Year: 1878

page_text: I, WILLIAM ROBERT LAKE, of the firm of Haseltine, Lake & Co, Patent Agents,
Southampton Buildings, London, seek leave to amend the specification and
drawings of Letters-Patent,-No.-5082-of-1878, as shown in red ink in the
copy of the original specification and drawings hereunto annexed.
My reasons for making this amendment are as follows:-I wish to eliminate
from the said Letters Patent that portion of the invention which was not
undoubtedly new at the date thereof.
In the Matter of the Application made by William Robert Lake for leave to amend
the Specification of Letters Patent No. 5082 of 1878:

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Robert Lake, of the Firm of Haseltine, Lake,
& Co., Patent Agents, Southampton Buildings, London, for the Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN AND RELATING TO SCREW-BOLTS, AND THEIR NUTS AND
OTHER ARTICLES WITH SCREW THREADED HOLES, AND IN THE MANUFACTURE
OF IMPLEMENTS FOR PUNCHING THESE HOLES." A communication from abroad
by Alfred Buckingham Ibbotson, of Villa Ibbotson, Florence, Italy."
Sealed the 14th March 1879, and dated the 11th December 1878.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Robert Lake at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 11th December 1878.
.
WILLIAM ROBERT LAKE, of the Firm of Haseltine Lake & Co., Patent Agents
Southampton Buildings London. "IMPROVEMENTS IN AND RELATING TO SCREW-
BOLTS AND THEIR NUTS, AND OTHER ARTICLES WITH SCREW-THREADED HOLES,
AND IN THE MANUFACTURE OF IMPLEMENTS FOR PUNCHING THESE HOLES." [A
communication from abroad by Alfred Buckingham Ibbotson of Villa Ibbotson,
Florence, Italy.]
The said Invention relates partly to further improvements in the manufacture of
nuts and bolts described in the Specification of Letters Patent dated the 18th of
April A.D. 1877 No. 1508 and partly to punches for forming the nuts and bolt
holes.
"
The objects of these improvements are to reduce the cost of the formation of the
screw thread of bolts nuts or tapped holes as described in the said former Speci-
fication by making use of this present Invention in connection with ordinary iron
screwed bolts or with ordinary iron screwed nuts or bolt holes in such a manner as
shall without any other special or separate locking devices render them so perma-
nently tight when screwed up that they will resist the loosening or slackening effect
of vibration and to reduce the cost of manufacture of the nuts or bolt holes
described either in this or the said former Specification by improvements in the
manufacture of the punches required for forming the holes in the same.
These improvements partly consist in so forming screw threads in nuts or bolt
holes of hard or hardened metal that when they are screwed on iron screws or bolts
having screw threads thereon of a somewhat larger diameter and of softer metal,
the hard threads of the nuts or bolt holes will act like a screw plate to cut their

page_text: way on and into the softer metal of such bolts. Or I so form the screw threads of
hard or hardened metal, on bolts that they shall act like a screw tap to cut their
way into the screw threads of nuts or bolt holes of a somewhat smaller diameter
and of softer metal. I thereby cause the two kinds of threads to have such a close
gripping contact when screwed together as will effectually resist the loosening effect
of vibration as described in the said former Specification but this object is accom-
plished in a more efficient manner by the present Invention, for whereas according
to the said former Invention it was necessary to use a completely cut thread of hard
metal on, or in, the one part in combination with a purposely incomplete or partially
cut thread of softer metal in or on the other part any special alteration or prepara-
tion of the part with threads of softer metal is by this Invention avoided and
rendered unnecessary, for where it is desired to use ordinary screwed iron bolts
particularly ordinary screwed iron fish bolts which already exist and are in use in
great quantities it will only be necessary to replace their nuts with nuts made
according to this Invention and thereby obtain the great advantages to be derived
from its adoption at a trifling cost. Or if (by reason of their much greater strength)
steel bolts are preferred such steel bolts may be made according to this Invention
and may be used in connection with ordinary screwed iron nuts or bolt holes.
In carrying this Invention into practice in connection with ordinary screwed iron
bolts the material containing or surrounding the bolt holes or the nuts used should
be made of steel which may be in some instances hardened and tempered or of
iron with their screw threads case or surface hardened and their screw threads may
be so cut or tapped that the diameter- between the projecting edges of the threads
in one end of the bolt holes will be large enough to pass freely on the screwed ends-
of the bolts but with the diameter between such projecting edges of their threads
gradually diminishing to the opposite ends of such holes. Or the bolt holes or nuts
inay be tapped with full parallel threads of sufficient diameter to be screwed upon
the bolts in one end of the holes and for a portion of the length of their holes and
be tapped with parallel screw threads of a lesser diameter between the projecting
edges of the threads in the remaining portion of the length of the said bolt holes.
And after the said nuts at their larger bolt hole ends have been screwed easily on
the said ordinary screwed iron bolt ends for a certain 'distance to secure the pieces
together, then by the aid of a large spanner or other suitable implement the bolts
may be forced forward into the bolt holes or the nuts may be forced forward on the
bolts as far as may be required for firmly tightening up the articles to be compressed
or secured by or between the same; it will then be found that during the process of
so forcibly screwing the pieces together the hard threads of the bolt holes or of the
nuts which have the smaller diameter between their projecting screw thread edges
have actually cut their way like a screw plate into the softer metal at the bottom of
the threads of the screwed iron bolts. Or in the event of steel bolts or bolts of
steel hardened and tempered or iron bolts with their threaded surfaces case or
surface hardened being used in connection with ordinary iron bolt holes or ordinary
iron nuts, then such steel or surface hardened bolts may have taper screw threads
formed upon them with the smallest diameter of the surface of the projecting edges
of their threads (corresponding with the diameter of the threads in the bolt holes
or nuts) at their ends. Or those portions of their threads which are of larger
diameter and that are to be forcibly screwed in the bolt holes or nuts to complete
the tightening up operation may be formed farthest from the ends of the said bolts
and may be made parallel and of a larger diameter than the threads on their ends
which may also be parallel so that in these cases also the forcing of the large
portions into the bolt holes or the forcing of the ordinary nuts forward on these
threads of larger diameter on the bolts will have the effect of deepening of the
threads in the bolt holes or nuts. In all the above cases some portions of the male
and female screw threads will thus be brought into such absolutely close contact
that they will adhere together almost as firmly as if welded together or into one
solid piece of metal.

