IMPROVEMENT3 IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SUGAR, AND IN THE MACHINERY AND APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN
Year: 1852

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, RICHARD
ARCHIBALD BROOMAN, of the firm of J. C. Robertson and Company, of 166,
Fleet Street, in the City of London, Patent Agents, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Seventh day of October,
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-two, in the sixteenth year of Her reign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
Richard Archibald Brooman, my exors, adññiors, and assigns, ler especial
license, full power, sole privilege and authority, that I, the said Richard
Archibald Brooman, my exors, adiñors, and assigns, or such others as I, the said
Richard Archibald Brooman, my exors, adiñors, or assigns, should at any time
agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times during the term
of years therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,
and vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed,
and the Islands of Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney, Sark, and Man, and all Her
Majesty's Colonies and Plantations abroad, the Invention of "IMPROVEMENT3
IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SUGAR, AND IN THE MACHINERY AND APPARATUS EMPLOYED
THEREIN," communicated to me by a Foreigner residing abroad; in which said
Letters Patent is contained a proviso that I, the said Richard Archibald
Broonian, shall cause a particular description of the nature of the said In-
vention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, by an instrument
in writing under my hand and seal, to be enrolled in Her Majesty's High Court

page_text: of Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately after the date
of the said Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being thereunto
had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Richard Archibald Brooman, do hereby declare that the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same may be performed, are fully described
and set forth in and by the following description thereof, reference being had
to the Drawings hereunto annexed (that is to say):-
The Invention consists,-
First, in constructing sugar presses in such manner that the juice, whether
from the cane, beetroot, or other substance containing saccharine juice, shall
be expressed therefrom by means of rolling pressure.
Second, in an apparatus for generating and impregnating with carbonic
acid gas saccharine solutions for the purpose of freeing them of any excess
of alkali they may contain, and at the same time of decoloring them; and,
'Third, in means of, and apparatus for, separating fluid from granulated
sugar, and for purifying and removing the coloring matter therefrom, and
in the employment of steam and heated air combined as a cleansing agent.
Figure 1, Sheet A, is a longitudinal section, and Figure 2 a transverse
section of a sugar press constructed according to the present Invention. A
is a cylinder or roller revolving loosely on the shaft B, supported in bearings
in the frame A¹, A¹ C, C, are two discs keyed upon the shaft B. D, D,
are small friction rollers, the axes of which have their bearings in the discs
C, C. E, E, are feeding rollers, which are caused to revolve by a wheel
gearing into a pinion on the shaft B at a different speed to that of the
main roller A. F is a table perforated for the escape of the juice expressed.
This table may be made to move nearer to or further from the rollers D, D,
by means of a screw or other suitable adjustment. On the cane (supposing
that to be the substance to be operated upon) being. passed between the feeding
rollers, it becomes subjected to a succession of pressures. from the small
rollers surrounding the periphery of the main friction roller A. The points
of pressure are so frequent and continuous as to express the whole, or as
nearly so as may be, of the juice from the cane. Dry megass issues from the
further end of the table.
Figure 1, Sheet B, is a longitudinal section, and Figure 2 a transverse
section of a modification of the press just described. A is a plain cylinder,
keyed on the shaft B, supported in bearings in the frame A', A'. C,.C, are two
fluted or indented rollers, over which the friction rollers D, D, travel. These
rollers are connected by the endless chain E, E, E. F, F, is an iron grating or

page_text: perforated table, the upper surface of which is excentric with the cylinder A,
as shewn in Figure 1. It may, however, be concentric therewith. The
rollers D, D, travel along the upper surface of the table F, F. Motion is
communicated to the rollers C, C, by a pinion fixed upon the main shaft B
at such relative speed as shall be found the best in practice, according to
the nature of the substance operated on. The cane or other substance is fed
at the opening G, is then drawn forward, and delivered at the opposite side
of the machine, receiving a graduated pressure in its progress. Instead of
the plain cylinder A here shewn a cylinder surrounded with small friction
rollers, as shewn in Sheet A, might be employed. Instead also of an endless
chain of rollers, rollers working in fixed bearings might be substituted.
The Drawing on Sheet C is a sectional elevation of the apparatus for
generating carbonic acid gas, and for saturating saccharine solutions therewith. :
A is a cistern, which I prefer to construct of earthenware, strengthened on
the outside by wickerwork, or of iron enamelled on the inside. B is an inlet
pipe provided with a stopcock C. D is an air cock or valve. E is an
outlet pipe with cock F, and the gas generator connected with the cistern
by means of the branch pipe G, on which is affixed a conical bearing upon
which the generator is free to revolve. II is a ball valve, which will be
opened by the pressure from within the generator, and will allow the gas
to pass through the branch pipe into the saccharine juices contained in the
cistern through the aperture I. K is a glass or glazed earthern tube for
containing the acid. The lid L is ground air tight, or is rendered so by a
vulcanized india-rubber packing. In order to generate the gas, remove the
lid, take the glass or earthern tube out of the vessel, fill it with acid, replace
it, then fill up the remaining space carefully with chalk, secure the lid, and
then by turning the vessel downward, as indicated by the dotted lines, the
action of generation commences, and when the gas arrives at sufficient
pressure it opens the ball valve H, and passing through the aperture I enters.
the solution. under treatment.
The Drawing, Sheet D, is a sectional elevation of the apparatus for se-
parating, fluid from granulated sugar, and for effecting the removal of the
coloring matter from the grains. By the rotary action of the apparatus about
to be described each grain of sugar is stirred in the course of its progress, and
presents every side to the cleansing agent. A is a hollow cone with its
base terminating in the pipe B. The sides of the cone are of wire gauze, or
of finely perforated metal. C is an outer cone (with its sides perforated, or
of wire gauze), diverging from its apex to form the hopper D. E is an
upright spindle (connected with the inner cone A), provided with a screw

