matthewleechen/300YearsOfBritishPatents huggingface dataset:
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PREPARATION OF WOOL TO BE FELTED
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Thomas Lucas and William
Grimshaw at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with
their Petition, on the 23rd September 1868.
We, THOMAS LUCAS, of Bury, in the County of Lancaster, and WILLIAM
GRIMSHAW, of Ashton-under-Lyne, in the said County, Hat and Felt
Manufacturers, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PREPARATION OF WOOL TO BE FELTED," to be as
follows:-
We use an ordinary carding engine for the purpose of placing the
fibres of the wool with thier length in the same or nearly the same
direction, and as the wool leaves the doffer it is received on a table placed
upon a reciprocating carriage; the said carriage traverses the desired
length of a sheet, and when any required number of folds have been
placed on the table the doffer is stopped, and the wool passing from the
doffer is cut to the desired length and now lies on the table, which is
moved on a pivot through any desired angle (we prefer ninety degrees);
the doffer is again set in motion, and another series of folds of wool is
laid on the top of the one before named, and the fibres of wool being now
across each other, and the wool cut as before, the sheet is completed.

page_text: Any desired number of folds may be laid together with the fibre crossing
in the mnner just named, and the sheets are then formed into bats and
shaped as required ready for felting. The wool passes from the doffer
over a roller which delivers it to the carriage, and the said carriage is
actuated by a movable chain or strap passing over pulleys and having
a stud or studs fixed thereon to act on a catch or catches placed on the
carriage so as to give it the desired reciprocating motion. Any other
convenient method that may be found desirable may be used to move
the carriage. We also place a counter in connection with the machine
actuated in such a way that the number of folds and sheets laid may be
ascertained.
The object of our Invention is to lay the fibres of the wool across each
other, by which arrangement the felt, when completed, is made more
uniform in tension and elasticity, and therefore more suitable for hats,
printers' felts, or other purposes for which felt is used.
AN IMPROVED METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR OBTAINING PANORAMIC PICTURES BY MEANS OF PHOTOGRAPHY
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Joseph Raine at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 20th July
1868.
I, JOSEPH RAINE, of Richmond, Yorkshire, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED METHOD OF AND APPARATUS
FOR OBTAINING PANORAMIC PICTURES BY MEANS OF PHOTOGRAPHY," to be as
follows:-
My Invention consists in dividing the camera into two or more equal
parts by means of a division so constructed as to produce a picture with
a soft or vignetted margin, and an arrangement by means of which the
camera, after one view has been obtained, may be moved through such a
degree of space as to cause the margin of the second picture taken so to
superimpose and unite with that of the first as to yield a panoramic view
by the junction of the several pictures thus obtained. The method I
employ to effect this softening of the margin consists in having a
divisional partition in the camera, which division is composed of a metal
or other band with serrated edges and passing over two pulleys, one at
the top and the other at the bottom of the camera. The width of the

page_text: band is so adjusted that when a lens is fitted into each division of the
camera and a sensitive plate is exposed when the camera is pointed at
any uniform body the serrated edge of the band, which must be moved
by means of a handle attached to the axis of one of the pulleys over
which it travels, shall so soften the edges of each picture as to produce a
continuous effect of lighting. To apply this for taking a panorama the
camera is made to rotate upon a table in such a manner that after a
view has been taken on one portion of the plate by means of one lens the
camera is rotated a certain previously determined distance and the
second picture is taken. By the arrangements now described these
pictures will form a continuous panoramic view. The division may be
so formed as to be easily removed, when the camera may be used for
taking views or portraits of the ordinary kind. Instead of having a
separate lens to each division of the camera one lens only, fitted on a
sliding front, may be used.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF VARNISHES
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Alexander Parkes at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents,. with his Petition, on the 25th April
1868..
I, ALEXANDER PARKES, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN THE MANUFACTURE OF VARNISHES," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements. in the manufacture
of varnishes.. In the manufacture of brilliant varnishes, either. colored
or colorless,. I employ compound solvents which dissolve the ordinary
varnish gums much more freely than the solvents. now: in use and.
which evaporate leaving no residue.. The compound solvents. which I.
use consist of rectified mineral naphtha together with alcohol or wood!
spirit, or vegetable naphtha, or tetra-chloride of carbon,. or. bichloride
of carbon, or turpentine.. The mineral naphtha. forms. the bulk of.
the solvent, the other ingredient or ingredients being used in. small
quantity. Varnishes may be thus produced perfectly clear and. trans-
parent; to produce colored varnishes they are mixed with coloring matters..

