CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN VENTILATION
Year: 1848

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JAMES
LOCHHEAD, of Milton, Gravesend, in the County of Kent, Gentleman, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by
Her Royal Letters Patent, under the Great Seal of Great Britain and
Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Eighth day of March, in the
eleventh year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said James Lochhead, my executors, adminis-
trators, and assigns, Her especial licence, full power, sole privilege and
authority, that I, the said James Lochhead, and such others as I, the
said James Lochhead, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at
any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times during
the term of years therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-
Tweed, in the Islands of Guernsey, Jersey, Alderney, Sark, and Man, and also
in all Her Majesty's Colonies and Plantations abroad, my Invention of
"CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN VENTILATION;" in which said Letters Patent is
contained a proviso requiring that I, the said James Lochhead, should
particularly describe and ascertain the nature of my said Invention, and in
what manner the same is to be performed, by an instrument in writing under
my hand and seal, to be inrolled in Her Majesty's High Court of Chancery
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being had thereto, will more
fully and at large appear.

page_text: .
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
James Lochhead, do hereby declare the nature and intention of my said
Invention, and the manner in which the same is to be performed, are fully
described and ascertained in and by this present Specification thereof, reference
being had to the several Drawings hereunto annexed, and in which said
several Drawings similar parts are marked and referred to by similar letters or
figures (that is to say):-
My said Invention consists of a mode or modes of producing or permitting
the ventilation of the interiors of buildings, of ships or other similar vessels, of
railway and other carriages, and other hollow or enclosed spaces, by means of
* transparent. and semi-transparent or opalescent ventilators, either wholly or
partly made of glass or other similar transparent, semi-transparent, or
opalescent vitrified substance, perforated or made with orifices through the
- substance thereof, in manner herein-after described. Any description of glass
or other transparent, semi-transparent, or opalescent vitrified substance which
is capable of being worked or of undergoing the process herein-after described
may be adopted for the purposes of my said Invention, the particular article to
be selected in every case depending upon the quantity of light to be trans-
.mitted through the ventilator, and whether the ventilator is to be constructed
as to permit vision by the transmission of direct rays of light through the
substance of the ventilator. When the ventilator is to be used for an apart-
ment in a dwelling house or any similar building, it will usually be found
*better to make use of flint, plate, or crown glass, so as not to intercept vision;
but when it is merely desired that the ventilator shall permit the transmission
of reflected light, bottle glass or any other transparent or opalescent vitrified
substance may be employed. The glass or vitrified substance used for the
purpose of my said. Invention is to be prepared in any of the ordinary methods of
preparing or manufacturing such substances; and as the processes employed
in manufacturing such glasses as aforesaid are well known, and as such
processes form no part of my Invention, it is unnecessary that I should here
describe them.
I have, in Sheet 1 of the said Drawings, shewn several Figures of the
apparatus, by means of which I cause pieces of glass to be perforated, or be
made with orifices through the substances thereof, according to my said
Invention.
Figure 1, Sheet 1, is a plan view of a pan or mould for holding a quantity
of melted metal or glass, which is intended to be made into a perforated lens.
:
Figure 2 is a sectional elevation of a press which is to be used for cutting
or perforating the metal or glass intended to form the lens.

page_text: Figure 3 is a plan view of a casting table and apparatus, similar to that
used for casting sheets of plate glass, but furnished with an extra roller C
for perforating the glass.
Figure 4 is a longitudinal section of the roller C; Figure 5 is a side
elevation of the same roller, and Figure 6 is a cross section, taken at a, b,
Figure 5.
My mode or modes of making or forming plates, sheets, lenses, or other
pieces of glass, or of such other vitrified substances as aforesaid, and for the
purposes aforesaid, are as follows (that is to say):-
1
Mode the First. When sheets or panes of glass are to be perforated, and
when it is convenient to employ Mode the Second, hereafter described, the
metal, as it is technically termed, having arrived at a proper state of fluidity,
the operator proceeds to pour from the pot on to the casting table, the stream
being followed by a pressure roller for the purpose of flatting it. At this stage of
the process, and while the glass is in a plastic state or state of fusion, I apply
to the surface thereof a metal mould or matrix, which is formed with teeth or
projections upon its under side, and this mould or matrix, which is fitted to
the edges of the casting table, is forcibly pressed down by the operators, and
left in that position until the metal has set, when it may be removed; and the
plate, sheet, or pane of glass will have cuts, holes, or openings formed therein
of corresponding shape to the teeth or projections of the mould, caused by
pressure thereof in the metal or glass while in a fluid state.
The second mode or process, and that to which I give the preference, for
perforating plate glass for the purposes of my Invention, and which is fully
illustrated in Drawing Sheet 2, Figures 8 to 6, is as follows:-
Figure 3 is a plan view of a casting table, drawn to a geometrical scale of
one inch to the foot, and presenting a view of the glass in a fluid state, or while
in the act of being perforated. The roller B is the plain or pressure roller
ordinarily employed for flatting plate glass. The roller C is fitted with pro-
jections or teeth, as shewn. When the metal is poured on to the table A, A,
the rollers are instantly set in motion by two or four operators, as required, at
the windlasses D. The rollers B and C, being connected by a rod E, are kept
gently turning until the rollers, by means of the chain F, have passed over all
the glass. The first roller B flattens the glass to the required thickness, in the
usual manner. The toothed roller C follows, so supported by wheels that the
teeth or projections shall not actually touch the face of the casting table and
so injure it, and yet perforate the metal, and leave therein openings corre-
sponding to the former shape of the teeth or projections on the roller C. The
usual time occupied in this process from the pouring out of the metal to the

