IMPROVEMENTS In Appa- RATUS FOR WARMING RAILWAY AND OTHER CARRIAGES, AND IN THE MANU- PACTURE OR THE FUEL TO RE SE THEREIN
Year: 1872

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to August Louis Kiesling, of 23, Fenchurch Street,
in the City of London, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS In Appa-
RATUS FOR WARMING RAILWAY AND OTHER CARRIAGES, AND IN THE MANU-
PACTURE OR THE FUEL TO RE SE THEREIN "
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said August Louis Kiesling
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 7th November 1872.
I, AUGUST LOUIS KIESLING, of 23, Fenchurch Street, in the City of
London, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "Iм.
PROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR WARMING RAILWAY AND OTHER CARRIAGES, AND IN
THE MANUFACTURE OF THE FUEL TO BE USED THEREIN," to be as follows :-
In the Specification of a Patent granted to Thomas Duncombe Eagles,
of 23, Fenchurch Street, in the City of London, as a communication
from abroad by Bartholomew Berghausen, Dr. Joseph Phillips, and
August Louis Kiesling, all three of the City of Cologne, in the Empire
of Prussia, it has been described certain apparatus for the warming of

page_text: railway and other carriages, one part of which consisted in a perforated
sheet-iron box or drawer which serves as a removable grate. On it the
fuel is placed and pushed into the heating apparatus. The ends of this
fuel drawer or grate (i.e. the section of the grate) were made much less
in size than the section of the copper heating apparatus.
Further, between the front end of the fuel box and the charging door
a free space was left. Within this space and in the bottom of the
heating apparatus was inserted a tube for the supply of air, which,
passing in a downward direction through the floor of the carriage, took
in the necessary air for combustion through two adjustable bell mouths.
Further again, the charging door of the apparatus was perfectly closed,
and had no openings when shut, and it was constructed with a single
plate.
Further, instead of the one pipe C, D, which has for its object the
conveying away of the products of combustion from the main heating
apparatus towards the exit pipe in the floor of the carriage, I now use, in
order to more fully utilise the heat passing through the same, two,
three, or a greater number of pipes proportionally smaller in diameter
as the number of the same increases. These are united at their farthest
ends into a common chamber, which for its part is then connected with
the downward suction pipe in a similar manner to that in which the
single pipe C, D, was attached to the same.
Further, it was stated in the said Specification that the main body of
the heating apparatus was passed through the panelling of the carriage
into the inside of the carriage, and that it was fixed there, but so that
the charging door was outside of the carriage, from whence it was
charged with fuel.
I now in some instances discontinue the practice of having the appa-
ratus a fixture, and of allowing its door to protrude to the outside
through the panels of the carriage, but make the same a moveable or
portable apparatus, but otherwise of the same construction as that
described, only shorter in length, so that it can readily be adjusted under
the seats of the carriages, and readily taken out again. The opening
into which (in the old construction) the air inlet and the gas outlet pipe
were screwed, are now supplied with a conical turned and ground valve
seat. The inlet pipe for air and the outlet pipe for the gas still remain
fixtures in the floor or in the partition wall of the carriages, and projects

page_text: several inches into the interior of the carriage. The upper ends of these
pipes are turned conical, and fit air-tight into and meet exactly the
corresponding holes in the bottom of the heating apparatus. This heating
apparatus made thus portable, after being placed on to the projecting valve.
plug ends of the pipes named, joined to them perfectly gas tight. When
placed in this position the apparatus is fastened down by means of tie
rods so as to prevent its being shaken off its seat. The edges of the
charging door and of its frame are planed and ground smooth, so that
they allow no gas to escape between them into the interior of the
carriage. I also give to the end of the downward suction pipe, that is to
the part which passes through the floor of the carriage, an horizontal direc-
tion pointing to the opposite direction in which the train is travelling.
My present Invention now consists in certain improvements, the
arrangements named, and, 2., in improvements in the manufacture of the
fuel to be employed in the heating apparatus of the construction described
in the Specification of the 27th of April 1872, and also in that of the
present improved construction.
The improvements relating to the apparatus are as follows:-I dispense
with the opening in the bottom of the apparatus, and the bell-mouthed
air or draught pipe which passes from the heating apparatus through
the bottom of the carriage into the space below it, and I now take in
the necessary air through an adjustable sliding opening or diaphragm in
the door itself.
I further make the end plate of the fuel grate large enough to fit
.closely into the apperture of the heating apparatus, and I finally per-
forate this end plate with such a number of holes that the sum of
superficial area of the same is about equal to that of the openings of the
sliding diaphragm when fully opened. By this arrangement I prevent
a back current of the heated gases towards the charging door, and insure
it and its frame remaining cool.
To furthur insure the door remaining cool I also protect the door
proper by placing on the inside of the same, about half an inch distant,
a piece of sheet iron, in fact, by making it a double door, leaving how-
ever sufficient room for the air entering through the open slide in the
door to pass all around the same.
Further, I construct the removable fire-grate or drawer, instead of
perforated sheet iron, of stout wire cloth, and furnish it with a lid of the

