CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM ENGINES AND BOILERS, AND IN MODE OF APPLYING STEAM ENGINES
Year: 1859

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to James Stead Crosland, of Johnson Brook, near
Hyde, in the County of Chester, Engineer, for the Invention of
CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM ENGINES AND BOILERS, AND IN
MODE OF APPLYING STEAM ENGINES."
THE
Scaled the 1st June 1860, and dated the 29th December 1859.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said James Stead Crosland, at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his l'etition, on
the 29th December 1859.
1, JAMES STEAD CROSLAND, of Johnson Brook, near Hyde, in the
County of Chester, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM ENGINES AND BOILERS. AND IN
THE MODE OF APPLYING STEAM ENGINES," to be as follows:-
In
These improvements consist, firstly, in applying a compound engine
coupled direct to the line shaft of a cotton or other manufactory.
some cases conveniently, but not necessarily, a pair of spur or bevel
wheels might intervene.
Secondly, the application of any condensing engine coupled in the
same manner to the line shafts of cotton and other manufactories.

page_text: Thirdly, the application of a double crank or bend forming a crank
shaft in the line shaft of a cotton or other manufactory, which receives
the connecting rod or rods of the compound or condensing engine or
engines.
Fourthly, the application of a single or double crank or cranked shaft
(coupled by means of a drag link to the line shafts of cotton and other
manufactories) to which is coupled the connecting rod or rods, or piston
rod cap, when oscillating engines are used of either condensing or com-
pound engines.
Fifthly, the arrangement and combination of a two or four cylinder
angular table, or horizontal engine having crossheads and side connect-
ing rods, and designed for general purposes, compound or otherwise.
Sixthly, the arrangement and combination of oscillating low-pressure
cylinders with common, horizontal, or vertical high-pressure cylinders,
working together as a compound engine or engines, and in some cases
placed angularly and working into one crank or cranked shaft and work-
ing line shafting direct, as before described.
Seventhly, the arrangement and combination of a single low-pressure
cylinder with two high-pressure cylinders working together as a com-
pound engine, having the connecting rod passing between the two high-
pressure cylinders.
Eighthly, the application of an oscillating condensing cylinder work-
ing into or connected in any manner most convenient with the ordinary
crank shaft of a condensing engine. The oscillating engine being sup-
plied with steam from the boiler in the usual manner, and on leaving
the oscillating cylinder the steam is exhausted into the condenser of the
other engine.
Ninthly, an improved method of working the steam from any high-
pressure cylinder or cylinders into any cylinder or cylinders working in
conjunction with the ordinary condensing cylinder, and coupled by paral-
lel motion to any convenient part of the working beam of a condensing
engine, and these low-pressure cylinders exhaust their steam into the con-
denser, which becomes common to both, as described in reference to
oscillating and double cylinder high-pressure engines, in the Letters
Patent granted to me on the Tenth of June, One thousand eight hundred
and fifty-eight, No. 1319.
Tenthly, the arrangement and combination of a high-pressure table
engine, with a forked connecting rod, and placed vertically, horizontally,
or inclined, coupled to a crank or wheel on the outer end of the crank
shaft of a condensing engine for compounding the same
Elevently, the peculiar arrangement and combination of a common
high or low pressure engine, with two cylinders coupled to one connecting

