IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CANDLES, AND IN APPARATUS FOR AND PROCESS OF TREATING FATTY AND OTHER SUBSTANCES FOR THE MAKING OF CANDLES AND OTHER USES
Year: 1843

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, GEORGE
GWYNNE, of Putney, in the County of Surry, Gentleman, and GEORGE
FERGUSSON WILSON, of Belmont, Vauxhall, in the County of Surrey, Gentle-
man, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at West-
minster, the Sixteenth day of November, in the seventh year of Her reign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto us, the said
George Gwynne and George Fergusson Wilson, Her especial license, full
power, sole privilege and authority, that we, the said George Gwynne and
George Fergusson Wilson, our exors, admors, and assigns, or such others as
we, the said George Gwynne and George Fergusson Wilson, our exors,
admors, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time
to time and at all times during the term of years therein expressed, should
and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales,
and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and in the Islands of Guernsey, Jersey,
Alderney, Sark, and Man, and also in all Her said Majesty's Colonies and
Plantations abroad, our Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF
CANDLES, AND IN APPARATUS FOR AND PROCESS OF TREATING FATTY AND OTHER
SUBSTANCES FOR THE MAKING OF CANDLES AND OTHER USES;" in which said Letters
Patent is contained a proviso, that we, the said George Gwynne and George
Fergusson Wilson, or one of us, shall cause a particular description of the nature
of our said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be

page_text: inrolled in Her said Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said in part recited
Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being thereunto had, will
more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, we, the said
George Gwynne and George Fergusson Wilson, do hereby declare that the
nature of our said Invention, and the manner in which the same is to be
performed, are fully described and ascertained in and by the following state-
ment thereof, reference being had to the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to
the figures and letters marked thereon, that is to say:—
Our Invention relates, first, to manufacturing candles by the application to
the manufacture of candles of the products of tallow, lard, and other animal
fatty and oily substances, and of palm oil, and other vegetable fatty and oily
substances (excepting cocoa-nut oil), which have been saponified with lime,
alkali, alkaline earth, or metallic oxide, and afterwards distilled in an atmo-
sphere of steam.
Secondly, our Invention consists in treating the products of tallow, lard, and
other animal fatty and oily substances, and of palm oil, and other vegetable,
fatty and oily substances (excepting cocoa-nut oil), (which have been saponified
with lime, alkali, alkaline earth, or metallic oxide, and afterwards distilled in
an atmosphere of steam) with alkalies, to convert such products into soap.
Thirdly, our Invention consists of distilling, in an atmosphere of steam,
tallow, lard, whale oil, and other animal fatty and oily substances, and palm
oil, linseed oil, and other vegetable fatty and oily substances (excepting cocoa-
nut oil), after they have been saponified with lime, alkali, alkaline earth, or
metallic oxide.
Fourthly, our Invention consists of submitting animal and vegetable fatty
and oily substances to be distilled in an atmosphere of carbonic acid gas, or
other suitable gaseous body, to prevent the prejudicial action of the atmosphere.
Fifthly, our Invention consists of improvements in apparatus used for con-
densing and collecting the products of fatty and oily substances, when distilling
the same in an atmosphere of steam or other gaseous bodies, and of a mode
of cleansing out the still used in the distillation of fatty and oily substances by
the use of steam, thus rendering it unnecessary to open the still.
Sixthly, our Invention consists of improvements in treating the liquid acids
obtained from acidified animal and vegetable fatty and oily substances, by
causing such acids to be distilled, subject to the action of the atmosphere, and
then to be further distilled with the presence of the atmosphere excluded, by
steam or other suitable means.

