New or Improved System and Means of Illuminating and Heating, applicable with Gas and Mineral Oils.
Year: 1896

page_text: This Print is in accordance with the Original Specification as it stands, after,
Amendment (under Section 18 of the Patents, &c. Act, 1883) as allowed by the
decision of the Comptroller General of the 22nd day of April 1898.
Date of Application, 22nd Apr., 1896-Accepted, 28th Aug., 1896
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION (AMENDED.)
New or Improved System and Means of Illuminating and Heating,
applicable with Gas and Mineral Oils.
I, PAUL GREYSON DE' SCHODT, of Namur, in the Kingdom of Belgium, do
hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner tlic samo is to
be performed to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement:-
My invention relates to illuminating and heating and apparatus for that purpose
applicable with gas or mineral oils.
The problems of illumination have undergone a complete change since the
principle of incandescence has beon employed, the phenomenon being based upon
the production of intense heat employed to render luminous certain infusible
oxides.
Inasmuch as the amount of light yielded by an incandescent surface increases far
more rapidly than does the temperature of the flume by which incandescence is
produced, it is necessary to attain a maximum production of heat. Now such
maximum production is dependent upon combustion being as nearly as possible
perfect, and is only attainable by means of a well-proportioned mixture of the
constituent elements or ingredients, and by forcing into contact such of these
elements as are required to combine.
The mixture of the bodies employed may be effected by a special arrangement
of burners; but the power necessary for bringing the molecules into intimate
contact has to be derived from an external source, whenever the gases themselves
are found to lack the requisite energy to bring about a thorough combination.
It is upon the principle of penetration of the "masses" or bodies, that is based
the employment of a forced air blow-pipo for the purpose of attaining high
temperatures. That principle is well-known. A ourrent of gas under a moderato
pressure A under certain conditions meets a current of air under pressure B. The
clomonts," which are present in suitable proportions, mix owing to penetration,
and the mixture within the mixing tube attains a common speed (A B).
Now it is clear that if one succeeds in conveying to the burner proper a mixture
of identical elements A and B, moving at the sume speed f (A B), the combustion
thereof will lead to a result similar to that given by the blow pipo.
This observation has been the starting point of my invention. After having
ascertained the composition and speed of the elements as they issue from a forced
air blow-pipe giving the maximum result, 1 succeeded in obtaining an identical
mixture moving at the same speed. The mixture was obtained by imparting to the
gas, supplied by mechanical devices to a special mixing chamber, a "living force"

page_text: or kinetic energy greater than that with which gas usually circulates in a system
of pipes; such living force being employed, partly for moving along a quantity of
air exactly determined by calculation, and partly to ensure complete penetration or
permeation, by causing the "columns" or currents of mixture to meet under
pressure.
The final maximum result is thus obtained from the forced air blow-pipe; the
novel arrangement offering, moreover, the extremely important advantage of not
requiring a double system of pipes, while being applicable in all cases in any way
connected with the production of high temperatures.
oil.
The same principles may be applied either to ordinary lighting gas or to mineral
I shall now proceed to describe the construction and operation of each of the
several apparatus devised for the purpose, and illustrated in the accompanying
drawings, the description being divided into sections as follows.
(A. For the use of ordinary lighting gas. The complete apparatus consists of a
combination of three distinct devices, viz.:
(1) An impeller, being the device adapted for imparting to the gas the
"living or kinetic force it requires to give the necessary impulse to the
air and to bring about the penetration of masses or molecules;
(2) A mixer, being the means for keeping the molecules in motion and causing
them to permeate each other and form a mixture; and
(3) A burner or combustion apparatus.
B. The application of the invention to the use of mineral oils.
1. THE IMPELLER.
As the kinetic power required for the work to be performed is very inconsiderable,
it is unnecessary to resort to any complicated apparatus to produce the initial
impulse. On the other hand, for the very reason that so little power is requisite,
such apparatus as are used may be operated by any one of the means usually
employed in producing small amounts of power, such as a tube wherein power is
generated by liquefied carbonic acid; water distribution; the distribution
of compressed air; electrical batteries; a water tank raised a few metres overhead;
or, indeed, operation by the hand of man. Or any external forces, such as may
be produced by steam engines, gas, electricity, or the like, would obviously be also
applicable; but they will really never be required, seeing the insignificance of the
power to be normally produced, and need only be resorted to in altogether
exceptional cases.
