Improvements in and in connection with the Manufacture of Combustible Gas, including Illuminating Gas, and in Apparatus or Plant for the Purpose.
Year: 1896

page_text: Date of Application, 20th Nov.. 1896-Accepted, 20th Mar., 1897
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in and in connection with the Manufacture of
Combustible Gas, including Illuminating Gas, and in Apparatus
or Plant for the Purpose.
A communication from abroad by FRANCIS GORDON BATES, of Number 2027
North College Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of
America, Manufacturer.
1, JOHN CLAYTON MEWBURN of the Firm of J. C. Mewburn and Ellis, of
55 and 56 Chancery Lane in the County of London, Chartered Patent Agents, do
hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement:-
is
This invention relates chiefly to improvements upon that process for making
combustible gas which I will call the Lorois process, and which consists in forcing
heated air and superheated steam through a mass of incandescent fuel in the
producer chamber, wherein is maintained a pressure of at least 42 pounds per
square inch (3 kilogrammes per square centimeter), whereby a producer gas
formed under so high a temperature as to avoid the formation of ammoniacal and
tarry impurities, and the gas is hence so pure as to require no washing, scrubbing
or other purification to adapt it for use. This process, the invention of Maurice
Lorois, is disclosed in the Specification of British Letters Patent No. 16,413, dated
13th of September 1892.
The present invention also introduces certain improvements in the motive power
apparatus disclosed in the specification of the said Letters Patent.
The objects of the present invention are to produce a gas of greater richness and
higher value for heating purposes, such as the feeding of furnaces; also to produce
an illuminating gas of high quality; also to improve the apparatus and thereby
facilitate the conduct of the process; and also to provide means for economizing
expense in the mauufacture by using otherwise waste heat as a source of power.
In the accompanying drawings,
Fig. 1 is a sectional elevation showing the entire combination of apparatus for
producing either fuel gas or illuminating gas;
Fig. 2 is a vertical section of the gas producer cut on the lines 2-2 in
Figs. 3 and 4;
Fig. 3 is a horizontal section thereof on the lines 3-3 in Fig. 2;
Fig. 4 is a horizontal section on the line 4-4 in Fig. 2;
Fige. 5 and 6 are plans of the ash grate in two different positions;
Fig. 7 is a vertical section of the lower division of the producer on the line 7-7
in Fig. 4.
Fig. 8 is a horizontal section on the line 8-8 in Fig. 7;
Fig. 9 is a perspective view of two of the lining bricks;
Figs. 10 and 11 are horizontal and vertical sections showing a modification of
the grate;
Fig. 12 is a section of the carbureter;
Fig. 13 is an elevation of the gas producer partly in.section;
10

page_text: Fig. 15 is a section of a different construction of carbureter;
Fig. 16 is a sectional elevation of a simplified form of gas apparatus ;
Fig. 17 is a vertical section of a gas apparatus combined with a gas engine
constituting a complete motive power plant;
Fig. 18 is a sectional elevation showing the combination of the gas producing
plant with a steam generator of novel construction heated by the gas;
Figs. 10 to 23 show the details of this steam generator.
Referring to Fig. 1, let A designate the gas producer or " gazogene," its general
construction being similar to that used in the said Lorois process. It is provided
with a feeding hopper B closed at top by a tight fitting cap a, and lower down by
a rotative cock or valve b, which communicates with the interior of the gas producer
through a conical or downwardly flaring funnel or magazine C, which enters deeply
into the producer chamber. A superheating coil D is arranged in the upper part
of the chamber afound the magazino, and communicates through a pipe c with an
annular passage or tuyere box d encircling the lower part of the producer and from
which tuyeres enter the producer chamber. From the upper part of the producer
leads a gas outlet flue e which communicates with the upper part of a descending
flue or vertical chamber E, through which the hot gas circulates downwardly
around a coil F, constituting a steam generator. From somewhat above the bottom
of the chamber E, leads an outlet f, through which the gas is conducted to an air
heater G, through which it flows to a gas outlet pipe y leading to a pressuro
regulator H, for reducing the pressure of the gas before it is delivered by the
pipe g' which leads to the place of use.
pump
A pump or air compressor J is arranged to draw in air through an inlet hand
expel it through an outlet i into the compressed air reservoir or tank K. The
Jis shown diagrammatically, it being understood that any known construction
of air compressor may be employed, but preference is given to those constructions
in which water is applied for the purpose of cooling the compressor. In the figure,
the water circulates in a jacket around the conipressor cylinder, entering by a
pipe W, and being then pumped into the reservoir K by a pump L. From the
reservoir K the compressed air passes by a pipe k to the air heater G', through
which the air flows and takes up heat from the hot gas, and is then led by a
pipe m to the gas producer A, where it is introduced preferably into the annular
passage d to commingle with the superheated steam before entering into contact
with the incandescent fuel. Another air pipe or branch a may be provided, leading
from the compressed air reservoir (or from the pipe ) to a pressure regulator M,
by which the pressure of the compressed air is lowered before it enters the delivery
pipe n which conducts it to the place of use.
Water, which is drawn preferably from the reservoir K, is forced by an injector I
or other suitable boiler feeder, such as a feed pump, through a pipe to into the
lower end of the coil F which constitutes the steam generator. At any convenient
point, a check-valve V is introduced for preventing back-flow of the feed water.
In this coil the water is heated by the hot gas in the chamber E, whereby steam is
generated which passes from the upper part of this coil through a connecting
pipe p, which connects with the upper part of the superheating coil D, through
which the steam circulates, and from the lower part thereof it is led by the pipe or
passago c to the annular passage d communicating with the tuyeres. The height
of the water in the generator is indicated by a water tube or glass water gauge q
which connects at top and bottom through horizontal branch pipes with the coil.
Pet-cocks may be advantageously used for the same purpose with or without the
water tube. The steam pressure is indicated by a gauge y. A thermometer t is
provided at some suitable point for determining the temperature of the gas. It is
shown as being applied in the passage fto show the degree of heat carried over by
the gas from the steam generator to the air heater.
It is advantageous to take the feed water from the reservoir K, as thereby is
utilized the heat due to compression, of the air which has been taken up by this
water.

