AN IMPROVED TELEGRAPHIC APPARATUS
Year: 1878

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Christiano Augusto Bramäo, of Lisbonne, Portugal,
Electricien Engineer, for the Invention of "AN IMPROVED TELEGRAPHIC
APPARATUS."
Sealed the 6th September 1878, and dated the 26th June 1878.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Christiano Augusto Bramio
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 26th June 1878.
CHRISTIANO AUGUSTO BRAMÃO, of Lisbonne, Portugal, Electricien Engineer.
"AN IMPROVED TELEGRAPHIC APPARATUS."
Generally the armatures of electro-magnets are scarcely able to occupy two
positions, that of repose and that of action.
In the system forming the object of my Invention, the armature may occupy
three positions, an intermediate position when at rest, and two extreme positions
when at work or in action.
The first of these three positions has reference to periods when there is no current
existing in the circuit, and the two others to the two directions in which the
current may diffuse itself. Under these conditions the armature, instead of making
one simple movement limited on either side, makes two movements, one to the right
of its position of repose for the current in one direction, and the other to the left of
this same position for the current in the contrary direction. By combining these
two movements with the long or short emissions, that is to say, with the rapid and
prolongated emissions which is the base of the "Morse" system of telegraphy, four
distinct and perfectly defined elements instead of two are obtained for the formation
of the alphabet. These elements are,-
-
First. A simple oscillation to the right for a rapid emission of the current in one
direction.
Secondly. A simple oscillation to the left for a rapid emission of the current in
the contrary direction.
Thirdly. A slow or retarded oscillation to the right produced by a prolongation of
the contact in the first case.
And, Fourthly. A slow or retarded oscillation to the left produced by a pro-
longation of the contact in the second case.
Price 8di

page_text: If we suppose the armature furnished with an inking apparatus pressing lightly
against a band which unrolls, the evolutions of this system could be impressed
on this band in the form of angles to the right
), angles to the
370 which compose the whole of the alphabet of my new system, there remain 310
in whose composition there is never any combination in which the angle appears
exclusively or having more than four elements.
For the formation and the interpretation of these 310 signals, it is scarcely required
Having explained this we will imagine a telegraphic dictionary composed of 310
series, each series comprising 340 expressions or different ideas.
If a system of numeration is constructed on the base 4 without employing
combinations of more than four figures, and without counting the 30 combinations
in which the figures 1 and 2 appear exclusively, because these correspond to the
30 signs of the ordinary alphabet, the 310 numbers indispensable in the numbering
of the 310 series or divisions of the dictionary, and if these 30 combinations are
not excluded, the necessary numbers for the numbering of the 340 expressions or
ideas of each series are obtained.
The number of expressions, words, or different ideas which by this means may be
expressed is 310 x 340=105400, which is sufficient in cases where the small
Dumber of those which cannot be expressed may be transmitted in the ordinary

page_text: manner, that is to say, in ordinary language. By this means to indicate any
expression, it is evidently necessary to employ two numbers, one, the first, to
indicate the series, and the other, the second, to indicate the expression desired to
be transmitted; but this does not in any way prejudice the extreme simplicity
of the system, since these two numbers are always equivalent to two of the most
simple signals or letters of the "Morse" alphabot.
Mechanical Arrangement of the System. My apparatus is composed of a clock-
work mechanism, which unrolls the band of an electro-magnetic apparatus which
reproduces signals, and of a manipulator which transmits them.
The clockwork mechanism is composed of a notor, a regulator, and threo
intermediate gearing wheels. The axis or arbor of the second mover passes through
a platinum plate and supports externally a roller, which, aided by another roller,
carries the band through at an average speed of say 50 centimetres per minute.
The paper is wound on a wheel, and after leaving this whool it passes through an
opening formed in the base of the apparatus, rising again to a plate, and passes
between other rollers.
The plate just mentioned is acted upon by a spring, presses the band lightly
against the lower surface of a lip-piece, and places it on the receiving plano, the
force of the spring being determined by a screw. A lever is fitted, which may
occupy two positions, one raised and the other lowered; in the latter position it
stops the clockwork mechanism, and removes the band from the receiving plane
simultaneously.
The electro-magnetic apparatus is composed of an ordinary electro-magnet and a
strong magnetic bar bent twico at right angles.
The poles of the magnet and the poles of the bar are in the same plane, and are
respectively placed at the extremities of two perpendicular diameters. These poles
divided in two in the direction of the circuinference loosely contain the armaturo
composed of two semicircles of soft irou; these two semicircles are united by a
copper cross to an axis or arbor in the centre of the apparatus.
