IM- PROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF HOOPS AND TYRES FOR RAILWAY WHEELS AND OTHER PURPOSES
Year: 1853

page_text: Sealed the 27th April 1858, and dated the 20th January 1853.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Peter. Rothwell
Jackson at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his
Petition, on the 20th January 1858.
I, PETER ROTHWELL JACKSON, of Salford, in the County of Lancaster,
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IM-
PROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF HOOPS AND TYRES FOR RAILWAY
WHEELS AND OTHER PURPOSES" to be'as follows:-
In manufacturing iron it is customary to run the metal from the
blast furnace into: horizontal moulds to form "pigs." My improvement
consists in running the metal into vertical or diagonal moulds; in order
to allow the heavier metal to settle at the lower end thereof. When the
metal is cool the lower ends are broken off, and manufactured into bars
of malleable iron: I take three or other suitable number of these bars..

page_text: The furnace may
or bars made in the ordinary manner, to make the sole or inner part of
the tyre. These bars are either round or of other suitable shape, and I
prefer to twist them separately before they are bent into hoops. The
first hoop must be less in diameter than the tyre to be produced, and
the ends of the bar forming the hoop are welded together in the ordinary
manner, or by inserting the turned taper point at one end into a bored
recess in the other end of the bar; the hoop is then tested by stretching,
proving, rolling, or bending. The second bar is then made into a hoop
rather less in diameter than the first one, and tested in the same
manner. The third bar, when made in a hoop and tested, is placed
within the second. In putting the three hoops together the welds
should be placed at different parts of the circle. The hoops are then
placed in a furnace, and heated to a welding heat.
be of the ordinary construction; but as it is difficult in such furnaces to
obtain the same heat in all parts of the hoops, I have contrived the fol-
lowing apparatus:-In the centre of the hearth is an upright shaft
furnished with arms, on which the hoop in the furnace is occasionally
supported when these arms are lifted up they raise the hoops, and by
partially turning them round the hoops are turned in the furnace, and
heated uniformly; the arms drop into a recess in the hearth so that
they may not be injured by the fire. When the hoops are sufficiently
hot they are withdrawn from the furnace, and placed in a strong block
of about the depth of the tyre required. The inner surface of this
block may be hollowed so as to make the hoop formed in it of a
greater diameter at its centre than at its edges. A conical block is
then forced or allowed to drop into the hoops, the action of which expands
and presses the first hoop against the second, and the second against
the third, and the third against the inside of the block. If it should
be found that the hoop thus formed is not sufficiently broad it must be
hammered, rolled, or drawn out, or again heated and pressed; and in
order to insure soundness this hoop may be again tested by stretching,
proving, rolling, or bending. The outer circumference or wearing part
may be made in the ordinary manner, and welded to the sole. It may
be advantageous to weld the outer and inner parts of the hoop or tyre
in the manner above described. Instead of making the inner part or

page_text: sole of the tyre of three or other suitable number of hoops, I propose
to employ wire or small sized iron twisted together and bound into a
hoop somewhat like a rope, care being taken that the ends of the bars
cross each other in different places in order to diminish the laminating
or breaking of the iron. I also propose to make use of a bar of iron,
which may be twisted or not, and flattened or otherwise bent into a coil
like a watch spring. In both the above cases the conical block before
referred to, or other equivalent arrangement, must be employed to weld
and compress
the parts together. Steel may also be employed in com-
bination with iron in manufacturing the above-described hoops and
tyres.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of, the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Peter Rothwell Jackson in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 20th July 1858.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I,
PETER ROTHWELL JACKSON, of Sulford, in the County of Lancaster,
Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters. Patent, bearing date the Twentieth day of January, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-three, in the six-
teenth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said Peter Rothwell Jackson, Her special
licence that I, the said Peter Rothwell Jackson, my executors, admi-
nistrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Peter Rothwell
Jackson, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time
agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter
during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
THE MANUFACTURE OF HOOPS AND TYRES FOR RAILWAY WHEELS AND OTHER
PURPOSES," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Peter
Rothwell Jackson, by an instrument in writing under my hand and
seal, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said

