Improvements in the Manufacture of Gas and in Apparatus therefor, and in the Utilization of the Waste Heat Produced therein for the Generation of Steam.
Year: 1894

page_text: Date of Application, 28th Aug., 1894-Accepted, 10th Nov., 1994
LAVA
Improvements in the Manufacture of Gas and in Apparatus therefor,
and in the Utilization of the Waste Heat Produced therein for
the Generation of Steam.
I, WILLIAM FRANK BROWNE, of Leggetts Hotel, Park Row, New York City,
in the County and State of New York, United States of America, Gas Engineer,
do hereby declare the nature of this invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement:
This invention relates to a compound process and apparatus adapted for carrying
out the process of manufacturing heating and illuminating gases.
The object of the invention is to provide for manufacturing gas by supplying
combustible carbonaceous matter, with or without steam, and a suitable proportion
of air or oxygen to a suitable combustion chamber or fire-box for immediate
combustion, and passing the resulting products into and through incandescent
carbonaceous material, wherein complete oxidation of said material is effected by
the oxygen derived from the steam and from the carbon dioxide.
The apparatus used for conducting the compound process is preferably built in
one structure, but two or more structures can be arranged and employed to carry out
the said process. The structure embraces a cupola for receiving solid carbonaceous
material and one or more auxiliary combustion furnaces containing conduits coils,
or receivers in which a gaseous vapor or gas is preferably evolved from an
emulsion of water and combustible carbonaceous matter, and thence discharged into
said furnace or furnaces for immediate combustion, the products of which pass
through suitable flues or ports into a body of carbonaceous material in said cupola
wherein said products and carbon are converted into combustible gas which escapes
through suitable flues, pipes, a boiler, a scrubber and purifiers, (when necessary)
into a holder.
The apparatus also embraces a steam boiler for generating steam from the
outgoing gas, a washer-scrubber, a pump for drawing off water and ashes from the
ash pit and many details of construction.
The operation of making a heating gas consists in first charging the cupola with
any suitable carbonaceous material, thence forcing an emulsion, consisting of water
and combustible carbonaceous matter, into heated conduits wherein a gaseous
vapor or gas is evolved and thence discharged into and through suitable burners,
into the furnace or furnaces wherein combustion of the same is continuously
effected, while the flame and products therefrom are being continuously forced
through flues or ports communicating with said cupola, at or near the base thereof,
and thence through the interstices of the carbonaceous material to which their heat
is imparted until the mass becomes heated to incandescence, after which continuous
oxidation of the said carbonaceous material will be effected, resulting in the
generation of gas composed of carbon monoxide, and free hydrogen, which is
forced therefrom through a suitable condenser, scrubber, and when necessary, a
purifier, to a holder.
In the first stages in the operation of making gas, atmospheric oxygen should be
inducted or forced into the furnace in sufficient quantity to burn all of the carbon
contained in the emulsion or the gaseous vapor or gas evolved from the emulsion
in the above mentioned conduits, for the purpose of heating the interior of the
structure, and the carbonaceous material contained in the cupola to incandescence ;

page_text: while, in the meantime, the products of this combustion should escape into the
atmosphere, and, then, after the required heat is obtained, the gases should be
diverted continuously to a holder.
When the heat is in suitable condition, a larger proportion of water can be adde
to the emulsion, or enough to equal ninety to ninety-five per cent. of its weight,
which, on being forced into the aforesaid heated conduits, will evolve to a highly
heated gaseous vapor or carbon monoxide, free hydrogen and oxygen gases which,
on being discharged into the furnace with atmospheric oxygen and ignited, produce
great heat.
The amount of oxygen required for combustion will be only what is required to
combine with the carbonaceous or hydrocarbonaceous matter contained in the
emulsion, and as this carbonaceous or hydrocarbonaceous matter need not exceed
five per cent. by weight of the emulsion, it will be perceived that but a small
amount of atmospheric oxygen will be required for said combustion, while the energy
derived therefrom will so far decompose the ninety or ninety-five per cent. of the
water used in the said emulsion that the oxygen derived from said water while in
its highly heated state, will, when coming in contact with incandescent carbonaceous
material, oxidize the same in a continuous and rapid manner, or as would be done
by the use of an equal amount of atmospheric oxygen.
The carbon dioxide evolved during combustion will, while passing through the
incandescent carbonaceous material, yield one of its oxygen equivalents which
combines with another equivalent of carbon, all passing off as carbon monoxide
gas combined with free hydrogen and nitrogen gases; and when the carbonaceous
material in the cupola is of a hydrocarbonaceous nature, hydrocarbon and carbon
monoxide gases inore or less carburetted, will be evolved.
It is essential to keep the cupola filled to the top or nearly so, with carbonaceous
matter, such as coal, coke, wood, or peat, so that the ingoing carbonaceous matter
will become heated by the outgoing gases, while in the meantime there will be
sufficient depth of incandescent carbonaceous matter to effect the necessary chemical
actions and reactions to insure the production of a fixed carbon monoxide and free
hydrogen gas; therefore the deeper the column of incandescent carbonaceous matter
in the cupola the more perfect will be the resultant gas, or, in other words, if the
carbonaceous matter is kept to the required depth and incandescence no carbon
dioxide will be inade. The quality and quantity of gas made in a given time
depends upon the amount of free oxygen evolved or eliminated from the water
contained in the emulsion during the preliminary combustion, for the more oxygen
derived from this source the more rapid will be the secondary combustion and
evolution of gas in the cupola.
When the gas or gaseous vapor is evolved, for preliminary combustion, from
suitably prepared solid carbonaceous matter, as powdered anthracite coal, hard
coke, or peat and water or steam, it will be necessary to support the combustion
thereof by the introduction of atmospheric oxygen and with only enough to permit
the oxygen contained therein to combine with the carbon contained in the emulsion,
but when hydro-carbon oils, as petroleum or finely powdered bituminous coal, are
emulsified with water, enough atmospheric oxygen should be admitted with the
gaseous vapor or gas for the complete combustion of the hydrocarbon. When only
carbon is emulsified with water, a carbon monoxide gas can be evolved in the heated
conduits prior to the discharge thereof into the furnace, thus requiring but one half
the volume or weight of the atmospheric oxygen that would be required were not
the carbon monoxide evolved in said conduit. The oxygen required for the said
evolution of carbon monoxide will, in this instance be derived from the water
contained in the emulsion, thus leaving the other half free to combine with the
incandescent carbonaceous matter in the cupola, while the other half, which has
combined with the carbon to assist in forming carbon dioxide in combustion, will,
on coming in contact with the incandescent carbonaceous matter in the said cupola,
combine with its equivalent of carbon and pass away as carbon monoxide gas.
Therefore, it will be observed that a carbon monoxide gas and free hydrogen are

