A NEW OR IMPROVED MODE OF MANUFACTURING FRYING-PAŃS PROVISIONAL SPATION
Year: 1860

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Charles Henry Adames, of Birmingham, in the
County of Warwick, Frying-pan Manufacturer, and Cornelius White-
house, of Wolverhampton, in the County of Stafford, Engineer, for the
Invention of "A NEW OR IMPROVED MODE OF MANUFACTURING FRYING-PAŃS
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Charles Henry Adames
and Cornelius Whitehouse at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents,
with their Petition, on the 24th December 1860.
I, CHARLES HENRY ADAMES, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick,
Frying-pan Manufacturer, and I, CORNELIUS WHITEHOUSE, of Wolverhampton,
in the County of Stafford, Engineer, do hereby. declare the nature of the said
Invention for "A NEW OR IMPROVED MODE OF MANUFACTURING FRYING-PANS AND
OTHER ARTICLES PRODUCED FROM SHEET IRON OR OTHER METALS," to be as
follows:-
Frying-pans, bake pans, bowls, and other analogous articles (with the
exception of the first stamping or raising process, which may be called the
rough or rude shaping process) are now manufactured by hand labour.
The object of the present Invention is by means of a series of processes to

page_text: manufacture these articles by machinery. In carrying out our Invention, the
pans are taken from the ordinary stamping process, and are finished ready for
sale in the following manner :-In the first place, if any of the pans are not
perfectly true and regular in shape, they are placed either in a cold or hot
state under a stamp, or hammer, or press provided with a top and bottom dic
corresponding to the desired shape of the pan, and by giving the pans one
blow or squeeze they are brought up to the required shape. Having been thus
prepared, they are hammered or planished.in the following manner :-A tool,
the form of which shall nearly correspond as to shape to an ordinary pan
hammer or planishing hammer, is fixed to an arm, or lever, or piston rod,
which is raised and depressed as rapidly as may be desired, by means of an ex-
centric or other suitable and convenient arrangement of mechanism. The tool
may, if desired, be made with several faces, as if several planishing hammers
were assembled together, and when the hammer is brought down on to the
iron it will make thereon as many marks as there are faces. Below the
hammer is placed a stake or anvil on which the pan should be placed and sub-
mitted to the action or blows of the hammer when the latter is set in motion.
Any scale which may be found on the face of the iron must be removed there-
from, and the plate is hardened and finished. This method of planishing may
be applied to the brim or side of the pans as well as to the bottom part of
them. When it may be desired to produce the required effect upon the
bottom of the pans at one blow, this is effected by making a hammer or top
die which shall be of the size or nearly the size of the surface of the bottom of
the pan, and on the face of this hammer or top die, or on the bottom die or
anvil, an appearance of a number of hammer faces is produced, which appear-
ance is reproduced on the surface of the pan. As to the brim or side of the
pan, in some cases the required finish may be produced by passing the brim of
the pan between two rolls, the upper or both of which would in that case have
a similar appearance of hammer faces produced upon them to that above
described for the hammer, and which appearance would, in this case, be repro-
duced on the brim of the pan...
It will be necessary to still further improve the appearance of the pan by
sharpening the angle formed by the side and bottom, and which in the trade is
called the "leg," and the sharpening of which "leg" is called "creasing;" this
is done in some cases at one.blow, and is effected by placing in the bottom of
the pan a creasing tool formed of a plate of steel or other hard metal formed
with an edge bevilling outwards from its centre, which being struck, produces
the required effect or. "crease" on the bottom of the pan; or this crease may

page_text: be produced by means of a wheel of a suitable shape caused to travel round
the pan with great pressure upon it; or the "crease" may be produced by a
tool similar to a burnisher in a lathe. The top or outer edge of the pan is
levelled or pared by means of circular or other shears, or by being placed in
a lathe and cut with a suitable tool. The pairs, if "black," will, after having
gone through the processes above described, require setting by giving them
another blow in a stamp or press, when they will be finished; but bright pans
will require "turning "and "scraping." The bottoms are brightened by the
action of a number of scraping tools or cutters made generally to cut both
backwards and forwards, and worked by a series of excentrics or levers so
adjusted as to size or length as to cause each cutter to act along the length
or diameter of the bottom; across that part of it in which each cutter is to
travel.
The particular features of novelty in the processes are the use of a planish-
ing tool actuated by mechanical means, the creasing tool or tools, the scraping
machine; and the application of this or any system of machinery whereby
pans will be finished or manufactured without having recourse to hand labour,
and by these means we shall produce a class of goods which will be better
and more uniform in quality, shape, and finish than those made by hand
labour.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Charles Henry Adames and Cornelius Whitehouse in the
Great Seal Patent Office on the 24th June 1861.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, CHARLES
HENRY ADAMES, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, Frying-pan
Manufacturer, and CORNELIUS WHITEHOUSE, of Wolverhampton, in the County
of Stafford, Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-fourth day of December, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty, in the twenty-fourth year of Her reign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto us, the said
Charles Henry Adames and Cornelius Whitehouse, Her especial license that
we, the said Charles Henry Adames and Cornelius Whitehouse, our execu-
tors, administrators, and assigns; or such others as we, the said Charles
Henry Adames and Cornelius Whitehouse, our executors, administrators,