page_text: same material, so that in case of an accident taking place no pieces of
fuel of a larger size than the meshes can become scattered about.
My Invention consists, 2., in improved methods for manufacturing the
fuel to be used in my heating apparatus.
For this manufacture I use
finely ground wood charcoal mixed with some glutinous substance, such
as seaweed, jelly, farina, or refuse rice paste, solutions of cheap gums, or
soluble silicates. To these I add either solutions of nitrate or chlorate of
potassa or solutions of nitrate of soda mixed with a small quantity of sul-
phate of magnesia or sulphate of soda. I then mix all these ingredients
well together, and press (by means of strong presses) the same in
moulds into brick-shaped cakes. These pressed cakes I dry or bake in
kilns or ovens by means of strong artificial heat, but of course not so
strong as to ignite the dried fuel cakes.
In order to protect the pressed cakes of artificial fuel, especially if they
have been made with hygroscopic salts, against atmospheric moisture I
coat the same on the outside with a varnish of silicate of soda or potassa,
or with solutions of bituminous or gummy substances.
I further manufacture the said fuel by (A) mixing with finely ground
charcoal chromate of lime or soda (with or without a slight excess of
lime), heating the mixture by means of steam or fire pressing it into
cakes, or (B) by mixing with finely ground charcoal, chromate of lime,
or chromate of soda, with one or more of the above-named glutinous
substances, heating the mixture as above, pressing the same into cakes,
and either using the same thus or after subjecting them to a process of
stove drying.
Instead of the chromates I use in precisely the same manner as that
described just now manganates of lime or soda. When nitrates have.
been used in the composition of my fuel, the nitric acid becomes
destroyed in the process of combustion, and is irrevocably lost; but
when the chromates or manganates named have been used the said
compounds constitute themselves, and are again found.in the ashes.
My Invention therefore consists in the recovery from the ashes of the
burned fuel of the chromates and manganates, and this I either do (A)
by using the same once or twice over again in fresh mixtures of charcoal
and the other ingredients, or (B) by calcining and lixiviating the ashes,
and boiling down the solution.
'

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said August Louis Kiesling in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 5th May 1873.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, AUGUST
LOUIS KIESLING, of 23, Fenchurch Street, E.C., in the City of London,
send greeting.
-
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Seventh day of November, in the year.
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-two, in the thirty-
sixth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said August Louis Kiesling, Her special
licence that I, the said August Louis Kiesling, my executors, adminis-
trators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said August Louis Kiesling,
my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any t
y time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during
the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IM-
PROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR WARMING RAILWAY AND OTHER CARRIAGES, AND IN
THE MANUFACTURE OF A FUEL TO BE USED THEREIN," upon the condition
(amongst others) that I, the said August Louis Kiesling, my executors
or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or
one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was
to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of
the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I; the said August Louis Kiesling, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement :-
In the Specification of a Patent granted to Thomas Dunscombe Eagles,
of 23, Fenchurch Street, in the City of London, as a communication
from abroad by Bartholomew Berghausen, Dr. Joseph Philipps, and
August Louis Kiesling, all three of the City of Cologne, in the Empire
of Germany (No. 1263, 27 April 1872) has been described certain appa-

