IMPROVEMENTS IN RENDERING TALLOW
Year: 1875

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Cook and Samuel Hall, both of East
London Soap Works, Bow, in the County of Middlesex, for the
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Cook and
Samuel Hall at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with
their Petition, on the 23rd April 1875.
We, WILLIAM COOK and SAMUEL HALL, both of the East London
Soap Works, Bow, in the County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN RENDERING TALLOW,”
to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in rendering tallow.
The usual way of rendering tallow is to take the animal fat, which
contains a large quantity of tissue intimately connected with the adipose
matter, and to melt the fat in a copper or vessel by the application of a
temperature sufficient to render the mass liquid. The tissue in this

page_text: process becomes diffused through the tallow, and is in part changed by
the action of the heat yielding products, which injuriously affect the
quality of the tallow.
We
According to our Invention we render the tallow without reducing
the whole mass to a liquid state, and without diffusing the tissue
amongst the tallow, and by the application of a lower degree of heat
than would be applied to render tallow in the ordinary manner.
mince or finely divide the fatty matter, and we spread it in thin layers
on trays or shelves. In this state we expose it to a sufficient tempe-
rature to cause the tallow to drain off, leaving the tissue upon the trays
or shelves.
For the purpose of conveniently applying the heat the trays may be
placed in a chamber, to which heated air is admitted, or which is warmed
by steam pipes or otherwise.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said William Cook and Samuel Hall in the Great
Seal Patent Office on the 22nd October 1875.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, WILLIAM
Cook and SAMUEL HALL, both of East London Soap Works, Bow, in the
County of Middlesex, send greeting..
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twenty-third day of April, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-five, in the
38th year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto us, the said William Cook and Samuel Hall, Her
special license that we, the said William Cook and Samuel Hall, our
executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as we, the said
William Cook and Samuel Hall, our executors, administrators, or
assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to
time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands,
and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN RENDERING TALLOW,"
upon the condition (amongst others) that we, the said William Cook

page_text: T
and Samuel Hall, our executors or administrators, by an instrument in
writing under our hands and seals, or under the hand and scal of
one of us, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the
said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and
cause the same to be filed in the Great Scal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said William Cook and Samuel Hall,
do hereby declare the nature of our said Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement, that is to say :—
In the ordinary methods adopted for the rendering of tallow the crude
animal fats are submitted to an elevated temperature, so as to cause the
fatty matters to become fluid or to melt, and at the same time to effect
the separation of the non-fusible animal matters or tissues contained in
the crude fats. In carrying out this generally adopted process of rendering
serious injury is effected upon the fatty substances or tallow thus
resulting, such injury being caused by the high temperature it is
necessary to employ, which high temperature not only deteriorates the
tallow, but also produces injurious results owing to the action of the
high temperature upon the animal matters and tissue contained in the
crude fats.
A process has also been introduced for the rendering of tallow at low
temperatures by the immersion of fats in heated water. The chief
objection to this process is that the animal tissue, which by our process
is of considerable value, is lost or deteriorated in value.
Now the object of this Invention is to obtain or render the tallow
from the crude animal fats at the lowest possible temperature, in order
to avoid the injurious action of a high temperature, and at the same
time to effect its separation in a fluid state free from the solid animal
matters or tissues contained in the crude material operated upon.
In carrying out our Invention we first cause the crude animal fats to
be operated upon to be submitted to a dividing, reducing, or mincing
process, so as to obtain the disintegration and fine division of the mass.
We then place such disintegrated product moulded into any desired form
or otherwise upon trays or shelves perforated or otherwise formed. Such
trays are then placed in a chamber or apparatus capable of being closed,

page_text: to the interior of which heat can be applied so as to obtain and maintain
such a degree of temperature as that the fatty substances contained in
the crude fats shall be rendered fluid, or shall be caused to melt, and
thus to flow out of and become separated from the non-fusible animal
matters or tissue. The liquified and fluid fatty matters will thus become
in their greater proportions separated from the residual non-fusible con-
stituents of the crude fats, and the tallow will be obtained of superior
quality, and free from either admixture of the animal tissue, or from the
injurious action of a high temperature either upon the tallow or upon
the animal tissue generally contained in the fat.
After the disintegrated crude fat has been placed upon the trays, and
the trays have been arranged in the chamber or apparatus, the tempera-
ture of the interior of the chambers or apparatus is to be elevated to the
desired degree, so as to effect the liquifaction and melting out of the
fatty substances, and by preference at the lowest degree at which such
result can be obtained. The rendered or fluid fat will flow and drain off
from the crude material, and the application of heat is to be continued
until the larger proportions of the fatty matters have been separated.
The residual matters from such operation will generally be found to contain
from about six to seven per cent. of the tallow, which may be obtained
by pressure and with the application of heat, as is well understood.
As before mentioned the tallow thus obtained is of superior quality,
and free from the contaminations which tallow prepared by the ordinary
process contains.
It can easily be understood that every kind of tallow yielding natural
material may be thus treated, the quality of the product obtained being
dependent upon the crude material operated upon. If, for example, the
better class of crude animal fats be employed before any decomposition
has taken place, a fatty product is obtained by this process which may
with advantage be employed for culinary purposes.
One method by which our Invention may be carried into effect is the
following:-We employ trays, by preference constructed of thin sheet
iron of any convenient size and form, which may be arranged in the
chamber or apparatus as that they may incline so as to facilitate the
flowing of the melted fat. These trays may be perforated, and placed
upon or above inclined stages or floors, so that the melted fatty sub-
stances may be collected in suitably arranged troughs or gutters, and

page_text: when the chamber or apparatus is charged with the trays containing the
crude materials to be operated upon the apertures are closed, and the
temperature of the air in the chamber is elevated by means of pipes
heated with steam or hot water.
When the required temperature has been attained, and has been
continued until the fatty substances have in their greater part been
separated, the trays are removed and their residual contents submitted
to pressure or otherwise treated. Heat may be applied as described, or
heated air may be made to circulate in and through the apparatus, the
temperature being so regulated that the fat may be heated only so far as
is needed to render the adipose matter liquid, and excess of heat is
carefully guarded against; practically the highest desirable temperature
is about 135° Fahrenheit. Lower temperatures are sufficient, but
necessitate the retention of the fats a longer time in the chambers.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of our
said Invention, and the manner in which the same is or may be used or
carried into effect, we would observe in conclusion that what we consider
to be novel and original, and therefore claim as the Invention secured
to us by the herein-before in part recited Letters Patent is, the obtaining
or rendering of tallow from crude animal fats by first submitting them
to a dividing, mincing, or disintegrating process, and then submitting
them in properly constructed apparatus in the manner herein-before
described to the action of such a temperature as will only cause the
liquifaction and separation of the fatty matters contained therein without
diffusing the tissue amongst the tallow, or acting injuriously upon the
product.
WILLIAM COOK. (L.S.)
SAMUEL HALL.
(L.S.)