CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN LITHOGRAPHIC, TYPOGRAPHIC, AND OTHER PRINTING PRESSES, WHICH IMPROVELIENTS ARE ALSO APPLICABLE, WITH CERTAIN MODIFICATIONS, TO EXTRACTING SACCHARINE, OLEAGINOUS, AND OTHER MATTERS, AND TO COMPRESSING IN GENERAL
Year: 1852

page_text: DE FONTAINE MOREAU'S SPECIFICATION.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, PETER
ARMAND le Comte DE FONTAINE MOREAU, of 4, South Street, Finsbury,
London, Patent Agent, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland bearing date at Westminster, the Twenty-fourth day of
January, One thousand eight hundred and fifty-two, in the fifteenth year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs, and successors, give and grant unto
me, the said Peter Armand le Comte de Fontaine Moreau, my exors, admors,
and assigns, Her especial license, full power, sole privilege and authority,
that I, the said Peter Armand le Comte de Fontaine Moreau, my exors,
admors, and assigns, or such others, as I, the said Peter Armand le Comte de
Fontaine Moreau, my exors, adñors, or assigns, should at any time agree with,
and no others, from time to time and all times during the term of years therein
expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within
England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, the Invention of
"CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN LITHOGRAPHIC, TYPOGRAPHIC, AND OTHER PRINTING
PRESSES, WHICH IMPROVELIENTS ARE ALSO APPLICABLE, WITH CERTAIN MODIFICATIONS,
TO EXTRACTING SACCHARINE, OLEAGINOUS, AND OTHER MATTERS, AND TO COMPRESSING
IN GENERAL," (communicated to me by a certain foreigner residing abroad);
in which said Letters Patent is contained a proviso, that I, the said Peter
Armand le Comte de Fontaine Moreau, shall cause a particular description of
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, to be enrolled
in Her Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next

page_text: and immediately after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent,
as in and by the same, reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at
1rge appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Peter Armand le Comte de Fontaine Moreau, do hereby declare that the
nature of the said Invention, and the manner in which the same is to be
performed, are fully described and ascertained in and by the following state-
ment thereof, referenco being had to the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to
the figures and letters marked thereon, that is to say :-
The Invention communicated to me consists in a new arrangement of
machinery applicable to obtaining impressions from lithographic stones and
typographic plates, and for the extraction of saccharine, oleaginous, and other
matters, and also when pressure in general is required.
I will now proceed to describe the Drawings, which show the construction
and the working of the apparatus.
Drawing I., Figure 1 is a side view of the machine for striking off typo-
graphic or lithographic impressions; Figure 2 is an end view of the same;
Figure 3, a modification of part of the mechanism.
The machine works without intermittance, and by any motive power. The
functions of this apparatus are of two kinds, which consist, firstly, in damping
the stone and making the drawing; and, secondly, in striking off impressions.
The damping of the stone may be effected by two different machines, as
shewn in Figures 1 and 3 of the Drawing. Figure 3 consists of a thin copper
box f, wider at the bottom than at the top, and open at the top and bottom parts,
but closed at the sides; the lower part is filled with sponges and woollen rags
y, containing a certain quantity of water in suspension; these sponges and
rags are covered over with buckskin, and the whole rests upon a piece of
woollen cloth having the shape of a bag and fixed at the bottom of the box.
This apparatus, when placed across the working parts of the machine, extends
the full width of the stone h, and damps it all over as it passes underneath; the
supply of moisture to the apparatus is rendered constant and equal by the
reservoir, from which it escapes in drops through taps so constructed and dis-
posed as to be capable of very nice regulation. The apparatus shown in
Figure 1 is constructed in an entirely different manner. It consists of a roller
1, composed of two hollow cylinders m, fitted one within the other, the internal
one being made of cast iron, and the external one of copper; the two cylinders
are perforated with a number of small holes, and are retained in their proper
relative positions by means of several adjusting screws. By turning one of
the cylinders, the size of the apertures will be widened or narrowed, and thus

