AN INSTRUMENT FOR THE PURPOSE OF WARMING BEDS, AND WHICH MAY ALSO BE APPLIED TO VARIOUS OTHER USEFUL PURPOSES
Year: 1807

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, EDWARD
COKE WILMOT, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, Gentleman, send
greeting.
WHEREAS His most Excellent Majesty King George the Third did, by
His Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Tenth day of
August, in the forty-seventh year of His reign, give and grant unto me,
the said Edward Coke Wilmot, my exors, admors, and assigns, His especial
licence, full power, sole priviledge and authority, that I, the said Edward
Coke Wilmot, my exors, admors, and assigns, during the term of years-
therein mentioned, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend,
within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my Inven-
tion of "AN INSTRUMENT FOR THE PURPOSE OF WARMING BEDS, AND WHICH MAY
ALSO BE APPLIED TO VARIOUS OTHER USEFUL PURPOSES;" in which said Letters
Patent there is contained a proviso obliging mc, the said Edward Coke
Wilmot, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, to cause
a particular description of the nature of my said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be inrolled in His Majesty's High
Court of Chancery within one calendar month after the date of the said
recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, relation being thereunto had,
may more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Edward Coke Wilmot, in compliance
with the said proviso, do hereby declare that my Invention and improvement

page_text: are described in the Drawings, Figures, and explanations in the margin hereof
and by the following description (that is to say) :-
:-
The principal Invention and improvement in the bed warmer is not only
intended to obviate the objections usually made to the common method of
airing beds with a pan of coals, but the same may be applied to the purpose of
warming the feet and stomach in cases of suspended animation, gout, rheuma-
tism, or spasmodic affection, and also to various other useful purposes.
Figure A represents the form of the bed warmer, which is intended to be
made in its present oval form, or in any other form that may be thought more
convenient, and the same as represented is composed of cast iron, or may be
made of wrought iron, copper, brass, or some mixed metal. One side of the
said bed warmer is polished, and the other side thereof is polished in part only,
but both sides thereof are intended to be polished; and the same is also
intended to be made hollow and circular in the form of the case of a hunting
watch, and to open in the same manner, in order to receive an iron heater in
the body thereof; or to be made hollow without a heater, if the same should
be found more convenient. B represents a male screw which is affixed. to
the body of the said flat iron or bed warmer for the purpose of attaching
a handle to the same, and which screw may be either cast on the said
bed warmer or affixed thereto in any other manner. C represents a handle,
which is composed of wood, or may be made of iron, brass, or some other
material. D represents a female screw composed of brass, or the same may
be made of iron or any other metal, and which is affixed to the end of
the said handle (above represented as composed of wood), for the purpose of
receiving the male screw above described, and thereby firmly affixing the
handle to the said bed warmer, for the purpose of using the same when
heated.
The methods of heating the said bed warmer are various, but the following
are the most obvious and simple (that is to say):-Either by placing the same
upon a stove or in oven attached to a grate, or by suspending the same to a
bar or to the cheek of a kitchen or other grate with a book, to be made
either of cast or wrought iron, to which hook a wooden handle is intended to
be affixed for the more conveniently removing the said bed warmer from the
fire. Or the said bed warmer may be heated by a cast-iron case, which may
accompany the same, into which the same may slide, and then be placed
either upon the fire or at the side of the cheek of the grate. E represents the
said hook and handle, and which is in the Drawing thereof represented as
composed of cast iron and wood, and which hook has a projecting shank or
spindle marked with the Figure (1) in the Drawing thereof, which passes,

page_text: through a hole made for receiving the same through the said male screw,
which is affixed to the said bed warmer, and by which spindle or shank the
said bed warmer is suspended whilst heating at the fire. F represents the
said case, into which the said bed warmer may be placed for more conveniently
heating the same as above described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Edward Coke Wilmot, havo hereunto
set my hand and seal, this *
day of September, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seven

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, EDWARD
COKE WILMOT, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, Gentleman, send
greeting.
WHEREAS His most Excellent Majesty King George the Third did, by
His Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Tenth day of
August, in the forty-seventh year of His reign, give and grant unto me,
the said Edward Coke Wilmot, my exors, adñiors, and assigns, His especial
licence, full power, sole priviledge and authority, that I, the said Edward
Coke Wilmot, my exors, admors, and assigns, during the term of years
therein mentioned, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend,
within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my Inven-
tion of "AN INSTRUMENT FOR THE PURPOSE OF WARMING BEDS, AND WHICH MAY
ALSO BE APPLIED TO VARIOUS OTHER USEFUL PURPOSES;" in which said Letters
Patent there is contained a proviso obliging me, the said Edward Coke
Wilmot, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, to cause
a particular description of the nature of my said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be inrolled in His Majesty's High
Court of Chancery within one calendar month after the date of the said
recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, relation being thereunto had,
may more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Edward Coke Wilmot, in compliance
with the said proviso, do hereby declare that my Invention and improvement