page_text: According to this invention, for purposes of better regulation of the process, and
for other reasons, the generation of steam is conducted under a higher pressure
than that which prevails throughout the remaining portion of the apparatus.
Heretofore in making gas according to this system, the same pressure practically
speaking has been maintained throughout the entire apparatus, only such differences
of pressure having existed as were incident to maintain the flow of the compressed
air and steam. I provide means for pumping the water into the steam generator F
at a higher pressure than that which prevails in the remainder of the apparatus,
and I provide a special automatic regulator for reducing the pressure of the steam
as it leaves the generator and before it enters the gas producer. By a proper
construction and adjustment of this automatic regulator, I am thus enabled to
secure a uniform volume of steam to be admitted to the gas producer, so that the
relative quantities of steam and of air which are injected are maintained uniform,
and the composition of the resulting gas is thus more constant. Accordingly the
injector is adapted to increase the pressure of the water from that prevailing in
the reservoir K to the higher pressure in the steam generator F. To again reduce
the pressure, an automatic regulator or pressure reducer R is applied, preferably
in the steam pipe p. A safety valve Q is provided to relieve any dangerous excess
of pressure from the steam generator. The water level in the steam generator is
shown by the dotted line.
The gas producer A is provided as heretofore with a flue or elbow A¹, closed by
a cap a', so that in starting the apparatus this oap may be opened and the elbow
may be connected by a flue A (Fig. 2) to the chimney.
Another feature of this invention resides in the introduction of hydrocarbon
vapor to the stream of hot air before the latter enters the gas producer. For this
purpose the hot air passing through pipe leading from the air heater G may
be made to traverse a carbureter S, into which oil or any liquid hydrocarbon is
introduced preferably continuously and under pressure, by means of a pump P or
in any other manner. To thus pass the air through the carbureter, a valve 26 in
the direct pipe is closed, and valves 28, 28 in a branch or shunt pipe 27 are opened.
The particular construction of the carbureter is immaterial, provided it be capable
of bringing the air and oil into mutual contact, so that the hot air may vaporize
the oil, and becoming oharged with the vapor may pass as carbureted air into the
gas producer. By thus introducing liquid hydrocarbon, the operation of gas
producing is materially modified, and the process is considerably cheapened.
In operating with a bed of incandescent coal in the gas producer A, there is
effected, by thus introducing hydrocarbon vapor derived from the vaporization of
crude petroleum, a considerable reduction in the cost of fuel for a given quantity
of gas produced. In addition, the further advantage is realized that less cual is
required, and consequently less nah is produced, and the operation of the apparatus
may proceed continuously for a longer period before it becomes necessary to remove
Accuniulated ashes, and the formation of clinkers from poor coal is overcome.
A further and most important result is that the gas which is made, instead of being
merely a fixed fuel gas, may be converted into an illuminating gas of sufficient
candle power to burn satisfactorily in ordinary burners as a suitable substitute for
ordinary city gas. The invention thus provides an exceptionally cheap process for
the production of illuminating gas. The illuminating gas thus produced has the
same merit as the fuel gas produced by the said Lorois process, that it is free from
tarry and ammoniacal impurities, so that it requires no washing, scrubbing or
purifying, but is ready for immediate use, and may be burned either hot as it comes
from the apparatus, or may be cooled before passing to the burner.
The hydrocarbon may be vaporized and introduced into the gas producer
otherwise than by means of the hot air. A suitable and convenient vehicle for its
introduction is found in the superheated steam while passing from the coil D to
the tuyeres. By introducing a carbureter to be traversed by this superheated
atcam, this steam may be charged with hydrocarbon vapor and the latter bo
effectively introduced into the producer. The arrangement of piping shown in

page_text: Figs. 1 and 13, in connection with the carbureter S, admits of passing the steam
through the carburetor or not. It also admits of passing the steam whether
carbureted or not either into the fuyere passage d, or below the grate of the
producer. Referring to Fig. 13, the pipe c extends outside the shell of the
produrer A, its portion 11 communicating through the portion 12 which enters
the tuyère box d, a valve 13 being provided for shutting off the passage of steam
by this direct course. By closing this valve the steam is compelled to pass around
by a branch pipe c', which consists of pipe sections 15, 16 and 17 leading to the
carbureter S, and pipe sections 18, 19 and 20 leading thence to the ash-pit .
A valve is arranged to the pipe section 16, and another valve 21 is arranged
between the pipe section 18 and the ash-pit, being in the section 19. By opening
valves and 21, superheated steam is passed through the carbureter S and
discharged into the ash-pit. A by-pass pipe 22 is provided, closed by a valve 23,
so that by closing valve 21 and opening valve 23, superheated steam may be
introduced into the ash-pit u without being carbureted. In some cases it is
preferable to introduce the carbureted superheated steam through the tureres, and
to admit of this the pipe c¹ is connected with the pipe a through a pipe section 24,
controlled by a valve 25, so that by opening this valve and valve o', and closing
the other valves, the superheated steam will pass through tho carbureter, and by
pipe sections. 18, 24 and 12 into the tuyore box. The arrangement shown thus
permits of (1) the introduction of superheated steam directly into the tuyere box
without carbureting; (2) the introduction of carbureted superheated steam in the
tuyere box; (3) the introduction of superheated steam without carbureting into
the ash-pit; and (4) the introduction of carbureted superheated steam into the
ash-pit.
By the apparatus shown, including both the carburoters S and S1, the vaporized
hydrocarbon oil may be introduced either with the heated compressed air or with
the superheated steam, or with both.
The specific construction of carbureter S shown in Fig. 1, is more fully shown
in Fig. 12. It consists of an outer casing subdivided by a porous or permeable
partition (which may be of unglazed earthenware or of asbestos, etc.) into two
chambers and . The oil is forced by the pump P through the pipe 8 into one
of these chambers, and passes through the pores of the partition into the other,
through which latter the superheated steam is flowing. As shown, the partition is
formed as a tube constituting the steam passage within it, the oil chamber being
exterior to it. Another construction is shown in Fig. 15, wherein the inner tube
is made permeable by being formed with openings through which wicks, preferably
of asbestos, are passed, the oil being forced through these wicks into the inuer
tubular space, where it is vaporized by the heated air or steam. Various other
constructions may be provided for bringing the oil and beated air or steam into
contact. The pump P forces the oil through the pipes 8 and 9 under a pressure
somewhat in excess of that prevailing in the air and steam pipes.
The superheating coil D has heretofore been arranged in the producer chamber
just outside of the funnel C, (see Fig. 16) but in this position it is exposed to such
bigb heat that it is liable to be burned out. To avoid this, I construct the firebrick
or other refractory lining of the producer with au aunular chamber or channel 61,
and locate the superheating coil D iu this annular chamber. To provide sufficient
communication between this chamber and the producer chamber, I construct ports b
at intervals communicating from the producer chamber to the botton portion of
the annular chamber 6. This annular chamber communicates also at one or more
points at its top with the interior of the producer chamber, this communication in
the construction shown being where it opens into the gas outlet opening e, aud into
the opening communicating with the olbow A'. Thus while the chamber b' is in the
main cut off from the producer chamber, and a wall of firebrick is interposed between
the superheating coil and the producer chamber in which the active combustion is
taking place, the annular chamber is maintained in sufficient communication with
the main chamber to ensure a 'slow and steady circulation of very hot gases through

