CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE METHOD OF METHODS OF GENERATING STEAM, AND IN THE APPLICATION OF IT TO VARIOUS USEFUL PURPOSES
Year: 1824

page_text: PAUL'S SPECIFICATION.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
THEODORE PAUL, of Genova, but now residing at Charing Cross, Westminster,
in the County of Middlesex, Mechanist, send greeting.
WHEREAS His present most Excellent Majesty King George the Fourth,
by His Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at
Westminster, the Thirteenth day of May, in the Fifth year of His reign, did,
for Himself, His heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
John Theodore Paul, His especial licence, that I, the said John Theodore Paul,
my exors, adñiors, and assigns, or such others as I, the said John Theodore
Paul, my exors, admors, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times during the term of years therein
expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within
England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick upon Tweed, the Invention of
"CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE METHOD OF METHODS OF GENERATING STEAM, AND
IN THE APPLICATION OF IT TO VARIOUS USEFUL PURPOSES," communicated to me by a
certain foreigner residing abroad; in which said Letters Patent there is contained
a proviso obliging me, the said John Theodore Paul, by an instrument in writing
under my hand and seal, particularly to describe and ascertain the nature of
the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, and to
cause the same to be inrolled in His Majesty's High Court of Chancery
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said in
part recited Letters Patent, reference being thereunto had, will more fully and
at large appear.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
John Theodore Paul, do hereby declare that the nature of the said Invention,
and the manner in which the same is to be performed, are particularly
described and ascertained in and by the Drawing hereunto annexed, and the
following description thereof (that is to say):
The said Invention, for which a French Brevet de Invention for fifteen years,
has been granted to Mess Revon and Moulinic, of Paris, in December One
thousand eight hundred and twenty-three, consists of a method of converting
water into high pressure steam, by exposing it to the action of heat in a long
continuous metal pipe of a small diameter; and into one end of which pipe the
water being forced or injected will pass out at the other end of it in the state
of high pressure steam. The length of the pipe forming this boiler, whatever
may be its diameter, ought to be such, that being heated throughout its whole
length to a heat below redness, the water that is, as before-mentioned, forced
into it at one end of it shall pass out at the other end in a state of steam of
such clastic force as shall be sufficient for the work it is to perform; a pipe
calculated to supply an engine of the power of two horses should be at least
one hundred and fifty feet long. The diameter of the pipe, whatever may be
its length, ought to be as small as possible, provided that the quantity of steam
generated within it in a certain time be sufficient to perform the work
required. A copper pipe to supply an engine of the above power should be
at least threc-sixteenths of an inch in its internal diameter, and one-sixteenth
of an inch in thickness. In the annexed Drawing, Fig 1 and 2 repre-
sent two pipe boilers constructed upon the before-mentioned principles, each
of them being calculated to produce sufficient steam for working an engine of
the power of two horses under the pressure of one hundred and fifty pounds
upon the square inch. Fig. 1 is the section of a boiler, &c.; A, B, C, D, E,
F, G, H, I, J, is a single continuous pipe coiled in a circular manner in
the form represented; K, K, an external casing formed of sheet iron or other
fit and proper material or materials; this is intended to prevent the escape of
the heat, and to support the coil of pipe upon the flango I, L; that part of
the coiled pipe which is marked II, F, G, I, is so constructed as to operate as
a grate to support the fuel; M, M, the fuel which is thrown into the fire-
place, either at the chimney N, when it is only of a moderate length, or at a
door; 0, 0, a circular reservoir to contain water for supplying the injecting s
pump; P, P, brick dust or coal ashes; Q, the forcing or injecting pump;
R, R, the valve box and valves; S, a flange at the end of the coiled pipe out
of which the steam rushes, under a high pressure. The fire being lighted and
the pipe sufficiently heated, the pump must be worked; the water will then be

page_text: drawn from the reservoir O, O, and pass through the upper valve R, into the
coil of the pipe at A, from whence it will pass to the top of the outer part of
the coil at B, where it will be gently heated, then become more strongly heated,
following the course of the letters C, D, E, F, G, H, I, and expanding into
5 steam, which in its course becomes more and more heated, and continully a
greater elastic power or force, it finally escapes from the boiler at J, and is
conveyed to the engine, &c. Fig. 2 represents the section of another
pipe boiler, &c., which is coiled and heated in a different manner from
that before described, and is calculated to be used for steam boats, steam
carriages, &c., where chimnies cannot be employed. In this boiler the
pipe is coiled in the forms of two. framstrums of cones of different sizes, the
larger one having its wider part at top, and the smaller one or inner cone at
the bottom. These are set firm upon a metal disc T, T, which is supported
upon four wires, two of which are shewn in section at U, U. This disc is
partly closed below by being formed into a funnel V, V; into this funnel the
pipe W enters, which conveys a current of air to the fire; a small space should
be left around this pipe for any cinders or ashes that may fall into the funnel V,
to be blown through and descend into the lower funnel X, from whence they
can escape at its opening Y; the whole boiler is inclosed within two concentric
metal cylinders Za, the space between which is to be filled up, either with brick-
dust or coal ashes b, b. The inner cylinder Z, Z, which may be of any
length required, extends above the outer one, and is closed by a cover e. This
inner cylinder and funnel X must be secured upon a proper basis d, by means
of the screws e, e, or otherwise. The fuel M, M, is contained between the
two concentric cones of pipe, the space within the smaller cone being left
empty to receive the current of air from the pipe W. The fuel either descends
by its own weight as it consumes below, or it may be forced down occasionally;
and the cinders or ashes which escape between the interstices in the outer coil
of the pipe are discharged through the lower funnel X. The forcing or pro-
jecting pump is to be applied to the end A of the continuous pipe, and the high
pressure steam will pass out at the other end of it J, as in the boiler already
described. f is a register for the air. The fire being lighted, a gentle current
of air is caused to pass through the pipe W by any known method, as from
bellows, &c.; this air passes between the sterstices of the inner coil of the pipe.
into the fire; the carbonic acid, &c. formed by the combustion, will pass through
the interstices of the outer coil of the pipe, and descend between them and
the casing Z, Z, from whence they will escape through the opening Y into the
open air. For supplying engines of greater powers, more than one pipe boiler
may be used, and those may be heated either in the same or in separate

page_text: furnaces; and they may also be heated by the immediate contact with the fuel
by the radiant heat from it, by the flame of gass, by the heated air, &c., proceed-
ing from smelting or other furnaces, or by any other fit and proper means.
The size, shape, or construction of the furnaces may also be varied consider-
ably according to circumstances, as may likewise be the arrangement of the
coils of pipe, provided that the boiler consists of one entire or continuous pipe,
or of one or more pipes united firmly together so as to form one continued
pipe from the end where the water enters it, to the other end where the
high pressure steam rushes out. The pipe or pipes may also be made of
any other fit and proper materials besides copper, such as platina, gold, silver,
&c., but in such cases the proportions, in regard to their length, diameter,
and thickness, must be varied accordingly. So also pipes of copper might
be made of other dimensions than those above described, but which, however,
have been found by experience to be the most convenient for engines of the
power mentioned. The exterior surface of the coil of pipe may be coated with
a layer of clay or any other fit and proper substance not liable to be acted upon
by the heat of the furnace, with a view to prevent the oxidation of the pipe.
In witness whereof, I, John Theodore Paul, have hereunto set my hand
and seal, this Thirteenth day of November, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and twenty-four.