Improvements in Apparatus for Condensing Steam, Particularly Applicable for Use in Producing Fresh Water from Salt Water, also Applicable for Cooling and Heating other Fluids.
Year: 1887

page_text: Date of Application, 14th Apr., 1887
Complete Left, 14th Jan., 1888
Complete Accepted, 17th Feb., 1888
Improvements in Apparatus for Condensing Steam, Particularly
Applicable for Use in Producing Fresh Water from Salt Water,
also Applicable for Cooling and Heating other Fluids.
I, FRANKLIN HOCKING, of 16 Spellow Lane, Liverpool, in the County of Lancaster,
Engineer do hereby declare the nature of my said invention to be as follows:-
:-
This Invention relates to apparatus for condensing steam and is particularly
applicable for use in condensing steam made from salt water for obtaining fresh water
therefrom, the salt water being converted into steam by separate steam generators.
It is also applicable for cooling and heating fluids by subjecting the fluid to the same
action as, or a converse action to, that which the steam undergoes, as the case
may be.
The object of this Invention is to so construct surface condensers, coolers, or heaters,
that their parts, that is their condensing, cooling, or heating surfaces shall be
interchangeable when in multiple form, and readily tinned and scaled cleaned; and
further that they shall be simple, strong, durable and efficient. Also that the fluids
treated upon shall be subjected to a sustained, or prolonged cooling, or heating action
in an apparatus occupying little space.
In apparatus according to this Invention-for instance condensing apparatus-the
conduits in which the steam is to be condensed (and which are placed in a casing
through which the condensing and cooling water is circulated) are constructed so as
to impede the steam and the water resulting therefrom and cause it to impinge, or
strike against the cooling surface and to be repeatedly checked and reversed in
direction in its passage through the apparatus and also to cause it to be subjected to a
prolonged, or sustained cooling action by which the steam is quickly condensed and
the water so resulting is cooled in passing from the zone, or point of condensation to
the outlet. The construction provides in a like way a prolonged, or sustained action
upon other fluids when the apparatus is used as a cooler, or heater.
The above construction and effect may be carried out and obtained by forming the
conduits which convey the fluid to be condensed, cooled, or heated in reverse, or
zig-zag courses, arranged vertically, horizontally, or diagonally as herein after

page_text: described, and so that the fluid in passing through the conduit is caused to flow first
in one direction and then checked suddenly and caused to flow in the reverse
direction and so on in repeated checks and reversings through the conduit.
Apparatus provided with improvements according to this Invention may have its
parts arranged and disposed in various ways. Examples of novel constructions of
conduits and arrangements and dispositions of parts are hereunder given.
The conduits may consist of tubes having reverse courses made by bars, or strips,
or the like fitting between the interior surface of such tubes and interior cores. The
cores may be of solid, or hollow construction, such as hard wood having a metal
covering, or they may be of tubes stopped at both ends with plates. These plates are
joined to the tube ends by beading above and below. The main tube may be also
provided with top and bottom cap plates secured by beading in a like manner. These
plates have connecting nicks, or pipes through which the steam, or other fluid is led
to and from the interior of the tube. The core before specified may be made of such
a size so as have a space, or chamber in the upper part of the tube.
Another form of conduit is constructed of two tubes of different diameters, placed
one within the other, the reverse courses being provided by bars, strips, pellets balls,
or the like (above specified) placed between such tubes.
Conduits thus constructed may be open at both ends, or they may be open at one
end and closed at the other. In the latter case the upper end may be closed and forin
a hollow dome, to which the neck pieces, or tubes above described are connected and
the condensing, cooling, or heating fluid may be introduced directly into the under
side of the dome and then caused to pass down the interior surface of the conduit and
up the exterior surface. The fluid to be condensed, cooled, or heated may be led to
the conduit and away from it in any of the ways as hereinafter specified. When
single conduits are employed for condensing steam and have the central through
passage and where a filter is necessary, or desired, such filter may be placed within
the passage and connected with the conduit so that the condensed water is led from
the bottom of the conduit into the bottom of the filter and then caused to pass up
through the filtering medium and delivered at the top of the filter.
The conduits may be arranged singly in a suitable casing, or grouped in the
apparatus. When a number of such conduits are employed and a filter is required
they may be arranged circularly round a filter box. The steam, or other fluid may
be admitted to the conduits at the top of the tubes and the condensed, cooled, or
heated fluid delivered at the bottom, or the top. When it is delivered at the top, it is
conducted by a pipe, or pipes to the cover, or casing of the apparatus.
