IMPROVEMENTS IN THE TREATMENT
Year: 1862

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Louis Martin, Chemist, residing in Paris, No. 13,
Rue Gaillon, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE TREATMENT OF
Sealed the 20th June 1862, and dated the 22nd January 1862.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Louis Martin at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 22nd
January 1862.
I, LOUIS MARTIN, Chemist, residing in Paris, No. 13, Rue Gaillon, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
TREATMENT OF MINERAL OILS, AND IN THE APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH," to
be as follows:-
My first process by which I rectify and deodorize the mineral oils usually
called petroleum, kerosine, or rock oil, consists in the use of caustic soda
mixed and agitated with the crude material, to which I subsequently add a
small quantity of tepid water; I then, by allowing these ingredients to subside,
subtract different matters, which will be precipitated. I distil the oils thus
treated, receiving the light oils, which are the first to evaporate, in a separate
vessel, continuing the distillation of the oil remaining in the still at a high
temperature; to these latter I afterwards add a certain proportion of colza oil
or other vegetable or animal oils used for lighting purposes, as well as about
a third of their volume of tepid water containing chloride of sodium. I then
agitate these ingredients and wash the oils with water acidulated with sulphuric
acid, and subseqently in pure water. This process can be applied to manufac-
turing lubricating oil with the same materials by omitting the operation where

page_text: sulphuric acid is used.
Heavy schiste or shale oils, as well as the heavy oils
obtained from tar, can also by this process be converted into either burning or
lubricating oils.
By a second process, in order to obtain oils fit for burning in such lamps
where colza and other vegetable or animal oils are usually consumed, I
commence the distillation of petroleum at a low temperature, in order to
separate the benzole, and continue to distil at a higher temperature the oils
remaining in the still. I make a second distillation of these latter oils, to
which I add fatty acids or oleine or neutral fatty substances, such as tallow,
pulverized lime being also introduced in the still.
The combustion in the moderator lamps of the oils produced by both of these
processes will be improved by making a few openings in the wick tube a short
distance from the top.
By a third process, in order to obtain oils. fit for burning in lamps where
mineral oils are usually burnt, I first by distillation separate the lighter oils
from the petroleum, and then raising the temperature of the oils remaining in
the still, distil over the remainder, which I subsequently submit to the action
of chloride of zinc by agitation;- I then redistil these oils, introducing at
the same time in the still about 10 p. % of lime.
When it is desirable that the still be heated by means of superheated steam,
I prefer using an apparatus composed of an outer pipe, one extremity of which
is closed like a gas retort, in-which I place one or more pipes, admitting steam
to the closed extremity, from whence it has to travel the whole length of this
external pipe before it can flow towards the still.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Louis Martin in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 14th
July 1862.
21.11
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, LOUIS
MARTIN, Chemist, residing in Paris, No. 13, Rue Gaillon, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-second day of January, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, in the twenty-fifth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said Louis Martin, Her special licence that I, the said Louis Martin,
my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said
Louis Martin, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time
agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during

