IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF ORGANS AND OTHER WIND INSTRUMENTS, PARTS OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE ALSO APPLICABLE FOR REGULATING THE PRESSURE AND FLOW OF GAS AND AIR.
Year: 1862

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Edward Newton, of the Office for Patents,
66, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, for the
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF ORGANS AND OTHER
WIND INSTRUMENTS, PARTS OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE ALSO APPLICABLE
FOR REGULATING THE PRESSURE AND FLOW OF GAS AND AIR.-A communi-
cation from abroad by Aristide Cavaillé Coll, of Rue St. Sebastien, Paris,
in the Empire of France.
Sealed the 2nd December 1862, and dated the 5th June 1862.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Edward Newton
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
5th June 1862.
I, WILLIAM EDWARD NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery Lane,
in the County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of
the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTIONS OF ORGANS AND
OTHER WIND INSTRUMENTS, PARTS OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE ALSO APPLICABLE
FOR REGULATING THE PRESSURE AND FLOW OF GAS AND AIR," to be as follows:-
This Invention of improvements in the construction of organs relates, in
the first place, to a novel construction or arrangement of parts, whereby the
pressure of the air in the different parts of the instrument may be regulated;
and, second, to a novel or improved construction of single or double-action
pneumatic motor applied to the keyboard or action of the instrument for the

page_text: purpose of reducing the power required to be exerted by the player to produce
the notes.
In carrying out the first improvenient the compressed air is admitted to
the first compartment, from which it passes through an opening regulated by
a valve to a flexible chamber, which I will call the recipient. From this
chamber it passes through a suitable opening to another chamber, and from
thence to the organ pipes. The stem of the valve, which regulates the exit
of air from the first chamber into the recipient or flexible chamber, is secured
to the moveable lid of the latter, and consequently when the flexible chamber
is inflated by any undue pressure of air it will wholly or partially close the
valve. An adjustable weight is adapted to the moveable lid of this chamber
for the purpose of regulating the pressure. It is sometimes found convenient
to adapt to the receiving chamber an adjusting or regulating apparatus, which
I call the corrector. This consists simply of a curved tube, which conducts
the air direct from the first compartment to the last without allowing the
whole volume to enter and be dispersed in the receiving chamber. A small
opening is, however, made in the curved conducting tube, in order to allow
the pressure to be equalized by the flexible chamber; by this means sudden
fluctuations of pressure will be prevented. It will be evident that apparatus
constructed on the principles above set forth may be adapted to the exit pipe
of a gas meter or to an ordinary supply pipe, for the purpose of regulating the
pressure. It may also be adapted for maintaining a constant and regular
blast of air for various purposes. An apparatus of this kind may be with
advantage applied to acoustic apparatus, and for testing the vibrations of
sound, for which purpose it will be found convenient to have a combination
of several receiving chambers, which may be differently weighted in order to
produce different effects or results.
The next part of the Invention relates to a single or double-action
pneumatic motor. The air is admitted to a chamber provided with two or
• more valves on one stem, according to whether the apparatus is intended to
be single action or double action, and it passes from thence to one or more
flexible chambers through suitable openings. These chambers are provided
with flexible sides. When constructed as a double-action apparatus the lids
or covers of the flexible chambers are (by means of an arrangement of levers,
which are connected with one or other of the lids,) always maintained and
made to rise and fall in a parallel direction. The two lids are connected by
leather or other straps, so that they may always work in unison. In a single-
action apparatus the flexible chambers may be placed one below the other to
-economize space. The position and arrangement, and in some respects the

page_text: construction of the various parts must in a great measure depend upon the
arrangement of the working parts of the organ, and which arrangement
differs widely in different instruments, inasmuch as the builder must conform
to circumstances.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said William Edward Newton in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 5th December 1862.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
EDWARD NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery Lane, in the County
of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Fifth day of June, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, in the twenty-fifth year of Her reign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
William Edward Newton, Her special license that I, the said William Edward
Newton, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the
said William Edward Newton, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all
times thereafter during the term therein expressed,. should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and yend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IM-
PROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF ORGANS AND OTHER WIND INSTRUMENTS,
PARTS OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE ALSO APPLICABLE FOR REGULATING THE PRES-
SURE AND FLOW OF GAS AND AIR," being a communication from abroad, upon
the condition (amongst others) that I, the said William Edward Newton, by
an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, should particularly describe
and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the
said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said William Edward Newton, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement, reference being had to the Drawings hereunto annexed,
and to the letters and figures marked thereon (that is to say) :-
This Invention of improvements in the construction of organs relates, in the

