CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS, IN APPARATUS FOR THE PRODUCTION AND DIFFUSION OF LIGHT
Year: 1843

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, FENNELL
ALLMAN, of Salisbury Street, Strand, in the County of Middlesex, Surveyor,
send greeting.
"
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent under the great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at West.
minster, the Third day of June, in the sixth year of Her reign, did, for Herself,
Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said Fennell Allman,
Her especial licence, that the said Fennell Allman, my exors, admors, and
assigns, or such others as I, the said Fennell Allman, my exors, admors, or
assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and
at all times during the term of years therein expressed, should and lawfully
might make,, use, exercise, and vend, within England and Wales, and the
Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS, IN
APPARATUS FOR THE PRODUCTION AND DIFFUSION OF LIGHT;" in which said Letters
Patent there is contained a proviso obliging me, the said Fennell Allman,
by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, particularly to describe.
and ascertain the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, and to cause the same to be enrolled in Her said Majesty's
High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately
after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same,
reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Fennell Allman, do hereby declare the nature of my said Invention to consist
in several improvements in the apparatus employed in the production and
diffusion of light from gas, oil, tallow, wax, stearine, and other adipose com-
bustible matter.
The improvements, with reference to the employment of coal gas for the
production of light, relate to the reflectors, burners, and other apparatus used
therewith for that purpose. The improvements in the production of light from
oil and other fatty matter, fluid at ordinary temperatures at or above sixty
degrees Fahrenheit, consist in a new construction of wick, and in the better
supplying the air necessary for combustion, and the combustible matter
to the point of ignition. The improvements in the production of light from
tallow and other fatty adipose matter, solid at ordinary temperatures, namely,
at or below sixty degrees Fahrenheit, consists in a new method or methods of
working the same into forms commonly distinguished by the name of candles,
and in certain modifications of the said forms. I wish it to be understood,
that I do not claim any of the improvements or apparatus herein described for
any other purposes than those set forth in the title to my said Invention,
namely, when used in the production of light from the several combustible
matters herein named, and in the diffusion of the same.
And in further compliance with the said proviso, I, the said Fennell Allman,
do hereby describe the manner in which my said Invention is to be performed
by the following statement thereof, reference being had to the Drawings
annexed, and to the figures and letters marked thereon :-
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
:
Sheet A exhibits general Drawings and detail of the apparatus I employ in
the production of light from coal gas; and machinery used in manufacturing.
parts of the same. Figures 1 and 2, Sheet A, exhibit a section and front view
of a tongue or wire drawn into the form herein set forth in the usual manner
in which wire is manufactured, and which I employ in the construction of
apertures. The said wire, after being drawn, is passed through the cutting
machine, Figure 3. The mandril A revolves in the plummer blocks b, b. On
the mandril is mounted a cutter c and brush d, fixed so as to revolve with it;
e, e, is a carriage plate, formed by dovetails, to slide in the checks f, f, and is
forced forward by the handle and screwing, and the intervention of the spring s
h, whose ends work in the studs i, i; j,j, j, are steel elbow guides, the inside
face of which form, with the front face of the plate e, passages similar to the

page_text: shape of the tongue k, as shewn in Figure 1, by which passages it is supported,
and slides freely, laterally. It is wound on the expanding cylinder 1, by the
action of the weight m, in a manner hereafter to be described. The steel
elbows are capable of adjustment by the set screws n, n, n, to suit different
size or shape of tongue. The tongue k is supported firmly in its passage by a
ledge running along the face of the plate e, so as not to sink under the action
of the cutter c; a fragment of the cutter c is exhibited in Figure 4, enlarged.
