IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM ENGINES, AND IN FURNACES AND BOILERS FOR THE SAME
Year: 1863

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Thomas Ivory, of Edinburgh, Advocate, for the
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM ENGINES, AND IN FURNACES AND
BOILERS FOR THE SAME."
Sealed the 31st March 1864, and dated the 5th October 1863.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Thomas Ivory at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
5th October 1863.
I, THOMAS IVORY, of Edinburgh, Advocate, do hereby declare the nature of
the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM ENGINES, AND IN FURNACES AND
BOILERS FOR THE SAME," to be as follows:-
My Invention, with reference to steam engines, relates, in the first place, to
engines having two cylinders placed end to end, in one of which steam acts at
high pressure and in the other expansively, but only on the inner face of the
pistons in both, and consists in arranging a valve chest between or in imme-
diate connection with both cylinders, the valve in which is worked in a plane at
right angles to that in which the pistons move, and also (particularly in the
smaller size of engines) in having no piston rod to connect the inner faces of
the pistons, but connecting the pistons only by cross heads at the end of piston
rods attached to their outer faces, and rods connecting those cross heads in
such way that both pistons shall move in the same direction when the steam is
acting on one of them.

page_text: By means of the above arrangement the steam from the boiler is caused
to act first at high pressure on the inner face of the piston in the one
cylinder, and afterwards expansively on the inner face of the piston in the
second cylinder, the valve being so constructed and worked as to admit the
steam into the cylinders respectively at the requisite intervals, and allow it
to escape from the second cylinder into the exhaust as required.
My Invention, with reference to cylinder steam engines, consists, in the second
place, in the interposition of a vessel filled with water or other suitable
liquid between the steam cylinder and piston and the driving shaft. This
vessel is furnished with a piston making stroke for stroke with the steam
piston, and has valves at one or both ends, whereby water is admitted to and
emitted from the said vessel by any of the well-known arrangements used in
force pumps or other equivalent means, and such arrangements are made that
the motion of the piston in the cylinder of the engine will be communicated to
that in the interposed vessel, and a quantity of water substantially equal to
what is emitted from the water vessel is at each stroke of the piston in that
vessel caused to pass through and impel a water engine which gives motion to
the driving shaft. The said water vessel and piston may also be interposed
in like manner between a piston or wheel actuated by any prime mover
and the driving shaft; each revolution of the wheel, as in the case of water
wheels, producing a double or to-and-fro stroke of the piston in the water
vessel.
And my Invention, with reference to furnaces and boilers for steam
engines, consists in the several improvements herein-after stated, videlicet :-
First, in supplying the air required for the incandescent portion of the
fuel in the fire-box or furnace of steam boilers, through spaces between
water tubes forming part of the walls of the fire-box instead of through a
grate at the bottom, thereby causing the air thus supplied to pass in divided
streams between the water tubes in a manner similar to that in which it
ordinarily passes through a grate; any kind of draught preferred may be used.
Secondly, with reference to furnaces having walls of firebrick, in causing
the air to be supplied to the same portion of the fuel through spaces or per
forations in one or more of the sides in divided streams, as stated above, and
causing the products of combustion to pass out of the fire-box through
spaces or perforations in one or more of the walls thereof, similar to, but by
preference of larger collective area than those through which the air is admitted
Thirdly, when coal is fed into the fire-box above the incandescent portion
of the fuel, in causing the products of combustion of the latter to pass inte
flues or fire-ways, without mixing with the combustible gases, of the coal

