IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CEMENT AND IN APPARATUS FOR THAT PURPOSE to be as follows:
Year: 1885

page_text: I WILLIAM JOY of Stonebridge Hill Northfleet in the County of Kent Cement
Burner do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE MANUFACTURE OF CEMENT AND IN APPARATUS FOR THAT PURPOSE to be
as follows:-
"
My invention consists of the improvements herein after described in the manu-
facture of cement by drying wet slurry in the kiln previously to burning it therein
and of the improvements hereinafter described in apparatus for carrying out the
said operation the objects of my improvements being to ensure the thorough and
uniform burning of the charge in the kiln and to reduce the cost of burning the
charge and to effect the drying and burning in less time than is ordinarily
required.
My improvements in the manufacture of cement by drying and burning the
alurry in the kiln are as follows. I mix the slurry in a wet state with small coal
or coke breeze or other suitable fuel and charge the kiln with alternate layers of
the mixture of wet slurry and fuel and of coal or coke or other suitable fuel in
lumps the bottom or first layer consisting of coal or coke in lumps and that above
it of the mixture of slurry and small coal or coke or other fuel and so on. While
thus charging the kiln I form passages or flues in the charge or I arrange therein
pipes or tubes of suitable combustible material or of other material (such as dried
slurry) which will fuse when subjected to the heat of the burning charge in the
kiln and the presence of which in the burnt charge will not impair the quality of
the cement made therefrom or in any way impede the action of the kiln. I form
the said passages or flues in such a manner in the charge and of such length or
I use pipes or tubes of such length and so arrange them in the charge in the kiln
that the hot gases generated in or conducted to the kiln as hereinafter described
are conveyed by the said passages or flues or pipes or tubes through the whole
body of the charge therein by which means the thorough and uniform burning of
the charge is ensured saving of time in the burning of the charge is effected and
less than the ordinary quantity of fuel is required. The said passage or flues may
be formed by suitably disposing a portion or portions of the fuel within the kiln
or by arranging readily combustible materials in suitable positions therein or they

page_text: may be formed in any other way not necessitating the introduction into the charge
in the kiln of any matter or thing which would need to be withdrawn either while
the charge is being burned or after burning it and the presence of which after being
burned with the charge in the kiln and ground or pulverized with the said charge
will not impair the quality of the cement.
.
My improvements in apparatus for the manufacture of cement are as follows:-
I build a number of kilns in proximity to each other preferably in two rows and
back to back and I provide the said kilns with reticulated bottoms of fire brick
supported on or built in the form of arches and I form flues in the walls of the
kilns which flues communicate between the spaces beneath the said arches and the
upper part of the interior of the kilns and I connect the said kilns together and
with a common chimney shaft by means of flues and I form in the said kilns eyes
or openings and arrange dampers in the said flues and the said eyes or openings by
means of which dampers air may be admitted to or shut off from the said kilns
and the said eyes or openings and flues may be opened or closed when required as
hereinafter described. When I arrange the kilns in two rows back to back I prefer
to form a flue between them which communicates with the. chimney and with the
several kilns.
I use the said apparatus as follows:-
On starting the kilns I charge the lower part of one of them with dried slurry
and fuel as usual and then complete the charging of the kiln with alternate layers
of wet slurry or of wet slurry mixed with fuel and with fuel arranging tubes or
pipes or forming flues or passages as hereinbefore described in that part of the
charge which consists of wet slurry and fuel and then ignite the charge and open
and close such of the dampers as require to be opened and closed in order to admit
air to the lower part of the kiln and to allow the gases from the kiln to pass direct
to the chimney. While the charge in the said kiln is burning I charge one of the
kilns next to it entirely with wet slurry mixed with fuel and with fuel in alternate
layers arranging the tubes or pipes or forming the flues or passages therein as
hereinbefore described and when the charge in the kiln first charged is well alight
I open
and close such of the dampers as require to be opened or closed in order to
cause the hot gases from the kiln first charged to pass to the chimney through the
tubes or pipes or the flues or passages arranged or formed in the kiln charged
entirely with wet slurry or fuel instead of passing direct to the chimney. By this
means the wet slurry in the first kiln is being dried while the dry charge in the
lower part is being burned and the charge in the second kiln is dried by the hot
gases from the first kiln. When the charge in the first kiln is so far burned that
the gases passing from it will support combustion the charge in the second kiln
begins to burn. When the charge in the said first kiln is thoroughly burned and
is ready to be drawn the dampers are manipulated so as to shut off communication
between it and the second kiln and to open communication between the latter and
the kiln next to it which has been charged in the manner described with reference
to the second kiln and in this way the several kilns of the series are successively
charged and the charges therein dried and burned the charge in one kiln burning
while that in the next kiln is being dried. The kiln first charged is unloaded and
recharged ready for action by the time the charge in the other kiln with which it
communicates is burning.
