IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR GENERATING. REGULATING, MEASURING AND DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC CURRENTS AND ELECTRIC ENER
Year: 1883

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Andrew Gray of Glasgow in the County of Lanark,
North Britain, Assistant to the Professor of Natural Philosophy in the
University of Glasgow and Thomas Gray of Glasgow aforesaid, Electrician,
for an Invention of IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR GENERATING.
"
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Andrew Gray and Thomas
Gray at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 6th June 1883.
ANDREW GRAY of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark North Britain Assistant
to the Professor of Natural Philosophy, in the University of Glasgow, and THOMAS
GRAY, of Glasgow, aforesaid Electrician "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR
GENERATING, REGULATING, MEASURING AND DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC CURRENTS AND
ELECTRIC ENERGY
This Invention relates to Improvements in apparatus for generating, regulating,
measuring and distributing electric currents and electric energy.
The first part of the Invention consists of improved apparatus for producing and
utilizing electrical currents and electrical energy-It consists of an armature of the
form hereinafter described made of copper wire or copper strip which can be
made by rotatory motion given to it by an external motor to move across the lines
of force between the poles of a series of field magnets arranged as hereinafter
described. This arrangement of field magnets which forms one chief part of our
Invention will be best understood by imagining a row of any number of equal
magnets placed side by side at equal distances apart with the ends of the said
magnets in line with one another. Another row of magnets precisely similar
except that it may contain one magnet more or one magnet less and parallel to the
first mentioned row is now to be imagined having its line of centres at a distance
from the line of centres of the first row less than the length of each magnet so
that their poles overlap those of the first row, and having their poles so turned

page_text: that between every two, say, south poles of the first row there is situated a north
pole of the second row.-A third row of magnets may be imagined similarly placed
exactly opposite the magnets of the first row, but at such distance that their poles
overlap those of the second row, the overlapping portions of adjacent poles having
opposite polarity as before, and so on for any number of rows.- -Now taking any
even number of rows we may imagine each row to form, as it were, one side of a
body of prismatic shape, every section of which at right angles to the axis of the
prism resembles a polygon of as many sides as there are rows of magnets. Thus
numbering the edges of such a prism, or lines in which the sides meet, 1, 2, 3, and
Bo forth, the first row of magnets gives one row of like, say of north poles, along
the edge 1,-and a row of south poles along the edge 2.-These south poles along
the edge 2, are overlapped by the north poles of the second row of magnets the
south poles of which are along the edge 3, and are there overlapped by the south
poles of the third row of magnets and so on according to the number of sides
constituting the prism, the north poles of the first row along edge 1, of the prism
being overlapped by the south poles of the last row of magnets. This sufficiently
explains the principle of the disposition of the field of magnets in the apparatus
but it is to be understood that the reference to the external form of the arrange-
ment as being polygonal or prismatic is above or hereinafter made, only for purposes
of explanation, as the magnets may in some cases be curved to any convenient
degree, and hence the external form of the apparatus called here prismatic may be
of any shape, as for example cylindrical, also when we curve the field magnets to a
sufficient extent two rows only thereof may be used to constitute the field magnets
of the apparatus.-Each magnet may consist of one or more bars of iron surrounded
with magnetising coils of copper wire or copper strip, which, when there are more
than one, are placed side by side parallel to one another at a little distance apart
along their length, and terminating at each end in a soft iron pole-piece; or instead
of iron bars surrounded with magnetising coils of copper wire or copper strip, we
may use one or more hard steel bars permanently magnetised and terminating in
soft iron pole pieces, or we may use any convenient combination of steel bars and
of soft iron as the cores of the electro-magneta-These pole-pieces may be described
as sector shaped in the planes of cross section of the prismatic form of the apparatus
that is, they have roughly the form of the space cut out of two concentric polygons
each of as many sides as there are rows of magnets, (one of these polygons corre-
sponding to the outer form of the apparatus the other being near the axis,) by two
radial lines drawn to points in two adjacent sides of the outer polygon at equal
distances from one of its corners. Each pole-piece may be notched on one side so
as to receive the ends of the bar electro-, or permanent, or composite magnets to
which it is fixed, without its being necessary to bevel the ends of these magnets to
fit the side of the pole-piece, or alternatively these pole-pieces may be made in one
piece with the bars on which the coils of the electro-magnets are wound.-The two
faces of each pole piece in the planes of section of the prismatic arrangement are
worked smooth and truly straight in the radial direction and are slightly rounded
except at the middle part of each face in the direction at right angles to the radial
direction where the face is plane, and these faces in the various magnets form the
overlapping portions of the magnets of each row, which portions are, or may be,
opposed surfaces of soft iron placed a short distance apart."
Every alternate row of magnets is carried by cross-bars running at right angles
to the length of the magnets and attached to the fixed framework of the apparatus,
and each magnet of the remaining rows is attached rigidly to a central bar, which
runs along the axis of the prismatic form of the apparatus, and forms a fixed
shaft round which the armature hereinafter described rotates.
Whether the magnets used be permanent or electro-magnets, or a combination of
permanent and electro-magnets, their polarity being as above described, there is
produced a magnetic field between the overlapping faces of the pole-pieces (the
adjacent pole-pieces of which are opposite in their polarity) in which, if a con-
ductor forming part of a closed circuit be moved, an electro-motive force may be

page_text: produced and a current made to flow in the circuit.-In order to intensify the
electro-motive force thus produced we use a form of armature by which this result
s obtained to a sufficient degree at a moderate speed of rotation, while the
resistance of the armature remains so low that in ordinary working circuits only,
small portion of the energy generated is expended in heating the armature itself.―
The armature consists of a series of strips or wires of copper made so as to form,
what may be described as a hollow drum, shaped as if it were composed of
alternate portions of two cylinders of different diameters with their axes in line,
the pieces of larger and smaller diameter being connected by annular discs.-The
construction of this armature will be understood by following the course of one'
strip which may be supposed to lie in a radial plane passing through one set of
pole-pieces of the field magnets, of which the outside one of the row belongs to a
magnet attached to a set of outer bars.-The strip passes radially between the two
first adjacent pole-pieces to the outside, then across the outer end of the second
pole-piece, in the same line of pole-pieces to the field between it and the third
pole-piece then radially between these pole-faces to the inside, then across the inner
end of the third pole-piece, then to the outside in the field between the third and
fourth pole-pieces, and so on alternately out and in to the other end of the armature,
where it passes to another row of pole-pieces as for example, the diametrically
opposite row in the polygonal arrangement and thence in the same zig-zag fashion
to the end from which it started.-The shape thus given to the strip is, when the
strip runs along two diametrically opposite sides of the armature, that of a longi-
tudinal section of the armature through the axis, and the armature is made up of.
such strips placed side by side with their axes, as nearly as possible, coincident,
and the strips are insulated from one another except at certain places as hereinafter
described, and supported by being rigidly attached at their re-entrant portions, or
portions nearest to the axis, by means of rings or other fastenings, to tubes or
collars, which also form bushes, surrounding the axial bar supporting one half of
the magnets as described above, and strengthened by rings suitably attached at the
periphery of the outer portions.
The armature thus made is free to rotate round the axial bar, the cylindrical
portions of smaller diameter passing under the magnets carried by the outside bars
of the framework and those of larger diameter round the outside of the magnets
carried by the axial bar.-The greater portions of the lengths of the wires or strips
are thus made to cut across the lines of force of the fields given by the magnets,
and it will be apparent on a consideration of the polarity of the magnetic system,
that the direction in which the wire or strip moves across each field
the case of the two halves of the strip running along diametrically opposite sides
of the armature, and provided half the number of rows of pole-pieces is an odd
number, tends to produce a difference of electrical potential between the middle
and the two ends of any one strip of the armature above described.
such as in
In one way of arranging this armature the middle parts of all the strips are
formed by a metallic boss, while the other ends are insulated from one another
and attached to the bars of a cylindrical commutator of the usual form.-A brush
or collector made to press on the central boss to which all the strips or wires are
attached at one extremity of the armature may be made to form one terminal of
the apparatus, while another brush made to press at a place properly situated
relatively to the magnetic system, on the commutator revolving beneath it forms
another terminal.
It is evident that the brush rubbing on the boss at one end of the armature may
form a common terminal for as many independent circuits as there are rows of
magnetic poles in the system, the other terininals being brushes rubbing on the
commutator at places corresponding to these poles.-Again any two adjacent
brushes on the commutator may be used as the terminals of a circuit which in this
case will develop twice the electro-motive force which exists between the terminals
above described, or we may use for the same purpose as terminals any two brushes
separated from one another on the commutator by an even number of other brushes
2

