Improvements in Reaction Turbines.
Year: 1894

page_text: Date of Application, 3rd Oct., 1894
Complete Specification Left, 1st July, 1895-Accepted, 21st Sept,
1895
Improvements in Reaction Turbines.
I. AUGUSTE CAMILLE EDMOND RATEAU, of 1, Cours Victor Hugo,
St. Etienne, in the Republic of France, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature
of this invention to be as follows
My invention relates to reaction turbines designed to be driven by jets of fluid
such as water, vapour or gas
The turbines can be utilized for small chutes with large delivery or for large
chutes with small delivery
In the first case they are provided with a distributer which throws the fluid all
around the movable wheel (total injection) whilst in the second case the distributer
only throws the fluid over a portion of the periphery of the wheel (partial
injection).
A turbine, no matter what its construction may be, when complete, always
comprises foi principal parts,-
The movable partitioned wheel serving to convert into useful work the vis rua
of the fluid prejected by the distributer The conversion is effected by the reaction
of the fluid upon the partitions or floats.
2. The distributer consisting of fixed channels which give speed to, and suitably
direct, the motive fluid.
3 The valve (or slunce) the function of which is to more or less open or close the
channels of the distibuter so as to proportion the delivery of the motive fluid to
the power required of the machine.
4 The collector and diffuser having for object to collect the jets of fluid which
issne from the movable wheel and to conduct them to the discharge stream, mean-
while decreasing their speed so as to convert into pressure almost the whole of
the visa which they cortam whereby the mechanical efficiency or yield of the
apparatus is considerably increased.
Each of these four paits I have improved with the object chiefly of bringing the
mechanical efficiency or yield to the highest point by preventing, as much as
possible, the loss of charge in the interior of the apparatus, which loss is produced
by the friction of the streams of flind, by their natiowing or contraction, by the
changes of duection, and by the residual speeds which persist at the outlet of
the apparatus, all of which tend to cause eddies in the fluid, the energy of which
eddies becomes uselessly converted into heat.
In turbines with total injection, the wheel consists of two rings of buckets, (or
The outline of
can, if required, employ one such ring or three or even nioie)
these buckets is calculated to that the transverse section of the channels shall be
constant from the inlet to the outlet The movement of the fluid is helico-
centripetal, that is to say, the fluid moves towards the axis and is at the same time
displaced parallelwise to the axis; in other words the central line of each channel
16 a cui ve drawn upon a comical surface and the fluid enters from the exterior and
egresses at the interior of the wheel.
There is, however, in this form of wheel nothing which 18 novel except that the
entry of the fluid 19 effected through openings arranged upon a cone of revolution,
whilst in turbines ns hitherto constructed the inlet openings have always been
This comical
atranged upon a cylinder or in a plane perpendicular to the axis.

page_text: arrangement of the inlet openings possesses the advantage of reducing the inflexions
of the trajectories of the fluid to a minimum.
The distributer compuses a number of channels suitably directed by partitions.
It is formed with two series of these channels which series correspond to the two
ungs of the wheel Each channel has its inlet opening on the cylindrical surface
and its outlet opening on the cone parallel, with the least possibly play, to the inlet
cone of the wheel.
The inlet openings of the channels instead of being circulaily juxtaposed upon
the outer cylindrical surface as is generally the case, ate arranged in double helices
on this surface, the pitch of the helix being equal to twice the height of the
openings.
The object of this is to allow the valve to successively close or open the
apertures without there even being more than two in which the fluid cument can be
naironed
The two lower half threads of the double helix correspond to the lower ring and
the two upper half threads to the upper mg.
Instead of helices with two thends can employ a helix having a single
thead or helices having three or more threads the principle always remaining
the same
The valve is exterior and cylindrical, it is provided with helicoidal projections
which comespond to the lower and upper helicoidal edges of the apertures of the
distribute and adjust themselves on these edges with the least possible play.
