IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF, GLASS, AND IN CASTING, ROLLING, MOULDING,. BLOWING, AND DRAWING GLASS
Year: 1845

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, APSLEY
PELLATT, of Falcon Glass Works, Holland Street,, in the County of Surrey,
Glass Manufacturer, and FREDERICK PELLATT, of Blackheath, in the County
of Kent, Gentleman, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent. Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at
Westminster, the Seventeenth day of May (One thousand, eight hundred and
forty-five), in the eighth year of Her reign, did, for. Herself, Her heirs and
successors, give and grant unto us, the said Apsley Pellatt and Frederick
Pellatt, our exors, admors, and assigns,: Her especial license, full power, sole
privilege and authority, that we; the said Apsley Pellatt and Frederick Pellatt,
our exors, admors, and assigns, or such others as we, the said Apsley Pellatt
and Frederick Pellatt, our exors, adñiors, or assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times during the term.
of years therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, our
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF, GLASS, AND IN CASTING,
ROLLING, MOULDING,. BLOWING, AND DRAWING GLASS;" in which said Letters
Patent is contained a proviso, that we, the said Apsley Pellatt and Frederick
Pellatt, or one of us, shall cause a particular description of the nature of our
said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be inrolled

page_text: in Her said Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar months
next and immediately after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent
as in and by the same, reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at
large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Apsley Pellatt, for myself and on behalf of the said Frederick Pellatt, do
hereby declare that the nature of our said Invention, and the manner in which
the same is to be performed, is fully described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof; and by aid of the Sheet of Drawings hereunto
annexed (that is to say):-
Part of our improvements in the manufacture of glass consists in making
glass with the vitrified scoria called slag, which is produced in the ordinary
process of smelting copper ores, and which slag may be obtained from copper
smelting works. We mix in the proportion of 100 pounds weight of the
ordinary copper slag to 50 pounds of ordinary vitreous sand, such as is used in
bottle glass manufactories, with 40 pounds of the alkaline matters called soap-
makers' waste, and 40 pounds of refuse lime from gasworks, and 5 pounds of
common red clay, and 3 pounds of common rock salt, and broken glass of green
glass bottles may be added to the above mixture of ingredients in such pro-
portion as may be found convenient; we prefer the proportion to be equal
weights of the aforesaid mixture and of such broken glass. Instead of the
aforesaid mixture we sometimes use copper slag in mixture with broken
bottles of green glass, in which case we prefer to use equal weights of copper
slag and of such green glass.
Another part of our said improvements in the manufacture of glass consists
in the following method of fusing or melting glass materials or glass, for which
purpose we prepare a reverberatory furnace, whereof the bottom slopes with a
gradual descent of a few inches from the fire towards the opposite end of the
furnace; and at the lowest place in the said bottom a tap hole is made
through the wall, at a convenient place for running out the melted mattter ;
other tap holes may be provided at higher levels than the said lowest, in
order to run out such lesser quantities of melted matter as may be required.
The reverberatory furnace which we prefer is similar to those used in copper
smelting works, the size of the furnace being proportioned to the quantity of
materials to be melted at one charge therein. The aforesaid mixture or any
other mixture of ordinary glass materials, or glass alone, which is to be fused
or melted in such furnace, should be strewed over the bottom of the furnace,
so as to expose as much surface as possible to the action of the flame, until the
whole of the matters become melted by the heat thereof, and then the melted.

page_text: matter may be run out through the tap hole or holes into a suitable receptacle,
either for being afterwards fined in ordinary glass-house pots, or else for being
run out into moulds for casting into articles of glass, as herein-after explained.
Whilst the materials are melting in the furnace, the aforesaid tap hole or holes
is or are stopped with clay or other suitable incombustible matter, through
which an opening is pierced with an iron rod when the melted matter is ready
to be run out from the furnace.