page_text: and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to
time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should
and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United King-
dom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man,
an Invention for "A NEW OR IMPROVED MODE OF MANUFACTURING FRYING-PANS
AND OTHER ARTICLES PRODUCED FROM SHEET IRON OR OTHER METALS," upon the.
_condition (amongst others) that we, the said Charles Henry Adames and
Cornelius Whitehouse, by an instrument in writing under our 'hands and
seals, or under the hand and seal of one of us, should particularly describe
and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the
same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal
Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date
of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said Charles Henry Adames and Cornelius
Whitehouse, do hereby declare the nature of our said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascer-
tained in and by the following statement, reference being had to the Drawings
hereunto annexed, and to the letters and figures marked thereon (that is to
say):-
Frying-pans, bake pans, bowls, and other analogous articles made from
sheet iron are (with the exception of the first stamping or raising process,
which may be called the rough or rude shaping process) now manufactured
by hand labour.
The object of the present Invention is by means of a series of processes to
manufacture these articles by the aid of machinery. In carrying out our
Invention, the pans are taken from the ordinary stamping process (in which
they are stamped or raised from a flat piece of metal in the form of a rough
pan), and are finished ready for sale in the following manner:-In the first
place, if any of the pans when taken from the first or stamping process are not
perfectly true and regular in shape, they are placed either in a cold or hot
state under a stamp, or hammer, or press provided with a top and bottom die,
corresponding to the desired shape of the pan, and by giving the pans one or
two blows or squeezes they are brought up to the required shape.
The apparatus whereby we effect this object is a stamping press, in which
there is a stationary bottom die to receive the rough pan to be operated
upon, and a moveable top die which is fixed to a heavy block that moves up
and down in guides. This moveable die with its block may be raised and
supported by the elastic force of steam acting in a cylinder on a piston con-

page_text: nected by its rod to the moveable die block. The pans to be operated upon
are placed one by one in the lower die, and the steam being cut off from the
cylinder, the upper die and die block will descend of their own weight, and by.
striking the pan one or two heavy blows will bring it into the true and proper
shape.
This arrangement for actuating the moveable die is shewn in the accom-
panying Drawings at Fig. 1, which represents in elevation a steam hammer,.
with the "trueing " tools adapted thereto. The framework or standards of the
machine are seen at a, a; b is the steam cylinder, provided with a piston, which
is connected by its rod to the moveable die block c, on the lower side of which
is secured the upper die d, which is shewn detached, and drawn upon an.
enlarged scale at Fig. 1. The die block c moves in guides g, secured to the
side standards a, and a pan having been placed in the stationary or lower
die e, the upper die is allowed to descend by its own weight and strike the
pan with a blow of the required force. It is important that this downward
blow be given in a perfectly vertical direction, otherwise the desired object.
will not be effected in a proper manner.
Fig. 2 is a side elevation of another arrangement, whereby the moveable
die may be actuated. a is the framework; c, the moveable die block, and d
the upper or moveable die, and e is the lower or fixed die block. The
moveable die block c is raised by means of a lever or tilt arm &, which is
worked by the cam 6, like an ordinary tilt hammer or helve. In order that
the blow by the upper die d may be given in a perfectly vertical direction,
the lever or tilt arm & is made to pass through a hole or opening in the die.
block c, as shewn in the back view Fig. 2, so that it may move freely therein;.
and on being raised by the cam b, the lever or tilt arm b will lift the die
block c in its vertical guides g, and allow it to fall vertically on to the pan
below. The rough pans having been prepared or trued. in. a machine of the
above kind, they are hammered or planished, in the following manner :-A tool:
the form of which shall nearly correspond as to shape to an ordinary pan
hammer or planishing hammer, is connected to a moveable block, which may
be operated by an arm or lever such as 6 in Fig. 2, which is capable of being:
raised and depressed as rapidly as may be desired by means of a cam,
excentric, or other suitable and convenient mechanical contrivance, or to the
piston rod of a steam cylinder, as shewn in Fig. 1.
The planishing tools or dies may, if desired, be made with several faces as.
if several planishing hammers were assembled together, and when the tool is-
brought down on to the iron it will make as many hammer marks on the

