IMPROVEMENTS IN HEATING, COOLING AND VENTILATING
Year: 1885

page_text: I, JAMES GRIEVE LORRAIN of 37 Brooke Street, Holborn, in the City of
London Consulting Engineer do hereby declare the nature of my invention for
IMPROVEMENTS IN HEATING, COOLING AND VENTILATING to be as follows:-
:-
My invention relates to improvements in apparatus or appliances for Heating,
Cooling and Ventilating whereby adjustment, regulation and automaticity of action
are attained; and it consists in means of regulating such Heating, Cooling and
Ventilating by regulating or a ljusting the consumption of fuel, whether gaseous,
liquid or solid, or of cooling material, used for such Heating, Cooling and
ventilating respectively, or by regulating or adjusting the size of the openings
valves or passages through which the heated or cooled fluids (such as air, steam,
vapour, water &c.) enter into or pass from the space or spaces to be heated, cooled
or ventilated, or by regulating or adjusting the pressure or tension of the heated or
cooled fluids, or by regulating or adjusting the velocity or rate at which such
heated or cooled fluids pass into or from the space or spaces to be heated, cooled or
ventilated, or otherwise as hereinafter mentioned.
To regulate or adjust the consumption of fuel or of cooling material, the size of
the openings, valves or passages through which the heated or cooled fluids enter
into or pass from the space or spaces to be heated, cooled or ventilated, the pressure
or tension of the heated or cooled fluids, & the velocity or rate at which they pass
into or from such space or spaces, I may employ electro-motors which may be of
any of the types specified in my patents Nos. 2920 and 15464 of the year 1884, or
otherwise.
These electro-motors may be automatically called into action by thermal contacts,
as specified in my patent No. 2920 of the year 1884, or by osmotic contacts as
specified in my patent No. 15464 of the year 1884, or by gravity contacts as
hereinafter described.
These electro-motors may regulate the consumption of fuel or of cooling material
by regulating their supply as by operating taps, valves, cocks passages, conveyors,
carriers, injectors, pumps or other suitable or equivalent apparatus.
Or the electromotors may regulate the consumption of fuel by regulating the
draught or admission of air or oxygen or other supporter of combustion to the fuel.
Or the electromotors may regulate the consumption of fuel or of cooling material
by agitating it, or its support or supports,

page_text: the electromotors may regulate the heat produced by the combustion of fuel
or the gold produced by the cooling material by adding to or mixing therewith
other or additional substances, chemicals or reagents.
Or the electromotors may regulate the Heating, Cooling or Ventilating by
regulating the passage of the beated or cooled fluids to or from the space or spaces
to be heated, cooled or ventilated, thus varying the volume of such heated or
cooled fluids supplied to or withdrawn from such space or spaces, and this whether
such fluids are heated by the combustion of fuel, or by chemically produced
heat, or by electrically produced heat, that is by heat developed by the passage
of electricity through a conductor or semiconductor, or cooled by chemically
physically or mechanically produced cold.
Or the electromotors may regulate the heating, cooling and ventilating by
regulating the pressure or tension under which the heated or cooled fluids enter
into or pass from the space or spaces to be heated cooled or ventilated.
Or the electromotors may regulate the heating, cooling or ventilating by
regulating the velocity or rate at which such heated or cooled fluids pass into or
out of the space or spaces to be heated, cooled or ventilated.
A convenient form of gravity contact may consist of a bladder or other vessel
containing gas or air, which will rise or fall in accordance with the ratio of its
specific gravity to that of the surrounding air, making & breaking contact, as do
the thermal and osmotic contacts described in the beforementioned patents, with
such rise or fall. Change of temperature, or of purity or of composition of the
surrounding air will alter its specific gravity and cause the gravity contact to act.
The circuit may be closed or opened by the action of a barometric contact (which
is a form of gravity contact & depends for its action on the specific gravity of the
surrounding air) whether of the mercury, aneroid, or other suitable or equivalent
form, as will be readily understood.
As another form of gravity contact, an oscilating balance or lever thermometer
may be mentioned. This is a form now well known and its mode of action need
not be entered upon here.
The bladder or vessel of the gravity contact may be attached to a lever, balance
beam or other suitable or equivalent device (a tension spring or weight or other
suitable or equivalent device may be employed to react against its movement for
the purpose of regulation or adjustment) or to a spring as in a spring balance &c.,
or to a piston or other equivalent device in a straight, bent or other shaped tube or
similar or equivalent vessel containing a suitable fluid, or the said bladder or vessel
may form part of a straight, bent or other shaped tube or similar or equivalent
vessel containing a conducting fluid or a conducting piston, float or plunger or
equivalent device so that alteration of the relative specific gravities of the contents
of the bladder or vessel and of the surrounding air may cause the lever, balance
beam or other equivalent device to be moved through an angle or the spring to be
stretched, compressed, bent or deflected, or the piston or other equivalent device
with the suitable fluid to be moved in the tube or similar vessel, or the conducting
fluid or conducting piston, float or plunger or equivalent device to be moved, so
that electrical contact may be made or broken.
In the gravity contact, as in the thermal and osmotic contacts, the point or
period at which the apparatus shall act may be determined by the distance through
which movement must take place before contact is made. This distance may be
regulated by adjustable screws or other equivalent devices.
The gravity contacts may, like the thermal and osmotic contacts described in the
patents herein before referred to, be of multiple construction, so that the greater
the amount of movement, the more electricity-supplying elements, or couples, are
cut in.
It is obvious that the thermal contacts may be constructed to close the circuit
when the temperature falls to a certain limit as well as when it rises to a certain
limit, and that it may be of duplex construction so as to act when either high or
low temperatures are attained, thus producing either heating or cooling as required.

page_text: Similarly the osmotic and gravity contacts may act in either direction and be of
duplex construction as will be readily understood.
The electromotors may be in electrical connection by primary, secondary or other
circuits with Generators, Dynamos, Converters, Condensers, Thermal or Chemical
Batteries, either primary or secondary, or other sources, reservoirs or transformers
of electrical energy.
The rate or amount of Heating, Cooling and Ventilating may be varied by
varying the rate or amount of action of the electromotors by any of the methods
specified in my patents Nos. 2920 & 15464 of the year 1884 or otherwise.
I may employ automatic cutouts or fuses to break the circuit when required.
I may apply gravity contacts substantially as herein before described to the
purposes to which I apply thermal and osmotic contacts as specified in my patents
Nos. 2920 and 15404 of the year 1884.
I may employ the electromotors herein before mentioned to produce cooling or
ventilation by actuating refrigerating or cold air machines.
The effects herein mentioned may be brought about either directly or indirectly
by the actions specified.
The action of the heating fuel or of the cooling material on the fluid or other
matter to be heated or cooled may be moderated or varied by inserting between
the said fuel or cooling material and the fluid or other matter to be heated or
cooled, or the support or containing vessel of such fluid or other matter, moveable
screens which may be automatically operated by the electromotors.
The electromotors may regulate the cooling, and thereby the ventilation by
regulating the rate of evaporation of a suitable material, or by bringing about the
change of physical form of a suitable material or by liberating a gas or other
material from under high pressure, such for instance as liberating liquid carbonic
anhydride which would assume the gaseous form and produce cold.
Dated this 9th day of January 1885