We do not claim as part of our Invention the subjecting of materials which
are to be made into glass to the action of heat in a furnace preparatory to the
melting or fusing of those materials in the pots or furnaces from which the glass
is to be worked into manufactured articles of glass, such preparatory heating of
the materials having been practised for the purpose of expelling or burning
out therefrom sulphurous or carbonaceous matters, and for amalgamating the
materials; neither do we claim the melting of glass in an open furnace from which
the glass, when melted, is to be worked into manufactured articles of glass.
But what we do claim as part of our Invention is, the fluxing or melting of
any kind of materials into glass in a reverberatory furnace in preparation for
such glass being afterwards fined in the ordinary glass-house pots, and there-
from worked into articles of manufactured glass; also the fluxing or melting
of any kind of glass-making materials into glass, or the melting of glass in a
reverberatory furnace, and running such glass therefrom into moulds for casting
articles in glass. In case of such materials containing sulphurous matter, then
a slow fire should be maintained in the reverberatory furnace, and a free
current of air allowed to pass through the furnace until the sulphurous
matters are driven off or burnt away, and then the heat may be increased
suitably for melting the materials.
Another part of our said improvements relates to the casting of glass, and
consists in the use of cored and other moulds for casting glass therein, by
running or pouring melted glass into such moulds for the purpose of producing
articles in cast glass, in the same manner as commonly practised by iron and
brass founders for producing articles in cast metal. The said moulds should
be heated previously to pouring the melted glass into them; but moulds not
heated may be used, although the heated moulds are far preferable. The
moulds and cores may be made of various substances usually employed for
forming moulds for casting metals, and with similar treatment of such sub-
stances, such as loam and sand, or loam and unburned fire clay, and sand
or blacklead and fire clay, in the proportions used by blacklead crucible
makers, or of plaister of Paris mixed with brick dust, and the surfaces; of such
moulds lined or faced with Tripoli powder or pummicestone reduced to a state

page_text: of powder. A pattern or model of the article which is to be cast may be used
for forming the mould, also core boxes for forming cores, as is done in the
ordinary modes of moulding for casting iron or brass, or other metal in
moulds; or the moulds may in some casese be partly of iron and partly of
the before-mentioned materials, or wholly of iron, and made to open and shut
with hinges or otherwise. The glass must be melted and brought into a
sufficiently fluid state for casting, running, or pouring it into such moulds,
either by melting the glass in a reverberatory melting furnace or in ordinary
glass-house pots, having a tap hole or tap holes at a convenient place or places
in each such pot, which tap holes are kept stopped during the melting of the
glass, and the stopping is protected from the action of the fire in the furnace by
applying a small concave or creme to cover over such stopping; or the melted
glass may be cast from the pots into the moulds, in the same manner as usually
practised by plate-glass makers. After being so cast the glass article is to bo
placed in the annealing furnace.
We do not claim any particular kind of moulds as new; but we claim the
running of liquid glass into moulds for forming pipes, tiles, ornaments, or any
other articles which may be cast in glass in the manner above described.
Another part of our said improvements relates to moulding and rolling
glass, and consists in moulding and rolling glass into ornamented panes, sheets,
or curved pieces, whereof one side of each such piece may be an ornamental
pattern or device, in relief or in hollow, that pattern being coloured (or partly
in relief and partly in hollow and coloured), and the other side of each such
piece will be a comparatively even and smooth flat surface if intended for
windows, or a. comparatively even and smooth spherical surface if intended
for skylights; such ornamented panes, sheets, or pieces being of various
forms, and the pattern being exhibited therein in coloured glass upon a white
or lightly but uniformly tinted glass for a ground to the whole of the pattern,
the said white or lightly tinted glass extending over the whole surface of
the smoother side of the pane, sheet, or piece, and forming the main body
thereof; and the colored parts of the pattern being formed by applying
and welding suitable pieces of colored glass by heat to the said white or
lightly tinted glass, so as to become incorporated therewith into one orna-
mented pane, sheet, or piece of glass. The said pieces of colored glass
may be formed in relief and in hollow at that side of each such coloured
piece which will be at the exterior side of the ornamented pane, sheet,
or curved piece of glass, such relief and hollow being suitable for filling
up of the outlines of the ornamental pattern, which, as regards colour and
outlines of colours, is formed by the shape of the various pieces of coloured

page_text: glass and their disposition one in respect to another. And the said pieces of
coloured glass may be of such forms as to fit one to another all around their
edges, leaving no interstices between the said edges; or the said pieces may be
detached, and the interstices between their edges may be filled up or partly
filled up by the white or lightly tinted glass. The ornamented panes, sheets,
or curved pieces of glass which are made according to this part of our
improvements are particularly applicable for window panes and skylights.
