applicabiDETATIVO DU Vases, Jewellery, and other Articles.
Year: 1886

page_text: Specially applicabiDETATIVO DU
Vases, Jewellery, and other Articles.
I CLEMENT JOHN HEATON of Watford in the County of Hertford, England,
Artist do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the
same is to be performed to be particularly described and ascertained in and by
the following statement:―
In the so called cloisonné work, as manufactured by the Japanese for instance,
metallic wire having the contours of the ornamentation required is affixed to a
metallic backing and the interstices are then filled in with a white or coloured'
enamel paste, the whole object is then fired in a furnace to vitrify the enamel."
But in order to vitrify the enamel the whole surface must in the ordinary process
be subjected to a red heat and thus only objects of a small size can thus be treated,
and if any large surfaces were to be covered the work would have to be made in
many small sections which would have to be afterwards united. Now by my
process a result equally permanent is obtained in a manner which allows of the
largest surfaces to be treated, divisions in the work only being advisable for
convenience of transport and manufacture. The work is also done at a greatly
reduced cost and this applicability to surfaces of great size makes it possible to
decorate large buildings with work having the peculiar beauty attaching to the
cloisonné work which has so long been admired in works of small size. Before
describing the process in detail I will say generally that the invention is a follows.
To a metal sheet or other foundation I affix cloison wires bent to the contours of
the design and fill the cells with a cement coloured according to requirements and
sufficiently hard, durable and easy of application. The outer surface is finished off
and the work if applied to decorative building purposes is then fixed in its place
in the form of panels without loss of time and with little dirt, and can at any time
be removed bodily without injury if required.
I will now more particularly describe the process. For the purpose of my inven-
tion I employ ribbon wire or wire of a flattened section and having bent or formed it
to the desired contour of the design by any suitable means, this cloison wire I first
temporarily attach to the foundation in a few places by means of minute drops of"
shellac or other adhesive and I then affix it firmly and permanently by soldering
to a backing of stout sheet copper, sheet brass or other suitable metal or alloy
shaped to the required form and cleaned. The process most suitable for large
surfaces is to use the chloride of zinc and ordinary plumber's solder in the shape of
coarse filings and heat by a powerful blow pipe or otherwise. Instead of metal
sheets I may use sheets or surfaces of any other suitable material such for instance
as slate, earthenware or marble and I may in such cases attach the cloison wire by
means of glass of borax, I then by filing or otherwise level the upper edges of the

page_text: wires or "cloisons" whereby I also form a burr on each side thereof, which burr
serves the important object of effectually retaining the cement which is now to be
filled in the cells or interstices between the wires which otherwise might fall out
bodily in the process of time. I also by these burrs obtain a great width of edge
with a thin substance of ribbon or wire. Instead of plain ribbon wire I may use
ribbon wire having a slightly greater thickness along one edge, that is to say, of a
section, the thick edge being placed uppermost on the foundation plate and
serving to hold the cement in place in the same way as the burrs on the plain
ribbon wire.
I next fill in the intermediate spaces, cells or interstices between the cloisons
with a suitable cement which shall have the required adhesion, permanency,
hardness and capability of being coloured as desired and without tendency to
crack.
Figure 1 is a plan view and Figure 2 a section through part of panel made
according to this invention. A is the copper or other metallic backing, B is the
wire cloisonné work affixed to the backing A by soldering and having upper
burred or thickened edges as shown, and C is the cement filling-in. Figure 3 is an
enlarged section showing the wire with the burr along the upper edges, and the
solder at the bottom of the wire.
