IMPROVED MEANS AND APRARATUS FOR GENERATING ELECTRIC CURRENTS, AND AN IMPROVED ELECTRIC LAMP
Year: 1878

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Charles Frederick Heinrichs, of 39, Gloucester Street,
Queen Square, in the County of Middlesex, Electrician, for the Invention of
"IMPROVED MEANS AND APRARATUS FOR GENERATING ELECTRIC CURRENTS,
AND AN IMPROVED ELECTRIC LAMP."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Charles Frederic Heinrichs
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 13th November 1878.
CHARLES FREDERICK HEINRICHS, of 39, Gloucester Street, Queen Square, in the
County of Middlesex, Electrician. "IMPROVED MEANS AND APPARATUS FOR
GENERATING ELECTRIC CURRENTS, AND AN IMPROVED ELECTRIC LAMP."
My Invention relates, firstly, to new and improved means and apparatus for
generating electric currents, and consists in the construction of a revolving armature
or induction coil which revolves between two sets of electro magnets so arranged
that the revolving armature does not change the pole during its rotation, and this
I effect as follows:-
Upon a revolving shaft I place as many electro magnets in the circumference as
there are electro-magnets in the length of the shaft, and so arranged that the one
pole of one of the electro magnets faces always the reverse pole of the next electro
magnet in the length of the shaft, but in the circumference always the same pole.
For instance, electrically the electro magnets are so connected that if I place five
electro magnets in the circumference, and five electro magnets in the length of the
shaft, the first magnet in the first row is connected to the second magnet in the
second row.
The second magnet in the second row is connected to the third magnet
in the third row. The third magnet in the third row is connected to the fourth
magnet in the fourth row; and the fourth magnet in the fourth row is connected to
the fifth magnet in the fifth row, so that the twenty five magnets make five similar
spiral circuits.

page_text: Two sets of inducing electro magnets (each set having the same number of electro
magnets connected to one as there are generating electro magnets in the length row
on the shaft) are placed with opposite poles against the generating magnets, but as
I most usually employ odd numbers of generating magnets, and the inducing
magnets I place in the centre line of the revolving shaft, one generating magnet
will be just before the inducing magnet when the generating magnet on the opposite
side commences to pass before the opposite inducing magnet, therefore producing
continuous currents in one direction.
Each of these currents are led to copper discs revolving with the same shaft
insulated, and which are continuously in contact with small revolving copper wheels,
from which wheels the currents are led to the lamp or lamps where the electric
currents are to be used.
An armature may be constructed on this principle to generate any number of
circuits to supply any number of lamps with electric currents.
My said Invention relates, secondly, to a new and improved electric lamp, and
consists of the manufacture and application of circular or spiral carbon pencils, and
this portion of my Invention is effected as follows :-
-
I use either, firstly, a noncombustible ring or plate between the carbon points so
as to keep the points always the same distance from each other and to retard and
regulate the combustion of the carbon points; or, secondly, the ring or plate may
be composed of carbon and noncombustible matter so as to give the same a higher
resistance than the pencils. Or, thirdly, the ring or plate may be composed of
metal. The two circular pencils above mentioned are driven so as to approach each
other by a weight or by a spring so arranged that the motion of the burning carbon
pencils turns the ring or plate before described. A magnet may be so arranged in
combination with the above mentioned ring or plate that by breaking the currents
the armature of the said magnet will pull back the ring or plate, whereby the
carbon points come in contact with each other for the purpose of relighting.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Charles Frederick Heinrichs in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
13th May 1879.
CHARLES FREDERICK HEINRICHS, of 39, Gloucester Street, Queen Square, in the
County of Middlesex, Electrician. IMPROVED MEANS AND APPARATUS FOR
GENERATING ELECTRIC CURRENTS, AND AN IMPROVED ELECTRIC LAMP."
Firstly. My Invention relates to new and improved means and apparatus for
generating electric currents, and consists in the construction of a revolving armature
or induction coil which revolves with inducting magnets so arranged that the
revolving armature does not change the poles during its rotation, and this I effect
as follows:-
Firstly. In an apparatus, Figures 1 and 2 (for generating reverse currents), the
revolving armature I construct in eight sections m', m³, m¹, m², m³, m², m³, m².