page_text: are described in the Drawings, Figures, and explanations in the margin hereof,
and by the following description (that is to say) :-
The principal Invention and improvement in the bed warmer is not only
intended to obviate the objections usually made to the common method of
airing beds with a pan of coals, but the same may be applied to the purpose of
warming the feet and stomach in cases of suspended animation, gout, rheuma-
tism, or spasmodic affection, and also to various other useful purposes.
Figure A represents the form of the bed warmer, which is intended to be
made in its present oval form, or in any other form that may be thought more
convenient, and the same as represented is composed of cast iron, or may be
made of wrought iron, copper, brass, or some mixed metal. One side of the
said bed warmer is polished, and the other side thereof is polished in part only,
but both sides thereof are intended to be polished; and the same is also
intended to be made hollow and circular in the form of the case of a hunting
watch, and to open in the same manner, in order to receive an iron heater in
the body thereof; or to be made hollow without a heater, if the same should
be found more convenient. B represents a male screw which is affixed to
the body of the said flat iron or bed warmer for the purpose of attaching
a handle to the same, and which screw may be either cast on the said
bed warmer or affixed thereto in any other manner. C represents a handle,
which is composed of wood, or may be made of iron, brass, or some other
material. D represents a female screw composed of brass, or the same may
be made of iron or any other metal, and which is affixed to the end of
the said handle (above represented as composed of wood), for the purpose of
receiving the male screw above described, and thereby firmly affixing the
handle to the said bed warmer, for the purpose of using the same when
heated.
The methods of heating the said bed warmer are various, but the following
are the most obvious and simple (that is to say) :-Either by placing the same
upon a stove or in oven attached to a grate, or by suspending the same to a
bar or to the cheek of a kitchen or other grate with a book, to be made
either of cast or wrought iron, to which hook a wooden handle is intended to
be affixed for the more conveniently removing the said bed warmer from the
fire. Or the said bed warmer may be heated by a cast-iron case, which may
accompany the same, into which the same may slide, and then be placed
either upon the fire or at the side of the cheek of the grate. E represents the
said book and handle, and which is in the Drawing thereof represented as
composed of cast iron and wood, and which hook has a projecting shank or
spindle marked with the Figure (1) in the Drawing thereof, which passes

page_text: through a hole made for receiving the same through the said male screw,
which is affixed to the said bed warmer, and by which spindle or shank the
said bed warmer is suspended whilst heating at the fire. F represents the
said case, into which the said bed warmer may be placed for more conveniently
heating the same as above described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Edward Coke Wilmot, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this * day of September, in the year of
our Lord Cine thousand eight hundred and seven

page_text: SPECIFICATION enrolled pursuant to an Act passed in the 47th year
of the reign of His Majesty King George the Third, Sess. 2,
dated 14th August, 1807, and intituled "An Act for prolonging the
Term of certain Letters Patent assigned to Henry Fourdrinier and
"Sealy Fourdrinier, for the Invention of making Paper by means of
Machinery."
46
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, Henry
Fourdrinier and Sealy Fourdrinier, of Sherborne Lane, London, Paper Manu-
facturerers, and John Gamble, of Saint Neotts, in the county of Huntingdon,
Paper Manufacturer, send greeting.
KNOW YE, that in compliance with the terms and conditions of a certain
Act of Parliamen, passed in the now last Session of Parliament, and
entituled "An Act for prolonging the term of certain Letters Patent
"assigned to Henry Fourdrinier and Sealy Fourdrinier for the Invention
of making Paper by means of Machines," we do describe and ascertain
the nature of the machine and invention in the said Act mentioned, in
the present improved state thereof, and in what manner the said machine
is to be made and used in such improved state, and also in what manner the
work to be done thereby is to be performed, and we do also herein explain
such better practical application of the original and improved principle or
principles of the said machine and invention described in the Specifications
inrolled, as in the said Act is mentioned, or any or either of them, together
with all the improvements thereof, as we ourselves do now use and practice.
And accordingly we do describe the nature of our said machine and invention

page_text: in the present improved state thereof, and do declare that the same consists in
the using of a revolving web of wove wire or other similar material or thing
applicable in like manner as such web, the same being made endless by joining
its ends together similar to a round towell, or by having it wove endless, and
in applying such web to the making or manufactoring of paper according to
the arrangement and application of the revolving or endless web before men-
tioned in connection with other mechanical apparatus herein-after more par-
ticularly, described.
First, the pulp or material of which the paper is intended to be made, having
been prepared in the usual way well known to paper manufacturers, is deposited
in a proper receptacle, such as is generally called the vat, marked vat in
Number 1 of the Drawings accompanying this Specification.
Note. This level
position we continue
The said Drawing No. 1 exhibits a side view or elevation of the said
machine, and also a plan thereof, and for the purpose of better elucidation, we
have indicated the same things in each by the same letters or figures of
reference. The pulp being in the said vat is by admixture of water there-
with brought to the required consistency, and is then suffered to run through
certain apertures in the side or front of the vat (at A), and conducted from
thence by an inclined plane (B B) in an uniform stream upon the surface of
the revolving web (a, a, a, &c.), which is so placed that its surface shall be as
nearly level as possible, and shall have its revolving motion in the direction in
which the stream of pulp runs from the vat. This web is kept extended
longitudinally by two principal or extreme rollers (C and E), upon which it
revolves, and the upper part thereof upon which the paper
surface or horizontal is formed is supported and kept level by a number of small
from C to D, two of rollers (b,b,b, b), and other smaller ones herein-after described
ing the said level or placed parallel with the other two (Cand E), and at such dis-
tances fromeachother as to prevent theweb from being pressed
or weighed down by the pulpiuto the spaces between them, and also to cause the.
pulp to spread itself uniformly upon the surface of the web or shect, thereby pro-
ducing a sheet of paper of an uniform thickness. The web is kept extended
laterally by means herein-after explained. The width of the sheet of paper is de-
dermined by two pieces of wood set edgeways upon the web, exactly parallel
with each other, and with the line of motion of the web. These pieces require
no particular precision as to their dimensions, but we generally make them three
inches in depth, one inch and a quarter thick, and about four feet long;
extending from that part of the web which is next the vat, in the direction of
the line of motion, between and in contact as well with the under edges of
these pieces as with the upper surface of the web, we place two endless straps
the rollers support-
sheet.

