Improvements in Baking Ovens.
Year: 1891

page_text: Date of Application, 7th Sept., 1891
Complete Specification Left, 7th June, 1892-Accepted, 20th Aug., 1892
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Baking Ovens.
We, WILLIAM MORTON of Abergele Road, Colwyn Bay, North Wales,
Confectioner, and JOSEPH MARSHALL of Formby, Liverpool in the County of
Lancaster, Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of this invention. to be as
follows:-
This invention has reference to the construction of the furnace and flues of
baking ovens and is designed to reduce the consumption of fuel and to enable the
temperature of one or more ovens when grouped together and heated by one fire
to be easily regulated.
At present with ovens constructed on the plan known by bakers as the Scotch
oven (that is where the heated gases produced by the fire pass through and heat-
the air and brickwork of the oven and escape by a flue to the chimney one fire is
employed for each oven. When the oven becomes too hot the fire is generally
drawn, the oven door opened, and the superfluous heat passes away unutilized.
Such ovens require a varying temperature when a mixed class of baking is done
and cooling of the oven or ovens as before described not only result in waste of
fuel but loss of time.
By the present invention we group say two or four such ovens together and heat
them all by one fire only, providing suitable dampers and flues connecting the
ovens in such a manner that the heated gases from the fire may pass first through
any one of the ovens and to the chimney, secondly from one oven to another one,
thirdly, directly to the chimney stack. The fire place or furnace may be placed
midway between say two ovens placed side by side taking the inner corners of each,
these corners being filled with solid brickwork leaving a space between for the
ordinary grate bars and furnace door. Near the end of the grate bars a bridge is
formed having openings left and being provided with regulating dampers for
admitting heated gases into one or other of the before mentioned ovens ; whilst
above or on one side of these dampers is a by pass flue and damper whereby
communication can be opened with another pair of ovens placed it may be on the
same level but preferably above the first mentioned pair.
Separate flues and dampers are provided to each oven as before described. The
discharging flues from each of the ovens are each provided with dampers and
connect with the chimney stack. They are so arranged that a connection may be
made with any of the other ovens by opening the dampers. For example one
oven, preferably the lower one, is required at a high temperature and another one
at a much lower temperature; by regulating the dampers the heated gases from
the fire may pass through the first oven thence through the second oven, or the first
damper may be partly opened to allow the greater portion of the heated gases to
pass to the first oven and a smaller quantity to the second oven according to
requirements. If only one oven is required for the time the heated gases emitted
from it may pass through the whole group so as to temper or partially heat them
ready for baking.
It will thus be understood that by this arrangement of dampers and flues the
oven may be retained at a fixed heat from one fire without losing time or wasting
fuel. Apparatus of the kind may be constructed in modified forms to suit different
forms of oven without departure from the essential features of the invention; by
the use fuel is saved, less space is occupied and the loss of time required to cool

page_text: an over heated oven to a degree suitable for a different class of baking is
reduced.
Dated this 7th day of September 1891.
W. LLOYD WISE,
Per E. W. P.,
46, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, W.C., Agent for the Applicants.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Baking Ovens.
We, WILLIAM MORTON late of Abergele Road, Colwyn Bay, North
Wales, but now of 44 Tetlow Street, Kirkdale near Liverpool in the County of
Lancaster, Confectioner and JOSEPH MARSHALL of Formby, near Liverpool in
the County of Lancaster, Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of this inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following statement :-
This invention has reference to the construction of the furnace and flues of
baking ovens and is designed to reduce the consumption of fuel and to enable the
temperature of each oven of a series of ovens when grouped together and heated
by one fire, to be easily regulated.
At present with ovens constructed on the plan known by bakers as the Scotch
oven, that is where the heated gases produced by the fire pass through and heat
the air and brickwork of the oven and escape by a flue to the chimney, one fire is
employed for each oven. When the oven becomes too hot the fire is generally
drawn, the oven door opened and the superfluous heat passes away unutilised.
