IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CAST STEEL
Year: 1860

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Robert Mushet, of Coleford, in the County of
Gloucester, Metallurgist, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF CAST STEEL."
Sealed the 1st March 1861, and dated the 12th December 1860.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Robert Mushet at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
12th December 1860.
I, ROBERT MUSHET, of Coleford, in the County of Gloucester, Metallurgist,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE MANUFACTURE OF CAST STEEL," to be as follows:-
My Invention consists in improvements upon the processes described in the
Specifications of Letters Patent granted to me, and dated respectively 19th
March 1859 and 3rd May 1859, which said processes consist in improving the
quality of cast steel by alloying titanium therewith in the melting pot or
crucible. My said Invention consists further in manufacturing cast steel by
the addition of a metallic alloy consisting of titanium and iron, containing
also carbon to malleable iron, and melting the said alloy and malleable iron
together. When I intend to alloy titanium with either blister steel, bar steel,
scrap steel, or puddled steel, or cast steel of any description, cut or broken up
for remelting, by melting titanium with the said kinds or varieties of steel or
mixtures thereof in a melting pot or crucible, I proceed in the following
manner-

page_text: 1 take rutile, ilmenite or iserine, which are ores of titanium, and I reduce
them to a very fine powder, observing that the finer the said ores are pulverised
the better they will be adapted for my process. Sometimes these ores, iserine,
especially, are found naturally in the state of fine sand, and in this case they
need not be further ground, crushed or pulverized. Or I take titanic acid or
oxide of titanium, separated from ores of titanium or titaniferous iron ores by
any convenient chemical process, and which titanic acid or oxide of titanium
will be when thus separated in the state of an almost impalpable powder. I
crush, stamp, or pulverise the rutile, ilmenite or iserine, so as to pass through
a sieve of 3600 meshes per square inch, or I grind the said ore still finer in
an ordinary flint mill, or color mill, but I do not limit myself to the degree of
comminution to which I reduce the said ores. The rutile, ilmenite, iserine, and
titanic acid or oxide of titanium thus prepared is ready for my process. To
thirty pounds of pitch or resin melted in a pitch pot or kettle, I add when the
said pitch or resin is melted, ten pounds of prepared rutile, or ilmenite, or
iserine, or titanic acid or oxide of titanium, and when these substances are well
mixed with the pitch or resin I pour out the compound upon a moistened
släb or into a wet trough,-and-when-cold-I-break up the said compound ready
I do not limit myself to the relative proportions of titanium ore, or
titanic acid or oxide of titanium, and pitch, or resin, which I have here set
down as the said proportions may be varied, but I have found that the pro-
portions herein set down afford excellent results. The compounds thus
obtained from the mixture of prepared rutile, ilmenite, iserine, or titanic acid,
or oxide of titanium with pitch or resin, I term compounds No. 1, No. 2,
No. 3, and No. 4 respectively. The rutile, ilmenite, iserine, or titanic acid or
oxide of titanium may be mixed with coal tar or wood tar, or with other
carbonaceous matters, such as charcoal or lamp black, or bitumen, or mixtures of
these substances, but I have found that pitch or resin are convenient to
employ, and afford very excellent results. To forty pounds of blister steel, bar
steel, scrap steel, or puddled steel, or cast steel of any description, cut or broken
up for remelting, or any mixtures of these, I add from twelve ounces to twenty-
four ounces of either of the before-described compounds, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, and
I introduce the said forty pounds of steel, and the said quantity of the particu-
lar compound employed, into a melting pot or crucible placed in a melting
furnace, and I heat these substances therein until they are melted. I then
withdraw the melting pot from the furnace and pour the steel into an ingot or
other mould.
for use.
I do not confine myself to the relative proportions of the various compounds,
Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4, which I add to every forty pounds of steel, for the said

page_text: proportions may be varied without departing from the nature of my Invention,
but I have found that the proportions herein set down afford excellent results
in practice. Should the cast steel thus obtained be found too soft its hardness
may be increased to the desired pitch by the addition of charcoal to the steel
when introduced into the melting pot. If the steel is over hard it may be
reduced to the desired degree of softness by the addition of malleable iron
scraps to the steel when introduced into the melting pot.
In place of adding the compounds Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4 herein-before described,
to the steel intended to be melted and introducing these substances together
into the melting pot or crucible, I sometimes add the compounds Nos. 1,
2, 3, or 4 to the steel at some subsequent stage of the melting operation,
and when I thus add the said compounds to the steel being melted in the
melting pot or crucible, I prefer as most convenient to do so, as soon as the
last fire requisite for completing the fusion of the steel has so far burned away,
that the workman or steel melter can remove the lid or cover of the melting
pot. The lid or cover of the melting pot being removed I drop the requisite
quantity of the particular compound employed, whether No. 1, 2, 3, or 4 into
the melting pot, and I replace the lid. When the fire has burned away
sufficiently, and the steel is completely melted, I withdraw the melting pot
from the furnace, and pour the steel into an ingot mould, or other mould. I
am careful, however, to introduce the compound, I employ at least from ten
to fifteen minutes before the melting pot is to be withdrawn from the furnace,
in order that there may be a sufficient interval of time allowed between the
addition of the compound and the withdrawal of the melting pot from the
furnace for the reduction of the titanic ore, oxide or acid, mixed with the
pitch or resin, and for the metallic titanium which is thus reduced to become
alloyed with the steel contained in the melting pot or crucible.
The rutile, ilmenite, iserine or titanic acid or oxide employed, should be of
the purest quality, free, or nearly free, from silea, sulphur, arsenic, phosphorous
and earthy matters, and when titanic acid, or oxide of titanium is employed it
should be also freed from any acids or alkalies which may have been employed
in the chemical process of separating the titanic acid or oxide of titanium
from ores of titanium or titaniferous iron ores. Other ores of titanium, such
as brookite and anatase may be similarly employed for my process, but I have
indicated those ores of titanium which are at present known to exist in the
greatest abundance. Though I have herein only mentioned two of the com-
pound ores of titanium and iron, called by mineralogists iserine and ilmenite
respectively, but commonly termed titaniferous iron ores, or iron ores rich in
titanium, I wish it to be distinctly understood that I do not confine myself