Instead of partly charging the first kiln with dried slurry as herein before
described it may be charged entirely with layers of wet slurry and fuel. In this
case I start the said first kiln by the heat from fuel burning in an oven or furnace
formed beneath the arched bottom of the said kiln.
In cases where it may be desirable to dry and burn slurry at one operation in
kilns not provided with and connected by flues as herein before described provision
may be made for starting the kilns either by partly charging them with dried
slurry or by forming ovens or furnaces beneath the reticulated bottoms as herein-
before described.

page_text: The slurry and small coal or other fuel may be mixed by means of any suitable
apparatus. I prefer to use for this purpose apparatus constructed and arranged as
hereinafter described.
Above the level of the tops of the kilns I arrange tanks into which the slurry is
delivered in any suitable way. The said tanks communicate with a vessel in which
a rotatóry stirrer is mounted which vessel communicates with a pipe having an
archimedian screw arranged within it and having apertures formed in it or branch
tubes formed on or connected to it which apertures or the ends of which branch
tubes are situated over or at the upper parts of the kilns. The communications
between the tanks and the vessel containing the stirrer and the said pipe are pro-
vided with valves and the rotatory stirrer and archimedian screw are connected
with a motor by which rotatory motion may be communicated to them. When the
kilns are to be charged the stirrer is set in motion and the slurry is run from one
of the tanks into the vessel containing the stirrer and the required quantity of
small coal or other fuel is thrown into the said vessel and is mixed with the slurry
by the action of the stirrer. When the slurry and fuel are sufficiently mixed the
mixture is allowed to flow into the pipe containing the archimedian screw the said
screw is then set in motion and the mixture is thereby conveyed through the said
pipe and discharged from the apertures therein or the branch tubes into the kilns.
The flow of slurry into the mixing vessel and the flow of the mixture of slurry and
fuel into the discharge pipe may be permitted and cut off as required by opening
and closing the aforesaid valves.
In cases where it is not desirable to arrange the mixing tank above the level of
the tops of the kilns the said tank may be arranged on the ground level or in any
other suitable position. When the said kilns are below the level of the tops of the
kilns the mixture of slurry and fuel may be raised to the required height by
means of any suitable apparatus in order to charge it into the kilns.
W. T. WHITEMAN,
Agent for the Applicant.

page_text: for that Purpose.
I WILLIAM JOY of Stonebridge Hill Northfleet in the County of Kent Cement
Burner do hereby declare the nature of this Invention and in what manner the
same is to be performed to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement :-
My invention consists of the improvements hereinafter described in the manu-
facture of cement by drying wet slurry in the kiln and afterwards burning it
therein and of the improvements hereinafter described in apparatus for carrying out
the said operation the objects of my improvements being to insure the thorough and
uniform burning of the charge in the kiln and to reduce the cost of burning the
charge and to effect the drying and burning in less time than is ordinarily
required.
'
My improvements in the manufacture of cement by drying and burning the
slurry in the kiln are as follows. I mix the slurry in a wet state with small coal or
coke breeze or other suitable fuel and charge the kiln with alternate layers of the
mixture of wet slurry and fuel and of coal or coke or other suitable fuel in lumps
the bottom or first layer consisting of coal or coke in lumps and that above it of
the mixture of slurry and small coal or coke or other fuel and so on. While thus.