page_text: evolved with a minimum amount of nitrogen, and that the latter can be reduced to
dess than ten per cent. of the volume of the combined gases, and when carburetted
for illuminating purposes the percentage is much less.
It is highly advantageous to utilize the highest percentage of water that it is
practical to use, and it has been found and proven, after repeated experiments,
extending over a period of several years time, to be practical to utilize from ninety
to ninety-five per cent. of water emulsified with ten to five per cent. of hydrocarbon,
but when only carbon, such as powdered anthracite coal or coke, is emulsified with
the water a greater percentage of carbon is required, but not to exceed by weight
fifteen per cent.
It is claimed that the heat required to evaporate, decompose, and to hold in
disassociation the elements of the ninety or ninety-five per cent. of water is derived
from the combustion of the carbon or hydrocarbon contained in the emulsion, and the
combining equivalents of atmospheric oxygen to form carbon dioxide (CO2) and water
(H2O) or complete combustion. If the emulsion is evolved to a fixed gas within
the heated conduit the resultant gases will be carbon dioxide, free oxygen and
hydrogen, thereby leaving only the free hydrogen gas for combustion when dis-
charged into the fire-box, from which a high heat is continuously generated for the
production of the gas or vapor in the conduits, and for maintaining the incan-
descence of the carbonaceous matter within the cupola, which now becomes oxidized
by the free oxygen eliminated from the water and one equivalent of the oxygen
occluded in the carbon-dioxide. The result of the first impact of the free oxygen
upon the incandescent carbon in the cupola will evolve carbon-dioxide, which on
ascending through the incandescent carbon, yields up one of its oxygen
equivalents to another equivalent of carbon, thus evolving two molecules of carbon
monoxide (CO) while at the same time the impact of the carbon-dioxide (CO₂) of
the said products of combustion, upon said incandescent carbon, will result in
evolving two molecules of carbon-monoxide (CO); thus it will be seen that all of
the oxygen required for combustion, and that derived from the water contained in
the emulsion, will combine with the proper equivalent of carbon to form
carbon-monoxide prior to the discharge, together with the free hydrogen gas
from the cupola.
It is found that it is not necessary to make a fixed gas within the conduits in
order to do the work required, for a highly heated gaseous vapor is all that is
required for combustion, but in this case there has been no chemical change of the
elements forming the emulsion, within the conduits, only a physical change has
occurred, but when the gaseous vapor is discharged into the fire-box with the
required amount of atmospheric oxygen, a high heat is evolved from the
combustion thereof.
The hydrocarbon within the gaseous vapor will combine with its oxygen
equivalent of the atmosphere and leave the oxygen and hydrogen elements of the
water in a disassociated state but mechanically mixed with the products of com-
bustion, and free to associate or recompose with combining equivalents and form
new compounds during the chemical action and reaction while ascending through
the incandescent mass of carbonaceous material within the cupola.
It has been claimed that gas cannot be made by the herein described process for
the reason that there will not be heat enough derived from the combustion to
evolve continuously a gas or gaseous vapor from the ninety to ninety-five per cent.
of water and ten to five per cent. of carbon or hydrocarbon, and, if done at all, the
process must be intermittent in its action and that therefore, no economy would
result from the use of this process over the old methods of making water-gas, but
those claims have been proven to be erroneous, for it has been found and proven
from repeated trial that there is an abundance of heat energy for a continuous
action so long as the supply of material, equals the demand, and for the reason that
the heat required to decompose water and hydrocarbonaceous matter in the conduit
has not become radiated therefrom, nor does it remain latent while the chemical
changes resulting in the decomposition of said water and hydrocarbonaceous matter

page_text: is being effected; therefore it is held that there is no latent heat in a fixed gas
when heated to the degree of heat required for its decomposition and recomposition;
consequently, all of the heat units required for the decomposition of the water and
hydrocarbonaceous matter again appears as sensible heat during the period of
chemical change, and is immediately transmitted with the gas into the fire-box from
whence it was derived, and is utilized with the heat derived from the combustion of
said gas for an evaporating or heating agent within the conduits and cupola. Now,
if there is no latent heat within the gases and all of the units of heat required for
decomposition are again transmitted to the furnace, there is no loss, except that
which is radiated through the apparatus. Hence there is no heat lost during the
decomposition of water in the presence of hydrocarbonaceous matter when done by
the herein described process for immediate combustion.
Instead of supplying an emulsion of water and hydrocarbon or powdered carbon
to the heated conduits or coils, steam and oil may be supplied through suitable
pipes to said conduits and there evolved into gas or gaseous vapor which is
discharged through the burner, with a suitable air supply, and burned in the
auxiliary combustion furnaces, and the resulting flame and products passed into the
body of carbonaceous material in the cupola for heating the same to incandescence
and generating gas.
Hydrocarbon oil alone may be forced through the heated coils, and the resulting
vapor then burned with an air supply in the auxiliary combustion furnace. Oil
alone, or with steam, may be forced directly into the burner and burned in the
combustion furnace, and the resulting flame and products passed into the body of
carbonaceous fuel in the cupola.
In carrying out the process, I may also force or blow powdered coal or peat,
either with or without steam, and a suitable air supply, directly into the combustion
furnace and there burn such powdered fuel and pass the resulting flame and products
directly into the body of carbonaceous fuel in the cupola and generate gas, as
above described.
I wish it understood that my invention is not confined to the use of an emulsion
of oil and water or powdered coal or peat and water, though I have obtained the
best results in the use of such an emulsion.
In conducting the process, the emulsion is produced by a special form of pump,
adapted for drawing in oil and water in any desired proportion, mixing them
together to form an emulsion and then forcing such emulsion into the heated coils
or conduits.
I will now particularly describe my process and apparatus by reference to the
accompanying drawings, in which,-
Figure 1 represents a front elevation of my gas generating apparatus ;
Fig. 2 represents a rear elevation thereof;
Fig. 3 represents a vertical section of the auxiliary combustion furnaces and the
lower part of the cupola generator, with the pump, for drawing off water and
ashes from the ash pit, in elevation;
Fig. 4 represents a vertical central section of the cupola gas generator, taken on
a plane at right angles to the view in Fig. 3, and also a view of a steam boiler and
pipe connections in elevation;
Fig. 5 represents a vertical section of the steam generator and scrubber forming
part of my gas apparatus ;
Fig. 6 represents a vertical longitudinal section, on enlarged scale, of one of the
auxiliary combustion furnaces of the gas generating apparatus ;
Fig. 7 represents a horizontal sectional view of the generating apparatus, through
the auxiliary combustion furnaces and base of the cupola on a line with the flues
and ports connecting said furnaces and cupola;
Fig. 8 represents a plan view of the rotary grate bars, such as used in the
extension at the base of the cupola ;
Fig. 8 represents an end view of one of the rotary grate bars;
Fig. 8B represents an end view of one of the grate bars and its gland;