page_text: For this purpose I provide separate or enlarged channels or openings for the
escape of these combustible gases from the fire-boxes, and cause these gases
to be supplied with the air requisite for their combustion.
Fourthly, when the air is admitted through more than one of the sides of
the fire-box of a boiler, in having the flue or fire-way recessed so that a line
drawn from one extremity of the fuel to the other shall enclose a portion of the
flue or fire-way.
Fiftbly, in the construction of the fire-box (with metal walls which enclose
one or more water spaces) so as to admit of one of its walls or part of the
same being removed without interfering with the generation of steam in the
rest of the boiler, and in having no steam space above the water contained in
this removable wall. This improvement relates principally to boilers formed
or constructed on my compartment system as described in the Specification of
a Patent granted to me in 1859, Number 806.
Sixthly, in the application to the class of boilers last-mentioned of one
or more compartments to be used as steam reservoirs placed between two
water compartments for the purpose imparting heat to the steam either on its
way from the steam-generating compartment to the engine, or from a
higher pressure to a lower pressure cylinder or engine.
Seventhly, in causing the products of combustion to pass when desired into
the ordinary chimney or into a supplementary one without going through the
whole length of the ordinary flue or fire-way, so as to cause a natural draught
as soon as the fire is lighted. This is effected by providing a passage
regulated by a damper from any desired part of the flue or fire-way into such
chimney.
Eighthly, in feeding the fuel at the top into fire-boxes having metal walls
and air holes through their sides, and enclosing the top thereof with a fire-brick
or other suitable cover instead of in the usual manner by making a portion of
the water space to form the crown of the fire-box. Also in maintaining the
level of the fuel higher than the highest portion of the air-admission area.
Ninthly, in having a single fire-box of sufficient depth to raise steam in.
two or more boilers one above the other, and each having its own steam space.
This is effected by having the whole length of the water tubes, which form
the walls of the fire-box, in connection with only the uppermost boiler, and
having the lower boiler, or boilers heated by the products of combustion which
have passed between the tubes forming the back wall of the fire-box.
Tenthly, in causing the steam used for the purpose of producing a draught
(instead of acting as a steam jet or through the blast pipe) to pass through and
give motion to a turbine or other rotary engine on the reaction principle con
:

page_text: nected with a fan blower which may be used to produce a draught either by
exhaustion or by forcing.
And, lastly, in causing the steam either after it has passed through the
engine, or instead of blowing off when the engine is standing, to raise an
accumulator, and in employing an accumulator instead of or in aid of pumps
or an injector for the purpose of forcing the feed water into steam boilers.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Thomas Ivory in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
5th April 1864.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, THOMAS
IVORY, of Edinburgh, Advocate, send greeting.
• WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Fifth day of October, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, in the twenty-seventh year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors; give and grant unto me, the
said Thomas Ivory, Her special license that I, the said Thomas Ivory, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Thomas
Ivory, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during
the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,
and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM
ENGINES, AND IN FURNACES AND BOILERS FOR THE SAME," upon the condition
(amongst others) that I, the said Thomas Ivory, by an instrument in
writing under my hand and seal, should particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal
Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the
date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Thomas Ivory, do hereby declare the
nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement, reference being had to the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to
the letters and figures marked thereon (that is to say):-
My Invention of "Improvements in Steam Engines and in Furnaces and
Boilers for the same," relates, with reference to steam engines, in the first place,

page_text: to engines having two cylinders placed end to end, in one of which steam acts
at high pressure, and in the other expansively, but only on the inner face of
the pistons in both, and consists in arranging a valve chest between or in
immediate connection with both cylinders, the valve in which is worked in a
plane at right angles to that in which the pistons move, and also (particularly
in the smaller size of engines) in having no piston rod to connect the inner
face of the pistons, but connecting the pistons only by cross heads at the ends
of piston rods attached to their outer faces and rods connecting those cross
heads in such way that both pistons shall move in the same direction when the
steam is acting on one of them.
By means of the above arrangement the steam from the boiler is caused
to act first at bigh pressure on the inner face of the piston in the one
cylinder, and afterwards expansively on the inner face of the piston in
the second cylinder, the valve being so constructed and worked as to admit
the steam into the cylinders respectively at the requisite intervals and allow
it to escape from the second cylinder into the exhaust as required.
My Invention with reference to cylinder steam engines consists, in the
second place, in the interposition in the nanner herein-after described of a
vessel filled with water or other suitable liquid between the steam cylinder
and piston and the driving shaft. This vessel is furnished with a piston
making stroke for stroke with the steam piston, and has valves at one or both
ends whereby water is admitted to and emitted from the said vessel by any of
the well-known arrangements use in force pumps or other equivalent means,
and such arrangements are made that the motion of the piston in the cylinder
of the engine will be communicated to that in the interposed vessel, and a
quantity of water substantially equal to what is emitted from the water vessel
is at each stroke of the piston in that vessel caused to pass through and impel
a water engine which gives motion to the driving shaft. The said vessel is
interposed in such a manner that the steam engine, force pump, and water
engine form in effect but one engine for working machinery close to the
engine, and a distinguishing feature in the arrangements is that the same liquid
is used over and over again by means of the arrangements herein-after
described, whereby oil may be employed as the motive fluid.
A force pump and fluid engine arrangement may also be interposed in
like manner between a piston or wheel actuated by any prime mover and
the driving shaft, each revolution of the wheel, as in the case of water wheels
producing a double or to-and-fro stroke of the piston in the force pump.
And my. Invention with reference to furnaces and boilers for steam engines.
consists in the several improvements herein-after stated, vizt. :-