page_text: Seventhly, our Invention consists of distilling rosin oil, with the presence of
the atmosphere excluded, by steam or other suitable means.
And, eighthly, our Invention consists of saponifying a residuum of fatty or
oily substances left in a vessel after a portion has been distilled over, and then
distilling the same, with the presence of the atmosphere excluded, by steam or
other suitable means.
And in order that our Invention may be most fully understood and readily
carried into effect, we will proceed to describe themeans pursued by us in
carrying out the various parts of our Invention.
In the manufacture of the candles commonly called "stearine wax candles,"
the ordinary process is to saponify tallow with lime, in order thereby to deprive
the tallow of one of its constituent parts (the glycerine of chemists), and after-
wards to employ an acid for the purpose of abstracting the lime. The product
obtained thereby, and which we will call "saponified matter," consists, as is now
well understood, of the acids of tallow, and is subjected to a process of pressure,
by which means a hard substance, known in commerce by the name of "stearine
wax," but which would be more correctly denominated "stearic acid," is
obtained, and from which the stearine wax candles are now manufactured. It
has been proposed to purify the acids of tallow and of other fatty and oily sub-
stances by distilling them, but it is found that the contact of the atmosphere,
during the process of distillation, is injurious to the matter under process,
and also produces offensive gases. It has also been proposed to effect the
distillation in a vacuum, which would remove the injurious influence of the
atmosphere; but this plan, owing to the difficulties attending it, has not been
carried into practical operation.
We would here observe, that palm oil as well as tallow is converted into
saponified matter for the purpose of making candles resembling stearine wax
candles, and which are known in commerce by the name of palm wax candles.
It has also been proposed to convert hogs' lard, or the harder part thereof, into
saponified matter, for the purpose of making candles; whale oil, linseed oil, and
other animal and vegetable fats and oils, can also, as is known, be treated with
suitable proportions of lime and acid, by processes similar to those in use on
tallow and palm oil, as above mentioned or referred to, and saponified matter
can be obtained thereby.
We would here observe, that although lime is the saponifying agent generally
employed, and we believe the best saponifying agent, the process of saponyfing
fatty and oily substances may be effected by various alkalies, such as potash,
and by various alkaline earths, such as baryta, and by various metallic oxides,
such as oxide of lead. But it is not necessary to give any further explanations

page_text: relative to the mode of saponifying fatty and oil substances, inasmuch as the
same is well known, and separately forms no part of our Invention.
In proceeding to describe our present Invention, it is necessary, first, to
explain that in the Specification of a Patent granted on the Eighth day of
November, One thousand eight hundred and forty-two, to William Coley
Jones (a chemist with whom we are connected, and in whose experiments we
have assisted), it was incidently mentioned that in the process thereby claimed
of distilling saponified matter obtained from cocoa-nut oil (which is a body of
a very peculiar character) a jet of steam or small run of water might be
admitted into the still during this process; and in the Specification of a Patent
granted to the said William Coley Jones and George Fergusson Wilson, party
hereto, on the Eighth day of December, One thousand eight hundred and
forty-two, an Invention was claimed, whereby certain fatty matters were sub-
jected to a process of nitric acid or nitrous fumes, and saponified, and after-
wards distilled with a jet of steam or small run of water; and we mention
these in order to state that we make no claim thereto. But in our more
recent experiments, we have tried the application of steam to other saponified
matters, and we have discovered that such admission of steam produces highly
beneficial effects in the distillation of saponified matters generally, without
subiecting them to nitric acid or nitrous fumes.