page_text: rod working between them, forming its own crosshead, which swivels in
the piston rod caps of the two cylinders, and in some cases two connect-
ing rods may be used, one diverging right and the other left, driving two
crank shafts at considerable distances apart.
Twelfthly, the application of a low-pressure oscillating engine to any
condensing engine compounded or to be compounded with any of the
arrangements specified in the Letters Patent granted to me on the Tenth
of June, One thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight, No. 1319, and also
the method of connecting together by means of strong iron frames or tic
bolts the trunnions of any oscillating low-pressure engines, and the crank
shaft of the condensing engine to be aided or compounded.
Thirteenthly, in diverting the course of the steam on its way to the
ordinary condenser into an auxiliary condenser of the same construction
as that usually employed in the manufacture of gas, but placed within a
casing or cistern supplied with cold water by pump or other means, con-
densation will take place as the steam passes through each length of
piping, and the water of condensation is drained off into a receiver or
filter at the bottom, from whence it is pumped away into the boiler as
distilled water. I also use an arrangement of tubes placed in cold water
casings or cisterns in stacks, into which the steam is diverted on its way
to the ordinary condenser, but it passes first through the stack or stacks
of tubes entering at the top, and is condensed in its passage downwards,
and drained off, filtered, and pumped away for boiler supply, as before
described. I also use, in some cases, coils of piping placed in cold water
cisterns, and worked as before described; and, in some cases, I use a
modification of Hall's Patent condensers, furnishing it with improved
moveable tube scrapers formed of two perforated plates, fitting loosely
on each tube, furnished with a steel, iron, or brass ferrule forming the
scraper, two moveable perforated plates are secured at the proper dis-
tance apart to allow the ferrules liberty to adapt themselves to the
irregular lines which the tubes may accidentally present.
Fourteenthly, my improvements in boilers consist in setting a multi-
tubular boiler retort fashion, that is to say, exposing entirely its outward
shell to the action of the fire within an oven or furnace of brickwork, or
within a furnace whose walls are formed of plated water spaces, stayed
with screwed stays in the ordinary method of staying locomotive fire-boxes.
The multitubular portion is combined by a connecting neck piece to a
plain cylindrical boiler, above, which answers the purpose of water and
steam reserve. This portion is heated underneath by the heat issuing
from the tubes of the multitubular boiler below. Between the two
boilers which forms the main flue, several tubes are placed through which
the steam passes on its way to the engines, and is thus superheated.

page_text: These boilers are equally well adapted for marine as well as stationary
engines.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said James Stead Crosland, in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 28th June 1860.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JAMES
STEAD CROSLAND, of Johnson Brook, near Hyde, in the County of Chester,
Engineer, send greeting
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-ninth day of December, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine, in the twenty-third
year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and
grant unto me, the said James Stead Crosland, Her special licence that f,
the said James Stead Crosland, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, or such others as I, the said James Stead Crosland, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others,
from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein
expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend,
within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention, for "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM
ENGINES AND BOILERS, AND IN THE MODE OF APPLYING STEAM ENGINES," upon
the condition (amongst others) that I, the said James Stead Crosland,
my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my,
or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal
Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately after
the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said James Stead Crosland, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement (that is to say):-
First, the nature of my Invention consists in applying a compound
engine coupled direct to the line shaft of a cotton or flax manufactory;
in some cases, conveniently but not necessarily, a pair of spur or bevel
wheels might intervene.

page_text: Secondly, the application of any condensing engine coupled in the same
manner to the line shafts of cotton or flax manufactories.
.
Thirdly, the application of a double crank or bend forming a crank
shaft in the line shaft of a cotton or flax manufactory, which receives the
connecting rod or rods of the compound or condensing engine or engines.
Fourthly, the application of a single or double crank or cranked shaft
(coupled by means of a drag link to the line shafts of cotton or flax manu-
factories) to which is coupled the connecting rod or rods or piston rod
cap when oscillating engines are used of either condensing or compound
engines.
Fifthly, the application of an oscillating condensing cylinder working
into, or connected in any manner most convenient with the ordinary.crank
shaft of a condensing engine. The oscillating engine being supplied
with steam from the boiler in the usual manner and on leaving the oscil-
lating cylinder the steam is exhausted into the condenser of the other
engine.
Sixthly, an improved method of working the steam from any high-
pressure cylinder or cylinders into any cylinder or cylinders working in
conjunction with the ordinary condensing cylinder, and coupled by
parallel motion to any convenient part of the working beam of a condens-
ing engine, and these low-pressure cylinders exhaust their steam into the
condenser which becomes common to both.
Seventhly, the arrangement and combination of a high-pressure table
engine with a forked connecting rod, and placed vertically, horizontally,
or inclined, coupled to a crank or wheel on the outer end of the crank
shaft of a condensing engine for compounding the same.
Eighthly, the peculiar arrangement and combination of a common
high or low pressure engine with two cylinders coupled to one connecting
rod working between them, forming its own crosshead which swivels in
the piston rod caps of the two cylinders, and in some cases two connect-
ing rods may be used; one diverging right and the other left, driving two
crank shafts at considerable distances apart.
Ninthly, the application of a low-pressure oscillating engine to any con-
densing engine compounded or to be compounded with any of the
arrangements specified in the Letters Patent granted to me on the Tenth
of June One thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight, Number 1319, and
also the method of connecting together by means of strong iron frames
or tie bolts the trunnions of any oscillating low-pressure engines, and the
crank shaft of the condensing engine to be aided or compounded.
Tenthly, in diverting the course of the steam on its way to the ordinary
condenser into an auxiliary condenser of the same construction as that
usually employed in the manufacture of gas, but placed within a casing

