IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ORNAMENTAL METAL PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION WORK AND IN THE MACHINERY OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN
Year: 1872

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Stephen Tuddenham, of No. 3, Union Place,
Lambeth Road, in the County of Surrey, Engineer, for the Inven-
tion of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ORNAMENTAL METAL
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Stephen Tuddenham
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 11th December 1872.
I, STEPHEN TUDDENHAM, of No. 3, Union Place, Lambeth Road,
in the County of Surrey, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of
my said Invention for “IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ORNAMENTAL
METAL WORK AND IN THE MACHINERY OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN," to be
as follows:-
This Invention relates to the manufacture of ornamental metal work
suitable for telegraph posts, signal posts, lamp posts, gateposts, columns,
pillars, and upright supports of all kinds; balconies, balustrades, ban-
nisters for stairs, railings of all kinds, fences, and other like purposes.
According to this Invention I propose to manufacture ornamental
metal work by grouping or combining together in juxtaposition or side

page_text: by side any suitable number of spirals or helices composed of flat or
other sectioned bars or tubes of any metal capable of being coiled into the
form of a helix, by preference, in a cold state. The several coils, spirals,
or helices may be grouped so that the several spirals of the group or
range shall be alternately right and left hand spirals, each spiral being
secured to its neighbour or neighbours at the contact points by means of
bolts, rivets, soldering, brazing, or otherwise, or metal bosses may be
cast round the contiguous portions of the adjoining spirals in chills or
otherwise so as to firmly secure one spiral to another. The grouping of
these spirals. before securing them together laterally is susceptible of an
almost endless variety of changes, according to the wish of the designer
and the purposes to which the metal work is to be applied. For example,
in making columnar articles three or. more right and left hand spirals
will be grouped together side by side so as to enclose a central space of
a circular, angular, rectangular, or flat-sided section.
For making balustrades, railings, or fences, the several spirals will
-be arranged side by side in a right line, or a line more or less curved,
according to the required shape of the fence, and if desired one or more
of the coils of one spiral may be made to cross or project over one or
more of the adjoining spirals, but in all cases the spirals are disposed
side by side in contradistinction to being superimposed or laid one over
or outside the other. The ends of each pair of spirals to be used for
banisters are to be welded together.
In the case of pillars or such like supports increased strength may be
obtained by passing a tube or a solid bar of any suitable section, whether
ornamental or otherwise, down some or each of the spirals forming the
group, and securing the same. to its surrounding spiral by bolts, rivets,
chilled cast metal bosses, or otherwise.
In some cases a single spiral or helix composed of a bar of any
ornamental or special section, and having a straight central strengthening
bar of a tubular or other section inserted down the centre of the spiral
or helix, may be employed as a columnar support, or as a railing for
balustrades.
The machinery which I propose to employ for coiling the bars into
spirals or helices of any desired pitch consists of a smooth mandrel of
suitable length and section, and of a diameter corresponding nearly to
or rather less than the internal diameter of the spiral to be produced