page_text: passing off of the rollers is about önë'minute and a half. The size of the table
on which I ät present operate is twelve feet long by three feet two inches
wide. I would also remark, that in cases when the teeth or projections on
the moulds, matrixes, or rollers do not (as in the case of the casting table,' for
the reason above assigned,) entirely displace the whole of the melted metal or
glass beneath them, there will be then a slight film of glass left at the bottom
of the intended openings, which is removed in the subsequent and necessary
process of grinding, and leaves perfect openings through the glass. The plate
or sheet of glass now perforated is pushed off the table into the kiln, and
undergoes the usual' processes of annealing and grinding and polishing when
required, the latter not being in all cases' necessary. The whole process may
be effected by a toothed roller only, say the roller C, without the assist-
ance of the roller B, but I prefer to use both rollers, as. being möre
certain in their operations. Figure 4 is a longitudinal section of the roller C,
shewing the shape of the teeth or projections in section, and the nuts by which
they are secured on the inside of the roller. On the stem of each tooth is
threaded a screw, which traverses the outer periphery of the roller through
hólés cut therein, the hole being at first square, so as to admit and fit the
square portion of the tooth stem, and is then secured to the inner periphery of
said roller by a nut, as shewn. Figure 5 is a side elevation, shewing the
shapes and bevils of said teeth or projections, and Figure 6 is a section taken
through the line A, B, at Figure 5, shewing the projections or teeth in
section and profile. And to puncture or form holes or cuts in cast or moulded
glasses intended to be used in ships, prisons, and other places, for the purposes
of ventilation, or in puncturing or forming cuts or holes in glasses or lenses of
unusual thickness, I proceed in the following manner:-The metal being in a
fit state to run or cast, the operator proceeds to pour it into the mould
intended for its reception, (shewn in Sheet 1, plan view, Figure 1,) and having
poured in the requisite quantity he immerses and forcibly presses into the
melted mass a metal mould (shewn in operation in sectional elevation at
Figure 2), and leave it in that position until vitrification 'of the glass has
taken place, when he removes it, and the glass or lens will thus be formed,
with the openings of similar shape of those of the teeth or projections tipon' the
metal mould or matrix, and the glass or lens may then be taken out of the pan
mould, and subjected to one or other or 'all' the processes of grinding,' &c., as
before mentioned,' with reference to the flat plates; sheets or panes of glass
before mentioned. It is désirable, in cases where the ventilator is placed
vertically, that the' cuts, holes, or openings should have their ." longest'
edges bevelled (which is done by the mould or roller), as shewn at Figure 8,