page_text: To facilitate the operation of making the hard portion of the female threads or
the large hard threads of the male screws accomplish the object desired it is found
very advantageous to form grooves or slots through the entire length of the hard
threads or at least through those portions of them which are required to act as
screw plates or screw taps the sharp edges formed on the threads where these
grooves pass through them, enable them to cut their way more easily, and do not
involve the exercise of so much force or tend to break the bolts. Moreover they
carry off any rust or grit which may have accumulated in the softer thread as well
as the metal they may cut out of the softer surface. To form these grooves or slots
in the bolt holes or in the nuts expeditiously and cheaply it has been found essential
to use punches having the necessary projections with cutting edges on their sides
for punching out the holes and the grooves or slots at one and the same moment
but these peculiarly shaped punches have hitherto been very costly to make.
But by this Invention the punches are now formed from bars of steel of the proper
quality and temper and which have been rolled between suitably shaped rolls with
the said projections extending along their whole length that is to say these bars
are in all respects finished by the rolls to give them the precise and exact section
required for the finished punches which therefore only require to be cut off in
proper lengths, shaped at their ends hardened and tempered and then fitted into a
strong socket fixed in the punching machine or nut making machine..
This Invention is specially applicable to joints for railway rails.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said William Robert Lake in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 11th June
1879.
WILLIAM ROBERT LAKE of the Firm of Haseltine Lake & Co. Patents Agents
Southampton Buildings London. "IMPROVEMENTS IN AND RELATING TO. SCREW-
BOLTS AND THEIR NUTS AND OTHER ARTICLES WITH SCREW-THREADED HOLES,
AND IN THE MANUFACTURE OF IMPLEMENTS FOR PUNCHING THESE HOLES." A
communication-to-me from abroad by Alfred Buckingham Ibbotson of Villa Ibbotson,
Florence, Italy.
The said Invention relates to further improvements in the screw fastenings
described in the Specification of Letters Patent dated the 18th of April A.D. 1877
No. 1508. The said screw fastenings consist of screws or bolts, and nuts or tapped
holes which have their screw threads formed relatively in a peculiar inanner so
that when first formed the male and female parts do not fit each other throughout
their entire extent and cannot be screwed together like ordinary screw bolts and
nuts, but have to be forced together and when properly screwed together they lock
each other so effectually that the accidental slackening or loosening of the bolt or
nut is impossible, and thus the advantage of locking the said bolt or nut without
any separate or special locking device is secured.
The said Invention-also-partly relates to punches for forming the nuts and bolt
holes.
The main object of the said improvements is to carry into effect the principle or
method of obtaining the secure and permanent retention of the nuts and bolts
described in the said former Specification with greater efficiency convenience and
security and with a reduction of the cost of formation of the screw threads, and
the present Invention consists chiefly in so modifying the aforesaid principle or
method that the peculiarly formed threads in the one part may be used in combina-
tion with ordinary threads in the other part of the screw fastening. I am thereby
enabled to make use of ordinary iron screwed bolts or ordinary iron screwed nuts
or bolt holes in such a manner that, without any special or separate locking device,
these fastenings may be rendered so permanently tight when screwed up that they
will resist the loosening or slackening effect of any vibration to which they can be
subjected.
These improvements comprise a screw fastening consisting of a nut or tapped hole
(in which the screw threads are cut in a peculiar manner) in combination with an
ordinary screw bolt. In this case the screw threads in the nut or bolt hole are of
bard or hardened metal and instead of being made to fit the bolt in the usual
imanner the nut or hole is so tapped that it is too small to be screwed for the full
length of its screw thread upon, or to admit, the said bolt without reducing the
thread on the latter and the desired result is effected by forcing the nut upon the

