IMPROVEMENTS IN THE DEPOSITION AND MANUFACTURE OF CERTAIN METALS AND ALLOYS OF METALS AND IMPROVED MODES OF TREATING AND WORKING CERTAIN METALS AND ALLOYS OF METALS AND, IN THE APPLICATION OF THE SAME TO VARIOUS USEFUL PURPOSES
Year: 1849

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME I ALEXANDER
PARKES of Harborne in the County of Stafford Chemist send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great.
Britain and Ireland bearing date at Westminster the Twenty-sixth day of
March (One thousand eight hundred and forty-nine) in the twelfth year of
Her reign did for Herself Her heirs and successors give and grant unto me
the said Alexander Parkes my exors admors and assigns Her especial
licence full power sole privilege and authority that I the said Alexander
Parkes my exors admors and assigns or such others as I the said Alexander
Parkes my exors admors or assigns, should at any time agree with and no
others from time to; time and at all times during the term of years therein
expressed should and lawfully might make use exercise and vend within
England Wales and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed my Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE DEPOSITION AND MANUFACTURE OF CERTAIN METALS AND
ALLOYS OF METALS AND IMPROVED MODES OF TREATING AND WORKING CERTAIN
METALS AND ALLOYS OF METALS AND, IN THE APPLICATION OF THE SAME TO
VARIOUS USEFUL PURPOSES" in which said Letters Patent is contained a proviso
that I the said Alexander Parkes shall cause a particular description of the
nature of my said Invention and in what manner the same is to be performed
by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal to be inrolled in Her
Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and
17098.

page_text: immediately after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent as in
and by the same reference being thereunto had will more fully and at large
appear.
NOW KNOW YE that in compliance with the said proviso I the said
Alexander Parkes do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention and
the manner in which the same is to be performed are fully described and
ascertained in and by the following statement thereof reference being had to
the Drawings annexed that is to say
My improvements in depositing metals consist in coating iron tubes sheet
iron and other articles manufactured of iron or other metal with any two or
more of the following metals copper silver tin bismuth and lead in
successive layers in order to increase the protective powers of such metals
thus I have found a coating of zinc deposited upon iron and a coating of
copper upon the zinc to protect iron more perfectly than a separate coating
thereon of either of the metals separately, again lead and copper in succes-
sive layers or silver and copper or copper tin and bismuth effect the same
object. For this purpose I take solutions of the metals and decompose them
by electric agency as is well understood. I make no claim to depositing
metals by electric agency but only the depositing different metals in successive
layers.
My improvements in the manufacture of certain metals consist first in
forcing atmospheric air upon the surface of copper when in a melted state in
the refining furnace in order to expedite this part of the smelting process and
also in forcing chlorine gas or an hydrocarbon gas or vapour mixed with
atmospheric air for the same purpose. I do not confine myself to any parti-
cular kind of blowing apparatus for this purpose but that which I prefer is
the one herein-after described in reference to smelting iron. The hydrocarbon
gas or vapour I prefer is coal gas such as is used for the purposes of light
but others may be used And I have found it beneficial to add from one half
per cent. to three per cent. of phosphorus in the refining operation of copper
the toughening of the metal being facilitated by the addition of phosphorous.
Another part of my Invention consists in employing the said blowing appa-
ratus for forcing a current of air alone or air and chlorine gas or air and
a hydrocarbon gas or vapour upon the sulphuretted compounds of copper in
the blast or reverberatory furnace as directed in the Specification of a Patent
granted to me and Henry Parkes of November the Eleventh One thousand
eight hundred and forty-eight.
Another part of my Invention consists in the use and application of the said
blowing apparatus for smelting the ores of lead and iron. When smelting

