Improvements in Rolls for Rolling Hollow Billets or Shaping Metallic Ingots.
Year: 1899

page_text: Date of Application, 20th June, 1899-Accepted, 30th Sept., 1899
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Rolls for Rolling Hollow Billets or Shaping
Metallic Ingots.
I, LEONARD DELANO DAVIS, of 2668, Peach Street, in the City of Erie, State
of Pennsylvania, United States of America, Mechanical Engineer, do hereby
declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement:
This invention relates to a machine for shaping metallic ingots, and consists
of certain improvements therein as will be hereinafter fully described and
pointed out in the claims. The machine is illustrated in the accompanying
drawings as follows:
Figure 1, shows a plan view of the device arranged to pierce and stretch the
billet.
Figure 2, shows a side elevation of the same.
Figure 3, is a plan view of the machine arranged to stretch a pierced ingot
or tube.
Figure 4, is a side elevation of the same.
Figure 5, shows an alternative construction of the device arranged to pierce
and stretch a billet.
Figure 6, shows a side elevation of the same.
Figures 7, 8 and 9, show diagramatical views, a side elevation, an end eleva-
tion, and a plan view respectively.
The machine comprises two disks, A and B, having working surfaces, a and b
and mounted on axles A and B, respectively. The disks are so positioned
relatively to each other that the working surfaces, a and b, are opposingly faced.
The disk, A, as shown has its axis above the line of travel of the ingot, and
the disk, B, its axis below said line. The disks rotate in the directions indicated
by the arrows, which are as may be noted, in opposite directions. The piercing
mandrel, C, with the usual tip, c, is placed in the line of travel of the ingot, if
the machine is designed to pierce and stretch the ingot, and the continuous
mandrel, C, is placed in the line of travel of the billet, where the machine is
designed simply to stretch a pierced ingot or tube. The guides, E E, are also
provided to control the movement of the ingot between the disks.
:
As is well known in this art, it is desirable to give not only to the ingot a
rotative movement through the action of the working surfaces of the disks upon
it, but also through the same agency to give the billet an end thrust which
forces it in the line of its travel. This has been accomplished in various ways,
most generally by passing the ingot by the contacting surfaces from the centers
of the disks toward their outer periphery. The principle disadvantage incident
to this method of working the ingot lies in the fact that there is greater rota-
tive travel of the disks at points nearer the outer periphery than at those nearer
the centers of the disks, so that the billet cannot be reduced in diameter in the
direction of its feed, and be given at the same time an equal rotative movement
throughout the length of its contact, so that as a result where the billet is
reduced in diameter, the ingot is subjected to a severe twist which makes it
impracticable except perhaps with some peculiar metals. Disks have also been
arranged so that in their operation the billet. was passed through them from
the outer peripheries by the working surfaces toward the centers of the disk,

page_text: but these as well as the other devices of this kind with which I am familiar
lack the advantages which are found in my machine.
With my machine one of the disks being placed above the other with the
line of travel of the ingot midway between the axes of the disks, the ingot is
given by reason of the passage of the working surfaces of the disks, by and in
contact with the ingot both a rotative and longitudinal movement toward the
centers of the disks. This rotative movement and compression at diametrically
opposite points operates upon the fibres of the ingot in such a way as to produce
or tend to produce an opening through the center of the ingot. This tendency
is aided by a piercing mandrel as C, where piercing is desired as part of the
operation. It is desirable where the ingot is much reduced in transverse area
that there be as little twisting of the ingot as possible, because where the
reduction is considerable, a very slight twisting as the work goes along, cumulates
into a very severe strain before the complete reduction is accomplished.
This twisting of the ingot is obviated in my machine as follows: Observing
Figures 7, 8 and 9, it will be seen that the disks are beveled so that the line of
the surfaces of the disks continued intersect each other when observed in plan
view, (Figure 9), (see also Figures 1, 3 and 5) at a point, %, which point as it
appears in Figure 9 is at a distance from the line of the axis of the disks equal
to one-half the distance between said axes as they appear at Y and X in Figure 7.
