matthewleechen/300YearsOfBritishPatents huggingface dataset:
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF BRICKS AND OTHER ARTICLES MOULDED OR FORMED FROM CLAYS AND OTHER PLASTIC MATERIAL
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Rudolph Schomburg at the.
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
4th August 1868.
I, RUDOLPH SCHOMBURG, of London Street, in the City of London,.
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF BRICKS AND OTHER ARTICLES MOULDED
OR FORMED FROM CLAYS AND OTHER PLASTIC MATERIAL," to be as follows:-
The object of my Invention is to construct a machine for moulding-
bricks and other plastic materials, whereby bricks and other articles
can be made of clay as dug from the ground, and a continuous supply
furnished ready for removal for drying and burning.
The Invention consists of a pug mill of the ordinary construction.
mounted above a series of moulds which are placed in a circular or-
rectangular framing. The clay or other material is forced down to the.
lower part of the pug mill, where it enters moulds carried upon a circular
table, which has a rotary motion communicated to it in any suitable.
manner. Beneath the table a wheel or drum is placed, upon which the
bottom of the moulds are brought to bear in their rotation; this wheel
causes the moulds to rise so as to bring the upper surface against tho

page_text: under side of a fixed table or plank. In this operation the clay becomes
compressed within the mould. The moulds with the material within them
then pass on towards a second wheel or drum, by which the bottom of
the mould is lifted so as to cause the moulded article to project beyond
the top of its mould; it can then be removed to a drying stack, or if the
clay is sufficiently free from moisture it can be stacked or otherwise
treated for burning.
The machine may be mounted on wheels to enable it to be moved
from place to place. In place of the wheels or drums inclined plates
may be used to cause the moulds to rise...
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF SHOES FOR HORSES AND OTHER ANIMALS
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Edward Simons at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 7th
December 1868.
I, EDWARD SIMONS, of Sheffield, in the County of York, do licreby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
CONSTRUCTION OF SHOES FOR HORSES AND OTHER ANIMALS," to be as
follows:-
This Invention relates principally to shoes for horses and other animals,
to be worn either with or without the ordinary shoes, chiefly for the
purpose of affording the animals a firm footing on ice or snow and
at the same time preventing the hoofs from becoming "balled" or
filled with balls of hardened snow.
A modification of the Invention is also applicable as an extra shoe
to be carried when riding or driving, and which can be instantaneously
applied and fixed by any person without the use of nails in case of the
horse or animal casting a shoe on the journey. The simplest form
of the improved snow or ice shoe consists of a light steel or wrought-iron
frame provided with a ball plate for covering in the hollow part of the
hoof, and three or more "calks" or projections beneath for giving a

page_text: firm foot hold. A toe cap projects upwards in front over the toe of the
hoof and two heel clips are provided at the rear, the said heel clips
being made of spring steel, and connected together by a screwed and
slightly cranked bar, by turning which they can either be separated
for placing the shoe on the hoof and removing the same, or closed in
for fixing the shoe firmly when required. When no ball plate is
required the frame may be made in the form of an ordinary horse-shoc,
but composed of two parts hinged together at the toe so as to open
out for placing on or taking off, the screwed har and heel clips being
still retained for fixing the shoe; this modification is also applicable
for ordinary use in the case of a horse casting a shoe on the journey.
In another modification of the same the ball plate is divided
longitudinally and hinged together at the toe, being provided with a
spring which has a constant tendency to close the joint of the ball plate,
and consequently to draw the heel clips together-and-keep-the_shoc_in_
its place.
In cases where a solid ball plate without a hinge is used it may be
made of leather or other suitable material instead of plate iron, and in
some cases an india-rubber band passing round the hoof and con-
necting the toe clip and heel clips may be used as a further security if
required.
A NEW OR IMPROVED COM- BINED LEAD PENCIL AND ERASER
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Frederick Ayckbourn at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
8th October 1868.
The Provisional Specification of FREDERICK AYOKBOURN, of 18,
Southampton Street, Strand, Gentleman, for "A NEW OR IMPROVED COM-
BINED LEAD PENCIL AND ERASER," is as follows:-
After having made a lead pencil by any of the well-known means
in use I proceed to reduce the size of the outer circumference of
about half an inch in length of the end not intended to be cut or
used for drawing or writing with by filing or paring the same down
to the extent of the sixteenth of an inch or more in depth; I then
lay a coating of india-rubber varnish, glue, or other cement on the
part that has been reduced; after which I take a suitable length of
small bored india-rubber hose or tubing, vulcanized or not, or a small
piece of block rubber with a hole bored through it which I draw over
the part that has been cemented, trimming off the edges with a wetted
knife or scissors, when it forms an effective eraser for lead pencil
marks.

