IMPROVEMENTS IN CARDING, PREPARING, COMBING, AND SPINNING WOOL AND OTHER FIBROUS SUBSTANCES, AND ALSO IN MAKING HEALD AND GENAPPE YARNS
Year: 1847

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, We, SAMUEL
CUNLIFFE LISTER, Gentleman, and ISAAC HOLDEN, Worsted Spinner, both of
Bradford, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Seventh day of October,
One thousand eight hundred and forty-seven, in the eleventh year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto us, the
said Samuel Cunliffe Lister and Isaac Holden, our exors, admors, and assigns,
Her especial licence, full power, sole privilege and authority, that we, the said
Samuel Cunliffe Lister and Isaac Holden, our exors, admors, and assigns, or
such other as we, the said Samuel Cunliffe Lister and Isaac Holden, our exors,
admors, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time
to time and at all times during the term of years therein expressed, should and
lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and the
Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, our Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN CARDING,
PREPARING, COMBING, AND SPINNING WOOL AND OTHER FIBROUS SUBSTANCES, AND ALSO
IN MAKING HEALD AND GENAPPE YARNS;" in which said Letters Patent is contained
a proviso, that we, the said Samuel Cunliffe Lister and Isaac Holden, or one of
us, shall cause a particular description of the nature of our said Invention, and in
what manner the same is to be performed, by an instrument in writing under
our hands and seals, or under the hand and seal of one of us, to be inrolled in
Her said Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and

page_text: immediately after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in
and by the same, reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at large
appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, we, the said
Samuel Cunliffe Lister and Isaac Holden, do hereby declare that the nature
of our said Invention, and the manner in which the same is to be performed,
are fully described and ascertained in and by the following statement thereof,
reference being had to the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the figures
and letters marked thereon, that is to say:-
Our Invention relates, firstly, to clearing the wool from the working
cylinders of carding engines.
Secondly, our Invention relates to the "working parts" of carding engines.
Thirdly, our Invention relates to preparing wool and other fibrous materials,
such as mohair and alpaca.
Fourthly, our Invention relates to improvements in certain descriptions of
machines used for combing wool and certain other fibrous substances, such as
mohair and alpaca.
Fifthly, our Invention relates to a mode of filling wool on to combs and
drawing it off without working with other combs.
Sixthly, our Invention relates to a mode of using moveable combs.
Seventhly, our Invention relates to a mode of drawing wool off combs.
Eighthly, our Invention relates to an arrangement of combs to be used with
circular or endless combs.
Ninthly, our Invention relates to packing the chambers formed between the
separate rows of teeth of combs, thereby producing false comb heads.
Tenthly, our Invention relates to a mode of traversing the bobbins of
spinning frames. This part of our Invention also relates to improvements in
the manufacture of the spinnings of wool and other fibrous substances, and the
making worsted heald and genappe yarns.
In order that our Invention may be fully understood, we will proceed to
describe the means pursued by us :-
Hitherto in carding wool, what is called the "fancy," which is a roller running
at a high speed, and with its card teeth peculiarly made and set, has been used to
raise the fibres from the surface of the working cylinder of the carding engine,
and thereby to enable the doffer to take the wool from the working cylinder.
This object, however, is but imperfectly accomplished by the "fancy" in its present
position, and with only one doffing cylinder the wool and filth still accumulate in
the card teeth of the working cylinder, so as to render dressing or cleaning fre-
quently necessary, and at the same time has a tendency to cause the wool to