Each section constitutes an electro magnet wound with insulated copper wire in the
manner which I now proceed to describe. The four sections m' are wound in one
direction, and the four sections m³ in the reverse. One end of the wire from each
section is screwed to the commutator plate c¹, the other end of the wire of each
section is screwed to the commutator plate c²
Upon the shaft 8 is fixed the brass ring a which carries the before described
sections and keeps them magnetically separated.
This revolving armature is enclosed by the four inducing magnets m, n, m, n,
m, n, m, n, which are wound with insulated copper wire all four in one direction
and fastened into the enclosing iron rings, these rings are held by the frame f.
The magnets are connected together in twos, the end of each of the two wires from
each set being connected with the two metallic brushes 61 and 62, and the others
with the two terminals t¹ and t In this arrangement the four inducing
magnets m, n, have the sanie polarity at the one end of the length of the armature,
and the reverse polarity at the other.
On setting the armature through pulley p in motion, currents will be generated
in the armature as follows:- -When one of the sections m¹ passes to one of the
inducing magnets m, n, the current will be generated in that section in one direction,
and by passing from the inducing magnet m, n, a current will be generated in that
section in the reverse direction.
As I have four inducing magnets m, n, and eight section magnets m' and m² in
the armature, on setting the arinature in motion one section m' will be passing
towards one of the inducing magnets at the very moment when the following
section m² will be leaving the next inducing magnet in order; this would naturally
generate in section m¹ a current in one direction, and in section m² in the reverse
direction; but as section m³ is wound in one direction and m³ in the reverse
direction, therefore in all sections a current must be generated in the same direction
during '/h part of a revolution of the armature, and in all sections a current must
be generated in the reverse direction during the next 1/h part of a revolution of the
armature, and so on. These currents (which are during every successive one eighth
part of a revolution of the armature in a reverse direction) are led to the commutator
plates c¹, c², as before described, the commutator leads the currents in one direction
through metallic brushes b', 62, through the inducing magnets m, n, to the
terminals t', t, and thence to the lamp or lamps.
th
If permanent steel magnets act in the place of the inducing magnets, the currents
generated in the armature may be taken by the brushes in reverse directions by not
making use of the commutator.
Fig. 5 is a longitudinal section of Figures 1 and 2, and shews the poles of the
inducing magnets in relation to the revolving armature. 8 is the shaft; m, n, m, n,
are the inducing magnets; S, S, their south poles; N, N, their north poles; m³, m³,
section of the armature.
Secondly. In an apparatus, Figs. 3 and 4, for generating currents continuously in

page_text: one direction, I construct in this instance the revolving armature in eight sections
m², m³, m³, m³, m', m³, m², m¹. Each section constitutes a magnet wound with
insulated copper wire in all sections in one direction. Shafts carries the eight
sections which are magnetically connected with each other through the iron ring a.
c is the commutator which consists of eight copper plates c¹ to c³, insulated from each
other and' from the shaft. To each of these plates are screwed one end of the wires
of the one section, and one end of the wire of the next section, so that all the wires
of the eight sections are, through the commutator plates, continuously in connection
with each other. Nearly one half of the armature is enclosed by five inducing
magnets m, n, wound all in the same direction and fastened into the enclosing iron
rings, these rings are held by the frame f. Currents, according to the arrange-
ment, will be generated as follows:-
As the five inducing magnets m, n, m, n, are close to each other and have the
same polarity, they will act as one very powerful inducing magnet. In any section
of revolving armature m² passing to this inducing magnet a current will be generated
in one direction so long as the one or more sections are under the influence of the
inducing magnet, and a current will be generated in the reverse direction when the
section leaves the influence of the inducing magnet.
