IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRO- MAGNETIC TELEGRAPHIC APPARATUS
Year: 1847

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, PIERRE
ANTOINE JOSEPH DUJARDIN, of Lille, in the Kingdom of France, Doctor of
Medicine, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at
Westminster, the Seventh day of October, in the eleventh year of Her reign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
Pierre Antoine Joseph Dujardin, Her especial licence, full power, sole pri-
vilege and authority, that I, the said Pierre Antoine Joseph Dujardin, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, and such others as I, the said Pierre
Antoine Joseph Dujardin, my executors, administrators, or assigns, should at
any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
during the term of years therein mentioned, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, the Town of Berwick-upon-
Tweed, and in all Her Majesty's Colonies and Plantations abroad (save
and except the Provinces of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick, and
the Island of Prince Edward), and in the Islands of Jersey, Guernsey,
Alderney, Sark, and Man, my Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRO-
MAGNETIC TELEGRAPHIC APPARATUS;" in which said Letters Patent is con-
tained a proviso obliging me, the said Pierre Antoine Joseph Dujardin, by
an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, particularly to describe and
ascertain the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, and to cause the same to be inrolled in Her Majesty's High

page_text: Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately after
the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same,
reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Pierre Antoine Joseph Dujardin, do hereby declare that the nature of my
said Invention, and the manner in which the same is to be, performed, is
particularly described and ascertained in and by the following description
thereof, reference being had to the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the
letters and figures marked thereon (that is to say) :-
:-
The electro-magnetic telegraphic apparatus for which I have obtained Her
Majesty's Letters Patent as aforesaid, and which forms the subject of the
present Specification, is composed, first, of an apparatus for calling or
attracting the notice of attendants by means of audible signals previous to
making any merely visible signals; second, of an apparatus for writing or
printing dispatches or messages on paper by means of groups of dots of ink or
other suitable fluid; and third, of certain arrangements of magneto-electric
machinery or apparatus for producing the necessary electric currents in order
to cause either or both of the before-mentioned apparatus to perform their
operations.
The apparatus for making audible signals for the purpose of attracting the
attention of the attendants to the apparatus previous to printing any dispatches,
or otherwise making mere visible signals, is shewn at Figures 1 and 2 in the
accompanying Drawings, in which a, a, is a flat foundation plate, upon which
the various parts of the apparatus are mounted. b, b, is an electro-magnet
fixed upon the plate a, and having its ends enveloped with a coil of copper
wire covered with cotton or silk. The upper ends of this electro-magnet: are
furnished with two small iron plates c, c, mounted thereon in such a manner
that they may be turned on their centres, so as to be moved nearer to or
further from each other as circumstances may require, and whereby the action
of the apparatus may be regulated. d, d, is a long but thin rectangular per-
manent magnet constructed of a flat and thin piece of steel, and is supported
at its centre on a fine point, such as a strong sewing needle, which is mounted
in the vertical support e. A glass bell or vessel f, similarly to an ordinary
drinking glass, is secured, by means of a hole in the centre of its bottom, to a
piece of brass g, which is attached to the foundation plate a by a screw as a
centre pin, so as to admit of the vessel f and the piece of brass g being moved
horizontally on the screw as a pivot. A cylinder or block of wood h, of the
same form and dimensions as the vessel f, is also mounted in a similar manner.
on a piece of brass, and secured to the foundation plate a by a pivot, round.

