IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MEANS AND APPARATUS EMPLOYED FOR INSULATING AND PROTECTING TELEGRAPH CONDUCTING WIRES, AND IN APPARATUS FOR WORKING THE SAME
Year: 1862

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Charles William Siemens, of 3, Great George
Street, in the County of Middlesex, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS
IN THE MEANS AND APPARATUS EMPLOYED FOR INSULATING AND PROTECTING
TELEGRAPH CONDUCTING WIRES, AND IN APPARATUS FOR WORKING THE SAME."
-Partly a communication from abroad by Dr. Werner Siemens, of
Berlin, in the Kingdom of Prussia.
Sealed the 4th July 1862, and dated the 9th January 1862.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Charles William Siemens
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
9th January 1862.
I, CHARLES WILLIAM SIEMENS, of 3, Great George Street, in the County
of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for " IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE MEANS AND APPARATUS EMPLOYED FOR INSULATING AND PROTECTING
TELEGRAPH CONDUCTING WIRES, AND IN APPARATUS FOR WORKING THE SAME," to
be as follows:-
I cause the conductor, which may consist either of a solid metal wire or of
a strand of two or more wires, to pass through a vessel containing either a
compound of gutta percha, rosin, and Stockholm tar, well known under the
name of "Chatterton's compound," or any other suitable substance or com-
pound in a heated or semi-fluid state, so that the wire or strand of wires

page_text: I
becomes coated with the same. The wire or strand of wires passes into and
out of the vessel through holes or dies formed in the sides of the same.
sometimes heat the wire or strand of wires before passing into the vessel, and
in some cases I apply the mixture or substance contained in the vessel under
pressure to insure its more perfect adhesion to the conducting wire or wires.
On emerging from the above-named vessel the coated wire or wires is or are
passed through a bath of cold or iced water, or any other suitable liquid or
liquids, and afterwards passed round a series of rollers or reels so as to harden
the coating, and prevent its sticking when the wire reaches the drum on
which it is to be coiled; I then cover the wire with one or more coatings of
india-rubber, or any of its compounds, as described in the Specification of
Letters Patent granted to me, and bearing date 3rd November, 1859,
No. 2503, and afterwards with one or more coatings of gutta percha with
or without intermediate layers of Chatterton's mixture, or other suitable
compounds.
In making joints in the india-rubber covering of conducting wires, I first
join the conducting wire or wires in any suitable known manner, and then
overlap the uncovered part of the wire with india-rubber strips to about the
thickness of the coating on the wire; I then place the joint in a long deep
groove formed in a piece of metal, stone, or other suitable material, the bottom
of which groove is formed semicircularly, so that the regularly covered wire
would fit into it. I then introduce into the groove above the wire a slide
which may or may not be of the same material as the piece in which the
groove is formed, and of which the part which comes in contact with the wire
is hollowed out semicircularly so as to fit round the same. The slide is then
pressed down on the covered joint of the wire, and the apparatus is exposed
to a source of heat, such as a steam jet, by which the india-rubber covering
is made to assume permanently the cylindrical form of the mould. I also
sometimes finish the joint, and give it its proper shape by passing the same
through heated grooved rollers made in such a manner that one roller may
overlap the other; I also sometimes make use of such grooved rollers to
cover the wire with, and for this purpose I guide the wire through the centre
of the hole formed by the grooves in the two rollers in any suitable manner,
and at the same time I pass strips of india-rubber or other suitable insulating
material through the groove, forming them into one consolidated mass round
the wire by means of pressure and heat; the, wires so covered may then be
subjected to the covering processes above alluded to, to render the insulation
more perfect. Such insulated wires I employ either singly, or several twisted
into one strand or rope, and in the latter case I,fill the interstices between the

page_text: wires with hemp or other fibrous or insulating material, or in some cases I
simply lay such insulated wires together without twisting them, and fill the
interstices between them with hemp or other fibrous or insulating substances.
Instead of fibrous materials to fill the interstices, I sometimes employ metal
wires, either surrounded or not with fibrous or other suitable materials; I
then pass the single conductor, or the core composed of several conductors,
through the machine or machines for covering the same with hemp or other
fibrous material in a state of tension. For this purpose I employ a machine
with a hollow shaft, to which is attached a frame carrying several reels; upon
each or upon some of these reels I wind strings, cords, yarns, strands of hemp
or jute, cocoa nut fibre, or other suitable material, which may or may not
previously be steeped in tar or any other resinous, bituminous, or other
suitable substance. These strings or cords, which may or may not be all of
the same material, or of different materials combined, pass from the reels over
or round rollers also attached to the frame, and whose rotary motion is
impeded to a certain extent by means of friction, so as to prevent the cords or
strands passing away from the reels too readily, and by increasing or decreasing
which friction the tension in such cords may be regulated. On leaving these
rollers, the cords are all brought to the insulated core, above described, which
passes through the above-mentioned hollow shaft. The hollow shaft, and with it
the frame carrying the reels of cord, yarn, or other suitable material is then
caused to revolve, and the cords are thus twisted round the core, which is at the
same time being drawn forward. I sometimes cause the core after being thus
covered by the cords, yarns, or other suitable materials to pass through a die,
by which such cords or yarns are pressed more firmly to the core.
If I give
the core more than one layer of hemp I place as many such before-described
covering machines in succession as there are layers required, and I prefer in
such cases to twist each layer in a contrary direction to the preceding one on
to the core, which is effected by causing each successive covering machine to
revolve in a contrary direction. If additional strength is required I apply to
the core either above or beneath, or between the layers of cord or yarn, a layer
of wire, (either previously coated or not with hemp or other suitable material,)
and I sometimes vary and combine the above materials, such as metal wires
and cords, or yarns of hemp in such coverings, according to the strength
required. After the application of such layer or layers of fibrous or other
suitable materials combined or not with metal wire, I apply to the conducting
cable a sheathing of brass, copper, zinc, or other suitable metal or alloy not
so liable as iron to be deteriorated by the action of water. I employ for this
purpose a strip or strips, or bands of brass or other suitable metal, one, two,

