IMPROVEMENTS IN OBTAINING HYDRAULIC AND OTHER CEMENTS FROM RESIDUUMS OR WASTES
Year: 1864

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Israel Swindells, of Wigan, in the County of Lan-
caster, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN OBTAINING HYDRAULIC AND
OTHER CEMENTS FROM RESIDUUMS OR WASTES."
Sealed the 10th January 1865, and dated the 15th July 1864.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Israel Swindells at tho
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 15th
July 1864.
I, ISRAEL SWINDELLS, of Wigan, in the County of Lancaster, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN OBTAINING
HYDRAULIC AND OTHER CEMENTS FROM RESIDUUMS OR WASTES," to be as
follows:-
This Invention relates to the use of those residuums generally known as
blue waste, chrome residuum or waste, and slags produced from the manu-
facture of pig or cast iron.
In the treatment of alkali waste, which I prefer taking fresh from the
alkali or black ash vats, I separate the rough cinders and other carbonaceous
substances by passing the waste over a wire sieve of about eight wires to the
the
square inch, motion being given to the sieve either by hand or power;
sieve must be placed in a suitable vessel containing either hot or cold water,
but by preference near the boiling point. I place the sieve at an elevation,
so as to have a fall of about three inches to the foot, the rough part of the
cinders or carbonaceous matter will pass over the wire, being delivered at the

page_text: outside of the vessel, and the finer part of the wastes will pass through the
wire and subside. I then withdraw the sediment which has passed through
the wire, and finding the sediment deficient of silica, alumina, and sometimes
lime, I add these compounds either in a powdered or pulped state about ten per
cent. of a good silecious clay which will make a good cement, and I also add
from five to ten per cent. of lime should the sediment require it. These com-
pounds must be well mixed together by any suitable means, dryed and calcined
in a reverberatory furnace until the desired result is obtained; upon an
average a charge will require about four hours; a portion may be withdrawn
from the furnace, and tested to ascertain if the desired union of the various
compounds has taken place. I prefer to stir the charge from time to time,
say, twice in each hour, when this is properly attended to, the cement must
be then withdrawn and ground in the usual manner.
In treating chrome waste, which contains lime, silica, alumina, oxide of
iron, and other compounds, I take, say, one measure of the chrome waste, and
one measure of the sediment already described, and mix them together in a
wet or dry state, by preference the wet, calcined as described, and ground
after being withdrawn from the furnace. In treating chrome waste, I also
take six measures of waste, and one measure of fine ground or sifted coal,
or any other carbonaceous matter suitable for the purpose, and add one per
cent. of sulphur. In practice I find this generally sufficient, but in some cases
two per cent. may be used. I then mix these compounds well together, and
dry or calcine as already described.
In the treatment of slag, which consists of silcate of alumina and lime
with various proportions of sulphide and sulphate of lime and other matters,
I reduce the slag to fine powder, and add 30 per cent. of lime, and 10 per
cent. of carbonaceous compounds, by preference fine coal, I then mix these
compounds, and dry and calcine as described.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Israel Swindells in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 18th
January 1865.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, ISRAEL
SWINDELLS, of Wigan, in the County of Lancaster, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Fifteenth day of July, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-four, in the twenty-eighth year of Her

page_text: reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said Israel Swindells, Her special license that I, the said Israel Swindells,
my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Israel
Swindells, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during
the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,
and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN OBTAINING
HYDRAULIC AND OTHER CEMENTS FROM RESIDUUMS OR WASTES," upon the con-
dition (amongst others) that I, the said Israel Swindells, my executors or
administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of
their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature
of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed,
and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within
six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Israel Swindells, do hereby declare the
nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement (that is to say):-
My Invention relates, first, to the treatment of alkali wastes, residuum,
or what is commonly called blue waste after the manufacture of soda ash or
soda for the production of cements.
Secondly, to the treatment of chrome residuum or waste for the production
of cements.
Thirdly, to the treatment of chrome residuum or waste, and alkali waste by
mixing them together for the production of cements.
Fourthly, to the treatment of slag produced by the manufacture of pig or
cast iron, for the production of cements.
In treating alkali waste I proceed in the following manner :-I take the
waste after the rough soda asb liquor has been washed out, and pass the
said waste through a riddle or sieve having about four wires to the square
inch, the sieve having been previously placed in a vessel containing water
either hot or cold, but I prefer the water to be as near the boiling point as
possible. I then pass the waste over this wire sieve, which may be
agitated either by hand or steam power, so that all the fine particles of the
waste may pass through. The rough cinders and other matters are passed
over the wire, and made to fall outside the aforesaid sieve. The dimensions
of this sieve must be calculated according to the quantity of waste requiring

