CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF GLASS, AND IN MACHINERY AND APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH, AND ALSO IN SILVERING OR COATING GLASS, PARTS OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE APPLICABLE TO THE MANU- FACTURE OF TINFOIL, AND THIN SHEETS OF OTHER METALS OR ALLOYS OF METAL
Year: 1846

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, HENRY
BESSEMER, of Baxter House, Old Saint Paneras Road, in the County of
Middlesex, Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at
Westminster, the Thirtieth day of July (One thousand eight hundred and
forty-six), in the tenth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and
successors, give and grant unto me, the said Henry Bessemer, my exors,
admors, and assigns, Her especial licence, full power, sole privilege, and
authority that I, the said Henry Bessemer, my exors, adiňors, or assigns,
or such others as I, the said Henry Bessemer, my exors, admors, or assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all
times during the term of years therein expressed, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of
Berwick-upon-Tweed, and in the Islands of Guernsey, Jersey, Alderney, Sark,
and Man, and in all Her Majesty's Colonies and Plantations abroad, my
Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF GLASS, AND IN
MACHINERY AND APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH, AND ALSO IN SILVERING OR
COATING GLASS, PARTS OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE APPLICABLE TO THE MANU-
FACTURE OF TINFOIL, AND THIN SHEETS OF OTHER METALS OR ALLOYS OF METAL;"
in which said 'Letters Patent is contained a proviso, that I, the said Henry

page_text: Bessemer, shall cause a particular description of the nature of my said Inven-
tion, and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be inrolled in Her
said Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in
and by the same, reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at largo
appear.
1.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Henry Bessemer, hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention, and
in what manner the same is to be performed, are fully described in and by
present Specification thereof, reference being had to the Sheets of Drawings
hereunto annexed, marked respectively A, B, C, D, E, F, G, that is to say :-
tho
My Invention consists of an improved apparatus for melting or founding
the crude materials of which crown glass, flint glass, sheet glass, and other
sorts of glass, which are commonly blown or moulded into forms suitable for
use, are composed. The details of this apparatus are represented in Sheet A,
and partly in Sheet B of the Drawings annexed.
upper
Figure 1 is a longitudinal elevation; and Figure 4, an end elevation of the
apparatus. Figure 2 is a longitudinal section on the line A, B, of Figure 4.
Figure 3 is a horizontal section on the line C, D, of Figure 1; and Figure 5,
a cross section on the line F, F, of Figure 2. The furnace part is of the
reverberatory description. The exterior walls a, a, are built of fire bricks,
and secured by iron rods 6, which pass through them, and also through the
end of the wall plates c, where they are secured by nuts screwed on to
their ends. There are also horizontal tie bars, which pass through the foun-
dations and also through the lower ends of the wall plates c, which being
below ground are not seen in the Drawing. The external walls are further
secured by perpendicular rods d, which pass up from the foundation, and are
secured by nuts to the top wall plate e. The furnace is interiorly divided into
two compartments ƒ and g by a fire bridge h, which is built of stone, and has
a hollow space i left in the middle of it, in order that the materials of which
it is composed may the better reflect a portion of the heat which they absorb
from the fire. The melting pot j is composed of fire clay, as usual, and placed
in a recess made for it in the division (9) of the furnace which is behind the
fire bridge. A side and end elevation of this pot are given separately in
Figures 6 and 8, and a bird's-eye view of it, in Figure 7. It is of a rectan-
gular form with two semicircular projecting end parts, J. On each side
there is a small space m, m, between it and the walls of the recess in which
it is placed, which is filled up to near the top (see Figure 2) with fire clay,
well rammed down. The projecting end parts are sunk into recesses made in

page_text: the exterior walls to receive them (see Figure 3). The centre portion of the
pot is open to the column of heated air and vapours passing over it, but the
two end parts are covered in with hoods, which shield the glass immediately
under them from dust and ashes, and it is from these parts of the pot that the
glass blowers gather their metal by introducing their blowing irons at the
apertures k, k. During the founding of the materials conical stone stoppers
are introduced into the openings k, k, and the better to prevent the ingress of
cold air these stoppers are themselves closed in by iron sliding doors 1, 7. To
prevent the falling of "tears" into the glass from the part of the arch of the
furnace directly overhead, I construct that part of it of square hollow bricks
,, composed of some very refractory clay, and of the peculiar form shewn.
separately and on an enlarged scale in Figures 9, 10, and 11, of Sheet B of
the Drawings annexed, Figure 9 being a cross section, Figure 10, a plan, and
Figure 11, an elevation. Each brick has two circular passages o, o, right
through it, which cross each other at right angles in the centre, and from
being formed in this way, any heat which these bricks take up is parted with
again so rapidly that they never attain to a melting point under any tempera-
ture to which it is necessary to expose them. To prevent farther the descent
of any foreign matters down the sides of the interior of the walls of tho-
furnace into the melting pot, the spaces m, m, before mentioned as being left
around the pot are filled up to near the top, only leaving spaces m², m² (see
Figure 2), sufficient for the reception of any such deposits.
In the arrangement before described one pot or vessel is shewn with
working holes k on each side, but it will be obvious that another such pot
may be placed between the fire bridge (h) and the chimney (n), or that the
pot might be made with two hoods at each end, so that four workmen might
gather from the same vessel. In front of each working hole & there is placed
a moveable platform (7), supported at one end by a hinge (r), and resting at
the other (when depressed to a level) on a bar s. From the underside of this
platform there is pendant a rod t, which is attached by a joint u to the lever v,
which is centered. on a pedestal w, and has at one end a counterbalance
weight x, while at the other it is connected by a rod y to the sliding door l..
When the workman approaches the furnace for the purpose of gathering, he
treads on the moveable platform (9), and slightly depresses it, when, through
the combination of levers just described, he lowers the door / into the position
shown on the right side of Figure 5, and thus obtains instant access with his
blowing iron to the pot. As soon again as he leaves the furnace, the counter-
balance raises the door into the position shewn on the left side of Figure 5,
and leaves but little time for the intrusion of air to cool the furnace. The
OC.