three times full size. The cutting part is similar to a thread or wire, as seen
at 0, 0, 0, wound up as a screw round the cylinder. The said thread is cut out
of the solid of the cylinder p, after the manner of a screw, thus forming the
cutter, which is highly tempered. The size of the spiral thread o determines
the size of the grooves which it cuts in the face of the tongue k. It will be
evident that the plate e, being forced forward by the handle, and screw g
pressing, by the spring hand plate e, the tongue against the cutter c, revolving
at a high velocity, the said tongue will be penetrated by the thread on the
cutter, until the surface of the cylindrical part of it meets the said tongue ;;
sufficient pressure must be,, therefore, applied to cut home. The whole length
of the thread o passes each groove in the tongue. It being a screw, and as
it can also enter it but to a certain finite depth, each of the grooves must
evidently be equal and similar. - On passing the screw cutter, the tongue comes
under the action of the brush d, which I make of fine stiff hogs' bristles, and
sometimes dip into emery, flour, and oil; this fines the face of it, and removes
any "fash" which may be left after being cut. The tongue is then wound on
the cylinder, which is shewn of a size to wind for insertion in a ring, the same
size as the largest ring in the burner in Figure 6. A side view, part in
section, is shewn of the cylinder in Figure 5, where is shewn the method of
expansion by the cone », which, on screwing the nut S, is
separating the halves of the cylinders around the hinge t.
when set to the proper distance, by the set screw 'w. On the bottom of the
arbor of the cylinder is a screw v, which, for each revolution of the cylinder,
being fixed to it, raises it to a height equal to the depth of the tongue;
thus, as it is wound around the cylinder, it lies close and packed. When
the cylinder is full of tongue it is cut; the end being held down on the
cylinder to prevent it from springing, and then cut across, or in the direction of
the axis of the cylinder, by a circular saw. Each circle of tongue, so divided,
is the exact length and ready to be inserted in the burner of the size or dia-
meter for which it is so wound, but previous to which insertion I coat it with
gold, to prevent corrosion or decomposition of its surface. To effect this
drawn up, thus
They are held,

page_text: plating or gilding I employ the electrotype process so called and well known.
The axis or steel piece of the cylinder a revolves in the brass w',
The
supporting the cylinder a¹, around which the cord of the weight coils.
cylinder a does not lift with the rest, but has a square hole through its axis x,
in which the stem of the winding cylinder works upwards, as above fully
described. Figure 7 is an enlarged fragment of a ring of a burner, shewing
the manner of inserting the tongue. Figure 8 is a transverse section of the
same ring and tongue. Figures 9 and 10 exhibit a section and plan of the
ring of a burner. It is fitted with a tongue in one piece with cross bar a, a, a,
the tongue being turned or ground in, so as to remove occasionally when
requiring to be cleaned. It is evident in this construction that a slot can be
readily formed to any degree of fineness, causing the tongue only partially to
fill the slot into which it is inserted, and not cutting grooves on the surface, as
herein before described; when the tongue is in form of a circle, and not a wire,
it can be cut by pressure of its circumference against the cutter C, Figure 3,
and allowing it to revolve round its own centre on a suitable stud fixed on the
plate e, e; the cutter will work it round and cut the grooves in the face at
the same time. It is evident that the principle of forming apertures by the
placing in contact plane and cut or indented surfaces, or the partially filling or
stopping an aperture or slot, and employing the interstices so left for the trans-
mission of gas to the point of ignition, may be worked out in several ways.
The apertures being formed by the interstices left by the indentations or
conformation of the surface of the piece inserted. For instance, it may be
made of a series of round, hexagonal, or other variously formed pieces being
inserted in the slot of the ring, leaving variously formed interstices between
each piece, depending on the form of the pieces inserted.
.. But this I claim as my Invention, the forming apertures by or of the inter-
stices or spaces left between a combination of two or more surfaces. By this
method I obtain apertures for the egress of gas to the point of ignition of much
greater regularity as to distance, uniformity of size, and capability of being made
of any degree of minuteness, and also à facility of coating the same by or with
gold or other metal suitable to prevent decomposition. Figures 11 and 12 shew
a section and side view of an improved cock for the transmission of gas. It is
shewn in the section of the cock to the burner, Figure 6; the direction in
which the gas passes being indicated by the arrows. Similar letters refer to
the similar parts in each Figure. The gas enters from the service pipe, and
leaves the plug d by the lower opening a, and goes into the union passage of
jacket b, and thence returns into the plug. by the hole c, and thence to the

page_text: burner. It will be evident, from inspecting Figure 11, that if the jacket b is
moved round on the plug d, so that the union passage does not coincide with
the openings a and c, the gas cannot pass. The plug d is ground in the usual
manner into the jacket b. The openings or gas passages may be made nearly.
