CERTAIN IMPROVE- LIENTS IN PREPARING OR FORMING MOULDS FOR CASTING METAL
Year: 1847

page_text: KENRICK'S SPECIFICATION.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, SAMUEL
KENRICK, of Handsworth, in the County of Stafford, Iron Founder, send
greeting.
WHEREAS I did by petition humbly represent unto Her present most
Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, that I had invented "CERTAIN IMPROVE-
LIENTS IN PREPARING OR FORMING MOULDS FOR CASTING METAL," and Her said
Majesty, being willing to give encouragement to all arts or inventions which
may be for the public good, was graciously pleased, by Her Royal Letters
Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Twentieth day of April, One thou-
sand eight hundred and forty-seven, in the tenth year of Her reign, for Herself,
Her heirs and successors, to give and grant unto me, the said Samuel Kenrick,
my executors, administrators, and assigns, Her especial licence, full power,
sole privilege and authority, that I or they, by myself or themselves, or by
my or their deputies, servants, or agents, or such others as I or they should
agree with, and no others, during the term of fourteen years from the dato
of the said Letters Patent, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,
and vend my said Invention within that part of Her said Majesty's Dominions
called England, Her Dominion of Wales, and Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed,
in such manner as to me, my executors, administrators, and assigns, shall seem
meet, and as that I or they shall enjoy the whole profit and advantage arising
by reason of the said Invention during the said term of fourteen years:
And whereas the said Letters Patent contain a proviso, obliging me, the
said Samuel Kenrick, particularly to describe and ascertain the nature of my_
srid Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, by an

page_text: instrument in writing under my hand and seal, and to cause the same to
be enrolled in Her Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent, as
in and by the same (reference being thereunto had) will more fully and at
Large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Samuel Kenrick, do hereby declare that my said Invention is described
and ascertained in manner following, and by the six Sheets of Drawings
hereunto annexed, that is to say:-
The first part of my said improvements relates to a certain mode of pre-
paring or forming moulds for casting metal, which mode may be designated
moulding in sand, by aid of an odd side or half to a set of moulds, and such
mode is commonly practised by iron founders and brass founders when they
require a great number of moulds to be formed in sand, one immediately after
another, with the same patterns, and consequently all alike. Moulding in
sand is performed by applying the sand over the patterns of the articles which
are to be cast in metal, the sand being retained within a deep border frame
called a flask or box, and the sand being rammed so hard therein over the
patterns as to cohere into a solid mass, from which the patterns are after-
wards removed, leaving cavities in the coherent sand of precisely the same
shape and size as the patterns, and such cavities serve for the interior hollow
of the mould, into which melted metal is afterwards to be poured for casting
articles of metal, which when they are become cooled and solid will be of the
same shape and very nearly the same size as the patterns. Each mould is
formed in two halvos by ramming the sand at separate times into two of the
said border frames placed one above the other, which when separated one from
the other are called the half boxes (or if filled with rammed sand the half
moulds), but the two half boxes when put together one over the other may be
called collectively the box (or if filled with rammed sand the mould); when the
said two half boxes (or half moulds) are so put together, projecting pins in one
half box enter into corresponding holes in the other half box, in order to ensure
an exact correspondence of the two half boxes and of the sand which is con-
tained in and rammed hard into each one respectively for forming the two
halves of the mould. The patterns being in the sand before the ramming thereof
is begun, they become embedded in the rammed sand of the two halves of the
mould, so as to be entirely surrounded thereby, part of the patterns being so
imbedded in the sand of one half, and part in the sand of the other half. And
in order that the two halves of the mould may be separated one from another,
the rammed sand in one half box is kept from adhering to the rammed sand in

page_text: the other half box by means of a film or very thin layer of dry dust called
parting dust, which is interposed between the sand in the two half boxes, and
which dust was applied after the ramming of the sand into one half was com-
pleted, and before the ramming of the sand into the other half was begun.
When the two halves of the mould are separated one from the other, the pat-
terns which had been wholly enclosed within the sand in the two can be
removed from the sand, and then the two halves being put together again
without the patterns, the guidance of the said pins and holes in the two half
boxes will ensure an exact correspondence of the two halves of the mould, and
the
space which was occupied by the patterns in the sand of the two halves
will become the interior hollow of the mould for the reception of the melted
metal. When an odd side or odd half side is used with a set of moulds, that
odd side is precisely the same as one half of a mould, having been formed in
the same manner as all the other half moulds, by ramming sand over the pat-
terns into a half box with the patterns embedded into that sand about half
their own thickness, so that the very largest part of the patterns will be
exactly in the plane at which the two halves of the mould join together. The
odd side, instead of being used for a half mould (which it is in reality), is
reserved to be used over and over again along with the patterns, and as an
auxiliary thereto, for facilitating the formation of one half of each succeeding
mould, of a number thereof that is required to be made with the same patterns,
and also for facilitating the removal of the patterns from the sand when the
mould is completed, wherefore the odd side is to be understood to be a half
mould, formed by a half box filled with rammed sand, having a hard and even
surface, conformable to the plane of those edges of the half box which are
adapted to join to the edges of the fellow half box, but there is a cavity in the
said hard and even surface of the sand of the same shape and size as the pat-
terns, and about half the thickness of the pattern in depth of the cavity below
the said even surface of the sand, so that the patterns being laid in the said
cavity, will exactly fit into and fill up the same, leaving about half the thick-
ness of the patterns rising up above the said even surface of the sand. The
odd side has guiding pins in its half box, which are adapted to enter into cor-
responding holes in any one of those half boxes of the whole set which have
such holes. The mode of proceeding for forming each complete mould with
the aid of an odd side may be briefly stated as follows:-The odd side, having
the patterns in it, is placed on a flat board, which is laid on the moulder's
bench, and the surface of the sand and of the patterns is dusted over with
parting dust. A half box is placed over the odd side, with the guiding pins
thereof in the holes of the said half box, which is then filled with sand, and

page_text: that sand rammed hard over the patterns, the sand, when so rammed, filling the
half box quite full, and then that sand is covered over with another flat board.
The said half box, with the sand so rammed into it, is now become a half
mould. The odd side, with the board beneath it, together with the half box and
the board above the same, are then lifted up altogether from off the moulder's
bench, and turned over thereon, so as to bring the odd side uppermost; then
the odd side is lifted off from the half mould beneath it, leaving the patterns in
the cavities of that half mould. Then any misplaced particles of sand that
there may be about the patterns are first to be loosened, by rapping beneath
the board under the half mould with a mallet, and then removed by blowing
away the loosened sand with a pair of bellows. Parting dust is then applied
over the sand of the half mould and over the patterns, and another half box is
placed over that of the said half mould, with the guiding pins of the half box in
the holes of that of the half mould, and sand is filled and rammed into the
half box over the patterns, so as to fill the half box quite full with rammed
sand, and the same is covered over with a board. The half box, with the sand
so rammed into it, is now become another half mould, and is lifted off from
the other half mould which was first made, leaving the patterns in the cavities
of the latter; but the patterns require to be removed from those cavities, which
is done by transferring them to the odd side, which for that purpose is replaced
over the said half mould, and consequently over the patterns therein, and then
the half mould and the board beneath it, together with the odd side and the
board over it, are all lifted up together and turned over, so as to bring the half
mould uppermost, and then it is lifted off from the odd side, leaving the patterns
in the cavities thereof; after which that half of the mould which was first
made is replaced upon the other half which was last made, and the two halves,
which are thus put together without the patterns, form a complete mould.
The odd side with the patterns in it is ready to be used over again, as before,
in the formation of another like mould, and so on, for as many such moulds
as are required to be made, or until the sand in the odd side is loosened and
disturbed by repeatedly ramming other sand upon it, so to be unfit for further
use; and then, if other like moulds are wanted, a fresh odd side must be
prepared for making them.
The object of this part of my improvements is to produce an odd side, or a
substitute therefor, which will be more permanent than can be made when
the odd side is formed with sand in the usual manner, as above described;
and I attain that object by casting soft metal, such as pewter, or printers
type metal, or a mixture of tin and lead, into a plate or plates, the flat
surface or surfaces of which is or are hollowed with a cavity or cavities

page_text: adapted to receive one half of the thickness of the patterns, so that they will
be imbedded in cavity or cavities in the soft metal, in the same manner
as they would be imbedded in the rammed sand of the usual odd side.
Wherefore, according to this part of my improvements, all or nearly all that
surface of the odd side which is flat, as well as all the hollowed surface of the
cavities in which the patterns are to be embedded, will be surface of soft metal
instead of surface of rammed sand; and as no sand is to be used in the odd
side according to this part of my improvements, no half box is required, but
the aforesaid metal plate or plates are to be fastened upon the surface of a
flat board of wood or a flat plate of metal, so that the flat surface or surfaces
of the said metal plate or plates will all be in the same plano. Tho said
flat board or plate of metal is to be somewhat larger in its length and breadth
than the outside dimensions of the half boxes of the moulds, and the said
board or plate is to have suitable holes in it for receiving the guiding pins of
any one of the half boxes of the whole set which have such pins. The said
board or plate being laid flat on the moulder's bench with the metal plate or
plates upwards, and the patterns lodged in place in the cavities in the said
metal, it will be ready for use as an odd side, in the same manner as already
described respecting an ordinary odd side when the same is placed on a flat
board which is laid on the moulder's bench. The flat board or plate aforesaid,
which belongs to and forms part of the odd side, according to this part of my
improvements, is a substitute for the flat board usually employed with an
ordinary odd side of sand, as well as a substitute for the half box into which
the sand is rammed. The mode of proceeding for forming each complete
mould is precisely the same as already described, and therefore does not require
to be repeated. But note.-If the odd side is according to this part of my
improvements there is much less weight to be lifted when the whole is to be
turned over on the moulder's bench, as already described, than the weight
which must be lifted if the odd side is made with sand, as usual; and the
surface of soft metal in the odd side, upon which the sand is to be rammed, is
not liable to be disturbed by the ramming, as is the case with the sand in an
ordinary odd side. In Sheet I. of the Drawings hereunto annexed, Figure 1
is a horizontal plan for explaining an odd side constructed according to this
part of my improvements. A, A, A, A, are the two longitudinal sides, and
B, B, the two transverse ends of a half box, which is represented as being
placed over the odd side in order to receive the sand, which is to be rammed
into that half box over the odd side and over the patterns D, D, D', D', which
are lodged in the cavities of the odd side, but only a portion of which patterns
are represented at D, D, and D', D'; the same being a pattern for a number

page_text: of gardener's wall nails, which are to be cast at once in iron; but that sort of
pattern is only chosen by way of example of casting small articles, for the
Drawing might have been represented with patterns for buttons or other small
articles. The nails are shewn arranged side by side in rows in the pattern
D, D, or D', D', with ten nails in a row, the head of each nail being connected
to a straight piece a or a', called the ridge, which unites all the ten nails that
are side by side in the same row in the pattern, and the same ridge a or a¹
serves two such rows of nails, which are on opposite sides of the ridge a or a³,
the nails in one of those rows being interspaced to the nails in the other of
the rows. The said two rows, together with the ridge a or a¹ which unites
them, is called a spray, and the pattern D, D, or D', D', therefor, is in one
piece. The said piece a or a¹ may be called the ridge of the spray, see Figure 2,
Sheet II. The whole mould contains several such patterns or sprays, which
are arranged so that the nails of one pattern occupy the spaces between the
nails of another adjacent pattern or spray, as is apparent in the Figure,
although only two patterns or sprays D, a, D, and D¹, a³, D', are there shown.
The several sprays are disposed so that one end of the ridge a or a¹ of each
spray will apply with close contact against the side of one long piece E, E, the
pattern for which extends all the length of the moulds, but the latter pattern
E, E, is a separate piece, not joined to any of the other patterns D, D, or
D¹, D. The cavities which will be left in the sand by the said patterns
D, D, D', D, and E, E, will form a series of channels communicating from
the mouth F, where melted metal is to be poured into the mould, and will
flow along the main channel E, E, and from that branching laterally on each
side into the several transverse channels left by the ridges a and a¹ of each
spray, and therefrom to the cavity for each nail; all which is the same
whether the odd side is made of sand, as usual, or with soft metal plates,
according to this part of my improvements. G, H, H, Figure 1 represents
three of the said soft metal plates with the cavities in their surfaces for the
reception of the patterns; see also Figures 3 and 4, Sheet II.
plates occupies the same extent in the odd side as half a spray;
Each of the
the junctions
of the sides of the several plates are at the lines d, d, beneath the central
lines of the ridges a, a, of each spray. One end of each of the several plates
G, HI, H, applies closely against the long piece E, E, and the other ends of
the same plates approach near to the side A, A, of the half box. There are
similar plates of soft metal beneath the patterns D, D, and D¹, D', as appears
at K and L, and as is also shewn by the colour in the Drawing between the
nails of the patterns D, D, and D', D³, the said patterns being represented as
laying in their respective places in the cavities of the said soft metal plates, but