Figure CD represents a window sash for containing four panes of glass,
whereof one pane is shewn in place by way of a specimen of an ornamental
coloured pattern. The light tinted glass which forms the ground of the pattern
(and which is a yellow colour) extends throughout the whole of the panc,
forming the main body, and the whole of one side or surface thereof, and might
be white transparent glass. The pieces of coloured glass which form the
colored parts of the pattern are of four colours, blue, purple, green, and red;
and of different shapes, videlicet, central rosettes of two shapes, each of which
may be ornamented in itself by being formed in relief and in hollow at one
of its surfaces, so as to exhibit a pattern by light and shade, or difference of
intensity of the same colour, in each such piece of coloured glass; also there
is a tracery or framework to the pattern, which may be represented by pro-
minces of the lightly tinted glass, so as to give greater thickness and deeper
intensity of color at those prominent parts; or the said tracery may be formed
of long narrow pieces of glass suitably bended and joined together into con-
centric borders around the rosettes, and there are also small red rosettes or
stars arranged between such borders. The pieces of colored glass in the
specimen Figure C D are very detached one from another, and the yellow
glass may fill up the interstices between the edges of the several pieces of
coloured glass, so as to render the whole surface of the pane or sheet tolerably
smooth and even on that side thereof whereon the colored glass is welded, as
well as on the other side, if such evenness on both sides is preferred, the relief
and hollow of the coloured glass (if any) being in such case at that side which
is in contact with and welded to the yellow glass; or the yellow glass may
only partly fill up the said interstices between the various pieces of coloured
glass, leaving each of those pieces (or some of them) slightly prominent on
that side of the pane or sheet to which they are welded, with further prominence
by the relief of the pattern on the pieces of colored glass themselves, or with
hollow instead of such prominence, or partly with such further prominence
and such hollow as aforesaid, as may best serve to give effect to the pattern.
Figure B represents a quarter part of the framework of a dome skylight,
consisting of three segments, whereof one is shown filled with glass by way of

page_text: another specimen of an ornamental colored pattern, that segment being filled
'with three differently formed panes or curved pieces of glass, made according
'to this part of our improvements, and marked No. 1, No. 2, and No. 3. The
lateral elevation or dome form of the framework for the whole skylight is
represented on a smaller scale in Figure B, No. 4, and one segment is there
'shewn filled with its three panes of glass. The description already given of
the pieces of coloured glass in Figure CD is applicable to Figure B, wherein
some of the pieces of colored glass are detached one from another, but the
interstices between their edges are narrower than in Figure C D, which is
only a difference in the ornamental pattern, but requires very little difference
in the mode of making the glass. The interstices between other of the pieces
of coloured glass. are filled up with long narrow pieces of different coloured
glass. The panes in Figure AB being for a skylight are a curved surface,
which is tolerably smooth, and formed of the white or lightly tinted glass, and
is on the exterior side of the skylight which is exposed to the weather, and the
'side thereof whereon the coloured glass is welded, which may have prominences,
and be formed' in relief and hollow, will be best for the interior side of the
'skylight. Figure B, No. 5, is a section which shows the pieces of the
coloured glass and their prominence at that side or surface of the pane to which
they are applied, the dotted line Z, Z, representing the smooth side of the
white or light-tinted glass.
