IMPROVEMENTS IN BUILDINGS, BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS, AND BUILDING MATERIALS, INCLUDING GLASS, PARTLY APPLICABLE TO SHIPS
Year: 1875

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Thaddeus Hyatt, of No. 66, Gloucester Gardens,
Hyde Park, London, in the County of Middlesex, Manufacturer of
Patent Lights, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN BUILDINGS,
BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS, AND BUILDING MATERIALS, INCLUDING GLASS,
PARTLY APPLICABLE TO SHIPS."
Sealed the 29th February 1876, and dated the 23rd November 1875.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Thaddeus Hyatt at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
23rd November 1875.
I, THADDEUS HYATT, of No. 66, Gloucester Gardens, Hyde Park,
London, in the County of Middlesex, Manufacturer of Patent Lights,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
BUILDINGS, BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS, AND BUILDING MATERIALS, INCLUDING GLASS,
PARTLY APPLICABLE TO SHIPS," to be as follows:-

page_text: moulds to the purpose of making continuous cement or solid roofs, and
in casting and moulding such roofs of cement or of equivalent plastic
material in situ, or in sections for application to buildings, and in giving
to such moulded roofs the style and appearance of ornamental slato
and tile roofing, a part of the Invention consisting in casting such
roofs with dormers and with ornamental bulging or raised portions in
the nature of flat skylight dormers, and also in inlaying the same with
encaustic tiles, Dutch tiles, or other ornamental tiling or materials,
a part of the Invention also consisting in making such roofs illu-
minating by moulding the surface with light-holes in the raised parts,
and ornamenting the same by a setting or covering of glass, a part of
the Invention also consisting in the use of hemispherical or bulging
glasses to cover the light holes, a part of the Invention also consisting
in the employment for ornamenting buildings of glass tiles, made
brilliant by gold, silver, or other gilding on the unexposed surface,
parts of the same in some cases being left ungilt to transmit light;
a further part of the Invention also consisting in making a skeleton,
or lattice of rafters as a foundation upon which to mould the aforesaid
plastic roofs, thereby dividing up the roof space into regular and
ornamental openings for ornamented panel on the under or ceiling
face and the external ornamented face, as well as for making the roof
illuminating when set with glass; a part of the Invention consisting
in the employment of wood lattices for such foundations, made fireproof
by encrusting the parts with the fireproof plastic.
Tile Covered Wood Lattice Rafters.-According to one part of my
Invention, having reference to tile covered roofs, my improvement
consists in making of wood and coating the same with fireproof cement
or plastic the skeleton foundation of the roof, which I fashion in the
form of a grating or lattice made of strips placed vertically, with per-
forations at their lower edges for keying the moulded plastic; a part
of the Invention consisting in shaping the external face of the wood-
work into notches or steps to match the under face of the overlapping
tiles so as to give the edges of the tile a continuous bearing all round.
Tile Covered Metal Lattice Rafters.-According to another part of
my Invention, having reference to tile covered roofs, my improvement
consists in making the lattice rafters of metal, and protecting them
with a coating of fireproof plastic, a part of the Invention consisting
in casting them in the form of a grating, the bars of which are hollow;

page_text: a part of the Invention consisting in some cases in overlaying the metal.
lattice with wood as a backing to fasten the tiles to, and a part of the
Invention in other cases consisting in casting the lattice rafter gratings
with a stepped face in imitation of the overlapping of tiles, and in
setting the apertures of such gratings with tiles, ornamental, illu-¨.
minating, or otherwise, after the manner of setting the glasses of
-illuminating gratings; a part of the Invention also consisting in orna-
menting the surfaces of such gratings by inlays of encaustic, Dutch, or
other tiles or other ornamenting materials: ..
Mansard Roofs.-According to another part of my Invention,
referring to Mansard and other inclined roofs hitherto made upon a
framing, my improvement consists in the use and application of a
brick filling-in between the rafters of brick, according to one method,
moulded in sets to form an arch suitable for the space between the
rafters, and preferably so proportioned and shaped as to form when laid
flat surfaces, both exteriorly and interiorly, and perforated to hold
plastering and cement, a part of the Invention, consisting in forming
a moulded cement surface upon the weather face, as above described
with reference to the lattice roof formation, and ornamenting the same
with encaustic or Dutch tiles or other materials, and in other cases
moulding the bricks themselves, with indents to receive such orna-
menting materials; a part of the Invention consisting in some cases in
building into such arches blocks of glass suitably shaped for the purpose,
and in other cases in providing light holes in the arches to be set or
covered by glass, and a part of the Invention according to another
method consisting in the use and application of concrete in place of
brick, as the filling-in between the rafters of a roof, and forming and
ornamenting it as aforesaid.
Bulging and Abutting Tiles.-According to another part of my In-
vention, relating to tile roofs, my improvement consists according to
one part thereof in the manufacture, use, and application of bulging
tiles, that is to say, raised or hollow tiles of very considerable pro-
minence when laid in position so as to present a roof surface that may
be compared for want of a better similie to a series of inverted ewers
of ornamental shape, the purpose of this construction being the two-
fold one of great strength and. surface for ornamentation, a part of
the Invention, which also is equally applicable to flat tiles, con-
sisting in forming and laying them with abutting instead of over.