page_text: or cistern supplied with cold water by pumps or other means.
Conden-
sation will take place as the steam passes through each length of piping,
and the water of condensation is drained off into a receiver or filter at
the bottom, from whence it is pumped away into the boiler as distilled
water; I also use an arrangement of tubes placed in cold water casings
or cisterns in stacks, into which the steam is diverted on its way to the
ordinary condenser, but it passes first through the stack or stacks of tubes,
entering at the top, and is condensed in its passage downwards and is
drained off, filtered, and pumped away for the boiler supply as before
described. I also use in some cases coils of piping placed in cold water
cisterns and worked as before described, and in some cases I use a modi-
fication of Hall's Patent condensers furnishing it with improved move-
able tube scrapers formed of two perforated plates fitting loosely on each
tube furnished with a steel, iron, or brass ferrule, forming the scraper,
the two moveable perforated plates are secured at the proper distance
apart to allow the ferrules liberty to adapt themselves to the irregular
lines which the tubes may accidentally present
Eleventhly, my improvements in boilers consist in setting a multi-
tubular boiler, retort fashion, (that is to say, exposing entirely its out-
ward shell to the action of the fire within an oven or furnace of brick-
work, or within a furnace whose walls are formed of plated water spaces
stayed with screwed stays in the ordinary method of staying locomotive
fire boxes. The multitubular portion is combined by a connecting neck
piece, to a plain cylindrical boiler above, which answers the purpose of
water and steam reserve, this portion is heated underneath by the heat
issuing from the tubes of the multitubular boiler below. Between the
two boilers which form the main flue, several tubes are placed through
which the steam passes on its way to the engines, and is thus super-
heated These boilers are equally well adapted for marine as well as
stationary engines.
And in order that my Invention may be fully understood and readily
carried into effect I will proceed to describe the means pursued by me,
reference being had to the accompanying three Sheets of Drawings, and
to the figures and letters marked thereon.
Figure 1 on Sheet No 1, is a longitudinal sectional elevation of one of
my improved arrangements of direct-acting condensing engines. Figure
2 is a plan of the crank shaft entablature frame, and Figure 3 is a
sectional plan through the cylinders, valve chests, and supporting columns
of the crank shaft entablature. Figure 4 is a cross section of the same,
A and A' in Figures 1, 2, 3 and 4, are the cylinders which are bolted to-
gether by their valve chest flanges a, a, forming a steam chest common to
both cylinders; bracket flanges b, b, are cast on the cylinders for securing

