CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS ON MY FORMER PATENT MACHINERY FOR CUTTING AND PLACING PAPER, AND ALSO CERTAIN MACHINERY FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER BY A NEW METHOD
Year: 1809

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
DICKINSON, of the Parish of Saint Martin, Ludgate, in the City of London,
Stationer, send greeting.
WHEREAS His most Excellent Majesty King George the Third did, by
His Letters Patent under the Great Seal of His United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Nineteenth day of
January, in the forty-ninth year of His reign, give and grant unto me,
the said John Dickinson, my executors, administrators, and assigns, His
especial licence, full power, sole privilege and authority, that I, the said John
Dickinson, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should and lawfully
might, during the term of years therein expressed, make, use, exercise, and
vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my
Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS ON MY FORMER PATENT MACHINERY FOR
CUTTING AND PLACING PAPER, AND ALSO CERTAIN MACHINERY FOR THE MANUFACTURE
OF PAPER BY A NEW METHOD;" in which said Letters Patent there is contained
a proviso obliging me, the said John Dickinson, by an instrument in writing
under my hand and seal, to cause, a particular description of the nature of
my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be
inrolled in His Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar months
after the date of the said recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same,
relation being thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE; that in compliance with the said proviso, I the said
John Dickinson, do hereby declare that my said Invention is described in

page_text: and by the Drawings hereunto annexed and the following description thereof
(that is to say):--
The first part of my Invention, consisting in certain improvements in my
patent machinery for cutting and placing paper, is described in the annexed
Drawing No. 1, wherein Fig. 1 represents a sectional elevation, Fig. 2, a
plan, and Fig. 3, a transverse section. Every part in the elevation Fig. 1 is on
a line with the same part in the plan Fig. 2, and the same parts "are repre-
sented by the same letters in all the three Figures. a is a reel covered with
paper; b, a swinging roller to draw the end of the paper a little back after it
has been tut; c, a bar having a groove in its upper surface, into which the
circular cutter d runs; the bar c is moveable up to a certain height, and
connected with two arms, x, x, by means of which it may be moved downwards;
the springs e, e, will elevate it again when the pressure is removed from the arms
2,2; is a sliding frame having a pair c, f, tongs attached to the front of it,
are marked g. The board on which the paper is laid is marked h, and on the
side next the tongs is furnished with thin teeth, i, i. The frame which
carries the tongs, slides in grooves in the frame of the machine, and is moved
backwards and forwards by the rod j, which, in drawing the tongs from the
reel of paper, closes them, and in forcing them back again towards the reel of
paper opens them. On each side of the frame f is fixed a small roller, which
act upon the arms x, x, so that the frame is being forced towards the reel of
paper presses the arms down, and consequently moves the bar c down out of
the way of the tongs, which at that period are open. The end of the paper is
at that time lying even with the extremity of the teeth i, i, and the jaws of
the tongs closing immediately that the rod is put in motion to draw the frame
back, seize the paper in every interval between the teeth, and draw it along
with them when they have carried it out the length that the sheet of paper is
wanted. The bar c having been raised up to place by the springs e, e, the
circular cutter is thrown across, and as the edge descends into the groove
about the sixteenth part of an inch the paper which is lying upon it is cut
through, and the ends fall down upon the heap below. The. tongs being then
forced back and at the same time opened by the rod i, the other end of the
sheet is released also; the swing roller b then falls down upon the board h,
and draws back the end of the paper even with the line formed by the end of
the teeth i, ready for being seized again by the' tongs. The rod i, by which
the frame carrying the tongs is moved backwards and forwards, has a hook h,
which can be fixed at any part of the rod by a screw, and the chuck being
furnished with pins m, m, at two opposite points on its Surface, these catch the
hook and draw the rod and consequently the frame with the tongs outwards.

