İmprovements in the Form of Tiles for Covering Roofs and other Surfaces, and Methods of Fixing same:
Year: 1891

page_text: Date of Application, 31st July, 1891
Complete Specification Left, 31st May, 1892-Accepted, 30th July, 1892
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
İmprovements in the Form of Tiles for Covering Roofs and other
Surfaces, and Methods of Fixing same:
We HENRY LEWIS DOULTON of Albert Embankment, Lambeth in the County
of Surrey, Potter and JAMES MILLER CARR of 11 Chisholm Road Richmond
Surrey, Manager of Terra-Cotta Works for Messrs. H. Doulton & Co. do hereby
declare the nature of this invention to be as follows
This invention is for improved form of tiles for covering roofs and other surfaces
and for methods of fixing the same.
We make our roofing tiles of any suitable materials such as fired clays, artificial
stone or concrete or any other weather resisting substance.
The tiles may be of any convenient size say 9 inches square or more or less, &
may be of any required. curved or straight form on the outside face with any
desired ornamental patterns impressed, raised or otherwise produced: on the
surface.
The back of the tile has a dovetailed groove or recess formed in its thickest part
and a dovetailed projection on its thinnest part
These dovetailed parts occupy about half of the back surface of the tile the
remainder being a flat plane or may be a curved plane.
At the thick edge of the tile a rebate or sinking is formed to receive the thin
edge of the next tile.
In covering a roof we prefer to use small iron bars of a tee section instead' of the
ordinary wooden laths, but we can apply the tiles to the ordinary laths.
When the tee iron or wooden laths are fixed we begin by laying the tiles in rows
on these but with face side downwards, so that the dovetailed recess & projection
on the back of each tile is upwards. We now lay a bed of cement mortar or other
suitable fixing composition over the entire back surface of the tiles and immediately
proceed to place an upper layer of the tiles on this bed with face uppermost rubbing
the top layer on to the bottom so that the tiles then lie back to back with. inch
(or so) bed between them the joints being crossed.
The dovetailed projection on the upper tile enters the dovetailed recess in
the lower tile and the projection on the lower tile enters the recess in the upper
tile.
The projections and recesses are so formed that when placed thus there is a space
of about of an inch filled with the fixing material the tiles locking each other
firmly together and each tile being attached to parts of 4 other tiles.
When the tiles are fixed they become in a great measure self sustaining and'
roofs of small span may be made on removeable centres leaving the tiles carried
only by walls rafters or trusses some 4 or 5 feet apart.
We make a cornice with gutter (or without) of suitable form on its top side, to
provide proper bed for. the first row of tiles and to give any desired finish to the
eaves.
We provide a hole through the length of such cornice blocks to receive a
tube or bar of iron or other metal to which tie rods may be attached:
We also make hip, valley and ridge tiles of suitable form to work with the
roofing tiles.
Dated this 31st day of July 1891.

page_text: COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in the Form of Tiles for Covering Roofs and other
Surfaces and Methods of Fixing same.
We, HENRY LEWIS DOULTON, of Albert Embankment, Lambeth, in the
County of Surrey, Potter, and JAMES MILLER CARR, of 11 Chisholm Road,
Richmond, in the County of Surrey, Manager of Terra Cotta Works, do hereby
declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to be
performed to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement:-
This invention is for improved form of tiles for covering roofs and other
surfaces and methods of fixing the same.
On
We make our roofing tiles of any suitable materials, such as fired clays,
artificial stone or concrete or any other weather resisting substance. The tiles
may be of any convenient size say 9 inches square, or more or less, and may be
of any required curved or straight form on the outside face with any desired
ornamental patterns, impressed, raised or otherwise produced on the surface.
the back of the tile a dovetailed groove or recess is formed in its thickest part
and a dovetailed projection on its thinnest part, these dovetailed parts occupy
about half of the back surface of the tile the remainder being a flat plane or it
may be a curved surface for special positions.
At the thick edge of the tile, a shoulder or a rebate sinking may be formed to
receive the thin edge of the next tile.
The tiles may be made by hand or by any suitable machine or by a steam or
other press causing a stream of clay or other material to issue from a die of the
required section and cut off to suitable lengths.
In covering a roof we prefer to use small iron bars of a tee section instead
of the ordinary wooden laths but we can apply the tiles also to the ordinary
wood laths. When the tee iron or wooden laths are fixed we begin by laying
the tiles in rows on these but with face side downwards, so that the dovetailed
recess and projection on the back of each tile is upwards.
We now lay a bed of cement mortar or other suitable fixing composition over
the entire back (or upper) surface of the tiles and immediately proceed to place an
upper layer of the tiles on this bed with face uppermost rubbing the top layer into
the bottom layer so that the tiles lie back to back with about of an inch bed
between them the joints being crossed to give bond. The dovetailed projections of
the upper tiles enter the dovetailed recesses in the lower tiles and the pro-
jections on the lower tiles enter the recesses of the upper tiles.
The projections and recesses are so formed that when thus placed there is a
space of about of an inch to be filled with the mortar or other fixing material-
the tiles are thus made to lock each other firmly together each tile being attached
to parts of four other tiles.
When the tiles are fixed they become in a great measure self sustaining and for
roofs of small span may be fixed on a kind of centre which can be removed
afterwards, leaving the tiles resting on the walls or rafters some 4 or 5 feet apart.
We make also a cornice with or without gutter formed in it of suitable shape to
provide proper bed for the first row of tiles.
We may make such cornice with a hole through its length to receive a bar or
tube of iron to which tie rods may be attached so as to resist the outward thrust of
curved or sloping roofs.
We make hips and valleys and ridge tiles of suitable form to work with the
roofing tiles.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
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Figure 1
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page_text: Figure 2 is a similar view of an iron roof.
wooden
In these figures A is the wall having at its top a terra-cotta cornice B (in
Figure 2 this is made in two parts) whose upper surface is formed as shown to
receive and support the two lower rows of tiles. C is a gutter bedded in cement D
of varying thickness so that the trough in the terra cotta cornice B may be level
whilst the gutter C has the necessary inclination or fall. E Figure 1 is
wall plate, and E' E' Figure 2 are iron tie rods. F Figure 1 is a wooden rafter
resting on the wall plate E and F Figure 2 is an iron rafter whose lower end is
received in a suitable socket (not shown in the drawings) resting on the top of the
wall. G Figure 1 are wooden laths and G¹ Figure 2 are Tirons to support the
tiles. H are the tiles formed as above described and placed in two layers and J is
the cement or other binding material between them.
Tiles thus fixed become in a great measure self sustaining and may be used for
roofs of small span without any laths by being placed on a temporary centre and
resting on rafters, walls or arches 4 or 5 feet apart.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of our said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed we declare that what
we claim is: -
.
1. Tiles having projections and recesses on one face and fitting together sub-
stantially as described.
2. The combination of tiles secured substantially as described and shewn in the
drawings.
3. Roofs substantially as described and shown in the drawings.
H. L. DOULTON.
JAMES MILLER CARR.