There are two kinds of impellers, viz.:-
(a) The reciprocating impeller, and
(b) The rotary impeller.
As regards (a) the reciprocating impeller
FIRST: MECHANISM FOR TIIE APPLICATION OF POWER DERIVED FROM
'CARBONIC ACID OR COMPRESSED AIR
A single acting apparatus is shown in Fig. 1. of the accompanying drawings and
it consists of two pump cylinders A. A in which there are adapted to work
two pistons or plungers B. B' having upwardly opening valves C and plunger
rods H, H, having other plungers H, H attached to their opposite ends and
moving within cylinders I. 1', open at the top. The cylinders I, I' alternately
communicate with the motor gas supply and with the atmosphere through the
medium of a slide valve K and the openings M and L. The operation of the slide
valve K is controlled by the ring or collar G striking and swinging round the
pendulum lever 0 and thus raising and lowering the slide valves through the
medium of the connecting rods or links F, continuity of motion is ensured by
means of a tube T placed underneath the balancing lever O. Within this tube, a
column of mercury travels from end to end, as the lever O is alternately inclined on
either side, by which action similar to that of the fly wheel of a steam engine, any
FIRST: MECHANISM FOR TILE APPLICATION OF POWER DERIVED FROM
'CARBONIC ACID OR COMPRESSED AIR
A single acting apparatus is shown in Fig. 1. of the accompanying drawings and
it consists of two pump cylinders A. A in which there are adapted to work
two pistons or plungers B. B' having upwardly opening valves C and plunger
rods II, H, having other plungers H, H attached to their opposite ends and
moving within cylinders I. 1', open at the top. The cylinders I, I' alternately
communicate with the motor gas supply and with the atmosphere through the
medium of a slide valve K and the openings M and L. The operation of the slide
valve K is controlled by the ring or collar G striking and swinging round the
pendulum lever 0 and thus raising and lowering tho slide valves through the
medium of the connecting rods or links F, continuity of motion is ensured by
means of a tube T placed underneath the balancing lever O. Within this tube, a
column of mercury travels from end to end, as the lever O is alternately inclined on
either side, by which action similar to that of the fly wheel of a steam engine, any

page_text: dead point, apt to arrest the operation of the machine is avoided or overcome.
The cylinders A. A' are at all times kept in communication with the gas supply;
and gas is discharged from one or the other cylinder alternately, through the
valves S.
The propelling gas (either carbonic acid or compressed air) is supplied, as the case
may be from a carbonic acid tube or from an air chamber.
For the purpose of always maintaining such propelling gas at a practically
constant pressure, a pressure reducing device is provided at the gas inlet.
This reducing device, shown in Fig. 2. consists of a cylinder a having a screwed
cap b. Between these parts is interposed a moveable membrane or diaphragm d in
the centre of which is held a rod one end of which is provided with a washer z
whereon rests an adjustable spring : while its other end carries a conical plug o.
A pressure gauge attached to the apparatus enables the pressure to be ascertained
said pressure being controlled by the degree of tension applied to the spring and a
safoty valve is provided to prevent accidents.
The gas should leave the impeller under a uniform pressure, it is therefore
necessary to pass it through a governor.
The governor employed differs from the pressure regulating device in this
particular ouly, that, inasmuch as the gas issues at a comparatively low pressure,
it is, in this instance impossible to employ a diaphragm; instead of which a small
bell or cup is used, which may be weighted with grains of lead (or shot) and is
adapted to move within a mercury trough or channel. The position of the governor
should of course be vertical.
Having described the construction of the apparatus I will now state its method
of operation.
The motor gas enters the apparatus through the pressure reducer at a pre-
determined pressure. Thence it passes into one of the working cylinders, say the
one on the right hand side I' where it acts upon the piston H (supposed to be at the
lower end of its stroke) and, through the medium of piston B', forces out all the gas
which was contained in the cylinder A.