page_text: To give plasticity and pliability to the varnishes I add to them oils,
and by preference I use castor seed oil; the addition of oil also renders
the solvent more active as respects certain gums.
The solution of the gums may be assisted by heat, the materials
being contained in closed vessels under pressure; these vessels may
advantageously contain mechanical agitators..
IMPROVEMENTS IN PUMPS FOR ACTUATING THE PULP IN PAPER-MAKING MACHINES
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Isaac Blue Harris at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 30th
May 1868.
I, ISAAC BLUE HARRIS, of Edinburgh, North Britain, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, for "IMPROVEMENTS IN PUMPS
FOR ACTUATING THE PULP IN PAPER-MAKING MACHINES," to be as follows:-
Hitherto the spaces in the bellows of such machines where india-
rubber or leather have been used have been covered by circular or square
or polygonal tubes, the longitudinal sections of which have been straight,
in consequence of which they are very readily destroyed by the action or
working of the other parts of such bellows or pumps. These improve-
ments consist in making such tubes so that any longitudinal section of
them shall not be straight, but be curved or partly curved so as to form a
collapsible joint, and partly straight, and composed wholly of leather, or
wholly of soft vulcanized india-rubber, or of partly soft and partly hard
vulcanized india-rubber.

page_text: As a modification of the above smaller tubes may be placed alter-
nately and united with elastic material, such as rubber, so as to form
such larger tubes.
The tubes employed for the purposes of my Invention may be made
by any of the modes hitherto in use for forming india-rubber or leather
into such forms. The materials of which these tubes are made may be
combined with cloth either fibrous or metallic, and may be stayed by
metal rings or washers, or by a helical coil of wire placed either internally
or externally.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLOUGHS
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Adam Buchan at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 23rd July
1868.
I, ADAM BUCHAN, of Hazlehead, near Aberdeen, North Britain,
Blacksmith, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLOUGHS," to be as follows:-
This Invention consists in certain improvements in the construction
of ploughs, and is especially applicable to those which are intended to
be worked with one horse. The frame of the plough is similar in shape
to those ordinarily in use, but is constructed in a lighter manner, and
the mould board is also of the usual form. The sole of the plough is
reduced very much in length, say to six inches or thereabouts.
Immediately behind the sole is a wheel mounted in suitable bearings
attached to the frame so as to run vertically. Behind this vertical wheel
is another smaller wheel, also mounted in suitable bearings attached
to the frame but so as to revolve horizontally. The larger vertical
wheel carries the weight of the plough and removes the friction of the
sole on the ground, whilst the horizontal wheel takes the place of the
side plate in the ordinary plough, and by its horizontal revolution on

page_text: the ground cut by the plough the lateral friction is materially
reduced.
The result of these arrangements is that the friction of the plough
in working is very much less than in the case of ploughs as hitherto
constructed.
AN IMPROVED BINNACLE FOR IRON SHIPS
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Edward Newton at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
8th October 1868.-A communication from abroad by Charles
Ole Olsen, of the City and State of New York, United States of
America.
I, WILLIAM EDWARD NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery
Lane, in the County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED BINNACLE FOR IRON SHIPS,"
to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object the construction of a binnacle for
iron vessels by means of which local attraction will be overcome without
destroying the polarity of the needle.
The Invention consists in providing a receptacle around the compass,
in which the non-conducting matter can be compressed to the requisite
degree. The compass is pivoted within the ring by means of the
pivots by which the ring is hung within a metallic cylinder. This
cylinder is placed in an upright position in an outer larger metallic

page_text: cylinder. The inner cylinder stands on legs or is otherwise supported in
the outer case, and the space between the two cylinders is filled with
glass, metallic oxides, or other non-conducting material, which is com-
pressed therein to such a degree that the polarity of the needle is not
destroyed while the local attraction is completely prevented.
MANUFACTURING SPRING BOOTS FOR HORSES
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Clark at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 18th
September 1868.
.
I, WILLIAM CLARK, of 75, Baker Street, Portman Square, in the
County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "MANUFACTURING SPRING BOOTS FOR HORSES," to be as follows:-
This improvement has for its object the strengthening and support of
horses' weak legs, sprained sinews, tendons, and ligaments, and the pro-
tection of the bones of the leg.
The boot consists of a covering either linen, woollen, silk, or leather,
porous or waterproof, laced, buckled, strapped, or fastened with a spring
or otherwise on the outer side of the leg. That part of the boot which
I specially claim as entirely novel and of my own Invention consists of
a padding of elastic materials, whether hair of the horse or other animal,
feathers, sponge, cork, woollen or linen substances, or a combination of
all or any of these and of any other similar materials of a springy nature,
as india-rubber sheet or tubing, or air inflated from the outside or inside
through a small tube; the said padding applied either on the inside or

