matthewleechen/300YearsOfBritishPatents huggingface dataset:
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF HORSE-SHOES
Year: 1872

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by George Henry Ellis at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 30th
January 1872.
I, GEORGE HENRY ELLIS, of No. 20, High Holborn, in the County
of Middlesex, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF HORSE-SHOES," to be
as follows:
The object of my Invention is to fix shoes to the feet of horses
without nails in such a manner that they can be readily put on and
taken off by hand, thus providing for a natural expansion and contraction
of the feet, and affording greater ease and rest to the horse while he is
in the stable.
The mode of carrying out my Invention is as follows:-I form what
I call a pair of foundation plates, which are thin plates of metal in the
shape of a horse-shoe jointed at the toe upon a small plate and toe cap.
These foundation plates have each two or more ears turned up having
small spikes, which fit round the hoof, and the spikes penetrate slightly
therein. At the heel ends of these plates are a pair of studs, and the

page_text: shoe is fitted and held to the foot by passing an india-rubber band,
wire, or other suitable contrivance round these studs, and connecting
the heel ends of the plates firmly together.
It is not intended that these foundation plates should be worn, but
suitable wearing plates of corresponding size and shape are fitted thereto
by screws or other means.
Such wearing plates may be plain or moulded with "honeycombed"
or rough surfaces to afford a better foothold for horses; or according
to my Invention they are made entirely of lead, leather, gutta percha,
felt, or other soft metal or material.
In certain cases the wearing plates may be perforated to admit of
frost pieces or spikes being readily inserted therein.
IMPROVEMENTS IN CASTORS FOR FURNITURE
Year: 1872

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Richard Telford, of Birmingham, in the County
of Warwick, Gentleman, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
CASTORS FOR FURNITURE.”
Sealed the 13th September 1872, and dated the 15th June 1872.

page_text: a ring or rings of india-rubber, plain or coloured. To effect this
a groove or grooves may be formed in the periphery of the bowl or
roller; and this I prefer to do in such materials as can be moulded
when the material is in a plastic state. When fired, vitrified, or other-
wise hardened, a ring or band of india-rubber is placed in each groove
in which it will be retained. Castor bowls or rollers of the materials
above named are by this means preserved from the liability to fracture
which arises from the constant jar and vibration of the article when in
use, and from coming into contact with nails, tacks, or other hard
substances. They possess also another quality, that of perfect noiscless-
ness when in motion.
A NEW DESCRIPTION OF PLAYING CARDS
Year: 1872

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Farmery Ollard and
Robert Knapp Barrow at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents,
with their Petition, on the 31st May 1872.-A communication from
abroad by William S. Gottsberger and James W. Tappin, of the City
of New York, in the United States of America.
We, JOHN FARMERY OLLARD, of Lloyds, in the City of London, and
ROBERT KNAPP BARROW, of No. 2, Royal Exchange Buildings, in the
City of London, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"A NEW DESCRIPTION OF PLAYING CARDS," a communication to us from
abroad by William S. Gottsberger and James W. Tappin, of the City of
New York, in the United States of America, to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to a new description of playing cards, which can
be sold at a much lower price for the same class of article than ordinary
playing cards, and consists in printing, lithographing, attaching photo-
graphs, or otherwise applying to the backs of such cards one or more
advertisements, which for the better class of cards may be made to assume
a highly ornamental appearance being printed within ornamental borders
or scrolls, and either in black alone or in one or more colors, or in gold,
silver or bronze in combination or not with black or colors. The nature

page_text: of the advertisements may be regulated to suit the class of cards on
which they are printed, this peculiar description of cards being especially
useful in making known those articles which are most commonly used
by card players; for example, certain brands of cigars or tobacco, or
varieties of wines, liqueurs, and such like articles. On the higher class
of cards advertisements of jewellers and dealers in fine or costly wares
may be printed. In carying out this Invention each card in a pack will
bear precisely the same matter or designs, so that the backs of all the
cards in a pack will be exact fac-similes of one another.
AN IMPROVEMENT IN THE MANUFACTURE OF HAT BODIES FOR SILK AND OTHER COVERED HATS
Year: 1872

