IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRICAL APPARATUS FOR LIGHTING AND OTHER PURPOSES
Year: 1877

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Samuel Alfred Varley, of Hatfield, in the County of
Hertford, Telegraphic Engineer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
ELECTRICAL APPARATUS FOR LIGHTING AND OTHER PURPOSES."
Sealed the 19th February 1878, and dated the 24th November 1877.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Samuel Alfred Varley at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 24th November 1877.
SAMUEL ALFRED VARLEY, of Hatfield, in the County of Hertford, Telegraphic
Engineer. "IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRICAL APPARATUS FOR LIGHTING AND OTHER
PURPOSES."
In the Specification of a former Patent granted to me the 19th day of December,
1876, No. 4905, are described certain improvements in dynamo-electric machines
for producing the electric light, and for other purposes where electricity in large
quantities is required. The improvements so described refer to machines of a class
previously described in a Provisional Specification of 1866, in the names of Cornelius
Varley and myself (No. 3394), and in the Specification of a Patent granted to us
in 1867 (No. 1755).
The principle consists in causing electricity and magnetism developed by the
expenditure of mechanical force to act and react on one another in the machine
itself, in such a way as to develope a greatly increased amount of both these forces.
In machines as described in the Specification of my last Patent, No. 4905, of
1876, a number of soft iron cores or bobbins are wrapped with insulated wire, and
mounted on an axle by means of which they are revolved, and there are commuta-
tors for sending the currents in the required directions; these bobbins revolve between
opposite poles of soft iron magnets, which are also wrapped with insulated wire.
The soft iron magnets are so arranged that they present north and south poles
alternately, and opposite to one another, and the bobbins when revolved are mag-
netized, first in one direction and then in the other, positive and negative electric
currents being developed in the insulated wires of the bobbins alternately at each

page_text: reversal of the magnetic polarity. The commutator closes the electrical circuit
through the insulated wire of the bobbins and the soft iron magnets, the elec-
tricity passing round the magnets in the direction to increase their magnetic
polarity, which increased polarity reacts upon the bobbins, developing an increased
amount of electricity.
The development of the electrical and magnetic forces is to a considerable
extent separated to obtain increased magnetic potential in the bobbins, which
at a later stage becomes converted into electricity of a correspondingly high
potential. To effect this the bobbins are divided into groups, the alternations of
north and south poles, between which the bobbins revolve, corresponding to the
number of groups.
The number of bobbins in each group may be two, three, four, or more; the
number of commutators employed may correspond to the number of bobbins forming
a group; or they may be increased in number, and when electricity of a very high
potential is desired, the commutators may be increased to the same number as the
bobbins. Now my present Invention has reference chiefly to machines of this class
and has for its objects the more complete conversion of the mechanical force con-
sumed into electric currents, especially for producing the electric light and the dis-
tributing of the currents so as to divide the light produced in order that the illu-
mination may be more uniform. I effect this chiefly by improved construction of
the various parts of the apparatus above referred to.
I construct the revolving bobbins in the following way:-I surround appropriately
formed cores or bobbins of wood or other suitable material with a number of iron
wires preferably coated with silk, cotton, or other insulating substance, which wires
I arrange parallel to one another, and to the axes of the bobbins they surround.
Over these iron wires I wrap convolutions of insulated wire. When great compact-
ness is desired in the machines, two, three, four, or more of these layers of iron wire
surrounded with convolutions of insulated wire may be superposed over one
another.
The insulated wire forming the convolutions I generally wrap in one continuous
length. In this way I construct bobbins of rings of helices having very little
magnetic conductivity laterally, and consequently when the machine is in action,
the magnetic polarity which is induced in the iron wires of the bobbins is almost
completely developed longitudinally with respect to the bobbins, and at right angles
to the convolutions of insulated wire, and the development of the electric currents
in the iron of the bobbins, is also almost completely prevented.
The iron wire employed for the bobbins may be made in the shape of segments of
a circle, so as to obtain a greater weight of iron in a given sectional area, but I do
not limit myself to such shape.
The magnets of the machine, between the poles of which the bobbins revolve,
may also be built up in a similar way to that just described in respect to the
revolving bobbins.
