Improvements in Apparatus for Making Ice Creams and other Frozen Preparations of the like kind.
Year: 1892

page_text: Date of Application, 9th Nov., 1892.
Complete Specification Left, 9th Aug., 1893-Accepted, 9th Sept., 1893
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Apparatus for Making Ice Creams and other Frozen
Preparations of the like kind.
We, JOHN PULLMAN and HENRY PULLMAN, both of 17, Greek Street, Soho
Square, in the County of Middlesex, Manufacturers, do hereby declare the nature
of this invention to be as follows:-
This invention consists in a novel form and combination of apparatus for making
ice creams or other frozen preparations of the like kind, by utilizing the expansion
of liquefied carbonic acid gas or other suitable gas, in order to produce the required
degree of cold.
For this purpose I place the cream or other substance which is to be frozen into
a suitable chamber, cylindrical or of other suitable form, and round this chamber I
provide an external jacket into which the highly compressed gas is admitted and
expands, the heat taken up by it during such expansion reducing the inner chamber
and its contents to a very low temperature.
The cream or other substance or mixture to be frozen is preferably supplied to
one end of the chamber in which it is to be treated and is made to travel along at a
suitable speed to the other end of the chamber where it is delivered in a frozen
state. It may be made so to move along by means of any suitable mechanism such
as a series of arms arranged helically upon an axle (as in an ordinary domestic
sausage machine) or a helical blade or blades, or a reciprocating piston or pistons,
so that the mixture to be frozen is scraped or removed from the walls of the
chamber and at the same time moved forward to the point where it is delivered.
The entire apparatus consists of a cylinder or reservoir containing the liquefied
carbonic acid gas or other suitable gas at a high pressure, of a valve upon such
reservoir by which the discharge of the gas can be exactly regulated, of a connecting
pipe from the valve to the freezing apparatus, communicating with a jet or con-
tracted orifice from which the gas escapes, a jacket or casing surrounding the
chamber in which the material is to be frozen, and into which jacket the gas from
the jet passes and during its expansion absorbs heat from the inner chamber and its
contents before escaping from the jacket, which it preferably does at the end of
the apparatus at which the material is introduced so that the latter travels in a
direction opposite to that in which the gas moves, which is thereby more economi-
cally used.
By this invention ice creams and other frozen preparations of the like kind are
very quickly, effectually and economically made, the apparatus being inexpensive,
easily used and not liable to get out of order.
The details of the apparatus may be modified and varied more or less as inay be
found advisable in different circumstances.
Dated this 9th day of November 1892.

page_text: COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Apparatus for Making Ice Creams and other Frozen
Preparations of the like kind.
We, JOHN PULLMAN and HENRY PULLMAN, both of 17, Greek Street, Soho
Square, in the County of Middlesex, Manufacturers, do hereby declare the nature
of this invention and in what manner the same is to be performed to be particu-
larly described and ascertained in and by the following statement and accompanying
drawing that is to say :-
This invention consists essentially of a novel combination of apparatus for making
ice creams or other frozen preparations of the like kind, by utilizing the expansion
of liquefied carbonic acid gas (or other suitable gas), in order to produce the required
degree of cold.
For this purpose we place the cream or other substance which is to be frozen into
a suitable chamber, which is preferably cylindrical, but may be of other suitable
form, and round this chamber we provide an external jacket into which the highly
compressed gas is admitted and expands in a regulated supply from a cylinder or
reservoir in which it is stored in a liquefied state, the heat taken up by it during
such expansion reducing the inner chamber and its contents to a very low
temperature.
The cream or other substance or mixture to be frozen is preferably supplied to
one end of the chamber in which it is to be treated and is made to travel along to
the other end of the chamber at such a speed that it is delivered in a properly
frozen state. It may be made to so move along by means of any suitable mechanism
such as a series of arms arranged helically upon an axle (as in an ordinary domestic
sausage machine) or a helical blade or blades of the well known kind ordinarily used
for the same purpose, or a reciprocating piston or pistons, so that the mixture to be
frozen is scraped or removed from the walls of the chamber and at the same time
moved forward to the point where it is delivered.
The entire apparatus consists of a cylinder or reservoir containing the liquefied
carbonic acid gas, of a valve upon such reservoir by which the discharge of the gas
can be exactly regulated, of a sufficiently strong connecting pipe from the valve to
the freezing apparatus, communicating with a jet or contracted orifice from which
the gas escapes, a jacket or casing surrounding the chamber in which the material
is to be frozen and into which jacket the gas from the jet passes and expands, and
during its expansion absorbs heat from the inner chamber and its contents before
escaping from the jacket, which it preferably does at the end of the apparatus at
which the material is introduced so that the latter travels in a direction opposite to
that in which the gas moves, which is thereby more economically used.
By this invention ice creams and other frozen preparations of the like kind are
very quickly, effectually and economically made, the required reduction of tempera-
ture being effected by the expansion of liquefied carbonic acid gas (or other suitable
gas) stored in a cylinder or vessel, and the apparatus being inexpensive, easily used
and not liable to get out of order.
In the accompanying drawing which is in illustration of our invention,
Figures 1 and 2 are longitudinal and transverse sections respectively of one form
of the apparatus in which cream or other material may be frozen by the expansion
of carbonic acid gas.
Figure 3 illustrates, upon a smaller scale our novel arrangement consisting of the
apparatus such as is illustrated in Figures 1 and 2 (or of the like kind) in com-
bination with a cylinder in which carbonic acid gas liquefied under pressure is kept
stored for use, such combination as already explained constituting an essential
feature of our invention.
a is a horizontal cylindrical chamber into which the cream or other substance or
compound to be frozen is introduced through the opening near one end. The