page_text: ratus for the warming of railway and other carriages, one part of which
consists in a perforated sheet iron box or drawer which serves as a.
removeable grate. In it the fuel is placed and pushed into the heating
apparatus. The ends of this drawer or fuel grate are made much less
in size than the section of the copper heating apparatus.
Further, between the front end of the fuel grate and the charging
door a free space is left. Within this space and in the bottom of the
heating apparatus a tube is inserted for the supply of air, which, passing
in a downward direction through the floor of the carriage, takes in the
necessary air for combustion through two adjustable bell mouths.
Further again, the door of the apparatus is perfectly closed, and has
no openings when shut, and further, it is stated in said Specification that
the main body of the heating apparatus is passed through the panelling
of the carriage, and that it is fixed there, but so that the charging door
of the same is outside of the carriage, from whence it is charged with
fuel.
My present Invention consists now, firstly, in certain improvements of
the arrangements named, and, secondly, in improvements in the manu-
facture of the fuel to be employed in the heating apparatus of the
construction described in the Specification No. 1263, 27 April 1872, and
also in that of the present improved construction.
The improvements relating to the apparatus are as follows:-I dispense
with the opening in the bottom of the apparatus and the bell-mouth air
or draught pipe which passes from the heating apparatus through the
bottom of the carriage into the space below it, and I now take in the
necessary air through openings in the door furnished with adjustable
sliding covers.
Figure 1. in the Drawings is the front view of the door of the appa-
ratus. a, a, is the diaphragm or slides through which the air is admitted
and regulated; the arrangement is sufficiently intelligible from the
Drawing, and requires no further description.
I further make the end plate of the fuel tray fronting the door large
enough to fit closely into the aperture of the heating apparatus, and I
finally perforate this end plate with such a number of holes that the
sum of the superficial area of the same is about equal to that of the a
sliding diaphragm when fully opened. I prefer to make the perforations

page_text: in the lower part of the plate. By this arrangement I prevent a back
current of the heated gases towards the door, and insure it and its frame
to remain cool.
Figure V. is the front view of the apparatus with the door open,
shewing the end plate with its perforations i, i, i, i, in the bottom of the
end plate, through which the necessary air is admitted under the
grate.
To further insure the door remaining cool I also protect the door
proper by placing on the inside of the same, about half an inch distant,
a piece of sheet iron, in fact by making it a double door, leaving, how-
ever, sufficient room for the air to pass round it. For the better direction
of the air current I prefer to bend the lower part as shewn in the
Drawing.
Figure 4, c, d, shews the door; m, the additional plate attached thereto
by means of studs or otherwise.
Further, I construct the removeable fire-grate or drawer instead of
perforated sheet iron, of stout wire cloth, as shewn by p, p, in Figure 4,
and furnish it with a lid of the same material, so that in case of an
accident taking place, no pieces of fuel of a larger size than the meshes
can become scattered about.
Instead of the one pipe B, B, in the Specification already named,
No. 1263, which has for its object the conveying away of the products
of combustion from the main heating apparatus towards the exit pipe
in the floor of the carriage, I now use, in order to more fully utilize
the heat passing through the same, two or three or a greater number
of pipes (proportionately smaller in diameter as the number of same in-
creases); these pipes I make either of separate pipes, or by fluting
two pieces of sheet metal, placing them together, as shewn in Figure II.
These pipes are united at their furthest end into a common chamber,
which, for its part, is then connected with the downward suction pipe
in a similar manner to that in which the single pipe in Specification
1263 was attached to the same.
Figure II. shews the bird's-eye view, and Figure III., the section of
the pipes 8, 8. k, l, is the plate of the chamber into which the ends of
the pipes are inserted; r, t, is the plate into which the other ends are
fixed.