page_text: to the said titanium ores or titaniferous iron ores, namely iserine and ilmenite,
but include all compound ores of titanium or titaniferous ores of iron which
contain from eight parts per centum and upwards of titanic acid, and which
are essentially composed of titanic acid, combined with oxides of iron.
When ores or compounds of titanium which have been reduced to the
metallic state by being heated in contact with carbonaceous matter are
employed to effect an alloy of titanium with the steel which is intended to be
melted I proceed as follows:-
Firstly, when the metallized titanic compound is a deoxidised ore of titanium,
such as may be obtained by cementing compound ores of titanium and iron,
such as ilmenite or iserine, or other titaniferous iron ores, at an intense heat
in contact with carbonaceous matters or gases containing any unoxidised
carbon, to every forty pounds of blister steel, bar steel, scrap steel, or
puddled steel, or cast steel of any description cut or broken up for remelting, or
any mixtures of these varieties of steel, I add from eight ounces to two pounds
of deoxidised ilmenite or iserine, or other deoxidised titaniferous iron ore, and
I either introduce the said deoxidized ilmenite, iserine, or titaniferous iron ore
along with the said steel into the melting pot or crucible, or drop-the-
requisite quantity of the deoxidized ilmenite, iscrine, or titaniferous iron ore
into the melting pot or crucible at some subsequent stage of the melting
operation. In either case I heat the steel and the deoxidized ilmenite, iserine,
or titaniferous iron ore in the melting pot until both these substances are
melted, and the titanium of the deoxidized ore or part of the said titanium is
alloyed with the steel. I then withdraw the melting pot or crucible from the
furnace, and pour the steel into an ingot mould or other mould. I sometimes
mix the deoxidized ilmenite, iserine, or titaniferous iron ore when crushed or
stamped to a fine powder with pitch or resin before I introduce the said
leoxidized ilmenite, iserine, or titaniferous iron ore into the melting pot con-
taining the steel, in order that a larger proportion of the titanium of the
deoxidized ore may become alloyed with the steel.
I do not confine myself to the relative proportions herein set down of the
deoxidized titanium ore, whether ilmenite or iserine, or other titaniferous iron
ore, which I add to every forty pounds of steel intended to be melted, for the
proportions may be varied without departing from the nature of my Invention,
but I have found that these proportions afford excellent results.
The deoxidized ores of titanium I employ are such as have been deoxidized
from compound ores of titanium and iron, such as ilmenite and iserine, and
such other ores as consist essentially of the oxides of iron and titanium, and I
am careful to employ such of these ores as are free or nearly free from silica,

page_text: surpur, puospuorus, arsenic, and other earthy matters, gangue or vein
stone.
Secondly, when the metallized compound of titanium which I employ has
been reduced from compound ores of titanium and iron commonly called.
titaniferous iron ores by smelting the said ores with carbonaceous fuel in a
blast furnace or cupola for smelting iron ores, and is an alloy essentially con-
sisting of titanium and iron combined with carbon constituting a cast or pig
metal of titanium and iron, and which I term titanic pig metal.
To every forty pounds of blister steel, bar steel, scrap steel, puddled steel, or
cast steel of any description, cut or broken up for remelting, or any mixtures of
these varieties of steel, I add from eight ounces to four pounds of the metallic
compound or alloy of titanium and iron obtained by smelting or reducing
ilmenite or iserine or other compound ores of titanium and iron in a blast
furnace or cupola.. I introduce the said steel and the said metallic titanium
compound or titanic pig metal into a melting pot or crucible placed in a
melting furnace, and I heat these substances therein until they are melted
and combined or alloyed. I then withdraw the melting pot from the furnace,
and pour the steel into an ingot mould or other mould. Instead of adding the
metallic compound of titanium or titanic pig metal to the steel, and intro-
ducing these substances together with the melting pot or crucible, the steel
may be first introduced, and the metallic compound of titanium or titanic pig
metal may be subsequently introduced into the melting pot at any convenient
stage of the melting operation; but I prefer to introduce the said titanic pig
metal as soon as the last fire required for the fusion of the steel has so far
burned away that the workman or melter can remove the lid or cover of the
melting pot or crucible. The lid is then removed or put aside, and I drop the
requisite quantity of the titanic pig metal, either in the cold state or heated
red hot, into the melting pot, the lid of which is then replaced, and when the
fire is sufficiently burned away, and the steel is completely melted, I withdraw
the melting pot from the furnace, and pour the steel into an ingot mould or
other mould.
I am careful to introduce the said titanic pig metal into the melting pot or
crucible from five to fifteen minutes before the said pot is ready to be with-
drawn from the furnace in order that the titanic pig metal may have time to
melt and combine with the steel contained in the melting pot. I do not
confine myself to the relative proportions herein set down of the metallic
titanium compound or titanic pig metal which I add to every forty pounds
of steel I intend to melt, for the said proportions may be varied without

page_text: departing from the nature of my Invention, but in practice I have found that
these proportions afford excellent results.
The titanic pig metal or titanium compound may be conveniently prepared
by smelting ilmenite or iserine, which are double ores of titanium and iron,
or other titaniferous iron ores, with coke or charcoal fuel in a blast furnace or
cupola. In preparing this titanium compound or titanic pig metal, I prefer
to employ the purest ilmenites and iserines or titaniferous iron ores, such, for
instance, as the iserine or titaniferous iron sand found at Taranaki, near the
port of New Plymouth in New Zealand, which, from its great purity as a
compound ore of titanium and iron, is peculiarly adapted for producing a pure
alloy or compound of titanium and iron. But other compound ores of
titanium and iron may be smelted in order to procure the titanium compound
or titanic pig metal. I wish it to be observed, however, that such ores should
be selected for smelting as are found to be free, or nearly free from silica,
sulphur, phosphorus, arsenic, and gangue or vein stone, and which consist
essentially of titanic acid or oxide of titanium and oxides of iron, and occa-
sionally of manganese, which latter substance is beneficial rather than
injurious in its effect upon the titanium compound or titanic-pig-metal-smelted
from the said ores. Manganese or other fluxes may be added to the steel in
the melting pot, and employed in the ordinary manner to toughen the steel
and increase its ductility, but the use of these fluxes forms no part of my
Invention.
My Invention consists further of new or improved methods of combining
titanium with mixtures of malleable iron and carbonaceous matter, which
mixtures are intended to be melted into cast steel in melting pots or crucibles
heated in a suitable melting furnace. I wish it to be understood that by
malleable iron I mean not only such malleable iron of commerce as may have
been produced by the puddling process from pig iron, or by the Catalan or
other processes from iron ore, but I include likewise that variety of malleable
iron produced by decarbonizing pig iron or cast iron by passing air through
the said pig iron or cast iron whilst the said iron is in a melted state, or
produced in any other way.
In order to carry these improved methods into effect, I make use of the
prepared ores of titanium, or titanic acid, or oxide of titanium, and of the
compounds which I have herein-before described, and which I designated
Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4 respectively, in the following manner :-To forty pounds
of good Swedish charcoal, bar iron, or other bar iron or malleable iron, I add
from six to eight ounces of charcoal in sinall knobs from the size of a pea to