page_text: chamber a is surrounded by an annular space c preferably formed by arranging a
tube d of larger diameter, outside the chamber a so as to leave a space between
them. e is a scraper which is made to rotate by a handle f (or other equivalent
means) fitted upon the end of its axis which is shewn passing through a stuffing
box 9.
This scraper removes the frozen material from the inner surface of the
chamber a,
and it is shewn made in the form of a continuous helical blade of the
same kind as the conveyors ordinarily used for conveying different materials from
one place to another continuously. We do not confine ourselves to any particular
form of scraper for the purpose of moving the frozen material from the sides of the
chamber and at the same time causing it to travel along the latter. For instance a
reciprocating movement may be given to a piston or pistons in the direction of the
length of the cylinder.
h is an aperture at the outlet end of the apparatus through which the frozen
material is delivered. This aperture is made of any suitable shape and from it the
frozen substance passes down the tray or receptacle i from which it can be removed.
Any liquid unfrozen material passes back to the supply inlet b.
The outer cylinder or tube d is shewn surrounded by felt or other suitable material
a bad conductor of heat, which is itself contained in an outer case k, and the whole
apparatus is carried in brackets 1, 1, which are shewn bolted to a foundation plate m.
A passage provided with a very accurately adjustable valve n is shewn communi-
cating with the annular space c near one end of the latter, and this valve is
connected with a sufficiently strong pipe o, the other end of which is connected (as
shewn in Figure 3) with a cylinder or vessel p containing liquefied carbonic gas
under high pressure. A sufficient number of small openings are shewn at through
which the expanded gas escapes.
This cylinder p may be provided with a double valve by which either gas itself
Or a single valve
under pressure, or liquefied gas can be admitted to the pipe o.
only may be used, connected preferably to a pipe descending nearly to the bottom
of the cylinder, so that liquefied gas is delivered into the pipe v.
A pressure gauge may be used, and a reducing valve.
In order to facilitate the transfer of heat from the substance to be frozen, to the
expanded gas, the inner chamber a may be provided upon its outer surface with
a number of plates, gills, or projections, projecting into the annular space c, and
these plates or projections may be arranged in any convenient form, so as to effect
the desired result.
The liquefied or compressed gas is preferably admitted into the annular space c
at the opposite end of the apparatus to that at which the substances to be frozen
are supplied.
It is evident that the apparatus may be arranged in a horizontal or other
convenient position, and that the details of the apparatus in which the substances
are frozen and through which they are made to pass, may be varied as may be
found desirable.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of our said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed, we declare that what we
claim is :-
1. In apparatus for making ice creams and other frozen preparations of the like
kind, the combination of apparatus in which the substances to be frozen or cooled
are passed whilst submitted to a low temperature obtained by the expansion in a
surrounding chamber of carbonic acid or other gas, with a cylinder or vessel in
which is stored such gas liquefied under pressure, a pipe connecting the gas cylinder
and the freezing apparatus, and a regulating valve by which the gas under pressure
is admitted to the chamber in which it is allowed to expand, substantially as
described and illustrated.
2. The freezing apparatus for making ice creams and other frozen preparations
of the like kind, consisting of an inner chamber containing the substances to be
frozen, means for passing such substances continuously through the said chamber

page_text: an annular space surrounding the said chamber, a regulating valve through which
carbonic acid gas liquefied under pressure can be admitted to the said annular space,
one or more apertures through which the expanded gas escapes at the opposite end
of the apparatus, an external chamber containing a non-conducting material, an
opening through which the frozen material is delivered, and a tray along which
any unfrozen material passes back to the inner chamber, all substantially as
described and illustrated.
Dated this 9th day of August 1893.
EDWARDS & Co.,
35, Southampton Buildings, London, Agents for the Applicants.