page_text: tain the pressure; 9 is a pipe, connected with the steam boiler, working at a
pressure of about four pounds and a half to the inch. This pipe terminates
at its bottom in an ordinary perforated steam worm, similar to those in use in
purifying stearine wax, and by which means the steam is admitted into the fat
in a very divided state; h is the exit pipe, by which the steam and distilled
products pass out. In this pipe are two valves, one opening inwards and the
other opening outwards. i is a throttle valve. B is a vessel, which we call the
boiling-over vessel. We would here explain, that we have found, in distilling
fatty and oily substances with steam, that the fat is liable to boil or sputter
over, and thereby to soil the distilled products, and the use of the vessel B is
to prevent this injurious effect by intercepting the boilings over. j is a pipe,
screwed by a union joint into the bottom of the boiling-over vessel B, and
coiled round into the vessel k, which may be made of lead, three-sixteenths of
an inch thick. The pipe ; passes from the bottom of the lead vessel, and is
connected with the plunger pump 1, by which the soiled product is pumped
back through the pipe m into the still; m' is a small cock, for the purpose of
drawing off any water or fat which may condense in the pipe m. We would
observe, that although the vessel B is used for the purpose of intercepting the
boilings over, it also condenses a part of the distilled product; we have found
that the boilings over take place chiefly at the earlier stages of the operation,
and when they cease it is no longer advisable to return the pure distilled fat
into the still. The state of the operation may be examined from time to time
by means of the small cock m², which also serves the purpose of discharging
the water, which is condensed in the vessel B at the commencement of the
operation. As soon as the boilings over are found to have ceased, the pump
is no longer worked, and the cock n (which is a three-wayed cock) is opened,
and the condensed fat runs through that cock into a suitable vessel. The
lead vessel k is simultaneously filled with water through the water pipe o, for
the purpose of reducing the temperature of the fat. In case of the fat being
too much chilled, so as to stop the pipe j, it may be heated by admitting steam
into the water through the perforated steam pipe p. The cock q is for the
purpose of ascertaining whether there is any accumulation of fat in the boiling-
over vessel B, or any stoppage in the pipe j. r is a cock, for drawing off the
water out of the lead vessel when the use of the pump is to be resumed, and
when, therefore, it is no longer desirable to cool the fat; when the pump is not
working, we find it advisable to admit steam into the pipe j through the steam
pipes, for the purpose of preventing the pipe from being clogged with con-
gealed fat. As the fat is sometimes very hot, we have found it advisable not
to use soft solder for the purpose of connecting the parts. The arrangement

page_text: which we prefer is shown on an enlarged scale in Figure 3. The joint n' is
made by flanges bolted together. The inner halves of the faces of these
flanges are slightly raised, so as to bite the lead tight, and the bolts are made
tight with lead washers. The other joints n is made by flanges not raised,
but having a lead collar between them.
The mixed vapours which are not condensed in the boilings-over vessel B
pass by the pipe t into the condensing apparatus, Figure 3. The object of
this part of our apparatus is as follows:-We have observed, that in distilling
fatty and oily substances with steam, the distilled product is apt to form a
soapy emulsion, which has a great tendency to clog an ordinary worm, but we
have found that by causing the combined vapours to traverse the pipes u,
the greater part of the vapour of the fat drops in a condensed state into the
boxes v, leaving the steam, or the greater part thereof, to pass onward, with a
continually decreasing portion of fatty vapour mixed with it, into the last
pipe u', where the mixed vapours are condensed by means of a stream of
water passing through a rose head w, and are received into the tank C. Our
Drawing shows the connexion of the upright pipes broken at u. As the tank
C may be removed to a convenient distance outside the building, in order to
facilitate the separation of the fat from the condensed water, the tank C has a
pipe, of a considerable size, issuing out near the top and extending to within
a few inches from the bottom, by which there is a continual discharge of water
from the bottom, leaving the fat to collect at the top. Each of the boxes v is
provided with a tube v', closed at the bottom and open at the top, partially
filled with oil, and having a themometer inserted therein. Each of the boxes
is also provided with a trial cock v2, for the purpose of ascertaining whether
there be any accumulation of fat in the box. In the bottom of each box is
brazed one part of a union joint, the other part of which is brazed on the
copper coil ³, and which is placed in a vessel y, provided with a water pipe o,
and a steam pipe p, similar to those before described and for a similar purpose.
The union joints are to be connected when the apparatus is at work.
Figure 4 shews a transverse section of one of the vessels v, with its coil of
pipe. It will be perceived, by inspection of this Figure, that the coiled pipe
turns upwards to some height. The object of this is to prevent the egress of
uncondensed vapour, by keeping the pipe full of fat.
Figure 5 is a plan of one of the vessels y, with the pipes v³ and p, belonging
thereto. In one of the upright pipes u is inserted a pressure guage u³, for the
purpose of ascertaining whether any difference of pressure exists between the
condensing apparatus and the still.
Figure 6 show the manner which we have found to answer in connecting