page_text: In applying this Invention to a metal or other ever-pointed pencil
I drill a hole at the top of the pencil in which I fix a wooden plug,
and on this I place the cement and eraser as above described.
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS APPLICABLE TO STEAM BOILERS FOR UTILIZING THE WASTE HEAT AND FOR ECONOMISING FUEL
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Matthew Mackie and John
Mackie at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their
Petition, on the 13th June 1868.
We, MATTHEW MACKIE and JOHN MACKIE, both of Kilbirnie, in
the County of Ayr, North Britain, do hereby declare the nature of
the said Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS APPLICABLE TO STEAM
BOILERS FOR UTILIZING THE WASTE HEAT AND FOR ECONOMISING FUEL," to be
as follows, that is to say :-
This Invention relates to an improved arrangement or construction
of apparatus for utilizing the heat of the waste gases in heating the
feed water as the gases pass from the flue or flues of the boiler to
the chimney, by which means a great saving of fuel is effected. It
consists in forming the flue division at the rear of the boiler of one
or more suitably shaped metallic vessels or chambers in place of a
brick wall as usually constructed. The feed water is forced by the
feed pump through a pipe placed in the flue and connected to each
of the chambers near the bottom. Another pipe is placed over the
top of the chamber or chambers and connected to each. The same
pipe is or may be carried to the front of the boiler or boilers and

page_text: connected to each by suitable connections; by this means the water
which is heated to a high temperature is led away from the chamber
or chambers to supply the place of that which is evaporated in the
boiler. If it is desired to decrease the heating power of the chambers
a damper or dampers may be placed against the sides to shield them
from the heat.
This apparatus is also capable of assisting the boilers with steam
when required, each flue division being separately connected to the
boiler below water level, keeping both the boiler and the economiser
at the same level and pressure, so that there is no danger of overheating
the economiser.
AN IMPROVED GLOVE FASTENING
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Edward Gedge at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
24th October 1868.-A communication from abroad by Joseph
Mathieu Cheuses and Edouard Nicolas Popard, both of 39,
Faubourg Saint Martin, Paris, France.
I, WILLIAM EDWARD GEDGE, of the Firm of John Gedge and Son, of
No. 11, Wellington Street, Strand, in the County of Middlesex, Patent
Agent, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN
IMPROVED GLOVE FASTENING," a communication to me from abroad by
Joseph Mathieu Cheuses and Edouard Nicolas Popard, both of 39,
Faubourg Saint Martin, Paris, France, to be as follows:-
This Invention consists in a novel fastening for gloves, and it must
be admitted that notwithstanding the multiplicity of existing methods.
none are convenient, every departure from the button having resulted in
more or less defective fastenings.
The fastening the subject of this Invention meets many requirements;
it is solid, and works with extreme facility; it is also an aid to. the-
preservation of the glove, whereas its predecessors all tend to destroy it.

page_text: This fastening possesses also the additional merit of permitting the
glove to be more or less tightened round the wrist to the size of which
its adapts itself in every case, and this is a very important point, for in
the manufacture of gloves the proportion between the length of the
fingers and the size of the wrist is often inexact.
This improved fastening is illustrated on the accompanying Sheet of
Drawing forming part of this my Provisional Specification, and is com-
posed of a cord or band A fitted to the glove by means of an cyclet hole
or plate attached thereto. This cord or band, the two ends of which
have been joined, slides at will in the piece a, and is then passed
through an eyelet placed at the other side of the glove, a tassel or other
suitable object being applied to prevent its return. On this cord or
band is placed a moveable pivoting or balance catch made slightly
conical, having a slot through it, and carrying at one of its ends two
claws which come down and seize the two cords or bands forming the
fastening of the glove. Two holes are pierced in the upper part of this
catch and serve to fix it to one of the cords, the other is passed into the
slot in which it slides freely.
I will now shortly describe the fastening of a glove. By pulling
the two cords A, a', the catch is drawn through the eyelet G and on
releasing them the point of the catch by reason of its oblique position
and of its shape places itself across the cyclet hole. The fastening
may be tightened or loosened by pulling on one or other of the cords
to bring the catch nearer to or further from the point where the
cords are attached.
(Fig. 4) shews the position of the catch at the moment of fastening,
the arrows indicating the direction followed by the cords.
IMPROVEMENTS IN REAPING MACHINES
Year: 1868

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Manwaring, of the Britannia Iron
Works, Banbury, in the County of Oxford, for the Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN REAPING MACHINES."
Sealed the 19th January 1869, and dated the 9th November 1868.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Manwaring
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 9th November 1868.
I, WILLIAM MANWARING, of the Britannia Iron Works, Banbury, in
the County of Oxford, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN REAPING MACHINES," to be as follows:-
My Invention relates to the construction of those reaping machines
in which the cut grain is discharged automatically by means of a
revolving rake or revolving rakes operated from the drive wheel of the
machine. Hitherto all such machines have delivered the cut grain in

