IMPROVEMENTS IN WEAVING BAGS, SACKS, AND OTHER TUBULAR AND DOUBLE FABRICS, AND IN THE MEANS 7 4 EMPLOYED THEREFOR
Year: 1873

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Laird, the younger, of the Firm of William
•
Laird and Company, Manufacturers, and William Rutherford,
Manager to the said Firm, both of the Town and County of Forfar,
North Britain, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN WEAVING BAGS,
SACKS, AND OTHER TUBULAR AND DOUBLE FABRICS, AND IN THE MEANS
7
4
EMPLOYED THEREFOR."
Scaled the 6th January 1874, and dated the 29th October 1873.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Laird and Williaṁ
Rutherford at the Office of the 'Commissioners of Patents, with
their Petition, on the 29th October 1873.
We, JOHN LAIRD, the younger, of the Firm of William Laird and
Company, Manufacturers, and WILLIAM RUTHERFORD, Manager to the
said Firm, both of the Town and County of Forfar, North Britain, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
WEAVING BAGS, SACKS, AND OTHER TUBULAR AND DOUBLE FABRICS, AND IN THE
MEANS EMPLOYED THEREFOR," to be as follows, that is to say :-

page_text: composed of jute or linen yarns, or a mixture or combination of these
yarns or cotton, the cloth being either woven plain or twilled, and with
or without coloured stripes.
The Invention consists in a novel arrangement of the "Dobie "
machine as worked in connection with an ordinary loom.
According to this Invention the barrel of the "Dobie" machine is
perforated to correspond with the requirements of the articles to the
weaving of which this Invention relates, or a set of pegged or perforated
cards may be applied to the barrel, the pegs or perforations being in
such position to effect the necessary shedding operations of the leaves of
the camb.
Under this Invention, one warp yarn beam and one shuttle, and the
ordinary built camb with shafts are employed, thus dispensing with
treadles, wipers, or jacquard harness, and in place of the ordinary single
needle and pulley arrangement, duplex needles and pulleys are employed
in the "Dobie" machine, and in certain light fabrics springs are substituted
below attached to the leaves of the camb, acting contrary to the pall of
the "Dobie" mechanism, and securing thereby great speed in the weaving
operation.
In the process or operation of weaving according to this Invention,
though only one warp is used, two or more independent sheds are
formed one above the other, thus making the cloth double or more than
double, as required, and uniting it at one or both selvedges as may be
desired. When united at one selvedge only this forms the bottom of
the bag, and the sides of the bag are formed by interweaving the whole
of the warp yarns at intervals corresponding to the width of the bags
into strong single cloth, the open selvedges thus constitute the mouth of
the bags. When the selvedges are united so as to form the side edges of
the bags the whole of the warp yarns are interwoven at suitable intervals
apart corresponding to the length of the bag into strong single cloth
sufficient to form a bottom to each bag. Two or more bags may be
woven in the width of the loom.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said John Laird and William Rutherford in the Great
Seal Patent Office on the 25th April 1874.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, JOHN
LAIRD, the younger, of the Firm of William Laird and Company, Manu-
facturers, and WILLIAM RUTHERFORD, Manager to the said Firm, both
of the Town and County of Forfar, North Britain, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twenty-ninth day of October, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-three, in
the 37th year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto us, the said John Laird and William Rutherford,
Her special license that we, the said John Laird and William Rutherford,
our executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as we, the said
John Laird and William Rutherford, our executors, administrators, or
assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to
time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands,
and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN WEAVING BAGS,
SACKS, AND OTHER TUBULAR AND DOUBLE FABRICS, AND IN THE MEANS EMPLOYED
THEREFOR," upon the condition (amongst others) that we, the said John
Laird and William Rutherford, by an instrument in writing under our
hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of
the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed,
and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said John Laird and William
Rutherford, do, hereby declare the nature of our said Invention, and in
what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described
and ascertained in and by the following statement, reference being had
to the accompanying Drawings and to the letters and figures marked
thereon, that is to say :-
Our said Invention relates to improvements in the manufacture of
bags, sacks, and tubular or double textile fabrics such as are usually