page_text: fuel is supplied at the mouth-piece A in a similar manner to that generally
adopted in the reverberatory furnaces. used for smelting iron. A space B is
left above the fire bars C to allow of ready access to them, in order to remove
clinkers and to prevent the admission of air; at this part an iron door D
(Figure 2) is made to close the entrance to the opening B (in Figure 4
this door is omitted to show more clearly the position of the fire bars, the
hinge G of the door D. only being visible). E is the ash-pit; F, a stopper,
which is removed when it is required, to clear out any accumulations at the
base of the chimney; and H (Figure 1), a hole leading into the furnace for
heating the blowing irons.
Among the advantages attending this form of apparatus are, first; a
great economy. of fuel in consequence of the extensive surface of glass ex
posed to the action of the reverberated heat; second, a considerable reduction
of the time usually required to found the materials; third, a degree of clean-
liness, arising from the use of the hooded ends, almost equal to what is
obtainable from the use of pots entirely covered in; fourth, the convenience
of twice as many workmen being enabled to work at the same pot as is
ticable with furnaces of the ordinary description; fifth, the avoidance of much
of the loss occasioned by the cracking of pots, as in the case of such an acci-
dent happening with my improved apparatus, the metal would not be lost, nor
the pot rendered unfit for further use; and sixth, great economy of construc
tion, the first cost of an apparatus like this being comparatively small.
prac
In order to regulate the draught, a damper should be placed at the top of
the chimney in the same manner as is generally adopted in furnaces of this
elass. The modes of managing the fire and supplying the materials to the pot
are well understood, and require no particular description.
Secondly, my Invention consists of an improved 'apparatus for the manu-
facture of rough plate glass, the details of which are represented in Sheet B
of the Drawings hereunto annexed. Figure 1 is a front elevation of the fur-
nace, and Figure 3, a horizontal section of the same on the line C, D, of
Figure 1; Figure 2 is a side elevation in section on the line A, B, of Figure
3; Figure 4 is a cross section on the line E, F, of Figure 1, with a sec-
tional elevation at one side of the casting machine; Figure 5 is a cross
section on the same line E, F, with an external elevation of the casting
machine.
In all these views. those parts only are represented which are
essential to the understanding of this branch of my Invention. The furnace
part is similar in most respects to that of the apparatus previously described.
The chief exceptions are that it has two hollow fire bridges b and c (instead
of one), and two flues and f, and that the pot a is placed lengthways in the

page_text: furnace between the fire bridges. The fire is made at d, and supplied with
fuel through an aperture e. The flues f¹ and f, instead of going immediately
into the chimney, are made first to descend, and then conducted in a circuitous
direction towards the chimney, so that the waste heat may be applied to other
useful purposes.connected with the operation of glass making (as for examplo
the annealing), and for which distinct fires would otherwise be required,
Dampers (not seen in the Drawings) are applied to both of the flues, by means
of which heated air and vapours may be made to pass off by either or both of
them, as required.
The melting pot (a), of which a front elevation is given separately in
Figure 6, and a bird's-eye view in Figure 7, is a shallow rectangular vessel,
having a long narrow opening on one side, with a curved projecting part (a)
beneath it, which forms a sort of lip to the vessel. The side of the pot in which
the opening is made is much thicker than the other, and rises in the centre
higher up, as shewn in Figures 4, 5, and 6. The thicker side, just referred
to, and also the lip part, both project a little way under an arch (h), formed
in the front wall of the furnace, leaving a space between them, for the purpose
of allowing a portion of the flame and heat of the furnace to come down over
the aperture (9) and lip (a), and pass thence to the chimney. In front of
the furnace there is a large arched opening (i), into which there is fitted a
door or tuille (), made of iron, lined with fire bricks. A sectional plan of this
<loor is given separately in Figure 8. The vacant space left on the inside
forms a continuation of the descending flue (f"). In front of the opening (9)
there is an iron bar (k) to prevent the flowing out of the glass until it is
required, and this bar is retained in its place by the ends and of the door
(Figure 8), pressing against it. In the door there is a long slit, covered with
a jointed flap, opposite the opening 9 (see Figure 5), for the purpose of
looking in occasionally to ascertain the temperature of the iron bar'k, for the
purposes to be afterwards explained. The fire having been got up so as to
heat intensely the pot, and likewise the whole interior of the furnace, the glass
materials are introduced through the openings m and n, and evenly spread
over the entire surface of the vessel. The openings are closed with fire
lumps. The founding of the glass is then allowed to proceed as usual, care
being taken that the front part of the pot shall not at this stage of the process
be raised to a higher temperature than is indicated by the iron bar (k)
becoming of a dull red heat, which is readily effected by a proper management
of the damper attached to the flue ft. When the founding or fusing of the
glass is accomplished, the temperature must be lowered in order to "fine" the
glass, as it is technically termed, and in this advanced part of the operation

page_text: more heat is allowed to pass down the front flue'f', until the iron bar (k) and
lip are of a bright red, when the operation of casting or rolling may commence.
I employ for the purpose of this operation the machine of which two side
views are given in Figures 4 and 5. Two hollow cast iron rollers m³ and n³
are mounted in a sliding frame p. A sectional view of the upper roller m³ is
given separately in Figures 12 and 13. The axis of each roller is also hollow,
as far as the points m³ and m, from each end, and each hollow part of the
axis terminates in two side holes, which open into the hollow part of the body
of the roller. The lower bed plate (p') is made to slide in a dovetailed recess
in the foundation plate (r), so as to allow of the machine being readily
removed to or from the furnace. The roller m³ works in brasses, which slide
endways in a slot, and are pressed up by regulating screws (s), which cause
the two rollers to be pearer or farther apart, and thus determine the thickness
of the plate. The water is furnished by a pipe brought from some elevated
source of supply, and attached below ground to a horizontal tube u, which is
screwed to the foundation plate (r), and is provided with a stuffing box v,
through which a tube w slides. One end of this tube w is fixed into a hollow
piece x, which is bolted to the sliding frame p, p. Into the upper part of
are fixed two pipes y and z, which pass through stuffing boxes t, t, and com-
municate with the hollow portions in³ of the rollers m³, n³, so that whenever
the machine. is moved on its sliding frame in either direction, the pipe w
slides into or out of the tube u without destroying the connection with the
After entering the hollow portion m³ of each axle of the rollers, the
water passes thence into the hollow space in the bodies of the rollers, from
which it escapes at the other end into the other hollow axle space m', and is
thence conveyed by'a pipe y to the discharge pipe. To the axes of the
rollers at one end there is attached a pair of toothed wheels A and B, which
take into each other, and thus ensure their both revolving together. D and Ẹ
are two columns, attached.at their upper, ends (for the sake of steadiness) to
any convenient part of the roof timbers, which carry a shaft (F), to which
motion may be given by any first mover. This shaft (F) carries at one end a
pinion G, placed in such a position that when the machine is moved into the
position shewn in Figure 4, that pinion G will be in gear with the wheel A.
H (Figure 1) is a frame which supports a vertical shaft (I), which has on its
top end a handle J, and carries at its lower end a bevel wheel K, which works 3
into another bevel wheel L, attached to the end of a shaft M below ground,
which carries at its opposite extremity. a pinion P, which is in gear with a
rack (Figure 4), formed on the underside of the bed plate p'. The mode
of operating with this machine is as follows:-Suppose the glass to be in a
water.