page_text: Improvements in Heating, Cooling, and Ventilating.
I, JAMES GRIEVE LORRAIN of 3 Vernon Chambers, Southampton Row, in the
County of Middlesex, formerly of 37 Brooke Street, Holborn, in the City of
London, Consulting Engineer do hereby declare the nature of my invention for
IMPROVEMENTS IN HEATING, COOLING AND VENTILATING and in what manner the
same is to be performed, to be. particularly described and ascertained in and by
the following statement :-
My invention relates to apparatus or appliances for Heating, Cooling or
Ventilating whereby adjustment, regulation, and automaticity of action are
obtained, and it consists in automatic means of calling into action such Heating,
Cooling and Ventilating, and regulating the same by regulating or adjusting the
consumption or expenditure of fuel whether gaseous liquid or solid or of cooling
material, whether gascous liquid or solid used for such Heating, Cooling and
Ventilating respectively or by regulating or adjusting the size of the openings
valves or passages through which the heated or cooled fluids (such for example as
air steam vapour or water) enter into or pass from the space or spaces to be
Heated Cooled or Ventilated, or by regulating or adjusting the pressure or tension
of the heated or cooled Huids or by regulating or adjusting the velocity or rate at
which such beated or cooled fluids pass into or from the space or spaces to be
heated cooled or ventilated, or otherwise as hereinafter mentioned.
To regulate or adjust the consumption of fuel or of cooling material, the size of
the openings valves or passages through which the heated or cooled fluids enter
into or pass from the space or spaces to be heated cooled or ventilated, the pressure
or tension of the heated or cooled fluids the velocity or rate at which they pass
into or from such space or spaces or otherwise to bring about the actions herein-
after mentioned I may employ electro-motors which may be of any of the types
referred to in the specifications accompanying my Letters Patent numbered 2920
and 15,464 of the year 1884 or otherwise.
These electro-motors may be automatically called into action and controlled or
regulated as hereinafter described by thermal contacts of any known type such as
those which make contact by the change of volume or of form or of position of a
metal or fluid or other body whose volume form or position is capable of being
altered by changes of temperature. Such contacts will readily suggest themselves
and I wish it to be understood that I do not limit myself to any particular forms
of thermal contact but that I may employ any known form of thermal contact
or apparatus capable of controlling an electric circuit by closing opening or
regulating it under the influence of change of temperature. In order however to
lead to a better understanding of my invention I shall hereinafter briefly refor
to a few types of thermal contact which I may use.
The electro-motors may be automatically called into action and controlled or
regulated as bereinafter described by osmotic contacts of any known types such as
those which make contact by the alteration of their weight, or size or form or
position by reason of the excess of endosmose over exosmose or vice versa. I wish

page_text: To to be understood that I do not fit myself to any particular form of osmotic
contact but that I may employ any known form of osmotic contact or apparatus
capable of controlling an electric circuit by closing, opening or regulating it
under the influence of osmose or diffusion or mutual transfer through a material.
In order however that my invention may be the better understood, I shall
hereinafter briefly refer to a few types of osmotic contact which I may employ.
The electro-motors may be automatically called into action and controlled or
regulated as hereinafter described by what I may call gravity contacts of any
known type such as those which make contact by the alteration of their specific
gravity or weight as compared with the air or gas in which they are immersed by
reason of the change of tension or pressure or relative weight of the said air or
gas in which it is immersed, or by alteration of size form or position caused by
such change of tension or pressure or gravity as aforesaid. A convenient form of
gravity contact may consist of a bladder or other vessel, containing gas or air,
which will rise or fall in accordance with the ratio of its specific gravity to that of
the surrounding air, making and breaking contact, as do the thermal and osmotic
contacts before mentioned, with such rise or fall. Change of temperature or of
purity or of composition of the surrounding air will alter its specific gravity that
is to say its tension or pressure or relative weight and cause the gravity contact to
act. The circuit may be closed or opened by a barometric contact which is another
convenient form of gravity contact depending for its action on the relative weight
tension or pressure of the surrounding air or gas. Such barometric contact may be
of the mercury, aneroid or other suitable or equivalent form such as a pressure or
vacuum gauge or the like as will be readily understood. The bladder or vessel
or other containing part of the gravity contact may be attached to a lever balance
beam or other suitable or equivalent device (a tension spring or weight or other
suitable or equivalent device may be employed to react against its movement for
the purpose of regulation or adjustment) or to a spring as in a spring balance or
the like or to a piston or other equivalent device in a straight or other shaped tube
or similar or equivalent vessel containing a suitable fluid or the said bladder or
vessel or other containing part may form part of a straight or other shaped tube
or similar or equivalent vessel containing a conducting fluid or a conducting piston
float or plunger or equivalent device so that alteration of the relative gravities
tensions or pressures of the contents of the bladder or vessel or other containing
part and of the surrounding air may cause the lever balance beam or other
equivalent device to be moved through an angle or the spring to be stretched
compressed bent or deflected or the piston or other equivalent device with the
suitable fluid to be moved in the tube or similar vessel or the conducting fluid or
the conducting piston float or plunger or equivalent device to be moved so that
electrical contact may be made or broken. I wish it to be understood that I do
not limit myself to any particular form of gravity contact but that I may employ
any known form of gravity contact capable of controlling an electric circuit by
closing opening or regulating it under the influence of the alteration of the relative
gravity tension or pressure of the gas or air surrounding it as compared with the
fluid which it contains. In order however that my invention may be the better
understood I shall hereinafter briefly refer to and diagrammatically illustrate a
few types of gravity contact which I may employ.
In the gravity contact as in the thermal and osmotic contacts, the point or
period at which the apparatus shall act may be determined by the distance through
which movement must take place before contact is made. This distance may be
regulated by adjusting screws or other equivalent devices.
The gravity contacts may like the thermal contacts and osmotic contacts herein
referred to be of multiplex construction so that the greater the amount of
movement the more electricity supplying elements or couples are cut in.
It is obvious that the thermal contacts may be constructed to close the circuit
when the temperature falls to a certain limit as well as when it rises to a certain
limit, For this purpose they may be of duplex construction so as to act when

page_text: .
either low or high temperatures are attained and so be capable of producing either
heating or cooling as required. Similarly the osmotic and gravity contacts may
act in either direction and be of duplex construction as will be readily understood.
The electro-motors may be in electrical connection by primary secondary or
other circuit with generators, dynamos, converters, condensers, thermal or chemical
batteries either primary or secondary or other sources reservoirs or transformers of
electrical energy.
The electro-motors may regulate the consumption of fuel or of cooling material
by regulating their supply as by operating taps valves cocks passages conveyors
carriers injectors pumps or other suitable or equivalent apparatus. Or they may
regulate the consumption of fuel by regulating the draught or admission of air or
oxygen or other supporter of combustion to the fuel. Or they may regulate the
consumption of fuel or of cooling material by agitating it or its support or supports.
Or the electro-motors may regulate the heat produced by the combustion of fuel
or the cold produced by cooling material or materials by adding to or mixing
therewith other or additional substances chemicals or reagents.
Or the electromotors may regulate the heating cooling or ventilating by regu-
lating the passage of the heated or cooled fluids to or from the space or spaces to
be heated cooled or ventilated thus varying the volume of such heated or cooled
fluids supplied to or withdrawn from such space or spaces and this whether such
fluids are heated by the combustion of fuel or by chemically produced heat or by
electrically produced heat that is by heat developed by the passage of electricity
through a conductor or semi-conductor or cooled by chemically physically or
mechanically produced cold. Or the electro-motors may regulate heating cooling
or ventilating actions by regulating the pressure tension velocity or rate at which
heated or cooled fluids pass to or from spaces where heating cooling or ventilating
actions take place.
The electro-motors may produce cooling or ventilating and regulate the same by
actuating refrigerating or cold air machines or by causing or regulating the rate of
evapouration of a suitable material or by bringing about change of physical form
of a suitable substance or material or by liberating a gas or other material from
under high pressure such for example as liberating liquid carbonic anhydride
which would assume the gaseous form and produce cold.
The action of the heating fuel or of the cooling material on the fluid or other
matter to be heated or cooled may be moderated varied or regulated by inserting
between the said fuel or cooling material and the fluid or other matter to be
heated or cooled or the support or containing vessel of such fluid or other matter
moveable screens which may be operated by the electro-motors and that
automatically.
The rate or amount of heating cooling and ventilating may be varied controlled
or regulated by varying controlling or regulating the electric current passing
through the electro-motor as for example by any of the following methods such as
by providing a number of contact points so joined up in circuit that the greater
the amount of movement expansion contraction displacement or other action of the
contact or contacts or of part or parts thereof the more elements of battery or
other source reservoir or transformer of electrical energy may be cut in or by
automatically increasing or decreasing the resistance of the circuit or by auto-
matically increasing or decreasing the electro-motive force either by varying the
number of elements in series in the case of a chemical or thermo-electric generator
or by varying the speed of a dynamic generator of electricity or where a secondary
circuit exists by exposing more or less of it automatically to the action of the
primary circuit or by inserting a core or exposing it more or less as will be readily
understood or by varying the intensity of the magnetic or electric field auto-
matically where a dynamo electric or electro-static generator is employed or by
altering the position of the brushes or of one brush on the collector automatically
or by any other known method of varying the current produced by a dynamo
electric or electro-static generator or by the greater or less immersion of the plates