Where the apparatus is provided with two, or more conduits, such conduits may be
secured to top and bottom diaphragms, in which case there are provided upper and
lower chambers. The conduits are connected to the diaphragms by the hollow necks
above specified and communicate with the chambers. When such an apparatus is
provided with a filter it may be formed by the lower chamber in the ordinary way,
or it may be arranged centrally as above specified, in which case the condensed
water may be led from the lower chamber and passed upwards through the filter to
the top.
A
Another form of apparatus provided with improvements according to this Invention
and which is more particularly suitable for condensing, cooling, or heating small
quantities of fluids consists of a flat circular arrangement of conduit having a
reverse, or zigzag course which is placed within a casing through which the
condensing water, or other cooling or heating fluid is passed, or circulated.
conduit thus arranged may be constructed of thin metal having within it a system of
directing bars, strips, or the like so constructed as to effect repeated reversings of
the direction of the course. Or the conduit may be cast, in which case it is
preferably formed in two portions, namely one piece consisting of the sides directing
webs, or strips and one cover, and the other piece consisting of the other cover.
This cover may be of cast, or wrought metal.
Any number of reversings may be provided in the conduits and such reversings
may be multiplied by the number of directing strips or bars.

page_text: In all cases suitable inlet and outlet passages are provided in the casing of the
apparatus as will be understood, for the admission and exit of the condensing, cooling,
or the heating fluid and in, or to the conduits for the fluid to be condensed, cooled, or
heated.
The arrangements and dispositions of parts herein described are applicable to
condensers, coolers, or heaters having tubes and conduits constructed in other ways
than those herein specified.
Improvements in Apparatus for Condensing Steam, Particularly
Applicable for Use in Producing Fresh Water from Salt Water,
also Applicable for Cooling and Heating other Fluids.
I FRANKLIN HOCKING, of 16 Spellow Lane, Liverpool, in the County of Lancaster,
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said invention and in what manner
the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement :-
This Invention relates to apparatus for condensing steam and is particularly
applicable for use in condensing steam made from salt water for obtaining fresh water
therefrom, the salt water being converted into steam by separate steam generators.
It is also applicable for cooling and heating fluids by subjecting the fluid to the
same action as, or a converse action to that which the steam undergoes, as the case
may be.
The object of this Invention is to so construct surface condensers coolers, or heaters,
that their parts, that is their condensing, cooling, or heating surfaces, shall be inter-
changeable when in multiple form, and readily tinned, and scaled, or cleaned, and
further that they shall be simple, strong, durable and efficient; also, that the fluids
treated upon shall be subjected to a sustained or prolonged cooling, or heating action,
in an apparatus occupying little space.
In apparatus according to this Invention--for instance condensing apparatus-the
conduits in which the steam is to be condensed (and which are placed in a casing
through which the condensing and cooling water is circulated) are constructed so as
to impede the steam and the water resulting therefrom and cause it to impinge, or
strike against the cooling surface and to be repeatedly checked and reversed in

page_text: direction in its passage through the apparatus and also to cause it to be subjected to
a prolonged, or sustained cooling action, by which the steam is quickly condensed
and the water so resulting is cooled in passing from the zone, or point of condensation
to the outlet. The construction provides in a like way a prolonged, or sustained
action upon other fluids when the apparatus is used as a cooler, or heater.
The above construction and effect may be carried out and obtained by forming
the conduits which convey the fluid to be condensed, cooled, or heated in reverse
courses, arranged vertically, horizontally, or diagonally as hereinafter described, and
so that the fluid in passing through the conduit is caused to flow first in one direction
and then checked suddenly and caused to flow in the reverse direction and so on,
in repeated checks and reversings and through the conduit.
Apparatus provided with improvements according to this Invention may have its
parts arranged and disposed in various ways. Examples of novel constructions of
conduits and arrangements and dispositions of parts are hereunder given.
The
The conduits may consist of tubes having reverse courses made by bars, or strips,
or the like fitting between the interior surface of such tubes and interior cores.
cores may be of solid or hollow construction. Or the same end may be effected by
indenting one or both of the enclosing walls of the duct. For instance they
may be of hard wood having metal coverings; or they may be of tubes stopped at
both ends with plates. These plates are joined to the tube ends by beading above and
below. The main tube may be also provided with top and bottom cap plates secured
by beading in a like manner. These plates have connecting necks, or pipes through
which the steam, or other fluid is led to and from the interior of the tube. The core
before specified may be made of such a size as to have a space, or chamber in the
upper part of the tube.
