IMPROVEMENTS IN OBTAINING OR PRODUCING AND APPLYING EMBOSSED OR RAISED AND ENGRAVED OR INDENTED METAL OR OTHER SURFACES
Year: 1861

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Henry Bentinck Coathupe, of the Junior United
Service Club, Saint James's, in the County of Middlesex, Esquire,
and Frank Higgins Waltham, of 15, Palace Street, Haverstock Hill,
in the said County, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN OBTAINING
OR PRODUCING AND APPLYING EMBOSSED OR RAISED AND ENGRAVED OR
INDENTED METAL OR OTHER SURFACES,"
Sealed the 4th April 1862, and dated the 9th October 1861.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Henry Bentinck Coathupe
and Frank Higgins Waltham at the Office of the Commissioners of
Patents, with their Petition, on the 9th October 1861.
We, HENRY BENTINCK COATHUPE, of the Junior United Service Club,
Saint James's, in the County of Middlesex, Esquire, and FRANK HIGGINS.
WALTHAM, of 15, Palace Street, Haverstock Hill, in the said County do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
OBTAINING OR PRODUCING AND APPLYING EMBOSSED OR RAISED AND ENGRAVED OR
INDENTED METAL OR OTHER SURFACES," to be as follows:-
In order to carry out our Invention we propose to take a mould in
plaster, paper, sulphur, glass, metal, gutta percha, wax, starch, or soluble
gums, or vegetable or mineral substances simple or combined, from the
ordinary printing types, or lines, or designs, drawn on copper, steel, wood,
or other surfaces. The mould is then to be scraped down to the finer
lines, thereby leaving an indented impression on the mould, reading the

page_text: ordinary way, from left to right; then from the mould so produced a
second mould of plastic material or papier maché is to be taken, which will
then bear the same letters, lines, or designs, raised, but backwards; a cast
in metal is then to be taken of it, and an indented plate is produced
precisely similar to those produced by the tedious process of engraving;
this is to be filled in with colored or plain inks, pitch, sealing wax, or
other substance, the plate being freed by friction; or the types may be
flooded with plaster to the first edge of the surfaces, and placed with
any harder metal than that which is to be used in casting; the liquid
metal is then to be poured direct upon the forms or types without any
moulding whatever, and the same effects are produced as in the former
case. The plate so obtained is to be passed through a metal planing
machine, whereby it will be completed except as regards the filling in
with inks, no facing being required. Or we place the surfaces produced
from printing types or otherwise manufactured letters hereafter described
on a soft mould and depress them thereinto, face upwards; we mould
again, and then cast from this mould, obtaining the before-mentioned
results, with this most important advantage, viz., that any amount of
depth in the plate can be obtained wherein to pour or rub in the inks
or other materials, a desideratum which the engineer can only produce
by much labour and expense.
For door plates and other purposes where large letters are required,
a paper surface is to be placed over the face of the types, and is to be
beaten with a hard brush into the interstices or hollows in the types; then,
by casting from the paper mould at the back, the process is completed.
We obtain surface letters as follows:-A form of type is to be taken,
and gum or other suitable material is to be laid on the surface of the
letters; the form is then to be filled up even with the level of the gum
or other substance, with wax or any suitable matter, and the whole must
be immersed in hot water to dissolve the gum or other substance, and the
surface only of the type will remain exposed. This surface is to be
subjected to the process of electro-coating with copper or other metal.
As soon as this coating reaches the level of the wax these surface letters
arc to be removed from the type, and another similar quantity may be
obtained by repeating the process, the wax or other material still
remaining with the type. If an extra thickness of surface letter is desired,
the electro deposit is to be allowed to reach the level of the wax, when
it must be treated with a layer of gum or other substance, and a fresh
layer of wax or other material must be furnished, the hot water process
must be repeated, and the electro deposit renewed. Or surface letters
may be produced from thin sheet metal by a stamp or die.
We produce a raised surface by printing an alphabet, which is to be

