Improvements in Electric Incandescent Lamps and in their Manufacture.
Year: 1899

page_text: Date of Application, 14th Apr., 1899
Complete Specification Left, 8th Jan., 1900-Accepted, 7th Apr., 1900
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Electric Incandescent Lamps and in their
Manufacture.
I, FRANCIS MICHAEL FREDERIC CAZIN, of 1108, Bloomfield Street, City of
Hoboken, State of New Jersey, and County of Hudson, United States of North
America, Electrician, do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as
follows:-
I have been experimenting for many years for the purpose of ascertaining in
some positive manner the proportions of power applied for producing electric
lighting, which in fact were producing light, and were wasted in some phase of
energy, not appearing as light.
That a great portion went to waste in the shape of dark heat rays, soon
became evident, when sensitive calorimeters were used for measuring the heat
escaping from submerged lamps, the glass housings of which had been made
impenetrable to light.
Further experimenting demonstrated the fact, that the preservation of more
heat in the lamps, viz., the prevention of normally rapid escape of heat from
the lamp under current, had a tendency toward increasing the light efficiency
of the lamp.
Thus a problem was set for inventive ingenuity, namely the problem of
turning some of the dark heat, that goes to waste in the lamps, as then and now
known to the art, into light.
I have been occupied more or less uninterruptedly since 1892 in making and
improving lamps, that would solve this problem.
The stated problem is rationally divisable into different issues, which were to
be met in its inventive solution, though clearly, as such division now appears
to me, its thorough conception has been the result of more or less slow evolution,
brought about by a long series of experiments and observations.
The two main issues of the problem may be stated as follows―
1. The better preservation and concentration of the heat, produced in the
electric incandescent lamps.
2, The utilization of otherwise dark heat by practically applicable and uncom-
plicated means for the production of additional light effect.
1.
The better preservation and concentration of heat in electric incandescent
lamps, I secure by providing my lamps with an extra glass housing, leaving a
space, air filled or preferably exhausted, between the inner bulb and the outer
glass housing.
By permitting a minor part of the inner glass bulb to project, and in conse-.
quence to remain in direct contact with the cooling atmosphere, I secured the
special advantage for my lamps, that all or any products of evaporation, created
in the inner bulb, will almost exclusively be condensed and deposit in such-
projecting minor part, thus leaving the major part or main bulb, on its inner
гр

page_text: face, free of light intercepting deposits, such as in the present state of the art, so
materially interfere with the life time of the lamps of commerce.
I am aware of the fact, that this last mentioned improvement and invention
is applicable to all electric incandescent lamps, and that its favourable effect on
the time of service of the lamps, is not confined to the lamps, as invented by
me and further specified here below, and I therefore intend to apply the same
to any or all classes of electric incandescent lamps.
And I have found it of further advantage in the practical solution of this
problem at large, and in special of better heat preservation, to provide my lamps
with all-glass, bottle shaped, contact providing base parts, that require no
cementing with plaster of Paris &c., but which, though sealed against both inner
and outer glass bulbs, might be air evacuated, to the effect of preserving the
vacuum in the inner bulb mainly, though the seal round the inleading wires
might under the influence of high temperature and alternate cooling become
imperfect.
And I have devised means in the shaping and assembling of the parts of the
lamp and in sealing hermetically parts from one another for the purpose of
carrying out these main and special purposes, such as the building up of the
luminous part or body of the lamp on a glass part, shaped like a test tube, and
such as making hermetical seals by means of using powdered glass of suitable
composition in the fusing of such seals around the inleading wires and otherwise.
Such improved shapes of base parts, and such process of sealing and the
combination of such base parts is applicable to all classes of electric incandescent
lamps and may be so applied.
All these improvements I shall more specifically described herebelow.
2.
The utilization of otherwise dark heat by practically applicable and unconi-
plicated means for producing a greater light effect than is now produced by
means of a semi conductive, current passing and current resisting filament of
suitable material and section, seemed at first to offer insurmountable difficulties.
Accepting the fundamental idea, that, as with gas lighting, the light effect
might be increased by using the oxides of certain rare metals, as heat absorbants;
_ experiments speedily demonstrated the fact, that, whenever these oxides were
brought into direct contact with the carbon filament of the lamps of commerce, a
flash of brilliant light, far in excess of the normal light of the lamp, was produced,
but that this effect was simultaneous with a chemical reaction, which resulted
in mutual destruction of both the carbon filament and the oxide.
To achieve my purpose I had the alternative selection of either insulating
the filament or core from the rare metal oxides, when a chemical affinity existed
between the materials or the constituents of materials, used as filaments and
as oxides, in forming an adhesive luminous body, such insulation being in this
case a chemical insulation, as it must be an electrical insulation also, whenever
the oxides, when heated might become electrically conductive, and when such
oxides be applied as an uninterrupted cover, electrical insulation becoming
unnecessary, whenever the oxide cover be non-continuous, leaving uncovered
rings on the filament, and when their electrical non conductivity remain perfect
though applied in continuous lines, though leaving lines or spots uncovered, as
is the case of using the oxides in the shape of pseudo threads or of pseudo fabrics,
and the insulating film or stratum need not be continuous when the oxide
stratum is not.
Or the other alternative selection remained open to me, namely of selecting
the material for the filament proper, that there would be no affinity between rare
metal oxide or its components, metal and oxygen, on the one hand and the
materials of the filament on the other.
It is not my intention in this application to make any such selection, because
my invention includes all the different modifications of incandescent electrical

page_text: or without insulation, as may be required and as hereabove specified.
Nevertheless I may describe that, which I deem the preferable form and
selection of material in my improved electric incandescent lamp.
The lamp comprises five parts, namely:
1, An air exhausted glass bulb.
2, A base part, with its pertinences for insulating the inleading wires, and
for making their pole connections.
3, An outer or extra glass housing or bulb, providing for an extra (air filled
or air exhausted) space enclosing the bulb, but without open connection between
the inner and the extra space.
4, A part of the bulb, projects out of and beyond the space, that is enclosed
by an extra bulb, and,
5, A solid body, the luminant part of the lamp. The air exhausted glass
bulb, is mainly of globular form, but may be of any other form, suitable to
enclose the luminous body. It has two projections and, which are originally of
tubular form. One of the projecting tubes serves a double purpose, namely for
forming an exposed projecting part in the lamp, when finished, and for connection
with the vacuum pump in the usual manner of exhausting air from the bulb,
such double purpose being effected by making a seal at a distance from the main
body of the bulb. Another tubular part serves three different purposes, namely:
1, as a channel, whereby the luminous body, is inserted into the bulb; 2, as a
means of joining the base, to the bulb; 3, as accessory means in making
hermetical seals.
Instrumental to the object 1, is the proportioning of the width of the second
tubular part by the size of the luminous body, which body may be flexible and
requiring less width of channel, or it may be rigid.
The purpose of part 2 may be effected by fusing the second tubular part to an
end or inner part, attached to a tube part, of which the end is closed and forms a
hermetical seal around the inleading wires.
The purpose of part 3 is achieved by direct or intermediate fusion of the
second tubular part to the sealing tube.
The base part is composed of two originally independant parts, one part,
is a pressure blown bottle, entirely of glass, one end, of which participates in
all the stated functions of the second tubular part and the other end, of which
forms a recess, for receiving and holding the outer end of the part, of the base,
and a seat for the contact button, connecting one of the inleading wires with
an outside electric current conductor. The body of this outer part, of the base,
of which the two ends have been described, is made serviceable to two purposes,
namely, to make connection with and hold in place the extra bulb, and to offer a
suitable surface for receiving and holding in proper place a contact ring. The
said surface has a wart shaped puncture, to facilitate the passing and sealing of
one of the wires, and the contact thereof with the contact ring, by means of a
solder button.
Part of the base resembles a test tube. Its end, has assigned to it the main
function of sealing the inleading wires and intermediately or directly the
second tubular part of the bulb. In sealing the wires, I preferably make use of
powdered glass, as a soldering material, causing the closed tube end and the
glass powder to fuse round the wires. The inleading wires are insulated from
one another within the tube, passing longitudinally out through one end of the
second tubular part and the contact button to the metal solder button, while
one of the wires passes laterally through the aperture and seal to the solder
button and the contact ring. In using a suitable socket, the contact ring may
be dispensed with, the solder button making one and the cap or button making
the other pole connection. The insulation of the inleading wires is exclusively

