Improvements in the Manufacture of Solid or Hollow Metal Bars, Wire, and Tubes.
Year: 1894

page_text: COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in the Manufacture of Solid or Hollow Metal Bars,
Wire, and Tubes.
I, EUGENE ADOLPHE FRANÇOIS DUPONT, of 9, Avenue Malakoff, Paris, in
the Republic of France, Retired Naval Engineer, do hereby declare the nature
of this invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following statement :-
This invention relates to manufacturing solid or hollow bars, wires and tubes of
all metals and alloys (other than lead, tin, bismuth and their alloys with one
another) by direct compression of the fused material.
The metals lead and tin and their alloys with one another are at the present time
the only metals which are cast at once into the form finally desired. These are as
a matter of fact the two metals which are most suitable for this kind of work
because on the one hand their melting point is not a high one (about 235° Centigrade
for tin and 334° Centigrade for lead) and on the other hand there is little heat to
be got rid of to reduce them from the liquid state, which they have during the
process of casting, to the solid state, which they reach on cooling to the temperature
of the surrounding air (about 15 calories per kilogram of lead and 27 per kilogram
of tin). It would perhaps be possible to work in the same manner bismuth, which
fuses at 265° and certain of its alloys which also melt at a low temperature but
the brittleness of these materials removes all interest in the question as far as they
are concerned. As to all the other metals and alloys it is not possible to cast them
at once into the finished form with the aid of the apparatus used to effect this in
the case of lead and tin, because these other metals and alloys possess a higher
melting point and a greater quantity of latent heat, moreover the manufacture of
bars, wires and tubes from these other metals is not so simple as in the case of
lead and tin, the process being as follows:-The metal is first cast into ingots
of appropriate form, these ingots then undergo a series of expensive operations
(hammering, rolling, drawing, reheating, annealing etc.) in order to give them
their finished form.
The object of my invention is to give to metals and alloys (other than lead, tin,
bismuth, and their alloys with one another) in a melted state their final form, in
one operation, by compressing the liquid material into a drawing apparatus of
appropriate form and cooling it down to complete solidification either in the
drawing apparatus itself or in a special apparatus.
My process permits the use of three systems of apparatus, namely,
1. An apparatus for compression.
2. An apparatus for moulding or forming.
3. Electric currents for the purpose of reheating the metal, which has accidentally
solidified or even simply cooled in the compression apparatus or in the forming or
moulding apparatus.
The different metals and their innumerable alloys form an infinite series of
different materials, each of which has its particular specific heat, its particular
latent heat, its particular melting point, its particular viscosity in the melted
state, its particular rule for the diminution of plasticity at temperatures approaching
to solidification etc. each of which possesses in one word its particular peculiarities.
The solution of the problem set necessitates then a series of apparatus susceptible

page_text: 1. APPARATUS FOR COMPRESSION.
The various metals or alloys are never completely fluid when in the melted state
and especially when their temperature approaches that at which they commence to
solidify; they are all then more or less viscous or pasty, and if there exist great
differences in the degree of fluidity of the various materials in a state of fusion,
there exist still greater differences in the degree of plasticity which they preserve
after their solidification and in the rapidity with which they lose this plasticity.
There are some, in fact, which pass almost suddenly, or at least without apparent
transition, from the fluid state to a completely solid state whilst others only arrive
at this latter state in a slow manner and remain for a considerable part of their
period of cooling in a completely viscous state. Finally a number of materials
have a state of plasticity intermediate between these two extreme types.
The various types of apparatus for compression actually in use are not suitable
for this kind of work. I have consequently been compelled to design special types
arranging them in such a manner that they satisfy the particular requirements of
the various metals and alloys.
For those metals or alloys which remain quite fluid up to the moment of their
solidification and which retain for a considerable time a high degree of plasticity,
the pressure which is to cause their flow into the drawing apparatus will be
relatively low and in order to insure that this flow is quite regular and of uniform
velocity it will be necessary for the compression apparatus to maintain at the same
time the permanency both of the temperature of the fused material and of the
pressure which causes the flow of the same. It will be necessary besides, in most
cases, that the compression apparatus allows 1st the pressure to increase easily
because this may be useful and even indispensable if an accidental cooling should
occur or an obstruction he caused in the drawing apparatus, and 2nd the diminution
of this pressure if an abnormal rise in the temperature of the material under
treatment should take place.
Employment of the weight of the fused material to produce the pressure
necessary to cause the flow of the material through the nozzles.-In simple cases
where variation of pressure is not necessary it suffices to conduct the fused material
to the nozzle by a canal B (Figure 1 Sheet VII) lined with a refractory
insulating material C and with a sheathing of metal D, the said fused material
being introduced in excess into a vessel A and kept at a constant level a, b. The
length and section of this canal are so regulated as to obtain the pressure necessary
to cause the flow of the fused material in the nozzle. This apparatus may be
furnished with pieces E, E and F of graphite serving as terminals for sending an
electric reheating current, if necessary, from F to E, or F to E' or E to E¹ or
finally from any one of these three points to the cooling apparatus 1. In the
figure G is a disc insulating the pieces E¹ and I. H is the simple nozzle where
the fused material is moulded or formed, I is the apparatus that cools and solidifies
the said material. The cooling agent arrives by one or several tubes J, spreads
itself throughout the annular space K, then completely surrounds the fused material
and cools it. This type of nozzle, given as an example, admits the employment of
a current of gas, a current of water or of melting bodies or of bodies already
melted as hereinafter described and can even serve for the manufacture of wires
composed of two concentric metals or alloys as hereinafter described but it is
necessary then to furnish the nozzle 1 with the vessel L and to cause a cooling
current of water to circulate through the latter, which is not indispensable in
the other cases.
Figure 2 shews a modification to be used for the manufacture of tubes. Mis
a central core of refractory and insulating material, resting by means of the arm N
on the vessel A and centred at its lower part by the projecting lugs N'. This
central mandrel may be hollow and even afford passage to a current of water
destined to cool the interior of the tube in course of manufacture.

page_text: Figure 3 shews a method of casting upward to be used in case of necessity. O is
a metallic bend or elbow, composed of two parts bolted together and lined with a
refractory insulating material, which conducts the fused material into the chamber P
which is traversed by the central mandrel V and carries a graphite terminal E', an
insulating ring G, the external nozzle Q and its cooling apparatus R. A tube T
leads a cooling current of water into the interior of this core V; U is the discharge
pipe for the heated water.
A method of casting horizontally can be employed especially when a current of
water for cooling is used of sufficient intensity to prevent the metallic stream
sinking and thus coming into contact with the interior envelope of the cooler 1.
Figure 4 represents solution (1) in this form. The water for cooling the material
enters at a high velocity by the tube J, spreads through the annular space K and
escapes by the annular space comprised between the bar in course of manufacture
and the envelope I of the cooling apparatus. M and N are supports for the end
of the bar which they keep centred in the ajutage I. A small inspection door
may be arranged between the necks J at the base of the ajutage I, principally to
permit the clearing of the nozzle by means of an electric current by the process
Under the circumstances mentioned above a compressed gas may be employed
to serve the desired purpose and Figures 1 and 2 Pl. V shew the arrangement of
such an apparatus for the manufacture of solid bars or of wires, whilst Figures 3
and 4 illustrate an arrangement which can be employed for the manufacture of
hollow bars, tubes or pipes. Figure 2 is a section on the line a, b Figure 1 and
Figure 4 is a section on the line c, d Figure 3.
Referring to Figures 1 and 2 A is the cooling draw tube, B a hollow refractory
mould which passes down into the melted material I the central canal in the same.
C is the interior refractory lining of the reservoir and E the exterior metal
envelope of the same; F is the door for charging the reservoir, J is the delivery
pipe for the compressed gas, G the stop valve and, H the safety or regulating
valve of the same, D the electrode for the passage of the reheating electric
current.
In Figures 3 and 4 the same letters are used for parts similar to those in
Figures 1 and 2, with the exception that the charging door F has been replaced
by an inlet pipe F, which is of metal and furnished with a refractory lining on the
interior; this charging pipe allows the operation to go on continuously. Further
the central canal of the mould B₁ is furnished with a solid mandrel A" which
serves as an internal mandrel, and the fused metal is thus forced into the annular
canal and then cooled by the tube A'. Finally the part C' of the internal
lining C of the reservoir D is of graphite to allow, in case of necessity, an electric
current for reheating to be sent into the canal I¹.
The compres-ing gas is to be chosen from amongst those which do not act
injuriously on the material under treatment. The accumulator is furnished with a
valve which delivers the compressed gas at an absolutely constant pressure and
which admits of the easy regulation of the amount of this pressure according to
requirement; for this purpose any one of the known types may be used. To each
of the two arrangements, in place of the draw tubes represented in Figures 1 to 4,
I may adapt any other type chosen from among those described later on, care being
taken that the one chosen is the most appropriate to the nature of the metal or
alloy to be worked.

page_text: of the type represented in Figures 1 to 6 of Plate I which has the property of
assuring at the same time the constancy of the rate of flow of the material into the
draw tube and of the pressure causing this flow.
Figure 1 is a section on the line a, b of Figures 2, 3 and 6.
Figure 2 is a section on the line c, d, of Figures 1, 3, 4, 6.
Figure 3 is a horizontal view or plan of the central portion.
Figure 4 is a longitudinal elevation of the central portion.
Figure 5 is a section on the line e, f, Figures 2 and 4.
Figure 6 is a section on the line g, h, Figures 2 and 4.
The hevel wheel A keyed to the driving shaft gears with the two bevel wheels B
and G, which therefore turn in opposite directions. The wheel B is keyed to the
shaft C on which the pulley D is also mounted; a belt E transmits the movement
of the pulley D to the pulley F.
The auxiliary shaft H, driven by the bevel wheel G, carries the fixed pulley I ;
a loose pulley J is mounted on the end of the shaft H, and K is another loose
pulley. The fixed pulley L is driven by I when the belt E runs on the two
pulleys L, 1. The two pulleys F and L are keyed to the shaft M. The
extremities of the shafts C and H lie in the plane of contact of the pulleys D
and J.
In consequence of this arrangement the pulleys D and I turn continuously and
in opposite directions whilst J remains at rest, and the shaft M therefore revolves
in the same direction as the pulley I when the belt E occupies the position shewn in
the drawing; this shaft M remains at rest when the belt is placed on the pulleys J
and K and turns in the opposite direction when the belt E is placed on the
pulleys D and F.
The belt adjuster N is actuated by the levers N' and N2 which are tilted or
swung over on their pivots at the end of each stroke of the pistons A¹ and A"
shifting at the same time the belt E and thereby causing the reversal of the
direction of rotation of the shaft M in such a manner that the shaft M rotates
continuously, but at the same time reverses its direction of rotation each time that
the pistons A and A" arrive at the end of their stroke.
A catch O is carried by the collar P which is provided internally with a screw
thread and is driven now in one direction now in the other by the screwed shaft M;
the thread of this screw is of the same kind as that of the screws B' and B", such
that arrives at the end of its stroke to the right when A' and A" arrive at the
end of their stroke from left to right.
A shaft Q, carrying at its lower end the tappet R and under that the lever S,
describes an arc of 90° every time that the catch O arrives at the end of its stroke
to the right. There is at the left an identical arrangement composed of the
parts Q, R and S' which describes in the same manner an arc of a circle of 90°
every time the catch O arrives at the end of its stroke to the left. The link S"
connects the levers S and S¹ together and consequently the shafts Q and Q
The shaft Q carries, also, at its upper extremity two levers T placed one above
the other, which accompany the shaft in its movements and actuate in their turn,
by means of the two connecting rods T', a valve U, which thus receives a sudden
impulse in alternative directions each time the pistons A' and A" arrive at the end
of their stroke.
The valve, which is composed of three parts U, U and U" as shewn in
Figure 6, is in one piece and is furnished with an internal passage U. When
this valve occupies the position shewn in the drawing, the liquid metal or alloy,
which arrives from the reservoir by the passage V, enters by means of the canal Ui,
into the body of the pump of the feeder piston or plunger A" and all communication
is shut off between the body of the pump A' and A". The drawing shews the
position at the moment when the plungers A' and A" have arrived at the middle
of their stroke during the period that the piston A" is making its backward stroke
in the direction represented by the arrow.

