Improvements in Processes for Spinning, Doubling, Twisting, and Winding Yarns or Threads of Cotton, Silk, Wool, Flax, and other Fibres, and in Machinery and Apparatus therefor.
Year: 1890

page_text: Date of Application, 18th Apr., 1890
Complete Specification Left, 19th Jan., 1891-Accepted, 28th Feb., 1891
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Processes for Spinning, Doubling, Twisting, and
Winding Yarns or Threads of Cotton, Silk, Wool, Flax, and other
Fibres, and in Machinery and Apparatus therefor.
I, WILLIAM GOLDING, of 4, Portman Street, Moss Side, Manchester, Manu-
facturer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:—
1. It relates primarily to arrangements by which four or more turns of twist
are given to the roving, yarn, or thread for every revolution of the spindle. For
convenience the roving yarn or yarns, and thread or threads are hereinafter called
the yarn. The yarn to be spun or twisted or doubled and twisted is formed into
the shape of a loop, consisting of two different strands or ends of yarn. One
yarn is supplied from above where it passes along or touches the axis of revolution
and is then curved round and downwards, forming one side of the loop, brought in
again to the axis and conducted upwards into the interior of the loop. The other
yarn is supplied from below and is passed upward along the axial line till it nearly
reaches the first yarn, when it is curved round in the opposite direction forming
the other side of the loop, it is then brought in to the axial line above, just below
the first yarn, and is then conducted downwards into the interior of the loop. The
winding spun or twisted yarn or the unwinding yarn to be twisted is contained
inside the loop, supported by a cross-bar or arm which hereinafter is called the
restrained arm. The outward ends of the two yarns are each connected with a
roller or rollers or some other fixed point, and the inner ends of the two yarns
forming the loop pass through guides or some other non-revolving part held by the
restrained arm. When the loop is revolved around its axis, two turns of twist are
put in each yarn for every revolution, while the mass of the yarn inside the loop is not
revolved, but it unwinds or is wound as the case may be at a rate sufficient only to
supply or take up the yarn. The operation of winding or unwinding does not affect
the evenness of the twist, as the two operations are quite distinct. Two or more
loops may be formed by the two yarns. After completing the first loop, another
loop is formed inside it and parallel to it by shaping the inner end of each yarn
to form a loop the contrary way to the outer one. Several loops may be formed
in this way if desired. If each alternate loop is then revolved, say to the right
and the others to the left, four turns of twist are put in the yarn in every loop
at each revolution. As the restrained arm is surrounded by the loop when it
revolves, it requires to be held still against the tendency to revolve.
It may
however be revolved in the opposite direction or slowly in the same direction as
the loop. The different methods of controlling the restrained arın are described
hereinafter.
2. Description of spindle.-The spindle consists of an upper and a lower pair
of equal projecting arms, mounted so as to be capable of being rotated in suitable
bearings carried by an upper and lower longitudinal rail. These bearings are
arranged so that the axes of rotation of the upper and lower pairs of arms are not
in a straight line, but are, when produced, parallel to each other. Instead of
projecting arms, circular discs may be used. The corresponding ends of the
upper and lower arms are connected by flexible bands, consisting of a few threads
or strands of silk, flax, Rhea fibre or other suitable material. The stem, shank or
central part, of each pair of arms, which passes through the bearing is tubular
from end to end. The lower one is provided with the usual wharve by which it is
driven, the upper one being revolved by means of the flexible sides. This arrange-
ment forms in effect a closed flyer consisting of a rigid top and bottom and flexible
sides A transverse hole is made through the tubular part of both the top &

page_text: Within the
bottom pieces from side to side, in the upper piece between the supporting rail and
the arms, and in the lower one between the arms and the wharve.
closed flyer so formed the restrained arm placed. It has a tubular shank sup-
ported in an oil cup formed centrally in the top of the tube which carries the
lower pair of arms. From this restrained arm a rigid connection, consisting of a
rod, wire or wires bears against one side of the lower end of the shank of the upper
pair of arms. When the spindle, consisting of the closed flyer and the central
tubes, is revolved, the restrained arm with its rigid connections is prevented from
being revolved with it by the lower end of the upper pair of arms forming a stop.
The tubular parts of the revolving closed flyer spindle are made of a diameter to
allow the longitudinal hollow to be sufficiently capacious for readily threading the
spindle in the manner hereinafter described. The spindle is employed, (a) to twist
yarn, placed in a frame rigidly connected to the restrained arm inside the flyer,
ready wound upon a bobbin, tube or skewer or upon bobbins, tubes, or skewers, either
each yarn singly wound or the different yarns of each set doubled and wound
together ready for twisting. In this case the yarn is twisted as it unwinds, and
after being twisted into two separate threads, the latter are wound as required
outside away from the spindle. For convenience I describe this as the unwinding
twisting spindle. This spindle is employed also (6) to spin yarn from rovings or to
twist doubled yarn and wind it inside the flyer either on bobbins or tubes or in
cops on spindle pegs. In this case the roving is supplied by the usual drawing
rollers, one set being placed vertically above the spindle and one set below, or the
doubled yarn to be twisted is supplied from the creel above the frame. This I
describe as the winding twisting spindle. Both spindles may be used together in
the same frame, one placed above the other, twisting the same yarn. The upper
and lower cross arms are provided with suitable eyes or curls and fixed curls or
thread guides are provided at each end of the tubular shanks of the upper and
lower arms.
When twisting from the unwinding spindle the frame inside the flyer
is preferably formed with two horizontal fixed wire studs, one above the other, upon
each of which is placed a wound bobbin containing yarn ready doubled.
3. Method of threading the spindle.-The strands of yarn from the upper bobbin
are conducted upwards through the guide into the lower end of the upper tube and
out through one end of the transverse hole, (in order to effect this readily a slot is
cut from one side of the hole to the tubular centre down to the lower end). The
yarn is then conducted along the arm, down alongside the flexible side of the flyer
to and along the lower arm, through one end of the transverse hole to the tubular
centre, through a guide eye (a, fixed to the rail) to the draw roller. The strands
of yarn from the lower bobbin are conducted through a guide eye (b, fixed to the
restrained arm or frame inside the flyer) down the central tube, out through the
corresponding transverse hole, along the arm, up alongside the other flexible side of
the flyer, to and along the upper arm, through the end of the transverse hole and
up the tubular centre, through a guide eye, (c, fixed to the upper rail) to the draw
roller. The guide eyes a, b, and c are curls at the ends of wires which are bent
and pivoted respectively to the fixed parts described so that when required for
threading the tubular parts of the spindle at the commencement of operations or
after piecing the yarn, each one when turned on its pivot enters the tubular centre
and emerges at the transverse hole carrying or bringing back the yarn with it.
When the spindle is revolved in either direction four turns of twist (two in each
yarn) are put in the yarn at every revolution of the spindle. One turn of twist is
put in at each of the four points of the loop where the curve touches the axial line
and the twist runs along away from the loop (outward towards one end of each
thread and towards the other end inward) as far as the nearest fixed point.
4. Draw roller.-Sufficient drag is placed upon the bobbins by means of a smal
spring pressing upon the edge of each. To draw the twisted yarn from the
spindles I use a single draw roller both below and above them. This rolle
consists of a continuous cylindrical metal bar supported in suitable bearings in
which it is free to be rotated. This bar passes through the centre of shor

page_text: cylindrical loose bosses of considerably greater diameter, and preferably made of
wood covered with flannel cloth or leather, one boss being arranged for each
spindle. These bosses are driven from the metal roller. From the end of each
boss a fixed curved stud projects horizontally, this rests against an L shaped catch
pivoted on the metal roller in a direction at right angles to its axis, so that
when it is vertical it drives the boss, but when it is turned down the boss is free.
Parallel to the bosses but not touching them is placed a fixed rod preferably of
glass, and preferably placed below them. On the side of the rod, furthest from the
roller, two or three helical notches are cut or moulded in it opposite the centre of
each boss. These glass rods may dip into a shallow trough containing water if
required for wet doubling. For dry doubling, wire twisted guides may be sub-
stituted in place of the glass rod. The yarn from the spindle is passed one or more
times round both boss and glass rod in the notches, which causes it to take a
spiral course round the two. When two different counts or warp and weft are
required to be twisted at the same time, one draw roller is rotated with greater
peripheral velocity than the other. In other cases, one roller may be used instead
of two, one thread passing direct to it, and the other being conducted to it round
guides.
5. Winding outside the flyer.-When the twisted yarn is required to be wound
on bobbins, the bobbin is placed upon one arm of an Ĺ shaped pin, (pivoted at the
other end upon a fixed horizontal rod running along the frame) so placed that the
part of the bobbin between the flanged ends, with the winding yarn upon it, will
rest upon the boss of the draw roller and be rotated by it at the required speed to
take up the yarn supplied by the boss, by means of frictional contact under the
weight of the bobbin and pin when they are above tlie roller or by a counterweight
when they are below. The yarn is evenly wound upon the bobbins by means of a
light thread rail (running longitudinally along the frame) which is traversed by the
usual means in a horizontal direction. In order that the yarn may be delivered to
the bobbins at a constant rate, I pivot this rail on vertical supports which are also
pivoted to the frame at the other ends. These are arranged so that the radial
element in the motion of the thread rail neutralizes the radial element in the motion
of the yarn as it is moved from side to side. Cylindrical spools on paper or
wooden tubes may be wound in the same way. In silk spinning when spinning
either "singles or tram or twisting "organzine" or otherwise when desired,
with this spindle the draw rollers may be dispensed with and the thread received,
drawn, and wound directly by the bobbins. The bobbins are in that case screwed
together upon shafts in the usual way and rotated with a variable motion according
to the varying diameter of the winding surface so as to draw the yarn at a constant
rate. The shafts containing the bobbins are traversed longitudinally in order to
wind the thread evenly. If the yarn is required to be wound in cops, spindle
pegs are placed vertically in sockets and each one is rotated from the corre-
sponding boss by means of a band passing round wharves on the boss and on the
spindle peg. The pegs are driven at an average speed, and the surplus yarn of
each stretch or stage of the winding is held in tension by a free balanced
"counter-faller" wire, the yarn being built into cops by a "faller" operated by
the copping apparatus hereinafter described.
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66
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6. Winding inside the flyer.-In the case of the winding twisting spindle,
I employ one draw roller only preferably placed above the spindles. Both sets
of yarns are brought from-wound bobbins placed upon the creel at the top of the
frame and each set is passed separately round the same boss of the draw roller in
the manner previously described. One set of yarns is conducted from the roller
into the top of the spindle, the other set is conducted through fixed guides down
to a light vertically traversing rod supported in a horizontal position along the
frame below the spindles, round which rod the set of yarns is passed and so into
the bottom of the spindle. The threading of both sets of yarns as far as the
interior guide eyes is the same as previously described herein, only the reverse
way. The
yarn is wound into cops on spindle pegs or on tubes or bobbins