Another form of conduit is constructed of two tubes of different diameters placed
one within the other, the reverse courses being provided by bars, or strips, or the like
(above specified) placed between such tubes.
Conduits thus constructed may be open at both ends, or they may be open at one
end and closed at the other. In the latter case the upper end may be closed and
form a hollow dome to which the neck pieces or tubes above described are connected
and the condensing, cooling, or heating fluid may be introduced directly into the
underside of the dome and then caused to pass down the interior surface of the conduit
and up the exterior surface. The fluid to be condensed, cooled, or heated may be led
to the conduit and away from it in any of the ways as hereinafter specified. When
single conduits are employed for condensing steam and have the central through
passage, and where a filter is necessary or desired, such filter may be placed within
the passage and connected with the conduit so that the condensed water is led from
the bottom of the conduit into the bottom of the filter, and then caused to pass up
through the filtering medium and delivered at the top of the filter.
The conduits may be arranged singly in a suitable casing, or grouped in the
apparatus. When a number of such conduits are employed and a filter is required
they may be arranged circularly round a filter box. The steam; or other fluid may
be admitted to the conduits at the top of the tubes and the condensed, cooled, or
heated fluid delivered at the bottom, or the top. When it is delivered at the top, it
is conducted by a pipe, or pipes to the cover, or casing of the apparatus.
When the apparatus is provided with two, or more conduits such conduits may be
secured to top and bottom diaphragms in which case there is provided upper and
lower chambers. The conduits are connected to the diaphragms by the hollow necks
above specified and communicate with the chambers. When such an apparatus is
provided with a filter it may he formed by the lower chamber in the ordinary way,
or it may be arranged centrally as above specified, in which case the condensed
water may be led from the lower chamber and passed upwards through the filter to
the top.
Another form of apparatus provided with improvements according to this Invention
and which is more particularly suitable for condensing, cooling, or heating small
quantities of fluids consists of a flat circular arrangement of conduit having a reverse

page_text: course which is placed within a casing through which the condensing water, or other
cooling, or heating fluid is passed, or circulated. A conduit thus arranged may be
constructed of thin metal having within it a system of directing bars, strips, or the
like so constructed as to effect repeated reversings of the direction of the course.
Or the conduit may be cast, in which case it is preferably formed in two portions,
namely one piece consisting of the sides directing webs, or strips and one cover, and
the other piece consisting of the other cover. This cover may be of cast, or wrought
metal.
Any number of reversings may be provided in the conduits and such reversings
may be multiplied by the number of directing strips, or bars. In all cases suitable
inlet and outlet passages are provided in the casing of the apparatus as will be
understood, for the admission and exit of the condensing, cooling, or the heating
fluid and in, or to the conduits for the fluid to he condensed, cooled, or heated.
The arrangements and dispositions of parts herein described are applicable to
condensers, coolers, or heaters having tubes and conduits constructed in other ways
than those herein specified.
Having thus specified generally the object and nature of the Invention, its
description will now be proceeded with in reference to the Drawings hereto annexed
by way of explaining more fully the construction, operation and effects of the
Invention.
The Drawings and the following description of them set forth special apparatus
designed to apply the mode of condensing, heating, or cooling fluids which has been
above explained, but particularly suitable for condensing steam.
Figure 1 is a sectional elevation of an example of construction of single duct
conductor according to this Invention.
Figure 2 is an outside view of same.
Figure 3 shows cross section in plan of the condenser.
Figure 4 shows another example of duct according to this Invention in longitudinal
section.
Figure 5 shows in sectional elevation a condenser according to this Invention
provided with a series of flat condensing ways, or ducts.
Figure 6 is a plan of same.
Figure 7 shows the interior of one of the ducts.
Figure 8 shows the interior of the same in longitudinal section.
Figure 9 shows an outside view of the duct.
Figure 10 is a full end view of a duct, and
Figure 11 shows the duct in cross section.
Figure 12 illustrates a modification of construction of a flat duct.
Figure 13 is an elevation in section showing a single duct condenser according to
this Invention provided with an internally arranged filter box.
Figure 14 is a plan of same.
Figure 15 is an elevation showing a condenser having an internally arranged filter
box and a series of tubes around same.
