IMPROVEMENTS IN COATING METALS AND METALLIC " ARTICLES FOR THE PURPOSE OF PROTECTING OR PRESERVING THE SAME "FROM OXIDATION AND DECAY, ALSO IN THE MATERIALS, MACHINERY, " AND APPARATUS TO BE EMPLOYED THEREIN
Year: 1867

page_text: En the Matter of the Letters Patent granted to Baroness CAMILLE
DE LAVENANT, of Brixton Road, in the County of Surrey, for the
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN COATING METALS AND METALLIC
" ARTICLES FOR THE PURPOSE OF PROTECTING OR PRESERVING THE SAME
"FROM OXIDATION AND DECAY, ALSO IN THE MATERIALS, MACHINERY,
" AND APPARATUS TO BE EMPLOYED THEREIN," bearing date the
Twentieth day of November, One thousand eight hundred and
sixty-seven, No. 3288.
WHEREAS since the Specification was filed, pursuant to the proviso
contained in the said Letters Patent, I have discovered that my
And whereas
A
Invention is not correctly described and ascertained thereby: a portion
of the said Specification was inadvertently and erroneously inserted,
thereby creating an inconsistency between the different parts of said
Specification and also between the Provisional Specification and said
Specification: And whereas I am advised that the arrangement of
machinery and apparatus therein described and claimed as a part of my
Invention may not be novel, I am therefore desirous of amending said
Specification and title, and of limiting the claims to that portion of
said Invention which I have invented, by filing the Disclaimer and
Memorandum of Alteration herein-after contained.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Baroness Camille de Lavenant, by
and with the leave of Her Majesty's Solicitor-General, and for the
reasons aforesaid, do hereby disclaim, alter, and amend the said title and
Specification by striking out of the former the words "Also in the
materials, machinery, and apparatus to be employed therein," and out
of the latter the words "and also in the machinery and apparatus
whereby such coating is effected" in line thirty-seven of page five,
and the paragraph commencing with the third line on page six of
the printed Specification, and the succeeding seven paragraphs, the last
ending with the thirty-second line on the same page, which were
erroneously and inadvertently inserted, and to the place of the paragraphs
which I hereby disclaim and strike out I transfer the paragraph com-
mencing with the twenty-fifth line, page eight, of said printed Specifi-
cation, and the eighteen succeeding paragraphs, the last ending with the
thirty-seventh line of page nine, which were inadvertently placed after
the description of the machinery and apparatus. I also strike out
the sentence commencing in the thirty-third line, and ending in the
thirty-fourth line of page six, and the twenty-fourth line on page eight
of said printed Specification, as rendered unnecessary and objectionable
in view of the changes above stated. I substitute the word cyano-ferride
for "cyanno-ferrure," lines nine and ten, the latter not being an English
word, and I insert the words mix 1 oz. with before Figure 7 in line
seventeen of page nine. I also strike out the word "generally" in the
fifth line of page ten, and also the word "generally" in the sixth line,
and the third and fourth claims commencing with the fifteenth line and
ending with the twenty-first line of the same page of the said printed
Specification.
And in order that the effect of this Disclaimer and Memorandum of
Alteration may be clearly understood I annex a copy of the Specification
as it will appear after my said Disclaimer and Memorandum of Alteration
have been made.
"TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, Baroness
< CAMILLE DE LAVENANT, of Brixton Road, in the County of Surrey,
" send greeting.
"WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
* Letters Patent, bearing date the Twentieth day of November, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, in the
66

page_text: 66
"
$8
thirty-first year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said Baroness Camille de Lavenant, Her
"special licence that I, the said Baroness Camille de Lavenant, my
"executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said
"Baroness Camille de Lavenant, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to
"time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed,
"should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the
"United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands,
"and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN COATING METALS
"AND METALLIC ARTICLES FOR THE PURPOSE OF PROTECTING OR PRESERVING THE
"SAME FROM OXIDATION AND DECAY," upon the condition (amongst others)
"that I, the said Baroness Camille de Lavenant, my executors or
administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or
one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain
"the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was
"to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal
"Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately after
"the date of the said Letters Patent.
65
"
1
"NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Baroness Camille de Lavenant,
do hereby declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and
"ascertained in and by the following statement:-
"
"This Invention relates to certain improvements in coating or covering
"metals and metallie articles with a composition or compositions of a
"vitreous nature for the purpose of preserving or protecting them from
oxidation and decay, the Invention being an improvement on a former
"Patent, dated July 2nd, 1863, No. 1646.
66
"As a basis or neutral tint of the composition I take of crystal (metal).
"12 lbs.; white enamel, 8 oz.; borax, 3. lbs.; minium, 3 lbs. 8 oz.;.
"carbonate of potash, 1 lb. 8 oz.: total, 20 lbs., 8 oz. The weight of the
compositions is to be calculated on the size of the crucible, allowing
"2 inches in depth from the surface of the composition to the top of
"the crucible.
"Another base consists of crystal, 8 lbs.;, white enamel, 4 oz.; borax,
"2 lbs.; minium, 2.lbs. 8 oz..;, carbonate of potash, 1.lb.: total, 13 lbs..