Upon the arrival of the piston or plunger at the upper end of its stroke, the ring
or collar G meets the pendulum lever O and, through the medium of the links and
the slide valve K, places the working cylinder in communication with the atmo-
sphere on the left hand side and with the motor gas supply on the right hand side,
the requisite motion being ensured by the mercury travelling within the tube. The
left piston rod by that time has commenced its upward stroke, while the piston B¹
descends by its own weight, and the valves C rise on their seats, allowing the gas
to pass to the upper side of the piston B¹.
The operation of the machine is so timed that one piston descends before the
other piston has reached the upper end of its stroke, so that one or other of the
pistons is always in operation.
A double-acting apparatus is shown in Fig. 3. In this arrangement there is
only one driving cylinder and one compressing cylinder; and each surface of a solid
piston is alternately acted upon.
The apparatus consists of the cylinders A and B. Within the cylinder A works
the operating piston and rod D imparting motion to the solid compressing piston C
in the cylinder B. The gas to be compressed is admitted to the cylinder B by the
valves EE operating inwardly, and issues through the valves S S' opening
outwardly.
The admission and discharge of the motor gas is effected by the cocks RR
which are here used instead of slide valves. A rack M moving in a slido is adapted
to rise with the piston rod under the action of the arm N. This rack engages with
a pinion m which, through the medium of suitable gearing, imparts motion to the
main wheel K, to which two pins 001 are attached. Upon the shaft of the said
wheel K is mounted a lever L provided with a balancing weight. The cocks R R¹
have movable sockets, hinged or linked to the arrangement . 2¹.

page_text: A reference to the drawings will at once make the operation of the mechanism
apparent.
As the rack M moves with the piston, the wheel K will participate in such
movement. The lever L will remain at rest upon the pin or stud 0 until it has
passed beyond the perpendicular, the movement of which passage coincides with the
time at which the reversion of motion must take place. The lever, under the action
of its counterweight, will then drop upon the linked arrangement z 21 (first upon z
and then upon z', and vice versa, alternately), which, under the impulse thus
received, will operate the cocks R R', and thus reverse the motion of the apparatus
and alternately, so as to send the motor gas in each case on to one side of the
piston, whilst exposing the other to the atmosphere. The lever will just then be
resting upon the stud or pin 0, and as this movement is performed in alternately
opposite directions, the motion will continue in a uniform manner, the effect of the
action of the lever being to prevent any interruption. The pressure at the inlet and
outlet may be regulated either by the means described above, or by the agency of
a hellows or accordion-shaped india-rubber bag within which the pressure is
adjusted according to requirements.
It will be understood that the slide valve arrangement described in connection
with the double cylinder mechanism might also be applied to this double-acting
apparatus; or the cylinders and their pistons might, with the advantage of saving
motive power, be replaced by india-rubber bags in the shape of accordions or
bellows or cylinders might be used, the lower portions of which are filled with
liquid and made to communicate the liquid moving in accordance with the pressure
exercised, or, lastly, both arrangements might be combined.
SECOND:
MECHANISM FOR
THE APPLICATION OF ITYDRAULIC POWER, OR
THE POWER OF LIQUID UNDER PRESSURE (WATER SUPPLY PIPES,
TANKS, &C.).
This arrangement only differs from the one previously described in certain
details. The power may here be applied direct, in one and the same cylinder, as
there is no fear of either carbonic acid (CO) escaping through leakages, or air
entering and mixing with the gas. There need therefore he only one cylinder in
the double-acting machine, and two in the single-acting arrangement. The piston
may be replaced by a simple float, adapted to effect the release through the medium
of a rod whenever the motion is to be reversed. And inasmuch as the water must
in all cases exert all its power, at the pressure at which it is supplied, if a device
joined on to a system of water pipes is to be worked economically, the escape valves
should be so controlled as only to open at a predetermined pressure calculated
according to the power of the water supplied. From these valves the gas will then
pass into a regulating chamber similar to the one described above.
