Improvements in Motors Operated by Fluid or Gaseous Pressure.
Year: 1897

page_text: Date of Application, 26th Jan., 1897
Camplada Anna:cantion aft 20th Nau 1007
Aerontod
22nd lon
1000
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Motors Operated by Fluid or Gaseous Pressure.
I, MONTAGU DURANCE MARTINDALE, of 36, Basinghall Street, in the City of
London, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this Invention to be as
follows:-
"
In engines such as turbines and like apparatus as hitherto used or proposed, the
motive agent has been caused to exert its force by impingement upon the
atmosphere or fluid upon which the motive agent operates or by being directed
against discs, blades or buckets. In these arrangements great loss of power results
from slip" which it is the object of my Invention to obviate and this I do by
making the motor in such a manner that the part from which the motive agent
issues can revolve and the motive agent then act on another part or other parts
revolving in the same or in the opposite direction to each other and the various
parts may be so connected that all of the movements may be combined and
converted into one movement in the same direction or some of the different
movements may be utilized separately.
The Invention may be applied to motors for land, marine, or aerial purposes
and the motive agent employed may be any suitable fluid, whether liquid, gas,
vapour, or the gases or force resulting from the explosion of oils, gunpowder, gun-
cotton, nitroglycerine or other explosive.
100%
JOHNSONS & WILLCOX,
47 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, W.C., Agents.
Improvements in Motors Operated by Fluid or Gaseous Pressure.
I, MONTAGU DURANCE MARTINDALE, formerly of 36, Basinghall Street, in the
City of London, but now residing at 37 Alston Road, High Barnet, in the County
of Herts, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement:—
In engines such as turbines and like apparatus as hitherto used or proposed,
the motive agent has been caused to exert its force by impingement upon the
atmosphere or fluid upon which the motive agent operates, or by being directed.
against discs, blades or buckets. In these arrangements great loss of power

page_text: results from "slip," that is to say, from the gases escaping from the wheel at a
high velocity, which it is the object of my invention to obviate, and this I do by
making the motor in such a manner that the part from which the motive agent
issues can revolve, and the motive agent then acts on another part, or other parts
revolving in the same or in opposite directions to each other, and the various parts
may be so connected that all of the movements may be combined and converted
into one movement in the same direction, or some of the different movements may
be utilized separately.
The invention may be applied to motors for land, marine, or aerial purposes, and
the motive agent employed may be any suitable fluid, whether liquid, gas, vapour,
or the gases or force resulting from the explosion of oils, gun-cotton, gun-powder,
nitro-glycerine or other explosives.
I will describe my invention by reference to the accompanying drawings, in
which:
Figure 1 is a view partly in plan and partly in horizontal section of one form of
my improved motor adapted to be operated by the explosion of hydro-carbon or
other gas, and
Figure 2 is a view of the same partly in side elevation and partly in vertical
section.
According to this invention I employ the energy of a gaseous or fluid jet, or two
or more, such jets, issuing from a reaction wheel, or revolving part of the engine,
and acting on an impact wheel, or on two or more such impact wheels revolving in
opposite directions in relation to each other so as to obtain a moderate rate of
engine speed without materially diminishing the efficiency.
The greatest
theoretical efficiency is obtained by driving impact wheels, at half the velocity of
the gas or fluid impinging on them, and by diverting the impinging jet from the
direction of entrance or application to a direction opposite thereto. The velocities
may be in the case of gases, so great (exceeding 60 miles a minute) as to make
the construction of a single impact wheel capable of converting into working
efficiency the whole of such velocity, a matter of great mechanical difficulty.
I employ a series of wheels running in opposite directions to each other, and as
each wheel takes from the jet a certain proportion of its initial velocity, the speed
of the engine in relation to the jets is reduced without loss of efficiency, or the
slip" above described.
"
In the construction shewn in the drawings, the engine comprises a re-action
wheel A, in direct communication with an explosion chamber A2 and three impact
wheels B B2 B3 the re-action wheel A and impact wheel 132 are fixed on a central
shaft, C, adapted to rotate in one direction, and the impact wheels B, B³, are fixed
to a conical casing 14 connected with a hollow shaft C, through which passes the
above named shaft C, and which hollow shaft is adapted to rotate in a direction
opposite to that of the shaft C. The shafts C, C2, have secured on them bevel
toothed pinions c c² respectively, which gear at diametrically opposite parts of a
bevel wheel D, which, through other gearing d (Figure 2) and 2 or d³, rotates a
shaft D2 in either direction; the power may be transmitted from the shaft D2 by
any suitable devices.
The re-action wheel A, as shewn in Figure 1, is provided with two jets a, a³,
of which the former points upwards and the other downwards, the object of using
jets issuing from a contracted orifice or nozzle, is to convert the heat or pressure
into velocity. In the case of a gas engine as illustrated in the drawings, part of
the explosion chamber A² revolves with the jets a, a², and may be maintained
at a very high temperature by means of a lining of any approved heat-resisting
non-conducting material, or by any other means, while the outside walls may be
kept cool by circulating water through the water jacket, A³
The high temperature that can be maintained in the explosion chamber A³
obviates the cooling of the gases (unavoidable in an ordinary piston and cylinder
engine) and renders it possible for the exploded gases to maintain their heat and
pressure, which is converted into velocity by means of the contracted orifices or