The lower edge of the valve cairies two vertical checks at 180° one to the other
If the valve be lowered around the distributer by a helicoidal movement all the
channels will be closed successively as the checks will successively cover their
inlet apertures
On the other hand by inising the valve by a reverse helicoidal movement the
distributer channels will be successively opened With helices having two threads
the channels are closed or opened two at a time and there are never more than two
Jets, at most, of fluid contracted. This is the principal advantage of this kind of
valve
The valve is guiled in its movement by a screw around which it moves like a
Its rotation is effected by means of a pinion which gears with a toothed
segment or by any other equivalent meane.
But
The weight of the valve is counterbalanced if required by a counter weight with
friction rollers interposed.
This
The collector and diffuser consist simply of a comical pipe, the widest part being
downwards, and the axis of which is the same as that of the turbine.
pipe can be divided into two parts, one central and the other annular, each
corresponding to one of the ings of the wheel.
I have described the turbine as having its axis vertical but it will be understood
that it can be arranged with its axis horizontal.
It is easy to ender the turbine reversible To this end the buckets of
the upper channels are arranged in one dnection and those of the lower channels
in the opposite direction, the apparatus then, in a manner, consists of two
super posed turbines, but the same valve can be used to effect the distribution
and the reversal of motion, it will be formed of a single helicoidal ing of the same
height as the distibute provided with helicoidal edges and with cheeks at the
upper part as well as at the lower part. By lifting thus ing one set of the channels
will be successively uncovered the others remaining covered, on the other hand by
lowering at the other set of channels will be opened.
The valve can be operated by a hand wheel or automatically by a governor
actuated by an auxiliary engine
If the apparatus is for use with partial injection, I employ the known type of
wheel consisting of a disc or pulley the periphery of which is provided with radial
wings, floats or vapes formed of three cylindin al surfaces the transverse section of
the float on one side corresponding with two aits of circles connected together sule

page_text: by side. According to my invention I make the other side of the flunt with a
cylindrical surface, the transverse sertion of which is an arc of a circle which bas
its back turned to the two first. This combination is adopted in view of the
reversibility of the turbine.
By throwing the fluid jets onto one of the faces the wheel is caused to turn in
one direction, whilst if the jets be turned onto the other face the wheel is caused
to turn in the reverse direction.
There is a greater shock upon one side than upon the other and the power
resulting is not so great but this will not matter, generally, because only one of
the two dnections of rotation is normally adopted, the other would only be adopted
in exceptional cases, during a short time, and then the mechanical efficiency would
not be important, it is sufficient to be able to produce this reverse motion
It is true that the floats could be inade symmetrical but the result would be a
elative mercase of thickness at the middle. Now it is necessory that the end of
the float at the central pat should be flattened down in an inclined plane in the
dnection of the normal speed to prevent the spouting out of the fluid thrown by
the tuyeres hereinafter described.
This inclined portion necessarily causes the spouting out of a portion of the
streams of fluid when, in order to work in the reverse direction, they are projected
with an opposite obliquity It is therefore important in order to diminish this
giave objection to reduce this thickness at the middle For this purpose I prefer
to employ only one are of a circle at the back
In cases where the turbine is always requned to turn in the same direction only
one of the sides of the floats is used. In order to prevent eddies around the jets
of fluid the whole of the part where these jets do not cuculate can be filled in with
a solid material.
For this purpose the wheel has channels cut in its periphery in the following
manuel .-.
-An inclined groove placed in the unddle portion of the wheel deepens
as it approaches the edge which cuts the jet into two symmetrical portions and is
divided in front of this edge into two semicirculat channel-
The distibute consists of a number of tuyeres which throw the motive fluid
mto the middle part of the wheel at an angle of about 20° to the peripheral
cncumference These tuy cies are connected by pipes to the apertures of the
distributer properly so called; the latter compuses a fixed cylindrical body within
which the regulating valve tuins with slight fintion.
The motive fluid on entering the distributer can reach each of the annulai
channels through two or three or more hole-, made symmetrically around a sleeve
introduced to the cylindrical body
These holes are symmetrically distributed in order to equalize the pressime upon
the valve. They ate arranged in three helicoidal rows
The annular passages are separated from one another and each of them is in
connection with a tuyeie.
The valve is of a cy hndical form and provided with rectangular apertures each
But these
of which coresponds with a hole in the sleeve of the distribute
apertures are of unequal lengths so that when the valve is rotated upon its axis
the holes of the distributer shall only close successively, the object being to make
certain rows of holes in the sleeve of the distributer correspond with rows of
apertures of unequal lengthis in the wall of the valve.