page_text: first place, to a novel construction or arrangement of parts, whereby the
pressure of the air in the different parts of the instrument may be regulated;
and second, to a novel or improved construction of single or double action
pneumatic motor applied to the key board or action of the instrument, for the
purpose of reducing the power required to be exerted by the player to produce
the notes.
In carrying out the first improvement, the compressed air is
admitted to the first compartment, from which it passes through an opening,
regulated by a valve, to a flexible chamber, which I will call the recipient.
From this chamber it passes through a suitable opening to another chamber,
and from thence to the organ pipes. The stem of the valve, which regulates
the exit of air from the first chamber into the recipient or flexible chamber, is
secured to the moveable lid of the latter, and consequently, when the flexible
chamber is inflated by any undue pressure of air, it will wholly or partially
close the valve. An adjustable weight is adapted to the moveable lid of this
chamber for the purpose of regulating the pressure. It is sometimes found
convenient to adapt to the receiving chamber an adjusting or regulating
apparatus, which I call the corrector. This consists simply of a curved tube,
which conducts the air direct from the first compartment to the last, without
allowing the whole volume to enter and be dispersed in the receiving chamber.
A small opening is, however, made in the curved conducting tube, in order to
allow the pressure to be equalized by the flexible chamber. By this means
sudden fluctuations of pressure will be prevented. It will be evident that
apparatus constructed on the principles above set forth, may be adapted to the
exit pipe of a gas meter, or to an ordinary supply pipe, for the purpose of
regulating the pressure. It may also be adapted for maintaining a constant
and regular blast of air for various purposes. An apparatus of this kind may
be with advantage applied to acoustic apparatus, and for testing the vibrations
of sound, for which purpose it will be found convenient to have a combination
of several receiving chambers, which may be differently weighted, in order to
produce different effects or results.
The next part of the Invention relates to a single or double action
pneumatic motor. The air is admitted to a chamber, provided with two or
more valves on one stem, according to whether the apparatus is intended
to be single action or double action, and it passes from thence to one or more
flexible chambers through suitable openings. These chambers are provided
with flexible sides. When constructed as a double-action apparatus the lids
or covers of the flexible chambers are, by means of an arrangement of levers,
which are connected with one or other of the lids, always maintained and
made to rise and fall in a parallel direction. The two lids are connected by

page_text: leather or other straps so that they may always work in unison. In a single-
action apparatus the flexible chambers may be placed one below the other to
economize space. The position and arrangement, and in some respects the
construction of the various parts, must, in a great measure depend upon the
arrangement of the working parts of the organ, and which arrangement differs
widely in different instruments, inasmuch as the builder must conform to
circumstances.
In Sheet I. of the accompanying Drawings, Figs. 1, 2, and 3 represent
in longitudinal section, plan, and transverse section, the most simple form of
regulator, according to the first head of this Invention.
This regulator
consists of a small receiver in the form of angular-shaped bellows, mounted
upon a box, divided into two compartments A and B (Fig. 1), and provided
with a regulating valve C, the stem of which is mounted on the moveable
part of the bellows at the point D. The air or gas first enters the compart-
ment A, through the orifice F or F', and cannot enter the compartment B,
so as to pass through the exit aperture G or G¹, until it has passed into the
regulator E above, through the opening of the regulator valve C. When the
regulator is in a state of rest, the valves C will allow the air or gas to pass
without obstacle into the receiver E; but as soon as the expansive force of
the air or gas inflates the receiver, the upper leaf being thereby raised, will
close the regulating valve C. On air or gas being drawn from the exit
apertures G or G¹, that portion of air contained in the receiver will have a
tendency to escape, and the regulating valve C will be thereby opened,
allowing sufficient air to pass into the receiver to supply the deficiency. It
is unnecessary to remark that the pressure of the air or gas in passing through
this receiver will be adjusted to and depend upon the pressure given to the
regulator. It may, however, be observed, that the initial pressure of the air
on entering the regulator should always be somewhat greater than that
required on escaping.
This apparatus is constructed of wood, the sides of the bellows or collapsible
receiver, being furnished all round with kid, lined with gold beater's skin, and
the whole coated with varnish to stop up the pores of the skin, and prevent
the escape of the air or gas; or sheets of vulcanized india-rubber might be
employed for forming the collapsible parts of the regulator, and the rigid
portions of the apparatus might be made of metal instead of wood. The
regulating valve C is of a lonticular form, and is covered with leather and
gold beater's skin, in order to form an air or gas-tight joint. The stem of the
valve may
either be attached to the moveable leaf of the bellows at D, by
means of a pin, as at Fig. 1, or it may be attached thereto by means of two

