METHODS FOR IMPROVING THE CONSTRUCTION OF STEAM ENGINES, AND THE APPLICATION THEREOF FOR DRIVING CARRIAGES, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
Year: 1802

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, ANDREW
VIVIAN, of the Parish of Camborne, in the County of Cornwall, Engineer
and Miner, send greeting.
WHEREAS His present most Excellent Majesty King George the Third
did, by His Royal Letters under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Twenty-
fourth day of March, in the forty-second year of His reign, give and grant
unto Richard Trevithick, of the Parish of Camborne aforesaid, Engineer and
Miner, and me, the said Andrew Vivian, our executors, administrators, and
assigns, His especial licence, full power, sole privilege and authority, that we,
the said Richard Trevithick and Andrew Vivian, our executors, admini-
strators, and assigns, during the term of years therein expressed, should and
lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend our Invention of "METHODS FOR
IMPROVING THE CONSTRUCTION OF STEAM ENGINES, AND THE APPLICATION THEREOF
FOR DRIVING CARRIAGES, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES," within England, Wales, and
the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and the Colonies, Plantations, and Domi-
nions abroad, in such manner as to us, the said Richard Trevithick and
Andrew Vivian, our executors, administrators, and assigns, should in our dis-
cretion seem meet; in which said Letters Patent is contained a proviso that
if we, the said Richard Trevithick and Andrew Vivian, or one of us, should
not particularly describe and ascertain the nature of our said Invention,
and in what manner the same is to be performed, by an instrument in
writing under our hands and seals, or under the hand and seal of one of us,

page_text: and cause the same to be inrolled in His Majesty's High Court of Chancery
within one calendar month next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent, that then the said Letters Patent, and all liberties and
advantages whatsoever thereby granted, should utterly cease, determine, and
become void, as in and by the said recited Letters Patent (relation being
thereunto had) may more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, 1, the said
Andrew Vivian, do hereby declare that our said Invention is described in
manner following, that is to say: -
Our improvements in the construction and application of steam engines are
exhibited in the Drawings hereunto annexed and explained, namely.:-
Figure 1 represents the vertical section of a steam engine with the said
improvements; and Figure 2 represents another vertical section of the same
engine at right angles to the plane of Figure 1. The dark shaded parts
represent iron, and the red parts represent brickwork, and the yellow parts
engine brass, excepting only the wooden supporters of the great frame in
Figures 4 and 5, and the carriage wheels in Figures 6 and 7. A represents
the boiler made of a round figure, to bear the expansive action of strong
steam. The boiler is fixed in a case D, luted inside with fire clay, the lower
part of which constitutes the fireplace B, and the upper cavity affords a space
round the boiler, in which the flame or heated vapour circulates round till it
comes to the chimney E. The case D and the chimney are fixed upon a
platform F, the case being supported upon four legs.
C represents the
cylinder inclosed for the most part in the boiler, having its nozzel, steam pipe,
and bottom cast all in one piece, in order to resist the strong steam, and with
sockets in which the iron uprights of the external frame are firmly fixed.
G represents a cock for conducting the steam, as may be more clearly seen
by observing Figure 3, which is a plan of the top of the cylinder, and the
fame parts in Figure 2.
b, Figures 2 and 3, represent the passage from the boiler to the cock G.
This passage has a throttle valve or shut, adjustable by the handle m
Figure 2, so as to wiredraw the steam, and suffer the supply to be quicker
or slower. The position of the cock represented in Figure 3 by the yellow
circle is such, that the communication from the boiler through b, by a channel
in the cock, is made good to d, which denotes the upper space of the cylinder
above the piston, at the same time that the steam pipe a (more fully repre-
sented in Figure 1) is made to afford a passage from the lower space in the
cylinder beneath the piston to the channel C, through which the steam may
escape into the outer air, or be directed and applied to beating fluids or other

