IMPROVEMENTS IN FORGING METALS. AND IN POWER HAMMERS EMPLOYED THEREIN
Year: 1862

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Naylor, of Queen's Road, Dalston, in the
County of Middlesex, Engineer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
FORGING METALS. AND IN POWER HAMMERS EMPLOYED THEREIN.'
Sealed the 14th November 1862, and dated the 20th May 1862.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Naylor at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
20th May 1862.
1, WILLIAM NAYLOR, of Queen's Road, Dalston, in the County of Mid-
dlesex, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN FORGING METALS, AND IN POWER HAMMERS EMPLOYED THEREIN,"
to be as follows:-
This Invention consists in supporting the cylinders for single or double
action steam hammers on a framework of wrought iron, cast iron, or steel,
either separate or combined, and composed partly of bars of iron or links of
iron or steel diagonally arranged, so as to take strains in tension, and other-
bars in a line arranged so as to resist compression. For hammers of this
kind (double action) working vertically, the steam and exhaust enter and
leave the cylinder at each end by corresponding main passages. I proposė
to use cylindrical or piston valves, one for each end of the cylinder, coupled
by a rod; and working simultaneously together. The cylindrical valve chest

page_text: or chamber may be cast with the cylinder, or secured to it by bolts and nuts.
The lower end of the valve chamber has an outlet corresponding with the
passage to the cylinder; when the piston or cylindrical valve is below that
passage steam enters into the lower end of the cylinder to raise the hammer,
and when the piston valve is moved above that passage, the steam makes its
exit by the end of the valve through the exhaust pipe into the atmosphere,
and the hammer falls. But out of the valve chamber at the upper end there
are two passages, one leading direct as the main passage into the cylinder,
which, when the valves are in their lower position, allows the steam or vapour
to escape from the upper end of the cylinder by the end of the valve, through
the exhaust pipe, into the atmosphere. The upper piston is thicker or deeper
than the lower one, and when in its highest position it does not rise above
the main exhaust passage to admit steam, but rises above a second passage
from the valve chamber into the main passage leading into the cylinder.
Into this second passage or port I place a throttle valve, plug, or stopper;
when this stopper is shut, the piston valves, moving through their ordinary.
and full stroke, admit the steam 'to the lower end of the cylinder only. The
port at each end is open alternately for the free escape of steam, air, or
vapour into the atmosphere. The hammer working under those conditions
would be single-acting only; but when it is required to work double-acting,
in such cases, by opening the throttle valve, plug, or stopper in the steam
passage when the piston valve is in its highest position for the hammer to
descend, the steam will enter the upper end of the cylinder at a pressure very
nearly equal to the full pressure of the steam in the boiler, and so put the
speed and energy of blow into the hammer, after having fallen but a short
distance, equal to or very much superior to that of the hammer having fallen
through its entire length of stroke. In some cases I propose using a steam
chest at or near each end of the cylinder, with a slide valve in each chest, the
two slides to be coupled together by their valve spindles working through
stuffing boxes. A branch of steam pipe is attached to each valve chest
separately, and a separate regulator or throttle valve is placed in each steam
pipe or attached to each steam chest. When the hammer with this arrange-
ment of valves is working single acting, the steam from the boiler is to be
admitted into the lower steam chest only, and, when working double action,
the steam from the boiler is to be admitted into the upper steam chest as
well as the lower. The exit for the steam, compressed air, or vapour from
above or below the piston remains the same whether the hammer is working
single or double acting. I propose to work the valves of these hammers,
consisting of cylindrical piston valves or slide valves, by hand levers, or by an

