AN IMPROVED SURFACE MINERAL COATING FOR PROTECTING IRON AND OTHER SUBSTANCES, AND AN IMPROVED VEHICLE OR VARNISH BY WHICH IT IS APPLIED, AND WHICH VARNISH MAY BE USED WITH OR WITHOUT THE ADDITION OF OTHER SUBSTANCES
Year: 1856

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John McInnes, of Liverpool, in the County of
Lancaster, Oil Merchant, for the Invention of "AN IMPROVED SURFACE
MINERAL COATING FOR PROTECTING IRON AND OTHER SUBSTANCES, AND AN
IMPROVED VEHICLE OR VARNISH BY WHICH IT IS APPLIED, AND WHICH VARNISH
MAY BE USED WITH OR WITHOUT THE ADDITION OF OTHER SUBSTANCES."
Sealed the 7th April 1857, and dated the 10th October 1856.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John McInnes at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, witli his Petition, on the
10th October 1856."*
I, JOHN MINNES, of Liverpool, in the County of Lancaster, Oil Merchant,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED SURFACE
MINERAL COATING FOR PROTECTING IRON AND OTHER SUBSTANCES, AND AN IMPROVED
VEHICLE OR VARNISH BY WHICH IT IS APPLIED, AND WHICH VARNISH MAY BE USED
WITH OR WITHOUT THE ADDITION OF OTHER SUBSTANCES;" to be as follows (that is
to say):-
The mineral employed in forming this improved coating for the protection
of iron, wood, and other substances is emery stone, reduced to an impalpable
powder, and mixed with a vehicle or varnish, composed of lac dissolved in
spirit of wine, to which is added common resin, castor oil, and liquid ammonia.
The powdered emery stone may be applied as a protector by means of other
IP

page_text: vehicles, but it is preferred to use the varnish described, and which varnish
may be used alone, or mixed with other substances, such as ground glass,
sand, cement, and so forth.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said John McInnes in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
9th April 1857.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
MINNES, of Liverpool, in the County of Lancaster, Oil Merchant, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Tenth day of October, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-six, in the twentieth year of Her reign
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said John McInnes, Her special license that. I, the said John McInnes, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said John
McInnes, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the
term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "AN IMPROVED SURFACE MINERAL
COATING FOR PROTECTING IRON AND OTHER SUBSTANCES, AND AN IMPROVED VEHICLE
OR VARNISH BY WHICH IT IS APPLIED, AND WHICH VARNISH MAY BE USED WITH OR
WITHOUT THE ADDITION OF OTHER SUBSTANCES," upon the condition (amongst
others) that I, the said John McInnes, my executors or administrators, by an
instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals,
should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention,
and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same
to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next
and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said John McInnes, do hereby declare the
nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement (that is to say):-
My Invention consists in the use and application, as a protective surface
coating for the preservation of iron, wood, and other substances, of the mineral
substance known in commerce as emery or corundum, when reduced to an

