IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CEMENT COMPOSITIONS, AND IN THE METHOD OF APPLYING
Year: 1866

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Welch, of King Street, Southsea, in the
County of Southampton, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF CEMENT COMPOSITIONS, AND IN THE METHOD OF APPLYING
Sealed the 15th February 1867, and dated the 23rd August 1866.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Welch at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 23rd
August 1866.
I, WILLIAM WELCH, of King Street, Southsea, in the County of South-
ampton, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CEMENT COMPOSITIONS, AND IN THE METHOD OF APPLYING
AND SECURING PLASTIC CEMENTS TO IRON AND OTHER SURFACES," to be as
follows:-
This Invention consists in the manufacture of cements and methods of
applying and securing plastic compositions to metallic and other surfaces.
The cements are composed from siliceous, calcareous, basaltic, argillaceous,
asphaltic, mineral, metallic, and sandy strata, granulated or pulverized by.
calcination, chemical, or mechanical means.

page_text: The metallic and other substances thus produced, either pure or apportioned
to suit the varied practical uses, are then by the aid of vegetable or mineral
liquids, acids, salts, and gaseous compounds mixed and agglutinated into a
plastic or fluid consistency and used as ordinary cement compositions, and for
imitations of stones, metals, earths, and ornamental purposes, also for electric
magnetic compositions for coating and preservation of iron, wood, and other
substances exposed to marine uses, whereby an insulatory waterproof pro-
tection is secured, and a system of galvanism obtained for antifouling
purposes.
"The object of this improvement is the practical resolve and developement
of the principles contained in my previous application for Letters Patent,
No. 580, 1866.
In order that my Invention may be fully and practically comprehended I.
hereby proceed to describe the same.
The compositions are manufactured as follows: - The varied geological
strata (simple or compound), as earths, minerals, rocks, metals, ores, sands,
oxides, bitumens, salts, acids, oils, liquids, or gases, are selected and classified
into electric and non-electric or conducting and non-conducting grades. The
solid substances are then ground or pulverized or crushed into such granulated
sizes as are desirable for the varied purposes of the compositions. When the
bodies thus prepared are required to form the liquid or plastic mixtures they
are calcined by any ordinary method, and in some cases placed in air-tight
or exhausted vessels of cylindrical or other form, around the exterior of which
a jacket, shell, or space is provided for admitting heat by steam or other
means for raising the temperature of the compounds to any required degree
during the preparations; the vessel is also provided with axes of revolution
through which the necessary heat, gaseous or liquid substances (simple or
compound) are injected during its rotatory action. The substances thus
treated are then classified for mixing in order to produce the different sub-
stances intended to be imitated or componed. The prepared articles are kept
free from all atmospheric influence until required for use.
+
The method of application of the compositions is as follows, namely, the
surface or substance to be coated is to be duly examined as to its simple or
component properties; this being ascertained, one or more of the mixtures are
selected as an attracting, neutralizing, insulatory, waterproof, or other medium
either in liquid or plastic form. The surface of any substance is coated there-
with from of an inch (by ordinary brush or plastering methods), or by
mcans of rolling or transferring machines furnished with mechanical arrange-

page_text: ments, as also equally distributing and consolidating the same during their
rotatory or compressive action. The surfaces produced by either of the above
methods are granulated with any metallic or other substances for either
galvanism, antifouling, ornamental, or other uses, and a perfectly smooth or
roughly finished surface obtained in imitation of stones, metals, or earths, as
also supplying a means of attaching any ordinary hydraulic or other plastic
composition to metallic and non-absorbent and waterproof surfaces. The
compositions are varied in colors for ornamentation and other purposes by the
introduction of metallic and mineral oxides, alkaline and earthy salts, or
carbonates.
The following are the principal original and resulting component bodies
used in connection with the before-named strata as the basis in the practical
experiments conducted for producing the compositions forming the subject of
this application, and which for my purpose may be considered sufficiently
definite, as electric and non-electric:-

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said William Welch in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
22nd February 1867.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
WELCH, of King Street, Southsca, in the County of Southampton, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-third day of August, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-six, in the thirtieth year of Her reign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said William Welch, Her special licence that I, the said William Welch, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said William
Welch, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during
the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,
and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE MANUFACTURE OF CEMENT COMPOSITIONS, AND IN THE METHOD OF APPLYING
AND SECURING PLASTIC CEMENTS TO IRON AND OTHER SURFACES," upon the
condition (amongst others) that I, the said William Welch, my executors or
administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of
their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature
of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed,
and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said William Welch, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement thereof, that is to say:-
This Invention consists in the manufacture of cements and methods of
applying and securing plastic compositions to metallic and other surfaces.
The cements are composed from siliceous, calcareous, basaltic, argillaceous,
asphaltic, mineral, metallic, and, sandy strate, granulated or pulverized by
calcination, chemical, or mechanical means.
The metallic and other substances thus produced, either pure or apportioned