page_text: of leather of a width corresponding to the thickness of the pieces, and cause
them to revolve upon pullies with a velocity exactly equal to the velocity of
the revolving web. We likewise place similar pieces and straps in contact
with the under surface of the web, and exactly opposite to those upon the
upper surface, so that the web is pressed between the upper and under straps
and pieces, and the liquid pulp is thereby prevented from running off towards
the sides. These pieces and their straps we call dickles (F and G are the
pieces, and H and I are the straps). Near that part of the web upon which
the pulp falls from the inclined plane (at c), and between it and the vat, we
place a flap of oiled silk or other flexible material (but we use silk) one edge
of which rests upon the web, the other being fastened to a piece of wood laid
across the surface of the web, but not touching it, the length of the said piece
corresponding to the width between, and being supported at each end by the
dickle. The flap of oiled silk is to prevent the pulp from running back
towards the vat. Between the two principal or extreme rollers (C and E)
upon which the web revolves, and about two feet and a half from (E) and
between that and the vat, we place two other rollers or cylinders (J and K),
one above the other, and cause the upper part of the web with the paper
forming thereon to pass between them, for the purpose of pressing out the
water, and from this use of them we distinguish them by the denomination of
the first or wet press cylinders or rollers. In order to guard the pulp, which
before passing between the cylinders is yet in a soft state, from being dislodged
or otherwise injured by the upper roller or cylinder (J) coming immediately
in contact with it, we use another revolving web of wove wire or other fit
material, which in this case may be of felting (as at d, d, d,) of the same
width as the one above mentioned, but not so long; to distinguish which
last-mentioned webfrom the other webbefore-mentioned, we shall call the first-
mentioned web by the name of the under web, and the web now describing
we shall call the upper web. The bottom part of the said upper web we like-
wise cause to pass between the two cylinders (J and K), so that its under
surface falls upon the surface of the pulp or paper, and defends it from the
action of the upper cylinder (J). This upper web is kept extended by and
made to revolve upon two rollers (L and M) placed one on each side of the
wet press cylinders (J and K) and at a convenient height above them. The
wet press cylinders are provided with a compressing apparatus at each end, to'
give the necessary pressure to the paper. It is evident then that if motion is
given in the proper direction to the wet press cylinders (J and K), having
both the webs thus compressed between them, that such webs will be drawn
along by them, and caused to revolve upon their respective rollers, and thatas

page_text: long as these webs continue so to revolve, and the pulp continues supplied and
running upon the surface of the under web, so long will the machine continue
making a sheet of paper of continually increasing length. But as the paper,
after having passed between the first press cylinders, has not obtained such a
degree of consistency and strength as to allow of its being removed from the
machine, and cut into sheets and laid in packs; we therefore cause it to pass
through a second pair of pressing cylinders (N and O), which we denominate
the second or dry press, where it receives such a further degree of pressure,
and consequent strength, as to fit it for all the subsequent operations necessary
to finishing it for market. The second or dry press consists of a pair of cylin-
ders adapted to strong pressure, and which therefore we make of hard metal
(preferring brass, as not liable to rust,) which cylinders (N and O) are turned
perfectly true and smooth, and placed one above the other, at a convenient
distance from and exactly parallel with the first press cylinders. Between
these, viz., the second press cylinders (N and O) we place the upper part of a
revolving web of flannel or felting, or other fit material, represented by the
lines at e, e,e,e, and herein-after called generally the felting (by way of distinc-
tion from the upper and under webs before mentioned), and we cause such
felting to revolve upon and to be kept extended by two rollers (P and Q), one
on each side of the cylinders (N and O), and by giving motion to those
cylinders (N and O) we cause the felting to revolve upon its rollers (P and Q)
in the same direction and with the same velocity as the under web, and we
cause the paper after it has passed the first press and arrived at the extreme
roller (E) upon which the web revolves to be detached from the service of the
web, and to be deposited upon the revolving felting, and with it made to pas.
between the second press cylinders. The paper is then collected or wound
upon reels or rollers, as at R, which are successively removed, and others
supplied as they become charged or filled with paper. The long sheets of
paper thus obtained are, by a subsequent process herein-after described, cut
into others of the required dimensions.
Having thus far described and ascertained the nature and principle of our
said machine and Invention in its improved state, and the other particulars
required to be explained as herein-before recited, we do, as follows, further
and more particularly describe and ascertain in what manner the work to be
done by our said machine and Invention is to be performed, together with all
the improvements thereof as we ourselves do now use and practice the same
(that is to say) :-
We construct the vat or vessel in which the paper stuff or pulp is deposited pre-
vious to its being made into sheets of paper of wood and of a rectangular figure

page_text: as of the most convenient material and form, a plan and section or which is seen
in No.1 of the Drawings accompanying this Specification, and marked VAT;
against the front or that side of the vat opposite to the under web, and on the
outside thereof, we affix a small trough of a length nearly equal to the width of
the said web as represented at S, into which the pulp or paper stuffis permitted
to flow through several apertures in the side of the vat at equal distances from
each other, and from the top of the vat as represented by the dotted lines at
A, A, A, &c. in the plan, and at A in the section. Into these apertures we
usually insert brass or copper tubes of a length equal to the thickness of the
side of the vat into which they are so inserted. Against the side of the vat,
and upon or over the ends or orifices of these tubes, we place a sheet or
plate of copper or brass of a length and width sufficient to cover them; and in
this plate we make as many holes as there are tubes, the diameter and situa-
tion of these holes exactly corresponding to the orifices of the tubes, and by
making the plate to slide backward and forward it is obvious that the com-
munication between the vat and the trough Sabove-mentioned through the
tubes will be either opened or shut as the holes in the sliding plate are made
to correspond with the apertures or ends of the tubes or otherwise; or they may
be partly open or partly shut in any intermediate degree, so that the quantity
of pulp or paper stuff required to run from the vat upon the under web may
by this means be regulated and adjusted to the velocity of the under web as to
produce a sheet of paper of any required thickness. We cause the pulp or
paperstuff in the vat to be constantly stirred or agitated as long as the machine
continues at work, by certain pieces of mechanism commonly used in paper
mills for that purpose, and well known to the manufacturers by the appellation of
hogs, and these are represented at T, T, T, T. The inclined plane B, B, which
is affixed to the upper edge of the trough in the front of the vat for the pur-
pose of conducting the pulp from thence to the surface of the under web, is a
copper plate hammered exceedingly flat and true, and otherwise reduced to as
perfecta plane as possible. The pulp is prevented from spreading itself laterally
or running off sideways from the inclined plane by proper pieces set edgeways
thereon for that purpose. (To prevent confusion in the Drawing we have
shewn the inclined plane in the section only at B, B, and its support f, but its
situation on the plan is denoted by the dotted lines B, B, B, B). The upper
edge of the trough over which the pulp flows upon the inclined plane at g,
should be exactly level and about seven or eight inches below the upper edge
of the vat, and about five inches above the surface of the under web. The
required angle of the inclined plane will vary with the quality and quantity of
the pulp to be thrown upon the web, and must be ascertained by experiment.