page_text: which it may be moved horizontally, precisely in the same manner as the glass
vesself, so that the vessel fand the block h may be moved nearer to or further
from each other in order to regulate the action of the apparatus.
The apparatus for writing or printing dispatches or messages is also seen in
Figures 1 and 2. a, a, is the foundation plate, upon which is mounted an
ordinary clock movement i, i, which is actuated when required by means of a
weight, as shewn. One of the wheels of this clock movement carries a long pin
j.j, which extends out horizontally therefrom, and enters the forked arm k of the
shaft of the roller m, upon which a cylinder covered with paper to receive the
dispatches is placed. This roller m is mounted horizontally in bearings, as
shewn in the Figures, one of the ends of its shaft being screwed, and made to
rest upon a thin blade n affixed to one of the bearings or supports of the roller,
so that as the latter is made to rotate slowly by means of the long pin j, j,
taking into the forked arm on the opposite end of the shaft of the roller, the
latter is gradually moved laterally, so as always to present a fresh surface of
paper to receive the marks of the pen. o, o, is an electro-magnet placed hori-
zontally on the foundation plate a, a, of the apparatus, and between two fixed
bars which act as guides and prevent it from moving laterally, but admit of its
being moved backwards or forwards by means of the adjusting screw s, for the
purpose of regulating the action of the apparatus. The electro-magnet o, o, is
employed for the purpose of actuating the telegraphic pen p (seen. best in
Fig. 3), which is a sectional view of this part of the apparatus drawn upon an
enlarged scale. This pen is composed of several pieces soldered or otherwise
conveniently connected together, and consisting of a piece of iron wire, the
lower half of which is bent down and carries the magnet r, which consists of a
long bar extending in front of the electro-magnets o, o, as seen in the detached
view, Fig. 4, also of a piece of silver or platinum wire bent up at its lower end,
which is flattened out, and has a notch made therein for the purpose of
receiving a cord composed of two or more threads of cotton or other fibrous
material, which is secured in the notch by winding round it a thread of silk or
other suitable material. The pen thus constructed is delicately mounted on a
pivot or centre pin at q, so that it may be worked with very little power. The
poles of the electro-magnet o, o, when a magnetic power is properly induced in
it, and those of the permanent magnet r, are placed opposite to and in proxi-
mity to each other; that is, the north pole of each magnet is opposite to the
north pole of the other, and the south pole of each magnet is opposite to the
south pole of the other, so that the electro-magnet will repel the permanent
magnet, and thereby cause the end of the pen to rise. The end of the pen,.
when in a quiescent state, always remains in the ink roller p*, so that it is always

page_text: supplyed with ink, and therefore ready for operation at any time. The ink-
holder p is purposely made small and narrow, in order to prevent a waste of
ink by evaporation, and the ink-holder is kept supplied with ink by a pipe,
which communicates with a large covered reservoir p**. The paper upon
which the dispatches are to be printed or marked is extended round a separate
cylinder or drum of thin metal, which is then slipped on to the roller m;
before the latter is placed in the apparatus; and when the paper round the
cylinder on the roller m is filled with telegraphic signals, it must be removed
from the roller, and a second cylinder provided with paper placed thereon in
its stead. In order to prevent loss of time several of these separate and move-
able cylinders should be kept ready, covered with paper, so that they may be
instantly applied when required. The sheets of paper which envelop these
separate and moveable cylinders should be long enough to allow their ends
slightly to overlap when wrapped round the cylinder, so that they may be
gummed, or otherwise conveniently secured on the cylinders in such a manner
that when the dispatch is completed, and the cylinder removed from the
machine, the sheet of paper may be detached therefrom with facility, by
merely drawing the point of a penknife across it and dividing it at any part. I
would here observe, that the pen of the printing or writing apparatus, and also
the sounding apparatus, may be actuated either by a galvanic battery or by
either of the electro-magnetic apparatus hereafter described. I however prefer
to employ my improved electro-magnetic apparatus for this purpose, although
I do not intend to restrict the application of my improved telegraphic appa-
ratus thereto; but shall leave it to the discretion of the operator to employ
whichever arrangement or construction he may think most desirable. One
arrangement of magneto-electric apparatus for actuating certain parts of the
mechanism above described is shewn in Figures 5 and 6, the former of which
represents a plan view, and Fig. 6 a side elevation, of the machine; t, t, t,
represent a permanent magnet, composed of any suitable number of magnets
placed one on the other, and mounted on three supports, and fixed or secured
thereon by means of a bolt and screw nut passed through the cross piece t¹, t
to the foundation plate a, a. The ends of the magnet t, t, t, are enveloped by
coils made of a large quantity of copper wire covered with cotton or silk, as
will be well understood; u, ut, is a bar of iron at the end of a hand lever v, and
placed in contact with the ends of the magnets, and mounted on pivots which
turn in holes made in the short standards w, w; the hand lever v is attached
to the middle of the bar u, for the purpose of working the same, and the bar
is furnished with an adjusting screw u*, for the purpose of regulating the
strength of the electric currents produced by the machine. The bar u is

