Improvements relating to the Transformation or Conversion of Heat into Motive-power, and to Apparatus therefor.
Year: 1889

page_text: Date of Application, 24th Sept., 1889
Complete Specification Left, 3rd June, 1890-Accepted, 5th July, 1890
Improvements relating to the Transformation or Conversion of Heat
into Motive-power, and to Apparatus therefor.
I JAMES JOSEPH MCTICHE, of 175 West. Carson Street, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania,
United States of America, Clergyman, do hereby declare the nature of this invention
to be as follows :--
My invention relates to a novel method of transforming the potential energy of heat
into motive power, whereby the energy stored in the ordinary form of fuel may be
utilized under conditions of high efficiency.
For a complete comprehension of the manner in which this transformation can
be effected, I deem it advisable to give some well known principles viz.
1st. If air at ordinary atmospheric pressure be heated it will gain in potential
energy or in other words, its pressure will be increased. And the rapidity of
increase of pressure is in proportion to the speed of the rise in temperature. If air
he first compressed and then heated, tliere will be not only a remarkable gain in
pressure but a large relative economy in the heat needed to increase the temperature.
2nd. If the heated air be cooled it will lose the pressure due to its former high
temperature; and the rapidity of this decrease of pressure will be in direct ratio
with the speed of the fall of temperature.
3rd. Vapors if heated considerably above the point of saturation are practically
subject to the same laws of expansion as air or gas.
4th. Air and other gases practically hold toward vapors the placo of vacua, i.e.
a given space is capable of containing a certain quantity of vapor, no matter whether
it be already occupied by a gas or be a perfect vacuum.
5th. According to Dalton's law, the amount of vapor which any certain space can
receive depends solely on the temperature which the vapor will have when it occupies
A vessel of
said space, irrespective of any gas which may already occupy the same.
the capacity of one cubic foot, can hold only a single cubic foot of water or sand;
but if a vapor be heated enough, the same vessel can receive and contain as much
vapor as would expand into an indefinite number of cubic feet if not prevented by
the walls of the vessel. In other words the density and tension of a vapor depend
solely on its temperature and the volume of space occupied by it.
6th. The capacity of air for absorbing vapor depends on the temperature of the air.
The higher the temperature the more vapor it absorbs. If the air lose heat, it
deposits vapor as dew. The degree of temperature at which it deposits dew is its
point of saturation, i.e., at that temperature it can hold no more vapor.
7th. Air in expanding against resistance occupies a greater space and falls in
temperature. Hence, if the capacity for vapor of the increased volume do not
increase in exact inverse ratio with the loss of capacity for vapor of the air, due to
the fall of temperature, some of the vapor contained in the air will be deposited as
dew. Hence, also, if the temperature of the air be sustained during expansion,
not only no dew will be deposited, but the capacity for absorbing vapor will be
increased.
Sth. Vapor condensing to dew gives up its latent heat of vaporization to any body
in contact with it.
9th. A liquid will have its boiling point raised if the pressure on its surface be
increased, whether such pressure be that due to its own vapor or to a superincumbent
atmosphere of gas or other vapor.
10th. The vapor arising from a liquid has approximately the temperature of
the liquid itself, and may thus serve as a carrier of heat from the liquid to a cooler
body.
11th The pressure on the walls of a vessel containing air or other gas, and one or.

page_text: more vapors is the sum of the pressure of all gaseous bodies and vapors within the
vessel.
12th. The compression of air or gas produces heat, whilst the compression of a
saturated vapor coincident with a reduction of its volume reduces it to the form of
mist and, if continued, to the form of liquid.
13th. The contact between the particles of air and an absorbed vapor is so intimate
that it may practically be said to be a contact between the smallest particles i.e.
between tho respective molecules.
14th. If whilst in such molecular contact the vapor be either heated or cooled, the
heating or cooling effect produced on the air will be practically instantaneous through-
out the entire mass of the air.
15th. Air is heated very readily by contact with a hot body of some kind, scarcely
at all by radiation, and only very slowly by conduction. Consequently the heating
of a body of air will reach its maximum rapidity when its every molecule is in contact
with a hot body.
16th. The more minutely the heating or cooling body is divided the greater will
be its heating or cooling surface. A cube containing a pound of water is about
3 inches each way, giving an external surface of 54 square inches. Divided into
drops 01 of an inch in diameter it will make about 50,000,000 drops, each having
a surface of 00031416 square inch thus giving a total heating or cooling surface of
about 15,700 square inches, or about 110 square feet.