page_text: useful purposes. It will be obvious that if the cock be turned one quarter of
a turn in either direction, it will make a communication (Figure 3) from the
boiler passage b to the lower part of the cylinder, by or through a, at the
same time that the passager from the upper part of the cylinder will com-
municate with c, the passage for conveying off the same steam. P, Q, is the
piston rod moving between guides, and driving the crank R, S, by means of
the rod Q, R, the axis of which crank carries the fly T, and is the first mover
to be applied to drive machinery, as at S and W, Figure 2. The alternations
of action are made by the successive pressure of the steam above and below
the piston, and these are effected by turning the cock a quarter turn at the
end of each stroke by means of the following apparatus, most fully delineated
in Figure 1. x, y, is a double snail, which in its rotation presses down the
small wheel O, and raises the weight N by a motion on the joint M of the
lever O, N, from which proceeds downwards an arm, M, L, and consequently
the extremity L is at the same time urged outwards. This action draws the
horizontal bar L, I, and carries the lever or handle H, I, which moves upon
the axis of the cock G through one fourth of a circle. It must be understood,
that H, I, is foreshortened (the extremity I being more remote from the
observer than the extremity HI), and also that there is a click and ratchet
wheel in the part II, which gathers up during the time that L is passing
outwards, and does not then move the cock G. But that when the part of the
snail opposite O, that is to say, when the piston is about the top of its stroke,
then the wheel O suddenly falls into the concavity of the snail, and the
extremity L by its return at once pushes I, H, through the quarter circle,
and carries with it the cock G, and turns the steam upon the top of the
piston, and also affords a passage for the steam to escape from beneath the
piston; every stroke, whether up or down, produces this effect by the half
turn of the snail, and reverses the steam ways as before described. Or, other-
wise, the cock may be turned by various well-known methods, such a
plug with pins or clamps striking on a lever in the usual way, and the
effect will be the same, whether the quarter turns be made back or forward,
or by a direct circular motion, as is produced by the machinery here deli-
neated, but the wear of the cock will be more uniform and regular if the
turns be all made the same way. In the steam engines constructed and ap-
plied according to our said Invention, the steam is usually let off or conducted
out of the engine, and in this case no vacuum is formed in the engine, but
the steam, after the operation, is or may be usefully applied as before men-
tioned. But whenever it is found convenient or necessary to condense the
steam by injection water, we use a new method of condensing by an injection
as the

page_text: above the bucket of the air pump; and by this Invention we render the con-
denser or space which is usually constituted or left between the said bucket
and a foot valve intirely unnecessary, and we perfectly exclude the admission
of any elastic fluid from the injection water into the internal working spaces
of the engine.
In Figure 2 is represented a method of heating the water for feeding the
boiler, by the admission of steam after its escape through c into the cistern f.
The steam passes under a false bottom e, perforated with small holes, and
heats the water therein, a portion of which water is driven at every revolution
We also
of the fly by the small pump k, through 1, z, into the boiler A.
on some occasions produce a more equable rotary motion in the several
parts of the revolution of any axis moved by steam engines, by causing the
piston rods of two cylinders to work on the said axis by cranks at one quarter
turn asunder. By this means the strongest part of the action of one crank
is made to assist the weakest or most unfavorable part of the action in the
other, and it becomes unnecessary to load the work with a fly.
Figure 4 is an upright section, and Figure 5 is a plan of the engine, with
rollers for pressing or crushing sugar canes, moved bya steam engine improved
and applied according to our said new Invention. B is a case, in the form of a
drum or cylinder, suspended upon two strong trunnions or pivots at O & O,
its flat ends standing upright; within the iron case is fixed a boiler A, not
much smaller in its dimensions, but so as to leave a vacant space between
itself and the case, and within the boiler is fixed a fireplace, having its grate
above the ashhole D and which the heated vapour and smoke rises at the
inner extremity, and passes through two flews E, E, Figure 5, which join
above at E, m, Figure 4, in the chimney E, which is there loosely applied,
and is slung between centers in a ring at F. The working cylinder C, with
its piston, steam pipe, nozzle, and cock, are inserted in the boiler as here
delineated. The piston rod drives the fly T, T, upon the arbor of which is
fixed a small wheel, which drives a great wheel upon the axis of the middle.
roller. The guides are rendered unnecessary in this application of the steam
engine, because the piston rod is capable, by an horizontal vibratory.motion
of the whole engine upon its pivots O, to adapt itself to all the required
positions, and while the lower portion of the chimney E, m, Figure 4, .par-
takes of this vibratory motion, the upper tube E, F, is enabled to follow it
by its play upon the two centres or pivots in the ring F. In such cases or
constructions as mayrender it moredesireable to fix the boiler with its chimney
and other apparatus, and to place the cylinder out of the boiler, the cylinder
itself may be suspended for the same purpose upon trunnions or pivots in the

