IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR DRAWING OR EXHAUSTING AND FORCING, A communication INJECTING, OR IMPELLING FLUID AND LIQUID BODIES
Year: 1878

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Edward Newton, of the Office for Patents,
66, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, for the Inven-
tion of "IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR DRAWING OR EXHAUSTING AND FORCING,
A communication
INJECTING, OR IMPELLING FLUID AND LIQUID BODIES."
from abroad by Emanuel Denis Farcot, of Paris, in the Republic of France..
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Edward Newton at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 16th July 1878.
WILLIAM EDWARD NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery Lane, in the
County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer. "IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR DRAWING OR
EXHAUSTING AND FORCING, INJECTING, OR IMPELLING FLUID AND LIQUID BODIES."
[A communication from abroad by Emanuel Denis Farcot, of Paris, in the
Republic of France.]
This Invention has for its object to set in motion gaseous or liquid bodies, such
as air, gases, water, or other liquids, by means of a jet or jets of steam or liquid
under high pressure, which is made to act as an exhausting or motive agent, like
the steam jet in a Giffard's injector.
Instead of using jets of steam of a circular, cylindrical, or annular form as the
motive agent, I use jets in the form of a long thin film or of the form of a knife
blade.
A jet reduced in this manner to an elementary thickness is caused to act on a
thin vein or film of liquid or fluid of an elementary thickness corresponding or
proportioned to the result to be obtained.
As the tractive or impelling power of the film or jet of the motive fluid can only
be transmitted (to the film of fluid to be operated upon) by the molecules situated
at or upon the exterior perimeter of the section of the motive jet or film, it becomes

page_text: necessary to make use of the greatest perimeter possible in order to obtain the
maximum of useful effect.
When jets of steam of a circular section are employed, it is only those molecules
which are situated on the exterior perimeter of the motive jet that are in a con-
dition or position suitable for producing a useful result, as the molecules situate in
the centre of the jet will act but very incompletely. There are consequently
continual eddies in the jet which cause a loss of the motive power.
When an apparatus with a series or succession of jets of increasing diameter is
employed it is impossible to preserve or keep an uniform proportion between the
active perimeters nor between the thickness of the films, as the circular sections
increase as the squares of the diameters, while their perimeters only increase as the
simple diameters. There is therefore in circular jets an increasing cause of loss of
useful effect, which, however, is not the case when thin flat films are employed.
In carrying out the Invention, the apparatus is composed of a cast-iron box made
of separate pieces, which are capable of being adjusted and fixed with facility by
means of bolts and nuts. The steam, which is the motive agent, is conducted by a
suitable pipe to a long wedge-shaped chamber, at the apex of which is a long
narrow slit which divides or reduces the jet of steam to the form of a thin film,
which is directed into another long narrow chamber in the form of a diverging
parabolic cone which has for its object to gradually reduce the speed of the
mingled fluids in order to produce a pressure corresponding to the speed of the
fluids on issuing from the apparatus.
From the foregoing explanation it will be seen that the principal object of the
improved apparatus is to obtain from a jet of steam of a given section the greatest
possible useful effect of tractive or impelling power either as an exhauster or as a
compressor of aeriform or gaseous fluids.
In cases where it is not required to obtain the maximum power of exhaustion or
the maximum of pressure, an apparatus having a series of successive jets may be
employed. This arrangement will admit of utilizing the expansion of the steam
by compressing a large volume of air at a lower pressure.
The improved apparatus may be employed with advantage for exhausting air for
the ventilation of mines, buildings, and other places.
Air gases under pressure may also be employed for raising or forcing liquids.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said William Edward Newton in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
16th January 1879.
WILLIAM EDWARD NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery Lane, in the
County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer. "IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR DRAWING OR
EXHAUSTING AND FORCING, INJECTING, OR IMPELLING FLUID AND LIQUID BODIES."
[A communication from abroad by Emanuel Denis Farcot, of Paris, in the Republic
of France.]
This Invention has for its object to set in motion gascous or liquid bodies, such as
air, gases, water, or other liquids, by means of a jet or jots of steam or liquid under
high pressure, and made to act as an exhausting or motive agent, like the steam jet
in a Giffard's injector.
Instead of using jets of steam of a circular, cylindrical, or annular form as the
motive agent, I use jets in the form of a long thin film or of the form of a knife
blado.
A jet reduced in this manner to an elementary thickness is caused to act on a
thin vein or film of liquid or fluid of a thickness corresponding or proportioned to.
the result to be obtained.
As the tractive or impelling power of the film or jet of the motive fluid can only
be transmitted (to the film of fluid to be operated upon) by the molecules situated
at or upon the exterior perimeter of the section of the motive jet or film it becomes
necessary to make use of the greatest perimeter possible in order to obtain the
maximum of useful effect.
When jets of steam of a circular section are employed it is only those molecules
which are situated on the exterior perimeter of the motive jet that are in a
condition or position suitable for producing a useful result, as the molecules situate
in the centre of the jet will act but very incompletely. There are consequently.
continual eddies in the jet, which cause a loss of the motive power. Even circular.
annular jets are far from acting is as efficient a manner as the flat thin films above;
mentioned.
When an apparatus with a series or succession of jets of increasing diameter is,
employed it is impossible to preserve or keep an uniform proportion between the.
acting perimeters nor between the thickness of the films, as the circular sections
increase as the squares of the diameters, while their perimeters only increase as the
simple diameters. There is therefore in circular jets an increasing cause of loss.
of useful effect, which, however, is not the case when thin flat films are employed.
From the foregoing explanation it will be seen that the principal object of the
improved apparatus is to obtain from a jet of steam of a given volume the greatest.
possible useful effect of tractive or impelling power as an exhauster of aeriform or
gascous fluids.
In cases when it is not required to obtain the maximum power of exhaustion, an
apparatus having a series of successive jets may be employed. This arrangement.
will admit of utilizing the expansion of the steam by compressing a large volume
of air at a lower pressure.
The improved apparatus may be employed with advantage for exhausting air.
for the ventilation of mines, buildings, and other places.
Air or gases under pressure may also be employed for raising or forcing liquids.
In the accompanying Drawings I have shewn an arrangement of parts whereby
the object of the Invention may be effected.
Figures 1 and 2 are longitudinal and transverse sections of an apparatus with a
double set of several film jets combined and adapted for the ventilation of a mine.
For this purpose a peculiar construction of parts is employed which will admit.
of regulating or adjusting at will the thickness of the film of steam.