half the circumference of the plug, the union passage in the jacket being made
to correspond. I am, by this construction, enabled to form a gas cock with
much larger passage for the gas, and with less bulk and metal. Figure 13 is
a reduced plan, part in section, of an apparatus I employ to prevent down
currents in chimneys of burners. It is shewn in section, Figure 14. a is a.
bent square tube fixed on the outside of a concave metal plate 6, and opening.
into at c. At.e, e, are pieces of metal inclined upwards, forming a small angle
to the direction in which the air would enter down the tube a, and on which
pieces it would impinge, so as slightly to alter the direction of its current, and
cause it to pass up the other end of the tube a. It is not necessary to observe.
any form in the tube a or plate b, but the pieces e, e, may project about one-
fourth of the diameter of the tube a, and form an angle of about thirty degrees
with its direction.
Figure 14 exhibits a side view, part in section, of a single-ring burner,
and direction f is the burner screwed on the service pipe g. This is screwed
into the .case h of a governor; the construction is as follows:--Within the
case h, and fixed to it by the delicate spiral spring k, which I gild by the
electrotype process, is the valve and plate i, forming one piece, and acted
upon by the screw 1, working in the case h, and by which it is possible to shut
the gas way altogether, so constituting a cock. It is shewn thus in the Drawing.
When the screw is unscrewed, the gas, which enters at m, passes around the
edge of the plate of the valve i, and through the slit.o, shewn in its neck and
exhibited within the service pipe g. If the pressure of the gas increases, it
has a tendency, by its action on the plate i, to force it forward, closing the
spring, and forcing the neck into the service pipe, shutting off the passage of
the gas to the burner by the slot in the neck o. The screw 7, when screwed up
by the connecting piece n and tube.o', which slides, on the service pipe g, raises
the glass cup, until it shuts off all access of air to the burner f, through the
wire gauze S. On lowering the screw, thereby admitting gas, the cup is also
lowered, thereby admitting air to the burner. A.constant ratio between the gas
and air is easily obtained by the relative size of the respective apertures. To
attain this with facility, the .connexion between them.should be capable of adjust-
ment as follows: If the connecting rod n were shortened, it would give more
air for the same gas, and if lengthened, the reverse; or the wire gauze may be

page_text: wove closer or more open. I prefer about No. 30 gauze. q, q, is a reflector,
whose curve is swept by a radius with about the centre of the flame for
a centre. Thus the heat and light are reflected back and across the flame,
which assists in sustaining the temperature.
Figures 6 and 15 represent an elevation, part in section, and plan of a three-
ring burner, in which is shewn another method of admitting the air and gas at
the same time and in proportion. In Figure 6 the jacket of the cock is shewn
connected with the ring g by the arms f. The plug of the cock d is connected
by the arms h to the ring i; in both rings i and g are openings for air, as seen
at m, m, which when they coincide and are open, the apertures of the cock
coincide also and are open. Now, on moving the ring g by the stud k and catch
spring 1, the jacket f of the cock is also moved; thus a proportion is obtained
between the gas and air. The apertures should be filled with wire gauze, to
promote steadiness of draft. The bottom of the chimney, or the space n, should
have a glass plate to keep out air; o, o, o, is a plate of metal, or other substance,
not readily fusible at high temperatures, which I employ to reverberate the
heat and give form to the flame, seen in plan, Figure 20; and I also use a plate
of metal or talc t, exhibited in Figure 14, where it is shewn connected to the
plate 6 by the wire w, for a similar purpose; I also employ the plate without
the apparatus for preventing the down currents, which plate I claim in con-
nexion with the shape of chimney P, shewn in Figure 14, as beneficial and
new, namely, a chimney approaching the ring of the burner from below as a
cylinder; it may be one inch larger in diameter than the burner; it may also
be conical, but not more than about one inch larger; above this point it should
bell considerably, and in height should not be more than two inches above the
flame. I gain by this combination the causing all the admitted air to come
near the flame, and prevent it passing up the chimney without decomposition,
and economise the heat of combustion.