charging the kiln I form passages or flues in the charge or I arrange therein pipes
or tubes of wood paper pasteboard or other suitable combustible material or of
other material (such as dried slurry) which will be consumed or will fuse when
subjected to the heat of the burning charge in the kiln and the presence of which
in the charge after being burnt therewith will not impair the quality of the cement
made therefrom or in any way impede the action of the kiln. I form the said
passages or flues in such a manner in the charge and of such length or I use pipes
or tubes of such length and so arrange them in the charge in the kiln that the hot
gases generated in or conducted to the kiln as herein after described are conveyed
by the said passages or flues or pipes or tubes through the whole body of the
charge therein by which means the thorough and uniform burning of the charge is
insured. The said passages or flues may be formed by suitably disposing a portion
or portions of the fuel within the kiln or by arranging therein in suitable positions
readily combustible materials such as bavins" or faggots or sticks wrapped in
coarse cloth such as worn out cement bags or the said passages or flues may be
formed in any other way not necessitating the introduction into the charge of any
matter or thing which would need to be withdrawn either while the charge is
being burned or after burning it and the presence of which after being burned
with the charge in the kiln and ground or pulverized with the said charge will not
impair the quality of the cement.
My improvements in apparatus for the manufacture of cement are as follows:-
I build a number of kilns in proximity to each other preferably in two rows
back to back and I provide the said kilns with reticulated bottoms of fire brick

page_text: supported on or built in the form of arches and I form flues within the kilns which
flues communicate between the spaces beneath the said arches and the upper part of
the interior of the kilns and I connect the said kilns together and with a common
chimney shaft by means of flues and I form in the said kilns eyes or openings and
arrange dampers in the said flues and the said eyes or openings by means of which
dampers air may be admitted to or shut off from the said kilns and the said eyes or
openings and flues may be opened or closed when required as hereinafter described.
When I arrange the kilns in two rows back to back I prefer to form a flue between
them which communicates with the chimney and with the several kilns.
The slurry and small coal or other fuel may be mixed by means of any suitable
apparatus. I prefer to use for this purpose apparatus constructed and arranged as
hereinafter described.
Above the level of the tops of the kilns I arrange tanks into which the slurry is
delivered in any suitable way. The said tanks communicate with a vessel in which
a rotatory stirrer is mounted which vessel communicates with a pipe having an
archimedian screw arranged within it and having apertures formed in it or branch
pipes formed on or connected to it which apertures or the ends of which branch
pipes are situated over or at the upper parts of the kilns. The communications
between the tanks and the vessel containing the stirrer and the said pipe are
provided with valves and the rotatory stirrer and archimedian screw are connected
with a motor by which rotatory motion may be communicated to them.
My improvements hereinbefore described are illustrated in the accompanying
drawings which are hereinafter referred to by the letters and figures marked
thereon. The same letters and figures of reference indicate the same parts in each
of the several Figures of the said drawings.
Figures 1, 2, 3 and 4 of the said Drawings represent a group of kilns constructed
and arranged as herein before described Figure 1 being an elevation thereof partly
in section Figure 2 a plan partly in section Figure 3 a vertical longitudinal section
and Figure 4 a vertical transverse section. The line of the section Figure 1 is
shown at 1, 1 Figure 2 that of the section Figure 2 is shown at 2, 2 Figure 3 that
of the section Figure 3 at 3, 3, Figure 2 and that of the section Figure 4 at 4, 4.
Figure 2. Figure 5 is a sectional plan the line of the section being shown at 5
Figure 3.
A¹ A' A' A' A³ A A7 A8 are the several kilns which are built in a block of two
rows and a, a are the usual reticulated arched bottoms of the said kilns. The
said two rows of kilns are separated from each other by a wall B which forms the
backs of the several kilns. The flues which communicate between the space
beneath the arched bottom and the upper part of the interior of each of the kilns
are formed in the angles of the said kilns as shown in Figure 2 the said flues
being marked a*, a* The flues by which the kilns are connected together are
marked C C C C C C C C each of the said flues communicating at its upper
end with the interior of one of the kilns and at its lower end with the space
beneath the arched bottom of one of the adjacent kilna. The several dampers or
shutters by which the said flues are opened and closed, are marked c², c³, c³ c², co, oo,
c, cô d¹, d³, d³, d', do, do, d', de. E is the chimney shaft and F is the flue leading
thereto and formed between the two rows of kilns. The eyes in the several kilns
which open into the said flue F are marked G G and the dampers or shutters with
which the said eyes are provided are marked gt, g¹. By means of the said flue F
and eyes G G the upper part of each of the kilns communicates with the chimney
shaft E when the dampers g', g³ are raised. HH are the usual drawing eyes
and II are other eyes which admit of access to the interior of the upper part of
the kilns when required. The flues C1, C2, C3, C4, 0, 0, 07, 0s and their connec-
tion with the spaces beneath the kilns and the arrangement of the dampers c¹, c³,
c³, c, c, c, c', care clearly shown in Figure 5 in which Figure the
spaces beneath
the arched bottoms of the several kilns are marked a², a³, a³, a*, a³, a, a7, a³.