page_text: always maintained in contact with the ends of the magnet t, t, t, by means of
magnetic attraction; and when it is required to set the printing or sounding appa-
ratus in motion, it will only be necessary to depress the lever v, and consequently
break contact between the bar u and the magnet t; but immediately that the
pressure of the hand is removed the spring w² will bring the bar u back again
into contact with the magnet t. It will be evident that, if required, two or
more machines, constructed upon the principle of that just described, may
be combined together for the purpose of producing a more powerful apparatus ;.
and in such a case the magnetic machines are ranged in a line, so as to form a
battery, and a single bar of iron u, extending along the front of the whole of
them, is worked by hand by means of a handle or hand lever, precisely as
if only one machine was employed.
Figures 5 and 6ª represent a plan view and elevation of another magneto-
electric apparatus. t, t, t, is a permanent horseshoe magnet, composed, as in
the former instance, of any suitable number of magnets placed one on the
other; and t, t, represents two round bars or rods of iron enveloped in coils
of copper wire, and secured to the foundation plate a of the apparatus by a
cross bar, bolt, and screw nuts, as shewn in the Drawings. The ends of the
permanent magnet t, t, t, are placed in contact with one of the ends of the
iron bars or rods t¹, t, and the iron plate or bar u, u, is placed in contact with
the opposite ends of the bars or rods t¹, t¹. The plate or bar u, u, is mounted in
bearings, and is furnished with a hand lever v, by which it is worked; but in this
instance, as the plate u is supported from above. he lever v must be raised, in
order to break the contact between the plate u and the ends of the bars or
rods t¹, t¹, so as to produce the electric currents, instead of being depressed as in
the former apparatus; the plate u will also resume its original position by its
own gravity, without the assistance of any extraneous means. By this arrange-
inent and construction of apparatus I am enabled to augment or diminish the
force of the apparatus, by either adding to or decreasing the number of the
pieces of which the magnet t, t, t, is composed. At Fig. 7, I have shewn a
magneto-electric machine of a somewhat different construction, but which will
answer the same purpose. In this case, however, the hand lever vis dispensed
with, and the apparatus is arranged in such a manner that the telegraphic
signals or dots on the paper are produced by merely depressing one of the keys
of a key board, the proper number and arrangement of dots being produced by
the mechanism itself, without further attention from the attendant. In Fig. 7,
which represents a plan view of the machine complete, a, a, a, is the foundation
plate upon which the whole apparatus is mounted, and t, t, is a horseshoe per-
manent magnet, the ends of which are enveloped in coils of copper wire covered

page_text: with cotton; and u, u, is a plate or bar of iron, or armature, fixed on the end of a
rotating shaft, which is mounted in suitable bearings and carries a bevil-toothed
wheel.x. This shaft is also furnished at its opposite end with a winch or
handle, for the purpose of actuating the plate or armature u and other parts
of the apparatus. The plate of iron or armature u, u, is not in contact with
the ends of the horseshoe magnet, but is left to rotate, freely in front thereof,
when turned by the handle at the opposite end of the shaft, the toothed wheel a
gears into a similar toothed wheel on the axle of the screw. y, y, which
is made of wood or other insulating material, and is furnished with an axle
or shaft of brass which passes through it throughout its whole length. A copper
or other metal wire is wound round the wooden screw y, y, at the bottom of
the thread thereof, and is divided at distances into sections of varying lengths,
according to the signals intended to be produced, and metallic contact is
maintained with the brass axle or shaft of the screw: y, y, by means of brass
or other metal pins, which are soldered at one end to the metallic wire outside,
and after passing through the body of the screw are attached at their opposite
ends to the metal axle or shaft in the middle of the screw.
Fig. 8 represents a cross section drawn upon an enlarged scale of this
wooden screw 'y, y, with the copper wire round the same, and the manner
of connecting the wire to the metal shaft inside by means of the metal pins
above mentioned. The red lines on the wooden screw y, y, in Fig. 7, repre-
sent the copper wires which are laid in the threads of the screw; those parts
of the screw which are not furnished with copper wire being left plain. z is a
brass or metal. spring communicating by one extremity with the end of the
copper wire coil of one of the branches of the magnet t, the opposite end of the
spring pressing upon the brass or metal axle or shaft of the screw y, y.
Upon, a long brass or other metal bar A are soldered twenty-seven or more
springs 1, 1, 1, 1, made of brass or iron wire, and these springs are furnished
with finger pieces, on which are marked the twenty-six letters of the alphabet,
and a cross which serves as an index for the numerals; the ends of these
twenty-seven springs are supported against stop pins, which prevent them
from being easily. disarranged... These springs are placed a short distance
above the screw y, y, but are not allowed to remain in contact with it, except
when kept there by the finger of the operator.
In Fig. 9 I have represented a modification of the plan just described. The
magnet t, and the plate of iron or armature u, are arranged in the same
manner as in the machine just described. The shaft or axle of the toothed
wheel a, Fig. 9, is mounted in bearings, and carries a crank or arm with a
long. pin j, extending borizontally from the same, and taking into a forked

