IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRIC TELEGRAPHS AND IN APPARATUSES EMPLOYED THEREWITH, A PARTHICH IMP IS APPLICABLE TO THE WINDING OF CLOCKWORK
Year: 1860

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Hickling Burnett, of Margaret Street, in the
County of Middlesex, Gentleman, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS
IN ELECTRIC TELEGRAPHS AND IN APPARATUSES EMPLOYED THEREWITH, A PART
"
Sealed the 20th November 1860, and dated the 23rd May 1860.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Hickling Burnett
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 23rd May 1860.
I, WILLIAM HICKLING BURNETT, of Margaret Street, in the County of Middle-
sex, Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRIC..TELEGRAPHS AND IN APPARATUSES EMPLOYED THERE-
WITH, A PART OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS IS APPLICABLE TO THE WINDING OF
CLOCKWORK," to be as follows:-
My Invention refers, firstly, to certain improved apparatuses for enabling
several telegraphs to be worked simultaneously or nearly so, and some period-
ically, with only one line wire (in preference), although more may be used if
desired.
Secondly, to an improved mode of maintaining in action the said apparatuses,
which mode is also applicable to clocks, and generally to those telegraphic and.
other instruments in which clockwork is used.

page_text: Thirdly, to an improved mode of insuring that such instruments shall for
all practical purposes work synchronously.
Fourthly, to improved manipulators intended chiefly to be applied in
conjunction with the said apparatuses.
Fifthly, to improved indicating and recording instruments also intended
to be applied chiefly in conjunction with the said apparatuses.
Sixthly, to an improved mode of bringing local batteries into action for
any desired period, thereby giving sufficient duration to the working currents
(which represent the line currents) for their efficient action on the recording
or indicating instruments, and from making currents from the local battery
produce other required movements.
Seventhly, to an improved mode of working telegraphs simultaneously from
both ends of one wire.
The first-named improvements are effected by means of instruments kept in
synchronous revolution at the sending station or stations, as well as at the
other suit-
receiving station or stations, by clockwork, the current itself, or any
able means, and which instruments are so arranged as to send particular pul-
sations from given manipulators to the receivers of the stations with which they
are intended to correspond, and no others. This is effected by drawing off
pulsations from different points of a revolving wheel or cylinder, and conducting
some of these pulsations to one manipulator and some to another, after which
they are led to the line and earth, and removed at synchronous points of the
revolution of the wheels or cylinders belonging to the receiving stations. Thus
by means of these revolving apparatuses, if the current be broken into any
number of pulsations per second, say twenty, for example, one, two, three, or
any other number required, can be directed to one station, and similar or other
numbers to other stations, and thereby several telegraphs be worked simul-
taneously, or nearly so. The currents sent may, in some cases, be made to
work the telegraphs directly, and in other cases do so by means of relay bat-
teries, as may be most convenient and best suited to the nature of the telegraph
employed.
Secondly, my improved mode of maintaining in action the said apparatuses
and other clockwork is, by causing a local battery to keep a weight. or spring
constantly wound by means of electricity; I prefer a continuous step-by-step
motion caused by a series of attractions of an electro-magnet. This step-by-
step motion has been already applied to drive electrical apparatus directly,
whereby of course the wheels were moved with a fitful jerking advance; but I
use any arrangement by which a weight or spring may be constantly kept
wound without preventing its simultaneous action upon the moving parts (as

page_text: is the case in most clocks and watches whilst they are being wound), and
thereby to get a smooth regular motion in the wheelwork, and at the same
ime prevent the necessity of frequent winding by hand.
Thirdly, the improved mode in which I propose to insure the practically
synchronous working of similar clockwork instruments, is to cause a fresh
simultaneous start in the various instruments at intervals by a pulsation of
he current once or more during the revolution of similar wheels in the
different instruments. This will be effected by interposing in the course of the
revolution a stud fixed to the armature of an electro-magnet, against which a
tooth or teeth of each corresponding wheel will impinge, and whereby no
wheel will be able to move on in advance of the others, nor to progress at all
until the current passes round the electro-magnets and draws down the studs,
which it will do simultaneously in all, and thus cause the wheels to start
afresh altogether and go on until they come once more in contact with the
studs, which, in the meantime, will have been replaced by means of springs or
something equivalent.
Fourthly, the object of the improved manipulators is to send along the line
the various currents introduced into them by the said apparatuses, or otherwise,
either as negatives or positives, as may be required, so as to form the currents
needed to produce letters or other preconcerted signals, by merely moving the
key intended to form such letter or signal. This is effected by so arranging
each key that when it is properly moved it shall open a road from the negative
and positive ends of the battery to the line and earth for each of the currents
that may be required to form the intended letter or signal, and a means will
be introduced, by an electro-magnet or otherwise, of preventing the key from
being moved until all the currents required to constitute the letter shall have
passed.
Fifthly, the improved indicating and recording instruments are various, and
may be arranged to work, in some cases, with currents all of one denomination,
and in others with both positive and negative currents; I prefer, however, the
latter mode, as a less number of pulsations is thus required to form the com-
binations needed for a given number of signs; I propose, for instance, to use
three needles, which, by means of the above-named apparatuses, will be
simultaneously effected when the corresponding key of the manipulator is
pressed down, and as with three needles, by means of positive and negative
currents, twenty-six distinct combinations can be formed, it is only requisite
to make each of these combinations signify a particular letter, to have the
whole alphabet represented, and each letter at once shewn instead of using
several consecutive beats of one needle to signify a letter, as must row be

page_text: done where only one wire is used. The same system will be adopted for a
chemical decomposition telegraph, where a similar number of combinations
can be made by means of three currents, positive and negative. I also work
prickers by electro-magnets to make holes in a strip of paper moved forward
at suitable intervals and according to the direction of the currents, to make
perforations, either from the back or front of the paper, and, if desired, with
differently formed prickers. In this manner three currents will also suffice to
form all the letters.
My Invention also embraces an improved type printing telegraph, in which
there is no wheelwork and no type wheel, but instead thereof a block of
letters which is moved in different directions by electro-magnets, formed by
the negative and positive currents employed, until the letter intended to be
printed is under the striker. In this case also twenty-six combinations can
be got by means of the positives and negatives of only three currents. In
this type-printing telegraph I not only use printing ink, blacked paper, or
other similar means to record the letter, but I also form the type of some
suitable metal, and impress it on chemically prepared paper at the time
that an electrical current is passed through it. Although the apparatuses first
described, as well as the improved manipulators and indicators or recorders,
will be most beneficially employed in conjunction, they may instead be used
partially with most of the existing forms of telegraph.
As regards my sixth improvements, where many distinct telegraphs are
worked by means of my improved apparatuses through one or more lines of
wire, the duration of each pulsation of the current sent may become exceed-
ingly minute, and therefore not sufficient in many cases to work the indicating
or recording instruments, which has therefore rendered it necessary for me to
invent a mode of keeping the local batteries in action for any required period.
Usually when local currents are brought into action, although much stronger
than the currents from the line, their duration is only equal to that of the line
currents producing them, and therefore very little would be gained with pulsations
of such minute duration by merely substituting local ones for those of the line;
but in order to render these local currents in all respects efficient I adopt the
following arrangements:-The currents coming along the line, which are
drawn off at the respective stations, are made to flow round electro-magnets
which attract or repel each other or permanent magnets according to the
direction of the currents and the arrangements used, or they may be made to
flow round a magnetic needle. A very minute movement is caused by the
rapid passage of the line current round the coils, but it suffices to open the
road for the local currents in the required directions. This road is backward

page_text: through the revolving wheel or other wheels moving synchronously to the
indicating or recording instruments, and the circuits can be kept closed during
any period of the revolution of the wheels that may be required by the tele-
graphic instruments, after which a local current can be passed in such a
manner round electro-magnets as to replace the moving parts in readiness to
be acted upon by the next pulsation of the line current, or if more convenient
they can be replaced mechanically. These currents from the local batteries
will not only be made to represent during a longer period those sent along the
line, but also by similar means will be made to move the paper of recording
instruments to impress the type. When it is required to work any given
number of telegraphs periodically, the currents drawn from the revolving wheel
mentioned are conducted, in the first place, to a wheel moving at a much
slower speed, and are there drawn off at different periods of its revolution to
various manipulators, after passing through which they are led to the line and
again drawn by corresponding machinery periodically to the receivers for which
they were intended. Thus, for instance, if it were required to work six tele-
graphs each during ten minutes per hour, the slow wheels would make one
revolution per hour, and a sixth part of such wheel be made to conduct
the currents, and to find itself for ten minutes in each revolution under each
of the conductors connected with the six different receivers. Although by the
above described improvements it is possible to work with practical simul-
taneity telegraphs in both directions, it can only be done by appropriating a
distinct portion of the pulsations to work in each direction, and as the number
of these pulsations, however great, must have a limit, it may be doubled by
any of those modes by which the indicating or recording instruments only shew
the currents received from distant parts of the line, and not those sent from
the home station.
I am aware that several modes of doing this have been invented and
patented, but I am about to describe an improved method which constitutes
the seventh head of my Invention. In all the existing modes, however varied
in form, the same principle exists, viz., to counteract the effects of the home
current by another current, which, of course, causes an additional expence.
My method consists in opposing a mechanical resistance such as a weight or
spring, for instance, to the power of the home circuit, so as to prevent it from
indicating its passage through the receiving instrument and the exertion of
such mechanical force to indicate in lieu of the current from the distan
station when such current is stopped by an opposing current sent.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said William Hickling Burnett in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 23rd November 1860.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
HICKLING BURNETT, of Margaret Street, in the County of Middlesex, Gentle-
man, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent bearing date the Twenty-third day of May, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty, in the twenty-third year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said William Hickling Burnett, Her special licence that I, the said
William Hickling Burnett, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or
such others as I, the said William Hickling Burnett, my executors, admi-
nistrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from
time to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man,
an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRIC TELEGRAPHS AND IN APPARATUSES
EMPLOYED THEREWITH, A PART OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS IS APPLICABLE TO THE
WINDING OF CLOCKWORK," upon the condition (amongst others,) that I, the said
William Hickling Burnett, my executors or administrators, by an instrument
in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should par-
ticularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the
Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately
after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said William Hickling Burnett, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof, reference being had to the Drawings hereunto
annexed, that is to say :-
My improvements in electric telegraphs and in apparatuses employed
therewith (a part of which improvements is applicable to the winding of
clockwork) have reference to certain contrivances by which I am enabled to
work several telegraphs simultaneously, or nearly so, and some periodically
with (by preference) only one line of wire, although more may be used, if
desired, to improvements in the manipulators and the recorders or indicators
of telegraphs, and in the mode of working the same by relays.

page_text: It is well known that the number of pulsations that can be produced in an
electric current in a second of time is something enormous, as is its power of
producing rapid mechanical movements and chemical decompositions, but
hitherto only a very small portion of the pulsations which could be formed.
has been made available where the manipulation has been manual, owing to
the comparatively small number needed to form a letter, and the time required
by hand to transmit each signal. Hitherto it has only been possible to send
one dispatch and receive another simultaneously with one wire circuit, but my
Invention enables me to send and receive a considerable number of distinct
messages from and to any part of a line simultaneously, or nearly so. The
mode of doing this is to have a number of instruments at different parts of
the line, having wheels or cylinders kept in a state of practically synchronous
revolution, and to allot similar parts of the periphery of the revolving surface
to each pair of stations that is in communication, and if it be desired to have
the power of sending the same dispatch to other stations at the same time, to
allot a similar portion of surface to them also, as well as any portion that may
be used in them in connection with other stations; thus, the instruments being
kept in practically synchronous movement, it is easy to draw off certain
pulsations, and certain pulsations only, at each predetermined station, as will
be more fully understood when I describe the Drawings. Thus, supposing,
for instance, that the wheels of all the instruments made three revolutions per
second, and that they were so divided as to make 150 pulsations during each
revolution, by allotting three pulsations per revolution to each station, fifty
stations would each receive three times per second three pulsations, and as in
some of the improved indicating and recording instruments of my Invention,
which I shall hereafter describe, a letter can be formed by, at most, three
pulsations, each of these fifty stations by their use would receive and indicate
or record three letters per second. The mode in which messages are sent is
to connect the wheels of the sending stations with the sources of electricity,
whatever the nature of such sources may be, and to distribute pulsations into
the manipulators, whence they are sent to line or earth, fitted to form the
letters or signals required, and they are drawn off at the corresponding.
receiving instruments, where they indicate, or record, or set in action my.
improved system of relays, and by them cause the local current to indicate
or record the message sent. There is no tendency to interference of currents
as long as the instruments work synchronously, as, although distributed by the.
instruments I shall hereafter describe, they are not positively simultaneous,
but are successive, although that succession is as rapid as the number of the
pulsations per second. But in most descriptions of telegraph the duration of

page_text: the pulsations would, if they were very frequent, be too minute to properly
indicate or record, and it is to enable the telegraphs at the different stations
to be at work really simultaneously, and for any required duration of time,
that I have invented my improved relays, by means of which the momentary
flash sent is converted into a prolonged current; but when telegraph stations,
occurring at various distances, are being worked simultaneously from distant
parts of the line an immense extra power also exists, which my improved
apparatus enables me to take advantage of, namely, the unemployed space in
the wire, which is caused by the currents of the nearer stations having done
their work, and not travelling beyond those stations. These spaces or unoc-
cupied intervals of time in the remainder of the wire may be filled from
batteries at intermediate stations, and currents may be conveyed to the
following stations, and so on. Thus, for instance, the currents sent from
station No. 1 to station No. 2 travel no further, and fresh currents may be
sent in those intervals, and be made to communicate messages from station
No. 2 to station No. 3, where they go no further, and a fresh message may be
sent from station No. 3 to station No. 4 in the same interval, and so on.
In like manner the original current sent between station No. 1 and station
No. 3 having done its work, the interval may be supplied to send a message
from No. 3 to 5, 5 to 7, and so on from all other stations, the intervals may
be filled up, and rendered useful. By these means an immense number of
additional telegraphs can be worked without increasing the rapidity of the
pulsations; likewise a portion of the pulsations may be made from one end of
the line and a portion from the other, where two or more stations are in com-
munication, so as to enable persons to receive as well as to send dispatches
simultaneously by means of these apparatus. Indeed, by the improvements
which I shall more particularly describe with reference to the Drawings, the
number of telegraphs that can be worked distinctly and simultaneously, with
but one line wire, is only limited by the degree of perfection to which
synchronous movements may be brought, and the small limit of duration at
which a current can set a relay in action. But even this limit only applies to.
full worked telegraphs, as by means of the distributing apparatus, which
enables me to supply constantly pulsations to these telegraphs, I can convey
these pulsations at periodical intervals to any required number of telegraphs.
Thus, for instance, if any person wished to have communication between two
distant establishments, but was only likely to require it occasionally, my.
Invention enables me to so arrange, by means which I shall hereafter describe,
that the current could be let on for a few minutes every hour or half hour,
and then be supplied to other persons, to be again introduced for the use of.

page_text: the first party at the desired interval, thus multiplying the number of tele-
graphs by 10, 8, 6, or some other number. Of course it is indispensible to
the proper action of the system that the various instruments should work in a
practically synchronous manner. I say practically synchronous, because it is
not necessary that the whole of the revolution of all the wheels should be
maintained at a like speed, but only that those portions of the periphery
which correspond with similar portions at another station or stations should
be sufficiently nearly alike in their movement to prevent one current taking
the place intended for another. Although I may use ordinary clockwork,
regulated by the means now known and employed, and adjusted occasionally
by hand, I have devised improved means for driving the wheels, and making
them self-regulating, as hereafter described.
As the great object of my Invention is to be able to work a large number
of telegraphs simultaneously with one line wire, it is obvious, that in order to
do so it is desirable to employ chiefly instruments in which the smallest
possible number of pulsations is used to indicate a certain number of letters or
agreed signals. Thus, three pulsations, with the power to omit any of them,
and to alternate the direction of the current, is the least number by which
the twenty-six letters of the alphabet can be formed. With four currents
employed in the same manner, 80 letters or signals may be formed, and so
on, and as most of the telegraphs now employed require a much larger
number of pulsations or intervals of time, I have invented various improved
receiving instruments, which I shall describe with reference to the Drawings.
Amongst them is a type-printing telegraph, which prints the 26 letters, or, if:
preferred, 24 or 25 letters only, using one mark for u and v or i and j, or
both, and reserving the combination or combinations saved to ring an alarum
or alarums, or perform any other required operation. By means of the power
to use, at most, three pulsations to form all the letters, which is given by these
instruments, an immense saving of time is effected on all the printing tele-
graphs hitherto invented, which require either a large number of pulsations
or of intervals during which pulsations might be made to give the type wheel
the necessary time for revolving. Although in my system in each variety the
time in which three pulsations at least could be made is required, by forming.
the most frequently used letters with the smallest number of pulsations, on an
average not much more than 1 pulsations in alternate directions would be
required to form a letter, which therefore renders my instruments particularly
well fitted for submarine and subterranean electric conductors.
In order that messages may be transmitted with the greatest possible
rapidity attainable by hand, I have also invented improved manipulators, which

page_text: only require a key or stud to be pressed, in order to transmit the combination
of currents required to form the letter or signal intended to be printed or
indicated.
Although the revolving wheels which are required to move synchronously
in the various distributing apparatus may be made to do so more or less
perfectly by weights or springs moving clockwork, and regulated by pen-
dulums, vibrating springs, revolving pendulums, fly wheels, fans, and other
means, all or any of which I propose to use occasionally, as they do not form
part of my Invention it is not necessary for me to describe them; I shall
therefore only shew the wheels themselves, and the means I employ to dis-
tribute the currents through their instrumentality, as well as those arrangements
for driving and regulating them which I have invented, and which enable me
to maintain with more accuracy simultaneity in the movements.
The principle of my Invention of apparatus for distributing pulsations is by
means of certain bodies kept in a constant state of synchronous revolution, to
create a power to cause pulsations in electric currents of any required number
that may be found capable of application in practice, for instance 50, 100, 150,
200, &c., pulsations per second, and then to allot a portion of this power to dif-
ferent stations, when, by the action of the manipulators, pulsations are sent to
line and earth as positives, negatives, or either, at pleasure, in the order and at
the times requisite to form the various letters, and which pulsations are drawn
off at certain other stations for which they are intended, but at no others, and
where they operate upon the instruments. I am not aware that there is any
species of telegraph to which my system could not be applied, but as the
numbers of telegraphs that can be worked simultaneously depends upon the
limit in duration of a pulsation, which practice may shew to be capable of pro-
ducing the required mechanical movement or chemical decomposition, it is far
more advantageous to employ those instruments only which require the minimum
number of pulsations to work them.
In Figures 1 and 2, Sheet 1, I have shewn the simplest form in which my
principle can be applied, namely, in working a number of stations (eleven are
here shewn) situated on one line wire from one chief station without relays,
and with the simplest forms of instruments, indicated in Figure 1 as single
needles; station 1 is supposed to be the chief station, corresponding with ten
others, numbered from 2 to 11. The position of the line wire and earth is indi-
cated. P, N, at station No. 1 is the battery which works all the telegraphs;
W¹ to Ware wheels of metal, one at each station, but all kept moving synchro-
nously; W is the wheel or cylinder at station No. 1, which is shewn in top
view in Figure 2. All the wheels from W to W" are but the width of a tooth,

page_text: and have each one tooth only upon them, but it will be perceived that wheel
or cylinder W¹ has twenty teeth, t¹ to to, placed round its periphery spirally in
two rows of 10 each, insulated from each other by an ivory boss; one of these
rows of teeth is connected metallically with the positive and the other with the
negative end of the battery P, N, by means of springs p s, and ns, and wires.
Springs m s¹, to m 820, are placed over the wheel, in such manner that during
the revolution of the wheel each tooth comes in contact with a spring, and that
a negative and positive tooth always touch their respective springs simulta-
neously, making ten pairs successively in contact. These springs ms', &c. are
the manipulator springs, and lead the currents into the manipulator, to be sent
to line or earth as may be required, for the signal; ms¹ and m s¹¹ are pairs,
so are m s² and m s, and so on, and as there are ten pairs there must be
10 manipulators which correspond with the ten different stations. In the
Drawings I have only thought it necessary to show one manipulator, corre-
sponding with the pair of springs ms', ms", as all the other pairs will be
connected in the same way with their various manipulators. M in both Figures
represents the manipulator, arranged on the same principle as in that of the
ordinary single-needle telegraph. The positive spring m s", is connected with
the turning handle, and the negative spring m s¹, with the cross piece of metal
against which the springs connected with line and earth press. It will be per-
ceived, therefore, that if the handle of the manipulator is placed to the right
before the occurrence of the pulsations, when they do occur a positive pulsation
will go to line, and a negative to earth, and if placed to the left hand, vice versa.
As my system consists in breaking up the current into pulsations and
distributing them to the different manipulators, of course the manipulators
cannot be worked at arbitrary times, as may be done where one wire is used
between each pair of stations, but must be moved at proper times to catch the
pulsations; and in my improved manipulators I describe plans of my Invention
to enable the operator to manipulate correctly; of course if the handle is not
moved, no pulsation and no signal are formed.
Having explained the mode of distributing the pulsations to the manipu-
lators, and how they are sent thence to line and earth, it remains to shew how
the particular pulsations intended for them are drawn off at given stations.
This operation depends for its correctness upon keeping the wheels at the
various stations in perfectly synchronous movement.
In examining the Drawings it will be perceived that each wheel from
that of station No. 2 to that of station No. 11 has but one tooth, but that
at each station that tooth is in a different position and in a corresponding
position in each case, with a pair of teeth on the cylinder W¹. At cach

page_text: station is a spring 182, 1s³, &c., pressing on the boss of the revolving wheel
and connected with the line. There is also another spring es², ess, &c., con-
nected with the earth plates e p², e p³, &c., through the receiving instruments,
which are marked respectively R2, R3, &c., at the different stations, and which
instruments are here supposed to be single-needle ones. The springs s³, 1 s³,
&c., are in constant connection with the line and wheel, but the springs e s¹, e s³,
&c., at the different stations only come in contact with the wheel, and thereby
form connection between earth and line, when the tooth passes under it. By
looking at Figure 1 it will be perceived that the manipulator springs m 8¹, and
m s¹¹, are on the teeth t¹ and t", and at station No. 2 that the tooth t t is in a
corresponding position as respects its spring e s*, and that, therefore, the circuit is
closed and the pulsations free to pass and indicate at the receiver R2; but as
none of the springs at the other stations are in contact with a tooth, it is only
through the receiver R2 that those particular pulsations can pass. As the
wheels continue to revolve, 10 and t20 at station No. I next come in contact
with the manipulator springs m s10 and m 820, which are connected with the
manipulator of station No. 3, where the spring es³ is also in contact with the
tooth tt, and this pulsation will pass through the receiver of that station, viz*.,
R³, and no other, and so on in succession with all the stations to station No. 11,
when the pulsations begin again at station No. 2.
The number of pulsations per second sent to each station will depend upon
the speed with which the wheels revolve and the number of teeth assigned to
the first wheel. As in my instruments three pulsations is the number I prefer
to form a letter where they are used, nine revolutions per second given to the
wheels would enable the operator at each station to receive three letters per
second; of course the revolutions may be arranged with more or less rapidity,
according to the ability manifested by the operators.
It will also be easily understood that three or more teeth may be made at
each revolution to come under the spring or springs at each station, and the
mode of distribution of the teeth may be greatly varied, whilst still carrying
out the same principle.
If, for instance, the number of teeth were doubled, and each alternate tooth
assigned to manipulators at station No. 1, the other teeth could be assigned to
station No. 11, and by putting there a wheel similar to that at station No. 1,
with 20 teeth, and having corresponding teeth at the other stations, we should
be enabled to communicate from that station to all the other stations; but in
this case of course the number of pulsations per second would be doubled. In
the mode of working shewn in these Figures, no relays are used; but when I
explain my new system of relays, it will be seen that they could easily be

page_text: applied, and thus render quite simultaneous the working of these telegraphs,
which, as shown, is only successive.
In cases where the power of sending the same message to various stations
is required, say, for instance, the message sent to station No. 11 also to be
communicated to station No. 7 and No. 9, all that is required is to furnish
stations No. 7 and No. 9 also with a tooth in the same position as that of
station No. 11, and the springs could be removed with a switch, or otherwise,
when it was not required to send the same message to the three stations.
I will now explain the second part of my Invention, which consists in a
mode of working between the intermediate stations at the same time that I am
working from one or more main stations to various stations along the line, in
the manner I have already explained.
In Figures 1 and 2, Sheet 1, I have supposed 20 teeth on the surface of
the wheel W to supply 10 manipulators for 10 stations, and could not work
more stations from station No. 1 without altering the teeth of all the instru-
ments, but I am enabled by the contrivance I shall now explain to work the
intermediate stations simultaneously.
In looking at Figure 1, it will be perceived that the pulsations which work
station No. 2, after passing through the instrument, go to earth and return to
the battery, in no way affecting the other part of the line. The consequence
is, that from station No. 2 to station No: 11 only 9 pulsations pass along the
line to different points, and that the wire is left vacant at the tenth pulsation,
which has done its work. By proper arrangements I can therefore fill up that
space with a pulsation from station No. 2 to station No. 3, and thereby gain a
means of communication between those two stations simultaneously by means
of a local battery at station No. 2. This pulsation also returns by the earth
to station No. 2, leaving the rest of the line free from station No. 3 to station
No. 4. Thus another telegraph may be worked from a local battery at station
No. 3, and so on to No. 5, and step by step to station No. 11. In like
manner the pulsation sent to station No. 3 from station No. 1, goes no further
than station No. 3, and the blanks may be filled up in the same way from
8 to 5, 5 to 7, 7 to 9, &c.; also from 1 to 4, 4 to 8, &c., and so on.
I shall now point out by Figures 3, 4, and 5, Sheet 1, the general principles
of this part of my Invention. To simplify my explanation I have only shewn
three stations intercommunicating simultaneously, with the simplest form of
manipulator, and the single-needle telegraph without relays, which I shall
afterwards describe, and with but one pulsation per revolution for each tele-
graph, although it is impossible to say to what extent the number both of
stations and pulsations may be increased, but the principle will remain the.