page_text: same manner, one or both of which trunnions or pivots may be perforated so
as to admit the introduction and escape of the steam, or its condensation as
before mentioned. And in such cases, when it may be found necessary or
expedient to allow of no vibratory motion of the boiler or cylinder, the same
may be fixed, and the method of guides be made use of, as in Figure 1 or 2.
The manner in which the cock is turned is not represented in these two
Drawings, but every competent workman will, without difficulty, understand
that this effect may be produced by the same means as in Figure 1, or
otherwise by the stroke of pins duly placed in the circumference of the fly,
and made to act upon a cross fixed on the axis of the cock, or otherwise by
the method used in the carriage, Figure 6, and herein-after described. The
steam which escapes in this engine is made to circulate in the case round the
boiler, where it prevents the external atmosphere from affecting the tempe-
rature of the included water, and affords, by its partial condensation, a supply
for the boiler itself, and is or may be afterwards directed to useful purposes
as aforesaid.
Figure 6 is a vertical section, and Figure 7 the plan of the application of
the improved steam engine to give motion to wheel carriages of every descrip-
tion. Brepresents the case, having therein the boiler with its fireplace and
cylinder; as have been already described in Figure 4.
The piston rod P, Q, Figure 7, is divided or forked, so as to leave room
for the motion of the extremity of the crank R. The said rod drives a cross
piece at Q-backward and forward between guides, and this cross piece, by
means of the bar Q, R, gives motion to the crank with its fly F, and to two
wheels-T, T, upon the crank axis, which lock into two correspondent wheels U
upon the naves of the large wheels of the carriage itself. The wheels Tare
fitted upon round sockets and receive their motion from a striking box or
bar S, X, which acts upon a pin in each wheel. S, Y, are two handles, by
means, of which either of the striking boxes S, X, can be thrown out of gear,
and the correspondent wheel W by that means disconnected with the first
movers for the purpose of turning short or admitting a backward motion of
that wheel when required. But either of the wheels W, in case of turning,
can be allowed considerably to overrun the other without throwing S, X, out
of gear, because the pin can go very nearly round in the forward motion
before it will meet with any obstruction. The wheels U are most commonly
fixed upon the naves of the carriage wheels W, by which means a revolution
of the axis itself becomes unnecessary, and the outer ends of the said axis
may consequently be set to any obliquity, and the other part fixed or bended,
as the objects of taste or utility may demand. The fore wheels are applied