page_text: arm 'k on the metal axle or shaft of the wooden screw y, through the whole
length of which the said axle or shaft passes, and is mounted in two bearings,
as shewn in the Figure, in such a manner as to admit of the wooden screw,
and its axle moving laterally in its bearings when required. The outer end
of the shaft' of the wooden screw y bears against a piston, which is always
made to press the shaft of the screw laterally by means of a coiled spring in
the long box C, or by a weight or other suitable means. In one of the
threads of the wooden screw y a single turn of copper or other metal wire
is laid, and is attached in such a manner that the ends of this wire are made
to communicate with the metal axle or shaft inside, by means of metal pins
in the manner shewn in Fig. 8, and already described. To a metal bar A
are soldered, or otherwise secured, nine: rods of steel or other metal wire
which extend from the plate A, under the wooden screw (which, however,
they do not touch), to a box B, containing a number of brass plates arranged
vertically therein, and having their upper edges cut out in a peculiar manner,
as shewn in the detached views, Figure 10. The box B contains twenty-
seven or more of these plates; twenty-six are intended to represent the
letters of the alphabet, and the twenty-seventh to serve as an index for the
figures, which are represented by the same combination of points as the letters.
Now suppose à finger board with twenty-seven keys is adapted to these
twenty-seven plates, although it is not shewn in the Drawing. Upon the
keys of the 'finger board are marked the letters of the alphabet, and the
index for the figures; twenty-seven cords connect the keys of the finger
board with the métal plates of the box B, either of which may therefore be
raised at pleasure, by simply depressing one of the keys of the finger board,
as will be well understood, and by thus raising one of the metal plates of
the box B, by means of the corresponding key of the finger board a corre-
sponding number of the steel wire rods of the bar A, arranged in any suitable
and known manner, will be raised and brought into contact with the under side
of the wooden screw y; and when, by the rotation of this lattér; the wire ring
thereon is brought against these steel wires, metallic contact throughout the
whole apparatus is produced, the circuit is made complete, and the apparatus
for making the audible or visible signals will be thereby brought into play.
Having described the construction and arrangement of the various apparatus
of which my Invention consists, I will now proceed to explain, in order, the
manner in which the same is put into operation. In the first place, let us
suppose that the apparatus for making audible signals is; by: means of a
telegraphic wire and the earth, placed in communication with the apparatus
shewn in Figures 5 and 6, so as to be actuated thereby; then if, by means