To divide the light I use bobbins which I call "electric division bobbins" as
they divide the electric force, producing the light among a number of electric lamps
The "electric division bobbins" are constructed of rings of helices of insulated
wire and layers of iron wire superposed over one another, and built up in a similar
way to that described in respect to the revolving bobbins, but instead of being
wrapped with one continuous length of insulated wire, they are wrapped with two,
three, or more insulated wires side by side, and the insulated wires or helices super-
posed over one another, are so connected together that when electricity is flowing
through the insulated convolutions, the layers of iron wire are magnetized in alter-
nate directions, forming armatures or keepers to one another.
I also cap the ends of the bobbins with soft iron plates which magnetically connect
the ends of the layers of iron wire together.
The superposed helices of insulated wire of the "electric division bobbins " may
however be so connected that the layers of iron wire will be all magnetized in one
direction, and the iron plates magnetically uniting the ends of the iron wires con-

page_text: nected together by means of an iron tube or a layer of iron wires enveloping the
bobbins and attached to the iron plates.
The light is divided by the electric division bobbins in the following way :-
Supposing, for example, the electric division bobbins are wrapped with four separate
insulated wires, these will form four separate electric circuits, three of which may
be connected to the carbon electrodes of three electric lamps, and the remaining
circuit to the reversing commutator of a machine such as described in the Specifica-
tion of my previous Patent, No. 4905, of 1876.
When the machine is in action, rapid alterations of the magnetic polarity will be
developed in the electric division, bobbins developing alternate electric currents
in the three circuits connected to the electric lamps producing three electric
lights.
The reversals of the electric currents in electric division bobbins may be obtained
by causing the bobbins to move between the poles of electro-magnets polarized in
alternate directions. When the reversals are obtained in this way, the convolutions
of insulated wire are so wrapped, or are so connected to one another as to magnetize
the layers of iron wires of the bobbins all in the same direction, the enveloping tube
and iron plates at the ends of the bobbins being dispensed with, but when I obtain
the reversals in this way I prefer to construct the electric division bobbins as follows:-
I surround hollow cylinders or bobbin bodies made of any suitable material, with
soft iron wires arranged longitudinally with respect to the bobbin bodies. Over
these iron wires I place a number of helices of insulated wire, which are usually
wrapped on to the longitudinal iron wires in their place. I connect the one end of
each of the helices to the beginning of the next; so that they may be regarded as a
continuous length of wire, the two ends of which are disconnected from one
another.
These hollow cylindrical bobbin bodies and helices are mounted so as to freely
move in two soft iron tubes, having a slot cut through them on one side, the move-
ments being in the direction of the length of the said two tubes.
The slotted tubes are attached to and form extensions of the poles of electro-.
magnets, and envelope some of the helices; they also approach one another in the
centre, leaving a space between, say, of three-quarters of an inch, more or less.
Contact pieces of metal may be attached to the ends of the helices. These contact
pieces project through or into the slots cut through the tubular extensions of the
poles of the electro-magnets. Three sets of contact springs or contact rollers.
(hereinafter referred to as "contacts") are mounted over the tubular extensions of
the magnet poles. One set of contacts rest on the contact pieces in the central
space, separating the slotted tubes, and the other two sets rest on the contact pieces
in the neighbourhood of the poles of the electro-magnet, and are also connected
together.
The contacts connected together are electrically connected to one of the carbon
electrodes in the electric lamps, and the other contacts are connected to the second
carbon electrode.
A rapid alternate or to-and-fro motion in the direction of the length of the:
slotted tubes is given to the helices by suitable means, such as a crank attached to:
the machine, which motion produces alternate positive and negative electric currents
in the helices.
In some cases the apparatus may be modified, so that the contacts shall bear
directly against the helices themselves.
Two, three, four, or more of the electric division coils may be arranged side by
side and coupled together with iron connecting pieces according to the number of
lamps over which the electric force produced is to be divided, or they may be
arranged end to end.
-
In magneto-electric machines when the currents are not divided over a number
of lights, but are concentrated into one light, it sometimes happens that the carbon
electrodes break; whenever this occurs the resistance of the electric circuit is
increased, and the effect is to reduce the magnetic potential of the electro-magnets
:

page_text: of the machine. I lessen this defect to a considerable extent by closing the electric
circuit of the machine through an electro-magnet, opposing very little resistance..
A jointed lever carrying a soft iron armature, and having a contact piece
preferably made of what is technically known as gas carbon, is mounted opposite to
the poles of the electro-magnets. A spring attached to the jointed lever pulls it
away from the poles of the electro-magnet, causing the carbon contact piece to rest
against an electrical conductor, constructed of a number of carbon rods, and having
usually a somewhat greater resistance than that opposed in the electric lamp.
