IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRIC CONDUCTORS FOR TELEGRAPHIC PURPOSES, AND IN THE APPARATUS FOR AND MODE OR MEANS OF TRANSMITTING SIGNALS BETWEEN DISTANT PLACES
Year: 1860

page_text: Sealed the 23rd October 1860, and dated the 11th May, 1860.
・
1.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Edward-Newton
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
11th May 1860.
I, WILLIAM EDWARD NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery Lane,
in the County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of
the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRIC CONDUCTORS FOR TELEGRAPHIC
PURPOSES, AND IN THE APPARATUS FOR AND MODE OR MEANS OF TRANSMITTING
SIGNALS BETWEEN DISTANT PLACES," to be as follows:-
This Invention of improvements in electric conductors for telegraphic
purposes, and in the apparatus for and mode or means of transmitting
signals between distant places, relates, first, to an improved mode, of con-
In carry-
structing insulated submarine or subterranean telegraphic cables.

page_text: ing out this part of the improvements, the Inventor proposes to take a
hempen or other cord of from three-eighths to half an inch in diameter, and
around it is to be wound a copper wire of moderate thickness with the coils
in close contact. A second course of wire of, say, the same gauge is then
wound on the first, and the threads or coils of this second will naturally lic
between the contiguous threads of the first coil. The object of this second
course or winding of copper wire is, that when any bending of the cable takes
place when it is completed, the second winding of wire will insinuate itself
between the coils of the first wire so as to preserve the contact of the wires,
and thereby secure the conducting surface unimpaired. After the two coils
of wire have been wound, a covering of gutta percha or other insulating
material is used, and outside of this, tarred cordage of about three-sixteenths
of an inch in diameter is longitudinally disposed along the conductor so as to
cover and protect the gutta percha, and this cordage is secured by a covering
of twine. This mode of constructing cables produces a very strong conductor,
and one in which kinks will not be formed during the operation of laying. It
moreover possesses the advantages of strength, lightness, and flexibility.
The next improvement relates to the instruments or apparatus whereby
signals are transmitted by the agency of electricity or electro-magnetism
to distant places.
The peculiar novelty in the improved instrument consists in placing a por-
manent magnet within one of the helices of the electro-magnet, which is made
hollow for the purpose. One half of the ordinary core of soft iron is retained,
leaving a space to receive the permanent magnet. The principle of the ope-
ration of this instrument is as follows:-Suppose the coil to be charged (when
in connection with the battery) so as to give the same polarity to the axis or
core as is possessed by the permanent magnet, the two magnets will repel
each other, and the prolonged pole or core of the other helix will attract the
permanent magnet so that the combined forces will all be in action, that is,
the repellent forces of the core or axis, the repellent power of the magnet,
and the mutually attractive power of the magnet and pole of the other
helix, will all be in simultaneous action. The permanent magnet may be
arranged either in a vertical position, or it may be suspended on a transverse
axis within the coil.
The improved mode or means of operating the apparatus constitutes the
third part of the Invention. The object of this improvement is to be able to
transmit signals through a non-insulated or imperfectly insulated conductor.
The improved mode of operating consists in the contemporaneous or simul-

page_text: taneous severing at the receiving instrument of the circuit or circuits which
are formed, and which run in the same direction as that of the battery circuit
from the point or points where the insulation is not perfect, and 'which circuit
or circuits do not instantaneously cease on the opening of the key at the
sending station. As these shorter circuits are beyond the control of the
operator who despatches the message, resort must be had to that class of
instruments which will sever the connection at the receiving station imme-
diately after each signal, and will restore it again in time for the consecutive
letter or signal which is to be made. Most of the printing or other tele-
graphs which work in unison at the two extremities of the line may be used
for this purpose. Let it be supposed, for example, that a' cable has been laid
between London and New York with ground plates and connections with the
instruments. If it be desired to send a message from London-to New York
by opening and closing the circuits in London in the usual manner by keys or
levers, the 'instrument for receiving- the message- should be so arranged that
so soon as the signal manifests itself in New York, at the same instant the
connection with. the ground' platė should 'be severed, and restored again in time
for the consecutive letter of the message. The circuit will therefore be inter-
rupted at both the termini at or about the same time, and this may be feadily
effected by means. of appropriate machinery in connection with the type wheel
of a printing telegraph apparatus.
.. M
-
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said William Edward Newton in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 10th November 1860.
.44
-
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I WILLIAM
EDWARD NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery Lane, in the County
of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, send greeting.
"
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by, Her Letters
Patent bearing date the Eleventh day of May in the year of
'
17
four Lord
One, thousand eight hundred and sixty, in the twenty-third year. of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant. unto
me, the said William Edward Newton, Her special license that I, the said
William Edward Newton, my executors, administrators, and assigns,, or such
others as I, the said William Edward Newton, my executors, administrators,
and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time
Jury
זור

