Improvements in Gradual Reduction Machines for the Manufacture of Semolina and Flour and for Treating other Substances.
Year: 1888

page_text: Date of Application, 31st July, 1888
Complete Specification Left, 30th Apr., 1889-Accepted, 22nd June, 1889
PROVISIONAL. SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Gradual Reduction Machines for the Manufacture
of Semolina and Flour and for Treating other Substances.
I, GEORGE MACAULAY-CRUIKSHANK of 62 Saint Vincent Street, Glasgow, in the
County of Lanark, Fellow of the Institute of Patent Agents, do hereby declare the
nature of this Invention (a communication to ine from abroad by Gustav Adolph
Buchholz and James U. Robertson both of New York in the United States of America)
to be as follows:-
The present Invention relates to improvements on the mill described and claimed
in the Specification of Letters Patent of the United Kingdom Number 13,460, dated
6th November 1885 granted to me. In said Specification I have described a mill
having two or more members which reciprocate one relatively to the other being
adjusted at such distance apart as to receive grain or other substance to be treated
between them. The adjacent faces of these members are grooved in directions
substantially at right angles to the line of movement and the reciprocation is of small
stroke equal only to the pitch of the grooving. In action the grain is received into
the channels formed by two adjacent grooves on the two members and forced by the
reciprocation of the meinbers against the sharp edges of the grooves whereby it is
cut and broken and on the return stroke of the members the channel is re-opened
to discharge the material that has been cut and broken and to receive a new charge
of grain from above. My present mill operates on the same general principle but I
now make the breaking members of wedge or truncated form in vertical transverse
section the alternate members being arranged to taper upward and downward. The
upper members form a single set which are reciprocated relatively to the lower
members and the latter are also preferably mounted and reciprocated synchronously
in opposite direction to the upper members. The adjacent faces of these breaking
members are grooved either in a direction perpendicular to the line of movement or
at an inclination to such line depending upon the action to be had upon the grain.
The grooves are slightly flared at their upper ends so as to facilitate. the entry of the
grain between the members and the members are adjusted at such distance apart
that the main portion of the grooving will provide channels of slightly less diameter
than that of the particles of material to be treated. This adjustment of the members
is facilitated by their alternate tapering the upper set or the lower or both being
adjusted as desired. To enable the adjustment the members are suspended by links
from eccentrics on suitable shafts operated preferably by shaft and worm gear from a
common hand wheel or crank. Ratchet wheels having gravity pawls act as locks to
prevent movement of the breaking members from any position to which they have
been adjusted.
In grooving the faces of the members one or another shape of the grooving in
transverse section is adopted according to the result which it is desired to produce or
the material which is to be treated. Ordinarily I prefer to employ a flat groove
in the shape of the half of an ellipse which provides a wide space to receive the
material to be treated and at the same time a sharp edge for breaking the grain
while the shallowness of such a groove causes the grain or other material to be
pressed outward into the path of the approaching edges of the grooving on the
adjacent breaking member. When the mill is used for the manufacture of semolina
the grooving is ordinarily made in lines very nearly perpendicular to the line of
movement and close together, while for other purposes as for example for the reduction
of semolina to flour the grooves are preferably placed at some little distance apart
and may be inclined in opposite directions so as to provide between them flat elevated

page_text: portions which may be smooth or scored. The grooving acts to draw the material
on to these flat portions, where it is reduced to an extent determined by the distance
apart of the members. The grooving may be the same size from top to bottom of
the members or it may slightly taper or it may be in several courses each lower course
being of grooving of less width than that immediately above. Between the courses
horizontal channels are provided for distributing the material. It is also to be
understood that it is not necessary that the grooving on the two adjacent members
should correspond in angle. Grooves of any desired inclination on one member may
be used in connection with similar or any varying grooving on the adjacent member
according to the object to be obtained.
