Year: 1848

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, RICHARD
MADIGAN, of Haverstock Hill, Hampstead Road, in the County of Middlesex,
Civil Engineer, and JOHN COOPE HADDAN, of No. 14, Lincoln's Inn Fields, in
the said County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her. Royal
Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster; the Fifteenth day of April, in the
cleventh year of Her reign, did, for Herself. Her heirs and successors, give
and grant unto us, the said Richard Madigan and John Coope Haddan, our
exors, admors, and assigns, Her especial licence, full power, sole privilege
and authority, that we, the said Richard Madigan and John Coope Haddan,
our exors, admors, and assigns, or such others as we, the said Richard
Madigan and John Coope Haddan, our exors, admors, or assigns, should at
any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times there-
after, during the term of years therein expressed, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within that part of Her United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland called England, Her Dominion of Wales, and
Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, in the Islands of Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney,
Sark, and Man, and also in all Her Majesty's Colonies and Plantations abroad,
ID: 0.71

page_text: our Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF WHEELS FOR RAIL-
WAYS: "in which said Letters Patent is contained a proviso requiring that
we, the said Richard Madigan and John Coope Haddan, should particularly
describe and ascertain the nature of our said Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, by an instrument in writing under our hands
and seals, or under the hand and seal of one of us, and cause the same to be
enrolled in Her said Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said in part recited
Letters Patent, as, reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at
large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, we, the said
Richard Madigan and John Coope Haddan, do hereby declare that the
nature of our said Invention, and the manner in which the same is to
be performed, are particularly described and ascertained in and by this
present Specification, reference being had to the three several Sheets of
Drawings herein referred to and belonging hereunto, that is to say:-
Our Invention of Improvements in the Manufacture of Wheels for Rail-
ways has reference, firstly, to wrought-iron disc wheels, and consists (I.) in
making the disc of wrought iron, with the circumference bent to form a rim
or felloe for supporting the tyre; (II.) in making the disc of wrought iron
with a rim or felloe formed by forging, upsetting, or otherwise thickening the
edge of the disc for supporting the tyre; (111.) in making the disc of wrought
iron with the circumference thereof fitted against and rivetted to a ribbed
tyre; (IV.) in forming the nave by forging the disc with a boss or swell on
one or both sides of the centre, or by welding to the centre of the disc a boss
or cheek on one or both sides; and (V.) in forming the nave of cast iron by
running or casting the metal upon one or both sides of the disc.
Our Invention has reference, secondly, to wrought-iron spoke wheels, with
wrought-iron naves, and consists (1.) in welding the inner ends of the spokes
flatways against and on to the sides (or front and back) of a solid hoop or
nave, and with the outer extremities welded to an inner rim or hoop, or to a
ribbed or feathered tyre in manner particularly set forth in the Specification of
a Patent granted to one George Cottam, the Patent dated on or about the
Fifth day of December, One thousand eight hundred and thirty seven; (II.)
in welding the inner ends of the spokes into a nave cut or formed with grooves
or spaces for their reception; (III.) in forming the nave and spokes of bars
of wrought iron rolled with swelled or thickened parts, of such shape that
when cut into lengths, and the said lengths are radially disposed, such
swelled or thickened parts may form the nave, and the other portions of the

page_text: lengths may form the spokes, or the spokes and portions of an inner rim
for supporting the tyre; and (IV.) in welding the outer extremities of
the spokes of such wheels to ribbed tyres, under Cottam's process, as before
mentioned.
Our Invention has reference, thirdly, to wheels with frames or bodies
composed of wrought and cast iron, or of cast iron only, and consists (I.) in
pouring or running a layer or thickness of cast iron upon a disc or sheet of
wrought iron; and (II.) in forming or moulding the body of a cast-iron
wheel within the tyre, by pouring or running the cast iron forming the body
of the wheel within or against the inner side or surface of the tyre. And in
order to explain our Invention as completely as possible, we will proceed par-
ticularly to describe the mode or modes which we consider best adapted for
carrying the several parts into practical operation.
Firstly, with reference to our wrought-iron disc wheels, made (I.) with the
circumference of the disc bent, so as to form a rim or felloe for supporting
the tyre. We roll the iron of which the disc is to be composed into a sheet,
and we prefer that the grain of the metal should not be all in one direction, as
is ordinarily the case, but crosswise in all manner of directions (on the plane
of the sheet), in order that the fibre of the metal may be radial, or nearly so,
with the centre of the plate, and consequently the iron less liable to break in
the subsequent process of forming the rim or felloe. The manner in which
we effect this object is by cross piling and faggotting the metal, and passing
it through the rolls in various directions. We then punch or cut out of the
sheet a circular piece of a size large enough to allow for the rim or felloe, and
this is next to be formed by successively pressing the metal (whilst in a heated
state) in a series of dies suitably shaped, to gradually produce and finish the
rim or felloc, as may be required. The following Figures of the Drawing
shew the disc in the several stages of its formation.
Figures 1 and 2 are side and edge views respectively of the plate in its first
stage. The dotted straight lines in Figure. 1 are intended to explain the
observations before made with reference to the .direction of the grain of the
metal, and the large dotted circle shews the size of the circular piece to be cut
or punched out of the sheet. Figures 3 and 4 are a side and transverse section
respectively of the circular piece when so punched out. The dotted circle
in Figure 3 shews where the plate is intended to be bent, so as to form the
rim or felloe. A hole is also shewn, as cut in the centre, which serves to hold
the plate in a true position for the subsequent operations to be performed.
Figures 5 and 6 are a side view and transverse section respectively of the
disc, with the rim or felloe completely formed. Figures 5, 5b, and 5º, are