page_text: "For dark compositions:-Pozzolana, 4 lbs.; crystal, 8 lbs.; borax,
3 lbs.; minium, 3 lbs. 8 oz.; carbonate of potash, 1 lb. 4 oz.: total,
19 lbs. 12 oz.
"For darker composition with blue tint :-Crystal, 8 lbs.; pozzolana,
4 lbs. borax, 3 lbs.; minium, 3 lbs. 8 oz.; carbonate of potash, 1 lb.
4 oz. oxide of cobalt, oz.; oxide of iron, 2 oz.
"For dark composition with violet tint:-Crystal, 8 lbs.; pozzolana,
4 lbs.; borax, 3 lbs.; minium, 3 lbs. 8 oz.; carbonate of potash, 1lb.
8 oz.; oxide of manganese, 2 oz.; oxide of antimony, 2 oz.
"For slate color :-Crystal, 10 lbs.; white enamel, 4 oz.; borax, 2 lbs.
8 oz.; minium, 2 lbs. 12 oz.; carbonate of potash, 1 lb. 2 oz.; silicate
of iron, 12 oz.; oxide of manganese, 4 oz.; oxide of zinc, 2 oz..
"For hard composition of a whitish tint:-Crystal, 8 lbs. ; white.
enamel, 4 oz.%3B powdered flint, 4 oz.; borax, 3 lbs.; minium, 3 lbs.
4 oz.;
carbonate of potash, 1 lb. Before complete melting, add in
"crucible mixed 8 oz. borax; 8 oz. minium; 4 oz. carbonate of potash.
For hard dark composition:-Crystal, 8 lbs.; pozzolana, 4 lbs. ; flint,
4 lbs.; borax, 3 lbs.; minium, 3 lbs. 8 oz.; carbonate of potash, 1lb.
"6 oz.; cyano-ferride of copper, 2 oz.; oxide of manganese, 2.oz.
"For a light lavender color :-Crystal, 8 lbs.; white enamel, 12 oz.;
"borax, 2 lbs. 8 oz.; minium, 2 lbs. 12 oz.; carbonate of potash, 1 lb.;
manganese in stone, 4 oz.; antimony, 2 oz.; oxide of zinc, 1 oz.
56
"For dark lilac:-Crystal, 12 lbs.%; white enamel, 8 oz.; oxide of
manganese, 8 oz.%; borax, 3 lbs.; minium, 3 lbs. 8 oz. ; carbonate of
potash, 1 lb. 8 oz.
"For red-To obtain a bright red, grind separately some London
rouge; and mix 1 oz. with 7 oz. of the lilac compound.
"To obtain a darker red, mix 1 oz. London rouge and 8 oz. of slate
"color composition; oz. green prepared composition.
66
"To obtain a chocolate color, mix 1 oz. London rouge; 8 oz. com-
position for lilac; oz. green composition; 2 oz. of the first basis.
"For green-Grind separately oxide of chromium, and also the
"first basis; then mix 1 oz. oxide of chromium; 7 oz. of the first basis;
Toz. of the red composition; add 2 oz. of first basis.

page_text: "For green olive:-Mix equal proportions of dark red and green,
and add to each two ounces eight ounces of slate composition.
"For blue-Take crystal, 12 lbs.; white enamel, 12 oz.; borax,
"3 lbs.; minium, 3 lbs. 8 oz.; carbonate of potash, 1 lb. 4 oz.; oxide of
"cobalt, 2 oz.
"For deeper blue:--Crystal, 10 lbs.; pozzolana, 2 lbs.; white
"enamel, 4 oz.; borax, 3 lbs. 4 oz.; minium, 3 lbs. 12 oz.; carbonate
"of potash, 1 lb.; oxide of cobalt, 3 oz.; oxide of iron, 2 oz.; binoxide
"of copper, oz.
"For black-Pozzolana, 8 lbs.; black enamel, 8 oz.; borax, 2 lbs.
"8 oz.; minium, 3 lbs. ; carbonate of potash, 1 lb. 4 oz.; black oxide of
" manganese, 1 oz. cobalt, oz.
"For a composition to resist salt water:-Take crystal, 8 lbs.; white
"cnamel, 4 oz.; borax, 2 lbs.; minium, 2 lbs. 8 oz.; chromate of
potash, 12 oz.; arsenic, 4 oz.; oxide of copper, 2 oz.
"The substances are ground to powder with turpentine and spread
"with copal varnish. A first coat of the base ground with water is
"applied; it is allowed to dry without being fired. A second coat of
"the color prepared with oil or fatty matter is applied and allowed to
"dry. The article is then baked, and to obtain a better glaze a coat
"of the colorless base may be applied over all, either before or after
"baking.
"In some cases the plumbago crucibles may be replaced by crucibles
"of clay made very thick and strong, as the carbonate of iron in the
Morgan crucibles affects some of the compositions, but experience
"will determine the use of the crucibles. After the compositions are
thoroughly fused the crucibles are lifted from the furnaces and the
"contents poured into iron pans, and when the compositions become
"solidified and cooled they are removed and pounded in mortars and
"afterwards levigated or triturated in any suitable machine for that
"
"
purpose, whereby the composition is reduced to an impalpable powder,
" and water being added during the process a liquid composition is
produced wherewith the articles are to be coated either by means of
"brushes, or by dipping, or other suitable means. The articles are then
"to be subjected to heat in an oven or muffle whereby the composition
" is restored to a glaze, but if desirable, before subjecting the articles
"to the action of the heat, the first coating may be allowed to dry