page_text: supposing that there is on the commutator one brush for each row of poles.-We
may also in some cases in order still further to allow the electro-motive force in
the circuits to be varied place commutators in some or all of the re-entrant portions
of the armature and place brushes or collectors to rub on these at the proper
places.
Should the apparatus not be required to feed more than half the greatest number
of available circuits which may be obtained by the arrangement above described
each pair of diametrically opposite bars of the commutator may be put into
metallic contact with one another thus reducing the resistance of the armature.―
One brush or collector is made to press on the boss, and forms one terminal of the
circuits fed by the apparatus, the other terminals being brushes or collectors on the
commutator at proper places relatively to the magnetic system.
As another method of utilizing the apparatus we may suppose the commutator
bars divided into as many sets as there are rows of magnet poles, each set con-
taining the same number of bars.-The first bar of one set is to be taken as a
terminal of the section of the armature to be thus made and the first bar of the
second set joined to the first of the third set, the first of the fourth set to the first
of the fifth set and so on, the first of the last set to be the second terminal.-At
the other end of the armature the extremity of the wire or strip attached to the
first commutator bar of the first set is attached to the extremity of the wire or
strip attached to the first bar of the second set, the extremity of the first wire or
strip of the third set to the extremity of the first wire or strip of the fourth set
and so on so that a closed circuit may be formed by joining the terminal com-
mutator bars arranged as above described. The second bars and corresponding
wires or strips of each set are to be joined in the same manner to form a second
section, the third bars and corresponding wires or strips to form a third section
and so on, there being as many sections as there are bars in each set.-The bars of
the commutator are pressed on by brushes or collectors at the proper places to carry
off the current to the working circuit.
The arrangement herein before described is suitable for an armature consisting of
one layer of wire or strip, but the armature may be made of several layers, each
layer being joined together in the manner above described, and joined in series or
in multiple are according to any convenient arrangement.
Again considering any two lines of poles, preferably an adjacent pair, or, as a
possible arrangement, a pair separated from one another by an even number of
other lines of poles we may wind wire or strip, properly supported, longitudinally
along a line on the armature to one end across that end to a line corresponding in
distance from the first line to the distance between two lines of poles separated as
above described, and back along that line to the first end, then across to the first
line and round in nearly the same path until a coil of as many convolutions as is
desired, is formed.-The terminals of the coil are joined to commutator bars,
and the whole armature is built up of similar coils, the extremities of which are
attached to commutator bars so arranged as to give a continuous current when
touched by brushes or collectors properly placed.
The apparatus above described may be used either as a generator of electricity
or as an electric motor worked by a current from a generator, and in either case
when the electro-magnets are used, the field magnets may be joined in series with
the armature, or as a shunt on the armature, the resistance of the magnet coils
being properly adjusted to suit the required arrangement.
When the apparatus hereinbefore described especially when it is of large
dimensions or is feeding a large number of circuits and requires great driving
power so that there would be great pull exerted in one direction on the shaft by
the belts or ropes if it were driven from a single pulley in the ordinary way, we
drive the apparatus by means of a series of belts or ropes acting on pulleys fixed
on the re-entrant portions of the armature, these belts or ropes being driven from
motors or counter-shafts so arranged that the pull is distributed in different
directions round the axis about which the armature rotates; or we may use either

page_text: by themselves or in combination with the herein before described arrangement of
pulleys acted on by belts or ropes on the re-entrant portions of the armature, a
series of pulleys at one end or at both ends of the armature acted on by belts or
ropes driven by motors or counter shafting so arranged that the pull is distributed
in different directions round the axis of rotation of the armature.
The second part of the Invention consists in improvements or simplification in
apparatus described by us in our Specification Nº 3441 AD. 1882, and refers to
applications of a continuous endless motor, as for instance, the one therein described
in connection with an arc electric lamp.-As the result of our experience we find
that a continuous endless motor, (such for example as the Gramme ring referred to
in the above mentioned Specification or a Siemens armature similarly placed
between the poles of an electro-magnet,) may in some cases be used with other
governing apparatus for regulating the feed of the carbons or the length of the arc
in an electric arc lamp.--We use such a continuous endless motor in combination
with governing apparatus other than that set forth in our aforesaid Specification,
and which may for example be an air fly or a set of vanes turning in a liquid or
a friction governor or any other suitable and convenient form of governing
appliance.
In order to adjust the relation between the motive power of the motor and the
opposing motive power of the gravitation forces on the carbon holders in order to
ensure the highest efficiency of the lamps, we may either vary the mass of the
carbon holders or we may make such an arrangement that the points of the
commutator at which the current enters and leaves the armature of the motor
may be varied relatively to the fixed magnetic poles or that only a part of the
current flowing through the arc passes through the electro motor or that the
resistance in the circuit of the fine wire coil of the electro motor when a fine wire
coil is employed as is the case when more than one arc lamp is used in series can
be changed by introducing external resistances.
In order to facilitate the adjustment of the carbons in an arc lamp, and to
render the lamp more compact and easily fitted with a lantern we sometimes take
the cords or wires which carry the upper carbon holder over a pulley fixed at a
sufficient height above the axis of the motor or above the feeding mechanism to
allow the guides, along which the upper carbon holder slides, to be placed in a tube
above the lantern which covers the lamp.-The guide in this case may consist of
the tube itself or of any convenient arrangement of guiding rods.-The lower end
of the upper carbon is made to pass through a hole in a plate placed below the
slide just referred to and fixed to a second slide which may be a tube telescoping
into the above mentioned slide tube.-The second guide tube is, when the lower
carbon is fixed allowed to descend (by means of a cord passing over a pulley in
gear with the motor or feeding mechanism) at nearly enough the same rate as the
lower carbon is consumed.-In this arrangement no guide rods pass the arc and
consequently shadows are avoided while at the same time carbons of great length
can be used without inconvenience.
When the lamp is arranged for constant focus the lower carbon holder is raised
along slide rods fixed to the frame of the lamp, while the upper end of the lower
carbon may pass loosely through a hole in a plate fixed to the guide rods.-The
plate through which the lower end of the upper carbon passes is in this case fixed.
The third part of the Invention consists of a counter of such a nature as is
suitable for use in combination with one of the arrangements of current meter and
the energy meter described in our Specification N° 3441 A.D. 1882.
In one form of this instrument a cone is made to move in the direction of its
axis by the centrifugal force of a mass or masses carried on one or more levers
hinged to one of the shafts of the wheel-work of the meter.-This cone is made
by means of gearing to the wheelwork of the motor, to revolve round its axis at
a rate proportional to the rate of motion of the liquid drum or its equivalent in
the meter while by properly shaping the cone, any desired function of the number
of turns of the cone is recorded by means of a friction wheel the edge of which is

page_text: made to bear constantly against the side of the cone and the axis of which is
in gear with an ordinary counter.-The counter for this purpose is either
suspended or otherwise arranged so that it presses by gravity or by the force of
a spring or weight against the surface of the cone.
The fourth part of our Invention consists of an improved apparatus for
regulating the amount of electricity flowing through an electric circuit or the
electro-motive force between two points of the circuit of a dynamo or other
generator.
In an arrangement of this apparatus an endless motor and liquid regulating
apparatus, such for example as those described in connection with our electric arc
lamp in our Specification N° 3441 of 1882, is used for introducing resistance into
an electric circuit with the object of rendering the current or electro motive force
uniform. In the case of dynamos the resistance may be introduced either into
the main circuit or if the coils of the magnets be in a shunt circuit, the resistance
may be put into this shunt circuit, or if a separate exciter be used for the
magnets the resistance may be introduced into the circuit of the exciter or other-
wise in such a manner as will ensure the object desired.-The liquid in the
regulating drum or its equivalent is taken advantage of for the purpose of making
electrical connection with the different parts of the set of resistances hereinafter
more particularly described. In order to effect this, wires are passed through one
side of the drum (preferably the side, next the axis of the drum that is to say in
the inner wall enclosing the annular space) and are made to project such a distance
from that side that the liquid comes into contact with them in succession as the
drum is moved round.-The outside edge of the drum or a metallic ring round the
drum in continued contact with the liquid, is brought into contact with one
terminal of the apparatus through one of the bearings of the drum, which may
be an anti-friction roller, while one end of the set of resistances is led through
the other bearing of the drum to the other terminal.-The shaft is in two portions
insulated from each other.-The resistances above referred to may consist of iron
or German silver wire or any other suitable substance and they may be wound on
a drum or made up into a bobbin of any convenient form.-They are in this
particular form of the apparatus carried on the same shaft with the regulating
drum, the whole being so arranged that the system turns with sufficiently nearly
equal freedom at any part of a turn and that the electro-magnetic forces remain
sufficiently nearly constant for the same electro-motive force or current at any part
of a turn;
When the instrument is intended to regulate currents the whole or any
proportion of the current is sent through the coils of the motor and the force
is balanced by a weight hung by a cord which passes over a pulley on the shaft
of the motor. When the instrument is intended for the regulation of the electro-
motive force between any two points or leads or main conductors of a system the
coils of the motor are made of high electric resistance and they are put on as a
derived circuit between the two points or main conductors.
The instrument may be applied to regulate the amount of energy being supplied
to au electric circuit by causing it to change the electro-motive force, or the current
or both. In this case one part, as for instance the armature of the motor must be
of low resistance and be placed in the main circuit while the other part must have
a high electric resistance and be placed in a derived circuit.
For the purpose of distributing current or electrical energy especially when the
mains or conductors require to be of large dimension, we use the following
improved forms of electric light mains or conductors which provides a compact
and comparatively inexpensive form of conductors or mains and at the same time
renders them free from inductive action on other electrical conductors in their
neighbourhood. The improvement consists in making one of the conductors in the
form of a tube and placing the other which may be either in the form of a rod or
tube inside but insulated from the first.-The outside tube may be either placed
underground in a trench or placed in a trough and this trough may be filled with