page_text: lapping edges, the sides and edges of the tiles being so formed as to
produce gutters or channels when thus abutted, that when filled with
cement or inlaid with encaustics or other tiles make a perfectly water-
tight joint between the tiles, a part of the Invention also consisting
in making bulging and other tiles for roofing and weather surfaces
formed with indents to receive and in laying them with encaustics, Dutch
tiles, or other ornamenting materials.
Flat Arch Illuminating Flat Roofs and Walking Surfaces.-According
to another part of my Invention my improvement consists in making
fire-proof roofs, floors, and walking surfaces of bricks set with glass to
give light, the bricks being shaped to form arches with flat upper faces
for being walked upon, a part of the Invention, as such arches must
of necessity be of little depth, consisting in the addition to them of
supporting arched bars or arched metal gratings on the under side of
the construction, suitably protected against fire; a part of the Inven-
tion for walking surfaces also consisting in covering such surfaces with
an asphalt wearing surface; a part of the Invention also consisting in
inlaying and ornamenting such asphalt and other building surfaces
when made of bituminous materials, with encaustic tiles, Dutch tiles,
or other ornamenting materials; a part of the Invention also consisting
in the use and application of glass blocks or bricks as a part of the
arches when forming such walking surfaces in lieu of glass set bricks.
Fireproof Load Supporting Coilings.-According to another part of
my Invention my improvement consists in putting the strength of the
fireproof construction in line with the ceiling or bottom flanges of the
beams rather than in line with the floor or top flanges of the beams, as
is the common method, except where the interbeam spaces are filled in
solid from bottom to top of the beams which is an expensive and wasteful
method of construction when the spans are great. Where the spans are
great I prefer to divide the space into bays of convenient widths by means
of girders; and my improvement then consists in setting the joists or
cross beams in line with the bottom flanges of the girders, a part of
the Invention consisting in bolting the joists to the girders upon the
principle of deck building construction in ships; these joists are then
filled in with perforated bricks shaped while forming an arch to likewise
present a flat ceiling face underneath fit to be plastered upon and
make a finished ceiling; a part of the Invention also consisting in the use
and application of skewback bricks formed with under lips which project

page_text: underneath or underlap the bottom flanges of the joists for their projection
against fire; another set of bricks, those that abut against the main
girders to which the ends of the joists are fixed, being shaped with under
lips to also underlap the bottom flanges of the main girders for their
protection against fire; the hollow space of the bays between the girders
above the ceiling thus formed may be arched to the floor level or top of
the girders with concrete and levelled off, or timbers and planking may
be employed to form the flooring above such ceilings, the iron and brick
forming the ceiling construction being of such strength as to be capable
of carrying the whole of the floor load.
Illuminating Flat Arch Floors and Roofs.-According to another part
of my Invention my improvement consists in making fireproof flat roofs,
and floors upon the deck building method of construction aforesaid, but in
place of setting the joists in line with the bottom I set them in line with
the tops of the girders, resorting to independent means of fireproofing
the exposed portions of the girders below the joists; the fireproof ceiling
is then an elevated one between the girders, and when required to be an
illuminating construction I form the arches of illuminating bricks made
with flat walking surfaces as berein-before described.
Ornamenting Buildings.-According to one part of my Invention my
improvement consists in the manufacture, use, and application of
indented and inlaid bricks for the external and internal construction of
buildings, such bricks being made of any convenient size and shapo to
be built up like ordinary bricks into pillars, piers, walls, and other parts
of buildings, the indented bricks being numbered and marked for placing
so as to form hollows or indents in lines or figures suitable for being
inlaid with ornamental glass, tiles, or other ornamenting material; the
improvement applying also to the formation of roofing and weather-
facing tiles, a part of the application to tiles consisting in making
indented tiles for facing concrete and other walls, so as to produce the
external appearance of finished brick, the indents of the tiles being made
to resemble the joints between laid bricks, a part of the Invention also
applying to the making and applying of indented and inlaid bricks and
tiles as aforesaid, the indents and inlays being configured to represent
letters and figures so as to form signs, names, and numbers upon
the face of buildings; applicable also to a removable backing or
foundation.