17th. A fortiori, the surface presented by the thousands of millions of molecules
of a pound of water in the state of mist or rapat of the same water in mass.
vapor is enormously greater than, and in
fact may be said to be infinite compared with
18th. When this mist or vapor returns to the liquid state the enormous heating
surface practically vanishes.
19th. Water evaporates rapidly when wind blows across its surface; and of course
it will evaporate very rapidly if it be cast in a minutely divided condition, sucli as a
fine spray, into a body of air.
20th. Different liquids have different boiling points and a mixture of two liquids
may be made such that in a closed vessel one will boil and vaporize before the other,
and thus reacting by its pressure raiso the boiling point of that other.
21st. The cooling surface of a spray of cold liquid is very much greater than when
the liquid stands together as one body, and in returning to this condition, the cooling
surface practically vanishes.
22nd. The vapor that arises from any liquid below the temperature of its boiling
point is considered as a gas; it is called steam only when its pressure is equal to
or above that of the superincumbent atmosphere: in other words, steam is the vapor
that arises from a liquid in a condition of boiling.
My invention is based upon the foregoing principles and consists fundamentally
in the method of converting the heat onergy of fuel into the potential energy of
air or other gas and vapor, and further in the particular steps of the method, all
substantially as hereinafter fully described.
1 use a heater of any suitable type having a furnace. I take an ordinary
cylinder having a piston the rod of which is connected to the driving shaft in the
usual manner. The ends of the cylinder are closed by globular heads. In suitable
proximity to the cylinder I locate a bot-water pump and cold-wator pump, whose
respective plungers are operated by eccentrics on the shaft. Each pump has an
inlet and an outlet at each end and is provided with the usual check valves. A pipe
connects the lower part of the heater with the two inlets of the hot-water pump
whose outlets are connected by pipes to the globular heads and terminato inside in
suitable spray nozzles. A pipe connects the outlet of a hot-water cooler with the two
inlets of the cold-water pump whose outlets are connected by pipes to the globular
heads and terminate in suitable spray nozzles. The inlet of the cooler has a con-
nection branching to two three-way cocks. These cocks are connected respectively
io the globular heads and are adapted to be connected to a pipe leading back by
gravity to the heater according to the position of the parts, which is automatically

page_text: effected by mechanism of suitable character connected with the shaft. In the con-
necting pipes are placed cocks which can be operated at the proper times by
eccentrics on the shaft or by other means.
Now let it be supposed that the apparatus, including pumps, cylinder, heater,
cooler and connections, is so charged with air under pressure that there are 20
atmospheres behind the piston, or say 300 pounds per square inch and 10 atmospheres
ahead of it or 150 pounds.
Assuming that the initial movement to be given the piston is to be in a direction
to the right, the shaft connections will be such as to move the piston of the hot-water
pump to the left and that of the cold-water pump to the right.
A fire being started under the heater the contained water can be safely raised
under said pressure to a temperature of at least 350 degrees Fahrenheit without
boiling. Suppose the proportions are such that the cylinder contains one pound of air
on each side of the piston, and that the pumpa spray into it one pound of hot water
behind the piston and one pound of cold water ahead of it at each stroke. Now as
the piston moves to the right, the one pump sprays water at said temperature of
350 degrees into globular head and the other pump sprays cold water into the other
globular head. The hot water spray heats by direct contact nearly every particle of
the air behind the piston and does so at a speed which is very rapid; this heating of
the air enables it to absorb hot vapor from the immense surface of the numberless
drops of hot water at a very high rate of speed; and this vapor being yet of about
the same temperature as the hot water, assists by its molecular contact in making the
heating of the air practically instantaneous. Now applying the formula for common
temperature of a mixture of fluids of different temperatures viz. :
MS (Tx)=M' S₁ (x-T')
in which M M are the weights, S S¹ the respective specific heats, T T the tom-
peratures, and the resultant temperature, we find, supposing the air to be at 100
degrees F., that it is instantaneously heated to a resultant temperature of 315 degrees.
At this temperature the pressure of the air has increased about 40 per cent. above its
initial pressure; this being as before stated, 300 lbs., the pressure will now be 420 lbs.,
per square inch. To this must be added, as a working element, the pressure of the
vapor absorbed by such heated air, which at said common temperature of 315 degrees
is nearly 100 lbs. per square inch; thus making a total initial pressure, behind the
piston, of 520 lbs. per square inch. The initial effective pressure will then be the
difference between this and the pressure ahead of the piston. Therefore the resultant
initial pressure will be about
520-150 370 lbs. per square inch.
