IMPROVEMENTS IN DYEING SCARLET, ORANGE, and OTHER COLORS, AND IN THE MEANS EMPLOYED THEREFOR
Year: 1875

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Joseph Smith and Walter Scott Berry,
both of Manchester, in the County of Lancaster, for the Inven-
tion of "IMPROVEMENTS IN DYEING SCARLET, ORANGE, and OTHER COLORS,
AND IN THE MEANS EMPLOYED THEREFOR.”
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Joseph Smith
and Walter Scott Berry at the Office of the Commissioners of
Patents, with their Petition, on the 26th June 1875.
We, WILLIAM JOSEPH SMITH and WALTER SCOTT BERRY, both of
Manchester, in the County of Lancaster, do hereby declare the nature
of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN DYEING SCARLET, ORANGE,
"to be as
AND OTHER COLORS, AND IN THE MIANS EMPLOYED THEREFOR,'
follows:-
The object of this Invention is to obtain scarlet, orange, red, scarlet
3 crimson, deep crimson, dahlia, pink, and rose colors of considerable
brilliancy and durability upon cotton, flax, wool, hair, silk, jute, china
grass, feathers, and other materials, either in the raw or manufactured

page_text: state, and to produce such colors and tints as are now only obtainable
by the employment of expensive materials, and by long and tedious
modes of working, such as employing madder and its extracts, alizarine,
cochineal, albumen, aniline, and so on. And this we are by the aid
of our Invention enabled to do by the employment of comparatively ŏ
inexpensive materials only, and by the treatment herein-after described.
We first make a liquor from Arnotto in the following manner :-We
take five pounds of Arnotto and dissolve it in hot water, and carefully
sieve it. We then put it into a vessel with four pounds of carbonate of
soda and twelve gallons of water or potash, and bring the whole to a 1
boil for about ten minutes, and then let it stand to cool for use. In
place of the carbonate of soda or potash we may substitute (for every
five pounds of Arnotto dissolved and sieved) five pounds of bicarbonate
of soda or potash, or four pounds of soda ash, or four pounds of potash,
or five pounds by measure of ammonia liquor, proceeding with each in 1
the same manner as with the carbonate of soda solution of Arnotto.
For woollens and silks the solution of Arnotto in ammonia and
bicarbonate of soda is best to secure the soundness of the materials dyed,
as also for cottons employed in the manufacture of india-rubber fabrics.
The Arnotto bath thus produced need never be thrown away, but can be 2
added to or strengthened as it becomes weaker by use. To dye cotton
(or yarns and fabrics manufactured therefrom) a scarlet color we prepare
an Arnotto liquor bath as above described. If a full orange colored
scarlet is required we put in a vessel a sufficient quantity of Arnotto
bath to die a deep orange color, and heat it to from sixty to ninety 2
degrees (Fahrenheit). We work the cotton (or the yarn or cloth) in
this liquor for five or ten minutes till the desired shade is obtained. For
cottons we keep the bath as near as possible at this degree of heat
(vizt., from sixty to ninety degrees), using the lower degrees of heat for
thin fabrics and the higher degrees for thick ones. If a military scarlet &
is required we reduce the strength of the Arnotto bath by adding water
to it till it produces a bright yellow chrome color.
For a crimson shade of Turkey red color we employ sufficient Arnotto
to dye the cotton a gamboge or yellow color.
For red colors of great depth of shade we employ the Arnotto bath of

