Improvements in Lenses and in Light Shades.
Year: 1895

page_text: Date of Application, 4th Dec., 1895
Complete Specification Left, 31st Aug., 1896-Accepted, 4th Dec., 1896
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Lenses and in Light Shades.
JOHN WALSH 65 Wroughton Road Clapham Common Foreman Tailor
do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows :-
This invention relates to improvements in lenses and in light shades and the
object of said invention is the multiplying or increasing of light by means of
refraction applied to lighting in general.
For this purpose I employ glass tubing the same being bent into the form of a
half globe, such form as is now in general use or any other fancy design in
accordance with the instructions hereafter given.
The said tubing is made to hold water or any other clear liquid, for the purpose
of increasing the magnifying power of the lens light shade, and for this reson
I take into consideration the amount of heat in the water keeping it below boiling
heat jointly with the heat regulation here discribed I also take into consideration
a means whereby I obtain a focus of high magnifying power.
TO CONSTRUCT THE LENS.
The tubing is of convenient size for bending into the form of lens desired and
the sides of the tubing are preferably double convex, the curves of the sides
of the tubes are eaqual to a part of a circle drawn from the point of which
the light is distant from the light shade.
But to be more clearly understood I will here give an example.
Let the intended lens, light shade be eight inches in diameter, the point at
which the light would be situated would be in the centre of the globe four inches
from the light shade. With this distance four inches I draw a part of a circle and
the sides of the tubing of which the lens light shade is composed is of the same
curve as that part of the circle discribe above (drawn from the four inches given
in example) I would however have it clearly understood that owing to the cost
of manufacturing and getting the tubing to the perfection discribed here, without
cutting and polishing 1 employ tubing differing slightly from discription given the
cost of cutting and polishing being to great to make the invention applicable to
the general purposes of lighting that is to say that I employ tubing without
cutting and polishing slightly differing from the standard given but as near to as
can be got in the process of making the tubes.
Dated this 3rd day of December 1895.
JOHN WALSH Foreman Tailor 65 Wroughton Road Clapham Common
do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement :-
This invention relates to improvements in lenses and in light shades and has.

page_text: for its objects the increasing of light by means of refraction and the application
of same to the purposes of lighting; and the reduction of the cost of lighting;
the increased light being obtained, not by consumption or exhaustion of any
substance or thing of any kind whatsoever; but by refraction; the same being
caused by the lens light shade; of which the following is a full and complete
description.
:
For these purposes I employ two kinds of lens. A water lens, or a solid glass
lens. The solid glass lens light shade is moulded into the desired shape, here-
after described, and the water lens light shade is composed of tubes forming a
shape hereafter discribed and the lenses in the light shades are subject to the same
laws of construction, hereafter described.
It is common knowledge that oblique refraction gives a higher magnifying
power than horozantal rays, passing through a lens held in a vertical position, and
it is part of this invention to apply that advantage to the purposes of general
lighting.
I now proceed to describe how I form the lenses in the lens light shades.
running
The lenses in the light shades are preferably made to form coloums:
up and down; and the coloums at their widest parts do not exceed one and a
quarter inches, it being understood that the shape of the light shades are
oblique it follows that the widths of the coloums change with the diamater of
the light shade; and I so arrange the widths of the lenses; because by this
means I bring the surfaces of the lenses, in a more even mannar hefore the light;
for let it be understood that the lenses in the light shades are parts of the circle
of the light shade and if wider than one and a quarter inches, the receding
parts of the lenses would get too far from the light for the purposes of the
desired refraction.
And the lenses in the solid glass light shade may be either on the inside of the
light shade or on the outside of the light shade, preferably on the inside, and in
this way they are double convex, and have their curves formed from half the
diameter of the light shade: and the diameter of the light shade chauging
throughout (being oblique in form) the radius from which the curves are formed
changes with the diameter of the light shade; and I direct attention to this
part of my invention for on its observance the perfection of the invention depends.
When the lenses are on the outside of the solid glass light shade they are
plano-convex and differ in their construction from the lenses on the inside of the
light shade. When outside they have their curves drawn from the diamater of
the light shade, and the diameter from which they are drawn changes with the
diameter of the light shade, the same as described when they are inside the light
shade so that it will be understood that the degree of curves in the lenses of the
light shades change with the diameter of the same.
The glass in the water lens has the tubes formed in the same way as that
describe for the double convex solid glass light shade, they being preferably
made double convex are subject to the same rule of construction as the solid
double convex lens and when the tubes of the water lens are plano convex they
are constructed in the same way as the plano-convex in solid glass as describe
above. I also employ the bulls eye pattern of lens and this is distingushed from
the others because it is thick in the centre and thin at the edges on all sides,
whereas those in coloums are thick in centre and thin at two sides only, when
the bulls eye lens is used in solid glass, the requirements of glass moulding
necessitates the light shade to be made in two parts.
But to make myself clearly understood I give drawings and references thereto.
Let the circle Fig. 1, show how I form the curves of the lenses in my light
shades.
The curves A. B are drawn from the segments of circles 1. and 2. and they are
distant from the circle half the diameter of the same and in this form they are
double convex and the widths of the lenses at their widest parts do not exceed
one and a quarter inches.

page_text: C. D Fig. 1, are the plano-convex lenses; and the curves of the same are formed
from the circle Fig. 1, and the curves of the plano-convex do not exceed one and
a quarter inches at their widest parts and a straight line is drawn from point to
point as + C. and D.
Fig. 2 represents the model from which the lens light shades are made.
It is five inches high five inches in diameter at top and one inch in width at
bottom, and in this size I preferably make them.
The model is of wood and the process of manufacture is the same as that in use
in the glass trade. And I graduate the curves as follows.
I make the wood model in one whole piece and then divide it as A 1, B 2,.
C 3, D 4 E 5 and F 6 allowance being made for waste in cutting. The divided
parts have the curves of the lenses marked on the divided surfaces each one
according to its diameter: thus A 1 has a half diameter of two and a half inches
and the curves of the lenses are formed for double convex as A. B Fig. 1, and for
plano-convex as + C. D Fig. 1.
The lower part of A 1 and top part of B 2 have their curves formed in the
same way but from a reduced radius (two inches) this process of forming the lenses.
in their graduations is continued throughout and the curves so marked and cut.
The model is then joined together in one whole part. The further use of the
model is the same as that in general use in glass blowing and moulding.
Fig. 3 is a section of the lens light shade in the double convex form and Fig. 4,.
a section of same in the plano-convex form. Fig. 5. shews the oblique form of the
double convex and Fig. 6 the same form in the plano convex.
And I wish it to be distinctly understood that I raise or lower the lights in the
lens light shades according to the extent of area to be lighted, lowering it when
a wide area is lighted and raising it when in use in a less extent of area as shown
by Figs. 5 and 6 it being understood that the light is increased by being raise.
as the oblique principle is thereby increased.
I also wish it to be understood that the lens light shade has a capacity for
refracting a given candle power and above that candle power there is a waste-
in the expenditure of light used. I therefore use enough candle power to get
the light through the divisions and no more.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
claim is,
1st. A lens light shade with the curves of the lenses changing with the diameter
of the light shades and the application of oblique refraction to the purposes of
this invention as shown by Fig. 2 and Fig. 6 +.
2nd. The process of forming the model as described by Figs. 1. and 2.
3rd. The process of reduction in size and in substance as described.
4th. The limiting of the candle power to the capacity of lens light shade as.
described.
Dated this 21st dr of A100