Figure 16 is a plan of same.
Figures 17 and 18 are respectively plan and elevation of a modified construction
of duct shown in Figure 4.
Figure 19 shows an example of condenser according to this Invention having a duct
arranged as a ring and made of cast metal.
Figure 20 is a cross section of same.
Figure 21 shows a slightly modified form of the ring duct.
I would state before proceeding with the description of the above illustrations of
my Invention that I may employ in a condenser, cooler, or heater either a simple
duct, or a plurability of ducts; the number of such ducts entirely depending upon

page_text: the volume of steam to be condensed or other fluid to be treated or in other words
the quantity of heated or cooled fluid to be produced within a given time.
For facility of description I will confine the explanation of the figures to steam
condensers only.
With reference to the Drawings a designates the ducts; and bare the casings in
which the ducts are placed. In those condensers in which a plurality of ducts are
used they are preferably connected to diaphragms c. In some cases two diaphragms c
are used, whilst in others only one is employed. For instance for condensers having
a plurality of ducts as in Figures 5 and 6, and 15 and 16, two diaphragms c are
employed, whilst those having ducts constructed as shown in Figures 1, 2 and 3, and
13 and 14, one diaphragm only is used; but even in this construction a second
diaphragm might be used and the fresh water exit pipe of the duct connected to it
instead of being taken out through the top..
Each duct a is provided with a steam inlet pipe d and a condensed water outlet
pipe e and these pipes are in some cases connected to the diaphragms c, and in others
to the covers, or casings of the apparatus. f are the covers of the apparatus.
In the apparatus illustrated in Figures 1, 2, 3 no filter is shown with the apparatus,
but the filtration of the water may take place outside the apparatus if desired. All
the cases b are provided with circulating water inlet pipes h and outlet pipes i.
The duct a
With reference to Figures 1 to 3 a single duct condenser is shown.
in this case is formed of an inner tube k, an outer tube k¹ and directing strips and
divisions. These strips are secured by soldering, or tinning to the tubes k and k¹
and are arranged as shown in Figure 4 (The duct shown in this Figure is of slightly
different form as will be presently explained). The tubes k and k¹ are closed at the
bottom by a beaded joint and at the top they are each provided with caps m and m¹.
The pipe d is formed on the top of the cap m¹ and is secured to the cover f. The
steam to be condensed enters by the pipe d. Passing through the space lying
between the caps m and m¹ it enters the duct proper. In this it passes from left to
right and right to left repeatedly and is subject to reversals of direction as the
arrows in Figure 4 will show, and the condensed water finally leaves the duct by
the pipe e. The duct in these Figures as well as in all the others--is continuous
in one sense, but at the same time it is made up of a series of ways or courses
communicating with each other. These ways are arranged parallel to each other and
the course taken by the fluid in passing through the successive ways of a duct is
opposite in direction but always parallel, except of course at the points where
the reversal of direction of the flow takes place. The circulating water enters the
apparatus by the passage h, the box and passes by the tube h² up to the plate m
where its direction is reversed and flows down through the space lying between the
inner surface of the tube k and the tube h² to the bottom of the apparatus, where its
direction of flow is again reversed. It now flows upwards between the outer surface
of the tube k¹ and the casing b and finally leaves by the pipe i. The tube 2 is secured
to a diaphragm c². It will be seen that in this case example of condenser the
condensing, or circulating water is passed over the inner and outer surfaces of the
duct a.
Figure 4 shows a duct constructed almost identically to that just described the only
differences being that the condensing water is not admitted to the inner surface or
tube k of it, and the bottom ends of the tubes are closed by caps m and m¹; also the
pipe e is formed on the cap m¹. It will be evident this construction of tube is
designed for condensers in which the water condensed from the steam is delivered
into a receptacle at the bottom of the apparatus such as that illustrated in Figures 5
and 6, and 15 and 16.
In Figures 5 to 12 there is illustrated a condenser provided with flat ducts a
These ducts are formed of two parts k and k¹, the division pieces forming part of the
portion k. It will be seen this portion of the duct is the main one, the part k¹ forming
a cover to it. The part k is flanged and the cover k¹ is rivetted, bolted, or screwed to
it. When the interior of the part k and cover k¹ are tinned and are heated sufficiently
-the cover k¹ being on-the two portions will become "sweated" together at all

page_text: points of contact, namely at the flanges and at the division strips, or pieces and l¹.