page_text: the flanges; and we may observe that, unless where a different mode is directed
to be pursued, we use this mode of connecting flanges throughout the appa-
ratus described in the Drawings. The faces of the flanges are made flat, with a
few rings slightly grooved on them. A collar of lead z is placed between the
flanges, and care is taken not to allow the lead to project so far as to touch
the bolts. By this arrangement, when the bolts are regularly screwed up,
the lead collar is nipped by the grooves, and thereby forms a good joint.
Figure 7 shows a mode of forming union joints, which we have found
suitable for high temperatures, and which we use in the boxes below the
upright pipes, and elsewhere in the apparatus. One part of the union joint is
accurately turned in the shape of a hollow cone, and the other part of the
union joint has its shoulder turned into a globular shape, which makes a tight
joint by ensuring metallic contact when it is screwed together. As the proper
working of the throttle valve is of consequence in the process of discharging
the residuum from the still, as herein-after described, we have given an enlarged
Drawing of the throttle valve in Figures 8 and 9. ¹ is the spindle, in which
is a slot down the centre, through which the valve is inserted and secured in
its place by the screw 2; 3 is the shoulder of the spindle; it is of a circular
form, working on a conical seat, so as to make a tight moveable joint by
metallic contact in a manner similar to that before described in relation to the
union joints; it is retained in its place, and adjusted from time to time, by
means of a hollow ring it, having a male screw on its circumference working
in a corresponding female screw, as shewn in Figure 8. D is the vessel from
which the still is charged; it holds about fifty or sixty hundredweight of fat,
and is filled by means of a pump, part of the pipe of which is shewn at E;
at the bottom of the vessel D is placed a coil of closed steam pipe F, con-
nected with the steam boiler for the purpose of keeping the fat heated; G is a
solid plug valve, retained in its place by the rod G¹, and which passes through
guide rods. The upper guide rod has a female screw cut in it, and a corre-
sponding male screw is cut on the rod G¹. It will be readily perceived that by
means of these screws the valve G is opened or shut by turning the handle G³.
The valve seat is connected with the charge pipe e; H is a small steam cock,
connected with the steam boiler for the purpose of keeping the pipe e and the
pipe I, hereafter described, heated; J is the residuum vessel, it is quite close
having two valves, one opening inwards and the other opening outwards. The
vessel J is connected with the charge pipe e by means of the bent pipe I, K
is a large cock, which opens and shuts the communication between the still
and the vessel J; L is a cock, for the purpose of drawing off the residuum
from the vessel J, from time to time, as may be required; M is a small cock

