IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF HINGES, COCKS, AND OTHER JOINTED ARTICLES, OR ARTICLES, OF WHICH ONE PART IS REQUIRED TO BE CAPABLE OF TURNING UPON OR IN ANOTHER PART OF THE SAME ARTICLE
Year: 1857

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Frank Perks Fellows, of Wolverhampton; in the
County of Stafford, Brassfounder and Manufacturers for the Invention
of IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF HINGES, COCKS, AND OTHER
JOINTED ARTICLES, OR ARTICLES, OF WHICH ONE PART IS REQUIRED TO BE
CAPABLE OF TURNING UPON OR IN ANOTHER PART OF THE SAME ARTICLE."
Sealed the 27th November 1857, and dated the 1st, June 1857.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Frank Perks Fellows
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition; on
the 1st June 1857.
I, FRANK PERKS FELLOWS, of Wolverhampton, in the County of Stafford,
Brassfounder and Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF HINGES, COCKS AND,
OTHER JOINTED ARTICLES. OR ARTICLES OF WHICH ONE PART IS REQUIRED TO BE
CAPABLE OF TURNING UPON OR IN ANOTHER FART OF THE SAME ARTICLE," to be'
as follows:-
.
The Invention relates to improvements in connecting together pieces of
metal by the process of casting, in such manner that the parts may be capable
of moving or turning upon or in one another, 'as in the case of the two flaps
of a hinge, or the plug and body of a cock, or a knob with a moveable ring,
and similar jointed or articulated articles. Thus in making a hinge I first
manufacture by forging, or turning or casting, or otherwise a pin or spindle'
[Price 8d.]

page_text: having a series of collars or flariges attached to or forming one piece with the
pin; I place this pin in a sand mould or other mould, and I cast iron or brass
For other metal into the mould, so as to fill the spaces round the pin, and form
the two flaps of the hinge. The two parts of the hinge are prevented from
uniting either by inserting small plates or partitions of iron or paperor other
'suitable material, or by casting one side or part of the hinge first, and then
placing that part in another mould, and casting the other part to it. The
aforesaid plates or partitions may be removed after the hinge is cast, or when
they are of iron. or other suitable material, they may remain and form part of
the hinge, in which case they are notched or dovetailed, or otherwise caused
to be fixed or to adhere firmly to the metal which is cast upon them. When
paper is used it becomes charred during the operation of casting, and is sub-
sequently removed. In this construction of hinge, the collars or flanges on
the pin intervene between the parts of the knuckle which are forined truly
and correctly upon them. The collars or flanges may form one piece with the
pin, or they may be fixed upon it in various ways. Thus short pieces of tube
and loose collars may be alternately slipped on to the pin, and the collars will
thus be supported by the tubes; or, the pin may be made with shoulders to
support the collars, or the collars may be screwed on to the pin. When
knuckles with rounded ends are to be made, the collars are made of smaller
diameter, or omitted, and the sand of the mould produces the separation
between the adjacent knuckles. The pin may be introduced into the mould
as aforesaid, or it may itself be formed by the process of casting. Thus two
collars may be connected by an intermediate piece or short tube, so as
somewhat to resemble a reel or bobbin in form, and with a perforation or
cavities in the axis. These reels or hollow or partially hollow parts are placed
in the mould, and the metal which forms one part of the hinge flows through
the reels, and forms the pin of the hinge; while the metal which forms the
other part of the hinge flows round the reels, and forms the knuckles of the
hinge. When one side of the hinge is cast first, the parts of the mould
between the collars (which would receive the knuckles of the second side)
may be filled up with cylindrical pieces or cores of metal placed round the
pin. These pieces are divided longitudinally, or are made with a notch along
one side, or semicylindrical or segmental pieces are used,so that they may be
removed from their places after the first side of the hinge is cast. The first
side is then placed in a mould, and the second side cast to it. In some cases
I make the pin of the hinge in two or more lengths with a space or spaces
between them, and I divide the aforesaid cylindrical piece or pieces trans-
yersely into two or three or more parts. One of the parts may then be drawn

page_text: out between the pins, and the other parts successively slipped along the pins,
and drawn out at the same place. Instead of these metal pieces or cores,
saud or loam or similar cores may be used, and they may be subsequently
removed by breaking them off. Rising hinges are made by employing a pin.
with two spiral blades or inclined collars, instead of parallel collars, and
causing the metal of each part of the hinge to be cast in a spiral form between
these blades. Knobs with rings jointed to them, and pulleys with their frames
are cast in a similar manner to the hinges, the parts being separated by collars
on the pin, or otherwise, as herein-before mentioned.
In making cocks the plug is formed of a pin with or without collars, and
having an enlarged portion of spherical, or cylindrical, or other suitable form
traversed by the passage of the cock. This plug is placed in a mould, and the
core or cores are inserted to form the passage through the body of the cock.
The metal is then poured into the mould. The plug with its collars is thus
inclosed, and cannot be removed from its place, but may be turned on its axis
whenever required, so as to open or close the cock. Endlessor other chains,
or jointed bands, axles, and boxes, and other jointed or articulated articles are
made in a similar manner. By this construction the rubbing surfaces.of
jointed articles may be casily made of two different metals, and friction is
thus diminished. Thus wrought iron or steel may be used for the pins and
collars, and brass or cast iron for the rest of the article.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Frank Perks Fellows in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 1st December 1857.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, FRANK
PERKS FELLOWS, of Wolverhampton, inthe County of Stafford, Brassfounder
and Manufacturer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the First day of June, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven, in the twentieth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give aud grant unto me, the
said Frank Perks Fellows, Her special licence that I, the said Frank
Perks Fellows, my executors, adininistrators, and assigns, or such others as
1, the said Frank Perks Fellows, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all
times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might

page_text: make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "Im-
PROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF HINGES, COCKS, AND OTHER JOINTED ARTICLES
OR ARTICLES OF WHICH ONE PART IS REQUIRED TO BE CAPABLE OF TURNING UPON
OR IN ANOTHER PART OF THE SAME ARTICLE," upon the condition (amongst
others) that I, the said Frank Perks Fellows, my executors or adminis-
trators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or .one of their
hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the
said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and
cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that 1, the said Frank Perks Fellows, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof, reference being had to the accompanying Draw-
ings, and to, the figures and letters marked thereon, that is to say: —
ક In Sheet I. of the accompanying Drawings, I have shewn various methods
of. casting hinges according to my Invention.
A is a perspective view of a pattern from which a mould is to be made in
sand or other suitable material. The mould is made to part or separate into
two portions in the ordinary manner. The part marked 1, 1, 1, is to form
part of the mould for the knuckles, and the part marked 2, 2, is to form one
flap of the hinge. B is a perspective view of two pins 3, 3, and a joint piece
2, which are laid in the mould in the impression of the part A 1, 1, 1. The
pins B 3 are of the same size as the pin which is to be used in the finished
hinge, and they enter a perforation or cavities in or abut against the ends of
the cylindrical piece B 2. The pins B 3 are fixed to or form parts of the cylin-
drical pieces B 1; which are of the same size as the knuckle of the hinge;
after B. is laid in the mould the metal is poured in. The parts B 1, 3, are
then withdrawn, and B 2 is taken out, and the flap ofa hinge is thus produced,
'as shewn at O; a straight cylindrical pin G is then placed in O, as shewn at
P; a mould is then made from the pattern shewn at C, and the hinge flap P
is laid in the impression of C 1, 1. The metal is then poured into the open
side C 2, and the hinge shewn at Q is thus made; when required, the metal of
the second flap is prevented from uniting with the metal of the first flap by
pouring itin ata temperature but little above its melting point, or by blacking
or smoking, or oxidizing, or painting the parts of the first flap with which it
comes in contact.
In many cases no preparation is required, as the melted metal is cooled

