IMPROVED MACHINERY POR THE TREATMENT OF TOW AND OTHER FIBROUS SUBSTANCES
Year: 1863

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Morritz Friedlander, Merchant, of the City of
Breslau, in the Kingdom of Prussia, for the Invention of "IMPROVED
MACHINERY POR THE TREATMENT OF TOW AND OTHER FIBROUS SUBSTANCES."
Sealed the 7th June 1864, and dated the 10th December 1863.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Morritz Friedlander at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
10th December 1863.
I, MORRITZ FRIEDLANDER, Merchant, of the City of Breslau, in the Kingdom
of Prussia, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVED
MACHINERY FOR THE TREATMENT OF TOW AND OTHER FIBROUS SUBSTANCES," to be
as follows:-
This Invention consists of certain new mechanical arrangements and com-
binations constituting improved machinery adapted for the treatment of tow
and other fibrous substances. The following is an example of the construction
of said improved machinery, which for the sake of clearness I divide under
two heads or in two portions, the first consists, of mechanism for beating and
heckling the fibrous materials, and the second mechanism for cleansing tow, for
example, from woody fibre, straw, or other extraneous matters. The machinery
consists of a bed plate supporting a suitable framing, at the upper part
whereof an axis or shaft revolves in suitable bearings; to this axis are attached
plates or discs of metal, around the circumference whereof a series of beaters

page_text: are arranged; these beaters revolve within a fixed drum or cylinder, through
which numerous openings are formed, and the inner surface of said cylinder is
fitted with parallel bars and heckles. Outside said cylinder, and at a point
just above the axis thereof, two fluted feed cylinders are placed, and draw the
fibrous material from an endless revolving feeding cloth, placed horizontally.
Across the lower part of the framing of the machinery I place a revolving
shaft carrying excentrics, the rods whereof are connected to the lower arms of
bell-crank levers, respectively fixed on two other cross shafts, the upper arms
of said bell-crank levers have rods connected thereto, which extend upwards
obliquely to two other crank levers fixed on two other cross shafts mounted in
bearings in the framing aforesaid, parallel to the former cross shafts, but some
distance therefrom. These cross shafts have each long sticks or beaters affixed
thereto, the upper series working between the spaces of the lower series, that
is to say, the two upper shafts carry two rows or sets of beaters, and there is a
rocking screen adjusted beneath said beaters for the fibrous material to rest
upon as it passes from the heckling drum above mentioned, and there is
another rocking screen or sieve placed beneath the lowermost or second series
of beaters; this screen is formed of longitudinal wires stretched like violin
strings. Instead of employing beaters fixed to discs of metal, as above stated,
I propose, if desirable, to employ loose or hinged beaters arranged about a
revolving skeleton drum, said beaters being maintained in proper working
position by centrifugal force.
This Invention consists more especially in employing the following parts in
the construction of the above machinery: first, the drum with fixed or
moveable beaters; secondly, the open fixed heckling drun; and, thirdly, the
sieve or screen of wires placed longitudinally as above stated, the whole
operating in the following manner:-The fibrous material is placed on the
endless feeding cloth, and conveyed to the drum of beaters by the fluted feed
cylinders; the speed of the drum is twenty-two revolutions to one revolution
of the feed cylinders, by which the fibrous material is beaten very rapidly,
which causes the separation of extraneous matters therefrom; the fibrous
material passes from the beaters through the heckling cylinders, and falls
thence on to the beaters below, meanwhile the woody parts fall on the sieve
or screen below, and pass through the meshes of the sieve or screen; the
fibrous material falls upon the beaters, by which it is beaten, thence it passes
to the second set of beaters, where it is again beaten; the sieves by their
rocking motion effectually clear the fibrous material of dirt and refuse.

page_text: the
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Morritz Friedlander in the Great Seal Patent Office on
10th June 1864.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, MORRITZ
FRIEDLANDER, Merchant, of the City of Breslau, in the Kingdom of Prussia,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Tenth day of December, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, in the twenty-seventh year
of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant
unto me, the said Morritz Friedlander, Her special licence that I, the said
Morritz Friedlander, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others
as I, the said Morritz Friedlander, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all
times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVED
MACHINERY FOR THE TREATMENT OF TOW AND OTHER FIBROUS SUBSTANCES," upon the
condition (amongst others) that I, the said Morritz Friedlander, my executors
or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of
their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature
of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed,
and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Morritz Friedlander, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement, that is to say:
This Invention consists of certain new mechanical arrangements and com-
binations constituting improved machinery adapted for the treatment of tow
and other fibrous substances. The following is an example of the construction
of said improved machinery, which for the sake of clearness I divide under two
heads or in two portions; the first consists of mechanism for beating and heck-
ling the fibrous materials, and the second mechanism for cleansing tow, for
example, from woody fibre, straw, or other extraneous matters. The
machinery consists of a bed plate supporting a suitable framing at the upper
part whereof an axis or shaft revolves in suitable bearings. To this.axis are

