IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY AND TOOLS FOR CUTTING OR DRESSING STONE, MARBLE, SLATE, COAL, AND OTHER MINERALS
Year: 1875

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Andrew Dunlop, of Glasgow, in the County of
Lanark, North Britain, and William Ree, of Stonehouse, in the
same County, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY
AND TOOLS FOR CUTTING OR DRESSING STONE, MARBLE, SLATE, COAL, AND OTHER
MINERALS."
Sealed the 13th July 1875, and dated the 24th May 1875.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Andrew Dunlop and
William Reo at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with
their Petition, on the 24th May 1875.
We, ANDREW DUNLOP, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North
Britain, and WILLIAM REE, of Stonehouse, in the same County, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
MACHINERY AND TOOLS FOR CUTTING OR DRESSING STONE, MARBLE, SLATE, COAL,
AND OTHER MINERALS," to be as follows, that is to say :—
This Invention which relates to improvements in machinery and tools
for cutting or dressing stone, slate, marble, coal, and other minerals, is
a development of the Invention described in the Specification filed in
pursuance of Letters Patent, which were granted to William Stevenson,

page_text: ади
No. 3248.
With reference to the improvements in tools for cutting or dressing
stone, slate, marble, coal, and other minerals embraced by this Invention,
instead of making the front or cutting edge of the tool curved or partly 5
circular as described in the Complete Specification herein-before referred
to, the said front or cutting edge of the tool is formed straight, or it may
be made straight with the corners bevelled or rounded off.
Under another arrangement, instead of constructing the cutting or
dressing tool in the form of a hollow segment, as shewn at Figure 5 of 1
the Drawings appended to the aforesaid Specification, the tool is made
in the form of a solid segment, that is to say, with one side curved and
with the other side forming a chord to the arc of the curved side.
Under this arrangement either the straight or curved side may be
bevelled off so as to constitute a sharp cutting edge.
In constructing the tools according to this Invention, the recess or
projection formed at the back of the tool, as described in the aforesaid
Specification, is in some cases dispensed with, and in lieu thereof a
round, oval, square, or other shaped hole is made through the body
of the tool to fit over a stud or studs projecting from one of the jaws of
the tool holder, or in lieu of a stud or studs a bolt or pinching screw
may be passed through the hole to retain the tool in position.
Under another modification of this Invention the cutting or dressing
tool is made of a circular dished shape, with an oblong or oval holo
through the centre thereof, through which the correspondingly formed end
of a bolt passes. With this arrangement of tool the smaller or gripping
jaw of the tool holder is dispensed with and the face of the larger jaw
is made radial from the centre of the disc in which the tool holders are
fixed, instead of angled as in Figure 7 of the Drawings appended to the
aforesaid Specification. The oblong or oval head of the bolt after
passing through the tool holder and through the dished tool is turned,
so as to bring the head of the bolt across the narrow part of the hole
in the tool, whereby the tool is fixed in position, after which the bolt is
screwed up.
Under another mode of constructing the tool in accordance with this
Invention, in lieu of forming it with a short projection as described with
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page_text: mentioned Specification, the tool is formed upon a long bar or shank
which passes through a hole in the tool holder, and serves to retain the
tool in position either by frictional contact with the sides of the hole or
by a set screw. When the head of the tool becomes worn, a piece of
the bar or shank is forged or hammered out, so as to form a new cutting
part.
The cutting or dressing tools constructed in accordance with this
Invention as well as those described in the aforesaid Specification, may
be forged, punched, or cast from iron or steel, or other suitable hard
metal, or as heretofore practised with tools of other forms; the new or
improved tools may be made of malleable iron casehardoned.
In coal cutting machines with projecting jibs, constructed as shewn
at Figure 24 of the Drawings annexed to the aforesaid Specification,.
the jib is under this Invention formed with a shaped feather on the
edges, and every link or every alternate link of the chain is made with
bent projections above and below to embrace and run on the said feather
for the purpose of keeping the links of the chain up to the level of the
jib, and preventing keen cutting tools from running too deep into the
face of the coal. Two or more tools are fixed at separate places in the
length of cach link or of cach alternate link of the cutting chain.
In operating the machine is moved along the face of the coal by the
combination of a chain wheel and spur wheels, and with a constant
steady motion instead of intermittently and by means of ratchets as
hitherto.
In applying the tools constructed in accordance with this Invention,
as well as those described in the aforesaid Specifiation, to coal cutting
wheels wherein the tools are held in the teeth of such wheels, the
holding jaws and the position of the tools between them are so modified
as to make them more tooth like and keep the tools from contact with
the teeth of the driving pinion.
Pinching screws or other equivalent means of fixing are preferably.
employed to fix the tools in such wheels instead of bolts passing
through both jaws of the holder.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Andrew Dunlop and William Ree in the Great
Scal Patent Office on the 23rd November 1875.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, ANDREW
DUNLOP, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North Britain, and
WILLIAM REE, of Stonehouse, in the same County, send greeting.
'WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twenty-fourth day of May, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-five, in the
38th year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto us, the said Andrew Dunlop and William Ree, Her
special license that we, the said Andrew Dunlop and William Ree, our
executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as we, the said
Andrew Dunlop and William Ree, our executors, administrators, or
assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to 1
time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands,
and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY AND
TOOLS FOR CUTTING OR DRESSING STONE, MARBLE, SLATE, COAL, AND OTHER 2
MINERALS," upon the condition (amongst others) that we, the said
Andrew Dunlop and William Ree, by an instrument in writing under
our hands and seals, or under the hand and seal of one of us, should
particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention,
and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same 2
to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months
next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said Andrew Dunlop and William
Reo, do hereby declare the nature of our said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and 8
ascertained in and by the following statement, reference being had to
the accompanying Drawings and to the letters and figures marked
thereon, that is to say :—
Our said Invention, which relates to improvements in machinery and
tools for cutting or dressing stone, slate, marble, coal, and other 8
minerals, is a development of the Invention described in the Specifi-