page_text: for the purpose of drawing off the condensed water, which is formed by the
steam employed for heating the pipes e and I; N is a small screw plug, which
is unscrewed on ceasing to work the still, in order to admit the air, and thereby
to prevent the formation of a vacuum, which might cause an ascension of fat
into the pipes; there is a similar air plug O in the steam pipe g.
of
Having now described the different parts of the apparatus, we will proceed to
give a general description of the mode of working. Let it be supposed that
the charging vessel D is filled with fat, and a temperature of 190 Fahrenheit.
The steam is let in through the worm g into the still A, for the purpose
heating it, at the same time the small steam cock H is opened, for the pur-
pose of heating the pipes e and I, and the small cock M is opened for the
purpose of discharging the condensed water formed by these operations. In a
short time the still will be sufficiently hot, which will be known by the steam
passing uncondensed into the boiling-over vessel B, and into the condensing
apparatus; when this takes place, the small cock H, and the throttle valve i, are
shut. In a short time the steam gains such pressure as to force the condensed
water formed in heating the still through the pipe I and the cock M; as soon
as the water is discharged, which is known by the steam passing uncondensed
through the cock M, this cock is shut and the throttle valve i opened. Im-
mediately afterwards the plug valve G is opened, aud the fat begins to flow
into the still; when the still is charged, the valve G is closed. The cocks H
and M are then opened, by which means the steam forces the fat remaining in
the pipe I through the cock M, into a suitable vessel; and we may bere
remark, that the pipes e and I are kept full of steam during the remainder of the
operation, for the purpose of keeping them hot. The admission of steam into the
still is continued throughout the entire process; and we may here observe, that
the steam might be generated for this purpose by admitting water by suitable
means into the still, but we prefer to operate as herein described. The fire
under the still is now immediately lighted. At the commencement of the
operation there will be a condensation of water in the boiling-over vessel B;
the condensed water is allowed to escape by opening the cock m 2, which is
kept open until it is found to be principally fat which it discharges. The cock
m 2 is now shut, and the cock m 1 is opened, for the purpose of emptying the
pipe m of condensed water. When this is done, the cock m is shut, and the
pump is worked, for the purpose of throwing back the soiled fat into the still.
This pumping back is continued until the fat condensed in the vessel B is
found to be in a sufficiently pure state The working of the pump is then
stopped, the three-wayed cock n is opened, the lead vessel k is filled with
water, and the product is drawn off at the cock n; at the same time the cock

page_text: to the steam pipes is opened, for the purpose before explained; while this is
going on, portions of condensed fat are collecting in the boxes v, which pass off
through the pipes v. We need scarcely observe that the vessels y are to be
filled with water, and the trial cocks v 2 examined from time to time, for the
purpose of ascertaining that no stoppage takes place in the pipes. Shortly after
the fire is lighted, the injection water from the rose head w is turned on, and
as ofter a time some fat reaches the upright pipe u with the steam, it is con-
densed into the vessel C, as before explained. When about three-fourths of the
charge has been distilled over, we draw the fire and open the flues for about a
quarter of an hour, for the purpose of cooling the still; after which we pro-
ceed to discharge the residuum, in order to commence a fresh operation. This
is effected in the following manner:-The cock H is shut, and the cock M is
opened wide, and the throttle valve I is shut. In a short time the pressure of
the steam will have accumulated to such an extent in the inside of the still as
to force the residuum through the pipe I; when it begins to shew itself at the
cock M, that cock is immediately closed, and the cock K is opened. The
residuum continues to be forced out by the pressure of the steam until it has
entirely passed into the residuum vessel J.
The completion of the operation will be known by the escape of steam at the
valve P. The cock K is now shut and the throttle valve opened, and a fresh
charge let in by raising the valve G, and the operation of distillation repeated
as before described. By the means above described (and which are applicable in
distilling fatty and oily bodies generally), we are enabled to discharge the
residuum remaining in a distilling vessel without opening the distilling vessel,
and thereby to avoid the necessity of removing the residuum at the man-hole.
The residuum obtained in the above-mentioned process, and other processes of
distilling fatty and oily substances, (whether previously acidified or not,) is
usually of a dark colour, and as far as our experience has gone, we have not
found it in this state adapted for being profitably distilled. This defect appears
to arise, in the process above described, from a portion of the fat having escaped
the process of saponification, and we have found that if a residuum obtained in
the distillation of such fatty or oily substances is saponified and decomposed in
the usual way, and then submitted to distillation with steam, valuable products
can be obtained. We effect the last-mentioned distillation in the manner above
described, except that we do not deem it advisable (in using a copper still for
the purpose) to draw over more than one-half of the charge, lest injury should
arise from a deposit forming on the bottom of the still; we recommend the
ultimate residuum to be transferred to a cast-iron still, and distilled with steam
to dryness. If the fatty product of the distillation of a residuum is found to

