improvements in Treating Iron and Steel.
Year: 1897

page_text: improvements in Treating Iron and Steel.
We, TIMOTHEUS KOROVINE, NICOLAS KLATSCHKO, and JACQUES BERTHENSON, all of
House Koeppen, Furkassovsky Pereulok, Moscow, in the Empire of Russia, do
hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
This invention has reference to the hardening of different parts of machinery
forged in iron, such as pinions, slides, shafts, chains and other implements. The
process described below enables the metal to be hardened to a considerable depth
which materially increases its resistance to fracture, bending and twisting and
at the same time diminishes wear by friction.
The process is as follows:-Parts of machinery of iron or mild steel are covered,
in such places as require to be hardened, by a layer of hard steel of which the thick-
ness may be varied as desired. The steel to be welded on is adjusted according
to the form of the article to be treated. The piece in question is then heated to
redness and plunged into a mixture the composition of which is described below,
this mixture being itself heated to the point of becoming liquid. Then the piece
to be welded on is placed on the article to be treated and the whole is heated in
a reverberatory furnace or on a hearth up to a welding heat. When the desired
temperature has been reached, the article is forced by a steam hammer or press
into a suitable mould, or it may be rolled, in such a way that the steel adheres
to the article treated and forms with it a single piece.
Owing however to its being raised to a bright white heat and afterwards being
slowly cooled, the steel burns and its structure is changed; to obviate this it is
necessary to plunge the article before it cools into a bath composed of four parts
rosin, one part turpentine and one part hemp seed oil. This mixture is heated
until the rosin melts. The article that has been treated is plunged into the hot liquid
and held there for at least five minutes after which the steel recovers its former
properties.
After the surfaces of the article have been worked as required, it is heated to
redness and plunged into the same bath but diluted with enough turpentine to
render it liquid at ordinary temperatures. An article treated with this cold bath
attains a very high degree of hardness.
To obtain a hardened shaft, the bloom or ingot from which it is to be made is
treated as above described and then rolled to the required size. A shaft is thus
obtained the exterior layers of which possess the properties of steel whilst the interior
retains the properties of iron. If need be the shaft may be again heated after it has
been rolled.
Hardened chains are made of metal treated as just described for shafts. The
links are forged from bars so obtained. The completed chain is heated to redness.
and plunged into the cold bath on which the same division into iron and steel
results as described above in the case of shafts. The resistance to breaking and
to wear from friction is considerably increased.
Worn parts of machines may be restored, to their normal size and hardened by
the same process.

page_text: This process possesses the following advantages
(1) It enables all kinds of steel, to be brought to the hardness of tool steel.
(2) It enables parts of machines to be covered during manufacture by a layer of
hard steel of any desired thickness which renders easier and cheaper the manu-
facture of articles such as shafts, connecting rods and the like.
Dated this 2nd day of March 1907
Improvements in Treating Iron and Steel.
We, TIMOTHEUS KOROVINE, NICOLAS KLATSCIIKO, and JACQUES BERTHENSON, all of
House Koeppen, Furkassovsky Pereulok, Moscow, in the Empire of Russia, do
hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to be
performed to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement:―
This invention has reference to the hardening of different parts of machinery
forged in iron, such as pinions, slides, shafts, chains and other implements. The
process described below enables the metal to be hardened to a considerable depth
which materially increases its resistance to fracture, bending and twisting and
at the same time diminishes wear by friction.
The process is as follows:-Parts of machinery of iron or mild steel are covered,
in such places as require to be hardened, by a layer of hard steel of which the thick-
ness may be varied as desired. The steel to be welded on is adjusted according
to the form of the article to be treated. The piece in question is then heated to
redness and plunged into a mixture the composition of which is described below,
this mixture being itself heated to the point of becoming liquid. Then the piece
to be welded on is placed on the article to be treated and the whole is heated in
a reverberatory furnace or on a hearth up to a welding heat. When the desired
temperature has been reached, the article is forced by a steam hammer or press
into a suitable mould, or it may be rolled, in such a way that the steel adheres
to the article treated and forms with it a single piece.
Owing however to its being raised to a bright white heat and afterwards being
slowly cooled, the steel burns and its structure is changed; to obviate this it is
necessary to plunge the article before it cools into a bath composed of four parts
rosin, one part turpentine and one part hemp seed oil. This mixture is heated
until the rosin melts. The article that has been treated is plunged into the hot liquid
and held there for at least five minutes after which the steel recovers its former
properties.
After the surfaces of the article have been worked as required, it is heated to
redness and plunged into the same bath but diluted with enough naphtha or turpen-
tine to render it liquid at ordinary temperatures. An article treated with this cold
bath attains a very high degree of hardness.
To obtain a hardened shaft, the bloom or ingot from which it is to be made is
treated as above described and then rolled to the required size. A shaft is thus
obtained the exterior layers of which possess the properties of steel whilst the
interior retains the properties of iron. If need be the shaft may be again heated
after it has been rolled."
Hardened chains are made of metal treated as just described for shafts. The
links are forged from bars so obtained. The completed chain is heated to redness
and plunged into the cold bath on which the same division into iron and steel

page_text: results as described above in the case of shafts. The resistance to breaking and
to wear from friction is considerably increased.
Worn parts of machines may be restored to their normal size and hardened by
the same process.
This process possesses the following advantages
(1) It enables all kinds of steel to be brought to the hardness of tool steel.
(2) It enables parts of machines to be covered during manufacture by a layer of
hard steel of any. desired thickness which renders easier and cheaper the manu-
facture of articles such as shafts, connecting rods and the like.
The annexed drawings Figures 1 and 2 represent by way of example a portion of
an axle and also links of a chain treated by the method above described. The parts
which are section lined indicate hard steel welded on to the article.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of our said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed, we declare that what we
claim is:-
1. The process herein described for the production of articles in iron and in mild
steel so as to obtain products hardened upon the surface to a high degree and to a
considerable depth whilst the interior parts retain the properties of unhardened
metal with the object of augmenting the resistance to fracture, flexure, and torsion,
the said method being characterized by the welding of hard steel upon the parts
of the article treated and by the employment in this work of a special mixture com-
posed of rosin, turpentine, and hemp seed oil.
2. The use for the purpose indicated of a
1 part of turpentine; and 1 part of boiled he
liquid when cold by dilution with naphtha
Dated this 4th day of December 1897.
h composed of four parts of rosin,
ed oil; also the same bath rendered
with turpentine.
CARPMAEL. & Co.,
Agents for the Applicants.