page_text: When the feeder plunger A" arrives at the end of its backward stroke the body
of its cylinder is filled with liquid material, the catch O engages against R and the
piston U is jerked suddenly to the opposite end of its stroke. In this position of
the piston U the grooved portion U₁ occupies a position across the direction of the
strokes of the pistons A' and A" and places the two pump bodies in communication
at the same moment the lever N2 is tilted, the belt E is shifted to the pulleys D
and F and the plungers or pistons A' and A" move in the opposite direction to that
shewn by the arrow in Figure 1. Now, the pitch of the serew, which actuates the
piston A, is double that of the screw, which actuates the piston A', the latter
recedes then at half the rate that the piston A" advances, and consequently of the
volume compressed by the piston A" a half is forced into the body of the pump A¹
and only the other half is forced through the orifice X. When the piston arrives
at the end of its stroke to the left, Figure 1, the catch O strikes the tappet R¹,
and jerks the valve U suddenly into its reverse position and in this new position
the liquid metal is free to fill the body of the pump A"; at the same time the
plunger A', on reaching the end of its stroke, strikes the lever N¹ of the belt
adjuster which shifts the belt E on to the pulleys J and L which causes the pistons A¹
and A" to change the direction of their stroke. The piston A" recedes and its
cylinder is filled with liquid metal, whilst at the same time the piston A' drives
before it the liquid which had been forced into its cylinder during the half of the
previous stroke, but as the piston or valve U in its new position closes all communi-
cation between the two pump bodies A' and A", all the liquid is forced through the
orifice X.
Finally when these plungers arrive at the middle of this backward stroke the
movable paris occupy the positions shewn in the drawing.
It will be noticed that the theoretic volume forced through the orifice during
each stroke is exactly equal, for it is equal in each case to the half of the volume
passed through by the plunger A". It will also be noticed that the flow is
absolutely uniform during each stroke. This apparatus solves then the problem
of a regular flow under constant pressure. The only jars produced in the working
are due to the small shocks resulting from the reversing of the movement at each
dead point. These small inconveniences could be remedied, if found to have an
injurious effect, by adding transversely to the tube X a regulating pump similar to
that represented on the following sheet.
A terminal or anode is fixed at Y, a washer Z and a metallic collar W insure the
accurate closing of the valve cylinder.
The compression plunger A' is provided with a square prolongation transversely
to the length of the cottars E¹, and a head for attachment to the rod B' which
possesses an endless screw thread and a guiding groove; each time it reaches the
end of its return stroke its extremity C strikes the lever N¹ of the adjusting
mechanism.
The driving screw of the piston A is actuated by a screwed collar fixed on the
interior of the boss of the spur wheel O', driven by the pinion N' which is keyed
to the shaft M. The piston A" is mounted in the same manner on the screwed
rod B C to which it is attached by means of a double bush F" secured by means
of a washer D and cottars E". The standards M" support the screw B" C",
which obtains its movement from the spur wheel O driven by the pinion N
The cylinder H' is provided at this end with an insulating collar J" and a collar K"
secured by the cottars L" and fixing the guide G" to the cylinder.
A washer D¹ is inserted between the edges of the two pieces of each half bush F¹,
which together with the cottars E' insure a solid joint between the piston A' and the
rod B¹.
The cylinder G¹ which guides the bush F¹ is provided with the necessary grooves
for the passage of the cottars E. The body of the pump H' of the pistons A¹
and A is composed of refractory material and is furnished with the two neci.s V
and X and if necessary with the neck of the regulating pump. The outer

page_text: covering I, of metal is composed of two parts united by bolts. An insulating
collar and a metallic collar K', which are secured by the cottars L', serve to
connect the cylinders H¹ and G' and permit the movements caused by the expansion
and contraction of the refractory material H' and of its envelope.
The relation of the duration of the receding motion of the small piston to the
duration of its movement of compression being equal to the relation of the volume
passed through by the large feed piston to the volume passed through by the small
compresser, the apparatus permits of a uniform velocity of flow.
The two types of apparatus above described (apparatus with compressed gas and
the compression pump with two differential pistons) permit those metals to be cast
at once into their finished form which remain partly fluid or even plastic for a
considerable time during the period of cooling that follows their solidification, but
the same apparatus cannot be so easily employed in working with materials less fluid,
especially when they rapidly lose their plasticity on becoming set. These last
named materials, in fact, give rise very often to considerable friction in the canals
and draw tubes in such a manner that it is necessary to increase the pressure for
forcing them into the drawing apparatus. Now, these high pressures and this
great friction cause a rapid wear of the refractory materials at every part of their
surface wetted by the liquid metal (pistons, cylinders, canals, drawing apparatus &c.)
which is a great objection. I succeed, in certain cases, in considerably diminishing
this defect by employing a compression apparatus, which causes automatically
throughout the whole mass a series of slight shocks, the intensity of which must be
regulated according to the nature of the metal or alloy to be treated.
A similar effect may be obtained with the pump with two differential pistons
above described, by actuating its two pistons by means of cranks set at 180° to one
another and of connecting rods attached to these cranks, which will produce a
variable motion for the flow of the material into the draw apparatus.
This simple process suffices in certain cases but when it is insufficient I employ
either a pump with three differential pistons or a pump provided with a spring
piston.
PUMPS WITH THREE DIFFERENTIAL PISTONS (FIGURES 1-15 SHEET II).
The pump with three differential pistons differs notably from the pump with two
differential pistons; these differences are as follows and give the pump special
properties. 1st, in the pump with three differential pistons there are a small
compressing piston and a large feed piston but their movements are not continuous
and the stoppages take place at each dead point; the existence of these stoppages
is the primary cause of the jerks and shocks which do not occur in the type with
two differential pistons. 2ud, the cylindrical valve is replaced by an actual piston
which, whilst playing the role of distributer, acts besides as a compressor for a part
of its stroke. The intervention of this compressor will produce still further jerks in
the flow of the fluid into the draw apparatus and consequently further shocks.
The compression apparatus with three differential pistons is represented on
Sheet II:
Figure is a section on the line A, B, Figures 2, 3, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13 and 14.
Figure 2 is a section on the line v, x, Figures 1 and 3.
Figure 3 is a section on the line y' z' Figures 1 and 2.
Figure 4 is a section on the line a" 6" Figure 5.
Figure 5 is a section on the line c" d" Figure 4.
Figure 6 is a section on the line "f" Figure 5.
Figure 7 is a section on the line 11111

page_text: Figure 14 is a section on the line M N Figure 1.
Figure 15 is a section on the line OP Figure 1.
1ST. COMPRESSION APPARATUS PROPERLY CALLED (FIGURES 1 AND 8 TO 15).
The compression apparatus properly called is composed of the parts enumerated
below.
A large piston Q
An intermediate piston R and
A small piston S as well as a regulating piston T move in the cylinders U
respectively, which cylinders are composed of refractory material in one or several
pieces according to the particular requirements; the length of each of these
cylinders is regulated according to the special requirements of the metal or alloy to
be treated and above all according to the behaviour of the threads of liquid metal
that penetrate between the pistons and their cylinder U.
An envelope of metal V strengthens the refractory material U; this envelope is
composed of two pieces united by bolts.
A compressible and refractory material, such as asbestos cloth, may be interposed
between V and U to allow of their relative expansions and to prevent the leaks
which might occur in the various joints made in the construction of the part U or
in the cracks which might be produced in it.
In order to simplify the nomenclature and in view of the similarity of the three
pump bodies Q, R, S, I shall only describe the pump body Q. The packing
rings X of asbestos or other refractory material secure the tightness of the joint
between pistons and cylinders. Figure 1 shews this ring outside the jacket U, it
would be better however to insert it between two layers of this jacket U when the
liquid metal is of such a nature as to cause, by its solidification, biting between
the pistons and their envelope. A cylinder W, furnished externally with a cover I¹
and with a stuffing box K', is attached to the end of the cylinder U to serve as a
guide for the piston Q and as a pump body for the corresponding hydraulic
cylinder F. A washer Y and two sets of pins Z render the two pieces secure.
A bush A¹ in two pieces serves to unite the compression piston to the hydraulic
piston F. A washer B¹ interposed between the ends of the halves of the bush and
the head C¹ of the piston Q, which is formed spherically on one side to facilitate
the displacements which the heat may occasion in the axes of the pistons Q and F',
and two sets of cottars D' secure the two pistons Q and F¹ rigidly and limit the
stroke of the piston F¹.
Lateral grooves El are let into the envelope W to allow the passage of the
cottars D', which strike against the ends of the said grooves at each end of their
stroke and mark the extreme limit of the stroke of the piston in case of any accident
to the automatic reversing mechanism.
The tightness of the joint between the hydraulic piston F' and its cylinder W is
obtained by the gland G¹. The compressed liquid (or in default of this compressed
gas or air) which forces forward the piston F enters in the space H¹.
L' is a small fixed hydraulic piston serving to cause the return stroke of the
piston F; it is furnished with a tight packing by means of the washer N¹ and the
bolt M'. This piston is attached to the base Q'.
The compressed liquid (or the compressed gas or air) which causes the return
stroke of the piston F1 is received in the chamber O¹ by the canal P¹.
A single valve X' guided by a ring Y₁ regulates the movement of the three
hydraulic pistons; to this purpose its rod U is furnished with a hook S¹ which is
struck by the projection R¹ which is carried by the cover of the piston W', which
latter drives the intermediate piston R. The chambers H' of the hydraulic piston F¹
and C formed by the hydraulic piston W₁ are in constant communication by the
pipe Z'. The compressed liquid comes from the accumulator by the pipe E".