Other levers, moveable on their axes, yield to the action of springs in contrary
directions; these transmit, each on its own side but considerably reduced, to the
appendage of the armature; this action is limited on both sides by a separate piece,
which by its lateral play enables it to cause the direction which the levers give to
the appendage to coincide with the position of repose of the armature in case this
does not happen; this position corresponds to the moment when the oxtremities
are arranged identically in relation to the poles of the electro-magnet. Screws at
equal distances from the appendages limit each in its own direction the full move-
ment of the armature. The appendage is terminated by a holder or claw which
supports an inker formed of a funnel-shaped cap containing printing ink diluted
with oil of almonds. Buttons or knobs partly regulate the tension of the contrary
springs.
The manipulator comprises two flexible pieces or blades, four contact pieces, a
commutator furnished with two springs, and a pin or peg.
The ends of the springs of the commutator press against two insulators, which are
fixed on the under surfaces of the blade.
The two blades are ordinarily in contact with screws or a cross piece, and are
consequently removed from the contacts of another cross piece; the same
separation also exists between the extremities of the springs and the contacts of
the pieces.
When the blade is lowered or pressed upon, the contacts of certain points are
simultaneously established; when the blade is lowered, the contacts of other points
are established in the same manner.
The screws which ensure the contacts also serve to regulate the full movements
of the blades; a pin or peg serves to put the commutator into metallic connection
with one or other of the blades, according to the side on which it is placed. .
Action of the Apparatus. By supposing the regulator of the clock work mechanism
and the plate free from the action of the lever, which occurs when the latter is

page_text: The figure underlined, which in this case is never transmitted, should comprise
the indicator of a series and that of the phrase at the same time.
Electric Connections and Course of the Current.-Each apparatus carries six
limits or boundries; these limits are in their order metallically united to the blades
and to the pieces of the manipulator.
The metallic connection of one blade with the limit point is partly constituted
by the magnetizing spiral wire of the electro-magnet.
By uniting the line wire to one point, the earth wire to another point, the copper
of the battery to another, the zinc to another, and by putting the peg on the same
side as one of the blades, we obtain the system of installation to be employed in
cases whore the station has only one single apparatus, and in those having several;
each apparatus should be served or supplied independently by its own battery.
Excepting these two cases the installation of two batteries is always preferable,
because by this means the too frequent employment of couples is avoided. In the
second case of two batteries two sets of equal force are invariably einployed, and
the zinc of one and the copper of the other are united to carth. By this thero
remain free the copper of the first, which is united to its point, and the zinc of the
second, which is united to its point.
By uniting the line wire and the earth wire, and by placing the peg on the same
side with the opposite blade the installation of this system is terminated.
For a local circuit the copper of a small battery may be united to one point, and
the zinc to another point, and by arranging one limit with another limit the peg may
occupy any position in the installation of one battery for each apparatus. If the
blade of the manipulator is lowered the copper of the battery is put to earth by the
intermediation of certain points, and the zinc is put in contact with the line by the
intermediation of other points; if, on the contrary, the opposite blade be lowered
the zinc is put to earth by the intermediation of special points, and the copper is
put in contact with the line by the intermediation of points.
In the Installation of Two Batteries.-If the blade is lowered the zinc from the
first is put in contact with the line by the intermediation of certain points, if the.
opposite blade is lowered the copper from the second is also put in contact with
the line; in each of these cases the circuit is completed by means of the permanent
connection of the two batteries with earth. The current coming from the line or
the receiving current invariably arrives at and enters the spiral of the electro-
magnet and leaves to earth.
As regards the installation of a local circuit when one of the blades is lowered
the current after passing from the copper of the battery re-enters and passes along
to and through the magnetizing spiral of the electro-magnet, and returns to the
battery, and thence to the zinc pole. When the other blade is lowered the current
also re-enters by the same point, but in passing it traverses the spiral of the electro-
magnet in the inverse direction.
By causing the extremities of the armature to enter into the poles of the electro-
magnet one millimetre, for example, the armature, if there is no magnetism
remaining in the soft iron cores, spontaneously takes the position of repose by
reason of the polarity which it developes in the transverse direction of these cores,
and may for weak currents act without being influenced by the springs. On the
other hand these springs transferred with their levers to a polarized "Siemens""
electro-magnet would be capable of giving to the armature of these electro-magnets
the power of also taking three positions, and consequently to be able to oscillate to
the right and to the left of an intermediate position or of repose.
Remarks on the System.-My telegraphic system is a combination of the "Stein-
beil" and the "Morse" systems. Under these conditions it is evident that the
apparatus satisfying the requirements of this combination would also satisfy in
particular the requirements of those in which the apparatus belonging to the above-
mentioned systems are sufficiently separate. So that in this respect the apparatus
of my new system could very well be called "universal," since it works in each of
the said systems, moreover producing by the "Morse" system two series of signals,
each series corresponding to the independent manipulation of each blade of the
manipulator.

