matthewleechen/300YearsOfBritishPatents huggingface dataset:
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR WASHING CORN AND OTHER GRAIN
Year: 1862

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Ellis at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 28th July
1862.
I, JOHN ELLIS, of Witham, in the Town or Borough of Kingston-upon-
Hull, in the County of the same Town or Borough, Corn Factor and Dryer,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
APPARATUS FOR WASHING CORN AND OTHER GRAIN," to be as follows:-
My Invention consists of machinery or apparatus arranged and working as
hereafter described.
Overhead is a feed hopper with a regulator at bottom to make the outlet
larger or smaller as may be desired; the grain falls from this hopper into a
chamber with an inclined perforated bottom, where it is stirred by agitators on
a revolving shaft and worked down the incline into a perforated inclined
cylinder, where it is acted upon by brushes on a revolving shaft. The grain is
worked to the lower end of the inclined cylinder and falls into a receiver, from
whence it is elevated by an endless chain carrying buckets and discharged
from the buckets into any desired receiver. Under the inclined chamber and
cylinder are V-shaped troughs fitted with valves or taps at bottom opening
into an inclined channel common to all the troughs, from which the dirt
separated and washed out from the grain is run off. There is also a valve
fitted to the further end of the chamber into which the grain falls from the
inclined cylinder. Steam, hand, or other power may be used to drive the
apparatus.
AN IMPROVED DYNAMOMETER FOR ASCERTAINING THE RELATIVE STRENGTH AND ELASTICITY OF VARIOUS KINDS OF THREADS AND ROPES
Year: 1862

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Justin David at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 25th June
1862.
I, JUSTIN DAVID, of No. 20, Rue St. Fiacre, Paris, France, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED DYNAMOMETER FOR
ASCERTAINING THE RELATIVE STRENGTH AND ELASTICITY OF VARIOUS KINDS OF
THREADS AND ROPES," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object, by very simple means, the power of ascer-
taining with mathematical accuracy the relative strength, as also the amount
of elasticity of various kinds of threads, whether of silk, cotton, wool, flax, or
other fibrous substances, or on a larger scale that of cordage, whether of hemp,
metal, or whatsoever other material. A spindle charged with the material to
be tested, say, thread, is placed vertically upon a needle of relative strength
working upon a centre, from which needle proceeds an arm acting as a lever;
the thread is passed from the apex of the spindle over the extremity of the
arm, which being drawn downwards will remove the needle from its vertical
to a horizontal position; at the lower extremity of the needle is attached a
weight of relative power to the strength of the thread or other material; as
the needle is acted upon by the time it has reached its horizontal position the
lower end will have described the fourth of a circle, a graduated quadrant
to scale, whether of pounds, or of more or less weight, is placed behind the
needle ; the lower end of the needle at the moment of the thread breaking

page_text: will be locked by a latch upon the teeth cut on the outer edge of the
quadrant; the point where the needle stops is indicative of the amount of
force the thread supported before breaking. To shew the elasticity of the
thread, one end is attached to the arm, as above, the other held in the hand;
the thread is acted upon by a lever describing a smaller quarter circle, which
at the moment the thread breaks the amount of its elongation is indicated by
the difference between the scales of the two graduated quadrants.
IMPROVEMENTS IN LOCKS
Year: 1862

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by George Berry at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 16th October
1862.
GEORGE BERRY, of Number 19, Buttesland Street, Hoxton, in the County
of Middlesex, Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN LOCKS," to be as follows:-
My Invention is for improvements in that description of lock in which a
a number of sliding guards pass through notches in a locking plate also
having notches in it. In ordinary locks of this description these sliding
guards move in grooves by the direct action of a key or instrument, and there
is no impediment to an instrument or picklock being inserted in these grooves
in such a manner that an operator is able to detect in what part of each
sliding guard the notch belonging to that particular guard is placed.
My first improvement consists in cutting notches in the sliding guards at
right angles to the notches which have to pass the locking plate; I then place
an immoveable mask or partition in each of the first-named notches, and these
masks or partitions consist of rings placed in a barrel, or a plain plate placed in
a box, when the motion intended to open the lock is lineal instead of circular.
The result of this arrangement is that the notches in the guards cannot be got
at by any instrument whatever, as they are placed in a line parallel to the.
part acted upon by the key, but separated by masks or partitions.
My second improvement consists in cutting the sliding guards into two
parts, in such a manner that if force be applied to one part that force will be

page_text: communicated to the other, and both will move in the same direction. The
parts through which force and motion are communicated to the other parts I
call media. The result is that no vibration of those parts which indirectly
receive force and motion is communicated to any picklock or instrument
applied to open the lock, whereas in ordinary locks of this description
vibrations occur in the sliding guards, which distinctly convey to an expert
attempting to pick the lock the precise position of the notch where the sliding
guard is placed, and by repeating this operation upon each guard he will be
enabled to make a key which will open the lock.
IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR OBTAINING AND APPLYING MOTIVE POWER
Year: 1862

