IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF IRON AND STEEL
Year: 1860

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Robert Mushet, of Coleford, in the County of
Gloucester, Metallurgist, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF IRON AND STEEL."
Sealed the 1st March 1861, and dated the 13th December 1860.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Robert Mushet at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
13th December 1860.
I, ROBERT MUSHET, of Coleford, in the County of Gloucester, Metallurgist,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE MANUFACTURE OF IRON AND STEEL," to be as follows:-
My Invention consists, firstly, of the following method or methods of
improving the quality of such malleable iron, semi-steel, or cast steel as are
manufactured by passing or forcing air through pig iron, or cast iron, whilst
the said pig iron or cast iron is in a melted state. When pig iron or cast
iron has been decarbonized wholly or partially by passing or forcing air
through it whilst the said pig iron or cast iron is in a melted state, a species of
malleable iron or of semi-steel, or of cast steel is produced, according as the
melted pig iron or cast iron is more or less completely decarbonized by the
greater or lesser amount of air passed or forced through the said melted pig
iron or cast iron during the process of decarbonization. This malleable iron,
or semi-steel, or cast steel, though suitable for some particular purposes, is
generally characterised by a deficiency in what is technically termed "body,"
and "nature," and does not possess the strength and durability of the best
malleable iron,semi-steel, or cast steel manufactured bythe ordinary processes.
To improve the quality of the malleable iron, or of the semi-steel, or of the
cast steel manufactured in the manner herein-before described, and to give it

page_text: sufficient "body" and "nature," is the object of the first part of my Invention.
For this purpose I prepare in any convenient manner a metallic alloy consisting
of titanium and iron containing also carbon.
To malleable iron, semi-steel, or cast steel prepared by decarbonizing pig
iron or cast iron by passing or forcing air through it whilst the said pig iron or
cast iron contained in a suitable decarbonising furnace or vessel is in a melted
state, I add whilst the said malleable iron, semi-steel, or cast steel is in a
melted liquid state, a quantity of the metallic alloy of titanium and iron con-
taining carbon, the said alloy being also in a melted liquid state. I stir the
mixture with an iron or steel rod, or I agitate the said mixture in any convenient
manner to facilitate the combination of the melted metallic alloy of titanium
and iron, with the melted malleable iron, or the melted semi-steel, or the melted
cast steel, and I then immediately proceed to pourthe malleable iron, or the semi-
steel, or the cast steel into an ingot mould or into other suitable moulds before
the said malleable iron, or semi-steel, or cast steel has cooled down, and has in
consequence begun to consolidate.
Themetallic alloyof titaniumandiron containing carbon may be conveniently
prepared by smelting compound ores of titanium and iron with coke or-char
coal fuel in a blast furnace or cupola for smelting iron ores. I prefer,
however, to employ charcoal fuel for this purpose when such charccal fuel
can be conveniently procured. The compound ores of titanium and iron
from which I prepare the alloy of titanium and iron are those termed by
mineralogists iserine and ilmenite, and are also called titaniferous iron ores
or iron ores rich in titanium, and also all such ores as cousist essentially of
titanic acid or oxide of titanium and oxide of iron. The iserine or titaniferous
iron sand found at Taranaki, near the port of New Plymouth, in the island of
New Zealand, and theilmenites or iron ores rich in titanium abundantlyfound in
Norway and Sweden, are compound ores of titanium and iron especially
suited for my purpose, and I am careful to select such iserine, ilmenite, or
other compound ores of titanium and iron as are free or nearly free from
sulphur, phosphorus, silica, and other impurities. Other compound ores of
titanium and iron may be employed, but I find that the varieties termed
iserine and ilmenite by mineralogists are the purest and most abundant com-
pound ores of titanium and iron at present discovered, and they afford, when
smelted in a blast furnace or cupola for smelting iron ores with coke or
charcoal fuel,excellent alloys of titanium and iron, containing also carbon, and
which said alloys I call "titanic pig metal," to distinguish the said alloys from
the ordinary pig iron of commerce, which is not smelted from compound ores
of titanium and iron,

page_text: The furnace or vessel in which I decarbonise the pig iron, or cast iron by
passing air through the said pig iron or cast iron whilst it is in a melted liquid
state is such asis ordinarily used in carrying into effect the pneumatic process
of decarbonizing pig iron or cast iron, and which furnace or vessel is so con-
structed and arranged that the blasts or currents of air passed through the
melted pig iron or cast iron, in order to decarbonise the said pig iron or cast
iron, can be conveniently stopped or turned off, when the process of decar-
bonising the pig iron or cast iron has been carried on to the desired extent.
