Improvements in or connected with Glazing, Applicable also to the Fixing of Sheets of Slate, Metal, or other Material for Roofing or other Purposes.
Year: 1889

page_text: Date of Application, 21st Mar.. 1889
Complete Specification Left, 21st Dec., 1889-Accepted, 25th Jan., 1890
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION,
Improvements in or connected with Glazing, Applicable also to the
Fixing of Sheets of Slate, Metal, or other Material for Roofing or
other Purposes.
I, CHARLES FREDRICK ELLIOTT. of 1 Wellington Fields, Liverpool, in the County
of Lancaster, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of my said Invention to be as
follows:-
According to this invention I use an upper and a lower bar, between which the glass
or other sheet to be held is disposed; and the top bar is held down in its place by
nuts, screws or bolts.
For simplicity and convenience of description, I will set forth the invention as
applied to glazing, say the roof of a building wherein the glazing bars are supported
on purlines.
According to the invention the bolts, screws, or equivalent devices by which the top
bar or clips is or are held in position and the whole to the purlines, are arranged, and
the bars adapted and arranged in such a manner that the bolts do not pass through the
bottom bar which is the bearer.
The bearer and top bar are made of metal such as zinc or other sheet metal or cast
metal, and of any suitable section, but without upper vertical longitudinal web or webs.
Thus the top and bottom bars may be both of the same section, such as gutter shape
or they may be of different sections. Also if desired the bearer bar may have longi-
tudinal gutters adapted to hold a packing strip or cord.
At the juncture of two bars upon a purline, one bearing bar overlaps another as
usual but they are held in such a manner, together with the top bar, by a bolt and nut,
or screw, or the like, that the upper bar is not pierced by such holding down device,
but at the same time holds all the bars (and the sheets of glass) firmly in position.
By these incans water flowing down the top bearing bar cannot leak and pass through
onto the one beneath, but must all pass and flow to the end and fall into the next bar.
A form of holding down device according to this invention, consists of a bar adapted
to be secured at one point to the purline, and bent or cranked into the form of an open
loop or crank which is adapted to receive the leading edge of the upper bearing bar,
the lower bearing bar being arranged between the metal of the bend and the purline.
The upper part of this har may be continued up to form a bolt, and adapted to pass
through the top bar of the upper glazing, and to receive a cap nut by which the top
bar is pressed down and kept in position, or a stud bolt or screw may be used and
screwed into the bent bar.
The bent bar may be secured to the purline by screws or screw bolts, or nails, or
equivalent means, and when the holding means or devices are screws or nails, they may
be arranged to pass through the bent bar, and the bearer bar, and into the top of the
purline; or they may be secured to the side of the purline or both.
As the bearer bar of the upper glazing, rests on the one next below it, at the
purline, the sheets of glass next below are arranged to abutt against the end thereof,
and the ends of the overlapping sheets of glass above, are arranged to abuit against
the top end of the top bar of the lower glazing. And again, above and overlapping
this bar is arranged the top bar of the upper glazing. Hence there are a succession
of overlappings of bars and sheets, the bearing bars where they have to carry water,
being however entire.
At the extreme ends of the glazing, the bent bars and holding down bolts or screws
may also be used, and in the case of the bottom end, serve to hold in its recess or loop
the end of the lower bearing bar, as well as hold down the tou bar.

page_text: The intermediate bolts or screws, or devices for holding down the top bar onto the
sheets, I arrange in such a manner that the lower bearing bar is not pierced, to
support them as already stated I also may so arrange them that they may be readily
adjusted longitudinally. This may conveniently do by employing a lower bar of
gutter form, having inwardly or outwardly turned edges and provide bolts with wide
heads, adapted to fit under or over these edges in such a manner as to be socurely
held thereby but adjustable lengthwise. In lien of the head of the bolt being made
in this form may adapt the nut to fit in this manner, and the bolt or screw screwed
in from outside. By the use of these adjustable holding down devices the adjustment
of the holes and bolts, as in the usual construction of this type of glazing, need not
be so accurately made.
If the lower bar be cast iron provisions may be made in which to tap and screw
bolts for holding down the top bars.
It will be seen the bearing bars as above described constitute what I may term
webless-bars, and that the holding down bolts or equivalent devices constitute what I
may term clip bolts or devices and they also separate the sheets and hold them in
position laterally.
The bearer bar may be of any suitable shape having gutters to convey away any
liquid falling or flowing into them; and in both top and bottom bars, they are of
the kind above specified, the inwardly or outwardly turned odges or flanges may be so
bent or formed at the points where they overlap each other, that they fit closely
together, so as to tear and hold the sheets evenly and firmly. They may also by
suitable packing strips or provisions at the purline bolts or holding devices be adapted
to suit any thickness of glass or other sheet.