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Henry Gallagher at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 20th
February 1872.
I, HENRY GALLAGHER, of Bermondsey, in the County of Surrey, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVEMENT IN
THE MANUFACTURE OF HAT BODIES FOR SILK AND OTHER COVERED HATS," to be
as follows:-
mer
$6
My Invention consists in manufacturing what are known as gossa-
"and other hard or stiff hat bodies with a soft or flexible "band "
so as to conform readily to the shape of the head, and give increased
comfort to the wearer, and yet firmly support the crown of the hat.
These hat bodies are usually made of hard or unyielding material
throughout, and unless the hat fits exactly it is liable to press unequally
on different parts of the head.
According to my Invention I make the band, or that part of the
hat which immediately encloses the head, as well as a portion of the
brim, soft and flexible, and yet firm, by uniting the sides of the hat
body to the brim in the following manner, instead of directly together
as hitherto —

page_text: "
The "band or that part of the crown which meets the inner edge of
the brim consists of a layer of felt or other soft material, upon which
I place a layer of horsehair cloth, which is in turn surrounded by a
strip of india-rubber webbing. The sides and brim of the hat body,
for the space of about half an inch from the edge at which they meet
are composed entirely of these materials, which are applied successively
and caused to unite with the edges of the "gossamer," or other hard
material composing the sides and brim, by heat and pressure at the
same time that they are softened by steam and moulded to the shape
of the hat. A lining of waterproofed linen is applied to the inside and
outside of the band, after which the body may be covered in the usual
manner,
IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR RAISING AND FORCING WATER OR OTHER FLUIDS
Year: 1872

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Jubal Sagar at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 24th June
1872.
I, JUBAL SAGAR, of California, in the United States of America, at
present residing in Leeds, in the County of York, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS
FOR RAISING AND FORCING WATER OR OTHER FLUIDS," to be as follows :-
―
I provide a cylinder in the interior of which is placed a ring of
suitable dimensions and of a less diameter than the interior of the
cylinder, I make this ring to fit laterally between the ends of the
cylinder, so as to move freely and cause it to rotate or travel round
the interior by means of an arm which is mounted on a shaft passed
through the centre. On the arm I fit a roller so as to revolve freely,
which works inside the ring. By the action of the arm an eccentric
motion is imparted to the ring carrying it round the interior of the
cylinder, and a revolving motion at the same time imparted to the
ring by its continuous contact with the interior of the cylinder.

page_text: In the interior of the cylinder I provide a hinged check or valve
which is lifted by the aforesaid ring at any suitable point of its passage
round the cylinder. The check or valve may be made of metal, and
in some cases when required caoutchouc or other equivalent may be
employed.
I connect with the interior of the cylinder a suction and delivery pipe
of ordinary construction, the check or valve being lifted by the action
of the ring. A vacuum is formed in the cylinder, and the fluid is raised
into the interior of the cylinder through the suction pipe and is forced
forward by the ring, and discharged through the delivery pipe.
In order to keep the check or valve on the face of the ring suitable
springs, weights, or other known mechanical means may be employed.
As an additional safeguard stop valves of ordinary construction may
be employed in connection with the suction and delivery pipes.
Motion may be given to the herein-described apparatus from some
suitable motive power through suitable gearing or driving pulleys.
IMPROVEMENTS IN MATTRESSES SUITABLE FOR USE IN SHIPS, HOSPITALS, AND OTHER PLACES, AND WHICH CAN BE EMPLOYED FOR SAVING LIFE AT SEA
Year: 1872

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by François Louis Thuillard de
Froideville at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with
his Petition, on the 26th October 1872.
I, FRANÇOIS LOUIS THUILLARD DE FROIDEVILLE, residing at No. 22,
Rue Clignancourt, Paris, in the Republic of France, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MATTRESSES SUITABLE
FOR USE IN SHIPS, HOSPITALS, AND OTHER PLACES, AND WHICH CAN BE EMPLOYED
FOR SAVING LIFE AT SEA," to be as follows:
-
This Invention has for its object improvements in mattrasses, suitable
for use in ships, hospitals, and other places, and which can be employed
for saving life at sea. For these purposes I employ cork shavings
together with carded wool. The cork shavings are enclosed in a
wrapper of strong cloth, which may be waterproofed. The filling is
arranged in longitudinal rolls folding in two, crosswise.
The surface of the mattrass under the wrapper is covered with a
layer of carded wool to render the mattrass warm and soft.

page_text: One of the advantages of mattrasses thus manufactured is that they
may be used as life preserving rafts at sea, and they are provided with
fastenings adapting them to this use, such as by ordinary straps, bands,
buckles, and the like. They are also very suitable for use in hospitals
and ambulances, as they do not absorb or retain moisture, and vitiated
air and gases.
IMPROVEMENTS IN SHIPS AND APPLIANCES FOR RAISING SUNKEN VESSELS
Year: 1872

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Peter King at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 11th June
1872.
I, PETER KING, of Liverpool, in the County of Lancaster, Mariner,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
SHIPS AND APPLIANCES FOR RAISING SUNKEN VESSELS," to be as follows:-
My Invention relates to so constructing and adapting to each other
ships and appliances that a steady and effective strain can be simul-
taneously brought to bear upon chains or other slings which have been
attached to or passed around a sunken vessel to be raised, and
consists,―
First. In constructing ships to be employed in this work each with a
series of wells or passages, which pass from the deck or above the water
line downwards through the bottom, or downwards and outwards through
the side. The chains or slings attached to the ship to be raised are
passed through the said wells or passages to the raising appliances.
Wells are constructed of metal, timber, or other material suitable for
attaching to the frames and skin, and passages are formed of metal after
the manner of hause pipes.

