IMPROVEMENTS IN THE ARRANGEMENT AND APPLICATION OF ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS "
Year: 1882

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Frank Jacob of N° 12, Queen Anne's Gate Westminster
in the County of Middlesex, for an Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
ARRANGEMENT AND APPLICATION OF ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS "
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION, left by the said Frank Jacob at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 11th July 1882.
"
OF
FRANK JACOB of N° 12 Queen Anne's Gate Westminster in the County of
Middlesex * "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE ARRANGEMENT AND APPLICATION
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS'
"
...
Letters Patent dated the 17th January 1882 N° 231 have been granted to
C. W. Siemens for an invention communicated to him from Abroad by me Frank
Jacob. According to the Title and Provisional Specification of the said Letters Patent
the invention is confined to "Improvements in telephonic conductors," and although
the invention is also applicable to electrical conductors other than those used for
telephonic purposes, it may be doubtful whether under the said Title and Provisional
Specification it could be properly.claimed for other than telephonic conductors.
As I desire to claim the invention as applied to electrical conductors generally
whether they are used for telephones, telegraphs, electric lights, electric power
machines or other apparatus to or in which electricity is applied, I now, during the
period of Provisional Protection granted for the invention described in the said
Provisional Specification, and before publication or use of the said invention,
desire to obtain farther Letters Patent for the Invention in its extended form as
I proceed to describe.
It is often of great advantage to employ for electrical purposes pairs of con-
ductors the one of each pair leading the currents to a distant instrument or
apparatus and the other serving for the return currents. When the electricity is
employed to work telephonic instruments it is particularly advantageous to employ
in this manner pairs of wires and to twine them together in one cord as this has
the effect of preventing interference by induction from adjacent wires. On the
other hand when there are many sets of instruments or apparatus requiring
electrical conductors, the doubling of their respective wires involves considerably.
increased expense, and therefore recourse is generally had to the use of the earth
instead of a return wire, thus saving cost but in many cases sacrificing efficiency.
Now the object of my invention is to secure all the advantages of duplicate con-
ductors without incurring the double expense which their use involves, and this
I effect by the system which I will now describe,

page_text: I will assume that there is a double wire provided for telephonic or telegraphic
conduction to and from one distant instrument which I may call A. and also a
double wire for a second instrument B. According to my invention I work a
third instrument C without any additional wire by simply using the double
wires of the first and second instruments to complete the circuit for the third, the.
one pair of wires say those for the first instrument A conducting the currents to
the third instrument C and the other pair namely those for the second instrument B
conducting the currents back from the third C. Again if there were four
instruments A, B, D and E each having its pair of wires, then the pair for A and
the pair for B may serve for another C as above described also the pair for D and
the pair for E may similarly serve for another instrument F, not only so but the
four wires so applied for C and the four wires for F may serve for another instru-
ment G, the result being that seven circuits are worked by eight wires. By
similarly multiplying and combining circuits, I am enabled to work approximately
one circuit for each wire retaining nevertheless for each circuit a pair of conductors.
In cases where the earth may without serious objection be used instead of the
return wire, the conductors may be somewhat differently combined. Thus an
instrument E may have its double wire, and these two wires with earth for return
may work another instrument I. Or again two instruments such as H. and J may
have each its pair of wires, the wires of H and earth may be used for K, and the
wires of J and earth may be used for L, or the two pairs of wires for H and J may
form a complete circuit for M, and the four wires with earth for return may serve
for N, thus providing as many circuits as there are wires.
It is obvious that many other combinations might be formed in this manner, all
following the same system, that is to say whenever two wires are used in com-
pleting a single circuit that pair may be used as a single line forming part of
another circuit having another pair or earth for its return. Although each pair of
wires may be thus made to serve in several distinct circuits, the instruments of
those circuits, can nevertheless be operated simultaneously without interfering with
one another as may be understood by considering the condition of the A, B, and C
circuits above.described as the first illustration of the application of my system.