page_text: and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and
lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRIC CONDUCTORS FOR TELEGRAPHIC PUR-
POSES, AND IN THE APPARATUS FOR AND MODE OR MEANS OF TRANSMITTING SIGNALS
BETWEEN DISTANT PLACES," being a communication from abroad by Benjamin
H. Wright, of Rome, in the United States of America, upon the condition
(amongst others) that I, the said William Edward Newton, by an instrument
in writing under my hand and seal, should particularly describe and ascertain
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be
performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said William Edward Newton, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is
to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement, reference being had to the Drawings hereunto annexed,
and to the letters and figures marked thereon (that is to say) :-
This Invention of "Improvements in Electric Conductors for Telegraphic
Purposes, and in the Apparatus for and Mode or Means of Transmitting
Signals between Distant Places," relates, first, to an improved mode of con-
structing insulated submarine or subterranean telegraphic cables.
In car-
rying out this part of the improvements, the Inventor proposes to take a
hempen or other cord of from three-eighths to half an inch in diameter, and
around this cord, which forms the core of the electric conductor, is to be wound
a copper wire of moderate thickness with the coils in close contact. A second
course of wire of, say, the same gauge is then wound on the first, and the
threads or coils of this second will naturally lie upon or between the con-
tiguous threads of the first coil. The object of this second course or winding
of copper wire is, that when any bending of the cable takes place when it is
completed, the second winding of wire will insinuate itself between the coils
of the first wire so as to preserve the contact of the wires, and thereby secure
the conducting surface unimpaired. After the two coils of wire have been
wound on the hempen core, a covering of gutta percha or other insulating
material is used, and outside of this, tarred cordage of about three-sixteenths of
an inch in diameter is longitudinally disposed along the conductor so as to
cover and protect the gutta percha, and this cordage is secured by a covering
of twine, which is to be wound helically round the same. This mode of con-

page_text: structing telegraphic cables produces a very strong electric conductor, and one
in which kinks will not be formed during the operation of laying. Such a cable
moreover possesses the advantage of strength, lightness, and flexibility.
The next improvement relates to the instruments or apparatus whereby
signals may be transmitted by the agency of electricity or electro-magnetism to
distant places. This improvement is shewn in Sheet I. of the accompanying
Drawings, in which Fig. 1 is a plan view of the improved instrument, and
Fig. 2 a side elevation of the same.
The peculiar novelty in the improved instrument consists in placing a
permanent magnet a within one of the helices b of the electro-magnet, which
is made hollow for the purpose. One half of the ordinary core of soft iron c is
retained, leaving a space to receive the permanent magnet a. The principle
of the operation of this instrument is as follows:-Suppose the coil b to be
charged (when in connection with the battery), so as to give the same polarity
to the axis or core c as is possessed by the permanent magnet a, the two
magnets will repel each other, and the bar d, which is screwed down on to
and forms a prolonged pole or core of the other helix c', will attract the per-
manent magnet a, so that the combined forces will all be in action at the same
time; that is, the repellant force of the core or axis c, the repellant power of
the magnet a, and the mutually attractive power of the magnet c', and prolonged
pole d of the other helix b', will all be in simultaneous action. The permanent
magnet may be arranged either in a vertical position, as shewn in the Drawing,
or it may be suspended on a transverse axis placed within the coil.
It will be seen on referring to Fig. 2 that the bar d, which forms the pro-
longed pole or axis of the coil b¹, is capable of adjustment by means of the
screw e, and the extent of motion of the permanent magnet a within the other
coil is controlled by the adjustable screws f, f, one of which 'screws f¹ is
provided with a non-conducting ivory point 2, so that when the permanent
magnet is thrown back against the ivory point by means of a spring g below,
the circuit will be broken.
The improved mode or means of communicating signals along electric
conductors constitutes the third part of the Invention. The object of this
improvement is to be able to transmit signals through an imperfectly insulated
conductor. It has been discovered, that whenever there is imperfect insu-
lation in a submarine electrical conductor, (and in a cable of the length and
laid under the circumstances of the Atlantic cable this must inevitably be the
case,) a secondary battery is formed at any and every point of imperfect insula-
tion. The current of like polarity with that of the main battery flows along in