page_text: in the solution when a chemical generator is employed or by varying their distance
from one another automatically or by varying the position of the brushes or of one
brush when such is employed of the electro-motor or by any other known method
of varying the speed of an electro-motor automatically.
I may employ automatic cut outs or fuses to break the circuit when required.
The ventilation herein before referred to is that caused by the action of heated
or cooled fluids but I wish it to be understood that I may apply gravity contacts
substantially as hereinbefore described to the purposes to which I apply the
thermal and osmotic contacts described in the specifications accompanying my
Letters Patent Nos. 2920 and 15464 of the year 1884 that is I may employ for
purposes of ventilation a ventilating or replacing apparatus consisting of a flap
valve shutter slide vane screw fan propeller or other equivalent form of ventilator
or replacer actuated by an electro-motor which latter in its simpler forms may
consist of an electro-magnet and armature of a solenoid or sucking magnet and
core or of a coil and magnet or of two coils acting on one another or of a more
complicated form such as an electro-dynamic or electro-static machine the said
electro-motor being controlled by a gravity contact as hereinbefore referred to.
The effects herein mentioned may be brought about either directly or indirectly
by the actions specified that is to say an apparatus or piece of mechanism instead
of directly producing the required effect may act indirectly by calling into action or
controlling other apparatus or mechanism which latter will produce the desired
effect. See sheet No. 25 of drawings hereunto annexed.
In order that my said invention may be more readily or fully understood I shall
now proceed to show a few typical modes of carrying the same into effect and for
that purpose shall refer to the several figures in the accompanying sheets of
drawings which represent diagrammatically various features of my invention.
In the majority of the figures in the accompanying drawings I diagrammatically
represent contacts whether of the thermal osinotic or gravity kind for the sake of
simplicity by circles containing the letter C marked therein electro-motors by
circles containing the letter E marked therein and generators or other sources
reservoirs or transformers of electrical energy by circles containing the letter G
marked therein.
Figure 1 of the accompanying drawings shows one form of thermal contact
consisting of a thermometer tube T containing mercury. The conducting wire C¹
passes through the top and down the bore of the tube and can be adjusted to any
convenient height above the mercury this latter being in connection with the
electric circuit by means of the conducting wire C³. Under the influence of a rise
of temperature the mercury expands and rises in the tube so as to reach the
wire C and so establish electrical contact. The conducting wire C³ may pass
down the bore of the tube in the same way as C¹ of course being properly insulated
from it and the rise of the mercury would close the circuit by metallically con-
necting the two. This form of thermal contact may be duplexed so that contact
may be made when the temperature falls as well as when it rises. One method by
which this can be done is shown in figure 2. In this case the upper part of the
mercury column is separated from the lower portion by a small quantity of air as
shown. When the temperature rises the upper portion of the mercury column
rises and completes the circuit between C' and C2 and when the temperature falls
the upper portion of the mercury column sinks in the tube T and completes the
circuit between C and C³. In the figure the mercury is shown connecting C¹
and C². Instead of passing through the walls of the tube as shown in the figure
the wires might pass down the bore of the tube to different levels but in this case
they would have to be suitably insulated from one another.
Figure 3 shows the same type of contact arranged in multiplex form C³ C² C³
being contact points coming successively into action as the mercary rises and so
completing successive electric circuits. The figure shows the contact as multi-'
plexed for rise of temperature only but the arrangement for rendering it multiplex
for fall of temperature will be readily understood.

page_text: Figure 4 represents another form of thermal contact in this case shown in its
simplex form as adapted for making contact on rise of temperature. S is a
compound strip or band consisting of two layers of dissimilar metals having
different coefficients of expansion under the influence of heat the upper layer
being of the metal having the highest coefficient of expansion under rise of tem-
perature. This compound strip is fixed at one end A where it is in electrical
connection with the conducting wire C whilst its other end carries the adjustable
contact point p. Opposite to this point and in the direction of the side consisting
of the layer having the lowest coefficient of expansion is placed the contact point b
which is in connection with the conducting wire C². By reason of the greater
expansion of the upper than the lower layer of the compound strip S under increase
of temperature the compound strip bends downwards so as to bring p into contact
with band so to complete the electric circuit.
Figure 5 represents the same type of thermal contact as figure 4 but of duplex
construction so that contact may be made for fall as well as for rise of temperature.
S is the compound strip as before fixed at one end in connection with the conducting
wire C. The other end of S carries two contact points p¹ and p² on opposite sides
which when the compound strip bends make contact with the adjustable contact
screws b¹ and b³. If the temperature rises the compound strip will bend round in
the direction of the metal having the lowest coefficient of expansion by reason of
the metal having the higher coefficient of expansion expanding more under the
influence of increase of temperature and if the temperature falls it will bend in
the other direction by reason of the metal having the higher coefficient of expansion
contracting more than the other under the influence of decrease of temperature and
make contact accordingly as will be readily understood.
Figure 6 represents the same type of contact but arranged in a multiplex form
so that under continued rise or fall as the case may be of temperature continued
bending will make successive contacts as shown. This diagram shows the arrange-
ment as multiplex in one direction only but it will be readily understood how it
may be arranged so as to be multiplex in both directions so as to act under both
increase and decrease of temperature. In such case contacts would be arranged on
both sides of the compound strip.
Figure 7 represents another form of thermal contact. B is a strip or band of
metal fixed at both ends and bent or under strain in one direction so as to determine
the direction of its movement when it expands under increase of temperature.
Contact is established between B and b as shown.
Figure 8 is similar in principle to figure 7 but has a diaphragm D fastened
round its edges instead of a band. It also is strained or buckled in one direction so
as to determine the direction of movement.
It will be readily understood how the thermal contacts diagrammatically repre-
sented in figures 7 and 8 may be arranged for fall of temperature as well as
duplexed or multiplexed.
Figure 9 shows one method by which a thermal contact of the type shown
in figure 7 may be multiplexed. Its action will be readily understood from the
diagram.
Figure 10 represents a thermal contact acting by means of the stretching or
contracting of a spiral spring. The arrangement shown is for rise of temperature.
For fall of temperature a contact rod might pass up the centre of the spiral as will
be readily understood. If both of these contacts existed the arrangement would
be duplex and the apparatus might be made multiplex after a manner similar to
that shown in figure 9.
Figure 11 shows a form of thermal contact whose action is due to the expansion
or stretching of a corrugated band (here seen in end elevation) under rise of
temperature Methods of arranging this for fall of temperature or of duplexing
or multiplexing will readily suggest themselves and need not be described.
Figure 12 is another form of thermal contact. R is a ring of metal upon which
rests the double cone K which may be of hard non-conducting material in the.

page_text: •
position shown. Z¹² are conducting belts surrounding the double cone as shown.
When the ring expands by reason of increase of temperature the double cone drops
by gravity further through the said ring and enables the conducting belt Z to
complete the circuit between conductors C¹ and C². Similarly the contraction of
the ring R will by pinching the cone raise it and enable contact to be established
between C and C through the belt Z2. This type of thermal contact which is
here shown duplex can easily be multiplexed by increasing the number of con-
ducting belts and of conductors or otherwise.
The forms of thermal contact herein before described are all capable of being
arranged in simplex, duplex, multiplex and combined duplex and multiplex
manner.
Other forms of thermal contacts will readily suggest themselves and those already
described can be modified in an almost infinite variety of ways. Further description
on these points is unnecessary.
Of the various forms of thermal contacts shown I prefer to employ those whose
actions depend upon the bending of a compound strip.
Figures 13, 14 and 15 represent a type of osmotic contact. Figure 13 shows
this type in its simplex, figure 14 in its duplex and figure 15 in its multiplex
form the latter being multiplex in one direction only. The lettering in these
figures corresponds. A is a vessel the walls of which are formed of osmotic
material that is of material through which osmose diffusion or mutual transfer
may take place. It is closed at the top by a flexible diaphragm of thin corrugated
metal D. This diaphragm will be pressed upwards or downwards according as
endosmose exceeds exosmose or vice versa. p' p² p³ are contact points on the
diaphragm which make contact with the contact points on the arms R¹ R² R³ R¹ R³
The action will be readily understood from the drawings.
Figure 16 is a somewhat similar form of contact except that in this case the
walls of the vessel A are not formed of osmotic material and instead of having
the whole of the top covered by such a diaphragm as in figures 13, 14 and 15 the
top is covered by an annular lid of osmotic material with a space in the centre
which is occupied by a diaphragm similar to that shown in figures 13, 14, and 15.
E is a piece of metal serving to establish connection between the diaphragm D and
the terminal B.
Figures 17, 18 and 19 show respectively simplex duplex and multiplex forms of
another type of osmotic contact. According as endosmose exceeds exosmose or vice
versa the hollow vessel A whose walls are formed of osmotic material will become
lighter or heavier as compared with the surrounding air and will consequently
ascend or descend so as to make contact as shown in the figures. S is a spiral
spring which may be adjustable serving to support the vessel A.
In figure 17 the circuit is closed by the rod B which is attached to the vessel A
pressing the spring X into contact with the contact point b when the vessel A
descends. In figure 18 which is a duplex form contact is made on descent of the
vessel A in the same manner as in figure 17 and on ascent by completing the circuit
between R¹ and R2 by bringing them into connection by means of the conducting
plate F affixed to the top of the vessel A.
In figure 19 which is a multiplex form of figure 17 but multiplex in one
direction only the continued descent of the vessel A brings successively c¹ into
contact with c² then c³ into contact with c and then into contact with co by
means of B.
Figure 20 shows another type of osmotic contact. A is a vessel of osmotic
material as before but containing a quantity of mercury. The lower part of the
vessel is varnished or soaked in melted paraffin wax so as to prevent leakage of
the mercury. The tube T which may be open at both ends passes in an airtight
manner through the top and dips into the mercury. The level at which the
mercury stands in the tube will depend upon the tension or pressure of the gas or
air in the vessel A and therefore upon the osmose or diffusion through the walls of
the vessel A. c² is a conductor which may be passed down the tube T to any.

