MAKING A PENDULUM STEAM ENGINE WITH TWO OR MORE CYLANDERS TO WORK IMMEDIATELY UPON A WHEEL OR WHEELS, WITHOUT A CRANK, LONG BEAM, OR LEVER, AS NOW USED, AND IN A MANNER DIFFERENT FROM THE HITHERTO ACCUSTOMED MODE OF WORKING STEAM ENGINES, WHICH MAY BE EITHER IN THE WHOLE OR BY THE SEVERAL PARTS THEREOF APPLIED TO ANY WORKS WHERE GREAT POWER OR FORCE IS REQUIRED, AND EQUALLY APPLICABLE TO THE RAISING OF WATER, WORKING MILLS OF ANY KIND, INCREASING THE POWER OF CRANES, RAISING ANCHORS, AND TO ASSIST IN THE NAVIGATING VESSELS OF ANY BURTHEN, AND HAS THE FURTHER CONVENIENCE OF TAKING UP MUCH LESS ROOM THAN ANY OTHER STEAM ENGINE AT PRESENT KNOWN OF EQUAL POWER
Year: 1791

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, ISAAC
MANWARING, of Rosoman Street, in the Parish of Saint James, Clerkenwell,
in the County of Middlesex, Saw Maker, send greeting.
WHEREAS His most Excellent Majesty King George the Third, by His
Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at West-
minster, the Tenth day of February, in the thirty-first year of His reign, did
give unto me, the said Isaac Manwaring, His special licence that I, the said
Isaac Manwaring, during the term of fourteen years therein expressed, should
and lawfully might use, exercise, and vend, within that part of the Kingdom
of Great Britain called England and the Dominion of Wales and the Town
of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my new Invention for "MAKING A PENDULUM STEAM
ENGINE WITH TWO OR MORE CYLANDERS TO WORK IMMEDIATELY UPON A WHEEL OR
WHEELS, WITHOUT A CRANK, LONG BEAM, OR LEVER, AS NOW USED, AND IN A
MANNER DIFFERENT FROM THE HITHERTO ACCUSTOMED MODE OF WORKING STEAM
ENGINES, WHICH MAY BE EITHER IN THE WHOLE OR BY THE SEVERAL PARTS THEREOF
APPLIED TO ANY WORKS WHERE GREAT POWER OR FORCE IS REQUIRED, AND EQUALLY
APPLICABLE TO THE RAISING OF WATER, WORKING MILLS OF ANY KIND, INCREASING
THE POWER OF CRANES, RAISING ANCHORS, AND TO ASSIST IN THE NAVIGATING
VESSELS OF ANY BURTHEN, AND HAS THE FURTHER CONVENIENCE OF TAKING UP MUCH
LESS ROOM THAN ANY OTHER STEAM ENGINE AT PRESENT KNOWN OF EQUAL POWER."
The description of which pendulum steam engine, and the manner of working
the same, is as follows:-

