IMPROVEMENTS FINISHING PAPER AND TEXTILE FABRICS. AND IN THE MACHINERY OR APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH
Year: 1868

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Samuel Read, of Edinburgh, in the County
IN
of Mid Lothian, North Britain, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS
FINISHING PAPER AND TEXTILE FABRICS. AND IN THE MACHINERY OR
APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH."
Sealed the 21st April 1858, and dated the 7th February 1868.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said
the said Samuel Read l
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his l'etition, on
the 7th February 1568.
I, SAMUEL READ, of Edinburgh, in the County of Mid Lothian, North
Britain, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention of "IMPROVE.
MENTS IN FINISHING PAPER AND OTHER TEXTILE FABRICS. AND IN THE MACHINERY
OR APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH," to be as follows, that is to say-
This Invention has for its main object certain improvements in the
glazing of paper and textile fabrics, the glazing being effected on both
sides of the web at the same time and by one continuous operation
instead of requiring two series of glazing operations, one series applied to
each side of the web, as at present.

page_text: Various arrangements of machinery may be used for effecting the
improved glazing operations; for instance, under one arrangement the
web of paper as it passes from the paper-making machine is led through
a pair of pressure rolls for the purpose of flattening its surfaces; it is then
passed under a glazing or friction roll, over one or more carrying rolls,
and thence over the upper side of the same friction roll between it and
the under side of an upper pressure roll; this operation glazes the under
side of the web. Passing onwards from the above described set of rolls
the web is led under another friction or glazing roll around carrying
rolls, and thence between the upper side of the same glazing roll and
another pressure roll, after which if a higher finish is needed it may be
passed between one or more sets of glazing rolls; this second set of rolls
glazes the top side of the web. In place of arranging the travel of the
web in the manner herein-before described it may be reversed, in which
case the top side of the web is finished by the first set of rolls, and the
under side by the second set. If after the web passes away from the
last of the two sets of glazing rolls it is conducted between other glazing
rolls each pair or pairs of such rolls may be caused to travel at a greater
velocity than that at which the web travels, thus imparting a glaze to
both sides of the web at the same time. If, however, it is requirel
to finish the web by pressure and without glazing it this may be effected
by providing the glazing rollers and driving shaft with expansion pullies,
so that their diameter may be altered at any time to drive the glazing
roller at the same surface speed as the pressure roller; the use of expan-
sion pullies being also applicable for the purpose of varying the speed of
the glazing rollers to produce any degree of finish required. In place of
varying the speed of the glazing rollers by expansion pullies a set or sets
of change wheels and pinions may be employed for that purpose. The
glazing rollers may, if necessary, be heated to any required temperature,
and it is preferred to use anhydrous heat for that purpose in place of
moist heat. The anhydrous heat may be that of heated air or ignited gas
passed into the hollow of the rollers, but the hollow of the glazing rollers
may also be connected at one end with a flue or flues leading from a
stove or furnace, the other end communicating with a chimney, the hot
air and gaseous products of combustion passing through the rollers and
escaping at the chimney. As it is desirable in continuous operations
of the kind comprised under the present Invention to maintain the
bearings and journals of the working parts at a low temperature this
is effected by forming the brasses or bushes carrying the journals with

page_text: hollow spaces in communication with a water supply, so that cold water
may be circulated through them and thus carry off any undue heat.
In finishing some classes of fabrics it is found advantageous to use
pressure rollers having soft or yielding surfaces; another part of this
Invention then consists in covering such rollers with a coat or casing
of felt. cloth, or other suitable material, or in place of fixing such
covering or coating upon the pressure roller a travelling felt or web
of cloth or other material may be employed, the surface of the felt or
web travelling simultaneously with the pressure roller.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent
filed by the said Samuel Read in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 6th August 1868.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, 1, SAMUEL
READ, of Edinburgh, in the County of Mid Lothian, North Britain, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Seventh day of February in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight, in the
thirty-first year of Her reign, did. for Herself, her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said Samuel Read, Her special licence
that I, the said Samuel Read, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, or such others as T. the said Samuel Read, my executors,
administrators, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man. an Invention for IMPROVEMENTS IN
FINISHING PAPER AND TEXTILE FABRICS. AND IN THE MACHINERY OR APPARATUS
CONNECTED THEREWITH. upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the
said Sanuel Read, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal,
should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Inven-
tion, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the
same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent
"

