PNEUMATIC AND OTHER HAMMERS AND STAMPS ACTUATED BY ROTATING SITETO
Year: 1876

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Daniel Longworth, of Birmingham, in the County of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN
Warwick, Mechanical Engineer, for the Invention of
PNEUMATIC AND
OTHER HAMMERS AND STAMPS ACTUATED BY ROTATING
SITETO "
Sealed the 21st December 1876, and dated the 8th July 1876.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Daniel Longworth at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 8th July 1876.
DANIEL LONGWORTH, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, Mechanical
Engineer. "IMPROVEMENTS IN PNEUMATIC AND OTHER HAMMERS AND STAMPS
ACTUATED BY ROTATING SHAFTS."
My Invention consists of the improvements herein-after described in pneumatic
and other hammers or stamps actuated by rotating shafts, by which improvements
the said hammers or stamps are rendered more efficient than when constructed in
the ordinary way.
I will describe my Invention in connection with a pneumatic hammer :—A
rotating horizontal shaft working in the framing of the machine and near the top
of the said framing carries two cams connected together. These cams are so con-
nected with the shaft that they partake of its rotatory motion but are capable of
sliding upon it. Above the shaft described is a rocking lever, to which a rocking
or reciprocating motion is given by means of the cams on the shaft acting upon
rollers on the said rocking lever. The hammer receives motion from the rocking
lever. The raising of the hammer is effected by one of the cams, and its descend-
ing notion is accelerated by the action of the other cam. On the boss of the raising
cam is a circular disc, the radius of which is equal to the longest radius of the
raising cam. On the side of the said disc is an inclined cam. An arm on the boss
of the said disc carries a similar inclined cam to that on the said disc, but rotating
in a different plane. Situated above the before-mentioned rotating shaft and
between the said inclined cams is a disengaging roller mounted on a vertical rod
capable of moving up and down. A weight or spring on the top of this rod presses
it to its normal position. This rod is connected by suitable levers and connections
to a foot lever placed near the bottom of the frame. By means of this foot lever
the workman can cause the disengaging roller to move into the plane of the inclined
can on the arm described, thus causing the cams to slide on the shaft and moving
them into the planes in which the rollers on the rocking shaft are respectively

page_text: situated, and moving the circular disc out of the plane of the raising roller; the
hammer is thus put in operation. When the workman takes his foot off the foot
lever the weight or spring on its top brings the disengaging roller into the plane
of the inclined cam on the side of the disc, thus causing the cams to slide in a
direction opposite to that before described, and out of the plane in which the rollers
on the rocking shaft are situated, and bringing the circular disc into the plane
previously occupied by the raising cam; the hammer is thus brought to rest.
To regulate the distance the hammer is raised or depressed, I use a slotted link
or lever to form the connection between the rocking lever described and the
hammer, one end of the slotted link being connected to the rocking lever by a
connecting rod, and the other end pivotted on a movable fulcrum, the connecting
point with the hammer being placed between the ends of the slotted link or lever.
When the fulcrum is moved relative to the connecting point a greater or less move-
ment is given to the hammer. The movement of the said fulcrum is placed under
the control of the workman by a forked lever placed over and round the sides of the
foot lever already described, the said forked lever being connected by suitable gear
to a clutch revolving with the rotatory shaft carrying the cams but capable of sliding
upon it. The clutch is placed between two bevel wheels mounted loosely on the
rotatory shaft, each of the bevel wheels having a clutch attached. These bevil wheels
are both in gear with a pinion attached to a worm shaft carrying a worm, the said
worm being in gear with a toothed segment fixed on a shaft placed beneath the
rotatory shaft before mentioned. Attached to the segment shaft is an arm, the outer
end of which forms the fulcrum for the slotted link or lever. When the workman
moves the forked lever to either side the clutch on the rotatory shaft is brought into
driving contact with one of the bevil wheels, causing the worm shaft, segment
shaft, and the fulcrum of the slotted link or lever to move in one or other direction,
thereby lengthening or shortening the distance through which the hammer is raised
and depressed, and causing the hammer to give a heavy or light blow as required.