It is not necessary, moreover, that the holes of the sleeve should be placed
spirally from one low to another as nothing prevents the displacement to any angle
of one row of holes in the sleeve and of apertures in the valve with relation to
the adjacent rows, I would also observe that the apertures of unequal lengths can
be made in the sleeve, the valve then having identical holes.
The valve is mounted upon a spindle which passes though the bottom of the
distribute and is provided outside with a crank handle connected to a speed
governo by one or several connecting rods.
With three holes to each annular passage it is only necessary that the valve shall

page_text: turn through an angle of 65° in order to pass from the complete opening of the
tuyeres to their complete closure.
The motive fluid thrown by the tnyeres into the middle part of the wheel is
diverted laterally by the cu ved floats on either side and leaves the turbine
symmetrically on each side through an aperture in the side wall of the chamber or
case which encloses the wheel; this aperture occupies an aic rather larger than
that which corresponds to the injection tuyees and affords access to the collector
which consists simply of a diverging channel which extends around the case of the
turbine to an opening over which the discharge pipe is applied
The two lateral collector passages diverge from their source and their transverse
section progressively increases because they are required to give passage to a
quantity of fluid which increases m proportion to the number of tuyeres behind
the section.
The inci case of section is owing also to the decrease of speed necessarily
produced by the curved form of the channel By reason in fact of the centrifugal
force developed on the outer side of the channel the pressure there becomes greater
than on the inner side and the energy of the fluid remaining constant, it is necessal y
that a decrease of speed shall conespond to this increase of pressure. This
arrangement is the more efficacious for converting the ras riva into pressure and
recovering the loss due to the absolute outlet speed of the wheel the more the
channel diverges from a rectilinear axis
This arrangement, of diverging channel extending spirally around an arc of
circle in the wheel of a turbine with partial injection, is a novel feature of my
invention.
When the turbine is required to be reversible, beside the main tnyeres it is
necessary for the reverse rotation to employ others arranged obliquely in contiary
directions. To these tuveres are then connected two other collector-passages
similar to those herembefore referred to but turned in the opposite direction
The turbine with partial injection is particularly applicable where the motive
fluid is in the form of gas, steam or hot liquid, but the speed with which the fluid
leaves the tnyeres and reaches the wheel should not be much greater than 500 metres
per second (which is approximately double the maximum peripheral speed which
can be practically obtained with rotating bodies) because if it were not su the
mechanical efficiency would be much decreased. It is therefore Decessary in this
case to divide the chute of total pressure into several parts (2, 3 or 4) to each of
which a turbine corresponds. All these turbines are niranged in series and then
wheels can be mounted on the same shaft or on independent shafts
In order that the efficiency may remain high it is necessary that the openings
of the tuyetes should remain proportionate in the different turbines, that is to say,
that they should be all reduced to deliver the same relative quantity at the same
moment. This is effected by mounting all the distributing valves upon the same
spindle or on different spindles between which an invariable connection is established
by means of connecting rods or by gearing.
In this manner the governo acts upon all the turbines simultaneously.
The reverse distribution for reversible apparatuses can be obtained by different
means, for example, I can double the channels and apertures of the distributers
and suitably arrange the said apertures in order that the reverse rotation of the
valve shall close those which coi respond to one group of tuy eres and open those
which correspond to the reverse group of tuyeres
Dated the 3rd day of October 1894
G. F. REDFERN & Co,
4, South Street, Finsbury, London, Agents for the Applicant.

page_text: I, AUGUSTE CAMILLE EDMOND RATEAU, of 1, Coms Victor Hugo, St. Etienne,
in the Republic of Fiance, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following statement
-
My invention relates to reaction turbines designed to be driven by jets of fluid
such as water, vapour or gas
The bines can be utilized for small chutes with large delivery or for large
chutes with small delivery
In the first case they are provided with a distributor which throws the fund all
around the movable wheel (total injection) whilst in the second case the distributor
only throws the fluid over a portion of the periphery of the wheel (partial
injection)
A ti bine, no matter what its construction may be, when complete, always
comprises four principal parts, videlicet
1 The movable paititioned wheel serving to convert into useful work the usua
of the fluid projected by the distributo This conversion is effected by the
reaction of the fluid upon the partitions or floats.