page_text: In practice if, as in the "Morse" system, a single manipulating piece or blade is
used the apparatus is precisely. under the same conditions as apparatus generally
employed, the signals appearing on one or the other side of the line of repose,
according to the manipulating piece with which the transmission is effected.
If the two manipulating pieces are employed at the same time, but in such
manner that each reproduces complete signals, the "Morse" alphabet may be
reduced to 30 combinations for each side, which produces the 60 signals constituting
this alphabet, without having to use combinations of more than four clements or
emissions of currents.
By using two manipulating pieces, but so as to produce only elements of short
emissions of current, the angle to the right in substitution of the dot, and the angle
to the left in substitution of the dash or stroke is obtained, which brings us back to
the "Steinheil " system.
Finally. If we work as previously described, employing all the elements that the
apparatus can furnish, we are in the new systein.
In trying to estimate the advantages which result from the great reproductive
capabilities of this apparatus let it be supposed that the following message in
Portuguese is to be transmitted :-"Responda immediatamente pelo tel grapho ou
pelo correio ǎ minha carta, de 23, do corrente mez." This message may, according
to what has been explained, be transmitted,-
First. By the "Morse" system reproducing all the signals on either side of the band.
Secondly. By the same system, but in such a manner that the signals up to four
emissions represent on one side the letters of the ordinary alphabet, and on the
other figures, orthographical signs, and the pre-arranged signs of the service.
Thirdly. By the "Steinheil" system only employing the short emissions of
current, and adopting the same combinations as the "Morse" system.
Fourthly. By the new system, that is to say, by employing the aid of the tele-
graphic dictionary for the composition and translation of the message, and by
employing all the combinations possible, of four elements or emissions for the
formation of signals.
In the latter case, supposing that the expression "responda immediatamente" is
inscribed in the series 31, No. 213; "pelo télegrapho " in the series 34, No. 431;
"pelo correio" in the series 41, No. 122; "a minha carta" in series 232, No. 1211;
and "do corrente mez" in series 23, No. 1412; we have therefore to transcribe
according to what has been already said with reference to it; 31, 213; 34, 431 ;
41, 122; 232, 1211; 23; 23, 1412; and to transmit what is represented in Figure 3
of the annexed Drawings, that is to say, 17 signals instead of 77.
By taking as a base the normal transmission, or 12 units per second, if the trans-
mission of the above message is effected under these conditions, the following results
in regard to each system are obtained, which, as may be ascertained, differ very
little from those obtained by calculation.

page_text: It will be seen by this table that the time expended and length of band used, being
almost the same in the first and in the second case, the advantage of the latter over
the former, notwithstanding the circumstance of the reproduction of the 60 signals
of the alphabet, rendered possible without having resource to combinations of more
than four elements is scarcely perceived. in compositions having many signals
requiring the employment of fivo and of six elements by the ordinary system as
for figures; at the same time simply suppressing these combinations is alone a
real advantage in the second case.
By comparing the results obtained in the third case with those obtained in the
second, it will be seen that in proportion as the forces in action are economized, an
economy of 25 per cent. in time and 66 per cent. in the band is realized; and
making the same comparison regarding the fourth case it is easy to understand that
in proportion as the economy of the forces in action is more pronounced an economy
of time as much as 75 per cent. and an economy of as much as 84 per cent. in the
band is realized.
If the results obtained in the two last cases aro combined reciprocally, and if for
each message is considered what may be transmitted in ordinary language as equi-
valent to what may be transmitted by means of the dictionary, it happens that
when a telegram is considered as equal to the preamble, address, signature, and
message, it may be seen that the smallest economy to be estimated on in practice
by the new system is 50 per cent. in time, and 75 per cent. in the band.
The various results obtained being compared to the unit of times, and representing
by 100 the production of work effected and the quantity of band used, in the first
case, that is to say, according to the "Morse" system, the following results are
obtained
The last results which are obtained naturally in practice, that is to say, without
the intervention of complications of any kind, either in transmitting or in receiving,
and by the employment of means as simple and as certain as those which cause the
"Morse" system to be so appreciated, are again capable of augmentation, since two-
thirds instead of one-half of a message may be transmitted by the dictionary, by
the simple adoption of a second special dictionary at each station, in which the
addresses of those willing to be registered may be inscribed.