page_text: sheaves at the side clear of the ground which will form the track of the
horses on the next succeeding round of the machine.
Now my Invention consists in a method of construction which enables
such self-acting side delivery reapers with revolving rakes to act when
required as self-acting back delivery reapers, in other words to discharge
the sheaf automatically at the back of the machine and in the track of
the horses on the next succeeding round. This is accomplished by
removing the quadrant shaped platform ordinarily used for side delivery
and replacing it by a tilting or drop platform (by preference with that
commonly known as the sparred drop platform) hinged to the cutter bar
of the machine. To this platform I attach an arm or standard by means
of which the drop platform can be raised from or lowered to the ground
playing around its hinge as a centre. Upon each revolving rake or rake
arm in some suitable position I fix a striking piece or tappet which
comes into contact with the said arm or standard once in every
revolution of the rake and depresses the drop platform, and I further
cause the drop platform to rise again after each such depression, either
by means of a tappet or cam operated by the drive wheel of the machine
or by the action of the driver's foot.
The manner in which this arrangement operates to produce a self-
acting back delivery of the sheaf is as follows:-The tail of the tilting
or drop platform being elevated and the machine driven forward the
crop falls on the platform and remains there until the revolving rake
reaches the butts of the cut grain when the striking piece or tappet
carried by such rake comes into contact with the standard or arm fixed
to the platform and depresses the tail of the said platform to the ground.
The heads of the cut grain are then brought into contact with the
stubble and the sheaf is left behind the advancing machine, its delivery
being assisted by the action of the rake on the butts of the cut corn,
meanwhile the rake continues its revolution and passes above the
discharging sheaf.
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR CRUSHING, BREAKING, AND REDUCING THE SOIL OR LAND
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Colborne Cambridge
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 25th August 1868.
I, WILLIAM COLBORNE CAMBRIDGE, of the City and County of Bristol,
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR CRUSHING, BREAKING, AND REDUCING THE
SOIL OR LAND," to be as follows :-
For crushing the land or soil so as to render the same ready for
the operation of the chain harrow, hereafter described, I use a clod
crusher, which is an improvement upon Cambridge's clod crusher,
inasmuch as plain wheels have a rim (of, say, about two inches wide),
on the surface of which I provide a projecting part (of, say, about
three-fourths of an inch deep, and about three-sixteenths of an inch
wide at top) tapered (say to half an inch or seven-eighths of an inch
from the top) but curved off at what would be the angle or junction of
the top part to the rim, whereby the wheel will be strengthened and
enabled to leave the land with less liability of the earth adhereing
thereto. The sizes and proportions above mentioned are those I prefer,
but they can be varied as may be requisite, and I usually make every

page_text: other wheel about one inch larger in diameter with a corresponding hole,
so that all the wheels may work level at the bottom, by which a self-
cleaning movement is effected without the use of scrapers.
The chain harrow which I use to follow the operations of the clod
crusher is constructed as follows:--Chain harrows as generally con-
structed are made so that a number of the links, and in most cases all
from top to bottom of the harrow, follow each other in the same track.
Now by my Invention I place the links, or any substitution thereof, so
that they may each take a different track or separate line of action, which
I do by placing links as near the middle part of the harrow as the width
will allow. Each link from the top to the bottom of harrow is gradually
widened till two and at last three links are introduced in the place
of one. I keep the links expanded by spreaders. The harrow is kept
well to its work by means of weights fixed to some of the bottom links
so made as to penetrate the land, by which arrangement lighter weights
can be used and will so avoid the unsightly appearance of the land as
ordinarily harrowed.
The clod crusher and the chain harrow are as a rule used together
and form one instrument, but they can if desired be used separately.
IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR PREPARING VEGETABLE FIBRE
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by James Wren Watts at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
24th February 1868.
I, JAMES WREN WATTS, of Norway. Street, St. Luke's, in the County
of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR PREPARING VEGETABLE FIBRE," to be
as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in. machinery for
preparing vegetable fibre. It is applicable especially to fibre such as
hemp, jute, and flax, which grows in the plant in intimate union
with woody matter. The machine consists of two surfaces, each set
with fine teeth or points, and which alternately approach and reccde
the one from the other. It is preferred that the surfaces should be
set horizontally, and that the upper surface should have a rapid re-
ciprocating motion communicated to it whilst the lower surface is
stationary. When the surfaces are nearest together their teeth overlap,
when they are furthest apart there is a considerable space between
them in which the fibrous plant to be acted upon, and which is inserted
between the surfaces is then held clear of the teeth. Between the
rows of teeth on each surface blades are arranged, they are mounted

