IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF HYDRAULIC AND OTHER CEMENTS MORTAR ARTIFICIAL STONE AND OTHER SIMILAR ARTICLES
Year: 1883

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Phillips Thompson Fel. Inst. P.A. of the
Liverpool and London Agency for Foreign Patent Solicitors 6 Lord Street
Liverpool in the County of Lancaster Civil Engineer for an Invention of
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF HYDRAULIC AND OTHER CEMENTS
MORTAR ARTIFICIAL STONE AND OTHER SIMILAR ARTICLES a communication .
from M. M. R Bosse. and Dr. Phil. Eduard Freise persons resident at
Brunswick in the Empire of Germany.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Phillips Thompson
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 10th January 1883.
WILLIAM PHILLIPS THOMPSON Fel Inst P.A. of the Liverpool and London
Agency for Foreign Patent Solicitors 6 Lord Street Liverpool in the county of
Lancaster Civil Engineer "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF HYDRAULIC
AND OTHER CEMENTS, MORTAR, ARTIFICIAL STONE, AND OTHER SIMILAR ARTICLES
כו
a communication from M. M. R. Bosse and Dr. Phil. Eduard Freise persons
resident at Brunswick in the Empire of Germany
This invention relates to the manufacture of hydraulic or other cements, mortars,
artificial stone and so on.
The object of it is to compose or manufacture a cement from the indications of
the chemical analysis of a cement of good composition, but instead of employing
the pure chemical ingredients there is employed such natural or artificial products
as furnace-slag, puzzolane, santorine earth, slacked lime, chalk, baked bricks,
magnesia, which contain the necessary component parts of the cement required to
be produced.
But the exact proportion not being always obtainable, such quantities of slug,

page_text: puzzolane, line, chalk, and so on, are employed as will produce a mixture most
approaching the proportions of the chemical analysis of a standard cement.
These materials, having already undergone a calcining process either natural or
artificial are taken and intimately united together and then placed in a grinding
mill preferably of the type having two largo stones or discs revolving in an iron
pan, though one of other shape would do, where they are finely ground, and
without employing further burning, a thoroughly good cement is obtained, equal
or at least very similar in all chemical and physical properties to the standard.
The cement so obtained may be mixed with such material as may improve its
qualities in certain directions, such as to make it more hydraulic or more or less
quickly setting.
Similar material if treated in the same way though ground less finely may be
employed for the manufacture of slabs of artificial stone. After the grinding
process the comminuted mass is run out into or placed in moulds of any required
shape or size and the mass allowed to remain until set when they may be turned
out to dry and a hard and durable stone is produced requiring no after burning.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said William Phillips Thompson in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
10th July 1883.
"
WILLIAM PHILLIPS THOMPSON. Fel. Inst. P.A. of the Liverpool and London
Agency for Foreign Patent 'Solicitors, 6' Lord Street, Liverpool in the county" of
Lancaster, Civil Engineer' "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF HYDRAULIC
AND OTHER CEMENTS, MORTAR, ARTIFICIAL STONE AND OTHER SIMILAR ARTICLES".
A communication from M. M. R. Bosse and Dr Phil Eduard Freise, persons
resident at Brunswick, in the empire of Germany.
h
This invention consists in certain improvements in the manufacture of hydraulic
or other cements such as "Portland Cement."
This cement is produced by combining "puzzolane" with slaked lime after
having ground and sifted both ingredients, so as to reduce them to the finest
powder possible and mixing them carefully afterwards.
By "puzzolane" is meant such matters, which contain silicious compounds,
which silicious compounds have been rendered soluble in alkalies by previous
artificial or natural burning or calcining.
By slaked lime is meant such ingredients as result from limestone, burnt or
calcined and brought into contact with a quantity of water so as to render the
same a fine soft powder.
.
Now besides the natural "puzzolanes", which are found in large quantities in
the earth, artificial puzzolanes may be employed as well, such as furnace slag, some
kinds of glass, some residues of manufacture of alum, broken pottery and porcelain,
and similar articles containing soluble-silicious-acid.
.
In describing I will now describe how to proceed with the furnace slag which is
to be mixed with slaked lime. Other matters named above undergo the same
Process.
The furnace slag having undergone a calcining process in the furnace, its silicious
components have been rendered soluble.
However some slags are not so proper suitable for our purposo namely those
decomposing spontaneously so called "basic" or alkaline slags."
:
The best sing for the purpose is that, which; when in a red hot state steeped in
water The slag is run while hot into water, and those slags only are practically
useful for this purpose which when so treated will fall into fine granules, which
however small under a microscope still in this finely granulated state, present a
vitreous aspect.
The relative quantities of slag and lime employed are decided by an analysis of
a cement (say Portland Cement) which it is desired to produce in the artificial
sement imitate. That is to say" having analysed chemically the slags "and the
slacked lime a number of kinds of slag and lime,' are picked out such kinds as