page_text: placed upon them inside the flyer. The restrained arm towards the ends is
formed into two sockets in which two vertical spindle pegs, shaped with small
wharves upon them, are rotated by means of an endless elastic band being passed
round both wharves, touching upon opposite sides of the central revolving spindle
from which it is driven by friction. Two parallel vertical wires form the connection
between the restrained arm and the lower end of the shank of the upper pair of
arms. A light wire traveller (which does not revolve) consisting of a split guide
at the centre with an arm at each side, one of which is bent up and the other down,
partly encircles at each end the two upright parallel wires and is free to slide up
and down them. The yarn is conducted from the lower interior guide eye up
through the centre of the traveller to one of the spindle pegs, tubes or bobbins.
The other set of yarns is conducted from the upper interior guide eye down through
the centre of the traveller to the spindle peg, tube or bobbin at the other side.
When the twisting and winding commences, the stress of the winding draught pulls
the traveller with equal force to opposite sides as well as equally up and down and
if not operated it remains in one place. To operate the traveller the light rod
round which the lower set of yarns is passed is traversed up and down as required
by the winding. The traveller exactly reproduces the motion of the rod but in the
reverse direction and lays the yarn as required, the supply of yarn and the tension
to the winding spindles on each side and up and down remaining equal and opposite
during the traverse.
7. Alternative methods of arranging the wound yarn in the unwinding twisting
spindle. Instead of supplying this spindle in the manner previously described, the
restrained arm may have a central nearly vertical spindle peg hinged to it so that
when upright it points from the lower to the upper axis. It can be turned down
outwards to be supplied with a bobbin of yarn or for doffing. A large bobbin of
yarn is placed upon it with the two sets of doubled yarn wound side by side upon
it.
A spirally shaped guide wire is fixed to the restrained arm and extends from
below the bobbin to above it. The set of doubled yarns wound slightly higher
than the other set is passed over this guide wire and brought down to a lower
guide; the other set is passed under the guide wire and carried up to a higher
guide, the remainder of the threading being the same as previously described.
The effect of the equal and opposite drag up and down is that the two sets of
yarns follow the convolutions of the winding, travelling up and down the guide wire
in order to do so. Or two bobbins of wound yarn may be placed upon the peg
one above the other. When it is required to double and twist yarn already
wound in cops, the cops are placed upon four or more spindle pegs, placed vertically
in sockets (in the restrained arm), in which they are capable of being rotated each
on its axis. A drag is put upon the pegs either by springs or washers. The two
sets of yarn are passed through such a traveller in the same way as that described
in paragraph 6, but instead of being drawn up and down by a traversing rod, it
acts automatically.
8. Modifications of the spindle.-In some cases I construct the spindle without
the upper pair of arms and dispense with the upper rail. A vertical rod or wire is
fixed to the restrained arm a little out of centre. At the upper end is a trumpet
shaped hole widest at the top, and bent over so as to be lineable with the axis of
the spindle. Above this higher up in the same line is a thread guide fixed to the
usual thread board. The upper set of yarns passes downward through this thread
guide directly to the cross arm, and the lower set is passed directly from the other
arm upwards, over and down through the trumpet shaped hole, the rest of the
threading being as before described. A ring is fixed to the vertical wire to keep
the loop as it revolves clear of the yarn inside the loop. This ring is arranged to
slide up the vertical wire out of the way for doffing. The restrained arm has a
projecting piece of soft iron fixed to the back part of it which is acted upon by a
magnet or an electro-magnet placed outside the loop, which arrangement holds the
restrained arm still so that it will not revolve with the spindle. Another
modification of the spindle is adapted for spinning yarn from rovings supplied by

page_text: drawing rollers placed vertically above and below the spindles, each pair of
rollers being arranged with their axes in a horizontal plane. One set of rollers is
supplied from roving bobbins placed in the creel above the frame, and the other set
from roving bobbins placed on a line of shelves pivoted to the lower part of the
frame, so that the shelves can be turned forward for taking away the empty
bobbins and renewing the supply when they fall back into place by their own
weight. This spindle consists of a rigid closed flyer having suitable bearings in an
upper and lower rail. The tops and sides are supplied with curls or eyes, or.
preferably the sides are made tubular and the yarn passed along the centre. To
enable this to be readily effected the tubular sides are slotted from top to bottom.
The restrained arm has no vertical rods or wires but is held against revolving by
two light curved and inclined plates carried by the restrained arm on either side
upon which two fine jets of slightly compressed air are directed from two nozzles
connected to a supply pipe running along the frame just under the lower crossbar
of the flyer. Or the restrained arm may be revolved in the opposite direction to
the flyer by means of a fan fixed to it and operated by the air jets. In this case
the number of turns of twist put in the yarn is four times the rate of revolution
of the flyer plus twice the rate of rotation of the restrained arm. Or the restrained
arm may be allowed to rotate slowly in the same direction as the flyer, its rotation
being retarded by the resistance of the atmosphere which resistance may be
increased by fixing to the restrained arm two or more light vertical discs. In this
case the number of turns of twist put in the yarn is four times the rate of
revolution of the flyer, minus twice the rate of rotation of the restrained arm.
The even winding is effected by means of a vertically traversing spindle inserted
through the tubular centre and caused to rotate with the flyer by means of flats
upon both, but is free to be traversed up and down. It is tubular and is slotted
on opposite sides to the extent of the lift to allow the yarn access to the centre.
A suitable wire guide or traveller is sprung upon the top of this spindle. The
threading is the same as before described. The guide or traveller is held against
revolving by the yarn. The restrained arm in both these spindles may be held
against revolving by constructing one end of it heavier than the other, and placing
the spindle in an inclined position; the heavier end is then held downwards by
gravity. When two, three or more loops are formed upon the same spindle, in
order to obtain eight, twelve or more times the twist more than the rate of
revolution, I construct as many closed flyers, either with rigid or flexible sides, as
there are loops. The outer flyer is revolved by means of a band and wharve say
to the left, while the inner ones are revolved each alternate one to the right and
the others to the left by means of a light fan being fixed to the shank of each,
inclined as required by the direction of revolution. The outer fans are more open
between the plates than the inner ones. The fans are operated upon by jets of air
delivered by two nozzles both from above the upper crossarm and from below the
lower one.
The inner flyers are supported upon each other and upon the outer
one, and form together oil cups at the central tubular shanks. These are arranged
to allow access through holes for the different threads to the common axis of
revolution. It will be readily understood that I may combine any of the different
features of the spindles described so as to form other distinctive spindles suitable
for special purposes. The spindles may also if required be used to spin or twist
one thread instead of two.
9. Arrangement of driving cylinders.-The spindles are revolved by means
of bands which pass round the wharves on the spindles and round two tin
cylinders supported in bearings at the centre of the frame, the cylinders being driven
in the usual way. Instead of arranging the cylinders side by side on the same level
as is the ordinary practice, I place them one above the other, thus allowing the
frame to be made about two-thirds the usual width. The hands are arranged as
follows. A band is passed from the wharve of one spindle, between the two
cylinders, over say the upper one, then between the cylinders again to the wharve
of the spindle on the opposite side. So far it has been extended from one wharve

page_text: to the opposite one and has been wrapped once round the upper cylinder. It is
then passed round the wharve of the spindle then between the cylinders, under the
lower cylinder, back between the cylinders again, having now been passed round
the lower cylinder the opposite way; it is then joined to the other end round the
wharve of the first spindle. The cylinders are rotated both in the same direction.
In this arrangement of the band, one band drives two spindles. To drive each
spindle with a separate band, the band is passed from the wharve, between the
cylinders, round say the upper cylinder, down from the upper surface of the upper
cylinder to the lower surface of the lower cylinder, round the lower cylinder and back
between the cylinders to the wharve. The cylinders are both revolved in the same
direction. The vertical part of the band passes between the two horizontal parts
and is convenient for being acted upon by weighted pulleys to keep the bands at an
uniform tension. When two rows of spindles are arranged on each side of the
frame, one above the other, I employ three tin cylinders placed vertically above
each other and revolve them in the same direction. The upper tiers of spindles are
revolved by bands passing round the upper and middle cylinders, and the lower
tiers by bands passing round the middle and lower cylinders in the manner described.
10. Copping or building apparatus.-This relates to an improved copping motion
or apparatus for building the yarn into cops. I employ two revolving cams,
fixed to two parallel shafts, free to revolve in bearings and preferably revolved in
opposite directions. The contour of the working surface or edge of one cam differs
from that of the other, one being shaped according to the graduation of the lift of
the upper coil of each stage of the winding, beginning at the lowest and finishing at
the highest, and the other according to the graduation of the lift of the lower coil
of each stage. In order to make the shape of these cams quite clear I will describe
how the cam contour is obtained in the model from which to cast them. A flat
piece of wood of the requisite size and thickness has a circle described upon it, say
with a radius of about four inches. From the same centre another circle is struck
outside the other, the difference between the diameters of the two circles being the
distance between the top coil of the lowest stage and the top coil of the completed
cop. Two radial lines which may be distinguished as a and b a short distance apart
are drawn to the outer circle. The greater part of the circumference of the outer
circle, which lies between these two radial lines is equally divided by radial lines
into as many divisions as there are stages in the cop. The point at which say, the
radial line a intersects the inner circle is taken as the starting point to represent
the position of the top coil of the lowest stage. The distance of the top coil of
the second stage, above the top coil of the first stage is then marked on the next
radial line of the equal divisions measuring from the inner circle in the direction of
the outer one, and so on marking the distance of the top coil of each successive
stage until the outer circle is reached at the point of intersection of the radial
line, which point represents the top of the completed cop. An even curved line
is drawn through all the points, and a straight line is drawn from the inner to the
onter circle between the points of intersection of the lines a and b. The wood is
cut down to the lines and thus the correct contour of the working surface of the
cam is obtained. This cam I will designate "shaper cam A." The other model is
treated in the same way, but the distance between the lower coil of each successive
stage is taken. A difference however is made in the steeply inclined surface from
the outer to the inner circle lying between the radial lines a and b. The surface is
carried down from a for a short distance nearer the centre, then curved up and
carried nearly straight up to the outer circle at the point of intersection of .
This latter alteration is to allow of the yarn being wound a few times round the
spindle pegs below the cop after it is finished, and immediately before the frame is
stopped, so as to fix the yarn ready for commencing the next cop. This cam I
designate "shaper cam B." The bearings of the cam shafts are arranged so that
the axis of the shaft to which shaper cam A is attached is higher than the axis of
the other shaft, by the length of the first stage of the winding, or the axes of the
shafts may be at the same level and the proper inclination obtained by making

