IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER BOARD AND PAPER
Year: 1865

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Franklin Jones, of Rochester, in the County
of Monroe, and State of New York, United States of America, for the
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF
PAPER BOARD AND PAPER."
Sealed the 20th October 1865, and dated the 6th July 1865.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Franklin Jones at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
6th July 1865.
I, JOHN FRANKLIN JONES, of Rochester, in the County of Monroe, and
State of New York, United States of America, do hereby declare the nature
of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR THE MANUFACTURE
OF PAPER BOARD AND PAPER," to be as follows:-
A
The chief object of this Invention is to produce paper board in a continuous
or indefinite length which may be cut into sheets for ordinary use.
suitable frame is employed on which is firmly fixed a circular bed. Above
and, contiguous to this bed is a revolving grinding disc, having a central
hopper fixed in a suitable manner to a spindle. The contiguous or grinding
surfaces of both the stationary bed and revolving disc are preferably made
ef chilled iron or steel, and are provided with teeth for grinding the material,

page_text: which enters the hopper from an outside spout. These surfaces are made
dishing or inclined upwards from the centre outward in order to retain the
pulp and its contained moisture till it is properly reduced. After being
ground the pulp falls into a casé enclosing said disc and bed, and escapes
thence into a spout in a condition to be formed into board. The spindle
which rotates the revolving disc passes through a stuffing box beneath the
stationary bed; and its lower end rests in a step which is vertically adjustable
by means of a hand screw; so as to separate the grinding surfaces more or
fess. The machinery employed for pressing the pulp thus formed is mounted
in one end of a suitable frame: This machinery is on what is known as the
Fourdrinier plan, having the usual endless wire cloth apron passing from end
to end of the frame around suitable rollers placed at each end thereof; and
supported at the top by small rollers, forming a bed for receiving the
necessary pressure from above. I prefer to fill the spaces between the small
rollers with perforated sheet metal for sustaining the apron and allowing the
expressed water to pass through. The peculiar feature of this part of my
Invention is the use of a second endless wire apron above the first; leaving
between the two, apron's a space to receive the necessary thickness of pulp;
this second apron passes. around a series of cylinders and rollers mounted in a
swing frame, consisting of swing bars on each side (jointed to the upper ends
of arms inclined downward and outward) and connecting bars which support
said cylinders. The angles of said arms with the swing bars may be made
more or less obtuse by means of braces; having adjusting holes for the passage
of bolts: By these means the apron is made taut and the parts securely
braced. The ends of the connecting bars are also. provided with means for
the adjustment of the arms and for independent vertical adjustment:. The
standards supporting the swing frame are made adjustable vertically; so as to
regulate the distance between the two aprons. The swing bars and standards
are connected by braces perforated with a series of holes för bolts, by means
of which the swing frame and the upper apron passing around it may be
adjusted to any desired inclination; and so allowing a graduation of the
distance between the aprons increasing toward and at the induction roller, and
diminishing in the opposite direction: The cylinders supported by the con-
hecting bars perform the double function 'of. pressing the pulp down against
the lower apron; and dipping up and discharging the water expressed from the
pulp, for which end these cylinders are hollow and formed of longitudinal rods
covered with wire cloth or wound wire, and have in their interior a-number of
hippers extending the entire length of the cylinders and suitably formed to dip
tip the water entering through the wire and 'discharge it through the hollow