page_text: to suit the varied practical uses, are then by the aid of vegetable or mineral
liquids, acids, salts, and gaseous compounds, mixed and agglutinated into a
plastic or fluid consistency, and used as ordinary cement compositions, and for
imitations of stones, metals, earths, and ornamental purposes, also for electric
magnetic compositions for coating and preservation of iron, wood, and other
substances exposed to marine uses, whereby an insulatory waterproof protection
is secured, and a system of galvanism obtained for antifouling purposes.
The object of this improvement is the practical resolve and developement of
the principles contained in my previous application for Letters Patent, No. 580,
1860.
In order that my Invention may be fully and practically comprehended
I hereby proceed to describe the same.
The compositions are manufactured as follows:-The varied geological
strata (simple or compound), as earths, minerals, rocks, metals, ores, sands
oxides, bitumens, salts, acids, oils, liquids, or gases, are selected and classified
into electric and non-electric, or conducting and non-conducting grades. The
solid substances are then ground or pulverized or crushed into such granulated
sizes as are desirable for the varied purposes of the compositions. When the
bodies thus prepared are required to form the liquid or plastic mixtures they
are calcined by any ordinary method, and in some cases placed in air-tight or
exhausted vessels of cylindrical or other form, around the exterior of which a
jacket, shell, or space is provided for admitting heat by steam or other means
for raising the temperature of the compounds to any required degree during
the preparations; the vessel is also provided with axes of revolution, through
which the necessary heat, gascous or liquid substances (simple or compound),
are injected during its rotatory action. The substances thus treated are then
classified for mixing in order to produce the different substances intended to
be imitated or componed. The prepared articles are kept free from all
atmospheric influence until required for use.
The method of application of the compositions is as follows, namely, the
surface or substance to be coated is to be duly examined as to its simple or
component properties; this being ascertained, one or more of the mixtures are
selected as an attracting, neutralizing, insulatory, waterproof, or other medium
either in liquid or plastic form. The surface of any substance is coated there-
with from of an inch (by ordinary brush or plastering methods), or by
means of rolling or transferring machines furnished with mechanical arrange-
ments as also equally distributing and consolidating the same during their
rotatory or compressive action. The surfaces produced by either of the above

page_text: Imethods are granulated with any metallic or other substances for either
galvanism, anti-fouling, ornamental, or other uses, and a perfectly smooth or
roughly finished surface obtained in imitation of stoues, metals, or earths, as
also supplying a means of attaching any ordinary hydraulic or other plastic
composition to metallic and non-absorbent and waterproof surfaces. The
compositions are varied in colors for ornamentation and other purposes by
the introduction of metallic and mineral oxides, alkaline and earthly salts, or
carbonates.
The following are the principal original and resulting component bodies,
used in connection with the before-named strata as the basis in the practical
experiments conducted for producing the compositions forming the subject of
this application, and which for my purpose may be considered sufficiently
definite as electric and non-electric.:-

page_text: tion of cementitious stones (which apply similarly in other cases) stone may
be considered as comprised mostly of two or more earths, silica, alumina, lime,
and magnesia, with portions of some of the metals in combination with acids,
water, and at other times alkalies and other minor elements forming dense
coherent bodies of varied qualities according to the nature of the matter it is
formed, and the manner its parts are joined one to another, either granulated
slaty, or of mixed nature, and their occasional decay more rapid when con-
taining certain parts more or less soluble in water or which enter more
immediately into combination with oxygen, acids, &c.
In the selection of the several substances to be used I prefer where prac-
ticable to obtain them in crude or simple form, but where in combination
(if necessary) an extraction and separation of their different parts are to be
realized by calcination, chemical, or mechanical means, and are then to be
classified in order or grades as to their chemical electric and non-electric
qualities, which for practical simplicity may be arranged as, viz., metals and
their oxides, minerals, rocks, bitumens, earths, sands, mineral and vegetable
liquids (volatile and fixed), salts, acids, gases; hence it will be proper to
conceive that the whole of the substances connected with cementitious pro-
cesses of this Patent possess natural electric energies inherent in themselves
whether in a state of combination or not; and as by the law of electricity that
bodies in opposite states attract each other (for instance) oxygen, chlorine, iodine,
and acids being considered naturally negatives, while inflammables as hydrogen,
sulphur, and metals are naturally positives, therefore when the combination
of these are subverted by galvanic influence they become evolved in electric
state; for example, hydrogen being naturally positive and oxygen naturally
negative, they will be found to attract each other, and these opposite states
being sufficiently raised, giving them an attractive force or power of aggre-
gation, they will then combine, and in like manner other substances whose
particles are electrically different are by this improvement intended to be
similarly treated and united by the effect of promoting combination or decom-
position according to the principles of exciting electrical energy produced
from the electric affinity of their atoms. It is therefore the practical treating
and adaptation of these principles, in combination with and producing cohesive
and hardening properties to the cementitious compositions and substances,
that constitute the difference in the manufacture and application of the liquid
and plastic cements or concrete compositions here set forth over those hitherto
used. It is also to be understood that the introduction of metals, earths,
liquids, and other substances realizing similar effects, as also the practical