page_text: shaper cam A correspondingly of greater diameter than previously described. An
inclined shaper bar rests upon the working surfaces of both cams by means of two
bowls or friction rollers which are free to revolve upon studs fast to the shaper bar
near its ends, one stud projecting on one side of the shaper bar and the other stud
projecting on the opposite side so as to leave the upper surface of the shaper bar
clear. The shaper bar and attached rollers are arranged so that when in position
the shaper bar rests above and between the cams with each roller vertically over
one of the cam shafts. It is maintained in this position by pivoting it to a vertical
bar which is kept in place by a vertical fixed tube in which it is free to move up
and down. The vertical bar is prevented from turning round by having a feather
upon it taking into a corresponding slot in the bearing or vice versa. The rollers on
the shaper bar are preferably flanged. The shaper bar is thus free to be lifted or
depressed in a vertical direction by the action of the cams, and at the same time to
receive a varying inclination by the differential action of the cams upon both ends.
I construct a combination of four bars pivoted together so as to form a parallelo-
gram with two of its contiguous sides extended. Preferably it is made as follows.
Two bars of equal length are pivoted together at one end, two other bars each of
half the length of either of the others are also pivoted together at one end. The
free ends of the short bars are pivoted to the middles of the long bars one to each,
the axes of the studs of the pivots being all perpendicular to the longitudinal
axes of the bars. The upper end of the bar combination is pivoted to a block free
to move up and down in a vertical fixed slide. The lower end is provided with a
roller which rests upon the upper surface of the shaper bar. The axes of the pins
at the two ends and centre are parallel and in the same plane. The centre pin
which pivots the two short bars together is prolonged in both directions. One end
is rigidly fixed into a block free to move to and fro in a fixed horizontal slide, the
other end is provided with a friction roller. This friction roller is acted upon by a
revolving cam which moves the centre pin of the bar combination along the
horizontal slide during the time the even layers of each stage are being wound and
allows it to return more quickly while the return coils are being wound, the return
being accomplished by connecting the centre pin and the cam shaft by a coiled
spring. This cam I call the time cam." When the centre pin of the bar
combination is moved along the horizontal slide by the action of the time
cam it moves the roller at the end of the bar combination horizontally to
twice the extent. In making this horizontal traverse the roller is also
moved in a vertical direction as a result of the inclined position of the shaper
bar. This vertical element of the motion of the roller is exactly transmitted at
every part to the block moving in the vertical slide but the direction of the move-
ment is reversed. This motion is transmitted to the traversing rails or building
spindles for building up the cops in the flyers or to "fallers" for building the cops
outside the flyers. The three cam shafts are connected with the moving power by
gearing so that the two shafts of the shaper cams are revolved with uniform velocity
once during the building up of the cop, while the shaft of the time cam is revolved
with uniforin velocity once for each complete stage of the winding. The shaper
bar has its upper surface shaped so as to effect the even winding of each coil of the
stage. For instance when the cops are wound inside the flyer as previously
described, the winding is variable being quicker toward the nose of each stage and
slower at the lower end of each stage, that is it varies inversely according to the
diameter. In order to prevent the coils from being laid closer together as the
diameter decreases the shaper bar has its upper surface concave so as to lift with
increasing quickness and cause the coils to be laid at an equal distance apart. On
the other hand where the cops are built outside the flyers they are revolved at a
constant rate of speed as previously described, the upper surface of the shaper bar
is in that case a plane surface. Every possible variation of shape and extent of the
stages is obtained by modifying the three cam contours and the upper surface of
the shaper bar, and in like manner any desired shape of cop can be built whatever

page_text: quality the winding motion may be. The action of this apparatus is continuous
and automatic, needing no winding back.
At
11. Apparatus for transmitting the copping motion along the frame.-In the case
of the cops being built by a faller wire outside the flyers, the faller wires are
supported by a row of arms pivoted towards the middle of each to the frame and
nearly counterbalanced at the inner ends. A light horizontal bar is rigidly fixed
to the upper block moving in the vertical slide of the copping apparatus. This bar
is connected at each end to the inner ends of the corresponding end supports of the
faller wire by a cord. To increase or decrease the range of the faller, so as to
build larger or smaller cops, the cord is attached nearer to or further from the end.
In the case of the cops built inside the flyer:-A light copping shaft, capable of
partially revolving in suitable bearings is placed along each side of the frame.
the end next the copping apparatus, each shaft has a pulley fixed upon it of a
circumference greater than the length of the cop. One of these pulleys has a strap
fixed to it at the under side, the strap is then passed over it, brought down and
connected with the upper block of the copping apparatus. The other shaft is
operated from the shaft first mentioned. Another strap is fastened to the pulley
in the same way beside the other, it is then carried from the top of the pulley to
the bottom of the pulley on the opposite shaft and is passed nearly round and the
end fastened to it. The light traversing rail described in paragraph 6 is connected
at intervals by straps to similar pulleys on the copping shaft. The traversing rail
is prevented from swaying about by abutting against vertical supports placed at
intervals along the frame. In order to operate the copping spindles described in
paragraph 8 so that they will not bind in the spindle each one is lifted separately
by the copping shaft. The latter is provided with a pulley opposite each spindle.
The copping spindle is supported by and revolves in a cup which is itself supported
by two cords, which pass over small pulleys fastened to the bottom of the main
spindle rail close to the spindle. These cords are fastened to the pulleys on the
copping shaft in the same way as described for the end pulleys and straps. The
cup is prevented from revolving with the copping spindle by projections on each
side, one of which slides along a vertical rod or wire, fixed at the top to the main
rail, and formed into an eye at the bottom to guide the yarn entering the spindle
from below. Or the copping spindles may be supported in oil cups in a lifting rail,
the bearings being free at the sides so as not to bind, and the rail counterbalanced,
directed and lifted by chains in the usual way.
fi
12. Method of driving the shaper cams of the copping apparatus.-The means 1
adopt to drive the shaper cams of the copping apparatus are as follows:--An
epicyclic train consisting of two bevelled toothed wheels (c and d) of equal diameter
are mounted loosely upon one of the shaper cam shafts, so as to be capable of being
revolved upon it, being held in place by the usual collars. Fast upon the shaft of
the shaper cam between the bevelled wheels is a short arm (a) projecting at right
angles from it. Upon the end of the arm za smaller bevelled toothed wheel (a) is
mounted so that it is free to be revolved on the arm, and so that it meshes with the
bevelled wheels c and d on either side. Fast upon the outside of the bevelled
wheel and concentric with it, is an ordinary spur wheel (a). A spur wheel (b) of
equal diameter to a is fixed in like manner to the bevel wheel d. Spur wheel a has
one tooth more than b. Bevel wheel c has one tooth more than d. The two
bevelled wheels are revolved in opposite directions. The other cam shaft is
revolved from the one first referred to by means of two equal spur wheels having
an equal number of teeth, one being fast on each shaft and meshing together.
Suppose spur wheel a has 50 teeth, spur wheel 649 teeth, bevel wheel c 51 teeth,
and bevel wheel d 50 teeth. Then if the bevelled wheels c and d are driven in
opposite directions by two other spur wheels of equal diameter and number of teeth
revolving with the same velocity, during the time a and c revolve 2550 times,
b and d revolve 2549 times, and the arm z and consequently the cam shafts each
revolve once.

page_text: 13. Stopping the machinery of the frame when the winding of the cops is
completed. After the machinery has been started, a cord or strap which is suitably
connected with the guide of the main driving strap of the frame is hooked upon the
pin or stud which joins together the two longer bars of the bar combination of the
copping apparatus. When the cops are completed, the shaper bar slips down
the steep inclines on the shaper cams. The roller on the lower end of the bar
combination moves down to the same extent, and lengthens the vertical reach of the
latter, drawing in the pin or stud before referred to, upon which the cord or strap
is hooked, and pulls the main driving strap from the fast to the loose pulley and
stops the frame.
14. Oiling the spindle bearings. In order to carry the oil upward to lubricate
the upper part of the main spindle bearings when the spindle is revolved in either
direction I construct the upper part of the bearing of greater diameter than the
lower, the oil is then carried up to the higher bearing by the centrifugal force and
falls over the top of the bolster into the oil cup. To prevent the oil from being
carried too high up the spindle I cut in the latter a circumferential groove; the
oil is prevented by the centrifugal force from mounting to the smaller diameter of
the interior of the groove. In the case of a tubular bearing (having an interior
fixed tube in order to prevent the oil escaping) a groove is cut on the interior
surface of the revolving tube, below the top, of the fixed tube, and oil ducts are
drilled to it from the outside. The centrifugal action forces the oil into the
groove and through the ducts and prevents it passing upwards out of the groove.
In the case of revolving oil cups, the upper diameter is contracted for the same
purpose.
Dated this Seventeenth day of April 1890.
WILLIAM GOLDING.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Processes for Spinning, Doubling, Twisting, and
Winding Yarns or Threads of Cotton, Silk, Wool, Flax, and other
Fibres, and in Machinery and Apparatus therefor.
I, WILLIAM GOLDING, of 4, Portman Street, Moss Side, Manchester, Manu-
facturer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention, and in what manner the
same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement :-
1. It relates primarily to arrangements by which four or more turns of twist are
given to the roving, yarn, or thread for every revolution of the spindle. For
convenience the roving, yarn or yarns, and thread or threads are hereinafter called
the yarn. The yarn to be spun or twisted or doubled and twisted is formed into
the shape of a loop, consisting of two different strands or ends of yarn. Reference
is made to Figs. 4 and 5. One yarn x is supplied from above where it passes along
or touches the axis of revolution and is then curved round and downwards forming
one side of the loop, brought in again to the axis, and conducted upwards into the
interior of the loop. The other yarn y is supplied from below and passed upward
along the axial line till it nearly reaches the first yarn, when it is curved round in
the opposite direction forming the other side of the loop, it is then brought in to the
axial line above, just below the first yarn, and is then conducted downwards into
the interior of the loop. The winding spun or twisted yarn a, a', or the unwinding
yarn b, b', to be twisted is contained inside the loop, supported by a cross-bar or
arm which hereinafter is called the restrained arm. The outward ends of the two
yarns are each connected with a roller or rollers, or to some other fixed point, the
fixed point being represented in Sheet 1 by a cross, and the inner ends of the two
yarns forming the loop pass through guides or some other non-revolving part held
by the restrained arm. When the loop is revolved around its axis two-turns of
twist are put in each yarn for every revolution, while the mass of the yarn inside
B