page_text: or more of which I wind upon a reel or reels fixed to the revolving frame of a
covering machine, through the hollow spindle of which machine the hemp
covered wire is drawn. Immediately before the brass or other metal or alloy
is laid on the hemp-covered wire passes through a fixed nozzle or die formed
of one or more pieces; and fluted, or corrugated by preference, on its inner
surface, and so arranged as to press firmly upon the core and compress
the layers upon it, as also to prevent the core from being twisted round.
Upon emerging from this die the above-mentioned metal strip or strips is or
are wound round the core in the following manner:-The metal strip or strips
is or are conducted from the reel or reels through suitable opening or
openings formed in a die connected with the revolving frame, through which
die the core passes. This die is formed of one or more pieces, which are
pressed firmly against the core by means of set screws, or in any other suitable
manner, so that the metal strip or strips on passing into the same and being
wound round the core by the rotation of the frame to which the die and reel
or reels is or are attached, is or are pressed very firmly round the core.
or these strips I prefer to make of such a width that it or they overlap itself
or each other on being twisted round the core. The inner surface of the die
may be either plain, cylindrical, or corrugated in a helical form, so as to
impart the same form to the metal covering of the cable. The cable so
covered and protected then passes round a drum or capstan, which draws it
forward with the required relative speed against the united resisting force of
the various covering machines. The above-described processes may be varied
in various ways in combining any of them with other known processes for insu-
lating or covering telegraphic conductors.
This
Another part of this Invention has reference to the recording instruments
for electric telegraphs. One of my improvements relates to those telegraph
recording instruments well known as "Morse instruments." Instead of the
modes hitherto adapted for causing the signs transmitted by the electric
current to be recorded in ink on the strip of paper, I construct an instrument
with two dises, one of which receives a rotary motion from the clockwork of
the apparatus, and is kept continuously supplied with fresh ink, paint, or
colour by means of an inking roller, bottle, or trough situated at a suitable
distance from the same, or by an endless cord or chain in connection with an
inking supply. The other disc is attached to the lever, hammer, armature, or
magnet, moved by electricity, and rotates freely on an axis. It receives its
rotary motion and supply of ink by being brought in contact with the other
disc, above described, and records on the strips of paper placed at a convenient
distance from it the signs transmitted by the oscillation of the armature.
The

page_text: band or strip of paper which receives the signs is stretched round a small pin,
disc, or roller placed at such a distance from the moveable disc attached to the
armature, lever, or hammer as to enable marks to be made on the paper when
the disc on the armature is brought against it. The paper is drawn over the
above-mentioned small pin or roller by suitable drawing rollers attached to
the instrument, and caused to rotate by clockwork. By this arrangement the
signs can be transmitted to the paper in a very sharp and distinct manner, and
by a very slight motion or traverse of the armature, which is a great advantage.
In some cases I employ a trough containing ink, in which the disc not con-
nected with the armature dips; in which case I prefer to employ a scraper,
which rests lightly against the edge of the disc and scrapes off the superfluous
ink or paint while the disc revolves. In some cases I dispense with the
second or fixed disc, and allow the tracing disc which is attached to the
armature to dip directly into a trough of ink. This disc then receives rotary
motion from the clockwork of the apparatus, the spindle through which such
rotary motion is communicated being provided with a universal joint to allow
of the oscillating motion of the lever or armature to which it is attached; and
in this case the before-mentioned scraper is attached to the armature, hammer,
or lever; or, in some cases, I impart rotary motion to the disc by means of an
endless cord, band, or chain which passes round a second fixed roller
receiving rotary motion from the clockwork of the apparatus, and is
placed near the point of oscillation of the armature. I sometimes entirely
dispense with the inking material by making the disc of black lead, lead, chalk,
or any other suitable marking material that will leave a mark when brought
into contact with the paper. I either fix such disc independently of the lever
or armature, or else I fix it to the same; and I sometimes also give it a
rotary motion from the clockwork, or by any other means. An adjusting
screw arrangement is adapted for regulating the apparatus according to the
varying diameter of the tracing disc. In constructing dial or step-by-step instru-
ments, I change the oscillating motions of the armature or magnet, occasioned
by currents of electricity, into a rotary motion by attaching a pin, lever, or bar
to the oscillating armature, to the end of which pin or lever is attached a piece
of metal or stone of the shape of a rhomboid, which works backwards
and forwards between the pins of a small peg cog wheel, to which it imparts
a rotary motion in the following manner:-When the lever is inclined
towards one side by one oscillation of the armature one inclined surface of the
rhomboid will, during its motion, slide against one of the pegs of the wheel
and will thus cause the wheel to revolve to a certain extent, it being held,
after such motion by the rhomboid being wedged in between two of of the pegs.