page_text: thereon. This mandrel is placed horizontally over a lathe bed and is
rotated and traversed longitudinally by powerful machinery, driven by
gearing or otherwise, one end of the mandrel being secured to a chuck,
and the other end secured to a master screw of a pitch corresponding to
that of the spiral to be coiled. This master screw works through a
corresponding nut secured in a poppet head on the lathe bed. In front
of the mandrel and at any desired angle thereto, according to the pitch
required, there is placed an adjustable rest or support carrying the
requisite guide rollers for guiding the bar to be coiled on to the mandril.
These rollers may consist of an upper and an under roller and two sido
rollers, all made adjustable for receiving bars of different widths and
thickness, and shaped to conform to the section of the bar when using
bars of any special or ornamental section. There is in addition a
pressing roller situate immediately above the mandrel for holding the
bar firmly down thereon at the point where it commences to coil,
thereby preventing any tendency the bar may have to twist or turn
upon its edge whilst being coiled, and keeping it flat down upon the
surface of the smooth mandrel. Two other pressing rollers situate in
front of the before mentioned group of four guide rollers are also
employed for holding down the free end of the bar as it approaches the
guide rollers.
The object of the master screw is to cause the smooth mandrel to
travel longitudinally whilst rotating, so that the coils may be wound
evenly and regularly thereon, but if desired this longitudinal traverse
may be effected without the aid of the master screw by causing the
poppet heads carrying the mandrel to slide with the mandrel along the
lathe bed by means of a fixed rack and a pinion, the latter being driven
at any desired speed according to the required pitch of the spiral by the
aid of change wheels as is well understood.
It is obvious that various combinations of machinery may be employed
in producing the spirals, the grouping of which constitutes one of the
essential features of my Invention, but I prefer in all cases to employ a
smooth mandrel, whether of a cylindrical, oval, or other form, and
slightly tapered or not, and rotated and traversed longitudinally at the
same time.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Stephen Tuddenham in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 11th June 1873.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, STEPHEN
TUDDENHAM, of No. 3, Union Place, Lambeth Road, in the County of
Surrey, Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Eleventh day of December, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-two, in the thirty-
sixth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give
and grant unto me, the said Stephen Tuddenham, Her special license.
that I, the said Stephen Tuddenham, my executors, administrators,
and assigns, or such others as I, the said Stephen Tuddenham, my
exccutors, administrators, or assigns, should at any time agree with,
and no others from time to time and at all times thereafter during the
term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,
and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,
the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ORNAMENTAL METAL WORK AND IN THE MACHINERY
OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN," upon the condition (amongst others)
that I, the said Stephen Tuddenham, my executors or administrators,
by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, should particularly
describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed
in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Stephen Tuddenham, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement, reference being had to the accompanying
Drawings and to the letters and figures marked thercon, that is to
say:
-
My said Invention relates to the manufacture of ornamental metal-
work suitable for telegraph posts, signal posts, lamp posts, gate posts,
alumna
11

page_text: trades, banisters for stairs, railings of all kinds, fences, and other like
purposes.
According to my Invention I propose to manufacture ornamental
metal work of a similar character to that illustrated on Sheet 1 of the
Drawings hereunto annexed by grouping or combining together in
juxtaposition or side by side any suitable number of spirals or helices a
composed of flat or other sectioned bars or tubes of any metal capable of
being coiled into the form of a helix, such coiling being by preference
performed whilst the bar is in a cold state. The several coils, spirals, or
helices a, may be grouped so that the several spirals of the group or
range shall be alternately right and left hand spirals, as shewn in
Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4 (Sheet 1), each spiral being secured either to an
intermediate straight or other bar 6 (see Fig. 1), or to its neighbour
or neighbours at the contact points (see Figures 2 and 3) by means of
bolts, rivets, soldering, brazing, or otherwise, or metal bosses c, c,
(Figures 2 and 4) may be cast round the contiguous portions of the
adjoining spiral or spirals and intermediate straight bars in chills or
otherwise, so as to firmly secure one spiral to another, or columns, or
fences, or balconies may be made by grouping several helices side by
side with right and left spirals alternately, but without being in actual
contact. These helices are welded together in pairs at each end, and
the several united pairs are then secured by rivetting, screwing, or other-
wise into top and bottom or end plates, two or more such lengths with
their end plates being united together to form any height of structure.
Or ornaments, such as roses d, for example (see Fig. 3), may be screwed
into clip pieces e, uniting two spirals at their contact points. The
grouping of these spirals before securing them together laterally is
susceptible of an almost endless variety of changes, according to the
taste of the designer, and the purposes to which the metal work is to be
applied. For example, in making columnar articles, such as shewn in
Figures 1, 2, and 3, three or more right and left hand spirals. will be
grouped together side by side, so as to enclose a central space of a
circular, angular, rectangular, or flat-sided section.
For making balustrades, railings, or fences the several spirals will be
arranged side by side in a right line or a line more or less curved,
according to the required shape of the fence, and if desired one or more
of the coils of one spiral may be made to cross or project over one or
more of the adjoining spirals, as shewn in Figure 5; but in all cases the