page_text: will when combined render the composition of the mixture very similar to that
of the cement which it is desired to imitate. This cement is obtained by finely
grinding and sifting and mixing without reburning the mixture.
It will be shown further on by examples, that by a judicious choice of materials
this result may be always attained very closely.
But in some instances it may be desirable to improve some of the qualities of the
cement we are about to manufacture.
If a cement is wanted to be exposed to air only, the proportions of aluminous
earth alumina may be brought to eleven per cent, but for hydraulic cement, the
proportion of aluminous earth alumina may be brought to sixteen per cent and
more. In that case aluminous-earth alumina may be added, if not found in the
raw materials employed.
If a cement is wanted of great hardness, the proportion of silicious compounds
in the mixture is increased, and this may be carried to thirty three per cent of
Silex.
Soluble silicious acid may in that case be added to the mixture.
The proportions of the lime in the mixture may also be made larger than that in
a Portland Cement, by such excess of limo a very adhesive cement is obtained.
But this excess of lime will impair the strength of the mixture employed as a
cement. All ingredients of the mixture must be in the state of exceeding fine
powder. They may be ground either separately or combined. After being sifted
all residue must be reground, resifted and the resulting matter added to the bulk
of the mixture.
The slaked lime may be steeped and allowed to fall into powder, and may even
be left for a time, say eight to ten days after being steeped, for the result is not
impaired, even if small quantities of carbonic acid have combined with the caustic
lime. Particular care must be taken to obtain a most intimate mixture, for the
result depends much on the good mixing of the ingredients. Now a cement so
produced by mixing the slag powder with the lime powder, may be augmented
by additions of such matters as manufacturers of cement employ now for that
purpose.
Artificial stone may be manufactured by this cement in the way known already.
An example is now given of the manner in which a choice is made of matters
for obtaining the proper mixture.
a theme is a furnace ales No I containing

page_text: by the lime 58,5 Ca O
2.4 indifferent.
The whole of the mixture is reduced to 100 parts there will be in a hundred
part of mixture GO Ca O 24 Si O' | 12.3 Al² 0³ | 9.7
1024 S 03:
indifferent.
A proportion of ingredients corresponding to that of a Portland Cement of highly
hydraulic properties.
If instead of this proportion of ingredients a larger quantity of slag II had been
employed there would have been more argillaceous matter in the mixture and it
would have been more hydraulic still.
If slag
had been employed in larger proportion the silex would predominate
and the resulting cement would have been stronger. An addition of lime would
have rendered the cement more adhesive, but would make it lose some of its
cohesive strength.
This shows that all numerous different kinds of cement may be obtained by this
system of combining ingredients.
The indifferent or foreign matter which accompanies the slag and the lime,
exercises no influence on the final result it ought only be taken account of, when
calculating the proportions of the mixture.
Having now described the invention as communicated to me, I wish it to be
understood, that what I desire to protect under the Letters Patent is;-
The manufacture of a an hydraulic or other like cement of any required-proper-
ties, such as Portland Cement, by mixing in certain proportions such matters,
es the hereinbefore described ingredients in the requisite proportions to contain
the constituent parts of the cement which have been ascertained by chemical
analysis.
But instead of taking for that purpose-matters-especially prepared-or-purified
previously-a-choice of matters is taken already to be found in nature or as residues
of manufactures such as puzzolane or clag, mixing it with quick lime.
Secondly. The whole process to be carried out by and grinding, mixing and
sifting without subsequent burning or calcining in the manner heretofore explained.
In witness whereof I the said William Phillips Thompson have hereunto set
my hand and scal this ninth day of July in the year of our Lord, one
thousand eight hundred and eighty three.