page_text: in Sheet 2, in order that the external atmosphere passes through them.
it may directed upwards, and thereby prevent draft, or the entrance of rain
water during wet weather."
:
The machine or press exhibited in sectional elevation at Figure 2, Sheet 1,
is of so common a construction as to require no description except as to the
lower part or mould thereof G, which is formed on its under surface with
teeth or projections of the shape shewn at Figure 1 of the same Drawing, in (if
I may use the term) the pan mould, which latter teeth have a very slight pro-
jection, so that when placed under the mould G, and receiving the pressure
of said mould, the glass or lens is entirely cut through.
In Sheet 2 of the said Drawings I have shewn Figures of several modes of
using or applying plates, sheets, lenses, or other pieces of glass or vitrified
substance so made as aforesaid, in the construction of ventilators for the
purposes of my said Invention.
;
Figure 7, Sheet 2 of the said Drawings, exhibit an elevation of a ventilator
of rectangular form, constructed or formed according to my said Invention.
Figure 8 is a vertical section of the same ventilator, taken through the dotted
line a, b, at Figure 1.
"
Figure 9 is an elevation of a circular ventilator; Figure 10 is a vertical sec-
tion of the same ventilator, taken through the dotted line a, b, at Figure 9.
Figure 11 represents the top part of a common window sash, glazed with
perforated glass (the perforation being of different forms or shapes), and
covered, when required, by a leaf or shutter of plate or other glass, in a
separate frame, suspended from the top frame by hinges, and closing over the
perforated panes at pleasure. Figure 12 is a vertical section of the same,
taken through the dotted line a, b, at Figure 11.
.
Figure 13 is a single pane of perforated glass in a frame, with a leaf or
shutter of plate or other glass, in a frame affixed to the frame containing the
perforated glass by hinges at the bottom, and shut by drawing the said leaf
upwards by any of the usual modes, and so excluding the air. Figure 14 is a
vertical section taken through the dotted line a, b, of Figure 13.
Figure 15 demonstrates a ventilator acting in a reverse manner to that
shewn in Figure 13. Figure 16 is a section taken through the line a, b, of
Figure 15.
:
Figure 17 shews a pane of perforated glass fitted into the door of a railway
carriage. Figure 18, a section thereof.
Figure 19, a pane of perforated glass in frame, to which is fixed, in the
manner of a door, a pane (framed) of plain glass, the opening or closing
of which admits or entirely excludes air.
Figure 20 is an elevation of a common window sash, containing eighteen

page_text: panes of glass, and on the outside, towards the street, is fitted, independently of
the window sash, a frame containing three squares of perforated glass, as
shewn. Figure 21 is a vertical section of the same, taken through the line a, b,
of Figure 20.
At the Figures 7 and 8, A, A, marks a wood or metal frame, in which there
is securely fixed a plate, sheet, or pane of glass B, having openings C, C,
formed therein, in the manner and by the means hereafter fully described and
set forth. D marks another sheet of glass, of corresponding size to the former
one, and having openings E formed therein, similar in every respect to those in
the piece B. The piece D is capable of being moved or slidden within
the frame A, A, so as to bring the openings therein opposite to those in the
piece B, and thereby to establish a direct communication between the external
atmosphere and the interior of the room or place required to be ventilated, or
between adjoining rooms; and further, to enable the opeings in this moveable
sheet of glass to be so removed or adjusted with respect to the openings C, C,.
in the glass B, as to regulate the quantity of air admitted or emitted, in accord-
ance with the requirements of the case, and in order to render such moveable
plate easy of adjustment, I employ the following arrangement of parts:
Between the bottom edge of the glass D and the bottom of the frame A, A,
there are fixed the springs F, F, and through about the centre of the said
frame, and immediately beneath the edges of the glass D there is a hole
formed, through which there is passed a thumb screw G, and assuming this
ventilation to be fixed in a vertical position, it will appear evident that by
advancing this screw in one direction the moveable glass D may be raised
to the required extent, and be lowered by a reverse movement of the said
screw, so as to partially or entirely cut off the communication between the
internal and external atmosphere; the same spring screw can be fitted to act at
the top or side of frame or sashwork. It should be observed, that in situations
where the ventilator is required to be fixed in a horizontal position the
springs F, F, may be dispensed with, or used in a different form, and the
moveable glass D be adjusted, with respect to the fixed glass, by placing
the thumb screw G through a hole in the front of the frame A, A, (as
shewn) instead of underneath it, as in the former arrangement; and to prevent
adhesion of the surfaces of the two glasses, which would occur if they were in
too close contact, I propose interposing between them two strips of any suitable
material, of sufficient thickness to prevent such adhesion, and these strips may
be fixed against the extremities of each of the vertical sides of the fixed glass.
Figure 9 is a plan view of a lens, or a circular glass, with twelve perfora-
tions or cuts in it, besides a hole in the centre; this forms one half of a
ventilator. I take another lens, precisely similar to the first, and through the