page_text: of the hand lever v, the contact of the bar of iron u with the ends of the
magnet is broken, an electric current will be developed in the coils of copper
wire which surround the ends of the magnet t, t (Figures 5 and 6), and by
means of its communication with the electro-magnet 6, 6 (Figures 1 and 2),
the latter will become magnetized in such a manner that the horizontal.
magnet d will be attracted by the left-hand pole, and repelled by the right-
'hand pole of the electro-magnet b, b, and will thereby be made to strike
against the glass vessel and produce a sound that will be distinctly heard
sufficiently far away to attract the attention of an attendant. If the hand
lever vis allowed to rise by the strength of the spring u², the bar of iron u
will again attach itself to the ends of the magnet t, t, and a second electric
current will be developed in the coils of copper wire round the same, but in a
contrary direction to the first, and will therefore magnetize the electro-magnet
b, b, in an opposite direction; then the horizontal permanent magnet & will be
repelled by the left-hand pole of the electro-magnet, and attracted by the right-
hand one, and the horizontal permanent magnet & will therefore be made to
strike and rest against the block of wood h, until the hand lever v is again
depressed. It will therefore be seen that by breaking and making contact
between the bar of iron u and the magnet t, t, of Figures 5 and 6, the
horizontal magnet d (Figures 1 and 2) will be made to vibrate on its centre
and strike the glass vessel f every time the lever is depressed. If thought
necessary, the block of wood h may be replaced by a second. glass vessel
or bell, and thus two sounds may be produced instead of one.
This part of
the apparatus is intended to be employed, as already mentioned, merely for
attracting the attention of the attendants; and in order to do this, it is only
necessary to produce an indefinite number of sounds by the means which have
been just described. But this apparatus may also be employed for transmitting
messages by simply arranging the sounds in groups or sets in the manner here-
after explained, when referring to the dots of ink or color produced by the
apparatus which writes or prints despatches on paper. When once the
attention of the attendant at the end of the telegraphic line is drawn to the
apparatus by means of the audible signal, the communication with the
sounding apparatus is cut off, and that part of the apparatus which prints
I or writes the despatches is by any of the ordinary and well-known means put
in communication with the actuating apparatus, shewn in Figures 5 and 6.
This having been done, the clock movement (shewn in Figures 1 and 2) is
then put in motion, and if the hand lever v (Figures 5 and 6) is depressed, an
electric current will be induced in the coils of copper wire which envelop the
ends of the magnet t, t, and the electro-magnet o, o, of the printing apparatus

page_text: (Figures 1 and 2) becomes magnetized in such a direction that this electro-
magnet o, and the permanent magnet r of the pen, will be found to have their
poles of the same name opposite to each other, and therefore a repelling action
between the two magnets is induced, and by the permanent magnet r of the
pen being repelled the nib of the pen will be raised out of the inkstand and
strike against the paper on the roller m, upon which it makes a dot of ink or
color, and upon allowing the hand lever v (Figures 5 and 6) to assume its
original position a second electric current in an opposite direction will be induced
throughout the whole apparatus, and the pen will descend again into the ink-
stand, ready to make a second dot in a similar manner, and which it will do
every time the hand lever v of Figures 5 and 6 is depressed. These marks
may be made on the paper with great rapidity; and as the roller m, which
carries the paper, has a slow rotary motion communicated to it by the clock
Inovement, the dots may be made to follow each other in rapid succession, and
will, when the despatch is completed, be found to extend round the cylinder in
a spiral direction, as the roller is not only made to revolve round its axis but is
moved gradually in a lateral direction by means of the thin blade n, which is
affixed to one of the bearings or supports, and takes into the thread of the
screw on the axle or shaft of the roller. As the dots or marks of ink or color
are made on the under side of the roller m (Figures 1 and 2) it is found
desirable to place a small mirror or looking-glass × there, in order that the
marks as they are made may be distinctly and immediately seen. Front
and side elevations of a modification of the printing apparatus are shewn
at Figures 11 and 12. In this apparatus the paper on which the telegraphic
despatches are printed or marked is not as in the former instance attached
to a cylinder, but is made in the form of an endless band, similar to the
driving bands of machinery. It is, however, placed over a roller m, which is
actuated by the clock movement, and a small roller or cylinder m* below
serves, by its. weight, to keep the endless band of paper properly stretched
ready to receive the marks of the pen. The small roller m* is not mounted
in bearings but is allowed to rest against the vertical standards 2, 2, for the
purpose of keeping it and the paper steady. The inkstand, pen, and electro-
magnet which actuates the same are mounted in a carriage which is caused to
move slowly in a lateral direction (as indicated by the arrow in Fig. 11)
by means of a screw actuated by a cord extending from the clock movement
above, and passing over a pulley on the end of the screw shaft, as will be well
understood by any intelligent mechanic. This slow lateral motion of the
electro-magnet, together with the pen and its appendages, in conjunction
with the rotary motion of the endless band of paper, is necessary, in order