This makes a very strong construction of duct. Ribs n may be provided on the
cover and part k. These provisions afford the structure additional strength and
serve as conductors of heat thereby adding to the efficiency of the apparatus. In
Figure 12 the strips, or pieces 1 are placed transversely to the axis of the ducts in lieu
of line with it as in Figures 5 to 11. Figures 5 and 6 shows a condenser consisting of
flat ducts a having inlet and outlet pipes d and e, casing having circulating water
inlet and outlet passages and i, diaphragms c base, or filter box o in which the
filtering material is placed, fresh water outlet p and cover f.
With reference to Figures 13 and 14 there is illustrated a condenser having a
single duct a and a centrally arranged filter o. Steam enters the duct at the top by
the piped and the condensed water leaves it by the inverted T outlet pipe e, the
shank of which is secured to the lower end of the filter o as shown. The water passes
up through the filter o and leaves by the pipe p. The lower portion of the duct a and
filter o is supported and steadied by the leg e. The circulating water enters by the
passage and passes through the case on both sides of the duct, namely between the
duct and the case band between the duct and the filter o. The duct a illustrated in
Figure 13 is a modified form of that shown in Figure 13 and Figure 4. It is one in
which the cooling water flows over its outer and inner surfaces k and k¹.. The chief
difference in this example of duct is that it is provided with an inverted T inlet pipe d
and a Toutlet.pipo e. This type of duct is suitable for use in an arrangement of
apparatus where there exists a lower diaphragm (c) to which the shank of the pipe e
is secured--as in Figures 5 and 6-the upper inlet pipe d being either secured to an
upper diaphragm (c)-as in a multiple duct apparatus such as shown in Figures 5
and 6-or to a cover f in the case of a single duct condenser. The above description
of the applicability of this duct also refers to that set forth with reference to Figure 4,
the difference between the two examples chiefly consisting of the feature that in one
case the cooling water is passed only over the outside surface of the duct whilst in the
other it is passed over both outside and inside surfaces.
In Figures 15 and 16 a condenser is shown having a number of ducts arranged
circularly round a filter o. The cover fin this example is circular. The condensed
water falls into the vessel below the bottom diaphragm e and rises up through the
filter as set forth with reference to Figures 13 and 14. It will be seen that this
example constitutes a multiple duct condenser constructed and operating after the
manner above set forth with reference to Figures 13 and 14.
Figures 17 and 18 show a duct of the form set forth with reference to Figure 4 ;
or it might be of the construction described with reference to Figure 13. In this
example the strips are arranged in line with the axis of the duct instead of
transversely thereto. In this case the strips are placed upon the lower and upper
edges of the inner tube k as shown. The arrows show the course of the fluid through
the duct.
The condenser illustrated in Figures 19 and 20 consists of a duct made in the form
of a ring. The case b is made in halves and provided with flanges as shown, and is
bolted together at these flanges. One half of the case has formed upon it an inlet and
outlet h and i for the circulating, or cooling water. The inlet and outlet d and e are
connected to one side of the case and the Huid traverses the duct as shown by the
arrows. This duct is of the same kind as previously set forth with reference to
Figures 5 to 11 only it is constructed in a ring form instead of a straight one. One,
or more of these ring ducts may be used in a case b according to the volume of fresh
water to be produced and to circumstances. Figure 21 shows a modified form of
ring duet a. This form differs from that illustrated in Figures 19 and 20 only in
respect of its width and arrangement of division strips [1.
In cases in which the walls of the ducts a are constructed of tubes-such as copper
tubes the divisions and may be formed in, or upon tubes k or k¹ by embossing,
or indenting one, or both of them.
In the above description of the figures I have specified the apparatus as being for
condensing steam only. This has been done for the sake of simplicity of description,

page_text: but I would now state that the apparatus herein illustrated is equally suitable for
cooling, or heating fluids generally and condensing other vapours than steam.
