, One thousand eight hundred and sixty respectively, and after
of
077

page_text: the fibrous material intended to be used has been properly prepared or treated,
I immerse a suitable quantity thereof in the cauldron containing the bitumen
or bituminous composition, and properly mix and incorporate it therewith at a
suitable temperature. Instead of employing straw, hemp, or any other suitably
strong vegetable fibre, in the condition described as paper maker's pulp,
suitably conditioned from whatever material or materials it may be made, I
prefer for some purposes, and in certain cases, to employ the "shorts" of wool,
cow hair, and the short hair of other animals, which I mix intimately with the
hot bitumen, bituminous mixture, or mastic composition. I take composition
thus formed by the combination of any of these materials, and I employ it
either in sheets, which have been rolled out under suitable pressure, during
the process of making up into form, or I press the mass into suitable moulds,
or into and through suitable dies, or where forms, cases, or shapes have been
previously prepared I force into or between them or between their parts
the bituminous pulp or fibre.composition with considerable force. Where
pulp is used composed of materials from which paper might be made, instead
of completing the process of paper-making and drying, storing, and afterwards
winding, coiling, or otherwise forming the completed and perfected article of
paper into the article required, and in the process of manufacture passing such
perfected paper through a bath of hot bitumen, I treat such materials as are
intended for such purposes as those to which the present Invention relates, in
the following mannner :-Iprepare the pulp and distribute the material suitably
prepared to be charged with bitumen or other suitable composition; and I
continue the process of forming into sheets by any of the well-known modes,
and when so formed and whilst yet contained in or within the machine, I
proceed to wind up, coil, or otherwise form the sheets of material thus made
by means of any of the methods or means which may be found best suited to
the purpose. Thus, instead of using sheets of manufactured and perfected
paper, as has heretofore been prepared, I employ sheets of pulped materia
made immediately upon their being produced, and as a part of a continuous
and continued operation. Instead of constructing pipes and other similar
articles entirely of layers of bituminised paper formed by winding a sheet of
such paper several times around a mandril or core, and instead also of employ-
ing a sheet or sheets of pulped material, made according to this Invention, and
as herein in part described, in a similar manner to that in which it has been
heretofore employed, or proposed to be employed, I take two or more very
thin tubes of any such material, or made in any suitable manner, and of
different diameters, and I place one within another leaving an annular space or
spaces between them, and I force thereinto under suitable pressure the bitu-

page_text: menized compost consisting of fibrous material or hair, or short or waste wool
intimately mixed with bituminous matter, and allow the whole to cool and dry,
and thus become perfectly massed or consolidated. I temper the bitumen to
a proper consistency by means of shellac, and either vegetable or mineral oil, or
both kinds of oil in combination in suitable quantities, and where an amount of
elasticity is required, combined with hardness of surface, I employin combina-
tion with the bituminous composition, india-rubber, or other elastic gum, and
for giving hardness and density I add calcareous, earthy, or other similar matter
thereto.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Robert Hanham Collyer in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 22nd November 1860.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, ROBERT
HANHAM COLLYER, of Alpha Road, Regent's Park, M.D., send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-third day of May, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and sixty, in the twenty-third year of Her reign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
Robert Hanham Collyer, Her special licence that I, the said Robert Hanham
Collyer, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the
said Robert Hanham Collyer, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should
at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF TUBES AND OTHER VESELS AND OTHER ARTICLES.
AND IN THE MACHINERY AND APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH," upon the con-
dition (amongst others) that I, the said Robert Hanham Collyer, my executors
or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one
of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature
of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed,
and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Robert Hanham Collyer, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to