page_text: work to knots. The friction of the fancy roller upon the working cylinder
also discolors the wool, and its high velocity is liable to toss and throw down
the wool upon the doffer, causing the fibre to be injured while passing in this
crossed and confused state between the doffer and working cylinder, which are
necessarily placed very near each other. One method we employ to clear or
strip the working cylinders of carding engines of the materials which they may
be employed to card is by means of a roller or cylinder running in the same
direction as the working cylinder, and having its card teeth either pointing
radially or nearly so, or pointing in the direction of the motion of the said
roller or cylinder, and the said roller or cylinder running at such a velocity as
will, by the centrifugal force or current of air thereby produced, enable it to
throw off the fibres of wool or other material which it may strip from the sur-
face of the working cylinder, and thus keep itself clear of such material.
In order that this mode may be more fully understood, we will explain an
arrangement by which this object may be accomplished.
In Figure 1, A is the working cylinder; B, the licker-in; D, the doffer,
receiving a great proportion of the wool from the working cylinder after having
passed the working rollers. A small quantity of fibre will still remain on the
surface of the working cylinder, which if not removed would accumulate so
as to injure the fibres and cards, and produce very bad work. To prevent
this, and to clean the cylinder at every revolution, the clearer C, running at a
quicker speed than the working cylinder, and in the same direction (the direc-
tion of motion being indicated by arrows), takes the fibre from its surface, and
by its high velocity throws it from its own surface upon that of the doffer E, and
the fibres are again transferred to the working cylinder A, as if they had been
delivered from the feeding rollers by the licker-in B.
The teeth of the clearer C point in the direction of its motion, and in the
same direction as those of the working cylinder, which is an important feature
of our Invention; at the same time we do not confine ourselves to so arranging
the teeth, as they may point radially or nearly so with good effect. The
clearer C in this arrangement is used without the "fancy," but not necessarily
30; with its doffer E it may be attached to each working cylinder of a carding
engine.
We claim, first, the applying to carding engines a clearer roller or cylinder
C, having its card teeth pointing in the direction of the motion of the
ylinder C, or varying from that to but little beyond the radial in the opposite
direction, when the same is caused to travel at so high a velocity as thereby
eadily to clear itself of the material being carded, as herein described.
We will now describe another method we employ to clear or strip the

page_text: working cylinders of carding engines. It is well known that the "fancy" is now
placed next above the doffing cylinder, whereas our improved method is to
place the "fancy" between two doffing cylinders, as represented at F. Figure 2
in the Drawing A is the main working cylinder of the carding engine; B, the
licker-in; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, the working and stripping rollers; C and D are
two doffing cylinders. The doffing cylinder C takes the greater proportion of
the wool, and the wool which is left on the surface of the main cylinder is
raised by the action of the "fancy" F, from the surface of the main cylinder, and
is taken by the second doffer D. By this method the cylinder is cleared much
more effectually of wool, and the greater proportion is delivered to the doffer C
without being injured by the "fancy." This method of clearing the main
cylinder may or may not be used in connection with the clearer roller, shewn
in Figure 1.
We claim the application of the fancy in the position above described.
We will now proceed to describe the second part of our Invention. We inter-
pose a working roller, which we call a stripper worker, between the stripping
and working rollers in the space usually left vacant, in order that we may more
effectually distribute the fibres of wool or other fibrous material under opera-
tion. This improvement is shewn in Figure 1. The teeth of the said stripper
worker a point in the same direction as those of the working cylinder A ; its
motion is slow (about that of the other working rollers), and in a direction to
meet the teeth of the working cylinder A, as shewn (in the direction the
reverse of that of the other working rollers W, W.) It receives the fibrous
material from the stripping roller S, works it, and delivers it to the working
cylinder A. We also apply a working roller 6, placed in a similar position to
the aforesaid stripper worker, but moving in a reverse direction to the motion
of the working rollers W, W, as the above, but with the teeth pointing in a
direction the reverse to that of the teeth of the working cylinder A. This
working roller receives the fibre from the working cylinder, and is stripped
by the stripper S¹, placed next to it.
Secondly, we claim the applying a roller a with teeth, which we call a
stripper worker, for receiving and separating or working the wool from the
stripping roller and delivering it to the working cylinder, as above described.
We claim the placing an additional working roller 6 between the stripping
and working rollers in the space usually vacant, and which, by the direction of
its motion, does not prevent the other working rollers delivering the wool to
their own strippers.
We will now proceed to describe the third part of our Invention. It is
well known that the fibres of wool, mohair, and alpaca, immediately after