page_text: If the lever now oscillates to the other side another inclined surface of the
rhomboid will slide against another peg of the wheel on the opposite side and
will again cause it to revolve to a certain extent in the same direction as it
did at first, keeping the wheel, after such motion in that position until the
lever has moved over to the other side again, when it again moves the wheel
as before described. The oscillations of the armature are thus changed into a
step-by-step rotary motion of the wheel, which wheel carries half as many
pegs as there are to be stoppages in the rotary motion of the same, and which
communicates its motion to the pointer on the dial. I prefer to work this
step-by-step apparatus by causing a cylindrical iron bar, on which a quantity
of insulated wire is wound in deep longitudinal grooves, to revolve between
the poles of a series of permanent magnets. It is essential that this bar should
be allowed to rotate in one direction only. For this purpose I apply, near to
the circumference of the rotating axis of this bar, one or more excentrics, each
of them moving round a fixed pin in such a manner as to wedge the bar if it
is turned in the wrong direction, but will allow the bar to move freely if turned
in the right direction. These excentrics or wedges are caused to press slightly
against the circumference of the bar by means of springs. Or instead of
employing excentrics or wedges, as first described, I place round the spindle a
spiral fixed at one point to an outer fixed casing, which spiral closes round
and holds the spindle if it is attempted to be turned in one direction, but
which relieves itself on turning the spindle in the other direction.
I sometimes work magneto-electric instruments by means of clockwork or
other driving mechanism, employing finger keys to regulate the currents for
actuating the receiving instrument. The axis of the rotating bar of the mag-
netic arrangement imparts rotatory motion to a cylinder capable of sliding
freely upon it in a longitudinal direction and carrying an arm by which the
rotation of the apparatus may be stopped in pressing down a finger key. The
reciprocating longitudinal motion of the stopping arm may be conveniently
obtained by cutting a right-handed and a left-handed screw thread upon the
cylindrical piece attached to it. A fixed pin carrying a sliding piece dips into
the screw threads, following, say, the right-handed screw, throughout its length,
imparting motion to the arm in one direction, when passing into the left-
handed screw thread it produces longitudinal motion in the opposite direction.
The finger key of this apparatus may be conveniently arranged in two lines,
one at each side of the rotating axis. I construct the electro-magnets of
telegraphic-receiving instruments in the following manner :-I attach a piece
of soft iron forming the armature to one end or pole of a permanent steel
magnet, which serves for its spindle. I place the magnetic spindle, with the

page_text: iron tongue or armature fixed to it, in such a position in proximity to a borse-
shoe shaped electro-magnet, and I place the other pole of the magnetic spindle
near to or in direct contact with the neutral part (the piece of soft iron uniting
the cores) of the horse-shoe electro-magnet. In this manner the magnetic
spindle will induce one kind of magnetism in the electro-magnet and opposite
magnetism in the tongue or armature. I cause the electro-currents to pass
through the coils of the electro-magnet in the usual manner, and as the electro-
magnet and the armature are polarized by means of the magnetic spindle
above described, I obtain a greater precision and delicacy of action in receiving
electric signals than with the ordinary electro-magnetic arrangements. Instead
of attaching a piece of soft iron to the magnetic spindle I sometimes make
the spindle and armature both of steel, so as to form entirely a permanent
magnet.
Another of my improvements in the construction of electro-magnets for
relays or other telegraphic instruments consists in adding a mass of iron to a
part of the electro-magnet not directly under the influence of the coil of wire.
In applying this improvement to a horse-shoe shaped electro-magnet and
its armature I made the spindle of the armature of a piece of iron of consider-
able dimensions, and I attach to the neutral part of the electro-magnet a
large piece of iron curved or bent in such a manner that its free end approaches
near to the spindle of the armature. With regard to the application of this
improvement to a bar electro-magnet, I construct the spindle of the armature
as above described, and I attach a heavy piece of soft iron to that end or pole of
the electro-magnet which is not situated opposite to the armature, and I curve
or bend this piece so as to bring it near to the iron spindle supporting the
armature. These masses of iron placed in proximity to the electro-magnets
act as reservoirs for the residuary magnetism, and I consequently obtain with
this kind of electro-magnets much better results than with such electro-
magnets as are generally employed. To obtain uniform motion in the clock-
work of telegraph instruments I employ a fly-wheel constructed as follows:-
I attach to a spindle which receives rotary motion from the clockwork a lever
or arm carrying a fly or flies, and attached to the spindle and moving round a
pin so as to be able to alter its angular position in regard to the spindle; I
connect to this lever the end of an arm conveniently arranged so as to press
with its other end against a spring, which spring tends to place the lever with
the fly or flies parallel to the spindle, while the centrifugal force tends to place
the lever carrying the flies at right angles to the spindle. In this manner the
two forces counterbalance each other and I obtain synchronous motion; and in
providing the spring with a convenient arrangement for altering its active

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Charles William Siemens in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 9th July 1862.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, CHARLES
WILLIAM SIEMENS, of 3, Great George Street, in the County of Middlesex,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Ninth day of January, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, in the twenty-fifth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said Charles William Siemens, Her special licence that I, the said
Charles William Siemens, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such
others as I, the said Charles William Siemens, my executors, administrators,
and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time
and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and
lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MEANS AND APPARATUS EMPLOYED FOR INSULATING
AND PROTECTING TELEGRAPH CONDUCTING WIRES, AND IN APPARATUS FOR WORKING
THE SAME," the result partly of a communication from abroad made to me by
Dr. Werner Siemens, of Berlin, in the Kingdom of Prussia, and partly of an
Invention and discovery made by myself, upon the condition (amongst others)
that I, the said Charles William Siemens, my executors or administrators,
by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and
seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the
same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months
next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Charles William Siemens, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is
to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof, reference being had to the accompanying
Drawings, and to the figures and letters of reference marked thereon (that is
to say):-

