GENERATING FORCE
Year: 1859

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Charles Dickson Archibald, of Rusland Hall, in, the
County Palatine of Lancaster, England, Esquire, at present being in the
City of New York, United States of America, for the Invention of
"GENERATING FORCE."-A communication from Henry Munro Paine,
residing at Worcester, Massachusetts.
Sealed the 15th July 1859, and dated the 18th January 1859.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Charles Dickson Archi-
bald at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 18th January 1859.
I, CHARLES DICKSON ARCHIBALD, of Rusland Hall, in the County Palatine
of Lancaster, England, Esquire, at present being in the City of New York,
United States of America, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "GENERATING FORCE," (a communication from Henry Munro Paine,
residing at Worcester, Mass.,) to be as follows:-
**The nature of the Invention consists in so constructing the piston or its
equivalent that the resistance it meets or generates when condensing or
exhausting fluid bodies shall be made to assist the process without waste of
the elements condensed or exhausted. When the ordinary condensing pump
is used to condense fluids, the resistance to the piston will be equally

page_text: distributed over the walls of the cylinder in which it moves. This pressure
against the walls of the cylinder can in no wise exert any influence to retard
or advance the piston, and is a continuous exertion of force without any
product of motion.
I avail myself of this hitherto lost force to neutralize or compensate the
resistance generated by the piston. Instead of the usual cylinder form, I
construct a case in any suitable form that will secure parallel sides. The
"follower" is composed of two planes, of such width as to fit between the
sides, and of the length required to ensure the required quantity of displace-
ment. These planes are jointed at their junction with the piston rod, the
fluids to be displaced resting above them. Assuming these planes to be each
four inches long, then, when the piston rod is drawn out so as to cause the
planes to stand at right angles, eight cubic inches of the fluid will have been
displaced. Assume that the pressure under which the planes rise is 100 lbs.
per square inch at the moment of their rise, the force required to draw out
the piston rod will be 400 lbs. This force, however, gradually decreases as
the planes approach their right-angled position, because the pressure exerted
against the walls of the case reacts upon the receding planes, and thus assists
the rise of the piston rod until the right-angled position is attained, when the
forces become equal, the power having died off to 0, giving a mean of 200 lbs.
of force as the cost of pressing eight cubic inches through a stroke of 24 inches
against a pressure of 100 lbs. to the inch. To accomplish this result with the
ordinary condensing pump would require a force of 100 lbs. through eight
inches, or 400 lbs. through two inches.
I do not limit myself to any peculiar forms, but intend to claim the use of
any flexible body capable of displacing fluids which surround it when distended,
and having the property of presenting surfaces to the pressure that will
neutralize the resistance of the act of displacement. Also the construction of
generators of force, substantially as herein set forth.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Charles Dickson Archibald in the Great Seal Patent. Office
on the 18th July 1859.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, CHARLES
DICKSON ARCHIBALD, of Rusland Hall, in the County Palatine of Lancaster,
England, Esquire, at present being in the City of New York, United States 3
of America, send greeting.

page_text: WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Eighteenth day of January, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine, in the twenty-second year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said Charles Dickson Archibald, Her special licence that I, the said Charles
Dickson Archibald, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others
as I, the said Charles Dickson Archibald, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at
all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully
might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention
for "GENERATING FORCE," (a communication from Henry Munro Paine, residing
at Worcester, Massachusetts,) upon the condition (amongst others) that I,
the said Charles Dickson Archibald, my executors or administrators, by
an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and
seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause
the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Charles Dickson Archibald, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof, reference being had to the 'Drawings hereunto
annexed, that is to say:-
The nature of the Invention consists in so constructing a piston or its
equivalent, that when acting under the pressure of fluid bodies, the resistance
it meets or generates shall be made to assist the process of displacing, con-
densing, or exhausting without waste of the elements employed. When an
ordinary condensing pump is used to condense fluids, the resistance to the
piston will be equally distributed over the walls of the cylinder in which it
moves. This pressure against the walls of the cylinder can exert no influence
to retard or advance the piston in any way, and is a continuous exertion of
force without any product of motion.
Of this hitherto lost force I avail myself as follows:-Instead of the usual
cylinder I construct à case (A, Figure 1,) in any convenient and suitable form,
having parallel sides. The follower B, B, is composed of two planes, of such
width as to fit exactly between the sides (see cross section, Figure 2;) and of
the length necessary to secure the required amount of displacement. These
planes are jointed at their junction, and attached to the piston rod C by lugs