page_text: cation filed in pursuance of Letters Patent, which were granted to
William Stevenson, and to the said Andrew Dunlop, and the said
William Ree, dated the Seventh day of October, A.D. 1873, No. 3248.
And in order that our said Invention may be properly understood
we now proceed more particularly to set forth the system, mode, or
manner in or under which the same is or may be used or practically
carried into effect, reference being had to the accompanying Sheet of
Drawings and to the letters and figures marked thereon, that is to
say:-
With reference to the improvements in tools for cutting or dressing
stone, slate, marble, coal, or other minerals, embraced by this Invention,
instead of making the front or cutting edge of the tool curved or partly
circular as described in the Complete Specification herein-before referred
to, the said front or cutting edge of the tool is formed straight, as shewn
at Figures 1 and 2 of the Drawings hereunto appended, in which
Figure 1 is a front elevation, and Figure 2 a corresponding side or
edge elevation; or the tool instead of having an entirely straight cutting
edge may be made partly straight with the corners bevelled or rounded
off and the section of the tool may be either flat or dished.
Under another arrangement instead of constructing the cutting or
dressing tool in the form of a hollow segment, as shewn at Figure 5 of
the Drawings appended to the aforesaid Specification, the tool is made
in the form of a solid segment, that is to say, with one side curved and
with the other side forming a chord to the arc of the curved side.
Under this form or construction of tool either the straight or curved side
may be bevelled off so as to constitute a sharp cutting edge, thus
producing either a straight cutting edge, as shewn in frout and ond
elevation at Figures 3 and 4 respectively, and in plan at Figure 5 of the
Drawings hereunto appended, or a curved cutting edge, as shown in
front and end elevation at Figures 6 and 7, and in plau at Figure 8 of
the said Drawings.
In some cases we make the tools shewn at the aforesaid Figures 1 to 8
longer than thero shewn, and screw or wedge them out of the holder as
the cutting part wears.
In constructing some of the tools according to this Invention the
recess or projection formed at the back of the tool as described in the
aforesaid Specification is in some cases dispensed with, and in lieu
T

page_text: thereof a round, oval, square, or other shaped hole is made through the
body of the tool, as shewn at Figure 9 of the appended Drawings, which
is a tool of the same cutting profile, as shewn at Figure 6 of the
Drawings attached to the aforesaid Specification, No. 3248, A.D. 1873,
but in this case having the hole a through the body of the tool which
fits over the short or shallow stud A attached to or forming part of the
larger jaw B of the tool holder, shewn at Figure 10 of the appended
Drawings, or the short or shallow stud may otherwise be fixed into or
form part of the smaller jaw C of the tool holder.
Under another modification of this Invention the cutting or dressing
tool is made of a circular dished shape with an oblong or oval hole
through the centre thereof, through which the correspondingly formed
end of a bolt passes. Such a form or construction of tool is shewn at
Figures 11 and 12, in which Figure 11 is a side clevation of the tool
holder A, tool B, and tool holding bolt C. With this arrangement of
tool the smaller or gripping jaw of the tool holder A previously used and
shewn in Specification, No. 3248, A.D. 1873, is dispensed with, and the
larger jaw is the one and only jaw as distinguished from the retaining
bolt C used under the present Invention, and is made either radial or
practically so from the centre of the revolving disc in which the tool
holders are fixed, or at right angles to the line of the tool's motion
instead of angled or inclined, as shewn at Figure 7 of the Drawings,
appended to the previous Specification, No. 3248, A.D. 1878. Under
this form or construction of our improved tools, the oblong or oval head
of the bolt C is of such shape and dimensions as to pass easily through |
the hole at the central part of the dished tool, and after being passed
through the tool holder and through the dished tool, the bolt C is turned
round so as to bring the head of the bolt C across the narrow part of the
hole in the tool B, whereby the tool is fixed in position, after which the
bolt is screwed up. A pin E may also be provided for the purpose of
preventing the tool B from shifting its position, that is to say, by turning
round in the event of the bolt C becoming loose during the time the
tool is in operation.
A modified form of the tool shewn at Figures 11 and 12 is exhibited
at Figures 13 and 14, the former being a front elevation, and the latter
a transverse section of a dished tool of a spherical segment, such tool
being held in the tool holder after the manner shewn at Figure 11.

