IMPROVEMENTS IN MAKING CANDLES, AND IN CANDLE- STICKS OR APPARATUS FOR HOLDING CANDLES
Year: 1832

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
PALMER, of George Place, Old Street Road, in the County of Middlesex,
Candle Maker, send greeting.
WHEREAS His present most Excellent Majesty King William the Fourth,
by His Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date
at Westminster, the Twenty-ninth day of September, in the third year of
His reign, did, for Himself, His heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said William Palmer, His especial licence, full power, sole privilege and
authority, that I, the said William Palmer, my exors, admors, and assigns,
or such others as I, the said William Palmer, my exors, admors, or assigns,
should at any time agree with and no others from time to time and at all times
during the term of years therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-
Tweed, my invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MAKING CANDLES, AND IN CANDLE-
STICKS OR APPARATUS FOR HOLDING CANDLES;" in which said Letters Patent is
contained a proviso that I, the said William Palmer, shall cause a particular
description of the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is
to be performed, to be inrolled in His said Majesty's High Court of Chancery
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said.
in part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being
thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
William Palmer, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention,

page_text: and how the same is to be performed, is herein set forth and ascertained,
reference being made to the Drawings hereunto annexed, and as follows, that
is to say:
Drawing 1, Figure 1, represents a plan of a wooden cistern made perfectly
water-tight. a, a, a, are three brass or other suitable metal plates, each being
perforated with thirty-six holes, to receive the upper ends of thirty-six metal
candle moulds. b, b, are two divisions that separate the cistern into three
chambers within which the candle moulds are placed, the upper ends of these
are shewn at c, c, c. d, d, d, are three wooden plugs that fit tightly into holes
made to receive them in the bottom of the cistern. These retain the water
or other refrigerating liquid as long as may be found necessary, and then being
withdrawn the liquid will immediately escape, and the refrigeration will of
course cease except what may be finally effected by the temperature of the
atmosphere. e, e, are two pivots on which the cistern turns when it is neces-
sary to discharge the candles from the moulds. ff, are two side bearings of
a wooden frame that receive and support the pivots e, e, and likewise the whole
height of the cistern.
Figure 2 represents a vertical section of Figure 1, taken through the
dotted line g, g, in that Figure. h, h, shew a brass plate perforated with similar
holes to those seen at a, a, to receive the lower ends of the candle moulds.
These metal plates, therefore, form the top and bottom of each division or
chamber in the cistern. i shews the passage for the water or other refrigerating
fluid when it is poured in at k, and is an opening made through the upper
part of each chamber to let the air escape. When this cistern and moulds
are to be used a strong pin m, Figure 1, is passed through a hole in the frame
and into a corresponding one made in the side of the cistern, by which means
the cistern will be prevented from turning on its pivots e, e, in Figure 1, and
the moulds will be retained in a perpendicular position to receive the tallow
after the cottons are properly placed and adjusted in them as soon as the
moulds are charged, the refrigeratory liquid must be poured into the cistern as
quickly as possible, and when it has remained there until the exterior surfaces
of the candles in contact with the moulds have become hardened, the three plugs
d, d, d, must be withdrawn from their holes, and the water or other fluid
will flow out, and then the candles may in a very short time afterwards be
drawn from the moulds in the usual manner. It will also be found that
candles manufactured with such an improved mode of refrigeration will have
a greater specific gravity, that they will be most advantageously discharged
from the moulds, being at the same time preserved perfectly straight and free
from cracks. Stearine, when melted, and in a state to be poured into the

page_text: moulds, will vary in the temperature from one hundred and twenty to one
hundred and thirty degrees of the thermometer, and the refrigerating fluid.
used in such cases must be at a temperature of sixty-two degrees, by which
means the advantages before named will be obtained, and the necessity of.
regulating the temperature of the room will be avoided. When softer mate-.
rials than stearine are used, and which must be poured into the moulds at a
lower temperature than stearine, then a proportionally lower temperature must
be used in the refrigerating fluid, and for this purpose the water from a well
may be used with advantage, the mean temperature in the summer being.
about forty-eight degrees, and where harder or intermediate substances are
used the judgment of the manufacturer will readily accommodate the tempe-.
rature so as to produce the desired effect.
Drawing 2, Figure 1, represents a vertical section of a spring candlestick,
with my improvements applied thereto. A represents a section of the tube
which forms the stem. B shews the spring placed within the tube or stem A,
in the manner of the common coach lamp. C shews the guiding rod, which
is a rod of iron passing along the interior of the tube A, having a circular
piece of metal attached at either end to keep it in a fixed position and parallel
with the groove G, G, to be hereafter described. E is a projecting arm or
slide kept in its position on the rod C, by the help of the brass tube D.
attached thereto, and to which is also attached a socket or candle holder at F,
and slides up and down the rod C, passing within the groove G, G. D is a
brass tube attached to the projecting arm E, above described, and sliding on
the rod C. F is a moveable socket or candle holder in which the candle is to
be placed. G, G, shew one side of a long groove or slit formed nearly the
whole length of the tube within which the arm E is made to slide parallel to
the direction of the rod C. H is the nozzle of the candlestick into which the
top of the candle enters, the wick passing through it, and is placed perpendi-
cular to the socket or candle holder F, and is connected with the top of the
tube, as shewn in the Drawing. I is a bracket for the purpose of supporting
a shade. Drawing 2, Figure 2, represents a section similar to Figure 1,
shewing the position of the slide and spring when a whole. candle is to be
placed in it for use, the dotted lines between the nozzle H and holder F, shew
the space to be occupied by the candle. Now it will appear that the
part of the spring B, guided by the rod C, being made to bear against the
under part of the arm E, the arm will be moved in a direction towards the
nozzle H, carrying with it the candle, the tallow near the wick when lighted
becomes melted, it is then gradually consumed and the spring continually
forcing the candle upwards will furnish a constant supply of fresh tallow to the
nozzle.
upper

page_text: By such described improvements, a candlestick or apparatus for holding
candles is produced, which will effectually prevent the candles used therein
from guttering and protect the spring or other moveable parts thereof from
derangement in their action by coming in contact with the material of the
candles, and thus the constant necessity of taking out the spring to be cleaned
will be avoided. And I hereby declare that my Invention consists,―
Firstly, in the application of a cistern having proper apertures for receiving
and discharging water, or any other refrigeratory liquid, within which is
inclosed or passed through any sufficient number of candle mould pipes
(according to the size), in such a way that the ends of the pipes shall appear
at the outside of the top and bottom of the cistern, and not communicating
with the interior, and so that the moulds being filled with stearine tallow, or
any other suitable material may, being acted upon by the water or other
cooling liquid be so cooled as to produce a greater facility than ordinary in
discharging the candles therefrom, and also in preserving them sound and
straight.
Secondly, a projecting slide, as connected with a spring or springs applied
to a spring candlestick or apparatus for holding candles.
Thirdly, a rod of metal or other material, of a cylindrical, angular, or any
other form, and whether solid or hollow, upon or by which any slide placed in an
external position from such rod is guided, to be used with a spring candlestick
or apparatus for holding candles, for the purpose of directing the candle in
a line parallel to itself.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Palmer, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twenty-eighth day of March, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and thirty-three.
Inrolled the Twenty-ninth day of March, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and thirty-three.