page_text: be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement:
This Invention relates to the employment of and to the modes or methods
of using fibrous and other materials of short length or staple, in combination
with bitumen, bituminous compounds, or mastics, for the purpose of forming
tubes and other vessels, and other articles, by more direct and simple means
than heretofore employed. I prefer to employ, for the purpose of forming a
mass of suitable material for the purpose of moulding, rolling, or otherwise
forming therefrom the articles required, either straw or other vegetable fibre
prepared according to the processes patented by me on the Twenty-ninth day
of February, One thousand eight hundred and sixty, and on the Twenty-eighth
day of March, One thousand eight hundred and sixty respectively; and after
the fibrous material intended to be used has been properly prepared or treated,
I immerse a suitable quantity thereof in the cauldron containing the bitumen
or bituminous composition, and properly mix and incorporate it therewith at
a suitable temperature. Instead of employing straw, hemp, or any other
suitably strong vegetable fibre in the condition described as paper makers'
"half stuff" or "pulp," suitably conditioned, from whatever material or
materials it may be made, I prefer for some purposes, and in certain cases,
to employ the "shorts" of wool, cow hair, and the short hair of other animals,
which I mix intimately with the hot bitumen, bituminous mixture, or mastic
composition. I take composition thus formed by the combination of any of
these materials, and I employ it either in sheets which have been rolled out
under suitable pressure during the process of making up into form; or I press
the mass into suitable moulds, or into and through suitable dies; or where
forms, cases, or shapes have been previously prepared, I force into or between
them or between their parts, the bituminous pulp or fibre composition witli
considerable force. Where "half stuff" or "pulp" is used, composed of
materials from which paper might be made, instead of completing the process
of papermaking and drying, storing, and afterwards winding, coiling, or other
wise forming the completed and perfected article of paper into the article
required, and in the process of manufacture passing such perfected paper
through a bath of hot bitumen, I treat such materials as are intended for
such purposes as those to which the present Invention relates in the following
manner :--I prepare the pulp, and distribute the material, suitably prepared,
to be charged with bitumen or other suitable composition, and I continue the
process of forming into sheets by any of the well-known modes, and when so
formed, and whilst yet contained in or within the machine, I proceed to wind
up, coil, or otherwise form the sheets of material thus made by means of any

page_text: of the methods or means which may be found best suited to the purpose.
Thus, instead of using sheets of manufactured and perfected paper, as has
heretofore been prepared, I employ sheets of pulped material made imme-
diately upon their being produced, and as a part ofa continuous and continued
operation. Instead of constructing pipes and other similar articles entirely of
layers of bitumenised paper, formed by winding a sheet of such paper several
times around a mandril or core, and instead also of employing a sheet or
sheets of pulped material made according to this Invention, and as herein in
part described, in a similar manner to that in which it has been heretofore
employed or proposed to be employed, I take two or more very thin tubes of
any such material, or made in any suitable manner, and of different diameters,
and I place one within another, leaving an annular space or spaces between
them, and I force thereinto, under suitable pressure, the bitumenised compost,
consisting of fibrous material or hair, or short or waste wool intimately mixed
with bituminous matter, and allow the whole to cool and dry, and thus become
perfectly massed or consolidated. I temper the bitumen to a proper con-
sistency by means of shellac for hardening the same, and either vegetable or
mineral oil, or both kinds of oil in combination, in suitable quantities for
softening; and where an amount of elasticity is required combined with
hardness of surface, I employ, in combination with the bituminous com-
position, india-rubber, or other elastic gum, and for giving hardness and
density, I add calcareous, earthy, or other similar matter thereto.
When the straw material, treated according to my previous Inventions, as
patented by me on the Twenty-ninth day of February 1860, and the Twenty-
eighth day of March 1860 respectively, or any other material similarly treated,
has been produced in a fibrous condition, freed from its silicious coating and
admixture, and is of a length and condition of fineness suited for forming the
base of the bituminous compound to be employed as a substitute for the paper
sheets or sheets of pulp charged with bitumen, I employ such material by
incorporating itin such manner that the fibres shall become as much entangled,
interlaced, or in a manner interwoven, that when mixed with the bitumen it
shall form a bituminous felted mass, by which strength is imparted through
the interlacing of the fibres, whilst they are, as it were, perfectly cemented
together by the bitumen or bituminous compound or material with which the
mass is charged.
When pulp is formed from any of the materials herein-before specified, I
thoroughly dry it or drive off the humidity before adding the bitumen or
bituminous compound thereto, for the purpose of preparing it for after treat.
ment, or instead of treating the pulp material in the ordinary practice of paper-