page_text: being washed in hot soap and water, are more readily separated than after
lying for a time before being worked or operated upon, and it is customary
for the washer to shake and open the wool in this state previous to combing.
To accomplish the same object more effectually, we act upon the wool or other
material while it is passing from the washing rollers out of the hot sud in the
following manner-We place a pair of small rollers, say, about three inches
in diameter, behind suitable expressing rollers; and we may here observe
that we prefer washing machines in which endless aprons or feed rollers are
used to carry the wool through the soap and water and the washing rollers,
and then according to our Invention, through the small rollers placed behind
the expressing rollers, which is readily done by connecting them together and
driving the small rollers at the same surface speed as the expressing rollers;
and as the wool or hair passes through the small rollers, it is fed on to a
porcupine drum or sheet of teeth, and when such teeth become filled with
wool it is to be removed by the workman in the ordinary way.
We would
remark, that in operating upon the fibre, according to this part of our Invention,
we generally pass the wool through more than one washing machine and
apparatus, arranged as herein described, and cause it to be a little more
worked at each succeeding operation. Instead of a porcupine cylinder, we
sometimes place suitable actuated combs working up to the small rollers, so
that in their movement they may become filled with wool; or in place of combs
or porcupine teeth, a carding engine may be placed, so as to take the wool
from the small feed rollers while the wool, mohair, or alpaca is in the best
state for being well carded.
Thirdly, we claim feeding wool, mohair, and alpaca on to and working it
with pointed surfaces or combs while it is passing from the expressing rollers
out of a hot sud.
We will now proceed to describe the fourth part of our Invention. Some
years ago a Patent was taken out by a Mr. Noble for a rotary comb, the
combs being guided and controlled in their rotation by excentive grooves. This
description of comb has been used with only partial success, which has been in
a great degree owing to the combs being mounted upon arms of too large
radius, which has caused the revolving or rotary combs, in passing the fixed
comb, to lay too much stress upon the wool and to break the fibres. Another
objection has been that, having to rotate in so large a circle, and there being
but two combs, few blows could be given to the wool except by running the
combs at a high speed, which would be injurious. This part of our Invention
onsists in using rotary combs of the above description placed upon arms
vhose radius shall not exceed ten inches; and by using fine combs, not less

page_text: than six teeth to the lineal inch in each row, and not more than six inches out
of the comb head, the finest description of wool may be combed with
advantage, whereas up to the present time nothing but low coarse wool has
been combed upon such machines.
Fourthly, we claim for mounting actuated combs upon arms whose radius
shall not exceed ten inches.
And we also claim for using combs with not less than six teeth to the lineal
inch in each row, and not more than six inches long, when both the holding
and working combs are straight.
We will now proceed to describe the fifth part of our Invention. It has
been attempted to comb fine wool by filling it on to combs and then drawing
it off without working it with other combs, and Patents have been taken for
so doing; but when filled on to combs of the usual kind, say, four or five
pitch, the work is so full of trash as to be only useable for inferior purposes.
This part of our Invention consists of filling fine wool on to combs more
particularly after being carded, such combs not having less than six rows of
teeth, but we prefer eight and not less than nine teeth to the lineal inch
in each row. We find that good work may be produced from combs of such
a character by being filled on once and then drawn off; but we find the work
is much better to be twice filled on and drawn off, whether filled on to five or
eight pitch combs. Mr. Ramsbottom, who patented the filling of wool on to
combs and then drawing it off without working it, filled the wool on to combs
of the ordinary kind, and only filled it on once.
We believe it did not answer;
but we have found, by a series of experiments, that by filling on twice, even
with the ordinary combs, it would have been much better, but as the combs
were of the ordinary kind, four or five pitch, the work would have been still
inferior to what we are now able to obtain.
Fifthly, we claim the filling of fine wool on to combs of six or more rows,
and not less than nine teeth to the lineal inch, when the wool is drawn off such
combs without being worked by other combs.
We also claim for filling such wool on to combs twice, and then drawing it
off without working it with other combs.
We will now proceed to describe the sixth part of our Invention. One of
the great objections to moveable combs at the present time is the difficulty
of heating them regularly; they are also very liable to be injured when the
wool is being drawn off them. Now, our improvement consists in using
moveable combs when the teeth are vertical and not radial, each comb being
the segment of a circle, by which arrangement, when it is necessary to draw
the wool off and heat the combs, we place them upon a circular table, furnished