page_text: the outside of the boot, and so arranged as to protect the back sinews,
tendons, ligaments, and shin bones of the respective legs to which it is
applied, and the padding to be either in connection with the boot forming
part thereof or separate therefrom.
A NEW OR IMPROVED FIRE ESCAPE
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Smith, John Giddings,
and James Rank at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents,
with their Petition, on the 29th February 1868.
We, WILLIAM SMITH, JOHN GIDDINGS, and JAMES RANK, all of
Hull, in the County of York, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "A NEW OR IMPROVED FIRE ESCAPE," to be as follows:→
This Invention relates to a new or improved construction of fire
escape whereby persons will be enabled to descend from burning
buildings without the assistance of the ordinary district fire escapes,
thus avoiding the danger caused by delay in the arrival of such fire
escapes.
We propose to construct a platform or frame to fit the window or
other part of a building from which it is desired to descend, such
platform or frame being capable of being fastened or secured within
the building; at the projecting end of the platform or frame we attach
a descending apparatus consisting of a series of square wooden or
metal frames secured by cords or chains at each corner, such cords
or chains allowing of the separation of each frame to a distanc
sufficient to form a step, so that when the whole series are lowered

page_text: from the platform a ladder becomes suspended therefrom, by means
of which persons can safely descend. The lowermost of these frames
is provided with a receptacle into which a person may be received
in order to be lowered to the ground.
The apparatus by which the lowering of the ladder and receptacle
is effected consists of a shaft set in bearings at the other end of the
platform. This shaft is provided with a crank or winch handle by
which it may be turned. It carries a grooved winding wheel over
which two coils of rope or chain are taken; these lead through suitable
grooved pullies or guides placed beneath the platform to opposite
sides of each lowering frame, passing through apertures therein down
to the lowest frame; the shaft is provided with a ratchet wheel, and a
stop or bolt is fixed under the platform and gears with the teeth of the
ratchet so as to control the action of the shaft. By these means the
ladder and receptacle can be raised and lowered and stopped at the
required distance, so that one person may lower several others and
afterwards descend himself by the ladder formed by the edges of the
frames.
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR CONVEYING AND REGULATING THE PRESSURE OF STEAM PASSING THROUGH PIPES OR OTHER VESSELS AND TAKING OFF CONDENSED WATER FROM THE SAME
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Edward Billington and William
Jolley at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their
Petition, on the 18th May 1868.-Partly a communication from
abroad by Bernard Auguste Schaeffer and Christian Frederick
Budenburg, of Buckau, Magdeburg, in the Kingdom of Prussia.
We, EDWARD BILLINGTON, of Reddish, in the County of Lancaster,
Engineer, and WILLIAM JOLLEY, of Heaton Norris, in the County of
Lancaster, Foreman, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR CONVEYING AND REGULATING THE
PRESSURE OF STEAM PASSING THROUGH PIPES OR OTHER VESSELS AND TAKING OFF
CONDENSED WATER FROM THE SAME," to be as follows:-
These improvements relate to a valvular arrangement for withdrawing
steam from a high-pressure steam pipe or other vessel for the purpose
of supplying steam of a lower and uniform pressure to, for instance, a
drying cylinder, or for any other purpose, and consists of a series of two
or more double corrugated discs of metal secured together and com-
municating internally with one another and with the interior of the
body of an ordinary diminishing or reducing valve fitted with a double
valve seated in the ordinary manner and connected to the lower end of a

page_text: spindle, upon the upper end of which the upper or topmost corrugated
disc is secured leaving an annular space round the lower corrugated
discs to allow the steam to enter them. The corrugated discs are
enclosed in a cylindrical box at the top of the diminishing valve and
a button is formed upon the outside of the upper disc, upon which a
spiral spring is mounted, the requisite pressure being imparted to such
spiral spring by means of a weighted lever or a screwed spindle turned
by a handle. The action of this apparatus is extremely sensitive for
withdrawing steam at a reduced pressure from a pipe or other vessel
containing steam at a higher pressure. And for withdrawing the con-
densed water from such steam pipes we construct a chamber of any
convenient form which is balanced on one end of a lever working upon
a fixed fulcrum, such chamber communicating with the steam pipe or
other vessel by a length of pipe sufficiantly long to yoild and bend as
such chamber moves up and down. A valve seating is formed at the
lower portion of the chamber upon which is seated a valve, the spindle
of which is arranged to be in almost touching contact with a fixed
stationary stud. An air valve is also arranged at the top of this
chamber.
The action of this apparatus is as follows:-The condensed water
formed in the steam pipes flows down into the chamber, which becoming
heavier in consequence descends and causes the valve at the bottom
to open and allow the water to flow away when the chamber once more
rises and thus closes the valve.
IMPROVEMENTS IN STRAW ELEVATORS TO TAKE STRAW FROM THRASHING MACHINES
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by George Thornton at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 29th
January 1868.
I, GEORGE THORNTON, Farmer, now resident in Chesterfield, in the
County of Derby, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN STRAW ELEVATORS TO TAKE STRAW FROM THRASHING
MACHINES," to be as follows:-
The Invention consists principally in attaching the straw elevator to
the delivery end of the thrashing machine by means of a circular plate
and stud instead of mounting it upon a separate carriage as hitherto
practised. The straw elevator consists of a long light trough having
an endless belt passing over rollers at each end to convey the straw
from the thrashing machine on to the stack. The lower end of this
trough is attached as above described by a circular plate and stud to the
thrashing machine, and the other end is supported on two props which
can be lengthened or shortened to suit the elevation required. The
upper roller of the elevator over which the endless band passes is driven
by an endless cord or band passing round a pulley on one end thereof,
and round another revolving pulley or drum on the thrashing machine.