For moulding the panes of glass for a skylight similar to Figure AB, three
'moulds will be necessary, one mould for each of the aforesaid portions marked
'No. 1, No. 2, and No. 3; the surfaces of those moulds being curved to suit
the domed or spherical or other form of the intended skylight, as shewn in
Figure AB, No. 4. For a window, such as Figure C D, only one mould will
be required, and it will be flat in most cases, but may be curved if the window
requires curved glass; such moulds may be made of iron or brass, or other
suitable material, or of clay burned in the manner of pottery or earthenware,
and with the surfaces against which the glass is to be applied either flat or
curved (concavely or convexly), and with those surfaces sunk, and raised, or
carved or embossed with such excavations and prominences as will be suitable
for lodging the pieces of colored glass, and retaining them in due place to suit
the particular pattern required. Then for all those parts of such pattern which
are to exhibit color, suitable pieces of colored glass are to be prepared by
cutting or otherwise forming them to the shapes of the different parts of the
pattern which they are to occupy respectively, such pieces of coloured glass
may be cut out of colored sheet glass to the proper size and shape, or may
be cut with ornamental patterns, or may be moulded, pinched, or pressed

page_text: when the glass is hot, in which case the pieces of coloured glass may be easily
formed with a pattern in relief and hollow, according to the mould which is
used for such pressing; also coloured glass may be drawn out when hot into
long slender canes or rods of the shapes and sizes, and afterwards cut off to
the lengths and bended to the curvatures necessary for filling up the interstices.
between those larger pieces of coloured glass which will form the masses of
colour in the pattern; the said rods of coloured glass being used by way.
of borders around such larger pieces, either in close contact with the edges
thereof, or at a distance from those edges, and also for the coloured outlines of
the pattern. Or light coloured glass may be drawn into the form of tubes,
and the interior of such tubes filled with solid rods of deeper coloured glass,.
to obtain diversity of colour, and such solid rods of different coloured glass.
may be cut into short pieces and inserted into the interior of the tubes, piece.
after piece, with diversity of colours in the pieces so inserted one after another;
glass tubes so filled may be heated and pressed flat and drawn out to form solid
rods or canes, to be used for varegated borders and outlines of the patterns:
The moulds for rolling and moulding the ornamented panes, sheets, or curved
pieces of glass should have suitable cavities formed in those surfaces thereof.
with which the glass is to come in contact for the lodgement or reception of
the various pieces of coloured glass (or some of them), according to the pattern;!
those cavities being formed in the bottom of the mould in the casting or first
formation thereof, or by subsequent cutting out or carving. The mould may
have a raised border all round its edges for retaining the melted glass which
is to be moulded and rolled within the mould. The whole of the ornamental
pieces of coloured glass are to be placed with care in their exact respective
positions, as indicated for the principal pieces by the said cavities, some of:
which may be filled up by the coloured pieces of glass; but in others it will:
only be requisite that the prominences of the pattern on the coloured glass.
should enter into the cavities; and such filling up pieces as are to go into the
interstices between the larger pieces of coloured glass may be inserted into:
their proper places without any such cavities being made for them in the
mould. When all the pieces of coloured glass are thus-put into their respective
places in the mould, then the mould with its contents of coloured glass is
gradually warmed and heated until it attains the temperature of about red
heat, after which the heated mould with its contents of coloured glass is placed
upon any firm support at a suitable height for men to work when applying the
white or lightly tinted glass in the mould and rolling that glass therein; and
when the temperature is become somewhat reduced, the white or light tinted
glass is placed in a melted state over the pieces of coloured glass in the mould,

page_text: about the middle of the area thereof, and the operation of rolling over the
melted glass with an iron roller is commenced and continued by rolling that.