The bearing bars may be strengthened for long spans by providing them with
suitable corrugations, wood or metal bars or cores, or a combination thereof.
Dated this 20th day of March 1889.
CHARLES FREDRICK ELLIOTT.
By Cheesbrough & Royston,
Agents.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in or connected with Glazing, Applicable also to the
Fixing of Sheets of Slate, Metal, or other Material for Roofing or
other Purposes.
1, CHARLES FREDRICK ELLIOTT, of 1, Wellington Fields, Liverpool, in the County
of Lancaster, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of my said invention to be
as follows:
The type of glazing or means of fixing sheets of glass slate, metal, or the like, for
roofing or other purposes, to which this invention relates, is that, in which the bars
for supporting and holding down the sheets of glass are of metal, and in which no
putty or like material is used.
According to this Invention I use an upper and a lower bar, between which the
glass or other sheet to be held is disposed; and the top bar is held down in its place
by nuts, screws, or bolts.
For simplicity and convenience of description, I will set forth the Invention
as applied to glazing, say the root of a building, wherein the glazing bars are
supported on purlines.
According to the Invention, the bolts, screws, or equivalent devices, by which the
top bar, or clips, is or are held in position, and the whole of the purlines, are arranged
and the bars adapted and arranged in such a manner that the bolts do not pass through
the bottom bar which constitutes the bearer.
The bearer and the top har are made of metal such as zinc or other sheet metal or
cast metal, and of any suitable section, but without upper vertical longitudinal web or
webs. Thus the top and bottom bars may be both of the same section, such as gutter

page_text: shape; or they may be of different sections. Also, if desired, the bearer bar may have
longitudinal gutters adapted to hold a packing strip or cord.
At the juncture of two bars upon a purline, one bearing bar overlaps another as
usual, hut they are held in such a manner, together with the top or overlapping har,
by a bolt and nut or screw, or the like, that the upper bar is not pierced by such
holding down device, but at the same time holds all the bars (and the sheets of glass)
firmly in position. By these means water flowing down the top hearing bar cannot
leak, or get through onto the one beneath, but must all pass and flow to the end and
fall into the next bar. A form of holding down device according to this Invention,
consists of a bar or bolt adapted to he secured at one point to the purline, and bent or
cranked into the form of an open loop or crank, which is adapted to receive the lower
edge of the upper i.e., the overlapping bearing bar, the lower bearing bar being arranged
between the metal of the bend of the bolt and the purline. The upper part of this
bolt or bar may be continued up to form a shank to the bolt and adapted to pass
through the top, i.e., the holding down, bar of the upper glazing, and to receive a cap
nut, by which the top bar is pressed down and kept in position, or, in lieu thereof, a
stud, bolt, or screw, may be used and screwed into the bent holt or bar.
The bent bolt or bar may be secured to the purline by screws or scrow-bolts, or
nails, or equivalent means, and when the holding means or devices are screws or nails,
they are arranged to pass through the bent bar, and the hearer bar, and into the top
of the purline; or they may be secured to the side of the purline or both.
As the bearer bar of the upper glazing, rests on the one next below it, at the purline,
the sheets of glass next below are arranged to abutt against the end thereof, and the
ends of the overlapping sheets above, are arranged to abutt against the top end of the
top bar of the lower glazing. And again, above and overlapping this bar is arranged
the top bar of the upper glazing. Hence there are a succession of overlappings of
bars and sheets, the bearing bars where they have to carry water, being however
entire.
At the extreme ends of the glazing, the bont bolts or bars and holding down
bolts or screws may also be used, and in the case of the bottom end, serve to hold
in its recess or loop, the end of the lower bearing bar, as well as holl down the top
holding down bar.
The intermediate bolts, or screws, or devices, for hokling down the top bar onto the
sheets, I arrange in such a manner that the lower bearing bar is not pierced to.
support them. I also may arrange them so that they may be readily adjusted longi-
tudinally. This I may conveniently do by employing a lower bar of gutter form,
having inwardly or outwardly turned edges, and by providing bolts with wide heads,
adapted to fit under or over these edges in such a manner as to be securely held
thereby but adjustable lengthwise. In lieu of the head of the bolt being made in this
form may adapt the nut to it in this manner, and the holt or screw screwed in from
outside. By the use of these adjustable holding down devices, the adjustment of the
holes and bolts, as is necessary in the usual construction of this type of glazing, need
not be so accurately made.
If the lower bar be cast iron, provisions may be made in which to tap and screw
bolts for holding down the top bars.
It will be seen the bearing bars as above described constitute what I may term
webless bars, and that the holding down bolts or equivalent devices constitute what I
may term clip bolts or devices; they also, at the same time, separate the sheets and
hold them in position laterally.