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Charles William Heckethorn
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 9th June 1862.
I, CHARLES WILLIAM HECKETHORN, of Saint Ann's Road, Brixton, in the
County of Surrey, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR OBTAINING AND APPLYING MOTIVE POWER," to be as
follows:-
This Invention consists of improved apparatus by means of which motive
power may be obtained and applied to various useful purposes. I
propose to
attach to a shaft a series of hollow spokes, to the closed ends of each of which
a bellows is fixed, the upper or moveable plate or cover of the bellows being
weighted with metal. The bellows communicate with the hollow spokes by
suitable openings at the places of attachment, and the hollow spokes com-
municate with each other by means of an opening through the shaft. The
apparatus is to be placed in a reservoir of water, the shaft being set in bearings
some distance below the surface of the water, when it will be found that the
weights on the bellows will force down and close the covers of those in a vertical
position, and will open or separate those bellows on the opposite spokes, which
would then be in a contrary or inverted position, the effect of which would be
that the closed bellows would expel the air through the spokes into the opposite
bellows, thus causing the series of inflated bellows on one side of the shaft to
rise in the water, while those on the opposite side being shut would sink,

page_text: when the spokes of the ascending bellows have just passed their highest point,
and are in the act of descending, their weights in turn being uppermost, press
down the bellows, which sink in the water, aiding those on the opposite side
to ascend. By these means a powerful rotary motion is communicated to the
shaft, and by placing suitable gearing thereon, the power thus obtained may
be applied to machinery or other useful purposes.
IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM ENGINES
Year: 1862

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Charles Beslay at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 30th December
1862.
I, CHARLES BESLAY, of No. 11, Rue Ménilmontant, in the City of Paris,
in the Empire of France, Civil Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM ENGINES," to be as follows:-
In steam engines generally there is a liability of condensation of the steam
on the inside of the cylinder by reason of the cooling effects of the surface
exposed, and so producing a film of liquid on the interior of the cylinder; this
has been heretofore counteracted in some degree by the application of
materials, non-conductors of heat, and even by the admission of steam in a
space between the cylinder and the jacket surrounding it; but in all cases
some condensation takes place, whether the engine be driven by steam super-
heated or otherwisc.
The object of this Invention is to entirely obviate this condensation or
formation of liquid in the interior of the cylinder, and even to make the
cylinder a means of superheating the steam instead of detracting from its
effect, as heretofore. For this purpose I envelope the steam cylinder with
a jacket somewhat as in ordinary, having a space of one or two inches
between the jacket and the cylinder, this may also be the case with the
bottom and cover. Those spaces I put in communication by means of
two pipes with an air chamber or chambers placed in the chimney or pas-

page_text: sages leading therefrom, and subject to the action of the heat and flame
passing from the furnace. I dispose a fan or screw exhauster in a
chamber through which one of the tubes of communication passes, which
being driven keeps up a constant circulation of air through the cylinder
jacket, and returning thence to the air-heating chamber to be again returned
to the cylintler jacket, and so on. The air being maintained at a temperature
of some six hundred degrees Fahrenheit, will keep the cylinder constantly hot,
and will add to rather than detract from the temperature and presence of the
steam in the cylinder. The heating chamber in the chimney may be arranged
so as to circulate round its area, and so that the air must pass through a
sufficient length of heating surface before being returnel to the cylinder jacket.
Instead of conducting heated air to the cylinder jacket, the fan may cause the
heated gases to pass directly thereto. In all cases I protect the jacket and
pipes from cooling by non-conducting coverings.
IMPROVEMENTS IN WINDOW SASHES
Year: 1862

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Thomas George Greenstreet at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
27th March 1862.
I, THOMAS GEORGE GREENSTREET, of 6, Penton Place, Kennington Road,
in the County of Surrey, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN WINDOW SASHES," to be as follows:-
This Invention consists in constructing the sashes of windows in the following
manner:-
First. Instead of making the sides of the framework of the sash solid as
heretofore practised, I form each side of two pieces or strips of wood or other
material, one of which is fixed to the top and bottom rails of the sash at each
side thereof, and the two other pieces are loosely connected to the fixed pieces
each by a screw which serves as a pivot, on which to turn the sash inside out
for cleaning or repairs. The aforesaid loose pieces fit into the window
frame, in which the sashes slide, and are connected by lines to sash weights.
In order to keep the sash air-tight, I form a groove in the edge of the loose
pieces aforesaid and also in the edge of each of the fixed side pieces of the sash.
I also form a groove in the bottom edge of the bottom rail of the bottom sash,
into which I place a strip of vulcanized india-rubber, long enough without
stretching to reach up to the top of the sash, in the grooves of which it fits at
each side, as also in the grooves in the loose pieces before mentioned. I also
fix a piece of metal to each end of the india-rubber, by pulling which the india-

page_text: rubber will be stretched and withdrawn from the grooves in the loose pieces
aforesaid, and may be held in this position by inserting the aforesaid pieces of
metal into holes formed in the top rail of the bottom sash, and the bottom
rail of the top sash. The window can then be turned inside out on its pivots.
I also insert and fix a strip of vulcanized india rubber in a groove formed
in the top or meeting rail of the top or bottom sash, for the purpose of
excluding air or dust.
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR PREVENTING COLLISIONS ON RAILWAYS
Year: 1862