When the cast iron contained in the said decarbonizing furnace or vessel has
been decarbonised so as to be in the state of malleable iron, or of semi-steel,
or of cast steel, as the case may be, the blast is to be stopped or turned off,
and I then pour the requisite quantity of the melted metallic alloy of
titanium and iron into the said decarbonizing furnace or vessel, so as to mix the
said melted metallic alloy of titanium and iron with the melted malleable iron,
the melted semi-steel, or the melted cast steel contained in the said decar-
bonizing furnace or vessel. The mixture thus made by combining the melted
metallic alloy of titanium and iron containing also carbon with the melted
malleable iron or the melted semi-steel, or the melted cast steel contained
in the said decarbonizing furnace or vessel is then poured out in the ordinary
manner into ingot moulds or into other suitable moulds. Or the malleable
iron or the semi-steel, or the cast steel obtained by decarbonizing melted pig
iron, or cast iron may, whilst still in the melted state, be poured or run from
the decarbonising vessel or furnace into another strongly heated furnace or into
a heated ladle, and may then be mixed with the melted liquid metallic alloy of
titanium and iron, or the mixture of the said melted metallic alloy of titanium
and iron containing also carbon, with the said melted malleable iron, or the
said melted semi-steel, or the said melted cast steel may be effected in any
other convenient and economical manner. I melt the titanic pig metal
or metallic alloy of titanium and iron in an air furnace, or in a cupola or
other furnace, or in melting pots or crucibles, and I am careful to preserve
the said alloy as much as possible from contact with impure sulphury
fuel whilst it is being melted. Or the metallic alloy of titanium and
iron containing also carbon may be taken in the melted state direct from the
blast furnace or cupola for smelting iron ores, wherein the said alloy has been
smelted, and be run or poured into the melted malleable iron, or semi-steel, or
cast steel, whichever the product may be, which has been obtained by decar-
bonizing pig iron or cast iron by passing or forcing air through the said pig
iron or cast iron, whilst the said pig iron or castiron is in the melted liquid state.
As a metallic alloy of titaniumand iron parts with a portion of its titanium

page_text: every time it is melted by the oxidation of a portion of the titanium contained
in the said alloy, and its separation in mixture with the slag or scoria, I am
careful not to remelt the said metallic alloy of titanium and iron repeatedly,and
for this reason it is best to employ the said alloy or titanic pig metal, obtained
in the melted state, direct from the blast furnace or cupola for smelting iron
ores wherein the said alloy has been smelted and reduced, whenever it may be
practicable thus to procure and employ the said titanic pig metal or compound
metallic alloy of titanium and iron containing also carbon.
The proportion of the melted metallic alloy of titanium and iron or melted
titanic pig metal which I add to the melted malleable iron, or melted semi-
steel, or melted cast steel, whichever product may have been obtained by
decarbonizing pig iron or cast iron by passing or forcing air through the said pig
iron or cast iron whilst the said pig iron or cast iron is in the melted liquid
state, may be varied at pleasure; but I have found that from three pounds
weight to ten pounds weight of the melted metallic alloy of titanium and iron
or titanic pig metal containing carbon, added to every hundred pounds weight
of the melted malleable iron, or of the melted semi-steel, or of the melted-cast
steel, affords very good results.