page_text: and solidified before the other parts have becomesufficiently hot to unite with
it. In lieu of the pin G two short pins, as shewn at F, may be placed in the.
parts or knuckles 0 1, 1; or pins with washers or collars upon them, as shewn
at F, F, may be placed in those parts, and the second flap of the hinge then
cast, as herein-before mentioned. In lieu of the knuckle pieces B, the
knuckles shewn at H may be laid in the mould. H 1, 1, are two knuckles
or hollow tubes; H 4, 4, are also two hollow tubes or rings; H3 is a cylindrical
or cheese-shaped piece; H 2, 2, are pins which are laid in H 1 and 4, as
shown. His placed in the impression of A 1, and the melted metal is placed
into the mould. When the flap is taken out of the mould, the tubes H 1,1,
are slipped off the pins H 2, 2; the piece H 3 is then removed, and then
H 4, 4, may be separately slipped into the position occupied by H 3, and like-
wise removed, thus leaving the hinge flap O with the two pins H 2, 2, cast or
fixed in it, as shewn at O, O. The same result may be obtained by using the
pattern shewn at A, A, instead of A, and dispensing with the cheese-shaped
piece H 3. The pattern A, A, has a notch or space at 1, which produces a
corresponding portion in the mould of the same form, and effecting the same
object as the cheese-shaped piece H 3. Pius, similar to those shewn at F or
F, F, may be used, and round flat washers, or washers of the form shewn atz,
may be placed against the knuckles, by which the washers may be kept at
right angles to the axis of the hinge. Washers having a projection, as shewn
at Z, become firmly fixed in the side of the flap when the metal is poured
into the mould.
In lieu of the knuckles H the knuckles shewn at I may be used. The tubes
1, 1, are similar to H 1, 1, but one long pin 2, 2, is employed, and one knuckle
I 3, which occupies the place of the parts H 4, 3, 4. The knuckle I 3. is a
cylindrical tube, having a slit down one side so that it may be taken off the
pin I 2, after the knuckles of the hinge have been cast on each side of it;
17 is a moveable piece which may be inserted in the slit, so that the knuckle
may have the appearance of a hollow tube, as shewn at 15; or this knuckle
13 may consist of a tube divided into two parts, as shewn at 16; or the
piece I 3, or one of the parts I 6, may be used without the piece I 7, but
with a loose washer at each end, as shewn at K 4, 4; the pins M and N may
be used instead of [2. These washers prevent the metal from getting into
the slit or open part, and remain in the finished hinge; or they may be
removed by slipping them off, if two pins be employed in lieu of the one long
pin I 2. In either case the knuckle I 3, or I 6, or K 3, may be removed,
after the flap is cast, without removing the pin or pins from the joint, which is

page_text: necessary in one of the methods, heretofore in use, for casting hinges by means
of a central knuckle piece in the form of a complete tube. Or this old
method may be adopted with the following improvements:-Instead of
laying a simple metal pin threaded through the knuckles in the mould
(and which is subsequently with some difficulty removed), I lay in a tube
of paper or other similar material, either alone or filled with sand. The
tube may be made by rolling the paper or other material, either gummed or
not, round a piece or pin, which is then slipped through the knuckles, and the
whole is either laid in the mould or the pin removed. If simply the paper
tube be laid in, the knuckles will readily be removed when the flap is cast,
and if the piu be left in during casting, it may afterwards be readily removed
from the inside of the charred paper, and the knuckles will be then freed; or
a very thin metal tube may be used in a similar manner, and the central part
of it knocked or torn out with the central knuckle, and the pin then inserted.
I also cast hinges in the following manner :-I cast or otherwise manu-
facture two flaps, of the forms shewn at D and E, of the same or different
metal from the hinge of which they are to form a part. The flap 1) is then
laid in a mould formed from the pattern A, and either of the knuckles B, H, I,
or K, is laid in the impression of A¹. The metal is then poured into the
mould, and a flap like O or O, O, or Pis produced, with the flap D fastened
in the back of it. The metal runs on the parts D 1, 1, to form the knuckles
or joints. By this means the front of the hinge may be of brass or white
metal, or other metal, and the back of iron or other metal or substance. After
the first flap is thus cast, it is placed in the impression of the part C1 of the
pattern C.
If the first flap is cast in the form shewn at O, a pin is placed in
it, as in P, or a pin or pius of other suitable form is or are introduced. The flap
E is then placed in the impression of C 2, and the metal is poured in, so as to
form the second flap and complete the hinge. The flaps D and E are made of
such a substance, or coated with such a substance, that they will solder or
fasten where required to the metal poured on them. The parts D3 and E3, if
necessary, are coated with paint or other substance to prevent their fastening
to the metal poured on. The flaps D and E may be fastened by being notched
or made of such a shape that they are held fast by the metal that covers them.
These flaps D, E, may be cast with bearings or pins, or bearings may be placed
in the impression in the mould to support the flaps, so that they may be nearly
or entirely covered with the metal poured on them. Or flaps may be made of
the forms shewn at M and N, Sheet III., so that the metal poured on them
will be at the back of the hinge. P, Q, Sheet III., show the backs of these