page_text: journals of said cylinders. The upper wire apron is made somewhat narrower
than the lower one; on each side of the latter rests an inverted box extending
at least the entire length of the apron, and the transverse space between the
boxes being at least as wide as the upper apron allows the passage of the
latter. These boxes I denominate "deckle boxes," as the ordinary deckle
strap runs through them from end to end over-pulleys in the usual manner;
these "deckle boxes" are absolutely essential to the machinery I am describing
for confining the pulp closely; the deckle straps which are too thin for this
purpose run inside and serve only to keep tight the joints at the bottom of the
boxes. In order to keep the deckle straps close up to their work I employ a
suitable number of rollers pressing against the outer edge of the straps, said
rollers being adjustable out or in by means of nuts or in any equivalent
manner. It may be desirable to use similar rollers above the strap to hold it
down to its work. The web of board formed by the apparatus described
passes over the ordinary suction boxes to a large roller. At a suitable angle
to bear directly against the face of this roller, without sagging the apron, is a
coucher, having its bearings in arms at each end and having a soft covering
of sponge, felt, or other suitable material. Around this coucher passes a felt,
upward and forward, obliquely, around a small roller, thence between the first
press, consisting of large rollers, and downwards into a wash tank, where it is
cleaned by an ordinary felt beater; thence upward around rollers to a hanger,
through which it passes, and then down around rollers to the coucher again.
The web or board adhering to this felt passes up between the first press when
the upper roller takes it off. It is then carried over a small roller, thence
down between the second press, consisting of rollers similar to the first press,
and between which runs a felt around a series of rolls. The upper rollers of
the first and second press are adjusted to bear more or less heavily by a series
of levers operated by weights.
This arrangement of the first and second press is also particularly applicable
to paper making. Beneath the roller, against which the coucher is made to
bear is situated a box, having a brush wheel, which removes such refuse pulp
as adheres to the wire in passing around the roller and deposits it in said box.
From the second press the web passes to the drying apparatus, which is a
direct continuation of the machine described. A series of ordinary drying:
cylinders is employed, between which the web passes, having 'a felt for holding
it up against the bottom cylinders, which felt passes around carrying rolls..
Calendar rollers are employed above the upper cylinders. From the drying
cylinders the web is conducted by a roller, so as to. pass between two calendar
rollers, and thence over a hollow table containing steam; above this table are

page_text: arranged a series of calendar rollers which press the web upon said table, and
which, having a motion greater than that of the web beneath, serve to glaze its
surface. Another or a succession of these steam tables may be employed with
calendar rollers arranged in like manner.
SPÉCIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said John Franklin Jones in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 21st October 1865.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN.
FRANKLIN JONES, of Rochester, in the County of Monroe, and State of New
York, United States of America, send greeting.
"
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Sixth day of July, A.D. 1865, in the twenty-ninth year
of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto.
me, the said John Franklin Jones, Her special licence that I, the said John
Franklin Jones, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I,
the said John Franklin Jones, my, executors, administrators, and assigns, should
at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times,
thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for ".IMPROVE-
MENTS IN MACHINERY FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER BOARD AND PAPER," upon
the condition (amongst others) that I, the said John Franklin Jones, my.
executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or, their,
or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be
performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said John Franklin Jones, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same, is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by. the
following statement (that is to say):-...
The object of this Invention is to produce paper board in a continuous or
Indefinite length, which may be cut into sheets for ordinary use... :
✓ The Invention consists, first, in forming the grinding surfaces, of, tha