An arrangement is made to prevent the fulcrum moving too far either way.
To avoid the use of packing glands for the cylinder covers of pneumatic cylinders
employ the following arrangements:-The main cylinder which forms the hammer
slides in suitable guides in the framing of the machine and has a piston working
therein; the said piston forms an internal cylinder for a piston forming part of the
main cylinder cover. The upper part of the internal cylinder is formed into two
lugs, which pass through the cylinder cover; a pin through the lugs forms a
connection with the slotted link or lever before described.
When several hammers or stamps are placed side by side, or at convenient
distances apart, and are actuated by one rotatory shaft, and it is required to stop or
start each separately, I employ the following arrangement which I will describe in
connection with one hammer or stamp. A rotatory shaft carries raising and depress-
ing cams attached rigidly to it; these cams act on rollers. The raising roller is
carried on a sliding frame connected with the hammer and sliding in guides. The
depressing roller is carried on a lever which can be moved about a centre placed
above the rotatory shaft, the said centre being on the sliding frame. When the
hammer is at work the lever is kept in position by a spring pin or bolt passing
through the sliding frame and lever. To stop the movement of the hammer the
pin or bolt is drawn out and the lever turned about its centre. The depressing
roller is moved out of the path of its cam, and a further movement of the lever
brings a projecting arm on the lever into contact with a fixed fulcrum, and the
sliding frame and rollers are lifted clear of the cams, and the hammer is lifted off
the work on which it had been acting. The pin or bolt is then put through the
hole in the sliding frame and a hole in the lever and the hammer remains at rest.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Daniel Longworth in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 29th
December 1876.
DANIEL LONGWORTH, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, Mechanical
Engineer. " IMPROVEMENTS IN PNEUMATIC AND OTHER HAMMERS AND STAMPS
ACTUATED BY ROTATING SHAFTS."
My Invention consists of the improvements herein-after described in pneumatic
and other hammers or stamps actuated by rotating shafts, by which improvements
the said hammers or stamps are rendered more efficient than when constructed in
the ordinary way.
I will describe my Invention in connection with a pneumatic hammer:-A
rotating horizontal shaft working in the framing of the machine and near the top
of the said framing carries two cams connected together. These cams are so con-
nected with the shaft that they partake of its rotary motion but are capable of
sliding upon it. Above the shaft described is a rocking lever to which a rocking
or reciprocating motion is given by means of the cams on the shaft acting upon
rollers on the said rocking lever. The hammer receives motion from the rocking
lever. The raising of the hammer is effected by one of the cams, and its descending
motion is accelerated by the action of the other cam. On the boss of the raising
cam is a circular disc, the radius of which is equal to the longest radius of the
raising cam. On the side of the said disc is an inclined cam. An arm on the boss
of the said disc carries a similar inclined cam to that on the said disc, but rotating
in a different plane. Situated above the before-mentioned rotating shaft and
between the said inclined cams is a disengaging roller mounted on a vertical rod
capable of moving up and down. A weight or spring on the top of this rod presses
it to its normal position. This rod is connected by suitable levers and connections
to a foot lever placed near the bottom of the frame. By means of this foot lever
the workman can cause the disengaging roller to move into the plane of the inclined
cam on the arm described, thus causing the cams to slide on the shaft and moving
them into the planes in which the rollers on the rocking lever are respectively
situated, and moving the circular disc out of the plane of the raising roller; the
hammer is thus put in operation.
When the workman takes his foot off the foot
lever the weight or spring on its top brings the disengaging roller into the plane of
the inclined cam on the side of the disc, thus causing the cains to slide in a direc-
tion opposite to that before described, and out of the plane in which the rollers on
the rocking lever are situated, and bringing the circular disc into the plane pre-
viously occupied by the raising cam; the hammer is thus brought to rest.