The bearer may be of any suitable shape, having gutters to convey any liquid away
falling or flowing into them; and in both top and bottom bars (if they are of the kind
above specified) the inwardly or outwardly turned edges or flanges may be so bent or
formed at the points where they overlap each other, that they fit closely together, so as
to bear and hold the sheets evenly and firmly. They may also, by suitable packing
strips or provisions at the purline bolts or holding devices, be adapted to suit any
hickness of glass or other sheet.

page_text: The bars may be strengthened for long spans by providing them with suitable corru-
gations, wood or other metal bars, or cores, or a combination thereof.
To enable the Invention to be clearly and fully understood I have hereto annexed a
sheet of Drawings illustrative of it and showing by way of example a roof glazing
having a plurality of rows of sheets of glass. With the aid of these drawings I will
now proceed to describe the Invention as existing in this example of glazing.
The Drawings are marked with Figures and letters of reference corresponding with
those used in the following explanation, and the same letters and figures are used to
denote the same or like parts wherever they occur in the Drawings.
WONDER WHO SONG OF HAY parts wherever they occur in me Drawings.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
Figure 1 is a sectional elevation, showing the roof glazing.
Figure 2 is a plan showing a single bar, with the glass sheets on either side, broken,
and the upper holding down bar partly removed.
Figure 3 shows the glazing in cross section, at the line X. X., Figure 1, but to a
larger scale.
Figure 4 shows the bent holding down bar or bolt in detail; and Figure 5 shows a
modified construction of this bent bolt or bar.
Figures 6 and 7 show, in detail, two forms of intermediate holling down bolts or
screws.
Figures 8 and 9 show in cross section two modified forms of sash bars.
Figure 10 shews a bearer bar with outwardly turned edges.
With reference in the first instance more particularly to Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4,
a dosignates the purlinos or equivalent supporting bars or beams for the glazing of the
roof are the lower hearor bars on which the edges of the glass sheets rests; bare
the corresponding top holding down bars; c are the cranked bars or holts by which the
lower bearer bars bare secured to the purlines and the top bars & held down on the
sheets of glass; d are the intermediate holding down bolts; and g are the glass
sheets.
Upon referring to the Drawing, the nature of the mode of fixing the bearer bars b
to the purlines, and arranging them at the points of juncture, and also the mode or
means of holding down the upper bars 6, will be seen. The mode of securing
the lower bearer bars consists in first placing the upper end upon the purline, and then
placing a cranked bolt e in the gutter and-upon the metal at the bottom of the bar b,
and securing it to the purline by screwing a screw (c) through it, and the metal of the
bar beneath. In fixing the lowermost of the bars, 6, of the glazing, it is first secured
to the purlines in this manner, and then the following one is fixed in like manner,
but the lower edge of the next bar o overlaps and covers the head of the bolding
down screw c³ and lower part of the bolt c, and also the upper edge or part of the
lower bar b. The means by which the lower end of the bar b, at the junction, is held
in position, consists in making this bar of such a length that its lower end fits into
the gap or recess in the bolt c. It will thus be seen that the bolt o and its holding
screw, or its equivalent, serve to hold both the upper end of the lower bar, b, and the
lower and of the upper bar b.
An important feature connected with this portion of tho glazing is that the
bars, b, are held at one point only, and are thus free to expand and contract as their
temperature varies, the lower end of each bar being so arranged as not to come in
contact with the metal forming the loop of the bolt ; also that the holes in each
bar are covered or overlappeil by the lower end of its preceding bar, and therefore,
water in flowing down the gutters of the bars, does not pass over or coine in
contact with the parts of the bar where the metal is pierced, and consequently no
leakage of water in the glazing, through the gutters of the lower bars, can take
place.
As regards the shape or configuration of the lars band, they may conveniently
both be of the same form in cross section, as shown by the Figures, 1 to 4. In

page_text: these Figures the shape is semi-elliptical, having turned-in bearing edges or
surfaces v. At the points of junction where the bars band b¹ respectively overlap
each other the edges are pressed in and lie on the inner surface of the gutter of
the bars, as shown more particularly in Figure 3: this is for the purpose of enabling
the overlapping ends of the bars to lie closely together.
The caps or upper holding down hars are held in place by the nut or head, as
the case inay he, of the bolt c, the nut or head of the intermediate bolt d, and the
overlapping lower end of the next bar above. Of course any number of intermediate
bolts may be employed as desired or may deemed necessary.
It will be seen that the lower edges of the sheets of glass touch and are horne by
the upper end edges of the cap bars . By this means the sheets are prevented
from slipping down. The lower edges of the lower sheets of a glazing are held by
clipse, and these are held by the shanks of the holt c, which pass through holes
therein. Also the ends of the lower bars band are held in position by the cranked
bolt c.
The upper edges of the sheets of glass overlap in the usual way, the upper
edge of course of each sheet coming close up to the edges of the lower ends of the
bars as shown.