page_text: grinding mill, in a dishing or inclined position, so as to prevent a too rapid
escape of the water through the same, and the consequent clogging of the
pulp in the act of reducing; second, in the employment of two endless wire
mesh aprons, between which the pulp is pressed into board of the required
thickness; third, in the construction and arrangement of the swing frame that
supports the upper endless apron, and the adjustment of the same; fourth, in'
the employment of "deckle boxes" of proper size and length, on each side,
for the purpose of confining the pulp while being pressed between the aprons; '
fifth, in the manner and means of holding in the deckle straps to their work
within the deckle boxes; sixth, in the arrangement of the coucher, felt, first
press, tank, and felt beater, in connection with the lower endless apron for the
purpose of carrying the web forward to be pressed, without injury of wire or
loss of pulp; and, seventh, the employment of a steam table or tables for the
purpose of properly drying the web after it has left the drying cylinders.
In the accompanying Drawings Fig. 1 represents an enlarged plan of
the grinding mill for producing the pulp preparatory to forming into board;
Fig. 2 an enlarged central vertical section of the same; Fig. 3 a plan of that
portion of the machinery which forms the board; and the "first" and
"second" press for pressing it; Fig. 4 a central longitudinal vertical section
of the machinery for forming the board, a side elevation of the "first" and
"second" press, and a longitudinal vertical section of the drying apparatus ;
Fig. 5 an enlarged cross section of the deckle box and its connecting parts.
Like letters of reference indicate corrosponding parts in all the Figures.
The preparatory step is to grind the pulp properly, which is accomplished
by a grinding mill represented in Figs. 1 and 2; it consists of a circular
bed A, fixed firmly on a suitable frame B; and a revolving grinding disc C,
having a central eye or hopper D, connected in a suitable manner, with a
spindle E, so as to receive motion with it. The contiguous or grinding
surfaces of both the stationary bed and revolving disc. are preferably made of
chilled iron or steel, and are provided with teeth a, a, for properly grinding
the straw or other material that enters through the eye D, from an outside
spout 6; and these grinding surfaces are made dishing, or inclined upward from
the centre outward, as clearly represented in Fig. 2, the object of which is to
retain the pulp between the grinding surfaces till it is thoroughly reduced.
This effect would not be produced were the grinding surfaces situated on a
horizontal plane; for in such case the water would pass through so rapidly,'
especially if the speed were rapid, that the pulp would be clogged and retained
without passing through properly. After being ground the pulp falls into an
enclosing case F, and escapes thence through a spout or spouts C, in condition*

page_text: to be placed upon the machine for forming into board. The spindle E passes
through a stuffing box c, beneath the stationary bed. A, and its lower end rests
in a step d, which is adjusted up and down so as to separate the grinding.
surfaces more or less by means of a hand screw d³. The machinery on which
the ground pulp thus formed is run to be pressed into board is mounted in
one end of a frame H, of any suitable construction. This machinery is on the
Fourdrinier plan, having the usual endless wire cloth apron I, passing from
one end to the other of the frame H, around suitable rollers K, L, and
supported at the top by small rollers f, f, f, (Fig. 4), forming a bed for
receiving the necessary pressure from above. I prefer to fill the spaces
between the rollers f,. f, with strips 9, 9, of perforated sheet metal, which.
serve the purpose of properly sustaining the apron between the rollers and
still allowing the expressed water to pass through. The especial feature of
my Invention connected with this portion of the machine is the use of a
second endless wire apron M, above the first, leaving between the two a space
sufficient to receive the necessary thickness of pulp to be.pressed into
board. This apron passes around a series of cylinders, N, N, N, &c., and
rollers :h, h, h, mounted in a swing frame O, which consists of swing bars i, i,
on each side, turning on an axis k; inclined arms l, 1, jointed to said bars at.
the top, and inclining, downward and outward, and connecting bars m, m, at
the bottom, which form the support for the cylinders N, N. The angle of the
arms 7, 1, .with the swing. bars i, i, may be made more or less obtuse by means of
braces n, n, having adjusting holes o; o, through which and the arms passes a
bolt, by which means not only is the wire apron made taut or straight, at any
time, but the. parts are securely braced. The ends of the connecting
bars. m, m, are also provided with adjusting holes, or equivalent, so as.to
compensate for the adjustment of the arms l, l, and to adjust up and down, if
desired, independent of the rest of the frame. The swing frame O is
suspended between two vertical standards P, P, extending upward. from the
main. frame. H, and made adjustable vertically so as to separate the two aprons
to a greater or less extent by any desirable means. The swing bars i, i, and
the standards P, P., are connected by adjusting braces p, p, having a series of
holes 7, 9. through any of which. and the standards passes a bolt, by which
means the frame, O, and consequently.the upper apron may be adjusted to any
inclined position. desired. Any other equivalent means for producing this
adjustment may be employed. The cylinders N, N, N, perform the double
function of pressing and dipping cylinders, that is, pressing the pulp down to
form the board, and dipping up and discharging such water as rises above the
pulp under compression; to this end each cylinder is hollow and is formed by

