CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF FILES
Year: 1835

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, CHARLES
APPLEBY, of Sheffield, Merchant, send greeting.
WHEREAS His present most Excellent Majesty King William the Fourth
did, by. His Royal Letters Patent, bearing date at Westminster, the Twenty-
fifth day of August, in the sixth year of His reign, give and grant unto me,
the said Charles Appleby, my exors, admors, and assigns, full power, sole
privilege, and authority that I, the said Charles Appleby, my exors, adñors,
and assigns, or such others as I, the said Charles Appleby, my exors, admors,
and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time
and at all times during the term of years therein expressed, should and law-
fully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and the
Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE MANUFACTURE OF FILES;" in which said Letters Patent there is contained
a proviso that I, the said Charles Appleby, shall particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of my said Invention, and the manner in which the same
is to be performed, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, and
cause the samo to be enrolled in His said Majesty's High Court of Chancery
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said in
part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being thereunto
had, may more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Charles Appleby, do hereby declare the nature of my said Invention, and the
manner in which the same is to be performed, are fully described and ascer-

page_text: that is to say :-
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING.
Figure 1 is an elevation of the machine, and Figure 2, a plan thereof, in
each of which Figures the same letters of reference indicate similar parts
wherever they occur. A, the fast and loose drums on the main axis or shaft;
B, main shaft, receiving motion from a steam engine or other power; C, fly
wheel on main shaft; D, toothed wheel on tappet shaft (or second motion),
and this wheel is of the same diameter as that on the shaft B; E, tappet
wheel with four or more tappets; F, F, hammer, with extra weights 1 and 2;
G, slide with box and upper chisel; H, H, are four parallel rods, up and
down which the box G is caused to move, and is at the same time retained
in its proper position; I, block containing box and lower chisel, which is
fixed on the bed of the machine; J, J, sliding frame to hold the file; K,
screw box attached to the sliding frame J, which is caused to move by the
turning of the screw L; L, screw which moves the frame J; M, index or
ratchet wheel on the end of the screw I for regulating the number of teeth
to be cut in each inch of the file; N, N, clanker or instrument for giving
motion to index or ratchet wheel M; O, O, apparatus for equalizing the
stroke of the hammer with the breadth and thickness of the file to be cut;
P, screw working in bevel gear; Q, model or share, being generally a
counterpart of the file about to bo cut, but tapering more at the point, so as
to diminish the stroke for files which taper in thickness as well as breadth;
R, sliding motion to the tappet wheel for moving the tappet wheel from or to
the hammer tail, according to the breadth and thickness of the file to be cut,
thus regulating the greater or less blow caused by the hammer, according to
the extent of surface to be cut; S, back part of the motion R; T, T, T,
bed plate of the machine; U, three standards or feet of the machine; V, tye
bar to the feet; a, the partly cut file between the two chisels; b, lifter to
take off the file from the bottom chisel after the stroke is made; c, lifting
lever to slide G acting on the tappet d; d, tuppet on end of hammer axis to
left the box G; e, spring with friction roller under the hammer tail; f, setting
screw to spring e; g, standard and friction roller to frame J, and on which
that frame moves; h, five sett screws to regulate the chisel in box I to the
top chisel centre for screw L to turn on; j, j, bearing or collar in which
the end of the screw L works; k, clutch box to wheel o; l, screw collar to
the bevil wheel; a, bracket and bearing for collar 7; a, sliding box on motion