page_text: attached plates or discs of metal around the circumference whereof a series
of beaters are arranged, these beaters revolve within a fixed drum or cylinder
through which numerous openings are formed and the inner surface of said
cylinder is fitted with parallel bars and heckles. Outside said cylinder, and at
a point just above the axis thereof, two fluted feed cylinders are placed and
draw the fibrous material from an endless revolving feeding cloth placed
horizontally. Across the lower part of the framing of the machinery I place a
revolving shaft carrying excentrics, the rods whereof are connected to the
lower arms of bell-crank levers, respectively fixed on two other cross shafts, the
upper arms of said bell-crank levers have rods connected thereto, which extend
upwards obliquely to two other crank levers fixed on two other cross shafts
mounted in bearings in the framing aforesaid parallel to the former cross
shafts but some distance therefrom. These cross shafts have each long sticks
or heaters affixed thereto, the upper series working between the spaces of the
lower series, that is to say, the two upper shafts carry two rows or sets of beaters,
and there is a rocking screen adjusted beneath said beaters for the fibrous
material to rest upon as it passes from the heckling drum above mentioned,
and there is another rocking screen or sieve placed beneath the lowermost or
second series of beaters, this screen is formed of longitudinal wires stretched
like violin strings. Instead of employing beaters fixed to discs of metal as
above stated I propose if desirable to employ loose or hinged beaters arranged
about a revolving skeleton drum, said beaters being maintained- in proper
working position by centrifugal force.
This Invention consists more especially in employing the following parts
in the construction of the above machinery; first, the drum with fixed or
moveable beaters; secondly, the open fixed beckling drum; and thirdly, the
sieve or screen of wires placed longitudinally as above stated, the whole
operating in the following manner:-The fibrous material is placed on the
endless feeding cloth and conveyed to the drum of beaters by the fluted feed
cylinders; the speed of the drum is twenty-two revolutions to one revolution of
the feed cylinders by which the fibrous material is beaten very rapidly, which
causes the separation of extraneous matters therefrom; the fibrous material
passes from the beaters through the heckling cylinders and falls thence on to
the beaters below; meanwhile the woody parts fall on the sieve or screen below
and pass through the meshes of the sieve or screen; the fibrous material fulls
upon the beaters, by which it is beaten, thence it passes to the second set of
beaters, where it is again beaten; the sieves by their rocking motion effectually
clear the fibrous material of dirt and refuse.
And in order to explain my said Invention as completely as possible I now

page_text: proceed to describe the best means i am acquainted with for carrying the
same into practical effect, reference being had to the illustrative Sheets of
Drawings accompanying these Presents, and to the numeral figures and letters
of reference marked thereon respectively, as follows:-
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
At Sheet 1, Figure 1 is a section of the machine through the line A, B; at
Sheet 2, Figure 2, section of a supplementary drum herein-after particularly
described and referred to; Figure 3, Sheet 2, is a plan view of a portion of
Figure 6; at Sheet 2, Figure 4 is a section of the machine through the line
C, D, at Sheet 1. At Sheet 3, Figure 6 is a side elevation of said machine.
At Sheet 4, Figure 7 is an elevation of the opposite side of the machine. At
each of the foregoing Figures of each of the Sheets of Drawings similar letters
of reference are employed to denote corresponding parts in so far as such parts
appear or can be seen at each of such said Figures and Sheets of Drawings
respectively.
A is the bed of the machine on which is fixed the cast-iron framing B, B;
a is an axis or shaft moving in bearings fixed on the frame B; to this axis are
attached the plates b, b, b, around the circumference of which are arranged
the beaters c, c; d is a drum or cylinder in which are the openings e and the
heckles f, f; 9, 9, are fluted feed cylinders formed of wood or iron, which are
kept in contact with each other by the action of a weighted lever or spring
at ; h, h, are rollers which carry the endless web i; k, k, chain pulleys
deriving their motion from the fluted cylinders g, g; is the shaft of the
excentrics m, m, which transmit motion to the crank levers o, o, by means of
the rods n, n; these cranks are fixed on the shafts p, p; 9 are levers coupled
to the cranks o, o, by means of the rods at r, r. To the shafts r*, r*, and
p, p, are fixed the beaters 8, 8, and s³, s¹; t is a shaft, by means of. which
inotion is transmitted to the sieve or screen u at Sheet 2; v, v, are wires
stretched like violin strings by means of screws w; z is another sieve or screen;
y, y, are beaters, which may either be fixed or moveable (as shewn at Figures 2
and 2*). These beaters when moveable are kept in their proper position by
the effect of centrifugal force. G is a pulley, by means of which motion is
transmitted to the shaft a and drum d; H, I, K, transmission pulleys.
The operations of this machine are as follows:--The tow to be operated.
upon is placed on the endless web i, and conveyed to the drum d by the fluted
feed cylinders. g, g, which are pressed against each other by means of the
weighted lever ; or a second pair of rollers placed close to the first may be
used. for holding the tow more firmly. The fed cylinders g,.g, revolve twenty-.

