CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN MANUFACTURING PAPER, AND IN PRODUCING WATERMARKS, PATTERNS, FIGURES, LETTERS, AND DEVICES THEREON. AND IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE MECHANISM EMPLOYED THEREIN.
Year: 1859

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Smith and William Henry Smith, of 8, Upper
Fountain Place, City Road, in the County of Middlesex, Manufacturers,
for the Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN MANUFACTURING PAPER,
AND IN PRODUCING WATERMARKS, PATTERNS, FIGURES, LETTERS, AND DEVICES
THEREON. AND IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE MECHANISM EMPLOYED THEREIN.
"
Sealed the 22nd July 1859, and dated the 24th January 1859.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Smith and William
Henry Smith at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their.
Petition, on the 24th January 1859.
We, JOHN SMITH and WILLIAM HENRY SMITH, of 8; Upper Fountain Place,
5 City Road, in the County of Middlesex, Manufacturers, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN MANUFACTURING:
PAPER, AND IN PRODUCING WATERMARKS, PATTERNS, FIGURES, LETTERS, AND DEVICES
THEREON, AND IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE MECHANISM EMPLOYED THEREIN," to be
as follows:-
Our Invention consists in manufacturing paper by the use of an improved
dandy roller or mould, whereby the paper may be improved in quality, and
manufactured with greater celerity.
The dandy roller is constructed by taking a casting or cylinder of metal of
the proper size, and boring it through from end to end perfectly true and

page_text: clean, and this is ribbed or fluted through from end to end, leaving bars
standing, regulating the distances of these bars as required. It is obvious that
by fluting or making the bars run through the entire length, that a roller
termed spiral on the face or surface is to be produced, having the bars crossing
the surface at right angles, or nearly so. Having now completed the inside,
we fix the whole on a suitable mandril; we now turn the surface very level
and true, and reduce it to the size required, and next proceed to put the
groundwork on, or do what is termed the "laying" it, which is done by suitably
made turning tools or cutters, worked like a screw from end to end, one line
or more out in the pitch (if a spiral roller); if not spiral, the lines may be cut
in single, one at a time, by a dividing apparatus, and spaces may be left in
places to make "lined" paper, if desired. By the proper arrangement of
depths it is obvious that the metal will be cut through to the surface of the
bars, and thus leave a perfect piece of perforation. When not spiral, we must
reverse the means employed; for instance, the roller may be turned or ribbed
inside in circles from end to end, leaving spaces between them, or they may
bé cut in like the pitch of a screw, and upon the outer surface it is crossed at
right angles, or in other manner, so that the inner bars may cross the outer
surface lines either perpendicularly, diagonal, or otherwise.
For paper-making moulds we take a suitable piece of flat metal and surface
it, then cut bars'in the back, and cut the "laying" in manner & form required,
as herein-before intimated with regard to the rollers. We also employ deckles
made of metal instead of wood, as heretofore used; we next proceed, if
required, to put patterns, figures, letters, and devices on the surface of the
roller or mould, this we do by cutting or engraving in or upon the surface as
required. It is evident that the "marking" so called would leave just the reverse
effect to that in general use (which are raised, thinning the paper at that part
where the impression is), whilst the improved patterns, &c., are lighter when
looked at down, or when held up to the light, darker.
Should it be required to produce at one and the same time lighter portions
of watermark or lines raised above the level of the surface of the dandy roller
or mould similar to the old process, we employ "marking," which we produce
by cutting out by pressure rollers the required patterns, &c., in thin metal or
other suitable material, which pattern is then attached to the surface of the
roller or mould;.or we transfer the pattern, &c., by the pressure of a hardened
steel roller upon the surface of the dandy roller or mould, and afterwards cut
the roller or mould at the. back to produce the requisite perforations. But it
is obvious that we can adopt various methods of producing the patterns,

