IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MEANS OF UNITING OR JOINING PLATES OR SHEETS OF METAL, WHICH INVENTION IS APPLICABLE TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF. BOILERS, TUBES, AND OTHER USEFUL PURPOSES"
Year: 1863

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Edward Henry Cradock Monckton, of the Cavendish
Club Regent Street, London, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE MEANS OF UNITING OR JOINING PLATES OR SHEETS OF METAL, WHICH
INVENTION IS APPLICABLE TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF. BOILERS, TUBES, AND OTHER
USEFUL PURPOSES"
THE MEANS OF UNITING OR JOINING PLATES OR SHEETS OF METAL, WHICH
INVENTION IS APPLICABLE TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF. BOILERS, TUBES, AND OTHER
USEFUL PURPOSES
Sealed the 17th December 1863, and dated the 17th October 1863.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Edward Henry Cradock
Monckton at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his
Petitiou, on the 17th October 1863.
I, EDWARD HENRY CRADOCK MONCKTON, of the Cavendish Club, Regent
Street, London, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MEANS OF UNITING OR JOINING PLATES OR SHEETS OF
METAL, WHICH INVENTION IS APPLICABLE TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF BOILERS, TUBES,
AND OTHER USEFUL PORPOSES," to be as follows:--
My improvements consist, firstly in a novel method of generating and
applying heat to the metal to be operated on; secondly, in the preparation of
a suitable flux; aud, thirdly, in the method of uniting plates of metal so as to
render the join as strong as the plate itself, thus obviating for the most part
Price Bd]

page_text: the necessity for using rivets, and giving additional strength where rivets
are used; and, fourthly, indented and corrugated sheets of metal are made
to overlap to be rivetted or brazed, or both.
Thus, firstly, I construct as follows an apparatus for commixing air with
gases, and a furnace applicable to heating, brazing, soldering, welding, and
smelting purposes.
1. I make a vessel with divisions pierced with holes, the holes in each
division being so arranged as not to be opposite to but rather to break
distances with those in the succeeding division; these holes may or may not
be furnished with short tubes projecting out on each side of the division.
2. Or I make a vessel with divisions not reaching to its top with its cover
having similar divisions made to break distance with those in the vessel, so
that when closed the divisions shall not reach the bottom, but touch the sides
so as to leave a serpentine channel from one end to the other of the vessel.
3. I make a long tube, straight or bent, surrounded annually with holes
at various distances along it, which holes are opened or closed with a ring
made to envelop and turn round the tube, which is pierced with similar
boles; the holes in the tube may have small tubes inserted in them projecting
inwards within the large tube, which may also have flanges or projections
made within it.
4. I make a case, in which I place pebbles or bits of brick, glass, or other
substance.
5. All the above constructions have holes and tubes with closing slides or
cocks, so as to admit any combustible gas or gases, such as hydrogen or
common coal gas, naptha, and other combustible gases, and also air, both
below and above whenever required, the principle in view being to commix
the air and gas or gases mechanically prior to ignition; both air and gas may,
if desired, be forced into the commixing vessel, and when desirable more
air may be forced in at the time of iguition.
6. This construction admits of oxygen and other gases being let in in
addition by any of the ordinary means to the air and gases already mixed at
whatever point it may be required, prior to or at the time of ignition.
7. It is obvious that almost any method may be resorted to for commixing
the gases, such as having an agitator in the vessel to which the air and gas
would have to pass.
S. I work as follows:-The air and gas or gases being commingled, the
mixture is admitted to a furnace by means of tubes furnished with cocks,
arrange so as to enter it at its bottom, sides, or top, or at several points
1
simultaneously, whereby the heat is evenly distributed throughout the masses