Under this pressure the piston moves forward and the loss of pressure due to the
loss of heat consequent on expansion as the piston moves, is, by a complex series
of condensations of the vapor and re-evaporations of the same, and surrender of the
latent beat of vapor to the air, partly compensated. At the same time, in front of the
piston, the cold spray is entering and cold vapor is being absorbed and therefore
the heat due to compression, as fast as generated is abstracted from the air.
The position of valves remains during this time, and the hot water leaves the
cylinder and returns by gravity to the heater, and similarly the cold water leaves the
other end of the cylinder and by gravity returns to the cooler.
During the stoke of the piston the pressure behind it eventually decreases, but by pro-
portioning the volume of air to the stroke the decrease of pressure may be predetermined
so as not to fall below that necessary to prevent the water from boiling in the heater.
By making this proportion such, for instance, as 1 : 2, the final pressure behind the
piston will be in the case given about 260 lbs. per square inch. Therefore the mean
pressure behind the piston will be

page_text: Hence the total mean effective pressure on the piston will be 390-225 or 165lbs.
and this pressure will in the given case result from the loss of only a few degrees of
temperature from the hot water, which returns to the heater while still very hot.
Conversely the cold water ahead of the piston is heated only a few degrees, gaining
even less than the hot water loses the difference being spent in useful work.
$
On completion of the stroke the pumps begin a reverse movement the. cocks are
reversed in positions, so that the hot spray is now thrown into one globular head,
and the cold spray into the other globular head. Instantaneously the pressure at the
right of the piston rises to 520 lbs. and the pressure to the left falls to 150lbs. per
square inch, and for the stroke again the mean effective pressure is as above shown.
The remaining hot water now returns to the heater through cock and the cold water
returns to the cooler through the cock as before, and this return of the hot and
cold water to their respective reservoirs or supply points is invariably effected by
gravity.
Economy is thus secured by the small amount of fuel required to heat water
through a differential temperature of 35 degrees, instead of as is usual in steam
engines, wasting 966 heat units per pound of water before the working fluid can be
obtained at all.
Economy is also secured by the small amount of running water around the cooler
required to abstract the small amount of heat imparted to the cold spray by the hot
air and vapor.
It is to be noted that the air has the hot water sprayed into it when the air itself is
at its point of maximum density, and it is further to be noted that since the working
body of air is confined within the cylinder on each side of the piston, when the spray
of hot water is pumped into the globular head the entire body of air. which is to be
heated becomes heated at once.
Instead of water, other liquids may be used in the heater, and other gases may be
used instead of air, or two liquids of different boiling points, one of which is by the
high heat of the other to be first turned into the working fluid, may be adopted
without departing from the spirit of the invention.
Obviously the operation of the engine may require a means for preventing exces-
sive accumulation of condensed vapor in the cooler. This can be done by a pump,
or other device, which takes the excess accumulating and returns it to the heater as
required,
It is evident that an air pump may be used in connection with the apparatus, for
the purpose of compressing the air and compensating for leakage.
In using the expression "liquid" throughout this Specification, I desire to be
understood as including, not merely ordinary liquids, such as water, various kinds of
oil and the like, since in some cases it will be found that the purposes of the invention.
can be accomplished by using the heater for the purpose of therein melting various
normally-solid substances, whether the same be in the form of metals or otherwise.
In such modifications, it will be necessary to take the precaution to substitute,
instead of air, a gas of such character as would not abstract energy from the liquid
by chemical union therewith; in other words, the gas should be chemically inert, in
any given case, with reference to the liquid with which it would come in contact in
the apparatus. The substance used for cooling in such cases must likewise, be chosen
with a proper discretion.
The method of heating and cooling herein before set forth has an additional feature
of distinction and advantage, in that the heating and cooling surfaces both change in
amount between the limits of the stroke. At the beginning of the stroke the heating
and cooling surfaces are both at a maximum; at the end of the stroke both are at a

page_text: minimum, and between these two limits both decrease in extent. This reduction of
surface takes place in a way which does not detract from the economic efficiency of
the conversion, but rather assists it, since the reduction of surface takes place just in
proportion to the decreasing need of heat or cold. And further, considering only
the space on one side of the piston during an entire stroke, the heating surface
gradually reduces and finally vanishes the instant it meets the cold spray whose
surface is then inaximum; and it in turn reduces and vanishes in presence of the
next hot spray.