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Phillips Thompson Fel. Inst. P.A. of the
Liverpool and London Agency for Foreign Patent Solicitors 6 Lord Street
Liverpool in the County of Lancaster Civil Engineer for an Invention of
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF HYDRAULIC AND OTHER CEMENTS
MORTAR ARTIFICIAL STONE AND OTHER SIMILAR ARTICLES a communication
from M. M. R. Bosse. and Dr. Phil. Eduard Freise persons resident at
Brunswick in the Empire of Germany
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Phillips Thompson
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 10th January 1883.
WILLIAM PHILLIPS THOMPSON Fel Inst P.A. of the Liverpool and London
Agency for Foreign Patent Solicitors 6 Lord Street Liverpool in the county of
Lancaster Civil Engineer "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF HYDRAULIC
AND OTHER CEMENTS, MORTAR, ARTIFICIAL STONE, AND OTHER SIMILAR ARTICLES
a communication from M. M. R. Bosse and Dr. Phil. Eduard Freise persons
resident at Brunswick in the Empire of Germany
"
This invention relates to the manufacture of hydraulic or other cements, mortars,
artificial stone and so on.
The object of it is to compose or manufacture a cement from the indications of
the chemical analysis of a cement of good composition, but instead of employing
the pure chemical ingredients there is employed such natural or artificial products
as furnace-slag, puzzolane, santorine earth, slacked lime, chalk, baked bricks,
magnesia, which contain the necessary component parts of the cement required to
be produced.
But the exact proportion not being always obtainable, such quantities of slag,

page_text: puzzolane, lime, chalk, and so on, are employed as will produce a mixture most
approaching the proportions of the chemical analysis of a standard cement.
These materials, having already undergone a calcining process either natural or
artificial are taken and intimately united together and then placed in a grinding
mill preferably of the type having two large stones or discs revolving in an iron
pan, though one of other shape would do, where they are finely ground, and
without employing further burning, a thoroughly good coment is obtained, equal
or at least very similar in all chemical and physical properties to the standard
The cement so obtained may be mixed with such material as may improve its
qualities in certain directions, such as to make it more bydraulic or more or less
quickly setting.
Similar material if treated in the same way though ground less finely may be
employed for the manufacture of slabs of artificial stone. After the grinding
process the comminuted mass is run out into or placed in moulds of any required
shape or size and the mass allowed to remain until set when they may be turned
out to dry and a hard and durable stone is produced requiring no after burning.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent bled
by the said William Phillips Thompson in the Great Seal Patent Offico on the
10th July 1883.
WILLIAM PHILLIPS THOMPSON. Fel. Inst. P.A. of the Liverpool and London
Agency for Foreign Patent Solicitors, 6 Lord Street, Liverpool in the county of
Lancaster, Civil Engineer "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF HYDRAULIC
AND OTHER CEMENTS, MORTAR, ARTIFICIAL STONE AND OTHER SIMILAR ARTICLES
A communication from M. M. R. Bosse and Dr Phil. Eduard Freise, persons
resident at Brunswick, in the empire of Germany.
"
This invention consists in certain improvements in the manufacture of hydraulic
or other cements such as "Portland Cement."
This cement is produced by combining "puzzolano" with slaked lime after
having ground and sifted both ingredients, so as to reduce them to the finest
powder possible and mixing then carefully afterwards.
By "puzzolane" is meant such. matters, which contain silicious compounds,
which silicious compounds have been rendered soluble in alkalies by previous
artificial or natural burning or calcining.
By slaked lime is meant such ingredients as result from limestone, burnt or
calcined and brought into contact with a quantity of water so as to render the
same a fine soft powder.
Besides the natural "puzzolanes" which are found in large quantities in the:
earth, artificial puzzolanes may be employed as well, such as furnace slag, somo
kinds of glass, some residues of manufacture of alum, broken pottery and porcelain,
and similar articles containing soluble silicious acid.
In describing how to proceed with furnace slag mixed with slaked lime. Other
matters named above undergo the same process.
The furnace slag having undergone a calcining process in the furnace, its silicious
components have been rendered soluble.
However some slags are not so proper for our purpose namely those decom-
posing spontaneously so called "basic "or alkaline slags."
The best slag for the purpose is that, which, when in a red hot state steeped in
water will fall into fine granules, which however small under a microscope still
in this finely granulated state, present a vitreous aspect.
The relative quantities of slag and lime employed are. decided by an analysis of
a-cement (say Portland Cement) which it is desired to produce in the artificial
cement. That is to say having analysed chemically the slag and the slacked lime
a number of kinds of slag and lime, are picked out such kinds as will when
combined render the composition of the mixture very similar to that of the cement
which it is desired to imitate. This cement is obtained by.finely grinding and
sifting and mixing without reburning the mixture.
It will be shown further on by examples, that by a judicious choice of materiala
this result may be always attained very closely.
But in some instances it may be desirable to improve some of the qualities of the
cement we are about to manufacture.
If a cement is wanted to be exposed to air only, the proportions of aluminous
earth may be brought to eleven per cent, but for hydraulic cement, the proportion
of aluminous earth may be brought to sixteen per cent and more.
In that case
aluminous earth may be added, if not found in the raw materials employed.
If a cement is wanted of great hardness, the proportion of silicious compounds