Figure 19 is a side view, part in section, of a two-ring burner and air plates;
and Figure 16, a plan of air plates and cock, part in section. From the
description of the preceding methods of admitting air and gas, this is readily
understood. The upper plate a is connected with the jacket 6, and the under
plate c with the plug of the cock d. The plate a, on being moved by the pin e,
shuts or opens the cock and air passages. The pin e, by a catch and spring f,
is made to bind both plates together, so as to prevent accidents.
Figures 17 and 18 exhibit a side and end view of a single-ring burner.
Figures 21 and 22 shew a plan and end view of a system of prisms, radiating
from the light as a centre, which I employ in the position shewn in Figure 22,

page_text: the light impinging in the direction of the arrow, which suffers reflection from
the second surface, refraction at the first, and so on each alternate surface. The
disposition of the angles to the direction of the light must be such, that the
light, after refraction, will fall on the second surface at an angle less than forty
degrees; if a greater angle, it would be transmitted and refracted.
9, 9, 9, Figure 19, shews another arrangement of prisms for reflection. These
prisms are ring shape, the vertices being on the lower side; h, h, h, are the
spaces between the prisms. The same rule of reflection must be observed in
this case.
The prisms of the reflector are cast in. one, and cut and polished.
In Fig. 22, a glass plate a, a, is placed over the vertices of the prisms, to assist
reflection, the upper or second surface of which reflects light.
Fig. 1, Sheet B, represents an elevation, part in section, of a lamp for the
combustion of fluid adipose matter, such as oil, &c., fluid at ordinary tempera-
tures. The wick a is formed of fine sheet platina, which I prefer as being a
very bad conductor of heat. Fig. 2 shews the plan of the same. It is
crimped by passage between steel rollers, so as to assume a form similar to the
frill of a shirt, and as seen in the plan, the object of which is to promote
capillary action in raising the oil, &c. The folds must be brought closer than
exhibited in the Drawing; the amount of oil, &c. thus raised is determined by
the depth and closeness of the folds. The wick is connected with the piece c
to the wire framework b, b, b, which I employ for the purpose of defending
the wick from injury when being washed in an alkaline solution, to remove any
dirt or adherence. The wick a rests on the uprights d, d, by which it is
connected to the glass carriage 1, 1, and on raising which with the glass 9, the
wick is also raised; but the action of raising the glass opens the air passages e, e,
by which more air is admitted to the flame, when thus increased by the process
of being raised. These can be readily adjusted, so that the same condition
between the air and gas, produced from the combustible matter, will hold
whatever amount of flame may be exhibited; h, h, are two pullies, on which
is mounted an endless fine wire curb chain i; h 2 is mounted below the level.
of the combustible matter m. The ascending side of chain freely traverses a
tube, to assist the action of raising. I do not confine myself to metal in the
material of the band or chain, nor any particular construction, so as it is
flexible; but I prefer metal, as not being affected by temperature, and having
a greater facility of being washed. k, k, is a catgut or chain band, connected
with the main spring barrels z by the wheels y, y, to give the suitable motion.