page_text: auxiliary steam cylinder with its piston rod attached, direct or through way
shafts and levers to the main valve spindle. The small valve to the auxiliary
or small steam cylinder will be but light, and easily moved by the hand of
the attendant by suitable levers; and for making these hammers work self-
acting, I place near the hammer two bars of a spiral form, or pipes having a
spiral upon them connecting them with a third bar or pipe, moving upon its
axis by the spiral bars moving from right to left, or vice versa, as a projection
or rod projecting from the hammer acts against the projecting part of the
spirals on the bars, moving them in the direction required for changing the.
position of the slide valve of the auxiliary cylinder which derives its move-
ments from its connection with these spiral bars; and as a means of regulating
the length of stroke of the hammer, I turn the spiral bars partly round, so
that the small valve may be moved when the hammer is at any part of its
stroke; the small valve being changed will cause its piston to move, and with.
it the main valves of the cylinder of the hammer; or in some cases I may
use sliding wedges upon the bars for moving the small valve.
Another part of my Invention consists in placing two double-action steam.
hammers at right angles to each other, capable of giving blows simultaneously
or alternately, as the nature of the work may require. I propose placing
these hammers at an angle of about 45° from the perpendicular, but do not
confine myself to those or any other particular angles. I propose using the.
same description of valves, whether cylindrical or piston valves, or slide valves,
as those herein described for the single hammer, except that in this case I.
have the same provision for regulating the amount of steam admitted into the
top and bottom of the cylinder. I propose working the valves of these twin
hammers together or separately, and independent of each other; but when
working them together, I bring connecting links or rods from the valve.
spindles to levers or studs in a disć plate, fixed upon a way shaft, so that by
the movement of the disc or levers, the valves of both cylinders shall move,
at the same time. As a means of making the change from blows given
simultaneously to alternately, I propose using the valve links from one
hammer, constantly working to one stud of the disc. For the other hammer I
propose putting two links one on each side the centre of the disc the other.
end of these links to be attached to the two ends of a bar or slotted link, set
to the. radius of the links or rods, the short bent bar to work through a
suitable eye in the end of the valve spindle. It will be evident that if the bent
bar or radial slotted link be held equidistant from each end, or the middle of it.
against the end of the valve spindle, there would be no movement in that.
valve, although the other hammer and the disc were in full work. Then by

page_text: moving one end of the quadrant bar towards the valve spindle in one direction
blows would be given by both hammers simultaneously, and if the quadrant
bar were moved towards the valve spindle in the other direction, the blows
would be given by the two hammers alternately. When these valves are
worked together for both hammers, I propose moving them by a band, lever
connected with the disc or its way shaft. And I also propose working these
valves by an auxiliary steam cylinder, its piston rod being coupled direct or
through suitable levers or shafts to the disc. The small valve, of the
auxiliary cylinder may be moved by suitable levers and by the hand of the.
attendant, or by a lever or rod from each hammer, which shall change the
position of the small valve, and by its piston change the other valves, before
either piston could strike its cylinder cover.
the welding and forging of coils for wrought-iron guns, or for railway wheel-
tyres, or for hammering cast steel or other rings for railway wheel tyres, or.
any similar purpose. In welding coils, the heated coil is to be placed in a
cradle, one hammer striking the end of the coil, and welding the bars together
and the other hammer-striking the sides of the coil and keeping it in form as
the mass is turned round in the cradle. In some cases I propose to use a
single hammer placed so as to work at any angle from the perpendicular.
These hammers may be used in,
The third part of my Invention consists in the application of a parallel
motion guide to single or double acting hammers. To some portion of the
radial bars of the parallel motion, and so as to move with the rise and fall of;
the hammer, I attach a rod working between two spiral bars, giving a
lateral motion to those bars, and causing a third bar connected therewith to
have a partial revolving motion round its own axis, similar to that herein-
before described for working the small valve, of the auxiliary cylinder of the
single vertical hammer. But instead of working the valves of these hammers
by an auxiliary cylinder and piston, I propose to use a circular valve to
revolve upon its own axis in the valve chamber, and to be in immediate;
connection with the third bar, connected with and worked, by the two spiral
bars. The centre part of this valve is composed of a pipe with both ends
open, or one end blanked up and only one open. For a short distance on
each end of this pipe there is a shell of larger diameter, having certain spaces.
between the two; at each end of the valve chamber, or nearly so, there is a.
recess or passage, round the valve chamber, communicating with the ports
into the cylinder at each end. In the bottom end of the valve chamber
there are four ports communicating from the valve chamber to the recess.
round it leading to the port of the cylinder. Through the outer shell at the
lower end of the valve there are four corresponding ports or passage-ways for,

