THE TREATMENT AND REFINING OF SUGAR
Year: 1852

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Joseph Nash, of No. 3, Thames Parade,
Pimlico, in the County of Middlesex, Chemist, for the Invention
of "THE TREATMENT AND REFINING OF SUGAR,"
Sealed the 13th April 1853, and dated the 13th October 1852.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Joseph Nash at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
13th October 1852.
I, JOSEPH NASH, of 3, Thames Parade, Pimlico, County of Middle-
sex, Chemist, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
THE TREATMENT AND REFINING OF SUGAR," to be as follows:-
1. The treatment of crude sugar, cane juice, beet, & other natural
sugars, by the use of the salts or preparations of tin, having the well
known property of precipitating mucilage, albumine, extractive and
coloring matters,-the impurities of sugar in its natural state; and
separating excess of tin by well known agency.
2 By the use of chlorine and soluble chlorides for the complete dis-
charge of color, which may be used in conjunction with preparations of
tin, with the advantage of increased effect in the treatment of crude sugar.
3. As improvements in processes or parts of processes already in use,
[Price 8d.]

page_text: the following chemical agency will be found of practical utility:-The
employment of preparations of tin and other bases, and their salts
suitable to the same purpose, for separating traces of lead or its combi-
nations from sugar refined by the salts of lead or its combination, by
the application of the principle of substitution or displacement of one
body by the substitution of another body less objectionable, and in part
separable by simple combination.
4. By the use of certain acids and their salts, not hitherto applied in
the treatment of sugar, for the precipitation of lime, and also lead from
sugar, which has been treated therewith.
5. By the use of ammonia as a powerful solvent of sugar, capable of
insulating its action with some metallic oxides, and capable of dissolving
out the smallest quantity in matters containing it, as spent or crushed
canes, &c., where a large quantity of water would be inapplicable.
6. And also the use of ammonia for the treatment of animal charcoal
when its action is exhausted, and restoring it for future use; and for
dissolving albumine in the treatment of sugar.
Finally. As examples of some of the class of substances indicated in
the in the above application of well known principles to the treatment of
sugar, which may be found of practical utility, but not heretofore used
for the purposes described, it will be suflicient to enumerate the follow-
ing oxallic, tartaric, phosphoric, & boracic acids, and their soluble
salts, soluble silicates and stannates, sulphites of allumina, and tin, &c. &c.
The order of selection, and specific manner of using the same or
others, to be set forth in my Complete Specification.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Joseph Nash in the Great Seal l'atent Office,
on the 13th April 1853.
TO ALL TO WHOM
THESE
'
PRESENTS SHALL COME, I
JOSEPH NASH, of No. 3, Thames Parade, Pimlico, in the County
of Middlesex, Chemist, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Thirteenth day of October, in the year

page_text: of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-two, in the sixteenth
year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and
grant unto me, the said Joseph Nash Her special licence that I,
the said Joseph Nash, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or
such others as 1, the said Joseph Nash, my executors, administrators,
and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time
to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands,
and Isle of Man, an Invention for "THE TREATMENT AND REFINING
OF SUGAR," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Joseph
Nash, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, should
particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention,
and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same
to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months
next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Joseph Nash, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the
same is to be performed to be particularly described and ascertained in
and by the following statement, agreeably to the tenor of my Pro-
visional Specification now first recited:
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
First. The treatment of crude sugar, cane juice, beet, and other
natural sugars, by the use of the salts or preparations of tin, having the
well known property of precipitating mucilage, albumine, extractive and
coloring matters,-the impurities of sugar in its natural state; and
separating excess of tin by well known agency.
Second. By the use of chlorine and soluble chlorides, for the complete
discharge of color, which may be used in conjunction with preparations
of tin, with the advantage of increased effect in the treatment of crude
sugar.
Third. As improvements in processes or parts of processes already in
use, the following chemical agency will be found of practical utility :-
The employment of preparations of tin and other bases, and their salts

