Year: 1886

page_text: I, THEODOR BERLINER of Ohlau in Silesia in the German Empire, merchant
do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement:-
In the methods of extracting fat, which are known as yet, either liquid benzine
or benzine-vapours or both in succession are made to operate on the bones for the
purpose of extracting the fat from them, and in the last named method the bones
are even dried to a certain extent. But in all cases the extracting of the fat is the
first and chief process, to which the bones are subjected, whereas the drying process
always forms the ultimate operation, which is not carried out until the liquid
benzine has ceased to take effect or the benzine-vapours to condense.
This is the way in which the methods of Seltsam, Schneider, and Siegfried
operate and therefore they are in direct opposition to the present method in which
the drying of the bones by subjecting them to the effect of superheated benzine
vapours in the extractor is first carried out in preference, and the extracting of the
fat is left to the last. It is therefore different to the above methods not only as
regards to the succession in which these processes follow each other, but also as
regards the medium used for the purpose, for superheated benzine vapours are.
quite an innovation.
It is therefore to be considered new.
The method of conducting superheated vapoury solutions into the not cooled
extractor and making them take effect from the beginning of the operation for
the purpose of drying the bones both before and during the extracting of the fat
from them.
"
.
In order to make the difference between the present method and those of
Seltsam," "Schneider," and "Siegfried" perfectly clear I must enter into a more
detailed description of the last-named methods.
.
"Seltsam" introduces first of all liquid benzine into the extractor, evaporates it
and therefore disengages the fat first and dries the bones at the conclusion of the
first process by means of separated evaporation.
"
Schneider" conducts at the conclusion benzine vapours into the extractor in
order to dry the bones and "Siegfried" likewise introduces benzine vapours-he
heats, into the extractor, but he does not cause them to operate there as super-
heated vapours, but cools them down immediately by bringing them in contact
Di 031

page_text: In fig. II an apparatus is shown in which the vapours are introduced from
above and the particular peculiarity of this apparatus will be explained herein-
after.
Letters Patent are not claimed for the apparatus shown in fig. I in which the
vapours are introduced from below, but it is explained hereinafter for the sake
of clearness.
Fig. I. Extractor A, which is provided with a sieve-bottom, is filled with the
material from which the fat is to be extracted. It is then shut hermetically and
cocks a & b are opened. Benzine is forced out of reservoir B' in which the
solution is contained, by means of air-pressure through pipe and cock into the
apparatus C. The reservoirs B1 and B2 are connected with an air-compressing
pump by means of the pipes and cocks c¹ and c². Apparatus C serves as an
evaporator for the solution and is for this purpose provided with a serpentine
steam pipe with a cock al in it. The vapours generated by the evaporation of
the solution pass through pipe y to the superheater D. Superheater D is an iron-
vessel made to bear a high pressure of steam and is provided with a manometer,
steam inlet cock f and water-cock for the condensed water. It is fed during the
process with direct steam of as high a tension as possible, or with superheated
vapours, or superheated air. A uniformly high temperature is kept up in D for
the purpose of uniformly superheating the vapours of the solution, which pass in
the pipe-system y¹ y etc. through the apparatus D, and also in order to bring them
up to the necessary, high temperature. These superheated vapours ascend through
pipe and cock a into the extractor A, heat gradually the material from which the
fat has to be extracted up to and above 100° dry it and at the same time begin
the process of extracting the fat. The perforated pipe a' lying in the extractor A
is a continuation of pipe and cock a.
The vapours of the solution mixed with the water-steam arising from the
material during the drying-process pass through cock b into the cooling apparatus E
and are condensed there. They pass as fluids into the receiver. F in which the
separation of the water from the solution takes place, owing to the difference in
their specific weights.
The water is let off through cock u, whereas the solution flows through cock h
into the reservoir B2, for this purpose air-cock is opened and cocks c³ and d³ are
shut. When the reservoir B is filled, cocks and h are shut, and cocks c³ and d³
are opened and in reservoir B¹ cocks c¹ and d¹ are shut and cocks ¹ and h¹ are
opened. The solution then passes from reservoir B³ into the evaporator C and the