page_text: to be operated upon; the furnace may be formed of any shape suited to the
work to be done.
9. Where intense heat is required, I line my furnace with bricks or clay
mixed with mica or asbestos and their solutions, and I also mix the clay with
the black oxide of iron and silica.
10. I further use the gases commingled as above for brazing, soldering,
heating, welding, smelting, and other similar puposes, in lieu of common gas.
11. I also place the gases so commingled in suitable reservoirs orgasometers
for application to the above and other useful purposes.
12. For the purposes of my Invention I do not confine myself entirely to
the use of gases or air mixed as above described, but I make use of the ordinary
means of heating also, such as by coal, coke, charcoal, the blow pipe with
common gas and air forced in,and the oxyhydrogen blow pipe, using the latter
where intense heat is required. Ihowever prefer to use gases commixed with
air by the above processes on account of the cheapness and general efficiency,
conveying them, where requisite, by mean of flexible tubes to the point where
it is desired to ignite them.
Aud, secondly, I make use of various fluxes as follows:-
1. I dissolve borax, sal ammoniac, and saltpetre in water,and either use the
solution or concentrate it to dryness; the proportions of these ingredients may
be varied, but I prefer to use from twelve to sixteen parts borax, one part
sal ammoniac, and one-fourth to eio-eighth part of sa'tpetre.
2. I use a mixture of borax with bicarbonate of potash in a similar manner;
these may be combined in almost any proportion, but two of the former may
be combined with one of the latter.
3. I use in a similar manner borax 10 parts, bicarbonate of potash 1 part,
sal ammoniac 1 part, and salt petre one-fourth part.
4. Though I prefer to use these fluxes, particularly No. 1, I do not confine
myself to their use, but I also use the other well-known and commonly used
fluxes, such as borax, the carbonates of potash, soda, and lime, and the fluates
and borates.
And thirdly,I unite plates of metal by the following improved and extended
manner of brazing and soldering. It is hardly necessary to explain that
though the processes of brazing and soldering are very ancient, they, from
various causes, have never been applied to purposes where great strength is
required; recourse therefore has been had to rivetting. Now when it is
considered that a drawing rivetts will on an average withstand only half the
strain by tension of the plate itself, it is obvious that plates so united must
necessarily be double the weight required for the purpose for which they are

page_text: or in this case about 2 inches, a little allowance being made for any defect
there may be in the brazing, supposing that we use cast brass as our
brazing metal; if we then subject the plate to a tensile strain, the great
overlap filled with brass, which will have to be torn asunder, will prove
to afford a greater resistance to breakage than the plate itself; to be on
the safe side, however, it is easy to increase the overlap.
Having endeavored to render the principle of my improvements clear,
I proceed to detail my method of carrying them out.
1. All metals must be previously cleaned at the parts to be united; this
may be effected by scouring, scraping, and also by dipping in acids and then
in caustic solution of soda to remove the acid, and then washing in water.
2. A solution of any suitable fluxion water (sce above), which is preferable
for the purpose, is rubbed over the clean surfaces, and dried on them.
3. The brazing powder or solder is mixed with suitable fluxes above.
4. The parts of the metal to be united are prepared at once to the proper
bevel or thickness at the rolling mill or under the hammer, the swages, or
otherwise, and are then at pleasure either dovetailed together or made so as
to fold into each other, or the plates are simply laid together and
fastened by a few small rivets, or secured by wire or otherwise.
5. The whole is then either heated in a suitably constructed furnace
by the ignited commixed gas (see above); or by means of jets of gas
without a furnace applied to oué or both sides of the metal. The ordinary
gas blow pipe with air actuated by bellows or the oxyhydrogen blow pipe
may be similarly used, the solder being supplied as required.
6. The extent of overlap must be determined by the strength of the metal
as compared with the strength of the soldering material, allways allowing
a margin in excess in the overlap, in order to remedy any accidental-
defects in the brazing or soldering.
7. The outer end of the metal should in some cases be slightly raised,
so as to admit of the solder lying easily, and having a free run into the
join. I prefer as brazing material a composition made of brass, varying
in proportions, of copper from fifty to seventy-five, zinc 30 to 51), for
iron and steel. 1 also use copper in proportions of from 85 to 95 per
cent., and tin from 15 to 5 per cent.
8. I further use an iron frame, made moveable, so as to be conveyed
along the join or seam to be united, containing a fire actuated by
bellows, so as thereby to melt the solder and complete the join, in lieu
of using gas where it is inconvenient to procure or use the latter.