page_text: When the chuck has made half a revolution the hook is stopped by the bar n,
and the rod and frame remain stationary while the paper is cut. When the
pin has got clear of the hook, the rod and frame are immediately drawn back
by a weight acting over a pulley which is connected with the rod by the cord o.
The circular knift is fixed in a sort of waggon, having four rollers p, p, by
means of which it runs along the beams q, q. The knife is kept moving at the
rate of about five hundred turns per minute by means of a band passing round
the small rigger and the pullies s, s, which is kept in motion by any conve-
nient power. The waggon may be thrown across at the proper period, by the
following method or any other more convenient. A cord is attached to the
waggon, acting over a pulley with a weight at the end sufficient to draw it across
one way with a quick motion; for drawing it across the other way a cord is
attached to the waggon, which is carried over a pulley and fastened to the
weight A, in Fig. 4, which is much heavier than the weight before mentioned.
The endless band B passes round the rigger D, which is. kept in constant
uniform motion according to the rate at which the paper is cut. The band.
also passes round the rigger C, which has a click that stops it going round.
consequently as the rigger goes on it keeps winding up the weight A, and the
spare band is ingrossed by the smaller weight E. so that when the click that
confines the rigger D is removed, the weight A descends, and draws it round a
complete revolution, when it is again caught by the click; at the same time the
weight 'A 'draws the waggon across, and it is caught on that side the frame
and confined by a click. When the next sheet is to be cut the waggon is
released, and the weight attached to it on the other side draws it across again.
The heavier weight A, being by that time drawn up high enough to allow of its
going all across the two clicks, may be contrived according to any common
well-known mechanical method; and the motion that releases them can be
communicated with the most advantage from the chuck 1. The pins m, m,
can be fixed in holes t, t, at a greater or less distance from the centre,
according to the size the paper is intended to be cut, and the hook on the
rod i must be shifted accordingly. A regular motion may be given to the
chuck by any convenient power, and at such a rate as it is required to cut the
paper.
The Drawing No. 2 is for the purpose of explaining the remaining part of
my Invention, consisting of certain machines or machinery for the manufacture
of paper by a new method for that purpose. I take a cylinder constructed so
as to possess the following requisites:-In the first place it must be hollow,
and open at the ends; secondly, the surface of the periphery must be like a

page_text: sieve, with apertures communicating with the internal part large enough to
permit the passage of water, but calculated to intercept fibres of rag; thirdly,
it must be so contrived that the surface will not yield from its perfectly
cylindrical form, notwithstanding a very considerable degree of pressure upon
it; fourthly, it must be furnished with broad flat rings for the purpose of
covering part of its surface at the ends; there may be several pairs of these
rings of different widths, in order to vary the proportion of the surface which is
left uncovered, provided the same cylinder is intended for making different
sized papers; fifthly, it must be hung upon an axis in a horizontal position,
and firmly fixed in bearings so that it may turned by any convenient power;
sixthly, the numerous small apertures on the external surface must open into
a less number of larger ones, communicating with the internal surface, with
solid interstices between them; seventhly, it ought not to be made of wood,
because it would be liable to warp, nor of iron, because it would rust and
injure the paper; brass or any other strong metal will be found most convenient.
I shall now proceed to describe minutely the mode of constructing a cylinder
possessing the requisites above mentioned. The dimensions must be accord-
ing to the size and thickness of the paper it is intended for making, and I shall
give directions on that subject in a subsequent part of the Specification.
I take a brass cylinder, perfectly smooth inside and outside, and, excepting a
small portion at each end, which is left plane, I turn the outside so as to
resemble a screw the threads of which are about a quarter of an inch apart
and the twenty-fifth part of an inch in depth, with a round edge. I then drill
holes between the threads, which are cut in a taper form, the diameter at top
being the width of the interval between the threads, and at the bottom
reduced to one-half that size. The space on the outer surface of the cylinder
left between these holes on each side is equal to the breadth of the thread.
Notches are cut in the threads for the purpose of letting in cross wires, the
diameter of which is equal to that of the threads, so that when they are
laid into the notches, and soldered or otherwise fastened down, the surface
of the cylinder will resemble net-work with openings of an oblong shape,
and having the surfaces of all the interstices plane with each other, and
rounded to an equal curve. It is then covered with an endless web of
woven wire, which is drawn tight over it. The ends of the cylinder are cut
down or rabitted, so that a ring may be made to slide on each end, and the
ends of the wire are fastened to this ring by means of small plates, which
are put over the wire, and screwed down upon the rings by means of screws,
which pass through the wire; these rings are also furnished with other screws,