page_text: same whatever that number may be, it being only necessary to pre-arrange that
number within the limits at which practically synchronous action in the instru-
ments can be insured, and within which the minuteness of the pulsations is
sufficient to set the relays in action.
In establishing a line or lines intended to work a set of telegraphs by means
of my pulsation-distributing apparatus, it will be necessary for the telegraphic
engineer to estimate before making his distributing instruments the greatest
number of stations that he is likely to require to serve simultaneously, and to
divide the wheels and arrange their speeds accordingly, as, although it is not
necessary at once to employ the full number contemplated, that number, what-
ever it may be, cannot be increased without an alteration in the instruments.
Figure 3, Sheet 1, is a plan of the revolving wheels or cylinders with their
adjuncts at three stations intercommunicating simultaneously; Figure 4 is a
side view of the revolving wheels or cylinders; and Figure 5 is a front view of
the same. The wheels at each station are supposed to be moving synchronously
at any required rate, say, for example, nine times per second, and are started with
corresponding teeth in corresponding positions. In station No. 1, A, A1, A2, re-
present three metal wheels fixed on an ivory or vulcanite boss, so as to insulate
them from one another placed on the shaft A'. The wheel A is in metallic con-
nection by means of the wire and the spring p s pressing on its boss with the
positive end of the battery PN and the wheel A' is in similar metallic connection
by means of the spring n s pressing on its boss, and a wire with the negative
end of the battery PN, as may be traced in the Drawings. On each of these
wheels are two teeth, one on the right-hand and the other on the left-hand side
of the periphery, so placed that at each revolution each of the four teeth touches
one of the springs m s, m s', m s³, m s³, in such manner that at each revolution
the left-hand teeth of the two wheels which are respectively connected as we
have seen with the positive and negative ends of the battery PN come once
in contact simultaneously, tooth t with the spring ms, and tooth t with the
spring m s³, and that the right-hand teeth come once simultaneously in contact,
the tooth t' with the spring ms¹ and the tooth to with the spring m s³, but
neither of these springs touches the wheel at any other time. By these means
the springs ms, m s³, and m s', m s³, are, once in the revolution of the wheel,
each pair at a time, in contact with the positive and negative ends of the
battery. The springs ms and ms are shewn connected by wires with the
manipulator for station No. 2, as the positive and negative ends of the battery
usually are, and the springs and e of this manipulator are connected respec-
tively with the line and the earth by the earth plate ep. In like manner the
springs ms' and ms are connected with the manipulator for station No. 3,

page_text: and its springs ', e', respectively with the line and the earth by means of the
earth plate ep. The wheel A' is the receiving wheel of the currents sent from
stations No. 2 and No. 3, and it will be perceived that the two teeth on this
wheel are placed at different parts of the periphery to those already described
on A and A', and they come alternately in contact, the tooth with the
spring rs, and the tooth & with the spring rs', and as will be shewn at periods
corresponding with those at which the pulsations are sent from the other
transmitting stations through the line which is connected with the spring / s,
which presses on the boss of the wheel A², and thus keeps up metallic contact.
The springs is connected with one end of the coil of the receiving instrument
of the current from station No. 2, which I here suppose to be a single needle
telegraph, whilst the other end of the coil is connected with the earth by means
of the earth plate e p', and the spring r s² is connected with one end of the coil
of the receiving instrument R' of the currents sent from station No. 3 in a
similar manner. Let us now follow the pulsations produced by the manipula-
tors at station No. 1 intended to correspond respectively with stations No. 2
and No. 8. At station No. 2 are shewn the wheels B, B1, B2, fixed on the
shaft B through a boss of ivory or vulcanite B³ to insulate the wheels from one
another, and which shaft revolves at the same speed as that already shewn at
station No. 1. The wheel B² is a receiving and transmitting wheel, its function
being to receive and draw off into its proper receiving instruments the currents
sent from stations No. 1 and No. 3 intended for station No. 2, and to carry on
the pulsations to that part of the line which joins stations No. 2 and No. 3,
which are intended for station No. 3 when sent from No. 1, and the pulsations
to that part of the line which joins stations No. 1 and No. 2, which are
intended for station No. 1 when sent from No. 3. It will be perceived that
there are two teeth tt and t t on this wheel, as seen in the Drawing, one of
which, tt, corresponds in position with those on the wheels A, A', which com-
municate with the manipulator for station No. 2 at station No. 1, viz. t and t*,
and the other tt, which corresponds with teeth on the wheels C, C¹, viz. ttt,
and ttt, which pass the currents through the manipulator at station No. 3,
which is intended to correspond with station No. 2. The spring ls' is connected
with the line on the side of the station No. 1, and presses on the periphery of
the wheel B at all times, except where the sinking or cavity s, Figure 4,
comes under it. The spring s² is connected with the line on the side of the
station No. 3, and presses constantly on the smooth periphery of the wheel B
at all times, except when the sinking or cavity s comes over it; this sinking
or cavity in the wheel B' is to break the contact of the line on either
side, at points in its revolution corresponding with the teeth which draw

page_text: off the currents into their proper receiving instruments.
During all the other
on the periphery of
parts of the revolution both the springs ls' and 1 s³ press
the wheel B, and thus connect the two parts of the line. This arrangement,
therefore, insures the transmission of all pulsations along the line, except the
two sent from stations No. 1 and No. 3 to station No. 2, which are drawn off
alternately, each one during a revolution by the two teeth on wheel B², and
pass through their respective receivers to earth, as I have already described with
respect to station No. 1. The wheels, manipulators, and receivers of station
No. 3, correspond in all respects with those of station No. 1, excepting that the
teeth of the wheels C, C', are placed in a different part of the periphery to those
on the wheels A, A', whereas the teeth on the receiving wheel C² correspond
with those on A, A'; nevertheless, the only pulsations which are transmitted from
station No. 1 that are received at station No. 3 are those which are passed through
the manipulator intended to communicate with that station, and received by the
tooth ttt. The currents which are received by the other tooth ttt, are sent
from station No. 2, and are received at station No. 3 at the same time that
station No. 2 is receiving the pulsation from station No. 1. In like manner the
teeth on the receiving wheel A' at station No. 1 correspond in position with
the teeth of the wheels C, C', at station No. 3, but only those currents trans-
mitted through the manipulator intended to communicate with station No. 1
come from station No. 3, the others coming from station No. 2.
I will now point out how this takes place, and how I am enabled to work
the six telegraphs in the time of but four pulsations. As I have already stated,
the currents sent from stations Nos. 1 and 3 to station No. 2, after passing
through the receiving instruments, go to earth and return to their respective
batteries. The consequence is, that as the current sent from station No. 1
goes no further than station No. 2, that part of the wire which extends from
station No. 2 to station No. 3 is at that time unemployed, and a current may
therefore be sent from a battery at station No. 2 to station No. 3 at the same
time that the other part of the wire is employed by a current sent from station
No. 1 to station No. 2, and in like manner, the current sent from station No. 3
to station No. 2 going no further, the remainder of the wire may be occupied
by a current sent from station No. 2 to station No. 1.
The wheels B, B¹, of station No. 2, which are in all respects similar to the
wheels A, A¹, and C, C¹, excepting as to the relative position of the teeth, are
employed to convey the currents from the battery of station No. 2 to the
manipulators for stations Nos. 1 and 8, the teeth intended to convey the
currents to station No. 1 corresponding with those which sent the current
from station No. 3 to station No. 2, and the teeth intended to convey the

page_text: currents to station No. 3 corresponding with those which sent the current
from station No. 1 to station No. 2. As these wheels are insulated from the
wheel B², already described, and from each other, their action will be easily
understood, as it is in all respects similar to that I have described with regard
to the wheels A, A¹, and C, C¹, only that the wire from the manipulator for
station No. 1 is joined to the line on the side of that station, and the wire
from the manipulator for station No. 3 is joined to the line on the side of that
station. Upon the system last described it may be stated generally that where
there are several stations served at different parts of the line by a given
number of pulsations, the remaining portion of the wire not occupied by the
currents of either of these pulsations may be treated as a distinct wire during
the period that that pulsation lasts, and thus an immense number of extra
telegraphs may be employed without increasing the time required for making
pulsations. This plan may be conveniently applied to private use, where it is
desired to have telegraphic power applied between two houses or establishments
anywhere near the line, but the number of telegraphs may be still further
greatly increased where it is only wanted to have the use of one at intervals,
say, for example, once, or twice, or thrice per hour, for a few minutes. This
is effected by causing a wheel attached to the instrument in which is the wheel,
the pulsations of which have to be periodically distributed, to revolve by means
of a train of clock work driven from the pulsation wheel, or otherwise, at such
a rate as may be required, for instance, once per hour.
At Figures 6, 7, and 8, Sheet 1, are shewn respectively top view, front
view, and side view of a receiving and transmitting wheel, and of a slow-
moving wheel, without shewing the intermediate wheels, which is quite
unnecessary.
The wheel A is the pulsation receiving and transmitting wheel, and may
have any number of teeth required, but I have only shewn one in the Draw-
ing, and as I have supposed these wheels to revolve nine times per second, the
tooth would convey from the line, by means of a spring c, that number of
pulsations per second to any instrument through which they were passed, as I.
have already explained. Instead of conveying the pulsations which come along
the line and are carried by the spring c to the boss of the metal wheel A, directly
to any instrument, I put the spring c¹, which touches the tooth t once in each
revolution, in metallic connection with the spring c², which presses on the boss
of the slow-moving wheel B. This wheel, which is of metal, may be divided
into any number of parts, or teeth placed on the periphery in such manner
that one tooth only of that wheel is in contact at the same time, and that
successively with a spring communicating with a station or instrument. Thus,

page_text: if the wheel B is divided into six parts, and have six teeth t¹, t2, t³, t', to, to, set
as shewn in Figure 8, and have six springs c³, c, c³, c², c, c³, set over them,
so as only to touch the wheel B when lifted by their particular tooth; these
springs will each serve a given telegraph for one-sixth part of the time occupied
in the revolution of the wheel, that is for ten minutes per hour, conveying
during that time all the pulsations which may come along the line, and be
drawn off by the tooth t of the wheel A to the instrument with which it is
connected. If the slow wheel made one revolution in half an hour, these 6
telegraphs would be each served for five minutes, and in any other desired
proportion. Also one might be served for ten minutes, another for five, and
so on, as could easily be arranged by the length of the teeth. Of course the
manipulators which work each of these telegraphs must be fed with their
pulsations by a similar or equivalent contrivance and at corresponding times,
in case these manipulators are situated at distinct places, but if one person
wishes to have the power of communicating for ten minutes per hour, or any
other division of time, with six correspondents at different places, one manipu-
lator will suffice for all the six, provided that their instruments are supplied
with the slow movement, and that a particular tooth in this slow-movement
wheel be appropriated to each. Of course in those cases where more than one
pulsation is used in combination, and where some of the letters are formed by
suppressing particular pulsations, as is the case in many of the improved
recording or indicating instruments which I shall hereafter describe, as many
springs will be required as the most pulsations used to form a letter or signal,
three, four, or more, as the case may be, and a separate revolving slow-motion
wheel will be required to correspond with each spring. This will be better
understood after I have described these instruments.
Before explaining the detailed Drawings of one of the revolving apparatuses,
it may be as well to explain that the number of manipulators that any
one of these instruments may serve conveniently with pulsations, as well as
the number of telegraphs to which pulsations may be transmitted from one
of them, will depend upon various circumstances; for instance, the nature of
the telegraphs used, the number of manipulators or receiving instruments in one
station or immediate neighbourhood, the necessity for economy, the position of
branch lines &c., and in very many cases it may be found best to have a distinct
revolving apparatus in connection with each telegraphic instrument, and those
pulsations only be formed and received which belong to that particular
telegraph. All these points can only be settled in practice according to
circumstances. Also in cases where a number of houses grouped round a
central office belonging to the company of the line, have hired telegraphic

page_text: power, it is not necessary for them all to have revolving apparatuses, especially
where the pulsations from the line are used without relays to work the
instruments, and where the simplest forms of telegraph are employed, as it will
be more economical to take off the pulsations from one instrument kept at
the office, and to distribute them by small accessory wires to the different.
private instruments. The same system may be adopted with the prolonged
relay currents hereafter to be described, which may be brought into action at
this central station and transmitted through the short wires instead of the line
currents, and pulsations for the manipulators may be served in the same
manner so as to prevent in many cases the necessity of batteries and revolving
apparatus being kept in such private houses.
In these Figures I have supposed the contacts to be formed by the teeth
of metal wheels coming during the revolution of these wheels for short intervals
into contact with metal springs, but the contacts may be made in any other
convenient manner without altering the principle of the Invention. For
instance, a spring may be made to travel, and the wheel be fixed and the
current be thus transmitted from different points of its periphery to different
stations, or the wheel may be made of wood or ivory, and have teeth or cams
upon it, which may move a spring or other piece of metal connected with the
manipulators or receivers into temporary contact with another piece of metal
joined to the poles of the battery or to the line; I have shewn this latter
method in the detailed Drawing of one of the revolving apparatuses, or
mercury cups may be used to form the contacts. I have also spoken only
of the voltaic battery as the source of the electric current, but of course
other means of creating the required pulsations may be adopted instead.
In order that the detailed Drawings of the pulsations-distributing apparatus
may be more easily understood when I describe them, I will first give a
general idea, as I have already done with regard to the revolving wheels, of my
improved modes of maintaining a practically synchronous movement in the
revolving wheels. As I have already stated, this may be effected more or less
perfectly by any of the well known means of pendulums, vibrating springs, fly
wheels, fans, &c., as I sometimes use these means either alone or in combina-
tion with those which I am about to describe.
any
In Figure 1, Sheet 2, I have shewn revolving wheels at six different
stations. These revolving wheels before leaving the factory are adjusted by
means of a small fan attached to them, or a small fly wheel, a due relation of
the power to the resistance of the springs which remove the currents and other
resistances, to a speed as nearly as possible similar to that of a standard instru-
ment kept for the purpose. But however perfectly they may be adjusted, it

page_text: will be found impracticable to prevent minute differences in their velocities, and
as these differences tend to accumulate, all correspondence in the movements
of the wheels would soon cease unless such accumulation be prevented. This
I prefer to do by one of the modes shewn by the Drawings, Figures 1 and 2,
Sheet 2. Figure 1 shews wheels at six different stations, and in this Drawing
is a mode which may be conveniently adopted for maintaining synchronisin
in a limited number of wheels. At a corresponding point in each wheel is a
pin or tooth p¹, p², p³, &c., under which is an electro-magnet e m¹, em², e m³,
&c., to the armature a', a², as, of which is attached a stud s¹, s, &c., against
which the pin impinges as the wheel revolves. This being the case, any
wheel will be arrested until the armature is drawn down, when the wheel
will escape and recommence its course, and the stud of the armature be
replaced by a recal spring ready to meet the pin at the next revolution.
By the following arrangement that movement of the armature is intended to
take place at precisely the same instant at each station, so that all the wheels
will start afresh from the same point. At station No. 1 is a voltaic battery
P.N, one pole of which is connected with the earth by means of the earth plate
ep, and the other pole with one end of the coil of the electro-magnet of that
station, the other end of which is connected metallically with the stud on the
armature. The wheel is in contact with the line wire by means of a spring
Is pressing on its boss, or other suitable contrivance. At station No. 2 the
line wire which proceeds from station No. 1 is connected with one end of the
coil of a similar electro-magnet e m² to that shewn at station No. 1 and the
other end of the coil is connected with the stud on the armature. The wheel
of station No. 2 has also a spring s pressing on its boss or other suitable con-
tact which is in metallic connection with the line wire preceeding from
station No. 2 to station No. 3. This again is connected in a similar manner to
station No. 4, and so on to the most remote station No. 6, where the wheel is
metallically connected with the earth by means of the spring es and the earth
plate ep. By this arrangement none of the wheels can pass on beyond a
certain point, and none of the electro-magnets can act until all the pins are
in contact with their respective studs, when the electric current will be closed
throughout, and a current will pass round all the electro-magnets, drawing
down the armatures with their studs simultaneously, and allowing the wheels
to pass and recommence their revolutions, of course the studs must be adjusted
to descend an equal quantity, and be so formed as to maintain the contact
until all the wheels have escaped. As thus will require very nice adjustment
it will perhaps be better in most cases to connect the line in the manner shewn
with relay electro-magnets instead of with the stud electro-magnets, and fo

page_text: them to throw in action local currents through the coils of the electro-magnets
em³, e m³, etc. so that the studs may be drawn down together below the pins,
and be kept there till all have fairly passed. Although I have shewn only
one pin to each wheel, and therefore one adjustment for each revolution, it may
be made more frequent if desired, or less so by putting the pins on wheels
driven at a slower speed from the pulsation wheels. The number of adjust-
ments will depend for its necessity upon the degree of perfection in synchronism,
which is attained in practice without the adjusting process. The openings
between the different parts of the line wire are closed metallically when this
current is not passing or other currents do not require any of them to be kept
open, in the same manner that I have shewn how the current is transmitted
along the whole line at intervals, in Figures 3, 4, and 5, Sheet 1.
Another mode of effecting the same object is to have a governing wheel at
one of the stations, say, for instance, at station No. 1, which wheel in its
original adjustment is made to move somewhat slower than the others, so that
whatever little inequalities may exist in the speed of the wheels at the various
stations, they may all travel a trifle more quickly than the governor and their
pins abut against their respective studs rather before the governor wheel causes
the current to circulate. By so arranging, it will be unnecessary that the
formation of the current should depend upon any of the contacts at the studs,
that made by the governor wheel being sufficient, the coils of each electro-
magnet forming part of the line for the time being by the arrangement of the
wires of the coils, which I shall shew in the Drawing, Figure 2, Sheet 2. In
this case also the currents can be made of any duration that may be required
effectually to draw and keep down the studs without the necessity of using the
relays. When the number of stations becomes very numerous, I modify these
plans so as not to increase inconveniently the number of electro-magnets
through which one current has to pass, without however departing from the
principles I have described.
Figure 2, Sheet 2, shews 10 stations also regulated once during each revo-
lution by a governor wheel, but it is easily applicable to the system I
have already described, but each alternate station has its pin at the opposite
end of the diameter," but the governor wheel has two contacts. Thus the
wheels are regulated five [at a time, and by any other set of positions
given to these pins (any] other number may be regulated at one time. Or
instead of only having one] governor wheel, if one group, say of five for
example, is regulated together, each member of that group may regulate
sub-groups independently of a general governor by means of a current from the
local battery, and many other variations may be given to these arrangements.