Though I have herein described the addition of a metallic alloy of titanium
and iron containing also carbon, which I designate titanic pig metal, heated so
as to be in a melted or liquid state, to melted malleable iron or to melted semi-
steel, or to melted cast steel which has been obtained by passing or forcing air
through melted pig iron, or cast iron, and thereby decarbonizing the said pig
iron or cast iron, nevertheless the said metallic alloy of titanium and iron
containing also carbon may be employed in the solid form or state, that is to
say, it may be heated, but to a degree insufficient to melt it, and in the said
solid and heated state may be added to the said melted malleable irou, or the
said melted semi-steel, or the said melted cast steel. This addition may be
made by heating masses, lumps, or particles of the said titanic pig metal or
metallic alloy of titanium and iron, more or less short of their melting point,
and then introducing the said heated masses, lumps, or particles of the said
alloy into the melted malleable iron, or into the melted semi-steel, or into the
melted cast steel wherein the masses, lumps, or particles of the said alloy will
be partially or wholly dissolved and alloyed with the said melted malleable iron,
or melted semi-steel, or melted cast steel, but I prefer to employ the said
titanic pig metal or metallic alloy of titanium and iron containing also carbon
in the melted liquid state, as more convenient and efficacious in effecting the
alloy or combination of the said metallic alloy of titanium and iron with the
melted malleable iron, or the melted semi-steel, or the melted cast steel

page_text: operated upon,for the addition of the solid heated alloy to the meltedmalleable
iron, semi-steel, or cast steel is apt to chill the molten mixture, and pre-
maturely hasten its solidification before the said molten mixture can be
poured into the moulds prepared to receive it. I prefer to operate upon
melted malleable iron, melted semi-steel, or melted cast steel which has been
prepared or obtained by passing or forcing air through melted pig iron or cast
iron of good quality, and which iron is as free as possible from sulphur and
phosphorus.
Having thus described the nature of the first part of my Invention, and the
methods by which I carry the said first part of my Invention into effect, I
hereby declare that the essence of the said first part of my Invention consists
in adding a melted or solid, but by preference a melted, metallic alloy of
titanium and iron containing carbon or titanic pig metal to melted malleable
iron, to melted semi-steel, or to melted cast steel, prepared or obtained by
decarbonising pig iron or cast iron by passing air through the said pig iron or
cast iron whilst the said pig iron or cast iron is still, at the close of the
decarbonizing process, in a melted liquid state; the said addition being made
in any manner that will effect the complete mixture and combination of the
said metallic alloy of titanium and iron containing also carbon, and the said
melted malleable iron, or the said melted semi-steel, or the said melted cast
steel,in order by the union of thesaidsubstancesto obtain orproduceimproved
qualities of malleable iron, or of semi-steel, or of cast steel.
My Invention consists, secondly, of the following method or methods of
improving the quality of cast steel:-When blister steel, bar steel, scrap
steel, puddled steel, or cast steel of any description cut or broken up for the
purpose of remelting, or any mixtures of the said varieties of steel with each
other, or with malleable iron, or with carbonaceous matter, or with both
malleable iron and carbonaceous matter in such proportions as to produce
when melted cast steel, are melted in a melting pot or crucible placed in a
suitable melting furnace, and heated therein, in each instance I add to the
steel or mixture of steel and malleable iron, with or without carbonaceous
matter; when the said steel or mixture of steel and malleable iron, with or
without carbonaceous matter is melted or nearly melted, a quantity of melted
titanic pig metal or metallic alloy of titanium and iron containing also carbon,
and when the steel is completely inelted, I withdraw the melting pot from the
furnace, and pour the cast steel into an ingot mould, or into other suitable
moulds; or when malleable iron, however manufactured, and carbonaceous
matter,such as charcoal or lamp black, are melted together in such proportions
as to produce cast steel, or when malleable iron and pig iron, cast iron, or

page_text: refined iron are melted together in such proportions as to produce cast steel,
or when deoxidised iron ores or oxides of iron and carbonaceous matter, or,
deoxidised iron ores, or oxides of iron mixed with pig iron,cast iron, or refined
iron are melted together in such proportions as to produce cast steel, or when
granulated pig iron, cast iron, or refined iron and iron ore,or oxide of iron, are
mixed and melted together in such proportions asto produce cast steel, or when
granulated pig iron, cast iron, or refined iron and deoxidised iron, ores with
or without admixture of scrap iron, scrap steel, or carbonaceous matter, are
mixed and melted together in such proportions as to produce cast steel, then
in every such case I add to the particular variety of cast steel operated upon,
when the said steel is melted or nearly melted, a quantity of melted titanic
pig metal, or metallic compound of titanium and irou containing also carbon,
and when the steel is completely melted I withdraw the melting pot from
the furnace, and pour the cast steel into an ingot mould or other suitable
mould.