page_text: Second. The raising appliances consist essentially of a series of strong
screwed bars, preferably two for each well or passage. These screws arc
fitted with cross heads or carriers, to each of which a chain or sling
connected to the vessel to be raised is attached, and they are operated by
worms and worm wheels from any convenient motive power. For
convenience in operating them simultaneously and without carrying
extra engines I so construct the propeller shaft that it can be dis-
connected from the propeller or propellers, and I provide gearing so that
motion can be imparted to a long shaft carrying the series of worms from
the propelling engines.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF MALLEABLE IRON, AND IN THE FURNACES EMPLOYED THEREIN
Year: 1872

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Christopher Frickinger at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
26th August 1872.
I, CHRISTOPHER FRIOKINGER, of Berlin, in the Kingdom of Prussia,
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF MALLEABLE IRON, AND IN THE FURNACES
EMPLOYED THEREIN," to be as follows:-
1
The object of this Invention is to expedite the annealing process in
the manufacture of malleable iron and at the same time to economise the
heat employed for heating the annealing furnace, and consists in the
combination of two ovens or annealing chambers, which are alternately
in communication with a gas generator for supplying the gas, which in
this Invention constitutes the heating medium; these ovens are each
constructed with two chambers one above the other, and the gas which
is first admitted to the lower chamber finds its way through suitable
holes to the upper and annealing chamber, where it is ignited, and then
passes through passages to the adjoining upper or annealing chamber,
from whence it escapes by a side passage into the chimney, thus heating

page_text: both furnaces with the same supply of gas; the air necessary for
supporting combustion is supplied through holes formed through the
sides of the ovens, close to the holes which admit the gas from the
lower to the upper chamber.
In first starting the heating of these chambers it is necessary to have 5
a flue of a fire-place in communication with one of the chambers until
such chamber becomes heated to redness and ignites the gas, when the
supply of such gas will afterwards keep up the requisite temperature of
the chambers for any length of time.
Suitable dampers are provided in the various passages or flues in order 1
to divert the course of the gases according as one oven or the other is
required to be hottest, or to open a communication with the chimney
direct when deemed necessary.
IMPROVEMENTS IN ENAMELLING STONEWARE, BRISTOL WARE, AND OTHER EARTHENWARE OF THE LIKE NATURE
Year: 1872

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by George Smith at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 25th
September 1872.
I, GEORGE SMITH, of Sidney Street, Chelsea, in the County of
Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN ENAMELLING STONEWARE, BRISTOL WARE, AND OTHER
EARTHENWARE OF THE LIKE NATURE," to be as follows:-
:-
This Invention consists in improvements in enamelling stoneware,
Bristol ware, and earthenware of a like nature, without exposing the
enamel to injury by the necessarily high temperature to which the same
is subjected, or by the action of the kiln when such ware is fired at the
temperature which its final quality may require.
In carrying this Invention into effect the surface of the stoneware,
Bristol ware, or carthenware of a like nature, whether glazed or not
glazed, and which has been already subjected to the highest temperature
its final quality may require, is moistened with a solution of gum or
other such like adhesive substance. The suitable enamel prepared from

page_text: coloured glass previously fluxed with borax or other suitable flux, and
pulverised, as well understood is then applied. The stone or other ware
to which the enamel has been applied is then gradually heated until the
enamel is developed. The process may be repeated upon the enamelled
surface as often as is required.
IMPROVEMENTS IN PRINTING FROM PHOTOGRAPHY
Year: 1872

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Alfred Slater at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 7th May
1872.
I, ALFRED SLATER, of Liverpool, in the County of Lancaster, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
PRINTING FROM PHOTOGRAPHY," to be as follows:-
•
This Invention relates to the art of reproducing copies of photographs
in the printing press from an ordinary lithographic stone.
The processes consist,—
First. From a photographic negative I obtain a picture in gelatine leaf
or other substance by processes known, then I pass two inking rollers with¸
lithographic printing inks of different densities over the leaf, and then I'
take or pull off from the leaf an impression or picture on lithographic
transfer paper. I then transfer the impression from the transfer paper
to a lithographic stone, from which impressions can be pulled as desired.
Secondly. When the picture or impression is obtained in leaf I embed
it into type or other similar metal by pressure as at present practised,

page_text: thereby leaving a a print. I then ink this print and pull off an impression
on to lithographic transfer paper, and transfer the same to a lithographic
stone, from which impressions can be pulled as desired.
"
Thirdly. I obtain an undevelloped picture on a film of gelatine mixed
with alum or other similar substance, which, as already known, renders
the film so that when exposed to the action of light through a photo-
graphic negative a picture is obtained, the picture being absorbent to
the degree acted upon by the light and the grounding non-absorbent;
the former absorbent of greasy ink, and the latter non-absorbent of greasy
ink but absorbent of water. I ink this film with two rollers having inks
of different density and pull off an impression or picture on lithographic
transfer paper, and then transfer the impression to a lithographic stone,
from which impressions can be pulled as desired.
"
AN IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR DETECTING LEAKAGES IN GAB AND WATER PIPES AND OTHER LIKE FITTINGS OR CONNECTIONS
Year: 1872

