APPARATUS FOR THE CERTAINLY COOLING BREWERS', VINEGAR MAKERS', AND DIS- TILLERS WORTS, WASH &c.
Year: 1814

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
VALLANCE, Junior, of Brighthelmston, in the County of Sussex, Brewer, send
greeting.
WHEREAS His most Excellent Majesty King George the Third did, by.
His Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Eighth day of February,
in the fifty-fourth year of His reign, give and grant unto me, the said John
Vallance, my exors, adññiors, and assigns, His special licence, full power, sole
privilege and authority, that I, -the said John Vallance, my exors, admors, and.
assigns, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within
England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed,. my Invention of
"APPARATUS FOR THE CERTAINLY COOLING BREWERS', VINEGAR MAKERS', AND DIS-
TILLERS WORTS, WASH, &c.;" in which said Letters Patent there is contained
a proviso that if I, the said John Vallance, shall not particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is
to be performed, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, and
cause the same to be inrolled in His Majesty's High Court of Chancery:
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent, that then the said Letters Patent, and all liberties and advan-
tages whatsoever thereby granted shall utterly cease, determine, and become
void, as in and by the same (relation being thereunto had) may more fully and
at large appear.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
John Vallance, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention, and
the manner in which the same is to be performed, is described and ascertained
in the Plans hereunto annexed, and in the following explanation thereof, that
is to say:
For the certainly cooling brewers', vinegar makers', and distillers' worts,
wash, &c., it is as it were matter of course that cold water is the means
employed, as nothing else can at all times of the year be depended on for
doing it so as to accord with the requisites of the brewing process. Accord-
ingly I state, premising tho' that conceive it will be understood, as also
matter of course, that I do not pretend to the having first discovered that by
means of cold water hot wort may be cooled, as every one is, I should
suppose, aware of the possibility of cooling either that or any other hot liquid
by immersing it in a sufficient quantity of cold water. What I have dis-
covered is, an apparatus and method of so cooling hot wort, wash, &c., as to
render practicable that which the community at large might perhaps before
suppose to be only possible, and so practicable as that not only does it put
aside the many inconveniences and disadvantages to which the method of
cooling wort in general.practice (that by means of cooling. backs) is (owing to
the heat of the weather during summer and various other causes) liable, by
altogether doing away with any occasion for having such backs, but also is it
well within the means of those whom it most concerns, as brewers, &c., to
possess it. With this premised, I state, that for hot wort to be certainly cooled
at all times of the year, so as to comply with the requisites of the brewing
process, it is necessary that it should be caused to communicate part of its
heat to a sufficient quantity of water, cold enough or of a temperature suffi-
ciently low to extract from the wort all the heat which it is wished to extract
for the purposes of the brewery. And I also state, that the apparatus by me
invented is of such a nature as will certainly do this, and will do it to so great
a nicety as not to waste any water, it requiring and using only just the suffi-
cient quantity I have mentioned above to be nécessary; for I have discovered
the quantity of water necessary to do this, and the methods to be taken to do
it, or to bring about the effect of cooling any quantity or quantities of wort,
and have reduced or brought my discovery to certain rules or practices, so.
that any quantity of wort of any heat may, by following these rules or prac-
tices, be reduced in any time, or in what time shall be pleased, to any tem-.
perature not below that of the water used for cooling the wort; or, in other
words, I have so systemized a method of cooling wort (which has hitherto been
an uncertain, and, as it were, chance, dependant part of the process of brewing),

page_text: that upon its being wished to cool any quantity of hot wort it is but to ascer-
tain the quantity and heat; and my rules immediately give the amount of the
cold water it is necessary to employ for the purpose, and the time in which it
can be done. Or, to commence circumstantially a description of my theory
and practice, I have discovered that for cooling hot wort in the most expeditious
manner by means of cold. water it is necessary not only simply to immerse it
in or pass it through the cold water, but also so to immerse it in or pass it
through (tho' without mingling or mixing the wort with the water) as that it
inay, while immersed or while passing through, expose to the cold water as
much surface as possible, and so 'to conduct the cold water round the wort as
that it, while enveloping or passing around the wort, may in like imanner
expose to the wort as much as possible surface. It being thus necessary that
the liquids in action should as much as possible expose surface to each other,
I (for on this does the expedition of the effect depend) so construct my appa-
ratus as to place them when in action (that is, when the effect of cooling and
being cooled is producing and being produced by them,) in very thin strata,
for the reason that (water and wort being imperfect conductors of caloric, or
'the matter of heat,) I find the one more readily gains, and the other more
readily loses, or parts with heat when so disposed within, or on, or around each
other, than when a bulk or solid volume of the one is placed or immersed
within a bulk or volume of the other. Or, in other words, I have found out
and discovered that a portion of hot wort will more readily and in less time
dispose of or part with its heat when passing in a thin stratum between suffi-
cient portions of cold water, and that a sufficient quantity of cold water will
imore readily and iii less time imbibe that heat when so disposed or or around
such portion of wort, than if the same quantity of wort were in a volume or
mass to be placed under or within the just above-mentioned sufficient quantity
of cold water, also in a mass or volume, surrounding such portion of wort.
Also I have discovered that tho' if it is wished to cool a quantity of liot wort
or water (say, of a boiling heat, or 212 degrees), by immersing it in or mixing
it with cold water or wort (say, of what may be considered as about the
common heat of water from wells, about 50 or 52 degrees), to, what is about
the desired heat at which brewers commence fermentation (say, from about 60
to 70 degrees); tho' I say if it is wished thus to cool it, about ten times the
volume of the hot water or wort is the quantity of cold water, or wort which
will be required to reduce it to that temperature. Yet such is the nature and
such are the properties of my apparatus, and such are the advantages the
method I have discovered possesses, that by it I am enabled, instead of
requiring ten portions of cold water to cool to a fermentable temperature one