page_text: cut by the woodcutter, hollow; we then mould and cast therefrom, and
we produce any number of moveable types of the same character. These
types are to be set up by the ordinary method of composition into lines;
displayed or otherwise; the letters are to be depressed, face downwards,
into a mould, and by casting therefrom raised surfaces are produced;
reading from left to right. The background of the plate so obtained
is to be painted, and the face of the letters cleaned, and then the whole
of the raised surfaces are to be painted with the ordinary printer's roller.
Or we propose to take a mould from an ordinary form of types, and to
scrape down the back to the surface line, and then back up with paper;
wood, or other substance; the surface of the mould is then to be scraped
until the hollows of the types are distinct, and then we propose to cast
from the back of the mould, whereby a raised metal or other surface will
be produced, reading the right way, and which can be painted as before
described. Or ordinary printing type is to be arranged or set in any
desired form, a mould is to be taken therefrom, and a cast from the
mould. This cast will then represent the original set of type. The cast
is then to be filled up with gutta percha and resin or other adhesive
materials, and the cast. will adhere thereto. The whole is then to be
placed with the adhesive material downwards, and the back of the cast
being uppermost, is then to be subjected to the action of a plane or
cutting instrument until the whole is cut away except the small and thin
surfaces of the cast, which will consist of the letters themselves in very
thin metal.
We also propose to face the types with gutta percha or other materials,
as first mentioned, by means of hot cylinders, rolling, and ducts, by layers,
allowing the first layer to cool before adding the second, and so on in
continuance until the requisite thickness is produced; the tympan of an
ordinary press is then to be placed on the form, previously having gummed
the backs of the surfaces, and they are to be raised from the form to the
tympan, or thick paper placed thereon; we then mould from the surfaces
so produced and placed, and cast therefrom, whereby we obtain raised
metallic or other letters, which may be painted as before stated.
We propose that surface letters or designs produced by any of the
before-mentioned methods shall be fixed to a plain metal plate by a
composition of gutta percha and resin or other suitable substance; then;
by aid of the ordinary printing press or printing machines, we could
emboss with great rapidity.
The form after use could be heated, and the solution yielding, the
moveable surfaces could be detached, cleaned, and placed in a composing
case for further use.
Ornamental letters, scrolls, borders, and designs on wood, metals, or

page_text: other materials produced by the engraver are to be moulded and cast by
any of the methods previously specified, whereby any number of them
may be produced, and used with or without the other surface types.
We propose to produce by this Invention surfaces either indented or
impressed or raised in other materials than metals, such as glass, pottery,
plastic materials, and many other substances, and to apply some of the
depressed metal surfaces to the production of printed impressions.
SPECIFICATION in pursrance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Henry Bentinck Coathupe and Frank Higgins Waltham
in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 9th April 1862.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, HENRY
BENTINCK COATHUPE, of the Junior United Service Club, Saint James's, in
the County of Middlesex, Esquire, and FRANK HIGGINS WALTHAM, of
Palace Street, Haverstock Hill, in the said County, send greeting.
us,
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Ninth day of October, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-one, in the twenty-fifth year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto
the said Henry Bentinck Coathupe and Frank Higgins Waltham, Her
special licence that we, the said Henry Bentinck Coathupe and Frank
Higgins Waltham, our executors, administrators, and assigns, or such
others as we, the said Henry Bentinck Coathupe and Frank Higgins
Waltham, our executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time
agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter
during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention, for "IMPROVE
MENTS IN OBTAINING OR PRODUCING AND APPLYING EMBOSSED OR RAISED AND
ENGRAVED OR INDENTED METAL OR OTHER SURFACES," upon the condition (amongst
others) that we, the said Henry Bentinck Coathupe and Frank Higgins
Waltham, our executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing
under our, or their, or one of their hands and seals should particularly
describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in
the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and imme-
diately after the date of the said Letters Patent,