page_text: impalpable powder, and while I apply to the surface to be coated by means of
any suitable varnish or vehicle; but I prefer to use an improved varnish or
vehicle; to make which I take gum lac (shell lac, by preference), and dis.
solve it in spirits of wine, in the proportion of, say, six pounds by weight to
every gallon of spirit; I then add thereto, say, about one-fifth part by measure
of castor oil, and a small quantity of liquid ammonia may also be added. For
economy's safe, I sometimes use the methylated spirits of wine of commerce,
in place of the pure spirits of wine, and which I have found to answer the
purpose nearly, if not equally well. This my improved varnish or vehicle
may be used as a protective coating alone, or mixed with other substances,
such as ground flint,ground glass, sand, or other like substances; but I prefer
to use emery,as from its composition and hardness, it containing nearly eighty-
seven per cent. of alumnium, a substance which is not acted upon, and is
unchangeable under any circumstances, and which is therefore well adapted
for the object I have in view; for although emery can be used with great
advantage as a protective coating for various purposes, such as iron roofs,
leaden cisterns, water pipes, steam boilers, wood and iron work of all kinds,
and, indeed, to all exposed surfaces requiring protection from atmospheric and
other influences for which oil paint is now used, my principle object is its
application to the protection of iron-built ships, both internallyand externally
where it is of the first iniportance that the solid matter forming the paint or
coating should be perfectly unacted upon by the various salts and other sub-
stances found in sea water, otherwise a decomposition of the paint takes
place; as, from experience, I have found, when a metalic oxide is used, such
as the oxide of lead (red lead), reduction takes place, and consequently great
injuryarises to the iron from theiron from the contact of two dissimilar metals
To form a mixture of my improved coating to be applied to a smooth sur-
face, I mix with any suitable vehicle, but, by preference, my improved varnish,
herein-before described, 'sufficient powdered emery to bring the mixture to the
consistency of thick cream, and then apply one, two, or more coats to the
surface to be protected in the same way as common oil paint is now applied.
When the surface to be coated is not smooth, but it is desirable to make it so,
I add sufficient emery powder to make the composition of the consistency of
putty or stiff paste, and apply it with a trowel or palett knife. This stiff
composition I propose to use to fill up the spaces between the butts or ends of
the plates, where they are jointed in the construction of iron ships, and for
covering the rivet heads to preserve the same from corosion. The spirit con-
tained in the mixture evaporating quickly, leaves the substance of a stony
hardness, and which cannot be acted upon by moisture or steam.

page_text: Having now fully described my said Invention, and how the same may be
performed, what I claim is,-
First, the use and application of emery or corundum, in combination with
the improved varnish or vehicle for a protective coating, as herein-before
described!
Secondly, the use of emery or corundum, when used as a protective coating,
as herein-before described.
Third and lastly, the use and application of the improved vehicle or varnish,
as herein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said John M*Innes, have. hereunto set my
hand and affixed my seal, this Eighth day of April, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven.
Witness,
WILLIAM WALKER,
of 44, Castle Street, Liverpool.
JOHN (L.S.) MINNES.

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John M៰Innes, of Liverpool, in the County of
Lancaster, Oil Merchant, for the Invention of "AN IMPROVED SURFACE
MINERAL COATING FOR PROTECTING IRON AND OTHER SUBSTANCES, AND AN
IMPROVED VEHICLE OR VARNISH BY WHICH IT IS APPLIED, AND WHICH VARNISH
MAY BE USED WITH OR WITHOUT THE ADDITION OF OTHER SUBSTANCES."
Sealed the 7th April 1857, and dated the 10th October 1856.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John M'Innes at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
10th October 1856..
I, JOHN MINNES, of Liverpool, in the County of Lancaster, Oil Merchant,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED SURFACE
MINERAL COATING FOR PROTECTING IRON AND OTHER SUBSTANCES, AND AN IMPROVED
VEHICLE OR VARNISH BY WHICH IT IS APPLIED, AND WHICH VARNISH MAY BE USED
WITH OR WITHOUT THE ADDITION OF OTHER SUBSTANCES," to be as follows (that is
to say)-
The mineral employed in forming this improved coating for the protection
of iron, wood, and other substances is emery stone, reduced to an impalpable
powder, and mixed with a vehicle or varnish, composed of lac dissolved in
spirit of wine, to which is added common resin, castor oil, and liquid ammonia.
The powdered emery stone may be applied as a protector by means of other