page_text: As in these revolving wheels it is only important that synchronism should take
place between the wheels in correspondence at the time that the teeth are in
action, it is advisable to regulate them just before their teeth come into work,
as it matters little (within certain limits) at what rate the plain parts of the
wheel are travelling, providing the working parts move together. Of course
on either plan no working pulsation can pass at the same time as the
regulating pulsation, and a certain space must be left blank in each wheel to
allow for the little irregularities if only one line is used with alternating
pulsations, and it will be found convenient in many cases, especially where the
adjustments are frequent, to employ one wire for the governing pulsation, and
another or more than one for the working pulsations; or where instruments
with only currents of one denomination are used, the currents of the other
denomination may be used to regulate, the armatures being permanent
magnets. As most of my new recording and indicating instruments have
their letters formed in the time required for three pulsations, one line might be
employed for each pulsation, and the same governing wire would serve for all;
of course, by employing three wires instead of one, at least three times as
many telegraphs could be worked.
Figure 2, Sheet 2, shews the arrangement for governing 10 stations, 5 at a
time, by means of a governing wheel. Station No. 1 is that of the governing
wheel W, which it will be perceived has two teeth t¹, t, which touch the
springs, connected with one end of the battery P N, once each during a
revolution; the other end of the battery is connected with the earth by means
of the plate e p, so that each time that a tooth touches the spring a current
passes along the line. One of these currents passes through the electro-
magnets e m³, em³, e m³, em³, em¹, or their relays, and the other through
the electro-magnets e m³, e m³, e m', e m³, e m", and as each of these sets of
five has its pins at opposite points of the diameter of the wheels, five will be
regulated at one semi-revolution of the wheel, and five at another. Of course
the line will be made separate or continuous at each semi-revolution by means
of sinkings, as before explained, at the proper time. In the Drawing,
Figure 2, Sheet 2, the line is shewn alternately open and closed at each station,
so that the group stations 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 are just about to enter into action, and
the other group will be brought into play at the other semi-revolution of the
wheel. The description I have given of the connections and the details of
Figure 1 applies equally to Figure 2. By means of the regulating system I
have described in those cases, where any telegraphs had ceased to act from the
driving power not having been properly kept up, or other causes, when again
set in motion, it will, by the action of the pin and stud, start in a correct rela-

page_text: tive position to that of its corresponding station, which it will then continue to
maintain, so that the instruments are quite self-adjusting.
In order to reduce the chances of stoppage of any part of the line from
accidental causes as much as possible, the best plan will be, in all cases where
many stations are worked simultaneously, to divide them into groups and sub-
groups in such manner that each sub-group shall be independent of the
remainder, so that at any rate accidents or stoppages in private telegraphs
from negligence or other causes, may not cause derangement to other tele-
graphs composing the group. By making such arrangements the maintenance
of the regular working of the system will depend entirely upon the officers of
the company to whom this line may belong. These men are placed at a few
main stations, who, of course, will be chosen for steadiness and care, and whose
duties will be to keep the batteries and instruments in complete working order,
and to see that the weights or springs which are used to drive the revolving
apparatus are regularly wound up, either by the electrical current or otherwise.
Of course, having once determined how often such duties require to be per-
formed, it is easy to insure regularity in their performance, as is done in the
Post Office, with gas and water companies, and in other similar cases. As the
Drawings for the pulsation-distributing apparatus are shewn as I arrange them for
working the telegraphic instruments, by means of prolonged local currents brought
into action by my relays throwing it on the revolving wheels, and thence
through the instruments, in order that those Drawings may be more easily
understood I will now by reference to diagrams explain the action of these
relays in their simplest form, namely, as arranged to work with a single
current. In Sheet 2, Figure 3, is a side view of a local battery of a relay of a
revolving wheel and of a needle instrument working together. Figure 4 is a
top view of the same. The action is as follows:-A, B, C, D, are four electro-
magnets; between A and B is a permanent magnet n, and between C and D
another permanent magnet n', with similar poles upwards, which vibrate on
pointed screws at g, with a very minute motion limited by platinum points on
the screws h, h1, h2, h. These points are connected with battery PN. The
points and h¹ being connected metallically by the wires and clip I to the
positive, and the points h³, h', by the wires and clip N to the negative pole of
the battery PN. The permanent magnets n and n² are connected respec-
tively, n by means of the wires, and the clip W with a spring sw pressing on
the boss of a metal wheel R W, which, together with two other metal wheels
RW' and RW', is fixed on an ivory boss ib on the revolving shaft rs,
which ivory boss serves to insulate them from each other, while n¹ is connected
by means of the clip with the wires, and the clip C in the receiving instrument

page_text: RI, which I have shewn as a single needle, one with one end of the coil of
that instrument, the other end of which is connected through the clip C¹ with:
the wire, and the spring sw³ with the wheel R W whenever the tooth t¹ comes
in contact with it during the revolution of the wheel R W. One end of the
coils of the relay electro-magnets, which are continuous, is connected with the
line wire by the clip L'; the wires and the spring 18, whenever the tooth t on
the wheel R. W touches the spring ls, which it does at each revolution, and the
other end of the coil is connected with the earth by means of the clip E and the
wire. The reason that when the tooth t touches the spring 7 s that this spring
becomes metallically connected with the line is that a spring Is connected
by a wire with the line presses permanently on the boss of the wheel W R².
The coils are so wound that when the electro-magnets A and D become
south poles at the parts presented to the tops of the permanent magnets, the
corresponding parts of the electro-magnets B and C become north poles, and
vice versa, and will vary according to the direction of the current sent along
the line. The permanent magnets having the same pole uppermost will
therefore be attracted, one to the right and the other to the left, according to
the direction of the line pulsation. If the magnet n is attracted to the left it
will come in contact with the platinum point of h³, and therefore with the
negative pole of the battery, and the magnet n' being attracted to the right
will come in contact with the platinum point h', and therefore with the positive
pole of the battery, the magnet n¹ being connected with one end of the coil
of the receiving instrument, and the magnet n with the boss of the metal re-
volving wheel R W. Whilst the relay magnets are in these positions, when-
ever the tooth t¹ during the revolution is in contact with the spring s w³, the
negative current will pass through the end of the coil of the instrument which
is connected with the magnet n, and the positive through the wheel R W,
which is connected with the magnet n¹. When the magnets n, n¹, are
attracted in the opposite directions, the positive and negative currents from the
local battery will also pass through the instruments in opposite directions, and
as the duration of the current will depend upon the time that the tooth t' is in
contact with the spring s w¹, it is obvious that this time may be adapted to any
length that is required for the most efficient working of the instrument, and
the current sent during only the minute fraction of a second causes the various
instruments along the line to be fed with currents of the best possible practical
duration, and thus work simultaneously.
As the tendency of gravity from the mode which I have invented and
applied to all my varieties of relay for supporting the permanent magnets
below the centre of gravity, as well as the permanent magnetism and the

page_text: residual magnetism of the electro-magnets, all tend to keep the permanent
magnets in the position to which they have been attracted, and as the wheel is
kept in a constant state of revolution, of course each time the wheel revolved
a similar motion would take place in the needle of the instrument until a
contrary current was sent along the line, unless some means were adopted to
prevent it. I accomplish this in two ways, one by passing a local current in
the right direction through the whole or a portion of the coils through which
the line current has passed; the other by a mechanical appliance.
The wheel R W, mounted with the other metal wheels on the ivory boss
on the shaft rs, is connected by a spring sp pressing on its boss with the
positive end of the local battery, and the clip P by means of wires. The
wheel is sufficiently broad for the tooth t to touch two springs sr, sr, at the
the same time, and as these springs do not touch the wheels or communicate
metallically between themselves at any other period of the revolution of the
wheels, except when the springs and tooth are in contact, they may be con-
nected with the coils of the electro-magnets in any part, without interfering
with the proper course intended to be taken by the line current.
The tooth t² should be very short, so as to produce a minute pulsation
similar in character to that of the line current. It is seen in side view behind
the wheel R W2, in Figure 3, and comes into action after the currents passing
through the instruments have ceased. One of the double springs sr, sr, is
connected with the end of the coil of the electro-magnet A through the
clip W', and the other with one end of the coil of the electro-magnet C, while
the other ends of both coils are connected with the negative end of the local
battery. Thus, when the springs touch the tooth a positive current passes
from them through the coils in such manner that both of them attract the
permanent magnets and bring them both in contact with the negative end of
the battery, so that no current can pass through the instrument until a pulsa-
tion along the line causes one of the magnets to move to the positive side.
Instead of setting back the armatures or permanent or moveable electro-
magnets used in my relays, in the manner I have just described, I sometimes
do it mechanically by a cam or other equivalent contrivance attached to the
revolving apparatus acting against them at the proper time; as an example, I
have shewn in Figures 25 and 26, Sheet 9, where I describe several varieties
of my relays, this mode of setting back. Of course the particular method can
be greatly varied without departing from the principle, which is that of re-
placing mechanically the moveable parts in a position which allows no current
from the local battery to pass through the instruments.
The methods which I have just described are applicable to and intended to

page_text: be used with all my varieties in the relay, so that it will not be necessary, when
explaining the Drawings of the different instruments, to again trace in all of
them the directions of the currents, as any competent workman, with the
description I have given, will be able to apply any of them correctly. It is thus
that I make my telegraphs work simultaneously, for although the duration of
the line pulsation may only be a minute fraction of a second, the local current
substituted for it may be of any required duration, and it is thus also that I
am enabled to work instruments which require long and strong currents,
although those sent along the line may be weak and minute.
Up to the present time I have only described, with reference to the
Drawings, the pulsation-distributing and receiving apparatus as acting with
successive single pulsations at each revolution of the wheel on the different
instruments and the different stations; but as my improved manipulators,
relays, and indicating and recording telegraphs are arranged to form a letter
by one touch of the finger out of three, four, or more pulsations, I will now
explain and illustrate how this is effected, so that the detailed Drawings will
be more easily understood.
There are two distinct methods shewn in the different instruments, one is to
form the letter by successive movements in the same instrument, and the other
to form it at once by the simultaneous operation of three or more instruments, or
the two methods may be united. In the first case the pulsations are made to
succeed each other at considerable intervals. In the second, they are sent in
groups. In Figures 5 and 6, Sheet 2, is shewn in side and top view how the
teeth of a pulsation wheel require to be arranged for the first plan; and in
Figures 7 and 8, in side and top view, how they require to be arranged for
the second. In Figures 5 and 6, W is the wheel; t, t, t, the teeth; ls, the
spring connected with the line which presses on the boss; and rs, the spring
which conveys the pulsations to the instrument or relay. As a certain amount
of time is required for the instruments to function properly, especially where a
relay is used, it will be perceived that the teeth t, t1, t2, are at some distance
apart, so as to enable me in case of using relays to prolong the currents that
work the instruments, and re-set the relay after each pulsation before the next
pulsation arrives. The marks in this case, which form the twenty-six com-
binations, any of which I appropriate to the different letters of the alphabet
are successive on the paper, as shewn in the alphabets, Figure 9, Sheet 2,
Nos. 1, 7, and 8 in the second plan for the arrangement of the teeth, shewn
in Figures 7 and 8, Sheet 2, the marks are made across the paper, and it is
not each mark, but each letter which is successive. Alphabets on this plan are
shewn in Figure 9, Shcet 2, at Nos. 3, 4, 6, 9, 10. No. 5 is a mixed plan.

page_text: In Figures 7 and 8 it will be perceived that the teeth t, t¹, t, immediately
follow each other, but are on different parts of the periphery sidewise, on
which account the wheel W¹ is made much broader than the wheel W, the
tooth t touching first in order the spring rs, then t¹, the spring rs, then the
tooth t, the spring r s³, each of which leads to a different relay, which throw
local currents through the revolving wheels to the required parts of the instru-
ment; ib is the ivory boss; rs, the revolving shaft, as in Figures 3 and 4.
I have not shewn the wheels which prolong the local currents, nor those which
replace the relays after the pulsations have taken place and the local currents
have done their work, as the plan has been fully described with regard to one
pulsation in Figures 3 and 4, and is shewn as applied to three pulsations in
the complete Drawings of one of the pulsation-distributing and receiving
instruments. Three or more lines have already been used together to group a
set of pulsations, which by their combinations form the different letters of the
alphabet; and I have now explained how I produce the same effects with only
one line, and thus how I am enabled with the help of my relays and prolong-
ing current wheels to work simultaneously the different needles or other parts
of a telegraph as perfectly with one as I could do with three line wires.
In Sheet 3, Figures 1 to 10 inclusive, are Drawings of one of my pulsation-
distributing instruments, of which the motive power shewn is a spring kept
constantly wound to nearly the same degree of tension by the action of an
electro-magnet worked by the current from a local battery. This is the part
of my Invention which refers to the winding of clockwork. Instead of a spring
a weight may be used, or a heavy weight acting through a train of clockwork
substituted, but more frequent attention would be required than in the plan
which I have shewn.
As I have observed in a former part of my Specification, before arranging
the pulsation distributors it is necessary for the telegraphic engineer to resolve
how many stations he may require to work directly upon the line he is about
to erect, and to arrange his instruments accordingly. In the Drawings, which
I am about to describe, I have done the same thing, and I have supposed fifty
stations to be the number. All these fifty stations may be worked from one
main station or from several main stations, the pulsations being generated
amongst them or from some main stations, each communicating with several
stations, and other stations each only communicating with one or two stations;
indeed the arrangements may be infinitely varied according to circumstances.
I have shewn in the Drawings, Figure 1 to Figure 10, Sheet 3, a distribut-
ing wheel arranged for communicating with 10 of the 50 stations, supposing
the pulsations for supplying the other 40 telegraphs to be generated at other

page_text: stations; but it will be obvious that instead of 10 it would have been as easy
to arrange for 20, 30, or any other number at this station by merely lengthen-
ing the cylinder and increasing the number of contacts. One-fifth of tho
periphery is occupied with the contacts at this station, and it is therefore
obvious that the pulsations from the other stations must be on the other four-
fifths. The mode of forming the contacts may of course be infinitely varied.
I have shewn different plans in the different Drawings. The distributing
wheel may be adjusted to make one, two, three, or four revolutions per second,
or even more, according to the facility acquired by the operators of working
my manipulators, and as each revolution sends 3 pulsations to each telegraph
and consequently one letter, 4 revolutions would send 4 letters per second,
which I imagine would be about the limit of velocity which the best operators
would attain. Although I have made the original pulsations in this instrument
only to work fifty telegraphs from the ends of the line, this number gives a
very imperfect idea of the powers of the wire under the circumstances, as the
number that can be worked simultaneously, by the method I have already
described, between the intermediate stations without increasing the duration
of the pulsations, is very much more considerable than the original number,
and the same message may be repeated at several offices, as is done now
without interfering with the correspondence of other stations.
My improved regulating plans, which I have already described with refer-
ence to the Drawings, require a considerable amount of synchronisin to be
attained by the original adjustment, and a certain blank space to be allowed in
the periphery of the wheel just before each regulating pin comes into action if
only one wire is used, unless the instrument is worked entirely with currents
of one denomination, in which case the current of the other denomination
could be employed exclusively for the adjustments. But for many reasons it
will be convenient to have another wire, for example, to distribute pulsations
to private houses for manipulating to save them from keeping batteries to
serve their manipulators and to do any odd jobs on the line, and great conve-
nience will be given for adjusting by its means, as in this case there will be no
occasion for the wheels to move synchronously except at the working parts.
In these Drawings I have supposed the use of an extra wire for adjusting.
Figure 1, Sheet 3, is a top view of an instrument for distributing pulsations
to 10 manipulators on a line arranged to work 50 telegraphs from the main
stations; Figure 2 is a top view, with the springs and a part of the upper
brass and woodwork removed; Figure 3 is a view of the base board, shewing
the remounting electro-magnet; Figure 4 is a transverse section, taken just
free of the adjusting electro-magnet; Figure 5 is an end view; Figure 6, a

page_text: side view; Figure 7, a longitudinal section. The other Figures are views in
detail.
The motive power in this instrument is a spiral spring contained within a
cylinder, and kept constantly re-wound as it unwinds itself and drives the wheel-
work by means of the electro-magnet EM; A is the base board of the
instrument, A¹ the sides and ends, and A² the top board. The whole of the
working parts of the machine except the re-winding electro-magnet and its
armature are supported chiefly on brass or other suitable framing screwed
to the top board; B is a brass upright screwed across the left-hand end of the
top board by a flange formed on it, as best seen in the longitudinal section,
Figure 7; B' is another brass upright screwed across the top board A² by
flanges; B2 is another brass upright fastened to the top board, and B' is a
fourth upright fastened across the right-hand end in a similar manner; Bare
open sides, as seen at Figure 6, screwed to the uprights B¹ and B² so as to
enclose a rectangular space. On each side of the uprights B are flanges B³,
which form a sort of table, to which are screwed plates of vulcanite V, the
uses of which will be hereafter explained. The cross pieces B¹ and B2 have
each pieces B, the form of which is best seen in Figure 5, to carry a:
cross bar NB, which is screwed between them, but insulated from them by
washers of vulcanite or ivory.
The above description shews the arrangement of the framework of the.
machine, I will now explain the action, beginning with the driving power.
This is a spiral spring, seen in section at s, s, Figure 7, one end of which is
attached to the cylinder c in which it is contained, and the other end to the
shaft c'. This shaft has a ratchet wheel d fixed to it, which is prevented from
turning backwards by a spring pall d', Figure 1 and 5, which moves on a
screwed pin fixed to the end upright B. This upright B forms the
bearing of one end of the shaft c', the other end of which is inserted in a
hole in B', as seen in Figure 7. To the brass cylinder è is fixed the tooth
wheel f, which gears into a pinion g, fixed on the shaft of the pulsation
cylinder PC, causing it to revolve at 9 times the speed of the driving cylinder,
supposing the pulsation wheel to revolve 3 times per second, which would send
pulsations for 3 letters per second to each instrument; the driving cylinder
would only revolve once in three seconds. The end of the shaft c¹ is made
square so as to allow the spring to be wound up by a key. After this operation
has been performed the wheelwork continues to revolve until the spring is
unwound, which soon takes place, when the cylinder makes a revolution once
in 3 seconds. To drive an apparatus of this kind for any length of time by
springs or weights would require a train of clockwork, and very powerful

page_text: springs or heavy weights, and needing frequent re-winding, I therefore content
myself with a spring or weight of moderate power, being constantly re-wound by
the electrical current in the same proportion that it is unwound, so that as long
as a sufficient battery current is supplied, the apparatus will continue to revolve.
I prefer a spring to a weight, as it gives facilities in adjusting the instruments
which I will afterwards explain. A powerful electro-magnet EM is fixed to
the base board and partly let into it and into the top board. Whenever
a current of electricity is passed round the coils of the electro-magnet, it attracts
an armature A', attached to a turning lever h, and causes this lever to turn.
As the power of a magnet or electro-magnet varies inversely as the square of
the distance between itself and the object it attracts, whereas the resistance from
increased leverage against it only varies as the lengths, I make this distance
of attraction very small and increase the counteracting leverage. In this I have
only shewn a difference of three to one, but it may be considerably increased
with great saving of power. The turning lever h is seen in back view, front
view, and side view respectively in Figures 8, 9, and 10, Sheet 3, where the
form and position of the long arm is seen. It is supported in bearings h
screwed to the top board. To the end of this long arm is attached by a
screwed pini a piece of brass j, the form of which is seen in the various
Figures; it is made to work up and down perpendicularly by having a piece of
steel wire i¹ screwed into its upper end, which works in a hole in a projecting
piece on the frame B. The arrangement is best seen in Figure 5. To this
upright is attached a pall ¹ and spring 2, which pall turns on a second pin,
and when the piece j is raised falls between the teeth of the ratchet wheel d,
and when the piece j is pulled down causes the ratchet wheel to move round
the distance of one tooth. The piece j is made to rise by a helical spring hs,
seen in Figures 8 and 7, which is forced against the armature by a screwed
pink on which the helical spring is placed. The armature is prevented being
carried too far back by meeting the point of a screw k¹, against which it abuts;
these screws pass through pieces of brass screwed to the base board. The
ratchet wheel shewn has 30 teeth, therefore in order that he spring may be
constantly wound as fast as it unwinds it is necessary that the ratchet should
be moved a distance equal to one tooth for every thirtieth part of a revolution
made by the spring cylinder; this is effected by the rotation of the cylinder
itself in the manner I shall now describe. A ring of vulcanite, ivory, or other
suitable material is turned and fixed on the cyinder c. The ring is so cut
as to admit on it a ring of brass l, nearly one half of which is perfect, whilst
the other half is cut into 30 divisions, with spaces between them equal to
half the divisions more or less, through which the ivory or vulcanite projects,

page_text: P
making 60 divisions of the surface, which is made perfectly smooth, alternately
ivory and metal. A spring , shewn in Figure 11, is fixed to the base board in
such manner that it presses at the horizontal diameter on the continuous
metal ', and a similar spring presses at the other side on the interrupted part
of the metal . The spring is connected with one pole of a battery, and the
spring with one end of the coils of the electro-magnet E M, the other end of
which is connected with the other pole of the battery. The consequence of
this arrangement is, that 80 times during the revolution of the cylinder the
armature is attracted and turns the ratchet wheel a space equal to one tooth,
and the spring is therefore constantly kept wound as nearly as possible at the
same point. The advantage I mentioned in using a spring instead of a weight
is, that by means of a key on the square part of the shaft e¹ I can vary the
strength of the spring during the adjustment of the normal speed. Beyond the
pulsation-distributing cylinder PC, to the further end of the shaft of which is
fixed a spur wheel m gearing into a pinion m¹ on a small shaft m², which is
left thick in the middle, and is an arrangement for varying the resistance.
This is effected by a small fly wheel x on the shaft m², which is made to rotate
with considerable velocity.
In the Drawing I have shewn the increase of velocity over the pulsation-
distributing cylinder to be 10 to 1. A hole is bored in the thick part of the
shaft, through which the rounded stem of the fly vanes passes, allowing the
edge of the vanes to be turned in the direction of the motion, or at right
angles to it, or in any intermediate position where it is fixed by the screw x¹.
Thus by being able, on the one hand, to vary the driving power, and on the
other to vary the resistance, the speed may be very accurately arranged to
equal that of a standard instrument, but as anything like perfection is
impossible, I have devised, as already stated, means of making the instru-
ments self-adjusting either at very short intervals or at considerable ones.
The pulsations are caused by pieces of metal coming successively in contact
with the various springs, as I shall hereafter explain; but it will be observed,
in examining the Drawings, that although 30 pair of springs are shewn by
forming the pulsations, only one pair of springs is in contact at a time, there-
fore the resistance from pressure on one-fifth of the wheel would only be about
equal to that of one pair of springs having constant pressure. The other
four-fifths of the wheel would tend to move faster than the working fifth, were
it not prevented by keeping a pair of springs s², 3, of similar force in constant
action on the unoccupied th, which I do in order to keep the resistance as
regular as possible throughout the revolution. In this instrument I have shewn
two adjustments during each revolution.. As I have already stated these adjust-

page_text: ments are caused by a pin on the pulsation cylinder coming in contact with a
stud on the armature of an electro-magnet. These pins are marked respectively
o and o¹; the pin o has just arrived against the stud of the electro-magnet, and
immediately that that stud becomes depressed by a similar contact at the
corresponding stations and the last sending station, the pulsation contacts for
this fifth of the wheel, and the receiving contacts for the corresponding distant
stations commence. When the pin o¹ arrives against the stud, the pulsations
on this fifth of the wheel have ceased, and the pulsations on the next fifth or
other division commence; the pin o¹, therefore, corresponds with a pin on the
wheel of the next division of the pulsation distributors, and with pins on the
receiving wheels of the stations communicating with that division; in like
manner another pin at the termination of the pulsations of the second division
communicates with a pin at the commencement of the third division, and
others, at its receiving stations, until the pin is reached which terminates the
last division, and which corresponds with the pin o. Supposing two lines to
be used, the following is the method of connection:-E M¹, is the electro-
magnet, having a platinum stud p fixed to its armature A"; the parts of the
pins o, o', which come in contact with this stud are also of platinum. The
boss to the left-hand end of the vulcanite revolving pulsation cylinder is
covered with metal, and united by strips of metal with the pins o, o'. A piece
of vulcanite V2 is screwed to the top of the upright framing B', and to it is
screwed a spring q, which communicates with one pole of the regulating
battery, and therefore puts the pins o, o', in contact with that pole; the other
pole of the battery communicates with the earth. The stud on the armature
communicates with one end of the coils of the electro-magnet of a
relay, the
other end of which communicates with the line which communicates with the
pins of the next corresponding station, the stud of the armature of whose
electro-magnet communicates with one end of the coils of a relay electro-
magnet, whose other end is connected to the line, and so on to the last, the
further end of whose coil is connected with earth, whereby the currents return
to the battery, the circuit being complete. When all the pins are touching the
studs a current passes round the coils of the relay electro-magnets, which in
their turn send currents round the electro-magnets of the instruments E M
which cause all the armatures to be drawn down, and the cylinders to start
together in their revolution. This relay current will last until the armatures
of the relay instruments are replaced, which is made to take place very soon.
A part of the soft iron of E M' is sunk into the top board to allow the long
arm of the turning frame h to pass freely over it. In case the same line is
used for distributing and receiving the pulsations, and for adjusting the instru-