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said Henry Bentinck Coathupe and Frank
Higgins Waltham, do hereby declare the nature of our said Invention, and
in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described
and ascertained in and by the following statement:-
Our said Invention is to be carried out as follows:-We take a mould
(in plaster, paper, sulphur, glass, metal, gutta percha, wax, starch, gum,
or any other vegetable or mineral substances, simple or combined) from
the ordinary printing types or lines, or designs drawn or executed on
copper, steel, wood, or other surfaces, which mould is then to be scraped
and smoothed down to the finer lines, thereby leaving an indented im-
pression on the mould reading the ordinary way from left to right; then
from the mould so produced a second mould of plastic material or papier
maché is to be taken, which will then bear the same letters, lines, or
designs raised, but backwards; a cast in metal is then to be taken from
it, and an indented plate will be produced precisely similar to those
produced by the tedious process of engraving. This is to be filled in
with colored or plain inks, pitch, sealing wax, or other substance, the
plate being faced by friction.
Surface letters produced from printing types, or otherwise manu-
factured letters, hereafter described, are to be placed on a soft mould;
and depressed thereinto, face upwards; a mould is again to be taken, and
then a cast from this mould, whereby the before-mentioned results are
obtained, with this most important advantage, viz., that any amount of
depth in the plate can be obtained wherein to pour or rub the inks or
other materials, by simply placing a second letter over the first, a third
over the second, and so on. For door-plates and other purposes where
large letters are required, a paper surface is to be placed over the face
of the types, and is to be beaten with a hard brush into the interstices or
hollows in the types, then by casting from the paper mould at the back,
the process is completed.
Surface letters may be produced from thin sheet metal by a stamp or
die, and made available for the purposes of this Invention. Surface
letters may also be produced by cutting an alphabet in wood, which is to
be hollow, and then a mould is to be taken, and casts therefrom, and any
number of moveable types are produced of the same character. But the
great method for procuring surface letters is from the ordinary printing
types; their infinite variety, beauty, matchless uniformity, and cheapness
being powerful recommendations. We set up alphabets of these types,
and flood them with plaster to within the thickness of a shilling or a
sixpence of their surfaces; we coat the whole surface with varnish, after-
wards with oil, and then take plaster moulds. We smooth the surface
of the moulds, and then bore holes through each letter at the back of the

page_text: moulds; then we make grooves along the holes, and fasten them down in
the dipping pan so tightly, that when dipped in the melting pot the
molten metal will penetrate only into the grooves, and thence into the
holes, the feed pipes to the cells where the letters are formed; we then
dip, and double-faced letters are produced for either engraving (the right
way) or printing (the wrong way).
A better plan for making moulds for this purpose is hereafter described.
These types are to be set up by the ordinary method of composition into
lines, displayed or otherwise; the letters are to be depressed face down-
wards into a mould, and by casting therefrom raised surfaces are pro-
duced, reading from left to right. The background of the plate so
obtained is to be painted, and the face of the letters cleaned, and then
the whole of the raised surfaces are to be painted with the ordinary
printers' roller. Or a mould may be taken from an ordinary forme of
types, and scraped down to the surface lines, and then covered with
layers of paper or other suitable material; the back of the mould is then
to be scraped until the hollows of the types are distinct, and then a cast is
to be taken from the back of the mould, whereby a raised metal or other
surface will be produced, reading the right way, and which can be
painted, as before described. Surface letters may also be produced as
follows: A forme of type is to be taken, and layers of gum or other
suitable material are to be laid on the surface of the letters; the forme
is then to be filled up even with the level of the gum or other substance,
with wax, plaster, or any suitable matter, and the whole must be immersed
in warm water to dissolve the gum or other substance, and the surface
only of the type will remain exposed. This surface is to be subjected
to the process of electrotyping with copper or other metal. As soon as
this coating reaches the level of the wax these surface letters are to be
removed from the type, and another similar quantity may be obtained
by repeating the process, the wax or other material still remaining with
the type.
Types are also to be faced with gutta percha or any of the other
materials first mentioned by means of layers, allowing the first layer to
harden before adding the second, and so on in continuance until the
requisite thickness is produced. The tympan of an ordinary press is
then to be placed on the forme, the backs of the surfaces having previously
been gummed; the letters are then raised from the forme to the tympan
or thick paper placed thereon; a mould is then to be taken from the
surfaces so produced and arranged, and the mould is to be cast, whereby
raised letters are produced on a metallic surface, which may be painted,
as before stated.
Surface letters or designs produced by any of the before-mentioned