page_text: be too highly coloured, it may be re-distilled before being applied as herein-
after mentioned.
The distilled products obtained by the above processes we heat as follows:-
If hard fats, as tallow, lard, or palm they are to be subjected to pressure in
the usual manner of the stearine wax manufacture. Liquid fats, as whale oil,
should be bagged or filtered in the first instance, and the solid matter obtained
thereby then pressed, as aforesaid. The hard products obtained by pressing
the distilled fatty or oily substances are to be made into candles; this may
be done in the usual manner of making stearine wax candles, except that we
prefer to use rather smaller wicks, on account of the greater inflammability
of the distilled fats. The pressed products may also be mixed with other fatty
materials in the manufacture of candles.
The liquid acids obtained in the several processes above described may be
treated with suitable alkalies, for the purpose of being thereby made into soap;
but it is unnecessary to describe the manner of so making the liquid acids into
soap, as it may be done in the manner now practised in the making of soap
from tallow oil. The entire fatty product of the distillation may also be
treated with alkalies and made into soap in like manner, but we consider it
most beneficial to use the harder matter for the manufacture of candles, and
the softer matter for the manufacture of soap.
The liquid acids of fatty or oily substances obtained by the above-mentioned
or other processes, (and which we call oleic acid,) contain (even after they have
been distilled with steam) some substance which, in a great measure, unfits
them for burning in lamps; we have found that this defect may be obviated to
a considerable extent in the following manner:-We take oleic acid and
distil it without excluding the access of air. This process (which will be found
to produce a change in the constitution of the oleic acid subjected to it), should
in some cases be repeated, according to the nature of the oleic acid operated
upon. After the oleic acid has been thus distilled exposed to the action of the
air, for the purpose of producing a change in its constitution, we distil it once
or several times, preferring twice) with the access of the air excluded during
the process, by the admission of steam or other suitable means, for the purpose
of purifying it. For common tallow oil, we prefer to use one distillation in
the air, followed by two distillations with the air excluded; and the tallow oil
will be required to be bagged after the last distillation, in order to remove the
solid matter contained in it; we also recommend that the lamps used for
burning oils of this description should be made of or covered with a material
not acted upon by fatty acids; electro-plating the interior of the lamp appears
to us to be the best means of effecting this object.

page_text: Another part of our Invention, following closely on the above process of
treating oleic acid, relates to the distillation of an oil commonly called "rosin
oil." This article, as now produced, is of a very inferior quality, and only used
for the commonest purposes; but we have discovered that by distilling it with
the air excluded, by steam or other suitable means, improved products may
be procured. The plan we pursue is as follows:-We place a quantity of
rosin oil in a suitable still, such as herein described, employing a similar or
other condensing apparatus, and we cause the rosin oil to be distilled, keeping
out the atmosphere by the aid of steam, as above described, or the distilling
may be otherwise performed, so long as the atmosphere be excluded. We
prefer to distil over about three-quarters of the charge, and then to blow out the
residuum in the manner above described. We re-distil the product distilled
over in like manner, but in this second distillation we leave only a small
residuum. The oil may be further purified by repetitions of the same process;
we prefer to distill it three or four times altogether. The several residuums
are to be mixed together and subjected to a process of ordinary distillation,
similar to that by which the crude rosin oil is obtained, that is, distilling the
same subject to the action of the atmosphere. We may here observe, that
although we have described this part of our Invention as applied to the
ordinary once distilled rosin oil of commerce, it is applicable also to rosin oil
which has been several times distilled under the access of the air.
We would also observe, that although steam is the agent which we prefer to
use in the processes herein-before described, for the purpose of preventing the
contact of the atmosphere, we have also discovered that suitable gaseous bodies,
such as do not act prejudicially on the fat, may be used as a means of excluding
the air, as well in those processes as in other processes of distilling fatty and
oily substances. The body which, on the whole, we believe to be the best for
this purpose, next to steam, is carbonic acid gas, which may be generated in
the manner used in the soda water manufacture, or by other convenient means,
only it will not be necessary to work under a pressure of more than about four
and a half pounds to the inch. The apparatus herein-before described, in relation
to the application of steam in distilling, may be used for the purpose of the like
application of carbonic acid gas. As, however, this gas is of some expense in
its preparation, it will be desirable to save it. This object might be accom-
plished by allowing the last of the upright pipes u', herein-before described, to
terminate in a large air-tight metal vessel, surrounded with cold water (instead
of being provided with the injection rose w, and the pipe belonging to it), the
gas being pumped therefrom back into the gasometer, and the vessel being
opened occasionally, in order to remove the fat condensed therein.