page_text: or links, and are packed with leather, rubber, or other suitable material to
prevent leakage. The piston so constructed is called a "bivalve," and if we
assume that the planes are each four inches long and one inch wide, then
when the piston rod has been drawn out so as to cause the planes to stand at
right angles with each other (as shown by the red lines), eight cubic inches of
the superincumbent fluid will have been displaced. Assuming that this
pressure is one hundred pounds per square inch, the initial force to draw out
the piston rod will be 400 lbs.; but this force begins to diminish from the
moment the planes leave the horizontal position, and goes on decreasing as
they rise, because the pressure exerted against the walls of the case reacts on
the receding planes (as indicated by the red lines), and thus assists the rise of
the piston rod until the right-angled position is attained, when the forces
become equal, the power having died off to 0, giving a mean of 200 lbs. of
force as the cost of displacing or pressing eight cubic inches of the fluid
through a stroke of 2 inches against a pressure of 100 lbs. to the inch.
Figure 3 shews a double-acting bivalve, which, with its case and bed plate,
may be made in any other suitable form.
I do not limit myself to any peculiar forms, for any flexible body capable
when distended of displacing fluids which surround it, and having the property
of presenting surfaces to the pressure that will neutralise the act of displace-
ment, comes within the scope of the Invention. In order to avoid the
maximum of vertical pressure, the bottom of the case or bed plate may be
constructed at a right angle (as shewn in Figure 4), or at any intermediate
angle, and in proportion to the inclination of this angle will be the force of
the lateral pressure neutralising the vertical pressure, and overcoming it as
the piston rod rises.
To obviate or lessen frictional resistance, I adapt friction rollers to the
planes of the bivalve, or suspend the toes of the planes by rods or levers within
the case, and so adjusted as to swing like a pendulum, and to allow the
required motion to take place without undue pressure or friction.
.
In order to apply this Invention practically, it is necessary to be able to
subject the fluids in the case (which I call the "generator" to a high degree
of pressure. In cases where hydrostatic pressure can be directly brought to
bear, the process is a very simple one; but generally the most convenient
mode will be to condense atmospheric air by means of water, as shewn in
Figure 4. By this means a predetermined initial force may be obtained of
any required intensity, and so long as the relative quantities of air and water
are maintained within the chamber, so long will the pressure be equally
exerted. By means of a valve or cock in the connecting pipe, the pressure of

page_text: the air chamber can be communicated at pleasure to the generator with all its
force, and in proportion to that force will be the power given out or generated
by the bivalve in its rise.
The generation of force being accomplished by the above or any equivalent
means, its application to practical purposes becomes a mere matter of
mechanical arrangement and detail. Passing by a variety of forms which
have been devised, I refer to Figure 5, which will suffice to explain the
principles of the Invention in a very simple combination. E is the case or
generator, on the top of which is an ordinary cylinder F open at the bottom;
D, D, is the bivalve, on whose piston rod is fixed a piston of the ordinary
form G. The parts are so proportioned that the displacement caused by the
rise of the bivalve is sufficient to fill the cylinder when and as the upward
stroke is made. By a simple mechanical device the valve or cock between
the air chamber C and the generator is made to open and shut by the motion
of the piston rod. The bivalve being down at its lowest position, the piston
of the power cylinder is also down, and the valve between the air chamber
and generator being opened, the whole pressure acts simultaneously on the
piston and bivalve, causing the piston rod to ascend, till at the extent of the
stroke the pressure is cut off by the closing of the valve of the air chamber:
The fluid in the generator then instantly resumes its normal condition, and the
two pistons and the water from the cylinder descend simultaneously into the
generator ready for the next pulsation, which is immediately communicated
from the air chamber. Where two or more engines are worked with joint
stock force, one air chamber may be arranged to communicate alternately with
cach generator.
H, Figure 4, shows another mode where the power piston is constructed in
several parts, like the tube of a telescope, which will allow of adjustment to
suit the capacity of the power piston to the displacement of the bivalve.
Another form of piston is shown in Figure 6. Instead of a cylinder a case
A having parallel sides like the generator is made in the form of a truncated
cone, and of such shape and dimensions as to compensate or coincide with the
displacement of the bivalve. The piston B is made in three parts, and jointed
so as to expand or contract, as shewn in the Drawing. The extreme limbs of
this, which I call the "expanding piston," are provided with friction rollers 1, 7",
so as to conform to the taper of the case, being kept extended by the pressure
during the upward stroke; s is a spring to assist the expansion of the piston
during the downward stroke. By this arrangement the due relation of the
two pistons to each other may be adjusted with the greatest nicety. The
dotted lines shew the expanding piston down.

page_text: Where the parts are properly constructed and packed, the bivalve should
inhale and exhale nothing but air, for which purpose a communication is left
through the bed plate. It will be obvious, therefore, that there will be but
little, if any, waste of the elements employed, a fact of great importance, since
it will allow of the use of oil, alcohol, or other expansive fluids should occasion
require. The bivalve will exert great pumping energy, and may be made
avail of with great advantage in deep mines, and to overcómé hydraulic and
hydrostatic resistances.
What I claim and desire to secure by Letters Patent are, the construction
and rise of the bivalve piston and case, which I call the force generator,
substantially in the manner and for the purposes herein set forth.
I also claim the expanding piston and case, and the telescope piston,
substantially as herein described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Charles Dickson Archibald, have here-
unto set my hand and seal, this Twenty-second day of June, One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine.
C. D. ARCHIBALD. (L.S.)