page_text: nozzles a a³, through which the gases issue before impinging on the impact
wheels B, B2. B³.
The re-action wheel A is caused to revolve by the jets being delivered
tangentially, and as the jets impinge, at the most suitable angle, on the reversely-
curved blades or buckets b. 63. 63. in succession, the impact wheels B B2 B³, of
which the said blades or buckets form parts, are caused to revolve in opposite
directions, the course of the jets being reversed by each set of the blades.
the wheel B3 has received the impact of the jet, the gas or fluid-jet passes to the
exhaust E, having given up its velocity to the engine.
When
The casing B may be made in two parts joined by hoops, rivets, bolts and nuts
or other convenient means. In the case of an explosive compound being used,
the explosion chamber A² can be fed with the explosive by any suitable method,
and may, as provided for in the engine shewn in the drawings, be governed by the
back pressure of the exploded compound in the chamber A³, so that, as soon as
the pressure therein decreases to a predetermined pressure, new charges of explosive
compound are automatically introduced.
F, Figure 1 is a reservoir for containing petroleum or other liquid hydro-carbon
and which may be filled in any convenient manner.
F is a gas producer to convert the petroleum into gas; it is shewn in the
drawing as an ordinary retort, but any other apparatus may be employed.
f is a pipe with a valve at f which leads from the retort or gas producer F2,
to a gas pump F which pumps the gas through a valve and pipe f¹ to a loaded
cylinder or accumulator F4 from which it passes through a pipe f5, a non-return
valve f6 and a relief valve f7 to the combustion or explosion chamber A2 wherein
it mixes with the air, which has previously been pumped by the air pump G
through the valve g (Figure 2) pipe 92 and into a loaded cylinder or accumulator G³.
The pressures of gas and of air per square inch in the loaded cylinders or
accumulators F and G2 are to be equal, and can be so arranged that air and gas
at any desired pressure may be introduced into the combustion or explosion
chamber A2. The air pump G, and gas pump F are designed for obtaining the
initial pressure of explosion thought most desirable, and the valves f³ and 9³ at
respectively the gas and air inlets of the explosion chamber A² are of such
respective areas as to admit air and gas in proper proportion to form the necessary
explosive mixture.
The gases, when the engine is first started, may be introduced into the explosion
chamber A2 by means of a hand pump H and may be ignited by means of an
electric spark or of an ordinary igniting tube J heated in any approved manner,
but after the engine has started, the hand pump H may be stopped, and after the
said engine has been running for a short time the temperature of the interior of
the explosion chamber A2 will be sufficient to ignite the gases and cause their
explosion independently of the ignition tube J.
The explosion greatly expands the volume of the air and gas, and produces
great heat and pressure, which is converted into velocity by passing through the
contracted orifices of the nozzles a a².
As soon as the pressure in the explosion chamber A2 falls below that in the
cylinders and G2, gas and air issue from the said cylinders, and enter the
explosion chamber, again explode, expand, shut the communicating valves f8 and
g3 and exhaust through the nozzles a, a² so that a series of explosions are produced.
which can be augmented or reduced in frequency by duly proportioning the areas
of the valves and nozzles, the initial pressure of air and gas remaining constant.
In the drawing the gas pump Fair pump G, and accumulators or loaded
cylinders F and G2 are shewn separate so that there can be no risk of explosion
taking place outside the explosion chamber A2, the engine however can be made
with a single accumulator or reservoir and only one pump, by properly proportion-
ing the areas of the gas and air inlet valves to the pump and preventing the back
flash of flame by suitable gauze screens or partitions.
The air and gas pumps, or, when such is employed, the single pump, can be