page_text: product of the condensation, benzine, flows then of the cooling apparatus E and
receiver F into the reservoir B. When the contents of reservoir B2 are evaporated
the same proceeding is repeated and the contents of B¹ are again taken in hand,
while the solution flows out of the cooling apparatus into B². Two reservoirs are
not indispensably requisite. The conducting of the superheated solution through
extractor A is continued as long as water keeps on flowing out of the cooling
apparatus E, that is to say as long as the material from which the fat is to be
extracted has not completely lost all its moisture. When that occurs the super-
heater is put out of use, cocks f and a are closed, cock k and air-cock e are opened
and the fat which has been extracted during the process and has accumulated
intermixed with the solution on the bottom of the extractor A is let off into the
vessel G, after which cock k is shut again. The solution that remains in the
material from which the fat has been extracted, is driven out by means of direct
steam, that flows in through cock m and passes through cock b and cooling
apparatus E into the receiver F. In the latter the solution is separated from the
condensed water arising from the direct steam and then flows into the reservoir.
When the material is completely free of the solution that adhered to it, cocks m
and bare shut and the extractor A is then ready to be emptied. The material is
then perfectly dry. The air-cock e of the distilling-vessel G is then shut, cock p is
opened and steam is let in through o into the serpentine steam-pipe 2, by means
of which the solution contained in the fat is driven out. The solution passes
through the cooling-apparatus E and receiver F into the reservoir. When the fat
is completely free of the solution, the steam coming into G is turned off and the
pure fat is drawn off through yo.
The other construction of this apparatus, in which the superheated solution is
let in from above into the extractor containing the material from which the fat
has to be extracted, and passes out through the bottom of the extractor is as
follows:
Extractor A, which is provided with a sieve-bottom is filled with the material
to be operated on and is shut hermetically, and cocks a and b are opened. The
solution contained in the reservoir B is forced by air-pressure through cocks d
and c¹ into C. This vessel serves as an evaporator for the solution and is provided
for this purpose with the serpentine steam pipe x¹. As soon as there is a sufficient
quantity of the solution in C cock e¹ is shut, steam-cock h¹ and likewise cocks f¹
and g are opened, and the vapours pass on to the superheater D. The latter is
constructed and fitted up as already described (as in fig. I) and is fed by cock R.
The vapours of the superheated solution pass through pipe and cock a into the
extractor A, flow through the material from top to bottom and go on then through
cock b to the receiver F. In this case also the pipe and cock a have a continuation,
namely the serpentine-pipe a¹ which lies in the extractor A. In the receiver F the
solution intermixed with fat is separated from the water, which is let off through
cock n, whereas the solution flows through cock m² the air-cock is then open
into the vessel C², constructed like the vessel C. The non-condensed vapours
which reach the receiver F from the extractor A rise through cock and pipe into
the cooling-apparatus E and proceed from there to the receiver G in which the
separation of the solution from the water takes place. The water is let off through
cock o, whereas the solution likewise flows through cocks p and q², which have
been opened into the vessel C. When vessel C is filled, cocks h¹ f¹ and e' are
shut, m', il and g¹ are opened, and in reservoir C2 the cocks 92 and 13 are shut and
cocks h² and f opened and the same proceeding takes place in the case of
reservoir C².
This alternate working with C and C is continued until no more water runs
out of the extractor and until only the solution mixed with fat reaches the
receiver F and only the pure solution flows into receiver G. The solution contained
in receiver G is allowed to run any more towards the end of the operation into the
apparatus C¹ or 0 but is let off into reservoir B through cock r, the cock p having
been closed beforehand,
.

page_text: In case solution is wanting while the fat extracting-process is still going on,
a sufficient quantity of it to meet the demand can be pressed out of reservoir B
through either cock e¹ or e² into C¹ or C².
When the fat extracting-process is concluded, the working is stopped, the
vapours are turned off and the cocks closed. Steam-cock u¹ and cock 8 are then
opened and the solution, left back in the material in A, is driven out by direct
steam. The solution thus driven out passes through the cooling-apparatus E,
receiver G and cock into the reservoir B.
When all of the solution is driven out the cocks u¹ and s are shut and the
extractor A is emptied. The material from which the fat has been extracted, is
perfectly dry. Cock t is then opened and the mixtures of solution and fat are
boiled so long in the vessels C1 and C2 by the serpentine steam-pipes x and x³-
the cooks h¹ and h² having been opened beforehand until all the solution contained
in the said mixtures has been converted into steam and has been driven through
cock t, cooling-apparatus E and receiver G (in which the separation of water and
solution takes place) into reservoir B.
The fat contained in vessel C¹ and C is then drawn off through cocks 2¹
and z².
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare what
I claim is:
1) The method of conducting superheated benzine vapours into the not cooled
extractor and of making them take effect there in a superheated state from the
beginning of the operation for the purpose of drying the bones before and during
the extracting of the fat.
2) An extractor A with the rising-pipes which lead to the receiver F in com-
bination with the reservoir C¹ or C and the connection-pipes t¹ and g¹ for the
purpose as described.