page_text: "and a second coating may be applied, or after the first glaze the
"articles may be recoated and reglazed. This is generally necessary
except with common articles, such as pipes or tubes.
66
"
"The apparatus and machinery consists of means of glazing the articles
and of conveying them to and withdrawing them from the oven.
"The oven consists of an outer casing or wall of stock brick bound
"with iron clamps and tie rods, the interior being lined with fire-bricks,
"between which and the oven a space is left for the circulation of
"the heat from the furnace; the oven is formed of Stourbridge or
"other refractory fire-clay, the form being an arch top and bottom.
"
66
66
Fig. 1 of the annexed Drawings represents a longitudinal section
"of the furnace; a represents the fire-place; b, b, a series of fire-
"bricks with spaces between each; c, c, are longitudinal divisions
conducting the fire and heat to the chimney shaft at d. Fig. 2
represents the furnace in horizontal section, two furnaces are here
"shown side by side; e is the passageway between the two, and d
"the arch on which the chimney shaft is set; frepresents the outer
"wall of stock bricks. Fig. 3 is a vertical section of the furnace and
oven; g is the oven and the space surrounding the same; c, c,
"
showing the longitudinal divisions. Fig. 4 is an end elevation
showing the furnace a and ash-pit i; k, k, show the positions of the
"iron stays or clamps held by tie rods passing through to corresponding
stays at the other end of the furnace, as shown in Fig. 2 at k, k;
"stays are also provided at the sides of the furnace as shown. Fig. 5
"shows a front view of the furnaces, arch, and shaft with iron doors 1, 1,
"and lowering apparatus m for the same, but a chain alone may be
"used passing over grooved pullies and weighted sufficiently to balance
"the iron doors. Fig. 6 shows a plan of part of the machinery for
delivering and withdrawing the articles from the oven shown in
Fig. 2; there is also a corresponding machine for each oven.
a, a, is
"a tram or rail way passing into the oven and extending a sufficient
"distance in front for placing the articles on a carrier b,
"carrier has flanged wheels as shown; the rails are set in masonry
"flush with the ground line; c, c, are arms attached to the front
"of the carrier containing the pulley d, round which an endless chain
passes extending to the driving pullies d, d, actuated by the driving
" shaft e and the gearing wheels f. f. The driving pullies d, d, are
respectively put in motion by a handle which actuates a sliding clutch
"
"
66
; the

page_text: "and thus reverses the motion of the pullies as required either for
"delivering to or withdrawing the carrier and its freight from the oven.
"A steam or other engine is employed for working the machinery and
also for reducing the materials to an impalpable powder as before
"described. By employing two or more furnaces, lines of rails and
carriers, the process of coating is materially expedited, for while one
"furnace is charged the contents of the others can be withdrawn.
"Where the goods to be treated are of large dimensions the carrier
"should have a treble line of wheels, the tram having three lines of
"rails; in such cases the floor of the furnace should consist of a double
"arch, the centre rail resting on the dividing wall of the arches, so
as to obtain the requisite strength without elevating the level of
"the floor, which would be necessary if only one arch were used; the
"fires and flues are arranged to suit such double or divided furnaces.
CE
"
Having thus described the nature of my Invention, and in what
"manner the same is to be performed, I wish it to be understood that
"I am aware that furnaces, ovens, or muffles have already been
"employed for heating, annealing, and other purposes in which the
gaseous products of combustion have been caused to pass through
"flues surrounding the furnace so as to heat the same without coming
"in contact with the goods contained therein, and I therefore in no
દ way claim this, nor do I claim the employment of trucks or waggons
"for conveying the goods into and out of the furnaces; but what I
"claim is,-
"First. The use of a base or compound composed of crystal or glass,
"opal glass, borax, minium, and carbonate of potash, in the proportions
"herein-before set forth with or without the admixture of coloring
"ingredients for the purpose of protecting or preserving metals or
"metallic articles.
"
Secondly. The use of the several compounds herein-before set forth
"for imparting to the aforesaid base any desired color when mixed
"therewith and subjected to the action of heat.
"In witness whereof, I, the said Baroness Camille de Lavenant,
"have hereunto set my hand and seal, this Thirtieth day of
September, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred
"and sixty-eight."
CAMILLE DE LAVENANT. (L.S.)

page_text: To the Commissioners of Patents for Inventions.
I hereby grant my fiat giving leave to the above-named Camille de
Lavenant to file in the Great Seal Patent Office, with the Specifica-
tion to which the same relates, the above-written Disclaimer and
Memorandum of Alteration.
Lincoln's Inn,
RICHARD BAGGALLAY,
31st October 1868.
Solicitor-General.