page_text: peach or Brazil wood bath, the Arnotto giving the characteristic tint
which distinguishes Turkey red shades,
For rose color shades we raise the temperature of the Arnotto bath to
from one hundred and twenty to one hundred and fifty degrees of heat,
and dye the goods pale or full shades, as required, by regulating the
strength of the bath accordingly.
After the goods have been dyed the required shade with the Arnotto
bath, as above described, we remove them from the dye vat and well ring
or squeeze them, and then rinse them through cold water slightly acidu-
lated with a small quantity of sulphuric acid, just sufficient to give the
water an acid taste. We wash them in this acidulated water a minute
or two until the alkali contained in the Arnotto bath has been thoroughly
neutralized, which may be ascertained by holding up the goods to see
that there is an evenness of color all over. We then remove them and
wring or squeeze and pass the goods into a bath of oxymuriate of tin,
composed of from six to eight pounds of oxymuriate of tin of the strength
of one hundred and twenty degrees for every hundred pounds of material,
yarn or cloth, to which is added sufficient water to work the goods in;
and we let them lie in this bath from fifteen to twenty minutes.
We then take them out and squeeze or ring them, and the are ready
for the peach or Brazil wood bath above alluded to. If this bath is used
cold we obtain a more brilliant color, but at the expense of time; but
if we use it at a temperature of from sixty to seventy we still obtain
good colors and rapidity of working, but higher degrees of heat interfere
with the brilliancy of the shades.
If a deep shade of red is required we make the peach or Brazil wood
liquor of a very dark blood red color, and for a scarlet or rose color we
reduce the liquor by the addition of water to full blood or damask rose
color.
For a light rose or peach color we add more water and reduce the
bath to a full rose color, according to the shade desired. Or we obtain
the desired shade of reds on the Arnottoed goods by stages of gradations,
commencing with a weak peach or Brazil wood bath and finishing with
a stronger bath, as at present practised in indigo dyeing.
When the materials, fabrics, or yarns are dyed to the required shade
of color.we take them out and let them stand for about a quarter to
half an hour, and then pass them into a vat or bath composed of from

page_text: five to six pounds of oxymuriate of tin (of one hundred and twenty
degrees strength) with a sufficient quantity of water for one hundred
pounds of cotton fabric, yarn, or material, and after working them well
in this bath for a few minutes we finally well rinse them off in plenty
of water and then dry.
For silk, flax, wool, hair, feathers, jute, china grass, and the yarns or
fabrics manufactured therefrom, we increase the heat of the Arnotto
bath as follows:-For silk, linen, jute, and china grass, one hundred to
one hundred and twenty degrees, and for wool, hair, or feathers, from
one hundred and sixty to two hundred and twelve degrees, and we work
them in this in all respects the same as to time and process as in
dyeing cottons; and the same for the peach or Brazil wood bath,
excepting that for woollens we neutralize the peach bath with oxy-
muriate of tin, and then proceed to die as follows :—
For some qualities of cotton (principally East Indian), which are very
hard and obdurate in their nature we increase the heat of the Arnotto
bath to from one hundred and twenty to one hundred and fifty degrees,
but do not increase the heat of the peach bath, as we find it acts well
on all materials as above described for cotton.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said William Joseph Smith and Walter Scott Berry
in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 23rd December 1875.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, WILLIAM
JOSEPH SMITH and WALTER SCOTT BERRY, both of Manchester, in the
County of Lancaster, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twenty-sixth day of June, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-five, in the Thirty-
ninth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give
and grant unto us, the said William Joseph Smith and Walter Scott
Berry, Her special license, that we, the said William Joseph Smith and
Walter Scott Berry, our executors, administrators, and assigns, or such
others as we, the said William Joseph Smith and Walter Scott Berry,
our executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with