I will suppose that the A circuit is in use, an electrical current passing forwards
along one of its wires and returning by the other, and that at this time the
C circuit is brought into use, by a current passing forwards along the A pair of
wires and back by the B pair. The effect of this additional current makes no
difference in the relative condition of the two A. wires, for by whatever positive
potential it may increase the already positive potential of the one wire, it by the
same amount diminishes the negative potential of the other, so that the difference
of potential of the two wires remains the same as before, and therefore the effect on
the instruments operated by them is unchanged. In like manner when a greater.
number of circuits are connected as above described; each circuit remains unin-
fluenced by currents passing through both its wires to serve other circuits.
The coils of instruments in circuits thus connected may be differentially wound,
or resistances or condensers or both may be added at the junctions of the double
lines so as to determine equality of potential on each side of the instruments
worked by the primary circuits.
When there are several pairs of wires, each pair constituting a primary circuit,
employed as above described to constitute single conductors for secondary circuits,
and when the pairs so combined are farther employed for tertiary circuits and so
on, it is of advantage, particularly for telephonic purposes, to intertwine the wires,
so as to prevent interference by induction, in the following manner. The two
wires of each primary pair are twined together forming a cord of two wires; two
of these twined pairs are then twined together forming a cord of four wires, two of
these quadruple cords are twined together and so on, according to the number of
pairs combined.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Frank Jacob in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 10th January
1883.
FRANK JACOB of No 12 Queen Annes Gate, Westminster, in the county of
Middlesex. "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE ARRANGEMENT AND APPLICATION OF
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS
"
Letters Patent dated the 17 January 1882 No 231 have been granted to
C. W. Siemens for an invention communicated to him from abroad by me,
Frank Jacob. According to the Title and provisional specification of the said
Letters Patent the invention is confined to "Improvements in Telephonic
Conductors," and although the invention is also applicable to electrical conductors
other than those used for telephonic purposes, it may be doubtful whether under
the said Title and Provisional Specification it could be properly claimed for other
than telephonic conductors. As I desire to claim the invention as applied to
electrical conductors generally, whether they are used for telephones, telegraphs,
electric lights, electric power machines or other apparatus to or in which
electricity is applied, I now, during the period of Provisional Protection granted
for the invention described in the said Provisional Specification, and before
publication or use of the said invention, desire to obtain farther Letters Patent
for the invention in its extended form, as I proceed to describe.
It is often of great advantage to employ for electrical purposes pairs of
conductors, the one of each pair leading the currents to a distant instrument or
apparatus and the other serving for the return currents. When the electricity is
employed to work telephonic instruments, it is particularly advantageous to employ
in this manner pairs of wires and to twine them together in one cord, as this has
the effect of preventing interference by induction from adjacent wires. On the
other hand, when there are many sets of instruments or apparatus requiring
electrical conductors, the doubling of their respective wires involves considerably
increased expense, and therefore recource is generally had to the use of the earth
instead of a return wire, thus saving cost but in many cases sacrificing efficiency.
Now the object of my invention is to secure all the advantages of duplicate
conductors without incurring the double expense which their use involves, and this
I effect by the system which I will now describe.
I will assume that there is a double wire provided for telephonic or telegraphic
conduction to and from one distant instrument which I may call A, and also a
double wire for a second instrument B. According to my invention, I work a
third instrument C without any additional wire by simply using the double wires
of the first and second instruments to complete the circuit for the third, the one
pair of wires, say those for the first instrument A conducting the currents to the
third instrument C, and the other pair, namely those for the second instrument B,
conducting the currents back from the third C. Again, if there were four
instruments A, B, D and E, each having its pair of wires, then the pair for A and
the pair for B may serve for another C as above described; also the pair for D and
the pair for E may similarly serve for another instrument F; not only so, but the
four wires so applied for C and the four wires for F may serve for another
nstrument G, the result being that seven circuits are worked by eight wires. By
imilarly multiplying and combining circuits, I am enabled to work approximately
ne circuit for each wire, retaining nevertheless for each circuit a pair of
conductors.

page_text: In cases where the earth may, without serious objection, be used instead of the
return wire, the conductors may be somewhat differently combined. Thus an
instrument H may have its double wire, and these two wires with earth for return
may work another instrument I. Or again two instruments such as H and J may
have each its pair of wires, the wires of H and earth may be used for K, and the 5
wires of J and earth may be used for L, or the two pairs of wires for H and J may
form a complete circuit for M, and the four wires with earth for return may serve
for N, thus providing as many circuits as there are wires.
