IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR REGULATING THE TRANSMISSION OF MECHANICAL POWER
Year: 1880

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Gerard Wenzeslaus von Nawrocki, of the Firm of
J. Brandt and G. W. von Nawrocki, Patent Agents, of 124, Leipzigerstrasse,
Berlin, in the German Empire, for an Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
APPARATUS FOR REGULATING THE TRANSMISSION OF MECHANICAL POWER." A
communication from Bernhard Gründler, of Petersdorf, in the German Empire.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Gerard Wenzeslaus von
Nawrocki at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 7th January
1880.
GERARD WENZESLAUS VON NAWROCKI, of the Firm of J. Brandt and G. W.
von Nawrocki, Patent Agents of 124, Leipzigerstrasse, Berlin, in the German
Empire. "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR REGULATING THE TRANSMISSION OF
MECHANICAL POWER." A communication from Bernhard Gründler, of Petersdorf,
in the German Empire.
The Invention consists in arranging a system of levers bent at an acute angle so
that each lever forms two arms of unequal lengths, in such a manner that the long
arms form the sides of a cone and the short arms the sides of a second or inner cone
having the same base and the same axis as the first, the ends of the levers being
near the axis of the said cones. The sides of the larger cone are braced together
by a number of rings, and the free ends of the levers rest upon or are placed inside
two small rings through which pressure is applied upon the system of levers. If
the apparatus is used in compression each power acts upon the nearest end of
the levers, but if the apparatus is inserted between two tractive forces each of
the latter acts upon a cord or conduit which is attached to the small or terminal
ring on the opposite side of the apparatus.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Gerard Wenzeslaus von Nawrocki in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 1st July 1880.
GERARD WENZESLAUS VON NAWROCKI, of the Firm of J. Brandt and G. W. v.
Nawrocki, of 124, Leipzigerstrasse, Berlin, Germany, Patent Agents.
"IMPROVE-
MENTS IN APPARATUS FOR REGULATING THE TRANSMISSION OF MECHANICAL
POWER." A communication from Bernhard Gründler, of Petersdorf, in the German
Empire.
The improvements in said apparatus are illustrated by Figs. I. and II., and are
constructed of two or more bars c, a, of any length desired, said bars being connected
at the ends c by hinged cross bars, while the ends a are wedge-shaped or provided
with angular extensions and made to abut against a correspondingly shaped piece d
by means of suitable guides (h), the whole being braced together near the position
indicated at 6 by a ring h, which fitting closely but without pressure is provided
with an angular opening and guides, and supported only on the side of a.
Instead
of extending the rods beyond h they may be continued beyond a and the con-
tinuation formed by ropes. After the apparatus has been inserted between two
forces in such manner that d and c, c, are pressed against each other or d and c', c¹,
drawn from each other an excess of power is produced between fand d, and a
reduction between f and c or f and c', as the case may be. The working of this
device will be understood from the following explanation:-If the ends a were
connected with each other in the same manner as the ends c the forces acting on
both sides of the apparatus would meet between c and a with their full strength
and thus balance each other. By means of the tapered piece d, however, the
greatest part of the force directed on a, a, and now acting on a is deflected sideways
and compelled to press the bars against the ring h, so that only a small fraction
can act upon c.
If the ring were connected with the bars c, a, c, c, h, h, would
form a solid frame, and the forces would balance each other in spite of the lateral
deviation of one of the forces. But by making the ring h loose the force acting
from c is enabled to exert a pressure passing beyond f. This pressure although
not manifest to the eye, but the possibility of which, with the application of
smooth and hard material and minimised surfaces of friction on h and d (ratio of
tangents), need not be proved, can be returned by the taper d for the greatest part
as far as h only, and therefore produces an excess of force to be stored up between
d and h, while a corresponding diminution occurs between d and c. Supposing the
angle of the taper (cone pyramid) with its base to be 80 degrees and the whole
force acting against d to be divided into 90 equal parts, this force would distribute
itself as follows:-80 parts laterally against h, 10 parts straight on against c, the
friction not being taken into account. The 90 parts of the power acting on c, c,
being equal to those acting on d would be applied as follows:-10 parts for
overcoming the directly opposing force from d, leaving 80 parts for overcoming the
pressure at h produced by 80 parts of power. Supposing 77%, parts to be consumed
for this purpose, 8 = 2 parts of the remaining 9/4 parts would be stored up
between d and h and form the excess of
power. On the production of this primary
excess the length of the bars has no effect and may be considered as o from h.
But if the bars are continued beyond h or a, say, by 2 x 90 inches, the point at
which the 90 equal parts of force from each side meet each other, which point may
be termed the strain centre, would not, as under ordinary circumstances, be situated
in the middle between h and c, that is, at a distance of 90 inches fron each end (the
portion between h and a and the direct counteraction emanating from d being left
out of consideration), but in consequence of 2 of the whole force acting against d,
having been eliminated from the bars above h, the strain centre is shifted nearer
toh by 3 of the length of half the bar, and is therefore situated at a distance of
90

page_text: 90
88 inches and 92 inches respectively from the two ends. The ensuing pre-
ponderance by */ 20 of that side of the bar which is at the disposal of the power
emanating from c over the other side produces at once a corresponding additional
excess of power between h and d. Taking this as 6 minus 6, parts of force there
results a total excess of, roughly speaking, 2 + 5 = 7 parts of force, and thereby a
further shifting of the strain centre towards h by approximately parts of length,
so that the strain is neutralised at a distance of 83 and 97 respectively from the
bar ends. By doubling the length of the bar the distance of the strain centre from
the centre of the bar is made twice as large, and consequently the preponderance of
one side of the bar over the other as well as the excess (and diminution respectively)
is increased in the same proportion, and thereby again the distance of the strain
centre from the bar centre, and so on. The laws which come into operation
resemble somewhat those of the wedge and of the lever. By means of experiments
it has been found that the actual excess under the most favourable conditions of
manufacture amounts to at least 7% per meter of the length. The applications of
the device as a support, or for transmitting pressure, or as a suspension or traction
apparatus, &c., either simple or compound, are so various that a special enumeration
need not be attempted. I would only remark that for carriages, ships, &c, a
combination of pressure and traction apparatus may be used. If used for vehicles,
machines, buildings, &c., the cone or taper d may form part of the construction of
the latter, and the construction may be so modified that the points of pressure h do
not belong to the apparatus proper. The angular extensions a, b, may be hinged
to the bars c, a, and the tapered abutment & may be replaced by cross bars hinged
to the ends b, the angle at a being in this case an obtuse angle. For obtaining an
increased effect with a small length, for instance, in the case of carriage springs,
each bar may be bent into a knee or an arc. It is also evident that the external
shape of the apparatus may be otherwise modified without departing from the
principle of the Invention.
Claim. The apparatus substantially as described and illustrated, and all
adaptations of the same to industrial purposes.
In witness whereof, I, the said Gerard Wenzeslaus von Nawrocki, have here-
unto set my hand and seal, this Fifteenth day of June, A.D. 1880.