page_text: with drawing rollers, and a fire pot, similar to those used for the circular combs
(where the combs are fixed) now in general use, and as the circular table
travels round the wool is drawn off and the combs heated; they are then
removed, and fresh combs (filled with wool) are placed on the table as the
empty ones are removed by the workman.
Sixthly, we claim the using of moveable combs (having vertical or nearly
vertical teeth) the segment of a circle; also for using circular tables, on which
the combs are placed to have the wool drawn off, by which means the combs
are more regularly heated and less injured than the present method of drawing
the wool off the straight moveable combs.
When
We will now proceed to describe the seventh part of our Invention.
rollers are used which draw the long wool at one end and the short wool at the
other, we find it beneficial to have the rollers made conical, that is, one end
longer than the other, in which case the long wool will be drawn off in the
large diameter, the long wool requiring more draft than the short, and this we
obtain by having the roller conical.
What we claim as the seventh part of our Invention is, for using rollers for
drawing off wool from combs which have a greater draft at one end than the
other.
We will now describe the eighth part of our Invention, which has for its
object the mounting of comb teeth, such as are to be used in drawing off wool
from circular or endless combs, so that they may have a capability of protruding
out from chambers or otherwise, so as to enter the wool in the carrying combs,
and then, having drawn the wool to a suitable extent (by their being carried
by endless surfaces), of receding back so as to clear themselves. Figure 3
shows a sectional view sufficient of the parts to illustrate this part of the
Invention, and Figure 4 shows a cross section of some of the parts. a are the
teeth and circular endless comb; b, b, are the teeth of the drawing-off combs ;
these teeth, it will be seen, are affixed in bars c, which are capable of sliding
within frames d, which are affixed to surfaces e, of leather or otherwise, so as
to travel forwards in the direction of the arrow by the working of the machine,
for which purpose the surfaces e, e, pass partly round drums f, which have
suitable receivers on the periphery to receive projecting surfaces carried by the
surfaces e, so that as motion is given to the axes of the drums f in any
suitable manner the surfaces e will have motion given to them, as is well
understood. The bars c are forced outwards by means of springs g, and
unless otherwise controlled will remain projecting beyond the outer edge of the
frame, as is shown by the Drawing (in one part of the movement). h, h, are
ixed bars carried by the framing; these bars are for the purpose of drawing

page_text: the teeth b within the frames when the teeth are required to be withdrawn
from the wool, and they do so by acting, as shown, upon the outer ends of the
bars c as the bars e come up to them, and in the continued movement of
the surfaces e the bars c become released from the ends of the bars h, so
that by the action of the springs 9 the teeth b may be forced again into
the wool or hair carried by the comb a. In preparing wool or hair a like
machine would be used, except that in place of the combs a rollers would be
employed to feed in.
What we claim is the mode of preparing and combing wool or hair by an
arrangement of machinery as above described.
A, B, in
are the real
We will now describe the ninth part of our Invention. We fill or pack the
chambers formed between the first and second rows, or between all the rows of
broaches of circular combs, with sheet iron, leather, cloth, or other material,
so as to produce a false comb head, say, from one inch to three inches in
thickness, measuring from the real comb head along the broaches.
Figure 5 in the Drawing, represents two wool combs ; A, B,
comb heads; c, d, the broaches; e, f, the false comb heads.
combing wool, the false head e of the comb A allows the broach points of the
comb B to pass through the wool at the said false head e of the opposite
comb A, in close or near contact with the broaches of the said opposite comb
A, without being injured by striking against the opposite projecting real comb
head a of the comb A.
In the act of
Ninthly, we claim the packing the chambers formed between the rows of
teeth or broaches of combs, thereby forming a false comb head in circular
combs, as above described.
We will now describe the tenth part of our Invention, one part of which
consists of a method of effecting the traverse of the bobbin on what is called
the dead spindle, by passing a traversing rod through the boss or collar and
screwed part of the spindle, where it is secured to the collar rail of the spinning
frame, by which arrangement we are enabled to obtain a dead spindle of
much smaller diameter than has hitherto been made in spindles of a similar
upon
construction, and consequently less friction by the revolving of the bobbin
the said dead spindle. Figure 6 shews this part of the Invention; 1 is the
dead spindle; 2, the bobbin ; 3, the flyer, secured to the wharve tube; 4, the
collar rail; 5, the copping rail; 6, the traversing rod, which passes through
the boss and screwed part of the dead spindle, and above the boss passes
outside of the dead spindle, and raises or lowers the disc 7, upon which the
bobbin rests.
Tenthly, we claim the traversing of the bobbin by passing a traversing rod