page_text: the same direction with the current of the latter. The immediate action of
the electric current is caused by the battery on land, but the salt water will in
time induce a similar action at the point where defective insulation exists, and
will effect the same result as the main battery. Now the usual method of
breaking the circuit at the sending statión does not affect à circuit that does
not reach so far as that point, but which, on the contrary, originates at some
intermediate point, and returns to this identical point, and no further.
The improved mode of operating or transmitting signals along imperfectly
insulated conductors consists in the cotemporaneous or simultaneous severing
at the sending and receiving instrument of the circuit or circuits which are
formed, and which run in the same direction as that of the battery circuit from
the point or points where the insulation is not perfect, and which circuit or
circuils do not instantaneously cease on the opening of the key at the sending
station. As these shorter circuits are beyond the control of the operator who
despatches the message, resort must be had to that class of instruments which
will sever the connection at the receiving station immediately after each signal,
and will restore it again in time for the consecutive letter or signal which is to
be made. Most of the printing or other telegraphs which work in unison at
the two extremities of the line may be used for this purpose; but it is
preferable to use instruments specially constructed for and adapted to effect
the desired object.
In Sheet II. of the accompanying Drawings, I have shewn Diagram views
of portions of a printing telegraph apparatus specially designed for effecting
the objects of the present Invention.
Fig. 3, Sheet II., is a diagram plan view of the printing telegraph; Fig. 4
is a Diagram representing the same in elevation. Let it be supposed, for
example, that a cable A has been laid between London and New York, with
ground plates G and G*, in connection with the two instruments B and C, one
at each end of the cable A. If it be desired to send a message from London
to New York by opening and closing the circuits in London in the usual
manner by keys or levers H and. H, as is the case with printing telegraphs,
the instrument for receiving the message should be so arranged, that so soon as
the signal manifests itself in New York, at the same instant the connection
with the ground plate G or G should be severed, and restored again in time
for the consecutive letter of the message: The circuit will therefore be in-
terrupted at both the termini at or about the same time, and this may be
readily effected by means of appropriate machinery in connection with the
type wheel of the printing telegraph apparatus shewn in the Drawing.

page_text: In Fig. 3, S is a shaft or axle supported on two posts p, p, one end of the
shaft S passing through one of the posts, so that a type wheel T may be
mounted thereon. The other end of the shaft S may either pass through the
other post p, or its extremity may bear against a pivot screw, as shewn in the
Drawing. At a convenient place on the shaft is a wheel W, having a number
of transverse armatures on its circumferential ring, whereby the wheel is caused
to revolve through the action of an electro-magnet. If preferred, however,
rotary motion may be given to the shaft S by means of a weight, or in any
other convenient manner.
On the shaft S are a number of pins or projections 8, 8, 8, (Figures 3
and 4), say twenty-eight, one pin for each letter of the alphabet, and one each
for a period and a space. These pins are disposed helically round the shaft,
and are arranged in unison with the like letters on the type wheel T.
Between the posts p, p, a table provided with a finger board H* is placed.
The board is furnished with a key or lever k for each letter, stop, and
space, and beneath such key is a small electro-magnet m, called a key magnet.
The finger plates of the keys are marked with the letters A, B, C, D, and so
on, indicating the letters with which they correspond on the type wheel T.
The keys or levers extend to the main shaft S; their centre of motion being
at O, O. Small armatures are attached to the under side of the keys, and
when the finger is pressed on the key A, for example, the other extremity of
the lever will be brought so near to the shaft S that the pins & thereon,
corresponding to the letter A, will strike the keys or levers during the
revolution of the shaft, even although the finger may have been withdrawn.
To ensure this action a slight spring or catch i (Fig. 4) is to be placed beneath
each key, and will serve to temporarily hold down the key till the pin s strikes
the other end of the lever, and by this means releases it. The form of these
springs will be seen on referring to Fig. 4. The paper to be printed is wound
on a roller q (Fig: 4), and a roller r, which may be called the impression
roller, is mounted in bearings in a vibrating lever 1, provided with armatures,
as shewn in the Drawing. Two small batteries g¹, g, also form a part of the
apparatus. Tracing the lines of circuit along the wires indicated by red lines,
it will be seen that the armature of the vibrating lever is supposed to be held
by residuary magnetism alone to the poles of the electro-magnet m*, and
when contact is made on the shaft S by the revolution of this latter, thereby
bringing one of the pins s against the lever of the key А the circuit from the
battery brings a repellant power that sends the roller r with the paper against
the type wheel T, when the paper will receive the imprint of the letter A. Of