page_text: At Figures 15 and 16 aro shewn another slightly modified form of our
improved dished shaped tool with a square necked bolt, the square neck
fitting into a square hole in the tool and tool holder.
With reference to the dished tools shown at Figures 11, 12, 13, 14,
15, and 16, we desire to explain that it is immaterial whether the back
of the tool be flat or round as there shewn, or whether the back and
front of the tool correspond in profile or not. The material point being
that a thin or flat tool having a dished-shaped front is held radially or
practically so on the front of the tool holder.
When the several forms of dished tools comprised under the present
Invention are to be held in the angled jaws or jaw, such as that shewn
at Figure 7 of the previous Specification, No. 3248, A.D. 1878, they do
not require a hole through them. The improved dished tools in place of
being circular as shown may have a portion of their peripheries oval or
oblong.
In place of holding the flat or dished shaped tools shewn at Figures
11, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16, of the appended Drawings, by a screw bolt as
shewn at Figure 11, a short bolt such as that shewn at Figure 17, may
be used, this being provided with a hole a, there being corresponding
holes in the tool holder through which a pin is driven, and by which the
bolt and tool are held in place. Or the retaining or holding pin may.l
formed as shewn at Figure 18, that is to say, with the upper part
marked a, formed square, fitting a square hole in the tool, and the lower
part b, either round or square with a hole or recess c on one side,
into which a portion of a pin driven into a holo in the tool holder enters,
and thereby fixes it in the tool holder.
7.be
The advantage of fixing the tools in the tool holder by means of the
two pins now last described and shewn at Figures 17 and 18 of the
appended Drawings, is that they are capable of being more rapidly
replaced and withdrawn than the screw bolt. Further in place of using
a screw bolt as shewn at Figure 11, a stud and nut like that shewn at
Figure 19 may be adopted, the stud being secured permanently into the
tool holder, and the tool being fixed therein by the nut.
Under another mode of constructing tools for cutting and drossing stone,
slate, marble, and other materials in accordance with this Invention, in
lieu of forming such tools with a short projection, as described with

page_text: bolts or other equivalent means. The transverse form of such T feathers
or guides is shewn at Figure 24, and the office or function of the two
T feathers is to constitute guides for the chain E which carries the
cutters to move or travel upon. The chain E is composed of links, as
shewn at Figure 23, which are alternately single and duplex, and the
tecth F on the pitch chain carrying wheel B, as well as the teeth on the
pitch chain driving wheel, situated at the opposite end of the jib but not
shewn in the Drawings, are of such thickness as to pass into the space
between the duplex links as the chain is being operated, two of the
pitch teeth being shewn in dotted lines as so situated at Figure 23.
The links of the chain which are shewn as carrying the cutters G in
Figures 23 and 24 are solid or formed in one piece, and there is also
formed on them and projecting inwards the guide pieces H, which are
hollowed out as shewn in section at Figure 24, to correspond in form
with the T shaped feathers or guides D, and upon which as herein-before
stated they slide as the chain travels, thereby keeping the chain always
in the required position. The T shaped guides D are pointed or rounded
off at either end as shewn at Figure 23, and the edges or ends of the
hollow projections H on the links of the chain, which engage with and
slide upon the feathers or guides D are also rounded as shewn in dotted
lines at Figure 23, this form facilitating and ensuring the entry of the
chain guide projections H upon the T shaped feathers or guides, as they
are moved thereon by the action of the chain driving wheel. These parts
of the pitch chain wheel B, and the driving pitch chain wheel not shewn
in the Drawings, on which the projections H pass as the chain is
travelling are made sufficiently thin to pass through the narrowest part
of the opening in the projections H..
In lieu of placing a cutter upon each alternate link of the chain only,
as shewn at Figure 23, a cutter may be placed on every link, or two or
more on every link. Two cutters to each link are shewn in the portion
of a chain at Figure 25. Figures 26 and 27 being transverse sections
of the alternate links upon the lines c, d, and e, f, Figure 25.
The chain of the construction shewn at Figure 25, is more especially
,intended for cutting coal, and the links are provided with shallow
flanges I, whose width being equal to the width of the slot cut in the
wall or face of the coal by the cutters on the chain, draw out a portion