page_text: desired point. c¹ is a conductor passing through to the mercury. When the
mercury rises till it reaches c² contact is established between c¹ and c².
Figure 21 is a similar form of osmotic contact to figure 20 but of multiplex
instead of simplex construction. The continued rise of the mercury in the tube T
successively establishes contact with c² c³ and c¹.
Figure 22 differs only from figures 20 and 21 in that it is duplex in its action
and the tube T instead of being internal to the vessel and straight is external to the
vessel A and bent. If the tension of the gas or air in A increases contact will be
established between c¹ and c² and if the tension in A. decreases contact will be
established between c¹ and c³.
Figures 23, 24 and 25 represent diagrammatically another type of osmotic
contact where the osmotic vessel is attached to one end of a balance beam.
Figure 23 shows this type of contact arranged in simplex figure 24 in duplex
and figure 25 in multiplex construction. In these figures A represents the osmotic
vessel hanging from one arm of the balance beam B which is of conducting
material. W, W, W are adjusting screws and nuts for producing equilibrium
between the two arms of the beam. In these figures the beam is in electrical
connection with the frame or stand G to which is connected the conducting wire c¹.
The rise or fall of the osmotic vessel will cause the contact to be made in the
manner shown. In figure 25 the construction is multiplex in both directions so
that successive contacts will be made when endosmose exceeds exosmose and vice.
versa.
Figures 26, 27 and 28 represent respectively simplex duplex and multiplex
forms of another type of osmotic contact. In these figures B represents a bladder
confined between lateral walls x. The contact point p in each of these figures
establishes connection between the conductors c and c² between c³ and c and so
on. The actions will be readily understood from the diagrams. The bladder if
desired may be moistened by glycerine or otherwise.
The forms of osmotic contact herein before described are all capable of being
arranged in simplex, duplex multiplex and combined duplex and multiplex
manner.
Other forms of osmotic contacts will readily suggest themselves and those
already described can be modified in an almost infinite variety of ways. Further
description on these points is unnecessary.
Figures 29, 30 and 31 represent respectively simplex, duplex and multiplex
forms of one type of thermal contact. T is a pivotted mercury thermometer. Rise
of temperature will produce expansion of the mercury and transfer the centre of
gravity further away from the bulb and cause the long arm to descend. Similarly
fall of temperature will cause the mercury to contract and the long arm to rise and
the short or bulb-bearing arm to sink. 61 62 &c are contact points which are
necessarily bridged over by the contact points p in such manner as to close electric
circuits as will be readily understood.
Figures 32, 33 and 34 represent respectively simplex duplex and multiplex forms
of one type of gravity contact. B represents a mercury barometer tube. Increase
of atmospheric pressure will cause the mercury to rise in the closed arm of the
tube and fall in the open one whilst decrease of pressure will cause the mercury to
fall in the closed arm and rise in the open one. The mercury being in electrical
connection with one conductor of a circuit c¹ its rise or fall will establish connection
with c², c³ c¹.
Figure 35 represents in its simplex form another type of gravity contact. B in
this case is the box of an ordinary aneroid barometer. The contact point p makes
connection with b and the action will be readily understood. This type may be
duplexed as shown in figure 14 and multiplexed after the manner shown in
figure 15.
Figure 36 represents in its simplex form another type of gravity contact. A is
a closed vessel of light non-osmotic material containing air or gas. It will rise or

page_text: which it is immersed. If it falls sufficiently it will complete the circuit between
c² and c².
Another type of gravity contact is shown in duplex form in figure 37. It
represent a vacuum gauge the action of which is well known. Contact will be
established between c¹ and c or between c¹ and c³ as will be readily understood.
Figure 38 shows another type of gravity contact in simplex form. It represents
a diaphragm pressure gauge and it is similar in principle to the form of contact
shown in figure 35. Increase of pressure in the space with which tube T com-
municates will cause contact to be established between p and b.
Figure 39 shows another type of gravity contact in simplex form. It represents
a Bourdon pressure gauge. Increase of pressure in the space with which tube T
communicates will tend to straighten the Bourdon tube F and establish contact
between p and b.
Figures 40 and 41 show back and front views of a convenient form of scale for
such contacts as are shown in figures 38 and 39. H, H H are adjustable contact
points capable of moving in the curved slot J. They consist of a screw and of two
washers preferably of elastic material and are secured in position by the tightening
of the screw in such manner that the edges of the slot are gripped between the
washers. The elasticity of the washers enables the point of the screw to yield to
pressure of the index whilst still making good contact.
Figure 42 represents another type of gravity contact. B is a curved hollow
metallic tube similar to that used in Bourdon's steam pressure gauge exhausted of
air having one end fixed at A where it is also in electrical connection with the
external circuit by means of the conducting wire c¹. Beneath the free end of B
the mercury cup carrying the conducting wire c² is placed. When by reason of
increased density of the surrounding air B curves further inwards it will dip into
the mercury and so complete the electric circuit through itself.
Figure 43 represents the same type of contact as figure 42 but duplexed so as to
complete electric circuit between c¹ and c² when by reason of increased density of
the surrounding air B curves inwards and between c¹ and c³ through lever L
when B curves outwards by reason of the decreased density of the surrounding air.
Figure 44 represents the same type of contact as figure 42 but arranged in
multiplex form so that successive-electric circuits may be completed by means
of c¹ and c² c3 c respectively as B which in this case would carry a spring or other
convenient contact maker curves more and more inwards under increasing density
of the surrounding air.
Figure 45 represents a form of combined thermal and gravity contact very
similar in its nature to the balanced thermometer form shown in figures 29, 30
and 31. T is a tube containing mercury having one end terminating in the bulb B¹
containing air ether or other fluid while the other end terminates in another bulb B*
open to the air. T is balanced upon the stand S so that when under the influence
of heat the fluid in B¹ expands it forces some of the mercury along the tube
towards B so making that arm of the balance heavier and causing it to descend
till it rests upon and actuates the spring contact k and so completes the electric
circuit. Variation of atmospheric pressure will also actuate this form of contact.
Increase of pressure will force the mercury along in the direction opposite to what
increase of temperature will so compressing the ether or air and depressing that
end of the balanced tube. The arrangement is shown duplexed so that the circuit
may be completed by means of the bridge D and the mercury cups cc when the
fluid in B contracts under the influence of cold as well as by means of k when
it expands under the influence of heat.
Figures 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 and 51 represent various forms of electro-motor.
Figure 46 shows an electro-motor consisting of an electro-magnet and armature.
Figure 47 shows an electro-motor consisting of a simple solenoid or sucking
magnet and core.
Figure 48 shows an electro-motor consisting of a compound solenoid or sucking
1

