Improvements in Ingrain Carpets and similar Fabrics.
Year: 1888

page_text: Improvements in
Ingrain Carpets and similar Fabrics.
We, JOHN STEWART SMITH and SAMUEL SMITH both of Nursery Mills, South
York Street, Glasgow, Manufacturers do hereby declare the nature of this invention
to be as follows:
This invention relates to the manufacture of Kidderminster, Scotch or Ingrain
carpets and fabrics composed of two or more plies and it has for its object the pro-
duction in the weaving operation of dark and light shaded effects upon the ground
or figure of such fabrics by suitable intermingling of the differently coloured warp
and weft threads. This object we attain by so operating on the warps of the different
plies as to bring over or outside of the weft of any colour, warps of different colour at
the lines where the shaded effects are to be produced.
According to the ordinary process of weaving multiple ply fabrics such an object
has not hitherto been attainable as one half the warp threads in each ply i.e. the
alternate threads of the ply are simultaneously raised by the journals or leaves when
throwing the shuttle with the weft of the same ply or colour and even when journals
or leaves are dispensed with the same order of raising the warp is followed by having
the jacquard cards cut with rows of holes to represent the journals or leaves. Under
our invention however we dispense with the use of leaves or journals and in lieu of
cutting rows of holes in the jacquard cards to represent the leaves or journals we cut
the cards to bring so much of the warp of a colour over or outside of the weft of the
same colour or ply as is required to form the single or self coloured ground or figure
and so as to bring over or under them at selected points the warp of a colour or ply
different from that of the weft shots so as to cross said weft shots and produce the
appearance of a mixture of the colours of the differently coloured crossing warp and
weft or an effect of shading or gradation of colour. Such interchanging of warps of
different colour may be carried out at any part of the ground or figure to produce
a variation of the general pattern of the fabric but it is particularly applicable for
giving a variety of colouring to patterns which would otherwise be of single or self
coloura

page_text: The present invention may be employed in conjunction with the improved mode of
weaving Scotch or Ingrain carpets and similar fabrics described in the Specification
of Letters Patent No. 4908 of 1881 granted to us, or in conjunction with the ordinary
mode of weaving such fabrics. The journals or leaves of the loom are in the latter
case represented by the cutting of the jacquard cards, the warps of different colour
selected to cross or cover the weft shot being raised by cutting in the rows of holes
corresponding to the ply or plies from which the selected warps are to be taken and
the corresponding holes in the rows representing the journals being omitted.
The following are examples of the effects which may be produced in weaving
multiple ply fabrics according to our invention. By using two distinct warps e.g.
black (or any dark shade) as one ply of warp, and yellow (or any light shade) as the
other and by using the black or yellow warp to work with either the ground or figure
wefts as desired we obtain at the points where an interchange of warps is effected two
distinct shades of colour from each weft colour used. By using dark brown for the
ground weft and light stone for the figure weft chintzed in parts with red and green
either working the chintzed parts solid red and solid green or
shotting the red and
green parts with stone colour thread in rotation (or shot-about) we obtain two shades.
of stone colour, two shades of red colour, two shades of green colour, or if shotted
in the chintzed parts two shades of red and stone and two shades of green and
stone as desired by using the dark or black warps for the dark shades and the light
or yellow warp for the light shades.
The same effects may be obtained in greater variety by using extra wefts as
described in the Specification of our former Patent already referred to. By using
two and a half plies or three plies of weft whether with two or more plies of warp
the effects got are equal or very similar to those occuring in 4 or 5 frame Brussel
carpets.

page_text: Ingrain Carpets and similar Fabrics.
We JOHN STEWART SMITH and SAMUEL SMITH both of Nursery Mills South York
Street, Glasgow, Manufacturers, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in
what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement :-
This Invention relates to the manufacture of Kidderminster, Scotch or Ingrain
carpets and other fabrics composed of two or more plies and it has for its object the
production in the weaving operation of dark and light shaded effects upon the ground
or figure of such fabrics by suitable intermingling of the differently coloured warp
and weft threads. This object we attain by so operating on the warps of the different
plies as to bring over or outside of the weft of any colour warps of different colour
at the lines where the shaded effects are to be produced.
According to the ordinary process of weaving multiple ply fabrics such an object
has not hitherto been attainable as one half the warp threads in each ply i.e. the
alternate threads of the ply are simultaneously raised by the journals or leaves when
throwing the shuttle with the weft of the same ply or colour and even when journals
or leaves are dispensed with the same order of raising the warp is followed by having
the jacquard cards cut with rows of holes to represent the journals or leaves. Under
our Invention, however, we dispense with the use of leaves or journals and in lieu of
cutting rows of holes in the jacquard cards to represent the leaves or journals we cut
the cards to cause the jacquard mechanism to bring so much of the warp of a colour
over or outside of the weft of the same colour or ply as is required to form the single
or self coloured ground or figure and so as to bring over or under them at selected
points the warp of a colour or ply different from that of the weft shots so as to cross
or overlie said weft shots and produce the appearance of a mixture of the colours of
the differently coloured crossing. warp and weft or an effect of shading or gradation
of colour. Such interchanging of warps of different colour may be carried out at
any part of the ground or figure to produce a variation of the general pattern of the
fabric but it is particularly applicable for giving a variety of colouring to patterns
which would otherwise be of single or self colours.
The present Invention may be employed in conjunction with the improved mode of
weaving Scotch or Ingrain carpets and similar fabrics described in the Specification of
Letters Patent No. 4908 of 1881 granted to us, or in the manufacture of carpets and
other fabrics produced according to the ordinary mode of weaving such fabrics. The
journals or leaves of the loom are in the latter case represented by the cutting of
the jacquard cards the warps of different colour, selected to cross or cover the weft
shot being raised by cutting in the rows of holes corresponding to the ply or plies
from which the selected warps are to be taken and the corresponding holes in the rows
representing the journals being omitted.
The following are examples of the effects which may be produced in weaving
multiple ply fabrics according to our invention. By using two distinct warps e.g.
black (or any dark shade) as one ply of warp and yellow (or any light shade) as the
other and by using the black or yellow warp to work with either the ground or figure
wefts as desired we obtain at the points where an interchange of warps is effected two