page_text: bolt or forcing the bolt into the hole. But according to this Invention this result
is not obtained (as described in the said former Specification) by completing the
partially cut thread in the nut but by reducing the thread on an ordinary screw
bolt; that is to say when the hard metal nut, or hole tapped in hard metal, is used
in combination with an iron screw or bolt whose screw threads are of a somewhat
larger diameter and of softer metal; the hard threads of the nut or bolt hole will
either act like a screw plate to cut their way on and into the softer metal of the
bolt or will compress the threads on the bolt, and the present Invention is advan-
tageous for the reason that it obviates the necessity for the extreme accuracy in
the length of screwing which is required when specially prepared bolts are used as
described in the said former Specification.
The said improvements also comprise a screw fastening, consisting of a screw bolt
with peculiarly cut threads, in combination with a nut or bolt hole tapped in the
ordinary manner. In this case I form the bolt entirely or partially of hard or
hardened metal and with its threads, or some of them, of such a diameter that they
cannot enter the nut or hole without acting like a screw tap to cut their way into
the softer screw threads of the said nut or hole. Thus in both cases I cause the
two kinds of threads to have such a close griping contact when screwed together
as will effectually resist the loosening effect of vibration. And this object is
accomplished in a more convenient and economical manner by the present Invention
than heretofore, for, according to the said former Invention both parts of the screw
fastening had to be specially formed, that is to say; it was necessary to use a com-
pletely cut thread of hard metal on, or in, the one part, in combination with a thread
of softer metal purposely left incomplete, or only partially cut, in, or on, the other
part. But by this Invention the special formation or preparation of the part which
has the thread of soft metal is avoided and rendered unnecessary, for, in cases where
it is desired to use ordinary screwed iron bolts, particularly fish bolts, which already
exist and are in use in great quantities, it will only be necessary to replace the
ordinary nuts with nuts made according to this Invention and thereby obtain the
great advantages to be derived from its adoption, at a trifling cost. Or if (by reason
of their much greater strength) steel bolts are preferred, such steel bolts may be
made according to this Invention and may be used in connection with ordinary
screwed iron nuts or bolt holes. Or I may use steel nuts according to this Invention
with specially hard threads, in combination with ordinary screwed bolts that are
made of steel which is softer than the cutting threads of the nuts.
The said Invention is illustrated in the accompanying Drawing in which.
Figure 1 is a plan, and Figure 2 is a sectional side view shewing a nut with
peculiarly formed threads used in combination with an ordinary bolt. a is the nut.
b is the bolt. c, c are threads in the nut of such a diameter as to fit the bolt in
the ordinary manner. d, d, are threads in the nut of smaller diameter and which
have to be forced upon the threads of the bolt, and when forced thereon will cut
into and become fixed on, the same. e, e are grooves or slots which are formed
entirely through the nut. ff are the cutting edges of the threads.
Figure 3 is a sectional elevation of a bolt with peculiarly formed threads applied
to an ordinary iron nut. a is the nut. b is the bolt. 9 g are threads on the bolt
of such a diameter as to fit the threads in the nut in the ordinary manner. "hh are
threads of a larger diameter and which will not enter the said out without force,
and which, when forced into the nut, cut into the threads in the same and thereby
secure the bolt tightly in the said nut.
Figures 4 and 5 are longitudinal sections of nuts which have their threads
smaller in diameter at one end than at the other end of the same according to, and
for the purpose of, this Invention.
Figure 6 is a plan and Figure 7 is a longitudinal section of a nut with a pecu-
liarly formed thread showing a modification of Figure 1, the grooves or slots e.
being formed only partially through the said nut.
Figure 8 is a plan and Figure 9 is a longitudinal section of a nut shewing another
modification in the formation of the said grooves.

page_text: Figure 10 is a sectional elevation illustrating a modification of Figure 3 and
shewing one method of using a bolt which has a peculiarly formed thread as herein
described with an ordinary tapped hole in a plate. b is the bolt. i is the plate;
the hard threads at the part of the bolt are made too large in diameter to enter
the threads in the hole of the plate without force, and to be screwed into the plate
have to cut their way into the same, and when thus screwed into the said plate
with the bolt will be tightly secured therein.
Figures 11 to 18 illustrate modifications in the formation of the slots in the nuts,
that is to say;
Figures 11 and 12
14 and 15 are plans.
longitudinal section.
are plans. Figure 13 is a side elevation of Figure 12. Figures
Figure 16 is a side elevation of Figure 15. Figure 17 is a
Figure 18 is a plan of Figure 17.
Figure 19 is a side elevation of a bolt shewing a groove or slot at j.
Figure 20 is a sectional elevation shewing the application of a fully or com-
pletely tapped nut a to a partially cut bolt b. c, c are the fully cut threads on the
bolt. k, kare the incomplete or partially cut threads on the bolt; these threads
are so proportioned to each other that, as the nut is forced on the bolt, the hand
threads of the nut will complete the cutting of the threads on the bolt as hereinafter
described.
Figure 21 is a longitudinal section of a nut having its threads c, c fully tapped
or cut and its threads l. I only partially tapped or cut so that the hard threads of
a fully screwed bolt may complete the cutting or tapping of the threads in the nut
as hereinafter described,_
Figures 22, 23, 24, 25, 26 and 27 are transverse sections of my--improved-
punches-for-the-formation of grooves or slots in the nuts.or-plates.
Figure-28-is-a-side-view-of-Figure-27.
In carrying this Invention into practice in connection with a peculiarly tapped
nut a or hole, and an ordinary screwed iron or soft steel bolt b, as shewn in Figures
2, 7 and 9, the material composing the threads in the bolt hole or of which the nut
is formed, should be steel which may be in some instances hardened or tempered; or
it should be iron with the screw threads case or surface hardened and the nut or
hole is cut or tapped at one end with full threads as shewn at c, c. of sufficiently
large diameter to be screwed upon the bolt, and the remaining portion of the hole
is tapped with screw threads of a lesser diameter, as shewn at d. d. The parts c, c
and d, d on which the threads are cut are preferably nearly parallel. Or the nuts
or bolt holes are so tapped that the threads in one end of the bolt hole are large
enough in diameter to pass freely on the screwed end of the bolt but gradually
diminish to the opposite end of the hole as in Figures 4 and 5. And after one of
the said nuts has been screwed on the said ordinary screwed iron or soft steel bolt
for a certain distance to secure the pieces together, then by the aid of a spanner or
other suitable implement, the bolt may be forced forward into the bolt hole or the
nut may be forced forward on the bolt as far as required for firmly tightening up
the articles to be compressed or secured by or between the same; it will then be
found that during this process of forcibly screwing the parts or pieces together, the
hard threads of the bolt hole or of the nut which have the smaller diameter, have
actually cut their way like a screw plate into the softer metal of the threads of the
screwed iron bolt. Or in cases where I use a steel bolt, either unhardened or
hardened or tempered, or an iron bolt with its threaded surface case or surface
hardened in connection with an ordinary iron bolt hole or ordinary iron nut, then
such steel or surface hardened bolt may have a taper thread formed upon it with
the smallest diameter of its thread (corresponding with the diameter of the thread
in the bolt hole or nut) at its end, as shewn in Figure 10. Or those portions of the
thread of the bolt which are of larger diameter and that are to be forcibly screwed
in the bolt hole or nut to complete the tightening up, may be formed farthest from
the end of the said bolt and may be made parallel, and of a larger diameter than,
the thread on its end which may also be parallel as shewn in Figure 3, so that in
these cases also, the forcing of the large portions of the bolt into the bolt hole, or

