IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PRODUCTION AND APPLICATION OF ELECTRIC CURRENTS FOR LIGHTING AND OTHER PURPOSES AND IN ADDADA TITS EMPLOYED HUNDEROD"
Year: 1877

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Rapieff, of 18, Middle Street, City of London, in
the County of Middlesex, Engineer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE PRODUCTION AND APPLICATION OF ELECTRIC CURRENTS FOR LIGHTING
AND OTHER PURPOSES AND IN ADDADA TITS EMPLOYED HUNDEROD"
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Rapieff at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents on the 24th November 1877.
JOHN RAPIEFF, of 18, Middle Street, City of London, in the County of Mid-
dlesex, Engineer.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PRODUCTION AND APPLICATION OF
ELECTRIC CURRENTS FOR LIGHTING AND OTHER PURPOSES, AND IN APPARATUS
EMPLOYED THEREFOR."
My Invention consists of certain novel methods of producing electric currents,
and of applying the same for lighting and other purposes, and in the detailed con-
struction of apparatus for giving effect to these methods.
My improvements in apparatus employed for generating electric currents are
intended to realize a maximum of the most advantageous conditions under which
such currents can be generated, and thereby to give the most suitable arrangements
to the apparatus employed for obtaining such currents.
These improvements consist of diverse applications of some few leading principles,
and accordingly they may be grouped into three main series.
of subdividing each
large bobbin, whether straight, bent, curved, or ring shaped, into several thinner
and their ends, if they have such, or poles, being provided with special iron, steel, or
ones, these last being disposed side by side, and grouped into one or several systems,
cast-iron appendages of any suitable shape and arrangement.
or bundle of each bobbin, or in each separated group of bobbins, the magnetic
The second series relates to the use of a closed magnetic circuit in the inner rod
[P

page_text: circuit being closed either beforehand or at the sam
bundles
are rendered magnetic, and the current is made to flow through the inducing and
induced coils, special appendages being provided for that purpose in that case.
pre-
magnetized
The third series relates to special arrangements employed for avoiding the
judicial influence of those inductive currents which appear in both the
iron rods and the coils, and which tend to retard the fulfilment of the act of
Besides these main improvements I introduce also some other secondary ones,
which may be utilized for various purposes. They will be specified in the course of
induction.
this description.
I will describe first those improvements which I introduce in the apparatus usually
known under the name of " inductive bobbin."
It will be readily understood from this description in what a manner the same
improvements may be applied to different dynamo-inductive machines, as also to
various other apparatus.
Let us take several inductive bobbins, each of which may be considered, as stated
above, under series the first, as the result of the subdivision of a larger bobbin into
several thinner ones; these thin bobbins are disposed in horizontal or vertical rows,
or both together, side by side, or one above each other.
The ends of the inner iron wire bundles of both the inducing and induced bobbins
are setting off their coils, and they are connected together separately at each end by
one or several iron masses, or plates, or wires, or saw powder; in short, by iron under
some suitable shape.
The ends of both the inducing and induced coils are terminated by screw
cups, and the connection of the coils to each other can thus be modified at will.
The current is sent through the inducing coils of the bobbins in any suitable
way, only with the restriction that for the sake of producing a closed magnetic
chain both northern and southern poles must be made to appear at each end of
the system, northern polarity being developed at the ends of one portion of
the iron rods or bundles of the bobbins, and southern polarity at the ends of the
other portion. The poles being connected together by means of special iron
appendages provided at the ends of the system, the magnetic chain can be closed by
means of those appendages; thus, for instance, in a system made up of six bobbins,
the end elevation of which system is shewn at Figure 1, and a longitudinal elevation
and section at Figure 2, the ends of the three bobbins B, B, B, of one vertical row
are made to become northern poles, while the ends of the three other bobbins C, C, C,
are made to become southern poles. At the other end of the system the poles will
obviously be reversed; the distribution of magnetism in the system may however
be varied, the principle remaining the same.
Iron appendices A, A, are provided at each end of the system for the purpose of
closing the magnetism when brought into contact with the ends of the inner iron
bundles of the bobbins; thus they may be considered as anchors.
The Drawing shews a system of six straight bobbins arranged in two vertical
rows, but the number and the respective positions of the bobbins, as well as their
shape and size, may be most diverse. The number of bobbins in each system or
store may be two or more altogether, the more the better, but a single bobbin also
may be employed, the closed magnetism being produced in that case by connecting
together the appendices A and A by means of an iron bar D, D, as shown at
Figure 3.
The appendages A, A, are made out of one or several pieces of iron, or of some
other suitable paramagnetic metal, or of iron ribbons, wires, plates, or saw
powder, &c.
The appendages may be brought into complete contact with the ends of the iron
bundles, or they may be secured close by, so as to leave however a small free space
between the ends and the appendages.
The inducing wires of the bolbins of each system may be connected together
either successively (en tension) or in row (en quantité) at diverse proportions. The

page_text: bobbins may be insulated from each other as well as from the surrounding air, in
which last case they are enclosed in some suitable shell.
The energy of the induced current depends, as is known, upon the speed with
which it is generated, and, cæteris paribus, its energy and tension are the greater
the shorter the time required for magnetizing and demagnetizing the iron bundle of
the bobbin ; therefore, a bundle of fine and soft iron wire is generally employed now
instead of a solid piece of iron; but whilst both processes are notably quickened by
using a wire core instead of a solid one, yet they are retarded by the mutual induc-
tion of the turns of the magnetizing spiral. For the sake of avoiding this incon-
venience, and of reaching a maximum speed of induction, magnetization, and
demagnetization, I recur to the two following arrangements, which may be applied
not only to inductive machines, bobbins, systems of bobbins, and so on, but also in
all those circumstances when an increased speed of magnetization and demagnetiza-
tion is required:-
First. The iron bundle which, as stated above, might be already considered as a
result of a subdivision of the usually employed bundle, is yet more subdivided into
yet thinner bundles r, r, r, Figure 4. Each of them is coiled with inducing, i.e.,
magnetizing wire n, n, n, and all these thin electro-magnets or subdivisions of each
portion of the subdivided iron bundle are collected together into an insulating shell,
which is coiled with the induction wire m, m, m, as shown in Figure 4, and on the
right side of Figures 12 and 13 the limit of such a subdivision would be to coil one
or several layers of inducing wire on each iron wire of the bundle.
The circuit of the coils is composed in such a manner that a current being sent
through it, only like-named poles appear at all ends of the small bundles r, r, r, at
each end of the subdivided compound bobbin. The compound bobbins are arranged
into systems or stores in the same manner as said above.
The limit of both subdivisions, that is to say, of the subdivision of both the inducing
and the induced spirals, as well as of that of the iron bundles, I consider to be the
coiling of both, inducing and induced, conductors on each iron wire of the bundle,
those conductors being coiled either one over another, or simultaneously, or by com-
bining both methods.
Second. Another arrangement I employ for solving the same problem, of quickest
magnetization and demagnetization consists in coiling the iron bundle or rod with a
special ribbon devised for that purpose. The ribbon is made out as usual of a warp
and of a woof; the warp may be either thread or cotton, or silk, or some other
insulating material; but the woof must be some conductor, one or several, insulated
or not, or a conductor which is made to alternate with a non-conductor. As the
simplest kind of such a ribbon we may may consider an insulated conductor folded
in zig-zags.
The length, breadth, and thickness of the ribbon may be very diverse, according
to the force of the current which will be used to be sent through, as also to the
varied purposes for which the iron bundle magnetized by the ribbon will be
employed.
Figure 5 shows a portion of such a ribbon on the left-hand side of the Drawing, the
woof is drawn rather distended for showing the direction of the current. The current
which magnetizes the iron core whereon the ribbon is coiled is composed from those
currents which flow at the bendings of the woof, and it is represented by a larger
feathered arrow.
It will readily be understood from the Drawing, that at the moments when the
strength of the main currents is changed, no prejudicial currents retarding the mag-
netization or demagnetization might be induced in the woof. Then the problem of
eliminating the pernicious influences of the spirals of the magnetizing coils on each
other may be solved by the two described arrangements; and the inductive influence
It is obvious however, that this result can be reached only when other causes
which might otherwise retard the magnetization and demagnetization are elimi-
nated,

page_text: of induction to a maximum in all cases when induction is applied, that is to say
Besides the above-described improvements devised for bringing the useful action
in any inductive bobbin or machines, whether dynamo or magneto, or current in-
duced, I employ also one arrangement more, which arrangement, however,
especially applicable to those inductive bobbins which are employed as anchors in
usual or of the aforesaid description which are magnetized by currents, the relative
dynamo and electro magnetic machines, can be applied also to those bobbins of the
arrangement of the inducing and induced spirals, and of the iron bundle being
totally modified in that case as follows:-
Figures 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 shew this arrangement as applied to the current-
induced machines, bobbins, and systems of bobbins. Figure 6 is a lateral section of
such system; Figure 7 its end elevation; Figure 8, left side, is a plan, while the
right side represents a section, say a horizontal one, of the same apparatus; Figure 10,
left side, is a side elevation of the same, the right side being a section in a plane
perpendicular to that of the section drawn at Figure 8, say in a vertical one.
Figures 9 and 11 represent modifications of the apparatus drawn at Figures 8
and 10.
As seen on the Drawings, the inducing wire which is applied for magnetizing the
iron bundles, is placed outside the bobbins; while the induced wire or conductor
m, m, m, is coiled directly on the iron bundles enclosed in an insulating shell as on a
whole, or on each of their aforesaid small subdivisions r, r, r.
In this case as well as in those described above, the more numerous the subdi-
visions of the iron bundle, the better, as a, the closer the elements of the induced
wire are to the elements of the inducing iron bundle; and b, the greater the number
of the turns of the coil. In this case also, the limit of the subdivisions would be the
coiling of one or several layers of induced wire on each of the wires of the magnetic
iron bundle. The sizes of these latter wires may be made diverse.
When the partial iron bundles or iron wires have been coiled with the induced
wire m, m, m, they are arranged into two or more compartments disposed side by
side, for instance, in such a manner as shewn at A and B, in Figures 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 3
and 11.
The partial bobbins of each compartment may
as from the surrounding air.
be isolated from each other, as well
Special iron appendages D, D, as many as there are compartments, are
provided
at each end of the system for closing the magnetic chain, as said above, with that 35
difference, however, that in this case the appendages of each compartment are
separated from each other by small free spaces of air, or by thin copper or bronze,
or by other diamagnetic pieces.
The magnetization of the partial iron bundles, and thereby the developement of
currents in the induced wires, may be effected in different ways:-Either the com-
partments are made to pass by, or to approach to, the poles of permanent
electro-magnets, or electro-magnets are brought into metallic contact with the
iron bundles or with the iron appendages provided at the ends of the iron bundles.
appendages in the whole system, that is to say, twice as many poles as there are
In the latter case, the electro-magnets must have as many poles as there are
influence of poles of opposite polarity. This last condition must also be fulfilled in
compartments; and the two ends of each compartment must be submitted to the
that case when magnetization is produced by setting the systems in movement with
regard to the poles of fixed magnets.
40
45
coiled round the electro-magnets provided at each end of the system, as shewn at
If the induction be produced by means of electro-magnets the inducing wire is 50
Figures 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11, where two magnets E, F, and G, H, are
disposed, one at
magnets may have various shapes, size, and arrangements; these last always being,
however such as to allow the speediest magnetization, in short, they must be
constructed according to the above stated principles for instance, as shown at
Figures 9 and 11.
55

page_text: I sometimes employ also the arrangement drawn at Figures 12 and 13, this
arrangement being, so to say, a combination of both those above described.
The left part of the apparatus consists of a compartment A, arranged as said just
above, that is to say, of a group of iron wire bundles r, r, r, which are coiled
5 directly with the induced conductors m, m, m, while the right part of the same
apparatus consists of a group of four bobbins B, which bobbins are coiled with both
inducing and induced conductors. When a current is sent through the inducing
poles, a northern and a southern one, appear respectively at the ends of the group.
spirals of the bobbins of the group B the iron bundles become magnetic, and two
10 These ends are connected by means of iron appendices R and R, to the ends of the
iron bundles of the compartment A.
Thus we receive a system with a closed
magnetism, wherein the magnetic iron bundles r, r, r, of the compartment B and the
wire which magnetizes them both fulfil the functions of inductors, while a current is
induced in the coils m, m, m, of both compartments.
I notice also as a new arrangement of the inductive apparatus the coiling of the
inducing or magnetizing spiral at each end of the iron bundle. The induced wire
in that case is coiled either between the two coils of the inducing conductor, or both
between and above them.
Figure 14 shews some of the suitable arrangements of a bobbin constructed in
0 that manner; 1,1,1, are iron wire bundles; n, m, n, the magnetizing spirals; and
m, m, m, the spirals wherein currents are induced.
The currents applied for magnetizing both the iron wire bundles and the inducing
electro-magnets of the above-described systems must be intermittent or alternately
reversed ones.
I employ also the following arrangement for generating induced currents:-If a
conductor be coiled with another conductor, both being insulated from each other,
and if an intermittent current be transmitted through the inner conductor an
induced current appears in the outer coil. But if that compound conductor be
coiled round a third conductor, and an intermittent current be sent through the
0 latter, the induced current which will appear in the exterior coil will become far
stronger and its strength will be yet more increased if that treble system be coiled
around an iron rod or bundle. In this last case the middle conductor may be
replaced by a non-conductible body.
The conductors employed in the above-described systems of apparatus may be
5 most diverse. They may be single, double, and so on; they may be shaped, either
as wires of any sectional shape, or as ribbons or scraps; they may be insulated or
not, and they may be made out of copper, iron, or of some other suitable material.
I employ iron wire as especially suitable for the inducing coils; the magnetic power
of the iron bundles or rods is notably increased, and the distance of the induced wire
to the magnetic inducing body may be notably reduced when replacing the inducing
copper wire by an iron one.
It must be understood that both the size and shape of the bobbins, as well as all
those particulars of their descriptions which do not alter the leading principles of
induction, enumerated herein above, may be most diversified. Thus the bobbins
may be either straight, or somewhat bent, or ring shaped; they may be long or
short, thin or thick, and so on; they may be employed either separately or several
together; and they may be arranged either in one or in several horizontal or vertical
rows, or both, or embrace one another.
It must be understood also that my Invention covers the use of these, my above-
0 described improvements, in arrangements for the induction of currents, or rather of
my above-described series of improvements in the inductive apparatus, not only in
herein enumerated, but also wherever those improvements are applicable,
the cases
that is to say, in every kind of dynamo and current-induced machines as well as
in many other apparatus applied to various purposes of electro-magnetic and
In applying my improvements to dynamo-induction electrical machines I con-
struct a machine which differs from those heretofore employed, especially by 1, the
5 inductive practice.