page_text: the plates G, H, H, are represented as if the patterns which belong to them
were removed, in order to shew the cavities and the junctions lines of the
several plates G, H, H; and it is to be understood that there are similar
plates at all parts of the horizontal extent of the mould, so as to occupy
the whole of that extent. All the plates are fastened to the flat surface
of the wood board or metal plate which is supposed to be beneath them by
means of small screws or pins, so that the said flat surface is almost entirely
covered with the metal plates, except at a narrow border all round within
the sides A, A, and the ends B, B, of the half box. All the edges of
the several soft metal plates are bevilled, and therefore those bevilled edges
which are at the said border within the sides A, A, and ends B, B, will not
detain the sand which is to be rammed into the said border against those
bevilled edges. The bevilled edges at the several junctions of the sides of the
several plates at the lines d, d, leave between the bevils cavities suitable for
receiving the ridges a or a¹ of the sprays. The bevilled edges at one of
the ends of each of the soft metal plates where those bevilled edges apply
closely to the long piece E, E, leave between the bevils a cavity (or rather
the border edges of a cavity) suitable for receiving the said piece E, E, but
which piece being of greater thickness than the ridges a or a¹ of the sprays,
the cavity for the piece E, E, requires to be deeper than the whole thickness
of the soft metal plates, and therefore the deepest central part of the said
cavity must be in the wood board or the metal plate, on which all the soft metal
plates are fastened. The flat surfaces of all the soft metal plates form
a plane whereon are cavities of suitable shape, size, and depth for the reception
of one half the thickness of the several patterns; and the said cavities are
certain to be exactly correspondent to the patterns and suitable for receiving
them, because the soft metal plates are cast upon or in contact with the
patterns, and every pattern is in all cases to be lodged in those cavities which
resulted from casting the soft metal upon the same patterns respectively and
upon the same part of each pattern; and to avoid misplacing the patterns by
mistake, each pattern is marked or numbered with figures punched in at one
end of the ridge of the spray a or a¹ previous to casting the soft metal, which
therefore exhibits a counterpart of such figures, and they serve to shew the
cavity to which each pattern belongs; but it is only by accident that the
patterns can be misplaced, because in regular working with the odd side, as
already explained, the patterns are transferred therefrom to the sand of the
half moulds, and then transferred back again to the odd side without any risk
of derangement of the patterns. The size of the soft. metal plates may bo
according to the articles w' ich are to be cast. The Drawing represents each

page_text: plate of the size of half a spray, see the separate Figures of two of the plates
detached in Sheet II., Figures 8 and 4. That small size of the plate is most
suitable in cases of nails or other like articles whereof the parts of adjacent
patterns are interspaced, that is, with the parts of one pattern between those
of another, as is apparent in the Figures, so that the cavities in each plate must
be adapted to suit the parts of two different patterns, and therefore the greatest
precision is required in the formation of the metal plates. In other cases,
where the parts of the patterns are not interspaced, each of the soft metal
plates may be the size of a whole spray. The endmost plates of all those that
are in the moulds, see G and K, Figure 1, are different from the other plates,
because there is no interspacing of the pattern, and may serve for an example,
and in patterns for buttons there would be no interspacing, see Figure 9 and
10, Sheet II. The mode of proceeding for casting a set of soft metal plates
to form an odd side according to this part of my improvements is as follows:-
The several patterns are first arranged with the sprays disposed so as to fill
the mould properly, but without interference of one partern with another, and
with the ridges a and a¹ of the several sprays in due connection with the long
piece E, E, for a main channel from the mouth F of the mould, and branching
off to every spray, in the same manner as is usually done for preparing
an odd side in sand, and it will be best to prepare such an odd side in
sand in the usual and well-known manner, but with the greatest care, all
which requires no further explanation. Metal patterns are to be made suit-
able for the size of the intended soft metal plates, so that those plates may
join one to another, edge to edge, as already explained, see Figures 5 and 6,
Sheet II., each such pattern being a thin metal plate P, flat on one surface
but hollow at the opposite surface, in consequence of having a prominent
border edge h, i, i, around three of its sides, which together with the thickness
of the said thin plate make the thickness at the exterior edges at those three
sides h, i, i, to be equal to the thickness that the soft metal plates are intended
to be; there is also a less prominent border edge along the other or fourth
side of the said pattern. The exterior edges of the pattern P are all bevilled
precisely the same as the edges of the soft metal plates are required to be
bevilled, as already explained; such patterns being prepared are to be used for
casting the soft metal plates one at a time. Suppose, to begin, that a plate
similar to the plate G, Figure 1, is to be cast in soft metal, then a pattern P,
Figures 5 and 6, prepared as above described, is to be laid with the hollow
side downwards over one half of the spray D, D, which may be supposed to be
lying embedded half its thickness in the sand of the odd side, which has been
prepared with care, as already mintioned. The said hollow side of the pattern

page_text: P will include one row of the nails in the spray D, D, within its hollow
without touching any part of those nails except their heads, and the aforesaid
prominent border edge h, i, i, around the sides of the pattern will rest on the
sand, but that side k of the pattern P which has a less prominent border edge
will rest with the bevilled edge of that side upon the bevilled side of the ridge
a of the spray, with the straight line of the said side of the pattern conforming
exactly with the central line or summit of the said ridge a, that being the line
(similar to the meeting line d) of the plates G and II at which the side of the
plate of soft metal now preparing to be cast is intended to apply against the
side of the next neighbouring plate of soft metal that is afterwards to be cast.
One end i of the pattern P is to apply with close contact to the pattern E, E,
for the middle channel. The pattern P being thus placed, sand is to be filled
and rammed over it into a half box, which is placed over the odd side, and
when that half box with the rammed sand in it is lifted from the odd side it
will leave the pattern lying as it was placed, but the pattern being removed
and the half-box with the rammed sand replaced, then a similar mould will have
been formed in the sand for casting the intended plate in soft metal. The
melted metal being poured into the hollow of such mould through a suitable
channel formed in the sand, the metal will run in contact with and will
envelope the upper half of the row of nails at one side of the ridge a, and will
also run in contact with the bevilled side of that ridge a to which those nails
connect, and likewise in contact with the side of the pattern E, E, and the
same metal will run in contact with the flat surface of the sand of the odd side
in the spaces between the said nails, and likewise in contact with the flat
surface of the sand in the half box. The soft metal plate so cast will be in
every respect the same as the plate G. Then to proceed with the casting of
another adjacent plate of soft metal similar to the plate H. The pattern for
that, see Figures 7 and 8, Sheet II., must be the same as the pattern
Figures 5 and 6, already described, except that the aforesaid prominent border
edge is only at its two ends i, i, Figures 7 and 8, and its two sides h and k
have a less prominent border, the same as on one side k of the former pattern.
The pattern, Figures 7 and 8, is to be laid over the two interspaced rows of
nails which belong to the two sprays D and D 1, and which form one half of
each of those sprays. The hollow side of the pattern will include the said two
rows of nails without touching them except their heads. Those two sides
h and k of the pattern which have the less prominent border edge will rest upon
the summits of the two ridges a and a¹ of the said two sprays. The prominent_
border edge i at one end of the pattern will rest on the sand of the odd side,
and the like border edge at the opposite enli will apply in close contact with

page_text: the piece E, E. The soft metal plate which has been previously cast, as above
described, is supposed to be in exactly the same position as it occupied when
it was cast, and therefore its side, which conforms with the summit of the
ridge a, will be in contact with the corresponding side of the pattern, Figures 7
or 8, for the soft metal plate. The pattern and the soft metal plate previously
cast being thus in their intended relative places, sand is to be rammed over
them in a half box, which is then to be lifted off and the pattern removed, all
as before explained; but the soft metal plate is to be left in its place when the
balf box with the rammed sand in it is replaced to complete the mould, and
when the soft metal is run into the mould it will run in contact with the side
of the said plate which was previously cast, so as to ensure an accurate meeting
of the said side with the adjacent side of the soft metal plate which is newly
cast, the said meeting being exactly along the summit of the ridge a, and
similar to the meeting line d of the plates G and H. And note.-In order
that the soft metal newly cast may not adhere to the soft metal of the plate
previously cast at the said meeting together of the two sides, that side of the
plate which was previously cast is first prepared by being covered with a layer
of soot or smoke from a burning torch made with resin and brown paper.
And the same of the sprays of patterns; they are first prepared by being so
smoked at all parts with which the melted soft metal is afterwards to come in
contact, and that will prevent adhesion. The said patterns are made of copper.
After the second soft metal plate has been cast in manner aforesaid, then a
third is to be cast in the same manner as that second, with the side of the third
cast in contact with the side of the second, and so on, of as many such plates as
will be sufficient for completing the whole row along the length of the odd side,
which is to be made according to this part of my improvements; then a like
number of soft metal plates are to be cast for completing another such row all
the length of the same odd side. All the said soft metal plates which are to
form a series or continuous row are thus cast one after another, the melted
metal for one side of each one being cast against the adjacent side of that plate
which was previously cast, and by that means an exact coincidence of all the
several plates is obtained, so that when put together to form a row all the
length of an odd side, according to this part of my improvements, the cavities
in the row of plates will correspond accurately to the patterns which are to be
lodged in those cavities. And note.-Although it has been described as if the
casting of the soft metal plates is to be performed with an odd side made with
sand in the usual manner, and consequently with a large pair of half boxes,
as represented in Sheet I., nevertheless it will in practice be more convenient
to use a pair of half boxes of suitable small size for casting the said soft metal

page_text: plates one at a time, as above described. In such case, the sand in the lower
balf box of such pair must be prepared with those two sprays of the pattern
which are to be used each time, carefully imbedded half the thickness of the
patterns in that sand, in the same manner as is commonly practised for pre-
paring an odd side with sand, but performed upon only two sprays of patterns
at a time instead of upon the whole number of sprays required for a complete
odd side. And note.-In cases when the parts of the different sprays of
patterns are not interspaced (patterns for buttons being one of those cases, as
herein-before stated), then the casting of the soft metal plates for making an
odd side, according to this part of my improvements, can be more expeditiously
performed, because each such plate may be of the full size of a whole spray of
patterns, or of two or three whole sprays, and it is not requisite that each plate
should be cast in contact with the adjacent side of the plate previously cast.
In other respects the casting of the larger soft metal plates of the full size
of a whole spray, or of two or three whole sprays, will be the same as already
described for casting the smaller plates of the size of only half a spray.
Figures 9 and 10, Sheet II., represent a plate of soft metal cast with
suitable cavities for three sprays of patterns for buttons of the kind called four-
hole buttons. In Figure 9 two of those sprays are represented lodged in their
places in the cavities of the soft metal plate, and Figure 10 shows the other
spray detached. A series of such plates may be put together, in manner
already explained, to form an odd side, according to this part of my improve.
ments.
Figure 11 represents a spray of patterns for nails, in which, although the
nails in two adjacent rows are interspaced with the nails in one row in the
spaces between the nails in the other row, nevertheless, those rows are both in
the same pattern. The ridges a and a¹ of the spray, instead of being one
spray in the middle of the pattern, as usual, and as represented at a, in
Figure 2, Sheet II., are two half ridges r and s, Figure 11, at each side of the
pattern, and those half ridges are connected together at their ends by two
pieces E 1 and t, so as to unite the two rows of nails together, and include
them, as it were, into a sort of frame, which constitutes one pattern, as appears
plainly in Figure 11. When a suitable number of such patterns, as Figure 11
are laid together in contact one with another, they will by meeting together
form a set of patterns in order to occupy the whole of a mould, nearly, in the
same manner as represented in Figure 1, so as to be the same in effect as a set
of the ordinary patterns for nails, such as Figure 2. When a suitable number
of the latter are put together, as in Figure 1, along with the pattern E, E,
Figure 1, for the main channel,, as already described, and as represented. in

page_text: Figure 1, the only difference will be that there is an additional piece t in
each pattern, and that the junctions of the several patterns, Figure 11, one
with another will be along the summits or middle lines of the ridges a and a 1,
Figure 1, of each of the sprays, and along the summit or central line of the
main channel E, E, which latter will not require any separate pattern, as in
Figure 1; but a substitute for such separate pattern will be composed of the
end pieces E 1, Figure 11, of all the patterns, Figures 11, that are put together
in the mould, for the said end pieces E 1 are each half the breadth of the
picce E, E, Figure 1, so that when two of the patterns, Figure 11, are put
together, end to end, with their respective ends E 1 in mutual contact, the two
ends E 1 together will make up the same size and shape as a portion of the
length of the pattern E, E, Figure 1; and in like manner other portions of that
length will bo made up by the said ends E³ of other pairs of patterns, such as
Figure 11; and when two other patterns like Figure 11 are put together, with
the side a and a¹ of the latter in mutual contact with the like sides of those
two other patterns, each of the two adjacent sides, so put together, will be of
the same size and shape as the ridges a and a¹, Figure 1. All this is explained
in Figure 11 by the outlines of portions of adjacent patterns around that figure.
The additional piecet in each pattern, Figure 11 will form a substitute for a pat-
tern for a long channel when a set of such patterns are put together to fill a
mould, so that there will be two such channels extending nearly all the length of
that mould, one at each side thereof, parallel to the usual main channel E, E,
Figure 1, which extends along the middle of the mould. The soft metal
plates to form an odd side, according to this part of my improvement, for
patterns such as Figure 11, may be cast in the manner herein-before described,
each plate of the same size as the pattern Figure 11, or each plate may be as
large as two or three such patterns laid together side by side; the boundaries
of the soft metal plate, where they are to meet against the boundaries of other
like plates, being in either case correspondent with the boundaries of the
pattern, or of the two or three adjacent patterns, where those boundaries are
to meet against like boundaries of other adjacent patterns. The pattern,
Figure 11, must be formed of two pieces of metal, cach piece consisting of a
row of nails, and a half ridge a or a', to which the nails of that row are con-
nected; and the said two pieces of metal, after being filed true and smooth, aro
to be put together by means of their end pieces E1 and t to form the frame, as
in Figure 11, each of the said end pieces El and being in two halves
cr thicknesses, conjoined by overlapping one another, and each such half
thickness being in the same picce with the half ridge a and a 1, to which
the Lalf thickness belongs, the said overlapping parts being united by