page_text: driven by any convenient gearing from the engine or main shaft or otherwise; in
the drawing the gas pump F3 and air pump G are operated from the main shaft D'
by respectively an eccentric D³ and a crank D'.
The before mentioned relief valve f' is operated by a governer K which, when
the engine runs too fast, allows the gas to pass from the accumulator F* back into
the gas producer F2 and at the same time the governor shuts off, by a valve f³,
the oil supply to the producer F3, and by another valve f10 the communication
between the explosion chamber A³ and accumulator Ft.
G3 is a relief valve, which, when opened by the governor K, allows the com-
pressed air to escape from the air accumúlator G2 into the atmosphere, the
governor K, thus serving to regulate the frequency of the explosions, and shut
off the oil supply at the same time.
L is a casing which encloses the reaction wheel A, impact wheels B B2 B³ and
conical casing B.
The impact wheels B B2 B3 are shewn of different diameters, the two wheels B B³
taking the form of truncated cones whose smaller ends are presented towards the
exhaust E and the wheel B3 being substantially cylindrical or parallel; I can
however construct the engine with parallel or cylindrical impact wheels, or the
arrangement shewn in the drawings may be reversed, the smallest or inside wheel,
then being the reaction wheel which delivers the jets on to succeeding and larger
wheels in which case the outside or largest wheel becomes the last in the series,
the gases passing from it to che exhaust.
I can also make the wheels so that they may be worked by jets flowing from
either outside to inside or inside to outside in which case fewer wheels but a larger
number of buckets will be employed than in the example illustrated.
The blades or buckets b. 63 63 may be constructed in the form of pipes or nozzles,
through which the jets can pass so as to prevent the said jets from spreading.
When a high explosive compound is used, the accumulators and air and gas
pumps can be dispensed with and the governor be employed for directly controlling
the supply of the explosive compound.
When the engine is operated by steam, the explosion chamber A² becomes the
chest into which the steam is admitted by a suitable valve which is weighted or
kept down with a spring or other similar device, and is raised by tappet motion
worked from any convenient part of the engine; or the valve may be kept on its
seat by the steam pressure from the boiler, and opened against that pressure by
the aforesaid tappet motion.
The admission of steam can thus be regulated to allow of its expansion in the
steam chest, while the steam passes through the nozzles or jets and impinges on
the impact wheels of the engine as already described.
When the engine is operated hydraulically, the valves are dispensed with, and
the revolving reaction wheel delivers the water-jets on to the impact wheels
directly from its source of supply.
The before described apparatus may be modified in many ways without depart-
ing from the essential features of the invention, for example, although I have
represented the reaction wheel A as provided with two jets a, a³, I may construct
it with only one jet or more than two such jets, and I wish it to be understood
that the words "reaction wheel" in this Specification are intended to include all
such rotating jet devices.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
claim is:-
1. In a motive power engine, the combination with a reaction wheel of an
impact wheel, or two or more impact wheels adapted to be rotated by the jets
issuing from the reaction wheel substantially as hereinbefore described.
2. In a motive power engine the combination with an impact wheel adapted to
rotate in one direction of another impact wheel adapted to be rotated in the

page_text: opposite direction by the jets leaving the first impact wheel substantially as
herein before described.
3. In a motive power engine the combination with two or more impact wheels
adapted to rotate in one direction, of an impact wheel between two of them or two
or more such impact wheels alternating therewith and adapted to be rotated in
the opposite direction by the jets leaving the first named impact wheels sub-
stantially as herein before described.
Dated this 26th day of November 1807
JOHNSONS & WILLCOX,
47 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, W.C., Agents.