page_text: Drown and red snow about with black warp.
Brown and red shot about with yellow warp.
Brown and green shot about with black warp.
Brown and green shot about with yellow warp.
And other effects by working the alternate weft threads with black and yellow-warps
and reversing them i.e. the black for the yellow warp and the yellow for the
black warp.
•
An attempt is made in the diagrams to represent the different shades of colouring
by hatched lines in black and white and figure 7 is a key in explanation of the
colouring intended to be represented by the various forms of hatching used. In this
key Number 1 represents the weft in stone colour with yellow warp crossing it.
Number 2 stone weft and black warp.
Number 3 red weft and yellow warp.
Number 4 red weft and black warp.
Number 5 brown weft and yellow warp.
Number 6 brown weft and black warp.
Number 7 green weft and yellow warp.
Number 8 green weft and black warp.
Figure 2 shows another design with 4 colours (or shuttles) going in regular
rotation throughout the whole pattern, brown and green weft thread about (or shot
about) for the ground colours and stone and red weft thread about (or shot-about)
for the figure colours with a black and yellow warp. By using the black or
the yellow warp with each of the four weft colours, 8 different shades can be
obtained 4 with the yellow warp and 4 with the black warp; and by mixing the weft
threads of the different plies 16 different shot abouts or combinations can be got as
against 4 produced in the ordinary two ply carpet, or 6 at most when the weft
4
a

page_text: ced and the threads which pair are altered a
weft threads in this case against 6 shades
ter variety of shades with the warp effects.
Brown and green shot about with black warp
Brown and green shot about with yellow wa
Brown and red shot about with black warp.
Brown and red shot about with yellow warp.
Green and stone shot about with black warp.
Green and stone shot about with yellow war
Red and stone shot about with black warp.
Red and stone shot about with yellow warp.
Brown
& -shot about-
with black warp.
Green
with yellow warp
Brown
with yellow warp.
& -shot about-
Green
with black warp.
Browń
with black warp.
& -shot about-
Red
with yellow warp.
Brown
with yellow warp.
& -shot about-
Red
with black warp.
Green
(with black warp.
&
shot about-
Stone
with yellow warp.
Groen
with yellow warp.
& -shot about-
Stone
with black warp.
Red
with black warp.
& -shot about-
Stone
with yellow warp.
Red
with yellow warp.
& -shot about-
with black warp.
Stone
portion of a design of a carpet with three
red being the three weft colours and black
the two warps with each of the three wef
d.
1 D1 L

page_text: And by shotting other colours, with any or all of the three weft colours a considerably
Three warps may
greater number of effects or shades of colour can be obtained.
be used in this instance with advantage. The lighter shades in all the three figures
described are obtained by using the light or yellow warp and the dark shades by
using the dark or black warp.
Figure 4 is a section of the design represented at figure 1 at the lines 5 and 6
showing the intersection of the warp and weft threads. The heavy lines represent
the dark warp and the lighter lines the light warp whilst the colouring of the weft
threads is explained by the key figure 8. Figure 5 is a section of the design
represented at figure 2 at the lines 5 and 6 showing the intersection of the warp. and
weft threads. Figure 6 is a section of the design represented at Figure 3 at the lines
7 and 8 showing the intersection of the warp and weft. The letters indicate the
-weft lines and the figures the warp lines.
These figures (4, 5 and 6) represent sections of fabrics woven in the manner
described in the Specification of our former Patent before referred to but showing the
new warp effects above described.
In weaving multiple ply fabrics whether carpets curtains or other fabrics these
effects can be produced whether by the method of weaving described in our former
Patent already referred to by using two plies of weft or two and a half plies of weft,
or three plies of weft, the first and last as shown in the drawings already described;
or the same effects or very similar effects can be obtained by working the cloth in
the old or imperfect way and cutting holes to represent the journals on the jacquard
cards in the usual manner.
The effects produced by this system of weaving are very similar to those occurring
in five or six frame Brussels carpets especially as shown in figure 3 and in all
cases the effect of the design is greatly improved, the pattern standing out in relief
or raised by the shading, and not flat and unrelieved as is usual in such fabrics.
In ordinary two and three ply carpets where the warps are planted i.e. warped
with sections of different colours or warped thread about for shot a about weaving
This is
different coloured warp threads of ten cross different coloured weft threads.
unavoidable from the nature of the fabric and is not a desirable effect, but generally
a defect the warp threads of each ply always working with the weft threads of same
ply and is altogether different from our Invention.
Having now particularly described and. ascertained the nature of our said Inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed we declare that what we
claim is :-
1. The manufacture of Kidderminster Scotch or Ingrain carpets and similar fabrics
substantially in the improved manner hereinbefore described.
2. A Kidderminster Scotch or Ingrain carpet or like fabric having shaded effects
produced upon the ground or figure substantially in the manner herein before
described.
Dated this Twenty-seventh day of November 1888.
CRUIKSHANK & FAIRWEATHER,
62, Saint Vincent Street, Glasgow,
Agents.