To regulate the distance the hammer is raised or depressed, I use a slotted link
or lever to form the connection between the rocking lever described and the hammer,
one end of the slotted link being connected to the rocking lever by a connecting
rod, and the other end being pivotted on a moveable fulcrum, the connecting point
with the hammer being placed between the ends of the slotted link or lever.
When
the fulcrum is moved relative to the connecting point a greater or less movement
is given to the hammer. The movement of the said fulcrum is placed under the
control of the workman by a forked lever placed over and around the sides of the
foot lever already described, the said forkeḍ lever being connected by suitable gear
to a clutch revolving with the rotatory shaft carrying the cams but capable of
sliding upon it. The clutch is placed between two bevil wheels mounted loosely
on the rotatory shaft, each of the bevil wheels having a clutch attached. These
bevil wheels are both in gear with a pinion attached to a worm shaft carrying a
worm, the said worm being in gear with a toothed segment fixed on a shaft placed
beneath the rotatory shaft before mentioned. Attached to the segment shaft is an
arm, the outer end of which forms the fulcrum for the slotted link or lever. When
the workman moves the forked lever to either side the clutch on the rotatory shaft
is brought into driving contact with one of the bevil wheels, causing the worm

page_text: shaft, segment shaft, and the fulcrum of the slotted link or lever to move in one or
other direction, thereby lengthening or shortening the distance through which the
hammer is raised and depressed, and causing the hammer to give a heavy or light
blow as required. An arrangement is made to prevent the fulcrum moving too far
either way:
To avoid the use of packing glands for the cylinder covers of pneumatic cylinders
I employ the following arrangement:---The main cylinder which forms the hammer
slides in suitable guides in the framing of the machine and has a piston working
therein; the said piston forms an internal cylinder for a piston forming part of
the main cylinder cover. The upper part of the internal cylinder is formed into
two lugs, which pass through the cylinder cover; a pin through the lugs forms a
connection with the slotted link or lever before described.
When several hammers or stamps are placed side by side or at convenient dis-
tances apart, and are actuated by one rotatory shaft, and it is required to stop or
start each separately, I employ the following arrangement which I will describe in
connection with one hammer or stamp:-A rotatory shaft carries raising and
depressing cams attached rigidly to it; these cams act on rollers. The raising
roller is carried on a sliding frame connected with the hammer and sliding in
guides. The depressing roller is carried on a lever which can be moved about a
centre placed above the rotatory shaft, the said centre being on the sliding frame.
When the hammer is at work the lever is kept in position by a spring pin or bolt
passing through the sliding frame and lever. To stop the movement of the hammer
the pin or bolt is drawn out and the lever turned about its centre.
The depres-
sing roller is moved out of the path of its cam, and a further movement of the
lever brings a projecting arm on the lever into contact with a fixed fulcrum, and
the sliding frame and rollers are lifted clear of the cams, and the hammer is lifted
off the work on which it had been acting. The pin or bolt is then put through
the hole in the sliding frame and a hole in the lever and the hammer remains
at rest.
Having explained the nature of my Invention I will proceed to describe with
reference to the accompanying Drawing the manner in which the same is to be
performed.
Figure 1 is a front elevation and Figure 2 is a side elevation of a pneumatic
hammer or stamp constructed according to my Invention.
a is the rotating horizontal shaft working in the framing of the machine, and
driven by a belt in the usual manner.