page_text: centre holes pass a spindle having a knob or handle on the inner side of the
ventilator, from which the spindle runs through both glasses, the outer
one having a small tube headed on the outside passed through it, in which the
spindle or other contrivance acts, as shewn at the section Figure 10 of
the Drawing, and by turning which handle I can at pleasure place the cuts
or perforations in the glass wholly or partially opposite each other, so as to
admit any amount of ventilation, desired, or so by bringing the solid glass
opposite the cuts exclude all ventilation. I fit these ventilators or lenzes into
frames of wood or metal of any description, for the use of ships, prisons, or
other places where great strength is required, as these lenzes, being usually
made by me nearly one inch thick (which substance may be increased at
pleasure) are competent to withstand the shock of the waves of the sea;
or where used in prisons, workhouses, and similar places, any attempt to break
them from within, when such an attempt is unassisted by tools or weapons,
thus giving in these places light and ventilation (the latter at will) without
lessening the difficulty of egress. The manner of making or casting this lense
or plate will be herein-after described.
Figures 11 to 16 are merely examples shewn of the various modes of using
my Invention, as at 5. A plain plate or sheet of glass'in frame is made by the
rising or lowering thereof, to admit or exclude the air, the perforated panes
being fixed in the common sash frames. I have also in this Figure shewn
different formed cuts or perforations as samples of the many which may be
used under my Invention, but I intend to use any form or shape that may
be desirable, by altering the shape of the projections or teeth with which
I make the perforations.
Figure 17 shews an elevation of a glass or sash for the door of a railway or
other carriage. It is intended that a pane or plate of the perforated glass
shall be fixed in a frame in the usual manner, but immoveable, while a pane
or plate of plain glass shall, in a small wooden or metal frame, be so hung that
it may be pushed up or down at pleasure as at present, with this difference, that
it will only be required to regulate or shut off the ventilation, which will always
be admitted through any portion of the perforated plate that may remain unco-
vered by the sliding plate. This applies equally to the front windows of carriages
in ordinary or common use. And be.it observed, the perforations being always
bevilled upwards no lateral or downward draught or current of air will be
admitted. Figure 18 is a vertical section of Figure 11, taken through the
Jine at a, b.
Figure 19 there is exhibited another arrangement of parts constituting a
transparent ventilator, which differs from the arrangement before described
by substituting in the place of the puncturated or pane of glass (shewn at

page_text: Figure 7) a solid polished plate or sheet, which may be attached to the
frame A, A, by hinges fixed to one of the vertical sides, so as to be capable
of being opened or closed as a door. A ventilator thus constructed is only
intended to be used in situations where the ventilator is occasionally required
to. be entirely open to the adjacent.atmosphere or closed therefrom, as it will
appear. that a ventilator thus arranged is not susceptible of adjustment as is
that shewn at Figure 1, but is similar in operation to those shewn at Figures
11 to 16, Sheet 2.
.
.
Figure 20, A, A, represents a common window sash frame, drawn on a
geometric scale. of two inches to the foot, and glazed in the usual manner. On
the outside of this. sash I fix a frame B, containing three squares of perforated
glass è, c, c, the said frame being close to but not actually in contact with the
inner frame A, A. When ventilation is required I draw down the upper slide
of the frame A, A, to whatever 'extent may be desirable, thus allowing the
entrance of a regulated quantity of atmospheric air. Figure 21 is a section' of
Figure 20, taken through the line a, b, at said Figure. In new window
frames for buildings, the sash, glazed with perforated glass, might be made to
. fit the window frame to move up and regulate the ventilation in such manner
as may be found most advisable.
.
Although in this Specification of my said Invention I have exhibited only
eight forms of construction of ventilators, my said Invention may be applied to
ventilators of any form or description which will permit the use or application
of such perforated glass, or other vitrified substance as aforesaid in the
construction thereof for the purposes herein-before mentioned.
"
Having now described the nature of my said. Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, I desire it to be distinctly understood
that I do not claim the exclusive use of any of the separate parts above men-
tioned, except those made of glass or such other vitrified substances as afore-
said. But what I do claim as of my Invention is,-
.
The mode or modes. of making or forming plates, sheets, Jenses, or other
pieces of glass, or such other vitrified substances as aforesaid, with cuts, holes,
or openings therein, in manner and for the purposes herein-before described.
And, also. the mode or modes of applying such. plates, sheets, lenses, and
other pieces of glass or substances as aforesaid,. in the construction of venti-
lators, in manner and for the purposes herein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said James Lochhead, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twenty-sixth day of May, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and forty-eight.
JAMES (L.s.) LOCHEAD.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Twenty-sixth day of May, in
the eleventh year of the reign of Her Majesty Queen Victoria, the said James
Lochhead came before our said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery and
acknowledged the Instrument aforesaid, and all and every thing therein
contained and specified, in form above written. And also the Instrument
aforesaid was stamped according to the tenor of the Statute made in the
fifty-fifth year of the reign of His late Majesty King George the Third.
Inrolled the Twenty-sixth day of May, One thousand eight hundred and
forty-eight.