page_text: flaps M, N. The first flap may be cast without the knuckle pieces B.H, I or K,
by placing the flap D in the impression of A. 2, and a pin with collars formed
or fixed or slipped upon it, as shewn at L, or two such pins, as shewn at L, L,
in the impression of A 1. The flap is then cast, and afterwards placed with
the flap E in the impression of the pattern C 2, and the second flap is then
cast. The flaps D, E, may be permanent parts of the hinge, or may be
simply employed to prevent the metal from getting where it is not wanted
by means of the projections D 2, 3, and E 2, 3, and inay be removed after the
hinge Qis cast. These flaps may be shaped as shewn at H, I, or J, Sheet II.
The pins L and L, L, may be iron pins 1, with brass washers 2, 2, or of other
different metals or of the same metal; or the pin and washers may be forged
or cast in one piece and turned, if required; or the pin and washers may
be formed by placing together a number of short tubes R, with pieces S
placed between them. The pieces S are in the form of washers, with small
short pins or studs on each side. Or the pin may be formed by a thin pin T,
with short tubes u and washers & placed alternately upon it, as shewn at U
or it may be formed by recl-shaped pieces W placed upon a pin X, as shewn
at V. The centre part V 3 may have a small tube,as R,placed over the pin V 1
to keep the reels V 2 at the proper distance apart. Q, Q. shews a hinge, cast
with either of the forms of pins, shewn in L, L, L, R, S, U, or V.
;
Sand cores or other cores may be used in lieu of laying in knuckles, as.
herein-before described; or the flaps M, N, P, Q, Sheet III., may be laid in
to form the fronts of the hinge flaps.
I also cast hinges at one operation, in lieu of first casting one flap and then
casting the other to it. A, in Sheet II., is a pattern of a hinge, which is
shewn in front view, and in back and end view. Two flaps, of the form
shewn in E and F, are laid in the impression of A 2. Two pins, as shewn at
C, or one pin, as shewn at D, or a pin of either of the forms shewn in R, S,U,
or V,Sheet I., is or are laid in the impression of A 1. The metal is then poured
in, and a hinge is produced similar to that shewn at Q. Q, Sheet I., with the
flaps E, F, Sheet II., cast in. The flaps E, F, may be similar to those herein-
before described in reference to Sheet I., and of various metals. The flaps
may be in two pieces, as shewn at E, F, Sheet II., or in one piece, as shewn at
G,with slits which nearly separate it into two pieces. When the hinge is cast
the small connecting pieces are filed away, and the hinge is thus set free to
work
; or, instead of or in conjunction with these flaps, removeable parts of
metal or paper, in two pieces H, I, or in one piece J, may be employed, and
removed after the hinge is cast; or a tube of paper or other suitable material,
with holes to admit the metal to the joints, may be used. The flaps M, N, .

page_text: Sheet III., may be substituted for E, F. The pins C and D may be forged
of wrought iron in one piece, or they may be cast in one piece or the collars,
or rims or washers may be cast upon a pin of wrought iron or other metal,
or soldered or brazed to the pin, or made in any other suitable manner.
Thus, brass or white metal collars may be cast upon awrought-iron pin, and
brass or white metal flaps may be laid in the mould, so as to combine the
strength of the iron with the superior appearance of the brass or white metal.
By employing a pin with collars fixed upon it, these collars are necessarily
kept at right angles to the pin. In one of the modes of casting hinges
heretofore used or proposed,a pin,threaded through a number of thin washers
was placed in a mould, in conjunction with dividers, similar to those shewn
at H, I, but no means being provided for keeping the washers square to the
pin, the result was very uncertain and productive of a large proportion of
"wasters" or spoiled hinges. By my improvements this defect is avoided.
Instead of the pins C or D, and flaps E and F, or G, the flaps shewn at L
and M may be employed. These flaps have projecting perforated parts or
washers 1, 1, formed upon them or attached to them. The flaps are placed
together, as shewn at N, and a pin is passed through all the washers or per-
forated parts, and the whole laid in the impression of the pattern A. The
metal is then poured in, and the hinge is made. The plates or flaps L, M,
may be made by moulding the patterns, shown at O and Q, and laying in the
impressions of O 1,.1, Q1, 1, metallic knuckles P, P, P, P, with short pro-
jecting pins or studs or sand cores, of similar form. The metal is poured in,
and the knuckles P, P, are removed, and the flaps L, M, are thus produced.
Or they may be produced by moulding patterns of the form of L and M, but
with the holes stopped up. Washers with a projection or dovetail on them,
as shewn at L 2, are then placed in the impressions of L 1, 1, and M 1, 1,
and the metal is poured in, and the flaps L, M, are thus produced.
The flaps L, M, may be cast with half washers or bearings, or knuckle
dividers, as shewn at Z 1, and they may be laid in the mould with washers
between them, and a pin passing through all the washers and resting in the
half washers. which keep the washers square to the pin; or the half washers
on one flap may be placed opposite to those on the other flap, as shewn at
Z, Z, with the pin between them, in which case no washers are required on
the pin. These half washers may be applied in a similar manner with the
dividers, H, I, and may be removeable after the hinge is cast; or, in some
cases, I make the washers of rather larger diameter than the joint, or with
projections upon them, and I place them in suitable notches or recesses, or
against projections on or in the dividers, or in the flaps or plates,or in recesses

page_text: in the mould provided for the purpose, and which may be produced by corre-
sponding projections on the pattern. The superfluous parts or projections of
the washers may be filed off or removed, if required, after the hinge is cast;
or the washers may be kept in their proper positions by shoulders on the
pin or pins, or by having the pin or pins partly round and partly square,
octagon, or other shape, the holes of the washers being made to corre-
spond..
A
I also cast hinges at one operation by means of dividers or pieces of metal,
of the forms shewn at K. Each piece of metal is in the form of a washer
K 3, attached to a curved piece K1, which is to divide the one flap of the
hinge from the knuckle on the other flap of the hinge. Several of these pieces
1, 3, are placed together; the last one K 2 may be without the washer.
pin K, K, is placed through these pieces and laid in the impression of A 1, 1.
The metal is then poured into the mould and the hinge is made. The parts
K1 may be made to unite with the joints, or they may be subsequently removed
by breaking, or filing, or cutting them off. R. is a similar set of parts, but
with the portions R 1, 1, 2, made thicker, and intended to remain and form
parts of the flaps. Or, a metal divider, of the form shewn at S be made
by moulding the pattern S, S, and laying a pin s in the mould, or by moulding
a pattern of the form of S without the holes in the parts S 1, 1, and placing
in the impressions of those parts washers with projections or dovetails, as
shewn at L2, and then pouring in the metal. The divider S, having a pin
put through it, and being placed in the impression of A 1, 1, and the metal
poured in, the hinge will be made. The parts S 3, 3, in this case remain
attached to and form part of the right-hand flap of the hinge, the parts S2
forming the ends of the joints or knuckles.
may
The flaps L and M may both be cast at one operation by moulding the
pattern shewn at V, and laying in the impression of V 1, 1, 1, the metal pieces
or tubes W 1, with a pin Y through them. The tubes W 1, 1, have each a
thin curved projection 2 at one end, which prevents the washers or parts L1
and M 1 from joining the wrong flap. The metal is poured into the mould,
and the pin Y is then drawn out, and the tubes W removed, and the flaps L
and M are thus produced. Flaps of the forms shewn at M, N, P, Q, Sheet
III., forming the front of the hinge, may be substituted in these different
cases, if preferred or required. T and U shew the two sides of a metal or
hard earthen mould, which may be used for casting the hinges. T 1, 2, and
U 1, 2, are holes for the escape of the air; T 3 and U 3 are the "gits" or
gates" by which the metal is poured in. Small grooves or marks are filed,
or otherwise inade, in the meeting surfaces of the two halves of the mould, to
22