page_text: through the boss of the dead spindle, and by the side of that part of the dead
spindle on which the bobbin traverses and revolves, as described.
and
We will now describe another of our improvements under the tenth part of
our Invention. This improvement consists of scouring and setting worsted heald
genappe yarns, mohair, alpaca, and worsted slubbings, rovings, and yarns
upon reels, by passing the same through water containing any substance in
solution, at a suitable degree of temperature and for a suitable period of time.
Motion may or may not be given to the said reels thus placed, but for
folded and hard twisted yarns we prefer to give motion to the reels. The
yarns are afterwards to be stretched by any suitable method of stretching in,
or, still better, to strand the fibres and folds of the yarn, and make it wiry and
brilliant. Hitherto yarns requiring to be set, such as worsted heald and
genappe yarns, have been set upon bobbins, and when they have required to
be scoured they have been first scoured in the hank and afterwards winded
and set upon bobbins. One process we adopt for scouring and setting is, to
take the reel after the yarn has been wound upon it and place it in a cistern
containing a solution of soap of about the strength and temperature used for
scouring worsted yarns. In that cistern we give motion to the reel by
hand or otherwise. We then immerse the reel in another vessel containing
either a solution of soap of suitable strength and temperature or water only
of a suitable temperature, a sufficient time "to set" the thread and fibre, as
is also well understood. If the liquid is at boiling temperature the fibre will be
set in about five minutes, and the twist of the yarn will require time to be set
or neutralized, according to the amount of twist given to the
yarn. Some yarns
we pass through this progress when the whole and some when only part of
the required twist is put in, our principal object being to prevent the
from cockling. Genappe and other soft yarns may be scoured and set gen-
erally when the whole twist is put in, but hard twisted yarns, such as heald
yarn, may be scoured and set when only half of the twist is put in. We then
take the yarn off the reel and stretch it upon a stretching and drying machine,
and we prefer to use for this purpose apparatus such as is described with
respect to Figure (8); but previous to the last-named stretching process we
pass some yarns, requiring more thorough scouring, through an ordinary
scouring process previous to stretching. It may be advantageous merely to
set some yarns without scouring, particularly some heald yarns, to prevent
cockling, in which case we immerse the reel containing the yarn in a steam
chamber, or in water only at a proper temperature, a sufficient time to set
the fibre. We are aware that many years ago an attempt was made to scour
worsted heald yarns upon reels, and some parties practised it for some time,
D
yarn