Such ovens require a varying temperature when a mixed class of baking is done,
and cooling of the oven or ovens as before described not only result in waste of
fuel but loss of time.
According to this invention we group say two or four such ovens together and
heat them all by one fire only, providing suitable dampers and flues connecting the
ovens in such a manner that the heated gases from the fire can pass first through
any one of the ovens and thence to the chimney; secondly from one oven to
another one and thence to the chimney; or thirdly, directly to the chimney. The
fire place or furnace may be formed midway between say two ovens placed side by
side. Near the end of the grate bars is a bridge formed with openings, provided
with regulating dampers for admitting heated gases into one or other of before
mentioned ovens ; whilst above or on one side of these dampers is a by pass flue
and damper whereby communication can be opened with another pair of ovens
placed it may be on the same level but preferably above the first mentioned pair.
Thus separate flues and dampers are provided to each oven. The discharging flues
from each of the ovens are each provided with dampers and connect with the
chimney stack. These flues are so arranged that a connection can be made
between any two or more of the ovens by opening the proper dampers.
By this construction the ovens can be heated in various ways. For example, if
one oven, for instance the lower one, be required at a high temperature and another
one at a much lower temperature; then by regulating the dampers, the heated
gases from the fire may be caused to pass through the first oven and thence
through the second oven, or the first damper may be partly opened to allow the
greater portion of the heated gases to pass to the first oven and a smaller quantity
to the second oven according to requirements. If only one oven be required for
the time being, the heated gases escaping therefrom may be passed through the
remaining ovens of the group so as to temper or partially heat them ready for
baking.
It will thus be understood that by this arrangement of dampers and fiues the

page_text: ovens can be retained at a fixed heat from one fire without losing time or wasting
fuel. The furnace and fluxes may be constructed in modified forms to suit different
constructions of ovens without departure from the essential features. of the inven-
tion. By this invention fuel is saved, less space is occupied by the ovens, and the
loss of time required to cool an overheated oven to a degree suitable for a different
class of baking is reduced.
In the accompanying drawings
Fig. 1 is a front elevation shewing the general arrangement of a group of four
ovens connected according to this invention.
Fig. 2 is a sectional elevation of the front wall taken on the line 1.2 of Fig. 7
shewing the oven doorways, flues and other parts.
Fig. 3 is a sectional elevation taken on the line 3. 4 of Fig. 7.
Figs. 4 and 5 are longitudinal sections taken on the lines 5.6 and 7.8 respectively
of Fig. 2.
Fig. 6 is a sectional elevation taken on the line 9. 10 of Fig. 3 and shews the
arrangement of flues and dampers formed in the outside walls.
Fig. 7 is a sectional plan taken on the irregular line 11. 12 of Fig. 3 shewing the
lower ovens fire place and corner dampers.
Fig. 8 is a similar view to Fig. 7 but shewing the upper ovens with inlet and
outlet dampers and uptake flue.
The
A. A A and A' are four ovens heated from one fire place B which is provided
with fire and ash pit doors. B'B' a bridge and corner inlet dampers C. C¹ placed
at the outer adjacent corners of the lower ovens A. A¹. A little above these
dampers and over the furnace bars is a horizontal damper D arranged to slide in
guides, in the front wall, Figs. 1. 2. and 4. This damper serves to control the
communication between the fire place and the uptake flue E. which communicates.
with the chimney E¹. Above the damper D the flue E branches off towards and
into the upper ovens A'A'. The communication with these ovens being controlled.
by another set of corner dampers C³ Cª shewn in Figs. 4 and 8. D¹ is a horizontal
damper placed above the level of these corner dampers so that when the fire is
first lighted and until it has burnt clear, the smoke and heated gases can pass direct
to the chimney when the dampers D and D' are drawn without entering any of the
ovens. In the opposite corners of the ovens to those provided with the inlet
dampers are uptake flues F and F that extend vertically from the floor of the
lower ovens A. A' to a higher level than the arched roof of the upper ovens.
flue F is connected with longitudinal side flues F and F and the flue F' is.
connected with the longitudinal side flues F and F as shewn in Figs. 2. 3 and 6.
