IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PULP PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION
Year: 1863

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Ferrar Fenton, of Mappleton, in the County of
Derby, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PULP
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Ferrar Fenton at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
10th January 1863.
T. FERRAR FENTON. of Mappleton, in the County of Derby. do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANU-
FACTURE OF PULP FOR PAPER-MAKING AND SIMILAR PURPOSES," to be as
follows:-
This Invention consists in preparing exhausted tan. tanners' waste. the
hark of oak, alder. elm. lime (or linden), willow, and poplar trees into paper
pulp or half stuff for the manufacture of paper, cardboard, and papier
mache.
In carrying out this Invention I first wash the materials operated upon
clean from all dirt, and then crush or grind them by any suitable machinery.
after which again well wash them for the purpose of removing the heavy
and inferior portions, which will not form pulp suitable for the higher classes
of paper, the separation being effected by well stirring the crushed bark in a
large vat of cold water, and allowing it to settle, after which the water is to be
[Price 8d.1

page_text: carefully drawn off by a syphon or tap, and then the upper and lower strata of
bark in the bottom of the vat separated, the upper or finer portion being
reserved for superior kinds of paper, and the lower set apart for coarser
varieties.
Or else commence as follows:-I dry the bark, after the first washing, in
a stove or kiln, and then crush it between rollers thoroughly, so as to separate
the fibrous and non-fibrous portions. and then sift it in a sieve similar in action
to that used by millers for sifting oatmeal, or by any other kind of sifting
apparatus. for the purpose of removing the dust and non-fibrous particles, and
then proceed as follows with the fibre thus cleaned. The materials (hus
washed, crushed, or sified are to be boiled for a period of (say) three hours
in clean water; the scum which floats on the top should be skimmed off; the
water should then be drawn off, and the boiler again filled with a wash of
carbonate of soda or carbonate of ammonia, one pound and a half avoirdupoise
of either of the carbonates being used for every hundredweight of exhausted
ian in the boiler, and a lesser proportion for the other barks, if they are being
operated upon. The carbonate is to be dissolved and boiled along with the
bark in a suflicient quantity of clear water for not less than one hour. The
whole is then to be drawn off into a val: the water then to be drawn off
through a strainer. leaving the pulp behind at the bottom of the vat. The
pulp resulting from the above operations is then to be pressed free from
moisture, and placed in a bath of acetic acid and water, which may be either
hot or cold, but hot is hetter, and about the strength of vinegar; the propor-
tions of acetic acid to the water being from about one-sixth to one-twentieth
part, according to the materials used, and the pulp should be stirred a little
whilst in the acid bath. When thoroughly saturated by the acid, which will
not be under one hour's time. the pulp, which is still unbleached. may either
be dried and so sold to the paper makers, or it may be removed to a bleaching
bath of chloride of lime, chlorine. or chlorine gas. Or the above mentioned
materials reduced to a pulp by any other means may be bleached by the
processes above described. and the pulp at once made into paper.
Carbonate of soda and carbonate of ammonia and acetic acid may be
employed not only in the softening of the above-named materials, but of all
others containing tannin, and in preparing them for bleaching by the subsequent
use of chlorides and chlorine, or other ordinary means.. If a yellow tint is
desired, or is not objected to in the half stuff or paper made from the above-
named materials the bath of acetic acid may be omitted. and the chloride of
lime bath be applied after the one of carbonate.
The above mentioned materials may be employed in the manufacture of

page_text: cartridge paper for jacquard looms or other purposes, either alone or in com-
bination with other substances.
The coarser and inferior portions of the bark. which have been separated in
the before-mentioned first process of washing before the operation of boiling.
may be made into papier mache and wrapping paper by any well-known
processes. and when a pulp for these purposes is required the above materials
may be simply crushed or ground up into a pulp, which is suitable for papier
mache. millboard, and brown or colored paper.
In the processes which I have described above, the finer the bark is crushed
or beaten the better will it he acted upon by the chemicals named, and con-
sequently it will bleach whiter, but in the preparation for sifting it should not
be crushed so fine as to allow of any portions of fibre passing through the
sieve along with the dust and non-fibrous portions of the bark, but to secure
perfect bleaching I prefer to pulp the materials after they have been boiled in
the carbonate, and before applying the acetic acid bath. as by this means
the acetic acid, on which the bleaching mainly depends, acts more perfectly on
the materials.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Paient, filed
by the said Ferrar Fenton in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
6th July 1863.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, 1, FERRAR
FENTON, of Mappleton, in the County of Derby, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Tenth day of January, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-three. in the twenty-sixth year of
Her reign, did, for Herself. Her heirs and successors. give and grant unito
me, the said Ferrar Fenton. Her special license that I. the said Ferrar
Fenton. my
executors. administrators. and assigns. or such others as
I. the said Ferrar Fenton, my executors. administrators. or assigns.
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at
all times thereafter during the term therein expressed. should and lawfully
might make. use. exercise. and vend. within the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland. the Channel Islands. and Isle of Man, an Inven-
tion for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PULP FOR PAPER MAKING
AND SIMILAR PURPOSES," upon the condition (amongst others) that. I. the
said Ferrar Fenton, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in