page_text: allow the air to escape without allowing of the passage of the meta!. Small
holes are also drilled through the mould, if required, to allow the air to escape
from the joint or other parts of the hinge. A pin, such as that shewn at D,
Sheet II., may have pieces of paper or other suitable material, of the forms
shewn at H, I, or J, gummed or fastened on it, and then laid in the mould in
the impression of A 1, and the metal then poured into the mould.
paper becomes charred, and is removed by working the hinge backwards and
forwards.
The
In Sheet III., I have shewn other methods of employing paper or other
suitable material for this purpose. A piece of paper is stamped or cut, or
otherwise made of the form shewn at B, Sheet III., with several perforated
.discs or washers 1, 2, 3, 4, each of which remains attached by a narrow neck
to the rest of the paper. The paper is pasted or gummed, and rolled up,
so as to form a tube, as shewn at D, and the discs B 1, 1, are pushed in
until they meet and adhere, and form one paper, washer, or diaphragm across
the tube. The discs B 2, 2, and 3,3, and 4,4, are similarly fastened or gummed
together. A pin G is then placed through all these washers, and the pin and
tube are laid in the impression of the part A 1 of the pattern A, Sheet II.,
and the metal is poured in, and the hinge is made. A paper tube may be used
instead of the pin G, and the hinge thus cast with nothing but paper laid in
the mould, and a pin may subsequently be placed in the hinge and rivetted, or
otherwise secured. Or, the metal may be conducted into the paper tube so as
to form the pin by casting it at the same time as the hinge, or a "git," or
gate," or "gates," may be made to the centre paper tube, and the metal be
made to flow down it, so that the whole hinge (centre pin included) is cast at
one pouring.
"
It
may be advantageous to employ small metal tubes or knuckles, as shown
at E 1, 1, Sheet III., which enter the ends of the paper tube and keep it in
shape, and support the pin G or centre paper tube; in which case the pattern
should have projecting ends to the joint, as shewn at H 1, 1, to form impres-
sions for receiving the tubes or knuckles E 1, 1. Instead of cutting the paper,
as shewn at B, Sheet III., it may be cut with rectangular holes, as at C, and
rolled upon a pin or pins with collars or flanges, as shewu at O, or as shewn
at D or C in Sheet II. F, in Sheet III. shews the tube thus formed.
I also cast hinges without any side dividers by placing a pin with collars or
flanges upon it in the mould, which is itself of such form as to form the sepa-
ration between the two flaps. For this purpose the pattern is of the same
form as the finished hinge, shewn at X, Sheet III., a sufficient space being
left between each knuckle and the adjoining part of the opposite flap, for the

page_text: sand or other material of the mould to form the division between the two..
These spaces are moreover of such form that the sand can part or deliver from
the pattern when the latter is withdrawn. If the flars of these hinges (so
cast) are made thin, they may have other metal cast on to or over them, so as
to form the back of the hinge or the front, or both, and this metal may be
made to flow into the spaces left by the sand ridges, and thus cause the hinge
to be more closely jointed.
I will now proceed to describe certain modes of casting rising or screw
hinges according to my Invention:-A mould is made from the pattern A,
Sheet I., and in the impression of A 1 there is laid a screw, such as shown at
R, S, T, or U, Sheet III., and the metal is poured in, and the screw being
then unscrewed and removed, the flap V is thus produced. The screw may be
a plain uniform square threaded screw, as shewn at T, or the thickness of the
thread may diminish towards the end, as shewn at U, so as to facilitate the
unscrewing of it from the flap; or in some cases, when the hinge is wanted to
open wider at the top than at the bottom, the screw may be tapered, as shewn
at S. A pin V 1 is placed in the flap V, and it is laid in the impression of
C1, 1, Sheet I., and the metal is poured in, and the rising hinge W, Sheet. III.
is produced. The screws T, R, S, or U, may be each in one piece of metal,
or they may consist of a central pin, with a separate thread or worm something
like a corkscrew. The pin and worm may then be separately reinoved from
the flap V, or the worm may be removed and the pin left in, as at V1, or the
pin may be dispensed with altogether. A screw with two thin or narrow
threads or worms, as shewn in R, may be used, with proper divisions at the
sides, as at R 1, 1, 1, 1, either of metal or paper or other suitable substance,
in one or more pieces, so as to divide the metal at the proper places. This
screw is laid in the impression of the joint A 1 of the pattern A, Sheet II.,
and the metal is poured in, and the rising hinge is made. The screw R,
Sheet III., may remain in the finished hinge; thus hinges may be made with
the screw and flaps of different metals, as for example, a steel screw and a
brass hinge. The flaps may also be cast of two metals, in the manner herein-
before described. Divisions may also be formed by wrapping a strip orstrips
of
paper round the screw R and across the threads.
When one side of the screw hinge is cast first, a thin metal screw may be
screwed down the joint after the first joint is cast, and the second may then be
cast to it, so that there will be a worm of a screw or a screw like R besides
the worms which are made with and connected to the flaps. Or two screws
or worms may be placed in the impression of the joint before it is cast, and
after it is cast one may be removed, thus leaving one screw iu.

page_text: Screw hinges that are cast on one side first may be made as follows:-A
double-threaded screw may be used as R, R, and paper or other suitable
material may be rolled round or over one of the spiral hollows between the
threads, as at R, R, 1, 1, 1, and the screw is then laid in the impression of A,
Sheet I., and the metal is poured in; a flap with the screw R, R, in it is thus
produced. The charred paper is removed and the flap and screw laid in the
impression of C 1, Sheet I., and the metal poured in. A rising joint hinge is
thus made with the screw R, R, down the centre. Screws with more than two
threads may be employed in a similar manner. These screws may be made in
the following manner: --A good screw of the required form is employed as a
pattern, and is suspended or supported while a mould is made from it in
plaster of Paris, or burned clay, or metal, or other hard, compact, and solid
material up to the head of the screw. The screw is then unscrewed from the
mould, which is in one solid piece and not divided like the hinge moulds
herein-before described. Melted metal is then poured into the mould, and a
screw is thus-formed, which is removed by unscrewing it from the mould.
Another screw is then cast in the same mould, and so on. When metal
moulds are used a small hole or holes may be made at the bottom of the
screw's impression for the better escape of air, or the lower end of the
impression may be closed by placing the mould upon sand or other porous
substance.
G, G, Sheet VII., is a sectional view of the mould. The lines E, E, shew
the impression of the screw; D, D, is a turnscrew, fastened to a screw B, B,
which works in a fixed nut, or block C, C, and rises the same distance in one
revolution as the screw E, E; H, H, is a barrel or pulley fixed on the screw
B, B, and having a band or catgut a, a, passed round it and connected to a
drill bow, or held in the hands, or otherwise capable of being moved. This
band being pulled in one direction unscrews the screw E, E, out of the mould,
and if pulled in the other direction it would screw it in again. The screw B, B,
is screwed down until the end of the turnscrew is in the top of the mould, and
the metal is then poured in. The end of the turnscrew thus forms the nick in
the screw. The turnscrew may be cheese-shaped or mushroom-shaped, so as
to form a cheese-shaped or mushroom-shaped headed screw; or it may be of
any other suitable shape. Or, the end of the screw B, B, may terminate in a
flat disc with a projecting edge or rib across its underside to form the nick.
This is pressed down by the screw B, B, after the metal is poured into the
mould, but before it has become solid. The flat top and the nick are thus
formed, and the inelted metal is pressed closer into the thread of the screw
E, E. The shape and size of the screws and their heads, and the number of