page_text: As the pulp ought to fall upon the under web with as little velocity as possible,
we therefore place a small copper or wooden trough across the surface of the
under web and about half an inch above it, and supported at each end by the
dickles. The situation and figure of this trough (which we call the delivery
trough) is shewn in the section at c, and likewise one of the regulating
screws U, by which it is raised or lowered as the thickness of the paper may
require by having a screw at each end. By this means the rapidity of the
pulp is considerably lessened by falling first into the trough and then upon the
web. But it may be still further decreased by causing the flap of oil silk to
extend beyond and underneath the edge of the trough from which the pulp falls
upon the silk, and from thence runs gently upon the web. V, V, V, &c. is
the wooden frame-work supporting the various parts of the machinery; J and
K, the first or wet press cylinders or rollers with the circulating webs,a,a,&c.,
and d, d, &c.; passing between them; >> are darts or arrows denoting
the direction in which the webs move. W and X, the iron spindles of the
cylinders; h,h, the iron carriages and bearing brasses i,i, in which the spindles
of the cylinders are supported and turn; k, the compressing screws, by which
the upper cylinder is forced down upon the under one to give the necessary
pressure to the paper. The upper part of the iron carriages h,h, is fastened to
the under part by screws or otherwise, and may be detached therefrom at any
time when it may be necessary to remove the cylinders from their places for
the purpose of putting on new webs, &c. L and M are the two rollers upon
which the upper web revolves; Yand Y are their supporters, in the upperends
of which are placed the pieces of brass Zand, Z,* which slide
backward and forward, andinthesepieces thepivotsorbearings
of the rollers L and M turn. Therefore, by sliding out these
pieces and and the rollers in a proper direction by means of the
screw I, the upper web may be properly extended, and the
rollers L and M placed exactly paralel with the wet press cylinders J and K.
Cand E are the two extreme rollers upon which the under web revolves, and
by which it is extended. The pivots of the roller E rest upon and turn in the
upperpart of the cast iron carriagesm, m, which are firmly connected with each
other by a cross bar, the ends of the bar or outside of the carriages being con-
fined at each side of the machine frame by the iron plates n, n, between which
the bar carriages and the roller E may slide backward and forward in a
direction perpendicular or at right angles with the roller E, for the purpose of
tightening or slackening the under web as a greater or less degree of tension
may be required; and because the said cross bar with the roller last-men-
tioned to be moved backward and forward by two screws applied at each end
The rollers L &
M, and their sup
ports Y, Y, are only
shewn in the sec-
tion,

page_text: of the cross bar, and by the application of wheel-work thereto, we cause the same
to make an equal number of revolutions in the same time, each screw having an
equal number of threads in the same quantity of space, so that whenever it
is necessary to tighten or slacken the web, the roller E will always move
paralel with its first position and with the press cylinders. The particular appli-
cation of the screws and wheel-work will be better understood by examining the
Drawing at the extreme roller Q for stretching the felting where they are
shewn; o and o being two wheels fixed upon the ends of the screws p and p;
the two wheels 7 and q are hung or fixed upon the spindle r, which being
turned by a handle at one end gives motion to the screws in either direction
by the teeth of the wheels taking into each other respectively. The roller C
near the vat has its pivots resting upon or turning in two carriages or sup-
porters s and s, affixed to a strong iron bar t (which we call the shaking bar)
supported by the two upright pieces of iron and u, which are each connected
with the shaking bar by a joint as at v, and with the frame at bottom by
another joint at w. These joints admit of the bar being moved or shook
backward and forward in a direction parallel with itself. The upright pieces
or supports are furnished with screws near the bottom at a, by which the
roller C and the under web may be set exactly level. y, y, &c. are two
straight iron bars one on each side of the upper part of the under web, and
parallel therewith, having their ends next the vat connected by means of a
joint at 2, with the iron carriages or supports A, a, placed upon and affixed
to the shaking bar; the other end of the bars y and y being in like manner
connected with the iron carriages or supports A, b, and A, 6, afhxed to the
wooden posts A, c; these we call the ruler bars, and to them are attached a
number of wheels A, d, A, d, &c., (the peculiar construction and application
of which will be shewn hereafter), for the purpose of conducting the under web
in a proper direction, and likewise for keeping the same extended laterally.
Upon the ruler bars are supported the dickles, by means of the five cross bars
marked A, e, two of which pass through mortices made for that purpose in
the upper dickles, and the other three through the under ones. A., A, f, &c.,
are screws by which the bars are connected to the ruler bars,and by which the
upper and under dickles are adjusted and set parallel with each other and
with the under web. F and G are the dickles with the revolving straps H
and I. A, h, and A, h, are the pullies upon which the straps revolve, the
pullies A, , and A, k, being made to revolve on arbors or pins affixed to
each dickle as at A, i. The dickles are kept parallel and with and at any
determinate distance from each other by the screws A,, by which they are
fastened or held to the cross bars A, e. In order to prevent the pulp from

