An Improved Apparatus applicable for Churning Milk and Cream, or for Aerating, Heating, or Cooling Liquids.
Year: 1892

page_text: Date of Application, 4th Oct., 1892
Complete Specification Left, 27th Apr., 1893-Accepted, 1st July, 1893
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
An Improved Apparatus applicable for Churning Milk and Cream,
or for Aerating, Heating, or Cooling Liquids.
I ARTHUR ROBINSON of 22 Sussex Square Brighton in the County of Sussex
Esquire do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
It has for its object the improvement in construction and action of churns
in which cream is formed from milk or butter is formed from milk or cream in
one operation and the combination therewith of improved means of aerating
refrigerating and heating those or any other liquids.
A circular vessel which may be a railway (milk) churn or ordinary churn or
other circular vessel is employed cylindrical or conical or a combination of both
formed of metal wood or such other material and of such shape and dimensions as
may be found expedient.
On the inside of such vessel may be formed or fixed a series of spiral webs in
such numbers and of such pitch curve or inclination as may be found advisable or
necessary projecting from the face of the vessel a distance of one inch more or
less and extending from bottom to top thereof or to any lesser height. In the
bottom of the vessel is formed or attached a seating of the dimensions necessary
to receive the pivot hereinafter described and on the top is secured a rim which
may be formed to receive and be fitted with an india rubber washer or some other
medium for securing if necessary a liquid tight joint. Brackets or attachments as
found necessary for securing the cover and receiving the gearing hereafter described
are also to be fixed or fitted to the receptacle.
Above the receptacle or in any other position in connection therewith, or with
any cover, covers or lids used and removeable at will, a metal stand or sole plate
to be constructed receiving or having when necessary attached thereto the requisite
driving gearing composed of pinions spur wheels power-pulleys, fly-wheels and
handles and all such other mechanism or gearing necessary to drive the central
rotating machinery now to be described.
At the bottom of receptacle a suitable draw off trap fixed or removeable to be
inserted and the necessary angle iron or other brackets or pedestal fixings for
attaching to floor or any other framework.
The machinery to be used inside the receptacle and caused to rotate by the
gearing above described is to be as follows, and forms in connection with or
without the spiral webs before described the main improvement in the invention.
A central hollow or cylindrical vertical shaft is made to rotate at a high speed
in the seating or on the pivot in the bottom of receptacle, the end of shaft being
fitted with either the necessary hardened metal journal or pivot, or be hollowed
out to revolve on pivot fixed to bottom of receptacle. This hollow metal shaft to
be 1 to 2 inches internal dianieter more or less and at its lower end to be fitted
with four tubular arms more or less and 1 inch more or less internal diameter and
extending radially to within inch more or less of the spiral webs or (when
without the spiral webs) of the sides of the vessel or to any lesser length. The
arms all to be placed at right angles one to another or may be fixed to a curve of
any required radius and strengthened by a horizontal brace or stay.
At a higher and more ceutral level a second series of arms may be fixed of
similar construction but if tubular of smaller internal diameter and placed on plan
at about 45° more or less behind those of lower tier.
Higher up the shaft and at or near to the upper surface of
churned may be fixed a further set of four arms at right angles to
set on plan at about 45° more or less behind the central series.
the liquid to be
each other and
These may be
.

page_text: formed solid of two horizontal metal rods at a vertical distance of 11″ more or less
and filled in with bars of metal inch diameter more or less and inch apart
more or less. The arms to be strengthened by a horizontal connecting bar of
metal.
The tubular portion of the cross arms extending outwards from the central air
shaft need not all extend close to internal edge of vessel but each and all to any
radius within the vessel and may curve upwards at the aperture.
At the outlet of each tubular arm may be fitted or screwed a valve or a flap
lid (fitted with or without either an internal or external spring) for the purpose
of preventing the liquid from backing up into the pipes and obstructing the
admission of air required for the purposes of aëration.
The space between each of the lower set of tubular arms and each of the middle
set to be spanned by strong metal bars 16 inch diameter more or less and inch
apart more or less securely attached between the lower arm and that of the central
series 45° behind it on plan thus forming a sort of screw of high pitch and an
efficient beater.
The space between each of the middle set of tubular arms and each of the
upper set of solid arms to be similarly spanned by strong metal bars 3 inch
diameter more or less and inch apart more or less securely fixed at one end to
the central arms and at the other to the upper series 45° behind it on plan thus
continuing the beater with screw motion.
"
At a higher level than the topmost set of arms a flat or vertical "
cross frame'
filled in with bars inch diameter and inch apart more or less and set flat
vertically, or at any angle to the beaters may be fixed inside the vessel as a
stationary breakwater to aid the formation of butter when the machine is being
used for that purpose.