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Baroness Camille de Lavenant, of Brixton Road,
in the County of Surrey, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN COATING
METALS AND METALLIC ARTICLES FOR THE PURPOSE OF PROTECTING OR
PRESERVING THE SAME FROM OXIDATION AND DECAY, ALSO IN THE MATERIALS;
MACHINERY, AND APPARATUS TO BE EMPLOYED THEREIN."
Sealed the 19th May 1868, and dated the 20th November 1867.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Baroness Camille de
Lavenant at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with her
Petition, on the 20th November 1867.
I, Baroness CAMILLE DE LAVENANT, of Brixton Road, in the County of
Surrey, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN COATING METALS AND METALLIC ARTICLES FOR THE PURPOSE OF PROTECTING
OR PRESERVING THE SAME FROM OXIDATION AND DECAY, ALSO IN THE MATERIALS,
MACHINERY, AND APPARATUS TO BE EMPLOYED THERRIN," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to certain improvements in coating or covering
metals and metallic articles with a composition or compositions of a vitreous
nature, for the purpose of preserving or protecting them from oxidation and

page_text: decay, and also in the machinery and apparatus whereby such coating is
effected; the Invention being an improvement on a former Patent the subject
of a communication from me to. Richard Archibald Brooman, dated 2 July
1868, No. 1646.
As a basis or neutral tint of the composition to be employed I take of
crystal (metal), 12 lbs. ; white enamel, 8 oz.; borax, 3 lbs. ; minium, 8 lbs.
8 oz. carbonate of potash, 1 lb. 8. oz.; total 20 lbs. 8 oz. The weight of
the compositions is to be calculated on the size of the crucible, allowing
2 inches in depth from the surface of the composition to the top of the
crucible.
Another base consists of crystal, 8 lbs.; white enamel, 4 oz.; borax, 2 lbs. ;
minium, 2 lbs. 8 oz.; carbonate of potash, 1 lb.; total, 18. lbs. 12 oz.
For dark compositions:-Pozzolana, 4 lbs.; crystal, 8 lbs; borax, 3 lbs. ;
minium, 3 lbs. 8 oz.; carbonate of potash, 1 lb. 4 oz.; total, 19 lbs. 12 oz.
For darker composition with blue tint-Crystal, 8 lbs.; pozzolana,
4 lbs.; borax, 8 lbs.; minium, 3 lbs. 8 oz.; carbonate of potash, 1 lb. 4 oz.;
oxide of cobalt, oz.; oxide of iron, 2 oz.
For dark composition with violet tint:-Crystal, 8 lbs. ; pozzolana, 4 lbs. ;
borax, 3 lbs.; minium, 8 lbs. 8.oz.; carbonate of potash, 1 lb. 8 oz.. oxide
of manganese, 2 oz.; oxide of antamony, 2 oz.
For slate color:-Crystal, 10 lbs. ; white enamel, 4 oz ; borax, 2 lbs. 8 oz.;
minium, 2 lbs. 12 oz.; carbonate of potash, 1 lb. 2 oz.; silicate of iron, 12 oz. ;
oxide of manganese, 4 oz. ; oxide of zinc, 2 oz.
For hard composition of a whitish tint :-Crystal, 8 lbs. ; white enamel 4 oz. ;
powdered flint, 4 oz.; borax, 8 lbs.; minium, 8 lbs. 4 oz.; carbonate of
potash 1lb. Before complete melting add in crucible mixed, 8 oz. borax ;
8 oz. minium 4 oz. carbonate of potash.
For hard dark composition:-Crystal, 8 lbs. ; pozzolana, 4 lbs.; flint, 4 lbs. ;
borax, 8 lbs. ; minium, 3 lbs. 8 oz.; carbonate of potash, 1 lb. 6 oz.; eyano-
ferrure of copper, 2 oz.; oxide of manganese, 2 oz.
For a light lavender color:-Crystal 8 lbs.; white enamel, 12 oz.; borax,
2 lbs. 8 oz.; minium, 2 lbs. 12 oz.; carbonate of potash, 1 lb. ; manganese
in stone, 4 oz.; antimony, 2 oz.; oxide of zinc, 1 oz.
For dark lilae-Crystal, 12 lbs. ; white enamel 8 oz.; oxide of man-
ganese, 8 oz.; borax, 3 lbs.; minium, 3 lbs. 8 oz.; carbonate of potash,
1 lb. 8 oz.
For red To obtain a bright red, grind separately, some London rouge,
grind separately some composition for dark lilac, then mix and grind. them
in the proportion of 1 oz. London rouge and 7 oz of the lilac compound.