page_text: it by which the superheating coil is kept properly heated. The preferred
construction of firebricks by which this result is attained, is shown in Fig. 9, where
18 a firebrick of the tier just beneath the annular chamber b', and ' and are
the inner and outer bricks between which this chamber is formed, other like bricks
being arranged below them, as indicated by dotted lines. The brick r is cut away
at one end, as clearly shown, so that when brought against the flat radial face of
the next like brick, the inclined passage 6 will be formed between them.
Peep holes or eye-sights are provided at different levels in the furnace,
through which an operator may lock to ascertain the height of the fuel and the
progress of the combustion. These are constructed to withstand the heavy
pressure under which the process is conducted, and they communicate with
openings in the firebrick lining in alignment with them.
The lower part of the gas producer is provided with a grate T consisting in the
construction shown of a stationary circular plate having perforations at suitable
intervals. For opening or closing these perforations, a movable plate or disk T is
arranged beneath the grate T, and movable relatively thereto preferably by being
mounted on a central pivot, and provided with means for turning it for a distance
sufficient to open or close the respectivo openings. In the construction shown in
Figs. 2 to 6, perforated tubes U U are provided extending upwardly from and
fixed at their lower ends to the stationary grate T. In Fig. 2 the middle of these
tubes, which is in section, serves as the pivotal connection on which the movable
plate T is mounted. All the tubes U are preferably closed at their upper ends
and open at their bottoms, and arranged to communicate through holes in the
grate T with the ash chamber u beneath. The movable plate 'T' has holes which
in one position communicate with the openings in which the tubes are placed, as
shown in Fig. 5, but when the disk is turned to the position shown in Fig. 6, these
holes are brought out of register with the tubes so as to close the openings to the
latter. The grate T is provided with a separate series of ash openings t, and the
disk T has a corresponding series of openings t', which in the position shown in
Fig. 6 coincide with the openings t, so that ashes may fall through, but in the
position shown in Fig. 5 these openings do not coincide, so that the ash openings t¹
are closed. The position in Fig. 5 is the normal operative position in which the
superheated steam and vaporized bydrocarbon which enter the ash pit can circulate
up into and through the tubes U U, and passing out through the perforations
therein are sufficiently subdivided, so that they are introduced in small jets into the
fuel in the lower part of the producer chamber. The position shown in Fig. 6 is
that occupied during the removal of ashes, as will be described. For turning the
disk from one position to the other, it is provided with a rack or cog-teeth u¹
(Fig. 7), engaged by a pinion which is fixed on a rotary shaft v', which passes
out through a stuffing box, and has a handle or wheel v on its outer end by which
to turn it (Fig. 2).
The tubes UU may be omitted, although their use is considered preferable.
In Fige. 7 and 8 the tubes are not shown.
Heretofore in order to remove the ashes resulting from the combustion of the
coal or other fuel, it has been necessary to suspend from time to time the operation
of generating gas, to cut off by means of valves the communication between the gas
producer and the remaining apparatus, to let off the pressure from the producer,
and then by opening an ash door to get access to the lower part of the producer
and draw out the ashes. The door V in Fig. 7 communicating with the passage V¹
through the wall of the producer, constitutes the means heretofore provided for
removing the ashes. The invention provides an improved means by which the
operation is greatly facilitated, and by which the complete cessation of the operation
of gas producing is avoided. From the ash-pit or chamber a passage u is
provided which communicates with an ejector W consisting of a funnel around
which is formed an annular steam space wo, which is preferably contracted toward
its outer or discharge end, and which communicates with any suitable source of
steam under pressure, which is admitted by a pipe wo (Fig. 7). To the ejector is

page_text: coupled an ash delivery pipe W In order to discharge ashes by this apparatus,
the grate disk T is first moved to close the openings to the tubes U U and open
the ash openings t', the steam valve o being also closed to cut off the introduction
of superheated steam into the ash-pit. More or less ashes will thereupon slip
down through the openings into the ash-pit. By then suddenly admitting steam
into the ejector W and opening the cap W' which normally closes the ash outlet
pipe, a powerful outward current of steam is set up, whereby all ashes lying in the
chamber u are sucked out by the vacuum thus suddenly produced. The pressure
in the body of the gas producer assists this operation by causing an outflow
through the ash openings t, which carries with it a further quantity of ashes which
may have arccumulated above the grate. When the ashes have been blown out,
and before the pressure in the producer is too far lowered, the steam is shut off
and the cap W closed, whereupon the pressure quickly rises again to the normal.
In the construction of grate shown in Figs. 7 and 8, where the tubes U are
omitted, all the openings in the disk T may register simultaneously with the
openings in the grate, instead of there being au alternate register of two different
series of openings, as in the construction shown in Figs. 2 to 6.
In Figs. 10 and 11 is shown a modified construction of the grate wherein the
under plate T is made to slide in a straight line instead of turning on a pivot.
The under plate here lettered T2 is arranged to slide in ways, and is provided
with a straight rack u, which is engaged by the pinion v, which is mounted and
connected as before with the handle . In one position of the sliding plate the
ash openings t¹ are open, and in the opposite position these openings are closed, and
the openings communicating with the tubes U are open.
As shown in Fig. 13, the gas producer A is made in three sections lettored A*,
A', A Heretofore the lower section A' has been separate. I now make a
division between the sections A A which communicates with the aunular
chamber b. The purpose of this division is to enable ready access to be had to
the coil D in case of accident. For this purpose, the pipe e is carried outside the
middle section A, and is provided with a coupling 29 by which to disconnect it.
At times some difficulty is encountered by reason of the clogging of the fuel just
above the inclined portion of the producer chamber leading down to its contracted
portion or throat. To enable ready access to be had to the producer chamber for
clearing it of such obstruction, I provide a poke-hole 30 through the wall of the
producer, closed by a cap 31, which is tightly forced to its seat by means of a
screw 32 and lever 33, as shown in Fig. 14. To enable the condition opposite the
opening 30 to be observed, I provide the door 31 with a peep-hole or eye-sight 34,
of the same construction as the eye-sights & in Fig. 2.
Experience has shown that at times the fire in the lowest portion of the
producer chamber will go out, notwithstanding that a fierce combustion is
maintained directly above. To prevent this and ensure the complete combustion
and conversion into ash of all the solid fuel, I deflect downwardly one or more of
the tuyeres d', two such tuyeres being shown as turned downwardly in Fig. 13, the
angle of inclination there shown being about 30 degrees, this angle, however, being
variable, it being only necessary that the inclination shall be sufficient to direct the
air and steam to n point sufficiently beneath that fed by the remaining tuyeres to
prevent the going out of the fire in the bottom portion of the producer chamber.
These downwardly inclined tuyeres are lettered. I prefer to thus incline two
diametrically opposite tuyeres, as shown in Fig. 13, aud as indicated also at dd
in Fig. 4.
Instead of employing the cap al as a means for opening and closing the con-
nection between the elbow A¹ and chimney flue A (Fig. 2) as heretofore, I prefer
to employ a permanently connected rotary valve a', the stem of which is operated
by a worm and worm-wheel, as shown in Fig. 13.
The apparatus shown is designed to be operated in the following manner :-A
fire is kindled in the producer A and supplied with coal or other suitable fuel, the
fire being continued until a suitable bed of incandescent fuel has been obtained.

