IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR HEATING. EVAPORATING, AND COOLING LIQUIDS
Year: 1865

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Isaac Smith and William Fothergill Batho, of
Birmingham, in the County of Warwick,. Mechanical Engineers, for
the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR HEATING. EVAPORATING,
AND COOLING LIQUIDS."
Sealed the 8th December 1865, and dated the 28th September 1865.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Isaac Smith and William
Fothergill Batho at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with
their Petition, on the 28th September 1865.
We, ISAAC SMITH and WILLIAM FOTHERGILL BATHO, of Birmingham, in
the County of Warwick, Mechanical Engineers, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR HEATING,
EVAPORATING, AND COOLING LIQUIDS," to be as follows:-
Our Invention consists of the arrangements herein-after described for the
heating, evaporating, and cooling of liquids, whereby the circulation of the
liquid to be heated, evaporated, or cooled is promoted, and the heating,
evaporating, or cooling of the said liquid thereby facilitated.
We will describe our Invention in its application to a boiler for the heating
and evaporating of water. In the under side or bottom of the boiler or the
part exposed to heat, a series of pendant tubes are fixed in a vertical or
[Price 8d.]

page_text: nearly vertical position, the said tubes being closed at bottom and opening at
top into the lower part of the boiler. The said tubes are exposed to the
direct action of the boiler furnace. We divide the said tubes by means of a
partition or partitions or diaphragms situated longitudinally in the interior of
the tubes into two, three, or more divisions or chambers, the said partition or
partitions or diaphragms extending nearly but not quite to the bottom of the
tubes so as to leave the several compartments or chambers of each tube in
communication with each other at the bottom of the tube. The effect of the heat
upon thewater in the said divided tubes is to determine an ascending current of
water up one or more of the compartments of each tube, and a descending
current in one or more of the other compartments of each tube.
A rapid
circulation of the water in the boiler is thus set up, and the heating or
evaporating of the said water is much facilitated. We make the said
divisions in the tubes in the following manner :-We take a strip or thin
plate of metal of somewhat greater length than the tube, and of a breadth
equal to or somewhat greater than the internal diameter of the tube. We
also make the plate of somewhat greater breadth than the internal diameter
of the tube at one of its ends. When the plate is of the same breadth as
the internal diameter of the tube, it only requires to be dropped into the
tube, the shoulder or broader part at the upper end of the plate preventing
the said plate from descending to too great a distance in the tube; that is,
preventing the bottom of the plate from touching the bottom of the tube.
When the plate is of somewhat greater breadth than the internal diameter of
the tube we bend the plate into the form of a very shallow trough, so as to
permit of the springing of the plate into the tube. Instead of a single plate in
each tube,three plates each of a breadth equal to about one half the diameterof
the tube may beemployed. These plates are solderedor joined together in such a
manner that in cross section they have the figure of three equidistant radii.
When a compound plate of this kind is dropped into a tube it divides the
tube longitudinally into three compartments or chambers. Or four of the
said plates may be employed, joined together so as to present in cross
section the figure of four radii, each at right angles to the next one; or any
other number of the said plates joined in a similar way may be employed.
In each case we prefer to give the plates a slight curvature in a transverse
direction so as to permit of their being sprung into the tubes.
Although we have only described ourInvention as applied to a steam boiler,
yet our said Invention is equally applicable to apparatus for the heating
and cooling of liquids.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Isaac Smith and William Fothergill Batho in the Great
Seal Patent Office on the 28th March 1866.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, wc, ISAAC
SMITH' and WILLIAM FOTHERGILL BATHO, of Birmingham, in the County of
Warwick, Mechanical Engineers, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-eighth day of September, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-five, in the twenty-ninth year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto
us, the said Isaac Smith and William Fothergill Batho, Her special licence
that we, the said Isaac Smith and William Fothergill Batho, our executors,
administrators, and assigns, or such others as we, the said Isaac Smith and
William Fothergill Batho, our executors, administrators, and assigns, should
at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend within the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, au Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR HEATING, EVAPORATING, AND COOLING
LIQUIDS," upon the condition (amongst others) that we, the said Isaac
Smith and William Fothergill Batho, our executors or administrators, by
an instrument in writing under our or their hands and seals, or under the
hand and seal of one of us or them, should particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
was to be performed; and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal
Patent Office within six calendar months next. and immediately after the
date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Isaac Smith on behalf of myself and
the said William Fothergill Batho, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be
particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement
thereof, that is to say:-
Our Invention consists of the arrangements herein-after described for
the heating, evaporating, and cooling of liquids, whereby the circulation of
the liquid to be heated, evaporated, or cooled, is promoted, and the heating,
evaporating, or cooling of the said liquid thereby facilitated.
We will describe our Invention in its application to a boiler for the heating
and evaporating of water. In the under side or bottom of the boiler,, or the
part exposed to heat, a series of pendent tubes are fixed in a vertical or nearly