page_text: A,
adhering to the dickles we line or cover them with plates of copper or brass
on both sides, and upon that edge which bears upon the strap. A,k, and A, l,
are two toothed wheels of equal diameters taking or working into each other,
and fixed or hung upon the two spindles A, m, and A, n, as seen in the section.
The wheel A, k, and spindle A, m, are likewise shewn upon the plan. The
spindles A, m, and A, n, are placed across the machine, one above and the
other below the upper part of the underweb for the purpose of communicating
motion to the revolving straps by means of the wheels A, o, and A, p, and
the pulley A, g, round which the strap revolves. The wheel A, p, is concentric
with and affixed to the side of the pulley A, g. The other wheel A,o, is hung
or fixed upon the spindle A, m. The framework or arm by which the wheels
A, o, and A, p, are held in connection with each other is so constructed that
one end swings or turns upon the outside of the extended socket of the wheel
A, o, through which the square spindle A, m, passes (the outside of the
socket being made round for that purpose). In the other end of the frame or
arm we fasten a round pin or arbor, its axis being parallel with the spindle,
and
upon this pin the wheel and pulley A, p, and A, g, turn; the teeth of the
two wheels A, o, and A, P, take in each other, so that in whatever direction
the arm and wheel A, p, turn or move, the centre of the wheel and pulley
P, and A, g, will describe a circle or part of a circle round the centre of
the spindle, and the teeth of the two wheels continue to take in each other.
By this means the pulley A, g, not only gives motion to, but serves likewise
to tighten the revolving straps when drawn back by the swivel screws A,9,A,9,
A,7,A,9, whenever it is necessary to shift the dickles nearer to or fartherfrom
each other, in order to vary the width of the sheet of paper. The wheels
and pullies must likewise be shifted upon the spindles, and again fastened
thereon (by the wedge or key passing through the socket of each) in such a
position as to bring the pullies A, g, A, g, exactly opposite their respective
dickles to which they belong. In order to make the velocity of the straps
correspond with the velocity of the web we make the pullies A, g, A, g, of the
same diameter as the wet press cylinders which give motion to the web and
cause them to make the same number of revolutions. A, ", is a bevil wheel
hung upon the spindle of the cylinder K, the teeth of which take into those
of the pinion A, s, hung upon the spindle A, t, having another pinion of equal
size at A, u, upon the opposite end thereof, the teeth of which take into the
bevil wheel A, v, having an equal number of teeth with the wheel A, r, and is
hung upon the dickle strap spindle. By inspecting the Drawings and the
relative disposition of the wheels it will easily be seen that when the machine
is in motion the straps will move in the proper direction. As it is a material

page_text: point for the preservation of the web that the straps should move exactly
with the the same velocity as the web does, this must be ascertained by actual
observation when the machine is in motion; and the diameter of the pullies
must be corrected if necessary; and this precaution becomes the more indis-
pensible as the wet press cylinders are covered with flannel, cloth, or felting,
which renders their diameters indeterminate. This lining or covering upon
the cylinders prevents them from injuring the web and produces a better
effect upon
the paper than the naked cylinders would do. To prevent the ruler
bars y, y, y, &c. from being bent down by the weight of the dickles, cross
bars, &c. resting upon them, we place two upright supports A, w, and A, w,
under each of them, with joints and adjusting screws near the bottom at A, x,
by which the web is brought to an horizontal position, that is to say, so much
of it as extends from the roller C, near the vat, to the roller D, over which it
passes and receives another direction, the use of which we shall hereafter
explain. The rollers marked b, b, &c. are for supporting the web, and keeping
it level, having their spindles or pivots resting upon the brass bearings or
carriages A, y, affixed to the ruler bars on each side of the machine, and made
adjustablenpanddown that theupper surfaces of the rollers may be brought level
with each other. A, z, &c. are a series of small rollers applied with the same
intention as those last described, but having their bearings affixed to theinside
of the under dickles; B,a,and B,a, are two brass cylinders or rollers including
between them the two webs in the same manner as it is done by the press
cylinders J and K, and are supported by their pivots or spindles turning in
the brass carriages at B, 6, and B, b, one of which is seen in the section, the
upper end being a screw by which it is fastened by the two nuts B, d, and
B, d, to the piece of iron B, c, affixed to the carriages of the cylinders; the
piece of iron B, c, having a longitudinal mortice therein, through which the
screw passes and admits of its being moved back ward or forward therein, so as
to alter the situation of the rollers B, a, and B, a, by bringing them nearer
to or further from the press cylinders J and K, and by means of the screws at
B, e, they may be raised or lowered. The upper roller B, a, is held down or
pressed against the under one by means of weights suspended from the axis
of each end, thereby giving a certain pressure to the paper and expelling a
portion of the water previous to the harder pressure given by the cylinders Jand
K. B, f, is a small roller resting upon the webs, and as near the upper
cylinder J as may be, to allow of its revolving freely upon the webs
without touching the cylinder. It is kept in its place by a piece at each end,
as at B, g, and prevents the water which is expelled by the cylinders J and K

page_text: from flowing back upon the paper which it otherwise would do, and itis for this
purpose likewise that we cause the under web in its approach to the cylinders
J and K to descend, as from D to J and K. The direction in which the under
web is conducted on each side of the cylinders will be clearly understood by
the sectional Drawing. But note, that in this as well as in every other place
where the webs of wire or felting are mentioned, the same are to be supposed
when the plan is inspected, because they could not be therein delineated
without obscuring other parts.
Figure 1 in No. 2 of the Drawings hereto annexed is a section of the guide
wheels H, H, by which we proceed more particularly to shew the method or
manner by which the revolving webs and felting are kept extended laterally
and conducted in a proper direction. The line A, A, represents the web as
extended across the machine by the opposite guide wheels. B, B, are pieces
of tape or leather sewed to each edge of the web A, A. C, C, are two other
thicker pieces of leather firmly sewed upon the edges of the former ones.
D, D, a section of the ruler bars; G, G, the brass frame or carriage for the
guide wheels, and is affixed to the ruler bar by the pin or key E, E. The
arbors or pins upon which the guide wheels turn are made fast in the car-
riages at F, F. The edges of the wheels are turned or made in the shape
represented in the section, and being placed at such a distance from each other
as to admit of the pieces of leather B, B, passing freely between the oppo-
site parts thereof, do apply themselves to and fill the angles made by the pieces
of leather C and B. From hence it will be understood that the action of
the wheels against the pieces of leather C, C, will be sufficient to give the
web any required tension and to conduct it in the proper direction. But
for the more convenient application of these guide wheels to other parts of
the web and felting where the ruler bars are not used, we construct the
frame or carriage differently, and instead of the forked end, as at I, I, we
make them with a round pin, as at A, A, in the Drawing No. 2, Figure 2nd,
wherein B is an iron socket, into which the pin is inserted and held in any
required position by the screw C, and by making the piece of iron with the
socket of an appropriate shape, the same may be conveniently applied to any
part of the frame, as is done at A, A, and B, B, &c., see the general Drawing,
No.. 1. We shall now continue our description of the remaining parts of the
machine delineated in the Drawing No. 1. At B, h, B, h, &c., are placed
small rollers for the purpose of supporting the under part of the revolving
under web, as it returns from E to C. B, i, is a section of a shallow trough
which we place underneath the web, and of a width equal thereto, in order to

