CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN KNEADING MACHINES
Year: 1854

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Auguste Edouard Loradoux Bellford, of 16, Castle
Street, Holborn, in the City of London, Patent Agent, for the Invention
of "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN KNEADING MACHINES."-A communication.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Auguste Edouard Loradoux
Bellford at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 24th July 1854..
I, AUGUSTE EDOUARD LORADOUX BELLFORD, of 16, Castle Street, Holborn,
in the City of London, Patent Agent, do hereby declare the nature of
the Invention for "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN KNEADING MACHINES" to be as
follows:-
My improvements consist of a square kneading box or trough which swings
in gudgeons on its ends. This box, being filled with the material to be
kneaded and closed by a lid, is set to turn by means of a toothed wheel keyed
on one of the gudgeons; this wheel gears with a suitable train of wheels, the
last of which is driven by hand, or any other suitable moving power. On the
opposite gudgeon is keyed a wheel, which, by means of suitable wheel gearing,
sets in motion a fan or ventilator. This gudgeon is hollow; so as to allow to
introduce into the box or trough the air furnished. by the ventilator, and thus

page_text: to facilitate the action of the yeast or barm. By heating the pipe which leads
from the ventilator to the gudgeon the air may be heated whilst being blown
into the dough box, this precaution being almost indispensable in winter time,
or when the yeast is not strong.
Having thus briefly set forth the general nature of my improvements, I will
now proceed to describe more in detail the construction and operation of the
various parts. The accompanying Sheet of Drawings represents several ways
of carrying the Invention into effect. Fig. 1 is a longitudinal elevation of
the improved kneading machine; Figs. 2 & 3 are end views from the
driving and opposite ends; Figs. 4 and 5 shew, in cross and longitudinal
section, a particular way of arranging the inside of the kneading box or trough;
Figs. 6 & 7 represent the same views of another and similar internal arrange-
ment of the said kneading box or trough. The same letters of reference stand.
in all Figures for the same parts.
A, A, are the frame ends, which carry the kneading trough above, and are
connected together below by a double-forked rail B.. This framing is represented
to be made of cast iron, but wood or other material may be as suitable for the
purpose as well as any other proper framing. In proper bearings on the frame
ends A, A, are fitted and turn the gudgeons C, C', which are fixed on the
ends of a square kneading box D, so as to form journals, about which said
kneading box is capable of being turned, by means of a handle E, or by power
through spur or other suitable gearing, F, G, G', I. The above said D is
closed by a binged lid, which is made in two halves I, I, the latter half I'
being confined in its place by the former, as shewn in Fig. 1. These two
halves may be shut and kept closed when the machine is at work by means of
hook bars K, K', which swing on connecting pieces L, L', hanging from the
lid. The portion l' of the lid may be used as a table for rolling and cutting
.the dough upon, and for this purpose the box is prevented from turning, by
means of pins M, M, inserted in one of the frame ends. For the purpose of
being able to diminish and increase the internal working space of the box,
to leave the same always proportioned in size to the quantity of dough to be
kneaded, I use a partition board N, Fig. 1, which is hinged on a rack frame O,
and stayed by the hinged rod P; the rack framo is forced into the place which
it is desired to occupy, and is confined there by stiff friction, and then the space
on the other side of the partition board N may be used for carrying on the
kneading process. Q is a fan or ventilator, suitably fixed at one end of the
kneading machine, for forcing a current of hot or cold air into the kneading
trough, as above described. This ventilator is driven by a gorge pulley keyed
on the gudgeon C', and which communicates the proper speed to the pulley