page_text: insulating material preferably an insulating material which melts at a moderate
temperature, such as, asphaltum, or the conductor may be supported above ground
on insulators or otherwise as may be found most suitable in particular cases.-The
inside conductor is usually insulated from the tube by means of rings of insulating
material such as paraffined wood placed at short distances apart along the rod but
in some cases the annular space between the two conductors may be filled with an
insulating material such as asphaltum.
Branches to the above mains are of the same construction and are firmly attached
to the mains by screwing and soldering or by soldering, or in any other suitable
manner.
Switch boxes are provided in the branches near the junction with the main
conductors and in other parts of the branches or mains as may be desired, by
making part of the tube in the form of a metallic box and placing a suitable
stop-cock or switch in the other main, the box being covered by a water tight lid
formed by soldering a plate on the top of the box, or by screwing a plate firmly
down on proper packing placed on the edge of the box.-This stop-cock or switch is
turned by means of a rod which passes through the lid of the box and is provided
with an inverted cup which rests with its edge in a notch or frame with a high
flange inside the cup formed on the top of an insulating washer so as to form a
water tight joint.
The electrical contact portion of this stop cock consists of a suitable disc of
sufficient dimension having two plates of insulating material let into diametrically
opposite sides. This disc works between two strong springs of sufficient thickness
to carry the current.
In order to prevent damage by expansion or contraction of the conducting rods
or tubes due to heating or cooling, we introduce bends at convenient distances in
the tube or rods.
The sections of the tubes and rods are united together by screwing and soldering
or by equivalent means.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Andrew Gray and Thomas Gray in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 6th December 1883.
ANDREW GRAY of Glasgow in the County of Lanark, North Britain, Assistant
to the Professor of Natural Philosophy in the University of Glasgow and THOMAS
GRAY of Glasgow aforesaid, Electrician "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR
GENERATING, REGULATING, MEASURING AND DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC CURRENTS AND
ELECTRIC ENERGY
Our said Invention relates to Improvements in apparatus for generating,
regulating, measuring and distributing electric currents and electric energy.
The first part of our said Invention consists of improved apparatus for producing
and utilizing electrical currents and electrical energy. It consists of an armature
of the form hereinafter described, made of copper wire or copper strip which can
be made by rotatory motion given to it by an external motor to move across the
lines of force between the poles of a series of field magnets arranged as hereinafter
described. This arrangement of field magnets which forms one chief part of our
Invention will be best understood by imagining a row of any number of equal
magnets placed side by side at equal distances apart with the ends of the said
magnets in line with one another. Another row of magnets precisely similar except
that it may contain one magnet more or one magnet less and parallel to the first
mentioned row, is now to be imagined having its line of centres at a distance from
the line of centres of the first row less than the length of each magnet so that
their poles overlap those of the first row, and having their poles so turned that
between every two, say, south poles of the first row there is situated a north pole
of the second row. A third row of magnets may be, imagined similarly placed
exactly opposite the magnets of the first row, but at such distance that their poles
overlap those of the second row, the overlapping portions of adjacent poles having
opposite polarity, as before, and so on for any number of rows.
Now taking any
even number of rows we may imagine each row to form, as it were, one side of a
body of prismatic shape, every section of which at right angles to the axis of the
prism resembles a polygon of as many sides as there are rows of magnets. Thus
numbering the edges of such a prism, or lines in which the sides meet, 1, 2, 3, and
so forth, the first row of magnets gives one row of like, say of north poles, along
the edge 1, and a row of south poles along the edge 2. These south poles along
the edge 2, are overlapped by the north poles of the second row of inagnets, the
south poles of which are along the edge 3, and are there overlapped by the south
poles of the third row of magnets, and so on according to the number of sides
constituting the prism, the north poles of the first row along edge 1, of the prism
being overlapped by the south poles of the last row of magnets. This sufficiently
explains the principle of the disposition of the field of magnets in the apparatus,
but it is to be understood that the reference to the external form of the arrange-
ment as being polygonal or prismatic, is above or hereinafter made, only for
purposes of explanation, as the magnets may in some cases be curved to any
convenient degree, and hence the external form of the apparatus called here
prismatic may be of any shape, as for example cylindrical, also when we curve the
field magnets to a sufficient extent two rows only thereof may be used to constitute
the field magnets of the apparatus. Each magnet may consist of one or more bars
of iron surrounded with magnetising coils of copper wire or copper strip, which,
when there are more than one, are placed side by side parallel to one another at a
little distance apart along their length, and terminating at each end in a soft iron
pole-piece; or instead of iron bars surrounded with magnetising coils of copper

page_text: wire or copper strip, we may use one or more hard steel bars permanently
magnetized and terminating in soft iron pole pieces, or we may use any convenient
combination of steel bars and of soft iron as the cores of the electro-magnets.
These pole-pieces may be described as sector shaped in the planes of cross section
of the prismatic form of the apparatus, that is, they have roughly the form of the
space cut out of two concentric polygons each of as many sides as there are rows
of magnets, (one of these polygons corresponding to the outer form of the apparatus,
the other being near the axis) by two radial lines drawn to points in two adjacent
sides of the outer polygon at equal distances from one of its corners.
Each pole-
piece may be notched on one side so as to receive the ends of the bar electro-, or
permanent, or composite magnets to which it is fixed, without its being necessary
to bevel the ends of these magnets to fit the side of the pole-piece, or alternatively
these pole-pieces may be made in one piece with the bars on which the coils of the
electro-magnets are wound. The two faces of each pole-piece in the planes of
section of the prismatic arrangement are worked smooth and truly straight in the
radial direction and are slightly rounded except at the middle part of each face in
the direction at right angles to the radial direction where the face is plane, and
these faces in the various magnets form the overlapping portions of the magnets of
each row, which portions are, or may be, opposed surfaces of soft iron placed a
short distance apart.
Every alternate row of magnets is carried by cross-bars running at right angles
to the length of the magnets and attached to the fixed framework of the apparatus,
and each magnet of the remaining rows is attached rigidly to a central bar, which
runs along the axis of the prismatic form of the apparatus, and forms a fixed shaft
round which the armature, hereinafter described, rotates.
Whether the magnets used be permanent or electro-magnets, or a combination
of permanent and electro-magnets, their polarity being as above described, there is
produced a magnetic field between the overlapping faces of the pole-pieces (the
adjacent pole-pieces of which are opposite in their polarity) in which, if a conductor
forming part of a closed circuit be moved, an electro-motive force may be produced
and a current made to flow in the circuit. In order to intensify the electro-motive
force thus produced, we use a form of armature by which this result is obtained to
a sufficient degree at a moderate speed of rotation, while the resistance of the
armature remains so low that in ordinary working circuits only a small portion of
the energy generated is expended in heating the armature itself. The armature
consists of a serious of strips or wires of copper made so as to form, what may be
described as a hollow drum, shaped as if it were composed of alternate portions of
two cylinders of different diameters with their axes in line, the pieces of larger and
smaller diameter being connected by annular discs. The construction of this
armature will be understood by following the course of one strip which may be
supposed to lie in a radial plane passing through one set of pole-pieces of the field
magnets, of which the outside one of the row belongs to a magnet attached to a set of
outer bars. The strip passes radially between the two first adjacent pole-pieces to
the outside, then across the outer end of the second pole-piece, in the same line of
pole-pieces to the field between it and the third pole-piece, then radially between
these pole-faces to the inside, then across the inner end of the third pole-piece, then
to the outside in the field between the third and fourth pole-pieces, and so on
alternately out and in to the other end of the armature, where it passes to another
row of pole-pieces as for example, the diametrically opposite row in the polygonal
arrangement and thence in the same zig-zag fashion to the end from which it
started. The shape thus given to the strip is, when the strip runs along to
diametrically opposite sides of the armature, that of a longitudinal section of the
armature through the axis, and the armature is made up of such strips placed side
by side with their axes, as nearly as possible coincident, and the strips are insulated
from one another except at certain places as hereinafter described and supported by
being rigidly attached at their re-entrant portions, or portions nearest to the axis,
by means of rings or other fastenings, to tubes or collars, which also form bushes,

