AN IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR AND MODE OF MANUFACTURING SULPHURET OF CARBON, ANIMAL CHARCOAL, AND CARBONIC ACID
Year: 1857

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Antoine Galy-Cazalat, Engineer, and Adolphe.
Huillard, Negociant, at Paris, Town of the French Empire, for the
Invention of "AN IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR AND MODE OF MANUFACTURING
SULPHURET OF CARBON, ANIMAL CHARCOAL, AND CARBONIC ACID."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Antoine Galy-Cazalat and
Adolphe Huillard at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with
their Petition, on the 31st July 1857.
We, ANTOINE GALY-CAZALAT, Engineer, and ADOLPHE HUILLARD, Negociant,
at Paris, Town of the French Empire, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention for "AN IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR AND MODE OF MANUFACTURING
SULPHURET OF CARBON, ANIMAL CHARCOAL, AND CARBONIC ACID," to be as follows:-
We manufacture the aforesaid compounds of carbon by means of a peculiar
apparatus and in the following manner:-We construct a furnace or cupola
of fire brick or stone, inclosed in an air-tight case of sheet iron, or of other
suitable material. One or more horizontal fire-clay grates or perforated
partitions are placed across this furnace, so as to divide it into two compart-
ments, which, however, communicate with each other through the holes in the
grates. The upper compartment has a lateral opening, closed by an air-tight
door. The lower compartment has two lateral openings with air-tight doors,

page_text: for feeding it with fuel and for withdrawing the ashes; and also another
opening near or at the bottom, from which a pipe is conducted into a vessel
containing water or other suitable liquid. On the top of the upper compart-
ment is a pipe or chimney, also provided with an air-tight door at the top.
This chimney may also have sliding doors at bottom. A vessel containing
sulphur, which is kept in fusion by its proximity to the chimney, or otherwise
communicates with it by a pipe and a cock or valve. In using the apparatus to
produce sulphuret of carbon, a fire of coal, or coke, or charcoal, is made in the
lower compartment, into which air is admitted, while the products of combustion
escape at the chimney. When the interior of the furnace has become highly
heated and the fire is clear, we close the chimney and the openings by the
air-tight doors, and we allow the melted sulphur to flow into the furnace. The
sulphur is immediately converted into vapour, which descends through the
mass of incandescent coke or carbon, and combines with a portion of carbon
to form sulphuret of carbon, which passes out by the aforesaid pipe into the
vessel of water, where it is condensed with any uncombined sulphur which may
have accompanied it. When the temperature of the furnace has fallen some-
what, the supply of sulphur is stopped, and the doors are again opened and
the fire allowed to burn until the temperature of the furnace is sufficiently
raised; the sulphur is then again admitted, and so on. The sulphuret of
earbon thus obtained is afterwards purified from sulphur, by distilling it at a low
temperature. In making animal charcoal, after heating the furnace the doors
at the bottom of the chimney are closed, and the chimney is filled with a
charge of bones, and the top of the chimney is closed air-tight, and the doors
at the bottom of the chimney are then opened, so as to let the charge of
bones fall on the fire-brick grate or perforated partition, all at once or in
successive small portions. The gases and vapours produced by the distillation
of the bones pass off by the aforesaid pipe, which may be placed near the top
of the lower compartment, or in the upper compartment of the furnace. The
oils and condensible vapours are condensed by the water into which the pipe
dips, or by any suitable condenser.
The residue of the distillation is the animal charcoal, which is removed by
the door of the upper compartment. Carbonic acid. gas is produced in a
similar manner, by charging the furnace with chalk or carbonate of lime in
lieu of bones. The doors of the furnace may be closed air-tight in a similar
manner to that in which the doors or lids of gas retorts are closed.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Antoine Galy-Cazalat and Adolphe Huillard in the Great
Seal Patent Office on the 11th January 1858.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, ANTOINE
GALY-CAZALAT, Engineer, and ADOLPHE HUILLARD, Negociant, at Paris, Town
of the French Empire, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Thirty-first day of July, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven, in the twenty-first year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto us, the
said Antoine Galy-Cazalat and Adolphe Huillard, Her special licence that we,
the said Antoine Galy-Cazalat and Adolphe Huillard, our executors, adminis-
trators, and assigns, or such others as we, the said Antoine Galy-Cazalat and
Adolphe Huillard, our executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any
time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter
during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,
the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "AN IMPROVED APPA-
RATUS FOR AND MODE OF MANUFACTURING SULPHURET OF CARBON, ANIMAL CHARCOAL,
AND CARBONIC ACID," upon the condition (amongst others) that we, the said
Antoine Galy-Cazalat and Adolphe Huillard, our executors or administrators,
by an instrument in writing under our or their hands and seals, or under tho
hand and seal of one of us or them, should particularly describe and ascertain
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be
performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said Antoine Galy-Cazalat and Adolphe
Huillard, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascer-
tained in and by the following statement thereof, reference being had to the
accompanying Drawing, and to the figures and letters marked thereon, that is
to say:
Figure 1 of the accompanying Drawing is a vertical section of our im-
proved apparatus adapted for the manufacture of sulphuret of carbon. It
consists of a furnace of cylindrical or other suitable form, the sides of which
are formed of fire bricks or blocks of fire brick, which are about four inches
thicker round the fire-place F than those round the upper chamber or oven A.