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Frederick Tolhausen at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 21st June
1862. A communication from Hercule Barbier, residing at No. 17,
Rue du Faubourg Montmartre, Paris, in the Empire of France.
I, FREDERICK TOLHAUSEN, Civil Engineer and Patent Agent, 17, Rue du
Faubourg Montmartre, Paris, in the Empire of France, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR
PREVENTING COLLISIONS ON RAILWAYS," a communication from Hercule Barbier,
a person resident at No. 17, Rue du Faubourg Montmartre, aforesaid, to be
as follows:-
The object of these improvements is to prevent trains meeting with others,
either at rest at stations or moving in the opposite direction on the same side
of the line..
The improved apparatus consists of a rail jointed in the middle and at both
ends forming a double incline, placed by the side of the common rail at
suitable distances on the line. This incline or jointed rail is kept up by
balance weights and springs, but when a train passes is depressed by a special
wheel fixed on the locomotive or carriage axles. This depression causes a
vertical rod to act on a bell-crank lever at whose end a wire or other equivalent
link is attached, and the wire being thus pulled by the depression of the inclines,
draws up a set or series of stops or projections placed at suitable intervals in
advance of the moving train (600 yards, say); said stops are arranged in a
manner similar to knife blades, so as to open into a vertical position and remain

page_text: open when drawn or pushed one way and shut when acted on the other way;
thus, supposing another train approaching in the opposite direction, a lever
or fender placed on the locomotive of that train will strike against the raised
stops, and cause a bell on the locomotive to ring, by which the driver is
informed that there is another train near, moving or stationary, on his line, and
hence will stop his train. Reciprocally the driver of the train first-mentioned
is warned by a similar apparatus placed along the line on the opposite side, and
in the reverse way, which is worked by the second train; these two reciprocal
sets of apparatus may be placed so as either to coincide with or overlap each
other, whichever of these plans may be found most convenient for giving
reciprocal notice to approaching trains..
Each train upon finding there is no obstruction a head will move on, and
the bell-ringing fender before-mentioned will lay the stops or projections down
again ready for the next action.
A NEW OR IMPROVED ROTARY ENGINE
Year: 1862

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Cornelius Bonell and William
Mortimer Spiring at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with
their Petition, on the 11th February 1862.
We, CORNELIUS BONELL, of Wednesbury, in the County of Stafford,
Engineer, and WILLIAM MORTIMER SPIRING, of Wednesbury, aforesaid, Engi-
neer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "A NEW OR
IMPROVED ROTARY ENGINE," to be as follows:-
Our Invention consists of a rotary engine to be worked by steam or other
vapour, or gas, constructed essentially as follows:-The cylinder of the engine
is very nearly but not quite circular in cross section, having a slightly elliptical
figure. In the interior of the cylinder is a shaft or axis, the said shaft or axis
being excentric to the cylinder, one of the sides of the said shaft bearing
against an elastic packing on one side of the cylinder, the said packing being in
the shortest diameter of the cylinder. In a slot passing through the said shaft
a plate or piston works, the said plate or piston forming a partition or
diaphragm across the said cylinder, upon which partition or diaphragm the steam
acts. As the steam is admitted into the cylinder between the elastic packing
on which the shaft bears and one side of the piston, the said steam presses
the piston forwards, causing it and the shaft to perform a rotation. The steam
then escapes from the cylinder. A slight depression is made in that part of
the cylinder at which the steam enters, so that when one side of the piston is
brought over the steam passage, the said piston does not bear tightly upon the
cylinder. A small portion of steam consequently escapes past the part of

page_text: the piston in question, and acting on the other part of the piston carries it past
what would otherwise be a dead point. The edges of the piston are provided
with metallic packing. By the use of an ordinary slide valve the direction of
the steam may be changed, and consequently the direction of the engine's
rotation.
Im- PROVEMENTS IN TRANSFERRING DESIGNS AND PRINTS PRODUCED BY PHOTOGRAPHY TO STONE OR ZINC
Year: 1862