By a proper arrangement of slide valves, cut-offs, etc. usually adopted in the best
steain engines, the times for spraying both hot and cold liquid can bo so nicely
governed that an engino, constructed and working according to the methods above
explained, will prove to be very economical in the expenditure of heat; its size will
be very small for a given power, and since only a few gallons of water will be needed
in the heater, should explosion occur, the dreadful accidents and great loss of life due
to the sudden liberation of many tons of boiling water needed in the present forms of
motive power from steam, will be entirely avoided. Finally there being no escape
of steam, the engine will be nearly noiseless.
D
BU
1
°
1000
HASELTINE, LAKE & Co.,
45, Southampton Buildings, London, Agents for the Applicant.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements relating to the Transformation or Conversion of Heat
into Motive-power and to Apparatus therefor.
I, JAMES JOSEPH MCTIGHE of 175 West Carson Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,
United States of America, Clergyman do hereby declare the nature of this invention
and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following statement :-
My invention relates to a novel method and apparatus for transforming the potential
energy of heat into motive power, whereby the energy stored in the ordinary form of
fuel inay be utilised under conditions of high efficiency.
For a complete comprehension of the manner in which this transformation can be
effected, I deem it proper to lay down some well-known principles :
1st. If air at ordinary atmospheric pressure be heated it will gain in potential
energy, or in other words, its pressure will be increased. And the rapidity.of
increase of pressure is in proportion to the speed of the rise in temperature. If
air be first compressed and then heated, there will be not only a remarkable
gain in pressure but a large relative economy in the heat needed to increase the
temperature.
2nd. If the heated air be cooled it will lose the pressure due to its former
high temperature; and the rapidity of this decrease of pressure will be in direct
ratio with the speed of the fall of temperature.
3rd. Vapors if heated considerably above the point of saturation are practically
subject to the same laws of expansion as air or gas.
4th. Air and other gases practically hold toward vapors the place of vacua, i.e. a
given space is capable of containing a certain quantity of vapor, no matter whether it
be already occupied by a gas or be a perfect vacuum.
5th. According to Dalton's law, the amount of vapor which any certain space can
receive depends solely on the temperature which the vapor will have when it occupies
said space, irrespective of any gas which may already occupy the same.
A vessel of
the capacity of one cubic foot, can hold only a single cubic foot of water or sand; but
if a vapor be heated enough, the same vessel can receive and contain as much vapor
as would expand into an indefinite number of cubic feet if not prevented by the walls
of the vessel. In other words the density and tension of a vapor depend solely on its
temperature and the volume of space occupied by it.

page_text: 6th. The capacity of air for absorbing vapor depends on the temperature of the air.
The higher the temperature the more vapor absorbs. If the air lose heat, it
deposits vapor as dew. The degree of temperature at which it deposits dew is its
point of saturation, e. at that temperature it can hold no more vapor..
7th. Air in expanding against resistance occupies a greater space and falls in tem-
perature.. Hence, if the capacity for vapor of the increased volume do not increase in
exact inverse ratio with the loss of capacity for vapor of the air, due to the fall of
temperature, some of the vapor contained in the air will be deposited as
dew. Hence, also, if the temperature of the air be sustained during expansion,
not only no dew will be deposited, but the capacity for absorbing vapor will be
increased.
8th. Vapor condensing to dew gives up its latent heat of vaporization to any body
in contact with it.
9th. A liquid will have its boiling point raised if the pressure on its surface be
increased, whether such pressure be that due to its own vapor or to a superincumbent
atmosphere of gas or other vapor.
10th. The vapor arising from a liquid has approximately the temperature of the
liquid itself, and may thus serve as a carrier of heat from the liquid to a cooler
body.
11th. The pressure on the walls of a vessel containing air or other gas, and one
or more vapors is the suin of the pressure of all gascous bodies and vapors within the
vessel.
12th. The compression of air or gas produces heat, whilst the compression of a
saturated vapor coincident with a reduction of its volume reduces it to the form of
mist, and, if continued, to the form of liquid.
13th. The contact between the, particies of air and an absorbed vapor is so intimate
that it may practically be said to be a contact between the smallest particles,
.e. between the respective molecules.
14. If whilst in such moleculor contact the vapor be either heated or cooled, the
heating o
or cooling effect produced on the air will be practically instantaneous throughout
the entire mass of the air.