page_text: them to the main columns B, B, which are also securely bolted to the
Crank shaft entablature C, C; The crank shaft is shewn at D, D, and re-
volves at the required velocity for cotton and flax manufactories; and may
therefore be coupled direct to the line shafts of such manufactories; and
in cases where a pair of spur or bevel wheels intervene they will also be
driven direct as regards velocity; E, E, are a pair of bevel wheels driving
a cross or upright shaft, in like manner direct, as regards the usual re-
quired velocity; L, L, are parts of line shafts and C, e, is an elongation
of the main entablature of the steam engine, or engines upon which is
placed the main pedestal or foot bridge F, /, of the upright shaft F, which
is thus secured direct to the steam engines; G is a double acting air pump
placed directly underneath one of the cylinders, and worked by an clon-
gation of the piston rod, and constructed to answer for two engines placed
at A, A', or for three engines when a third is applied at the space marked
A; H is the condenser also made to answer for two or three engines, the
third engine would be coupled to the condenser by the branch pipe h;
I is the hot well and i, i, i, i, the necessary air pump valves c, c, are the
slide bars; d, d, the connecting rods; e, e, are the eccentrics and rods
coupled direct to the valves /, /.
Figure 5 is a sectional elevation; Figure 6 a sectional plan; Figure 7 an
end view, and Figure 8 a cross section through the cylinders, shewing
another of my improved arrangements of direct-acting condensing
engines; A, A, are the cylinders, which are bolted together by their
valve chest flanges a, a, in a similar manner to that shewn and described
in Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4; the valve motion, connecting rod, slide bars, and
crank shaft, are also similar to those shewn and described in Figures
1, 2, 3, and 4, but in this case they and the cylinders are placed hori-
zontally; the cylinders are secured to the bed plate B, d; D is a crank shaft
applied to the line shafts of a cotton or flax manufactory, the shaft D
may have a double crank or bend, and D' a single crank, and the shaft L,
coupled by a drag link to the crank d, and in that case the shaft coupling
box, shewn at 1, is not required; G is the air pump, which is worked by
the eccentric and rods g. g; I is the hot well, and i, i, i, i, the necessary
air pump valves.
Figure 9 is a sectional elevation; Figure 10 a plan; Figure 11 an end
view, and Figure 12 a sectional plan through the cylinders, shewing one
of my improved arrangements of direct-acting compound engines; A is the
condensing cylinder, and A, a, the high-pressure cylinder; the condensing
cylinder A, receives its steam from the high-pressure cylinder A, a, in
the usual manner of compound engines; the piston rods r, r, of both
cylinders are secured to the crosshead g, g, which also works the air
pump; the two connecting rods d, d, clip the crosshead g, and gives motion

page_text: to the bend or double crank D, formed in the line shaft of a cotton or flax
manufactory, or they may be coupled to the same by drag link or shaft
coupling box ; the other end of the shaft L, may be coupled in the same
manner. The cylinders are bolted together by the flanges a', a', and also
secured to the columns B, B, which support the crank shaft entablature
frame C, C; the main pedestals of a transverse shaft, or the foot bridge
F,, of the upright shaft F, are secured to the entablature frame of the
engines at C, e; two balanced fly wheels k, k, are fitted upon the crank
bosses D, d, by which the weight of the pistons, connecting rods, cranks,
crossheads, air-pump rod and bucket, are balanced, a portion of the rim
of the fly wheels being cast hollow for that purpose.
(b,
Figure 13 is a front view; Figure 14 a front section; Figure 15 an end
view, and Figure 16 a section through the crank pin, shewing my improved
double crank or bend for forming crank axles in parts. The two crank
cheeks or webs c, a, c, e, and connecting neck b, a, are forged or cast in
one piece, and are bored out in the centres
3, lb., x,
to receive the shaft or axle ends a, a, a, a, which are turned to
fit; the double crank is then shrunk on hot and being slightly dovetailed
in the boring and turning to fit, and the parts, are additionally secured
with steel keys d, e, d, a, à crank axle, equal in stability to those forged
in one piece, is thus obtained, and may be used for all purposes where
crank axles are required.
Figure 17 is a sectional elevation; Figure 18 a side view, and Figure 19
a plan, shewing another of my improved arrangements of direct-acting
condensing or compound engines; A and A, a, are the cylinders, and they
may both be condensing cylinders as shewn, or they may work compound,
the cylinder A, a, being a high-pressure cylinder, and the condensing
cylinder A, receiving its steam from it in the usual manner of compound
engines, in which case the exhaust pipe h, is not required; this pair of
engines is of the class called angular steam engines, the connecting rods
of both engines laying hold of one crank pin; but the peculiar feature of
this pair of angular engines is that the same crank arm D' works the air
pump and slide valves, and also receives the connecting rods of both
engines, either condensing or compound. Another distinctive feature is
that one air pump and condenser serves for both engines. The cylinders
are bolted to the main frame B', which carries the crank shaft; G is an
air pump of the ordinary construction, worked by the main crank arm
D', which has a half stroke web or bend for that purpose, and a further
elongation d, e, to work the valves; H, the condenser; i, i, i, the necessary
air-pump valves; 1, the hot well; g, the connecting rod to the air-pump|
rod; d, e, the bend or crank which works the slide valves of the engine,
and e, e, the valve rods; k, is the fly wheel, and 1 the main crank shaft.

