IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF INSULATORS AND OTHER ARTICLES IN INDIA-RUBBER, WHICH ARE REQUIRED TO RETAIN A SHAPE ONCE GIVEN TO THEM; IN CURING HARD RUBBER, EBONITE, OR VUL- CANITE GOODS; IN MOULDING INDIA-RUBBER ARTICLES; IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF CELLULAR FABRICS IN INDIA-RUBBER; AND IN FORMING ARTICLES PARTLY OF SOFT AND PARTLY OF HARD RUBBER, OR EBONITE, OR VULCANITE, AND IN VARNISHES FOR INDIA-RUBBER GOODS
Year: 1861

page_text: ETTERS PATENT to Hugh Adams Silver, of Silvertown, in the County of
Essex, Manufacturer, and Henry Griffin, of the same Place, Engineer,
for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF INSULATORS
AND OTHER ARTICLES IN INDIA-RUBBER, WHICH ARE REQUIRED TO RETAIN A
SHAPE ONCE GIVEN TO THEM; IN CURING HARD RUBBER, EBONITE, OR VUL-
CANITE GOODS; IN MOULDING INDIA-RUBBER ARTICLES; IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF
CELLULAR FABRICS IN INDIA-RUBBER; AND IN FORMING ARTICLES PARTLY OF
SOFT AND PARTLY OF HARD RUBBER, OR EBONITE, OR VULCANITE, AND IN
VARNISHES FOR INDIA-RUBBER GOODS."
Sealed the 5th September 1861, and dated the 6th March 1861.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Hugh Adams Silver and
Henry Griffin at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their
Petition, on the 6th March 1861.
We, HUGH ADAMS ILVER, of Silvertown, in the County of Essex, Manu-
facturer, and HENRY GRIFFIN, of the same Place, Engineer, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF
INSULATORS AND OTHER ARTICLES IN INDIA-RUBBER. WHICH ARE REQUIRED TO RETAIN
A SHAPE ONCE GIVEN TO THEM; IN CURING HARD RUBBER, EBONITE, OR VULCANITE
GOODS; IN MOULDING INDIA-RUBBER ARTICLES; IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF CELLULAR
FABRICS IN INDIA-RUBBER; AND IN FORMING ARTICLES PARTLY OF SOFT AND PARTLY
OF HARD RUBBER, OR EBONITE, OR VULCANITE; AND IN VARNISHES FOR INDIA-RUBBER
GooDs," to be as follows:-
Our improvements in the manufacture of insulators and other articles in
hard india-rubber, ebonite, or vulcanite, which are required to retain a shape
Priced 1

page_text: once given them, consist in forming them of two or more sheets or surfaces of
india-rubber, or of india-rubber compound, with a sheet, layer, or core of
cloth, or other suitable stiffening materiel, interposed for the purpose of sup-
porting such articles during the process of curing or manufacture.
Our improvements in curing or vulcanizing hard rubber, ebonite, or
vulcanite goods, consist in protecting them during the curing or vulcanizing,
from the direct action of steam or hot air employed in the process, by pro-
tecting them under a hood or cover,or in an oven, and that either by employing
a separate hood for each separate article, or by placing several articles under
one and the same hood, or in one oven, or sometimes in the manufacture of
insulators, we dispense with the hood, and use chalk or other material instead.
Our improvements in moulding hard india-rubber, ebonite, or vulcanite
articles consist in the employment of a single shape or form of the internal
configuration of the intended insulator or other article to be produced, over
and upon
which form the article in a soft state is applied, the process of
curing or vulcanizing, causes the shape thus given to the intended article to
be retained. Or, we mould hard india-rubber insulators or other articles in
moulds made of French chalk or other like suitable pulverized material, and
to effect this we insert the article to be moulded in the material before men-
tioned, and fill up the internal part with the same material.
Our improvements in the construction of cellular fabrics in india-rubber,
consist in forming them from sheets or plates of india-rubber, or india-rubber
compound of the thickness of the intended mat or other cellular article re-
quired by cutting parallel slits in and through the sheet without removing
any portion thereof, the slits in every line or plane alternating with those in
the next line in such manner that the slits in one line shall come opposite to
uncut or solid pieces in the next line, then by drawing the sides of the sheet in
a direction opposite to that of the line of the slits a cellular fabric will be pro-
duced. The rubber compound is prepared for being converted into soft
vulcanized rubber, or into hard rubber or ebonite, or vulcanite, into either of
which states it is transformed by curing or vulcanizing. Or we form cellular
fabrics by uniting by means of india-rubber solution, alternate straight strips
of india-rubber compound, and strips bent into a corrugated or zig-zag form.
In curing the cellular fabrics, we fill the cells or spaces with French chalk or
other pulverized material.
Our improvements in forming articles partly of hard rubber or ebonite, or
vulcanite, and partly of soft vulcanized rubber, consist in suitably preparing
theindia-rubber compounds to assume respectivelythe soft vulcanized and the
bard rubber states, as is well understood by the workers in india-rubber, and