page_text: the forcing of the ordinary nut forward on these threads of larger diameter on the
bolt, will have the effect of deepening the threads in the bolt hole or nut. In all
of the above cases some portions of the male and female screw threads will thus be
brought into such absolutely close contact that they will adhere almost as closely
and tightly as if welded together or formed of one solid piece of metal.
To facilitate the action of the hard portion of the female threads shewn at d―
Figures 2, 7, 9-or the large hard threads of the male screws shewn at h Figure 3,
upon the soft threads in which they are screwed, it is found very advantageous to
form grooves or slots e through the entire length of the hard threads of the nuts as
in Figures 1, 8, 9, 11 or through those portions of them which are required to act
as screw plates, as shewn in Figures 6, 7, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, or through the
hard threads of the bolts as shewn at j Figure 19: The sharp edges formed on the
threads where these grooves pass through them, enable them to cut their way more
easily than they otherwise would do, and obviate the necessity for the exercise of
force that would tend to strain or break the bolts. Moreover they carry off any
rust or grit which may have accumulated in the softer thread, as well as the metal
they may cut from the same."
In some instances, instead of obtaining the desired result by a difference of
diameter, I may effect it by a difference or an interruption of pitch of the threads
of the bolt, or in the nut or hole.
To-form-the-said-grooves or slots in the bolt holes or in the nuts expeditiously
and-cheaply,-it-has-been found desirable to use punches having projections-with
eutting-edges-on-their-sides so that they will-punch-out the holes and the grooves
or slot at one and the same operation, but such peculiarly shaped-punches have
hitherto been very costly-to-make. By this Invention, however, The-punches-are
now-formed-from-bars of steel of the proper-quality and temper, which bars bave
been-rolled-between-suitably-shaped rolls with the-said-projections-extending-along
their entire length-as-shewn in Figure 28, that is to say, these bars are in-all-respects
finished by the rolls to give them the precise and exnet-section-required-for-the
finished-punches-as shewn in Figures-22 to 27, and therefore only require to-be
eut-off-in-proper-lengths, shaped at their ends, hardened and tempered, and then
fitted-into-a-strong-socket-fixed-in-the-punching machine-or-nut-making-machine.
Although prefer that the screw threads on the one part which have to be forced
into or through the threads of the other part should be of steel or hardened metal,
yet in some instances they may be of iron or of unhardened steel.
This Invention is specially applicable for making secure and permanently tight
joints for railway rails.
Having thus fully described the said Invention as communicated to me by my
foreign correspondent and the manner of performing the same, 1 wish it understood
that I do not claim a device consisting of the screw or bolt made entirely or partially
of steel or hardened metal, and the nut or hole in which the threads are incom-
pletely or imperfectly formed before the screw or bolt is placed in the nut or hole
and are completed by forcing the said bolt into them. Neither do I claim the
device consisting of the screw or bolt and the nut or tapped hole when the thread
in the said nut or hole is formed of hard metal, and is caused to complete the
cutting of the thread on a specially prepared bolt whose thread has been partially
or imperfectly cut as these devices are described in the said former Specification
and necessitates the special formation or preparation of both parts of the screw
fastening but I claim―
First. In a screw fastening device which consists of two parts namely a screw
or bolt and a nut or tapped hole, the formation of a portion of the screw-threads
in the said nut or hole of too small a diameter (or otherwise unfit) to permit the
threads of the screw or bolt to enter them (and either with or without grooving
them to form cutting edges) so that when the two parts of the said fastening are
screwed together, the said threads in the nut or bolt hole will have to be forced
through or over the threads of the bolt, whereby the threads of the nut or bolt hole

page_text: will have a close grip or hold upon the threads of the screw or bolt and will ensure
the permanent security of the fastening, as above set forth.
Second. In a screw fastening device consisting of two parts namely a screw or
bolt and a nut or tapped hole, the formation of a portion of the threads of the screw
or bolt of too large a diameter (or otherwise unfit) to enter the threads in the nut
or. bolt hole (and either with or without grooving them to form cutting edges) so
that the said threads of the screw or bolt when screwed into the said nut or hole
will have to be forced into, and cut their way through the threads thereof, and will
thereby have a close grip upon the threads of the nut or bolt hole, and will ensure
the permanent security of the fastening, as above set forth.
.
Third. The improvement in the manufacture of the punches for forming the holes
in nuts or plates,-as-and-for-the-purpose-specified.
In witness whereof I the said William Robert Lake have hereunto set
my hand and seal this Eleventh day of June in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and seventy nine.
•

