IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF TYPES, AND IN CASES TO BE USED THEREWITH."
Year: 1860

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Bartholomew Beniowski, of Bow Street, in the City
of Westminster, Gentleman, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF TYPES, AND IN CASES TO BE USED THEREWITH."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left. by the said Bartholomew Beniowski
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
23rd November 1860.
I, BARTHOLOMEW BENIOWSKI, of Bow Street, in the City of Westminster,
Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for " IMPROVE
MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF TYPES, AND IN CASES. TO BE. USED THEREWITH," to
be as follows:-
§ 1. The metal for casting types, logotypes, spaces, and all other sorts used
in letter-press printing I make by alloying tin with bismuth to the total
exclusion of the poisonous metals, lead and antimony, which at present
universally enter the composition of type metal. The proportion which
answers best is 15 of tin to 1 of bismuth. This proportion may, however, in
some degree vary. The greater the hardness required the greater must be
the proportion of bismuth.
§ 2. Types which have in addition to the usual face letters the same letter
on the foot not reversed, but exactly like that we see in printed books, are of
great utility, because the composition and distribution can be performed even
by the least instructed, by looking to the direct foot. letters, and not as
professional compositors do, who look to the reversed face letters.
The modes of casting such types hitherto known are difficult, and give but
indifferent results. I have, therefore, devised a mould in which the casting of
such types can be effectually performed by hand, by pump, or by adapting it
to casting machines.

page_text: .
Fig. 1 is a vertical transverse section of my improved mould with a type in
it. a represents in section the under carriage and jaw of the mould;
6 represents the type with the break; c represents the upper carriage and
jaw; d represents the usual face matrice; e represents the relief foot matrice.
It will be seen that this mould differs from the usual typefounder's mould in
the following particulars:-1stly, the jaw of the lower balf does not, as usual,
overhang the carriage, but, on the contrary, is placed so far back that the upper
angle of the carriage remains uncovered, and is filed away to form the throat, as
seen at Z. 2ndly, the upper jaw has its back hollowed out to allow room for
the foot matrice, as is seen at c*. 3rdly, the position of this upper jaw is such that
its. front surface X is in one plane with the surface × of the under carriage..
§ 8. Types which bear more than one letter (technically called logotypes)
increase the rapidity of composition and distribution. There are many modes
known of manufacturing such logotypes. I have myself invented a mode of
uniting single types into logotypes by means of shellac. For this Invention I
have obtained Letters Patent dated 10th May 1856, No. 1118; in the duly
enrolled Specification thereof I have fully described the whole process, which
has proved satisfactory, with the following drawback, viz., the cleaning of the
types after printing cannot be performed by lye, which attacks. the -shellac; it
must be done by turpentine or other volatile.liquid, which is disagreeable, and
often dangerous, on account of its inflammability. I, therefore, now propose
to use instead of shellac a solution of asphaltum in any of its well-known
solvents; such logotypes are not attacked by lye.
§ 4. Another mode of uniting a number of single types into logotypes is
shewn in Fig. 2. It represents three types (suppose the) placed in, the
under half of a mould (which must be made exactly like that in which these
types have been originally.cast), and pressed upwards until their. feet touch the
jaw. The mould is then closed with the upper half, and red-hot metal is
poured into the mouth. The feet become melted together, the break is broken
away, and the burr dressed in the usual manner. This mode, however, is
'evidently applicable to those types only which have no foot letters.
§.5. In this latter case I proceed as follows:-Fig. 3. represents three types
(suppose. t he) placed in the under half of a mould, which must be made
exactly like that in which the types have been originally cast, with this
difference, that the upper half has no nick-making wire, and the under half
has a side channel exactly opposite to and in continuation of the nick or
.nicks of the types, as seen at f. When the mould is closed by the upper half
.hot metal is thrown into the groove. This unites the types together, the break
is broken away, and the burr dressed.