page_text: The cylinders A, A, a, though shewn placed at angles with each other,
may be placed horizontally without further alteration of the design.
Figure 20 is an elevation with a section through the air pump; Figure 21
is a plan, and Figure 22 a transverse vertical section, showing another of
my improved arrangements of direct-acting condensing or compound
angular steam engines; they differ from those shewn and described in
Figures 17, 18, and 19, only in that the cylinders are oscillating ones,
whether condensing or compound, and in all other respects the same
letters and Figures refer to similar parts.
On Sheet 2, Figure 23 is an elevation; Figure 24 a transverse vertical
section, and Figure 15 is part of a plan, shewing another of my improved
direct-acting compound engines, this engine is of the vertical class, the
peculiar and improved features of which are that the piston rods of the
two compound cylinders, that is to say, the piston rods of a high-pressure
and of a condensing cylinder, lay hold of one crosshead g, g, which also
works the air pump, and that one main forked connecting rod d, d, clips
the crosshead g, g, and transmits the power of the two cylinders A., and
A, a, to the crank D; and another feature is that the cylinders are
bolted to each other and to the main frames B, B, which are also secured
to the entablature C, which carries the crank shaft D. Another feature
is employing a double-acting air pump, and also in the mode of working
it; the same letters and figures refer to similar parts as described in all
the former Figures.
Figure 26 is an elevation; Figure 27 a plan; Figure 28 an elevation of
the piston rod cap; Figure 29 a cross section through the air pump and
crank shaft, and Figure 30 a section through the slide bars and bed plate
of the engine, shewing another of my improved direct-acting condensing
high-pressure or compound engines, the peculiar and improved features
of which are, that the piston rods of two high pressure, or two condensing
cylinders, or one high and one low pressure cylinder, lay hold of one
crosshead g, g, which is formed either in one piece with the connecting
rod, or fitted securely together, forming a T-headed connecting rod, and
which swivels in the piston rod caps n, n, of the two cylinders; these
engines are particularly applicable when one of the cylinders employed
is a high pressure, and the other a condensing cylinder; c. c, are the slide
bars, which are secured by the improved method of strong brackets
formed upon the main bed plate of the engines, and shewn in Figures 26,
27, and 30. B, d, is the foundation bed of the engines; c, b, the main
brackets for carrying the slide bars c, c. Another improved feature in this
class of engine is the arrangement and combination of the air pump and
condenser shewn in Figures 26, 27, and 29, the exhaust pipe h, to the con-
denser is not shewn in Figures 26 and 27, and the slide valves of the