Each of the vertical flues F. F' is provided at a point between its connection with
the horizontal flues, with a damper G connected to a rod G¹ that extends through
the front wall of the ovens and is provided with a suitable handle as shewn in
Figs. 1. 3. 6. and 7. The exit openings of the upper ovens are each controlled by
a pivotted damper H that is attached to and regulated by a rod with handle H¹.
These dampers H being each so arranged that it can also close the communication
with the upper side flue For F' as the case may be that respectively connect with
the front flues F F which are in communication with the uptake flue E at a point
above the roof of the upper ovens. Flues F and F are similarly arranged and
connected with the lower ovens and uptake flue as illustrated. The vertical sides
of the oven door frames J J may be advantageously made flaring as shewn in
Figs. 7 and 8 and through the upper side or roof of each of these frames is formed
a long narrow slot or passage K that connects with the one or other of the horizontal
Blues FF For F° as indicated in Figs. 2 and 5 and is provided with a damper
and handle K. The front or outer edge of each door frame against which the oven
door closes projects a little below and in front of the under side of the corresponding
slut or passage so that steam and heat, air or gases, can, when the corresponding
damper is drawn, pass from the oven through the slot or passage into the flue above
it instead of into the bake house. The rods to which the corner dampers C C¹ C
and C are attached, are preferably each made with a hinge so that when they are

page_text: drawn out as shewn on the left hand side of Figs. 7 and 8, the projecting rods may
be folded back against the door frame.
Land L (Figs. 1. 2.) are vertical dampers arranged within the front flues F³ F
respectively so that when the door of either of the lower ovens is opened and the
corresponding damper L or L' is closed cold air will be prevented from flowing
directly through the oven and thence to the chimney so as to thereby cool the oven
and injuriously affect the draft of air through the furnace.
As will be seen the arrangement of the flues and dampers is such that either of
the lower ovens can be worked in conjunction with either of the upper ovens i.e. the
heated gases after passing through one oven may be directed into another one at a
higher level. For example if it be required to use ovens A and A* the corner
dampers C would be drawn and the heated gases passing diagonally across the oven
allowed to escape by the uptake flue F until stopped from ascending any higher
by the closed damper G. They would then travel along the side flue F' (Fig. 2)
and through the front flue F to the uptake flue E through which they would
ascend as far as the closed damper D' where they would enter the oven A³ through
the opening controlled by the corner damper-C which would then be open. The
hot gases after flowing through the oven A' would escape through the uptake
flue F and side and front flues F' F' to the chimney F¹. If it be desired to work
the two ovens that are one directly above the other say A and A' together, then
the sliding damper G. is drawn and the pivotted damper H of the upper oven A³
turned to close the upper part of the uptake flue F. The hot gases after escaping
from the lower oven A would then pass through the uptake flue F and enter the
upper oven A³ through the opening controlled by the pivotted damper H. After
passing through the said oven A* the hot gases will pass through the corner
damper C into the chimney flue E. In this case the damper D will be closed and
the other damper D' open. It will thus be understood that by our arrangement of
flues and dampers the temperature of each of the ovens can be quickly controlled
with practically no waste of fuel, to suit varying requirements where different
classes of goods are to be baked.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of our said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed we declare that what we
claim is
1. A group of internally heated baking ovens constructed with one fire place or
furnace and with a series of flues provided with dampers and adapted to be placed
in communication with the inlet and outlet openings of each oven and with the
fire place and chimney, the arrangement being such that hot gases can be passed
separately through either of the ovens, or to any two or more of them, or direct
to the chimney at will, substantially as hereinbefore described for the purpose
specified.
2. A group of internally heated .baking ovens constructed with a fire place or
furnace and with flues and dampers arranged and operating substantially in the
manner hereinbefore described with reference to and shewn in the drawings
annexed for the purpose specified.
Dated this 7th day of June 1899
W. MORTON,
By L. W., per F. B.
J. MARSHALL,
By L. W., per F. B.