page_text: uitable to the same purpose, for separating traces of lead or its combi-
nations from sugar refined by the salts of lead or its combinations, by
the application of the principle of substitution or displacement of one
body by the substitution of another body less objectionable, and in part
separable by simple combination.
Fourth. By the use of certain acids and their salts, not hitherto
applied in the treatment of sugar, for the precipitation of lime, and also
lead from sugar which has been treated therewith.
Fifth. By the use of ammonia as a powerful solvent of sugar, capable
of insulating its action with some metallic oxides, and capable of dis-
solving out the smallest quantity in matters containing it, as spent or
crushed canes, &c., where a large quantity of water would be inapplicable
Sixth. And also the use of ammonia for the treatment of anima]
charcoal when its action is exhausted and restoring it for future use; and
in dissolving albumine for the treatment of sugar.
Finally. As examples of some of the class of substances indicated in
the above application of well known principles to the treatment of sugar,
which may be found of practical utility, but not heretofore used for the
purposes described, it will be sufficient to enumerate the following:-
oxalic, tartaric, phosphoric, and boracic acids, and their soluble salts,
soluble silicates and stannates, sulphites of alumina, and tin, &c. &c.
The order of selection, and specific manner of using the same or
others, to be set forth in my Complete Specification.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
The general nature and purposes of application of my said Invention
being set forth in the above-recited Provisional Specification, I now
proceed more particularly to describe the manner of performing the
same, so that the improvements may be clearly understood and carried
out into working practice in the treatment and refining of sugar, dis-
tinguishing the claims therein to novelty and utility from the processes
or parts thereof, illustrative of and conjunctive with these improvements,
but not so claimed as regards novelty of invention.
First. My improvements relate to the defeculation of sugar syrup,
sugar cane juice, beet root, and other natural sugars, now effected by

page_text: common methods well understood, but which will be more perfectly and
expeditiously performed by the chemical agency of certain salts of tin
hereafter described, which have the well known property of combining
with certain organic matters in their separate state, such as mucilage or
gum, extractive and coloring matter, and also with vegetable, or animal
albumine, three of which bodies in their combined state are known to
form the natural impurities of sugar.
At the head of the class of tin salts, in reference to their power of
and suitability for the defeculation of sugar by the coagulation and sepa-
ration of the said impurities, stands the salt variously described in che-
mical books as the muriate, the proto-muriate, the nitro-muriate, the
hydro-chlorate. and the proto-chloride of tin, and which is well known as
a commercial salt prepared for the use of dyers, calico printers, and color
makers, who employ it as a mordant or basis of color from its well
known fixity of combination with vegetable, extractive, and other coloring
matters.
Several of the soluble salts, and even some of the insoluble prepara-
tions of tin, might be used for treating sugar with various degrees of
effect, the most unstable generally answering the purpose best, as the
nitrate, which may be considered an equivalent for the salt above
described; and the phosphate, the hydrated oxide, stannic acid, and
the stannates of potas and soda, produce certain like efects, but in an
inferior degree; yet, for powerful action, economy of cost, and simplicity
of preparation, the salt first above described and directed to be used is
to be preferred, and which should be thus prepared.
Take fine grain tin and strong muriatic acid, or (to obtain a more rapid
solution) a mixture of one part nitric acid with two parts muriatic acid,
and digest therein the grain tin, adding the tin in successive portions
to the acid as they are dissolved until the acid will not take up more,
and then evaporate the solution to a syrupy consistence, by keeping
which in warm and dry air, crystals will be formed, when they should
be drained free from excess of acid. This is the salt to be met with
in commerce by the name of crystals of muriate of tin, and it will
effectually answer the purpose of defeculating sugar, but it is best to
prepare the salt exclusively for such use by continuing the application

page_text: of heat, either to the first formed solution of tin, or to the crystals of
the commercial salt, until the property of concreting in crystals is,
destroyed by the expulsion thereby of all free acid, leaving a pasty
yellowish body of the consistence of honey. This is the proto-chloride
of tin, and much preferable. It may be readily dissolved in pure water
and used in the state of solution while the crystals of muriate of tin are
partially decomposed by water, and therefore require to be added to the
syrup in their solid state, and rapidly diffused.
For the manner of applying this first part of my improvements by
the treatment of the salts or the above specially described salt of tin,
the syrup may either be first treated as described under the fourth
bead; and then afterwards or conjunctively therewith, the syrup may
be treated with the aforesaid salt of tin; or the application thereof may
precede such other treatment of the syrup; or it may be used by itself
independently.
And also the said process of treatment by the aforesaid salt of tin
may be used conjunctively with, and either made to precede or to follow
the process described under the second head of my improvements
attending to the directions specified under the said second and fourth
heads respectively. Yet it may be considered and used as an inde
pendent process complete in itself, which I now proceed to describe.
In applying the salts of tin, or the aforesaid muriate or proto-
chloride of tin, to the defeculation of sugar syrup, various proportions
may be practically adopted, according to the higher or lower qualities of
the sugar subjected to treatment therewith; sugar cane juice always
requiring much more than raw manufactured, or muscavado or other
sugars, but as a general rule, the ordinary qualities of such sugars will
require from a half to one per cent. of this salt of tin, for the weight of
sugar so treated.
Either the crystals of the muriate of tin, or the
solution of the proto-chloride of tin, in the above or varied proportions
as the quality of sugar requires, is to be added to the syrup at about
100 degrees of heat, more or less, and by rapid stirring diffusion of the
salt throughout the whole body of the syrup quickly effected, and then
by a gradual elevation of temperature to the usual extent the coagulum
of the impurities with the oxide of tin will rapidly granulate, which