page_text: Figure 49 shows an electro-motor consisting of a double or duplex compound
solenoid or sucking magnet and core.
Figure 50 shows an clectro-motor consisting of two coils acting on one another.
Figure 51 shows an electro-motor consisting of a rotating electro-dynamic machine.
In the following drawings I wish it to be understood that the positions
occupied by the diagrammatic symbols for contact electro-motor or generator are
not necessarily the positions which these would occupy in practice. In practice the
positions which these would occupy would vary to a great extent with individual
cases. In other cases the proper position would be obvious. In the majority of
the following figures I show the contacts electromotors and generators as outside
the apparatus illustrated for convenience of drawing. In some of these drawings
it will be noticed that several electro-motors are shown controlled by a single con-
tact or vice versa. In practice one or several electro-motors may operate one or
several pieces of apparatus and one or several contacts may control one or several
electro-motors. Also one or several generators may feed one or several electro-
motors.
Figure 52 diagrammatically represents a case where an electro-motor calls into
action and regulates heating cooling or ventilating by regulating the supply of
gaseous fuel by means of a tap or valve. E is the electro-motor G the generator
and C the contact of the thermal osmotic or gravity kind as may be desired. The
burners are fed with gaseous fuel by means of the supply pipe P in which is a tap
or throttle valve V. To this valve is attached a lever with a quadrant Q at one end
to which a cord passing from the electro-motor is attached and a weight W at the
other end which tends to bring the valve into its normal position after the electro-
motor has ceased to exert its influence upon it. The action is as follows. Suppose
the valve to be normally kept almost shut so that only such a small quantity of
gas can pass to the burners B as will maintain a small head of flame constantly
burning. When the contact C assumed for the purpose of this description to be a
thermal one acts by fall of temperature it will close the circuit through generator G
and electromotor E. The latter will pull down the valve lever so as to open the
valve and admit more gas to the burners. These will now give out more heat the
temperature at C will rise contact will be broken the electro-motor cease to act and
the valve returned by weight W to its normal position again. If contact C be
multiplex and electro-motor E compound the apparatus will be capable of great
nicety of regulation and only the desired amount of gas consumed. If contact C be
osmotic it may cause the apparatus to act according to the amount of carbonic
anhydride present or produced by the burners. If the burners be arranged so as
to produce currents of air by means of the heat produced the electro-motor will call
into action and regulate ventilation and also cooling by reason of cooler air taking
the place of that heated by the burners.
In describing the remainder of the figures I shall not in all cases specify which
of the herein before referred to types of electro-motor or of contact I employ as in
some cases it is immaterial and in others quite obvious.
Figure 53 diagrammatically represents a case where the supply of solid fuel is
regulated. In this case the electro-motor instead of regulating the supply of fuel
directly does so indirectly. F is an ordinary boiler furnace fed by coal from a
hopper as shown. The supply of fuel from the hopper to the furnace is regulated
by the sliding gate X which is prolonged from the ram of a hydraulic cylinder S.
The supply of water to this cylinder through pipe P is controlled by valve V
which is controlled by electro-motor E which again is controlled by contact C.
Figure 54 diagrammatically represents another case of regulating the supply of
gaseous fuel. This case differs from that shown in figure 52 in that the electro-
motor instead of controlling a valve in supply pipe feeding all the burners controls
a number of valves arranged one in the passage of each alternate burner. In this
figure a reciprocating spring S fulfils the same function as the weight W in
figure 52. It will be noted that in figure 52 the reciprocating weight closes the
valve and the electro-motor opens it whereas in this figure the electro-motor closes

page_text: the valves and the reciprocating spring opens them. Contact and generator &
are shown as before.
Figure 55 diagrammatically represents an electro-motor regulating the supply of
fuel to the flame of an oil lamp. The electro-motor operates a rack R gearing into
a pinion P which raises or lowers the wicks as shown.
Figure 56 diagrammatically represents a method of regulating the supply of solid
fuel to a furnace. A is a travelling chain of shallow trays which receives fuel from
the hopper B and delivers it to the furnace hopper D. A runs on wheels F and H
the latter being driven by the electro-motor E. The supply of the fuel is regulated
by the speed of the electro-motor controlled by contact C.
Figure 57 diagrammatically represents an electro-motor regulating the supply of.
liquid fuel to a furnace. The liquid fuel is contained in the receptacle A and
passes from there through the strainer B and on to the injector F as shown whence
it is injected into the furnace K. In this figure three electro-motors E¹ E' E³ are
shown. El regulates the supply of liquid fuel by means of the valve D, E2 the
supply of steam from the boiler O to the injector F by means of the valve H and E³
regulates the supply of liquid fuel to the receptacle through the supply pipe M M
by means of the force pump L. The necessary air is drawn in by the opening N.
Figure 58 shows diagrammatically a means of regulating the supply of cooling
materials. The two hoppers may contain for example one crushed ice and the
other common salt. They are conveyed to the mixing chamber by the worm or
worms as shown. The supply is regulated by the electro-motor É controlled by
the contact C causing the worm to revolve quickly or slowly or to remain at rest
as required. The action will be clearly understood.
Figures 59, 60, 61, 62 and 63 diagrammatically represent cases where the draught
or admission or supply of air or oxygen or other supporter of combustion to the .
fuel is automatically regulated. In figure 59 the electro-motor is shown regulating
the admission of air to the ashpit of a boiler furnace and so to the fuel by operating
the louvres A as shown. A convenient form of contact in this case is a pressure
gauge contact in connection with the steam space of the boiler. In figure 60 the
electro-motor is shown operating a rotary fan driving air through the furnace.
Figure 61 is similar to figure 60 except that instead of the draught being forced by
a rotary fan it is forced by a steam jet. In figure 62 the electro-motor is shown
operating a damper in a flue. In figure 63 the electro-motor is shown operating
the valve V of a steam jet J in the chimney A leading from a furnace and so
regulating the draught.
Figure 64 diagrammatically represents a case where the consumption of fuel is
regulated by the agitation of the fuel by agitating its support or supports. In
this figure one of the fire bars A is shown. It is hinged at one end and its other
end rests on a cain B. This cam which is rotated by the electro-motor E raises the
end of the fire bar and lets it drop the effect being to agitate the fuel and gradually
force it along towards the back of the furnace.
The electro-motor instead of agitating the fire bars might agitate any other forin
of support or instead of agitating supports it might agitate the fuel directly as by
moving a rake backward and forward or by any other of the methods which will
readily suggest themselves.
Figure 65 diagrammatically represents a case where the consumption of cooling
material is regulated by agitation. The cooling material contained in the space H
is agitated by the rotation of the shaft B bearing the radial arms marked A. This
shaft is driven by a belt passing from the electro-motor round the pulley F. The
material to be cooled is in a vessel D surrounding the cooling material.. A
convenient cooling material would consist of a mixture of water and some solid
reagent such that its solution would produce cold. The agitation would hasten
solution. It will be seen that the same apparatus would serve for heating if
suitable fuel (such for example as sulphuric acid and water or other heat producing
reagents) were agitated in the space H. In the figure as shown C would be
preferably a thermal contact and E an electro-dynamic motor.

page_text: (
:
Figures 66, 67, 68 and 69 diagrammatically represent cases where the heat
produced by the combustion of fuel is regulated by adding to .or mixing therewith
other additional substances.
In figure 66 L L is a carburetor through which gaseous fuel is blown by the
rotary fan or blower R. P is the supply pipe and N the pipe through which
the gas
is forced into the carburetor. A A A are discs on the central shaft K of
the carburetor. B B B are partitions attached to the upper part of the case of the
carburetor. The carburetor is filled up to a convenient height with a suitable
liquid hydrocarbon D. The discs A A A revolve with the shaft K. so that they are
always moistened by the liquid hydrocarbon and yield part of this to the gas which
is forced through the spaces H H H on to the burners M thus enriching the gas
greatly. The enriched gas instead of passing directly to the burners may pass to
a gasometer or reservoir. The rotary fan or blower is rotated by the electro-motor E
which is controlled by the contact C. If ordinary air were forced through the
carburetor instead of gaseous fuel it would be enriched so as to be combustible.
Figure 67 is somewhat similar to figure 66 except that the electro-motor instead
of regulating the supply of gaseous fuel to the carburetor regulates the amount of
liquid hydrocarbon brought into contact with or added to the gaseous fuel by
regulating as well as producing the rotation of the discs A on the shaft K. The
letters in this figure refer to the same parts as in figure 66.
Figure 68 is also somewhat similar to figure 66 except that the electro-motor
instead of operating a rotary fan or blower operates a suitably formed cock or
valve placed where the supply pipe bifurcates into two other pipes one of which
leads directly to the burners and the other indirectly through a carburetor similar
to that shown in the two previous figures. P is the supply pipe S and T the two
pipes into which it bifurcates and V the cock or valve. By pulling on the lever of
valve V the electro-motor opens up the passage between P and T and closes that
between P and S. The greater the pull exerted on V by the electro-motor (within
certain limits) the more the passage to T is opened and the more the passage to S
is closed and the less the pull exerted on V by the electro-motor the less the passage
to T is opened and the less the passage to S is closed. Therefore the greater the
pull exerted by the electro-motor the more gas passes through the carburetor and
the more the issuing gas is enriched whilst the less the pull of the electro-motor
the less gas passes through the carburetor and the less the gas is enriched. The
other letters on this figure correspond with those on the two previous figures.
Figure 69 diagrammatically illustrates this principle as applied to the manufacture
of water gas. The electro-motor E operates a valve V in the supply pipe furnishing
steam to the fuel in the chamber M. A reciprocating spring D acting on the lever
of the valve V serves to react against the pull of the electro-motor. E' is a second
electro-motor operating the throttle valve V₁ in the exit pipe K. B¹ is the
reciprocating spring attached to the valve lever D¹ and reacting against the pull of
the electro-motor E.
Figures 70, 71, 72 and 73 diagrammatically represent cases where the passage of
heated or cooled fluids is regulated by electro-motors.
Figure 70 shows an equilibrium valve operated by the electro-motor E. The
action will be readily understood. In figure 71 the passage of heated or cooled
fluid through the system of pipes H is regulated by the electro-motor E acting on
the valve V as shown. Figure 72 represents a case where the fluid is heated by
chemically produced beat. The passage of the heated fluid through the system of
pipes His regulated by the electro-motor E¹ by means of the valve rod B₁ turning
the valve V. A is a vessel serving as a receptacle and mixing chamber in which
the chemicals or other substances producing heat on combination are brought into
contact and through which the system of pipes H containing the fluid to be heated
chemically passes. In the case illustrated two liquids such for example as sulphuric
acid and water pass through the pipes N and M respectively into the chamber or
vessel A there to combine and produce heat for the purpose of heating the fluid
passing through the pipes H. It is not however necessary that the substances