page_text: former ones by the mode of coiling on them the conductors.
technical and industrial purposes.
Moreover this new
modifications of the modes of induction; and 2, the employment of a special arrange
ment of the electro-magnets and anchors, which both essentially differ from the
mode of coiling gives to the electro-magnets and anchors some properties which
make them applicable not only to dynamo-induction machines, but also to various
My electro-magnet is of the following description:-Its core is, as is not unusual,
a ring A, Figure 15, or a polygonal ring B, Figure 16, or a hollow cylinder C,
of those pieces may be very diverse, according to the various purposes they have
Figure 17, or a hollow prism D, Figure 18. The size and the relative dimensions
which may be either in direct contact with or spaced from each other, or of wire,
to be used for. They may be made out either of one piece or of several piess,
material. The ring or hollow cylinder or prism is coiled with one or several con-
of ribbons, of saw powder, or of some other kind of iron, or of some other suitable
ductors, which last may be wires or ribbons of any shape, insulated or not, and
planes, which pass through the axis of the core, and the core is covered with one
may be wound in one or in several series. The conductor is coiled in radial
or several layers of the conductor, both inside and outside, so that a radial section
of the coiled core being made, say, in the plane P, Q, as shewn at Figures 19 and
20, the section would be like that of two common flat electro-magnets disposed 2
symetrically with regard to the axis of the core, or of the two branches of a horse-shoe
electro-magnet r, and being the sections of the flat core, and 8, 8, 8', 8', the coiled
conductors which enclose each of the iron pieces separated.
The conductor coiled round the ring or cylinder is subdivided into an even
number of portions a, a, a, Figures 20 and 21, which may be called bobbins; these 2
bobbins are either in contact with or separated from each other by free spaces where
the ring remains uncovered.
The direction of the coiling in each bobbin and the mutual connections between
the bobbins are such, that a current being made to flow through the coils, we produce
a series of magnetic poles, the polarity of which changes at the end of each bobbin; 3
that is to say, each two next bobbins produce together one magnetic pole, whose
polarity is opposite to the polarities of the two other poles which appear at the two
other ends of the two bobbins.
The coiling is made by proceeding from each bobbin either to the next one, or to
the next but one, but two, or more.
In the first case the direction of the coiling, as shewn at A, on Figure 21, or the
direction of the current, as shewn at B, same Figure, must be reversed each time
we pass from one bobbin to the next one.
In the second case, as shewn at C and D, same Figure, it is better to have the
conductors arranged in two series, m and n, and to proceed with the coiling of each
series by going from each bobbin to the next but one, the current being sent in one
direction with regard to the ring through all the bobbins of one series, and in an
opposite direction through the bobbins of the other series.
In each series of coils one or several conductors may be used, and the coil in
both cases may be wound up in one, two, or several layers, two layers, m and n, 45
being shown at Figure 20 in the part T, U, of the ring.
For electro-magnets two layers are unsuitable, but when such an
apparatus be
be used as an inducing or magnetizing conductor, while the other will be the
made to act as an anchor two layers must be preferred, as one of the two layers can
induced one; and we may either produce a secondary induction by means of a 50
inductor and as an anchor wherein a current is induced.
The bobbins, as well as the separate series of conductors and the conductors
themselves, may be connected to one another either in row (in derivation) or side
by side (in tension), or in both manners together; they may also be united into
provided either inside or outside the ring. At the open portions of the ring, t
one circuit or into several. The ends of the wires are connected to screw cups

page_text: CC.
is, in the non-coiled spaces 6, 6, 6, Figures 20 and 21, between the bobbins a, a, a,
special iron pieces d, d, d, are provided, which pieces may have different shapes and
size, and may be made out either of one piece or of several.
Figure 20 shews some of the shapes which I employ by preference; such iron
pieces may be provided on one, two, three, or on all sides of the ring; and their
outer surfaces may be either at one level with the outer surfaces of the coil or
project beyond them, or even partly cover the bobbins. These additional iron
pieces d, d, d, become poles of the coiled ring or cylinder; they may be secured on
disc fitted on the shaft of the ring, or in any other suitable piece.
a
The generatrices of the outer surface of the coiled ring or cylinder or prism may
be either parallel or somewhat inclined to the axis. Thus, we have an electro-magnet
which has some even number of poles, two or more; its anchors will be solid or compound
metallic plates, which may have projecting parts like to those of the electro-magnets.
They may have also the shape of cylinders or cones, solid or hollow, or any other
suitable shape; they may be disposed on one or on several sides of the magnet, or
cover it, or be put inside of it; they may have also quite the same arrangement
as the electro-magnets.
The advantages afforded by such an arrangement are diverse, and I will mention
but some of them :-
a. The field of action of the electro-magnet can be limited at will, so that the
magnet can be made not to manifest its power beyond a certain fixed distance.
For that purpose it is secured on a rather thick iron plate R, R, Figure 20, left
side of the Drawing, another plate of diamagnetic matter Q, Q, of a determined
thickness being inserted between the magnet and the iron plate. Thus, the mag-
netism of the poles will be felt only at a distance less than the thickness of the
intermediate diamagnetic plate.
b. When the magnetism is not limited, as in the former case, the sphere of
action of the magnet is larger than in electro-magnets of other descriptions.
c. The attractive power of the described electro-magnet, as well at distance as
at contact, but especially at distance, when compared with the power of other
usually employed electro-magnets proves to be far greater, the force of the current,
the length of the conductor, and the number of its turns remaining equal.
d. The above-described coiled rings or cylinders or prisms can be employed in
dynamo-inductive machines, both as inductors and anchors. In that case they
afford some new advantages.
e. The induction of the anchor is two-sided.
f. The inducing elements, and especially the magnetic ones, are brought closer
to the induced elements.
g. A supplementary induction is readily received by causing the conductor of
the anchor to move with reference to the coil, the iron bar, and the poles of an
inductor wherein a current is transmitted.
h. The velocity of rotation of the anchor and of the inductor with respect to
one another can be notably reduced without impairing the induction as the electro-
magnet, can have more than two poles.
1. A partial closing and unclosing of the magnetism, in both the anchor and the
inductor, takes place each time the poles are approaching to or receding from one
another; this process always favours the induction.
are also worthy of notice when such magnets are applied to a dynamo-inductive
And, k. The convenient shape of the electro-magnet and its relative compactness
machine.
I will now describe the applications of the electro-magnets and anchors just
described to new dinamo-induction generators of currents, as well as to those here-
tofore employed, which last must in that case be suitably modified.
The induction of currents being generally produced in dynamo-induction
machines by means of setting some anchors in motion with respect to some in-
inversely the coiled rings, cylinders, or prisms, just described, can be
ductors, or

page_text: applied to such machines either as both electro-magnets and
electro-magnets or as anchors.
aurenors, or only as
The ring-shaped or cylindrical coiled apparatus wherein the currents are induced
or anchors, and the inductors or electro-magnets of the same construction, through
which the currents are sent, can be combined together in different ways. But
these various combinations may be considered as modifications of the two following
I. Several ringed-shaped inductors A, A, A, Figure 22, and several anchors of the
same shape and arrangement B, B, B, are disposed alternately side by side in
planes normal to their common axis, the spaces between them being rendered as
small as possible. The anchors B, B, B, are fitted in some manner on a common
shaft wherewith they are caused to rotate, while while the inductors A, A, A, being
secured on a frame or stand remain fixed or inversely. The number and sizes of
both inductors and anchors depend upon the special purpose they are employed for.
The induction being produced in that case from both sides of each anchor, I call it
a two-sided one.
II. The second kind of combination is shewn at Figure 23, which represents a
longitudinal section of an apparatus of that kind. The apparatus consists of
inductors A, A, and of anchors B, B, which both are shaped as cylinders or prisms,
and of short rings K, K, K, united together by means of polar appendices. Out of
each two cylinders one encloses the other; the inner one, which may be as well an
inductor as an anchor, is secured to a wooden cylinder M, which last is fixed on a
shaft wherewith it is made to rotate; or spokes N, N, are provided for securing the
inner cylinder on the shaft; on the contrary, the outer cylinder A remains fixed on
a frame or on a stand, which supports also, the shaft of the rotating cylinder. The
distance between the inner surface of the outer cylinder and the outer surface of the
inner one can easily be modified, the generatrices of both surfaces being if necessary
slightly inclined to the axis, but always that distance should be rendered as small
as possible.
direction.
and
22.
The apparatus drawn on Figure 23 being the simplest of the kind, the induction
is but one-sided. A two-sided induction however is readily made by providing two
inductors A and C, arranged one outside and the other inside the anchor B, as
shewn at Figure 24. In that case the anchor is supported at each end by spokes,
secured into a box through which the shaft of the apparatus is passed. One of the
boxes is provided with a pulley which is driven by some motive power,
transmits the rotatory motion to the anchor, this last rotating as a wheel on the
fixed axle o, o. The surface of the pulley may be covered with furrows, or other-
wise rendered rough for the sake of avoiding the sliding, as shown at D, Figure 2-
The inductors A and C also may be caused to revolve, but in an opposite
In both above-described arrangements similarly constructed rings or cylinders or
two rings or cylinders is made to rotate while the other remains fixed, or both rotate
made to become inductors, while others are used as anchors, and either one of each
Besides the apparatus constructed according to this principle I employ, however,
several others, being applications of other principles which will be seen from the
A. The current is induced in the same manner as before, but both coiled rings
or cylinders are employed simultaneously as both inductors and anchors. In that 50
case, the inducing parts of the apparatus and the induced ones can be arranged
following description:-
with respect to one another in two different ways:-
for transmitting the inducing current in each or both the coiled rings or c
1. I avail myself of one of the two layers of coil, of the inner or of the outer one,
or of one of the series of the coiled conductors, or of some portion of one or several 55
series (Figure 29).

page_text: 2. Some part or some parts of each coiled ring or cylinder, or of both, are
employed for receiving the inducing current, that is to say, either some portions of
the circumference of the coiled ring or cylinder receive the inducing current, and
these inducing bobbins alternate with induced ones, or some parts of the cylinder
considered in the direction of its length are used as inductors while the other parts
are induced, and both are alternating in chess board order (Figure 29).
In both cases one coiled ring or cylinder is sufficient. It is caused to revolve
between two common iron or cast-iron anchors without coils, or these anchors are
made to revolve while the coiled ring remains fixed. This arrangement represents
the simplest kind of a dynamo-induction machine.
of
any
B. The same kinds of induction can be produced without recuring to the rotation
of the anchors simply by means of transmitting an intermittent or an
alternately reversed indicating and magnetizing current through the anchor or
anchors, that is to say, by means of the translocation of that inducing current in the
coil of the anchor, which motion implies a translocation of magnetism in the iron
core.
The current transmitted during the first moments can be taken from some source
of electricity, even from a weak one; the induced current thus generated is also
transmitted through the inductors, and it increases their magnetizing force, and
thereby the strength of the currents they are inducing. I employ in that case one,
two, or several anchors which may be either in contact with or separated from each
other by small free spaces, or they may be brought into contact with common disc
or plate-like or otherwise shaped iron anchors for the sake of closing the magnetic
chain. The machine constructed according to this principle represents one of the
simpler and most compact kinds of dynamo-induction machines (Figure 29).
C. I produce induced currents also by causing an anchor B of my own system,
whether ring-shaped or cylindrical, to rotate inside an inducing and magnetizing
conductor C, D, Figures 25, 26, 27, and 28. The magnetism is developed in the
anchor itself, and is translocated in it as the anchor rotates; or an inductor being
secured in a fixed position, a coiled shell C, D, is made to rotate outside of it. In
that case the inductors may either be permanent magnets or electro-magnets of
some system; in both these cases induced currents are generated.
Figures 25, 26, 27, and 28 shew such an arrangement, Figures 25 and 26
representing an apparatus with two poles developed by an inducing conductor, and
Figures 27 and 28, an apparatus with four poles.
The number of poles may be increased if the arrangement of the magnetizing
wire be suitably modified. I employ that arrangement also with common iron and
cast-iron anchors A, A, fixed either outside the magnetizing conductor or inside,
that is to say, between it and the coiled anchor, as shewn at Figure 26.
Another modification of this apparatus is to impart a rotatory motion to the iron
anchors A, A, the coiled anchor B remaining fixed.
For the sake of a more complete illustration of the applications of the above-
stated principles I will briefly sketch now the leading features of some other
arrangements and systems of dynamo-inductive machines which I employ.
Figures 40 to 71 shew one of them.
A and A, Figure 40, represents two inductors of my own system arranged side by
side on a frame or otherwise, at some distance from one another, and turned
towards one another by dissimilar poles; a dise B, made out of the induced con-
ductor, is caused to rotate in the inter-polar space. When rotating its conductors
successively cross the magnetic lines of the inductors, and thus a current is
generated in its coils; for, when one of the coils of the induced conductor passes
between two unlike poles of the two inductors the conditions are the same as if it
were set on the core of an electro-magnet whose poles were the poles of the two
inductors.
The inductors may have some even number of poles, two or more. The
arrangement of the induced conductors may be most varied, and some of the
suitable arrangements are shewn on Figures 41 to 43. By suitably modifying

page_text: Kaprey
these arrangements it is easy to make the
ve of constant
direction or alternately reversed. The turns of the conductor may be arranged
either parallel, or normal, or oblique to the axis of the disc and to its radii.
Two such discs may also be employed, the rotation being imparted to them in
together, and an iron or some other suitable plate may be inserted between them, as
that case either in the like or in opposite directions. The discs may be connected:
shewn at C, Figures 44 and 45.
the inductors must also be undulated and closely correspond to those of the discs.
I give an undulated shape to the surfaces of the discs. In that case the surface of
The induced current can be increased by increasing the induced surface, therefore
Figures 46 and 47 shew some such surfaces, the most advantageous being that
shewn at Figures 48 and 49, the inductors and the induced coils entering within
one another like the teeth of two combs.
With the same object of increasing the strength of the induced current iron
pieces of any suitable shape, as bars, plates, sheets, wires, tubes, &c., may be fitted
inside the turns of the induced conductor. Anchors of suitable shape are shewn d
Figures 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, and 39. When I am employing cylindrical
inductors of my own system I give a cylindrical shape also to the coil of the
induced conductor. In that case I take a hollow cylinder of some non-conductible
material and coil on its side surface a conductor, or a special web made out of
insulated conductors. Figures 51 to 55 shew different modifications of that
arrangement.
It will be seen on the Drawings that the coil may be arranged in oblique spirals
or in longitudinal zig-zags, and that the turns may either embrace the cylinder or
be attached to its surface fafter having previously received the required arrange-
ment. Whatever be the system of coiling it must always be in accordance with
the number of poles of the inductor or inductors.
The different coils may also be arranged directly on the surface of the inner iron
cylinder, the interior inductor being dispensed with in that case; but it is preferable
to maintain this latter, and to replace the exterior conductor by a plain iron anchor
made out of one or of several plates, bars, or other suitable pieces, or by an iron
hollow cylinder, which would enclose the induced conductor. This last may also
remain fixed as well as the outer cylindrical iron anchor, Figure 50, the current
being generated in that case by causing the interior inductor to rotate; or, this last
also remaining fixed, the induced current is produced by means of the trans-
location of the current in the inductor, which last also may be replaced by a coil
quite similar to the induced coils, and may be secured on an inner iron cylinder.
The leading principle according to which all these systems of coils are arranged
is that when the parts of the induced conductor are driven into motion,-a, they
must cross the magnetic lines of the inductor or inductors; and b, the Ampère
currents and the coils of the inductor must co-operate in the developement of induced
currents.
poles.
In the next following Figures of the accompanying Drawings A, A, represent the
inductors; B, B, the anchors; D, D, the induced parts; m, m, the inducing con-
ductors, and n, n, the induced ones; N, N, the northern, and S, S, the southern
Figures 56, 57, and 58, shew some arrangements of the induced conductors coiled
round a cylindrical shell or a cylindrical frame; while Figures 59 to 63 shew the
webs K, K, especially made out of the conductors n, n, before they are wound upon
the shells in one or several layers.
the surfaces being drawn as if they were unfolded.
Figures 64 to 68 shew some arrangements of inductors on the surfaces of cylinders,
the cylindrical apparatus, as well as for the discs, special iron pieces fitted inside
For the sake of increasing the strength of the induced currents I employ for
undulated on the surface of the cylinder, or I make the surface of the cylinder
the coils of the induced wire. For the same object I arrange this last in zig-zags or

page_text: accordingly modified.
itself undulated, Figures 47 to 49. In that case the surface of the inductor is
The above-described systems can be employed either separately, or they may be
combined together in different ways. They may be employed as well for inductors,
as for the induced parts, and they may be combined with those apparatus which
were described under other heads.
I consider therefore as my own Invention, all the above-described arrange-
ments and dispositions of the inducing parts of the apparatus with reference to
the induced ones; the arrangements of the magnetizing conductor; the employment
of a closed magnetism; the production of induced currents by means of the
translocation of both the current and the magnetism in the fixed anchor; the use
of two or more layers of coil for the sake of employing one of them as an
inducing conductor, while the other is induced; in short, all those means of pro-
ducing induced currents which are described above under A, B, and C, as well as
the former described production of a double or secondary induction; and my
Invention also covers the use of apparatus, constructed according to these principles,
whatever may be the system of generators of currents those improvements are
applied to.
The current produced in my machines is collected from them by a special
apparatus, which I call a distributor, and which will be described hereafter.
When the produced current is an alternately reversed one, it is converted into a
direct one before it is made to enter the inductor. The inductors, if they be not
permanent magnets, are introduced into a common circuit, or they are magnetized
by a portion of the current produced by the machine, or by a current received
from some other source. That source may be disposed either apart from the
machine or in connection with the same, so as to constitute, so to say, a part
of it.
As to the commutators or collectors, that is to say, to those parts which collect
the current produced by the dynamo or magneto induction machine, I employ
diverse kinds of them which can be described under two heads.
A. In those machines whose conductors or current-generating parts are rotating,
and especially in those which produce a current of constant direction and of always
nearly the same intensity, I employ the following arrangements for the purpose
collecting the currents:-
of
A series of metallic bars or plates, or springs, or otherwise shaped metallic pieces,
the number of which is equal to that of the bobbins of the machine, or of the sub-
divisions of the induced conductor, are fitted, either on the sides of a cylinder,
longitudinally or obliquely, or on the surface of a disc in the directions of its radii,
the cylinder or disc being secured on the shaft of the machine, and being caused to
rotate with it.
The spaces between the metallic pieces may be filled with some insulating matter.
Each of these metallic pieces is connected to the end or ends of the wire or wires of
a bobbin, or to the terminal wires of the machine, and each of them represents
thus a pole of the same. I call such a cylinder or disc a distributor. Such apparatus
is shewn at Figure 72.
For collecting the currents from this distributor, or from a similar one, I recur to
one of the following arrangements:
a. Several fixed broad and thick metallic plates or bars are disposed, close by
0 contact, each with one or with several metallic pieces of the distributor. They
the distributor, and they are pressed upon by springs, so as to be maintained in
are hollowed out, so that the surfaces of the hollows are exactly fitted to the outer
surfaces of the metallic pieces whereof the current has to be collected. When
rotation is imparted to the distributor, the fixed metallic plates or bars slide upon
its surfaces, and collect the current from the metallic pieces. The friction can be
55 diminished by employing graphite.
b. Instead of the fixed metallic plates or bars, I employ also soft elastic friction
wheels, which are brought into contact with the distributor. The wheels are pressed