page_text: figures, and devices required. We also produce the requisite patterns, figures,
letters, or devices, by means of two dandy rollers, one of which may be an
improved dandy roller, or any ordinary dandy roller, either laid or wove, and
the other a roller either perforated or not, according to circumstances, with
the necessary pattern, figures, letters, or devices thereon, the two rollers being
caused to act in conjunction so as to produce the desired effect. We can have
the patterns, &c. on rollers or moulds for paper making made moveable, which
we effect by baving types somewhat similar to printers' types, and these are to¹
be properly fitted on the surface of skeleton or other rollers acting in con-
junction with the dandy roller, as above referred to.
The above is a description of the nature of the said Invention, which in
practice may be subject to some immaterial variations.
1
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed;
by the said John Smith and William Henry Smith in the Great Seal,
Patent Office on the 23rd July 1859.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, JOHN'
SMITH and WILLIAM HENRY SMITH, of 8, Upper Fountain Place, City Road
in the County of Middlesex, Manufacturers, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters'
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-fourth day of January, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine, in the twenty-second year
of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant
unto us, the said John Smith and William Henry Smith, Her special licence'
that we, the said John Smith and William Henry Smith, our executors,
administrators, and assigns, or such others, as we, the said John Smith and
William Henry Smith, our executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any
time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter
during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,
the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS
IN MANUFACTURING PAPER, AND IN PRODUCING WATERMARKS, PATTERNS, FIGURES,
LETTERS, AND DEVICES THEREON, AND IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE MECHANISM
EMPLOYED THEREIN," upon the condition (amongst others) that we, the said.
John Smith and William Henry Smith, or our exécutors or administrators,
by an instrument in writing under our, or their, or one of their hands and

page_text: seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause
the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said John Smith and William Henry
Smith, do hereby declare the nature of said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascer-
tained in and by the following statement (that is to say):-
This Invention has for its object, first, the manufacturing paper, and:
the producing watermarks, patterns, figures, letters, and devices thereon,
unattainable by any methods of making paper by hand or machinery as
hitherto practised, and consists in the employment of moulds and dandy
rollers constructed and executed in accordance with the description contained
in the second part of the Specification.
Second, the surfaces and bodies of the said dandy rollers or moulds made
according to this Invention shall be of such extreme truth that in the process
of manufacture it shall impart the same accuracy to the paper; thereby giving
a most perfect and even surface, facilitating the process of manufacture, thus
obtaining paper free from all cloudy irregularities, having no raised or other
seams on the surfaces of the rollers or moulds, and consequently leaving
nothing visible in or upon the surfaces of the paper, being free from obstruc-
tions to the water passing, baving no supports or flanges as hitherto at the
seams, either in rollers or moulds, so that it is a momentary operation to
cleanse it, and that the paper may be made at a greater speed, and any
"marking" or other design, or the lines representing the "laying," be
obtained much brighter and more distinct than in the old process.
Third, the moulds or rollers made by this process are of such construction
and material, that unless damaged by force; will be subject to little or no wear
in paper making. .
Fourth, designs, patterns, figures, or devices can be obtained of a totally
distinct class to those hitherto produced, appearing on the paper as a dark
impression, or thicker at those parts having them, shewing more distinctly,
both in and on the surface of the paper, and can be used in conjunction with
letters, figures, or devices, &c., made in accordance with the methods con-
tained in the second part of this Specification, and may be used conjointly or
separately, producing two or more graduations of light and shade, and enabling
a machine-made paper to have a clear and bright mark similar to that
obtained by hand.