page_text: should be liquids as any suitable bodies whether solid liquid or gaseous which
produce heat on coming in contact with one another may be employed. This figure
also illustrates cases of electro-motors regulating the supply of fuel to be consumed.
Thus it will be seen that the electro-motors E2 and E³ operating the valves V³
and Va in the sulphuric acid and water supply pipes respectively regulate the
supply of these fuels to the space surrounding the pipes H H. In the diagrams of
these two latter valves B2 and B³ are the valve levers and D2 and D³ the
reciprocating springs as before.
Figure 73 represents a case where the fluid is heated by electrically produced
heat that is by heat developed by the passage of electricity through a conductor or
semi-conductor. The passage of the heated fluid through the vessel A is regulated
by the electro-motor E¹ operating the valve V. B is an electrical conductor whose
temperature is sufficiently raised by the passage of electricity through it to enable
it to impart heat to the fluid in A. In this figure a second electro-motor E² is
shown the object of which is to vary the current by varying the resistance of the
circuit under the influence of contact C2 by interposing more or less of the variable
resistance R in the circuit automatically.
Figure 74 diagrammatically represents a means of regulating the pressure or
tension under which heated or cooled fluids enter into or pass froin a space or spaces
to be heated cooled or ventilated. A. is a gasometer or pressure reservoir for
holding air or gas. It is suspended over water J by means of cords passing over
pulleys L L having counter-weights K K attached to their other ends. The
electro-motor regulates the pressure of the gas or air by raising or lowering the
bell A by means of the pinion B and rack D. It is obvious that this diagram also
illustrates means of regulating the consumption of fuel or of cooling material
(when such fuel or cooling material is a gas) by regulating its supply.
Figure 75 shows a means of regulating the pressure or tension under which
heated or cooled fluids euter into or pass from the space or spaces to be
heated, cooled or ventilated which is very convenient for steam or other vapour.
In this case it represents the safety valve of a steam boiler.
A is the steam space
of the boiler B the valve in its seat L the lever hinged at one end H. The
electro-motor is shown in this case as consisting of a compound solenoid S and
core D.
The said core is attached by a cord or chain to the free end of the valve
lever. If C be a multiplex form of contact continued movement of the same will
successively establish circuit through the coils S1 S2 S3 so as to suck the core D
further and more strongly downward. The more strongly D is sucked downward
the greater will be the pressure exerted upon the valve and the higher will become
the pressure or tension of the steam.
Figure 76 diagrammatically represents a means of regulating the pressure or
tension under which a heated fluid enters into or passes from a space or spaces to
be heated cooled or ventilated (as before mentioned a heated fluid may cool a space
by causing currents which will draw in cold fluid). A is a closed vessel partially
filled with a solution B say of sodic carbonate in water. D is a bent pipe passing
from near the bottom of A to the pipe fitted with minute orifices. H is a pipe
V is a
leading into A from a reservoir or receptacle J containing sulphuric acid.
valve in the pipe H by means of which the electro-motor regulates the supply of
sulphuric acid to A. The action is as follows. When sulphuric acid is supplied
to A chemical action takes place between the sulphuric acid and the sodic carbonate
and the gas carbonic anhydride is set free in large quantities. This collects in the
upper part of A and forces the water through D into F and out in jets at the
orifices shown in F. The amount of sulphuric acid supplied to A and consequently
the pressure or tension produced is regulated by the electro-motor E. If the end
of the bent tube D instead of passing nearly to the bottom of the vessel A terminates
above the surface of B the fluid ejected will be carbonic anhydride gas. It will
be obvious that this diagram not only illustrates regulation of the pressure or
tension at which fluids pass into or from a space to be heated cooled or ventilated
but that it also illustrates regulation of the supply of heated material. I find this

page_text: apparatus as first herein explained especially of use as an automatic fire extinguisher
in which application it illustrates the cooling of a space and automatically regulating
such cooling by regulating the consumption of cooling material.
Figure 77 also diagrammatically represents a case where heating cooling or
ventilating is regulated by regulating the velocity or rate at which heated or cooled
fluids pass into or out of a space to be heated cooled or ventilated. In this diagram
A is the space, or a part or extension thereof, and H a system of pipes in connection
with a propeller R through which the heated or cooled fluids pass. The rate or
velocity at which the fluid passes through the pipes depends on the speed of the
propeller which is determined by the electro-motor E.
Figure 78 also diagrammatically represents a case where heating cooling or
ventilating is regulated by regulating the velocity or rate at which heated or cooled
fluids pass into or out of a space to be heated cooled or ventilated. The figure
represents an ejector or injector according as it is applied actuated by a steain jet A.
V is the valve in the steam pipe and V₁ the valve in the passage through which
the fluid passes. The same electro-motor operates both valves, V by means of a
cord H passing direct to its lever and V by means of cord K passing over pulley D
to its lever.
Figure 79 diagrammatically illustrates a case where the consumption of cooling
material is regulated by regulating its supply. P is a water pipe fitted with a
valve V which is operated by electro-motor E A is a centrifugal machine con-
sisting of a circular pan capable of revolving in a horizontal plane. It is rotated
by electro-motor E2 and I prefer that the centrifugal revolve on the axle on which
is mounted the revolving part of. the electro-motor E. B B form a screen to keep
the fluid from falling on the electro-motor. The action is as follows. When
contact C calls the two electro-motors E' E2 into action E' allows fluid to flow into
the centrifugal and E2 causes the centrifugal to revolve so as to scatter or sprinkle
the fluid all round. This apparatus will be specially useful in case of an outbreak
of fire.
In figure 80 the electro-motor E regulates the consumption of cooling material
by regulating its supply to the flue A so as to produce cooling or ventilation.
P is the supply pipe of cold water furnished at the part which is within the flue A
with orifices. It will be readily understood how a room for example can be cooled
or ventilated by this device. A pipe connecting a part of the flue below the end
of the supply pipe P with a room would supply it with cooled air whilst a pipe
connecting say the top of a room with a convenient part of the flue A would serve
to carry off the vitiated air contents of that room and so ventilate it. My invention
may conveniently be applied to the spray ventilators in aetual use.
Figure 81 diagrammatically represents a case similar to the last but in this case
the electro-motor regulates the supply of cooling material to a condenser. A is the
reservoir or receptacle. of cold water P the pipe leading from same and perforated
as shown and V the valve in same operated by electro-motor E. B is the
condenser. The steam passes through the pipes H cooled by the falling water and
condensed therein. The electro-motor regulates the supply of cooling material by
means of the valve V as shown.
Fig. 82 diagrammatically represents a case where the action of the heating fuel
on the fluid or other matter to be heated is moderated or varied by inserting
between the fuel and the fluid or other matter to be heated or the support or con-
taining vessel of such fluid or other matter a moveable screen automatically operated
by an electro-motor.
In this figure F is the furnace containing the heated fuel and S is the screen.
This screen is mechanically operated by the electro-motor by means of the cord or
chain M. passing over the pulleys P. P. W is a reciprocating weight reacting
against electro-motor E as will be understood.
It will be obvious that a similar arrangement can be used for moderating or
varying the action of cooling material on matter to be cooled.
'