The cement which I find useful and especially because of its damp resisting_pro-
perties is formed as follows. Take a piece of white resin, such as is obtained from the
pine tree, melt it in an earthenware or enamelled vessel at the lowest heat possible,
add to this when melted somewhere about one fifth part by bulk of white beeswax
and somewhere about one sixth part of sulphur. When melted and mixed by
stirring add little by little white marble dust ground as fine as circumstances and
taste may dictate, while stirring, until it acquires a pasty consistency somewhat
like fused asphalt, adding to this or mixing with the marble dust a sufficient
quantity of colouring material to form the required colour. This colouring
material may be any permanent mineral or organic colour in powder. While
keeping this cement in a plastic condition, preferably by a water bath I apply it
to the filling in of the aforesaid interstices of the cloisonné work by means of a
wooden spatula leaving the surface as nearly level as possible with the top of the
wires. If any depressions are to be made in the surface thus formed and for the
purpose of giving further effect to the ornament or design I form such depressions
while the cement is still warm by means of wooden or other stamps or punches;
or I may form such depressions after the cement has cooled down and hardened by
using hot metallic stamps, such depressions may afterwards be filled in with cement
of another colour or tone. The cement above described is more particularly useful
for a Northern climate. In a climate where damp is not to be feared and where
the temperature rises to a high degree of heat I should prefer to use the known
marble cement or other cement for filling which admits of a more brilliant colouring
and is more in harmony with the brilliant light and colours of Southern climes and
is in no way affected by heat.
Any unevenness of the surface may be cleaned off by means of hot flat chisel-
like tools or by means of abrading tools of any suitable form, say for instance the
emery wheel or file or the rasp, but without further abrading the brass.
The whole may now be polished or varnished as required or desired. Sometimes
I may give the brass a dark varnish or oxidize it by means of acids &c or it may
be gilt, or coated with a bronze or other metallic varnish.
"
Instead of ordinary brass for the cloisonné wire work I prefer to use wire of the
socalled "chrysocalde
or of "artificial gold," which is of a better colour than
brass and does not tarnish so soon.
When large cement surfaces or fields are required without cloisonné wire work
it will be advisable in order to avoid danger of the cement peeling off in such
parts to provide a key for the cement by means of small pieces of metal of any 5
shape but not so high as to reach to the outer surface of the cement or cloison
wire. These pieces are soldered on to the backing.

page_text: The copper sheeting where the work is large should be divided into panels of a
size convenient for transport manufacture and fixing. As experience has taught
with regard to stained glass I do not think that the panels should be larger than
about 6 feet by 3 feet. The lines of junction may follow the leading lines of the
design, or be straight, and I may unite them by means of dowels formed on tongues
fixed to the underside of one panel fitting into dowel holes formed on corresponding
tongues fixed to the underside of the adjoining panel. Or they may be joined in
any other suitable manner. The panels may be fixed to the wall or other surface
by screws passing into wooden plugs or in any other suitable manner.
But all
such matters will depend upon circumstances.
For work large in scale and especially for external use I may employ a some-
what modified process that is to say, I place the cloison wire according to the
required design and of a considerably larger width or depth than before described
on to a smooth slab or table of any sort and by means of paste fix the cloison
temporarily thereto. I then fill in the cement as before described but only to a
part of the depth of the wire, and whilst the cement is still wet I cast thereon a
layer of any required depth of any known suitable artificial stone or cement which
then forms the foundation, with the cloison wire embedded therein. When the
slab thus produced has set I take it off the table and finish the surface which was
next to the table but which is to form the outer surface in the manner described.
Where a number of repeat designs have to be employed I may first form one
cloison pattern in the manner described (that is to say affixing the wire but not
filling in the cement) and from this pattern I make any number of reproductions
by electro deposition. In some cases moreover a metal casting may be made from
the pattern.
Although I have shown and described my invention as applied to flat surfaces it
is equally and in substantially the same manner carried into effect with regard to
curved surfaces for building purposes and for vases jewellery furniture and a great
variety of other articles.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what
I claim is :-
First. The improved manufacture of ornamental cloisonné work consisting in
firmly affixing cloison wire to or embedding same in a foundation and filling the
interstices in with a suitable cement coloured as required and while in a plastic
state substantially as described.
Second. The improved manufacture of ornamental cloisonné work consisting in
Ermly affixing cloison wire to a suitable base forming a burr along the upper edges
of the wire (or otherwise using a ribbon wire rolled or formed wider along the
upper edge) filling in the intermediate spaces with a cement coloured as required
while in a plastic state and finally smoothing polishing and finishing as required
substantially as set forth.
Third. In the improved manufacture of ornamental cloisonné work the appli-
cation of the cement herein specified for filling in the interstices substantially as
set forth.