page_text: stato fit for casting, and that the machine is in the position shewn in Figure 5,
a crane, such as is used to warehouse goods, is placed in any convenient place,
so that the jib may be brought round into a position to lift up the fire door j.
A chain from the crane is then attached to the hooks 3; 3; a workman puts
a hooked rod into the loop 4 (Figure 5), and pulls the door forward out of
the recess (i), when it is quickly lifted by the crane, and deposited out of the
way. Meanwhile the handle J of the vertical shaft I has been turned, and
the machine brought into the position shewn in Figures 1 and 4, being then
in gear with the pinion G and first mover; whereby the rollers are caused to
revolve, and the water to pass freely through them to prevent their becoming
too hot. At this stage of the operation two men seize hold of the bark with
a pair of tongs, and remove it with a vigorous pull as it adheres pretty firmly
to the plastic mass within. The bark is then laid aside, upon which the melted
glass begins slowly to force its way through the opening in the pot, and to flow
in a wide stream over the red hot lip (a), and thence on to the roller (³),
passing from which it comes in contact with the upper roller m³, and is
squeezed into a thin sheet, which descends by its own gravity on to the curved
bed N, and passes thenco on to a suitable flat surface O placed to receive it. The
roller m has a rib or feather r, as shewn separately in Figure 7 of Sheet D of
the annexed Drawings, which extends throughout its whole length, and is of a
height equal to the intended thickness of the glass, so that when in the course
of the revolution of this roller tho rib comes in contact with the other roller,
the sheet of glass is divided, and the detached piece slides down the incline.
It follows that each piece of glass is of a length exactly equal to the circum-
ference of the roller, and so the operation goes on as long as there is glass
flowing from the furnace. When the pot has been emptied, the casting
machine is again to be removed back to its former position, the bar (A) replaced,
and the iron door again put up, when the furnace will be in a state fit for a
repetition of the operation. The surface O on which the plates are received
should be very flat and smooth, and in order to fill up the vacant space which
is necessarily left between the casting machine and the surface O when the
former is moved forwards to the furnace, a piece of iron R is inserted during
the time of casting to continue the plane to the foot of the incline N; when
the glass has lain upon the flat surface until sufficiently cooled, it is taken to
the annealing kiln, and either laid on a flat bed or piled in the manner of sheet
glass. The flat surface O is best formed of hollow firebrick, such as is directed
to be employed for annealing surfaces in the Specification of a Patent granted
to me and Charles Lewis Schönberg for. "Improvements in Certain Glass,"
dated the Twenty-third day of September, One thousand eight hundred and

page_text: forty-one. A sectional elevation of a surface of this sort is given in Figure 6,
of Sheet E, of the annexed Drawings. The chief advantages attending the
preceding method of making rough plate are a considerable saving both of
fuel and labor, and greater expedition in the making thin sheets of glass than
belongs to any method now in use.
Thirdly, my Invention consists of an apparatus for founding and casting
plate glass constructed on the same general system as the two apparatuses
previously described (excepts as regards the casting), but on a larger scale,
whereby a number of hands can be set to work at it, and a still greater
economy of heat be effected. The shape of the furnace part and mode of feeding
it, and the course of the flue, are all the same as in the apparatus represented
in Sheet A of the annexed Drawings. The bricks of the roof are also of the
same form as those used in both of the apparatuses before described, but the
space between the two bridges is made much longer than in either of them, in
order to afford room for a greater number of pots, and that the current of
heated air & vapours may pass successively over the whole of them.
In the Drawings (Sheet C), that I am about to describe, three pots only of
a peculiar oblong shape are represented as being used, but when circular pots
are employed from four to six or more may be introduced. The column of
heated air and vapours having thus to pass over the entire surfaces of the
whole series of pots, a much greater portion of its heat is made available for
heating the contents of those pots than when it passes over a single pot.
Figure 1 is a side elevation of the sort of casting table which I employ in this
arrangement; and Figure 3 a bird's-eye view of it; Figures 2 and 7 are
longitudinal sections of the table on the line A, B, of Figure 3, with the parts
shewn in different positions; Figure 4 is an enlarged section of part of the
casting table; Figure 6 is an end elevation of it; Figure 8 a cross section of
it on the line C, D, of Figure 3; and Figure 15 a side elevation of part of it,
shewing the position of the parts when the glass has been emptied upon it;
Figure 5 is a longitudinal section of the furnace; and Figure 9 a plan of the
pot frame. The casting table consists of a large bed of iron of several inches
in thickness, supported on columns b. The tables commonly used are apt to
burst or split from the unequal expansion caused by pouring large masses of
hot glass upon them, and invariably become curved or warped while in use
from the same cause. Now to obviate these risks I plane or otherwise cut!
out grooves R, R. (see Figure 4), in the table to a depth equal to about
half its substance; and this both lengthwise and crosswise of the latter, so as
to divide the whole of its upper surface into a multitude of small sections.
Near the top these grooves are undercut on each side so as to allow of the

page_text: insertion of pieces (c, c) of drawn angle copper of a T shape, for, the purpose
of nearly but not quite filling up the space R. The angle pieces of copper
are then filed down to a perfect level with the surface of the table, which
thereupon presents the regularly chequered appearance shewn in Figure 8,
but has as many small interstices as there are bounding lines to the angle
pieces or sections. The size of these interstices is too small to admit of glass
in a semi-fluid state entering them, but when a large mass of intensely heated
glass is suddenly thrown on one part of the table, they allow the surfaces of
such of the cubes as are exposed to its influence to expand and close upon the
copper without the least disturbance to the level of the table, or rendering it
at all liable to split open. When circular pots are used for casting plate glass,
and the pot is elevated considerably above the table in order to pour out the
glass (as is the common practise), the falling stream of glass is apt towards
the close of the process to carry with it bubbles of air amidst the mass. To
prevent this evil, and to economise labor, I make use of pots or vessels
d, d, d, of the peculiar oblong form shewn in Figure. 5, and in the separate
sectional views, Figures 12, 13, and 14, and empty them of their contents by
simply tilting them over to one side, and without moving them from one side
of the table to the other. The pots are placed in the furnace (see Figure 5)
with their greatest length crosswise of the furnace, and supplied with tho
crude materials through the openings e, e, e. When the glass is in a state
fit for casting, the small iron carriage f, Figure 1, is rolled to the furnace,
and the frame g, Figure 9, is placed on the carriage. In this frame there
is a rectangular opening of sufficient size to allow the pot to pass partly
through it, and it is provided with a hook hand two bent arms i, the ends
of which, are forked at for purposes to be hereafter explained. The car-
riage being rolled to the furnace, and the tuille or door being removed by
a crane or other convenient means, as explained under the second head
of this Specification, a parallel fork of the construction represented separately
in Figures 10, 11, and 16, is introduced into the furnace. This fork is
mado in two parts connected together by joints k, and when introduced into
the furnace the parts are closed, as shewn in Figure 16, one limb of the
fork passing on each side of the pot. On the workman pulling the handle i,
the upper portion is raised, and with it the melting vessel. By next pulling
at the handle m the whole slides forward until it comes over the top of the
carriage f, when the handle is put into the position shown in Figure 16,
which will lower the vessel steadily down on to the top of the carriage, which
is then wheeled up to the casting table. The hook (5) is fastened to a rope
(n), and the two forked parts are pushed on to the end of the lifting arm p,