page_text: upon this last by springs or screws; and by diminishing or augmenting the pressure
it is easy to give the required extent to the surface of contact, so as to make the
When the distributor is caused to rotate the friction wheel rotates also, and its
wheel to collect the current from one, two, or more metallic pieces of the distributor.
shaft being in metallic connection with its periphery the current is transmitted to 5
the shaft; the further transmission of the current is effected by some of the usually
employed means, that is to say, either by means of metallic pieces making contar
rotate in mercury, or by causing the wheel itself to rotate round a fixed axle, whereto
with the revolving shaft, or by causing some suitable appendices of the shaft c
the current is transmitted.
As each friction wheel will constitute one pole of the machine, the number of
wheels will be determined by the number of poles required as well as by the number
of points of the distributor from which the current has to be collected.
The tyre of the wheel can be made either of a soft elastic metallic web wound
upon a gutta-percha or some other elastic layer, or of a series of pencils, or brushes, 1
or springs, or some other suitably-shaped pieces fitted on the periphery of the wheel,
and either connected to each other or not.
The wheel may also be wound with metallic wire or ribbon; or the wheel may
be replaced by an elastic metallic ring, or by an elastic hollow metallic cylinder,
which last may be secured at one of its two ends, while its other end remains free, 2
and is brought into contact with the distributor.
The surfaces of the wheels or cylinders, as well as the surface of the distributor,
may be made more or less smooth, or they may be provided with grooves or with
solid or spring-like teeth.
The advantages afforded by such wheels are the following:-The surface of contact
is enlarged, and it can be modified at will; the contact between the distributor and
the collecting parts of the apparatus is far more complete than in other arrange-
ments heretofore employed; and the rubbing being avoided, the usual very speedy
waste of the rubbing parts is notably diminished.
c. The arrangement which will be described under this head has the same advan- 3
tages as that described immediately before, and this to a higher degree; besides, if
damaged, the parts which collect the currents can be very easily replaced by new
ones. This arrangement is of the following description: One or several endless
metallic ribbons or wires, or ribbons of metallic web are passed round the cylinder
of the distributor, so as to embrace some part of its periphery, as shewn at Figure 73,
which is a diagrammatical end elevation of the apparatus. C, D, is the cylindrical
distributor; a², a², a³, as, as, &c., its metallic pieces; b, b, b, the spaces between
them, which spaces may be filled with some non-conductible matter; O is the shaft
of the machine, whereon the distributor is secured; and P, Q, R, the endless ribbon
which embraces both the cylinder and the two rollers 'r and q, or simply makes
contact with the former. Now, if it be supposed that the current must be collected
rollers 1 and q are disposed accordingly, as shewn by dotted lines at the Figure 73,
and a², the
and the current is transmitted from the pieces a¹, a2, and a³, to the rollers and g
י
by means of the ribbon.
screws e
The pinions of the rollers are moveable in special slides, and the setting
and f afford the means of regulating the tension of the ribbon, and thereby the
more or less closer contact between this last and the distributor. It is obvious that
by employing that arrangement I avoid any rubbing of the collecting parts against
the distributor.
will.
If more poles than one are required the described arrangements are
multiplied at
convex, or concave. Instead of recurring to setting screws for the sake of regulating
The outer surfaces of the distributor and of the rollers may be either plane, or
the tension of the ribbon, exterior rollers may be used. The endless ribbon may
also be placed in a plane parallel to the axis of rotation of the distributor,
or other
wise. Altogether the relative positions of the distributor, of the ribbon, of the
45
60

page_text: may
rollers, and of other parts, as well as further particulars of the said arrangement,
be most diversified if the main principle, viz., that of the motion of the collecting
part, together with the distributor, be maintained.
case
As one of the modifications of the said arrangement I will mention the employ-
ment of an elastic metallic ring S, T, U, Figure 74, instead of the ribbon. In that
se one roller p is sufficient, and the screw g is used for tending more or less the
ring, and thus modifying the magnitude of the surface of contact, as well as the
pressure exerted by the ring on the distributor. Further particulars remain in that
case as stated above.
I employ also the above-described friction wheels or cylinders, elastic iron webs,
endless ribbons, and elastic cylinders for closing the magnetic chain, as shewn at K¹,
Figures 69-71.
d. Another modification of the collecting apparatus is received by replacing the
metallic plates, wheels, ribbons, and rings, described under a, b, and c, by mercury.
Suppose the current must be collected at the portions m and n of the distributor C, D,
Figure 75, simultaneously from three metallic pieces a', a², and a³, at m, and from
a, all, & all, at n, each of these two places having to be made a separate pole of
the machine, in that case I divide the cylindrical distributor C, D, into two parts,
M and N, which both remain secured on the same shaft, but are set somewhat apart
from one another.
The metallic pieces a and a1, a2 and a¹¹,
11
a, and an, and so on, of the two
parts
are respectively connected to one another, and then one of the two halves of
the cylinder is turned on its axis by 180 degrees, before being definitively secured
on the shaft.
Two baths K and L filled with mercury are placed beneath the
two parts of the cylinder, so that in each of them three metallic pieces are simulta-
neously brought into contact with the mercury, and thus transmit to it the
current, E and F being two screw cups provided for the further transmission of the
same.
Further particulars as to the shape of the baths, and to the arrangements taken
for establishing a closer contact between the mercury and the metallic plates of the
distributor, as also for avoiding the spreading out and the heating of mercury
during the rotation of the cylinder, are not described here, as they may be readily
foreseen.
It must be understood, however, that the number of parts into which the cylinder
is divided, as well as the angle by which each part is made to revolve on its axis
before being secured, depend upon the number of poles required. Thus if we would
have four, six, or eight poles of alternately reversed polarity, the cylinder should be
sub-divided into as many parts, and each of them should be turned only through 90,
60, or 45 degrees with respect to the next one.
e. In those cases when a current of constant direction has to be converted into
an alternate one, or inversely, I employ one of the following arrangements:-
1. A cylinder C, made out of wood or of some other non-condnctive matter, is
fixed on the shaft O, O, of the machine. Three metallic rings L, M, and N are fitted
on the surface at some distance from each other.
The spaces between them may be
The
filled with some insulating matter. The rings L and N are made out each of one
piece, but the ring M is cut obliquely or in zig-zag, in two or more parts, Figure 76,
representing that case when it is cut in two parts m and m'. A small space is left
between the two parts, which space also may be filled with insulating matter.
part m is brought into metallic contact with the ring L, while the other part m is
0 connected to the ring N. Four metallic springs, or brushes, or pencils a, b, c, and d
are pressing on the rings, a and b making contact with the rings L and N, while
and d, which are arranged diametrically opposite to one another, are respectively
making contact with the half rings m and m. When the machine and the cylinder
5 and d alternately, and the half rings m and m¹ being respectively connected witl
C are made to revolve, the half rings m and m¹ come into contact with the springs
the rings L and N, the springs c and d receive the current alternately from each of
the two rings. Therefore if the springs a and b be connected with some source of

page_text: revolution of the cylinder.
electricity which gives a current of constant direction, we receive from each of the
springs c and d a current whose direction will be alternately reversed at each half
2. Another arrangement which I employ for the same object of converting a
direct current into an alternately reversed one is the following:-C, D, Figure
distributor. Now two broad belts being traced on the surface of the cylinder some
represents a cylinder arranged quite in the same manner as the above-described
distance apart from each other, each of them is hollowed on opposite halves of the
circumference to a depth equal to about one quarter of the thickness of the metallic
pieces a, a. The pieces a, a, which enclose each groove on its both ends, remain,
however, complete, so that if the groove of one belt terminates, say, at the left side
of a bar a, the next groove of the other belt begins on the right side of the same
bar. The number of grooves may also be more than one in each belt, their length
Thus if the direction of the current
being accordingly diminished in that case.
ought to be changed for four times during each revolution of the cylinder, two
grooves ought to be hollowed out in each belt, the length of each of them being
equal to quarter a circumference, less the breadth of one bar, and the four grooves
ought to be arranged in a chess board order. The grooves are filled with some
insulating matter to one level with the remainder of the surface of the cylinder.
Four plates, or brushes, or pencils A and B, A¹ and B', are pressing upon the
cylinder, each two of them pressing upon one belt, and being diametrically opposed
to one another. These plates collect the current from the rotating cylinder, and
as each two of them, A and B, A¹ and B', are connected together, and to the
terminal conductors, it is readily understood that each pair will communicate to the
conductors an alternately reversed current.
The brushes, pencils, or springs A and B may be replaced by any of the above-
described arrangements, such as wheels, ribbons, and so on.
B. When the induced conductors of the machine remain fixed, the current is
taken either directly from them or by means of one of the described arrangements,
which may be suitably modified.
In such machines I employ also the following arrangement :-A disc is secured on
the shaft of the rotating part of the machine, and is provided with as many pro-
jections or projecting rollers as there are poles in the machine.
caused to rotate its projections press each in its turn, and at determined moments,
When the disc is
upon special contact springs, which are connected on the one side to the end wires S
of the bobbins, or of the sub-divisions of the fixed induced conductor, and on the
other side with metallic pieces, which make up the outer ends or poles of the
machine. In this way a direct or an alternately reversed current can be received
It has already been mentioned that the above-described electro-magnets, the
modes of induction, and the arrangements of the inducing and induced parts, with 4
regard to one another, can be applied also to machines heretofore employed. As to
the anchors, they may be employed as well with my inductors as with other ones,
that is to say, with electro-magnets and magnets of any known description. In
that case the strength of the magnets must be increased by making them out of steel
wire, or of thin cast-iron rods, which are insulated by some diamagnetic matter, as 45
paper, varnish, silk, wool, caoutchouc, and so on, or by some insulated conductor.
magnetism is partially closed up and disclosed in the magnets. These wire magnets
In the latter case the current induced in the coil may be partially used, when the
The principles enumerated in this Specification allow us notably to improve the 50
of Gramme. Thus by replacing its inductors by inductors of my own system,
can be applied to different purposes.
heretofore employed magneto and dynamo inductive machines,
we obtain the advantages enumerated above under g, h, and i.
as for instance, that
that is to say, for approaching the inner elements of the iron core of the anchor 55
Further, for availing ourselves of the advantages mentioned under the heading f
as close as possible to the elements of the inducing poles, two arrangements can be
employed.

page_text: 0.
1. The copper wire coil of the anchor can be replaced by an iron wire.
And, 2. Iron bars may be fitted at several places of the anchor between the
bobbins of the coil.
For the sake of increasing the strength of the induced current generated by this
machine, as well as for avoiding the heating of the coil of the anchor, besides the
just mentioned improvements, I divide also the iron core, or the iron wire bundle,
which constitutes the core of the anchor, into several parts a, a, a, Figures 78
and 79, and after having coiled them, each separately with insulated wire, I fit them
all consecutively on a wooden cylinder R, which is secured on the shaft of the
machine.
The same result can be reached by taking a long and thin bundle of iron wire,
and coiling it with one or two layers of one or several insulated conductors, one of
the layers being employed for inducing the current, and the other for receiving the
induced current.
Then I wind this coiled bundle round the same wooden cylinder
in one or several rows, the ends of the iron wires of this bundle being brought into
metallic connection to each other by means of special iron pieces.
The number of the subdivisions of the periphery of each such ring, or of the
bobbins b, b, b, may be the same in all rings or turns of the coiled iron spiral of the
same cylinder. In that case the corresponding bobbins, or portions of the turns of
the said rings, that is to say, those portions of them which are on the corresponding
generatrices of the cylinder, may he directly connected together side by side or in
row.
Figure 78 shews some of such connections of the coils of five ring-shaped anchors
a, b, c, d, and e, fitted on the same wooden cylinder. The portions of the rings or
bobbins A, B, C, and D are connected together side by side (in tension), and the
portions E and F in row (by derivation).
The limit of the subdivision of each ring into a series of partial rings is the
coiling of each iron wire of the core of the anchor with one or several layers of one
or several conductors. The size of these conductors may be very different.
For the sake of producing a two-sided induction of the anchors of the machine,
the anchors can be magnetized from both sides by applying one of the above-
described arrangements.
Similar modifications and improvements can be applied likewise to any other
machine.
For producing electrical lights by currents, I employ an apparatus which has the
following advantages, and which is applicable to the purpose whatever be the means
by which the currents are obtained:
First. The lighting point is kept always in a fixed position without recurring for
purpose to the complicated apparatus usually employed now.
that
Second. My apparatus allows me easily to obtain several lighting points disposed
either in one circuit, or in several derivated branches of it.
The leading principles of my apparatus are the following:-
Two or more carbons are used for making up each pole of the electrical light.
They are secured obliquely, so that their burning ends meet with one another.
They are supported by holders, the positions of which, with reference to one
another, are fixed in relation to each pole; and they are pushed out of those holders,
go that their burning ends always meet with one another at the same points, how-
ever wasted by burning, the outward motion of each carbon being limited at its
burning ends by its encounter with the other carbon.
length, as also its length
can be fixed beforehand, the carbons being automaticallylighted up in that case by
means of some suitable arrangement.
My apparatus for carrying out these principles may conveniently be made of the
following descriptions:-
Two carbons a, c, and a¹, c', Fig. 80, which are disposed obliquely, meet with
one another at their ends c and el, as shewn. Each carbon is supported by and
moves

page_text: slides being always fixed with regard to one another.
7
vo springs or weights
7 and press upon the ends a and a¹ of the carbons and force them out, so that
The respective positions of both tubes or slides being fixed, and thus the points of
the burning ends c and e¹ always remain in contact, however wasted by burning
encounter of the two carbons being determined, the burning of the carbons is
necessarily always going on at nearly the same point.
The number of carbons meeting with one another at each point may be more
than two.
as the arrangements employed for pushing them out, which may consist of springs,
The adjustment of the carbons in the tubes or slides may be much varied, as well
weights, friction wheels, or some other suitable but plain mechanisms adapted to
that purpose.
The size and the shape of the carbons also may be very different, as they can be
shaped as rods, cylinders, discs, rings, spirals, screws, and so on.
up
Each pair or group of carbons which meet with each other at one point make
together only one pole of the machine. Two poles being required for producing a
voltaic arc, two pairs or two groups A and B, Figures 80 and 81, are employed for
each light. They may be arranged either in planes, more or less inclined to one
another, or parallel, or in the same plane.
The distance between the active ends of the two pairs, i.e., between the two
points where the ends of the carbons of each group meet with one another, may be
either fixed beforehand, or the ends of the two pairs make contact when not lighted
up, but recede from one another under the influence of the current as soon as it is
made to flow, and accordingly to its strength. In that case either one group is set
in motion, or both simultaneously or successively. For producing this receding
motion I employ either a solenoide, or one or several electro-magnets, or the heat of
the voltaic arc, or some special arrangement driven into motion by the whole or by
a portion of the current. Whatever be the arrangement employed the contact
between the poles must be immediately re-established as soon as the current is
interrupted within the circuit.
The number of pairs used for producing one light may be more than two.
When the distance between the burning ends of the pairs be a fixed one, I resort
to some arrangement for automatically lighting up the carbons; for instance,
I secure a graphite, or carbon, or metallic rod or plate between the carbon points of
the two pairs, or simply in contact with them. In the former case the conductive
body is consumed by the heat of the voltaic are; and in the latter, after having
lighted up the carbons, it is withdrawn or repelled, either by means of the current
or by the heat of the arc. I employ that arrangement for lighting up electrical
lights in all circumstances where it may prove to be useful, as, for instance, for
lighting up the Wedermann's or Jablochkoff's candles.
The receding of the burning ends of the pairs can be limited for instance by two
screws. When the distance is thus limited or fixed beforehand, so that the voltaic
are cannot attain the full length it could have otherwise, I am enabled to introduce
in the circuit several regulators, whether of my own system or of some other one,
to say, subdivided into several parts, which may be connected together either in
and to receive several lighting points from one circuit. Then the voltaic are is, so
row (en quantité) or successively (en tension), the regulators being introduced either
in the same circuit or in its ramifications,
circumstances where it may prove to be useful, whether the pairs of obliquely
The said oblique arrangement of the carbons can be employed in all those
disposed carbons or the carbons themselves be insulated from each other or not, and
whether the insulating body be consumed in the heat of the voltaic are or not.
of the current, I sometimes coat them with metal on one or several sides, or
For the sake of reducing the resistance opposed by the carbons to the transmission
Figure 82, or through brushes or some other suitable arrangements. For producing
may be inclosed in metallic tubes. For the same purpose the current is made to
enter the carbons near to their burning ends, through the springs K and K
they