page_text: Figure VIII. shews the manner in which the sheets of metal are fluted,
and Figure III. the manner in which the pipes are formed by placing
two of such sheets together.
In order to render the apparatus portable I discontinue the practice of
having the apparatus a fixture, and of allowing its door to protrude
through the panels of the carriage to the outside. The apparatus
remains in its general construction as that described in Specification 1263;
it is only made shorter in length, so that it can readily be pushed under
the seats or under the floor of the carriage, and readily taken out again.
The openings into which (in the old construction) the air inlet and gas
outlet pipes were screwed are now supplied with a conical turned and
ground valve seat. The inlet pipe and outlet pipe still remain fixtures
in the carriage; the upper ends of these pipes are also turned conical,
and fit air-tight into and meet exactly the corresponding holes in the
bottom of the heating apparatus. The heating apparatus made thus
portable after being charged with the lighted fuel is placed into the
valve plug ends of the pipe S named and rides on the same, joined to it
perfectly gas-tight. When placed into this position, the apparatus is
fastened down by rods so as to prevent its being shaken out of its seat.
The edges of the charging door and of its frame are planed and smoothed
so as to allow no gas to escape into the interior of the carriage.
Figure VII. is the portable apparatus as described. e, e, is the opening
through which the air enters, and f, f, the opening through which the
products of combustion escape; g, g, are the conical valve seats which
connect the apparatus, when placed into position air-tight with the
valve plugs of the inlet and outlet pipe; h, h, is the bell-mouth air pipe,
and f,f, the suction pipe, both of which remain a fixture in the carriage.
The ends of these n, n, are conical, and fit into and correspond with the
valve seats g, g; and k, k, are the fastening rods which hold down the
apparatus into its position.
The improvements enumerated and described above, and shewn in the
Drawing, are equally applicable and refer to the heating apparatus
which is intended to be placed in the floor as well as to that which is
intended to be placed under the seat of the carriage.
My Invention consists, secondly, in improved methods for manu-
facturing the fuel. For this manufacture I use finely ground wood
charcoal, and mix therewith some glutinous substance, such as seaweed,

page_text: jelly, or paste of farina or refuse rice, or solutions of cheap gums or
soluble silicates. Of the latter I use in the proportion of 3 to 5 parts of
the dry substance to 100 parts of charcoal. To the above ingredients I
add solutions of nitrate of soda mixed with a small quantity of sulphate
of magnesia or sulphate of soda. Of the nitrate of soda I use from 3 to 5
parts to 100 parts of charcoal, and of the sulphates of magnesia or soda
about 5 parts to 100 of nitrate of soda. I then mix all these ingredients
well together, and press (by means of strong presses) the same in moulds.
into bricks or cakes.
Some of the substances named have already been Patented and used
by me for the manufacture of artificial fuel, but not in combination with
the same glutinous or anti-hygroscopic materials enumerated above.
The application of the same in the combination stated forms one of the
points of my present Invention. These bricks or cakes of fuel after
being pressed I dry or bake in kilns or ovens by means of strong arti-
ficial heat, which of course must not be so strong as to ignite the dried
fuel cakes. Without this operation of baking, the manufactured fuel
becomes affected by atmospheric moisture, and by the rotting of the
glutinous material, and it crumbles to pieces when it is being stored.
In order to protect the pressed cakes of artificial fuel, especially if they
have been made with hygroscopic salts, against atmospheric moisture, I
coat the same on the outside with a varnish of silicate of soda or potassa,
or with solutions of bituminous or gummy substances.
I further manufacture the said fuel a by mixing with finely ground
charcoal solutions of chromate of lime or soda, heating the mixture so as
to retain the chromates in solution, and pressing it into cakes. I use
3 to 5 parts of chromate of lime or soda to 100 parts of charcoal, or 6 by
mixing with finely ground charcoal and the solutions of chromates
solutions of one or more of the above-named glutinous substances,
heating the mixture as above, and pressing the same into cakes.
During the mixing I prefer (as above) to keep the mixture hot by means
of steam or otherwise.
The cakes made according to method 6 I dry in a kiln by means of
strong artificial heat.
The proportions in which I employ the ingredients are 100 parts char-
coal, 3 to 5 parts of chromate of lime or soda, and solutions of 2 or 5

page_text: of glutinous substance. The proportions stated of the mixture may,
however, be varied according to the fuel being required to burn quicker
or slower.
Instead of the chromates I also use in precisely the same manner and
in the same proportions as that described just now the manganates of
lime or soda.
My Invention consists, thirdly, in the recovery from the ashes of the
burned fuel the chromates and manganates, a, by calcining the
same, and by using the same once or twice over in fresh mixtures of
charcoal and the other ingredients, instead of the fresh chromate or
manganate of lime and soda, or b, by calcining and lixivating the ashes,
and boiling down the solution, and using the dry residuum in fresh
mixtures.
Having now described the nature of my Invention, and the mode in
which the same is to be carried out, what I claim as my Invention are,
the improvements as relating to the heating apparatus, and as relating
to the manufacture of the fuel, substantially as described above.
day of
In witness whereof I, the said August Louis Kiesling have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this
in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-three.
,
AUGUST LOUIS KIESLING. (L.S.)