page_text: receive the water which drains from the pulp after it falls upon the web at c,
and to conduct it by a spout at one side to any convenient receptacle, as at
B, k, from which it is again raised and returned into the vat by means of the
tubes or scoops B, l, placed round the axis B, m, and revolving thereon, their
extremities at the same time dipping into the receptacle at B,k, from whence
the water is to be raised, and is by them lifted and discharged at their other
ends or orifices at B, n, and conducted to the vat. As the construc-
tion of the tubes is sufficiently evident from the Drawing, we need not
enter into further particulars. We would only observe that our reason for
preferring the method above described to the more obvious one of a pump is
to prevent as much as possible the paper stuff or pulp which drains off
in the water from being formed into small lumps or rolls by the mutual
friction or rubbing of any parts of the apparatus against each other, and our
reason for returning the water into the vat is that we may prevent the waste
or loss of a considerable portion of the paper stuff, blue, size, &c., which would
otherwise be sustained by its running to waste. The effect produced by shaking
the mould upon which paper is commonly made is so well understood by every
paper manufacturer, that we need not here either explain the intention with
which it is done or the necessity of doing it, but proceed to describe how we
perform that operation by the machine. It will appear, by considering the
construction of the shaking bar and its connection with the ruler bars and
upright supports u, u, that it is capable of being moved backward and forward
in an horizontal direction (or nearly so), and carrying with it the roller C and
ruler bars y, y, which admit of an angular motion in the joints at each
end-and that whatever motion may be given to these the same will be com
municated to the web upon which the paper is forming, and is here a substitute
for the moulds used in the common process. And we do by means of a crank
communicating with the shaking bar t,cause it to receive a quick alternating
or vibratory motion, or in other words we cause it to shake in the direction
above described. The number of these vibrations or shakes necessary in a
given time, and the space passed through by the shaking bar in each, will vary
according to the quality and preparation of the pulp or paper stuff of which
the paper is intended to be made. The number, however, seems by observation
to be limited between one and two hundred per minute, and the space between
one quarter of an inch and one inch; and to enable us to give a proper velocity
to the crank we give motion to the same by a small water wheel, the velocity
of which, aud consequent number of vibrations, are regulated at pleasure by the
quantity of water admitted upon the wheel.

page_text: And we do further and more particularly describe that part of our said
machine which we call the second or dry press, with the cylinders and other
apparatus connected therewith, as follows, that is to say:-
N and O are two strong brass cylinders with iron shafts or spindles, B, o, and
B, o, firmly fixed therein. B, p, and B,p, are the iron carriages and bearing
brasses in which the said spindles turn, and by which the same are held in their
proper positions. B,q, and B, q, the compressing screws. Pisthe couching roller
with its pivots resting upon and turning in the ends of the two levers, B,
and B, r, which project from and are fastened in the spindle or bar B, s, placed
across the machine frame, with its ends projecting on each side thereof, upon
which are fastened the handles Bt, and Bt, by which the roller may be raised
or lowered for the purpose herein-after mentioned. The brasses or bearings
upon which the the spindle B,s, turns at B, u, and B,u, are affixed to the iron
carriages or sliding pieces m and n, so that as the roller E may be moved
backward or forward, the couching roller P may retain its relative position
therewith. We have already observed that the endless or circulating flannel or
felting passes between and receives its motion from the pressing cylinders N
and O, and that it revolves upon and is kept extended by the two extreme
rollers P and Q, and that the darts or arrows indicate the direction
in which it moves. We have likewise shewn the means of extending the
same longitudinally by the stretching screws pand p. B, v, are wooden rollers
for conducting the felting in the direction delineated in the section. B, w, are
ruler bars with guide wheels affixed thereto for extending the felting laterally,
as above described. Wecause the felting, on its approach to the cylinders, to
have about the same inelination downwards aswegive to the revolvingwire under
the same circumstances and for the same reason, and we cause the paper upon
the felting to pass between the cylinders immediatelyin contact with the smooth
surface of the upper cylinder N; and in order to detach the paper from the
cylinder to which it closely adheres, after receiving the pressure, we cause a
thin steel plate to be fastened to a piece of wood, as at B,, having its edge
previously sharpened and applied along the surface of the cylinder in such a
direction as to separate the paper therefrom until it can be drawn away by
hand and deposited upon the felting, by which it is conducted to the reel at R,
to which it is fastened, and by it drawn from the cylinder with such a
degree of force as to prevent it coming again in contact with the steel plate
which. it ought only to do at the beginning of each sheet. R is a reel
upon which the paper is collected at the end of the machine; the construction
and use of which is evident from the Drawing.. B,z, is a band wheel affixed