page_text: § 6. All the above modes are good for those who are already possessed of
large quantities of single types. In any other case it is much more economical
to cast logotypes at once. But here comes the difficulty of having matrices
for such a purpose.
I have at this moment before me cases furnished with
nearly all the syllables of the English language, nearly (2,000 in number),
and the rate of composition is fully 10,000 per hour. This would require
2,000 matrices for casting the face letters only, and another 2,000 matrices
would be required in the case of types which have the additional foot letters,.
each containing on an average three letters. Every typefounder will admit that,
to achieve this, by means of punches, is almost out of the question, and even
by the electrotype-process matrices can but with great difficulty be obtained
from dressed types, and the justifying alone of 4,000 matrices for each fount
would be a work of years and of great expense. My improved mode of pro-
ducing matrices by electrotypy is calculated to obtain; them from the battery
perfectly justified, and to obviate the just mentioned difficulty of obtaining
proper matrices from dressed types.
§ 7. Suppose I have to form the matrice for the letter M, (for instance,
pica,) I take three letter M types and put them together with a 3-em stereo
quad on each side; I put them all into a mould, the body of which is equal to
3 ems; I unite them in the manner described above in § 4. Fig. 4 is a
horizontal view of the same on an enlarged scale, the faces of the first and
last M are shown as having been planed off. The places coloured red in
Fig. 4 represent the usual bevels which have been rubbed away in the dressing,
and have been built up by several films of asphaltum, or some other varnish;
such building up of the bevels is best performed with a fine camel brush
dipped in a solution of asphaltum in spirit of turpentine, and when dry the
asphaltum must be covered with plumbago. Figure 5 represents a number
of types each prepared as the just described M; and locked up with certain
pieces of wood, which I shall now. describe. gg, g, are pieces of some non-
condueting substance (best of hard wood), which I call separators; they are
protruding about of an inch above the faces of the types; h, h, h, are pieces
also of wood of the same height as the separators, which I call leaders. *Fig. 6
represents a leader separately; i is a strip of lead or other metal-inlaid-in-the
wood, and perfectly flush with the general surface of the wood. It serves to
eonduct the current of electricity through all the types of each line; j is & metal
rule, which forms the connection between all the leaders and the conductor k
of the battery. Two or three days are sufficient to obtain the necessary
copper deposit. Having unlocked the chase, each type will be found bearing
a perfectly justified matrice.

page_text: 3
§ 8. Each such matrice, together with the type to which it aaneres, put
into a holder of inch deep, as seen in Fig. 7,. and then transfer the whole
into the mould represented at Fig. 8. I pour hot type-metal through the
mouth; this operation I call backing the matrice. It is evident that all the
matrices treated in the same manner will have the same height (inch); the
superfluous metal / is broken off and planed away, as will be well understood.
§9. Each such obtained backed matrice is too short for being handled. in
the operation of casting types from it, therefore I put each into a usual mould,
the body of which is equal to the height of the backed matrice (inch) with
the face towards the upper carriage. The mould is closed, and hot fluid type
metal or any other metal is poured through the mouth. Fig. 9 represents the
under half of such mould, with the matrice M in it, in their natural sizes.
This operation I call. tailing the matrice. The part coloured red is the copper
matrice itself, and the part coloured blue is its tail. Fig. 10 represents in
perspective such a perfected matrice ready for use, which hardly ever requires-
the file of the justifier.
§ 10. I now proceed to describe my mode of manufacturing matrices for
casting the faces of logotypes.
• Preliminary Remarks.-A type the body of which is considerably larger
than that of the fount to which the face belongs I shall call a vasta type.
Fig. 11 represents such a vasta type.. Fig. 12 represents the same vasta type
with the addition of a stereo space inch thick cast on its left side; such type
I shall call a left vasta. Fig. 13 represents the same vasta with a stereo
space inch thick cast on its right side; such type I shall call a right vasta.
Figure 11 is a vasta without such spaces; I call this a middle vasta. Fig. 14,
which has on both sides such spaces, I call a right and left vasta. Now I
suppose I have to manufacture by electrotypy a matrice for the logotype " with."
I
put side by side a left w, a middle i, a middle t, and a right h; I unite them
together by one of the means described above in §§§ 3, 4, 5. Fig. 15 repre
sents the thus obtained vasta logotype. Fig. 16 is a horizontal view of a
number of various: such vasta logotypes locked up in a chase together, with
proper separators, leaders, and other accessories, exactly in the manner
described above (§ 7), and illustrated by Fig. 5. The whole is then treated in
the same manner for, and put into the battery, and when a sufficient quantity
of copper has been deposited, each logotype matrice will come out perfectly
justified ready for being backed and tailed in moulds of proper size in the same
manner as above described for backing and tailing single matrices. Fig. 17
represents in perspective such a perfected logotypic matrice ready for use.
§ 11. I now proceed to describe the mode in which I manufacture relief