page_text: The compressed fluid, to be used in forcing forward the piston W', enters the
chamber A by the pipe B" which conducts it from the chamber O¹.
This fluid will return later to the compressing apparatus by the exhaust
chamber D".
It is convenient to employ glycerine for these various hydraulic cylinders, or
better a non-siccative fat oil, and, in every case, a liquid that is a bad conductor of
electricity. But when the metal or alloy to be treated does not require more than a
moderate pressure for its passage to the drawing apparatus, it would suffice to
employ either compressed air, or better still a gas, in the various hydraulic cylinders,
and in this latter case there would be no necessity for a pump to compress the fluid
nor for an accumulator.
The melted metal enters the apparatus by the pipe Q" which is strengthened by
an envelope of metal R". The length of this descending pipe is made longer
according as the liquid material is more viscous, the charge producing the flow of
the material in its descending pipe should be sufficient always to fill completely
the chamber of the piston Q during the whole time the latter makes its backward
stroke.
A funnel S" serves to receive the metal or alloy, which has been melted
separately or fused electrically in this funnel. It is furnished with a reservoir T¹¹,
in which the fused material is stored, and electrodes or terminals U serve to
reheat this material if necessary; these terminals serve also for ascertaining the
level of the fused material in the reservoir T", which is furnished with a refractory
and insulating coating W".
The regulator piston T, provided with antagonistic springs C which are com-
pressed by the disc D and the nut E, moves in the cylindrical guide F. It
is connected to its rod B by a coupling A formed in two pieces and serving as
an abutment for the springs. The system of springs may also be replaced by an
hydraulic piston, solid or hollow.
The appafatus represented on Sheet II may be provided at pleasure with one,
two or even three sets of drawing apparatus, similar to that represented in the
figure, the axis of the two others would be fixed, normally to the plan of Figure 1
and at the intersection of the axes of the pistons R, S and T, to necks identical
with that represented in Figure 1 in the prolongation of the body of the pump R.
The draw tubes shewn in Figures 1, 2, and 3 are used for the manufacture of
solid bars and of wires.
A central canal a receives the liquid metal on its exit from the compression
apparatus and conducts it to the various tubes; it is composed of a refractory and
insulating coating b and a metal jacket c.
The bodies of the different draw tubes are placed in a metal chamber, which
forms the reservoir enclosing the cooling liquid. This cooling liquid enters by
the tube e, opening into a circular canal d, and returns by the circular canal ƒ to
the exit tubes
The casing may be made in several parts to facilitate the taking down of the
same. If it is thought preferable to use fusible metals or alloys as the cooling
agent, this would allow of the construction of the reservoir to be simplified.
The electrode i placed at the end of the central canal permits of the reheating
the fused material it necessary.
jand kare respectively a cover and a washer for fixing the electrode.
The length of the central canal a is made proportional to the number of draw
tubes desired, this number depending at the same time on the discharging power of
the compression apparatus and on the calibre of the tubes composing it.
drawing shews a case where each tier is composed of only two tubes.
The
If the nature of the metal or alloy to be treated is such that the metal or alloy
must issue from its tube in a certain position for instance vertically upwards or
vertically downwards, those tubes which cannot be utilised are blocked up or cut
off. The central canal a may, if necessary, be lengthened and the reservoir altered
accordingly.

page_text: Figures 1 to 3 represent different types of draw tubes by way of example, each
metal or alloy to be treated having in this respect its particular requirements :-
The tube has a metal jacket which is continuous with the apparatus, and a fixed
refractory tube m.
The tube n is composed of a metal jacket, likewise continuous with the apparatus,
and a removable metal cylinder o,
The tube p consists of a metal body provided with exterior ribs continuous with
the apparatus and a refractory ring 9 extending only along a portion of the length
of the tube.
The tuber consists of a removable metal body and a central tube & extending
along the whole length of the draw tube. The draw tube t, u presents the same
construction.
The draw tube y shews a removable metal body provided with exterior ribs and
with an interior tube extending only along a part of the length of the draw tube.
The draw tubes may be attached to the case by nuts z.
The draw tube w, w is a homogeneous metallic and removable tube.
The draw tube a' is analogous to the previously described type y, but differs
from it in the mode of its attachment to the metal jacket c, which is effected by
means of a shoulder provided with a nut c¹.
The joint could be effected by a bayonet joint. When it is desired to manu-
facture hollow bars, tubes or pipes a draw tube or nozzle of the type represented
in Figures 4, 5, 6 and 7 may be employed. This apparatus is fixed to the neck
carried by the compression apparatus, instead of and in the same position as the
apparatus for bars and wires shewn in Figures 1 to 3.
The construction of these nozzles for tubes is as follows:-A central canal d¹
receives the liquid material, coming from the compression apparatus which then
passes to an enlargement e¹ of this canal. The flowing fluid then spreads into a
certain number of cylindrical canals f¹ which are constructed in the mass of the
refractory material g' and which open into a circular groove h¹, where the fluid
mass is transformed into a uniform layer of annular section which sets and solidifies
on coming into contact with the cylinder r¹ which is cooled on the exterior by a
cooling liquid.
The principal object of this arrangement is to obtain a perfect centring of the
interior mandrel, but when this precision is not necessary the canals f₁ could be
done away with and the apparatus limited to the use of a central mandrel similar
to that shewn at A. Figure 4 Sheet VI and even this arrangement could be
simplified for simple cases by doing away with the segmental projection O¹, and
reducing the length of the tube B as in Figure 10 Sheet VI.
A reservoir, consisting of a casing j¹ and a cover k¹, receives the cooling liquid
The central
through the pipes and necks and discharges it through the pipes .
canal d' is protected interiorly by a refractory lining m¹ in two parts, and furnished
with a metal envelope n' composed of two shells bolted together.
A refractory and compressible material such as asbestos cloth is inserted between
the lining m' and its sheathing n¹ to prevent the leaking of the fused material and
to facilitate at the same time the relative movements of expansion of these two
parts and their connections.
The plate o, carried by this envelope n' forms the other end of the reservoir.
On the right hand side of Figure there is represented a mandrel p¹ differing
from g' in that its exterior portion has been curved; this precaution is necessary
with certain materials to prevent the ruptures which their circumferential shrinkage
would occasion when the material solidifies in the annular canal g¹ through which
it flows.
The removable insulating cylinder protects the metal body s' of the draw
tube or nozzle which is held against the cover k¹ by the rim t'. This cylinder r
can also be constructed of longitudinal strips fitted into the grooves of the piece s¹ ;
in some cases this cylinder would be composed of a metal capable of resisting
high temperatures.

page_text: The electrode or terminal u' fixed in the end of the central canal serves for
reheating, in case of necessity, the liquid material contained in the canal. A cover
plate and a flange el secure the tightness of the joint at this part.
It will be noticed that, in this arrangement, the mandrels g¹ and p¹ of both draw
tubes or nozzles are solid and that their centring is determined partly by the
dimensions of their nearly annular surface of contact in the plane a", 6", and
partly by the height of the metal cylinder of the envelope n' in which they are
enclosed. When the nature of the metal to be treated demands a more accurate
centring or a more energetic cooling this type of nozzle could be replaced by
that represented in Figures 3 and 4 Sheet VI.
Figure 1 Sheet III shews the volume of fluid forced into the tube or nozzle at
any instant by the apparatus with three differential pistons in the case where the
relative volumes of the three cylinders are as 1, 2, 4, and the difference between
the ordinates of the line A' H I J K L M N and of the straight line A' N define
the position of the jerks, produced by the apparatus, and their intensity.
This diagram shews also the influence of any given modification of one or the
other of the parts of apparatus. It shews notably that to diminish the jerks it is
sufficient either to increase the volume of the large cylinder or to diminish the
distance existing between the times F' G¹ and CD of the stoppage of the small
piston at its dead points, whilst these jerks would be increased by increasing the
difference F G C D' and by diminishing the volume of the large cylinder.
As an example to shew the influence of the diminution of the volume of the
large cylinder, the broken line A' Q R S T U V X gives the volumes forced into
the draw tube at any instant when the relative volumes of the three pistons
are 1:2:3.
This diagram was arrived at as follows:
The horizontal line A B represents the duration of a cycle (backward and
forward strokes) of the apparatus and this line is divided into 360 equal parts,
each of which represents the same interval of time. Then the volumes generated
by the various pistons are set out on the ordinates. The design being made in
the hypothesis that the relative volumes generated by the pistons are as 1:2:4.
25 mm. is taken for the volume of the small piston
50 mm. is taken for the volume of the intermediate piston.
100 mm. is taken for the volume of the large piston.
At the initial point 0, the small piston is at half stroke, the intermediate
piston at the dead point at the forward part of its stroke and the large piston at
the dead point at the backward part of its stroke. The three ordinates corre-
sponding to these three pistons at the instant 0 are then 12.5 m., 50 m. and 0.
360
This settled, I assume the small piston continues its backward stroke, com-
menced before, and that it will terminate it at the end of an interval of time
60 × A B
equal to
and that this movement is effected at constant velocity; the
line representing the volumes generated by the movement of this small piston
during the first 60 intervals of time will be then the straight line A¹ C¹. This
little piston will remain at rest during the following 50 intervals, the line repre-
sentative of the corresponding volumes generated will be the straight line C¹ D'.
Then its valve will open at the instant 110, the forward thrust will last for
120 intervals of time, with a uniform movement, and the corresponding volumes
generated by this third period will be then represented by the straight line D' F'.
This small piston will then remain at rest at its forward dead point for 70 equal
intervals of time, the volume generated for this period will be consequently the
straight line F G₁ parallel to the horizontal axis A B. Finally during the last
60 equal intervals the piston travels, with an uniform velocity, the half of its return
stroke, the volumes generated diminish then according to a law represented by the
line G¹ B¹.
"In the same way the volumes generated by the intermediate piston and by the
large piston are represented on this diagram. The former are represented by the