When the electric light is burning, the jointed lever is attracted towards the
poles of the electro-magnets, and the electricity passes through the lamp, but when-
ever the circuit is divided in the electric lamp, the electro-magnet ceases to be
active, the jointed lever falls back, and the circuit is closed through the carbon
conductor maintaining the magnetic potential of the magnets at nearly the same
potential as when the circuit is completed through the carbon electrodes of the
electric lamp.
To prevent tearing of the metal of the commutators by the contacts which some-
times occurs, I prefer to construct the surfaces against which the contacts rub, of
steel or other hard or comparatively hard metal with grooves or recesses, which I
fill with antifriction metal, such as an alloy of tin, copper, and quicksilver, or other
well-known antifrictional metal.
The antifrictional metal acts as a sort of lubricant and prevents to a considerable
extent the tearing away of the harder metal.
•
When I use contact rollers in lieu of springs, I prefer to construct them of anti-
frictional metal and retard their motion to some extent by a spring resting on the
rollers, which ensures better contact and causes them to slip or drag to some
extent.
To prevent burning of the commutators in the act of the contacts crossing the
insulated divisions separating the respective surfaces of the commutator from one
another, I make the contacts in pairs, placing one contact of each pair a little in
advance of the other contact of the same pair, and I connect together the pairs
through electro-magnets which oppose resistance to magnetic polarity; thus a
momentary resistance is caused on the passing of the insulated division of the
commutator.
It will be evident from the well-known fact of the reciprocity of the mechanical
and electrical or magnetic forces, and their convertibility into one another, that in
apparatus, such as is herein-before described, instead of effecting the reciprocating
motion of the electrical division bobbins by mechanical means, and so producing
electrical currents, the converse will take place if electricity be sent through the
contacts from an independent sourse, and a suitable cominutator be applied for
reversing the direction of the currents at each stroke; thus such apparatus may be
used as an electro-motor.
It will also be obvious that dynamo-electric machines may be constructed
according to that part of my Invention herein-above set forth, which refers to the
use of electrical division bobbins actuated by mechanical means in conjunction with
slotted tubes or pipes.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Samuel Alfred Varley in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 24th May
1878.
SAMUEL ALFRED VARLEY, of Hatfield, in the County of Hertford, Telegraphic
Engineer. IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRICAL APPARATUS FOR LIGHTING AND OTHER
PURPOSES."
In the Specification of a former Patent granted to me the 19th day of December
1876, No. 4905, are described certain improvements in dynamo-electric inachines
for producing the. electric light and for other purposes where electricity in large
quantities is required. The improvements so described refer to machines of a class
previously described in a Provisional Specification of 1866, in the names of Cornelius
Varley and myself (No. 3394), and in the Specification of a Patent granted to us in
1867 (No. 1755).
The principle consists in causing electricity and magnetism developed by the
expenditure of mechanical force to act and react on one another in the machine itself
in such a way as to develope a greatly increased amount of both these forces.
In machines as described in the Specification of my last Patent (No. 4905 of 1876)
a number of soft iron cores or bobbins are wrapped with insulated wire, and mounted
on an axle, by means of which they are revolved, and there are commutators for
sending the currents in the required directions; these bobbins revolve between
opposite poles of soft iron magnets, which are also wrapped with insulated wire.
The soft iron magnets are so arranged that they present north and south poles
alternately, and opposite to one another, and. the bobbins when revolved are
imagnetized first in one direction, and then in the other, positive and negative
electric currents being developed in the insulated wires of the bobbins alternately
at each reversal of the magnetic polarity.. The commutator closes the electrical
circuit through the insulated wire of the bobbins and the soft iron magnets, the
electricity passing round the magnets in the direction to increase their magnetic
polarity, which increased polarity reacts upon the bobbins, developing an increased
amount of electricity.
The development of the electrical and magnetic forces is to a considerable extent
separated to obtain increased magnetic potential in the bobbins, which at a later
stage becomes converted into electricity of a correspondingly high potential. To
effect this the bobbins are divided into groups, the alternations of north and south
poles, between which the bobbins revolve, corresponding to the number of groups.
The number of bobbins in each group may be two, three, four, or more; the
number of commutators employed may correspond to the number of bobbins forming
a group; or they may be increased in number, and when electricity of a very high
potential is desired the commutators may be increased to the same number as the
bobbins. Now my present Invention has reference chiefly to machines of this class,
and has for its object the more complete conversion of the mechanical force consumed
into electric currents, especially for producing the electric light and the distributing
of the currents, so as to divide the light produced, in order that the illumination
may be more uniform. I effect this chiefly by improved construction of the various
parts of the apparatus above referred to.