page_text: methods are to be fixed on to a plain metal plate by a composition of
gutta percha and resin, or other suitable substance; then by aid of the
ordinary printing press or printing machines embossing can be effected
with great rapidity. The forme, after use, is to be heated, and the solution
yielding, the moveable surfaces are detached, cleaned, and placed in a
composing case for further use. The same method is used for the print-
ing forme, hereafter described. We make metal or copper moulds from
plaster impressions taken from types or other surfaces; likewise for em-
bossed or engraved surfaces by plaster first; then the brass or iron founder
can cast from the plaster, which is then the right way, and the castings
will give fac-similes of the original. Any greater depth can be obtained
with regard to sunken impressions, by coating the surface of the plate
with Brunswick black, varnish, or other suitable material, and then
subjecting the sunken impressions to the action of acids. Types with a
slight incline or bevil, with spaces and leads to match to save flooding in
moulding, and from which an electro deposit may be taken direct, are to
be cast by the usual process of type founding, being, in fact, printers'
types, with a slight deviation in sinking the dies; the depth from the
surface to the cup may be the sixteenth of an inch or more. The plaster
moulds are taken from the printing types, and rubbed down to the
surface, and are then ready for the iron, brass, or other founder, from
which moulds perfect fac-similes are produced.
Paper castings.-A flat box is made of any suitable length of iron,
planed or otherwise, and paper or cardboard is laid upon the inner surface
of the box, and plaster, vegetable, or earthy, brass or iron letters are
then pasted on the paper surface. The box is then closed, and the metal
is poured in at a mouthpiece fixed at the raised end of the box; the
cast is then perfect. Many castings can be taken by this method from the
pattern thus arranged; this method is to produce the depressed metal
surfaces for shop fronts. In order to produce raised surfaces, we take
several layers of paper, paste, and starch; then we take the metal letters
reversed, printers' method, reading from left to right. Having so
arranged them, we then depress these metal letters by pressure into the
paper surface underneath. When dry we remove the letters; we then
place the impressed paper into the casting box; we cast in the preceding
manner, and the raised surface is produced whereon to paint at will.
Letters can be produced in brass, iron, or copper, either by depositing
in metal moulds previously obtained from types, or by casting from pat-
terns produced by any of the methods herein specified. Single letter
casting can be produced by indention in the mould, then by a surface
covering over that indention; then by casting in at the mouthpiece
formed in that mould, after the method of ordinary type casters.