Again observing this bevel as it appears in Figure 8, it will be seen that if the disks
were added to in the direction of each other until they came together as indicated by
the dash lines, the lower edge of the flat central part of the upper disk would contact
the upper edge of the flat central part of the lower disk at a point, V, so that a
continuation of the upper line indicating the bevel of the lower disk coincides with
the lower line indicating the bevel of the upper disk. It will further be noted that
the axis of the billet passes through this point, V. The disks so added to would
have a movement at the point V exactly in line with the axis of the billet, so
that if the billet were continued as indicated by the dash lines in Figures 7
and 9 to the point V, it would give to the billet at that point longitudinal move-
ment only, so that this point may be called, so far as rotative producing move-
ment is concerned, the zero point. Beginning therefore with this zero point as
a basis and giving to the billet at its first contact with the surface of the disks
any diameter desired, or in other words, shaping the disks so as to bring their
outer peripheries any distance apart, it is manifest that if there is no inter-
mediate contact of the billet between the point V, and the outer peripheries of
the disks, that there will be no conflict as to the rotative producing effect upon
the billet. Having the point of zero rotation at 2, and the point of maximum
rotation at the outer edge of the disk in order to give equal rotation to all parts
of the interposed billet, it is only necessary to give to the bevel between the
points Z, and the outer periphery a shape which will give a diameter to the
billet at each point of contact in proper proportion to the diameter of the billet
at the outer edges of the disks to compensate for the difference in rotative
producing effect of the disks at the several points of contact. It is not practical
to illustrate the exact contour of the surfaces of the disks on drawings of a
scale shown. In the drawings, therefore, the elements of the cones forming the
disks are shown as straight. It will be found that this will make the billet at
the inner edge of the working surface too small. If, therefore, the initial shape
is as shown the inner portions should be cut or ground out to give to the inter-
posed billet a slightly larger size at these points. The disks may be formed of
more nearly correct shape in the first instance by making the intersection of
the surfaces of the disks with a horizontal plane including the axis of billet
straight lines. The shape of disks to give substantially exactly equal rotation
to the billet can be made however. This can be done by a series of approxi-
mation starting with any bevel having its line pass from the outer periphery
to the point, Z, getting the line of contact of an interposed billet, and finding
the rotative producing effect of the disks at several points along said line; then

page_text: changing the shape of the disks to give a form to the billet that will satisfy the
rotative producing effect of the newly formed disks at the several points, then
getting the new line of contact produced by the billet so justified; and repeating
this operation until the disks assume a shape which will have a rotative pro-
ducing effect at the several points along the line of contact of an interposed
billet to give to the interposed billet substantially equal rotation throughout its
length of contact.
As the billet passes through machines of this class and is reduced in transverse
area by radial pressure the reduction in transverse area must be compensated
for by elongation of the billet. With my machine arranged as described this
elongation of the billet is effected both by the radial pressure and a differential
pull upon the billet at different points along its contact with the working sur-
faces of the disks.
This effect may be explained as follows: the longitudinal producing effect of
the disks upon the billet is due to the passage of the disks by and in contact
with the billet at an angle less than a right angle to the axis of the billet, or
in other words, the lines of travel on the disks pass the billet on a slant and
this passage produces both a rotative and longitudinal movement. Where the
line of contact of the billet with the disks is in the same horizontal plane with
the axis of the billet, the longitudinal producing effect of all parts of the
working surfaces of the disks is the same. This is due to the fact that while
the slant of the movement of the disks nearer the outer periphery is less than
at points nearer the centers of the disks, the greater travel at the outer periphery
exactly compensates for this difference in the direction of travel. In my machine
the line of contact of the disks with the billet is not included in a horizontal plane
including the axis of the billet, but is represented by a line which more nearly
approaches the radial lines which are in planes parallel to the horizontal plane
including the axis of the billet at points nearer the outer periphery than at
points nearer the center, or in other words, on the disk, A, as shown in Figure 8,
the line of contact slants upwardly toward the outer periphery of the disk and
the line of contact on the disk B, passes downwardly as it approaches the outer
periphery. This being so, the lines of travel of the disks by the billet at points
near the outer periphery of the disks approach more nearly to a movement at a
right angle to the axis of the billet than would be the case were the line of
contact included in the same horizontal plane with the axis of the billet, and
as the line of contact more nearly approaches the horizontal plane including the
axis of the billet at points near the center of the disks a greater longitudinal
producing movement or end thrust as effected by those parts of the disks near
the center than by those parts near the outer periphery. The result is that
every point of contact on the disks' surface tends to hold the ingot against the
pull of the disks at the next succeeding point nearer the center of the
disks, so that throughout the whole length of the working contact of the
disks, there is a longitudinal pull upon the ingot and a longitudinal resistance
to this pull which tends to produce a stretching action in the ingot, and as a
stretching of the ingot tends to reduce the transverse area of the billet, and a
radial pressure on the ingot sufficient to reduce its transverse area also tends to
lengthen it, it will be seen that the forces working upon the ingot work in
harmony. It will also be noted in this connection that with my machine the
billet is engaged at a series of transversely opposite points (in the machine shown
two points), and is simultaneously pulled at all these points, so that the billet
is engaged and stretched bodily as well as locally.