page_text: 9. I adopt the following novel method of constructing large or small
tubes suitable for cannon, steam boilers, and hydraulic and other purposes,
by not only greatly increasing the overlap to be brazed, but also by coiling
thin metal previously cleaned and dipped in the fluxing solution and dried,
round and round till a sufficient thickness of metal is attained, and then
applying the brazing or soldering material to the end, and fluxing it, the
whole tube being simultaneously heated, so as to cause the fused metal to
How into the interior should the tube be very long; each end in succession
may be brazed by burying part of the cylinder in an upright position in the
earth while the other end is subjected to the heating process.
10. For some purposes a coil tube so prepared will be found sufficiently
strong if the ends of it only are united with solder, the overlap inside
and outside being similarly soldered to the fold of the metal adjoining it.
11. Iron and steel may be galvanized or zinced, and other metals
may be electroplated prior to union by soldering, in order to ensure
certainty of a clean surface, and a perfect junction.
12. Immensely strong tubes suitable for cannon may be constructed by
having ribands of steel or rolled iron, or other metal, previously electroplated
or otherwise well cleaned and dipped in the fluxing solution and dried, folded
over and prepared, smooth bored or rifled cylinder, and each fold, or several
folds, or parts of folds, may be brazed or soldered together accordingly, as
is considered desirable; the rifleing may also be made by brazing strips of
steel to the cylinder, thus strengthening instead of weakening the gun.
The ribands above mentioned may be coiled fold over fold, either so as to
break joint or to cross and interlace each other.
13. It is not necessary to braze whole sheets or masses of metal together
simultaneously, as the brazing and constructing may proceed together.
14. Solution of zinc in hydrochloric acid may be applied to the surface
of the clean metal, to facilitate the flow of solders composed of zinc.
15. Rings and chains and hoops may also be constructed on the above
principle.
16. Clay is used to sustain the solder where it is required in excess, and
which is to be added as wanted; and clay is also used to prevent the
oxidation of the surface not being soldered.
17. A seamless steam boiler or ship may thus be constructed without a
single rivet, and enormour saving being effected by doing away with
the paint used between the joins, and in caulking them with chisels, as
also in the immense saving in weight of metal.

page_text: 18. Copre sheathing may be simultaneouslysoldered together, and secured
to the bottom of an iron ship, thus rendering all access of sea water to the
iron, and consequently all galvanic action, impossible.
20. The above methods and principles are applicable to all metals and
alloys capable of being united by the soldering process.
21. In some special cases the metal may be confined in a case, and heated,
and the solder previously fluxed may either be run down a long heated tube
placed above it, so as to cause the fluxed metal to be driven into the parts to
be united by means of the pressure of the metal above; the tube is also heated
and the metal may be either fluxed in a furnace placed at its top, and then
run in or be poured in from pots raised from a furnace below; it is not
necessary that in every instance the whole of metal to be joined should be
incased, but only that part where the solder is first run into, as, for example,
the end of a coiled tube,the whole tube must nevertheless be heated. Another
method is to cause the fluxed metal to run into a case containing air, com-
municating with the tube connected with the case above mentioned, whereby
the pressure of the heated air will assist in driving the fluxed metal into the
joins through a much shorter tube; by either means the process will be much
shortened, and consequently the metal to be joined be subjected to less heat
than by any other means now in use.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Edward Henry Cradock Monckton in the Great cal Patent
Office on the 30th December 1863.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, EDWARD
HENRY CRADOCK MONCKTON, of the Cavendish Club, Regent Street, London,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Seventeenth day of October, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-three,in the twenty-seventh year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successo: s, give and grant unto me, the
said Edward Henry Cradock Monckton, Her special licence that I, the said
Edward Henry Cradock Munckton,iny executors, administrators, and assigns,
or such others as I, the said Edward Henry Cradock Monckton, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from
time to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United