page_text: in a frame. When the upper surface of teeth reciprocates the frame
of blades in it is stationary, so that when the surface is in its lowest
position the blades are near the roots of the teeth, and when the
surface recedes to its highest position the teeth are withdrawn to
such an extent that the blades clear the fibre from them. The lower
frame of blades has a reciprocating motion given to it, so that these
blades clear the fibre from their teeth at the same time that it is
cleared from the upper teeth, and when the fibre is thus cleared from
the teeth at each stroke it is fed forward by means of rollers which
hold it at the ends, and which slowly rotate; or other means may be
resorted to for carrying the fibre slowly forward between the toothed
surfaces. The teeth each. time they penetrate the fibrous plants exert
a splitting action upon them, by the constant repetition of which the
woody parts becomes completely detached from the fibres, and this
without the breakage of the fibres which takes place in machines in
which the fibres are strained longitudinally-by the action of the teeth.
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF SUGAR
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL, SPECIFICATION left by Alexander Smith at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 30th
May 1868 A communication from abroad by Robert Smith,
residing in Demerara..
I, ALEXANDER SMITH, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North
Britain, Merchant, do. hereby declare the nature of the said Invention.
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF SUGAR," which
Invention has been communicated to me from abroad by Robert Smith,.
residing in Demerara, to be as follows, that is to say :-
This Invention comprises improvements in the. construction and
general arrangement or combination of apparatus for: the manufacture
of sugar, and in carrying it into effect a series of clarifying and
evaporating pans composing what is termed a. battery are made of:
rectangular forms, and are arranged in line upon two brick walls, the
space between these walls and under the pans forming a flue for.the.
passage of the fire gases from.a furnace to heat the pans. The bottoms.
of the pans are formed with corrugations to increase the heating surface,
and these corrugations are disposed across the flue for the fire gases to
strike against them. The number of the pans may be varied; but in,
.

page_text: one modification there is a series of four clarifying pans on one level
followed by three evaporating pans on a lower level nearer the fire.
The tops of the evaporating pans are on one level, but the bottoms of
those nearer the fire are each a little lower. With these arrangements the
cane juice may be passed in succession through the pans by gravitation.
The partitions between the evaporating pans are lower than the outer
ends or sides so that the syrup may boil over from one into the other.
Suitable channels crossing the corrugations and inlet and outlet pipes
and cocks are provided for filling and emptying the pans, and a
channel is provided between the evaporating pans and the clarifying
pans for receiving the skimmings. The ordinary circular or other pans
may be combined with the rectangular corrugated pans or with some
of them. A montejus or discharger is provided in connection with the
lowest evaporating pan, such discharger being a closed vessel which is
made to operate like a pump by the alternate introduction and con-
densation of steam.
The Invention also comprises a vacuum pan of an improved con-
struction, and which is heated by means of tubes fixed in the bottom
and having their upper ends closed. A steam chamber is formed under
the bottom, and steam has access thereby to the interiors of the tubes;
in order that accumulations of air in the tubes may not prevent the
access of steam the air is exhausted by means of a pump before the
admission of steam, and whenever it may be necessary.
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS EMPLOYED FOR EXPRESSING OILS FROM SEEDS OR OTHER SUBSTANCES
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Walker and Henry
Frederick Smith at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents,
with their Petition, on the 5th May 1868.
We, WILLIAM WALKER and HENRY FREDERICK SMITH, both of
Hull, in the County of York, Seed Crushers, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS EMPLOYED
FOR EXPRESSING OILS FROM SEEDS OR OTHER SUBSTANCES," to be as follows:-
Our Invention of improvements in apparatus for expressing oils from
seeds relates to an improved envelope or covering for the cake of ground
seed or other substance from which oil is to be expressed, wheroby a
saving in first cost is effected and increased durability obtained.
This envelope, which is intended to replace the ordinary horsehair
envelope, metal coverings, or plates, we make of a framework of metal
or wood, or metal and wood combined, of suitable shape, on which
framework we interlace or otherwise apply horsehair or other fibrous

page_text: material so as to form a covering or surface. The transverse bars
forming the support for the hair or other fibrous substance may be
made tubular, if of metal, for the purpose of obtaining additional
lightness.
CERTAIN IM- PROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF GUNPOWDER AND SIMILAR EXPLOSIVE COMPOUNDS
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Edward Bolton at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 31st
January 1868.
I, EDWARD BOLTON, of Warrington, in the County of Lancaster,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "CERTAIN IM-
PROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF GUNPOWDER AND SIMILAR EXPLOSIVE
COMPOUNDS," to be as follows:-
My Invention is designed to produce a gunpowder or explosive
compound for propulsion, blasting, or other purposes, the components
of which when only partially combined are inexplosive, but when
intirely compounded or mixed together the powder produced becomes
more powerful than that hitherto used for such purposes, its ignition
being also very rapid, and the residue after combustion is less than
usual.
The improvements consist in manufacturing or preparing the com-
position with the following ingredients, and in about the proportions
given, but the latter will vary according to the different strengths or
power of powder required. I take carbonate of copper about eight
parts, graphite about ten parts, prepared quicklime about fifteen