page_text: when by pulling the rope n, which passes over a pulley attached to the timbers
of the roof, it again descends and causes the frame g to. rise off the supports r on
the sides of the carriage, and thereby to lift the pot into the position shewn in
Figure 1. The arrangements for employing it are as follows:-The shaft s
extends entirely across the underside of the table, and moves in plummer
blocks t. Each end of this shaft is provided with a handle and pinion v.
On the sides of the table are firmly bolted brackets w, w, which support the
axis y of a half wheel x. From this wheel there projects an additional 'arm p.
which is forked at its extremity, and is in length equal to the semi-diameter of
the roller A, the axis of which rests at each end in the forked arm p, whereby
it is suspended with nearly the whole of its diameter below the surface of the
roller. The end of the table is formed into a sharp angle (see a³, Figure 7),
and the axis of the half wheels being on a line with this angle, the roller A is
kept in contact with the edge of the table until it is lifted on to the table, as
shewn in Figure 15. The pot being in the position shewn in Figure 1, and
ready for pouring, the handles (u) are turned, and by means of the pinion and
half wheel on each side of the table the roller A is slightly raised. The lip of
the pot is slightly raised in like manner by pulling the rope n. Tho pot and.
roller then pass rapidly through the various positions shewn in Figures 12, 13,
and 14, till the whole of its contents have been run out upon the table. The
turning of the handle (u) is still continued, and at the same time the rope (n)
is let out so as to lower the pot back into the position shewn in Figure 15.
when the whole mass of glass is laying before the roller, which is now pushed
forward (the fork p being in a position to allow of this movement), and tho
plate of glass formed. Meanwhile the half wheel is turned round so as to
lower the pot into the carriage, which is again placed in the furnace. The
pot being lowered, the half wheel is again brought into the position of
Figure 15 to be in readiness to receive the roller. As soon as tho glass has
been all flattened out, the bars D, on which the roller travels, are suddenly"
raised sufficiently high to allow the roller to move back again over the table,
but not to come in contact with the glass. As soon as the axis of the roller is
received by the forked arms p, it is lowered by turning the handle (u) into its
original position to be in readiness for a repetition of the operation. Instead
of using loose flat bars as usual to regulate the thickness of the plato, I form
two grooves at E, which extend the whole length of the table, and into these
grooves are fitted bars D, D, which are supported by a series of links J, by
which the bars are elevated parallel to the table.. The bars D have a forked
projection at D', into which a short lever K works, which extends the entire
width of the table (passing through the bearing M), and has on its ends the

page_text: handles N, by the movement of which lever (K) up or down, the bars D, by
means of the links J are made to rise or fall. In the side of the table at a³,
there is an opening for a guage Q, against which the projection G³ rests. The
thickness of the guage Q thus regulates the height to which the bars D are.
allowed to project above the surface of the table. During the casting operation
the bars D assume the position shewn in Figures 7 and 8, and when the plate
is cast the lever N being raised, the bars D take the position indicated in
Figure 2, so as to allow the roller to return above the surface of the still soft
plate of glass.
.
Fourthly, my Invention consists of an apparatus or apparatuses for founding
and casting plate glass which varies from the preceeding in regard to the sort
of pots employed and the mode of casting from them. The details of this
apparatus, so far as respects the pots, are represented in Sheet E of the
Drawings. Figure 1 is a front elevation of the furnace part, and Figure 4
a horizontal section of it on the line E, F, of Figure 1; Figure 2 is a longi-
tudinal section, and Figure 3 is a back elevation of the same, and Figure 5 à
cross section on the line E, F; a, a, are the outer walls of the furnace,
and b, c, the iron wall plates and tie rods by which they are secured; the
pot chamber f, between the two bridges e, e, is made much deeper than in
any of the apparatuses before described. Access is had to this chamber by
removing the door g, which consists of a wrought-iron frame formed of stout
horizontal bars h, h, connected by round vertical rods i, i, the intermediate
spaces being filled up with hollow fire bricks, which are held in their places
by the rods i, i, passing through them. The pot, instead of being set on the
bottom of the chamber f as before, is set or rather embedded in a moveable
carriage k. This carriage consists of a strong ribbed cast-iron frame mounted
on four small flanged wheels (1), which run on two rails W, W*; the upper
side is recessed so as to receive large blocks of firestone or firebrick o, o,
which are securely fitted together and let into the iron frame; A recess is
forined in the upper surface of theso stones to receive the lower part of the
pot; and the better to insure a firm bedding for the pot when the fire
lumps o are set in their places a quantity of broken bottle glass is laid on the
top of them, and the heat gradually got up in the furnace until the bottle glass
melts, and part of it runs between the lumps so as to cement them firmly
together. While the portion of the glass remaining on the top of the stones
is yet in a fluid state, the carriage is removed for an instant from the furnace
to receive the melting pot, which is brought at a white heat from the pot arch,
and set into the midst of the fluid mass; as soon as the pot is placed on the
carringe the whole is returned to the furnace. On afterwards using the pot