page_text: the loop is not revolved but it unwinds or is wound as the case may be at a rate
sufficient only to supply or take up the yarn. The operation of winding or
winding does not affect the evenness of the twist as the two operations are
quite distinct. Two or more loops may be formed by the two yarns. Reference
is made to Figs. 6 and 7. In the diagram marked Fig. 6 the loops are formed of
one end of yarn and in Fig. 7 of two ends. After completing the first loop, another
loop is formed inside it and parallel to it by shaping the inner end of each yarn to
form a loop the contrary way to the outer one. Several loops may be formed in
this way if desired. If each alternate loop is then revolved say to the right and
the others to the left, four turns of twist are put in the yarn in every loop at cach
revolution. The principle involved may be seen if Figs. 1 & 2 are considered.
The diagram Fig. 1 represents two simple spindles one a winding and the other an
unwinding one, the former containing the twisted yarn and the latter the doubled
yarn ready for twisting. If both spindles are revolved in the same direction, say
at 5000 revolutions per minute, while the yarn between is held stationary, 10000 turns
of twist per minute are put in the yarn. Let one spindle be now dispensed with
and the other spindle be held stationary while the half loop of yarn is revolved
round it in the opposite direction, see Fig. 2, the other end being also held
stationary, two turns of twist will be put in for each revolution. It will be observed
that the relative motions of the parts in Fig. 1 are equivalent to the relative
motions of the parts in Fig. 2. Also if the spindle in Fig. 2 be revolved in the
opposite direction to the half loop of yazn it will put a proportionate additional
number of turns of twist in the yarn, while if it is turned in the same direction as
the half loop it lessens the number of turns of twist. Fig. 3 is merely Fig. 2 turned
upside down, and the half loop revolved in the same direction. The arrows are
intended to indicate the direction of the revolution of the loop or half loop when it
is passing between the spindle and the observer. The revolution represented in
Fig. 2 twists the yarn weft way, and that in Fig. 3 twist way. Figs. 2 and 3 are
combined in Figs. 4 and 5. Either of these arrangements gives four turns of twist
for each revolution of the loop. As the restrained arm is surrounded by the loop
or half loop when it revolves it requires to be held still against the tendency to
revolve. It may however be revolved in the opposite direction or slowly in the
same direction as the loop. The different methods of controlling the restrained arm
are described hereinafter.
2. Description of spindle.-See Figs. 8 and 9. Fig. 8 is a front elevation and
Fig. 9 an end view of a vertical section. The spindle consists of an upper pair A
and a lower pair B of equal projecting arms mounted so as to be capable of being
rotated in suitable bearings carried by an upper and lower longitudinal rail, repre-
sented in the figures by C and D respectively. These bearings are arranged so that
the axes of rotation of the upper and lower pairs of arms are not in a straight line,
but are when produced, parallel to each other. Instead of projecting arms, circular
discs may be used. The corresponding ends of the upper and lower arms are
connected by flexible bands m and n consisting of a few threads or strands of silk,
flax, Rhea fibre or other suitable material. The stem shank or central part, of cach
pair of arms, which passes through or into the bearing is tubular from end to end.
The lower one is provided with the usual wharve by which it is driven, the upper
one being revolved by means of the flexible sides. This arrangement forms in
effect a closed flyer consisting of a rigid top and bottom, with flexible sides. A
transverse hole Ŏ and O' is made through the tubular part of both the top and
bottom pieces from side to side, in the upper piece between the supporting rail and
the arms, and in the lower one between the arms and the wharve. Within the
closed flyer so formed, the restrained arm is placed. It has a tubular shank s
supported in an oil cup formed centrally in the top of the tube which carries the
lower pair of arms. From this restrained arm a rigid connection, t, t, consisting of
a rod, wire, or wires one end of which bears against one side of the lower end
of the shank of the upper pair of arms. When the spindle, consisting of the closed
flyer and the central tubes is revolved, the restrained arm with its rigid connections

page_text: is prevented from being revolved with it by the lower end of the upper pair of arms
forming a stop. At the starting of the spindle for the first turn or two, the upper
cross arm is pulled round by the flexible sides. They then immediately curve out
under the strain of the centrifugal force, and the upper and lower cross arms and
flexible sides revolve together as if they were absolutely rigid. The variety of this
spindle represented in Sheets 5 and 6 has been driven at great velocities. Each
particle of the flexible sides describes a true circle. The eccentricity tends to
steady it and keeps it free from vibration. The pressure of the end u of the back-
bone t upon the revolving shank is not affected by the velocity. In the case of
the variety of spindle represented in Sheets 5 and 6, the model spindle has been
revolved at over 10,000 revolutions per minute putting in over 20,000 turns of twist
per minute in the yarn. The pressure between the parts u and was about th of
an ounce, and though they were not lubricated yet no perceptible heating took place.
If the flexible sides m and n are too tight they will when revolving lift the lower
part of the spindle from its seat and it will be revolved supported by the sides.
The same effect occurs if the sides are unduly heavy. As the sides should be fairly
tight for starting well, when the spool or bobbin is small, I use two rubber rings
which are sprung on the stem of the lower part of the spindle and the flexible sides
are tied to them as shewn at u u¹ on Sheets 2, 5 and 6. The tubular parts
of the revolving closed flyer spindle are made of a diameter to allow the longi-
tudinal hollow to be sufficiently capacious for readily threading the spindle, by
means of wire hooks such as are represented in Figs. 10, 11 and 21.
With regard
to piecing, though provision is made for quickly effecting it, it is not expected
to be required, or to be required very rarely, as the utmost strain to which the yarn
is subjected in the process of twisting and spinning varies according to the variety
of spindle from th to th of the breaking strain. The action of the spindles
would therefore be as nearly automatic as possible. The spindle is employed
(a) to twist yarn placed in a frame rigidly connected to the restrained arm inside the
flyer, ready wound upon a bobbin, tube or skewer or upon bobbins, tubes, or
skewers, either each yarn singly wound or the different yarns of each set doubled
and wound together ready for twisting. In this case the yarn is twisted as it
unwinds, and after being twisted into two separate threads, the latter are wound as
required outside away from the spindle. For convenience I describe this as the
unwinding twisting spindle. This spindle is employed also (b) to spin yarn from
rovings or to twist doubled yarn and wind it inside the flyer either on bobbins or
tubes or in cops on spindle pegs. In this case the roving is supplied by the usual
drawing rollers, one set being placed vertically above the spindle and one set below,
or the doubled yarn to be twisted is supplied from the creel above the frame. This
I describe as the winding twisting spindle. Both spindles may be used together in
the same frame, one placed above the other, twisting the same yarn.
The upper
and lower cross arms are provided with suitable eyes or curls and fixed curls or
thread guides are provided at each end of the tubular shanks of the upper and
lower arms.
When twisting two threads from the unwinding spindle the frame
inside the flyer is preferably formed with two horizontal fixed wire studs x and y,
one above the other, upon each of which is placed a wound bobbin containing yarn
ready doubled. In the Figures 8 and 9 the doubled yarn is represented as cross
wound upon tubes into cylindrical spools b and b¹.
3. Method of threading the spindle.-The two sets of yarn are arranged practically
as represented in Fig. 4. In Figs. 8 and 9 the yarn brought from above is repre-
sented by a dash and dot and that from below by a dash and two dots so that they
can be readily traced by the eye. The strands of yarn from the upper bobbin are
conducted upwards round the guide into the lower end of the upper tube and out
through one end of the transverse hole. The yarn is then conducted over the end
of the arm, down alongside the flexible side of the flyer to and along the lower arm,
through one end of the transverse hole to the tubular centre, through a guide eye
to the draw roller. The strands of yarn from the lower bobbin are conducted
round a guide eye h (fixed to the restrained-arm or frame inside the flyer) down the

page_text: central tube, out through the corresponding transverse hole, along the arm, up
alongside the other flexible side of the flyer to and along the upper arm, through
the end of the transverse hole and up the tubular centre, through a guide eye to
the draw roller. When the spindle is revolved in either direction four turns of
twist (two in each yarn) are put in the yarn at every revolution of the spindle..
One turn of twist is put in at each of the four points of the loop where the curve
touches the axial line and the twist runs along away from the loop (outward towards
one end of each thread and towards the other end inward) as far as the nearest
fixed point. In some cases the yarn in process of being twisted will be sufficiently
strong to form of itself the flexible sides of the flyer and drive the upper cross bar.
In such cases the fixed flexible sides may be dispensed with. The frame for this
spindle is shown in Fig. 12. This spindle is also readily adapted to spin or twist
one thread instead of two. Figs. 16 and 17 represent a variation of the spindle
just described for twisting one set of threads only. Fig. 16 shews a front and
Fig. 17 an end elevation. The same letters of reference refer to the same parts
throughout. Instead of passing the yarn through a hole in the upper arm it is
passed along a slot l and over a small cylindrical brass bar z which can readily be
replaced when worn. The curved wire g fixed to the backbone causes the yarn to
be drawn perpendicularly from the spool thus following the convolutions of the
winding. The tension upon the yarn remains the same throughout as it consists of
the weight of spool divided by the diameter of spool, i.e. weight of spool diameter
of spool, and this fraction remains practically constant. The shape of the revolving
loop of yarn is determined by the amount of drag in unwinding. If the drag is too
small the loop takes more room. The amount of drag is regulated by the yarn
being wound round the guide g and requires to be greater the coarser the count.
Another variety of this spindle also for twisting one set of threads only, is shewn on
Sheets 5 and 6. In this case the spool does not revolve for unwinding but is
absolutely stationary, the yarn being unwound from it at the top. Fig. 18 shows a
front elevation with a large cylindrical spool of doubled yarn, wound by a quick
transverse winding machine upon a tube, in position ready for twisting, Fig. 19
shews an end elevation of the same spindle ready for a fresh supply of doubled yarn.
Fig. 22 is an end view of a vertical section of Fig. 18 turned a quarter round.
Fig. 20 is an end view of a vertical section of the upper part of the spindle as
shewn in front elevation in Fig. 18. Fig. 23 is a plan of the upper pair of cross
arms A. It consists of a cylindrical piece of steel turned slightly taper in the
middle and pressed in the hole in the shank. Two small holes are drilled in it
through which the flexible sides are passed and knotted. The ends are grooved
out forming forks over one of which the yarn is passed. The cylindrical brass bar
has been already described. It is pressed in, in the same manner. Fig. 24 is a
plan of the annular unwinding guide E. It is screwed to a shank which revolves
in the piece F which latter is placed in the tube before it is inserted in the flyer.
Fig. 25 is a plan of the disc B. The round hole is for the flexible side and the
slotted hole for the yarn. Several sets of these holes may be made in the disc.
There is represented at fixed to an arm pivoted to the backbone a V shaped
grooved pulley with felt washers, spring and adjusting disc such as is used on some
sewing machines. This allows of a ready and very delicate adjustment of tension
for very fine yarns. The V groove also lays the fibre and allows it to be twisted in,
as in wet spinning. In Fig. 19 it is shewn pivotted half round so as to be out of
the way for doffing and supplying the spindle. A simpler arrangement is shewn on
the same spindle in the drawing of the frame in Fig. 27. It is a bent wire pivotted
to the backbone and curved into a double curl. To clear for doffing and supplying
it is turned down close to the backbone. The upper part of the lower portion of
the spindle is formed into a tubular oil cup M. I is a taper steel spindle pressed
and rigidly fixed into the upper end of the tubular restrained arm r. This is
inserted in the oil cup M and has bearings in it only at the bottom and near the
top. The oil cup M is recessed or chambered out at N. The spindle I when in
position supports all the parts which are held against revolving. During the