page_text: the steam to enter the lower end of the cylinder, and near to these are other
four ports or passages, passing through the outer shell, and into the centre
pipe or tube of the valve. Assuming this valve to be in such a position as to
allow the steam in the valve chamber round the centre pipe to pass through
the passages in the outer shell and into the cylinder, then by turning the valve
in the chamber till the ports in the outer shell of the valve, and the ports
leading out of the valve chamber, are no longer open to each other, the steam
will be prevented from entering the cylinder. And if the valve be turned a
little further, till the ports leading through the outer shell and into the centre
tube or pipe are brought opposite the pòrts leading out of the valve chamber,
the steam will leave the cylinder, and make its exit up the centre pipe of the
valve and into the atmosphere. At the upper end of the cylinder there are
four ports in the valve chamber, and four ports also leading through the outer
part of the valve and into the inner tube. But there is only one passage-way.
for steam to leave the valve chamber, through the outer shell of the valve, and
in the recess opposite to this port, I place a throttle valve, plug, or stopper;
when this one passage is closed by the stopper, no steam can be admitted
above the piston, and the hammer will work single acting. And when the
plug or stopper is turned round so as to leave a free passage to the cylinder,
the hammer will be double acting. In some cases I use a rod connecting
the two valves and exhaust through each end of the valve into an outlet
without exhausting through the pipe; and I may bring the steam in at each
outer end of the valve, whilst the exhaust is between the two steam inlets.
I do not confine myself to the number of ports, nor to only one being
stopped, a greater or less number would not affect the principle, I recom-
mend four for the more perfect equilibrium of the valve in the valve chamber..
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said William Naylor in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
20th November 1862.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
NAYLOR, of Queen's Road, Dalston, in the County of Middlesex, Engineer,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twentieth day of May, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, in the twenty-fifth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me;
the said William Naylor, Her special license, that I, the said William

page_text: Naylor, my executors, 'administrators, and assigns, or such others as I,
the said William Naylor, my executors, administrators, or assigns, should
at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and all times
thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IM-
PROVEMENTS IN FORGING METALS, AND IN POWER HAMMERS EMPLOYED THEREIN,"
upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said William Naylor, my
executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my hand and
scal, or under the hand and seal of one of them, should particularly describe
and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the
said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said William Naylor, do hereby declare the
nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement, reference being had to the accompanying Drawings, and to the
letters and figures marked thereon, that is to say :-
My said Invention relates to certain peculiar constructions and arrangements
of the supports or framings of steam hammers, and to certain peculiar con-
structions and arrangements of valves for steam hammers, and of the mechanism
employed for actuating the same.
And in order that my said Invention may be fully understood, I shall now
proceed more particularly to describe the same, and for that purpose I shall
refer to the several Figures on the Sheets of Drawings hereunto annexed, the
same letters of reference .indicating corresponding parts throughout all the
corresponding Figures.
Figure 1 on Sheet 1 of my Drawings represents a side elevation of one
arrangement of steam hammer fitted with my improvements and supported
by means of my peculiar construction of framing.
Figure 2 on Sheet 2 is an end elevation of the hammer, with a portion of
the framing in vertical section; Figure 3 on the same Sheet is a side elevation
partly in section, of one of the outer frames or vertical supports in connection
with the hammer; and Figure 4 on Sheet 3 is a sectional plan of the hammer,
and a portion of the framing. The rest of the Figures on this Sheet are
sectional details of the cylinder valves and valve actuating mechanism which
I shall herein-after more fully refer to.
According to my to my Invention, I propose to support the cylinders of