page_text: Figure 83 represents a case where liquid carbonic anhydride or carbonic anhy-
dride gas under high pressure is liberated so as to produce cold during expansion.
The liquid or compressed gas is contained in the iron bottle A which is furnished
with a tap or cock V. To this tap or cock is attached one end of a bent lever K
having a weight W near its other end. This end of the lever is furnished with a
slot which engages a detent D attached to the armature of the simple form of
electro motor shown. When the circuit is closed the armature is attracted towards
the electro-magnet, the detent withdrawn from the slot the cock opened by the
descent of the weighted lever and the carbonic anhydride allowed to escape from
the nozzle of the bottle. When it is desired that the consumption of the cooling
material in the bottle be regulated one of the hereinbefore mentioned arrangements
may be adopted. When the object of using the apparatus is to cool out a fire
I prefer the arrangement which is illustrated.
. Instead of admitting a cooled fluid to reduce the temperature of a space that is
too hot and a heated fluid to raise the temperature of a space that is too cold it is
sometimes desirable that the fluid should enter at the desired temperature. For
this purpose it is advantageous to employ a mixing or equalising chamber where
the fluids will be mixed and brought to the standard temperature before they are
passed into the main chamber. Such an arrangement is shown in Figure 84 where
M is an equalizing chamber for the purposes of mixing the fluids and bringing
them to the standard temperature before they are admitted to the space N. A is
the inlet pipe for the colder fluid and B for the hotter. D is the pipe leading from
the equalising chamber to the space to be beated cooled or ventilated. These three
pipes are closed by adjustable valves a, b, and d whose positions are regulated by
the electro-motors E¹ E and E³ controlled by the thermal contacts C₁ C C³. If
the temperature is too high a will be opened and admit cold fluid If too low b will
he opened and admit hot fluid. When the temperature has reached the exact point
desired & will be opened and admit the mixed fluids to N. To standardise the
mixed fluids in the equalising chamber for purity or density I may use osmotic or
gravity. contacts as will be readily understood. Figures 85 and 86 diagramatically
represent cases where Cooling or Ventilation is produced by actuating refrigerating
or cold air machines.
Figure 85 illustrates my invention as applied to various parts of an ammonia
machine for the production of cold. The parts are A the boiler in which the gas is
distilled from its solution, B a condenser to liquefy the gas D is a volatilizer in
which the liquid boils and F an absorber. The aminonia boiling in D absorbs heat
from brine which circulates in a system of pipes d din D and in the cold
chamber H. J is a pump which sends the solution of ammonia from F back to A.
It is driven by the motor E. 6 is the lever of a valve in the pipe 6 between B
and D. It is moved to the right to open the valve by the motor E, and to the left
to close it by the spring b³. C¹ is a thermal contact within A. When C¹ becomes
heated to its upper limit of temperature it completes the circuit so that E' will
lower the damper al thus lessening the admission of air to the tire. When tem-
perature of C¹ falls to its lower limit it makes the circuit of El in the opposite
direction so that the damper a¹ is raised and the admission of air thereby increased.
Or C may be a barometric contact influenced by the pressure or tension of the
vapour and producing the same effect C is a contact on another circuit of E¹ which
comes into play when the chamber H is not cold enough. It also acts so as to raise
the damper a¹. C² also makes circuit when the temperature of H rises. It calls E²
into action to pull the valve lever b¹ to the right thereby increasing the rate of
evaporation of the ammonia and so reducing the temperature of the cold chamber H.
When H is cold enough contact is broken spring b³ pulls back 61 and partially or
wholly closes pipe 63. C³ is a contact controlling the motor E³.
Figure 86 shows my invention applied to a compressed air refrigerating machine.
A is the air inlet pipe a' inlet valve, a² its radius bar worked by the electro-
motor E2 and the counterspring a³. B is a compression cylinder D the cylinder
of the engine driving the apparatus, F and K air coolers, H expansion cylinder

page_text: and J refrigerating chamber or space to be cooled or ventilated- is the lever of
a throttle valve d² on the steam supply pipe d³ C is a thermal contact. If the tem-
perature of the chamber J rises C makes contact and puts electro-motors E' and E³
into circuit and they open valves d' and a¹ respectively. Thus more air is allowed
to enter B and more steam is given to the engine D consequently more cold air
enters the chamber J and reduces its temperature to the right degree. Contact is
then broken and the valves are partially closed by the springs d' and a³. The
regulation may of course also be applied to other parts of the apparatus as for
instance to control the circulation of water in the coolers F and K. E' and Ea
might be controlled by separate contacts if desired or one motor could do the work
of both in some cases.
Figure 87 diagramatically represents an application to evaporation. A is a tank
containing the liquid to be evaporated. B B are circulating pipes for steam hot
water air or other suitable agent. C is a thermal contact which completes the
circuit of the electro motor, if the liquid becomes hotter or colder than the tempera-
ture for which the contact is set. Thus the electro-motor E either wholly or
partially closes or opens the valve D.
A is a
Figure 88 diagramatically represents an application to distillation.
furnace for the evaporation of the liquid in B. D is a still which is kept cold by
cold water driven through the coil F by the pump H. This flow is regulated by.
the electro-motor E controlled by contact C. C² and E² regulate the admission of
air to the furnace so as to vary the rate of evaporation to suit either the temperature
or pressure in D.
Figure 89 diagramatically represents an application to dessication. A is a
chamber containing B B timber to be treated. D is a pipe admitting hot air, F an
outlet pipe having a gas cock H actuated by the electro-motor E controlled by the
contact C. Then if C is a thermal contact placed in A the outlet will open when
the air is partly cooled. Or if C is a pressure contact it opens the outlet when the
air increases in density owing to its absorption of moisture.
Figure 90 diagramatically represents another application of my invention. A is
a chamber in connection as shown with a main flue B by means of the pipes a¹
and a². A gas pipe D supplies gas to a small flame which receives air in slight
excess to maintain it from the air pipe F. L and Mare branch pipes leading from
the flue B to different parts of the furnace or of the flue nearer the furnace. The
part of the furnace or flue to which M leads is nearer that part at which air and
fuel are supplied than is the part to which L leads. N is a valve in main flne B,
Ha valve in branch pipe L and K a valve in branch pipe M These valves are
respectively controlled by electro-motors E E² and E³ C and C are thermal
contacts in A which I may call the testing chamber. The action of the apparatus
is as follows: A portion of the waste gases from a furnace passing through the
flue B will pass through the testing chamber A. If these waste gases are thoroughly
burnt before entering A no further heat will be produced but if there is any
unburned gas or fuel present in the waste gases they will be ignited further heat
will be developed and thermal contact C brought into action. This will complete
circuit through electro motors E1 and E2 causing valve N to be closed and valve H
opened The effect of this will be to pass the waste gases back through L to the
furnace If the unburned gases be in greater proportion the temperature in A will
rise still higher and C¹ set for a higher temperature will come into play. Circuit
will then be completed through E³ which will open valve K and pass the gases
back through M to the furnace.
Figure 91 shows an arrangement for regulating the pressure in a gas or air pipe.
A barometer tube C open or closed at the top and containing mercury B is fitted
in the chamber A. The lower end of C dips into mercury contained in A. F is
the supply pipe fitted with valve D. H is the exit pipe. In this case electro-
motor E is shown attached direct to spindle of valve D. If the pressure in A
increases beyond its desired or normal limit the mercury will be forced up tube C
till the mercury reaches C¹ and circuit is now complete through the resistance