page_text: First, in supplying the air required for the incandescent portion of the
fuel in the fire-box or furnace of steam boilers through spaces between
water tubes forming part of the walls of the fire-box, instead of through a
grate at the bottom, thereby causing the air thus supplied to pass in divided
streams between the water tubes in a manner similar to that in which it
ordinarily passes through a grate, any kind of draught preferred may be used.
Secondly, with reference to furnaces having walls of fire-brick, in causing
the air to be supplied to the same portion of the fuel through spaces or
perforations in one or more of the sides in divided streams, as stated above,
and causing the products of combustion to pass out of the fire-box through
spaces or perforations in one or more of the walls thereof, similar to, but
by preference of larger collective area than those through which the air is
admitted.
Thirdly, when coal is fed into the fire-box above the incandescent portion
of the fuel, in causing the products of combustion of the latter to pass into
flues or fire-ways without mixing with the combustible gases of the coal.
For this purpose I provide separate or enlarged channels or openings for
the escape of these combustible gases from the fire-box, and cause these gases
to be supplied with the air requisite. for their combustion.
Fourthly, when the air is admitted through more than one of the sides of
the fire-box of a boiler, in having the flue or fire-way recessed so that a line
drawn from one extremity of the fuel to the other shall enclose a portion of
the flue or fire-way.
Fifthly, in the construction of the fire-box (with metal walls which enclose
one or more water spaces) so as to admit of one of its walls or part of the same
being removed without interfering with the generation of steam in the rest of
the boiler, and in having no steam space above the water contained in this
removeable wall. This improvement relates principally to boilers formed or
constructed on my compartment system, as described in the Specification of
a Patent granted to me in One thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine,
No. 806.
Sixthly, in the application to the class of boilers last mentioned of one or
more compartments to be used as steam reservoirs placed between two water
compartments for the purpose of imparting heat to the steam either on its way
to the steam generating compartment to the engine or from a bigher pressure
to a lower pressure cylinder or engine.
Seventhly, in causing the products of combustion to pass when desired into
the ordinary chimney or into a supplementary one without going through the
whole length of the ordinary flue or fire-way, so as to cause a natural

page_text: draught as soon as the fire is lighted. This is effected by providing a passage
regulated by a damper from any desired part of the flue or fire-way into such
chimney.
Eighthly, in feeding the fuel at the top into fire-boxes having metal walls
and air holes through their sides, and in closing the top thereof with a fire-brick
or other suitable cover, instead of in the usual manner by making a portion
of the water space to form the crown of the fire-box, also in maintaining the
level of the fuel bigher than the highest portion of the air-admission area.
Ninthly, in having a single fire-box of sufficient depth to raise steam in two
or more boilers one above the other, and each having its own steam space.
This is effected by having the whole length of the water tubes which form the
walls of the fire-box in connection with only the uppermost boiler, and having
the lower boiler or boilers heated by the products of combustion which have
passed between the tubes forming the back wall of the fire-box.
Tenthly, in causing the steam used for the purpose of producing a draught
(instead of acting as a steam jet or through the blast pipe) to pass through or
give motion to a turbine or other rotary engine on the reaction principle
connected with a fan blower, which may be used to produce a draught, either
by exhaustion or by forcing.
And, lastly, in causing the steam, either after it has passed through the
engine, or instead of blowing off when the engine is standing, to raise an
accumulator, and in employing an accumulator instead of or in aid of pumps,
or an injector for the purpose of forcing the feed water into steam boilers.
Having thus stated the nature of the said Invention, I will proceed to
describe more particularly in what manner the same is to be performed by the
aid of the accompanying Drawings, which are diagrams representing only such
parts of steam engines, furnaces, and boilers, as are herein-before more
especially referred to.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
Fig. 1 represents an arrangement of my improvements in steam engines
described under the first head thereof, in which A and B are the two cylinders
paced end to end, A being the high pressure, and B the expansion cylinder;
C is the slide valve chest, which in this Figure is shewn placed between the
ends of the cylinders, and is firmly connected with both; V and R are the
slide valve and rod, which may be worked by means of the usual mechanism
for this purpose. It will be observed that the valve V is represented as in the
middle of its travel in the high pressure half stroke, and that the steam will be
admitted from the steam chest C into the high-pressure cylinder-A, while the