page_text: sectional views, shewing the forms which the disc may be made to assume by
means of suitable dies, so as gradually to produce the rim or felloe, as repre-
sented at Figures 5 and 6. This may also be effected, if preferred, by the
machine or apparatus herein-after described and represented at the Figures 7,
8, and 9. The disc having been formed with a rim or felloe thereon, the next
requirement is the connection of the nave therewith, and the fixing on of the
tyre; the former of these two objects we effect as herein-after described, and
the latter by shrinking on and rivetting, or bolting in the usual manner, as
shewn in Figure 20.
(II.) The mode in which we purpose to make our wrought-iron discs with
a rim or felloe formed by forging, upsetting, or thickening the edge of the
disc for supporting the tyre, is by acting on the edge of the disc, whilst in a
The
heated state, by pressure of a roller caused to bear forcibly against it.
Figures 7, 8, and 9 are a side elevation, a transverse section, and a plan
In
view respectively of an apparatus or machine for effecting this object.
these Figures, A is a casting, which may be fixed against the wall of a
building. B, a spindle or shaft, having a bearing, and capable of working or
revolving therein. C and D. two castings or plates which fit on to the end of
the shaft B, which projects outwards from the casting A, and between which
(C and D) the disc E is to be held in manner represented in Figure 8. F is
a lever working on a fulcrum at Fx, and carrying a roller G. II is a screw,
the head of which bears against a fixed standard A* on the casting A, and the
threaded portion of which works through a swivel nut F attached to the
lever F. The directions to be pursued are as follow:-
Suppose the outer plate C to be removed from off the shaft B; the disc E,
having a hole in its centre corresponding in diameter with that of the projecting
portion of such shaft, is then to be placed thereon in a heated state, and the
Motion
outer plate put on, and all to be screwed up together as represented.
is then to be given to the mass, consisting of the parts B, C, D, E, causing the
whole to revolve bodily together. This may be effected by a wheel gearing
into teeth formed on the inner side or edge of the casting or plate D; as this,
however, may be varied, we have considered it unnecessary to represent it in
the Drawing. Motion being communicated to the mass before mentioned, the
screw H is to be gradually turned, so as that the lever F may cause the roller If
to bear against the edge of the disc and upset it into the space or groove
formed by the edges of the plates C and D, which will of course be made of a
shape corresponding with that which is required to be formed on the edge of
the disc. The effect of this will be manifest from an inspection of the Figures
10, 11, 12, and 13, which are transverse sectional views of the disc in four