page_text: to be passed through, and the solution, which is sulphide of lime, is to be with-
drawn from time to time, when both sulphur and sulphurous acid may be
obtained by any of the well-known methods. When the finer particles of the
waste have subsided in the vessel, it may then be removed for the further
process. The sediment must then be tested for lime, which is. generally
found to be deficient. I find this waste usually requires not less than
twenty per cent. of hydrate of lime, the waste generally containing from thirty
to forty per cent. of lime in various conditions. I grind this. sediment under
edge stones, or the common mortar mill stones may be used. I first ascertain
the weight of sediment to be operated upon before adding the lime, after
adding the lime as required, I add twenty per cent. of good clay containing
not less than ten per cent. of alumina. I then grind these substances together
under the edge stones for not less than fifteen minutes for each charge. I do
not confine myself to the proportions before mentioned, because the wastes
vary in their amount of lime, and therefore I add more or less lime, as the
case may be. After grinding these substances together, I remove the mass to
be dried, and then burn or calcine the mixture in any convenient furnace,
preferring a reverbatory furnace for this purpose. I find that four hours
is about the time required for the proper calcination of the mixture at a
bright red heat, but it is not at any time to be brought up to a white heat,
because it is liable to flux if heated too much. A portion should be with-
drawn from time to time, and tested by reducing it to powder, and mixing it
with water to ascertain its setting qualities, and should the above directions
be attended to the cement will generally set in about ten minutes. After the
mixture is sufficiently calcined it is withdrawn from the furnace, and when
cooled I grind it under edge stones, and pass it through a sieve of not less
than twenty-four wires to the square inch, after which it is to be packed in
suitable barrels or casks. When undergoing calcination in the furnaces I
stir the mixture not less than once in each hour, but prefer it to be stirred
twice in the hour. In using clay I prefer the best quality, for should the
common brick clay be used, a larger quantity will be required, say, not less
than twenty-five to thirty per cent.
.
My Invention relates, secondly, to the manufacture of cement from chrome
waste or residuum after the manufacture of bi-chromate of. potash, or any of
the chrome salts. I find this chrome waste generally contains the proper
amount of lime, silica, alumina, and peroxide of iron, all suitable for making
good cement. I prefer using measures in this instance, and operate as
follows: I take, say, four measures of the aforesaid chrome waste, and one
nicasure and a half of coals, slack, cinders, or any other carbonaceous matter

