Improvements in Fog Signalling Apparatus for Railways.
Year: 1897

page_text: Date of Application, 7th Apr., 1897
Complete Specification Left. 7th Jan. 1898-Accepted 26th Mar
1898
Date of Application, 7th Apr., 1897
Complete Specification Left. 7th Jan. 1898-Accepted 26th Mar 1898
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Fog Signalling Apparatus for Railways.
We, HERBERT TOMLINS, of 100, Hammersmith Road, London, W., Decorator,
and CILARLES RICHARD GURR, of 30, Cranbrook Road, Chiswick, in the County of
Middlesex, Builder, do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as
follows:
"
set" in
This invention relates to improvements in the electrically-controlled, train-
operated, automatic fog signalling apparatus for railways for which former
Letters Patent were granted dated the 29th day of April 1896 No. 9048 and the
improvements have for their objects to provide means whereby during a period
of foggy weather the fog signalling apparatus will be automatically
position to be fired by the operation of the signal lever in setting the signal to
danger", whilst the firing portion of the mechanism will be automatically put
out of operative position by the movement of the signal lever in moving the signal
to line clear so that no signal will be fired although all the movements of the
other parts of the apparatus will take place; to improve the electric releasing
mechanism by which the operation of the fog signalling mechanism is controlled;
to guard against miss-fires by duplicating the cartridges and the means of firing
them so that two will be exploded at once and yet so economise room in the
cartridge-holding disc as to render the apparatus capable of firing a greater number
of distinct signals without increasing its dimensions; to provide means of indi-
cating which of the cartridge chambers need reloading; and lastly to guard against
two signals being fired by the same train.
For the purpose of rendering the setting and pulling off of the fog signalling
mechanism automatically dependent on the movements of the signal lever, a
switch is provided by closing which during a period of foggy weather the various
electrical circuits will be established in readiness to be completed by circuit
closers actuated by the signal lever. One such circuit is closed by the movement
of the lever in setting the signal to "danger" and the closure has for effect to
permit the action of the mechanism by which the cartridge holding disc is revolved
for the purpose of bringing a fresh cartridge to firing position and by which the
treadle is raised to position to be operated on.
In the present apparatus the self-engaging catch which until released prevents
the operation of the disc-revolving and treadle-raising mechanism is provided with
several ratchet teeth adapted to engage with a fixed abutment and is prevented
from accidentally becoming disengaged by a spring safety bolt which is retracted
at the proper moment to allow the electrically operated releasing mechanism to
disengage the catch, the safety bolt being operated in advance of but by the same
releasing mechanism which may be substantially similar to that before described.
The other circuit is closed during the movement of the signal lever in pulling off
the signal, the circuit closer being so formed as to be inactive during the move-
ment of the lever in the opposite direction. The effect of closing this circuit is
to retract the wiper or finger by which the firing hammer is tripped so that when
by the depression of the treadle this wiper is carried past the firing hammer it

page_text: will pass clear of the hammer and therefore without firing a signal, the wiper
after so passing inactively being returned mechanically to active position in
readiness for the next time of setting the signal. The retractible wiper is spring
projected to operative position and is retracted by being in connection with the
armature of an electro-magnet, a latch being provided to retain it in the retracted
position until released by the latch meeting a fixed abutment after the retracted
wiper has passed clear of the firing hammer, the wiper and its adjuncts being
mounted on an arm fixed to the treadle shaft as in the former case so that by
the depression of the treadle under the wheels of the train the wiper will be
carried past the firing hammer and act on it or not according as the wiper is in
or out of operative position. The circuit closers by which these two circuits are
completed may be on the signal lever or on any other moving part of the signal
mechanism whether in the cabin or on the signal post and where as in the case
of long distance signals electrical tell-tale signals are provided in the cabin the
same wires may be used for the fog signalling mechanism.