page_text: to the spindle or shaft of the under cylinder O, and gives motion to another
at C, a, the spindle of which stands opposite to and concentric with the reel
spindle, and from which the reel receives its motion; the means of connection
being such that the reel may be put in motion, stopped, removed, and replaced
at pleasure, and is performed by any of the well-known methods of continuing
motion from one shaft or spindle to another, when in the same line with each
other. C, b, are two pinions, one on each of the cylinder shafts or spindles,
with their teeth taking in each other, in order that the cylinders may move
uniformly with each other without sliding or slipping. C, c. are likewise two
pinions upon the spindles of the wet press cylinders. The operation of
detaching the paper from the revolving web, and depositing it upon the felt, is
performed by means of the couching roller P, which is placed immediately
below and exactly parallel with the roller E. When the paper formed upon the
wire arrives at the roller E, the couching roller is raised by the handles B, t,
and B, t, and causes the felting to rub against the web, and to detach the
paper therefrom, and immediately to deposit it upon the felt. The couching
roller is then lowered, as the paper being once deposited in a sufficient quantity
upon the felt, its own weight will continue to draw it from the web whilst the
felting is in motion.
Having thus more particularly described the confirmation of the principal
parts of our machine, we do further describe the manner in which we give
motion to the same, and the connection between them and the first mover;
that is to say, we do employ water, or more immediately a water wheel, as a
first mover, which we prefer to any other power, as by it is obtained the most
regular and uniform motion, and such as is best adapted for this purpose,
though other first movers might be used. C, d, is the axis of the water wheel
(the wheel itself being of the common construction, is supposed, and not repre-
sented in the Drawing), upon which is affixed or hung the wheel C, e, the
teeth of which take into those of C,/, another wheel hung upon the spindle C,g,
lying opposite to or in a line with the shaft or spindle of the under cylinder, B,o.
C, h, is a coupling or clutch box for the purpose of giving motion to or stopping
the cylinder as may be required, by any of the well-known methods in common
use for such purposes. C, i, is a wheel, likewise working into or taking its
motion from C, e, having upon its axis the rigger or band wheel C, j, which,
by means of a strap or band, communicates motion to another band wheel C, k,
hung upon the spindle C, 1, lying opposite to or in a line with the spindle of
the under wet press cylinder X. A coupling or clutch box is placed upon its
end at C, m, for the same purpose as the one upon the spindle C, g, above

page_text: described. And we do cause the rigger or band wheel C, j, to be made upon
an adjustable principle, or capable of having its diameter increased or dimi-
nished as occasion requires, whilst the machine is at work, and by this adjust-
ment obtaining an exact correspondence between the velocity of the revolving
web and that of the revolving felting, for should one exceed the other the
paper would either be torn asunder or carried round on the under side of the
web and be spoiled.
Figure 3d in No. 2 of the Drawings hereunto annexed is a plan and
section of the adjustable or expanding rigger or band wheel. A, A, is a cast-
iron flanch or plate hung upon the spindle B, B. C, C, are two rings cast
upon the face of the flanch. The intermediate space between the rings is
turned flat and true, so that its plane may be at right angles with the axis or
spindle upon which it turns. D, D, &c. are round pins inserted and made fast
in the rings at a proper distance from and parallel with the face of the flanch,
forming so many radii or parts of radii at equal distances round the flanch;
and upon these radii or pins we cause the pieces E, E, &c. to slide, the pins
passing through the holes at each end of the pieces at F and G, corresponding
to the diameter of the pins. One end of each piece, as at H, H, is made to
extend on each side of the pins, and fitted to the face of the flanch, so as to
prevent the pieces E, E, &c. from turning or tilting sideways upon the pins,
but nevertheless allowing them to slide freely upon the flanch. I, I, &c. are
wooden segments forming the perifery of the wheel, and fastened upon the
sliding pieces E, E, &c. K is a straight round pin inserted in a hole in the
centre of the spindle, and in which it is at liberty to slide in and out.
E, L, is a round plate fastened upon the centre pin K, and the connecting
pieces M, M, &c. have one of their ends attached to the edge of the plate L
by means of a joint, and the other to the sliding pieces E, E, &c. in the same
manner, so that whenever the centre pin is pushed in and the plate brought
nearer to the flanch, the sliding pieces and segments 1, I, will uniformly expand
and the diameter of the wheel be increased, or, on the contrary, if the pin is
drawn out, the diameter will be decreased. The pin is pushed in, drawn out,
or held in any required position by the screw N, N, and by which the rigger
may be regulated whilst in motion.
In the general Drawing No.1 is represented likewise the machinery for com-
municating motion to the hogs or agitators T, T, &c. The long spindle C, n,
is put in motion by the pinions and wheel C, o, C, o, C, o. Upon the other
end of the spindle C, a, is hung a cast iron flanch C, p, with one of its sides
made flat and straight across, against which the edge of the wheel C, q, is held

page_text: with such a degree of pressure as that the friction between the flanch and the
edge of the wheel C, 9, may be sufficient to cause the wheel C, q, to revolve,
and give motion to the agitators. The wheel C, q, is made to shift upon the
spindle C,r,and capable of having its edge opposed to the face of the flanch at
any intermediate distance between its centre and circumference for the purpose
of adjusting the velocity of the agitators to the velocity of the machine, which
varies with the quality and thickness of the paper made thereby. We like-
wise give motion to the lifting tubes B, l, from the spindle C, ", by means of
the two riggers or band wheels C, s, and C, t. In some situations where a
water wheel cannot conveniently be applied to give motion to the shaking
bar t, we connect it with the spindle C, n, and regulate its velocity by two
friction wheels similar to those at C, p, and C, q.
We now proceed to describe the means used for subdividing or cutting the
long sheets of paper made by our said machine into others or smaller ones of
the required dimensions, that is to say, we construct a wooden frame or table
of a convenient height; its length is determined by the dimensions of the
sheets of paper into which the long sheets upon the reels or rollers are to be
subdivided or cut, and its width is made somewhat more than the widest sheet
which can be made by the machine by which the paper was formed. The
reel or roller containing the paper intended to be cut is placed immediately
above one end of the said table at right angles with its longer sides, and
parallel with the top or upper surface thereof. The pivots or axes of the reel
or roller are supported and allowed to turn in two wooden posts affixed to the
end of the table for that purpose, so that two workmen, one on each side of
the said table, by laying hold of the corners of the sheet may draw it from the
reel and spread it upon it upon the table preparatory to its being cut or sub-
divided into smaller ones. Near that end of the table over which the reel or
roller is suspended and parallel with the reel, we place two long hardened
steel plates, about three inches in width and about one-eighth or one-tenth of
an inch thick, and their length ought to exceed the width of the widest paper
to be cut by about thirty inches. These steel plates we affix to two strong
iron bars by means of screws or clamps, one steel plate upon each bar, and
place them in such a position across the table that the upper edges of the
steel plates may be parellel with and about one-twentieth of an inch from each
other, and in the same plane with the upper surface of the table upon which
the paper is to be spread. The under or lower edges of the steel plates are
extended to a considerable distance from each other, so that'a vertical section
of the plates or a section made at right angles with their edges would form

