CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SAUCEPANS FORMED OF CAST-IRON, AND WHICH SAID IMPROVEMENTS ARE ALSO APPLICABLE TO THE MANUFACTURE OF GENERAL CAST- IRON HOLLOW WARE.
Year: 1860

page_text: :
LETTERS PATENT to George Wearing, of the Firm of George Wearing
and Company, General Iron and Brass Founders, of West Bromwich, in
the County of Stafford, for the Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE MANUFACTURE OF SAUCEPANS FORMED OF CAST-IRON, AND WHICH SAID
IMPROVEMENTS ARE ALSO APPLICABLE TO THE MANUFACTURE OF GENERAL CAST-
IRON HOLLOW WARE.".
ou
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said George Wearing at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
13th October 1860.
I, GEORGE WEARING, of the Firm of George Wearing and Company,
General Iron and Brass Founders, of West Bromwich, in the County of
Stafford, do hereby declare the nature of my said Invention for "CERTAIN
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SAUCEPANS' FORMED OF CAST-IRON, AND
WHICH SAID IMPROVEMENTS ARE ALSO APPLICABLE TO THE MANUFACTURE OF GENERAL
CAST-IRON HOLLOW WARE," to be as follows (that is to say):-
My improvements in saucepans and other like articles consist in the
arrangement or construction of the moulds and cores from which the internal

page_text: and external form of the article desired to be cast is obtained. The sand core
for the interior I build or make up in a cast-iron or other suitable core box on
an open base and shank, with projecting wires (technically called a hedgehog)
for supporting the core;. and my, moulds I make. in three parts. The bottom
one is formed with a hole concentric with the sides; not only for receiving the
open shank of the sand core before referred to, but also a shank formed on the
metal pattern of the article; and this pattern I make like the core box, before
stated, of two parts, dividing at the bulge or largest part of the article desired
to be formed, and from the interior of the pattern, which is hollowed out for
the purpose, I push through a slightly conical plug, which forms the shank for
receiving a handle common to the general description of cast-iron saucepans.
With these general appliances I will suppose that the upper and intermediate
parts of the moulds or box are removed, and that the under portion is turned
over and fixed upon an iron base, the said base having a projecting shank,
which fits in the concentric hole of the part of the mould box, and in this
condition I fill up the vacant part with sand pressed in tight and close, which
done I reverse this part and remove the iron base before referred to; and on the
top of the sand around the socket of the mould I place a metal, bead, which I
press or sink down in the sand on which it rests about half-way of its sectional
form. On the interior of this bead a rabbet is formed, which fits exactly the
top angle of the pattern of the article desired to be cast, supposing that a bead
is desired to be formed or cast around the rim or edge of the vessel; and on
this rim I place the upper half of the metal pattern, its concentric shank
fitting and resting in the concentric metal socket before named; and next, I
push through the hole in this portion of my pattern, the taper plug before
referred to, and which plug projects through on the outside of the pattern for
forming the shank, as before named, for receiving the bandle, filling up the
space between the pattern and the mould box with sand up level. with the
parting of the mould. At which stage I place on the other portion of the
pattern, and.next the third part of the mould box, and lastly, the get, con-
tinuing the filling up of the vacant space with sand until it becomes an
entire hard and compact mass. This done, I remove the get, lift off the last-
named part of the mould box with its portion of sand, the internal surface of
,which forms the counterpart of the lower and bottom part of the saucepan or
vessel desired to be made. I next withdraw that portion of the pattern of
which the mould has been made, which allows the conical pin to be pulled in
and withdrawn through the interior of the other part of the pattern; and next
I withdraw the other part of the pattern, and then remove the intermediate

