Improvements in Testing Machines.
Year: 1892

page_text: Date of Application, 20th May, 1892
Complete Specification Left, 14th Feb., 1893-Accepted, 18th Mar., 1893
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Testing Machines.
1, WILBRAHAM JOHN BRADDICK CASLEY of Coatham, Redcar, in the County
of York, Mechanical Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention to
be as follows:-
My invention relates to testing machines employed for ascertaining and indi-
cating the tensile strength of metallic bars, rods, chains and the like, that is,
the strain which will produce rupture. in the rod or article operated upon or
the amount of elongation produced by any given strain put upon the rod or
article.
I will describe my improvements in connection with the testing of a rod or bar
of iron or steel.
In order that my improvements may be the better understood I remark that
the rod to be tested, situated vertically, is fixed at top to the short arm of a
graduated steelyard lever and at bottom to the piston rod of a hydraulic press.
The straining weight has rollers on which it may be made to travel on the said
steelyard lever and the amount of elongation produced by any tensile strain put
upon the bar by the operation of the piston of the hydraulic press and the weight
at any particular position on the lever is recorded by the apparatus herein after
described.
In order to facilitate the movement of the straining weight along the steelyard
lever I arrange at each of its extreme ends a pulley or wheel passing over which
is a wire rope, cord, or chain the ends of the said wire rope or chain being
connected to opposite ends of the straining weight. The said wire rope or chain
also passes over pulleys or wheels situated near the fulcrum of the steelyard lever
and around a grip wheel on the driving shaft of an engine. By the rotation of the
said driving shaft in one or other direction the straining weight is moved in one or
other direction on the steelyard lever.
The recording mechanism consists of an upright frame capable of a horizontal
sliding motion to which is fixed a sheet of paper. In front of the said frame is a
holder carrying a pencil or marking instrument which touches the paper carried by
the sliding frame the said holder being capable of a vertical sliding motion. The
motion of the straining weight along the steelyard lever is communicated to the
recording frame by a wire or cord one end of which is connected to the frame and
the other end to a cylindrical drum on a pulley or wheel situated near the fulcrum
of the steelyard lever. The diameter of the wheel or pulley is to the diameter of
the drum as the length of the steelyard lever is to the length of the recording
frame. A vertical sliding motion is communicated to the holder carrying the
pencil by a cord attached at one end to the pencil holder and at its other end to
the article operated on. The recording frame and pencil are returned to their
normal positions by weights or springs.
In order to measure the elasticity of the sample rod I employ two bars situated
edge to edge and capable of sliding after the manner of a Vernier scale. One of
these bars is attached by one end at or near say the upper end of the sample rod
and the other bar is attached by its lower end at or near the lower end of the
sample rod. The strain being put on the sample rod the said bars slide edge to
edge and the elongation of the sample rod is read by the Vernier scale.
The action of the testing machine is as follows. The sample bar or rod of iron
or steel to be tested having been fixed in the jaws of the gripping tools the valve
of the hydraulic press is opened so as to admit pressure to the cylinder and operate
the piston and the engine for moving the straining weight along the steelyard lever

page_text: is then started. So long as the tensile strength of the bar is sufficient to overcome
the tensile strain put upon it motion is communicated to the recording frame only
and a horizontal line is drawn thereon; but when elongation takes place in the
said bar in consequence of the gradually increasing tensile strain put upon it the
pencil is raised and made to describe an inclined or curved line on the recording
sheet or indicator.
When the bar or rod breaks or the required tensile strain has been put
thereon the relief valve of the hydraulic cylinder is opened and the engine
operating the straining weight reversed and the parts returned to their normal
positions.
In place of the sliding frame indication a rotating hollow cylinder or drum may
be employed covered with paper or containing paper which may be drawn from
the interior of the hollow cylinder on to the exterior.
I do not limit myself to operating the wire rope or chain, for moving the
straining weight along the steelyard lever by means of a grip wheel on the rotating
shaft of an engine as other equivalent arrangements may be employed; for example,
a pair of hydraulic traverse cylinders may be situated on one end of the steelyard
lever for operating the said wire rope or cord.