The said shaft a carries two cams, marked
respectively b and c, connected together by the middle boss c². The shape of the
cams b, c, is best seen in Figure 1. The shaft a is square in cross section at that
portion on which the cams b, c, are mounted. The hole in the boss of the said
cams is also square, and fits easily on the square portion of the shaft. The cams b, c,
thus partake of the rotatory motion of the shaft a, and also are capable of sliding
upon it. A rocking lever is mounted on a shaft e parallel to the shaft a, and a
rocking or reciprocating motion is given to the said lever d by means of the cams b
and c on the shaft a acting upon the rollers b₁ and c¹ respectively, the said rollers
being mounted on the rocking lever d. The hammer f receives motion from the
rocking lever d, the raising of the hammer being effected by the cam b, and its
descending motion being accelerated by the action of the cam c. Fixed to the
boss of the raising cam b is a circular disc g, the radius of which is equal to the
longest radius of the raising cam b. A portion of the circumference of the cam b
is of the same curvature as the disc g. On the side of the said disc g is an inclined
cam g, and on the boss of the disc y is a similar cam g³, but situated in a different
plane and inclined in an opposite direction to the inclined cam g₁ (see Figure 2).
Situated below the rotating shaft a and between the said inclined cams g¹ and g²
is a disengaging horizontal roller h mounted on the vertical rod ¹ capable of a
rising and falling motion. A spring, the lower end a of which is connected to
the framing of the machine and the upper end y to the vertical rod ³, keeps the
said rod and disengaging roller in their normal or depressed position, as shown

page_text: in Figure 2. The vertical rod h¹ is by means of a connecting rod ³ connected to
the foot lever h* mounted on a stud or centre A attached to the framing of the
machine. By pressing down the foot lever * the workman causes the disengaging
roller h to rise into the plane of the inclined cam g² on the boss of the circular
disc g. The inclined cam g³ in its rotation will now act on the roller h, thus
causing the cams b and c to slide on their shaft a to the right hand (see Figure 2).
By this sliding of the cains they are brought into the planes in which the
rollers b and c on the rocking lever dare respectively situated. By the same
motion the circular disc is moved out of the plane of the raising roller b¹, the
portion of the circumference of the cam b which is of the same curvature as the
disc g sliding during this movement under the roller b¹.
The parts having been brought into the positions indicated the rotation of the
shaft a first causes the cam c to act upon the roller c¹ of the rocking lever d, and
cause it to accelerate the descent of the said hammer, and the latter is made to
operate upon the work placed under it, and the rotation of the said shaft afterwards
causes the cam 6 to act upon the roller b¹ of the rocking lever d and to lift the
hammer. When the workman takes his foot off the foot lever * the spring
brings the disengaging roller h down into the plane of the inclined cam g on the
side of the disc g, as illustrated in Figure 2, and the inclined cam g¹ in its rotation
acting on the disengaging roller h causes the cams b and c to slide in a direction
contrary to that before described, and out of the plane in which the rollers b¹ and c¹
on the rocking lever dare situated, and bring the circular disc g into the plane
previously occupied by the raising cam b, as illustrated in Figure 2.
The raising
cam band accelerating descending cam c of the mechanism are thus thrown out of
action and the disc g brought into action, the rocking lever d from which the
hammer is worked being supported upon the disc g as represented in the Drawing,
and the hammer f is brought to rest. In this way single blows of the hammer
may be given. By the workman keeping the foot lever * down any required
number of blows may be given by the hammer.
To prevent the disengaging roller / from being moved out of the plane of the
inclined cams g¹ or g² while they are acting upon it I employ a link h³, one end of
which is pivotted to the vertical rod h¹ and the other end is pivotted to an arm h
on the shaft h³ carried in the framing of the machine. To the other end of the
shaft 8 is attached an arm hº, the form of which is shown in Figure 1. When the
workman presses down the foot lever h¹ to raise the disengaging roller h out of the
plane of the inclined cam g¹, it cannot do so while the latter is acting on the said
roller h, for in the same plane as the arm h° is a quadrant-shaped cam 10 fixed to
the shaft a, and rotating with it in the direction of the arrow. The arm ³ when
raised with the disengaging roller comes in contact with the quadrant-shaped
cam which prevents the roller h from rising until the latter is out of contact with
the inclined cam g'. When the disengaging roller h is in working contact with the
inclined cam gs, the quadrant cam 10 by bearing on the arm he keeps the said arm /
and the disengaging roller h in their raised position until the latter is out of contact
with the inclined cam g, when the spring h² causes the disengaging roller h to fall
into its normal position, as shown in Figure 2.