page_text: "
The Invention consists in a novel arrangement of the "Dobbie
machine as worked in connection with an ordinary loom. The barrel of
the "Dobbic machine is perforated to correspond with the require-
ments of the articles, to the weaving of which this Invention relates, or
a set of pegged or perforated cards may be applied to the barrel, the
pegs or perforation being in such position to effect the necessary
shedding operations of the leaves of the "camb," "heddles," or
"healds."
$
In the loom with which the improved "Dobbie" is used for weaving
the fabrics herein-before mentioned, one warp yarn beam and one
shuttle, and the ordinary built "camb," heddles," or "healds" with
shafts are employed, thus dispensing with treadles, wipers, or jacjuard
harness, and in place of the ordinary single needle and pulley arrange-
ment of "Dobbies" duplex needles and duplex lifting bars, both bars
being hinged at one end and lifted and lowered at the opposite end, and
also a double set of pulleys are employed in the improved "Dobbie"
machine.
In the weaving of bags, sacks, duplex, or tubular fabrics, according to
this Invention, though only one warp is used, the shedding thereof is
such that the cloth is made double or more than double, as required, and
the two layers or webs of cloth if woven double, or each two such layers
or webs if woven more than double, for example into four, six, or other
number of layers or webs are united at one or both selvedges, as may be
desired, accordingly as the bags or sacks have their mouths at one of
the sides or across the cloth. When the two webs or layers of cloth are
united at one of the selvedges only, these united selvedges form the
bottom of the bag, 'and the sides or edges of the bag are formed by inter-
weaving the whole of the warp yarns at intervals corresponding to the
width of the bags into strong single cloth. The open selvedges at the
opposite side of the web in this case constitute the mouth of the bags.
When both the selvedges, that is to say, at both sides of the web are-
united so as to form the sides or edges of the bags, the whole of 'the
warp yarns are interwoven at suitable intervals apart corresponding to
the length of the bag into strong single 'cloth sufficient to form a bottom

page_text: to each bag. Two or more bags may be woven in the width of the loom
after the cloth woven as herein-before described is finished, the bags
are obtained by cutting them off from the web.
And in order that our said Invention may be properly understood, wc
now proceed more particularly to set forth the system, mode, or manner
in or under which the same is or may be used or practically carried into
effect, reference being had to the annexed Sheet of Drawings, and to the
letters and figures marked thereon, that is to say:-
On the Sheet of Drawings hereunto appended, Figure 1 is.a front
elevation of a portion of a loom shewing the improved "Dobbic"
machine attached thereto; Figure 2 is a plan of the same; Figure 3 is a
side elevation at right angles to Figure 1; Figure 4 is a horizontal section
on the line. a, b, Figures 1 and 3.
With reference to these Drawings the side framing of the "Dobbie"
machine is marked A, and the leaves of the "camb," "heddles," "or
healds," B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, respectively. The beam J carries the
warp K, and the portion marked L is the woven fabric, which as it
passes from the loom is wound upon the cloth beam M in the ordinary
manner. The loom is operated by the driving shaft N driven by means
of the pulleys fixed on the extremities thereof in the ordinary manner.
Two cranks are formed upon the shaft N which communicate a recipro-
catory movement to the reed O, which is carried on the lay and operated
in the ordinary manner by means of the connecting rods P, Figures 1
and 3. On one extremity of the shaft N is keyed a slotted crank or
lever Q communicating motion through the adjustable connecting rod R
to, the lever S which is free to move in a vertical plane upon a pin
forming the extremity of the stay T. The inner extremity of the
lever S is connected by an upright link U to the double needle lifting
bar V, which is operated correspondingly with the motion of the con-
necting rod R. The projecting bracket W is fixed to the framing A and
supports one extremity of the needle bar V. The lower lifting bar p is
operated from the lever S by a link X and duplex lever Z, by the action
of which the lifting bar p is alternately raised and depressed. The
bracket supports the outer extremity of the lifting bar p.
P
The "Dobbie" barrel a is actuated from the lever S by the link and
lever b, c, which communicate a vibrating motion to the horizontal
shaft d, upon which are fixed the standards e supporting the barrel a.

