IMPROVED MACHINERY FOR CUTTING, PUNCHING, AND FORGING
Year: 1856

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Edward Newton, of the Office for Patents,"
66, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, for the
Invention of "IMPROVED MACHINERY FOR CUTTING, PUNCHING, AND FORGING
communisation
Sealed the 15th August 1856, and dated the 8th May 1856.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Edward Newton
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 8th May 1856.
I, WILLIAM EDWARD NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery Lane,
in the County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, do hereby declare the nature:
of the said Invention for IMPROVED MACHINERY FOR CUTTING, PUNCHING, AND
FORGING OR SWAGING NUTS OR WASHERS, to be as follows:-
In the improved machinery, which forms the subject of the present Inven-
tion, the nut blanks are formed from a bar of heated iron of suitable size,
which is presented to the face of a die, and in succession pushed forward
against a gauge by an operator. A nut blank is cut off from the end of the
bar by a punch and die of the form of the circumference of the nut, and as.
this is forced through and discharged, by the continuation of the same motion,
and by another and parallel punch, the hole is punched in the bar for the
next nut blank. As the nut blanks are in succession discharged from the die

page_text: in which they are cut, they are taken by a pair of jaws and transferred to and
held in front of a central mandril, which is forced into the central hole thereof,
in order to hold and turn it during the after operations. The punched and
cut nut being thus held and turned by the mandrel, it is swaged on the two
faces by sliding swages, which are operated in the line of the axis of the
mandril, and it is also forged on the edges by two hammers, which work in
opposite directions, but simultaneously, and at right angles to the axis of the
mandril, which is occasionally turned, in order to present the several faces of
the nut to the action of the hammers, whether the nut be square, hexagonal,
octagonal, or of other number of sides; or, if round, to present in succession
the several parts of the circumference. The faces of the hammers may be con-
stru cted so as to form two of the faces of the nut at the same time.
SPECIFICATION. in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said.William Edward, Newton in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 7th November 1856..
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
EDWARD NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery Lane, in the County
of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Eighth day of May, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-six, in the nineteenth year of Her reign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
William Edward Newton, Her special license that I, the said William Edward
Newton, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the
said William Edward Newton, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should
at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVED
MACHINERY FOR CUTTING, PUNCHING, AND FORGING OR SWAGING NUTS OR WASHERS,"
being a communication from abroad, upon the condition (amongst others) that
I, the said William Edward Newton, by an instrument in writing under my
hand and seal, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause
the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said William Edward Newton, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is
to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement, reference being had to the Drawings hereunto annexed,
and to the letters and figures marked thereon (that is to say):-
In the improved machinery, which forms the subject of the present Inven-
tion, the nut blanks are formed from a bar of heated iron of suitable size,
which is presented to the face of a die, and in succession pushed forward
against a gauge by an operator. A nut blank is cut off from the end of the
bar by a punch and die of the form of the circumference of tho nut, and as
this is forced through and discharged, by the continuation of the same motion,
and by another and parallel punch, the hole is punched in the bar for the next
nut blank. As the nut blanks are in succession discharged from the die in
which they are cut, they are taken by a a pair of jaws and transferred to and
held in front of a central mandril, which is forced into the central hole
thereof, in order to hold and turn it during the after operations. The punched
and cut nut being thus held and turned by the mandril, it is swaged on the
two faces by sliding swages, which are operated in the line of the axis of the
mandril, and it is also forged on the edges by two hammers, which work in
opposite directions, but simultaneously, and at right angles to the axis of the
mandril, which is occasionally turned, in order to present the several faces of
the nut to the action of the hammers, whether the nuts be square, hexagonal,
octagonal, or of other number of sides; or, if round, to present in succession
the several parts of the circumference. The faces of the hammers may be'
constructed so as to form two of the faces of the nut at the same time.
In the accompanying Drawings, Fig. 1 is a plan or top view of the machine;'
Fig. 2, a longitudinal vertical section in the plane of the axis of the mandrils
which hold the nuts during the operation of forging or swaging; Fig. 3, a'
cross vertical section, passing through the hammers or swages; Figures 4'
and 5, cross vertical sections, taken at the lines A, a, and B, b, of Fig. 2, and
looking in the direction of the arrows'; and Fig. 6 represents separate views
of such of the cams as do not clearly appear in the other Figures. à repre-
sents a frame, which may be of any suitable form, with a vertical cross
channel 6 made in the upper part, in which the bar of heated iron from which
the nuts are to be cut is presented and held by the attendant. In one of the
vertical faces of this channel is fitted the die c, which is held in' place by a key
or other suitable means: This die is formed with two apertures, side by side,
(see Fig. 5,) the one d' round, and of the size of the central hole in the nuts to
be made; and the other e-square, and a little larger than the intended size of