The employment of a second dictionary, or special dictionary of addresses at each
station, in conjunction with the ordinary telegraphic dictionary, does not complicato
matters in any way, because the address being the first expression of every tele-
gram, and also separated from the preamble and the message, any confusion or
doubt as to according to which dictionary the translation of that part of the
message is sent becomes impossible.
If the dictionary of addresses is admitted, signatures may be dispensed with in
the message if it is inscribed in the dictionary with the registered address, as by
the registration of an address only two persons, the sender and receiver, have any
knowledge of it.

page_text: .
The registration of an address being solicited by the receivers in stations which
undertake the delivery of telegrams at their destinations, these stations are the only
ones which have to consult the dictionary, which simplifies the idea and renders it
practicable.
The distinctive features of my electro-telegraphic system are,-
1st. The employment of a circular armature composed of two half circles, each of
these presenting two poles of the same name at their extremities.
2nd. The particular arrangement of the poles of the magnet, as also the electro-
magnet, which arrangement has for object the more effectual magnetization of
the semicircles of the armature with reference to the magnet, and the uniform
attraction of the latter in regard to the electro-magnet.
3rdly. The employment of a set of levers capable of maintaining the armature in
a position of repose by means of two springs so that it may oscillate in two opposite
directions.
4thly. The employment for the same purpose of the above-mentioned set of
lovers rendered possible with Siemens polarized electro-magnet.
5thly. The substitution for the levers with their springs by a simple rod, or by
two flexible rods, in whatever position they may be, in relation to the armature.
6thly. The suppression of all arrangement for setting the armature in an east-
ward position, this position being obtained naturally and spontaneously by the
simple penetration of the polarized extremities of the armature into the slits or
notches of the electro-magnet poles.
7thly. The employment of a commutator permitting the employment of the
apparatus with two batteries instead of one, or in the latter case permitting the
connection of one of the poles of the battery with earth to be automatically
established when the emission of current is effected with the other pole on the
line.
8thly. The employment of an arrangement capable of placing the band on the
receiving plane when the apparatus is put into action, and to remove it from the
plane in the contrary case.
9thly. The combination and establishment of 370 signals or more, by means of
which one may transmit or decipher without having recourse to a code of signals, it
being sufficient to know by heart those constituting the ordinary alphabet.
10thly. The combination of a vocabulary or phrase dictionary, each expression up
to 105400, of which does not require more than two of the simplest signals or letters
of the "Morse" alphabet.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Christiano Augusto Bramão in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
24th December 1878.
CHRISTIANO AUGUSTO BRAMÃO, of Lisbonne, Portugal, Electricien Engineer.
"AN IMPROVED TELEGRAPHIC APPARATUS."
Generally the armatures of electric magnets are scarcely able to occupy two
positions, that of repose and that of action.
In the system forming the object of my Invention the armature may occupy
three positions, an intermediate position when at rest, and two extreme positions
when at work or in action.
The first of these three positions has reference to periods when there is no
current existing in the circuit, and the two others to the two directions in which
the current may diffuse itself. Under these conditions the armature, instead of
making one simple movement limited on oithor side, makes two movements, ono
to the right of its position of repose for the current in one direction, and the other
to the left of this same position for the current in the contrary direction. By
combining these two movements with the long or short emissions, that is to say,
with the rapid and prolongated emissions which is the base of the "Morse" system
of telegraphy, four distinct and perfectly defined elements instead of two aro
obtained for the formation of the alphabet. These elements are,-
First. A simple oscillation to the right for the rapid emission of the current in
one direction.
2ndly. A simple oscillation to the left for a rapid emission of the current in the
contrary direction.
3rdly. A slow or retarted oscillation to the right produced by a prolongation of
the contact in the first case.
And, 4thly. A slow or retarted oscillation to the left produced by a prolong-
ation of the contact in the second case.
If we suppose the armature furnished with an inking apparatus pressing lightly
against a band which unrolls, the evolutions of this system could be impressed on this
band in the form of augles to the right (__^__), angles to the left (~).
bars or lines to the right (.
and bars or lines to the left
(~)
according to the direction and the length of current which causes the armature to
oscillate.
"
If these elements are arranged in such a manner that each signal does not con-
tain more than four the total possible number of combinations is 340, four to onc
single element or emission of current, sixteen to two elements or omissions, sixty-
four to three, and 256 to four. Now by adding to these signals those of five and
of six elements or emissions which in the "Morso system correspond to figures,
orthographical signals, various letters and recognised abbreviations, in all 30 signals,
a total of 370 signals is obtained, which constitutes the whole of the alphabet of the
new system. By composing the 30 signals of five and of six emissions appropriated
to figures, only of angles, and representing the ordinary letters of the alphabet by
the 30 signals, also composed of angles which form part of the combinations of one,
two, three, and four emissions, the 60 signals of the "Morse" system are obtained
without other modification than the substitution of the dot by the angle to the right
1)
and of the dash or stroke by the angle to the left
-
If these 60 signals are substracted from the 270 which compose the whole of the

page_text: required to know that the angle to the right
the left
is read 2, the bar or line to the right (-
(2
and the bar or line to the left
.).
is read 4.
is read 1, the angle to
-).
is read 3,
Having explained this we will imagine a telegraphic dictionary composed of 310
series, each series comprising 340 expressions or different ideas.