page_text: revolution a portion of the oil mounts the inside of the oil cup and collects in the
recess N. When the spindle is stopped the oil runs down again thus keeping up a
constant lubrication. The remainder of the lubrication as shewn in the drawings is
perfect in operation. It is entirely closed against dust and fly and no oil can escape
to soil the yarn.
It is explained more particularly under the head of oiling.
Fig. 26 represents a plan of a method for stopping the spindles singly for
doffing etc. A plan of the wharf is shown at f; e is an eccentric wedge brake
centred at j; y is a limit stop. By touching the handle of the brake so as to bring
the latter in contact with the wharf, they feed together and stop the spindle, the
The same end
rapidity of the stoppage depending upon the position of the stop y.
may be obtained by means of a screw brake fixed to the rail. The order observed
in taking the spindle to pieces is as follows. The restrained arm and backbone are
turned half round and lifted upwards out of the spindle passing clear of the upper
rail. The upper spindle has the oil cap lifted off, the nut at the top unscrewed and
the upper cross bar drawn out from below. The lower part of the spindle is lifted
out of the lower rail. The reverse order is followed for fixing.
4. Draw roller. See Figs. 47 and 48. Fig. 47 is a front elevation and Fig. 48
an end elevation. To draw the twisted yarn from the spindles I use a single drawer
roller both below and above them. This roller consists of a continuous cylindrical
metal bar a supported in suitable bearings in which it is free to be rotated. This
bar passes through the centre of short cylindrical loose bosses b of considerably
greater diameter, and preferably made of wood covered with flannel cloth or leather
or in wet doubling by brass, one boss being arranged for each spindle. These
bosses are driven from the metal roller. From the end of each boss a fixed curved
stud c projects horizontally, this rests against an L shaped catch d pivoted on the
metal roller in a direction at right angles to its axis, so that when it is vertical it
drives the boss, but when it is turned down the boss is free. Parallel to the bosses
but not touching them is placed a fixed rod e preferably of glass, and preferably
placed below them, on the side of the rod furthest from the roller two or three
helical notches fare cut or moulded in it opposite the centre of each boss. These
glass rods may dip into a shallow trough containing water if required for wet
doubling. For dry doubling, wire twisted guides may be substituted in place of
the glass rod. The yarn from the spindle is passed one or more times round both
the boss and the glass rod in the notches which causes it to take a spiral course
round the two. When two different counts, or warp and weft are required to be
twisted at the same time, one draw roller is rotated with greater peripheral velocity
than the other. In other cases one roller may be used instead of two one thread
passing direct to it and the other conducted to it by guides.
5. Winding outside the flyer.-When the yarn is required to be wound on
bobbins, the bobbin is placed upon one arm of an L shaped pin (pivoted at the
other end upon a fixed horizontal rod running along the frame) so placed that the
part of the bobbin between the flanged ends with the winding yarn upon it will
rest upon the boss of the draw roller and be rotated by it at the required speed to
take up the yarn supplied by the boss, by means of frictional contact under the
weight of the bobbin and pin when they are above the roller or by a counter-
weight when they are below. The yarn is evenly wound upon the bobbins by
means of a light thread rail (running longitudinally along the frame) which is
traversed by the usual means in a horizontal direction. In order that the yarn
may be delivered to the bobbins at a constant rate I pivot this rail on vertical
supports which are also pivotted to the frame at the other ends. These are
arranged so that the radial element in the motion of the thread rail neutralizes the
radial element in the motion of the yarn as it is moved from side to side. Cylindrical
spools on paper or wood tubes may be wound in the same way. In silk spinning
when spinning either "singles" or "tram or twisting "organzine or otherwise
when desired with this spindle the draw rollers may be dispensed with and the
thread received, drawn, and wound directly by the bobbins. The bobbins are in
"

page_text: 66
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that case screwed together upon shafts in the usual way and rotated with a
variable motion according to the varying diameter of the winding surface, so as to
draw the yarn at a constant rate. The shafts containing the bobbins are traversed
longitudinally in order to wind the thread evenly. If the yarn is required to be
wound in cops, spindle pegs are placed vertically in sockets and each one is rotated
from the corresponding boss by means of a band passing round wharves on the boss
and on the spindle peg. The pegs are driven at an average speed, and the surplus
yarn of each stretch or stage of the winding is held in tension by a free balanced
counter-faller wire, the yarn being built into cops by a faller operated by
the copping apparatus hereinafter described. Fig. 12 is a cross section of a frame
for the spindle shewn on Sheet 2. The four lines of rollers and bosses are shewn
in cross section and end view at b, b, b, . Four rows of brackets with vertical
grooves ffff for holding the winding spindles are fixed to the frame so that
the spool rests upon the boss of the roller. Four traversing bars with trumpet
mouthed guides for evenly laying the yarn are shewn at d, d, d', d. The middle
part of each roller boss round which the yarn passes is of smaller diameter than
the rest so as to put a strain on the yarn. The upper thread is passed one or
more times round the draw roller band the glass rod e, then over the grooved
pulley P, through the trumpet guide to the spool upon which it is wound, the
spool being revolved by resting upon the roller b. The other thread is similarly
treated below the spindle. Fig. 13 is a front elevation of the upper roller and
glass rod. Fig. 15 is a plan view on a larger scale of the lower roller, trumpet
guide, spool, pulley, and bracket. On Sheet 7 is the cross section of a frame for
the spindles shewn on Sheets 4, 5, 6, and 12. The spindles are placed in rows on
opposite sides near the top of the frame. The yarn is conducted from the bottom
of the spindle to the winding apparatus lower down the frame. This may be of
any description desired. In Fig. 27 it is represented as quick traverse cross
winding on tubes. This forms a spool of the same size and appearance as the
spool of doubled yarn placed in the spindle for twisting. In this form the yarn is
very convenient for forwarding and for warping and other purposes. It will be
seen that the frame is a winding as well as a twisting one, the manipulation, waste
and expense of rewinding being saved, and in addition a very long end without
join is obtained. Attention for doffing and supplying is only required at long
intervals. The usual spool carrying brackets are shewn at d, d. These are
nivotted non cylindrical bars e, e running along the frame. Underneath these, on
cach side, a
rest. The spools
"
and brackets are weighted by rows of weights, one to each w, w¹ and the spool is
revolved by frictional contact on the drum. The traversing rail is represented in
cross section at r, ¹. It carries fixed wire guides a a and the usual trumpet
mouthed guides b, b. These are shewn in plan view on a larger scale in Fig. 28.
The traversing rail is operated by cams at the end of the frame and these are
not shown. The brackets h h which are fixed to the frame one on each side run
from end to end, and in addition to strengthening the frame and protecting the
revolving drums, they support the bearings n n', which may be as numerous as
desired, upon which the traversing rail runs. These bearing pieces have a V or
other suitable groove cut in them on the upper face. A similar groove is made
in the underside of the traversing rail and a hardened steel ball is placed between.
No lubrication is required in this case. Fig. 29 is a cross section, Fig. 30 is a
front elevation and Fig. 31 a longitudinal vertical section of these parts. The
yarn is shewn in the figure to be inclined outwards from the spindle to the guide
rod a.
This is for the purpose of obtaining a constant rate of take up or draw.
In order to stop the twisting and winding of an end for doffing the spindles singly
or for piecing if required, the end of the spool bracket is lifted. This causes the
loop u in the wire supporting the weight to rest on the rod, the effect of the
weight then tending to sustain it in that position. The spindle is also simul-
taneously stopped. To start the winding again, the bracket c is slightly pressed

page_text: downwards.
The yarn takes up its position automatically on the guides a and b.
Though it is free to move along the guide a it does not do so after having once
taken up its position.
6. Winding inside the flyer.-Reference is made to Sheets 8, 9, and 10. In the
case of the winding twisting spindle, I employ one draw roller on each side only pre-
ferably placed above the spindles. See , 'in cross section of frame Fig. 44. Both
sets of yarn are brought from wound bobbins placed upon the crecl at the top of
the frame under a rod in the water trough d, or d' and each set is passed separately
round the same boss of the draw roller in the manner previously described. One
set of yarns a is conducted from the roller into the top of the spindle, the other
set y is conducted through fixed guides down to a light vertically traversing rod a
supported in a horizontal position along the frame below the spindles, round which
rod the set of yarns is passed and so into the bottom of the spindle. The threading
of both sets of yarns as far as the interior guide eyes is the same as previously
described herein, only the reverse way. The yarn is wound into cops on spindle
pegs or on tubes or bobbins placed upon them inside the flyer. Fig. 32 represents
a front elevation of this spindle and Fig. 43 a vertical section of the same. Fig. 38
is a plan view of a section through A, B in Fig. 32. The spindle consists of a
closed flyer with bearings in a top and bottom rail. The sides consist of wires
screwed into the top and bottom. The restrained arm r, consists of a disc, shewn
in plan in Fig. 42. It contains two sockets m and n in which two vertical spindle
pegs and carrying four hollow hemispherical discs h, h, are rotated by the
resistance of the air and so effect the winding, or the spindle pegs may have small
wharves shaped upon them, one on each and rotated by means of an endless elastic
band being passed round both wharves touching upon opposite sides of the central
revolving spindle, from which it is driven by friction. Two parallel vertical wires p
and q form the connection between the restrained arm and the upper disc d shewn
in plan view in Fig. 41. The upper ends of the spindle pegs are placed in the
recesses u and v. The bearing hole win the disc is placed over the shank f and
bears upon it. A light wire traveller (which does not revolve) consisting of a split
guide at the centre with an arm at each side, partly encircles at cach end the two
upright parallel wires and is free to slide up and down them. See front elevation
Fig. 37 and plan Fig. 39. The yarn r is conducted from the lower interior guide
eye up through the centre of the traveller to one of the spindle pegs, tubes, or
bobbins. The other set of yarns y is conducted from the upper interior guide eye
down through the centre of the traveller to the spindle peg, tube or bobbin at the
other side. When the twisting winding commences, the stress of the winding
draught pulls the traveller with equal force to opposite sides as well as equally up
and down and if not operated it remains in one place. To operate the traveller
the light rod a a (see Figs. 35 and 36) round which the lower set of yarns is passed
is traversed up and down as required by the winding. The traveller exactly
reproduces the motion of the rod, but in the reverse direction and lays the yarn as
required, the supply of yarn and the tension to the winding spindles on each side
and up and down remaining equal and opposite during the traverse. The diagram
Fig. 33 shews the positions of the two yarns when the traveller is at the lowest
point and the traversing rod at the highest, and Diagram Fig. 34 shews their
position when the traveller is at the highest and the traversing rod at the
lowest point. The spindle shewn in Fig. 32 illustrates a method of restraining
the revolution of the restrained arm and its connections by atmospheric resistance,
and at the same time effecting the winding by the same means. If the main
spindle is revolved at the rate of 10,000 revolutions per minute and the restrained
arm is revolved by the friction in the same direction against the atmospheric
resistance at 600 revolutions per minute, the turns of twist put in the yarn per
minute is 38,800. If the discs h h were flat the spindle pegs would also turn
on their axes in the reverse direction at the rate of 600 per minute; this would
not however be sufficient to effect the winding. The necessary winding speed
is obtained by using the cup shaped discs shewn. Fig. 40 is a plan view of them.