page_text: matrices for casting foot letters. Suppose I have to make the relief matrice
for the foot letter "a" (for instance, pica), I cast in hard metal a middle
vasta type about inch body, with the usual reversed face letter "a". upon it;
I cast also the same middle. vasta type in soft metal (soft lead answers best).;
the face of this last type I plane away. Figs. 18, 19, represent in elevation
and vertical section a tool in which the hard type stands upon the soft. one.
The hard type protrudes about inch above the upper surface of the tool, and
the two halves of this tool, together with the hard X and soft type X, X,
strongly locked between them are represented in Fig. 18. A smart tap with
a hammer on the protruding foot of the hard type will produce a sufficiently
sunk direct letter. "a" on the leaden type below.. Next I plane away the
burrs which surround this sunk letter. A number of various such leaden
intaglio types are locked up in a chase together, with proper separators,
leaders, and other accessories exactly in the manner described above (§.7), and
illustrated by Fig. 5. The whole is then treated in the same manner for and put
into a sufficient quantity of copper has been deposited, each matrice bearing a
letter in relief will come out perfectly justified ready for being backed and
tailed in moulds of proper size in the same manner as above described (§ 8)
for backing and tailing single matrices.
§. 12. The manufacture of relief logotype matrices is similar to that above
described for obtaining logotypic face (or intaglio) matrices, viz., having once
obtained the single relief matrices, I cast from each a number of vasta sunk
right, left, and middle types, and for the manufacture of any given logotypic
relief matrice (for instance "with") compose of them the vasta. sunk letter
logotype as shewn in Fig. 20. The remainder of the process is exactly like
that described above for obtaining logotypic, matrices for casting the face
letters.
§18. The following is another mode of obtaining justified matrices. by
electrotypy. Figs. 21 & 22 represent what. I call a floor mould. It consists
essentially of three moulds one above another united together. Eigs. 23, 24, 25,
are perspective views of the under halves of these three-moulds shewn-sepa-
rately. Fig. 28 represents the upper mould; its body 1, 2, is the same as that
of the fount for which I intend making the matrices (for instance, pica); its
height 2, 3, is about of the height of the body of the fount. Fig. 24 repre-
sents the middle mould; its body 4, 5, is larger than that of the fount (say
inch); its height 5, 6, is of the height of the body of the fount, so that
2,-85,-6, will be exactly equal--the height of the body of the fount.
Fig. 25 represents the lower mould; it is in every respect like the upper one.
Fig. 21, 22, represent all the above three under halves united together, and a

