IMPROVEMENTS IN VENTILATING HOUSES AND BUILDINGS, SHIPS, AND RAILWAY AND OTHER CARRIAGES, AND
Year: 1870

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Haggett, of West Camel, in the County
of Somerset, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN VENTILATING
HOUSES AND BUILDINGS, SHIPS, AND RAILWAY AND OTHER CARRIAGES, AND
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Haggett at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
20th July 1870. -
'
I, WILLIAM HAGGETT, of West Camel, in the County of Somerset.
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN VENTILATING HOUSES AND BUILDINGS, SHIPS, AND RAILWAY AND OTHER
CARRIAGES, AND INCREASING OR DECREASING THE TEMPERATURE THEREOF," to be as
follows:
This Invention consists in the application for the purposes of
ventilation and increasing or decreasing the temperature of houses,
buildings, ships, railway and other carriages, of perforated plates com-
posed of metal or other material or materials capable of being pressed,
[Price 8d.]

page_text: rolled, moulded, or cast with an undulated surface on both sides, forming
longitudinal and transverse corrugations crossing each other at right
angles or diagonally at such other angles and of such sizes as may be
most advantageous, such undulations and corrugations being prepared
in accordance with an Invention of "An Improved Method of Treating
Metals and other Materials to Increase their Strength," for which
Letters Patent were granted to me bearing date the Twenty-first day of
March 1859, and numbered 707.
In the application of such undulated plates to the walls, ceilings,
floors, windows, roofs, or fittings of rooms or buildings the same are
affixed by suitable and well-known means so as to leave a minute
space between them and the surface to which they are placed in juxta-
position. The perforations for the outward passage of the vitiated air
should be made at the apex or highest part of the undulations formed
by the crossing thereof at right angles or diagonally, and which
undulations will consequently act as conductors of such vitiated air to
such perforations at the point of intersection, through which it will be
rapidly carried into the space left between the plates and the surfaces to
which they are applied, where it will by being mixed with the outer or
cool air be condensed and pass off by the channels formed by the
undulations in the plates or by channels specially provided for that
purpose into and through suitable openings downwards in the walls or
through pilasters or channels or tubes provided for carrying off the
same, and thus effectually preventing a return thereof to the room or
place which it is desired to ventilate. Still further to secure the proper
and effectual removal of the vitiated air, whith in the absence of
sufficient convective currents to carry it off may descend by gravity, and
from its greater weight be on or near the floor, perforated plates and
pipes are placed below the same or inside the skirtings, with angular
openings in the walls downwards by which the vitiated air will be carried
off. For the admission of cool or pure air into the room or place to be
ventilated the perforations are made on the other portions of the undu-
lated plates, and which parts may be furnished with patterns in which
the perforations are made. The plates are fixed against the walls or
other places and fittings, and will form channels connected either above or
through the most convenient places in the walls or roofs with the outer
or pure air, through which it will readily pass, but such perforations
should be so minute and spread over so large a surface as not to be