page_text: it will be found that in consequence of the bottom being very thick, and the
heat only having access to it through the materials which it may contain, the
bottle glass used to coment the pot to the bed will neither be cold enough to
be brittle, nor hot enough to allow the pot to slip from its carriage; the pro-
jection afforded by the bed serves further to prevent the pot from bursting. I
The pot is made to fit as nearly as possible to the recess f of the furnace, so
that scarcely any heat can get at the iron part of the carriage; the lumps o, o,
embedded in it are very bad conductors of heat, and are besides not subjected
to any direct action of the fire. The materials are supplied to the pot through
the openings m, m, which are stopped by fire lumps 'n, n; the sort of
machinery proper for casting plate glass, when a melting vessel and carriage
of this description are used, is represented on Sheet D. of the annexed.
Drawings: Figure 1 is a side elevation of the machine with the pot and
carriage in the position it would assume immediately after it is removed
from the furnace; Figure 2 is a plan or bird's-eye view of the machine
without the pot or carriage; Figure 3 is a longitudinal section on the
line A, B, of Figure 2, shewing the pot in an elevated position, and partly
emptied; Figure 4 is a longitudinal section of one of the rollers and stuffing
boxes, shewing how the water is made to go in and out while the rollers are
in motion (the arrangement for this purpose being similar to that described
under the preceding head of this Specification); Figure 5 is a side elevation
of the cradle, on which the pot and its carriage are clevated; Figure 6 is an
end view of the machine, the pot being removed; Figure 7 is a cross section
of one of the rollers shewing the rib or feather used to cut the glass off into
lengths as it is formed as before explained; a, a, is a side framing of cast
iron secured by the cross pieces b, c, and d, and by stretchers e, e, between
the side frames a, a; the rollers f and 9, are placed and work in suitable
bearings p and i, fitted into the side frames. The rollers f are made to
remove to or from each other by means of screws Q, which force the brasses h, h
and roller f, nearer to the roller g. A piece of iron R is placed between the
brasses and the frame, and according as this piece R is exchanged for one of
more or less thickness, so will the screw Q cause the roller to be nearer or
further apart, and thus regulate the thickness of the glass; the rollerf is also
provided with wheels j, j, at each end, and the roller g with wheels k, k, at
each end within the side framing. In addition to these wheels the axis of the
roller has on the outside of the framing a large bevil wheel (m), which is
driven by a pinion (n), on the end of an upright shaft p, which proceeds from
below the floor and is driven by an underlying shaft from a steam engine or
other first mover; the upper part of the shaft (p) is supported by a bracket 9,

page_text: projecting from the side frame (e). Near the upper part of the framing (e),
there are the plummer blocks r, r, which form a support to the pins &
(Figure 5), which project from the side of a piece of iron framing which I call
a tilting frame; there are two of these pieces t, one on each side of the
machine, and they are connected together by a third piece u, by bolts v. The
frame when thus put together is supported by pins 8, 8, and occupies nearly
the entiro width between the side frames a, a. The lower part of the piece t
haa segment of a tooth wheel formed on it and centered on the pins s, so
that the tilting frame may move a portion of a circle on the trunnion pins (s);
the piece u has two small ribs or rails w, extending across and cast upon it
which form a continuation of the rails w³, which conduct to, the furnace.
Extending across the frame there is a shaft X, supported by plummer blocks y,
attached to the side frames e, which shaft X has pinions Z upon it, which
gear with the segment of the tilting frame t; the shaft X is also elongated to
a convenient distance and supported at its extremity by a frame A, which
consists of two side pieces A,.connected together by stretchers B; the upper
part of the frame carries two plummer blocks C, and a shaft D, the the shaft
having a handle E and a pinion F upon it, which gears into a large spur
wheel G, on the shaft X.. By turning round the handle E steadily and
forcibly, it raises the tilting frame with any object that may be placed upon it.
At H there is an opening in the tilting frame, through which the axis of the
roller g passes, and this opening is sufficiently long to allow the required
movement of the tilting frame. The rollers are supplied, as in the machine
described under the preceding head of this Specification, supplied with water
to keep them cool; the water is conveyed below the floor to the pipe 1; at 2
there is a branch which leads off from 1 to the axis of the roller g, which it
enters through the stuffing box 3. The tube 1 proceeding further upwards
bends over and forms another stuffing box 4, which allows the upper roller F
to move a small distance horizontally to alter the thickness of the plate. The
water enters the axis of the roller f by passing through the stuffing box 5.
The axis of the roller is not hollow throughout, but (as in the apparatus last
herein-before described) the hollow part terminates at 6 (see Figure 4), where
there are two side holes (7). bored at right angles to it, which allow the water
to pass into and occupy the large hollow space in the body of the roller. By
a precisely similar.contrivance the water is allowed to flow out of the opposite
end of the roller passing through the stuffing boxes 8, 9, and 10, and
descending the pipe 11 is conveyed away under ground. A strong curved
plate K extends the entire width between the said frames e, fitting closely up
to the roller g, and secured. to. the frames by lugs 12, 12; on this plate the

page_text: sheets of hot glass slide down towards the flat bed L, as shewn in Figure 6.
(Sheet E).. The side of the melting pot nearest to the machine has a curved
lip so as to overhang the roller 9. nearly as far as the centre. The pins of
the tilting frame is at its centre a little above the upper side of the roller g,
so that the lip of the pot being in the position shewn in Figure 3, it does not
shift from that spot however far it may be tilted up. The mode of operating
with this apparatus is as follows:-When the glass is in a fit state for casting,.
the door g is removed by a crane from the mouth of the furnace, and by the.
assistance of an iron hook the carriage and its pot are easily rolled forward
upon the rails W 2. to the tilting frame t; then they occupy the position
shewn in Figure 1. The carriage and its pots are now moved forward until.
the set screws M come in contact with the carriage.. The office of these
screws is to regulate the extent to which the lip of. the pot shall overhang tho
roller 9, so that where a new pot is used to its proper position for pouring may
be adjusted; the screws M pass through stout lugs N, cast on the piece u.
The handle (E) being turned, the pot will be elevated as shewn in Figure 3,
where the glass passing between the rollers will be formed into sheets; when
the pot is emptied it is again lowered and returned to the furnace for a
repetition of the preceding operations.
Fifthly, my Invention consists of certain improved modes and means of
silvering or coating glass. I make use of a table for this purpose of the con-
struction represented in Figures 8, 9, and 10, of Sheet F, of the annexed
Drawings. 1 is a long cast-iron frame, which supports the table 2, on trunnion
pins 3, and an iron weight frame 4, which rosts on wheels 5, and moves upon
the edge or rail of the frame and table. The weight frame contains a series
of narrow compartments in which are suspended the weights 6 (see Figure 10),
which hang loosely in the frame, and are prevented from. falling through it
by the overhanging of the top parts. The lower, ends of these weights are
covered with cloth as usual. Two stout shafts (7, 7) pass transversely through
the frame 4, to which are keyed arms 8 which receive the axis of the wheels 5.
In the middle of these shafts there are other arms or levers 9, connected:
together at their upper ends by a connecting rod 10. On one end of the
weight frame a piece 11 is fixed, to which is joined another piece 12 for the
screw 13 to work in. The other end of the screw works into the link 14, so
that when the. handle 15 is turned the link 14 is brought nearer to it, and a
brings with it the arms 9, whereby the other arms 8 at the end of the shafts 7
are brought nearly to a perpendicular position, and consequently elevate the
frame 4 and the weights it contains. A reverse motion of the handle 15
would lower the frame. The part of the table on which the foils are laid. is