page_text: may be separated either by scum boiling or precipitation, according to
the method selected for neutralizing the free acid arising from the
decomposition of the salt of tin, together with any slight excess of the
salt used.
This may be effected by any of the ordinary and well-known chemical
re-agents, such as carbonate of lime, carbonate of soda, carbonate of
potas, carbonate of ammonia, or still better by the soluble phosphates,
phosphate of soda, a well known salt of commerce, or by the insoluble
hydrate of phosphate of lime, prepared by dissolving bone ash (calcined
bones) in muriatic acid, and precipitating by any neutralising alkali and
washing the same, or by solution of super-phosphate of lime. In case
the sugar abounds with previously combined lime one great advantage
of neutralizing with phosphate of lime consists in its combination with
the magma of the impurities, thereby greatly improving its capacity for
filtering.
If the granulation of the coagulum of impurities is broken up by
too much boiling or agitation it forms a precipitate, but it may be
separated by the usual scum boiling process means of the addition
of animal albumine, in the use of which I direct as follows:-
The prepared alkaline solution of albumine, by preference made with
ammonia, which is described under the sixth head, may be used either
in conjunction with some of the neutralising agents above mentioned,
or by itself, which I prefer, except in union with the use of the phos-
phate of lime, chiefly for the reason before stated; and I use this
solution in such proportions as are found necessary with the ordinary
attention to neutralize the free acid or any slight excess of the tin.
Salt albumine in such a state of solution forms a very delicate and
certain re-agent for the removal of any trace of the tin salt, and at the
same time it affords all the advantages of the clarifying process by
scum boiling as now practised by means of bullock's blood, but effecting
the same by means of so small a quantity as compared with the usual
proportions, as to constitute a great improvement in this branch of the
usual treatment, the quantity of albumine not being regulated by the
amount of impurities, but only by the extent of acid to be neutralized
by the alkali combined in the solution, the limpid state of which

page_text: admits of its intimate and complete diffusion throughout the volume
of syrup under treatment, which of course should be effected at a low
or medium temperature.
Having alluded to the suitability of the process described in this first
head of my improvements for its union with other and separate treat-
ment to be herein-after described, I would here remark that by such
combinations of treatment, economy of the used agencies is obtained
admitting of reduction of the proportions necessary for their inde-
pendent or separate use. Mucilage or gum being one of the greatest
natural impediments to the perfect granulation of the sugar crystals,
the best effect is to be obtained by using the salt of tin only in such
proportions as are practically found to be requisite for the separation
of the mucilage without much regard to other circumstances. The
syrup being thus rendered more limpid may be worked with reduced
proportions of water, and the effect of the charcoal filter will be
rendered inore powerful and lasting from the absence of mucilage and
extractive matter in the syrup, which, after the treatment herein above
described, and prepared in a neutral state, will granulate crystals in the
most perfect manner.
Second. Under the second head of my improvements, I use the soluble
chlorides of lime, magnesia, alumina, the alkaline chlorides, or chlorine,
water, or gas. Any one of these being selected may be used success-
fully for the purposes herein described, with only such variations of
treatment as their several bases, or otherwise, chemically indicate, as is
well understood. The first is a commercial preparation well known,
from which the rest may be readily prepared by double decomposition,
or otherwise, as is also well understood, and in the use of which I direct
as follows:
In conjunction with the foregoing treatment described under the
first head of my improvements, by the salts of tin, I proceed to effect a
further degree of refining or more complete discharge of color, so as
to relieve the charcoal filter of great part of its work, or altogether
supersede its use, as may be considered desirable, by treating the syrup
with a cold saturated solution of the chloride of lime, of which solution
about five or ten per cent. may be used, but the proportions may be