page_text: and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the
term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,
and vend within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
DYEING," upon the condition (amongst others) that we, the said William
Joseph Smith and Walter Scott Berry, our executors or administrators,
by an instrument in writing under our, or their, or one of their hands
and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the
said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and
cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said William Joseph Smith and
Walter Scott Berry, do hereby declare the nature of the said Inven-
tion, and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be par-
ticularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement:—
The object of this Invention is to obtain scarlet, orange, red, scarlet
crimson, and deep crimson, dahlia, pink, and rose colors, of considerable
brilliancy and durability upon cotton, flax, wool, hair, silk, jute, china
grass, feathers, straw, leather, rushes, and other animal and vegetable
fibres in their raw or manufactured states, and to produce such colors
and tints as are now only obtainable by the employment of expensive
materials, and by long and tedious modes of working, such as employing
madder, alizarine, cochineal, aniline, and albumen, or other extracts or
compound, and so on. And this we are enabled to do by the employ.
ment of comparatively inexpensive materials only, and by the treatment
hereafter described.
We
We first make a liquor from Arnotto in the following manner:—
take five pounds of Arnotto and dissolve it in hot water, and carefully
sieve it. We then put it into a vessel with four pounds of carbonate
of soda or potash, and add twelve gallons of water, and bring the whole
to boil, and then let it stand to cool for use; or in place of the carbonate
of soda or potash we may substitute five pounds of bicarbonates of soda
or potash, four pounds of soda ash, or four pounds of caustic potash
or soda, or five pounds of ammonia liquor, proceeding with each as with
the carbonate solution of Arnotto: or we boil the Arnotto in water and

page_text: sieve it, and add any of the before-named alkalies (previously dissolved
in hot water) without boiling the Arnotto afterwards.
For woollens and silks the solution of Arnotto in ammonia, and also
in bicarbonates of soda or of potash, is best to secure soundness of
material dyed, as also for cottons employed in the manufacture of india-
rubber fabrics. The Arnotto baths thus produced need never be thrown
away, but can be added to or strengthened as they become weaker by
use. To dye cottons (or yarns or fabrics manufactured therefrom) a
scarlet color we prepare an Arnotto liquor bath as above described, and
if a full orange shade of scarlet is required we put into a vessel a
sufficient quantity of prepared Arnotto liquors to dye it a deep orange
shade, and treat it to from sixty to ninety degrees Fahrenheit; we work
the cotton (or yarn or cloth) in this liquor until the desired shade is
obtained; but for certain qualities of cotton, flax, hairs, silk, jute, china
grass, straw, leather, or rushes, and the yarns or fabrics manufactured
therefrom, we increase the heat of the bath, as hereafter described for
dyeing wool; or if a military scarlet is required we reduce the strength
of the Arnotto bath by adding water to it till it dyes a bright chrome
yellow shade.
For a crimson shade of Turkey red colour we employ sufficient Arnotto
bath to dye a gamboge yellow.
For red colors of great depth of shade we employ the Arnotto bath
of suitable weakness, and then give the goods an extra dyeing in a
strong peach or Brazil wood bath (hereafter described), the Arnotto
giving the characteristic tint which distinguishes deep Turkey red
shades.
For rose colors we raise the temperature of the Arnotto bath to from
one hundred and twenty to one hundred and fifty degrees of heat, and
dye the goods pale or full shades in the Arnotto bath accordingly.
After the goods have been dyed the required shade in the Arnotto
bath, as above described, we remove thom from the dye vat and well
wring or squeeze them, and then rince through water slightly acidulated
with sulphuric acid, or in place of the sulphuric acid we substitute for
it either hydrochloric or nitric acids, or the same in solution with tin
salts; we then ring or squeeze them and pass them into a bath of
oxymuriate of tin, or of muriate of tin, or of tannic acid, to which is