page_text: that of a large nut, and from one pound to two pounds of one or other of the
compounds of rutile, ilmenite, iserine, or titanic acid, or oxide of titanium, and
pitch or resin herein-before described, and which I have called compounds
Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4. I introduce the said iron, charcoal, and the particular
compound employed into the melting pot or crucible placed in a melting
furnace, and I heat the said substances therein until the malleable iron and
charcoal are combined and melted into steel, and the titanium ore or oxide, or
acid in the compound is reduced and alloyed with the steel. I then withdraw
the melting pot from the furnace, and pour the steel into an ingot mould or
other mould.
I do not limit myself to the relative proportions herein set down of the
compounds Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4, which I add to every forty pounds of bar or
malleable iron and the charcoal used with the said iron, for the proportions
may be varied without departing from the nature of my Invention'; but I
have found that in practice the proportions herein set down produce excellent
results. Neither do I confine myself to the proportions of charcoal to bar or
malleable iron which I have herein given, for the proportions may be varied;
and it must be observed, that by increasing or diminishing the proportion of
charcoal to the bar or malleable iron, the hardness of the steel is correspond-
ingly increased or diminished, and may thus be regulated at the will of the
operator. Scrap steel may be added to the bar or malleable iron and char-
coal, and may be melted with them, but such addition forms no part of my
Invention. Lampblack or other carbonaceous matter may be used in place
of charcoal, but I find that charcoal answers very well.
'
The compounds of rutile, ilmenite, iserine, or titanic acid, or oxide of
titanium and pitch, or resin, herein-before described, and which I designated
respectively compounds Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4, may be added to the malleable
iron and carbonaceous matter in the melting pot after the leather substances
have been introduced into the said pot, and during the subsequent stages of
the melting operation. In this case, when the last fire required to melt the
malleable iron and carbonaceous matter contained in the melting pot has so
far burned away that the workman or melter can remove or put aside the lid
or cover of the melting pot, I take off the said lid, and drop the requisite
quantity of the particular compound employed into the melting pot containing
the malleable iron and carbonaceous matter. I then replace the lid of the
melting pot, and suffer the fire to burn down until the steel is completely
melted, and the pot is ready to be taken out. I then withdraw the melting
pot from the furnace, and I pour the steel into an ingot mould or other
mould.

page_text: When I employ the compound ores of titanium and iron, such as ilmenite
or iserine in the deoxidised state, or when I employ the titanium compound,
or titanic pig metal obtained by smelting compound ores of titanium and iron,
in a blast furnace or cupola with coke or charcoal fuel, I proceed as follows:-
To forty pounds of malleable iron and from six to eight ounces of charcoal I
add from eight ounces to two pounds of deoxidised ilmenite or iserine, or from
eight ounces to four pounds of titanic pig metal smelted from ilmenite or
iserine, or other titaniferous iron ore in a blast furnace or cupola. I introduce
these substances into a melting pot or crucible, and I heat them therein till
they are melted, and I then withdraw the melting pot from the furnace, and
pour the steel into an ingot mould or other mould; or I first introduce the
said malleable iron and charcoal into the melting pot or crucible, and I sub-
sequently introduce the deoxidised ilmenite or iserine, or the titanic pig
metal into the melting pot or crucible containing the malleable iron and
charcoal in a manner similar to that which I have herein-before described,
that is to say, when the last fire required to melt the malleable iron and
charcoal has so far burned down that the workman or melter can remove the
lid or cover of the-said-melting-pot, I-remove-the-lid,-and-I_drop_in_the_
requisite quantity of the deoxidised ilmenite or iserine, or of the titanic pig
metal. I then replace the lid or cover of the melting pot, and when the fire
has sufficiently burned away, and the steel is completely melted, I withdraw
the melting pot from the furnace, and pour the steel into an ingot mould or
other mould.
I do not confine myself to the proportions I have herein set down of
deoxidised ilmenite or iserine, or of the titanic pig metal which I add to forty
pounds of malleable iron and the charcoal employed to carbonize the said iron,
for the proportions may be varied without departing from the nature of my
Invention, but in practice I have found that these proportions afford excellent
results. Manganese and other fluxes may be added in the ordinary manner
to toughen and improve the steel, but such additions form no part of my
Invention.
My Invention further consists in melting an alloy of titanium and iron,
containing also carbon, with malleable iron in order by the combination of the
said alloy with the said malleable iron in the melting pot to produce an im-
proved quality of cast steel, no other carbonaceous matter being employed to
carbonize the malleable iron, and thereby produce steel than that which is
contained in the said alloy of titanium and iron. The malleable iron I employ
may be either bar iron or malleable scrap iron, or bloom iron obtained by the
Catalan or other processes direct from the ore or iron ore deoxidized until it

