AN IMPROVED MACHINE FOR SETTING, SPACING, JUSTIFYING. AND DISTRIBUTING PRINTERS' TYPE
Year: 1861

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Charles Wilson Felt, of Salem, County of Essex,
and State of Massachuseits, one of the United States of America, for the
Invention of "AN IMPROVED MACHINE FOR SETTING, SPACING, JUSTIFYING.
AND DISTRIBUTING PRINTERS' TYPE,"
Sealed the 4th April 1862, and dated the 10th October 1861.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Charles Wilson Felt at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
10th October 1861.
I, CHARLES WILSON FELT, of Salem, County of Essex, and State of
Massachusetts, one of the United States of America, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED MACHINE FOR SETTING, SPACING,
JUSTIFYING, AND DISTRIBUTING PRINTERS' TYPE," to be as follows:-
The object being to facilitate the operation by doing those portions of the
work which demand intelligence in the quickest possible manner, and by em-
ploying machinery for those portions which are purely mechanical. Icommence
with an orderly arrangement of the types of the same letter in lines, each type
being similarly placed, or rather the order of lines as they come from the
type-founder is not disturbed, as is usual, by throwing them into the boxes of
the ordinary case; but the lines are placed in columns in a metallic case
made of plates suitably fastened together at a distance from each other of
perhaps half an inch, and having upon their inside surface an equal number
of grooves directly opposite each other; those.in one plate receiving the heads

page_text: of the type, and those in the other receiving the feet. At the bottom of the
case is a suitable provision for receiving or delivering one type and but one of
any desired letter. As some letters are of very frequent occurrence, like the
small letter e, which constitutes one-eighth of the written English language,
provision is made forstoring away any desired quantity of such letters by means
of what are technically called "packing boxes." These packing boxes operate
automatically, and receive any surplus type from the columns in distributing,
which surplus is yielded up again when needed in composing.
The type are taken from the case by a small pair of pincers, corresponding
with the operation of the human fingers, and placed in the line of a stick of
peculiar construction, by means of which a small piece of steel called a
"machine space," is placed between the words as a guide to the machine iu
putting in the spaces. When a line is nearly formed a little bell is struck in
ample season to notify the operator that he must touch the justifying key as
soon as the word or syllable in progress is completed. The touching of this
key removes the line from the stick to the spacing, and the operator is free to
commence another line; and by the time this line is completed, the spacing
and justifying of the previous line is completed, and the spacing is ready to
receive the new formed line.
In the operation of spacing, spaces are inserted by the side of machine
spaces at first, and until the line will contain no more spaces, which fact is
indicated to the machine by a little wedge constantly moving backwards and
forwards at one end of the line. Then the machine spaces are withdrawn
one at a time, and if the line still lacks the required length by some fraction
of the thickness of the spaces used, the place of one or more of the machine
spaces is supplied with spaces a minute fraction of an inch thicker, while the
places occupied by the rest of the machine spaces is supplied by spaces of the
same thickness as the machine spaces. This completes the justification to
any required degree of nicety, and the line is then fed out upon a galley, and
one or more leads inserted between the lines, if,desired. As the matter accu-
mulates upon the galley it is removed from time to time to the imposing table
to be made up into forms for the press. Within the spacing there are
suitable reservoirs to hold a sufficient number of spaces to supply any ordinary
demand.
In distributing the type are put into a similar galley in the machine, the
lines are separated from each other and the leads taken out, the type are
separated from each other and the spaces taken out, and the line of type is
then fed into the stick, from which each type is taken separately by the
pincers before mentioned, and put back into the columns of the case in proper

page_text: order ready for future use in composing. The mechanical operations of com-
posing and distributing type are precisely the same, only reversed, and, in the
machine, if the shaft is moved in one direction the pincers will take type
from the case, or compose; while if the shaft is turned in the opposite
direction, they will take type from the stick, or distribute.
These operations are purely mechanical, but the intelligence of the operator
must direct the pincers to the proper column in the case, and must cause the
insertion of the machine spaces, and throw the line into the spacing at the
proper time. This may be done in any convenient way; the most desirable
seems to be that of an ordinary key-board. The stick, with the pincers, is
moved by a series of levers acting independently, and free to act at all times;
the first moves the stick from the first column to the next, the second moves
the stick twice as far as the first, and also the first lever itself, the motion of
which may be added to that of the second, if desired. The third lever has a
motion twice that of the second, and moves the stick and the two previous
levers, either both or neither of which may be operated with the third lever, as
desired. The series may be indefinitely extended, and the combinations
rapidly increase. Thus, with eight levers two hundred and fifty-six com-
binations may be obtained, a number much larger than the number of
characters in the Roman and Italicupper and lower cases of the ordinary kind.
These combinations of the levers are secured by touching the proper key, but
as this would seem to imply the necessity of having a key for each character,
this difficulty has been avoided by using two keysat the same time for those
characters which seldom occur, whereby a board of only forty keys will suffice
for one thousand characters.
This embraces a complete statement of the various processes of mani-
pulating type so far as is necessary to accomplish the ends now attained by
hand labor; but the use of machinery opens new features, the first of which
I will mention is that of registering the work done in composing, so that the
register thus formed may be a guide in distributing or resetting a job of work
at any future time, thus supplying the place of stereotype plates at a moiety
of the cost, and more than this, because in resetting the size of the type may
be changed to any other, if desired. This register is made upon a strip of
metal, or any suitable material, by punching a series of holes for each type
taken from the case, these holes corresponding with the levers operated to
throw the stick to the given column in the case. In distributing or resetting
this register is submitted to a series of feelers equal to the whole number of
levers, some of which enter the holes and throw into gear the proper levers,
and thus move the pincers opposite the proper.columns in the case, when a

page_text: type is taken out or put in according as it is desired to compose or distribute.
This constitutes a second method of distributing; the first being by touching
the keys with the printed copy as a guide, and a third method may be
employed, if desired, namely, that which has been long since suggested, (and
in some cases successfully employed,) the use of notches in the side of the
type, each letter having a different combination to indicate to the machine its
proper place. The nicked or notched type may be used to operate a set of
fcelers which shall control the operation of the levers at once, or make a
register which can be used for the same purpose, and then be retained for
other uses in the future.
Another desirable end which becomes possible through the introduction of
machinery is thecomposing of two or more copies at the same time, and without
additional cost, making eight importantfcatures which may be enumerated as
distinguishing this Invention from others which have been made for analogous
purposes. First, capacity for any number of characters, even as many as one
thousand; second, capacity for any quantity of each letter; third, the using of
the type just as they come from the foundry; fourth, a key-board, which does
not require a separate key for each letter; fifth, three distinct methods of
distributing; sixth, the setting up of two or more copies at the same time;
seventh, a method of registering the work done, so that it may be reset by
the machine at any future time, and in any kind of type; eighth, spacing,
justifying, and leading the matter ready for the press.
The first of these features includes the use of two letters upon one shank, a
process now in profitable use in some printing offices.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Charles Wilson Felt in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 9th April 1862.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, CHARles
WILSON FELT, of Salem, County of Essex, and State of Massachusetts, one of
the United States of America, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Tenth day of October, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eighthundred and sixty-one, in thetwenty-fifth year of Herreign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
Charles Wilson Felt, Her special licence that I, the said Charles Wilson
Felt, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as 1, the said

page_text: Charles Wilson Felt, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any
time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter
during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,
the Chaunel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "AN IMPROVED
MACHINE FOR SETTING, SPACING, JUSTIFYING, AND DISTRIBUTING PRINTERS' TYPE,"
upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Charles Wilson Felt, my
executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their,
or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be per-
formed, and cause the saine to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within
six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Charles Wilson Felt, do hereby.
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is
to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement, reference being had to the Drawings hereunto annexed,
and to the letters and figures marked thereon (that is to say):-
This Invention relates to novel arrangements and combinations of mechanism
for the purpose of operating upon printers' type. First, to set them, the type
being arranged in lines in separate columns in order as they are received from
the founder, an end of each column being exposed in such a manner that a
pincer mechanism, operating similarly to human fingers, cau take one type at
a time from any column, and place it in the line which is composing, moving
for that purpose from column to column to receive the different letters and
characters required, the movements of the pincers from one column to another
being directed by the intelligence of the operator, conveyed to and.com-
manding the machine, by details to be herein-after referred to. Connected and
moving with these pincers is a mechanism which acts when commanded by
the operator to place at the end of a word separating it from the next a piece
of metal which I term a "machine space," the purpose and form of which is
to be hereinafter described. There being alwaysa practical limit to the length
of the line which is composing, a mechanism is employed to indicate when
the available space for the type in said line is nearly filled, so that the setting
action of the machine may be seasonably arrested by the operator, and the
line transferred by the action of the mechanism commanded by the operator
to the spacing mechanism; thus line by line can be successively composed
and transferred to the spacing mechanism. The movements of the mechanism
in setting the type can form, upon the principle of the jacquard, a register of