page_text: To obtain a darker red, mix 1 oz. London rouge; and 8 oz. of slate color
composition; oz. grcen prepared composition.
To obtain a chocolate color, mix I oz. London rouge; 8 oz. composition for
lilac; oz. green composition; 2 oz. of the first basis.
For green-Grind separately oxide of chromium, and also
then mix 1 oz. oxide of ehromium; 7 oz. of the first basis; 1
composition; add 2 oz. of first basis.
the first basis,
oz. of the red
For green olive-Mix equal proportions of dark red and green, and add
to each two ounces; eight ounces of slate composition.
:
For blue-Take crystal, 12 lbs. ; white enamel, 12 oz.; borax, 3 lbs. ;
minium, 3 lbs. 8 oz.; carbonate of potash, 1 lb. 4 oz. ; oxide of cobalt, 2 oz.
For deeper blue:-Crystal, 10 lbs.; pozzolana, 2 lbs. ; white enamel, 4 oz.;
borax, 3 lbs. 4 oz.; minium, 3 lbs. 12 oz.; carbonate of potash, 1 lb.; oxide
of cobalt, 8 oz.; oxide of iron, 2 oz.; binoxide of copper, oz.
For black-Pozzolana, 8 lbs.; black enamel, & oz.; borax, 2 lbs. 8 oz.;
minium, 3 lbs.; carbonate of potash, 1 lb. 4 oz.; black oxide of manganese,
1 oz.; cobalt,
oz.
For a composition to resist salt water:-Take crystal, 8 lbs. ; white enamel,
4 oz.; borax, 2 lbs:; minium, 2 lbs. 8 oz.; chromate of potash, 12 oz.;
arsenic, 4 oz.; oxide of copper, 2 oz.
Plumbago crucibles may be employed for melting the compositions, or clay
crucibles may be used made very thick and strong, as the carbonate of iron in
the Morgan crucibles affects some of the compositions, but experenience will
determine the use of the crucibles.
After the compositions are thorougbly fused the crucibles are lifted from
the furnaces and the contents poured into iron pans; and when the compo-
sitions become solidified and cooled they are removed and pounded in mortars
and afterwards levigated or triturated in any suitable machine for that purpose,
whereby the composition is reduced to an impalpable powder, and water being
added during, the process a liquid composition is produced wherewith the
articles are to be coated either by means of brushes, or by dipping, or other
suitable means. The articles are then to be subjected to heat in. an oven or
muffle, whereby the composition is restored to a glaze; but if desirable, before
subjecting the articles to the action of heat, the first coating may be
allowed to dry and a second coating may be applied, or after the first glaze the
articles may be re-coated and re-glazed. This is generally neccessary; except
with common articles such as pipes or tubes.
The apparatus and machinery consists of means of glazing the articles,
ind of conveying them to and withdrawing them from the oven.
The oven

page_text: consists of an outer casing or wall of stock brick, bound with iron clamps and
tie rods, the interior being lined with fire-bricks, between which and the oven
a-space is left for the circulation of the heat from the, furnace; the oven is
formed of Stourbridge or other refractory fire-olay, the form being an arch top
and bottoin.
Fig. 1 of the annexed Drawings represents a longitudinal section of the
furnace.
a represents the fire place; b, b, a series of fire bricks with spaces between
each; c, c, are longitudinal divisions conducting the fire and heat to the
chimney shaft at d.
Fig: 2 represents the furnace in horizontal section; two furnaces are here
shewn side by side; is the passage way between the two; and d the arch on
which the chimney shaft is set ; f represents the outer wall of stock brioks.
Fig. 3 is a vertical section of the furnace and oven; g is the oven; and
h the space surrounding the same; c, c, shewing the longitudinal divisions.
Fig. 4 is an end elevation shewing the furnace a and ash-pit i; k, k, shew
the positions of the iron stays or clamps held by tie rods passing through to
corresponding, stays at the other end of the furnace as shewn in Fig. 2 at k, k,
stays are also provided at the sides of the furnace as shewn. The front of the
furnace is provided with iron doors and lifting and lowering apparatus for
the same; a chain may be used passing over grooved pullies and weighted
sufficiently to balance the iron doors. The goods are delivered to and with-
drawn from the oven by means of a tram or railway passing into the oven and
extending a sufficient distance in front for a travelling carrier to be placed
thereon; the carrier is provided with flanged wheels the rails being set in
masonry on the ground line. The carrier is worked by an endless chain
driving pullies and shaft and suitable gearing wheels with sliding chuck,
whereby the motion of the carrier may be reversed in order to cause the
delivery or withdrawal of the goods. Motion is afforded to the carrier by
means of a steam engine which also works the machinery for reducing the
compositions to an impalpable powder,
.
By employing two or more furnaces the process of coating is materially
expedited, for while one furnace is charged the contents of the others can be
withdrawn.
Where the goods to be treated are of large dimensions the carrier should
have a treble line of wheels, the tram having three lines of rails, in such cas
the floor of the furnace should consist of a double arch, the centre rail resting
on the dividing wall of the arches so as to obtain the requisite strength withou
elevating the level of the floor which would be necessary if only one arc