page_text: steam which in the previous half stroke had been acting expansively is escaping
from the expansion cylinder B into the atmosphere, or it may be into a con-
denser, the course of the steam being indicated by the arrows. For the half
stroke made during the action of the steam working expansively in the
cylinder B, the valve V is made to travel so as to have the passage W open to
both cylinders, and the exhaust and the high-pressure induction ports both closed.
Other arrangements of the valve chest and valve, so as to carry out the
principle of this improvement will readily suggest themselves; for example,
the valve chest may be arranged so as to be at the side of the high-pressure
cylinder, close to that end of it which is next the expansion cylinder, and so as
to be at the same time in contact with that end of the expansion cylinder which
is next the higher pressure cylinder. The end of the high-pressure cylinder,
next the expansion cylinder, may in this case be solid, as also that part of the
end of the expansion cylinder in contact therewith; and the steam port in the
high-pressure cylinder, in this case, will be at the side, but as close as may be
to the end next the expansion cylinder, and the port in the expansion cylinder
will be in the end nearest the high-pressure cylinder. From this description
of the respective positions of the slide valve chest and of the steam ports in
the two cylinders, the necessary arrangements for the required working of the
valve will be understood without a drawing of the same.
Fig. 2 represents the mode in which the pistons of the two cylinders are or
may be connected by means of cross heads and side rods, without any rod to
connect their inner faces. In this Figure is also represented a convenient
arrangement suitable to engines constructed according to my improvements
herein-before described for the working of the force pump for the purpose
described under the second head of my improvements connected with cylinder
steam engines. A and B are the high-pressure and expansion cylinders; V, C,
the valve chest between them; D, D, cross heads connected to each piston
respectively; E, a guide rod for the working of the cross heads; F, a side
rod; G, a water vessel. By the connection of the parts thus referred to, it
will be seen that the piston of the vessel G will receive a motion corresponding
with that of the pistons of the cylinders A and B.
It may be remarked that one advantage resulting from the improvement
described under the second head of improvements consisting in the interposition
of a force pump and fluid engine arrangement between my cylinder and piston
steam engine and the driving shaft as herein-before described, is, that it admits
of the use of the same liquid over and over again, and for this purpose I pro-
vide a tank or reservoir for containing the liquid for the engine, which is placed
in any convenient situation, and so arranged that the liquid after passing

page_text: through the engine returns or is made to return into the reservoir; this
reservoir is also connected by means of a pipe or pipes with the induction ports
of the force pump, which I prefer to be double-acting.
Another advantage herein-before referred to, resulting from being thus
enabled to use the same liquid over and over again, is, that it allows of oil
being employed as the motive fluid of the engine which more directly drives
the machinery.
Fig. 3 represents the outside front of a fire-box constructed on the principle
described under the first head of my improvements in furnaces and boilers for
steam engines. A, A, shew the positions of the water tubes; B, B, those of the
spaces between them or passages through which the air is supplied to the fuel.
I prefer that the bottom of the fire-box should be closed, and that it should be
removeable by means of any of the ordinary arrangements for dropping out
the fuel, or for cleaning purposes.
Fig. 4 represents one of the methods in which the improvements described
under the third head, relating to furnaces and boilers, may be carried out.
The fire-box is constructed on the system above described. D represents the
highest point of the incandescent fuel level. If coke alone were employed, the
upper level of the passages for the escape of the products of combustion from
the fire-box need not be more than a few inches above the level D, and con-
sequently the crown of the flue or fire-way need not be more than these few
inches above the same level; and, further, no combustion chamber beyond the
fire-box will in the case of coke be required. Now when coal is used my
improvements consist in arranging the upper level of the escape passages of
the combustible and non-combustible gases from the fire-box at least twice as
high as the point D is above the bottom of the fire-box, in making the crown
of the flue correspondingly high, and in combining with this a combustion
chamber C beyond the fire-box, in which the combustion of the combustible
gases generated by the coal may be promoted by admixture with air supplied
by any known methods. In this Figure, and in Fig. 3, the space above the
dotted line contains steam, and all below it is water.
Fig. 5 represents one modification of the system of recessing mentioned
under the fourth head, the space R representing what I term the recessed
portion of the flue or fire-way. In this Figure w, w, are water spaces or ways,
and the passage of the air is indicated by the arrows.
One of the purposes of the improvement described under the fifth head is to
allow of one of the sides of the fire-box being made not so high as the others,
and thus to enable the fuel to be fed in over its top, and also to admit of ready
access to the interior of the fire-box. For this purpose the upper portion of