page_text: By mounting the elevator on the circular plate and stud, it can either
deliver in a straight line from the outlet of the thrashing machine or at
any angle to the right or left; the endless driving cord or belt being
caused to pass round guide pulleys or through guides placed near the
point of junction of the elevator with the machine so as to allow it to
be deflected to the right or left for that purpose.
A straw elevator made according to my Invention is much lighter and
less expensive than those hitherto in use, it can easily be carried by two
men and can be readily and speedily attached to and removed from the
machine.
IMPROVEMENTS IN CHURNS
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Louis Napolcon Le Gras at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 21st January 1868.
I, LOUIS NAPOLEON LE GRAS, of Wardour Street, in the County of
Middlesex, Civil Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN CHURNS," to be as follows:-
My Invention relates to those churns in which an up-and-down
motion in a cylinder is imparted to a perforated plate immersed in the
milk or cream, a tube provided with a valve leading up from the plate
to the top of the cylinder.
My improvements consist, first, in forming this tube with a number
of perforations, and in closing it altogether by a partition or otherwise
at a convenient distance from the perforated plate, the portion of the
tube between the partition and the top of the cylinder not being
perforated; in the down stroke of the perforated plate and tube some
of the milk or cream rushes up the tube, and is discharged through its
perforations against the sides of the cylinder, while in the up stroke air
enters the tube through the perforations.

page_text: My improvements consist, secondly, in the employment of two
perforated plates instead of one, the two plates being connected together
by a cylinder so as to form a sort of box; the perforations in one plate
are connected to those in the other by tubes. The main tube passes
through the middle of both plates. I prefer the two plates when cream t
is acted upon; for milk I prefer a single plate.
My improvements consist, thirdly, in the employment of a plug in
the lower end of the tube, such plug being perforated at the bottom.
My improvements consist, fourthly, in fitting a spring between the
bottom of the cylinder and the perforated plate or plates to assist the
upward movement of the plates and tube.
I prefer to make the perforations in the plates, tube, and plug of
about of an inch in diameter.
IMPROVEMENTS IN PARALLEL RULERS
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by James William Harrison
and Cecil Reeves Harrison at the Office of the Commissioners of
Patents, with their Petition, on the 3rd March 1868.
We, JAMES WILLIAM HARRISON and CECIL REEVES HARRISON, of
156, Hampstead Road, in the County of Middlesex, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
PARALLEL RULERS," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in parallel rulers. With
parallel rulers as at present constructed if it be desired to draw parallel
lines at any set distance the one from the other it is necessary to
measure off the distances with compasses or with some other instrument
before the ruler can be used. To avoid this necessity we graduate the
connecting links of the parallel ruler. For the sake of clearness and
precision we prefer that from each mark or graduation on the link a line
should be drawn across the link, which when the ruler is accurately set
to this mark or graduation will be a continuation of the straight line of
the inner edge of one of the parallel bars; then it will be seen that by
passing this edge of the parallel bar from one graduation to another a
number of parallel lines may be ruled at the distances apart for which

page_text: the scale is made without any previous measurement or setting out. The
different links of the ruler may conveniently be graduated with different
scales. Thus we may graduate one of the links to an eighth of an inch
scale, and the other to a tenth; or more than two connecting links may
be used each with a different scale; or more than one scale may be
graduated on each of the links. Thus it is very convenient to have two
scales on each link, one to work with the inner edge of each of the
parallel bars, or but less conveniently the opposite edges of the links may
be graduated with different scales.
IMPROVEMENTS IN REAPING MACHINES
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Alexander Jack at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 28th
April 1868.
I, ALEXANDER JACK, the younger, of Maybole, in the County of Ayr,
North Britain, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
of "IMPROVEMENTS IN REAPING MACHINES," to be as follows, that is
to say:
This Invention, which relates to improvements in reaping machines,
consists of an arrangement of mechanism whereby the cutters and
delivery rakes may be thrown out of gear simultaneously, and either
two or three delivering rakes may be used to deliver the corn from the
platform when cut. To effect this a large bevil wheel is fitted loose upon
the main driving shaft and gearing into a bevil pinion fixed on a shaft
placed at right angles to the main shaft. On this second motion shaft a
spur wheel which may be either cast in one with the bevil pinion or
separate is fixed, and gears into a pinion which actuates a crank and
gives a reciprocating motion to the knives or cutters. On the opposite
end of the main shaft a bevil pinion is fitted loose gearing into a bevil
wheel fixed on a shaft placed at any convenient angle to the main shaft.