The necessary lugs or brackets for securing this fixed frame to be attached
to the vessel or churn, or said " cross frame may be attached to the said rotary
air shaft.
Around the central revolving shaft immediately under the level of the cover
may be put an angular metal guard secured to the shaft and projecting therefrom
about 1 inch more or less to stop and throw off any liquid that might run up and
over the cover by centrifugal action.
On the top or summit of the vertical central revolving air shaft above and clear
of all gearing an Archimedean or other screw air propeller or an air pump or
other contrivance for injecting air down the vertical central tubular air shaft cau
bé fixed by means of a screwed or a bayonet joint. This Archimedean or other
screw air propeller may have a central pipe as a continuation of the shaft with a
stopper or cap thereto, removable at will, and be 7 to 8 inches in diameter more
or less.
The above is a description of the means and mechanism proposed to be used.
For churning purposes the milk or other liquid should be filled in up to about
the level of the top of upper set of arms. The internal machinery being set in
motion the liquid is being quickly rotated with a full rotary motion and with a
continual upward tendency assisted alike by the aëration (as hereinafter described)
as well as by the screwed or spiral webs on inside of receptacle and the angular
position of the metal bars of beaters until checked by the "
cross frame" screen
or weir fixed to vessel or rotary shaft above the beaters. The whole of the
internal revolving machinery will be formed of round or rounded metal or other
material.
At the same time that the beaters are revolving and assisting to churn the liquid
the continual suction from the tubular arms, the ends of which are cut or bevilled,
to assist such suction, draws in the air through and aided by the screwed air
propeller thoroughly aërates the liquid and furthers the natural formation,
ascension and cohesion of the fatty molecules and assists in the natural formation
of cream and butter. The air after passing through the liquid escapes by the
apertures in cover or covers.

page_text: For simple aëration of liquid the internal spiral webs of receptacle would be
removed and the entire internal beater machinery above described, and instead four
similarly constructed and fitted tubular arms more or less and 1 inch internal
diameter more or less at right angles to each other or set to a radius would be fixed
near the bottom of receptacle and another similarly constructed and fitted set may
be fixed at a higher level but of inch internal diameter more or less.
Should any aërating medium other than ordinary external air be required it can
be introduced into the central vertical air shaft by means of the aperture at any
of the bayonet screw or other joints (or in centre of air propeller in which is the
moveable stopper); at any of which points can be inserted hung or fixed a hot or
cold bar solid or perforated tube or other vessel cage or contrivance so as to heat
or cool or aid in the operation of heating cooling or purifying the air passing down
into the liquid in churn or vessel. Such bar, tube or other appliance or contrivance
(as well as any portion of the machinery or churn) may be cooled by contact
with any liquid or chemical preparation or ice carbonic acid gas or ammoniacal or
ether-gas or air-cooled by them or otherwise. Similar bars or tubes solid or
perforated may be inserted within the cross bar tubes, and the cross bar and
vertical tubes themselves may also be perforated when necessary or expedient.
I claim that my invention herein described can materially cheapen the manu-
facture of butter as well as purify and improve its quality and also that of the
residuary milk thereby giving an impetus to a more profitable development of the
dairy industry. An air tight opening examining lid with or without a glass frame
or thermometer may be fitted in the side of churn or in the top cover when deemed
expedient.
Dated this 3rd day of October 1892.
ARTHUR ROBINSON.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
An Improved Apparatus applicable for Churning Milk and Cream,
or for Aerating, Heating, or Cooling Liquids.
I, ARTHUR ROBINSON, of 22 Sussex Square, Brighton, in the County of Sussex,
Esquire, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the
same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement :-
It has for its object the improvement in construction and action of churns in
which cream is formed from milk, or butter is formed from milk or cream in one
operation and the combination therewith of improved means of aërating, cooling,
refrigerating, and heating those or any other liquids, or any of the various
appliances hereafter described in this Specification.
1. A circular vessel which may be a railway milk churn or ordinary churn or
other circular vessel is employed cylindrical or conical or a combination of both
formed of metal, wood, or such other material and of such shape and dimensions as
may be found expedient.
II. In the bottom of the vessel is formed or attached a seating A of the
dimensions necessary to receive the pivot hereinafter described and on the top may
be secured a rim B which may be formed to receive and be fitted with an india
rubber washer C or some other medium for securing if necessary a liquid tight
joint. Brackets or attachments as found necessary for securing the cover and
receiving the gearing hereafter described are also to be fixed or fitted to the
receptacle, and either inside or outside as may be required.
III. Above the receptacle or in any other position in connection either there-
with or with the rotary apparatus or with any cover, covers or lids used and
removable at will, a metal stand or sole plate D may be constructed for receiving or
having when necessary attached thereto or in connection therewith the requisite
driving gearing that may be composed of pinions, spur wheels, power-pulleys,

page_text: fly-wheels, cog-wheels, and handles, and all such other appliances, mechanism or
gearing necessary to use for driving or aiding to drive the central rotating
machinery now to be described.