1 construct the revolving bobbins in the following way :- I surround appropriately
formed cores of wood or other suitable material with a number of iron wires (which
may be coated with silk, cotton, or other insulating substance), which wires I arrango
parallel to one another and to the axes of the cores they surround. Over these iron
wires I wrap convolutions of insulated wire. When great compactness is desired
in the machines two, three, four, or more of these layers of iron wire surrounded
with convolutions of insulated wire may be superposed over one another.
The insulated wire forming the convolutions I generally wrap in one continuous
length. In this way I construct bobbins of rings, of helices, or spirals, having very
little magnetic conductivity laterally, and consequently when the machine is in

page_text: action the magnetic polarity which is induced in the iron wires of the bobbins is
almost completely developed longitudinally with respect to the bobbins, and at
right angles to the convolutions of insulated wire, and the development of the
electric currents in the iron of the bobbins is almost completely prevented.
The iron wire employed for the bobbins may be made in the shape of segments of
a circle, so as to obtain a greater weight of iron in a given sectional area, but I do
not limit myself to such a shape.
The magnets of the machine, between the poles of which the bobbins revolve,
may also be built up in a similar way to that just described in respect to the
revolving bobbins.
To divide the light I use bobbins which I call "electric division bobbins," as they
divide the electric force, producing the light among a number of electric lamps.
The electric division bobbins" are constructed of rings, of helices, or spirals of
insulated wire and layers of iron wire superposed one over another, and built up in
a similar way to that described in respect to the revolving bobbins, but instead of
being wrapped with one continuous length of insulated wire they are wrapped with
two, three, or more insulated wires, side by side, and the insulated wires superposed
over one another may be so connected together that when electricity is flowing
through the insulated convolutions, the superposed layers of iron wire will be
magnetized in alternate directions, forming armatures or keepers to one another.
The ends of the bobbins are capped with soft iron plates to magnetically connect
the ends of the layers of iron wire together.
The superposed helices or spirals of insulated wire of the "electric division
bobbins" may however be so connected that the layers of iron wire will be all
magnetized in one direction, and the iron plates magnetically uniting the ends of
the iron wires connected together by means of an iron tube or a layer of iron wires
enveloping the bobbins, and attached to the iron plates.
"
The light is divided by the electric division bobbins" in the following ways:
Supposing, for example, the electric division bobbins are wrapped with four separate
insulated wires; these will form four separate electric circuits, three of which may
be connected to the carbon electrodes of the three electric lamps, and the remaining
circuit to the reversing commutator of a machine such as described in the Specifica-
tion of my previous Patent, No. 4905 of 1876.
When the machine is in action rapid alternations of the magnetic polarity will be
developed in the electric division bobbins, developing alternate electric currents in
the three circuits connected to the electric lamps producing three electric lights.
The reversals of the electric currents in the electric division bobbins may be
obtained by causing the bobbins to move between the poles of the electro-magnets
polarized in alternate directions. When the reversals are obtained in this way the
division bobbins may be constructed in a precisely similar way to that described for
the revolving bobbins, but I prefer to construct them as follows:-I surround hollow
cylinders or bobbin bodies made of any suitable material with soft iron wires
arranged longitudinally with respect to the bobbin bodies. Over these iron wires I
place a number of helices or coils of insulated wire, which are usually wrapped (in
sections) as herein-after described, on to the longitudinal iron wires in their place.
I connect the one end of each of the helices or coils to the beginning of the next, so
that they may be regarded as a continuous length of wire, the two ends of which
are disconnected from one another.
These hollow cylindrical bobbin bodies and helices or coils are mounted so as to
freely move in two soft iron tubes having a slot cut through them on one side, the
movements being in the direction of the length of the said two tubes.
The slotted tubes are attached to and form extensions of the poles of electro-
magnets, and envelop some of the helices or coils; they also approach one another
in the centre, leaving a space between, say, of three quarters of an inch, more or
less.
Contact pieces of metal may be attached to the ends of the helices or coils; these
contact pieces project through or into the slots cut through the tubular extensions

page_text: of the poles of the electro-magnets. Three sets of contact springs or contact rollers
(herein-after referred to as " contacts") are mounted over the tubular extensions of
the magnet poles. One set of contacts rests on the contact pieces in the central
space, separating the slotted tubes, and the other two sets rest on the contact pieces
in the neighbourhood of the poles of the electro-magnet, and are also connected
together.