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Robert Lake at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
1st February 1872.-A communication from abroad by Andrew
Gormly Myers, of the City and State of New York, United States
of America.
I, WILLIAM ROBERT LAKE, of the Firm of Haseltine, Lake, & Co.,
Patent Agents, Southampton Buildings, London, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR DETECTING
LEAKAGES IN GAB AND WATER PIPES AND OTHER LIKE FITTINGS OR CONNECTIONS,'
a communication, to be as follows:-
"
This Invention relates to a simple but thoroughly efficient and reliable
apparatus for detecting leakages in pipes and other fittings or
connections for conducting gas or water, and indicating the exact
position of the leakage. The said Invention is designed to supersede the
mercurial gauges hitherto employed, which have been found inconveniert,
expensive, and very liable to accidents from the breaking of the glass
tubes, leakage of their joints, and escape of the mercury.
In my improved apparatus I use a steel diaphragm gauge, which is
provided with a brass cap and with a cock which has a cup placed above

page_text: it for the reception of ether or other liquids to be forced through the
cock into the pipe. This cup is attached to the cock by a screw thread,
and may be readily removed and replaced, and the ether or other liquids
can be poured into it without disconnecting any of the joints or
couplings after the apparatus has been attached to the pipe or other
fittings to be tested. The said cock is secured at one end of a short
tube, whose other end is formed with a screw coupling designed to be
attached to the pipe to be tested. The lower end of the cock is also
formed with a screw connection for making a tight joint with a flexible
pipe or tube which connects the said cock with a force pump.
The passages in the plug of the aforesaid cock are so arranged in
combination with the passages of the cock and gauge that the said plug
may be turned either to open or close the communication between the
gauge and the force pump, and also to open or close the communication
between the ether cup and the gas pipe with which the apparatus is
connected.
When the communication between the gauge and force pump is
established, and the latter is operated, the pressure in the apparatus and
the pipes to which it is connected will be accurately indicated on the
dial of the gauge. Then the cock is closed to prevent the return of the
air to the pump, and if there is any leakage from the pipes or other
fittings to which the apparatus is attached it will be immediately shown
by the gauge, and the exact position of the leak will be detected by the
smell of the ether or other fluid escaping from the same.
Iм- PROVED APPARATUS FOR COMMUNICATING BETWEEN THE SEVERAL PARTS OF RAILWAY TRAINS
Year: 1872

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Edward Stephens Copeman at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
26th February 1872.
I, EDWARD STEPHENS COPEMAN, of Norwich, in the County of Norfolk,
Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "Iм-
PROVED APPARATUS FOR COMMUNICATING BETWEEN THE SEVERAL PARTS OF RAILWAY
TRAINS," to be as follows:-
This Invention consists in the combination and arrangement of
apparatus whereby the several parts of railway trains are placed in a
condition of intercommunication with each other in a simple and
efficaceous manner. In the interior of each break or guard's van on the
end thereof is placed a grooved wheel furnished with projections or
spokes on the periphery thereof, and containing or having in immediate
connection therewith a mainspring of sufficient length and strength to
wind upon the wheel a cord of such length as may be considered
desirable. On the end of the inside of the break or van and above the
wheel, but within reach of the projections or spokes thereon, is fixed a
bell, the same being fitted with any suitable contrivance for causing the
same to sound when brought into contact with the before-mentioned

page_text: projections or spokes on the wheel, when the cord on the latter is
unwound and the wheel thereby caused to revolve and the mainspring
to wind up. The bell may also be caused to be sounded by means
of a spring hammer or other suitable contrivance connected with and
actuated by a ring placed on the outside of the same break or van, and
to which may be attached a cord from a break or van in the rear in a
similar manner to that in which the cord on the wheel may be attached
.to the bell on the engine as herein-after mentioned. An alarm bell
similar to those now used is fixed at a suitable height on one or both
sides of the ergine and connected with the cord from the above-mentioned
spring wheel in the guard's break or van. The cord will thus be
stretched from the break or van to the engine bell, or from the break or
van behind to the break or van in advance, the cord when arranged for
action being carried by means of pullies or other suitable contrivances
from carriage to carriage but within reach of persons riding therein.
The communication is made as follows:-The end of the cord which
projects from the guard's van is attached to the cord round the spring.
wheel and carried from thence to the engine and hooked or fixed to the
bell thereon when it is fit for use. A passenger requiring to use the
communication can from the window of the carriage reach the cord and
ring the bell on the engine or the bell connected with the spring wheel
in the break or van, or both, as may be desired, and if the guard should
require to communicate with the engine driver he can ring the bell on
the engine by turning his spring wheel, or if the cord be connected with
a break or van in front he can ring the bell therein as before mentioned;
and the guard in such break or van can then forward the signal on to
the engine driver.
IMPROVEMENTS IN TANNING, AND IN APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH
Year: 1872