page_text: double or single acting steam hammers on a framework of wrought iron, cast
iron, or steel, either separately or in combination, and compound partly of bars
or links of iron or steel diagonally arranged so as to take strains in tension and
of other bars arranged so as to resist compression.
VII!
In Sheets 1, 2, and 3 of my Drawings A represents the steam cylinder
resting upon a pair of wrought-iron girders B, B, which are supported at each
end in suitable shoes, on the upper ends of the vertical cast-iron standards
C, C. These standards are bolted down on the cast-iron pedestals D; D, which
rest upon massive bed plates E, E, on suitable foundations F, F; G, G, are
wrought-iron or steel diagonal links or tie bars connected at their upper ends
to the girders B, and at their lower ends to the standards C by long bolts
II, H, provided with suitable distance pieces forming the connections at the
extremities of these tie bars, which thus serve to resist compression of the
girders B. I, I, are two horizontal tie bars coupled at H¹ with the standards
C, and at J, J, by other bolts with each side of the hammer guides K, K, of
cast iron and uprights. Parallel with these horizontal bars and just below
them is arranged a second set of two bars 1; 1', similarly coupled at H
with the basis of the standards C, C, and at J, J', 'with the lower extremities
of the hammer guides and uprights M, M; and M³, M', are diagonal tie bars.
coupled at their lower ends respectively with the bolts J and J, in the hammer
guides and uprights, whilst these upper ends are coupled by means of the bolts
N, N, with the upper ends of the standards C, C. The upper part of the
cylinder A and valve chest are encircled by a band O, (see Figure 5, Sheet 3)
to which band are bolted the upper ends of the diagonal tie bars P, P, their
lower ends being connected by the bolts N, N, with the tops of the standards
C; Q, Q, (Figures 5 and 2) are horizontal tie bars connected at one end by
the bolts R, R, with the band O, and at the other with the tops of the
columns S, S, by the bolts T, T, the direction of these tie bars being at right
angles in plan to the girders B which support the cylinders; Q, Q. are
other horizontal tie bars parallel to but below the tie bars. Q, Q; they are
connected at one end by bolts R', R', with the transverse T irons U, U,
immediately beneath the girders B, B, whilst their other ends-are-coupled by.
the bolts T, T", with the columns S, S, above referred to. Between these two
sets of horizontal tie bars, and connected by the same bolts, are arranged two sets
of diagonal bars V, V; W, W', are stays which are connected to the columns
S by the bolts T and T respectively, whilst their lower ends are united and
connected by a bolt X to any convenient anchor. The columns S are braced
together in pairs by means of the intermediate tie bars Y, Y, their feet resting

page_text: Jil
upon suitable bed plates Z, Z, supported by masonry. For double action
hammers. working vertically, I propose to cause the steam and exhaust to
enter and leave the cylinder at each end by corresponding main passages, and
to adapt to such hammers a peculiar arrangement of cylindrical or piston valves,
one for each end of the cylinder, coupled by a rod or pipe working simultane-
ously together. These peculiar valves and their connection with the steam
cylinder are clearly represented in Figure 1. a is the steam pipe, and 6 a throttle
valve; the steam pipe leads into the cylindrical valve chamber c, near the
middle thereof. Inside this chamber works the two piston valves d, d', formed
at the top and bottom of the tube or pipe e. To the lower end of this pipe is fitted
the valve spindle f, working through a stuffing box, and connected to a lever
g, fast on a way shaft h herein-after referred to. The valve chamber c may
be either cast in one piece with the cylinder or secured thereto by bolts and
nuts, as shewn in my Drawings. The lower end of the valve chamber has
an outlet corresponding with the passage or port i, leading to the lower end
of the steam cylinder. When the piston d', is below that passage as shewn
in Figure 1, steam enters the lower end of the steam cylinder to raise the
hammer, and when this piston, valve is moved above that passage the steam
makes its exit by the end of the valve d¹ through the connecting tube or
pipe e into the exhaust pipe k, and thence into the atmosphere, when the
hammer falls. From the upper end of the valve chamber there are two ports
or passages,, the one 7 leading direct as the main passage into the cylinder,
and when the valves are in their lowest position it allows the steam or vapour
to escape from the upper end of the cylinder, by the end of the valve d,
through the exhaust pipe into the atmosphere. The upper piston valve d
is made thicker or deeper than the lower one, and when in its highest position
it does not rise above the main or exhaust passage l, to admit steam to the
cylinder, but rises only above the second passage, from the valve chamber
which opens into the main passage and cylinder. Into this second passage
or steam port, I place a. throttle valve, plug, or stopper m, shewn more
clearly in the horizontal sectional detail of the valve chamber and passage
at Figure 6, Sheet 3. When this stopper is, shut the piston valves moving
through their ordinary and full stroke admit the steam to the lower end of
the cylinder only. The ports at each end being opened alternately for the
free escape of the steam, air, or vapour into the atmosphere, the hammer
working under this condition would be single-acting only, but when it is re-
quired to work double-acting, it is simply requisite to open the plug or
stopper m, so that when the piston valve d is in its highest position, for the