page_text: making, I pulp such materials in oil instead of in water, and thus avoid the
necessity for subsequent drying for the purpose of charging the mass with
bitumen. When oil has been used for pulping, I place the pulp in a suitable
vessel and express the oil therefrom to the requisite extent, so as to enable the
material to be afterwards charged with liquid bitumen or bituminous mixture,
and in this condition, as also when it has been previously manufactured by the
ordinary wet process, I denominate the material produced as "pulp," but
not intending thereby to limit or define the degree of coarseness or fineness of
the minute fibrous condition produced by the treatment to which it has been
subjected.
In employing the term "half stuff," I thereby refer to the material produced
by the treatment of any of the fibrous materials herein-before referred to for
the purpose of reducing it into a condition to be pulped or used in combination
with the pulp from linen and cotton rags, or with pulp from other materials
employed for making any description of paper, but which said material or
"half stuff" is either not of the description or in a suitable condition of itself,
for the purpose of making strong and fine paper.
For the purpose of forming vessels and other articles of a length limited to
the width of sheets of material produced according to that part of my present
Invention, which relates to the making of sheets of material by rolling. I
take the straw fibre prepared according to my previous Inventious, or
either of the fibrous materials herein-before mentioned, cut or reduced to
any convenient extent, and by any of the ordinary and well-known means at
present in use for treating fibrous materials, and producing an interlacing,
crossing, or other combination of the fibrous particles, in the manner of felt; I
guage the thickness and length of the sheets of material thus produced by
means of rollers, several sets of which may be arranged, the one in advance
of the other, to give various thicknesses and increasing density during its pro-
gress through the machine, and either by the employment of a hopper for
delivering the hot bitumen or bituminous compound upon the more open or
loosely felted portion of the partly prepared sheet, or by the interposition of a
bath of hot bitumen through which the sheet of more or less perfectly prepared
material is passed, or if as previously herein described, the fibrous material has
been first charged with the bitumen orbituminous mixture, the sheets resulting
from the process of rolling are in a condition to be rolled up, coiled, or wound
into the form of tubes, pipes, or hollow vessels, or lapped off or folded or pressed
into any other shape, or they may be combined in the form of slabs, cistern-
plates and such like articles, and of a form or shape suitable for being em-
ployed for other purposes.

page_text: For the purpose of forming tubes or pipes, and other articles, whether hollow
or solid, and of a shape due to the die through which the bitumenized fibrous
material has been forced, I construct a machine or apparatus as hereafter
described, the novelty and peculiarity of which being the combination of a piston
with a cylinder of peculiar construction, having an opening at one end, upon
which is fitted dies of various sizes and forms according to the description and
size of article to be produced; and whilst the contents of the cylinder are
maintained in a plastic or mouldable condition by the use of superheated steam
or hot air, the article produced from the material immediately upon its being
expressed, or immediately upon its receiving the required shape becomes
subject to the gradually applied cooling action of a current of water in a
suitably constructed casing or casings.
I construct the machinery or apparatus for producing pipes, tubes, and other
articles by pressure, either with a fixed cylinder having a man-hole for the
reception of the material, and either open or closed at the end with a cylinder
cover; or instead of the fixed cylinder, with a cylinder mounted on trunnions
capable of being swung or vibrated so as to enable it to be turned upon its
trunnions for the purpose of charging it with material from the one end; I
provide a second shell or outer casing steam-tight around the cylinder, for the
purpose of receiving and permitting therethrough a current of steam of a
suitable high temperature or hot air, for the purpose of maintaining the plastic
contentsata uniform and proper heat and condition to enable it to be moulded!
I also provide and attach to the one end of the said cylinder a conical termina-
tion, to the smaller end of which is attached the external mould or outer
portion of the die, whilst within the conical portion of the apparatus, and at a
sufficient distance from the point or truncated termination thereof I affix or
secure by means of cross stays, a core piece or central portion of the die, around
which the article to be produced is formed, or between which and the outer
portion of the die, the material is forcibly pressed for the purpose of giving the
requisite shape, form, or configuration to the article intended to be produced.
Such truncated conical termination to the cylinder is likewise double, or has a
jacket or case surrounding it for the purpose of ensuring proper degree of heat
being imparted to and maintaining around the internal core, so that a perfect
union of the parts may be ensured.
For forming or constructing round pipes or tubes an internal circular core
is employed, the external form and the thickness being determined by the size
of the annular space or diameter of the opening of the cone or of the ring or
outer die piece fitted thereinto.
Now, for the purpose of giving a permanent character to the article formed,