page_text: One part of this Invention consists in certain improvements in the mode of
insulating and protecting electric telegraph conductors, or in constructing
what are commonly known as electric telegraph cables, and in the apparatus
employed for that purpose.
I form the conductor of the electric currents either of a solid metal wire,
or of a strand of two or more wires; or I sometimes first form a strand of
seven equal sized wires, and then I wind into the six helical recesses formed
between these wires six other conducting wires of a smaller diameter, so as
to cause the form of the complete conductor to approximate to that of a
cylinder, which form would present the least surface for induction for a given
sectional area.
I
I cause the conductor to pass through a vessel containing either a com-
pound of gutta percha, resin, and Stockholm tar, well known under the name
of "Chatterton's compound," or any other suitable insulating substance or
compound, in a heated or semifluid state, so that the wires or strand of wires
becomes coated with the same. The wire or strand of wires passes into and
out of the vessel through holes or dies formed in the sides of the same.
sometimes heat the wire or strand of wires before passing into the vessel, and
in some cases I apply the mixture or substance contained in the vessel under
pressure, to insure its more perfect adhesion to the conducting wire or
wires. On emerging from the above-named vessel, the coated conductor is
passed through a bath of cold or iced water, or any other suitable medium
maintained at a low temperature, and is then passed round a series of rollers
or reels, so as to harden the coating, and prevent its sticking when coiled
upon a drum. I then cover the conductor with one or more coatings of india-
rubber or any of its compounds, as described in the Specification to former
Letters Patent granted to me, and bearing date the Third day of November,
1859, No. 2503, and afterwards with one or more coatings of gutta percha,
with or without intermediate layers of Chatterton's mixture or other suitable
compounds.
In making joints in the before-mentioned india-rubber covering of the
conductor, I first join the wire or wires in any suitable known manner, and
then overlap the uncovered part of the same with india-rubber strips to about
the thickness of the coating of the wire or wires. I then complete the
formation of the joint in an apparatus, as shewn in Figures 1 to 5 on Sheet I.
of the accompanying Drawings.
Figure 1 shews a plan of the apparatus; Figure 2 shews a side elevation ;
Figures 3, 4, and 5 represent respectively sections on the lines a, b, c, d, e, f,

page_text: in Figure 2. Similar letters of reference indicate similar parts in each of
these Figures.
The joint of the conductor 9, covered with india-rubber, as before described,
is placed in a deep groove m, formed in the piece of metal A, the bottom of
this groove being formed semicircularly, as shewn, and of such a size that the
regularly-covered wire would fit into it. A slide B, having a projecting
piece n; of such a width as just to fit into the groove m, is then placed on
top of the joint, the lower surface that comes in contact with the joint being
hollowed out semicircularly, as shewn, so as to fit round the same; it is then
pressed down upon the joint of the conductor g by means of the clamps h
and i attached to A, and by the screws k and l, and the apparatus is exposed
to a source of heat, such as a steam jet, by which the india-rubber covering is
made to assume permanently the cylindrical form of the mould. The screws
and are then loosened, the clamps h and i are turned back, and the slide B
is removed, when the finished joint can be taken out.
The conducting wires insulated as above described, or in any other manner,
I employ either singly or several twisted into one strand or rope, and in the
latter case I fill the interstices between the wires with hemp or other fibrous
or insulating material, or, in some cases, I simply lay such insulated wires
together without twisting them, and fill the interstices between them with
hemp or other fibrous or insulating material. Instead of fibrous materials to
fill the interstices, I sometimes employ metal wires, either surrounded or not
with fibrous or other suitable materials. I then pass the single insulated
conductor, or the core composed of several insulated conductors, through the
machine or machines for covering the same with hemp or other fibrous material
in a state of tension. For this purpose I employ a machine as represented
at the part A of Figure 6 on Sheet II. of the accompanying Drawings.
The core or conductor k is caused to pass through a hollow shaft a, which is
carried by the supports b and c, and having suitable bearings d and e, in which
the shaft a revolves. To this shaft a is attached a frame f, carrying several
reels, of which, however, only two g, 9, are shewn on the Drawing. Upon
each or upon some of these reels I wind strings, cords, yarns, strands i, i, of
hemp or jute, cocoa-nut fibre, or other suitable material, which may or may
not have been previously steeped in tar or other suitable substance. These
strings or cords, which may be all of the same material, or of different
materials combined, pass from the reels g, g, completely round rollers h, h,
also attached to the hollow shaft a, and whose rotary motion is impeded to a
certain extent by means of friction, so as to prevent the cords or strands i, i,

page_text: passing away from the reels too freely, and by increasing or decreasing which
friction the tension in such cords may be regulated. On leaving the
rollers h, h, the cords are all conducted through guides 1, 2, attached to the
hollow shaft a to the insulated core k, and the hollow shaft a, together with
the frame f, carrying the reels of cord, yarn, or other suitable material,
receiving rotary motion from the pulley n on the driving shaft o, by means of
the pulley fixed upon it, and driving band m, whilst the conductor or core k
only receives a progressive motion in the direction of the arrow, by being
drawn forward, it follows that the cords i are wound helically round the core,
thus forming a covering to the same. I sometimes cause the core, after being
thus covered by the cords, yarns, or other suitable materials, to pass through
a die, by which such cords or yarns are pressed more firmly to the core.
I give the core more than one layer of hemp, I place as many such before-
described covering machines in succession as there are layers required, and I
prefer in such cases to twist each layer in a contrary direction to the preceding
one on to the core, which is effected by causing each successive covering
machine to revolve in a contrary direction. If additional strength is required,
I apply to the core, either above or beneath or between the layers of cords or
yarn a layer of wire, either previously coated or not with hemp or other suitable
material, and I sometimes vary and combine the above materials, such as
metal wires and cords or yarns of hemp in such coverings, according to the
strength required.
If
After the application of such layer or layers of fibrous or other suitable
materials, combined or not with metal wire, I apply to the hemp-covered wire
a sheathing of brass, copper, bronze, or other suitable metal or alloy not so
liable as iron to be deteriorated by the action of water. I employ for this
purpose a strip or strips or bands of the metal, one or more of which I wind
upon a reel or reels fixed to the revolving frame of a covering machine, arranged
as shewn in part B of Figure 6, Sheet II., and in Figures 7, 8, and 9 on the
same Sheet. Part B of Figure 6 shews a longitudinal section of the apparatus ;
Figure 7 shews a part front elevation; Figure 8 shews an enlarged part lon-
gitudinal section; and Figure 9 shews a transverse section on line Z, Z,
Figure 8. Similar letters of reference indicate similar parts in all these
Figures.
The hollow spindles of this apparatus is carried by the support t, and
revolves in bearings t¹ fixed to the latter. At one end it is provided with a
pulley u, through which it receives rotary motion from the pulley on the
driving shaft o, whilst at the other end is formed a disc s¹, carrying the
reels p, p, round which the metal strips or bands v, v, are wound. In