page_text: hammer to descend, the steam will enter the upper end of the cylinder at a
pressure very nearly equal to the full pressure of the steam in the boiler, and
so put the speed and energy of blow into the hammer after it has fallen a
short distance, only equal to or very much superior to that of the hammer
having fallen through its entire length of stroke by gravity. In some cases
I propose using in lieu of the above arrangement of valve chamber a steam
chest a, a, (Figure 7, Sheet 4,) at or near each end of the steam cylinder
b, with a slide valve C, C', in each chest, the spindles d, d', of the two slides
being coupled to the piston rod d", of the auxiliary cylinder e, and working
simultaneously together from that piston rod. A branch of steam pipe f. ƒ',
is attached to each valve chest separately, and a separate regulator or throttle
valve is placed in each steam pipe, or attached to each steam chest, or the
plug or stopper m may be used with the throttle valve in the steam pipe
connected with both steam chests. By closing the top throttle valve where
two are used, or by closing the plug m, the hammer may be made to work
single acting. When the hammer with this arrangement of valves is working
single-acting the steam from the boiler is to be admitted into the lower part
of the cylinder only, and when working double-acting the steam from the
boiler is to be admitted into the upper part of the cylinder as well as the
lower. The exit for the steam, compressed air, or vapour from above or below
the working piston, remains the same whether the hammer be working single
or double acting. I propose to work the valves of these hammers, whether
consisting of cylindrical piston valves or slide valves, by hand levers, or by the
aid of auxiliary steam cylinders, with the piston rod of one of them attached
direct or through a way shaft or lever to the main valve spindle. Figure 8
on Sheet 3 of my Drawings represents an enlarged vertical sectional detail
of one arrangement of auxiliary cylinders for working the main valves as
applied to the piston valves; Figure 9 is a similar section at right angles to
Figure 8; Figure 10 is a sectional plan of the cylinders; Figure 11 is a
detail section of the cylindrical valve chamber, valves, and steam passages
in connection with one of the auxiliary cylinders; and Figure 12 is a detail
plan of the crank shaft herein-after more fully referred to. These ports are
all more or less illustrated in their proper positions in Figures 1 and 4; n, n²;
are the two small auxiliary cylinders, which may be cast in one piece, the
cylinder n being formed with a cylindrical valve chamber o, inside which
work two piston valves p, p, fast on the tubular valve spindle q. A constant
pressure of steam or liquid is maintained upon the top of the piston in the
cylinder n through the pipe r, but in the cylinder n' the steam is alternately
admitted above or below the piston working. therein. For this purpose steaui

