IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR HEATING CHURCHES, WAREHOUSES, SHOPS, FACTORIES, HOTHOUSES, CARRIAGES, AND OTHER PLACES REQUIRING ARTIFICIAL HEAT, AND IMPROVED FUEL TO BE USED THEREWITH
Year: 1837

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, THOMAS
JOYCE, of Camberwell New Road, in the County of Surry, Gardener, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date
at Westminster, the Sixteenth day of December, One thousand eight hundred
and thirty-seven, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant
unto me, the said Thomas Joyce, Her especial licence, full power, sole
privilege and authority, that I, the said Thomas Joyce, my executors, adminis-
trators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Thomas Joyce, my executors,
administrators, or assigns, should at any time agree with and no others, from
time to time and at all times during the term of years therein mentioned,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England,
Wales, and the Town of Berwick upon Tweed, my Invention of "IMPROVED
APPARATUS FOR HEATING CHURCHES, WAREHOUSES, SHOPS, FACTORIES, HOTHOUSES,
CARRIAGES, AND OTHER PLACES REQUIRING ARTIFICIAL HEAT, AND IMPROVED FUEL
TO BE USED THEREWITH;" in which said Letters Patent is contained a proviso
obliging me, the said Thomas Joyce, by an instrument in writing under my.
hand and seal, particularly to describe and ascertain the. nature of my said
Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, and to cause
the same to be inrolled in Her Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six

page_text: calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said in part recited
Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being thereunto had, will
more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Thomas Joyce, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention, and the
manner in which the same is to be performed, is particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following description thereof, reference being had to
the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the letters and figures marked thereon
(that is to say):-
My Invention of "Improved Apparatus for Heating Churches, Warehouses,
Shops, Factories, Hothouses, Carriages, and other places requiring Artificial
Heat," consists in peculiar constructions of stoves, in which I am enabled to
regulate the combustion of the fuel, and produce any required degree of tem-
perature in the places in which they are situate, and "my Improved Fuel to
be used therewith" is a peculiar preparation of charcoal chemically treated for
the purpose of purifying it. The internal and external forms and constructions
of these stoves will admit of some slight modifications, but the leading feature
to be observed is, that the apertures for the admission of atmospheric air
at bottom to support the combustion of the fuel must be limited as to size, and
that the apertures at top for the egress of the vapours arising from the ignited
charcoal must be capable of adjustment, in order to regulate the combustion
within; whilst the tubes or channels for the passage of the atmospheric air in-
tended to be heated and dispersed around, may be varied in an indefinite number of
forms and directions, according to circumstances or taste; for the essential im-
provement in the construction of the stoves, is the means of regulating the com-
bustion of the fuel, so that no more than a given quantity of it can be consumed
in a given time, and that the quantity of heat evolved may be in like manner
regulated. The most simple construction of my improved stoves is shewn in
the accompanying Drawing at Fig. 1, which represents a plain cylindrical
stove, taken in section vertically through the middle; and Figure 2 is an
exterual view of the same. The cylindrical sides of the stoves a, a, are in this
instance made of sheet iron, the bottom b of cast iron. A moveable lid c fits
into the top of the cylinder, in which there is a sliding regulator d, having
apertures in the same manner as an ordinary adjustable air valve. In a
circular opening in the bottom 6 there is inserted an inverted cone e, which has
a few small holes pierced through for the passage of the atmospheric air into
the lower part of the interior of the cylinder; or small air holes pierced through
the bottom or round the lower part of the cylinder might be employed in
addition to or as a substitution for the perforated cone. A circular rim f, f,