15th. Air is heated very readily by contact with a hot
at all by radiation, and only very slowly by conduction.
a body of air will reach its maximum rapidity when its
with a hot body.
body of some kind, scarcely
Consequently the heating of
every molecule is in contact
16th. The more minutely the heating or cooling body is divided the greater will be
its heating or cooling surface. A cube containing a pound of water is about 3 inches
cach way, giving an external surface of 54 square inches. Divided into drops 01 of
an inch in diameter it will make about 50,000,000 drops, each having a surface
of 00031416 square inch thus giving a total heating or cooling surface of about
15,700 square inches, or about 110 square feet.
17th. A fortiori, the surface presented by the thousands of millions of molecules of
a pound of water in the state of mist or vapor is enormously greater than, and in fact
may be said to be infinite compared with that of the same water in mass.
18th. When this mist or vapor returns to the liquid state, the enormous heating
surface practically vanishes.
19th. Water evaporates rapidly when wind blows across its surface; and of course
it will evaporate very rapidly if it be cast in a minutely divided condition, such as a
fine, spray, into a body of air.
20th. Different liquids have different boiling points and a mixture of two liquids
may be made such that in a closed vessel one will boil and vaporize before the other,
and thus reacting by its pressure raise the boiling point of that other.
21st. The cooling surface of a spray of cold liquid is very much greater than
when the liquid stands together as one body, and in returning to this condition,
the cooling surface practically vanishes.
22nd. The vapor that arises from any liquid below the temperature of its boiling
point is considered as a gas; it is called steam only when its pressure is equal to or

page_text: above that of the superincumbent atmosphere; in other words, steam is the vapor that
arises from a liquid in a condition of boiling.
My invention is based upon the foregoing principles and consists fundamentally
in the method of converting the heat energy of fuel into the potential energy of
air or other gas and vapor, and.further in the particular. steps of the method
and in the apparatus employed, all substantially as hereinafter fully described.
The accompanying drawing shows an explanatory diagram illustrating my
invention graphically.
I use a heater of any suitable type such as, for instance, the form designated by 1,
having the furnace 2. I take an ordinary cylinder 3 having a piston 4, whose rod 5
is connected to the driving shaft in the usual manner. The ends of the cylinder are
closed by the globular heads 8 and 9 respectively.. In suitable proximity to the
cylinder I locate a hot-water pump 10 and a cold-water pump 11, whose respective
plungers are operated by eccentrics on the shaft. Each pump has an inlet and an
outlet at each end and is provided with the usual check valves. A pipe 12 connects
the lower part of heater 1 with the two inlets of hot-water pump 10, whose outlets
are connected by the respective pipes 13 and 14 to the globular heads 8 and 9 as
shown, and terminato inside in suitable spray nozzles 15 and 16. A pipe 17 connects
the outlet of a hot-water cooler 18 with the two inlets of the cold-water pump 11,
whose outlets are connected by the respective pipos 19 and 20 to the globular heads 8
and 9 as shown, and terminate in suitable spray nozzles 21 and 22.
The inlet 23 of cooler 18 has a connection 24 branching to the two respective
three-way cocks 25 and 26. These cocks are connected respectively to the globular
heads S and 9, and are adapted to be connected to a pipe 27 leading back by gravity
to heater 1, according to the position of the parts, which is automatically effected
by mechanism of suitable character connected with the shaft. In the pipos 13
and 14 are placed the respective cocks 28 and 29, which can be operated at the
proper times by eccentrics on the shaft or by other means.
Now supposing that the apparatus, including pumps, cylinder, heater, cooler
and connections, is so charged with air under pressure that there are 20 atmospheres
behind the piston, or say 300 pounds per square inch and 10 atmospheres ahead of
or 150 pounds.
Assuming that the initial movement to be given piston 4 is to be in the direction of
its arrow (to the right) the shaft connections will be such as to move the piston of the
hot-water pump 10 to the left and that of the cold-water pump 11 to the right.
The fire being started under the heater 1, the contained water can be safely raised
under said pressure to a temperature of at least 350 degrees Fahrenheit without
boiling. Suppose the proportions are such that the cylinder contains one pound of air
on each side of the piston, and that the pumps 10 and 11 respectively spray into
it one pound of hot water behind the piston and one pound of cold water ahead of it
at each stroke. Now as the piston moves to the right, pump 10) sprays water at the
said temperature of 350 degrees into globular head 8, and the pump 11 sprays cold
water into the globular head 9. The hot water spray heats by direct contact nearly
every particle of the air behind the piston and does so at a speed which is very rapid;
this heating of the air enables it to absorb hot vapor from the immense surface of
the numberless drops of hot water at a very high rate of speed; and this vapor being
yet of about the same temperature as the hot water, assists by its molecular contact
in making the heating of the air practically instantaneous. Now applying the
formula for common temperature of a mixture of fluids of different temperatures,
cit. :-
MS (T-) M'S' (z-T')
=
in which M M are the weights, S S¹ the respective specific heats, T.T' the tempera-

page_text: square inch. To this must be added, as a working element, the pressure of the vapor
absorbed by such heated air, which at said common temperature of 315 degrees is
nearly 100 lbs. per square inch; thus making a total initial pressure, behind the piston,
of 520 lbs. per square inch: The initial effective pressure will then be the difference
between this and the pressure ahead of the piston. Therefore the resultant initial
pressure will be about
520. 150870 lbs. per square inch.