page_text: for the purpose of extending them out from the cylinder, and the wire being
fastened to them, it is by that means stretched and drawn tight down upon the
surface of the cylinder.
In the annexed Drawing, No. 2, Fig. 1, a to b represents a transverse
section of a segment of the cylinder; c, c, c, being the holes; d, d, d, the
cross wires; c, e, e, e, the thread of the screw, which is shaded.
Fig. 2 is a plan of a portion of the external surface of the cylinder, wherein
A to B shews it without the cross wires or the external woven wire; c, c, c, are
the holes; e, e, c, the thread of the screw, with notches cut, a, a, a, for the
reception of the cross wires; B to C shews it with the cross wires let in d, d, d,
which are soldered or otherwise fastened at their ends into the ends of the
cylinder; C to D shews it with the woven wire laid over it, through which the
surface of the cylinder is seen underneath.
Fig. 3 is a section of a part of the cylinder at one end, where the holes are
marked c, c, c, the cross wires d, d, d, the threads e, e, e. The external wove
wire is represented by a red line; it is carried under the plates g, and
fastened by means of a number of small screws h down upon the ring i, which
is shaded, and after it is fixed in that manner at each end of the cylinder the
rings may be extended from the cylinder by means of the larger screws R,
and the wire thereby. strained down tight upon the surface of the cylinder.
This part of the mechanism is also represented in the plan, Fig. 2; where the
different parts are marked in the same manner, except that the woven wire is
drawn in black.
Fig. 4 is a representation of a connected web of laid wire, which may be
laid over the cylinder exactly in the same manner as the wove wire, observing
that the laid wires should be parallel with the axis, and the tying wires e, e, e,
at right angles with it, observing that the laid wires must be very fine, placed
very near together, and drawn as tight as possible at the ends. The reason
of laying the cross wires d, d, d, diagonally is principally in order that they
may not be parallel with the laid wires, in which case they would impede the
passage of the water; for this reason they ought to lay at an angle as near
forty-five degrees as may be convenient; but if the cylinder is intended only
for the manufacture of wove papers, the cross wires may be parallel with the
axis, the holes ranged in rows also parallel with the axis, and the threads of
the screw converted into small beads. There are other modes of constructing
a cylinder possessing the necessary requisites, but I have only thought it
expedient to describe that which I consider easiest of construction, most
durable, and most efficacious in use. I propose connecting the rings mentioned
as the fourth requisite, (as being necessary for covering part of the surface of

page_text: the cylinder completed as above at the ends), with arms so as to form caps that
may be fixed on to the end of the cylinder, and each being furnished with an
axis it can then be fixed in bearings, for the purpose of being turned by any
convenient power.
Fig. 5 is an outline section representing it in that situation with a vessel
fixed against it which I shall call a back, the sides or cheeks of which are
curved so as to correspond with the rings or surface of the caps, and the
bottom at the point s is made to close in upon the surface of the cylinder, so
that the vessel on all sides fits the cylinder in such manner that if fixed against
it, and filled with any fluid, the fluid would have no means whatever of escaping
except by running through the surface of the cylinder and out at the ends.
The exact shape of this vessel is not material. I next take a triangular trough
or receiver, closed up at the ends, and made so that the upper edges fit the
inside of the cylinder, and of such a depth that the bottom may be about level
with the centre of the cylinder, so that this being fixed, and the cylinder turned
round, every part of the upper edge may rub against the inside of the cylinder,
which I have before said must be perfectly smooth. In Fig. 1 a section is
shewn of this trough, which has an orifice at one end at the bottom marked m.
It may be observed that at the points n, n, it comes in contact with the internal
surface of the cylinder.
:
Fig. 6 is an outline vertical section, wherein the trough is represented fixed
in the inside of the cylinder, and coloured blue, with the orifice m and pipe
communicating with it n. It is to be observed that this trough is firmly fixed by
means of a plummer block o, o, which has the top coupling screwed down
fast, and the trough is supported at the other end by means of a cylindrical
pin, which works in a hole in the cap a; the other cap b, instead of an axis,
has a hole in the middle fitted to the outside of the pipe n, so that it forms a
bearing for that side of the cylinder; the axis of the cap a at the other end
of the cylinder is supported in a bearing, and has upon it a cog wheel p, by
means of which motion may be communicated to the cylinder, and as it turns
round it rubs against the upper edge of the trough, which will remain fixed,
and receive any fluid that passes through the upper part of the surface of the
cylinder, and carry it off through the orifice m. In the same section the
cylinder is colored yellow, the caps red, and the parts which answer to the
rings are shaded.
Fig. 7 is a front view of one of the caps.
Fig. 8 is a sectional elevation of the machinery in a state of preparation for
the manufacture of paper.