page_text: the ores of lead I find it sufficient to employ this machine in place of the
ordinary blowing machine in use for this purpose. But when smelting the
ores of iron I employ two or more of the machines to the blast furnace and
prefer (but do 'not confine" myself thereto) to have them, two or more con-
nected by being placed one behind the other by which means the pressure of
the current of 'air is greatly increased in passing through the machines before
it reaches the furnace. In each of these mentioned applications of the
machines the air may be used at the temperature of the atmosphere or may
be heated in the manner well known but when using air with hydrocarbon
vapours or gas in the inanufacture of copper I do not heat the air.
The blowing apparatus above referred to and which as a machine I lay no
clain to as being of my Invention like inachines have before been employed for
exhausting retorts used in generating gas. Figure'l is an end view of the
machine Figure 2 is à section of the same showing the internal cams for
forcing the air Figure 3 is a side view of the machine showing the driving
and spür wheels for keeping the cams in their relative positions. Figure 4 is
ก plan in section of the machine' My Invention therefore in reference to this
machine consists in its' application to the smelting of copper lead" and "iron
The advantages obtained in these manufactures by the use of such machines
are that a continuous pressure and constant current of air is obtained without
the aid of a regulator I cause the machine for these applications' to 'revolve
about three hundred revolutions per minute but the speed inay be varied
according to 'the' quantity of air 'required' to be passed and the size of the
machine employed.
:
My improved modes of treating and working certain metals and alloys of
máťáls and their application to various useful purposes consist in combining
iron silver and nickel and their alloys with phosphorus The proportions 'I
employ are from two to ten per cent. of the phosphorus to either of the above
metals or their alloys but I have found that three to five per cent. are the
best proportions for most purposes. I take phosphorus of commerce and add
it by degrees to 'the fused metal or alloy of metals and well stir them together
by which means the phosphurretted 'compounds are properly formed and I
then cast them into nioulds' to obtain the required form. For printing rollers
and tubes I prefer an iron mould or chill for the external form and a core of
sand or loam 'for the internal form or vice versâ but other moulds of sand
or metal may be employed."
Another part of my Invention consists of coating iron and other metals and
alloys with metals and alloys combined with phosphorus such metals and
alloys so combined melting at a lower heat than the metals to be coated For

page_text: the coating of iron I employ copper and alloys of copper silver zinc tin lead
bismuth and their alloys with phosphorus and for coating copper and alloys
of copper I employ tin zinc lead and their alloys with phosphorus melting
at a heat below the melting point of the copper and its alloys to be coated
It will be necessary to observe the usual precautions to have the metals well
cleaned before coating them and which coating I effect by immersing them
into the phosphorated compounds when in a melted state in any convenient
furnace or bath using the usual fluxing agents as is well understood in
coating by metals in fusion.
Another method I employ is to cast a coating of some of the aforesaid
phosphurretted compounds upon copper rollers or cylinders which have been
reduced after repeated use and turning down and upon some manufactured
articles of iron and other metal and alloy of metal. The cylinder or other
article to be so coated I place in a mould allowing the required space between
the mould and the article to be coated and which is filled up by the compound
desired In consequence of the great fluidity of these compounds of phos-
phorus I am enabled to coat many articles by this method in all cases first
taking care to have the articles properly cleaned and heated to a considerable
temperature but below the melting point before pouring the alloy of metal
and phosphorous thereon.
Another part of my Invention consists in forming alloys with molybdenum
chromium tungsten and manganese with copper and copper and its alloys
To form such alloys I employ the copper and its alloy and add to them the other
metal or metals in their state of oxide or acid In forming such alloys I employ
a fluxing agent together with carbon sufficient to cover in the crucible the
oxides and metals to be operated upon or combined and I combine phosphorus
in small proportions to the above-described alloys during the preparation in
order to facilitate the combination I have found that these metals perform a
valuable part in rendering copper and its alloys more compact and dense
and in some cases improving the color of the alloys.
Another part of my Invention relates to the manufacture of rollers for
printing purposes and which consists in forming a roller or cylinder of iron
of brass or of white metal composed of tin, lead, zinc and antimony in
various proportions and giving to the same a copper surface by means of
electric deposition employing the well known solutions of copper for this pur-
pose but if composed of iron or white alloy I prefer the solution of copper in
the cyanide of potassium using the solutions at a temperature of about 150°
Fahrenheit and keeping the rollers or cylinders placed in a horizontal position
and in constant motion during the time the deposition takes place.

page_text: I would state that I do not claim the making of the cylinders of iron
copper or white alloy but only the combining with such cylinders a deposited
coating of copper.
In witness whereof I the said Alexander Parkes have hereunto set
my hand and seal this Twenty-sixth day of September One thousand
eight hundred and forty-nine.