page_text: passages S, S¹, are cast in the cylinder n¹ communicating with the top and
bottom thereof and opening into the cylindrical valve chamber o at S and S'
respectively. The steam enters the valve chamber by the pipe t, and in the
position in which the valves are shewn in Figure 11 the steam will enter by
the passage S into the upper part of the cylinder n', whilst the steam which
may be below the piston will escape by the passage S' through a number of
perforations in the tube q, and thence along the tube and into the atmosphere
by the exhaust pipe u. When the pistons P, P¹, are moved to the other sides
of the passages S, S¹, the steam will enter the passage S¹ to the lower part of
the cylinder n' and escape from the upper end by the passage S direct into
the exhaust pipe. Thus by imparting a longitudinal reciprocating motion to
the piston valves P, P₁, through their spindle q, the piston in the auxiliary
cylinder n¹ will be made to rise and fall alternately. The lower end of the
piston rod n has formed upon it a horizontal slotted arm v, in which works
the pin of the single crank w on the crank shaft x (Figures 8, 9, and 12),
which is supported in brackets y, y, attached to the main framing (sec
Figure 1). A double crank Z, at right angles to the crank w, is also formed
on the crank shaft æ, and upon the pin of this crank bears a T piece 1, formed
upon the lower end of the piston rod working in the small cylinder n.
The object of the cylinder n and the second crank z is to assist the crank w
over its dead centres and to resist the sudden shock of the piston when arriving
at the end of its stroke in its cylinder n³. For example, in Figure 8 the
crank w is on its top centre and the steam is being admitted above the piston
in the cylinder n¹; steam is at the same time acting upon the top of the piston
in the cylinder n; and the crank is at right angles to the crank w, it
follows that the pressure upon it will tend to bring round the crank w past its
centre and allow it to be rotated by the piston in the cylinder a¹ until it has
made a half revolution and is on its bottom centre, the crank by that time
baving again arrived at its horizontal position on the opposite side of the
crank shaft. The valves P, P', are now changed, and steam is admitted in
the bottom of the cylinder n¹, the crank w being moved past its centre, as
before, by the action of the piston rod n¹¹ on the crank 2, whereupon another
half revolution of the crank shaft x will be effected in the opposite direction, a
rocking motion being thus imparted to the shaft x at each change of the
valves P, P. The momentum of the piston in the cylinder n¹ is checked so
soon as it arrives at half stroke, either up or down, by the constant back
pressure acting on the piston in the cylinder n. This checking action may be
accomplished, if preferred, by introducing liquid under pressure through a
small pipe into the top of..the cylinder n, so that, as the piston therein rises its

page_text: motion will be retarded by the slow escape of such liquid through the con-
tracted mouth of the pipe. The circular reciprocating motion of the crank
shaft is transmitted by means of the lever g on the way shaft h (Figure 9),
herein-before referred to, direct to the main valve spindlef, which valves thereby
receive a rectilinear reciprocating motion. A slot 2 is made in one end of
this lever, into which slot works the pin of the crank w, herein-before referred
to. It is obvious that the lever g may be used for working the main valves
by hand without the intervention of the auxiliary cylinders and self-acting
mechanism, or the auxiliary cylinders may be retained and their valve spindle q
worked by hand; but I prefer to make the hammer entirely self-acting, for
which purpose I connect the valve 9 (which is small, and consequently
easily worked) by means of rods 3 and bell cranks 4 (Figure 4), with an
arm 5 on the upper end of a vertical rocking spindle 6 (shown in detail
in Figures 13 and 14 (Sheet 4). This spindle is supported in bearings
at 7, 7, and is provided with two arms or plates, 8, 8, near the top and
bottom thereof; in these arms are fitted, so as to turn freely on their axes
by suitable adjustment, two vertical bars a', a", (Figures 13, 14, and 15,
Sheet 4,) having a spiral web or projection formed upon them both in
the same direction; or in lieu of solid bars tubes may be used with similar
spiral projecting webs, making about half a turn from top to bottom.
These spiral bars are placed parallel to each other and disposed near to
the side of the hammer block. A projecting arm 9 (Figures 14 and 15),
attached to the hammer block or otherwise worked therefrom, enters between
the two spiral bars, and works freely up and down between them as the
hammer rises and falls, and acts upon the projecting spiral of each bar alter-
nately, and moves the two bars laterally to one side or the other, according as
one or other of the spirals or inclines is acted upon. For example, supposing
the arm 9 to be rising, it first acts upon the upper part of the spiral or incline
on the bar a', and pushes them over to the left, as it descends again it acts
upon the lower portion of the spiral or incline on the bar a¹¹, and pushes them
over to the right. Now as these bars are connected by the arms or plates 8, 8,
to the spindle 6, it follows that a circular rocking motion will be imparted to
this spindle at each rise and fall of the hammer block, which motion will be
transmitted through the lever arm 5 to the small valve spindle q (Figures 8, 9,
and 11, Sheet 3), of the auxiliary cylinders. The projecting arm 9 may be
made to act sooner or later upon the spirals, and so vary the length of the
stroke of the hammer by turning or adjusting the spiral bars a¹, a", upon their
axes, or this part of the apparatus may be thrown out of action entirely by so
turning the bars a', a", that the spirals will be wholly on the outer sides of the
.