page_text: a, b, and c, d, are grates of fire clay, having their bars and openings placed
alternately. The number of these grates may be varied. This part of the
apparatus is called the "caloriphore," and forms the principal reservoir of heat.
The top of the upper chamber U is covered by an arch L, and the whole is
enclosed in a sheet iron case B. C is a door, for admitting air to the fire-
place F, which does not require any grate or ash-pit; H is the fire door for
introducing the fuel; D is a door for introducing the bars of the "calori-
phore;" P is a chimney, which can be closed by a door or lid on the top;
M is a cistern or vessel containing melted sulphur, which is kept fluid by the
heat of the chimney or otherwise; O is a cock in a pipe, leading from the
vessel M into the chimney; N is a pipe, leading from the lower part of
the fire-place into a vessel Q, which is partly filled with water; R is a pipe
for the escape of gas; S is a cock for drawing off the liquid from the vessel Q;
T is a glass tube or water guage, for showing the height of the liquid in Q.
The case B is air-tight, and all the doors are made to close air-tight. A fire
is lit in the fire-place F, and it is filled with coke at the door H, which is then
closed, while the door C and the lid on the top of the chimney P are left
open. The combustion goes on, and the interior of the oven A and all the
grates a, b, c, d, become heated. Small cocks h, h, are placed on the doors H
and D, by opening which cocks the interior of the furnace may be inspected
from time to time. When the upper grate has acquired a cherry red heat,
the temperature of the furnace is sufficient for evaporating a large quantity of
sulphur. The door C and the top of the chimney P are then closed by their
doors or lids, which may be constructed and made air-tight like the lids of
gas retorts, or they may have a projecting bead or rib, entering a groove
which contains asbestos. The hot furnace being thus closed, the melted
sulphur is introduced by opening the cock O, which allows it to fall upon
the grates, which immediately convert it into vapour. The superheated
vapour of the sulphur in escaping from the furnace is compelled to traverse
the mass of incandescent coke from top to bottom, and in doing so it
combines with the carbon to form sulphuret of carbon, which passes off in
vapour through the tube N, which conducts it into the cold water in the
vessel Q, where it condenses and falls to the bottom. Some sulphuretted
hydrogen gas escapes at the pipe R. This operation does not immediately
furnish the sulphuret of carbon in a state of purity, as it still contains some
free sulphur, which gives it a yellow colour. It is separated from the water
by allowing it to run off through the cock S, and it is afterwards distilled by
ineans of a water bath, at a temperature but little exceeding its boiling point,
which is about forty-four degrees of the Centigrade thermometer (111°

page_text: Fahrenheit). After the sulphur has been allowed to flow in for a certain
time, the furnace becomes lowered in temperature. The cock O is then
closed, and the door C and the door on the top of the chimney are opened.
The coke again enters into combustion and raises its own temperature, and
the temperature of the grates and the oven A. The operation is then
repeated, and so on. As the coke is consumed, more coke is introduced at
the door H, and the vessel M is replenished with sulphur when necessary.
Figure 2 shows the apparatus slightly modified, and adapted for the manu-
facture of animal charcoal. It is arranged so as to accumulate a sufficient
quantity of heat to distil or carbonize a certain quantity of bones. c, d, is the
fire-clay grating between the upper chamber or oven A and the fire-place F; X
is a pipe connected to the upper part of the fire-place; V is a chamber, which
also serves as a chimney, and is closed by a lid Y, which can be raised and
lowered by a chain passing over a pulley. At the bottom of the chamber V
are two doors W, turning on vertical spindles passing through the casing, and
capable of being moved by levers on the outside. The other parts are similar
to those similarly marked in Figure 1.
When the grate c, d, has become red hot or sufficiently hot for the purpose
the doors W are closed, and the chamber V is filled with bones, which rest
upon the doors or moveable base W. The lid Y is then closed, and all the
other doors being closed, the doors W are opened, so as to allow the bones to
fall in small quantities at a time into the oven A. The heat of the oven
carbonizes the bones and distils off the oily or greasy vapours, which are
conducted by the pipe X to a vessel of cold water, where they are condensed.
The residue or animal charcoal is withdrawn at the door D. The furnace is
again heated up by admitting air at C and opening the chimney, and a fresh
charge of bones is then introduced, and so on.
Carbonic acid gas is manufactured in this apparatus by introducing lumps
or loaves of carbonate of lime, and proceeding in the same manner as with
the bones. The carbonic acid gas, which is disengaged from the carbonate of
lime, is conducted by the pipe X into a washing vessel, and thence into a
gasometer. It may then be employed in the manufacture of soda water or
aërated liquors. The lime which remains after the distillation is withdrawn at
the door D.
The form of the apparatus admits of variation. Thus it may be placed in
a horizontal instead of a vertical position, if preferred.
The apparatus shown in Figure 1 may also be furnished with the doors W,
as shewn in the Drawing, and may be used for the manufacture of animal
charcoal, but these doors are not required if the apparatus is only to be used

page_text: for the manufacture of sulphuret of carbon. The spindles of the doors W
may be fitted air-tight or provided with stuffing boxes.
Having now described the nature of the Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, we wish it to be understood that what we
claim is,―
First, the improved apparatus, herein-before described, for manufacturing
sulphuret of carbon, animal charcoal, and carbonic acid.
Second, the improved mode of manufacturing sulphuret of carbon, animal
charcoal, and carbonic acid, as herein-before described.
In witness whereof, we, the said Antoine Galy-Cazalat and Adolphe
Huillard, have hereunto set our hands and seals, this Fifth day of
January, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and
fifty-eight
Witness,
EMILE BARRAULT,
Ingenieur,
33, Bard St Martin.
ANTOINE GALY-CAZALAT. (L.S.)
ADOLPHE HUILLARD.
(L.S.)