page_text: pins revitted, or by brazing with hard solder. In making each of the said
two pieces of metal for the pattern, Figure 11, the half ridges a and a¹ thereof
should be cast in the first instance of the usual full size for a whole ridge, anıl
afterwards one half should be filed away to leave only that half with which tho
row of rails are connected.
The second part of my said improvements relates to the preparing or forming
moulds in sand for casting buttons in metal with metal shanks to them, which
shanks are made previously by bending wire into the proper form for a button
shank, and those shanks of bended wire are inlaid one by one into the sand of
the mould. After the same has been formed, and the pattern removed, but
before the two halves of the mould are put together again without the pattern,
and that part of each shank which is required to enter into the metal of the
intended button is left projecting out of the sand, and when melted metal is
poured into the mould, a suitable part of that metal which is to form the back
part of each button will surround the said part of the shank belonging to the
button, and thereby unite the shank to the button. The usual mode is to
employ a boy to inlay each shank into the sand of the mould, by taking hold of
it with tweezers and forcing it into the sand of the mould at the proper place
therein for the central part of the back of each button. According to this
part of my improvements, the said parts of the several shanks are to be lodged
in suitable cavities formed in the pattern for each button at the central part of
the back of the pattern for the button, that part aforesaid of each shank which
is to enter into the metal of the intended button entering into the said cavity
in the pattern for the button. The patterns are to be so furnished with shanks
whilst they are lying in their places in the cavities of the odd side of the
mould, with the backs of the patterns for buttons uppermost, and with a slank
properly lodged, as aforesaid, in the said cavity at the back of the pattern for
each button, with the eye part of that shank projecting out from the pattern,
exactly in the same manner as the said eye part is intended to project out
from the back of the button when the same is cast; then sand being rammed
into a half box that is placed over the odd side, that sand will surround the
said eye part of each shank, so as to take sufficiently firm hold of the shanks
which are not in any way fastened into the said cavities of the pattern, and,
consequently, when in due course of the operation of moulding with an odd
side (as usually practised, and as herein-before briefly described), the patterns
are removed from the mould by transferring them to the odd side; then the
shanks will be left sticking fast in the sand in the mould in their proper places
therein, and with that part of each shank which is intended to enter into the
metal of each intended button projecting out from the sand, in a very similar

page_text: but more complete manner than would be the case if the said shanks had been
pressed into the same places in the sand of the mould one at a time by a boy
with tweezers, in the usual manner, as already mentioned. This part of my
improvement is intended to facilitate the said mode of lodging the shanks in
the cavities in the pattern, by so lodging a whole row of such shanks at a time
in manner following: see Sheet III. Figure 13 is a plan, and Figure 14 a
section, and Figure 15 an edge view, of a spray of patterns for buttons,
whereof a is the ridge, and q, q, the said cavities at the central part of the
back of each button, into which the lower parts of the shanks r, r, are to be
lodged. At each end of the ridge a, Figure 13, of the spray, a pin W, W,
stands up vertically, as is shewn in Figure 15, the said pins W, W, being
either formed in the same piece with the said ridge, and filed and made true,
or else fastened into the end of the ridge. A number of such sprays of
patterns as Figures 13, 14, and 15 are to be arranged in the cavities of an
odd side to the mould, which odd side may either be prepared in sand in the
usual manner, or may be made with cast metal plates, according to the former
part of my improvements, already described; and when the said patterns are
lying in the cavities of the odd side with the cavities 9, q, in the patterns
upwards, then the shanks are to be lodged in those cavities by aid of an appa-
ratus represented in the other Figures in Sheet III. Figure 16 is a comb,
which I call a gathering comb, having steel teeth m, m, cast or otherwise
fastened into a back or handle R, the size of the teeth being such as to enter
readily into the eyes of the shanks, and the several teeth being just so far apart
one from another in their row as to correspond to the distance that the centres
of the buttons are apart one from another in their row on the spray of patterns,
Figure 13. The shanks are made as usual by bending wire into the proper
form, either by machines, or by such tools as are commonly used for tho
purpose, the only difference being that the ends of the piece of wire forming
each shank are not to be spread beyond the original thickness of the wire, so
that each side of each shank will conform to a flat surface without projecting
on either side beyond those surfaces. A large number of such shanks are put
into a wooden bowl, and the teeth m, m, of the gathering comb R, Figure 16,
being thrust with the points foremost in amongst the shanks at hazard, will
not fail to enter into the eyos of some of the shanks, so as to gather them on
the teeth m, m, which are made of polished steel wire, pointed at the ends, but
not very sharply, the wire being of a size to enter freely into the eyes of the
shanks, and a small notch is formed near the root end of each tooth at the
upper side thereof, so that the eyes of several shanks being caught on the
tooth until one of them becomes lodged in the said notch, that slank will not

page_text: slide along the tooth by its own weight when the comb is held so that the
teeth m are inclined with their points downwards, although all the other
shanks but that one will slide down and drop off the tooth. If any one of the
teeth m of the gathering comb R has failed to take up a shank, the teeth of
the comb are thrust in again amongst the shanks in the bowl, and so on, until
so many shanks have been gathered as that every tooth of the comb will have
one of the shanks lodged upon it in the aforesaid notch on the upper side of
each tooth, and then by holding the comb with its teeth in an inclined position
with points lowest, as already stated, all the superfluous shanks will slide down
the teeth, and drop off therefrom into the bowl, leaving one shank, but no
more, on each tooth m, and that one lodged in the said notch thereof, and the
said shanks so remaining on each tooth will settle themselves thereon, with
that part of the shank which is to go into the button downwards, in conse-
quence of the mere weight of that part. Note.-That said part may be
termed the root of the shank; and then, by a sudden shake of the comb R, as
it is held in the hand, and the hand struck on the bench, all the shanks are
jerked out of the said notches in the teeth, and brought on to the teeth nearer
towards the points thereof. The said shanks are next to be transferred from
the teeth m of the gathering comb R, Figure 16, to the corresponding teeth of
a similar comb S, Figure 17, which I call a distributing comb; and for per-
forming the transfer, the two combs are to be both mounted together in a
tilting frame, whereof Figure 18 is a horizontal plan, and Figure 19, a sido
elevation, D, D, being the base or support, with two small standards E erected
thereon, and having joints at their upper ends to sustain the tilting frame,
which consists of two parallel end bars w, x, w, x, united by a middle bar v.
Each of the end bars w, x, w, x, has a raised ledge along its outside, so that
the two bars w, a, w, a, will form a lodgement for the ends of the stocks or
handles of the two combs R and S, which are both to be placed in the tilting
frame at the same time (as shewn in Figure 18), with the teeth of one comb
R exactly opposite to, and in line with the teeth of the other comb S. Tho
two ends of the stock or handle of the comb R are brought into contact with
two stop pins upon the two end bars w, a, w, x, of the tilting frame, and the
two ends of the stock or handle of the other comb S are lodged against
pieces which stand up at one end a, a, of each of the ends w, a, u', x.
By those means each comb will be very easily placed in the tilting frame
in the true intended position for each one, so that the points of their teeth will
correspond, the shanks being on the teeth m, m, of the comb R, but removed
out of the notches in those teeth, as already stated, and then the whole of the
tilting frame v, w, a, w, x, being tilted about the joints, by which it is sustaine:l

page_text: .
on the standards E, until the teeth of the two combs assume a very inclining
position, with the distributing comb S lowest, then the shanks upon cach tooth
m of the comb R, will slide down off those teeth m and pass on to the teeth
n, n, of the other comb S, so as to become transferred to the teeth of the dis-
tributing comb S. And note.-The latter teeth n, n, are round pins at their
ends where the shanks will first come upon them, but farther along the teeth n, n,
towards their root ends the teeth are shaped with a slightly prominent edge at
the under side of each tooth, in order to correspond with the form of the interiors,
of the eyes of the shanks, which form is circular, except as to a small angular
enlargement beyond the circular form at that side of the eye which is towards
the root of the shank; also the said teeth n, n, are formed with a sudden pro-
jection on the upper side of each one near to the root end of the tooth, which
projections are to act as so many stops to prevent the shanks from approaching
nearer than is intended towards the stock or handle S of the comb, therefore
when all the shanks have been slided down from the teeth m, m, of the comb R,
so as to become transferred to the teeth n, n, of the comb S, the said shanks
will form a straight row on those teeth, for each tooth n will have one shank
upon it at the place of the aforesaid stop or projection on the upper side of the
tooth, and owing to the form of the tooth n, with a prominent edge at its
under side to correspond to the form of the interiors of the eyes of the shanks,
each shank must be exactly in the proper position on the tooth n with the
root of the shank lowermost. It has been already explained how the roots of
the shanks are caused by their own weight to be downwards on each tooth m
of the distributing comb R before that comb was put into the tilting frame,
and therefore in the act of transferring the shanks they may be expected to
pass on to the teeth n, n, of the comb S nearly in a proper position for each
shank, and any slight deviation that there may be from such proper position
will become corrected as the shanks proceed along the teeth n, n, to the stop
projections thereon, which correction is owing to the correspondence in form
between the teeth n, n, and the interior of the eyes of the shanks. When the
distributing comb R has had a shank transferred to each of its teeth in manner
above described, it is removed, together with the said shanks, from the tilting
frame, Figure 18, and laid aside on a board or tray, and another like dis
tributing comb is put into its place in that frame and furnished with a shank
to each tooth by transfer from the teeth of the gathering comb, as before, and
then the distributing comb so furnished is removel and laid on the same board
or tray aforesaid with the ends of its teeth opposite to the ends of the teeth o
the distributing comb previously laid thereon and so on, until a numbe
of distributing combs furnished with shanks are got together on the said boar

page_text: or tray and laid thereon in pairs with the end of the teeth of the two combs of
each pair opposite one to the other. All the above operations of furnishing
the teeth of a number of distributing combs S with shanks may be performed
by children, and the board or tray with the pairs of distributing combs thereon
is carried to the person who is forming the mould for casting the buttons to
which the said shanks are to be applied, and the said board or tray may con-
tain the same number of pairs of distributing combs as there are sprays of
patterns, Figure 18, in one mould. And note.-The stock or handle of each
distributing comb S is of a cranked form, as represented in the end view,
Figure 17, for the convenience of holding it with the fingers raised above the
level of its teeth n, n, and consequently, when the distributing combs are laid
on the same board or tray they will rest thereon with their teeth in an inclining
position with the ends of the teeth highest, so that the shanks will not pass off
the teeth. Tho shanks are to be deposited in their intended places in the
cavities q, q, Figure 18, at the backs of the several sprays of patterns for the
buttons, by aid of the distributing combs aforesaid, each of which has the same
number of teeth as there are buttons in each row on the spray of patterns, so
that every two distributing combs S which are laid together to form a pair on
the board or tray as aforesaid will between the two contain the proper number
of shanks for one spray of patterns, Figure 18, one comb of the pair having on
its teeth the shanks requisite for one row of buttons on the spray, and the
other comb having the shanks for the other row. The shanks are to be
transferred from off the teeth of the distributing combs and deposited in the
cavities q, q, Figure 13, of the patterns when the patterns are lying in their
places in the cavities of the odd side of the mould, as already mentioned, with
the backs of the buttons lying uppermost; and in order to guide the shanks
correctly into the said cavities q, q, when they are transferred from off the teeth
of the distributing combs, an instrument, Figures 20, 21, and 22, which may
be called a false head M, is to be placed over each spray of patterns, Figure 13,
being guided into its proper place over the same by aid of the pins W, W,
Figures 18 and 15, which stand up vertically from the ridge a of the spray
at each end thereof, as already described, and those pins W, W, enter into
corresponding holes at each end of the false head M, Figure 20, so that it
cannot fail to be truly over the pattern, and then a number of small vertical
channels d, d, Figure 20, which are formed through the whole depth of the
false head M, will be exactly over the aforesaid cavities q, q, in the pattern for
the several buttons of the spray, with one such channel over each of those
cavities, as appears in the plan, Figure 20, where a spray of patterns for the
buttons, similar to Figure 13, is represented (partly by dotted lines) with the