As one half of the armature is under the influence of the inducing magnet, and
the other half of the armature always away from the influence of the inducing
magnet, a current will be generated in all the sections on one half of the arma-
ture in one direction, and in all the sections on the other half of the armature
in the reverse direction continuously. The two positive currents meet on one side
of the commutator, and the two negative currents on the opposite side of the com-
mutator, and are led by the metallic brushes b¹ and be through inducing magnets
m, n, m, n, to the terminals t', t, and thence to the lamp or lamps.
In Figures 6, 7, and 8, I describe the metallic brush holder. b is the brush;
e, the holder; s is the shaft (shewn detached in Figure 8) upon which the holder
can be shifted the length of the said shaft. By means of the screw f the brush and
holder can be fixed on the flat portion of the shaft 8.
This shaft has on its one end
the worm wheel w¹, and is fitted in the base d so as to be capable of revolving in
that base. Into the worm wheel w' the worm w³ is fitted by which the shaft 8 is
caused to revolve. A steel spring is fastened to the base with the screws i, i.
The spring is slotted at the point g, in which slot the worm w² with its grove is
kept. is the stop screw for the spring p.
The action of the brush holder is as follows:-
By turning the button c to the right or left, the brush b with holder e can be
adjusted to any position. Having adjusted the brush to commutator c¹, as shewn
in Figure 6, and by further turning the button c elastic pressure can be applied to
the brush through the spring p, though the brush can at any time be lifted off the
commutator at once into the position shewn by the dotted lines in Fig. 6.
In my Provisional Specification I have described under the above head of my
Invention the means of constructing apparatus by which I generate electric currents
on the above described principle, but combined in a number of circuits. Further
research has satisfied me that apparatus consisting of a single circuit as above
described has the advantage of being at the same time more simple of construction
as well as equally efficient with that described in my said Provisional Specification.
Secondly. My Invention relates to a new and improved electric lamp, and consists
of the application of circular or spiral carbon pencils, and this portion of my In-
vention I effect and describe in several ways, as follows:-
According to one arrangement which I shew in Figures 9, 10, 11, and 12, two
circular carbon pencils are kept separated and fed by mechanical means and electro
magnets.
To the regulator frames f, f, are fastened the two brackets h¹, h³, with the
pivots g, g, insulated through the slate plates 81, 8². Upon the pivots g¹, g²,
are fitted freely the pulley e³, e, to which the carbon holder arms b', 62, are attached.
These are in connection with the regulator hereinafter described through the two

page_text: chains a¹, 2, Figures 9 and 10, shewing the manner in which the chains are fastened
to their respective pulleys e', e³, e², and e, although the arms b1, b2, move by their
own weight in different directions through the crossing of the chains a¹, the pulley d
with spindle d' moves only in one direction.
Figure 10 shews how the pulley d is in gearing through spindle d', cog wheels 8
and 7, to spindle "U" Upon spindle are fixed the escapement wheel / and
ratchet wheel Z.
The magnet m² with the armature a³, and lever n' with the pallets and x
regulate the feed of the carbon through the escapement wheel k; and the magnet m
with the armature a³, and lever v with the pawl u acts as a separater upon the
ratchet wheel l.
When a current is sent through the carbons for producing the light, as shewn in
Fig. 9, it has to pass the magnets m², m², which attract the armatures a³, a³, thus
bringing the levers n' and vinto action. The lever by leaving the dotted position,
as shewn in Fig. 11, releases the pawl u from its lifted point 23. and dropping it
into the ratchet wheel turns this in the opposite direction sufficiently to separate
the carbons for starting the arc. Before however the lever v comes to a stop it lifts
the pawl u out of the ratchet wheel through stud 1, thus leaving the wheel free,
but at the same time the armature a³ with the lever n¹ comes into action the
pallet prevents the escapement wheel k from returning, thus keeping the carbons
separated.
When the carbon points become too far apart by burning away, the current
becomes feeble, the magnet m' loses some of its power of attraction, thus allowing
the spring p to come into action, which forces the lever n' with pallet z backwards,
allowing the escapement wheel to advance, and presses the pallet (which is
pivotted to the lever n at 3) forward as far as stop screw & allows, and this permits
the escapement wheel to advance / part of a tooth, which tooth is then stopped
by the pallet 7.