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Joseph Lambert de Montoison
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 2nd July 1872.
I, JOSEPH LAMBERT DE MONTOLSON, of Lille, France, at present of
123, Chancery Lane, London, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN TANNING, AND IN APPARATUS CONNECTED
THEREWITH," to be as follows:-
I arrange any suitable number of pits (according to the nature of the
skins to be tanned) one after another at a convenient height from
the ground, each pit communicating with the adjoining one by means
of openings near the top; inlet or outlet pipes are also supplied as
required.
At a convenient position in each pit is mounted in suitable bearings
a revolving axle furnished with arms or paddles, and the whole of these
axles are connected by gearing with a shaft running along, the series of
pits, which shaft is revolved by suitable motive power during the whole
tanning process, and the liquor in the pits together with the skins
therein are thus always in a state of agitation.
-

page_text: "
To the so-called "tannin or matters employed for tanning, I apply
boiling water and a convenient amount of sulphuric acid, and place the
whole in the first pit, from whence the liquor passes to the other pits,
becoming in each successive pit weaker and weaker.
The skins to be tanned are first placed in the end pit containing the 5
weaker liquid, and after remaining therein for a period determined by
their size and description (say, from twenty-four hours upwards), they are
transferred to the other pits, remaining in each succeeding one for a like
period. When they are completely tanned they are taken from the last
pit, and are then far tougher and stronger whatever their description 1
than if tanned in the ordinary manner.
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS OR MACHINERY FOR SIGNALLING AND COMMUNICATING BETWEEN PASSENGERS, GUARDS, & DRIVERS OF RAILWAY TRAINS
Year: 1872

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Bryce Craig at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 21st February
1872.
I, BRYCE CRAIG, of Middlesbro-on-Tees, in the County of York, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
APPARATUS OR MACHINERY FOR SIGNALLING AND COMMUNICATING BETWEEN
PASSENGERS, GUARDS, & DRIVERS OF RAILWAY TRAINS," to be as follows:-
I employ a drum capable of being made to revolve by means of a spring
or springs, spiral or helical, but by preference like an ordinary watch
spring. This drum is, by preference, placed at the bottom or under side
of each carriage, but it may, if desired, be placed at the top or roof of
each carriage. A rope, wire, or cord passes through this drum, one end
of said cord terminating in the guard's van and the other end on the
engine, and in one or both places provided with a bell or other suitable
alarum apparatus. Guard and driver communicate by means of this
rope, and the drum takes up the slack of the rope.
The means of communication between passengers and guard are as
follows: A cord, rope, or wire passes lengthways through each carriage

page_text: at or near the roof, and one arm of a bell crank in each compartment
takes hold of the cord. From the other arm of each such bell crank a
short length of chain or cord with a ring or cross handle is suspended
for the passenger to take hold of and pull when required. Another
bell crank connected to the longitudinal cord is mounted on a spindle
passing through the side of the carriage at one end of the same and
fitted with a semaphore or other signal which when down or out of use
lies in or is hidden in a suitable recess. This bell crank is attached to
the pawl of a ratchet wheel on the semaphore spindle. By pulling the
ring and cord suspended from the bell crank in any of the compartments
the semaphore is released and raised to a vertical position, the longi-
tudinal cord passes through a spring drum as before described, and the
drum is set in motion because the pawl is withdrawn from the ratchet
wheel and thus releases the spring of the drum whereby the slack is
taken up; a bell, whistle, or other alarum is at the same time sounded in
the guard's van, or on the engine, or both. The semaphore indicates
the carriage whence the communication came. The compartment from
which the signal is made is indicated by the position of the ring on the
suspended pulling rope because a small spring which can only be reset
by a key in possession of the guard prevents it from going back to its
original position.
IMPROVEMENTS IN COMPOUND STEAM ENGINES
Year: 1872