IV. At the side of receptacle near the bottom a suitable draw off tap Ę fixed or
removable to be inserted and on the bottom or sides the necessary angle iron or
other attachments brackets or pedestal fixings for either hanging fixing lifting
or attaching to floor or any other framework.
V. The machinery to be used inside the receptacle and caused to rotate by the
gearing above described is to be as follows, and forms the main improvement in the
invention.
VI. A central hollow or cylindrical vertical shaft F of any required length is
made to rotate at a high speed in the seating or on the pivot in the bottom of
receptacle the end of shaft being fitted with either the necessary hardened metal
journal or pivot, or be hollowed out to revolve on pivot fixed to bottom of
receptacle. This hollow metal shaft to be 1 to 2 inches internal diameter more or
less and at its lower end to be fitted (1) first with four connecting tubular arms G
more or less of one inch more or less internal diameter and extending radially to
within inch more or less of sides of the vessel or to any lesser length. The
arms all to be placed at right angles one to another or may be fixed to a
curve of any required radius and strengthened by a horizontal or circular brace
or stay.
VII. At a higher and more central level a (2) second series of arms H may
be fixed of similar construction but if tubular of smaller internal diameter and
placed on plan immediately above or at about 45° more or less behind those of
lower tier.
VIII. Higher up the shaft and at or near to the upper surface of the liquid to
be churned may thirdly be fixed or placed a further set of four solid arms J at right
angles to each other and set on plan immediately above or at about 45° more or less
behind the central series.
IX. Immediately above the last described upper (third) set of four solid arms
there may be either fixed to or placed on the central shaft a framework beater or
vertical *
cross frame" K which may be removable at will and may be formed of
four double sets of solid horizontal arms a made of metal bars or strong reds fixed
at right angles but at either a vertical or angular distance of two inches more
or less apart and when removable to either a strong metal ring or square b.
These arms are to be filled in between with vertical bars c of metal of th inch in
diameter more or less and inch apart more or less. This framework beater and
the flat weir " cross frame (hereafter described) may when placed on central
shaft be tightened by a screw or screws and if constructed with a square centre
then the central tubular rotary shaft may be similarly squared at the outer part
thereof where these appliances have to be attached or placed and in a manner to
receive and firmly secure the same and this framework beater may be attached to
the central vertical rotary shaft in a manner that will allow the arms thereof
to project about midway between those of the next set beneath.
"
X. The tubular portion of the cross arms extending outwards from the central
air shaft need not all extend close to internal edge of vessel but each and all to any
radius within the vessel and may curve either upwards or downwards or in any
direction at the aperture and the bars or beaters that span the spaces between the
cross arms (as hereafter described) may be set in removable frames and there may
be attached to each of the said cross bar arms a slip of metal or other material for
the said frames either to rest upon or against and to which they may be secured by
screws or other appliances.
XI. At the outlet of each tubular arm may be fitted or screwed a valve L
having an aperture of any required dimensions or formation. This aperture
may be covered with a flap lid as shewn at m or m¹ or of any other form as required
which flap lids may be fitted with an internal or external spring and or a pad of
leather or other material. Or in place of the flap lid a self-acting automatic

page_text: hopper as shewn at n or of any other suitable form may be provided to the
aperture O having a screw bolt or other check p to keep it in place; the object
of the said flap lid or stopper being to prevent the liquid from backing up through
the apertures into the pipes and obstructing the admission of air required for the
purposes of aëration.
XII. The ends of the tubular arms or the valves that may be attached thereto
may be bevilled or cut for the purpose of (1) assisting the suction of the air and
aëration of the liquid as well as (2) to prevent or check the liquid from pressing
into the tubes or on to the flaps that cover the aperture of valves during rotation of
apparatus.
XIII. The space between each of the lower or first set of tubular arms and
each of the middle or second set to be spanned by strong metal bars M1 inch
diameter more or less and inch apart more or less securely attached between
the lower arm and that of the central series immediately over or 45° behind
it on plan thus forming a sort of screw of high pitch and an efficient beater.
XIV. The space between each of the middle or second set of tubular arms and
each of the next upper set of solid arms to be similarly spanned by strong metal
bars Ninch diameter more or less and inch apart more or less securely fixed
at one end to the central (or second) arms and at the other to the upper series
immediately over or 45° behind it on plan thus continuing the beater with upward
screw motion.
XV. At a higher level than the topmost set of arms-either in addition to or
instead of the framework beater or vertical cross frame K already described a flat
weir or 66
cross frame "O filled in with bars 1 inch diameter and inch apart more
or less and set flat, vertically or at any angle to the beaters may be fixed or
placed inside the vessel as either a rotary or a stationary but removable break-
water to aid the formation of butter when the machine is being used for that
purpose.