page_text: perfected by the glass of the base or by the glass of the two parts, of the all
glass base.
The outer or extra glass housing or bulb, is of spherical form but may be of
any other suitable form, as long as space is left between its walls and those of
the main part of the air exhausted bulb. It may be provided at one place with
an annular aperture, where a minor part of the bulb, projects into the surrounding
atmosphere, or it may be entirely closed and be air exhausted, the same as the
inner bulb, but should leave no intercommunicating aperture, between the two,
and it is provided at a diametrically opposite place with a neck, which fits to a
shoulder, of the base part, it being self evident, that the neck, must be wide
enough to allow the bulb, to enter into the second or extra bulb, though after
effecting such entrance the neck, may be contracted more or less, in fitting the
same to the shoulders. Parts of the base part, which, surround the neck, is
preferably made convex, for the purpose of spreading by reflection the light,
which it receives from the light producing body, and such part, is suitably
prepared for such purpose of reflection, by suitable backing material. It is by
means of the comparatively lower heat conductivity of an air exhausted space
or of an air body in rest, as against a constantly changing air body or air draft,
that the extra bulb, and the enclosed space perform the function of preserving
and concentrating the heat, produced in the lamp for the heretofore stated
purpose, while expansion and contraction of air may operate without material
hindrance or detrimentary effect by means of the opening.
The part of the bulb, projecting out of the extra bulb, serves an important
and specific purpose, on account of which it is cited as one of the main parts of
my new and improved lamp. The employment jointly of an extra space, enclosed
in an extra outer glass bulb with the inner air exhausted glass bulb in the same
lamp, for the main purpose of concentrating and preserving the heat produced
in the filament, to the effect, that the solid matter, constituting the second
element in the luminant body to be kept at high temperature, serves as hereabove
stated another important purpose, namely of prolonging the life of the lamp, by
removing one of the causes for terminating its usefulness. The cause referred
to is the darkening of the inner bulb by some brownish deposit on its inside.
To this cause the necessity of discarding, as giving insufficient light, a large
percentage of vacuum lamps, must be ascribed. Previously volatilized, the brown-
ish matter deposits, where it finds the comparatively coolest surface, or a surface
of lower temperature than that at which it became volatilized. To keep all
the inner bulb hot, would result in keeping the volatilized matter mainly in
gaseous form, in which form it would have the same effect of lessening the
light, emanating from the lamp to its surroundings. It therefore is my
intention, not to prevent the said deposition of brownish matter entirely, but
it is my intention, to concentrate the deposit within a minor part of the vacuum
bulb, by means of allowing this minor part to cool off in contact with atmosphere,
while the main or major part of the vacuum bulb is kept clean, by being
kept hot. I effect this as stated by having a minor part of the vacuum bulb
project beyond the walls of the outer or extra bulb. This projection may have
any final shape, that the glass blowers art can impart to it. I preferably locate
the projection at the end of the vacuum bulb, which is diametrically opposed to
the end, by means of which the vacuum bulb is joined to the base, but the
projection may as well be differently located.
The luminous body, has been described in the introductory paragraphs of
this specification mainly in cylindrical form, but it is not intended to exclude
other forms, that may be given to the luminous or light producing body, without
detriment to compliance with its functional conditions as hereabove stated.
The light producing body, is in all modifications of its form of material in its
component main parts an integral or cohesive combination of two elements,
namely of a current resisting but current passing filament or core, of suitable
material and section to produce, while under adequate electric current, both

page_text: light and heat, as the one main element, and of rare metal oxide selected for
their aptitude of becoming incandescent and light emanating at a temperature
not in excess of that, which is produced by the electric current in the filament,
and selected for their dielectric or nonconductive qualities, and for their high
point of fusion, as the other element.
And in combining these two main elements to a luminous body, the material
of the filament must either be so selected, that it be chemically neutral to the
oxides, or an intermediate insulating stratum must be used, for such insulating
purpose.
And the insulating stratum as well as the oxides may be either longitudinally
continuous, when they are absolutely dielectric or non conductive, or they may
be applied with such interceptions, as will prevent their participation in the
passing of the electric current.
But it is necessary, that again I should refer to the experience of mutual
destruction of core and cover and to the advantage taken of such experience in
the way of further improving my lamp.
Whenever, inside of a cover of rare metal oxide, the chemical insulation of
the core was intercepted in its longitudinal extension, and when in consequence
the stated reaction took place and an interception or break occurred in the core
or filament, while such interception or break in the core remained bridged over
by the cover of oxides, the incandescence of the cover remained intact, not only
not being eliminated but becoming more brilliant.
To this result there were two evident causes, operating singly or in unison at a
time. Either an are being formed, it produced the necessary heat for incan-
descing the cover, or the heated cover itself had become sufficiently conductive
to pass the current, but maintained sufficient resistance for producing light and
heat. And a third cause of the same effect existed though it is easily mistaken
for the second one as above cited, namely that the stated reaction, produced a
minute metal film, which then performs a function of conductivity and of heating
the oxide cover, until it has become sufficiently conductive itself, as aforesaid.
Although I have been aware for a long time past, that by a break such as
described, my lamp, though truly, remaining as I have always described it,
an electric incandescent lamp, became while being used or operated virtually.
an arc lamp, in some of its modifications, I did not deem it necessary then to
specifically protect this eventual feature by specific claims. I considered such
action of my lamp and the consequences thereof as incidental only, until I
conceived the idea of so arranging the insulation of the core of my lamp, that
I might cause and regulate the interception of the core by means thereof.
Whenever I desire to make use of a break or are in the conducting core,
without primarily intercepting the same, with a tube of oxides to bridge over
the break or arc, and to preserve nevertheless sufficient conductivity even after
the break is made, for producing heat and luminosity, I cover the core with
intermittent rings of a chemically insulating stratum, and then I cover pairs
of such rings with one oxide tube each ring pair, letting the rings project from
under the tube in part and a space on the surface of the core between, the
insulating rings, uncovered by them but covered by the tube, which forms a
bridge of suitable length between the insulating rings. Between the core and
the oxide, on such uncovered surface space, on turning on the electric current
of suitable character, a reaction takes place. It is then a matter of volution or of
dimensions of parts,, whether the core, in its original form is locally consumed
or broken or not, and it is not necessary that it be a carbon core, that is acted
upon, as for instance an osmium core would be similarly affected, with the only
difference, that in that case part of the oxide coat would be reduced to metal,
and the metal to Oso, which escapes as a vapour through the pores of the oxide
tube. In every case of suitable material for core and cover being selected, a
very minute coat of reduced metal is left on the inner face of the oxide tube,
which is, though of much less conductivity than the original core, yet of sufficient