page_text: added sufficient water to work the goods, or the goods may be padded
in them. If we employ these baths of strong quality we shorten the
time of lying in it, and if of weak qualities we lengthen the time,
depending upon the material to be dyed.
We may add with advantage for fastness to the tin solutions, and also
to the acids, a solution of oxide of iron, prepared as follows:-We put
into a vessel two ounces (or more at discretion) of oxide of iron, and
pour upon it scalding water, and let it settle, and we then add the
resulting top clear liquor to every one pound weight of the tin solution
O and acids, as above. For some tints of color we rinse them in water
(after the above process) before dyeing in the peach or other bath, or
we may save this rinsing for other shades, and only rinse or squeeze
them, and pass them into the peach or other bath.
We prepare the peach or Brazil wood bath as follows:-We put into
5 a suitable vessel containing about twenty gallons of water, one hundred
pounds of peach or Brazil woods, along with either four to six pounds
of carbonates of soda, or of potash, or the same weight of either the
bicarbonates of soda or of potash, and bring the whole to a boil, or we
boil the peach in water by itself, and then add to the liquors the above
> proportion of alkali previously dissolved in hot water.
If the peach or Brazil wood baths are used cold we obtain a more
brilliant color, but at the expense of time; but if we use it at sixty
to seventy degrees of heat we still obtain good colors with rapidity
of working, but higher degrees of heat interfere with a brilliancy of
the shades.
If a deep shade of red is required we make the peach or Brazil wood
liquors of a very dark blood red color, and for a scarlet or rose color we
reduce the liquor by the addition of water to a full blood or damask rose
colour.
For a light rose or peach color we add more water, and reduce the
bath to a full rose colour, according to the shade desired. Or we obtain
the desired shade of colour on the Arnottoed cloth by stages or grada-
tions, commencing with a weak peach or Brazil wood bath, and finishing
with a stronger bath of same, as at present practised in indigo dyeing.
When the materials, yarns, or fabrics are dyed to the desired shado

page_text: we rinse them through a vat containing either oxymuriate of tin or
muriate or nitrate of tin, or of hydrochloric nitre, or muriatic acids, or
a solution of dyers' or calico printers' spirits of sufficient strengths for
"cutting” and “clearing" the colors.
For silk, wool, flax, hairs, feathers, jute, china grass, straw, rushes, 5
and the yarns and fabrics manufactured therefrom, we increase the heat
of the Arnotto bath as follows:-For silk, linen, jute, and china grass,
one hundred to one hundred and twenty degrees of heat, and for wool,
hairs, leather, feathers, straw, rushes, or canes, from one hundred and
twenty to two hundred and twelve degrees of heat, and we work them 1
in this in all respects the same as in dyeing cottons and the same for
the peach or Brazil wood baths, excepting that for woollens and hairs
it is an advantage to neutralize the peach or other bath with oxymuriate
of tin, or any of the previously described solutions of tin or of acids.
For some qualities of cotton (principally East Indian), and which are 1
very hard and obdurate in their nature, we increase the heat of the
Arnotto bath to from one hundred to one hundred and fifty degrees of
heat. Or the coloring matters (Arnotto, peach, and brazil wood,)
prepared as before described, can be used for dyeing in combination,
employing the same chemicals in the processes as are before described, 2
and the dyeing repeated until the desired shades are obtained. We
also apply the coloring matters (Arnotto, peach, or brazil wood,) prepared
as above described, to the printing of cottons, woollens, linen, silk, jute,
china grass, mohair and cowhair fabrics or yarns, also to leather, by
applying them mixed with printers' thickenings or gums, and printing 2
the designs on the yarns or fabrics by the appliances now in use at
print works. Or we dye the cloth, or yarn, or leather, first (with
Arnotto and peach, &c.), and then print on it designs in colors and
discharges. Or we print colors or discharges in designs upon the fabrics,
or yarns, or leather, and afterwards dye the cloths by the process 8
already described by us. In all these cases we use the same chemicals
as herein-before described.
Having now described the nature and object of our said Invention,
together with the manner in which the same is to be or may be per-
formed or carried into practical effect, we wish it to be understood that g
we claim as our Invention, the application of Arnotto in combination
with peach wood or Brazil wood, and with the alkalies or acids before

page_text: mentioned, and the solution of salts of tin and iron above named, all
substantially as herein-before particularly set forth and described.
In witness whereof, we, the said William Joseph Smith and
Walter Scott Berry, have hereunto set our hands and seals,
this Twenty-first day of December, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and seventy-five.
WILLIAM JOSEPH SMITH. (L.S.)
WALTER SCOTT BERRY.
(L.B.)
Witnessed by
JOHN HUGHES,
Clerk to George Davies, O.E.,
Patent Office,
4. St. Ann's Sq.,
Manchester.