page_text: This engine Lins a boiler, as in all others, with gauge pipes to ascertain the
height of water and steam in the boiler, though in some cases I shall cast the
bottom seperate, to be put on with a flanch to the sides, which flauch serves
to rest on the brickwork, in order to bring the whole force of fire to the bottom,
which will be a saving of fuel. At the top is a pipe called the steam pipe,
through which the steam is conveyed to two or more cylenders alternately, by
means of two valves or clacks, which may be called the steam regulators, fixed
in a box to one side of the bottom of each cylender, each cylender having two
such boxes, with each a valve or clack, the one called the steam regulator, the
other the lower regulator. These two boxes in which the steam regulators work
are next to the boiler, one fixed on the bottom of each cylinder, which, for dis-
tinction sake, when a person stands by the boiler, I call the right-hand cylindar
No. 1, and the other No. 2; these two boxes are fixed on to each cylinder
exactly opposite, in a straight line from the bottom of each cylender, in order
that the push of one of the pendulum wheels, when in motion, which is next
the boiler, may work both the steam regulators by means of a straight rack,
which, with a joint at each end, work the spindles of the clacks or valves
which are in the boxes, the one opening at the instant the other shuts. The
two cylinders staud at any distance from each other, as the size of the work
may require; the boxes of the lower regulators are exact the same, close by
the boxes of the steam regulators, and work the same, and is fixed to the second
opening from the boiler; for this purpose the bottom of each cylinder has two
openings, the one for the steam to enter to the bottom of the piston I, call No. 1;
the other, that where the condensed steam and water runs through the lower regu-
lator. I call No. 2; the one to receive the steam from one arm of the steam pipe
by means of the steam regulator, the other to open and suffer the condensed steam
and so forth to descend through the lower regulator into a pipe, with n valve or
clack (not loaded) at the bottom, where a cistorn is fixed to receive the condensed
steam and water from each of these pipes, and in which stands a hot-water
pump to throw up to another cistern fixed above the height of the boiler, in
order to serve it with hot water, by means of a pipe with a stopcock, which
enters through the air pipe in the boiler. Both cylinders are exact alike,
having each a bottom with two boxes, as above described, the one the steam,
the other the lower regulator, with cach a pipe to convey the condensed
steam and water to the bottom cistern, brought up by the other pump to the
other cistern for the use of the boiler. The steam pipe from the boiler
divides into two parts or arms, in order to convey the steam alternately to each
cylinder. In the steam pipe may be a valve or cock to regulate or stop the
steam at pleasure, though it will do without. The two cylinders may stand

page_text: on each side or the top or the bouer, where room is wanted, or close by it,
or at any distance, according as there is room to spare, with one or moro
steam pipes, and in that or other cases each may have a distinct steam pipe,
which will work alternately. The cylinders are each the same as is usual in all
the old engines, with each a bottom, with the boxes, as above described. Each
cylinder may or may not have a broad brim, to prevent the water which is on
the top of the piston from overflowing when it comes up, and each may or
may not be cased with wood, leather, and so forth. Each cylinder has a
piston or plunger, to which is annexed a rod or square bar, with two or more
squares cogged nearly from end to end, or from top to near the bottom.
Crossways in the center between each cylinder, but above the top of each, is a
spindle, on which is fixed an upright wheel, which I call a ballance wheel,
with cogs all round (though it would do to be cogged at about three fourths).
Its teeth come into each rod or rack, so that each rod or rack with its piston
hangs on this ballance wheel, by which means the two pistons act on the
wheel as a pair of scales, both pistons having the equal pressure of the
atmosphere, by which means the steam may act with its full force under each
piston alternately, On each side of the ballance wheel, and on the same spindle,
with it, is hung two wheels without cogs, which I call pendulum wheels, and
which alternately work two or more rods or bars. The bars or upright pieces
communicate with a straight rack bar below, which connects with the spindles
of the steam regulators. The top end of the upright bars come up to the
two upright pendulum wheels, in each of which there are two catches, to push
the two upright bars, which bars are fast at a convenient distance on an axle
and screw, the proper distance for opening one and shutting the other; at the
lower end of each rod or bar there is a quarter rack, with teeth, go into a
straight bar or rack in the middle, by which the steam regulators on one side
are opened and shut, the bar having a joint at each end fixed to the pieces by the
same joints, one at each box, into which the spindle of each clack or valve is fixed;
the upright bar being moved at top by the pendulum wheels, shuts one steam
regulator while it opens the other, and so of both the lower regulators, but as
the above pendulum wheels move but one way, and consequently would shut
one of the steam regulators and one of the lower regulators to the same cylinder
at the same time, which would stop the engine working. To remedy this, one
side (it matters not which) has a mediam rod or bar, between the top and the
straight cross bar at bottom with its middle rack, so that the top of this mediam
bar with its teeth fall in the lower part of the top bar or rod, and its bottom
teeth into the straight bar which moves the spindles of the steam or lower
regulators, by which means the valves or clacks move in a contrary direction
from the opposite bar, which opposite bar or rod is but one; these rods or bars