page_text: for working the ratchet wheel M; o, friction roller for carrying the end of
sliding motion R; p, friction roller in frame for moving index or ratchet
wheel M; q, friction roller on the end of hammer F, F; r, top spring and
sett screw to friction roller, breaking the fall of the tappet on the hammer tail;
8, standard to lever c and spring e.
Figures 3 and 4 represents sections of chisel boxes, wherein the chisels are
capable of self-adjustment. When the file tapers these chisels will not be
required, when the file is of an equal surface, but in those cases the boxes
shewn in the machine will be the proper ones for use. It will be seen that
the chisels used by me, in place of being held at an angle, as is usually the
case in cutting files, I prefer to cause my chisels to stand vertical or at right
angles with the file, as is shewn in the Drawing, the cutting edge being
produced by unequal angles to obtain the desired obliquity of the teeth on
the face to the file g.
Figure 5 shews another means of holding a chisel in order to keep the
cutting edge always at right angles to the file notwithstanding its varying
thickness. A, the hammer, as in elevation, Figure 1; B, arm or lever; C,
standard to B; D, file to regulate the height of arm or lever B, so as to
raise it always to the same height as the file at the moment of being cut;
E, bottom box for chisel; F, top box and chisel.
Figure 6, top of bottom box E in Figure 3. a, a, two centres to move in.
Figure 7, plan of part of machine with arm or lever and chisel at right
angle with the file. A, top chisel box; B, the arm for chisel' and box A
turning in C to accommodate the varying thickness of taper files cut between
angles 0° and 90°; C, the axis of arm B; D, D, two bearings to C; E,
upright guide to arm B.
Figure 8 shews the section of A, Figure 7. In making half round files
I first cut the upper surface, say, about one-third thereof, by the machine,
Figure 1, having a suitable chisel, and then I pass it through a similar
machine, which has a holder containing two chisels c, c, Figure 9, which cut
the two outer edges, and the chisels c, c, are controlled to move in such
manner as at all times properly to cut the remaining surface of the file,
notwithstanding the file be tapered, and this is effected by the aid of the
frames b, b, which are shaped into a form parallel to the outer edges of
the file, and also by the inner mould a, which has its outer edges cut to the
same figure as the file; consequently the spaces between the frames b, b, and
a being caused to move with tho file, and the chisel c remaining stationary,
the chisels c will be caused to approach to and recede from each other
according as the narrow or wide surface of the file is being cut.

page_text: Figure 10 shews a view and section of a chisel for cutting round and half-
round files to be held vertically, the cutting edge thereof being ground to the-
same or nearly the same circle as the file about to be cut.
Figure 11 represents a section of a similar chisel to Figure 10, but is
intended to be held at an angle.
Figure 12-is an edge view of a chisel to be held vertical in cutting plain
surface files.
Figure 18 is a back view, Figure 14 a front view, and Figure 15 an
edge view of a chisel similar to Figure 11.
The next part of my Invention consists in forging the necessary forms of
the files into or nearly into the figure required, and thus in forging the
shapes give them a considerable degree of closeness of texture by hammering.
I then more accurately to shape such forms pass them at a red heat through
hardened rollers, which have suitably formed indents or grooves made thereon.
Now I am aware that rollers have been used for forging file or similar shapes
from bars of steel, but by such means, in consequence of the absence of
hammering, the requisite density is not obtained.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention, I would remark that
I do not claim any of the parts herein shewn and explained in their separate
or combined condition, other than as is hereafter more clearly defined, and
particularly claimed as constituting my Invention, I do declare that- what I
claim as my Inventions are,-
First, the cutting of two surfaces of a file at one and the same time by
having suitable chisels above and below, as above described, without confining
myself to the precise method of working them, through the means above
described is the best arrangement of mechanism for that purpose with which
I am acquainted; and I do also claim the manner of holding such chisels, as
shewn in Figure 1.
Secondly, I claim the governing the blow of the hammer by the means or
aid of a mould, which being of a similar taper with the file itself causes the
hammer to give a more or less violent blow as required, according to the
surface of the file, as above described.
Thirdly, I claim the manner of holding the chisel as described in Figures 5,
6, and 7, whereby a mould similar in figure to the file being cut is caused to
work the holder of the chisel, and keep it always at right angles to the file,
whatever be the figure of the file, as above described.
Fourthly, the process of submitting the hammer or forged shapes of files
to the further shaping by means of rollers, by which combined means the
requisite figure and degree of density or closeness of texture is obtained to
the file.

page_text: Fifthly, the manner of cutting the half round files, as described in Figure 9.
Sixthly, I claim in the cutting of round and .half-round files the using of
chisels which are ground or formed to the figure or circle of the file to be
cut.
Seventhly, I claim the application of chisels, the cutting edges of which are
formed by two unequal angles, when such chisels are held at right angles to
the surface of the file being cut.
In witness whereof, I, the said Charles Appleby, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, the Seventeenth day of February, One thousand eight
hundred and thirty-six.