page_text: observed in the patterns on such plates, or they can if preferred be wholly
covered by tapestry, silk, or other materials through which "the pure or
outer air may penetrate imperceptibly, so as not to cause injury from
draught, but produce a wholesome temperature. This air can be taken
direct from the outside through skirtings, pilasters, and fittings, but in
new buildings or where it can be conveniently done it is preferred to
take the pure air from above by pipes or otherwise, so that it may in its
passage be simply made to pass through or over hot water if required to
be heated, or over ice or other cooling medium if the temperature is
required to be reduced.
In ships the same plan is adopted, but where provision must be made
against wet and violent wind two series of plates will be used where
needful, the intermediate undulations only being perforated and not
placed over each other, by which arrangement ventilation will still go
on, and the entrance of wet prevented, the same being carried off by the
channels formed by such undulations.
The same plan may be adopted for ventilating roofing tiles and for
iron or metal buildings, the space between the two plates being either
left open or filled with any material that will serve to take up water
from rain or from a channel formed for that purpose above with a water
supply, or if from below, by capillary attraction still further to reduce
the temperature of such erections, especially in hot climates.
In the application of this system of ventilation to windows it is
preferred to adapt it to or so as to form small borders in two thicknesses,
part being perforated and part not, which when properly set in the
sashes will have the effect of allowing the escape of vitiated air or
admitting pure air without draught.
To ventilate railway and other carriages such perforated or partly
perforated plates are applied on the inside of the roofs thereof, the
channels formed by the undulations being made to communicate through
ornamental openings on the sides, back, and front with the external air
to allow the escape of the vitiated without draught, whilst the passage of
the carriage itself will greatly facilitate the removal of all impure air.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said William Haggett in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 19th January 1871.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
HAGGETT, of West Camel, in the County of Somerset, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twentieth day of July, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy in the thirty-
fourth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give
and grant unto me, the said William Haggett, Her special licence that
I, the said William Haggett, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
or such others as I, the said William Haggett, my executors, adminis-
trators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from
time to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and
Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN VENTILATING HOUSES AND
BUILDINGS, SHIPS, AND RAILWAY AND OTHER CARRIAGES, AND INCREASING OR
DECREASING THE TEMPERATURE THEREOF," upon the condition (amongst
others) that I, the said William Haggett, my executors or adminis-
trators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their
hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature
of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be per-
formed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the
said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said William Haggett, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement, reference being had to the Drawings
hereunto annexed, and to the figures and letters marked thereon, that is
to say:-
My said Invention consists in the application for the purposes of
vertilation and increasing or decreasing the temperature of houses,
buildings, ships, and railway and other carriages, of plates composed of
metal or other material or materials capable of being pressed, rolled,
moulded, cast or otherwise formed with an undulated or corrugated

page_text: surface on both sides thereof of such a form as to constitute longitudinal
and transverse corrugations crossing each other at right angles or
diagonally at such other angles, and of such sizes as may be most
advantageous, such undulations and corrugations being of the nature
described by me in the Specification of an Invention of "An Improved
Method of Treating Metals and other Materials to Increase their Strength,"
for which Letters Patent were granted to me bearing date the Twenty-first
day of March, One thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine, and numbered
707, and such plates being pierced with small holes at the bulging or
projecting parts of the corrugated surfaces.
In the application of such undulated plates or materials to the walls,
ceilings, floors, windows, roofs, or fittings of rooms or buildings the
same are affixed by any suitable and well known means, so as to leave a
small space between them and the surface to which they are placed in
juxtaposition. The perforations for the outward passage of the vitiated
air should be made at the apex or highest part of the undulations formed
by the crossing of the latter at right angles or diagonally, and which
undulations will consequently act as conductors of the vitiated air to
such perforations at the points of intersection, through which it will be
rapidly carried into the space left between the plates and the surfaces
to which they are applied, where it will by being mixed with the outer
or cool air be condensed and pass off by the channels formed by the
undulations in the plates or by channels or ducts specially provided for
that purpose into and through suitable downward openings in the walls,
or through pilasters, or channels, or tubes provided for carrying off the
same, the return thereof to the room or place which it is desired to
ventilate being thus effectually prevented.
Still further to secure the
proper and effectual removal of the vitiated air, which in the absence of
sufficient convective currents to carry it off may descend by the gravity
thereof, and from its greater weight be on or near the floor, perforated
plates and pipes are placed below the same or inside the skirtings (where
such exist) with angular downward openings in the walls, by which the
vitiated air will be carried off. For the admission of cool or pure air
into the room or place to be ventilated the perforations are made on the
lower or sunken portions of the undulated plates, and which parts may
be furnished with patterns or ornamentations in which the perforations
are made. The plates are fixed in juxtaposition to the walls or other
parts or fittings, and will form channels connected either above or