page_text: conductivity and resistance to heat the oxide to a point, where it becomes
conductive and as a result of sufficient resistance to cause the continuous incan-
descence of the tube of oxide.
The temporary switching off of the current leaves the lamp in full and
adequate equipment for properly resuming operation, when the current is turned
on again, on account of the bridge of reduced metal over the break. It is evident,
that the reduced metal remains without influence on the general conductivity
of the core, because there is the longitudinal interception remaining between
the pairs of rings, that have been as such only bridged over. It is clear therefore,
that with a core of carbon insulating rings of copper may be used, without an
increase of conductivity in the carbon core as such, the metal bridge being
confined to the inside of the oxide tube.
It is also evident, that the conductivity of the original core in all instances
of such causing voluntarily an interception of the core, must be less than that
of the oxide tube or tubes, when heated to their maximum conductivity.
That I have thus specified the method of manufacture and the thereby produced
lamp in mentioning some specific materials to make core and cover, does not
mean, that I exclusively select these or any other materials, because my invention
is independent of any such specific selection while it embraces the possible
adaption in any suitable material as such or by suitable means applied, for
the function, which I have clearly set forth for each part. The function deter-
mines in each concrete case the selection of the material for the core, and
therefore I may make use of any other material, besides such as hereabove
mentioned, for the core in my improved lamp.
Although I prefer to employ a series of oxide tubes or beads on the same
core, I may occasionally use only one or use only two of comparatively larger
dimensions, and I make take these tubes either of more or less solid or porous
rare metal oxide, or I may prepare them with perforations, or I may make them
of pseudo fibre, or pseudo strands, or pseudo fabrics, wound, braided or woven
as tubes or as beads with tubular central channel for the core.
And I may provide specific perforations for the access or escape of gases or of
vapours, or I may rely on the porosity of the tube or bead, as means of passing
gases or vapours.
As a rule it may be said, that carbon filaments require chemical insulation
from oxides, that such metal filaments, as are made of metal, such as osmium
and others, which have great affinity for oxygen but are considered as preferable
on account of their high point of fusion, require insulation by means of fine,
or non-oxidizing metal, such as gold, but require of such insulation a non-
continuous coating, which may not increase the current passing capability of
the filament. And as a consequence the oxide coat also in non continuous or in
the shape of wound pseudo thread or of beads.
The carbon and osmium have been mentioned as a preferable material under
stated conditions, does not involve any selection of material in the matter of
my invention or of this application, but on the contrary it is the purpose of my
invention to open the road for using a great variety of material as filaments,
by employing the means of insulation and interception, such as constitute an
essential part of my invention. As an example of this it should be understood,
that a carbon filament with a cover of rare metal oxide in direct contact is
impracticable, and a non intercepted insulating metal coating is as impracticable,
because it would increase the conductivity of the filament, and that the inter-
ception (longitudinal) of the metal coating, and consequently of the oxide coat,
renders practicable the use of carbon filaments with a body or bodies of rare
metal oxides in cohesiveness for the purpose of utilizing the otherwise dark heat
emanating from the filament under electric current, in heating the oxide to
incandescence and of thus producing increased light emanation with a stated
power, to which light emanation both the filament and the oxide contribute
directly. While I do not propose the specific use of any material for making

page_text: filaments thereof, I propose their practicable use in connection with the rare
metal oxides and their use by means of the insulating strata, and their use by
means of the intercepted application in lines or spots of either or of both, and
their use in connection with pseudo fabrics or pseudo thread of these oxides,
for the purpose as stated.
Though I have spoken of one stratum of insulating material and of oxide, I
may use plural strata of one or the other or of both, if the clearly shown purpose
is thereby fostered or manufacture facilitated.
For better understanding of the merit of my invention as a matter of useful-
ness, I direct attention to the following facts, namely;
As the art of incandescent electric lighting now stands, to the best of my
knowledge, the use of power, which in are lighting is about 15 watts per candle
power, in incandescing lighting as a rule is more or less as twice the said power.
For the purpose of lowering this requirement different attempts have been made.
It has been attempted to create that, which to the eye appeared as more light,
by diffusing the light, produced by optical means, though in fact the light
quantity could not thus be increased. "And it has been attempted to utilize
the fluorescing quality of certain mineral crystals toward an increase of light,
while in fact this also resulted in diffusion only of the light produced, without
increasing its quantity as such. And again it has been attempted to apply the
principle of the arc to the light making in vacuum lamps, thus carrying into
incandescing lamp field the complications which of necessity are the result of
keeping the arc pencils at a proper distance and of renewing them.
My invention increases the quantity of light by means of utilizing that, which
hitherto has been a waste product in operating electric incandescent lamps,
namely the dark heat therein produced. which consumes the major part of
power applied. Such increase is real and not an optical deception, as appears
from light measurement applied. And this increase is not obtained at the expense
of complicating the operation of the lamp. A wider field is also opened for
the selection of materials applicable in the making of the light producing parts
of my lamp, and as a result its incomparably longer life can be secured by proper
selection in the construction.
FREDERIC PRINCE,
Agent for Applicant..
Improvements in Electric Incandescent Lamps and in their
Manufacture.
I, FRANCIS MICHAEL FREDERIC CAZIN, of 1108, Bloomfield Street, City of
Hoboken, State of New Jersey, and County of Hudson, United States of North
America Electrician, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in
what manner the same is to be performed to be particularly described and ascer-
tained in and by the following statement:-
I have been experimenting for many years for the purpose of ascertaining in
some positive manner the proportions of power applied for producing electric
lighting, which were in fact producing light, as intended, or were wasted in some
other phase of energy, not appearing as light.
It soon became evident, when sensitive calorimetres were used for measuring
the heat, which escaped from an electric incandescent vacuum lamp, the bulb of