page_text: portion of boiling wort to with one portion only of cold water, reduce to the
same fermentable temperature a portion of boiling wort equal to that reduced
by the ten portions, and also equal to the one portion of cold water employed
for the purpose of reducing it. Such are the effects and advantages of the
apparatus. In forming apparatus which shall best unite and combine these
advantages, the principle of so constructing it as shall enable me to cause the
liquids I employ and act upon most to expose surface to each other of course
predominates, and the methods I take to bring about this are as follow:
I so construct and situate bodies or portions or pieces of metal (they being the
best conductors of caloric) as to cause to be between them thin or narrow
intervals (as.represented by the squares, forming Figure the First of the
Drawings hereunto annexed, which squares being four in number, and of very
nearly the same size, there are left between them three narrow intervals;
and if we imagine or conceive those four squares to be cubes or cubically-
shaped hollow portions or pieces of metal, situate as is there shewn, one
within the other, and also of very nearly the same size, there will of course be
left between those four cubes also three narrow intervals), which intervals are
the mediums employed by me for the purpose of bringing the liquids used and
acted upon (water and wort) into communication, tho' not into contact, the
porous nature of the metal with respect to caloric readily affording the communi-
cation, but the closeness of its pores, with respect to water and wort, and the
In this situation,
method of its construction, totally preventing the contact.
and with the middle interval filled with hot wort, and the outer and inner ones
with cold water, is the apparatus when at work, at which time part of the
heat contained in or held by the wort is imbided by the water, and the wort
is in consequence so reduced in temperature as in a short time to be applicable
to the further purposes of the brewing process. This is the nature and effect
of the apparatus; that is, it causes the liquids employed and acted upon
to be in situations of this kind with respect to each other, causing both
the water and wort, from being in such thin strata, to expose to cach
other so much surface as for them in a very short time so to part with
and inibibe the extra caloric (considering all above what may be termed
its natural portion, or that portion which the wort would, in common
with the atmosphere; hold as extra) originally (that is, when the wort
enters the apparatus,) held by the wort, as for it to be equally distri
buted in and among both the water and wort. From their being in such
thin strata, and from the consequent exposition of surface it is that the
effect is in a very short time produced as I have before stated, that such
imperfect conductors of caloric are water and wort, that the one much more

page_text: readily gains and the other loses heat when so situated within and around each
other than when a mass or volume of the one is placed or immersed within a
mass or volume of the other. Now, in addition to that statement, I here
further state, that upon the thickness, or I should rather say upon the thinness,
of these strata, and upon the consequent exposition of surface (the surface
exposed being doubled, quadrupled, &c., according as the thickness of each
stratum is decreased by half, and that thickness again halved, &c.) does the
expedition with which the effect of.cooling is produced so much depend, as
that a diminution of half in this particular (i.c. in the thickness of each
stratum) increases the effect nearly one fourth, and decreases the time which
was necessary to produce that effect also nearly one fourth; and that a further
diminution of the thin thickness by half again increases the effect nearly one
fourth, and decreases the time which was necessary to produce that effect also
again nearly one fourth; and were it possible so to construct apparatus as to
follow up or push the experiments I have made (which, owing to my having so
reduced the thickness of the strata in the last trial I made as for them to be
one fourth of an inch only in thickness, could not so be done as to admit of
its being practically, and on any other than a solely experimental scale tried),
I am bold to state that, in proportion to the thickness of the strata, would be
the rate at which the effect is produced or the velocity of effect. From this
it may be seen that provided the essential of exposing surface is observed and
adhered to, it is not material what is the size, shape, or appearance of the
parts, or of the whole of the apparatus; yet I here declare that it will be of
the following shape, appearance, and construction, excepting when particular
circumstances, as want of room; &c., &c., may render it necessary to alter or
vary from that construction; that is to say, it appears (as see Figure 2) as a
solid cubical metallic (i.e. copper) body, standing perpendicularly on one of its
surfaces or sides, with six pipes proceeding from it, three from that side which
then forms its base, and three from the opposite or upper side, or as it then
stan'ls, its top. Such is its shape and the appearance which a view of its
exterior presents. Its construction is as follows:-The solidly cubical appearing
body is not simply what it appears, but is a cubically shaped metallic case,
containing within it three other similarly shaped and constructed metallic
cases, in all respects similar to that containing them (excepting that they are
smaller, and that instead of having six pipes proceeding from each of them
they have one of them four, another two, and the other none), and placed one
within the other, and all so sized with respect to each other as that when placed
one within the other there is left on all sides between them (that is, respec-
ively between the insides of the inclosing, and the outsides of the inclosed;) threo;
ntervals of about an inch in length. Now the use of these three intervals is and