page_text: the flow of water, with which the interior of the cylinder is filled, may be
regulated; this cylinder is supplied from the reservoir K through copper pipes
passing through the stuffing boxes which are fixed to the roller at its extre-
mities; the roller is surrounded with woollen cloth, covered with buckskin n,
and also with a thick woollen stuff; this sponge roller is placed across the
machine, so that every part of the stone h may successively come in contact
with it, as before mentioned. The roller also has a motion communicated to
it inversely, so that it would derive from the friction of the stone in its
reciprocating motion, if it were free and by that means the surface of the stone
is thoroughly cleansed, and the particles of dust are deposited on the brush O
placed above it. As soon as the stone has passed under either of the machines
above described, it becomes sufficiently damp to receive the ink which is
communicated to it by the two rollers P, P, covered with leather. These rollers
are supplied by the rubber q, surmounted by the two rollers 1, 2, serving to
equalise the flow of ink upon its surface; the rubber q is fed by the trans-
mitting roller s, which is supplied by the inking roller t, against which rests
the bottom of the ink box u, which may be brought more or less near to it,
and by this means the supply of ink is regulated. The ink roller t is worked
by a system of bevil wheels v, w, which receive their motion through the
crank y, and which also communicates a to-and-fro motion to the table Z,
upon which the stone rests. This table can be raised or lowered at will by
means of the adjusting screw x.
The stone h, moistened and inked as above described, is ready to transmit
the drawing or letters to paper, the necessary pressure to be given to the
paper for this purpose is effected by means of the rubber A, this rubber and
the parts adjacent thereto are constructed as follows:-A is made of hard
wood and its bottom part is of the form of a prism fixed within the cast-iron
cheeks D, which hold it firmly. This rubber has at its extremities two
pivots E, which rest in the bearing F adapted to the circular plates G. At
the circumference of these plates are set the pivots of the small rollers a, b, c, d,
sixteen in number, which turn freely upon their axes; these two plates G are
fixed upon a wrought-iron axis M, retained in the two bearings of the machine
by means of spiral springs T, which only admit of a slight vertical notion;
the whole thus forms a single roller, opened at the bottom, which contains the
rubber A, which, as I have before said, is moveable in its bearings, but only
in one direction, in the other direction it is compressed by the projecting
pieces P placed over the bearings, and it is retained in an oblique direction by
the spring of E, which presses upon the upper and flattened part, and thus
leaves a space free for the passage of the stone to be inked. At the moment

page_text: when the pressure of the rubber A is required, it is forced into its perpendicular
position by a cam, and remains so as long as the pressure lasts, and when it
ceases it is again restored to its oblique position by the effect of the spring.
The cam X just mentioned, shown in Figure 3, is fixed upon one of the two
cog wheels q, q', fixed upon the same axis as the plates G, but outside of
them, and united by the segment R, passing outside the small rollers a, b,
c, d, &c., without touching them. The pincers u³ are set upon one of the
borders of the segment which take the paper between them, they are fixed at a
certain distance upon two axes d', d', Figure 3, and thus form two rows corre-
sponding with each other. One of these axes presses them against the leather
which surrounds the roller, and passes over the small rollers, the other row of
pincers seizes the sheet by placing itself upon the first row. The leather u is
thin, and is stretched all over the circumference of the roller 1, from one
extremity of segment R to the other, the two cog wheels q¹, q', are adjusted
at the two ends of the roller, and turn freely upon the axis M. Whilst the
stone passes to the inking rollers, they are immoveable and retained by the
rod ; when the stone returns, this rod v¹ is put in motion by the two
excentrics c', c', seen in Figure 3, and takes into the cog wheels, (which had
before allowed the racks W fixed to the table Z to pass untouched, in con-
sequence of the arrangement of the cogs,) and allows of a complete revolution
by which a sheet is printed; the rubber A which is an essential appendage to
the rollers retains its oblique position until the paper is near the stone, when
the cam above mentioned puts the paper in a perpendicular position, and thus
presses the leather u, upon which the paper is set, against the stone h. This
leather, drawn by the rackwork and segment, is kept upon the stone during
the pressure of the rubber, which ceases as soon as the stone has reached the
proper height, when it resumes its oblique position as I have before mentioned.
The motion of the pincers ¹ is regulated by the two excentrics a, a,
Figure 3, placed outside the rackwork, and kept in their position by two
rods 6', Figure 3, which transmit to them a partial rotary motion, and by
letting fall the excentrics c¹, c', corresponding with the axis d', d', of the
pincers in their entering parts, these pincers are held tight by springs which
force them towards the centre of the roller l.
The cylinder containing the rubber can likewise be constructed in the
following manner, which affords the advantage of enabling it to be used
instead of the pressing cylinders in typographic printing presses:-As will
be seen by Figure 3 of the Drawing, the cylinder, which in the system,
Figures 1 and 2, above described, is formed of small rollers, consists in this
case of a hollow cast-iron cylinder polished outside and opened at the bottom.