page_text: which had been made impenetrable to light that the by far greater portion of
energy, applied primarily as mechanical energy and directly in the phase as
an electric current, went to waste in the shape of dark heat rays.
Further experimenting demonstrated the fact, that by preserving more of
the heat produced in the lamp, viz., by preventing the normally rapid escape of
heat from the lamp under current. and by absorbing the heat, thus retained in
the lamp, by means of solid matter, peculiarly adapted to so rapidly absorb
heat, such matter could be made to incandesce and that thereby otherwise dark
heat could be made available for the production of more light, viz., for increasing
the portion of applied energy producing light in fact and thus lessening the
waste of applied energy in electric incandescent lamps.
Thus a problem was set for inventive ingenuity. namely the problem of
turning some of the dark heat that goes to waste in the lamps, as then and now
known to the art, into light.
The stated problem is rationally divisable into different issues, which were to
be met in its inventive solution, though as clearly as such division now appears
to me its thorough conception has been the result of more or less slow evolution,
brought about by the long series of experiments and observations I have made.
The two main issues of the problem may be stated as follows-
1. The better preservation and concentration of the heat produced in the
electric incandescent lamps.
2. The utilization of otherwise dark heat by practically applicable and uncom-
plicated means for the production of additional light-effect.
1.
The better preservation and concentration of heat in electric incandescent
lamps, I secure by providing my lamps with an extra glass housing, leaving a
space, air filled or preferably exhausted, between the inner bulb and the outer
glass housing.
By permitting a minor part of the inner glass bulb to project, and in conse-
quence to remain in direct contact with the cooling atmosphere, I secured the
special advantage for my lamps, that all or any products of evaporation, created
in the inner bulb, will almost exclusively be condensed and deposit in such
projecting minor part, thus leaving the major part or main bulb, on its inner
face, free of light intercepting deposits, such as in the present state of the art, so
materially interferes with the life time of the lamps of commerce.
I am aware of the fact, that this last mentioned improvement and invention
is applicable to all electric incandescent lamps, and that its favourable effect on
the time of service of the lamps, is not confined to the lamps, as by me invented
and further specified here below, and I therefore intend to apply the same
to any or all classes of electric incandescent lamps.
And I have found it of further advantage in the practical solution of this
problem at large, and in special of better heat preservation, to provide my lamps
with all glass, bottle shaped, contact providing base parts, that require no
cementing with plaster of Paris or other material but which though sealed
against both the inner and outer glass bulbs, might itself be air evacuated, to
the effect of preserving the vacuum in the inner bulb mainly, though the seal
around the inleading wires might under the influence of high temperature and
alternate cooling become imperfect.
And I have devised means in the shaping and assembling the parts of the
lamp, and in sealing hermetically parts from one another for the purpose of
carrying out my main and special purposes, such as the building up of the
luminous part or body of the lamp on a glass part shaped like a test tube, and
such as making hermetical seals by means of using powdered glass which will
liquify at a temperature of 1200° Centigrade, in the fusing of such seals around
the inleading wires and otherwise.
Such improved shapes of base parts, and such process of sealing and the

page_text: combination of such base parts is applicable to all classes of electric incandescent
lamps and may be so applied.
All these improvements I shall more specifically describe herebelow, when
referring to the drawings, that form part of this specification.
2.
The utilization of otherwise dark heat by practically applicable and uncom-
plicated means for producing a greater light-effect than is now produced by
means of a semi-conductive, current-passing and current-resisting filament of
suitable material and section, seemed at first to offer insurmountable difficulties.
Accepting the fundamental idea, that, as with gas lighting, the light effect
might be increased by using the oxides of certain rare metals, as heat absorbants,
experiments speedily demonstrated the fact, that, whenever these oxides were
brought into direct contact with the carbon filament of the lamps of commerce, a
flash of brilliant light, far in excess of the normal light of the lamp, was produced,
but that this effect was simultaneous with a chemical reaction, which resulted
in mutual destruction of both the carbon filament and the oxide.
Of this experience advantage was taken in an early step in the evolution of
my improved electric incandescent lamp, a step, which will be discussed and
described here further below.
To achieve my main purpose, I had then the alternative selection, of either
insulating the core or filament whenever made of material, which possessed
chemical affinity for the oxygen of the rare metal oxides, when under electric
current or heated, by inserting some stratum acting as chemical insulation,
though it must be an electrical insulation also, whenever the oxides, when
heated, would become electrically conductive, and when such oxides are applied
as an uninterrupted cover. Electrical insulation becomes unnecessary whenever
the oxide cover be non-continuous, leaving uncovered rings on the core or
filament, and also when their electrical non-conductivity would remain perfect,
though these oxides were applied in continuity, which they may be, though
leaving lines, other than continuous rings or leaving spots uncovered, as is the
case when using the oxides in the shape of pseudo-fibres or fabrics. And the
insulating stratum need not necessarily be continuous, whether the oxide stratum
be so or not.
Or the other alternative selection remained to me, namely that of so choosing
the material for the core or filament proper, that there be no chemical affinity
between the rare metal oxide or the oxygen thereof on the one hand and the
material chosen for the core or filament on the other hand.
It is in no wise my intention to make any such choice of material, viz., any
chosen specific material a part of my invention, because my invention includes
all the different modifications of incandescent electric lamps, that may be made
with the application of any of the different suitable materials in the core or in
the filament and with the application of any suitable insulating material, when
al all needed, and with either in any suitable shape or form, so long as the
conditions to the adequate action, such as by me fully disclosed are complied
with.
While I do not bind myself to any special choice of material, I may neverthe-
less describe that which I prefer, in choice of material, or in form, under pre-
vailing conditions for the purpose of illustrating my invention by drawings,
representing such preferred modifications thereof as appear in the manufacture
of my improved electric incandescent lamp to best answer the purpose of the
invention.
The accompanying drawings illustrate my invention as follows.
Fig. 1. A central longitudinal section of my improved electric incandescent
oxide lamp in one of its modifications as to details of form."
The light producing part proper is in this modification of form supported by
a closed tube end F, which on its part is attached either to bulb A, or to the

page_text: base part 1), or is but a prolongation of the latter, and which supporting part
is made of any one or combination of suitable material of high temperature
of fusion, such as porcelain or Bohemian-viz. silica-glass.
The light producing part proper E consists in this case as in all others of a
conductive element or filament el imbedded in oxides mainly of the rare. metal
oxide class. In the particular modification of form shown in this Fig. 1, the
imbedding, is effected by two oxide thimbles, of which one fits to and is shoved
on to the support F. On this inner oxide thimble,is wound in serpentine or
spiral lines, beginning at one inleading wire e and winding upward, and passing
centrally, over the top and winding down. to the other inleading wire the
windings being indicated, though in a strictly drawn section they would only
appear in repeated sections and be easily overlooked. Proper provision is made
for protecting the so wound filament by indentures in the inner thimble or by
deposit of oxide of same thickness as the filament, when or before the outer oxide
thimble e² is shoved over the whole in perfecting the embedding of filament by
oxides. The intermediate insulating stratum, to be used, where ever needed, is
indicated by e, it being assumed in these cases, here illustrated that the insula-
tion be necessary for any of the causes stated.
Fig. 2. An enlarged transverse section of the luminous body of the lamp, the
core or filament being insulated from the oxides by an intermediate stratum,
shown white.
Fig. 3. The luminous body of the lamp, when it consists of a spirally wound
filament, embedded in oxides.
Fig. 4. The luminous body of my improved or oxide lamp in the modification,
where the core is insulated by an intermediate stratum on its main length, and
where the cover of oxides is longitudinally non-continuous, to prevent its inter-
ference with the electrical conductivity when heated to the temperature, where
these oxides become electrically conductive.
Fig. 5. The luminous body in my improved electric oxide lamp, in the modifica-
tion, where a metallic insulating stratum prevents inter-reaction between core
and oxide cover but is made longitudinally non-continuous or with annular
interceptions, to prevent the chemically insulating stratum from increasing the
electrical conductivity, the oxides cover the core on its main length and bridge
over the gaps in the insulating stratum thereby leaving room for local reactions,
the result of which is shown in Fig. 7.
Fig. 6. The luminous body of my improved electric oxide lamp, in the modifica-
tion, as also shown in Fig. 4 as far as the oxides are concerned, but with the
insulating stratum non-continuous or with annular interceptions, the same as
shown in Fig. 5, only two oxide heads being set on the core of the lamp the
core being shown, as originally made, namely as a continuous filament, but
with local contact between oxide and filament, by which the continuity of the
filament may be broken, while under current, the lamp thereby becoming an arc
lamp with two or more ares, and with at least one intermediate two pole or third
pencil, as shown in Fig. 7.
Fig. 7. The luminous body or bodies of my electric oxide lamp, which was
originally made on the lines indicated in Fig. 4, but in the shape, as the local
chemical reactions between core and oxide may leave it after first or repeated
use under current. The figure shows in special the change of a continuous
filament into pencils, and the metal coating on the inner wall of the oxide, where
the local reaction has taken place, which coating acts in some instances as the
conducting element, though of less conductivity than that of the original core
and of higher resistance causing higher temperature in the adjacent oxides and
being the means of rendering them conductive themselves and thus restoring
the original conductivity as intended, and after a short preliminary interval of
reduced conductivity.
In the accompanying drawings
A, illustrates the exhausted glass bulb of the lamp.