page_text: "
LETTERS PATENT to William Robert Lake, of the Firm of Haseltine, Lakė,
& Co., Patent Agents, Southampton Buildings, London, for the Invention of
IMPROVEMENTS IN AND RELATING TO SCREW-BOLTS, AND THEIR NUTS AND
OTHER ARTICLES WITH SCREW THREADED HOLES, AND IN THE MANUFACTURE
OF IMPLEMENTS FOR PUNCHING THESE HOLES." A communication from abroad
by Alfred Buckingham Ibbotson, of Villa Ibbotson, Florence, Italy.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Robert Lake at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 11th December 1878.
WILLIAM ROBERT LAKE, of the Firm of Haseltine, Lake, & Co., Patent Agents,
Southampton Buildings, London. "IMPROVEMENTS IN AND RELATING TO SCREW-
BOLTS, AND THEIR NUTS AND OTHER ARTICLES WITH SCREW-THREADED HOLES,
AND IN THE MANUFACTURE OF IMPLEMENTS FOR PUNCHING. THESE HOLES." [A
communication from abroad by Alfred Buckingham Ibbotson, of Villa Ibbotson,
Florence, Italy.]
The said Invention relates partly to further improvements in the manufacture of
nuts and bolts described in the Specification of Letters Patent dated the 18th of
April, A.D. 1877, No. 1508, and partly to punches for forming the nuts and bolt
holes.
The objects of these improvements are to reduce the cost of the formation of the
screw thread of bolts, nuts, or tapped holes, as described in the said former Speci-
fication, by making use of this present Invention in connection with ordinary iron
screwed bolts, or with ordinary iron screwed nuts or bolt holes, in such a manner as
shall without any other special or 'separate locking devices, render them so perma-
nently tight when screwed up that they will resist the loosening or slackening effect
of vibration, and to reduce the cost of manufacture of the nuts or bolt holes
described either in this or the said former Specification, by improvements in the
manufacture of the punches required for forming the holes in the same.
---

page_text: These improvements partly consist in so forming screw threads in nuts or bolt
holes of hard or hardened metal that when they are screwed on iron screws or bolts
having screw threads thereon of a somewhat larger diameter, and of softer metal,
the hard threads of the nuts or bolt holes will act like a screw plate to cut their
way on and into the softer metal of such bolts. Or I so form the screw threads of
hard or hardened metal on bolts that they shall act like a screw tap to cut their
way into the screw threads of nuts or bolt holes of a somewhat smaller diameter,
and of softer metal. I thereby cause the two kinds of threads to have such a close
gripping contact when screwed together as will effectually resist the loosening effect
of vibration, as described in the said former Specification, but this object is accom-
plished in a more efficient manner by the present Invention, for whereas, according
to the said former Invention it was necessary to use a completely cut thread of hard
metal on or in the one part, in combination with a purposely incomplete or partially
cut thread of softer metal in or on the other part, any special alteration or prepara-
tion of the part with threads of softer metal is by this Invention avoided and
rendered unnecessary, for where it is desired to use ordinary screwed iron bolts,
particularly ordinary screwed iron fish bolts, which already exist and are in use in
great quantities, it will only be necessary to replace their nuts with nuts made
according to this Invention, and thereby obtain the great advantages to be derived
from its adoption at a trifling cost. Or if (by reason of their much greater strength),
steel bolts are preferred, such steel bolts may be made according to this Invention,
and may be used in connection with ordinary screwed iron nuts or bolt holes.
In carrying this Invention into practice in connection with ordinary screwed iron
bolts, the material containing or surrounding the bolt holes, or the nuts used, should
be made of steel, which may be in some instances hardened and tempered, or of
iron with their screw threads case or surface hardened, and their screw threads may
be so cut or tapped that the diameter between the projecting edges of the threads
in one end of the bolt holes will be large enough to pass freely on the screwed ends
of the bolts, but with the diameter between such projecting edges of their threads
gradually diminishing to the opposite ends of such holes. Or the bolt holes or nuts
may be tapped with full parallel threads of sufficient diameter to be screwed upon
the bolts in one end of the holes, and for a portion of the length of their holes, and
be tapped with parallel screw threads of a lesser diameter between the projecting
edges of the threads in the remaining portion of the length of the said bolt holes.
And after the said nuts at their larger bolt hole ends have been screwed easily on
the said ordinary screwed iron bolt ends for a certain distance to secure the pieces
together, then by the aid of a large spanner or other suitable implement the bolts
may be forced forward into the bolt holes, or the nuts may be forced forward on the
bolts as far as may be required for firmly tightening up the articles to be compressed
or secured by or between the same; it will then be found that during the process of
so forcibly screwing the picces together the hard threads of the bolt holes or of the
nuts, which have the smaller diameter between their projecting screw thread edges,
have actually cut their way like a screw plate into the softer metal at the bottom of
the threads of the screwed iron bolts. Or in the event of steel bolts, or bolts of
steel hardened and tempered, or iron bolts with their threaded surfaces case or
surface hardened, being used in connection with ordinary iron bolt holes or ordinary
iron nuts, then such steel or surface hardened bolts may have taper screw threads
formed upon then with the smallest diameter of the surface of the projecting edges
of their threads (corresponding with the diameter of the threads in the bolt holes
or nuts) at their ends. Or those portions of their threads, which are of larger
diameter and that are to be forcibly screwed in the bolt holes or nuts to complete
the tightening up operation, may be formed farthest from the ends of the said bolts,
and may be made parallel and of a larger diameter than the threads on their ends,
which may also be parallel, so that in these cases also the forcing of the large
portions into the bolt holes, or the forcing of the ordinary nuts forward, on these
threads of larger diameter on the bolts, will have the effect of deepening of the
threads in the bolt holes or nuts. In all the above cases some portions of the malé