page_text: surrounding the axial bar supporting one half of the magnets as described above,
and strengthened by rings suitably attached at the periphery of the outer portions.
The armature thus made is free to rotate round the axial bar, the cylindrical
portions of smaller diameter passing under the magnets carried by the outside bars
of the framework, and those of larger diameter round the outside of the magnets
carried by the axial bar. The greater portions of the lengths of the wires or strips
are thus made to cut across the lines of force of the fields given by the magnets,
and it will be apparent on a consideration of the polarity of the magnetic system,
that the direction in which the wire or strip moves across each field is such as in
the case of the two halves of the strip running along diametrically opposite sides
of the armature, and provided half the number of rows of pole-pieces is an even
number, tends to produce a difference of electrical potential between the middle
and the two ends of any one strip of the armature above described.
In one way of arranging this armature the middle parts of all the strips are
formed by a metallic boss, while the other ends are insulated from one another
and attached to the bars of a cylindrical commutator of the usual forin. A brush
or collector made to press on the central boss to which all the strips or wires are
attached at one extremity of the armature may be made to form one terminal of
the apparatus, while another brush made to press at a place properly situated
relatively to the magnetic system, on the commutator revolving beneath it forms
another terminal.
It is evident that the brush rubbing on the boss at one end of the armature may
form a common terminal for as many independent circuits as there are rows of
magnetic poles in the system, the other terminals being brushes rubbing on the
commutator at places corresponding to these poles. Again, any two adjacent
brushes on the commutator may be used as the terminals of a circuit which in this
case will develop twice the electro-motive force which exists between the terminals
above described, or we may use for the same purpose as terminals, any two brushes
separated from one another on the commutator by an even number of other
brushes, supposing, that there is on the commutator one brush for each row of
poles. We may also in some cases, in order still further to allow the electro-
motive force in the circuits to be varied, place commutators on some or all of the
re-entrant portions of the armature and place brushes or collectors to rub on these
at the proper places.
Should the apparatus not be required to feed more than half the greatest
number of available circuits which may be obtained by the arrangement above
described, each pair of diametrically opposite bars of the commutator may when
half the number of rows of pole pieces is an even number be put into metallic
contact with one another thus reducing the resistance of the armature. One brush
or collector is made to press on the boss, and forms one terminal of the circuits fed
by the apparatus, the other terminals being brushes or collectors on the commutator
at proper places relatively to the magnetic system.
At
As another method of utilizing the apparatus, we may suppose the commutator
bars divided into as many sets as there are rows of magnet poles, each set
containing the same number of bars. The first bar of one set is to be taken as a
terminal of the section of the armature to be thus made and the first bar of the
second set joined to the first of the third set, the first of the fourth set to the first
of the fifth set, and so on, the first of the last set to be the second terminal.
the other end of the armature the extremity of the wire or strip attached to the
first commutator bar of the first set is attached to the extremity of the wire or
strip attached to the first bar of the second set, the extremity of the first wire or
strip of the third set to the extremity of the first wire or strip of the fourth set,
and so on, so that a closed circuit may be formed by joining the terminal com-
mutator bars arranged as above described. The second bars and corresponding
wires or strips of each set are next to be joined in the same manner to form a
second section, then the third bars and corresponding wires or strips to form a
third section, and so on, there being as many sections for the corresponding part

page_text: of one revolution as there are bars in each set, and as hereinafter described the
connections being made as the armature revolves.-The bars of the commutator
are pressed on by brushes or collectors at the proper places to carry off the current
to the working circuit.
The arrangement hereinbefore described, is suitable for an armature consisting of
one layer of wire or strip, but the armature may be made of several layers, each
layer being joined together in the manner above described, and joined in series or
in multiple arc according to any convenient arrangement.
Again, considering any two lines of poles, preferably an adjacent pair, or, as a
possible arrangement, a pair separated from one another by an even number of
other lines of poles we may wind wire or strip, properly supported, longitudinally
along a line on the armature to one end across that end to a line corresponding in
distance from the first line to the distance between two lines of poles separated as
above described, and back along that line to the first end, then across to the first
line and round in nearly the same path until a coil of as many convolutions as is
desired, is formed. The terminals of the coil are joined to commutator bars, and
the whole armature is built up of similar coils, the extremities of which are
attached to commutator bars so arranged as to give a continuous current when
touched by brushes or collectors properly placed.
The apparatus above described may be used either as a generator of electricity
or as an electric motor worked by a current from a generator, and in either case,
when the electro-magnets are used, the field magnets may be joined in series with
the armature, or as a shunt on the armature, the resistance of the magnet coils
being properly adjusted to suit the required arrangement.
When the apparatus hereinbefore described, especially when it is of large
dimensions or is feeding a large number of circuits, and requires great driving
power, so that there would be great pull exerted in one direction on the shaft by
the belts or ropes, if it were driven from a single pulley in the ordinary way, we
drive the apparatus by means of a series of belts or ropes acting on pulleys fixed
on the re-entrant portions of the armature, these belts or ropes being driven from
motors or counter shafts so arranged that the pull is distributed in different
directions round the axis about which the armature rotates; or we may use either
by themselves or in combination with the herein before described arrangement of
pulleys acted on by belts or ropes on the re-entrant portions of the armature, a
series of pulleys at one end or at both ends of the armature acted on by belts or
ropes driven by motors or counter shafting so arranged that the pull is distributed
in different directions round the axis of rotation of the armature.
The second part of our Invention consists in improvements or simplification in
apparatus described by us in our Specification N° 3441 A.D. 1882, and refers to
applications of a continuous endless motor, as for instance, the one therein described
in connection with an arc electric lamp. As the result of our experience we find
that a continuous endless motor, (such for example as the Gramme ring referred to
in the above mentioned Specification, or a Siemens armature similarly placed
between the poles of an electro-magnet,) may in some cases be used with other
governing apparatus for regulating the feed of the carbons or the length of the
arc in an electric arc lamp. We use such a continuous endless motor in combination
with governing apparatus other than that set forth in our aforesaid Specification,
and which may for example be an air fly or a set of vanes turning in a liquid
or a friction governor or any other suitable and convenient form of governing
appliance.
In order to adjust the relation between the motive power of the motor and the
opposing motive power of the gravitation forces on the carbon holders in order to
ensure the highest efficiency of the lamps, we may either vary the mass of the
carbon holders, or we may make such an arrangement that the points of the
commutator at which the current enters and leaves the armature of the motor may
be varied relatively to the fixed magnetic poles, or that only a part of the current
flowing through the arc passes through the electro motor, or that the resistance in

