IMPROVEMENTS IN THE IRRIGATION OF LAND, THE WATERING OF STREETS D AND ROADWATS, AND IN THE APPARATUS TO BE USED FOR SUCH PURPOSES. PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION
Year: 1871

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Isaac Brown, of Elm Croft Grange, Edinburgh,
in the County of Mid Lothian, North Britain, for the Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE IRRIGATION OF LAND, THE WATERING OF STREETS
D
AND ROADWATS, AND IN THE APPARATUS TO BE USED FOR SUCH PURPOSES.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Isaac Brown at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
22nd July 1871.
I, ISAAC BROWN, of Elm Croft Grange, Edinburgh, in the County
3 of Mid Lothian, North Britain, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE IRRIGATION OF LAND, THE WATERING
OF STREETS AND ROADWAYS, AND IN THE APPARATUS TO BE USED FOR SUCH
PURPOSES," to be as follows:-
My Invention has for its object to protect from injury perforated
pipes to be employed in the irrigation of land, the watering of roadways,
or other purpose where it is required to distribute or supply water

page_text: or liquids to the surface of the ground, which pipes are usually made
of lead or other soft metal.
In applying my Invention to the irrigation of land I am enabled
to place my pipes below the surface of the ground, and thus prevent
them from being tampered with, removed, or injured, and for this purpose
a furrow is first turned over by means of a plough, and a groove is cut
out under the furrow in which the pipe is laid, and the furrow or turf
is then laid level over the pipe; then square pieces of turf are cut
out at intervals along the track of the covered pipe, where it is required
to apply shields to the perforated portions of the pipes.. These shields,
which may be made of iron, earthenware, or other material applicable
to the purpose, consist of arch-shaped segments which are sunk into
the ground below the surface and cover the jet; these arch-shaped
segments have a narrow slot (say about an inch wide) cut across them,
which slot extends down to a level with the pipe, and serves for the
passage of the jet of liquid. The arched shields when made of metal
are also provided with flanges or wings which serve to prevent the grass
from growing and choking up the passage, which flanges or wings are
inclined upwards in order to allow free passage for the jet to the surface
of the ground.
I also propose to protect the jets by applying bricks at intervals
(where the pipes are perforated), such bricks being made with slots
to allow the passage of the jet, these slots extending down to the
surface of the pipe, the bricks having an arch-shaped recess at their
bottom, which fits over the pipe, the bricks when laid down being on
a level with the surface of the ground. These brick shields are laid down
over the pipe in the manner described for the metal shields above
described.
By these arrangements sufficient space will be left in the shields
for the escape of the jets, while at the same time they do not offer
sufficient space for the entrance of the feet of men or animals, and will
thus protect the pipe from injury.
:
For pleasure grounds or other situations where the ground is not liable
to be traversed by heavy animals the metal or other shields above
described may be dispensed with, the pipes being simply laid below the
surface in the manner above described, the turf laid over them serving
as a sufficient shield, spaces being merely cut out above the perforations
to allow for the passage of the jets.

page_text: For the purpose of cutting the groove for the reception of the pipe
I propose to adapt to the plough which turns over the furrow a peculiar
construction of knife or cutter, consisting of a blade bent to the required
shape of the groove, which is fixed between the mould board and solé
plate and behind the share of the plough, which is thus made to cut
the groove at the same time that it turns over the furrow, thus econo-
mizing time and labor.
In applying such perforated pipes to the watering of streets or roads
I propose to lay them down at the side of the roadway near the kerb-
stone, and to apply to them a continuous shield constructed of some
material of greater strength and rigidity than the pipe, such shield
consisting of a covering arch shaped in cross section, and being pro-
vided with an inner flange by which it is bolted to the roadway, and
having larger perforations than those in the pipe for the escape of the
jets into the roadway. I propose to connect the pipes with the ordinary
street mains by means of short connecting pipes.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Isaac Brown in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 22nd January 1872.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, ISAAC
BROWN, of Elm Croft Grange, Edinburgh, in the County of Mid Lothian,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twenty-second day of July, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-one, in the 35th
year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give
and grant unto me, the said Isaac Brown, Her special license that I,
the said Isaac Brown, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or
such others as I, the said Isaac Brown, my executors, administrators,
or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time
to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands,
and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE IRRIGATION OF
LAND, THE WATERING OF STREETS AND ROADS, AND IN THE APPARATUS TO BE USED