page_text: .
surface of the pan as there are faces on the tool or hammer. Various arrange-
nents of mechanism may be used for the purpose of effecting this object, for
instance, a self-acting steam hammer such as is used in iron and steel works
for hammering bars of small section may be employed. A fixed block, with
a head like the face of a planishing hammer, is made to serve the
purpose of
an anvil, as in the "trueing" machine shewn at Fig. 1. On this anvil the
pan is held by the attendant, and is moved about under the blows of. the
planishing hammer, which is secured to the moveable block above. The
cylinder is, of course, provided with the usual self-acting apparatus for cutting
off and supplying the steam to the cylinder, so that the blows may be given
with the requisite rapidity. A cut-off valve is provided, so that the operations
of-the hammer will be under the perfect control of the attendant.
An arrangement similar to that shewn at Fig. 2, may also be employed for
operating the planishing hammers, but as the blows must be given with
rapidity, a different form of cam must be employed for lifting the arm b'.
For instance, the cam 6 must be made with three or more projections, so that
at every rotation of the cam shaft the lever ¹ may be lifted three or more
times.
Another form of apparatus for effecting this object is shewn at Figures 3, 4,
and 5. Fig. 3 is a sectional plan view; Fig. 4, a side elevation, and Fig. 5,
a front elevation of the machine, in which the planishing tools are operated
by means of excentrics.
a, a, is the framework of the machine; b, the main
or excentric shaft; in Fig. 4, is one of the excentrics which are cut out of
the solid shaft and work in brasses in the, forked end of the connecting rods b
which are jointed at their lower ends to vertical rods or bars 6. These bars
work in suitable vertical guides 6+, and carry at their lower ends the planishing
tools d. The fixed tool or anvil e is placed immediately below, and is
intended to support the pan while under operation. It will be understood that
as the planishing tools are raised and lowered by the action of the excentrics
the tools will act by a dead pressure, rather than by the impact of a blow, as
in the former instances. It will also be seen that three (and, if desired, more)
sets of tools may be worked from the same shaft.
Any scale which may be formed on the face of the iron will be removed
therefrom or loosened by the planishing operations above described, and the
plate is then to be hardened and finished, and if desired, a handle may be
rivetted or otherwise fixed thereon. This method of planishing by mechanical
means may be applied to the brim or side of the pans, as well as to the
bottom part of them, and does not require skilled labour. When it may be

page_text: desired to produce the required effect upon the bottom of the pans at one or two
blows, this is effected by making a hammer or top dié which shall be of the
size or nearly the size of the surface of the bottom of the pan, and on the face
of this hammer or top die, or on the bottom die or anvil an appearance of a
number of hammer faces is produced, which appearance will be reproduced
on the surface of the pan by the blows of the hammer.
The planishing
operation cannot, however, be performed in this way at one blow, unless the
pan be made of iron of equal thickness throughout. The required finish may
be produced on the brim or side of the pan by passing the brim between*-two
rolls, the upper or both of which would, in that case, have a similar appear-
ance of hammer faces produced upon them to that above described for the
hammer, and which appearance would, in this case, be reproduced on the
brim of the pan by passing the same between the rolls.
It will be necessary to still further improve the appearance of the pan by
sharpening the angle formed by the side and bottom, and which in the trade
is called the "leg," and the sharpening of which "leg" is called "creasing."
This may be done, in some cases, at one blow, and is effected by means of a
creasing tool, consisting of a plate of steel or other hard metal formed with an
edge bevilling outwards from its centre, as shewn in the Drawing at Fig. 6, which
is a transverse section of the creasing tool. In order to produce the "crease,"
the pan is placed on an anvil in a stamping press, similar to that used for
trueing or preparing the plate, and shewn at Figures 1 and 2, and the creasing
tool is placed in the bottom of the pan, and upon allowing the moveable
block c of the press to descend with its full weight and force it will strike the
creasing tool a heavy blow and produce the required effect or "crease" on the
bottom of the pan. Or, this "crease" may be produced by means of a wheel
of a suitable shape caused to travel round the pan with great pressure upon
it: Or, the "crease" may be produced by a tool similar to a burnisher -in a
lathe.
In Fig. 6 we have shewn a novel mode of effecting the creasing operation,
which is done by means of a tool made like the face of an ordinary creasing
hammer, which tool is to be adapted to the upper die block of a machine, such
as is shewn in Figures.1 and 2. A tool of this kind with its 'corresponding
anvil is shewn detached in elevation at Fig. 7, above referred to. As it is not
important for this creasing tool to be brought down in a perfectly vertical
direction, as is the case with the planishing tools, it may without inconvenience
be adapted to the head of an ordinary tilt hammer and worked in the way tilt
hammers usually are. The front of the creasing tool is rounded to correspond