2 The distributor consisting of fixed channels which give speed to, and suitably
direct, the motive flund.
3. The valve (ou sluice) the function of which is to more or less open or close
the channels of the distributor so as to proportion the delivery of the motive fluid
to the power required of the machine.
4. The collector and diffuser having for object to collect the jets of fluid which
issue from the wheel and to conduct them to the discharge stieain, meanwhile
decreasing then speed so as to convert into pressure almost the whole of the
es via which they contam whereby the mechanical efficiency o yield of the
apparatus is considerably increased.
Each of these four parts I have improved with the object cluefly of bunging the
mechanical efficiency or yield to the highest point by preventing, as much as
possible, the loss of charge in the interior of the apputains, which loss is produced
by the friction of the streams of fluid, by their natrowing or contraction, by the
changes of direction, and by the residual speeds which persist at the outlet of the
apparatus, all of which tend to cause eddies in the fluid, the energy of which eddies
becomes uselessly converted into heat.
The valve or sluice has especially occupied my attention. I have invented
atrangements which will allow of the apparatus giving excellent results even when
its power is reduced to less than a quarter of the maximum power which it is
capable of developing. This result is attained by helicoidal valves or slunces
which leave all the active channels of the distributor wide open except one or two
which a more or less obstructed
My tube is arranged so as to be reversible, that is to say, to rotate as required
in one direction or the other and the diffuser is made of the special forms hereafter
described.
I will now describe the application of these novel arrangements to the two cases
which may be presented, riz.-turbines with total injection and turbines with
partial injection, so as to enable the working to be fully understood, reference being
had to the accompanying drawings, in which
11
Figures 1 to 3 illustrate a turbine with total injection:
Figure 1 being a view half in elevation and half in section, the section being
taken through the axis ·

page_text: Figme 2 a section of the movable and fixed blades through the come
Figue 1, developed ; and,
Figme 3 a development of the valve.
Figures 4 to 9 relate to a turbine with partial injection
Figure 4 being a view partly in side elevation and partly in section, the section
being perpendicular to the axis on the line X Y, Figure 5
Figure 5 a section on the line M N, Figure 4, through the axis, the wheel being
half in elevation
Figure 6 a view of one of the floats (drawn to double scale)
Figure 7 a view half in clevation and half in section, the section being taken
through the axis of the distributor and valve on the line XY, Figure 9:
Figure 8 a section perpendicular to the axis of the distributor, and,
Figure 9 a development of the valve.
Figue 10 shews a modified construction of the wheel in elevation and section.
In ta bines with total injection, the wheel consists of two rings of buckets Rand R',
Figme 1, (o I can, if requned, employ one such ring of three or even more).
The outline of these buckets a, b, c, d, a', b', e, d¹ is calculated so that the
transverse section of the channels shall be constant from the inlet to the ontlet
The movement of the fluid is helico-centripetal, that is to say, the fluid moves
towards the axis and is at the same time displaced parallelwise to the axis, in
other words the central line of each channel is a cui ve diawn upon a conical
sui face with generatrix X X and the fluid enters from the exterior and egresses at
the interior of the wheel.
There is, however, in this form of wheel nothing which is novel except that the
entry of the fluid is effected through openings arranged upon a cone of evolution
the generatrix of which is a, b, a, b, whilst in turbines as hitherto constructed the
inlet openings have always been arranged upon a cylinder or a plane
perpendicular to the axis. This comeal arrangement of the mlet openings
possesses the advantage of reducing the tuflexions of the trajectorics of the fluid to
a minimuin
100
The distributor comprises a number of channels stably duected by partitions,
as shewn in the section at Figure 2 It is formed with two series of these
channels D and D', which series correspond to the two rings R and R¹ of the
wheel. Each channel shewn in section at e, f, g, h and e', f, g', ' has its inlet
opening on the cylindrical sui face g, h, g', h and its outlet opening on the
cone e, e, parallel, with the least possible play, to the inlet cone of the
wheel.