page_text: screw nuts, one inside and the other outside, as shewn at Figs. 4 and 5, by
which means the extent to which the regulator may be opened can be adjusted
at pleasure. On the top of the regulator is adapted an adjustable weight H,
(Fig. 1), which may, by means of guides (in which it is moveable), be placed
at any point between I and K, according to the degree of pressure desired to
be obtained. This small regulator is well adapted for chamber experiments,
the adjustable weight H allowing of the pressure being graduated in a
continuous manner from zero up to the initial pressure.
Fig. 4 represents in longitudinal section this regulator, with an improvement
adapted thereto. This improvement consists in the application of a correct-
ing apparatus to the interior of the regulator, and which allows of the same
pressure being maintained at the escape whatever may be the quantity
escaping. This correcting apparatus consists of a bent tube communicating
between the induction and eduction apertures. This bent tube conducts the
fluid current without its meeting with any obstacle, and allows it to flow out
without loss of pressure. A small orifice at O made in one end of the
corrector tube serves to communicate the changes of pressure to the corrector
receiver. This improvement gives to the regulator the necessary precision.
and renders it very suitable for careful experiments.
Figs. 5 and 6 represent a rectangular regulator containing with equal
dimensions a compressing surface double that of the first one. This regulator
works very well where there is little difference in the degree of pressure, but
if it be required to pass from a high initial pressure to a very low eduction
pressure, the regulating valve must be arranged as represented at Figs. 7,
8, and 9 for horizontal regulators.
Figs. 7 and 8 represent a large surface horizontal regulator in section
and plan. The regulator valve S (Fig. 7) is constructed with leather hinges
at the point O, and it is opened by means of a knee joint a, b, c, connected
with the valve S by means of the link T. The valve opening is regulated by
the movement of the collapsible or compressing leaf of the chamber of the
regulating receiver, and in a progressive manner, which is an essential cou-
dition of the working. The air or gas enters the regulator at the compart-
ment A and makes its exit through the compartment B. The plan view of
the apparatus shewn at Fig. 8 and the section at Fig. 7, which have just
been described, represent all the details of its construction.
Figs. 9 and 10 represent another form of horizontal regulator with a
different arrangement of regulating valve S adapted thereto. In this arrange-
ment the fluid enters at A and the regulating valve opens in the same
direction as that of the current of air or gas. The valve will by means of

page_text: the jointed lever a, b, c, be caused to work slowly and without shock. This
regulator is very regular in its operation, and whatever may be the outward
flow the pressure is maintained perfectly equal, which is important especially in.
its application to organ pipes for regulating the pressure of the air.
Figs. 11, 12, 13 and 14 represent one of the applications to a gas meter
of the horizontal regulator above described and shewn in Figs. 7 and 8..
This regulator, which is placed above the box containing the gas meter,.
occupies, as will be seen, very little space, and produces the best result both on
the score of economy as regards consumption of gas and regularity in the
supply of gas for illumination. The small angular or bellows-shaped apparatus
with the adjustable weight, is as above mentioned peculiarly suitable for
private experiments where precision is required, as this weight enables the
pressure of the air or gases to be regulated in a continuous manner from zero
up to the initial pressure; it is also by reason of its small size very portable
and easy of application to any kind of apparatus. Besides its application for
regulating the flow of gas for illuminating purposes this apparatus may be
made available in chymical laboratories for heating by gas at a determined.
and perfectly constant pressure and temperature, and will be useful in the
study of the phenomena attending the flow of fluids and also in acoustic
experiments. It is difficult to set forth all the applications of which this
regulator is susceptible, but these will readily suggest themselves to any
practical man.
Figs. 15, 16, 17 and 18 represent in sectional elevation and plan and
front view a small blowing apparatus fitted with several regulators for the
purpose of making experiments. The blowing apparatus properly so called.
is arranged in an entirely novel manner, and which novel arrangements are
intended to be protected under the present Patent, their application to small.
organs presenting important advantages. It is composed of two collapsible
air reservoirs or chambers E, F, E', F', set one over the other, one of them
having the edges of the folds of its collapsible sides projecting outwards, and
the other having them projecting inwards. The upper leaves of these.
reservoirs or chambers are connected together by rods shewn at a, b, c, d,
Figs. 15 and 16, in such manner as to cause the moveable compressing
leaves to move together and thus establish a compensation for equalizing the
5 pressure of the air in consequence of the equiangle of the reversed folds of
the chambers E, E, F, F. A collapsible pipe G, G', fixed between the
upper leaf of the first reservoir or chamber, and the lower leaf of the second
A
establishes the necessary communication between the two chambers.
second collapsible pipe H, H', communicates from the blowing apparatus to