page_text: false head M immediately over it and with the several channels d, d, in their
proper correspondence with the several cavities g. q. At each side of the false
head M a plate of metal z, z, is fastened, those plates standing edgeways
upwards, and their upper edges reach above the level of the upper side of the
part M of the false head, as is shewn in Figure 22, which is an end view, and
in those edges of the plates z, z, which stand up there are notches, one such
notch being immediately over each of the upper entrances into the aforesaid
vertical channels d, d. These particulars being understood, the mode of
transferring the shanks from off the teeth of the distributing combs into their
proper cavities in the patterns for the button is as follows:-The person who
is about to make the mould for casting the buttons having all the patterns in
their proper places in their respective cavities in the odd side, first begins by
taking up the false head, Figure 20, with his finger and thumb, holding the
vertical stem X thereof, which serves for a handle, and holding the false head
thereby exactly over one of the sprays of patterns, Figure 13, so that two holes
in the false head M will be exactly over the pins W, W, Figure 15, of the
pattern; the false head is let down gently upon the said pins, so as that they
will guide it exactly into its proper position over the pattern with the several
channels d, d, of the false head in true correspondence with the several cavities
9, 9, in the pattern. The under side of the false head. M is adapted to fit
exactly to the form of the upper side of the pattern with which that under side
then comes in contact, and then the lower orifices of the channels d, d,
conform to the cavities q, q, then leaving the false head M in placo over
the pattern. The two distributing combs, which as before mentioned
have been furnished with shanks on their teeth, and have been laid so as
to form a pair on the aforesaid board or tray with the ends of their teeth
one towards another, are both taken up together, one comb in each hand,
and held, both combs at once, over the false head, so that the ends of the
teeth of each comb will be opposite to those of the other comb, and so that all
their teeth will be over the notches in each of the upper edges of the plates z, z,
of the false head M also, so that the shanks which are hanging on the teeth of
each comb respectively will be within the said edges, that is to say, on the
same sides of those edges as the channels d, d, of the false head. Then the
combs being let down so that their tooth will enter into the said notches in the
edges %, %, and the two combs being drawn apart one from the other with con-
tary motions in the direction of the lengths of their respective teeth, the
shanks which are hanging on those teeth will be detained by the edges z, z, so
as to let all the shanks drop down into the channels d, d, beneath them as
soon as the ends of the teeth are withdrawn from out of the eyes of the

page_text: shanks, and the shanks descending in the channels d, d, by their own weight,
and passing through the lower ends of those channels, are thereby guided to
enter into the cavities 9, q, in the patterns; after which, the two combs being
laid down again, the false head M is taken by its stem X and lifted carefully
up, so as to remove it from off the pattern without disturbing the same, but
leaving all the shanks in their intended places in the cavities of the pattern.
The false head M is then placed upon another adjacent spray of patterns, to which
shanks are supplied in turn from another pair of combs as before, and so on until
all the patterns have been duly supplied with shanks; after which the forma-
tion of the mould with sand is proceeded with, in the manner already explained,
in preparation for casting the buttons with shanks; the sand which is rammed
over the pattern will fasten round the eye part of the shanks, so that those
parts will remain fast in the sand, when the patterns, Figure 13, are afterwards
removed from the sand in order to leave the cavities which are to become the
mould for each button; but so much of the root part of each shank as was
lodged within the cavity in the pattern will be left projecting out from the sand
info the said cavity of the mould for each button, and therefore, when melted
metal is poured therein for casting the button, it will run around the said root
so as to fasten the shank into the button. And note.-In order to make the
false head M, it is cast in soft metal by running the same when in fluid-state
upon the spray of patterns for the buttons, Figure 13, and therefore the under
side of the false head M will fit exactly to the said patterns, Figure 13, 'as
already stated. And in order to form the aforesaid channels d, d, in the falso
head M so that they will certainly correspond to the cavities q, q, in the several
patterns for the buttons, those channels may be formed in the soft metal
casting M by means of as many small pieces of iron properly shaped to servo
as cores for keeping open the said channels at the time of running the melted
soft metal into the mould therefor, which is to be formed in sand by means
of a suitable pattern. One such core or piece of iron (after being covered
with smoke to prevent adhesion, may have their lower ends placed in each of
the cavities 9, 9, of the pattern for the buttons, Figure 13, so as to stand up
therefrom in the aforesaid mould, which is formed in sand to receive the melted
soft metal whereof, the part M of the false head is to be made, the pattern,
Figure 18, being at the bottom of that mould, and the said metal running
around three sides of each of the said pieces of iron, they will act as so many
cores; and when they have been afterwards withdrawn from the soft metal
casting M they will leave notches at the opposite edges of the said piece Mat
the places for the several channels, and when the side plates, z, are fastened
in their places on the edges of the piece M, the said notches.. together

page_text: with the side pieces, will form the channels d, d, as the same have
been already explained; or such notches may be cut out in the edges of the
pattern that is to be used in forming the mould in sand for casting the soft
metal M for the false head, and those notches will leave sand in the
mould to answer the same purpose as cores would do, as aforesaid, but
in such case the cavities q, q, at the backs of the patterns for the buttons
should be stopped up with sand to prevent any soft metal running into them.
And note. Two sets of patterns and two odd sides will be required
for casting buttons with shanks, according to this part of my improvements,
in order that the may be no delay in the forming of the mould for the buttons
in sand during the time whilst the shanks are in progress of being supplied to
the patterns by means of the distributing comb with the aid of the false head,
as already described, for that may be performed by a boy on one of the sets
of patterns and one odd side, whilst the mould for casting the buttons is
being formed in sand by another person with the other set of patterns and
odd side.
The third part of my said improvements is for supplying and distributing what
is called parting dust, and also what is called facing sand, during the operation
of preparing or forming moulds in sand for casting metal. See Sheet II.,
Figure 22 is a vertical section of a hollow cylinder made of tinned iron plate,
having a horizontal axis A, A, situated along its central line. B, B, B, B, are
set of arms fastened upon the axis A, in order to support a set of brushes, the
stocks D, D, D, of which are parallel to the axis, so that the axis A with its
arms B and the said stocks D form a kind of reel; and the brushes d, d, which
project out from the stocks D, D, reach to the circumference of the cylinder,
which at the lower part E, E, is formed of the same kind of woven cloth as
is commonly used for the bags through which parting dust is passed for dusting
the same over moulds which are to be formed in sand for casting articles in
metal. F, F, are the two ends of the cylinder, with holes through their centres
for the axis A, A, to pass; and on the extreme ends of the axis A two broad
wheels G, G, of wood are fastened for turning the axis A, and consequently
the reel of brushes round; for this purpose the cylinder; Figure 22, is placed
over the half box of the mould to which the parting dust is to be applied, with
the two wheels G, G, resting upon the edges of the two sides of the half box,
so as to run along those edges in the manner of wheels running upon the rails
of a railway, when the cylinder is moved along over the mould from one end
thereof to the other and then moved back again. In so doing, the wheels G, G,
turn round, and cause the axis A, and the reel B, B, D, D, with the brushes d, d,
to revolve within the cylinder, so as to stir up and agitate all the parting dust

page_text: which is within the cylinder, and cause some of that dust to be driven by action
of the revolving brushes through the woven cloth at the lower part E of the
cylinder, and therefrom to fall into the mould in a thin and regular film
thereof. The parting dust is put into the cylinder by means of a hopper F at
the upper part of the cylinder, with an opening at the lower part of the hopper
through which the dust descends into the cylinder. The cylinder is held in
both hands by means of a handle K at each end of it when it is moved along
over the mould, in manner aforesaid. And note.-The section, Figure 22, is
represented with the wheels G, G, of a small size, which are adapted to run
upon the edges of the two sides of an upper frame, herein-after to be described,
as belonging to another fifth part of my improvements, which said frame is
laid over the balf box, and is for the purpose of measuring the quantity of
sand that is to be filled into that half box when such a frame is not used; but
the wheels G, G, are to run on the edges of the two sides of the half box, as
herein-before mentioned, then the wheels G, G, should be larger in diameter,
as shewn by the dotted lines. Parting dust, as is well known, is composed of
pounded coke dust and resin, and is to be the same composition when it is
to be applied by means of the cylinder, Figure 22, as if it were to be dusted
through a bag in the usual manner; but the said cylinder will distribute the dust
in a very thin and even film over the patterns, and over the odd side in the half
box, without dispersing the dust needlessly in the air, as is the case in dusting
through a bag. Note.-Parallel wires are applied horizontally at the lower part E
of the cylinder, in order to sustain the cloth before mentioned, so as to confine it
to conform to the circumference of the cylinder; a cover is applied over the
hopper H to retain the dust from flying about. Note.-The brushes d, d, are
composed of detached tufts of bristles fastened into the stocks D, D, and the
said tufts on one brush operate against the cloth in the intervals between the tufts
on the preceding and the following brushes, so as to operate successively upon
every part of the cloth, but without causing so great a disturbance of the dust
in the cylinder as continuous rows of bristles in all the brushes d, d, would do;
and Figure 23 represents a similar cylinder for applying facing sand, that is,
fresh sand, which has not been previously used for casting, and is reduced very
fine. The construction of the cylinder, Figure 23, is nearly the same as Figure
22; and the parts being marked with the same letters of reference, the fore-
going description of Figure 22 will apply equally to Figure 23, the only dif
ferences being, that the lower part of the cylinder E, Figure 23, instead of
cloth, has woven wire-work of the same kind as is used for the bottoms of the
sieves, through which facing sand is passed when it is sifted over a mould in
the usual manner. The said woven wire-work is sustaine.l by parallel wires,

page_text: in the same manner as already explained respecting the cloth. Also in
place of the tufts of brushes, rows of pins d, d, Figure 23, are fastened into the
stocks D, D, in order to disturb the facing sand that is within the cylinder, and
cause it to pass through the interstices of the wire-work, so as to fall in a thick
and very even layer upon the patterns which have been previously covered
over with a very thin film of parting dust, so as that the facing sand will be
the sand that is applied in the nearest proximity to the patterns, and the hal
box will afterwards be filled up with common sand, thrown in over the said
layer of facing sand before the ramming of the sand is commenced.
The fourth part of my improvements relates to the lifting up of the boxes
or half boxes of moulds from the moulder's bench and the turning over of the
moulds and then letting the same down again upon the bench, whenever such
lifting up and turning over is required in the preparing of moulds in sand for
casting metal. Such lifting up and turning over in the usual manner of per-
forming the same has been herein-before briefly explained. According to this
fourth part of my improvements, the lifting up of the moulds is to be performed
by aid of two vertical rods passing up through holes the moulder bench with a
notch in the upper end of each rod adapted to cylindrical pivots or pins, which
project out horizontally from the middle of each end of the mould, so that both
pivots are in the same horizontal line. The two vertical rods are both raised end-
ways upwards together by suitable means of applying force beneath their lower
ends, so that both rods will be certain to ascend equally in order to apply with
the said notches in their upper ends beneath the said pivots at each end of tho
mould, and thereby lift up those pivots, and consequently the mould, until the
same is raised so much above the bench as that, being nearly equally poised on
its said pivots, it can easily be turned over, and then lowered down again by
allowing the two vertical rods to descend both together, until the mould comes
to rest again upon the moulder's bench, and it will then have the contrary side
upwards to that side of the mould which was previously upwards. And
whereas a mould is composed of half boxes placed one upon another with sand
rammed therein, as herein before explained, it is requisite that each half box
should be provided with pivots of the kind already mentioned, but as only one
pair of such pivots can be used at a time, the pivots are, according to this part
of my improvements, fitted into sockets at the ends of each half box, in which
sockets the bolts can be moved endways in the manner of door bolts, so as to
protrude with their ends out of the scckets when they are required to be use
as pivots, or they can be drawn back within the said sockets when not so
required. The mould represented in Figures 1 and 24, Sheet I., is constructhe
with small sliding bolts for pivots P, P, Q, Q, being the sockets at each end

page_text: of each half box, into which sockets the pivots p, p, and 9, 9, are ntted, so as to
slide endways therein, and a small pin which is fastened into the pivots project3
laterally therefrom through a slot in the socket, for the purpose of enabling the
pivot to be moved in its socket by applying a thumb nail to the end of the said
pin, which also limits the extent of endway motion of the pivot in its sail
socket, so that it cannot be wholly drawn out therefrom, but only as far as the
pivot is required to protrude, for being caught in the notches at the upper ends
of the aforesaid two vertical rods when they are both raised up endways
together, as already stated. Figure 1 shews the two pivots p, p, protruded
ready for use; but Figure 24, which is an elevation of one side of the mould,
shews that it is only the pivots p, p, of the upper half box R which are thus
protruded, the other pivots q, q, of the lower half box S being wholly with-
drawn into their sockets, as is shewn by dotted lines; and the said pivots p, p,
must also be withdrawn within their sockets when the melted metal is to be
poured into the mould, because the projecting pivots would be in the way in
pouring. The mouth F, Figure 1, at which the metal is to be poured in, is
within a projecting part W at one end of each of the half boxes, which part W
reaches out as far beyond the ends of the half boxes as the socket P and Q
for the pivots reach out. This projecting part W is useful for giving some
additional height of head in running the melted metal, for the mould is then
placed with that end upwards, and that additional height causes the castings in
the upper part of the mould to be more solid and perfect. The two half
moulds require to be fastened together when they are to be lifted and turned
over, according to this part of my improvements, and for that purpose an
oblong ring or hoop of iron Y, shewn separately at Figure Y, is applied over
the two sockets P and Q at one end of both the half moulds, so as to bind
them securely together; and in like manner another oblong ring or hoop X, see
also Figure X, is applied over the sockets P and Q at the other end of the
mould, and also over the projecting part W for the mouth of the mould, which
requires the ring X to be wider withinside, but its action is the same as the
narrower ring Y, for holding the two half moulds together. The board M,
Figure 24, which is applied beneath the lower half box S, is fastened thereto by
a forked cramp r, which is inserted into holes through ears which project out,
one from the half box S, and the other from the edge of the board M. There is
another such cramp at the opposite side of the mould, as appears in Figure 1,
and the upper board, which is applied over the upper half box R, but which
board is not shown in the Figure, is fastened to the upper half box with two
like cramps. When the two half boxes and their boards are thus fastened
together, the whole mould can be lifted up, by means of tho vertical rods