page_text: and fan shaft S by the strap or band T; if, however, the speed thus obtained
should not be sufficiently high, counter driving or any suitable means for
getting up the speed may be employed. U is the pipe or tuyere through
which the air is sent into the kneading box; it then passes through and about
the dough, and exits by the hollow gudgeon C at the other end, after having
materially assisted in raising or leavening the dough. In some cases, as above
stated, it will be necessary to effect this by heating the air previously to forcing
it into the box, and this may be conveniently done by means of a tubular or
other shaped stove or fire box V, which is hung on or secured to the tuyere U,
the latter being heated by filling the stove V with burning coal, or else placing
in it a gas or spirit lamp. Although in most cases the kneading box, as
described above, will be fit for kneading tolerably dry dough, still in particular
cases I prefer using one or the other of two internal arrangements, which I
shall describe hereafter. The first of these arrangements is intended for soft
doughs, such as are used for making certain kinds of bread. Fig. 4 shows a
cross section, and Fig. 5, an inside elevation, of the trough with the front
board removed. X, X, are a suitable number of bars or ribs fixed diagonally
in the trough, either perpendicular to its axis or else more or less inclined,
according to the dough being more or less soft. When the dough is almost semi-
fluid or pasty I use the diagonal bars Y, Y', shewn in the inside elevation of the
trougl, Fig. 6, and in cross section, Fig. 7. It may be useful to indicate the
way of using the kneading machine above described, which is as follows:-The
barm or yeast is thrown into the box and mixed with water, which is added by
degrees and thoroughly mixed with the yeast by means of a fork or ladie.
Next the necessary quantity of flour and salt water is put in the box, and
having been raised to the proper degree of temperature, the box is shut and
turned during five minutes about, after which the box is opened to ascertain
whether any flour or water need be added. The machine is then turned about
ten minutes longer, and then will be found to have produced a better mixed
and leavened dough or paste than can be obtained by the method hitherto
used. Moreover, this machine is intended to effect a great economy of power
and time over the old method, and may even be applicable to private use.
Although I do not wish to confine myself to any particular size, I suggest that
the size of the trough for private houses may be three feet long and one foot
diameter over sides, and bakers boxes may have upwards of twelve feet length
by eighteen inches diameter over siles. It may not be unnecessary to remark,
that although I have described and represented a perfectly square box, yet a
box tapering towards the bottom, or of a trapezoidal shape, may be found
more convenient for working the machine.

page_text: Having thus described the nature of my Invention, and the manner in which
the same is or may be carried into effect, I wish it to be understood that what
I claim is,.
Firstly, a kneading macbine consisting of a square or trapezoidal box
rotating about an axis, as above described.
Secondly, directing a current of hot or cold air into the kneading box by a
fan or any other suitable means...
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Auguste Edouard Loradoux Bellford in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 4th January 1855.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, AUGUSTE
EDOUARD LORADOUX BELLFORD, of 16, Castle Street, Holborn, in the City of
London, Patent Agent, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-fourth day of July, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-four, in the eighteenth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said Auguste Edouard Loradoux Bellford, Her special licence that I,
the said Auguste Edouard Loradoux Bellford, my executors, administrators,
and assigns, or such others as I, the said Auguste Edouard Loradoux
Bellford, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during
the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,
and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "CERTAIN IMPROVE-
MENTS IN KNEADING MACHINES," a commúnication, upon the condition (amongst
others) that I, the said Auguste Edouard Loradoux Bellford, by an instru-
ment in writing under my hand and seal, should particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal
Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the
date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Auguste Edouard Loradoux Bellford,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the
same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by
the following statement

page_text: The said improvements consist of a square kneading box or trough which
swings in gudgeons on its ends. This box, being filled with the material to be
kneaded and closed by a lid, is set to turn by means of a toothed pinion keyed
on one of the gudgeons; this pinion gears with a suitable train of wheels, the
last of which is driven by hand, or any other suitable moving power. On the
opposite gudgeon is keyed a wheel, which, by means of suitable wheel gearing,
sets in motion a fan or ventilator. This gudgeon is hollow, so as to allow to
introduce into the box or trough the air furnished by the ventilator, and thus
to facilitate the action of the yeast or barm. By heating the pipe which leads
from the ventilator to the gudgeon the air may be heated whilst being blown
into the dough box, this precaution being almost indispensable in winter time,
or when the yeast is not strong.
Having thus briefly set forth the general nature of these improvements, I
will now proceed to describe more in detail the construction and operation of
the various parts. The accompanying Sheet of Drawings represents several
ways of carrying the Invention into effect. Fig. 1 is a longitudinal elevation
of the improved kneading machine; Fig. 2 is an end view from the driving
end; Fig. 3 is an end view from the opposite end; Figs. 4 & 5 shew, in cross
and longitudinal section, a particular way of arranging the inside of the
kneading box or trough; Figs. 6 & 7 represent the same views of another
& similar internal arrangement of the said kneading box or trough. The
same letters of reference stand in all Figures for the same parts.
A, A, are the frame ends, which carry the kueading trough above, and are
connected together below by a double-forked rail B. This framing is repre-
sented to be made of cast iron, but wood or other material may be as suitable.
for the purpose as well as any other proper framing. In proper bearings on
the frame ends A, A, are fitted and turn the gudgeons C, C', which are fixed
on the ends of a square kneading box D, so as to form journals, about which
said kneading box is capable of being turned, by means of a handle E, or by
power through spur or other suitable gearing, F, G, G¹, H. The above said.
box D is closed by a hinged lid, which is made in two halves I, I', the latter
half I being confined in its place by the former by means of a bevel edge, as.
shewn in Fig. 1. These two halves may be shut and kept closed when the
machine is at work by means of hook bars K, K', which swing on connecting
pieces. L, L', hanging from the lid. The portion I' of the lid may be used as a
table for rolling and cutting the dough upon, and for this purpose the box is
prevented from turning by means of pins M, M, inserted in one of the frame
ends. For the purpose of being able to diminish and increase the internal
working space of the box, to have the same always proportional in size to the