page_text: At the top end of this shaft a disc is fixed on which four sockets are
formed. These sockets are so placed that two of them divide the disc
equally in two parts, and one of these taken with the other two divide
the disc into three parts, the object of this arrangement being that
by placing the delivery rakes in the two first-mentioned sockets the
corn will be delivered twice during each revolution of the disc, or by
placing the rakes in the three sockets the corn will be delivered three
times during one revolution of the disc, and by this means the size
of the sheaves may be regulated. The driving wheels by which the
cutting knives and the rakes are actuated being fitted loose on the
main shaft as herein-before described they are provided with clutches
which slide on feathers fitted into the shaft. The clutches are thrown
out and into gear by means of a lever attached to each clutch and
vibrating on a fulcrum attached to the frame of the reaping machine.
The levers are connected together by a rod at equal distances from the
fulcrum so that both clutches are thrown out of gear at the same time
by moving one lever, and the delivering gearing stops at the same time
as the cutting knives. Instead of actuating the disc which carries the
rakes by bevil wheels as herein-before described it may be placed
further back on the machine and a pitch wheel placed on the main
shaft instead of a bevil pinion driving a pitch wheel on the rake shaft
actuated by a pitch chain, this arrangement being thrown out and into
gear in the manner herein-before described.
Im- PROVEMENTS IN PROPS OR SUPPORTS FOR SUPPORTING THE ROOFS OF COAL OR OTHER MINES
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Job Edwards at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 19th
March 1868.
I, JOB EDWARDS, of Wednesbury, in the County of Stafford, Manu-
facturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "Im-
PROVEMENTS IN PROPS OR SUPPORTS FOR SUPPORTING THE ROOFS OF COAL OR
OTHER MINES," to be as follows:-
My Invention consists in making props or supports for supporting
the roofs of coal or other mines of tubes of wrought iron or steel, the
said tubes being made in the manner commonly practised in the manu-
facture of welded gas tubes or otherwise. I generally make the said
tubes from two inches to three inches in diameter, but I do not limit
myself to any particular dimensions; the said tubes may either be closed
or open at their ends. I prefer however to close the tops and bottoms
of the said tubes by means of solid plugs of wrought iron securely
welded therein and closing the said tubes air-tight.
Where great
bearing surfaces at the tops and bottoms of the tubes are required I
attach cast-iron caps thereto; these caps may be employed both with

page_text: tubes open at top and bottom, and with tubes closed with welded plugs,
as herein-before described.
By the use of props or pillars made according to my Invention the
accidents which frequently occur from the crushing of the ordinary
wooden props
used in coal or other mines are prevented.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SAFETY ENVELOPES
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Herbert William Hart at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
6th February 1868.
I, HERBERT WILLIAM HART, of Norfolk Terrace, Bayswater, in the
County of Middlesex, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SAFETY ENVELOPES,"
to be as follows:-
The object of my Invention is to render the envelopes or coverings
of letters more secure than heretofore, by rendering it impossible to
open the envelope without tearing or otherwise so far injuring the
paper as to make it manifest even to cursory observation that the
envelope has been tampered with. To this end I propose to perforate
more or less the margin or adhesive part of the envelope, so as to render
it more adhesive than those of ordinary manufacture, and so that when
secured it cannot be unfastened without destroying the envelope or
breaking some of the perforations.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF CATARACT AND OTHER LENSES FOR DEFECTIVE VISIONS
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Pugh and James Field
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their Petition, on
the 3rd December 1868.
We, WILLIAM PUGH and JAMES FIELD, both of Bow Street, in the
County of Middlesex, Optical Glass Workers, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION
OF CATARACT AND OTHER LENSES FOR DEFECTIVE VISIONS," to be as follows:-
Heretofore cataract and other lenses for defective visions have been
made of heavy pieces or lumps of glass or pebbles in order to fill the
frame of an ordinary spectacle; now according to our Invention we
obviate the necessity of making the lenses of large pieces of glass.
or pebbles, and obtain at the same time better results than heretofore.
Our Invention consists in the employment of two glasses or pebbles.
one placed on the other and secured together.
Supposing we require a two-inch tinted concave lens, we take a shell
of tinted glass neutral before being cemented and curved on one side

