IMPROVEMENTS IN FIXING COLOURING MATTER OF MADDER IN PRINTING AND DYEING
Year: 1852

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Robert Johnson, of Stanbrook Cottage,
Hammersmith, in the County of Middlesex, Chemist, for the
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN FIXING COLOURING MATTER OF
MADDER IN PRINTING AND DYEING."
Sealed the 9th March 1858, and dated the 2nd October 1852.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Robert
Johnson at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with
his Petition, on the 2nd October 1852.
I, JOHN ROBERT JOHNSON of Stanbrook Cottage, Hammersmith, in
the County of Middlesex, Chemist, do hereby declare the nature
of the said Invention for "IxPROVEMENTS IN FIXING COLOURING MATTER OF
MADDER IN PRINTING AND DYEING" to be as follows:-
This Invention consists in employing casein, albumen, or generally
nitrogenous organic substances soluble in alkalies for fixing alizarine,
the coloring matter of madder, upon the textile fibres.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said John Robert Johnson in the Great Seal Patent
Office, on the 2nd April 1853.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I,
JOHN ROBERT JOHNSON, of Stanbrook Cottage, Hammersmith, in the
County of Middlesex, Chemist, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Second day of October, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-two, in the
sixteenth year of Her reign, did, for Ierself, Her heirs and succes-
sors, give and grant unto me, the said John Robert Johnson,
Her special licence that I, the said John Robert Johnson, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the
said John Robert Johnson, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to
time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands,
and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN FIXING COLOUR-
ING MATTER OF MADDER IN PRINTING AND DYEING," upon the condition
(amongst others) that I, the said John Robert Johnson, by an instru-
ment in writing under my hand and seal, should particularly describe
and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner
the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the
Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and imme-
diately after the date of the said Tetters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said John Robert Johnson, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascèr-
tained in and by the following statement thereof (that is to say):
This Invention consists in employing casein, albumen, or generally
nitrogenous organic substances soluable in alkalies for fixing alizarine,
the colouring matter of madder, upon textile fibres. And in order that
my Invention may be most fully understood, and readily carried into

page_text: And I
effect, I will proceed to describe the means pursued by me.
would state that the nitrogenous organic compounds. which are useful
for this purpose are generally those which are known as the protein
compounds. And I would also stato that this Invention is confined to
the processes of printing and dyeing, when the extracted coloring matter
of madder is employed. And in carrying out this my said Invention I
employ one of the following modes: (A,) I cause the nitrogenous matter
to combine with the cotton or fibrous material to be subsequently dyed
or printed with madder colors (B), or I cause the nitrogenous matter
to combine with the coloring matter of madder to be subsequently
employed in dyeing or printing the cotton (A). In the first case I
impregnate the cotton to be dyed or printed with madder in milk,
from which the cream has been removed, diluted with about eight times
its bulk of water, and I then dry it thoroughly (a). The cloth so
treated may be uniformly covered by a mordant (iron or alumina), and
when thus prepared it may be used, First, for receiving an uniform
tint or color by dyeing with the extracted coloring matter of madder.
Second, or it may be printed in different forms or figures with the ex-
tracted coloring matter of madder mixed with some "thickener" or
vehicle, and the printed color fixed by steaming, as is well understood (b),
or the cloth so prepared may be printed in definite forms or figures.
First, by printing the usual madder mordants, and dyeing in extract of
mader, as is well understood. Second, or by printing the extracted
coloring matter of matter mixed with a mordant (a salt of iron or
alumina, or a mixture of the two), together with a " thickener" or vehicle,
and steaming to fix the color so printed (B). In the second case I
cause the nitrogenous matter to combine or be mixed with the extracted
coloring matter of madder before being used for dyeing or printing,
either by the simple addition of one to the other, or by intimately
combining or blending them in the following manner:-The coloring
matter of madder is dissolved in an alkali, say ammonia; and to this
solution I add a solution of the nitrogenous matter, milk, soluble
albumen, or one of the protein compounds dissolved in an alkali. The
mixed solution is precipitated by an acid, and I wash the precipitate.
The precipitate, which contains tho nitrogenous and coloring matters in a

page_text: state of intimate union, may be employed, First, as a topical color
upon cloth, impregnated with a mordant steaming to fix the printed
color, as is well understood. Second, as a topical colour upon unprepared
cloth, a mordant being mixed with the color before printed. Third, or
the nitrogenous colouring matter may be used in the "dye beck" in
the ordinary way to dye cotton padded or printed with the usual
madder mordants. In the first case I prefer to use a large proportion of
nitrogenous matter. To one part of pure coloring matter I add about
one hundred of skimmed milk, and precipitate the mixture by an acid.
The mixed mass of casein and coloring matter then only requires
washing, and the addition of a small quantity of alkali, to be ready for
printing, the cascin partially dissolved by the alkali acting as the
"thickener" or vehicle. Or the casein or other protein compound may
be first made into a mucilage by an alkali, and the colouring matter be
then added to the thickened mass. In cases 2, and 3, a minute quantity
of nitrogenous matter is sufficient to produce marked results. I usually,
however, employ about one fifth of the quantity of casein indicated
above, viz, to one part of coloring matter the casein from twenty
parts of skimmed milk or other protein compound in a state of solution.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Robert Johnson, have
hereunto set my hand and seal, this Second day of April, in
the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-
Witness,
S. CARPMAEL.
JOHN ROB JOHNSON. (L.s.)