By this action the carbons come sufficiently together to increase the strength of
the current, and thus the magnet m¹ gains power; the armature a³ will again be
attracted. The lever presses the pallet against stud¹ and causes the pallet
to leave the escapement wheel when the pallet x returns to the escapement wheel,
and thus allows the escapement wheel to complete the other 1/8th part of the tooth.
Through this alternating play of the two pallets and into the escapement wheel k,
its advance will be regulated so as to ensure the maintenance of the right distance
between the carbon points. Armature a will only be attracted when a very
powerful current passes through the lamp; this armature in conjunction with
lever n acts then as an adjuster upon spring o.
If no current passes, the lamp spring o will pull the lever n² against the stop,
thus taking both pallets x and from the escapement wheel k, armature a³ with
lever v will be in its dotted position, the pawl u lifted out of the ratchet wheel
by screw 3, so that there is nothing to prevent the carbon points from coming
together and in contact by their own weight.
If the current should be suddenly broken the carbons will thus immediately come
in contact and be relighted at once. According to another arrangement I make
use of two circular carbon pencils in combination with a ring plate or disc composed
of carbon and noncombustible earthy matter, so as to give the same a higher
electrical resistance, and making it less consumable than the carbon pencils. The
said ring, or plate, or disc keeps the carbon pencils always the same distance apart,
and allows an arc to be formed between them through being less conductive than
the pencils, and facilitates the subdivision of the current through being to a certain
extent conductive. Various ways of carrying out this arrangement are shewn in
Figs. 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, and 20.
In Figure 13 the two carbons c', c², are brought together by the weight of the
arms, a; these arins are insulated from each other and have their turning point
is the ring composed of carbon and of non-combustible matters. This ring
is fixed to a stud d to which is attached pinion p¹. In this pinion gears the rack ₁,
at s.

page_text: and this rack gears into pinion 2 which is attached to the carbon holder arm a².
The stud ₫ with the pinion p' and the ring r is fixed to the rod which is moveable
on the frame f¹; rod r is attached with its upper end to the armature lever l. If
no current passes through the carbon and magnet m the spring g acts upon lever l,
rod withdraws the ring from the carbon points, and the carbons then come in
contact. When a current passes through the carbon and magnet m after the arc is
started, the magnet m attracts the armature a³ and forces (through rod 1³) the ring
between the carbons which keeps the carbons separated.
When the carbon burns away and the ring r becomes affected or wasted from the
arc, the ring is turned through the motion of the burning carbon pencils acting
upon pinion p, rack r², and pinion p¹, the latter being attached to the stud d'. which
carries the ring 7.
Figure 15 shews the front section of the ring r which may also be made in the
form of a disc.
Figure 14 is a combination in which the ring is composed of carbon like the
pencils, but the positive current enters both circular carbon pencils, and the negative
current enters the ring r. Both pencils may be separated and the ring turned by
similar mechanical means as shewn in Figures 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13.
Figure 16 is a combination in which the ring is made of metal (copper). The
positive current enters both circular carbon pencils, and the negative enters the
metal ring . Copper being a good conductor of electricity and heat, and as the
negative pole of an arc has hardly any consumption, therefore by turning the copper
ring the two positive carbon pencils alone will be consumed.
Figures 17 and 18 shew a combination in which the ring is made of metal and
coated with two rings 3 and c composed of carbon and non combustible matter,
and in which the ring turns through the motion of the burning carbon pencils as
in Figure 13.
Figures 19 and 20 shew a combination of two circular carbon pencils c¹, c², which
rest upon a cylinder composed of carbon and non-combustible matter.
The arc
is started between a¹ and a; the motion of the falling burning pencils turns directly
the disc 7.
In Figure 21 two pairs of circular carbon pencils are represented which cross
each other, and in this arrangement the arc is formed at the crossing point.
The one pair of carbons c¹, c², are always kept together by the weight of the two
arms a, a³, and meet at a¹. The second pair of carbons c³, c, are always kept
together by the weight of the arms a, a, and meet between a² and a³.