page_text: they are intended for the reception of the liquids on and by which refrigeration
is.to be effected; för upon the middle one being filled with hot wort, and the
others or outer ones with cold water, the hot wort being hereby on. all sides
surrounded with cold water, and there being between it, and the water only
a thin stratum of copper or other metallic caloric conducting substance,. the
heat held by the wort is so imbibed by the colder liquid surrounding it,
as that the whole of both liquids (that is, the stratum of wort and the two
strata of water,) is in a short time of a uniform heat, when, should the
so heated water be taken out and its place be supplied with fresh cold
water, and upon that having imbibed as much heat from the wort as it
will, it being also drawn out and other fresh cold water being let in, upon this
being done and repeated a sufficient number of times the wort will thereby
be reduced to the temperature of the water, and upon that supply of cold water
being continued and caused constantly to flow in at a necessary rate, and upon
the wort as it is cooled being constantly and in a continued stream let out,
and other hot wort being in like manner let in (all or both these flowings in
and emissions of water and wort being done and accomplished by means of the
pipes which have been mentioned as proceeding from the apparatus), it is
evident that there will be coming from the, two outer intervals constant
streams of warmed water, and from the middle one a constant stream of cooled
wort. Such is the construction of the apparatus, and such the effect produced;
but as I have, it must be observed, stated that by it I am able to cause a
portion of cold water to cool to a fermentable temperature an equal portion of
wort (notwithstanding that it is necessary, if boiling water or wort be to be
cooled, by either mixing it with or immersing it in cold water or wort, that ten
times the quantity of the hot water or wort must be had for that purpose), I
proceed to state how it is I am enabled to bring that about. That the method of
cooling followed by me was that of causing part of the heat held by the wort
to be imparted into and imbibed by the cold water while passing by each other
in the intervals of the apparatus I have stated; but as to whether, while thus
passing each other, the water and wort moved both in the same direction, I
have not stated; and I now therefore state, that not only do the water and
wort not move in the same direction when in the intervals of the apparatus,
but also that they do move in directions. diametrically opposite, the, one
moving upward and the other downward, and by thus causing them
to move it is I bring about the effect of having a quantity of wort
cooled to a fermentable temperature by an equal quantity only of water, as;
owing to the contrary motions of the two liquids, the affected portions of each
are constantly meeting affecting portions of the other, or, in other words, the
wort as it moves along in the intervals of the apparatus. being constantly

page_text: meeting and passing between water colder than itself, and the water as it
moves along in the intervals of the apparatus also being constantly meeting
and surrounding wort hotter than itself, the effect of these contrary motions is,
that part of the caloric held by the wort is afforded the opportunity of following
that expansive principle which causes it to at all times as much as possible
equally disseminate itself through all matter in proportion to the capabilities
of imbibing and communicating it which varieties of matter possess, and
this it not failing to do in consequence, is brought about the effect of part
of the extra caloric originally held by the wort being imparted to and
imbibed and retained by the water; and if, when the liquids are thus in
communication in the intervals of the apparatus, they be suffered to remain
so a sufficient time (or in other words not very rapidly, but gently and steadily.
passed through it,) their contrary motions will bring about the effect of
worts leaving it cooled to any degree not below the original temperature of
the water, and of the waters leaving it heated to a degree not above the
original heat of the wort. Such are the effects and such the outline of the con-
struction of the apparatus. The particulars of its construction are as follow:→
It has been stated that the shape of the apparatus is that of a cube. To con-
struct it I have first prepared a wood case or box, measuring thirty-eight
inches each way, or a thirty-eight inch cube, made of "three-inch deal planks,
and so put together as that each one of its six sides or surfaces may (by.
rabbitting or causing the necessary edges to meet, as is termed butt and butt,)
be so supported and carried by four other of its sides or surfaces as to render
impossible any attempt to push or force any one side in between the other.
Through each of two opposite sides of this case I bore two holes, each one inch
in diameter, and in such parts of the sides as that one hole of one side may be
exactly opposite to one hole of the other side, and that the other hole of that.
side may be exactly opposite to the other hole of the other side; and through
those holes I put two bolts, each five feet long, and one inch in diameter, and
having each at one end a head three inches square by half an inch thick, which
heads go into square apertures cut in the outer surface of one of the sides, and
lay flush and even with the wood. On the other end of each of these bolts is
cut a thread or screw, and a similar thread being cut in each of two large iron
rings, each eight inches in diameter, two inches broad, and one inch thick; to
and on the threaded or screw-ends of the bolts these rings screw.
Now the
use and purport of these bolts and rings is, they furnish a means of lifting and
moving this wood box about, and as this wood box forms the interior of the
apparatus, a method of so moving it as is necessary for constructing the
rest of the apparatus. I then (by soft-soldering together a sufficient number.
of the..common-sized_copper sheets, of the substance of eighteen pounds per