page_text: raising up the two pivots p, p, and the whole can be turned over on those pivots;
the ordinary guiding pins, which enter into holes in the projecting ears of the
two half boxes, retain these half boxes from any lateral deviation from their
intended juxtaposition. And as to the means of which may be adapted for
applying force beneath the lower ends of the vertical rods, herein-before men-
tioned, so as to raise the same endway upwards both together, in order to lift
the moulds off the moulder's bench, different means may be employed as may
be prefered. In case the force is to be exerted by the workman himself, then it
will be convenient to provide a treadle, upon which he can place one foot to
press it down, so as by action of shorter levers connected with that treadle to
raise up both rods at once with a sufficient force for lifting the mould, which
may be done by an exertion of less force with the foot than the actual weight
of the mould, see Figures 25 and 26, Sheet IV., which is a front elevation of
the moulder's bench, marked A, and a is the mould (similar to Figure 24,
Sheet I.,) lying on the bench; B, B, are the two vertical rods which pass
through holes in the bench, and they are also guided near their lower ends,
so as to be retained in their intended vertical positions; D is the treadle on
which the workman is to place his foot; the treadle D being at the end of
a lever, which is fastened upon a horizontal axis d, that is supported on
pivots at or near to its two ends, and has two short lever arms e, e, fastened
on it near to each of its ends, so as project out from the axis in an opposite
direction to that in which the treadle D projects out therefrom, and the
ends of the said two lever arms e, e, are connected by upright links with
the two vertical rods B, B, so as to lift the same up both together when-
ever the treadle D is pressed down. And note.-There may be another
treadle such as D fixed on the same axis d at D¹, so that the workman may
have a treadle for each foot, and be enabled to use either one or other of his
feet, as he may find most convenient. The weight of the two rods B, B,
must overbalance that of the treadle D or the treadles D', so that the said
rods will descend and raise up the treadle D whenever it is left to itself, and
then the upper ends of the rods B, B, (in which ends are the notches to take
the pivots p, p, of the mould,) will descend out of the way beneath those pivots
whilst the mould is resting on the bench. When the workman first places his
foot on the treadle D, and begins to tread the same down, it will descend very
easily, because it has only to raise the said overbalance by the weight of the
two rods B, B, until the notches at the upper ends thereof take the pivot p, p,
(or 9, 9. Figure 24, according as one or other of those pivots p, p, or q, q, may
at the time bo protruded from their sockets), and after the treadle D has been
pressed down so far that their said notches have taken the said pivots, then the

page_text: treadle D, being pressed further down, will begin to lift up the mould, but by
that time the treadle D will be at a favourable height from the ground for the
workman to tread with his foot thereon as forcibly as may be requisite in order
to raise the weight of the mould, and when the mould has been thus lifted
sufficiently high from the bench for being turned over, the treadle D may come
to touch the ground, and the workman keeping his foot steadily thereon will
easily retain the mould in its raised position, whilst with his hands he turns
over the mould on its two pivots, which will be very easily done, as its whole
weight is nearly equally poised on those pivots, and then by allowing the treadle
to rise up again, the mould will be gently lowerd down on to the bench, so as
to rest thereon, as before, but with the contrary side upwards. The workman
can use both his hands for guiding and directing the mould whilst it is ascend-
ing as well as descending, and therefore he may begin to turn the mould over
as soon as it begins to be raised from the bench, without waiting until the
mould is raised to its highest before beginning to turn it over. And in like
manner, if he gets the mould turned a little more than half way over when it is
raised to its highest position, he may then begin to lower it again without
waiting for the completion of the turning over, as that may be done whilst it
is descending, provided that the mould will be completely turned over by the
time it comes to rest on the bench. In this way the turning over of the
mould will be performed very quickly, and with much less muscular exertion
by the workman, compared with the muscular exertion he must make in the
usual mode of lifting and turning over the mould by the unaided strength of
his hands, arms, and back, and which muscular exertion he must make when
reaching over the moulding bench in a very unfavourable posture for such
exertion. And the same means, as aforesaid, are to be used for lifting off the
upper half box of the mould, with the rammed sand therein, when such lifting
off is required in the usual course of preparing moulds in sand, and which
course has been herein-before briefly explained. In such case the rings or
hoops X and Y, Sheet 1, are not to be applied, because the two half boxes
are not to be fastened together, and the cramps need not be then applied for
fastening the boards to the half boxes to which they belong respectively; but
those cramps may be so applied if preferred. And note.-In case of the odd
side being made with soft metal plates fastened on a board, or on a plate of
metal, according to the first part of my improvements, then only one half box,
together with that board or plate of metal which will constitute the odd side,
will be required to be used in the regular course of working with such an odd
side. The said board or plate of metal for the said odd-side, which is accord-
ing to the first part of my improvements, in case it is to be also, according to

page_text: this fourth part thereof, must be provided with a pivot at each end, such as
p, p, Figure 1, which pivots are fitted into sockets, such as P, P, fastened on
at each end of the said board, or formed in each end of the said metal plate,
and the notches at the upper ends of the vertical rods B, B, will take those two
pivots when they are protruded, and by that means the odd side can be lifted
when it is required to be lifted off from the half box beneath it, that is, in case
of the said odd side being uppermost; but when the said odd side, together
with the half box which is over it (or under it), require to be lifted up both
together like one for turning them over, then the said odd side and the said
half box must be fastened together previous to lifting them, in order to turn
them over, which may be done by means of hoops or rings, such as X and Y,
Sheet I., and the usual board which is applied to the half box for retaining the
sand therein may be fastened to that half box by means of forked cramps, such
asr; but the odd side, which is according to the first part of my improvements,
having no sand in it, does not require any such board, being itself a board, or a
plate of metal, which may be considered as a substitute for such board, as
already stated. And when both the half box and the said odd side which are
thus fastened together are to be lifted together as one, in order to turn them
both over, then it will be most suitable to protrude the pivots of the said half
box, so that they may be taken by the notches at the upper ends of the vertical
rods B, B, for lifting the whole. The pivots in the board or plato of metal for
the odd side must in that case be withdrawn into their sockets out of the way,
and that will be also the case when the half box is to be lifed off from the odd
side; and whether the odd side is made in the usual manner with sand, or
whether it is made with soft metal plates, according to the first part of my
improvements, it is to have its two pivots in the same manner as the other half
boxes, and they are to be used whenever the odd side is to be lifted off from
the half box, but at other times are to be withdrawn into their sockets, in the
manner already described for the case of an odd side being constructed accord-
ing to this first part of my improvements. And note.-The moulds require to
lie in the same place on the bench, whenever they are laid therefrom, or so
nearly in the same place, that the pivots which are protruded may never
fail to be taken by the notches in the upper ends of the vertical rods B, B; for
this purpose the mould or the board M, Figure 24, which is at the botton of
the mould, may be laid down on the bench according to marks thereon; or,
what is better, hollow corner pieces of iron may be fastened on the bench, so
as to include the four angles of the half boxes of the mould and of the board
M beneath the same, in order to retain the mould always to the same place on
the bench. without interfering with the lifting up and letting down of the mould.

page_text: The angles of the board M. in such case should be made conformable in size
to the angles of the half box to which that board is applied, and the angles of
the board may be protected by iron, and those angles, as well as the angles of
the half box, will fit into the said hollow corner pieces which are fixed in the
bench. And in case of the odd side being made in the usual manner, with
sand in a half box, then the board M belonging thereto having its angles con-
formable as aforesaid to those of the half box, the said board should be made
fast to the half box immediately after the sand has been rammed in for pre-
paring such odd side, and should continue to be fast all the time that the odd
side continues in use. The board may be so made fast by four screws put
through the board at its angles with countersunk heads, and screwing into the
metal of the half box at the angles thereof, where sufficient extra metal should
be provided for admitting such screws. Figures 27 and 28, Sheet IV., represents.
by way of example, a mode of applying mechanical power of a steam engine or
a water wheel, or other first moving power, for lifting the moulds, the two
vertical rods B, B, with the notches in their upper ends, and the mould a, and
all the parts above the bench A, being nearly the same as before described in
reference to Figures 25 and 26. The said rods B, B, Figures 27 and 28, are
to be lifted up both at the same time by action of two cranks e, e, which are
formed at or near to the end of a horizontal revolving axis d, which is situated
beneath the two rods B, B, and by means of connecting rods v, v, extending from
the pins of the said cranks e, e, to joints on the vertical rods B, B, the latter will
be moved up and then down again every time that the axis d and the cranks e, e,.
are turned once round, and that may be done by any suitable kind of toothed
wheel-work applied to the axis d, so as to connect the same with an axis m, on
the end of which is a fast and loose pulley D, D', to be turned by an endless strap
or belt from any suitable drum turned by the first moving power; the said pulley
D being thereby turned rapidly round, but by means of the aforesaid toothed
wheel work the axis d with the cranks e, e, are only slowly turned round, but
with a proportionate increase of force for lifting the moulds; and by shifting
the said endless strap to the loose pulley D', the axis d with the cranks e, e,
will be left standing still, although the endless strap continues to move as
usual and turn the loose pulley D. The axis d is to be thus left standing still
when its cranks e, e, are at their lowest position, and have let down both the
rods B, B, to their lowest position, and that condition of the parts will con
tinue until it is required to raise up the two rods B, B, both together, so that
the notches at their upper ends may take their pivots at the ends of the half
box or of the mould for lifting the same; then the endless strap is to be shifted
from the loose pulley D₁ to the fast pulley D, which will put the latter, and its

page_text: axis m into rapid motion, and by the intervening toothed wheelwork a slow
revolving motion will be given to the axis d and its cranks e, e, and those
cranks, together with their connecting rods, will act both alike to raise up the
two rods B, B, together, in order to lift the mould off the bench; and when
the said cranks e, e, have gone just half round, so as to have raised the rods
B, B, to their highest position, then if endless strap is shifted back to the loose
pulley D¹ the motion of the cranks e, e, will cease, and they will retain the
two rods B, B, together with the mould at the said highest position as long as
may be required for turning the mould over; and after that is done, then by
shifting the strap again to the fast pulley D, the cranks e, e, will resume their
motion and let down the two rods B, B, and together with the mould, with the
same gradual motion wherewith they were raised, and then when the cranks
e, e, have so let down the rods B, B, down to their lowest position, then the
endless strap is to be again shifted to the loose pulley D', whereupon the
motion of the cranks e, e, will cease, and they will remain standing still at
their said lowest position until the rods B, B, are required to be raised up
again; as before. And to enable the endless strap to be shifted from one
pulley D to the other pulley D' at the precise moment when the cranks e, e,
are at their lowest and at their highest positions, as aforesaid, the said strap is
to be conducted through an eye in a slider, such as is commonly known by
the name of a strap guide, such slider, when moved endways, shifting the strap
from one pulley to the other, and a reacting weight or spring is applied to the
slider, tending to urge it always endways in that direction, which will shift the
strap on to the loose pulley D', and thereby discontinue the motion of the
cranks 6, 6; wherefore, whenever the said slider or strap guide is left to itself
it will keep the strap on the loose pulley D'; but when the mould is required
to be raised, then the said slider is moved in opposition to its said weight or
spring, so as to shift the endless strap on to the fast pulley D and put the
cranks e, e, in motion, as already described, and the strap slider is detained by
any suitable kind of catch from returning by reaction of its said weight or
spring, and therefore the motion will continue until the axis d and the cranks
e, e, have made one half turn, and have thereby raised the two rods B, B, and
the mould to their highest-position, as aforesaid; and then the said catch is
disengaged by action derived from one of the rods B, or from one of the cranks
e, e, or from an arın fixed on the axis d, and revolving therewith, such action
of disengaging the said catch (however it may be derived) taking place as
aforesaid nearly at the moment when the cranks are at their highest position
and not much before; but immediately that such catch is so disengaged, then
the said reacting weight or spring of the slider will act. thereon to shift the

page_text: endless strap to the loose pulley, so as to discontinue the further motion of the
cranks until the slider is again moved in opposition to its said weight or spring,
so as to shift the endless strap to the fast pulley D, whereby the cranks e, e,
resume their motion, and lower down the two rods B, B, together with the
mould, until they arrive at their lowest position, and then the said catch is
again disengaged by the same means as before, and the weight or spring of
the strap slider again shifts the endless strap to the loose pulley D', whereupon
the motion of the cranks ceases, and they remain at rest in their lowest
position, as before, until the slider or strap guide is again moved, and so on.
The said slider or strap guide may be connected with a treadle, on which the
workman can place his foot, so as to throw the endless strap on to D, the fast
pulley, whenever he requires to put the cranks e, e, in motion, thus leaving
his two hands at liberty for use in turning the mould over. The particular
kind of toothed wheelwork which may be used for connecting the axis d, of
the cranks e, e, with the axis m of the fast and loose pulleys D and D', as
aforesaid, may be of various kinds, such as bevilled wheel and pinion, or a
worm wheel, and worm or endless screw. The latter is represented in
Figures 27 and 28, K being the worm-wheel; and r, the worm or endless
screw on the axis m of the fast and loose pullies D and D¹; k is the slider
or strap guide; 1, its reacting weight (but a spring might be used) and j is
the catch for detaining the slider k whenever the axis d and its cranks e, e,
are to be kept in motion; but whenever the catch j is disengaged they will
stand still. Another mode of applying force beneath the lower ends of the
two vertical rods B, B, is by connecting those rods with a moveable piston,
which is fitted into a cylinder, into which a compressed air is admitted by
opening a cock whenever it is required to raise up the rods B, B, and left the
mould, such piston being forced upwards in the cylinder with a gradual and
steady motion as fast as the compressed air enters into the cylinder beneath
the piston; the mould is thereby lifted, and when it has reached its highest
position, then by closing the said cock to prevent further entrance of the
compressed air, the mould will be retained in its raised position as long as may
be required for turning it over, after which, by opening another cock, the
compressed air beneath the piston may be let out from the cylinder into a
waste pipe, in order that the piston, together with the rods B, B, and the
mould, may descend by their own weight, but doing so with only a gradual
and steady motion as fast as the air can escape from the cylinder beneath the
piston through the last-mentioned cock and waste pipe. Compressed air for
the above purpose may be obtained from the blast, as it is commonly termed,
that is, from the same blowing machinery which is used in a foundry for