Neither do I limit myself to actuate the frame by a weight and the marking
point by the sample as the frame may be actuated by the sample and the marking
point by the weight.
Dated the 20th day of May 1892.
W. T. WHITEMAN,
Agent for the Applicant.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Testing Machines.
I WILBRAHAM JOHN BRADDICK CASLEY, of Coatham, Redcar, in the County
of York Mechanical Engineer do hereby declare the nature of my invention and
in what manner the same is to be performed to be particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following statement :-
My invention relates to testing machines employed for ascertaining and indi-
cating the tensile strength of metallic bars, rods, chains and the like, that is,
the strain which will produce rupture in the rod or article operated upon or
the amount of elongation produced by any given strain put upon the rod or
article.
I will describe my improvements in connection with the testing of a rod or bar
of iron or steel.
In order that my improvements may be the better understood I remark that
the rod to be tested, situated vertically, is fixed at top to the short arm of
a graduated steelyard lever and at bottom to the piston rod of a hydraulic
cylinder.
The straining weight has rollers on which it may be made to travel on the said
steelyard lever and the amount of elongation produced by any tensile strain put
upon the bar by the operation of the piston of the hydraulic cylinder and the
weight at any particular position on the lever is recorded by the apparatus herein-
after described.
In order to facilitate the movement of the straining weight along the steelyard
lever I arrange at each of its extreme ends a pulley or wheel passing over which is
a wire rope, cord or chain, the ends of the said wire rope or chain being connected
to opposite ends of the straining weight. The said wire rope or chain also passes
over pulleys or wheels situated near the fulcrum of the steel-yard lever and around
a grip wheel on the driving shaft of an engine. By the rotation of the said driving
shaft in one or other direction the straining weight is moved in one or other
direction on the steelyard lever.
1

page_text: The recording mechanism consists of an upright frame capable of a horizontal
sliding motion to which is fixed a sheet of paper. In front of the said frame is a
holder carrying a pencil or marking instrument which touches the paper carried by
the sliding frame the said holder being capable of a vertical sliding motion. The
motion of the straining weight along the steelyard lever is communicated to the
recording frame by a wire or cord, one end of which is connected to the frame and
the other end to a cylindrical drum on a pulley or wheel situated near the fulcrum
of the steelyard lever. The diameter of the wheel or pulley is to the diameter of
the drum as the length of the steelyard lever is to the length of the recording frame.
A vertical sliding motion is communicated to the holder carrying the pencil by a
cord attached at one end to the pencil holder and at its other end to the article
operated on. The recording frame and pencil are returned to their normal positions
by weights or springs.
In order to measure the elongation due to elasticity of the sample rod I may
employ two bars situated edge to edge and capable of sliding after the manner of a
Vernier scale. One of these bars is attached by one end at or near say the upper
end of the sample rod and the other bar is attached by its lower end at or near the
lower end of the sample rod. The strain being put on the sample rod the said bars
slide edge to edge and the elongation of the sample rod is read by the Vernier
scale.
The action of the testing machine is as follows. The sample bar or rod of iron
or steel to be tested having been fixed in the jaws of the gripping tools the valve
of the hydraulic press is opened so as to admit pressure to the cylinder and operate
the piston and the engine for moving the straining weight along the steelyard lever
is then started. So long as the tensile strength of the bar is sufficient to overcome
the tensile strain put upon it motion is communicated to the recording frame only
and a horizontal line is drawn thereon, but when elongation takes place in the said
bar in consequence of the gradually increasing tensile strain put upon it the pencil
is raised and made to describe an inclined or curved line on the recording sheet or
indicator.
When the bar or rod breaks or the required tensile stress has been put thereon
the relief valve of the hydraulic cylinder is opened and the engine operating the
straining weight reversed and the parts returned to their normal positions.
In place of the sliding frame indicator a rotating hollow cylinder or drum may be
employed covered with paper or containing paper which may be drawn from the
interior of the hollow cylinder on to the exterior.