page_text: the same.
the Drawing are shewn six of these reels p, p, with metal strips v, v, but I
do not confine myself to this number. The hemp-covered conductor passes
through the hollow spindle s, and the strips or bands of metal v, v, are con-
ducted to the same from the reels p over suitable guides c', seen more clearly
in Figure 8, which guides are attached to the frame r, carried by the disc s¹
of the revolving hollow spindle s. The metal strips v, v, are made of such a
width and are guided by the position of the reels p, p, at such angles on to
the core that they overlap each other to a certain extent when wound round
In order to wind these strips round the core under considerable
pressure, I cause them, on passing from the guides c', c¹, on to the core to be
firmly pressed on to the same by a series of small rollers d¹, d¹, revolving with
the frame r, each of which is carried by a radial bar or rod j, j, capable of
sliding in grooves formed on the face of the revolving framer; and the greater
or less pressure of the rollers d¹, d¹, upon the core is regulated by the action
of a ring 3 upon the outer ends of the bars j, j, in a similar manner to the
arrangement known as the "universal chuck" for lathes, the motion of the
rings being effected by the worm 4 and lever e¹ attached to the frame r, and
in gear with a portion of a worm wheel formed on the outer circumference of
the ring 3. I prefer to employ as many of the rollers d¹, d¹, as there are
strips of metal to be laid on to the core.
Instead of the rollers d', with their supports j, I sometimes apply metal
bars j, j, as shewn in Figures 10 and 11, (attached to the revolving frame
in the same manner as the bars j, Figures 7 and 8,) which press directly on
the core, thus forming a kind of die through which the metal-covered core
passes, and which effectually closes the metal strips round the core z while
they are being wound around the same. The inner surface of these pieces of
metal may be either plain, cylindrical, or corrugated in a longitudinal or a
helical form, so as to impart the same form to the metal covering of the cable.
In order to prevent the core from being twisted round in consequence of
the strain put upon it from the laying on of the metal strips and the pressure
of the revolving rollers d', d', it is firmly beld immediately behind the place
where the strips are being laid on by being made to pass through a fixed
nozzle or die w, shown more clearly in the enlarged longitudinal and transverse
sections, Figures 8 and 9. This die is formed of one or more pieces, which
is or are, by preference, fluted or corrugated on the inner surface, the outer
surface being formed conical, and fitting into the conical portion n' of a
tube y, through which the hemp-covered core z freely passes. A regulating
nut x is screwed on to the end of the tube y, and according as it is caused to
press the die w into or draw it out of the tube, the pressure of the die w upon

page_text: the core is increased or diminished.
The die is provided with a pro-
jection w', fitting in a groove in n¹ to prevent its turning round with the.
regulating nut x. The tube y serves to connect the die w firmly to the
support t by means of the arms a and b, and thus holds it stationary within
the revolving frame r. The cable f¹, covered and protected as above
described, is then wound round a drum or capstan g¹, as shewn in part C of
Figure 6, Sheet II., which draws it forward at the required speed against the
united resisting strain of the various covering machines.
Although I have described the above process for covering electric telegraph
cables with metal strips or bands in combination with certain other
processes for:
forming, insulating, and covering the conductor, yet I do not limit the appli-
cation of this mode of protecting the cable to the combination of such before
described processes, as it may be employed for covering electric telegraph
conductors prepared by any other known combination of processes.
Another part of this Invention has reference to the receiving instruments
for electric telegraphs. One of my improvements relates to those telegraph:
recording instruments well known as "Morse instruments." Instead of the:
modes hitherto adopted for causing the signs transmitted by the electric current
to be recorded in ink on the strip of paper, I construct an instrument with two
dises, one of which receives a rotary motion from the clockwork of the appa-
ratus, and is kept continually supplied with fresh ink, paint, or color, by means
of an inking roller, bottle, or trough, situated at a suitable distance from the
same, or by an endless cord or chain and inking supply. The other disc is
attached to the lever hammer, armature, or magnet moved by electricity, and
rotates freely on an axis. It receives its rotary motion and supply of ink by
being brought in contact with the other disc above described, and records on.
the strips of paper placed at a convenient distance from it the signs transmitted
by the oscillation of the armature. The band or strip of paper which receives
the signs is stretched round a small pin, disc, or roller placed at such a distance
from the movable disc attached to the armature lever or hammer as to enable.
marks to be made on the paper when the disc on the armature is brought
against it. The paper is drawn over the above-mentioned small pin or roller
by suitable drawing rollers attached to the instrument, and caused to rotate-
by clockwork. By this arrangement the signs can be transmitted to the paper.
in a very sharp and distinct manner and by a very slight motion or traverse
of the armature, which is a great advantage. In some cases I employ a trough.
containing ink, in which the disc not connected with the armature dips, in
which case I prefer to employ a scraper, which rests lightly against the edge
of the disc, and scrapes off the superfluous ink or paint while the disc revolves..