page_text: Fig. 9 represents an elevation of the extension at the base of the cupola
containing the grate bars;
Fig. 10 represents a vertical section, on enlarged scale, taken on line 2-,
(Fig. 11) of a portion of the cupola and showing particularly the heating coil for
hydrocarbon oil, or a rich emulsion of oil and water, for generating rich hydrocarbon
gas for carburetting other gases generated in the cupola ;
Fig. 11 represents a transverse section of the cupola on line y, Fig. 10.
Fig. 12 represents a front elevation of a modified form of cupola gas generating
apparatus having combustion furnaces at the top and bottom thereof and gas escape
pipes leading from the central portion thereof;
Fig. 13 represents a vertical section of the form of generator shown in Fig. 12;
Fig. 14 represents, on enlarged scale, a front elevation of the base of the cupola
and auxiliary combustion furnaces, showing a modified arrangement of the pipe
connections, adapted for burners projecting up through the bottom of the
combustion furnaces.
Fig. 15 represents a vertical longitudinal section on the line x-x, Fig. 14,
showing the burner and its connecting pipe arranged vertically at the base of the
furnace, which is the preferred arrangement in practice; and also showing a pump
for removing water and ashes from the ash pit of the cupola;
Fig. 16, represents a vertical section of my distributing burner for use in the
auxiliary combustion furnace as shown in Fig. 15;
Fig. 164 represents sectional detail views of the burner rings.
The gas generating apparatus A B, composed of the central cupola, A, and the
auxiliary combustion furnaces, B, B', is supported upon a suitable masonry
foundation T, consisting of four piers, or more if required. The cupola and com-
bustion furnaces are constructed of brick, having an interior lining of fire brick,
or suitably shaped fire-clay blocks, and are enclosed in a tight iron jacket or shell
bolted together in a well known manner. The steel or iron shell is preferably
made gas tight, and to stand a high pressure, such as one hundred (100) pounds or
more to the square inch.
The iron or steel jacket is provided with apertures into which are fitted stuffing
boxes for various pipe connections bereinafter described. The stuffing boxes
are packed tightly by means of asbestos and are closed by glands in the usual
manner.
The walls of the cupola are made thick and have placed in them a series of
water heating coils which connect with the steam generator for preventing radiation
of heat and for utilizing the high heat in the cupola for heating water and
generating steam. The lower end of the cupola, A, is constructed with an inclined
hearth or contracted portion formed by large fire-clay blocks, a³, as shown in
Figs. 3 and 4, and below such inclined hearths. are constructed the flues and
ports, 9', leading from the auxiliary combustion furnaces, B, B', as shown in
Figs. 3, 4, 6 and 7. The flues, q', are preferably formed with bricks, &, provided
with recesses, as shown in Figs. 6 and 15, which when set into position form flues
between them. The base of the cupola may be constructed with a circle of
brick, q, with intermediate ports, q', which lead into the interior of the fuel
chamber. The circle of brick, ql, serves for holding the fuel in place, while the
ports between them permit of free access of the flame and hot products from the
combustion chambers, S, S', as shown in Fig. 7. Between the furnaces B, B', and
the cupola, may be provided a series of brick column, 9", and intermediate flues or
ports, r, and an annular flue, 111, surrounding the base of the cupola, as shown
in Fig. 7.
Ash chamber, B", and a horizontal passage B³, are constructed in the brick work
at the base of the cupola for holding a deep body of ashes above the grate P.
The ash-opening B³, is closed by a door X, Figs. 2, 4 and 7.
To the lower end of ash chamber B", there is secured a pipe section or casing, P,
containing the transverse rotary grate bars, t', (Figs. 8 and 9) and to the casing P,
is secured the extension R, (Figs. 3, 4 and 15) which may project down into the

page_text: seal O, as shown in Figs. 6, 12 and 13, or be constructed as shown in Figs. 3, 4
and 15. The extension, R, which forms the ash-pit, below the grate, is provided
with a water supply pipe, k', and may have an overflow pipe, k³, (Fig. 4), but I
preferably draw off the water and ashes through pipe R', by means of pump, Q,
as shown in Figs. 3 and 15. This method and means for removing the ashes is
very effective, and the water in the ash-pit makes a perfect seal for preventing the
inflow of air through the ash-pit to the cupola. The ashes mixed with water, can
readily be drawn off by a pump, as described.
Referring now to Figs. 8 and 9: The casing P, containing the rotary bars, t¹, is
made in two detachable parts, each of which is constructed with walls flaring from
a circular form at one end to an enlarged square form at the other end or at their
adjoining edges, where they are provided with flanges by means of which the parts
are bolted together. The parts are formed at their adjacent edges, with semi-
circular bearings and boxes, for receiving the journals of the bars, t', and such
bearings are fitted with stuffing boxes and glands, ¹, as shown in Figs. 4 and 8³.
The rotary bars are provided with squared outer ends, u', and with interlocking
projections, to', (Fig. 84) for breaking up and shaking down the ash and cinder
into the water and ash chamber R. A separate movable seal tank, O, may be used
in connection with the extension R, as shown in Fig. 6, but I prefer the construction
of ash-pit R, shown in Fig. 15, and to draw off the water and ashes by a pump, Q,
as above described. A wrench shaft, a', having a suitable socket at its inner end,
and a handle, 6 and collar 6ª, near its outer end, and resting in bearings, 68, may
be applied to the rotary grate-bars for turning them when it is desired to shake
down the ashes. The bearing or bracket, 6, is secured in place by a long bolt, 7,
passing through the brick work, as shown in Fig. 6.
The combustion furnaces, B, B' are provided at the front with large doors D,
(Figs. 1 and 6) the doorways being made large for the purpose of inserting the
generating coils which are arranged in the combustion chambers S, S'. The rear
ends of the furnaces B, B¹, are provided with openings, P₁ and P", which are
closed by doors Y and W, (Figs. 2 and 6) which doors may be readily removed
and secured in place by means of cross bars and hand screws, as shown. The
passages or openings, P, are for the purpose of supplying fuel to the combustion
chambers at the commencement of the gas making operation, and the openings, P¹,
are for removing ashes from the ash-pit, P, below the coils.
Each of the large doors, D, is provided with a packing of non-conducting
material, D', as shown in Fig. 6, or a filling of fire-brick as in Fig. 15, and has
an exterior flange, D", for securing it to the front wall of the furnace; it is also
constructed with a passage for the burner head, e, and its mixing chamber, 14, and
with stuffing boxes B', one of which, for the passage of the connecting pipes of
the coils, is shown in Figure 6. The stuffing box, B2 is lined with insulating
material a, and is closed by a gland, 2, containing a suitable packing, 6, for
making a tight joint around the pipe. Each of the inlet and outlet pipes passing
through the door D will be provided with stuffing boxes and glands, as above
described.
Within each of the combustion furnaces is placed a flat coil, m', resting upon
the fire brick blocks, r', (Figs. 6 and 15) and above each flat coil is placed the
vertical coil, l', secured in cast iron strips or standards, 4. The sets of coils in
each of the combustion furnaces B, B¹, are provided with separate feed pipes for
supplying an emulsion of hydrocarbon liquid or powdered coal and water. The
main emulsion pipe, f³, connects by branch pipe, f, at the elbow, g, (Figs. 1 and 6)
with the vertical coil, l, in each of the furnaces, and the outlet of said vertical
coil connects at elbow, k, with a vapor pipe, l, which connects at elbow, m, with
the flat horizontal coil, m³, and the outlet of said coil connects at elbow, a', from
which leads a gas or vapor pipe, r, having a valve ³, and connecting with the
cross fitting, s', as shown in Figs. 1 and 4. A drip pipe, &, having a valve extends
downward from the fitting, s, and connecting pipe, s", connects with the cross
fitting, ³, from which extends the two branch pipes, t, having valves, to the