page_text: usual type, for instance, M, placed therein. It will be seen, 1°, that the
upper or foot portion of the body of the type is in close contact with the sides
of the upper mould; 2°, that the lower portion is quite free, and has around it
an empty space; 8°, that the face of the type lies in the lower mould; the part
coloured red shews that this face has copper deposited on it previously to the
type being placed in this floor mould, as will be hereafter explained. A
number of various usual types are locked up with separators, leaders, and
other accessories, in the same manner as described above and illustrated by
Fig. 5, with this difference only that in Fig. 5 the types are right and left
vasta types, whilst in the present case they are simply usual types. By the
battery process each face receives a deposit of copper of the same body and
thickness as those of the type itself, and about inch high; each such coppered
诱
type I place in the floor mould as seen in Fig. 21. Next I close the mould
with the upper half, and throw by means of a pump metal through the
channel grooved out in the middle mould; this metal will fill the empty
space that surrounds the type, and unite with it, but no metal can flow towards
the face, because protected by the copper and lower mould. Fig. 26 shews
the type as it came from the floor mould, and the copper taken off; a part o
is broken off, and I have thus obtained a vasta right & left type exactly like
that of Fig: 4, which being treated exactly as described in §§§ 7, 8, 9, will
give perfected matrices. Logotypic matrices, for instance, the, are manu-
factured by the process just described exactly as the single matrices, with this
difference only that several types (for instance, the) united together into one
piece by one of the means described above in §§§ 3, 4, 5, are employed instead
of single types.
§ 14. In the above referred to Specification of my Patent, dated 10th May
1856, No. 1113, I have fully described cases for any number of types, logo-
types, and spaces; they have proved practically successful. I now propose to
line the grooves with some yielding or elastic substance, such as velvet, which
will prevent the types from falling into disorder when handled by very young
children or awkward beginning amateurs.

page_text: WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-third day of November, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty, in the twenty-fourth year of Her reign,
did; for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
Bartholomew Beniowski, Her special license that I, the said Bartholomew
Beniowski, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the
said Bartholomew Beniowski, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should
at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times there.
after during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within. the United Kingdom of Great Britain:and, Ireland,
the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE MANUFACTURE OF TYPES, AND IN CASES TO BE USED THEREWITH," upon the
condition (amongst others) that I, the said Bartholomew Beniowski, by an
instrument in writing under my hand and seal, should particularly describe
and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal
Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the
date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Bartholomew Beniowski, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is
to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and .by.the
following statement, reference being had to the Drawing hereunto annexed,
and to the letters and figures marked, thereon (that is to say):-
§ 1. My Invention of improvements in the manufacture of types, and in
cases to be used therewith, relates, first, to an improved alloy of metals which
I intend to use for the manufacture of type. It is well known that in
ordinary type metal lead and antimony, which are poisonous metals, are largely
employed. The first part of my Invention consists in employing as the metal
for casting types, logotypes, spaces and all other sorts used in letter-press
printing, an alloy composed of tin, with bismuth, to the total exclusion of the
poisonous metals lead and antimony. This alloy possesses a peculiar property
which will be found useful in anaking logotypes. It is that any number of
types cast in my improved metal may be joined together to form logotypes by
simply rubbing their clean sides in mercury and bringing the surfaces together.
The mercury will act as a solder, and firmly unite the types together. The
proportion of the metal which I have found to answer best for type metal is
fifteen parts of tin to one part of bismuth. This proportion may, however,
in some degree vary. The greater the hardness required in the type the
greater must be the proportion of bismuth.

page_text: § 2. Types which have in addition to the usual face letters, the same letter
on the foot, not reversed, but exactly like that we see in printed books, are of
great utility, because the-composition and distribution can be performed; even
by the least instructed, by looking to the direct foot letters, and not as pro-
fessional compositors do, who look to the reversed face letters.
The modes of casting such types hitherto known are difficult, and give but
indifferent results. I have therefore devised a mould in which the casting of
such types can be effectually performed by hand, by pump, or by adapting it
to casting machines.
Fig. 1 is a vertical transverse section of my improved mould, with a type in
it. a represents in section the under carriage and jaw of the mould; b is the
type, with the break, and c the upper carriage and jaw; d is the usual face
matrice, and e the relief foot matrice. It will be seen that this mould differs
from the usual typefounder's mould in the following particulars :-Firstly,
the jaw of the lower half does not, as usual, overhang the carriage, but on the
contrary, is placed so far back that the upper angle of the carriage remains
uncovered, and is filed away to form the throat, as seen at ; secondly, the
upper jaw has its back hollowed out to allow room for the foot matrice, as is
seen at ; thirdly, the position of this upper jaw is such that its front
surface X is in one plane with the surface × of the under carriage.
§3. Types which bear more than one letter (technically called logotypes)
increase the rapidity of composition and distribution. There are many modes
known of manufacturing such logotypes. I have myself invented a mode of
uniting single types into logotypes by means of shell-lac. For this Invention
I have obtained Letters Patent, dated 10th May 1856, No, 1118. In the
filed Specification thereof I have fully described the whole process, which has
proved satisfactory, with the following drawback, viz., the cleaning of the
types after printing cannot be performed by lye, which would attack the
shell-lac. This operation must be effected by the use of turpentine or other
volatile liquid, which is disagreeable, and often dangerous on account of its
inflammability. I, therefore, now propose to use instead of shell-lac, a solution
of asphaltum in any of its well known solvents. Logotypes when made by
joining single types by means of asphaltum, as above mentioned, are not liable
to be injured by the use of lyes.
§ 4. Another mode of uniting a number of single types into logotypes is
shewn in Fig. 2. It represents three types (suppose, the,) placed in the under
half of a mould (which must be made exactly like that in which these types
have been originally cast) and pressed upwards until their feet touch the jaw.
The mould is then closed with the upper half, and red hot metal is poured into