page_text: in the mixture is increased, and this may be carried to thirty three per cent of
Silex.
Soluble silicious acid may in that case be added to the mixture.
The proportions of the lime in the mixture may also be made larger than that in
a Portland Cement, by such excess of lime a very adhesive cement is obtained.
But this excess of lime will impair the strength of the mixture employed as a
cement. All ingredients of the mixture must be in the state of exceeding fine
powder. They may be ground either separately or combined. After being sifted
all residue must be reground, resifted and the resulting matter added to the bulk
of the mixture.
The slaked lime may be steeped and allowed to fall into powder, and may even
be left for a time, say eight to ten days after being steeped, for the result is not
impaired, even if small quantities of carbonic acid have combined with the caustic
lime. Particular care must be taken to obtain a most intimate mixture, for the
result depends much on the good mixing of the ingredients. Now a cement so
produced by mixing the slag powder with the lime powder, may be augmented by
additions of such matters as manufacturers of cement employ now for that
purpose.
Artificial stone may be manufactured by this cement in the way known already.
An example is now given of the manner in which a choice is made of matters
for obtaining the proper mixture.
Supposing there is a furnace slag N° I containing
By alag II 54.9 Ca. O | 31.0 Si 0° | 24,5 Al³ ³ | 3.5 indifferent
by the lime 58,5 Ca O
2,4 indifferent
The whole of the mixture is reduced to 100 parts there will be in a hundred
part of mixture
24 SiO2 | 12.3 Al O'| 3.7
60 Ca O
241
indifferent.
A proportion of ingredients corresponding to that of a Portland Cement of highly
hydraulic properties.
If instead of this proportion of ingredients a larger quantity of slag II had been
employed there would have been more argillaceous matter in the mixture and it
would have been more hydraulic still.
If slag I had been employed in larger proportion the silex would predominate

page_text: and the resulting cement would have been stronger. An addition of lime would
have rendered the cement more adhesive, but would make it lose some of its
cohesive strength.
This shows that all kinds of cement may be obtained by this system of com-
bining ingredients.
The indifferent or foreign matter which accompanies the slag and the lime,
exercises no influence on the final result it ought only be taken account of, when
calculating the proportions of the mixture.
Having now described the invention as communicated to me, I wish it to be
understood, that what I desire to protect under the Letters Patent is ;—
The manufacture of a cement of any required properties, such as Portland
Cement, by mixing in certain proportions such matters, as contain the constituent
parts of the cement which have been ascertained by chemical analysis.
But instead of taking for that purpose matters especially prepared or purified
previously a choice of matters is taken already to be found in nature or as residues
of manufactures such as puzzolane or slag, mixing it with quick lime.
Secondly. The whole process to be carried out by grinding, mixing and sifting
without subsequent burning or calcining in the manner heretofore explained.
In witness whereof I the said William Phillips Thompson have hereunto set
my hand and seal this ninth day of July in the year of our Lord, one thousand
eight hundred and eighty three.