page_text: any
to be covered with cloth, varnished or japanned, or with other suitable
clastic material. The sheets of foil are to be laid upon the surface for silvering,
and the weight frame rolled over the glass, when by turning the handle 15' it
will gradually deposit the weights upon the glass. Should the glass happen to
be of less area than the table it will only receive a weight in proportion to the
area covered. As soon as the weights are put on the silvering table may be
casily removed out of its horizontal position by turning the trunnion. To
prevent the weight frame from rolling off I screw a bracket 16 to the end
of the weight frame, which bracket comes in contact with the end of the
tablo (2*). There is a trough 17 surrounding the table, as usual, to receive
any mercury that may run. off; 18 represents a piece of glass lying on the
tablo.. It has been hitherto the practice to put only one piece of foil on to a
piece of glass, and as foils are expensive in proportion to the area they cover,
I use several foils in combination in the following manner:-The silverer
places a long foil across the table, and overlaps this to the extent of about
half an inch with another similar piece of foil; the opposite edge is then
overlapped with a third, and so on, until the required surface of foil is spread
upon the table, each of the overlapping edges being chamfered off by a file
or float. The series of foils are then "quickened" in the usual way, and the
glass put on, commencing at the end where the last foil was laid so as to pass
over the laps without disturbing them, (I also. prefer keeping the same end
downwards in draining). The above operation being performed on the table
covered with an elastic material, the weights cause the foil to be brought into
such close contact with the glass that the double thicknesses at the joinings.
are imperceptible on its face, and hence a considerable saving is effected in the
silvering or coating of large glasses. Tin foil of large sizes may, however, be.
manufactured by the improved mode which I have next to describe, so as
considerably to diminish the cost. It consists, firstly, in causing the fluid
metal of which the foil is composed to flow from a large rectangular melting
pot or vessel direct into a rolling machine, where it is at a single operation
converted into thin sheets; several of these sheets are placed upon each other.
and passed through an ordinary flatting mill until the compound sheet is.
sufficiently thin for use. Secondly, the foils are then placed singly on a long
table, one side of which has a bar of steel let into. it flush with the upper.
surface of the table. The outer angle of this bar of steel is left square, so as
to form a sharp curve to the table. The rough edge of the foil is made to.
project over the edge of the steel bar, and retained in its place upon the table
by weights placed upon it; a knife is then applied to that part of the foil
which projects over the steel angle of the table, and the uneven edge of the

page_text: foil cut off. The workman then takes a file or float fixed with the reverse
end of it into the handle, and this he carefully applies to the edge of the foil
which lies upon the steel bar. The file or float is used at an angle of from ten.
to thirty degrees (more or less) in respect of the foil; and the workman takes
care to act upon the foil only when moving the file or float towards him, as
also to lift up his file when he moves it from him. When the edge of the foil
has been thus chamfered off the other edge is cut evenly, on which the foil is
fit for use.
The Drawings on Sheet F represent the machinery employed, to carry out
this part of my Invention. Figure 1 is a side elevation of it; Figure 2, a
longitudinal section on the line A, B; Figure 3, a plan or bird's-eye view;
Figures 4 and 5, sections of a portion of the melting vessel; Figure 6, an end
elevation of the furnace; and Figure 7, a section of part of the melting vessel
and rollers arranged differently to those shewn in the other Figures. a, a, are
the external walls of the furnace; 6 is the melting vessel, which is in the body of
it, of a semicircular form, and has at one end a sort of lip & projecting over the
edge of the furnace and ground on the under side to fit the large roller A. The
metal is heated by two fires c, c, and fitted with doors c' and c³. These fires
are placed under the shallow part of the vessel &; and in order to economise
fuel the heat is made to pass over the fire bridge f, and to proceed under
the deep part of the vessel. At g the two flues & turn off in a direction
towards each other, and return under the vessel by a central flue (h), shewn
by arrows in Figure 2, which descends below. ground and terminates in a
chimney. are strong frames of cast iron, held together by stretchers j.
These frames are fitted with a large roller A and small one B, working in
brasses k. To regulate the distance between the rollers, screws (m) are used,
I as is customary in machines for rolling metal. The rollers and frame are
so placed that the lip (6) of the melting vessel comes close up to the
lower roll. On each side of the melting vessel there are plummer blocks n,
which carry the shaft p, which has keyed upon it a hollow semi-cylinder
of plate iron r, which serves to elevate the level of the fluid metal, when
required, by immersion into it. In order to do this regularly the lower roller
has upon one end of it a bevil wheels, which works into a pinion t, which
forms part of a tubular sliding piece u, having at one end another pinion V,
and at the other end a rack, for the purpose of retaining either of the pinions
gear. The tubular piece u is at liberty to slide endwise upon the shaft W,
but not to revolve without it, in consequence of a feather fitted to the shaft for
that purpose. The shaft (w) works in plummer blocks x, and has a handle y
for the purpose of giving it motion, if required. When the roller A is at rest,
in
1