page_text: parts, prepared alum about fifty parts, nitrate of soda about three
hundred and fifty parts, soda ash about twenty parts, ferrocyanide
of potassium about three hundred parts, charcoal about thirty parts,
prepared sugar about three hundred and fifty parts, carbonate of potash
about four hundred and fifty parts. One-half the graphite and one-'
half the charcoal are to be combined with the carbonate of copper,
lime, nitrate of soda, soda ash, and carbonate of potash to constitute
one part of the powder, the other halves of the graphite and charcoal
being combined with the other ingredients to form another part of the
powder, and in this partly combined but divided state each powder is
inexplosive and consequently harmless, and when required for use the
mixture of the two renders the whole highly and powerfully explosive.
The ingredients are to be previously pulverized and mixed according
to their chemical requirements, and may either be used in an im-
palpable powder or in a granulated state, and instead of dividing the
parts the whole may be combined at once during the process of
manufacture where considered prudent.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF UNPERMENTED AND UNINTOXICATING MALT LIQUORS
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Charles Henry Newman at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
9th January 1868.
Í, CHARLES HENRY NEWMAN, of the Temperance Brewery, Brentford
End, in the County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF UNPERMENTED
AND UNINTOXICATING MALT LIQUORS," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to certain improvements in the manufacture
of unfermented and unintoxicating malt liquors capable of being kept
sound for any period of time.
I propose to make the unintoxicating malt liquor by preparing
the extract of the hop separately from the malt in a close covered
vessel in order to procure, first, the aroma, secondly, the bitter,
thirdly, the astringent qualities. The first operation is effected by
keeping the extract of the hop at a temperature of 100 degrees (or
thereabouts) Fahrenheit for one hour instead of six, and then pressing
the liquor out clean. The second operation is effected by subjecting the
extract to a heat of about 150 degrees Fahrenheit for 1 hour. The third
by boiling the extract with from 1 to 2 ounces of bruised cloves for

page_text: 2 hours, and then fining it down with half an ounce of isinglass,
and by drawing it off into a shallow vessel to be mixed with the malt
extract when boiled and fined down.
In treating the malt it is best to extract it at four mashes, the
first and second at 150 to 170 degrees Fahrenheit, the third and
fourth at 170 to 190 degrees Fahrenheit, with half a pound of hops
in a net kept down at the bottom of the copper by a weight for
each boiling of water to keep the mash sound. The first mash to be
covered quite tight for about two hours and a half after active stirring,
the second for two hours, the third and fourth for one hour each. Each
extract is to be boiled and kept skimmed for 2 hours and fined down
with 2 ounces of isinglass in the copper, strained into the cooler, cooled
down to 60 degrees Fahrenheit, mixed with the hop extract, and
then racked 2 or 3 times from cooler to cooler, according to the fineness
required; then heated in a copper up to 180 degrees Fahrenheit, and
bottled at that heat and corked up. The bottles must be immersed in
water up to 170 degrees Fahrenheit before they are filled; the liquor
must be poured into the casks at the same heat, bunged down, and the
casks turned down with the bungs downwards for 24 hours; then the
bungs should be waxed down, the casks turned down within a week of
being tapped, and the contents drawn by syphon taps and not by vent
pegs. The proportions should be about 10 pounds of hops with 20 pounds
of sugar to 1 quarter of malt, which will make about 100 gallons, but
about 200 gallons of water must be used to allow for evaporation in
the operation.
The liquor thus produced may be highly concentrated for exportation,
and rendered useful in certain localities by the addition of water,
thereby increasing the quantity according to the strength required.
A NEW OR IMPROVED PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR REFINING CAMPHOR
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Charles Denton Abel at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
3rd April 1868.-A communication from abroad by Charles Emile
Perret, Chemist, of No. 23, Boulevard de Strasbourg, Paris, in
the Empire of France.
I, CHARLES DENTON ABEL, of No. 20, Southampton Buildings,
Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex, Patent Agent, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "A NEW OR IMPROVED
PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR REFINING CAMPHOR," to be as follows:-
This Invention consists in refining camphor by a process of dis-
tillation and by running the same while in a fluid state into moulds
instead of by the process of sublimation heretofore employed, whereby
the cost of manufacture is greatly reduced. For this purpose the
crude camphor is placed in an alembic provided at its upper open
extremity with a dome-shaped cover fitting into a trough-shaped rim
on the alembic. This vessel with its cover is enclosed in a chamber
filled with sand and is heated by a fire. When the temperature has
been raised to the melting point of the camphor, the vapour thereof