page_text: the mouth. The feet. become melted together, the break is broken away, and
the burr dressed in the usual manner. This mode, however, is evidently
applicable to those types only which have no foot letters.
§ 5. By another mode I proceed as follows:-Fig. 3 represents three types
(suppose, the,) placed in the under half of a mould, which must be made
exactly like that in which the types have been originally cast, with this
difference, that the upper half has no nick-making wire, and the under half
has a side channel exactly opposite to and in continuation of the nick or nicks
of the types, as seen at f. When the mould is closed by the upper half hot
metal is thrown into the groove. This unites the types together, the break is
broken away, and the burr dressed.
§ 6. All the above modes are good for those who are already possessed of
large quantities of single types. In any other case it is much more economical
to cast logotypes at once. But. here comes the difficulty of having.matrices for
such a purpose. I have at this moment before me cases furnished with nearly
all the syllables of the English language (nearly 2000 in number) and the
rate of composition is fully 10,000 per hour. This would require 2000 matrices
for casting the face letters only, and another 2000 matrices would be required
in the case of types which have the additional foot letters, each containing on
an average three letters. Every typefounder will admit that to achieve this by
means of punches is almost out of the question; and even by the electrotype
process matrices can but with great difficulty be obtained from dressed types, and
the justifying alone of 4000 matrices for each fount would be a work of years,
and of great expense. My improved mode of producing matrices by electro-
typy is calculated to obtain them from the battery perfectly justified, and to
obviate the just mentioned difficulty of obtaining proper matrices from dressed
types.
The faces of
The places
§ 7. Suppose I have to form the matrice for the letter M (for instance,
pica) I take three letter M types and put them together, with a three em
stereo quad on each side. I put them all into a mould, the body of which is
equal to 3 ems. I unite them in the manner described above in § 4.
Fig. 4 is a horizontal view of the same on an enlarged scale.
the first and last M are shewn as having been planed off.
coloured red in Fig. 4 represent the usual bevils which have been rubbed
away in the dressing, and have been built up by several films of asphaltum or
some other varnish. Such building up of the bevils is best performed with a
fine camel's hair brush dipped in a solution of asphaltum in spirit of tur-
pentine, and when dry the asphaltum must be covered with plumbago. Fig. 5
represents a number of types, each prepared as the just described M, and

