Year: 1887

page_text: [Communicated from abroad by GEORGE WESTINGHOUSE, Junior, of Pittsburg,
County of Alleghany, State of Pennsylvania, United States of America,
Engineer.]
пиртомещение
1, WILLIAM PHILLIPS THOMPSON F.C.S. M.I.M.E. of the Agency for Foreign Patent
Solicitors, 6 Lord Street, Liverpool, and 6 Bank Street, Manchester, both in the
County of Lancaster, and 323, High Holborn, in the County of Middlesex, Civil
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the
same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement :-
.
The invention relates to the class of apparatus employed for indicating at any
time the current upon an electric circuit; and the object is to provide convenient
means for determining and regulating at a central station the potential upon the work
circuit.
The invention will be described particularly in connection with the accompanying
drawings, in which figure 1 is a diagram illustrating an organization of circuits for
carrying out the invention in one of its simpler forms, and figures 2 and 3 illustrate
modifications. Figure 4 illustrates the organization as it is usually desired to employ
it, and figure 4a is a detail of a portion of the apparatus. Figure 5 illustrates a
modification.
Referring to figure 1, A represents an electric generator or other suitable source
of electric currents, and L', L³, represent two lines leading from the respective poles
thereof, to a work circuit D', D², containing translating devices d, d, designed to be
operated by electrical currents. At or near the central station a solenoid d is
connected in circuit between conductors L' and L2, by the conductors 1 and 2. A
second coil c is connected in the direct circuit of the conductor L. The coil bis
provided with a core e, preferably consisting of a bundle of soft-iron wires magnetically
separated from each other, and the coil c is provided with a similar core . These
two cores are suspended from opposite ends of a beam E pivoted at its center and
carrying an indicator F applied to a scale or index plate F¹. The coil 6 is so
proportioned as to maintain a balance when no current is flowing in the coil c and a
n
.

page_text: normal difference of potential exists at the terminals of the generator. When very
little current flows through the main line circuit L', L³, the difference of potential at
the generator is practically the same as at the lamps or translating devices d, d, but as
the current increases, the loss in the line increases proportionately, and hence, to
preserve the normal difference of potential at the translating devices, the difference of
potential at the generator must be increased. This would tend to throw the indicator
out of balance, carrying the pointer F toward the right hand, but for the action of the
coil c, which, being traversed by the main current, tends to restore the equilibrium.
If the loss in the main-line circuit amounts to say 10 per cent at a full load, then the
difference of potential at the dynamo should be 10 per cent higher than when the
load is very small. If therefore, the coil c has an effect equal to one-tenth that of
the coil 6, the balance will still be maintained. When operating under half the full
load, the loss is five per cent and the effect of the coil c is also five per cent, since
the current passing through it is reduced to one half its former value. In this
manner the indicator will serve to show when the difference of potential at the
translating devices is at its required value.
In figure 2 there is shown a modification in which the coils b and c are applied. to
the same core f¹, a weight e¹ being opposed thereto in place of the core e. These two
coils act oppositely upon the core f¹. The weight is adjusted so that, when no
current traverses the main circuit, it will balance the pull upon the core at the
normal difference of potential.
In figure 3 an organization is shown adapted for alternating currents, in which
the coil c constitutes a portion of the primary coil of a converter, and the coil ba
second portion, while a coils constitutes the secondary coil. The coil is connected
between the conductors L¹ and L³ as before, and the coil c is connected in the
circuit of the conductor L. The two coils act in opposition to each other, and the
current induced in the secondary, 8, will be due to the difference of the effects of
the currents in the two coils b and c. The effects of the coils b and c are such that
the resultant current in the coil maintains a balance at the proper electromotive
force for the current passing, a weight e¹ being opposed to the core fl.
In figure 4 there is shown the organization which it is usually preferred to employ.
In this instance two separate converters are employed, C¹ and C. The converter C¹
has its primary coil p connected between the conductors L' and L2, and its secondary
coils connected through the coil b, by the conductors 5 and 6. These conductors
preferably include an artificial resistance r, which is adjustable, and a carbon
resistance, preferably an incandescent electric lamp d¹, for compensating for the
varying in the resistance due to variations in the temperature of the wire in the coil />
under the influence of variations in current. Instead of the converter Ca resistance
may be employed, the object being only to reduce the number of convolutions on 6 to
a convenient number. This resistance may be, for instance, a number of incandescent
lamps. The coil c is connected in the secondary circuit of the converter (2. In this
instance the converter C is introduced for the purpose of reducing the current
flowing through the coil c in some determined ratio to the current passing through
the conductors L, L³, so as to avoid using inconveniently large conductors in the
circuit 7, 8, and in the coil c. The resistance r is convenient to obtain the final
adjustment after the approximate balance and adjustment is obtained by means of the
adjustable weight e¹ placed upon the beam E. The converter C has its primary coil
consisting in this instance merely of a section of the length of the conductor L
passing through it, or if desired it may be wrapped once or twice about the core h
which is constructed in any convenient manner, preferably of thin plates of soft-iron
magnetically separated from each other. The secondary coils consists of any
required number of turns of insulated wire, different portions of which may be
included in the circuit of the conductors 7 and 8 leading to the coil c, as required.
For this purpose conductors 9, 9, 9, lead from different points in the length of the
secondary coils 8, to contact points or binding screws k, k, with which the conductor 7
may be connected, for the purpose of adjusting the instrument to different currents
and different losses. If, for instance, the loss is ten per cent, with a maximum