page_text: Each part in the clevation Fig. 8 is on a line with the same part in the plan
Fig. 9; and every part is marked with the same letter in both A' is a circular
stuff chest, into which the stuff is admitted from the engine; Bisan agitator,
consisting of a number of arms connected with a spindle C, which passes 'up
through a tube D, in the centre of the chest, and this being turned by the
bevelled cog wheel E, keeps the stuff in motion in the chest, and also by
means of the two riggers F, F, gives motion to another small agitator in
the smaller vessel G, which is for the purpose of receiving the stuff from
the first chest, and it is conveyed through the pipe H, the aperture of which
is enlarged or contracted by means of a conical valve, which is acted upon
by some apparatus I, on the principle of a ball cock, so that as the vessel
fills with stuff it gradually closes the orifice. By this means the 'stuff
in the smaller vessel G may be kept at a uniform height, and the head
being uniformly the same, the discharge through the pipe J at the bottom
will be always equal. The large chest A may be of any shape or dimensions,
and agitated in any convenient manner. The smaller chest G ought to "be
circular, and about eighteen inches diameter, and the same depth; the use of it
is to cause an uniform discharge, which would not take place if the stuff were to
pass from the large chest without any intermediate vessel, because its passage
through the pipe would be more or less rapid according to the height of the
head, which would be continually varying in proportion to the consumption "ör
accumulation of stuff. In the pipe J there is a cock K, by means of which
the quantity of stuff that is permitted to pass may be regulated with the
greatest degree of nicety and when it is once ascertained what proportion of
stuff is required, no variation in the supply can take place. The best sort of
cock or valve for this purpose will be such a one as leaves an opening for the
stuff which is nearly round or square, because if it were narrow the stuff
might lodge. The pipe J descends into the pipe K through which there is a
constant and rapid flow of water, and it carries away the supply of pulp from
the pipe J, and they pass together into the vessel L, in which there are two
agitators M, M, kept .in pretty quick motion; by means of the riggers N, N, in
this vessel and in the pipe K the water and stuff become intimately mixed,
and formed into pulp of a proper consistency for working. But it is to be
observed that in making paper by this method about four times as much
water should be introduced into the pulp as is made use of in the ordinary
modes of paper making. From the vessel L the pulp flows through the
pipes 0, 0, into the vessel P, which I have before described in Fig. 5, and
which I call a back. Q, Q. are waste pipes for adjusting the height of the
head, or, in other words, the level of the pulp in the back. R is the hollow

page_text: cylinder described in Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, and the cylinder being in
motion in the direction. described in the Drawing, the water is constantly
.flowing, through the surface. of it from the point S to the point: T, that is to
say, through every part which is covered by the pulp; and as the water passes
through, the fibres of rag are left on the surface, so that they are gradually
accumulating on any given part of the surface of the cylinder during the
whole of its passage from the point S to the point T, and when it emerges
from the pulp at the point T the quantity requisite for the composition
of a sheet of paper is collected; and this takes place in endless succes-
sion as long as the motion is continued and an uniform supply of pulp is
kept up. I have before said that when the surface of the cylinder
emerges from the pulp at the point T, the quantity of fibres requisite for the
composition of a sheet of paper is collected, but at that period so much
water is contained among them that it is necessary to draw off the greater
part of it before it will admit of any sort of pressure usually made of for
squeezing out the water and for compressing the fibres of rag together, for the
purpose of making them cohere, and thereby giving tenacity to the paper.
For this purpose the trough V, the construction of which is more fully explained
in Figures 1 and 6, is fixed in the inside of the cylinder, and made to fit tight
all round its upper edge. It has a communication with the pipe W, as is
represented in Fig. 6, where the pipe is pointed out by the letter n, and
this pipe is connected with a pair of double-acting pumps X, X, placed in a
cistern of water, so that when those pumps are put in motion the air contained
in the triangular space enclosed between the trough and the cylinder is
immediately drawn out, and consequently the pressure of the atmosphere takes
place upon the surface of the cylinder which is covered with pulp in the
state before described, and thereby rendered nearly impervious to the air.
The immediate effect produced is the squeezing out the water, and laying the
pulp down in a compact state on the surface of the cylinder, so that the paper
cannot be disturbed at the point Z by the pressure of the solid roller a. This
part of the process I call the pneumatic pressure. The periphery of the roller a
moves at exactly the same rate as the periphery of the cylinder R, and in the
direction described in the Drawing. The roller a is made to fit in exactly
between the inside of the caps described in Fig. 6, so that it shall only press
upon the paper covering the surface of the previous cylinder. The surface of
the roller a should be smooth, and the paper will adhere to it instead of the
previous cylinder R, and be led round by it to undergo a second pressure between
the roller a and the roller b, which latter has a pervious surface, consequently
the paper will be produced sufficiently dry for leading off to the cutting. It