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Thomas John Martin and John
Meneely Harper at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with
their Petition, on the 25th September 1872.
We, THOMAS JOHN MARTIN and JOHN MENEELY HARPER, both of
Ballymacarrett, in the County of Down, in Ireland, Engineers, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
COMPOUND STEAM ENGINES," to be as follows:-
Our improvements relate to the employment of compound steam
engines in heating, drying, boiling, and pulping by means of steam, and
in assisting and completing the various other processes of manufacture
in which steam is in like manner useful or necessary. For these pur-
poses we use a valve or a series of valves attached to or fixed upon or
connected with one or more of the high-pressure cylinders, or of the
steam passages or receivers between the high-pressure cylinders or
between the high and low pressure cylinders; and by means of such
valve or valves we withdraw the steam after it has acted upon one or
more of the high-pressure pistons and before it reaches the condensing

page_text: cylinder instead of withdrawing it directly, as heretofore, from the
steam boilers or generators. The steam having been thus withdrawn
may be conveyed into a receiver or receivers, or directly by a pipe or
pipes for application in the usual manner in the machines or processes
for which it is desired or required.
IMPROVEMENTS IN PRESSURE AND VACUUM Gauges
Year: 1872

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Charles George Yates King at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 26th November 1872.
I, CHARLES GEORGE YATES KING, of Glasgow, in the County of
Lanark, North Britain, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN PRESSURE AND VACUUM Gauges," to be
as follows, that is to say :—
This Invention has for its object to secure convenience, compactness,
and economy in cases where it is necessary or desirable to have indica-
tions both of pressure and vacuum in one situation or in connection with
one piece of apparatus.
In carrying out the Invention a single casing is used by preference of
the ordinary circular form, but it is made deeper or broader so as to
contain two "Bourdon" gauge tubes which are in communication with
separate stop cocks, and pipes leading from the parts of the apparatus,
the internal condition of which as regards pressure and vacuum is to be
indicated.
The movement of the innermost gauge tube, which is by preference
to an index

page_text: turning about a centre and with its point sweeping over an outer circular
scale on the dial. An index the point of which sweeps over an inner
circular scale is fixed on a tubular spindle turning upon the spindle of
the other index, and receiving its motion by means of a pinion and
segmental rack from the front gauge tube, which is of course adapted to
show vacuum or deficiency of pressure below that of the atmosphere,
when the other gauge tube is adapted to show "pressure," or pressure
above that of the atmosphere.
IMPROVEMENTS IN DRAWING RETORTS, AND IN THE MEANS EMPLOYED. THERE- FOB
Year: 1872

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Hugh Shanks at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 12th June
1872.
I, HUGH SHANKS, of South Queensferry, in the County of Linlithgow,
North Britain, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN DRAWING RETORTS, AND IN THE MEANS EMPLOYED. THERE-
FOB," to be as follows, that is to say:-
This Invention, which relates to an improved instrument for drawing
the mineral or other substance after distillation from retorts such as are
used in gas works, oil works, bone dust works, sugar refineries, and in
chemical works, has for its object to effect that operation in much less
time than is at present occupied, and that with less risk and discomfort
to the workmen employed.
The instrument constituting this Invention may be operated manually
or by machinery, and it consists of a rod or shaft on which are fixed at
distances from each other aseries of " clats" or rakes. The "clat" or
rake nearest the mouth of the retort is smaller than the "clat" or rake
immediately behind it, and so on successively to the "clat" or rake on

page_text: the extremity of the rod or shaft which is preferably larger than the
others. The "clats" or rakes may be perforated so as to allow the
vapours and
gas from the substance in the retort to pass out of it.
In using the instrument it remains inside the retort during the period
of heating and distillation, and in the end of the rod or shaft nearest the
mouth of the retort an eye is formed for being coupled to a hook or
connecting rod by which the instrument is drawn out together with the
residue of the distilled materials after the door of the retort has been
removed.
IMPROVEMENTS IN RESPIRATORS
Year: 1872

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Edwin Busby at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 28th August
1872.
I, EDWIN BUSBY, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, Wire
Weaver and Respirator Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of
the said Invention for “IMPROVEMENTS IN RESPIRATORS,” to be as follows:-
My Invention relates to such respirators as are made principally of
metal, and consist in constructing and arranging the essential parts of
the said respirators in the manner herein-after described.
I make the metallic perforated plates through which the expired and
inspired air passes of pieces of wire gauze. The upper and lower edges
of each of the said pieces of wire gauze are secured in a frame of sheet
metal bent to the required curve, the said frame giving great smooth-
ness to the upper and lower edges of the said perforated plate.
The respirator is made up of any required number of the said framed
perforated plates, which are fixed in the body or case of the respirator
in the following manner:-The said body or case of the respirator is

page_text: divided vertically by a series of frame-like divisions extending along
its upper and lower edges from one end to the other. Between these
frame-like divisions the framed perforated plates are inserted and
removed by a sliding motion, for the purpose of facilitating which the
frame of each of the said perforated plates may be provided with a
small tab at its end. By this method of construction the body or case
of the respirator although light is very strong and is open only at
one end. The perforated plates can be inserted in or removed from
the body or case for cleaning or repair, or for regulating the number
of the plates required, with the greatest facility.
Although I have described my Invention in connection with framed
plates of wire gauze, yet perforated plates made by stamping may be
employed in place of the framed wire gauze plates. In this case the
required smooth top and bottom edges may either be produced by a
separate frame or by the turning over of the edge of the perforated
plate itself.
Although I prefer to make the plates slide into the body or case
at one end, yet the said plates may be made to slide into the body or
case at the ton instead of at the end
AN IMPROVED METHOD OF SECURING SHEETS OR PANES OF GLASS IN HORTICULTURAL AND OTHER STRUCTURES
Year: 1872