Fig. 4 represents an elevation, part in section, of an apparatus, which I
employ in the manufacture of candles. a, a, represents the cylinder of a

page_text: pump, with a solid plug piston, which is worked up and down by any suitable
and sufficient power by the connecting rod c, as hereafter shewn; a is a three-
way cock, which is worked by tappit movement at the turn of the stroke,
alternately connecting the passages e for the up stroke, and f in the down
stroke. The bracket e strikes the lever f at the top and bottom of the stroke,
thus moves the lever of the cock g¹, seen in dotted lines, by the connecting
rod h' at the turn of the stroke. The way f, f, should be full open on the
commencement of the down stroke. g is a large bath vat. The matter to be
worked is thrown in above at j, when it falls in contact with the tubes of
water k, k, &c., and alternate steam tubes 1, 1, &c.; the water being supplied
from the upright tube n, and the steam from the upright tube m, which tubes
are in connexion with the steam and water pipes i and h. The admission
of this steam or water, by which the temperature is regulated, is controlled
in the following manner:The lever o is moveable on a fixed centre; on
this slides the connecting piece p, which, by the pieces q, q, moves the
levers r, r, of the cocks of the water or steam pipes h and i; 3 is a
deflection bar, constructed as herein-after described, immersed in the body
of the matter in the bath, and connected with the tail of the lever o by the
jointed rod t and adjusting box; when the temperature falls, the bar s, curving
by the contraction of the brass, forces the tail of the lever ò in the direction of
the arrous, which causes the handles of the cocks r, r, to move in corre-
sponding directions, and thus shut the steam cock and open the water cock in
such proportions, in reference to the temperature, as may be required, or
previously determined by the adjustment of the length of the jointed bar t, and
the raising of the connecting piece p, p. The 'tallow or other matter is forced
by the piston 6 into the tube w, around the tube v, which two tubes constitute
the mould of a hollow candle, and are thirteen feet long. This mould is öpen
at the end N, where the candle is driven out, after being condensed by a water
bath which surrounds the said mould. The water which forms the bath is
contained in the 'tube surrounding the mould w, and in the central tube v of
the mould. This deflection or curving bar may be made of two pieces, one of
brass and the 'other of steel, which by their unequal expansion and contraction
in equal temperatures curves. The bars of steel and brass must be rivetted
together, and sufficiently strong to move the cocks readily by the said
action of 'curving. " is a spool, which contains the united wicks, which
pass along the tube y as one wick, and enter the passage as in Drawing,
Figure 1, where the several wicks are separated, in number about twelve,
each one going throuhig än eye of steel wire, to preserve them in equidistant

page_text: positions. Around the nose of the tube from which the wicks come, I tye a
piece of thin leather, the pressure of the tallow, &c., on the exterior of which
serves to prevent it passing up the tube. They are then passed to the end of
the mould, and kept tight and concentric in their proper position by hand,
when the tallow is allowed to enter by the pump, and congeal, which preserves
the wicks in position, and they are maintained so continually by the solid
matter always remaining in the extremities of the mould. One stroke of the
pump displaces matter equal to one candle, which, driven through the moulding
pipes, is finally forced out at the end on the revolving endless apron C, shewn
in part section at D; each candle moves laterally away by the revolution of the
apron, to make room for the succeeding one, and is thus carried to a person to box;
a rigger on the end of one of the rollers of the apron has a band, which passes
over a suitable rigger on the main shaft; it thus obtains its motion. The candle
is cut off by the back stroke of the pump in the following manner:-The steel
ring A revolves on the brass collar B, which is kept on by the screw and groove.
To the steel ring is screwed a spring cutter F, around which is coiled the cord
G, having the weight H attached. This, in its present state, is supposed to
rest on a support. It is also seen in front view, Figure 5. The weight, while
the candle is being forced out, rests, as stated, on a support, and consequently
does not bend the spring by its slack cord G around it; but on the back or
up stroke of the pump, the cord is pulled by being attached to any part of the
working gear having a sufficient movement to pull the cord about one and a
half yards over the pullies I, I. The weight H is lifted, which tightens the
cord on the spring F, causing it at the same time, by the pulling of the cords,.
to rotate, and thus cut the candle, which drops on the apron C, to be conveyed
away. A portion of the edge of the cutter must be blunt, like a rasp, to
remove the tallow or other matter without cutting the wick, for the purpose of
lighting. K, K, are two waste cocks to the steam and water pipes. Figure 6.
is a cross section at J, I. The tube from here to the connection with the
pump I make so as to be able to remove the face plate easily, to examine the
interior; this tube and the pump have a jacket to contain steam to constantly
keep up the temperature. All the tubes and passages must be surrounded with
a bath to control the temperature, on which the whole chiefly depends; but care
should be taken that the matter worked should always be congealed properly
throughout its mass before passing out of the mould. I would here observe,
on the contruction of machines for this purpose, that almost all the parts.
separately being of old construction, are casily understood and made. The.
surfaces of the tubes U, V, in contact with the substance acted upon, should

page_text: ¸be finely burnished, and I prefer coating them with silver or gold, to preserve
their finish. I would also recommend that they should bell towards the end
from which the candle passes about one-sixteenth of an inch to a foot or less.