page_text: methods and limitations introduced by these processes, are to be applied in
combination with any other liquid or plastic compositions. I will now refer to
the method of preparation or manufacture of the substances, and also the
mode of practically applying and finishing the same.
Any of the before-mentioned or other strata or substances being selected
they are to be classified in their proper chemical order. The solid portions are
to be ground, pulverized, or crushed into such granulated or powdered forms
as are desirable for the varied mixtures and uses, and where necessary to
disengage, change, or reduce certain deleterious matter therefrom (for instance),
such as in the separation of carbonic acid, &c. from limestone. In procuring
pure lime, or in reducing bituminous earths, liquids, &c., the ordinary process
of calcination may be used, but I prefer the method as set forth in this
improvement, that of their being placed into air-tight or exhausted vessels of
cylindrical or other form, around which an enclosed space is provided for
admitting heat (by steam) or otherwise for raising or reducing the temperature
during the preparations to any degree. The vessels are provided with axes of
revolution, through these a communication is established by pipe or other
method for abstracting or injecting heat, gases, liquids, or other substances
during their rotatory action. When the substances are thus treated they are
to be collected and re-classified in their chemical order as before mentioned,
and in accordance with the substances as intended to be imitated or componed,
the prepared articles in all cases are to be kept free from damp and atmospheric
influence until required for application.
The process of mixing and applying the composition are as follows:-The
surfaces or substances to be coated or brought into connection with the
cementitious bodies are to be electrically ascertained and considered and one
or more of the before-mentioned classified mixtures selected to form therewith
an attracting, neutralizing, insulatory, waterproof, or other medium in liquid or
plastic form of any desired substance, and may be applied by ordinary brush
or plastering mode, or by such means as are provided by this Patent (which I
prefer), viz., with rolling or transferring machines furnished with mechanical
arrangements for supplying the surfaces with the compositions, and also equally
distributing and consolidating the same during their rotatory or compressive
action. By this process any number of coatings are produced from similar or
dissimilar substances and embodied in dry or liquid form, and the surfaces
thereby granulated with any metallic, mineral, or other bodies for galvanism,
marine anti-fouling, ornamental, or other purposes, as also producing perfectly
smooth or roughly finished surfaces in recomposition or imitations of stones,

page_text: metals, earths, &c., and also supplying a means for the reception and attaching
any ordinary hydraulic and other cements compositions to metallic, non-
absorbent, waterproof, varnished, or painted bodies not hitherto before attained.
The operator in applying the compositions will have to be guided in some
measure by his own skill and experience in the kind, quality, and conditions
of the surfaces and substances to be united and the mixtures used for the
different imitations to be produced, and also in the use of the fluid substances
used in combination with the different solids; these being essential con-
stituents in the organization of the cementitious process, of imperious conse-
quence in supplying intestinal gases of varied sorts and diluting the surrounding
substances and creating effects for corrosive or decomposing activity, producing
the process of hardening the compositions more readily and efficiently by
imparting to them a steady progressive "setting" or consolidating action
instead of excessive heating of the particles, as is the case with many other
compositions. The compositions are varied in colours for ornamentation and
other purposes by the introduction of metallic and mineral oxides, alkaline and
earthy salts, carbonates, &c. With regard to the best proportions the
aforesaid substances should be componed to form the necessary combinations
with each other. I have found by the numerous experiments conducted here-
with that different substances may be differently treated, but as a general rule
I have found them to answer best when the components, as stones, ores,
minerals, &c., are placed in combination, as nearly as possible, as found con-
nected in their natural veins or beds, yet a considerable latitude may be
permitted and the addition of other bodies more or less used and which does
not appear to do appreciable harm; and for all practical purposes in pro-
ducing the mode of electric and galvanic action of the bodies upon each other
I have found the instructions afforded by eminent chemical works published
thereon all that is desirable for the purposes of this Patent, and in the practical
manipulations a few preliminary essays to ascertain the best proportions for
working the different compositions will suffice and be found far superior to
any lengthened theoretical remarks thereon.
Having thus declared the nature of my said Inventions and improvements,
and the manner in which they are to be performed, I would observe in con-
clusion that what I consider novel and original and constituting my said
Invention and improvements are the employment of practical and chemical
means for producing liquid, plastic, and concrete cementitious compositions
from the herein-before mentioned substances, and by such or some of the said
processes; and also the method herein set forth for practically applying these

page_text: or any other plastic and liquid cements to metallic, non-absorbent, varnished;
painted, and other surfaces (and not before attained by other processes).
In witness whereof, I, the said William Welch, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Ninth day of February, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven.
Signed, sealed, and delivered by the
above-named William Welch, in
the presence of
C. B. ELLIOT,
WILLIAM WELCH. (L.S.)
Clerk to Messrs. Binstced & Elliott, Sol".,
Portsmouth.