page_text: cylinders are not shewn, these may be adapted as may be required; the
same letters and figures refer to similar parts as shewn and described in
former Figures.
Figure 31, is an elevation of an improved compound engine, shewing
my improved method of working the steam from any high-pressure cylin-
der or cylinders into any cylinder or cylinders placed as shewn at A, e,
which is a condensing cylinder coupled by parallel motion to the working
beam of a condensing engine A; the condenser and air pump of the
original engine A, will serve for both the cylinders A, and A, c, but in
some cases it may be adviseable and necessary to increase the capacity
of the air pump or condenser; h', h', are the pipes from the high-pressure
engine or engines, supplying the cylinders A, and A, c, with steam, the
high-pressure cylinder or cylinders are shewn for illustration in the man-
ner, form, and position A, a, but my improved method of working the
steam is in no way confined to the manner, form, or position of the high-
pressure engines or cylinders, as they may be at a considerable distance
from the original engine, and coupled by gearing, or not coupled to it in
any way, except as regards working the steam.
Figure 32, is an elevation, Figure 33 a plan, and Figure 34, shews
behind in dotted lines, a side view of my improved arrangement and
combination of a high-pressure table engine, with forked connecting rod,
and may be placed vertically, horizontally, or inclined, coupled to a crank
or wheel d, e, on the outer end of the crank shaft D, of a condensing
engine for compounding the same; the cylinder A, a, is bolted to the
wall by brackets or flanges a, a, formed upon the cylinder; g is the piston
rod crosshead to which the forked connecting rod d, d, is coupled; the
lower end of which is coupled to a crank or wheel d, w, on the crank shaft
D, of a condensing engine, the cylinder of which receives its supply of
steam by pipes from the high-pressure table engine cylinder A, a, in the
usual manner of compound engines.
Figure 34, is an elevation shewing my improved application of an
oscillating condensing cylinder to a condensing engine, the oscillating
engine being supplied with steam from the boiler in the usual manner,
and on leaving the oscillating cylinder is subject to the air pump and
condenser or condensers of the other engine. Another improved feature
connected with this mode of applying a condensing oscillating cylinder,
is that it will, instead of getting its supply of steam from the boiler,
receive it from any of the improved high-pressure compound arrangements
of steam engines, specified in the Letters Patent granted to me on the
Tenth of June One thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight, Number 1319.
Another improved feature appertaining to this mode of applying a con-

page_text: densing oscillating cylinder is, that of connecting together by strong iron
frames P, P, also shewn in Figures 35 and 36, the working trunnions of
the oscillating cylinder and the crank shaft of the original condensing
engine. Another improved feature in applying condensing oscillating
cylinders to common condensing engines is in substituting an oblique or
swan neck pedestal P, P₁, or P, in lieu of the common vertical bolt
pedestal of the crank shaft of the engine to be aided or compounded.
A, d, is the oscillating condensing cylinder and it may be coupled to the
crank shaft of the original engine in any manner found most convenient;
P are the main frames which connect together the trunnions of the oscil-
lating engine and the crank shaft; the pedestals P' of the crank shaft,
and trunnion pedestal P", may be cast in one piece with the frame, or
bolted on as shewn at P and P in Figure 35, or they may be turned
with the caps in the opposite direction as shewn at P' and P, in Figure
36, Figures 37 and 46 on Sheet Number 3, are sectional elevations;
Figures 38, 39, 40 and 45, are cross sections, and Figures 41, 42, 43 and
44, are sectional plans shewing my improvements in boilers; The boiler
N, is set retort fashion, that is to say, exposing entirely its outward shell
to the action of the fire within an oven or furnace P, P, and in some
cases the upper part n, o, of the lower boiler N may be heated by its pro-
tuding into the upper flues o, o; The boiler N is combined by neck piece
t,, to a plain cylindrical boiler o above, which answers the purpose of
water and steam reserve, this portion is heated by the heat issuing from
the tubes s, s, of the lower boiler N; the boiler N may contain any number
of tubes s, s, although one large tube may also be applied. P is the fire-
place of the oven or furnace; W, W, is the arching forming the upper
part of the oven or furnace; p, p, p. is a perforated fire brick bridge divi-
sion separating the actual fire-place P, from that portion of the oven P
and P, s, which I term the combustion portion of it, and in which the
combustion of smoke will take place, the smoke formed on the fire-place P
passes through the holes p, p, p, of the perforated bridge p, p, p, and is
ignited by the intensity of heat in the oven walls of the portion P' and
P, s, the flame then takes the direction indicated by the arrows
through the tubes s, s, the outer smoke box P, o, and and through the
flues o, o, of the upper boiler O, and thence is conveyed to the chimney.
Figure 47, is a sectional elevation, and Figure 4S is a transverse section
shewing my improved boiler set within walls, formed of plated water
spaces w, w, stayed with screwed stays, in the ordinary method of staying
locomotive engine fire box sides, and becomes therefore a part of the
boiler itself, and is more especially designed for marine purposes, the
plated water spaces form the sides of the furnace and are coupled to the