page_text: the nuts. The holes in the dies are extended through the solid part of the
metal in which the die is imbedded, as shewn in Fig. 3, where. they are
indicated by the same letters as the holes in the die. There is a stop or gauge f
projecting from the face of the die, and at one edge of the square hole e, against
which the attendant pushes the end of the rod at each punching and cutting
operation, to gauge the required position of the rod or bar of iron.
There are two punches g and h, corresponding in size, form, and position
with the holes in the die, and these punches are both fitted (in any suitable
manner to admit of being changed) to the forward end of a metallic stock i,
adapted to slide longitudinally and accurately in one of the headstocks of the
frame, so that the punches will move accurately in the line of the corresponding
holes in the die. The outer end of the stock i is connected by strong joint
links j, j, with the upper arm of a strong lever k, which turns on a fulcrum
pin, and the lower arm of this lever has a strong projecting wrest pin m,
whch is made to bear against the face of a rim cam n, on the end of the cam
shaft o, by the tension of a spring p linked to the lower arm of the said lever.
This cam is represented as developed at n, in Fig. 6, and as this cam rotates,
and its face from 1 to 2 passes by the wrest m, the punches are held stationary
at their greatest distance from the die, so that the attendant can push the end
of the bar of iron against the gauge f; the face of the cam then rises in a
gradual plane from 2 to 3, to force the square punch through the bar of iron
and into the square hole of the die to punch out a piece of iron of nearly the
size of the intended nut, and force it through the hole to discharge it on the
other side, where it is received and transferred to the after operations, in
manner to be hereafter described. The same action forces the round punch
through the bar of iron to punch the round hole for the next nut to be cut off
nt the next operation. The cam from 3 to 4 recedes, for the purpose of
drawing back the punches so far that the bar of iron can be pushed between
the die and the round punch, and against the square punch to gauge the place
where the first round hole is to be punched in the end of a fresh bar. From
the point 4 to 5 the cam retains the punches in a fixed position, and from 5 to
the place of beginning, the face of the cam recedes to draw back the punches
to their utmost rear position. After the first hole has been punched in a bar,
the attendant at the subsequent operations pushes the end of the bar against
the gauge f, before described.
In this way the whole length of the bar made use of. As the
square
punch cuts off one nut, the round punch punches the central hole in the bar
for the nut to be cut off at the next operation by the square punch; but if the
bar at the commencement was pushed against the gauge f, the first piece cut

page_text: off would be without a central hole; this I avoid by giving to the punches a
rest in their back motion, so that when a fresh bar is introduced the attendant
can make use of the square punch as a gauge by which to set the bar for
the punching of the first hole. As the punched nut blank is discharged in
front by the second motion of the square punch, it is forced between and held
by a pair of spring jaws q, on the end of an arm r, on a rock shaft 3, which is
provided with another arm't, connected by a joint link 't with the outer end of
a lever v. This lever turns on a fulcrum pin at w, and is provided with a pin
x (see Fig. 2), which rests on the periphery of a cam y on the cam shaft o.
The form of this cam, represented at y, (Fig. 6,) is concentric from the point 1
to 2, to hold up the spring jaws in front of the square hole through which the
cut nut blank is discharged, and from 2 to 1 there is a depression to permit
the jaws to descend by the gravity of the parts to carry the nut blank down to
the required position for the insertion of the mandril in the central hole thereof.
The extent of the downward motion of the spring jaws is gauged by a gauged
set screw, tapped in the arm r of the jaws, and the head acts as a gauge by
coming in contact with the head of one of the hammers, to be presently
described; but the motion may be gauged in any other manner. So soon as
the nut blank is carried down by the spring jaws, the mandril a is forced into
its central hole to hold it, and the jaws are then lifted up out of the way of the
hammers and to their original position preparatory to receiving another nut
blank; the end of the mandril a', which fits into the central hole of the nut, is
pointed, and back of the point slightly tapering, so that it may enter the hole
freely and hold the nut when forced in. Back of this part the mandril is of
an enlarged size and cylindrical, and passes through and slides freely but
accurately in one of the hollow cylindrical face swages b', to be presently
described. And the back end of this mandril is connected by a joint link c¹
with the end of the upper arm of a lever d', that turns on a fulerum pin e', the
cud of the lower arm being provided with a wrist or pin, which by the tension
of a spring g' is made to bear against the face of a rim cam f on the cam
shaft o; by which the lever is operated to work the mandril. The form of this
From the point 1 to 2 it
cam is represented as developed at f', in Fig. 6.
presents a plane inclined to the plane of rotation to force the mandril into the
hole of the nut blank, and from 2 to 3 it is slightly depressed to draw back
the mandril and bring the nut blank in line between the hammers (to be
presently described) which forge the edges, and then from the point 3 to 4
the said cam is in the plane of rotation to keep the nut in place, and from 4
the face of the cam recedes to the place of beginning, to draw the mandril out
of tho nut blank, by which it is discharged.