Fig. 4 of the drawings is a diagram of the complete plant. A A are the
oylinders, BB the floats, and D the regulator or governor, carrying a boll or
dome. at the top, adapted to move within a groove or channel filled with
mercury, or a diaphragm, to which is attached a rod E engaging with two
pinions F mounted upon the spindles of two cocks z z¹. The admission and
discharge of the water is effected by means of a six-way cock G having a movable
bushing or socket. The two rods K K' are connected by a rod or link k pivotted
at L and adapted to set the disc or plate M in motion. A weighted pendulum N
is mounted upon the shaft I and supported by two pins or studs 00¹. The
valves P P should be adjusted in such a manner that, whenever the pressure to be
obtained within the regulating chamber B equals a, and the power of the water is
equal to b, the said valves will operate at a pressure h-a.
The manner in which this arrangement operates will now be readily understood.
The pressure within the governor or regulating chamber, owing to its situation,
which is dependent upon the extent to which the valves P P open, will more or
less completely close the cocks F. The motion of the floats is, by the rods K, K

page_text: conveyed to the link and, through the latter, to the disc M which, in turning,
takes round the weighted red or pendulum N. When this rod passes the vertical
position, and as it further continues to move, it strikes the device X, whereby the
cock G is turned and the motion reversed, the samo us in the mechanism previously
5 described.
(b.) The rotary impeller shown in Fig. 6 will prove a fitting arrangement in
those cases where either hydraulic or electrical energy is available. It consists of
a centrifugal fan, or one fitted with a screw such as A, operated by a turbine or
by a small electrical motor, such as B. The dimensions and speed of the fan are
so regulated as to ensure, at the requisite pressure, a supply of gas sufficient to
fill a given number of burners; though it will be found that the pressure will
remain perfectly uniform even with a varying number of burners in use; and this
result is attained by the following means.
The gas under pressure, as it leaves the fan, flows into a chamber or reservoir C.
This chambor is provided at its lower part with a valve S, so controlled as to open
whenever the pressure within said chamber exceeds a predetermined limit, and
allows a certain amount of gas to pass through it, and such gas will be once more
drawn in by the fan, which will accordingly close the upwardly opening valve T,
thereby checking any further admission of gas until the whole mechanism is again
restored to its normal condition; the said valve S is also adapted to prevent accidents
should the motor continue in operation after all the burners have been turned off.
It will be understood that when an electrical motor is used, the impeller may
be attached direct to a burner, a chandelier, or any apparatus carrying a number
of burners.
Discontinuous impollers need only be mentioned here as a matter of form.
This class of apparatus would be used to compress gas within receivers by well-
known appliances such as pumps, weighted suction devices, or the like, and th
utilise such gus within a system of pipes. They would only, however, be employed
on rare occasions, by reason of the motive power, necessary for working impellers,
being obtainable at little cost, while apparatus with receivers would prove both
cumbersome and dangerous.
2. THE MIXER.
The mixer is designed to perform two operations, viz., firstly, to cause a sufficient
amount of air to be drawn in by suction to bring together in suitable proportions
the elements to be mixed, and secondly, to ensure their thorough mixture.
(1.) As the gas, on entering, moves with the momentum or living force imparted
to it by the impeller, it will be understood that suction by means of an injector
may here be far more readily brought into play, than if gas were supplied merely
at its own pressure. The injectors used should have one or more jets terminating
just in front of a cylindrical or truncated nozzle. A piece of wire gauze with wide
meshes may bo employed wherever there is any danger or a draught of air deflecting
the current of gas issuing from the injector.
The number of injectors to be used and their arrangement may vary according
to the power of the burners. In some cases an additional draught of air should be
provided for, in the form of flues or chimneys leading from the lower part of the
burner to the mixing chamber.
(2.) A the rough mixture may be obtained by means of gyrating currents, or
counter currents, created within the mixing chamber with a view to bringing the
"elements" or molecules closer together.
Given a tube A (Fig. 7) wherein a column or current of mixture moves at a
certain speed (this being an essential condition for the desired effect to be produced).