page_text: sheet of eight square feet, or of such other substance as shall be strong enough
to answer the purpose, each sheet having previously been well tinned on both
sides,) prepare a sheet of tinned copper large enough to wrap round and
cover four sides of this wood box or case, which large sheet I wrap round the
case, and cause it so to remain by soft-soldering the two ends together where
they meet; I then in a similar way form of two or more of the same kind of
sheets another sheet of tinned copper, large enough to cover one of the sides,
which the first large sheet left covered, (through and from which side stand
and project the screw-ends of the two iron rods which have been mentioned as
passing through the box, and which side I term the top, and the other uncovered
or opposite side the bottom of the box,) and also large enough not only to
cover but also to lap over each way five inches, which at the extremity of the
lap I also so solder to the large sheet, wrapping round the sides as to
cause them to be as firmly united and joined as if all one sheet or piece,
then doing the same by the other uncovered side or bottom, I 'have the wood
box completely enclosed in a covering of tinned copper. It is evident that for
that sheet to be put on which covers the top there must in it be made two
holes for the purpose of letting the bolts which project from the top pass
through, and that the copper may slip down over them upon the wood case;
it is also evident that these holes must afterwards be closed and made water-
tight, or else any liquid which might be admitted to pass round the copper
case would through these holes be admitted inside the copper and upon the
wood, to avoid this I, before the iron rods are put into their places, have that
part of them which appears through the wood case, and from there to the
screw-ends of them, tinned; and then when they are in their places, and when
the copper sheet is on and in its place, by having a plumber's soft-solder joint
made, or, as it is termed, wiped round, and on the rods and the copper sheet,
these holes are closed, and the copper covering made sound and water-tight;
I then have made another wood box or cube, measuring forty inches each
way, and made instead of three-inch deal planks of only one-inch stuff, and
also I have prepared (of a sufficient number of the same substanced common-
sized tinned copper sheets as were made the other large sheet,) another large
sheet of copper, large enough to wrap round and cover four of the sides of the
forty-inch wood box, which large sheet I, by fast soldering the ends together
where they meet, cause to be and (for a time) remain round, and so far
enveloping that wood box; I then have prepared (as have been the large
sheets I have mentioned) another copper sheet large enough to cover
one of the two remaining uncovered sides of this forty-inch box, and also
large enough not only to cover but also to lap over each way five inches,
which, by, at the end of those laps, soldering to the other large sheet which goes

page_text: sheet.
round the four sides (as were soldered on the top and bottom of the copper
case covering the thirty-eight inch box) I cause to be fixed and united to that
I then, by causing this forty-inch box to stand on that one of its
copper-covered sides which is opposite to the uncovered one, am enabled to
lift and take the wood box out of the copper case which is framed upon it,
and which is then left standing on the ground with the top open or not on.
Then putting the wood box aside (whose use was solely that of being a frame
on which to form the copper case) I proceed to, by means of the bolts and
rings which have been mentioned as proceeding from the first-made thirty-
eight inch copper-covered wood box, and by means of common pullies, &c.,
hoist up and raise from the ground that thirty-eight inch copper-covered
wood box high enough for the copper case which was made on the forty-inch
wood box to be gently and carefully moved and put underneath it, when I'
cautiously lower the thirty-eight inch copper-covered box into and let it
stand on the bottom of the inside of that forty-inch copper case. With these
bodies or cases thus situated every one must observe that between the sides of
them will be left (when they are placed right) an interval of about an inch in
width, but between the bottoms there will be no interval, and between the
tops there will be a space of about two inches in width. Now, as it is
necessary intervals should be between the insides of the inclosing and the out-
sides of the inclosed of all the surfaces of both these cases, I, in order to
cause and keep them, have soft-soldered on to the surfaces of the thirty-eight
inch case a sufficient number of what I term intervallers to effect this
purpose, and to cause to be between all the surfaces of the inclosing and
inclosed a space of one inch little more or less. The construction of these
intervallers is, they are of cast iron or brass, or any other convenient metal,
and their shape is that of a cylinder whose diameter is three times greater
than its length, the diameter being three inches, while the length is only one
inch. Upon the circumferences of these things being tinned, and upon their
being soldered on to parts of the outside surfaces of the thirty-eight inch copper-
covered wood box, it is evident that they will cause to be and keep between
the outside surfaces of the one inclosed, and between the inside surfaces of the
one inclosing, an interval of an inch in width. The number of these things
which I consider as necessary to cause and keep the intervals is sixteen on
each surface, or on all six surfaces of the thirty-eight inch copper case, ninety-
six, sixteen of which being soldered on to each one of the six surfaces, i.e., one
at each corner of the surface, and the rest at the distance of about eight and
a half or nine inches from each other, they will then be at about equal
distances from each other all over the surface. Upon all these things being