page_text: The variation in the velocity of revolution of the restrained arm during the winding
is small as the weight and therefore the friction increases with the surface and
therefore with the air resistance. The variableness of the twist is less than with
ring twisting.
7. Alternative methods of arranging the wound yarn in the unwinding twisting
spindle. Instead of supplying this spindle in the manner previously described, the
restrained arm may have a central nearly vertical spindle peg hinged to it so that
when upright it points from the lower to the upper axis. It can be turned down
outwards to be supplied with a bobbin of yarn or for doffing. A large bobbin of
yarn is placed upon it with the two sets of doubled yarn wound side by side upon
it. A spirally shaped guide wire is fixed to the restrained arm and extends from
below the bobbin to above it. The set of doubled yarns wound slightly higher
than the other set is passed over this guide wire and brought down to a lower
guide the other set is passed under the guide wire and carried up to a higher
guide, the remainder of the threading being the same as previously described. The
effect of the equal and opposite drag up and down is that the two sets of yarns
follow the convolutions of the winding travelling up and down the guide wire in
order to do so. Or two bobbins of wound yarn may be placed upon the peg one
above the other. When it is required to double and twist yarn already wound in cops,
the cops are placed upon four or more spindle pegs placed vertically in sockets (in
the restrained arm) in which they are capable of being rotated each on its axis. A
drag is put upon the pegs either by springs or washers. The two sets of yarn are
passed through such a traveller in the same way as that described in paragraph 6,
but instead of being drawn up and down by a traversing rod it acts automatically.
Fig. 45 represents a spindle for doubling and twisting simultaneously. The three
(or more) spindle pegs carrying cops are fixed in the restrained arm ŕ and the yarn
drawn off and doubled and twisted from the tops. The restrained arm is retarded
in its revolution by atmospheric resistance.
8. Modifications of the spindle.-In some cases I construct the spindle without
the upper pair of arms and dispense with the upper rail. See Fig. 46. A vertical
rod or wire a' is fixed to the restrained arm . At the upper end is a trumpet
shaped hole t widest at the top and bent over so as to be lineable with the axis of
the spindle. When two sets of threads are twisted there is placed above this
higher up in the same line a thread guide fixed to the usual thread board. The
upper set of yarns passes downwards through the thread guide directly to the cross
arm or disc, and the lower set is passed directly from the other arm or end of disc
upwards over and down through the trumpet shaped hole, the rest of the threading
being as before described. In the illustration only one thread or set of yarns is
shewn. A ring c is fixed to the vertical wire to keep the loop as it revolves clear
of the yarn inside the loop. This ring may be arranged to slide up the vertical
wire out of the way for doffing or it may be made to swivel to one side as shewn.
The restrained arm or its connections has a projecting piece of soft iron a fixed
to the back part of it forming an armature which is acted upon by a magnet
or an electro magnet m placed outside the loop, which arrangement holds the
restrained arm still so that it will not revolve with the spindle. Fig. 49 shews
a plan view of the electro magnet m and its supporting rail n, g is a shaped
ebonite guard. Another modification of the spindle is adapted for spinning yarn
from rovings supplied by drawing rollers placed vertically above and below the
spindles, each pair of rollers being arranged with their axes in a horizontal plane.
For illustrations see Sheets 13 and 14. Fig. 50 is a front elevation of the spindle.
Fig. 51 is a vertical section of the spindle. Fig. 59 is a vertical cross section of
the frame. One set of rollers r, is supplied from roving bobbins b, b1 placed in
the creel above the frame, and the other set s, s¹ from roving bobbins d, d' placed
on a line of shelves v, v pivoted to the lower part of the frame, so that the shelves
can be turned forward for taking away the empty bobbins and renewing the supply,
when they fall back into place by their own weight. This spindle consists of a
rigid closed flyer having suitable bearings in an upper and lower rail. The tops

page_text: and sides are supplied with curls or eyes, or preferably the sides are made tubular
and the yarn passed along the centre. To enable this to be readily effected the
tubular sides are slotted from top to bottom. The restrained arm has no vertical
rods or wires but is held against revolving by two light inclined plates p carried by
the restrained arm on either side, upon which two fine jets of compressed air are
directed from two nozzles z, connected to a supply pipe p running along the
frame just under the lower cross bar of the flyer. Or the restrained arm may be
revolved in the opposite direction to the flyer by means of a fan fixed to it and
operated by the air jets. In this case the number of turns of twist put in the yarn
is four times the rate of revolution of the flyer plus twice the rate of rotation of the
restrained arm. Or the restrained arm may be allowed to rotate slowly in the same
direction as the flyer, its rotation being retarded by the resistance of the atmosphere
which resistance may be increased by fixing to the restrained arm two or more
light vertical discs. See the spindle in Fig. 59. In this case the number of turns
of twist put in the yarn is four times the rate of revolution of the flyer minus twice
the rate of rotation of the restrained arm. When the fan is used the amount of
twist put in the yarn may be varied to suit different counts or for making fancy
yarns without altering the rate of velocity of the spindles or the delivery of the
rollers by varying the rate of revolution of the fans. This is readily effected by
varying the load on the valve of the reservoir of compressed air from which the
fans are driven. The even laying for winding is effected by means of a vertically
traversing spindle s, s inserted through the tubular centre and caused to rotate with
the flyer by means of flats upon both at f¹ but is free to be traversed up and down.
It is tubular and is slotted on opposite sides to the extent of the lift to allow the
yarn access to the centre. A suitable wire guide or traveller t is sprung upon the
top of this spindle. The threading is the same as before described. The guide or
traveller is held against revolving by the yarn. The winding is effected by an
endless rubber band passing round the wharves on the spindle pegs and touching
the central revolving main spindle. This is shewn in plan view in Fig. 58. The
illustration shews cops wound on the bare spindle. The traversing or copping
spindle is shewn in elevation and in its various sections at different points, in
Fig. 52. Fig. 53 is an elevation of the upper end of the copping spindle and
traveller. Fig. 54 is a plan view of the upper end of the copping spindle without
the traveller. Figs. 55, 56 and 57 shew the various inclinations assumed by the
traveller at different stages of the winding. The copping spindle has bearings in
and is supported by the piece G which is traversed up and down by means of the
bands and y passing over the small pulleys e and fand attached to a pulley p fast
on the copping shaft one of which is supported in bearings along both sides of
the frame see Fig. 59. If this spindle be revolved at the rate of 10,000 revolutions
per minute, 40,000 turns of twist are put in per minute, 20,000 in each set, and two
cops similar to mule cops are wound simultaneously in the spindle. The restrained
arm in both these spindles may be held against revolving by constructing one end
of it heavier than the other and placing the spindle in an inclined position; the
heavier end is then held downwards by gravity. This arrangement I am aware has
been used for twisting a single set but not for two. When two, three or more loops
are formed upon the same spindle in order to obtain eight, twelve or more times the
twist more than the rate of revolution, I construct as many closed flyers either with
rigid or flexible sides as there are loops. The outer flyer is revolved by means of a
band and wharve, say to the left, while the inner ones are revolved each alternate
one to the right and the others to the left by means of a light fan being fixed to the
shank of each, inclined as required by the direction of revolution. The outer fans
are more open between the plates than the inner ones. The fans are operated upon
by jets of air delivered by two nozzles both from above the upper cross arm and
from below the lower one. The inner flyers are supported upon each other and
upon the outer one and form together oil cups at the central tubular shanks.
These are arranged to allow access through holes for the different threads to the
common axis of revolution. It will be readily understood that I may re-combine
с

page_text: any of the different features of the spindles described so as to form other distinctive
spindles suitable for special purposes. The spindles may also if required be used to
spin or twist one thread instead of two.
9. Arrangement of driving cylinders.-See Figures 12, 14, 27, and 44. The
spindles are revolved by means of bands which pass round the wharves on the
spindles and round two tin cylinders c c¹ carried by shafts supported in bearings at
the centre of the frame. Instead of arranging the cylinders side by side on the same
level as is the ordinary practice, I place them one above the other, thus allowing
the frame to be made about two-thirds the usual width. The bands are arranged
as follows. A band is passed from the wharve of one spindle, between the two
cylinders over say the upper one, then between the cylinders again to the wharve of
the spindle on the opposite side. So far it has been extended from one wharve to
the opposite one and has been wrapped once round the upper cylinder. It is then
passed round the wharve of the spindle then between the cylinders under the lower
cylinder, back between the cylinders again, having now been passed round the
lower cylinder the opposite way; it is then joined to the other end round the
wharve of the first spindle. The cylinders are rotated both in the same direction.
In this arrangement of the band which is that shewn in Figs. 12, 14, and 27 one
band drives two spindles. To drive each spindle with a separate band the band is
passed from the wharve between the cylinders round say the upper cylinder, down
from the upper surface of the upper cylinder, to the lower surface of the lower cylinder,
round the lower cylinder and back between the cylinders to the wharve. This is shewn
in Fig. 44. The cylinders are both revolved in the same direction. The vertical
part of the band passes between the two horizontal parts and is convenient for
being acted upon by weighted pulleys to keep the bands at an uniform tension.
The driving cylinders may consist of the usual shafts and drums or of shafts
carrying grooved or plain pulleys, round which the bands are passed. Fig. 14 on
Sheet 3 represents the method of driving both cylinders. The two pulleys p, p
are fast on the ends of the shafts of the cylinders e and respectively. An endless
belt is passed round both pulleys and is held in the requisite tension by being
pressed upon by the bowl of the bell crank lever 1, centred on u and weighted by
the adjustable weight w. The main driving belt is passed over the inner endless
belt and drives it and the two pulleys. The counter shaft slide is shewn at s and
the strap guide at t. This moves both belts at once. When two rows of spindles
are arranged on each side of the frame, one above the other, I employ three tin
cylinders placed vertically above each other & revolve them in the same direction.
The upper tiers of spindles are revolved by bands passing round the upper and
middle cylinders, and the lower tiers by bands passing round the middle and lower
cylinders in the manner described.
10. Copping or building apparatus.-See Sheet 15. Fig. 60 is an elevation, and
Fig. 61 a plan of the lower part. This relates to an improved copping motion or
apparatus for building the yarn into cops. I employ two revolving cams, s and t
fixed to two parallel shafts u and free to revolve in bearings and preferably
revolved in opposite directions. The contour of the working surface or edge of
one cam differs from that of the other, one being shaped according to the gradua-
tion of the lift of the upper coil of each stage of the winding, beginning at the
lowest and finishing at the highest, and the other s according to the graduation of
the lift of the lower coil of each stage. In order to make the shape of these cams
quite clear I will describe how the cam contour is obtained in the model from
which to cast them. A flat piece of wood of the requisite size and thickness has
a circle described upon it say with a radius of about 4 inches. From the same
centre another circle is struck outside the other, the difference between the
diameters of the two circles being the distance between the top coil of the lowest
stage and the top coil of the completed cop. Two radial lines which may be
distinguished as a and b a short distance apart are drawn to the outer circle. The
greater part of the circumference of the outer circle, that is all which lies between
these two radial lines is equally divided by radial lines into as many divisions as