Shoulders are made at the ends of the grooves or working portions of the breaking
members to prevent the outward flow of the material and these parts are not grooved
or channelled. The working surface may be in one with the body of the member
or it may be a block of steel, chilled iron, stone, earthenware or other suitable
material fastened to the main body by being enclosed in a suitable frame or being
slid into a tapering groove or in any other suitable manner. When in position the
block may be held by pins, keys, cleats or other devices. Beyond the working
surface the breaking members are made with necks which are mounted on the machine
between vertical guides held at top and bottom in such inanner as to be adjustable to
and from each other and capable of removal at will to enable the breaking members
to be taken out for renewal, for sharpening their grooves or for the substitution of
members having varying dimensions or kinds of grooving. Various mechanisms for
actuating the breaking members may be employed. The machine is especially
adapted for receiving its requisite motion through the medium of a lover, the motion
of the working faces being very small so that by the stroke of a long lever the
necessary force can be exerted upon the grain with the expenditure of but slight
power. accordingly ordinarily employ two countershafts each operated by a lever
and each connected to one of the sets of breaking members by cranks and connecting
rods or by racks and pinions or other means. The power may be applied at any
distance from the breaking members according-to-the-amplitude-of-stroke-required.
For treating different kinds of substances it will be required to give the breaking
members varying strokes, for example, for cracking nuts the stroke of the lever
should be so adjusted that the shell of the nut whatever its size will be simply
cracked, the nuts being then immediately released and allowed to drop through the
channels between the members.
The feed box is preferably made of corrugated iron. The apex or bottom of each
corrugation is arranged over one of the spaces between two breaking members and
the grain is under the regulation of suitable slides having a common adjusting har.
It is directed by pipes or chutes into the spaces between the breaking members
wherein it is treated in the manner already described and whence it is discharged by
spouts to suitable separators whereby the material is graded and all particles which
still have bran adhering thereto or (if the machine is being used for manufacturing
flour) which are not sufficiently reduced are returned to the proper machine for
re-breaking. By practical experiment I have found that by this means there is
produced from 82 to 83 per cent. of absolutely pure semolina which is of one grade
or quality instead of being divided into various grades of different degrees of purity
as heretofore so that on reduction to flour there is produced an equal per centage of
the highest class or "patent" flour. A further advantage of having to treat. absolutely
bran-free semolina for the production of flour is that this hig' est class of flour can
be bolted through silk or the equivalent much more open for the discharge of flour
than can be used by any other milling process because there is no bran to be separated
from the semolina-meal and the whole quantity of semolina obtained from the wheat
that is: 82 to 83 per cent. is converted into four of only one quality, and I repeat
the highest quality. My discovery therefor establishes first the new fact that it is a
very costly error to suppose that there are various qualities of flour contained in
grain, this supposition having only obtained an existence through faulty methods of

page_text: manufacturing flour, methods by which bread stuffs are treated in a ritinous way.
Secondly I establish the highly important fact that for my new process of treating
substances for reduction only a small fraction of the motive power is required for
such work compared with any other method.
Dated this Thirtieth dow of July 1888
CRUIKSHANK & FAIRWEATHER,
62, Saint Vincent Street, Glasgow, Agents.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Gradual Reduction Machines for the Manufacture
of Semolina and Flour and for Treating other Substances.
I, GEORGE MACAULAY-(RUIKSHANK of 62 Saint Vincent Street, Glasgow, in the County
of Lanark, Fellow of the Institute of Patent Agents, do hereby declare the nature of
this invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, as communicated to
me to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement :-
The present invention relates to improvements on the inill described and claimed in
the Specification of Letters Patent of the United Kingdom Number 13460 dated
6th November 1885 granted to me. In said Specification I have described a mill
having two or more members which reciprocate one relatively to the other being
adjusted at such distance apart as to receive grain or other substance to be treated
between them. The adjacent faces of these members are grooved in directions
substantially at right angles to the line of movement and the reciprocation is of small
stroke equal only to the pitch of the grooving. In action tho grain is received into
the channels formed by two adjacent grooves on the two members and forced by the
reciprocation of the members against the sharp edges of the grooves whereby it is
cut and broken and on the return stroke of the members the channel is re-opened to
discharge the material that has been cut and broken and to receive a new charge of
grain from above.
My present invention consists in certain improvements upon the previous patent
and it is illustrated on the accompanying drawings. Figure 1 of which is a vertical,
transverse section of my improved mill. Figure 1 is a side elevation of one of the
breaking members. Figure 2 is a horizontal, sectional view of the stationary portion
of the machine. Figure 3 is a front view of the machine. Figure 4 is a plan view
thereof. Figure 5 is a vertical, longitudinal, sectional view. Figure 6 is a side
elevation.