page_text: put on before the thirty-eight inch case is lowered or let inside the forty-inch:
one, there will, when it is lowered in, be left all round it an interval of about.
an inch in width. When it is thus lowered and in its place I then prepare
(as were the large sheets which have been made use of) the top for the forty-
inch case, which top (making holes in it as in the thirty-eight inch one for
the iron rods to pass through,) I put on, and at the extremities of its laps so
solder to the sides of the case as to cause it to be perfectly sound and water-
tight. From about nine inches on one side the center of both the top and
bottom of the forty-inch case proceeds a tinned copper pipe, three inches in
diameter, and one foot long, which pipes being so joined to the case as to be
water-tight give à means of filling and emptying the interval between these
two cases: I then, having. had made (of inch stuff) another wood box or cube,
measuring forty-two inches each way, proceed in the construction of the next
copper case by preparing (as were prepared the other large sheets) a slicet
large enough to wrap and be soldered round four of the sides of the forty-two
inch wood. box, and then putting and soldering (as were covered the tops and
bottoms of those whose construction has been described) another large sheet
on to one of the remaining uncovered sides, I turn it up, and letting it stand
with that last-covered side, or (as it now becomes), bottom downward, have a
forty-two inch copper case ready for having the two which are done, and
which are one inside the other (the last-finished forty-inch one having had the
ninety-six intervallers put on it, each one placed upon these parts of the outsides
which are exactly over, and covering the intervallers which are on the thirty-
eight inch case so that they may bear and press right upon, and that their
circumferences may as near as possible be parallel with, each other), hoisted
up
and placed inside it. Upon this being done I then put on the large sheet
which I have had made for the top, and soldering this as the others were done
to the sides, I have the forty-two inch case water-tight and sound, and containing.
within it the two before-manufactured cases. It is, of course, evident that, this
last-mentioned forty-two-inch case must have holes in the top and bottom 'to
permit the iron rods and those pipes which have been mentioned as proceeding
from the forty-inch copper case to go through; and it is also evident that those:
holes or apertures must be, closed, &c. before tlie case can be water-tight.
This I do by soldering round them, &c. as was done to close and make tight-
the holes in the other tops, which, when done, and the apertures so closed as.
to be water-tight, I have then a means of admitting liquids into and from the
interval formed by the thirty-eight and forty inch cases without their having
any communication with or opportunity of flowing into the interval between,
the forty and forty-two inch cases.. But as it is necessary to have a means of

page_text: communication with or of letting liquids into and from that interval, I have
fixed to the center of the top and bottom of the forty-two inch case pipes
similar to those fixed to the top and bottom of tlie forty-inch case, each threc
inches in diameter and one foot long, which pipes being fixed on to the outside
of the top and bottom give the opportunity of passing liquids into and from
that interval without (all ways of communication between the interval formed
by the forty-two and forty inch cases, and that formed by the forty and thirty-
eight inch cases, being by the methods I have described cut off,) the possi-
bility of any of the liquids passing from that interval into the inner one. I
then fix on this case, as were fixed on the others, ninety-six of the intervallers,
sixteen on each surface, and each one exactly, over, outside, of, and parallel
with, those fixed on the other two cases. And when these things are done, I
then proceed in the constructing another copper case, forty-four inches, each way,
or forty-four inches square, which I prepare as I did the others, by having made
a wood box or cube of those dimensions, on which I frame, as before, the large
copper sheet, which is (as the others were) prepared for that purpose.. When
this sheet is lapped round the forty-four inch wood box, and there. soldered, &c.,
as before, and upon that large sheet which is to form the bottom being pre-
pared and fixed on to the four sides of the forty-four inch case (as were the
other bottoms, &c.), when.. all this is done, I place this forty-four inch case
so as to stand perpendicularly, upon that side which had the copper sheet last
put on it, and which then becomes its.bottom. When in this situation I lift
the wood box or cube perpendicularly out of it, and (having in its bottom
made the holes, which are necessary to permit the pipes which proceed from
the bottom of the finished cases to pass through) instead of that wood box let
down into it the three copper cases whose, construction and' preparation I
have described; and when they are let quite down, and are inside it, by with
another large sheet (made as were the others), covering it in and enclosing
it, &c., and by so soldering, &c. (as were the other cases) that sheet round its
edges and laps as to make it water-tight, I have formed another interval,
which interval being (by soldering, &c. round those pipes and rods which
proceeding from the inner cases pass through this outer one, and out at its top.
and bottom,) made everywhere water-tight, I, when I please, can, by a pipe
proceeding for that purpose from about nine inches from the centres of both
the top and bottom of the forty-four.inch case, fill with any liquid, without
the fear of that liquid by any means passing into the other or 'inner intervals.
With these cases thus constructed and thus situated within and about each
other, it is evident that, I shall have between them three intervals, each of
about an inch in width, either of which I can, by.means of the. pipes. which