page_text: dotted line (consisting of two points and a dash alternately), the latter by the dotted
line consisting of a series of elongated dashes separated by points or dots.
Having thus the volumes generated at each instant by each of the three pistons,
the total volume expelled through the nozzle or through leakages in the pistons
since the commencement of the stroke, as well as the volume, which remains in
the compression chamber ready to be expelled during the remainder of the cycle,
can be obtained without making any distinction of the permanent dead intervals.
The former volumes are given by the ordinates situated between the broken
line A'HIJKLMN and the straight line A' B₁; the latter by the ordinates
between the two dotted lines A'HIJKLMN and OZ W H'P.
This diagram gives besides the volumes of the liquid material which enter the
large cylinder and the small cylinder during the return stroke of the large piston ;
the volumes are represented by the ordinates comprised between the dotted
line E FYN and the straight line E B.
The diagram gives likewise the overlappings caused by the movement of the
hemispherical head ßß of the small piston in the portion a ẞ B' a' of its cylinder.
These overlappings are represented by the ordinates between the dotted
line E F G 'B' and the straight line E' B¹.
As to the overlappings caused by the necks y y₁ of the small piston in the
portion y 88¹y of its cylinder, they are determined by the ordinates situated
between the dotted line ACDE and the straight line A E.
It will be noticed that the line A'N represents what would have been the
volume expelled it the expulsion had been effected uniformly consequently the
difference between the ordinates of this straight line and those of the dotted
line A' H I J K L M N represents the variations of speed caused by the regulation
this difference of ordinates gives the position of the jerks to which the expelled
liquid streams are subjected and it measures their intensity.
Their intensity may be increased or diminished at will.
To increase them it is only necessary to diminish for example the relative volume
of the large piston or to modify the duration of the stoppages F' G¹ and C' D' in
the motion of the small piston. To illustrate the effect of the first method the
diagram Figure 1 shews the broken line A'QRSTUVX, which defines what
would be the law of the compressed volumes if the relative volumes of the three
cylinders were 1: 2: 3.
To diminish these jerks it is necessary, on the contrary, to increase the relative
volume of the large cylinder or else to decrease the difference between the
durations F'G' and C' D' of the stoppages of the small piston at its front and
back dead points.
With this type of apparatus then a very extended series of intensities of jerk
can be obtained and it can also be made to satisfy in many cases the special
requirements of certain metals or alloys by suitably regulating the relative
dimensions of the parts of the apparatus.
The principal parts of this differential pump with three pistons may be arranged
in various fashions, whilst however preserving the characteristic properties of this
type; amongst the many possible variations I recommend that represented by
Figures 6, 7 and 8 of Sheet VI in which the intermediate piston B' is placed in
the prolongation of the large piston A'; each of these two pistons is connected to
a cross piece C' and these two cross pieces are themselves connected by two rods D'
passing at either side of the cylinders and solidly connecting the two pistons A¹
and B. In consequence of this arrangement each piston recedes when the other
advances and reciprocally and a single motor E serves to drive the two of them.
In this arrangement F' is the small cylinder; Figure 8, which is a section along
the line a, b, shews the arrangement of the corresponding small piston; G' is the
I the canal that
regulator cylinder; H' is the compression pipe and draw tubes.
conducts the fused material into the large cylinder. Figure 7 is the plan of the
whole, Figure 6 an elevation; Figures 8 and 8s are partial longitudinal sections
on the lines a, b and d along the axis of the small cylinder.
C

page_text: Having thus described the various parts of the apparatus I will now describe the
manner of employing the same.
For filling the apparatus with molten material on starting the same the method
hereinafter described is employed. Or all those parts of the apparatus that will
come in contact with the incandescent material are taken apart, heated slowly and
gradually to the highest temperature compatible with their nature, they are then
put together again rapidly and the incandescent material is poured as quickly as
possible into the funnel S. At the same time the rods of the valves X¹ and P"
are set in motion to enable the molten material to heat the various cylinders along
their whole length, and the excess of metal is allowed to flow through the nozzles
in a liquid state without being cooled. In case of necessity a reheating electric
current is employed.
When the apparatus is sufficiently heated, water is introduced into the
reservoirs, and the valve of the tube E" is opened.
If the initial position of the parts is that represented on Sheet II the motive
fluid (vapour, gas or compressed liquid) fills the space Hand forces forward the
piston F and the large piston Q; at the same time the fluid passes by the tube Z'
into the space C" which forces backward the pistons W' and R, it passes also by
means of a branch (not shewn on the drawing) of the tube E" and of the tube Pil
into the cylinder of the small motor piston which forces back the small piston S.
These three pistons Q, R and S move simultaneously, the length of their strokes is
the same and the surfaces acted on by the motive fluid are regulated proportionally
to the resistances; the duration of the strokes of the three pistons are then equal
but the small piston starting at half stroke, arrives at its back dead point at the
instant when the pistons R and Q reach the middle point of their stroke and it
reinains at rest until the pistons R and Q in their turn reach their dead points.
But, shortly before this instant, the projection F" strikes and carries forward the
tappet H thereby setting in motion the rod L" and the valve P" which starts the
piston S on its forward stroke, the stroke being completed without stoppage.
When it reaches the end of its forward stroke a system of rods and stops F",
Hand O, actuated by the small motor piston and similar to the series of
tappets F, H" and Oil, actuated by the piston F¹, moves the valve X' which
starts at the same time the piston R on its forward stroke and the piston Q on its
backward stroke.
The piston S remains at rest during the first part of the strokes of these two
pistons but when the latter approach the middle point of their stroke the
projection F strikes the tappet G" and displaces the valve P" and so starts the
piston S on its return stroke. This reaches the middle of its stroke at the instant
when R and Q arrive at the end of theirs.
At this instant the projection R¹ of the stuffing box gland strikes the tappet S¹
carried by the rod U of the valve X¹ and shifts this valve into the position it
occupied at the commencement of the operation.
During the various phases of this operation the molten material flows through
the various nozzles at a practically constant rate, is formed there and the velocity
of its delivery is so regulated that it issues in a solid state.
If any obstruction should take place the regulator piston T diminishes the
consequences of such obstruction which may be remedied in various ways, that is
to say, introduction into the funnel S" of superheated or cold material, increasing
or diminishing the intensity of the cooling current and finally by sending an
electric reheating current through the material or suppressing this current (see the
observations relative to the use of electric reheating currents hereinafter made).
PILMED WITHE COUNTRY ProTAY
תהתועסת
WITH SPRINGS

page_text: is a diagram shewing how the compression is effected with the proportions given to
the parts. This curve shews that with this apparatus the material is only forced
into the nozzle for about 100 degrees out of 360 which constitute the entire rotation
of the driving shaft; the movement is then very irregular and accompanied with
violent shocks. The shocks may be moderated and suited to the requirements of
the metal to be worked by employing a battery of 2, 3 or 4 similar pumps fixed at
suitable angles and by arranging a regulator piston along the line of compression.
There would thus be a set of graduated apparatus from which could be chosen,
in each particular case, that one which is most suitable to the particular
requirements of the metal or alloy to be worked.
The apparatus represented, as an example, on Sheet IV shews the application
of this arrangement.
Figure 1 is a section on the line "d" of Figure 2.
Figure 2 is a section on the line a" "Figure 1.
11
Figure 3 is a section on the line g" Figures 1 and 2.
Figure 4 is a section on the line "7" Figures 1 and 2.
Figure 5 is a section on the line "Figures 1 and 2.
Figure 6 is a section on the line m¹¹," Figures 1 and 2.
Figure 7 is a section on the line o" p"
Figure 8 is a section on the line q
Figure 9 is a section on the line
Figure 10 is a section on the line
Figure 11 is a section on the line
Figures 1 and 2.
Figures 1 and 2.
of Figures 1 and 2.
of Figures 1 and 2.
of Figures 1 and 2.
Figure 12 is a diagram shewing. at each instant of the cycle, the movement.
of each of the pistons and the volume of liquid expelled.
A and B are two pistons placed opposite one another in the same cylinder F
of refractory material; the first A is driven by any suitable method (connecting
rod and crank as shewn in Figures 1 and 2 or by pressure of vapour, water or
air, or by any other method); the movement of the second B is identical with
that of the first, but is in advance of it by a certain distance, and carries a
buffer box between it and its driving mechanism.
The chamber of compression C is formed in the cylinder by the opposite ends
of the pistons A and B.
The fused metal or alloy enters by the orifice D and is forced into the
canal E. The neck D is lined with refractory materials D' and E¹, the latter
portion having an envelope F¹. Cottars G fix the head of the piston A. to the
box J which is driven by the motor, and the head of the piston B to the buffer
box J. These two boxes J and J are furnished with cover plates I and with
washers H transmitting the action of the cottars G to the corresponding piston.
The actuating connecting rods L, jointed to the crank pins M transmit the
movement of the coupled shafts O to the pins K which actuate the
pistons A and B.
The cylinder rests on a guide_block P and guide bars Q guide the sliding
blocks J and J. An envelope R of metal surrounds the refractory cylinder F
when the temperature is too high to allow of the employment of a simple metal
cylinder; this metal envelope being formed in one with the bed P or being
connected to the same by means of feet and bolts. For the working of materials,
the melting points of which are very high, I recommend that this envelope R
be made in two pieces bolted together in order that the pieces may expand and
contract freely without risk of rupture; the recommendation prescribed in other
types of apparatus will be followed in respect of this.
At each end of the cylinder F there are packing rings S and collars T tightened
by the cottars U. The whole is protected by a cover V, the insulating rings X
being inserted between the cover and the cylinder.
The packing bolts of the cover V are inserted in rings of ebonite or other
insulating substance; in this case their heads and their nuts are also insulated from
the pieces R and V by means of insulating washers Y'.