The inlet openings of the channels, instead of being encularly juxtaposed upon
the outer cylindrical surface as is generally the case, nie aanged in double helices
on this surface, the pitch of the helix being equal to twice the height g, h of the
openings.
The object of this 18 to allow the valve to successively close on open the
apertures without there ever being more than two in which the fund current can
be nanowed
The side view clearly shows this arrangement as well as the development,
Figure 3, of the outer cylindrical surface of the distributor.
The two lower half threads 1 and 2 of the double helix corespond to the lower
ing and the two upper half threads 3 and 4 to the upper ing.
Instead of helices with two theads I can employ a helix baving a single
thread of helices having three or more threads, the principle always remaining
the same.
The valve exterior and cylindrical; it is provided with helicoidal pro-
Jections 1,3, k, Figure 1, which correspond to the lower and upper helicoidal edges
of the apertures of the distributor and adjust themselves on these edges with the
least possible play. The lower edge of the valve l, m, n, p, q, r, Figure 3, carries
two voitical cheeks m, n, p, q at 181° one to the other.
If the valve be lowered around the distributor by a helicoidal movement all the

page_text: channels will be closed successively as the checks M, S
cover then inlet aperties
On the other bard by raising the valve by a reverse helicoidal movement the dis-
tributor channels will be successively opened. With helices having two threads the
channels are closed or opened two at a time and there me never more than
two jets, at most, of fluid contracted This is the principal advantage of this hurl
of valve.
The valve is guided in its movement by a screw
Its rotation is effected by means of a pinion
ring or by any other equiv ilent means
nut
around which it moves like a
which gears with a toothed
The weight of the valve 13 counter balanced if required by a counterweight with
friction rollers interposed
The collector and diffuser consist simply of a conical pipe A, B, the widest part
beng downwards, and the axis of which is the same as that of the turbine. This
pipe can be divided into two parts, one central and the other nunulat, each
coresponding to one of the rings of the wheel
I have shewn the turbine just desenbed with its axis vertical but it will be
understood that it can be arranged with its axis horizontal
It 13 easy to render the turbine reversible. To this end the buckets of the
upper channel R, D are ananged in one direction and those of the lower
channels R'. D' in the opposite direction; the apparatus then, in a manner
cousists of two super posed ti bines, but the same valve can be used to effect the
distribution and the ieversal of motion; it will be formed of a single helicoidal
ring of the same height as the distributor D, D₁ provided with helicordal edges
and with cheeks at the upper part as well as at the lower part. By lifting this
ring the channels D¹ will be successively uncovered the others remaining covered;
on the other hand by lowering it the other chanuels D will be opened.
The valve can be operated by a hand wheel or automatically by a governor
actuated by an auxiliary engine.
If the apparatus is for use with partial injection, I employ the known type of
wheel consisting of a disc or pulley A, Figures 4 and 5, the periphery of which 18
provided with indial wings, floats or vanes B, B formed of three cylindrical
surfaces which are shewn in section at B at the bottom of Figure 6, the transverse
section of the float on one side consisting of two arcs of cucles a, b, c and c, d, e
connected together side by side According to my mvention I make the other
side of the float with a cylindrical surface, the transverse section of which is an
are of a circle f, g, h which has its back turned to the two first. This combination
18 adopted in view of the reversibility of the turbine
By throwing the flund jets onto the face a, b, c, d the wheel is caused to turn in
one direction; whilst if the jets be tained onto the other face f g h the wheel is
caused to turn in the reverse direction.
There is a greater shock upon one side than upon the other and the power
resulting is not so great but this will not matter, generally, because only one of
the two directions of rotation is normally adopted; the other would only be
adopted in exceptional cases, during a short time, and then the mechanical
efficiency would not be important, it is sufficient to be able to produce this reverse
motion.
It is true that the flonts could be made symmetrical as represented at B' but the
result would be a relative increase of thickness at the middle g, c Now it is
necessary that the end of the float at the central part should be flattened down in
an inclined plane in the direction of the normal speed to prevent the spouting out
of the fluid thrown by the tuyères hereinafter described.