page_text: varied according to the quality of the sugar operated on, or the degree
of purity required.
These conjoined processes may be reversed by treating the syrup,
first, with the chloride of lime, and afterwards by the salt of tin; or the
chloride of lime and the salt of tin might be mixed at the instant of
using them, and then added to the syrup at the lowest convenient
temperature, but this is not recommended.
The chloride of lime may be employed in its crude state in the pro-
portions of about three to five per cent. mixed up with cold water to a
creamy consistence, but it is always preferable to use it in the state
of a clear solution, excepting where no provision has been made for the
additional water, or as in the case of cane juice herein-after described.
As an independent process the chloride of lime may be used alone,
either for refining sugar or treating cane juice, as by its agency all im-
purities. may be separated and at the same time the color discharged,
for which purpose from three to five per cent. or more of the crude
chloride, and ten, fifteen, or twenty per cent. of the solution, may be
used, but these proportions may be practically varied.
The addition of the chloride of lime or other suitable chloride should
always be made, and its action be allowed to expend itself, at as low a
temperature as convenient, or even nearly cold; and it is desirable not
to exceed ninety to one hundred degrees during its action or previous
to the further treatment of the same, as herein-after directed. After a
short time its expended action will be indicated by the absence of
smell, or only a very slight smell of chlorine remaining, and also by the
brightening and limpid transparency of the syrup, with the impurities
thrown up as a scum, or partly precipitated, according to the degree of
density of the syrup operated on. This refined syrup will be, with
regard to color, as the proportions used to the quality of the sugar, the
preponderance of vegeto-extractive coloring or carbonized coloring from
burning, either colorless as water, or of a fine light straw color.
In reference to the further treatment of the syrup I may here
remark that after the action of the chloride of lime is completed, there
results from such chemical change the formation of chloride of calcium
or muriate of lime, which remains in solution with the syrup, and if

page_text: the syrup is boiled down without its removal or recombination, the
same effect would follow as if muriate of lime was added to ordinary
syrup, which would be to carbonize and discolor, and a like injury
would arise from excess of undecomposed chlorine reacting on the
color of the sugar at a high temperature.
For the removal or decomposition of these matters, various well known
re-agents may be employed, such as metallic oxides, other organic matters,
and the alkaline carbonates and phosphates; and also certain acids and
their salts, such as oxalic acid and oxalate of potas, tartaric acid, aud
tartrate of potas, &c.; and the phosphate of soda and phosphate of
lime, as also the silicates of soda and potas, and their stannates:
The addition of a small quantity of any suitable preparation of
tin used until the smell is removed will counteract the effects of any
free chlorine or undecomposed chloride, such as the hydrated oxide,
the phosphate, the oxalate stannic acid, and stannate of soda, and even
the salts of tin before directed under the first head. And herein consists
one advantage of combining the two processes described under the
first head and this second head, as either separate or conjoined.
To decompose or recombine the muriate of lime left in the syrup,
oxalic acid and the soluble oxalates are effective, but I prefer the
phosphates of soda, or potas, or ammonia, for the reason before stated
as to its ready separation by filtration; but 1 complete the ueutraliza-
tion with the alkaline solution of albumine as directed under the first
head, and more particularly described under the sixth head.
From the use of this process, either by itself or in combination with
the foregoing process described under the first head, a syrup of great
purity is obtained in such a state of limpidity as might admit of con-
siderable reduction in the quantity of water usually employed for the
solution of the sugar in the first instance; and after it has passed the bag
filters it either may or not, as desired, be passed through the charcoal
filter, but not necessary, except to insure perfect brightness; when the
necessary attention having been given to ensure correct neutralization,
may be evaporated in the vacuum pan in the usual way.
it
By the application of the chloride cf lime treatment in suitable pro-
portions to the manufacture of raw sugar from cane juice, beet root,