page_text: ments, the periphery of the wheel must be slightly extended, a blank space
nearly equal to that required for the formation of one pulsation being left just
before the space taken by the adjusting pin and blank spaces, gradually
increasing from the commencement to that size between the pulsations, and of
course in this case the instruments must be so closely adjusted to one another
in their speed at starting them, that the difference of that speed between each
regulation shall never be sufficient to allow one pulsation to overpass the
other as much as that blank space, otherwise the pulsations intended for one
station would run into another.
Having fully described how the pulsation wheel is driven and regulated, it
remains to show how the pulsations are formed. For each pulsation, where
instruments are used worked by the current running in alternate directions,
both the positive and negative ends of the battery must be simultaneously in
contact with their respective springs in the manipulators; and as I have
supposed in this case all the instruments to be worked by three alternating
pulsations per revolution, we require 30 negative and 30 positive springs to
supply the 10 manipulators; of course the negative and positive contacts must
be simultaneous, and I will now show how this is effected by each pair of
springs. 8, best seen in Figures 1 and 6, are 30 springs, which form the positive
contacts; sare thirty springs which make the negative contacts, but they
make these contacts simultaneously. On the vulcanite cylinder PC, is fixed
a helical projecting tooth of metal (I prefer platinum where the contact
takes place), extending over one-fifth of the circumference of the cylinder,
and all the length occupied by the 30 pairs of springs. This helical tooth = is
best seen in Figure 2; in Figure 4 it is seen just coming under the first
spring. The springs s are arranged with their ends in a perfectly straight line,
parallel to the axis of the cylinder. The width of the helical tooth must be
such that just after the contact with the first spring s is finished, that with the
second springs commences, and when that with the second springs finishes,
that with the third spring s commences, and so on to the end of the helical
tooth, which embraces one-fifth of the circumference, and therefore is in action
during one-fifth of the revolution. The boss at the right-hand end of the
cylinder is covered with metal, in the same way that I have stated regarding
the left-hand boss; and this metal is connected by a strip with the helical
tooth. A piece of vulcanite V' is screwed to the upright B', in order to carry
a spring g', which is screwed to it, and which presses constantly on the
metal of the boss. This spring communicates through the clip P with the
positive end of the pulsation battery; a clip screw e is inserted in the bar N B,
which crosses all the springs s', and is as near as possible to them without
C

page_text: touching; this clip screw bites the end of a wire, the other end of which is
connected with the clip N, and the negative end of the pulsation battery.
The ends of the springs s¹ are inserted in small pieces of vulcanite v, which
prevent metallic contact between them and the springs s. The springs sand
3 are arranged in a similar manner, although they have nothing to do with
the currents, but are raised by a tooth the height of the helical tooth), which
extends round the unoccupied four-fifths of the wheel, and therefore causes a
resistance during that four-fifths of the revolution equal to that offered by the
springs s, s¹, during the other fifth. In looking at Figures 4 and 5, the
action of the contacts will easily be seen. The wheel PC revolves in
the direction of the arrows. The helical tooth is about to insert itself under
the spring 8, which in these Drawings is covered by the spring s; in doing so
it raises the spring s, and with it, through the piece of vulcanite v, the spring s
until that spring touches the bar N B, which is connected with the negative
pole. The contacts are now complete, the spring s being connected with the
positive pole through the helical tooth z, and the spring s, through the
bar N B, with the negative pole. Of course the first three pairs of springs
are connected by wires with the first manipulator, the second three pairs with
the second manipulator, the third three with the third manipulator, and so on.
The springs, which are rectangular in section, are partly inserted in grooves
cut in the pieces of vulcanite V, which are covered by other pieces of vul-
canite V¹ screwed to them, but two screws c are shewn in this upper piece
over each spring, which are screwed lightly down after the springs are adjusted
to keep them in place, but not strongly enough to strain the vulcanite V. A
small local battery may be connected with the clip P as well as the pulsation
battery, and the last of every three pulsation spring wires may divide at the
manipulator into two, one going to the positive spring of the third pulsation
in that manipulator, and the other being connected with one end of the coil of
the small electro-magnet shewn in my fourth manipulator, the other end of
which is connected with the negative end of this small battery. By this
means this electro-magnet is brought into action at the time of the passage of
the third pulsation, and indicates to the operator that he may press a fresh
key. I have shewn this wheel as simply employed as a pulsation distributor
with the addition I have last named, but supposing that each station to which
messages were sent had the power of sending other messages in return, an
instrument in all respects similar might be used as a receiving instrument,
excepting, of course, that the helical tooth z must be on another part of the
periphery. In this case the spring q¹ must be connected with the line, and
the springs & with the relays or receiving instruments, and through them with

page_text: earth. The springs &¹ would not be required where relays having permanent
magnets were used, but when the relays are formed entirely of electro-magnets.
as in one of the varieties, I shall shew the springs s¹ could convey the positive
currents from the local battery, which are supplied simultaneously with the
line pulsations. In the case of making this a receiving instrument, teeth on
the slow-moving wheel would be required to supply the local currents to the
instruments, in the manner I have already explained by reference to the
Figures, and which will be more fully shewn in a subsequent Drawing. But
this same wheel may easily be arranged both as the pulsation distributing and
receiving wheel. Let us suppose we had to receive from ten stations, it would
be convenient to allot the pulsations of those stations to a portion of the
periphery exactly opposite to those sent. In this case, by fixing pieces of
vulcanite similar to V and V¹ to the top board, having springs similar to s, s¹,
fastened between tham at the proper level, the helical tooth z could be made
to press them down precisely as it presses up the springs s, s¹, during its
revolution; in this case the metal on the right-hand boss, on which the
spring presses would only extend over a portion of the boss, and be pressed
upon only by the spring q¹ during the time the tooth was in action in
producing pulsations, and a spring similar to q¹ connected with the line would
be made to press upwards against the metal of the boss at that part of the
revolution when it was required for the line to be in communication with the
receiving instrument. In this case, also, a bar similar to NB would be
connected with the positive end of the local battery, so as to send the simul-
taneous local currents through the springs which correspond with s¹.
Eight clips are shewn screwed to the top board, marked respectively N,
A P, R, RM, RM', M, M', P; N and P connect the bar NB and the
helical tooth with the poles of the pulsation battery; AP connects the
positive end of the adjusting battery with the pins o, o', and R the line and
relay with the armature stud; R M and R M' connect the coils of the electro-
magnet EM with the poles of the local battery; M and M³ connect the coils
of the electro-magnet E M with the poles of the driving battery. As I have
before observed, the mode of forming the contacts which create and distribute
the pulsations may be infinitely varied, still preserving the main principle of
the Invention, which is to create pulsations and distribute them to various
manipulators by means of apparatus in synchronous rotation.
In Figure 1 and 2, Sheet 4, I have shewn a variety on the design I have
already explained. Here springs, connected respectively with the positive end
of the pulsation battery and with the line wire, are kept in a constant state of
revolution, and during their movement touch successively the spring connected

page_text: with the battery, the wires which lead to the different manipulators, and the
spring connected with the line the wires which lead to the different receiving
instruments. In arranging the distributing and receiving wheels, of course it
is necessary to determine beforehand what instruments are to be worked at the
different stations, as some instruments are worked by three or more alternating
In
currents, and others by 5, 6, or more pulsations, all of one denomination.
some cases the instruments are worked directly by the line current, in others
by means of relays; in some cases those relays are worked solely by the
In all these
line current, in others by the line and local currents combined.
cases a different arrangement of the teeth on the pulsation wheel will have to
be made, and when relays are used provision must also be made for sending
the prolonged local currents to the instruments, the currents for advancing
the paper, &c., from a slow-moving wheel, an example of which I shall shew
in the next Drawing. I have supposed this instrument to be distributing
pulsations to 15 manipulators, to work instruments at distant stations in which
any five-dot chemical alphabet is being printed without the assistance of relays,
and at the same time I suppose the instrument to be receiving the manipulated
pulsations from fifteen different stations, and distributing them to as many
receiving instruments of the same character. In these two Figures I have
not thought it necessary to shew the driving and adjusting gear, as it would
be similar to that described in the last and next variety, although, of course,
it might be driven by clockwork if desired.
Figure 1 is a section through the centre of the spring-carrying arm A,
shewing the manipulator connexion wires m, w, attached to a vulcanite fixed
ring V; Figure 2 is a front view, shewing the battery spring b, forming a
communication with the manipulator wires m w, on one side, and the line
spring making communication with the wires r w, which lead to the
receivers on the other. The instrument is constructed as follows:-V are two
thick hollow cylinders of vulcanite, supported at a little distance one from the
other upon solid blocks of vulcanite V', in which they are inserted as far as
their horizontal diameter, and which are themselves fixed to the base board.
The pieces V are held in place by pieces V2 of the semicircular form, shown
screwed to the pieces V'. The axes of the hollow cylinders V are in the same
straight line, and in the same line as the axis of a shaft s which passes
through them, and is kept in a state of constant rotation synchronous with the
instruments of the various stations, by the means I have already described or
any other appropriate ones. To this shaft s, of which the bearings are not
shewn, is fixed a vulcanite arm A, which may have a sufficient counterbalance
weight, for the sake of simplicity not shewn in the Drawing. This arm moves

page_text: quite freely between the two vulcanite cylinders V, see Figure 2, but at its
upper end end spreads out on each side partially over the cylinders, in order to
carry two springs b, b', which make the connections. On the shafts to the
left-hand side, just after passing through the left-hand vulcanite cylinder V is
fixed a boss of ivory or vulcanite coated with metal d. On this metal presses
constantly a spring c connected with one pole of the pulsation battery, the
other end of which is connected with earth. The metal covering of the boss
is joined by a wire, or otherwise, with the spring b, so that during its revolution
every time it comes in contact with one of the manipulator wires m w that
wire is in metallic contact with the end of the battery. Five wires would be
supplied to each manipulator; and as there are seventy-five wires, fifteen
manipulators would be supplied with pulsations; and it will be perceived that
between each two of the wires m w, which are bedded in the left-hand
vulcanite cylinder V level with its surface, another wire might have been
inserted, which would have doubled the number of pulsations; but as I have
supposed those other pulsations to come from and not go to the distant station
or stations, a similar spring or springs working synchronously at the distant
stations will make contacts with manipulator wires placed in those intervals on
vulcanite cylinders V at those stations. At this station, therefore, these
intermediate spaces require to be filled by wires connected with the receiving
instruments, which wires at the time of the passage of the pulsation intended
to be connected with them should be brought in contact with the line. This
is done in the right-hand cylinder V, where 75 wires r w, are embedded in a
similar manner as the wires m w are imbedded in the left-hand cylinder V.
An ivory boss d¹ covered with metal is fixed on the shafts to the right-hand
of the vulcanite V, in a manner similar to the boss d already described. On
this boss presses a spring c¹ connected with the line. The metal of the boss is
joined with the spring 6¹ by a wire, or otherwise, so that each time a pulsation
passes along the line it will pass through the wire r w, with which the
spring is in contact, and through the coil of the receiving instrument to
earth, with which the other end of that coil is connected. By means of the
synchronous movement of the instruments, and the arrangement of the
portions of the springs b, 61, and of the wires m w, r w, b will be in contact
with m w, and b with r¹ w, alternately during the revolution of the arm A.
The next instrument I shall describe is shewn on the same Sheet, from
Figure 3 to Figure 9, inclusive. It is arranged in all respects complete for
working one of my three-needle telegraphs, or one of my simultaneous pricking
telegraphs, to be hereafter described, by means of relays, or by a slight change
in the relative length of the teeth on the slow-moving wheel, which I will

page_text: explain, to work one of my type printing-telegraphs, also to be described here-
after. It is also arranged to furnish a manipulator with pulsations, so as to
enable the two stations which are in correspondence to be communicating
simultaneously, in which case a set of pulsations must be assigned to each
station. But in many cases, especially where the line is used by private
persons, it will not be necessary to have the power of communicating simulta-
neously, but merely successively. To do this, instead of the manipulator
contacts and receiving contacts being both in action during the revolution of
the wheel, as shewn in these Drawings, one only at a time will be brought
into play with the same set of pulsations, arrangeable at the pleasure of the
operators. Figure 3 is a top view of this instrument; Figure 4, a top view
with the sides and pulsation wheel removed; Figure 5 is a view of the base
board, shewing the re-winding electro-magnet; Figure 6 is a side view;
Figure 7, a longitudinal section; Figure 8, an end view; Figure 9, a trans-
verse section, taken close to the upright B¹. The arrangements of this
machine are generally very similar to those of the machine I have shewn in
Sheet 3, and I have placed similar letters to similar parts, so that in those
parts the description I have already given is applicable, and it only becomes
necessary to explain those parts in which I have made additions or alterations.
It will be perceived that I have reversed the position of the re-winding
electro-magnet; by so doing, I have been enabled to work at a smaller
distance between the poles and the armature, thereby getting considerably
more power with an electro-magnet of the same dimensions. The turning
lever h, to which the armature A is attached, goes through the top board A2,
and is supported in bearings h¹. The arm h is only the same length as the
distance from the centres on which h moves to the centre of the poles of the
electro-magnet, therefore the end of the arm h has only a motion equal to that
caused by the attraction of the armature. To the end of the arm h is attached
by a screwed pin an upright piece h², which descends towards the base board,
and at the level of the centres of the cores of the electro-magnet E M, is
attached by a screwed pin to the short end of a turning level h³, which moves
on a screwed pin fixed in a bearing fastened to the base board. The
position and attachments of the turning lever h³ are seen in Figure 5, and its
form and position as well as that of the bearing piece h in side view,
Figure 6, in dotted lines. The arms of the lever are to each other as 9 to 1,
and as the end of its long arm is attached by a screwed pin to the upright j
the uses of which I have described in the other machine, it is evident that
that upright will rise and fall at each repulsion and attraction of the armature
a distance 9 times greater than the distance of that attraction. I have

page_text: therefore given the ratchet wheel d fewer and larger teeth, having reduced
the number to 18, and consequently the number of attractions of the armature
per second to six. Also, as it is of great importance that the battery which
excites the electro-magnet E M should be as little in use as possible con-
sistently with a due performance of its functions, I have greatly reduced the
width of the metal strips , and in practice should reduce them to the
minimum possible, it being clear that when the pulsation produced by these
contacts was of enough duration to draw the armature fairly home, any con-
tinuance of contact is a mere waste of battery power, which of course it is
most necessary to avoid, so that it may not be necessary often to re-change or
re-amalgamate the zines of the battery, my great object in this re-winding
system being to avoid the constant attention and supervision the use of weights
or springs unaided entails.
In this instrument I have shewn a different method of forming the contacts,
which I will now describe. In the instrument on Sheet 3 there were two
similar sides B', having flanges B to carry plates of vulcanite V. In this
instrument this arrangement only exists on the right-hand side. On the left-
band side the upright B' and B are merely connected together by strips of
brass B. The upright B is arranged with flanges as in the other instrument,
to which is affixed a plate of vulcanite V. Instead of the contacts being made
by a helical tooth connected with the line being brought in contact with
springs connected with the receiving instruments, or connected with one end
of the battery, and brought in contact with the manipulator springs, the
helical tooth z, which also exists in this instrument on the pulsation wheel,
extending over a space that is occupied by three pulsations, acts only a
mechanical part, its operation being to tilt successively three vulcanite levers
n', n, n, which turn on a rod supported by bearings n b¹, n b³, and by so
doing throw. copper screw points to into cups of mercury, and thereby
cause the contacts necessary for the formation of the connections with the pul-
sations coming along the line and the receiving instruments. A fourth vul-
canite lever n', with but one copper screw r, is shewn, but it is not tilted by
the helical tooth, but by a tooth or fillet z' extending all round the pulsation
cylinder excepting at a space of the periphery equal to that of the helical
tooth, where it is cut away. The consequence is, that the point of the
screw is always in the cup of mercury, excepting at the time when the
tooth z comes into action, when it is lifted by a small recal spring, one of
which is attached to each lever so as to lift the copper points out of the
mercury when the teeth are not in action. In Figures 8 and 9 the form of
the levers where acted upon by the teeth is best seen.

page_text: I will now explain how the contacts are formed; but I must first draw
attention to the fact, that in addition to the clips I had in the instrument
shewn in Sheet 3, and which I here retain, in order to fulfil the same offices,
I have added 22 others which are marked with distinct letters, to which I
shall refer in explaining the contracts. The upper levers which I have been
describing are entirely occupied in continuing the pulsations along the line, or
in supplying the receiving instruments; s, s³, are cups sunk in the vulcanite V to
contain mercury. The mercury in s is connected with the line wire from the
sending station through the clip LD, and the copper screw is connected
with the continuation of the line through the clip L U. The copper screws
,,, are connected respectively with the clips L, L, L³, which in their
turn are connected to the upper parts of the relay. Thus, when ¹ is in the
mercury, the pulsations are continued along the line, but when it is removed,
and and are successively immersed, the pulsations are sent to the relay.
The three other pointed screws 7, 25, 26, are simultaneously immersed with
the copper screws on the same levers last described in another cup of mercury,
which is connected with the positive pole of a local battery, and 74, 75, 76, are
united respectively with the clips P1, P2, P3, and with the relay composed
entirely of electro-magnets, and pulsations corresponding in time and duration
with the line pulsations are sent. This being both a sending and receiving
instrument, I will now explain how the manipulator pulsations are generated.
I suppose these pulsations to be formed at a part of the wheel exactly opposite
to the received pulsation. They are caused in the same manner by the
tooth z after the wheel PC has performed a semi-revolution acting succes-
sively on three vulcanite levers of the third order, which turn on a rod sup-
ported in bearings n b³, n 6', screwed to the top board A. When not in
action, the copper-pointed screws 8 to 13 are lifted out of cups of mercury by
recal springs as with the upper levers.
Here also there are two cups of
mercury s2, 3, sunk in the board A³. The mercury in 8 is connected metal-
lically with the positive, and the mercury in with the negative pole of the
pulsation battery. The outer screws 7, 7, 210, which dip in s2, are connected
respectively with the clips M P¹, M P3, M P3, and the copper screws r¹¹³, 12, 7.13,
which dip in s³ with the clips M N', MN, M N³, and through them with the
manipulator springs as well as with the recal coils of the relays which they
reset at the same time. Other screw heads t, t', are seen on the levers; they
are clip screws to bite the ends of five wires which connect them with their
proper clips, and the screws t are connected metallically with the outer, and
the screws t' with the inner row of copper pointed screws.
It now only remains for me to describe how the prolonge! local current

page_text: pulsations are sent to work the instruments. This is effected by teeth set on
the cylinder c, which it will be perceived that I have prolonged in this instru-
ment. As the pulsation wheel PC revolves nine times for one revolution
made by the cylinder, it follows that whatever local currents are sent to the
instruments during one revolution of the pulsation wheel, and consequently
during the formation of one letter, must be sent during one-ninth of the
revolution of the cylinder, and that similar teeth must be repeated on each
ninth of the periphery. The proportion which the tooth bears to that
ninth portion of the periphery will determine the duration of the current. I
have shewn what I consider a convenient length for working my improved
needle or pricking telegraphs in the teeth u. In the type-printing tele-
graph. as will be perceived when I describe that instrument, the prolonged
pulsations require to act singly first, and then together, which I accomplish
by forming them in the shape of the dotted lines at u¹. These teeth also
only act mechanically by pressing springs w¹, w³, w, during their revolu-
tion against the points of screws y, which pass through pieces of brass y¹
fixed to the board A³. The body of the springs is insulated from the part
which comes in contact with the teeth. The action that would take place
when the teeth come in action is best seen in Figure 8. The four pieces of
brass y are connected respectively with the clips L C', L C, L C³, which
bring the local currents from the relay, and with the clip P C, which brings
the positive current to the fourth spring w. This fourth spring is moved by other
teeth v, and conveys the currents which advance the paper. The springs
w', w, w³, w, which are bent under the cylinder and screwed to A³ are con-
nected respectively with the clips I n', I n², I n³, P A, so that when they
come in contact with the screws y the three first forward the currents to
the instruments as prepared by the relays, and the fourth the currents which
advance the paper.
The Figures on Sheets 5, 6, 7, and 8 are Drawings of various manipulators
constructed according to my Invention. They are all intended to send by one
motion of the hand or finger the pulsations required to form a letter properly
manipulated to line and earth, and as sometimes it may be convenient to use
pulsations always of the same denomination, and at other times both positive and
negative currents to form the letters, and as in some cases expense will not be
50 much an object as at others, I have modified the designs to meet these
circumstances, and explained how they may be varied.
"
Figure 1 to Figure 12, Sheet 5, shew one of the simplest forms I have
adopted, and this is equally applicable to currents all in one or in both
directions, it only being necessary in each case to make a suitable arrangement

page_text: of contacts. The number of keys may be more or less than that shewn, which
is six. With six keys as many currents of one denomination may be sent, or
three of either denomination. Five currents in one direction is a convenient
number, as with that number all the combinations required for the 26 letters
can be formed, with a few to spare for other signals. In this case five keys
only would be required instead of six. Four pulsations in either direction or
8 in one direction would require 8 keys, and would form as many as 80 com-
binations, and would require to be grouped in the manner which was found in
practice to be the most convenient for manipulating.
As the pulsations recur periodically, and as it is necessary that when a key
is pressed down it should continue down until all the pulsations required to
form a letter had passed through the manipulator, I have devised a means of
effecting this object by an electro-magnet worked by a current from the local
battery sent by the revolving apparatus at the proper time, and which passes
round the coils just before the working pulsations begin to pass through the
manipulator, which causes an armature to be attracted, and locks the turning
plates or other equivalent parts, and which current continues to pass until
all the pulsations have quite finished doing so. When the armature is
attracted the locking takes place in such manner that the parts pressed down
cannot rise, nor the others be depressed, until the armature is released, which
takes place immediately that the current ceases to flow round the electro-
magnet, an event that does not happen till all the pulsations are passed. It
is also advisable, to enable the operator to work with rapidity and precision,
that he should know when the parts are locked and when free, and therefore
when he ought to raise his finger, and when he ought to press the next letter
to be sent. This is accomplished by the same electro-magnet, which is
either made to cause a bell or bells or other bodies to be struck or to
move a pointer to indicate when these operations are to be performed, or to
perform both acts. When the instruments used for receiving are of the
character in which the different operations are performed simultaneously, the
pulsations sent along the line succeed each other immediately. In this case
all the pulsations will pass perhaps in the hundredth part of a second or less.
In this case two bells or two indicators, as well as the locking of the keys,
becomes unnecessary although still required to work the consecutive marking
instruments properly, as in their case it takes a much longer time for the pulsa-
tions to pass through the manipulator than will be required in the first
case. All therefore that will be required in the first case will be an indication
of the proper time for the operator to move the finger from the key he is pressing
to another key, which may be done by the revolving wheel causing something