page_text: Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of
Man, an Invention for IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MEANS OF UNITING OR JOINING
PLATES OR SHEETS OF METAL, WHICH INVENTION IS APPLICABLE TO THE CON-
STRUCTION OF BOILERS, TUBES, AND OTHER USEFUL PURPOSES," upon the conditi n
(amongst others) that I, the said Edward Henry Cradock Monckton,
my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my,
or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe
and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the
same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great
Seal Patent Offic: within six calendar months next and immediately after the
date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE that I, the said Edward Henry Cradock Monckton, do
hereby declare the nature of my said Invention,and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement:-
My improvements consist, firstly, in a novel method of generating and
applying heat to the metal to be operated on; secondly, in the preparation
of a suitable flux; and, thirdly, in the method of uniting plates of metal so as
to render the join as strong as the plate itself, thus obviating for the most part
the necessi'y for using rivets and giving additional strength where rivets arc
used; and, fourthly, indented and corrugated sheets of metal are made to
overlay to be rivetted or brazed, or both.
Thus, firstly, I construct as follows an apparatus for commixing air with
gases and a furnace applicable to heating, brazing, soldering, weldering, and
smelting purposes:―
1. I make a vessel with divisions pierced with holes, the holes in each
division being so arranged as not to be opposite to, but rather to break dis-
tances with those in the succeeding division; these holes may or may not be
furnished with short tubes projecting out on each side of the division.
2. Or I make a vessel with divisions, not reaching to its top, with its cover
having similar divisions made to break distance with those in the vessel, so
that when closed the divisions shall not reach the bottom but touch the sides,
so as to leave a serpentine channel from one end to the other of the vessel.
3. I make a long tube, straight or bent, surrounded annularly with holes at
various distances along it, which holes are opened or closed with a ring made
to envelope and turn round the tube, which is pierced with similar holes; the
holes in the tube may have small tubes inserted in them projecting inwards
within the large tube, which may also have flanges or projections made
within it.

page_text: 4. I make a case in which I place pebbles or bits of brick, grass, or other
substance.
5. All the above constructions have holes and tubes with closing slides
or cocks so as to admit any combustible gas or gases, such as hydrogen or
common coal gas, naptha and other combustible gases, and also air, both
below and above, wherever required, the principle in view being to commix
the air and gas or gases mechanically prior to ignition; both air and gas
may, if desired, be forced into the commixing vessel, and when desirable
more air may be forced in at the time of ignition.
6. This construction admits of oxygen and other gases being let in in
addition, by any of the ordinary means, to the air and gases already mixed,
at whatever point it may be required prior to or at the time of ignition.
7. It is obvious that almost any method may be resorted to for commixing
the gases, such as having an agitation in the vessel to which the air and
gas would have to pass.
8. I work as follows:-The air and gas or gases being commingled, the
mixture is admitted to a furnace by means of tubes furnished with cocks
arranged so as to enter it at its bottom, sides, or top, or at several points
simultaneously, whereby the heat is evenly distributed throughout the
masses to be operated upon; the furuace may be formed of every shape
suited to the work to be done.
9. Where intense heat is required I line my furnace with bricks or clay
mixed with mica or asbestos and their solutions, and I also mix the clay
with the oxide of iron and silica.
10. I further use the gases commingled as above for brazing, soldering,
heating, welding, smelting, and other suitable purposes, in lieu of common
gas.
11. I also place the gases so commingled in suitable reservoirs or gaso-
meters for application to the above and other useful purposes.
12. For the purposes of my Invention I do not confine myself entirely to
the use of gases or air mixed as above described, but I make use of the
ordinary means of heating also, such as by coal, coke, charcoal, the blow
pipe, with common gas and air forced in, and oxhydrogen blow pipe, using
the latter where intense heat is required. I, however, prefer to use gases
commixed with air by the above process on account of the cheapness and
general efficiency, conveying them where requisite by means of flexible
tubes, to the point where it is desired to ignite them.
And, secondly, I make use of various fluxes as follows:-
1. I dissolve borax, sal amoniac, and saltpetre in water, and either use