The breech mechanism is double barrelled in so far that two cartridge chambers
and two strikers for exploding both cartridges at once are provided for each signal
so as to guard against one missing fire, the two chambers and their strikers being
arranged on the same radius of the disc and the hinge joint of the breech block
is also arranged on the same radius so that the pitch or angular distance apart of
successive breech mechanisms may be less notwithstanding the duplication than
in the previous arrangement and consequently a disc of the same size will accom-
modate more charges. As the disc is revolved to an extent corresponding to the
pitch each time the semaphore signal is set to danger" whether the fog signal
is fired or not, the chambers requiring reloading will occur at irregular intervals
in the disc and in order to shew the attendant which have been discharged an
indicator is provided for each breech mechanism, consisting of a small spring
pressed lever which is normally held retracted by a catch and is released by the
movement of the firing hammer so as when the charge is fired to expose a coloured
part to view.
As the fog signalling mechanism always tends to move to firing position when
the treadle rises and as it is not prevented from so moving by the electric locking
mechanism so long as the semaphore signal remains at "danger" it is necessary
to prevent the treadle after being once pressed down from rising whilst the train
is passing over it, and for this purpose it is made of such length that it will always
be held depressed by two consecutive wheels and it is so mounted as to have a
parallel instead of an angular motion as before.
T1 th th
A 1007
Improvements in Fog Signalling Apparatus for Railways.
We, HERBERT TOMLINS, of 100, Hammersmith Road, London, W., Decorator,
and CHARLES RICHARD GURR, of 50, Cranbrook Road, Chiswick, in the County of
Middlesex, Builder, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement:-
This invention relates to improvements in electrically-controlled, train-operated,
automatic fog-signalling apparatus for railways for which former Letters Patent
were granted dated the 29th day of April 1896 No. 9048 and the improvements

page_text: have for their objects to render the operation and firing of the fog-signalling
apparatus automatically dependent on the position of the semaphore signal and
generally more efficient.
Reference is to be had to the accompanying drawings forming part of this
specification wherein Figure 1 is a longitudinal elevation, partly broken away
and partly in section, of the wheel-operated treadle mechanism. Figure 2 is a
modified form of Figure 1. Figure 3 is an elevation of the mechanism for operat-
ing the cartridge-holding disc. Figure 4 is an elevation (viewed in the opposite
direction to Figure 3) of the firing mechanism just on the point of tripping a
firing hammer. Figure 5 is a sectional plan view of the firing mechanism.
Figure 6 is a side elevation of the entire apparatus, the casing in which the
mechanism is enclosed being supposed to be removed in Figures 3 to 6. Figures 7,
8, and 9 are detail views (to an enlarged scale) of one of the breech and firing
mechanisms. Figure 10 is a plan view of a modified form of support for the firing
hammer. Figure 11 shews a front elevation (with the casing partly in section)
of a tell-tale instrument in the signal-cabin, and a diagram shewing the electrical
connections of the whole apparatus. Figures 12 and 13 are front and side eleva-
tions of an electrical switch for controlling the operation of the fog-signalling
mechanism as hereafter described.
C
A wheel-operated treadle A A¹ A¹ is arranged alongside the rail A³, as shewn
in Figures 1 and 2, so as to be depressed by the flange of the leading wheel of a
passing train. Ce is a lever fast on the horizontal rock-shaft D of the fog-signal-
ling apparatus, c being a spring which (when the fog-signalling apparatus is in
operative position) bears upwards against the treadle so as to be depressed there-
with. The spring c prevents the transmission of any violent shock and compensates
for any variation of the depth of the flange according as the tread of the wheel
is more or less worn. The shaft 1 passes beneath the rail and has fast upon it
a weighted arm E which is normally retained in such position that when released
it will by its own gravity (or by a spring e or by both) cause the rock-shaft D to
be partially rotated. The cartridge-carrying disc F is loose upon the shaft D and
has peripheral ratchet teeth with which a pawl e¹ pivoted at e² to the arm E is
caused to engage by a spring e³. The disc F is thereby turned to the extent of
one-tooth by each descent of the arm E, which besides rotating the disc F also
raises the spring lever Cc into position to be acted on by the treadle A A¹. The
arm E is normally retained in the raised position by a latch lever K and is only
permitted to act when fog-signalling is necessary, the release of the arm E being
then effected through electrical releasing mechanism operated conjointly with the
setting of the semaphore signal to "danger". The disc F has as many pairs of
cartridge chambers G (each adapted to hold a cartridge G¹) as there are ratchet
teeth in its periphery, the two chambers of each pair being on the same radius, the
several pairs being brought by the step-by-step rotation of the disc successively
into firing position.