page_text: to be struck during each revolution at the proper time, or a very small electro-
magnet may be caused to give a tap at the proper time. Instead of bells,
which in many cases would be considered too noisy, very slightly vibrating
bodies producing different sounds may be struck.
The first instrument I shall describe is a six-key manipulator; this manipulator
is intended to send any set of the currents required to form the 26 combinations
which print or indicate the letters in my various telegraphs. Six of the letters
are formed by merely pressing either of the six keys, and the other letters by
pressing 2 or 3 in the manner indicated, and engraved on a piece of ivory let
into the top of the machine.
Figure 1, Sheet 5, is a top view of the instrument; Figure 2, a plan view,
with the top removed; Figure 3 is a similar view, with the springs also
removed; Figure 4 is a view of the base board with the electro-magnet;
Figure 5 is a transverse section through the centre of the instrument; ;
Figure 6 is an end view of the same instrument; Figure 7 is an end view with
the end board removed; Figure 8 is a similar view with the movable arma-
ture and swinging piece removed; Figure 9 is a longitudinal section through
the centre; Figure 10 is a side view; Figure 11 is a front view of the turning
frame.
A is the base board; A2, the middle board; A³, the top board; A', the
sides and ends; M L P¹, N', P2, N2, P3, N³, E M', are binding screw pieces
for forming the metallic connections for the currents; M and M¹ connect the
ends of the battery with the coils of the electro-magnet E M, through the
revolving wheel; E is fixed to the piece of brass E P, and to the earth; L to
the piece of brass L, P, and to the line; P¹ N¹, connect the ends of the
battery with line and earth, according to the springs pressed against LP, and
E P, for the first pulsation, P2 and N for the second pulsation, and P³ and N³
for the third pulsation. The springs d are best seen in Figure 3, and in cross
section in Figure 5. They are screwed at one end to a piece of wood A³ glued
to the middle board, and at the other end in pairs to the ivory keys, which
are seen in longitudinal section at e, Figure 9, and in transverse section
Figure 12. The springs are made so as to keep these keys constantly pressed
against the under side of the top board at their thickened parts, and to raise
them again to that position after they have been pressed. It will be perceived
on examining Figure 2, that one spring in each pair is longer that the other,
and is connected metallically by means of a pinching screw f with one end of
the battery at the time that the pulsation passes. It is also connected by a
piece of wire soldered across with one of the other springs, so that each spring
in a group of four is alternately connected with the positive and negative ends

page_text: of the battery, and it depends upon the key pressed whether positive is sent to
line and negative to earth, or vice versa, by the keys pressing a pair of springs
against the projections on LP, and EP. The form of these pieces of metal
to be pressed upon is shewn in Figure 9, where it will be perceived that there
is no contact until a key is pressed. To manipulate the three pulsations or two
at one operation, more than one key must be pressed, in the manner engraved
on the piece of ivory g. The objects of the electro-magnet E M, shewn best
in Figure 4, are to inform the operator by sight and sound when the pulsations
are about to pass and when they have passed, as well as to lock the keys, so
that those which may have been pressed down and those which have not been
pressed may retain the same positions, until the whole of the pulsations forming
a letter have passed through the manipulator. These objects are performed
by the attraction of an armature Ar, when the current is passed round the coils
of the electro-magnet E M, which is made to take place immediately before
the pulsations pass through the manipulator and to continue during their pas-
sage, at the end of which time the current is made to cease, and the armature is
thrown back by a spring. This armature, of which the cross section is shewn is
Figure 9, is screwed to a brass swinging frame i, hung upon pointed screws j.
On this brass swinging frame is a projection 2, the cross section of which is
seen in Fig. 9, and the front view in Figure 8. The piece being below the
21
pieces of brass of the keys that have not pressed, and above those which
have been pressed, thus preventing the former from being put down and the
others from rising. The pieces k are screwed to the ivories, as shewn; SB,
and LB, are two bells with different tones, to the top of which are fastened
pieces of brass, having the words "cease to press key," and "press fresh key,"
respectively engraved upon them. These bells are alternately struck by a
clapper o when the armature is attracted or repelled, and indicate to the ope-
rator the proper time and mode of action. The clapper is moved in the
following manner :-One end of the rod p is inserted loosely in the armature,
and at its other end it is flattened out to receive a screw pin, which connects
it as a joint to the small two-armed piece q, which vibrates on a similar screwed
pin fixed into a piece of brass r, which is fixed by wood screws to the base board.
As the armature is attracted or released, the forked arm of q is moved to the
right or left. This is best seen in Figure 4. A vertical piece of brass s
vibrates on a screwed pin t; best seen in Figure 9. The form of this piece s
is seen in dotted lines in Figure 5, and it will be perceived that at its lower end
it takes the form of a round rod, which works on the forked arm of q, so that
when q is moved to the right or left the piece s is also made to vibrate. The
clapper o is screwel to one end of a piece of round steel wire, the other end of

page_text: which is screwed into the top of s, so that either the bell S B, or the bell
LB, is struck at each movement. In order to insure the recal of the arma-
ture, a piece of brass u is screwed to the base board and a screw v, on the
prolongation of which is a helical spring v¹, causes that spring to press with any
desired force against the swinging piece i. A screw w through the end serves
as an abutment against the spring.
The next instrument I have to describe is also a six-key manipulator, and
is shewn from Figure 13 to Figure 26, on the same Sheet. Figure 13 is a
top view Figure 14, a view with the top board removed; Figure 15 is a view
of the base board; Figure 16 is a front view; Figure 17, a back view;
Figure 18, a section through the recal springs of the keys; Figure 19, a
longitudinal section; Figure 20, a side view; Figure 21, a transverse section
through the rod on which the keys turn; Figure 22, a transverse section
close to the face of the contact pressure springs. The other Figures are
details.
In this instrument the contacts are not made by pressing the springs which
are in connection with the poles of the battery, upon pieces of brass connected
with line and earth, as in the instrument last described, but certain metal
portions of the keys are in permanent connection with line and earth, and when
the keys are depressed these metallic portions are slid into contact with the
springs connected with the poles of the battery. A is the base board of the
machine; A', the sides and ends; A2, the top board. There are ten clips
marked as in the instrument last described, and similar letters indicate similar
connections. The clips P¹ N¹, P° N, P³ N³, are connected by wires held
firmly under the flat-headed screws c screwed into them with the springs st
to 2, to which the other ends of the wires are soldered in the manner best
seen in Figure 15, and in such wise that at the first pulsation s¹ and s become
connected with the positive, and s² and with the negative pole of the battery.
In like manner, at the second pulsation, & and 83 become connected with the
positive, and sand & with the negative pole, and at the third pulsation s' and
12 become connected with the positive, and s10 and s" with the negative pole
of the battery. These springs, of which one is seen in side view at Figure 25,
are screwed to the base board A, into which they are sunk about an eighth of
an inch to prevent metallic contact being caused between them by the electro-
magnet E M, which crosses them. They are bent, as shewn in Figure 25,
and forced back when in place to the perpendicular, as shewn in the dotted
lines in Figure 25, which causes them always to press firmly on the keys.
The keys are shown on top view in Figure 14, in side view in Figure 19,
and in bottom view in Figure 26. They are conveniently made of vulcanite

page_text: with a veneer of ivory attached where the letters are engraved. Two pieces
of brass d¹, d², are screwed to the vulcanite, where shewn in Figures 19 and
26, care being taken that the screws from the two sides do not touch, so as to
form metallic contact between the pieces d', d2. Into each of these pieces is
screwed a flat-headed clip screw e e, which by means of wires connect them
with two strips of brass L B, E B, which are connected respectively by wires
to the clips Land E, and through them with line and earth. Flat-headed
screws g are fixed in these brasses, and seize the other ends of the wires
attached, as I have described to the keys. In looking at the side view of the
keys in Figure 19, it will be perceived that in their normal position, that
shewn the Drawings, s¹ to 812 press upon the non-conducting part, but that
when the keys are pressed upon, the brasses d¹, d², slide into contact with the
springs, and form communication between the ends of the battery and line
and earth, when the pulsations come round alternately, the key A positive to
line, negative to earth, the key B negative to line, positive to earth, and so on.
A square piece of brass turned round at its ends is inserted in each key,
where shewn, and is bored to receive a rod i, best seen in Figure 21, on which
all the keys turn loosely. This rod has a square head at one end inserted in
the wooden side, and is fastened in place with a nut at the other end. The
keys are brought to their normal position after being depressed by helical
springs h, s, slipped on pins j, j, screwed in the base board. This arrangement
is best seen in Figures 18 and 19. In this manipulator I have made no
arrangement for locking the keys, but I have placed a small electro-magnet
E M at the back of the box which contains the working parts; it is seen in
place in top view in Figures 13 and 14, and in side view in Figure 17, and
Figure 23 is a section, and Figure 24 a back view. When a current passes
round its coils, which is made to take place immediately after the passage
the pulsations, the armature, which is usually kept away from the coiled pole
of the electro-magnet by a spring, is suddenly drawn down. To the end of
the armature, is screwed a wire tipped with a brass ball, which is made to
strike some body so as to make a slight sound. In the Drawings I have
shown a flat piece of hammered silver l, which is bent at right angles and
screwed to the top board. When this is struck the operator will know that he
is to send a fresh letter, on which he must continue to press until the sound is
repeated. The + is a blank key, which being pressed on between two sounds
causes an interval to take place between the pulsations, and as the paper in
the recording instrument will still continue to be moved on, causes the end of
a word to be indicated.
of
Having described two of the simplest forms of manipulator, those in which

page_text: 5, 6, or 8 letters of the alphabet are formed each by one key, and the other
letters or signals by pressing simultaneously on different groups of those keys,
I will explain my next variety of manipulator, viz., that which has a key
for each letter acting on turning plates, which bring the necessary pulsation's
into contact with line and earth, in order to cause the required letter to be
indicated or recorded at the distant station.
Figure 1, Sheet 6, is a top view of this manipulator; Figure 2 is the middle
board, shewing the brass work on which the springs are pressed to make com-
munication to line and earth with the currents sent from the distributing
wheel; Figure 8 shows the same middle board with the springs in place above
the brass work, but not touching it until pressed down by the turning plates;
Figure 4 is the base board with the electro-magnet, which locks the turning
plates and indicates when the pulsations are passing; Figure 5 is a front view
of the instrument; Figure 6 is a back view of the instrument; Figure 7 is a
transverse section through the instrument at the first row of keys A to G ;
Figure 8 is a transverse section through the instrument at the second row of
keys from H to N; Figure 9 is a transverse section through the instrument at
the third row of keys from O to U; Figure 10 is a transverse section through
the instrument at the fourth row of keys from V to blank; Figure 11 is a
transverse section through the instrument on the line of the recal springs,
which bring up the turning plates after they have been pressed down;
Figure 12 is a transverse section through the pieces of vulcanite which are
screwed to the under sides of the turning plates, and which press the springs
against the brass work connected with line and earth; Figure 13 to 24 are
respectively side and front views of these pieces of vulcanite, the longest piece
being screwed to the top plate and the shortest to the bottom plate, as seen in
Figure 12; Figures 25, 26, 27, and 28, Sheet 6, and Figures 4 and 5, Sheet 8,
are respectively views of 6 turning plates. Figure 1, Sheet 8, is a side view
of the instrument; Figure 2 is a longitudinal section through the keys A, H,O,V;
Figure 3 is a view with the front end removed.
The principal works of this manipulator which is arranged to send the
combinations produced by three alternating currents, are enclosed in a box of
mahogany or other suitable material in two stories or divisions screwed
together in the most convenient manner for taking to pieces and getting at
the working parts. A is the base board; A', the sides and ends; A², the
middle board; and A³, the top board. On the middle board outside of the box
are ten clips M and M', for communicating the current to the two ends of the
coils of the electro-magnet E M, L, and E, to communicate with the line and

page_text: earth respectively, and P1, P2, P3, N1, N2, N3, to communicate with the two
ends of the battery at the times of the three pulsations.
In Figure 2, Sheet 6, will be perceived strips of brass, communicating.
respectively with the clips L, E. On these strips of brass are pieces also of
brass, e¹ to e, and to . The form of these brasses is best seen in side view
in Figure 2, Sheet 8. Springs 8 to 11 are screwed to a piece of wood A* glued
to the middle board, in such manner that a spring conies over each piece of
brass e¹ to es, to P, but without touching it, except where forced by pressure
to do so. Each alternate spring communicates metallically with one of the
clips P¹ to Ps, N¹ to N³, and each one is joined by a wire w soldered to one
of the intermediate springs, in such manner that when the pulsations occur,
each pair of springs is connected, one with the positive and one with the
negative ends of the battery, so as alternately to send, when pressed on the
brass projections, currents to line or earth in opposite directions. The springs
and brasses are pressed into connection by pieces of vulcanite attached to the
lower side of the turning plates, each plate operating on one pair of springs,
thus, by pressing down the top plate t p', the piece of vulcanite v¹ attached to
it brings the spring 80 in connection with line, and the spring s" in connection
with the earth; likewise on pressing down the plate t p², the piece of vulcanite
brings the spring s in connection with line, and s' in connection with earth.
On pressing down the plate t p³, the springs se, s, are brought in contact with
line and earth respectively, and so on with regard to the other plates, so that
by means of the proper one of the six plates, if passed down before the
formation of the currents, any of the three pulsations may be sent to line and
earth in the desired directions. As the plates are only required to press the
springs and brasses into contact when a current has to be passed, these plates
are recalled after the passage of a pulsation, and kept constantly pressed
upwards against screwed pins s p₁ to s pe, best seen in Figure 9, Sheet 6, by
helical springs h s¹ to h se, which fit loosely on pieces of vulcanite to 2,
which are fixed to the middle board. A glance at Figure 11, Sheet 6, will at
once make this arrangement understood, and the holes shewn in the separate
views of the turning plates shew how each helical spring acts on its respective
turning plate without interfering with the others. The screws and dotted
lines to join each view of the turning plates shew where the pieces of
vulcanite v tovare screwed to their lower sides. The turning plates t pl
to t p move on the points of screwed pins p s¹ to p so, which pass through
pieces of brass fixed to the sides of the box, as may be seen in the various
Figures. The turning plates are themselves commanded by keys composed of

page_text: stems or rods of vulcanite d, on the tops of which are screwed pieces of ivory,
on which are engraved the letters of the alphabet. These stems d are turned
with flanges differently situated, in each stem. They are 26 in number,
besides two blanks screwed into the top board. On consulting the Drawings
of the six turning plates, it will be perceived that the five upper ones have each
seven grooves of rather more than the diameter of the stems, and that the
plate t p has a number of holes instead; it will be perceived that the stems
are slipped into place in all the turning plates except the bottom one t p
where they fit loosely in the holes, as they also do in holes in the top board of
the machine, whereby they are kept perpendicular, although they move freely.
They must be put in place before the top is screwed on, and the ivory caps
with the letters be screwed on last. Of course, the ivory caps can be screwed
on any of the studs that may be desired; but I have shewn the alphabet in
regular order in these Drawings. In looking at Figures 7, 8, and 10, Sheet 6,
it will be perceived that some of the studs have only one, and some more
flanges, and that these flanges come over particular plates, which are pressed
down and form the necessary contact when any key whose studs have flanges
which command them is pressed upon by the finger. Thus the stud of the
letter A has one flange, which commands the top plate, so that when A is
pressed, the positive of the through pulsation goes to earth, and negative to
line; when B is pressed the positive of the third pulsation goes to line and
the negative to earth; sends the positive of the second pulsation to earth
and the negative to line; D the positive of the second pulsation to line, and
the negative to earth; E and F manipulate the first pulsation in a similar
manner. Thus these six keys send 6 distinct signals along the line, which
are made to indicate these six letters at the telegraphic instruments at the other
end. The other letters are formed by combination of these 6 of two or three
each; and in looking at Figures 7 to 10, it will be perceived that some of the
studs have two and some three flanges, but that all the combinations are
different, and it is by these different combinations which are assigned
to different letters, that the instrument to the other end shews what letter
has been sent. The range of the turning plates is confined by the screwed
pins s p¹ to sp. Figure 12 is a transverse section through the vulcanite pressure
pieces, and also shews the springs in cross section, and their distance before
compression from the brasses; a front and side view of each of these
pieces is seen in from Figure 13 to Figure 24, Sheet 6, inclusive.
pressure
It now only remains to explain about the electro-magnet E M and its uses.
This electro-magnet is fixed in any convenient way to the base board A, in the
Its functions are twofold, one is to
position best seen in Figure 4, Sheet 6.
D

page_text: cause the turning plates to be locked when any of them have been depressed
before the passage of the pulsations, in such manner that those which have
been lowered cannot rise, and those which have not been moved cannot be
depressed until the pulsations have passed. The second function of this
electro-magnet is to work a rod P, and make it point alternately at the proper
times to the words "cease to press key," or "press fresh key," engraved on
the arch I A. A turning frame tf, to which is affixed an armature A,
oscillates on pointed screws k, k¹, seen in Figure 3, Sheet 8, where the form of
the turning frame is also shewn. The screw k passes through a piece of
brass fixed to the side A¹, and the screw k¹ passes through the base board A.
The armature A is hung at a little distance from the poles of the electro-
magnet E M, as is best seen in Figure 4, Sheet 6, and immediately that a
current is passed round the coils, is attracted, but when the current ceases, is
thrown back by a spring ms (the degree of whose pressure is regulated by a
screw and nut a, s,) against the abutment screw a s¹. To the turning piece tf
is attached a notched rod nr, the form of which is seen in Figure 2, Sheet 8,
the projections of which enter below pieces c¹ to 6 attached to the turning
platest p¹ to, when they have not been depressed, and above them when
they have been. Thus the current being made to pass during the time that
the pulsations go through the manipulator, the turning plates are held in
whatever position they may have been placed until the current ceases, when
the notched rod is removed by the action of the spring, and the plates return
to their normal position. To the turning frame tf is also affixed by a hinge
joint the rod r, which is fixed by a screwed pin r to the bent lever t, which,
in its turn, is connected by a screwed pin t¹ with the rod u, which is also con-
nected by a screwed pin u' with the lower end of the pointer P, which vibrates
on a screwed pin p¹ fixed to the brass p². Thus the pointer is moved to the
right or left when the armature is attracted or repelled, and the proper
indications are made.
The last form of manipulator which I am about to describe forms the
contacts and combinations of pulsations by means of turning frames.
Figure 1, Sheet 7, is a top view of the machine; Figure 2, Sheet 7, is a view
of the base board of the machine; Figure 3 is a view with the top board
removed; Figure 4 is a view of the turning frames; Figure 5 is a side view
of the machine; Figure 6 is a longitudinal section through the centre of the
machine; Figure 6, Sheet 8, is a front view of the machine; Figure 7, Sheet
8, is a front view with the front removed; Figure 8 is a view of the under
side of the top board; Figure 9 is a section taken just within the left side;
Figures 10 to 27. are details. The object of this manipulator as of those

page_text: I have already described is to send to line and earth by one touch of the
finger any of the 26 combinations producible from three pulsations, nega-
tive or positive, which cause the letter pressed upon to be indicated or recorded
at a distant station; A is the base board of the machine; A¹ the sides; and A³
the top board. The letters of the alphabet at Figures 1 and 3, Sheet 7,
are upon the keys, which are supported in position by springs c, which
keep them firmly against the under side of the top board when not de-
pressed by the finger. These springs are screwed to a strip of wood As
glued to the under side of the top board at one end, and to the ivories
of the keys at the other; Figure 12, Sheet 8 is a longitudinal, and Figure 13
a transverse section of the ivory portion of the outer row of keys; and Figure
14 is a longitudinal section; and Figure 15 a transverse section of the ivories
of the inner keys. On examining Figure 8, Sheet 8, it will be perceived that
pins d, the shape of which is seen in the other Figures, are screwed through
the springs c into the ivory portions of the keys in a particular order, and by
means of these pins when any key is depressed particular combinations of
the turning frames 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, are also depressed. The pins bear on
strips of brass e, screwed to the fore part of the turning frames, which are
cut away in front, where necessary, to allow any turning frame to be depressed
the necessary distance without touching the others; this is best seen in Figure
9, Sheet 8. The keys cannot be too much depressed, as the front piece A¹
forms a stop at a certain point, see Figure 6, Sheet 7, and Figure 6, Sheet 8.
The turning frames may be made of light wood. The strips e are turned
up at right angles at the ends, as seen at Figure 11, Sheet 8.
The object
of this I will now explain. f, f, are springs of the form shewn at Figure 10,.
Sheet 8, screwed to the back bars of the turning frames for the purpose
of recalling them to their normal position after they have been depressed.
Their ends press against the under side of the top board and press down
the back parts of the turning frames, pressing up the front parts until
the turned up portions of the bars e touch the under side of the board
and form stops. By this means the turning frames are always kept level
when not purposely depressed. The turning frames work on two rods g,
which pass through square pieces of brass inserted into the side bars
of the turning frames, and these rods are supported by pieces of wood A*,
two of which are fastened to the base board and the other two to the
sides, in such manner as not to interfere with the parts beneath. They have
wooden caps screwed to them to hold the rods g in place. The object of the
turning frames is, when they are depressed, to cause round wire springs, which
are connected during the period of the pulsations with the positive and

page_text: negative ends of the battery to touch pieces of brass connected respectively
with line and earth. These springs 8 to s¹, are seen in Figure 2, Sheet 7, in
place over the pieces of brass EB, LB, the former connected by a wire to the
clip E, and the latter to the clip L, and by them respectively with earth and line.
The springs are made of only six pieces of wire bent as shewn, and held
in place on a strip of boxwood A6 (fastened to the base board), in which
are suitable grooves, and which are held firmly by a boxwood cap; the
arrangement is best seen in Figure 9, Sheet 8. 8, 32 are one piece of wire pro-
perly bent, as shewn, and brought to spring temper; s³ s' are also one piece; and
so on with the others.
These springs are joined to the clips P¹ N', P' N,
P3 N³, by wires, as shewn in Figure 2, Sheet 7, so that each alternate spring
is positive and negative when the pulsations pass; and the projections on the
brass plates E B, L B, seen in Figure 2, Sheet 7, and in plan in Figure 28,
Sheet 8, are so arranged that by pressing down the turning frames negative
and positive currents are sent to line and earth alternately by the alternate
turning frames. Pieces of vulcanite h, seen in position in Figures 7 and 9,
Sheet 8, and in side view, bottom view, and back view respectively in Figures 16,
17, and 18, on the same Sheet, are screwed, where shewn, to the under side of
the turning frames, and press the springs into contact with the brasses. In this
manipulator is a similar arrangement to that shewn in any other forms
for the purpose of locking the turning plates at the time the currents
are passing by means of an electro-magnet E M, the ends of the coils
of which are attached to the clips M, M¹. This electro-magnet is partially
let into the base board; its armature A' is screwed to a turning arm j, which
works in a groove A7 sunk in the base board. This turning arm works on
pointed screws k, the lower one of which goes through the base board and
the upper one through a piece of brass fixed to the side pieces of brass
shewn in place in Figure 6, Sheet 7, and in Figure 7, Sheet 8, and in detail
in the same Sheet in side view, top view, and end view respectively, in Figures
19, 20, and 21, on the opposite side to the pressure pieces of vulcanite already
described. A bar j forming part of the turning arm j, is so formed that when
the armature is attracted it inserts itself between those of the pieces 7 which
have been depressed and those which remain in place, in such wise that
they cannot be moved until the armature is withdrawn from the electro-
magnet, which happens when the current ceases to flow through the coils
as the turning arm is drawn back by a helical spring hs, fixed to it
and to a moveable nut, which may be drawn back by an adjusting screw o,
and causes it to press against a screwed stud p, which limits its range.
This electro-magnet also serves to move a pointer, which indicates when the