page_text: Improvements in the Manufacture of Ornamental Cloisonné Work,
Specially Applicable to Decorative Building Purposes, and to
Vases, Jewellery, and other Articles.
I CLEMENT JOHN HEATON of Watford in the County of Hertford, England,
Artist do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the
same is to be performed to be particularly described and ascertained in and by
the following statement:-
In the so called cloisonné work, as manufactured by the Japanese for instance,
metallic wire having the contours of the ornamentation required is affixed to a
metallic backing and the interstices are then filled in with a white or coloured
enamel paste, the whole object is then fired in a furnace to vitrify the enamel.
But in order to vitrify the enamel the whole surface must in the ordinary process
be subjected to a red heat and thus only objects of a small size can thus be treated,
and if any large surfaces were to be covered the work would have to be made in
many small sections which would have to be afterwards united. Now by my
process a result equally permanent is obtained in a manner which allows of the
largest surfaces to be treated, divisions in the work only being advisable for
convenience of transport and manufacture. The work is also done at a greatly
reduced cost and this applicability to surfaces of great size makes it possible to
decorate large buildings with work having the peculiar beauty attaching to the
cloisonné work which has so long been admired in works of small size. Before
describing the process in detail I will say generally that the invention is a follows.
To a metal sheet or other foundation I affix cloison wires bent to the contours of
the design and fill the cells with a cement coloured according to requirements and
sufficiently hard, durable and easy of application. The outer surface is finished off
and the work if applied to decorative building purposes is then fixed in its place
in the form of panels without loss of time and with little dirt, and can at any time
be removed bodily without injury if required.
I will now more particularly describe the process. For the purpose of my inven-
tion I employ ribbon wire or wire of a flattened section and having bent or formed it
to the desired contour of the design by any suitable means, this cloison wire I first
temporarily attach to the foundation in a few places by means of minute drops of
shellac or other adhesive and I then affix it firmly and permanently by soldering
to a backing of stout sheet copper, sheet brass. or other suitable metal or alloy
shaped to the required form and cleaned. The process most suitable for large
surfaces is to use the chloride of zinc and ordinary plumber's solder in the shape of
coarse filings and heat by a powerful blow pipe or otherwise. Instead of metal
sheets I may use sheets or surfaces of any other suitable material such for instance
as slate, earthenware or marble and I may in such cases attach the cloison wire by
means of glass of borax. I then by filing or otherwise level the upper edges of the

page_text: [
wires or
"cloisons" whereby I also form a burr on each side thereof, which burr
serves the important object of effectually retaining the cement which is now to be
filled in the cells or interstices between the wires which otherwise might fall out
bodily in the process of time. I also by these burrs obtain a great width of edge
with a thin substance of ribbon or wire. Instead of plain ribbon wire I may use
ribbon wire having a slightly greater thickness along one edge, that is to say, of a
section, the thick edge being placed uppermost on the foundation plate and
serving to hold the cement in place in the same way as the burrs on the plain
ribbon wire.
I next fill in the intermediate spaces, cells or interstices between the cloisons.
with a suitable cement which shall have the required adhesion, permanency,
hardness and capability of being coloured as desired and without tendency to
crack.
Figure 1 is a plan view and Figure 2 a section through part of panel made
according to this invention. A is the copper or other metallic backing, B is the
wire cloisonné work affixed to the backing A by soldering and having upper
burred or thickened edges as shown, and C is the cement filling-in. Figure 3 is an
enlarged section showing the wire with the burr along the upper edges, and the
solder at the bottom of the wire.
