IMPROVE- MENTS IN COMPOSITION OR COMPOSITIONS TO BE EMPLOYED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF FIRE-BRICKS, FIRE-CLAY LUMPS, BLOCKS, RETORTS, AND FOR ALL THE PURPOSES FOR WHICH ORDINARY FIRE-CLAY IS NOW USED, PART OR PARTS OF WHICH COMPOSITIONS MAY ALSO BE EMPLOYED AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR EMERY.
Year: 1860

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Morris and Job Radford, both of Oldbury, in
the County of Worcester, Brickmakers, for the Invention of "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN COMPOSITION OR COMPOSITIONS TO BE EMPLOYED IN THE MANUFACTURE
OF FIRE-BRICKS, FIRE-CLAY LUMPS, BLOCKS, RETORTS, AND FOR ALL THE
PURPOSES FOR WHICH ORDINARY FIRE-CLAY IS NOW USED, PART OR PARTS OF
WHICH COMPOSITIONS MAY ALSO BE EMPLOYED AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR EMERY.".
Sealed the 28th May 1861, and dated the 7th December 1860.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Morris and
Job Radford at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their
Petition, on the 7th December 1860.
We, WILLIAM MORRIS and JOB RADFORD, both of Oldbury, in the County
of Worcester, Brickmakers, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN COMPOSITION OR COMPOSITIONS TO BE EMPLOYED IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF FIRE-BRICKS, FIRE-CLAY LUMPS, BLOCKS, RETORTS, AND FOR
ALL THE PURPOSES FOR WHICH ORDINARY FIRE-CLAY IS NOW USED, PART OR
PARTS OF WHICH COMPOSITIONS MAY ALSO BE EMPLOYED AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR EMERY,"
to be as follows, that is to say :-
Our Invention consists in the employment of boulders or pebbles calcined or
partially calcined and reduced to powder. This we mix with common fire-
clay, marl, loam, clunch, or other stiff clay. We also employ for some

page_text: purposes stone of the description found in large quantities in Worcestershire,
more particularly in the vicinity of Rednall, and which is there termed "gravel
rock;" this we can use either pulverized or in its natural state mixed with the
clay, and in place of or with the ground pebbles. This stone either alone
or mixed with the ground pebbles and without the clay can be employed
as a substitute for emery, and the ground pebbles above may also be used for
emery.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said William Morris and Job Radford in the Great Seal
Patent Office on the 6th June 1861.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, WILLIAM
MORRIS and JOB RADFORD, of Oldbury, in the County of Worcester, Brick-
makers, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing-date the Seventh day of December, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty, in the twenty-fourth year
of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto
us, the said William Morris and Job Radford, Her special license that we,
the said William Morris and Job Radford, our executors, administrators,
and assigns, or such others as we, the said William Morris and Job
Radford, our executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the
term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN COMPOSITION
OR COMPOSITIONS TO BE EMPLOYED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF FIRE-BRICKS, FIRE-CLAY
LUMPS, BLOCKS, RETORTS, AND FOR ALL THE PURPOSES FOR WHICH ORDINARY FIRE-
CLAY IS NOW USED, PART OR PARTS OF WHICH COMPOSITIONS MAY ALSO BE EMPLOYED AS
A SUBSTITUTE FOR EMERY," upon the condition, amongst others, that we, the
said William Morris and Job Radford, by an instrument in writing under our
hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the
same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months
next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said William Morris and Job Radford
do hereby declare the nature of our said Invention, and in what manner

page_text: the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in
and by the following statement, that is to say :-
-Our Invention consists in the employment of boulders or pebbles calcined or
partially calcined and reduced to powder; this we mix with common fire-elay,
marl, loam, clunch, or other stiff clay. We also employ for some purposes,
stone of the description found in large quantities in Worcestershire, more
particularly in the vicinity of Rednall, and which is there termed "gravel
rock;" this we can use either pulverized or in its natural state, mixed with the
clay, and in place of or with the ground pebbles. This stone either alone or
mixed with the ground pebbles and without the clay, can be employed as a
substitute for emery, and the ground pebbles alone may also be used for emery.
We will now proceed to describe in detail the first part of our Invention,
namely, the manufacture of our improved compositions for making fire-bricks;
fire-clay lumps, blocks, retorts, and for other purposes for which ordinary fire-
clay has been hitherto employed, or as a substitute for pottery mine in the lining
of puddling and other furnaces.
66
Firstly, we take boulders or pebbles, or the stone already alluded to, termed
gravel rock," in some cases calcining them, and in others employing them in
their natural state and size, or we reduce them to powder or break them into
small particles, varying in this particular according to the nature of the work
for which we intend to use the composition, and with two hundredweight of
the pebbles, stone, or gravel rock, we mix one hundredweight of common
fire-clay, the mass is then to be well mixed together to a stiff consistency with
water; in this state it is ready for use. These proportions can be varied to a
considerable extent for some uses, even as small a proportion as one hundredth
part of fire-clay to ninety-nine of ground or broken pebbles, stone, or gravel
rock will suffice, and about the same proportions will answer when loam,
clunch, or other stiff clay is employed in place of fire-clay. These compo-
sitions we employ, and in these proportions or thereabouts, for lining and
making up furnaces, such, for instance, as the furnaces used in puddling iron,
reheating furnaces, mill, or air furnaces, and furnaces used in smelting copper
or other ores, as it forms a far stronger fire-resisting medium than pottery
mine or other linings at present employed for this purpose, also in the manu-
facture of fire-bricks, Jumps, blocks, and other similar articles in which
common fire-clay is now employed.
In making retorts, crucibles, and other similar vessels, we should employ a
finer clay or composition consisting of a smaller proportion of the boulders,
stone, or pebbles, and more of the fire-clay, clunch, or loam. The gravel rock
either calcined or partially calcined and reduced to a powder, or the ground

page_text: pebbles similarly treated, form an excellent substitute for emery, cutting metals
to a lighter colour and being much cheaper than emery.
emery. The pebbles or
stone being ground is afterwards sifted to separate the sizes, thus forming the
courser or finer qualities.
Having thus described the nature of our said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, we do not confine ourselves to the
precise details herein specified nor to any exact proportions of the materials we
employ, but we claim the several improvements in the manufacture of compo-
sitions to be employed in making fire bricks, fire-clay lumps, blocks, retorts,
and for all the purposes for which ordinary fire-clay is now used; and we
also claim the employment of the ground pebbles or gravel rock herein
described as a substitute for emery, in manner herein more fully set forth and
specified.
In witness whereof, we, the said William Morris and Job Radford,
have hereunto set our hands and seals, this Fourth day of June, in
the of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-one.
year
WILLIAM MORRIS. (L.S.)
JOB-RADFORD.__
(L.S.)_