page_text: and enabling it to maintain its shape after it has been expelled through the
die, I apply to the mouth of the cone a long hollow case corresponding
internally with the shape of the die and the article produced therefrom; and
through this metal casing I pump or otherwise cause to circulate a current of
cold water, charged or admitted at the end furthest removed from the die, and
made or caused to traverse spirally around the circumference, until it escapes
at the opposite end at a temperature due to the time it has remained in
contact with the heated surface, and by this means I prevent the mischief
which would otherwise arise from suddenly chilling the bituminous mixture,
while at the same time the article produced by the process is sufficiently cool
and set or hardened to enable it to be handled, removed, or otherwise treated.
The dies will, of course, be varied in form according to the article to be
produced. The tube or other article after it has been formed and discharged
from the apparatus in a cooled and firm condition, may be carried away by
means of an endless web or band, or over pulleys suitably grooved or formed,
so that tubes, pipes, or other articles can by this means be made of con-
siderable length. Instead of mounting the cylinder in fixed bearings, and
charging the material through a man-hole, I construct cylinders similar in all
other respects to that which has just been described, except that I form a
strong trunnion on each side, and at any convenient part of the length of the
cylinder, and I prefer to make such trunnions eccentric, or cam-shape, for the
purpose of enabling the flanges of the conical portion and the hollow con-
tinuation or case to separate more rapidly in the act of turning the cylinder
on end for the purpose of charging it through the open end thus exposed;
and by this means the addition of a man-hole for that purpose is rendered
unnecessary. Instead of, however, producing a separation between the flanges
of the parts just described, I prefer, in some cases, to leave the conical
termination of the cylinder fixed to the tube or case with its cooling apparatus,
and withdraw the cylinder by means of a rack or racks, or screws from the
larger end of the cone, and when sufficiently far removed therefrom to cant or
turn on end the cylinder for the purpose of being charged or re-charged with
the bituminous mixture, and also for the purpose of fixing, removing, or
adjusting the die or core, and the parts or pieces connected therewith. When
two or more thin bitumenized paper or bitumenized compound tubes placed
one within the other have to be charged or filled with material, as herein-
before mentioned, I place one end of them within a suitable case or mould,
and apply or attach it to the front of the core, and force the material through-
out the length of the compound tube, and thus entirely fill the spaces between
them.

page_text: For the purpose of forming open vessels, guttering eaves, troughs, and
troughs or channels for containing electric telegraph wires and other articles,
and for other purposes, I form a suitable die, and attach it to the small end of
the cone or conical termination of the pressure cylinder. The piston or plunger
I employ for expressing the contents of the cylinder through the die or dies is
made hollow, as is also the piston rod, which I divide longitudinally, for the
purpose of insuring a perfect circulation of steam through the piston. By
means of hydraulic pressure applied through a ram acting upon the end of the
piston or plunger rod, the requisite amount of force is applied to the material
for forcing it through the die, and by which the requisite density is imparted
to the articles manufactured.
Having now described my Invention, and the manner in which the same
may be put into practice, I wish it to be understood that what I claim is,-
First, the use or employment of fibrous matter treated according to the
Invention previously patented by me, and as herein mentioned, in combination
with bitumen or bituminous composition, or mastic, as herein described, for
the purpose of forming tubes and other vessels, and other articles, in manner
herein set forth.
Second, the employment of "half-stuff" or "pulp" prepared as herein
described, in combination with bitumen or bituminous composition for the
manufacture of tubes and other vessels, and other articles, in manner set
forth.
Third, the machinery or apparatus herein described for producing, by
pressure, articles of various forms from any or either of the bituminous
composts formed by admixture with any of the fibrous matters herein
mentioned.
In witness whereof, I, the said Robert Hanham Collyer, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Third day of October, One thousand eight
hundred and sixty.
Witness,
FREDERIO H. ROBERTS,
19, Salisbury St., W.C.
ROBT. H. COLLYER. (L.S.)