page_text: portion of the mould box with its sand mould forming the counterpart of the
upper part of the saucepan or other article desired to be made, and next the
metal portion forming the counterpart of the rim. I now replace the inter-
mediate portion of the mould, and next the sand core before named forming
the entire counterpart of the internal capacity of the saucepan or vessel desired
to be made; and next I place on the remaining portion of the mould box,
at which stage the process of moulding is completed, and the hollow space
between the inner surface of the mould and the outer surface of the sand core
has only to be filled up with molten iron to complete the work. The air or
rarefied moisture that may be in the sand expanded by the hot metal during
the process of pouring, will be driven down through the open plug forming
the base of the sand core.
By this process of moulding hollow ware, the articles so formed will, be
found perfectly uniform in their thickness, and consequently, may be made
thinner and lighter, if required, than such kind of articles are usually cast;
and from the provision made for the escape of air and vapour during the
process of casting, the work invariably will be found sound and free from all
imperfections, technically called blowing, and the workman will be able to
produce a considerable greater quantity of work in a given space of time than
can be possibly done by the present mode of moulding hollow ware.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent; filed
by the said George Wearing in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 18th
April 1861.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, GEORGE
WEARING, of the Firm of George Wearing and Company, General Iron and
Brass Founders, of West Bromwich, in the County of Stafford, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent, Majesty, Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Thirteenth, day of October, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty, in the twenty-fourth year of Her reign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
George, Wearing, Her, special license that I, the said George Wearing, my
executors, administrators,, and, assigns, or such others as I, the said George
Wearing, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during
the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,

page_text: and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE MANUFACTURE OF SAUCEPANS FORMED OF CAST-IRON, AND WHICH SAID IMPROVE
MENTS ARE ALSO APPLICABLE TO THE MANUFACTURE OF GENERAL CAST-IRON HOLLOW
WARE," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said George Wearing,
by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal; should particularly
describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner
the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great
Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately after
the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said George Wearing, do hereby declare the
nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement (that is to say):-
My improvements in the manufacture of saucepans and other like articles
consist in the general arrangement of the moulds and cores, from which the
internal and external forms of the articles desired to be 'cast are obtained.
The sand core for defining the true shape of the interior of the vessel I make
in a cast iron or other suitable core box on an open base and shank with pro-
jecting wires (technically called the hedgehog) for supporting the body of the
sand forming the core, and uniting it with the metal socket. My moulds I
make in three parts. The bottom part is formed with a concentric hole,
supported with radial arms, and this hole is required not only for receiving
the metal shank of the sand core before referred to, but also a socket formed
on the metal pattern of the article I desire to make, and this pattern I make
like the core box before stated, namely, of two parts, divided at the bulge or
largest part of the article to be made; and from the interior of the pattern,
which is hollowed out for the purpose, I push through a plug, conical or
otherwise, as desired, and which plug forms the pattern of the shank for
receiving a handle commonly applied to saucepans and other like articles
made of cast iron. With these general appliances I will suppose that the
upper and intermediate parts of the mould box are removed, and that the
under portion is reversed and fixed upon an iron base, the said base having a
vertical or projecting shank of a corresponding size' to the concentric hole of
this part of the mould box before referred to; also a sunken groove for
receiving a metal ring, which forms the counterpart of the rim of the saucepan
or article intended to be made, which I will now suppose to be applied, and
at this stage I fill up the vacant part with sand, pressed in tight and compact

page_text: This done, I reverse
The metal ring before
level with the edge of the division of the mould box.
this part of the mould box, and remove the iron base.
described, for forming the rim or, bead of the saucepan, has a sunken rabbet
formed around it, that when the top part of the metal pattern of the article
desired to be made (and which should now be applied). its outer edge shall
fit within the rabbet of the ring. In this condition I apply the shank for the
handle, again filling up the space between the metal pattern and the rim. of
the intermediate part of the mould box, and next I apply the bottom portion
of the pattern which completes the true exterior form of the article desired to
be made, and on this I place the top part of the mould box, securing all the
parts together in the usual way. Resting on the bottom of the metal pattern
I place the get, filling up the intermediate space all around with sand in the
ordinary way that moulders of. hollow ware usually work. The get being of
a wedge form admits of its being readily removed, and next the upper part of
the mould box, which allows of the part of the metal pattern now exposed
also to be removed, and this exposes, the interior of the remaining part of the
metal pattern, so that the plug may be pulled in, leaving its form in the sand
for the handle shank before referred to, and also the withdrawal of the other
portion of the pattern; and next I remove the intermediate part of the mould
box, which, allows the metal ring to be. thrown out by reversing the lower part
of the mould box. The metal pattern being now removed, I apply the sand
core first described, which, from, the general arrangement herein described,
will be, found to, be perfectly concentric with the void in the mould formed by
the metal pattern, the distance between the sand core and the full capacity
left from the withdrawal of the pattern defines the cavity to be filled up by
the molten iron in the process of casting.
But as my improvements in the manufacture of cast-iron saucepans and
other like articles will be better understood by referring to the Drawings here-
unto annexed rather than the foregoing description, I will proceed to describe
the same, observing that the same parts as they appear in the various Figures
are marked with the same letters of reference.
DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS.
Figures 1 and 2 represent a top and edge view of a cast iron or other base.
a, a, is a circular groove for receiving the ring shown in a flat and sectional
view, at Figure 3; and 6 is a shank exactly. concentric with the groove.a, a.
Figure 4 represents..a plan and edge. view of the bottom part of the mould
.box, marked A, A, the concentric socket C fits over the shank b, of the base

