Improvements in Hoisting-apparatus.
Year: 1899

page_text: COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Hoisting-apparatus.
I, ANDREAS RADOVANOVIĆ, of Pilsen, Bohemia, Engineer, do hereby declare
the nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to be performed,
to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement:--
This invention relates to apparatus for use in connexion with hoisting-engines
for the purpose, on the one hand, of preventing the hoisting speed from exceeding
the maximum allowed, and, on the other hand, of regulating the valve-gear in
such a manner as to keep within the allowable speed at all depths and to bring
the engine automatically to a standstill at the end of the journey by diminution
of the admission.
The first object is effected by an indicator which shows both the depth and
also the speed and which automatically stops the engine when the maximum
permissible speed is exceeded. The second object is achieved by means of an
indirectly acting regulating apparatus which is automatically brought to the
position corresponding to the hoisting speed allowable at the moment and thereby
causes the governor to adjust the valve gear by means of reversing gear in such
a manner that the desired speed is attained.
In the accompanying drawings Fig. 1 shows an indicator with a straight
vertical scale and connected with a governor and a stopping device; Fig. 2 shows
the governor in the position after the stopping devices (steam-valve, brakes) have
been released.
Fig. 3 represents a horizontal section through the slide of the indicator.
Fig. 4 is a side elevation of the releasing mechanism on the governor.
Fig. 5 shows an indicator with a circular scale connected with an indirectly
acting governor and a releasing device, and Fig. 6 is a corresponding plan.
Fig. 7 represents a modification of the device shown in Fig. 1, in which the
scale can be rotated about an axis.
Fig. 8 represents a reversing gear in connexion, by way of example, with the
indicating apparatus shown in Fig. 5, the former for the sake of clearness being
shown in the same plane as the governor; Fig. 9 is a corresponding plan, partly
a horizontal section; and Fig. 10 a side elevation of the reversing gear.
In the example shown in Fig. 1 a slide 2 is moved vertically up and down
along a vertical pedestal 1 by means of a screwed rod 3, which is proportionally
rotated by the engine in a suitable manner. This slide carries the bearings 4, 5
for a grooved shaft 6, on which is a toothed sector 7 which can participate on
the one hand in the vertical motion of the slide, and, on the other hand, owing
to a feather 8 which engages in the groove of the shaft, in the rotation of the
shaft 6. This toothed sector engages in a rack 9, which is guided in a suitable
way and is shaped at one end into a pointer 10.
The grooved shaft 6 is rotated by a governor 11. First of all, assume the
levers 12, 13 and 14, 15 to be rigidly connected together. The governor, by
means of this lever, now assumed to be rigid, a connecting rod 16, and an
arm 17, which is rigidly keyed on the shaft 6, is then connected with the
shaft 6 in such a manner that at every up and down movement of the governor
collar 18, the shaft is rotated and the pointer 10 is shifted horizontally.
Since the governor, being a speed indicator, must be a stable one, therefore a
certain position of the governor-collar and of the pointer 10 will correspond to

page_text: each speed of the hoisting engine actuating it, i.e., the index will indicate by
its horizontal displacement the hoisting speed for the time being.
Since, however, the slide is moved by the engine at a proportional speed along
the vertical scale of depth 19, as is the case in ordinary depth-indicating apparatus,
the index shows at the same time the depth (in the vertical direction) and the
speed of hoisting (in the horizontal direction).
In example shown in Fig. 1, the depths (from 0 to 1000 metres) and the
speeds (0, 5, 8, 10 metres per second) are represented by horizontal and vertical
lines respectively. When the pointer is in the position shown, the hoisting cage
is at a depth of 400 metres and has a hoisting speed of 5 metres per second.
If the maximum permissible hoisting speed at every position (depth) of the
hoisting cage be indicated on the scale by a line, the engine driver need
only cause the pointer 10 to run along this line - by regulating the engine,
in order to be sure that he is always hoisting at the proper rate.
:
For the toothed sector and rack there can be substituted a lever with links or
slides the pointer may also be fixed in the horizontal direction and the scale
moved horizontally, as is shown by way of example in Fig. 7. In the example
just mentioned, the pointer 10 is moved up and down by the screw rod 3, whilst
the scale 19, which is on a cylinder 20, is rotated about a vertical axis 21 by
means of the arm 17.