page_text: the solution or concentrate it to dryness; the proportions of these ingredients
may be varied, but I prefer to use from twelve to sixteen parts borax, one
part sal amoniac, and one-fourth part to one-eighth part of saltpetre.
2. I use a mixture of borax with bicarbonate of potash in a similar
manner; these may be combined in any proportion, but two of the former
may be combined with one of the latter.
3. I use in a similar manner, borax, ten parts; bicarbonate of potash,
one part; sal amoniac, one part; and saltpetre, one-fourth part.
4. Though I prefer to use these fluxes, particularly No. 1, I do not
confine myself to their use, but I also use the other well-known and
commonly used, such as borax, the carbonates of potash, soda, and lime,
and the fluates and borates.
And, thirdly, I unite plates of metalbythefollowing improved and extended
manner of brazing and soldering. It is hardly necessary toexplainthatthough
the processes of brazing and soldering are very ancient, they from various
causes have never been applied to purposes where great strength is required,
recourse therefore has been had to rivetting. Now when it is considered that a
drawing by rivets will on an average withstand only half the strain by tention
of the plate itself, it is obvious that plates so united must necessarily bedouble
the weight required for the purpose for which they are designed, thus, iron
boilers, ships' girders, &c., that are rivetted together are all nearlyin the same
condition as regards resistance to the strain, the real strengthconsisting notin
weight, thickness, and solidity of metal,but in the junction of the weakest part,
that is the part rivetted, which is weakened by the rivet holes,and its strength
therefore consists merely in the resistance afforded by the rivet itself. The
join effected by soldering or brazing as nowcarriedout isclearlyeither inferior
to the rivet or the difficulties attending the processare insuperable. Brazingis
usually affected by taking, and cleaning, and laying the edges of the iron or
copper sheets or metal to be joined over one another, and sometimes dove-
tailing or folding them into one another, the join is moistened with solution
of borax or other flux, the brazing powder with borax or other flax, and laid
in, and heat being applied, the brass runs into and completes the join, the
process however is confined for the most part to the edges of the sheets to
small articles easily manipulated, and the juuction is such that union of parts
with the least possible overlap or join is the desideratum, thus no one would
ever dream in these days of using a cannon or gun, or steam boiler, the parts
of which have been simply soldered together in the usual manuer. What I
propose doing is to improve the well-known processes, so that tubes suitable
for sustaining immense pressure suitable for hydraulic presses, cannons, and

page_text: guns, and plates suitable for steam boilers, ships, and other appliances,may be
united by brazing and soldering, so as to effect a junction superior in strength
to anything heretofore attempted by common brazing, soldering, or rivetting
as at present practised. In order to understand my improved method, I sub-
join a short table of a few metals whose tensile strength is usually assumed
guns, and plates suitable for steam boilers, ships, and other appliances,may be
united by brazing and soldering, so as to effect a junction superior in strength
to anything heretofore attempted by common brazing, soldering, or rivetting
as at present practised. In order to understand my improved method, I sub-
join a short table of a few metals whose tensile strength is usually assumed
for a bar of an inch square as follows:-
Cast brass
Brass Wire
Wrought iron
lbs.
18,000
49,000
51,000
Iron, brass and bolts
Iron wire
from 60,000 to 70,000
from 70,000 to 100,000
36,000
Steel
from 100,000 to 130,000
Gun metal
It is obvious that if I take a rod as above of steel, and another similar one
of cast brass, the steel will be on an average able to support about six or seven
times as much weight as the brass, if therefore we wish to unite together two
sheets of steel of a thickness of a quarter of an inch, it will be necessary to
overlap them prior to brazing six or seven times as much as the thickness of
the steel, or in this case about two inches, a little allowance being made for
defect there may be in the brazing. Supposing that we use cast brass as
our brazing metal, if we then subject the plate to a tensile strain, the great
overlap filled with brass, which will have to be torn asunder, will prove to
afford a greater resistance to breakage than the plate itself; to be on the safe
side, however, it is easy to increase the overlap.
any
Having endeavoured to render the principle of iny improvements clear, I
proceed to detail my method of carrying them out.
1. All metals must be previously cleaned at the parts to be united, this may
be effected by scouring, scraping, and also by dipping in acids, and then in
caustic solution of soda to remove the acid, and then washing in water.
2. A solution of any suitable fluxion water (see above) which is preferable
for the purpose, is rubbed over the clean surfaces, and dried on them.
3. The brazing powder or solder is mixed with suitable fluxes above.
4. The parts of the metal to be united are prepared at once to the proper
level or thickness at the rolling mill or under the hammer, the swages, or
otherwise, and are then at pleasure either dovetailed together, or made so as
to fold into each other, and the plates are simply laid together and fastened by
a few small rivets, or secured by wire or otherwise.
5. The whole is then either heated in a suitably constructed furnace by