page_text: Fig. 3 is a cross section drawn upon an enlarged scale of the parts which produce
the jet.
The two metallic lips a, a, between which the jet issues, are secured by the
bolts b, b, upon the plate c, which serves as a foundation or base for the jet apparatus.
The holes through which the bolts 6 pass are made slightly oval in form in order to
admit of the lips a, a, being brought nearer to or moved further from the central
axis of the apparatus as may be considered necessary or advisable. For this
purpose these lips a, a, are provided at their outer sides with ears or flanges
corresponding to similar ears or flanges attached to the fixed plate c, and to which
they are connected by the adjusting screws d. It will be obvious that by turning
these screws d one way or the other, the lips a, a, may be moved nearer to or
further from the central line or axis of the jet as may be required, either for the
purpose of removing any foreign body which may accidentally obstruct the passage,
or to bring the lips so near together as to leave between them but an excessively
narrow space so as to obtain as completely as possible all the useful drawing or
impelling effect of the steam or fluid motor
Inspection plates e are arranged at the sides of the apparatus in front of the space
comprised between the two moveable lips, so as to admit of examining these parts
and of accurately ensuring the proper relative position of these latter, or of their
being in a proper condition to act and to regulate them in the most convenient
manner. Holes in these inspection plates, which are screwed on to the fixed part of
the apparatus, serve as screwed sockets or nuts to receive the pressure screws f
which abut against the counter plates g placed there to prevent the lateral escape of
steam at the end of the moveable lips when the position of the latter has been
finally adjusted. It will be sufficient then to tighten up the pressure screws fin
order to completely close up the ends of the long chamber or space into which the
principal jet of steam issues.
The steam is supplied by the main steam pipe h, Figures 1 and 2, and the branch
pipes to the jet apparatus, which draws in the air unto the chamber or space j
which is in communication with the ventilating shaft of the mine, and it expels the
air (as indicated by the arrows) into another chamber k, and communicating with
the external atmosphere.
There is arranged opposite to the jet a conical chamber which abuts against the
discharge pipe. In the interior of this chamber the motive fluid may dilate or
expand freely, which is a condition favourable for the proper working of the
apparatus.
It will be understood that if it should be desired to effect the ventilation of the
mine by pressure (which plan offers some advantages in certain cases, and especially
in mines where there is an escape or disengagement of gases) it would be necessary
to put the chamber ; in communication with the interior of the mine, and the
chamber in communication with the ventilating shaft. In the two cases the
cones will have the effect of suitably diminishing or reducing the speed of the air
at its discharge from the ventilating apparatus.
The space or passage left between the lips for producing the acting jet of steam
may also be adjusted by means of a pin in the form of a wedge, actuated from the
outside, and placed and more or less enclosed between the two lips.
Fig. 4 is a transverse vertical section of a simple film jet apparatus, specially
intended to produce a maximum exhausting or impelling effect.
In this arrangement (in contradistinction to what takes place in the multiple jet
arrangement, hereafter referred to) all the power of the motive film acts on the
moving current of air in such a way as to exhaust all its power or energy at once,
thereby imparting to the air a speed corresponding to a considerable pressure,
whereas the arrangement with multiple jets is more especially intended to effect
the displacement either by exhaustion or impulsion of large volumes of the aeriform
fluid at low pressures.
The arrangements already described are adapted either for exhausting or im-
pelling apparatus with one jet or several jets.

page_text: I would observe, moreover that the edges of the lips between which passes the
first motive jet or film, and which ought in certain cases to be extremely close
together, may be so arranged as to be capable of very accurate adjustment.
I would further remark that in the exhausting apparatus the moveable lips of
the jet which directs the steam must be placed or arranged closer together than in
the blowing apparatus. The mobility and adjustability of these edges admit of
regulating the apparatus with facility, according to the use for which it is to be
employed.
As a special application of this apparatus with film jets may be pointed out the
elevation of grain. For this purpose, up to the present time, exhausting or carrying
tubes of circular section only have been employed, and these have the disadvantage
of doing but a small amount of useful work. By employing, on the contrary, the
thin long films of the improved apparatus herein-before described, the grain will be
carried forward without loss of power, and a more satisfactory amount of work will
be performed in proportion to the volume of steam employed.
Having now described the Invention that has been communicated to me by my
foreign correspondent, and having explained the manner of carrying the same into
effect, I claim as the Invention secured to me by Letters Patent as aforesaid,―
The application of a jet consisting of a long thin film or films of steam, gas,
or air under pressure, for drawing, exhausting, forcing, injecting, or impelling
fluid and liquid bodies, as and for the purposes herein set forth.
I claim, particularly, the arrangement and construction of parts herein shewn
and described for producing and regulating or adjusting the thickness of the long
thin film or films which constitute the exhausting or impelling power, as and for
the purposes herein set forth.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Edward Newton, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, the Fifteenth day of January, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and seventy-nine.