page_text: locked up with certain pieces of wood, which I shall now describe. 9. 9. 9.
are pieces of some non-conducting substance (best of hard wood) which I call
separators. They protrude about one quarter of an inch above the faces of the
types; h, h, h, are pieces also of wood of the same height as the separators,
which I call leaders. Fig. 6 represents a leader separately. i is a strip. of lead
or other metal inlaid in the wood, and perfectly flush with the general surface of
the wood. It serves to conduct the current of electricity through all the types
of each line; j is a metal rule, which forms the connection between all the
leaders and the conductor k of the battery. Two or three days are sufficient
'to obtain the necessary copper deposit. Having unlocked the chase, each type
will be found bearing a perfectly justified matrice.
§ 8. Each such matrice, together with the type to which it adheres, I put
into a holder of one quarter of an inch deep, as seen in Fig. 7, and then
transfer the whole into the mould represented at Fig. 8. I pour hot type
metal or any other metal or alloy through the mouth. This operation I call
backing the matrice. It is evident that all the matrices treated in the same
manner will have the same height (say, one quarter of an inch). The super-
fluous metal is broken off and planed away, as will be well understood.
§ 9. Each such obtained backed matrice is too short for being handled in
the operation of casting types from it. Therefore I put each into a mould of
the usual construction, the body of which is equal to the height of the backed
matrice (say, one quarter of an inch) with the face towards the upper carriage.
The mould is closed, and hot fluid type metal or any other metal or alloy is
poured through the mouth. Fig. 9 represents of their natural size the under
half of such mould, with the matrice M in it. This operation I call tailing
the matrice. The part coloured red is the copper matrice itself, and the part
coloured blue is its tail. Fig. 10 represent in perspective such a perfected
matrice ready for use, which hardly ever requires the file of the justifier.
§ 10. I now proceed to describe my mode of manufacturing matrices for
casting the faces of logotypes.
Preliminary Remarks.-A type the body of which is considerably larger
than that of the fount to which the face belongs, I shall call a "vasta" type;
Fig. 11 represents such a vasta type; Fig. 12 represents the same vasta type
with the addition of a stereo space, say one-eighth of an inch thick cast on its
left side; such type I shall call a "left vasta"; Fig. 13 represents the same
vasta with a stereo space one-eighth of an inch thick cast on its right side;
such type I shall call a "right vasta"; Fig. 11 is a vasta without such spaces;
I call this a "middle vasta"; Fig. 14 which has on both sides such spaces I
call a "right and left vasta." Now suppose I have to manufacture by

page_text: electrotypy a matrice for the logotype "with" I put side by side a left w, a
middle i, a middle t, and a right h; I unite them together by one of the means
described above. Fig. 15 represents the thus obtained vasta logotype; Fig.
16 is a horizontal view of a number of such vasta logotypes locked up in
a chase together with proper separators, leaders, and other accessories,
exactly in the manner described above and illustrated by Fig. 5. The whole
is then treated in the same manner for and put into the battery, and when a
sufficient quantity of copper has been deposited each logotypic matrice will come
out perfectly justified ready for being backed and tailed in moulds of proper
size, in the same manner as above described for backing and tailing single
matrices. Fig. 17 represents in perspective such a perfected logotypic matrice
ready for use.
"
§ 11. I now proceed to describe the mode in which I manufacture relief
matrices for casting foot letters. Suppose I have to make the relief matrice
for the foot letter "a" (for instance pica) I cast in hard metal a middle vasta
type about half an inch body with the usual reversed face letter "a
upon it.
I cast also the same middle vasta type in soft metal (soft lead answers best);
the face of this last type I plane away; Figs. 18, 19, represent in elevation
and vertical section a tool in which the hard type stands upon the soft one.
The hard type protrudes about one sixty-fourth of an inch above the upper
surface of the tool, and the two halves of this tool, together with the hard X
and soft type XX, strongly locked between them are represented in Fig.. 18.
A smart tap with a hammer on the protruding foot of the hard type will
produce a sufficiently sunk direct letter "a" on the leaden type below. Next
I plane away the burrs which surround this sunk letter. A number of such
leaden intaglio types are locked up in a chase, together with proper separators,
leaders, and other accessories exactly in the manner described above and
illustrated by Fig. 5. The whole is then treated in the same manner for and
put into the battery, and when a sufficient quantity of copper has been de-
posited each matrice bearing a letter in relief will come out perfectly justified
ready for being-backed and tailed in moulds of proper size in the same manner
as above described for backing and tailing single matrices.
§12. The manufacture of relief logotype matrices is similar to that above
described for obtaining logotypic face (or intaglio) matrices, viz., having once
obtained the single relief matrices I cast from each a number of vasta sunk
right, left, and middle types, and for the manufacture of any given logotypic
relief matrice (for instance "with") I compose of them the vasta sunk letter
logotype as shewn in Fig. 20.. The remainder of the process is exactly like that
described above for obtaining logotypic matrices for casting the face letters.

