An Improved Drain Pipe for Indicating the Gradient or Fall.
Year: 1889

page_text: Date of Application, 29th May, 1889-Accepted, 13th July, 1839
An Improved Drain Pipe for Indicating the Gradient or Fall.
I IRWIN CLARKE WALLAS of the Sanitary Works, 212 High Road, Kilburn, in the
County of Middlesex, Sanitary Engineer do hereby declare the nature of this invention
and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following statement :-
My Invention relates principally to Vetrified Stoneware, Porcelain, Cast and
Wrought Iron and Steel pipes used to convey liquid matter and water to effect
distinct gradients and falls in the laying and fixing of such pipes for the purpose
named above. In order to attain any given gradient or fall in the laying and fixing
of pipes used to convey liquid matter or water it is now customary to use either
a wood straight edge, spirit level or complicated apparatus or as is more frequently
the custom to rely upon the uncertain estimate of workmens vision. To prevent
serious issues arising from these existing unsatisfactory and unreliable methods of
securing fixed gradients and falls is the object of my invention.
I construct on the uppermost side of any pipe extending the entire or only part
length of such pipe a projecting piece higher at the spiggot than the socket end,
these heights varying according to the gradient and fall required, the width of this
projection may vary but the width will be deemed sufficient if it admits of an ordinary
spirit level resting thereon without the necessity of holding the spirit level with the
hand, the upper face of this projection is perfectly flat & true, and when the pipe is
laid at the gradient and fall indicated on the pipe or projection (attainable through
the special construction of this projection) the upper face (on the application of a
spirit level) will be found perfectly level and horizontal from the point of gravitation ;
thus guarding against carlessness in the laying of Drain and other pipes and
securing without trouble or scientific labour true and accurate gradients and falls.
And in order that my said invention may be properly understood 1 will now
proceed more particularly to describe the same with reference to the annexed sheet
of drawings.
Fig. 1 is an elevation of my Improved Drain pipe for indicating the gradient and
fall.
Fig. 2 is a plan view of the same. Fig. 3 a section. The projecting piece a to b
from its construction as shewn in section and plan is attached to the uppermost side
of any Vetrified Stoneware, Porcelain, Cast, Wrought Iron or Steel pipe to be
used for the conveyance of liquid matter or water, and in accordance with the
gradient and fall required the elevation of that end nearest the spiggot end of the
pipe is regulated in its construction; this gradient and fall indicating part can
either be cast in one piece with the pipe, or can be attached after the pipe is made :
its length can be regulated to admit of the pipe being cut or shortened.
This indicating part is equally applicable to Bends and Junctions in the same
manner as it is applied to straight pipes.
The guarantee that the pipe is well and truly laid at any gradient and fall
marked on the projecting or indicating part fixed to the pipe to be used, is con-
firmed; when the upper face of the projecting or indicating part is accurately
levelled, by the simple application of placing a Spirit Level on the top of the part
in question.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be formed I declare that what I
claim is :-
1. The projecting part, which from its construction as described herein, and shown

page_text: face to be on a perfect level) gives to the pipe to which it is fixed, or applied,
when the pipe is resting upon the ground; or brick; or other supports; an incline
gradient or fall, from the socket to the spiggot or outlet end of the pipe.
2. The indicating or projecting part (substantially as herein before described, and
shown) but detachable, and portable & made from either Vetrified Stoneware,
Porcelain, Glass; Iron; Steel; Brass; Copper; Lead; Tin; Wood; Woodite
Pulp, Ivory, Horn or composition, having for its object the accurate attainment of
gradients and levels in laying pipes.
Dated this Twenty-ninth day of May 1889
;
IRWIN CLARKE WALLAS,
The Sanitary Works, 212, High Road, Kilburn, N.W.