page_text: below, having many apertures, may form the foot of the stove, or it may stand
upon three or more feet; Fig. 3 represents an external elevation of a stove
upon the same construction, but rendered sufficiently ornamental to be suited
to a parlor or other well furnished room; Fig. 4 is a section of the same.
This may be made of iron, brass, or copper, or partly of each. The cone e,
pierced with a few small holes, is inserted in the bottom of the stove as before,
and through it passes the atmospheric air to support combustion, which air is
conducted by a tube 9 in the pedestal of the claw foot, and lateral apertures
may be made for a further supply of air, if required, through the sides of the
cylinder at 2, 5. The sliding valve d at top for regulating the draft is inserted
into the upper part of a dome cover c, and may be readily raised or depressed in
order to open or close the vent or aperture through which the vapours arising
from the combustion are discharged, which vapours being inodorous are allowed
to pass into the room, and to aid the heat thrown off by radiation from the
external surface. A stove constructed as Figs. 1 and 2, may be introduced
within a case of either a plain or ornamental form as in the section, Fig. 5,
which represents a cylindrical jacket or outer case h, h, placed round the stove..
This jacket forms an air passage j, j, partially open at a, a, in the bottom; and
the air in proceeding through it becomes heated, and is allowed to escape at
top by the openings in the dome with the vapour arising from the combustion,
and thence falls into the surrounding atmosphere of the room and warms it.
The outer casing may be of any ornamental form, as that of an urn or a hollow
figure, for the shapes of the air passages are of very little importance, provided
the combustion of the fuel in the stove be properly regulated in the way
described. Another modification of the Invention consists of air tubes passed
through the ignited fuel within the stoves, for the purpose of carrying off a
portion of the heat produced by radiation. Fig. 6 shews an external elevation
of such a stove, and Fig. 7 a section of the same, exhibiting the arrangement
of the hot air tubes within, and in which the air for supporting combustion is
admitted through the inverted cone e at the bottom, and through small apertures
,, in the lower parts of the sides of the stoves if required, the draft being
regulated by the adjustable side valved at top. The air admitted up the central
tube g in the pedestal supplies both the combustion of the fuel and also the
hot air tubes i, i, i, and outer passages j, j. In passing through these tubes
iii, the air takes up the heat radiated from their internal surfaces, and
delivers the air so heated through apertures in the jacket, without mixing with
the vapour arising from the combustion; but the air which passes up the outer
passage j, j, proceeds into the dome cap of the casing, from whence it ultimately
escapes with the vapours of the combustion through openings in the cap, and

page_text: also warms the surrounding atmosphere of the place in which the stove is
situated. Figure 8 represents a horizontal section of the stove within its casing,
taken about half way down. Figure 9 is a top view of the stove, the cap being
removed to shew the interior. In this instance I have introduced a vessel
shewn in section at k, in Figure 7, which contains water. I place the vessel
upon the top of the stove for the purpose of moistening the heated air by the
slow evaporation of the water. In very close apartments, such as sleeping
rooms, if any inconvenience should be apprehended from the effects of the
vapour evolved during combustion, I would in such case recommend a very
small pipe to be attached to the top of the stove, for the purpose of enclosing
the valve in the manner shewn at Figure 10, or in any other convenient
manuer, for carrying off the vapour, which pipe might be led through the
wainscot or wooden partition of the room into a passage, or through a window
or chimney or the wall, or other convenient outlet; and in that event I should
have a slide valve under the stove for regulating the admission of air to sup-
port the combustion; or the regulating valve might be in the pipe; the heat
in that case would be obtained entirely by radiation; but in general, where the
rooms are not air-tight, this precaution will be altogether unnecessary, for if
any vapour that might be considered offensive should be given out from the
combustion of the prepared charcoal in these improved stoves, the quantity will
be so very small as to be incapable of doing any injury. In using either of
these stoves I in the first instance ignite a small quantity of my prepared fuel,
which may be so ignited by filling an iron ladle with the fuel, and introducing
it into an ordinary fire. When the fuel has become red hot, I put it into the
stove, and then fill the stove above the ignited fuel with other of my said pre-
pared fuel in a cold state. The valvo being now opened at the top of the stove
the combustion will go on slowly and regularly, and continue for many hours
without any attention whatever, the fresh fuel descending gradually by its
own weight as that below becomes consumed, the inverted cone preventing
the air passages from being stopped up by any accumulation of ashes or dust,
and likewise preventing any of the dust, ashes, or hot fuel from falling out and
becoming either dangerous or oliensive. The partial opening or closing of
the valve at top, as before said, will deterinine and regulate the rapidity of
the combustion of the fuel in the stove, and consequently the quantity of heat
evolved; and when the combustion has been allowed to continue for a certain
length of time, a fresh supply of the said fuel may be introduced, and the opera-
tion continued; but to do this the dust and ashes should be removed, which
may be done by inverting the stove, when other fuel may be ignited and intro-
duced as before.
If the stove is of large dimensions, I should have an open