In Figures 2, 4, 5 and 6 the central portion of the machine is broken away and it
is to be understood that the machine may be of any desired length. All of the fore-
going views are made on a scale of one to ten, the breaking members being supposed
to have a height of mine inches.
-
Figure 7 is a detail, transverse, sectional view taken partly through the necks and
partly through the boilies of the breaking members. Figure 8 is a vertical, sectional
view taken through the necks of the breaking members, the plane of section being
indicated by the line VILL VIII figure 10. Figure 9 is a face view of the
straps or members connecting the breaking beams or members with their operating
shaft. Figure 10 is a longitudinal, sectional view, through the operating mechanism
of the breaking members. Figure 11 is a plan view of the same, a portion of the
guides for said members being shown in section.
Figures 7 to 11 inclusive are made on a scale of one to four.
Figures 12 to 20 are horizontal, sectional views of a portion of a breaking member,
various styles of the groovings thereof being exhibited full size. Figure 21 is a
vertical, transverse, sectional view of two adjacent breaking members full size.
Figure 22 is a face view of a portion of one of said members. Figure 23 is a partial
plan view of the machine (on the scale of figure 1) the feel-box being in horizontal
section. Figure 24 is a partial front elevation showing a lever for operating the
breaking members. Figure 25 is a partial longitudinal sectional view of the same.

page_text: Figure 26 is a partial plan thereof. Figure 27 is a partial side elevation thereof.
Figure 28 is a transverse, vertical sectional view, full size, illustrating a form of
breaking member made of porous porcelain or its equivalent. Figure 29 is a sectional
view on a smaller scale illustrating the frames for supporting such members. Figure 30
is a partial side elevation of such a member with a portion of its operating mechanism.
Figure 31 is a partial plan of two of such members. Figure 32 is a view similar to
figure 30 showing the breaking face or portion detached from its frame. Figure 33
is a vertical transverse, sectional view, full size, through two adjacent breaking
members, oxhibiting a modification in the method of applying the working surface.
Figure 34 is a face view, partly broken away, of one of such members on a sinaller
scale. Figure 35 is a partial side elevation of such a breaking member showing
several methods of forming the grooves. Figure 36 is a partial side elevation of the
samme showing another modification in the formation of the grooving.
According to the ordinary process of milling whereby the grain is crushed or
ground much damage is caused to the semolina and flour and the rapidity of reduction
is impeded by the-re-grinding of particles which have already been sufficiently treated
and by the failure of the apparatus to efficiently dislodge the bran and germ from the
semolina. It is important that the process of reduction to flour should be postponed
till the bran is entirely removed from the semolina that there should be little com-
minution of the bran and that the semolina should be obtained in as large particles
as possible freed from bran.
When so obtained the pure semolina may as used as semolina for the market or, it
may be reduced to flour, which flour, being produced from absolutely bran-free
semolina can only be of the very highest type or quality. A further advantage of
having to treat absolutely bran-freo semolina for the production of flour is that this
highest class of flour can be bolted through silk or the equivalent much more open for
the discharge of flour, than can be used by any other inilling process because there is
no bran to be separated from the semolina-meal and the whole quantity of semolina
obtained from the wheat that is eighty-two to eighty-three-per-cent-is-converted
into flour of only one quality, and repeat the highest quality. My discovery
therefore establishes first the new fact that it is a very costly error to suppose that
there are various qualities of flour contained in grain, this supposition having only
obtained an existence through faulty methods of manufacturing flour, methods by
which the bread stuffs are treated in a ruinous way. Secondly, I establish the highly
important fact that for my new process of treating substances for reduction only a
small fraction of the motive power is required for such work compared with any other
method. My Invention has therefore for its object, the production of a machine which
shall in tlie manufacture of semolina crack or break the grain in such a manner as to
efficiently dislodge the bran and germ from the semolina or, which shall in the
manufacture of flour reduce the semolina to the required degree, promptly discharging
all particles which have been sufficiently treated, being free of particles of bran. In
carrying out my invention I employ a series of two or more bars or beams arranged
adjacent to one another on edge and oppositely tapered, their adjacent faces being
appropriately grooved, according to whether they are to be used for the production or
cleaning.of. semolina, or for reduction of the same to flour. The series are divided
into two sets, an upper and a lower set. H, J may represent such bars, the former
being shown as tapered downward and the latter as tapered upward. These bars are
of any desired length, width, thickness and number. They are carried by a frame
having side plates A and end plates A' bolted together. In the side plates A are
formed openings C, having suitable doors permitting access to the interior of the
machine. Brackets D, D are cast or fixed on the end plates or at the ends of the
side plates to support bearings for the several shafts hereinafter referred to.