page_text: The pawl factuates the barrel a by catching and holding one of the
teeth or projections g formed at the extremity of the barrel a, the
standards of which in retiring from the horizontal needles of the
"Dobbie" machine pull against the pawl f, which retaining its hold
upon the tooth causes the barrel to revolve a quarter of a revolution,
thus presenting a different set of perforations or pegs to the needles at
each stroke after the ordinary manner. When desired this mechanism
is thrown out of action by pulling down the outer extremity of the
double lever h carried on the pin i, which has the effect of lifting the
pawlf clear of the teeth g. A framework j is fastened to the cheeks A,
within which the ordinary rollers are arranged to carry an endless chain
of cards which may be used in conjunction with the card barrel a, if
desired, that is to say, a chain of cards perforated or pegged to produce
the necessary shedding of the warp for weaving double and single cloth
at the required intervals for weaving bags or similar duplex fabrics.
Around the pulleys A', B', C', D', E', are conducted the stenting lines in
communication with the vertical duplex needles b', c', d', e', f', g', h', i', and
by these means the leaves of the "camb," "heddles," or "healds"
stretched between the vertical duplex needles so that there is always a
positive pull on both sides of the leaves, and by this pull the leaves of
the "camb," "heddles," or "healds" are kept in a constant state of
equable tenison while being operated by the vertical duplex needles b', c',
d', e, f, g, h, ".
are
The construction of the horizontal needles o is more particularly shewn
at Figure 4; they are supported, as shewn, in two perforated bars l, m,
and have two eyelet holes formed on each of them through which pass
the duplex vertical needles b', c', d', e', f', g', h', i'. To prevent the hori-
zontal needles o from turning in their seats they are bent double at onc
extremity so as to fit oblong or flat perforations in the supporting bar 1,
the interval between the bar and the nearer eyelet being occupied by
spiral springs acting in a contrary direction to the push of the perforated
or card barrel, and by these opposing forces the hooks of the vertical
needles b', c', d', e', f', g', h', ', are thrown upon or pushed off the lifting
bar V. The bar m which supports the other ends of the horizontal
needles o is moveable in a vertical plane so as to allow of the shifting of
the horizontal needles o opposite to the second row of pegs or per-
forations in or on the cards or barrel as the fabric being woven may
require,

page_text: The mode of operation is as follows:-The threads of the warp are led
through their corresponding "mails" in the leaves of the "camb,"
"heddles," or "healds, and thence through the reed as in ordinary
weaving operations. In front of the reed the shuttle is operated in the
ordinary manner on the shuttle race by any suitable "picking"
mechanism, not shewn in the Drawings, and forming no part of the
Invention.
To set forth the mode of weaving bags of plain cloth (having the
selvedges united at one side to form the bottom of the bag, and the
selvedges at the other side open so as to form the mouth of the bag)
with the "Dobbie" machine constituting this Invention, let it be
supposed that as shewn in the Drawings, but more particularly at
Figure 3, the leaves of the "camb," "heddles," or "healds herein-after
for the sake of brevity called "the leaves" B, F, be depressed, and the
leaves C, D, E, G, H, I, elevated; then under these conditions that
portion of the warp operated by the "leaves B, F, forms the lower part of
the shed, and that portion operated by the leaves C, D, E, G, H, I,
forms the upper part of the shed. The shuttle carrying the weft having
been shot while the warp is in this position the leaves B, F, (actuated
by the duplex needle bar V) are now raised while the leaf H sinks to
the position formerly occupied by the leaves B, F; the shuttle having
been shot through this shed of the warp the leaves B, C, D, F, G, are
sunk, the leaves E, I, remaining elevated. The larger portion of the
warp being now beneath the shot of weft now made binds or unites the
selvedges of the duplex web on that side of the web from which the
shuttle is thrown. The leaves E, I, are now lowered, and the leaves C, G,
raised, and the weft having been shot through this shed of the warp
completes one series of the succession of weaving operations which are
repeated any required number of times according to the dimensions of
the bag. The bound or united selvedges in this case form the bottom of
the bag.
To unite the double cloth at intervals so as to form the sides or edges
of the bag, the whole warp is woven into a solid web, or as strong single
cloth at distances apart corresponding to the required width of bag.
This may be effected by altering the positions of the perforations or pegs
on the card or card barrel, or it may be effected by altering the position
of the horizontal needles of the "Dobbie" machine by raising or
lowering the bar m which supports their extremities so that the hori-

