IMPROVE- MENTS IN THE PROCESS OF DYEING COTTON IN THE LOOSE OR SPUN STATE
Year: 1882

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Gerard Wenzeslaus von Nawrocki Proprietor of the
firm of J. Brandt & G. W. v Nawrocki Patent Solicitor and Civil Engineer
of 124 Leipzigerstrasse Berlin Germany for an invention of IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE PROCESS OF DYEING COTTON IN THE LOOSE OR SPUN STATE
123
LETTERS PATENT to Gerard Wenzeslaus von Nawrocki Proprietor of the
firm of J. Brandt & G. W. v Nawrocki Patent Solicitor and Civil Engineer
of 124 Leipzigerstrasse Berlin Germany for an invention of IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE PROCESS OF DYEING COTTON IN THE LOOSE OR SPUN STATE
BLINIED THEBEIN A communication from
Jagenburg of Rydboholm in the Kingdom of Sweden.
Gustav
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Gerard Wenzeslaus von
Nawrocki at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 12th July
1882.
GERARD WENZESLAUS VON NAWROCKI, proprietor of the firm of J. Braudt. and
G W. v. Nawrocki. patent solicitor and civil Engineer of 124 Leipzigerstrasse
Berlin Germany. "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PROCESS OF DYEING COTTON, IN THE
LOOSE OR SPUN STATE, AND IN APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN." Communicated
from Gustav. Jagenburg of Rydboholm in the Kingdom of Sweden
The invention relates to Improvements in black dyeing of cotton, either in a
raw loose, or spun state and in apparatus employed therein and consists in fixing
the Hämatoxylin, before the developing in the metallic bath, by means of steaming
the dried cotton which has been treated in the logwood bath, and developing the
colour in a cold bath, by applying a vacuum for the purpose of preventing the
fibre to lose the colour during the time when being in the bath. Previous to the
Invention the process of dyeing cotton black has been performed by treating the
cotton first with a logwood solution which has been alloyed with sulphate of
copper solution or other metallic salts. After the drying of the cotton which
has been impregnated in the described manner the black colour on the cotton
will then be obtained in a sulphate of iron solution alloyed with chalk. By
this process it is impossible to produce a black which will stand fulling or
washing. As on account of the addition of Metallic salts to the logwood solution,
a sediment of Hämatoxylin copper etc. forms in the latter, which can not be
dissolved and covers the fibres. This sediment will get dyed black by the iron bath,
[Price 6d1

page_text: but will not strike the fibre and fades by fulling or washing. If the addition
of Sulphate of Copper Solution of Metallic salts would be dispensed with the
greatest part of the formed colour would come off the fibre by developing
in the iron bath as the combination of the Hämatoxylin's with the iron
does not take on the fibre. To produce a thorough true black, which stands
washing and fulling, the Hämatoxylin is fixed before the developing in the
metallic bath by means of steaming the dried cotton which has been treated in
the logwood bath, and developes the colour in a cold bath, by applying a vacuum
for the purpose of preventing the fibre to loose the colour during the time when
being in the bath by this process it is possible to obtain a cheap and true black
on cotton, either in the raw, loose, or spun state, which will stand washing or
fulling. The method consists, as already mentioned'in impregnating the cotton
which is intended to be dyed, after the same has been provided with a sufficient
concentrated solution which when the desired shade of the black it requires can be
added with Burkextract, fustock, Cutch, or other analine colours and after the
same is dried will be exposed to the action of steam whereby the colour gets
sufficiently fastened to form a true and nice black in the developing wash, which
is applied afterwards, and may be iron, copper, chromzine Manganese, Vanadium
Salts, without to suffer the great loss of colour as generally experienced which
can not be prevented by the usual method of dyeing. The steaming can take
place in a suitable steam-box as generally used in Calico Printing works or any
other suitable vessel. The impregnating with logwood solution and particularly
the treatment of the latter with bite or developing liquids take place most advan-
tageously in a vacuum apparatus, which consists of a vessel provided with an air-
cock, water and vacuum gouge. The bottom of the vessel forms channels which
are in connection with perforated pipes, on the side thereof, and in the centre of
the vessel, perforated to distribute the log-wood developing liquid which is con-
tained in the reservoir. By means of a crane, the cover of the vessel can be lifted
and removed from the latter by depressing a lever. The vessel is also connected
with an air-pump or injector.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Gerard Wenzeslaus von Nawrocki in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 12th January 1883.