page_text: FOR SUCH PURPOSES," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said
Isaac Brown, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in
writing under my hand and seal, should particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal
Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately after
the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Isaac Brown, do hereby declare the
nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement, reference being had to the accompanying Drawings
and to the letters and figures marked thereon, that is to say :-
My said Invention has for its object the protecting from injury of
perforated pipes to be employed in the irrigation of land, the watering
of roadways, or other purposes where it is required to distribute or
supply water, town sewage, or liquid manure to the surface of the
ground, which pipes are usually made of lead or other soft metal.
In applying my Invention to the irrigation of land I am enabled to
place my pipes below the surface of the ground, and thus prevent them
from being tampered with, removed, or injured, and for this purpose a
furrow and a groove are first cut by means of a plough, the groove
being cut out or formed along the bottom of such furrow in which the
pipe is laid, and the earth or turf is then turned back and laid level
over the pipe so as to fill up the furrow again. Square pieces of turf
are then to be cut out at intervals along the track of the covered pipe,
where it is required to apply shields to the perforated portion of the said
pipes. These shields, which may be made of iron, earthenware, or other
material applicable to the purpose, consist of arch-shaped lengths or
sections, which are sunk into the ground and cover the perforated
portions of the pipe from which the jets issue. These arch-shaped
shields have a narrow slot (say about an inch wide) cut across them,
which slot extends down to a level with the pipe, or nearly so, and
serves for the passage of the jets of liquid. The said arch-shaped shields
when made of metal are also provided with flanges or wings, which
serve to prevent the grass from growing and choking up the narrow slot
or passage, which flanges or wings are inclined upwards in order to
allow free passage, for the jets of liquid to the surface of the ground.
]

page_text: I also propose to protect the jet holes by applying bricks or any
suitable material for a shield at intervals (where the pipes are per-
forated), such bricks being made with slots to allow the passage of the
jet, these slots extending down to the surface of the pipe, the bricks
having an arch-shaped recess at their bottom which fits on to and over
the pipe. These shield bricks when laid down are on a level with the
surface of the ground; they are laid down over the pipe in the manner
described for the metal shields before referred to.
ments sufficient space will be left in the shields for the escape of the
liquid jets, whilst at the same time they present an obstruction to the
entrance of the feet of men or animals, and will thus protect the pipe
from injury thereby.
By these arrange-
For pleasure grounds or other situations where the ground is not
liable to be traversed by heavy animals, the metal or other shields above
described may be dispensed with, the pipes being simply laid below the
surface in a groove at the bottom of a furrow produced in the manner
above described. The turf which is laid over them serves as a sufficient
shield or protection, whilst spaces which are cut out in the turf at
intervals above the perforations serve to allow for the free passage of
the liquid jets to the surface.
For the purpose of producing the longitudinal groove in the bottom
of the furrow for the reception of the pipe, I propose to adapt to the
plough which forms the furrow a knife or cutter, consisting of a blade
bent to the required shape of the groove, which is fixed between the
mould board and sole plate, and behind the share of the plough, which
is thus made to cut the groove at the same time that it forms the furrow,
thus economizing time and labor. Or in lieu of a curved knife or blade
arranged as above described, a conical or wedge-shaped projection may
be fixed to the under side of the ploughshare, the axis of the said wedge-
shaped projection being parallel to the track of the plough, and the
pointed end being in front so as to penetrate the soil and leave a well
defined groove in the bottom of the furrow as the plough proceeds.
In applying such perforated pipes to the watering of streets or
roads I propose to lay them down at the side of the roadway near the
kerbstone, and to apply to them a continuous shield constructed in
sections of convenient length of some material of greater strength and
rigidity than the pipe, each section or length of shield consisting of a
covering which is arch-shaped in cross section, and being provided with