roller backwards and fowards over the melted glass until all the pattern and
embossments, interstices or carving of the mould (not previously filled up or
only partially filled up by the pieces of coloured glass which are lodged in the
bottom of the mould, as before described) are perfectly filled up with the melted
white or lightly tinted glass, and the entire extent or hollow of the mould,
within its border edges is covered with the melted glass, and by the heat
thereof the whole of the pieces of coloured glass will become welded and per-
fectly united to the rolled white or lightly tinted glass, so that when the.
ornamental pane, sheet, or curved piece of glass thus manufactured is afterwards
taken out of the mould, it will deliver therefrom as one piece of glass. The
aforesaid iron roller for rolling small sized ornamental panes, sheets, or pieces
of flat or curved glass (in corresponding moulds, either flat or curved) may be
about fifteen inches diameter, and hollow within that the weight may not be
too great, the surface being cylindrical or nearly cylindrical; in case of flat
panes or sheets, or in case of curved panes or sheets, the said roller may be
larger in diameter at the two ends than at the middle of its-length, or larger
in diameter at the middle than at its two ends. The central axis of
the-roller is to be extended beyond each end of it, to serve as handles for the
workman to lift it and to give it the required rolling motion. The roller is
first placed on the centre of the mass of melted glass which has been just
before deposited on the middle part of the area of the mould, and the roller is
rolled backward and forward over that glass until the same is spread over the
whole area of the mould. The ends of the roller may come to rest on the
sides of the raised border edge around the mould when the rolling is concluded,
and thereby the glass will be kept to the intended thickness, according as the
mould has been constructed, and those border edges may be metal rulers
fastened to the mould by screws, so as to admit of adjusting them suitably for
any thicknesses that may be required. The overplus of the melted glass which
will be squeezed out over the border edges. will form rough prominent edges
to the pane or sheet, which edges may be knocked or wetted off before
annealing, or may be grossed off after annealing, as may be preferred, but so as
to finish the panes, sheets, or curved pieces with true edges proper for fitting
into the frame of the window or skylight.
The manner of rolling has a general resemblance to the same operation in
making plate glass, and the ordinary metal casting tables and rollers used in
plate glass manufactories may be used for perfoming this part of our improve-
ments; in case of making large flat plates or slabs of metal or other suitable

page_text: material of the same or of smaller size, than the ordinary casting tables in,
plate glass manufactories may be used; the surface of such table or slab
being prepared either in the casting of the metal whereof the table or slab is:
formed, or else by subsequent cutting, drilling, planing, or chasing out hollows
for rosettes or borders or other parts of the pattern which are to exhibit,
colours, só as that such hollows shall be suitable for lodging and retaining the
prepared pieces of coloured glass in their respective places when they are laidh
on the surface of such prepared table or slab; in the manner before described;:
in respect to laying them in the bottom of a mould, from which the said table,
or slab will not differ except as to size and flatness, all that is required being:
that the pieces of colored glass shall not be left so slightly confined on the
table or slab or in the mould as to be liable to displacement by the laying on and;
rolling of the melted glass over the said coloured pieces.. When the iron table, or,
slab, or mould, and its contents of pieces of coloured glass is to be heated to,
nearly red hot, as already mentioned, that may be done by applying fire in
Blues beneath the table, mould, or slab, or the same may be introduced into an
annealing arch by mounting it on wheels to run on rails, like those of railways;
and after becoming hot the table, slab, or mould may be withdrawn out of the
arch again to a convenient place for the melted white or light tinted glass to
be placed or poured on over the coloured pieces of glass, which may be done in.
the manner usually performed in plate glass manufactories. And the same of
the rolling with a. cylindrical roller, by which the melted glass is to be spreadk
out, so as to cover the whole surface, and also of the bordering rulers, which
are to regulate the thickness of the plate or pane of glass, which, after it is.
removed from the table or slab, is ultimately placed in the arch for annealing.