page_text: The sleeve which surrounds the mandril is a hollow cylinder, fitted to
slide accurately but freely on the mandril, and within a rocking sleeve shaft h³,
mounted in suitable boxes in one of the heads of the frame. The mandril is
feathered to the sleeve ', which is in turn feathered to the rocking sleeve
shaft, so that the turning of the rocking sleeve shaft h¹ will turn the mandril,
which is swivelled to the link which connects' its rear end with the.lever, by
which it is moved longitudinally; the inner end of the sleeve 6' is made of a
form the reverse of the face of the intended nut, and constitutes the swage or
face of the hammer for swaging or forging one face of the nut. Back of this
sleeve or face swage, and in line with it, there is another and corresponding
swage , adapted to slide longitudinally and freely but accurately in the other
headstock of the frame, and the face of this swage is made of the same form
with the other, or of any other form to suite the intended form of nuts to be
manufactured, and there is a central hole in the face of this swage to receive
the point of the mandril, and the face of this swage presents resistance to the
nut blank when the mandril is forced into it; it is on this account also that
the mandril is drawn back a short distance after it is inserted in the nut blank,
that the face of the nut may be withdrawn from the face of the said swage.
each outer face of a forked lever
This forked lever is lifted and
The two swages &, 6, are drawn apart by the tension of springs i, ¹¹, acting
each on a collar on the outer end of each of the swages, and they are forced
towards each other to swage or hammer the faces of the ruts by means of two
levers, one at each end of the machine. These levers turn on fulcrum
pins,, their upper arms bear against the outer ends of the swages, and
their lower arms are acted upon by two pintles 1, ", with rounded ends; one
end of each is fitted to a socket in the inner face of one of the lower arms of
each lever, and the other end to a socket in
m, which vibrates on journals at n', n¹.
depressed twice in each rotation of the cam shaft o by two cam projections
o, o', on opposite sides of a cam wheel p¹ on the shaft o, and the working of
this forked lever, by means of the interposed pintles, makes them act in the
manner of a toggle joint lever to operate the levers 7, ", to work the swages.
At right angles to the line of motion of the face swages 6, 6, are two hammer
levers q, q, that turn on a fulcrum pin 2; these hammer levers are placed
one on each side of the mandril, and the inner faces of their upper arms are
made of the form required for liammering the edges of the nuts; their lower
arms are curved inwards above the cam shaft o, so as to be within a short
distance, and they are both connected by joint links s¹, s, with the end of a
forked lever t, which is lifted four times.in each rotation of the cam shaft o
by tappets on the periphery of a wheel v¹ on the said shaft o. The lifting