The contacts connected together are electrically connected to one of the carbon
electrodes in the electric lamps, and the other contacts are connected to the second
carbon electrode.
A rapid alternate or to-and-fro motion in the direction of the length of the
slotted tubes is given to the helices or coils by suitable means, such as a crank
attached to the machine, which motion produces alternate positive and negative
electric currents in the helices or coils.
In some cases the apparatus may be modified as berein-after described, so that
the contacts shall bear directly against the helices or coils themselves.
Two, three, four, or more of the electric division coils may be arranged side by
side and coupled together, according to the number of lamps over which the electric
force produced is to be divided, or they may be arranged end to end.
In magneto-electric machines when the currents are not divided over a number
of lights, but are concentrated into one light, it sometimes happens that the carbon
electrodes break; whenever this occurs the resistance of the electric circuit is
increased, and the effect is to reduce the magnetic potential of the electro-magnets
of the machine. To lessen this defect I close the electric circuit of the machine
through an electro-magnet, opposing very little resistance.
A jointed lever carrying a soft iron armature, and having a contact piece made
of what is technically known as gas carbon, is mounted opposite to the poles of the
electro-magnets. A spring attached to the jointed lever pulls it away from the
poles of the electro-magnets, causing the carbon contact piece to rest against an
electrical conductor constructed of a number of carbon rods, and having usually a
somewhat greater resistance than that opposed in the electric lamp.
When the electric light is burning the jointed lever is attracted towards the poles
of the electro-magnets and the electricity passes through the lamp, but whenever
the circuit is divided in the electric lamp the electro-magnet ceases to be active, the
jointed lever falls back, and the circuit is closed through the carbon conductor,
maintaining the magnetic potential of the magnets at nearly the same potential
as when the circuit is completed through the carbon electrodes of the electric
lamp.
To prevent tearing of the metal of the commutators by the contacts, which some-
times occurs, the surfaces against which the contacts rub may be constructed of
steel or other hard, or comparatively hard, metal, with grooves or recesses filled
with antifriction metal, such as an alloy of tin, copper, and quicksilver, or other
well known antifrictional metal.
The antifrictional metal will act as a sort of lubricant, and prevent to a con-
siderable extent the tearing away of the harder metal.
If contact rollers be used in lieu of springs they may be constructed of anti-
frictional metal, and their motion be to some extend retarded by a spring resting on
the rollers.
It will be evident from the well-known fact of the reciprocity of the mechanical
and electrical or magnetic forces, and their convertibility into one another, that in
apparatus such as is herein described, instead of effecting the reciprocating motion of
the electrical division bobbins by mechanical means, and so producing electrical
currents, the converse will take place if electricity be sent through the contacts
from an independent source, and a suitable commutator be applied for reversing
the direction of the currents at each stroke, thus such apparatus may be used as
an electro-motor.
It will also be obvious that dynamo-electric machines may be constructed
according to that part of my Invention herein described, which refers to the use of

page_text: Figs. 1 and 2 shew in end view and longitudinal section respectively my
improved construction of revolving bobbin. A is the core; B, B, B, are the
longitudinal iron wires; and C, C, C, are the convolutions of insulated wire sur-
rounding the longitudinal iron wires.
Figs. 3 and 4 shew respectively in longitudinal section and in side elevation my
improved construction of electric division bobbin, composed of keys of helices or
spirals of insulated wire surrounding iron wires arranged longitudinally or at right
angles to the insulated wire. A is the bobbin mould; B, B, B, B, B, are the longi-
tudinal iron wires; C, C, C, C, C, the convolutions of insulated wires; D, D, are
iron caps magnetically connecting the ends of the iron wires, and bolted together by
the screw bolt E. The dotted lines F indicate the soft iron tube I employ to
unite the caps D, D, when the iron wires B are magnetized in the same
direction.