Instead of putting the pieces of colored glass into the mould or laying them
upon the table or slab, as above described, and then heating the whole mould,
table, or slab, together with its contents of coloured glass, we have found it to
answer by heating the pieces of coloured glass before placing them in or upon
the mould, table, or slab. In cases when the same, from being repeatedly.
used, is become sufficiently hot, and the heat, which it has so acquired may be
kept up and increased and regulated as may be required by application of fire
in flues beneath the mould, table, or slab, in the manner already mentioned.
Plates, panes, or sheets made according to this part of our improvements, with
appropriate patterns, will be applicable to the lower panes of window to answer
the purpose of window blinds as well as window panes.
We do not claim as new the making of pressed, rolled, or moulded glass
with ornaments by relief and hollows for windows or skylights, whether of
white or of uniformly coloured glass, all which has been practised; but wo

page_text: claim as our Invention the welding of distinct pieces of colored glass to a:
mass of white or lightly tinted glass, which forms the chief substance of the
plate, pane, sheet, or curved piece of glass, whereof the said pieces of coloured
glass form the coloured parts of the ornamental pattern, in the manner before
described.
'
Another part of our said improvements relates to moulding and blowing
cylinders of white or coloured glass, and afterwards dividing the same into
segments of cylinders or arches for forming arched panes of glass for skylights.
or transparent roofing; for this purpose cylinders of white or coloured glass
are to formed and blown, in the usual manner of blowing glass shades, within
-slightly tapered cylindrical moulds of wood, or metal, or pottery ware (the
moulds being made to open and shut or otherwise), the glass being blown
within the said moulds in the usual manner of blowing moulded oval, square, or
cylindrical shades, and the glass when withdrawn from the mould is cut off at
each end by rings of hot glass or otherwise, all as usual in making glass shades,
and then we divide the cylinder or shade which has been so made, and which
is represented by Figure E F, No. 1, into two or more segments (but usually into
three segments) by cutting lengthways along two or three straight lines parallel
to the axis or central line of the cylinder, and from end to end thereof, with a
diamond, or hot iron, or hot glass, or otherwise, as is represented in Figure E F,
No. 2, and the segments into which the cylinder has been thus cut up form
arched panes, which, when put up in place for skylights or transparent roofing,
will lap over each other at the ends, in a somewhat similar manner to the
tiles called pantiles, and as is shewn in Figure E F, No. 3; and owing to the
moulds being, as already mentioned, slightly tapered, the glass in moulding and
blowing requires a slight taper, whereby the large end of one glass arch will fit
truly over the end of another. The manner in which different rows of such
arched panes may be disposed side by side is shewn in Figure E, F, No. 4;
the lower edges of the glass of both rows which are adjacent being lodged in
and cemented into angular grooved or guttered bearing bars of wood or metal,
which form part of the framework of the skylight or transparent roofing. The
advantages of such glass for arched skylights and transparent roofing are
strength with the least weight of glass, and the wood or metal framing may be
wholly beneath the glass, so as to be within the building and protected from
the weather. We do not claim such internal framework or the arched form
of panes of glass for skylights or roofing as our Invention, but only the method
of making such arched panes of glass for skylights or transparent roofing by
cutting up and dividing cylinders or shades of glass, which are formed slightly
tapering by moulding and blowing them in slightly tapering moulds, in the

page_text: manner above described, so as that the arched panes will fit correctly with their
ends overlapping.