page_text: burner heads, e, projecting through the door D, into each of the combustion
chambers of furnaces B, B. The burner head, e, connects by the mixing chamber
or pipe with the burner 2 (Fig. 6). The vapor or gas pipe, t, terminates in a
jet nozzle, t, in the mixing chamber, . An air supply pipe, a, having an
expansion chamber, as shown, and containing a conical air inlet valve, 1 (Figs. 6
and 15) connects with the burner head, e. The conical valve, h, connects by a
cord, c, passing up through the hollow standard and over pulley b, with a counter
balance weight, d, as shown in Figs. 1, 4, and 15.
The conical counterweight, d, hangs partly in a circular opening in a plate,
supported by the standard, so as to indicate, by its position in said opening, the
corresponding position of the conical valve, h, with reference to its seat in the
expansion chamber, a, and thus show how far said valve is open for indicating
the amount of air being supplied to the burner.
The main air supply pipes, A2, (Fig. 14) conduct air from a positive blower, and
preferably supply it to the expansion chamber, a, etc, by the branch pipes A2, A3,
and A, as shown in Figures 14 and 15. The air may, however, be drawn into
the expansion chambers a, and thence forced to the burner by the jet of vapor
escaping through nozzle, t", as indicated in Figure 6.
Referring now to Figure 4: A hydrocarbon oil supply pipe, h¹, having a
valve, i, connects with the burner head, e, through the vapor pipe, t. A steam
supply pipe, 3, having a valve, l, also connects with the burner head, so that oil
alone, or oil and steam, may be forced into the burner and burned in the combustion
chamber without passing through the coils, l', and m¹. A drip pipe, , provided
with a valve, leads downward from the steam pipe, 3. The oil supply pipes, h¹,
having valves, ¹, are also shown connecting with the vapor pipes, t, in Figure 14.
A steam supply pipe, , having a valve, 19, connects with the emulsion pipe, f, as
shown in Figure 4, and an oil supply pipe may also connect with pipes, /, so that
either steam or oil alone, or the two mixed together, may be forced through the
coils, and m³, in the combustion chambers.
A steam boiler, J¹, having a smoke stack, I, and a main steam delivery pipe, j¹.
(Fig. 4) is provided for supplying steam when first starting the operation of making
gas in the generator. The steam delivery pipe, j', is provided with a valve, 1, with
a blow-off pipe having a safety valve, k, and a branch pipe, , having a valve, 1.
The steam pipes," and ", connect with a steam pipe, O³, which connects with the
steam generator S B, shown in Fig. 5, and the pipes are provided with valves, so
as to control the flow of steam from one boiler to the other. After the gas
generating operation has been well started, it is intended to generate all the required
steam in the boiler S B by means of the outgoing hot gas from the generator as
will be hereinafter described.
Referring now to Figs. 1 and 14, a gas or vapor pipe, t³, having a valve, t',
connects the cross fitting, s³, with a burner head or air supply pipe, es, which passes
through the wall and opens into the interior of the cupola, A, a short distance
above the contracted portion. An air inlet and valve chamber, a³, connects with
the air supply pipes, e, said valve chamber, as, being connected to the air supply
pipe A³, as shown in Fig. 14. A second gas or vapor pipe, t, having a valve, to,
extends back through the brick work to the rear of the generator, as indicated in
Figs. 1, 2, 14 and 15, and connects with the burner head or air inlet pipe, e, also
for forcing gas and air into the carbonaceous fuel at the base of the cupola. Gas
or vapor from the coils in the combustion chambers may be passed (with or without
air) through pipes, 3 and t into the cupola. The supply of gas or vapor from
pipes t, and air will be regulated in accordance with the condition of the
carbonaceous fuel in the cupola.
Instead of admitting gas or vapor to the cupola, as above described, it may be
admitted by pipe, 68, into a superheating coil, B6, in the wall of the cupola, as shown
in Fig. 4, and be therein superheated and admitted into the fuel through the holes
or ports, c. Steam may also be admitted through pipe be, and superheated in the
coil B, and thence supplied to the fuel in the cupola.