page_text: a flange, by which it is bolted to the roadway, and having larger per-
forations than those in the pipe for the escape of the jets into the
roadway. I propose to connect the pipes with the ordinary street mains
by means of short connecting pipes.
And in order that my said Invention may be fully understood, I
shall now proceed more particularly to describe the same, and for that
purpose shall refer to the several Figures on the annexed Sheet of
Drawings, the same letters of reference indicating corresponding parts.
in all the Figures.
Figure 1 of my Drawings represents a transverse section of a land
irrigating perforated pipe, laid and protected or shielded according to
my Invention; Figure 2 is a corresponding plan of the same; and
Figure 3 is a vertical transverse section of the shield over the pipe.
A is the perforated irrigating pipe, composed of lead or other suitable
material, which is sunk below the surface of the ground in a groove
made in the bottom of a furrow as already explained. B represents one
of a series of shields laid at intervals across the pipe A at the parts
where the perforations a, a, occur, the top of the said shield or protector
being level with the surface of the ground. b, b, are two projecting
pieces formed in one with or attached to the said shield, such pieces
being forced into the ground and fitting one on each side of the pipe A.
c, c, (Figure 2) is the slot or opening which is made in the shield, and
is disposed transversely over the pipe A, where the perforations or jet
holes a occur.
From each end of this slot c a narrow inclined channel d
rises to the surface and terminates in a flange e, which extends along
the four edges of the upper part of the shield. It will thus be seen that
whilst this shield entirely protects the pipe from injury by downward
pressure from the feet of men or animals it at the same time allows
free play for the jets.
Figures 4 and 5 represent respectively in section and plan the appli-
cation of a brick for protecting the perforated parts of the pipe A. Bis
a brick laid transversely across the pipe, a curved recess being made in
the under side of the brick to fit over the pipe, and a slot or oblong per-
foration c is formed through the brick and disposed transversely over
the pipe where the perforations or jet holes occur, in order to protect the
jet orifices from injury, the ends of the slot being made to flare outwards
or being inclined as shown, so as not to interfere with the free play of
the liquid jets.

page_text: Figure 6 is a perspective view of a ploughshare, to which I have
adapted a special contrivance for forming the groove or channel in
which the pipes A are to be laid beneath the surface of the soil. C
is the usual ploughshare detached, and D is the special appliance for
forming the longitudinal groove in the bottom of the furrow made by
the plough. This appliance is here represented as consisting of a solid
cone or frustum, with the pointed or smaller end in front, the said cone
or frustum being secured to the under side of the ploughshare. If found
necessary the point of the wedge D can be formed to cut a portion of
the groove out so that the hind part of the wedge will better finish the
groove; thus, as the plough is drawn along it not only makes the
ordinary furrow, but the bent. blade or cutter, or the cone, or wedge D
at the same time makes a well defined groove at the bottom of the
furrow into which the pipe A is laid, the said groove forming in fact
part of the shield for protecting the pipe laid therein.
Figure 7 represents a side elevation and partial longitudinal section
of an arrangement of shields for protecting a perforated pipe employed
for street and road watering, and Figure 8 is a transverse section of the
same. A is the perforated pipe, and B the continuous shield, consisting
of a number of arch-shaped covers laid end to end over the pipe, and
provided with perforations or slots c opposite to the perforations a in the
pipe, but of larger size. These covers or shields may be formed of
metal or earthenware, and be provided with flanges f,f, to enable them
to be secured in position by the heads of the pins or spikes g, g, driven
in between the joints of the stones, or the same shield may form a solid
part of an iron street kerb. In those cases where the pipe for irrigating
land is laid upon the surface the same kind of shield as that proposed
for the street watering pipes may be employed, so as to cover the said
pipe from end to end. I prefer, however, to bury the pipe and to shield
only the parts where the jet holes occur.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of my
said Invention, and the manner in which the same is or may be used
or carried into effect, I would observe in conclusion that what I con-
sider to be novel and original, and therefore claim as the Invention
secured to me by the herein-before in part recited Letters Patent is,―
First. The protecting from injury the perforated pipes employed in
irrigating or watering land by laying the same in a grooved furrow.