page_text: the worm D is keyed on to the shaft w, and is in "gear with the worm wheel E
which is keyed on to the 'shaft (p). F is a pipe, which conveys cold water
from any elevated source, and terminates in a branch G at right angles to it
and parallel with the rollers, which branch pipe is provided with a long narrow
opening, from which a thin sheet of water is forced throughout its entire
length. This water is afterwards received in the vessel H, and, after rising as
high as the waste pipe J, finds its escape. When the metal is at a proper
temperature for casting, the semi-cylinder which, during the melting, opera-
tions, has been inverted over the surface of the metal, is brought in contact
with it by turning the handle y and throwing, the pinion t into gear, on which
motion being transmitted to the rollers in the usual manner, the semi-cylinder
is gradually made to sink into. the fluid metal, which rises in proportion until
it flows over the lip (6) on to the lower roller, where the coldness of the iron
chills the metal, and the chilled part, moving forward on the roller, keeps
always forming a space for more metal to run in. After moving a short
distance the solidified metal is cooled by the jet of water it receives from the
pipe (G). After this it is rolled between the rollers. A and B into an even
sheet. In order to equalize the temperature of the metal throughout before.
commencing the above operation, the pinions (V and t). are thrown out of
gear, and the handle turned so as to move the semi-cylinder (r) the reverse
way, whereby, it becomes filled, as shewn in Figure 5; and by continuing
the motion, the metal will be made to flow over the shaft p back again into:
the outer vessel, as shewn at K, Figure 4. By repeating this movement a
few times, the temperature of the metal will be perfectly equalized: In some
5 cases, instead of -allowing the sheet of metal to be (as it were) cast upon the
large lower roller, and then chilled and rolled,. I admit the fluid metal as close.
as possible to the point where the rollers meet; the rollers being kept cold by:
the passing of water through them, as before described in the rolling of. fluid:
glass.
In Figure 7.I have shewn the position, of the melting. vessel N, with re-
ference to the rolls P and Q, and also: two jet pikes R, R, for cooling the
metal as it issues from between the rollers.
. It will be: obvious that by the same, means, as have been last before de-
scribed, thin sheets of other metals or alloys of metals, as well as tinfoil, may
5 be equally well manufactured.
In order still further to improve the process of silvering or coating. glass,
I-make hise of mercury, and silver, in the proportion of from one ounce of silver
to three or four pounds of mercury, and by using this: amálgam: instead. of

page_text: mercury alone, as in the ordinary method of coating glass, the silver will form
such a covering to the tinfoil as greatly to encrease the whiteness and brilliancy
of the glass. The amalgam is most conveniently made by using cuttings of
silver leaf, adding to them the mercury, and stirring for a short time, when the
silver becomes entirely taken up by the mercury.
1. Sixthly, my Invention consists of certain improved methods of or machinery
for the flatting or curving of crown glass, represented in Sheet G of the
annexed Drawings. In the ordinary manufacture of crown glass there is
often experienced great difficulty in keeping the glass flat, which is owing
partly to defects in the original formation of the plate, and partly to the
weight of the knob in the annealing arch having a tendency to draw the plate.
Now to obviate these difficulties and to render the surface of the glass as flat
as may be, I adopt the following means:-A hollow disc of iron with a
perfectly flat and smooth face of brass is made to revolve on a hollow shaft in
a suitable frame. The brass face is perforated with holes of about one-
sixteenth of an inch diameter, and about two inches apart; these holes lead
into the interior hollow of the disc, and communicate with the hollow shaft
on which the disc revolves. A tube with a stuffing box forms a communication
between the hollow shaft and a vessel partially exhausted of air, and a cock is
provided in order to shut off the communication between the air vessel and
the disc, and also to. form a communication between the air vessel and the
atmosphere. I place this revolving apparatus in any convenient situation
between the flashing furnace and the annealing arch, and I apply it as
follows:-At that stage of the process of crown glass making, when the soft
revolving sheet is taken away from the flashing hole, I present the sheet to
the surface of the revolving disc, and as soon as it comes within an inch or
so of the disc, I exhaust the air from between them, which causes the atmo
sphere to press the sheet of glass firmly up against the metal disc, and to
become very flat, the metal extracting some of the heat from the glass; it
becomes thus sufficiently solidified to retain permanently the form of the disc.
The instant the glass is in contact with the disc, a piece of wet hemp, wet
charred wood, or other suitable material, is applied to the hot glass, about
three inches from its centre, which produces a circle of about six inches in
diameter, to be described upon the hot glass, and causes it to crack in the
line so traced. The knob circumscribed by this circle is now removed, and a
three-pronged fork or other suitable instrument introduced in the hole formed
by the removal of the knob, by the help of which the sheet is carried to the
annealing kiln to be annealed as usual. But as there is no longer any knob

page_text: upon the glass, the sheets, when once flattened before annealing, need not be
subjected to a heat sufficient to bend them. It may be convenient for many
useful I purposes to have the sheets of crown glass curved like a large watch
glass, or of any other similar form, and to effect this object the same machine
as that already described may be used, the flat disc being replaced by a.
hollow curved disc of the requisite shape. Should the glass require to be
ribbed or fluted, this also may be effected by using a disc of suitable shape
in the same way as for flattening. The details of the apparatus, which
has been thus generally described, are represented in Sheet G of the annexed
Drawings.
Figure 1 is a front elevation of the apparatus; Figure 2, an elevation of
the air vessel and pump cylinder; Figure 8, a side elevation; Figure 4, an-
elevation of the fork with a sheet of glass upon it; Figure 5, a back eleva-
tion; Figure 6, a side elevation of a curved disc; Figure 7, a front view of
the disc with the brass plate removed; and Figure 8, a section of the disc.
a is the circular plate or disc of iron, with ribs or feathers b at the back of it,
and a series of annular channels cast in the face of it (see Figures 7 and 8).
These channels all communicate with the centre in consequence of the pro-
jecting rings of iron c being partly removed in radial lines from. the centre; d.
is a sheet of brass, ground flat and polished with numerous circles of minute.
holes, made in it. The plate d is fastened to the channelled side of the
disc, and is supported on the annular ribs c, so. that the holes come over
the spaces between the ribs c. Any air which may pass through it at any
portion of the disc's surface may readily pass to the centre, and from thence
proceed along the hollow shaft e, at the end of which there is a stuffing box
of the ordinary kind. When the disc is put in motion by passing a strop
from the fast pulley f to the fixed pulley g, the stuffing box is made to revolve
round the end of the pipe h, which is provided below ground with a three-way
cocki, which communicates with the pipe h in one direction with the pipe j in
the opposite direction, and also, when required, forms a communication
through the hole n, between the atmosphere and the disc a. In connection
with the pipe j there is an iron vessel k (Figure 2), which is provided with a
conical valve and lever weight m. The vessel k is. also connected. by a pipe
m³ to the air-pump cylinder p. The vessel k and cylinder may be placed in
5 connection with a steam engine, so as to work the pump and cause. a partial
vacuum in the vessel. The amount of exhaustion may be regulated by the
weight m. If the air-pump extracts more air than is sufficient to cause the
requisite external pressure, then the atmosphere forces down the valve and
R9