The collars a and a² on the shaft a act as air pistons to check the momentum of
the cams b and c when moving from side to side for throwing the hammer into and
out of gear.
To regulate the distance to which the hammer is raised or depressed, and
consequently the force of the blow, I use a lever j of a circular figure in cross section
to form the connection between the rocking lever d herein-before described and the
hammer f, or instead of the lever j a slotted link may be used. One end of the said
lever is connected to the rocking lever d through the connecting rod k, and the
other end of the said lever is pivotted on a moveable fulcrum 2 on the hanging arm
1, fixed to the sector shaft & carried in the framing of the machine. The lever j
passes through a hole in the pin j¹, the latter forming the connection between the
lever j and the hammer ƒ through the pneumatic arrangement herein-after par-

page_text: ticularly explained. When the fulcrum is moved to the right or left hand
relative to the connecting pin ja lesser or greater movement is given to the hammer.
The movement of the fulcrum is placed under the control of the workman by the
following arrangement of parts:-m is a forked lever attached to the shaft m¹ carrying
a lever m² geared to a lever n on the clutch shaft n¹. A clutch lever n2 attached to
the shaft n fits into the recess in the clutch n³ on the shaft a, the said clutch
revolving with the shaft a by means of a key attached to the said shaft engaging in
a key groove in the boss of the clutch n³; the latter is thus capable of sliding on
the shaft a. The clutch n³ is situated between two bevil wheels o and p, mounted
loosely on the rotatory shaft a, each of the bevil wheels being provided with a clutch
on its face (see Figure 2). The bevil wheels o and p are both in gear with a bevil
pinion 2 (see Figure 1) attached to a worm shaft 21 at right angles to the principal
shaft. The said shaft 21 carries a worm 2, the said worm gearing with a toothed
sector 3 fixed on the sector shaft . When the workman moves the forked-lever m
with his foot to the right or left the clutch is brought through the axis m¹,
arms m², n, axis n', and clutch lever. n², into driving contact with one or other of the
bevil wheels o, P, causing the bevil pinion 2, the worm shaft 21, worm 2ª, sector
shaft l, and the fulcrum to move in one or other direction, thereby lengthening or
shortening the distance through which the hammer f is raised or depressed, causing
the haminer to give a heavy or light blow as required. The connecting rod and
arm are provided with two or more holes, as shown, for raising or lowering the
hammer bodily to admit of greater variation in the thickness of the work operated
upon. A rod is pivotted to one end of the toothed sector 13 and carries adjustable
stop collars and 1 (Figure 1). When the toothed sector is moved in either
direction, the collar 15 or 6 comes in contact with an arm n attached to the clutch
shaft n¹ and throws the clutch 3 out of gear with the bevil wheel oor p and
prevents any further motion of the fulcrum 12. The stops and may be adjusted
to suit any required blow of the hammer.
To avoid the use of packing glands for the cylinder covers of pneumatic cylinders
of hammers and stamps, I employ the arrangement of parts shown in Figures 1
and 2. The main or outer cylinder f, which forms the hammer, slides in V guides f¹
and f¹ in the framing of the machine, and has a piston working in it. The said
piston forms an internal cylinder for a piston fattached to the main cylinder
or hammer by a pin f passing through slots in the piston 1.
The upper part
of the internal cylinder or piston carries the connecting pin j¹, which is acted
on by the lever j, as herein-before described. A guide rod is screwed into the
top of the piston and works through the framing of the machine. When the
piston is forced down an air cushion is formed between the bottom of it and the
interior of the cylinder or hammer f. When the piston r is raised an air cushion is
formed between its interior and the bottom of the piston f* Air holes at f* and f*
supply the necessary air to form these cushions.