In Figure 3 of the accompanying drawings the kilns A¹ and A² are shown
charged as hereinbefore described J being the layer of dried slurry and fuel,

page_text: KK the layers of wet slurry or of the mixture of wet slurry and fuel L L the
layers of fuel which alternate with the said layers K K and M M the pipes or
tubes arranged in that part of the charge which lies above the layer J.
Where pipes or tubes are arranged in the charge their diameter may be from
about three inches to six inches and they may be placed at distances of from about
eight inches to one foot apart. Where passages are formed in the charge by the
arrangement therein of combustible matters such as bundles of faggots the
diameter of the said passages may be larger say about nine inches and the said
passages may be formed at distances of from about one foot to fifteen inches apart.
I however do not limit myself to any particular size of the said pipes tubes or
passages or to their arrangement or formation at any particular distance apart.
It is not important that the slurry and fuel be arranged in alternate layers in
the kiln as the kiln may be charged entirely with a mixture of slurry and fuel the
pipes flues tubes or passages being arranged or formed therein as herein before
described. Where the fuel and the slurry or the fuel and the mixture are arranged
in alternate layers the depth of each layer of slurry or of the said mixture may be
about eight or nine inches. In any case the total proportions of the fuel and of the
slurry in the charge should be froin about five to six parts by bulk of the former
to about eight parts by bulk of the latter.
I use the apparatus herein before described as follows:--
I charge the lower part of one of the kilns (say the kiln A¹) and arrange the
pipes or tubes M in the charge as illustrated and herein before described or instead
of arranging pipes or tubes in the charge I form flues or passages in it by disposing
portions thereof in such positions as to cause draughts through the charge in the
direction required or by arranging readily combustible matters in such positions in
the charge using matters or materials such as those bereinbefore described and
referred to and after thus charging the said kiln I remove the damper or shutter d¹
and open the damper g¹ in the flue G leading from the said kiln A' to the flue F
thus allowing air to enter the kiln at the lower part and to pass upward through
the tubes M M to the chimney. I then ignite the fuel in the lower part of the kiln
and while the charge in the said kiln is burning I charge the kiln A² entirely with
wet slurry and fuel in alternate layers or with alternate layers of fuel and a
mixture of wet slurry and fuel as shown in Figure 3 and when the whole of the
charge in the kiln A is dry I open the damper c¹ which separates the flue C¹ from
the space beneath the arched bottom of the kiln A' and I open the damper g¹ in
the eye G which leads from the kiln A² to the flue F and close the damper gl
in the eye G of the kiln A¹ and thereby cause the hot gases from the kiln A¹ to
pass through the flue C¹ to the space beneath the arched bottom of the kiln A' and
thence through the tubes or pipes M M in the charge in the said kiln to the flue F
and thence to the chimney instead of passing from the upper part of the kiln A¹ to
the chimney the wet slurry in the kiln A being thus dried by the hot gases from
the kiln A while the charge therein is burning. When the charge in the kiln A¹
is so far burned that the gases passing from it will support combustion the charge
in the kiln A begins to burn. When the charge in the said kiln A¹ is throughly
burned and has been so far cooled by the air passing through it to the kiln A³ that
little or no advantage is gained by passing air through the charge in the said
kiln A' I remove the damper or shutter d and replace the damper or shutter d
and thus cause air to pass direct to the lower part of the kiln A' and when the
charge in the kiln A is sufficiently cool I draw the said charge therefrom.
I charge the kiln A³ while the charge in the kiln A is burning and when the
whole of the said charge is dry I cause the hot gases to pass therefrom to the said
kiln Aª by opening the damper c² and the damper g' in the eye G which com-
municates between the said kiln A³ and the chimney flue F. In this way I
successively charge the several kilns and dry the charges and burn them the charge
in one kiln being burned while that in the adjacent kiln with which it com-
municates is being dried by the hot gases from the kiln in which a charge is being
burned.