-
Under this pressure the piston moves forward and the loss of pressure due to the
loss of leat consequent on expansion as the piston moves, is, by a complex series of
condensations of the vapor and re-evaporations of the same, and surrender of the
latent heat of vapor to the air, partly compensated. At the same time, in front of
the piston, the cold spray is entering and cold vapor is being absorbed and therefore
the heat due to compression, as fast as generated is abstracted from the air.
The position of valves 25 and 26 remains during this time, and the liot water leaves
the cylinder and returns by gravity to the heater, and similarly the cold water leaves
the other end of the cylinder and by gravity returns to the cooler.
During the stroke of the piston the pressure behind it eventually decreases, but by
proportioning tho volume of air to the stroke the decrease of pressure may be pre-
determined so as not to fall below that necessary to prevent the water from boiling in
the heater. By making this proportion such, for instance, as 1:2, the final pressure
behind the piston will be in the case given about 260 lbs. per square inch.. Therefore
the mican pressure behind the piston will be
Hence the total mean effective pressure on the piston will be 390
225 or 165 lbs.
and this pressure will in the given case result from the loss of only a few degrees of
temperature from the lot water, which returns to the heater while still very hot.
Conversely the cold water ahead of the piston is heated only a few degrees, gaining
even less than the hot water loses, the difference being spent in useful work.
On completion of the stroke the pumps 10 and 11 begin a reverso movement,
cocks 25 and 26, 28 and 29 are reversed in positions, so that the hot spray is now
thrown into globular head 9, and the cold spray into globular head 8. Instantaneously
the pressure at the right of the piston rises to 520 lbs. and the pressure to the loft.
falls to 150 lbs. per square inch, and for the stroke again the mean effective pressure
is as above shown. The remaining hot water now returns to the heater through
cock 26 and the cold water returns to the cooler through the cock 25 as before, and
this return of the hot and cold water to their respective reservoirs or supply points is
invariably effected by gravity:
Economy is thus secured by the small amount of fuel required to heat water through
a differential temperature of 35 degrees, instead of as is usual in steam engines,
wasting 966 heat units per pound of water before the working fluid can be obtained
at all.
Economy is also secured by the small amount of running water around the cooler
required to abstract the small amount of heat imparted to the cold spray by the hot
air and vapor.
-It is to be noted that the air has the hot water sprayed into it when the air itself
is.at its point of maximum density, and it is further to be noted that since the working
body of air is confined within the cylinder on each side of the piston, when the spray
of hot water is pumped into the globular head the entire body of air which is to be
heated becomes heated at once.

page_text: Instead of water, other liquids may be used in the heater, and other gases may be
used instead of air, or two liquids of different boiling points, one of which is by the
high heat of the other to be first turned into the working fluid, may be adopted
without departing from the spirit of the invention.
Obviously the operation of the engine may require means for preventing excessive
accumulation of condensed vapor in the cooler. This can be done by a pump, or
other device, which takes the excess accumulating and returns it to the heater as
required.
It is evident that an air pump may be used in connection with the apparatus, for
the purpose of compressing the air and compensating for leakage.
In using the expression "liquid" throughout this specification, I desire to be
understood as including, not merely ordinary liquids, such as water, various kinds of
oil, etc., since in some cases it will be found that the purposes of the invention can
be accomplished by using the heater for the purpose of therein melting various
normally solid substances, whether the same be in the form of metals or otherwise.
In such modifications, it will be necessary to take the precaution to substitute,
instead of air, a gas of such character as would not abstract energy from the liquid by
chemical union therewith; in other words, the gas should be chemically inert, in any
given case, with reference to the liquid with which it would come in contact in
the apparatus. The substance used for cooling in such cases must likewise be chosen
with a proper discretion.