page_text: have been mentioned as proceeding from them, fill with any liquid, without
that liquids passing from that one into the other or others. While these
things were doing I have had prepared the wood frame, which, in Figure
the 3rd is shewn as inclosing the apparatus (there shewn as made of tinned
copper), into which, when it is ready, I (by hoisting them up by the rings and
bolts, &c.,) lower the copper cases. Now the construction of this frame is
such, and the timbers, of which it is composed are so placed, as that upon the
copper cases being lowered into it the joists of the bottom are exactly under
those parts of the bottoms of the copper cases on which the intervallers have
been placed, consequently, when the cases are so lowered as for the bottom of
the outside one to touch and rest upon the frame, the outermost or lowermost
tier of intervallers will take a bearing upon those bottom timbers or joists, and
the other two tiers of intervallers resting on them, the whole weight of the cases,
&c. will be borne and carried by the frame. In like manner are the side timbers
so situated as that when the copper cases are lowered into the frame the
intervallers which have been put on the sides bear and press exactly upon
them, and the timbers or joists of the top of the frame being the same, (the
top being framed by itself, and when put on by four bolts held and kept in its
place,) of course when the cases are lowered inside the frame, and the top put
on, the intervallers would. on the inside be supported and carried by the wood
case which is inside the innermost of the copper cases, and on the outside by
the just above-mentioned frame. Now the use and purport of this frame, and
a further use of the intervallers is this: To any one at all conversant with the
effect of the pressures of fluids it is plain, enough that were the cases, whose
manufacture I have described, to be when finished and before put in the'
wood frame, filled with water, the effect would be, that (the copper of which
they are made being so slight) they would be bursted if the reservoir from
which they might be filled were any distance above them, i.e., if the water had
any altitude or perpendicular pressure. Now to do away with the possibility
of this, and to enable the copper to bear the strain which it will in this way be
necessary to put upon it, is the reason for which I have the wood frame, and is
also a farther use of the intervallers, as from their shape, and from their being
as they are situated, and from their being on one side supported by the inside
wood box, and on the other side by the outside frame, they so support one
another, and so enable the copper to bear the pressure of the liquids which are
to be in the intervals, as that metal very much slighter than would without
them be necessary is sufficiently strong to answer the purpose. From this it
may be seen that these intervallers have three uses, and answer as many
purposes. They are, first, to cause and keep the intervals; second, to carry.

page_text: the three inside cases; and third, to assist and render the copper strong
enough to bear the strain which must be put on it. Such is the method of
manufacturing the apparatus; but as there are some things which in this
description are not, perhaps, sufficiently explanatory, it may not be amiss more
minutely to describe them, as, for instance, those things which I have men-
tioned under the denomination of intervallers. These I have spoken of as being
cylinders of the length of one inch, and the diameter of three inches, and for
aught yet said it may be understood that they are solids of such dimensions,
as to have there given a full description of them would have too much broken
the account of the method of manufacturing the apparatus. That what they are
may be fully understood, I now therefore state; that they are not solids of the
above given dimensions, but are (being cast of iron or brass, or any other conve-
nient metal) made and consist of two circular surfaces, of the dimensions of
three inches in diameter, but one fourth of an inch thick, having between them, at
angles of one hundred and twenty, three studs or supports, each half an inch in
diameter, by half an inch long, which studs or supports (the models when they
are cast being prepared so as to cause them) being between the two three
inch by quarter of an inch surfaces, and cast and formed of the same metal,
and at the same time as the surfaces are cast) serve the purpose of firmly
conrecting and supporting the ends of the cylinder to and with each other, of
taking from the weight of the intervaller, and yet leaving it as sufficient for the
purpose for which it is intended as if it were solid), and of permitting between
the insides of the surfaces or ends of the intervaller a free passage for the
liquids which are to pass through the apparatus. It has been stated, that
these intervallers, when put on the tops and sides and bottoms of the copper
cases of which the apparatus consists, are to be put exactly upon, or parallel, or
perpendicular with each other, in order that they may stand and rest exactly
on and upon each other, and that the edges may not, by overhanging on, one
side, and not reaching on the other, be liable to slip off, and so not bear firmly.
on each other. In addition to this, I now state, that as those intervallers
which are put on the bottoms of the cases of which the apparatus consists have
to carry and support both the cases and the liquids which may be in the
intervals caused and made by the cases, I, in order that those intervallers may
stand and bear firmly upon each other, make an increase in the size of some of
them, that is to say, to the two outer bottom tiers of them, as for instance,
with the first tier, or those sixteen which are put on to the outside of the
bottom of the thirty-eight inch case, I make no alteration, they are, as have
been described, three inches in diameter by one inch long; but, with those
sixteen which go on to the outside of the bottom of the forty-inch case I