The quantity of the melted titanic pig metal or metallic alloy of titanium
and iron contaiuing-carbon-which-I-add to forty pounds of any one of the
varieties of cast steel I have enumerated, after the said cast steel is melted or
nearly melted, may be varied at pleasure; but I have found, in practice, that
from eight ounces to four pounds of the said melted titanic pig metal or
metallic alloy of titanium and iron containing carbon, added to every forty
pounds of melted or nearly melted cast steel, answers very well. But I
do not confine myself to these proportions, which may be varied without
departing from the nature of my Invention.
I prefer to add the melted titanic pig metal or metallic alloy of titanium
and iron containing carbon to the cast steel contained in the melting pot or
crucible, either shortly before the said steel is completely melted, or after the
said cast steel has become completely melted. In the former case, when the
last fire required to melt the cast steel has so far burned away that the work-
man or steel melter can remove the lid or cover of the melting pot containing
the steel, I remove the said lid or cover, and I pour the requisite quantity of
the melted titanic pig metal, or alloy of titanium and iron containing carbon,
into the melting pot containing the steel to be operated upon. I then replace
the lid of the melting pot, and when the fire has burned sufficiently away and
the steel is completely melted, I withdraw the melting pot from the furnace,
and pour the cast steel into an ingot mould or any other suitable mould. In
the second case, that is to say, when the cast steel is completely melted, before
the melted titanic pig metal or metallic alloy of titanium and iron containing
carbou is added thereto, the lid of the melting pot containing the melted cast

page_text: steel is removed, and I either then pour the requisite quantity of the melted
titanic pig metal or metallic alloy of titanium and iron containing carbon into
the melted steel contained in the melting pot, whilst the said melting pot
remains in the melting furnace, or I first withdraw the melting pot from the
furnace, and having set the said pot upon the floor of the melting shop or cast
house, I remove the lid of the said pot, aud pour the requisite quantity of the
melted titanic pig metal or metallic alloy of titanium and iron containing carbon
into the melted cast steel contained in the said melting pot or crucible, and I
then pour the cast steel contained in the melting pot or crucible into an ingot
mould or into other suitable moulds in the ordinary manner.
The metallic alloy of titanium and iron containing carbon may be melted in
an air furnace, or in a cupola or other furnace, or in melting pots or crucibles,
and when melted I pour it from a heated ladle or crucible in to the melted, or
nearly melted cast steel on which I intend to operate. Or the requisite
quantity of the said metallic alloy of titanium and iron containing carbon
intended to be added to the melted or nearly melted cast steel contained in
each melting pot or crucible, may be melted separately in a small crucible,
and be then poured from the said sinall crucible into the melting pot containing
the melted or nearly melted cast steel upon which it is intended to operate.
I prefer to prepare the metallic alloy of titanium and iron containing carbon
for my process in the manner which I have herein-before detailed when
describing the first part of my Invention, but such metallic alloy of titanium
and iron containing also carbon may be prepared in any other convenient and
economical manner, as, for example, by melting deoxidised iserine, ilmenite,
or other titaniferous iron ores, or compound ores of titanium and iron mixed
with carbonaceous matter, such as charcoal or lamp black, or pitch,or resin,in
melting pots or crucibles placed in melting furnaces, and heated therein, or
the said metallic alloy of titanium and iron containing also carbon may be
prepared in any other convenient and economical manner.
Having thus described the nature of the second part of my Invention, I
hereby declare that the essence of the said part of my Invention
consists in adding to melted or nearly melted cast steel contained in a melting
pot or crucible heated in a suitable melting furnace, a melted alloy or metallic
compound of titanium andiron containing also carbou, so that the said melted
or nearly melted cast steel and the said melted alloy or metallic compound of
titanium and iron containing carbon may be mixed and combined together in
the melting pot or crucible, in order, by the union of the said steel and the
said alloy of titanium and iron, to obtain improved qualities of cast steel.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Robert Mushet in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
11th June 1861.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, ROBERT
MUSHET, of Coleford, in the County of Gloucester, Metallurgist, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Thirteenth day of December, in the year of our
Lord Oue thousand eight hundred and sixty, in the twenty-fourth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said Robert Mushet, Her special licence that I, the said Robert Mushet,
myexecutors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Robert
Mushet, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the
terin therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel.