page_text: the wind chest I, K, I', K. This apparatus, which is somewhat in form like
the bellows called "English bellows," nevertheless differs from it in its con-
struction and constitutes an important improvement which is intended to be
claimed, and which I will now explain.
First, the two half reservoirs being connected together give to the moveable
and compressing surface a double extent which contributes materially to the
diminution of shocks either from the rising or falling of the compressing leaf,
the movement of which being thus reduced by one half ensures to the wind a
perfectly uniform motion.
Secondly, by this novel arrangement of the air chambers the parallelograms
necessary with ordinary blowing apparatus for maintaining the equiangle of
the reversed folds are dispensed with. Simple rods of wood or metal are here.
employed for connecting the two moveable leaves together instead of the
framing ordinarily used and the liability of the apparatus getting out of order
is diminished. This blowing apparatus which will of itself furnish a current
of air equally compressed during all positions of its double air chamber, has
above it a large regulator L, L', constructed on the principle shewn at Fig. 9,
and serving to regulate the pressure of the air into that portion corresponding
to the openings e, e¹, Fig. 17, in the table of the apparatus.
Another part of the wind chest receives the wind direct from the blowing
apparatus and it escapes through the orifices F', F, Figs. 17 and 18, placed
at the other side of the table. Upon this table are mounted eight small
regulators m, Fig. 17, provided with adjustable weights constructed on the
plan described with reference to Figs. 1, 2, and 3 upon the corresponding
orifices of the wind chest in order to be able to regulate at pleasure eight
different pressures. The eight regulators are set alternately upon the orifices
of the wind chest, and the apparatus is so arranged that the wind may be
supplied direct from the wind chest or modified by the regulator. By doing
away with the regulators there will be at each side of the table a wind chest
of fourteen notes upon which may be mounted any kind of pipes or apparatus;
valves N, O, N, O, Fig. 18, are arranged at the centre of the apparatus in
such manner as to convey away the wind into any compartment or chamber
where it is required to operate by means of four valve buttons or thumb pieces
P, P, P, P, Fig. 18, placed in the middle at the four sides of the table..
• One of the most interesting applications which can be made of this
apparatus, is that which has for its object to regulate the movement of the
acoustic sirena (syrine acoustique), in order to determine the absolute number
of vibrations of a given sound. It is well known that this admirable instru-
ment, which is due to the genius of the immortal Caignard Latour, and which