A principal thing to be attended to is that the pump or other apparatus for
forcing should be made very strong, and of good workmanship. Care.must
also be taken to ensure sufficient surface in the melting bath for bringing the
matter treated to the proper temperature for the pump to work it, and the
wicks to arrange themselves easily, which temperature should be as low as
consistent with these considerations.
Having given a general outline of the process of manufacture of candles, and
a description of the parts of the machine so employed, I will now give all the
details necessary; to be understood more fully, I will describe each stage of
formation that the matter is subject to previous to becoming a perfect candle.
The first is the melting process, by which the matter is kept in the vat at the
required temperature for the next operation. For wax, this temperature may
be about 162°; sperm. about 118°; stearine, about 138°; tallow, about 132°.
The only object in this process is to keep the matter fluid by heat for pumping;
and I may add, as a general rule, that the lower the temperature the matter
can be kept, consistently with the operation of pumping, the better; for this
reason, that there will be less time employed in cooling. The pumping may
be considered the second operation. I may again remark, that the cylinder
and the tube to the moulds, as far as the beginning of the wicks, are enclosed
in a steam jacket, to prevent any matter from cooling therein. The heat
should not be kept higher than consistent with that object, about 140°
Farenheit will be sufficient." This part of the tube, it will be seen by the
Drawing, is so constructed as to enable the interior to be examined. The
steam jacket of the pump cylinder and the jacket of this part of the pipe
seen in section, Figure 6, may communicate one with the other. The third
operation is the filling and cooling the passage or mould between the tubes
u and v, which are about thirteen feet long. They may be made of copper.
This metal I prefer on account of its conducting the heat out of the matter
quicker, and about one-twentieth of an inch or less thick. Any metal
or substance would answer if a good conductor of heat, and strong in sub-
stance. The interior of the moulds should be finished and burnished highly,
by drawing in the manner of telescope tube, as well known, so as to afford no
impediment to forcing the matter; and when solid, I would also advise to insert
a piece of glass tube near the end N, so as to finish the candle, and turn it
out with a fine surface. As arranging the wick forms a part of this operation,

page_text: it may be stated that the spool should contain as much in one length as pos-
sible, and each separate wick consists of about two or three threads. At the
end of the tube y, through which they pass inside the mould, I would tie a
piece of thin leather, to prevent the matter from entering the same, and to
admit of the wick passing. Each wick having been passed through the eyes
as described, are pulled by hand, so as to be equidistant and parallel at the
end. The matter is then pumped in, and allowed to congeal by the bath.
The wicks are preserved tight and in position by the solid matter always on
the tubes, and by the resistance of the spool, which may have in some cases a
jacket, and also a friction spring, to give the wick the necessary tension.
But
the time of congealation when subject to the present condition as to the amount
of cooling surface in proportion to bulk of matter, such as shewn in Drawing,
is, for wax, about twelve minutes; sperm. about fourteen minutes; stearine,
about eleven minutes; tallow, about sixteen minutes, when the temperature of
the bath is fifty for the two former, and forty-five degrees for the latter. If,
however, the temperature of the bath is higher, the time of solidification will
be more. This bath is kept constantly changing by the cock L being open,
except at short intervals. The water flows out at M; this tends to equalize
the temperature, and preserve it constant. The fourth operation is shutting off
the water, and blowing out the bath with steam. The object of this is to
partially heat the surface of the matter, so as to allow of its being forced out
by the next charge driven in by the pump. A momentary admission of steam
is sufficient to thus enable the solid matter to be forced out.