Islands, and Isle of Mau, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFAC
TURE OF IRON AND STEEL," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said
Robert Mushet, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing
under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe
and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the
said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Robert Mushet do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed,
to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement
thereof, that is to say:-
My Invention consists, firstly, of the following method or methods of
improving the quality of such malleable iron, semi-steel, or cast steel as are
manufactured by passing or forcing air through pig iron or cast iron whilst the
said pig iron or cast iron is in a melted state.
When pig iron or cast iron has been decarbonized wholly or partially by
passing or forcing air through it whilst the said pigiron or cast iron is in a
melted state, a species of malleable iron, or of semi-steel, or of cast-steel is
produced according as the melted pig iron or cast iron is more or less com-
pletely decarbonized by the greater or lesser amount of air passed or forced
through the said melted pig iron or cast iron during the process of decarboni-
zation. This malleable iron, or semi-steel, or cast steel, though suitable for

page_text: some particular purposes, is generally characterised by a deficiency in what
is technically termed "body" and "nature," and does not possess the strength
and durability of the best malleable iron, semi-steel, or cast steel manufactured
by the ordinary processes. To improve the quality of the malleable iron, or of
the semi-steel, or of the cast steel manufactured in the manner herein-before
described, and to give it sufficient "body" and "nature," is the object of the
first part of my Invention. For this purpose I prepare in any convenient
manner a metallic alloy consisting of titanium and iron containing also
carbon.
To malleable iron, semi-steel, or cast steel prepared by decarbonizing pig
iron or cast iron by passing or forcing air through it. whilst the said pig iron
or cast iron contained in a suitable decarbonizing furnace or vessel is in a
melted state, I add, whilst the said malleable iron, semi-steel, or cast steel is in
a melted or liquid state, a quantity of the metallic alloy of titanium and iron
containing carbon, the said alloy being also in a melted or liquid state. I stir
the mixture with an iron or steel rod, or I agitate the said mixture in any
convenient manner to facilitate the combination of the melted metallic alloy of
titanium and iron with the melted malleable iron, or the melted semi-steel, or
the the melted cast steel, and I then immediately proceed to pour the malleable
iron, or the semi-steel, or the cast steel into an ingot mould or into other
suitable moulds, before the said malleable iron, or semi-steel, or cast'steel has
cooled down, and has in consequence begun to solidify.
The metallic alloy of titanium and iron containing carbon may be conve-
niently prepared by smelting compound ores of titanium and iron with coke or
charcoal fuel in a blast furnace or cupula for smelting iron ores.
I prefer,
however, to employ charcoal fuel for this purpose when such charcoal fuel can
be conveniently procured. The compound ores of titanium and iron from which
I prepare the alloy of titanium aud iron are those termed by mineralogists
iserine and ilmenite, and are also called titaniferous iron ores, or iron ores
rich in titanium, and also all such ores as consist essentially of titanic
acid or oxide of titanium and oxide of iron. The iserine or titaniferous iron
sand found at Taranaki, near the port of New Plymouth, in the island of New
Zealand, and the ilmenites or iron ores rich in titanium abundantly found in
Norway and Sweden, are compound ores of titanium and iron especially suited
for my purpose, and I am careful to select such iserine, ilmenite, or other
compound ores of titanium and iron as are free or nearly free from sulphur,
phosphorous,silica, and other impurities. Other compound ores of titanium and
iron may be employed, but I find that the varieties termed iserine and ilmenite
by mineralogists are the purest and most abundant compound ores of titanium

page_text: and iron at present discovered, and they afford, when smelted in a blast furnace
or cupola for smelting iron ores with coke or charcoal fuel, excellent alloys of
titanium and iron, containing also carbon, and which said alloys I call
"titanic pig metal," to distinguish the said alloys from the ordinary pig
iron of commerce, which is not smelted from compound ores of titanium and
iron.