If a system of numeration is constructed on the base of 4 without employing
combinations of more than four figures, and without counting the 30 combinations
in which the figures 1 and 2 appear exclusively (because these correspond to the 30
signs of the ordinary. alphabet), the 310 numbers, indispensable in the numbering-
of the 310 series or divisions of the dictionary, and if these 30 combinations are
not excluded the necessary numbers for the numbering of the 340 expressions or
ideas of each series are obtained.
=
The number of expressions, words, or different ideas which by this means may be
expressed, as 310 × 340 105,400, which is sufficient in cases where the small
number of those which cannot be expressed may be transmitted in the ordinary
manner, that is to say, in ordinary language. By this means to indicate any
expression it is evidently necessary to employ two numbers, one, the first to indicate
the series, and the other, the second, to indicate the expression desired to be trans-
mitted; but this does not in any way prejudice the extreme simplicity of the
system, since these two numbers are always equivalent to two of the most simple
signals or letters of the "Morse" alphabet.
Mechanical Arrangement of the System.-My apparatus is shown in elevation
and in plan, Figures 1 and 2; it is composed of a clockwork mechanism H, which
unrolls the band of an electro-magnetic apparatus E, which reproduces signals, and
of a manipulator M which transmits them."
The clockwork mechanism II, shown separately, Figures 6 and 7, is composed of
a motor, a regulator, and three intermediate gearing wheels. In Figuros 1 and 2 it
may be seen that the axis or arbor of the second mover passes through the
platinum a, and supports externally the roller b, which, aided by the roller b', carries
the band through at an average speed of 50 centimetres per minute. The paper
wound on the wheel R. After leaving this wheel the paper band passes through
the opening c, d, formed in the base of the apparatus, rises to the plate e, and passes
between the rollers b, b¹.
The plate e acted upon by the spring e¹ presses the band lightly against the lower
surface of the piece f, and places it on the receiving plane; the force of the spring
is determined by the screw e¹. The lever g may occupy two positions, one raised
and the other lowered; in the latter position it stops the clockwork mechanism and
removes the band from the receiving plane simultaneously. The key is to wind
up the apparatus, turning it from right to left, until the limit of tension of the
spring motor is attained.
The electro-magnetic apparatus E, shown separately in vertical section and in
plan, Figures 4 and 5, is composed of an ordinary electro-magnet and a strong
magnetic bar bent twice at right angles.
The poles n, s, of the magnet and the poles p. 2', of the electro-magnet, Figure 5,
are in the same plane, and are respectively placed at the extremities of two perpen-
dicular diameters. These poles, divided in two in the direction of the circumference,
freely contain the armature n¹, n³, 81, 81, composed of two semicircles of soft iron
n, n, s, &; these two semicircles are united by a copper cross 1 to an axis or
arbor 2 in the centre of the apparatus.
The levers j, j, Figures 1 and 2, are movable in their axis ", j, and by yielding
to the action of springs v., j, acting in contrary directions transmit, cach on its

page_text: own side, the action of these springs, but considerably reduced, to the appendage k
of the armature; this action is limited on both sides by the piece k¹, which, by its
lateral play, enables it to cause the direction which the levers j, j', give to the
appendage to coincide with the position of repose of the armature. In case this
does not happen this position corresponds to the moment when the extremities
n', s, n', s', are arranged identically in relation to the poles p, p', of the electro-
magnet. The screws 1, 1, at equal distances from the appendages limit each in its
own direction the full movement of the armature. The appendage / is terminated
by a holder or claw which supports the inker m, shown separately, Figure 9, formed
of a funnel-shaped cap, in which printing ink diluted with oil of almonds (almond
oil) is poured. The buttons or knobs o, o', partly regulate the tension of the
contrary springs ji, j".
The manipulator or manipulating pieco M, Figures 1 and 2, comprises two flexible
pieces or blades r, r², four contact pieces t, t¹, u", u¹¹, a commutator V furnished
with two springs u, u', and a.pin or peg V₁.
The ends of the springs u, u', of the commutator press against two insulators
which are fixed on the under surfaces of the blades r, ?'.