page_text: zontal needles, will be shifted opposite another set of perforations or pegs
in the card or card barrel by which the leaves of the "camb,” “
," "heddles,"
or healds may be operated so as to produce strong single cloth.
From the example now given of weaving bags of plain cloth united at
one selvedge to form the bottom of the bag, and having solid crossings at
intervals to unite or form the sides or edges of the bag, the practical
weaver will understand that by altering the positions of the perforations
or projections in the "Dobbie" barrel, or the cards or chain carried
thereon, the warp may be so shed as to unite the double cloth at both
selvedges; thus causing the selvedges to form the sides or edges of the
bag, and forming the bottom of the bag by solid interweaving of the
double portions at intervals corresponding to the length of the bag. It
will also be obvious to the practical weaver that any number of bags
may be woven in the width of the warp by so perforating or pegging the
barrel or cards, or chain of cards as to produce the required sheds for
lines of solid interweaving of the two webs of cloth produced; these
lines of solid interweaving form the sides or edges of the bag, the bottom
being formed by interweaving the two webs crossways, as herein-before
mentioned.
In weaving any twilled fabric according to this Invention, the
"Dobbie" machine is provided with the requisite number of needles for
operating the number of leaves of the "camb," "heddles," or "healds"
corresponding to the requirements of the twill.
.
From the example now given it will be obvious to the practical weaver
that when the cloth is woven into four, six, or other number of webs
than two; this is effected by so perforating or pegging the "Dobbie"
barrel or cards carried thereon to produce the requisite shedding of the
warp, the methods of doing which are well understood by practical
weavers..
It is to be understood that the weaving of seamless bags either of ;
plain or twilled cloth generally forms no part of this Invention, but the
Invention essentially consists in the adaptation of the several improve,
ments on the "Dobbie" machine by which the weaving of bags or
similar articles or fabrics is accomplished.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of our
said Invention, and the system, mode, or manner in or under which the
same is, or may be used, or practically carried into effect, we would

page_text: observe in conclusion that what we consider to be novel and original
and therefore claim as the Invention secured to us by the herein-before
in part recited Letters Patent is,―
First. The general arrangement and combination of parts constituting
the improved "Dobbie" machine, as herein-before described and shewn
on the annexed Drawings, and the employment or combination of the
said improved "Dobbie" machine with looms for weaving bags, sacks, and
tubular or double fabrics, substantially as herein-before set forth.
Second. The double set of horizontal and vertical needles, and the
duplex lifting and lowering bars operated as set forth, also the con-
necting of the double set of vertical needles by stenting lines passing
over two sets of pullies to the upper and under side of each leaf of the
camb," heddles," or "healds," so that a positive shedding action of
constant tension is produced without the use of jacks or other inter-
mediate mechanism.
"
.
In witness whereof, we, the said John Laird and William
Rutherford, have hereunto set our hands and scals, this Twenty-