page_text: The electrode or terminal Z enables an electric current to be passed either in the
canal coming from the reservoir or in the passages C, D, E; its joint is rendered
secure by the washer W. The packing rings A B¹ and C¹ secure the tightness of
joints of the necks.
The neck G which succeeds E leads the material to the draw tubes or nozzles.
A ring His inserted in the buffer box of the piston B; it is maintained in position
partly by the shoulder against which it bears and partly by the tightening
cottars G.
The spring I of the box J' is acted on by the pin K by means of the piston K¹
and the rod K".
The diagram, Figure 12, shews the operation of the apparatus.
Let a, b, of any length, be the axis of the abscissæ for setting off the various
portions of the duration of a complete compression; this length being divided
20
360
itself into 18 equal parts, each of these 18 parts representing of the duration
of a complete cycle.
a, c is the length of stroke of the piston A and c, e the distance that would exist
between the two opposing ends of the two pistons A and B if they reached
simultaneously their dead points nearest together.
The length of stroke of the piston B is represented by e, g. The curve shewing
the motion of the piston A is represented by a, j, k, l, m, b and o, p, q¹, r¹, s¹, u, x, y,
is the curve shewing the motion of the piston B.
i, n and b, c represent the positions of the exterior and interior edges of the
feed pipe orifice D. The position of the interior edge of the outlet E is shewn
at g, h.
jis the point at which the piston A completely closes the inlet D and j,
? represents the length of the column of liquid enclosed, at the instant j,
between the two pistons A and B in the chamber C.
The curve p, q, f, identical with the curve j, k, l, m, n and kept parallel to it
at the distance j, p, shews the position which the end of the piston B would
occupy at each instant if it were simply forced backward by the liquid column j, p
during the motion of the piston A; the difference between the ordinates of the
two curves p, q, z, f and p, q, r¹, s, represents the compression of the spring I',
at each instant, under the action of the column of liquid j, p.
At the point 9 where the piston commences to uncover the outlet E the com-
pression of the spring has attained the value q, q'. Let it be supposed that the
opening of the outlet E does not give rise to an increase of pressure on the
spring at this point; in this case the compression of the spring I will remain
equal to 7, 9 as long as the face of the piston B is in communication with the
outlet E and the motion of the piston B will consequently from the instant
follow the curve q, r, s which is identical with the curve q', r', s¹ and at a
distance from it equal to the quantity q, q'.
The difference between the ordinates of the two curves g, 2, f and q, r, s
represents at each instant the length of the liquid column expelled into the
outlet pipe E whilst the difference between the ordinates of the curves q, r, s
and j, k, l, m, n represents the length of the liquid column that remains in the
chamber C of the cylinder between the opposing ends of the pistons A and B
and ready to be expelled in its turn.
The piston B closes the outlet orifice E at the instants and therefore from this
moment the expulsion ceases.
The length of the liquid column remaining in the chamber at the same instant
is s, l. The curve s, t, u, v, identical with and parallel to the curve l, m, b and
distant from this latter by the length s, l, shews the position of the end of the
piston B at each instant. The difference between the ordinates of the two
curves s, t, u and s¹, t¹, u' shews the tension of the spring at each instant of this
new phase of the cycle. It will be seen that with the proportions of the
apparatus this tension remains what it was during the period of expulsion and

page_text: facilitate the reciprocal movements of the various elements that I arrange the
various necks or protuberances, carried by the refractory parts, as far as possible
beside one another, and that I construct the metal envelope in pieces bolted
together. I recommend that these bolts should not be finally tightened until tho
apparatus has been running long enough to allow the various parts of the same to
attain their normal temperature, as long as the final tightening has not been effected
the refractory material moves sufficiently freely in the metal envelope to allow of
the reciprocal expansion, without being exposed to rupture. The necks form the
fixed joints in relation to which the reciprocal displacements are effected; their
frames must have their free expansion assured. To facilitate still more their
expansion I interpose when necessary a layer of asbestos between the refractory
parts and their metal envelopes or I wind a band or rope of asbestos round the
refractory material.
It is moreover advisable to proceed slowly with the initial heating which
accompanies the starting of the apparatus. One of the methods that I recommend
consists in previously filling the cylinders and their canals with ingots or filings of
the same composition as the metal or alloy to be worked, then to pass an electric
current through these ingots or filings and to gradually increase the intensity of the
same in order to heat the ingots, then fuse them and finally to overheat them
slightly after their fusion, the whole to be performed with a suitable slowness. In
this manner the apparatus is easily brought into a condition ready to be started to
work. It is then fed with the material fused separately.
With certain metals or alloys solid particles are formed which find their way
between the pistons and the cylinders of the compression apparatus and cause them
to grip. I obviate this inconvenience by means of two different methods, which
are hereinafter described with reference to Figure 6, Sheet 7 of the drawings.
In the first I leave a sensible amount of play between the pistons and their
corresponding cylinders such that a certain quantity of fused material is forced
between the pistons and their cylinders; at the same time I place a cap of graphite
at the end of the refractory body of the pump, this cap constitutes an electrode by
which I can send an electric reheating current permanently through the metal
lying between the pistons and the pump bodies; this current is regulated in such a
manner that the metal is constantly maintained in a fused state which prevents any
gripping taking place.
The other method that I sometimes employ with the same object is shewn in
Figures 11 and 12 of Sheet VI. It consists in the permanent circulation between
the piston A" and its cylinder B" of a metal or alloy expressly fused which arrives
by the inlet C and leaves by the passage D" whilst a part of it finds its exit by
the joint that exists between the piston A" and its cylinder B" and thus insures
the lubrication of the piston.
The drawings shew the accessories that may be indispensable in the most
complicated cases; it is understood that I do away with as many as possible in
different cases for instance the regulator piston of Figure 1 Sheet II as well as
the mechanism causing the backward stroke of the three pistons in the same
apparatus.
To facilitate the comprehension of my various compression apparatus, I have
shewn on the drawings the arrangements which transmit the motive force. These
arrangements are gas tubes and their valves in the case of a compressed gas
apparatus; worms or endless screws in the case of a pump with two differential
pistons; piston motors with their mechanism for producing the back stroke in the
case of the pumps with three pistons; finally crank shafts and their connecting
rods in the case of pistons with a spring counter-piston; but these arrangements
are public property and their representation has simply the object of shewing how
the motive force may be applied to my compression apparatus and in general any
one of the various apparatus of compression described above may be driven by
means of the motor described in the other arrangements.

page_text: containing the cooling liquid; this liquid is contained between the metallic
envelopes N and O and wets the exterior portions of the tube or nozzle J.
The tubes represented at n, o and r, s Figure 1 Sheet II shew other varieties.
If advisable the insulating effect of this metallic ring K can be increased by
using the following contrivances :
1. Form an adherent layer of oxide or sulphide on the surface of the ring K
which is in direct contact with the fused material I; this insulating layer relieves
at the same time the separate ring K and the metallic body J of the tube because
it lowers the particular temperature of each of these parts.
2. Form an adherent layer of oxide or sulphide both on that part of the surface
of the separate ring K which is in direct contact with the body of the tube or
nozzle J, and also on that part of the surface of the body J of the tube which is in
direct contact with the ring K. These two insulating layers increase the temperature
of the ring K which is therefore sacrificed and given up to a destruction more or
less rapid; but they diminish the particular temperature of the body J of the tube.
The effect of these two insulating layers may be still further increased by
interposing in addition between the separate ring K and the body J of the tube, a
layer of insulating material such as carbon, paint, oxides in state of powder &c. or
finally by leaving a space between the two parts.
3. Furnish that part of the surface of the tube J, that is bathed in the cooling
liquid, with projecting ribe; further make this surface clean polished and brilliant,
these two precautions assist, to a slight degree, the separate ring K and the metallic
body of the tube or nozzle.
4. Employ alloys fusible at a low temperature as the cooling liquid as in
Figure 3 Sheet V. This precaution will have the same effect as the two
preceding.
With this type of tube the only part exposed to a quick deterioration is a ring K
of very simple shape which can therefore easily be made with the metals the most
difficult to work such as titane tungsten or chrome &c. steels or chromium,
nickel &c. or such as the alloys in the composition of which the metals of the
platinum group enter; this is a great advantage because entire tubes J could not
readily be made of metals fusible with difficulty or difficult to work. This
arrangement limits, moreover, to the strictly necessary, the importance of the parts
to be replaced after usage; in so much the more that the separate ring could,
according to circumstances, be extended along the whole surface of the tube as in
Figures 5 and 6 Sheet V or simply confined to the most exposed part as in the
type shewn in Figure 7 Sheet V.
This arrangement then, as a whole, permits the increase in the limits of the
metals or alloys which can be treated with tubes or nozzles entirely of meta!.
COOLING TUBES WITH REFRACTORY RINGS. FIGURES 8 TO 12 SHEET V.
But this arrangement itself will not suffice for working all the metals and alloys
in the most difficult cases. Therefore in a certain number of cases, in which it
does not suffice, I replace the separate metallic ring of the type described above
by a similar ring, but which is composed of a refractory and resistant material such
as for example that represented at L Figure Sheet V or that shewn at L'
Figure 9 of the same sheet or those shewn at m and n Figure 1 Sheet II and
at p, g and Figure 2 Sheet II.
The graphite or the corundum, in pieces or composing an agglomerated material,
as well as various products composed of these two materials, are very suitable for
this purpose. The thickness of this refractory ring may be constant along the
whole length, but it is in general advantageous to reduce it gradually and
proportionally to the decrease in temperature of the fused material.
When there is cause to fear that these pieces may be broken by contraction they
may be replaced by a series of rings LIV placed end to end as shewn in Figure 12
Sheet V or by a series of longitudinal sectors connected together as shewn in

page_text: plastic material is small because then the current of gas replaces the insulating
ring destined to protect the body of the tube, but it is not indispensable that it
should be so.
In fact if it is useful to employ a cylinder enclosing the current of gas, it is
because this cylinder increases the velocity of the gaseous molecules, that are in
immediate contact with the material in course of solidification, and because
experience has shewn that high velocities increase the rate of cooling of the
incandescent material. But, as each material to be treated has its requirements,
I conform in each particular case to the particular requirements of the material
to be treated for determining the section and the length of this cylinder as well
as the position of its starting point and the initial pressure of the gas.
It is also the particular requirements of the material to be treated that determine
whether the cylinder enveloping the current of gas is to be cooled with water or
not, for even if this cooling is useful for preserving the material under treatment
from the direct action of the air and for protecting the workmen against the
radiating heat, it is in general not indispensable.
It is generally advisable to employ a gas at a sufficiently high pressure because
this pressure imparts to the gas a useful velocity and also because its expansion
increases the intensity of the cooling; but it is not always indispensable to use
high pressures.
However, the employment of this current of gas is extremely advantageous and
I recommend its employment in every case where a superficial oxydation may be
allowed. It permits in fact the moulding of materials which have the highest
melting points; it also avoids the great friction which is produced between the
plastic layer and the ring of the metallic body of the cooling tube; it reduces
therefore to a minimum the pressure in the compression apparatus necessary to
produce the flow, which increases the wearing and working power of the refractory
cores of this apparatus and of its canals; it allows in certain cases even the
complete suppression of the tube and the reduction almost to a single point of the
outlet canal for the fused material.
This arrangement also protects the metallic body of the tube or nozzle to such
an extent that the latter may be made thin. In fact when a current of gas is
interposed in this manner between the incandescent material and the body of the
tube and when moreover the body of the tube is cooled with water constantly
circulating, the body of the tube is put in a position comparable to that of the
casing of a fire box which is exposed on one side to intense radiating heat and to
the accidental contact of a mass of incandescent fuel from which it is separated by
thin layers of gas and has its other side wetted by the water in a state of ebullition.
This arrangement, when chemical affinities do not prohibit it, will allow then the
treatment, by these homogeneous metallic nozzles or tubes, of those metals or alloy &
which have the highest melting points.
With this solution of the question, that is to say where a tube or nozzle must
be employed to avoid superficial oxidation the resistance to the flow being low,
the length of the tube or nozzle might be made very long. I recommend that they
should be made as long as possible in this case, for the cooling per unit of surface
of nozzle of this type is very small.
In this case the incandescent material should be expelled vertically downwards;
however for certain metals or alloys it would be preferable to effect the expulsion
in another direction. The variations will be regulated by the higher or lower
state of plasticity of the material at the moment that it receives the action of the
current of gas.
In the same way, certain metals or alloys, which give rise to the formation of
oxides of low adhering power, will require that the apparatus be furnished with
doors for overhauling and cleaning; these are however details of construction
which I reserve the right of altering in each case to suit the particular requirements
of the material to be treated.
In certain cases a current of non oxydising gas would be used such as hydrogen