page_text: course it will be understood that a proper arrangement for inking the type
wheel, as is usual in printing telegraphs, must be employed, but as such
appliances are well known and form no part of the present Invention, I have
not thought it necessary to show them in the Drawing.
I will now proceed to describe the manner of using the apparatus to send a
message from a distant point, assuming two places, as London and New York,
or Valencia and Newfoundland. The telegraph wire or conductor and ground
plates being arranged as shewn in the Drawing, let B¹ represent the main
battery, and M' the receiving magnet. (The printing apparatus and its
accessories at the sending station B are not shewn in order to avoid a complexity
in the Drawing and description.) The finger board and keys, with their
magnets, are represented at the London terminus B at H. Z is an ivory disc
perforated for each letter of the alphabet, the perforations being filled with
metal. The disc Z is stationary, but an index z mounted on the centre of the
disc rotates with, the same speed as a similar index z¹ attached to a similar
disc Z, at the other terminus C of the conductor. Tracing the circuit it will
be seen that the disc Z at the sending station B (London) has its index
pinion connected directly with the battery B, the battery M being also
embraced in the circuit. The circuits and their operations can be readily
comprehended by observing where the armatures, when drawn up to their
respective poles, make connection for other parts. When the key A is pressed
down in sending a message, contact is first made at X, and when the index z
arrives at the letter A on the ivory disc Z, the circuit is complete, and the
finger having been in the meantime removed, the key is restored to its original
place again by the attraction of the small magnets V, which act on the
armature at the opposite end of the levers k. The magnets MP closes the main
circuit, and sends the current through the cable to the distant station C.
When the message or signal arrives at the ivory disc Z' belonging to the
distant station, the index z¹ of this latter disc, by moving in unison with that
at the sending station, will be in contact with the letter A, and the same
results will therefore take place at both stations.
I would observe that in order to ensure the making and breaking of
the circuit a cut-off can be added by means of double points on the disc.
Having described the improvements in electric conductors for telegraphic
purposes, and the apparatus for and mode or means of transmitting signals
between distant places, I will now proceed to explain the difficulties of trans-
mitting signals along an imperfectly insulated conductor, and I will then show,
by taking the present imperfect Atlantic cable as an example, in 'what way the