When several hammers or stamps are placed side by side, or at convenient dis-
tances apart, and are actuated by one rotatory shaft, and it is required to stop or start
each separately as in machines for beetling fabrics, stamping ores, and for other like
purposes, I employ the arrangement of parts represented in Figures 3 and 4 for that
purpose; Figure 3 showing the hammer or stamp in gear, and Figure 4 the same
out of gear. I will describe the arrangement in connection with one hammer or
stamps is a rotatory shaft carrying a raising cam i and a depressing cam u
attached rigidly to it; these cams act on rollers and respectively. The
raising roller i is carried on a sliding frame y connected with the piston y¹ of the
hammer y, and sliding in guides y³ and y. The depressing roller u¹ is carried on
a lever w, which can be moved about the centre y of the raising roller i¹, the said
stud or centre y being carried on the sliding frame y. When the hammer j³ is at
work the lever wis kept in the position shown in Figure 3 by a spring pin or
bolt y passing through the sliding frame y, and a hole w¹ in the lever . То
arrest the movement of the hammer the pin or bolt y is withdrawn from the
hole w¹, and the lever w turned about its centre or stud y into the position shown

page_text: in Figure 4. The depressing roller u¹ is thereby moved out of the path of its
cam 1. This movement of the lever w brings the upper projecting arm of the said
lever into contact with a fixed part or fulcrum x, and the sliding frame y and
rollers and u¹ are lifted clear of the cams i and u. The hammer is thus lifted
off the work on which it has been acting. The parts are fixed in the positions
represented in Figure 4 by passing the pin or bolt through the hole in the sliding
frame and the hole w² in the lever wand the hammer remains at rest, being un-
affected by the motions of the cams'i and u.
Having now described the nature of my Invention, and the manner in which the
same is to be performed, I wish it to be understood that I do not limit myself to the
precise details herein described and illustrated, as the same may be varied without
departing from the nature of my Invention; but I claim as my Invention of im-
provements in pneumatic and other hammers and stamps actuated by rotating
shafts-
First. The combination of the cam c for acclerating the descending motion of
the hammer or stamp with the lifting cam b in conjunction with the rocking lever d,
the said parts c, b, and d being constructed and working substantially as herein-
before described and illustrated in the accompanying Drawing.
Secondly. The combinations with the said cams c, b, and rocking lever d of the
circular disc g and inclined cams g¹, g², and disengaging roller h and parts connected
with it for the purpose and substantially as herein-before described and illustrated
in the accompanying Drawing.
Thirdly. The arrangement or combination of the forked lever m, and parts in
connection with it either combined or not with an ordinary foot lever for controlling
the movements of the hammer or stamp herein-before described and illustrated in
the accompanying Drawing.
Fourthly. The use of a slotted link or a lever having an adjustable fulcrum
actuated as described in combination with the connecting rod and rocking lever for
the purpose and substantially as herein-before described and illustrated in the
accompanying Drawing.
Fifthly. The arrangement or combination of the cylinders and pistons of
pneumatic hammers and stamps herein-before described and illustrated in the
accompanying Drawing, that is to say, the combination with the main cylinder
which forms the hammer or stamp slide of a hollow piston or inner cylinder, in
which hollow piston or inner cylinder a piston connected to the main cylinder
or forming part of the main cylinder cover works, the said parts being combined
and acting substantially as and for the purpose described and illustrated.
Lastly. The mechanism herein-before described and illustrated in Figures 3 and 4
of the accompanying Drawing for starting or stopping each hammer separately
where several hammers are placed side by side and are actuated by one rotating
shaft.
In witness whereof, I, the said Daniel Longworth, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twenty-second day of December, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-six.
Witness,
GEORGE SHAW.
DANIEL LONGWORTH. (L.S.)