page_text: worms or threads may be varied. Several screws may be cast at once in
several impressions in one mould, with a turnscrew over each. The turn-
screws may all be driven by carrying the catgut round all the barrels in
succession,or by connecting them all by toothed wheels or by cranks connected
by a plate or rod. Screws and nuts may be cast in this manner for other
purposes as well as for hinge. To cast the nuts a mould or series of moulds
is made in a block of metal or other suitable material; one of the screws
which is to be used with the nut, or a similar screw, is attached to the screw
B, B, or to each of the screws B, B, when several are used. Each screw is
screwed down into the centre of the mould of the nut, and the metal is then
poured in. Or, in some cases the metal may be poured in first and the screw
then screwed down into it before it has solidified. The screw may have a
flange or flat disc, which presses upon the surface of the metal in the mould.
When the metal has solidified, the screws are unscrewed out of the nuts,
which are removed from the moulds and are ready for use with the
screws. The mould may have a top or cover with holes for the passage
of the screws, if preferred. A pin or tube may be laid
placed in the
mould of screw, and metal be cast on or round to form screw, or the entire
external part; such pin or tube may be coated with tin, solder, or other
suitable material, so as to cause the melted metal to adhere firmly to such
pin or tube.
Op
I will now proceed to describe certain other nodes of casting rising hinges :-
B is a hollow cap or tube; C is a hollow tube, which fits inside B as far as B 2;
D is a screw pin, which is screwed at one end and plain at the other end, and
has a hole through it at 1, or it may have one or more projections upon it, so
as to cause it to become fixed in the metal cast upon it; A is a pattern of the.
joint and one flap of a hinge. A mould is made from A. The tube C is
placed in B, and the screw pin D is placed in C and B. The tube C projects
a little from B, as shewn at E. The parts .B, C, D, are then laid in the mould
of A, as shewn at E, and the metal is poured in. The cap B is then removed
and the flap F is thus produced, with the tube C fastened in it, by the metal
in F 1, and the metal flowing round the screws D forms a uut or female screw.
A mould is then made from the pattern G, and the flap F is laid in the
impression of G 1. The metal is then poured in and the rising hinge is made.
The second flap, fastens itself to the pin D by the hole or projection D 1. The
object of employing the tube C is to hide the working of the screw and
improve the appearance of the hinge, so that when the hinge is working, the
tube C is seen but not the screw D under it. The tube C may be made with
a flange or collar, as shewn at C, C, or it may be dispensed with altogether; in
.

page_text: cap
which case the metal of the first flap will flow round the pin in the B and
form a tube similar to C. Or, the cap B may have only a plain cylindrical
hole which fits the plain part of the screw pin D; in which case the screw will
be seen when the hinge is in action. The sight of the screw may, however, be
avoided by not worming or threading the screw up so high, or by having the
same length of worm and a longer pin, and making the joint part of the
pattern A longer, as shewn at M 1, 1. The joint part of the pattern G would
then also be elongated in a similar manner.
These rising hinges would appear as G when open, with the two flaps in a
line with each other, and as shewn at T when shut, with one flap higher than
the other. This may however be reversed, and one flap may be above the
.other when open, and in a line with the other when shut. For this purpose
the pattern for the double hinge is made with one flap above the other, as at I.
A screw pin J, with the worm or thread in the contrary direction to that of D,
is employed, and after the first flap is cast, the screw is unscrewed a little way,
and.a tube or knuckle L, divided into two or more pieces, as shewn at X, X,
is placed round the tube C, as shewn at K 1, and the whole laid in the mould
made from the pattern I, the knuckle L occupying the position shewn by
dotted lines at I 1. The metal is poured in, and the knuckle L is removed
and a hinge is produced with one flap higher than the other when open, but
with the flaps on a line with each other when closed. The object of unscrew-
ing the screw J a little way, is to allow it to screw in when the hinge is shut.
This, however, is unnecessary if the screw be allowed to pass through the end
of the joint as at G 3, and the screw will then project below the hinge when
the hinge is shut. The divided knuckle L and screw pin J may also be used
with the pattern Gat G 4, in which case the flap G 2 will be lower, instead of
higher than G 1, when shut. N is a pattern for casting hinges in a similar
'manuer to those cast from the pattern I, but with the joint part elongated, as
herein-before described in, reference to M 1, 1.
These rising hinges may be cast at one operation by meaus of flaps or
dividers similar to those herein-before described and shewn at E, F, G, H, I,
J, K, L, M, R, S, Sheet II., the shape being altered a little to suit the
different descriptions of hinges. These flaps or dividers may be afterwards
removed, or they may remain and form part of the finished hinges. Thus
0,0, shews two flaps or dividers, one of which has a washer 2 cast or rivetted
on it. A pin Q, but without the washer Q2, is placed through the washer
0,02. Or, the dividers O, O, may be made without the washer 2, and a
loose washer may be placed on the screw pin Qat Q 2. Or, this washer may
be of metal or of paper, and it may be loose or fixed on the piu, or form part

page_text: of the pin Q. The dividers may have small bearings, as shewn at O 1, 1, and
P1, 1, to support the pin Q in the mould. The pin Q has a hole or pro-
jection Q1, at its upper end like the pins D and J, herein-before described. A
mould is made from the pattern W, and the dividers or flaps O, P, are laid in
it, and the pin Q is laid upon the bearings O 1, 1, P 1, 1, with its washer or
collar Q2, resting on or close against the parts O 3 and P 3, as shewn at
R & S. The metal is poured in, and the rising hinge is made. Instead of
using fixed bearings, as O 1, 1, P 1, 1, to support the pin Q, rings or loose
bearings of any suitable form, as shewn at U 1, 1, may be used; or the
pin Q may be made rather longer than the joint as at Z, and may rest in
impressions in the mould produced by projections on the pattern, as shewn
at Y 1, 1. A divided tube, like that shewn at L and X, X, and a pin screwed
or threaded in the contrary direction to that shewn at D, may be employed in
casting these hinges either with the pattern G or with the patterns I or N,
and the tube I. removed after the hinge is cast. In this case, the washer or
collar Q, is not required. In casting these hinges the tube C may be
employed with a rim or washer, as shewn at C, C, in which case the washer or
collar Q2, is not required, or the tube C may be employed with the divided
tube L. The inside diameter of the tube L, will of course vary with the
diameter of the pin or tube. which it is intended to surround. Plates of various
metals may be laid in the moulds of these hinges, in manner herein-before
described, so as to produce hinges having different parts of different metals.
In the various modes of casting hinges herein-before described, the hinges
are described as being cast open, but hinges may be cast closed in a similar
manner by substituting a closed hinge pattern, like that shewn at A, Sheet V.,
for the patterns G, I, N, W; or Y, Sheet IV.; or C, Sheet I.; or A, Sheet II. ;
or H, Sheet III.; the form of the flaps or dividers being varied as required.
It will be sufficient to describe a few of the modes of employing the closed
pattern-The form of the pattern A, Sheet V., is such as would be produced
by closing a hinge with a flat plate between the flaps, such plate projecting
beyond the ends and sides of the edge of the hinge, as shewn at A 1, 1, 1.
When one flap of the hinge is to be cast first, it may be produced by either of
the modes herein-before described for that purpose, and it is then laid in the
mould produced from the pattern A. Thus, I will suppose the flap, shewn
at F, Sheet IV., to be placed in the mould; the plate B, Sheet V., is then
laid upon it ; B is a plate with small conical projections or "tits" B 2, 2, 2,
on each side. Those on the under side fit into the countersunk holes 2, 2, 2,
in the flap F, Sheet IV., and those on the upper side are to form the counter-
sunk holes in the second Hap. Or, a plate with tits on the upper side only