The method of heating and cooling hereinbefore set forth has an additional feature
of distinction and advantage, in that the heating and cooling surfaces both change in
amount between the limits of the stroke. At the beginning of the stroke the heating
and cooling surfaces are both at a maximum, at the end of the stroke both are at a
minimum, and between these two limits both decrease in extent. This reduction of
surface takes place in a way which does not detract from the economic efficiency of
the conversion, but rather assists it, since the reduction of surface takes place just
in proportion to the decreasing need of heat or cold. And further, considering only
the space on one side of the piston during an entire stroke, the heating surface
gradually reduces and finally vanishes the instant it meets the cold spray whose
surface is then maximum; and it in turn reduces and vanishes in presence of the next
hot spray.
By a proper arrangement of slide valves, cut-offs, etc. usually adopted in the best
steam engines, the times for spraying both hot and cold liquid can be so nicely
governed that an engine, constructed and working according to the methods above
explained, will prove to be very economical in the expenditure of heat; its size will
be very small for a given power, ant since only a few gallons of water will be needed
in the heater, should explosion occur, the dreadful accidents and great loss of life due
to the smilden liberation of many tons of boiling water needed in the present forms of
motive power from, steam, will be entirely avoided. Finally there being no escapo of
steam, the engine will be nearly noiseless.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed. I declare that what I
claim is
1st. The method of transforming heat energy into the energy of tension of
a vapor, consisting in heating a liquid and pumping it, in a divided state, into a body
of air or other gas or vapor of lower temperature.
2nd. The method of transforming heat energy into the energy of tension of
vapor, consisting in heating a liquid under pressure and pumping it in a sub-divided
state into a body of air or gas or vapor also under pressure, but of lower
temperature.
3rd. The method of transforming beat energy into the energy of tension of a
vapor, consisting in heating a liquid under pressure sufficient to prevent ebullition,
and pumping such liquid in an atomized form into a body of air, gas or vapor.
R

page_text: 4th. The method of transforming heat energy into the energy of tension of a
vapor, consisting in heating a liquid under pressure independent of that due to its
own vapor and sufficient to prevent ebullition, and injecting such liquid into a
body of air, gas or vapor having a pressure above that of such boiling point of said
liquid.
5th. The method of transforming beat energy into motive power in a piston engine,
consisting in maintaining a working body of air, gas or vapor behind the piston in
said engine and injecting at once into the whole body of such air, gas or vapor, a
liquid heated to a higher temperature and thereby increasing the tension of such
atmosphere and moving the piston.
6th. The method of operating a piston engine by air, gas or vapor, consisting in
maintaining an initial pressure of the air, gas or vapor behind the piston (in said
engine) and injecting into such air, gas or vapor a hotter liquid in the form of a spray
or jet.
7th. The method of transforming heat energy into motive power in a piston engine,
consisting in maintaining a working body of air, gas or vapor behind the piston in
said engine and injecting at once into the whole body of such air, gas or vapor, a
spray of liquid heated to a higher temperature.
8th. The method of transforming heat energy into motive power in a piston engine,
consisting in maintaining a working body of air, gas or vap
vapor
or under pressure behind
the piston in said engine, and injecting at once into the whole body of such air, gas
or vapor, a spray of liquid heated to a higher temperature.
9th. The method of transforming heat energy into motive power in a piston engine,
consisting in maintaining two separate working bodies of air, gas or vapor, one alioad
of the piston, the other behind it, and injecting into the body of air, gas or vapor
behind the piston a spray or stream of heated liquid, and into the body of air, gas or
vapor ahead of the piston a spray or stream of cooler liquid.
10th. The method of transforming heat energy into motive power in a piston engine.
consisting in maintaining two separate working bodies of air, gas or vapor, one ahead
of the piston, the other behind it, and injecting into the body of air, gas or vapor
behind the piston a spray or stream of heated liquid, and into the body of air, gas or
vapor ahead of the piston a spray or stream of cooler liquid, and then reversing the
hot and cold sprays relatively to the two bodies of air, gas or vapor on the respective
sides of the piston.
:
11th. In a hot-air-engine, the combination, with the working cylinder, of a chamber
communicating therewith, and containing the working body of air, and a pump for
projecting into such working body of air a spray of heated liquid.
12th. In a hot-air-engine, the combination, with the working cylinder, of a
chamber in direct open communication therewith, and containing the working body
of air, and a pump for projecting into such working body of air a spray of heated
liquid.
13th. In a hot-air-engine, the combination, with the working cylinder, of a chamber
communicating with one end thereof and containing the working body of air, a pump
for projecting heated liquid into such body of air and a pump for projecting cold
liquid into the body of air after its expansion.