page_text: is in the state of malleable iron, or malleable iron obtained by decarbonizing
pig iron, or cast iron, whilst in the melted state by passing air through the
said melted pig iron, or cast iron, or any mixtures of these varieties of malle-
able iron, but I prefer to employ such malleable iron as is free or nearly free
from sulphur, phosphorus, and silicon. The alloy of titanium and iron containing
also carbon which I prefer to employ as most economical is the titanic pig
metal obtained by smelting ilmenite, iserine, or other compound ores of iron and
titanium, rich in titanic acid or oxide of titanium in a blast furnace or cupola,
with coke or charcoal fuel, and preferably with charcoal fuel, whenever such
fuel can be conveniently procured.
66
"
To thirty pounds of good malleable iron cut or broken up into small pieces
for packing into the melting pot I add from two pounds to ten pounds of the
titanic pig metal, or alloy of titanium and iron containing carbon which I
have herein-before described. I introduce the said malleable iron and the said
alloy into the melting pot or crucible placed in a melting furnace, and I heat
the said malleable iron, and the said alloy therein until they are melted and
combined; I then withdraw the melting pot from the furnace and pour the
steel into an ingot mould, or other suitable mould.
I do not limit myself to the relative proportions of the titanic pig metal,
or alloy of titanium and iron containing carbon, which I add to every thirty
pounds of malleable iron in the melting pot, for the proportions may be further
varied without departing from the nature of my Invention, but I find in prac-
tice that the proportions herein set down will produce most of the qualities of
cast steel used in commerce.
I wish it to be observed that the greater the relative proportion of the
titanic pig metal or alloy of titanium and iron containing carbon, added to the
malleable iron, the harder will be the cast steel obtained by the combination
and fusion in the melting pot of the said alloy and the said malleable iron,
and therefore, by increasing or diminishing the proportion of the said alloy
added to and combined with the said malleable iron, the hardness of the cast
steel obtained by the fusion of these substances may be regulated.
The alloy of titanium and iron, which I have herein-before described, and
which I have designated as "titanic pig metal" will no doubt commercially be
termed pig iron, as consisting principally of iron, I therefore wish it to be
understood that I do not claim the use of any kind of pig iron commercially
so called, except that particular kind of pig iron which is smelted and reduced
from compound ores of titanium, such as ilmenite, iserine, or other titaniferous
iron ore rich in titanic acid, or oxide of titanium, and which said pig iron is an
alloy of titanium and iron containing carbon, and which may therefore be

page_text: properly designated as "titanic pig metal; "I prefer to employ charcoal fuel for
the purpose of smelting the compound ores of titanium and iron in a blast furnace
or cupola in order to obtain titanic pig metal for my process whenever such
titanic pig metal is intended to be subsequently used in the manufacture of steel.
The melting pots or crucibles I prefer to use, and the furnaces in which they
are placed and heated, are such as are generally used by manufacturers of cast
steel. I sometimes introduce rutile, ilmenite, iserine, and titanic acid,
or oxide of titanium, unmixed with any pitch, resin, or other carbonaceous
matter into the melting pot or crucible containing the steel which it is intended
to melt. In this case the carbon contained in the steel, and the carbonaceous
matter which enters into the composition of the melting pot suffices to reduce
a portion of the titanium, or acid, or oxide, and which reduced titanium
becoming alloyed in the melting pot with the steel effects an improvement in
the quality of the said steel. But I generally prefer to mix the said rutile,
ilmenite, iserine, or titanic acid or oxide of titanium, with carbonaceous matter
previously to adding the said substances to the steel contained in the melting
pot or crucible, and in the manner I have herein-before detailed.
Although I have described the addition-of-the-titanic-compound to the steel
or mixtures of materials which by being melted together produce steel at those
stages of the respective melting processes at which I believe it best to make
the addition of the said titanic compound, yet I do not limit myself thereto, as
the said titanic compound may either be charged into the melting pot or
crucible with the steel or materials which when melted make steel, or the said
titanic compound may be introduced into the melting pot after the said steel
or materials have been melted. The said titanic compound produces a similar
or nearly similar effect whether charged into the melting pot with the steel or
steel-making materials, or added and introduced into the melting pot at any
subsequent stage of the melting process. When I employ only malleable iron
and a metallic compound of titanium containing carbon, such as the titanic pig
metal I have herein-before described, the said titanic pig metal ought to be
charged into the melting pot or crucible with the malleable iron, or added im-
mediately afterwards, as the said malleable iron cannot be readily melted alone,
and the melting of the said malleable iron is facilitated very much by being
in contact with the metallic alloy of titanium and iron containing carbon.
I prefer to prepare the metallic alloy of titanium and iron containing also
carbon for my process in the manner I have herein-before described by smelting
compound ores of titanium and iron with coke or charcoal fuel in a blast
furnace or cupola, but such metallic alloy of titanium and iron may never-
theless be prepared in any other convenient and economical manner, as, for

page_text: example, by melting in melting pots or crucibles placed in suitable melting
furnaces and heated therein deoxidized compound, ores of titanium and iron,
such as iserine or ilmenite mixed with carbonaceous matter, such as charcoal,
lampblack, pitch, or resin.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention, and the methods by which
I carry the said Invention into effect, I hereby declare that my Invention con-
sists essentially,
Firstly, of improvements upon my former methods of alloying titanium
with blister steel, bar steel, scrap steel, and puddled steel, or any description of
cast steel cut or broken up for remelting, or any mixtures of these varieties of
steel, by melting the said steel with compounds obtained by mixing pulverised
titanium ores, titanic acid, or oxide of titanium, with carbonaceous matter, or
by melting the said steel with metallic compounds of titanium, such as deoxi-
dized ilmenite or iserine, or with a metallic titanium compound, or titanic pig
metal obtained by smelting compound ores of titanium and iron in a blast
furnace or cupola, the said titanic compounds being melted and combined with
the said steel in a melting pot or crucible heated in a suitable melting furnace.
Secondly, of improvements upon my methods of alloying titanium with
bar or malleable iron and carbonaceous matter melted together to produce.
cast steel, the said improvements consisting in the methods I have herein
described either of melting compounds of titanium ores, titanic acid, or oxides
of titanium and carbonaceous matter, together with bar or malleable iron and
carbonaceous matter in a melting pot or crucible heated in a melting furnace,
or of melting bar or malleable iron and carbonaceous matter in a melting pot
or crucible, together with deoxidised compound ores of titanium and iron, or
titaniferous iron ores, such as ilmenite or iserine or together with a metallic
titanium compound or titanic pig metal obtained by smelting compound ores
of titanium and iron with carbonaceous fuel, preferably charcoal, in a blast
furnace or cupola.
Thirdly, in melting malleable iron together with an allow of titanium and
iron containing carbon in a melting pot or crucible, and without any further
addition of carbonaceous matter more than is contained in the said alloy of
titanium and iron containing carbon, in order to produce by the fusion and
combination of the said alloy and of the said malleable iron in the melting pot
an improved quality of cast steel.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Robert Mushet in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
10th June 1861.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, RODERT
MUSHET, of Coleford, in the County of Gloucester, Metallurgist, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twelfth day of December, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty, in the twenty-fourth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said Robert Mushet, Her special licence that I, the said Robert Mushet,
my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said
Robert Mushet, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any
time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE-OF-CAST STEEL," upon the condition
(amongst others) that I, the said Robert Mushet, my executors or adminis-
trators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands
and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause
the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Robert Mushet, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof (that is to say) :-
My Invention consists in improvements upon the processes described in the
Specifications of Letters Patent granted to me, and dated respectively 19th March
1859 and 3rd May 1859, which said processes consist in improving the quality
of cast steel by alloying titanium therewith in the melting pot or crucible.
My said Invention consists, further, in manufacturing cast steel by the
addition, of a metallic alloy consisting of titanium and iron, containing also
carbon to malleable iron, and melting the said alloy and malleable iron
together.
When I intend to alloy titanium with either blister steel, bar steel, scrap
steel, or puddled steel, or cast steel of any description, cut or broken up for
remelting, by melting titanium with the said kin ls or varieties of steel, or