For the purpose of cracking or breaking grain, seeds or other material, as in the
production of semolina, the working faces of members H, J, are provided with
vertical or substantially vertical grooves h, which may, as shewn in figures 21 and 22
be divided into a number of horizontal courses, by horizontal channels each lower
course having grooving of less width than that of the course immediately above.

page_text: Reciprocation is imparted to one or both of the sets of bars or members H, J, each
alternate bar moving in a relatively opposite direction to the adjacent member. The
reciprocation is equal to the pitch of the largest grooving of the breaking members
so that each ridge between the grooving is carried from a position over one ridge on
the adjacent member to a similar position over the next ridge, thereby thrusting the
material which has fallen into the channels between the members against the sharp
edges of the approaching ridges, breaking and cutting it. The return stroke of the
breaking members then carries the groovings back to their original position opposite
to each other, forming a series of tubes through which the material which has been
sufficiently cracked falls, and into which a new charge of material to be treated drops
from the feed box. In the form shown in figure 22 the material falls freely into the
vertical channels formed by the large grooves of the top course and is cracked with
the dislodgment of a certain portion of the bran. To act upon the now somewhat
smaller particles, the next lower course is made with smaller grooves, and the
horizontal channel (which may be of various shapes as shewn in figure 21) dis-
tributes the material thereto, and so on till the material is discharged from this
machine, each following lower course of finer grooving acting on somewhat smaller
particles and continuing the process of separating the bran from the rest of the berry.
Tlic material which has been comminuted by any of the grooves, falls readily through
to the bottom without being re-ground or broken. At the top of each course the
grooves are flared slightly as shown at y, y, so as to facilitate the feeding of the grain
beneath the broaking members.
•
Instead however of having the treatment advanced so far in a single machine, a
number of machines may be provided each furnished with breaking members having
grooves of same size throughout. The grooving is however in this case made of
different width in the several machines, decreasing as the material to be treated
diminishes in size. Or in case it may be desired the horizontal channels
may be omitted from the form shown in figure 22 and the grooving may slightly
taper in depth from top to bottom so that a large charge may be received at the top of
the members owing to the large size of the grooving and yet the diminished depth of
the grooving at the base of the members will render it possible to obtain considerable
reduction of the material in a single machine.
Figures 12 to 20 illustrate various forms which the grooves may assume in
transverse section. Those shown in figures 12 and 14 are preferable and that
illustrated by figure 14 is especially valuable. In this form the groove has in
transverse section the form of the half of a flattened ellipse. The shallow channel
thus afforded is adapted to support the grain near the surface of the breaking
member and bring it into contact with the passing ridges of the adjacent member
while at the same time the edges of the grooves are so sharp as to be efficient in
cutting and breaking the grain. Such a form nay also receive a large charge of
material to be treated and affords a channel not only for such material but free
space at the sides wherethrough material which has been sufficiently treated may be
discharged.