page_text: being thus worked by the pendulum wheels. At or near the end of every
stroke of the piston, when it goes near the bottom of the cylinder, one of those
wheels, by means of these pins or catches, before described, push these bars
forward, one of which opens the steam regulator of No. 1, as described before,
and at the same instant shuts the steam regulator of No. 2, while the other
pondulum wheel at the same time and with the same stroke pushes the bar and
shuts the lower regulator of No. I und opens the lower regulator of No. 2; at
the bottom of each cylinder an injection pipe is fixed to convey cold water from a
cistern, which stands rather higher or as high as the top of the cylinders,
which is supplied from a well or cistern below, or, and so forth, by means of a
pump worked by a cog wheel and rack fixed near the center of the spindle of
the pendulum wheels, and work one or more strokes every stroke of the
pistons; to the cock of each injection pipe is fixed a small cog wheel, and is
worked by a short rack fixed to a long rod, and reaches up to the outside of
one of the pendulum wheels, which alternately shut and open the cocks at
the finish of each stroke of the engine, by means of B pin of iron, or, and
so forth, in the rod and another in the wheel; there are four pins in the wheel,
two of which act at the same instant, the one to open on one side while the
other shuts the condensing cock at the opposite side; the other two pins, the
one shuts and the other opens the said cocks again, and so forth. The hot
water pump that stands in the cistern below, in which stands the two pipes
through which the condensed steam and water fall, is worked the same as the
cold water pump by means of the same rack or quarter wheel working on a
rack at the end of each pump rod, and which quarter wheel is on a spindle
with another wheel, whose cogs or teeth fall into a small wheel fixed on the
end of the spindle of the pendulum wheels. This engine, thus far, is complete
for raising water in mines, ships, &c., &c. By cogged wheels being fixed to any
or every side almost of the piston rods or racks, so as to work several pumps
at the same time, but when it is wanted to work a wheel or wheels there is
added to each piston rod or rack two wheels with their teeth to work in
ench piston rod or rack, the center of which is a hole turned truly
cylindric, both to turn free one spindle either way, as the pistons go the
one down while the other ascends. Each end of the spindle on which these
alternating wheels work barkward and forward, as the rods go up and down,
has two or more catches fixed fast on their flat, either out or inside, and to the
spindle is fixed fast, close to each of these wheels, a rachet or catch wheel, in
which the catches on the alternating wheels fall, and hold the spindle fast, so
that when one of these wheels hath hold of the rachet or catch wheel the
spindle must move round with it, but when the alternating wheel turns the
opposite way, it runs up or down free of the spindle; but the instant this

page_text: wheel turns back on the spindle, the one at the end running the contrary way
has fast hold of the spindle, by which each wheel in turn keeps the spindle
going forward by their alternative motion; on each end of this spindle is a
square end to receive a wheel, the one to turn a fly to regulate the check of
the rise and fall of each piston, the other to carry a band, or to be cogged
as the work they have to do may require. The pumps and some other works
may be worked from the pendulum wheels of the engine, by cogs, chains, or
cranks. In some cases I shall work with four or more cylinders, if need be;
in case of four, the rack rod to be outside between two cylinders, like a Tee,
with two cylindric rods, one at each corner of the top of the Tee down into
each cylinder. Two cylinders right opposite in the same manner, with one
ballance wheel and two pendulum wheels same as the other, the ballance wheel
to each rack or racks as in the above: and as it may be needful to keep out
the gross air from my cylinders, I shall in some cases fix a pipe connected to
the top of each cylinder by a flanch or flances, with a valve or clack in the
middle (unloaded), to let out the air, when and as it rarifies, so that the air,
whether hot or cold, will circulate from one cylinder to the other.
In witness whereof, I, the said Isanc Manwaring, have hereunto set my
haud and seal, the Tenth day of March, in the year of our Lord One
thousand seven hundred and ninety-one.