page_text: this removeable fire-box wall is connected by means of pipes united by flanges
and bolts or screws (or by other means) with the upper part of (by preference)
the last or coolest water compartment, and the lower portions of the same wall
and compartment are similarly connected. The other side of the removeable
portion of the fire-box wall is connected by a hinge arrangement to the
adjoining wall of the fire-box.
For carrying out the improvements mentioned under the sixth head the
steam compartment above the furnace is connected by a pipe with the steam
reservoir between two water compartments, and the steam used for the engine
is taken from this reservoir by any convenient means. It will be observed
from Fig. 6, in which S represents the steam reservoir, that the two water
compartments may sometimes be in a sense side by side, the separation con-
templated in this improvement consisting in the intervention of the heating
surface of the steam reservoir between the heating surfaces of the two water
compartments. The water compartments thus separated are connected with
one another in the way described in the Specification of my boiler Patent,
No. 806, One thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine, or in any other suitable
In horizontal fire tube boilers the compartments may be divided by
fire-clay partitions or vessels enclosing water.
manner.
In Fig. 6 is also shewn one arrangement for carrying out the improvements
described under the seventh head. This Figure represents a horizontal section
of a return flue boiler, and D represents the position of a passage closed by a
damper or other suitable means, which passage is capable of being opened so
as to allow the products of combustion as soon as they have issued from the
fire-box to escape into the chimney indicated by the letter C. Other arrange-
ments may be adapted to suit boilers of different constructions.
A portion of Fig. 4 represents also a vertical section of the fire-box portion
of a boiler constructed on the system described under the eighth head of these
improvements. When this.system is adopted, the upper portions or steam
spaces of each of the tubes surrounding the fire-box are connected by means of
pipes or otherwise with each other, one of the said tubes being also connected
in a similar way with the steam space of the portion of the boiler immediately
beyond the fire-box; or when that is a water compartment the upper portion
of one of the fire-box tubes is connected by means of a pipe with the upper
part of the said water compartment, in a way similar to that described in the
Specification of my Patent, No. 806, One thousand eight hundred and fifty-
nine, for connecting the steam generating compartment with the adjoining
water compartment. The lower ends of the fire-box tubes are also connected
with each other by pipes or otherwise.

page_text: In the case of all the improvements above described related to a number of
water tubes forming the walls of the fire-box, I prefer that in each of the tubes
there should be fixed a tube, open at both ends, for securing the proper
circulation of the water, according to a well-known arrangement.
Fig. 7 represents a vertical section of a boiler constructed on the system
described under the ninth head of these improvements. I prefer that the
products of combustion should not be allowed to come into contact with the
metal above the water line of the first or steam compartment of any of the
boilers above which another is built or placed; and for this
purpose the
between the tubes forming the walls of the fire-box next to these steam com-
partments may be closed by means of fire-bricks or metal plates for the
necessary distance. Only two boilers, one over the other, are represented, but
the number may be increased.
spaces
For the purpose of carrying into effect the improvements referred to under
the tenth head, the steam after it has passed through the cylinder is caused
to pass through and give motion to a steam turbine, which drives, either
directly or by means of intermediate gearing, a forcing or an exhausting fan for
the supply of air to the furnace. When there is more power than is required
to drive the fan, the turbine may be employed to force or help to force water
into the boiler, or to do other work, as may be required. By regulating the
gross area of the steam escape orifices of the turbine, the back pressure on the
piston of the cylinder steam engine may be regulated as desired for the proper
working of the engine.
When a turbine on the Barker's mill or Whitelaw and Stirratt principle is
used with several arms, the regulation of the back pressure may be arranged
by providing the arms with a cock or valve capable of being either partially or
wholly closed by any convenient means. By connecting the steam space of
the boiler, by means of a pipe governed by a cock, with this turbine, the steam
which would otherwise be blown off when the engine proper was not needed;
this turbine may be employed to work the accumulator herein-after described.
And for the purpose of carrying into effect the improvements referred to
under the last head, in the case of steam engines which are employed to drive
machinery without the intervention of a force pump arrangement such as has
been herein-before. described, I prefer to use a separate donkey or other
engine to pump water into the accumulator by any of the known methods for
raising accumulators, and the accumulator may be placed in any convenient
position. When a force-pump arrangement is interposed, I connect the force
pump and the accumulator by means of a pipe governed by a cock or valve.
and I provide a similar connection between the force pump and the water