page_text: with the form of the pan, as seen in the sectional plan view of the tool at
Fig. 7. The top or outer edge of the pan must be levelled or pared by means
of circular or other shears, or by being placed in a lathe and cut with a
suitable tool. The pans known as "black" pans will, after having gone
through the processes above described, require trueing or setting, which may
be effected by giving them another blow in one of the stamping presses above
. mentioned, when they will be finished, but bright pans will require "turning
and "scraping." The bottoms of the pans are brightened by the action of
a number of scraping tools or cutters made generally to cut both backwards
.and forwards, and worked by cranks or levers so adjusted as to size or length
..as to cause each cutter to act along the length or diameter of the bottom
across that part of it in which each cutter is to travel.
3
Fig. 8 in the accompanying Drawings is a sectional elevation of tho
machine we employ for scraping the bottoms of the pans; Fig. 9 is a plan
view of the same.
'
a, a, a, is the top framing of the machine, and upon which the various
working parts are mounted in suitable bearings; bis the main driving shaft,
on one end of which are mounted the fast and loose pullies c, which are
actuated by bands from any prime mover. At the opposite end of the driving
shaft 6 is keyed the crank arm d, which therefore rotates with it, and by means
of the connecting rod e communicates a vibrating motion to the slotted arm f
which is keyed on to one end of the cranked bar rod or shaft g, as seen best in
the cross section, Fig. 10, which represents this part of the machine. It will
be seen on referring to Fig. 8, that the vibrating arm f is slotted in order to
allow the end of the connecting rode to be fixed at varying distances from its
centre of motion according to the length of stroke it is required to give to the
-scraping tools hereafter mentioned. The cranked part 9' (Figures 9 and 10)
of the bar or shaft g is slotted in order to receive a series of vertical rods h, h,
which are secured in their places on the bar g' by screws, or in any other con-
venient manner. The rods h are forked at their upper ends to receive the
ends of a series of connecting rods.i, į, whereby they are connected to the ends
of a series of sliding bars j,j, which at their opposite ends carry the scraping
tools k, k, one of which is shewn detached and drawn upon an enlarged scale
at Fig. 11. The sliding bars j,j, rest upon a rocking table l, on which they
are confined between vertical guides ',, and under cross bars l', Fig. 9,
, which keep them down on the table, but yet allow them a slight independent
vertical motion. The table is mounted on a shaft, the journals of which are
supported in bearings fixed on the top framing a, a, of the machine, and is

page_text: therefore capable of rocking on this centre, and on this shaft is keyed a
weighted lever or arm P, the weight of which causes the scraping tools k, k,
to bear with considerable pressure on the surface of the pan. p. The weight on
this lever is capable of adjustment thereon so as to regulate the pressure as
may be desired. The pan to be operated upon is secured by means of clamps
or in any other convenient manner upon a table m, m, which is mounted on
V-guides n that are fixed to the framing a, a. From the foregoing it will be
understood that the rotation of the crank shaft b will communicate a vibrating
motion to the slotted arm f and cranked rod g, and therefore to the rods h.
These latter will by means of the connecting rods i, i, cause the sliding bars j
to travel to and fro on the rocking table l, and the scraping tool k, k, being by
means of the weighted lever made to bear with considerable pressure on the
surface of the pan p, while they are moved to and fro thereon they will scrape
the surface of the pan and render the same bright and clean. In order that
the work may be expeditiously performed, three, four, or more of the scraping
tools may be mounted side by side, as shewn in the Drawings, and made to
work simultaneously; but as those scraping tools which will be required to
act near the centre of the pan, will necessarily have to travel a longer distance
than those which operate near the sides, provision must be made to effect this
object, and to so adjust them that they may be made to travel the exact
distance required and no more. This is effected by adjusting the rods h, h, at.
different heights in the slotted part g¹ of the crank bar g, as shewn at Fig. 10.
In order to cause the scraping tools k, k, to act over the whole surface of the
pan a lateral motion is communicated to the table m, so that it may move the.
pan p under the tools as the latter travel to and fro. To this end a screwed
shaft o is made to work in a screw nut on the under side of the table m, and on
one end of this shaft o is keyed a pair of ratchet wheels g, with teeth inclined in
opposite directions. A click is made to take alternately into the teeth of one of
these wheels, and is worked by the long rod r, which is actuated by a vibrating.
arm on the cranked rod or shaft g, and at every vibration of the shaft g, the
screwed shaft o will be moved round part of a revolution, and will thereby
cause the table m to be moved laterally on its guides. In order to traverse
the table m and pan p back again. the click must be lifted out of its ratchet
wheel and the other click thrown into gear with the other ratchet wheel. If
preferred the pan may be held down on the table m by a workman by means of
a suitable gripping tool, and he will thereby be enabled to move the pan in
any direction under the scraping tools as may be desired. These tools may be
constructed of various forms, but should be so made that their cutting edges