The firing of the charges is effected by the action on a firing hammer of a wiper h
carried by an arm H fast to the rock shaft D, the arm H projecting radially in
such position that the wiper h may be projected into position to act on the firing
hammer. This wiper is capable of being put in and out of operative position as
hereafter described and when the lever Cc is depressed by the treadle the wiper
(if in operative position) trips a firing hammer which by its recoil acts on the
firing pins of those cartridge chambers which have been brought into the firing
position by the rotation of the disc consequent on the previous descending move-
ment of the arm E. By the same depression of the lever C the arm E is raised
into position to act again, the pawl e engaging with a fresh ratchet tooth of
disc F.
The wheel-operated treadle, as shewn in Figure 1, is composed of a bar A having
a parallel motion and of two long levers A downwardly inclined from each end
of the bar. In order to ensure parallel motion of the bar A it is coupled to links a,
of equal length, pivoted on a supporting plate B; and it is operated by the depres-

page_text: sion of one or other of the levers A¹ by the wheel flange, the ends of the bar A
being for this purpose coupled to the levers A¹ A¹ by pin and slot connections a¹ a²,
the levers A¹ being pivoted at a³ a³ to the supporting plate B, and being also guided
laterally by the pins a¹ passing through slots bb in the vertical web of the base
plate B. The treadle bar A and levers A' A' move together and they can be
worked by a train passing either up or down the line. The treadle is kept in the
raised position by springs 131 secured to the plate B and pressing against the under-
side of the treadle bar A and levers A¹ A¹, the motion of the treadle in the upward
direction being limited by the pins a¹ and slots b in the plate B.
In the form shewn in Figure 2 the bar A is dispensed with and the levers A¹ A¹
engage directly with one another by a tooth-like engagement consisting of 'a
tooth a on the end of one lever engaging in a suitably formed notch a in the end
of the other lever, the levers acting directly on the spring c of lever C instead of
through the horizontal bar A.
As the fog signalling mechanism tends, after a signal has been fired, to reset
itself in firing position so long as the semaphore signal remains at "danger," it
is necessary, in order to avoid more than one fog-signal being fired by the same
train, to make the part A (Figure 1) of the treadle of such length that before a
wheel has quitted it the next following wheel will have come upon it so that the
treadle cannot rise while the train is passing. The strength of the springs B
is such that the treadle cannot be accidentally depressed as by the weight of a
person treading on it, but will only yield to the weight of a train.
The arm E, which turns the disc F and raises the lever C to operative position,
is normally retained in readiness to so act by means of a catch K pivoted at k to
the cam E and engaging with a tooth projecting from a fixed lug ². The
release of the catch K is effected by electrical means operated conjointly with the
movement of the semaphore signal to "danger" or it may be effected independently
thereof in case of exceptional need by a manually-operated mechanical connection.
The electrical release of the catch K is effected by the closure, at a switch v
(Figure 12) actuated from the signal lever, of the battery circuit through an
electro-magnet 3 whose armature is attached to one end of a lever 15 the other
end of which bears underneath the catch K so that when the armature is attracted
by the magnet the catch is raised until it clears the tooth thus allowing the
weighted arm E to fall and so rotate the disc F sufficiently to bring the next pair
of barrels into firing position.
To release the catch mechanically in case of need the lever is connected by
a slotted link L to one arm of a bell crank lever the other arm being connected
by a pull wire 2 to a lever (not shewn) placed in any convenient position.
To support the catch K during the falling motion of the arm E the side which
rests on the end of lever k is made of such length that it is supported by the end
of the lever during the complete falling motion of arm E. The upward motion
of the catch is limited by a fixed pin 6 which also serves to limit the falling
motion of the arm E, by a lug 7 on the catch coming in contact with the pin 6;
the motion of the arm in the other direction being limited by a lug e on the arm
coming against the fixed lug k². The catch engages by the action of its own
weight which may be reduced by the action of a spring so as to reduce the work
of the magnet to a minimum.
In case the disc F should be carried round too far, spring detents M are provided
which are pivoted to the arm E and press upon the cartridge barrels Gas teeth
and act in opposition to a non-return pawl N engaging with the teeth of the disc
so that the disc will always be returned to the accurate firing position. The
detents M being mounted on the arm E move (during the fall of arm E) as one
with the disc F, and therefore do not oppose its motion; the detents slipping past
the barrels G when the arm E is raised by the train acting on the rock shaft D
through the treadle mechanism.