page_text: vertical position, the said tubes being closed at bottom and opening at top
into the lower part of the boiler. The said tubes are exposed to the direct
action of the boiler furnace. We divide the said tubes by means of a partition
or partitions or diaphragms, situated longitudinally in the interior of the tubes
into two, three, or more divisions or chambers, the said partition or partitions
or diaphragms extending nearly but not quite to the bottom of the tubes, so
as to leave the several compartments or chambers of each tube in communi-
cation with each other at the bottom of the tube. The effect of the heat
upon the water in the said divided tubes is to determine an ascending current
of water up one or more of the compartments of each tube, and a descending
current in one or more of the other compartments of each tube. A rapid
circulation of the water in the boiler is thus set up, and the heating or
evaporating of the said water is much facilitated. We make the said divisions
in the tubes in the following manner :-We take a strip or thin plate of metal
of somewhat greater length than the tube, and of a breadth equal to or some-
what greater than the internal diameter of the tube. We also make the plate
of somewhat greater breadth than the internal diameter of the tube at one of
itsends. When the plate is of the same breadth as the internal diameter of the
tube it only requires to be dropped into the tube, the shoulder or broader
part at the upper end of the plate preventing the said plate from descending
to too great a distance in the tube, that is, preventing the bottom of the plate
from touching the bottom of the tube. When the plate is of somewhat
greater breadth than the internal diameter of the tube we bend the plate into
the form of a very shallow trough, so as to permit of the springing of the
plate into the tube. Instead of a single plate in each tube, three tubes, each
of a breadth equal to about one half of the diameter of the tube may be
employed. These plates are soldered or joined together in such a manner
that in cross section they have the figure of three equidistant radii. When
a compound plate of this kind is dropped into a tube it divides the tube
longitudinally into three compartments or chambers. Or four of the said
plates may be employed joined together, so as to present in cross section the
figure of four radii each at right angles to the next one; or any number of
the said plates joined in a similar way may be employed. In each case we
prefer to give the plates a slight curvature in a transverse direction, so as to
permit of their being sprung into the tubes; or we make the partition or
diaphragm of a circular or tubular form in cross section, and place the said
diaphragm or tube close to one side of the outer tube to be divided, or
excentric to its axis, the said diaphragm being kept in its place by a spring or
otherwise; or a series of three or more tubes may constitute the partitions or

page_text: diaphragms; or we make the outer tube itself act as a divided tube, by
bending it into the form of the letter U, and making legs of equal or unequal
lengths. The partitions or diaphragms may be applied to tubes open at
both ends, as well as to tubes closed at one end, and to parallel or straight
and to taper tubes.
Although we have only described our Invention as applied to a steam c
boiler, yet our said Invention is equally applicable to apparatus for the
heating and cooling of liquids.
Having explained the nature of our Invention we will proceed to describe
with reference to the accompanying Drawing the manner in which the same
is to be performed. Figure 1 represents a series of pendent tubes in section
and the method of attaching the same to the tube plate or boiler flue, each
of the said tubes being divided by a partition or diaphragm or diaphragms,
according to our Invention, the partitions or diaphragms in the several tubes
being constructed differently. Figure 2 represents a cross section of the
pendent tubes and their partitions or diaphragms. The pendent tubes are
marked respectively a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h. The said tubes are closed at bottom
and open at top into the water space of the boiler, the said tubes being
exposed to the direct action of the fire of the boiler furnace. In the tube a the
partition or diaphragm is marked a³, and consists of a thin plate, the sides or
edges of which are slightly curved, so as to enable the plate to be sprung into
the tube, and divide the said tube into two longitudinal compartments. The
partition or diaphragm may be of the same diameter as the tube,in this case it
is simply dropped into the tube. In the tube the partition or diaphragm b²
divides the tube into three longitudinal compartments, the said diaphragm
being made of a single plate bent and sprung into the tube in the manner
represented. The diaphragms a², 62, of the tubes a, b, are especially suited
for boilers where the current of flame is always in one direction, the diaphragms
being so disposed in the tubes as to be at right angles to the direction of the
current of flame. In the tube c a partition or diaphragın c³ made of two
diaphragms of the form of the diaphragm a² is used, the said diaphragm c²
dividing the tube longitudinally into four compartments. The lower part of
the partitions or diaphragms of the tubes a, b, c, as well as most of the other
diaphragms herein-after described, does not quite touch the bottom of the
tubes, thereby leaving the several compartments of each tube in communica-
tion with each other at the bottom. The diaphragms are prevented from
touching the bottom of the tube when placed or sprung therein by the broad
upper part or shoulder of the said diaphragms resting upon the top of the
tubes, as represented in the Drawing, or a leg or peg attached to foot of