The two carbon holder arms at and as have their turning point at s in the frame f,f,
and the two carbon holder arms aº and a7 have their turning point at 8¹ in frame h, h.
This frame is insulated from the frame f, f, by. the slate plate b, b. The frame h, h,
which holds the two carbon holder arms a and a' is fitted on plate b, b, so as to be
moveable thereon, and is connected by the rod to the armature lever l.
When a positive current enters the lamp by terminal t¹ it passes through magnet m
into the frame h, h, and thence to the carbon pencils c³, c².
The negative current enters terminal t into the frame f, f, and thence to the
carbon pencils c, c². An arc will then be started between the two pairs of carbons
at a²; a, a, and at that same moment the magnet m attracts armature a, which
with its lever through rod lifts the frame h, h, with the upper pair of carbons c³, c,
and keeps them separated and always the same distance from the lower pair of
carbons c¹, c².
By breaking the current the armature a drops and the spring p brings the upper
pair of carbons in contact with the lower pair.
Although I have described the mechanism of the above lamps in combination
with circular carbon pencils, yet I would have it to be understood that to most of
the said mechanism spiral or curved carbons can be applied.
Having now described my Invention, and the manner in which the same may be
performed or carried into effect, I would have it understood that I claim,―
Firstly. The improved means and apparatus for generating electric currents

page_text: in reverse directions, and also in one continuous direction, as hereinbefore
described.
Secondly. The construction of a revolving armature in eight or more sections,
substantially as and for the purpose herein described.
Thirdly. The general construction of the brushholder and the manner of applying
it to apparatus for generating electric currents, substantially as herein before
described.
Fourthly. The application of circular or spiral carbon pencils in the manner and
for the purposes herein described.
Fifthly. The general construction of the electric lamp in which circular carbon
pencils become separated, and the separation maintained by mechanical means and
by electro magnets, substantially as herein before described.
Sixthly. The combination shewn in Fig. 11 of the magnet m² with its armature a³,
lever v, the pawl, the latter so arranged as to be lifted in both stop positions of
the lever vactuating the ratchet wheel for the purpose of separating the electrodes
of a lamp, substantially as hereinbefore described.
Seventhly. The combination shewn in Figure 11 of the magnet m', with its arma-
ture a³, lever n', with the two pallets and r, acting upon the escapement wheel k
so as to regulate and ensure the maintenance of the right distance between the clec-
trodes of a lamp, substantially as hereinbefore described.
Eighthly. The combination shewn in Figure 11 of the armature a³ and the lever n²
with the mechanism above claimed in claim No. 7, substantially as and for the
purpose hereinbefore described.
Ninthly. The two circular carbon pencils in combination with a ring, or plate, or
disc, or cylinder between the meeting point of the carbon pencils, and so arranged
that the motion of the burning carbon pencils turns the ring in the manner and by
the means substantially as and for the purpose herein before described.
Tenthly. Two circular carbon pencils in combination with the before claimed
ring disc plate or cylinder composed of carbon and not combustible earthy matter,
applied in manner substantially as and for the purpose hereinbefore described.
Eleventhly. Two circular carbon pencils in combination with the ring made of
metal and used as the negative pole of a lamp, in the manner substantially as and
for the purpose hereinbefore described.
Twelfthly. Two circular carbon pencils in combination with ring made of metal
and coated on one or both sides with carbon matter, with or wituout non-
combustible earthy matter, in the manner and for the purpose hereinbefore
described.
Thirteenthly. The combination of two pairs of circular carbon pencils crossing
cach other, and in which the arc is formed and maintained on their crossing point,
in the manner substantially as and for the purpose hereinbefore described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Charles Frederick Heinrichs, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Ninth day of May, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and seventy nine..
Signed, and sealed, and delivered by the
said Charles Frederick Heinrichs in the
presence of
EDWARD J. PATERSON,
3, Bedford Court,
Covent Garden,
Telegraph Engineer.
CHAS. F. HEINRICHS. (L.S.)