page_text: admits as much as will prevent any increased exhaustion. The shaft e is
supported on-pluimmer blocks 9 let into the iron frame r, which is secured at.
foot to the bed plate s, and near the top by stretchers t. At the back of the
frame there is a bracket u; for the purpose of steadying the pipe h, which is
also held at foot by a projections of the bed plate. In front of the disc
there is placed a small column v, supported by another projection s³, of the
bed plate. The upper part of this column at W is notched out to receive
the iron rod X, on which the sheet of glass Y is carried, so that it may be
placed concentric with the disc.
"
.
As
Through the upper, part of the column a small piece of tube Z is made to
slide freely; into this tube is placed the wet substance used for producing the
circular fracture of the glass. In the centre of the disc I form a recess A, for
the purpose of preventing the knob from offering any resistance to the flatten-
ing operation; the handle B is for the purpose of turning the cock i; it stands
up in front of the column and is fitted on to the key C, and is steadied by the
bracket D. The disc, is made to revolve with the same speed, as nearly as
possible, as that generally given to the glass, so that the two surfaces, on
coming in contact, may not have to slide one against the other; when the
difference of velocity is but slight it is. almost immediately overcome.
soon as possible after the glass has been brought into contact with the disc,
the tube Z is pushed forward to crack the sheet and release the rod, when the
knob is quickly removed; an attendant now pushes the handle. B, which shuts
off the communication with the air vessel, and admits the atmosphere by the
opening N;. meanwhile he. introduces the three elastic prongs of the fork G
(Figure 4) into the opening formed in the centre of the glass by the removal
of the knob. As soon, as the air is. admitted to the disc the flattened plate of
glass may be removed on the fork, the revolving motion of the disc being still
kept up; it may be then annealed as usual. In consequence of the knob being
thus removed, a much greater quantity of plates may be piled in the annealing
arch than has ever hitherto been practicable.
And having now described the nature of my said Invention, in the different
parts of which the same. consists, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, I declare that what I claim is as follows:—
First, I claim the improved apparatus for melting or founding the crude
materials, of which crown glass, flint glass, sheet glass, bottle glass, and such
other descriptions of glass, as are commonly blown or moulded into forms
suitable for use, are composed, as the same is described under the first.head of
this. Specification, in the general arrangement and combination of parts, of

page_text: which the same consists, that is to say, in so far as the employment therein of
hollow bricks for the roof of the furnace, of the peculiar form described, and of
an open or shallow pot or pots with hooded ends also as described.
Second, I claim generally the employment in the manufacture of glass of
open shallow melting pots, hooded at one end or both ends, as before described;
whatever may be the construction of the melting or founding apparatus in other
respects."
:
Third, I claim the employment in glass furnaces, and in machinery and.
apparatus connected with the manufacture of glass, of hollow bricks, of the
peculiar construction before described, however the same may be varied in
their external forms.
:
Fourth, I claim the improved apparatus or apparatuses for the manufacture
of rough plate glass, described under the second head of this Specification, in the
general arrangement and combination of parts, of which the same consists, that
is to say, in so far as regards the employment therein of hollow bricks of the
form aforesaid, of shallow rectangular pots with long side openings as described,
and of the casting and rolling machine, the rollers of which are kept constantly
cool by water passing through them, and the larger of them has a cutting rib
or feather raised lengthwise on the surface thereof, as also before described.
Fifth, I claim generally the employment, in the melting or founding of glass,
of shallow rectangular melting pots, having long side openings therein, as
before described.
Sixth, I claim generally the employment, in the manufacture of glass, of
the casting and rolling machine, described under the second head of this
Specification.
purpose
of
Seventh, I claim generally the employment, in the manufacture of glass, of
rollers, having a rib or feather raised lengthwise thereon, for the
dividing the glass while undergoing the process of rolling, as before described.
Eighth, I clain the improved apparatus or apparatuses for melting or
founding and casting glass, described under the third head of this Specification,
in the general arrangement and combination of parts, of which the same con-
sists, that is to say, in so far as regards the employment therein of hollow
bricks of the form aforesaid; the elongation of the space behind the front fire
bridge, and the arrangement of the pots within the said space, so as to retain
the heat from the fire a longer time in the' furnace before it escapes, and makė
it available for a greater number of pots than heretofore, by passing it over
several in succession; the employment of rectangular pots with curved lips
along one side thereof; the machinery for moving, raising, and tilting the pots;

page_text: and the dividing the surface of the casting table into a multitude of small
sections to provide for expansion, all and every of them as before described.
Ninth, I claim generally the employment, in the melting or founding of
glass, of rectangular pots with curved lips along one side thereof, as before
described.
Tenth, I claim generally the employment, in the manufacture of glass, of
the particular machinery for moving, raising, and tilting melting pots, as before
described.
Eleventh, I claim generally the employment, in the manufacture of glass,
of casting tables, divided on the surface thereof, as before described.
Twelfth, I claim the improved apparatus or apparatuses for melting or
founding and casting glass, described under the fourth head of this Specifica-
tion, that is to say, in so far as regards the employment therein of hollow
bricks of the form aforesaid, of rectangular pots with curved lips, set or
imbedded in moveable carriages composed of non-conducting materials in the
parts immediately in contact with the pots, as described, and the casting
machinery of the particular combination, also described under the said fourth
head of this Specification.
Thirteenth, I claim generally the employment, in the melting or founding of
glass, of rectangular pots with curved lips, set or imbedded in moveable
carriages, as before described.
Fourteenth, I claim generally the employment, in the manufacture of glass,
of casting machinery of the particular combination described under the fourth
head of this Specification...
Fifteenth, my Invention consists of the improved methods and means of
silvering or coating glass, and preparing the materials suitable therefor,
described under the fifth head of this Specification, that is to say, in so far as
regards the covering of the silvering table with a suitable elastic substance;
the mode of suspending and moving the weights; the covering of the glass
with a number of pieces of tinfoil overlapping one another; the mode of
manufacturing the tinfoil by causing it to flow in a liquid state between hollow
rollers, chilled by the passage of cold water through them, and raising it to the
point of overflow by the immersion of a semi-cylinder or other weighty body
therein; and the use of silver and mercury instead of mercury only to cover
the tinfoil, each and every of them as before described.
Sixteenth, I claim the application of the said method or methods of manu-
facturing tinfoil to the manufacture of thin sheets of other metals, or alloys
of metals.
B

page_text: Seventeenth, I claim the improved machinery for flatting or curving of glass,
by placing it in contact with surfaces of the required forms, and exhausting the
air between the glass and these surfaces, and then allowing the pressure of the
atmosphere to act upon the glass, as described under the sixth head of this
Specification.
Eighteenth, I claim the cutting out of the knob in crown glass prior to the
annealing process, as also described under the sixth head of this Specification.
In witness whereof, I, the said Henry Bessemer, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Thirtieth day of January, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and forty-seven.
HENRY (L.B.) BESSEMER.
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Thirtieth day of January, in
the year of our Lord 1847, the aforesaid Henry Bessemer came before our
said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification
5 aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and specified, in form
above written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according to
the tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Enrolled the Thirtieth day of January, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and forty-seven.