In certain cases, as, for example when the machine is to be used for the freeing
of semolina which has been made on other machines, from bran which is still attached
to it, or for the reduction of semolina to flour, or if other material than breadstuff' is
to be treated, the direction of grooving is changed somewhat, according to the style
of work to be performed. Figure 35 shows a breaking or reducing bar having
various styles of grooving formed on it. The grooves shown are made V-shape in
cross-section but the cross-section may be of any other shape preferred. At the right
are shown grooves, inclined at various angles. In practice, one or the other angle
would be selected according to the amount of working the material requiros. It will
be readily seen that the more nearly vertical the grooves, the more rapid will be the
motion of the material between the bars and its discharge therefrom. At the left
band end of the bar are shown groovings spaced some distance apart allowing between
thoni elevated. flat portions s. Such a form is very efficacious in reducing semolina to

page_text: flour. The flat portion between the grooves, may and preferably is, scored or
rohghened as shown. In figures 30, 32 and 36, I have shown this principle carrie:I
still further, the inclination of the grooves being opposite so as to cross each other,
providing raised flat portions whereon the semolina is forced by the grooves and
ground to flour. These grinding surfaces may be square as shown in figure 30 or
rhomboidal as shown in figure 32. In these forms, in order to ensure the entrance
of the grain or parts thereof between the bars the upper portions of the grooves are
as shown at t in figure 35 made vertical or nearly so. In any case, it is not necessary
that the grooving on two adjacent faces should be identical in angle. A grooving of
greater or less inclination on one member may be worked with a vertical grooving or
one having any desired angle on the other member the form being selected with
reference strictly to the work to be accomplished. The bars are set at such distance
asunder as to permit material sufficiently treated to fall through.
At the ends the breaking members H, J, are made with shoulders Z which prevent
the outward flow of the material. These parts of the breaking bars or beans are not
grooved or channelled..
I have shown in the drawings various methods of forming the working surface of
the members H, J. In figures 5 and 21 the said members are made of a single block
of steel, chilled iron stone or carthenware. In figures 28 to 32, I have illustrated a
form in which the grooving is formed in a block of porcelain, steel or other suitable
material H, J which is mounted in a metallic frame n, o the portion o turning on
portion n of the frame by means of a pivot bolt p to allow the working surface H, J,
to be applied or removed at pleasure. A similar bolt serves to support the free end
of the bar o of the frame when it has been turned up into position to hold the
working surface in. In figures 33 and 34, also, I have shown the surface u (having
the grooving) detachable. Here it is made slightly wedge shaped longitudinally as
shown in figure 33 and when slipped into its seat in the block or bar J or H, it is
held therein by a cleat u² having suitable countersunk screws or bolts. In this view
the taper of the piece u is necessarily largely oxaggerated-for-the-purpose of illus-
tration-In-figure 35 this separate working face of porcelain or other material is also
represented, but this view is intended solely to exhibit certain kinds of groovings
already described and it is to be understood that the groovings therein shown may be
made on any kind of bar.
The necks H, J₁ of bars or members H, J, are mounted in the machine between
vertical guides K, which have tenons L at top and bottom seated in mortises in bars M
carried by the frame. At bottom a bead or rod L' occupies notches in the bottom of
said guides and retains them against movement longitudinally of the machine. At
top. the guides Kare bevelled inward so as to seat against a similar bevol on the bars M
and they are held in their seats by cleats M' and suitablo bolts so that they may be
removed at pleasure. By this means the members H, J, can be taken out at will for
the renewal or the sharpening of their grooves or for replacing them by similar
members having different widths of grooving. It is important that the grooving
should correspond with the work to be done being in each case slightly less in width
or depth or both than the diameter of the particle to be treated. Thus for wheat, or
its parts, for seeds of various kinds and for cracking nuts, or their parts groovings of
different widths would necessarily be employed.
:
Various mechanisms for actuating the breaking bars or members H, J may be
employed. The machine is especially adapted for receiving its requisite motion
through the medium of a lever, the motion of the working faces being very small so
that by the stroke of a long lever the necessary force can be exerted upon the grain
with the expenditure of but slight power. Accordingly in figures 24 to 27 I have
shown the countershaft N (which is connected to the breaking bars H, J, by links or
connecting rods and cranks ) provided with an operating lever i. This lever may
as shown in figure 26 be duplicated at each end of the machine, each lever operating
one set of breaking bars or members, in opposite direction to the other set and as
shown in figure 27 a number of holes m may be provided to lengthen or shorten the

page_text: stroke of the breaking members, the power being connected to one or the other
according to the amplitude of stroke required. It will in some cases.be desirable to
change the bars replacing them by others having freshly made or sharpened groovings
or having groovings of different width. For example, for breaking cotton seals or
other large seeds from which oil is to be expressed, or for cracking nuts a larger
grooving would be necessary than would be employed in the reduction of wheat, and
the stroke of the lever should be so adjusted that the shell of the seeds or nuts being
treated will be simply cracked, the material being then immediately released and
allowed to drop through the channels provided by the grooves.