page_text: upper and lower boilers by pipes 1, 2 and 3, or as may be required, in
other respects it does not differ from the boiler described in Figures 37.
38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44 and 45. The same letters and figures refer to
similar parts.
Figures 39, 40, and 49 are cross sections, and Figures 42, 50, 51 and
52, plans, shewing my improved method of setting and arranging steam
pipes, m, m, m, through which the steam passes for the purpose of being
superheated on its way to the engines. The steam pipes m, m, are placed
in the upper flues o, o, in a recess or oven y, y, and covered over by iron
plates which prevent the smoke from coming in contact with the steam
pipes m, m, which become greatly heated by the radiation of heat from
the flues into the recesses or ovens y, y, and thus the steam is superheated.
In Figure 49, which is a two-flued boiler of the ordinary construction, I
arrange and combine over the boiler N an upper tier of flues o, o, which
receive the heat after leaving the common flues p, o, for the purpose of
heating the oven plates m, o, m, o, upon which the steam pipes m, m, are
placed and covered over with plates and flags, or with tiles or brick form-
ing a hot oven, and in which the pipes become greatly heated, and thus
evaporate the priming or water in the steam.
Figures 54 and 56 arc sectional elevations; Figures 55 and 57, cross
sections; and Figure 58 a plan of Figure 56, shewing my improved aux-
iliary condensers. The steam from the cylinders enters the pipe I and
passes through the coil or stack 2, 2, 2, and from thence to the air pump
or condenser through the pipe 1'. In Figure 54 the improved auxiliary
condenser is shewn similar in construction to an ordinary gas condenser,
only the coil is placed in a cistern of cold water 3, 3, which is constantly
supplied by pump or other means through the pipe 5; 6 is the overflow
pipe. The steam becomes condensed in its passage through the coil or
stack of pipes 2, 2, 2, and the water of condensation falls into the well
7, where it settles or is filtered and drawn off as distilled water for the
supply of the boilers; 8, 8, are filter beds; 9 is a pipe leading to the boiler
feed; 10, 10, 10, are syphon pipes which conduct the water of condensa-
tion into the well 7. Figures 56, 59, 60, and 61, shew the improved
moveable tube scrapers which are formed of two perforated plates 12, 12,
fitting loosely on each tube, and each tube is furnished with a hoop or
ferrule 13, 13, 13, forming the scrapers for preventing salt or other
deposit settling upon them. The two moveable plates 12, 12, are secured
at a proper distance apart to allow the hoops or ferrules liberty to adapt
themselves to the irregular lines which the tubes may accidently present;
the tube scrapers are worked backward and forward by rods 15, 15,