page_text: $
Fifth, instead of the moulds or rollers of wirework of the old construction,
which wear out in very short periods, and are constantly getting out of repair,
we employ moulds or rollers constructed as hereafter described, wherein no
wires, stitches, or sewing are necessary. The moulds or rollers thus produced
being made in one piece, or if necessary in several pieces, but we prefer them
made in one piece, rendering it impossible to have any derangement of the
parts.
Sixth, the production of letters, figures, devices, or designs in any quantity,
each and all being precisely alike. The importance of obtaining this, as in the
devices, designs, &c., obtained in rollers or moulds, as described in the first
part, cannot be overrated, as it will render forgeries capable of instant detectior,
and enable one to produce fancy and other ornamental surfaces on paper..
Seventh, having described the improvements in the manufacture of paper, and
we will now explain the methods of making and constructing dandy rollers or
moulds to be used in such manufacture, in accordance with these improve-
ments, whether for plain dandy rollers or moulds, or in producing patterns,
devices, figures, or letters upon them or by themselves.
We first procure a
tube, either drawn or bent in brass, copper, or other suitable metal, but we
prefer a hollow casting in best gun metal of the required size of the sheet of
paper to be produced, allowing for stretching and shrinking of the paper;
this tube, if drawn, should be about of an inch, or ths in thickness, if a
casting, a little thicker to allow of its being turned and bored, and to ensure
good surfaces which must be free from holes or any imperfections; we next
proceed to bore it through from end to end, perfectly true and clean, of an
equal size throughout, which operation completed, it is properly adjusted on
the suitable tackle for holding it, and we rib or flute it through from end to
end, regulating the distances of the bars (as they must be termed) by the
coarseness of the lines intended to be cut upon the surface, say if 20 or 22 to
the inch about inch or ths apart, which may be done more or less as
may be thought fit, as shewn in Drawing, Fig. 1, at the parts marked A ;
the thickness or depth of these bars may also be regulated by the surfaces, if
'coarse, in the lines (that is, having them wide apart) they may be considerably
deeper, and in the form shewn in the Drawing, Fig. 2, at the part marked B.
It is obvious that by the fluting or making the bars run through the entire
length, that a roller termed "spiral" can be produced, having the bars
crossing the surface of the lines nearly at right angles (see Fig. 4). Having
completed the inside, taking care that the bars are equally divided in the circle,
we next proceed to fit this on a mandril of the entire length, turned perfectly

page_text: true to the size of the inside shell or tube, so that the bottom of the bar will
take a level bearing from end to end; this should be keyed on to the bars or
otherwise fixed by a chuck, solder, or otherwise, or it may be screwed at the two
ends with countersunk heads for about half an inch at each end, which part is not
necessary in the process of manufacturing paper, and if left, a plain ring will help
to strengthen the whole body; the surface is turned very level and true with the
slide rest, and reduced to the exact circumference when the ground work is to be
put on, or the "laying" effected. This is done by suitably made turning tools, or
cutters worked like a screw from end to end, one line or more out in the pitch
which would make an endless line through the entire length, or the lines may be
cut in single, one at a time with a dividing apparatus, and wide spaces may be left
in places to make lined paper (see Drawing, Fig. 9,) for facilities of work; the
screw with one line out should be used. By a few cuts from end to end,
having regard to a proper arrangement of depths, it is obvious that the
surface will be cut through the metal to the surface of the bars, and thus leave
a perfect piece of perforation, as seen in the end view Fig. 3, where A, B,
denotes the bars, and C, C, the lines. It will be evident that to perfect this,
great truth is required, and that, as. a natural consequence, the surface must
be perfect in every respect, and impart the same to the paper; another great
desideratum obtained is, that one of the greatest difficulties of the old process is
I overcome, viz., a wider space can be obtained than the solid or remaining part,
allowing the pulp to pass up between, and give a very fine and clear impres-
sion, having no seams or other obstructions on the face, and no flanges inside.
The roller can likewise be regulated to weight by more or less depth in the
bars inside; a flange is fitted in each end after taking out the iron mandril,
and a light shaft put through in suitable bearings. The foregoing applies to a
spiral roller of any number of lines to the inch from 1 to 30, or finer if required;
the finer the lines are intended to be, so the grooves at the back must be cut to a
greater depth, leaving less to cut through the surface. For straight laying, the
same pricipal is applicable as in this case also, only one must reverse the means
employed; for instance, the tube on the inside may be turned or rubbed in circles
from end to end, leaving equal spaces between them, or they may be cut in like
the pitch of a screw, (see Drawing Fig. 4, supposing X, X, to be the bottom
and the lines to run in the same way as the ribs do in that Figure), at such
an angle as the lines regulate, and upon the surface is cut by machinery or
planed out or produced by line cutting apparatus, or by hand, (though it is
evident that the regularity of machinery would be preferable to hand work).
We would also employ dandy rollers made with the lines running across them