page_text: During this time air is blown through the producer under low pressure, and the
products of combustion escape through the branch pipe A', which is opened to the
chimney flue A When a sufficient bed of incandescent coal is attained, the flue
connection is disconnected (by closing cap al in Fig. 2, or by closing valve a' in
Fig. 13) and the apparatus is ready to be operated under pressure for producing
gas. The air compressor J then forces compressed air into the reservoir K, and at
the same time introduces water which is warmed by the heat liberated upon the
compression of the air, as described. Initially the steam generator F is filled with
water in any suitable way, as by pouring water in beforehand, or by forcing it in
by the injector I. As the compressor forces air into the gas producer, the hot gas
coming off from it heats the generator F, and soon raises a sufficient steam
pressure, whereupon the regular operation of the apparatus in inaugurated.
Thereupon water is continuously drawn from the reservoir K by the injector I
and forced to a higher pressure into the generator F, froin which the steam coming
off passes to the regulator R and permits the escape of only a predetermined
volume of steam which passes through the superheating coil D, which is exposed
to the hot gas in the upper part of the producer, and the superheated steam then
enters the annular passage d, whereby it commingles with the hot compressed air
from the reservoir K which has been heated by passing through the heater G',
and the commingled steam and air then enter through the tuyeres into the producer
chamber. If illuminating gas is being made, or if it is desired to substitute crude
oil or other liquid hydrocarbon as fuel in place of coal to greater or less extent, the
oil is introduced to the carbureter S or S' under pressure by the pump P or
other means, so that the superheated steam or hot air becomes saturated with
vaporized hydrocarbons. The high heat to which the steam and air, with or
without hydrocarbons, are subjected in the producer chamber, serves to convert
them into a fixed gas, which rises through the producer chamber and in the upper
part thereof heats the superheating coil D, then passes out by passage e, descends
through chamber E giving up hoat to the steam generating coil F, passes thence by
passage to the air heater G, where it gives up heat to the air flowing through
the tubes, and finally being thus cooled and its heat effectively utilized and
economized, it passes out by the pipe 9 to the pressure regulator H, which is set to
retain in the apparatus the predetermined pressure under which the gas is produced,
Bay for example 100 pounds, the gas passing this regulator being reduced to any
desired lower pressure, and passing off by the pipe g' to the place of use, or to a
storage vessel or gasholder. For burning the gas under the best conditions in
glass or steel furnaces or for other such purposes, it is preferable to take compressed
air to the same points of use of the gas by means of a pipe n', the air pressure
being reduced in like manner by the pressure regulator M. But for illuminating
purposes, the gas will ordinarily be burned without compressed air, and as city gas
is now coumonly burned.
The apparatus requires to be regulated from time to time according to variations
in rate of consumption of the gas and other conditions. The amount of water
introduced by the pump L should be so regulated as to maintain an approximately
uniform water level in the reservoir K. The air compressor should be driven faster
or slower according as the rate of outflow of the gas increases or diminishes.
The injector should be controlled as with any steam boiler, so as to maintain the
water line in the generator at an approximately uniforin level.
The pressure to be maintained in the apparatus may vary practically between a
minimum of about 42 pounds per square inch to a muximum of 100 pounds or more.
The minimum temperature has been determined by experiment to be approximately
the lowest pressure at which perfectly pure gas free from condensable carburete,
tarry matters, and ammoniacal products can be produced. Below that pressure the
gas becomes progressively more and more impure, although for some purposes a
gas sufficiently pure may be made at a pressure as low as 18 pounds per square
inch. In the making of fuel gas, howevor, without the introduction of hydro-
carbons, it is preferable to operate under a pressure of about 50 pounds per square