page_text: bars, the arm 9 in that case rising and falling without acting upon the spirals
or inclines, and consequently the valves will be free to be worked by hand:
This adjustment of the spirals is effected by means of the screw spindles 10, 10,
connected to the arms 11, 11, on the spiral bars, the screw spindles being
acted upon by means of a rotatory nut in a hand wheel 12, Figures 22 and 23,
(Sheet 5), as is well understood by mechanics.
In lieu of the peculiar pistón valves herein-before described, I propose in
some cases to adopt a circular rotatory valve, actuated direct from the self-
acting valve mechanism herein-before described, and illustrated by the enlarged
details, Figures 13, 14, and 15, (Sheet 4). Figures 16, 17, and 18,
(Sheet 5,) represent enlarged detail sections of this form of rotating valve.
a is the centre part of the valve, which is tubular or hollow, both ends being
open in the Drawings, although one end may be blanked up if preferred; b, b',
are two shells of larger diameter, cast on to or fitted to each end of the tube, a
space being left between the interior of the shells and the exterior of the tube
as a steam way. These shells fit accurately the cylindrical valve chamber c,
in which they rotate. A passage way or recess d, d, is formed round the
valve chamber c at each end thereof, communicating with the main ports e, e¹,
leading to the top and bottom of the steam cylinder respectively. In the
bottom end of the valve chamber there are four ports f, f, f, f, communicating
from such chamber to the recess round it leading to the main port e¹ of the
cylinder. Through the lower outer shell of the valve there are four corre-
sponding ports or passage ways 9, 9, 9, 9, passing through the outher shell and
into the centre pipe or tube a of the valve, whilst four other ports h, h, h, h,
are made through the outer shell only of the valve into the intermediate space
between the shell and the tube a. At the upper end of the valve chamber
are four ports f, f, ff, and in the valve four ports g¹, g¹, g', g¹, passing
through the outer shell, and into the centre pipe or tube a. In this upper
shell, however, there is only one port, ', made through the outer part of the
shell, and in the recess or passage way round this part of the valve I form a
separate passage or steam port f", communicating with one of the four ports f',
and leading to the steam cylinder. In this passage I place a throttle valve,
plug, or stopper. When this stopper is closed no steam can be admitted
above the piston in the steam cylinder, and the hammer will then work single-
acting, but when the plug is turned round so as to open the passage f" (as in
the Drawing), steam will be admitted above the piston, and the hammer will
work double-acting.
Figures 19, 20, and 21 (Sheet 5) are corresponding enlarged sectional
details of a similar kind of rotatory valve to that last described, but slightly