page_text: containing carbon, and then grind these two substances under edge stones as
before mentioned in the manufacture of cements from alkali waste until the
mixture is properly incorporated together into a pasty mass. Some chrome
residuums coutain chromates, and when these abound to any considerable
extent I add one per cent. of sulphur, more or less, but generally I find that
carbon is all that is requisite to decompose and unite the various matters
when undergoing calcination in the furnace. When the waste and carbo-
naceous matters have been ground together under the aforesaid edge stones,
the mass may then be dried and calcined as already described in the making
of cement from alkali waste. I find in the making of this cement for testing.
when undergoing calcination in the furnace that the cement sometimes turns,
green, and will be found deficient in setting qualities. Should this green
appearance manifest itself, more additional slack or carbonaceous matter must
be added when ground together under the edge stones in the wet state. In
the calcination of this cement I find that the same heat and stirring is suffi-
cient to combine or unite the various substances together as was described for
the alkali waste mixture. When the cement is withdrawn from the furnace,
it is then to be ground and sifted as described in the making of cement from
alkali waste. Some of the chrome wastes which have been made from rich
ores, I find to be deficient in alumina, and the waste may be also deficient in
lime, because all the chrome manufacturers do not use one uniform quantity;
when this is the case, more lime and aluminous clays are then to be added
when ground together in the wet state. This may be easily ascertained by
testing the chrome waste before making the cement. I find by practice that
should the chrome waste be deficient in alumina or clay the cement will not
be bydraulic, that is, not setting in or under water: The aforesaid chrome
waste generally contains from ten to fifteen per cent. of aluminous clays, or
the alumina is in combination with silica forming silicate of alumina and
silicate of lime. In the manufacture of these cements there should always be
present not less than fifteen per cent. of aluminous clays, and about forty-five
to fifty per cent. of hydrate of lime; but I do not confine myself to the use of
hydrate of lime in the making of these cements, as carbonate of lime, such as
chalk and limestone, may be substituted according to their relative values in
various localities, and if these should be used instead of hydrate of lime double
the quantity will in such cases be required.
My Invention relates, thirdly, to the manufacture of cement according to
the following method:-I take equal measures or equal weights of chrome
waste and alkali waste, namely, after the lime and clay have been added to
them, and then grind these two compounds together under edge stones, adding

page_text: the proper proportion of coals, slack, or any other carbonaceous matter
according to the number of measures or weight of chrome waste used as
before described in the making of cement from chrome waste, grinding into a
pasty state, which is afterwards dried and calcined as aforesaid, and then to
be ground under edge stones, and sifted in the usual manner.
My Invention relates, fourthly, to the manufacture of cement from dross or
slag after the manufacture of pig or cast iron. This slag consists of silica,
alumina, and compounds of lime. I take the slag and grind it by any convenient
process to fine powder, and then mix and grind together under edge stones about
sixty per cent. of slag powder, thirty per cent. of hydrate of lime, and ten per
cent. of coals or slack, or any other carbonaceous matter, and grind them
together to a pasty state, after which the compound is dried and calcined as
before described. Or I take four measures of fine ground slag, three measures
of slaked lime, and one measure of coals or slack, or any other carbonaceous
matter, and grind them together under edge stones, taking care that the lime
is used immediately it has fallen into soft powder. I do not confine myself
to the quantity of lime in the making of this cement, because the slag varies
very much in the amount of lime present. To make the slag cement hydraulic
I add the requisite amount of clay of good quality, say, not less than twenty
per cent., but should the clay be inferior I add thirty per cent. If an ordinary
fire-clay be used twenty-five per cent. will be found to be sufficient to make
the cement hydraulic. When clay is used, about twenty per cent. more lime
must be used. I take four measures of ground slag, four measures of lime
just fallen into powder, one measure of coals, slack, or any other carbonaceous
matter, and one measure of good ordinary fire-clay, and then grind them
together, and proceed as before described regarding calcination and grinding
under edge stones, and sifting as directed in the making of cements from
alkali waste.
Having now described the nature of my said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, I desire it to be understood that I
claim,―
First, the manufacture of cement from alkali wastes by the use of clays, and
lime, or chalk.
Secondly, the manufacture of cement from residuum or wastes from the
making of bi-chrome or the chromates, by the use of coals, slack, or any
other carbonaceous matter and sulphur.
Thirdly, the manufacture of cements by mixing together the chrome waste
and alkali waste, by the use of lime or chalk, clay and coals or slack, or any
other carbonaceous matter.

page_text: And, fourthly, the manufacture of cement from slag or dross from the
manufacture of iron, by the use of lime or chalk, clay and coals, or any other
carbonaceous matter, as such improvements are berein described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Israel Swindells, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twelfth day of January, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-five.
Signed, sealed, and delivered by the
within-named Israel Swindells in
the presence of
E. J. HUGHES,
Patent Agent,
ISRAEL SWINDELLS. (Ls.)
Manchester.