page_text: make an alteration, that is, I have them cast instead of three inches in
diameter by one inch long, three and a half in diameter by one in length, for
the reason that those which are put on the bottom of the thirty-eight inch case
will run less risk of not taking a fair and proper bearing when standing upon
others three and a half inches in diameter than when on those of three inches
long. For the same reason I have those which are put on the outside of the
bottom of the forty-two inch case half an inch bigger than those on the
bottom of the forty-inch case, that is, four inches in diameter instead of
three and a half, as then, should the cases when put one inside the other be
placed and stand so as for the intervallers to be not exactly the centre of one
over the centre of the other; these increases in size allowing for a little varia-
tion, their so standing will not be very material. Such is the construction of
the apparatus. To bring about its effects I do as follows:-From a reservoir
commanding the apparatus (Figure the 4th), and by means of the pipe A, I fill
the middle interval with the wort it is intended to cool; at the same time.
from the reservoir (Figure the 5th), and by means of the pipes B, C, & D,
I fill the two other or outer intervals with water; then when all these
intervals are full, by sufficiently opening the cock E (which cock is connected
with and opens into that interval wherein is the wort) I let out the wort at
the rate of about four barrels an hour, and at the same time opening the two
cocks F and G (which cocks open into and communicate with those intervals
wherein is the water) I let out the water at the rate of twenty barrels an
hour from each. After these cocks have been thus opened, and the wort and
water been running from each for a few minutes, (supposing the temperature
of the water before it entered the apparatus to have been about 50° or 52°, and
that of the wort about 200° or 210°,) upon applying a thermometer the wort
which runs out will be found to be reduced to the temperature of from about
60° to 70°, and the water will be found to be increased in temperature in pro-
portion to the quantity of caloric lost by the wort, or to about from 60 to '80
degrees. These proportions (of twenty and twenty barrels of water per hour
to four of wort) are those which will so facilitate the execution of the appa-
ratus as to render it, I conceive, a desirable convenience in breweries in
general; but as in some situations the procuring such a quantity of water to
each barrel of wort (i. e. ten to one) may be not convenient, or perhaps not
possible, I proceed to describe how I effect what I have before stated, that
is, that I can reduce any quantity of wort of any heat to any temperature not
below that of the water used for cooling the wort with a quantity of water
equal only to the quantity of wort to be cooled. In the quantities which I have
just given, it may be observed that the water is to the wort as ten to one; it

page_text: may also be observed, that tho' the caloric of which the wort is deprived is, com-
paratively speaking, considerable, yet the degree to which the water is heated is
but small; when, however, owing to a scarcity of water, it becomes desirable
to, with only an equal portion of water, cool any portion of wort, the water is
heated to a much higher degree, the effect produced by my apparatus being:
that of causing the heat brought into it by the wort to be, while in it, changed
from the wort to the water, or extracted from the wort and imbibed by the
water. To bring about, therefore, the effect of, with an equal portion only of
water, cooling any portion of wort, it is necessary that both the wort and water,
should be a much longer time in passing through the apparatus, or that they:
should not be suffered to run through so fast, as, however 'imperfect con-
ductors of caloric as are water and wort, if only one spécimen of my apparatus
be then used (for distinction sake terming each set of cases forming the three
intervals a spécimen), the liquids would be so long in the intervals as 'that
the caloric carried in by the wort, instead of sufficiently leaving the wort,:
and being sufficiently imbibed by the water, would so disseminate itself;
through the whole of the liquids as to cause the wort to leave the
apparatus, instead of being cooled to a fermentable temperaturė, to be
cooled but little; or to a degree not sufficiently low for fermentation.
I, to effectually bring about the cooling a quantity of wort by an equal
quantity only of water, unite a number of them, and from the combined
effect obtain the result of, with one portion of water of the temperature of 50°.
or 52°, cooling to a fermentable temperature an equal portion of wort, which
wort entered the apparatus of the temperature of from 200° to 210°. Now,
the number of specimens of which it is necessary the apparatus should consist
to cool wort of the temperature of from 200° to 210° to a fermentable tem-
perature, having to do this at the rate of only one barrel of water for each
barrel of wort to be cooled,-the number of specimens of which the apparatus:
should consist to do this at the rate of twenty-five barrels an hour is eight; and
if eight be situated one over the other, and connected as any one who wishes
to understand the nature and effect of the apparatus will perceive how, it will
(after the apparatus shall have been suffered to work a short time, necessary.
in order to allow for the extraction of the caloric from the wort), upon trial, be
found that the wort will leave the apparatus cooled to a fermentable 'tem-
perature, and the water heated to nearly what was the temperature of the
wort. As when working at this rate the whole quantity of the water passing
through the apparatus is to be no more than one barrel for each barrel of.
wort, it follows, that through each of the two intervals appropriated for the
reception of the water only half that quantity must. pass, :I àccordingly state