page_text: at any angle or number. In such cases, the bars inside may be horizontal,
perpendicular, or diagonal, see Fig. 5, so that cross at the best angle for
strength. After this has been done in any manner above described, we proceed
to take off and round the top edges of the surface: lines to any extent required
suitable to the work which may be done by turning tools or cutters. This
will prevent any pulp or the slightest. particle of anything hanging 'to the
roller; this same principle applies equally to the flat surfaces or moulds at any
angle or number of lines to the inch, and is capable of producing some most
beautiful surfaces. Moulds made according to this principle would require no
backing wires, bars, sewing or stitching, and no mould frame (properly so
called). The mould plate may either be used, put into a light frame of metal
or wood, or it may be simply used with two handles suitably shaped, and
would be no obstruction to the pulp in dipping; and a greater or less draught
of water may be obtained by cutting the lines or surface either perfectly
upright or slightly bevilled, making more perfect edges to the paper. Figure 6
shews a hand mould made according to this principle. We can also employ
a deckle of nietal fitted into grooves on the surface of the 'mould plate, and not
likely to get out of order; this may be made of brass in the form of a 7
properly rolled or fitted to shape, soldered together perfectly true, and in this
case we should use a thin substance at the cutting edge of the deckle, consisting
of india-rubber or gutta percha, the elasticity combined with the truth of the
mould plate and deckle always insuring its cutting or fitting properly, thereby
causing the edge of each sheet to be perfectly alike, and not getting out of
order in the least; or we would form the sides and middle bars of deckles of
nearly round wire, properly fitted so as to fit into grooves taken out in the
mould plate, and by. this means most perfect edges will be produced, see
Drawing Fig. 7. Having so prepared our rollers or mould plates, we next
proceed, if required, to put the names, figures, devices, or patterns therein,
which is done as follows:-We sketch, transfer, or fix upon the surface the
pattern any suitable way, and cut the pattern, regulating the depths of it
by the effects to be produced, (i.e.) deepest for the darkest, or to receive the
greatest body of pulp, graduating the same or otherwise. It is evident that
the marking" so called would have just the reverse effects to that most
generally used, (which is produced by raised cylindrical or flatted wire,
thinning the paper at the part of the impression.) The improved devices, &c.,
would, however, appear lighter when looked down upon, or when held' up to
the light darker or more opaque by reason of the greater body of pulp; the

page_text: 65
lines or laying" shewing all of one color, if it may be so termed, should it
be required to produce at one and the same time lighter portions of watermark
or lines raised above the level of the surface, similar to the old process. We
also employ marking made and constructed as hereafter described; but it is
obvious that any kind of "marking" may be attached to the surface of moulds
or rollers made in accordance with, this Specification by the ordinary way of
sewing or soldering (either conjointly with the cutting and engraving or
without) on the surface of plain rollers or moulds. Plain laid rollers made
by this principle with either spiral or horizontal lines will be found to work
remarkably clean, giving a clear bright mark to the "laying" or lines, there
being no obstruction of seams, not being liable to wear out by fair usage. In
some patterns where the lines break, we stop them across the cuts in roller
or in mould, similar to the "coppering" used for music printing, &c., or cut
all round, leaving the device in the centre, which would present an unbroken
letter or device; where the lines cross we stop up the vacancies, leaving an
unbroken letter, figure, device, &c. Patterns cut upon the surface of the
lines or laying inay be made to vary very much, and be of two, three, or more
surfaces. We likewise form patterns repeated by the use of milling tools.
Impressions made (by engraved steel discs afterwards hardened) upon the
surface of the tube, or casting either on the rollers or on moulds, or as lines
horizontal, perpendicular, or diagonal, or fancy patterns. This roller mould
may be afterwards cut or fluted at the back to the depth of the impression,
and some very elaborate designs may be executed by this means. For a plain
roller, or what is known by the trade as a wove roll, we mill or transfer by
having rounded oblong knobs and
circular dises the immitation pattern, HHH
deep space, and perforate it by cutting out the back; upon this surface can
likewise be cut or engraved any desired pattern, or any desired pattern can be
affixed thereto, raised, or otherwise.
We will now describe a method of producing letters, figures, and devices to
any extent of repetition, and all identical with a saving of time and accuracy
hitherto unattained. We use what is termed an embossing machine,
which consists of an upright frame fitted with guides at the sides, and screws
for giving the pressure. It must be well constructed as regards truth and
accuracy, fitted with a small pair of driving pinions, and may have a driving
wheel. In the place of the two ordinary rollers, we employ two made of the
best cast steel, upon one of which we engrave the desired pattern, sunk,
cutting the figures, &c., &c., &c., in the form of a wire, and corresponding in