page_text: Hydraulic and Cement Tiles.-According to another part of my
Invention my improvement consists in making indented, inlaid, and
plain tiles and roofing and weather-surface tiles, colored and uncolored
and set or not with glass of hydraulic limes, lime mortars, cements,
concretes, and equivalent materials by moulding, and by moulding and
pressure, a part of the Invention consisting in the use of strengthening
fibre, such as cut manilla and equivalent material, asbestos, or other
binding fibres, a part of the Invention consisting in the use of colored
materials to produce imitation encaustic and glazed tiles.
Encaustic Tiles. According to another part of my Invention my:
improvement consists in making marked or indented cakes or tiles of
encaustic waro and other baked clays and porcelains to be used as
tesserae, the lines or indents being the breaking lines, and the shape of
the tesserae being determined by such lines, a part of the Invention also
consisting in making encaustic and other tiles with indented letters and
figures shaped and formed to hold colored filling, like engraved brass
name plates for advertising, and other purposes.
Illuminated Gratings.-According to another part of my Invention
my improvement consists in making ornamental grating work for
panelling and other purposes, the nature of which is the use and
application of encaustic, glazed, and other tiles and colored substances
or materials to the closing of the apertures of gratings upon the same
general principle of combination now employed in the manufacture of
illuminating tiles, a part of the Invention consisting in making the
openings in such gratings or perforated plates to form figures and
designs of any desired geometrical or artistic character.
Illuminating Constructions. Suspended Reflecting Skylights.-Ac-
cording to another part of my Invention my improvement consists in
fixing or suspending skylights below the general ceiling of the apart-
ment lighted thereby, the inclined exterior surface of the glass catching
the light and reflecting its rays into the apartment because below the
ceiling thereof, a part of the Invention consisting in the use and
application of daylight reflectors to the outside of the skylight, the same
being also applicable to ordinary sky and roof lights.
According to another part of my Invention my improvement consists in
a new construction of of illuminating gratings, by the insertion between
the blocks or plates of glass of translucent reflecting pieces in place of

page_text: the metal cross bars of the usual grating, such pieces being termed by
me "translucent cross bars," and being formed in some cases bent at
the under side and projecting. underneath the adjoining glass so as to
catch and reflect its light; a part of the Invention when the con- .
struction is for roof or ceiling lights being to form the blocks or plates
of glass bulging or arching in combination with lenses formed upon the
same; a part of the Invention also consisting in "halving" the blocks
of glass together in some cases where no cross bars are employed.
:
According to another part of my Invention, my improvement consists
in the use and application to illuminating gratings to close the appertures
thereof, of flat or slightly curved or indented faced glasses made with
hollow or reversed lenses on the under side thereof.,
According to another part of my Invention, my improvement consists
in the use and application of rebated raised surface glasses, to closing.
the appertures of illuminating gratings, and thereby forming channels
which are then filled with encaustic or other ornamental tiles or tesserae
to form ornamented illuminating gratings.
According to another part of my Invention.my improvement consists
in making illuminating gratings for walking surfaces by casting the
gratings with hollows or channels to receive and hold encaustic tiles or
other ornamenting materials, also in making the glasses of the illu-
minating gratings in some cases projecting sufficiently below the under
face of the gratings when they form ceilings to apartments beneath
them, to thereby form channels or retaining grooves for the reception
of "slips" of encaustic or other ornamenting material to make inlaid-
and ornamental illuminating ceilings.
According to another part of my Invention my improvement consists
in making and applying sunk lense faced glasses as deck lights in
vessels' decks, and to the closing of the apertures of illuminating gratings
for walking surfaces, a part. of the Invention. (also applicable to
glasses with flat faces) consisting in making deck lights with sheathed
or metal protected edges or vertical sides, to admit of their being secured
and made water-tight in the vessel's deck by " caulking;" a further part
of the Invention-also-consisting in the use and application of toughened
glass as deck lights and as illuminating blocks to close the appertures of
illuminating gratings, a further part of the Invention (applicable also
to other glass) consisting in toughening deck lights, grating lights; and