page_text: blowing the furnaces, a suitable pipe being carried from the regulating cylinder
or receiver, or other regulator of such blowing machinery, to the cock first
mentioned, by which air is to be admitted into the lower part of the cylinder
beneath the piston, which is fitted therein, the cylinder being open at top; and
by branches from the said pipe to the like cocks of several such cylinders,
situated beneath as many different moulding benches, they may be all sup-
plied with compressed air so as to be worked with facility. In Sheet V.,
Figure 29, such an air cylinder is represented, along with other parts of my
improvements, herein-after to be described, but the said air cylinder may be
used either without those other parts or with them. In Figure 29, A is the
moulder's bench, and a, the mould lying theroon; B, B, are two vertical rods,
as before described, but their lower ends aro united to the two ends of a cross
head d, which is fastened on the upper end of the piston rod v of the cylinder
e; m is the air pipe (or branch of such pipe) which brings compressed air
from the blowing apparatus; and is the cock by which such air is admitted
when required into the lower end of the cylinder ; ; being the other cock by
which air is allowed to escape from the lower part of the cylinder through a waste
pipe h, and the weight of the rods B, B, together with the crosshead d, and
the piston rod and piston, are sufficient to cause all the parts to descend as fast
as the cock will allow the air to escape. Each cock 7 and j is opened and
shut when required by motion, which the workman can give with his two feet
to the turning plugs of the cocks, from which plugs axis i and t ascend verti-
cally in continuation of the direction of the central lines of those plugs, and on
the upper ends of those axes i and t levers D and D' are fitted, those levers
being formed like large sandals or shoes, without upper leathers, adapted to
receive the shoes which the workman wears, and when he is standing before
the moulding bench with his feet in those levers or sandals D and D', his
heels will be over the upright axis i and t of the two cocks and j, and by
turning one or other of his feet round about the heel of that foot as a centre
of motion, he can give a turning motion to one or other of the levers D or D',
and to the spindles i or t, and the plugs of the cocks l or j, as may be required,
for opening and shutting those cocks, in order by opening the cock 1 by a
suitable motion with his right foot to admit compressed air beneath the piston
for raising the mould, and then by a contrary motion of the right foot closing
that cock to stop the further _ ascent of the mould when it has arrived at its
highest, and afterwards opening the cock j by a suitable motion with his left
foot to allow the compressed air to escape from beneath the piston for lowering
down the mould, and then by a contrary motion of the left foot closing that
cock j after the rods B, B, have descended to their lowest position. The
T

page_text: turning plugs of the said cocks must have pointed centre screws applied
beneath them to bear up those plugs in their sockets, so that they will turn
easily therein. And note.-The size of such air cylinder must be determined
according to the strength of the blast that is used, and the weight of moulds
that are to be lifted, so as to have an ample force for the said lifting; but the
lifting motion will be gradual, and according to the passage opened by the cock
for the admission of air into the cylinder. And note.-Instead of compressed
air, water may be used in cases where there is a supply with an adequate fall;
the cylinder, if for water, being of adequate size, according to the fall of
the water and the weight of the moulds to be lifted; and the cylinder should
be placed in a deeper pit, so as to be farther down, and with the rods B, B,
and v, longer than shewn in Sheet V., to avoid dampness; an air vessel should
be applied to the conveyance pipe for the water to diminish concussions thereof
in case of the cock being shut too suddenly.
The fifth part of my improvements relates to the removal of the halves of
the moulds, as those halves are formed in succession upon the moulding bench,
to convey them to the place commonly called the spilling hearth, where the
said halves of the moulds are deposited and put together, in order to form the
complete moulds, and prepare the same for having the metal poured into
them, see Figure 30, Sheet V., which is a front elevation, and Figure 31,
Sheet VI., which is an end elevation, of a travelling carriage and apparatus
for so removing the said halves of the moulds. 1, 1, are horizontal rails of
iron, fastened on the upper edges of long bearing plans, in order to form a sort
of railway for the wheels 2, 2, of a small four-wheeled carriage to run upon,
the said carriage being as it were inverted, and descending below the axles of
its wheels 2, 2, in the space between the two bearing planks, in order to
sustain a flat horizontal circular disk 8, which is united by a centre pin to a
corresponding disk 4, from which a framework 5 descends, and at its lower
end sustains, by means of a nut 6 and a vertical screw 7, a horizontal bar 8,
to the two ends of which the links 9, 9, are jointed, having keyhole-shaped
holes through their lower ends, which holes are adapted to receive the pivots
at the two ends of a half box of a mould, which pivots are marked p, p, in
Sheet I., and havo been already described. The said carriage 2, 2, is to be
run along its rails 1, 1, in order to place it over the moulding. bench. A,
Figure 29, and then the two links 9, 9, will be over the two end pivots of, the
mould a, which is at the time on the bench A. And when, by the mode
already described as the fourth part of my improvements,, the two upright
rods B, B, have been moved up endways to take the pivots at the two ends of
that half box of the said mould a which is then uppermost, and thereby that

page_text: half box with the rammed sand therein and its board has been lifted off from
the other half box so as to part the two halves of the mould, then suitable
temporary props are inserted under two opposite angles of the half that has
been so lifted, and the said rods B, B, being let down they will quit the pivots,
and the said half will be left resting on those temporary props, and then the
links 9, 9, are turned down on their joints, so that the keyholes of those links
will take the pivots at the ends of the said half (which pivots the rods B, B,
have just quitted), then by turning the handles of the nut 6 of the screw 7,
the bar 8 and the links 9, 9, will be raised up, together with the said half
mould, so as to suspend the same from the carriage 2, 2, which is then run
along the rails 1, 1, to convey the half mould away to the spilling hearth over
which the rails 1, 1, are extended, and where the half mould is to be deposited.
But first it is turned one-fourth round horizontally so as to bring one of its
ends into the front, which is done by a turning motion of the lower disk 4
beneath its upper disk 8 about their centre pin, that motion being limited to
one-fourth round by a stud pin fixed into one disk and entering into a slot in
the other, which slot extends around only one-fourth of a circle; also the said
half of the mould is to be turned over upon the pivots in the links 9, 9, in order
to prepare it for becoming an under half, which it is ultimately to be in the
complete mould. The further progress of the carriage 2, 2, along its rails 1, 1,
is stopped when the half mould is brought over the intended place for putting
the two halves together, which is done is a guiding frame, see Figures 32 and
33, Sheet VI., where 10 is a long iron trough, supported on standards at
suitable intervals in its length, and to one edge of the trough is jointed the
lower part of the guiding frame 11, 11, which is adapted for receiving a mould in
the interval between its two upright sides, when, by means of a proping leg 12,
the bottom of the guiding frame 11 is placed in a horizontal plane, as shewn
in Figure 32. By turning back the nut 6 of the screw 7, the bar 8 and the
half mould is lowered down until the half mould enters into the space between
the two upright sides of the guiding frame, and whilst it is descending therein
the projecting ears at the sides of the half mould slide down in contact with
the edges 11, 11, of those upright sides of the guiding frame, so as to cause
the half mould to be deposited in proper place in the said frame, with the
board of the half mould downwards, and resting horizontally on the flat
bottom of the frame; then the lower disk 4 is turned back one-quarter of a
turn horizontally, and the carriage is run back along its rails 1, 1, so as to
return again towards the moulding bench in order to fetch the other half of
the same mould, which other half was undermost when the former half was
lifted off and removed from over it, as already described, but the odd side has

page_text: purpose
has since been applied over that half which was undermost, as aforesaid, and
then in order to transfer the patterns to the odd side both were lifted by the
rods B, B, and turned over, so as to bring the said half uppermost, and then
the latter with its board is lifted off from the odd side by the rods B, B, and
propped up with the temporary props and taken by the links 9, 9, and raised
by the screw 7, and removed with the carriage 2,2, and turned one-quarter
round horizontally (but is not turned over), and when brought over the guiding
frame 11, it is lowered down into the same by the screw 7, so as to descend
over the former half which has been already deposited, the ears applying to
the edges 11, 11, so as to guide the descent and bring the two halves correctly
together and form the complete mould; the usual clamp screws are then
applied, as shewn in the Figures, to hold the two halves together; and, lastly,
by altering the position of the propping leg 12, the guiding frame 11, with
the complete mould in it is tilted about its joint on the edge of the trough 10,
and brought to the inclined position, Figure 84, ready for casting, by pouring
melted metal into the mouth at the highest end of the mould. The several
half moulds are thus conveyed away one after another and put together in the
pairs, which will form complete moulds, each such pair being for that
deposited in a different guiding frame, Figure 32; a number of those frames
are disposed side by side in a row along the length of the fixed trough 10
and beneath the rails 1, 1; the further progress of the carriage 2, 2, along its
rails 1, 1, is stopped when it has conveyed each half mould so far as to bring
it over that guiding frame wherein such half mould is to be deposited; the
motion of the carriage may be thus stopped by means of stopping pieces of iron
laid on one of the rails 1, 1, at regular distances apart, corresponding to the
distances that the several guiding frames are apart in their row along the trough
10 and beneath the rails 1, 1, each of the said stopping pieces being mounted
on a hinge fastened to the bearing plank of the rail, so that the stopping piece
being turned over on its hinge will rest on the rail and act as a clog to stop the
further progress of the wheel along the rail, or the same stopping piece can be
turned the other way over on its hinge so as to come out of the way of the
wheel. A string may proceed from each such stopping piece to hang down like
a bell-pull, so that by pulling it the stopping piece can be turned over into the
way of the wheel, which is to be done with one stopping piece after another in.
succession, as the carriage is required to be stopped over each guiding frame of
the row in succession; the temporary props before mentioned for sustaining
the half mould after it has been raised up may be mounted on upright axes, so
as to turn round about those axes by action of weights or springs, in order to
insert themselves beneath the opposite angles of the half mould as soon as it is
0

page_text: raised to the proper height without requiring any manipulation by the workman
for so inserting the said props.
The sixth part of my improvements relates to the filling of loose sand into
that half box which is at the time the uppermost part of the mould that is in
progress of formation, and into which the sand so filled is afterwards to be
rammed for forming the half of a mould, see Figure 29, Sheet V., and Figures
35, 36 and 37, Sheet VI. 18 is an upper hopper which is kept continually
supplied with sand, and the sand when permitted descends therefrom into a
lower moveable hopper 14, 15, which is suspended on pivots 76, 76, and is
capable of being inclined thereon from the vertical by bringing the lower end 15
forwards, as shewn by dotted lines, and more clearly in Figure 36, in which
case the said lower end 15 will be brought over the half box into which sand
is about to be filled, and the upper end of 14 will then present an opening
beneath the lower end of 13 to permit of the descent of sand into 14; but when
the lower end 15 is put back, as shewn in Figure 35, and the hopper resumes
the vertical position, a portion of the upper part of 14 will then close the lower
part of the upper hopper 13 to prevent sand descending therefrom, and a comb
with coarse teeth is applied at 16 with these teeth across the hopper 13 in order
to check and regulate the descent of sand from the upper hopper 18 into the
lower hopper 14, 15, when the latter is vertical, and such descent is permitted
as aforesaid, and likewise there are two other such combs at 17 and 18 to
check and regulate the descent of sand through the lower part 15 of the
hopper 14, 15; the said three combs at 16, 17, and 18, have their rows of teeth
disposed in horizontal planes with the points of the teeth towards the front, the
length of the teeth being in a direction from back to front of the hoppers, so
that the teeth pass across the hoppers in order to intercept the sand which is
descending within the hoppers. The uppermost of the three combs 16, which
is situated in the lower or throat part of the hopper 18, is shewn in the hori-
zontal plan, Figure 87; the back bar or stock of the comb from which its
teeth project out forwards is situated behind the back of the hopper 13 in a
horizontal direction across the same externally, and the teeth pass through
holes in the sheet iron, of which the back of the hopper is made, to the interior
thereof. By moving back the said stock the teeth will be drawn endways in
the direction of their length through the said holes, so that their points will
withdraw from intercepting the passage of the sand downwards through the
hopper 13; and in order to permit such motion of the comb 16, the two ends of
its stock are fitted to slide upon fixed horizontal guide rods 19, 19, Figure 37,
which are fastened at the front end of each rod to each side of the hopper ex-
ternally. The requisite motion is given to the comb 16 for thus drawing it