page_text: B, illustrates the base part of the lamp.
C, illustrates an extra glass housing which is either air filled or exhausted.
D, illustrates an accessory part of the base part, serving in special to support
the luminous body or bodies and eventually the inner glass bulb.
E, illustrates the luminous body or bodies of the lamp.
F, illustrates a supporting part which is electrically non-connected and a
core to the luminant proper.
e indicates the inner core of filament, part or parts of the luminous body
or bodies.
indicates the cover, tubes or beads of rare metal oxides.
indicates cups, clamps, jaws, tongs or sockets, that uphold the luminous
bodies and provide for connection with inleading wires and poles.
e3, e indicate the inleading wires.
e indicates the stratum or strata of insulation.
The remainder of the symbols are explained at proper occasion in describing
parts.
The lamp, as shown in the drawings, comprises five main parts, namely,
1. An air exhausted glass bulb marked A.
2. A base part, marked B and D, performing the functions of insulating the
inleading wires, making the pole connections, and supporting the luminous body.
3. An outer or extra glass housing or bulb marked C, which provides for an
extra air filled or air exhausted space, enclosing the bulb A, but without open
connection between the inner and extra space.
4. A part of the inner bulb A, marked a', which projects out of and beyond
the space, that is enclosed by the extra housing C, and
5. A body, marked E, the luminant part of the lamp.
The air exhausted glass bulb A is shown, as mainly of globular form, but may
be of any other form, suitable to enclose the luminous body E. It has two
projections marked a¹ and a² which are originally of tubular form. The pro-
jecting tube a serves a double purpose, namely that of formed and exposed
projecting part in the lamp, when finished and that of making connection with
the vacuum pump in the course of manufacture, such double purpose being
effected by making the seal part a' at a distance from the main body of bulb A.
The tubular stub a² serves three different purposes namely
1, as a channel for inserting the body E into A, 2. for joining to the base B,
3, for making hermetical seal. The width of the stub a² is regulated by the
requirements of inserting E, into A, in rigid or flexible state.
The second purpose may be effected by fusing to it being immaterial
which be inside of the other, or whether they be fused end to end, or whether
both be fused to the tube D, of which the end is closed and forms a hermetical
seal round the inleading wires e³, e.
The third purpose is achieved by direct or intermediate fusion of a² to the
sealing tube D.
The base part is composed of two original independent parts, marked B, and D.
The part B, is a pressure blown bottle, entirely of glass, one end of which
participates in all the stated functions of the stub 2, and the other end 62 of
which forms a recess for receiving and holding the outer end of the part D,
of the base, and a seat for the contact button 610, connecting the inleading
wires, e, with an outside electric current conductor. The body of this outer
part B, of the base, of which the iwo ends have been described, is made service-
able to two purposes, namely to make connection with and hold in place the
extra bulb C, and to offer a suitable means for receiving and holding in proper
place the contact ring b. The said surface has a depression 69, to facilitate the
passing and sealing of the wire e³ and the contact thereof with the contact
ring 6, by means of the solder button of the depression 6º.
The part D of the base resembles a test tube. Its end d¹ has assigned to it

page_text: the main function of sealing the inleading wires and intermediately or directly
the stub a² of the bulb A.
In sealing the wires, I preferably make use of powdered glass, as soldering
material, causing the closed tube end and glass powder to fuse round the wires.
But the end of the part D has also the other important function of supporting
the luminous body E, by means of the inleading wires. The wires e³, et are
insulated from one another within the tube D, one passing longitudinally out
through the recess 6 and the contact button 610 and the metal solder button, *,
while the other passes laterally through the aperture and seal 72 to the solder
button, and the contact ring b. In using a suitable socket, the contact
ring may be dispensed with, the solder button making one and the cap making
the other pole connection.
The insulation of the inleading wires is exclusively perfected by the glass of
the base, or by the two parts E, and D, thereof.
The outer or extra glass housing or bulb C, is shown in spherical form but may
be of other suitable form, as long as an air filled or air exhausted space is left
between its walls and those of the main part of the inner air exhausted bulb.
It may have at one place an annular aperture where a minor part of the inner
bulb A, projects into the surrounding atmosphere or it may be entirely closed
and air exhausted, the same as the inner bulb. The extra bulb at a diametrically
opposite place shows a neck C2, which fits to a shoulder 65, of the base part B,
it being self evident, that the neck C2, must be wide enough to just allow the
bulb A, to enter into the bulb C, though after effecting such entrance the
neck C2, may be contracted more or less, in fitting the same to the shoulders b
The part of the base part B, which surrounds the neck b is preferably made
convex, for the purpose of spreading by reflection the light which it receives from
the light producing body E, and such part 67 is suitably prepared for such
purpose of reflection, by suitable backing material. It is by means of the com-
paratively lower heat conductivity of an air exhausted space or of an air body in
rest, as against a constantly changing air body or air draft, that the bull C,
and the enclosed space perform the function of preserving and concentrating
the heat produced in the lamp for the heretofore stated main purpose, while
expansion and contraction of air may operate without material hindrance or
detrimentary effect, in case of such air remaining between the two bulbs by
means of an annular aperture aforesaid.
The part of bulb A projecting out of the extra bulb C, serves an important
and specific purpose, on account of which it is cited as one of the main parts of
my new and improved lamp. The employment of an extra space, enclosed in
an extra glass bulb jointly with the inner air exhausted glass bulb in the same
lamp, for the main purpose of concentrating and preserving the heat produced
in the core or filament, so that the solid matter, constituting the second element
in the luminant body be kept at a high temperature, serves another important
purpose, namely of prolonging the life of the lamp, by removing one of the
causes for terminating its usefulness. The cause referred to is the darkening
of the inner bulb by some brownish deposit on its inside. To this cause the
necessity of discarding a large percentage of vacuum lamps, after only com-
paratively short service, must be ascribed. Volatilised matter deposits where it
finds the comparatively coolest surface, or surface of lower temperature than
that at which volatilization has taken place. To keep all the inner bulb hot,
would result in keeping the volatilised matter mainly in gaseous form, in which
form it would have the same effect of lessening the available light quantity.
It therefore, is my intention, not to prevent the deposition of matter entirely.
but it is my intention to limit and confine the deposition within a minor part of
the vacuum bulb, by cooling off such minor part comparatively, by allowing
such minor part to remain in contact with the surrounding atmosphere, in causing
the same to project outside of the extra enclosing housing. While the main or