page_text: may be used as shewn at B, B, the lower side B, B 3 being flat. The edge
B1, 1, 1, of the plate rests in the impression of A 1,1,1. The metal is then
poured in, and the rising hinge is made. It is taken out of the mould and
opened, and the plate B removed.
If the holes are required to be countersunk at the back of the hinge, they
may be formed in the pattern A at A 2, 2, 2.
These tits
After the hinge is
The hinges may be cast without the plate B by using a pattern G of the
form of a closed hinge, and laying the first flap in the mould as before; but
instead of the plate B, the double tits shewn at For F, F, are stuck into the
sand or material of the mould through the countersunk holes in the first flap.
The metal is then poured in. The parts F1 or F, F 1, enter the mould, and
the parts F 2 or F, F 2, enter the countersunk holes of the first flap. The
parts F 3, or F, F 3 form the countersunk holes in the second flap, or F may
be reversed, F 3, lying in the countersunk holes of the first flap.
may be made without the pointed ends, as shewn at H.
cast, it is opened and the tits removed. When the pattern A is employed, in
lieu of one plate B or B, B, two plates like B, B, may be placed with their
flat surfaces together, or the plates shewn at B, B, B, may be employed and
may form part of the finished hinge. These plates are or may be stamped or
cast, or otherwise made with hollow conical projections, which form the
countersunk holes in the flaps. Thus, these plates may be of one metal or
material, and the rest of the hinge of a different metal. These plates and
the other plates, herein-before mentioned as forming parts of the hinges, may
be of brass or other suitable metal, or of china, earthenware, clay, slate,
marble, stone, wood, or cement, or other suitable material, partly depending
upon the nature of the metal employed for casting upon them, and the
temperature at which it is introduced into the mould.
Any other hinges may be cast, shut, or closed, as well as rising hinges; thus,
plates as C and pins as I will produce a non-rising hinge. To cast rising
hinges shut, and at one operation, a mould is made from A, Sheet V., and the
plate E; Sheet V., is laid in it with its edge E 1; 1,1; resting in the impres
sion of A 1, 1, 1. E 2; 2; 2, are tits to form the countersunk holes in each
flap; and E 3 and 4 are curved divisions to divide one part of the joint from
one flap of the hinge, and the other part of the joint from the other flap. The
pin Q, Sheet IV., with loose or fixed collar or washer is then laid in the
mould and the metal is poured in. The hinge is then taken out of the mould
and opened to release the plate E, and the hinge is then complete. Instead
of the plate E, two plates may be used similar to B, B, but with the curved
division piece E3 on one plate and E 4 on the other. These plates may be

page_text: removed after the hinge is cast, or they may be of such a shape or metal, or
so coated with metal or other suitable substance, as to become fixed to and
form parts of the flaps of the hinge when cast; in which case the tits may be
hollow or countersunk as shewn in B, B, B, or plates with holes in them, as
shewn at H, H 1, 1, 1, may be employed, and the tits For F, F, or H may
be placed in these holes and removed after the hinge is cast. Or, the division
pieces E 3 and 4 may be separate from the plate and employed with a
separate plate or plates like those shewn at B, or B, B, or B, B, B, the pieces
E 3 and 4 being separate from each other or connected to each other at E 5.
The piece E or one or more of the parts which may be substituted for it, as
herein-before described, may be of paper or similar material, which may be
removed after the hinge is cast, and which may be used with the tits F, or F,F,
or H. Or, instead of the piece E, a paper tube may be employed with a washer
in the centre and two longitudinal openings to admit the metal of one flap to
flow on one side of the washer and round the pin which is placed in the axis
of the tube, while the metal of the other flap flows on the other side of the
washer and round the other part of the pin. In the various Figures I have
shewn plain butt or rising butt hinges, but it is obvious that other descriptions
of hinges such as Thinges, strap hinges, H hinges, pew hinges, parliament
hinges, Lhinges, may all be cut in a similar manner and of one metal, or
of two or more metals, as herein-before described. In some cases it may be
found advisable to insert plates or pieces of one metal in such manner that
they may be covered or both sides by the metal poured into the mould; thus
plates of wrought iron or tinned or galvanized iron or brass may be inserted
in hinges of white metal so as to give them strength and toughness. For
this purpose it is merely necessary to support the flaps or plates in the mould,
so that the metal may flow round them and the plates may have holes in them
so that the metal may flow through and unite the two sides. Or, both sides
may be made to adhere to or unite with the plate by solder, or tin, or other
suitable material, on the plate, as herein-before described. The washers or
collars on the pins may be of white metal or brass or other material, or coated
with the same while the pins are of wrought iron; or the washers or their
rims may be made of or covered with china clay, stone, cement, or other
composition or material. In Sheet VI. I have shewn certain modes of casting
cocks according to my Invention. U is a pattern in the form of a spherical
ball with a handle and two small projections or core prints 1, 1. A mould is
made from this pattern, and a pin V is laid in the impressions of U 1, 1. The
metal is poured into the mould, and the pin V is afterwards removed, leaving
the piece B which is to form the plug of the cock. This plug may be conical,
1

page_text: cylindrical, or other suitable shape; this is dressed and finished or turned in
a lathe. A mould is then made from the pattern A as shown by dotted lines
at C, and B is laid in the mould as shewn at C2, 2, and one core as shown
at D, or two cores as shewn at E, are placed in the mould as shewn at C 1, 1,
passing through or entering the hole C 3 of the plug. The cores D and E
are plain, cylindrical, or slightly conical cores of metal, or sand, or paper. If
the cock is to be screwed inside, screwed cores are employed as shewn at F
and G. The metal is then poured into the mould, the cores are removed or
unscrewed, and the cock is made. If the cock is to be screwed on the exterior,
a mould is made from the pattern H, and cylindrical metal pieces I, I,
screwed in the interior, are laid in the impressions of the parts J, J, of the
pattern H. The core or cores are laid in as before and the metal poured in.
The core or cores are removed or unscrewed, and the pieces I, I, are unscrewed
from the exterior, leaving a cock with screws on the exterior, and either plain
orscrewed in the interior as shewn at L. Beer cocks or cocks with curved
spouts are cast in a similar manner with cores of suitable forms. Thus a
mould is made from the pattern O and the plug B is laid in it with the cores
M and N, and the metal is poured in. The cock with the cores in it, as
shown at K, is removed from the mould, and the cores are then removed and
the cock is made; or instead, or in conjunction with cores, tubes of metal,
porcelain, or other suitable material, may be laid in and remain as part of the
finished cock. A paper tube with hole across may be laid in the mould in
place of the plug, and thus plug and cock be cast at once. 1 cast cocks
in the following manner:-Two half sections of the body of the cock are cast
or made, as shewn at P, with little projections 1, 1, 1, upon them.
of the form of the dotted lines in Q is made from a pattern of corresponding
form, and the two half sections P, with the plug B between them, are laid in
the mould and the metal is poured in; a coating of metal is thus formed
over the pieces P, and the cock is thus made. If the sections P are made of
tin or similar soft metal, or if their edges are tinned, they will unite if the
metal, which is cast upon them, be of suitable temperature. Instead of forming
the pieces P with little projections or studs P11, they may be plain and
supported by small pins or bearings in the ordinary manner of supporting cores
or other articles in moulds. The cocks may thus be lined with a different
metal to that which forms the outer surface; or a thin cock may first be cast
and afterwards laid in a mould and metal be cast round or over it or over part
of it, so that a cock may be produced with the interior and exterior, or parts
thereof, of different metals. Instead of a solid plug with hole through, a
hollow sphere, coue, or tube with or without transverse hole may be used, if
A mould