page_text: is well known by paper makers that, independent of the quality of the
materials, the strength, smoothness, and beauty of papers depend upon the
arrangement of the fibres of rag of which it is composed; that in a well-made
sheet of paper the fibres are ranged in a horizontal and parallel direction,
and a manufacturer describing such a sheet of paper would say that the stuff
was well shut, which quality all paper must possess in a greater or less degree,
because otherwise the parts of the sheet will scarcely cohere together; the
surface will be rough, the thickness uneven, and the paper devoid of beauty,
and not adapted for use. In the modes of paper making exercised hitherto,
this indispensable object has Been accomplished by shaking the mould or wire
on which the pulp is settling, so that as the water runs off the fibres are laid
flat upon the surface of the mould and arranged in a parallel direction; but in
making paper by the machinery above described the stuff is perfectly well shut
without any shaking; the fibres of rag being deposited gradually in a longitudinal
direction by means of the friction which takes place upon the cylinder, in
consequence of its motion being in an opposite direction to that of the stream of
pulp, the effect of which is to smooth down the fibres of rag as they are laid
upon the cylinder, and it is necessarily continued during the whole time of the
formation of the paper, and must be uniform throughout every part of it.
The reason of introducing so large a quantity of water into the pulp is in
order that every fibre may be afloat separate and at liberty to take a direction
according to the influence of these causes. It is to be observed that the
principle here developed would admit of other less eligible modifications, such
as confining a body of their pulp on the surface of an endless web of woven
wire, carried round cylinders, as in the outline section Fig. 10, or sup-
porting it on a cylinder of a large size, as in the outline section Fig. 11,
without applying the pneumatic pressure in either case. In Fig. 10 the
cylinders a, b, c, should be hollow, and have pervious surfaces. In Fig. 11
the cylinder might be of a more simple construction than that described in
Figures 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6, but, unless of a very large size indeed, it could
only be made use of for making very thin papers, because the water requires
so long time to run off before the paper will admit of any mechanical
pressure. It is to be observed, that in making paper by this method,
after a certain quantity of fibres of rag are deposited on the surface of the
cylinder, it renders the passage of the water and the accumulation of more
fibres so difficult that without a considerable height of pulp the pressure will
not be sufficient to force the water through the cylinder and the fibres of rag
lying upon it; the consequence of which would be that the fibres of rag
accumulated on the surface of the cylinder would be washed off by the pulp,