page_text: In some cases I dispense with the second or fixed disc, and allow the tracing
disc which is attached to the armature to dip directly into a trough of ink.
This disc then receives rotary motion from the clockwork of the apparatus,
the spindle through which such rotary motion is communicated being provided
with a universal joint to allow of the oscillating motion of the lever or
armature to which it is attached, and in this case the before-mentioned scraper
is attached to the armature hammer or lever. Or in some cases I impart rotary
motion to the disc by means of an endless cord, band, or chain which passes
round a second fixed roller, receiving rotary motion from the clockwork of the
apparatus, and which is placed near the point of oscillation of the armature.
I sometimes entirely dispense with the inking material by making the disc of
black lead, lead, chalk, or any other suitable material that will leave a mark
when brought into contact with the paper; I either fix such disc indepen-
dently of the lever or armature or else I fix it to the same, and I sometimes
also give it a rotary motion from the clockwork or by any other means. An
adjusting screw arrangement is adopted for regulating the apparatus according
to the varying diameter of the tracing disc.
On Sheet III., Figures 12, 13, and 14, is represented the arrangement which
I prefer for carrying out this part of my Invention. Figure 12 shews a side
elevation of the instrument; Figure 13 shews a plan of the same; and
Figure 14 shews a plan of those parts which relate more particularly to the
present Invention.
l
B represents the electro-magnetic arrangement usually applied to recording
instruments, and A represents the case containing the clockwork which imparts
motion to the writing disc k and to the rollers a and b, which draw the paper
forward from the reel C; this paper strip is guided in a suitable manner
to the rollers a, b, by means of the pins and rollers c, d, e, and f. The lever g
which oscillates on its axis i, i, carries at one end the armature h, and at the
other end, in a socket, the writing disc k, which is caused to revolve by the
spindle upon which it is fixed, and which receives rotary motion from the clock-
work of the apparatus. To allow of the oscillating motion of the lever g, the
spindle is provided with a universal joint m, shewn in Figure 14. To the lever g
a scraper v is attached, which, by being caused to press lightly against the cir-
cumference of the disc k, scrapes off any superfluous ink from the same, before it
comes in contact with the paper strip. O is a vessel or trougb, made by pre-
ference partially of glass, so that the quantity of liquid ink or color it contains
may be readily seen, into which vessel the disc k dips, and which keeps the
same continually supplied with ink. An opening p is provided for pouring
the ink into the vessel, and it is so supported on the pivot and by the pin s,.

page_text: resting on the set screw t, that its position may be adjusted according to the:
quantity of ink contained in it by turning the set screw t in one direction or
the other. A standard level u for indicating the height at which the ink:
should be in the trough for the proper working of the disc k, is fixed to the:
case of the instrument, and the upper part of the trough being transparent, it is
readily seen whether the ink is above or below this mark, when it may be-
lowered or raised by turning the screw t.
The action of this apparatus is as follows:-At each motion of the armature h
towards the magnet the revolving disc k is lifted and pressed against the paper
strip passing round the pin f as it is drawn forward by the rollers a and b.
The disc k being continually partially immersed in the ink contained in the
vessel o, and having a continuous rotary motion imparted to it whilst the
instrument is at work, its edge is always supplied with fresh ink, and produces
longer or shorter ink marks upon the paper when brought in contact with it,
according to the length of time that the armature h is attracted by the electro-
magnets, the contact of the disc with the paper strip ceasing when the
armature returns to its original position. This arrangement for employing a
revolving disc supplied with ink attached to the lever as also the various
arrangements herein-before described may be connected in many other ways
with other known electro-magnetic arrangements employed for the production
of telegraphic signals.
Another part of my improvements relates to that class of electric telegraph
instruments known as magneto-electric step-by-step instruments.
Figures 15 to 20 on Sheet I. of the accompanying Drawings shew these
improvements. A cylindrical iron bar a, having two longitudinal grooves, in
which a quantity of insulated wire is wound, as shown in transverse section in
Figure 15, is made to rotate upon an axis between the poles of a series of
permanent steel magnets b, b, b, receiving its motion through the pinion h,
from a wheel g, fixed on the spindle n, to which the handle f, which serves to
indicate on the dial o the letter or sign to be transmitted is attached. The
ends of the insulated wire coil wound round the armature a are brought into
connection with the line circuit, and successive currents of opposite direction
are generated by the rotation of the armature a and actuate the dial of the
receiving instrument.
It is essential that the revolving armature of this apparatus should be
allowed to rotate in one direction, only this is effected in the following
manner-I fix near to the circumference of the rotating axis of the bar or
armature a (see Figures 15, 16, and 17,) on a supporting frame d, d, one or
more excentrics e, e, each capable of moving round a fixed pin p in such a