page_text: the circuit of the fine wire coil of the electro motor when a fine wire coil is
employed as is the case when more than one arc lamp is used in series, can be
changed by introducing external resistances.
In order to facilitate the adjustment of the carbons in an arc lamp, and to render
the lamp more compact and easily fitted with a lantern we sometimes take the
cords or wires which carry the upper carbon holder over a pulley fixed at a
sufficient height above the axis of the motor or above the feeding mechanism to
allow the guides, along which the upper carbon holder slides, to be placed in a
tube above the lantern which covers the lamp. The guide in this case may consist
of the tube itself or of any convenient arrangement of guiding rods. The lower
end of the upper carbon is made to pass through a hole in a plate placed below
the slide just referred to, and fixed to a second slide which may be a tube tele-
scoping into the above mentioned slide tube. This second guide tube is, when the
lower carbon is fixed, allowed to descend (by means of a cord passing over a pulley
in gear with the motor or feeding mechanismn) at nearly enough the same rate as
the lower carbon is consumed. In this arrangement no guide rods pass the arc
and consequently shadows are avoided, while at the same time carbons of great
length can be used without inconvenience.
When the lamp is arranged for constant focus, the lower carbon holder is raised
along slide rods fixed to the frame of the lamp, while the upper end of the lower
carbon may pass loosely through a hole in a plate fixed to the guide rods.
plate through which the lower end of the upper carbon passes is in this case
fixed.
The
The third part of the Invention consists of a counter of such a nature as is
suitable for use in combination with one of the arrangements of current meter and
the energy meter described in our Specification N° 3441 A.D. 1882.
In one form of this instrument a cone is made to move in the direction of its
axis by the centrifugal force of a mass or masses carried on one or more levers
hinged to one of the shafts of the wheel work of the meter. This cone is made
by means of gearing to the wheelwork of the motor, to revolve round its axis at a
rate proportional to the rate of motion of the liquid drum or its equivalent in the
meter while by properly shaping the cone, any desired function of the number of
turns of the cone is recorded by means of a friction wheel the edge of which is
made to bear constantly against the side of the cone, and the axis of which is in
gear with an ordinary counter. The counter for this purpose is either suspended
or otherwise arranged so that it presses by gravity or by the force of a spring or
weight against the surface of the cone.
The fourth part of our Invention consists of an improved apparatus for regulating
the amount of electricity flowing through an electric circuit or the electro-motive
force between two points of the circuit of a dynamo or other generator.
In an arrangement of this apparatus, an endless motor and liquid regulating
apparatus, such for example, as those described in connection with our electric arc
lamp in our Specification No 3441 of 1882, is used for introducing resistance into
an electric circuit with the object of rendering the current or electro-motive force,
uniform. In the case of dynamos, the resistance may be introduced either into
the main circuit, or if the coils of the magnets be in a shunt circuit, the resistance
may be put into this shunt circuit, or if a separate exciter be used for the magnets
the resistance may be introduced into the circuit of the exciter or otherwise in
such a manner as will ensure the object desired. The liquid in the regulating
drum or its equivalent is taken advantage of for the purpose of making electrical
connection with the different parts of the set of resistances hereinafter more
particularly described. In order to effect this, wires are passed through one side
of the drum (preferably the side next the axis of the drum that is to say, in the
inner wall enclosing the annular space) and are made to project such a distance
from that side that the liquid comes into contact with them in succession as the
drum is moved round. The outside edge of the drum or a metallic ring round the
drum in continued contact with the liquid, is brought into contact with one

page_text: terminal of the apparatus through one of the bearings of the drum, which may be
an anti-friction roller, while one end of the set of resistances is led through the
other bearing of the drum to the other terminal. The shaft is in two portions
insulated from each other. The resistances above referred to may consist of iron
or German silver wire or any other suitable substance and they may be wound on
a drum or made up into a bobbin of any convenient form. They are in this
particular form of the apparatus, carried on the same shaft with the regulating
drum, the whole being so arranged, that the system turns with sufficiently nearly
equal freedom at any part of a turn and that the electro-magnetic forces remain
sufficiently nearly constant for the same electro-motive force or current at any
part of a turn.
When the instrument is intended to regulate currents, the whole or any
proportion of the current is sent through the coils of the motor, and the force is
balanced by a weight hung by a cord which passes over a pulley on the shaft of
the motor. When the instrument is intended for the regulation of the electro-
motive force between any two points or leads or main conductors of a system, the
coils of the motor are made of high electric resistance, and they are put on as a
derived circuit between the two points or main conductors.
The instrument may be applied to regulate the amount of energy being supplied
to an electric circuit by causing it to change the electro-motive force, or the current,
or both. In this case one part, as for instance, the armature of the motor must
be of low resistance and be placed in the main circuit while the other part must
have a high electric resistance and be placed in a derived circuit.
For the purpose of distributing current or electrical energy, especially when the
mains or conductors require to be of large dimensions, we use the following
improved forms of electric light mains or conductors which provides a compact
and comparatively inexpensive form of conductors or mains, and at the same time
renders them free from inductive action on other electrical conductors in their
neighbourhood. The improvement consists in making one of the conductors in the
form of a tube and placing the other, which may be either in the form of a rod or
tube, inside, but insulated from the first. The outside tube may be either placed
underground in a trench or placed in a trough and this trough may be filled with
insulating material preferably an insulating material which melts at a moderate
temperature, such as, asphaltum, or the conductor may be supported above ground
on insulators or otherwise as may be found most suitable in particular cases.
inside conductor is usually insulated from the tube by means of rings of insulating
material such as paraffined wood placed at short distances apart along the rod, but
in some cases, the annular space between the two conductors may be filled with an
insulating material such as asphaltum.
The
Branches to the above mains are of the same construction and are firmly
attached to the mains by screwing and soldering or by soldering, or in any other
suitable manner.
Switch boxes are provided in the branches near the junction with the main
conductors and in other parts of the branches or mains as may be desired, by
making part of the tube in the form of a metallic box and placing a suitable stop-
cock or switch in the other main, the box being covered by a water tight lid
formed by soldering a plate on the top of the box, or by screwing a plate firmly
down on proper packing placed on the edge of the box. This stop-cock or switch
is turned by means of a rod which passes through the lid of the box and is pro-
vided with an inverted cup which rests with its edge in a notch or frame with a
high flange inside the cup formed on the top of an insulating washer so as to form
a water tight joint.
The electrical contact portion of this stop-cock consists of a suitable disc of
sufficient dimension having two plates of insulating material let into diametrically
opposite sides. This disc works between two strong springs of sufficient thickness
to carry the current.
In order to prevent damage by expansion or contraction of the conducting roda

page_text: or tubes due to heating or cooling, we introduce bends at convenient distances in'
the tube or rods.
The sections of the tubes and rods are united together by screwing and soldering,'
or by equivalent means.
And in order that our said Invention may be properly understood we now
proceed more particularly to set forth the system, mode or manner in or under
which the same is or may be used or practically carried into effect, reference being.
had to the accompanying drawings and to the Letters and Figures marked thereon,'
that is to say :-
Figures 1, and 2, are respectively a plan and a side elevation of a dynamo
electric machine constructed according to, and constituting the first part of our
present invention.
Figures 3, and 4, are respectively a horizontal and a transverse section of
the same.
Figures 5, 6, and 7, are respectively a front elevation a side elevation, and an
elevation of the back of an arc lamp provided with mechanism constructed
according to and constituting the second part of our present invention.
Figure 8 is a front elevation of a counter constructed according to and constituting
the third part of our present invention.
Figures 9, and 10, are diagrammatic views of regulating mechanism constructed
according to and constituting a further part of our present Invention.
t
Figures 11, 12, and 13, are sections of electrical conductors and of a switch box
constructed according to and constituting a further part of our present invention.
One arrangement of the magnets and armature of our dynamo electric machine
is shewn at Figures 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively in plan, side elevation, horizontal
section and transverse section.-The transverse section (Figure 4,) shews the
arrangement of the magnets in a dynamo electric machine in which there are six
magnets in the round of the machine and therefore six lines of pole faces situated
longitudinally upon the machine.-Three of the magnets, that is to say, every
alternate magnet in the circumference has (in the section of the dynamo shewn at
Figure 4) pole faces a, a, and magnetising coils b, b, while the portions of the
armature c, c, conceal from view the other three magnets which may be taken as
completing the round. The nearer pole-faces of the inner magnets are shewn
at a, a, the farther pole faces of the same pole pieces are overlapped by the nearer
pole faces, (which have respectively opposite polarity,) of the magnets concealed from
view by the armature c, which passes between these pole faces.-The magnet pole
pieces a, a, and the coils bb, are carried by the central shaft d, the three magnets
which may be taken as completing the round by the bars e, e, placed at each line
of pole pieces. Each bar e, is made of iron and every pair of bars are connected in
the manner shewn in the drawing by magnetising coils which develop magnetic
polarity in each of the bars e, e, of a kind opposite to that of the adjacent row of
pole pieces of the magnets carried by the central axis.
Figures 3, and 4, shew the arrangement of the magnets in each longitudinal
row carried by the central shaft d, and also of the magnets carried by the outer
framework.
The arrangement as to magnetic polarity is as follows:-Considering any row
of pole pieces, the pole pieces in that row belong alternately to magnets carried
by the central shaft d, and the outer framework, the lengths of which inagnets
extend, one set in one direction and the other set in the opposite direction partly
round the machine.—All the pole pieces in this row belonging to the inner magnets
have polarity of the same kind, say true north polarity, all the other poles in this
line, which belong as stated to magnets carried by the outer framework, have
true south polarity.
Passing round in the direction, say, of the length of the magnets b, carried by the
central axis d, whose pole pieces are in the row first considered, we come to another
row of pole pieces, every alternate one of which belongs to this row of magnets