XVI. Lugs or brackets P for securing this flat weir and or vertical cross frame
may be attached to the vessel or churn or the said flat cross frame (weir) and or
vertical cross-frame may be attached to or placed on the said rotary air shaft
as hereinbefore described and be constructed in a circular or other form as may be
required.
XVII. Around the central revolving shaft immediately under the level of the
cover may be put an angular metal guard Q secured to the shaft and projecting
therefrom about 1 inch more or less to stop and throw off any liquid that might run
up and over the cover by centrifugal action.
XVIII. On the top or summit of the vertical central revolving air shaft, above
and clear of all gearing an Archimedean or other screw air propeller R or an air
pump or other contrivance for catching and injecting air down the vertical
central tubular air shaft can be fixed by means of a screwed or a bayonet or other
joint.
XIX. This Archimedean or other screw air propeller may have internal screw
or spiral webs d and also a central pipe e as partly a continuation of the shaft with
a stopper or cap ƒ thereto removable at will and be 7 to 8 inches in diameter
more or less. It may also be covered with a lid g fixed or removable in which may
be formed apertures S with hooded covers t to assist in catching and drawing in
the air.
XX. Either an opening or fixed airtight examining lid S with or without a
glass frame or with or without a thermometer may be fitted in both the side and
bottom of vessel or churn and also in the top cover or lid when deemed expedient.
The whole of the internal beating machinery may be formed of round or rounded
metal or other material.
The above is a description of the means and mechanism proposed to be used.
XXI. For churning purposes the milk or other liquid should be filled in up to
about the level of the top of upper set of arms J or to top of vertical cross frame K
or flat cross-frame weir O and to within about 6 inches more or less of the top of

page_text: vessel. The internal machinery being set in motion the liquid is being quickly
rotated with a full rotary motion and with a continual upward tendency assisted
alike by the aëration (as hereinafter described) and the angular position of the
metal bars of beaters until checked by the cross frame screen or weir fixed to or
placed in vessel or on rotary shaft above the beaters.
XXII. At the same time that the beaters are revolving and assisting to churn
the liquid the continual suction from the tubular arms (the valves or ends of which
are cut or bevilled to assist such suction) draws in the air that has been caught and
injected by the rotation of the screw air propeller thus thoroughly aërates the
liquid and in the case of milk furthers the upward gravitation and consequent
natural formation, ascension and cohesion of the fatty molecules and assists in the
natural formation of cream and butter. The air after passing out of the tubes
ascends through the liquid and escapes by the apertures g in cover or covers.
XXIII. The apparatus may be constructed and used for aërating purposes
without the above described beaters being fixed between each set of cross-bar arms
or without other arms than the tubular.
XXIV. Should any aërating medium other than ordinary external air be
required it can be introduced into the central vertical air shaft F by means of the
aperture at any of the bayonet screw or other joints (or in centre of air propellor R
in which is the moveable stopper f); at any of which points can be inserted hung
or fixed a hot or cold bar solid or perforated tube j in wire cage k or any other
vessel cage or contrivance any of which may be fitted with stoppers plugs or valves
so as to heat or cool or aid in the operation of heating cooling or purifying the air
passing down into the liquid in churn or vessel. Such bar, tube or other appliance
or contrivance (as well as any portion of the machinery or churn) may be cooled
by contact with any liquid or chemical preparation or ice, carbonic acid gas, or
ammoniacal or ether-gas or air cooled by them or otherwise. Similar bars or
tubes solid or perforated may be inserted within the cross-bar tubes, and the
cross-bar and vertical tubes themselves may also be perforated when necessary or
expedient.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed I do declare what I
claim is :-
XXV. (1.) That my invention herein described can materially cheapen the
manufacture of butter as well as purify and improve its quality and also that of the
residuary milk thereby giving an impetus to a more profitable development of
the dairy industry.
XXVI. (2.) The sole right of manufacturing or of selling or using or of
allowing to be manufactured sold or used the improved apparatus herein described
or any part or portion thereof when such part or portion is for use with any vessel
or churn as heretofore first described or for the purposes (a) of churning milk and
cream, (b) for raising cream, (c) for making butter or (d) for aërating heating
or cooling liquids or any of the appliances described or indicated in this
Specification.
XXVII. (3.) The issue of Letters Patent to me and my executors adminis-
trators and assigns for this my sole invention that will confer and grant to me and
them all that I secondly claim as above together with all other legal and customary
rights royalties privileges and emoluments that can and do usually follow upon the
issue of Letters Patent to an inventor.
Dated thin 07th dow of Anil 1902
ARTHUR ROBINSON.