page_text: 11
the set type, and the movements of the mechanism can best be controlled by
the operator through the medium of a key-board. Second, to automatically
space and justify the previously composed lines of type by mechanism which
operates substantially as follows:-Ordinary'spaces of a certain thickness are
inserted at first by the side of the previously mentioned "machine spaces,'
until the line will contain no more of these ordinary spaces, which fact is indi-
cated by the mechanism. Then the "machine spaces" are withdrawn one at
a time, and ordinary spaces of the same thickness with the machine spaces
are inserted in lieu thereof, provided the line is of the exact required length;
but if the line is too short, the mechanism will insert ordinary spaces, which
are slightly thicker than the machine spaces, till the discrepancy in length is
filled up, when the spaces left by further withdrawal of machine spaces are
filled, as before mentioned, the mechanism opening the line at the places
where spaces are withdrawn and inserted to prevent wear.
The line being
spaced and justified is fed out upon a galley. Last, to distribute the matter
set up, which is done by a reverse action of the pincers before referred to,
which are made to operate on the type, removing them from the stick, and
placing them in the columns, the mechanism being controlled in its action
through manipulation of the key-board by the operator, or by the register
obtained in setting up the matter.
The object of my said Invention is to expedite and cheapen the cost of the
work usually performed by the "compositor," by using rapidly operating
machinery for such parts of the work as are purely mechanical, and by
employing the intelligence of the "compositor" in controlling the movements
of the mechanism. Throughout the Drawings similar characters refer to
similar parts.
Fig. 1, Sheet 1, is a vertical section and elevation of a part of one of the
cases, showing a packing box attaclied to one of the columns of types; Fig. 2
is an end view of one of the cases and a section of a packing box in the plane
of the line t, t; Fig. 3 is a plan and horizontal section of a part of one of the
cases taken in the plane of the line a, a, Fig. 1; Figs. 4 & 5 are details of
parts of the case to be referred to hereafter; Figs. 6 & S are side elevations
of the stick; Fig. 7 is a plan, and Fig. 9 is a front elevation of the stick ;
Fig. 10 is a vertical section taken in the plane of the lines b, 6; Figs. 6, 7,
&S, showing in elevation the parts beyond; Fig. 11 is a horizontal section
taken in the plane of the lines c, e, Figs. 6 & S; Figs. 12, 13, & 14 are
details to be referred to hereafter.
Fig. 15, Sheet 2, is a front elevation of the spacing and justifying apparatus
Figs. 16 & 17 are details to be referred to hereafter.

page_text: Fig. 18, Sheet 3, is a plan of the spacing and justifying apparatus; Figs. 19,
20, 21, & 22 are details to be referred to hereafter.
Fig. 28, Sheet 4, is a cross vertical section taken in the plane of the lines
d. d, seen in Figs. 15 & 18, and exhibiting the apparatus in elevation beyond
the cutting plane; Figs. 24, 25, 26, & 27, are details to be referred to
hereafter.
Fig. 28, Sheet 5, is a front elevation of the machine one quarter of the full
size; Fig. 29 is a side elevation of the same; Figs. 30, 31, 32, & 33, are
details to be referred to hereafter.
Fig. 34, Sheet 6, is a plan of the machine one quarter of the full size.
Fig. 35, Sheet 7, is an end elevation of the register; Fig. 36 is a side
elevation of the same; Fig. 37 is a horizontal section taken in the plane of
the line g, g, seen in Fig.35; Figs. 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, & 44, are details
to be referred to hereafter.
In the machine of my Invention I arrange the types systematically, all of
the same character being placed in a vertical column with the faces in the
same direction, each character having a separate column, the order of the
lines as they come from the type-founder not being changed, as is usual, by
throwing them into the compartments of the ordinary "case."
In order to secure this arrangement of the lines of types, metallic cases are.
constructed, as shown in the Drawings, Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, & 5, Sheet 1, Fig. 4
being a plan of the top of the case bottom, and Fig. 5 being a cross section
taken in the plane of the line 2, 1, seen in Fig. 4.
The cases are constructed of two plates i, suitably fastened together by
screws, and being kept apart by spools; and pieces k, each plate having on
itsiuside surface any desired number of grooves v, directly opposite the same
number in the other, thirty-two being the number in the machine illustrated,
those in one plate receiving the heads of the types and those in the other
receiving the feet. At the lower end of the cases flat springs are inserted
into the grooves it, each spring pressing against types at the lower end of the
next adjacent column, or that end from which the types are taken, by the
pincers preventing them from sliding down in the type grooves r, the lower
part of the spring 7 pressing against the bottom of the column, except when a
type is to be taken out, in which case the spring 7 is pressed away from the
column by means of a welge affixed to the stick, both of which are to be
described hereafter, thus causing the whole weight of the column to rest upon
and be supported by the case bottom n. The case bottom n has a downward
motion given to it by means of mechanism to be described hereafter, and is
drawn back to its first position, and there held by means of the spiral springs

page_text: attached to each end of ituntil again drawn down. The column of types from
which the spring has been pressed away descends with the case bottom, when
it is drawn down, and immediately thereafter the wedge before mentioned
also descends, and releases the spring /, which returns to its first position, aud
presses against the column of types, butnot now against the lowest type in the
column, but against those immediately above it, leaving the lowest one resting
upon the case bottom n. The case bottom n has now a slight additional
downward movement given to it, which leaves thetype resting upon itentirely
free from contact with those above it, so that it can be easily removed from its
position on the case bottom by means of a pair of pincers, to be hereafter
described.
•
When it is desired to put the type back into the cases, the case bottom
being drawn down, the pincers above referred to take the types from the stick
and deposit them on the case bottom n, directly under the column of types to
which the character belongs; the case bottom is then drawn up by means of
the spiral springs o, carrying with it the type which is resting upon it, so that
it and the types above it are held by the spring of that column, and the case
bottom is again drawn down to receive another type. The case bottom n is so
constructed that the tops of each lowest type in the columns of each case are
all on the same horizontal line when the case bottom is up and the types are
held by the springs, the variation in the thickness of them being provided for
by the departure of the tops of the parts p from the same horizontal plane.
In the machine herein described there are to be eight cases like the one
described above, thus providing for 256 characters or kinds of types.
As some characters are of very frequent occurrence, like the small letter e,
for instance, which constitutes about one-eighth of the written English lan-
guage, an arrangement for packing away a large quantity of the matter is
affixed to any and as many columns as muy be desired. A shaft s, in movable
boxes, which slide backwards and forwards, has attached to it a drum u;
to this drum one end of a belt is attached, the other end being attached to the
drum, enclosing a clock spring, which spring causes the drum » to revolve
and wind up the belt whenever it is released or unwound from the drum v.
The springs w move the shafts and drum u forward to the case, so that when
there are no types wound upon it the part of the drum z is perpendicular
over the column of types with which it is connected. A guide y is attached
to the case to keep the types in place after they rise above the grooves 7, and
as types are added to the column from below, those at the top of the column
are forced up and wound upon the drum u; the belt is unwound from the
drum v, passing under the rolls and over the types which are on the drum u,

page_text: to hold them in their proper place and to separate the layers of types one from
the other. Each successive type added to the drum.u turus it upon its axis a
short distance and presses it back.
When the types are taken from the bottom of the column, the types on the
drum u are unwound and keep the column full until the supply is exhausted,
the belt being wound up on the drum by the force of the clock spring, and
also drawing on the drum u in the direction of the roll z, which causes it to
unwind. The types are kept in their places by means of discs attached to the
drum u, which are the distance apart of the length of a type, and consequently
prevent their moving endwise. By means of an arrangement of this kind
attached to various columns of the cases, they may be made to hold any
desired quantity of matter, even an amount equal to a 500 lb. " font."
Having described the arrangement of the types in the cases, I will now
proceed to explain the apparatus for taking them out of the cases to form
words and lines or "composing," and also for putting them back in their
proper places after they have been used, or "distributing." The apparatus for
composing and distributing type, which is illustrated in Figs. 6 to 14 inclusive,
I term the stick.
The stick is moved from column to column in the cases by means hereafter
to be described.
a is a pair of pincers opening and shutting on their connection with the
carriage 61, which carriage is pivoted to the cross head c', said cross head
having a horizontal motion in the ways d¹, given by the rotating cam path e¹
and connection f¹. g¹ is the wedge previously alluded to as operating upon
the springs 7, and which has a vertical motion given to it by the lever ¹ and
the cam path i¹. When the wedge g¹ is thrown up, it presses one of the
springs away from a column of types in a case, and releases the type which
the pincers are to take. The pincers are shown in the Drawings on the centre
of the forward rest. As the shaft revolves, the pincers will remain forward
for a time, and the spring latch k, which holds the pincers open, will be drawn
from them by the cam path and the rod m³, which has a projection n
inclined 45° from the plane of its movement for the purpose. At the same
time the levers o' and p¹ which are pressed together (the lever o' being on the
rise of the cam 7") will soon begin to open as the lever o¹ descends on the
cam r', and the spring 9' will operate to close the pincers on the type which
is resting on the case bottom free from all that are above it. The pincers
remain closed holding fast to the type, and soon the cam path e¹ begins to draw
the cross head carriage and pincers with the type in the pincers backwards;
the piece s, forming part of the carriage 6', impinges against the pin. t!