page_text: the ignited commixed gas (see above), or by means of jets of
gas without a
furnace applied to one or both sides of the metal by the ordinary gas blow
pipe with air actuated by bellows, or the oxhydrogen blow pipe may be
similarly used, the solder being supplied as required.
6. The extent of the overlap must be determined by the strength of the
metal compared with the strength of the soldering material, always allowing a
margin in excess in the overlap, in order to remedy any accidental defects in
the brazing or soldering.
7. The outer end of the metal should in some cases be slightly raised so as
to admit of the solder lying easily, and having a free run into the join. I
prefer as brazing material a composition made of brass, varying in proportions
of copper from 50 to 75, zinc 30 to 50, for iron and steel.
I also use copper
in proportions of from 85 to 95 per cent., and tin from 15 to 5 per cent.
S. I further use an iron frame made moveable so as to be conveyed along
the join or seam to be united containing a fire, actuated by bellows, so as
thereby to melt the solder and complete the join, in lieu of using gas where it
is inconvenient to procure or use the latter.
9. I adopt the following novel method of constructing large or small tubes
suitable for cannon, steam boilers, and bydraulic and other purposes, by not
only greatly increasing the overlap to be brazed, but also by coiling thin metal
previously cleaned and dipped in the fluxing solution, and dried round and
round till a sufficient thickness of metal is attained, and then applying the
brazing or soldering material to the end and fluxing it, the whole tube being
simultaneously heated so as to cause the fused inetal to flow into the interior
should the tube be very long, each cud in succession may be brazed by
burying part of the cylinder in an upright position in the earth while the
other end is subjected to the heating, process.
10. For some purposes a coil tube so prepared will be found sufficiently
strong if the ends of it only are united with solder, the overlap inside and
outside being similarly soldered to the fold of the metal.
11. Iron and steel may be galvanized or zinced, and other metals may be
electroplated prior to union by soldering, in order to insure certainty of a
clean surface and a perfect junction.
12. Immensely strong tubes suitable for cannon may be constructed by
having ribands of steel or rolled iron or other metal previously electroplated
or otherwise well cleaned and dipped in the fluxion solution, and dried, folded
over, and prepared, smooth bored or rifled cylinder, and each fold or several
folds may be brazed or soldered together accordingly, as is considered
desirable; the rifling may also be made by brazing strips of steel to the