page_text: This opening is of the same size as that occupied by the small rollers in the
first-mentioned system; within this opening is fixed the rubber A, in the
manner previously described, the pincers u' and the leather u acting also in
a similar manner. When it is desired to change the friction roller for
pressing cylinders, it is merely necessary to take away the rubber A, to
substitute woollen cloth or felt for the leather surrounding the cylinder, to
fix the cog wheels at the two ends of the cylinder by means of screws, and to
remove the bolt screw which prevents the axes of the cylinder from moving
upon itself. The pincers, as also the other parts of the mechanism, which are
so constructed as to be serviceable in either case, remain, except the sponge
roller, which must be suppressed, the types requiring no damping. The process
to which the paper is subjected is as follows:-The sheets, after having been
damped, are laid in heaps upon the inclined plane flat the top of the machine,
thence they are taken one by one and presented to the pincers u', which
conduct them with the leather between the stone hand the rubber A. After
the impression they are conducted between rollers formed of small discs m³,
fixed upon two superposed axes n', there the sheets are left, and the rollers
convey them to an inclined plane p' abutting the table q", where another
person receives them and again places them in heaps. When it is desired to
set the machine at work, the fly wheel B is put in motion by motive power;
upon the same axis as the fly wheel B is likewise set a pulley s¹, which
puts in motion another pulley s¹, Figure 2, of a larger diameter, fitted upon
the axle y, Figure 1, at the other end of which is the crank y', by means of
which a to-and-fro motion is communicated to the table z, and thereby to the
stone as herein-before mentioned.
Drawing II. Figure 1 shows a side view of the extracting machine; and
Figure 2, plan of the same.
I will now describe the working of the apparatus for the extraction of
saccharine, oily, and other matters.
This apparatus consists of a number of plates of iron or steel, forming the
links of two endless chains, which pass between a series of five or more pairs of
rollers, which receive the matters to be pressed. When beetroot, turnips, or
other similar matters have to be compressed, they are previously reduced to
pulp, but if oleaginous seeds be operated upon they are reduced to flour. The
five pairs of rollers are so arranged that every successive pair has a larger
space left between them than between the preceding pair. a, a, b, b, c, c, d, d,
e, e, are the cast-iron rollers, turning upon wrought-iron axes, and communi-
cating motion to one another by means of cast-iron cog wheels, the strength of
which is to be proportioned to the required pressure; m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, are

page_text: the links of the sheets h, h¹, h", h, which keep them stretched and conduct
them regularly. The plates of the lower chain differ from those of the upper
ones, the former having a flange on each side running in the direction of the
length of the chain, and also a great number of conical holes, with which the
bottom of the plates is perforated, through which the liquid escapes and falls
into the receiver u placed under the machine, the flanges of which prevent the
substance to be pressed from escaping through the sides; the lower plates run
upon small rollers which rest upon the frame; the plates already mentioned
are covered with thin plates of sheet iron, pierced also with conical holes; these
plates are covered with a thick and strong wollen cloth, upon which is spread
the pulp, flour, or other substances to be pressed, which falling in V from the
rasp or mill V (this fall being regulated by any suitable means) forms a thick
and even coating upon the plates of the lower chain which begin to be pressed
when it reaches the first pair of rollers. The upper chain, formed also of strong
plain strong steel, or sheet-iron plates, and also linked together like the lower
ones, is lowered upon the substance so arranged, and adjusted between the
flanges above mentioned; after passing between the last pair of rollers the
plates or chains again separate, and the lower ones let fall the residue, deprived
of its juice or oil, into a receiver placed for that purpose behind the machine;
the woollen stuff, with which the plates of the lower chain are covered, facilitates
the disengagement of the residue without further aid. As regards the general
purposes of compression, it is evident that, after having removed the cylinders,
the stone, types, and rubber, &c., it can be accomplished with the greatest
facility, either by the printing machine by a horizontal to-and-from motion, or by
a circular movement by means of the expressing machine, replacing the hollow
plates by ordinary flat ones, or in any other way.
And having now described the Invention communicated to me, and the
manner in which the same is to be performed, I wish it to be understood that
I do not restrict myself to the precise details herein given, so long as the
general character of the Invention be retained; but what I do claim, and wish
to be protected by the said herein-before recited Letters Patent, is,-
Firstly, the arrangement of apparatus herein-before described, for obtaining
impressions from lithographic stones, reference being had to Figures 1 and 2
of Drawing 1.
Secondly, the modification of the aforesaid apparatus for obtaining impres-
sions from typographic plates, reference being had to Figure 3 of Drawing 1.
'Thirdly, the apparatus herein-before described for extracting saccharine, oily,
and other similar substances, reference being had to Figures 1 and 2 of
Drawing II.

page_text: Fourthly, the application of the said apparatus to compressing in general, as
berein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the Peter Armand le Comte de Fontaine Moreau,
have hereunto set my hand and seal the Twenty-third day of July, One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-two.