page_text: attached to a flat spring, causing the pincers and pincer carriage to make a
quarter of a revolution while being drawn back,and the type which is in them
is held face up. The distance which the pincers have to move is so fixed
that the points which the levers o' and' p' operate upon are in the same
place when the pincers are in the position shown in the Drawings, and when
they are drawn back and have made a quarter of a revolution, so that the
levers o' and p' operate upon them, the same in both positions, and the inclined
projection n¹ trips the latch k³, when in both positions, with the same facility.
The pincers will remain in a vertical position for a short time, and while stand-
ing still the levers o' and p'areaguin closed upon the pincers, which causes
them to open, and the latch spring & being released, it closes upon the pincers,
latching them open and holding them open after the leverso' and p' are again
opened. The pincers by being opened lose their hold upon the type, which is
immediately fed back in a channel 6, in which the line is set up; is a lever
which is operated upon by the face can e', and by inspection of Figs. 7, 8, 10,
&11, it will be seen that the cam ¹ operates on u² on one or the other side of
its pivoted fulcrum, to move the lower end of u' either from left to right or from
right to left, according as u'is operated upon by o' above or below said pivoted
fulcrum. To effect this change in the operation of v¹ on u¹, the lever "¹ has a
movement on its fulcrum other than that of vibration, transverse to cam V³,
which movement is obtained by connecting at its fulcrum with the lever u².
The lever u, which is pivoted to a fixed point at its end opposite to that con-
nected with u', has a lateral motion given to it by the action of rotating inclines
vagainstinclines formed on u", which causes the leveru' to be brought in each
revolution of the shaft j' alternately in and out of the plane of rotation of v¹.
From this it is evident that when the shaft rotates in one direction so
as to set type, the cam o' strikes the upper arm of u', and moves the lower
end from the pincers a', but when it rotates in the other direction, as in distri-
buting, v¹ strokes the lower arm of u³, and moves the lower end of a toward the
pincers. There are pieces w' and of arranged to be capable of movement in
planes parallel with the plane of vibration of ul. Pins are fixed in w³and o³,
so that when u is vibrated in one or the other direction, it will impinge
against one or the other of these pins, and move the piece with which the piu
impinged against, is connected.
The piece w³, which I term a traveller, and which is operated by the
lever u, is supported on rods which slide in bearings, so that it can move
backwards and forwards. In its backward movement it releases the
incline ¹ on the bar y³, from contact with the stationary incline, allowing
the spring a³ to move the bar y¹ on its pivoting to the traveller w¹, so as to

page_text: throw the feed end of y¹ directly opposite the open end of the channel 6", and
almost into contact with the type which has just been left in it by the pincers.
The further backward movement of the traveller w₁ will carry the type into
the channel b by the motion imparted to y¹, when the type has been thus
deposited and fed into the channel 62, the lever u¹, the traveller w', and the
bar y are drawn back to their original positions by a spring, and the pincers
are moved forward and turned up until they are in the position shown in the
Drawings, ready to repeat the operation above described. The reverse
movement of the traveller w³, carrying with it the bary', causes the end of y¹,
which is in the channel b³, to move out of and free from the channel.62, then
the incline strikes against the inclinez' in the further movement. of y', which
causes a lateral movement of y', leaving a sufficient space for the movements
of the pincers.
When the letters composing a word have been thus taken from their
respective columns and deposited in the type channel 62, the operator causes
motion to be given to the rocker shaft c³ and the lever f, which causes the
plunger de to throw down into the channel 62, a piece of steel which I call
a machine space, shown by Fig. 12, a sufficient number of which are placed
in the machine space box e, shown in vertical section in Fig. 13; they are fed.
forward as they are used, by means of the rod and spiral spring g². After a
machine space has thus been thrown into the type channel 62, its shoulders
1³, 1ª, resting on the shoulders ², i³, of the type channel 62, the next word is
composed and another space is thrown in separating the words from each other.
As the lengths of lines required in composition are variable, and it is desirable
that indication should be given to the operator when the line is nearly full, I
have devised means by which a bell will be struck when the line of whatever
length lacks space enough for the longest syllable in the language. In Fig. 14
particularily and elsewhere, the slide is shown mounted in the carriage 12,
to which the striking rod k³ is fixed. The distance between the type end
of and the operating end of 2 may be varied by means of a slot in ³, and
a set screw in the carriage n³, so that for short lines this distance may be
increased and diminished, for long lines by moving in the carriage n³. This
distance being set for any given length of line, and the carriagen³ connected
therewith, and are pushed back by the insertion of types in the type channel
3, till impinges against the incline on the spring, operating to give warning
that the line is nearly full by the striking of the bell m². When the line
is full the operator causes the line of types to be transferred to the spacing
apparatus to be hereafter described, where it is spaced and justified while the
operator is setting up the next line.

page_text: Having described the manner of setting up the types or " composing," I
now propose to show how the types are put back into their proper places in
the cases from the stick or the "distributing." The movements of the stick
to the proper columns are directed by the operator or by means of the register
as hereafter described.
As the work of setting types or "composing," and that of "distributing,"
is the same, only the operation is reversed, it follows as a matter of course
that a revolution of theshaft in one direction causes the types to be taken from
the case and put into the stick, while a reverse revolution will cause the type
to be taken from the stick and put into the case. The types we will suppose
are in the channel 6 deprived of their spaces. They are fed forward to the
front part of the type channel by the motion of the ratchet bar o³, which
is moved longitudinally by the lever u¹, as before explained. Inclines on
the ratchet bar 02, acting in connection with fixed inclines, throw the ratchet
bar o upward in its forward movement, and downward in its backward
movement. The forward upward movement causes o³ to impinge against
the pawl hung to a slide bar connected with the carriage n³. The move-
ment of the bar exceeds the width of the largest type, and carries with it the
carriage n² and slide till the movement of these latter are checked by the
impingement of the types against the piece, which closes the end of the
type channel 63, when the bar 2 performs the remainder of its movement by
compressing the spring . When the pawl is released from o by its down-
ward and backward movement, the spring & causes to assume its original
position in the carriage n². The ratchet bar o² is drawn back to its original
position by the action of a spiral spring extended during its forward
movement. The type in the channel 63 having been fed forward to the front
of the stick against the stop s², several types next adjacent to the front one
are drawn down about one-third of their length for the purpose of destroying
the adhesion to the first type, and to leave it isolated for the action of the
pincers, in removing it from the type channel 6 to one of the cases. In doing
this theseadjacent types are drawn down by the action of nippers, which grasp
them, avoiding automatically taking hold of the first type in the channel ³,
whatever its width may be, and the stops is provided with a rest which holds
the first type from being drawn down with the others, which stop and rest
are moved at the proper time to avoid contact with the first type when it is
swung up by the pincers. The function of drawing down the types is per-
formed by this mechanism. The lever is operated by the cam path, the
other end being connected by the link with the rod y², and conveying
to it a vertical motion.; connected with the rod y is the piece z³, having an

page_text: incline upon its upper surface, which piece z moves in a slot in both jaws of
the nippers a³. One jaw of these nippers is pivoted to the other, so that it
can vibrate on its pivot, and be closed by the action of a spring to seize the
types, when the piece 22 moves downward away from the incline formed in
the upper part of the slot in the vibrating jaw, this jaw being opened by the
impingement of the inclines in the upward movement of z³, the nippers being
carried downward, and taking with it the type held in its grasp, when the
piece strikes against the bottom of the slots in both jaws of the nippers.
I now propose to show how the nippers are prevented from seizing the first
type, although the width of the types fed to the first position continually varies.
The slide 6 in the movable jaw has a projection on its face about one quarter
of an inch long, which operates to draw down the types, which are of a peculiar
formation, as shown at A, Sheet 1. Each type has a depression d³ cast in its
side, as shown, the depression d³ occupying all the side of the type, except a
shoulder, which is the width of the thinnest type. This depression d³ in the
sides of the types is for the purpose of giving an indication to the mechanism
which controls the position of the slide 63. This mechanism consists of an
indicating hook c³ connected with the slide b³. The indicating hook c³ slides
and vibrates on a stationary pin, its forward movement being caused by
impingement of the ratchet bar o against it, which extends a spiral spring,
the contraction of which draws it back, and its hooked end in toward the type,
causing the said hooked end to fall into the depression d³ in the side of the
forward type, and is drawn back therein until it reaches the shoulder of the
type which stops its backward movement.
The slide ba, which is dovetailed into the vibrating jaw of the nippers, has
amovement transverse to the vibration thereof caused by theimpingement of o
against a pin in 63, which throws it forward, it being drawn back by the contact
of 3 with the same pin. The distance which moves back being controlled
by the depression in the side.of the first type, it follows that the movement
of 3, which is controlled by the movement of c³, will also be regulated by the
width of the depression in the side of the first type, and as I make the
horizontal distance between the front of the projection on 3 from the hook c³
equal to the thickness of the thinnest type, it follows, the hook e being
stopped by the shoulder on the side of the front type, that the front of the
projection on 6* will not come in contact with that type, but said projection will
fall within the nicks of the next adjacent types, wholly clearing the front type.
The front stop 82 of the type channel 62 has a downward. movement given
it by connection with the nippers; connected with this stop on the side next
to the type is a piece e³, which I term a type rest; this is a piece of metal