page_text: a white light the metallic coatings may be made out of such two different metals as
would give when burning two supplemtary colours; or, one metal being
employed, the carbons themselves may contain some such oxide of metal or salt,
which would give the required supplementary colour. The metallic coatings may
5 also be replaced by metallic rods or wires introduced into the body of the carbons;
or the conductive rods may be coated with non-conductive shells.
wires.
For the sake of increasing the intensity of light I sometimes form the carbons of
a mixture of coal with some substance which disengages heavy vapours or gases
when submitted to the intense heat of the voltaic are; or I add to the coal some
or lime, gypsum, chalk, oxyde of zirconium, or some other substance which
10 magnesia,
would become intensely luminous when heated, or disengage some compounds
qualified for giving an intense light. Those substances may either be mixed with
the coal, or be included within the carbon rods under the shape of several rods or
"Instead of the carbons I sometimes employ other conductors. Besides, as we can
avail ourselves of the heat of the voltaic are for converting it into light, I replace, in
a modified form of my apparatus, one of the carbons of each pair by some piece of a
refractory substance, such as magnesia, lime, graphite, oxide of zirconium, or other
like substance, which substance, while meeting with the burning end of the pushed
0 out carbons, arrests its outward motion, and emits at the same time a great amount
of light when heated by the voltaic arc. This stopping piece may receive the most
diverse shapes; thus, a rod, a cylinder, a plate, or a plate with projections, or a
plate hollowed out at its end as a fork or a cup, or a cap may be employed, either
one for both carbons, or one for each of them, as shewn on Figures 83 to 110
5 inclusive, where some of the suitable shapes are drawn. Those stopping pieces may
either be fixed, or be pushed out of their holders as the carbons.
When the refractory pieces may become conductive of currents under the influence
of a high temperature the derivation of the current through it must be prevented
by interrupting the contact of that piece with one or both poles of the circuit.
With the same object of increasing the intensity of light I coat also the carbons
on one or several sides with some refractory substance which, being heated so as
to become incandescent, allows me better to avail myself of the heat of the voltaic
arc.
The shapes of the carbons employed in the modified apparatus may also be
most varied. Rods, cylinders, plates, discs, rings, spirals, and screw-like bodies may
be employed.
Further particulars as to the positions of the carbons with respect to one another,
whether fixed or moveable, and as to the means of lighting them up, remain in that
case as described above. The carbons of each pair, as also the two pairs, may also
be insulated from each other.
For obtaining a continuous electrical light of permanent intensity I make and
employ also the following apparatus, which I call an electric lamp-The poles of
the circuit are fixed, and they are not or are but very little wasted by burning, the
voltaic are being produced in that case by some other hard liquid, or gaseous matter,
powder, vapour, or gas, which is calcined, or melted, or vaporized by the heat. Such
into the voltaic are much like the oil or the vapours which feed the flame of a
a substance is made to flow bye-and-bye to the poles of the circuit, and to enter
common lamp when rising along its wick. That arrangement saves a great deal of
the mechanical work of the electricity, which work is usually spent in the voltaic are
in tearing away the particles of carbon or of metal from the electrodes, as also it
avoids the developement of that electro-stimulating force of polarization which usually
results from the tearing away of particles and works in opposition to the main
current. The size of the voltaic arc is thus increased, as well as the intensity and
the regularity of the light.
When electrical lights are to be employed in mines or under water, and in all
e cases in which the light ought to be isolated from the surrounding medium, I
those
B

page_text: employ a lantern arranged in such a manner as to avoid the deposit on the inner
The arrangement of the lantern is based on the principle that the hot products of
I where they are cooled and condensed by the surrounding medium during their
combustion, when rising over the source of light, enter into special compartments,
descending motion in the compartments. The tubes themselves which connect the
I employ that arrangement of lanterns not only for electrical lights, but also in
upper part of the lantern with the lower one may be used for those compartments
sides of its walls of opaque residues formed during the burning.
all those cases where such lantern might be required.
When the source of light has to be supplied with oxygen I generate that gas by
employing some suitable compound which disengages oxygen under the influence of
heat; or it may be supplied by a special reservoir filled with the condensed gas.
For the same object I employ also such carbons as contain a mixture of suitable
For the sake of replacing the wasted carbons by new ones, without interrupting
the light, I employ several different arrangements, the simpler of which are of the
following description :-
The number of
A supply of carbons a, a, a, Figure 111, is put into a case A, A₁, A, A, the
carbons being arranged there side by side, or one above another.
carbons in the case may be different; the case is provided with a shutter B, Ba
which is pressed on the carbons by a spring r, r, arranged as shewn on the Drawing
or otherwise. The outer carbon a, is moved towards the pole by the friction wheels
k, k, which are driven by any suitable motor, by a weight, or a spring, or by the
heat of the voltaic arc or otherwise. Each carbon is provided at its back end with
a metallic end piece n, n, fastened to it. When the burning carbon a, has passed
by the fore wall of the case, or the fore end of the aperture provided at the bottom
of that case, the next carbon a is dropped down in the tube or slide m, m², and it is
pushed by the friction wheels K into the metallic end piece n of the carbon d₂, so as
now to make a whole with the latter. The store of carbons in the case may be
completed bye-and-bye either by removing the shutter, or by thrusting the carbons 30
into the case through an aperture provided in one of the walls of the case
A, A₁, AA-
11 111°
Another arrangement I employ for the same object is constructed on the same
principle, but the fixed case A, A, A, A is replaced by a revolving drum A, A
Figure 112. The Figure shews such an arrangement for six carbons, the corre- 35
sponding parts of the apparatus bearing the same letters on both that Figure and on
the foregoing.
The store of carbons in the drum may also be renewed afterwards.
When I employ Wedermann's or Jablochkoff's electrical candles I avail myself of
the heat of the voltaic arc for removing the light from the wasted candle to a new
one. When the candle is consumed to a certain point, or totally, the heat welds
together two metallic plates, which may be flat, cylindrical, or curved, which are
secured close by one or both carbons, one of the two plates being connected to the
burning candle, and the other to the candle to be lighted up. The two plates being
The same effect may be produced if the heat be employed for fusing or destroying
some piece which does not allow a contact to be established between the circuit and
the new candle. This preserving piece being destroyed by heat, or carbonized if it
be made out of an organic body, the metallic connection of the new candle with the
melted together the current flows to the new candle.
circuit is immediately established, and the current flows to the candle.
close some circuit, or to send the current in a new direction
The same arrangement may be applied in all those cases when it be required
60

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said John Rapieff in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 23rd May
1878.
JOHN RAPIEFF, of 18, Middle Street, City of London, in the County of Mid-
5 dlesex, Engineer.
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PRODUCTION AND APPLICATION OF
ELECTRIC CURRENTS FOR LIGHTING AND OTHER PURPOSES, AND IN APPARATUS
EMPLOYED THEREFOR.
My
and applying the same for lighting and other purposes, and in the detailed con-
0 struction of apparatus for giving effect to these methods.
My improvements in apparatus employed for generating electric currents are
intended to realize a maximum of the most advantageous conditions, under which
such currents can be generated, and thereby to give the most suitable arrangements
to the apparatus employed for obtaining such currents.
These improvements consist of diverse applications of some few leading principles,
and accordingly they may be grouped into three main series.
The first series of improvements consists in a novel method of subdividing each
large bobbin, whether straight, bent, curved, or ring-shaped, into several thinner
these last being disposed side by side, and grouped into one or several
0 systems, and their ends, if they have such, or poles being provided with special
iron, steel, or cast-iron appendages of any suitable shape and arrangement.
ones;
ог
The second series relates to the use of a closed magnetic circuit in the inner rod
or bundle of each bobbin, or in each separated group of bobbins; the magnetic
circuit being closed either beforehand or at the same time as the iron rods or
5 bundles are rendered magnetic, and the current is made to flow through the
inducing and induced coils, special appendages being provided for that purpose in
that case.
The third series relates to special arrangements employed for avoiding the
prejudicial influence of those inductive currents which appear in both the
magnetized iron rods and the coils, and which tend to retard the fulfilment of the
act of induction.
Besides these main improvements I introduce also some other secondary ones
which may be utilized for various purposes. They will be specified in the course of
this description.
I will describe first those improvements which I introduce in the apparatus
usually known under the name of "inductive bobbin."
It will be readily understood from this description in what a manner the same
improvements may be applied to different dynamo-inductive machines, as also to
various other apparatus.
above, under series the first, as the result of the subdivision of a larger bobbin into
Let us take several inductive bobbins, each of which may be considered, as stated
rows, or both together, side by side, or one above the other.
The ends of the inner iron wire bundles of both the inducing and induced
bobbins are setting off their coils, and they are connected together separately at
by iron under some suitable shape.
to current is sent through the inducing coils of the bobbins in any suitable way, only
and the connection of the coils to each other can thus be modified at will. The
The ends of both the inducing and induced coils are terminated by screw cups,
with the restriction, that for the sake of producing a closed magnetic chain, both
torthern and southern poles must be made to appear at each end of the system,
bundles of the bobbins, and southern polarity at the ends of the other portion.
thern polarity being developed at the ends of one portion of the iron rods or

page_text: at the ends of the system, the magnetic chain can be closed by means of those
The poles being connected together by means of special iron appendages provided
appendages. Thus, for instance, in a system made up of six bobbins, the end
elevation of which is shown at Figure 1, and a longitudinal elevation and section
become northern poles, while the ends of the three other bobbins C, C, C, are made
at Figure 2, the ends of the three bobbins B, B, B, of one vertical row are made to
to become southern poles. At the other end of the system the poles will obviously
be reversed. The distribution of magnetism in the system may however be varied
the principle remaining the same.
Iron appendices A, A, are provided at each end of the system for the purpose of
closing the magnetism when brought into contact with the ends of the inner iron
bundles of the bobbins. Thus, they may be considered as anchors.
The Drawing shows a system of six straight bobbins arranged in two vertical
shape and size, may be most diverse. The number of bobbins in each system or
rows, but the number and the respective positions of the bobbins, as well as the
store may be two or more altogether, the more the better. But a single bobbin also
may be employed, the closed magnetism being produced in that case by connecting
together the appendices A and A by means of an iron bar D, D, as shown at
Figure 3.
The appendages A, A, are made out of one or several pieces of iron, or of some other
suitable para-magnetic metal, or of iron ribbons, wires, plates, or saw powder, &c.
The appendages may be brought into complete contact with the ends of the iron
bundles, or they may be secured close by, so as to leave however a small free
between the ends and the appendages.
space
The inducing wires of the bobbins of each system may be connected together
either successively (en tension), or in row (en quantité) at diverse proportions.
The bobbins may be insulated from each other as well as from the surrounding air,
in which last case they are enclosed in some suitable shell.
The energy of the induced current depends, as is known, upon the speed with
which it is generated, and, cæteris paribus, its energy and tension are the greater
the shorter the time required for magnetizing and demagnetizing the iron bundle
of the bobbin. Therefore a bundle of fine and soft iron wire is generally employed
now, instead of a solid piece of iron; but whilst both processes are notably quickened
by using a wire core instead of a solid one, yet they are retarded by the
mutual induction of the turns of the magnetizing spiral. For the sake of avoiding
this inconvenience, and of reaching a maximum speed of induction, magnetization,
and demagnetization, I recur to the two following arrangements, which may
applied not only to inductive machines, bobbins, systems of bobbins, and so on,
also in all those circumstances when an increased speed of magnetization and
demagnetization is required:-
be
but
result of a subdivision of the usually employed bundle, is yet more subdivided
First. The iron bundle, which as stated above, might be already considered as a
into yet thinner bundles r, r, r, Figure 4. Each of them is coiled with inducing
i.e., magnetizing wire n, m, n, and all these thin electro-magnets, or subdivisions of
shell which is coiled with the induction wire m, m, m, as shown in Figure 4, and
each portion of the subdivided iron bundle, are collected together into an insulating 45
on the right side of Figures 12 and 13, the limit of such a subdivision would
be to coil one or several layers of inducing wire on each iron wire of the bundle.
The circuit of the coils is composed in such a manner that a current being sent
through it, only like-named poles appear at all ends of the small bundles r, r, at 50
each end of the subdivided compound bobbin. The compound bobbins are a
into systems or stores in the same manner as said above.
arranged
inducing and the induced spirals, as well as of that of the iron bundles, I consider
The limit of both subdivisions, that is to say, of the subdivision of both the
to be the coiling of both inducing and induced conductors on each iron wire of the 55
bundle, those conductors being coiled either one over another o
by combining both methods.
simultaneously, or

page_text: Second
Another arrangement I employ for solving the same problem of quickest
magnetization and demagnetization consists in coiling the iron bundle or rod with
a special ribbon devised for that purpose. The ribbon is made out as usual of a
warp and of a woof. The warp may be either thread or cotton, or silk, or some
other insulating material, but the woof must be some conductor, one or several,
insulated or not, or a conductor which is made to alternate with a non-conductor.
As the simplest kind of such a ribbon we may consider an insulated conductor
folded in zig-zags.
The length, breadth, and thickness of the ribbon may be very diverse, according
to the force of the current which will be used to be sent through, as also to the
varied purposes for which the iron bundle magnetized by the ribbon will be
employed.
Figure 5 shows a portion of such a ribbon. On the left-hand side of the
Drawing the woof is drawn rather distended for showing the direction of the
current. The current which magnetizes the iron core whereon the ribbon is coiled
is composed from those currents which flow at the bendings of the woof, and it is
represented by a larger feathered arrow.
It will be readily understood from the Drawing that at the moments when the
strength of the main current is changed no prejudicial currents retarding the
magnetization or demagnetization might be induced in the woof. Then the problem
of eliminating the pernicious influences of the spirals of the magnetizing coils
on each other may be solved by the two described arrangements, and the inductive
influence of the conductor on itself instead of being prejudicial becomes even a
useful one.
It is obvious however that this result can be reached only when
other causes which might otherwise retard the magnetization and demagnetization
are eliminated.
Besides the above-described improvements devised for bringing the useful action
of induction to a maximum in all cases when induction is applied, that is to say,
in any inductive bobbin or machines, whether dynamo or magneto, or current
induced, I employ also one arrangement more, which arrangement, however
especially applicable to those inductive bobbins which are employed as anchors in
dynamo and electro magnetic machines, can be applied also to those bobbins of
the usual or of the aforesaid description which are magnetized by currents, the
relative arrangement of the inducing and induced spirals and of the iron bundle being
totally modified in that case as follows:-
Figures 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 show this arrangement as applied to the current-
induced machines, bobbins, and systems of bobbins. Figure 6 is a lateral section
of such system; Figure 7, its end elevation; Figure 8, left side, is a plan, while the
right side represents a section, say, a horizontal one, of the same apparatus;
Figure 10, left side, is a side elevation of the same, the right side being a section
in a plane perpendicular to that of the section drawn at Figure 8, say, in a vertical
one; Figures 9 and 11 represent modifications of the apparatus drawn at Figures 8
and 10.
As seen on the Drawings the inducing wire which is applied for magnetizing the
iron bundles is placed outside the bobbins, while the induced wire or con-
ductor m, m, m, is coiled directly on the iron bundles enclosed in an insulating
shell, as on a whole or on each of the aforesaid small subdivisions 7, 7, 7.
In this case, as well as in those described above, the more numerous the sub-
livisions of the iron bundle the better, as, a the closer, the elements of the induced
wire are to the elements of the inducing iron bundle, and b, the greater the
number of the turns of the coil. In this case also the limit of the subdivisions
would be the coiling of one or several layers of induced wire on each of the
wires of the magnetic iron bundle. The sizes of these latter wires may be made
diverse.
When the partial iron bundles or iron wires have been coiled with the induced
wire m,

page_text: side, for instance, in such a manner as shown
and 11.
, 7, 8, 9, 10,
The partial bobbins of each compartment may be isolated from each other as well
as from the surrounding air.
are provided
Special iron appendages D, D, as many as there are compartments,
at each end of the system for closing the magnetic chain, as said above, with that
rated from each other by small free spaces of air, or by thin copper or bronze, or by
other diamagnetic pieces.
The magnetization of the partial iron bundles, and thereby the development of
currents in the induced wires, may be effected in various ways. Either the com-
partments are made to pass by or to approach to the poles of permanent or electro-
magnets; or electro-magnets are brought into metallic contact with the iron
bundles, or with the iron appendages provided at the ends of the iron bundles. In
the latter case the electro-magnets must have as many poles as there are appendages
in the whole system, that is to say, twice as many poles as there are compartments,
and the two ends of each compartment must be submitted to the influence of poles
of opposite polarity. This last condition must also be fulfilled in that case when
magnetization is produced by setting the systems in movement with regard to the
poles of fixed magnets.
If the induction be produced by means of electro-magnets the inducing wire is
coiled round the electro-magnets provided at each end of the system, as shown at
Figures 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11, where two magnets E, F, and G, H, are disposed, one
at each end of a system made up of two compartments A and B. These electro-
magnets may have various shapes, size, and arrangements, these last being always
however such as to allow the speediest magnetization; in short, they must be
constructed according to the above stated principles; for instance, as shown at
Figures 9 and 11.
I sometimes employ also the arrangement drawn at Figures 12 and 13, this
arrangement being, so to say, a combination of both those above described.
The left part of the apparatus consists of a compartment A arranged as said, just
above, that is to say, of a group of iron wire bundles r, r, r, which are coiled
directly with the induced conductors m, m, m, while the right part of the same
apparatus consists of a group of four bobbins B, which bobbins are coiled with both
inducing and induced conductors. When a current is sent through the inducing
spirals of the bobbins of the group B the iron bundles become magnetic, and two
poles, a northern and a southern one, appear respectively at the ends of the group.
These ends are connected by means of iron appendices R and R to the ends of the
iron bundles of the compartment A. Thus we receive a system with a closed
magnetism, wherein the magnetic iron bundles r, r, r, of the compartment B and
the wire which magnetizes them both fulfil the functions of inductors, while a
current is induced in the coils m, m, m, of both compartments.
inducting or magnetizing spiral at each end of the iron bundle.
The induced wire
I notice also as a new arrangement of the inductive apparatus, the coiling of the
in that case is coiled either between the two coils of the inducing conductor, or both 4
between and above them,
Figure 14 shows some of the suitable arrangements of a bobbin constructed in
m, m, m, the spirals wherein the currents are induced.
reversed ones.
and
The currents applied for magnetizing both the iron wire bundles and the inducing
electro-magnets of the above-described systems must be intermittent or alternately
conductor be coiled with another conductor, both being insulated from each other,
I employ also the following arrangement for generating induced currents :-If a
and if an intermittent current be transmitted through the inner conductor, an
But if that compound conductor be
induced current appears in the outer coil.