page_text: successive stages. of the operation. Figures 14, and 15 are. a .sidė elevation
and transverse section of a wheel; having the disc, thus formed and finished
with nave and tyre.
We would here remark; that when this machine or apparatus is intended to
be used for the purpose of bending the edge of the disc, so as to form a rim
or felloe, as represented at Figures 5 and 6, the roller G should be placed at
a suitable inclination, which must be gradually varied as the bending of the
plate is effected; or a series of such rollers, having different inclinations, 'may
be successively brought into operation as required. This machine or apparatus
will be found more particularly applicable to wheels of large diameter. 'We
wish it to be understood that the edge of the disc may be partially upset by
hammering, or considerably bent, and the finishing in either case be completed
by the roller or rollers, as described.
(III.) With reference to constructing wheels with the circumference of the
wrought-iron disc -fitted against and rivetted to a ribbed tyre, this may be
effected either with a plain disc, as represented at the sectional view of a
portion of a wheel shewn at Figure 16, or with a disc bent at its edge, or having
a partial rim or felloe, as represented at Figures 17 and 18, the former Figure
shewing a curved rim or felloe on the circumference of the disc, and the latter
a straight rim or felloe. We prefer that the parts of the disc and of the tyre
(and rib of tyre), where they are intended to come in contact with each
other, should be turned so as accurately to correspond with each other; and
that the tyres should be shrunk on in. the usual manner, and afterwards
secured by rivets passing through the disc and rib; and placed about six
inches apart. In the three last-mentioned Figures, a is the disc, d, the
tyre, and dx the rib of the tyre; the parts which should be turned are
marked x:
(IV.) The mode in which we form the nave of a wrought-iron disc wheel;
by forging the disc with a swell or boss at the centre, is as follows, viz., by
first reducing the mass of metal of which it is to be made into the required
general form by means of a tilt hammer or a Naysmith's steam hammer;
and we finish by swaging it in a mould. The swell or boss may be equal on
both sides of the disc, as represented at the sectional view, Figure 19, or may be
formed more on one side than the other, or altogether on one side, as may bé
required. The welding to the centre of the disc a boss or cheek, on one or
both sides thereof, in order to form a nave, may be effected by the employment
of a tilt hammer or a Naysmith's steam hammer.
:
The Figures 20 and 21 are a side view and transverse section: respectively
of a disc wheel, with two bosses or cheeks welled thereto, one on each side.

page_text: In these Figures, a is the disc; 'b and c the bosses or cheeks; and d; the tyre
We would here remark! that, in welding the bosses or cheeks b and c to the
disc a, instead of welding both on to the disc at one heat; one (say b) is first
to be so connected, the disc and the said boss or check being heated in separate
fires, and after that the one (b) is so connected, the other (c) is then to be
similarly connected with the other side of the disc. We adopt this course of
proceeding in consequence of the difficulty of heating both sides of the disc
at the same time to a sufficient degree of heat to ensure a good weld.
The sectional Figures 22 and 23 shew the plan we adopt for welding a
single. boss to a disc. The centre of the disc is bulged out, which may be
effected by stamping in dies or by forging; and the side of the nave intended
to come against the disc is formed of a nearly corresponding shape, so that they
may be welded together. Figure 22 shews the weld complete, and Figure 23 the
shape and position of the parts previous to welding. The object intended by
the centre portion of the disc not exactly corresponding in shape with the
nave (as will be seen by an inspection of the last-mentioned Figure) is, that
in forming the weld any dirt, &c. may be forced out from between the two
surfaces by the welding taking place first nearest to the centre of the nave.
and gradually proceeding towards the outer circumference thereof.
(V.) In order to form a nave of cast iron upon a disc, by running or cast-
ing the metal upon one side of the disc, we bend or forge the centre of the
disc in the manner already described for welding a single boss to the disc, and
then cast in and against the bulge or swell thus formed, and in a suitable
mould, causing the wrought 'and cast iron to unite by the employment of the
process for effecting that object described in the Specification of a Patent
granted to Harry Joseph Perlbach, (the Patent) dated on or about the
Twenty-third day of July, One thousand eight hundred and forty-seven. In
order to form a nave of cast iron upon a disc of wrought iron, by running or
casting the metal upon both sides of the disc, the plan we adopt is as follows:
-We punch a circular hole in the centre of the disc, of about three inches
greater diameter than the intended diameter of the hole for the axle. We
then make a number of radial cuts extending from the periphery of such hole
a short distance towards the outer pheriphery of the disc, and bend the thus
formed separate portions of the edge of the hole alternately in opposite direc-
tions, as represented in the Figures 24 and 25, the former Figure being a side
elevation of a disc thus treated, and the latter a corresponding transverse
section representing a nave cast thereon, which is to be done in a mould;
the cast metal will thus firmly be connected with the disc, and, if preferred,
Perlbach's Patent process may also be adopted in this case.