page_text: no thicker than the thinnest type, the top of which is held on a level with the
permanent bottom of by a spring. A pin is fixed in the stop s², projecting
into a slot in e³, which slot is of such a length, and is so located with respect
to said piu, that in the last part of the movement of s³, e³ is moved slightly
downward, and after the pincers have firm hold of the type, so that in the cir-
cular movement of the type given by the pincers it will not touch the piece e³,
which it rested upon. The movement of 82 is so timed with reference to
the movement of the pincers in setting type, that the stops² is below the level
of the bottom of the type channel, when the pincers place the type therein, and
it immediately afterwards rises in front of the type.
In distributing, the pincers a' are closed upon the type in the manner here-
tofore described; the revolution of the cain path e¹ causes them to rise to a
horizontal position, and be moved forward, holding the type until it has
been carried under the column to which it belongs, when the levers o' and pl
open the pincers, the spring latch hooks them open, and the case bottom
moves up carrying the type with it, so that a spring Z in the case holds it up
in its place in the column. The pincers a¹ then move back and turn down to
a vertical position held open by the spring latch e, and are again closed upon
a type by releasing the spring latch ¹, which type is put into its place in the
case as above described, and so on. The stick moves from one column to
another, while the pincers are turning down to a vertical position after they
have been drawn free from the case, and during a part of their upward move-
ment, and before they come in contact with the case.
The channel may be made adjustable for the purpose of accommodating
type of different sizes, as, for instance, "brevier," "miniou," "nonpareil," &c.,
by moving one of its sides by screws, or some other convenient method.
Having described the process of setting the types in lines, the words of
which are separated by "machine spaces," I will now proceed to show how
the line is spaced and justified, reference being had to the Drawings on
Sheets 2, 3, & 4. These Drawings are made on a larger scale than the
Drawings of the stick (which are in Sheet 1 of full working size) in order to
show more clearly their, parts, and consequently the connection with the
stick is not shown; there is, however, no connection with it except at the
time when the line is to be transferred from the stick to the spacing and
justifying apparatus, at which time the stick is always at the same place in
the machine, and the spacing mechanism is moved upon its way or guide f
till its spacing channel abuts the channelb in the stick, the line of types then
fed or pushed from the stick into the spacing channel past the spring stop g",
and with the edge of the jaw ³ in the nicks of the types.

page_text: Throughout this Specification I use the terms "spacing "and" justifying,"
in their ordinary technical signification amongst printers; "spacing" sig-
nifying the operation of securing a nearly equal distance between the words,
and "justifying" making the lines of types of the same length. The "machine
spaces" which are inserted between the words when the types are set are used
as a means for indicating to the mechanisin where spaces of the ordinary kind
should be inserted to accomplish the purpose for which this Invention is made.
The spacing channel before referred to, into which the line of types has been
fed with its machine spaces, has its top open for insertion and extraction of
spaces, its bottom removable so that each line of types when spaced and justified
can be placed upon a proper galley, and its sides adjustable for the
purpose of
accommodating types of different sizes, as, for instance," brevier," "minion,"
"nonpareil," &c., also having two stops, one at each end of the line of types,
that near the end of the channel at which the types are introduced, being
movable only so far as to admit of the entrance of the types, after which it
acts upon them as a fixed stop, and the other stop at the opposite end of the
line being movable in the direction of the length of the line of types against
which it is constantly pressed, and acting by the position given it by changein
the length of the line of types to indicate, by means of wedges, levers, toggles,
or other suitable devices, the necessary operations to the spacing and justifying
mechanism. A box containing spaces of the ordinary kind is located above
the type channel so as to be capable of being moved overtheline of types, and
of being checked at the machine spaces, at which times the types on each side
of the machine space which is acting as a check are firmly clamped, the
machine space being included with the types nearest the stationary stop, and
clamped with them to a fixed bar, while the types on the side of the machine
space nearest the movable stop are clamped to a movable bar, by the move-
ment of which and the clamping aforesaid, a separation takes place in the line
oftypes, in which an ordinary space can be inserted by a plunger made to operate
on one of the spaces contained in the box. The space box after the with-
drawal of the plunger before referred to, is moved along, and these operations
repeated till there is no longer room for the reception of the ordinary spaces.
When the line is so filled the machine spaces are extracted, and if the line is
filled exactly or is justified, then for each machine space extracted a common
space of the same thickness is inserted. As the machine spaces are extracted
by hook levers they are pushed out of their grasp by a suitable mechanisin for
that purpose into a box arranged to receive them. To provide for "justifying"
the line to a very minute fraction of an inch where it falls short of being its
proper length by, less than the thickness of the spaces used in filling the line,

page_text: and which for illustration I shall assume to be "hair spaces" of "brevier,"
which are fuths of an inch thick, as are also the "machine spaces," the
space box is provided with another set of spaces slightly thicker, and which 1
shall assume to be "five em spaces," which are oths of an inch thick.
When in this condition of things there exists one or more two hundred and
seventieths of an inch of the required length of the line unfilled, the indi-
cating mechanism changes the position of the space box, so that the "five cm
spaces" are over the spacing channel, and subject to the action of the plunger,
and as each machine space is extracted, a "five em space "is inserted in its
stead, which increases the length of the line sath of an inch. This opera-
tion is repeated till the line is filled to less than the shuth of an inch of its
exact required length, when the indicating mechanism causes the position of
the space box to be shifted so as to bring the hair spaces into position over
the spacing channel to be inserted in the line whenever the machine spaces
are drawn out, an operation which does not change the length of the line, the
spaces extracted and the spaces inserted being equal in thickness and number.
In the case assumed for illustration it is evident that but four "five enu
spaces" could be required for "justification" of a line, since if there was a
space of oths of an inch to be filled in the line it would be supplied
with a hair space. Spaces of different thicknesses from those named may be
used and more sets than two may also be employed, as it is evident that the
principle illustrated may be made the subject of more extended combinations.
The picce is the main support of the machine, which is suitably sustained
in position, so that the whole of the machine, with exception of a few parts
which require connection with fixed points, is capable of being moved upon
it as on a way or guide, for the purpose of bringing the spacing channel of
this mechanism abut with the type channel 6. Cross heads surroundƒ³,
and are capable of freely moving thereupon while they carry the way or
guide, on which the space box and other parts of the machine are moved.
A rigid bar unites the cross heads 3, to which bar the slide 8 is fixed, on
which the movable bottom of the spacing channel is drawn up and down.
Other pieces m³ are fixed to the said cross bar, and serve as guides to the
ends of the said movable bottom, and also to support the upper sides ³ of said
chanuel, and other parts of the machine which move on f³. The movable
bottom of the spacing channel is represented in Fig. 26 us a section taken in
line d, d, Figs. 15 & 18, and in elevation beyond, and is a T-shaped piece,
connected by clasps o³ to slide 3, the top p³ of said piece forming the rest for
the feet of the types. The lower sides of the channel are the pieces 2 and h³,
which are connected to p³, q³, being a plain bar, so arranged that an aperture

page_text: exists between the parts, in and through which an instrument may be made to
operate upon the line of types to remove it from p³ to the galley. To effect
this removal of the types, the bottom p³ and the parts immediately united
therewith are drawn downward, taking with them the line of types by means
of the hold which the piece h³ has on the types by its edge or lip fitting in the
nicks formed in the type bodies, which hold may be assisted and the types
steadied by facing h³ with any suitable yielding material, as shown at 73. The
piece h³ is so arranged that a vertical movement may be given to it when p³ is
drawn down to its lowest position, and provision is also made to allow a slight
lateral movement of h³. These two movements combined withdraw h³ from
the nicks in the types, and below the type-holding surface of p3, so that the
whole line may be left free for removal upon the galley. The jaw ³ is made
to act upon the line of types to hold it together, and to cause it to move
with p3 by the action of the jaw of spring s3. When p³ is in its highest
position, the spacing channel is formed by the upper sides 3, the lower sides q³
and 3,and the bottom p³. Toward the other end of the spacing channel from
where the types have been fed into it, is an indicating stop t³, which is kept
pressed constantly toward the stop g³, and against the line of types, by the
spring ³, which reacts upon the piece ³. The machine spaces which are set
up in the lines of types rests with their shoulders h on the upper edges of n³,
when the feet of the types rest on p³. Upon the slide is located the piece w³,
the screw 3 passing through a slotted hole therein, and holding it to 13, while
the springs y act against stops in 3 to keep it against other stops in j³. To
the end of a slide bar in w³, which is arranged so as to operate as a clamp
upon the movable stop t3, when desired, a bar z³ is fixed so as to be movable
with w³. By movement of piece at the clamping and unclamping of the
movable stop t³ with reference to w³ and the bar 2³ is effected. The shaft 64
has fixed upon it two radius bars or rockers c4 and d4, to the first of which
poweris applied to move the latter, which compresses the spring u³ surrounding
the guide spindle of the indicator stop 3; the reaction of this spring keeps
the end of the rocker pressed constantly towards the indicator stop t³, and this
against the line of types whenever the parts are left free to be moved by the
elastic force of the spring. The forked end of d4 plays between two bent
studs 64, which are inserted in w³, and are so located and shaped that d* will
strike against them in the last part of its vibration, and will then move w³
against the resistance of its springs y³, and with it the movable bar 23, and the
indicating stop t³, the latter having been clamped by movement of a to w³ and
bar previously to the contact of d* with e'. It is obvious that in setting up
a line of types there will be some customary or practical limit to the difference