page_text: coiled round a third conductor, and an intermittent current be sent through the
latter, the induced current which will appear in the exterior coil will become far
stronger, and its strength will be yet more increased if that treble system be coiled
around an iron rod or bundle.
In this last case the middle conductor may be
replaced by a nonconductible body.
The conductors employed in the above-described systems of apparatus may be
most diverse. They may be single, double, and so on; they may be shaped either
as wires of any sectional shape, or as ribbons or scraps; they may be insulated or
not, and they may be made out of copper, iron, or of some other suitable material.
I employ iron wire as especially suitable for the inducing coils, the magnetic power
of the iron bundles or rods is notably increased, and the distance of the induced
wire to the magnetic inducing body may be notably reduced when replacing the
inducing copper wire by an iron one.
It must be understood that both the size and the shape of the bobbins, as well as
all those particulars of their descriptions which do not alter the leading principles of
induction enumerated herein above, may be most diversified. Thus the bobbins
be either straight, or somewhat bent, or ring-shaped; they may be long or
may
short, thin or thick, and so on; they may be employed either separately or several
together, and they may be arranged either in one or in several horizontal or vertical
rows, or both, or embrace one another.
It must be understood also that my Invention covers the use of these my above-
described improvements in arrangements for the induction of currents, or rather
of my above-described series of improvements in the inductive apparatus, not only
in the cases herein enumerated, but also wherever those improvements are applicable,
that is to say, in every kind of dynamo and current-induced machines, as well as
in many other apparatus applied to various purposes of electro magnetic and
inductive practice.
In applying my improvements to dynamo-induction electrical machines, I con-
struct a machine which differs from those heretofore employed especially by-1,
the modifications of the modes of induction; and 2, the employment of a special
arrangement of the electro-magnets and anchors, which both essentially differ from
the former ones by the mode of coiling on them the conductors. Moreover this new
mode of coiling gives to the electro-magnets and anchors some properties which make
them applicable not only to dynamo-induction machines, but also to various tech-
nical and industrial purposes.
The first system of my electro-magnets is of the following description :-Its core
is, as is not unusual, a ring A, Figure 15, or a polygonal ring B, Figure 16, or a
hollow cylinder C, Figure 17, or a hollow prism D, Figure 18. The size and the
relative dimensions of those pieces may be very diverse, according to the various
purposes they have to be used for. They may be made out either of one piece or of
several pieces, which may be either in direct contact with, or spaced from, each
other; or of wire, of ribbons, of saw-powder, or of some other kind of iron, or of
some other suitable material. The ring, or hollow cylinder, or prism, is coiled with
one or several conductors, which last may be wires or ribbons of any shape, insu-
lated or not, and may be wound in one or in several series. The conductor is coiled
in radial planes, which pass through the axis of the core; and the core is covered
with one or several layers of the conductor, both inside and outside, so that a
radial section of the coiled core being made, say, in the plane P, Q, as shown at
Figures 19 and 20, the section would be like that of two common flat electro-
magnets disposed symmetrically with regard to the axis of the core, or of the two
branches of a horse-shoe electro-magnet, r and being the sections of the flat core,
and 8, 8,
81, 8', the coiled conductors which enclose each of the iron pieces
separately.
The conductor coiled round the ring or cylinder is sub-divided into an even
bobbins are either in contact with or separated from each other by free spaces, where
number of portions, a, a, a, Figures 20 and 21, which may be called bobbins. Those
the ring

page_text: the bobbins are such that a current being made to flow through the coils we produce
a series of magnetic poles, the polarity of which changes at the end of each bobbin,
The direction of the coiling in each bobbin, and the mutual connections between
that is to say, each two next bobbins produce together one magnetic pole, whose
polarity is opposite to the polarities of the two other poles, which appear at the two
The coiling is made by proceeding from each bobbin either to the next one, or to
other ends of the two bobbins.
the next but one, but two, or more.
In the first case the direction of the coiling, as shown at A, on Figure 21, or the
direction of the current, as shown at B, same Figure, must be reversed each time we
pass from one bobbin to the next one.
In the second case, as shown at C and D, same Figure, it is better to have the con-
ductors arranged in two series, m and n, and to proceed with the coiling of each
series by going from each bobbin to the next but one, the current being sent in
direction with regard to the ring through all the bobbins of one series, and in an
opposite direction through the bobbins of the other series.
one
The bobbins can be shaped not only like sectors, but flat and coiled by separate
conductors, single, or composed of a number of them.
In each series of coils one or several conductors may be used; and the coil in
both cases may be wound up in one, two, or several layers m and n, being shown at
Figure 20 in the part T, U, of the ring.
For electro-magnets, two layers are unsuitable, but when such an apparatus is
made to act as an anchor, two layers must be preferred, as one of the two layers
can be used as an inducing or magnetizing conductor, while the other will be the
induced one, and we may either produce a secondary induction by means of a
current once induced, or employ one such a coiled ring simultaneously, both as
inductor and as an anchor wherein a current is induced.
The bobbins, as well as the separate series of conductors, and the conductors
themselves may be connected to one another, either in row (in derivation) or side
by side (in tension), or in both manners together. They may also be united into
one circuit or into several. The ends of the wires are connected to screw cups,
provided either inside or outside the ring. At the open portions of the ring, that
is in the non-coiled spaces b, b, b, Figures 20 and 21, between the bobbins a, a, a,
special iron pieces d, d, d, are provided, which pieces may have different shapes and
sizes, and may be made out either of one piece or of several.
Figure 20 shows some of the shapes which I employ by preference. Such iron
pieces may be provided on one, two, three, or on all sides of the ring; and their
outer surfaces may be either at one level with the outer surfaces of the coils, or
project beyond them, or even partly cover the bobbins. These additional iron pieces
d, d, d, the surface of which may be provided with grooves corresponding with the 4
projection in the armature, become poles of the coiled ring or cylinder. They may
be secured on a disc fitted on the shaft of the ring, or on any other suitable piece.
The generatrices of the outer surface of the coiled ring, or cylinder, or prism may
be either parallel, or somewhat inclined to the axis. Thus we have an electro-
magnet which has some even number of poles, two or more. Its anchors will be 4
solid or compound metallic plates which may have projecting parts like to those of
hollow, or any other suitable shape. They may be disposed on one or on several
the electro-magnets. They may have also the shape of cylinders or cones, solid or
sides of the magnet, or cover it, or be put inside of it. They may have also quite
The advantages afforded by such an arrangement are diverse, and I will mention
magnet can be made not to manifest its power beyond a certain fixed distance. For
a. The field of action of the electro-magnet can be limited at will, so that the
that purpose it is secured on a rather thick iron plate R, R, Figure 20, left side of 55
the Drawing; another plate of diamagnetic matter Q, Q, of a determined thickness
being inserted between the magnet and the iron plate. Thus the magnetism of the
the same arrangement as the electro-magnets.
50

page_text: agning, &c.
poles will be felt only at a distance less than the thickness of the intermediate dia-
magnetic plate.
b. When the magnetism is not limited, as in the former case, the sphere of action
of the magnet is larger than in electro-magnets of other descriptions.
c. The attractive power of the described electro-magnet, as well at distance as at
contact, but especially at distance, when compared with the power of other usually
employed electro-magnets, proves to be far greater, the force of the current, the
length of the conductor, and the number of its turns remaining equal.
d. The above-described coiled rings, or cylinders, or prisms can be employed in
dynamo-inductive machines, both as inductors and anchors. In that case they afford
some new advantages.
e. The induction of the anchor is two sided.
f. The inducing elements, and especially the magnetic ones, are brought closer to
the induced elements.
g.
A supplementary induction is readily received by causing the conductor of the
anchor to move with reference to the coil, the iron bar, and the poles of an inductor
wherein a current is transmitted.
h. The velocity of rotation of the anchor and of the inductor with respect to one
another can be notably reduced without impairing the induction, as the electro-
magnet can have more than two poles.
i. A partial closing and unclosing of the magnetism in both the anchor and the
inductor takes place each time the poles are approaching to or receding from one
another; this process always favours the induction.
And, k. The convenient shape of the electro-magnet, and its relative compactness,
are also worthy of notice when such magnets are applied to a dynamo-inductive
machine.
My second system of electro-magnets is intended,-
1st. To prevent the useless absorption of magnetism or electric currents, which
usually takes place on the solid iron cores of common electro-magnets, especially
when these cores are of small length.
2nd. To lessen the prejudical reciprocal of particles of one and the same pole.
3rd. To prevent the rapid decrease of the magnetic power, when increasing the
distance from the pole.
Avoiding these defects my electro-magnets have the superiority in bringing the
elements of the inductive wire much closer to the elements which are to be mag-
netized, and therefore, all other conditions remaining the same; as to the strength of
current, number, and system of coiling, size of wire, and mass of iron to be mag-
netized, a much more regular and strong magnetization is obtained.
In order to arrive at these results, I act in two ways:
First. I use one or more iron sheets, discs, wires, etc., of different shape, size, and
reciprocal disposition; these pieces can be put close together, or separated from each
other by some diamagnetic interlying substance. A core of such description, solid
or composed of different parts, I coil with wire bearing the electric current.
The coiling can be done under different angles to the main axis of the core,
in one or more directions, in one or more layers and conductors; these con-
ductors can be used together or separately, can be insulated or not, and consist of
tapes, bands, sheets, wires of every transverse section, etc.
The coiling can be put on the whole length and width of the iron core, or
occupy only a part of it. Thereupon I put new cores on one or several sides
of the coiled core before named; the new core can be coiled or not, may be solid
compound. With these two or more coils I continue the coiling in the same
or
or the opposite direction, and in that way I repeat the operations, as the special
purpose may require.
side have the same polarity, say north, and all the ends of the other, the opposite
If the coiling does not change its direction, all the ends of the cores of the one
polarity, say south; but if the coiling changes its direction after every additional

page_text: core,
on both sides of the system.
that is to say with each layer of the coiling, then both polarities are produced
The different cores of the compound electro-magnets above described can be of
like teeth; they can be provided with armatures, the active surface of which may
the same length, or some of them can be made longer than the others, and project
have grooves and projections; one armature can be used to join many elenay
magnets of this kind. Its middle part can remain, as I mentioned before, without
any inductor coiling, and in the latter case the remaining space may be used fut
of this electro-magnet can be surrounded by an inductor coil, or the whole of the
induction wire, which is done in the ordinary way; otherwise each inductor layer
electro-magnets completed in the manner above described, that is to say, surrounded
by an induction coil.
The form and size of these electro-magnets can be extremely various, rectangular,
square, rhomboidal, circular, cylindrical, can have the form of a tube, horse-shoe,
disc, etc., and can possess one pole or any number of them, and if necessary can be
provided with armatures of various shapes and dimensions.
These electro-magnets can be also fixed on different bases, props, axles, etc.; can
rest or be put in motion, or revolve round some axis, and in general can be used
wherever common electro-magnets are employed.
Second. My other compound electro-magnet is constructed as follows:-I take a
number of electro-magnets prepared in the ordinary way, or on the system above
described, all of which are coiled in one direction; then I take wrought or cast
iron pieces which can be of various forms, as rings, cylinders, parallelopipeds, etc.
On this iron piece, on one or several sides, on the whole of its length, or only on a
part of it, I fix the above-mentioned electro-magnets at some distance from each
other, but always so that the poles of the same polarity are directed outwards.
The intervals between these electro-magnets are filled with solid or compound iron
pieces, which under the influence of the coiling of the adjacent electro-magnets
become electro-magnets themselves, but with opposite polarity relatively to the
former.
The form, disposition, and dimensions of such an electro-magnet can vary
according to requirements.
I will now describe the applications of the electro-magnets and anchors just
described to new dynamo-induction generators of currents as well as to those here-
tofore employed, which last must in that case be suitably modified.
The induction of currents being generally produced in dynamo-induction
machines by means of setting some anchors in motion with respect to some
inductors, or inversely, the coiled rings, cylinders, or prisms just described can
applied to such machines, either as both electro-magnets and anchors, or only as
electro-magnets or as anchors.
be
or
through
The ring-shaped or cylindrical coiled apparatus wherein the currents are induced,
which the currents are sent, can be combined together in different ways;
various combinations may be considered as modifications of the two following
principal kinds of arrangements :-
but these
1. Several ring-shaped inductors A, A, A, Figure 22, and several anchors of the
same shape and arrangement B, B, B, are disposed alternately side by side in planes
normal to their common axis, the spaces between them being rendered as small as
possible. The anchors B, B, B, are fitted in some manner on a common shaft
wherewith they are caused to rotate, while the inductors A, A, A, being secured on 0
and anchors depend upon the special purpose they are employed for; the induction
a frame or stand remain fixed or inversely. The number and size of both inductors
being produced in that case from both sides of each anchor, I call it a two-
sided one.
a longitudinal section of an apparatus of that kind. The apparatus consists of
2. The second kind of combination is shown at Figure 23, which represents 55