page_text: back by means of a chain 20, Figures 35 and 36, one end of which is attached
to the mid-length of the stroke of the comb 16, and the chain 20 passing
backwards therefrom is conducted over four pullies, so as to come forwards
through a tube across the hopper 15 to the front side thereof, where it terminates
with a bell-pull handle 21, which is in reach of the workman, and by pulling
the handle 21 he can draw back the comb 16, which is carried forwards again
as soon as he ceases to pull by reaction of a weight 22, which is suspended to
a chain fastened to the comb 16 and passing over a pulley. The handle 21
being so pulled, the upper comb 16 will let down one charge of sand from the
upper hopper 18 into the space beneath the comb 16, between that comb 16
and the upper part of the hopper 14, so that the said sand will rest upon that
upper part, and afterwards when the lower end 15 is brought forwards, as in
Figure 86, the upper part of 14, on which the said charge of sand is then resting,
will at the same time retreat backwards, and allow that charge of sand to descend
into the lower hopper 14, 15, where it will fall upon the next comb 17, which
is similar to that already described; but instead of a chain, it is moved back
when required by a short rod fastened to the mid-length of its stock, and coming
forwards horizontally through a tube across the hopper 15, with a jointed ring
handle 28 on its front end for the workman to take hold of for pushing the
comb 17 back and for then drawing it forward again, the said tube being large
enough to admit his hand when he so pushes back the said ring handle, which
is jointed to the short rod, and never projects in front of the hopper 15, where
it would be in the way; the lowest comb 18, which is at the lower end' or
aperture of the hopper 15, is mounted in a similar manner to the others, but is
moved back by a handle jointed on each end of the stock or back bar of the
comb 18, and those handles can be turned upwards on their joints to put
them out of way when not in use. The teeth of the combs are made of iron;
those of the upper combs 16 and 17 are tapered and pointed, and have wido
spaces between the teeth, but not so wide as to permit sand to pass between
them when it falls, but they retain the sand. The teeth of the lower comb are
made of wire, merely pointed at their ends, and are so near together that the
sand cannot pass down between them when it falls on the teeth. Two panes
of glass are fitted into openings at 24, Figure 29, in the front and back of the
hopper 15, one opposite to the other, to enable the workman to see the
quantity of sand that is in the hopper 15, above the comb 17, and in case of
observing a deficiency, he can draw back the upper comb 16 by pulling the
handle 21, so as to let down an additional charge to make up the deficiency.
In regular course of working it is expected that no more sand. than is wanted
for filling the half box of a mould will be let down at each time of drawing

page_text: back the upper comb 16 and afterwards bringing forward the lower end of 15.
The supply of sand to the upper hopper 18 is raised up thereto by action of an
endless web 25, 25, Figure 29, which is extended over two drums 26 and 27,
and the web is furnished with a number of small buckets of thin iron plate,
and as the web circulates in the direction indicated by the arrows those
buckets become filled with sand when passing around the lower drum 26 and
go up full, but each one becoming inverted when it is passing over the upper
drum 27, then discharges the sand which it contained, and that sand falling on
an inclined plane 28 slides down thereon into the upper hopper 18; then these
buckets go down inverted and empty but fill themselves again at the lower
drum 26, which is inclosed in a box 29, into which sand is continually poured by
action of a revolving worm or screw 30, which lies at the bottom of a trough
81, to which the spiral of the screw nearly fits, and the upper part of that
trough above the screw 30 is covered over with a cast-iron plate 32, perforated
with holes about an inch square, through which sand that is thrown upon
the plate 32 can pass so as to fall on the screw, but large lumps will not pass;
and such small lumps as do pass through with the sand become broken by th
action of the screw, which in revolving pushes the sand along in the trough 31
before its spiral turns, and that sand falls out from the end of the trough 31
into the box 29, wherein the buckets of the endless web 25, 25, descend in
succession so as to fill themselves, as already explained. After melted metal
has been poured into the moulds and the metal become solid it is taken out of
the sand, which is broken out of the boxes into heaps on the ground, and then
damped with water and well mixed up with a shovel on the floor to incorporate
the moisture and break the lumps, all which is the usual manner of proceeding;
and as this is done the sand is thrown on the perforated plate 32, which is on
a level with the ground, and the sand which passes through the perforations
falls on the screw, as already stated, and is propelled forwards by action thereof
along the trough 31 into the box 29 to be taken up therefrom by the buckets,
in all which action on the sand it becomes well mixed, and broken fine, and
cooled, so as to be well prepared for use by the time it is raised into the hopper
18. The spiral thread of the screw 30 is made of iron plate segments, fitted
around a cylindrical central axis, so as to project therefrom, as shewn in the
Figures, the exterior circumference of the threads also conforming to the
surface of a larger cylinder, such screw as well as the endless web of bucket
being similar to those frequently used by millers for moving and elevating
flour and corn; the same are well known, and do not require further description.
The horizontal plan, Figure 38, Sheet V., shews the wheel-work by which the
axis of the screw 30 and the lower drum 26 of the endless web 23 are turned

page_text: round; 33 being a long horizontal axis, turned by connection with mill-work
actuated by steam or any other first moving power; 84 is a clutch box, by
which the end of the axis 83 is connected to another horizontal axis 85 when
required to turn the screw and the buckets, or 35 can be disconnected by
means of that clutch box 84 when they are not required to be turned. On
the said axis 33 is a spur wheel 87, to turn another spur wheel 38 on the end
of the axis of the screw 80; and at the extreme end of the axis 33 is a bevil
wheel 89, gearing with another bevil wheel 40 on the end of the axis of the
lower drum 26 of the endless web of buckets, the motion of which will
always be attended by corresponding motion of the screw, because the
clutch 84 connects and disconnects for both, which is done by moving a
handle in the usual manner of clutch boxes. An additional border frame
is to be laid over the upper edge of that half mould which is lying on the
moulding bench in readiness to be filled with loose sand from the end 15
of the vibrating hopper 14, 15, at the time when that lower end is brought
forwards into the position, Figure 36, and when the lower comb 18 is put
back, as already explained, whereby that comb 18 allows the charge of sand to
pass out for filling the mould, and the same bringing forwards of 14, 15, allows
another charge to pass down from the lower part of the upper hopper 18
beneath the upper comb 13 into 14, 15, the sand which so falls down being
partly intercepted by the comb 17, upon which it falls; and after the lower
end of 15 is put back to its vertical position, Figure 85, (in which position it is
out of the way behind the moulder's bench,) the upper comb 16 is drawn back
by its handle 21; then, and also by putting back the other comb 17, the sand
which had fallen upon it, as aforesaid, descends, and remains resting upon the
lowest comb 18, to be there ready for filling the next mould after the lower
end of 15 is brought forwards again to be over that mould, and when. the
comb 18 is put back, as before, in order to let down the sand. The aforesaid
additional border frame which is applied on the upper edges of the half-box
serves to retain the loose sand, and the depth of the border frame is equal to
the difference between the depth occupied by the sand that is filled into the
upper box when that sand is in its loose state, and the depth the same sand
will occupy after having been compressed. The said additional border frame
is is represented at Z, Z, in Figure 24, Sheet I, in its place on the upper edges-
of the half box R.
The seventh part of my improvements relates to the compressing and. con-
solidating of the sand which has been filled in a loose state into the half box
of a mould which is in progress of formation. The loose sand may have-been
so filled in according to the sixth part of my improvements, last described, and,

page_text: with an additional border frame applied on the upper edges of the half box
for retaining as much sand in the loose state as will serve to fill the half box
after the sand is compressed and consolidated, which, according to this seventh
part of my improvements, is to be performed by action of a cylindrical roller,
moved by machinery actuated by power, with a level rolling motion over the
sand, alternately backwards and forwards, all the length of the mould from
end to end thereof, see Figures 29 and 38, Sheet V., and Figures 35 and 39,
Sheet VI., where 40 is the cylindrical roller of polished iron. The pivots at
the ends of its axis are received in sockets at the lower ends of two long side
rods 41, 41, which may for distinction be called levers; they are united
together by horizontal crop pieces 42, 42, with diagonal braces, so as to form
a substantial frame, the cross piece 48, at the upper end of which is a hori-
zontal axis having pivots at its ends, which pivots are received in bearings
which slide up and down in vertical grooves in two inverted standards 44, 44,
which are firmly sustained by framing attached to that of the roof or of the
building, at the mid-length of the side levers 41, 41; they are jointed to two
radius rods or long links 45, 45, the lower ends of which are jointed on the
two fixed centre pins 47. The result of this arrangement of parts is, that the
roller 40, when it is moved backwards and forwards, by a motion derived from
a revolving crank, along the lengthway of the mould a, which is beneath it,
with the breadthway of the mould crossways beneath the axis of the roller,
the latter will be confined to move with the central line of its axis in a truly
horizontal plane, parallel to that of the moulder's bench A, because the levers 41
and the radius rods 45 with the fixed pins 47 constitute a sort of parallel
motion, such as is used in some steam engines. The pins 47, although called
fixed pins, are, in fact, capable of small adjustment of their height, even during
the motion of the roller, which is by that means to be brought lower down, in
order that it may continue to act with pressure on the sand, although the
surface thereof gets lower and lower down within the additional border frame
z, z, as the sand consolidates by degrees into a mass in the half box beneath,
and which, as already stated, will be only just filled with the sand when the
same is become consolidated, although the same sand when it was in the loose
state filled the depth of the additional border frame as well as the depth of
the half box. But the action of the parallel motion will ensure that in all
cases the motion of the roller will take place in a truly horizontal plane,
although that plane may be adjusted to higher or lower, according as the
centre pins 47 are adjusted higher or lower; and, for the purpose of such
adjustment, the sockets' joints for the said pins are supported in a slider 48,
see Figure 39, which is fitted into vertical grooves in the standard 49, at the

page_text: end of the moulding bench A, so as to be capable of being moved up and
down, which is done by a lever 50, whereof the centre of motion is a joint pin
at the top of one side of the standard 49, and the middle part of the lever 50
is connected by a short upright link with the slider 48, and the front end
of the lever 50 is borne down by a nut 51 screwing on a fixed upright
screw 52 at the top of the standard 49. The back end of the lever 50 has
a heavy weight 53 suspended from it by a rod, which weight overbalances
and always tends to raise up the slider 48, and the radius rods 47, together
with the levers 41 and the roller 40, in short, all the moving parts already
described, so that the action of the nut 51 will always be to force down the
end of the lever 50 in opposition to the upward or ascensional force caused
by the overbalance of the weight 53; wherefore it is to be understood that by
turning the nut 51 upon its fixed screw 52, the workman can cause the
roller 40 to act with its rolling motion on the sand at a lower and lower
level as the consolidation of the sand progresses, but the rolling action will
in all cases be performed in a true level plane. The length of the cylindrical
part of the roller 40 is very nearly equal to the internal width of the addi-
tional border frame z, z, between the sides thereof, and the extent of the
motion backwards and forwards that the roller derives from its revolving crank
motion is such, that the roller will by such motion roll the sand very nearly
but not quite whole length of the interior of the additional border frame
between the two ends thereof; and in order to compel the roller 40 to turn
round at the same time that it is moving backwards and forwards as aforesaid,
and therefore to ensure that it shall operate on the sand with a true rolling
motion without any sliding action thereon, a pulley 54 is fastened on one end
of the axis of the roller 40, where that end reaches out beyond its bearing at
the lower end of the lever 41, and a strong catgut cord 55 is passed around the
circumference of the pulley 54, with several convolutions around the same;
one end of the cord 55 is made fast to some part of the slider 48 at a point
exactly on a level with the lowest part of the circumference of the pulley 54,
so that the cord forms a horizontal tangent to that circumference, and after
making its said convolutions around the pulley 54, the cord 55 passes upwards
and over a pulley 56, so as to be nearly parallel to the levers 41; and then the
cord 55 descends from the pulley 56, and has a heavy weight 57 at the end of
it, which always keeps the cord 55 tight, and the reaction of the weight 57
compels the roller 40 to turn round when it is moving horizontally, by action
of its crank towards the standard 49, but when moving horizontally in a con-
trary direction away from the standard 49, then the horizontal part of the cord
which is fixed at the end causes the roller 40 to turn round. The pulley 54 is

page_text: as much less in diameter than the diameter of the roller as the diameter of
the cord 55; and to prevent any chance of slipping, the cord 55 may be nailed
to the pulley at the place which may be the middle of the convolutions that
there will be around the pulley when the roller is at the half way of its
horizontal motion backwards and forwards. The revolving crank 58, from
which the roller 40 derives its backward and forward motion, already mentioned,
is formed upon a horizontal axis 59, which is mounted in suitable bearings
sustained in a firmly fixed frame; and the axis 59 is turned round by connec-
tion of any suitable kind of wheelwork, actuated by the power a steam engine,
water-wheel, or other first moving power, and with any convenient means of
connecting or disconnecting, so that the motion of the revolving crank can be
discontinued and recommenced whenever it may be desired. The connecting
rod 60 proceeds from the pin of the crank 58, and is jointed to the upper end
of a guiding lever 61, 62, whereof the centre of motion is at the lower end 62;
and from the said upper end of the lever 61 a connecting link 62 (or a pair of
such links) proceeds to the levers 41, and is jointed thereto near to the lower
end thereof. When the crank 58 revolves, its connecting rod 60 gives
a reciprocating motion to the guiding lever 61, 62, which motion is transmitted
to the levers 41, so as to cause the backward and forward motion of the
roller 40, in the manner already fully explained. And note.-When the the
additional border frame z, z, is first filled with loose sand by the mode already
described as the sixth part of my improvements, that sand will be somewhat
heaped up in the middle part of the additional border frame, and therefore it
is requisite to spread the loose sand to an even surface before the roller 40
begins to act upon it. Figures 40, 41, and 42, Sheet IV., represent an imple-
ment for that purpose. A is an upright blade, having a handle at each end
to hold it by, whon it is applied transversly across the width of the additional
border frame, and moved along the same from end to end; and there are cross
ends a, a, fastened to each end of the blade A, which cross ends conform to
'the two sides of the broder frame, so as to stand up above them, in
order to prevent the sand from being scattered laterally over those sides;
but that sand which without those cross ends a, a, would be so scattered,
is carried onwards before the implement, and duly distributed to the corner
parts of the border frame; and in order that the roller 40 may be out of the
way of the moulder's operations, when the roller 40 is not wanted to act for
compressing the sand, the connecting link or pair of links 68 are lifted up from
their connection with the joint pin at the upper end of the lever 61, 62, and
thereupon the roller 40 will of itself advance towards the standard 49, so that
the levers 41 and also the radius rods 45 will approach nearly to a vertical