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that 1, the said Samuel Read, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by
the following statement, reference being had to the accompanying
Drawings, and to the letters and figures marked thereon, that is to
Say:-
My said Invention has for its main object certain improvements in
glazing of paper and textile fabrics, the glazing being effected on both
sides of the web at the same time and by one continuous operation
instead of requiring two series of glazing operations, one series applied
to each side of the web, as at present.
Various arrangements of machinery may be used for effecting the
improved glazing operations; for instance, under one arrangement
the web of paper as it passes from the paper-making machine is led
through a pair of pressure rolls for the purpose of flattening its surfaces;
it is then passed under a glazing or friction roll over one or more
carrying rolls, and thence over the upper side of the same friction
roll between it and the under side of an upper pressure roll; this
operation glazes the under side of the web. Passing onwards from
the above-described set of rolls the web is led under another friction or
glazing roll around carrying rolls, thence between the upper side of
the same glazing roll and another pressure roll, after which if a higher
finish is needed it may be passed between one or more sets of glazing
rolls; this second set of rolls glazes the top side of the web.
In place
of arranging the travel of the web in the manner herein-before described
it may be reversed, in which case the top side of the web is finished
by the first set of rolls and the under side by the second set. If after
the web passes away from the last of the two sets of glazing rolls it
is conducted between other glazing rolls each pair or pairs of such
rolls may be caused to travel at a greater velocity than that at which
the web travels, thus imparting a glaze to both sides of the web at
the same time. If, however, it is required to finish the web by pressure
and without glazing it this may be effected by providing the glazing
rollers and driving shaft with expansion pulleys, so that their diameter
may be altered at any time to drive the glazing roller at the same
surface speed as the pressure roller, the use of expansion pulleys being
also applicable for the purpose of varying the speed of the glazing
rollers to produce any degree of finish required. In place of varying

page_text: the speed of the glazing rollers by expansion pulleys a set or sets of
change wheels and pinions may be employed for that purpose. The
glazing roller may, if necessary, be heated to any required temperature,
and it is preferred to use anhydrous heat for that purpose in place of
moist heat. The anhydrous heat may be that of heated air or ignited
gas passed into the hollow of the rollers, but the hollow of the glazing
rollers may also be connected at one end with a flue or flues leading
from a stove or furnace, the other end communicating with a chimney,
the hot air and gaseous products of combustion passing through the
rollers and escaping at the chimney. As it is desirable in continuous
operations of the kind comprised under the present Invention to
maintain the bearings and journals of the working parts at a low
temperature, this is effected by forming the brasses or bushes carrying
the journals with hollow spaces in communication with a water supply,
so that cold water may be circulated through them and thus carry
off any undue heat. In finishing some classes of fabrics it is found
advantageous to use pressure rollers having soft or yielding surfaces;
another part of this Invention then consists in covering such rollers
with a coat or covering of felt, cloth, or other suitable material, or in
place of fixing such covering or coating upon the pressure roller a
travelling felt or web of cloth or other material may be employed, the
surface of the felt or web travelling, simultaneously with the pressure
roller.
And in order that my said Invention may be properly understood
I now proceed more particularly to set forth the system, mode, or
manner in or under which the same is or may be used or practically
carried into effect, reference being had for the sake of more complete
clucidation to the letters and figures upon the explanatory Sheet of
Drawings which I have hereunto appended, that is to say:-
Figure is a side elevation and Figure 2 a front elevation showing
one of the arrangements of machinery which may be used for effecting
the improved glazing operations. On these Figures similar parts are
indicated by corresponding letters of reference.
This arrangement consists of two sets of glazing rolls referred to as
the 1st and 2nd sets. A, A, are the main standards or frames in which
the bushes or bearing blocks B for carrying the several rollers are
fitted so as to move up and down between the cheeks of the standards A;
C. C. and Care pressure rollers, and D. D, are the glazing rollers,