page_text: modified in its construction. In lieu of having enlarged shells on each end of.
the pipe or tube a, I make such enlargements solid or in one piece with the
central tube a and groove or recess its periphery so as to form the ports or
passage ways which correspond to the four ports h, h, h, h, and single.
port h in the previously described valve. The four ports or passages 9, 9,
are formed through the entire thickness of the metal, so as to communicate
with the interior of the centre pipe a. Steam enters the valve chamber by the
pipe . In both these arrangements, and assuming the valve to be in
such a position as to allow the steam in the valve chamber round the.
centre pipe a to pass through the valve ports or passages h, h, as shown,
in Figures 18 and 20, the steam will then enter the lower part of the cylinder,
through the four ports f, f, and main port e', during which time, if working.
double-acting, the exhaust from the upper end is escaping through the four-
ports f, f, above through the corresponding exhaust ports g', g', iu the valve.
into the central pipe a, and out by the exhaust pipe 1; now by turning the
valve slightly so as to bring the lower set of exhaust ports g, g, into com-
munication with the four ports f, f, leading to the lower main port e', the:
steam will escape from the lower part of the cylinder through the ports e¹,.
f, and 9, into the centre pipe a of the valve, and out by the exhaust pipe l,-
whilst at the same time the upper part of the valve will be brought into such
a position as to establish a communication between the single steain port h¹ in
the valve and the steam passage f" leading to the top of the cylinder, a slight
reverse turn of the valve cutting off the steam from the upper end of the,
cylinder and opening the exhaust ports g', g¹; such reverse turn having had.
the effect of opening the steam ports h, h, at the bottom of the valve, and
allowing steam to enter the lower end of the cylinder again. When the
hammer is working single acting, that is to say, when the plug i is closed, the
air escapes only through three of the exhaust ports in the upper end of the
valve. Figures 22 and 23 (Sheet 5), represents a double or single-acting.
steam hammer provided with rotating valves similar to those herein-before
last referred to, and showing the means I adopt for working such valves.
direct from the vertical rocking spindle 6 of the self-acting valve motion
herein-before described and illustrated in detail at Figures 13, 14, and 15, the
same letters of reference indicating the corresponding parts to those which I
have herein-before referred to. The spindle f of the valve in these two.
Figures. is coupled direct to the upper end of the vertical rocking or partially
rotating spindle 6 of the valve motion, which consists of the spiral bars
herein-before referred to. In some cases I use a rod in lieu of the pipe a for
connecting the two valves and exhaust through each end of the valves-into an

page_text: outlet, without exhausting through the pipe, and I may bring the steam in at
each outer end of the valve whilst the exhaust is between the two steam
inlets. I do not confine myself to the number of ports, nor to only one being
stopped by the plug i, a greater or less number would not affect the principle.
I, however, recommend the use of four ports for the more perfect equilibrium.
of the valve in the valve chamber. The auxiliary cylinders with the small-
lever arm 5, rods 3, 3, and bell crank 4, herein-before described and illustrated'
in reference to the first-mentioned valves on Sheets 1, 2, and 3, are by this
arrangement of valves and gear dispensed with. In some cases I propose to
use one of my improved single or double-acting steam hammers placed so as
to work at an angle of about 45° from the perpendicular, such arrangement.
being advantageous in many respects, as, for example, the holding and
hammering the hoops for railway wheel tyres, and the forging the coils and
hoops for ordnance.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of my said
Invention, and the manner in which the same is or may be used or carried
into effect, I would observe in conclusion that what I consider to be novel
and original, and therefore claim as the Invention secured to me by the herein--
before in part recited Letters Patent is,―
First, the general constructions and arrangements of power hammers, as
herein-before described and illustrated by my Drawings.
Second, the constructing of the framings or supports of power hammers by
the combination of bars or links so disposed as to resist tension and com-
pression, substantially as herein-before described and illustrated by my
Drawings.
Third, the peculiar constructions and arrangements of valves for power
hammers, as herein-before described.
Fourth, the working of cylindrical or piston valves, or slide valves for
power hammers, by the aid of an auxiliary steam cylinder or cylinders,
operating both in the up and down stroke of the piston or pistons in such
auxiliary cylinder or cylinders, as herein-before described.
Fifth, the application and use in combination with the valves herein-before
referred to of a throttle valve, plug, or stopper, introduced into the steam
passage or passages between the main cylinder and the valves, and so disposed
as not to interfere with the exhaust, as herein-before described.
Sixth, the system or mode of working the valves of power hammers by the
aid of spiral bars made to operate either upon the small valve of the auxiliary
cylinder or cylinders, or directly upon the main valve spindle of the hammer,
as herein-before described.

page_text: Seventh, the working of the valves of power hammers by hand through the
introduction of an auxiliary cylinder or cylinders, as herein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Naylor, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, the Seventeenth day of November, One thousand
eight hundred and sixty-two.
WILLIAM NAYLOR. (L.S.)