page_text: the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,
and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE TREATMENT OF MINERAL OILS, AND IN THE APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH,"
upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Louis Martin, my
executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their,
or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to
be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the
said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Louis Martin, do hereby declare the
nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed.
to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following state-
ment (that is to say):-
} My first process, by which I rectify and deodorise the mineral oils usually
called petroleum, kerosine, rock oils, or oils the products of schistes, or coals,"
peat, asphalte, or wood, consists in the use of caustic soda mixed and agitated
with the crude material, to which I subsequently add a small quantity of tepid
water; I then, by allowing these ingredients to subside, subtract different
matters, which will be precipitated. I distil the oils thus treated, receiving the
light oils, which are the first to come over, in a separate vessel, continuing
the distillation of the oil remaining in the still at a higher temperature; to the
latter I afterwards add a certain proportion of colza oil or other vegetable or
animal oils used for lighting purposes, as well as about a third of their volume
of tepid water containing chloride of sodium. I then agitate these ingredients
and wash the oils with water acidulated with sulphuric acid, and subsequently
in pure water. Supposing the operation to be performed on a ton weight of
raw material, I first add to it about 8 per cent. in weight of caustic soda at
36 degrees Beaumé, and agitate the mixture either by a current of air or a
mechanical agitator from about 4 to 6 hours; I then add about 100 pounds'
of tepid water and allow the whole to rest upwards of 4 hours. The preci-
pitate is removed, and the supernatant oil is introduced into a still, where I'
cause it to undergo fractional distillation, that is to say, by raising the tempera-
ture in the first place to about 248 degrees Fahrenheit, either by direct firing
or by means of superheated steam circulating through a worm immersed in the
oil. I extract first the eupion or other such oils, which, after condensation,
are received in a separate vat, the proportion of eupion thus extracted varying
according to the quality of the original oil used or the nature of the oil to bo

page_text: obtained. I then raise the temperature of the oil remaining in the still to-
from 437° to 600° Fahrenheit, either by means of direct firing or by super-
heated steam admitted directly into the oil, and distil the remainder which I
receive in a vat, where I add colza oil, or cocoa nut oil, or any other animal or
vegetable oil fit for lighting purposes. The exact proportion of such oil added
to the petroleum varies according to the nature of either of those oils and the
quality of burning oil to be manufactured; it may range from 5 to 30 per cent.
To render this oil inodorous I adopt the following process:-I add to these
two ingredients about one-third in weight of tepid water containing about
20 per cent. of chloride of sodium; I heat this mixture to about 195° Fahren-
heit, and agitate it upwards of one hour, either by means of a current of air or
a mechanical agitator, and after three hours rest I draw off the oil into a vat
containing one-third of its volume of water acidulated with sulphuric acid at
5 degrees Beaumé, and I boil the whole about half an hour, and after allowing
it to rest about 4 hours, I draw it off and wash it in pure water; after again
allowing it to subside I pass it through an appropriate filter. The oil thus
obtained will be completely inodorous and fit for being burnt in ordinary
moderator lamps, or the improved moderator lamps afterwards described, as
well as others generally made use of for burning colza oil: this oil I name
colzarine.
By a second process, in order to obtain oil fit for burning in such lamps
where colza and other vegetable or animal oils are usually consumed, I com-
mence the distillation of the crude oil at a low temperature, in order to separate
the eupion or other light oils, and continue to distil at a higher temperature the
oils remaining in the still. I make a second distillation of these latter oils, to
which I add fatty acids, or oleine, or neutral fatty substances such as tallow,
pulverised lime being also introduced into the still. Supposing the operation
to be performed on a ton weight of crude material, I introduce the same into
a still and heat it to about 248° Fahrenheit, either by direct firing or super-
heated steam circulating in a worm immersed in the oil. In order to evaporate
the eupion or other light oils (the per-centage of which will vary according to
the quality of the crude material), which I receive in a separate vat. I distil
the oil remaining by raising its temperature to from 482° to 600° Fahrenheit,
either by direct firing or by superheated steam injected into the oil; to a ton
of this latter oil I add about 4 hundredweight of fatty acids. I melt these two
substances together, and when the mixture is homogeneous I distil it mixed
with about 90 pounds of powdered lime. This oil is deodorized in a similar
manner as the oil described in the first process. The proportion of fatty acids
mixed with the oil will necessarily vary according to the quality of one or