page_text: will act in both directions. .The. form of scraping tool which we prefer to use
is shewn in section at Fig. 11, and consists of a strong metal tube in which
are secured a number of steel wires, the ends of which project from the
lower end of the tube. The upper part of the tube is fitted with a leaden or
other plunger, and as the lower ends of the wires wear away the plunger k³
is forced down by turning the screw. ³, which is tapped into the upper end of
the tube, and is secured in place by the nut k'.
Another form of scraping tool is shewn at Fig. 12. In this instance the
tool is made with two cutting edges, one of which will act when the tool is
pushed forward; and the other when it is drawn back.
· Fig. 13 represents another form of scraping tool, in which the cutting or
scraping edge is made circular so that it may act in any direction. It will, of
course, be understood that the scraping or cutting edges in all these tools are
made of hardened and well-tempered steel. . In order to scrape and brighten
the raised sides of the pan the latter is secured to a clutch and placed in a
lathe, and a scraping tool or tools similar to those above described or of any
other convenient shape being brought to bear with considerable pressure on
the surface, a slow rotary motion is given to the pan, and the skin or scale on
the surface will then be removed by the scraping tools. The edges of the
pan may also be pared or cut even in.this machine or one: of similar
construction.
Having now described our Invention of "A New or Improved Mode of
Manufacturing Frying-pans and other Articles produced from Sheet Iron or
other Metals," and having explained the manner of carrying the same into
effect, we wish it to be understood that although we have described various
mechanical arrangements whereby we have effected the object of our Invention
we do not mean or intend to confine, ourselves to any particular. mechanical
arrangement whereby the various tools we employ in our manufacture may.be
operated, as such tools may be operated.in various ways without departing from
the nature and object. of our Invention; for instance,. the planishing tool.
or hammer, (the blows from which should. be. given with rapidity). may be
operated in a similar manner to that usually adopted in iron. and steel works
for hammering bars of small sectional area, care being taken that the blows be
given vertically. The trueing and creasing tools may be worked by a tilt
hammer arrangement; or the. blow for these operations may be given by the
force of steam as in a steam hammer, which is a well-known mechanical con-
trivance. The scraping tools may also be actuated by excentric or other.
equivalent mechanical contrivances. instead of by those shewn; but as all. these

page_text: mechanical arrangements have been long known and in use in other manu-
factures to produce analogous motions we do not think it necessary to give
detailed descriptions of such well-known arrangements as any intelligent
mechanic may easily adapt our tools to such machines, which will require but
little if any alteration to suit our purpose. What we consider to be new in
the above-described processes, and therefore desire to claim as our new or
improved mode of manufacturing frying pans and other articles produced from
sheet iron is,-
First, actuating the planishing and other tools by mechanical means as
above described, instead of by hand labor as heretofore, so that skilled labor
may to a great extent be dispensed with.
Second, we claim the mode herein set forth of constructing and operating
the scraping tools for scraping or cleaning the surface of frying pans and other
analogous articles.
In witness whereof, we, the said Charles Henry Adames, and Cornelius
Whitehouse, have hereunto set our hands and seals, the Twenty-second
day of June, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and
sixty-one.
CHARLES HENRY ADAMES. (L.S.)
CORNELIUS WHITEHOUSE.
(L.S.)
Signed, sealed, and delivered by the above-
named Charles Henry Adames and Cor-
nelius Whitehouse in the presence of
WILL. WRIGHTON,
Clerk to Thos. Slaney, Sol",
Birm".