page_text: spirals are disposed side by side in contradistinction to being super-
imposed or laid one over or outside the other. The ends of each pair
of spirals to be used for banisters are to be welded together as in
Fig. 5.
In the case of pillars, or such like supports, increased strength may
be obtained by passing a tube or a solid bar of any suitable section,
whether ornamental or otherwise, down some or each of the spirals
forming the group, and securing the same to its surrounding spiral by
bolts, rivets, chilled cast metal bosses, or otherwise; but I have not con-
sidered it necessary to illustrate this arrangement in my Drawings, as it
will be readily understood without a Drawing.
In some cases a single spiral or helix composed of a bar of any
ornamental or special section, and having a straight central
strengthening bar of a tubular or other section inserted down the
centre of the spiral or helix, as last described, may be employed as a
columnar support or as a railing for balustrades.
The machinery which I propose to employ for coiling the bars into
spirals or helices of any desired pitch is illustrated fully on Sheet 2 of
my Drawings. Figure 1 (Shcet 2) represents a side elevation of my
peculiar coiling machine; Figure 2 is a corresponding plan of the same;
Figure 3 is a diagram shewing the arrangement of the gearing corre-
sponding to that in Figures 1 and 2; Figure 4 is an enlarged detail side
elevation of the adjustable table and its several guide and pressing
rollers; Figure 5 is a back view of the same; Figure 6 is a front view,
and Figure 7 a plan thereof. A is an ordinary lathe bed of any con- 2
venient length; and B is a fixed head carrying the driving gear
herein-after described; O is a traversing head for carrying the outer end
of the mandril D, upon which the bar a is to be coiled; E is the master
screw for moving the head C and mandril D longitudinally along the
lathe bed at a rate proportionate to the pitch of the helix required; and 3
F is the adjustable table which carries the pressing and guiding rollers
herein-after described and referred to. The mandril D is of any suitable
length and section, and of a diameter corresponding nearly to or rather
less than the internal diameter of the spiral to be produced thereon; this
mandril is placed horizontally over the lathe bed A, and is rotated by 3
powerful machinery (herein-after described) in the fixed head B driven
by gearing or otherwise, one end of the mandril being secured to a

page_text: chuck G on the end of a traversing and revolving shaft H, whilst the
other end is secured either directly to a master screw of a pitch corre-
sponding to that of the spiral to be coiled, and working through a fixed
nut; or it is formed with a journal and caused to revolve in bearings in
the traversing head C, as shewn in my Drawings, such head having the
the said master screw E working through it. This master screw works
at its opposite end in a bearing in the end of the lathe bed, and is rotated
by gearing, as I shall now proceed to describe. I is cone driving drum
mounted on the shaft H, which shaft is provided with the key way b
engaging with a key in the boss of the driving drum, so as to admit of the
longitudinal traverse of the shaft at the same time that it is being rotated
directly by the cone drum. This drum I carries a small spur wheel K
gearing into a spur wheel L, which is mounted on a separate shaft M,
carrying a small spur wheel or pinion N. This pinion gears into the
large spur wheel O, the boss of which works in a bearing in the fixed
head B, and turns loosely on the revolving and traversing shaft H. A
pinion or small spur wheel P on the outer end of the boss of the wheel O
gears into and drives the large spur wheel Q, which is fast on the end of
the before-mentioned master screw E, and thus imparts a rotatory
motion thereto.
By suitably varying (as is well understood) the size of the gearing
which transmits the rotatory motion from the driving drum I to the
master screw E, it is obvious that the said screw may be driven at any
proportionate rate with the mandril; the slower the rate of the screw
the smaller or closer will be the pitch or coils of the helix produced, and
vice versa, as the mandril will obviously travel longitudinally slower or
faster in relation to its rotatory motion. The traversing revolving shaft
I should be of sufficient length to enable the maximum length of helix
to be produced, and the overhanging or protruding portion behind the
fixed head B should be supported in bearings at convenient intervals,
but I have not considered it necessary to shew these bearings in my
Drawings. R is a travelling head for supporting that end of the shaft H
which carries the chuck G, a collar being fitted on the shaft H to enable
it to carry the travelling head R along with it. In front of and beneath
the mandril D, and at any desired angle thereto, according to the pitch
required, there is placed the adjustable table or support F, carrying the
requisite guide rollers for guiding the bar a to be coiled on to the
mandrel. These rollers may consist of an upper and an under roller c, c²,