page_text: depth, thick and thin lines, or otherwise; we next proceed to cut all the
ground away, leaving only the edges of the figure or pattern standing, which
must be worked up to a sharp edge, and its primary surface maintained very
true. The rollers should be made of equal size and afterwards hardened,
being place in the machine in suitable bearings by the pressure imparted by
the screws upon the plain surface of the under roller, (likewise hardened). We
cut out by great pressure the patterns, letters, figures, &c., either in thin.
metal or card, gutta percha, or in fact any suitable elastic material, and we
afterwards electroplate them, or give them a thin coat of copper in á battery.
Another method is by the use of steel punches engraved, and the edges made
to a sharp cutting edge, cutting the pattern, device, &c., out on a block of
lead or wood, afterwards electrotyping the design, &c., as herein-before
explained. This is to be attained to the surfaces of rollers or moulds by sewing
or soldering, and can be used on rollers of ordinary construction, as well as
on this improved principle.
Our next improvement in manufacturing paper and cardboard, and in
producing devices and fancy patterns thereon, consists in a slight alteration of
the new process of making paper before described; or it may be termed an
arrangement of rollers, still using the ordinary laid or wove roller, or the
improved one, but having another roller upon the paper-making machine
acting in conjunction entirely or at times upon the surface of the paper, and
is constructed as now described. We use a plain roller, either laid or wove,
called the dandy roller, rider; or jumper, made by the principal before described
or in the ordinary of wire, and we use a second roller with the "marking "
pattern or device thereon, which is to be used on the machine in the ordinary
way, or the same as the usual roller, only we require it placed so that directly
the pulp in travelling on the wire passes the first roller or usual dandy, it
catches the second, and by this arrangement the pulp is not in so fluid. a state,
and by a little pressure on the second roller the "marking" or devices will be
impressed on the paper which will retain the mark, which by this method may
be very complicated, if necessary.
These rollers we thus construct: - Upon a
roller made as described in the first part of this Specification, which should
be rubbed at the back, as shewn in Drawing, Fig. 1; we afterwards set out
the pattern or devices thereon, and then cut the whole of the other surface
away, leaving the pattern standing, and this will be drawn suitable to the bars
at the back, and so as to tie all together, maintaining the original truth, and
being supported at the ends by a ring left solid, which may be half an inch or
one inch wide; we next cut the solid parts in the required design or figure. If