page_text: position, and the parts will remain standing still in such position, so as to leave
the moulder's bench clear of obstruction from those parts. It is by reaction of
the weight 57, transmitted by the cord 55 to the pulley 54, that the roller 40
is so caused to approach the standard 49 when the end of the connecting link
68 is lifted up and disconnected, as aforesaid; and whereas the whole weight
58, which operates on the cord 55, for compelling the roller 40 to turn round;
is greater than is desirable for moving the roller 40 towards the standard 49
when the disconnection takes place, the said weight 57 is composed of two
weights, one being a large hollow weight 57, and the other a smaller weight
77, fastened at the lower end of a central rod, which is suspended from the end
of the cord 55, but as the large hollow weight 57 rests upon the small weight
77, both weights act together like one heavy weight, as already explained, for
the purpose aforesaid of causing the roller 40 to turn round properly whilst it
is in the act of rolling over the sand; but when the link 63 is disconnected,
and the roller 40 begins to approach towards the standard 49, then the large
hollow weight 57 comes to rest by a projecting flange on the upper end of it,
bearing upon the edge of a fixed tube 73, set in the ground, and in which
fixed tube 73 the said hollow weight 57 is contained; and after the large
hollow weight 57 is so come to rest, it is only the small internal weight 77 that
continues to act on the cord 55, and that is as heavy as required for causing
the roller 40 to approach the standard 49. The requisite lifting up of
the connecting rod 63 for effecting the disconnection may be performed
by a rope passing over a pulley at the roof, one end of it being fastened
to the connecting rod 63, near to that end of it where it is jointed upon
the joint pin, at the upper end 61 of the lever 61, 62, and the other
end of the same rope having a bell-pull handle just heavy enough to
keep the rope so tight as to prevent it from swinging about and getting
entangled by the motion of the connecting rod 63, of which motion the end of
the said rope must partake); but when the workman pulls down the said bell-
pull handle, the rope will lift up the end of the rod 63, and disconnect the end
of it from the joint pin at the upper end of the lever 61. The hole in the
said end of the connecting rod 63, which is to fit upon the said joint pin, is
cut out laterally at the under side, so as to be only a deep notch, which will
disconnect with the joint pins when lifted up, and connect therewith when let
down, as is done with the parts well known in steam engines as the notched
excentric rod for the joint pin of the working gear; and in place of such bell-pull
handle, the said rope may be conducted down to a treadle, situated conveniently..
for the workman to press down with his foot for disconnecting, and then his
hands will be left at liberty for other manipulations. And note.-In order that

page_text: the levers 41, 41, may be retained from any lateral deviation from the vertical
planes in which they ought always to move, their lower ends may be pro-
longed downwards, or may have prolonging pieces fastened to them, so as to
reach below, the sockets for the axis of the roller 40, and down through long
narrow slots or oblong apertures through the bench, one on each side of the
mould a; and the lower ends of the said levers 41, or the prolongations
thereof, may apply laterally against fixed straight edges beneath the bench for
lateral steadying of the levers 41, 41, when they are moved backwards and
forwards. Figure 35, Sheet VI., shews a section of such lateral straight
edges at 80, 80, formed on two bearers bars, applied beneath the bench a,
which may be made of cast iron, with the said edges and bearer bars 80, 80,
on the same piece therewith. 79, 79, are the said prolongations or prolonging
pieces of the levers 41, 41. Also, Figure 35 shews a lever index 82 pointing
to divisions on a fixed graduated arch 83, so as to indicate minute motions of
the slider 48 for causing the roller 40 to act at a lower and lower level when
I rolling the sand. The fulcrum of the lever index 82 is in a small fixed
standard above the fulcrum of the lever 50, and a small upright link, which
passes up from the slider 48, is connected to the lever index 82, very near to
its fulcrum, so as to cause a very magnified motion of the pointer on the arch
88. And note.-The different parts of my improvements, as herein-before
described, may be used separately one without the other, or they may be used
together, as may be most convenient; but as to the compressing of the sand
by rolling, according to the seventh part of my improvements, it will always be
best that it should be used along with the mode of filling of the loose sand into
the mould, according to the sixth part of my improvements, although that
sixth part may be used without the seventh, the sand being in such case
compressed by ramming in the usual manner. And note.-In Figures 29
and 38, Sheet V., is shewn how the revolving motion of the axis 59 of the
crank 58 may be transmitted by an endless strap or belt 85 acting upon
pullies 86 and 87, together with a pair of bevel wheels 88, so as to give
motion to the axis 35, already described as belonging to the sixth part of
my improvements.
Having now described my said improvements, I, the said Samuel Kenrick,
do hereby declare that the new Invention, whereof the exclusive use is granted
to me by the Letters Patent herein-before recite.l, consists in the following
particulars, that is to say:―
Firstly, the improvement herein-before described and explainerl, by reference
to Figure 1 to 11, Sheets 1 and II., in preparing the odd side for a set of
moulds, with plates of soft metal cast upon or in contact with the several

page_text: patterns, so as to be certain to correspond thereto, and such plates of soft
metal being fastened upon a board or a plate of metal in order to form an
odd side, or a substitute for an odd side, to a set of moulds for casting
metal.
Secondly, the improvement herein-before described and explained, by refer-
ence to Figures 18 to 22", Sheet III., in casting buttons with shanks previously
formed and inlaid into the mould, so that the root part of each shank will
become fastened into the metal of the back of each button when the same is
cast. The nature of this second part of the improvement being the mode
herein-before described of lodging the root part of such a shank into a cavity.
at the back part of the pattern for each button, by first gathering shanks on
the teeth of a gathering comb, such as Figure 16, and then, by aid of a tilting
frame, such as Figures 18 and 19, transferring those shanks to the teeth of a
distributing comb, such as Figure 17, and then depositing the said shanks, by
drawing them off the said teeth of the distributing comb by aid of a false
head, such as Figures 20, 21, and 22, with channels therein, which conduct
the shanks properly into their several places in the cavities at the back part of
the patterns for the several buttons.
Thirdly, the improvement herein-before described and explained, by reference
to Figures 22 and 23, Sheet II., in supplying and distributing parting dust,
and in supplying and distributing facing sand, during the operation of preparing
moulds for casting metal, by means of a hollow cylinder with a revolving reel
therein, and in the case of parting dust, that reel having brushes (as in Figure 22)
for agitating parting dust which is within the cylinder, so as to drive the dust
with regularity through woven cloth at the lower part of the circumference of the
cylinder, and the revolving motion of the said reel being derived from wheels
running on the edges of the half box or border frame of the mould, in order
that the revolving motion of the reel and consequently the action of its brushes,
to drive dust through the cloth, may correspond to the progress of the cylinder
over the mould, so as to distribute the dust uniformly over the surface of the
mould. And in the case of facing sand, the said revolving reel (as in
Figure 28) having pins for agitating facing sand which is within the cylinder, so
as to drive the facings and through wire-work at the lower part of the cylin-
der, for distributing the facing sand evenly over the mould as aforesaid; or
otherwise, instead of the said reel revolving within the hollow cylinder, it may
be held by handles on the ends of the axis, so that it cannot revolve; but
instead of the reel revolving, the hollow cylinder may be caused to revolve by
means of wheels on the ends of it, running along the said edges of the half box

page_text: or border frame of the mould, so as to obtain the same or similar results of
driving the dust or the facing sand that is within the hollow of the cylinder
frame the other half of the same mould is in like manner afterwards deposited
with regularity through the woven cloth or the wire-work, whereof the whole
of the circumference of the cylinder must be formed, instead of only the lower
part thereof.
Fourthly, the improvement herein-before described and explained, by refer-
ence to Figures 1 and 24 Sheet I., and to Figures 25 to 28, Sheet IV., and
to Figure 29, Sheet V., for lifting moulds, in order to facilitate the turning
over of the moulds and for lifting off an upper half box or an odd side when
required, such lifting being performed from below upwards by suitable means
of exerting a lifting force situated beneath the bench or other support for the
mould, and such force being transmitted to sliding pivots either at the two
sides or at the two ends of the mould or half box or odd side by means of two
vertical rods with notches in their upper ends, so that when the said rods are
moved endway upwards, both rods together, the said notches will take those
sliding pivots which are protruded, the said pivots not being permanently fixed
at either the sides or the ends of the mould of the half box or the odd side, but
being sliding bolts, which can be either protruded or withdrawn out of their
sockets when required; and the said means of applying a lifting force to the
lower ends of the said two vertical rods, being either levers, as in Figures 25
and 26, Sheet IV., actuated by a treadle or treadles, on which the workman
can apply his weight by treading with either of his feet or else by revolving
motion, as in Figures 27 and 28, of cranks or excentrics, or an axis which is
turned round with a gradual motion by means of suitable toothed wheelwork
and fast and loose pullies for an endless belt or strap, deriving motion from
millwork or machinery actuated by steam or water, or other first-moving
power; or otherwise by a cylinder, as in Figure 29, Sheet V., with a piston
fitted therein,. to be forced upwards by compressed air or by pressure of water,
admitted at the discretion of the workman into such cylinder.
Fifthly, the improvement herein-before described and explained, by reference
to Figure 30, Sheet V., and Figures 31 to 34, Sheet VI., of a railway and
carriage, with apparatus suspended beneath the same for taking up each half
mould after it has been lifted from off its fellow half, by means of the fourth
part of my improvements, and then by this fifth part the half so taken up is
conveyed to the proper place for putting half moulds together, so as to form
complete moulds, which will be disposed in a row in readiness to have melted
metal poured into them. The said half mould, so taken up, is turned horizon-

page_text: tally one quarter round, and either turned over or not, as may be requisite; and
when it is conveyed to its proper place in the aforesaid row, the further pro-
gress of the carriage along its rails is stopped, and then the half mould is
lowered down and deposited in a guiding frame, shewn in Figure 32, into which
so as to join the halves together and form the complete mould, the putting
together of the two halves being facilitated by the said guiding frame, which
is afterwards tilted with the complete mould in it to place the same in a
proper position for receiving melted metal.
Sixthly, the improvement herein-before described and explained, by reference
to Figure 29, Sheet V., and Figures 35, 36, and 88, Sheets V. and VI., for
filling loose sand into the half boxes previously to ramming or consolidating
that sand therein. The sand, after having been broken up out of former
moulds and damped, and large lumps broken, is, by the sixth part of my
improvements, to be moved horizontally with a revolving screw and then raised
by an endless web of buckets into an elevated hopper, by which treatment the
sand becomes effectually mixed, cooled, and divided, and from the said elevated
hopper it is let down a charge at a time by withdrawing the teeth of a comb,
and descends into another lower hopper which has other combs in it, to stop
the sand in its descent, which is permitted to take place one charge at a time
by withdrawing each of such combs in succession, and the said lower hopper
being suspended on pivots, so as to be out of the way behind the moulder's
bench; but it can be inclined by motion about those pivots, so as to bring its
lower end forwards, suitably for pouring a full charge of loose sand into the
upper half box of the mould; when the comb at the lower end of the lowest
hopper is withdrawn, that half box having an additional border frame placed
upon it for retaining the loose sand, and affording the proper space for it when
in that state, but which frame is to be removed after the sand is rammed or
consolidated into a mass.
Seventhly, the improvement herein-before described and explained, by
reference to Figures 29 and 38, Sheet V., and Figures 85 and 39, Sheet VI.,
for compressing and consolidating sand which has been previously filled in a
loose state into the upper half box of a mould with an additional border frame
on the edges thereof (as stated in the preceding sixth part of my improvements),
the requisite compression being produced by action of a cylindrical roller which
5 is moved by machinery, so as to roll or pass alternately backwards and forwards
all the length of the mould with a rolling motion over the sand in the said
border frame, which retains the sand during the operation, the roller being
compelled by the machinery to turn round at the same time that it is moved-
backwards and forwards, so as to act with a true rolling motion, and the roller

page_text: being retained to move backwards and forwards with a true horizontal motion,
but being brought down a very little lower between every succeeding time of
rolling backwards and forwards, suitably to the progressive compression that
the sand is intended to undergo at each time.
In witness whereof, I, the said Samuel Kenrick, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Twentieth day of October, One thousand
eight hundund and Sant

page_text: in the cylinders rigures 2 and 23, may be varied from the above, by causing the cylinder HEE
to revolve, and the axis A with the arms B and rails D, and brushes or pins d.d. to stand still within the
revolving cylinder. In such case wheels such as G are to be fastened to the ends F of the cylinder to run on the
The hopper H to be
edges of the mould; and the handles K are to be fastened on the ends of the axis A.
omitted, and the cylinder EE to be a complete circumference of cloth, or woven wire,