page_text: or segments of screws or blades F, F, F. G, G, and H, H, are chambers
for the admission and retention of the cleansing or decoloring agent or agents
to be employed. Both these chambers are furnished with a slot for the
emission of their contents, the size of which is regulated by screws or other-
wise. I is a spout for feeding the hopper with the raw material. K is the
delivery spout for cleansed and dry sugar. L is a close chamber or cistern.
N is an exbaust pipe leading to an air pump. O is a pipe for the escape of
molasses. P, P, is the general frame of the machine. Q, Q, are bevil wheels
for communicating motion to the inner cone A. The sugar to be operated
upon being placed in the hopper D, and motion being given to the inner
cone A by the wheels Q, Q, is carried down by the action of the screw
or segments F, F, F, with which the upright spindle E is furnished, and
is driven between the two cones A and C. A partial vacuum being then
pio luced will draw down the cleansing agent or agents from the chambers
G, G, and H, H, through the sugar in the cones A and C, and with them
any coloring or liquid matter that may be present into the cistern L, while
the dry and cleansed sugar is delivered upon the trough K.
Figure 1, Sheet E, is an elevation partly in section; Figure 2 a plan;
Figure 3 a section on the line a, b, of Figure 1, of another machine to effect
the same purpose. A is a trough divided into compartments B, C, D.
E, E, are pulleys upon which an endless web or band F of any textile fabric
or material travels. G, G, G, are friction rollers fixed in the trough for
supporting the band F. II is a hopper, terminating in the box I, containing
a screw K for distributing the raw material on the endless web or band. L
are exhaust pipes in connexion with an air pump. M, M, are valves for
regulating the exhaustive power for the different compartments of the trough.
N, N, N, are pipes for drawing off the molasses. O is an apparatus shewn
on an enlarged scale at Figure 4, for emitting the cleansing agents supplied
thereto from a reservoir. A' is the inlet pipe for admitting the cleansing and
purifying agent, whether steam alone or steam and heated air combined. B
is a chamber having its outlet at C. D is another chamber connected
by a branch pipe to reservoirs of water or syrup. The action is as follows:-
Raw material being placed in the hopper H, is brought by the screw K upon
the web, which passing in its progress beneath gauges brings the sugar in
such depth or thickness as the quality of the sugar admits beneath the appa-
ratus O. Immediately under this apparatus an aperture is provided, com-
municating (with the intervention only of the textile band on which the sugar
rests) with the inner part of the trough. A vacuum being now created in
the pipes L, L, the cleansing agent will be drawn through the sugar, carrying

page_text: with it all its impurities, and leaving the sugar quite clean. Provision is
made for the regulation of the exhaustive power by the valves M, M, so that
all the power can be brought to bear upon any given point should it be
found necessary with some peculiar sugars. After the passage of the sugar
under treatment beneath the force of the washing, and exhausting process it
will be found to dry in cakes. Now in order to prevent this, and to secure
the free passage of the cleansing and bleaching agents through the sugar in
the further progress of the operation, a revolving stirrer is provided, which
loosens it from the web, and this, when necessary, is succeeded by a revolving.
comb, which again separates the grains of the sugar. From the point at
which the cleansing operation is performed a close cover is provided, secured
by bolts to the upper flange of the trough. Between this lid or cover and
the sugar I inject steam, or steam combined with heated air, which passing
readily through the sugar produces a bleaching effect. The web continues
its progress with its charge until, arriving at the end of the machine, the
dry sugar is delivered into any package that may be prepared for its reception,
while the molasses is drawn off from the trough.
Having now described the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, I declare that I claim,-
First, the employment in presses for expressing saccharine juice froin
substances containing the same of friction rollers arranged round a main
roller or cylinder in combination with a fixed bed, or in combination with a
revolving bed, as herein-before represented and described.
Second, the employment for such purpose of a plain cylinder or roller, in
combination with an endless chain of revolving friction rollers, or with a bed
of rollers revolving only on their axes.
Third, the carbonic acid generating and impregnating apparatus herein-
before described.
Fourth, the general arrangement and combination of apparatus herein-
before described and represented in Sheets D and E of the Drawings hereunto
annexed for cleansing and purifying sugar.
Fifth, I claim the endless bands for carrying the sugar to be cleansed and
purified, represented in Figures 1 and 2, Sheet E; and,
Sixth, the employment of steam, combined with heated air, for bleaching and
purifying sugar.
In witness whereof, I, the said Richard Archibald Brooman, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Seventh day of April, One thousand eight
hundred and fifty three
R. A.
(LS.) BROOMAN.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Seventh day of April, in the
year of our Lord 1853, the aforesaid Richard Archibald Brooman came before
our said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification
aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and specified, in form above
written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according to the
tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.