Then, if I place a small thin circular plate B at right angles to the (molecular)
currents, the effects delineated in the figure will be obtained, that is to say, the
currents perpendicular to the surface of the plate will be so inclined or deflected
as to become parallel thereto; and in doing so, they will repel or displace the
currents situated at or near the edges; then, as they move past these, they will

page_text: again more and more deviate from their course, so as to gradually assume a position
at right angles to their initial direction, and so as to gyrate or form counter-
currents.
Part of these fluid "veins," viz.:-those approximating the edges and being for
the most part composed of air will, however, escape the influence of the plate thus
inserted. That part, therefore, will ascend directly along the walls of the tube.
By bending these walls at C D, so as to give them the shape of a paraboloid
segment, co-axial with the tube, all the said "veins" or currents which will come
to forcibly strike the parabola, will be deflected towards the point or points E
situated within the initial vortex, when, owing to penetration, a thorough mixture
will be obtained; the well-mixed gascuus mass" then passing through the
reduced or contracted portion E E of the tube, where it will acquire an accession
of that impulsive speed or momentum which is needful for a proper combustion.
veins are made to
It will thus be seen that, by such means, all the fluid
participate in the gyratory motion, producing, in the result, a mixture, the diverse
constituent elements of which, being forced very close together will retain their
common speed up to the very moment of reaching the burner. It should however
be observed that the mixing tube should not be made too wide, or those fluid
" veins, which have been deflected by the paraboloid segment, will not prove
sufficiently powerful. It has therefore been found necessary in apparatus having
a number of 'burners to divide the gas amongst two or more tubes, each corre-
sponding to a particular injector.
The columns of mixture formed by such injectors may, accordingly, be so arranged
as to meet at angles of greater or less amplitude. The consequence of their joining
under these conditions is the formation of a number of vortices and the thorough
combination and mixing together of the molecules of the gas and air.
"
There, again, certain parts might escape the gyrating action of the "masses
(currents tending to avoid contact), so that it will be necessary to resort to the
paraboloid segment to obtain a thorough mixture.
Now, it is only upon condition that a close and thorough mixture is available,
that a gaseous column may be subjected to expansion, as it should be wherever
burners with a number of outlets are used, as will be presently explained.
(3.) THE BURNER.
The burner should be so arranged as to afford the gas every facility for escaping,
so as to avoid counter-pressures which might force back the flames, or produce
"return flames." In view of this fact I have given it a truncated shape and
arranged it with the small base downwards; the resulting expansion being without
effect upon the degree of perfection of the combustion, owing to the thorough
manner in which the mixture has been formed. A burner having one cap or dome
only should be surmounted with a wire-gauze casing; where it has several caps,
the same truncated cone will support a number of burners with one cap each, so
disposed as to ensure the maximum luminous effect.
will now proceed to describe a number of combination arrangements based
upon
the principles stated above, and will at the same time indicate their operation.
(1.) THE SINGLE BURNER ARRANGEMENT, FIG. 8.
This consists of an injector A located below a mixing tube B. This tube carries
a dividing plate C, its upper portion consisting of a paraboloid segment, surmounted
by a burner-carrying truncated cone E. The burner proper consists of a con-
tracted portion adapted to be inserted into the mixing tube, and of an inverted
cone surmounted by wire-gauze. Where there is any fear of the flame being
interfered with by violent gusts of wind, the adjustable supports I may be sur
rounded by wire gauze.
The advantages arising from this arrangement are considerable. The gas jet i
throughout its height fed by the external air; and when the column of gas arrives
at the mixing tube, it is, owing to the provision of the dividing plate and the

page_text: parabolic segment, thoroughly mixed therewith in the desired proportions, tho
height of the space wherein such suction takes place being readily adjustable by
means of the rod I. The momentum of the gas, in addition to ensuring this
thorough mixture, enables aleo mixtures to form which contain a far greater
amount of burning agents than usual. In ordinary cases, the proportions of the
mixture are limited, owing to the fact that if mixtures were used, in which there
is too large a proportion of air, the flames they would yield would be short, and
they would heat the wire gauze protectors of the burners to incandesence, thereby
ulmost instantaneously destroying same.