page_text: we unite the two compounds so prepared in the soft state, and then cure or
vulcanize. The result is an article in one piece, part or parts of which is or
are in a state of ebonite or valcanite, and the remainder in the state of soft
vulcanized rubber. For hose and pipes, this part of our Invention will
be particularly applicable as the ends may be in ebonite, and may be threaded
or otherwise fashioned to unite with metal or other connections, or the
ebonite ends may be made to screw into each other.
Our improvements in varnishes for hard india-rubber, ebonite, or vulcanite
goods, and which we prefer to apply to the goods in their soft state prior to
being cured or vulcanized, consist of the following compositions, in or about
the proportions hereafter mentioned.
We take of india-rubber 30 parts, of naphtha 120 parts; or india-rubber
30 pa ts, vegetable black 1 part, and naphtha 120 parts; or india-rubber 3
parts, bitumen 15 parts, and naphtha 120 parts; or bitumen 30 parts, and
naphtha 50 to 100 parts; or gutta percha 30 parts, and naphtha 120 parts;
or gutta percha 30 parts, vegetable black 1 part, and naphtha 120 parts;
or india-rubber 30 parts, shellac 10 parts, and naphtha 120 parts; or india-
rubber 30 parts, resin 5 to 20 parts, and naphtha 120 parts; or india-rubber
30 parts, resin 5 to 10 parts, bitumen 5 to 10 parts, and naphtha 12' parts;
or we employ a varnish consisting wholly of boiled linseed oil,
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Hugh Adams Silver and Henry Griffin in the Great Seal
Patent Office on the 6th September 1861.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, wе, HUGH
ADAMS SILVER, of Silvertown, in the County of Essex, Manufacturer, and
HENRY GRIFFIN, of the same Place, Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Sixth day of March in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and sixty-one, in the twenty-fourth year of Her reign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto us, the said
Hugh Adams Silver and Henry Griffin, Her special licence that we, the said
Hugh Adams Silver and Henry Griffin, our executors, administrators, and
assigns, or such others as we, the said Hugh Adams Silver and Henry
Griffin, our executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during
the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise
and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the

page_text: IN VAR-
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF INSULATORS AND OTHER ARTICLES IN INDIA-RUBBER, WHICH ARE
REQUIRED TO RETAIN A SHAPE ONCE GIVEN TO THEM; IN CURING HARD RUBBER,
EBONITE, OR VULCANITE GOODS: IN MOULDING INDIA-RUBBER ARTICLES: IN THE CON-
STRUCTION OF CELLULAR FABRICS IN INDIA-RUBBER; AND IN FORMING ARTICLES PARTLY
OF SOFT AND PARTLY OF HARD RUBBER OR EBONITE, OF VULCANITE: AND
NISHES FOR INDIA-RUBBER GOODS," upon the condition (amongst others) that we,
the said Hugh Adams Silverand Henry Griffin, or one of us, our executors or
administrators, by an instrument in writing under our, or their, or one of our or
their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of
the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and
cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said Hugh Adams Silver and Henry
Griffin, do hereby declare the nature of our said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascer-
tained in and by the following statement thereof, reference being had to the
Drawings hereunto annexed, that is to say :-
Our improvements in the manufacture of insulators and other articles in
hard india-rubber, ebonite, or vulcanite, which are required to retain a shape
once given them, consist in forming them of two or more sheets or surfcaes of
india-rubber, or ofindia-rubber compound, with a sheet, layer, or core of cloth,
or other suitable stiffening material interposed for the purpose of supporting
such articles during the process of curing or manufacture.
The accompanying Drawings illustrate this part of our Invention as applied
to the manufacture of india-rubber insulators.
Figure 1 is a sectional elevation; and Figure 2, an external view of an
insulator. a is the india-rubber or india-rubber compound; b is the core of
cloth or other stiffening fabric; c is the rod for connecting the insulator to a
post or other appliance inserted in and held to the upper art of the insulator
by cement, as shown at d, Figure 1. The internal or external surface of the
insulator may be varnished or not with one the varnishes described hereafter.
Our improvements in curing or vulcanizing hard rubber, ebonite, or vulcanite
goods, consist in protecting them during the curing or vulcanizing from the
direct action of steam or hot air employed in the process by protecting them
under a hood or cover, or in an oven, and that either by employing a separate
hood for each separate article, or by placing several articles under one and the
same hood, or in one oven; or sometimes in the manufacture of insulators we
dispense with, the hood and use chalk or other material instead.