I do not limit myself to operating the wire rope or chain for moving the straining
weight along the steelyard lever by means of a grip wheel on the rotating shaft of
an engine, as other equivalent arrangements may be employed; for example a pair
of hydraulic traverse cylinders may be situated on one end of the steelyard lever
for operating the said wire rope or cord. Neither do I limit myself to actuate the
frame by the weight and the marking point by the sample as the frame may be
actuated by the sample and the marking point by the weight.
Figure 1 of the accompanying drawings represents in side elevation; Figure 2
in end elevation and Figure 3 in plan a testing machine constructed according to
my invention and
Figure 4 represents the recording mechanism of the same drawn to a larger
scale;
Figures 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 represent modifications of parts of the arrange-
ment represented in Figures 1, 2, 3 and 4 as hereinafter described.
The same letters indicate the same parts in the several figures of the drawings.
A, A is the framing of the machine on the top of which is mounted and balanced
the steelyard lever B under the end of the long arm of which is the usual buffer
arrangement C.
Upon the steelyard lever B is a weight W capable of a traversing motion by
means of the rollers w, w travelling on ledges b, b on the steelyard lever B. The

page_text: weight W is moved to and fro along the steelyard lever B in the manner herein-
after described.
Connected to the short arm of the lever B is the gripping tool c by which the
upper end of the rod or bar a to be tested, hereinafter called the sample rod, is
held. Carried by the bed or framing A of the machine is the hydraulic cylinder D
to the outer end of the piston rod of which, the other gripping tool d is connected
for holding or gripping the lower end of the sample rod a.
Mounted on the framing A of the machine is a rotary motor E worked preferably
by the same hydraulic pressure as is employed for the hydraulic cylinder D, the
shaft of the said motor E carrying a grip wheel e. The said framing A also carries
near the fulcrum of the steelyard lever B a pulley e¹ and arranged at or near the
extreme ends of the steelyard lever B are pulleys e², e². Working over the said
grip wheel e and pulleys e¹, e², e³ is an endless wire rope, cord or chain attached
to the weight W at the point w².
When pressure is admitted to the hydraulic cylinder D and rotary motor E
downward stress is put upon the gripping tool d by the action of the said cylinder D
and an upward stress is put upon the gripping tool o by the action of the straining
weight W on the steelyard lever B when the said straining weight has moved from
zero on the said lever B in the direction of the arrow Figure 1. The upward
stress of the gripping tool e and consequent tensile straining action on the sample
rod a increases as the weight W is moved along the steelyard lever B by means
of the wire rope cord or chain f. So long as the tensile strength of the sample
rod a overcomes the stress put upon it, no elongation of the said rod takes place,
but as the straining action increases elongation of the said rod takes place which
elongation gradually increases as the straining weight W moves more and more in
the direction of the arrow Figure 1 until the breaking strain is arrived at when
rupture in the said rod takes place.
The motion of the straining weight W along the steelyard lever B and the
elongation produced in the sample rod a are recorded by the following mechanism.
Upon a bracket g of the framing A of the machine is an upright horizontally
sliding frame h to the front face of which is affixed a sheet of paper p on which
the diagram is drawn by the pencil the holder of which is capable of a vertical
sliding motion. To the front end of the upright frame h is attached a cord / the
other end of which after passing over a guide pulley is connected to the drum m
on the axis of the pulley . The diameter of the pulley e¹ is to the diameter of
the drum m as the length of the steelyard lever B is to the length of the upright
*frame h.
To the lower end of the sample rod a is fixed a cord n which passes over a guide
.pulley o at the upper end of the sample rod a and over another guide pulley o¹
arrauged vertically over the pencil i.
On the outward motion of the straining weight W a motion in the reverse
direction is communicated through the cord to the upright frame h, and on the
elongation of the sample rod a, a vertical sliding motion is communicated to the
pencil. The return of the upright frame to its normal position is effected by a
weight or spring not shown, and the pencil is returned to its normal position by
means of the weight 2.
When the machine is in operation and the sample rod a is submitted to the
straining action so long as the tensile strength of the said sample rod a is greater
than or equal to the stress put upon it, motion only is communicated to the upright
frame, and a horizontal line is drawn upon the paper p by the pencil which
touches it, but on elongation of the sample rod a the vertical motion of the pencil i
takes place in addition to the horizontal sliding motion of the upright frame h
herein before referred to which motions of the pencil i and upright frame h produce
on the sheet of paper p an inclined or curved line.