In the arrangement I have adopted, in oonsequence of the momentum of the
current of gas, and of the thorough nature of the mixtures, it is possible to employ
mixtures giving maximum temperatures without any danger of such accidents as
I have just mentioned occurring.
The fact is that no matter what the composition of the mixture may be, there
forms above the wire gauze a space or zone wherein no combustion takes place,
and which may be described as the "preparation zone," constituting in effect a
protecting screen. It follows that the temperature of the flame may be raised to
any conceivable degree (say to 2000° Centigrade), and that the temperature will
invariably prove homogenous, so that sleeves or mantles of far less resistance
(than usual) may be employed, since the amount of heat generated will be such
that the absorption by a thicker material will still leave a sufficient quantity of
available heat to carry the infusible metallic oxides to incandescence. This great
heat pormite, therefore, sleeves or mantles of platinum wire and placed on the
burner to be carried to a white heat.
It should also be observed that the living energy of the flame, in these burners,
will supply the place of the draught of air usually created by means of the
chimneys placed over the burners, so that the chimneys may in this arrangement be
dispensed with altogether. There will be emitted a far more powerful light, rapidly
increasing in intensity, more rapidly, in fact, than the heat itself, while the incon-
venience attending loss of light and breakage of glass chimneys is avoided, and the
possibility is afforded to combine a number of sleeves or mantles into groups or
series, so as to form sources of light of considerable power within a small volume
of space.
(2.) THE MULTIPLE-BURNER ARRANGEMENT.
These combinations of mixtures are based upon the principle recited above with
reference to unixing and penetration, consequent upon the niceting or junction of
columns of gas and air; which conjunction of currents may be effected in the form
of mixers illustrated in Fig. 9. where they will meet in the zone E and F whilst the
gaseous currents d-fiected by the parabolic surface will meet there also. The result
is a succession of gyrating ourrents or vortices flowing into the expansion cone A
and thence to the burners B. The injectors J. J may be two three or four in
number, according to the amount of mixture which it is desired that the burners
should consume. There forms in a species of vacuum, owing to the aspiration
of combined currents. This is taken advantage of when it is desired to increase
the proportion of air contained in the mixture, by placing one or more chimneya
therein, extending to below the mixture and supplying the extra air. The
burners B are arranged all around the coue A; or, where more powerful sources
of light are required, there may be two rows of burners.
The arrangement shown in Fig. 10 may be advantageously employed. The
apparatus herein represented is based upon the same principle as the one described
before. The "columns" or currents may here meet direct, with the result that
the "masses" or molecules, which are in gyratory motion above and below the
meeting points, are spread out. It is for this reason that the bottom of the mixing
tube is mado in the shape of a parabola, the currents coming from the neighbour
hood of the point K, and deflected downwards, are, in consequence, deflected
vertically, and either again meet the vortex or come into contact with the parabolic

page_text: segment, whence they are also repelled towards the point K. Hence there results
a constant movement or agitation of gyratory or counter currents, and consequently
a perfect mixture. The branch tubes or nozzles L are lined with wire gauze at
their bottoms, to prevent any loss.
The two forms of apparatus just described may be suspended, it being only
necessary to pass a narrow tube or pipe T through the centre for the admission
of gas.
Fig. 11. of the drawing is a detailed view of the cook or tap, or valve, which
may be employed in this form of apparatus. It consists of a plate with a leather
washer P adapted to move along with a gear rod Q, passing through suitable
packing. Motion is imparted to the rod and also consequently to the closing cock
or valve by means of a rack e and a plug the spindle of which carries a pin.
The nature of the motion will be readily understood, and it will be seen that the
arrangement is an advantageous one, since it enables to locate a kindred device at
the point Z (Fig. 10.), and to keep it constantly open no matter what the position
of the cock may happen to be. The decending tube may also serve to carry a
plate or dish supporting the carriers of the protecting caps and a reflector.
Attention is also called to the arrangement represented in Figure 12 wherein the
air required to form the mixture comes from a recuperating device 1. The products
of combustion pass around the mixer, and the gas, as it issues from the burner,
forms a flame reversed in mushroom shape. To cover over this flame a sleeve or
mantle of corresponding shape is suspended so as to surround the burner, by means
of a light platinum basket or frame.