The bolts c may be consiructed in various modified ways: two are shown in the
Drawings. One (Figures 1 to 4) consists of a cranked shank simply, having a nut or
cap c', and a hole or holes in the lower horizontal part, to receive its holding down
screw, nails or the like. The other construction (Figure 5) consists in making the
head or cap c', and the vertical portion of the shank, in one piece, and the horizontal
cranked or bent part the other portion, the lower end of the vertical portion being
screwed and adapted to screw into a corresponding hole in the upper bar of the
horizontal portion. The lower bar of the horizontal portion which is directly
screwed or nailed to the purline may be extended and bent at an angle as shown in
dotted lines in Figure 4., and fustened also on this side by a screw or nail to the
purline.
The intermediate bolts d are held in position by the inwardly turned edges v of
the bars (see Figures 1, 6, 7, and 9). The shank passes through the upper holding
down bars and it is secured either by screwing a cap nut d' onto the end of the
shank, outside, the shank being formed on the washer d2 as in Figure 6; or by
screwing the shank into the washer 2, in which case the shank is provided with a
solid head. The washer d² it will be seen is of such a width that its edges lie and
move in the corners of the channel or gutter of the bars directly beneath the
edges thereof; at the same time it may be freely moved in either direction, and
consequently, it allows for free expansion and contraction, and also relative
adjustment in the two bars b and b¹.
The modified mode of holding the intermediate bolts d, and construction or form of
bars and b' shown in Figure 9 merely consists in making the space in which the
washer works shallow, instead of more open as in Figure 3. The form of the
bars shown in Figure 3 is also shown in dotted lines in this Figure.
The modified form of bars (b, 6') shown in Figure 10, consists in disposing the
edges outwardly, instead of inwardly as in the previous Figures. In this case
the washers of the bolts d are provided with underlapping edges adapted to slide
over the edges v, and by this means are held to the bar b.
The washers d may, in these cases last described, be separate articles from the
bolts d, and provided with holes through which the shank of the bolts d would pass:
this is shown in Figures 9 and 10. In this example (Figure 10) the edges of the
bars & may be indented at or about the parts where the washers would be arranged
to be placed, in order that the glass sheets may have an even surface (i.e. edge v) to
rest upon, throughout.
The form of bar b shown in Figure 8 is the same practically as that described
with reference to Figure 3, with the exception of the addition of the provision of a
gutter in the inwardly turned edges o, and a packing cord w within the gutter. The
dotted lines in this Figure indicate how by forming a lower web channel on the
bar b, the lower bars may be strengthened.

page_text: Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said Inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what I
claim is:―
1. In a continuous glazing, or a means for fixing sheets of slate, metal, or other
material, and in which a succession of rows of sheets are employed, for roofing and
like purposes, the herein described mode of fixing or arranging the bearer bars
thereof, consisting in fixing said bars at one end only to the supporting beam or
other base, and the other being adapted to overlap and lie within the trough or gutter
of the next bar below, and to be free to move or slide lengthwise.
2. In a glazing or a means for fixing sheets of slate, metal, or other material, for
roofing and like purposes, the mode, substantially as herein described, for securing the
ends of two bearer bars at the points of juncture, by which the lower bar of the two is
held to a beam or base, and the overlapping upper one is held down without piercing
same.
3. In a glazing, or a means for fixing sheets of slate, metal, or other material, for
roofing and like purposes, a bolt or bar adapted to be secured to the purline, beam or
other base at the juncture of the two bars, and also adapted to hold the upper over-
lapping bar down; substantially as described; and also the said bolt or bar arranged
and adapted for use as set forth with reference to the drawings.
4. The use in connection with a glazing, or a means for fixing sheets of slate, metal,
or other material, for roofing and like purposes, of a cranked bolt or bar (c) for the
purposes set forth; also the construction of said bolt or bar as set forth more particu-
larly with reference to Figures 3, 4, and 5 of the Drawings.
5. As a means for glazing, or fixing sheets of slate, metal or other material, for
roofing and like purposes, a bearer bar of an open and plain gutter or channel shape,
namely webless, and a holding down bar or clip of similar formation, the bearer bar
being held and secured to purlines, beams and other base, and the holding down bar
being held upon the glass or other sheets by bolts or screws as described; as or sub-
stantially as set forth; also, the combination of such bearer and holding down bars,
and securing and holding down bolts or screws, as set forth more particularly with
reference to Figures 1 and 2 of the Drawings.
6. In a glazing, or a means for fixing sheets of slate, metal, or other material, for
roofing and like purposes, the combination of the bolts or screws & with bearer bars
such as b, whereby said bolt is held by such bar, substantially as described; also, the
arrangement and combination of such bolts or screws d and the bars b, as set forth
more particularly with reference to Figures 1, 6, 7, 9, and 10 of the Drawings.
Dated this Twentieth day of December 1889.