page_text: in rising solidifies upon the cover so long as the temperature thereof
is not raised above 347° Fahrenheit. The temperature of the alembic
is, however, quickly raised to from 400° to 412°, and the vapour of
camphor at this temperature in rising to the cover melts the solid
camphor previously deposited, and in condensing with it, the resulting
liquid camphor flows down into the trough-shaped rim, whence it
passes through a spout maintained at a temperature of 385° into
moulds also enclosed in a compartment of the heated chamber and
heated to 212 before being introduced therein. The moulds may be
of any suitable form, and are by preference made in halves so as to
open out for the facility of removing the camphor when solidified.
The interior of the mould is first provided with a coating composed
of potter's earth and gluc in order to close the crevices at the joints,
and this is then covered with a coating composed of lime water and
glue, which allows the camphor to separate readily from the mould.
In some cases the process of distillation may be employed in any
suitable ordinary form of retort licated as described without the par-
ticular arrangement described for running the liquid camphor into
moulds; it may be allowed to flow simply into a heated chamber in
which the camphor distils and solidifies in a crystaline and pulverulent
form. In either case a great saving in time and cost of apparatus, as
also a great simplification of the process is effected as compared with
the old process of sublimation. According to demand, the camphor
may by this system be furnished to the market either in a compact
translucid mass, or in the form of a crystaline and diaphanous
powder.
IMPROVEMENTS APPLICABLE TO THE SOLES AND HEELS OF BOOTS, SHOES, CLOGS, AND OTHER COVERINGS FOR THE FEET
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Thomas Rowley at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 23rd
January 1868.
I, THOMAS ROWLEY, of the City of Manchester, Traveller and Agent
for R. D. Kay & Co., of the same Place, India-rubber Manufacturers,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
APPLICABLE TO THE SOLES AND HEELS OF BOOTS, SHOES, CLOGS, AND OTHER
COVERINGS FOR THE FEET," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements applicable to boots,
shoes, clogs, and other coverings for the feet, whereby the durability
of such articles is greatly increased and the sole and heel is retained
intact as long as the articles last, so that a water-tight covering for
the feet may be produced which may be repaired by the wearer with
the greatest ease; and these improvements consist in the use and
application to the under surface or treading portion of the soles and
heels of such coverings of a number of hemispherical, rectangular,
cylindrical, or other suitable shaped studs or projections or strips formed
of a compound of india-rubber and mineral or vegetable substances or
of vulcanised india-rubber, gutta percha, leather, or other suitable

page_text: substance, and secured to such soles and heels by means of screws
screwed into such soles and heels, and the heads of which screws are
sunk into the studs, projections, or strips so as to be below the wearing
surface; these studs, projections, or strips are trodden upon in the act
of walking, and are so disposed over the surface of the sole and heel
as to be comfortable to the wearer, and their positions may be changed
according as they wear, or they may be replaced when worn out at-
trifling cost, and this without having recourse to the shoemaker.
AN IMPROVEMENT IN THE MEANS OF FASTENING SCARPS, NECKTIES, AND CRAVATS
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by David Vogl at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 25th
November 1868.-A communication from abroad by Albert Schmidt,
of Rue Paul-Lelong, Paris, in the French Empire.
I, DAVID VOGL, of the Firm of Vogl, Brothers, of Basinghall Street,
in the City of London, Merchants, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention for "AN IMPROVEMENT IN THE MEANS OF FASTENING SCARPS,
NECKTIES, AND CRAVATS," communicated to me from abroad by Albert
Schmidt, of Rue Paul-Lelong, Paris, in the French Empire, to be as
follows:-
The Invention relates to those scarfs, neckties, and cravats which are
fastened in proper position on the person by connecting a neckband or
sliding piece or end with the other part of the scarf, necktie, or cravat.
For this purpose I use an appliance consisting of two bars or plates;
one of these bars or plates, which I call the working plate, is suspended
or jointed to or mounted in the other; this bar or plate has projecting
parts at the ends of its upper edge on each side, which projections engage
and work in bearings formed by or in bent up or projecting parts formed
at the corresponding part of the other plate or bar. I prefer to form the

page_text: first-named plate or bar with oblique or slanting sides instead of straight
or perpendicular sides, so that it lies in an oblique direction on the
other plate or bar.
The fastening is thus used:-One plate is attached to the body or
knot of the scarf or cravat, and the end of the neckband, slide, or
tongue is passed through the fastening between the plates, so that the
lower edge of the working plate presses on its surface. When the scarf
or cravat is to be taken off, the neckband or tongue, which is stiffened
at the end, is pulled up so as to open the fastening by pushing up the
working plate, and thereby it frees the scarf or cravat.
AN IMPROVED TONIC EPPERVESCING DRINK
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Eugene Fisher at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 13th June
1868.
I, EUGENE FISHER, of Grosvenor Park, Camberwell, in the County
of Surrey, Mineral Water Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature
of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED TONIC EPPERVESCING DRINK," to
be as follows:-
This Invention relates to an improved effervescing drink possessing
tonic properties and being highly aerated. I propose to employ the
tonic bitter extract of orange or other similar tonic extract from flavored
fruits, and to mix therewith a syrup in such proportion to suit the taste;
these materials being compounded are to be placed in champage bottles
or other strong bottles, after which filtered water is forced in by means
of the champage cone, and the bottle is tightly corked and secured.
The filtered water is first charged with carbonic acid gas under a
moderate pressure; the water so charged is then withdrawn into a
cylinder doubly charged with carbonic acid gas, whereby the water
becomes aerated to a very high degree, and serves to make the tonic
effervescing drink.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN STEAM BOILERS
Year: 1868