page_text: is now to be found in every cabinet of natural philosophy in Europe, has
never been suitable for delicate experiments, by reason of the difficulty'
attending the regulation of the speed of its movement. The ordinary blowing
apparatuses employed for experiments are too variable as regards the pressure
of the air, and experiments made by inflating the acoustic apparatus are still
more incorrect. By means of this improved adjustable weight regulator,
as the pressure may be regulated and determined at the will of the operator,
the speed of the movement, and consequently the unison, may be maintained
during several minutes, and the number of vibrations of a given sound may be
determined with the greatest nicety.
The next part of the Invention relates to a pneumatic motor for over-
coming fraction, more especially that of the stops in large organs. Hitherto
the air, which is compressed and kept in the windchests of large organs, has
been exclusively employed for supplying the speaking pipes; but the elastic
force of this compressed air bas not heretofore been employed for overcoming.
the resistance of the mechanism of the stops of such instruments; compressed
air has been employed by Mr. Barker to diminish the resistance of the key-
board mechanism, but neither that Inventor nor any other person seems to
have had the idea of deriving from it the necessary motive force for drawing
out the stops, which operation (the friction being considerable) requires
a powerful double-acting motor. To obtain this result, the Inventor of the
present improvements has devised a novel apparatus, which he denominates a
"pneumatic motor." This double-acting pneumatic motor is principally
intended to overcome the resistance of the friction of the stops in large organs,
and to bring them into play simply by the pressure of the finger upon
a particular key, or by a slight pull upon a button, the extent of pull of which
may be limited to say half an inch. This pneumatic motor is double-acting,
that is to say, it is susceptible of a double action like the piston of a steam
engine, and-having the same power in both directions, the elastic force of the
air, like that of steam in the cylinder of a steam engine, acting alternately on
both sides by the alternate action of the air valves, which in this case play the
same part as the slide valves of a steam engine. This pneumátic motor
being placed near the wind chest has an almost direct action upon the stops,
and consequently acts without loss of power. The buttons which act upon the
air valves being moreover of very small dimensions, and very easily drawn
out, they may be brought together in a very small space near the key boards.
Thus, by means of this improvement, the performer will be enabled to work
the stops of the largest organ with the same facility as he could the smallest
organ, and he can thus without effort, and without discontinuing his per-

page_text: formance, introduce into it all imaginable changes. Besides the facilities
afforded by this improvement, as regards the combination of various stops by
means of the hands, the apparatus has been arranged in such manner, that by
the action of a single pedal, either before or during the execution of a piece of
music, any combination of stops which the composer may have prepared, may
be at pleasure introduced or suppressed, separately or simultaneously. This
pneumatic motor, which is intended principally to be applied to large organs,
may, however, be applied to organs of moderate proportions, either for
bringing together certain combinations of stops, or for the purpose of
diminishing the resistance of the pedals or other movements. In its applica-
tion to the key-board mechanism, the single-action pneumatic motor is
simplified, the resistance to be overcome for opening the valves of the wind
chests being in one direction only it is sufficient for the motor to act on one,
side only, the valve springs naturally bringing back the motor to its primary
position.
After many experiments upon different modes of construction, the Inventor
states that he gives the preference for the application to the claviers of large.
organs, to the pneumatic motor about to be described. It will be seen on
referring to Fig. 4, Sheet II., that this apparatus is reduced to its narrowest
limits, and the simplicity of its construction will allow of its being applied to
organs of common construction, in which the want of space would have proved
an insurmountable obstacle to the adoption of Barker's apparatus.
Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, Sheet II., represent a longitudinal section taken through
the valves of the double-action pneumatic motor drawn to a scale of half the
real size.
In Fig. 1A is the upper air chamber; B, B', B", B¹¹, are the supply
valves for the compressed air; these four valves, it will be seen, are screwed
at their centre to a single brass stem, so as to render their movements simul-
taneous. The two valves B', B", are situated inside the wind chest Y, and
distribute the compressed air according to their position, either to the upper
air chamber A or the lower one A'. The two other valves B, B1, are
intended to alternately open and close the escape pipes of the two motive air
chambers. A helical spring C holds the valves on the position shewn in
Fig. 1, that is to say, the upper chamber open and the lower one closed. It
will be readily understood that the reverse effect will take place on drawing
down the arm F of the elbow lever D, F, so as to bring the valves into the
opposite position. It is unnecessary to remark that these valves, which are of
a round and conical form, are packed with soft leather, but I would observe
that besides this they should be covered with kid, so as to form an air-tight