page_text: Multiplication of letters at one time.-A mould is taken from the
types, and a cast is taken from the mould; then we deposit on the top of
the cast brass, copper, or other metals; this is then taken from the metal
mould, and is used in the following method:-In the dipping box are
placed as many moulds in one layer as the dipping box will contain; a
thin plate of iron or copper is then laid on the back of these moulds, and
another layer of deposited moulds is added. A second thin plate of iron
or copper is placed over the layer of moulds, and so on in continuation
until the dipping box is filled. The dipping box is then placed in the
molten metal, and from 500 to 2,000 letters may thus be cast in one hour
by one person, the moulds being kept in stock for further use. It is here
to be remarked that with the softer metals there is no difficulty in getting
the smallest types by running grooves connecting one with the other,
taking the place of feeders. The same principle applies to the harder
metals such as iron and brass, but it is applicable only to the larger
letters. Cement and bituminous materials can be run by placing the
letters face downwards, reading the wrong way from right to left, and
thus inscriptions in bituminous and other materials can be run to any
size.
Electro for casting ornamental work, embossed or depressed, from
plaster moulds.-A mould is first to be taken of the object, and then a
second mould it taken from that, bringing it back to the original; then
we steep it in hot wax, or coat it with spirit varnish, then we blacklead
the surface. We then place it in the bath, and subject it to the action
of the electric battery, so as to cause metallic decomposition, and a mould
is then produced from which any number of casts can be taken.
Of
course this could be more readily produced by plaster moulding, and then
casting from the plaster mould; but of course in plaster casting the mould
is nearly always destroyed by breaking or knocking it out from the metal,
whereas the copper mould will last for any number of impressions. The
same results may be produced by the use of metal moulds by taking a
plaster mould from letters or designs, and then a metal cast from the
plaster; from this metal surface we produce an electro-metallic mould
wherefrom to cast, and it more readily deposits on the metal reverse mould
which will become stock, and last for any length of time. The process
is almost the same as the preceding, except that it saves the expense of
labour, wax, and other material.
Electros from embossed or figured cards for casting without moulding.
-We take an embossed or figured card, and fix it down by adhesive
materials to a metal plate; we then treat its surface with either varnish of
wax; then we blacklead the surface; then we electrotype or coat it; then
a reverse plate is produced for casting; then we take the copper or other

page_text: metal letters, or plaster, vegetable, or earthy letters, and fix them on the
inner surface of the mould so produced, according to the printers' method;
then we cast, by dipping the mould into molten metal by the usual
method of the dipping box, thereby we produce an engraved plate with
an embossed border, and depressed letters within the border, without
moulding.
Metal ornamental borders from cards. We take a plaster mould from
the paper; then we take a metal mould from the plaster; then we cut out
the interior of the plate, leaving the border; then we place any letters
required, in the usual printers' method, and then take a plaster mould
therefrom, and rub down to the finer lines or depth required; then we
place the metal mould over the plaster mould so produced; we then run
a pencil round it, so as to enable the workman to cut off the superfluous
plaster, the plaster mould will then fit into the metal mould; then we
treat the surface of the plaster mould with spirit varnish, which being
dry, we treat the whole surface of the plaster and the metal mould with
oil; then we mould in plaster therefrom; then we cast from the mould
in metal, and a plate similar to the preceding is produced with embossed
surfaces and indented letters. In the event of the letters requiring to
be raised surfaces, we place the surface letters, reading the right way,
upon any plain metal or other surface; we then mould therefrom, and
reproduce in metal or plaster; the same process as regards cutting or fit-
ting the plates then takes place; then we mould, and cast in metal there-
from, and produce a raised surface reading the right way. Raised sur-
faces are to be produced from a cast taken from a printer's forme by
placing it face downwards on molten soft soider, and then placing it on
a plain metal plate. The back is then to be engine-turned or planed
down to the finer lines; then it is fit to mould and cast from, whereby
raised surfaces are produced, from which any number of letters can be
produced by moulding and casting. A mould is taken in paper from the
ordinary printing forme of types; a second mould is then taken in plaster,
and a cast therefrom. The face is to be engine-turned or planed, and the
engraved surface is produced. Hebrew, Greek, German, music, Chinese,
Hindustani, oriental characters, or any foreign language, or any impres-
sion produced by types or blocks may be reproduced in metal by any of
the preceding methods, reading the right way, with any required depth,
and will last for an almost indefinite period, and after any number of
years can be produced as records, and for printing purposes, as hereafter
cxplained. Assuming that we have a metal plate with an indented sur-
face reading the right way, we deposit by the electrotype process upon
its surface, and into its depths to any required thickness, whereby we
obtain a raised surface reading the wrong way, from which printed