page_text: of the lens, into which we balsam or otherwise fix the second lens, an
equal tint is thus maintained throughout no matter what focus may
be desired. For a non-tinted lens we employ two mediums or lenses
one on the other and balsamed together.
IMPROVEMENTS IN CARRIAGES
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by George Dannett Robinson at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 18th December 1868.
I, GEORGE DANNETT ROBINSON, of 277, Gray's Inn Road, King's
Cross, in the County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of
the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN CARRIAGES," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to certain improvements in what are known as
Stanhope pheatons and waggonettes, whereby the objectionable mode of
getting over the wheel in order to get to the front seat of such carriages
is obviated.
This Invention consists in making one half or a portion of the front
seat moveable so that access to such seat may be obtained from the rear
of such vehicles by simply moving such portion of the seat and
replacing the same.
IMPROVEMENTS IN CANDLES
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by George Roberts at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
13th February 1868.
I, GEORGE ROBERTS, of No. 24, New Tothill Street, Victoria Street,
Westminster, in the County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature
of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN CANDLES," to be as
follows:-
My Invention has for its object to form the lower ends of candles
in such a manner that they shall readily fit the nozzles of candlesticks
that may be of a larger or smaller size than the candle. For thin
purpose I make the lower end of the candle with a series of steps, either
in the form of complete concentric rings, or in the form of projections
at certain distances apart round the candle, or a combination of both
forms may be employed, of which steps the uppermost one is larger
than or projects beyond the upper part of the candle, while the second
one projects rather less, and so on, the lowest one being either rather
smaller than or equal to the diameter of the candle. Such steps or
graduated rings may either be cast upon the candle by having the

page_text: portion of the mould for the lower end of the candle formed in a
corresponding manner, or the candle may be cast with a cylindrical
enlargement or several parallel projections, and the graduated steps be
subsequently cut thereon.
By the above-described means the candle will be enabled to fit
firmly with the one or the other of the different sized rings or steps
into the nozzles of candlesticks of different sizes.
IMPROVEMENTS IN SLEEVE LINKS, WHICH IMPROVEMENTS MAY ALSO BE APPLIED TO OTHER DRESS FASTENINGS, AND FASTENINGS FOR ARTICLES OF JEWELLERY, AND FOR OTHER LIKE PURPOSES
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by George Gopsill at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 18th
January 1868.
I, GEORGE GOPSILL, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick,
Jeweller, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN SLEEVE LINKS, WHICH IMPROVEMENTS MAY ALSO BE APPLIED
TO OTHER DRESS FASTENINGS, AND FASTENINGS FOR ARTICLES OF JEWELLERY,
AND FOR OTHER LIKE PURPOSES," to be as follows:-
My Invention consists of the arrangement or combination of parts
herein-after described of a fastening for sleeve links, which improved
fastening may also be applied to the fastening of articles of jewellery
and dress, as well as to the fastening of bags, portemonnaies, the ends
of rings for "Albert" and guard chains, and various other articles.
I will describe my Invention as applied to the fastening of a sleeve
link; a bar is hinged to the back of the body of the sleeve link in the
usual manner, and the free hooked end of the said bar when the sleeve
link is to be fastened is shut down, and snaps into a small hollow
cylinder fixed on the back of the sleeve link, the opening in the top
of the said cylinder having an edge under which the hooked end of

page_text: the bar engages. In order to unfasten the sleeve link it is necessary
to disengage the hooked end of the hinged bar from under the edge of
the cylinder described, when it springs out of the said cylinder, and
the said bar may be turned upon its joint, and the sleeve link is
unfastened. This liberation of the hooked end of the hinged bar is
effected in the following manner:-In the lower end of the said hollow
cylinder is a small cranked lever, the two arms of which are nearly at
right angles to one another. One of the said arms engages behind the
hooked end of the bar, and the other arm of the said lever protrudes
through a slot in the front of the hollow cylinder. By pressing the
thumb or finger nail on the protruding arm of the said lever the other
arm raises the hooked end of the hinged bar from under the edge of
the hollow cylinder, when the said edge. of the bar springs out of the
hollow cylinder, and the sleeve link is unfastened.
The application of my improvements to the other purposes herein-
before enumerated differs in no essential respect from its application to
sleeve links.
IMPROVED BREAKING AND CRUSHING AND HAMMERING MACHINERY USEFUL FOR CRUSHING STONE AND MINERALS, AND HAMMERING IRON, STEEL, BRASS, COPPER, AND OTHER SUBSTANCES, AND IN FORMING WROUGHT STEEL BELLS
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Benjamin Farmer at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 15th
February 1868.
I, BENJAMIN FARMER, of Barrow-in-Furness, in the County of
Lancaster, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVED BREAKING AND CRUSHING AND HAMMERING MACHINERY USEFUL FOR
CRUSHING STONE AND MINERALS, AND HAMMERING IRON, STEEL, BRASS, COPPER,
AND OTHER SUBSTANCES, AND IN FORMING WROUGHT STEEL BELLS," to be as
follows:-
This machinery consists of a hollow block with a number of holes
(17 for instance), with a hammer having a jagged face piece let into
it when lifted up by the action of a steam cylinder and piston which
forms part of this machinery; the stone or material to be crushed or
acted upon is put into the hollow space in the block, the jagged part
of the hammer coming down into the hollow of the block crushes the
stone or material through the holes aforesaid. The cylinder should be
made to rest on the top of two iron columns, and be stayed by iron
rods. The columns to have a groove in each to keep the piston rod
in direct motion to the cylinder. A lever is provided, having the