page_text: For the purpose of carburetting the heating gas generated in the lower part of
the cupola, a pipe, 6", having a valve, 2, (Fig. 1) leads from the pipe, r, and
connects at elbow, 64 with the heating coil B³, in the wall of the cupola, as shown
in Figs. 4 and 10. A separate supply pipe, f, for hydrocarbon oil or a rich oil
emulsion connects with pipe, 63, and thence with the heating coils B. Hydrocarbon
oil alone, or an emulsion containing a large percentage of oil may be forced, by a
separate pump, through pipe, f, into the heating coil and there generated into
a rich hydrocarbon gas for carburetting the heating gas made in the lower portion
of the cupola. Gas or vapor is also passed through pipe, 62, into the heating
coil.
The heating coil, B³, is preferably enclosed in the cast iron jacket B', which
forms the interior lining of the cupola, as shown in Figs. 4 and 10. The jacket B*,
may be cast around the coils, B³, in a well known manner. The inlet pipe, b², is
provided with a valve 2ª, as in Fig. 10, and the outlet pipe, B', of the coil is
provided with a valve 68, and connects with the blow-off pipe B10, having a valve 610.
A return pipe B, having a valve, 6º, connects pipe, B, with the circular distributing
pipe B, as shown in Figs. 10 and 11, and the jet nozzles, lead from pipe B
into the interior of the cupola. By means of this pipe and valve arrangement, a
supply of rich hydrocarbon gas to the interior of the cupola can be perfectly
controlled, or the gas can be conducted off through pipe B10 to any desired place
of use.
Figs. 10 and 11 illustrate the preferred construction and arrangement of
pipes and the heating coil for generating rich hydrocarbon gas for carburetting the
heating gas.
The burner, 2, shown in Fig. 6, is preferably constructed as shown in the enlarged
views, Figs. 16 and 164, and serves for discharging the mixture of gaseous vapor and
air in a series of annular jets in the combustion chamber. The end of the burner shell
is flared outward, as shown in Fig. 16, and is constructed with an internal cross
bar, ³, through which is passed a bolt, r, for holding the rings, r, of
the burner in place. The burner rings, r³, are made thicker at their outer
edges, and are provided at their inner surfaces with spacing lugs, p², as shown
in Fig. 164, the shape of the rings and lugs being such as to form a burner, of
a rounded or semi-conical form, with annular spaces between them for thoroughly
distributing the mixture of gas and air as it issues from the burner, thereby
filling the combustion chamber with flame. The flame is thus well distributed
so as to uniformly heat the coils. The burner may connect with a horizontal
pipe passing through the front wall, as in Fig. 6, but it is preferably connected
with a vertical pipe or mixing chamber, , projecting up through the bottom
of the furnace, as shown in Fig. 15. By the latter arrangement a better
distribution of the flame is effected, the coils are more uniformly heated, and
the flame and products pass off more uniformly through the ports, q¹, into the
base of the cupola. When the burner is arranged as shown in Fig. 15, an air
pipe, A, connects with the air pipe, A³, as shown in Figs. 14 and 15, and
connects by an elbow, A³, having suitable flanges, with the bottom plate of
furnace B¹, so as to make a continuous connection with the mixing chamber,,
as shown in Fig. 15. In the construction shown in Figs. 14 and 15, I preferably
use two vertical coils, as 1, and 13, in the combustion furnace, and in this case,
the emulsion pipe, f, connects first at elbow, g, with the outer coil, B, which, at
its outlet end connects at elbow, k, with the outer pipe, l, which connects at
elbow, m³, with the inner coil, 1, which, at its outlet end connects at the
elbow, m (Fig. 14) with the outer pipe m³, which connects at elbow, m, with
the flat coil, m', the discharge end of which connects at elbow, a², with the
outer vapor pipe r, which connects with the burner heads, etc. as described.
The interior chamber of the cupola is constructed at the top with an
enlargement A', forming an annular gas chamber and adapted for receiving the
suspended feed cylinder H³, as shown in Fig. 4.
Above the enlargement A¹, a vertical passage or opening, h³, is formed in
the brick work, and is closed by a lid, M³, to which is connected a lever, g',

page_text: pivotally connected at its inner end to a swivel pin, g³, which is held by a screw
in the standard e³. A horizontal passage H¹, is also formed in the brick work
at the top of the cupola, connecting with the suspended feed cylinder H³, and
the horizontal feed cylinder H.
The external feed cylinder H, constructed of cast iron, is bolted to the jacket
of the cupola, so as to register with the passage H¹, and said cylinder H, is
provided at the top with a fuel supply opening, h, and at its inner end with
a gate valve F, arranged to slide in the casing F¹. A valve stem, f1, passes
up through the casing and through the stuffing box, at the top thereof, and, in
practice, is connected by a rope or chain which passes over one or more pulleys,
not here shown, and thence to the winch, G', for raising and lowering the gate
valve. The cylinder H is bored out and has fitted in it the piston, I, which
makes a tight joint therewith. To the piston, I, there is pivotally connected
the rack-bar, J, resting upon the anti-friction rollers, j, and with such rack-bar
there meshes the pinion, K', fixed on a suitable shaft and having a handle, k³,
for traversing the rack bar and piston inward or outward through the feed
cylinder H. The gate valve, F, being down and closing the front end of the
feed cylinder, the fuel, such as peat or coal, is thrown into cylinder H, through
the opening, h, until a suitable charge is supplied, then such charge of fuel is
forced through the cylinder by the piston until it passes the opening ", then
the gate valve, F, is raised, and the piston then forced inward to the end of
its stroke, thereby forcing the charge of fuel into the suspended feed cylinder H³.
The plane of the surface of the piston and the plane of the gate valve will
now coincide, so that all of the fuel will be forced past the lower sharp edge
of the gate valve, and such valve is now lowered, thus closing the cylinder, and
the piston is then retracted to the rear end of the cylinder as shown in Fig. 4,
permitting another charge to be deposited in the cylinder ready to be forced
into the cupola when required.
The cylinder H2, is provided at the top with wide flanges, by which it is
held in the brick work and extends at its lower end beyond the gas outlet E,
so as to prevent the fuel from being carried out. with the gas. The gas outlet
pipe, E, is bolted to the shell of the cupola, and connects with the gas drum, E',
in the steam generating chamber S B.
The steam generator S B, is constructed particularly, aud connected with the
cupola generator, with reference to utilizing the heat of said generator and all
the outgoing hot gas delivered therefrom, through pipe E, for generating all
the necessary steam which is used in the manufacture of gas and also for other
power, such as running the engine of an electric light plant and for other
purposes.
The steam generator or boiler S B (Fig. 5) is constructed of the best boiler
iron plates rivetted together in a well known manner, and is constructed with the
internal gas drum E, a water-seal chamber, E2, at the bottom, and a gas
chamber, E at the top, and it is closed at the top by a large removable head
or cover, N, bolted to the top flange. An upper tube-sheet, n, is bolted to the
wall of the boiler near the top, thus forming the gas chamber E between it
and the head N. The gas drum E', is constructed of a cylindrical casing and
the top tube-sheet, n², and bottom tube-sheet, n³, and serves for receiving the
hot gas through pipe E, from the cupola. The tube sheets, n and n³, are
connected by the heating tubes n', for permitting the passage of hot gas into
chamber E, and thereby heating the steam in chamber 01, at the top of the
boiler. The main water space of the boiler is separated from the water-seal
chamber E² by the tube sheet, no, and such sheet is connected to the upper
tube sheet, n, by the tubes, n', for the passage of hot gas through the
water chamber. Water circulating pipes, no, open at top and bottom, are
provided in the central part of the boiler for providing a better circulation of
water up through the gas drum E'. Between the lower tube sheets, n° of the
boiler and the flange of the seal chamber E, there is connected, by a suitable
R