page_text: major part of the vacuum bulb is thus kept hot and clean, the deposition takes
place in the comparatively cooler and projecting part. The projecting part is
marked a¹ in Fig. 1. This part may have any suitable shape and be placed at
any suitable part of the vacuum bulb.
The luminous body E, has been mentioned with its essential qualities, in the
introductory paragraphs of this specification. That I show the same in mainly
cylindrical forms is not intended to exclude other forms that may be given to
the luminous, or light-producing body, without detriment to compliance with
its functional conditions as hereabove stated.
The luminous cylindrical body E, in the form as shown, is assumed as not
absolutely rigid, but as of sufficient elasticity for being bent into shape sufficiently
small to pass the stub a². Such elastic body is prepared by me in a new and
improved method. This improved method is different from the one where a coat
of oxide is produced on the filament by the use of metal salts and of oxids, or of
either to begin with. By this method only stiff and fragile luminant parts
are produced. In my new method I produce a first coating mainly of rare metals
though somewhat oxidised on the surface of the coating by electrolytic action,
which leaves the luminant able to stand temporary bending or flexible and fit
for being inserted through a narrow neck into the glass bulb, electric current
under access of air being used for completing the oxygenation mainly of the
rare metals.
The light producing body E, is in all modifications of its form or of material
in its component main parts, an integral or cohesive combination of two elements,
namely of a current resisting but current passing core or filament, of suitable
material and section, to produce, while under adequate electric current, both light
and heat, as the one main element, and of rare metal oxide, selected, for their
aptitude of becoming incandescent and light emanating at a temperature not in
excess of that which is produced by the electric current in the core or filament,
and selected for their li-electric or non-conductive qualities, at temperatures
mainly lower than the highest produced in or by the core and for their high point
of fusion, as the other element.
And in combining these two main elements to a luminous body the material
of the filament must either be so selected, that it be chemically neutral to the
oxides, or an intermediate insulating stratum must be used, for such insulating
purposes.
The filament material, which by its chemical resistance to oxygenation may be
considered as chemically neutral to the oxides, must obviously not be wanting in
its electrical quality of passing the electrical current while sufficiently also
resisting to the effect of creating heat or heat and light, and of doing so, when
at normal temperature. Neither can high temperature of fusion be dispensed
with in the material of chemically neutral behaviour to oxides. Present art
knows of no material, which answers to all of these conditions, because neither.
carbon nor platinum do so, carbon being of great affinity to oxygen and platinum
having a too low point of fusion. On another page of this specification I shall
further specify my own invention of using metal, like osmium or of the osmium
class and of using them as alloys, as which they answer fully the conditions
set up for such chemically neutral material, amongst others the alloy of osmium
with palladium of the same class, which as a filament in practical use leaves a
clear palladium face exposed and has the high temperature of fusion approxi-
mately of pure osmium, the highest known in any material. And about the
same conditions prevail with a filament of an osmium-iridium alloy, both palla-
dium and iridium being practically unaffected by oxygen.
And the insulating stratum as well as the oxides may be either longitudinally
continuous. when they are absolutely di-electric or non-conductive, or they may
be applied with such interceptions as will prevent their participation in the
passing of the electric current.
But it is necessary that again I should refer to the experience of mutual

page_text: destruction of core and cover and to the advantage taken. of such experience in
the way of further improving my lamp.
Whenever, inside of a cover of rare metal oxides, the chemical insulation of
the core was intercepted in its longitudinal extension, and when in consequence
the stated reaction took place and an interception or break occurred in the core
or filament while such interception or break in the core remained bridged over
by the cover of oxides, the incandescence of the cover remained intact, note only
not being eliminated but becoming more brilliant.
qi,
a
To this result there were two evident causes, operating singly or in unison at the
time. Either an are being formed, it produced the necessary heat for incan-
dèscing the cover, or the heated cover itself had become sufficiently conductive
to pass the current, but maintained sufficient resistance for producing light and
heat. And a third cause of the same effect existed though it is easily mistaken
for the second one as above cited, namely that the stated reaction, produced
minute metal film, which then performs a function of conductivity and of heating
the oxide cover until it has become sufficiently conductive itself, as aforesaid.
Although I have been aware for a long time past that by a break such as
described my lamp, though truly remaining that, as which I have always described
it, an electric incandescent lamp, became while being used or operated, virtually
an arc lamp, in some of its modifications, I consider such action of my lamp,
and the consequences thereof as incidental only, until I conceived the idea of so
arranging the insulation in the core of my lamp, that I might cause and regulate
the interception of the core by means thereof.
P
I have illustrated the special feature just mentioned at Fig. 4 and 5 of the
drawings, and I now describe the same as follows.
Whenever I desire to make use of a break or are in the conducting core,
without primarily intercepting the same, with a tube of oxides to bridge over
the break or arc, and to preserve nevertheless sufficient conductivity even after
the break is made, for producing heat to either bring the oxide tube up to incan-
descence, or to a state of conductivity, where its auto-resistance produces heat
and luminosity, I cover the core with intermittent rings of a chemically insulating
stratum and then I cover pairs of such rings with one oxide tube each ring pair,
letting the rings project from under the tube impart and a space on the surface
of the core between the insulating rings, uncovered by them but covered by the
tube, which forms a bridge of suitable length between the insulating rings.
Between the core and the oxide on such uncovered surface space, 'on turning
on the electric current of suitable character, a reaction takes place. When the
carbon filament is coated very thinly with oxides of the stated nature and is
subjected in vacuo to an electric current; a very slight reaction takes place, the
simultaneous result of which is the formation of carbon oxide and the deposition
on the filament reduced both in volume and in conductivity (increased resistance)
of a fine metallic skin or stratum, by means of which a compensating increase
of conductivity (loss of resistance) is provided. If the operation is continued
until the metallic skin is minutely thin as it may be homogeneous, the reaction
will cease. It is then a matter of volution or of dimensions of parts, whether
the core in its original form is locally consumed or broken or not, and it is
not necessary, that it be a carbon core that is acted upon, as for instance an
osmiuni core would be similarly affected, with the only difference, that in that
case part of the oxide coat would be reduced to metal, and the osmium to Os04,
which escapes as a vapour through the pores of the oxide tube. In every case
of suitable material for cover and core being selected, a very minute coat of
reduced metal is left on the inner face of the oxide tube, which is, though of
much less conductivity than the original core, yet of sufficient conductivity
and resistance to heat the oxide to a point, where it becomes conductive and as a
résult of sufficient resistance to cause the continuous incandescence, of the tube
of oxide.
The temporary switching off of the current leaves the lamp in full and