page_text: and female screw threads will thus be brought into such absolutely close contact
that they will adhere together almost as firmly as if welded together, or into one
solid piece of metal.
To facilitate the operation of making the hard portion of the female threads or
the large hard threads of the male screws accomplish the object desired, it is found
very advantageous to form grooves or slots through the entire length of the hard
threads, or at least through those portions of them which are required to act as
screw plates or screw taps; the sharp edges formed on the threads where these
grooves pass through them enable them to cut their way more easily, and do not
involve the exercise of so much force or tend to break the bolts. Moreover, they
carry off any rust or grit which may have accumulated in the softer thread, as well
as the metal they may cut out of the softer surface. To form these grooves or slots
in the bolt holes or in the nuts expeditiously and cheaply, it has been found essential
to use punches having the necessary projections, with cutting edges on their sides
for punching out the holes and the grooves or slots at one and the same moment,
but these peculiarly shaped punches have hitherto been very costly to make.
But by this Invention the punches are now formed from bars of steel of the proper
quality and temper, and which have been rolled between suitably shaped rolls with
the said projections extending along their whole length, that is to say, these bars
are in all respects finished by the rolls to give them the precise and exact section
required for the finished punches, which therefore only require to be cut off in
proper lengths, shaped at their ends, hardened and tempered, and then fitted into a
strong socket fixed in the punching machine or nut-making-machine.
This Invention is specially applicable to joints for railway rails.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said William Robert Lake in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 11th June
1879.
WILLIAM ROBERT LAKE, of the Firm of Haseltine, Lake, & Co., Patents Agents,
Southampton Buildings, London. "IMPROVEMENTS IN AND RELATING TO SCREW-
BOLTS, AND THEIR NUTS AND OTHER ARTICLES WITH SCREW-THREADED HOLES,
AND IN THE MANUFACTURE OF IMPLEMENTS FOR PUNCHING THESE HOLES." A
communication from abroad by Alfred Buckingham Ibbotson, of Villa Ibbotson,
Florence, Italy.
The said Invention relates to further improvements in the screw fastenings
described in the Specification of Letters Patent dated the 18th of April, A.D. 1877,
No. 1508. The said screw fastenings consist of screws or bolts, and nuts or tapped
holes, which have their screw threads formed relatively in a peculiar manner, so
that when first formed the male and female parts do not fit each other throughout
their entire extent, and cannot be screwed together like ordinary screw bolts and
nuts, but have to be forced together, and when properly screwed together they lock
each other so effectually that the accidental slackening or loosening of the bolt or
nut is impossible, and thus the advantage of locking the said bolt or nut without
any separate or special locking device is secured.
The said Invention also partly relates to punches for forming the nuts and bolt
holes.
The main object of the said improvements is to carry into effect the principle or
method of obtaining the secure and permanent retention of the nuts and bolts
described in the said former Specification with greater efficiency, convenience, and
security, and with a reduction of the cost of formation of the screw threads, and
the present Invention consists chiefly in so modifying the aforesaid principle or
method that the peculiarly formed threads in the one part may be used in combina-
tion with ordinary threads in the other part of the screw fastening; I am thereby
enabled to make use of ordinary iron screwed bolts, or ordinary iron screwed nuts
or bolt holes in such a manner that without any special or separate locking device
these fastenings may be rendered so permanently tight when screwed up that they
will resist the loosening or slackening effect of any vibration to which they can be
subjected.
These improvements comprise a screw fastening consisting of a nut or tapped hole
(in which the screw threads are cut in a peculiar manner) in combination with an
ordinary screw bolt. In this case the screw threads in the nut or bolt hole are of
hard or hardened metal, and instead of being made to fit the bolt in the usual
manner, the nut or hole is so tapped that it is too small to be screwed for the full
length of its screw thread upon, or to admit the said bolt without reducing the
thread on the latter, and the desired result is effected by forcing the nut upon the
bolt, or forcing the bolt into the hole. But according to this Invention, this result
is not obtained (as described in the said former Specification), by completing the
partially cut thread in the nut, but by reducing the thread on an ordinary screw
bolt; that is to say, when the hard metal nut or hole tapped in hard metal is used
in combination with an iron screw or bolt, whose screw threads are of a somewhat
larger diameter and of softer metal, the hard threads of the nut or bolt hole will
either act like a screw plate to cut their way on and into the softer metal of the
bolt, or will compress the threads on the bolt, and the present Invention is advan-
tageous for the reason that it obviates the necessity for the extreme accuracy in
the length of screwing which is required when specially prepared bolts are used as
described in the said former Specification.