page_text: currents are passing and passed, and to strike two bells alternately. This
is done by a rod q moving a turning lever r, fixed to a piece of brass s
screwed to the base board. The piece of brass s is' seen respectively in top
view and side view, in Figures 24 and 25, Sheet 8. The long end of the
turning lever works through a piece of brass t screwed to the base board.
This piece of brass t, which is shewn in position in Figure 6, Sheet 7,
and in Figure 7, Sheet 8, is also seen in this latter Sheet in front view,
and top view respectively in Figures 22 and 23, and is for the purpose of
carrying a screwed pin on which the clapper rod of the bell works in a slot
in the arm of the turning lever r. This arm is continued through the end of
the wooden box, and works the pointer in a similar way on the screwed pin u;
x, x', are the bells.
Figure 1 to Figure 22, Sheet 9, are Drawings of various instruments
constructed according to my Invention, which from the action of the pulsations
sent into them along the line serve to throw a current from the local battery
of the proper denomination on a wheel revolving at the same or some pro-
portionate speed as that of the pulsation-distributing wheel, which current is
then made to flow in the manner I have already explained for any required
duration of time through the indicating or recording instruments. In working
my chemical decomposition dot telegraph, as well as my pricking dot telegraph,
two modes may be adopted, namely, to make the dots which form a letter
follow each other lengthwise of the paper, or to make them across the paper.
These two plans, of which the first is cheaper and the second the more perfect,
necessitate a difference in the arrangement of the relay instruments, and a
difference also must exist in them when the pulsations sent are all of one
denomination, or when of both denominations.
Figure 1 to 7, Sheet 9, is the first variety of these instruments. Figure 1 is
a top view; Figure 2, a side view; Figure 3, an end view; Figure 4, transverse
section through the centre of the instrument; Figure 5, a transverse section
close to the poles of the electro-magnets E M', E M'; Figures 6 and 7 are
details. A is the general base board of the instrument; A¹ are minor base
boards of the two divisions, screwed to the general base boards; E M¹. * and *,
are four electro-magnets sunk to their semi-diameters in the upright pieces of
wood A', and fixed thereon by the pieces of wood A³, which are sunk down
upon the other semi-diameter. Between the poles of the electro-magnets E M'
and E M a permanent magnet P M³, similar in character to a horse-shoe
magnet, but of the exact form shewn in Figure 4, has power to vibrate a
minute quantity: on pointed screws b at its lower end; these screws 6 are
inserted through pieces of brass screwed to the board A¹. Between the

page_text: poles of the electro-magnet E M³, EM', a similar permanent magnet P M²
vibrates in like manner. The coils of the electro-magnet are so wound that
when a current from the line passes round them, if E M² attracts the per-
manent magnet PM', E M² repels it, and at the same time E M* attracts
PM, and E M³ repels it. A current in the opposite direction of course
produces opposite movements, but whichever way the current passes, one of
the permanent magnets will be moved to the right, and the other to the left.
To the tops of the permanent magnets are screwed pieces of brass d, the form
of which is shewn in the various Drawings which abut at each vibration
against the pointed wires e¹, e, or e², e; these pointed wires, which should be
tipped with platinum pass through pieces of brass'f screwed to wood caps A³,
and when adjusted are fixed by binding screws g. The wires e¹, 3, are
connected with one pole of the local battery, and the wires e", e, with the other
pole, so that when both the permanent magnets are on the same side, they are
in connection with the same end of the battery, but when one is on one side
and one on the other, they are connected one with one and the other with the
other pole of the battery, and with different poles according to their position
to right and left. N, 1°, R, E, L, R2, W, P, are clips to form the necessary
connections for the current between the different instruments, N being the
clip connected with the negative pole of the battery, I" with the instrument,
R', R², with the tooth of the wheel which sends the local current to replace
the permanent magnets in connection with the same pole of the battery, E with
the earth, L with the line, W with the revolving wheel, P with the positive
end of the battery; the permanent magnets are connected by means of fine
wires, clipped by the screws h¹ and h³, with the clips W and I respectively.
By referring to the description I have given of the course of the currents
when explaining the diagrams of the relays, the action of this instrument will
be perfectly understood. Figure 6 is a top view of the ironwork of the
electro-magnets, and Figure 7, an end view. In Figure 6 one of the iron
cores is shown with and one without the coils, which must be of the very
finest wire.
The instrument I have just described is for a single pulsation only, and may
be employed when the consecutive dot alphabets are being formed with
negative and positive currents, or with certain changes it may be made to
produce similar alphabets with currents all of one denomination but of double
the number; thus instead of permanent magnets, pieces of soft iron, of the
same or any other convenient form, must be substituted. In this case the
electro-magnets EM, EM³, only serve to replace the armatures against a
similar pole of the battery, and the coils of the electro-magnets E M², EM,

page_text: are not connected, but are each separately connected with a spring belonging
to a distinct tooth of the revolving wheel. Thus a pulsation sent through one
tooth will only act on E M², and one through the other tooth only on E M', so
that by only sending one of these pulsations properly selected, the same effect
in the direction of the local currents can be produced by pulsations all of one
denomination, as by pulsations alternately positive and negative; and thus the
simple three-dot alphabet be produced by six pulsations of one denomination.
Three of these instruments may be grouped together to form the relays for
three pulsations, but I have not thought it necessary to give a Drawing of the
combination, especially as in another form of my improved relays I have shewn
the grouped instrument.
The next form of my improved relays is shewn on the same Sheet, from
Figure 8 to Figure 12, inclusive. Figure 8 is a front view; Figure 9, a section,
through the coils and needles; Figure 10, a back view; Figure 11, a side view;
and Figure 12 a top view of the instrument. This instrument works on the
principle of the galvanometer or needle telegraph. A is the base board; A',
an upright board, to which are attached the pieces A³, between which the coils
are placed. L, I", W, E, P, R', R³, N, are clips, which perform similar
functions to the clips described in the last instrument. c, c, are the coils, and
n', n, the magnetized needles. The coils are continuous for the line current,
and are so arranged that when the needle n¹ tends to move to the right, the.
needle n² tends to move to the left, and vice versâ, but the relay current sent.
through them from the clips R', R³, makes them both move to the right or
left. The screws s¹, 82, 83, st, are of soft iron tipped with platina, and serve to
a certain extent to aid gravity to keep the needles in the position in which
they were last placed. I say aid gravity, for it will be perceived that the
heaviest part of the needle is at the top. The screws s¹, s³, which pass through
ivory bosses so as to insulate them, are connected with one pole of the battery,
and the screws s², s, which are insulated in a similar manner, are connected
with the other pole of the battery. The needles n¹, n², are connected respec-
tively with the wheel and instrument. It will thus be perceived that when n
and n are both to the right or left, no current will pass through the instru-
ment, but that when they are one to the right, and the other to the left, a
current will pass in different directions according to the position of the needles.
This instrument is also arranged for a single pulsation in either direction, but
it may be modified or grouped for more pulsations, as I have explained with
regard to the instrument last described.
The next instrument I shall describe is different in principle from either of
the others, having neither armatures nor permanent magnets, and yet being.

page_text: .
equally capable of being worked by currents alternating in direction, or by
currents all of the same denomination. This instrument depends entirely on
the action of electro-magnets upon one another formed by the line current
acting in conjunction with a current from the local battery, and in some cases
both currents passing along the line and round the electro-magnets, which
attract and repel each other. Figures 13 to 20, on the same Sheet, represent
this instrument arranged for one pulsation; and Figures 21 to 24, the same
instrument, arranged for three pulsations. The peculiar form which I have
given to the electro-magnets may of course be infinitely varied. The common
horse-shoe, or any other form, may be employed and the same principle be
maintained; but I prefer the forms I have shewn on account of the economy
and compactness they admit of in the instruments. Figure 13 is a top view
of an instrument, constructed in this manner; Figure 14 is a view with the
top piece of wood removed; Figure 15, an end view; Figure 16, a transverse
section through the centre; Figures 17 to 20, details of the simple instru-
ment: A is the base board; A¹, the side pieces which support A, into which
the upper row of electro-magnets is partially embedded; A³, the top piece of
wood let down on these electro-magnets to hold them in place, and screwed to
A by the wood screws b. Eight clips L, E, R, R, N, P, I, W, which
perform the same functions as I have already described with regard to the
other instruments, are screwed to the base board; M, M', M³, are electro-
magnets screwed between A2 and A³. The iron core of the electro-magnets,
which must be wound with the finest wire for the coils, is shewn in front view and
top view in Figures 19 and 20 respectively; M³ and M' are also electro-mag-
nets, the iron work of which is shewn in front view and side view in Figures 17
and 18 respectively. Instead of having square heads like the electro-magnets
M, M', M³, it will be perceived that the heads are elongated on one side, and
these electro-magnets instead of being fixed are moveable and vibrate on
pointed screws c, which are inserted in pieces of brass d screwed to the base
board. The elongated parts of the heads of M³, M, are placed at a little dis-
tance between the square heads of the electro-magnets M and M' and M¹ and
M³, as best seen in Figure 15, so that if M³ is attracted by M¹ and repelled by
M it moves to the right, and if vice versâ to the left. The same operation takes
place in the case of M. M³ and M' work in the free space between the sides
A and the boards A and A. The moveable electro-magnets are connected
by very fine wires with the clips W and 1" respectively. Flat-headed screws
are inserted in the clips and other screws s¹ in the elongated heads of the
moveable electro-magnets to clip the ends of these fine wires and maintain the
contacts. In the same way flat-headed screws s³ are screwed into one of the

page_text: square heads of the magnets M, M1, M2, which clip thin wires, one of which
connects M and M² with the clip P, and the other connects M¹ with the clip
N, consequently if the moveable magnets M³, M', are attracted both to the
right or both to the left, they come in contact with both ends of the battery,
and consequently a current passes through the instrument varying in direction
according to their position to the right or left. When M' is against M, and
M* against M', they will both be connected with one pole of the battery, and
therefore no current will pass. The same thing happens if they are both
against M. The magnets M, M', M³, never alter their polarity when in.
action, M and M³ being always of one denomination, and M² of the opposite,
whereas the poles of M³ and M*, which are in the same direction are always
of an opposite kind, and vary according to the direction of the line current, so
that when the line current is in action (the local currents being always made
to pass round M, M', and M, at the same time, and the same time only, by
means of teeth of the proper dimensions accurately set on the revolving,
wheels), the electro-magnets M³ and M are always both attracted to the right.
or left, but the replacing current is only made to flow round M. and M², and
consequently then M' and M* will be attracted to the right and left respec-
tively, in which position no current can pass; the electro-magnets M³, M², M²,,
may be exclusively worked by the local current, and the electro-magnets.
M³, M', exclusively by the line currents, or the battery which sends the line
current and the local battery can be combined, in which case whenever two.
opposite currents meet they will divide the line current through M³, M', and
the local current passing through M, M', M², but when the two currents
combine they will both pass along the line and round all the electro-magnets,
causing them to attract and repel each other properly.
Figure 21 is a top view; Figure 22, a view, with the top removed;
Figure 23, a side view; and Figure 24, a cross section of this instrument,.
arranged for three pulsations. The same letters and figures apply to similar
parts as in the simple instrument, so that it is unnecessary for me to give a
detailed description of it. The chief difference is that the clips are less nume-
rous in proportion, as the same clip answers for the earth and negative end of.
the local battery for all the pulsations.
The last of my relay instruments is shewn in side view at Figure 25, and in
top view at Figure 26. It is for the purpose of working instruments, which
mark across the paper or a type-printing telegraph when required to be set in
action by pulsations all of one denomination. I have shewn the instrument
arranged for five pulsations, but it is obvious that it may be constructed for
any number.
I have also taken this opportunity of shewing how the circuits.
:

page_text: may be broken mechanically. A is the base board; A' an upright board, in
which are sunk to their centre the coils of the electro-magnets, a piece of wood
A being let down on their upper half and screwed to A¹. These electro-
magnets may be of any required form, but these that I have shewn in this
case appear to me the most convenient. The armature A is permanently
connected with the electro-magnet by a joint at b, on which it turns.
In the
Drawings the armatures are shewn thrown back against adjusting screws c,
which pass through the upright piece A³. When a current is passed round the
coils of either of these electro-magnets the armature A is attracted, and
thereby brought in contact with one of the platina-tipped screws d¹ to d³.
These screws pass through a strip of brass, and are screwed to the wood A³.
This strip of brass is connected by means of the clip P, with the positive pole
of the battery. The armatures are connected by thin wires as well as the
clips 1,2,3,4,5, with the coils of the instruments, the other ends of which are
connected with the negative end of the battery. Therefore whenever an arma-
ture is attracted a current is made to flow round that coil in the instrument
with which it is connected; of course the five teeth of the revolving apparatus
must communicate with a distinct spring, which in its turn is connected with
one of the 5 clips L 1234 or 5, which in their turn are connected with the end
of the coils of the electro-magnets, the other ends of which are connected with
the clip E and the earth. Thus any pulsation sent through a particular tooth
will cause the electro-magnet with which it is connected to attract its arma-1
ture, and cause a local current to pass round that part of the receiving
instrument for which it is intended. Both residuary magnetism and gravity
will keep the armature where it has been placed until replaced against the
studs c, and which may be done by an electro-magnet arranged for that pur-
pose, or mechanically from a revolving wheel. Of course the relative positions
of the relay and wheel will constantly alter the particlar arrangements
required, but I have here supposed the wheel behind the central electro-
magnet. On this wheel W is a tooth W¹, so placed as to come in action once
during every revolution after all the currents have ceased to act. This tooth
comes in contact and presses away from it a rod v, to the end of which is
affixed a cross bar cb kept horizontal by wire pins p working in holes in the
upright A'. The cross bar cb, extends in front of all the armatures, and
therefore it is pushed back with the rod and throws all the armatures on their
respective studs ready to be acted upon by a fresh current. Immediately the
tooth W has passed a helical spring on the rod v, shewn at hs, and which is
between the back of the electro-magnet E, M³ and a flange on the rod v
throws back the bar from the armature out of the way of their action.

page_text: I will now describe my improved telegraph instruments.
Either the single
or double needle telegraph now generally in use can be worked with precisely
similar movements by my improved manipulators to those now used, by
arranging the teeth at proper intervals on the periphery of the pulsation dis-
tributing wheels, and even without relays, with a considerable number of
telegraphs; and as the distances apart of the pulsations will be perfectly
uniform, and a proper interval always allowed to distinguish the termination
of a letter, it will be far easier for the experienced eye to distinguish the
number and direction of the different beats than can be the case when all
depends on the dexterity of the sender, and the quickness and perception of
the receiver, and therefore the present instruments can be used, aided by
my pulsation-distributors and improved manipulators, with considerably more
certainty and quickness than is now the case. Both the single and double
needle telegraph will require the power of using four pulsations of either
denomination per letter, but only one wire is required. But in order still
more effectively to make use of the present needles, I have invented a com-
bination of three needles, by which, especially with the aid of relays, a letter is
at once indicated without any repetition of beats, and by which all the 26 com-
binations necessary to produce the letters of the alphabet are formed with
the use of three negative or positive pulsations. The 26 combinations required
to form the alphabet, are shewn in Figure 9, Sheet 2, alphabet No. 11, and
one touch of the finger on the key of the letter to be sent, in either of my
improved manipulators, will display the corresponding combination of the
needles, as shewn in this Figure. As I prefer working this telegraph by
relays, all the needles may be moved simultaneously, and the letter kept in
form for any time found most convenient in practice, and thus the receiver
relieved from the painful labor of counting beats. Figure 10, Sheet 4, is a
front view of the instrument arranged with three needles; Figure 11 is a back
view; Figure 12 is a side view; Figure 18 is a top view. A reference to
these Figures and the combinations formed in Figure 9, Sheet 1, is sufficient,
as there is nothing new or different from what is in general use in the details
of the arrangement. I shall now describe the Drawings of an improved
recording telegraphic instrument, in which the marks are made by prickers
passing through the paper from either side. Figure 1 to Figure 6, Sheet 10,
and Figure 1 to Figure 10, Sheet 11, are Drawings of two varieties of my
improved pricking telegraph. These instruments may be arranged to work
by pulsations, all of one denomination, or by both positive and negative cur-
rents, and they may form the pricks either consecutively and lengthwise of the
paper, or together and across the paper.

page_text: The alphabets for both varieties are shewn in Sheet 2, Figure 9, Numbers
1 and 3. The pricks are represented by black marks of different shapes, as
the prickers pierce the paper from different sides according to the denomina-
tion of the current sent. If in both cases I used ordinary needles, the
different position of the burr would form sufficient distinction to indicate what
current was sent; but to make it still plainer, I prefer making one needle
circular in section, and the other larger and of a lozenge form, as indicated by
the Drawings of the alphabets. As, of course, it is an immense advantage
that the alphabets should be extremely simple, and that each letter should be
easily and unmistakeably recognized, I have added in both varieties an addi-
tional help. In the case of the consecutive alphabet No. 1, by dividing the
paper into spaces by the action of the instrument itself in such manner that a
letter is contained in each space. The mode of making these marks or corru-
gations, which are indicated by cross lines in the Drawing of the alphabet, I
shall point out when describing the instrument. In the case of the alphabet
No. 3, pricked across the paper, I draw three continuous lines where shewn
upon the paper strip before introducing it into the instrument; Figure 1,
Sheet 10, is a longitudinal section through the instrument; Figure 2 is a view
of the left-hand end; Figure 3 is a section through the centre of the rollers;
Figure 4 is a side view; Figure 5 is a transverse section through the centre
of the machine; Figure 6 is a view of the right-hand end of the instrument.
Figure 1, Sheet 11, is a top view; Figure 2 is a view of the base board with
the electro-magnet, which drives the rollers. A is the base board; A', the sides
and ends; A2. the top board; P R', W R², M M', are clips which connect the
wires of the electro-magnets with the revolving apparatus, and the relays
6, 1, 63, are brass uprights screwed to the top board A³, and held together
by the cross top piece b³.
To these brass uprights the principal working parts of the instruments are
fixed. The electro-magnet E M is screwed at the cross end to the upright b',
and the electro-magnet E M¹ to the upright ³, and at the ends of their poles
they are supported by pieces of brass c, c, screwed by the screws d to the under
side of the top brass piece b. Between the poles of these horizontal electro-
magnets is a vertical electro-magnet E M³, which according to the direction of
the currents sent through the coils is alternately attracted by EM or E M'.
This electro-magnet vibrates on pointed screws e, which pass through pieces
of brass e¹ screwed to the top board, and is formed with square heads at the
poles. To these heads is screwed a cross piece of brass f. In the centre of the
top of this piece of brass is screwed a thin steel wire brought to spring temper,
which serves to bring the electro-magnet E M² to the centre between E M
.

page_text: and E M', when the electric current is not acting, by passing through a hole
in 65, and then into a slot in the screwed nut g, fixed in the sliding frame g¹,
which is screwed to the piece 63. This nut and frame serve to adjust the
strength of the spring which is weakened by raising, and strengthened by
lowering the nut. The piece also serves to carry beneath it a rod h. This
rod h, through the turning lever i, best seen in Figure 1, Sheet 10, gives
motion to the pricker frame j, and causes the prickers to puncture the paper
from either side, according to whether the electro-magnet E M is attracted
by E M or E M'. The pricker frame is seen in front view at j, Figure 1,
Sheet 10, and in cross section at Figure 3, Sheet 10. The main upright j¹ is
attached at the top by a screwed pin to the turning lever i, and at the bottom
has a piece of steel wire inserted into it, which slides in a hole in the piece of
brass screwed to the frame b', and which serves to guide it and maintain its
perpendicularity. The prickers perforate the paper through a hole in the paper
holder 7, which is screwed to the frame b', and is seen in section in Figure 1,
Sheet 10, and in cross section in Figure 3, Sheet 10. This paper holder is
made of two thin pieces of brass, which will only just admit the paper between
them until the point where the puncture takes place; but as it is important
that the burr should not be laid at the centre of the paper holder after the
point of puncture, a sinking is filed away in each piece of brass to allow the
burr to pass freely, but at the sides of the puncture the paper is still left but
just free to move easily, so as to be held firmly when pricked. The paper
to be pricked is formed into a long ribbon of the required breadth, and is
wound on the boxwood roller n, from which it passes over the boxwood
roller o, through the paper holder 7, where it is operated upon, and thence
between the brass driving rollers p and q. These driving rollers have also a
groove sunk in their centres to allow the burr of the paper room to pass,
while the bite of the rollers which pulls the paper forward occurs only at
the edges. The driving rollers are made to run at the same speed by means of
toothed wheels r, 7, fixed on their shafts. On the shaft of the roller p is also
fixed a ratchet wheel s, which drives the rollers. This ratchet wheel is
turned at proper intervals by the electro-magnet E M³, which is fixed
to the base board A. This electro-magnet acts as follows:-Pieces of brass t
are screwed to the upright 6', and through them pass pointed screws t¹, between
which vibrates the rocking frame u. To this rocking frame is attached the
soft iron armature A* by means of screws, and it is attracted by the electro-
magnet E M³, whenever the current passes through its coils, but on the
cessation of the current, the rocking frame with the armature is driven back
against the screw-top v by a helical spring v¹, fixed on the smoothed part of

page_text: a screwed pin v³3, which passes through a piece of brass v³, screwed to the top.
board. At the back of the rocking frame u is an arm u¹, which is affixed by
means of a screwed pin us to a piece of brass W, best seen in Figure 2,
Sheet 10, and which it causes to rise and fall at each repulsion and attraction
of the armature. The perpendicularity of this piece W is maintained by a
piece of wire a, screwed into its upper end, which slides freely in a hole in
the piece of brass ¹, in which is one of the bearings of the upper roller q.
To the piece W is screwed a spring y, bent at its upper end to catch into the
teeth of the ratchet wheel, which it causes to turn one tooth each time that
the armature is attracted, and consequently to move the paper a distance equal
to one tooth. The currents which pass round the coils of the electro-magnet
E M³ are so arranged that after each of the two first, or first possible move-
ments (for the pulsations may be suppressed to form the letter) of the prickers,"
the paper is advanced the space of one tooth, and after the third movement
or possible movement of the prickers the paper is advanced by two teeth, in
which extra space the division between the letters is made, but to show still
more plainly the termination of the letter than by mere distance, the rollers p
and make a mark or corrugation across the paper, which is indicated in the
alphabet, Sheet 2, Figure 9, No. 1. Across the upper roller 9 are inserted
cleven knife edges, and in the roller p are formed eleven narrow sinkings, in
which the knife edges fall during the revolution of the two rollers, and the
effect is to produce a line or corrugation across the paper each time that this
takes place.
Four movements of the rocking frame advance the paper
exactly the distance of one letter, so that the marks are always made to recur
between letter and letter, and thus properly to divide them.
The space
between the centre of the rollers p, q, and the centre of the prickers must be
in this machine exactly equal to twelve teeth of the ratchet wheel. In order
to prevent the paper roller n from turning by the elasticity of the paper, a
friction spring is made to press on its periphery with any required force.
The spring is fixed to the brass upright z', and is regulated in its pressure by
the screw 2².
In Figure 2, Sheet 10, is also shewn at r, s, in dotted lines, the position of
a piece of brass, which is screwed to the inside of the frame b, and which
carries a spring that falls into the teeth of the ratchet wheel, and prevents it
from turning backward. The ratchet wheel is to have four teeth. The upper
roller q is kept upon the lower roller p with an elastic pressure, caused by
springs over each shaft, bent into a wedge shape, and driven through holes
in the bearing, and according to the firmness with which the wedge-shaped
spring is driven will be the pressure. The spring is scen in Figure 2,