Instead of the upright horizontally sliding frame a rotating drum may be
employed the outer face of which carries the sheet of paper on which the diagram

page_text: is to be drawn. This modification is illustrated in Figure 5. The pencil in this
arrangement is operated by the motion of the sliding weight W and the drum r
carrying the sheet of paper p is operated through the cord n, fixed at one end to
the periphery of the pulley on the drum axis and at its other end to the lower
end of the sample rod a as in the arrangement Figures 1 and 4, by the elongation
of the said sample rod a. On the motion of the straining weight W outwards, the
cord is wound on the drum m Figure 1 and the horizontal sliding rod attached
to the other end of the said cord and which carries the pencil holder i, is moved
in a direction the reverse of that of the straining weight W and the pencil is drawn
horizontally over the face of the paper p and on the elongation of the sample rod a
the pulley and drum r are rotated and the pencil is made to trace an inclined or
curved line on the sheet of paper p.
Instead of arranging the motor on the frame of the machine as shown in
Figures 1, 2 and 3, it may be arranged on the end of the steelyard lever B, and
instead of an endless wire rope, cord or chain, a length of wire rope, cord or chain
may be employed fixed at its ends to the straining weight.
These modifications are represented in side elevation, end elevation and plan
respectively in Figures 6, 7 and 8. The wire rope, cord or chain f₁f passes over
the grip wheel e on the motor shaft and over two pulleys s, s arranged at the motor
end of the steelyard lever B and over the horizontally arranged pulleys at the
opposite end of the said steelyard lever B. The free or unconnected length f¹ of
the wire rope, cord or chain f, f' also passes around the pulley e¹ near the fulcrum of
the lever B as shown in Figure 1, from the drum m on the axis of which the
horizontal motion of the upright recording frame or pencil holder i¹ is taken as in
the arrangements Figures 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5.
Instead of communicating a traversing motion to the straining weight W by means
of a rotary motor as before described a pair of ordinary hydraulic traverse cylinders.
may be used for that purpose.
This arrangement is represented in side elevation, end elevation and plan.
respectively in Figures 9, 10 and 11.
V is the hydraulic cylinder for giving the outward motion to the straining
weight W and X is the hydraulic cylinder for giving the inward motion to the
straining weight W.
The wire rope, cord or chain f is fastened to the underside of the cylinder V at.
or near its mouth and passes over the several sheaves of the pulleys v, v fixed
respectively to the end of the piston rod of the cylinder V and to the closed end of
the cylinder V. From the last of the series of sheaves the wire rope passes
over the pulley & afterwards over a pulley situated near the fulcrum of the steel-
yard lever and rotating in a vertical plane (pulley el see Figure 1) to the pulley 83
near the end of the long arm of the steelyard lever B. After passing over the
pulleys the said wire rope freturns and after being fixed to the straining weight W
passes over the pulley t and over the series of sheaves a¹, r fixed respectively to
the cylinder X and its piston rod and is finally attached to the cylinder X near its.
mouth or open end.
.
When the pair of cylinders are in action the pressure valve of one cylinder and
the relief valve of the other are simultaneously open; the piston rod of the
cylinder admitted to pressure advances from out of its cylinder while the piston
rod of the other cylinder retires into its cylinder.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my invention
and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that I claim as
my invention of "Improvements in testing machines" ;-
First In a testing machine the combination of a hydraulic motor or a pair of
hydraulic traverse cylinders with the said machine for moving the straining weight
along the steelyard lever whereby the said hydraulic motor or pair of hydraulic
traverse cylinders is or are made an integral part of the testing machine

page_text: substantially as hereinbefore described and illustrated in the accompanying
drawings.
Secondly; In a testing machine, operating the sliding or rotating recording
mechanism by means of the motion of the straining weight and the elongation of
the sample rod substantially as herein before described and illustrated in the
accompanying drawings.
Dated the 14th day of February 1893
W. T. WHITEMAN,
Agent for the Applicant.