page_text: without, such hole or holes may be drilled or made after the cock is cast.
If the plug be conical or other suitable shape, it may be tightened by a
screw at top or bottom.
In Sheet VII. I have shewn certain modes of casting axle pulleys adapted
for window frames and other purposes. A mould is made from a pattern D.
The pulley wheel C, having previously been cast with its axle in any ordinary
manner, is covered with sand or loam in a core box, as shown at B, and the
groove of the pulley filled up so as to form a rounded edge adapted to fit into
the impression of the pattern D in which it is then laid. The metal is then
poured in and the sand being all removed, the axle pulley, shewn at A, is
produced. I also cast the pulley and frame at once in the following manner:
-A mould G is made from the pattern D; a washer H of paper, cardboard,
or other suitable material is laid in the mould, and upon this a ring E of sand
or loam is laid. Another washer J is then laid upon the ring, and a pin K
is placed through the holes H 1, J 1, into the impression or core print G².
The other half of the mould, which is similar to G, is then placed upon it and
the metal is poured in. The sand core E and the washers H and J are then
removed and the axle pulley A is made; or the washers H and J, if of metal
or other suitable material, may remain and form part of the pulley. Instead of
the sand or loam core E, a metallic ring F, formed of two or more pieces F 1, 1,
may be used. These pieces may be of iron or steel and magnetized so as to
cause them to adhere together. In lieu of the pin K, a paper tube may be
placed through the holes H 1, J 1, and the metal of the frame allowed to
flow through it so as to form the pin at the same time.
A
In Sheet VIII. I have shown certain modes of casting candlesticks.
mould is made from a pattern of the form A. A metal tube C is covered
with sand in a core box, as shown at B, and it is laid in the mould with the
parts B1, B2, resting in the impressions of A 1, 2, and the metal is then poured
in to form the candlestick A, or the tube C may be used without sund covering.
The central tube with its sand covering supports and strengthens the outside
metal surface. The internal parts for pushing up the candle may be inserted
in the tube before or after the candlestick is cast. Two or more tubes may be
used, or two tubes and a pin with a disc or button at each end may be used,
as shewn at B. The candle may be raised by a screw pin passing through a
female screw, cast upon
it at the bottom of the candlestick; or it may he
raised by twisting or turning the nozzle at the top of the candlestick. The
section, shown at E, will serve to explain both modes. Thus, when the candle
is to be raised from the bottom, the part E2, at the top of the pin or tube E³,
may be plain or screwed. It enters the nozzle E', which may be plain or

page_text: screwed in the inside. The lower end 4 of the rod or tube 7 is screwed, and
passes through a tube or nut 6, which is also screwed on the inside. By
turning a button on the lower end of the pin, it is screwed up and forces the
candle up. The nozzle E1 and the tube E 6 may be cast upon the pin 2,7,4.
Either the tube 6 and the part of the rod 4, or the nozzle 1 and the part of
the rod 2, are to be screwed, but it is not necessary that both should be
screwed. The tube or pin 7 is enclosed in tube 8. When the candle is
to be raised by turning the nozzle E¹, the nozzle 1 and the part 2 of
the rod are screwed, and the lower end of the rod is made square or
of other suitable form, so that it may work up and down in the tube 6,
which is cast upon it, but is prevented from turning round. By turning
the nozzle E, the rod and candle are raised or lowered; or the nozzle E
and the part 2 may be plain, with one or more small ribs or projections
on the part 2, entering a corresponding groove or grooves in E 1, or vice
versa, so that when the nozzle is turned, the rod may be turned with it.
The part 4 of the rod is then screwed, and works in the part 6, which is
cast upon it By turning the nozzle the pin and candle are raised or lowered.
The parts E 1, 2, 7, 4, 6, 8, being cast or placed together, are covered with
sand in a core box, and the outer part of the candlestick is cast upon them, as
described in reference to A and B. Both chamber and pillar candlesticks
may be cast in a similar manner. F 1 is a pin or tube screwed in the centre,
as shewn in the Drawing; 2, 2, are tubes covering the part 1. The tubes
2, 2, may be screwed inside to fit the screw of 1, or they may be plain. They
may be covered with sand or not. The parts 1, 2, are placed together, as
shewn in the impression of a pattern of the form of F. The metal is poured
in and the candlestick is made. The part 5 of the covering 4, 4, forins a
female worm round the screw of 1, which screw 1 may be worked from the
bottom by a head or handle 3. Candlesticks may also be made by casting a
nozzle or part similar to E¹ round a screwed pin or tube E2, and then casting
the base of the candlestick on the lower part E4, thus dispensing entirely
with the outer covering. Or a suitable or ornamental tube orcovering may
be added. In this case the candle will not be raised, but the socket part E¹
will be screwed down lower, thus exposing the candle. When the socket
is made with a screw or ribs within it, the candle may be screwed or
pushed down into it, and thus fixed.
In Sheet VIII. I have also shewn a mode of casting the joints of tongs. A
mould is made from the pattern G, and the piece H is laid in it. The other
piece of the tongs I is laid in 1, and a small wedge 2 is introduced at 3. The
metal is then poured into the mould, The wedge 2 is then taken out, and