page_text: inch. Upon the addition of hydrocarbon oil, it is preferable to increase this
pressure, and in the production of illuminating gas, it is necessary, or at least
desirable, to adopt a considerably higher pressure, the best results being attained
with a pressure approximating 100 pounds per square inch. Under this pressure
there is maintained in the gas producer a temperature so high that all that portion
of the hydrocarbon introduced with the hot air, which is not by undergoing partial
combustion converted into carbon monoxide, is completely converted into the
higher or more volatile hydrocarbons, or in other words becomes "fixed." It results
in this process of making illuminating gas, that the fixation of the enriching or
illuminant ingredients is effected by the same operation by which the steam is
decomposed, and the body of the gas (consisting chiefly of hydrogen and carbon
monoxide) is generated; whereas in the production of water gas, as is well known,
a gas body or non-luminous gas is first produced, aud this is subsequently charged
with the enriching bydrocarbons, after which the latter are fixed by circulating the
gas through a fixation chamber containing baffle brick or other obstructions which
have been previously highly heated, so that the processes both of fixation and gas
generation are necessarily intermittent, whereas in this improved process they are
continuous. A further difference is that by my process a far higher temperature is
maintained in the gas producer than can possibly be maintained in the fixation
chamber of the water gas process, by which I am able to effect a complete and
absolute fixation of the hydrocarbons, whereas in the water gas processes the
hydrocarbons are never wholly fixed, the result being that when water gas is
transmitted through mains, it suffers invariably some loss in illuminating power by
reason of condensation of the hydrocarbons, which remain in the mains. The gas
resulting from my process, therefore, differs from ordinary water gas in throe
respects; firstly, that it comes from the producer so pure and devoid of tarry and
ammoniacal products as to require no subsequent purification; secondly, that its
luminous ingredients are in the form of fixed non-condensable gases; and thirdly,
that it contains a higher percentage of inert nitrogen which in effect dilutes the
gas to an extent which practically is advantageous, since otherwise the gas would
be so rich in hydrocarbon products as to be difficult of complete and smokeless
combustion in ordinary burners.
According to this invention the process may be operated in three different
ways according to the character of gas that it is desired to produce. For making
a fuel gas of low illuminating power and useful for illuminating purposes only in
connection with an incandescent burner such as the Welsbach, I use a low pressure,
between say the limits of 42 to 60 pounds per square inch, employing chiefly coal
as the source of carbon, with but a small percentage of oil, and a minimum propor-
tion of superheated steam. Second, for making a richer fuel gas better adapted
for illuminating purposes in connection with an incandescent burner, I use nearly
the same amount of coal, and increase somewhat the proportion of hydrocarbon oil,
using for example from 6 to 10 per cent. of benzine or other light hydrocarbon,
and increase the pressure to froni 60 to 75 pounds per square inch. Third, for a
gas that is distinctively an illuminating gas, and to which 1 may impart an
illuminating value of considerably over 30 candle power, I greatly increase the
proportion of bydrocarbon oil, and raise the pressure to from 75 to 100 pounds per
square inch, the higher pressure making the purer and more perfect fixed gas, and
one adapted to be conducted through mains at high pressure without loss by
condensation. In this latter case the expenditure of coal may be reduced to the
minimum, while the proportions of oil and steam are at the maximum. No more
definite directions can be given for the practice of the process, as the conditions
vary greatly according to the proportions of the apparatus, but any one skilled in
the art can readily by following these general directions, vary the conditious of the
process until the quality of the gas produced is that which in any particular case
he desires.
Under the conditions of this invention, after the operation has once been started
and the desired pressure and temperature attained, I may dispense with the

page_text: necessity of further introduction of solid fuel or coal into the gas producer. To
accomplish this result, sufficient oil or hydrocarbon fuel must be injectod into the
superheated steam or heated air to afford all the fuel required in the process for
decomposing the steam and maintaining the high temperature necessary for the
formation of the gas. In conducting the process in this manner, it may be found
advantageous to provide an extended surface of incandescence in the gas producer,
by introducing thereinto a suitable quantity of brokon or irregularly shaped
refractory materials, such as pieces of firebrick or lumps of lime, which under the
high heat of the combustion will be maintained incandescent.
The process may be modified by operating the apparatus in an alternate manner
as follows:-First forcing air and steain through the gas producer with little or no
hydrocarbon and thereby making a producer gas, which is discharged into a suitable
gas-holder, sufficient air being employed to raise the fuel in the producer to an
extremely high state of incandescence; and then secondly by greatly reducing or
entirely suspending the introduction of air, and at the same time introducing oil in
large proportion with the superheated steam, and thereby generating very rich
illuminating gas, which is discharged into a separate gas-holder; when this latter
process has been continued so long that the temperature in the producer becomes
materially reduced, it must be suspended and the first operation resumed, the
discharge of gas being then directed again into the first gas-holder. In this
manner the operation may be conducted alternately with the result of generating
two different qualities of gas.
Preferably the carbureted superheatod steam will be introduced into the ash-pit u
only or chiefly when the perforated tubes U are employed, and the uso of these
tubes is chiefly advantageous wben culm is used as the solid fuel. Under other
circumstances it is preferable to introduce the carbureted steam into the tuyere
hox d. When operating under low heat and pressure, it is preferable to carburet
only the hot air by using the carbureter S'; but in such case some carburation of
the superheated steam may be effected at the same time by introducing the
carbureted steam into the tuyere box. When operating under a very high
temperature in the gas producer, say 3,000 degrees F., it is preferable to introduce
the oil by carbureting the superheated steam. When making illuminating gas
without the employment of solid fuel in the gas producer, it is preferable to
carburet both the superheated steam and the heated compressed air, the two being
thoroughly mixed together in the tuyere box, so that they enter the producer
chamber in a state of admixture.
It must not be understood from the exactness with which I have described tho
improved apparatus, that the invention is necessarily limited to the exact con-
struction and mode of operation set forth. On the contrary, it is susceptible of
considerable modification without departing from its essential features. For
example, the steam generator F need not be a coil but may be constructed in any
other form that will be suitable for communicating the heat of the gas to the water.
The water may be forced into the generator under the desired increased pressure
by any other means than an injector. It will be evident that the injector or
pump I might be dispensed with by elevating the reservoir K and compressor J to a
sufficient beight to afford the requisite hydraulic pressure for forcing the water into
the steam generator.
Fig. 16 shows a simplified apparatus applicable for example to small gas plants,
etc. In this apparatus the air compressor serves also to pump water into the
cylinder K, the water coming through a pipe L and flowing into the air inlet of
the pipe h, so that the water serves to cool the air and be itself heated thereby.
Thus the one pump serves in place of the two pamps in Fig. 1.
It also sorves &
third purpose, namely, to supply power for forcing the water into the steam
generator F at a higher pressure than that in the remaining apparatus. For this
purpose, an elevated reservoir P is provided for the feed water, located at such
height as to give the desired increase of pressure in the steam generator. From
the lower part of the reservoir K, a pipe ' leads to a three-way cock a, which
B