page_text: vehicles, but it is preferred to use the varnish described, and which varnish
may be used alone, or mixed with other substances, such as ground glass,
sand, cement, and so forth...
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said John McInnes in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
9th April 1857.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
MINNES, of Liverpool, in the County of Lancaster, Oil Merchant, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by IIer Letters
Patent, bearing date the Tenth day of October, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-six, in the twentieth year of Her reign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said John McInnes, Her special license that I, tho said John McInnes, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said John
McInnes, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the
term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "AN IMPROVED SURFACE MINERAL
COATING FOR PROTECTING IRON AND OTHER SUBSTANCES, AND AN IMPROVED VEHICLE
OR VARNISH BY WHICH IT IS APPLIED, AND WHICH VARNISH MAY BE USED WITH OR
WITHOUT THE ADDITION OF OTHER SUBSTANCES," upon the condition (amongst
others) that I, the said John M°Innes, my executors or administrators, by an
instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals,
should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention,
and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same
to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next
and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said John M°Innes, do hereby declare the
nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement (that is to say):-
My Invention consists in the use and application, as a protective surface
coating for the preservation of iron, wood, and other substances, of the inineräl
substance known in commerce as emery or corundum, when reduced to an

page_text: impalpable powder, and while I apply to the surface to be coated by means of
any suitable varnish or vehicle; but I prefer to use an improved varnish or
vehicle; to make which I take gum lac (shell lac, by preference), and dis-
solve it in spirits of wine, in the proportion of, say, six pounds by weight to
every gallon of spirit; I then add thoreto, say, about one-fifth part by 'measure.
of castor oil, and a small quantity of liquid ammonia may also be added. For
economy's safe, I sometimes use the mythelated spirits of wine of commerce,;
in place of the pure spirits of wine, and which I have found to answer the
purpose nearly, if not equally well. This my improved varnish or vehicle;
may be used as a protective coating alone, or mixed with other substances,
such as ground flint, ground glass, sand, or other like substances; but I prefer
to use emery, as from its composition and hardness, it containing nearly eighty-
seven per cent. of alumnium, a substance which is not. acted upon, and is
unchangeable under any circumstances, and which is therefore well adapted
for the object I have in view; for although emery can be used with great
advantage as a protective coating for various purposes, such as iron roofs,
leaden cisterns, water pipes, steam boilers, wood and iron work of all kinds,
and, indeed, to all exposed surfaces requiring protection from atmospheric and
other influences for which oil paint is now used, my principle object is its
application to the protection of iron-built ships, both internally and externally,
where it is of the first importance that the solid matter forming the paint or
coating should be perfectly unacted upon by the various salts and other sub-
stances found in sea water, otherwise a decomposition of the paint takes
place; as, from experience, I have found, when a metalic oxide is used, such
as the oxide of lead (red lead), reduction takes place, and consequently great
injury arises to the iron from the iron from the contact of two dissimilar metals.
To form a mixture of my improved coating to be applied to a smooth sur-
face, I mix with any suitable vehicle, but, by preference, my improved varnish,
herein-before described, sufficient powdered emery to bring the mixture to the
consistency of thick cream, and then apply one, two, or more coats to the
surface to be protected in the same way as common oil paint is now applied.
When the surface to be coated is not smooth, but it is desirable to make it so,
I add sufficient emery powder to make the composition of the consistency of
putty or stiff paste, and apply it with a trowel or palett knife. This stiff
composition I propose to use to fill up the spaces between the butts or ends of
the plates, where they are jointed in the construction of iron ships, and for
covering the rivet heads to preserve the same from corosion. The spirit con-
tained in the mixture evaporating quickly, leaves the substance of a stony
hardness, and which cannot be acted upon by moisture or steam.

page_text: Having now fully described my said Invention, and how the same may be
performed, what I claim is,-
First, the use and application of emery or corundum, in combination with
the improved varnish or vehicle for a protective coating, as herein-before
described.
Secondly, the use of emery or corundum, when used as a protective coating,
as herein-before described.
Third and lastly, the use and application of the improved vehicle or varnish,
as herein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said John McInnes, have hereunto set my
hand and affixed my seal, this Eighth day of April, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven.
Witness,
WILLIAM WALKER,
of 44, Castle Street, Liverpool.
JOHN (L.s.) MINNES.