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Samuel Cunliffe Lister, of Manningham, near
Bradford, in the County of York, for the Invention of "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN STEAM BOILERS."
Sealed the 1st June 1869, and dated the 16th December 1868.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Samuel Cunliffe Lister
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 16th December 1868.
I, SAMUEL CUNLIFFE LISTER, of Manningham, near Bradford, in
the County of York, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM BOILERS," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in steam boilers. In
order to prevent the formation of smoke and to economise fuel in steam
boiler furnaces it has been proposed to pass an air pipe along the furnace.
O at a short distance above the fuel on the bars and beneath the bottom or

page_text: surface of the boiler. Air is forced into the pipe by a fan and issues by
the perforations. It has further been proposed to protect this air pipe
from the heat of the furnace, which otherwise would rapidly destroy it
by enclosing it in an outer pipe connected at both ends with the boiler,
so that the space between the pipes may become filled with water;
the perforations for the escape of the air are then formed in rivets
connecting the outer and inner pipes. This plan, however, fails in
practice for several reasons, but principally because the unequal
temperatures to which the outer and inner pipes are exposed causes
them when of the same material to expand unequally, and so to loosen
the fastenings by which they are connected. According to my Inven-
tion I obviate this in great part by making the tubes of different
materials, so that with equal temperatures the inner tube would expand
more than the outer. I prefer to make the inner tube of copper and
the outer of iron; also with the same object in some cases-corrugate-
the inner or outer pipe; also to reduce the strain resulting from
any unequal expansion which may remain, and make the perforated
connecting rivets longer than heretofore, they may advantageously be
an inch and a half or more in length, and I make them of copper
in place of iron. Another reason-for the failure of the arrangements,
is that the expansion of the outer tube destroys the joints which connect
it at its ends with the boiler; to prevent this I form the pipes with
elbows or bends so arranged that the pipes may be able to spring or
yield slightly to a strain. Also heretofore the arrangements have not
been such as to maintain a good circulation in the water space between
the pipes. To ensure a proper circulation I connect the outer pipe with
the boiler at one end near the bottom of the boiler, and at the other
some distance up its side. Also heretofore the orifices by which the air
issues have not been properly directed, but some of the air has been
allowed to pass horizontally or nearly so, and to form a current of cold
air in contact with the surface of the boiler. According to my arrange-
ment all the perforations are directed downwards, so that the air issuing
from them may impinge on the fuel on the fire-bars.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ROUGE AND POLISHING POWDERS
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Arthur Thomas Becks and
George Johnson at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents,
with their Petition, on the 30th September 1868.
We, ARTHUR THOMAS BECKS, of Birmingham, in the County of
Warwick, Ironmaster, and GEORGE JOHNSON, of Aston, near Birming-
ham aforesaid, Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ROUGE AND POLISHING
POWDERS," to be as follows:-
Our Invention consists in the manufacture of rouge and polishing
powders from waste iron solutions treated substantially in the manner
herein-after described.
In the manufacture of tin plate, in the galvanizing of iron, in the
manufacture of iron wire, and in various other manufactures in which
iron is employed acids are used to clean the iron or separate it from
other metals, which acids dissolve a portion of the iron. The said acid
charged with iron is generally treated as a waste or valueless product.
We manufacture rouge and polishing powders from waste solutions of
iron obtained in manufacturing processes in the following manner :-
We add to the waste iron solution alkalies or alkaline earths in sufficient

page_text: quantity to neutralize the acid and precipitate the oxide of iron from
the solution. We prefer to use soda, lime, or ammonia for this purpose.
After the alkali or alkaline earth has been added to the waste iron
solution until it no longer produces a further precipitate, we allow the
solution to remain at rest until the precipitate has subsided, and the
clear liquid can be removed by decantation; all we separate the oxido
of iron by filtration. We wash the precipitated oxide of iron, dry it, and
heat it to a sufficient temperature to raise it to the state of peroxide of
iron, and give it the required shade of color. We then grind it to a
fine powder under edge runners, and when necessary we re-wash or
levigate it in the manner usually practised in the ordinary manufacture
of rouge or polishing powders.
An excellent polishing powder for polishing glass is made by mixing
peroxide of iron obtained in the manner described with oxide of tin.
IMPROVEMENTS IN CHIMNEY TERMINALS, ALSO APPLICABLE TO VENTILATORS
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Stafford at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 21st
October 1868.
I, JOHN STAFFORD, of No. 8, Phoenix Street, Somers Town, in the
County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN CHIMNEY TERMINALS, ALSO APPLICABLE TO VENTILATORS,"
to be as follows:-
My Invention consists in constructing a cylindrical or polygonal tube,
on the external surface of the upper end of which are fixed or formed a
number of long vertical blades arranged round the tube and having a
curved transverse section, the convex surface being presented towards
the interior of the tube. These blades are of such a width that spaces
intervene between the edges of each two, forming long narrow openings
which are covered by a corresponding number of other curved blades or
shields, the concave surfaces of which are presented towards the said
openings, being situated a short distance from the same, while the edges
of such shields overlap the hollow surfaces of the first-named blades in
such manner as to leave other long narrow openings between such edges
of the outer shields, as also between these and the concave surfaces of