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Richard Archibald Brooman at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
20th October 1862.-A communication from abroad by François Louis
Marquier, of Havannah, Cuba.
I, RICHARD ARCHIBALD BROOMAN, of 166, Fleet Street, in the City of London,
Patent Agent, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "Im-
PROVEMENTS IN TRANSFERRING DESIGNS AND PRINTS PRODUCED BY PHOTOGRAPHY
TO STONE OR ZINC," (communicated to me from abroad by François Louis
Marquier, of Havannah, Cuba,) to be as follows:-
This Invention consists in reproducing prints produced by photography
upon lithographic stones or upon sine plates, preference is given, however, to
lithographic stones, and I proceed to describe the Invention applied to such
stones. I take a lithographic stone and grain it as for ordinary use, I place it
flat upon a table, and throw over its surface a small quantity of a composition
of water bi-chromatized to saturation and of thick solution of gum arabic,
mixed in equal proportions, and spread it equally over the surface of the stone,
and rub with a clean rag to dryness. I take a transparent positive photograph
upon glass, and apply it with the face carrying the impression in contact with
the stone, and fix down the corners of the glass with wax or cement. All this
is performed in a dark chamber. In some cases, especially where photographs
cannot be readily obtained upon glass, I use positives on paper. The positive,
being fixed upon the stone, is covered with a black cloth to protect it from

page_text: light, the stone is then taken to the spot where it is to be exposed, and the
cloth is removed. The light should be brilliant or diffused according to the
design on the photograph, brilliant for sharp lines, and diffused for designs
possessing delicate half tints. The time of exposure will vary with the light;
on a fine day at noon, for example, about one minute will suffice. After the
time allowed has lapsed I cover the stone with the black cloth and return
it to the table in a dark chamber, I raise the glass or paper with care, and
throw on the stone a solution of potass, for the purpose of destroying the
coat of bi-chromatized gum in those parts protected from the action of light,
and to form a slight engraving; in about a minute or more I incline the stone
and allow it to drain, then place it flat, and pass over it a sponge containing
some such fatty matter as soapsuds, which I cause to enter into the engraving
produced by the solution of potass, I next wipe the surface with a soft linen
or other rag, and when dry I gum the stone, as in the ordinary lithogra-.
phic process, after it has been acidulated, I leave the stone to rest for about
a quarter of an hour, and then, inclining it, wash it with plenty of clear water
and allow it to drain, I again gum it and place it on a lithographic press,
allow about a quarter of an hour or more to elapse, and then ink the stone
and proceed to print as in the ordinary process.
IMPROVEMENTS IN LOOMS FOR WEAVING
Year: 1862

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Richard Stansfield, Ironfounder and Machinist,
and John Dodgeon, Mechanic, both of Todmorden, in the County of
Lancaster, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN LOOMS FOR WEAVING."
Sealed the 12th December 1862, and dated the 19th June 1862.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Richard Stansfield and
John Dodgeon at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their
Petition, on the 19th June 1862.
We, RICHARD STANSFIELD, Ironfounder and Machinist, and JOHN DODGEON,
Mechanic, both of Todmorden, in the County of Lancaster, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN LOOMS FOR WEAVING,"
to be as follows:-
This Invention consists, first, in an improved stopping motion for stopping
the loom when the shuttle is not in the box. We employ in each shuttle
box that description of swell which is acted upon by the top of the
shuttle, but bring the end of the swell to the back of the box, so that
when the swell is held up by the shuttle its end shall come in contact
with a lever on the stop rod and hold up the stop rod finger, but when the
shuttle is not in the box, the end of the swell shall not be in contact with
the lever, and thereby allow the stop rod finger to be depressed and come in
contact with the frog and stop the loom.

page_text: Secondly, in an improved arrangement of buffer or check strap. We coil
one end of the strap round a concentric or eccentric boss fixed to the slay
or lathe instead of fixing to it the end of the strap itself, by which means
there is greater elasticity and prevention of wear and tear than in any other
method.
And, thirdly, in an improved mode of stopping the loom when the weft
thread breaks, or when there is no weft. We place the weft fork on the
opposite side to the setting-on rod, and instead of placing the hammer on a
stud we fix it to a shaft or tube having upon it a lever which is acted upon
by the absence of the weft, and also at the other end another lever which
operates upon the setting-on rod or spring handle, and liberates the brake
so as to stop the loom at the breakage or absence of the first pick of
weft.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BOOK MARKERS
Year: 1862

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Thomas Stevens at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 31st January
1862.
I, THOMAS STEVENS, of Coventry, in the County of Warwick, Ribbon
Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BOOK MARKERS," to be as follows:-
This Invention consists in manufacturing book markers by machinery for
weaving ribbons, and in producing figures, designs, and mottoes thereon of
various descriptions and colors according to the nature of books for which the
markers are intended.
The whole surface of each marker comprises by preference one special
design or pattern, with various emblems, such as those of religion or of
antiquity.
The markers may be composed of various materials used, in ribbon manu-
facture, and may be made of various suitable lengths; and the ends may be
left plain, or may be ornamented with fringes, tassels, or other ornament.
IM- PROVEMENTS IN GLASSES POR LAMPS
Year: 1862