page_text: present Invention may render such imperfect conductor useful, and I will also
endeavor to shew why the present Atlantic cable ceased to work, and how, in
the opinion of my foreign correspondent, such a cable can be made to convey
signals, and also in what manner another cable can be formed with greater
prospect of success.
The electricians connected with the Atlantic cable state, that prior to the
entire failure of the cable to transmit signals great embarrassment existed in
consequent of the retardation or sluggish movement of the current, otherwise
denominated prolongation. Whilst the cause of this retardation remains
uncounteracted, and aggravated as are its inconveniences by the extent or
length of the circuit, it can easily be imagined that the length of cable may be
such as would, under the present system of operating, render the transmission
of the slightest signal (even from the outset) wholly impracticable. And when
so arranged as to allow the armature at the remote extremity to commence
responding to the dictation of the operator (as was the case with the Atlantic
cable), the retarding forces also commenced to increase gradually, thereby
overcoming the useful current until the latter ceased altogether. The
Inventor of the improved system will endeavor to point out the cause of this
retardation or prolongation, and to suggest the remedy for it.
When a cable of considerable extent has been charged by its battery
for the purpose of driving up the armature of the receiving magnet located at
the remote extremity of the cable, that charge of electricity does not instantly
pass off, but even after the circuit has been broken the armature will still be
held in contact with the magnet. The operator who is receiving the message
is compelled to wait for the residuary charge to be dissipated before another
signal will be indicated. Various hypothetical causes have been assigned for
this defect. It has been considered, for example, that the surface of the wire
forms the bridge or road on which the current travels, and the close contact of
the gutta percha is supposed to obstruct the passage of the current. To
sustain this theory the absence of like embarrassment on land lines is cited.
The same effect, however, takes place on land lines, but in a degree so slight
(owing to otherwise dissimilar circumstances) as not to amount to any serious
inconvenience. That the cause and effect do exist on land as well as under
water is susceptible of proof. Assume, for the purpose of illustration, any two
distant points, as London and York, the battery being at the last-mentioned
Now by
place (York), and the receiving magnet at the former (London).
means of the key let the circuit be closed at York, and the apparatus at
London having the tension of the spring attached to the armature so adjusted

page_text: as barely to withhold the latter from contact with the pole of the magnet.
The armature will obey the call, but notwithstanding the cessation of the
current at York the armature will not resume its original position; a very
slight increase of tension, however, will enable it to do so, and consequently no
serious embarrassment will ensue.
"
A residuary or retarding power does therefore exist in land lines as well as
in subaqueous ones, but the "operating cause is a very feeble one. This pro-
longation in subaqueous lines is not to be overcome by increased tension, but
by a method that will be presently explained.
Soine electricians and scientific men have suggested that a submarine cable
acts in a manner analogous to "that of a Leyden jar; in other words, that the
cable will receive' and store the power generated and communicated to it by
the battery. "This is a most natural conclusion to arrive. at, but having,
through diligent perseverance, been led a step farther in the investigation of
cause and effect, the Inventor "is of opinion that the retardation can be
explained without' regarding the cable as such a depository às a Leyden jar.
The question now recurs, where is the cause of retardation to be found? The
primary cause of retardation consists in the imperfection of the gutta percha
as an insulator, and the immersion of the latter in the same element or
medium as the supposed route of the return current. A poor conductor may
become a good one sometimes by means of an increased number of points of
contact. For example, let the handles attached to a small électro-magnetic
machine be taken and held slightly in the hands; the effect experienced will
be slight, but grasp the handle tightly, and the effect will be almost insup-
portable, although the same power exists as before. Applying this course of
reasoning to the cable, the influence in a short distance may be almost
inappreciable, but with an extent of two thousand miles the aggregate becomes
a serious obstacle.
This communicated or inductive influence may be illustrated by the
following experiment:-Place a Grove's battery, of two cups, at the extremity
of two wires, say, six feet in length, intended for the main and return current.
At the other extremity of the combined line place the receiving magnet. The
two wires should be wound around with cotton twine, prevent contact.
Now strip off the covering for a distance of two or three inches about midway
of their length, and make both wires where they are uncovered clean and
bright. Bind both together with a wet rag, letting the latter intervene so as
to prevent metallic contact between the wires. Then complete the circuit with
the battery and instrument. The moistened rag will have the effect of com