In figures 5 and 10, I have illustrated the use of eccentrics for operating the
breaking bars H, J. Such eccentrics O, O', are carried by the countershaft N. Straps
or boxes P, P¹ secured upon these eccentrics by keys Q, Q¹are connected by pivot bolts
to the breaking bars H, J. The eccentrics are preferably so adjusted as to synchronously
reciprocate the alternate breaking members in opposite directions, the countershaft. N
and the straps and eccentrics formning connections between all the bars of each set.
In order that the bars H, J, shall be supported so as to move with as little friction
as possible they are carried by links G, G₁ connected thereto by pivot bolts or studs g.
Possibly also the slight vertical rocking which the members have by reason of this
method of supporting them, facilitates the feed and discharge of the material being
treated.
For the purpose of enabling adjustment of the spaces between the working faces of
the breaking members such members are made wedge-shaped as shown in vertical
section in figures 21, 28 and 33. For adjusting all of the upper members may be
raised or lowered, or all of the lower members may be so shifted but preferably in
order that the centre of the grinding surface shall remain on the same horizontal
plane I adjust both upper and lower members by means shown in detail in figures 5
and 10. Here the links G, G' are carried by eccentrics F, F' on shafts E, D'.
These shafts carry segment racks V, VI, operated simultaneously from either end of
the machine by a longitudinal shafts having hand wheels U. Ratchet wheels W
having gravity pawls w form locks to prevent the retrograde movement of the shaft s
and so hold the links G, G¹ and the breaking members to any desired position of
adjustment.
Figures 1 and 23 exhibit the feed box d. The hottom d' of this is made preferably
of corrugated iron, bolted in the frame, and supported on flanges . It is provided
with a number of troughs, in the bottom of which are slides e which cover pipes or
chutes whereby the stock or material to bo troated is fed between the breaking
members. By means of the bar el (figure 23) all of the feed slides e may be so
adjusted as to leave any desired width of feed aperture according to the amount of
material which the machine is capable of treating. The pipes f may as the name
implies be of small diameter or they may be chutes, flattened laterally and extending
from end to end of the machine.
The material to be treated enters the feed-box by one or any number of spouts and
is by the feed slides fed between the grinding bars H, J, with any desired degree of
rapidity. Between such bars it is treated in the manner described each particle being
cracked or broken between the approaching sharp edges of the grooves in such bars
and then released as the members on the return stroke bring the grooves face to face
and form large channels for the discharge of the material. After passing between
said breaking members the discharged material is carried by a spout h¹ to any suitable
separators whereby the material is graded and all particles which still have bran
adhering thereto or (if the machine is being used for manufacturing flour) which are
not sufficiently reduced. are returned to the proper machine for rebreaking. By
practical experiments I have found that by this machine there is produced from
eighty two to eighty three per cent. of absolutely pure semolina, which is of one grade
or quality instead of being divided into various grades of different degrees of purity
as heretofore so that on reduction to flour there is produced an equal per centage of
the highest class of "patent" flour.

page_text: Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said invention
and in what manner the same is to be performed as communicated to me, I declare
that what I claim is :-
1. In a mill for breaking and cracking grain, seed or other material the combination
of a suitable frame a series of bars or beams arranged on edge with their adjacent
faces grooved, substantially as shown, and means causing the alternate members to
reciprocate in a plane parallel with the other, substantially as and for the purpose set
forth.
2. The combination of a frame having suitable guides, a series of breaking or
cracking members of wedge shape, said members being tapered in opposite directions
and means for causing the alternate members to reciprocate relatively to the remaining
members substantially as set forth.
3. The combination of a suitable frame a series of parallel reciprocating bars or
beams, grooved on their adjacent faces and a series of parallel guidos on said frame
for said reciprocating members substantially as set forth.
4. The combination of a suitable frame, a series of parallel reciprocating bars or
beams, forming breaking or cracking members, a series of parallel vertical guides,
for said members, having spaces between them wherein said members may be raised.
and lowered, a connection between all the alternate breaking or cracking members
and means substantially as described for adjusting such alternate members simultaneously
for the purpose set forth.