The two blades are ordinarily in contact with the screws x, x', of the picco t, and
are consequently removed from the contacts of the piece t'; the same separation
also exists between the extremities of the springs u, u, and the contacts of the
picces u¹¹, ul
When the blade r, Figure 8, is lowered or pressed upon the contacts of r with t¹
and of u with u¹¹ are simultaneously established; when the blade is lowered the
contacts of with t¹ and of u¹ with u¹¹¹ are established in the same manner.
The screws x, x', in constituting the contacts of the piece t also serve to regulate
the full movements of the blades 1, 2². The pin or peg V' serves to put the commu-
tator V into metallic connection with the blades ? or with the blade r¹, according to
the side on which it is placed.
Action of the Apparatus. By supposing the regulator of the clockwork mechanism.
and the plate e free from the action of the lever g, which occurs when the latter is
raised, the band unrolls uniformly in the receiving plane, and receives a continuous
line or stroke from the very fine orifice of the inker m.
According to the movements of the armature, and consequently the displacements
of the inker, this stroke or line is converted through the influence of the currents
into angles to the right and bars or lines to the left, which clements have been
before mentioned, and which constitute the base of my system.
Following the order in which these elements are numbered their reproduction is
obtained, for the first, by effecting a rapid emission of current with the blade ?;
for the second, by effecting a rapid emission of current with the blade ; for the
third, by effecting a prolonged emission of current with the first-mentioned blade;
and for the fourth, by effecting a prolonged emission with the second; when that is
done the elements appear on the band taking this form :-
The spaces in the composition, represented by the parts or fractions of lines which
the inker leaves on the band when the armature stops at the position of repose, are
but two only, the space between letters or signals, and the space between words or
30 groupes of signals,

page_text: In transmitting, the space between letters or signals is obtained by an interruption
or suspension about equivalent to an emission of current or to the time necessary
for the reproduction of an angle. The space between words or groups of signals is
obtained by an interruption about equivalent to two emissions of current or to the
tiine necessary for the reproduction of a bar.
For the easy composition and transmission of all the signals comprised in the
new system, as also for their easy interpretation when they appear on the band, it
is sufficient that it be remembered,-
First. That in correspondence in ordinary language the angle to the right
andle to the left
Thirdly. That ciphered correspondence or correspondence by the dictionary (tele-
graphic) is distinguished from the ordinary correspondence or not ciphered, in that
in the first each expression is always commenced by the signal indicating the
series, which signal is invariably composed of one or several bars.
Fourthly. That every signal exclusively composed of angles significs a letter,
figure, orthographic sign, or pre-arranged or recognised signal, except in the case
when this signal should be preceded by another signal indicating a series.
Fifthly. That every signal transmitted after a signal indicating a series should be
taken as an indicator of the phrase or idea desired to be transmitted.
For the purpose of providing against confusion of the numbers of the dictionary
with the figures of numbers representing ordinary quantities, the first or numbers
of the dictionary are underlined in the original message and in the copy received
at the apparatus.
The figure underlined, which in this case is never transmitted, should comprise
the indicator of a series and that of the phrase at the same time.
Electric Connections and Course of the Current. Each apparatus carries six
limits or boundaries, which are designated by the letters L, T, C', Z', C, and Z;
these limits are in their order metallically united to the blados, 1, and to the
pieces u,u,t', t, of the manipulator.
The metallic connection of the blade with the limit T is partly constituted by
the magnetizing spiral wire of the electro-magnet.
.
By uniting (Figure 10) the line wire to L, earth wire to T, C¹, Z', the copper of
the battery to C, the zinc to Z, and by putting the pin or peg V₁ on the same side
as the blade ? we obtain the system of installation to be employed in cases where
the station has only one single apparatus and in those having several each apparatus
should be served or supplied independently by its own battery.
Excepting these two cases the installation of two batteries (Figure 11) is always
preferable, because by this means the too frequent employment of couples is avoided.
In the second case of two batteries two sets of equal force are invariably employed,
and the zinc of one and the copper of another are united to earth. By this there
remain free the coppor of the first which is united to C¹, and the zinc of the second
which is united to Z¹,

page_text: By uniting the line wire L, the earth wire to T, and by placing the peg or pin V1
on the same side with the blade r the installation of this system is terminated.
For a local circuit (Figure 12) the copper of a small battery may be united to Z,
the zinc to C, and the limit L with the limit T; in this case tho pin or peg V¹ may
Occupy any position. In the installation of one battery for each apparatus
(Figure 10), if the blader of the manipulator is lowered the copper of the battery
is put to earth by the intermediation of C, &, r, v¹, v, u, u¹¹, Z, and the zinc to put
in contact with the line by the intermediation of Z, t, 1, L; if on the contrary, the
blado is lowered, the zinc is put to earth by the intermediation of Z, t, r, v², v,
u, u, C, and the copper is put in contact with the line by the intermediation
of C, t¹, rl, L.