page_text: Sheet 10. The clips M, M', unite the two ends of the coils of the electro-
magnet E M³ at the proper times, through the revolving wheel, with the poles
of the local battery. The clip P is constantly connected with the positive end
of the battery, and one end of the coils of the electro-magnet E M and E M².
The other end of these coils is united by the clip R¹ to the relay, whence the
positive current is sent to the revolving wheel, and thence to the clip W, and
through the coils of the electro-magnet E M³ to the clip R², the relay and the
negative end of the battery, or to R2 the other way, through the coils of E M*
to the clip W, the wheel, the relay, and the negative end of the battery, thus
causing a right or left movement in E M³; of course the opposite poles of
EM, E M', are always of an opposite character.
The variety of the pricking telegraph which I shall now describe is intended
to make the pricks which form the letter simultaneously across the paper,
instead of consecutively lengthwise of the paper, as in the variety I have just
explained.
Figure 3, Sheet 11, is a top view of the instrument; Figure 4, a plan view,
through the paper and driving rollers; Figure 5, a plan view just above the
fixed electro-magnets; Figure 6, a front view of the machine; Figure 7, a
longitudinal section close to the back; Figure 8, a transverse section through
the centre moveable electro-magnet, which causes the pricks; Figure 9, an
end view on the upper storey, and a transverse section through the last square-
headed electro-magnet. In the lower Figures 10 to 20 are details to be
hereafter described.
A is the base board; A', the ends; A2, the middle board; A³, the top
board; A, a plate of brass, which covers all. To the base board are screwed
12 clips, marked respectively the ten at the back side, P, R, W, RR, R²,
W, RR, R, W³, R R³, and the two on the front side M, M', (see
Figure 5). Pieces of brass a, through which pass pointed screws a', on
which the moveable electro-magnets swing, are also screwed to the base board.
The lower end pieces A' are fixed to the base board A, and support the middle
board A³, on which the fixed electro-magnets lay. The upper end pieces A¹
are fixed to A. The top board As is then put in place, and the whole of
these portions of woodwork is secured in proper position by four long bolts b,
the square heads of which are seen let into the top board in Figure 3, and
their form is indicated in dotted lines in Figure 7. The board A³ is hollowed.
out on the under side to allow room for the junction of the wires of the coils,
of the fixed electro-magnets. The upper plate of brass A+ is supported from
the upper board by six upright pieces c² to, c¹ and being in front, and
to c, which serve also another purpose, to be here:fter mentioned, being

page_text: at the back. The way in which they are screwed together is seen in the
Drawing. E M¹ to EM are electro-magnets, of which four, E M', E M³,
EM³, and EM", are moveable, vibrating on the pointed screws a', already
described; the others are fixed. The three first named of these movable
electro-magnets give motion to the pricker frames, and cause the prickers to
perforate the paper from the right or left; the fourth, E M", drives the ratchet
wheel fixed to the shaft of one of the rollers which impel the paper. I will
first describe the motion of these electro-magnets which occupy the wooden
portion of the machine, and afterwards shew what useful purpose these motions
have. The electro-magnets EM', E M², E M³, form a distinct group, the
current passed round the coils being from a local battery set in action at the
relay by the first line pulsation; EM, EM, EM, form a second group
governed in a similar way by the second line pulsation; and E M', E M³, E M°
a third group governed by the third pulsation. The electro-magnet E M" is
caused to be attracted by E M at proper intervals by pulsations from the
local battery sent from the revolving wheel in order to advance the paper
properly after the pricking of each letter and the end of each word. I will
describe the action of the first group, the two next being precisely similar. The
clip P is connected with the positive pole of the local battery, and with one
end of the coils of the fixed magnets of the three groups; the coils of E M' and ³
are continuous, and are so wound that when a current is passed through them,
similar ends have dissimilar poles; therefore, if alternate positive and negative
currents are made to pass at the same time through E M³, it will move
alternately to the right or left. The other end of the coil which passes round
E M' and E M³ is fixed to the clip R, which is connected with that part of
the relay, several varieties of which I have shewn in another Sheet, which con-
nects the positive end of the battery with the moving parts for the first pulsation
of that relay, according to the direction which has been given by the line
current to this moving part of the relay, the positive current which has been
sent from the clip P round the coils of E M', E M³, will be sent back to the
instrument and round the coil of the electro-magnet E M², either from left to
right or right to left, while a corresponding negative current in the opposite
direction comes from the relay through the revolving wheel, and the duration
of the current will depend upon the length of the tooth on the revolving wheel,
whilst its direction round E M', E M³, is always the same, but round EM²
depends upon the manner in which the moveable parts of the relay had been
placed by the line current. The action of the other two groups EM, E M³,
and E M, and E M', E MS, E M', which are connected cach with their own
portion of the compound relay, is precisely similar. The three moveable magnets

page_text: one each connected with a pricker holder, and according to whether they are
attracted to the right or left, cause each a perforation to be made in the paper
from right or left. The prickers which prick from the right are of one form,
and those which prick from the left of another; and in consulting the alphabet
No. 3, Figure 9, Sheet 2, it will be seen that the letters are formed by a com-
bination of three pricks in alternate directions across the paper. The electro-
magnet E M causes the top prick to the right or left, the electro-magnet
E M' the middle, and the electro-magnet E M8 the bottom ones. Before
explaining how the electro-magnets are connected with the pricker frames, I
will shew how the paper is brought between the prickers, and held there while
being operated upon, and when the letter has been formed advanced the
necessary space between letter and letter; the whole of the works connected
with this part of the machine are included between the top board A³ and the
brass top A'; d is the roller of boxwood on which the paper strip is coiled,
and like all the other rollers connected with the paper moves on pointed screws,
which go through A3 and A. The paper is first drawn from the roller d over
a small boxwood roller e, having a flange at its lower side to support the edge
of the paper. It then passes through the paper holder f, seen separately in
side view in Figure 19, and in front view in Figure 20. In the side view will
be seen a rectangular opening formed in the sides of the paper holder, through
which the prickers pass while the paper is elsewhere firmly held. The slit
through which the paper is drawn only just allowed to pass freely, but not
loosely, until the punctures are made, when the brass on both sides or little
wider than the width from the lower to the upper prick is ut away to allow
the burr to pass freely. After being punctured the pape passes over another
boxwood roller g, having also a flange at the lower edge. One face of the
roller g and one of the roller e, and the route through the paper holder are in
a straight line. From the roller 9 the paper bends round and is caught between
the driving rollers h and i, which are of metal. The roller h has also a flange
to guide the edge of the paper. The rollers g, h, i, have all of them a sinking
the width of the extreme parts of the pricks, sunk in them to prevent the burr
being smashed, and they bite only on the edges of the paper. The roller g
also turns on pointed screws passing through brass brackets g', attached to A³
and A. A spring is attached to a piece of brass 1 fixed to A³; this spring
presses on the flange of the paper roller with a degree of force regulated by a
screw, and prevents the roller being turned by the elasticity of the paper on the
shafts of the driving rollers h, i, and toothed wheels k, k, of the same dimension
which cause the rollers to move synchronously; on the shaft of the roller i is
also a ratchet wheel 1, the turning of which causes the driving rollers to revolve
E

page_text: and advances the paper. The motive power in this case is a mutal attraction
between E M¹ and E M", which takes place and causes E M² to move when-
ever a current passes round their coils; this is made to take place once, twice,
or thrice after the letter has been formed, according to the distance that is
desired between the letters. Each attraction carries the wheel round one
tooth. To the inside of the arm of E M" is screwed an upright piece of brass
rather higher than the top of the ratchet wheel; to the top of this arm is
attached by a screwed pin a piece of steel, spring temper, bent so as to fall
between the teeth of the ratchet wheel, and rendered perfectly horizontal in its
movement, by being made like a round wire at its back, and as seen at m, and
passing through a piece of brass m¹ screwed to A³. Thus every time an
attraction takes place between E M" and E M", which is as often as required,
by pulsations arranged to be sent at the proper intervals from the pulsation
wheel, the ratchet is moved on one tooth. To prevent it turning backward, a
spring m² fixed to a piece of brass m³ is also so formed as to fall between the
teeth of the ratchet wheel, and prevent it from turning backwards. When E M
has been attracted by EM, and the current has ceased, E M" is brought
back to its normal position by a spring. This spring n is a steel wire properly
tempered, screwed into the further arm of E M". It rises nearly to A* passing
through a slot in the screwed nut o, which slides and can be fixed at any point
in c. and its strength be thereby regulated. A similar spring is screwed in E M
E M³, and E M³, and keeps them perfectly central between their pair of fixed
magnets when not attracted to either side, and when that attraction has ceased,
again bringing them to the centre. We have now only to see how the motions
of E M³, E M³, and E M³, govern the motion of the pricker frames to fully
understand the action of the machine. To the inner side of the front arm of
E M² is screwed a brass upright shewn at Figure 6 in dotted lines, and in
detail at Figures 10, 11, and 12, in top view, side view, and front view
respectively. The horizontal bar q of this frame is joined to the vertical piece
by a screwed pin, and is caused to move horizontally by a steel pin q¹ fixed to
its further side and sliding loosely in a hole in a piece of brass q¹ screwed to A³
It will be perceived that when in their normal situation the paper passes exactly
between the two pricker holders, so that when the prickers are in place, and
their points near the paper, an attraction to the right or left causes them to
puncture the paper from one side or the other. The middle electro-magnet E M
works the middle pricker frames in a similar manner; these pricker frames are
seen at Figures 16, 17, and 18, in top view, front view, and side view respec
tively. The electro-magnet E M³ works the lower pricker frames in a similar
manner, and they are seen in Figure 13, 14, and 15, in top view, side view

page_text: and front view respectively. It is obvious by what I have already explained,
that these prickers can be worked either altogether, two together, or any one
alone, in either direction, according to the pulsations sent, so as to prick a
letter at one operation. The consecutive pricking instruments might have been
arranged with electro-magnets of a similar form and character to those of the
variety I have just described, and in general I prefer doing so, but I thought it
better to shew how the common horse-shoe form could be applied as well,
because after reading this last description, and with the aid of the Drawings,
any one would be able to arrange it to work with those forms.
I will now describe the Drawings of my chemical decomposition type-
printing telegraph. Figure 1, Sheet 12, is a longitudinal section through the
centre of the instrument; Figure 2 is a top view; Figure 3 is an end view
from the right hand; Figure 4 is a front elevation; Figure 5 is a top view of
the base board with the lower series of electro-magnets; Figure 6, a trans-
verse section through the centre of the instrument; and Figure 7 is an end
view from the left hand. All the other Figures on this Sheet and on Sheet 13.
appertaining to this instrument are details, which will be described hereafter.
A is the base board of the instrument, A¹ the sides, and A2 the top board,
which is screwed to the sides with wood screws, so that it may be removed at
pleasure. This top board has a rectangular opening across the centre part, as
shewn in Figure 2. Below this top board are the electro-magnets which
work the instrument, and above and fixed to it is the chemical decomposition
printing machinery. Into the base board are inserted 16 clips, a, a, which
establish the connections of the currents. The action of the instrument is as
follows:-Instead of a type wheel, which is usually employed in printing
telegraphs, I use a type block d, shewn in top. view at Figure 14, Sheet 13,-
with the letters arranged in the required order, and by means of not more
than three pulsations of the current sent by any of my patent manipulators by
touching one of the studs of that manipulator, the relay will set the local
battery in action, and the letter required to be printed will be brought under
the striker e, which acting upon it will impress the character by chemical
decomposition if arranged for that mode, or by manifold copying paper. The
type block is fixed to the top of a rod d', which is fixed to the centre of
the core of the electro-magnet E M by a binding screw d³. This electro-
magnet E M vibrates on pointed screws f (in the pieces of brass h and h',.
which form part of the lower rocking frame 1), between the electro-magnets.
E M and E M. Before starting the instrument, the striker e is exactly over
the centre of the blank space in the types, where an ivory block in the shape
of the type is placed, but when E M' is attracted by E M³, the letter E, the

page_text: third letter to the left of the blank, would be printed if no other pulsations
were sent to form the letter. In like manner, if E M¹ were attracted by
E M³, the letter B, the third letter to the right of the blank, would be brought
under the striker. E M' is another electro-magnet screwed to the under side
of the rocking frame g above, and to which the electro-magnets E M³ and
E M³ are also screwed. This rocking frame g is shewn separately in different
views in Figures 21 to 24; Figure 20, being a transverse section; Figure 21,
an end view; Figure 22, a bottom view; Figure 23, a top view; Figure 24,
a side view. This rocking frame vibrates on the pointed screws i, also in the
pieces of brass h and h', which form part of the lower rocking frame j. The
electro-magnet EM is placed between electro-magnets E M³ and EM6
screwed to the top surface of the rocking frame j, and when it is attracted to
the right or left by either of them, it moves the rocking frame g, and through
it, in a manner I shall hereafter describe, the type block a distance of one
type. If, therefore, no current is passed through E M', E M³, EM³, but only
through E M', E M³, EM, if attracted to the right hand, the letter A will
be brought under the striker and printed; if attracted to the left, the
letter D will be printed by a combination of currents round all the six electro-
magnets; all the other letters on the middle row of the type block can be
brought under the striker. Thus by making both attractions move the type
block to the right the letter O will be placed there, and by making both
attractions move it to the left M will be printed. In like manner, by making
the electro-magnet E M¹ move B or E under the striker, and then before the
stroke making the electro-magnet E M* move it backwards one division, the
letters G and J respectively will come under the striker, and thus any letter in
the middle row may be printed. In order to print any letter in the other two
rows, the block must be moved a space equal to one type to the right or left
in a direction at right angles to that caused by the electro-magnets already
described. This is effected by the vibration to one side or the other of the
rocking frame j, which is shewn in different views in Figures 15 and 16,
Sheet 12, and Figures 4, 12, and 13, Sheet 13. This rocking frame vibrates
on pointed screws k, which are screwed through the brass standards k¹ and k³,
which in their turn are screwed to the base board. It will thus be perceived
that the whole of the electro-magnets I have aleady described, as well as the
type block, are supported and move on these screws k, and that when the
rocking frame is caused to move to either side, the type block d is also moved.
An electro-magnet E M' is screwed to the under side of rocking frame, and
is placed between two other electro-magnets EM and E M°, which move
the whole mass to either side, but only through a distance at the surface of

page_text: the type block equal to that from centre to centre of the types. If these
electro-magnets EM', EM³, and E M' are alone brought into action, the
letters C or F will be brought under the striker, but by combining the currents
of the other electro-magnets already described, all the other letters of the two
outer rows can, when desired, be brought under the striker, and thus any of
the 26 letters be printed by different combinations of the currents sent.
The electro-magnets E M³ and E M° are screwed together by two strips of
brass, one of which is shewn in Figures 25, 26, and 27, Sheet 12, Figure 25
being a top view, Figure 26 a longitudinal section, and Figure 27 a bottom
view; they are then screwed to the base board by two wood screws passing
through their centres. The striker is worked by the electro-magnet E M",
which is also used to cause the paper to move forward the space of a letter after
each printing or each stroke of the striker on the blank. This electro-magnet
is partially let into the base board, as is best seen in Figure 6, Sheet 12, and
it is screwed to the side by a screw shewn at b in Figure 3. The armature
of this electro-magnet A is fixed to a turning lever n which is shewn in detail
with the armature A' attached in Figures 12 and 13, Sheet 12, and in Figure 5,
Sheet 1 This turning lever moves on pointed screws o, which pass through
pieces of brass o¹, screwed to the wooden side A¹. This turning lever n is
furnished with two arms n¹, n³, the former of which carries a perpendicular
rod n', to which is screwed a spring which pulls round the ratchet wheel on the
roller shaft, which moves the paper, and the other n², which by means of rods
and joints, which I shall describe with reference to the detailed Drawings,
pulls down the striker. It is the attraction of the armature, however, which
pulls down the striker, and when the letter is printed and the current ceases to
flow round the electro-magnet E M, the paper is advanced by means of
the recal spring of the armature.
Having now described generally the functions of the electro-magnets, [
will explain the machinery for printing. The whole of this is fixed on the
top board As, and can be removed with it, leaving the electro-magnets in
place. GP is a gutta percha trough for containing the chemical which is to
be decomposed, fixed by screws through four lugs to the top board. Into this
trough is fitted easily a framework of hard wood p¹, and which is screwed
to the gutta percha by one screw that enables the framework to be removed
easily when required, and in this framework the paper roller p³, and the
compressing rollers ps and p' work. The former being constantly immersed
in the liquid is made altogether of boxwood, and works in pieces of glass
tube, and is fixed in place by a wooden wedge, as shewn in dotted lines
in Figure 1. The rollers p³ and p', the latter of which has flanges to guide

page_text: the paper, turn upon pointed screws, which pass through the sides of the
wooden frame; they must be so arranged that when screwed up tight the
surfaces of the rollers are just in contact so that by easing the screws the
paper may be passed through the rollers and the superfluous moisture be
compressed out. The paper after passing these rollers goes between the striker e,
and the type block d, but without touching them, and then over the boxwood
roller p, which is also flanged and works on pointed screws, and then between
the rollers pe and p'; the latter, which is also flanged, is the roller which is
driven by the recal spring of the armature of the electro-magnet E M, and the
other is a pressure roller. Between them the paper is passed with sufficient
bite to be drawn along as they revolve. The roller p on the shaft of the
wheel p, which gears into p³, on the shaft of p, causing the two rollers to
revolve at the same speed, and the ratchet wheel p10 are shewn in section at
Figure 1, Sheet 13.
The bearing of this shaft must be passed into holes in
the brass side frames r before the top piece 2', which ties them together, is
screwed on, and before they are screwed to the top board by the lugs r² seen
best in Figure 2, and it will be perceived that a piece of it projects as far
as the rod of the striker, which slides up and down in a hole pierced through
it, whereby its steadiness and perpendicularity is preserved. The ratchet.
wheel p is fastened on when all is in place. A small piece of brass r*, best
seen in Figure 4, and which carries a spring to prevent the return of the
roller p', is screwed to the side of the frame 1. The roller p, a section of
which with its shaft and the wheel p° as seen at Figure 2, Sheet 13, revolves
in the rocking frame r, which is there also seen in section, moving upon
pointed screws in pieces of brass screwed to the top board. This rock-
ing frame is seen in side view in Figure 4, Sheet 13, and in top view in
Figure 2. It is pressed upon by means of a screw acting through a fine
helical spring, and fixed in a piece of brrass 27, screwed to the top board, and
seen in Figure 1, 2, and 4. The roller p and its section is shewn at
Figure 3, Sheet 13.
I shall now more particularly describe the turning lever n and the parts
connected with it. In the longitudinal section, Figure 1, it will be perceived
that when the armature is at the distance of about 1 of an inch from the poles
of the electro-magnet E M", that the arms n', n², are horizontal, and that the
effect of the armature being attracted would be to throw the further ends of
the arms upwards about th of an inch; this is nearly the space between the
teeth of the ratchet wheel, which must have 24 teeth. The rod n³ which is
joined to n by a screwed pin, shewn in section at Figure 8, Sheet 13, and
which slides up and down in a slot in the lug of the side frame r to maintain

page_text: its perpendicularity, has the hooked spring n attached to it, which by its up-
and-down motion causes the ratchet wheel p to revolve, the upward motion
causing it to slip from tooth to tooth, the spring n preventing the wheel from
turning backwards, and by its downward motion the wheel being made to
revolve the space of one tooth or the surface of the roller about double, which
is the space required between the centres of two letters.
The form of the rod n³ is best seen in Figures 12, Sheet 12, and in Figures 5,.
Sheet 13. Referring particularly to these Figures and to Figure 13, Sheet 12,
it will be perceived that another perpendicular rod ne is attached in the same
manner to a cross piece n', which turns upon a similar screwed pin fixed
to the side frame r not quite in its centre, as is best seen in Figure 5,
Sheet 13. Its further end will therefore be depressed when the armature is
attracted, and will carry down with it the striker e which is attached to the
rod n, best seen in Figure 5, Sheet 13. This is the manner in which the
striker is brought down on the type block; it remains to be shewn how the
the chemical decomposition is effected. The chemical decomposition striker
is seen in the different views of the machine, but particularly in Figures 5, 6,
9, 10, 11, Sheet 13. The striker e; of which a top view is shewn at Figure 11,
and a side view at Figure 10, Sheet 13, is made of platinum. The square
part is exactly the size of a type, so that when brought down it may touch
every part of the letter, but not extend beyond it. It is supported by a
spring e', which is shewn in top view, Figure 9, Sheet 13, and which slides in
a throat in it, made so as to prevent it turning round, and thus getting out
of square with the type. The spring e¹ is screwed to the under part of the
ivory e, which combined with the brass e which forms part of the rod 28,
constitutes the compound striker holder. It will be seen particularly at.
Figure 6, Sheet 3, how the ivory is screwed to the under part of the brass c.
The striker e goes through a hole in the ivory loosely, in which it slides and
rises when pressed upon the type. On the top of the ivory is screwed another
spring e, which passes over the end of the striker at a little distance from it,
and rests on a platinum pin e fixed in the brass e. By referring to Figure 6,
Sheet 12, the section of the instrument can be understood. The wire from P,
shewn in dotted lines, is connected with one end of the battery, and the other
end is soldered to the spring e, which by means of its connexion with the
5 platinum pin e and the brass ³, at the end of which is a flat-headed screw
to connect a wire which is a continuation of one end of the coils of the electro-
magnet E M, the other end of which is united to the other end of the battery.
When these connections are made, the electro-magnet E M will attract the
armature, and draw down the striker sufficiently by compressing the spring e¹,

page_text: to force the rod of the striker through the ivory until it lifts the spring off
the platinum pin e, and to cut off the current in the direction of the wire
fixed to. It will be perceived, however, that this wire a short way down is
divided into two, and that the other end is fixed by a flat-headed screw e to
the rod of the type block. The current, therefore, still continues to flow
round the electro-magnet E M, but its course is altered, as it now goes from
the spring to the top of the striker, then through the chemically prepared
paper to the type block, and thence to the wire through the coils to the battery.
Thus a letter is printed by chemical decomposition, after which the current
ceases, and the striker rises to be ready for the next printing; but for printing
by black paper, a solid striker, armed with leather or indian-rubber at the
striking surface, must be used, and the current be passed directly round the
coils of E M. The springs e and e' must not be very strong, in order not to
compress the moisture out of the paper. When the current ceases, the recal
springs lifts the striker, and moves the paper by means of the hooked spring
moving the ratchet wheel the required quantity. This springs is screwed to
the support 2, through which passes one of the pointed screws k, on which
the lower rocking frame j vibrates. The piece is seen in Figure 1 in sec-
sion, in Figure 3, Sheet 13, in side view; in Figure 7 on the same Sheet in
front view; and in Figure 13, Sheet 12, in top view. It is screwed to the
base board with two wood screws. The springs is screwed to it, and is of the
shape shewn in these Figures, and must be as strong as possible within the
necessary limit of its yielding to the action of the electro-magnet E M¹º. This
spring acts upon the turning shaft n¹ by pressing against a brass screw s¹, which
passes through the arm of the turning shaft n to which the armature is screwed.
In order to restrain its motion, another screw s passes through the piece of
brass ss, which is screwed to the wooden side, and presses against the armature.
Two small brass screws s* are screwed through the armature opposite the poles of
the electro-magnet E M, so as to prevent contact, and the undue effect of resi-
duary magnetism. All these screws can be adjusted from the outside by
boring holes in the wooden side as seen at Figure 7, Sheet 12. The other
brass support for the other screw k, on which the piece n turns, is shewn in
section in Figure 1, in top view at Figure 5, Sheet 12, and in back view at
Figure 28. This support is also screwed to the base board, but it has a slot
down it in which fits a screw clip, through which passes a wire spring s³,
seen at Figure 1, and in the details of the rocking frame j, which are Figure 15,
a top view; Figure 16, a side view, Sheet 12; Figure 4, Sheet 13, a bottom
view; Figure 12, an end view; and Figure 13, a transverse section. The
object of this spring is to cause the rocking frame; to come to its normal

