IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINES FOR GENERATING OR UTILISING ELECTRICAL ENERGY
Year: 1884

page_text: I, GEORGE GATTON MELHUISH HARDINGHAM, of 191, Fleet Street, in the County
of Middlesex, Civil Engineer and Patent Agent, do hereby declare the nature of
said invention for IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINES FOR GENERATING OR UTILISING
ELECTRICAL ENERGY to be as follows:-
"
This invention relates to a new or improved dynamo machine applicable also as
a motor for converting electrical energy derived from a dynamo or other source into
mechanical work.
It has for its object the construction of a machine in which the induction coils
or fixed induced magnet and the revolving inducing magnets or inductor aro
arranged concentrically and are by preference circular in form; and in which the
inducing magnets revolve within the fixed induction coils.
It is found by experiment that if one of the poles of a permanent magnet
be moved up and down inside a bobbin of insulated wire and the other pole be
moved up and down outside a bobbin of like resistance, that the greatest inductive
effect is produced in that bobbin in which the pole of the magnet enters; and this
will be seen by connecting the ends of the wires of the bobbins to galvanometers
of equal resistance.
The object of my invention is to carry this principle into practical effect by
causing the inducing magnets to revolve within the fixed induction coils as before
mentioned.
I employ a bedplate or frame on which I form or mount standards arranged to
support a central fixed shaft or spindle which may be horizontal or otherwise.
Concentric with this spindle are arranged in an insulating substance the cores of
the induction coils, and, also concentric with the same spindle, the cores of the
electro-magnets; the circular permanent magnets being mounted to revolve.
The core of the induction coils is formed by two concentric cylinders. These
cylinders are mounted in an insulating material say for instance ebonite and discs
or plates of like material connect the ends of the same. The wire is wound in

page_text: sections longitudinally round the exterior of the outer cylinder and round the
interior of the inner cylinder, so that the interior of the outer cylinder and the
exterior of the inner cylinder are not covered by wire; the winding being parallel
with the axis of the cylinders. Longitudinal segmental-section pieces of wood or
equivalent material are formed with opposite ends bevelled and surround the fixed
shaft passing through the standards of the bed plate. Engaging with these
bevelled ends are opposite ended cones through which the said shaft passes; so
that the longitudinal pieces of wood form an expansible ring abutting on the wire
wound on the interior of the inner concentric core or cylinder and serve to
support the same. At each end of the cores within the end plates or discs I place
a circular permanent magnet. The poles of these magnets are united by a
segmental piece of material incapable of inductive action, thus forming a circular
magnet. I also place circular electro-magnets between the permanent magnets and
unite same in a similar manner.
Both these sets of magnets are carried by a circular drum or casing formed
preferably in three sections of varying diameter and running on guide ways carried
by the exterior surface of the inner cylinder of the induction coils. Friction
rollers run in rings or flanges on the said drum or casing and work on the said
guide ways, the said friction rollers being interposed between the permanent and
electro-magnets. A portion of the drum or casing is formed with a central groove
for the passage of an endless belt or rope for driving.
Or I may fit a toothed ring to the drum or casing with a view to driving the
same by gearing.
A portion of the exterior core of the fixed induction coils is removed to permit
the passage of the belt or rope or the entrance of a gear-wheel or other means for
transmitting power to the pulley or gear-wheel carried by the drum or casing
supporting the inducing magnets.
The free ends of the wire wound on the concentric cylinders are respectively
connected to brushes or collectors fixed between the cylinders; these brushes or
collectors making contact with revolving rings formed of segments electrically
insulated from each other and fixed on the drum or casing carrying the inducing
magnets.
On driving this drum or casing the induction takes place in the field just passed
through by the poles of the revolving magnets and in the field diametrically
opposite thereto.
The current is thus continuous and in one direction, but can be made alternating
by means of a commutator as is well understood.
Before leaving the machine the current passes through the electro-magnets and
imparts to these the same polarity as possessed by the permanent magnets. The
wire of one electro-magnet passes through the central driving pulley or toothed
wheel and is then wound upon the other electro-magnet.
The inductor or inducing magnets may as before described consist of combined
permanent and electro-magnets or permanent magnets alone, or electro-magnets;
with cores having or not having residual magnetism, or of solenoids.
DL
100