page_text: adequate equipment for properly resuming operation, when the current is turned
on again on account of the bridge of reduced metal over the break. It is evident,
that the reduced metal remains without influence on the general conductivity
of the core, because there is the longitudinal interception remaining between
the pairs of rings, that have been as such only bridged over.
It is clear therefore,
that with a core of carbon insulating rings of copper may be used, without an
increase of conductivity in the carbon core as such, the metal bridge being
confined to the inside of the oxide tube.
It is also evident, that the conductivity of the original core in all instances
of such causing voluntarily an interception of the core, must be less than that
of the oxide tube or tubes, when heated to their maximum conductivity.
That I have thus specified the method of manufacture and the thereby produced
lamp in mentioning some specific materials to make core and cover of, does not
mean, that 1 exclusively select these or any other materials, because my invention
is independent of any such specific selection while it embraces the possible
adaption in suitable material as such or by suitable means applied, for
the function, which I have clearly set forth for each part. The function deter-
mines in each concrete case the selection of the material for the core, and
therefore I may make use of any other material, besides such as hereabove
mentioned, for the core in my improved lamp.
'
Although I prefer to employ a series of oxide tubes or beads on the same
core, I may occasionally use only one or use only two of comparatively larger
dimensions, such as shown in Figs. 6, and 7 and I may make these tubes either
of more or less solid or porous rare metal oxide, or I may make them of pseudo-
fibre, or pseudo strands or pseudo fabrics, wound, braided or woven as tubes or
as beads with tubular central channel for the core.
And I may provide specific perforations for the access or escape of gases or of
vapours, or I may rely on the porosity of the tube or bead, as the means of passing
gases or vapours.
As a rule it may be said, that carbon filaments require chemical insulation
from oxides, that such metal filaments or cores as are made of metal, like osmium,
that has great affinity for oxygen, though they have the valuable quality of being
practically infusible, unless alloyed, require insulation by means of a fine or
non-oxidising metal, such as gold or silver, but require of such insulation a
non-continuous coating, which may not increase the current passing capability
of the filament. And as a consequence the oxide coat also is non-continuous
or in the shape of wound pseudo thread or of beads, such as shown in Figs. 4
and 6.
That carbon and osmium have been mentioned as a preferable material under
stated conditions, does not involve any selection of material in the matter of my
invention, but on the contrary it is the purpose of my invention to open the
road for using a great variety of material as filaments, by employing the means
of insulation and interception, such as constitute an essential part of my invention.
To illustrate this it should be understood, that a carbon filament with a cover
of rare metal oxide in direct contact is impracticable, and a non-intercepting
insulating metal coating is as impracticable, because it would increase the
conductivity of the filament and that by the by me invented interception (longi-
tudinal) of the metal coating, and consequently of the oxide coat, renders practic-
able the use of carbon filaments with a body or bodies of rare metal oxides in
cohesiveness for the purpose of utilising the otherwise dark heat emanating from
the filament under electric current, in heating the oxide to incandescence and
of thus producing increased light emanation with a stated power, to which light
emanation both the filament and the oxides contribute directly. While I do
not claim the specific use of any material for making filaments thereof, I claim
as hereafter stated their use in connection with the rare metal oxides by means
of the by me invented insulating strata, and of the intercepted application in

page_text: rings or lines or spots of either or of both and their use in connection with
pseudo fabrics or pseudo thread of these oxides, for the purposes as stated.
Though I have spoken of one stratum of insulating material and of oxide, I
may use plural strata of one or the other or of both, if the by me clearly shown
purpose is thereby fostered or manufacture facilitated.
For a better understanding of the merit of my invention as a matter of
usefulness, I direct attention to the following facts, namely
As the art of incandescent electric lighting now stands, to the best of my
knowledge, the use of power, which in are lighting is about 15 watts per candle
power, in incandescent electric lighting as a rule is more or less twice the said
power. For the purpose of lowering this requirement different attempts have
been made.
It has been attempted to create that, which to the eye appeared as more light,
by diffusing the light, produced by optical means though in fact the light
quantity could not thus be increased. And it has been attempted to utilize
the fluorescing quality of certain mineral crystals toward an increase of light;
while in fact this also resulted in diffusion only of the light produced without
increasing its quality as such. And again it has been attempted to apply the
principle of the arc to the light making in vacuum lamps, thus carrying into the
incandescing lamp field the complications which of necessity are the result of
keeping the arc pencils at a proper distance and of renewing them.
My invention increases the quantity of light by means of utilising that, which
hitherto has been a waste product in operating electric incandescent lamps,
namely the dark heat, therein produced, which consumes the major part of the
power applied. Such increase is real and not an optical deception, as appears
from light measurement applied. And this increase is not obtained at the expense
of complicating the operation of the lamp. A wider field is also opened for
the selection of materials applicable in the making of the light producing parts
of my lamp, and as a result of its comparably longer life can be secured by
proper selection in the construction as by me invented."
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of this inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
claim is:-
1. A three part electric incandescent vacuum lamp, consisting of a suitable
base, an air exhausted glass bulb, and a body or structure of solid matter, which
latter part constitutes a cohesive entirety, and as such consists of two main
constituents, namely, of a continuous, linear, semi-conductive, current passing
filament, which resists to a passing electric current to the effect of giving off
light and heat, and which filament is chemically neutral to or insulated from
the other constituent by a specific protecting stratum, as the one constituent,
and a stratum or strata of matter, which by the heat given off by core or filament
under current, become luminous, as and for the purpose set forth.
2. A three part electric incandescent lamp, consisting of a suitable, contact
providing base, as one part, one or more mainly concentrical glass bulbs, as
the second part, and a third part, enclosed in the space of the inner glass bulb,
which third part is a cohesive body of solid matter and consists of two main
constituents, viz., of a continuous, linear, semi-conductive, current passing filament
or core, which resists to a passing electric current to the effect of giving off
light and heat, and which filament is chemically neutral to or insulated from
the other constituent of the said solid body, and of a longitudinally continuous
or intercepted stratum or strata of matter, which by the heat, given off by the
filament under current, becomes luminous, as and for the purpose set forth.
3. A three part electrical incandescent lamp, consisting of a suitable contact
providing base part, as one part, one or more evacuated or air or gas filled, mainly
concentrical glass bulbs, as the second part, and a third part, enclosed in the
space of the inner glass bulb, which third part is a cohesive solid body and