page_text: or nitrogen or a current of a gas having no chemical action such as for example
carbonic acid or carbon monoxide produced by the combustion of wood or carbon
and previously cooled &c. The types of apparatus above described lend themselves
to all these varieties for they permit of the employment of all kinds of gas.
In certain cases also one could employ a current of dry vapour or a current of
vapour more or less humid, even a current of gas containing water in a state of
fine spray. The greater or less resistance that the fused material under treatment
opposes to the action of the water will determine what is to be done in this
respect.
Figures 1, 2 and 9 of Sheet VI shew how the currents of gas may be employed
in the manufacture of rods and wires; Figure 3 of Sheet VI shews how they may
be employed in the manufacture of hollow bars, tubes and pipes.
Figure 2 is a section on a, b of Figure 1. This apparatus is designed for the
case where the fused metal or alloy to be cooled requires a high pressure for the
cooling gas and does not give rise to the formation of slightly adherent films of
oxide. The gas arrives by the inlet A;. it expands partly in the annular
chamber B; if the resulting pressure is sufficiently high it compresses and
elongates the layer of liquid material; in every case it escapes by the canal D and
forms a layer round the incandescent material which occupies the centre of this
canal. In this process the fused material ought to issue from the appiratus
Possessing already a certain consistency, which requires a temperature relatively
low. The part which gives the fluid material its final form is the extremity 0 of
the expulsion canal of which Q is the metallic sheath, P the interior lining and
R the packing ring.
It
It is advantageous, in order to diminish the friction to give the canal C as
great a width as the plasticity of the material to be treated will allow, and to
make this piece O, which is the nozzle simple, of a highly resisting material.
will be noticed that, in this process, there is a veritable division of labour; the
part O moulds and fixes the dimension of the material whilst it is still in a pasty
condition and the current of gas issuing from the chamber B is cooling it, whilst
on the other hand in the arrangement described previously the nozzle with or
without ring fulfilled at the same time both these functions. In the same apparatus
there is represented a reservoir E with cooling water in which the liquid enters
at F and leaves at G but as I have pointed out above this secondary cooling with
water can be very often done away with. I claim the right of giving the cylinder,
enclosing the layer of gas, various forms, which may be suitable to the various
metals and alloys to be treated and which could even, if necessary, produce a
suction of the fluid stream.
In the second type, shewn in Figure 9 of Sheet VI, the chamber K¹ where the
gas enters is large and is traversed freely by the stream of incandescent material
which comes from the compression apparatus; the gas expands there then more
completely, it attains therefore an initial temperature lower than in the preceding
type which is an incontestable advantage; but, on the contrary, those gaseous
particles which are in direct contact with the liquid stream are not replaced so well
as in the arrangement in Figures 1 and 2. These two types have then both their
particular property and by varying the dimensions of their various parts their
properties may be varied to a sufficient extent in order to suit the particular
requirements of certain metals or alloys to be treated. It will be noticed finally
that this second type permits of the introduction of doors L', which enable the
cooling of the fused stream to be observed and permit of the removing of the films
of oxide which may have formed.
The type in Figure 3 Sheet VI is designed for the manufacture of hollow bars,
tubes and pipes. M' is a hollow mandrel which serves as the central nozzle for the
tubes to be manufactured, N' the exterior nozzle inserted in the neck of the outlet
tube of which C is the interior canal and Q the metal envelope. P is the interior
refractory lining and R the packing rings securing the tightness of the joints.
The fused metal or alloy is forced through the canal C, it spreads out into the

page_text: various small canals O' which are arranged like those in Figures 4 to 7 Sheet II,
and it thus arrives in the annular passage P' where the different streams unite to
form a single mass, to which the exterior end of the nozzle N', and the mandrel M¹
give the annular form (with or without ribs) and the calibre desired. The fluid
stream which issues from the passage P₁ encounters the gas, that has been conducted
to the annular chamber Q' and which has there partly expanded. This gas forms
around it an exterior sheath which insulates it from the cylinder R', which the
two together (material more or less incandescent and gas) enter. Between the
nozzle N' and the cylinder R' extends the gas chamber S¹ which the liquid stream
traverses, the doors L' permitting the layers of oxide which may form to be
removed. A reservoir J contains the water that cools the cylinder R¹; it may be
done away with in many cases. Above the mandrel M' there is a chamber S, air
tight, which receives compressed gas: this gas partly expands there and then
enters the canal K formed in the centre of the mandrel M'; it encounters, on its
exit from the mandrel M', a cylinder M carried by a rod L accurately centred,
which is supported by the upper end of the reservoir S; it passes between the
surface of this cylinder M' and the interior surface of the more or less incandescent
pipe which is being expelled by the apparatus; it bathes and cools this surface
and then escapes freely by traversing the chamber N where it expands fully. The
length of this cylinder M should be as great as possible and the same applies to
the cylinder R'. With this arrangement, the incandescent material is cooled
simultaneously on its interior and exterior surfaces; it is evident that, in many
cases notably for tubes of small calibre and thickness, it would be sufficient to
cool the incandescent material on the exterior which would then permit of the
employment of a solid mandrel M¹.
The type shewn in Figure 10 Sheet VI is a variation of the preceding type. It
differs from it in that the chamber Q where the gases expand is larger, its
cylinder R' is not cooled by water and finally in that its nozzle is short. As a
whole this type is simpler than the preceding and is suitable to the case of metals
or alloys which can be treated simply. Another of the differences is that the
expulsion is effected upwards which is suitable, as I have pointed out for certain
metals, but in this case I construct the cylinder R' of two pieces to enable the
same to be easily opened at the time of starting the apparatus or in case of
accident.
I have also before described different types of nozzles with reference to
Figures 1, 2 and 4 Sheet VII, relative to the employment of currents of gas as the
cooling agent.
I reserve to myself, as I have mentioned above, the right of altering, to suit
the nature of the metals to be treated, the form of the cylinders in the interior of
which the gases flow.
SIMPLE NOZZLES WITH DIRECT COOLING BY WATER (FIGURES 4 AND 5
SHEET VI).
But when the action of water vapour and of water on the fused material under
treatment is not injurious or when this action even though injurious does not pass
an acceptable limit, it would be preferable to employ the arrangement represented
in Figures 4 and 5 of Sheet VI.
In this arrangement the principal duty of the nozzle is still, as in the case of
cooling gases, to give to the fluid stream the desired form and calibre, for the
cooling is to he almost entirely brought about by the water with which the
material comes in direct contact; in this case the same apparatus may be used as
for the cooling by a current of gas and also by a cooling metal, which method is
described below; the length of the nozzle properly called may therefore be very
small and this nozzle will be, according to the case, metallic or entirely refractory.
The passage of the incandescent material in the water sometimes causes the
violent formation of vapour, which cousequently causes irregularities in the cooling

page_text: of certain parts of the exterior surface of the liquid stream (certain parts being
bathed by vapour and others at the same instant by water) and thus a deformation
of the fluid stream and of the molecular tensions in its mass is caused. In this
case I recommend, when the cooling by water is possible, the adoption of the type
of cooling at the extremity and the sprinkling with water of those parts already
cold by causing a layer of running water to flow from the already coolel top part
to the lower incandescent parts. But when the violent formation of vapour is not
to be feared I recommend, and this is often better, the adoption of the type of
expulsion with a rapid stream of water surrounding the metal expelled and in
certain cases the spraying of finely divided water on the incandescent parts and of
water in jets more or less large on the other parts.
Figure 4 represents the same nozzle as Figure 3 with the difference that the
expulsion is effected upwards and that it is fitted with a basin T to receive the
non-vapourised water, which remains after flowing downwards from the upper part
of the pipe in course of manufacture.
Figure 5 represents also a nozzle B of the type suitable for cooling by gas and
there is shown above a pipe U which sprays water in thin streams on the rod of
more or less incandescent material. Several pipes U may be arranged one above
another if necessary.
I have before described different types of nozzles with reference to Figures 1, 2
and 4 of Sheet. VII with which bars, wires and tubes can be cooled by means of a
current of water at a high velocity, the velocity of the current serving in many
cases to prevent the violent formation of vapour mentioned above.
SIMPLE NOZZLES FOR COOLING BY DIRECT CONTACT WITH MELTING OR
ALREADY MELTED BODIES.
There are finally certain metals or alloys (notably amongst those which do not
admit of being cooled by a current of gas nor by direct contact with water) that
I cool by bringing them in direct contact with bodies, that melt at a moderate
temperature, or even with the liquid formed by their fusion.
Figure 2 Sheet III shews how the cooling apparatus may be arranged for the
manufacture in this way of solid bars and wires. In this figure A" is the metallic
envelope of the canal for the expulsion of the metal or alloy to be treated; B" its
interior refractory lining; C is a partial canal, which is a branch of the central
canal in the expulsion conduit; D is the simple nozzle, where the incandescent
material is moulded to the calibre and form desired in the central canal E".
the bar or wire issuing from the canal E".
" is
The cooling apparatus properly called consists of a vessel H" furnished with a
foot G", which is separated from the nozzle D" by a packing ring F; this packing
ring F, which may be of asbestos secures the tightness of the joint between the
pieces D and A" by means of the bolts Q. This vessel H" contains the cooling
water, which enters by the inlet I" and leaves by the outlet Ju, and carries in its
interior the funnel S
When it is desired to effect the cooling of the fluid rod by direct contact with a
melting body, the funnel S" is kept constantly filled with fragments of a solid body
that is to cool the incandescent material; these fragments on cooling it are heated
and although they transmit to the water in H" a part of the heat they absorb, yet
they are in the end melted and form a layer of liquid material, which covers the
bottom of the funnel S". The bottom of the funnel is traversed by the incandescent
metal under treatment at its exit from the canal E". An overflow pipe N", suitably
protected against cooling limits the depth of this liquid layer, and conducts the
overflow to a neighbouring vessel full of water where the melted body is solidified
and is then ready to be replaced in the funnel S" to be used again. This pipe N
is then placed at a higher or lower level according to the thickness of the liquid
layer required, in M at the bottom of the vessel H", to satisfy the particular
requirements of the metal or alloy to be treated. The rollers P are designed to