page_text: mixtures thereof, in a melting pot or crucible, I proceed in the following
manner: I take rutile, ilmenite, or iserine, which are ores of titanium, and I.
reduce them to a very fine powder, observing that the finer the said ores are
pulverized the better they will be adapted for my process. Sometimes these
ores, iscrine especially, are found naturally in the state of fine sand, and in this
Or I take.
case they need not be further ground, crushed, or pulverised.
titanic acid, or oxide of titanium separated from ores of titanium, or titaniferous
iron ores by any convenient chemical process, and which titanic acid, or oxide
of titanium, will be, when thus separated, in the state of an almost impal-
pable powder. I crush, stamp, or pulverise the rutile, ilmenite, or iserine,.
so as to reduce it to a powder that will pass through a sieve of 3,600 meshes.
per square inch, or I grind the said ores still finer in an ordinary flint mill or
colour mill; but I do not limit myself to the degree of comminution to which
I reduce the said ores. The rutile, ilmenite, and iserine thus prepared are.
ready for my process; titanic acid and oxides of titanium separated by che-.
mical process from their natural compounds require no preparation. To thirty
pounds of pitch or resin, melted in a pitch pot or kettle, I add, when the said
pitch or resin is melted, ten pounds of prepared rutile, or ilmenite, or iserine,
or titanic acid, or oxide of titanium. I stir the mixture so as to thoroughly
mix these titanium compounds with the pitch or resin, and I then pour out.
the compound upon a moistened slab or into a wet trough, and when cold I
break up the said compound ready for use. I do not limit myself to the
relative proportions of titanium ore or titanic acid, or oxide of titanium, and
pitch or resin, which I have here set down, as the said proportions may be.
varied, but I have found that the proportions herein set down afford excellent
results. The compounds thus obtained from the mixture of prepared rutile,
ilmenite, iserine, or titanic acid, or oxide of titanium, with pitch or resin, I
term compounds No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, and No. 4, respectively. The rutile,
ilmenite, iserine, or titanic acid, or oxide of titanium, may be mixed with coal
tar or wood tar, or with other carbonaceous matter, such as charcoal, or lamp-
black, or bitumen, or mixtures of these substances, in place of pitch or resin,.
but I have found that pitch or resin are convenient to employ, and afford very
excellent results. To forty pounds of blister steel, bar steel, scrap steel, or
puddled steel, or cast steel of any description, cut or broken up for remelting,
or any mixtures of these, I add from twelve ounces to twenty-four ounces of
either of the before described compounds Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4, and I introduce
the said forty pounds of steel and the said quantity of the particular compound
employed into a melting pot or crucible placed in a melting furnace, and I
heat these substances therein until they are melted. I then withdraw the

page_text: melting pot from the furnace, and pour the steel into an ingot or other
mould.
I do not confine myself to the relative proportions of the various compounds
Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4, which I add to every forty pounds of steel, for the said
proportions may be varied without departing from the nature of my Invention,
but I have found that the proportions herein set down afford excellent results
in practice. Should the cast steel thus obtained be found too soft its hardness
may be increased to the desired pitch by the addition of charcoal to the steel
when introduced into the melting pot. If the steel is over hard it may be
reduced to the desired degree of softness by the addition of malleable iron
scraps to the steel when introduced into the melting pot.
In place of adding the compounds Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4, herein-before described,
to the steel intended to be melted, and introducing these substances together
into the melting pot or crucible, I sometimes add the compounds Nos. 1, 2, 3,
or 4, to the steel at some subsequent stage of the melting operation; and when
I thus add the said compounds to the steel being melted in the melting pot or
crucible I prefer, as most convenient, to do so as soon as the last fire requisite
for completing the fusion of the steel has so far burned-away-that-the-workman
or steel melter can remove the lid or cover of the melting pot. The lid or
cover of the melting pot being then removed I drop the requisite quantity of
the particular compound employed, whether No. 1, 2, 3, or 4, into the melting
pot, and I replace the lid. When the fire has burned away sufficiently, and
the steel is completely melted, I withdraw the melting pot from the furnace
and pour the steel into an ingot mould or other mould. I am careful, how-
ever, to introduce the compound I employ at least from ten to fifteen minutes
before the melting pot is to be withdrawn from the furnace, in order that
there may be a sufficient interval of time allowed between the addition of the
compound and the withdrawal of the melting pot from the furnace for the
reduction of the titanic ore, oxide, or acid mixed with the pitch or resin, and
for the metallic titanium which is thus reduced to become alloyed with the
steel contained in the melting pot or crucible.
The rutile, ilmenite, iserine, or titanic acid or oxide employed, should be of
the purest quality, free, or nearly free, from silica, sulphur, arsenic, phos-
phorus, and earthy matters; and when titanic acid or oxide of titanium is
employed it should be also freed from any acids or alkalies which may have
been employed in the chemical process of separating the titanic acid, or oxide
of titanium, from ores of titanium or titaniferous iron ores. Other ores of
titanium, such as brookite and anatase, may be similarly employed for my
process, but I have indicated those ores of titanium which are at present known