page_text: there are stages in the cop. The point at which say the radial line a intersects the
inner circle is taken as the starting point to represent the position of the top coil
of the lowest stage. The distance of the top coil of the second stage, above the
top coil of the first stage is then marked on the next radial line of the equal
divisions measuring from the inner circle in the direction of the outer one, and so
on marking the distance of the top coil of each successive stage until the outer
circle is reached at the point of intersection of the radial line b, which point
represents the top of the completed cop. An even curved line is drawn through
all the points, and a straight line is drawn from the inner to the outer circle between
the points of intersection of the lines a and . The wood is cut down to the lines
and thus the correct contour of the working surface of the cam is obtained. This
cam I will designate shaper cam A. It is represented in the figure by t. The
other model is treated in the same way but the distance between the lower coil of
each successive stage is taken. A difference however is made in the steeply
inclined surface from the outer to the inner circle lying between the radial
lines a and b. The surface is carried down from a for a short distance nearer the
centre, then curved up and carried nearly straight up to the outer circle at the
point of intersection of b. This latter alteration is to allow of the yarn being
wound a few times round the spindle pegs below the cop after it is finished, and
immediately before the frame is stopped, so as to fix the yarn ready for commencing
The
the next cop. This cam I designate shaper cam B. It is represented by s.
bearings of the cam shafts are arranged so that the axis of the shaft to which
shaper cam A is attached is higher than the axis of the other shaft, by the length
of the first stage of the winding, or the axes of the shafts may be at the same level
and the proper inclination obtained by making shaper cam A correspondingly of
greater diameter than previously described. An inclined shaper bar g rests upon
the working surfaces of both cams by means of two bowls or friction rollers r¹ and r²
which are free to revolve upon studs fast to the shaper bar near its ends, one stud
projecting on one side of the shaper bar and the other stud projecting on the
opposite side so as to leave the upper surface of the shaper bar clear. The shaper
bar and attached rollers are arranged so that when in position the shaper bar rests
above and between the cams with each roller vertically over one of the cam shafts.
It is maintained in this position by pivoting it to a vertical bar o which is kept in
place by a vertical fixed tube j in which it is free to move up and down. The
vertical bar o is prevented from turning round by having a feather upon it taking
into a corresponding slot in the bearing or vice versa. The rollers and on the
shaper bar are preferably flanged. The shaper bar g is thus free to be lifted or
depressed in a vertical direction by the action of the cams s and t, and at the same
time to receive a varying inclination by the differential action of the cams upon
both ends. I construct a combination of four bars see Fig. 60, 1, 2, 3, 4, pivoted
together so as to form a parallelogram with two of its contiguous sides extended.
Preferably it is made as follows. Two bars of equal length 1 and 2 are pivoted
together at one end, two other bars 3 and 4 each of half the length of either
of the others are also pivoted together at one end. The free ends of the short bars
are pivoted to the middles of the long bars one to each, the axes of the studs
of the pivots being all perpendicular to the longitudinal axes of the bars. The
upper end of the bar combination is pivoted to a block 5, free to move up and
down in a vertical fixed slide 6. The lower end is provided with a roller, 7 which
rests upon the upper surface of the shaper bar g. The axes of the pins at the
two ends and centre are parallel and in the same plane. The centre pin, 8,
which pivots the two short bars together is prolonged in both directions.
One end is rigidly fixed into a block free to move to and fro in a fixed
horizontal slide, 9, the other end is provided with a friction roller.
friction roller is acted upon by a revolving cam, 10, which moves the centre
pin, 8, of the bar combination along the horizontal slide, 9, during the time
the even layers of each stage are being wound and allows it to return more quickly
while the return coils are being wound, the return being accomplished by a weight
This

page_text: or by connecting the centre pin 8 and the cam shaft by a coiled spring, or by a
weight, 11 suspended by a cord over the shaft. This cam I call the time cam.
When the centre pin 8 of the bar combination is moved along the horizontal slide, 9,
by the action of the time cam 10 it moves the roller 7, at the end of the bar coni-
bination horizontally to twice the extent. In making this horizontal traverse the
roller 7 is also moved in a vertical direction as a result of the inclined position of
the shaper bar g. This vertical element of the motion of the roller is exactly
transmitted at every part to the block, 5, moving in the vertical slide, 6, but the
direction of the movement is reversed. This motion is transmitted to the traversing
rails or shafts 12 or building spindles for building up the cops on the flyers or to
"fallers" for building the cops outside the flyers. The three cam shafts are con-
nected with the moving power by gearing so that the two shafts and of the shaper
cams are revolved with uniform velocity once during the building up of the cop,
while the shaft of the time cam 10 is revolved with uniform velocity once for each
complete stage of the winding. The shaper bar g has its upper surface shaped so
as to effect the even winding of each coil of the stage. For instance when the cops
are wound inside the flyer as previously described, the winding is variable being
quicker towards the nose of each stage and slower at the lower end of each stage;
that is it varies inversely according to the diameter. In order to prevent the
coils from being laid closer together as the diameter decreases the shaper bar 9 has
its upper surface concave so as to lift with increasing quickness and cause the coils
to be laid at an equal distance apart. On the other hand where the cops are built
outside the flyers they are revolved at a constant rate of speed as previously described,
the upper surface of the shaper bar is in that case a plane surface. Every possible
variation of shape and extent of the stages is obtained by modifying the three cam
contours and the upper surface of the shaper bar, and in like manner any desired
shape of cop can be built whatever quality the winding motion may be. The action
of this apparatus is continuous and automatic, needing no winding back.
The
11. Apparatus for transmitting the copping motion along the frame.-In
the case of the cops being built by a faller wire outside the flyers.
faller wires are supported by a row of arms pivoted towards the middle of
each to the frame and nearly counterbalanced at the inner ends. A light horizontal
bar is rigidly fixed to the upper block moving in the vertical slide of the coping
apparatus. This bar is connected at each end to the inner ends of the corre-
sponding end supports of the "faller wire" by a cord. To increase or decrease the
range of the faller so as to build larger or smaller cops the cord is attached nearer
to or further from the end. In the case of the cops built inside the flyer:-A light
copping shaft 12 capable of partially revolving in suitable bearings is placed along
each side of the frame. At the end next the copping apparatus each shaft has a
pulley 15 fixed upon it of a circumference greater than the length of the cop. One
of these pulleys has a strap, 16, fixed to it at the under side, the strap is then
passed over it, brought down and connected with the upper block 5 of the copping
apparatus. The other shaft is operated from the shaft first mentioned. Another
strap 14 is fastened to the pulley, see 13 in the same way beside the other, it is
then carried from the top of the pulley to the bottom of the pulley on the opposite
shaft or vice versa and is passed nearly round and the end fastened to it. The light
traversing rail described in paragraph 6 is connected at intervals by straps to similar
pulleys on the copping shaft 12. In order to operate the copping spindles described
in paragraph 8 and illustrated in Sheets 13 and 14 so that they will not bind in the
spindle each one is lifted separately by the copping shaft. The latter is provided
with a pulley opposite each spindle. The copping spindle is supported by and
revolves in a cup which is itself supported by two cords which pass over small
pulleys fastened to the bottom of the main spindle rail close to the spindle. These
cords are fastened to the pulleys on the copping shaft in the same way as described
for the end pulleys and straps. The cup is prevented from revolving with the
copping spindle by projections on each side one of which slides along a vertical rod
or wire fixed at the top to the main rail and formed into an eye at the bottom to

page_text: guide the yarn entering the spindle from below. Or the copping spindles may be
supported in oil cups in a lifting rail the bearings being free at the sides so as not
to bind, and the rail counterbalanced directed and lifted by chains in the usual way.
12. Method of driving the shaper cams of the copping apparatus. See Fig. 61.
The means I adopt to drive the shaper cams s &t of the copping apparatus
are as follows: An epicyclic train consisting of two bevelled toothed wheels (c and d)
of equal diameter are mounted loosely upon one of the shaper cam shafts v so as to
be capable of being revolved upon it, being held in place by the usual collars. Fast
upon the shaft of the shaper cam between the bevelled wheels is a short arm (2)
projecting at right angles from it. Upon the end of the arm a smaller Bevelled
toothed wheel a is mounted so that it is free to be revolved on the arm and so
Fast upon
that it meshes with the bevelled wheels c and d on either side.
the outside of the bevelled wheel and concentric with it is an ordinary spur
wheel a.
A. spur wheel b of equal diameter to a is fixed in like manner to the bevel
wheel spur wheel a has one tooth more than b. Bevel wheel c has one tooth more
The other
than d. The two bevelled wheels are revolved in opposite directions.
cam shaft u is revolved from the one first referred to u by means of two equal spur
wheels 20 and 21 having an equal number of teeth, one being fast ou cach shaft and
meshing together. Suppose spur wheel a has 50 teeth, spur wheel b, 49 teeth, bevel
wheel 51 teeth, and bevel wheel d 50 teeth. Then if the bevel wheels c and d are
driven in opposite directions, by two other spur wheels of equal diameter and
number of teeth revolving with the same uniform velocity, during the time a and c
revolve 2550 times, and d revolve 2549 times, and the arm and consequently the
cam shafts each revolve once.
is
13. Stopping the machinery of the frame when the winding of the cops
completed. After the machinery has been started, a cord or strap which is suitably
connected with the guide of the main driving strap of the frame is hooked upon the
pin or stud, which joins together the two longer bars of the bar combination of
the copping apparatus. When the cops are completed the shaper bar g slips down
the steep inclines on the shaper cams s and t. The roller 7 on the lower end of the
bar combination moves down to the same extent, and lengthens the vertical reach
of the latter, drawing in the pin or stud before referred to upon which the cord or
strap is hooked and pulls the main driving strap from the fast to the loose pulley
and stops the frame.
14. Oiling the spindle bearings.-In order to carry the oil upward to lubricate
the upper part of the main spindle bearings, when the spindle is revolved in either
direction in some cases I construct the upper part of the bearing of greater diameter
than the lower, the oil is then carried up to the higher bearing by the centrifugal
force and falls over the top of the bolster into the oil cup. To prevent the oil from
being carried too high up the spindle or bolster, I cut in the latter a circumferential
groove or recess; the oil is prevented by the centrifugal force from mounting to the
smaller diameter of the interior of the groove. When it is required to prevent the
oil from passing over the top of an inner bolster as shewn in several of the spindles,
the top of the bolster is cut away to a smaller diameter and the revolving part of
the spindle immediately opposite this recessed part of the bolster has two oil ducts
drilled through it in the direction of the oil cup. When the oil mounts to the
recessed part it is driven by the centrifugal action through these oil ducts back into
the oil cup. Or instead of recessing the bolster top a groove may be cut on the
interior surface of the revolving part next the bolster and oil ducts drilled through
from the groove towards the oil cup. In the case of revolving oil cups, the upper
diameter is contracted for the same purpose.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
claim is :-
1. The spindle, consisting of a closed flyer with flexible sides, the axes of the top