page_text: when turned as shown communicates with the pipe v which leads to the tank P.
A vent pipe w extends down from the upper part of this tank, and cominunicates
through a four-way valve wl with the atmosphere. The compressed air is utilized
to force water froin the lower level in the reservoir K to a higher level in the tank'P
by turning the valve to the position shown, and turning the valve o to. open
the vent pipe w, whereupon the water is caused by the air pressure to flow through
the pipes and into the tank P, the air in the latter escaping by the pipe to.
When water escapes by these pipes, it is known that the tank is full, and the
valvo to is then turned to the position shown, where it opens communication
between the feed pipe u lending down from the tank P to the bottom of the coil F.
The valve should at the same time be turned to open communication-between the
air branch pipe and the pipe to admit compressed air to the tank P to take the
place of the feed water as the latter flows into the coil F. In this construction I
have shown no steam pressure regulator, the increased pressure in the coil F being
only sufficient to ensure that the steam shall be forced from the superheater D and
into the tuyere box d. In other respects the construction and operation are
substantially the same, except that all means for carbureting the hot air or super-
heated steam are omitted, this apparatus being designed solely for generating fuel
gas. As the producer A is not made in sections, the pipe e may be led down
through the refractory lining of the producer. I have shown a steam pressure
gauges, a thermometer t for indicating the temperature of the steam, a thermometer (¹
for indicating the temperature of the hot gas in the chamber E, and a thermometer
applied to the air heater G.
source.
The air compressor J, pump L (Fig. 1) for forcing the cooling water into the
reservoir K, and the injector I or other pump for pumping feed water into the
steam generator F, may be driven by steam or power taken from any convenient
It is preferred, however, to make the apparatus self-contained by operating
these pumps by means of steam taken from the genorator F. Ordinarily the heat
of the gases carried over from the producer A is sufficient to generate not only the
steam required for the making of gas, but also enough additional steam to operate
the several pumps. For this purpose I branch from the steam pipe p (Fig. 1) a
pipe p which conducts steam to the cylinder of the air compressor J, to the
cylinder of the pump L, and to the steam inlet valve o' of the injector I. The
steam for this purpose is generated at little or no perceptible cost by merely
utilizing the surplus steam generating capacity which iny correspondent has
discovered to exist beyond that required for the making of gas, so that by this
means a great economy is attained. It is even possible to generate sufficient steam
to serve also for other and extraneous purposes, as for driving an additional engine
or pump, or for steam heating.
I apply the same principle of utilizing the surplus steam generating capacity
most advantageously in the case of a gas motor engine or power plant. This is shown
in Fig. 17. The engine shown is that illustrated in the drawings of the aforesaid
British Patent. The hot gas passes from the producer A through a dust separator E
for precipitating dust or ashes, and then passes through a pipe el to the inlet valve
of the gas engine G. At the same time the hot compressed nir is conducted from
the pipe m by a branch pipe m' to the air inlet valve of the engine. The gas and
air are ignited and burned in the engine cylinder, generating power for forcing down
the piston. On the return stroke, the spent gases are discharged through the
exhaust valve and pass out by the pipe to the air heater G', and thence by the
pipe to a chimney or flue. The engine cylinder is waterjacketed, the jacket
constituting the steam generator F. Water is forced by a feed pump H through
a pipe to into the bottom of this steam generating jacket, and is heated by the hot
gas, and by the heat of combustion of the gas in the engine cylinder. The steain
from the water passes off through pipe p, its pressure is reduced by a regulator R,
and it flows by pipe p' to the superheating coil D in the gas producer; steam also
flows by a branch pipe p' to the steam cylinder S of the air compressor J, which is
thus driven by the surplus steam generated by the engine. The pump L is shown

page_text: as driven by a belt from the compressor J. The pump H may be driven also by
a belt, or by a separate steam connection.
Heretofore in motor engines of this character it has been customary to drive the
air compressor and pump by power taken from the main shaft of the engine. Tests
have shown that in a 100 horse power engine, 22 horse power is required to drive
the air compressor and feed pump. By the present improvement this drag upon
the main power shaft is removed without any detrimental effect upon the
remaining apparatus. As no increased consumption of fuel is apparent, it would
appear that the improvement has effected a saving of all or a large part of the
power heretofore wasted in driving the air compressor and feed pump.
In the operation of gas making apparatus of the character shown in Fig. 1, as
well as of gas motor apparatus of the character shown in Fig. 17, some difficulty has
been encountered in starting the apparatus, it being necessary first to kindle the
fuel in the gas producer at atmospheric pressure before it is possible to commence
the proper conduct of the process under heavy pressure. In so starting the
apparatus, it has been found necessary to rely upon extraneous power for driving
the air compressor and the water feed pump, until such a pressure is attained that
the normal operation of gas production can be commenced. In the case of motive
power apparatus, the engine has been helpless until started and worked up to the
required internal pressure by the aid of some extraneous power. This invention
overcomes this disadvantage by providing means in connection with the gas
producer for getting up steam while kindling the fire therein, so that by the time
a sufficient mass of fuel has become incandescent, a sufficient pressure of steam has
been generated to drive the air compressor and feed pump, so that the apparatus
can be brought so nearly to its normal condition of operation as to enable it to
maintain its own cycle of operations. To this end I provide a coil of pipe in the
gas producer, which at starting is filled with water, and which as the fire is kindled
receives the heat from the hurning fuel, so that the water is converted into steam.
By preference, I utilize as this steam generating coil the superbeating coil D.
To this end I connect to the pipe e or c, a water pipe' W lending from any
reservoir of water under pressure, and closed by a cock 30 (Fig. 1). In starting,
the cocks c and 13 are closed, and also the steam valve p, and by opening the
cock 30 water is admitted to fill the coil D, and the cock 30 then closed. As the
fire is kindled, it heats the water in the coil D, and generates steam which passes
off by the pipe p and to the steam cylinders of the air compressor J and pump L.
The gas producer A being closed, the compressor J may be operated by this steam
pressure to pump up the required pressure of compressed air in the apparatus.
This may be continued until the coil F is sufficiently heated to generate steam at
the required pressure, whereupon the valve p' may be opened, and by again opening
the cock 30 the steam pressure will force any remaining water back out of the
coil D and out of the pipes c c', after which the cock 30 may be again closed.
In Fig. 17 the water is first admitted from pipe W by opening cock c³
(cock and valve p being closed, until the coil D is filled, when cock is
closed, the fire is kindled, and when sufficient steam pressure is accumulated,
as shown by gauge r, the valve p' may be opened to admit the steam through
pipe p to the air compressor. As the air compressor forces compressed air
through the fuel in the producer A, the hot gaseous products passing over are
admitted to flow through the engine cylinder G to heat the water in the steam
generator F, and when steain is generated under sufficient pressure as shown by
gauge r, the valve p' is opened, and also the cock c, and this steam is caused to
force out the water remaining in coil D, whereupon the ceck o' is closed, cock e' is
opened, and the normal operation of gas producing begins. By this means the
apparatus is made self-starting and independent of any other source of power.
The gas apparatus shown in Fig. 18 is adapted for generating the steam required
in a special boiler F, heated by burning a portion of the generated gas. This
system is well adapted for plants generating producer gas for fuel purposes, and
also wherever steam is required in large quantities for independent uses. The gas