page_text: Figure 1. Figure 5 represents also a plan and edge view of the intermediate
part of the mould box marked B, B, the projections d, d, 'd, are fitted with pins
which fit into the corresponding holes' of Figure 4, marked e, e, e, for the purpose
of preventing any lateral actión or movements of the parts while the projections
f, and handle g, is for the convenience of lifting or separating this part from
the base or lower portion last described, as usually applied to mould boxes.
Figure 6 is likewise a plan and elge view of the upper part of the mould box
marked C, C; the projections h, h, h, are for receiving pins as at i, i, which pins
fit in the corresponding holes marked j, j, j, of Figure 5, for the same object
as above stated, and the projections marked k, k, are in like manner simply for
the convenience of lifting, but which handles may be of any convenient shape.
Figure 7 represents in like order a plan and edge view of Figures 4, 5, and 6
placed in their respective positions when in use and held together by the pins,
and hooks and eyes here shown marked I, 1, and m, m, which is essential, as
it prevents the rarefied air or vapour during the process of pouring lifting the
parts asunder. Figures 8 and 9 represent a top and edge view of that part
of the pattern that defines the true shape of the upper part of the saucepan
intended to be made; the shank n fits into the concentric hole c, of
Figure 4, and is an exact counterpart of the part 6, 6, in Figures 1 and 2;
and it will be found that the angle o, o, corresponds exactly with the sunken
rabbet marked p, p, of the ring, Figure 3; 9 is the pattern for the shank
which, when cast upon the saucepan, forins the stay or support for applying
the usual taper tubular handle; this plug is pushed through from the inside of
the pattern. Figures 10 and 11 represent in an edge and flat view the half
of the pattern, which defines the true form of the bottom part of the saucepan
desired to be made, and these two parts are represented in a vertical section
at Figure 12. Figures 13 and 14 represent a top and edge view of the core
box, which is represented in a vertical section at Figure 15, and Figure 16,
is a portable base, that when connected with Figure 15, is in the same position
as indicated in dotted lines in the last Figure; this same part is represented in
a vertical section at Figure 17, together with the socket of the hedgehog,
which is shown in a complete side view at Figure 18.
Having now given a description of the Figures in detail, I will further
illustrate their use. I take the parts as exhibited at Figure 14, and in section
at Figure 15, and fill it very tight with slightly moist sand in the ordinary
way in which moulders treat their sand when making sand cores, and next I
apply the hedgehog as at Figure 18, by pushing the wires marked r, r, r, into
the sand of the core until it is down in its position; and over the shank of the