page_text: hammer attached at one end and an oscillating link at the other end.
It is preferred to have three blocks of wood bolted together, 6 inches
thick, for all the ironwork to rest on, and bolted through the same;
also to have blocks of wood a foot square to keep the columns and
cylinder clear of the hammer block, likewise other blocks of wood
under the hammer block which will form a square for the broken stone
to drop through. For the foundation of the above stone blocks should
be used. A portable or fixed boiler working in connection with the
cylinder and lever aforesaid (the piston rod being connected with the
latter) may be adopted. By substituting a plain hammer piece for
the jagged face piece of the hammer, hammering or forging of various
kinds may be effected.
For forming wrought steel bells a block of the exterior form of the
bell is to be substituted for the hollow block with the number of holes
aforesaid, a hammer piece of the interior form of the bell being used
in lieu of the jagged hammer piece. In all cases hammer picces would
be used of shapes corresponding with the object to be accomplished by
using them.
IMPROVEMENTS APPLICABLE TO STEAM BOILER AND OTHER FURNACES
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Alfred Vincent Newton at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
22nd February 1868: A communication from abroad by William
Heary Nobles, of St. Paul, in the State of Minnesota, and Milton
Vorse Nobles, of Elmira, in the State of New York, United States
'of América.
I, ALFRED VINCENT NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery
Lane, in the County of Middlesex, Mechanical Draughtsman, do hereby.
declare the nature of the said. Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS APPLICABLE
TO STEAM BOILER AND OTHER FURNACES," to be as follows:→
The object of this Invention is to conduct the heat and smoke from
and to the fire-place in one continuous course so that the smoke shall
pass through the grates, assisting the combustion of the escaped gases,
giving a greater degree of heat, which is controlled by the spray of
commingled steam and water, whilst the cinders and ashes are being
regularly and continually discharged, so that the course of the draught
is not interrupted.
The Invention has further for its object the utilizing of the heat
radiated from the furnace by rendering the said heat available for
warming apartments or buildings adjacent to the furnace.

page_text: According to the first part of this Invention the gases of combustion
and floating particles of solid matter after circulating through the
furnace flues are drawn into a fan case (or it may be a pump), and
discharged therefrom through a suitable channel into the ash-pit of the
furnace. The fan case is enclosed in an outer case, which is supplied
with water to keep the fan case cool, and the fan spindle is made
hollow and pierced so as to discharge into the fan case jets of water,
which will find their way to the ash-pit together with the fine ash or
cinder drawn into the fan case. Mounted in the bottom of the
ash-pit is a horizontal wheel to which rotary motion is given for the
purpose of discharging into an adjacent pipe the ashes that fall from
between the bars of the fire-place, and are brought down by the draught
of air and streams of water from the fan case. An upturned pipe
leading from the fan case may be used to conduct off the heated gases
therefrom and heat an adjacent apartment; the return of this pipe
should be to the ash-pit. The furnace is to be furnished with a chimney
and damper as usual.
In those cases where the steam generator is or may be enclosed within
a chamber of masonry, which may be done with stationary steam
generators, the walls are to be lined with pipes which communicate with
a fan case. These pipes will form hot-air conducting pipes, and by the
revolutions of the fan in the connected case the hot air in the chamber
may be drawn therefrom and conducted to any adjacent compartment
or building.
IMPROVEMENTS IN FILLING THE SPACES BETWEEN THE BEAMS OR JOISTS OF IRON. FLOORS AND CEILINGS
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by George Davies at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 10th July.
1868. A communication from abroad by Vincent Garcin and
Auguste Bourlier, both of Paris, France, Merchants.
I, GEORGE DAVIES, of No. 1, Serle Street, Lincoln's Inn, in the
County of Middlesex, and No. 87, St. Vincent Street, in the City of
Glasgow, Civil Engineer and Patent Agent, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN FILLING THE SPACES
BETWEEN THE BEAMS OR JOISTS OF IRON. FLOORS AND CEILINGS," (a commu-
nication to me from abroad by Vincent Garcin and Auguste Bourlier,
both of Paris, France, Merchants,) to be as follows:-
This new system of filling for floors and ceilings of iron consists of
hollow filling pieces of peculiar form made of brick earth pressed into
moulds and dried in the air without burning, placed between the iron
beams or joists of the flooring or ceiling. These filling pieces have their
sides oblique and made so as to fit or lock together, the ends being by.
preference made perpendicular, they are secured by means of plaster or
cement poured into the joints, hollows, or recesses, being made at