page_text: diaphragm may be used. In the tube a four radial diaphragms d are used
in combination with an inner tube d³, the said diaphragms and inner tube
dividing the outer tube into five compartments; each of the radial diaphragms
d is soldered or otherwise fixed on the central tube d³. The central tube
is prolonged upwards above the radial divisions for the purpose of prevent-
oing the ascending current of water in the outer tube or divisions of the tube
from interfering or intercepting the downward current of cooler water in
the inner or central tube. In the tube e the diaphragms are tubular, consist-
ing of three tubes e² open at both ends, placed eccentric to the axis of the
outer tube in the manner represented. By preference portions of the sides of
the tubes e above the outer tube are open for the purpose of permitting.a free
entrance and exit of the water; or these openings in the upper part of the
tubular diaphragms may be dispensed with by lengthening the tubular dia-
phragms themselves above the outer tube. In the tubef the diaphragm con-
sists of an inner tube/2,placed excentrically in the outer tube, the said tube f2
being held in its place by the spring f³. The top of the inner tube has an.
elbow or bent part marked f4, for facillitating the descent of the cooler water,
or the tube fmay have a double elbow or a bend on either side as indicated
in dotted lines. In the tube 7 the excentric tubular diaphragm marked g³ is
carried up sufficiently high above the level of the outer tube but below the
level of the surface of the water to prevent the steam and water which rapidly
ascends from the outer tube from intercepting the supply of the downward
current of cooler water into the inner tube g². The tube his conical,
and is provided with a conical inner tube h³, to which the radial. dia-
phragms h³ are affixed. The construction of the diaphragms of the conical
tube his similar to that of the parallel tube d, excepting that a conical tube
is employed instead of a parallel one. In each of the tubes a, b, c, d, and h,.
the diaphragms are sufficiently high above the top of the tubes to prevent the
interference of the steam and water ascending in one or more compartments
of the tubes with the cooler water descending in the other compartments of
the tubes. When we employ a tubular diaphragm, as represented in the
tubes f, g; the extreme bottom end of the tubes may be bent or curved
upwards, or bent at right-angles to the other part, as illustrated in Figure 2A.
By making the lower end of the tubular diaphragm in this way the fire is
prevented from acting on the said lower end, and driving up the water. which
takes place in all double tube heating apparatus when the tubes are long and
of small diameter and are employed.over a powerful fire.
I
Figure 3 represents in longitudinal section a Cornish or tubular boiler, the
hollow flue of which is provided with tubes. of different-shapes and sizes to

page_text: which our Invention is applied. In each of the tubes marked h, i, k, l, m, n,o,
a simple diaphragm is employed. The tubes marked h, i, m, are conical, the
tube h is open at top and bottom, and is connected to the internal flue by
flanges; the tube i is closed at bottom and open at top, the closed bottom
resting on the bottom of the internal flue, the other conical tube m is
closed at bottom and pendent in the flue as represented. The tubes k, l, n,
are parallel tubes; the tube k is open at top and bottom; the tube l is closed
at bottom and open at top, and the tube n is similar to the tube /, but pendent
in the internal flue. In the open ended tubes h and the diaphragms are
prolonged below the lower opening of the tubes as well as above the top
opening. To enable these diaphragms to be readily placed in and removed
from the tubes, the said diaphragms may be made in two parts fastened
together by screws or bolts, the upper part having a broad top or shoulder
which rests upon the top of the tube. The tube o is of a U shape, a
diaphragm being placed in one or both legs. The legs of the tube o may
either be parallel or conical. When tubes of a U shape are used the cooler
portion of the water descends one leg and the hotter water ascends the other
leg. When great heat is employed to heat these tubes the diaphragms enable
the water at ouce to determine its course.
The diaphragms in each of the
tubes represented in Figure 3 may be constructed in either of the ways
represented in Figures 1 and 2. By applying a diaphragm or diaphragms to
tubes used in the internal flues of boilers, whether the said tubes are open at
one end or at both ends, the circulation of the water in the boiler is increased
and a rapid supply of steam produced. We have represented various forms of
diaphragms and tubes in the same boiler in Figures 1, 2, and 3, in order to
render it unnecessary to multiply the number of Figures in the Drawing, but
we wish it to be understood that the whole of a boiler may be supplied with
the same kind of tubes and the same kind of diaphragms.
Figure 4 represents a cross section of a vertical boiler provided with
pendent tubes closed at bottom and containing diaphragıns according to our
Invention, part of the pendent tubes being conical and part parallel. The
said tubes are marked p, and the diaphragms q, r, is as mud catcher in the
water space of the boiler; s is the chimney or vertical flue in which is placed
a series of horizontal conical tubes t closed at one end and provided with
diaphragms, the ends of the diaphragms being bent upwards to facilitate the
ascent of the upward current. The tubest act as struts or supports to the
lue 8.
By making the pendent boiler tubes conical instead of parallel, they
possess the following advantages, namely, they facilitate the circulation of the
livided currents in the tubes and prevent any deposit or mud accumulating at