page_text: two sides of an equilateral triangle nearly, or their relative position would
somewhat resemble the outer strokes or legs of the letter A, and we cause the
upper edges of the said steel plates to be ground, so that the basils formed by
grinding the edges of the said plates may be in a line with each other, or in
the same plane with the surface of the table, or nearly so, and that the inside
or opposed edges of the two plates may be sharp. We likewise construct one
or more hardened steel wheel or wheels about three inches diameter, turned
true, with a sharp edge round the same, basiled away on both sides similar to
the edge of a hard or cold chisel, commonly used for cutting iron when cold;
and in each wheel we affix a transverse axis or arbor upon which they may
revolve. The edges of these wheels being applied between the opposed edges
of the hardened steel plates and the wheel or wheels caused to revolve upon
them from one end to the other, the paper having been previously spread upon
the table and over the edges of the said steel plates, and the said steel wheel
or wheels being held.down by a sufficient weight, the paper is cut by their
action against the sharpened edges of the steel plates as they revolve on such
plates. And to facilitate the operation and renderit more expeditious, we cause
two other hardened steel plates, similar to those above described, to be placed
across the table in a similar position, and further from that end of the table
over which the reel is suspended and exactly parallel with the former ones,
and at such a distance from them as corresponds to the dimensions of the
sheets of paper to be cut from the larger or longer one upon the reel or roller;
and by applying two of the above-described hardened steel wheels at a con-
venient distance from each other upon the edges of one pair of the steel plates
and one other of such wheels upon the edges of the other pair of steel plates,
and by connecting the said three wheels firmly together by means of proper
framework, in which the arbors or axes of the said wheels turn and whereby
the wheels themselves are held in a proper position, and their edges falling
into the space between the edges of each pair of steel plates respectively, we
obtain a carriage with three wheels capable of supporting itself upon those
wheels, two on one side and one upon the other; and upon the said carriage
we place a box containing a weight, or a number of weights, sufficient to
produce the effect above described (viz), occasioning such a resistance between
the hardened steel wheels and the edges of the steel plates as to separate or
cut the paper placed between them. The iron bars supporting the second
pair of steel plates or those furthest from the reel are so affixed to the frame
of the table that they may be moved nearer to or further from the other pair
of steel plates and again set parallel therewith; and likewise the framework to

page_text: which the steel wheels are affixed is so constructed that the distance between
the one wheel on the one side and the other two wheels on the opposite side
may be made equal to the distance between the edges of the two pair of
steel plates, according to the intended dimensions of the sheets of paper
required.
paper
Having, as above, described and ascertained the application and use of the
instruments, as well as the instruments themselves, which we now use for
cutting or subdividing the paper, so as to render it perfectly intelligible to a
mechanist, we need not here enter more particularly into any further
description in relation to the description or confirmation of the said instru-
ments, but for the better understanding their application we do further describe
the operation of cutting or subdividing the sheets of paper, as the same is per-
formed by us, that is to say, we cause the table and instruments above described
to be placed at or near the end of the machine by which the
is made,
and as soon as one of the reels or rollers becomes charged or filled with paper,
we remove the said reel or roller from the machine, and place it upon the
supports or posts affixed to the end of the cutting table, upon which the steel
plates and wheels have been previously adjusted to their proper distances, &c.
Two workmen (one stationed on each side of the table) draw the paper from
the reel and spread it upon the said table, depositing the first end of the paper
(which is always rough and uneven) over or beyond the pair of steel plates
furthest from the reel, taking care at the same time to lay the edges of
the paper parallel with the edge of the table, or rather at right angles
with the edges of the steel plates, in order that the angles or corners of
the sheets of paper when cut may be square, and these workmen are guided
or directed in this operation by having several conspicuous lines drawn along
the table in the proper direction, parallel to which lines they lay the edges of
the sheet. The paper being thus deposited or spread uniformly upon the table
and over the edges of the steel plates, the man on whose side the carriage
with the three cutting wheels stands, pushes it across the table to the man on
the opposite side, where it is retained ready for a second operation. By thus
passing the wheels over for the first time the rough or uneven end of the sheet
is separated at the plates furthest from the reel, another separation being made
at the same time by the plates nearest to the reel, leaving one whole sheet of
paper between the two pair of steel plates. The paper is again drawn from
the reel and spread upon the table, and the end of the sheet being now square
and even is laid so much over or beyond the edges of the steel plates furtherst
from the reel as will leave a sheet of paper when the next separation or
2

page_text: cutting is made; two sheets being now separated by each cutting after the first,
the wheels are again passed over, and the sheets thus separated at each cutting
are removed, and are laid into packs by children employed for that purpose.
In witness whereof, we, the said Henry Fourdrinier, Sealy Fourdrinier,
and John Gamble, have hereunto respectively set our hands and seals,
this Eighth day of February, in the year of our Lord One thousand
eight hundred and eight.
Inrolled the Thirteenth day of February, in the year above written.