page_text: Secondly, with reference to the manufacture of wrought-iron spoke wheels
with wrought-iron naves (I.), by welding the inner ends of the spokes flatways
against and on to the sides (or front and back) of a solid hoop or nave, and
with the outer extremities welded to an inner rim or hoop for supporting the
tyre, or to a ribbed, or feathered tyre, as in Cottam's Patent, before alluded to.
We first form the nave of suitable width and diameter, and then weld the
several spokes on one side thereof, with the nave, and afterwards the several
spokes on the other side of and with the nave.
The Figure 26 is a side elevation, and Figure 27 a transverse section of a
wheel on the former of these two plans, that is to say, having spokes some-
what similar in general form to the letter "T," the heads of which "T"s are
beni into an arc of a circle, and form the inner rim or hoop. In these Figures
the spokes are marked g, their curved heads g*, the nave h, and the tyre i.
The former Figure represents the inner ends of the spokes. g' and g³, in proper
position on the nave previous to the weld being made, and the inner ends of
the other spokes as welded thereto. The latter Figure shews the .spoke g¹
in proper position on the nave previous to welding, and the other, spokes as
welded thereto. In constructing this wheel, the several spokes: having been
bent into the required form (as shewn in Figure 27), are first to be welded to
the nave. The ends of the heads of the "T"s are next to be. welded together
(in manner herein-after described with reference to Figures 39 and 39+). The
outer edge of the inner rim thus formed is then to be turned, down to remove
any unevenness in form, and made to fit the inner side of the tyre, which.
is also turned to receive the same. The tyre is then to be shrunk
on and secured by rivetting or otherwise to the inner rim. . If preferred,
a boss or cheek may be welded on to either or both sides of the nave
(previous to the tyre being fastened on), as represented by tlie dotted lines
in Figure 27.
*.
The Figure 28 is a side elevation, and Figure 29 a transverse section of a
wheel having the welding at the nave effected in the same manner as in the
lastly above-described wheel, but the spokes, instead of being T-shaped, arc
quite plain, and are welded to a ribbed tyre. In these Figures the spokes are
marked y, the nave h, the tyre i. and the rib of the tyre, ix. The latter
Figure (29) represents the outer end of the spoke o in proper position with
regard to the rib of the tyre previous to the weld being made, and the outer
ends of the other spokes as welded thereto. In constructing this wheel the
several spokes are first to be connected with the nave. and afterwards with the
rib of the tyre. And we would here remark, that in this lastly-described
wheel the spokes should be somewhat curved, in order that when cooling they

page_text: may, by being somewhat straightened by a few blows of a hammer, diminish
the tension to which otherwise they are liable from the shrinking of the
metal.
The Figure 30 is a transverse section of a modification of the lastly-described
wheel, the only difference being that the outer ends of the spokes, instead of
being welded to a single rib on the tyre, are welded to and between a double
rib. The several parts corresponding with Figures 28 and 29 are similarly
marked, and the general description of those Figures will also apply to this
Figure. In this case the outer ends of the spokes must be placed between
the double rib of the tyre previous to their inner ends being welded to
the nave.
(II.) With reference to the manufacture of wrought-iron spoke wheels with
wrought-iron naves by welding the inner ends of the spokes into. a nave cut or
formed with grooves or spaces for their reception, we form the nave either in
one solid piece with grooves cut therein, and then insert and weld the spokes
in these grooves, as represented at Figures 31 and 32, Figure 31 being a side
view shewing some spokes inserted, and some of the grooves without spokes,
and Figure! 32 an edge view of Figure 31; or we form the nave of a number
of pieces of bar iron rolled to such a shape that when cut in lengths equal to
the required breadth of the nave, and when radially arranged, they will form a
nave having spaces or grooves left for the reception and insertion thereinto of
the spokes. such said spaces or grooves having been cut or formed in the
rolling of the metal.
The Figure 33 shews a nave thus composed, the several pieces thereof
being cut from a bar of rolled iron, as represented in side elevation and
transverse section (of such a bur) at Figures. 34 and 35 respectively. The
method of welding the nave in the former case is to insert the spokes (of
whatever form their outer extremities may be) into the grooves or spaces
formed for their reception; then to hold the spokes in their places by a tem-
porary rim or band; to weld all at the same heat, with a boss or cheek on one
side, and afterwards in a second heat with a boss or check on the other side.
The position of these bosses before being welded is represented at Figure 36..
The method of welding the nave in the latter case is precisely similar, but the
following advantage results from the second plan, viz., that the expansion of
the spokes will assist in forming the weld by forcing the radially-disposed
pieces of the nave towards each other, and consequently the sides of the spokes
will be clipped by the surfaces which formed the grooves for their reception,
care being taken that sufficient space is left between those surfaces of the
radially-disposed pieces which come nearest to each other, in order to allow