page_text: nine times per minute, the drum on the other hand makes six hundred and
thirty-eight revolutions in the same time, therefore the speed of the drum is
to that of the cylinders as twenty-two to one, and by reason of this differential
speed the tow passing through the feed cylinders is beaten so fast and so hard
that all woody fibres or extraneous matters disappear entirely. The separation
of the woody fibre is effected, first, by the rubbing of the tow, between the
beaters ć, c, on the drum, and the outer cylinder d; secondly, by the blows of
the beaters s; s, and s, s; thirdly, by its passage through the sieves or screens
ut and x. The outer cylinder consists of an assemblage of parallel bars and
heckles, by means of which the fibres of tow are kept smooth and prevented
from entangling. The tow is cast by the drum upon the beaters 8, 8, which
give about two hundred and twenty-five blows per minute; meanwhile the
woody parts and refuse fall on the sieve a which lets the woody parts pass
through same, but throws the refuse upon the beaters s¹, s', on which series of
beaters the tow. also falls and is again beaten at the rate of two hundred and
twenty-five blows per minute. As the tow quits these it is conveyed to the
sieve or screen t, which by its oscillating motion completely clears it of dirt
and refuse. The peculiarity of the sieve or screen t consists in its wires being
disposed in a longitudinal direction only, and screwed up like violin strings by
means of thumbscrews. The construction of the drum d varies according as
fixed or moveable beaters are used. The fixed beaters may be each about
forty-two inches long, and be screwed on to three plates. If the beaters are
made moveable or centrifugal they should not be more than twenty-one and a
half inches long, and only extend half the length of the drum, their axis of
motion being on the middle plate, and by means of the centrifugal force they
constantly occupy their proper position, that is, with their points directed to
the outside cylinder d; a similar arrangement may be adopted for the fixed
beaters. The drum shaft a makes six hundred and thirty-eight revolutions in
a minute, and by means of a six-inch pulley transmits motion to the excentric
shaft l, on which is a seventeen-inch plate. On this shaft are fixed three
excentrics m and a three and a half inch pulley. Two of the excentrics work
the cranks o, o, and these, by means of the rods r, r, transmit their motion to
the: cranks q, q. On the shafts r*; *, and p, p, are fixed the beaters s, s, and
ss, as the excentric shaft / turns at the rate of 33x8 =225 revolutions per
minute, it follows that the beaters strike with the same velocity. The third
excentric gives the oscillating motion to the sieve or screen t. The fluted feed
cylinder g is moved by means of the aforesaid three and a half inch pulley.
On this cylinder is fixed a pulley twenty-seven inches in diameter, which
therefore turns at the rate of 25 about 29 revolutions per minute. The
الا
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page_text: shaft h, h, has motion imparted to it by the fluted feed cylinder g; this shaft
has a moveable bearing to meet the inequalities in the feed, as the amount of
tow admitted at one time occasionally varies. The weight of the lever
equalizes the pressure in the feed cylinder. Motion may be imparted to the
feed cylinder either by a chain pulley gearing or any other suitable mechanical
arrangement.
Having now fully described and set forth the nature and object of my said
Invention for "Improvements in Machinery for the Treatment of Tow and
other Fibrous Substances," together with the best means I am acquainted
with for carrying the same into practical effect, I would remark in conclusion
that I am aware that several of the mechanical contrivances which form part
of the above-described improved machinery are already known and practised,
I do not therefore claim such parts as my Invention; but what I claim and
desire to secure by the herein-before in part recited Letters Patent is, the
method above described, with reference to the accompanying Sheets of
Drawings, of combining together and adapting such said known parts with
other parts presently enumerated, so as to produce a machine of practically
new construction, and by the use of which the tow or other fibrous substance
may be more effectually beaten, beckled, and cleaned at one operation, and at
a very small cost; and more especially I claim,―
First, the drum b.
Secondly, the outside cylinder d, formed with openings therein to facilitate
the escape of refuse matter.
Thirdly, the heckles f, f, for stretching the fibres of the tow or other fibrous
substance in a parallel direction for the purpose of preventing same becoming
entangled.
Fourthly, the beaters y, y.
Fifthly and lastly, the wire sieves or screens t and 2.
In witness whereof, I, the said Morritz Friedlander, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Fourth day of June, in the year of our Lord
MORRITZ FRIEDLANDER. (L.S.)