This inclined portion necessarily causes the spouting out of a portion of the
streams of fund when, in order to work in the reverse direction, they are projected
with an opposite obliquity. It is therefore important in order to diminish this
e objection, that this thickness g, c be reduced at the middle For this purpose
prefer to employ only one are of a cncle at the back.

page_text: In cases where the turbine is always required to turn in the same duection only
one of the sides of the floats is used, and in order to prevent eddies around the
jets of fund the whole of the part where these Jets do not circulate can be filled in
with a solid material
For this purpose as shewn in Figure 10 the wheel has channels ent in its
periphery in the following manner :-An inclined groove 1, 7 placed in the middle
portion of the wheel deepins as it approaches the edge y which cuts the jet into
two symmetrical portions and is divided m front of this edge into two semi-circulai
channels q, and g, s.
The distributor consists of a number of tuyères C, C, C, Figure 4, which throw
the motive fluid into the middle part of the wheel at an angle of about 20° to the
peripheral circumference. The axes of these tuyères are therefore, u practice,
placed in the symmetrical plane X Y (Figure 5) of the wheel. These tusères are
connected by pipes (not shewn in the diawings) to the apertures E, F, G, II,
Figues 7 and 8, of the distributor properly so called, the latter comprises a fixed
cylindrical body within which the regulating valve tuins with slight friction
atl
[11
The motive fluid on entering the distributor through the side I can reach each
of the annular channels J, K, L, R through two. thicc or more holes, made
symmetrically around a sleeve P, Q introduced into the cylindrical body
These holes are symmetrically distributed in order to equalize the pressure upon
the valve. They are shewn arranged in three helicoidal rows M, M₁, M₁", M₁
M2, M,', M, MM, Ma', M.", M at Figure 9 which represents the
development of the outer wall of the valve and of the inner wall of the sleevc.
The annular passages J, K, L, R are separated from one another and each of
them is in connection with a tuyère. The flanges E, F, G, H which respectively
correspond with them are represented in the drawings regularly distributed around
the body of the distributor but it is obvious that they could be placed in any other
desed position around the axis according to requirements.
The valve V, Figures 7 and 8, is of a cylindrical form and provided with
rectangula apertures a, b, c, d,-a², b', c', d'—a", b", e", d"—a¹¹¸ ¸ ¸ ¸
Figure 9, each of which corresponds with a hole M in the sleeve P, Q of the
distributor. But these apertures are of unequal lengths so that when the valve is
rotated upon its axis the holes of the distributor shall only close successively, for
example, it will be seen that by turning the valve towards the right hand tho
edge a, b of the aperture a, b, c, d will completely close the opening M before
the edge a', b' of the adjacent apertine shall have closed more than half of the
opening M,, the same for the openings M,, M, on the one side and M,' and M₁' on
the other.
The thud row of holes which corresponds to the fourth tuyère will only close
after the second, and the fourth after the third and so on. The object is to make
certain rows of holes in the sleeve of the distributor correspond with rows of
apertues of unequal lengths in the wall of the valve.
It is not necessary, moreover, that the bules of the sleeve should be placed
spirally from one row to another as nothing prevents the displacement to any angle
of oue row of holes in the sleeve and of apertures in the valve with relation to the
adjacent rows; I would also observe that the apertures of unequal lengths can be
made in the sleeve, the valve then having identical holes.
The valve is mounted upon a spindle Z, Z which passes through the bottom S, S
of the distributor and is provided outside with a crank handle T connected to a
speed governor by one or several connecting rods.
With three holes to each annular passage it is only necessary that the valve
shall tun through an angle of 65° in order to pass from the complete opening of the
tuyères to their complete closure.
The motive fluid thrown by the tuyères into the middle part of the wheel is
diverted laterally by the curved floats on either side and leaves the turbine
symmetrically on each side through an aperture 1, 1, m in the side wall of the
chamber or case which encloses the wheel; this aperture occupies an arc rather

page_text: larger than that which corresponds to the injection tayères and, consequently, varies,
according to the number of the latter, from a small portion of the circumference
to the entire circumference. It affords access to the collector which consists simply
of a diverging channel k, l, m, n, o, Figure 4, which extends around the case of the
turbine to an opening o over which the discharge pipe is applied. At n, n',
Figure
are shewn the sections made by the diametrical plane M, N, Figure 4,
through the two lateral collector passages.