Figs. 5, 6, 7, and 8 shew the arrangement of light-dividing apparatus according
to my Invention. Fig. 5 being a plan view of the apparatus; Fig. 6, a side eleva-
tion thereof; Fig. 7, an end view, to a larger scale, of the electric division bobbin
and one of the slotted tubes, forming an extension of the electro-magnet in which it
moves; and Fig. 8, a longitudinal sectional view of a portion of the electric division
bobbin, with portions removed to more clearly shew the construction of the various
parts. G, G, are slotted iron tubes, forming polar extensions of the electro-magnets
H, H; I is the electric division bobbin which works in the slotted tubes; J is a
metal shaft which works in the bearings K, K, and being actuated by a crank or
other suitable incans (not shewn in the Drawings), communicates motion to the
electric bobbin; L, L, L, are the contacts, resting on the contact pieces L'; M, M¹, M³,
are three metal blocks mounted on the slotted tubes G, G, but insulated therefrom by
plates of ebonite or other insulating material. To these blocks the contacts L, L, L,
are attached, as shewn in Fig. 6. N is a connecting wire, electrically connecting the
blocks M and M² together. O, O, are two connecting wires, attached respectively
to M and M2, and through which wires the electrical circuit is completed.
The construction of the different parts of the electrical division bobbin will be
clearly seen on reference to Figs. 7 and 8, where A is the bobbin mould; B, B, are
the longitudinal iron wires surrounding it; C, C, the helices or spirals of insulated wire,
wrapped in sections on the iron wires B. These helices or spirals are connected, as
shewn in the Drawings, to the metal rings L2, which separates the sections of
insulated helices or spirals and partially overlap them. To the rings L² are attached
the contact pieces L', which can thus be readily detached and renewed when
worn out.
Fig. 9 shews the mode of connecting up two electric division bobbins, arranged
end to end.
"
Figs. 10 and 11 are respectively a side elevation and an end view of one of the
electric division bobbins as arranged when the "contacts are to bear directly on
the helices or spirals themselves. C is a single helice or spiral of insulated wire,
wrapped on the iron wires B. The helice or spiral is represented in the Drawing
as being made of square wire, but obviously other sections may be used. The
insulating material is removed at the points where the contacts bear to make the
electrical contact. Where variations in resistance are not objectionable the contacts L
may in some cases be flexible metallic conductors, permanently connected to the
ends and centre of the spiral or helice, as shewn in Fig. 10 of the Drawings.
Figs. 12 and 13 are respectively a side view, partly in section, and a plan of my
arrangement for maintaining approximately the magnetic potential of the electro-
magnets of the machine in the event of the electric circuit being divided. N* is an
electro-magnet; Ox is a jointed lever, working in a metal block P, and carrying

page_text: a carbon rod Q, which when the lever Ox is in a vertical position makes electrical
contact with a carbon rod Q' attached to the metal support R; S is a spring,
attached to but insulated from the support R, and pulls the jointed lever 0*
towards R; U, U', are binding screws which retain the carbon rods in their places,
and enable them to be adjusted or renewed if necessary; R¹, metal supports carrying
carbon resistances, and electrically connected, as indicated by the diagonal dotted
lines. V, V1, V2. are three terminals or binding screws; V is connected to one end
of the insulated convolutions of the electro-magnet N, and also to the jointed
lever Ox; V is connected to the other end of the insulated convolutions.
The electro-magnet N is included in the electric light circuit, and when the
circuit is closed becomes active and attracts the jointed lever Ox, as indicated by
the dotted lines in Fig. 12, and divides the circuit at the carbon_contacts Q; the
electric current now passes from V through the electro-magnet to V, thence through
the electric lamp to V2. Should the circuit from any cause become divided in the
electric lamp the electro-magnet N will cease to be active, the jointed lever Ox will
be pulled over, and the circuit completed through the carbon contacts Q and Q¹,
and through the carbon resistances T to V2. When the circuit is again re-established
in the electric lamp the magnet will become again active and attract the jointed
lever Ox, and the electric circuit will thus be completed through the lamp only.
Having described the nature of my said Invention, and explained the manner of
carrying it into practical effect I would have it understood that what I consider to
be novel and original, and claim as the Invention secured to me under the Letters
Patent herein-before first in part recited is as follows:-
1. Constructing the revolving bobbins as herein-before described and shewn.
2. Constructing the electric division bobbins as herein-before described and
shewn.
3. Dividing electric force by the use of electric division bobbins working in
tubular extensions of the poles of electro-magnets, substantially as described.
4. The use in electro-motors of bobbins working in tubular extensions of electro-
magnets, as herein-before described.
5. Producing electric force by the use of bobbins operated mechanically within
tubular extensions of electro-magnets, substantially as described.
6. The construction of apparatus, shewn in Figs. 12 and 13 of the Drawings, for
the purpose specified.
In witness whereof, I, the said Samuel Alfred Varley, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twenty-fourth day of May, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and seventy-eight.
TDA