page_text: for a leaf pattern, we should cut in the fibres, stalks, and relieve it same as
light and shade; this will at the same time reduce the surface so as to prevent
the broad parts fracturing the paper, and thus a perfect skeleton roller will be
obtained, having upon its surface designs of any claboration or intricacy; this
can be used upon a laid or wove paper by putting the pattern on at the second
roller, shewn by the end view, Fig. 8. We do not, however, confine ourselves
to the use of these rollers of one size; they may be reserved, if desired; the
wovė or laid roller being small and the pattern one large, instead of the wove
or laid roller being large and the pattern one small, as would be most usual
arrangement, but this must be arranged so as to suit the machinery. We also
make rollers to work as this second one, thus:-We procure a solid block of
wood, mahogany, pear tree, or other wood suitable for the purpose, which we
turn quite true, and proceed to put the pattern, device, design, or lettering
upon it by the process called coppering or metalling, similar to what is used
for printing paperhangings, silks, cotton, and the like. We leave the copper
in this case deeper than what is mostly used, that is, standing above the
surface of the wood to a greater extent, thus acting upon the pulp directly it
leaves the first dandy in its more dry state, and would not require openings or
perforations, but should even these be required we bore the wood out and cut
suitable notches from the surface to the base, and then copper the pattern
thereon. Plain laid rollers may be made at any angle, and names, dates,
devices, &c.
Our third and last improvement consists in using two rollers, laid or wove,
small or large, to produce the first or ordinary paper, but in all cases we
prefer a laid roller made as Fig. 1, and also use another skeleton roller, made
as hereafter described, the object of which is to make the use of two rollers
only necessary at a paper mill, obviating the use of a series of rollers for all
sizes, whether for post, foolscap, or any other. If more than one coarseness is
required two or three rollers of different numbers of lines to the inch would be
the utmost that would be necessary, and this would be effected by making the
devices, watermarks, patterns, and figures, letters, and such like to move on the
surface of the skeleton roller to the distances required, and this roller may be
termed a type roller. The devices, watermarks, patterns, figures, letters, and
such like may be made by the coppering process on wood, or by the skeleton
process (tube or casting being made to move, each division being made of
that section that it shall correspond with the size of the length or breadth of
the sheet. The devices, watermarks, patterns, figures, letters, and such like
inay be made to move any distance either way by an arrangement for raising

page_text: or lowering in the flanges at the ends of the rollers, and any sized circum-
ference can be made in one roller. The marks, patterns, figures, letters, and
such like must be made of corresponding sectional form and size, and such
devices, watermarks, patterns, figures, letters, and such like once round the
roller or mould always make the same distinct mark, and should move length-
wise by the following arrangement, the marking shifting in the square holes
like type. If madé properly, this would always run perfectly true, and any
quantity of designs or marks may be placed along or round it; thus, to make
a name four times in each sheet along it would be,-
Name
or
Name
Name
or
Mark.
Name
or
Mark..
The distance the perforated bar is raised is regulated by the distance the
mark is required to be; for instance, if "W. H. Smith" was required to appear
every fourteen inches in one revolution, it would be about four and a half
inches diameter, or two and a quarter from the centre of the spindle. We
should construct our marks, letters, patterns, figures, or devices, if not by the
coppering process, specially for this object and use, and make them as under
similar to type, only perforating them through, thus keeping them from
wearing out. Rollers may be made on this principal throughout, cut or cast;
and we dress up the marks to the required thickness on the surface in lines of
various thicknesses. We also produce marks or markings by using engraved
dies or matrices of metal in which we cast metals, patterns, devices, or figures,
and such like, the same having the spaces between the letters, figures, devices,
or such like, perforated through, or the letters or devices perforated through,
and the intervals solid, and these could be fastened on to the rollers, and used
in conjunction therewith like the ordinary wire marks or markings.
Having now described the nature of our said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, we declare that we claim,
Firstly, the manufacturing paper and producing watermarks, patterns,
figures, letters, and devices thereon, by using in the method described the
mechanism herein-before specified.
Secondly, the rollers made of hollow cylindrical castings or tubing in the
manner described, and the moulds produced out of flat metal in the manner
described.
Thirdly, producing watermarks, patterns, figures, letters, and devices by
engraving, etching, punching, stamping, or embossing the surfaces of the
rollers and moulds lastly mentioned.
Fourthly, producing watermarks, patterns, figures, letters, and devices by
cutting out the "markings" and such like, by means of an embossing machine

page_text: or other suitable mechanism, as herein-before stated, and which may be used
in conjunction with the above-mentioned rollers or moulds, or with those of
the ordinary construction..
Fifthly, the metal deckle herein-before described.
Sixthly, the roller with spaces less for the introduction of moveable types or
markings, and such like, as described.
Seventhly, producing watermarks, patterns, figures, letters, and devices
by the use of "markings," and such like, cast in the manner described.
In witness whereof, we, the said John Smith and William Henry Smith;
have hereunto set our hands and seals, this 22nd day of July,
in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-
nine
Signed and sealed in my presence,
F. W. CAMPIN, Patent Agent,
.156, Strand.
JOHN SMITH. (L.S.)
W. H. SMITH. (L.S.)