page_text: of the forked lever t¹ causes the joint links s¹, s¹, to act: in the manner of
toggle joint levers on the levers 9'9', to hammer the edges of the nut; the
four tappets u are arranged in pairs, the spaces between the two pairs being
greater than the spaces between the two constituting each pair; the object of
the greater space between two of them is to give time for the action of the
feed motion, and the space opposite to give time for the action of the tappet o¹
on the cam p. The sleeve rock shaft which is outside of, and concentric
with the mandril, is provided with an arm w', connected by a joint link a¹ with
one arm of a lever y¹ which turns on a fulcrum pin ¹, the other arm being so
formed as to be borne by the tension of a spring a" against the periphery of
a cam c on the cam shaft o, and the form of this cam is such as to turn the
sleeve shaft, and with it the mandril and nut, a quarter of a revolution and back
during each rotation of the shaft o, and in the periods of time to be described.
The succession of operations is as follows, viz' :-The nut blank is punched,
cut off, forced into the spring jaws, and the spring jaws depressed to bring the
nut blank with its central hole in the required position, the mandril pushed
forward into the nut, the face swage making resistance. The mandril is
then drawn back a short distance to remove the nut blank from the face of
the swage
and in line with the side hammers, which are then operated to
strike each a blow on the opposite edges of the nut and retire; the nut is
then turned a quarter of a revolution by the rock sleeve shaft, the two ham-
mers then strike each a blow and retire; the two face swages are then forcéd
up against the two faces of the nut and retire, then the two side hammers
strike each a blow, the nut is again turned a quarter revolution, and again the
side hammers strike each a blow and retire; and the two face swages are again
forced up to complete the swaging of the faces of the nut, and as they retire the
mandril is drawn back within the sleeve swage b', by which the nut is dis-
charged, and the machine left in the condition to repeat the series of operations.
I have described the faces of the two side hammers as being flat and parallel
to strike on opposite sides of the edges of the nuts, so that by turning the nut
one quarter of a revolution and again operating the hammers, the four faces
on the circumference of the nut are hammered; but it will be obvious,. that by
simply changing the form of the cam c" the nut can be forged with a greater
number of sides, such as hexagonal or octagonal, so long as the polygon is of
an even number of sides..
The Inventor contemplated making the faces of each of the two hammers.
to represent two faces of the polygon of the nut; as, for instance, for square
nuts the face of each hammer will represent the two sides of a right-angled
triangle, so that when the two haunners are brought together they will inclose

page_text: the four sides of the nut; this will have the effect more thoroughly to com-
pact the iron. In that case, however, it will be necessary to so form the
cam c" as to turn the mandril with the nut one-eighth of a revolution so soon
as the nut is left on the mandril by the spring jaws, so as to present the angles
of the nut to the action of the hammers, and then to give the other movements,
as above described. Or, instead of turning the mandril a quarter of a revolu-
tion, the same result may be obtained by a change of position of the spring
jaws. For octagonal nuts the two hammers may be made each with two faces
representing two sides of the octagon, in which case the motions of the mandril,
fully described above, will be sufficient; and for polygonal nuts it will only be
necessary to modify the form of the cam c" to suit the number of sides and
the form of the faces of the hammer. -
In whatever form, however, the nuts are to be forged, the punch and the
die which cut the nut blanks from the bar should be of a corresponding form,
to avoid the necessity of too much hammering and swaging.
It will be obvious that washers can be forged in the above-described machine
as well as nuts, and that, if desired, round nuts or washers can be forged, as
well as of the forms specified, by changing the form of the faces of the side
hammers.
I do not wish to be understood as limiting my claim to the special form,
construction, or arrangement of the several parts, as the same mode of opera-
tion may be obtained by the substitution of equivalent mechanical contrivances.
What. I claim as new in the above-described Invention, and desire to secure
by Letters Patent, is, the method of punching the central hole, cutting off the
nut blanks from a bar, and discharging the same, by means of two punches
operating simultaneously and side by side in combination with the two holes
or two dies, so that a hole is punched in the bar for another nut during the
continued motion of the punch to discharge the nut which was cut off during
the previous part of the same motion.
I also claim, in combination with the punching and cutting operation, or
either, and with the mandril or its equivalent for entering the central hole of
the nut blank, the employment of the spring jaws, or the equivalents thereof,
for transferring the nut blank from the die to the mandril, and there holding
it until the mandril enters the hole.
:
I also claim the holding of the nut blanks on the mandril in combination
with the swages for swaging the faces of the nuts.
I also claim, in combination with the mandril for holding and turning the
nut blanks, the employment of the hammers for hammering or swaging the
edges of the nuts..

page_text: And, finally, I claim the combination of the swages for swaging the faces of
the nuts with the hammers for forging the edges of the nuts, by means of
which the metal is thoroughly compacted in all directions, and a good finish
given to the entire blank.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Edward Newton, have here-
unto set my hand and seal, the Seventh day of November, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-six.
Witness,
J. W. MOFFATT,
66, Chancery Lane.
W. E. NEWTON. (L.S.)