page_text: to direct the carriage by means of a lever H, and there is a check lever which
can be applied to the fly, in order to moderate the velocity of progression
while going down hill. In the vertical section, 7, u, denotes a springing lever,
having a tendency to fly forward. Two levers of this kind are duly and
similarly placed near the middle of the carriage, and each of them is alter-
nately thrown back by a short bearing lever S, t, upon the crank axis, which
sends it home into the catch u, and afterwards disengages it when the bearing
lever comes to press upon V, in which case the springing lever flies back.
A cross bar or double handle o, p, is fixed upon the upright axis of the cock,
from each end of which said cross bar proceeds a rod p, q, which is attached
This stud has a
to a stud g, that forms part of the springing lever r, u.
certain length of play, by means of a long hole or groove in the bar, so that
when the springing lever r, u, is pressed up, the stud slides in the groove
without giving motion to p. When the other springing lever is disengaged,
it draws the opposite end of p,o,by which means p draws the long hole at g,
up to its bearing against the stud, ready for the letting off of that first-
mentioned springing lever. When this last-mentioned lever comes to be dis-
engaged, it suddenly draws p back, and turns the cock one quarter turn, and
performs the like office of placing the horizontal rod of the other extremity
of p,o, ready for action by its own springing lever. These alternations perform
the opening and shutting of the cock, and to one of the spring levers r, u, is
fixed a small force pump W, which draws hot water from the case by the
quick back stroke, and forces it into the boiler by the stronger and more
gradual pressure of S, t. It is also to be noticed, that we do occasionally, or
in certain cases, make the external periphery of the wheels W uneven, by
projecting heads of nails or bolts or cross grooves or fittings to railroads when
required, and that in cases of hard pull we cause a lever, belt, or claw, to
project through the rim of one or both of the said wheels, so as to take hold
of the ground, but that in general the ordinary structure or figure of the
external surface of these wheels will be found to answer the intended purpose.
And, moreover, we do observe and declare, that the power of the engine, with
regard to its convenient application to the carriage, may be varied, by chang-
ing the relative velocity of rotation of the wheels W, compared with that of
the axis S, by shifting the gears or toothed wheels for others of different sizes
properly adapted to each other in various ways, which will readily be adopted
by any person of competent skill in machinery. The body of the carriage M
may be made of any convenient size or figure, according to its intended
uses.
And lastly we do occasionally use bellows to excite the fire, and the said

page_text: bellows are worked by the piston rod or crank, and may be fixed in any
situation or part of the several engines herein described, as may be found most
convenient.
In witness whereof, I, the said Andrew Vivian, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twenty-sixth day of March, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and two.
ANDREW (L.S.) VIVIAN.
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Twenty-sixth day of March,
in the forty-second year of the reign of His Majesty King George the Third,
the said Andrew Vivian came before our said Lord the King in His Chan-
cery, and acknowledged the Instrument aforesaid, and all and every thing
therein contained and specified, in form above written. And also the Instru-
ment aforesaidwas stamped according to the tenor of the several Statutes made
in the sixth year of the reign of the late King and Queen William and Mary,
of England, and so forth, and in the seventeenth, twenty-third, and thirty-
seventh years of the reign of His present Majesty King George the Third.
Inrolled the Twenty-sixth day of March, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and two.

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, ANDREW
VIVIAN, of the Parish of Camborne, in the County of Cornwall, Engineer
and Miner, send greeting.
WHEREAS His present most Excellent Majesty King George the Third
did, by His Royal Letters under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Twenty-
fourth day of March, in the forty-second year of His reign, give and grant
unto Richard Trevithick, of the Parish of Camborne aforesaid, Engineer and
Miner, and
me, the said Andrew Vivian, our executors, administrators, and
assigns, His especial licence, full power, sole privilege and authority, that we,
the said Richard Trevithick and Andrew Vivian, our executors, admini-
strators, and assigns, during the term of years therein expressed, should and
lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend our Invention of "METHODS FOR
IMPROVING THE CONSTRUCTION OF STEAM ENGINES, AND THE APPLICATION THEREOF
FOR DRIVING CARRIAGES, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES," within England, Wales, and
the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and the Colonies, Plantations, and Domi-
nions abroad, in such manner as to us, the said Richard Trevithick and
Andrew Vivian, our executors, administrators, and assigns, should in our dis-
cretion seem meet; in which said Letters Patent is contained a proviso that
if we, the said Richard Trevithick and Andrew Vivian, or one of us, should
not particularly describe and ascertain the nature of our said Invention,
and in what manner the same is to be performed, by an instrument in
writing under our hands and seals, or under the hand and seal of one of us,