page_text: from the producer A passes through a dust separator E, and then immediately to
the governor valve H. In order that the gas shall not be too hot, the process is so
conducted as to restrict the incandescence to the lower part of the producer A, so
that the bot gas shall be somewhat cooled by the unignited fuel above. To cool
the upper portion, moist steam may be admitted through a pipe p. A portion of
the gas is taken off from the dust separator by a pipe 9, and lend to the furnace F',
where it enters a transverso pipe u, and passes through short branch pipes into the
grate bara t, in which it flows through channela and escapes therefrom by
perforations and is burned. The burning gases circulate around the numerous
water tubest of the builer F, and the spont gases pass out through the pipe,
and through the air heater G1, and thence by pipe to a chimney. It is desirable
to mingle hot compressed air with the gas before discharging the latter, and for
this purpose a pipe m is led from the pipe m and conducts the air to an injector or
commingler r, in which it is mixed with the gas. Or if proferred the compressed
air may be introduced beneath the grate. Steam is taken by pipe p for driving
the air compressor J and the feed pump I. The latter draws water from a pipe w
and forces it through pipe w' into a coil to within the heater G', whereby the feed
water is heated at the same time that the air is heated, and by utilizing the
products of combustion from the boiler. The hot feed water flows through pipe to
into the upper drum of the boiler. A valve 1 controls the flow of hot air into the
producer A. This valve operates as a simple check-valve to prevent any back flow
of gas into the air pipe. In addition, it has a threaded stem which may be screwed
down to force the valve closed, so as to restrict the inflow of air. This apparatus
consumes a portion of the produced gas for generating steam, but as the gas
produced by this process is exceedingly cheap, this means of generating stem is
economical. Where steam is required for other purposes, as for driving engines
or pumps, or operating elevators, the boiler F can readily he made to generate any
required quantity of steam by introducing more or less gas and air from time to
time, as may be demanded.
The construction of the steam boiler is shown more in detail in Figs. 19 to 22.
In these figures A is the furnace, B the grate, having tubular bars as shown
in Fig. 23, C is an upright cylindrical chamber having walls of masonry, D is the
steam drum, E the lower drum or mud drum, and F the water tubes between the
two drums. The gas entering by pipe P is distributed to the grate bars, aud
emerges through their perforations, where it burns, air being admitted through
damper & to the ash-pit 1, as well as through a door m. The Hames pass into the
chamber C and circulate around the water tubes F. These tubes are arranged in
circular order so as to leave a central space, as shown in Fig. 21, aud from this
space leads the outlet flue G, which is forined through the middle of the drum D.
The spent gases escapo through the flue and a communicating flue G¹, which
may be formed integral with the cap 11 which covers over the top of the masonry
wall and encloses a chainber C. L'is the feed pipe, and K is the downflow pipe
for maintaining circulation. L is a blow-off pipe controlled by valve f, and g is a
manhole for the lower drum. The entire boiler is supported from brackets a a,
the lower drum E being suspended by the tubes FF. The steam drum D is
subdivided horizontally, its cap D' being removable, and the two parts being
fastened together by flanges b and c. To get access to the bolts fastening the
inner flanges c, the manhole d is formed in one side opposite a door e (Fig. 20).
JJ are the steam outlet pipes, and M N are water gauges.
An important feature of this boiler is the placing in each water tube F of an
inner concentric tube or core Q (Fig. 22). This core confines the water to the
annular space between the two tubes, thereby so reducing the thickness of the layer
of water to be heated, that steam cau be made much more rapidly than in an
ordinary water tube boiler. In addition, the core Q is made to serve for storing
hent by packing the inner tube with some material having capacity for absorbing
and giving out heat, such as a mortar of lime and sand. This heat-absorbing coro
is heated to the same temperature as the water, and whenever the source of boat is

page_text: removed or reduced so that the water tends to become cooler, this core gives out
its stored heat to the water, thus equalizing the temperature of the water and
compensating for variations in the supply of heat. The inner tube is closed at
bottom by a plug or cap 7 having arms which center it in the tube F, and is
supported on a spider p at top, which has arnis which enter within and rest upon
the tube F, so as to center and uphold the core. This spider may constitute a cap
for closing the top of the tube, or a separate cap may be used. To insert or
remove the cores Q. the cover H and cap D' are removed. This construction of
steam boiler is applicable for other purposes than in connection with the manu-.
facture of gas, but is especially adapted for the burning of gas, although applicable,
also for use with solid fuel.
In operating the producer A, the combustion is very readily controlled by
varying the introduction of steam and hot air, an increased proportion of steam, or
a decreased proportion of air having the effect of reducing the combustion, and a
decrease in the steam or an increase in the air having the effect of intensifying the
combustion. With a fixed inflow of air, it is easy to bring the combustion to the
exact degree of intensity desired by introducing more or less steam either through
the tuyeres or beneath the grate. For checking the combustion, moist or fresh
steam is more effective than superheated steam, and a pipe may be provided for
introducing moist steam into the tuyeres or beneath the grate if desired. It is
practically sufficient, however, to provide a small steam pipe entering the niiddle or
upper portion of the producer chamber, as shown at p in Fig. 18, through which
moist steam may be introduced in case the fire burns upward too rapidly, so that
whilo a fierce heat is maintained below, the upper portion of the producer may be
kept comparatively cool by introducing a minute jet of moist steam.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said inven-
tion as communicated to me, and in what manner the same is to bo performed, I
declare that what I claim in respect of the manufacture of combustible or
illuminating gas according to the general system herein specified, and of apparatus.
or plant for the purpose, is :-
1. The described manufacture of combustible gas by passing preheated air and
superheated steam either or both carbureted by the addition of hydrocarbon vapors
thereto, through a producer wherein combustion is maintained under a pressure in
excess of 42 pounds per square inch.
2. The described manufacture of illuminating gas by passing preheated air, super-.
heated steam and hydrocarbon vapors together through a producer wherein combustion
is maintained under a pressure exceeding 50 pounds per square inch, whereby the
hydrocarbons are partly oxidized and partly fixed as iiluminants.
3. The process of Claim 2 conducted under a higher pressure approximating
100 pounds per square inch, with an increased proportion of hydrocarbon vapors,.
for producing a gas of high illuminating power, substantially as set forth.
4. The described manufacture of illuminating gas hy superheating steam,.
carbureting it by passing it into contact with a vaporizable hydrocarbon liquid,
and passing the carbureted steain with heated compressed air through a mass of
incandescent fuel in the gas producer under a pressure exceeding 42 pounds per-
Equare inch.
5. The improved manufacture of combustible gas by the passing of heated air
and superheated steam, one or both charged with hydrocarbon vapors, through a
producer wherein au incandescent temperature is maintained by the combustion of
auch hydrocarbon vapors without other fuel, and under a pressure exceeding
42 pounds per square inch, substantially as set forth.
6. The utilization in the described gas manufacture of the heat disengaged by
the compression of the air, by absorbing this heat by water, and forcing the water.
thus heated as feed water into the steam generator which generates the steam
employed in making the gas, substantially as set forth.
7. Iu the described gas manufacture wherein a normal pressure is maintained