page_text: either of these materials as well as according to the quality of the oil they
are destined to produce. The relative quantities above stated, however, will
be found in the majority of cases to produce excellent results. Instead of fatty
acids, oleic acid or even raw tallow might be made use of, and distilling from
lime or alkali may be dispensed with.
:
The combustion in the moderator lamps of the oils produced by both of these
processes will be improved by making a few openings in the wick tube a short
distance from the top. The object of this modification is to prevent too great
a quantity of oil. being forced up to the wick when combustion takes place,
the holes or openings forming an outlet for the oil before reaching the top of
the wick.
Fig. 1 in the accompanying Sheet of Drawings represents the extremity of
a moderator lamp, a being the outer wick tube, and b, the holes through which
part of the ascending column of oil falls before reaching the summit of the wick,.
and c a metal cone (shewn in section) for the purpose of conducting towards
the flame of the lamp any trifling amount of vapour formed by the overflow of
the oil over the pipe a when heated.
Fig. 2 represents in section another method of effecting the same purpose,.
in which the outer tube a remains entire, the holes being made in the inner
tube d; in such case the cone c can be dispensed with. I also attain the same.
result by either reducing the moderator tube through which the oil ascends, or
by introducing a larger moderating wire than used for colza oil in the said
tube.
.
By a third process, in order to obtain oils fit for burning in lamps where
mineral oils are usually burnt, I first by distillation separate the lighter oils
from the petroleum, and then raising the temperature of the oils remaining in
the still, distil over the remainder, which I subsequently submit to the action
of chloride of zinc by agitation; I then redistil these oils, introducing at the
same time into the still about 10 per cent. of lime. Supposing the operation
to be performed on a ton weight of crude oil, I introduce the same into a still,
and by fractional distillation, first at a temperature of about 248° Fahrenheit,
draw off the eupion or other light oils, according to the quantity of same con-
tained in the original oil, and which I have found in some cases to amount to
30 per cent. For this first part of the operation I either make use of direct firing
or superheated steam circulating through a worm immersed in the oil;. I then
raise the heat to from 482° to 600° Fahrenheit, either by direct firing or super-
heated steam injected into the oil, and I distil over the remaining contents of
the still; in the vat where I receive this latter distillate I add from 5 to 10
per cent. in weight of chloride of zinc; I then raise the temperature to from

page_text: 95° to 104° Fahrenheit, and agitate the whole for about 40 minutes, and after
it has rested from 4 to 6 hours; I distil this produce'a second time over a layer
of lime equivalent to from 5 to 10 per cent. in weight of the whole, rendering
the oil inodorous, as described in the first process. I pass this distillate
through an appropriate filter, and thus obtain an oil fit for burning in such
lamps where schiste oil is usually consumed. When it is desirable that the
still be heated by means of superheated steam; I prefer. using an apparatus-
composed of an outer pipe, one extremity of which is closed like a gas retort,
in which I place one or more pipes,. admitting the steam to the closed
extremity, from whence it has to travel the whole length of the external pipe
before it can flow towards the still.
.
Fig. 3 is a longitudinal section, and Fig. 4 a front elevation of one of my
improved superheaters, heat being applied to the outer shell of this apparatus ;
the steam enters the internal pipe e through the central nozzlef; and flows towards.
its open extremity, from whence it returns through the annular space formed
by the external surface of the pipe 'e, and the internal surface of the outer pipe
or retort g, and finally leaves the apparatus'in a thoroughly superheated state
through. nozzles such as h, h, placed at the extremity of the said retort g.
Having now described the nature of my Invention, I would have it under-
stood that what. I claim is as follows,
First, the mode. described in the first process of rendering this oil inodorous,
likewise..applying this mode. to any oils the products of petroleum, kerosine,
rock oils, or oils the products of schists, coals, peat, asphalte, or wood.
S
Second, the various processes described for the preparation of oils for the
purposes of burning in moderator, argand, and other oil lamps, and for lubri-s
cating.and other such purposes..
Third, the modes described, or any modification of the same, of adopting the
moderator and other oil lamps for burning the oils the preparation of which
have been described.
Fourth, the construction of the apparatus described for distilling by means
of steam into the retorts.
Fifth, the construction of the apparatus described for superheating steam.
In witness whereof, I, the said Louis Martin, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Tenth day of May, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and sixty-two.
3
T
ADTIN