page_text: and other natural syrups, with due attention to the particulars described
in the refining of sugar by its means, the natural impurities will not
only be thrown out of combination with the sugar, and the vegetable
acids of the juice destroyed, but the gerns of fermentation will also
be entirely destroyed by its well known action upon these organic
matters. Such depurated juice will then keep a sufficient length of
time to be manufactured into sugar at leisure by the ordinary process,
without the risk of any loss of product by fermentation as now
commonly happens.
Third. Under the third head of my improvements, which relates to
the perfect separation of the last traces of lead left in sugar that has
been refined by means of the salts of lead, I proceed upon the well-
known law of substitution to displace one metal by the replacement of
another metal having a higher attraction for oxigen, as illustrated by
the well-known property of zinc to replace several metallic oxides
which have an inferior degree of affinity for the combined oxigen. Zinc
being wholly inapplicable in this case, I therefore take one of the most
stable preparations of the prot-oxide of tin, which is the soluble
sulphite of tin, to effect this object, in the following manner :-
Having precipitated the manifest excess of lead by any of the
ordinary re-agents which have been or might be used for that pur-
pose, amongst which I prefer oxalic acid and the soluble oxalates,
or the soluble sulphite of alumina; and, attending to the proper
neutralization of any free acid in the syrup, I purposely leave a
known trace of lead in the solution, to be afterwards completely
precipitated by the aforesaid sulphite of tin, when it will be found the
lead has been displaced, and replaced by a trace of the oxide of tin,
which in its new state of combination forms a salt of less stability than
the salt it was derived from, and its removal can be easily effected by
means already described; but I prefer the final treatment as directed
under the former heads, by boiling with the alkaline solution of
albumine.
The sulphite of tin is readily made by dissolving protoxide of tin
in aqueous sulphureous acid.
I also ensure the same certainty of separation of lead by dissolving

page_text: the sugar treated with lead in strong ammonia as described under the
fifth head, which insulates the action of the sugar on the oxide of lead,
so that the ordinary tests and re-agents will effect its separation. For
instance, the most delicate test for lead, the hydro-sulphate of ammonia,
fails even at a boiling heat to detect this latent trace of lead in an
aqueous solution of sugar, because sulphur and sulphuret of lead are
equally soluble with the oxide of lead, even in a cold solution of sugar
in water. But if the sugar is dissolved in strong ammonia the combined
lead is rapidly precipitated by this and also by other re-agents upon the
application of heat, and may then be fixed in its separated state by the
coagulating agency of albumine.
Fourth. Under the fourth head of my improvements I
propose to
treat all raw sugars containing combined lime (a clear solution of which
can be readily tested with oxalid acid), in the first instance with free
phosphoric acid or the super-phosphate of lime to precipitate the lime
they contain. The oxalic acid and sulphurous acids, and their soluble
salts, might be used for such purpose, but I prefer the phosphoric
from the better filtering property of the phosphate of lime as before
explained, which in that respect is so far serviceable that in case the
combined lime is unusually small in quantity, the addition of a small
portion of hydrated phosphate of lime may be made, or a solution of
phosphate of lime (bone ash) in muriatic or other acid may be added,
to be afterwards precipitated by the subsequent neutralizing re-agents
employed. The syrup thus simply treated will, if neutralized, and
boiled with the alkaline solution of albumine, as before directed, be
much superior to the ordinarily treated syrup by lime and blood, so as
to constitute an important simple improvement. Yet the most impor-
tant use of this treatment is to be made in its conjoined operation with
or preliminary to the separate or conjoined processes described under
the first and second heads of these improvements, and is to be considered
as an integral part thereof. The dealing with lead in sugar refined
therewith is fully described under the third head.
Fifth. Ammonia of specific gravity 0.945 will dissolve pure sugar
in the proportions of about three-sixteenths of the weight of the sugar
dissolved, and crude raw sugars in quantities varying between those

page_text: proportions and one-eighth of their weight. One of the uses of this
solvent for sugar has been explained under the third head. As all
the useful applications of this solvent depends upon its specific pro-
perties in reference to treating and refining sugar, I here explain that
ammonia is one of the most effective solvents for both vegetable
and animal organic matters, without alteration of their structure or
properties as would be produced in some instances by the fixed alkalies.
The fixity of combination of ammonia is greater for the extractive and
other impurities of sugar than for the sugar itself, which will be repro-
duced in an unaltered state by either spontaneous or artificial evapo-
ration of the ammonia; and it may thus be made available to the
manufacture of sugar candy of superior quality, with rapidity of opera-
tion in developing the most perfect form of crystals of sugar.
Its solvent power will be also very serviceable in the process of
refining sugar, enabling the refiner to work the most limpid syrups.
with the smallest proportions of water (that of its own combination)
without its interfering with other affiuities essential to the operation.
But it necessarily requires to be worked in close vessels to prevent
loss, and to regain by final distillation the ammonia so used for further
and continuous use, as is well understood.
The ammonical solution of pure sugar may be used with great
advantage for cleansing the cones of sugar by the usual method of-
displacement by filtration.
Sixth. One important application of ammonia is its employment for
cleansing the charcoal filter, and restoring it for future use. For this
purpose I direct that, after the ammonia has been allowed to pass
through the charcoal filter until the mucilaginous, albuminous, and
extractive matters have been dissolved out by its agency, and itself
displaced by a suitable quantity of water, it is to be mixed with slack
or quick lime, in a rough iron still, and recovered for future use, as by
this process is well understood.
Another application of ammonia of the most important service and
value is as a solvent for animal albumine, the use of which has been
described under some of the previous heads. By its means a limpid
solution capable of diffusion in the smallest quantities is obtainable, and