page_text: throughout the apparatus, the pumping of feed water into the steam generator
under a pressure exceeding such normal pressure, and subsequently reducing the
pressure of the generated steam to the normal pressure before introducing it into
the gas producer, substantially as set forth.
8. In the described gas manufacture, the ntilization of the hot gas as it comes
from the producer by circulating it in contact with the steam generator so that its
heat is employed for generating steam, aud also circulating it through an air heater
wherein its remaining heat is utilized for heating the compressed air, substantially
as set forth.
9. In the described gas manufacture, the ntilization of the hot gas as it comes
from the producer to heat the steam generator under conditions adapted to generate
steam in excess of that required for gas making, and the utilization of the excess
of steam for driving the air compressor which compresses the air required in gas
making, and also if required for driving the pump or injector which feeds tho steam
generator, substantially as set forth.
10. In the generation of power in connection with the described system of gas
manufacture, the utilization of the waste heat of combustion of the gas in the
engine cylinder for generating steam under conditions providing an excess of steam
beyond that required for the gas making, and the utilization of the excess of steam
for driving the air compressor which compresses the air required in gas making,
and if required for driving the feed pump or injector which feeds the steam
generator, substantially as set forth.
11. In the described system of gas manufacture, the generation of the steam
required by burning a portion of the generated gas in contact with the steam
generator, and utilizing the spent gases of combustion for heating the compressed
air required in gas making or the feed water for supplying the steam generator, or
both, as described with reference to Fig. 18 of the drawings.
12. The described combinations of apparatus adapted to carry into effect the
several features of the gas manufacture hereinbefore claimed, substantially as set
forth.
13. The described arrangement of apparatus comprising a steam generator F
and air heater G arranged to be heated by the hot compressed gas coming from
the gas producer A, with an air compressor J and pressure-retaining valve H and
pipes leading the steam and hot compressed air into the gas producer.
14. The described arrangement of apparatus comprising an air-compressor and
heater, a steam generator, pipes for leading the steam and hot compressed air into
the gas producer, and a carbureter S or S¹ for charging either the steam or air
(or both) with hydrocarbon vapor.
15. The described construction of gas producer A with a grate and tuyeres
above the grate, with a pipe for admitting superheated steam into either said
tuyeres or the space below the grate, with or without perforated tubes U for
conducting the steam admitted below the grate up into the mass of fuel, and with
or without a carbureter S for introducing hydrocarbon vapors with the steam.
16. The described construction of gas producer A with a grate T having steam
and ash perforations, and a plate T¹ having openings which in one position coincide
with the ash perforations, and in another position coincide with the steam perfora-
tions, and a rack and pinion and operating shaft for moving said plate, said shaft
passing out through a stuffing box.
17. The provision of the gas producer with an ash outlet in connection with a
steam ejector W for creating a suction to expel the ashes.
18. The described construction of gas producer A with an annular chamber
formed in its refractory lining wall to receive the superheating coil D, and the
bricks beneath said chamber formed with spaces through which said chamber
communicates with the combustion chamber of the producer. Also in connection
therewith the subdivision of the producer into sections A' A' which when separated
give access to the annular chamber and coil..
19. The described construction of carbureter wherein a permeable or porous

page_text: partition is provided between the oil chamber and the steam or air passage, as
described with reference to Fig. 12, or wherein absorbeut wicks are provided
leading from the oil chamber into the steam or air passage, as described with
referonce to Fig. 15, whoreby iu either case a superior pressure upon the oil is
effective to force the oil into the steam or air chamber to he vaporized and absorbed
by the steam or air.
20. The described construction of the gas producer with tuyeres entering on a
fixed level, and supplemental tuyeres entering on a downward inclination to
maintain combustion in the lower part of the producer chamber beneath the
general level of the tuyeres. Also the provision of a poke-hole 30 with its door 31,
and a peep-hole 34 in said door located just above the contracted portion of the
producer chamber.
21. The special construction of apparatus shown in Fig. 16, wherein an elevated
water reservoir P is employed, and the one pump J is utilized for compressing
air, for introducing cooling water, and for elevating the feed water to said
reservoir.
22. The special construction shown in Figs. 1 to 17, whereby the superheating
coil D is utilized as a preliminary steam generator for getting up steam and first
kindling a fire in the producer.
23. The construction and arrangement of apparatus, as described with reference
to Fig. 18, whereby a portion of the generated gas is burned in contact with the
steam generator, and the spent gas is utilized for heating the compressed air, and if
desired the feed water for the steam generator. Also the construction of the
furnace F of this steam generator with grate bars adapted for burning solid fuel,
and formed with longitudinal passages for gas. Also the provision for heating
the steam generator with hot compressed air and gas commingled in variable
proportions.
24. In a gas making apparatus or plant such as is herein described, the special
construction of steam boiler or generator described with reference to Figs. 19 to 21,
characterized by the upright chamber C enclosing the boilor, which consists of a
stean druni D, water tubes F F, and lower drum E, the flames from the furnace A
circulating in said chamber around the water tubes and escaping by a flue G formed
through the steam drum. Also the construction of the steam drum in two sections,
united by flangea b c and a mauliole d, whereby the cap D¹ may be removed to give
access to the water tubes.
25. In a gas making apparatus or plant such as is herein described, a steam
boiler having water tubes containing concentric cores or tubes Q, with or without
a filling of heat absorbent material.
26. In the described manufacture of combustible gas, the control of the combus-
tion in the producer by introducing a greater or less proportion of steam either
through the tuyeres or elsewhere, and in case the zone of combustion extends too
high in the producer, the introduction of moist steam through a special pipe into
the middle or upper portion of the producer, whereby to limit the combustion and
keep the upper portion of the producer comparatively cool, substantially as set
forth.
ليهد
1000
J. C. MEWBURN & ELLIS,
55 and 56 Chancery Lane, London, Chartered Patent Agents.