page_text: I, GEORGE GATTON MELHUISH HARDINGHAM, of 191 Fleet Street, in the County
of Middlesex, Civil Engineer and Patent Agent, do hereby declare the nature of
said invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINES FOR GENERATING OR UTILISING
ELECTRICAL ENERGY and in what manner the same is to be performed to be
particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement, reference
being had to the accompanying drawings.
"
This invention relates to a new or improved dynamo machine, applicable also as
a motor for conve ting electrical energy, derived from a dynamo or other source,
into mechanical work.
It has for its object the construction of a machine in which the induction coils
or fixed induced magnet and the revolving inducing magnets or inductor are
arranged concentrically and are by preference circular in form; and in which the
inducing magnets revolve within the fixed induction coils.
It is found by experiment that if one of the poles of a permanent magnet be
moved up and down inside a bobbin of insuluted wire and the other pole be moved
up and down outside a bobbin of like resistance, that the greatest inductive effect
is produced in that bobbin in which the pole of the magnet enters; and this will
be seen by connecting the ends of the wires of the bobbins to galvanometers of
equal resistance.
And in order that the mode in which this invention is carried into practical
effect may be fully understool, I have annexed to this specification the accom-
panying drawings; illustrative firstly of a diagram intended to explain the principle
on which the invention is based, and secondly of figures indicating the actual
method of construction of the improved electric generator or motor.
Referring to the aforesaid diagrams, A represents a permanent magnet and
B B¹ coils or bobbins of insulated wire, C C' galvanometers, the coils, as also the
galvanometers, being wound with equal resistances. When one of the poles of the
magnet is inserted in one of the coils or bobbins, the other pole being outside the
other coil, it will be apparent that the greatest inductive effect is produced in the
coil which surrounds the pole of the magnet.
Fig. 2 (end view), Fig. 3 (side elevation), Fig. 4 (transverse section), and Figure 5
(longitudinal section) illustrate, in an elementary manner, the construction of a
machine or motor to carry out the principle of operation before referred to.
A and B are two concentric cylinders supposed to be set in material in.apable of
inductive action, as are also the end plates c c¹ connecting these cylinders together.
The plates c c¹ have orifices D to correspond with the inner diameter of the inner
cylinder B. The interior of the inner cylinder B and the exterior of the outer
cylinder A are wound (like a Siemens' armature) with insulated wire E passing
round the end-plates c c. On the exterior of the inner cylinder B, runs freely a
circular permanent magnet F, having a brass or other non-inductive piece between
the poles, so as to fill up the space and make the magnet form a pulley. In tho

