INVENTION OF A METHOD OR METHODS, OF, IMPROVING AND BEAUTIFYING :CERTAIN: VESSELS AND UTENSILS USED FOR CHYMICAL, CULINARY,,ANDI VARIOUS OTHER PURPOSES
Year: 1799

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, SAMUEL
SANDY HICKLING, of Birmingham, in the County, of Warwick, Gentleman;
send greeting.
"
WHEREAS His most Excellent Majesty. King. Géorge the Third did,
by His, Letters Patent under, the Great Seal of. Great Britain, bearing
date at Westminster, the Twenty-eighth day ofiLFebruary; in, the thirty-
ninth year, of His reign, give and grant unto me, the said Samuel Sandy
Hickling, His especial licence that I the: said Samuel Sandy.Hickling; my
executors, administrators, and assigns; during the term of years therein
mentioned, should, and lawfully. 'might, use, èxercise, and 'vend, within
England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed; my "INVENTION OF
A METHOD OR METHODS, OF, IMPROVING AND BEAUTIFYING :CERTAIN: VESSELS AND
UTENSILS USED FOR CHYMICAL, CULINARY,,ANDI VARIOUS OTHER PURPOSES;" in which
said Letters Patent. there is contained; a proviso obliging: 'me, the 'said
Samuel Sandy Hickling, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal;
to cause a, particular description' of the nature of 'my said Invention; and in
what manner, the same is to be performed, to be inrolled in His Majesty's
High Court of Chancery, within one calendar. month after thei date of the said
recited Letters Patent; "as in "and by the same; relation being thereunto had;
may more fully and at large appear:
ot
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance, with. the said proviso, I, the said
Samuel Sandy: Hickling, do hereby declare that my said Invention consists
of two parts: The nature of the first part of my Invention describe in

page_text: manner following-I.improve and beautify certain vessels and utensils used
for chymical, culinary, and various other purposes, made of hammered iron, or
cast iron, or cast iron united or mixed with other metals by fusion or other-
ways, annealed or not annealed, by lining or covering them with the following
vitreous compounds (that is to say) :-
I prepare my said vitreous compounds by taking six parts of calcined flint,
two parts of a certain substance known by the name of composition amongst
the potteries in Staffordshire, or (in place thereof) of white granite or Cornish
china stone, nine parts of litharge of lead, six parts of borax, one part of
argillaceous earth, one part of nitre, six parts of calx of tin, and one part
of purified potash; this vitreous compound is particularly used (but not
exclusively so) for vessels and utensils from one fourth to one twelfth of an
inch thick, more or less; or, secondly, eight parts of calcined flint, eight parts
of red lead, six parts of borax, five parts of calx of tin; and one part of nitre;
or, thirdly, twelve parts of potters' composition or Cornish china stone, eight
parts of borax, ten parts of white lead, two parts of nitre, one part of white
marble calcined, one part of argillaceous earth, two parts of purified potash,
and five parts of calx of tin; or, fourthly, four parts of calcined flints, one part
of potters' composition or Cornish china stone, two parts of nitre, eight parts of
borax, one part of white marble calcined, half a part of argillaceous earth, and
two parts of calx of tin. Whichever of the above vitreous compounds I use,
I finely powder and well mix together, and I melt or fuse them in a crucible,
melting pot, or other proper vessel; and .when they are melted or fused, I
either pour out the fluid or mass, or suffer it to cool in the same crucible, pot,
or other vessel, and when it is cold I reduce the mass to powder by
pounding and trituration. I then pass it through a sieve, and afterwards grind
it up or levigate it with water untill it is sufficiently fine. I then mix it up
with water, or water containing gum or mucilage, sufficient to keep the powder
or vitreous compounds suspended in it. The vessel or utensil to be lined or
covered I either make a little warm or not. I then apply my vitreous
compounds to parts or to all of the inside or outside surface, or both surfaces,
of the vessel or utensil to be lined or covered; by laying it on with a brush, or
by dipping, or by any other method or process by which such vitreous
compounds may be regularly laid on. The vessel or utensil I then gradually
dry, and when dried, I introduce it into a muffle or furnace, previously heated
to such heat as is necessary to fuse or melt the vitreous compounds; or I fuse
or melt them by means of a lamp, and I continue it in such heat 'til the
vitreous lining or covering is regularly fused: The proper heat is ascertained
by the shining or glossy appearance the vitreous compounds assume. The