The furnace or vessel in which I decarbonize the pig iron or cast iron by
passing air through the said pig iron or cast iron whilst it is in a melted liquid
state in such as is ordinarily used in carrying into effect the pneumatic process
of decarbonizing pig iron or cast iron, and which furnace or vessel is so con-
structed and arranged that the blasts or currents of air passed through the
melted pig iron or cast iron, in order to decarbonize the said pig iron or cast
iron, can be conveniently stopped or turned off when the process of decarboni-
zing the pig iron orcast iron has been carried on to the desired extent. When
the cast iron contained in the said decarbonizing furnace or vessel has been
decarbonized so as to be in a state of malleable iron, or of semi-steel, or of cast
steel, as the case may be, the blast is to be stopped or turned off, and I then
pour the requisite quantity of the melted metallic alloy of titanium and iron
containing also carbon into the said decarbonizing furnace or vessel, so as to
mix the said melted metallic alloy of titanium and iron with the melted malle-
able iron, the melted semi-steel, or the melted cast steel contained in the said
decarbonizing furnace or vessel. The mixture thus made by combining the
melted metallic alloy of titanium and iron containing also carbon with the
melted malleable iron, or the melted semi-steel, or the melted cast steel con-
tained in the decarbonizing furnace or vessel,is then poured out in the ordinary
manner into ingot moulds, or into other moulds. Or, the malleable iron, or
the semi-steel, or the cast steel obtained by decarbonizing melted pig iron or
cast iron may, whilst still in the melted state, be poured or run from the
decarbonizing vessel or furnace into another strongly heated furnace, or into a
heated ladle, and may then be mixed with the melted liquid metallic alloy of
titanium and iron containing also carbon, or the mixture of the said melted
metallic alloy of titanium and iron containing also carbon, with the said
melted malleable iron, or the said melted semi-steel or the said melted cast
steel, may be effected in any other convenient and economical manner. I melt
the titanic pig metal or metallic alloy of titanium and iron in an air furnace or
in a cupola or other furnace, or in melting pots or crucibles, and I am careful
to preserve the said alloy as much as possible from contact with impure
sulphury fuel whilst it is being melted; or the metallic alloy of titanium and
iron containing also carbon may be taken in the melted state direct from the

page_text: blast furnace or cupola for smelting iron ores wherein the said alloy has been
smelted, and be run or poured into the melted malleable iron, or semi-steel, or
cast steel, whichever the product may be, which has been obtained by decar-
bonizing pig iron or cast iron, by passing or forcing air through the said pig
iron or cast iron whilst the said pig iron or cast iron is in the melted liquid
state.
As a metallic alloy of titanium and iron parts with a portion of its titanium
every time it is melted by the oxidation of a portion of the titanium contained
in the said alloy, and its separation in mixture with the slag or scoria, I am
careful not to remelt the said metallic alloy of titanium and iron repeatedly,
and for this reason it is best to employ the said alloy or titanic pig metal
obtained in the melted state direct from the blast furnace or cupola for smelt-
ing iron ores wherein the said alloy has been smelted and reduced, whenever
it may be practicable thus to procure and employ the said titanic pig metal or
compound metallic alloy of titanium and iron containing also carbon.
The proportion of the melted metallic alloy of titanium and iron or melted
titanic pig metal which I add to the melted malleable iron, or melted semi-
steel, or melted cast steel, whichever product may have been obtained by
decarbonizing pig iron or cast iron by passing or forcing air through the said
pig iron or cast iron whilst the said pig iron or cast iron is in the melted or
liquid state, may be varied at pleasure; but I find that from three pounds
weight to ten pounds weight of the melted metallic alloy of titanium and iron,
or titanic pig metal containing carbon,added to every hundred pounds weight
of the melted malleable iron, or of the melted semi-steel, or of the melted cast
steel, affords very good results.