page_text: which may be used cold or heated to any required temperature. When
used hot it is preferred to employ anhydrous heat in place of moist
heat. This is effected by using a stove E, shown in section in Figure 2,
having an outer and inner casing. The inner casing forms a central
chamber F, in which a gas pipe and bracket G is fitted. The space
between the outer and inner casing is formed into passages through
which air may pass as herein-after described. Doors a, b, formed as
nearly as possible air-tight are fitted in the outer and inner casing as a
means of igniting the gas in the inner chamber F. The mode of
heating the glazing rollers D by means of the stove E is as follows:-
When the gas issuing from the bracket G is ignited and the inner
chamber F heated up, air begins to pass into the bottom passage c by
the holes D formed in the front of the outer casing. The air then
passes into and up one of the sides as indicated by the arrow; thence it
passes into and down the front passage e, which communicates with the
side of the stove, not seen in the Drawing, from whence the air passes
into the top passage, which communicates by an opening in the top of
the inner casing with the central chamber F, so that the heated air
supports the combustion of the gas or other fuel used for heating the
stove. The air then passes through an opening into the back passage g.
During the time the air travels through the passages formed between the
outer and inner casing of the stove E the air is raised to a high degree
of temperature and escapes from the back passage by the pipe H to
the interior of the glazing roller D. The heat of the air is there absorbed
by the metal of the roller, and the air passes out at a reduced tempe-
rature by the pipe I, which may be in communication with a flue or
chimney. The pressure rollers C, C', C, are put in motion by spiral,
toothed, or V gearing J, actuated by a belt operating upon the pulley K,
which is keyed on the shaft L. Figure 2. The glazing roller D is put
in motion by spur gearing M actuated by a belt operating upon the
expanding pulley N, which is keyed on the shaft O. By means of the
expanding pulley N the surface speed of the glazing roller D (which in
glazing operations requires to be greater than the surface speed of the
pressure rollers C, C', C²) may be altered at pleasure so as to give a
If,
higher or less degree of finish to the material to be operated on.
however, it is required to finish the web by pressure and without glazing,
the pulley N must be expanded so as to drive all the rollers at the
same surface speed, or the spur wheel on the shaft O may be lifted out
of gear: the roller D would then travel by pressure only at the same

page_text: rate as the other rollers C, C", ". The pressure upon the rollers may
be produced by compound levers l'and weights Q, as shown in Figure 1.
Travelling felts R are placed between the pressure rollers (" and Cand
the glazing rollers D for the purpose of forming a soft or elastic surface
while glazing some classes of fabrics, or the rollers C', (, may be covered
with woven or unwoven felt, cloth, rubber, or with rubber having one
or more layers of woven or unwoven fabric on its outer surface for
the purpose of protecting the rubber from the heat of the glazing
roller D or with other suitable material. To allow of the travelling
felts R being conveniently taken out of the callender and replaced, and
also removing the rollers when necessary, the standards are formed
checks at each set of rolls may be taken
The felts are also supplied with suitable
and stretching rollers L, actuated by
so that a piece of one of the
out, as shown at S, Figure 1.
bearing and guide rollers T
screws V fitted in the brackets W.
The glazing operations are conducted in the following manner:-
As the web of paper p passes from the end of the paper-making machine
at X, as shown, or in any other manner, it is led under the carrying
roller, thence between the pressure rollers C, C', in the 1st set of rolls;
thence between the pressure roller (", and the under side of the glazing
roller D, where the under side of the web is partly glazed. The web
is then led round the carrying roller i, as shown, or if desired a greater
number of these carrying rollers may be used; from whence it passes
between the upper side of the glazing roller D and the under side of
the pressure roller C, where the under side of the web receives a higher
degree of finish. The web p is then led round the carrying rollers
j. k, l, whence it passes between the pressure rollers C, C', in the
second set of rolls; then between the upper side of the pressure roller C'
and the glazing roller D, where the upper side of the web p receives a
certain degree of finish. It is now led round the carrying roller m,
and if desired a greater number of such rollers may be used, and
between the upper side of the glazing roller D and the pressure roller C².
The web p may now be led away from the second set of rolls and
reeled in the usual manner, or in the case of paper it may be cut into
sheets; or if a higher finish is desired the web may be led between
other sets of pressure and glazing rollers till the requisite degree of
finish is attained.
Figure 1. Sheet 2, is a side elevation of a glazing calender, and