The breech ends of the double-barrelled cartridge chambers are closed by a
hinged breech block g common to both barrels. Firing pins 92 (one to each

page_text: chamber) pass through the breech block and are yoked together by a bar 9³ which
is in position to be struck by a firing hammer g pivoted in a bracket G² and acted
upon by a spring 95, the arm 910 of the firing hammer projecting in the path of
the wiper h. The breech block is hinged at g¹ and opens by swinging towards
the circumference of the disc, the block being locked in the closed position
by a spring catch g pivoted at g and engaging with a lug projecting from the
breech block. The tail end of the catch is prolonged as shewn, in order that it
may be pulled back manually for the purpose of opening the breech for re-
charging. To facilitate the extraction of the spent cartridges, springs g³, fastened
to the disc F engage with the cartridges and when the breech block is opened,
cause them to fly partly out so that they can be easily extracted by hand.
The bracket which carries the firing hammer may either be attached to
the breech block g as shewn in Figs. 4, 6, 7, 8 and 9 or to a fixed support as shewn
in Figure 10. In the first case there would be a separate firing hammer to each
breech mechanism, the wiper h being common to all the hammers, and the wiper
(assuming it to be in the operative position) when caused to act by the depression
of the treadle will trip that one of the firing hammers which together with the
corresponding breech mechanism has been brought into the firing position by the
previous descending movement of the arm E. In the second case there is only
one firing hammer which is common to all the breech mechanisms, and the
bracket G which carries the hammer is attached to a fixed support in such a
position that when the firing hammer is tripped by the wiper h it will act upon
the firing pins of that pair of cartridge chambers which for the time being is in
the firing position. In order, in this second case, to allow the wiper / to pass the
projecting arm g10 of the firing hammer when the arm E is moved in the opposite
direction to that when it trips the hammer, the arm g¹0 of the hammer is knuckle-
jointed as at g, the joint being rigid in one direction to enable the wiper / to
trip the hammer, but capable of yielding in the other direction to allow the wiper
to pass, the arm of the hammer being thereafter returned to its original position
by a spring g2.
In order, in the case first described, to indicate which firing hammer has been
operated, a curved arm 913 is pivoted to the breech block at 914 and tends by a
spring g5 to fly out as shewn in dotted lines in Figure 9, but is normally retained
by its end being passed under and engaged by a turned-up lip gl with the arm
of the firing hammer which when tripped by the wiper h releases the lip g16 allow-
ing the arm g13 to spring out to the dotted position Figure 9, and expose to view
its end which was hidden by the hammer arm, the end of the arm g¹³ being painted
or otherwise made conspicuous.
23
The wiper h is made retractible by being fitted to slide in guides on the arm H
and when the semaphore signal is moved from the "danger to the "all right
position, the wiper h is so retracted, and thus rendered inoperative by the action
of a magnet h¹ through which the battery circuit is closed by the said movement
of the signal as hereafter described. The magnet h¹ is mounted on the wiper
arm H and its armature h³ is jointed to a lever h³ pivoted at h6 and coupled by a
pin and slot joint h² to the lower end of the wiper h so that when the magnet is
energized the wiper is retracted. The wiper when thus retracted is held out of
operative position, by one arm of a bell-crank lever 4 caused by a spring to engage
with a shoulder 8 on the wiper. The retraction of the wiper is effected conjointly
with the putting of the semaphore signal to the "all right" position and when the
wiper is thus retracted it will pass clear of the firing hammer g without acting on
it when the wiper arm H is moved by a train depressing the treadle. The wiper
will however. be released by the other arm of the lever h* coming in contact with
a fixed pin h5 whereupon the wiper will be projected outwards by a spring h" but
this will not occur until after the wiper has been carried past the said firing
hammer so that no fog signal will be fired (the semaphore being at "all right")
although all the other movements of the fog-signal mechanism will take place.

page_text: The wiper will thereupon be projected into operative position in readiness to act
when next the semaphore signal is put to "danger."
In order to concentrate the sound of the explosion in the required direction the
double barrel when in the firing position is in line with a stationary trumpet-
mouth opening through the casing in which the apparatus is enclosed.