page_text: between the length of the line as it is first set up and the length of the space
it is intended to occupy in the form, which is the length to which the line is
extended by spacing and justification. It is intended that the distance between
d' and where it strikes againste should exceed such a probable maximum limit,
so that the only effect of the insertion in the spacing channel of lines of types
ranging between the probable minimum length' to which such lines might be
set up, and the absolute length to which it is intended to have all the lines of
any given form justified, will be a compression of the spring ³ to varying
degrees. The piece 4, Fig. 20, rests upon, and is connected to ³ in such a
manner as to be free to move upon itagainst the action of springg'similarly to
that described for piece w³. To f* is connected a clamping mechanism which
operates by movement of piece 4, to clamp the movable bar ss to the type
nearest the indicator stop t³, and next adjacent to the machine space against
which the pawl it is acting as a stop, as will be further explained beyond. A
stationary bar is fixed to any convenient immovable part of the machine or
its framework, to which bar the machine space which is at the time acting as
a stop, and the types next adjacent to it on the side nearest the fixed stop g³,
are clamped by the clamping mechanism illustrated in Fig. 22, as connected
tok, which rests upou j³ in a manner similar to ♬ and w³. This clamping
mechanism is made to operate by movement of piece 14. Now when a strikes
against e', it will be evident that the line of types must be separated at the
machine space, because of the connection of the types next the machine space
on the side of the indicating stop with the piece w by means of the movable
bars, and that the separation will take place even though the parts of the
line adhere with considerable tenacity, for themachinespace which is clamped
is firmly retained from following the movement of that part of the line which
is clamped to the movable bar. The line is thus separated to afford facility
for the insertion of spaces between the words, thereby to accomplish its spacing
and justification. The mechanism of the clamps connected with fand e' is
best explained by reference to Figs. 19, 20, 21, & 22, as well as to the general
Drawings, Figs. 15, 18, & 23. The clamping mechanism connected with u³
is not detailed, but is merely so modified from that illustrated in Figs. 19, 20,
21,&22,as to clamp the indicating stop to the piece w³. The box which
contains common spaces, and the box of which receives machine spaces, are
connected to a carriage frame, the principal parts of which are indicated by m².
The box is arranged so as to glide across the frame m", on ways n'at right
angles with the direction in which m² moves upon 73. The amount of this
movement is such that the hair space part p, or the five em space part q', of
the box will be directly over the chanuel. To nove the carriage over the

page_text: line of types, I propose to employ a spring or weight to move it towards the
stationary stop, checking it at each machine space for a purpose herein-after
explained by means of the mechanism shown in Fig. 16. One of the uses
which the machine spaces serve when set up in the line of types, is that
of the teeth of a rack, against which the pawl 4 impinges to check the onward
movement of the carriage till the pawl is tripped by a positive movementgiven
at the proper time to the lever 14, the pawl being at all other times kept in
position to come into contact with the machine spaces by the action of springs+.
The carriage m¹ is thrown back to its starting point toward the indicating stop
by the action of mechanism which is caused to operate by the indicating
mechanism. While I have indicated the best form known to me for the
machine spaces, I would remark that these may be so much modified as to
fall short of the boundaries of the types when they are in place in the line, in
which case the pawl would fall into the space left between two types, and,
would act directly on the types as a check. This would probably indent the
types, but the indentation could be prevented in some measure by detaching
the pawl from the carriage, and causing it to be moved to the check, and to
be clamped in that position before the carriage brought up against it. The
carriage m encloses f4 and 4, which are thus made to move along the line
of types with the space boxes, and to perform their appropriate functions
on the types in the line. The channels p and q of the space box k³ are to
be filled with spaces of the common kind, and differing from each other
slightly in thickness. To continue the illustration it must be understood
that p4 is filled with "hair spaces," and q with "five em spaces," which are to
be pressed toward the end plate 4 of the box 3 by springs. There is an aper-
ture made in the bottom of each of the channels 24 and 24 next the plate to,
just large enough to admit of a single space being passed through into the
spacing channel. The spaces are prevented from falling through these open-
ings by being pinched or forced against the plate 4, or by other suitable
ineans. A plunger u¹, having a sectional area equal to that of a hair space
is made to move up and down at the proper times, guided by the spindle v¹,
and by the plates of the space box. This plunger will push single spaces,
successively from either channel p4 or 24, which may be directly beneath it,
into the opening in the type line left by its separation. Hook levers wf are
connected with the piece which carries 4, and are shaped as shown in
Figs. 17 & 23, and move up and down with the plunger. The plunger may
be made to operate to insert a space without any action of the hook levers on
a machine space, or the insertion of a common space, and the extraction of a
machine space may take place during one double stroke of u¹ and w¹. Thẻ

page_text: rounded or inclined ends of the hook levers open when they strike in their
downward movement against a machinespace, and in doing this, the spring.
which acts to keep the hook levers together is extended, and causes them to
spring into the notches in the machine space, by which they acquire a firm hold.
It will be obvious that when it is not desired to have the hook levers act to
extract machine spaces, any mechanism which will prevent w from catching
a machine space will prevent such action of the hook levers. This is found
in the lever yt, upon which are fixed inclined horns A, so that the studs a may
strike the horus during the movement of the hook levers and open them,
so that they will not take hold of the machine space; or the lever y' may be
so set that the horns thereon will be placed beyond a chance of contact with
the studs a³, so that the hook levers will open and close upon the machine
spaces. It will be observed that the adjacent surfaces of the plunger and
look levers are not in the same plane, because the separation of the types
takes place before these instruments act. A couple of bars 65 are fitted in
corresponding apertures in t, and are connected together, and to a slide co,
which is made to move upon the space box in the direction of the length of
its channels after the hook levers have completed their upward stroke. When-
ever the hook levers extract a machine space this movement pushes it out of
their grasp into the channel in o*, from which they may be taken to be used
again in the stick. These bars 65 and the slide c³, with which they are con-
nected, are fully illustrated in Fig. 27, and are shown elsewhere in the Draw-
ings. A compound slide is made to reciprocate at right angles to the line of
the movement of the indicating stop t³. This slide moves in suitable bearings
or supports 15 fixed to³, and consists, as is shown in the Drawings, and more
particularly in Fig. 24, of a plain bar e, to which bar fo is connected, so that
it will move with bar e³, unless some obstacle is interposed, e³ communicating
its movements to, by the contact caused by the pressure of the spring y².
The parts and fo of the compound slide are united by pins in one, passing
through slotted holes in the other, in such a manner that when moves rela-
tively to f, the parallelism of the pieces shall not be disturbed. Upon the
edge off, adjacent to the end of the indicating stop t³, an incline is formed,
as represented at he, the length of which inust be proportioned to the length
of the reciprocation of e, and the inclination of which must be relative to the
thickness of the spaces used in spacing and justifying, and is in the case illus-
trated toths of an inch. At one end of this incline f5 is cut away, as shown
nt i³, sufficiently to admit freely the end of t³: The opposite edge of f³ is cut
away, as shown at 73, which cut should be the length of the incline and pin.
A piece k is secured to do, along which f³ moves so closely that any impedi-

page_text: ment acting at right angles to its line of reciprocation as part of the compound
slide will clamp f5 between 5, and the impediment (which is the stop t³), so
that no strain or binding will take place between f5 and 65, and the latter will
continue to move freely, while the former remains stationary.
I will now describe the means by which the space box is moved over the type
channel, so as to bring one or the other kind of spaces which it carries directly
over the type channel. The piece 75 is a rocker, which acts upon and betwecu
two pins fixed in arm m5, which is made fast to the space box. The edge of
this rocker, where it acts upon the pins in m³, is of sufficient length to remain
between said pins throughout the greatest movement which has to make, in
order to pass over the longest line of types, which the machine is adapted to
operate upon. This rocker is made fast to the rock shaft 25, which is mounted
in suitable bearings 05, and has fixed to it an arm p³, to which is hinged the
rod 25 with a pin projecting therefrom at its upper end. The rod q³ has a
movement imparted to it, which if unchecked would carry the pin at its end
from a position below to one above it. The parts are so arranged, as shown
in the Drawings, that when the pin in q³ is below f³, the air space channel p
will be over the type channel, and when above fo the five em space channel q
will be over the type channel. Now a periodic impulse is given at 75 at the
proper time, which if unchecked would in its upward movement shift g¹ to the
place occupied by p4, and in its downward movement would bring p+ back to
the position it occupied at first. It will be evident that q5 can thus receive a
movement of a fixed' maximum extent, and that it can be checked short of
that extent by having the motor act upon a spring connected with 95, which
is sufficiently rigid to overcome the friction and inertia of the moving parts
without yielding, but which will yield sufficiently to permit the motor to move
throughout its entire rauge whenever the pin in q meets with an obstacle.
Having described the construction of the mechanism I will now proceed
to describe its operation, premising that some normal length of line has been
fixed upon to which the types are to be spaced and justified, and that the
length of the line set up does not fall short of its intended normal length
more than the length of the vibration of a, which is employed in compressing
the spring us before it strikes against et. As the length of the line is deter-
mined by the action of the stop t³ upon the line itself and the compound
slide, it may be fixed by adjusting the distance apart of that portion of t³
which bears upon the types and the part f³ of the slide. The stop t³ being
so adjusted, and the types set up in line with machine spaces inserted between
each word, having been fed into the spacing channel from the stick, are held
against the stationary stop by spring pressure exerted through t³. The space