14th. In a hot-air-engine, the combination, with the working cylinder, of a chamber
in direct open communication with one end thereof and containing the working body
of air, a pump for projecting heated liquid into such body of air and a pump
for
projecting cold liquid into the body of air after its expansion.
15th. In a hot-air-engine, the combination, with the working cylinder, of two
chambers respectively communicating with opposite ends of the said cylinder, with a
piston interposed between them, a pump for projecting hot liquid into the body of air
in one chamber and a pump for simultaneously projecting a cold liquid into the body
of air in the other chamber.
16th. In a hot-air-engine, the combination, with the working cylinder, of two
chambers, respectively in direct open communication with opposite ends of said.

page_text: cylinder, with a piston interposed between them, a pump for projecting a hot liquid
into the body of air in one chamber and a pump for simultaneously projecting a cold
liquid into the body of air in the other chamber.
17th. In a hot-air-engine, the combination, with the working cylinder, of two
chambers respectively communicating with opposite ends of said cylinder, with a
piston interposed between them, two pumps for simultaneously projecting hot and cold
liquid respectively into said chambers, and means for reversing the introduction of the
hot and cold liquid relatively into said chambers:
18th. In a hot-air-engine, the combination, with the working cylinder, of two
chambers respectively in direct open communication with opposite ends of said
cylinder, with a piston interposed between them, two pumps for simultaneously
projecting hot and cold liquid respectively into said chambers, and means for
reversing the introduction of the hot and cold liquid relatively into said chambers.
19th. In a hot-air-engine wherein the working body of air is alternately heated and
cooled by the admission into the engine of hot and cold liquid from suitable heating
and cooling receptacles, the combination therewith, of a waste-port and a movable
three-way waste-valve, connections from the valve ports to the said receptacles,
and mechanical connections from said valve to the engine shaft arranged and adapted
to connect the waste-port alternately to the heating and cooling receptacles.
20th. In a hot-air-engine wherein the working body of air is alternately heated
and cooled by the admission into the engine of hot and cold liquid from suitable
heating and cooling receptacles at a lower level, the combination therewith, of a
waste-port and a movablo three-way waste-valve, connections from the valve ports to
the said receptacles, and mechanical connections from said valve to the engine shaft
arranged and adapted to connect the waste-port alternately to the heating, and cooling
receptacles.
21st. In a hot-air-engine wherein the working body of air is alternately heated
and cooled by the admission into the engine of hot and cold liquid from suitable
heating and cooling receptacles, the combination with said receptacles and the
cylinder, of an interposed valve operatively connected to the engine shaft, and
adapted to prevent communication between the heating and cooling receptacles or
their connections, while permitting either to be brought into communication with the
cylinder.
22nd. In a hot-air-engine wherein the working body of air is alternately heated
and cooled by the admission into the engine of hot and cold liquid from suitable
heating and cooling receptacles at a lower level, the combination with said receptacles
and the cylinder, of an interposed valve operatively connected to the engine shaft,
and adapted to prevent communication between the heating and cooling receptacles
or their connections, while permitting either to be brought into communication with
the cylinder.
23rd. In a hot-air-engine adapted to have the working body of air changed in
temperature by the introduction of a quantity of liquid into the engine, the com-
bination, with the said engine, of an exterior receptacle for the supply of liquid
located at a lower level than the engine, and means for placing the engine and said
receptacle in communication at proper intervals, whereby the liquid after use returns
to its receptacle by gravity, and the use of a pump is avoided.
24th. In a hot-air-engine wherein, of two working bodies of air or vapor on
opposite sides of the piston, one is cooled by a spray of cold liquid and the other
heated by a spray of hot liquid, the combination with such engine of means for
introducing said hot and cold sprays.
25th. In a hot-air-engine the combination of the working cylinder, a chamber
communicating therewith and containing the working body of air or vapor, a spraying
nozzle adapted to deliver a spray of liquid into such chamber, and means for forcing
a liquid through such nozzle.
26th. In a heat engine wherein the pressure of the working fluid is reduced by a

page_text: jet or spray of cold liquid introduced therein, the combination with such jet cooler of
a surface cooler arranged to cool the liquid used in the jet or spray.
27th. In a hot-air-engine, the combination with the working cylinder of a chamber
communicating therewith and containing the working body of air, a spraying nozzle
adapted to spray hot liquid thereinto, and a heater for heating such liquid.
Dated this 3rd day of June 1890.
HASELTINE, LAKE & Co.,
45, Southampton Buildings, London, Agents for the Applicant.