page_text: Figure 2 a plan showing another method of producing pressure upon
the rollers. This is effected by means of a screw a acting on a helical
spring b. The screw a passes through a boss, on which the spur wheel e
and the bevil pinion are cast. The spur wheel e is actuated by the
pinion e, keyed on the upright shaft which is turned by the hand
wheel g.
A horizontal shaft is placed across the calender and a
bevil pinion keyed on each end. One of the pinions gears into the
bevil pinion d, and the pinion on the end of the horizontal shaft /
gears into another bevilled pinion fitted to the screw for producing
pressure at that side of the machine. By this arrangement of mechanism
the attendant is enabled to produce an equal amount of pressure on both
ends of the rollers by turning the shaft . The foregoing arrangement
or other suitable arrangement may also be applied to Figure 1, Sheet 1,
for the purpose of lifting the levers I'.
Figure 3, Sheet 2, shows a mode of heating the glazing rollers by
steam. To effect this a pipe of equal diameter is placed inside the
roller m; at one end of the pipe la steam supply pipe n is attached, and
to the other end an exhaust pipe '. As the pipe is of equal diameter
throughout no water can lodge in it, and if any steam or moisture
should permeate through the pipe it will escape at the ends of the
roller m, the ends of the roller being bored larger than the pipe 7, or
the end may be closed by stuffing boxes. By this method the benefits
of an anhydrous heat are obtained.
Another part of this Invention consists in a method of preventing
the firing or heating of the bearings and journals of the artificially
heated rollers. This is effected by forming the bearing blocks hollow in
which the gun metal or other bushes are fitted, as shown in sectional
plan Figure 4, Sheet 2, and vertical section in Figure 5. The block B
is an enclosed box, except the part into which the bush a is fitted,
which is cored out or left open, so that the water or other liquid with
which the box B is filled may be in contact with the busha and carry
off any undue heat. To provide a suflicient bearing surface for the
bush a ribs may be formed running through the bearing block, as
shown in Figure 4, Sheet 2, having holes 6 formed in them to allow free
circulation of the water to all parts of the block B. As in course of
time the water if stationary in the blocks might become too hot to
keep the bushes and journals sufficiently cool a constant stream of water
is kept circulating through the bearing blocks; this may be effected by