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Francis. Falconer, at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 13th February
1862.
I, FRANCIS FALCONER, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North Britain,
Warehouseman, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention of "IM-
PROVEMENTS IN GLASSES POR LAMPS," to be as follows, that is to say:-
This Invention of improvements in lamps, has for object the substitution for
the ordinary glass chimney of an arrangement much less liable to breakage
and possessing other advantages. And the Invention consists according to
one modification in combining a glass globe and chimney in one piece, the
lower part whereof may be made to resemble any of the ordinary or ornamental
forms of globes, whilst the upper part is contracted in diameter and elongated
to act as a chimney. Or the globe and chimney may be made in separate
pieces, being fitted together in any convenient way but with the chimney
portion not reaching lower than the upper part of the globe or the top of
the flame.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR SPINNING AND DOUBLING WOOL AND OTHER FIBROUS MATERIALS
Year: 1862

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Benjamin Foster, at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 7th January
1862.
I, BENJAMIN FOSTER, of Denholme Mills, in the County of York, Manu-
facturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR SPINNING AND DOUBLING WOOL AND OTHER
FIBROUS MATERIALS," to be as follows:-
My Invention relates to those spinning and doubling machines in which a
cap" or "bell" is employed, and has for its object the prevention of snarls;
with this view I cause the bobbin when the machine is stopped to pass
upward into the cap or bell, so as to take up the slack, and the apparatus for
effecting this I connect to the motion for stopping the machine.
AN IMPROVE- MENT OR IMPROVEMENTS IN ORNAMENTING SURFACES OF WOOD AND OF PAPIER MACHÉ
Year: 1862

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by David Thorpe Lee at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 1st August
1862.
I, DAVID THORPE LEE, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, Manu-
facturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVE-
MENT OR IMPROVEMENTS IN ORNAMENTING SURFACES OF WOOD AND OF PAPIER
MACHÉ," to be as follows:-
My Invention consists in ornamenting surfaces of wood and of papier
mâché in the manner herein-after explained, whereby the said surfaces are
made to appear as though they were carved from the flat, and elaborate orna-
ments, having the appearance of carving, are produced at much less cost than
that of carving.
In ornamenting a surface of wood according to my Invention, I take a piece
of veneer, and by means of the process called saw piercing or fret cutting
I cut or pierce in the said veneer all those parts of the ornament which on the
surface to be ornamented are to be sunken or depressed. I attach the pierced
veneer by means of glue to the surface to be ornamented, and afterwards
polish the surface of the veneer; there is thus produced an ornament on the
surface of the wood which has the appearance of a carving effected on a flat
or plane surface. The surface to which the pierced veneer is glued or
attached may be matted or wrought before or after the veneer is affixed to
it, so as thereby to produce a closer resemblance to carving from the flat.
In ornamenting surfaces of papier mâché 1 proceed in the manner

page_text: 'described with reference to wood, excepting that I attach pierced veneers of
papier mâché to the papier mâché to be ornamented, and finish the orna-
mented surface by the processes ordinarily employed for finishing surfaces of
papier mâché.
CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BITUMINOUS CEMENT
Year: 1862

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Adolphe Antoine Gannal at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 14th
July 1862.
I, ADOLPHE ANTOINE GANNAL, of Paris, in the French Empire, M.D.,
do hereby declare the nature of my Invention for "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS
IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BITUMINOUS CEMENT," to be as follows, that is to say :-
My Invention consists in combining sandy earth, or by preference river sand,
with a quantity of a bituminous substance equal in volume to the sum of the
spaces between grains of well pounded sand.
To carry out my Invention I proceed as follows, I first dry the earth or
sand in the sun to have it ready when wanted, and, to employ it, I then heat
it on a cast or sheet iron table heated to about 254 to 318 Fahrenheit, and
afterwards mix it in a boiler or on the said table with melted bitumen.
When these substances are well mixed, and the heat has risen from 860 to
424 Fahrenheit, the cement is formed and ready to be used. But as it could
not be spread with the pallet, I make use of a heated stampor. I lay the
cement over the place where it is to be employed with a trowel, in the same
manner as for any other lime cement, and then I stamp it with a heated
stamper; by this means the cement is settled down closer, and the empty
spaces between the various grains of sand are filled up, while the excess in
the bitumen is forced up to the surface. I powder this part with very fine
sand, which agglomerates with the bitumen on the surface of the cement, and
to level it I pass over it a light roller or a pallet; gas or resin tar may also

page_text: be employed, alone or mixed with bitumen. If I employ bitumen furnishing
in the calcination about twenty-four to twenty-six per cent. of residue, I mix
twenty-five parts of bitumen to one hundred parts of sand. With bitumen
of a purer quality the proportion is about eighteen parts to one hundred parts
of sand. This cement can be employed in lieu of the ordinary bituminous
cements, and can replace advantageously the betons for buildings, for which
the proportion of bitumen can be reduced to about eight parts for one hundred
parts of sand.
:
IMPROVEMENTS IN SIGNALLING
Year: 1862