page_text: grating at the bottom, through which the dust and ashes might fall into a close
air-tight box attached to the under part.
Having now-described the features of my improved apparatus for heating,
which forms one part of my Invention, I proceed to explain the other part of
my Invention, which consists in preparing ordinary charcoal, made or charred
from wood (oak and beech being preferred); this process of preparation I effect
by submitting the ordinary charcoal to a red heat, and by wetting the said
charcoal with solutions of caustic or carbonated alkalis or alkaline earths, or
their salts, either before or after such heating process. I prefer the addition
of these substances after the charcoal has been reburnt. When I wet the
.charcoal, before reburning it, I immerse or saturate the same in a solution of
carbonate of soda or other of the aforesaid alkalis or alkaline earths or their
salts, in the proportions of about three pounds of carbonate of soda, or equiva-
lent proportions of the other aforesaid alkalis or salts, to, twelve gallons of water.
I do not confine myself strictly to these quantities, as the proportions may vary
according to the quality and nature of the soda or other alkali or alkaline
earths or their salts used, or to the nature and quality of the water; for water,
if very hard, will require a greater quantity of one of those substances. The
alkali that I have generally used is either the caustic soda of commerce or the
christalized carbonate of soda, but I have found other alkalis, and especially
lime as above stated, to answer. After the charcoal has been so saturated or
partly prepared, it is allowed to drain until nearly or quite dry, when it must be
burnt in a furnace. If the charcoal has not been wetted with the alkaline
solution before reburning, I take it from the furnace and wet it in the progress
of cooling, with the solution made in the same proportions as above described;
it must of course be allowed to drain and become dry before it is used in the
stoves. The furnace which is to be employed in reburning the charcoal. as
aforesaid, may be of ordinary construction, furnished with a damper to regulate
the draft; but the one which I employ is constructed partly in the fashion of a
baker's oven, and is particularly described by the sectional Figures 11 and 12,
represented in the Drawings annexed. When the charcoal introduced into
this oven has become perfectly red hot through, the damper is to be slidden into
the flue in order to prevent its further combustion, and the charcoal. may then
be withdrawn from the furnace into air-tight boxes or vessels called coolers,
where it is to remain excluded from the atmospheric air until it is-cold,-when-
it will be ready for use or to be put up for sale. I desire it to be understood.
that I do not confine myself to any particular dimensions of stoves, as they may
be varied from the size of a quart pot (which would be suited for warming a
close carriage), to any dimension that might be required for heating churches

page_text: and other large buildings; neither do I confine myself to regulating the com-
bustion of the fuel by a moveable valve at top, as such a regulating apparatus
might be applied at bottom of the stove, or might be employed both at top and
bottom. But claim as my Invention the combination of parts or materials
for regulating and limiting the draft of air in my improved apparatus as above
described, being well adapted for the purposes of forming stoves. I also claim
ns my Invention the combination above described, by which I form an improved
fuel as a substance to be burnt in stoves. I also claim as my Invention the
whole combination of improved apparatus and improved fuel for warming or
heating places, by which the improved fuel can be used to great advantage in
the improved apparatus.
In witness whereof, I, the said Thomas Joyce, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Sixteenth day of June, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and thirty-eight
THOMAS (L.S.) JOYCE.
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Sixteenth day of June,
in the first year of the reign of Her Majesty Queen Victoria, the said
Thomas Joyce came before our said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and
acknowledged the instrument aforesaid, and all and everything therein con-
tained and specified, in form above written. And also the instrument afore-
said was stamped according to the tenor of the Statute made in the fifty-fifth
year of the reign of His lato Majesty King George the Third.
THOMAS (L.B.) JOYCE.
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Sixteenth day of June,
in the first year of the reign of Her Majesty Queen Victoria, the said
Thomas Joyce came before our said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and
acknowledged the instrument aforesaid, and all and everything therein con-
tained and specified, in form above written. And also the instrument afore-
said was stamped according to the tenor of the Statute made in the fifty-fifth
year of the reign of His late Majesty King George the Third.
Inrolled the Sixteenth day of June, One thousand eight hundred and
thirty-eight.