page_text: Having thus described the nature of our Invention, and the best means we
are acquainted with for carrying it into effect, we would have it understood
that we do not claim the apparatus for or processes of distilling fatty or oily
substances generally, nor do we claim the general introduction of steam into a
distilling vessel used for distilling fatty or oily substances, steam having before
been applied under varying circumstances when distilling fatty and oily
substances, some of which processes have been herein particularly mentioned;
nor do we claim the apparatus by which such introduction of steam is effected;
nor do we claim the apparatus for or processes of saponifying fatty or oily sub-
stances, nor the use of lime or other alkaline earths, or alkalies or metallic
oxides therein, they having, as is well understood, been before used for such
purposes; nor do we claim any other general processes for converting fatty
or oily substances into acids, nor the apparatus used therein, nor the distillation
of rosin oil where means are not used for excluding the contact of the atmo-
sphere, nor the apparatus by which the distillation of rosin oil is effected; but
what we claim is,
First, the manufacturing candles by the application to the manufacture
of candles of the products of tallow, lard, and other animal fatty and oily
substances, and of palm oil, and other vegetable fatty and oily substances
(excepting cocoa-nut oil), which have been saponified with lime, alkali, alkaline
earth, or metallic oxide, and afterwards distilled in an atmosphere of steam, as
above described.
Secondly, we claim the treating of the products of tallow, lard, and other
animal fatty and oily substances, and of palm oil, and other vegetable fatty
and oily substances (excepting cocoa-nut oil), (which have been saponified with
lime, alkali, alkaline earth, or metallic oxide, and afterwards distilled in an
atmosphere of steam) with alkalies, to convert such products into soap.
Thirdly, we claim the distilling in an atmosphere of steam, tallow, lard,
whale oil, and other animal fatty and oily substances, and palm oil, linseed oil,
and other vegetable fatty and oily substances, excepting cocoa-nut oil, after
they have been saponified with lime, alkali, alkaline earth, or metallic oxide,
as above described.
Fourthly, we claim the submitting of animal and vegetable fatty and oily
substances to be distilled in an atmosphere of carbonic acid gas, or other
suitable gaseous body, to prevent the prejudicial action of the atmosphere, as
above described.
Fifthly, we claim the mode of arranging apparatus used for condensing and
collecting the products of fatty and oily substances, when distilling the same in
an atmosphere of steam, or other gaseous bodies, as above described. And we

page_text: claim, in the distillation of fatty and oily substances, the mode of cleansing out
a still by the use of steam, thus rendering it unnecessary to open the still.
Sixthly, we claim the mode of treating the liquid acids obtained from
acidified animal and vegetable fatty and oily substances, by causing such acids
to be distilled subject to the action of the atmosphere, and then to be further
distilled, with the presence of the atmosphere excluded, by steam or other
suitable means, as above described.
Seventhly, we claim the distilling of rosin oil, with the presence of the
atmosphere excluded, by steam or other suitable means, as above described.
And, eighthly, we claim the saponifying the residuum of fatty or oily
substances left in a vessel after a portion has been distilled over, and then
distilling the same, with the presence of the atmosphere excluded, by steam or
other suitable means, as above described.
In witness whereof, we, the said George Gwynne and George Fergusson
Wilson, have hereunto set our hands and seals, this Sixteenth day of
May, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and
forty-four