page_text: the bottom of the tubes, the smaller area of the bottom of the conical tubes
compared with the top promoting a rapid action and circulation of the water
at the said smaller end. In each of the divided tubes represented the same
action takes place, that is to say, the effect of the heat upon the water in
the said divided tubes is to determine an ascending current of water up
one or more of the compartments of each tube, and a descending current in
one or more of the other compartments of each tube. A rapid circulation
of the water in the boiler is thus set up, and the heating or evaporating of
the said water is. thereby much facilitated.
Figure 5 represents our. Invention applied to, the heating of feed water for
steam boilers, near the side of and in communication with the flues of a
boiler is a chamber a, in which chamber is a series of pendent tubes 6 closed
The
at bottom and opening at top into the large horizontal pipe or tube c.
pendent tubes b are provided with diaphragms according to our Invention
or.U tubes may be so placed. The feed water is supplied to the horizontal
pipe c by the pipe d, and the water heated by circulating through the
heated. tubes 6, is supplied to the boiler by the pipe f, as represented.
Figure 6.represents a cross section of a cooler or condenser to which our
Invention is applied. a, a, are the divided pendent tubes situated in the
chamber band opening.into the chamber c, into the chamber 6 the liquid to
be cooled or the steam to be condensed is passed. The heated liquid or
steam enters by the pipe f, and after circulating about the outside of the
tubes a, and being cooled or condensed thereby passes off by the pipe g.
The cold water for effecting the cooling or condensation is supplied to the
chamber c by the pipe d, and the heated water passes off by the pipe c.
The action of the cooler or condenser is similar to that of the boiler described,
the source of heat in the former case being the heated water or steam, and
in the latter case the currents of heat and flame from the furnace fire. The
cooler. or condenser may be made of a portable size so as to fit it for use in
large breweries or elsewhere where an effective and portable cooler is
required. In using the cooler in breweries the outer casing of the chamber b
is removed and the tubes a and upper chamber care immersed in the liquid
to be cooled. The upper chamber c is connected by the outlet and inlet
pipes d, e, with a cold water cistern, and water therefrom being allowed to
pass into the said chamber and tubes effects the cooling of the liquid
in the manner already described. By using a cooler of this kind for breweries
the trouble and expense of pumping the liquid to a high level and then running
it into the lower vessel for fermentation are avoided.
Although we have only described our Invention as applied to steam boilers

page_text: for heating water and gonerating steam, and to apparatus for cooling liquids
and condensing steam, yet our Invention may be applied in a variety of
ways for similar purposes, wherever divided tubes
wherever divided tubes may be employed.
Having now described the nature of our Invention, and the manner in
which the same is to be performed, we wish it to be understood that we do
not limit ourselves to the precise details herein described and illustrated in
the accompanying Drawing, as the same may be varied without departing
from the nature of our Invention; but we claim as our Invention of improve-
ments in apparatus for heating, evaporating, and cooling liquids,
Firstly, the employment of tubes exposed to the source of heat or cold,
containing partitions or diaphragms either straight or curved in cross section,
the said partitions or diaphragms dividing the said tubes longitudinally into
two or more compartments, substantially in the manner herein-before
described and illustrated in the accompanying Drawing, the said partitions
or diaphragms determining an upward and downward current in the tubes,
and thereby facilitating the transmission of heat to the inside or cold to
the outside of the said tubes.
repre-
Secondly, the arrangement or combination of inner and outer tubes:
sented in Figures 1 and 2 of the accompanying Drawing, and the U-shaped
tube, with or without diaphragms represented in Figure 3.
Thirdly, the arrangement of conical tubes with stopped ends and with
diaphragms for facilitating the ascent and descent of currents in the said
tubes, the said tubes being either pendent, horizontal, or vertical, or fastened
to the boiler tube or flue at the smaller end by rivets or otherwise as herein-
before described and illustrated in Figures 3 and 4 of the accompanying
Drawing.
In witness whereof, I, the said Isaac Smith, have hereunto set my hand
and seal, this Twenty-sixth day of March, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-six.
Witness,
GEORGE SHAW.
ISAAC SMITH. (L.S.)