page_text: this effect to take place, so much space only being allowed and no more than
is necessary for the purpose.
Figures 37 and 38 are modifications of the grooved nave formed in sepa-
rate pieces; the former shews how a key may be applied to lock or bind the
several pieces together, and the latter a plan by which the pieces may be
made to lock into each other. The Figures 40 and 41, which are herein-
after generally described, shew modifications in shape of separate pieces for
forming grooved naves.
The several wheels which we are now about to describe are represented in
the Drawings as constructed with grooved naves, as shewn in Figure 33, but
it is evident that they may be also constructed, if preferred, upon the plan
shewn in Figure 31; and having already described the method to be pursued
in either case in order to the connection of the spokes with the nave, we shall
confine ourselves in the following explanation of the several Figures represent-
ing the wheels referred to to a general description of some of the various
ways in which the other parts of the wheel may be made, though we by no
means limit ourselves, to such said various ways if any other ways should be
preferred.
Figure 39 is a side view of a portion of a wheel with nave constructed as
herein-before described, and formed with "T" spokes, the curved heads of
which are to be welded together to form an inner rim for carrying the tyre:
The ends of these heads to be welded together are of the shape represented
at Figure 39+, and the weld is effected by the insertion of "V" pieces in the
usual manner.
Figure 40 is a side view of a portion of a wheel with nave constructed as
herein-before described, and formed with "L" spokes (or bars having one
bend), which, besides being welded to the nave, are welded to each other to
form an inner rim for carrying the tyre in the manner shewn.
Figure 41 is a side view of a portion of a wheel with nave constructed as
herein-before described, and formed with compound or double "L" spokes or
bars having two bends, as in Losh's, Haddan's, and many other wheels, in
which the bars form not only the spokes but also an inner rim for supporting
the tyre. The bends or angles of the spokes may or may not be welded
together as preferred.
In all the three wheels lastly above described the putting on of the tyre
and finishing of the wheel may be effected in the mode or modes ordinarily
adopted.
(III.) With reference to forming the nave and spokes of bars of wrought
iron rolled with swelled or thickened parts, of such shape that when cut into

page_text: lengths, and the said lengths are radially disposed, such swelled or thickened
parts may form the nave, and the other portions of the lengths may form the
spokes, or the spokes and portions of an inner rim. We effect this in manner
following: We roll iron, if required for "T" spokes or "L" spokes, in
manner represented at Figures 42 and 43, being corresponding views
of the same bar, the only difference between the bar when required for the
one or the other being in the distances at which the swelled or thickened
parts are arranged apart, in consequence of the inner rim in the case
of the "T" spoke not being rolled in one piece with the radial portion
of the spoke, as is the case with "L" spokes (instead of which it is separately
welded thereto).
1
Figures 44 and 45 represent bar iron as rolled for compound or double "L"
spokes. The bars are to be cut into proper lengths, and arranged or bent by
any of the present well-known means into the required form, and arranged
in manner represented at Figures 46, 47, and 48, which are side views of
portions of wheels constructed according to this division of our Invention,
with "T" spokes, "L" spokes, and compound or double "L" spokes
respectively. The naves thus formed by the swelled or thickened portions of
the bars are first to be welded together with bosses or cheeks; and in order to.
assist in forming good welds, temporary bands may be shrunk on to the inner
rim formed by the outer portion of the spokes, or they may be encircled by
band in one, two, or more parts, which may be caused to produce the same
effect by screwing together. The temporary bands are then to be removed,
and the inner rims welded up, and the wheels completed in the ordinary
manner.
(IV.) We manufacture wheels having both nave and spokes constructed of
wrought iron by rolling or forging bars of iron with swelled or thickened
parts, of such shape that when cut into lengths, and the said lengths are
radially disposed, such swelled or thickened parts may form the nave, and the
outer portions may (instead of forming an inner rim for supporting the tyre)
be welded to ribbed tyres under Cottam's process, before alluded to, in manner
following: If we want to produce spokes similar to that shewn in edge and
front views respectively at Figures 49 and 50, we roll bars very similar to
that shewn at Figures 42 and 43; and if we wish to vary the shape, as
represented in the front view of a spoke at Figure 51, we roll bars as shewn
in the corresponding views, Figures 52 and 53. The spokes to be cut from
the latter shape of bar may be fitted to a double-ribbed tyre, with its two ribs
closer together than one fitted to receive broad ended spokes of the shape
represented at the Figure 50. The outer extremities are to be welded into