page_text: flange, the dip pipe e, extending down into the water seal for preventing the
return of gas from the scrubber, or from the holder and scrubber.
An overflow
pipe, p, connects chamber E², at the proper water level with a seal pot P³.
A water feed pipe N', having a check valve, n', connects with the lower end of
boiler S B.
A
A cleaning opening, 18, is formed in the wall of chamber E², and is closed by a
tight fitting door. A gas outlet E³, connects chambers E2, with the lower chamber
of the washer-scrubber G2, and is provided in said lower chamber with an elbow
pipe dipping into the water seal as shown in Fig. 5. The boiler S B, is connected
with heating coils in the wall of the cupola as will now be described. The lower
water heating coil, N³, is secured within an annular space in the brick wall of the
cupola, and is connected at its lower end with the lower end of the boiler by a
pipe, having a check valve, 2, and the upper end of said coil is connected by a
2¹
pipe,, extending upward and connecting with the upper part of boiler S B.
second water heating and steam generating coil, N₁, is arranged in a separate
annular space in the brick wall of the cupola and is connected at its lower end by
a pipe, , baving a check valve, 28, with the boiler S B, and at its upper end is
connected by a pipe, with the steam space, O', of the boiler. These water
circulating coils absorb much of the heat, which would otherwise be radiated from
the wall of the cupola and effectively utilize it for generating steam. The coils
also protect the iron steel shell of the cupola from excessive and injurious heat.
The main steam outlet pipe, O2, connects with the steam superheating chamber O',
at the top of the boiler and is provided with a safety valve, o, from which leads a
blow-off pipe, o¹. A branch pipe, O³, having a valve, o³, connects by pipes, j
and, with the steam boiler J', shown in Figure 4, by means of which connection
steam may be supplied from either the boiler J' or the boiler S B to the cupola or
to engines in the gas house. The main steam pipe O2 is also provided with a
valve, o, and such pipe may lead to any steam engine for running a dynamo
machine or for other purpose.
A washer-scrubber, G³, is preferably constructed of cast iron sections, g*, a base
chamber, g, and an upper head, g', all of which are securely bolted together at
their flanges as shown. A gas outlet pipe, G³ connects with the head, g', and
extends to a holder or any desired place where the gas is to be stored or used.
The sections, 9, are provided with outer flanges, as shown, and with interior annular
water-seal cups, y, containing three or more transverse lugs, , having upper
knobs or projections for supporting the hoods or domes,, as clearly shown in
Fig. 5. The lower edges of the domes, h³, are sealed to a slight depth in water
contained in the cups, 9, said water seals permitting the upward flowing gas to
pass through the water under the edges of the domes for thoroughly washing and
scrubbing the gas. Cold water is supplied by pipes, N2 to the top of the upper
dome and flows down over the surface and thence through the seal cup below, and
over its inner edge on to the top of the next lower dome, and thus downward, from
chamber to chamber, until it reaches the lower seal chamber, 96, from which it
escapes through pipes, p', into the seal pot P³. As the water flows downward
through the scrubber, it absorbs the ammonia, and washes out the impurities of the
gas, and is finally discharged at the bottom as a strong ammonia liquor. A very
extended wet scrubbing surface is presented by the dome h, and the seal cups, 9³,
which serve to remove tarry matter or any lamp black which may be carried by
the gas. The seal chamber, 96, is provided with an opening and cleaning door, k³.
An oil tank, H, is preferably set on a masonry foundation in the gas house,
and is provided with an oil supply pipe h, and an outlet pipe, h', which latter
connects by suitable pipes and pumps with the gas generating furnaces. In practice
an oil pipe leads from the tank to an emulsion pump constructed and arranged for
drawing in oil and water in any desired proportions, mixing them together to form
an emulsion, and forcing such emulsion into the generating coils in the combustion
furnaces.
A smoke stack, L', is supported above the top of the cupola for conducting off

page_text: waste products when first starting the manufacture of gas. A staging or gallery, L³,
is constructed in the gas house on a level near the top of the cupola and serves for
supporting the feed cylinder H and its gearing and for supporting a pile of peat
and other fuel, and permitting the workmen to fill and operate the feed cylinder
and inspect other parts of the apparatus.
The wall of the cupola is provided, at different heights, with sight openings, al,
as shown in Figure 1 and the walls of the combustion furnaces, B, B', are provided,
at different places, with sight openings, y', for inspecting the interior of the furnaces
and ascertaining the condition of the heat therein.
My double generating cupola, having combustion furnaces, B, B1, at the bottom
and combustion furnaces, C, at the top, and gas outlet pipes, E, at the central
portion, is illustrated in Figs. 12 and 13. In this form of furnace combustible
gaseous vapor is generated in the coils of the furnaces B, B1, from an emulsion of
hydrocarbon or carbonaceous material and water, then discharged into and burned
in the chambers of said furnaces, B, B, and the resulting hot products thence
passed into the base and up through the body of carbonaceous material in the
cupola, as before described; and, at the same time, a part of the gaseous vapor is
burned in the upper combustion chambers, C, C, of the cupola, in contact with the
freshly supplied carbonaceous material at the top, causing the volatile hydrocarbons
to be distilled therefrom, which are then passed down through the body of heated
carbonaceous material for producing fixed gas which is conducted off from the
central portion of the cupola, together with the gas which passes up from the lower
end thereof. The upper combustion chambers C, are connected with the walls of
the cupola and connect with each other by the annular flue, c", which is provided
with ports, s', leading into the interior of the cupola chamber as shown in Fig. 13,
whereby the flame and hot products may be caused to impinge upon the entire
circumference of the body of fuel in said chamber and rapidly heat the fuel to
incandescence. The gas take-off pipes, E, are preferably connected with the
central portion of the cupola, and, in practice, will connect with a central pipe
which leads to a gas heating drum of a steam boiler, such as before described with
reference to Fig. 5.
The combustion furnaces, C, C, are provided in their front walls with burner
heads, z, with which connect air supply pipes, having expansion and valve
chambers, a', and into which project the gas or vapor pipes, y, terminating in jet
nozzles, as shown in Fig. 13. The expansion chambers, a¹, are provided with valve
seats and conical valves, to which are connected the cords, c¹, passing over pulleys, b¹,
and having attached to their outer ends the conical counter weights, d', constructed
and arranged substantially like those at the lower burner heads herein before
described. Suitable igniting ports (Fig. 12) having doors, z¹, are formed in the
walls of chambers C. The gas or vapor supply pipe, w, (Fig. 12) having a valve, 1,
connects with the cross fitting, s, and with the tee-fitting a, with which there also
connects the branch pipes, y, leading into the burner heads, z, for supplying
combustible gaseous vapor to the combustion chambers C, C.
In this form of generator, the coils in furnace B and pipe connections are
arranged for generating rich carburetted hydrogen gas for carburetting the heating
gases generated in the cupola, or for storage in a separate holder; and for this
purpose an emulsion feed pipe, e², connects at elbow, g2, with the vertical coil, l', in
furnace B, and the outlet of said coil connects by elbow, k², with a pipe, 12, which
connects at elbow, m³, with the flat coil, m', the outlet pipe of which connects a
elbow, a², with an escape pipe, 62, having a valve, 2, for conducting rich carburetted
hydrogen gas to the upper portion of the cupola or to any desired part thereof, or
to a storage holder. Branch pipes leading to the holder are provided with valves 4
and 4, as shown in Fig. 12. Branch pipes, 63, having a valve 3, leading from
pipe 6 connects at elbow, b, with the interior of the cupola to supply rich gas for
carburetting the heating gases generated therein. The pipe, 6, and a branch
thereof may connect with the interior of the cupola, at 2, as shown in Fig. 13, for
carburetting the gas, both above and below the outlet pipe E.