page_text: 15
boxes and carriage m are placed in position, so that pawl i impinges against
the first machine space, and then d4 is made to move till it strikes 64, at which
time, or just before, the clamps operate, and the balance of the movement
of toward the compound slide is employed in the separation of the line of
types at the machine space, which is operating as a check. Bar e of the
compound slide has previously moved and carried f³ with it throughout its
movement, provided t³ has not been brought by the length of the line of types
so as to interfere with fo, which it may do by being brought so near to
that the incline ³ strikes to before e has completed its movement in one
direction. If the line should happen to be set up of the exact normal length,
or within th of an inch of it, then the position of 3 would be, such
that it would prevent movement of f, and that would leave fin such
a position that it would check the upward impulse of 4, which impulse is
given after the movement of e ceases in a direction away from q"; this leaves
the hairspacechannel over the type channel; and the position of when against
may be made to control that of y', so as to leave the hook levers free to
extract the machine spaces. The plunger and hook levers are then movod
down and back again, inserting a hair space and extracting a machine space,
which, as both are of the same thickness, does not alter the length of the
line. The slide c³ then receives movement to push themachine space iuto o,
and the downward movement which the plunger and hook levers receive may
be imparted to lever 4 to trip the pawl +, which lets the carriage m and
parts connected therewith move to the next machine space, when the clamps
release their hold. The types which are clamped with the movable bar have
a slight retractile movement towards the stationary stop 4, vibrates back,
and the described operations are repeated till the machine spaces are all
extracted, because the length of the line remains unchanged, and so, of course,
does the indicating mechanism and the conditions which produce the move-
meuts. When the carriage m has passed over the line, it operates by its
arrival at some fixed point to throw into gear a mechanism which shall lower
⚫the bottom of the spacing channel, release the types from the grasp of h³, and
feed out the line upon a proper galley, which is made to assume a proper
position to receive it, after which the spacing channel bottom assumes the
position in which it is illustrated in the Drawings, when another line of types
may be introduced, and carriage m¹ returned to the first machine space of the
new line. To illustrate the variety of the action of my machine and its
automatic adaptation to spacing and justifying, it may be assumed that this
new line falls short of the normal length of the line nearly the full amount
admitted in practice. The operations will be as before recited, except that t

page_text: has not
will not come into contact with f³ for some time, during which the whole of
the compound slide will move together, and the pin in 25 will strike f", but
on the other side of the recess j³, so that the separation of the line goes on,
and the insertion of the hair spaces as before described, but the machine
spaces are not extracted, because the mechanism which depresses
been acted upon, the indicating stop t³ not being yet in contact with ³,
The line may be thus goue over again and again, till by the insertion of hair
spaces is in such a position that the incline 5 of piece f will come into
contact with 3, when fo will be thereby checked from moving with e³, and
the recess will be presented so that the pin on q can pass through, which
movement of 7 will shift the space box, so that the five em spaces will be
over the type channel. When this movement of 9" takes place, it or some
other suitable indication causes the carriage m and parts connected therewith
to be returned to the first machine space;, then said machine space is
extracted just after a five em space has been inserted by its side, which
increases the length of the line the ruth of an inch. If the line still lacks
Foth of an inch or more of its normal length these movements will be
repeated, save that the carriage m is not during the operations on this line
made to move again towards the compound slide. This operation of inserting
a five em space and extracting a machine space is continued till the length
of the line is so increased by it that t prevents wholly or nearly so any
movement off, which will be when a line lacks less than the oth of an
inch of its length, when the pin in 5, being below m, is prevented from
moving upward thereby, and the hair space box being over the type line, hair
spaces are inserted in the place of the remaining machine spaces.
Having described the arrangement of the types in the cases, the manner
in which they are taken out of their respective columns by the stick for the
purpose of forming words and lines, and also the method of spacing and
justifying those lines, together with the manner of distributing the matter
after it has been printed from, I now propose to explain the general
arrangement of the parts of the machine which convey motion to the stick,
and the manner in which those motions are controlled and directed, together
with the arrangement and operation of some of the mechanism which operates
conjointly with the stick, reference being had particularly to the Drawings on
Sheets 6 & 6.
³ represents the framework of the machine; s is the main shaft, driven by
any proper means, the revolutions of which impart motion to the various
cams, eccentrics, and other devices herein described which are necessary to
accomplish the required work. 15 is a series of keys, of which in the machine

page_text: here illustrated there are forty, arranged similarly to those of an ordinary
piano, and through which the intelligence of the operator is conveyed to the
machine, so as to direct the movements of the various parts thereof.
Thirty-one of the keys will give to the stick a motion in the direction of the
line of the cases to the various columns in each case, seven of the keys being
used to carry the stick in a direction at right angles with the line of the
cases, that is from case to case; one of the other two causes the machine
space to be thrown in between the words, and the other the transfer of the
line from the stick to the spacing and justifying apparatus. The cam ³ on
the main shaft operates the lever vi, which is connected by the rod w, with
the vibrator bar 5 against the resistance of springs, of which there are two,
one at each end of the vibrator. The springs throw back the vibrator after
the cam was drawn it forward, and thus the, cam and spring give it a
constant vibratory motion.
Under the keys are pieces y, each of which is attached to a slide 2³, and
is held up by a spring against the key which is above it, and by which it may
be moved down by pressing said key, which is done by the touch of the
operator, and is. all the force required to be used by him.
When a key is depressed its piece y is moved into the plane of motion
of the vibrator, which moves it forward, and with it the slide with which it
is connected. The ends of the slide abut against a number of T-shaped
sliding bars a, placed one above the other, and causes them to be moved
forward. The ends of the slides which abut against the T's are cut away as
shown in detail at B, Sheet 5, so that certain T's will be moved forward by
one slide and certain others by another, and again others by another, thus one
slide will abut against only the upper T, another against the lower, another
against any intermediate one, while still another ganabutagainst the whole ten
or any less number, and in any desired combination, so that the operator by
simply touching one key will cause certain T's to move forward, the motion
of which it is intended that that key shall control, the combination being
produced on the slides so, and requiring no mental calculations on the part of
the operator. The T's are retracted after they have been moved forward by
means of spiral springs attached to the frame and to the T's, moving back with
them the slides so.
In order to economize the motion of the T's so that in case any of them are
used more than once consecutively, they shall not come back to be again
forced forward, but shall be held forward until it is no longer required that they
should be kept forward, and also in order to hold the T's forward during so
much of the revolution of the shaft that the vibrator 5 can remain back or

page_text: opened so that the keys can be pushed down for a comparatively long period of
time, I have adopted a peculiar arrangement of mechanical devices, the
operations of which I will now proceed to describe.
.
To all of the T's are attached projections 6º, like the teeth of a ratchet.
A series of spring hooks co is so operated that any of them may be either
arranged with or disengaged from the projectious be, the said hooks being
attached to a sliding piece do, having a reciprocating rectilinear motion
imparted to it by the vibrating lever e and a path cam on the main shaft.
The operation of the hooks ce, whereby they are allowed to slip or pass freely
by the projections be of those T's which have not been moved forward by the
action of the vibrator and the slides 85, whilst they will interlock or engage
with the projections of those T's which have been pushed forward, and hold
them there during the remainder of the revolution of the shaft s5, thereby
allowing the keys that were depressed to be free to act again if necessary on
the next revolution is as follows:-The pieced, to which the series of books co
is attached, and which has a reciprocating rectilinear motion imparted to it as
above described, moves ina fixed bearing, and also has a bearing in a travelling
bar fo, reference being had particularly to Fig. 33. The bar fo is held by the
friction of the spring hooks e against it, and is thus moved with the sliding
piece do, while the hooks are passing by the projectious 66 of those T's which
have not been moved forward, but when they have passed these projections the
bar is arrested in its movement by the stops go, while the sliding piece d® is
allowed to continue in its forward movement independent of the travelling
bar, and carrying the spring hooks co forward with it, releases them from the
travelling bar, and allows them to hook into the projections 60 of those T's
which have been moved forward. The hooks co, which have been interlocked
with the projections of those T's which have been moved forward, and also
those which have passed freely over the projections of the remaining T's, are
moved back with the sliding piece do, and carry with them the travelling bar fo
until it strikes the stops he, but the sliding piece do and the hooks co are
allowed to continue their backward movement independent of the travelling
bar, which gives a lateral motion to the spring hooks e, and holds them
open, so that when they again move forward they will pass over the projections
on those T's which have not been moved forward.
. It will be seen from the foregoing description that in order to produce the
desired results of holding the Ts forward by means of the spring hooks, c, and
also to allow the vibrator to quickly retake its proper position so as to be in
readiness upon the next revolution of the driving shaft so to perform.its duty of
pushing forward those slides z5 connected with the depressed keys, it is neces-
D'