page_text: and between the double rib of the tyre, the ribs being caulked or set down, as
in Figure 53*.
The Figures 53 and 53 represent side and edge views respectively of. a
modification of a nave constructed similarly to those represented at
Figures 46, 47, and 48; but as the intended improvement is irrespective of
the particular kind of spoke, (that is to say) whether "T" spoke, "L" spoke.
or compound or double "L" spoke, we have represented the nave pieces only
of the spokes in these views; these are made wider at one face or edge than
at the opposite face or edge, and, being alternated in the manner represented,
they will act as wedges, laterally as well as radially, when welded up
together by forcing them against each other, as represented by the arrows in
Figure 53°.
Figures 53 and 53 are views, corresponding with each other, of a portion
of bar iron rolled for this purpose. This plan will assist with the boxes or
cheeks in forming a good welded nave, and if the nave pieces are minde suffi-
ciently wide may in some instances altogether dispense with the necessity for
bosses or cheeks. The nave pieces of Figures 46, 47, 48, and 53 may be
rolled with recesses for keys, or shaped so as to.. lock into each other; if
preferred, as described with reference to Figures 37 and 38.
We would wish it to be understood that, we are well aware that wrought.
iron spokes welded to separate nave pieces have been arranged and made
into a wheel, but in such cases the spokes were welded to, nave pieces formed
of short lengths of bars rolled with a feathered top or crown, as shewn in
Figure 53', which plan, therefore, we do not claim; whereas in our wheels
the inner ends of the spokes are welded to the sides of nave pieces, or are
rolled in one therewith.
Thirdly, with reference to wheels having frames or bodies composed of.
wrought and cast iron, and of cast iron only (1), formed by pouring or running
a layer or thickness of cast iron upon a disc or sheet of wrought iron, we
effect an union of the two metals by the application of Perlbach's Patent
process, and have represented two views of a wheel thus constructed. as.
illustrative of the manner in which this process may be applied for the
purpose.
Figure 54 is a side elevation of the wheel referred to, shewing a portion of
the wrought iron removed, and Figure 55 a transverse section of the wheel.
The part markeds represents cast iron. and the part marked / represents a
disc of wrought iron. which is united to the cast iron, as abové mentioned.
(II.) We have represented in the Drawing, as illustrative of the niode or
modes in which we manufacture wheels composed with frames or bodies

page_text: of cast iron only by pouring or running the cast iron forming the body of the
wheel within or against the inner side or surface of the tyre, the several
Figures 56, 57, 58, 59, 60; -61, and 62.
:
Figures 56 and 57 represent a side elevation and transverse section
respectively, and Figure 58 a transverse section through one of the spokes
of a wheel, in. which the inner side or surface of the tyre is straight in its
transverse sectional appearance; and Figures 59, 60, 61. and 62 shew various
forms, according to which the inner side or surface of the tyre may be made in
order to ensure the body and tyre being firmly connected. Perlbach's pro-
cess may also be applied in all the cases described under this second subdivision
of the third head of our Invention, if it should be preferred to adopt it in com-
bination therewith. In all the various wheels thus constructed the tyres must
be heated when the cast metal is run in or against them, in order that they
may shrink, as this will necessarily be the case with the cast metal, and. if.
not heated they would be loose upon the cast metal when cold.
Before stating what we claim, we would remark generally, that, although we
have represented all the wheels as of about three feet diameter, and having
eight spokes (which we think generally to be the best number). we do not
limit ourselves to any precise number of spokes in constructing the various
wheels included in this Specification; neither do we limit ourselves to the
precise forms or dimensions of the various parts, as these must vary consi-
derably, especially with regard to the grooved and other naves. according to
the number of spokes and the diameters of the wheels.
Having now described the nature of our said Invention, and the manner in
which the same is to be performed, we wish it to be understood that we claim
as our Invention,-
Firstly, the manufacturing wrought-iron disc wheels in the five several
modes herein-before respectively described.
Secondly, the manufacturing wheels formed with spokes of wrought iron,
and with naves of wrought iron, in the four several modes herein-before
respectively described.
;
Thirdly, the manufacturing wheels with frames or bodies composed of
wrought and cast iron, or of cast iron only, in the two several modes herein-
before described.
1
In witness whereof. I, the said John Coope Haddan, have hereunto set
. my hand and seal, this Fourteenth day of October, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and forty-eight.
J. C. (L.s.) HADDAN.

page_text: JEFFERSOX.
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Fourteenth day of October, in
the year of our Lord 1848, the aforesaid John Coope Haddan came before our
said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification
aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and specified, in form
above written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according
to the tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Enrolled the Fourteenth day of October in the vans of our Lond
Enrolled the Fourteenth day of October, in the your of our Lord One-