page_text: but it was done after the yarns were set, as a last process, and was abandoned,
owing to the imperfect character of the yarn produced thereby; whereas we
scour upon reels previous to "setting," and in some cases it is useful to scour
yarn upon reels without setting. By "setting" we mean the effect produced
upon the thread and fibre, which destroys the vitality of the fibre, and in a
great degree its felting property, and which neutralizes the twist of the yarn,
and prevents its shrinking or cockling. By the term "reel" we mean any
apparatus upon which yarn may be wound so as to touch or bear upon two or
more points, edges, or staves, and not to touch between those points, edges, or
staves, and so as to leave the yarn or fibres open to be acted upon by the
steam or liquid, in place of being wound on a cylinder or continuous surface.
We claim the scouring of mohair, alpaca, and worsted slubbings, rovings,
and yarns, and worsted heald yarns and genappe yarns, on reels, previous to
"setting."
Also, we claim the "setting" of mohair, alpaca, and worsted slubbings, rovings,
and yarns, and of worsted heald yarns and genappe yarns, on reels, when such
slubbings, rovings, and yarns are intended to be scoured or otherwise.
Also, we claim the "setting" "upon reels of mohair, alpaca, and worsted.
slubbings, rovings, and yarns, and of worsted heald yarns and genappe yarns
when they have been scoured.
Also, we claim the combined process of scouring and "setting" mohair,
alpaca, and worsted slubbings, rovings, and yarns, and of worsted heald yarns
and genappe yarns, on reels.
Also, we claim the stretching of mohair, alpaca, and worsted slubbings,
rovings, and yarns, and of worsted heald yarns and genappe yarns, after
being scoured and "set" on reels.
Another of our improvements in the manufacture of spinnings of wool and
other fibrous substances, and in making heald and genappe yarns, consists in
certain means of stretching worsted heald yarn, genappe yarns, and other
yarns.
In Figure 7, A and B represent a sectional view of two lines of drawing
and pressing rollers. The yarn passes from a bobbin or swift, or otherwise
under 1 and between 1 and 2, then under 3 and between 3 and 4, and then
passed to a reel, bobbin, or spindle. Between the two lines of rollers there is
draft of, say, 1 in 12, or more or less, as may be required, to stretch out cockles
and strand the folds of the yarn. It is not necessary to have lines of double
rollers, as lines of single rollers may be made to have sufficient tension to
effect the draught and stretching of some yarns.
We claim for passing worsted heald yarn, genappe, and other worsted,
mohair, and alpacca yarns, through two or more lines of drawing rollers

page_text: previous to or after the full twist is put in, or while part or the whole of the
twist is being put in, and while it is passing through these rollers to be drawn
sufficiently to stretch out cockles, and to dispose and strand the various fibres
and folds of the yarn, so as to take out any spiral appearance of the thread,
and make it round, smooth, and wiry.
A is a
Another improvement in the manufacture of spinnings of wool and other
fibrous substances consists in a mode of arranging apparatus for stretching
and drying worsted and other yarns. This is shewn in Figure 8.
circular or oval steam cylinder, formed of iron, zinc, galvanized iron, or other
material; B is a roller, which, according to our Invention, is caused to have a
continuous rotary motion given to it, and we do so by a worm or screw working
into a screw wheel fixed on the arbor of the roller B; C is another roller; and D
a weighted lever, one of which bears upon each end of the roller C, in order
to give tension to the yarn E. The yarn in hank to be stretched is placed
upon the rollers B and C, and is spread along their surface; the levers D are
then placed on each end of the roller C, and the weights F put on the ends of
the levers; these weighted levers give tension to the yarn. The yarn bears
against the surface of the steam cylinder A, and the motion of the rollers causes
the yarn to rub against the surface of the steam cylinder A, by which it
is dried and calendered, so as to give smoothness and brilliancy to the yarn.
We claim the stretching and drying yarns in hank on rollers having a
continuous rotary motion.
We also claim the stretching and drying of yarns in hank while passing
them over or against the surface of a steam cylinder.
We will now describe another of our improvements in the manufacture of
spinnings of wool and other fibrous substances, and in the making of worsted
heald and genappe yarns, and which relates to a mode of arranging the
parts of throw spindles.
The ordinary throw or turning spindle is chiefly used in putting twist into
heald, genappe, and silk yarns of two or more folds. It runs in a step with
a collar bearing in the middle of the spindle, and delivers the thread upwards
with or without a flyer; the bobbin containing the yarn fits tightly on its
conical blade.
Our improved throw spindle consists of a metal tube mounted on a dead
spindle, and is supported either upon the top of the dead spindle or in a step
in the bottom of it, an arrangement according to which is shown in Fig. 9.
The tube may or may not be made conical externally, provided the bobbin
containing the yarn to be twisted be firmly secured thereto. A is the collar rail;