It is obvious that many other combinations might be formed in this manner,
all following the same system, that is to say, whenever two wires are used in 1
completing a single circuit, that pair may be used as a single line forming part of
another circuit having another pair or earth for its return. Although each pair of
wires may be thus made to serve in several distinct circuits, the instruments of
those circuits can nevertheless be operated simultaneously without interfering with
one another, as may be understood by considering the condition of the A, B
and C circuits above described as the first illustration of the application of my
system. I will suppose that the A circuit is in use, an electrical current passing
forwards along one of its wires, and returning by the other, and that at this time
the C circuit is brought into use, by a current passing forwards along the A pair of
wires, and back by the B pair. The effect of this additional current makes no
difference in the relative condition of the two A wires, for by whatever positive
potential it may increase the already positive potential of the one wire, it by the
same amount diminishes the negative potential of the other, so that the difference
of potential of the two wires remains the same as before, and therefore the effect
on the instruments operated by them is unchanged. In like manner, when a
greater number of circuits are connected as above described, each circuit remains
uninfluenced by currents passing through both its wires to serve other circuits:
The coils of instruments in circuits thus connected may be differentially wound,
or resistances or condensers or both may be added at the junctions of the double
lines so as to determine equality of potential on each side of the instruments
worked by the primary circuits.
The two
When there are several pairs of wires, each pair constituting a primary circuit,
employed as above described to constitute single conductors for secondary circuits,
and when the pairs so combined are farther employed for tertiary circuits, and so
on, it is of advantage, particularly for telephonic purposes, to intertwine the wires,
so as to prevent interference by induction, in the following manner.
wires of each primary pair are twined together forming a cord of two wires;
two of these twined pairs are then twined together forming a cord of four wires,
two of these quadruple cords are twined together, and so on, according to the
number of pairs combined
In carrying out this invention as above described, any known kind of conductors
may be employed, and along with them suitable resistances, condensers or other
known arrangements for determining the various circuits. Fig 1 of the
accompanying drawings illustrates a simple combination in which the two wires L
connecting two instruments A and A¹ are utilised as a single line with
extensions of any required length for connecting two other instruments B and
B', earth E being used for the return part of the circuit of the latter pair of
instruments. The first instruments A A are conveniently situated within bridges
in the limbs of which resistances Rare introduced, these resistances being arranged
so as to equalise the potentials on the two sides of each instrument. Fig 2
illustrates a combination for working four pairs of instruments with four wires,
employing earth for the return part of the circuit of the last pair. In this case
the two pairs A A¹ and A³ A³ are connected by their double wires LL
respectively. These two pairs of wires L L' complete a circuit for a third pair of
instruments C C', and the four wires of L L', with earth for return, complete a
circuit for a fourth pair of wires instruments D D'. The instruments A A', A³ A³
C C¹, are situated in bridges with resistances R arranged in the limbs of the bridges

page_text: In many cases where there are two separate conductors, each forming part of a
circuit with earth for return, its has been found advantageous to exclude earth by
using one of the two conductors for return, but the use of one of the lines is thus
sacrificed. If however, in such a case, the two conductors, besides being employed
to form in themselves a complete circuit, be also employed according to my
invention as a single conductor with earth for return, the use of two lines will still
be maintained, and while the one circuit from which earth is excluded will have
the advantage of increased speed of operation and of elimination of disturbance
from earth currents, the other circuit, having its conductor doubled, will present
such advantages as result from diminution of resistance.
Having thus described the nature of my invention and in what manner the same
is to be performed, I claim —
=
The herein described method of connecting several sets of electrical instruments
or apparatus by employing the double conductors of one set as a single conductor
for another set, and multiples of such double lines as single lines.
In Witness whereof, the said Frank Jacob, have hereunto set my hand
and seal this fifth day of January in the year of our Lord, One thousand,
eight hundred and eighty-three
FRANK JACOB. (L.S.)