page_text: manner that they will wedge the bar a if it is turned in the direction shewn by
the arrow on Figure 17, but will allow it to move freely if turned in the
reverse direction.
These excentrics or wedges e are caused to press slightly
against the circumference c.of the bar a by means of springs i.
Instead of employing excentrics or wedges as just described, I sometimes
make use of an arrangement, as shown in Figures 18, 19, 20. Here a spiral
spring k, shown detached in plan and elevation in Figures 19 and 20 is coiled
round the end of the bar a, the one end 6 of this spiral is attached to the
framework m, and as the inner diameter of the same is rather smaller than
that of the spindle, it grips the latter to a certain extent, which grip decreases
when the bar a is made to revolve in the direction in which the spiral
opens, but when it is endeavoured to turn the bar a in the reverse direction
extent as to prevent such motion
the grip of the spiral increases to such an
taking place.
Another part of the present Invention has reference to the construction of
electro-magnets, employed either for relays or for other receiving instruments.
In Figures 21 and 22, Sheet III. of the accompanying Drawings, is shewn
one of my improvements as applied to a relay. a is the electro-magnet, and b
and c are the poles of the same; d is a large iron cross bar uniting the two
poles together; m is a permanent steel magnet serving as a spindle to the
armature attached to one of its poles, which armature I make either of steel
or of iron, when made of steel it is permanently magnetized, but when made
of iron it is kept magnetized by induction by the magnet m. The other end
of the magnet m is attached to the iron part d of the electro-magnet, and thus
induces magnetism in the poles b, c, between which the armature e oscillates.
I cause the electric current to pass through the coils of the electro-magnet in
the usual manner, and the electro-magnet and armature being polarized by
the magnetic spindle, as above described, I obtain a greater precision and
delicacy of action in receiving electric signals than with the ordinary electro-
magnetic arrangements.
Another of my improvements in the construction of electro-magnets for
relays or other telegraphic instruments consists in adding a mass of iron to a
part of the electro-magnet not directly under the influence of the coil of wire,
as shewn in Figures 23, 24, 25, and 26, on Sheet III. of the accompanying
Drawings.
In applying this improvement to a horse-shoe shaped electro-magnet and
its armature, see Figures 23 and 24, I make the spindle a of the armature of
a piece of iron of considerable dimensions, and I attach to the neutral part 6
of the electro-magnet a large piece of iron f, curved or bent in such a manner:

page_text: thas its free end A approaches near to the spindle a of the armature. With
regard to the application of this improvement to a bar electro-magnet, see
Figures 25 and 26, I construct the spindle a of the armature as above
described, and I attach a heavy piece of soft iron f to that end or pole of the
electro-magnet E which is not situated opposite to the armature, and I curve
or bend this piece f so as to bring it near to the iron spindle supporting the
armature g..
These masses of iron f placed in proximity to the electric
magnets E.act as reservoirs for the residuary magnetism, and I consequently
obtain with this kind of electro-magnets much better results than with such
electro-magnets as are generally employed."
a
I sometimes work magneto-electric instruments by means of clockwork.or
other driving mechanism, employing finger keys to regulate the currents for
actuating the receiving instrument. The axis of the rotating bar of the
magnetic arrangement imparts rotary motion' to a cylinder capable of sliding
freely upon it in a longitudinal direction, and carrying, an arm by which the
rotation of the apparatus may be stopped in pressing down a finger key. The
reciprocating longitudinal motion of the stopping arm may be conveniently
obtained by cutting a right-handed and a left-handed screw thread upon the
cylindrical piece attached to it. A fixed pin carrying a sliding piece dips into
the screw thread following, say, the right-handed screw, throughout its length
imparting motion to the arm in one direction. When passing into the left-
handed screw thread it produces longitudinal motion in the opposite direction.
The finger keys of this apparatus may be conveniently arranged in two lines,
one at each side of the rotary axis.
In carrying out this part of my Invention, I prefer to adopt the arrange-
ment shown in Figure 27, Sheet IV., and Figure 28, Sheet V. of the
accompanying Drawings, the former representing a plan, and the latter a
front elevation of the arrangement. a is an iron bar, round which is wound
in deep longitudinal grooves a quantity of insulated wire, which bar forms the
armature of a series of permanent magnets b, b, b, between the poles of which
it revolves; d is a pulley fixed on the axis of the armature a, and is connected
by a cord or otherwise to a fly wheel c, from which it receives its motion; any
known mode of imparting motion to the armature a may be employed; f is an
insulated piece of metal connected to the line wire, and also by means of one
or more springs to the spindle, which is itself in permanent connection with
one end of the insulated wire round the armature, and thus transmits or
conducts the currents generated by the revolving cylinder a to the line; and
although I prefer to use this inductor to generate magneto-electric currents,
any other magneto-electric inductor may be substituted. I cause the

page_text: armature a to be arrested in its rotation when the pointer of the receiving
instrument is to stop; for this purpose the axis of the rotating armature is
considerably extended, and the extension h, which I prefer to make of a
rectangular section, carries a cylindrical piece 9, which is capable of sliding
endwise upon the spindle h, but does not allow of the rotation of the one
without the other. A right and left handed screw thread formed upon. the
cylindrical piece g, and a fixed guide piece k serve to produce a reciprocating
longitudinal motion of the piece g and of the arm attached to the same; the
guide piece k is free to turn upon its axis, so as to enable it to follow either
the right or left handed thread, and the change from the one thread to the
other at the ends is effected by means of springs s, s', pressing against the end
of the cylindrical piece 9, and tipping the piece k into the opposite thread.
On both sides of the cylinder g finger keys m, m, m, are placed, and marked
with the letters of the alphabet, or any conventional sign or signs. The ends
of the finger keys approach the circle n, shown by a dotted line, Figure 28,
Sheet V., described by the arm & in its rotary motion, and when any of the
keys are pressed down they will arrest the arm 7 when it reaches them during
the longitudinal motion of the cylinder 9 to which the arm is attached. The
springs o, o, cause the keys to return to their usual position after being
depressed. When the cylinder g is arrested by the lever 1 coming in contact
with a depressed finger key, the armature is also arrested, and the strap e
slides on the pulley d. Each half revolution of the armature a produces a
current, and the distance between the finger keys is so calculated that the
arm is arrested by the depressed finger key so soon as the currents necessary
to produce the desired signal on the indicator are transmitted. It is obvious
that the position of the finger keys may be varied.
Another part of my improvements in electric telegraph receiving instruments
consists in a peculiar arrangement for obtaining uniform motion in the clock-
work employed. For this purpose I employ a fly wheel arrangement, con-
structed as shewn in Figures 29, 30, and 31, Sheet V. To a spindle a which
receives rotary motion from the clockwork of the instrument, I attach the
arms b, b, in such a manner that they can turn on an axis d fixed to the
spindle a, by which arrangement these arms b, b, are capable of altering their
angular position relative to the spindle a. To the ends of the arms b, b, are
attached flies c, c, and they are connected by means of a lever e placed at right
angles to them, and connecting rods f, f, to a block 9 capable of sliding on the
spindle a; the rods f, f, are hinged to both the lever e and block 9. in such a
manner that whenever the arms b, b, and with them the lever e alter their
angular position relatively to the spindle a, they will cause the block g.to slide