page_text: heat of the muffle or furnace I then lower, or the vessel or utensil I remove
to a place of a less heat. But I prepare and apply other vitreous compounds,
either by fusing them together or not previous to levigation, that answer in a
better or worse degree with other siliceous or quartzose matters, calcined
bones, calxes, or oxides of metals, gypsum, and alkalies or vitrifying salts,
observing that whatever species of siliceous or quartzóse matter, calxes of
metals, gypsum, alkalies, or vitrifying salts I use, I proportion them so as to
fuse or vitrify when the vessels or utensils require a less degree of heat than
that at which, either by a partial calcination by giving out air, or by some
other means, cause, or causes not yet known, that change is produced which
makes the vitreous compounds become imperfect, either by being spungy,
having air bubbles, .or altering the colour. All or either of the above
processes will preserve the vessels and utensils to which they are applied from
rust, and from discolouring and distasting any liquids or substances boiled
therein. It is also necessary to observe, that when the vessels and utensils
are of different weights, constructions, and and dimensions, they require a
shorter or longer continuance in the muffle or furnace, and my vitreous
compounds are prepared accordingly. Where greater heats seem necessary, I
make my vitreous .compounds less fusible by increasing the qualities of
siliceous and other less fusible matter in proportion to the other ingredients;
and when lesser heats or shorter continuance of the fire seems necessary,. I
diminish the siliceous and least fusible matters. I give various colours to my
vitreous compound by such colouring ingredients as are used by enamellers;
I also gild, tint, and paint the vessels or utensils covered or lined with such
vitreous compounds by the same method or methods as enamel painters and
porcelain manufacturers use in their respective manufactories.
The nature of the second part of my said Invention for improving and
beautifying certain vessels and utensils used for chymical, culinary, and various
other purposes, made of hamnered iron, of cast iron, and of cast iron. united
with a semi-metal called nickel, is as follows :-I allay the cast iron employed
with certain proportions of nickel, as hereafter described.
I fuse together
the nickel and cast iron in various proportions, from forty parts iron and one
part nickel to four parts iron and one part nickel; these or other proportions
I use according as the lining or covering of copper is meant to be more or less
firmly adherent to the vessel or utensil. This compound metal I then cast
into the desired form. These vessels or utensils, when so made, I immerse or
wet over wholly or partially with a solution of copper in the muriatic vitriolic
nitrous or other acids (but the nitrous. I prefer) until the surface of the vessel
or utensil is lined or covered with precipitated copper.
I then take it out of

page_text: the solution and put it into clean water. I then wash; it well and dry it
immediately, and secure the lining or covering from tarnishing by,oil or other
varnish. When the said lining or covering is to be changed into brass, I
make an amalgam of twelve parts zinc and of five parts quicksilver (various
other proportions; will do, but I think this the best), which I apply to the
copper lining or covering above described by the same various methods that
gilders of metals practice; or I boil and stir about, the vessel or utensil in
water containing from ten to five hundred drops of vitriolic or any other acid,
more or less, to the gallon (but I prefer the vitriolic.or nitrous acid; and I
generally use. from fifty to one hundred drops), and as much amalgam as will
cover the surface of the vessel or utensil entirely, or such part:or parts as are
to be covered; which may be known' by taking them out for inspection from
time to time. I then wash the vessels or utensils.in clean water, and dry and
expose them !to a degree of heat sufficient's to drive off the mercury, which
leaves the zinc united with the copper, and when the mercury is driven off, the
precipitated copper is changed into!brass. I use the same process for applying
these metallic linings or coverings to hammered iron; cast iron, or iron in any
state, or mixed with other metals by fusion or otherways...
The vessels. and utensils for which my above Invention is more particularly
adapted for culinary uses are, brewing vessels, furnace boilers, pots, 'kettles,
basons, dishes, plates, saucepans, stew pans, and frying pans'; and all those
used for baking, frying, stewing, toasting, boiling, broiling, brewing, washing,
and other culinary purposes. Those for chymical ruses arc, stills, retorts,
basons, and vessels of all forms for holding fluids, or corrosive or 'other
substances made and used by chymists.
I apply the second part of my said Invention to the beautifying and pre-
Serving from rust, pokers, tongs, fire shovels, and other similar utensils;' and I
apply both parts of my said Invention for beautifying and preserving from rust
iron utensils in general where it can be done with benefit, utility, and
propriety.
In witness whereof, I, the said Samuel Sandy Hickling, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, the Twenty-third day of March, in the year of
our Lord One thousand seven hundred and ninety-nine.
SAMUEL SANDY HICKLING. (L.S.)
Sealed and delivered (being first duly
stamped) in the presence of
JN MEECHAM, Jun".
THOMAS STEDMAN.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the same Twenty-third day of
March, in the year above mentioned, the aforesaid Samuel Sandy Hickling
came before our Lord the King in His Chancery, and acknowledged the Speci-
fication aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained, in form above
written. And also the Specification was stamped according to the tenor of
the Statute in that case made and provided.
Inrolled the Twenty-fifth day of March, in the year above written.
Inrolled the Twenty-fifth day of March, in the year above written.