In the installation of two batteries (Figure 11) if the blade is lowered the zinc from
the first is put in contact with the line by the intermediation of Z¹, u¹¹, u, v, v¹, ¹¹, L;
if the blade is lowered the copper from the second is also put in contact with the
line by the intermediation of Ċ³, u¹¹¹, u³, v, v¹, r, L. In each of these cases the
circuit is completed by means of the permanent connection of the two batteries
with earth. The current coming froin the line, or the receiving current, invariably
arrives at L, passes through ', t, r, enters the spiral of the electro-magnet and leaves
by T to earth.
-
As regards the installation of a local circuit when the blade r is lowered
the current after passing from the copper of the battery re-enters by Z, passes
along t,,L, T, through the magnetizing spiral of the electro-magnet and roturns to
the battery by C and the zinc pole. When the blade 7 is lowered the current also
re-enters by Z, but in passing from t to r it traverses the spiral of the electro-
magnot in the inverse direction, passes along T, L, , t, and leaves by C as in the
first case.
By causing the extremities n¹, n', s¹, s¹, of the armature to enter into the
poles p, p, of the electro-magnet, one inillimetre for example, the armature, if there
is no magnetism remaining in the soft iron cores, spontaneously takes the position
of repose by reason of the polarity which it developes in the transverse direction of
these cores, and inay, for weak currents, act without being influenced by the
springs jiv, jv. On the other hand, these springs transferred with their levers to a
polarized "Siemens'" electro-magnet would be capable of giving to the armature of
these electro-magnets the power of also taking three positions, and consequently to
be able to oscillate to the right and to the left of an intermediate position or of
repose.
In certain cases the springs jiv, jv, with their levers j, j', may be replaced or
substituted either by one or by two flexible rods.
Remarks on the System.-My telegraphic system is a combination of the
"Steinheil" and the "Morse" systems. Under these conditions it is evident that
the apparatus satisfying the requirements of this combination would also satisfy in
particular the requirements of those in which the apparatus belonging to the above-
mentioned systems are sufficiently separate, so that in this respect the apparatus of
my new system could very well be called "Universal" since it works on each of
the said systems, moreover producing by the "Morse" system two series of signals,
each series corresponding to the independent manipulation of each blade of the
manipulator.
In practice, if as in the "Morse" system a single manipulating piece or blade is
used, the apparatus is precisely under the same conditions as apparatus generally
employed, the signals appearing on one or the other side of the line of repose,
according to the manipulating piece with which the transmission is effected.
If the two manipulating pieces are employed at the same time, but in such
manner that each reproduces complete signals, the "Morse" alphabet may be reduced
to 30 combinations for each side, which produces the 60 signals constituting this
alphabet, without having to use combinations of more than four elements or emissions
of current.
By using two manipulating pieces, but so as to produce only elements of short
emissions of current, the angle to the right in substitution of the dot, and the

page_text: angle to the left in substitution of the dash or stroke is obtained, which brings us
back to the "Steinheil" system.
Finally. If we work as previously described, employing all the elements that the
apparatus can furnish, we are in the new system.
In trying to estimate the advantages which result from the great reproductive
capabilities of this apparatus, let it be supposed that the following message in Por-
tuguese is to be transmitted:-(1) "Responda immediatamente pelo telegrapho on
pelo correio à minha carta de 23 do corrente mez." This message may, according to
what has been explained, be transmitted,
First. By the "Morse" system, reproducing all the signals on either side of the
band.
Secondly. By the same system, but in such a manner that the signals up to four
emissions represent on one side the letters of the ordinary alphabet, and on the
other, figures, orthographical signs, and the pre-arranged signs of the service.
Thirdly. By the "Steinheil" system, only employing the short emissions of current
and adopting the same combinations of the "Morse" system.
Fourthly. By the new system, that is to say, by employing the aid of the tele-
graphic dictionary for the composition and translation of the message, and by
employing all the combinations possible of four elements or emissions for the forma-
tion of signals.