page_text: made in the soil, and by placing suitable shields over the perforations,
substantially as herein-before described.
Secondly. The protecting from injury the perforated pipes employed
in watering roads and streets or irrigating land when laid upon the
surface, by covering the same throughout their entire length with per-
forated shields or covers, substantially as herein-before described.
Thirdly. The peculiar constructions and modes of applying perforated
shields or covers to perforated pipes employed in irrigating land or
watering roads and streets, substantially as and for the purpose herein-
before described and illustrated by my Drawings.
Fourthly. The application and use of a plough, having a special
device attached to it for making a furrow, with a groove or channel
along the bottom of such furrow, substantially as and for the purposo
herein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Isaac Brown, have to this my
Specification set my hand and seal, this Eighteenth day of
January One thousand eight hundred and seventy-two.
TSAAC PRON

page_text: Filed the 29th July 1874.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, ISAAC
BROWN, of Elm Croft Grange, Edinburgh, in the County of Mid Lothian,
North Britain, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent, bearing date the Twenty-second day of July, One
thousand eight hundred and seventy-one, No. 1940, did, for Herself,
Her heirs and successors, grant unto me, the said Isaac Brown,
Her special license that I, the said Isaac Brown, my executors, admini-
strators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Isaac Brown, my
executors, administrators, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and
no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the
term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,
and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and the Isle of Man, an Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS
IN THE IRRIGATION OF LAND, THE WATERING OF STREETS AND ROADWAYS, AND IN
APPARATUS TO BE USED FOR SUCH PURPOSES," upon the condition (amongst
others) that I, the said Isaac Brown, by an instrument in writing under
my hand and seal, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature

page_text: of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be per-
formed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the
said Letters Patent:
And whereas I, the said Isaac Brown, did prepare an instrument in
writing under my hand and seal purporting to declare the nature of the
said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and
caused the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office on the Twenty-
second day of January, One thousand eight hundred and seventy-two :
And whereas since the filing of the said Specification I have been
advised and have ascertained that my said Specification may be con-
strued as comprising a claim to the use of turf as a protecting shield,
and also that the claims of the said Specification may possibly be con-
strued as extending to cover more than I intended to claim as my
Invention, I am therefore desirous of disclaiming the use of turf as a
protecting shield as forming a part of my Invention to which I make a
claim, and also of limiting the claims of my said Specification, as herein-
after set forth.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Isaac Brown, by and with the leave
of Her Majesty's Solicitor-General, and for the reasons aforesaid, do
hereby insert after the words "jets to the surface," which occur in
page 5, line 20, of the Specification printed by the Queen's Printers, and
published at the Great Seal Patent Office in One thousand eight hundred
and seventy-two, the words, "but I make no claim to this mode of pro-
tecting the buried pipes by means of turf as forming part of my said
Invention."
"
I further, for the reasons aforesaid, alter the first claim of my said
Specification by inserting after the words "by placing," which occur on
page 8, line 1, of the said printed copy of the said Specification, the
words " arch-shaped," and I strike out the word suitable," which
occurs on the same line. I also insert after the word "shields," which
occurs on the same line, the words "or shield bricks." I also insert
after the words "herein-before described," which occur on line two of
the same page, the words and figures "and illustrated by Figures 1, 2, 3,
4, and 5 of my Drawings."
I also, for the reasons aforesaid, insert in the second claim of my said
Specification after the words "herein-before described," which occur on