Though I have herein described the addition of a metallic alloy of titanium
and iron containing also carbon, which I designate titanic pig metal, heated
so as to be in a melted or liquid state, to melted malleable iron, or to melted
semi-steel, or to melted cast steel which has been obtained by passing or
forcing air through melted pig iron or cast iron, and thereby decarbonizing the
said pig iron or cast iron; nevertheless, the said metallic alloy of titaniumand
iron containing also carbon may be employed in the solid form or state, that
is to say, it may be heated, but to a degree insufficient to melt it, and in the
said solid and heated state may be added to the said melted malleable iron, or
the said melted semi-steel, or the said melted cast steel. This addition may
be made by heating masses, lumps, or particles of the said titanic pig metal or
metallic alloy of titanium and iron to a temperature more or less short of their
melting point,and then introducing the said heated masses,lumps, or particles
of the said alloy into the melted malleable iron, or into the melted semi-steel,

page_text: or into the melted cast steel wherein the masses, lumps, or particles of the
said alloy will be partially or wholly dissolved and alloyed with the said melted
malleable iron, or melted semi-steel, or melted cast steel, but I prefer to
employ the said titanic pig metal or metallic alloy of titanium and iron con-
taining also carbon in the melted liquid state, as more convenient and effica-
ceous in effecting the alloy or combination of the said metallic alloy of
titanium and iron with the melted malleable iron, or the melted semi-steel, or
the melted cast steel operated upon, for the addition of the solid heated alloy
to the melted malleable iron, semi-steel, or cast steel, is apt to chill the molten
mixture, and prematurely hastenitssolidification before the said molten mixture
can be poured into the moulds prepared to receive it.
I prefer to operate upon melted malleable iron, melted semi-steel, or melted
cast steel, which has been prepared or obtained by passing or forcing air
through melted pig iron or cast iron of good quality, and which iron is as free
as possible from sulphur and phosphorous.
Having thus described the nature of the first part of my Invention,and the
methods by which I carry the said first part of my Invention into effect, I
hereby declare that the essence of the said first part of my Invention-consists
in adding a melted or solid, but by preference a melted, metallic alloy of tita-
nium and iron containing carbon, or titanic pig metal, to melted malleable
iron, to melted semi-steel, or to melted cast steel, prepared or obtained by
decarbonizing pig iron or cast iron by passing air through the said pig iron or
cast iron while the said malleable iron, semi-steel, or cast steel is still at the
close of the decarbonizing process in a melted or liquid state, the said addition
being made in any manner that will effect the complete mixture and combina-
tion of the said metallic alloy of titanium and iron containing carbon, and the
said melted malleable iron, or the said melted semi-steel, or the said melted
cast steel, in order, by the union of the said substances, to obtain or produce
improved qualities of malleable iron, or of semi-steel, or of cast steel.
My Invention consists, secondly, of the following method or methods of
improving the quality of cast steel. When blister steel, bar steel, scrap steel,
puddled steel, or cast steel of any description, cut or broken up for the purpose
of remelting, or any mixtures of the said varieties of steel with each other, or
with malleable iron,or with carbonaceous matter, or with both malleable iron
and carbonaceous matter, in such proportions as to produce, when melted.cast
steel, are melted in a melting pot or crucible placed in a suitable melting
furnace and heated therein, in each instance I add to the steel or mixtures
of steel with each other, or with malleable iron, or with carbonaceous matter,
or with both malleable iron and carbonaceous matter; when the said steel, or

page_text: mixtures of steel and malleable iron, with or without carbonaceous matter, is
melted or nearly melted, a quantity of melted titanic pig metal or metallic
alloy of titanium and iron containing also carbon; and when the steel is com
pletely melted I withdraw the melting pot from the furnace, and pour the cast
steel into an ingot mould or into other suitable moulds. Or when malleable
iron, however manufactured, and carbonaceous matter, such as charcoal or
lampblack, are melted together in such proportions as to produce cast steel; or
when malleable iron and pig iron, cast iron, or refined iron, are melted toge
ther in such proportions as to produce cast steel; or when deoxidized iron ores;
or oxides of iron and carbonaceous matter, or deoxidized iron ores, or oxides
of iron mixed with pig iron, cast iron, or refined iron, are melted together in
such propertions as to produce cast steel; or when granulated pig iron, cast
iron, or refined iron and iron ore, or oxide of iron, are mixed and melted
together in such proportions as to produce cast steel; or when granulated pig
iron, cast iron, or refined iron and deoxidized iron ores, with or without admix-
ture of scrap irou, scrap steel, or carbonaceous matter, are mixed and melted
together in such proportions as to produce cast steel; then in every such case
I add to the particular variety of cast steel operated upon, when the said steel
is melted or nearly melted, a quantity of melted titanic pig metal, or metallic
compound of titanium and iron containing also carbon; and when the steel-is
completely melted I withdraw the melting pot from the furnace, and pour
the
cast steel into an ingot mould or other mould.