page_text: hedge-hog D, I pass the socket E, to hold it secure in its position, during the
process of filling in the remainder of the sand, within the hedge-hog, to com;
plete the core, to thoroughly imbed and unite this portion and the volume of
the sand forming the core together. And in this condition the socket E may
be removed from the shank of the hedgehog, by inverting the core box on
a kind of cast-iron base, somewhat similar to Figure 2, the top of the pro-
jection being so shaped as to readily pass up the portion of Figure 17, marked
x, and also slightly enter that part of the hedgehog marked y, of the same
Figure, to rest on a shoulder which will allow the part E to drop down, also the
part F, as at Figure 15, when the part G may be removed, exposing the sand
core ready for use. And thus prepared I will now proceed through the
process of moulding and pouring a cast-iron saucepan. The ring, Figure
3, I drop into the groove marked a, a, of Figure 1, the rabbet resting on the
inner edge of the recess marked 8; 8; and on this base I place the part of
the mould box, as at Figure 14, with the top side downwards, and in this
position I fill it up with sand compact and hard and smoothed off level at
the top.
"
'
This done I reverse the parts, placing the part of the mould box in the same
position as exhibited at Figure 4, filled with sand, with the ring, Figure 3,
partly imbedded in it, and then remove the base, Figure 1. In this con-
lition I place the part of the pattern exhibited at Figure 9 in position by
allowing the shank n to descend into the socket c and the angle o, o, will then
be resting in the rabbet of the ring; and I now fix on the intermediate portion
of the mould box, as exhibited at Figure 5, and fill up the space between the
mould box and the pattern with sand, first having inserted the plug. 9 for
forming the shank; this being properly done, I apply the bottom part of the
pattern, exhibited and described at Figures 10 and 11, and marked H in
the section Figure 12; and next I apply the top part of the mould box, as
exhibited in Figure 6, when they will be found in the order exhibited in the
side view Figure 7. And now I fill up the vacant part with sand, and apply
the get, which is of a broad wedge shape, and rests on the part of the pattern
that forms the bottom of the saucepan. The moulding being now.complete'a
species of work well understood by men accustomed to such kind of employ
ment, the top part of the mould box.may now be lifted off and reversed. for the
purpose of allowing the get to drop out, and next the part of the pattern
marked H must be removed, which allows the plug q to be pulled in and
removed; and next the intermediate portion of the mould box marked B,
when the ring, as at Figure 3, may now be flirted off from the surface of the

page_text: sand pressed in the lower part of the mould box marked A. The true form
of the exterior of the vessel to be formed being now imparted to the sand in
the various parts of the mould box, we will now replace them in their proper
order, as exhibited in a vertical section at Figure 19. C, C, is the top part of
the mould; K, K; is the sand with which it is filled; L, L, the impression
in the sand left by the withdrawal of the get, which is. shewn in an end view
at Figure 20; B, B; is the intermediate portion of the mould .box M, the
.sand filling up this portion; and A, A, represents the lower part of the mould
box; also filled with sand marked N. The parts marked u, u, represent the
concentric ring, shewn in Figure 4, marked v, v, the radial arms in this
section not being seen from its being taken through the dotted line w, w, of
this Figure; D, D, D, D, represent the hedgehog, as exhibited at Figures 17
and 18, shewing two of the wires extending up and surrounded by the sand of
the sand core marked P. The heavy dark line represents the cavity between
the inner surface of the sand in the mould box and the exterior of the sand
core, to be filled up or occupied by the molten metal in the process of casting,
which done, the mould box may be opened, the get knocked off, and the cast
saucepan thrown out. This Figure illustrates the true essence of my improve-
ments, because from this it will be easily seen that the sand core cannot be
placed otherwise than perfectly concentric with the circular cavity, formed by
the pattern before referred to at Figure-12, thus imparting to the work
produced a regular uniformity of thickness or strength all around, a very
essential qualification in cast-iron hollow-ware, and this is effected not by the
extra skill of the workman employed, but by the arrangement of the moulds,
core, and patterns herein described.
Having thus given a general description of my improvements, and the
manner in which the same may be carried into effect, I wish it understood
that I do not purpose confining myself to the general details herein described,
provided the principles of my Invention are retained (as, for instance, vessels
of an oval form may be made with the same facility and accuracy as to the
thickness, as the circular one herein described, and the shank for receiving
the handle may be diversified or omitted, if required; and again, it is not
actually essential in forming the core box, that the part marked G, Figure 15
shall be made with a bottom to it, as it may be made open, and the sand core
built up on a portable bottom, and the parts marked E and F may be formed
in one piece); but what I claim and wish to protect by these my in part
recited Letters Patent is, the general arrangement of the mould and mould
box, as exhibited in detail, and together at Figures 17 and 19, with the socket

page_text: or concentric hole c in the bottom part, as also the use of the ring in the
manner herein described, and exbibited at Figure 3, the metal base exhibited
at Figures 1 and 2; likewise the manner of making the pattern that its shank
shall fit the socket of the lower part of the mould box, and the shank or
socket for receiving the hedge-hog of the sand core, as herein described and.
exhibited.
In witness whereof, I, the said George Wareing, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Eleventh day of April, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-one.
Witness,
WILLIAM LOACH,
Clerk to James S. Cockings,
Patent Agent,
Birmingham.
GEORGE WEARING. (L.S.)