AN IMPROVED ARRANGEMENT OF HEATING AND EVAPORATING APParatus."
Year: 1859

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to George Hadfield, of Carlisle, in the County of
Cumberland, Varnish Manufacturer, for the Invention of "AN IMPROVED
ARRANGEMENT OF HEATING AND EVAPORATING APParatus."
ARRANGEMENT OF HEATING AND EVAPORATING APPARATUS.'
Sealed the 15th November 1859, and dated the 24th May 1859.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said George Hadfield at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
24th May 1859.
I, GEORGE HADFIELD, of Carlisle, in the County of Cumberland, Varnish
Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN
IMPROVED ARRANGEMENT OF HEATING AND EVAPORATING APPARATUS," to be as
follows:-
The chief object of this Invention is to facilitate the manufacture of varnishes
and printing inks, the thickening of linseed and other oils, and the evaporation of
saline and other solutions. To this end I construct a long shallow pan which
I mount in brickwork, so that it forms the cover to a long horizontal furnace
flue.
At one end of the furnace I mount immediately over over the fire-place
a boiler which is to receive the liquid to be operated upon. This boiler I
connect by means of a gutter to the pan, and at the opposite end of the furnace
I provide a cistern, which is similarly connected with the pan. The boiler
and cistern I connect together near their bottoms with a pipe, for the purpose
of establishing a circulation of the liquid under operation through the boiler,

page_text: pan, and cistern. As the liquid in the boiler expands by reason of the heat to
which it is subjected it will flow over the pan, and be there subjected to the
further heat of the flue below. The flowing stream being thus subjected to
evaporation in its course will discharge itself into the cistern, and be thence
returned by the connecting pipe to the boiler, where it will be reheated and
again discharged on to the pan. As this arrangement ensures a large heating
and evaporating surface with an equable and continuous flow of the liquid
under treatment, it will be readily understood that a rapid evaporation will
ensue. When applying
When applying the improved apparatus to the boiling of gas-yielding
oils, I may find it desirable for the purpose of collecting and utilizing the
products of evaporation to close the boiler pan and cistern, and lead off the
gas evolved from the boiling oil to an adjacent gasometer.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said George Hadfield in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
24th November 1859.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, GEORGE
HADFIELD, of Carlisle, in the County of Cumberland, Varnish Manufacturer,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-fourth day of May, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine, in the twenty-second year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto
me, the said George Hadfield, Her special license that I, the said George
Hadfield, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the
said George Hadfield, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at
any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "AN
IMPROVED ARRANGEMENT OF HEATING AND EVAPORATING APPARATUS," upon the
condition (amongst others) that I, the said George Hadfield, by an instru-
ment in writing under my hand and seal,' should particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was
to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the
said Letters Patent.

page_text: the said George Madera, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement, reference being had to the Drawing hereunto aunexed, and to
the letters and figures marked thereon (that is to say):-
The chief object of this Invention is to facilitate the manufacture of
varnishes and printing inks, the thickening of linseed and other oils, and the
evaporation of saline and other solutions. To this end I propose to apply the
well-known principle of continuous circulation for keeping the whole body of
fluid submitted to the action of the evaporating apparatus in a state of distur-
bance during the continuance of the process.
In the accompanying Drawing I have shewn in sectional elevation and plan
view the apparatus whereby I propose to carry out the application of the
principle of continuous circulation. Fig. 1 being a longitudinal sectional
elevation of my improved evaporator, and Fig. 2 a plan view of the same.
a, a, represent the walls of a long brick furnace in which is formed a fire-
place b. At one end of the furnace, and immediately over the fire-place I
mount a boiler c, which is to receive the liquid to be operated upon. This
boiler I connect by means of a gutter d to a shallow metal pan d', which
extends to the opposite end of the furnace, and is there connected with a
cistern e by means of a gutter f. The boiler c and cistern e I connect together
near their bottoms by means of a pipe g, and I thus provide for a free circula-
tion of the liquid under operation through the boiler pan and cistern. I form
a flue h under the pan nearly equalling it in length and breadth, and this flue I
connect at one end with the fire-place, and at the other with a chimney. The
flame and heated gases will therefore have free play over the whole heating
surface of the evaporating pan. The liquid I supply to the apparatus in such
quantity that it will lie about an inch deep in the pan. As soon as the liquid
in the boiler begins to expand, by reason of the furnace heat to which it is
subjected, it will flow over into the evaporating pan d', and spreading into a
shallow stream it will be in the best condition to receive the further heating
of the flue h below; while passing over the pan, therefore, it will be caused to
yield its more volatile constituents, and continuing its flow it will discharge
itself into the cistern e, whence it will be returned by the connecting
pipe g to the boiler. The portion of the liquid which has made this circuit
will now be reheated, and again discharged in like manner on to the evapora-
ting pan.
As this arrangement of apparatus ensures a large heating and
evaporating surface with an equable and continuous flow of the liquid under
treatment, it will be readily understood that the evaporation will be greatly

page_text: accelerated as compared with the system hitherto adopted. This advantage
will be the more conspicuous when boiling varnishes or oils for the purpose of
thickening them, for when boiled in a deep pan according to the ordinary
practice, the vapour generated in the body of the liquid is kept down by the
superincumbent weight, and prevented from escaping at the surface until
highly rarified at the wasteful expenditure of fuel. When applying the
improved apparatus to the boiling of gas-yielding oils, I may find it desirable
for the purpose of collecting and utilizing the products of evaporation to close
in the boiler pan and cistern with air-tight covers, and lead off the gas evolved
from the boiling oil to an adjacent gasometer, its discharge from the evapora-
ting pan being assisted by an exhaust fan or equivalent means. I would
remark that other heat than furnace heat applied directly to the evaporating
apparatus may be used, as steam at a high or low pressure, or superheated,
suitably coiled pipes being used to conduct the same to the pan. If thought
desirable, a force or lifting pump may be employed to promote the circulation
of the liquid, but I have not found the need of this addition to ensure the
efficiency of my improved apparatus.
Having now set forth the nature of my Invention of an improved arrange-
ment of heating and evaporating apparatus, and explained the manner of
carrying the same into effect, I wish it to be understood that under the above
in part recited Letters Patent I claim constructing evaporating apparatus as
herein described, whereby a continuous circulation through the apparatus of
the liquid under operation may be promoted by the action of the heat imparted
to the liquid.
In witness whereof, I, the said George Hadfield, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, the Twenty-second day of November, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine.
CRODO HLADEILD