page_text: other glasses, by immersing the glass immediately when made into a
bath of molten lead in place of hot oil as in the La Bastie method.
According to another part of my Invention my improvement consists
in imbedding the glasses of illuminating gratings within india-rubber of
such mass as effectually to secure the glasses against fracture by either
pressure or blows of ordinary character, a part of the Invention also
consisting in securing such glasses against injury by inserting them in
metal knobs formed upon the surface of metal gratings, water ways
being made at the sides of the knobs to prevent the sunk glasses from
becoming choked with mud.
According to another part of my Invention my improvement in the
manufacture of safety illuminating gratings consists in combining cast
iron narrow panels, set with bulls' eye glasses, with strong wrought iron
gratings made of parallel bars only, the panels being inserted between
the bars; a further part of the Invention consisting in scating the
bulls' eye glasses on lead when secured in position by means of cement.
According to another part of my Invention my improvement consists
in cheapening the manufacture of illuminating gratings by the use of
alphabetical or sectional grating patterns, capable of being combined
and recombined indefinately (like movable type) to form patterns of
larger or smaller size from which to mould and make castings.
According to another part of my Invention my improvement consists
in forming dripping or overhanging edges for waterproofing purposes to
glasses used for closing the apertures of roof lights, usually inserted by
screwing them into their seats.
According to another part of my Invention my improvement consists
in the use and application of lobster eye or bulging glasses, as "port
lights" for the sides of vessels, a part of the Invention consisting in
tho use of curved metal reflecting shields as daylight reflectors to such
glasses and to protect them from injury.
According to another part of my Invention my improvement consists
in making illuminating gratings and perforated metal plates ornamental
for various applications as building materials by setting the same, that
is, closing their apertures with lens formed or arching glasses flashed
with colors, or etched, or otherwise formed with designs upon the face
of the glasses, the glasses for sonic purposes being manufactured from
colored "metal."

page_text: Ventilation. According to one part of my Invention my improve-
ment consists in making window sashes in sliding halves or duplicates,
the double layer of glass forming a flat ventilating tube on the separation
of the halves and giving direction ceilingwards to the inflowing air
current, a part of the Invention in some cases making a three sash
window.
According to another part of my Invention my improvement consists
in making illuminating grating roofs with syphon ventilators as closures
to one or more of the openings of the grating, the same being in some
cases made of glass.
According to another part of my Invention my improvement consists
in a mode of prevention to leakage through the joints of flap and sliding
illuminating area doors, by combining with them a guttered framework
wherein to slide or over which to shut, a pipo from this guttered frame
carrying away all leakage.
According to another part of my Invention my improvement consists
in forming the walls of buildings with zig-zag flues, similar to those of
Russian stoves, the same passing from storey to storey through the
several floors to the top of the building, or as far up as necessary to
exhaust the heat and intercept the smoke, a part of the Invention
consisting in providing bays or recesses in the walls for such pipes,
and surrounding or shutting them from sight by means of ornamental
fretwork, pannelling, or screens, as a part of the wall finish of the room.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patcut,
filed by the said Thaddeus Hyatt in the Great Seal Patont Offico
on the 23rd May 1876.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, THADDEUS
HYATT, of No. 66, Gloucester Gardens, Hyde Park, London, in the
County of Middlesex, Manufacturer of Patent Lights, send grecting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twenty-third day of November, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-five, in the
thirty-ninth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and