page_text: B, B, is the stud or dead spindle, on which the tube C, C, with its wharve
revolves; D is the bobbin containing the yarn, firmly embracing the
tube C, and E is the cap which revolves freely on the tube C and on the top
of the bobbin.
We claim the mode of forming throw spindles whereby the same are
made tubular, and are supported by and revolve upon dead spindles or
studs, as described.
Another improvement in the manufacture of spinnings of wool and other
fibrous substances, and in making worsted heald yarns and genappe yarns,
consists in a process of twisting such yarns. Our method is, first to pass the
yarn from bobbins or otherwise through a line of rollers, the same as those of
the ordinary twisting frame, then to pass the yarn through warm water
containing a solution of soap, such as is used for scouring yarn, to a line of
weighted expressing rollers, which squeeze or express the liquid out of the
yarn, and from which the yarn is delivered to the spindle to receive the
required twist. Between these two lines of rollers there is a draught of about
one in twelve, but this may be varied. Instead of the solution of soap, we
sometimes pass the yarn through a coloring liquid, or through simple water.
We claim the moistening, scouring, or coloring worsted heald yarn, and
genappe, and other worsted, mohair, and alpacca yarns, while the twist is being
put in in the twisting frame, by passing the same through liquid, as above
described.
Another, improvement under this part of the Invention consists in scouring,
stoving, or dyeing the tops, stubbings, or rovings for the manufacture of
heald and genappe yarns previous to spinning. Hitherto two operations of
twisting or twining have been resorted to in consequence of such yarns
requiring considerable twist, and it has been customary to scour, stove, or dye
them with only part of the required twist in, and then to put in the remaining
twist after they have been scoured, stoved, or dyed. According to our process
we scour and stove or dye, or we simply scour the material previous to spinning;
in which case we scour, stove, or dye the rovings or slubbings in the same
manner as is now done when manufacturing common colored worsted yarns;
the yarns may then be doubled or twisted with the full twist required in one
operation. In some cases we dye the wool before combing. In all these
cases we avoid the subjecting the genappe and heald yarns to the process
of scouring, dyeing, or stoving after being twisted.
We claim the mode of manufacturing worsted heald yarn and genappe
yarns as above described.

page_text: Another improvement under this part of the Invention consists in a mode of
singeing worsted heald yarns and genappe yarns. In the process of singeing,
we wind such yarns on to bobbins, in place of the present ordinary practice of
winding them on to reels, as they come from the singeing plate. The yarn
passes from bobbins or otherwise over a red-hot metal plate, from which it
passes to bobbins on which the yarn is wound. Motion is given to spindles
on which the bobbins are fixed by means of gearing, belts, or otherwise.
By this method a greater length of yarn may be passed over the singeing
plate without stopping the process, and a steadier motion gained than by the
use of reels.
We claim for winding worsted heald yarns and genappe yarns on to bobbins
as they come from the red-hot metal plate used to singe off the loose fibres.
Another improvement under this head of the Invention consists of a new
arrangement of the double winding swift, which has been used for winding
worsted heald yarn, genappe, and other worsted yarns, and which consists
of two swifts attached to a frame at a proper distance from each other,
according to the length of the hank to be winded, which passes over and runs
upon both swifts. Each swift is about five or six inches diameter, and one of
them is adjustable to suit the length of hank. Owing to the small diameter of
these swifts, the thread, while being drawn off by the bobbin in winding, slips
upon the circumference of the swifts and draws a few threads of the hank very
tight, the remaining threads of the hank become correspondingly slack, and
therefore become entangled and feltered. This is prevented by our improved
double swift, which consists of two swifts as the above, one or both of which
is made of as large a diameter as the length of the hank to be winded will
allow to run freely in the space within the hank. We prefer one swift larger
than the other.
We claim the mode of arranging a double swift, used in the winding worsted
heald yarns, and genappe, and other worsted yarns, whereby one of the swifts
is larger than the other, and whereby one or both of the swifts are of a
larger diameter than seven inches.
Another improvement under this head of the Invention consists in employ-
ing certain descriptions of winding or doubling machinery to the doubling or
twisting of worsted heald yarn, genappe, and other worsted
yarns.
In silk doubling it has been customary to use a machine for winding two or
more folds in one thread on to a bobbin, which, by a suitable arrangement of
the guide wires, stops the winding bobbin when one or more of the single folds
breaks.

page_text: We claim for the application of the said silk doubling machine to the
doubling or twisting of worsted heald yarn, and genappe, and other worsted
and mohair yarns.
In witness whereof, I, the said Isaac Holden, have hereunto set my hand
and seal, the Seventh day of April, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and forty-eight.