page_text: not only can fresh but dried albumine, either as glare of eggs or fresh
blood, but these matters dried, and also horns, hoofs, and similar mat-
ters containing albumine, when desirable, may be employed.
This solution of albumine in ammonia does not require any rigidly
formed or known constitution, but may be left to any ordinary work-
man both to prepare and apply, for although it is to be used as a neu-
tralizing agent it only requires the ordinary care of a workman's usual
observation and attention, and if used in excess it is incapable of pro-
ducing the least injury to the quality of the sugar, which it finally leaves
without combination.
In the application of this albuminous solution, the quantity is not to
be regulated by the amount of inpurities as required in the ordinary
blood boiling, but only to the extent of its combined alkali necessary to
neutralize any free acid or excess of acid salt present in the syrup,
while its employment in this way ensures the full benefit of the
clarifying process of coagulation now obtained by means of a great bulk
and weight of blood.
It will be obvious that the two natural equivalents for ammonia,
which are soda and potas, may be made to fulfil similar purposes. I
therefore direct the use of these alkalies for the same purposes, with
the following variations of reatment and application:-First, after the
cleansing the charcoal filter, a greater quantity of water must be passed
through to remove the said alkalies, and for its recovery for future use
lime is to be stirred in, which will precipitate the acquired impurities,
and lime should also be used in the first instance to produce the caustic
state of alkali necessary for that purpose: Secondly, in the use and
application of the solution of albumine with potas or soda, greater care
must be taken to obtain exact neutralization by the usual methods well
known and practised, as an excess would be injurious, while I have
described the ammonia solution as not requiring such exact attention
to this particular. Both the caustic or carbonated alkalies may be
used for this solution, the carbonates with recent or fresh albumine,
and in the caustic state for the dried matters before described.
Finally. As examples of the class of chemical agents practically useful
in these my combined and separate improvements, I have described such

page_text: with the subjects to which they relate; and I now proceed to define
what are my special claims, as distinct from what herein contained is
before known or used.
CLAIMS.
First, I claim the application of the muriate or proto-chloride or
tin with the salts and preparations of tin described, or other prepa-
rations of tin equivalent thereto, and applicable to the purposes herein-
before described, explained, and directed in the treatment and refining
of sugar.
Second, I claim the application of the chloride of lime as described
in the treatment of sugar, together with the other soluble chlorides
and preparations of chlorine described as equivalent to the same
purposes; and I specially claim the manner described of separate or
combined use of the same under the regulations and directions herein-
before set forth and explained.
Third, I claim the discovery of the separation of lead from sugar,
or the displacement of oxide of lead from sugar by the replacement of
tin or its oxide, or any other body applicable as an equivalent agent for
the same purpose, and specially the sulphite of tin and other agency
described; also the concurrent use of albumine for fixing and com-
biuing with the displaced lead, and for the total or partial separation
of the agent of replacement; also the use of ammonia as described
under the third head. But I do not claim the use of any of the salts
of lead in the treatment of sugar otherwise than in connexion with
the principle of substitution and the agency described; nor do I claim
the use of albumine generally in the treatment of sugar otherwise
than for the purposes described of separating and combining with the
chemical agents as described, and in the state of alkaline solution for
the treatment of sugar.
Fourth, I claim only the special use of phosphoric acid, the neutral
and super-phosphate of lime, the acids, and alkalies, and salts, described
in connexion with and for the purposes so described, as necessary
parts of my process, but I do not claim their general or exclusive use
otherwise than as described.

page_text: Fifth, I claim the use of ammonia generally as a solvent of sugar,
and for its extraction from the sugar canes or other natural sources of
sugar, and also as a solvent of albumine, and also for cleansing and
restoring animal charcoal; and I also claim the alkalies, potas, and
soda, in part, for some of these purposes, in so far as they are
applicable thereto, as the natural equivalents for ammonia, as herein-
before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Joseph Nash, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Twelfth day of April, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-three.
JOSEPH NASH. (L.S.)