page_text: quantity of dough to be kneaded, the Inventor uses a partition board N, Fig. 1,
which is hinged on a rack frame O, and stayed by the hinged rod P; the rack
frame is forced into the place which it is desired to occupy, and is confined
there by stiff friction, and then the space on the other side of the partition
board N may be used for carrying on the kneading process. Q is a fan or ven-
tilator, suitably fixed at one end of the kneading machine, for forcing a current
of hot or cold air into the kneading trough, as above described. This venti-
lator is driven by a gorge pulley keyed on the gudgeon C', and which com-
municates the proper speed to the pulley and fan shaft S by the strap or
band T; if, however, the speed thus obtained should not be sufficiently high,
counter driving or any suitable means for getting up the speed may be em-
ployed. U is the pipe or tuyere through which the air is sent into the
kneading box; it then passes through and about the dough, and exits by the
hollow gudgeon C at the other end, after having materially assisted in raising
or leavening the dough. In some cases, as above stated, it will be necessary
to effect this by heating the air previously to forcing it into the box, and this
may be conveniently done by means of a tubular or other shaped stove or fire-
box V, which is hung on or secured to the tuyere U, the latter being heated
by filling the stove V with burning coal, or else placing in it a gas or spirit
lamp. Although in most cases the kneading box, as described above, will be
fit for kneading tolerably dry dough, still in particular cases it is preferable
to use one or the other of two internal arrangements, which I shall describe
hereafter. The first of these arrangements is intended for soft douglis,
such as are used for making certain kinds of bread. Fig. 4 shews a
cross section, and Fig. 5 an inside elevation, of the trough with the front
board removed. X, X, are a suitable number of bars or ribs fixed dia-
gonally in the trough, either perpendicular to its axis or else more or less
inclined, according to the dough being more or less soft.
When the dough is
almost semi-fluid or pasty the use of the diagonal bars Y, Y', shewn in the
inside clevation of the trough, Fig. 6, and in cross section, Fig. 7, is suggested.
It may be useful to indicate the way of using the kneading machine above
described, which is as follows:-The barm or yeast is thrown into the box
and mixed with water, which is added by degrees and thoroughly beaten up
with the yeast by means of a fork or ladle. Next the necessary quantity of
flour and salt water is put in the box, and having been raised to the proper
degree of temperature, the box is shut and turned during five minutes about,
after which it is opened to ascertain whether any flour or water need be added.
The machine is then turned about ten minutes longer, and at the end of that
time will be found to have produced a better mixed and leavened dough or

page_text: paste than can be obtained by the methods hitherto used. Morcover, this
machine is intended to effect a great economy of power and time over the old
method, and may even be applicable to private use. Although I do not wish
to confine myself to any particular size, I suggest that the size of the trough
for private houses may be 3 feet long and one foot diameter over sides, and
bakers boxes may have upwards of twelve feet length by eighteen inches
diameter over sides. It may not be unnecessary to remark, that although I
have described and represented a perfectly square box, yet a box tapering
towards the bottom, or of a trapezoidal shape, may be found more convenient
for working the machine.
Having thus described the nature of this Invention, and the manner in
which the same is or may be carried into effect, I wish it to be understood
that what I claim is,-
First, a kneading machine consisting of a square or trapezoidal box rotating
about an axis, as above described.
Second, directing a current of hot or cold air into the kneading box by a fan
or any other suitable means.
In witness whereof, I, the said Auguste Edouard Loradoux Bellford,
have hereunto set my hand and seal, this 4th day of December, in
the year of our Lord 1854.
A. L. LOKADUUX BELLFORD. (L.S.)
A. E. LOKADUUA BELLFORD. (L.S.)