. The cement which I find useful and especially because of its damp resisting pro-
perties is formed as follows. Take a piece of white resin, such as is obtained from the
pine tree, melt it in an earthenware or enamelled vessel at the lowest heat possible,
add to this when melted somewhere about one fifth part by bulk of white beeswax
and somewhere about one sixth part of sulphur. When melted and mixed by
stirring add little by little white marble dust ground as fine as circumstances and
taste may dictate, while stirring, until it acquires a pasty consistency somewhat
like fused asphalt, adding to this or mixing with the marble dust a sufficient
. quantity of colouring material to form the required colour. This colouring
material may be any permanent mineral or organic colour in powder. While
keeping this cement in a plastic condition, preferably by a water bath I apply it
to the filling in of the aforesaid interstices of the cloisonné work by means of a
wooden spatula leaving the surface as nearly level as possible with the top of the
wires. If any depressions are to be made in the surface thus formed and for the
purpose of giving further effect to the ornament or design I form such depressions
while the cement is still warm by means of wooden or other stamps or punches;
or I
may form such depressions after the cement has cooled down and hardened by
using hot metallic stamps, such depressions may afterwards be filled in with cement
of another colour or tone. The cement above described is more particularly useful
for a Northern climate. In a climate where damp is not to be feared and where
the temperature rises to a high degree of heat I should prefer to use the known
marble cement or other cement for filling which admits of a more brilliant colouring
and is more in harmony with the brilliant light and colours of Southern climes and
is in no way affected by heat.
Any unevenness of the surface may be cleaned off by means of hot flat chisel-
like tools or by means of abrading tools of any suitable form, say for instance the
emery wheel or file or the rasp, but without further abrading the brass.
The whole may now be polished or varnished as required or desired. Sometimes
I may give the brass a dark varnish or oxidize it by means of acids &c or it may
be gilt, or coated with a bronze or other metallic varnish.
Instead of ordinary brass for the cloisonné wire work I prefer to use wire of the
socalled "chrysocalde" or of "artificial gold," which is of a better colour than
brass and does not tarnish so soon.
When large cement surfaces or fields are required without cloisonné wire work
it will be advisable in order to avoid danger of the cement peeling off in such
parts to provide a key for the cement by means of small pieces of metal of any
shape but not so high as to reach to the outer surface of the cement or cloison
wire. These pieces are soldered on to the backing.

page_text: The copper sheeting where the work is large should be divided into panels of a
size convenient for transport manufacture and fixing. As experience has taught
with regard to stained glass I do not think that the panels should be larger than
about 6 feet by 3 feet. The lines of junction may follow the leading lines of the
design, or be straight, and I may unite them by means of dowels formed on tongues
fixed to the underside of one panel fitting into dowel holes formed on corresponding
tongues fixed to the underside of the adjoining panel. Or they may be joined in
any other suitable manner. The panels may be fixed to the wall or other surface
by screws passing into wooden plugs or in any other suitable manner. But all
such matters will depend upon circumstances.
For work large in scale and especially for external use I may employ a some-
what modified process that is to say, I place the cloison wire according to the
required design and of a considerably larger width or depth than before described
on to a smooth slab or table of any sort and by means of paste fix the cloison
temporarily thereto. I then fill in the cement as before described but only to a
part of the depth of the wire, and whilst the cement is still wet I cast thereon a
layer of any required depth of any known suitable artificial stone or cement which
then forms the foundation, with the cloison wire embedded therein. When the
slab thus produced has set I take it off the table and finish the surface which was
next to the table but which is to form the outer surface in the manner described.
Where a number of repeat designs have to be employed I may first form one
cloison pattern in the manner described (that is to say affixing the wire but not
filling in the cement) and from this pattern I make any number of reproductions
by electro deposition. In some cases moreover a metal casting may be made from
the pattern.
Although I have shown and described my invention as applied to flat surfaces it
is equally and in substantially the same manner carried into effect with regard to
curved surfaces for building purposes and for vases jewellery furniture and a great
variety of other articles.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what
I claim is :-
First. The improved manufacture of ornamental cloisonné work consisting in
firmly affixing cloison wire to or embedding same in a foundation and filling the
interstices in with a suitable cement coloured as required and while in a plastic
state substantially as described.
Second. The improved manufacture of ornamental cloisonné work consisting in
firmly affixing cloison wire to a suitable base forming a burr along the upper edges
of the wire (or otherwise using a ribbon wire rolled or formed wider along the
upper edge) filling in the intermediate spaces with a cement coloured as required
while in a plastic state and finally smoothing polishing and finishing as required
substantially as set forth.
Third. In the improved manufacture of ornamental cloisonné work the appli-
cation of the cement herein specified for filling in the interstices substantially as
set forth.