page_text: that the dots may not be made on the top of each other, but may be arranged
round the paper in a spiral line, precisely as if made on the roller m, Figs. 1,
2, and 3, and already described. It will be evident, that any arrangement of
grouping of the dots made by the pen to indicate letters, figures, or words must
be arbitrary, and left to the discretion of the operátor, who may, for various
reasons, wish to change or modify them, I will therefore only shew the manner
in which I propose to arrange them, leaving to others the liberty of making
any alteration in the combinations that they may think desirable. The
following is the manner in which I propose to arrange the dots to represent
the letters:The figures above the letters denote the number of dots of ink,
whereby the letter below is indicated, and when two figures are used it
denotes that there are two sets in one group, as, for instance, the letter Q has
the figures 2,5 marked over it, and would by the machine be represented
thus: ..
leaving only a small interval between the two sets which
represent one letter, but between the groups which represent different letters a
longer space is made to prevent misconception
The numerals are represented by the groups of dots which are employed to
denote the letters E, I, A, O, U, D, N, L, B, M, each preceded by a group of
six dots, which, not being found in the alphabet, will signify that the succeeding
dots represent some figure.
I will now proceed to explain the manner in which the inagneto-electric
machine represented in Figures 7 and 9 actuates the printing or marking
apparatus above described, and which may also be adapted to the sounding
apparatus. Let us suppose that the armature u is made to rotate by turning
the winch handle, or by any other suitable means, as long as none of the keys
of the finger board are depressed the printing apparatus will not make any
signal, because the electric circuit is not complete; but immediately one of the
.keys (the one marked P for example) is depressed, then the end of the spring
upon which the finger key is fixed enters the thread of the wooden screw ý,
and will be drawn by it in the direction indicated by the arrow. By this
means the spring 1, which carries the letter P, is made to press at first upon

page_text: the copper wire in the thread of the screw, and the circuit being completed by
this means, the printing apparatus is set to work, and a group of dots will be
made, by the pen on the paper; then the end of the spring P will only touch
the wooden part of the screw, and the circuit being broken the pen stops; but
when the spring again touches another copper wire the pen will again act and
make a second group of dots, and will be found to have produced on the paper
two groups, thus, . . ...which represent the letter P, and so on for all the
other letters of the alphabet. When the circuit is complete, the electric
currents pass through the several pieces of the apparatus in the following
manner-Starting from the copper wire coil of the left-hand branch of the
magnet t,.t, Fig. 7, they pass from it through the spring z to the metal axle of
the wooden,screw y, and from that they are communicated, by means of the
pins shewn in Fig. 8, to the copper wire in the threads of the wooden screw,
and from thence they pass through one of the springs 1, 1, to the bar A, and
from thence, (after passing through and actuating the sounding or printing appa-
ratus) they return through the, connecting wire 3, 3, to the right-hand branch of
the magnet t, t, of the apparatus. The axle of the screw y, and the copper wire
that is coiled thereon, together with the springs 1, 1, serve, as has been seen, to
make and break the electric circuit in a suitable manner, in order that the appa-
ratus shewn in Figs. 1, 2, and 3, may be made to produce the different combi-
nations of dots of ink which represent the letters of the alphabet. Now, in
order that the apparatus may make a dot of ink on the paper, it is neces-
sary that the electric circuit should be perfect during the time that the
armature u, u (Figs. 7 and 9), is making one half revolution. During this
time the screw y makes one whole revolution, as the numbers of teeth of the
two bevil-tooth wheels and are in the proportion of 2 to 1. Therefore,
in order that the apparatus may make one, two, three, four, or five dots of ink,
it will be necessary for the copper wire in the threads of. the screw y to be
wound round the screw a corresponding number of turns. The machine
shewn in Fig. 9 is actuated in precisely the same manner as that just
described, but by depressing one of the keys of the finger board, not shewn
in the Drawing, the cord connected therewith will raise one of the twenty-
seven plates (the plate X, for example, shewn in Figs. 10) out of the box B,
and by thus rising will elevate five of the steel wire rods or bars (viz.), the
first, second, fourth, fifth, and sixth, counting from right to left, leaving the
others not raised. The raised rods will enter the threads of the screw y, which
is always kept in rotation, and which, by the rods entering the thread, will
thereby be made to move laterally from right to left; and during this move-
ment the ring of copper wire in the thread of the screw will successfully come.