page_text: carried by the central axis and has true south polarity and the rest belong to a
new row of external magnets, and have true north polarity.
The terminal pole pieces in each row belonging to an external set of magnets are
connected with every alternate pole piece in the same row by a bar e, and these
terminal pole pieces are connected to strong rings f, of non-magnetic material
surrounding the axis and carried by the standards g, or supporting framework of
the machine, and the machine is further braced together and strengthened in its
various parts by a framework of non magnetic material in any convenient manner.
Each pole piece of the external magnets projects outward a little beyond those of
the adjacent inner magnets so as to leave a small space between the outer end of
each pole piece of each inner magnet and the part of the bar e-Opposite magnetic
polarity being developed by the coils connected with the portion of the armature
crossing the ends of the inner pole pieces is thus rendered effective.
The drum armature c, formed by the copper wire or strip h, and insulating
material i, is shewn more particularly at Figures 3, and 4-The course of one wire
or strip h, may be traced conveniently in the horizontal section Figure 3.
Starting from one commutator bar shewn at j, (Figure 3,) it passes out and in,
say out between a north pole face on one side, say the right, and a south pole face on
the left then in between a south pole face on the right and a north pole face on the
left and so on alternately between the pairs of opposite pole pieces to the other
end where it is connected to the central boss or ring k, to which all the strips are
attached at that end-The strip or wire h, attached diametrically opposite in the
central boss or ring k, may be regarded as the continuation of that which has
been traced and passing along this alternately out and in between opposing pole
faces to the end of the machine from which it started, where it is connected to a
commutator bar j, diametrically opposite to that to which the first end is attached.-
Supposing a brush or other collector to touch the first commutator bar and another
brush or collector to touch the second, and supposing the wire or strip here
considered to be passing between the opposed faces of two diametrically opposite
rows of magnetic poles as shewn at Figure 3, an electro-motive force will be
obtained depending on the speed of rotation and the degree of excitation of the
magnets.
In the same way any other strip or wire h, of the armature c, may be supposed
to act. Or one brush or collector may be applied to the commutator j, at the
proper position relatively to one row of pole faces and a second brush or collector
at an angular distance (round the cylindrical commutator j,) from the first brush or
collector equal to the angular distance of the first row of pole faces from the second,
or otherwise two brushes or collectors belonging to two rows of pole faces which
will give corresponding electro-motive forces may be employed as the terminals of
a circuit. Or one brush or collector may be made to press on the commutator j,
for each row of pole pieces and each of these used as one terminal of as many
independent circuits as there are longitudinal rows of pole pieces while a brush or
contact piece in connection with the central boss or ring k. is used as the common
terminal of these several circuits. Or any method of winding or joining up the
armature c, to give in one or more circuits suitable electro-motive forces, may be
substituted.
The several wires or strips and insulating material constituting our improved
armature are stiffened or braced and held together by the metal rings a³, and
insulating rings 5, or the mechanical equivalent of these rings.
In addition to the magnetising coils we may wind round the magnets near their
pole pieces one or more turns of copper wire or copper strip and place these in
circuit with the armature so that the whole current may flow through them and
thus counteract or annul the de-magnetising action on the magnets of the current
flowing in the armature.
It is to be understood that the arrangement of inner and outer sets of magnets
may be used with an armature constructed differently from that shewn in Figures 1
to 4 (inclusive) of the annexed Drawings.

page_text: The commutator bars ;, and the central boss k, are insulated from the shaft d, by
means of the insulating material 1 and r as shewn on the accompanying Drawings.
It is to be understood when each wire or strip passing along the armature is
supposed to be connected at each end of the machine to a commutator bar, and the
commutator bars thus arranged are supposed as hereinbefore described to be
divided into as many sets of bars as there are rows of magnet poles each set
containing the same number of bars and the first bar of each of one set is taken as
a terminal of a section of the armature, and the first bar of the second set joined to
the first of the third set, and the first of the fourth set to the first of the fifth set
and so on, and the first of the last set taken as the second terminal, and the bars
at the other end are supposed connected in the manner herein before described with
similar connections to form successive sections of the armature, that we do not
when the number of sets of bars into which each commutator is thus supposed to
be divided exceeds two, make these connections permanently, but by means of
brushes or contact pieces properly connected where necessary and bearing on the
commutator bars at proper places but not revolving with the bars all in such a
manner as to give, as the armature revolves, a continuous metallic connection
between the terininals of each successive section through the bars of each section.-
In this manner when the total number of independent sections which as herein-
before indicated is equal to the number of bars in each set, has passed over these
contact pieces, other commutator bars become the terminals of precisely similar
sections as for example the first bar of the second before mentioned set and the
first bar of the first before mentioned set and so on throughout the whole number
of bars, so that the electro-motive force is kept up throughout the whole of each
revolution of the machine.
Or we may join the wires or strips in any suitable manner by means of
commutator bars and brushes or contact pieces or otherwise so as to enable the
electro-motive force due to one wire or strip to be added to that of one or more
wires or strips in order that a sufficient electro-motive force may be obtained.
The centre shaft d, to which are secured the arms m, (carrying the inner
magnets b.) is supported at its ends and is prevented from rotating by the
standards n, and the armature has properly insulated bearings at one end upon the
central shaft d, and at its opposite end in the standard o.-The armature c, is
driven from the pulley p, the long collar q, to which it is secured being insulated
by the piece r.
With reference to our improvements in our electric arc lamps, the improved
form of slides is represented at Figures 5, 6, and 7, where it is shewn in connection
with the mechanism of an arc lamp constructed according to our hereinbefore
mentioned Specification N° 3441, A.D. 1882.-In this arrangement the hollow
drum 8, containing mercury used to regulate the feed of the carbons t, and u, as
described in the aforesaid Specification N° 3441, A.D. 1882, is mounted on a
different axis from that of the armature v, of the continuous motor, and controls
the motor by means of the pinion w, on the axis of the drum 8, gearing with the
wheel, on the axis of the motor.-This wheel x, is represented on the accom-
panying Drawings as placed at one end of the armature shaft y, and the
commutator z, at the other or opposite end.
The guide rods a¹, a¹, are fixed to the base plate b¹, of the lamp and are connected
at their upper ends by the cross bar c', on which is mounted the pulley -The
cord e¹, is wound round the pulley or drum f1, secured to the shaft y, of the motor
and is passed up and over the pulley d, and down to the hook g', attached to the
second cross bar h.-This cross-bar h¹, is rigidly attached to a pair of moveable
guide rods, The fixed guide rods a², a', pass through holes in the cross bar h¹,
wide enough to allow the rods i, i, to slide freely up and down the said fixed
guide rods a¹, a¹.-The moveable guide rods i¹, i, slide up and down and are kept
nearly parallel to the fixed rods a¹, by means of the cross bar h¹, and a guiding
aperture in the base plate 61, of the lamp.
On the cross bar h³, which connects the moveable guides ¿¹, ¿¹, is mounted the

page_text: pulley, and the guides , i, are connected together at their lower ends by
another cross bar k¹, which is so formed as to provide a guide for the upper
carbon t, as hereinafter more particularly described.-The cord d', is attached at
one end to the spiral spring A, surrounding a portion of the lower end of one of the
fixed guide rods a¹, and the cord passes thence upwards and over the pulley j¹, and
thence downwards to the hook mi attached to the upper end of the upper carbon
holder The upper carbon t, is secured at its upper end in the holder n¹, and
passes down thence through a hole formed in the cross bar k³, and continues thence
downwards a sufficient distance to meet the lower carbon u.-Near the top of the
upper carbon holder n¹, the piece o¹, is hinged to the said holder n², and projects
over to and moves along the guide rods i, i¹, and thus with the cross bar /¹, keeps
the carbon holder n', always moving in a direction parallel to the said guides
, The piece o¹, is cut away at its sides so as to leave two openings circular
in shape, but not forming complete circles. These openings fit round the guide
rods,, and allow the piece o¹, to act as a clamp in the manner hereinafter
described.
The tube p', which is split at its upper end so that its diameter like that of some
forms of lead or crayon holders is capable of being to some degree increased and
which is slightly tapered at its upper end is held firmly in the outer tube q¹,
attached to the framework of the lamp and secures firmly the lower carbon u, in
its proper position relatively to the upper carbon t.-The tube p¹, is also secured
by the ring, through which it passes.-This ring r², rests in a slit in the outer
tube q, forming part of the support of the lower carbon holder or inner tube p¹,
and has attached to it a screw which projects out through the metal at the back
of the slit and carries the nut 8.-When this nut s¹, is screwed up, one side of the
ring r, is pulled against the tube p', which is thus held firmly in its socket. A
similar ring, resting in a slit in the upper carbon holder n', keeps the upper
carbon in its proper position. The outer tube q', carrying the lower carbon
holder p', is attached to three thin ribs t, t', t, placed equidistantly with their
planes passing nearly through the line of carbons so as to cast as little shadow as
possible and by this arrangement the passing of a slide or guide rod to below the
arc and the shadow cast by it are avoided.
Now if the current from the electric generator be passed through the motor v,
and at the same time through the carbons t, and u, (these being supposed resting
with their points in contact) the armature v, revolves in such a direction as to
wind up the cord e-This cord e¹, on being pulled tends to raise the whole system
of moveable guide rods i, ¹, and upper carbon holder n¹, and thus to separate the
carbons t and u, and form the arc.
The separation of the carbons t, and u, too rapidly is opposed by the action of
the mercury drum 8, increased in effect by the wheel-work intervening between it
and the motor armature v, and the space of separation is prevented, if the force
be very sudden and violent,-from being too great by a clamp which rests on the
cross bar h.-This clamp consists of the ring u³, which embraces one of the fixed
guide rods a¹, to which is attached the rigid arm v³, provided with the spiral
spring w¹, or its equivalent, and provided with the adjustable projecting knob a¹,
on the lower side.
When the moveable guide rods 2, are raised the spring w, is slightly compressed
until the cross bar h¹, comes in contact with the knob ¹ on the lower side of the
rigid arm v.-The ring u¹, thus tilts slightly over and jams on the fixed guide
rod a¹, thus preventing the moveable guides 2, from being lifted higher and the
arc therefore from being struck too large.-The length of the arc struck is regulated
by the adjusting screw which regulates the amount of projection of the knob x², on
the lower side of the rigid arm v².
The arc having been struck the upper carbon t, is fed downwards as required,
the upper carbon holder n¹, descending always when the gravity couple on the
motor armature v, due to the weight of the moveable guides , carbon holder n',
and other attachments preponderates over the opposite couple due to the electro-