I will now explain the mechanism by which the bath is worked or supplied
with steam and water alternately at the required intervals, selecting stearine to
explain the manner in which I manufacture candles. The moulding pipes
being thirteen feet long, which may be considered equivalent to length and
consequent amount of about thirteen candles. Now, the whole length of this,
as well as any fraction of its length, is to be allowed eleven minutes to congeal.
The cock L, as herein-before stated, being constantly open, with the exception
of the time occupied in blowing off with steam, it is shewn open in the
Drawing, presuming the requisite time, ten minutes, has elapsed. The water
cock L is shut in the following manner:-The brass time plate P revolves, as
herein-after described, on the shaft Q in exactly thirteen minutes, which may
be represented by the letters on its circumference. Each revolution the steel
plate R lifts the lever S, which is linked by the connecting rod T to the water
cock I, which it thus shuts and keeps shut for about one and a half minutes,.
until the bath is empty, but about half a minute before it has been reopened

page_text: by the steel plate R having revolved past the lever S; and when the bath is
empty, the steel bit U strikes the lever V, which forces back the bell-crank
lever V¹. This shuts the valve M, and at the same time, by the connecting
rod Y, opens the steam cock W. As soon as the bit U has passed, the water
cock L is reopened by the steel plate R, having also escaped the lever S.
Before this occurs the piston of the pump 6 forces out one candle by a fresh
charge, which passes successively through the thirteen feet of mould. The
candle, on being forced out and cut, is carried to box by the revolving endless
apron C. The manner which the time plate is made to revolve and the pump
to perform a stroke at the required intervals is as follows:-a* is a pulley,
from which a band 6* passes over a rigger on the crank shaft, from which it
receives motion. The screw c*, being on the same spindle, revolves with the
pully a. This screw works. in the cut face of the time plate.. One revolution
in thirteen minutes is thus produced; but the pump must perform a stroke
once in thirteen minutes, and at the time when the water being let out of the
bath around the mould, the steam having been in the said mould, as above
described, about half a minute, so causing the surface of the matter therein to
be soft and easily forced out to admit the next charge. The said stroke of the
pump is produced in the following manner:-The steel bit a*, fixed to the
time plate, strikes and rises the tail of the lever e*, but the lever e*, when thus
struck up, pulls down by the rod h* the coupling lever fx, which is fixed over
the crank shaft g*, as shewn separate in Figure 3. The socket of the crank i*,
as shewn in section, is loose on the crank shaft g*, which may revolve about
fifteen revolutions a minute. The crank is thrown in gear or coupled to
shaft g in the following manner:-On the lever f* being pulled down, as
described; presses the steel bit and spring *k down into the opening or
mortice *, which steel spring being fixed to the crank socket, and thus
coupling it with the revolving shaft by the momentary depression of the
lever f*, is pulled under the circular guide *m, which keeps it in gear for one
revolution or until it has again arrived at the same position as in Drawing.
The lever being then up, it springs back and uncouples the crank. I
would observe, that the pipe Z, which supplies the centre tube U with steam
and water, as shewn in Figure 5, comes, as in the Drawing, direct from the
water and steam pipes, as it has a larger mass surrounding it in proportion to
the surface it exhibits than the exterior. It discharges into the valve box M.
I would repeat, that if possible the bath may be colder than 50. Fahr.,
so as to make the time of cooling as short as possible, especially for .tallow,
which would come from the mould much harder and better finished. "Thus,

page_text: it will be perceived by the forcing out of one candle another is admitted, which
will be, if one candle be forced out each minute, about eleven minutes, sub-
ject to the bath for not calculating the time of blowing out. Thus, by increasing
the length of the tubes for forcing, the speed of production is increased. I do
not confine my Invention to the manufacture of candles of the form herein
shewn, as it is equally well adapted to the manufacture of candles of any shape
or form at present in use.