page_text: current of fifty ampères, the ratio of conversion may be, say one-fiftieth; or one
ampère may traverse the coil c at a full load of fifty ampères. The number of turns
in the coil e may also be adjustable by connecting contacts k¹, k¹, with different points
in its length; and in this instance it should be such that at full load the pointer F
will stand opposite the index F, with a difference of potential 10 per cent higher
than normal. The effect of the coil c will then be approximately proportional for all
currents down to the smallest load and when the current is very small the coil b acts
alorie, showing a normal difference of potential when it balances.
If the same instrument were to be used upon another circuit of say twenty-five
ampères with the same loss, the conductor 7 should be led to another of the
contacts k, k, giving a ratio of one twenty-fifth, so that again one ampère would flow
at full load and give a 10 per cent effect. If, on the other hand, the currrent were
to remain at fifty ampères as a maximum flow, with a five per cent loss at that time,
the conductors 7 should be led to a different contact point k¹, k¹, of the coil c, which
would give with the one ampère, a five per cent effect. In this manner by selecting
the proper contacts for the current and loss of potential, the instrument may be used
under various conditions from the original calibration.
In some instances it may be desirable to obtain the indications from the work
circuit as shown in figure 5. In this instance one coil alone will serve to operate the
indicator.
It is designed that the conductors L¹ and I shall convey currents, of high
potential, and that the potential shall be reduced at or near the points where the
currents are to be utilized, by means of electric converters, c', c¹, c¹. The primary
coils of these converters are included in the main circuit, while the secondary
coils s', s, have their terminals connected with a subsidiary or supply circuit t¹, t³,
with which the translating devices d', d', are also connected.
The indicating device mat preferably consists of a solenoid provided with a core b
preferably of fine wires, suspended from one end of a tilting lever b. This core is
balanced by a weight w, and the core is drawn a greater or less distance into the
solenoid according to the potential of the currents traversing the latter. An
indicator applied to a plate serves to show the potential of the currents
traversing the solenoid. A carbon resistance which may with advantage be an
incandescent electric lamp, b, is preferably included in circuit with the solenoid b.
As it is desirable to locate the indicator B at a point distant from the translating
devices, d', d¹, it is desirable that means be provided whereby conductors of small
size may be employed for conveying the currents back from the conductors t¹, t2, to
the device B. For this purpose a converter (" has its primary coil p² connecting
with the conductors t', t2, and its secondary coil has its respective terminals
connected with conductors and * adapted to convey currents of high potential.
The converter C2 is organised to increase the potential of the currents received from
the conductors t', t2, and the currents of high potential thus obtained may readily be
transmitted over the small conductors t³, t.
:
The conductors and are connected at or near the device B, through the
primary coil of a converter C³, constructed to reduce the potential. The secondary
coil of this converter has its terminals connected with conductors to and tỗ,
including the device and the solenoid b. In this manner it will be understood
that the potential upon conductors 1, 3, will be indicated upon the device B,
and the conductors 1³, t, conveying the electrical energy may be of small cross-
'section.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said invention,
and in what manner the same is to be performed, as communicated to me by my
foreign correspondent, I declare that what I claim is :-
1. The combination with a source of electricity, of two opposing coils, one connected
in a shunt and the other in a series with the work-circuit, and an indicator affected
by the currents traversing the coils, substantially as described.
2. An indicator for electric circuits consisting of two coils, one connected in shunt

page_text: upon, and the other in series with, the work-circuit, one of said coils being adjusted
to secure a predetermined per cent greater effect than the other.
3. An electric indicator consisting of two coils opposing each other, an indicator
acted upon thereby, an electric circuit receiving currents by induction having a
difference of potential dependent upon the difference of potential at the terminals of
the source of electricity, and a second circuit receiving currents dependent upon the
current in the work-circuit, substantially as described.
4. The combination with an electric converter having its primary coil connected in
circuit with the main line and its secondary circuit adjustable with reference to its
length, of a coil of insulated wire connected in the secondary circuit, a second coil
opposed thereto, means for supplying said second coil with currents proportional to the
difference of potential at the terminals of the source, and means, actuated by said
opposed coils for indicating the electromotive force on the work circuit.
5. The combination with the source of electricity and a work circuit supplied
therefrom, of a converter having its primary coil connected with said source, a
solenoid adjustable with reference to its length connected in the circuit of the
secondary coil, a second solenoid acting in opposition thereto, a converter, the
secondary coil of which includes said second solenoid in its circuit, and conductors
connecting the primary coil of the converter with the respective terminals of the
source of electricity.
6. An electric indicator consisting of a converter the primary coil of which is
designed to be connected in an electric circuit, means for adjusting the length of the
secondary coil, a solenoid adjustable with reference to its length included in the
secondary circuit, a second solenoid acting in opposition to the first named solenoid, a
converter including the second solenoid in its secondary circuit, and an indicator
affected by currents traversing said solenoids.
7. An electric indicator consisting of a converter the primary coil of which is
designed to be connected in an electric circuit, means for adjusting the length of the
secondary coil, a solenoid included in the secondary circuit, a second solenoid acting
in opposition to the first named solenoid, and an indicator affected by currents
traversing said solenoids.
8. The combination with a source of electricity, and conductors conveying currents
therefrom, of converters reducing the potential of the currents, a secondary circuit
receiving the currents of reduced potential, translating devices included in said
secondary circuit, a converter increasing the potential received from the said second
circuit, conductors extending therefrom to a distant point, and an indicator operated
by the electrical energy conveyed thereby.
9. The combination with a system of electrical distribution employing alternating,
undulatory or pulsatory currents, of a pressure reducing device connected with the
translating circuit, an indicating device located at a point distant therefrom, a
pressure increasing device connected with the translating circuit, and an electric
connection from said pressure increasing device to said indicating device.
1
1
CT11007
WM. P. THOMPSON & Co.,
Of 6, Lord Street, Liverpool,
Agents for the Applicant.