page_text: cylinder, thus strengthening instead of weakening the gun. The ribands
above mentioned may be coiled fold over fold, either so as to break joint or
to cross and interlace each other.
13. It is not necessary to braze whole sheets or masses of metal together
simultaneously, as the brazing and constructing may proceed together.
14. Solution of zinc in hydrochloric acid may be applied to the surface of
the clean metal to facilitate the flow of solders composed of zinc.
15. Rings and chains and hoops may also be constructed on the same
principle.
16. Clay is used to sustain the solder where it is required in excess, and
which is to be added as wanted, and clay is also used to prevent the oxida-
tion of the surface not being soldered.
17. A seamless steam boiler or ship may thus be constructed without a
single rivet, an enormous saving being effected by doing away with the paint
used between the joins, and in caulking them with chisels, as also in the
immense saving in weight of metal.
18. Copper sheathing maybe simultaneouslysoldered together, and secured
to the bottom of an iron ship, thus rendering all access of sea water to the
iron, and consequently all galvanic action, impossible.
The above methods and principles are applicable to all metals and alloys
capable of being united by the soldering process.
2. In some special cases the metal may be confined in a case and heated,
and the solder previously fluxed may either be run down a long heated tube
placed above it, so as to cause the fluxed metal to be driven in to the parts to
be united by means of the pressure of the metal above; the tube is also heated,
and the metal may be either fluxed in a furnace placed at its top, and then
run in, or be poured in from pots raised from a furnace below; it is not
necessary that in every instance the whole of metal to be joined should be
increased, but only that part where the solder is first run iuto, for example,
the end of a coiledtube; the whole tube must nevertheless beheated. Another
method is to cause the fluxed metal to run into a case containing air com-
municating with the tubes connected with the case above mentioned, whereby
the pressure of the heated air will assist in driving the fluxed metal into the
joins through a much shorter tube; by either means the process will be much
shortened, and consequently the metal to be joined be subjected to less heat
than by ary other means now in use.
may
be
It is obvious that the waste heat from these gas ovens or furnaces
conveyed to heat other material in any suitable or convenient manner; thus if

page_text: two overs are simultaneously being heated, the waste heat of one being con-
ducted into another one less gas would be required, although in my Provisional
Specification I have stated that the gases and air after being mixed may be
conveyed to reservoirs or gasometers, and reserved for use; I disclaim this
method of storing, on account of the possible danger that might occur from an
explosion, and in lieu of it I use one or two morecommixing vessels, small or
large, as they may be required, in connection with a gasometer, or with any
suitable kiln or apparatus by which gas can be generated direct without the
intervention of a gasometer, and apply the heat only after the mixture of air
and gas has taken place at the point where it is required. As gas may not
always be available on the spot I adopt the following novel method of cou
veying it I place at certain distances.say ten inches, more or less apart,two
or more large gasometers, and connect them together either by means of large
gas pipes, the final pipe being in connection, if preferred, with the generator,
which latter may be in the vicinity of cheap coal, and many miles distant from
the point where it is required to be used. The full gasometer at the spot
where the gas is generated being weighted, and the empty one, say ten miles
off, having a counterpoising weight attached, will immediatelytransmit the gas
from the one gasometer to the other, the one propelling the gas onwards by
the pressure of the weights, the other causing a vacuum for the reception of
the gas, by causing the receiver to be drawn up by means of the counterpoises
by which means I obtain gas at a cheap rate. Common solder made of lead
combined with tin, gives a very strong joint where fused by heat without the
use of soldering iron with the addition of borax, provided the overlap is
sufficient. Nickel added in various proportions to brass, such as the pro-
portions used in German silver, forms an exceedingly strong brazed joint,and
will thus enable the overlap to be less than when the brass soldering is used
and this kind of brazing and soldering is especially applicable to the construc-
tion of cannon and strong tubes of metal. As the addition of the metals to
iron causes local galvanic action to a certain extent when immersed in sea
water in such cases (as in ship-building) the iron to be united should be
previously galvanized, which would completely check the effect.
Having thus described the nature and o'jects of my Invention, I would
observe in conclusion that I do not confine myself to the precise proportions
herein before given, as they may be varied as circumstances may require; but
what I claim and desire to be secured by the herein-before in part recited
Letters Patent is, the improvements in the means of uniting or joining plates
or sheets of metal, and which Invention is applicable to the construction of

page_text: boilers, tubes, and other useful purposes," substantially as herein-before
described, or any mere modification thereof.
In witness whereof, I, the said Edward Henry Cradock Monckton,
have hereunto set my hand and seal, this Twenty-first day of
December, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred
and sixty-three.
EDWARD HENRY CRADOCK MONCKTON. (L.S.)