IMPROVE. MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ROLLS OR CYLINDERS USED IN THE LAMINATION. SHAPING, AND CUTTING OF METALS, IN CRUSHING ORES AND OTHER SUBSTANCES. AND IN CALENDERING, GLACING, EMBOSSING, PRINTING, AND PRESSING
Year: 1855

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Henry Bessemer, of Queen Street Place, New Cannon
Street, in the City of London, Engineer, for the Invention of "IMPROVE.
MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ROLLS OR CYLINDERS USED IN THE LAMINATION.
SHAPING, AND CUTTING OF METALS, IN CRUSHING ORES AND OTHER SUBSTANCES.
AND IN CALENDERING, GLACING, EMBOSSING, PRINTING, AND PRESSING."
"Sealed the 18th December 1855, and dated the 18th June 1855.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Henry Bessemer at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 18th
June 1855.
I, HENRY BESSEMER, of Queen Street Place, New Cannon Street, in the
City of London, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the Invention
for IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ROLLS OR CYLINDERS USED IN THE
LAMINATION, SHAPING, AND CUTTING OF METALS, IN CRUSHING ORES AND OTHER
SUBSTANCES, AND IN CALENDERING, GLAZING, EMBOSSING, PRINTING, AND PRESSING,"
to be as follows:-
My improvements in the manufacture of rolls or cylinders consist in founding
or casting them in molten steel, or a mixture of steel and pig or refined iron.
Such rolls or cylinders as require to be solid-I cast with their axesentire, and
others which require to be hollow I-core out, and make a suitable provision
037

page_text: in the ends of them for the insertion of a wrought-iron or other axis. For
some purposes the desired degree of hardness may be obtained by the quality
and proportions of iron and-steel used in their manufacture. In other cases
an additional degree of hardness may be given by casting the same in a "chill,"
in a manner well understood by iron founders; or by quenching the roll or
cylinder in water or oil when in a heated state, as is commonly practised in the
hardening of steel, and by which means also such rolls or cylinders as arc
formed wholly of steel may be hardened. In some cases, in order to obtain
a very close texture of metal on the surface of the roll or cylinder, and at the
same time to leave it sufficiently soft to be engraved, I proceed as follows:-
The roll or cylinder, having been cast in a sand or loam mould, is put into a
lathe, and a rough cutis taken offit to make it truly cylindrical; and to ascertain
if its exterior is sound and free from "blow holes," it is then heated in an
oven to a cherry red, and while hot is carefully hammered all over the surface
of the body of the roll, by which means the pores are closed. After it has
cooled, a very light finishing cut should be taken off it in the lathe, and the
surface polislied or otherwise prepared. The steel, or mixture of steel and
iron, used for the purposes of this Invention, may be melted in pots in the
manner usually practised by manufacturers of cast steel, the contents of the
required number of pots being poured into the mould as nearly as practicable
at the same time; but I prefer to use for the purposes of this Invention the
mode or modes of melting steel, or mixture of steel and iron, as set forth in
the Provisional Specification of a Patent for "Improvements in the Manu-
facture of Cast Steel and Mixtures of Steel and Cast Iron," bearing even date
herewith.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Henry Bessemer in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
18th December 1855.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, 1, HENRY
BESSEMER, of Queen Street Place, New Cannon Street, in the City of London,
Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Eighteenth day of June, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-five, in the eighteenth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and-grant unto me, the
said Henry Bessemer, Her special licence that I, the said Henry Bessemer, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Henry