page_text: connecting the upper bearing block to a cistern or reservoir of water and
connecting the blocks to each other, as shown at r in Figure 1, Sheet 1.
In place however of causing water to flow through the whole of the
bearing blocks, as shown in Figure 1, Sheet 1, the rollers C, C¹, C³, may
be provided with bearings of the ordinary construction, the bearings, as
shown in Figures 4 and 5, Sheet 2, being applied to the journals of the
heated or glazing rollers D only. The travelling webs or felts R in
place of being of the ordinary construction may have designs formed,
attached to, or impressed on them. In the case of travelling webs
covered with a soft or yielding material, such as india-rubber, the surface
next the paper may be covered with fine muslin, silk, or other fine
woven or unwoven fabric. In place of actuating the top pressure roller C'
in the manner shown in Figure 1, Sheet 1, it may be driven direct from
a separate driving shaft similar to that shown at L, Figure 2, Sheet 1.
In place of leading the paper through the calenders, as shown in
Figure 1, it may be led through so as to glaze continuously on one side
only of the paper, in which case additional guide rollers may be supplied
to carry the paper. Webs of paper or other fabrics glazed by the
machine as herein-before described retain more of their original thickness
than by other modes at present in use. The glazing apparatus as herein-
before described in place of being situated so as to receive the web con-
tinuously from the machine in which it has been wholly or partly
manufactured may be placed in any suitable position, the webs of paper
or other fabrics to be glazed being brought to it on beams or rollers.
For the purpose of more effectually smoothing the web before reaching
the glazing roller, the web may be led through a series of pressure rollers,
some of the rollers themselves having either paper, cotton, or metallic
surfaces, or all of them may be composed of any one of these materials,
or some of them may be covered with rubber having one or more layers
of muslin, silk, wool, or other suitable woven or unwoven fabric. In
the case of rollers or endless webs being covered with india-rubber.
vulcanised or otherwise prepared, this being again covered with one or
more layers of muslin, silk, wool, or other suitable woven or unwoven
fabric for the purpose of protecting the rubber from the action of the
heat of the glazing roll, the outer one of such layers may be coated with
gelatinous, glutinous, or albuminous matter, which may be used alone
or in combination with finely pulverised China clay, pearl hardening,
talc, or other similar substance for the purpose of more effectually
forming a smooth surface and filling up the pores in the woven or

page_text: unwoven covering. The gelatinous, glutinous, or albuminous coating,
combined or not with the other substances herein-before mentioned,
may be applied to endless webs composed wholly of woven or unwoven
fabrics or to rollers covered therewith and in which india-rubber
is not employed. In place of arranging the sets of rolls as shown
on Sheet 1 of the accompanying Drawings two or more sets may be
placed one above the other. In the case of certain strong fabrics in
which a high degree of finish is required this may be effected by passing
the web after it leaves the calender through one or more pairs of glazing
rolls, each of which are driven at such a speed as to have a greater
surface velocity than that at which the web travels.
Having now described the nature of my said Invention, and the
manner in or under which the same is or may be used or practically
carried into effect, I would observe in conclusion that what I consider
novel and original, and therefore claim as the Invention secured to me
by the herein-before in part recited Letters Patent is,-
First. The arrangement and combination of two or more sets of rolls
for the purpose of continuously glazing both sides of paper and textile
fabrics, as herein-before described and shown in Figure 1, Sheet 1, of
the accompanying Drawings, or any mere modification thereof.
Second. The use or employment of a glazing roller so that the
glazing operation is performed on two opposite sides of the roller simul-
taneously, either in combined or single sets of rollers, as herein-before
described or any mere modification thereof.
Third. The use of the glazing roller D as constituting part of a flue
situated between the source of heat and a chimney for the purpose of
being heated, as herein-before described and shown at Figure 2, Sheet 1,
of the accompanying Drawings.
Fourth. The application of brasses or bearings through which a current,
of water is caused to circulate for the purpose of keeping cool the
brasses and journals of glazing or other artificially heated rollers, as
shown applied at B, Figure 1, Sheet 1, and in detail at Figures 4 and 5,
Sheet 2, of the accompanying Drawings.
Fifth. The covering of pressure rollers for glazing purposes with
rubber coated with other substances or materials, as herein-before
described.

page_text: Sixth. The coating of woven or unwoven endless webs with gelatinous,
glutinous, or albuminous matter, combined or not with other substances,
as herein-before described, and the use of such felts, either coated or not,
for glazing papers and fabrics other than enamelled paper.
In witness whereof, I, the said Samuel Read, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Fifth day of August, One thousand eight
hundred and sixty-eight.
SAMUEL READ.
(L.S.)