page_text: 5
inductors A, A, and anchors B, B, which are both shaped as cylinders or prisms,
and short rings K, K, K, united together by means of polar appendices. Out of
each two cylinders, one encloses the other; the inner one which may be as well an
inductor as an anchor, is secured to a wooden cylinder M, which last is fixed on a
shaft wherewith it is made to rotate; or spokes N, N, are provided for securing the
inner cylinder on the shaft. On the contrary the outer cylinder A remains fixed
on a frame, or on a stand which supports also the shaft of the rotating cylinder.
The distance between the inner surface of the outer cylinder and the outer surface
of the inner cylinder can easily be modified, the generatrices of both surfaces being,
if necessary, slightly inclined to the axis, but that distance should always be
rendered as small as possible.
The apparatus drawn on Figure 23 being the simplest of the kind, the induction
is but one-sided. A two-sided inductor, however, is readily made by providing
two inductors A and C arranged, one outside and the other inside the anchor B, as
shown at Figure 24. In that case the anchor is supported at each end by spokes
secured into a box through which the shaft of the apparatus is passed. One of the
boxes is provided with a pulley which is driven by some motive power, and
transmits the rotatory motion to the anchor, this last rotating as a wheel on the
fixed axle o, 0. The surface of the pulley may be covered with furrows, or other-
wise rendered rough for the sake of avoiding the sliding, as shown at D, Figure 22.
The inductors A and C also may be caused to revolve, but in an opposite
direction.
In both above described arrangements similarly constructed rings, or cylinders,
or prisms being disposed close by, or so as to enclose one another, some of them are
made to become inductors, while others are used as anchors, and either one of each
two rings or cylinders is made to rotate while the other remains fixed, or both
rotate in opposite directions.
Besides the apparatus constructed according to this principle, I employ, however,
several others, being applications of electro-magnets before described, or of other
principles which will be seen from the following descriptions:-
A. The current is induced in the same manner as before; but both coiled rings
or cylinders are employed simultaneously as both inductors and anchors. In that
case the inducing parts of the apparatus and the induced ones can be arranged with
respect to one another in two different ways:-
1. I avail myself of one of the two layers of coil of the inner or of the outer one
for transmitting the inducing current in each or both the coiled rings or cylinders,
or of one of the series of the coiled conductors, or of some portion of one, or several
series (Figure 29).
2. Some part or some parts of each coiled ring or cylinder, or of both, are
employed for receiving the inducing current, that is to say, either some portions of
the circumference of the coiled ring or cylinder receive the inducing current, and
these inducing bobbins alternate with induced ones; or some parts of the cylinder
considered in the direction of its length are used as inductors, while the other parts
are induced, and both are alternately in chess board order (Figure 29).
In both cases one coiled ring or cylinder is sufficient; it is caused to revolve
between two common iron or cast-iron anchors without coils, or these anchors are
made to rovolve while the coiled ring remains fixed. This arrangement represents
the simplest kind of a dynamo-induction machine.
B. The same kinds of induction can be produced without recurring to the rotation
of any of the anchors, simply by means of transmitting an intermitted or an
alternately reversed inducing and magnetizing current through the anchor or
anchors, that is to say, by means of the translocation of that inducing current in the
coil of the anchor, which motion implies a translocation of magnetism in the iron
core.
The current transmitted during the first moments can be taken from some source
of electricity, even from a weak one; the induced current thus generated is also

page_text: transmitted through the inductors,
force, and
thereby the strengh of the currents they are inducing. I employ in that case one,
two, or several anchors, which may be either in contact with, or separated from
disc or plate like or otherwise shaped iron anchors for the sake of closing the 5
each other by small free spaces, or they may be brought into contact with common
magnetic chain. The machine constructed according to this principle represents
one of the simpler and most compact kinds of dynamo-induction machines
(Figure 29).
C. I produce induced currents also by causing an anchor or electro-magnet B of
my own
and magnetizing conductor C, D, Figures 25, 26, 27, and 28. The magnetism, etc.,
rotates, or being secured in a fixed position a shell C, D, is made to rotate outside
of it.
Figures 25, 26, 27, and 28 show such an arrangement, Figures 25 and 26
representing an apparatus with two poles developed by an inducing conductor, and
Figures 27 and 28 an apparatus with four poles.
The number of poles may be increased if the arrangement of the coiled wire and
the inner part of the apparatus be suitably modified. I employ that arrangement
also with common iron and cast-iron anchors A, A, fixed either outside the
magnetizing conductor or inside, that is to say, between it and the coiled anchor,
as shown at Figure 26.
In applying my electro-magnets before described as inductors or as induced parts,
I construct the machines shown in Figures 30, 31, 32, 32a 33, 34, and 35, from
which the leading features of these arrangements can be seen. Still, in order to
utilize to the utmost the power by which the rotation of the moveable parts of the
machine are driven, and remembering that the strongest current is induced when
the inductors are used without any mediating part, and when the induced
conductors are passing by, or what is still better, between the poles of strong
electro-magnets, i.e., when these conductors cross the so-called metallic lines, I
employ some other arrangements of inducting and induced parts. I will begin
with inductors, the parts where their current is generated. I employ two chief
modes of arrangements :-I., discs; and II., cylindrical shells.
I. The arrangement of the discs may be very various. Figures 36, 37, 38, 39, 40,
41, 42, 42a, 43, 44, 45, and 46, show that the conductors in these discs are employed
separately, or in connection with iron parts.
The conductors may be arranged in one or more rows, layers, in one or more
series, in separate turns, or the conductor may be arranged in one turn, but spread
on the surface of the whole disc.
The coiling may be arranged, so to say, on the surface of the disc, and the
direction of the conductors, as shown in the above mentioned Figures, may be
straight, oval, in zig-zags, inclined, or at right angles (radially) to the axis. Inside of
the coiling I put iron cores, solid or compound; in the latter case they assume,
together with the surrounding coiling, the functions of bobbins as shown in 36, 37,
38, 39, and 45. Two, three, or more discs can be put side by side, and iron sheets
or pieces may or may not be inserted in the intervals.
In Figures 36, 37, 38, 39, 43, 44, and 45, B, B, are the discs; C, iron interlayers.
The above-described discs are put between the inductors with corresponding
number of poles (Figures 40, 44, and 45), and are caused to rotate in the same or in
the opposite direction (Figures 40, 44, and 45). I can arrange also on a
compound
afterwards arrange each pair of discs coiled in the described way, and put side by
or solid iron disc, the conductors n, n, n, as shown in Figures 41 and 50, and a
side between the inductors.
Figure 40a shows a whole row of discs, where A, A, A, are the inductors and
B, B, B, the inducting parts (the discs).
coiled on a cylindrical frame, or I prepare beforehand a tissue out of insulated con-
II. I construct the cylindrical shells in two different ways, the conductors are
5

page_text: ductors which is coiled on a frame or iron cylinder outside or inside, as shown in
Figure or cylinder; n, n, n, represent induced conductors,
m, m, m, and NS, NS, inductors.
The iron shell may be continuous or interrupted, in which latter case it assumes
the functions of an anchor.
The leading feature of the machines of this kind is the peculiar arrangement of
the induced conductor, no matter whether it be an ordinary conductor, coiled on a
shell or disc, or a special web prepared beforehand and coiled afterwards; therefore
I will describe the most advantageous disposition of conductors as well as inductors,
as shown in Figures 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 65, and 67, where, for the sake
of clearness, some of the Figures represent the surface of the cylinders unrolled. In
all these Figures the induced conductors are marked with letters n, n, n; the poles
of the inductors, NS; the axles, o, o; the size of the pole in the direction of the
rotation of the coiling, x
N--
x, or, x ------S-
- x.
Figure 51 shows the disposition of the conductor in straight turns perpendicular
to the axis, and at the same time the inductors, as indicated in the same Figure, are
inclined at certain angles.
In another disposition I arrange the coiling of the inductors as well as the
induced conductors obliquely, and they surround, as in the latter case, an iron
cylinder or frame.
The number of conductors, layers, as well as the inclination of the coiling, number
of inductors, and their poles, may vary, but must always correspond to each other.
Figure 54 shows the same oblique turns surrounding the cylinder, with these
differences; (a) the plane in which the turns are put on the cylinder is more
inclined to the axis, and (b) the angle of intersection of the planes of the separate
coils with the axis of the cylinder remains the same. Thus I arrange the turns till
the whole cylinder is covered, and this coiling can be repeated in the same way to
the necessary number of layers. The disposition of inductors NS, NS, differs
somewhat from the case before mentioned, so that on one side of the cylinder we
have poles of the same polarity N, N, N, and on the other side poles of the opposite
polarity S, S, S.
The turns, as well as the different layers, are arranged, as shown in Figure 54,
on the whole surface of the cylinder, and at the same time each of the layers, or
rather each of the series of turns deviating from another has its own representative
in the commutator from which the current is collected; besides, each layer, or each
deviation of the turns is connected with the preceding and following layers.
Figures 52, 53, 54a, and 55 show some modifications of the same system.
In Figure 52, for instance, the turns are arranged in series like the last described,
but they are put immediately on, and surround, so to say, only the half of the
cylinder surface as there are only two poles of inductors.
Figure 53 represents a modification with 4 poles of inductors with alternating
polarities.
In an arrangement shown in Figure 54a, the inductors placed on one side of the
machine in the direction of the axis are of opposite polarity; the inductors of the
other side have two poles of opposite polarity to each other and to the former.
In Figures 56, 57, 58, and 59 is shown a whole series of various dispositions of
coiling.
In Figures 60, 61, and 62 are shown webs prepared with insulated conductors.
The coiling may be arranged in the form of closed coils put upon the cylinder
side by side (Figure 57b), or one upon the other in recesses (Figure 56b, 57, and 58),
or with intervals equal to the width of the whole, or in zig-zags (Figure 57").
The conductors are arranged in the direction of the cylinder's axis or at some
angle to it, and may run in one or more separate wires; but in each case the
¡ to the polar distance of the pole, measuring this distance in the direction of the
distance between the two consecutive branches of the coil or zig-rag must be equal
movement of the coiling. Thus the conductors go round the whole cylinder, and
can produce the second third, and subsequent layers.

page_text: Each consecutive layer may be kept even with the next or set back from the
edge of the layer on which it is coiled, and in this way the coiling may be continued
till the whole surface of the cylinder is filled up to the necessary thickness. In
is in metallic connection with the two neighbouring coils and with the corre
that disposition each layer becomes a separate circuit or part of it (Figure 57%), and
sponding part of the commutator. With the same metallic connection are provided
the coils in Figure 56ª.
Figure 57b represents separate coils with iron pieces or cores put inside without
any commutator, and is applied for producing alternately reversed currents. In
the latter case the different layers may be considered as a separate circuit, or parts
of it, in which the current is always flowing in the direction of the coiling. F
these last-mentioned arrangements with alternately reversed current, as well as for
the direct current, I employ commutators, of which a full description is given later
But the general rule for combination of different parts of the coiling in one
or more circuits is this:-Coils, turns, or zig-zags of one and the same circuit must
be connected, so that the induced currents are added together in a direct or alter-
nately reversed direction, as may be required.
OD.
Figure 56b shows the disposition of the conductor when an inductor with two
poles of different polarity is used on one side of the cylinder.
The first portion of Figure 58 represents a peculiar way of putting the conductor
round the cylinder. A row of coils is arranged one upon another; a strong tape is
put through the holes of these coils, which are moved asunder, as shown in the
Figure, and in this position wound round the cylinder; each coil is in metallic
connection with the neighbouring coils and with the corresponding part in the
commutator.
The third portion of the same. Figure showsthe same arrangement, but with
zig-zags.
The second portion of Figure 59 represents the arrangement of the coiling in zig-
zags or in coils, provided in their intervals with solid or compound iron pieces.
Figures 60, 61, and 62, and the first portion of Figure 59, show different webs
prepared out of insulated wires for the purpose of being put round the cylinder.
All these systems of coiling of conductors can be combined with each other in the
most varied manner for the direct or alternately reversed current.
Figures 64, 65, 66, and 67 show outlines of various dispositions of inductors, and
Figure 58a shows also the disposition of the induced conductors, which are marked s
with dotted lines.
One of the most efficient dispositions of inductors is that shown in Figure 58.
In Figures 63, 63, 63b, 63, and 63d may be seen how the conductors undergo
the influence of induction when they pass by the poles of inductors of the same
polarity. Owing to this particular disposition of inductors I prefer to employ in
that case the coiling shown in Figures 56a, 56, 57a, and 57b, in which the letters
n, n, designate not a single conductor but a bundle of them or coil.
which
Figures 63, 63a, 63b, 63, 63d show several modifications of the same arrangement,
of the induced conductor is subjected to the influence of poles of the same polarity. 4
à may be utilized also for discs, provided that in all these cases the element
outside; and B, B, B, the induced conductors in the form of a cylinder coiling;
D, pulleys for transmission of the movement; 0, 0, axles; and E, commutators. In
Figures 63, 63a, and 63e, the letters K, K, represent an iron cylinder, solid or
composed of several pieces.
consist of conductors, where the currents are generated, I subdivide into three
The various dispositions of my conducting shells just described, and which
distinct categories.
They shall be placed,-
I. Between two inductors of opposite polarity, and with any given number of 55
poles on each side.

page_text: 11.
with the induced shell.
nature nixed, or rotating
III. The inductors are placed inside of the induced shell and the latter inside of
an outer iron cylinder, which in that case performs (as under II.) the rôle of an
armature of the inductors.
The polarity of the poles from both sides of the induced shell may change alter-
nately or remain the same.
In the first case the number of poles must be even, in
the latter any number may be used.
Category I. is illustrated by Figures 40, 40, 41, 44, 45, to 50, 63b, and 63d.
Category II. by Figures 63 and 63c.
Category III. by Figures 50, 51, and 63a.
The coiling may be arranged in the same way when dises are employed.
A peculiar disposition of the induced coiling and the inductors is shown in
Figures 69 and 70. The coiling of the induced conductors is prepared like an
endless strap, and revolving on two extreme inductors crosses without interruption
of the magnetic lines of the said inductors. Upon that endless strap may be arranged
another, prepared out of transverse bundles of iron wires, as shown in Figure 71.
The latter serves for the closing of the magnetism.
If in Figures 69 and 70 we suppose the inductors connected with the induced
conductors, and apply to that arrangement the iron web above described, a closing
of magnetism during rotation is secured and therefore an induced current.
For the same purpose (closing of magnetism), as well as for increasing the in-
fluence of inductors upon the induced conductors, I provide the surface of both
inductors, armature, and coiling with projections and flutings, as shown in Figures
47, 48, and 49.
In all the above-described cases the current is generated not only by crossing the
magnetic lines between the poles of powerful magnets, but also when one of the coils
of the induced conductor passes between two unlike poles of the two conductors; the
conditions are the same as if it were set on the core of an electro-magnet whose
poles were the poles of the two inductors.
In general, the above-described systems can be employed either separately, or
they may be combined together in different ways. They may be employed as well
for inductors as for the induced parts, and they may be combined with those
apparatus which were described under other heads.
The current produced in my machines is collected from them by a special ap-
paratus, which I call a distributor, and which will be described hereafter. When
the produced current is an alternately reversed one, it is converted into a direct one
before it is made to enter the inductor. The inductors, if they be not permanent
magnets, are introduced into a common circuit, or they are magnetized by a portion
of the current produced by the machine, or by a current received from some other
nection with the same, so as to constitute, so to say, a part of it.
ource. That source may be disposed either apart from the machine, or in con-
which collect
the current produced by the dynamo or magneto induction machine, I employ
diverse kinds of them, which can be described under two heads.
parts are rotating,
and especially in those which produce a current of constant direction, and of always
nearly the same intensity, I employ the following arrangements for the purpose of
A series of metallic bars, or plates, or springs, or otherwise-shaped metallic pieces,
divisions of the induced conductors, are fitted either on the sides of a cylinder,
number of which is equal to that of the bobbins of the machines, or of the sub-
collecting the currents:
the
longitudinally
or obliquely, or on the surface of a disc in the directions of its radii,
the cylinder or disc being secured on the shaft of the machine, and being caused to
5 rotate with it.
Each of these metallic pieces is connected to the end or ends of the wire or wires of
The spaces between the metallic pieces may be filled with some insulating matter.