5. The combination of a suitable frame, a series of reciprocating bars or beams H,J
wedge shaped in vertical section and grooved on their adjacent faces, a connection
between the bars or beams J, a connection between the alternate bars or beams H
and a common shaft for operating both connections, raising one set of members and
depressing the other set, substantially as set forth.
6. The combination of a suitable frame, a series of reciprocating parallel bars or
breaking members guided on said frame, a countershaft having operative connection
with the alternate members and a lever for operating said-countershaft.substantially-as-
set forth.
7. The combination of a suitable frame a series of parallel bars or breaking mem-
bers guided thereon, two countershafts connected respectively with the alternate
members and a lever on each shaft for operating the same and reciprocating säid.
members synchronously in opposite directions.
8. The combination of frame A a series of parallel reciprocating bars or breaking
members H, J, supported and guided thereon, a countershaft N having operative
connection with the alternate bars or breaking members and a lever i having a series
of holes whereto power may be connected substantially as and for the purpose set
forth.
9. A series of parallel reciprocating bars or breaking members, having the alternate
members connected and moving together substantially as set forth.
10. The combination of a suitable frame, a series of parallel, réciprocating bars or
breaking members, transverse shafts and links thereon connected with the bars or
breaking members substantially as set forth.
11. The combination of a suitable frame a series of parallel reciprocating bars or
breaking members, a pair of transverse shafts, mounted on the frame at each end of
the bars or breaking members, and links on the respective shafts connected to the
alternate bars or breaking members substantially as set forth.
12. The combination of a suitable frame, a series of parallel reciprocating bars or
breaking members, transverse shafts eccentrics thereon and links supporting said bars
or breaking members and operated by said eccentrics, substantially as set forth.
13. The combination of the series of parallel reciprocating bars or breaking mem
bers, wedge shaped in transverse section transverse slinfts supporting the alternate bars
or breaking members, eccentrics thereon for adjusting said bars or breaking members
vertically and segment racks and operating shaft laving worms gearing with said
segment racks substantially as set forth,

page_text: 14. The combination of parallel reciprocating bars or breaking members H, J,
paired shafts E, E', having eccentrics and links connected with the alternate
members H, J, segment racks V, VI, and shafts S having worms T engaged with said
segment racks, substantially as and for the purpose set forth.
15. The combination of the parallel reciprocating wedge shaped bars or breaking
members H, J, paired transverse shafts E, E', having eccentrics and links connected
with said bars or breaking members H J, segment racks V, VI, on said shafts, shaft S
having worms T gearing with said segment racks and a lock for preventing retrograde
motion of said shaft S substantially as set forth.
16. The combination of frame A, a series of bars or breaking members HJ, parallel
vertical guides K tenoned at each end and bars M, M on the frame mortised to receive
the tenons, substantially as set forth.
17. The combination with a suitable frame of a series of parallel bars or breaking
members H J mounted so as to reciprocate in parallel paths, having their adjacont
faces grooved substantially as set forth and having shoulders Z at their ends sub-
stantially as and the purpose set forth.
18. A breaking or cracking member consisting of a suitable frame having a
removable working surface or body supported therein with its lateral faces grooved
substantially as set forth.
19. The combination of a frame having a series of parallel guides, a series of
breaking or reducing members, mounted so as to reciprocate between said guides in
parallel paths and having inclined grooves on their adjacent faces substantially as and
for the purpose set forth.
20. The combination of a series of breaking or reducing members mounted so as to
reciprocate in parallel paths, and having their adjacent faces provided with inclined
grooves and intermediate grinding faces between said groovos, substantially as set
forth.
21. The combination of a series of breaking or reducing members mounted so as to
reciprocate in parallel paths and having their adjacent faces providided with grooves
and intermediate scored grinding surfaces substantially as set forth.
22. The combination of a series of breaking or reducing members mounted so as
to reciprocate in parallel planes and having their adjacent faces provided with inclined
cross-groovings having intermediate grinding surfaces substantially as set forth.
23. The combination of a series of breaking or reducing members mounted so as
to reciprocate in parallel planes and having their adjacent.faces provided with shallow,
wide, grooves, substantially as and for the purpose set forth.
Dated this Twenty-ninth day of April 1889.
CRUIKSHANK & FAIRWEATHER,
62, Saint Vincent Street, Glasgow, Agents.