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Clark at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 8th August
1862. A communication from abroad by Pierre Henri Stanislas, Count
d'Escayrac de Lauture, of 29, Boulevart St. Martin, Paris.
I, WILLIAM CLARK, of 53, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex,
Engineer and Patent Agent, do hereby declare the nature of the said In-
vention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN SIGNALLING," to be as follows:-
This Invention consists of a universal analytical grammar of signals. The
alphabetic transcription of words being replaced by the adoption of signals,
and in the complete separation of words from their grammatical elements
such as prepositions, adverbs, or other parts of speech. The signal for every
word such as a verb or substantive, and so on, is always the same whatever may
be the character of the word in the sentence, this character being indicated
by a separate signal which points out the case, gender, number, tense, or the
mood and forms, the verbs, adjectives, and adverbs by being added to a sub-
stantive. The use of such grammatical signs or signals is thus reduced to a
minimum. One single expression is substituted for several synonymous words,
the plainest ideas alone being classed under signals; as to the complex ones
they are figured or represented by means of two or more signals themselves
representing plain ideas. The word barrack, for instance, may be indicated by
means of two signals "house" and "soldier;" the grammatical indications and
the words are represented by one elementary signal, or one of Morse's characters,
or it may be inscribed in one or more tables, each of them being represented

page_text: by two signals or characters one of which points out the column and the other
the line upon which it is to be met with in the table. The grammatical
indications and some plain words may occupy part of the table whilst various
vocabularies, corresponding to dispatches of various natures, will in turn
occupy the rest thereof, the use of each vocabulary being pointed out by the
determinative signal of the same nature as the dispatch; thus there should be
vocabularies of political news and orders, or such as concern war or trade. The
grammatical catalogue should be partly at least suitable for all messages. The
annexed diagram will make the application of such system well understood..
More detailed vocabularies will require several tables, each of which will be
furnished with a key which shall precede all its signals. The words are to be
classed not in alphabetical order, but from the association and nature of the
ideas they are intended to represent. The tables being translated into all
languages, a dispatch may be immediately reduced to any language whatever.
The above described method is applicable not only to electric telegraph messages
but also to naval and military telegraphy and to written correspondence.
AN IMPROVED MODE OF AND APPARATUS FOR WORKING RAILWAY CARRIAGE BRAKES
Year: 1862

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Ernst Ferdinand Lansky, at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 12th
May 1862.
I, ERNST FERDINAND LANSKY, of Nottingham Street, Sheffield, in the
County of York, Merchant's Clerk, do hereby declaro the nature of the said
Invention for "AN IMPROVED MODE OF AND APPARATUS FOR WORKING RAILWAY
CARRIAGE BRAKES," to be as follows:-
The object of this Invention is to facilitate the application of brakes to
railway trains. To this end I propose to utilize the power obtainable from
the rotating axles or wheels of the carriages and engines and apply the same
to draw the brakes into contact with their respective wheels when the speed of
the train is required to be slackened. The mechanical means for carrying out
this application of the utilized power may be varied according to circumstances
or the judgment of the carriage builder, but an arrangement which I believe
will be deemed efficient under ordinary circumstances is the following:-On
the axle of one pair of running wheels I mount a belt pulley, and midway
between the pair of carriage axles I fit a transverse shaft which has its
bearings in the carriage framing. Upon this shaft I mount a fast and loose
pulley which receive a driving belt from the pulley on the axle of the running
wheels. To this central shaft I also key a pair of double chain wheels, to
which I attach chains which connect with the ordinary pendent brakes.
When it is desired to apply the brakes, the driving belt is thrown on to the

page_text: fast pulley, and rotary motion is thereby imparted to the pulley shaft, and to
the chain wheels keyed thereon, which wheels will wind up the brake chains
and hold the brakes in close contact with their respective wheels. In case of
there being a tendency to put undue tension on the brake chains, the driving
belt will slip, and afford the requisite relief. In order to give the guard
command over the brakes I arrange the apparatus for shifting the driving belt
from the loose to the fast pulley, and vice versâ, so that the longitudinal rod
which conveys the shifting motion thereto, shall receive an axial motion (for
that purpose) through a hand lever or its equivalent fitted to the guard's van.
When it is desired to transmit this motion through the line of carriages
forming the train (each carriage being in that case fitted with brake apparatus
similar to that described), I connect together the longitudinal rods of the
several carriages and engines (which rods by their axial motion shift the
driving belts of the brake apparatus) by inserting the ends of the adjacent rods
into square slots formed in a universal joint coupling. By this means there-
fore provision is made for the unequal lateral and vertical motions of the
adjacent carriages. Instead of taking the power for putting on the brakes
from the axles of the running wheels, the winding up motion may be taken
directly from the wheels, if thought desirable.
IMPROVEMENTS IN HARROWS OR CULTIVATORS
Year: 1862