Another part of our said improvements relates to blowing and drawing
glass, and consists in making cylindrical or oval pipes or tubes of glass with
prominent rims or flanges at their ends, which ends, by aid of such rims or
flanges, can be joined together in order to prolong one length of glass tube or
pipe by another, so as to form pipes for the conveyance of fluids. For this
purpose a piece of glass tube is formed, and drawn out to a considerable length
in the mode usually practised in flint-glass houses for blowing and drawing out
glass tubes, the workmen sustaining the said piece of tube by having both ends
welded to their working irons whilst they are drawing out the glass in length;
which being done, then the glass tube so formed is to be separated by wetting
and breaking it off close to one of the irons, which then becomes useless,
leaving the long piece of glass tube fastened by its other end to the other iron,
and supported by the workman (who holds that last-mentioned iron (see
Figure G H, No. 1), and that workman then presents the extremity of the
glass which has been recently separated to what is called the bye-hole of the
furnace or to the mouth of the glass pot in the furnace (the latter is to be
preferred), for the purpose of heating and softening the said extremity of the
glass. And in order to prevent so long a piece of glass tube from cooling
whilst one extremity is so heating for softening that end as aforesaid, we
prepare a trough or semicylinder of iron as long as the length of the glass tube
requires, and place the said trough so that it will be beneath the aforesaid glass
tube when the extremity thereof is in the furnace, as already mentioned, and
within the said trough throughout its whole length, or so much thereof as the
length of glass tube requires; we strew pieces of lighted charcoal or lighted
wood, or the two mixed, for keeping up so much heat in the glass from end to
end as may be necessary. The said trough is to be supported in its proper
position aforesaid on the brick erection of the furnace or on iron standards, so
as that the tube of glass will be over the heat arising from the trough while
the workman is heating the extremity of the glass; when that extremity is
sufficiently heated and softened, it is withdrawn a convenient distance from the
furnace, and whilst the working iron to which the glass continues fastened is
supported on a suitable standard or on a glass blower's chair and held by the
workman, the said iron is turned round by him, whilst a tool is applied (either
the pucella or other convenient tool) by another workman to the heated
extremity of the glass tube, which is kept in a rotating motion by the first-
mentioned workman as aforesaid, and the said extremity (which may be
steadied and partly supported by a notched piece of wood, if requisite) is opened

page_text: .
and Blatted by their united manipulations to the form of a prominent rim or
flange, as represented in Figure G H, No. 2, whereby the said extremity of
the glass tube is become finished, but it is again warmed at the furnace, and
in doing so the whole length of the glass is held over the heated trough or
half cylinder before mentioned; when sufficiently warmed the glass is removed
from the heat and separated from the working iron by wetting and breaking
of the glass at the end close to the said iron, the glass being lodged in a trough
or other suitable receptacle to support it until the finished end is attached anew
to another glass blower's iron by means of what is called a post or punty, as is
shewn in Figure G II, No. 3, at W, so as that the glass will become fastened
to the post or punty W, and can be supported thereby, whilst the unfinished
end, which has been recently broken off, is presented to the furnace and heated
and softened and then withdrawn and treated precisely in the same manner as
above described for finishing the said end, and finally, when the glass tube is
knocked off from the post or punty W, it will be as represented in Figure G H,
No. 4, with a prominent rim or narrow flange around each end, and is then
to be placed in the annealing arch, and after being annealed therein, and
become cold, if the extreme ends should not be accurate enough to abut
together properly, they may be flattened and roughed by a glass cutter's tool or
otherwise. The above mode of proceeding with the aid of a post or punty and
a heating trough will be most suitable for glass tubes of between about three
inches and about one and a half inches diameter inside. For smaller tubes
than one and a half inches diameter inside, and which are of considerable
length, the projecting rims or flanges may be more readily formed around the two
ends of each such tube, without using the post or punty or the heating trough
as aforesaid, by the workman handling the glass itself, and supporting the same
on the arms of the glass blower's chair, or otherwise supporting the glass
whilst it is turned round, and the pucella or other suitable tool applied to the
heated end, for opening out and turning back the heated and softened glass to
the required projecting rim or flange. In such case the glass tube will be
blown and drawn out in length by two workmen in the usual way of making
glass tubes, and both ends will be separated from the working irons, which
being done as usual, and the glass become sufficiently cool for handling, then
the workman, holding the glass in his hands, presents one extremity to the
furnace until it is heated and softened, and then the softened glass of that end
is turned up and finished with its intended prominent rim or flange, by applying
the glass tube itself on any suitable support, whilst it is turned round and the
softened end operated upon with the pucella or other tool; and afterwards tho
other end of the glass tube is treated in precisely the same manner, so that it

page_text: will, when completed and ready for annealing, be the same at both ends, see
Figure G H, No. 4. And in order to obtain a greater thickness of glass at the
ends which are turned up to prominent rims or flanges as aforesaid, extra glass
may be applied around the ends of the glass tube, in the same manner as rings
are applied around the necks of decanter bottles, such extra glass being heated
at the same time with the end of the tube, and then worked at the same time.