page_text: "
page 8, line 6, of the said printed copy of the said Specification the
words and figures, "and illustrated by Figures 7 and 8 of my Drawings;
and also insert in the third claim of my said Specification after the
words "illustrated by," which occur on page 8, line 10, of the said
printed copy of the said Specification, the words and figures, "Figures 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 8 of;" and in order that the effect of the said Disclaimer
may be clearly understood I annex hereunto a copy of the said Specifi-
cation as it will appear when so amended, the preamble and testing
clause being omitted.
My said Invention has for its object the protecting from injury of
perforated pipes to be employed in the irrigation of land, the watering
of roadways, or other purposes where it is required to distribute or
supply water, town sewage or liquid manure to the surface of the
ground, which pipes are usually made of lead or other soft metal.
In applying my Invention to the irregation of land I am enabled to
place my pipes below the surface of the ground, and thus prevent
them from being tampered with, removed, or injured, and for this
purpose a furrow and a groove arc first cut by means of a plough, the
groove being cut out or formed along the bottom of such furrow in
which the pipe is laid, and the earth or turf is then turned back and laid
level over the pipe so as to fill up the furrow again. Square pieces of
turf are then to be cut out at intervals along the track of the covered
pipe where it is required to apply shields to the perforated portion of the
said pipes. These shields, which may be made of iron, earthenware, or
other material applicable to the purpose, consist of arch-shaped lengths
or sections which are sunk into the ground and cover the perforated
portions of the pipe from which the jets issue. These arch-shaped
shields have a narrow slot (say about an inch wide) cut across, which
slot extends down to a level with the pipe, or nearly so, and serves for
the passage of the jets of liquid. The said arch-shaped shields, when
made of metal, are also provided with flanges or wings, which serve to
prevent the grass from growing or choking up the narrow slot or
passage, which flanges or wings are inclined upwards in order to allow
free passage for the jets of liquid to the surface of the ground.
I also propose to protect the jet holes by applying bricks or any
suitable material for a shield at intervals (where the pipes are per-
forated), such bricks being made with slots to allow the passage of
the jet these slots extending down to the surface of the pipe, the

page_text: bricks having an arched-shape recess at their bottom which fits on
to and over the pipe. These shield bricks when laid down are on a
level with the surface of the ground; they are laid down over the
pipe in the manner described for the metal shields before referred to.
By these arrangements sufficient space will be left in the shields for
the escape of the liquid jets, whilst at the same time they present an
obstruction to the entrance of the feet of men or animals, and will thus
protect the pipe from injury thereby.
For pleasure grounds or other situations where the ground is not
liable to be traversed by heavy animals, the metal or other shields
above described may be dispensed with, the pipes being simply laid
below the surface in a groove at the bottom of a furrow produced
in the manner above described. The turf which is laid over them
serves as a sufficient shield or protection, whilst spaces which are cut
out in the turf at intervals above the perforations serve to allow for
the free passage of the liquid jets to the surface; but I make no claim
to this mode of protecting the buried pipes by means of turf as forming
part of my said Invention.
For the purpose of producing the longitudinal groove in the bottom
of the furrow for the reception of the pipe I propose to adapt to the
plough which forms the furrow a knife or cutter, consisting of a
blade bent to the required shape of the groove which is fixed between
the mould board and sole plate and behind the share of the plough,
which is thus made to cut the groove at the same time that it forms the
furrow, thus economising time and labor. Or in lieu of a curved knife
or blade arranged as above described a conical or wedge-shaped pro-
jection may be fixed to the under side of the ploughshare, the axis of
the said wedge-shaped projection being parallel to the track of the
plough, and the pointed end being in front so as to penetrate the soil
and leave a well defined groove in the bottom of the furrow as the
plough proceeds.
In applying such perforated pipes to the watering of streets or roads I
propose to lay them down at the side of the roadway near the kerbstone
and to apply to them a continuous shield constructed in sections of con-
venient length of some material of greater strength and rigidity than
the pipe, each section or length of shield consisting of a covering, which
is arch-shaped in cross section, and being provided with a flange by
which it is bolted to the roadway, and having larger perforations than

page_text: those in the pipe for the escape of the jets into the roadway. I propose
to connect the pipes with the ordinary street mains by means of short
connecting pipes.
And in order that my said Invention may be fully understood I
shall now proceed more particularly to describe the above, and for that
purpose shall refer to the several Figures on the annexed Sheet of
Drawings, the same letters of reference indicating corresponding parts
in all the Figures.
Figure 1 of my Drawings represents a transverse section of a land
irrigating perforated pipe, laid and protected or shielded according to my
Invention; Figure 2 is a corresponding plan of the same; and Figure 3
is a vertical transverse section of the shield over the pipe.
A. is the perforated irrigating pipe, composed of lead or other suitable
material, which is sunk below the surface of the ground in a groove
made in the bottom of a furrow, as already explained; B represents one
of a series of shields laid at intervals across the pipe A at the parts
where the perforations a, a, occur, the top of the said shield or protector
being level with the surface of the ground; b, b, are two projecting
pieces formed in one with or attached to the said shield, such pieces
being forced into the ground and fitting one on each side of the pipe A;
c, c, (Figure 2) is the slot or opening which is made in the shield, and
is disposed transversely over the pipe A where the perforations or jet
holes a occur.
From each end of this slot ca narrow inclined channel d
rises to the surface and terminates in a flange e which extends along
the four edges of the upper part of the shield. It will thus be seen that
whilst this shield entirely protects the pipe from injury by downward
pressure from the feet of men or animals it at the same time allows free
play for the jets.
Figures 4 and 5 represents respectively in section and plan the
application of a brick for protecting the perforated parts of the pipe A.
B is a brick laid transversely across the pipe, a curved recess being made
in the under side of the brick to fit over the pipe, and a slot or oblong
perforation c is formed through the brick and disposed transversely over
the pipe, where the perforations or jet holes occur, in order to protect
the jet orifices from injury, the ends of the slot being made to flare
outwards, or being inclined as shewn, so as not to interfere with the free
play of the liquid jets.