page_text: periphery of the latter is formed a groove f¹ to receive an endless cord or belt G
passing through a slot in the outer cylinder A and serving to rotate the magnet F
on the cylinder B, which thus forms a shaft. On rotating this magnet, it will be
found that inductive effects are produced in the coils E every time the poles of the
magnet pass through the same; thus further illustrating the before referred to
principle in a more mechanical and practical form.
Referring to the remaining three figures, Fig. 6 is a perspective view of an
electrical generator, constructed according to my invention; Fig. 7 a longitudinal
section; and Fig 8 a vertical section of the same on the line Z Z. In these two
sections, the sections of the parts corresponding to the wires of the bobbins are
indicated by broken lines.
In the apparatus represented in these figures all metallic parts, except the
permanent magnets, are set in a suitable material incapable of inductive action, so
as to avoid resistances resulting from the generation of counter currents.
A is an outer fixed cylinder; B an inner fixed cylinder concentric with A;
cc end-plates connecting the cylinders A B. E, E', E-1, E, coils or windings of
insulated wire proportioned to the desired tension of the current, such as low
tension for plating, electrolysis or low-resistance lamps, or high tension for powerful
are lights or incandescent lamps in series, &c. F F¹ are permanent magnets;
F2 F3 are electro-magnets. These magnets are circular in form, their pole pieces
being joined by a plug or filling of non-inductive metal or material, shewin in
dotted lines ay Fig 8. G is an endless belt or band; straight or crossed, projecting
into the outer cylinder A and driving a pulley H carrying the magnets as hereafter
described. I is a revolving cylinder made in three parts of different diameters.
On this cylinder I are fixed the permanent magnets F F on the interior of the two
larger diameters of the cylinder. As shewn, the three portions of the cylinder are
screwed together; the centre piece being of smaller diameter and formed of a
simple tube, and the larger portions formning flanges screwed or bolted at each end
of the same.
The pulley H is bolted or screwed to the centre portion of the
cylinder I, the electro-magnets F2 F3 being fixed on each side of the same.
shewn, they are nipped between the end flanges of the cylinder I and the pulley H.
The wires after winding one electro-magnet pass through holes in the pulley H to
the other. On the exterior of the cylinder B, I fix ways for friction rollers J J
these being carried by pairs of rings. The opposite sides of the said rollers bear
on the inner flanges of the cylinder I.
As
K is a fixed central shaft, supporting the whole apparatus, secured by lock-nuts
in the standards L L' the latter being bolted to the bed-plate M.
As will be seen,
the sections of wire E E E E are wound upon the exterior of the cylinder A and
the interior of the cylinder B and around the end-plates cc¹. To hold the sections
in place, I use segmental blocks of wood, ebonite or like suitable non-conductor O,
01, 0, between the windings of the wire in the cylinder B and fixed shaft K.
N N¹ are cones sliding on the shaft K and capable of being set up to nip the ends
of the segments 0 0' 02 (bevelled for the purpose) so as to wedge the same against
the sections of windings and to steady the machine.
In place of driving the pulley H by an endless band or belt it could be fitted to
be driven direct by spur frictional or other gearing.
The coils E, E, E, E are suitably connected.
On rotating the magnets they revolve within the fixed coils, and the inductive
effect is produced, on the one hand, in the field just passed through by the poles of
the permanent and electro magnets, and, on the other hand, in the field diametric:illy
opposite thereto. Consequently the current must be taken from these two fields
continuously which will be reversed simultaneously with the revolution of the said
magnets. For this purpose of collecting & directing the current from (or to, for
utilising electrical energy) the revolving cylinder, I apply segments I electrically
insulated from each other to forin rings arranged to successively come in contact
with fixed collectors or brushes placed in connection with and between each pair
of coils E E E-1 E. Thus a continuous current is collected in one direction.

page_text: Before the current leaves the machine, through suitable electrodes it is lead
through the coils of the electro-magnets and imparts to them the same polarity as
the poles of the permanent magnets.
When an alternating current is required, I pass the continuous current through
any suitable commutator.
Instead of placing the machine horizontally, it is manifest it could work in a
vertical direction.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
I claim is
First In machines for generating or utilizing electrical energy, the use of
circular permanent magnets revolving within fixed induction coils, in such a
manner that the windings of the coils are arranged to enclose the said permanent
magnets; the magnets being provided with means to diminish friction in the
revolution of the same, substantially as described.
:
Secondly The use of moveable circular electro-magnets revolving within
induction coils with their windings so disposed as to enclose the same, so that
a current may pass in the electro-magnets in a uniform direction being partly
induced at first in the same by the permanent magnets above described, so inducing
strong electro-magnetism in the said electro-magnets and inducing electric currents
in the fixed induction coils, substantially as described.
Thirdly The interior cylinder I arranged as described to run on friction rollers
and carrying the circular fixed permanent magnets and capable of being driven by
a straight or crossed belt or by gearing, substantially as described..
D
1
2
G. G. M. HARDINGHAM,
191, Fleet Street, London, E.C.