page_text: support and feed the solidified wire or rod O". The collar R" is of asbestos, for
example, and serves to wipe off particles and drops of fused material which might
be carried along.
When there are a number of nozzles arranged in a series they can be supplied by
a single trough, divided into compartments or not, that will dispense with the
necessity of a funnel S" for each nozzle.
For this operation those metals or alloys may be employed, in a granulated state,
that are easily fusible, when their contact with the metal or alloy under treatment
will not have an injurious action on the latter at the temperatures existing, for
example, granulated lead may be used. There would then be in M" a body that is
a conductor of heat which is interposed between the incandescent material O" and
the cooling funnel S", and this gives rise to excellent results because on the one
hand the heat, contained initially in the bar O", will be rapidly and in great
quantity transmitted to the cooling water contained in the vessel H" and on the
other hand if the temperature of the metal or alloy forming the stagnant layer
in M rises by the absorption of a part of the heat contained originally in the fluid
rod O, it will be easy to keep this increase within limits judged to be suitable, by
increasing the flow of the liquid in M" and reducing at the same time the exterior
diameter of the chamber M", in order to facilitate the transmission of the heat
traversing this chamber. This cooling apparatus will have a high efficiency, whilst
at the same time its own materials remain at a temperature relatively low.
On the other hand, the electric conductibility of the metal or alloy employed for
the cooling could be in certain cases, an obstacle to the passage of the reheating
current which it may be necessary to pass through the expulsion canal C" and
through the nozzle Ě¹¹. In this case the difficulty could be got over by employing
as the cooling agent materials which are not such good conductors of electricity, even
if they are fairly bad conductors of heat, in spite of the disadvantage that may result
from this latter property. It is thus that, in certain cases, I employ as cooling
agent chlorides or oxides or any other material that melts easily and conducts heat
sufficiently well without being a too good conductor of electricity.
There are finally cases where it is advantageous to introduce the cooling agent
into the cooling apparatus in the form of a liquid and not in the form of a solid.
This would be the case, for example, when the metal or alloy under treatment
could not support, during its period of cooling, the local molecular tensions, that
are set up at each point of contact of the hot rod with the solid fragments of the
cooling agent. It would also be the case when the state of plasticity of the metal
or alloy under treatment necessitates that the fluid rod, on its exit from the nozzle E",
be protected from subsiding by a moderate pressure &c. In this case I melt
separately the body to be employed as cooling agent, and when it is fused, 1
introduce it into the cooling apparatus keeping it at the same time at as low a
temperature as possible; this liquid is heated further by the contact of the fluid
rod to be cooled and this final heating will be less the more actively the cooling
liquid is set into circulation.
When the material to be treated must be suddenly cooled, at its exit from the
nozzle, the cooling liquid is introduced into the bottom of the vessel M" or in the
bottom of the funnel S In this case the liquid will be heated and will rise and
issue from the top of the funnel S" and from there it may be led back by the
pipe N after having partly cooled in the meantime. The apparatus will work
automatically recalling to a certain extent the action of a thermo-siphon.
When on the contrary the metal to be treated cannot be thus suddenly cooled,
the cooling liquid is introduced at the top of the funnel S" and issues at N". The
same system o cooling and its modification could be employed with the other types
of expulsion, that is to say, when the metal or alloy is expelled horizontally, or at
an inclination or even vertically downwards instead of vertically upwards as shewn
on Sheet IIJ.
Figure 3 Sheet III shews the apparatus I employ for the manufacture, under
the same conditions, of hollow bars, tubes and pipes instead of solid bars or wires.

page_text: The vessel S is shewn conical from top to bottom, which is advantageous when
working a metal or alloy, to which a liquid layer of melted metal at the bottom of
he cooling apparatus would be injurious. In this figure T is the internal mandrel.
The other letters refer to the same parts as in Figure 2 of Sheet 111.
It is especially in the manufacture of thin tubes that it will be possible to use a
nelted metal or alloy instead of solid fragments as the cooling agent, because this
iquid material will assure a perfect homogeneity for the circumferential conduction
of the heat.
I have also before described with reference to Figures 1, 2 and 4 of Sheet VII
lifferent types of nozzles which admit of the manufacture of bars, wires and tubes
rith the assistance of direct contact with melting or already inelted bodies.
He other letters refer to the same parts as in Figure 2 of Sheet 111.
It is especially in the manufacture of thin tubes that it will be possible to use a
melted metal or alloy instead of solid fragments as the cooling agent, because this
liquid material will assure a perfect homogeneity for the circumferential conduction
of the heat.
I have also before described with reference to Figures 1, 2 and 4 of Sheet VII
lifferent types of nozzles which admit of the manufacture of bars, wires and tubes
with the assistance of direct contact with melting or already melted bodies.
MANUFACTURE OF TUBES WITH INTERNAL RIBS.
Whichever of the various types above described be employed for the manufacture
of the pipes, if the interior mandrel TIV is fixed below the nozzle as shewn in
Figure 4 Sheet III (or at least a short distance below the mouth of the nozzle) the
interior surface of the pipe in course of formation will be at a higher temperature
than its exterior surface and the metal, expelled from the annular canal E, will
have a marked tendency to turn towards the interior of the pipe in course of
formation; the result of this will be, if the movement of the pipe is uniform and if
the operation is regular that the final pipe will have a thickness greater than the
aunular space E contained hetween the nozzle DIY and the mandrel TV. But if,
at a given instant, the operation of forcing the pipe upwards be arrested, if the
pipe be subjected to a pressure sufficient to prevent further movement upwards,
the hot material will flow towards the interior of the pipe and form there an internal
web E which becomes gradually larger and spreads over the head of the mandrel TIV
and forms finally a kind of cover.
A rod U may be placed beforehand in the interior of this pipe EIV with its
head resting in a cavity in the head of the mandrel TIV. When the web E has
attained the size desired the normal movement of the pipe is resumed by drawing,
at the same time and at the same speed, the pipe EVI and the rod UIV.
In this way a pipe will be obtained which, divided transversely at a suitable
moment, will shew a web similar to that represented in Figure 5 Sheet III, which
can serve as a rough form for a quantity of work that can not be carried out at the
present time or only with the help of very complicated mechanical operations.
MANUFACTURE OF WIRES, BARS AND PIPES FORMED OF Two CONCENTRIC
METALS OR ALLOYS.
In the system of cooling by the contact of the fluid rod of metal under treatment
with a melted cooling metal or alloy if this cooling metal or alloy is caused to flow
at exactly the same speed as the fluid rod of metal being worked, then the cooling
metal will form a veritable metallic sheath enclosing the fluid rod of metal or alloy
under treatment, which will be carried forward with the latter and will finally form
one with it if the cooling is carried on sufficiently to solidify the whole. There
will then result a solid body composed of two concentric layers, the joint between
which will be as perfect as possible because the two materials will have been
brought into contact at a very high temperature and without oxydation or the
interposition of strange matter having taken place to injure the weld.
It will be noticed that, in this case, the procedure is not the same as in the normal
manufacture of wires, bars and pipes by means of direct contact with a melted
metal as cooling agent. In fact in the manufacture of wires, bars and pipes
composed of concentric layers of two metals or alloys, the enveloping metal enters
the apparatus in the liquid state and issues from it in a solid state whilst in my
normal system of manufacture of homogeneous bars, wires and pipes by the method

page_text: to 7 Sheet II shew how as large a number of nozzles as may be desired can be
arranged on the same canal.
When, on the contrary, I have recourse to the direct method of cooling by gas,
water or by melted or melting bodies, the nozzles properly called may be extremely
short. And, in this case especially it is sometimes expedient to give them a certain
increase of diameter outside the mouth of the nozzle in order to allow the expelled
fused material to collect there before being sufficiently solidified to be carried
forward either by the pressure of the material issuing or by the help of any
external arrangement. Figure 8 Sheet VI shews this modification. It will be
seen that in this case the diameter of the object manufactured will often be larger
than the diameter of the nozzle that has produced it.
The nozzles for the manufacture of hollow bars and tubes give rise to a few
special observations. These arrangements are divided into three classes, namely,
those in which the interior mandrel is solid, those in which the interior mandrel is
hollow and those in which the interior mandrel is cooled interiorly.
The figures of Sheets II, III and VI shew various modifications of the three
classes.
The choice between the three classes is decided by the calibre of the object
being manufactured and by the nature of the metal or alloy to be treated. Thus
all the small calibres require the employment of the solid mandrel whatever be the
material to be worked, and hollow bars and pipes should be manufactured with the
mandrel cooled interiorly when their thickness is great and when the material
remains for a long time pasty before arriving at complete solidification.
In the same way the shape of the interior mandrel should be assigned by taking
into account the shrinkage that the metal undergoes on cooling. If this precaution
be neglected, the metal will grip the outer end of the mandrel hard thereby giving
rise to extra friction to be overcome and to internal tension in the metal at the
moment of its solidification, which will be a double cause for the possible rupture
of the product. It is possible, by suitably proportioning the shape of the interior
mandrel, to produce tubes and hollow bars without creating any sensible interior
molecular tension, and it is consequently possible to obtain in this form metals and
alloys which are at the present time reputed unsuitable to receive it because the
processes at present in use are not able to give them this form. This is the
arrangement represented at p¹ Figure 5 Sheet II.
On account of the absence of superficial oxydation and molecular fatigue of the
metals, the rods, bars, pipes and tubes manufactured by my process possess special
properties from the point of view of their resistance, toughness and electric
conductibility.
ELECTRIC REHEATING CURRENTS.
Another important feature of my invention is the employment of electric currents
for reheating the metal that is accidentally solidified or even cooled in the reservoir,
in the compression apparatus, in the nozzle or finally in the various passages that
communicate with these different organs. Their employment enables me to obtain
a temperature as strictly constant as could be desired, during the whole operation.
I have pointed out above that I use them in certain cases even for heating up
the whole of the apparatus (reservoir, compression apparatus, nozzles and canals).
before starting the same and for filling it at the same time with fused material.
The advantage of this mode of heating is that, as the metal in the nozzle is
always highly compressed, the electric current only sensibly heats the part of the
fused material that enters or has already entered the nozzle and which alone has
need of being very fluid, whilst it heats very slightly the rest of the fused material
that is in the reservoir, in the apparatus of compression and in the canals.
results from this that the strength of the current to be employed is regulated
principally by the section and the length of the nozzle.
It
The part played by these electric currents may be then considerable especially
when those metals or alloys are being treated that require more particularly a