page_text: and cause the same to be inrolled in His Majesty's High Court of Chancery
within one calendar month next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent, that then the said Letters Patent, and all liberties and
advantages whatsoever thereby granted, should utterly cease, determine, and
become void, as in and by the said recited Letters Patent (relation being
thereunto had) may more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Andrew Vivian, do hereby declare that our said Invention is described in
manner following, that is to say:-
Our improvements in the construction and application of steam engines are
exhibited in the Drawings hereunto annexed and explained, namely.:-
Figure 1 represents the vertical section of a steam engine with the said
improvements; and Figure 2 represents another vertical section of the same
engine at right angles to the plane of Figure 1. The dark shaded parts
represent iron, and the red parts represent brickwork, and the yellow parts
engine brass, excepting only the wooden supporters of the great frame in
Figures 4 and 5, and the carriage wheels in Figures 6 and 7. A represents
the boiler made of a round figure, to bear the expansive action of strong
steam. The boiler is fixed in a case D, luted inside with fire clay, the lower
part of which constitutes the fireplace B, and the upper cavity affords a space-
round the boiler, in which the flame or heated vapour circulates round till it
comes to the chimney E. The case D and the chimney are fixed upon a
platform F, the case being supported upon four legs. C represents the
cylinder inclosed for the most part in the boiler, having its nozzel, steam pipe,
and bottom cast all in one piece, in order to resist the strong steam, and with
sockets in which the iron uprights of the external frame are firmly fixed.
G represents a cock for conducting the steam, as may be more clearly seen
by observing Figure 3, which is a plan of the top of the cylinder, and the
same parts in Figure 2.
6, Figures 2 and 3, represent the passage from the boiler to the cock G.
This passage has a throttle valve or shut, adjustable by the handle m,
Figure 2, so as to wiredraw the steam, and suffer the supply to be quicker
or slower. The position of the cock represented in Figure 3 by the yellow
circle is such, that the communication from the boiler through b, by a channel
in the cock, is made good to d, which denotes the upper space of the cylinder
above the piston, at the same time that the steam pipe a (more fully repre-
sented in Figure 1) is made to afford a passage from the lower space in the
cylinder beneath the piston to the channel C, through which the steam may
escape into the outer air, or be directed and applied to heating fluids or other

page_text: .
useful purposes. It will be obvious that if the cock be turned one quarter of
a turn in either direction, it will make a communication (Figure 3) from the
boiler passage 6 to the lower part of the cylinder, by or through a, at the
same time that the passage r from the upper part of the cylinder will com-
municate with c, the passage for conveying off the same steam. P, Q, is the
piston rod moving between guides, and driving the crank R, S, by means of
the rod Q, R, the axis of which crank carries the fly T, and is the first mover
to be applied to drive machinery, as at S and W, Figure 2. The alternations
of action are made by the successive pressure of the steam above and below
the piston, and these are effected by turning the cock a quarter turn at the
end of each stroke by means of the following apparatus, most fully delineated
in Figure 1. x, y, is a double snail, which in its rotation presses down the
small wheel O, and raises the weight N by a motion on the joint M of the
lever O, N, from which proceeds downwards an arm, M, L, and consequently
the extremity L is at the same time urged outwards. This action draws the
horizontal bar L, I, and carries the lever or handle H, I, which moves upon
the axis of the cock G through one fourth of a circle. It must be understood,
that H, I, is foreshortened (the extremity I being more remote from the
observer than the extremity H), and also that there is a click and ratchet
wheel in the part H, which gathers up during the time that L is passing
outwards, and does not then move the cock G. But that when the part of the
snail opposite O, that is to say, when the piston is about the top of its stroke,
then the wheel O suddenly falls into the concavity of the snail, and the
extremity L by its return at once pushes I, H, through the quarter circle,
and carries with it the cock G, and turns the steam upon the top of the
piston, and also affords a passage for the steam to escape from beneath the
piston; every stroke, whether up or down, produces this effect by the half
turn of the snail, and reverses the steam ways as before described. Or, other-
wise, the cock may be turned by various well-known methods, such as the
plug with pins or clamps striking on a lever in the usual way, and the
effect will be the same, whether the quarter turns be made back or forward,
or by a direct circular motion, as is produced by the machinery here deli-
neated, but the wear of the cock will be more uniform and regular if the
turns be all made the same way. In the steam engines constructed and ap-
plied according to our said Invention, the steam is usually let off or conducted
out of the engine, and in this case no vacuum is formed in the engine, but
he steam, after the operation, is or may be usefully applied as before men-
ioned. But whenever it is found convénient or necessary to condense the
team by injection water, we use a new method of condensing by an injection