page_text: sary that the cams which actuate respectively the vibrator and the sliding
piece should be so arranged with regard to each other, that whilst the one
will cause the T's to be sent forward, the other 'will so actuate the sliding
piece do, to which the hooks are attached, as to cause the hooks ce immediately
after the T's have been so pushed forward, to interlock with and hold the same
during the remainder of a revolution. In the machine illustrated, 1º are
vertical travelling bars which are operated by eccentrics on the main shaft s³,
and have upon them latches je, which can be moved transversely to the line of
movement of . The sliding latches are moved by the governing plate 4º,
shown in Fig. 31, which are connected by the rods / with the T's. When
any one of the T's is thrown forward the governing plate connected with it is
thrown forward, and one of the guides m", which is secured to the governing
plate, pressing against a pin in the sliding latch, causing it to move so that it
shall
engage the catch n" on one of the bars 0%. Four of the bars of have hori-
zontal arms pe projecting from them, each arm po having attached toitasliding
boxq". Connected with the boxesq' is a series ofleyers",,,,&, thesmallest
of which 10 hasathrow equal to the distance of one column of types in a case to
another, which distance I will assume as a unit of measure; the next so has a
throw which is twice that, or two units; the next to has a throw twice that,
or four units; the next u, twice that, or eight units; the next v, twice that, or
sixteen units, which is equal to the distance that the seven-teeth column of
types is from the first. The lever is connected with the upright bar o
by the link w, with the upper fulcrum box a, which slides on a way connected
with the frame of the machine, and with the frame of the machine by its
own fulcrum. The lever u has its fulcrum in the upper fulcrum box a",
and is connected with the upper sliding box q" and with the fulcrum of the
lever to. The levers to, s, and 70 are arranged and connected similarly to uº,
except that reconnects with a slide y which carries the stick. The upright
bars o" are connected with another series of upright bars z by the levers a
and chains 67, which latter run over pulleys. At the lower end of the upright
bars are catches, with which the sliding latches will engage when the T's
have been drawn back, carrying with them the governing plates and the
sliding latches before described. When the shaft so is rotating the operator
touches a key which causes certain T's to be moved forward,
as before
.described, and with them such of the rods as are connected with the T's
that are moved forward, and also the governing plates, which are attached
to the rods . The sliding latches jo are moved by the governing plates so as
to engage the catches nº on the bars o", and as the sliding latches je are drawn
down by the vertical travelling barsi, which are connected with the eccentrics,

page_text: the upright bars of and the arms pe and link we are also drawn down, carrying
with them one end of the levers 76, so, to, uo, & vo, causing the other end of
them to be moved out, and giving to the slide 16 and the stick a forward
motion. It will be seen that if the operator touches a key which causes the
bar o to be drawn down, which is connected with the lever v", the lever v
will vibrate on its fulcrum, and will move the sliding box 20, with which it is
connected, a distance equal to the throw of the lever, which is sixteen of the
units of measure before alluded to; and by the connection of the levers 7º, u,.
to, so,& 16, and the boxes x and q, the same amount of motion is conveyed.
through the levers and boxes to the slide y® and the stick. If the operator
touches a key which causes the bar 06, connected with the lever us, to be drawn
down, the lever u6 will move forward the fulcrum box are, with which its lower
end is connected a distance equal to the throw of the lever us, which is eight
units; and by the connection of the levers u, to, so,&,,and the boxes &³ & q
the same amount of motion is conveyed through them to the slide y" and the
stick, but the lever u will not move its fulcrum box at or the lever v. The
same is true of each of the levers, which will, when drawn down, move forward
the levers which are smaller than itself a distance equal to its throw, but will
not move those which are larger, while the smallest lever moves only the
slide 6 and the stick a distance equal to its throw, which is one unit. If two
levers, ve&us, for instance, be drawn down at the same time, the lever ® will
move forward the lever us and the boxes 26 & 9º connected with it, while at
the same time the lever us will have a further movement imparted to it by po,
which will be conveyed to the slide ye, the sum of which movements is twenty-
four units. If three levers ve, u, &t; have their motious combined in this
way, we have the motion of the stick represented by twenty-eight units. In
this manner any desired motion, from one to thirty-one units, may be given to
the stick by using the levers separately or in combination, and the five levers
ro, so, to, us, & vo, will carry the stick to any of the thirty-two columns in any
case. The said five levers give to the stick a motion in the direction of the
line of the cases, and will carry the stick from one column to any other in
the same case; but in order to carry the stick from case'to case other machi-
nery has to be brought into action of a similar construction to that for pro-
ducing the direct motions of the stick, and which gives to it a motion at right
angles with the line of the cases, the resultant motion being a diagonal onė
compounded of the other two. The eccentrics c³ are connected with the
vertical travelling barsk, and sliding latches,similar to those already described
are operated in the same manner by governing plates, which are moved by the
levers e? which connect with the T's. The sliding latches engage catches on

page_text: the vertical bars d'. One of the bars d' is connected by alink with the lever f".
This lever has its fulcrum in the frame, and is connected to the fulcrum of the
lever g. Two of the bars d' have projecting arms upon them, which arc
connected with the levers g' & by the sliding boxes. The lever / has a
throw cqual to the distance from the centre of one case to the centre of the
next; the lever g' has a throw which is twice that distance; and the next
lever, four times that distance. The upright bars d' are connected with the
upright bars w7 by links or chains. At the lower ends of the upright bars 107
are catches which the sliding latches will engage when the T's have been
drawn back, and with them the governing plates and sliding latchos. The
operation of the levers f7,97, & h7, is similar to that already described for the
levers ro, so, to, uo & ; it will therefore be seen that if the operator touches
a key which will throw into operation the lever /?, the piece l, connecting with
the frame m', which supports the stick and shaft j¹ and rocker shaft c³ on
which the stick slides, will move forward and carry the stick pincers to the fifth
case from the right; if the leverg" be thrown into operation it will carry the
pincers under the third case from the right; if the lever h, they will be carried
under the second case; while if any two or three be thrown into operation they
will carry the stick frame a distance equal to the sum of their movements.
To make this clear, we will suppose the stick is standing so that the pincers
aro under the column nearest the operator in the right-hand case; if now he
wishes the pincers to move to the seventh case from the right, and the twenty-
third column from the one nearest to him in said case he will touch the key
which will throw into operation the levers vo, to, s, & 7, of the direct series,
and at the same time the key which will throw into operation the levers f7,97,
&of the right-angled series, the latter will move the frame which supports
the stick, which frame moves on the rod 7, and shaft vi for bearings, and at
the same time the direct levers will move the stick forward on the shafts j¹ &c,
as bearings, the shafts & being supported by the frame, and moving with
it, and in this way the stick may be moved to any column in any case. The
upright travelling bars i and 7, to which are attached the sliding latches in
their downward motion, engage the catches on the bars 0%, d7, 6, & w, and
move the levers and stick in one-half of the revolution of the main shaft.
It is necessary that the stick be held in its place during the remainder of the
revolution of the main shaft, in order that the pincers may have time to
do their work of taking out or putting away the type. This is effected as
follows:-o is a lever pivoted to the frame and operated by a cam on the
main shaft, to give to a bar 27 a reciprocating motion; the bar p' conveys to the
leaves 7, with which it is connected by means of links and connecting rods, a

page_text: quarter of a revolution for each rotation of shaft 85, the said leaves extending
across the frame, and working in the manner of a rocker shaft to hold the
bars d&o by. means of the catches thereon. When the bars d7 & 0° arc
drawn down, the catches fs, by which they are held down, are on the same
level, while the other catches on the bars and oº, by which they are held
up, are on the same level when they are up. The cam on the main shaft is so
arranged that the leaves 97 stand in a horizontal position when the eccentrics
are up, holding up those bars which are up,aud holding down those which are
down; as soon as the eccentrics begin to descend by the revolution of the main
shaft the leavesq'assume a vertical position, releasingall thebars with whichthey
have been in contact, but as soon as the eccentrics reach their lowest level, the
bars having been drawn down, the leaves q' again assume a horizontal position,
holding all the bars in the position which they were left by the eccentrics; the
eccentrics now rise in the next half revolution of the main shaft withoutdoing
any work in the next half revolution, the T's having moved back, and the
governing plates & having been carried back, the sliding latches draw up the
bars, which were held down by the leavesq'during the previous half revolution,
and the stick moves back to its starting place at the first column in the right-
hand case.
To prevent movement of the stick back to its starting place after every type
is taken, and to economize the motion of the stick, so that in case either of the
bars d' &o is used more than once consecutively, the governing plates o
have two projecting pins 7 upon them (see Fig. 31), which engage a hook s²,
on each of the bars oº, see Fig. 30. If now a bar dor o be drawn down, it
will be held by the leaves q7 during tho upward motion of the eccentrics, but
while the eccentrics are moving up, certain T's are thrown forward, and the
governing plates attached to them, and as any T previously thrown forward
which is required now will remain forward, being held by the spring hookso",
before explained; the governing plates attached to them will also remain
forward, and the, projecting pins 77. upon them will engage the hooks 87 of.
any bars which are down, and will hold them down until the leaves 9" close
upon the catches fa on the bars d7 & 06. To insure that the stick shall always
have just the proper amount of motion given to it, and to make up for any
deficiency and provide against any excess of movement, pawls t' (shown at
Fig. 32) connecting with the leaves q', and operating with them, will, by
engaging in ratchet teeth provided on the slide y6, adjust the stick. When the
leveru, which connects with the leaves q7, has a motion given to it, it moves
the pawls in opposite directions, which causes one to act against the ratchet
teeth to draw the stick out, and the other against the ratchet teeth to move it