page_text: and two side rollers d, d, all made adjustable for receiving bars a of
different widths and thickness, and shaped to conform to the section of
the bar when using bars of any special or ornamental section; in my
Drawings I have merely shewn a plain flat bar. There is in addition a
pressing roller e situate immediately above the mandrel D for holding
the bar a firmly down thereon at the point where it commences to coil,
thereby preventing any tendency the bar may have to twist or turn
upon its edge whilst being coiled, and keeping it flat down upon the
surface of the smooth mandrel, the said roller being held down by the
pressing screws e¹, e¹, in the head of the bracket T. Two other rollers
ff, or a single top roller situate in front of the before-mentioned group
of four guide rollers may be also employed for guiding and holding
down the free end of the bar as it approaches the guide rollers when
_coiling heavy bars. The master screw by causing the smooth mandrel D
to travel longitudinally whilst rotating ensures the coils being wound
evenly and regularly thereon, but if desired this longitudinal traverse
may be effected without the aid of the master screw by causing the
poppet heads carrying the mandrel to slide with the mandrel along the
lathe bed by means of a fixed rack and a pinion, the latter being driven
at any desired speed, according to the required pitch of the spiral, by the
aid of change wheels as is well understood.
The adjustable table or support consists of a top plate F having a
boss g cast on the under side which turns in a socket / cast on the surface
of a transverse slide i which works between dovetailed guides in the bed
plate S. This bed plate is adjustable along the lathe bed and may be
fixed in any desired position thercon in any convenient or well known
manner. The boss g and socket / enable the top plate or table F to be
set at any desired angle to the mandrel according to the desired pitch of
the helix, and is then fixed by the pinching screws k, k. The transverse
slide i is adjusted by means of the screw / working through a nut in the
under side of the said slide; the strong bracket T which carries the
bearings for the pressing roller e is adjustable along the plate F by
means of the screw m, in order to enable the plate F with its rollers to
be moved up to or away from the mandrel, according as a mandrel of
larger or smaller diameter is employed, as it is essential that the centre
of the pressing roller e should always be directly over the centre of the
mandrel. When mandrels of a very large diameter, say from 6 inches
and upwards are employed, it will be requisite to change the plate F for

page_text: another one, having its rollers disposed thereon to suit the increased
size of the mandrel. The rollers c, c³, are carried in bearings in the
supports n, n, and the upper roller c is pressed down on to the bar a by
pressing screws o, o. The lateral guiding rollers d, d², are simply
mounted on stud centres carried in slides, which are adjustable towards
or from each other to suit different widths of bars by the right and left
hand screw spindle p. The roller or rollers f, f¹, are carried in sup-
ports q, q, cast on the plate F like the supports n, n, and the upper one f
is pressed down on to the bar as it enters the series of grinding rollers by
the pressing screws r, r.
It is obvious that various combinations of machinery may be employed
in producing the spirals, the grouping of which constitutes one of the
essential features of my Invention, but I prefer in all cases to employ a
smooth mandrel, whether of a cylindrical, oval, or other form, and
slightly tapered or not, and rotated and traversed longitudinally at the
same time.
The bar to be coiled is secured at one end to the mandrel by a loose
collars (Fig. 8) which is secured to the end of the mandrel near its
journal by a key u. Within this collar there is a slot for receiving
the end of the bar a, which when introduced is secured firmly therein
by the pinching screw v. After a bar has been coiled the mandrel
is removed from the traversing head C and the coil slipped off
longitudinally, and if the coil should require stretching to diminish its
diameter and to increase the pitch, this may be accomplished by
removing the mandrel entirely and fixing one end of the coil to a fixed
head stock and the other to the traversing head C, when by putting the
master screw into motion the said head will be caused to travel along
the lathe bed and will stretch the coil to any desired extent.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of my
said Invention, and the manner in which the same is or may be used or
carried into effect, I would observe in conclusion, that what I consider to
be novel and original, and therefore claim as the Invention secured to
me by the herein-before in part recited Letters Patent is,—
First. The manufacture of ornamental metal work, produced by
grouping and securing together a number of metal bars (previously
bent or coiled into the form of helices) side by side, substantially in

page_text: the manner herein-before described and illustrated on Sheet 1 of my
Drawings.
Second. The application and use to and in the production of coiled
or helical shaped metal bars for ornamental iron work of the character
herein specified, of a rotatory and longitudinally traversing mandrel in
combination with guide and pressing rollers arranged and operating
together, substantially as herein-before described.
Third. The combination of a master screw with a revolving mandrel
and with guide and pressing rollers, substantially as and for the purpose
herein-before described and illustrated by the Drawings annexed.
Fourth. The peculiar combination and arrangement of machinery
for coiling metal bars for ornamental metal. work in the form of a
helix, substantially as hercin-before described and illustrated by Figures
1 to 8, inclusive, on Sheet 2 of the Drawings hereunto annexed.
In witness 'whereof, I, the said Stephen Tuddenham, have to this
my Specification set my hand and scal, the Eleventh day of
June One thousand eight hundred and seventy-three.