page_text: "
means of longitudinal wires or rods, covered either by wire cloth or round.
wire. In the interior, are a number of dippers r,r, substantially. of the form.
represented, which dip up, the water that, enters, through, the wire and
discharge, it, through the hollow journals or bearings of the cylinder. The
upper wire apron is made somewhat narrower transversely than the lower
one, and on each side of the latter rests a longitudinal box.or inverted trough
Q (Figs. 3, 4, and 5), usually extending, the whole length (or a little more),
of the
upper apron, and the transverse space between the boxes being that
(or a little more) of the width of said upper apron, just so that the latter will
run between them. These boxes I denominate the. " deckle boxes" as the.
ordinary deckle straps s, s, run through them from end to end passing over
pulleys t,, t, in the usual manner. These deckle boxes are absolutely, essential.
in the, forming of paper board by the machinery I am describing; as the pulp
that is, fed in at the induction end of the machine is several inches thick, and.
would otherwise escape laterally by the compression, as the deckle strap itself
is comparatively thin. The deckle boxes confine the pulp closely, so that,
there can be no escape, while the deckle straps themselves running inside, are
not subject to, the great pressure, and serve only to keep tight the joint or
crack at the bottom of the boxes. In order to keep the deckle strap up.close
to its work I employ, a suitable, number of rollers u, u, (Fig. 5) pressing,
against its outer edge, which rollers are adjustable out or in by means of
nuts v, v, or in some equivalent manner. It may also be desirable, to use
similar rollers on top the deckle strap, within, the box, to hold the said strap
down to its work. :
:
.
The operation of this portion of the machine thus described, is obvious.
The pulp is fed in at the induction end and passes between the two. endless
aprons I, M, and is compressed between the cylinders and rollers N, N.f.f..
The cylinders N, N, being adjusted in an inclined position by means of the.
swing frame O, the pulp is compressed thinner and thinner, as it passes,
through. The employment of the double aprons instead of a single one, as in
the ordinary Fourdrinier machine, enables me to produce any desired.thickness:
of board and in a continuous or indefinite length. The aprons confine the
mass of pulp and prevent the rollers interfering with the web. It is obvious.
that by raising or, lowering the swing frame, and consequently the upper end-
less
apron, that thick or thin board may. be formed at pleasure. As the pulp.
is compressed between the endless. aprons such water as rises above between.,
the deckle boxes is dipped up and discharged by the cylinders N, as before.
described, but most of the expressed water falls through between the rollers fif,,
and into the ordinary trough or receptacle R below, whence it escapes in the usual.

page_text: manner.
The web or layer of board x, formed by the apparatus above described
passes forward over the ordinary suction boxes S, S, to the roller L, where it
is taken off from' the wire by the following means: At a suitable position to
bear directly against the face of the roller L' (and not compress or sag the
apron) is a coucher T (Fig. 4), having its bearings in arms w, w, at each
end. This coucher is made soft by covering it with sponge, felt, or any
equivalent material. Around this coucher passes a felt y, upward and
forward in an inclined position around a roller z, thence between the first
press, "consisting of large rollers U, U, and downward into a wash tank V,
where it is cleaned by the ordinary felt beater W, thence upward around
rollers a, a, to a hanger X, through 'which it passes in the ordinary way, and
then down-around rollers 6', 6', to the coucher again. The web of board:
adhering to this felt passes up (as indicated by dotted lines) between the first
press U, U, where the upper roller takes it off, and it is carried over a
roller c, thence down between the second press, consisting of roller's z, 2,
similar to the first press. A felt d', runs between the second press, passing
around a system of rolls f¹, ff, as clearly represented in Fig. 4. The
upper rollers of the first and second press are adjusted to bear more or less
heavily, as may be desired, upon the board by means of a system of levers
connected therewith in any desirable manner, as shown at 9', g', and operated
by means of weights h³, h¹.
:"
"
'
There are several advantages in the arrangement of the first and second
press as above described. The web is carried forward constantly, instead of
being carried backward over the machine, as in some other arrangements, and´
therefore the endless aprons are not obstructed, but are easily accessible to
the operator at all times and under all circumstances. By going forward the
web is also formed more perfectly and without breakage. There is also a great
saving of pulp, which in ordinary machines escapes around the roller L; the
coucher T in this case pressing directly against the roller in such a manner as
not to sag or depress the apron, but so as to take the web therefrom without
breaking it or leaving any material portion of the pulp.
This arrangement of the first and second press is also particularly applicable
to paper making. Beneath the roller L is situated a box or receptacle A',
having a brush wheel, which acts on the wire passing over the roller when
revolved; and removes such refuse pulp as adheres to the wire in passing
around the roller and deposits it in the receptacle. From the second press *, *,
the web passes to the drying apparatus, which forms a direct continuation
of the machine above described, and is represented at the right hand of the'
Drawings in Fig. 4, as there is sufficient space to extend it. A series of