GERARD WENZESLAUS VON NAWROCKI, Proprietor of the firm of J. Brandt &
G. W Nawrocki, Patent solicitor and Civil Engineer of 124 Leipzigerstrasse
Berlin Germany IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PROCESS OF DYEING COTTON IN THE
LOOSE OR SPUN STATE AND IN APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN (A Communication
from Gustav Jagenburg of Rydboholm in the Kingdom of Sweden
The invention relates to improvements in dyeing loose cotton black either in the
raw or manufactured or sliver spun state and in apparatus employed therein and
consists in fixing the hæmatoxylin before the developing in the metallic bath by
means of steaming the dried cotton which has been previously treated in a logwood
bath the colour being developed in a cold bath and a vacuum being applied or
produced for the purpose of preventing the escape of colour from the fibres while
in the bath.
Previous to this Invention the process of dyeing loose cotton black has been
performed by treating the cotton first with a logwood solution mixed with a solution
of sulphate of copper or other metallic salts. After the drying of the cotton
impregnated as mentioned, the black colour of the cotton is produced by immersion
in a solution of sulphate of iron mixed with chalk. By this method it is however
impossible to produce a black which will stand fulling or washing because on
account of the addition of metallic salts to the logwood an insoluble sediment of
hematoxylin copper forms in the logwood solution which covers the fibres. This
sediment will indeed be dyed black by the iron bath but will not strike the fibre
and comes off by fulling or washing. If the addition of sulphate of copper solution
or metallic salts were dispensed with the great part of the formed colour would
come off the fibre by developing in the iron bath as the combination of the
hæmatoxylins with the iron does not take in the fibre. To dye or produce on
the cotton a permanent and true black which will stand fulling or washing the
hæmatoxylin is according to this invention fixed before the developing in the
metallic bath, by means of steaming the dried cotton which has been treated in
the logwood bath and the colour is then developed in a cold bath while a vacuum
is applied for the purpose of preventing the fibres of cotton from losing the colour
during the time they are in the bath. The method then consists as hereinbefore
mentioned in impregnating the cotton (whether in a raw state or in the condition
of sliver) which is intended to be dyed after it has been provided with a sufficient
concentrated logwood solution which if the desired shade of the black requires it may
have an addition of bark extract fustock cutch or aniline or other suitable colours,
and after the cotton has been dried it is exposed to the action of steam whereby
the colour becomes sufficiently fast so as to form a perfectly fast or true and nice
black in the developing bath or wash which is applied afterwards and which may
be iron copper chrome zinc manganese or vanadium salts and that without loss of
colour which cannot be prevented in the ordinary manner of dyeing. The cotton
is steamed in a steaming box or chamber similar to those used in calico printing
works or other suitable vessel for steaming may be used. The impregnating with
logwood solution and particularly the later treatment with the developing liquids
is most suitably performed in a vacuum apparatus having an air cock water and
vacuum gauge and with a bottom formed with channels in connection with
perforated pipes to distribute the logwood developing liquid contained in a
reservoir. By means of suitable lifting tackle the cover of the vessel can be
removed. The vessel is also connected with an air pump or injector.
In the accompanying drawings is represented such an apparatus Figure 1˚being

page_text: a vertical section through same and figure 2 a side view; Figure 3 is a plan of
underside of the impregnating vessel.
A is the vessel made of sheet iron or copper or cast iron, and resting on gudgeons c¹;
it must be strong enough to withstand the outer pressure of the atmosphere against
an interior vacuum, It can be closed with a cover B provided with dome h, air
cock J, gauge glass Z and vacuum gauge K; m is a packing ring placed in the
flange for making air-tight joint.