page_text: successors, give and grant unto me, the said Thaddeus Hyatt, Her
special license that I, the said Thaddeus Hyatt, my executors, adminis-
trators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Thaddeus Hyatt, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with,
and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during
the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "In-
PROVEMENTS IN BUILDINGS, BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS, and Building Materials,
PARTLY APPLICABLE TO SHIPS," upon the condition (amongst others) that I,
the said Thaddeus Hyatt, my executors or administrators, by an instru-
ment in writing under my or their hand and seal or hands and seals,
should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Inven-
tion, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause
the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Thaddeus Hyatt, do hereby declarc
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to bo
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof :-
Moulded Cement Roofs.-According to one part of my Invention my
improvement consists in the use and application of zinc or other
suitable moulds to the purpose of making continuous cement or solid
roofs, and in casting and moulding such roofs of cement or of equi-
valent plastic material in situ or in sections or blocks for application to
buildings, and in giving to such moulded roofs the style and appearance
of ornamental slate and tile roofing, a part of the Invention consisting
in casting such roofs with dormers and with ornamental bulging or
raised portions in the nature of flat skylight dormers, and also in inlaying
the same with encaustic tiles, Dutch tiles, or other ornamental tiling or
materials, a part of the Invention also consisting in making such
roofs illuminating by moulding the surface with light holes in the
raised parts, and ornamenting the same by a setting or covering of glass,
a part of the Invention also consisting in the use of hemispherical or
bulging glasses to cover the light holes; a part of the Invention also
consisting in the employment for ornamenting buildings of glass tiles
made brilliant by gold, silver, or other gilding on the unexposed surface,

page_text: .
parts of the same in some cases being left ungilt to transmit light; a
further part of the Invention also consisting in making a skeleton or
lattice of rafters as a foundation upon which to mould the aforesaid
plastic roofs, thereby dividing up the roof space into regular and orna-
mental openings for ornamented pannels on the under or ceiling face
and the external ornamented face as well as for making the roof illumi-
nating when set with glass, a part of the Invention consisting in the
employment of wood lattices for such foundation, made fire-proof by
encrusting the parts with the fire-proof plastic.
Tile Covered Wood Lattice Rafters.-According to one part of my
Invention having reference to tile covered roofs, my improvement
consists in making of wood and coating the same with fire-proof cement
or plastic the skeleton foundation of the roof, which I fashion in the
form of a grating or lattice made of strips placed vertically with perfo-
rations at their lower edges for keying the moulded plastic, a part of
the Invention consisting in shaping the external face of the woodwork
into notches or steps to match the under face of the overlapping tiles,
so as to give the edges of the tiles a continuous bearing all around.
Tile Covered Metal Lattice Rafters.-According to another part of my
Invention having reference to tile covered roofs, my improvement
consists in making the lattice rafters of metal and protecting them with
a coating of fire-proof plastic, a part of the Invention consisting in
casting them in the form of a grating, the bars of which are hollow;
a part of the Invention consisting, in some cases, in overlaying the
metal lattice with wood as a backing to fasten the tiles to, and a part
of the Invention, in other cases, consisting in casting the lattice rafter
gratings with a stepped face in imitation of the overlapping of tiles and
in setting the apertures of such gratings with tiles, ornamental, illumi-
nating, or otherwise, after the manner of setting the glasses of illumi-
nating gratings; a part of the Invention also consisting in ornamenting
the surfaces of such gratings by inlays of encaustic, Dutch, or other tiles,
or other ornamenting materials.
Mansard Roofs.-According to another part of my Invention,
referring to Mansard and other inclined roofs hitherto made upon a
5 framing, my improvement consists in the use and application of a brick
filling in between the rafters of brick, according to one method moulded
in sets to form an arch suitable for the space between the rafters, and
preferably so proportioned and shaped as to form, when laid flat,

page_text: surfaces both exteriorly and interiorly, and perforated to hold plastering
and cement; a part of the Invention consisting in forming a moulded
coment surface upon the weather face, as above described, with reference
to the lattice roof formation, and ornamenting the same with encaustic
or Dutch tiles, or other materials; a part of the Invention consisting
in some cases in building into such arches blocks of glass suitably
shaped for the purpose, and in other cases in providing light holes in
the arches to be set or covered by glass; and a part of the Inven-
tion, according to another method consisting in the use and application
of concrete in place of brick as the filling in between the rafters of a
roof, and forming and ornamenting it as aforesaid.
Bulging and Abutting Tiles.--According to another part of my Inven-
tion relating to tile roofs my improvement consists according to one
part thereof in the manufacture, use, and application of bulging
tiles, that is to say, raised or hollow tiles of very considerable pro-
minence when laid in position, so as to present a roof surface that may
be compared for want of a better simile to a series of inverted ewers
of ornamental shape. The purpose of this construction being the two-
fold one of great strength and surface for ornamentation.
Flat Arch Illuminating Flat Roofs and Walking Surfaces.-According
to another part of my Invention my improvement consists in making
fireproof roofs, floors, and walking surfaces of bricks set with glass to
give light, the bricks being shaped to form arches with flat upper faces
for being walked upon; a part of the Invention, as such arches must
of necessity be of little depth, consisting in the addition to them of sup-
porting arched bars or arched metal gratings on the under side of the
construction suitably protected against fire; a part of the Invention for
walking surfaces also consisting in covering such surfaces with an
asphalt or wearing surface; a part of the Invention also consisting in
inlaying and ornamenting such asphalt as a wearing surface with
encaustic tiles or other ornamenting materials; a part of the Invention
also consisting in the use and application of glass blocks or bricks as a
part of flat arch walking surfaces.
Ornamenting Buildings.-According to another part of my Invention
my improvement consists in the manufacture, use, and application of
indented and inlaid tiles for facing concrete and bricks of common
stock so as to produce the external appearance of the finest bricks, the
indents of the tiles being pointed and made to resemble the joints