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Cream Henderson at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 18th May 1872.
"
I, WILLIAM CREAM HENDERSON, of Marsh House, Walthamstow,
in the County of Essex, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "AN IMPROVED METHOD OF SECURING SHEETS OR PANES OF GLASS
IN HORTICULTURAL AND OTHER STRUCTURES," to be as follows:-
The object of the Invention is to render the use of putty as a means
for securing sheets or panes of glass in horticultural and other structures
unnecessary. For this purpose the frames are prepared somewhat as
when putty is employed, except that there is a groove on each side of
the middle of each sash bar, running along under the edge of the glass
for roof lights, so that any moisture formed there, either by passing from
the upper side of the glass or by condensation on the inside thereof, may
be conducted away to the outside without dripping into the house or
place covered by such lights, and the panes or sheets are simply laid to
overlap each other, or end to end, as the case may be, and are held
securely in position by short cross pieces, which I form of metal, though

page_text: other material may be used, such cross pieces being covered or faced at
or near their ends by suitable elastic material, and I use india-rubber
vulcanized or prepared for the purpose.
Each of these cross pieces is
secured to the frame by a screw through the middle part of it, with one
end pressing on the glass at one side of the bar, and the other end
pressing on the glass at the other side of that bar, except those for the
side sheets, which are single ended.
The pieces of india-rubber are formed each with a projection or
shoulder for use, where one sheet or pane overlaps the other, so that
one part may press on the lower sheet and the other on the upper one,
or when the sheets or panes are placed end to end these elastic pieces
rest on the adjoining ends of both sheets or panes.
By these means facility is afforded for change or replacement of sheets
or panes of glass, as well as for their expansion and contraction.
AN IMPROVED STOPPER FOR BOTTLES
Year: 1872

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Alphonse Krieger and Augustin
Cauderlier at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with
their Petition, on the 21st December 1872.
We, ALPHONSE KRIEGER, of Paris, France, but at present of the
Boro', in the County of Surrey, and AUGUSTIN ĊAUDERLIER, also of
the Boro', aforesaid, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "AN IMPROVED STOPPER FOR BOTTLES," to be as follows:-
Our Invention relates to an improved stopper for bottles and similar
vessels and is chiefly designed for bottling aerated liquids, although it
may be used for liquids generally.
The stopper consists of a short tube of india-rubber closed at one
end, which is enlarged in the form of a hollow bulb or ball of larger
diameter than the bottle neck. A ring or plug of wood or other
material is inserted in the open end of the tube to form a head to
prevent the stopper being pushed bodily into the bottle, and enable it
to be firmly gripped to withdraw it therefrom. A perfectly tight
closure of the bottle is ensured by the bulb, which is elongated when
pushed into the bottle neck by means of a rod inserted in the stopper,

page_text: the bulb resuming its shape on the rod being withdrawn. Any internal
pressure of gas tends to flatten the bulb and so perfects the closure.
In bottling liquids not aerated the stopper' is made of such length
that when inserted in the bottle it will be slightly stretched, so that the
bulb is held tightly against the interior of the bottle neck.
IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR GRINDING CYLINDRICAL AND CONICAL SURFACES
Year: 1872

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Francis William Crossley and
William John Crossley at the Office of the Commissioners of
Patents, with their Petition, on the 21st December 1872.
We, FRANCIS WILLIAM CROSSLEY and WILLIAM JOHN CROSSLEY, of
the Firm of Messieurs Crossley Brothers, Manchester, in the County of
Lancaster, Engineers, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR GRINDING CYLINDRICAL AND CONICAL
SURFACES," to be as follows:-
Our Invention is chiefly applicable for making true the surfaces of
metal bowls or cylinders used in the manufacture of sheet india-rubber,
but it may be applied for other purposes where great accuracy is
required.
Our Invention consists in grinding the surfaces of cylinders or cones
after they have been turned in a lathe by means of an emery disc or
other suitable grinding agent, which disc is fixed on an axle placed at
right angles to the axle of the cylinder or conc to be ground; we prefer
to place the grinding disc a little to one side of the axle of the cylinder
or cone in order that a long horizontal sweep of grinding surface may be

page_text: obtained, whereas in grinding in the usual manner a much shorter and
less effective grinding surface and consequently less rapid action takes
place. The cylinder or cone to be ground revolves slowly as in the
ordinary lathe and the grinding disc is fixed on a shaft which revolves
rapidly in bearings fixed to the slide which is traversed slowly along
the bed plate of the machine; by this arrangement the grinding disc is
moved to-and-fro over the surface of the cylinder or cone. The disc is
moved nearer to or further from the surface of the cylinder or cone by
means of a hand wheel, screw and lever, or other equivalents.
IMPROVEMENTS IN WHEELS TO RUN ON RAILROADS AND COMMON ROADS
Year: 1872