page_text: constant temperature in the course of their passage in the various parts of the
apparatus and notably in the nozzle.
The various arrangements represented in the annexed-sheets are all provided
with terminals or electrodes designed to allow the passage of a current between
each of the parts of the apparatus separately; it is thus possible to reheat, at will,
the fused material contained in the reservoir or in the canal connecting the
reservoir with the compression apparatus or enclosed in the apparatus of compression
or finally the material contained in the nozzles.
In the parts, where the volume of the fused material remains constant, the
difference of potential between the positive and negative poles of a given circuit
will not vary so long as the current is of constant strength and the temperature
does not change; but as, the conductibility of fused metals varies generally directly
with their temperature, it will suffice to employ a permanent current of constant
strength as an indicator and to observe the difference of potential between the two
poles for ascertaining if it is necessary to heat and to what extent.
The velocity of flow of the material in the nozzle will suffice to indicate in a
precise manner the state of the fused material in each of the parts of the apparatus
and to shew what it may be necessary to do at any instant to re-establish the
normal state of affairs.
The conductibility for electricity is a property so different in the various fused
metals, and so variable besides, in the same body, with the temperature that it is
impossible to determine a priori, the number and form of the electrodes necessary
for the passage of the reheating currents. The figures on the accompanying sheets
shew how they may be arranged but the number surface and form will be regulated
in each particular case on taking into account the particular requirements of the
material to be treated. In the same way the insulating power of the various parts
of the apparatus and consequently their nature and form and also the strength of
the current may be determined.
As an example of the application of electric reheating currents I take the case
of the pump with three differential pistons.
These currents can penetrate into the cylinders in two different ways, either
simply to reheat the metal contained in the cylinders or to have a permanent leak
of molten metal between the pistons and their cylinders as hereinbe!ore described.
In the first case the pistons themselves serve as terminals, they are then of graphite
and completely insulated: in the second case the electrodes are rings of graphite
completely insulated and inserted in the stuffing box of each piston and the pistons
are then composed of insulating material.
In the first case the system of distribution represented in Figure 5 Sheet VII is
used. A B is the conductor leading the current to the apparatus E, F the
conductor leading the current from the apparatus. T₁, R₁, Q₁, S₁, are the
terminals each in permanent communication with one of the pistons T, R, Q, S or
with one of the electrodes U of the reservoir T". They permit a current to
be sent into one or several of the pistons or into the canal that leads the molten
material into the pump cylinder S. 1, 1, 0₁₁, T₁, t₁, 91, 2, 4, ₁, are terminals each
of which is in constant communication with the terminal and with the exit orifices
of the nozzles i, y, b', r, ty w l n or more or less with the stream of metal that
issues from each of them or with their refrigerating agent; these terminals allow
the current that enters by the pistons to issue by the terminal i or by the nozzles,
or to cause the current that enters by the terminal i to issue by the nozzles; they
also serve to introduce the current at any nozzle g and to cause it to issue by the
terminal; this method would be used when it is necessary to fuse the metal that
las become accidentally set at the exit of this nozzle g. To facilitate the clearing
of the nozzles, C is a terminal in communication with a moveable conductor the
end of which could be applied to the set metal at the exit of the stopped up
nozzle g after having removed the cooling material from the latter in this case the
current would issue by the terminal i.
In the second case the same system would be used but the terminals T₁, R₁, Q,

page_text: and S₁, would be then connected constantly to the discs of graphite arranged at
the end of the refractory pump cylinder, as is hereinbefore mentioned, instead of
to the pistons TR Q and S. Figure 6 Sheet VII represents, by way of example,
this graphite terminal G arranged on the end of the cylinder of the large pump Q
to insure the fluidity of the molten metal that penetrates between the piston Q and
its cylinder U in this arrangement the piston Q is composed of insulating material
and the metal that penetrates between the piston and its cylinder is the sole
conductor of the current to the interior of the apparatus. H is an insulating disc.
In every case the sections and surfaces of the various canals and parts of the
system are so regulated that the current heats the metal enclosed in the apparatus
and not the conductors. The graphite electrodes especially must have a sufficiently
large section to insure this and, if it be necessary, when treating materials that are
good conductors of electricity, the insulating and refractory pump cylinder is
replaced by a pump cylinder J of graphite with a metallic envelope I and an
insulating disc K as shewn at Figure 7 Sheet VII and in this case the pistons Q
and R will be of insulating material.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
claim is :-
In the manufacture of hollow or solid bars, tubes and wires of all metals or
alloys (except lead, tin and bismuth and their alloys with one another) and of all
sections or shapes, with or without internal webs or partitions:
1. The use of electric currents for the fusion of the metals and alloys which
may have been placed, in the solid state, in the various parts (reservoirs, canals,
body of pump, nozzles &c.) of the apparatus by means of which the direct casting
of the metals and alloys into their final form is effected, substantially as herein-
before described.
2. The use of electric currents for reheating the fused metals or alloys contained
in the various parts of the apparatus in the course of their normal operation and
notably in the nozzles, substantially as hereinbefore described.
3. The use of electric currents for remelting the metals or alloys which become
solidified or simply thickened in the various parts of the apparatus and notably in
the nozzle, substantially as hereinbefore described.
4. The use of electric currents for the abatement of the cooling that the fused
metals and alloys, contained in the said apparatus, undergo in case of stoppage,
substantially as hereinbefore described.
5. The use of electric currents for the maintenance in a suitable state of fluidity
of the incandescent metal or alloy that tends to penetrate either between the
pistons of the said apparatus and their cylinders, or into the various joints of the
apparatus, substantially as hereinbefore described.
6. Metallic nozzles, which simultaneously mould and cool the material under
treatment and have metallic bodies of great length relatively to the calibre or to
the thickness of the product to be obtained, the said metallic bodies being protected
or not, along the whole or a part of the length in direct contact with the incandescent
material, by rings of metal or of refractory inaterial.
7. The division of the two operations of moulding and cooling between two
elements more or less distinct, the moulding being effected by a simple short nozzle
of metal in relatively simple cases, but of refractory material in more difficult
cases and the cooling being effected, on the fluid issuing from the nozzle, by means
of a current of dry vapour, or a current of moist vapour or by direct contact with
a liquid, stagnant in form of jets, running trickling or finely divided, or by means
of contact with a solid body having a melting point relatively low, or finally by
direct contact with a liquid obtained by the preliminary fusion of a solid body
having a relatively low melting point.
.8. The simultaneous or successive application of the methods specified in the
preceding claims as well as the simultaneous or successive application of some of

page_text: them only in so far as these applications have for object the direct casting of all
metals and of alloys (except lead, tin bismuth and their alloys with one another)
into their final form of wires, solid and hollow bars plain or otherwise, or tubes and
pipes of all shapes and with or without interior transverse webs.
9. The employment as refractory materials in carrying out the preceding claims
of all materials, natural or agglomerated, resistant at high temperatures and which
are bad conductors of heat, and comprising therefore the different varieties of
carbon such as graphite; the different varieties of alumina, and the different
products resulting from the mixture or the combination of the different varieties of
carbon or of alumina such as carborundum.
10. The construction and employment of the various types of mandrels and
nozzles or tubes (which have been described in the annexed drawings and
Specification as examples of the application of my process to the treatment of a
certain number of metals or alloys whatever be their profile and the shape of
sections, whatever be the direction of their axis; whether their elements are in one
piece or in several parts; whether their generatrices are rectilinear and parallel or
slightly oblique to the direction of the flow or slightly tapering; whether they
carry projecting wings in contact with the cooling agent; whether finally they are
arranged singly on the outlet canal of the fused material or whether they are
arranged there in greater or less numbers with or without enlargements or expansions)
into which the metals (other than lead, tin, bismuth and their respective alloys)
are forced to flow in a fluid state by the action of their own weight, or by a simple
pressure or by a pressure accompanied by shocks; the body of each of these
mandrels and nozzles being metallic and protected along the whole or a part of its
length by an insulating ring, adhering or independent, metallic or refractory, the
metal and refractory material being of any suitable kind; or the bodies of these
mandrels and nozzles being of any refractory material whatever and having, in
order to complete the operation, separate cooling apparatus with which they are in
more or less rigid connection and in which the cooling is brought about by a current
of gas, or a current of dry vapour or a current of moist vapour, or by direct
contact with a liquid stagnant, in jets, running or in form of a spray, or by direct
contact with a solid body fusing at a relatively low temperature, or by direct contact
with the liquid obtained by the fusion of a solid body, said mandrels and nozzles
employed in the work, (which is divided into moulding and cooling operations)
being metallic in relatively simple cases.
11. The construction and use of apparatus in which the fused material is caused
to flow continuously to the nozzles by the sole action of the weight of a column of
the said material, and the construction and use of the various types of compression
apparatus (apparatus with compressed gas, pump with two differential pistons,
pump with three differential pistons, pump with spring counter-piston) described in
the Specification and drawings; this claim being limited to the parts that are in
contact with the fused material and to the parts which connect the parts in contact
with the fused material to the devices that transmit the motive force.
12. The production and use of a circulation of fused material as a lubricating
piston packing in the stuffing box glands of the pump bodies and in the pump
bodies themselves, whether it be caused by a metal or alloy fused expressly for this
purpose or by a leakage of the fused material contained in the pump body or by
means of an electric current caused to pass through the metal that has penetrated
into the joints to be lubricated.
13. The various devices such as reservoirs, pump bodies and valves, the arrange-
ments of pistons with their rods, the refractory pump bodies in their metallic
envelopes; canals, electrodes, cooling tubes or nozzles, insulating rings of the
nozzles, simple nozzles, metallic envelopes insulating, from the water or external
air, the cooling bodies of gas liquid or solid in direct contact with the fused
material, the complete cooling devices, etc. which are described in the Specification
and in the annexed drawings, and also the various arrangements that may result
from their combination.

page_text: 14. The manufacture, by means of the apparatus described above, of bars,
wires, tubes and pipes composed of two concentric layers of different metals or
alloys, as well as the manufacture of tubes and pipes provided with internal
transverse webs or partitions.
15. The manufacture, by means of the apparatus above described, of solid or
hollow bars, of wires of tubes or of pipes of all metals or alloys, (except lead, tin,
bismuth and their alloys, with one another) the products obtained by this process
possessing special properties, especially from the point of view of their resistance,
toughness, electric conductibility, which properties result from the fact that during
the course of their manufacture they do not undergo superficial oxydation or
molecular fatigue as is the case in the present modes of manufacture; the products
obtained by my processes being more or less rough or in a finished state.
Dated the 21st day of July 1894.
G. F. REDFERN & Co.,
4, South Street, Finsbury, London, Agents for the Applicant.