It will be noted that as the line of contact on the disk A, in my machine,
passes upwardly from a line included in a horizontal plane including the line
of the axis of the billet that a greater amount of the travel of the disks at the
outer periphery is absorbed by a rotative movement of the ingot than would
be the case were the line of contact in the horizontal plane including the axis
of the billet. This greater rotative producing effect by reason of this, deflection
of the contact line is, of course, to be compensated for by the method heréin-

page_text: before described, or in other words, the diameters of the ingot at the several
points effected by the shape of the disks are to be proportioned to the rotative
producing effect of the disks at said points rather than the actual rotative
movement of the disks. By reason of this arrangement of the disks whereby
their rotative action upon the billet is so compensated, a much longer work-
ing surface of the disks can be presented to the ingot and hence a more
gradual reduction may be had because where the variation in rotative pro-
ducing action of the different portions of the disks are not so compensated
by the change in the circumference of the ingot, the twist produced in the ingot
becomes so great as to make such a length of contact impracticable and the
reduction must in consequence be very abrupt. For this reason my machine is
peculiarly designed for reducing and stretching tubes already pierced as shown
in Figures 3 and 4.
3
With disks having their axes parallel, this stretching action of the disks is
present through quite a variation in the shapes of the disks, that is the point %,
may be brought nearer the lines of the axes than shown in Figure 9, without
eliminating this effect. In Figures 5 and 6, the disks are shown with their
axes at a slight angle to each other. This arrangement allows a greater width
of passage at the back side of the disk, so that a free passage for the shaped
ingot is provided. As the angle of the axes is increased however, or the disks
are changed from a position wherein their axes are parallel, the shapes of the
disks as to the bevel which will give a stretching action to the billet become more
limited, and as the point Z, is carried nearer to the line of the axis, the stretching
effect is lost and may become entirely neutralized, and in fact such a bevel may
be given to the disks set at an angle to each other as to have an upsetting effect
upon the billet in its passage between them.
Where the axes of the disk are parallel as shown in Figures 1 and 2, it may
be desirable to provide a drip device for cooling a tube or ingot as it passes
the center of the disk and before it reaches the opening or pass at the back side
of the disks. The disks are preferably hollowed out or dished at the center to
allow a space in which the ingot may cool, and while it is desirable to use the
drip device which not only cools the ingot but gives to its surface a polish, the
ingot may be allowed to cool in the space created by the hollow of the disks
sufficiently without said device to readily pass through the opening at the back
side of the disks.
From the description heretofore given of the machine, it will be observed that
I utilize a process of stretching and shaping ingots whether they are initially
solid and pierced by the machine or are of tubular form and are simply shaped
by the machine. The features of this process comprise subjecting the billet
to a rotative swaging action so graduated and directed as to shape the billet
without twisting it. This process I consider an important step in the art
whether used with ingots which are initially substantially homogeneous, but it
is particularly advantageous with ingots having a pronounced fibre. In fact,
I believe this process to be the only successful one for treating the latter. The
operation of the machine also includes a process wherein there is a rotative
engagement opposing another rotative engagement, said engagements being
arranged to effect in themselves the swaging of the ingot. It also described a
process wherein the nature of this engagement is so varied without breaking its
continuity as to effect both the swaging and the stretching of the ingot. It
also includes the important minor feature of varying the diameter of the ingot
by rotative swaging effected by pressure so graduated and directed as to main-
tain in it substantially straight fibres, or in other words, in a manner which
obviates the twisting of the ingot.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
I claim as new is:
1. The art or process of stretching and shaping metallic ingots, which con-

page_text: pists in Simultaneously imparting a rotary motion to said ingot, stretching said
ingot by engaging one part of said ingot at a series of transversely opposing.
points and exerting longitudinal pull at said points and engaging and holding
another part of said ingot at a series of transversely opposing points back of
the points subjected to the pull sufficiently to effect a resistance to said pull,
and swaging said ingot by subjecting that part of the ingot receiving the
stretch incident to the pull and resistance to said pull to radial pressure exerted
by a rolling contact whereby the rotating ingot is subjected at one and the
same place to a stretching action and non-twisting radial compression.
2. The art or process of stretching and shaping metallic ingots which con-
sists in engaging said ingot at a series of transversely opposing points, and
exerting a longitudinal pull at said points; engaging and holding another part
of said ingot at a series of transversely opposing points back of the points
subjected to the pull sufficiently to effect a resistance to said pull; and rota-
tively swaging said ingot by subjecting that part of the ingot receiving the
stretch incident to the pull and resistance to said pull to pressure graduated and
directed to maintain or produce straight fibres in said ingot.
3. The art or process of stretching and shaping metallic ingots which consists
in engaging said ingot at a series of transversely opposing points, and exerting
a longitudinal pull at said points; engaging and holding another part of said
ingot at a series of transversely opposing points back of the points subjected
to the pull sufficiently to effect a resistance to said pull; and rotatively swaging
said ingot by subjecting that part of the ingot receiving the stretch incident to
the pull and resistance to said pull to pressure graduated and directed to effect a
variation in the diameter of the ingot and to maintain or produce straight fibres
in said ingot.