page_text: of the cuttings or dust that is formed by the cutting action, and to some
extent prevent it from accumulating in and around the tools and con-
sequently maintaining the slot from becoming choked therewith.
In operating the improved coal cutting machine, of which the
improved jib and chain of cutters has now been last described, it is
moved along the face of the coal by the action of a combination of spur
wheels and pinions, and a pitch chain wheel having a constant, steady,
or advancing motion instead of by the intermittent action of ratchets or
a stud wheel as hitherto. This arrangement of traversing gear is shewn
at Figures 28 and 29, of which Figure 28 is a side elevation, and 1
Figure 29, a plan. The driving shaft A is provided with a pinion B,
which by means of spur gearing actuates the chain pitch wheel C, as
shewn. The framing D in which tho gearing is carried is also furnished
with two chain guiding rollers E by which the chain is kept upon the
pitch wheel, and therefore as the driving shaft A rotates, its motion 1
being communicated to the chain wheel C, the machinery is drawn
forwards against the face being holed or cut into.
In applying the tools constructed in accordance with this Invention,
as well as those described in the aforesaid Specification, to wheels for
cutting coal or stone, and wherein the tools are held in the teeth of such 2
wheels, the holding jaws and the positions of the tools between them are
under this Invention so modified as to make them more tooth-like, and
keep the tools from contact with the teeth of the driving pinion which
gears into the spaces between the teeth carrying the cutters.
Pinching screws or other equivalent means of fixing are preferably 2
employed to fix the tools in such wheels instead of bolts passing through
both jaws of the holder. A portion of such a wheel is shewn at
Figure 30 of the appended Drawings, and in which the tools are shewn
as held on the teeth or jaws A of the wheel at an angle.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of our 3
said Invention, and the system, mode, or manner in or under which the
same is or may be used or practically carried into effect, we would observe
in conclusion that what we consider to be novel and original and there-
fore claim as the Invention secured to us by the herein-before in part
recited Letters Patent is,―
Tinst The tool shewn at Figures 1 and 2 of the n
8

page_text: and herein-before described, as having either a straight cutting edge
with or without the corners rounded or bevelled, and either of a flat or
dished section.
Second. The tools, shewn at Figures 3 to 8 of the appended Drawings
and herein-before described as constructed of a section, which is partly
circular and partly flat, so that a straight or curved cutting edge may be
produced, as set forth.
Third. The dished tools formed of a thin plate, casting, or forging, as
shewn at Figures 11 to 16 of the appended Drawings, and with or
O without a hole therein for holding the same to, or upon, or in tool
holders, as herein-before described, or any mere modification thereof.
Fourth. Fixing dished or flat tools to tool holders by means of bolts
or a stud passing through a hole in such tools, as shown at Figures 10,
11, 15, 17, 18, and 19 of the appended Drawings, and as herein-before
› described.
Fifth. The shank tool, shewn at Figures 20 to 22 of the appended
Drawings and fixed in a tool holder, as herein-before described.
Sixth. The tool holder for holding the shank tool, as horein-before
described and shewn at Figure 22 of the appended Drawings.
Seventh. The jib, shewn at Figures 23 and 24 of the appended
Drawings, in which guides or feathers D are provided for guiding and
supporting the cutter chain E, and the cutter chain provided with pro-
jections H for holding upon and sliding on the guides or feathers D, as
hercin-before described, or any modification thereof.
Eighth. Placing two or more cutters on each link of a cutting chain,
as shewn at Figure 25, so that an additional amount of cutting is
obtained by any given travel of the chain carrying the cutters.
Ninth. Providing the links of the cutting chain with flanches I or
their equivalent, as shewn at Figures 25, 26, and 27, of the appended
O Drawings, as and for the purposes herein-before described.
Tenth. The chain traversing gear, shewn at Figures 28 and 29 of the
appended Drawings, and herein-before described, or any mere modi-
fication thereof.

page_text: Eleventh. Arranging the teeth of coal cutting wheels, as shewn at
Figure 30 of the appended Drawings, so as to hold flat or dished tools
at an angle, as horein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Andrew Dunlop, on behalf of
myself and the said William Ree, have hereunto set my hand 5
and seal, this Twenty-second day of November, One thousand
eight hundred and seventy-five.