page_text: impressions can be obtained.
Or, we take a plaster mould from the
plate; then we face with varnish, and cover with oil; we take a second
plaster mould from this last, and cast therefrom in metal, whereby we
obtain the forme for the ordinary printing press.
Reverses in paper from metal casts for the multiplication of the metal
casts, not for printing-Paper is beaten or rolled into the plates, and
metal casts are taken from the paper moulds; and likewise reverses in
copper can be used for the multiplication of metal casts.
Looking-glass and picture frames.--We take an embossed surface or
series of surfaces or borders which have been cut or divided from
originals; we join them together so as to form a large or elongated sur-
face or frame; we take a mould therefrom in plaster and cast, or we
treat the surface with plumbago and electrotype therefrom, and from the
electrotype mould so produced we cast, which represents the original. The
electrotypes or casts can be plated, gilt, or coated with richer metals.
The metal letters taken from types can be applied to the ordinary pur-
pose to which cast, or cut, or stamped metal letters produced according
to the present methods are applied. A composition of whiting and
starch, or other earthy and vegetable bodies, with a slight admixture of
gum or white of egg is spread lightly and evenly over thin plates of copper
or brass; then, by the ordinary etching needle or pencil or other pointed
instrument, we cut down to the metal plate without cutting into it, the
drawing and writing reading the right way; then we cast on the com-
position with metal, first coating the non-engraved or blank portions of
the composition with a layer or layers of the same composition by means
of a brush or other means, so as to create a greater depth of the plate
when cast, and to prevent the printing roller from coating, by its depres-
sion, these blanks with ink. The advantages of this process are self-
evident, as it places the means of engraving in the hands of the million.
The space required for metallic records in vaults would be but little, and
the records could always be printed from. Leases, deeds, or wills in
metal could be signed with an etching needle, and the signature bitten in
to any depth with acids. No person can erase or insert in the leases, wills,
or deeds, and forgery is rendered impossible.
As substitutes for gravestones, sections or divisions of blank metal
plates are to be arranged, so as to be taken out at the deaths of members
of a family, and printed and replaced.
To get raised surfaces from the letters, from printing types or designs,
we flood them as near to the surface as possible, so that the printing roller
shall not touch the plaster; then we treat those surfaces with a mixture
of gum and whiting, layer after layer, until a sufficient height is obtained.
Sufficient room must be left for the play of the roller, so that the roller

page_text: held lightly in the hand will not dip; then the whiting and the gum must
be added until sufficient height is obtained; then we flood in with wax,
scraping off the surface to the edge of the gum and whiting; then we
place it in warm water; the gum vanishes, the wax remaining; then we
mould in plaster, and letters are produced reading the right way; then we
cast that mould, and a sunk plate is produced indented the wrong way.
Submit the plate to the electro battery; if letters, coat the surface with
non-conducting material, and the letters will leave the metal mould per-
fect and detached. If designs, after the small cells have been filled in with
copper up to the edge of the wax, it will then begin to spread, and con-
tinue all over until a perfect copper plate is produced, reading the right
way, from which, to mould and cast at pleasure. This process can like-
wise be repeated by treating the surface with wax and filling in with
plaster; we place the plates or formes in hot water, the wax will fly and
leave the plaster standing; then we mould and deposit as before. Those
surface letters or types which are made in iron, brass, or copper, can be
depressed by powerful pressure into any metal softer than themselves,
and then no moulding whatever is required; the types must be placed
the right way, not printers' fashion. A similar result will be obtained
by casting in softer metal over the harder metal surface types.
Printing The application of the surface letters to the jobbing branch
of that profession, will render easy and simple that which has hitherto
been difficult and expensive, viz., placing the types in circles or segments
of circles. It will likewise cheapen the production of all large dis-
played broadsides, as neither chases, side-sticks, reglet, nor locking up
are required, and they cannot fall out, which very frequently happens
at present where the formes are large. The surface types are simply
treated with a solution of varnish and Canada balsam, or other adhesive
material, and then placed on metal or wooden slabs, and the forme is
then ready to be worked from.
Large sized electros.-Where the size of a plate is required to be very
large, the surface letters are laid down on a metal slab, after the printers'
method, and fixed with adhesive materials, as before described; then we
place the plate bearing the surface letters into the bath, and we produce
an engraved plate with inlaid letters of a silvery hue to contrast with the
deposited copper. These plates will withstand the friction of cleaning
for an almost indefinite period of time. Where the inlaid letters are not
required, by properly bevilling them, the deposited sheet of copper will
readily leave the metal plate, and leave also the surface letters thereon.
Thin sheets of deposited copper will receive deep impressions from the
ordinary types without causing injury to them.
Electros direct from an ordinary forme of type.-We flood the forme