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed.
by the said Baroness Camille de Lavenant in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 20th May 1868.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, Baroness
CAMILLE DE LAVENANT, of Brixton Road, in the County of Surrey, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twentieth day of November, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, in the thirty-first year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said Baroness Camille de Lavenant, Her special licence that I, the said
Baroness Camille de Lavenant, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or
such others as I, the said Baroness Camille de Lavenant, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others,
from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man,
an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN COATING METALS AND METALLIC ARTICLES
FOR THE PURPOSE OF PROTECTING OR PRESERVING THE SAME FROM OXIDATION AND
DECAY, ALSO IN THE MATERIALS, MACHINERY, AND APPARATUS TO BE EMPLOYED
THEREIN," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Baroness Camille
de Lavenant, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing
under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe
and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the
said Letters Patent.
:
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Baroness Camille de Lavenant, do
hereby declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the
same is to be performed to be particularly described and ascertained in and by
the following statement:-
This Invention relates to certain improvements in coating or covering metals
and metallic articles with a composition or compositions of a vitreons nature
for the purpose of preserving or protecting them from óxidation and decay
and also in the machinery and apparatus whereby such conting is effected, the

page_text: Invention being an improvement on a former Patent dated July 2nd, 1863,
No. 1646.
As a base for the composition I take of crystal or glass, lbs. 6 oz. 8; opal
glass, lbs. 2 oz. 5; borax, lbs. 1 oz. 8; carbonate of potash, oz. 12; which
quantity is sufficient for fusing in a Morgan crucible, No. 20. Or the pro-
portions may consist of crystal, lbs. 2 oz. 4; opal, oz. 12; borax, oz. 10; minium,
oz. 10; carbonate of potash, oz. 8.
For a blue color in a No. 20 Morgan crucible :-Crystal, lbs. 6 oz. 8.; opal,
lbs. 2 oz. 8; borax, lbs. 2; minium, lb. 1 oz. 12; carbonate of potash, oz. 12;
oxyde of cobalt, oz. ; oxyde of zinc, oz. 2; oxyde of iron, oz. 8.
For a deep blue:-I mix with the above when fused and pounded for
remelting, borax, lbs. 2 oz. 8; minium, lb. 1 oz. 12; carbonate of potash, lb. 1;
oxyde of cobalt, oz. ; oxyde of zinc, oz. 4; oxyde of manganese, oz. 4.
opal, lbs. 2;
borax, lbs. 2;
oxyde of zinc,
oz. 2; oxyde of
For dark slate color-Crystal, lbs. 6 oz. 8; opal, lbs. 2 oz. 5; borax,
lbs. 2; minium, lb. 1 oz. 10; carbonate of potash, oz. 12; silicate of iron,
Ib. 1; oxyde of manganese, oz. 4; oxyde of zinc, oz. 2.
For a darker slate color :-Crystal, lbs. 7;
minium, oz. 12; carbonate of potash, oz. 12;
manganese, oz. 2; oxyde of cobalt, oz..
For dark green.-Crystal, lbs. 6 oz. 10; opal, lbs. 2; borax, lbs. 2;
minium, lb. 1 oz. 12; carbonate of potash, lb. 1; binoxyde of copper, oz. 4;
oxyde of chromium, oz. 12. If this composition should not turn out of the
crucible (when fused) of a satisfactory nature, it should be pounded and there
should be added, borax, lb. 1 oz. 12; minium, lbs. 1 oz. 8; carbonate of
potash, oz. 14; oxyde of zinc, oz. 4; oxyde of manganese, oz. 6; oxyde of
chromium, oz. 4.
Another composition for the same color consists of crystal, lbs. 7; opal,
lbs. 2; borax, lb. 1 oz. 8; minium, oz. 12; carbonate of potash, oz. 12;
oxyde chromium, oz. 8; cyanno-ferrure of copper, oz. 2. When about half
fused add manganese, oz. 2, and borax, oz. 8.
For jet black-Crystal, lbs. 7; opal, lbs. 1 oz. 12; borax, lbs. 2; carbonate,
of potash, lbs. 1; minium, lb. 1 ; oxyde of antimony, oz. 4; oxyde of cobalt, oz. g.
In order to obtain all possible shades the same result is attained by the
means hereafter explained. The substances are ground to powder with
turpentine and spread with copal varnish. A first coat of the base ground
with water is applied, it is allowed to dry without being fired. A second coat
of the color prepared with oil or fatty matter is applied and allowed to dry.
The article is then baked, and to obtain a better glaze a coat of the colorless
base may be applied over all either before or after baking.