The methods herein above described are applicable to all purposes of illumination.
In the case of street lamps, the impellers and the carbonic acid jar used for the
purpose of propulsion, may be located within the base or lower support of the lamp
or in a box sunk in the ground at the foot of each lamp post.
A powerful light may be obtained in the ordinary "interior" lamps. In works
or factories, the impelling fan may be operated by means of a driving engine
without requiring any special syston of pipes. The mixers, as constructed in
accordance with this invention when applied to the illumination of railway
carriages, where rich compressed gas is now employed, enable incandescent
lighting by means of platinum (wire) to be substituted for that method of illumina-
tion, permitting the use of ordinary gas, with but insignificant alterations, in fact
illumination in accordance with this invention will prove serviceable everywhere,
almost without exception, and the considerable saving it enables to be derived
owing to the plentiful supply of light it yields, cannot fail to render its employment
general.
Nor does the applicability of the invention stop at illumination; for the great
heating power of the flames may he turned to account in various heating appliances
either by contact, in such apparatus as cooking stoves, or by heating metal or
fireproof surfaces to incandescence, say, in the case of the heating of apartments
or dwelling houses.
The mixers and the impellers I have devised will also be found applicable with
great advantage to most purposes of manufacture. Thus they may be utilized in
soldering iron, melting metals, heating, melting and "trimming" glass. In fact,
they may be used instead of or as blow pipes, wherever the services of these may
be required, offering the advantage of removing the necessity for the laborious
operation of the blow pipe or blast by the foot, and further of constituting apparatus
80 regulated as always to offer the maximum yield.
By reason of their kinetic energy and of the large proportion of combustible
agents which they contain, these burners may be employed for under-water com-
bustion, whereby another extensive field of industrial utility is opened to them.
B. MINERAL OIL (HYDROCARBONS).
Whatever may be the form of impeller emploved. it is clear that air may he

page_text: compressed as readily as gas. Now if such air be caused to pass through troughs
or channels, wherein compartments of a small size or volume, filled with a substance
capable of retaining mineral oil (such as the various sorts of petroleum or hydro-
carbons), are compactly arranged; and if, further, a constant supply of liquid is
provided for, so that the feeding may be performed by the motion of the impeller
itself; the result will be an air-and-oil gas in a finely divided state, capable of
being used for the same purpose for which ordinary lighting gas is employed.
This gas, as it issues from the apparatus, will pass through a series of very thin
wire gauze sheets, acting as a sort of condenser by concussion, which will enable
the mixture to be utilized even through comparatively long gas-piping, without
having any condensation to apprehend.
Owing to the small size of the impeller the carburetter and the carbonic acid jar,
very powerful apparatus for street illumination may be constructed, independently
of any system of gas pipes or electrical conductors.
The gas obtained may, of course, serve for all lighting or heating purposes; as
well as all purposes of the manufacturing industry mentioned above, upon condition
that mixers and burners, constructed in accordance with this invention, are used.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
claim is:-
1. In a system of illuminating and heating for the purpose of imparting to the
gas the living force or momentum which it requires to be capable of attaining high
temperatures, the arrangement and use of mechanism consisting of two pump
cylinders, wherein two plungers or pistons with valves are adapted to operate, such
pistons being provided with rods moving in a cylinder which is alternately placed
in communication with the motor gas supply and with atmosphere, as described
above and shown in the accompanying drawings.
2. In a system of illuminating and heating in which is employed mechanism
adapted to produce the momentum required by the gas as above described, utilising
the power stored up in tubes containing liquefied carbonic acid, such power being
communicated to the impelling devices through the medium of two cylinders
having pistons working within them, the said power being made to act upon either
one or the other piston alternately, through the medium of a slide-valve arrange-
ment or distributing gearing automatically regulated by means of a pendulum or
balancing lever operated by the upward and downward strokes of the piston rods,
substantially as described and shown in the accompanying drawings.