page_text: magnetic action, and ascending when the reverse is the case, the motion being
regulated by the mercury regulator 8, or its equivalent.-The slides i, ¹, are also
fed down with the upper carbon t, thus ensuring accuracy of position of the said
upper carbon t, and the entrance of part of the current near the point of the
carbon.
When the carbons t and u, have come at any time into contact and the couple
due to the weight of the moveable guides ¹, still preponderates over the electro-
magnetic couple, the upper carbon holder n', having ceased to move, the piece o, is
tilted slightly over and jams on the guide rods i, i, thus preventing them from
moving further in the downward direction.
The cords e¹, and d', are made of copper or other metallic wires twisted or
plaited together.
The terminal e, of the lamp is connected with the base plate b¹, the other
terminal, being insulated from that plate.-The current thus passes to the
upper carbon t, through the whole system of slides, guide rods and cords and
as the carbon t, is in contact with the piece k, a part of the current is made to
pass into the carbon at the place where such contact is made.
The spiral spring 1, tends to keeps the cords e¹, and d, taut and facilitates the
formation of the arc.-Instead of this spring 1', we sometimes use a small counter-
weight or combined counter-weight and spring.
The arrangement of slides i, and mechanism thus made allows long enough
carbons to be used without undue waste of energy to enable the lamp to be used
without trimming during the longest periods for which arc lamps are usually
allowed to burn.
The use of more or less complicated and uncertain arrangements for bringing
fresh carbons into action when a pair are burned out is thus rendered unnecessary.
In some cases such as when it is desired that the position of the arc should
remain approximately constant we make the guide rods i, i, fixed and attach the
lower carbon holder p', between two rods or tubes which slide within or along the
guide rods, i, and are properly insulated to prevent short circuiting of the
arc. We attach these slides to cords passing in the proper direction over a pulley
or pulleys of the requisite size placed on the axis of the motor v, and moving
with it so that an upward motion of the lower carbon u, takes place having nearly
enough the proper relation to the downward motion of the upper carbon t, to
retain the arc always nearly enough in the same position.
A globe of any suitable shape may be supported on the flange y¹, shewn
projecting from the lower carbon support q¹, and a wide tube, (not represented on
the accompanying Drawings,) with a proper cover, surrounds the upper part of the
slides. This tube is made in two or more parts which sliding over one another
allow access to the upper carbon holder n¹.
When carbons have to be renewed, these sliding tubes or covers are opened, the
upper carbon holder n¹, and moveable guides ,, moved up to the top of their
range and secured by pulling over the pawl 21, so as to gear with the ratchet a³,
thus preventing downward motion of the carbon holder n¹, and slides i¹, -The
upper carbon t, can then be inserted from the top without removing the globe; and
the lower carbon u, is inserted by withdrawing the tube p¹, placing the fresh
carbon in it and replacing the said tube and securing it in position as herein before
described. The pawl e', is then thrown out of gear with the ratchet a³, and the
upper carbon t, allowed to feed down to contact with the lower carbon u, the
sliding tube or cover herein last mentioned is then replaced and the lamp is ready
for use.
It is to be understood that in place of the regulating arrangements shewn at
Figures 5, 6, and 7, of the annexed Drawings, other equivalent regulating arrange-
ments may be substituted in combination with the other parts of our improved are
lamp also that any electro-maguetic motor other than the Gramme motor or
Siemens' motor as described in our aforesaid Specification N° 3441 A.D. 1882, may
be substituted.

page_text: The third part of our Invention is illustrated at Figure 8, Sheet 5, of the
accompanying Drawings.-A pair of balls 62, 62, or two or more pairs of balls are
attached by the hinged arms c², c², to the shaft d², and by the second pair or pairs
of hinged arms e, e, to the sleeve piece f³, moveable along the shaft d-To this
sleeve piece f, is attached the cone g³, (or strictly surface of revolution) the axis
of which cone g, is in line with that of the shaft d, and which is moveable in the
direction of the axis.-The shaft d², is in connection (by means of wheel-work
arranged to give it sufficient angular velocity) with the hollow drum, containing
mercury, or other suitable liquid, of the current, or potential meter described in
our herein before-mentioned Specification N° 3441 A.D. 1882.
The balls b, b, which may consist of one or more pairs of balls are thus made to
revolve with the shaft, and move in circles, the radii of which vary with the
speed of rotation and the cone g³, or surface of revolution is moved upwards or
downwards upon the shaft d. When the shaft d³, rotates around a vertical axis (in
cases where that is more convenient) the governors may or may not be provided
with the controlling spring it, and fixed piece. A wheel or disc h³, (represented
in dotted lines on the accompanying Drawings,) which acts as a counter, rests with
its edge against the side of the cone 92, or surface of revolution and is turned by
friction between its edge and the said surface of revolution.-Its speed of rotation
manifestly depends on the speed of rotation of the shaft and the distance of the
part of the surface of revolution which it touches from the axis of the shaft d³.
By curving properly the sides of the surface of revolution (which is represented
simply as a cone on the accompanying Drawings) we are able to make the counter
register according to the desired function of the angular velocity.
Instead of moving the cone g³, in the direction of its axis by means of the
system of levers and balls as shewn in Figure 8, and as herein before described we
may move a disc attached to the levers in such a position that the levers e², e²,
always intersect the shaft d², in the plane of the part of the edge of the disc
bearing against the cone as hereinafter described. This plane is at right angles to
the shaft d², and the centre of the disc is as nearly as may be in the axis of the
shaft d. We may also pivot the four levers c², c², e², e², so that they form a
rhombus of which one of two opposite angles is the intersection of the directions of
the pair of levers c², c³, carrying the balls with the axis of the shaft d³, or the pivot
by which they are connected to the shaft and the other of these two opposite
angles the intersection of the directions of the other pair of levers e², e², with the
axis of the shaft d², and the other two opposite angles are at the pair of hinge
joints by which the two pairs of levers are connected together. A cone or surface
of revolution placed with its axis parallel to the rotating shaft and having its
vertex in a line at right angles to the shaft through the intersection of the pair of
levers c², c, carrying the balls 62, 63, is made to bear against the edge of the disc
by means of springs or other suitable means. In this way we are able to cause a
cone to rotate with a speed which varies approximately as the square or second
power of the angular velocity of the rotating shaft d², and thus while the angular
velocity of the motor armature in our current, or potential-meter may vary as
the second power of the current or difference of potential measured, we obtain a
counter which varies approximately at a rate proportional to the current or
difference of potential. When the rotating shaft d², is horizontal, the motion of
the cone g², is opposed by the spiral spring, attached (in any suitable manner) to
the fixed piece, and the arms c², and e³, are made so long that the angle which
each makes with the shaft is never such that its cosine differs by more than a
small or negligible fraction from unity.
The fourth part of our Invention is illustrated in diagram at Figures 9 and 10,
Sheet 5 of the accompanying drawings. The drum 2, containing mercury and
divided into compartments by perforated partitions (as described in our herein-
before mentioned Specification N° 3441 A.D. 1882) is here shewn mounted on the
same axis as the armature, of a continuous motor and carries on the same axis g*
a series of coils, of wire, of iron, German silver or other suitable metal shewn