page_text: with plaster to its surface; when nearly hard, we remove by means of
brushes and water the quantity required to give depth to the electro; we
then prepare the entire surface for an electro deposit; we place it in the
bath and an engraved surface is produced, reading the right way.
Ornamental letters, scrolls, borders, and designs, on wood, metals, or
other materials produced by the engraver, are to be moulded and cast
by any of the methods previously specificd, whereby any number of them
may be produced and used with or without the other surface types. We
produce by our Invention surfaces, either indented or impressed, or
raised or embossed, in other materials than metals, such as glass, pottery,
plastic materials, and many other substances.
It will be readily comprehended by the foregoing details of the prin-
ciple of our Invention, and the mode of accomplishing the various results
thereof, that metal name plates for shop fronts, door plates with names
thereon, entablatures and other metallic surfaces having letters or
designs thereon, either raised or depressed, can be produced with great
rapidity, and with immeasurably superior durability. accuracy, and
beauty than by the present method of cutting, carving, or engraving, and
at a saving of one-half the cost. The methods are alike applicable to
either iron, brass, copper, zinc, and other metals in use for the purpose.
Historical and other records, leases, deeds, and other documents of
every description, may be produced in a metallic form at a less cost than
parchment or vellum, and would be almost imperishable. Also metal
letters of various colors, for windows, and other purposes, equal in form
to the surface of the finest type, and at one quarter the price of the ill-
formed and unequal brass and glass letters in general use. Looking-
glass and picture frames of the most complicated design in metals,
either gold, silver, or copper plated, as well as medals, may likewise be
produced by our Invention; also metallic substitutes for gravestones and
monumental slabs, which would resist the influence of decay for very
lengthened periods of time.
It would be needless to enumerate the many other various applica-.
tions of our Invention; but having described the principle of the same
and the manner in which it is to be performed, we would remark in con-
clusion, that we do not limit ourselves to the exact or precise details
herein specified, as the same may be varied or modified without in any
way departing from the principle thereof; for instance, various plastic
materials not herein named, may be used for the moulds, and various
metals or alloys of metals may be employed for the metallic plates and
surfaces, whether raised or depressed letters or designs; and various
methods may be devised of accomplishing the processes and results
intended, such, for instance, as the employment of surface letters pro-

page_text: duced in any other way than herein mentioned; but what we claim as
our Invention, and desire to be secured to us by the herein in part recited
Letters Patent, are the novel methods, processes, and applications speci-
fied (together with the application to the purposes of our Invention of
surface letters, however, obtained,) constituting the "Improvements in
Obtaining or Producing and Applying Embossed or Raised, and Engraved
or Indented Metal or other Surfaces," in the manner and for the purposes
herein described and set forth.
In witness whereof, we, the said Henry Bentinck Coathupe and
Frank Higgins Waltham, have hereunto set our hands and seals,
this Ninth day of April, in the year of our Lord One thousand
eight hundred and sixty-two.
15 Witness,
ALEX
HENRY BENTINCK COATHUPE. (L.S.)
FRANK HIGGINS WALTHAM.
(L.S.)
PRINCE,
Agent for Patents,
4, Trafalgar Square,
Charing Cross.