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by George Washington Belding at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
24th April 1862.-A communication from abroad by Willis Churchill,
of Newark, in the State of New Jersey, United States of America,
Machinist.
I, GEORGE WASHINGTON BELDING, of No. 7, King Street, Cheapside, in the
City of London, Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said Inven-
tion for "IMPROVEMENTS IN HARROWS OR CULTIVATORS," a communication from
abroad by Willis Churchill, of Newark, in the State of New Jersey, United
States of America, Machinist, to be as follows:-
Said Invention relates to a peculiar arrangement and construction of the
teeth of harrows or cultivators; both single and double frames are employed
for the purpose of more perfectly adapting the implement to a variety of soils
The double frame consists of three pieces of suitable dimensions,
the two outside pieces which in use diverge from the centre. piece are made
adjustable, and may be brought parallel for convenience of transportation and
storing; the drawing power is applied to the centre piece, and to this is fixed
the front tooth. The single form consists of one straight piece, to which is fixed
one row of teeth only; this form is drawn by an arm attached to the centre
of the harrow or cultivator, and carried forward more or less diverging from
the body of the implement, according to the depth of cultivation required.
The teeth are constructed with broad thin "coulters" descending in a back-

page_text: ward direction, for the purpose of cutting the sod, and also to prevent their
clogging. To the back and lower end of each "coulter" is attached a mold-
board. The lower edge of the "coulter" extends slightly below the mold-
board, in order to raise the implement over stones or other obstructions when
in motion, and also to protect the teeth from injury; the teeth in both forms
are similar in shape, with the exception of the front tooth of the double imple-
ment, which is constructed with two mold-boards or diverging wings. The
front tooth turns furrows outward in opposite directions, while the succeeding
teeth turn the furrows inward. In the single form the teeth which are fixed
obliquely in reference to the length of the implement, and nearly in a line
with the arm, all turn furrows in one direction, leaving the land perfectly
smooth.
By the use of my Invention seeds are planted at a uniform depth, the soil is
more perfectly pulverized, and an equal amount of work is done with a large
saving of animal or other power.
IMPROVEMENTS IN ENGINES FOR CARDING COTTON AND OTHER FIBROUS MATERIALS
Year: 1862

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by James Warbrick, and William
Warbrick, and Alfred Travis at the Office of the Commissioners of
Patents, with their Petition, on the 21st March 1862.
We, JAMES WARBRICK, and WILLIAM WARBRICK, Machine Makers, and
ALFRED TRAVIS, Foreman, all of "Furnace Hill Ironworks," Dukinfield,
in the County of Chester, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN ENGINES FOR CARDING COTTON AND OTHER FIBROUS
MATERIALS," to be as follows:-
Our Invention relates to a new combination and arrangement of mechanism
for striping the fibrous material from the doffers of carding engines, and
consists of a shaft placed parallel to and in front of the "doffer," and supported
in bearings by which it can be adjusted; this shaft carries arms adjustable in
length to which the "doffer comb" is attached; rapid oscillatory motion is
given to this shaft by means of a friction wheel (placed upon the axis of the
main card cylinder,) working in close contact with a small friction pulley
carried upon a stud fixed in a bracket secured to the framing, and in this
small friction pulley a crank pin is fixed, which is connected by a rod with an
adjustable pin carried by an arm on the end of the shaft passing in front of
the doffer. In place of this friction wheel and pulley a cam or wheel with
corrugated edge may be employed, and made to act upon a stud in a lever
connected by a rod with the arm on the end of the shaft passing in front of
the doffer.
IMPROVED METHODS OF OBTAINING HYDROGEN GAS, AND CERTAIN GASEOUS COMPOUNDS OF HYDROGEN AND OF CARBON
Year: 1862

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Christopher Binks at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 5th May
1862.
I, CHRISTOPHER BINKS, of Parliament Street, Westminster, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVED METHODS OF OBTAINING
HYDROGEN GAS, AND CERTAIN GASEOUS COMPOUNDS OF HYDROGEN AND OF CARBON,"
to be as follows:-
The object of my Invention is to facilitate and economise the production of
hydrogen gas, certain gaseous bydro-carbons, and carbonic oxide for applica-
tion to various useful purposes. The materials I employ are water in the
form of steam, and wood or charcoal, coal, coke, or any other carbonaceous
matter capable under a high temperature of decomposing water, or of com-
bining with one or other or both of its elements, and yielding the products as
above specified. And my Invention consists in applying to the carbon or
carbonaceous materials, whilst kept at ordinary temperatures, steam pre-
viously so strongly heated or superheated as to be decomposed on contact with
the carbon, and as contradistinguished from the usual method resorted to for
decomposing water through the agency of carbon, of strongly heating the
carbon, and applying to it steam of ordinary temperatures. Or, in other words,
I make the steam itself and not the carbon, as commonly practised in such
operations, the vehicle of the heat requisite to effect its decomposition, or
the combination of its elements with the carbon on being brought in contact

page_text: with it. This method I vary or modify, when desirable, by obtaining the
requisite decomposing or combining temperatures by heating previously to
contact both the carbon or carbonaceous materials and the steam; that is, I
aid the reactions between the strongly or superheated steam and the carbon
by raising the latter to degrees of temperature higher than ordinary ones, as
under my method above described.
AN IMPROVED FABRIC IN THE NATURE OF A CORD OR CORDUROY
Year: 1862