page_text: in a longitudinal direction on the axis a. A spring his made to press against
the sliding piece g, and thus tends to place the arms b, b, with the flies c, c,.
parallel to the spindle a, while the centrifugal force tends to place them at
right angles to the same. By this arrangement, as the spindle a tends to
revolve with greater velocity, the flies c, c, recede from it, and cause a greater
obstruction to its rotary motion, whilst if the velocity of the spindle decreases,
the spring causes the flies c, c, to approach the same, and thereby reduces
the resistance, whereby the synchronous motion of the spindle a is obtained.
The action of the arms b, b, and flies c, c, may be regulated to suit different
velocities of the spindle a by increasing or decreasing the pressure of the
spring upon the sliding piece g, which is effected by turning. the screw k,
and thereby altering the position of the finger which presses on the spring h.
Instead of two arms and flies, as described, only a single one may be applied,
and their form may be varied. In place of causing the sliding piece g to
travel to and fro on the spindle a, I sometimes provide the spindle a with a
hole at one end, and cause a pin to slide to and fro in the same, this pin
communicating through a slot in the spindle with the rods f, and being acted
upon by the spring h, by which arrangement the friction occasioned by the
spring would be diminished.
h
Having now described the nature of the various parts of my present Inven-
tion, and the best means I am acquainted with of performing the same, I
wish it to be understood that I do not claim the whole of the arrangements
herein-before described, nor do I limit myself to the details of the various
arrangements, as shewn on the accompanying Drawings; but what I
claim is,―
Firstly, effecting a flexible metallic sheathing upon electric telegraph
conductors, by lapping two or more strips of metal spirally upon the same,
in such a manner that the one strip overlaps the other, but that by means of a
sliding or rolling pressure being brought to bear upon them, the one is made
to crush or yield beneath the other, and a tight cylindrical and overlapping
sheathing is produced.
Secondly, the mechanism employed for effecting metallic, cylindrical, and
overlapping sheathing, substantially as herein-before described with reference
to part B of Figure 6 and Figures 7 to 11 on Sheet II. of the accompanying
Drawings.
Thirdly, imparting longitudinal strength to electric conductors, by com-
bining the sheathing machine which forms the subject of the second claim
herein-before set forth with two or more machines for effecting spiral
coverings, alternately right or left-handed, of fibrous strands with or without

page_text: metal wires, in such a manner that each strand or wire has a certain tension
upon it at the time when the external sheathing is applied, substantially
as herein-before described with reference to Figure 6, Sheet II. of the
accompanying Drawings.
Fourthly, the arrangement of apparatus for making cylindrical joints in the
india-rubber covering of electric telegraph wires, as herein-before described
with reference to Figures 1 to 5 on Sheet I. of the accompanying Drawings.
Fifthly, the construction of ink-recording instruments of electric telegraphs,
in which the marking or writing disc is attached to the oscillating lever or
other mechanism in connection with the armature of the electro-magnet
employed, which disc has a continuous independent rotary motion imparted to
it by the clockwork in the opposite direction to the motion of the strip of
paper, substantially as herein-before described with reference to Figures 12
to 14 on Sheet III. of the accompanying Drawings.
Sixthly, the arrangement of ink-recording instruments of electric telegraphs,
in which an adjustable ink reservoir is employed for supplying the writing
disc with ink, in connection with a scraper for removing the superfluous ink
from the circumference of the writing disc, substantially as herein-before
described with reference to Figures 12 to 14 on Sheet III. of the accompanying
Drawings.
Seventhly, constructing magneto-electric transmitting apparatus for step-
by-step instruments, by mounting an iron bar with deep longitudinal grooves
containing insulated wire upon a spindle, which spindle admits of rotation in
one direction only between a series of poles of permanent magnets, sub-
stantially as herein-before described with reference to Figures 15 to 20 on
Sheet I. of the accompanying Drawings.
Eighthly, attaching to the oscillating armature of electro-magnetic receiving
apparatus a permanently magnetic spindle, substantially and for the purpose
herein-before described with reference to Figures 21 and 22 on Sheet III. of
the accompanying Drawings.
Ninthly, the arrangement of magneto-electric transmitting instruments,
wherein the motion of the revolving armature, and consequently the trans-
mission of currents is regulated by the action of finger keys upon a rotating
cylinder in connection with the armature, which cylinder at the same time
receives a reciprocating motion in the direction of the axis upon which it
revolves, substantially as herein-before described with reference to Figures 27
and 28, Sheets IV. and V. of the accompanying Drawings.
Tenthly, the construction of a governing fly wheel arrangement connected with
the clockwork of electric telegraph apparatus, whereby uniform or synchronous

page_text: rotary motion is obtained, admitting of ready adjustment to suit different
speeds of the clockwork, substantially as herein-before described with reference
to Figures 29, 30, and 31 on Sheet V. of the accompanying Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said Charles William Siemens, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Ninth day of July, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-two.
Witness,
THO. TAYLOR,
20, Southampton Bldgs.,
Chancery Lane.
C. W. SIEMENS. (L.S.)