The scale may also be made, as shown in Fig. 5, in the form of a circular
disc 22, which may be driven proportionally by the engine by means of suitable
driving gear in the case shown, a worm and worm-wheel. In this figure also the
levers 12, 13. 14, 15, assumed first of all to be rigidly interconnected, are visible,
with the difference that in this case one end of the lever 14 is shaped so as to
form the pointer 10.
In order to bring about an automatic stoppage of the engine when the maximum
permissible speed is exceeded, the line - hereinbefore mentioned is represented
by an abutment which is provided on the scale of depths 19 and against which
the speed indicator 10 bears when the maximum permissible speed is exceeded.
The levers 12. 13 and 14, 15 are not, however, rigidly interconnected. The
lever 14 is mounted on the arm 13 to rotate about an axis 24 and is normally
kept by a spring 25 in such a position that the arm 15 of the same (Fig. 1) or
the second eye 27 of the link 26 (Fig. 5) coincides with the axis of rotation 24"
of the lever 12, 13. By this it is brought about that upon a rotation of the
levers 12, 13, 14, 15, which remain in the same relative position, the lever 28.
which is connected with the arm 15 by the link 26, retains its position unchanged
and holds the stopping lever 29 fixed.
If, now, the pointer 10 comes against the abutment x-x--whether it be that
the pointer comes into the dotted position 10° (Fig. 1) and the engine runs
on with undiminished speed, or that the engine exceeds the permissible maximum
speed and the governor rises-the lever 14, 15, overcoming the pressure of the
spring 25, is rotated in the direction indicated by the arrow in Fig. 2, and
thereupon the lever 28 is so moved by means of the link 26 that it releases the
lever 29. The latter now rotates in the direction indicated by the arrow owing
to the counterweight 30 and first of all closes the steam valve 31 by means of
suitable linkwork and then actuates the (steam) brakes 32, which are indicated
here only diagrammatically.
This automatic stoppage therefore takes place when the engine from any
cause whatsoever exceeds the maximum speed permissible for the time being,
whilst ascending, descending, or stopping.
A device may also be provided such that if the pointer 10 strike against the
abutment ar an electric circuit will be closed that will actuate a bell or the
stopping mechanism (the levers 28 and 29) by means of electromagnetic apparatus.
If, as shown in Fig. 8, the pointer 10, which in this case is preferably provided
with a roller, be always pressed against the edge during the hoisting by any
desired force in this case a spring the collar 18 of the governor, which

page_text: is connected with it, always indicates the position in which a stable governor
should stand if the engine is to have the speed prescribed by the abutment -
that is to say, if the steam distribution or regulation of the engine is to be properly
carried out the stable governor must always follow the collar.
As is shown in Fig. 8, the collar 18 embraces two clutch-wheels a and b, which
can be rotated independently of each other. By means of the collar, these
clutch-wheels can be moved along a sleeve c within the space between two
clutch wheels f, g, which correspond to the wheels a and b and rotate with the
sleeve, which is connected with the governor and is rotated by the grooved shaft d
of the governor 11 by means of a feather e (Fig. 9).
33
If the governor rise or fall, the clutch wheels f, a, or g, b engage and the
spur-wheels and i, which are connected with the clutch wheels a and b
respectively, are rotated therewith. The wheel i transmits the rotation direct to
the wheel, whilst an intermediate wheel 7 is interposed between the wheels h
and k. (The wheels and j are made of suitable breadth to allow for the sliding
of the collar.) This arrangement is in order that, on the rise of the governor, the
shaft m, on which the wheels k and jare rigidly keyed, may be rotated in the same
direction as the governor spindle d, and, on the fall of the governor, it may be
rotated in the opposite direction to that of the governor-spindle d. If this
rotation of the shaft m be used to adjust admission, it is clear that the governor
will always regulate the steam-distribution in such a manner that the speed
prescribed by the collar will be maintained.
In the case of hoisting engines that have two directions of rotation, the action
of the governor on the valve-gear must be through a reversing apparatus in the
following manner:-The reversing lever n embraces a bellied screw shaft o
(Figs. 8 and 10); a catch p is made to engage in the grooves of the screw upon
letting go the lever q, and the lever n is thereby held fast in a certain position,
as in the known reversing gears; the screw shaft, which may be regarded as
fixed, is a substitute for the ordinary toothed sector. If, however, the screw
shaft be rotated, the catch p. which engages in the grooves of the said shaft and
which may take the form of a roller, takes the reversing lever n along with it
and rotates it about the axis r, thereby altering the admission of the engine
through the valve-gear, which in the example shown is of the Gooch type.