page_text: a bobbin, or to the terminal wires of the machine, and each of them represents thus
a pole of the same. I call such a cylinder or disc a distributor. Such apparatus is
For collecting the currents from the distributor, or from a similar one, I recur to
one of the following arrangements:-
a. Several fixed, broad, and thick metallic plates or bars are disposed close by the
distributor, and they are pressed upon by springs, so as to be maintained in contact,
each with one or with several metallic pieces of the distributor. They are hollowed
out, so that the surfaces of the hollows are exactly fitted to the outer surfaces of the
metallic pieces, whereof the current has to be collected. When rotation is imparted
to the distributor, the fixed metallic plates or bars slide upon its surfaces, and
collect the current from the metallic pieces. The friction can be diminished by em-
ploying graphite.
b. Instead of the fixed metallic plates or bars, I employ also soft elastic friction
wheels, which are brought into contact with the distributor. The wheels are
pressed upon this last by springs or screws; and by diminishing or augmenting the
pressure, it is easy to give the required extent to the surface of contact, so as to make
the wheel to collect the current from one, two, or more metallic pieces of the
distributor. When the distributor is caused to rotate, the friction wheel rotates
also; and its shaft being in metallic connection with its periphery, the current is
transmitted to the shaft. The further transmission of the current is effected by
some of the usually employed means, that is to say, either by means of metallic
pieces making contact with the revolving shaft; or by causing some suitable
appendices of the shaft to rotate in mercury; or by causing the wheel itself to
rotate round a fixed axle whereto the current is transmitted.
As each friction wheel will constitute one pole of the machine, the number of
wheels will be determined by the number of poles required, as well as by the
number of points of the distributor from which the current has to be collected.
The tire of the wheel can be made either of a soft, elastic, metallic web, wound
upon a gutta percha or some other elastic layer, or of a series of pencils, or brushes,
or springs, or some other suitably shaped pieces fitted on the periphery of the
wheel, and either connected to each other or not.
The wheel may also be wound with metallic wire or ribbon; or the wheel may
be replaced by an elastic metallic ring, or by an elastic hollow metallic cylinder,
which last may be secured at one of its two ends, while its other end remains free,
and is brought into contact with the distributor.
The surfaces of the wheels or cylinders, as well as the surface of the distributor,
may be made more or less smooth, or they may be provided with grooves, or with
solid or spring-like teeth.
contact is enlarged, and it can be modified at will. The contact between the
The advantages afforded by such wheels are the following:-The surface of 40
other arrangements heretofore employed; and the rubbing being avoided, the usual
very speedy waste of the rubbing parts is notably diminished.
ones. This arrangement is of the following description:-One,
of the distributor, so as to embrace some part of its periphery,
besides,
vantages as that described immediately before, and this to a higher degree
c. The arrangement which will be described under this head has the same ad- 45
if damaged, the parts which collect the currents can be very easily replaced by new
metallic ribbons, or wires, or ribbons of metallic web, are passed round the cylinder
Figure 73, which is a diagrammatical end elevation of the apparatus. C, D, is
the cylindrical distributor; a, a, a, a, a, etc., its metallic pieces; b, b, b, the
spaces between them, which spaces may be filled with some non-conductible matter;
O is the shaft of the machine whereon the distributor is secured; and P, Q, R, the
simply makes contact with the former. Now if it be supposed that the current
endless ribbon which embraces both the cylinder and the two rollers rand g, or 35
must be collected simultaneously from three metallic pieces of the distributor, say, a

page_text: a², and a³, the rollers and r and q are disposed accordingly, as shown by dotted lines at
the Figure 73, and the current is transmitted from the pieces a', a2, and a³, to the
rollers r and g by means of the ribbon.
The pinions of the rollers are moveable in special slides, and the setting screws e
5 and f afford the means of regulating the tension of the ribbon, and thereby the more
a less closer contact between this last and the distributor. It is obvious that by
employing that arrangement, I avoid any rubbing of the collecting parts against the
distributor.
If more poles than one are required the described arrangements are multiplied at
O will.
convex, or concave.
The outer surfaces of the distributor and of the rollers may be either plane, or
Instead of recurring to setting screws for the sake of regulating
the tension of the ribbon, exterior rollers may be used. The endless ribbon may
also be placed in a plane parallel to the axis of rotation of the distributor or other-
5 wise. Altogether the relative positions of the distributor, of the ribbon, of the
rollers, and of other parts, as well as further particulars of the said arrangement,
be most diversified, if the main principle, viz., that of the motion of the
collecting part, together with the distributor, be maintained.
may
As one of the modifications of the said arrangement, I will mention the employ-
0 ment of an elastic metallic ring S, T, U, Figure 74, instead of the ribbon. In that
is sufficient, and the screw g is used for tending more or less the
case one roller P
ring, and thus modifying the magnitude of the surface of contact, as well as the
pressure exerted by the ring on the distributor. Further particulars remain in that
case as stated above.
5 I employ also the above-described friction wheels or cylinders, elastic iron
webs, endless ribbons, and elastic cylinders, for closing the magnetic chain, as shown
at k¹, Figures 69 to 71.
d. Another modification of the collecting apparatus is received by replacing the
metallic plates, wheels, ribbons, and rings, described under a, b, and c, by mercury.
0 Suppose the current must be collected at the portions m and n of the distributor
C, D, Figure 75, simultaneously from three metallic pieces a¹, a², and a³, at m; and
from a', a, and all, at n; each of these two places having to be made a separate
pole of the machine. In that case I divide the cylindrical distributor C, D, into
two parts M and N, which both remain secured on the same shaft, but are set some-
5 what apart from one another.
)
111
The metallic pieces a and a¹, a², and all,
an, and an, and so on, of the
two parts are respectively connected to one another, and then one of the two halves
of the cylinder is turned on its axis by 180 degrees before being definitely secured
on the shaft. Two baths K and L, filled with mercury, are placed beneath the
two parts of the cylinder, so that in each of them three metallic pieces are simulta-
neously brought into contact with the mercury, and thus transmit to it the
current, E and F being two screw cups provided for the further transmission of the
same.
Further particulars as to the shape of the baths and to the arrangements taken
for establishing a closer contact between the mercury and the metallic plates of the
distributor, as also for avoiding the spreading out and the heating of mercury
during
foreseen.
It must be understood, however, that the number of parts into which the cylinder
is divided, as well as the angle by which each part is made to revolve on its axis
have four, six, or eight poles of alternately reversed polarity, the cylinder should be
before being secured, depend upon the number of poles required. Thus, if we would
subdivided into as many parts, and each of them should be turned only through
90, 60, or 45 degrees with respect to the next one.
e. In those cases when a current of constant direction has to be converted into an
alternate one, or inversely, I employ one of the following arrangements :-
1. A
matter, is

page_text: fixed on the shaft o, o, of the machine, three metallic rings L, M, and N are fitted o
filled with some insulating matter. The rings L and N are made out, each of on
the surface at some distance from each other. The spaces between them may h
piece, but the ring M is cut obliquely or in zig-zag, in two or more parts, Figure 7
representing that case when it is cut in two parts m and m². A small space is le
between the two parts, which space also may be filled with insulating matter. Th
part m is brought into metallic contact with the ring L, while the other part m
connected to the ring N. Four metallic springs or brushes or pencils a, b, c, and
are pressing on the rings; a and b making contact with the rings L and N, whi
c and d, which are arranged diametrically opposite to one another are respectivel
making contact with the half rings m and m'.
When the machine and th
cylinder C are made to revolve the half rings m and m', come into contact with th
springs c and d alternately; and the half rings m and m² being respectively connected
with the rings L and N, the springs c and d receive the current alternately from
each of the two rings. Therefore, if the springs a and b be connected with som
source of electricity which gives a current of constant direction, we receive from
each of the springs c and d a current whose direction will be alternately reversed
each half revolution of the cylinder.
at
2. Another arrangement which I employ for the same object of converting a direct
current into an alternately reversed one is the following:-C, D, Figure 77, repre-
sents a cylinder arranged quite in the same manner as the above-described distri
butor. Now two broad belts being traced on the surface of the cylinder some
distance apart from each other, each of them is hollowed out on opposite halves of
the circumference to a depth equal to about one quarter of the thickness of the
metallic pieces a, a. The pieces a, a, which enclose each groove on its both ends
remain, however, complete, so that if the groove of one belt terminates, say, at the
left side of a bar a, the next groove of the other belt begins on the right side of
the same bar. The number of grooves may also be more than one in each belt,
their length being accordingly diminished in that case. Thus, if the direction of
the current ought to be changed for four times during each revolution of the
cylinder, two grooves ought to be hollowed out in each belt, the length of each of
them being equal to quarter a circumference, less the breadth of one bar; and the
four grooves ought to be arranged in a chess board order. The grooves are filled
with some insulating matter to one level with the remainder of the surface of the
cylinder. Four plates, or brushes, or pencils A and B, A' and B' are pressing upon
the cylinder, each two of them pressing upon one belt and being diametrically
opposed to one another. These plates collect the current from the rotating cylinder;
and, as each two of them, A and B, A¹ and B¹, are connected together and to the
terminal conductors, it is readily understood that each pair will communicate to
the conductors an alternately reversed current.
described arrangements, such as wheels, ribbons, and so on.
The brushes, pencils, or springs A and B, may be replaced by any of the above-
taken either directly from them or by means of one of the described arrangements
B. When the induced conductors of the machine remain fixed, the current is
which may be suitably modified.
the shaft of the rotating part of the machine, and is provided with as many pro-
In such machines I employ also the following arrangement:-A disc is secured on
jections or projecting rollers as there are poles in the machine. When the disc is
caused to rotate its projections press each in its turn, and at determined moments,
upon special contact springs, which are connected on the one side to the end wires 50
of the bobbins, or of the subdivisions of the fixed induced conductor, and on the
other side with metallic pieces which make up the outer ends or
machine. In this way a direct or an alternately reversed current can be received.
Figure 84 shows another kind of collector which can be substituted for brushes,
and secured at both ends by nuts and washers, All these pieces must of course
poles of the
be

page_text: good conductors of electricity. The axle can be in the form of a tube, and put on a
spindle in order to revolve.
In accordance with the indicated shape of the nuts or washers the metallic discs
can assume an inclined position; collectors of this kind being applied to revolving
commutators revolve themselves, collect the current, and transmit it to the
spindle.
It has already been mentioned that the above-described electro-magnets, the
modes of induction, and the arrangements of the inducing and induced parts with
regard to one another can be applied also to machines heretofore employed. As to the
anchors they may be employed as well with my inductors as with other ones, that
is to say, with electro-magnets and magnets of any known description. In that
case the strength of the magnets must be increased by making them out of steel
wire or of thin cast-iron rods, which are insulated by some diamagnetic matter, as
paper, varnish, silk, wool, caoutchouc, and so on, or by some insulated conductor.
In the latter case the current induced in the coil may be partially used when the
magnetism is partially closed up and disclosed in the magnets. These wire magnets
can be applied to different purposes.
The principles enumerated in this Specification allow us notably to improve the
heretofore employed magnets and dynamo-inductive machines, as for instance, that
of Gramme. Thus by replacing its inductors by inductors of my own system we
obtain the advantages enumerated above under g, h, and i.
Further, for availing ourselves of the advantages mentioned under heading f, that
is to say, for approaching the inner elements of the iron core of the anchor as close
as possible to the elements of the inducing poles, two arrangements can be employed.
1. The copper wire coil of the anchor can be replaced by an iron wire, and
2. Iron bars may be fitted at several places of the anchor between the bobbins
of the coil.
For the sake of increasing the strength of the induced current generated by this
machine, as well as for avoiding the heating of the coil of the anchor, besides the
just-mentioned improvements, I divide also the iron core or the iron-wire bundle
which constitutes the core of the anchor, into several parts a, a, a, Figures 78 and 79,
and after having coiled them, each separately with insulated wire, I fit them
all consecutively on a wooden cylinder R which is secured on the shaft of the
machine.
The same result can be reached by taking a long and thin bundle of iron wire
and coiling it with one or two layers of one or several insulated conductors, one of
the layers being employed for inducing the current, and the other for receiving the
induced current. Then I wind this coiled bundle round the same wooden cylinder
in one or several rows, the ends of the iron wires of this bundle being brought into
metallic connection to each other by means of special iron pieces.
The number of the subdivisions of the periphery, of each such ring, or of the
bobbins b, b, b, may be the same in all rings or turns of the coiled iron spiral of the
same cylinder. In that case the corresponding bobbins or portions of the turns of
the said rings, that is to say, those portions of them which are on the corresponding
generatrices of the cylinder may be directly connected together side by side or
in row.
Figure 78 shows some of such connections of the coils of five ring-shaped
anchors a, b, c, d, and e, fitted on the same wooden cylinder. The portions of the
rings or bobbins A, B, C, and D are connected together side by side (in tension),
and the portions E and F in row (by derivation).
The limit of the subdivision of each ring into a series of partial rings is the coiling
of each iron wire of the core of the anchor with one, or several layers of one, or
several conductors. The size of these conductors may be very different.
For the sake of producing a two-sided induction of the anchors of the machine
the anchors can be magnetized from both sides by applying one of the above-
described arrangements.
In order to increase the power of the dynamo-electric machines of Gramme and
ло

page_text: Siemens, and make them more compact, I modify these machines by applying to
them the above-described principle of the immediate use of inductors, and my
Similar modifications and improvements can be applied likewise to any other
electro-magnets, Figures 79a and 79b, show these modifications.
machine.
For producing electrical lights by currents I employ an apparatus; I call it the
electric moderator, which has the following advantages, and which is applicable
to the purpose whatever be the means by which the currents are obtained
First. The lighting point is kept always in a fixed position without recurring for
that purpose to the complicated apparatus usually employed now.
Second. My apparatus allows me easily to obtain several lighting points, disposed
either in one circuit, or in several derivated branches of it.
Third. The current is utilized in the most economical way, because the point at
which the current enters the carbons is very near to the burning point, and is always
at an unvariable distance from it. By this the resistance of the apparatus remains
constant during the whole action of it, and is independent of the length of the
carbons, an advantage which is not to be found in any other system of regulator.
Therefore very long carbons may be used without weakening the current, and light
obtained for a much longer time without change of carbons than can be secured by
any other apparatus.
Fourth. In case of extinction the moderator instantly relights itself irrespective
of the length of the voltaic arc.
Fifth. By virtue of a particular disposition of its parts this apparatus can work
without any alteration with continuous as well as alternate currents.
The leading principles of my apparatus are the following:-
-
Two or more carbons are used for making up each pole of the electrical light.
They are secured obliquely, so that their burning ends meet with one another.
They are supported by holders, the positions of which with reference to one another
are fixed in relation to each pole; and they are pushed out of those holders, so that
their burning ends always meet with one another at the same points, however
wasted by burning, the outward motion of each carbon being limited at its burning
ends by its encounter with the other carbon.
The voltaic are may be very easily reduced to a required length, as also its length
can be fixed beforehand, the carbons being automatically lighted up in that case by
means of some suitable arrangement.
My apparatus for carrying out these principles may conveniently be made of the
following descriptions :-
Two carbons a, c, and a¹, c', Figure 80, which are disposed obliquely, meet with
one another at their ends c and c', as shown. Each carbon is supplied by and
moves longitudinally in a tube or on a slide d and d', rollers, brushes, etc., the position
of both tubes or slides, brushes, etc., being always fixed with regard to one another.
Two springs, weights or strings, wires or chains, to which these weights are attached,
r and r, press upon the ends a and a¹ of the carbons and force them out, so that the
burning ends c and c¹ always remain in contact, however wasted by burning. The
respective positions of both tubes, slides, rollers, etc., being fixed, and thus the points
of encounter of the two carbons being determined, the burning of the carbon is
necessarily always going on at nearly the same point.
The number of carbons meeting with one another at each point may
be more
be 5
The adjustment of the carbons in the tubes, rollers, brushes, or slides, may
much varied, as well as the arrangements employed for pushing them out, which may
consist of springs, weights, friction wheels, Figure 82a, pressure of any liquid or gas,
or some other suitable but plain mechanisms adapted to that purpose.
The size and the shape of the carbons also may be very different,
shaped as rods, cylinders, dises, rings, spirals, screws, and so on.
different, as they can be
The best means of moving the carbons I consider to be by the pressure of liquids
or gases; for that purpose I use tubes with pistons, on which the carbons are fixed

page_text: Figure 82. A turn of the tap is sufficient to open the pressure under the pistons
and to move the carbons.
reservoir of liquid or gas is adjusted to each apparatus, or many of them can
have a common reservoir.
Each pair or group of carbons which meet with each other at one point make up
together only one pole of the machine. Two poles being required for producing a
voltaic are, two pairs or two groups, A and B, Figures 80 and 81, or a combination
of one pair of carbons, with one carbon disc, etc., are employed for each light. They
be arranged either in planes more or less inclined to one another, or parallel, or
in the same plane, Figure 81.
may
The distance between the active ends of the two pairs, i.e., between the two points
where the ends of the carbons of each group meet with one another, may be either
fixed beforehand, or the ends of the two pairs make contact when not lighted up,
but recede from one another under the influence of the current as soon as it is made
to flow, and accordingly to its strength. In that case either one group is set in
motion, or both, simultaneously or successively. For producing this receding motion
I employ either a solenoïde, or one or several electro-magnets, or the heat of the
voltaic are, or some special arrangement driven into motion by the whole or by a
portion of the current. Whatever be the arrangement employed the contact between
the poles must be immediately re-established as soon as the current is interrupted
within the circuit.
The number of pairs used for producing one light may be more than two.
When the distance between the burning ends of the pairs is a fixed one, I resort
to some arrangement for automatically lighting up the carbons. For instance, I
secure a graphite, or carbon, or metallic rod or plate between the carbon points of
the two pairs, or simply in contact with them. In the former case the conductive
body is consumed by the heat of the voltaic are; and, in the latter, after having
lighted up the carbons, it is withdrawn or repelled either by means of the current or
by the heat of the voltaic arc. I employ that arrangement for lighting up electrical
lights in all circumstances where it may prove to be useful, as, for instance, for
lighting up the Wedermann's or Jablochkoff's candles.
The receding of the burning ends of the pairs can be limited, for instance, by two
screws. When the distance is thus limited or fixed beforehand, so that the voltaic
are cannot attain the full length it could have otherwise, I am enabled to introduce
in the circuit several regulators, whether of my own system or of some other one,
and to receive several lighting points from one circuit. Then the voltaic are is, so
to say, subdivided into several parts, which may be connected together either in
row (en quantité) or successively (en tension), the moderators being introduced
either in the same circuit or in its ramifications.
The said oblique arrangement of the carbons can be employed in all those circum-
stances where it may prove to be useful, whether the pairs of obliquely disposed
carbons, or the carbons themselves, be insulated from each other or not, and whether
the insulating body be consumed in the heat of the voltaic arc or not.
For the sake of reducing the resistance opposed by the carbons to the transmission
of the current, I sometimes coat them with metal on one or several sides, or they
may be inclosed in metallic tubes. For the same purpose the current is made to
enter the carbons near to their burning ends through the springs k and k', Figure 82,
or through brushes, or some other suitable arrangements. The metallic coatings
may also be replaced by metallic rods or wires introduced into the body of the
carbons; or the conductive rods may be coated with non-conductive shells.
For the sake of increasing the intensity of light, I sometimes form the carbons of
a mixture of coal with some substance which disengages heavy vapours or gases
when submitted to the intense heat of the voltaic are; or I add to the coal some
magnesia, or lime, gypsum, chalk, oxide of zirconium, or some other substance which
would become intensely luminous when heated, or disengage some compounds
qualified for giving an intense light. Those substances may be either mixed with