page_text: ordinary drying cylinders. B', B', in suitable numbers is employed, (four only
being shown) of ordinary construction: The web passes between these
cylinders, having a felt , for holding it up. against the bottom, cylinders,
passing around carrying rolls k³, k, k¹, as represented. Calender rollers C¹, C¹³,
are employed above the upper cylinders. From the drying cylinders the web
passes over a roller, and between calender rollers D', D', and thence over &
steam table E', of suitable extent, which is made hollow for the purpose of
admitting steam, and is of sufficient width to correspond with that of the web
itself. Above the steam table is arranged a series of calender rollers F¹, F, F,
which press the web closely upon the steam table, and by having a revolving
motion greater than the motion of the web under them serve to smooth and
glaze the surface of the web. The web by being thus pressed,clösely upon
the steam table receives the heat over a great surface at once, which dries it
very effectually and expeditiously, and makes it stiff and firm, and renders the
same fit for cutting into sheets. After leaving the steam table, above described,
I prefer (especially in forming paper board) to pass the web through another
pair of calender rollers D³, D³, and over a second steam table similar to the
first; and the process may be carried still further, if desired, and additional
steam tables employed, but two will be generally found sufficient under
ordinary circumstances. After passing the steam tables the web will be in
the proper condition to be cut into sheets, and it is only necessary to pass
in through the proper cutting apparatus.
What I claim as my invention is,-
1st, forming the grinding surfaces a, of the bed A, and revolving disc C,
in the disbing or inclined position represented in Fig. 2, for the purposes
herein-before set forth.
2nd, the combination of two wire mesh aprons I, M, between which the
pulp passes, with suitable pressure rollers, or equivalent, for forming board in a
continuous or indefinite length.
3d, the construction and arrangement of the frame O, made up of the
parts, and adjusted in the manner herein-before set forth, and used in con-
nection with the endless apron M, and cylinders N, N, substantially as and
for the purpose herein specified.
4th, the deckle boxes Q, Q, in combination with the endless aprons I, M,
substantially as and for the purpose herein set forth.
5th, the employment of the adjustable rollers u, u, in combination with the

page_text: deckle straps 8, s, and boxes Q, Q, for the purpose of holding said straps to
their work, substantially as described:
6th, the arrangement of the soft coucher T, felt y, first press U, U,' wash
tank V, and felt beater W, used in combination with the endless apron M
and roller L, in such a manner as to take the web'from the said apron and
convey it upward to the press, without injury or loss of pulp, substantially as
herein set forth.
7th, the employment of the steam table or tables E, for the purpose of
drying the web after the same has passed the drying cylinders, substantially
as herein specified.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Franklin Jones, have hereunto set
hand and seal, this 4th day of September, in the year of our
Lord.1865.
JOHN FRANKLIN JUNES. (L.S.)