In the bottom C there are passages which converge to the centre from the
side walls of the vessel, these passages are connected to the pipes p which are
placed in one or more rows in the interior of the vessel and are provided with
perforations; p² is a central pipe which is also perforated; this pipe has a lower
conical end and may be removed from its conical socket q when the vessel is
turned over.
The tubes p and p' serve to equally distribute the logwood or developing fluid
which flows through the leather pipe r on opening the cock n from the reservoir D
into the boiler.
The number and dimensions of the pipes pp' vary according to the size of the
apparatus. These pipes are arranged in a vertical position in the drawing, but may
also be horizontal, or a double wall may be used, and the inner perforated for the
purpose.
The perforated bottom hinders the escape of the cotton in the boiler, when the
discharge cock O is opened.
By means of the crane E which revolves round the pivots u the cover B of the
apparatus is raised by pressing on the lever and can be moved to one side by
turning the crane round the pivots u.
A hose pipe y connects the dome h with an air pump or steam jet exhauster
The boiler A rests with its gudgeons c¹ in the supports d and can be turned round
for emptying by turning the hand wheel g the worm f and worm wheel e.
This new dyeing process is carried into effect as follows:-
The reservoir D of the impregnating apparatus is filled with strong logwood
solution of a strength of 2.4° Beaume which if the desired shade of the black
requires it, may have an addition of bark extract, fustock cutch or aniline or other
suitable colours, The vacuum boiler A is charged with the cotton to be coloured.
The cover B is put on tight and the air is carried away from the boiler A. through
the hose pipe y by an air pump or other suitable appliance
When the vacuum gauge K shows that a vacuum has been nearly obtained the
logwood solution is let into the boiler A by opening the cock n and when the boiler
is filled with it, the cock n is shut and the air is allowed to enter the apparatus
by the cock J. Then the cover is removed by depressing the lever vand by
turning the crane E and the greatest part of the solution in boiler is let out by
the cock O into the reservoir Ď and the cotton in the boiler is brought on to the
grating G under the apparatus by turning the apparatus into the position shown
in Figure 2 so that the solution returns again to the reservoir D.
The material so impregnated is put into a centrifugal machine or press and freed
of all surplus solution and dried. When it is dried the cotton is subjected to a
atmosphere's pressure in an ordinary steam box for half an hour to one hour.
(When a higher steam pressure is used in the steaming, the time for steaming can
be considerably shortened) After the steaming the cotton is again put into the
vacuum apparatus, and as described in the description of the logwood impregnation
treated with one of the. developing fluids before named for instance ligneous
acidulated iron of 2° Beaumé. Then the cotton is washed and as usual dried and
pressed.
As the rinsing water from the washing of the dyed cotton shows no trace of
black precipitate nor appears black, it is clear that all the colouring matter is fixed
in the fibre and that no losses arise from it The colouring matter is thus very
closely combined with the fibre, and. the fibre admits of being spun much easier
than when it was treated in the old manner.

page_text: Having now described the nature of the said Invention and in what manner the
same is to be performed I declare that I claim as the invention communicated
to me:
First: The described process for dyeing loose cotton black, consisting in the
treatment of the cotton in a logwood bath, with or without the addition of the .
means for producing the described shades, the drying of the so treated cotton, the
steaming of the dried cotton for the purpose of fixing the bæmatoxylin in the fibre.
and the development of the colouring stuff in a cold bath, consisting of a solution
of salts of iron, copper, chrome, zinc, manganese or vanadium salts while employing
a vacuum.
Second: The apparatus for carrying out this process consisting in the impreg-
nating boiler A which can turn on pivots and is provided with internal perforated
distributing pipes, passages or double walls for distributing the fluid regularly, the
removable cover or man hole, perforated false bottom and openings for letting the
impregnating fluid in and out and for connecting the boiler to an air pump.
In witness whereof I the said Gerard Wenzeslaus von Nawrocki have
hereunto set my hand and seal this Eighth day of January in the year of
our Lord one thousand eight hundred and eighty three.
GERARD WENZESLAUS VON NAWROCKI. (LS).