(
4. In a machine for shaping metallic ingots, the combination of two eccen-
trically disposed disks provided with working faces opposingly faced and arranged
to contact an interposed billet at substantially diametrically opposite sides of
said billet, and for a feeding of the billet towards the centers of the disks, the
faces on said disks being shaped and disposed to each other and the axes of the
disks to effect a greater feeding action on the billet at points nearer the centers
of the disks than at those nearer the outer peripheries of the disks.
5. In a machine for shaping ingots, the combination of two eccentrically dis-
posed disks provided with working faces opposingly faced and arranged to
contact an interposed billet at substantially diametrically opposite sides of said
billet, and for a feeding of the billet towards the centers of the disks, the faces
on said disks being shaped and disposed to each other and the axes of the disks
to contact an interposed billet on lines inclined to approach a plane parallel to
the axes of the disks and including the axes of the billet, in the direction of
the centers of the disks.
6. In a machine for shaping ingots, the combination of two eccentrically dis-
posed disks having parallel axes and provide with working surfaces opposingly
faced, and arranged to contact an interposed billet at substantially diametrically
opposite sides of said billet, said disks being arranged to rotate in opposite
directions, the directions of rotation being such as to produce by contact of the
working surfaces, rotative movement of the. ingot subjected thereto and longi-
tudinal movement thereof by said contacting surfaces in a direction towards
the centers of the disks.
7. In a machine for shaping ingots, the combination of two disks provided
with working surfaces opposingly faced and arranged to contact an interposed
billet at substantially diametrically opposite sides of said billet, and for a feeding
of the billet towards the centers of the disks with the distance between said faces
increasing from a point nearer the center to a point nearer the outer periphery
in proper proportion to effect approximately a rotative producing curvilinear
travel at each of said points equal to the circumference of an interposed ingot
at said points respectively.

page_text: 8. In a machine for shaping ingots, the combination of two eccentrically dis-
posed disks provided with working surfaces opposingly faced and arranged to
contact an interposed billet at substantially diametrically opposite sides of said
billet with the distance between said working surfaces increasing from a point
nearer the centers of the disks to a point nearer the outer periphery thereof in
proper proportion to effect approximately a rotative producing curvilinear travel
at each of said points equal to the circumference of an interposed ingot at said
points respectively, said disks being arranged to rotate in opposite directions, the
directions of rotation being such as to produce. by contact of their working sur-
faces, a rotative, movement of the ingots subjected thereto, and a longitudinal
movement of the ingot..
9. In a machine for shaping ingots, the combination of two eccentrically dis-
posed disks provided with working surfaces opposingly faced and arranged to
contact an interposed billet at substantially diametrically opposite sides of said
billet with the distance between said working surfaces increasing from a point nearer
the centers of the disks to a point nearer the outer periphery thereof in proper pro-
portion to effect approximately a rotative producing curvilinear travel at each of
said points equal to the circumference of an interposed ingot at said points
respectively, said disks being arranged to rotate in opposite directions the directions
of rotation being such as to produce by contact of their working surfaces, a
rotative movement of the ingots subjected thereto, and a longitudinal movement
of the ingot by said contacting surfaces in a direction towards the centers of
the disks.
10. In a machine for shaping ingots, the combination of two eccentrically
disposed disks provided with working surfaces opposingly faced and arranged
to contact an interposed billet at substantially diametrically opposite sides of
said billet with the distance between said surfaces increasing from a point nearer
the center to a point nearer the outer periphery in proper proportion to the
rotative producing curvilinear travel at each of said points to approximately
equal the circumference of an interposed ingot at said points respectively, said
disks being arranged to rotate in directions to produce by the contact of said
working surfaces, a rotative movement of the ingot subjected thereto and a
longitudinal movement of the ingot by said contacting surfaces in a direction
toward the centers of the disks; and a mandrel interposed in the line of travel
of said ingot.
11. In a machine for shaping ingots, the combination of two disks provided
with working surfaces opposingly faced and arranged to contact an interposed
billet at substantially diametrically opposite sides of said billet, and for a feed-
ing of the billet towards the centers of the disks with the distance between said
faces increased from a point nearer the center to a point nearer the outer peri-
phery, said disks having their axes parallel and being dished at their centers
sufficiently to prevent their contact with the ingot at said centers.
12. In a machine for shaping ingots, the combination of two disks provided
with working surfaces opposingly faced and for a feeding of the billets towards
the centers of said disks with the distance between said faces increasing from a
point nearer the center to a point nearer the outer periphery, said disks having
their axes parallel and being dished at their centers sufficiently to prevent their
contact with the ingot at said centers; a drip device arranged to feed a cooling
liquid to the ingot as it passes said central portion of the disks.
2000
Dated tils til ay
1000
DAY, DAVIES & HUNT,
Chartered Patent Agents,
321, High Holborn, London, W.C., Agents for the Applicant.