page_text: intervals for that purpose. The filling pieces are hollow or perforated
longitudinally. The side pieces which abut against the beams or joists
have one side perpendicular and the opposite side sloping inwards and
downwards. The intermediate pieces have parallel sloping sides, and the
centre filling piece is of a tapering or wedge shape, so that when the
filling pieces are fitted together between the iron beams or joists they
form a self-sustaining flat arch, of which the centre piece is the key.
The beams or joists are connected together at intervals. by means of
cross ties or bolts. By this new system we dispense with coatings of
plaster, and we effect a great economy of labor and workmanship, at
the same time that we have lightness and solidity combined with
complete impermeability to sound..
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR PROPELLING VESSELS
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Henri Adrien Bonneville at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 2nd May 1868.-A communication from Edouard Maître,
residing at Veauxaulles, in the Empire of France, Gentleman.
I, HENRI ADRIEN BONNEVILLE, of the British and Foreign Patent
Offices, 18, Rue de la Chaussée d'Antin, Paris, in the Empire of France,
and 10, Sackville Street, Piccadilly, in the County of Middlesex,
Patent Agent, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR PROPELLING VESSELS."-A communication
from Edouard Maître, a person resident at Veuxaulles, in the Empire of
France, aforesaid, Gentleman, to be as follows :-
The improvements communicated to me consist in placing at the
bottom of ships, boats, and other. vessels along their whole length from
stem to stern and at the lowest part a cylindrical or such like capacity,
the two extremities of which are open at the fore and aft of the vessel.
This capacity is divided in the middle of its length by a transversal
partition, and the two separate parts are made to communicate by means
of a lift and force pump actuated by a steam motive power. The water

page_text: is sucked up into the capacity in front and forced from the stern part
by means of the pump, and this double action of sucking and forcing
propels the ship or vessel. Perforated metal plates and flood gates are
situate at the extreme point of the extremities of the cylindrical or
other capacity, the object of which is to break and moderate, if desired,
the force of the current of water entering and running out. The com-
munication between the two separate parts is established by the pump
chamber, which is provided with one or more orifices for the sucking,
and with one or several orifices for the forcing.
IMPROVEMENTS IN REFINING OR PURIFYING OILS AND IN THE APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Pearson and
James William Young at the Office of the Commissioners of
Patents, with their Petition, on the 28th January 1868.
We, JOHN PEARSON, of Jewin Street, in the City of London, Oil
Refiner, and JAMES WILLIAM YOUNG, of Portland Terrace, Regent's
Park, in the County of Middlesex, Oil Merchant, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN REFINING OR
PURIFYING OILS AND IN THE APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN," to be as
follows:-
The main object of this Invention is to purify oils (chiefly petroleum
oil) and prepare the same for lubricating purposes. In operating
upon petroleum oil we pass it first through a hot water bath, in which
it is caused to deposit the earthy matter which it may contain, and it
is then fit for admission to an animal charcoal filter. The vessel for
washing out the earthy matters in the oil is fitted with a false bottom,
and by means of a pendent pipe the oil is led down to the bottom of
the hot water vessel and discharged below the false bottom, whence by
reason of its small specific gravity it will rise, passing through the
surrounding column of hot water to the upper part of the vessel. The

page_text: hot water is supplied from an adjacent boiler by a pipe fitted with a
stop cock, and a second pipe similarly fitted is connected to the bottom
of the vessel for drawing off the waste water and deposit. Above the
level at which the hot water is maintained is a pipe for leading off the
oil as it ascends freed from the gross impurities, which are caused to
deposit rapidly by the action of the hot water on the oil. The oil
thus far purified is now conducted below a filter bed formed of animal
charcoal, and it is forced up through the bed and drawn off therefrom
by means of a pump. In this state the oil is fit for ordinary use as
a lubricant. When however the oil is intended for special use, as the
lubrication of delicate machinery like watch work, it is subjected to
a further process of purification, and we may here remark that the
process applies not only to refined petroleum or mineral oils, but also
to animal and vegetable oils. The oil is run from a supply tank to a
chamber containing lead cuttings, and it is here retained for, say, 48
hours more or less. The action of the lead is to cause a deposit of
impurities chiefly through the chemical action of the lead upon the
oil or its ingredients. The oil is next run through a vessel containing
a mixture of bone black, chalk, and silver sand, and fitted with a stirrer
which will cause the intimate admixture of the oil with the filtering
materials. As the oil percolates from this vessel it is conducted to a
funnel filter lined with filtering paper and passing slowly through the
perforated sides of the funnel it is collected and submitted to another
or two or more similar filters, whereby the required degree of purification
is obtained. The oil may then be run into barrels or otherwise stored
for sale or use.