page_text: between fine laid bricks, a part of the Invention also consisting in
making indented tile and cement surfaces to form letters and figures, and
thus names and numbers upon the face of buildings as signs.
In-
Colored and Encaustic Tiles.-According to another part of my
vention my improvement consists in making indented biscuits or tiles of
encaustic and other clays to be broken and used as tesserae, the lines or
indents being the breaking lines, and the shape of the tesserae being
determined by such lines; a part of the Invention also consisting in
making colored or ornamenting tiles with indents in the form of
letters and figures, and inlaying the same for advertising and other
purposes.
Illuminated Gratings.-According to another part of my Invention
my improvement consists in making ornamental grating-work for
paneling and other purposes by the use and application of encaustic,
glazed, and other tiles, and colored substances, including wood and
paper, which close the apertures of the gratings, substantially in the
same way as glass closures are employed for closing the apertures of
illuminating gratings; a part of the Invention consisting in forming
the openings of such gratings of perforated plates so as to produce
figures and designs of geometrical or artistic character.
Illuminating Constructions. Suspended Reflecting Skylights.-
According to another part of my Invention my improvement consists in
fixing or suspending skylights below the general ceiling of the apart-
ment lighted thereby, so that the inclined exterior or upper surface of
the glass in such case becomes a reflector for directing the light through
the apartment.
Fig. 1, Sheet One, illustrates this part of my Invention. A, A, is
the ceiling line of the apartment; B, B, is the skylight; C, C, aro
ventilating windows at the sides of the skylight; a, a, represent light
rays as reflected from the outside of the panes of glass into the lighted
apartment; b, b, are gutters to carry off rain. A part of the Invention
consists in the use and application of daylight reflectors to the outside
of the skylight, the same being also applicable to ordinary sky and roof
lights.

page_text: the blocks or plates of glass of translucent reflecting pieces in place of
the metal cross bars of the ordinary grating, such pieces being termed
by me "translucent cross bars," and being formed in some cases bent at
the under side and projecting underneath the adjoining glass so as to
catch and reflect its light, a part of the Invention, when the con-
struction is for roof or ceiling lights, being to form the blocks or plates
of glass bulging or arching in combination with lenses formed upon
the same; a part of the Invention also consisting in "halving" the
blocks of glass together in some cases where no cross bars are employed.
Fig. 2 & 3 represent in plan and cross section this part of my In-
vention. D, D, is the iron grating; E, E, are the cross bars of glass;
F, F, are the squares of glass lenses which block the openings of the
grating E, c; Fig. 3 represents a glass cross bar made with a reflector c
bent to a reflecting angle, as shewn, to catch and direct the light rays
falling upon it through the glass square of lenses above it.
According to another part of my Invention my improvement consists
in the use and application of colored and other stones, wood, paper, or
other materials, as inlays to glasses set in gratings and perforated plates,
the object of the inlays being to give a secure foothold and prevent
slipping when used as walking surfaces as well as for ornamentation.
Fig. 5 & 6 illustrate this part of my Invention, G, G, representing a
square of glass formed with indents or channels, and inlaid with the
colored slips d, d.
According to another part of my Invention my improvement consists
in making and inlaying channels within the face of the iron grating as
shewn in Fig. 7. Ordinary squares of glass may be employed to block
the apertures of such gratings, but where the glasses themselves are
used to produce a channeled surface for inlays the glasses require to be
made on the "button head" plan set forth in my former Patents. I
also apply the methods herein-above described and illustrated for
walking surfaces to the making of ornamental ceiling surfaces, which
need not be further illustrated than by the above.
According to another part of my Invention, my improvement consists
in making lens faced glasses with the lenses sunk to the general level
of the glass, as shewn in Fig. 8, where H, H, represents a vessel's deck,
and F represents a deck light, f, f, representing the lenses, and f¹‚ƒ',
representing the surrounding space, e being open space below the glass.