page_text: through the most convenient places in the walls or roofs with the
outer or pure air, which will readily pass through the same. I should
observe, however, that such perforations should be so minute and spread
over so large a surface as not to be observed in the patterns on the
plates in which they are made, or if preferred they can be wholly covered
by tapestry, silk, or other materials through which the pure or outer air
may penetrate imperceptibly so as not to cause injury from draught, but
produce a wholesome temperature. The air can be taken direct from
the outside of the place to be ventilated through skirtings, pilasters,
and fittings, but in new buildings or where it can be conveniently done
it is preferred to take the pure air from above by pipes or otherwise, so
that it may in its passage be made to pass through or over hot water
or be otherwise heated, or over or through ice or some other cooling
medium if the temperature is required to be reduced.
Jn applying my said Invention to ships the same plans as those before
described are adopted, but in cases in which it is necessary to make
provision against wet and violent wind, two series of plates should be
used when necessary, the intermediate undulations only being perforated,
'that is to say, such perforations not being placed over each other. By
this arrangement ventilation in accordance with the principles of my
said Invention will still go on, and at the same time the entrance of wet
and wind will be prevented, the former being carried off by the channels
formed by the undulations in the plates.
The same plan may be adopted for the manufacture of ventilating
roofing tiles, and also for iron or metal buildings, the space between the
respective plates being either left open or filled with any material that
will serve to take up water from rain or snow, or from a channel formed
for that purpose in connection with a water supply above, or if from
below by capillary attraction, still further to reduce the temperature of
the air in such erections, and which arrangements will be found especially
valuable in hot climates.
In the application of the system of ventilation embraced by my said
Invention to windows it is preferred to adapt it to or so as to form small
borders in two thicknesses, part thereof being perforated and part not,
and which when properly set in the sashes will have the effect of
allowing the escape of vitiated air, or of admitting pure air from without
without draught.
In order to ventilate railway and other carriages perforated or partly

page_text: perforated plates are applied on the inside of the roofs thereof, the
channels formed by the undulations being made to communicate through
ornamental openings on the sides, back, and front with the external air,
in order to allow the escape of the vitiated air without draught, whilst the
passage of the carriage itself will greatly facilitate the removal of all
impure air.
Having thus described the general nature of my said Invention, I will
now proceed to refer to the annexed Drawings, from which the manner in
which it is carried into effect will be clearly understood.
Figure 1 is a section of a house or building shewing the arrangement
for the admission of pure air by pipes and other suitable means, the same
being taken from above or from any convenient places on the outside,
and with branches laid under the floors or otherwise, such pipes being
respectively marked a, p, and coloured blue. When it is required that
the air shall be artificially heated or cooled it is made to pass through
the apparatus marked h or c, which is placed on the basement or in any
other convenient position, the same containing hot or cold water or other
suitable heating or cooling medium. In the case of the temperature
being increased the two outside pipes will be shut off from the rooms,
and the centre pipe being closed at the top will receive the hot air, and
from thence it will pass into the rooms where marked S. Branch pipes
to supply pure air to the fire-places, gas and other lights, and to the
fittings of the rooms may also be employed. The vitiated heated air is
indicated by the letters a, v, and coloured green and carmine. As the
vitiated air will ascend when heated, it is intended that the same shall
be intercepted at the ceilings, over gas lights and other suitable places by
undulated thin metal or other plates so formed as to facilitate the escape
thereof through minute perforations at the apex of the domes formed
by the cross undulations, so arranged as to make channels to receive and
carry off the same when condensed, which will take place when it comes
in contact with the external air from the downward outside openings
marked o, through which the vitiated air will pass out of the house, thereby
effectually preventing the return thereof into the rooms.
As the opening
of windows and doors for the purpose of producing ventilation necessarily
cools such vitiated air and makes a portion thereof descend into the rooms,
thereby causing inconvenience and injury, provision is therefore made at the
floors, skirtings, fittings, or other suitable places for the passage thereof
through perforated undulated plates, tiles, or other channels, and by the