It will be observed that in all examples of ducts herein set forth the characteristic
of repeated reversals of direction of the fluid to be treated upon in its passage through
the ducts is maintained and that the way, or passage through which the fluid passes is
thin. These characteristics constitute one of the chief features of my Invention and
their effects are:--(1) that the passage of the fluid is baffled and friction is set up;
(2) that the fluid has a long distance to travel in a given sized duct; (3) the friction
and impediment to the flow set up by this form of duct enables high pressures of fluid
to be admitted to them and consequently effects the production of a large volume of
fluid treated upon, and (4) in the case of the apparatus being used as a condenser the
liquid resulting from the condensation of the fluid having a long distance to travel
after condensation is subjected to a prolonged cooling action and thereby delivered
from the condenser in a very cool condition. In the same way this prolonged action
when the apparatus is used either for heating, or cooling fluids is obtained.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said Invention
and in what manner the same is to be performed, I would state in conclusion that I
am aware that heretofore apparatus for the purposes herein specified have been
constructed with spiral, corrugated and zigzag ducts, ways, or tubes and I therefore
make no claim to apparatus having ducts, or ways of these kinds, but what I claim in
respect of the herein described Invention is
First. In apparatus for condensing, heating, or cooling fluids, ducts, or ways a
constructed as, or substantially as herein set forth, by which the fluid in passing
through the ducts is subjected to repeated bafflings and reversals of direction of flow,
and a large length of travel, or flow is afforded for the purposes specified.
Second. In apparatus for condensing, heating, or cooling fluids, ducts a constructed
substantially as set forth with reference to Figures 1, 4, 13 and 13ª wherein the fluid
passes through the ducts in a series of alternating circular courses, the direction of
flow in such courses being in a plane lying transversely to the axis of the ducts.
Third. In apparatus for condensing, heating, or cooling fluids, ducts a constructed
substantially as set forth with reference to Figures 17 and 18 wherein the fluid passes
through the ducts in a series of alternating rectilinear courses, the direction of flow in
such courses being parallel to the axis of the ducts.
Fourth. In apparatus for condensing, heating, or cooling fluids, ducts a constructed
substantially as set forth with reference to Figures 5 to 12 wherein the fluid passes
through the ducts in a series of alternating rectilinear courses all of such courses
lying in the same plane and either parallel or transversely to the axis of the ducts.
Fifth. In apparatus for condensing, heating, or cooling, ducts a constructed
substantially as set forth with reference to Figures 19, 20 and 21 wherein the fluid
passes through ducts in a series of alternating curvilinear courses all of such courses
lying in the same plane.
Sixth. In apparatus of the type herein described the combination of a duct, or
ducts a with the filter o substantially as set forth with reference to Figures 13, 14, 15,
and 16.
Seventh. The construction of apparatus having a single, or plurality of ducts set
forth with reference to Figures 1, 2 and 3 of the Drawings consisting chiefly of a
case b duct, or ducts a having inlet and outlet pipes d and e, tube, or tubes h²,
diaphragm c¹, cover f and inlet and outlet passages h and i; arranged as shown, or
any mere modification thereof.
Eighth. The construction of apparatus, having either single, or a plurality of ducts,
set forth with reference to Figures 5 and 6 of the Drawings, consisting chiefly of a
case b, a flat duct, or ducts a having inlet and outlet pipes d and e, diaphragms c,
cover f, base o and inlet and outlet passages h and i; arranged as shown, or any mere
modification thereof.
Ninth. The construction of apparatus set forth with reference to Figures 13 and 14
of the Drawings consisting chiefly of the case b duct a having inlet and outlet pipes d

page_text: and e filter o, pipe p, cover f, and passages and i; arranged as shown, or any
mere modification thereof.
Tenth. The construction of apparatus set forth with reference to Figures 15 and 16
of the Drawings, consisting chiefly of the case b having passages h and i, ducts a
having inlet and outlet pipes d and e, diaphragms c, cover f, base h², and filter o;
arranged as shown, or any mere modification thereof.
Eleventh. The construction of apparatus having either a single, or plurality of ducts
set forth with reference to Figures 19 and 20 and 21 consisting chiefly of the case b
having passages h and i, and a flat duct, or ducts a having inlet and outlet
pipes d and e; arranged as shown, or any mere modification thereof.
Twelfth. In apparatus for condensing, cooling, or heating, ducts constructed
substantially as set forth with reference to Figures 1, 4, 134, 17 and 18, namely, of an
inner tube k and outer tube k¹ having interposed direction pieces and separating
pieces and provided with inlet and outlet pipes d and e.
Thirteenth. In apparatus for condensing, cooling, or heating, ducts constructed
substantially as set forth with reference to Figures 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 19, 20
and 21 namely of a main portion k having direction pieces and separating pieces -
i
or direction pieces / only-formed thereon and a cover k¹ and provided with inlet and
outlet pipes d and e.