page_text: In some cases the plumbago crucibles may be replaced by crucibles of clay
made very thick and strong, as the carbonate of iron in the Morgan crucibles
affects some of the compositions, but experience will determine the use of
the crucibles. After the compositions are thoroughly fused, the crucibles
are lifted from the furnaces and the contents poured into iron
pans; and
when the compositions become solidified and cooled they are removed and
pounded in mortars and afterwards levigated or triturated in any suitable
machine for that purpose, whereby the composition is reduced to an impalpable
powder, and water being added during the process a liquid composition is
produced wherewith the articles are to be coated either by means of brushes, or
by dipping, or other suitable means. The articles are then to be subjected to
heat in an oven or muffle, whereby the composition is restored to a glaze, but
if desirable, before subjecting the articles to the action of the heat, the first
coating may be allowed to dry and a second coating may be applied, or after
the first glaze the articles may be recoated and reglazed. This is generally
necessary except with common articles such as pipes or tubes. The apparatus
and machinery consists of means of glazing the articles and of conveying them
to and withdrawing them from the oven.
The oven consists of an outer casing or wall of stock brick bound with iron
clamps and tie rods the interior being lined with fire bricks, between which and
the oven a space is left for the circulation of the heat from the furnace; the oven
is formed of Stourbridge or other refractory fire clay, the form being an arch
top and bottom.
Fig. 1 of the annexed Drawings represents a longitudinal section of the
furnace.
a represents the fire-place; b, b, a series of fire-bricks with spaces
between each; c, c, are longitudinal divisions conducting the fire and heat to
the chimney shaft at d; Fig. 2 represents the furnace in horizontal section;
two furnaces are here shewn side by side; is the passageway between the
two, and d the arch on which the chimney shaft is set; f represents the
outer wall of stock bricks; Fig. 3 is a vertical section of the furnace and
oven; 9 is the oven, and h the space surrounding the same; c, c, shewing
the longitudinal divisions; Fig. 4 is an end elevation shewing the furnace a
and ash-pit i; k, k, shew the positions of the iron stays or clamps held by
tie rods passing through to corresponding stays at the other end of the
furnace, as shewn in Fig. 2 at k, k; stays are also provided at the sides of
the furnace as shewn; Fig. 5 shews a front view of the furnaces, arch, and
shaft with iron doors 1, 1, and lowering apparatus m for the same, but a chain
alone may be used passing over grooved pullies and weighted sufficiently to

page_text: balance the iron doors; Fig. 6 shews a plan of part of the machinery for
delivering and withdrawing the articles from the oven, shewn in Fig. 2;
there is also a corresponding machine for each oven; a, a, is a tram or
railway passing into the oven and extending a sufficient distance in front for
placing the articles on a carrier b, 6; the carrier has flanged wheels as shewn.
The rails are set in masonry flush with the ground line; c, c, are arms
attached to the front of the carrier containing the pulley d, round which an
endless chain passes extending to the driving pullies d, d, actuated by the
driving shaft and the gearing wheels f, f. The driving pullies d, d, are
respectively put in motion by a handle which actuates a sliding catch, and
thus reverses the motion of the pullies as required, either for delivering to or
A steam or other
withdrawing the carrier and its freight from the oven.
engine is employed for working the machinery and also for reducing the
materials to an impalpable powder as before described. By employing two
or more furnaces, lines of rails and carriers, the process of coating is materially
expedited, for while one furnace is charged the contents of the others can be
withdrawn. Where the goods to be treated are of large dimensions the
carrier should have a treble line of wheels, the tram having three lines of
rails; in such cases the floor of the furnace should consist of a double arch,
the centre rail resting on the dividing wall of the arches, so as to obtain the
requisite strength without elevating the level of the floor, which would be
necessary if only one arch were used, the fires and flues are arranged to suit
such double or divided furnaces.
I proceed to describe further some of the compositions which may be used.
As a basis or neutral tint of the composition I take of crystal (metal)
12 lbs.; white enamel, 8 oz.; borax, 3 lbs. ; minium, 3 lbs. 8 oz.; carbonate
of potash, 1 lb. 8 oz.; total, 20 lbs. 8 oz. The weight of the compositions is
to be calculated on the size of the crucible, allowing 2 inches in depth from
the surface of the composition to the top of the crucible.
Another base consists of crystal, 8 lbs.; white enamel, 4 oz.; borax, 2 lbs. ;
minium, 2 lbs. 8 oz.; carbonate of potash, 1 lbs. ; total, 18 lbs. 12 oz.
For dark compositions:-Pozzolana, 4 lbs. ; crystal, 8 lbs. ; borax, 3 lbs. ;
minium, 8 lbs. 8 oz.; carbonate of potash, 1 lb. 4 oz.; total, 19 lbs. 12 oz.
For darker composition with blue tint:-Crystal, 8 lbs.; pozzolana, 4 lbs. ;
oxide
borax, 3 lbs.; minium, 3 lbs. 8 oz.; carbonate of potash, 1 lb. 4 oz. ;
of cobalt, oz.; oxide of iron, 2 oz.
oxide
For dark composition with violet tint:-Crystal, 8 lbs.; pozzolana, 4 lbs. ;
borax, 3 lbs.; minium, 3 lbs. 8 oz.; carbonate of potash, 1 lb. 8 oz.;
of manganese, 2 oz.; oxide of antimony, 2 oz.