page_text: § 13. The following is another mode of obtaining justified matrices by
electrotypy. Figs. 21 and 22 represent what I call a "floor" mould. It
consists essentially of three moulds one above another united together; Figs.
23, 24, 25, are perspective views of the under halves of these three moulds,
shewn separately. Fig. 23 represents the upper mould, its body 1, 2,
is the same as that of the fount for which I intend making the matrices
(for instance pica), its height 2, 3, is about one-third of the height of
the body of the fount; Fig. 24 represents the middle mould, its body 4, 5,
is larger than that of the fount (say half an inch) its height 5, 6, is two thirds
of the height of the body of the fount, so that 2, 3 + 5, 6, will be
exactly equal to the height of the body of the fount; Fig. 25 represents the
lower mould which is in every respect like the upper one; Figs. 21, 22, repre-
sent all the above three under halves united together, and a usual type (for
instance M) placed therein. It will be seen, 1st, that the upper or foot portion
of the body of the type is in close contact with the sides of the upper mould,
2nd, That the lower portion is quite free and has around it an empty space;
3rd, That the face of the type lies in the lower mould; the part coloured red
shews that this face has copper deposited on it previously to the type being
placed in this floor mould as will be hereafter explained. A number of various
usual types are locked up with separators, leaders, and other accessories in the
same manner as described above and illustrated by Fig. 5, with this difference
only, that in Fig. 5 the types are right and left vasta types, whilst in the
present case they are simply usual types. By the battery process each face
receives a deposit of copper of the same body and thickness as those of the
type itself and about one-eighth of an inch high; each such coppered type I
place in the floor mould as seen in Fig. 21. Next I close the mould with the
upper half and by means of a pump I throw metal through the channel n
grooved out in the middle mould. This metal will fill the empty space that
surrounds the type and unite with it, but no metal can flow towards the face,
because it is protected by the copper and lower mould; Fig. 26 shows the
type as it came from the floor mould and the copper taken off. Part o is
broken off, and I have thus obtained a vasta right and left type exactly like
that of Fig. 4, which being treated exactly as before described in sections 7, 8, 9,
will give perfected matrices.
"
Logotypic matrices for instance "the are manufactured by the process just
described exactly as the single matrices, with this difference only, that several
types (for instance the) united together into one piece by one of the means
described above are employed instead of single types.
§14. My last improvement relates to the cases or boxes for holding types.

page_text: and consists in making these case with a number of parallel grooves of the
same width as the body of the types, logotypes and spaces. These grooves are
lined with some yielding or elastic substance, such as velvet, cloth, india-
rubber, or some other suitable elastic or yielding material which will be suffi-
cient to hold the types in a vertical position and prevent them from falling
into disorder when handled by very young children or awkward beginning
amateurs.
Having now described my Invention of improvements in the manufacture
of type, and in cases to be used therewith, and having explained the manner
of carrying the same into effect, I claim as the several improvements secured
to me by Letters Patent as aforesaid:-
First, the use of the alloy herein set forth for casting types, logotypes,
spaces, and all other sorts used in letter-press printing.
Second, the mode herein set forth of constructing moulds for casting types
and logotypes.
Third, the modes herein set forth of uniting several types into logotypes.
Fourth, the modes herein set forth of forming matrices for casting types
and logotypes.
Fifth, I claim lining the cases for holding types, logotypes, and spaces,
with velvet, cloth, india-rubber, or some other elastic or yielding material for
the purpose herein set forth.
In witness whereof, I, the said Bartholomew Beniowski, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Fourteenth day of May, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-one.
Witness,
J. W. MOFFATT,
66, Chancery Lane.
BARTHOLOMEW BENIOWSKI. (L.S.)