A NEW OR IMPROVED COMBINATION OF MATERIALS TO BE USED FOR THE MANU- FACTURE OF PIPES OR TUBES FOR DRAINS, AND FOR SUCH OTHER PURPOSES AS THE SAME IS OR MAY BE APPLICABLE TO
Year: 1854

page_text: Sealed the 17th August 1854, and dated the 17th June 1854.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said George James Hinde
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, ou
the 17th June 1854.
I, GEORGE JAMES HINDE, of Wolverhampton, in the County of Stafford,
Commercial Clerk, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"A NEW OR IMPROVED COMBINATION OF MATERIALS TO BE USED FOR THE MANU-
FACTURE OF PIPES OR TUBES FOR DRAINS, AND FOR SUCH OTHER PURPOSES AS THE
SAME IS OR MAY BE APPLICABLE TO," to be as follows:-
The said Invention consists in the combination of aluminous compounds or
clays with such vitreous compounds as are commonly called enamels, in the
following manner, that is to say: I take pipes or other articles made of fire
or other clay, and I apply the said enamel to the internal or external surface,

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said George James Hinde, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is
to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof (that is to say):-
My said Invention consists in the combination, of aluminous compounds or
clays with such opaque or semi-transparent vitreous compounds as are com-
monly called enamels, in the following manner :-I take a pipe or other article
made of clay, whether the same be fire or Stourbridge clay, or ordinary clay,
or any such mixtures of clay, with sand, powdered coke, or other carbonaceous
matters as are or may be employed in the manufacture of tubes, bricks, tiles,
or other articles. Having dried the said article, as is usual, prior to firing or
burning the same, I apply to the surface of the article, or to part of the sur-
face only, a liquid mixture or composition, made in the manner herein-after
explained; I apply the said composition by dipping the article therein, when
the said article is to be enamelled all over, or by pouring the said compo-
sition in the said article when the interior thereof is to be enamelled; or I
apply the said composition by a brush, or in any other convenient manner.
The said composition is made in the following manner :-
I take one hundred parts, by weight, of ground calcined flints or silica, and
add thereto one hundred parts, by weight, of Cornish stone, such as is used in
the manufacture of porcelain, and twenty-five parts, by weight, of bone ash,
or phosphate of lime, and one hundred parts, by weight, of borax; I grind
the same together until the borax is reduced to a fine powder, or I grind the
borax to a powder by itself, and then mix it intimately with the other materials;
I then frit or heat these materials together until they are perfectly fused; the
fused mixture is allowed to cool, and when cold is broken up and ground to a
fine powder. I then take ten parts, by weight, or thereabouts, of this powder,
and add to it one part, by weight, or thereabouts, of pipe clay; I then mix
the whole together intimately, adding water, in a proportion proper to make
the composition of such a consistence, that if an article made of clay be
dipped into it, a coating varying from one-sixteenth to one-eighth of an
inch in thickness, or thereabouts, will adhere to it.
After the before-mentioned enamel composition has been applied to the
surface of the article that is intended to be enamelled, the said article is dried
and placed in a seggar, or otherwise subjected to sufficient heat, and fired in a
manner similar to that in which articles made of carthenware, porcelain, or
other plastic materials are fired when the same are baked or glazed. Instead
of allowing the article made of clay to dry previous to the application of the

page_text: or to both the said surfaces, the said enamel being applied either in the form
of powder or mixed into a paste, and applied with a brush, or by pouring, or
otherwise. After drying the said enamel (when the same has been applied as
a paste) I apply heat to the articles, whereby the said enamel becomes fused
thereon, the said enamel entering into intimate combination with the said
articles by the partial fusion of the said enamel on the clay of the said articles.
While still hot, the enamelled articles may be dusted over with finely pounded
glass, whereby the said enamel is glazed. My Invention is applicable to the
manufacture of pipes, chimney pieces, cornices, and a great variety of other
articles.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, file
by the said George James Hinde in the Great Seal Patent Office or
the 14th December 1854.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, GEORGE
JAMES HINDE, of Wolverhampton, in the County of Stafford, Commercial
Clerk, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Seventeenth day of June, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-four, in the seventeenth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said George James Hinde, Her special licence that I, the said George James
Hinde; my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the
said George James Hinde, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should
at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "A NEW OR
IMPROVED COMBINATION OF MATERIALS TO BE USED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF PIPES
OR TUBES FOR DRAINS, AND FOR SUCH OTHER PURPOSES AS THE SAME IS OR MAY BE
APPLICABLE TO," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said George
James Hinde, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, should
particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in
what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in
he Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately
fter the date of the said Letters Patent.
3

page_text: liquid enamel composition, I sometimes pursue the following method:-I take
the before-mentioned powder, composed of flint, Cornish stone, bone ash, and
borax, and I mix it with one-tenth part of its weight, or thereabouts, of pipe
clay, and grind the whole together until they are intimately mixed and are in
fine powder; I then dust this powder over the surface intended to be enamelled
with a dredger or otherwise, before the clay is dry, until a coating, varying
from one-sixteenth to one-cighth of an inch in thickness, or thereabouts,
is deposited thereon; the article is then dried as articles are usually dried
previously to their being fired, and the said article is then fired, in the manner
herein-before described.
In cases where the article made of clay or the mixtures before named is
of such a shape that it cannot be conveniently enamelled previously to its
being fired, without danger of its broaking, or being injured by the water
with which the enamel composition is mixed, I fire it first in the manner in
which such articles are fired when they are unglazed; I then apply the enamel
composition, mixed with water in the proportion before mentioned, to the
surface of the said article after it has been fired and allowed to cool; or I
wet the said article by dipping it in water, and afterwards dust the enamel
composition in a state of fine powder over the whole of that part of the
surface that I wish enamelled, whilst the surface is wet enough to cause
the powder to adhere in a coating, varying from one-sixteenth to one-eighth
of an inch in thickness. The article is then dried and fired in the ordinary
manner.
My Invention is applicable to the manufacture of pipes or tubes for drains,
chimney pieces, cornices, and a great variety of other articles which I do not
think it necessary to enumerate. I wish it to be understood that by clay I
mean the coarser kinds of clay, such as are used for making white bricks, fire
bricks, drain pipes, and such like articles, and that my Invention is not
intended to be applied to the manufacture of such articles as are usually
made of fine pottery clay; my said Invention consisting in enamelling articles
made of such kinds of clay as are usually only tempered with water before
being used.
Having now described the nature of my said Invention, and the manner of
carrying the same into effect, I wish it to be understood that I do not limit
myself to the precise methods herein described, as the same may be varied
without departing from the nature of my said Invention: for example, although
I have described only one composition of enamel, yet I do not limit myself
thereto, as any of the known mixtures which after fusion solidify into an

page_text: opaque or semi-transparent glass or enamel may be used in carrying my said
Invention into effect. I have not thought it necessary to describe the various
metallic oxides which I sometimes add to the enamel mixture to colour the
same, as the same are well known and commonly used for similar purposes,
and constitute no part of my Invention; but I claim as my Invention,
the application of enamel to articles made of clay, or mixtures composed
mainly of clay.
In witness whereof, I, the said George James Hinde, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Thirteenth day of December, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-four.
Witness,
GEORGE SHAW.
GEORGE JAMES HINDE. (L.S.)