page_text: openings marked o to the outside of the house. The exit of the vitiated
air being entirely separated from the pipes for the admission of pure air,
and the perforations being also minute, the change will be imperceptibly
continuous and nearly self-acting, the increased consumption producing
a corresponding supply, and thereby rendering the air in the rooms genial
and highly conducive to health.
Figure 2 is an enlarged plan ini which the admission of pure and
the removal of vitiated air, coloured and marked as in. Figure 1, is
shewn. For the upper or attic floors the ventilating plates are placed
between or on the rafters or ceiling joists, so
as to finish without
plastering, or they may be added to the ceilings, suitable openings being
made for the escape of the vitiated air, which being condensed by the
outer air through the tiles or slates will pass off under the cornice at
the opening o. On the several floors the ventilating plates and pipes
for the admission of pure air are marked a, p, and coloured blue. The
plates for intercepting the vitiated air in the ceiling are shewn at A,
where they are affixed to the joists without a ceiling. At B they are
shewn affixed to a ceiling with openings at suitable places, whilst at C
two rows of plates are shewn as being employed, one to receive the
vitiated air from the floor above, the other from the ceiling of the next
room between the joists, with or without plastering, proper channels
being formed for carrying off the condensed vitiated air (shewn by
carmine and green colour and marked a, v,) through the openings o,
as before mentioned.
Figure 3 illustrates this system of ventilation as applied to churches,
chapels, assembly rooms, and other buildings, the plates for intercepting
the vitiated air being affixed to the ceilings and arched roofs either
on or between the ribs, ceiling joists, or other suitable places, with or
without plastering, the vitiated air being coloured green and carmine
and marked a, v, and carried by proper channels to the outside through
openings marked o. Provision is also made for carrying off the vitiated
air at the floor, as in other cases, and out by the openings o.
The pipes
and plates for the admission of pure air are marked a, p, and coloured
blue, and are as in other cases to be regulated, heated or cooled, ás
before mentioned, the apparatus being placed in the most convenient
situation for the pure air to pass through the same. When the air is
to be heated only one pipe must be left open at the top and shut off
from the church or place to be ventilated; the other pipe must be

page_text: stopped at the top to receive the hot air, which will pass into the place
to be ventilated.
Figure 4 shews the method of applying my said system of ventilation
to ships, and vessels of every description and construction. Although in
the Drawing double sides and bottoms are represented it is intended
to apply: the undulated and decorated metal or other plates for the
whole or part of the fittings of such ships or vessels, those on the ceilings
and other places being perforated. Those for intercepting the vitiated.
air are marked a, v, and coloured carmine and green. The vitiated air
being condensed by the external air will pass off by the channels and
pipes, provided for that purpose, as before described, and where outside
openings cannot be made, and for taking off the heavy condensed vitiated
air from the decks and cabins, pipes will be provided for carrying off
the same into water in tanks marked b, whereby it will be absorbed,
the water being, occasionally pumped out and pure water added. The
pipes for the admission of pure air are also to be placed in each cabin
with ventilating plates. The latter communicating with the external
air will provide the needful supply, whilst a connection will be made
for adding through the same pipes the air collected by wind, sails, or
other contrivances. It is intended to provide, where requisite, suitable
closed tanks, marked h and c, in the most suitable places for receiving
hot or cold water, or other suitable medium, through which the pipes
conveying the pure air are to pass, so that by convection or passing
through, the air will be heated or cooled as may be desired.
In applying.my said Invention to private carriages and other con-
veyances the undulated perforated plates are affixed to the inside of
the roofs instead of the present fittings, so as to intercept the vitiated
or heated air, and allow the same to pass off by the channels through
minute outside apertures, which will be facilitated by the passage of
such carriages through the external air. In the floors are intended to
be placed undulated perforated ventilating plates for the escape of any
heavy condensed vitiated air, and also pipes and ventilating plates for
the admission of pure air, which may pass through a heating or cooling
medium, if desired.
When my said Invention is applied to railway carriages a pipe is
placed under the floor of each carriage, the same being connected with
perforated branches to admit pure air into each compartment in the
most convenient manner. These will operate by difference of tem-

page_text: -
perature and the passage of the train, a valve or stop which is connected
with the pipe being regulated according to the quantity of air required.
When it is desired to connect the whole or to heat or cool the pure
air the pipes are so arranged that they may be united by flexible
hose and joints when the train is made up, and the pipe at the engine
caused to pass through hot or cold water, the quantity of air being still
further increased by means of a funnel attached to the pipe in front of
the engine.
Having thus declared and ascertained the nature of my said Invention,
and in what manner the same is to be performed, I would observe in
conclusion that what I consider novel and original, and therefore claim
as constituting the Invention secured to me by the said herein-before
in part recited Letters Patent is, the combination and arrangement of
corrugated or undulated plates perforated with small holes, with the
parts and apparatus for ventilating houses and buildings, ships, and
railway and other carriages, and for increasing or decreasing the tem-
perature thereof, substantially as herein-before described and set forth,
or any mere modifications thereof.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Haggett, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Sixteenth day of January, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-one.