page_text: municating the electric influence between the main and 'the return' wires, and
it will be seen that the results will coincide with the operation of the Atlantic
cable. The circuit" has been' made, and the armature àt the "öther extremity
attached to the instrument has moved to the pole of the magnet, where it
remains, or if not at once refractory, it will become more and more reluctant
to move until it disobeys entirely the operator, and attaching itself to the
magnet, no current will be perceptible. Now 'make and break the circuit at
the instrument, and the armature will respond 'and continue' to do so 'for a
brief space, the power growing weaker until it becomes exhausted, although it
was not before manifest. This effect will be evident, although the circuit at
the other end, viz., at the battery, 'is incomplete.
' :.
If the wet cloth be now removed, it will be found 'that one of the wires,
namely, that which is "connected directly with the platinum plate of the
battery, is very much corroded or oxydized, whilst the other wire is' scarcely
tarnished. The immediate cause of the prolongation or retardation of the
current is herein developed. The battery has furnished power, or it has been
taken up in the decomposition of water, and the oxygen has passed to the
copper wire," and has acted energetically upon it. As electricity' is developed
in chemical action, a secondary power has been generated, and as the action is
not immediately checked when the circuit of the battery is opened, it operates
as a prolongation or retardation of the primary current, and the armature will
be retained in contact with the magnet. This chemical action, when the
battery is disconnected, gradually ceases, and the wires return to their original
condition. This effect (that is, the retardation of the signal or current,) has
been obtained in cables of less extent, but of course not to such a degree. In
such cases the effect may be partially obviated by reversing the current.
must be understood that as time is necessary to change the polarity of a
magnet, the remedy will also be partial. The reversal in the case of a long
cable is found to be impracticable, for the reason that either sufficient power
does not reach the extremity to effect the change, or it is too tardy to be of
practical benefit.
It
Having explained the difficulty encountered in working with badly insulated
conductors of great length, and having traced the cause, the Inventor of the
improved system is prepared to show how the difficulty may be overcome. In
regard to the locality of the defect, this is generally found at a point beyond
the control of the person transmitting the message, but the remedy must be
applied at the point where the signal is to be received. Regarding the inter-
mediate action upon the wire as an independent 'battery, a plan is adopted to

page_text: counteract it, for which purpose the circuit of the intermediate action is to be
broken contemporaneously with that of the other circuit, or, what is better,
directly after the indication of a letter or signal has been made.
A printing
instrument such as that shewn in Figures 3 and 4, and working in unison
with other or similar apparatus is the form best adapted to effect this
object.
Fig. 5, Sheet II., is a Diagram representing the effect of imperfect insulation
in a submarine conductor, such as the Atlantic cable laid down from Valencia
to Newfoundland. The arrows indicate the course of the clectric currents;
A is the cable in which there is perfect insulation at the point a; B is the
instrument at the sending station at Newfoundland; C is the instrument at
the receiving station at Valencia, with a contrivance, as at b, for breaking
contact; g, g, are the ground plates; the dotted line D represents the regular
circuit, and the dotted line E part of the circuit induced by the battery power
formed at the point of imperfect insulation.
1
Reverting back to the apparatus shewn in Figures 3 and 4,, it will be seen
that the circuit is broken after the transmission of a signal, but the circuit
thus broken must be restored prior to the transmission of another signal. The
connection may be severed between the instruments or between the receiving
instrument and the ground. This it is believed is the only plan by which
the present Atlantic cable or any other imperfectly insulated submarine cable
is susceptible of being operated at all. The above remarks have had particular
reference to the Atlantic cable in its present form. The experiments and
investigations that have been made tend to shew that with the system, the
instruments, and mode of operating above set forth, imperfectly insulated cables
can be made useful provided their continuity be not destroyed. If however
experience should demonstrate that such a defective conductor as the Atlantic
cable cannot be made useful by means of the improved system of working
herein set forth, a new cable must be formed, and with this view of extending
the knowledge of the subject, experiments have been carried on still further
with the two copper wires. The wet cloth above mentioned was removed, and
after rebrightening the wires, a cloth saturated with oil was employed to cover
the naked parts, and as no decomposition took place no oxydation followed, and
no battery was formed to produce the prolongation or retardation. Perfect
insulation was therefore unmistakeably indicated, but in practical use with
conductors of considerable length perfect insulation is almost impossible.
Having now described the Invention that has been communicated to
me by my foreign correspondent, and the manner of carrying the same into

page_text: effect, I claim as the Invention secured to me by Letters Patent as afore-
said,-
First, the mode herein set forth of constructing telegraphic cables.
Second, in reference to the instruments employed for transmitting signals,
I claim the use of a permanent magnet within the coil of an electro-magnet
as above set forth; I also claim the improved arrangement of printing tele-
graphic apparatus above described, as applied to the purposes of the present
Invention.
Third, I claim the mode herein set forth of transmitting signals through
imperfectly insulated conductors.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Edward Newton, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, the Tenth day of November, in the year of
our-Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty.
Witness,
J. W. MOFFATT,
66, Chancery Lane.
E. NEWTON. (L.S.)