page_text: position after it has been drawn aside by a current passing through the electro-
magnets E M', E M³, and EM, A similar arrangement is made for
the electro-magnets E M¹, EM, and E M³,and for the electro-magnets E M³,
E M, E Me, which I will now explain. To the electro-magnet E M' is
screwed a small piece of brass t, seen in Figure 6 in section, and in front view
at Figure 17, in side view at Figure 18, and in top view at Figure 19,
Sheet 12. Into this brass is screwed the wire spring so, the lower part of
which is inserted in a slot at the bottom of the arm g¹ of the rocking
frame g.
The shape of the slot is best seen in Figure 22, Sheet 12:
The rocking frame 9 being held stationary, as I shall presently explain,
whilst the movement is taking place in the type block through the
attraction of E M', this spring is bent, and when the current ceases brings
the type block back to its normal position. It is evident, that as action
and reaction are equal, if the rocking frame g were free to move when
the current is passed round the electro-magnets E M¹, E M², E M³,
there would be an equal tendency for the magnet E M² or E M³, to go
towards E M³, as for E M¹ to go to either of them. It is, therefore, necessary
to fix the rocking frame g during the time that E M¹ is being operated on.
This is effected by a small accessory armature u, shewn in cross section in
Figure 1, and together with the electro-magnet E M°, shewn in side view at
Figure 8, in top view at Figure 9, and in the two end views in Figures 10 and
11, Sheet 12. In Figure 23 attached to the rocking frame g is a small piece of
brass g², with a conical hole drilled into it. This is also seen in Figures 8, 9,
and 10. Into the small armature u is fixed a brass conical pin g', which is
forced into the hole in g³ by the recal spring 9%, when the armature u is not
attracted by the magnetization of EM, and when this is the case, no movement
of the rocking frame 9 can take place, and when EM, EM2, E M³ become
electro-magnets, EM' alone is at liberty to move to either side. This current
when employed in the formation of a letter always passes before E M², E M³,
E M6 are brought into action, although it is continued during that action,
should that action also take place; but the moment the current passes round
EM, u is attracted, and the rocking frame g liberated, so that it can move
with E M towards E M' or E M. It will be perceived, Figures 10 and 11,
that the ends of the electro-magnet E M° are not a square, but a parallelogram,
in order to make room for the armature u; and on this account the screws f. f.
are not in the centre of the flat part of the rocking frame j; as will be seen at
Figure 15. The armature u works on a pin. passed through the sides of the
bent piece of brass g', which is screwed to one end of E M', and the form of
which is seen at Figure 11. At the other end the piece u plays between a

page_text: brass pin screwed into the iron of E Me, and a piece of brass g screwed to the
other side, to prevent side strain. When E M', E M, E M are brought into
action alone, the rocking frame g by means of the spring s moves the type
block one division, when both combine four divisions, and when both are
opposed, two divisions. At the other end of the rocking frame g is a recal
springs of a similar character, which passes through a slot in the piece j, and
which brings the rocking frame g to its normal position.
The next telegraphic instrument I shall describe is also a recording one,
the letters being formed by dots, produced on a strip of paper by chemical
decomposition; like the pricking telegraph I have already described, this
admits of considerable variation, the dots may be made of different forms,
or of different colours, according to the direction of the current, or they may
be made successively and lengthwise of the paper or across the paper, or they
may be made by currents all of one denomination, lengthwise of or across the
paper. As the utmost possible legibility, simplicity, and concentration of space
in a telegraphic alphabet are great desiderata, I have given considerable
attention to improvements in this direction. Nos. 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10,
in Figure 9, Sheet 2, and Nos. 1 and 2 in Figure 31, Sheet 13, are specimens
of the different forms I can give to this dot alphabet. Nos. 2 and 4 in
Figure 9, Sheet 2, are the first, which is a consecutive alphabet lengthwise of
the paper, the second, with the marks for the letters across the paper, where
chemical compounds are used, in which a current in one direction produces
one color, and in the other direction another color. I have signified the two
colors by black dots or open circles in these Figures. Figure 5 is an alphabet
for 5 dots made from currents of one denomination, partly across the paper,
and partly successive. The top and bottom dots are two in succession, whilst
the number across the paper is 3. No. 6 is formed in two rows of three
across the paper, and like several other of the alphabets has marks made
across the paper to divide the letters, in the manner I shall hereafter describe.
It will be perceived that the difference in A and B is, that one is to the right,
the other to the left of the paper space, the same is the case with C
and D, and E and F, and the same remark applies to the differences in the
compound letters.
But to make the distinction still more complete, different
forms may be given to the dots, as in the pricking telegraph, and I have
shewn that arrangement in No. 2, Figure 31, Sheet 13. This alphabet is
formed by three alternating currents, and it is rendered still more legible by
preparing the paper with ruled lines before it is put in the instrument. The
chemical used only indicates when the current is in one direction, and it is
made to flow from A through the paper to B, or vice versâ, by one of the

page_text: markers being connected with the line, and the other with the earth, in the
first case making the mark only at A, and in the second only at B. The same
takes place between C and D, and between E and F, and of course in a
similar way in the compound letters. The alphabet No. 7 is made with 5
consecutive dots, and the paper is divided, in the manner I shall describe, into
letter spaces. The 5 simple letters are known by their position more or'
less to the right or left of the letter space. The other letters appear to be
made with lines and dots, but they are really formed by dots, but after one
dot is made the paper is only advanced a space equal to the width of another
dot, and as the form of the markers is square, if another dot is then made,
the two combine and form a line. This line may be of the length of 2,
3, 4, or even 5 dots, or a short line may form the letter with a dot and
a blank between, or in any possible combination. This arrangement will
be understood at once by examining this alphabet. No. 8 is produced by
three consecutive alternating currents, in which two markers are used for each-
pulsation, one being above and the other below the centre of the paper. The
paper is divided by the instruments into letter spaces, and the marks are
distinguished by being in the centre, or to the right and left of the letter space,
and above or below the centre. Of course, when a pulsation makes a mark
below the centre it does not do so above it, and vice versa. In this alphabet
the dots combine to form lines where intended, and thereby render it very
simple. No. 9 is also formed by three alternating currents with 2 markers,
but in this case the three pulsations mark across the paper to the right and
left of the letter space, which is here formed by the instrument, but the
paper is also ruled in the manner shewn before its introduction into the
machine. The dots also compose lines across the paper, so that this forms a
very legible and compact alphabet.
But the most compact alphabet of all is that shewn in No. 10, which is pro-
duced with five dots across the paper which is previously ruled. The letters
though produced by dots are composed chiefly of lines, and the alphabet is
exceedingly simple, and by making the dots narrow instead of square, could be
reduced into the space occupied by moderately small writing.
An alphabet, partly of the same charater but formed with only three alter-
nating pulsations and two markers for each pulsation, is shewn at No. 1,
Figure 31, Sheet 18, here the top and fourth markers, the second and fifth,
the third and sixth, are alternately connected with line and earth, and it depends
upon the direction of the current which marker comes into operation, but of
course the pair connected can never mark at the same time. Here I have

page_text: made the markers rectangular in section, to shew how the letters may be
condensed. This is the alphabet which occupies least space with fewest
pulsations.
No. 2, Figure 31, Sheet 13, is an alphabet formed like No. 6, Figure 9,
Sheet 2, excepting that it is made more distinctive by the markers being of
different forms.
Figures 15 to 29, Sheet 13, are views and details of this chemical decom-
position dot telegraph. Figure 15 is a side view of the instrument; Figure 16,
a longitudinal section; Figure 17, an end view looking from the right-hand
side; Figure 18, an end view looking from the left-hand side; Figure 19, a
top view Figure 20, a view of the base board; Figure 21, a view of the top
board with the framing and rollers removed; Figure 22, a cross section through
the
paper roller.
;
A is the base board; A¹, the sides and ends; A2, the top board of the
machine, forming a box inclosing E M, an electro-magnet, which drives
the rollers which carry forward the strip of paper on which the signals are
made. The trough containing the chemical mixture with the paper roller
immersed in it and the framework which supports the driving and pressure
rollers and marking apparatus are fixed on the top board A. To this board
are also screwed 8 clips, which form the necessary contacts; Bare upright
brass frames with flanges at the bottom, by which they are screwed to the top
board A; they are held together by a cross rod c with screws and nuts; Dis
a trough of gutta percha, it slides into place between small fillets d on the top
board A, and when home in place a small projection e on the trough is caught
by a piece of brass e¹ screwed to the board A³. At the other end of the trough
is a lug with a hole in it, through which a thumb screw g passes, which fixes
the trough to the top board. When it is required to refill the trough or the
paper roller by unscrewing 9, the trough is at once removed.
The paper roller h, which is of boxwood, and is seen in section in Figure 22,
is supported in a framework of boxwood i, which is placed with it in and
removed with it from the gutta percha trough; it is constructed with small
pieces of glass tube for bearings, held in place by wooden wedges, as the whole
being immersed in the chemical compound metal could not conveniently be
used; pieces of this framing project above the top of the trough, by which
the framing i may be lifted out. It will be seen by the Drawings, that when
the trough D is in place, it comes under the roller j and partly under the roller
k; j, k, l, are three rollers, j and 7 being of boxwood, and k of metal. I will
now explain the functions of these rollers. k is the decomposition roller, con-

page_text: nected in certain arrangements, which I shall hereafter point out, permanently
with the earth, although not so in the present Drawings. j and I are both
pressure rollers, the object of the former being sufficiently to compress the
paper which is led between it and the roller k from the paper roller h, to
squeeze out the superabundant moisture, so as to render it in the fittest state
for being acted upon by the electrical current through the markers; on the
shafts of the rollers k and are corresponding spur wheels m, which cause the
rollers to move synchronously; when the driving roller k is moved, the pres-
sure on is made just sufficient to bite and propel forward the paper without
causing too much resistance. The mode in which the pressure is obtained is
best seen in Figure 15. The mode is applied equally to the rollers j and l. In
the standards B slots are cut to admit the bearings of these roller shafts, and
wedged-shaped holes are cut in the brass, where shewn, in which bent springs /
are introduced, and by driving them more or less tight, and having them
originally weaker or stronger, the pressure is regulated. I have said that the
roller k is the driving roller. I will now explain its action :-An armature of
soft iron A is screwed to a turning frame n, which vibrates on pointed screws
o, which pass through pieces of brass c¹, screwed to the top board A. This
turning frame n goes through a slot hole in the board A, and is suspended
with the arinature A', at a little distance from the poles of the electro-magnet
EM. The consequence of this arrangement is, that whenever a current of
electricity is passed round the coils of E M, the armature is attracted and the
end of an arm n³ attached to the back of the turning frame n is raised. When
the current has ceased the armature is recalled to its normal position by a
helical spring, as in similar cases I have described with regard to other instru-
ments. The arrangement is seen in Figure 20. To the end of n¹ is attached
by a hinge joint an upright rod n³, to which is screwed a spring, which takes
into a ratchet wheel q, fixed on the shaft of the roller k. The upright n³ main-
tains its perpendicularity by a steel wire passing through a hole in a projection
from the frame B, and a spring, to prevent the return of the ratchet, is also
screwed to a projection on the frame B, as I have before explained in similar
The parts are so arranged that each attraction of the armature shall
turn the ratchet one tooth, and as the ratchet has 40 teeth, advance the paper
a quantity equal to one-fortieth of the circumference of the roller, which in the
alphabet No. 1, Figure 31, on this Sheet, is the distance required between
letter and letter.
cases.
Having described how the paper is caused to advance, it remains to be
shewn how the marking takes place. This is effected differently according to
whether I am operating with pulsations all of one denomination or with alter-

page_text: nating currents, whether the markings to form a letter is successive and
lengthwise of the paper or across the paper, whether we are using chemicals by
which 2 colors are produced by alternating currents, or chemicals which
leave a mark only when the current is in one direction. The arrangement
shewn is for the purpose of forming the alphabet No. 1, on this Sheet by 3
alternating currents, which cause a mark to be made only when that current
passes in one direction through the marker. This part of the arrangement,
which I have shewn full size in the various Figures in order to render the
description more clear, I have shewn to an increased scale in Figures 23, 24,
and 25; in Figure 23 in front view, in Figure 24 in side view, and in Figure 25
in top view. In order to prevent smearing and render the marks more clear,
an arrangement is made by which the markers are lifted at each movement
of the paper and are brought again into contact when that movement has
ceased. The markers 1 to 6 are fixed in a slab of ivory s; this slab of ivory
is suspended on pointed screws s¹, which go through brass arms B₁ cast on the
inside faces of the standards B, of the forms shewn in the Figures, in such
manner that its weight causes the markers to rest on the roller k, as will
be seen at once in looking at either Figure 15 or 16. If the roller k were
now turned, and that the paper had previously been carried between j and k,
and then between k and l, it would be carried forward, and any mark recently
formed would have a tendency to smear. To avoid this, at the same time that
the motion of the roller commences, the markers are lifted from the paper; this
is effected by a toothed wheel t, fixed on the shaft of the roller 7, whose teeth
correspond in number with the teeth of the ratchet wheel. The wheel t is placed
under the further side of the ivory slab s, so that each tooth may touch in its
revolution a piece of brass t', let into the side of the slab. The whole of this
arrangement will be best seen and understood by referring to the enlarged
Figures 23, 24, 25; I have there shewn part of the ratchet wheel q, fixed on
the shaft of the roller k, and part of the toothed wheel t, placed on the shaft
of the roller l, when the spring n³, which is screwed to the vertical rod n³, is
raised by the attraction of the armature it turns the ratchet wheel q, one tooth
as the rollers and 1 are connected by the toothed wheels, and the wheel t
will revolve an equal quantity at the same time. In looking at the position
of these teeth as regards the piece of brass t¹ let into the ivory slab s, it will
be perceived that in revolving the tooth touching t¹ raises it, and with it the
ivory slab s, and the markers which it carries, and continues to raise it until
the tooth escapes which takes place about the same time that the rod n² has
ceased to rise. When the slab s falls the piece t is caught by the next tooth,
and the markers again repose on the paper. This operation is repeated at

page_text: 6
each advance of the paper, and it is of course when all is in repose and the
marker in contact with the paper that the pulsation or pulsations takes place.
The markers to 6 are perfectly insulated from each other, and each of
them is joined metallically and respectively to square pieces of brass, in
which are flat-headed clip screws u¹ to 6, which bite the ends of wires,
the other ends of which are held by similar flat headed screws v² to ° in the
clips L' to 3, E¹ to 3. r¹ and 4 are connected at the time of the same and first
pulsation r to line, to earth, likewise at the time of the second pulsation r³
to line, to earth, and at the time of the third pulsation to line, to earth.
Thus, if the positive current comes through the line in the first pulsation, it
will pass from the marker r¹ through the moistened paper to the metal k,
from that again through the paper in the different direction to the marker r',
leaving the mark of r¹. If the current is in the opposite direction it will
leave the mark of r, and so for the other two pairs at the time of the other
pulsations. The shape of the markers where they touch the paper is rec-
tangular, and thus forms the alphabet No. 1, the slight distance between mark
and mark being filled by the ruled lines. In the consecutive alphabets, where
the same principle of marking is used as at No. 3, Figure 9, Sheet 2, only two
markers are used, one connected with line, and the other with earth, and
arranged as shewn, side by side in Figure 29, Sheet 13. When the alphabet
similar to No. 6, Sheet 2, or No. 2, Sheet 13, is required to be formed, the pairs
are placed one behind the other, as shewn in Figure 30, Sheet 13. When
pulsations all of one denomination are used the marker or markers are
connected with the line and the roller k with the earth.
I have now only to describe how the marks across the paper for the purpose
of dividing it into letter spaces, as seen in the alphabets No. 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9,
Figure 9, Sheet 2, and No. 2, Figure 31, Sheet 13, are made. This is shewn
in Figure 26 in side view, and Figure 27 in front view, and the metal blades
I shall describe in Figure 28, Sheet 13. In the boxwood roller l are inserted-
strips of metal w, at the proper distances for the letter spaces of the form
shown at Figure 28. The most projecting portion at w¹ is level with the
surface of the roller, and the upper edge of w² is level with the surface of
the boss. A spring a, which presses on the boss, is connected with one pole
of a local battery, and the metal roller with the other pole. When either of
the metal pieces next the roller k¹ is horizontal, it is in contact with the paper
between k and I, and at that moment the spring & also comes in contact with
the metal strip, and therefore a current will pass through the paper, and make
a mark with the projecting portion w¹ across the paper; of course care must
be taken in the original adjustment of the machine. As in a similar arrange-

page_text: ment described in the successive pricking telegraph that the spacing is made
at the correct times, and care must also be taken to prevent any interference
with the line current.
All my improved instruments are drawn to the full size, but of course the
dimensions must be greatly varied according to circumstances. For instance,
the size and amount of coil of the electro-magnets in the relays will depend on
the force of current usually employed on the line; the size, amount of coil, and
thickness of wire of the electro-magnets of the instruments, on the nature of
the local battery used, whether one of intensity or quantity; the distance of
the keys in the manipulators from one another, on the feelings of convenience
of the operators, and similar circumstances, but all these changes in no way
affect the principles of my Invention. I have also thought that the descrip-
tion of the different instruments would be more easily comprehended by giving
it in detail and with the different parts separate. Thus, I have described the
pulsation-distributors and receivers as one instrument, the manipulators as
another, the relays as another, the indicating or recording telegraphs as another,
only shewing them as united by clips and wires, but it is obvious that in
practice these different parts may often be conveniently united into one whole,
and the wires in many cases wound from one part to another, avoiding the
necessity of such numerous clips as I have shewn and condensing the whole
apparatus. But these arrangements, with the separate Drawings before
them, of course are within the competence of an intelligent workman.
Having now described the nature of my said Inventions, and the means and
manner which I consider to be best for using and carrying the same into effect
I declare that I do not confine or restrict myself to the details or particular
arrangements described, as many variations may be made therefrom without
altering the peculiar or essential character of the different parts of my Inven-
tion; but what I especially consider as novel and original, and therefore claim
as the subject-matter protected and secured to me by the herein-before partly
recited Letters Patent is,-
Firstly, with reference to the pulsation-distributing and receiving apparatus,
the use of wheels or cylinders, springs, and other bodies kept at the different
stations in a state of practically synchronous complete revolution with the
corresponding wheels or other bodies at other stations, by any suitable means,
for the purpose of distributing pulsations of the electric currents to manipulators
and receiving instruments for telegraphic purposes, whether such pulsations
are caused in one or more wires, and whatever may be the source of electricity
employed.
Secondly, I claim the methods shewn by means of double simultaneous

page_text: contacts for putting both ends of the battery simultaneously in connection with
the springs of a manipulator, so as to enable me to work the current in either
direction at pleasure, and thus form the necessary signals required for the
alphabet with only 3 pulsations, and whereby also I am enabled to work a
larger number of telegraphs simultaneously than could be done with pulsations
all in one direction.
Thirdly, I claim the various kinds of contact shewn in the Drawings as
applied to these apparatus, and particularly the use of teeth on the revolving
wheel acting mechanically as cams to tilt turning levers into mercury, or
otherwise cause them to make metallic contacts, whereby the particular
currents intended to flow round particular instruments are caused to do so.
Fourthly, I claim the use of these revolving bodies or of others working at
the same or some proportionate speed, for the purpose of distributing currents
from local batteries, by means of relays causing currents of any required
duration to work or assist in working the telegraphic instruments and the
manipulators.
Fifthly, I claim the methods described for working several telegraphs at
intervals with one set of pulsations.
Sixthly, I claim the method described of working between the intermediate
stations, or other stations situated in the intermediate distances, at the same
time that these stations are communicating or have the power of communicating
with other points along the line.
Seventhly, I claim the various forms of relay which I have described,
whether simple or compound, for the purpose of throwing the local current on
the revolving wheels, and thence through the instruments for any required
period.
Eighthly, I claim the plan of setting the relay in an inactive position by a
pulsation from the local battery proceeding from the revolving wheel, or by an
equivalent mechanical means, after every passage of a line current through it,
so that the revolving wheel may not again put the relay battery in action until
it is caused to do so by a fresh pulsation from the distant station.
Ninthly, I claim the methods described of insuring practically synchronous
movements in several revolving apparatus, by resetting them at a similar
starting point at regular intervals by means of the current.
Tenthly, I claim generally the various manipulators described, and par-
ticularly the use of turning plates or turning frames acted upon by keys to
complete the required contacts, thereby forming those combinations of the
pulsations which are required to print or indicate the letter; also the modes
described of grouping five, six, or more keys, so that with one movement of
F

page_text: the band the necessary combinations of pulsations for forming a letter with
one line wire may be sent by any person acquainted with the sets which form
each letter of the alphabet.
Eleventhly, I claim the use of an electro-maguet in the manipulator worked
by the local current from the revolving wheel, which locks all the turning
plates or frames when any of them have been depressed, so that they cannot
move during the passage of the pulsations, and which may also cause a pointer
to move, or a bell or bells, or other body to be struck to indicate to the
operator the proper time to make each movement of the finger, and I also
claim the use of the revolving wheel to cause the bell or body to be struck
mechanically.
Twelfthly, I claim the mode described of forming the alphabet by a com-
bination of the movements of three needles caused by pulsations sent along
one line wire, as shewn, or by currents from a relay battery set in action by
these line pulsations.
Thirteenthly, I claim generally the arrangements described for the chemical
dot telegraph, whether fitted for a single pulsation marker or markers acting
with a succession of pulsations, or for a combination of markers printing across
the paper; I also claim the methods shewn of combining the dots of successive
pulsations to form lines where required, also the preparation of the paper with
lines before introducing it into the instrument, also the method described of
making marks across the paper to form letter spaces, also the arrangements
described of distinguishing the direction of the current, and the arrangement
for raising the markers during the movement of the paper.
Fourteenthly, I claim generally the arrangements shewn for a dot pricking
telegraph, whether the particular form of electro-magnet which I have
designed, or any other convenient form be used, and whether a single pair of
prickers be employed to produce the letters, or whether a number of pairs
equal to that of the pulsations is employed; and I particularly claim the plan
described of pricking from the back or front of the paper, according to the
direction of the current.
Fifteenthly, I claim generally the arrangements shewn for a type-printing
telegraph, whether such printing be caused by chemical decomposition, as
shewn in the Drawings, or by a strip of blacked paper placed between the type
and the strip on which the despatch is printed, and whether any mode of
giving a surface of printing ink to the type is employed; also whether the
forms of the electro-magnets be similar or different to those shewn, or whether
a portion of the magnets be permanent ones or an armature only be attracted
instead of another electro-magnet; I also especially claim the use of the type

page_text: block in printing telegraphs instead of a type wheel, for the purpose of
bringing each letter more quickly and by fewer pulsations under the striker,
and the method shewn by which the same current is used to form the
electro-magnet which pulls down the striker, and to cause the chemical
decomposition.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Hickling Burnett, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Nineteenth day of November, One thousand
eight hundred and sixty.
W H. BURNETT. (J.S.)