page_text: and bottom pieces of the flyer not being lineable, for twisting or spinning yarns or
other fibrous material, by which two threads are produced at the same time by the
same spindle, and two turns of twist are put into each thread at every revolution of
the spindle, the yarn or other fibrous material being supported inside the flyer and
being unwound during the process of twisting or spinning, the restrained arm with
its connections being held against revolving with the spindle by being centred in
the upper end of the bottom cross bar or tube of the flyer and resting against, or
being held by, the lower end of the shank of the upper cross bar, arranged and
operating substantially in the manner and for the purposes hereinbefore described in
paragraphs 1, 2, 3, and 7, and illustrated by Figures 4, 8, and 9 in the drawings
hereunto annexed.
2. The spindle, consisting of a closed flyer with flexible sides, the axes of the top
and bottom pieces of the flyer not being lineable, for twisting or spinning yarns or
other fibrous material, by which one thread only is produced, and two turns of twist
are put into the thread at every revolution of the spindle, the yarn or fibrous
material being supported inside the flyer and being unwound during the process of
twisting or spinning, the restrained arm with its connections being held against.
revolving with the spindle by being centred in the upper end of the lower cross bar
or tube of the flyer and resting against or being held by the lower end of the shank
of the upper cross bar, arranged and operating substantially in the manner and for
the purposes hereinbefore described in paragraphs 1, 2, 3, and 7, and illustrated by
Figures 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24 and 25 of the accompanying drawings.
3. In a frame for spinning, twisting, or winding yarns or threads; the draw
roller, constructed, arranged, and operating substantially in the manner and for the
purpose hereinbefore set forth and indicated by the drawings hereunto annexed.
4. In a frame for spinning, twisting or winding yarns or threads, the combination
of the spindle, for twisting or spinning two threads at once, such as herein before
described and claimed in Claim 1, with two sets of independent winding apparatus,
all operating in conjunction with each other, substantially in the manner and for the
purposes herein before described in paragraph 5, and indicated in Figs. 12, 13, and 15
of the drawings hereunto annexed.
5. In a frame for spinning, twisting, or winding yarns or threads, the combination
of the spindle, such as that claimed in Claim 2, with an independent drawing and
winding apparatus, operating in conjunction with each other, substantially in the
manner and for the purposes hereinbefore described in paragraph 5, in reference to
and indicated by the drawings on Sheet 7, hereunto annexed.
6. A vertical spindle for twisting or spinning yarns or fibres, by which two threads
are produced at the same time, and more than one turn of twist is put into each
thread at every revolution of the spindle, in which the restrained arm. », with its
connections, is restrained in its revolution by means of discs acted upon by atmo-
spheric resistance, so that it revolves slowly in the same direction as the spindle,
substantially as herein before described and illustrated.
7. A vertical spindle for twisting or spinning yarns or fibres, by which only one
thread is produced at one time, and more than one turn of twist is put in such thread
at every revolution of the spindle, in which the restrained arm 7, with its connec-
tions, is restrained in its revolution, by means of discs acted upon by the atmosphere,
so that it revolves slowly, in the same direction as the spindle, substantially as
herein before described and illustrated.
8. A vertical spindle for twisting or spinning yarns or fibres, by which two
threads are produced at the same time, and two turns of twist are put in each thread
at every revolution of the spindle, in which the restrained arm, with its connec-
tions, is held against revolving with the spindle, by means of air jets impinging upon
inclined discs or their equivalents fastened to it, substantially as herein described
and illustrated.
9. A vertical spindle for twisting or spinning yarns or fibres, by which two
threads are produced at one time, and more than two turns of twist are put in each
thread during every revolution of the spindle, the restrained arm r, with its connections,

page_text: being revolved, in the opposite direction to that of the loop of yarn, by means
of a fan fixed to it which fan is operated by jets of compressed air being directed
upon it from outside the loop, substantially as herein described and illustrated.
10. A vertical spindle for twisting or spinning yarns or fibres, by which one
thread is produced, and two turns of twist are put in such thread at every revolution
of the spindle, in which the restrained arm r, with its connections, is held against
revolving with the spindle, by means of air jets impinging upon discs fastened to it,
substantially as herein described and illustrated.
11. A vertical spindle for twisting or spinning yarns or fibres, by which one
thread is produced at one time, and more than two turns of twist are put in such
thread during every revolution of the spindle, the restrained arm r, with its connec-
tions, being revolved, in the opposite direction to that of the loop of yarn, by means
of a fan fixed to it, which fan is operated by jets of compressed air being directed
upon it from outside the loop, substantially as herein described and illustrated.
12. The vertical spindle for twisting or spinning yarns or fibres, by which two
turns of twist are put into each thread at every revolution of the spindle, and for
producing either one or two threads at one time, in which the restrained arm r, with
its connections, is held against revolving by means of a magnet or an electro-magnet,
the spindle and magnet being arranged so as to operate in conjunction substantially
in the manner and for the purposes hereinbefore described in paragraph 8, and
illustrated by Figs. 46 and 49 in the drawings hereunto annexed.
13. In a spindle or flyer for producing two threads of twisted or spun yarn
simultaneously, each such thread receiving more than one turn of twist at each
revolution of the spindle, the means and apparatus for effecting the winding of the
yarn into two cops or spools simultaneously inside the loop of revolving yarn,
substantially as described herein before in paragraph 6 and illustrated in Sheet 8 of
the accompanying drawings.
14. In a spindle or flyer for producing two threads of twisted or spun yarn
simultaneously, each such thread receiving more than one turn of twist at each
revolution of the spindle, the means and apparatus for effecting the winding of the
yarn into two cops or spools simultaneously inside the loop of revolving yarn,
substantially as herein before described in paragraph 8, and illustrated on Sheet 13
of the accompanying drawings.
15. The machine or apparatus forming a twisting and winding spindle or flyer for
producing two threads of twisted or spun yarn and separately winding them inside
the loop of revolving yarn, each thread receiving more than one turn of twist at
each revolution of the spindle, substantially as hereinbefore described in paragraph 6,
and illustrated on Sheet 8 of the accompanying drawings.
16. In a frame for spinning, twisting, or winding, the combination and arrangement
of the spindle for producing and winding within it two threads simultaneously, such
as claimed in the preceding claim, with the other mechanism and parts for operating
it, and forming in effect the rest of the frame and its attachments, all operating in
conjunction with each other, substantially in the manner and for the purposes
herein before described in paragraph 6, and illustrated on Sheet 10 of the
accompanying drawings.
17. The machine or apparatus forming a twisting and winding spindle or flyer,
for producing two threads of twisted or spun yarn, and separately winding them
inside the loop of revolving yarn, each thread receiving more than one turn of
twist at each revolution of the spindle, substantially as hereinbefore described in
paragraph 8, and illustrated on Sheet 13 of the accompanying drawings.
18. In a frame for spinning or twisting and winding cotton yarn or other fibrous
material, the combination and arrangement of the spindle for producing and winding
within it two threads simultaneously, such as claimed in the preceding claim, with
the other mechanism and parts for operating it, and forming in effect the rest of the
frame and its attachments, all operating in conjunction with each other, substantially
in the manner and for the purposes hereinbefore described in paragraph 8, and
illustrated on Sheet 14 of the accompanying drawings.

page_text: 19. The spindle for doubling yarn and twisting it simultaneously, substantially
as hereinbefore described in paragraph 7, and illustrated on Sheet 11 of the
accompanying drawings.
20. An inclined or a horizontally placed spindle for twisting yarn by which two
threads are produced at the same time, two turns of twist being put in each thread
at every revolution of the spindle, in which the restrained arm r, with its connections,
is held against revolving by one side or end of it being constructed heavier than
the other, such heavier part being acted upon by gravity, substantially as herein-
before described.
21. A spindle for producing one or two threads at once, and putting in a multiple
twist in each thread at each revolution, substantially as hereinbefore described in
paragraphs 1 and 8.
22. In a frame for spinning, twisting or winding yarns, the arrangement of the
two cylinders, or rows of drums, one above the other, for driving the spindles, so as
to economize space, substantially as hereinbefore described in paragraph 9, and
illustrated in the accompanying drawings in Figures 12, 14, 27 and 44.
23. The means and apparatus for driving both cylinders from the driving shaft,
substantially as herein before described in paragraph 9 and illustrated in Figure 14
of the accompanying drawings.
24. The arrangement of the driving bands round the cylinders and spindle
wharves, by which one band drives two spindles, substantially as described in
paragraph 9, and shewn in Figures 12, 14 and 27 of the accompanying drawings.
25. The arrangement of the driving bands round the cylinders and spindle
wharves, by which one band drives one spindle only, substantially as described in
paragraph 9, and shewn in Figure 44, of the accompanying drawings.
26. The copping or building apparatus, constructed, arranged, and operated
substantially in the manner and for the purpose hereinbefore described in
paragraph 10, in reference to and indicated by the drawing, Figure 60, hereunto
annexed.
27. The apparatus for transmitting the copping or building motion along the
frame and applying it to each spindle, constructed, arranged and operated sub-
stantially in the manner hereinbefore described and illustrated by the accompanying
drawings.
28. The machinery forming the combination of spur wheels for driving a part of
the copping or building apparatus, constructed, arranged and operated substantially
in the manner hereinbefore described in paragraph 12, in reference to and indicated
by Figure 61 of the drawings hereunto annexed.
29. The apparatus for stopping the machinery of the frame upon completion of
the cops, constructed, arranged and operated substantially in the
hereinbefore described in paragraph 13.
manner
30. The various details forming together my improvements in oiling the frictional
parts of the spindles, substantially as hereinbefore described in paragraph 14, and
illustrated throughout the different figures in the accompanying drawings.
Dated thin 17th day of Lanu 1201
WILLIAM GOLDING.