page_text: above the bucket of the air pump; and by this Invention we render the con-
denser or space which is usually constituted or left between the said bucket
and a foot valve intirely unnecessary, and we perfectly exclude the admission
of elastic fluid from the injection water into the internal working spaces
of the engine.
any
In Figure 2 is represented a method of heating the water for feeding the
boiler, by the admission of steam after its escape through c into the cistern f.
The steam passes under a false bottom e, perforated with small holes, and
heats the water therein, a portion of which water is driven at every revolution
of the fly by the small pump k, through l, z, into the boiler A. We also
on some occasions produce a more equable rotary motion in the several
parts of the revolution of any axis moved by steam engines, by causing the
piston rods of two cylinders to work on the said axis by cranks at one quarter
turn asunder. By this means the strongest part of the action of one crank
is made to assist the weakest or most unfavorable part of the action in the
other, and it becomes unnecessary to load the work with a fly.
Figure 4 is an upright section, and Figure 5 is a plan of the engine, with
rollers for pressing or crushing sugar canes, moved bya steam engine improved
and applied according to our said new Invention. B is a case, in the form of a
drum or cylinder, suspended upon two strong trunnions or pivots at O & O,
its flat ends standing upright; within the iron case is fixed a boiler A, not
much smaller in its dimensions, but so as to leave a vacant space between
itself and the case, and within the boiler is fixed a fireplace, having its grate
above the ashhole D and which the heated vapour and smoke rises at the
inner extremity, and passes through two flews E, E, Figure 5, which join
above at E, m, Figure 4, in the chimney E, which is there loosely applied,
and is slung between centers in a ring at F. The working cylinder C, with
its piston, steam pipe, nozzle, and cock, are inserted in the boiler as here
delineated. The piston rod drives the fly T, T, upon the arbor of which is
fixed a small wheel, which drives a great wheel upon the axis of the middle
roller. The guides are rendered unnecessary in this application of the steam
engine, because the piston rod is capable, by an horizontal vibratory motion
of the whole engine upon its pivots O, to adapt itself to all the required
positions, and while the lower portion of the chimney E, m, Figure 4, par-
takes of this vibratory motion, the upper tube E, F, is enabled to follow it
by its play upon the two centres or pivots in the ring F. In such cases or
constructions as mayrender it more desireable to fix the boiler with its chimney
and other apparatus, and to place the cylinder out of the boiler, the cylinder
itself may be suspended for the same purpose upon trunnions or pivots in the

page_text: same manner, one or both of which trunnions or pivots may be perforated so
as to admit the introduction and escape of the steam, or its condensation as
before mentioned. And in such cases, when it may be found necessary or
expedient to allow of no vibratory motion of the boiler or cylinder, the same
may be fixed, and the method of guides be made use of, as in Figure 1 or 2.
The manner in which the cock is turned is not represented in these two
Drawings, but every competent workman will, without difficulty, understand
that this effect may be produced by the same means as in Figure 1, or
otherwise by the stroke of pins duly placed in the circumference of the fly,
and made to act upon a cross fixed on the axis of the cock, or otherwise by
the method used in the carriage, Figure 6, and herein-after described. The
steam which escapes in this engine is made to circulate in the case round the
boiler, where it prevents the external atmosphere from affecting the tempe-
rature of the included water, and affords, by its partial condensation, a supply
for the boiler itself, and is or may be afterwards directed to useful purposes
as aforesaid.
Figure 6 is a vertical section, and Figure 7 the plan of the application of
the improved steam engine to give motion to wheel carriages of every descrip-
tion. B-represents the case, having therein the boiler with its fireplace and
cylinder, as have been already described in Figure 4.
The piston rod P, Q, Figure 7, is divided or forked, so as to leave room
for the motion of the extremity of the crank R. The said rod drives a cross
piece at Q backward and forward between guides, and this cross piece, by
means of the bar Q, R, gives motion to the crank with its fly F, and to two
wheels T, T, upon the crank axis, which lock into two correspondent wheels U
upon the naves of the large wheels of the carriage itself. The wheels T are
fitted upon round sockets and receive their motion from a striking box or
bar S, X, which acts upon a pin in each wheel. S, Y, are two handles, by
means of which either of the striking boxes S, X, can be thrown out of gear,
and the correspondent wheel W by that means disconnected with the first
mover, for the purpose of turning short or admitting a backward motion of
that wheel when required. But either of the wheels W, in case of turning,
can be allowed considerably to overrun the other without throwing S, X, out
of gear, because the pin can go very nearly round in the forward motion
before it will meet with any obstruction. The wheels U are most commonly
fixed upon the naves of the carriage wheels W, by which means a revolution
of the axis itself becomes unnecessary, and the outer ends of the said axis
may consequently be set to any obliquity, and the other part fixed or bended,
as the objects of taste or utility may demand. The fore wheels are applied