page_text: that so it is, and that when I wish to cool a quantity of wort with an equal
quantity only of water I pass one half of that quantity through the outermost
of the three intervals, and the other half through the innermost of them, and
the rate at which it runs from the two is equal to the rate at which the wort
runs from the middle interval. Also may be had a combined apparatus,
whenever it is not easy to procure water according to the rate I have stated,
of ten portions of water to one of wort, allowing and considering that as one
specimen of the apparatus, constructed and supplied as I have described, will
cool at the rate of four barrels an hour, two will double that effect, three
treble it, &c., &c. From these data it is easy to deduce the rules, or rather
they are the rules of which I premised my apparatus put me in possession,.
i.c., of, in what time shall be pleased, cooling to any temperature not below
that of the water used for the purpose any portion of wort; as upon any one's
wishing to have at whatever rate he pleases wort cooled, it is but sufficiently
to combine specimens of the apparatus; and the effect is certainly brought
about; also if, for by a quantity of water cooling an equal quantity of wort, it
be wished to know the rules,-if eight specimens of the apparatus, or if a
combined apparatus of eight, will cool at the rate of twenty-five barrels an
hour, one of four specimens may be considered to cool at the rate of nearly
half that quantity, or from ten to twelve barrels an hour, and one of sixteen
at the rate of twice that quantity, or fifty barrels an hour. In what I have
premised there is a statement that, by decreasing the thicknesses of the strata
of liquids half, the effect is increased nearly one fourth, and that by again
decreasing the then thicknesses half, the effect is again increased also nearly
one fourth; this I again state to be the case, or, in other words, I state that
if, instead of one inch, the thicknesses of the strata of water and wort is
reduced to half an inch, the effect will be, that a combined apparatus of eight,
instead of cooling at the rate of thirty-two barrels only an hour (as is the
effect of a combined apparatus of that number, the intervals of which are one
inch in width, when supplied with water of 50° or 52°, at the rate of ten
barrels for each barrel of wort of 200° or 212°), will cool at the rate of nearly
forty barrels an hour; and that if a further reduction in the thicknesses of the
strata be made, and if, instead of being half an inch in thickness, they be of
the thickness of only one fourth of an inch, then the effect is increased in the
proportion of half as much again to what was the effect produced by the inch
intervalled; or, in other words, if a combined apparatus of eight, the intervals
of which are one fourth of an inch in width, be used, and supplied with water
at the rate of ten portions of water of 50° or 52° to one of wort of 200° or
212°, it will be found to cool to the fermentable temperature of 60° or 70° at

page_text: the rate of about forty-eight barrels an hour, a proof of the principle I first
expressed, that upon the exposition of surface depends the velocity of effect.
As, however, it may not perhaps be well practicable to construct them with
intervals of the width of much less than an inch, I have, in my Drawings,
shewn them as being inch intervals, tho' where and whenever it may prove
more convenient, I claim the right of as much as I please lessening the width
of the intervals. Also I state, that tho' in the examples I have given and
shewn I have described the apparatus as being, of the shape of a cube, yet I
now declare that as, providing the essential of exposing surface be effected, it
is not material what is either the shape, size, or appearance of the apparatus;
I claim the right of, whenever either local or other circumstances render it
desirable, varying its construction so as to assume the shape of not only a cube
or cubes, but also any such other shape as local or other circumstances may
render desirable or necessary, so as for it to be cylindrical, or spherical, or
conical, or a parellellogram or curvi-cylindrical, &c., &c., &c. Also do I
(whenever it shall be more convenient) put a stratum of water between two
strata of wort, instead of the above described as stratum of wort between two
of water. Having, in the description I have given of the frame inclosing the
apparatus, omitted to give the size of the timbers composing it, I now state
that each of its timbers are six inches square, and of such lengths as are
necessary for leaving it forty-four inches in the clear on the inside. And as
the principle of my apparatus admits the so heating water which may be used
for the purpose of cooling wort. as to render it nearly boiling hot, and as it is
thereby possible to effect a saving of fuel, I shall (whenever it may be so
wished) so arrange and situate my apparatus as for the water which may have
passed through it and cooled wort to be transferred from it to the mash tun,
for the purpose of fulfilling that part of the brewing process which is termed
mashing, thereby both effecting a saving of fuel and answering the purpose of
a copper.
Figure 6, of the Drawings hereunto annexed, is a representation of one side
of the wood frame as it would shew if detached from the other sides, of which
the four uprights are the timbers which support those intervallers, which are
put on the sides of the cases composing the apparatus; and the inner four of
the square apertures in the bottom piece are the mortices into which go the
tenants of the timbers which carry those intervallers which are on the bottoms
of the cases, the two outer mortices being for the reception of the tenants of
those timbers which, running parellel with the bottom ones, are for the pur-
In like manner are
pose of carrying the uprights of two of the other sides.
R

page_text: 'the two mortices in the top piece for receiving the tenants of those timbers
which support the upper ends of the side timbers.
Fig. 7th is an outline of the situation of the cases composing the apparatus,
as they stand one inside the other, and shewing how and where the pipes
stand out from and communicate with the intervals; and by the sixteen circles
on the innermost of the cases is shewn how the intervallers are placed on the
surfaces of the cases.
Fig. 8th 'is an outline of the inside of one of the surfaces 'composing the
intervallers, merely to shew how the studs which 'unite the two surfaces are
situated.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Vallance, have hereunto 'set my
hand and seal, the Fifth day of August, in the year of our Lord 'One
thousand eight hundred and forintaion