page_text: through the stufling boxes 16, 16, in any manner that may be found most
convenient.
Having thus stated the nature of my Invention, and described the
manner of performing the same, I wish it to be understood that I do not
limit myself to the precise details herein set forth, as, the same may be
varied without departing from the peculiar character of the Invention;
but what I do claim is,-
First, the mode or method of applying compound steam engines 10
turn the main line shafts of cotton or flax manufactories direct and with-
out the intervention of wheels to produce the velocity required in the said
main line shafts as described in reference to Figures 9, 10, 11, 12, 17,
18, 19, 20, 21, and 22.
Secondly, the mode or method of applying condensing steam engines
to turn the main line shafts of cotton and flax manufactories, direct and
without the intervention of wheels to produce the velocity required in
the said main line shafts, as described. in reference to Figures 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, and 8.
Thirdly, the application of the crank shafts or double cranks of direct-
acting engines to the line shafts of cotton or flax manufactories.
Fourthly, the application of condensing or compound oscillating
engines direct to the line shafts of cotton or flax manufactories, as
described in reference to Figures 20, 21, and 22.
Fifthly, the application of an oscillating condensing engine which
receives its steam from the boiler, and it may be connected in any manner
found most convenient to the crank shaft of a condensing engine, the
same air pump and condenser being used for both engines as described
in reference to Figure 34.
Sixthly, the method of working the steam from any high-pressure
cylinder or cylinders into any cylinder or cylinders working in conjunc-
tion with the ordinary condensing cylinder, and coupled by parallel
motion to any convenient part of the working beam of such engine, the
same air pump and condenser being used in common for the additional
as well as for the original cylinder, as described in reference to Figure 31.
Seventhly, the application of a high-pressure table engine with forked
connecting rod placed vertically, horizontally, or inclined, and coupled
to a crank or wheel on the outer end of the crank shaft of a condensing
engine for compounding the same, as described in reference to Figures 32,
33, and 34.
Eigthly, the peculiar arrangement and combination of a high-pressure

page_text: condensing or compound engine with two cylinders, as shewn and
described in reference to Figures 26, 27, 28, 29, and 30.
Ninthly, the peculiar arrangement and combination of steam engines
as shown and described in reference to Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
10, 11, 12, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, and 22 on Sheet Number 1, and in Figures
23, 24, and 25 on Sheet Number 2, or any mere modifications thereof..
Tenthly, the application of a low-pressure oscillating engine to any
condensing engine compounded or to be compounded with any of the
arrangements specified in the Letters Patent granted to me on the Tenth
of June, One thousand eight and fifty-eight, Number 1319.
Eleventhly, constructing a double crank in one piece, with eyes, for
making a crank axle or crank shaft in parts, for steam engines of all
classes, as shewn and described in reference to Figures 13, 14, 15, and
16, or any mere modification thereof.
Twelfthly, the combination of a flue or tubular boiler with a plain
cylindrical boiler placed above it, the flue or tubular boiler is full of water,
and its whole surface is exposed to the action of fire, as shewn and
described in reference to Figures 37, 38, 39, 40, 45, 46, 47, and 48.
Thirteenthly, the method of setting a flue or tubular boiler retort
fashion, that is to say, enclosing it within an oven by arching, or by means
of an upper tier of flues, as shewn and described in reference to Figures
37, 38, 39, 40, 45, and 46.
Fourteenthly, the method of heating the steam pipes in an iron or fire
brick recess or oven partitioned from the flues, as shewn and described
in reference to Figures 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, and 49.
Fifteenthly, the application of an upper tier of flues in combination
with the flues of a tubular or other boiler of ordinary, construction for
the purpose of giving additional heating surface and to form recesses or
ovens for heating the steam pipes by the radiation of heat from the flues
into the said recesses or ovens, as shewn and described in reference to
Figure 49.
Sixteenthly, the arrangement of a flue or tubular boiler in combination
with a plain cylindrical boiler above it, and which are placed within a
furnace whose walls are formed of plated water spaces as shewn and
described in reference to Figures 47 and 48.
Seventeenthly, the peculiar arrangement and combination of an aux-
iliary surface condenser for the purpose of collecting the water of con-
densation for boiler supply, as shewn and described in reference to
Figures 54, 55, 56, 57, and 58.
And, eighteenthly, the application of tube scrapers for the purpose of
preventing salt or other deposit settling upon the tubes of surface con-

page_text: densers as shewn and described in reference to Figures 56, 57, 59, 60,
and 61.
In witness whereof, I, the said James Stead Crosland, have here-
unto set my hand and seal, this Twenty-seventh day of June in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty.
J. S. CROSLAND. (L.S.)