65
"
When it is required to bring the fog-signalling apparatus into use an electrical
switch in the signal cabin is switched on by hand so as to enable the various
electrical circuits (necessary to work the fog-signalling apparatus and also its
tell-tale indicator) to be automatically completed on the one hand by the move-
ments of the semaphore signal or of its operating lever mechanism, and on the
other hand by the movements of the fog-signalling mechanism itself. The hand
switch O having been thus closed the energizing of the magnet 3 of the fog-
signalling apparatus which releases the catch K and the energizing of the
magnet by which the retraction of the wiper h is effected, will then be auto-
matically brought about by opposite movements of the semaphore signal as
follows: An electrical switch lever v pivoted at v¹ and placed in any convenient
position, is adapted to be moved into contact with one or other of two terminals ², 23
by being mechanically connected with the mechanism through which the sema-
phore signal is operated, the switch v being so connected that when the hand lever
is moved to put the semaphore signal to danger' the switch will
be brought into contact with the terminal 22 whereby the circuit
is completed through which the magnet is energized, this circuit remain-
ing completed so long as the semaphore signal remains at "danger." The ener
gizing of magnet causes the release of catch K and permits the arm E to fall and
so partially rotate the disc F to bring the next pair of cartridge chambers to
firing position and at same time raise the lever C into position to be actuated by
the depression of the treadle, the fog-signalling apparatus being thus in position
to be operated by a passing train. When the semaphore signal is lowered to
the "all right" position the switch makes passing contact with the terminal 3
of the magnet h¹ thus completing the circuit through which said magnet is
energized. The energizing of magnet causes the retraction of the wiper h
thereby putting the firing mechanism out of action when the semaphore signal
is moved to the "all right" position. The magnets 3 and h¹ are both in con-
nection with one pole of the battery the other pole of which is in connection with
switch v.
The terminal 3 is a spring set in such an oblique position (as shewn in
Figures 12 and 13) that the switch v will pass behind it when the semaphore signal
is raised to the "danger" position, the then contacting surfaces being covered
with insulating material so that no circuit is thereby closed. As long as the sema-
phore signal remains at "danger" so long does the switch v remain on the
terminal. In order to avoid waste of electrical energy after the catch K has
been raised, the circuit of magnet is automatically broken by means of a circuit
breaker carried by the arm E. This circuit breaker may be formed by the
switch p mounted on arm E and adapted to sweep over a fixed contact as shewn
The switch v and terminals 23 may be placed in the signal cabin and be operated
by the hand lever which works the semaphore signal or they may be placed on
the signal post, or in any other convenient position.
In order to indicate to the signalman that the cartridge-carrying disc F of the
fog-signalling apparatus has been carried round so as to bring a charged chamber
into firing position, and how many times it has been so moved, and likewise to
inform him whether the firing mechanism is or is not in position to act, an electric
tell-tale or register, such as shewn in Figure 10, is provided in the cabin, which,
is actuated by the closing of one or other of two electric circuits by a circuit
closer in connection with the arm E. The tell-tale comprises an index-lever P
oscillated in one or other direction by one or other of two electro-magnets QR
the circuit of the one Q being closed by switch p carried by arm E making contact
with terminal q of magnet when said arm reaches its highest position whereby
the index lever P is moved to the position denoting that the treadle has been

page_text: depressed, that the arm E has been raised, and that the wiper arm H has been
moved past a firing hammer by the passage of a train. The circuit of the other
magnet R is closed by switch p at terminal r of magnet R when the arm E reaches
its lowest position whereby the index is moved to the position denoting that the
disc F has been moved to bring a charged chamber into firing position and that
lever C has been brought into position to be acted on by the treadle. The switch p
is electrically connected with the index lever P which is provided with circuit
breakers whereby the circuit of the magnet (by which for the time being the index
is moved) is broken just before the index reaches its extreme position to which it
is carried by its own momentum. The circuit-breakers consist of spring brushes
connected with the index lever P which rub upon the terminal contacts q¹ r¹ of
the electro-magnets QR, the contacts q r being so arranged with regard to the
index lever that when the latter is in either of its extreme positions it is in
electrical connection with the electro-magnet by which it will be moved to the
opposite position when the circuit of that magnet is closed by the switch p. When
the index P is moved in the first mentioned direction denoting that the treadle
has been depressed it may either strike a bell mechanically, or may in the course
of its movement temporarily close at ss the circuit of an electric bell to notify
the signalman of the fact. The indicator denoting how many times the disc F has
been moved is a dial T bearing numbers which are consecutively exhibited at an
aperture in the casing, this dial being rotated to the extent of one number (each
time the index lever is moved to the position indicating that the treadle has been
depressed) by a spring pawl t carried by the index lever and engaging with ratchet
teeth on the dial, a detent t¹ also carried by the index lever limiting the move-
ment of the disc, and a non-return pawl 2 preventing retrograde motion of the dial
when the index lever is moved to the other position. An electric gong operated
from the cabin would be provided at a suitable distance beyond the fog-signalling
apparatus for the purpose of signalling the train to go on again.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed, we declare that what we
claim is:-
1. In the herein described explosive signalling apparatus, a revolving cartridge-
holding disc having radially arranged pairs of cartridge-holding chambers, in
combination with breech blocks each common to the two chambers of a pair and
hinged to swing outwards, firing pins for the two barrels and a spring-actuated
firing hammer adapted to act simultaneously on both firing pins substantially as
specified.