page_text: joint. The metallic wire which serves as a stem to the valves B, B', B", B¹¹¹,
is held in its proper position by small brackets g screwed on as shewn, so that
the apertures which serve as guides for the wire shall be perfectly in line with
the valve openings.
:
Fig. 7 shews in section an apparatus furnished with its motors, drawn to
a scale of th the real size, in its application to the working of the stops
of. a large organ. Fig. 6 is a transverse section of the same apparatus, pro-
vided with two rows of motors for the purpose of having a division sufficiently
close to correspond directly with the division of the registers on the key-board.
It will be easily understood that if it were desired to have a still closer
division it would only be necessary to arrange the apparatus with three rows
of motors, or, if requisite, with four rows. The construction and arrange-
ment of this novel apparatus will be readily understood on referring to
Figs. 1, 2, and 3. I would however remark that in order to render available
all the elastic force, of the air which operates this motor, it would be necessary
to cause the two air chambers to work together by connecting them, and to
regulate their horizontal movement in such manner as to communicate all their
action to the register or stop. For this purpose the Inventor has devised the
arrangement of jointed levers G, H, J, G, H, J', represented at, Figs. 1;
and 7. These levers have their fulcra at H; H¹, and are connected to the
points J, J', by a link I, which causes the points G, G₁, to rise or fall at the
sanie time and in the same proportion. Now these levers are connected with
the moveable leaf of the upper air chamber by means of the connecting rods
G, K, G', K', and therefore cause this leaf in rising or falling to maintain a
horizontal position. The moveable leaf of the lower air chamber is con-
nected with that of the upper one either by means of slight strips or bands of
These connections are shewn at
copper, or simply by means of wires.
L, M, L, M, Fig. 1. It will be easily understood that these simple con-
nections will suffice, inasmuch as the elastic force of the motive air acts
inside the chambers, and consequently these bands or connections have merely
to carry forward the leaf. The transmission of the movement of the pneu-
matic motors to the stops of large organs may be effected in various ways,
either in a vertical or horizontal direction, by acting upon the jointed levers
above mentioned.
Fig. 7 shews a mode of transmitting motion from the motor in a vertical
direction (upwards) the point of action being taken at N. Fig. 1 shews
another mode of transmitting the power by a horizontal pull, the point of
action being at P. These examples will be sufficient to shew that the force
of these pneumatics motors may be utilized in any direction by means of the

page_text: ordinary mechanical agents. Several other arrangements may be devised fo
the
purpose of regulating the parallelism of the collapsible air chambers, and
for transmitting at the same time their movement to the various mechanisms of
the organ. It is unnecessary to observe that the power of the motor depends
upon the extent of the surfaces and the size of the air chambers, and the
degree of compression of the air intended to operate it; by varying either o
both of these two conditions thè power of the pneumatic motor may be in-
creased or diminished at pleasure. I would also call attention to an essential
point in this Invention. It has already been said that independently of the
advantages presented by this pneumatic motor for working the stops the
apparatus has been arranged in such a manner as by means of a single pedal
to be able to produce at once any combinations of stops which may have been
previously arranged by the performer. Fig. 6, which represents this apparatus
in transverse section, shews clearly the arrangement above mentioned. The
compressed air from the bellows enters a box or wind chest Q, and cannot enter
the space R until the valve S has been opened. Now this valve is so arranged
as to be worked by means of a pedal within reach of the organist, and by means
of which he can cut off or supply compressed air to the pneumatic motors. The
result of this arrangement is, that if after having cut off the motive air, any
required stops be opened, opening or closing may be effected by simply intro-
ducing air into the apparatus by means of a pedal.
the same.
Fig. 4 represents two wind chests constructed according to this Invention,
drawn to a scale of half the real size, and Fig. 5 is a horizontal section of
The upper wind chest in Fig. 4 is shewn in section, taken through
the valves, and shewing the whole of the mechanism, the lower one being
represented in elevation, and simply shewing the opening for the entrance of
the motive air into the large wind chest. The working of the air supply valves
and also the action of the motor is sufficiently shewn upon the Drawing to
prevent any description thereof being required.
Having now described the nature of this Invention of improvements in the
construction of organs and other wind instruments, parts of which improve-
ments are also applicable for regulating the pressure and flow of gas and air
as communicated to me by my foreign correspondent, and having explained
the manner of carrying the same into effect, I desire it to be understood that
under the above in part recited Letters Patent I claim,-
First, the various arrangements and combinations of regulators for regu-
lating the pressure of compressed air and gas as above shewn and described.
Secondly, the blowing apparatus for making experiments in acoustics, and
its application to organs.

page_text: And, lastly, I claim the combination of pneumatic motors, either single or
double acting, whether they be applied to the stop or keyboard mechanism,
for the purpose herein set forth.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Edward Newton, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Fifth day of December, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-two.
W. E. NEWTON. (L.S.)