page_text: Figure 6 is a perspective view of a ploughshare to which I have
adapted a special contrivance for forming the groove or channel, in
which the pipes A are to be laid beneath the surface of the soil. C is
the usual ploughshare detached, and D is the special appliance for
forming the longitudinal groove in the bottom of the furrow made by
the plough. This appliance is here represented as consisting of a solid
cone or frustum with the pointed or smaller end in front, the said cone
or frustum being secured to the under side of the ploughshare.
If found necessary the point of the wedge D can be formed to cut a
portion of the groove out, so that the hind part of the wedge will better:
finish the groove; thus, as the plough is drawn along, it not only makes
the ordinary furrow, but the bent blade or cutter or the cone or wedge D
at the same time makes a well defined groove at the bottom of the
furrow, into which the pipe A is laid, the said groove forming in fact
part of the shield for protecting the pipe laid therein.
or earthenware, and be
Figure 7 represents a side elevation and partial longitudinal section of
an arrangement of shields for protecting a perforated pipe employed for
street and road watering, and Figure 8 is a transverse section of the
same. A is the perforated pipe, and B the continuous shield, consisting
of a number of arch-shaped covers laid end to end over the pipe, and
provided with perforations or slots c opposite to the perforations a in the
pipe, but of larger size. These covers or shields may be formed of metal
provided with flanges f,f, to enable them to be
secured in position by the heads of the pins or spikes 9, 9, driven in
between the joints of the stones, or the same shield may form a solid
part of an iron street kerb. In those cases where the pipe for irrigating
land is laid upon the surface the same kind of shield as that proposed
for the street watering pipes may be employed, so as to cover the said
pipe from end to end. I prefer however to bury the pipe, and to shield
only the parts where the jet holes occur.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of my
said Invention, and the manner in which the same is or may be used or
carried into effect, I would observe in conclusion that what I consider to
be novel and original, and therefore claim as the Invention secured to
me by the herein-before in part recited Letters Patent is,-
First. The protecting from injury the perforated pipes employed in
irrigating or watering land by laying the same in a grooved furrow made

page_text: in the soil, and by placing arch-shaped shields or shield bricks over the
perforations, substantially as herein-before described and illustrated by
Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 of my Drawings.
Secondly. The protecting from injury the perforated pipes employed
in watering roads and streets or irrigating land when laid upon the
surface by covering the same throughout their entire length with per-
forated shields or covers, substantially as herein-before described and
illustrated by Figures 7 and 8 of my Drawings.
Thirdly. The peculiar constructions and modes of applying perforated
shields or covers to perforated pipes employed in irrigating land or
watering roads and streets, substantially as and for the purpose herein-
before described and illustrated by Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 8 of my
Drawings.
Fourthly. The application and use of a plough having a special device
attached to it for making a furrow with a groove or channel along the
bottom of such furrow, substantially as and for the purpose herein-before
described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Isaac Brown, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Thirteenth day of July, One thousand eight
hundred and seventy-four.
I hereby grant my fiat, giving leave to the above-named Isaac Brown,
of Elm Croft Grange, Edinburgh, in the County of of Mid Lothian, North
5 Britain, to file in the Great Seal Patent Office, with the Specification
to which the same relates, the above-written Disclaimer and Memoran-
Jum of Altovation