page_text: The said improvements also comprise a screw fastening, consisting of a screw bolt
with peculiarly cut threads, in combination with a nut or bolt hole tapped in the
ordinary manner. In this case I form the bolt entirely or partially of hard or
hardened metal, and with its threads or some of them of such a diameter that they
cannot enter the nut or hole without acting like a screw tap to cut their way into
the softer screw threads of the said nut or hole. Thus in both cases I cause the
two kinds of threads to have such a close griping contact when screwed together
as will effectually resist the loosening effect of vibration. And this object ⚫is
accomplished in a more convenient and economical manner by the present Invention
than heretofore, for according to the said former Invention both parts of the screw
fastening had to be specially formed, that is to say, it was necessary to use a com-
pletely cut thread of hard metal on or in the one part, in combination with. a thread
of softer metal purposely left incomplete or only partially cut in or on the other
part. But by this Invention the special formation or preparation of the part which
has the thread of soft metal is avoided and rendered unnecessary, for in cases where
it is desired to use ordinary screwed iron bolts, particularly fish bolts, which already
exist and are in use in great quantities, it will only be necessary to replace the
ordinary nuts with nuts made according to this Invention, and thereby obtain the
great advantages to be derived from its adoption at a trifling cost. Or if (by reason
of their much greater strength) steel bolts are preferred, such steel bolts may be
made according to this Invention, and may be used in connection with ordinary
screwed iron nuts or bolt holes, or I may use steel nuts according to this Invention,
with specially hard threads, in combination with ordinary screwed bolts that are
made of steel, which is softer than the cutting threads of the nuts.
The said Invention is illustrated in the accompanying Drawing, in which,-
Figure 1 is a plan, and Figure 2 is a sectional side view, shewing a nut with
peculiarly formed threads used in combination with an ordinary bolt. a is the nut ;
is the bolt; c, c, are threads in the nut, of such a diameter as to fit the bolt in
the ordinary manner; d, d, are threads in the nut, of smaller diameter, and which
have to be forced upon the threads of the bolt, and when forced thereon will cut
into and become fixed on the same; e, e, are grooves or slots, which are formed
entirely through the nut; ff, are the cutting edges of the threads.
Figure 3 is a sectional elevation of a bolt, with peculiarly formed threads applied
to an ordinary iron nut. a is the nut; b is the bolt; g, g, are threads on the bolt,
of such a diameter as to fit the threads in the nut in the ordinary manner; h, h, are
threads of a larger diameter, and which will not enter the said nut without force,
and which, when forced into the nut, cut into the threads in the same, and thereby
secure the bolt tightly in the said nut.
Figures 4 and 5 are longitudinal sections of nuts, which have their threads
smaller in diameter at one end than at the other end of the same, according to and
for the purpose of this Invention.
Figure 6 is a plan, and Figure 7 is a longitudinal section of a nut with a pecu-
liarly formed thread, showing a modification of Figure 1, the grooves or slots c
being formed only partially through the said nut.
Figure 8 is a plan, and Figure 9 is a longitudinal section of a nut, shewing another
modification in the formation of the said grooves.
Figure 10 is a sectional elevation, illustrating a modification of Figure 3, and
shewing one method of using a bolt which has a peculiarly formed thread, as herein
described, with an ordinary tapped hole in a plate. b is the bolt; i is the plate;
the hard threads at the part h of the bolt are made too large in diameter to enter
the threads in the hole of the plate without force, and to be screwed into the plate
have to cut their way into the same, and when thus screwed into the said plate
with the bolt will be tightly secured therein.
Figures 11 to 18 illustrate modifications in the formation of the slots in the nuts,
that is to say:
Figures 11 and 12 are plans; Figure 13 is a side elevation of Figure 12; Figures

page_text: 14 and 15 are plans; Figure 16 is a side elevation of Figure 15; Figure 17 is a
longitudinal section; Figure 18 is a plan of Figure 17.
Figure 19 is a side elevation of a bolt, shewing a groove or slot at j.
Figure 20 is a sectional elevation, shewing the application of a fully or com-
pletely tapped nut a to a partially cut bolt b; c, c, are the fully cut threads on the
bolt; k, k, are the incomplete or partially cut threads on the bolt; these threads
are so proportioned to each other that as the nut is forced on the bolt, the hand
threads of the nut will complete the cutting of the threads on the bolt as hereinafter
described.
Figure 21 is a longitudinal section of a nut, having its threads c, c, fully tapped
or cut, and its threads l, l, only partially tapped or cut, so that the hard threads of
a fully screwed bolt may complete the cutting or tapping of the threads in the nut,
as hereinafter described.
Figures 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, and 27 are transverse sections of my improved punches
for the formation of grooves or slots in the nuts or plates.
Figure 28 is a side view of Figure 27.
In carrying this Invention into practice in connection with a peculiarly_tapped
nut a or hole, and an ordinary screwed iron or soft steel bolt b, as shewn in Figures
2, 7, and 9, the material composing the threads in the bolt hole, or of which the nut
is formed, should be steel, which may be in some instances hardened or tempered, or
it should be iron with the screw threads case or surface hardened, and the nut or
hole is cut or tapped at one end with full threads, as shewn at c, c, of sufficiently
large diameter to be screwed upon the bolt, and the remaining portion of the hole
is tapped with screw threads of a lesser diameter, as shewn at d, d. The parts c, c,
and d, d, on which the threads are cut are preferably nearly parallel. Or the nuts
or bolt holes are so tapped that the threads in one end of the bolt hole are large
enough in diameter to pass freely on the screwed end of the bolt, but gradually
diminish to the opposite end of the hole, as in Figures 4 and 5. And after one of
the said nuts has been screwed on the said ordinary screwed iron or soft steel bolt
for a certain distance to secure the pieces together, then by the aid of a spanner or
other suitable implement, the bolt may be forced forward into the bolt hole, or the
nut may be forced forward on the bolt as far as required for firmly tightening up
the articles to be compressed or secured by or between the same; it will then be
found that during this process of forcibly screwing the parts or pieces together, the
hard threads of the bolt hole or of the nut, which have the smaller diameter, have
actually cut their way like a screw plate into the softer metal of the threads of the
screwed iron bolt. Or in cases where I use a steel bolt, either unhardened or
hardened, or tempered, or an iron bolt with its threaded surface case or surface
hardened, in connection with an ordinary iron bolt hole or ordinary iron nut, then
such steel or surface hardened bolt may have a taper thread formed upon it, with
the smallest diameter of its thread (corresponding with the diameter of the thread
in the bolt hole or nut) at its end, as shewn in Figure 10. Or those portions of the
thread of the bolt, which are of larger diameter, and that are to be forcibly screwed
in the bolt hole or nut to complete the tightening up, may be formed farthest from
the end of the said bolt, and may be made parallel and of a larger diameter than
the thread on its end, which may also be parallel, as shewn in Figure 3, so that in
these cases also the forcing of the large portions of the bolt into the bolt hole, or
the forcing of the ordinary nut forward on these threads of larger diameter on the
bolt, will have the effect of deepening the threads in the bolt hole or nut. In all
of the above cases some portions of the male and female screw threads will thus be
brought into such absolutely close contact that they will adhere almost as closely
and tightly as if welded together or formed of one solid piece of metal.
To facilitate the action of the hard portion of the female threads, shewn at d,
Figures 2, 7, 9, or the large bard threads of the male screws, shewn at h, Figure 3,
upon the soft threads in which they are screwed, it is found very advantageous to
form grooves or slots e through the entire length of the hard threads of the nuts, as