page_text: Instead of partly charging the first kiln with dried slurry as herein before
described it may be charged entirely with layers of wet slurry and fuel. In this
case I start the said first kiln by the heat from fuel burning in an oven or furnace
formed beneath the arched bottom of the said kiln. The object of the flues a*, a*
is to provide a sufficient draught on first igniting the fuel in the said ovens or
furnaces. When the said fuel has become thoroughly ignited I close the said
flues aby placing a tile over their upper ends and thus cause the hot gases from
the fuel to pass through the moist charge in the kiln. Access to the kiln for the
purpose of thus closing the said flues a is obtained through the eyes I I.
I do not limit myself to, any particular number of kilns as a greater or less
number than eight may be built in one .block. The arrangement of flues and
dampers is similar to that herein before described whatever be the number of kilns.
In cases where it may be desirable to dry and burn slurry at one operation in
kilns not provided with and connected by flues as herein before described provision
may be made for starting the kilns either by partly charging them with dried
slurry or by forming ovens or furnaces beneath the reticulated bottoms as herein-
before described.
The apparatus hereinbefore described for mixing the slurry and fuel and
supplying the mixture to the kilns is illustrated in vertical section in Figure 6
of the accompanying drawings In the said Figure 6 N N are the tanks into
which the slurry is delivered and O is the vessel with which the said tanks
communicate by means of apertures o¹, o' provided with valves o², 02. The stirrer
which is mounted in the vessel O consists of a rotatory shaft P working in
bearings p¹, p¹ and carrying arms p³, p² Qis the pipe into which the mixture
is allowed to pass from the said vessel Ō through the aperture o³ which is provided
with a sliding shutter o. R is the archimedian screw in the said pipe and q', q¹
are the branch tubes by which the slurry passes from the apparatus. The shaft.P
of the stirrer and that of the archimedian screw R carry band pulleys marked
respectively p³, 1 through which rotatory motion is communicated to the said
shafts in order to mix the matters in the vessel O and to discharge them from the
pipe when required.
When the kilns are to be charged motion is communicated to the stirrer P slurry
is admitted to the vessel O from one of the tanks N N and the required quantity
of small coal or other fuel is thrown into the said vessel O and is mixed with the
slurry by the action of the stirrer. When the slurry and fuel are sufficiently
mixed the mixture is allowed to pass into the pipe Q and motion is communicated
to the archimedian screw R by means of which the mixture is conveyed through
the said pipe and discharged therefrom through the branch pipes q¹, q¹ into the
kilns. The flow of slurry into the vessel O may be permitted and regulated and
interrupted as required by opening or closing or adjusting the valves o³, o³.
In cases where it is not desirable to arrange the mixing apparatus above the
level of the tops of the kilns the said apparatus may be arranged at a lower level.
When the pipe P is below the level of the tops of the kilns the mixture of slurry
and fuel may be raised to the required height by means of any suitable apparatus
in order to charge it into the kilns.
I am aware that it has been proposed to provide for the passage of air and hot
gases through the charge in a cement kiln loaded with wet slurry and fuel by
arranging metal tubes therein and withdrawing them as the slurry is dried but.
this has been found impracticable for the following reasons. The slurry in drying
adheres to the said tubes and prevents their withdrawal and the said tubes are
fused by the heat in the kilns and the fused metal becomes interspersed. with the
burnt charge in the kiln and interferes with the grinding of the clinker By my
invention a thorough and well distributed draught through the charge is ensured
without any of these objections and owing to the whole of the charge being equally
exposed to the action of the heat of the burning fuel the said charge is properly
burned throughout and when burned is in a very porous and friable state which
much facilitates the crushing or grinding of the clinker.

page_text: Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what
I claim is :-
First. The means herein before described for ensuring the efficient distribution
of the draught through the charge in a cement kiln loaded with layers of wet slurry
and fuel or with layers of fuel and of wet slurry mixed with fuel or entirely with a
mixture of wet slurry and fuel that is to say the arrangement in the charge of
pipes or tubes or of bundles of faggots or of sticks covered with readily combustible
materials or the arrangement of a portion or portions of the charge in such a
manner as to insure the formation of air passages through the whole body of the
charge the materials used in the formation of the pipes or tubes or passages being
of such nature that their presence in the charge after being burned therewith in
the kiln and ground or pulverized with the burnt charge will not impair the
quality of the cement.
Secondly. A series of cement kilns built in two rows back to back and
communicating at their upper parts with a flue built between them and leading
to a common chimney.