page_text: in contact with the steel rods or bars, and every time contact takes place the
electric circuit is completed, and the pen of the telegraph makes a corre-
sponding dot; and as all the plates in the box B are so made as so take different
combinations of the rods, it follows that any suitable arrangement of dots may
be made thereby. When the dots for any given letter or word are completed,
and the pressure removed from the key, the steel rods recede from the threads
of the screw, and the plate will fall into the box B, and the screw y will be
pushed back into its original position by the force of the coiled spring in the
box C. I would here observe that certain convential phrases that may be
frequently required may be represented by a combination of any of the signals
which represent the letters, and also that the apparatus shewn in Figs. 7 and 9
may be actuated by a treadle, or by other suitable means, in place of the handle
or winch shewn in the Drawing.
Having now described my Invention, and the manner of carrying the same
into effect, I would observe in conclusion, that although, in order that my
various improvements may be perfectly understood, I have found it necessary
to describe and represent certain parts of electro-magnetic apparatus which
have been heretofore used for similar purposes, yet I do not intend to claim
any such parts as of my Invention, nor do I intend to confine myself rigidly
to the precise arrangement, construction, or operation of the parts herein
shewn and described, as they may doubtless be varied without departing from
the nature and object of my Invention. But that which I consider to be new,
and therefore wish to claim as the Invention secured to me, by the herein-
beforé in part recited Letters Patent, is,-
First, the employment of an electro-magnet to actuate a permanent magnet,
for the purpose of causing the said permanent magnet to strike upon a bell or
glass vessel, or to produce audible signals, as shewn and described.
· Second, I claim the construction, employment, adaptation, and means of
working a pen or marking instrument, such as that above shewn and described,
for marking or printing, by signs or signals, telegraphic messages or despatches,
and also securing the paper on separate drums or cylinders and then placing
these latter on a roller which has a rotary motion communicated to it by a
long pin taking into a forked arm, as shewn. I also claim giving a slow
rotary motion to an endless band of paper, and at the same time imparting to
the pen, inkstand, and its appendages a slow lateral motion, so as to make the
telegraphic signs follow each other in spiral succession.
Third, I claim enveloping the ends of magnets in coils of copper wire, as
shewn in Figs. 5 and 6, and also applying to the ends of the magnets shewn
in Figs. 5 and 6, and also the ends of the iron bars or rods shewn in

page_text: Figs. 5 and 6d (as enveloped in coils of copper wire), a plate or bar of iron u,
which is made to oscillate by means of a lever.
Fourth, I claim constructing an electro-magnetic apparatus, in the manner
shewn at t, t, and u, in Figs. 7 and 9, or any modification thereof, in which an
armature consisting of a plate of iron mounted on an axle or shaft is made to
rotate before the ends of a magnet, the ends of such magnet being enveloped
with coils of copper wire. I also claim the employment of a rotating plate of
iron when applied to a magnet constructed upon the principle shewn in
Figs. dand 6d.
Fifth, I claim the use of a screw y, whether made of wood or any other
insulating material, and whether constructed precisely as shewn in Figs.
7, 8, or 9, or in any other manner substantially the same in principle and
effect, together with the springs 1, 1, Figs. 7 and 8, or the rods or bars and
box of plates B, Fig. 9.
And lastly, I claim the exclusive right to the telegraphic apparatus herein
shewn and described, whether the same or any of the novel parts thereof is or
are used in conjunction with my improved electro-magnetic apparatus, or
whether the said telegraphic apparatus is employed in combination with a
galvanic battery.
In witness whereof, I, the said Pierre Antoine Joseph Dujardin, have
hereunto set my hand and seal, this Sixth day of April, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and forty-eight.