page_text: to exist in the greatest abundance. Though I have herein only mentioned:
two of the compound ores of titanium and iron, called by mineralogists iserine
and ilmenite respectively, but commonly termed titaniferous iron ores, or iron
ores rich in titanium, I wish it to be distinctly understood that I do not confine:
myself to the said titaniumi ores or titaniferous iron ores, namely, iserine and.
ilmenite, but I employ any compound ores of titanium or titaniferous ores of
iron which contain from eight parts per centum and upwards of titanic acid,
and which are essentially composed of titanic acid combined with oxides
of iron.
When ores or compounds of titanium which have been reduced to the
metallic state by being heated in contact with carbonaceous matter are
employed to effect an alloy of titanium with the steel which is intended to be
melted I proceed as follows:-
'
Firstly, when the metallized titanic compound is a deoxidized ore of tita-
nium, such as may be obtained by cementing or metallizing compound ores
of titanium and iron, such as ilinenite, or iserine, or other titaniferous iron
ores, at an intense heat in contact with carbonaceous matters, or heated. in
contact with gases containing any unoxidized carbon or other gas capable of
deoxidizing or metallizing the said titaniferous iron ores. To every forty pounds
of blister steel, bar steel, scrap steel, or puddled steel, or cast steel of any
description, cut or broken up for remelting, or any mixtures of these varieties
of steel, I add from eight ounces to two pounds of deoxidized ilmenite or
iserine, or other deoxidized titaniferous iron ore, and I either introduce the
said deoxidised ilmenite, iserine, or titaniferous iron ore along with the said
steel into the melting pot or crucible, or I drop the requisite quantity of the
deoxidized ilmenite, iserine, or titaniferous iron ore into the melting pot or
crucible at some subsequent stage of the melting operation. In either case I
heat the steel and the deoxidized ilmenite, iserine, or titaniferous iron ore, in
the melting pot until both these substances are melted, and the titanium of
the deoxidized ore, or part of the said titanium, is alloyed with the steel. I
then withdraw the melting pot or crucible from the furnace and pour the steel
into an ingot mould or other mould. I sometimes mix the deoxidized ilmenite,
or iserine, or titaniferous iron ore, when crushed or stamped to a fine powder,
with pitch or resin before I introduce the said deoxidized ilmenite, iserine, or
titaniferous iron ore into the melting pot containing the steel, in order that the
titanium of the deoxidized ore, or a portion of the said titanium, may more
readily become alloyed with the steel. I do not confine myself to the relative
proportions herein set down of the deoxidized titanium ore, whether ilmenite,
iserine, or other titaniferous iron ore, which I add to every forty pounds of

page_text: steel intended to be melted, for the proportions may be varied without depart-
ing from the nature of my Invention, but I have found that these proportions
afford excellent results. The deoxidised ores of titanium I employ are such
as have been deoxidized from compound ores of titanium and iron, such as
ilmenite and iserine, and such other ores as consist essentially of the oxides
of iron and titanium; and I am careful to employ such of these ores as are
free, or nearly free from silica, sulphur, phosphorus, arsenic, and earthy
matters, gangue or vein stone.
Secondly, when the metallized compound of titanium which I employ has
been reduced from compound ores of titanium and iron, commonly called
titaniferous iron ores, by smelting the said ores with carbonaceous fuel in a
blast furnace or cupola, for smelting iron ores, and is an alloy essentially
consisting of titanium and iron combined with carbon, constituting a cast or
pig metal of titanium and iron, and which I term titanic pig metal, I proceed
as follows: To every forty pounds of blister steel, bar steel, scrap steel,
puddled steel, or cast steel of any description, cut or broken up for re-melting,
or any mixtures of these varieties of steel, I add from eight ounces to four
pounds of the metallic-compound-or alloy-of-titanium-and-iron, obtained_by_
smelting or reducing ilmenite, or iserine, or other compound ores of titanium
and iron in a blast furnace or cupola. I introduce the said steel and the
said metallic titanium compound, or titanic pig metal, into a melting pot or
crucible placed in a melting furnace, and I heat these substances therein until
they are melted and combined or alloyed; I then withdraw the melting pot
from the furnace, and pour the steel into an ingot mould or other mould.
Instead of adding the metallic compound of titanium or titanic pig metal to
the steel, and introducing these substances together into the melting pot or
crucible, the steel may be first introduced, and the metallic compound of
titanium or titanic pig metal may be subsequently introduced into the melting
pot at any convenient stage of the melting operation, but I prefer to introduce
the said titanic pig metal as soon as the last fire required for the fusion of the
steel has so far burned away that the workman or melter can remove the lid
or cover of the melting pot or crucible. The lid is then removed or put aside,
and I drop the requisite quantity of the titanic pig metal, either in the cold
state or heated red-hot into the melting pot, the lid of which is then replaced,
and when the fire is sufficiently burned away and the steel is completely melted,
and the titanium of the compound or a portion of the said titanium alloyed
therewith, I withdraw the melting pot from the furnace and pour the steel
into an ingot mould or other mould.
I am careful to introduce the said titanic pig metal into the melting pot or

page_text: crucible from five to fifteen minutes at least before the said pot is ready to be
withdrawn from the. furnace, in order that the titanic pig metal may have
time to melt and combine with the steel contained in the melting pot.
I do not confine myself to the relative proportions herein set down of the
metallic titanium compound or titanic pig metal which I add to every forty
pounds of steel I intend to. melt, for the said proportions may be varied
without departing from the nature of my Invention, but in practice I have
found that these proportions afford excellent results.
The titanic pig metal or titanium compound may be conveniently prepared
by smelting ilmenite or iserine, which are double ores of titanium and iron, or
other titaniferous iron ores, with coke or charcoal fuel in a blast furnace or
cupola. In preparing this titanium compound or titanic pig metal I prefer to
employ the purest ilmenites and iserines, or titaniferous iron ores, such, for
instance, as the iserine or titaniferous iron sand found at Taranaki, near the
Port of New Plymouth, in New Zealand, which, from its great purity as a
compound ore of titanium and iron, is peculiarly adapted for producing a pure
alloy or compound of titanium and iron. But other compound. ores of
titanium and iron may be smelted in order to procure the titanium compound
or titanic pig.metal. I wish it to be observed, however, that such ores should be
selected for smelting as are found to be free or nearly free from silica, sulphur,
phosphorus, arsenic, and gangue or vein stone, and which consist essentially
of titanic acid, or oxide of titanium, and oxides of iron, and occasionally of
manganese, which latter substance is beneficial rather than injurious in its
effect upon the titanium compound or titanic pig metal smelted from the said
ores. Manganese or other fluxes may be added to the steel in the melting
pot, and employed in the ordinary manner to toughen the steel and increase
its ductility, but the use of these fluxes forms no part of my Invention.
My Invention consists further of new or improved methods of combining
titanium with mixtures of malleable iron and carbonaceous matter, which
mixtures are intended to be melted into cast steel in melting pots or crucibles
heated in suitable melting furnaces. I wish it to be understood that by
malleable iron I mean not only such malleable iron of commerce as may have
been produced by the puddling process from pig iron, or by the Catalan or
other process from iron ore, but I include likewise that variety of malleable
iron produced by decarbonizing pig iron or cast iron, by passing air through
the said pig iron or cast iron whilst the said iron is in a melted state, or
malleable iron produced in any other way. In order to carry these improved
methods into effect I make use of the prepared ores of titanium, or titanic acid,
or oxide of titanium, and of the compounds which I have herein-before