page_text: The fuel feeding cylinder, H, connects by elbow G, with the top of the cupola
chamber, and the rod of the piston, I, in said cylinder, may connect with a steam
cylinder K, for operating the piston, as shown in Fig. 13. The feed cylinder is
otherwise constructed as above described with reference to Fig. 4. A short smoke
stack or up-take, L, connects with the side of the cupola, and is provided with a
lid, M, and operating-lever, g', pivoted to the standard, e¹.
Gas, either for heating or illuminating purposes, is preferably made under a high
pressure, in this apparatus, the pressure being derived from the generative force
due to the coutinuous expansion of the emulsion to a gaseous vapor or gas in the
conduits or coils, from which the gas or gaseous vapor is discharged into the
combustion chambers for immediate combustion, which is effected under a pressure
equal to the resistance opposed to the discharge of gas from the apparatus; this
resistance may, if required, be one hundred (100) pounds and upward to the
square inch as might be the case, when required to be forced through pipes to a
great distance. The emulsion of water and hydrocarbon oil or powdered bituminous
coal, anthracite coal or peat, is forced by a pump into the generating coils in the
combustion furnace.
The operation of manufacturing gas is as follows: The smoke stack lid, M or M',
being open, a quantity of oily waste and wood are thrown into the combustion
chambers S, S, and ignited and allowed to burn by natural draft until the
generating coils in said chambers are highly heated, after which a suitable
emulsion of water and hydrocarbon or carbonaceous material is forced, by means
of a pump, through the supply pipes, f, into the coils, in which it is highly heated
and expanded into combustible gaseous vapor, which passes from the coils, through
pipes, r, and thence escapes through the jet nozzles, t, into the mixing chamber, /*,
thereby drawing in a sufficient supply of air through the pipes, a, and their
connections, and the mixture is ignited and burned in the combustion chambers S, S¹,
thereby continuously heating the coils and continuously generating the supply of
gas or vapor. The combustion furnaces may first be heated by blowing in oil and
air through the jet nozzle, t, and mixing chamber, , and igniting them at the
burner,
Either before heating the combustion chambers, or after heating them, as above
described, carbonaceous fuel, such as peat, coke, or hard coal, is fed into the cupola
so as to form a sufficient body thereof above the flues, q', and the contracted
hearth, a³, the flame and hot products pass from the combustion chambers, through
the flues and ports, q', into the body of fuel in the cupola chamber, thereby highly
heating and oxidizing the same. The hydrocarbon present in the combustible
gaseous vapor is burned by means of the inflowing air, while the highly heated
water vapor is resolved into its constituent elements, so that oxygen is set free in
condition to attack and oxidize the incandescent carbonaceous fuel in the cupola
chamber. Any carbonic acid which is first formed, is converted into carbonic
oxide, by passage up through the incandescent fuel. After the fuel has been
heated to incandescence at the base of the cupola the chamber is gradually filled to
the top with carbonaceous fuel, and the whole body of fuel is soon highly heated
by the outgoing hot gas. After the operation has been well started, a uniform
depth of incandescent fuel is maintained, and therefore a uniform quality of gas is
continuously manufactured. Air is excluded from the top of the cupola by means
of the tight feeding cylinder, gate, and piston, hereinbefore described, and air is
excluded from the base of the cupola by means of the closed water seal chamber,
and the ashes are drawn off as required, through pipe R', by a pump Q. In the
use of peat in the cupola only a small percentage of fine ash is made, and it is
readily discharged by the pump.
In order to make the manufacture of gas continuous, it is only necessary to
maintain the supply of the emulsion of water and oil or carbonaceous fuel, to the
generating coils, and the supply of peat or other fuel to the top of the cupola, and
continuously burn the gaseous vapors in the combustion chamber, as above
described. At suitable intervals, the ash is shaken down by means of the

page_text: rotating bars, t¹, in the water seal tank or chamber, from which it is removed as
required.
The operation or process of generating gas may be varied by omitting the
supply of emulsion to the coils, and instead thereof, supplying hydrocarbon oil and
air, with or without steam, to the burner and burning the mixture in the combustion
chambers, and thence passing the flame and products into the body of carbon in the
cupola chamber. I also propose to force powdered coal into the combustion
chambers and burn it by a suitable air supply, and pass the flame and products into
the body of carbon in the cupola chamber.
methods above described, may be carburetted and made into illuminating gas by
Fuel gas, generated by any of the
means of rich carburetted hydrogen gas or vapor supplied at about the middle
portion of the cupola chamber, through pipe B, and the jet nozzles, c³, shown in
Fig. 10. Hydrocarbon oil, or an emulsion rich in oil, supplied through pipe, f*,
may be forced into the heating coil B³, by a jet of gas vapor from the generating
coils, and which may be supplied through pipe, 62, by opening valve 2 (Fig. 1).
Valves 2ª, 68, and 6° (Fig. 10) are also opened, permitting circulation of the oil and
vapor through the heating coil, B, wherein rich carburetted bydrogen gas is
generated and is forced thence through the circular pipe B' and jet nozzle, c, into
the cupola chamber, where it mingles with the heating gas, composed of hydrogen
and carbon dioxide, rising through the body of fuel. The carburetted mixture is
converted into a fixed illuminating gas by contact with the heated fuel, and finally
escapes through the take-off pipe E, into the heating drum of the boiler S B,
from which it passes through the tubes of the boiler and thence through the
washer-scrubber, where the ammonia and tarry matters are washed out and
absorbed.
The various doors of the combustion furnaces, the lid at the top of the cupola
and the various valves on the pipe connections for emulsion, oil, steam and air,
will be readily manipulated by a skilled attendant for properly conducting the
operation.
By means of this process and apparatus, gas is manufactured continuously and
very rapidly, and it can be transmitted over long distances and in sufficient volume
to supply towns and cities for heat and light.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion, and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
claim is:
1. The process of manufacturing gas which consists in subjecting a mass of
carbon contained in a suitable apparatus to the direct action of a flame or flames
from burning hydrocarbon or carbonaceous material, with or without steam, until
the said mass of carbon is heated to incandescence, then continuing the flame or
flames, and passing the products of combustion continuously through the
incandescent material, and collecting the resulting gas.
2. The process of manufacturing gas which consists in first heating a mass of
carbon contained in a suitable apparatus to incandescence in any suitable manner,
then continuously passing the flame or flames and products from an independent
supply of burning carbonaceous material through said incandescent carbon and
ollecting the resulting gas.
3. The herein described process of making gas which consists in first producing a
as or gaseous vapor by forcing an emulsion of water and hydrocarbon into heated
ouduits, then forcing the resultant gas or gaseous vapor from said conduits into a
urnace and burning and decomposing it, thence passing the resulting flame and
roducts into heated incandescent carbonaceous matter, whereby such matter
ecomes oxidized by the free oxygen contained in said products of combustion and
ecomposition and conducting off the resulting gas.
4. The process of disassociating the elements of water for the purpose of
tilizing the oxygen thereof for oxidizing carbonaceous matter and producing a