page_text: Our improvements in moulding india-rubber articles, consist in the employ-
ment of a single shape or form of the internal configuration of the intended
insulator over and upon which form the insulator in a soft state is applied;
the process of curing or vulcanizing causes the shape thus given to the insulator
to be retained. Or we mould hard india-rubber insulators and other articles
in moulds made of French chalk or other like suitable pulverized material.
We insert the article in the material before-mentioned, and fill up the internal
part with the same material.
Our improvements in the construction of cellular fabrics in india-rubber,
consist in forming them from sheets or plates of india-rubber or india-rubber
compound of the thickness of the intended mator other cellular article required
by cutting parallel slits in and through the sheet without removing any portion
thereof, the slits in every line or plane alternating with those in the next line,
in such manner that the slits in one line shall come opposite to uncut or solid
pieces in the next line; then by drawing the sides of the sheet in a direction
opposite to that of the line of the slits a cellular fabric will be produced. The
rubber compound is prepared for being converted into soft vulcanized rubber,
or into hard rubber or ebonite, or vulcanite, into either of which states it is
transformed by curing or vulcanizing. In curing the cellular fabrics we fill
the cells or spaces with French chalk or other pulverized material.
Our improvements in forming articles partly of hard rubber or ebonite, or
vulcanite,and partly of soft vulcanized rubber, consist in suitably preparing the
india-rubber compounds to assume respectively the soft vulcanized and the
hard rubber states, as is well understood by the workers in india-rubber, and
we unite the two compounds so prepared in the soft state, and then cure or
vulcanize. The result is an article in one piece, part or parts of which is or
are in a state of ebonite or vulcanite, and the remainder in the state of soft
vulcanized rubber. For hose and pipes, this part of our Invention will be
particularly applicable, as the ends may be in ebonite, and may be threaded or
otherwise fashioned to unite with metal or other connections, or the ebonite
ends may be made to screw into each other.
Our improvements in varnishes for hard india-rubber, ebonite, or vulcanite
goods, and which we prefer to apply to the goods in their soft state, prior to
being cured or vulcanized, though they may be applied after the manufacture
of the goods consist of the following compositions in or about the proportions
hereafter mentioned:-
We take of india-rubber 30 parts, of naphtha 120 parts; or india-rubber
30 parts, vegetable black 1 part, and naphtha 120 parts; or india-rubber
30 parts, bitumen 15 parts, and naphtha 120 parts; or bitumen 30 parts, and

page_text: naphtha 50 to 100 parts; or gutta percha 30 parts, and naphtha 120 parts;
or gutta percha 30 parts, vegetable black 1 part, and naphtha 120 parts; or
india-rubber 30 parts, shellac 10 parts, and naphtha 120 parts; or india-
rubber 30 parts, resin 5 to 20 parts, and naphtha 120 parts; or india-rubber
30 parts, resin 5 to 10 parts, bitumen 5 to 10 parts, and naphtha, 120 parts;
or we employ a varnish consisting wholly of boiled linseed oil.
And having now described the nature of our said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, we declare that we claim,-
First, manufacturing insulators and other articles in india-rubber required
to retain a shape once given to them, of two or more sheets of india-rubber
or india-rubber compound with a core or layer of cloth or other suitable stiffen-
ing material in manner and for the purpose herein-before described.
Second, protecting hard rubber, ebonite, and vulcanite goods, while being
cured or vulcanized, in manner herein-before described.
Third, moulding insulators of india-rubber or india-rubber compound, in
manner herein-before described.
Fourth, constructing cellular fabrics of india-rubber, or of india-rubber
compound, in manner herein-before described.
And, fifth, the several compositions herein-before described for forming
varnishes for india-rubber, ebonite, and vulcanite goods.
In witness whereof, I, the said Henry Griffin, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Fifth day of September, One thousand eight
hundred and sixty-one.
HENRY GRIFFIN. (L.S.)