page_text: writing under my hand and scal, or under the hand and seal of one of
them. should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed. and
cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I. the said Ferrar Fenton, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is in he
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement, that is to say:
My said Invention consists in preparing exhausted tan, tanners' waste. the
bark of oak, alder. elm. lime (or linden). willow. and poplar trees into paper
pulp or half stuff for the manufacture of paper, cardboard, and papier
mache.
In carrying out this Invention I first wash the materials operated upon
clean from all dirt, and then crush or grind them by any suitable machinery,
after which again well wash them, for the purpose of removing the heavy
and inferior portions, which will not form pulp suitable for the higher classes
of paper, the separation being effected by well stirring the crushed bark in a
large vat of cold water, skimming off the woody portions of bark which float
on the surface, and allowing the rest to settle. after which the water is to be
carefully drawn off by a syphon or tap, and then the upper and lower strata of
bark in the bottom of the vat separated. the upper or finer portion being
reserved for superior kinds of paper, and the lower set apart for coarser
varieties.
Or else I commence as follows:- dry the bark after the first washing in a
stove or kiln, and then crush it between rollers thoroughly, so as to separate
the fibrous and non-fibrous portions, and then sift it in a sieve similar in action
to that used by millers for sifting oatmeal, or by any other kind of sifting
apparatus, for the purpose of removing the dust and non-fibrous particles, and
then proceed as follows. with the fibre thus cleaned. The materials thus
washed. crushed, or sifted are to be boiled for a period of (say) three hours
in clean water; the same which floats on the top should be skimmed off; the
water should then be drawn off, and the boiler again filled with a wash of
.carbonate of soda or carbonate of ammonia in the proportion of two pounds
avoirdupois of either of the carbonates to each hundred gallons of water.
The carbonate is to be dissolved and boiled along with the bark in the pro-
portion of one hundred gallons of clear water to each hundredweight of bark
for not less than one hour. The whole is then to be drawn off into a vat;

page_text: the water then to be drawn off through a strainer, leaving the pulp behind at
the bottom of the vat. The pulp resulting from the above operations is then
to be pressed free from moisture, and crushed in a common pulling mill or
dolly," or by rollers, but I prefer the former, after which it is to be soured
by means of dilute sulphuric or muriatic acids, in the proportion of about
one pint of sulphuric acid or one quart of muriatic acid to each one hundred
gallons of water, or by being placed in a bath of acetic acid and water, which
may be either hot or cold, but hot is better, and about the strength of vinegar,
the proportions being from six to twenty gallons of water to one gallon of
acetic acid, according to the condition of the bark, which can only be judged
by experience, and the pulp should be stirred a little whilst in the acid bath.
When thoroughly saturated by the acid, which will not be under one hour's
time, the pulp which is still unbleached may either be dried and so sold to
the paper makers, or it may be removed to a bleaching bath of chloride of
lime, chlorine, or chlorine gas. Or the above mentioned materials reduced
to a pulp by any other means may be bleached by the processes above
described, and the pulp at once made into paper.
Carbonate of soda and carbonate of ammonia and acetic acid may be
employed not only in the softening of the above-named materials, but of all
others containing tannin, and in preparing them for bleaching by the subsequent
use of chlorides and chlorine, or other ordinary means. If a yellow tint is
desired or is not objected to in the half-stuff or paper made from the above-
named materials the bath of acetic acid may be omitted, and the chloride of
lime bath be applied after the one of carbonate.
The above mentioned materials may be employed in the manufacture of
cartridge paper for jacquard looms or other purposes, either alone or in com-
bination with other substances.
.
The coarser and inferior portions of the bark which have been separated in
the before-mentioned first process of washing before the operation of boiling
may be made into papier mache and wrapping paper by any well known
processes, and when a pulp for these purposes is required the above materials
may be simply crushed or ground up into a pulp, which is suitable for papier
mache, millboard, and brown or colored paper.
In the processes which I have described above the finer the bark is crushed
or beaten the better will it be acted upon by the chemicals named. and conse-
quently it will bleach whiter, but in the separation for sifting it should not be
crushed so fine as to allow of any portions of fibre passing through the sieve
along with the dust and non-fibrous portions of the bark, but to secure perfect.
bleaching I prefer to pulp the materials after they have been boiled in the

page_text: carbonate, and before applying the acetic acid or other acidulated baths, as by
these means the acctic or other acid on which the bleaching mainly depends
acts more perfectly on the materials.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of my said
Invention, and the manner in which the same is or may be used or carried
into effect, I would observe, in conclusion, that what I consider to be novel
and original, and therefore claim as the Invention secured to me by the herein-
before in pari recited Letters Patent, is, the manufacture of pulp for paper-
making and similar purposes, substantially as herein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Ferrar Fenton, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this, Ninth day of June, One thousand eight hundred
and sixty-three.
FERRAR FENTON. (..s.)