therewith to form a prominent rim or flange around the end of the tube, in the
same manner as already described, either with the aid of a post or punty or
without. For glass pipes exceeding three inches diameter inside, we prefer
casting the glass in moulds with a core, in the manner herein-before described,
and in a similar manner to casting pipes in cast iron, the glass being melted in
a reverberatory furnace or in glass-house pots having tap holes, as herein-
before described, but smaller pipes than three inches diameter may be so cast,
if required. When lengths of glass pipes so made and finished (either by
blowing and drawing or by casting) are to be joined together, india-rubber, or
the new composition of india-rubber and sulphur, may be interposed between
the surfaces of the abutted ends which are intended to be held together by
external collars with screw pins or by suitable coupling boxes or union joints
of iron or other metal or material, so as to join several lengths together end to
end. We do not claim any such modes of joining the lengths, but only the
novel mode of making glass pipes with prominent rims or flanges around their
ends out of drawn glass tubes by the peculiar means of warming the tubes, and
of forming such ends, and adding more glass to assist in forming such rims or
flanges, if required.
.
Having now described the nature of our said improvements, and the manner
of performing the same, I, the said Apsley Pellatt, for myself and for the said
Frederick Pellatt, do hereby declare that we do not confine ourselves to pre-
cise details of the operations as herein-before described, as the same may be
varied without departing from the nature of our Invention. But what I claim
as our Invention is as follows:-
Firstly, the improvement, herein-before described, of using the scoria or slag
of copper smelting works as a material in the manufacture of glass for pur-
poses where complete transparency is not required.
Secondly, the improvement, herein-before described of using reverberatory
furnaces for melting glass, in preparation for afterwards running the melted
glass into moulds for casting articles in glass, or for afterwards fining the glass
(which has been so melted) in ordinary glass-house pots, out of which the glass
is to be worked into manufactured articles of glass.
Thirdly, the improvement, hercin-before described, of casting glass by running

page_text: pouring the same (when in a melted state) into suitable moulds, with cores
or without, for forming articles of cast glass.
Fourthly, the improvement, berein-before described, of moulding and rolling,
glass into panes, plates, or sheets (flat or curved), ornamented with colors
disposed in ornamental patterns, those colors being produced by laying
suitable pieces of colored glass into a mould (or on a table or slab), so as that
such pieces will become welded to the melted glass wherewith the mould (or.
the table or slab) is afterwards filled or covered by rolling.
Fifthly; the improvement, herein-before described, in moulding and blowing
glass for forming arched panes of glass, by dividing slightly tapering cylinders
or shades of glass into segments for skylights and transparent roofing, which
arched panes will fit one over the end of the other.
Sixthly, the improvement, herein-before described, in blowing and drawing
glass, so as to form projecting rims or flanges at the ends of glass tubes, for
enabling such tubes to be fastened together end to end in lengths, for the con-
veyance of water and other fluids..
. In witness whereof, I, the said Apsley Pellatt, for myself and on behalf
of the said Frederick Pellatt, have hereunto set my hand and seal, this
Fifteenth day of November, in the year of our Lord One thousand