3. In a system of illuminating and heating in combination with mechanism.
adapted to produce the momentum required by the gas, for the purpose of ensuring
continuity of motion, the employment and arrangement of a pendulum having a
tube containing mercury attached to it; such mercury as it becomes displaced,
forming a counter-balancing weight alternately at either end of the pendulum,
substantially as herein described and illustrated in the drawings.
4. In a system of illuminating and heating in which mechanism such as is above
referred to is employed for imparting the necessary momentum to the gas; the
construction of such mechanism being based upon the same principle as that of
the mechanisin above claimed, the arrangement of a motor cylinder and a com-
pressing cylinder, one cylinder surmounting the other; the motor or driving
cylinder being fitted with a working piston above and below which the motor gas
is alternately caused to act, whereby the required impulse is given through the
medium of the piston of the large compressing cylinder; as above described and
illustrated in the accompanying drawings.
5. In a system of illuminating and heating the employment, in combination with
the driving cylinder mentioned above, of n mck fitted to the piston rod working
within the said cylinder; the said rack being so arranged that, whilst it follows
the piston stroke externally, it sets in operation a series of gear wheels adapted
to convey motion to a wheel carrying a weighted rod which, in consequence of the

page_text: reciprocating motion which the said wheel imparts to it, alternately strikes the
operating rods of two cocks, one of which is adapted to admit the gas, and
the other to discharge the same; as described and shown in the drawings.
6. In a system of illuminating and heating in combination with means for
imparting the necessary momentum to the gas, the arrangement and use of a mixer
adapted to ensure aspiration of air, by suction, and the contact of such air with
the gas; such mixer consisting of one or more injectors, the orifices of which are
situated so as to face one or more cylindrical or truncated nozzles, whereby counter-
currents or vortices are created in the column of mixture; the said column being, to
this end, supplemented with a thin plate, perpendicular or at right angles to the
directions of the (minor) currents, and by a contracted tubular portion, assuming
the shape of a paraboloid segment; so that the said currents are inclined or deflected
so as to strike and repel each other, thereby producing the above mentioned
vortices; as described and shown.
7. In a system of illuminating and heating in combination with apparatus for
imparting the momentum to the gas, and with the mixer, the employment of one or
more burners in the form of an inverted truncated cone carrying one or more
incandescent caps or mantles: such burner cr burners comprising a contracted or
reduced portion adapted to he inserted into the mixing tube, and an inverted
truncated cone surmounted by a cap of wire-gauze, as described and shown.
8. In a system of illuminating and heating in combination with means for pro-
ducing the requisite momentum and imparting same to the gas, the arrangement
and employment of a number of burners with a mixing device, in such a manner that
the gyrating currents or vortices are sent into an expansion cone, whence they pass
on to the burners arranged all round and upon such expansion cone; as described
and shown.
9. In a system of illuminating and heating in combination with means for
imparting the momentum to the gas and with a view to sending up to the burners
a perfect mixture of air and gas, the employment of a mixing tube or chamber
having internally the shape of a parabola, so that the currents of gas and air to be
mixed may, by striking each other, be deflected from one wall of the said chamber
to the other, for the purpose of creating a vortex of counter-currents ensuring
thorough mixture; as described and shown.
10. In a system of illuminating and heating the employment of a burner fitted
with a regenerating device, in combination with an air-and-gas mixer, the arrange-
ment being such that the products of combustion pass around the said mixer, while
the flame is deflected downwards in mushroom shape and made to act upon a sleeve
or mantle which is similarly shaped and surrounded by a light structure or basket
of platinum as described and shown.
11. The construction and employment of the illuminating and heating apparatus;
it being understood that the momentum may be imparted to the gas from a source
of motive power other than carbonic acid; substantially as described and exemplified
by the accompanying drawings.
12. The employment of compressing apparatus, for use with air in lieu of gas
for the purpose of imparting to such air the momentum necessary for carburetting
it by carrying it through hydrocarbons or mineral oil, substantially as described
and shown in the drawings.
ה
J. C. CHAPMAN, C.P.A.,
70, Chancery Lane, London, W.C., Agent for Applicant.