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Pickstone and Thomas
Mellodew at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their
Petition, on the 19th May 1862.
We, WILLIAM PICKSTONE, of Radcliffe, and THOMAS MELLODEW, of Oldham,
both in the County of Lancaster, do hereby declare the nature of the
Invention for "AN IMPROVED FABRIC IN THE NATURE OF A CORD OR CORDUROY,"
to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object an improved fabric in the nature of a
cord or corduroy. The pile fabrics known as cords or corduroys are produced
by employing in the weaving a pile weft which is distinct from the weft
forming the body of the fabric. The pile weft is tied into the fabric at
points a short distance apart and which points range in lines along the fabric
from end to end. Between the ties the pile weft is floated on the surface of
the body fabric forming loops which are afterwards cut to form the pile.
Now according to our Invention, we make an improved fabric of this
description by employing as the pile weft a silken yarn produced from what
is known as silk waste, being silk in such a state that it cannot be wound,
but has to be reduced to short lengths and spun as cotton, wool, and other
short fibres are spun.
IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR STRIPPING OR CLEANING THE FLATS OF CARDING ENGINES
Year: 1862

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Standish and John Gooden
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their Petition, on the
21st February 1862.
We, JOHN STANDISH, of Egerton, near Bolton, in the County of Lancaster,
and JOHN GOODEN, of the same Place, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR STRIPPING
OR CLEANING THE FLATS OF CARDING ENGINES," to be as follows:-
We cause each flat to be jointed or hinged upon a pin or centre so that it
can be shifted from its original position to one nearly at right angles to it, and
at each side of the card cylinder we employ a lever working loose upon the
shaft, and give the levers a traversing motion by cams, levers, or other suitable
The ends of the levers near the flats have holes or bearings for
holding a brush or card, which has a revolving or oscillating motion imparted
to it, and the levers are provided with pins or projections for turning up the
flats upon their centres.
their centres. As each flat is turned up by the aforesaid levers the
brush comes in contact with the card on the flat, and efficiently strips and cleans
it, and after all the flats have been stripped and cleaned the levers are returned
to their original position for the purpose of repeating the operation, which is
performed continuously with the working of the engine.
AN IMPROVEMENT IN HORSE-SHOES
Year: 1862

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Frederick Tolhausen, C.E., at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 21st
April 1862. A communication from abroad by Paul Eugène Clément,
Esq., residing at St. Amand (Marne) France.
I, FREDERICK TOLHAUSEN, C.E., and Patent Agent, of 17, Faubourg
Montmartre, Paris, France, but now residing at No. 100, Fleet Street,
London, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN
IMPROVEMENT IN HORSE-SHOES," a communication from abroad by Paul Eugène
Clément, Esq., a person resident at St. Amand (Marne) France, to be as
follows:-
This improvement relates to the means for rendering horses less liable to
slip when the ground has become slippery by frost, or from other causes.
For this purpose I provide in the horse-shoe a suitable number of holes that
are tapped, and are intended to receive screw points, that is to say, conical
or pyramidal spikes, having a screwed portion, and a square for screwing them
into the horse-shoe by means of a screw key. These points can be taken out
or removed in summer time, or when the ground is not slippery, and in that
case I prefer filling the screw holes by means of screws, the heads of which
come flush with the horse-shoe.
IMPROVEMENTS IN ALBUMS FOR CONTAINING PHOTOGRAPHIC AND OTHER PICTURES
Year: 1862

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Henry Schottlander at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 13th January
1862.
I, HENRY SCHOTTLANDER, of Paris, in the French Empire, Merchant, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN ALBUMS
FOR CONTAINING PHOTOGRAPHIC AND OTHER PICTURES," to be as follows:-
My Invention consists in so forming the leaves of albums that the picture
or pictures, together with part of the leaf holding the same, may be placed and
held at an inclination so as to obtain the most suitable light for viewing the
pictures.
I apply on each side of every leaf, or on one side only, a frame for holding
one or two pictures, and unite it at one side or end only, and I make a tongue
or frame in or on the holding frame. When the album is closed, or when the
leaves and pictures are in their ordinary position, the holding frames, pictures,
and tongues do not protrude beyond the thickness of the leaves. When the
album is opened, and any picture is to be viewed, the holding frame is raised
and the tongue or back frame is protruded outwards and the frame resting
partly upon it is maintained inclined. If desired, pictures may be held in the
leaves which are covered by the holding frames, and which can only be seen
when such frames are raised.

page_text: Again, instead of the tongue or supporting frame before mentioned, I some-
times form the support by hinging a piece of cardboard, or other suitable
material to the top of the holding frame which is pushed outwards for sup-
porting the holding frame, and which is folded inwards and under the holding
frame when the pictures are not required to be raised to be viewed.