This rotation of the screw shaft is effected, by means of the shaft s and the
bevel-wheels t, by the shaft m. which is suitably driven by the governor.
The modus operandi is as follows:--
On starting the engine, the pointer 10 stands for example at the mark 1000;
consequently the collar is in the lowest position, which corresponds to a zero
hoisting speed. The engine-driver then disconnects the valve gear from the
screw shaft o and puts it into the position for starting the engine in the lifting
direction, for example, by means of the lever n; the lever n is thus brought
into the position V. When the engine has passed the dead-point, the engine-
driver brings the reversing lever back into a position V1 corresponding roughly
to the admission necessary at starting, and lets the catch a fall into the screw-
shaft, thereby handing the engine over to the influence of the governor.
On the assumption that the engine-driver had, from experience, correctly.
judged the position V₁that is to say, given the engine the correct admission for
the exact speed allowable at the moment-the governor sleeve c would-float
between the two clutch-wheels a and b without engaging with them. As, how-
ever. in the case of hoisting engines, the resistance usually decreases with decreas-.
ing depth, the engine has a tendency to run at a greater speed if the admission
remains the same; the governor consequently rises, the two clutch-wheels f and a
engage, the screw shaft o is rotated, in the direction indicated by the arrow, by
means of the driving gear. h. 1, k, m. u, t, s, and the lever n is displaced from the
position towards its middle-position-that is to say the admission is reduced
until the governor sleeve once more returns to the middle position, when the
action begins anew.

page_text: If the engine-driver has not got the correct position for the lever n, the action
of the governor begins as soon as the catch is released.
Since the arm 12 alters its position towards the end of the hoisting (when the
pointer 10 passes the main 8, for example, and runs up along the now ascending
abutment ), and thereby presses the collar 18 downwards into positions
corresponding to the ever diminishing speed, then, as the engine tends to maintain
its speed, the two clutch wheels f, a, come into action and reduce the admission
until it becomes zero and the engine is automatically brought to a standstill.
It is evident that the process is the same for the reverse direction of rotation
of the hoisting-engine.
The upper pair of clutches is really superfluous in the case of hoisting-engines,
since with them it could hardly be the case that the speed would become smaller
with the admission remaining the same; it has, however, been shown for com-
pleteness' sake.
If the engine controlled by the governor should from any cause whatsoever,
whether when lowering, lifting, or stopping, exceed the maximum speed per-
missible at the moment, the above described releasing mechanism would come
into action and automatically bring the engine to a standstill.
In order to allow of different rates of hoisting, driving trains of different gear
ratios are provided for the governor; the nature of the hoisting is indicated by
a signal-M for hoisting men, F for hoisting materials.
Instead of the clutch-couplings, any suitable friction couplings can be employed.
In lieu of the bellied screw-shaft of the reversing gear an ordinary cylindrical
one may be employed.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said
invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
I claim is:
-
1. A hoisting-engine speed-indicator 10, which in its motion along a scale of
depths is adjusted by a stable governor in such a manner as to indicate the speed
of hoisting at the same time as the depth.
2. A safety apparatus for hoisting-engines in which, when the maximum speed
of hoisting permissible for the time being is exceeded, the speed-indicator 10
strikes against a limiting abutment (the shape of which corresponds to
the maximum permissible speed of hoisting for the time being) on the scale of
depths, and is thereby caused to stop the engine by means of lever mechanism 12,
13, 14, 15, 28, and 29.
3. Apparatus for regulating the speed of hoisting-engines, in which the speed-
indicator 10 is pressed against the limiting abutment x-x so as to bring the
governor collar 18, which embraces the two coupling wheels a b of the indirectly
acting adjusting gear, into the position corresponding to the maximum hoisting
speed permissible for the time being, and consequently causes the governor,
by means of the adjusting gear and the reversing gear, to alter the admission of
the engine in such a manner that the speed of hoisting is that indicated by the
pointer 10.
4. A hoisting-engine reversing-gear in which a releasable catch on the revers-
ing lever engages in the grooves of a screw that is rotated by the governor through
the indirectly acting adjusting gear.
5. Hoisting apparatus constructed, arranged, and operating as hereinbefore
described with reference to and shown in Figs. 1 to 4 inclusive of the accom-
panying drawings, or as modified according to Figs. 5 and 6, to Fig. 7, or to
Figs. 8, 9, and 10, thereof.