page_text: engine. When the waste or surplus steam is used to raise the accumulator
by means of this last-mentioned arrangement, the passage between the force
pump and the fluid engine must be closed, and that between the force pump
and the accumulator opened.
Having thus described the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, I hereby declare that what I claim as
of my Invention, is, with reference to steam engines,-
First, the combination of parts with reference to slide valves, and also to
modes of connecting pistons, hereiu-before particularly described under the first
head of my Invention.
And, secondly, the interposition of a fluid engine between any steam
cylinder and piston engine and the driving shaft, and in close proximity to
such steam engine, so arranged that the steam engine, force pump, and fluid
engine form in effect but one engine, combined with the use of the same
fluid over and over again in the said fluid engine, and the arrangements for
enabling this to be done, all as herein-before described; and also in the use
of oil as the motive power in the said fluid engine, which is rendered possible
by the above arrangement, and also in similarly interposing a force pump and
fluid engine arrangement between a piston or wheel actuated by any prime
mover and the driving shaft.
And with reference to furnaces and boilers for steam engines, I claim as. of
my Invention,-
First, the means described for supplying air to the .fire-box or furnace in
divided streams through spaces between water tubes forming part of the walls
of the fire-box instead of through the grate, as therein-before described.
Secondly, the means described for supplying air in a similar manner to
furnaces through spaces or perforations formed in their sides of fire-brick, and
for causing the products of combustion to pass out through spaces or per-
forations in the walls of the fire-box, as herein-before described.
Thirdly, the formation of separate openings for the escape of the combustible
gases from the fire-box, so as to allow the products of combustion of the
incandescent portion of the fuel to pass into flues or fire-ways without mixing
with the combustible gases of the coal which is fed into the fire-box above the
incandescent portion of the fuel, as herein-before described.
Fourthly, the recessing of the flue or fire-way, in the manner described when
the air is admitted through more than one of the sides of the fire-box.
Fifthly, the construction of the fire-box with a removeable wall, as herein-
before described..
Sixthly, the application to the class of boilers described under the fifth head.

page_text: of improvements of steam reservoirs placed between two water compartments,
as herein-before described.
Seventhly, the provision of a passage regulated by a damper from any
desired part of a flue or fire-way into the chimney, so as to allow of the
products of combustion passing directly into the ordinary chimney or into a
supplementary one for the purpose of causing a natural draught as soon as the
fire is lighted, as herein-before described.
Eighthly, the means described for feeding the fuel at the top of the fire-box
of the kind described, and closing the top thereof with a fire-brick or other
suitable cover, also for keeping the level of the fuel higher than the air-
admission area, as herein-before described.
Ninthly, making a single fire-box of sufficient depth for raising steam in two
or more boilers placed one above another, as herein-before described.
Tenthly, the working of a turbine or similar rotary engine in connection
with a fan blower by means of the steam used for producing a draught, in the
manner and for the purpose or purposes herein-before described.
And, lastly, the use of waste steam to raise an accumulator, and the use of
an accumulator instead or in aid of pumps, or an injector to feed water into
steam boilers, as herein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Thomas Ivory, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, the First day of April, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and sixty-four.
Witness,
JOHN BOYD,
2, York Place, Edinburgh,
House Agent.
THOMAS IVORY. (L.S.)