page_text: and valve D partially closed by E so as to admit less gas and so reduce pressure
in A and in the pipes leading from A. In the figure a second contact is shown
at c continued increase of pressure would cause contact to be made through a
smaller resistance thereby bringing generator G more powerfully into action and
closing valve D still more.
Figure 92 shows the application of my invention to a diving bell. A is the bell
ccare contacts arranged in multiple arc. A pressure contact will automatically
regulate the air pressure in the diving bell When desired thermal and osmotic
contacts may be added as will be readily understood.
In this figure the electromotor and generator are not shown as they are supposed
to be at the surface. My invention may be applied usefully to submarine boats
and for this purpose the ventilation would be carried on as in the case of the diving
bell except that the electromotor, generator and ventilating machinery might be
carried on board the boat and not act from the surface. The ventilation would
then take place from the air reservoir.
Similarly my invention may be applied to a caisson for ventilating purposes.
In Figure 95 the invention is shown applied to a Montgolfier or fire balloon
A is the envelope, B the car, D a lamp F the chimney and passage for the heated,
air to the balloon, H an escape valve, K a damper in the chimney F, K¹ a lever arm'
attached to K and K a counterweight on the arm. dis an arin which raises or
lowers the wick of the lamp. Both thermal and barometric contacts may be
employed and may be situated, the thermal contact C inside, and the barometric C¹
outside, the envelope. The action of the thermal contact is as follows. Heated air,
rises through F until the temperature within the envelope is bigh enough to act on
the contact whereby the circuit is completed. E pulls down k' and d' thus partially
closing K and turning down the wick of lamp. The temperature will then fall
until the contact is broken then ² brings and d' back again thus opening K and
turning up the wick. The barometric contact regulates the heating in the envelope
in the same manner as does the thermal contact but is called into play by change
of pressure instead of change of temperature, so as to regulate the height at which
the balloon will float in the air. It will be evident that C¹ might be a thermal
contact to cause the balloon to descend when the temperature is lower than is
desired. In this as in other cases described in this specification the relative actions
of electro motors and counterweight or counterspring may be reversed.
As it is not always convenient or advantageous to use electricity for doing work
which is heavy I may bring about the actions herein referred to indirectly using
mechanical power. Figures 96, 97, 98, and 99 represent a few typical cases of
intermediate mechanism which may be employed.
Figure 96 illustrates a means of working valves or dampers by a weight
operated by an electro-motor controlled by a contact. A is the valve lever B the
weight, D a ratchet forming part of A, F a pawl gearing with D and Ha
spring keeping and D in gear E, C, & G are diagrammatic representations of the
electro motor contact and generator respectively. When contact is made the
electro-motor draws the pawl F away from the ratchet D allowing B to fall
and so closing the valve. A weight may be employed for other actions herein
specified.
Figure 97 illustrates a damper opened by a spring. A is the spring B the
damper which has formed in it a notch b', D is a catch which rests in the notch
until contact is made at C Then the electro-motor E draws up D and allows the
spring A. to pull out B and thus to open a passage in the pipe F. A spring may be
employed for the other actions herein specified.
lever to
A A¹ are
Figure 98 shows method of employing water pressure to actuate a
operate a valve or for other purposes in pursuance of this specification.
hydraulic cylinders, B, B¹ their rams, DD' are valves d d¹ their levers. F F¹ are
supply passages H H¹ exhaust passages. When d is over F as shown D opens a
passage from F to A and closes H. When d is over HL D. opens H to A-and

page_text: closes F. When d is midway between these positions H and F are both closed..
Similarly with d. J is the lever to be actuated; it carries a pin 7 working in the
slot b. The motor E carries an arm e' which moves to right or left according to
the manner in which contact is made by C. When the lever J should be at rest
there is no contact at C and the springs d2 d³ keep d d and e¹ in mid position.
But when, e moves to the right it pulls & and the spring d³ pulls over to the
positions shown in the drawing Water enters A from F and leaves A¹ by H¹
B and B move to the right carrying over the lever J. When equilibrium or
required condition is restored contact is broken D and D' are therefore closed and J
remins in the position to which it has been moved.
Figure 99. This figure illustrates one means of actuating a valve by steam
pressure. A is a cylinder, B piston, 6 piston rod and valve rod, D valve to be
regulated, Ff1f2 steam passages, H h¹² exhaust passages, 2 admission
valve levers, 12 exhaust valve levers and M m² m² are rods connecting ¹² and
71 together. When the process or thing to be regulated is in its normal con-
dition the spring N keeps k² 12 all in their middle or horizontal position.
When the regulated process requires D to be wholly or partially closed contact is
established at C and a current thereby sent through the motor E such that it
causes a downward motion of M at the same time compressing N. When D
should open contact is made at C so that the current then passes through E so as
to raise M and stretch N. A downward motion of the rods M m² m² places the
valve levers in the position shown in the drawing whereby f¹ and ² are opened
while f&h remain closed. The piston B is therefore pressed downwards and
the valve D begins to close When it is sufficiently closed to restore the normal
condition of things contact is broken and N brings ¹³ 12 back to their hori-
zontal position. The friction of the packing P may be made sufficient to prevent
the weight of piston rod and valve from closing the latter. E may be connected
to M by any suitable gear instead of the diagrammatic rod O.
In this figure as in figures 97 96 and 98 the contact may be any one or more of
those included in this specification according to the regulation required and the
particular form of motor employed. The figure also illustrates a means of using
compressed air for the same purpose and the same description will apply if
compressed air" is substituted for "steam" throughout. Stean or compressed
air may be employed for actuating other mechanism.
"
Figure 100 shows one form of complete installation. It represents the regulation
of a hot water circulation. A is a centrifugal pump circulating hot water through
the pipes a¹ a². It is driven by the electro-motor E G is a dynamo to generate
current for working the electro-motor and regulating apparatus which latter is
connected up as a shunt on the electro-motor circuit. El is a solenoid with three
separate coils e¹ e²e³ the ends of which are respectively connected to the three
contact pieces c¹ c³ ³ of the multiple thermal contact c which is placed in the space
to be heated. As the space gets warmer the ends of the contact arm c will move
upwards making contact with c¹ as shown and afterwards with c² and c³. Thus
when c is on c¹ a current will pass through el pulling down the solenoid core e¹
and with it the lever R and the other end of the lever will go up as far as co
By this means the resistance is cut into the motor circuit; the electro-motor
runs more slowly and the water is consequently circulated more slowly. Should
the overheating increase c will move successively to c² and c³ bringing coils e³ e³
into circuit and pulling on to c and c and so putting the resistance 2 and 70³
into the circuit of the electro motor- and so causing the electro-motor to run still
more slowly As the space cools c* returns and returns finally to e5 when no
extra resistance is in the electro motor circuit and it consequently can work at its
maximum power.
The return of 7 is effected by the counterweight 8. In
another space is the thermal contact c³. When that is overheated it connects
electro-motor E' to G'. The motor then closes valve b¹ and opens the by-pass
valve be so that the heated water passes through a instead of a³ and so allows the
space in which c³ is placed to get cool.
;

page_text: C. Controlling or regulating the consumption of fuel by controlling or regulating
the draught or admission of air or oxygen or other supporter of combustion
to the fuel.
D. Controlling or regulating the consumption of fuel by agitating it or its
support or containing vessel.
E. Controlling or regulating the consumption of cooling material by agitating it
or its support or containing vessel.
F. Controlling or regulating the heat produced by the combustion of fuel by
adding to or mixing therewith other substances.
G. Controlling or regulating the cold produced by the cooling material by adding
to or mixing therewith other substances.
H. Controlling or regulating the passage of heated fluids to or from spaces by
altering their volume.
J. Controlling or regulating the passage of cooled fluids to or from spaces by
altering their volume..
K. Controlling or regulating the velocity of motion of heated fluids.
L. Controlling or regulating the velocity of cooled fluids.
M. Controlling or regulating the pressure or tension of heated fluids.
N. Controlling or regulating the pressure or tension of cooled fluids.
O. Controlling or regulating refrigerating or cold air machines.
P. Controlling or regulating screens or separators.
Q. Controlling or regulating the evaporation of substances.
R. Controlling or regulating change of physical form.
10. The method of controlling or regulating cooling substantially as and for the
purpose set forth with reference to figure 76.
11. The method of controlling or regulating cooling substantially as and for the
purpose set forth with reference to figure 79.
12. The method of controlling or regulating cooling substantially as and for the
purpose set forth with reference.to figure 83.
13. The use of an equalising chamber heated cooled or ventilated substantially
as described and illustrated with reference to figure 8+.
14. The method of automatically heating cooling or ventilating a diving bell or
caisson or other sub-aqueous structure substantially as described and illustrated
with reference to figure 92.
15. The method of automatically controlling or operating an ammonia refri-
gerating machine substantially as described and illustrated with reference to
figure 85.
16. The method of automatically controlling or operating a cold air machine
substantially as described and illustrated with reference to figure 86.
17. The method of regulating heating substantially as and for the purpose set
forth with reference to figure 90.
18. The method of regulating heating substantially as and for the purpose set
forth with reference to figure 95.
19. In heating, cooling and ventilating the method of regulating the pressure of
gaseous fuel or of air or other supporter of combustion in a pipe or system of pipes
substantially as described and illustrated with reference to figure 91.
Dated this 10th day of November 1885.