page_text: in Figures 1, 8, 9, 11, or through those portions of them, which are required to act
as screw plates, as shewn in Figures 6, 7, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, or through the
hard threads of the bolts, as shewn at j, Figure 19. The sharp edges formed on the
threads where these grooves pass through them enable them to cut their way more
easily than they otherwise would do, and obviate the necessity for the exercise of
force that would tend to strain or break the bolts. Moreover they carry off any
rust or grit which may have accumulated in the softer thread, as well as the metal
they may cut from the same.
In some instances, instead of obtaining the desired result by a difference of
diameter, I may effect it by a difference or an interruption of pitch of the threads
of the bolt, or in the nut or hole.
To form the said grooves or slots in the bolt holes or in the nuts expeditiously
and cheaply, it has been found desirable to use punches having projections with
cutting edges on their sides, so that they will punch out the holes and the grooves
or slot at one and the same operation, but such peculiarly shaped punches have
hitherto been very costly to make. By this Invention however the punches are
now formed from bars of steel of the proper quality and temper, which bars have
been rolled between suitably shaped rolls, with the said projections extending along
their entire length, as shewn in Figure 28, that is to say, these bars are in all respects
finished by the rolls to give them the precise and exact section required for the
finished punches, as shewn in Figures 22 to 27, and therefore only require to be
cut off in proper lengths, shaped at their ends, hardened and tempered, and then
fitted-into-a-strong-socket-fixed-in-the-punching-machine_or_nut making machine.
Although I prefer that the screw threads on the one part, which have to be forced
into or through the threads of the other part, should be of steel or hardened metal,
yet in some instances they may be of iron or of unhardened steel.
This Invention is specially applicable for making secure and permanently tight
joints for railway rails.
Having thus fully described the said Invention, as communicated to me by my
foreign correspondent, and the manner of performing the same, I wish it understood
that I do not claim a device consisting of the screw or bolt made entirely or partially
of steel or hardened metal, and the nut or hole in which the threads are incom-
pletely or imperfectly formed before the screw or bolt is placed in the nut or hole,
and are completed by forcing the said bolt into them. Neither do I claim the
device consisting of the screw or bolt, and the nut or tapped hole when the thread
in the said nut or hole is formed of hard metal, and is caused to complete the
cutting of the thread on a specially prepared bolt, whose thread has been partially
or imperfectly cut, as these devices are described in the said former Specification,
and necessitates the special formation or preparation of both parts of the screw
fastening, but I claim,-
First. In a screw fastening device, which consists of two parts, namely, a screw
or bolt, and a nut or tapped hole, the formation of a portion of the screw-threads
in the said nut or hole, of too small a diameter (or otherwise unfit) to permit the
threads of the screw or bolt to enter them (and either with or without grooving
them to form cutting edges), so that when the two parts of the said fastening are
screwed together, the smaller threads in the nut or bolt hole will have to be forced
through or over the threads of the bolt, whereby the threads of the nut or bolt hole
will have a close grip or hold upon the threads of the screw or bolt, and will ensure
the permanent security of the fastening, as above set forth.
Second. In a screw fastening device, consisting of two parts, namely, a screw or
bolt, and a nut or tapped hole, the formation of a portion of the threads of the screw
or bolt, of too large a diameter (or otherwise unfit) to enter the threads in the nut
or bolt hole (and either with or without grooving them to form cutting edges), so
that the said threads of the screw or bolt, when screwed into the said nut or hole,
will have to be forced into and cut their way through the threads thereof, and will

page_text: thereby have a close grip upon the threads of the nut or bolt hole, and will ensure
the permanent security of the fastening, as above set forth.
Third. The improvement in the manufacture of the punches for forming the holes
in nuts or plates as and for the purpose specified.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Robert Lake, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Eleventh day of June, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and seventy nine.
W. KOB. LAKE. (L.S.)