The quantity of the melted titanic pig metal or metallic alloy of titanium and
iron containing carbon, which I add to forty pounds of any one of the varieties
of cast steel I have enumerated, after the said cast steel. is melted or nearly
melted, may be varied at pleasure; but I have found in practice that from
eight ounces to four pounds of the said melted titanic pig metal or metallic
alloy of titanium and iron containing carbon, added to every forty pounds of
melted or nearly melted cast steel, answers very well; but 1 do not confine
myself to these proportions, which may be varied without departing from the
nature of my Invention. I prefer to add the melted titanic pig metal;, or
metallic alloy of titanium and iron containing carbon, to the cast steel con-
tained in the melting pot or crucible either shortly before the said steel is
completely melted or after the said cast steel has become completely melted.
In the former case, when the last fire required to melt the cast steel has so far
burned away that the workman or steel melter can remove the lid or cover of
the melting pot containing the steel, I remove the said lid or cover, and I pour
the requisite quantity of the melted titanic pig metal, or alloy of titanium and
iron containing carbon,into the melting pot containing the steel to beoperated

page_text: upon; I then replace the lid of the melting pot, and when the fire has burned
esufficiently away, and the steel is completely melted, I withdraw the melting
-pot.from the furnace, and pour the cast steel into an ingot mould or any other
suitable mould. In the second case, that is to say, when the cast steel is
completely melted. before the melted titanic pig metal, or metallic alloy of
titanium and iron containing carbon, is added thereto, the lid of the melting
pot containing the melted cast steel is removed, and I either then pour the
-requisite quantity of the melted titanic pig metal, or metallic alloy of titanium
and iron containing carbon, into the melted steel contained in the melting pot
awhilst the said melting pot remains in the melting furnace, or I first withdraw
the melting pot from the furnace, and having set the said pot upon the floor of
the melting shop or cast house, I remove the lid of the said pot, and pour the
frequisite quantity of the melted titanic pig metal or metallic alloy of titanium
gand iron containing carbon, into the melted cast steel contained in the said
-melting pot or crucible; and I then pour the cast steel contained in the
fmelting pot or crucible into an ingot mould, or into other suitable moulds in
othe ordinary manner.
Is The metallic alloy of titanium and iron containing carbon may be melted in
aan.air furnace, or in a cupola or other furnace, or in melting pots or crucibles,
sand when melted I pour it from a heated ladle or crucible into the melted or
enearly melted cast steel on which I intend to operate. Or the requisite
quantity of the said metallic alloy of titanium and iron containing carbon
Eintended to be added to the melted or nearly melted cast steel contained in
aeach melting pot or crucible, may be melted separately in a small crucible,
vand be then poured from the said small crucible into the melting pot con-
ataining the melted or nearly melted cast steel upon which it is intended to
operate.
Go I prefer to prepare the metallic alloy of titanium and iron containing carbon
efor my process in the manner which I have herein-before detailed when
sdescribing the first part or portion of my Invention; but such metallic alloy of
xtitanium and iron containing also carbon may be prepared in any other con-
-venient and economical manner, as, for example, by melting deoxidized iserine,
ailmenite, or other titaniferous iron ores or compound ores of titanium andiron
Jmixed with carbonaceous matter, such as charcoal or lampblack, or pitch, or
resin,.in melting pots or crucibles placed in melting furnaces and heated
therein, or the said metallic alloy of titanium and iron containing also carbon
may be prepared in any other convenient and economical manner.
Having thus described the nature of the second part of my Iuvention, I
Edeclare that the essence of the second part of my Invention consists in adding

page_text: to melted or nearly melted cast steel contained in a melting pot or crucible
heated in a suitable melting furnace, a melted alloy or metallic compound of
titanium and iron containing also carbon, so that the said melted or nearly
melted cast steel, and the said melted alloy or metallic compound of titanium
and irou containing also carbon, may be mixed and combined together in the
melting pot or crucible, in order, by the union of the said steel and the said
alloy of titanium and iron, to obtain improved qualities of cast steel.
In witness whereof, I, the said Robert Mushet, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Seventh day of June, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and sixty-one.
Witnesses,
Edw. M. MUSHET,
Coleford, Gloucestershire.
BROOKLYN MUSHET,
Coleford, Gloucestershire,
ROBT. MUSHET. (L.S.)