page_text: Bessemer, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during
the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,
and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF ROLLS OR CYLINDERS USED IN THE LAMINATION, SHAPING, AND
CUTTING OF METALS. IN CRUSHING ORES AND OTHER SUBSTANCES, AND IN CALENDERING.
GLAZING, EMBOSSING, PRINTING, AND PRESSING," upon the condition (amongst
others) that I, the said Henry Bessemer, by an instrument in writing under
my hand and seal, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature
of the said Invention; and in what manuer the saine was to be performed,
and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Henry Bessemer, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed,
to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement
thereof (that is to say):-
My improvements in the manufacture of rolls or cylinders consists in
founding or casting them in molten steel, or a mixture of steel and pig or
refined iron. Such rolls or cylinders as are required to be solid 1 cast with
their axes entire, and others which require to be hollow I core out, and make
a suitable provision in the ends of them for the insertion of a wrought-iron
or.other axis.
The moulds used for this purpose I prefer to be formed of dried loam or
sand, previously heated to a low red heat, in order to thoroughly dry them and
dissipate any volatile matters accidentally mixed with the sand or loam; care
also should be taken that the moulds are made sufficiently porous to allow
the expanded air to escape freely from them. For a solid roll I mould the
bearings or journals of the rolls and also the driving squares at each end; but
the rolls or cylinders used for light purposes, such as embossing or printing, I
cast hollow, by means of a sand core made on a hollow-core.bar, in the manner
well understood by iron founders. When the rolls are of small diameter, the
opening through them need only be of such diameter as to fit closely to the
wrought-iron axis on which they are fitted; but when of large dimensions, I
form four or more arms at each end, which unite in a central boss. These
bosses at each end of the roll are theu bored out and fitted to a wrought-iron
shaft, which then forms the axis of the roll or cylinder.
For some purposes the desired degree of hardness may be obtained by the

page_text: quality and proportions of iron and steel used in their manufacture. From
one-third part to two-third parts of steel with one part of good No. 2 cold
blast pig iron will form a metal suitable for general purposes, but the precise
quantities of steel and the quality of the iron will much depend on the degree
of hardness or strength required, and on the skill of the founder in choosing
his materials. In other cases an additional degree of hardness may be given
by casting the same in a chill, in a manner well understood by iron founders;
or by quenching the roll or cylinder in water or oil when in a heated state, as
is commonly practised in the hardening of steel, and by which means also
such rolls or cylinders as are formed wholly of steel may be hardened.
In the manufacture of rolls for laminating metals I prefer to use refined
pig iron mixed with about one-third part of steel. This compound should be
cast in an iron mould or chill, after which it may be finished in the usual way.
In some cases in order to obtain a very close texture of metal on the surface
of the roll or cylinder, and at the same time to leave it sufficiently soft to be
engraved, I proceed as follows:-The roll or cylinder, having been cast in a
sand or loam mould, is put into a lathe and a rough cut is taken off it to inake
it truly cylindrical; and to ascertain if its exterior is sound and free from
"blow holes," it is then heated in an oven to a cherry red, and while hot it
is carefully hammered all over the surface of the body of the roll, by which
means the pores are closed. After it has cooled, a very light finishing cut
should be taken off it, and the surface polished or otherwise prepared.
Rolls used for calendering or glazing should be ground with a lead grinder
and einery of successive degrees of fineness until it presents a surface free
from lines or scratches, after which the polishing may be completed with felt
and putty powder applied with pressure to the roll while revolving at a high
speed, as is well understood.
Thesteel or mixture of steel and iron used for the purposes of this Invention
may be melted in pots in the manner usually practiced by manufacturers of
caststeel, the contents of the required number of pots being poured into the
mould as nearly as practicable at the same time; but I prefer to use for the
purposes of this Invention the mode or modes of melting steel or a mixture
of steel and iron. as set forth in the Provisional Specification of a Patent for
"Improvements in the Manufacture of Cast Steel and Mixtures of Steel and
Cast Iron," bearing even date herewith, and whereby the steel or mixtures of
steel and iron may be melted in pots of much larger size than those commonly
used in the manufacture of cast steel, and whereby also much facility will
be afforded in forming heavy rolls by the manner in which the several pots or
crucibles are arranged so as to discharge their contents simultaneously into

page_text: the mould, as set forth in the Specification of a Patent granted to me, and
filed simultaneously with this present Specification, for "Improvements in the
Manufacture of Cast Steel and Mixtures of Steel and Cast Iron.
Having now described my said Invention, and the manner in which the
same is to be performed, I desire it to be understood that I claim,-
Firstly, the casting or founding of rolls orcylinders in molten steel for the
purpose of laminating, shaping,-and-cutting.of metals for crushing ores and
other substances, and for calendering, glazing, embossing, printing, and
pressing.
Secondly, I claim the casting or founding of rolls or cylinders with a
mixture of molten steel and pig or refined iron for the purpose of laminating,
shaping, and cutting metals, for crushing ores and other substances, and for
calendering, glazing, embossing, printing, and pressing.
In witness whereof, I, the said Henry Bessemer, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Fifteenth day of December, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-five.
Witness,
JNO. ALCOCK.
HENRY BESSEMER. (L.B.)