In the latter case, supposing that the expression "responda immediatamente" is
inscribed in series 31, No. 213; "pelo telegrapho" in the series 34, No. 431; "pelo
correio " in the series 41, No. 122; "à minha carta" in series 232, No. 1211; and
"do corrente mez" in series 23, No. 1412; we have therefore to transcribe, according
to what has been already said with reference to it, "31, 213; 34, 431; 41, 122;
It will be seen by this table that the time expended and length of band used
being almost the saine in the first and in the second case, the advantage of the
latter over the former, notwithstanding the circumstance of the reproduction of the

page_text: 60 signals of the alphabet rendered possible without having resource to combinations
of more than four elements, is scarcely perceived in compositions having many signals
requiring the employment of five and of six elements by the ordinary system, as for
figures. At the same time, simply suppressing these combinations is alone a real
advantage in the second case:
By comparing the results obtained in the third case with those obtained in the
second, it will be scon that in proportion as the forces in action are economized, an
economy of 25 per cent. in time and 66 per cent. in the band is realized; and making
the same comparison regarding the fourth case, it is easy to understand that in pro-
portion as the economy of the forces in action is more pronounced, an economy of
time as much as 75 per cent. and an economy of as much as 84 per cent. in the band
is realized.
If the results obtained in the two last cases are combined reciprocally, and if for
cach message is considered what may be transmitted in ordinary language as equi-
valent to what may be transmitted by means of the dictionary, it happens that
when a telegram is considered as equal to the preamble, address, signature, and
message, it may be seen that the smallest economy to be estimated on in practice by
the new system is 50 per cent. in time and 75 per cent. in the band.
The various results obtained being compared to the unit of times, and representing
by 100 the production of work effected and the quantity of band used in the
first case, that is to say, according to the "Morse" system, the following results are
obtained
The last results, which are obtained naturally in practice, that is to say, without
the intervention of complications of any kind either in transmitting or in receiving,
and by the employment of means as simple and as certain as those which cause the
"Morso" system to be so appreciated, are again capable of augmentation, since two-
thirds instead of one-half of a message may be transmitted by the dictionary by the
simple adoption of a second special dictionary at each station, in which the addresses
of those willing to be registered may be inscribed.
The employment of a second dictionary or special dictionary of addresses at each
station in conjunction with the ordinary telegraphic dictionary does not complicate
matters in any way, because the address being the first expression of every telegram,
and also separated from the preamble and the message, any confusion or doubt as to
according to which dictionary the translation of that part of the message is sent
becomes impossible.
If the dictionary of addresses is admitted, signatures may be dispensed with in
the message if it is inscribed in the dictionary with the registered address, as by the
registration of an address only two persons, the sender and the receiver, have any
knowledge of it.
The registration of an address being solicited by the receivers in stations which
undertake the delivery of telegrams at their destinations, these stations are the only
ones which have to consult the dictionary, which simplifies the idea and renders it
practicable.

page_text: Having thus described the nature of my said Invention and in what manner the
same is to be performed, I declare that I claim,-
First. The employment of a circular armature composed of two half circles, each
of these presenting two poles of the same name at their extremities.
Secondly. The particular arrangement of the poles of the magnet, as also the
electro-magnet, which arrangement has for object the more effectual magnetization
of the semicircles of the armature with reference to the magnet, and the uniform
attraction of the latter in regard to the electro-magnet.
Thirdly. The employment of a set of levers capable of maintaining the armature
in a position of repose by means of two springs, so that it may oscillate in two
opposite directions.
Fourthly. The employment for the same purpose of the above-mentioned set of
levers, rendered possible with Siemens' polarized electro-magnet.
Fifthly. The substitution for the levers with their springs by a simple rod or
by two flexible rods in whatever position they may be in relation to the armature.
Sixthly. The suppression of all arrangement for setting the armature in an east-
ward position, this position being obtained naturally and spontaneously by the
simple penetration of the polarized extremities of the armature into the slits or
notches of the electro-magnet poles.
Seventhly. The employment of a commutator permitting the employment of the
apparatus with two batteries instead of one; or, in the latter case, permitting
the connection of one of the poles of the battery with carth to be automatically
established when the emission of current is effected with the other pole on the
lino.
Eighthly. The employment of an arrangement capable of placing the band on the
receiving plane when the apparatus is put into action, and to remove it from the
plane in the contrary case.
Ninthly. The combination and establishment of 370 signals or more, by means
of which one may transmit or decipher without having recourse to a code of
signals, it being sufficient to know by heart those constituting the ordinary
alphabet.
Tenthly. The combination of a vocabulary or phrase dictionary, each expression
up to 105,400, of which does not require more than two of the simplest signals or
letters of the "Morse" alphabet.
In witness whereof, I, the said Christiana Augusto Branião, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Tenth day of December, One thousand eight
hundred and seventy-eight.
Witness,
JULES ARMENGAUD, jeune,
of Paris,
Boulevard de Strasbourg, 23,
Civil Engineer.
C. A. BRAMAO. (L.S.)