2. In the herein described explosive signalling mechanism the combination,
with a revolving disc having cartridge-holding chambers provided with breech-
closing blocks, firing pins, and a spring-actuated hammer or hammers as described,
of a spring-projected retractible wiper carried by a treadle-operated rock-shaft
concentric with the disc, the wiper when projected into operative position being
caused by the rocking motion of the shaft under the depression of the treadle, to
trip the firing hammer substantially as specified.
3. In the herein described explosive signalling mechanism the combination,
with a revolving cartridge-holding disc loose on a rock-shaft and provided with
breech-closing and firing mechanisms as described, of a spring-projected retractible
wiper on the rock shaft for acting on the firing hammer as described, electro-
magnetic mechanism adapted when energized to retract the wiper from operative
position, a switch connected to the signal-operating mechanism so as to close the
circuit of the electro-magnet when the signal is moved to "all right" and
wiper-retaining mechanism adapted to retain the wiper when so retracted until
by the oscillation of the wiper arm the wiper is disengaged therefrom and is
permitted to resume its operative position in readiness for action when next the
signal is put to "danger" substantially as specified.
4. In the herein described explosive signalling apparatus the combination,

page_text: with a revolving cartridge-holding disc loose on a rock-shaft, of a gravity or spring
operated arm fast on the rock shaft and engaging with the disc so as to give
step-by-step motion thereto, the rock shaft being operated in one direction by a
wheel-depressed treadle and in the other by the said arm-retaining mechanism
consisting of a latch lever for preventing such operation of the arm and of electro-
magnetic latch disengaging mechanism whereof the circuit is closed by the move-
ment of the signal to "danger" (but not by the reverse movement) so that the
cartridge-carrying disc will then be partially rotated to bring the next pair of
chambers to firing position and the rock-shaft to position to be actuated by the
depression of the treadle as specified.
5. In the herein described explosive signalling apparatus the combination,
with the revolving cartridge-holding disc provided with breech closing and firing
mechanism as described, a rock shaft operated in the one direction by gravity or
spring action and in the other by the depression of a treadle as described, and
provided with means of rotating the disc and of acting on the firing mechanism,
and of electrically-controlled mechanisms in connection with the semaphore signal
and adapted the one to permit the rotation of the disc and the setting of the firing
mechanism in operative position when the signal is placed at "danger" and the
other to retract the firing wiper when the signal is placed at "line clear" so as
to render the action of the firing mechanism dependent on the position of the
semaphore signal substantially as specified.
6. In the herein described explosive signalling mechanism the combination,
with each breech mechanism on the cartridge-holding disc having its own firing
hammer, of a spring-actuated indicator adapted to engage with the firing hammer,
so as to be retained in a concealed position until released by the tripping of the
firing hammer by the wiper substantially as specified.
Doted this 7th day of January 1898
A. M. & WM. CLARK,
Chartered Patent Agents, 53, Chancery Lane, London.
A. M. & WM. CLARK,
Chartered Patent Agents, 53, Chancery Lane, London.