I would remark, respecting the several parts of which the machine described
is constituted, that they are all, except the forming passages or moulds, old;
for instance, bath vats have been constructed for other purposes of different.
construction, but with a similar object, that of communicating heat by surface
from steam pipes, or condensing by water pipes, so that any competent work-
man will readily understand the nature and construction of the same, bearing
only those objects in view, namely, that it should be of the necessary size, and;
be capable of being regulated as to temperature, so that the time of con-
gealation should not vary but as little as possible. The pump and working gear
are such as any competent person will readily comprehend, being of old con-
struction. I exhibit a solid piston pump for its simplicity, but there are many.
pumps and valves would answer the same purpose. And, finally, it will be
evident the general arrangement of the parts may be indefinitely varied
without altering the principles which govern the construction. I would
wish to be understood that I do not claim generally the regulating the
admission of air to the flames of burners, as this is old; nor do. I claim the
use of wire gauze. I do not claim the placing a plate of metal or talc over
the flame, except where used with the chimney herein described, or with the
air regulating apparatus. I do not claim the use of platinum for a wick,
except it be of the form shewn and herein described. I do not claim the
raising the fluid combustible matter to the wick, but only the manner
herein shewn of doing so. But I do claim as my Invention, first,-
1st. The construction of apertures for the passage of gas, herein described.
2d. I claim the construction of apertures by the placing together any plane
or smooth surface with any surface having indentations therein, the same being
either loose or soldered.
.
3d. I claim the combination, for the formation of apertures, of two or more
surfaces, which are irregular, milled, or indented, placed in contact..
4th. I claim the forming a slit by the insertion into a larger slit of a tongue
or "bushing," which can have a slit of any degree of fineness, the said bushing
being either fixed or loose.

page_text: 5th. I claim the gilding or coating with the uñoxidizable metais the surfaces
of the herein-named apertures.
6th. I claim the combining the gas cock, or apparatus whereby the gas is
admitted to the burner, with mechanism, whereby the amount of air required
to be admitted for combustion is controlled, so that the motion of the one,
producing a certain supply of gas to the burner, will cause a corresponding
movement in the air apparatus, so as to admit the proportion of air necessary
for the most luminous effect.
7th. I claim the form of cock herein described for the passing or shutting
off of gas.
66
8th. I claim the forming a
will answer the purpose of a cock.
governor," as exhibited at Figure 14, which
9th. I claim the use of reflectors formed of a system of glass prismatic
surfaces, as herein shewn at Figures 15, 21, 22, and 24.
10th. I claim the use of the apparatus exhibited at Figures 13 and 14, to
prevent down currents in chimnies of gas burners, and the combination there-
with of a plate of incombustible material, such as "tale" or copper, to give a
form to the flame, and to reflect the heat downwards.
11th. I claim the use of a plate of talc or metal, as herein shewn, when
combined with a short chimney, as herein shewn at Figure 14.
12th. I claim the forcing of tallow or other adipose of fatty matter (solid
at ordinary temperatures, that is, at or below 60° of Farht), when the said
matter is in a soft fluid or semi-fluid state, into a long candle mould, as herein
shewn, combined with the condensing or rendering of the said matter solid in
the course of its passage through the said mould, and also combined with the
forcing of the said matter, after being so moulded and condensed as aforesaid,
out of the said moulds, then to be cut off at proper lengths for candles in one
continuous operation, as herein-before shewn. And also the arrangement of the
wick or wicks, as herein-before shewn, to suit this said continuous operation.
13th. I claim the formation, as herein described, of a wick of platinami to
supply the combustible matter to the point of ignition.
14th. I claim the raising of the combustible matter to the said wick by an
endless band or belt, either metallic or otherwise.
And such my Invention being, to the best of my knowledge and belief, entirely
new and never before used within that part of Her said Majesty's United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland called England, Her said Dominion of
Wales, or Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, I do hereby declare this to be my
Specification of the same, and that I do verily believe this my said Specification

page_text: doth comply in all respects fully and without reserve or disguise with the proviso
in the said herein-before in part recited Letters Patent contained, wherefore
I hereby claim to maintain exclusive right and privilege to my said Invention.
In witness whereof, I, the said Fennell Allman, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Second day of December, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and C
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Second day of December, in the
year of our Lord 1843, the aforesaid Fennell Allman came before our said
Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification afore-
said, and all and every thing therein contained and specified, in form above
written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according to the
tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Enrolled the Second day of December, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and forty-three.