page_text: here as bobbins carried on the axis. These coils k³, are all connected together in
series and a contact piece 12, at the junction of every two coils is carried through
either the outer or inner periphery of the annular space of the drum, or (as shewn
on the accompanying drawings) the inner wall m², of the annular space and these
contact pieces, are arranged at equal distances apart, in a circle round the axis.
The drum is partly filled with mercury (as indicated by the dotted line h¹) which
makes contact with one or more of the contact pieces 12. A metal ring preferably
of iron surrounding the drum 2, is in contact with the mercury, and is connected
with the shaft g', on one side of the drum i³, and one terminal n², of the series of
resistance coils is attached to the said shaft, and the shaft is made in two portions
insulated from one another, or, as shewn, an insulated collar o², may be used, so
that a current passing from one portion of the shaft to another or the collar o³,
must pass through part of the series of resistances to the mercury and thence to
the other portion of the shaft g*, The terminals may however be arranged in any
other convenient manner. The shaft g, rests on the antifriction-rollers p³, as
indicated. On the same axis g, is shewn a pulley q³, round which is wound the
cord, with the weight 82 attached. This weight 82, is of proper amount and acts
so as to oppose the electro-magnetic action of the motor. Instead of this weight 8²,
we may use a spring or any other convenient arrangement to give the requisite
couple opposing that of the motor.
The action of this apparatus is as follows:-One terminal of the resistance coils
is properly connected with the portion of the circuit, the current in which or the
difference of potentials between the terminals of which it is proposed to regulate
and the terminal of the mercury in the drum is also properly connected to this
part of the circuit. The whole or a portion of the current passing in this part of
the circuit also passes through the motor, so that its electro-magnetic action is
related to the quantity which it is proposed to keep constant, and the pull given
by the weight 82, or its equivalent, is regulated to the required amount so that
when the electro-magnetic couple applied by the motor is balanced by this
counter couple, the quantity regulated will have its normal value.
The resistances are so arranged that if the current flowing through the motor j
fall below its proper value, which will happen when the current or difference of
potentials to be regulated falls off in amount, the weight 83, will descend and turn
the drum, in the direction tending to diminish the resistance in the part of the
circuit between the terminal of the resistance coils h³, and the mercury in the
drum, and vice versa, if the motor 12, overcomes, for example, the weight 82.
This resistance may form part of the circuit of the field magnets of a shunt-wound
dynamo electric machine and the current flowing through the motor may be
arranged to be proportional to the difference of potentials between the terminals,
say, of a system of electric lamps; and therefore when the difference of potentials
falls below its normal value the resistance in the magnet circuit is diminished
thus allowing the magnets to be more powerfully excited and the electro-motive
force of the machine for a given speed increased; or if the reverse is the case the
resistance is increased and the electro-motive force as a consequence is diminished.
Or the current flowing in the circuit may be employed in whole or in part to
actuate the motor, with resistances arranged so as to keep the current flowing in
the circuit, constant.
The action of the mercury drum ¿, is to steady the action of the mechanism, and
prevent too sudden changes of the amount of resistance in circuit which might
otherwise cause the motor j³, or weight 83, to move the mechanism too far and thus
produce inconvenient variations in the electro-motive force or difference of
potentials.
We may further use any convenient mechanism such as a dash pot or an air fly
suitably geared to the mercury drum axle to prevent oscillation of the mechanism
from occurring to an inconvenient extent.
We may also dispense with the action of the mercury for effecting the variable
connection with the resistances, and employ in case of the mercury a brush turning

page_text: round a commutator to the bars of which the junctions of the system of resistance
coils arranged as before in series are connected. This brush may be turned by a
lever or other suitable contrivance attached to the motor spindle, or to an axis in
gear with that spindle which lever may be forked and rest with one prong on the
commutator and the other prong on a fixed solid metal cylinder. When this
arrangement is adopted the fixed cylinder forms one end of the variable resistance,
and one end of the series of resistances the other terminal, the amount of resistance
between these terminals being regulated by the position of the brush relatively to
the commutator. Or instead of the fixed cylinder, one terminal of the variable
resistance may be simply the brush. Or alternatively the brush may be kept at rest
and the commutator turned so as to vary the resistance.
It is especially to be remembered that the rotating armature need not contain
iron or magnets, but may consist only of mutually acting coils or helices of copper
or other wire carrying electric currents.
We may use a drum divided into compartments by perforated partitions and
containing mercury or any suitable liquid to control the action of such apparatus
or we may use any other convenient controlling apparatus.
The last part of our present invention is illustrated at Figures 11, 12, and 13,
Sheet 5. Figures 11, and 12, shew a portion of a pair of conductors formed of
the wire u, and the tube w³, fitted with a switch box to be hereinafter more
particularly described.-Figure 13, shews a portion of a conductor formed of
concentric tubes, enclosing other solid or tubular conductors.-Each tubular con-
ductor is made of one two or more concentric tubes.-If the conductor be composed
of two or more concentric tubes the lengths of each are soldered together as shewn
in the drawing, the joints between two length of the inner tube x³, being covered
by the continuous portion of the outer tube y³, and vice versa, no two joints on
adjacent tubes being opposite one another and the several tubes of each conductor
being all connected together by soldering every pair of lengths of a tube at their
joint to the adjacent inner tube.-We enclose for one pair of leads or connections
one compound tube so formed within another compound tube formed in the same
way, and separate them by insulating collars -Within these we may enclose
one or more pairs of compound tubes similarly made and insulated to be used as
electric leads or mains and we may enclose within the innermost tube thus formed,
one or more pairs of solid wires insulated from one another and from the tubes.―
All this system may be enclosed within an outer connecting pipe and kept dry by
proper packing surrounding the conductors.
Figure 13, represents two concentric compound tubes x², and y³, thus formed
and within them two solid insulated wires a³, and b³, forming the leads or
connections of a second electric circuit.
Figures 11, and 12, shew a form of switch or key box for such mains or con-
ductors, or for any system of conductors in which one conductor is enclosed within
another. A spindle c³, passes down from the outside to a nonconducting disc d³,
which has two metallic pieces e³, es, diametrically opposite on its edge connected
together by metallic conductors f³, fs, and provided with springs g³, so that when
the spindle c³, is turned to the proper position, the two wires u³, u², are electrically
connected and their circuit completed, but when the key or spindle c³, has been
turned through an angle say of 90° from this position the two conductors u³, u³,
are disconnected and the circuit interrupted.
The other conductor widens out here into the box ³, enclosing the contact
making parts of the switch and this box i³, is closed by a cover j³ perforated for
the spindle c³, and soldered, or otherwise suitably secured, down upon proper
packing in a notch or groove closely fitting it and having a high flange k³, inside
the cover-³.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of our said
Invention and the system, mode or manner in or under which the same is or
may be used or practically carried into effect we would observe in conclusion that

page_text: what we consider to be novel and original and therefore Claim as the Invention
secured to us by the hereinbefore in part recited Letters Patent is :-
First In a dynamo electric machine the arrangement of magnets so as to give
An intense magnetic field in the space wherein the armature rotates substantially as
herein before described and shewn at Figures 1 to 4, of the annexed Drawings.
Second-The construction of armature of a series of insulated copper wires or
strips as hereinbefore described with reference to Figures 1, to 4, of the annexed
Drawings.
Third In an electric arc lamp the arrangement of slides and feeding mechanism
for the purpose of feeding the upper carbon of such lamps so that its guide rods
are moved at a convenient rate together with the carbons substantially as herein-
before described and shewn in Figures 5, 6, and 7, of the annexed Drawings.
Fourth. In an electric arc lamp the arrangement of slides for feeding both the
upper and lower carbons, so that the arc is maintained practically in a constant
position or form substantially as hereinbefore described.
Fifth. The counter depending for its action on centrifugal force as bereinbefore
described and shewn at Figure 8, of the annexed Drawings.
Sixth. The regulator for current or difference of potentials between the
terminals in a circuit substantially as herein before described and shewn at
Figures 9, and 10, of the annexed Drawings.
Seventh. The arrangement and combination of tubular conductors for enclosing
the solid conductors or leads as hereinbefore described and shewn at Figure 13, of
the annexed Drawings.
In Witness Whereof I the said Andrew Gray have hereunto set my hand
and seal this fourth day of December in the year of our Lord One thousand eight
hundred and eighty three.
ANDREW GRAY
(L.S.)