page_text: the coal, or be included within the carbon rods under the shape of several rods or
Instead of the carbons I sometimes employ other conductors. Besides, as we can
avail ourselves of the heat of the voltaic arc for converting it into light, I replace, in
a modified form of my apparatus, one of the carbons of each pair by some piece of a
like substance, which substance while meeting with the burning end of the pushed
refractory substance, such as magnesia, lime, graphite, oxide of zirconium, or other
out carbons, arrests the outward motion and emits at the same time a great amount
wires, or envelope the outside of the carbons.
of light when heated and burned by the voltaic arc.
This stopping piece may
assume the most diverse shapes; thus a rod, a cylinder, a plate, or a plate with
projections, or a plate hollowed out at its end as a fork or a cup; or a cap may be
employed, either one for both carbons or one for each of them, as shown on
Figures 83 to 110, inclusive, where some of the suitable shapes are drawn. Those
stopping pieces may either be fixed or be pushed out of their holders, as the
carbons.
When the refractory pieces may become conductive of currents, under the
influence of a high temperature, the derivation of the current through it must be
prevented by interrupting the contact of that piece with one or both poles of the
circuit.
With the same object of increasing the intensity of light, I coat also the carbons
on one or several sides with some refractory substance, which, being heated so as
to become incandescent, allows me better to avail myself of the heat of the voltaic
arc.
The shapes of the carbons employed in the modified apparatus may also be
most varied; rods, cylinders, plates, discs, rings, spirals, and screw-like bodies may be
mployed.
Further particulars as to the positions of the carbons with respect to one
another, whether fixed or moveable, and as to the means of lighting them up,
remain in that case as described above. The carbons of each pair, as also the two
pairs, may also be insulated from each other.
For the same purpose, i.e., for increasing the intensity of the light, I employ the
combination dynamo-electric machines, batteries, or generally some circuits bearing
the electric current, with so-called polarisation battery and condensator together or
separately. The current of the dynamo machine, Figure 80 b, is flowing through
conductors A, A, and B, B, to the lighting apparatus or to some other destination,
and by the way enters without interruption into the polarisation battery or con-
densator A, B, the current of the conductor A, A, in one of the sheets of the
condensator or pole of the battery A, the current of the conductor B, B, in the other
B. In the same Figure are shown other combinations of the same arrangement;
the parts B and A are connected with each other or with the earth.
conducting substance.
40
Figure 80 c shows another disposition of the same principle; the different sheets
and are immersed in separate boxes filled with a suitable liquid. These boxes K
or poles are connected separately with the corresponding conductors of the circuit,
and K are connected with each other or with the earth. The arrangement of
these condensators or batteries varies according to requirements, but I employ, in 45
preference, the following disposition:-Two large thin metallic sheets separated by
some non-conductor I roll up and immerse in a suitable liquid or some other non-
employ also the following apparatus, which I call an electric lamp:-The poles of 50
For obtaining a continuous electrical light of permanent intensity I make and
the circuit are fixed, and they are not, or are but very little, wasted by burning
The voltaic are being produced in that case by some other hard, liquid, or gaseous
matter, powder, vapour, or gas, which is calcined, or melted, or
heat. Such a substance is made to flow bye-and-bye to the poles of the circuit, and
to enter into the voltaic arc, much like the oil or vapours which feed the flame of a 35
common lamp when rising along its wick. That arrangement saves a great deal of
the mechanical work of the electricity, which work is usually spent in the voltaic
vaporized by the

page_text: are in tearing away the particles of carbon or of metal from the electrodes, as also
it avoids the development of that electro-stimulating force to polarisation which
usually results from the tearing away of particles, and works in opposition to the
main current. The size of the voltaic arc is thus increased, as well as the intensity
and regularity of the light.
When there is no absolute necessity for the lighting point to be fixed, I employ
one carbon for each pole, or respectively two for one pole, and one for the other.
The carbons can be fixed by their ends through which the current is flowing, or
can be pushed out in proportion as they are consumed. Thus I can give two
different arrangements to this disposition of my carbons; first, I can employ two
carbons for each pole; and, second, one carbon for each pole.
I. Two carbons making one pole are placed at any angle I wish to each other
(their ends touching), and the two poles obliquely to each other; the other ends are
fastened in special holders, each of which is made to move in one direction only.
Under the influence of a spring or weight acting on the carbons, their burning ends
are made to touch each other. In proportion to the consumption the meeting
point of the carbons lowers, and therefore the burning point lowers.
The voltaic are is produced between two pairs placed opposite each other, and
arranged in the manner above described; the two pairs spring towards each other,
and the ends of the carbons coming into contact produces the lighting up of the
apparatus. The length of the voltaic are is regulated by a set screw.
When there is no current in the circuit the two pairs of carbons touch each other,
but immediately the current passes through the apparatus the two carbon points
under the influence of an electro-magnet or solenoïde separate from each other to a
given distance, and the voltaic arc is completed.
Sometimes I substitute an insulating rod for one of the carbons, which is heated,
and consumes. I introduce the current into the carbons through the holders, or by
means of brushes, rollers, and other metallic parts, which lower in the same pro-
portion as the carbons consume.
II. My other arrangement consists of two single or compound carbons, one for
each pole. They are arranged more or less obliquely opposite each other, and at a
comparatively small distance between the two poles. These poles are not separated
by any insulated substance; the inner sides of the carbons may be covered with
some insulating mixture. The current is directed into the carbons through their
holders. One or both of the poles can be made to approach each other. When the
current is stopped, a spring or weight causes the two carbons to touch each other,
but as soon as the circuit is completed, and the current is flowing through the
apparatus, an electro-magnet or a solenoïde causes one of the poles to separate from
the other at a certain distance regulated by a special set screw. In that way the
apparatus relights itself automatically. As a matter of course the burning point
lowers in proportion to the consumption of the carbons. Both of these arrange-
ments, as well as the poles of the above-described moderator, can be combined
together.
When electrical lights are to be employed in mines or under water, and in all
those cases in which the light ought to be isolated from the surrounding medium,
I employ a lantern arranged in such a manner as to avoid the deposits on the inner
sides of its walls of opaque residues formed during the burning.
The arrangement of the lantern is based on the principle that the hot products
of combustion when rising over the source of light enter into special compartments,
where they are cooled and condensed by the surrounding medium during their
descending motion in the compartments. The tubes themselves which connect the
upper part of the lantern with the lower one may be used for those compartments.
I employ that arrangement of lanterns not only for electrical lights, but also in all
those cases where such lanterns might be required.
When the source of light has to be supplied with oxygen I generate that gas by
employing some suitable compound which disengages oxygen under the influence
of heat; or it may be supplied by a special reservoir filled with the condensed gas

page_text: For the same object I employ also such carbons as
oxygenated compounds.
following description:-
convam a mixture of suitable
11
the light I employ several different arrangements, the simpler of which are of the
For the sake of replacing the wasted carbons by new ones without interrupting
carbons being arranged there side by side, or one above another. The number of
A supply of carbons a, a, a, Figure III., is put into a case A, A, A Am the
carbons in the case may be different. The case is provided with a shutter B, B
which is pressed on the carbons by a spring r, r, arranged as shown on the
friction wheels k, k,, which are driven by any suitable motion, by a weight or a
Drawing, or otherwise. The outer carbon a is moved towards the pole by the
spring, or by the heat of the voltaic arc or otherwise. Each carbon is provided at its
back end with a metallic end piece n, n, fastened to it; or a rather conical hole is bored
in both ends of the carbon, and a suitable shaped connecting piece of conductor or
non-conductor is put in one of the holes, or special pincers adjusted to the back end
of the carbon. When the burning carbon a has passed by the fore-wall of the
or the fore-end of the aperture provided at the bottom of that case, the next carbon an
is dropped down in the tube or slide m, m₁, and it is pushed by the friction wheels k
and k₁, into the metallic end piece n of the carbon do, so as now to make a whole with
the latter. The store of carbons in the case may be completed bye-and-bye, either by
removing the shutter or by thrusting the carbons into the case through an aperture
provided in one of the walls of the case A, A₁, A A.
11
case,
Another arrangement I employ for the same object is constructed on the
same principle, but the fixed case A, A, A, A is replaced by a revolving
drum A, A, Figure 112. The Figure shows such arrangement for six carbons.
The corresponding parts of the apparatus bearing the same letters on both that
Figure and on the foregoing.
The store of carbons in the drum may also be renewed afterwards.
When I employ Wedermann's or Jablochkoff's electrical candles I avail myself
of the heat of the voltaic are for removing the light from the wasted candle to a new
one. When the candle is consumed to a certain point, or totally, the heat welds
together two metallic plates, which may be flat, cylindrical, or curved, which are
secured close by one or both carbons; one of the two plates being connected to the
burning candle and the other to the candle to be lighted up. The two plates being
melted together, the current flows to the new candle.
The same effect may be produced if the heat be employed for fusing or destroying
some piece which does not allow a contact to be established between the circuit and
the new candle. This preserving piece being destroyed by heat, or carbonized if it
be made out of an organic body, the metallic connection of the new candle with the
circuit is immediately established, and the current flows to the candle.
The same arrangement may be applied in all those cases when it is required to
close some circuit or to send the current in a new direction.
In cases where sub-dividing of light is required and several kinds of lighting
is absolutely necessary to make some arrangement which will prevent the inter- 45
apparatus (moderators, regulators, or candles) are put in one and the same circuit, it
ruption of the circuit, if by some accident one or more of the apparatus have failed
to light themselves. For that purpose I employ the following arrangement, which
is shown generally in Figures 80a, 80b, and 80c. The circuit on reaching the
the apparatus is in working order the part of the current flowing through A, B, 50
apparatus is divided into two branches, one of which is A, B, the other A, C. If
produces a voltaic arc between the carbon points, and at the same time interrupts
the branch A, C, by which the whole current is obliged to pass through the other
branch A, B. If on the contrary the apparatus is out of order, and therefore the
branch A, B, interrupted, the whole current passes through A, C, C, B, and so forth,
into the outer circuit; by means of this disposition one, or even more, of the
inserted in the same circuit, I call this arrangement of circuit a "safety circuit,"
apparatus being out of order does not interrupt the action of the other apparatus

page_text: 5
shown in Figure 80a.
besides, it allows the translocation of currents from one apparatus to another, as
Having now described the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, I declare that I claim,-
First. The sub-dividing of inducing and induced parts into smaller elements, and
the combinations of these elements into groups in order to bring the inducing and
induced elements as close as possible, and therefore to obtain the most favourable
condition of induction.
Second. The utilization of a closed magnetic circuit, or of the closing of it at the
0 moment when the current is generated in the induced coil.
Third. New arrangements employed for avoiding the prejudicial influence of
extra currents which tend to retard the induction as herein-before described.
Fourth. The utilization of a special compound coiling as herein-before described.
Fifth. The novel arrangements of electro-magnets, as herein-before described, of
5 various shapes, in all cases based on the principle of bringing the coiling through
which the current flows and produces the magnetization, as close as possible to the
elements of the iron cores which are to be magnetised, as, for instance, in my com-
pound plate electro-magnet, and thus avoiding the absorption of the electric power
by the inner core of electro-magnets.
Sixth. The arrangement of new and various kinds of dynamo and magneto
electric machines, and the corresponding improvement of the existing ones, as herein-
before described.
Seventh. The novel relative disposition of inductors and induced parts as well as
the new arrangement of both, as herein-before described, and also the arrangement
5 in which each side of the induced parts, whether the coiling is provided inside with
iron pieces or not, is subject to the influence of induction by causing the coiling
constantly to approach, pass, and withdraw from the poles of one and the same
polarity, the magnetic surfaces of which are superseded by non-magnetical intervals
of about the same size as the magnetic surfaces.
0 Eighth. The mode of obtaining in one and the same machine two kinds of
induction, viz., primary and secondary currents; the utilizing of two or more
separate coilings, the inducing and induced, together; the obtaining of induced
currents by translocation of current and magnetism; the utilizing of immediate
induction by removing and by replacing the coiling from the inductors themselves,
5 and by immediate magnetization of the armatures; and the utilizing of closed
magnetism, all as herein-before described.
Ninth. The new arrangements and dispositions of induced coiling, and the sub-
dividing of it into separate circuits, also the employment of webs of inducing and
induced wires utilized together or separately, and webs for closing of magnetism, as
herein-before described.
Tenth. The arrangement of new kinds of commutators by which rubbing friction
is avoided, and the novel arrangement for transforming direct currents into
alternately reversed currents, as herein-before described.
Eleventh. The new system of keeping the lighting point fixed by the meeting of
5 carbons which are caused to advance, no matter by what means this progressive
movement is obtained, or whether these carbons be separated from each other by
any substance (consumed or remaining intact during the consumption of carbons)
or not; and the sub-dividing of light, i.e., utilizing of one circuit for many moderator
lamps or other apparatus, both as herein-before described.
0
Twelfth. The lighting up by causing the approach of one pole to the other, and
the subsequent removal of them, or by the closing of the circuit by means of some
substance of more or less conductibility, which afterwards is removed under the
influence of the current or heat of the voltaic arc, as herein-before described.
Thirteenth. The several arrangements of discs, cylinders, plates, rods, etc., of
15 various composition for obtaining more steady and powerful light, as herein-before
described; the mode of keeping the lighting point fixed by insulating or other
substances immoveable or made to slide; and in general, such arrangements in which

page_text: arc is avoided, as herein-before described.
a deviation of current in any way except through the carbon points and the voltaic
Fourteenth. The utilization of various substances, solid or in the form of powders,
voltaic arc in order to increase the power and steadiness of the light, as herein-before
Fifteenth. Arrangements for utilizing two simple or compound carbons for both
poles of the voltaic arc, separated by some insulating substance or not, and whether
surrounded on one or more sides by some insulating substance or not; the carber
may be fixed or moveable, put side by side or otherwise, but in each case the devia-
tion of the current (except the main and sole current through the voltaic arc) is
avoided, and does not prevent the automatic re-lighting of the apparatus by the
meeting of the two poles, as herein-before-described.
Sixteenth. The limitation of the length of the voltaic arc after it is produced by
set screws and other dispositions, as herein-before described, for regulating the
length of the voltaic arc, and thus the possibility of sub-dividing the light.
Seventeenth. The method of increasing the power and the steadiness of electric
light by utilizing compound poles, which, under the influence of the heat of the
voltaic arc, produce heavy gases or solid particles, and thus increase the brightness
and the steadiness of the electric light. Also the utilizing of an admixture with
the carbons of various oxygen combinations which add to the intensity of the heat,
and therefore producing more powerful light, as herein-before described.
Eighteenth. The new arrangements of introducing the current near to the voltaic
arc, and always at the same distance from it, and thus securing at a given length
of the voltaic are a constant resistance of the apparatus, entirely independent of the
length of carbons; also the surrounding and dividing of the poles of the voltaic are
by insulating gases, which are either produced during the burning or introduced
by means of a special reservoir, as herein-before described.
Nineteenth. The arranging and utilizing of auxiliary apparatus for keeping the
circuit always unbroken, in case one of the apparatuses in the circuit being out of 3
order, as herein-before described.
Twentieth. The arrangement of a special electric lamp which prevents during
the burning condensation on the transparent covers of the lamps, as herein-before
described.
Twenty-first. The farrangement and utilization of mechanism for changing the 3
consumed carbons for new ones, as herein-before described.
Twenty-second. The means of obtaining greater power of light by the use of
polarisation batteries or condensators together with dynamo-electric machines, as
herein-before described.
Twenty-third. The several other novel arrangements herein-before described and 40
illustrated in the accompanying Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Rapieff, have hereunto set my hand
and seal, this Twenty-third day of May, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and seventy-eight
Witness,
R. APPLEGARTH,
25, Abchurch Lane,
London, E.C.
JOHN RAPIEFF. (LS)