These passages diverge from their source A, Figure 4, and their transverse
section progressively increases because they are required to give passage to a
quantity of flad which increases in proportion to the number of tuyères behind the
section
The increase of section is owing also to the decrease of speed necessarily produced
by the curved form of the channel. By reason in fact of the centrifugal force
developed on the outer side of the channel the pressure there becomes greater than
on the inner side and the energy of the fluid remaining constant, it is necessary that
a decrease of speed shall correspond to this increase of pressure. This arrangement
18 the more efficacious for converting the vas va into pressure and recovering the
loss due to the absolute outlet speed of the wheel the more the channel diverges
from a rectilinear axis.
This arrangement of diverging channel extending spirally around an arc of a
circle in the wheel of a turbine with partial injection is a novel feature of my
invention
When the turbine is required to be reversible, besides the main tuyères C, C,
Figure 4, it is necessary, for the reverso rotation, to employ others arranged
obliquely in contrary directions such as D, D', Figure 4. To these tuyères arc
then connected two other collector-passages similar to those hereinbefore referred
to but turned in the opposite dnection.
The turbine with partial injection is particularly applicable where the motive
fluid is in the form of gas, steam or hot liquid, but the speed with which the fluid
leaves the tuyères and reaches the wheel should not be much greater than
500 metres per second (which is approximately double the inaximum peripheral
speed which can be practically obtained with rotating bodies) because if it were
not so the mechanical efficiency would be much decreased. It is therefore
necessary in this case to divide the chute of total pressure into several parts
(2, 3 or 4) to each of which a turbine corresponds. All these turbines are arranged
in series and their wheels can be mounted on the same shaft E, E, Figure 5, or on
independent shufts. In order that the efficiency may remain high it is necessary
that the openings of the tuyères should remain proportionate in the differeut
turbines, that is to say, that they should be all reduced to deliver the same relative
quantity at the same moment This is effected by mounting all the distributing
valves upon the same spindle Z, Z, Figure 7, or ou different spindles between
which an invariable connection is established by means of connecting rods or by
gearing.
In this manner the governor acts upon all the turbines simultaneously
The reverse distribution for reversible apparatuses can be obtamed by different
means, for example, I can double the channels and apertures of the distributor, and
suitably arrange the said apertures in order that the reverse rotation of the valve
shall close those which correspond to one group of tuyères and open those which
correspond to the reverse group of tuyères.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
claim is
-
1. In turbines with total injection, the employment of a movable wheel of which
the inlet apertures for the Hund open onto a conical surface of revolution around
the shaft, substantially as her einbefore described.
2. In turbines with total injection the employment of a distributor the inlet

page_text: openings of which are arranged helically upon a cylindrical sui face, substantially
as hereiubefore described.
3 In turbines with total injection, the employment of a valve having a helicoidal
displacement substantially as herein before described.
4. In tubes with total injection, the employment of a diffuser formed of a
comical pipe the axis of which coincides with that of the turbine, substantially as
hereinbefore described
5. In turbines with partial injection, the employment of radial wings the
transverse section of which is formed of three or four ares of encles, placed back to
back, for the purpose of allowing the apparatus to work in both directions of
rotation; or when the turbine is requned to always turn in the same direction,
central uclined channels bifurcated into two semi-circular channels extending from
the edge which cuts the jets into two, substantially as her embefore described
6. In turbines with partial injection, the employment of a distributor consisting
of annular channels communicating with the interior of a cylindrical sleeve by
means of rows of holes in front of which turns a valve provided with apertures of
progressively different lengths, substantially as her erubefore described
7. In turbines with partial injection, the employment of a collector and diffusci
formed of diverging passages arranged symmeti ically in spirals on either side of
the turbine and occupying an are more or less great corresponding to the part
occupied by the injection tuyères, substantially as herembefore described.
8. The improved reaction turbines het cubefore described and illustrated m
Figures 1 to 4 and in Figures 5 to 9 of the accompanying drawings.
T 1
1008
G. F. REDFERN & Co.,
4, South Street, Finsbury, London, Agents for the Applicant.