page_text: consists of two main constituents, viz., of a continuous, linear, semi-conductive
(by selection of material and by reduced section) current passing filament or
core, which resists to a passing electrical current to the effect of giving off light
and heat, and which filament is chemically neutral to or insulated from the
other constituent, and of longitudinally continuous or intercepted stratum or
strata mainly of rare metal oxide, enclosing the filament in the form of pseudo
twine or pseudo fabric, as and for the purpose set forth.
4. In an electric incandescent lamp a luminous body, which consists of two
or more structural and directly adjoining parts, viz., an inner core part, which
is longitudinally intercepted but performs mainly the function of conducting
the applied current, and of resisting thereto to the effect of producing light and
beat or either directly or indirectly, and an outer part or parts, which mainly
consists of metal oxide, cover the core part where it is intercepted, and connect
its ends, and becomes incandescent by the heat, that results from resistance to
the applied electric current, as and for the purpose set forth.
5. In an electric incandescent lamp a luminous body which consists of three
or more main structural parts, viz., an inner or core part or parts, which, with or
without longitudinal interception, perform the function mainly of conducting
and resisting to the applied electric current, to the effect of producing light and
heat or either, directly or indirectly, and a second or intermediate part or stratum
which performs the function of chemically or electrically or in either way,
insulating the core part or parts from the third or outer part, with or without
longitudinal or ring shaped interceptions, and a third or outer part or parts
which perform the function of being made incandescent by the effect of the
current directly or indirectly, bridges over interception in the core part and
mainly consists of rare metal oxide, as and for the purpose set forth.
6. In an electric incandescent lamp a luminous body, which consists of two
or more structural parts, viz., an inner core part, which is longitudinally inter-
cepted but performs the function of conducting the applied electric current,
mainly, and of resisting thereto to the effect of producing light and heat or
either directly or indirectly, and an outer part or parts, which bridge over
interception in the core part, consist mainly of rare metal oxide in the form
of pseudo fibre or fabric and become incandescent under the direct or indirect
influence of the electric current applied, as and for the purpose set forth.
7. In an electric incandescent lamp an all glass base-part, which is bottle
shaped, having neck, body and recess, the projecting neck providing a support
directly or intermediately for the light producing part or parts of the lamp
and directly or intermediately the means for forming a hermetical seal around
the inleading wires, and providing jointly with the body part of the base for
the attachment and sealing thereto of one or more mainly concentrical glass
bulbs of the lamp, and the body of the bottle shaped base having its cylindrical
face shaped to fit into and to be held by such socket, as may be used therewith,
and to receive and hold one contact ring, and the recess of such base being
shaped to fit into and hold the other, contact ring, as and for the purpose set forth.
8. In an electric incandescent lamp an all glass, bottle shaped base part, which
provides for two contact rings and the body of which is blown in suitable form
to enter and be held by a suitable socket, and which may be sealed to the glass
bulb, which encloses the light producing part or parts, and may be air exhausted
therewith and which provides for suitable hermetical seals from the surrounding
atmosphere and around the inleading wires, as and for the purpose set forth.
9. In an electric incandescent vacuum lamp an all glass base part, which as
such provides for complete current connection, and which itself consists, when
made, of two concentrical parts, its inner part having the shape of a test tube,
of which the closed end protrudes into the air exhausted bulb space, and of which
the open end reaches into a recess in the extreme end of the other or outer part
of said base, which outer part is a press blown bottle that fits on and to the
inner part with its ends, and which further fits, near its top part into one or

page_text: more bulb necks, and with its middle part into a suitable contact ring or socket,
and with its other extreme end part into a contact button, such ring and such
button being insulated from one another by the glass of the all glass base part
exclusively, as and for the purpose set forth.
10. In an electric incandescent vacuum lamp an all glass base part, which as
such provides for complete current connection and insulation and consists of
two concentrical parts, fitting together, the inner part having the shape of a test
tube, of which the closed end protrudes into the air exhausted bulb space, and
the outer part having the shape of a press blown glass bottle, with neck, body
and recess, the neck and body singly or jointly fitting hermetically into the
neck of one or more glass bulbs, and the main part of the body having a surface
of threaded or other suitable form to fit into a contact ring or socket, and the
recess being protruding and of suitable form to fit into a contact button, such
ring and button being insulated from one another by the glass of the all glass
base part exclusively, as and for the purpose set forth.
11. In an electric incandescent vacuum lamp an all glass base part, being a
combination of an outer part, which is in the shape of a press blown bottle and
of an inner part, which is in the shape of a tube, which fits with its ends in the
neck and in a bottom recess of the bottle shaped part, the end fitting in the
neck serving in making hermetical seal around the inleading wires and in
supporting the light producing parts of the lamp, and the surface of the outer or
bottle shaped part being shaped to fit contact rings and sockets of any suitable
form, as and for the purpose set forth.
12. An electric incandescent vacuum lamp, having an extra glass housing,
which leaves an air filled or exhausted space between the inner bulb and outer
housing and mainly surrounds the air exhausted inner glass bulb but leaves a
minor part thereof unenclosed and in direct or indirect contact with the
atmosphere, as and for the purpose set forth.
13. The process of making a hermetical seal around the inleading wires of an
electric incandescent vacuum lamp, which consists in passing the wires at a
distance from one another through perforations in the closed end of a glass tube,
filling such end with powdered glass and fusing said powdered glass to the tube
wall and around the wires.
14. In an electric incandescent lamp a luminant, which consists of two main
or functional elements, each of which elements is longitudinally divided into
parts, the function of the one element, where it has a gap, being assumed by
the other element, which bridges over such gap the one element being an
electrical conductor at normal temperature but resisting to the electric current
to the effect of producing heat, and the other element being an electrical
conductor only, when heated to a higher temperature, the latter element covering
the mainly conducting element as a core in part only and consisting itself
longitudinally of not less than two parts, the mainly conducting element con-
sisting of not less than three longitudinal parts, as and for the purpose set forth.
15. In an electric incandescent lamp a current conducting element of more
than two parts longitudinally not less than one or a third part with two poles
being inserted, with chemically insulated contact ends, between the two end or
current connecting parts longitudinally, which third part is non-conductive at
normal temperature but is made conductive and incandescent by the main and
sole current applied to the lamp.
16. In an electric lamp a current conducting element, covered in part or entirely
with matter, that does not electrically conduct at normal temperatures, and
which mainly current conducting or inner element consists of more than two
longitudinal parts or pencils, except the two end or pole connecting pencils or
parts are inserted between the two end pencils and within the longitudinal
extension of the main current conducting element and have each a positive and
a negative end, when under electric current.
17. In an electric incandescent vacuum lamp, the combination with a pole

page_text: connecting base, and with an air exhausted glass bulb, of a luminant, enclosed
within the said glass bulb, which consists of two main or functional elements,
each of which elements is longitudinally divided into parts, the function of the
one element, where it has a gap, being assumed by the other element, which
bridges over such gap, the one element being an electric conductor at normal
temperature but resisting to the electric current to the effect of producing heat,
and the other element being an electrical conductor only when heated to a higher
temperature, the latter element covering the mainly conducting element, as a
core, in part only, and itself consisting longitudinally of more than two parts,
and the core part or mainly conducting element consisting of not less than three
longitudinal parts, as and for the purpose set forth.
18. The method of producing light by an electric current passing through a
conductor, that conducts at normal temperature but also resists to a passing current
to the effect of producing heat, which conductor, when made or when in use,
has gaps of less conductivity and of higher resistance, and locally produces
higher temperature than that produced on its main length. and which main
conductor is in part or entirely embedded in but chemically insulated of, a
stratum of other material, that, at normal temperature is electrically non-
conductive, but which is made to partake in the conducting function and to
emanate light by the higher temperature produced as aforesaid in and by the
main conducting element. and which is so made, without the accessory use of
any other heat producing current or contrivance, substantially as by me described.
19. In an electric incandescent lamp a continuous conductor, chemically
insulated by an electrically non-connected or non-continuous stratum of materially
less affinity to oxygen than the material of the conductor itself.
20. In an electric incandescent lamp a conducting clement, consisting of a
metal of high point of fusion and of great affinity to oxygen, chemically insulated
by an electrically non-connected or non-continuous stratum of other metal,
which has materially less affinity for oxygen than the metal of the conductor.
Dated this 8th day of T1000
FREDERIC PRINCE.
37, Cursitor Street, Chancery Lane, London, E.C.,
Agent for Applicant.