page_text: For slate color: -Crystal, 10 lbs.; white enamel, 4 oz.; borax, 2 lbs. 8 oz.;
minium, 2 lbs. 12 oz.; carbonate of potash, 1 lb. 2 oz.; silicate of iron, 12 oz. ;
oxide of manganese, 4 oz.; oxide of zinc, 2 oz.
For hard composition of a whitish tint-Crystal, 8 lbs.; white enamel,
4 oz.; powdered flint, 4 oz.; borax, 3 lbs. ; minium, 3 lbs. 4 oz.; carbonate
of potasb, 1 lbs. Before complete melting add in crucible mixed 8 oz. borax ;
8 oz. minium; 4 oz. carbonate of potash.
For hard dark composition:-Crystal, 8 lbs.; pozzolana, 4 lbs. ; flint, 4 lbs;
borax, 3 lbs.; minium, 3 lbs. 8 oz.; carbonate of potash, 1 lb. 6 oz.; cyanno-
ferrure of copper, 2 oz.; oxide of manganese 2 oz.
For a light lavender color:-Crystal, 8 lbs. ; white enamel, 12 oz; bornx,
2 lbs. 8 oz.; minium, 2 lbs. 12 oz.; carbonate of potash, 1 lb; manganese in
stone, 4 oz.; antimony, 2 oz.; oxide of zinc, 1 oz.]
For dark lilac-Crystal, 12 lbs.; white enamel, 8 oz.; oxide of manganese,
8 oz; borax, 3 lbs. ; minium, 3 lbs. 8 oz..; carbonate of potash, 1 lb. 8 oz.
For red To obtain a bright red, grind separately some London rouge; and
7 oz. of the lilac compound.
To obtain a darker red, mix 1 oz. London rouge and 8 oz. of slate color
composition; oz. green prepared composition.
To obtain a chocolate color mix, 1 oz. London rouge; 8 oz. composition for
lilac; oz. green composition; 2 oz. of the first basis.
For green-Grind separately oxide of chromium, and also the first basis,
then mix 1 oz. oxide of chromium; 7 oz. of the first basis; 1 oz. of the
red composition; add 2 oz. of first basis.
For green olive-Mix equal proportions of dark red and green, and add to
each two ounces, eight ounces of slate composition.
For blue-Take crystal 12 lbs.%; white enamel 12 cz.; borax 3 lbs. ;
minium 8 lbs. 8 oz.; carbonate of potash 1 lb. 4 oz.; oxide of cobalt 2 oz.
For deeper blue-Crystal, 10 lbs; pozzolana, 2 lbs. ; white enamel, 4 oz. ;
borax, 3 lbs. 4 oz.; minium, 3 lbs. 12 oz.; carbonate of potash, 1 lbs.; oxide
of cobalt, 3 oz.; oxide of iron, 2 oz.; binoxide of copper, oz.
For black Pozzolana, 8 lbs. ; black enamel, 8 oz.; borax, 2 lbs. 8 oz.;
minium, 8 lbs.; carbonate of potash, 1 lbs. 4 ozs.; black oxide of manganese,
1 oz. ; cobalt, oz.
For a composition to resist salt water:-Take crystal, 8 lbs. ; white enamel,
4 oz.; borax, 2 lbs; minium, 2 lbs. 8 oz.; chromate of potash, 12 oz.;
arsenic, 4 oz.; oxide of copper, 2 oz.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, I wish it to be understood that I am aware

page_text: that furnaces, ovens, or muffles, have already been employed for heating,
annealing, and other purposes in which the gaseous products of combus-
tion have been caused to pass through flues surrounding the furnace so
as to heat the same without coming in contact with the goods contained
therein; and I therefore in no way claim this generally; nor do I claim
generally the employment of trucks or waggons for conveying the goods into
and out of the furnaces; but what I claim is,-
First. The use of a base or compound composed of crystal or glass, opal
glass, borax, minium, and carbonate of potash, in the proportions herein-
before set forth, with or without the admixture of coloring ingredients, for
the purpose of protecting or preserving metals or metallic articles.
Secondly. The use of the several compounds herein-before set forth for
imparting to the aforesaid base any desired color, when mixed therewith and
subjected to the action of heat.
Thirdly. The peculiar arrangement of furnace, oven, or muffle for glazing,
melting, or burning the composition applied to the surface of the metal or
other object herein-before described with reference to the accompanying
Drawings.
Fourthly. The arrangement of waggons or carriers on rails, and machinery
for working the same, for conveying the articles to be operated on, into, and
out of the furnace, all substantially as herein specified.
In witness whereof, I, the said Baroness Camille de Lavenant, have
hereunto set my hand and seal, this Nineteenth day of May, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight.
CAMILLE DE LAVENANT. (L.S.)
Witness,
ALEX. PRINCE,
Office for Patents,
4, Trafalgar Square,
Charing Cross.