page_text: heating gas, which consists in discharging a gaseous vapor from water and
carbonaceous matter into a highly heated flame, wherein said vapor becomes
decomposed, and continuously passing the resulting hot products into a mass of
incandescent carbon and conducting off the resulting gas.
5. The herein described process of making and distributing gas under pressure,
which consists in forcing an emulsion of water and carbonaceous matter through
heated receivers or conduits, thereby generating a gaseous vapor under high
pressure, discharging such vapor, together with a supply of air, into a heated
furnace and therein burning the carbonaceous matter of the gaseous vapor and
disassociating the oxygen and hydrogen, forcing these hot gases and products of
combustion directly into a body of incandescent carbonaceous material, thereby
oxidizing said material and forming carbon monoxide and forcing the resulting
mixed gases out of the generator.
6. The process of manufacturing gas which consists in first generating heating
gas in a body of incandescent carbonaceous material, then carburetting such gas by
forcing hydrocarbon liquid, by means of highly heated gas or gaseous vapor into
said body of carbonaceous material and mixing the resulting hydrocarbon vapor
with said heating gas.
7. The process of manufacturing gas which consists in forcing water and
carbonaceous matter through heated receivers or conduits, burning the resulting gas
or gaseous vapor and passing the hot products into a body of incandescent carbon,
thereby making water-gas, and at the same time, carburetting such gas by forcing
hydrocarbon into said body of carbon.
8. The process of manufacturing gas which consists in generating a gaseous
vapor from an emulsion of water and carbonaceous matter in heated conduits, then
burning such vapor and passing the resulting gaseous products into a body of
incandescent carbonaceous material, thereby oxidizing the same and producing
fixed gas, and at the same time, separately generating hydrocarbon vapor and
passing it into the body of incandescent carbonaceous material for carburetting
said fixed gas, and producing a high candle power illuminating gas.
9. The process of manufacturing gas which consists in first generating a
combustible gaseous vapor, then burning such vapor and passing the flame and
hot products into the base of a body of incandescent fuel, thereby heating it to
incandescence and then continuously passing the gaseous products up through
said body of fuel for converting them into fixed gas; and at the same time burning
gaseous vapor in contact with freshly supplied carbonaceous material at the top of
the generating chamber, thereby distilling volatile hydrocarbons from said material
and continuously passing them and the gaseous products down through the body of
carbonaceous material and converting them into fixed gas, and finally conducting
the gases off from the middle portion of the cupola or generating chamber.
10. The process of generating gas which consists in supplying peat to a
generating chamber, burning a combustible gaseous vapor in contact with the
freshly supplied peat, thereby distilling volatile hydrocarbons therefrom and
producing incandescent coke, and passing said hydrocarbons and the gaseous
products down through said body of coke for converting them into fixed gas.
11. A gas generator having a combustion chamber in which hydrocarbon is
burned, with or without the addition of steam, and which connects with a cupola
or compartment for containing carbon in fragments, which compartment is separated
from the said combustion chamber by a series of columns or bars made of refractory
material, the said columns or bars being so constructed as to hold in place the
broken carbon, while permitting the flame and gases from the burning hydrocarbon
to impinge on the carbon, substantially as shown and described.
12. In combination with a closed cupola gas generator, containing carbonaceous
matter an auxiliary combustion furnace, a series of columns or bars, forming flues
or ports between said combustion furnace and the base of the cupola, a series of
conduits or coils arranged in the combustion furnace, pipes for supplying the

page_text: conduits with carbonaceous matter and water or steam, and a pipe connecting
the conduits with the interior of said auxiliary combustion furnace for burning the
gaseous vapor generated in said conduits, substantially as described.
13. The combination with a cupola gas generator or chamber for containing fuel,
of an auxiliary combustion furnace, having gas and air supply pipes, and
connecting with the base of the cupola, one or more auxiliary combustion chambers,
having gas and air supply pipes, connecting with the top of the cupola and a gas
take-off pipe connecting with the middle portion of the cupola, substantially as
described.
14. In combination with a gas generator a device for forcing fuel therein,
under pressure, consisting of a cylinder provided with a supply opening, a piston,
a gate-valve and means for operating the piston and valve, substantially as
described.
15. A cupola gas generator, having a downward extension containing rotary
supporting bars, provided with stuffing boxes in the walls for making tight joints
and dipping at its lower end into a water seal in combination with a water seal
tank, substantially as described.
16. A furnace having its lower end closed by a water chamber, provided with a
water supply pipe, and a discharge pipe leading therefrom and connecting with a
pump for drawing off ashes, substantially as described.
17. A cupola gas generating furnace constructed with a tight feeding device,
and having its lower end closed by a water chamber or tank, which is provided
with a water supply pipe, and a discharge pipe, leading therefrom, and connecting
with a pump for drawing off ashes, whereby said furnace may be charged with fuel
and the ashes removed without opening it and admitting external air, substantially
as described.
18. A cupola gas generating furnace for continuously manufacturing gas
constructed with a tight fuel feeding device, and having its lower end closed by a
tight water chamber or tank, which is provided with a water supply pipe, and a
discharge pipe leading therefrom and connecting with a pump, for drawing off
ushes, said cupola also having means for continuously supplying it with
combustible carbonaceous material and oxygen for generating gas, substantially
as described.
19. In combination with the wall of the cupola furnace a heating coil for
generating carburetted hydrogen gas, supply pipes for hydrocarbon liquid and
steam or vapor, and means for discharging the rich carburetted hydrogen gas from
said coil into the cupola chamber for carburetting the water gas made in said
chamber, substantially as described.
20. A cupola gas generator having placed in its walls one or more coils of pipe
for circulating and heating water, thereby utilizing heat which would be radiated
and lost, in combination with a steam generator and pipes connecting it with the
inlets and outlets of said coil or coils in the wall of the cupola, substantially as
described.
21. In combination with the cupola and its gas take-off pipe, a vertical steam
generator, SB, having a gas drum receiving hot gas from the cupola, a chamber
above said drum, tubes connecting said drum and chamber forming in the top of
the boiler a steam drying chamber, said steam generator also having a lower tube
sheet, a seal chamber, a dip pipe and a gas outlet pipe, substantially as described.
22. In a gas apparatus a washer-scrubber constructed of sections or chambers
bolted together and provided each with an annular trough or seal cup, a dome or
hood resting at its lower edge in said cup, said washer-scrubber having a gas inlet
pipe at the bottom and an outlet pipe at the top, and also having a cold water
supply pipe discharging upon the upper hood or dome, substantially as and for
the purpose described.
23. The combination with the air inlet and valve chambers, a, having a valve
seat, of a conical valve bearing upward on said seat, a cord or chau connected to

page_text: Baid valve and passing up over a pulley and connecting with a counter weight.
such as, d, substantially as described.
Dated this 28th day of August 1894.
HASELTINE, LAKE & Co.,
45, Southampton Buildings, London, Agents for the Applicant.