page_text: Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and
cause the saíně to be filed in the Great. Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
-
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said. Peter Rothwell Jackson, do
hereby declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascer-
tained, in and by the following statement (that is to say):
My Invention consists, and first, in separating the heavier or more
compact portion of cast iron from that which is lighter or of inferior
quality; secondly in certain improved modes of manufacturing hoops
and tyres for railway-wheels-and for other purposes.
#
And in order that my Invention may be fully understood, and readily
carried into effect, I will proceed to describe the means pursued by me.
In manufacturing iron it is customary to run the metal from the blast
furnace into horizontal moulds in the form of pigs" or other shapes.
My.first improvement consists in causing the metal-to run from the blast
furnace into diagonal or vertical moulds, instead of horizontal ones; by
this means the heavier or more compact portion of the metal settles at
the lower end of the mould, and the lighter portion collects at the upper
end. When the metal or pigs cast in this way are cool the lower ends
are broken off, and manufactured into bars of malleable iron in the usual
nianner. The same object may be obtained by separating the metal
first run from the furnace from the after portion of the charge. The
bars manufactured from the metal thus obtained are particularly ap-
plicable for hoops and tyres of railway wheels, and many other purposes.
The second part of my Invention consists in the mode of manufac-
turing hoops applicable for the inner portion of tyres of railway wheels.
For this purpose I take three or other suitable number of bars of malleable
iron manufactured in the manner above described or in the ordinary
manner; these bars may be round or of other convenient shape, and I
find it desirable to twist each each bar before it is bent into a hoop; I then
bend the bar into a hoop, the diameter of which must be less than the
tyre to be produced, and the ends of the bar forming the hoop may be
welded together, or left unwelded, if preferred. When the ends are
.

page_text: welded together the soundness of the welding and of the hoop may be
tested by stretching, rolling, or bending. The second bar. is made into
a hoop in the same manner, of rather less diameter than the first,
within which it is placed; and the third is made in like manner, rather
less than the second, into which it is placed. If more than one hoop
is used their diameters must be such that they can be placed one within
the other. In putting these hoops inside one another care must be
taken that the welds or joints are placed in different parts of the cir-
cumference of the circle. The entire hoop thus formed, consisting of
any suitable number of bent bars or hoops, must now be placed in a
furnace, and heated to a welding heat. When the entire hoop or series
of hoops is sufficiently heated it is withdrawn from the furnace, and
welded together. The welding may be done by rolling or hammering,
or by placing the hoop in a strong block of metal of about the depth of
the hoop or tyre required, provided with a loose bottom formed of seg-
ments, having a hole in the centre large enough to admit the smaller
end of a heavy conical block, which is forced or allowed to drop into
the series of hoops. The action of this block expands the smallest
hoop, and presses it against the one next surrounding it; this one acts
on the next, and so on until the outer circumference of the hoop is
compressed against the interior of the first-named block. By this
means the hoops are securely welded together. If the conical block
comes in contact with the segments of the loose bottom, they are pushed
out of the way by the descent of the said block. If it should be found
that the hoop thus formed is not of the requisite breadth it may be
hammered, rolled, or drawn out to the requisite size, or it may again
be heated and pressed in the blocks; and in order to insure soundness
this hoop, which I call the safety hoop, may be tested by 'stretching,
rolling, or bending. The outer circumference or wearing part of the
tyre may be made in any of the ordinary manners, and welded to the
inner part or safety hoop. The welding of the two portions of the tyre
can be effected by hammering or rolling, or by means of blocks, as
above described, and the outer portion of the tyre can be welded to at
the same time as the inner portion is being made. Instead of making
the inner part. or safety hoop of the tyre, as before described, the hoops

page_text: may be made of wire or small sized iron, the wire or bars being twisted
together somewhat like a rope, care being taken that the ends of the
wires or small bars of iron, if made in short lengths, cross each other
in different places, in order to distribute the joints as uniformly as pos-
sible over the circumference of the hoop. I also propose to make the
inner part or safety hoop of the tyre of a long bar of iron, which may be
twisted or not, and then bent into a coil like an ordinary watch spring.
In both the above modes of assorting or arranging the iron for making
the inner part or safety hoop of the tyre, the blocks above described,
or some equivalent means, must be used for welding or compressing the
component parts into one solid mass. Steel may also be employed in
combination with iron in manufacturing the above-described hoops. I
am aware that attempts have been made to make tyres by piling rings
or segments of rings one upon another, and by coiling a bar of iron
round a mandril, and then welding the parts together by means of a
tup falling on the tyre in the direction of its axis. The objection to
these modes of making tyres is, that when in use the tyres will be liable
to split open in those parts where they were welded. This difficulty is
overcome by making the inner portion of the tyre as above described.
Having now described the nature of my Invention, and the best
means with which I am acquainted for carrying the same into effect, I
wish it to be understood that I do not limit myself to the details herein
set forth, so long as the peculiar character of my Invention be retained;
but what I claim is, first, separating the heavier from the lighter part
of cast iron for the purposes herein-before described; and, secondly, the
improved modes herein-before described of manufacturing hoops for
the inner part of railway tyres and other purposes.
In witness whereof, I, the said Peter Rothwell Jackson, have
hereunto set my hand and seal, this Nineteenth day of July,
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-three.
P. R. JACKSON. (L.S.)