page_text: or very much disturbed before they arrived at the point T, which is the level
of the pulp in the back. To obviate this it will be necessary to add the
pressure of the atmosphere to the weight of the water in making thick papers,
which may be done by extending one side of the trough V below the level of
the pulp, so as to cause a suction under that part of the cylinder which is
covered with the pulp, as well as under that part which has emerged from it.
For this purpose a wider trough would be necessary, but at all events the exact
proportion of the cylinder covered by the trough is not material, because it will
be found by experience what width is sufficient for drying the paper so as to
enable it to bear the pressure of the roller a. The roller a ought to press upon
the cylinder R about the point which is over one side of the trough V, and
according as the trough is shifted the roller should be shifted also; but this
pressure ought to be not less than forty-five degrees above the level of the axis,
because otherwise part of the water pressed out of the paper will be absorbed
by it again; whereas, from the position it acts in, in the Drawing Figure 8,
the water will be sucked into the trough. The roller a should not be fixed in
bearings, but confined down upon the cylinder by weights suspended upon
each end of the axis, which may be adjusted according to circumstances; and
in all cases the principal pressure should be upon the roller b. The water
which runs through the cylinder, in Figures 8 and 9, and out at the ends, falls
in the first instance into the cistern C, from whence it passes through the
pipe d into the cistern e, and from there, is, by means of a pair of double-acting
pumps, f, forced through the pipe K into the vessel L, so that it continually
returns for the same purpose of conducting the pulp to the cylinder from the
pipe J. The pipe G is a sort of gage, by means of which, after the pulp rises
to a proper height in the vessel L, the remainder of the water is carried off
into the cistern C, where there may be a waste pipe for carrying off the super-
fluous quantity.
The water drawn from the cylinder R through the trough
V, by means of the air and water pumps X, X, may run to waste. The size of
the cylinder R and of the trough V must be regulated according to the sub-
stance and dimensions of the paper it is intended for making. Fifteen inches
will be sufficient for the diameter of a cylinder intended for making paper
equal in substance to a paper twenty-two inches by seventeen inches and a
half, weighing twenty pounds per ream; the length of the cylinder is entirely
abitrary. The thickness of the paper made by a cylinder may be adjusted in
various ways: first, by using cylinders of different diameters: secondly, by
accelerating or retarding the motion of the cylinder; thirdly, by varying
the proportion of the surface of the cylinder which is covered with pulp;
fourthly, by varying the consistency of a pulp. I consider that the

page_text: periphery of the cylinder ought to move at the rate of about thirty-six feet per
minute. The pulp ought at all events to be very thin, and therefore that the
most eligible mode of adjusting the thickness of the paper would be by varying
the proportion of the surface of the cylinder which is covered with pulp;
consequently, for thicker papers a larger cylinder would be necessary; or a back
may be made use of, extending higher up towards the point Z, so as to cover
a larger proportion of the surface of the same cylinder; and for thinner papers
a. back might be made use of covering less of the cylinder, as in Fig. 11.
By means of the cock in pipe J, the quantity of pulp supplied to the cylinder
can be adjusted with the greatest accuracy; consequently the thickness of the
paper may be preserved uniform, or varied at discretion, provided the thickness
of the pulp in the chest A and the motion of the cylinder B be continued
uniform. By means of the gage pipes Q the level of the pulp in the back P
can be varied till the most eligible point for the cylinder to emerge from the
pulp is ascertained, and the supply of water through the pipe R must be
adjusted accordingly. It may be laid down as a general rule that the thicker
the paper the higher should be the level of the pulp in the back. In order to
close the trough V tight upon the cylinder R, I propose packing it all round
the top where it comes in contact within side of the cylinder, as at the points
w, w, in the section, Figure 1. The mode of packing is so well known that I
think it unnecessary to give any description, except the representation in the
Drawing. The friction of the back P upon the cylinder may be taken off by
strips of woollen cloth or leather, particularly at the line across from the point S.
Figures 12 and 13 are for the purpose of explaining a more simple mode of
construction a hollow cylinder with a pervious surface, which may be used in
cases when the pneumatic pressure is not applied. a, a, a, is the thread of a
screw; b, b, bi, represent cross bars carried across the internal surface parallel
with the axis. The best mode of constructing it will be to cast a cylinder with
the bars in the inside, and to cut the screw deep enough to form an opening
between every bar. It should be furnished with cross wires c, c, c, and covered
with woven wire in the same way as the cylinder R. It might be made on a
larger or smaller scale, according to the purpose for which it is required. The
roller, in Figures 8 and 9, may be made in this manner, but stronger, as a
great degree of pressure is intended to take place upon it.
When the machinery is to go to work, the agitators and pumps should be
set in motion, first by turning the shaft K, and then the cylinder R, by means
of the cog wheel p, which gives motion to the rollers a and b, by cog wheels
q and r. The mode of giving motion, and the situation of the pumps and stuff

page_text: Inrolled the Nineteenth day of July, One thousand eight hundred and