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Sir Joseph Whitworth, Baronet, of Manchester,
in the County of Lancaster, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS
IN WHEELS TO RUN ON RAILROADS AND COMMON ROADS."
Sealed the 2nd July 1872, and dated the 14th March 1872.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Sir Joseph Whitworth
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 14th March 1872.
I, Sir JOSEPH WHITWORTH, Baronet, of Manchester, in the County
of Lancaster, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN WHEELS TO RUN ON RAILROADS AND COMMON ROADS," to be
as follows:
This Invention relates to a construction of wheels in which I make
a circular rim of tempered steel assume and work in an oval form as an
elastic spring, and so obtain a longer bearing surface on the road, and

page_text: supplement or take the place of the ordinary springs, thereby greatly
conducing to economy in both roadway and vehicle. The spokes
connect the rim and the nave by screws on their outer and projections
on their inner ends, no fellies being necessary. The projections are
enclosed between flanges on the nave so arranged that the spokes can
move in the direction of their length through a certain space:
In order to determine the best length to be given to the spokes,
having made the rim the best sectional form, width, and diameter
which circumstances allow, I apply weights to it and find to what
extent it may be made to take an oval form without injury to its 1
elasticity, and then so proportion the spokes that while they allow the
rim to be compressed into an oval form, and its elasticity to be brought
into play, they shall prevent its elastic limits being exceeded, whereby
the wheel has the qualities both of rigidity and elasticity.
In carrying out my Invention I prefer to cut the rim from a hoop of 1
my fluid compressed steel, to which I give a spring temper, and to
make it as large as practicable, by which means I obtain greater spring
power.
IMPROVEMENTS IN BUTTONS FOR CUFFS, SHIRTS, AND OTHER SIMILAR PURPOSES
Year: 1872

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Louis Auguste Guay at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
30th May 1872.
I, LOUIS AUGUSTE GUAY, of No. 82, Boulevard Sébastopol, Paris,
Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
IMPROVEMENTS IN BUTTONS FOR CUFFS, SHIRTS, AND OTHER SIMILAR PURPOSES,"
to be as follows:-
"
The object of this Invention is to render a fastening made with this
button as secure as possible, so as to totally prevent the button acci-
dentally detaching itself.
The first part of my Invention consists in the combination with the
head or button proper of a movable key or fastener turning on the
shaft of the button; it is elliptical in form and at one end is furnished
with a pin which moves in a groove forming the fourth part of a circle
made beneath the head of the button, the object of this part of my
Invention being to render the fastening secure.
The second part consists in the combination with the button and shaft
of a small elliptical and longitudinal plate of metal, forming the lower

page_text: part of the button and replacing the ordinary circular plate, the object
being to facilitate its introduction or removal from the button hole.
And the third part consists in the combination with the head of the
button of a semicircular groove, the object being to act as a guide to
the pin attached to the movable key.
E
A NEW OR IMPROVED PALLIASS
Year: 1872

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Henry E. Phillipson at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 20th June
1872.
I, HENRY E. PHILLIPSON, of Dublin, Ireland, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "A NEW OR IMPROVED PALLIASS," to be as
follows:-
The object of this Invention is the construction of articles known
as palliasses which are strong, light, portable, and destructive to
vermin.
The Invention consists of a frame formed by a series of laths made of
wood or metal, and these laths are united to webbing or to wood, india-
rubber, or metal bars, or hinges, or otherwise, which webbing, or wood,
or metal bars are joined to cross picces which may also be of wood or
metal, and which form the head and foot pieces or sides of the palliass;
straps or cords are attached to the head and foot pieces for securing the
palliass in position, or it may be secured by screws, stretchers, or
otherwise. When not in use the palliass can be rolled up into a com-
paratively small compass for transport or otherwise, and when placed on
a bedstead it forms an elastic flooring therefor, which is at the same

page_text: time strong, and destructive to vermin, and is cool in warm weather,
allowing free transmission of air.
A palliass made as before described and applied to a bedstead forms a
good support for a wool, hair, or other mattress or feather bod, with
which it is in most cases intended to be used.
The Invention however further consists in the construction and
employment of movable framing made substantially as before described
for the reception of bedding, whereby a complete bed is in itself formed
when the aforesaid frame is supported on or by a wood or iron frame.
In some cases I bore holes in the laths and pass cords or wires through
the holes, which then take the place of the webbing or laths before
described.