page_text: the tongs are made. The metal may be made to run round and encase the
part 4, or only to encase the joint. A pin may be placed in the hole in I, or
the metal may be allowed to flow through the hole to form the pin, or the
piece 1 may be made with a pin in it, or with projections answering the
same purpose; or it may be made plain without any hole or pin, and the
form of the part 5 may be such as to confine or secure it.
I cast axle boxes on the axles in such manner that the axle box is
permanently secured upon the axle by the process of casting, although
free to revolve upon it. I effect this by making the axle with a collar or
collars upon it, like the pins C or D; Sheet II., or by making a groove in it.
Thus, K 1, Sheet VIII., is the axle with a collar 2 upon it. The axle is laid
in a mould, and the axle box 3 is cast upon it. The axle box may be sepa.
rate from the wheel, or the wheel may also be of cast metal, and cast in one
piece with the axle box; or the wheel may have spokes of wrought iron or
other metal, which may be laid in the mould, and the axle box cast upon
their ends, so as to unite them together. A cavity 4 for the reception
of oil may be made by placing on the axle two washers of paper or metal
or other suitable material, surrounded by a band of the same, and laying
a screwed tube 5 through a hole in the band, and then pouring the metal
into the mould. The screwed tube allows of the escape of the air from the
oil chamber, and is removed after the axle box is cast. The ashes of the
paper, if paper be used, may be picked out through this screwed hole, which
is afterwards employed for oiling the axle, and is closed by a screw plug or
stopper 6.
The hole for oiling may be made at the end of the axle box, if
preferred, and two or more oil chambers may be made, if required. The axle
may also be partially or entirely encased in tubes and washers of brass or
other suitable metal, before placing it in the mould, which tubes or washers
will become fixed in the axle box. Sand or loam may be used to form a core
for the oil chamber, but in that case care should be taken to remove it all
after the axle box is cast, to avoid abrasion of the parts. This is the more
necessary, as from the axle box being permanently secured upon the axle by
the collar, it cannot be removed to clean it out. This mode of casting the
axle box, so as to be permanently secured upon the axle, has the advantage
that it cannot come off unless the parts are broken or completely worn away.
If desired, a screw may be cast in the end of the axle box, and occasionally
tightened a little, so as to press against the end of the axle, and prevent
the box from shaking or rattling after the parts have become worn by use.
The axle may be conical to facilitate tightening.
In L, Sheet VIII. I have shown a mode of making certain parts of a lathe.

page_text: may
Lis a front view, partly in section, of the lathe. The pulley is made by
placing plates or discs 3, 3, 3, 3, of steel, or brass, or other suitable material in
a mould, and casting zinc, or an alloy of zinc, or other white metal, or other
suitable material in between them, in the same manner as in casting the axle
pulley herein described in reference to G, H, J, E, Sheet VII. 6 is a strong
rod or tube, reaching from 4 to 10, and having a taper or conical spindle 7
it
cast upon it, and also having a screw cast upon it at 10;
also have
another screw cast upon it at 4 for receiving a nut for securing the pulley, or
the pulley may be cast at once on the tube or rod 6. 5 is the back screw,
which may be turned by its head 1, when required, so as to tighten the spindle
7 in the bush 9, in which it turns. The puppets are made by placing the
plates 2, 2, and 8, 8, in a mould or moulds, and pouring in the metal. Thus,
the plates 2,2, have holes through them, in which the screw 5 is placed and
the metal is poured in; the female thread is thus formed in the puppet. The
plates 8, 8, have holes through which the spindle 7, or a metal spindle, or cone
of similar form is placed, and the metal is poured in; the bush or bearing 9 is
thus produced. These two puppets may be united by a horizontal piece or
base, which may be cast with them, or cast upon them, or they may be sepa-
rately fixed on the bed 14. The back centre is formed by casting a screw on
a tube or rod 11, and placing this screw in a mould with the plates 20, 20,
and casting metal upon them to form the parts 12, 12, and to fill the space
between the plates 20, 20. The screw 13, and the screw for securing the back
centre to the bed, may also be laid in the mould at the same time, and the bed
14, or a piece of metal of similar form, is placed in the mould to form the base.
The bed 14, or that part on which the back centre slides, is cast of zinc, or an
alloy of zinc, or other suitable metal, or is formed of a bar, or rod, or tube, or
of bars, or rods, or tubes, covered with such alloy or metal. 15 are the feet
for fixing and supporting the lathe upon a bench or table, and which are
formed by casting the metal between two plates of strong or tough metal.
The adjustable portion 16 of the rest, and the set screw 22, are placed in a
mould with plates of strong or tough metal, and this white metalis cast around
and upon them, to form the parts 17 and 18. The base 17 is of dovetail
form, and enters a piece 19, with a screw 23 for securing it to the bed.
piece 19 is cast of the white metal after placing in the mould the base. 17 of
the slide and the screw 23. In casting the screw 11, the handle 21 may be
laid in the mould, and the boss 24 may be cast around it at the same time that
the screw is cast upon the tube. The strengthening plates may be tinned, or
otherwise prepared, to cause them to adhere to the white metal. Instead of
using two plates and casting the metal between them, a single plate may be
The

page_text: placed in the mould and covered on both sides with the white metal,
so as to form a sort of backbone to the piece into which it is intro-
duced; or, in some cases, three or more plates may be introduced into
the same piece. In lieu of the white metal, other metals or compositions
may be used in a similar manner.
I make knobs and rings or jointed rings such as manger rings and picture
rings by laying a tube of paper or other similar material in the impression of
a pattern of the form of the complete article, so as to extend through the
impression of the knob or part through or in which the ring turns. The metal
which forms the ring f ws through this paper tube, which prevents the
metal, forming the knob or stem in which the ring turns, from uniting with
the ring; or, the ring is made first, and a paper tube is placed over that portion
of it which is to pass through the knob or stem which is then cast upon
it; or the knob or stem is made first, and a paper tube is placed through
the hole in it, and the ring is then cast, and is prevented by the paper
tube from uniting with or fitting too tightly in the hole.
1 also cast lock rings and other jointed handles by making a mould of the
complete article and laying in it a pin with two collars, similar to one of those
shewn at L, L, Sheet 1., with or without a divider of metal, or paper, or other
suitable material, and I then pour in the metal, and the article is made.
When these jointed rings are to be made with stems of wrought iron, or
when the stem is manufactured first, such stem may be laid in the
mould, and the knob or joint part which connects it to the ring cast
upon it, in the manner ab: ve described, the ring being produced at the
same time, or laid in the mould with the paper covering or tube.
I cast chains at one operation by inserting tubes or dividers of paper or
metal to keep the adjoining links from uniting. Cores may be used, in cou-
junction with these tubes or dividers, to form the hollows in each or in each
alternate link. If metal dividers are used, they may remain and form part of
the links. I make continuous chains of joints or hinges by any of the means
herein-before described for manufacturing the separate joints or hinges. I
cast castors at one or more operations, in the same manner as herein-before
described with regard to axle pulleys. The socket of the castor is cast at the
same time, or it may be cast first and the frame or arms cast upon it, or it
may be cast upon the frame or arms afterwards.
The wheel or bowl may be
cast first or at the same time as the frame, or it may be cast last; in either
case the parts will be connected together by the process of casting. It will
readily be seen that frame pulleys, screw, side, or other pulleys, and pulley

page_text: blocks may be manufactured, in a similar manner to that herein-before
described in reference to axle pulleys.
Where metal is mentioned in this Specification, either pure or simple
metals or alloys of metals may be used.
In witness whereof, I, the said Frank Perks Fellows, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Twenty-eighth day of November, in the
vear of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven.
FRANK PERKS FELLOWS. (L.S.)