page_text: According to another part of my Invention my improvement consists
in a mode of setting deck lights in vessels' decks, and in a mode of
protecting the sides of the same, to admit of their being made tight by
means of caulking. Fig. 9 illustrates this part of my Invention, H, H,
being the deck planks; F, F, deck lights; g, g, protecting bands of
metal or other protecting substance surrounding the glasses, and h, h,
representing the oakum. The glasses may be set in composition boxes
and then caulked in place, or belts of lead may be run upon the glasses
for this purpose. In some cases I propose to toughen deck lights and
other glasses used as walking surfaces by immersing them in molten
lead when just made from the "metal."
According to another part of my Invention my improvement consists
in imbedding the glasses of illuminating gratings within india-rubber
of such mass as effectually to secure the glasses against fracture by
either pressure or blows of ordinary character; a part of the Invention
also consisting in securing such glasses against injury by inserting them
in metal knobs formed upon the surface of metal gratings, waterways
being made at the sides of the knobs to prevent the sunk glasses from
becoming choked with mud. Figures 10 & 11 illustrate this part of
my Invention, 10 being a cross section, and 11 a plan; I, I, is a cast-
iron plate with the light holes e, e, e; i, i, arc square knobs or bosses of
iron with waterways k, k, cut through their sides, the glasses F, F,
being inserted within the metal knobs, so as to be completely surrounded
and protected by them.
According to another part of my Invention my improvement consists
in the use and application of lobster cyc or hollow dome shaped glasses
as "port lights" for vessels' sides, and in the use and application of
protecting daylight reflectors to such glasses. Fig. 12 illustrates this
part of my Invention, F being the bulging glass and the metal
protecting reflector.
According to another part of my Invention my improvement consists
in the use and application of lenses and curved glasses made from
colored "metal" or flashed with colors, or etched or otherwise orna-
mented with designs or otherwise for the purpose of closing the
3 apertures of gratings or perforated plates to be used as building
materials and for walking surfaces.
According to another part of my Invention my improvement consists
in making ventilating of lights and other lights he the insertion

page_text: glass or metal syphon ventilators within the apertures of the gratings as
illustrated by Fig. 13 on Sheet 2, D, D, being the grating, F, F, the
glasses, and K the ventilating syphon. The arrows shew the direction
of the inflowing current of air.
According to another part of my Invention my improvement consists
in making ventilating windows by means of a combination of sashes
one of which being raised thereby forms an air channel between the
sashes, and thus directs the inflowing current of air upwards or ceiling-
ward. Fig. 14 illustrates this part of my Invention, L, M, N, being
three sashes; M being raised two currents of air are admitted as
indicated by the arrows.
According to another part of my Invention, my improvement consists
in preventing leakage through the joints of flap and sliding doors, by
means of a guttered frame into which the doors fit, and a drip or fillet
upon the under side of the doors to cause the leakage to drip into the
gutter. Figures 15 & 16 illustrate this part of my Invention, O, O,
being the guttered frame, and P, P, the doors; m, m, m, are the
gutters; n is the drip or fillet; o in Fig. 16 represents a pipe for
carrying off the leakage from the gutters.
According to another part of my Invention, my improvement consists
in the use and application of the Russian zig-zag chimney pipo for
heating buildings by establishing a series of such pipes within recesses
formed in the main walls of the building, and carrying the same
upwards from story to story in tiers, a tier being placed upon each floor,
and the lower being connected with the one above it by a suitable
opening made for the purpose through the floor. By this arrangement
the several stories of a building may be warmed from one fire placed
in the basement, and the whole heat of the fuel made available, a
part of the Invention consisting in concealing such zig-zag flues from
sight by means of panels of ornamental fretwork placed in front
thereof, and thus forming a portion of the side walls of the apartment.