page_text: the inner blades. The top surface of the terminal may either be entirely
closed, or it may have a conical cap fixed in such a manner as to leave
open spaces at the upper ends of the curved shields; or it may have an
aperture closed by a valve opening outwards for the escape of air and
to allow of the brush passing through the terminal. By the above-
described form and arrangement of the concave inner blades and convex
shields it will be seen that any wind passing in between the edges of the
shields and the concave surfaces of the inner blades will be guided by
the latter against the concave surface of the former, round which it will
pass and will escape at the other edge thereof without entering the
narrow openings between the inner blades, which will consequently
afford free egress for the smoke.
Such improved terminals may either be made of zinc, iron, cither
galvanized or not, earthenware, or of any other suitable material. It will
be evident that this construction of chimney terminal may also with
great advantage be applied as a ventilator to public or other buildings,
or for other purposes for which ventilators are employed.
IMPROVEMENTS IN POSTAL SAMPLE BAGS OR ENVELOPES
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Henry Lunn at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 12th
August 1868.
I, HENRY LUNN, of Horncastle, in the County of Lincoln, Merchant,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN POSTAL SAMPLE BAGS OR ENVELOPES," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to an improved mode of closing or fastening
sample bags or envelopes intended for the reception of samples to be
transmitted by post, whereby security is afforded to the contents of the
said bag or envelope, whilst at the same time the fastening is of such
construction as to admit of its being readily opened for postal inspection
and securely closed again.
According to this Invention the bag is closed along three sides and is
provided with a closing flap on the fourth side, which flap has a tongue
formed thereon or secured thereto having an enlarged extremity. A slip
of cardboard or other stout material is let into or secured upon the body
of the bag or envelope, and the expanded end of the tongue is passed
through or under it, the expanded portion of the tongue having been

page_text: first folded down at the sides so as to enable it to pass through or under
the slip and then opened out again so as to effectually retain the tongue
in its place and keep the flap closed. The bag or envelope may be made
of paper strengthened if desired by the aid of textile fabric or extra
thicknesses of paper, parchment, or other suitable material cemented
thereon at the parts most liable to tear, or it may be wholly made of
parchment, linen, or other suitable stout material.
CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN AGRIGULTURAL APPARATUS CALLED HORSE RAKES
Year: 1868

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Reuben Sims at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 17th March
1868.
I, REUBEN SIMS, of the Firm of Picksley, Sims, and Company,
Limited and Reduced, of Bedford Leigh, in the County of Lancaster,
Agricultural Implement Makers, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention for "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN AGRIGULTURAL APPARATUS
CALLED HORSE RAKES," to be as follows:-
My Invention relates to the implements called "horse rakes," which
are rakes chiefly used for hay-making purposes drawn by horse power,
and is designed for the purpose of lifting the teeth or "tines" of the
rake to relieve them from hay or matters which they may have drawn
together or accumulated and lowering them again, and to raise them
from contact with the ground for travelling purposes and so to couple
or connect the travelling wheels that they may be thrown in or out
of gear
and rotate singly or together.
The improvements consist in applying the leverage lifting power
obtained from the rotation of the travelling or supporting wheels for
the purposes of lifting and lowering the teeth or "tines" by a suitable

page_text: arrangement of mechanism. The apparatus employed consists of an
arrangement of levers and rods moved by the foot or hand of the driver,
and cams which so actuate a pawl or lever as to throw it in or out of
gear with a catch wheel secured on the main horizontal shaft, to each end
of which the travelling wheels are secured, and which passes through
a tube constituting part of the framing, the curved teeth or "tines "
of the rake being hinged on a rod or bar, which is moved by the
action of the catch and travelling wheels so as to lower or raise the
"tines" to or from the ground.
A second arrangement of levers supplied with a counterbalance weight
is also employed in combination with a lifting bar which comes beneath
the "tines" and lift and retains them a sufficient height from the
ground for travelling purposes, the counterbalance weight assisting in
keeping them elevated, and also to prevent the concussion, and possibly
breakage, which would occur if allowed to fall suddenly when the pawl
is removed from the catch wheel.
A third part of the Invention consists in applying ratchet wheels and
pawls to the bosses of the travelling wheels, so that by placing the
pawls in or out of gear with the ratchet wheels the travelling wheels
may revolve together or independently for turning corners and other
conveniences.