page_text: to direct the carriage by means of a lever H, and there is a check lever which
can be applied to the fly, in order to moderate the velocity of progression
while going down hill. In the vertical section, r, u, denotes a springing lever,
having a tendency to fly forward. Two levers of this kind are duly and
similarly placed near the middle of the carriage, and each of them is alter-
nately thrown back by a short bearing lever S, t, upon the crank axis, which
sends it home into the catch u, and afterwards disengages it when the bearing
lever comes to press upon V, in which case the springing lever flies back.
A cross bar. or double handle o, p, is fixed upon the upright axis of the cock,
from each end of which said cross bar proceeds a rod p, q, which is attached
to a stud g, that forms part of the springing lever r, u. This stud has a
certain length of play, by means of a long hole or groove in the bar, so that
when the springing lever r, u, is pressed up, the stud slides in the groove
without giving motion to p. When the other springing lever is disengaged,
it draws the opposite end of p,o, by which means p draws the long hole at q,
up to its bearing against the stud, ready for the letting off of that first-
mentioned springing lever. When this last-mentioned lever comes to be dis-
engaged, it suddenly draws p back, and turns the cock one quarter turn, and.
performs the like office of placing the horizontal rod of the other extremity
of p,o,ready for action by its own springing lever. These alternations perform
the opening and shutting of the cock, and to one of the spring levers r, u, is
fixed small force pump W, which draws hot water from the case by the
quick back stroke, and forces it into the boiler by the stronger and more.
gradual pressure of S, t. It is also to be noticed, that we do occasionally, or
in certain cases, make the external periphery of the wheels W uneven, by
projecting heads of nails or bolts or cross grooves or fittings to railroads when
required, and that in cases of hard pull we cause a lever, belt, or claw, to
project through the rim of one or both of the said wheels, so as to take hold
of the ground, but that in general the ordinary structure or figure of the
external surface of these wheels will be found to answer the intended purpose.
And, moreover, we do observe and declare, that the power of the engine, with
regard to its convenient application to the carriage, may be varied, by chang-
ing the relative velocity of rotation of the wheels W, compared with that of
the axis S, by shifting the gears or toothed wheels for others of different sizes
properly adapted to each other in various ways, which will readily be adopted
by any person of competent skill in machinery. The body of the carriage M
may be made of any convenient size or figure, according to its intended
uses.
And, lastly, we do occasionally use bellows to excite the fire, and the said

page_text: bellows are worked by the piston rod or crank, and may be fixed in any
situation or part of the several engines herein described, as may be found most
convenient.
In witness whereof, I, the said Andrew Vivian, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twenty-sixth day of March, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and two.
AND
ANDREW (L.S.) VIVIAN.
BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Twenty-sixth day of March,
in the forty-second year of the reign of His Majesty King George the Third,
the said Andrew Vivian came before our said Lord the King in His Chan-
cery, and acknowledged the Instrument aforesaid, and all and every thing
therein contained and specified, in form above written. And also the Instru-
ment aforesaidwas stamped according to the tenor of the several Statutes made
in the sixth year of the reign of the late King and Queen William and Mary,
of England, and so forth, and in the seventeenth, twenty-third, and thirty-
seventh years of the reign of His present Majesty King George the Third.
Inrolled the Twenty-sixth day of March, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and two.