page_text: back. Similar devices are provided to adjust the position of the stick in its
right angle movements. While a key is held down, each revolution of the
main shaft will move the stick to a column of types in the cases, and will take
out or put away a type. The motion of the main shaft y is communicated to
the shaft, on which two mitre wheels are so arranged that either of them
may be made to rotate a third mitre wheel on the shaft", by means of a clutch.
If the clutch which can be moved on the shaft 7 is engaged with one wheel,
it turns the shaft j¹ for composing, if with the other for distributing.
&y are cams on the main shaft, either of which can operate the lever =7
at the volition of the operator, as being a handle connected with levers, to
change the lever from one cam to the other. The lever 7 connects with the
rod 68, which has on its upper end the frame c³; hooks d³ are connected with
the stick frame and move with it, their lower ends sliding upon the frame c³,
and their upper or hooked ends engaging with the end pieces es on the case
bottom (see Drawings, Figs. 1, 2, & 4); when the main shaft revolves, the
frame c³ has a vertically reciprocating motion given to it, which will, in every
revolution, cause a case bottom to move down, so that in composing, a typecan
be taken, while if the operator is distributing, he will, by moving the handle
change the truck on the lever z to the other cam, altering the time of move-
ment of the case bottoins. The slide yo, which carries the stick from column
to column in the direction of the line of the cases, has a head or cross pieceg³,
so that thegeneral form of y'is T-shaped, on this head g³ there is a projecting
tongue, which serves as a way or guide, and on which the stick receives its
right-angled movement from case to case by the levers fi, g?, & h², a groove
Is being formed in the stick to fit upon said tongue. There is a cam path cut
in the side of cam x7, which path operates to vibrate, as carrying a sliding latch
similar to others before described, which latch operates against the resistance of
a spring; the bar, 78, which bar is connected by a lever to the rocker shaft c",
which acts through mechanism before described, to insert machine spaces in
the type channel. The sliding latch on as is controlled from the key board as
has been described for similar latches, so that the constant vibration of x is
rendered operative in setting machine spaces only, when desired.
Having before stated that the distribution of the types may be effected in
two ways, and having described one of them, which cousists in manipulating
the keys in accordance with any impression from the types, and also having
described the mechanism by which it is effected, I will now describe the other
method, which consists in making a register of the work done at the time when
the types are set up by perforating strips of metal, cardboard, or other
suitable material, which strips are employed as guides or indicators to the

page_text: mechanism, so as to automatically distribute the types, and which may also be
used to form a guide orindicator for automatically resetting them at any future
time with the same or different sized types, these strips being employed
similarly to those used in the jacquard indicating apparatus.
The apparatus in which the register is directly formed and used is shown
full size on Sheet 7, and is not introduced into the general Drawings, Sheets 5
and 6, because the parts could not be distinctly shown on so small a scale,
but space is left at U, Fig. 34, within the framework for its insertion and
connection with the other parts of the machine. This connection is made
through the sliding rod m³, having a constant reciprocating movement given
to it by a cam on the main shaft s. Connected with the register are two
spool pivots 8 and 8; on 28 is placed the spool, which is filled with the
punched or unpunched strip, as the case may be, which is passing through the
apparatus, and on coming out is wound up on the spool ons; these spools
are arranged to be easily changed from oue pivot to the other, and other.
spools may be substituted. The blank strip mounted on the pivot is is passed
along the trough-like guides under the system of punches into and through a
feed mechanism, to be described hereafter, and thence to the spool on 8, when
the register is making.
'
While using the register for distributing or resetting, the strip passes off
from its spool, which is then mounted on 23 along the trough-like guide 208,
under the system of feelers, into and through a similar feed mechanism to that
before mentioned, and from thence along the rest of w³ to a spool on 8. The
spoolon/³is rotated to wind up the strip by the friction of the springpiccer,
which is reciprocated with the rod m³, with which it is connected, the piece w
being forced into contact with the spool on ³ by action of inclines, when the
rod m³ moves in one direction, and being released therefrom by the opposite
reciprocation, a slide a³ is made to reciprocate on guide rods 69, being con-
nected to ms by means of lever o³, the reciprocations of aº operating the feed
mechanism for the strips in both guide ways j³ and w³.
Each feed mechanism is composed of two griping plates c9, one on each side
of the strip, for the purpose of grasping it by spring pressure. Movement is
communicated to the pieces c by pieces with inclines thereon, which
pieces are connected with aº. The pieces do and co move together with
till the pieces c are stopped in their feed movement by striking against
checks, when the further movement of a causes the pieces dº to open and to
hold open the pieces cº, so that they can return with the pieces de till the
pieces c³ strike other checks on their other side, which stop the pieces of from
moving in that direction, while the pieces do continue to movea little further,

page_text: releasing the pieces cº from the inclines on do, and allowing the pieces cº to
close on the strip for a new hold. A series of ten punches 28 (one of which
is shown in detail in Fig. 39), which move in guide plates, are arranged
directly over the lower guide j³, there being one punch for each T, the move-
ment of which controls the punch with which it is connected. Over each
punch is a slide ps (one of which is shown in detail in Fig. 41), each of which
is connected with a T by a projections therefrom, which enters the recesso,
moving the slide 28 with the T.
Another recess q$ is cut in each slide ps; which is so located with reference
to the punch with which it acts, that when its T is back, or in its normal
position the slide ps may be depressed without moving its punch, which is then
directly under q³, but when the T is forward, as when a key is depressed, then
the downward movement given to 28 will cause its parts to impinge against
the punch, and force it through the strip. The bracket plate ss is fixed to m³,
so that in each reciprocation of m³, carries the slides 28 with it. Another
bracket plate t is so fixed upon m³, and beneath the pins us in the punches /³,
that these are lifted by t8 out of and clear from the strip.
08.
From this description it will be seen that a complete register of the move-
ment of the T's will be made in the strip, holes being punched for all those
whicharemoved or held forward, and blank spaces left for those which remain
in their normal position.
Suppose that the stick is supplied with matterto bedistributed,anditsregister
introduced in to the guidews and theupperfeed mechanism, andunderthefeelers
e, then the action of said feelers in entering into the holes in the strip, will
control the motions of the T's,whichgovernthemovementsofthestick, causing,
by rotation of shaft s5,automatic distribution of the types in the stick to their
propercolumnsinthecases. Thefeelerse arewires whicharepointed and tapering
at one end, so that they will easily enter the punched holes in the strip, and
when entered will fill them to prevent slack movement of thestrip; the longest
and shortest feelers are shown in Fig. 43, and they and the others are each
connected with vertical rods hº by horizontal arms 9º. Springs fº are coiled
around the rods hº, so that these when left free to act will bring down the
feelers upon the strip so as to rest thereon, or enter into such punched holes
therein as are under one or any of the feelers. The further downward move-
ment which the ends of hº may thus attain from the entrance of such feelers
into the punched holes controls the movements of the T's, and consequently
the movements of the stick in distributing. When one or any of the feelers
are in the holes in the strip, they are lifted out therefrom by the upward
movement of the bar jo, which forms part of the bracket plate ", and moves

page_text: up and down with. The feelers being thus lifted out of the holes in the
strip, are taken furt er up clear off of the strip, while this remains at rest by
the action of the spring latch bar 10, which catches under projections on the
rods hº, and in its upward movement takes with it and retains the feelers, while
thestripis feeding forward. The forward reciprocation of the vibratora carries
with it the slide po, which has upon it inclines q, and these elevate the levers
mand the links connected therewith, and with the spring latch bar carricro".
When the vibra tur a reciprocates backward, the weight of the parts causes
the latch bar to fall, and with it the feelers till the arms y rest on jº, and the
further downward movement of the latch bar forces it by means of inclines
out of the path of the projectious ko, so that when i moves downward any
feclers which are over holes in the strip will descend therein, while the others
will rest on the strip. Pivoted to the moving slide pare pieces,", with springs
attached to one end, and pressing against pins, as shown in the Drawings
Fig. 36, which give to the ends distant from the springs a constant tendency
to rise up. Fig. 42 shows a top and side view of one of these pieces 70, which
I call stop latches. Projections to from the stop latches 10, pass through slots
in the slide 2, which are made of the form shown in detail at D, Sheet 7.
Now when the rods are left free to be acted upon by the springs, those
which are attached to the needles which enter the holes in the strip, strike the
the stop latchesat to, depressing them and holding them down. Opposite the
lower part of the slots, and in front of the parts of the stop latches are the
pieces uº, connected with the T's, and forming a part of them, and which are
held in bearings on the slide plate p", so that when the rods hº, and with them
the stop latches, are thrown down, the part so will be opposite to the parts u
of the T's, and the forward motion of the slide po will cause the parts of the
stop latches 29, which have been thrown down to the lower part of the slots, to
abut against the parts uº of the T's, and will move them forward, and thus
cause motion to be given to the stick, as before described. Before the plate
moves back the rods hº are elevated, and the stop latches being no longer
depressed, the springs cause them to rise to their positions at the top of the
slots in p³, and the parts so being no longer opposite the parts up of the T's, so
that a forward motion of the slide p" would produce no effect on the T's. When
the strip is again fed forward, the feelers are again thrown down into the
holes, the stop latches are depressed, the slide is thrown forward, and certain
other T's may be thrown in, and thus the operation is continued, requiring no
attention of the operator beyond keeping the machine supplied with proper
matter for distribution.
If the formation of a register is not required, the motion of the punches

page_text: may be prevented by removing the bar " from the bracket ³, which will
cause the punches to drop to their lowest level, and when making the register
the movement of the feelers may be stopped by removing the bar from the
bracket to, and the slide 2 disconnected from the vibrator.
Having now described my Invention of an improved machine for setting,
spacing, justifying, and distributing printers' type, and explained the manner
of carrying the same into effect, I claim as my Invention secured to me by
Letters Patentasaforesaid, the mode hereinset forth of constructing, arranging,
and operating the various working parts of the machine.
In witness whereof, I, the said Charles Wilson Felt, have hereunto set
my hand and affixed my seal, this Twelfth day of March, in the
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-two.
year
CHARLES WILSON FELT. (L.S.)