page_text: described, and which I have designated Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4 respectively in the
following manner:-To forty pounds of good Swedish charcoal bar iron, or
other bar iron or malleable iron, I add from six to eight ounces of charcoal in
small knobs from the size of a pea to that of a large nut, and from one pound
to two pounds of one or other of the compounds of rutile, ilmenite, iserine, or
titanic acid, or oxide of titanium, and pitch or resin, herein-before described,
and which I have called compounds Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4. I introduce the
said iron and charcoal and the particular compound employed into the melting
pot or crucible placed in a melting furnace, and I heat the said substances
therein until the malleable iron and charcoal are combined and melted into
steel, and the titanium ore or oxide or acid in the compound is reduced and
alloyed with the steel; I then withdraw the melting pot from the furnace and
pour the steel into an ingot mould or other mould. I do not limit myself to
the relative proportions herein set down of the compounds Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4,
which I add to every forty pounds of bar or malleable iron, and the charcoal
used with the said iron, for the proportions may be varied without departing
from the nature of my Invention, but I have found that in practice the
-proportions-herein-set-down-produce excellent results.; neither_do_I_confine
myself to the proportions of charcoal to bar or malleable iron, which I have
herein given, for the proportions may be varied, and it must be observed that
by increasing or diminishing the proportion of charcoal to the bar or malleable
iron the hardness of the steel is correspondingly increased or diminished, and
may thus be regulated at the will of the operator. Scrap steel may be added
to the bar or malleable iron and charcoal, and may be melted with them, but
such addition forms no part of my Invention. Lampblack or other carbon-
aceous matter may be used in place of charcoal, but I find that charcoal
answers very well.
The compounds of rutile, ilmenite, iserine, or titanic acid, or oxide of
titanium and pitch or resin, herein-before described, and which I designated
respectively compounds Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4, may be added to the malleable iron
and carbonaceous matter in the melting pot, after the latter substances have
been introduced into the said pot, and during the subsequent stages of the
melting operation. In this case, when the last fire required to melt the
malleable iron and carbonaceous matter contained in the melting pot has so
far burned away that the workman or melter can remove or put aside the lid
or cover of the melting pot, I take off the said lid and drop the requisite
quantity of the particular compound employed into the melting pot containing
the malleable iron and carbonaceous matter. I then replace the lid of the
melting pot, and suffer the fire to burn down until the steel is completely

page_text: melted, and the pot is ready to be taken out. I then withdraw the melting
pot from the furnace, and I pour the steel into an ingot mould or other
mould.
In manufacturing steel from a mixture of malleable iron and charcoal, when
I employ the compound ores of titanium and iron, such as ilmenite or iserine,
in the deoxidised state, or when I employ the titanium compound or titanic
pig metal obtained by smelting compound ores of titanium and iron in a blast
furnace or cupola with coke or charcoal fuel I proceed as follows:-To forty
pounds of malleable iron and from six to eight ounces of charcoal I add from
eight ounces to two pounds of deoxidized ilmenite or iserine, or from eight
ounces to four pounds of titanic pig metal smelted from ilmenite or iserine, or
other titaniferous iron ore in a blast furnace or cupola. I introduce these
substances into a melting pot or crucible, and I heat them therein till they are
melted, and I then withdraw the melting pot from the furnace and pour the
steel into an ingot mould or other mould. Or I first introduce the said mal-
leable iron and charcoal into the melting pot or crucible, and I subsequently
introduce the deoxidized ilmenite or iserine, or the titanic pig metal into the
melting pot or crucible containing the malleable iron and charcoal in a manner
similar to that which I have herein-before described, that is to say, when the
last fire required to melt the malleable iron and charcoal has so far burned
down that the workman or melter can remove the lid or cover of the said
melting pot I remove the lid, and I drop in the requisite quantity of the
deoxidised ilmenite, or iserine, or of the titanic pig metal; I then replace the lid
or cover of the melting pot, and when the fire has sufficiently burned away, and
the steel is sufficiently melted, I withdraw the melting pot from the furnace,
and pour the steel into an ingot mould or other mould. I do not confine
myself to the proportions I have herein set down of deoxidized ilmenite, or
iserine, or of the titanic pig metal, which I add to forty pounds of malleable
iron, and the charcoal employed to carbonize the said iron, for the proportions
may be varied without departing from the nature of my Invention; but in
practice I have found that these proportions afford excellent results. Man-
ganese and other fluxes may be added in the ordinary manner to toughen and
improve the steel, but such additions form no part of my Invention.
My Invention further consists in melting an alloy of titanium and iron con-
taining also carbon with malleable iron, in order by the combination of the
said alloy with the said malleable iron in the melting pot to produce an
improved quality of cast steel, no other carbonaceous matter being employed to
carbonize the malleable iron, and thereby produce steel, than that which is con-
tained in the said alloy of titanium and iron containing also carbon.
The

page_text: malleable iron I employ may be either bar iron, or malleable scrap iron, or
bloom iron, obtained by the Catalan or other processes direct from the ore or
iron ore deoxidized until it is in the state of malleable iron, or malleable iron
obtained by decarbonizing pig iron or cast iron whilst in the melted state by
passing air through the said melted pig iron or cast iron; or I employ any
mixtures of these varieties of malleable iron, but I prefer to employ such mal-
leable iron as is free, or nearly free from sulphur, phosphorous, and silica. The
alloy of titanium and iron, containing also carbon, which I prefer to employ as
most economical, is the titanic pig metal obtained by smelting ilmenite, iserine,
or other compound ores of iron and titanium rich in titanic acid or oxide of
titanium in a blast furnace or cupola with coke or charcoal fuel, and pre-
ferably with charcoal fuel, whenever such fuel can be conveniently procured.
To thirty pounds of good malleable iron cut or broken up into small pieces for
packing into the melting pot I add from two pounds to ten pounds of the "titanic
pig metal," or alloy of titanium and iron containing carbon, which I have
herein-before described. I introduce the said malleable iron and the said
alloy into the melting pot or crucible placed in a melting furnace, and I heat
the-said-malleable-iron-and-the said alloy therein. until they are melted and
I then withdraw the melting pot from the furnace and pour the
steel into an ingot mould, or other suitable mould.
combined.
I do not limit myself to the relative proportions of the titanic pig metal or
alloy of titanium and iron containing carbon, which I add to every thirty
pounds of malleable iron in the melting pot, for the proportions may be further
varied without departing from the nature of my Invention; but I find in
practice that the proportions herein set down will produce most of the qualities
of cast steel required in commerce.
I wish it to be observed that the greater the relative proportion of the
titanic pig metal, or alloy of titanium and iron containing carbon added to the
malleable iron, the harder will be the cast steel obtained by the combination
and fusion in the melting pot of the said alloy and the said malleable iron, and
therefore, by increasing or diminishing the proportion of the said alloy, added
to and combined with the said malleable iron, the hardness of the cast steel
obtained by the fusion of these substances may be readily regulated.
merce;
The alloy of titanium and iron, which I have herein-before described, and
which I have designated as "titanic pig metal" is or may be found in com-
and in case it is so found will no doubt commercially be termed pig
iron, as consisting principally of iron, and being undistinguished from ordinary
pig iron. I therefore wish it to be understood that I do not claim the use of
any kind of pig iron, commercially so called, except only that particular kind

page_text: of pig iron which is smelted and reduced from compound ores of titanium;
such as ilmenite, iscrine, or other titaniferous iron ores rich in titanic acid or
oxide of titanium, and which said pig iron is an alloy of titanium and iron
containing carbon, and which may therefore be properly designated as "titanic
pig metal." I prefer to employ charcoal fuel for the purpose of smelting the
compound ores of titanium and iron in a blast furnace or cupola, in order to
obtain titanic pig metal for my process, whenever such titanic pig metal is
intended to be subsequently used in the manufacture of steel.
The melting pots or crucibles I prefer to use, and the furnaces in which
they are placed and heated, are such as are generally used by manufacturers of
cast steel.
I sometimes introduce rutile, ilmenite, iserine, and titanic acid or oxide of
titanium unmixed with any pitch, resin, or other carbonaceous matter, into the
melting pot or crucible containing the steel which it is intended to melt. In
this case the carbon contained in the steel, and the carbonaceous matter which
enters into the composition of the melting pot, suffices to reduce a portion of
the titanium ore, or acid, or oxide, and the reduced titanium becoming alloyed
in the melting pot with the steel effects an improvement in the quality of the
said steel. But I generally prefer to mix the said rutile, ilmenite, iserine, or
titanic acid or oxide of titanium with carbonaceous matter previously to
adding the said substances to the steel contained in the melting pot or cru-
cible, and in the manner I have herein-before detailed.
Although I have described the addition of the titanic compound to the steel'
or mixtures of materials, which by being melted together produce steel at
those stages of the respective melting processes, at which I believe it best to
make the addition of the said titanic compound, yet I do not limit myself
thereto, as the said titanic compound may either be charged into the melting
pot or crucible with the steel or materials which when melted make steel, or
the said titanic compound may be introduced into the melting pot after the
said steel or materials have been melted. The said titanic compound produces
a similar, or nearly similar, effect, whether charged into the melting pot with
the steel, or steel-making materials, or added and introduced into the melting
pot at any subseqent stage of the melting process. When I employ only
malleable iron and a metallic compound of titanium containing also carbon,
such as the titanie pig metal I have herein-before described, the said titanic
pig metal ought to be charged into the melting pot or crucible with the mal-
leable iron or added immediately afterwards, as the said malleable iron alone
cannot be readily melted, and the melting of the said malleable iron is facili-
'

page_text: tated very much by being in contact with the metallic alloy of titanium and
iron containing carbon.
I prefer to prepare the metallic alloy of titanium and iron containing also
carbon for my process in the manner I have herein-before described, by smelt-
ing compound ores of titanium and iron with coke or charcoal fuel in a blast
furnace or cupola; but such metallic alloy of titanium and iron may never-
theless be prepared in any other convenient and economical manner, as, for
example, by melting in melting pots or crucibles placed in suitable melting
furnaces, and heated therein deoxidized compound ores of titanium and iron,
such as iserine or ilmenite mixed with carbonaceous matter, such as charcoal,
lampblack, pitch, or resin.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention, and the methods by
which I carry the said Invention into effect, I hereby declare that my Inven-
tion consists essentially,
Firstly, of improvements upon my former methods of alloying titanium with
blister steel, bar steel, and puddled steel, or any description of cast steel cut
or broken up for remelting, or any mixtures of these varieties of steel, by
melting the said steel with compounds obtained by mixing pulverized titanium
ores, titanic acid, or oxide of titanium with carbonaceous matter, or by melting
the said steel with metallic compounds of titanium, such as deoxidized ilme-
nite or iserine, or with a metallic titanium compound, or titanic pig metal
obtained by smelting compound ores of titanium and iron in a blast furnace or
cupola, the said titanic compounds being melted and combined with the
said steel in a melting pot or crucible heated in a suitable melting furnace.
Secondly, of improvements upon my methods of alloying titanium with bar
or malleable iron and carbonaceous matter melted together to produce cast
steel, the said improvements consisting in the methods I have herein described,
either of melting compounds of titanium ores, titanic acid, or oxides of tita-
nium and carbonaceous matter, together with bar or malleable iron and
carbonaceous matter, in a melting pot or crucible heated in a melting furnace,
or of melting bar or malleable iron and carbonaceous matter in a melting pot
or crucible, together with deoxidized compound ores of titanium and iron, or
titaniferous iron ores, such as ilmenite or iserine, or together with a metallic
titanium compound, or titanic pig metal obtained by smelting compound ores
of titanium and iron with carbonaceous fuel, preferably charcoal, in a blast
furnace or cupola.
Thirdly, in melting malleable iron, together with an alloy of titanium and
iron containing carbon, in a melting pot or crucible, and without any further

page_text: addition of carbonaceous matter more than is contained in the said alloy of
titanium and iron containing carbon, in order to produce by the fusion and
combination of the said alloy, and of the said malleable iron in the melting
pot an improved quality of cast steel.
In witness whereof, I, the said Robert Mushet, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Fifth day of June, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and sixty-one.
Witnesses,
EDW. M. MUSHET,
Coleford, Gloucestershire,
BROOKLYN MUSHET,
Coleford, Gloucestershire.
ROBT. MUSHET. (L.S.)