IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRICAL APPARATUS FOR TRANSMITTING SIGNALS AND FOR ASCERTAINING THE DISTANCE OF OBJECTS. INSTRUMENTS EMPLOYED IN CONNECTION WITH SUCH SIGNALLING APPARATUS
Year: 1868

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Charles William Siemens, of No. 3, Great
George Street, Westminster, in the County of Middlesex, for the
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRICAL APPARATUS FOR TRANSMITTING
SIGNALS AND FOR ASCERTAINING THE DISTANCE OF OBJECTS.
INSTRUMENTS EMPLOYED IN CONNECTION WITH SUCH SIGNALLING APPARATUS."
A communication from abroad by Dr. Werner Siemens, of Berlin,
in the Kingdom of Prussia.
Sealed the 17th October 1868, and dated the 17th April 1868.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Charles William Siemens
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
ou the 17th April 1868.
I, CHARLES WILLIAM SIEMENS, of No. 3, Great George Street, West-
minster, in the County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of
the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRICAL APPARATUS FOR TRANS-
MITTING SIGNALS AND FOR ASCERTAINING THE DISTANCE OF OBJECTS, AS ALSO IN
INSTRUMENTS EMPLOYED IN CONNECTION WITH SUCH SIGNALLING APPARATUS," to be
as follows:-
It has already been proposed to transmit electric telegraph signals
by the agency of strips of paper previously prepared for this purpose

page_text: by being perforated in a certain manner, and certain instruments or
apparatus for so perforating the paper strips was described in the
Specification to certain Letters Patent granted to me, and bearing date
the 8th November, 1854, No. 2366. Apparatus has also been employed
for transmitting messages in dots and dashes according to the Morse
system by the agency of short contrary currents generated either by
magneto-electric or electro-magnetic apparatus, acting in combination
with set type, such as was described in a Provisional Specification
filed by me on the 22nd May 1862, No. 1540.
Now one part of the present Invention consists in an improved
system of perforating strips of paper, and of apparatus for transmitting
signals by means thereof, whereby such strips are enabled in conjunction
with a succession of short contrary currents to transmit messages in
dots and dashes according to the Morse system.
For this purpose the
paper strip is first prepared by having a row of equidistant holes
pünched into the centre thereof by any suitable apparatus, which
perforations serve as guiding holes while the strip is passing through
the apparatus for further preparing the paper and for conveying
signals thereby, for which purpose the paper strip is caused in
such apparatus to pass over revolving guide rollers provided with
pins or studs on their circumference, which enter the perforations
of the strip and thus prevent its slipping in the slightest degree.
The paper strip then has another series of perforations formed in
it, which serve as the printing or telegraphing holes. For this
purpose two holes are punched into the paper for every elementary
telegraph sign of which a letter or cypher is composed, which holes
are arranged so that for producing a dot they are situated just half
as far apart as the distance between the before-mentioned guiding holes,
while for producing a dash they are situated one and a half times
as far apart as that distance, the first hole in each case being made
to commence the dash or dot and the second one to end it. These
printing holes are generally arranged in a row on one side of the
guiding holes, though they may be situated partly on one side and
partly on the other. The current generator to be hereafter described
is arranged so as to send a positive current for commencing a
dash or dot whenever a printing hole passes simultaneously with a
guiding hole, and a negative current when a printing hole passes
that is situated between two guiding holes (or vice versa), so that as
the first current commences the dash and the second one stops it, it

page_text: follows that two printing holes following close upon each other will
form a dot, or rather a short line, while two holes following at a
greater distance apart will form a dash.
For punching the printing or telegraphing holes in the paper strips,
two descriptions of instruments or apparatus may be employed, the
one being arranged to punch each pair of holes required for each
elementary sign consecutively similar to the three-key punching
machine used heretofore, while the other is arranged to punish simul-
taneously all the holes required for one letter or symbol. In the
first-named apparatus a handle is caused, by being deflected to the
right or to the left, to actuate one of two levers connected thereto
by a knee joint, one of which levers is caused thereby to depress
two punches which make two holes close together corresponding to
a dot in the strip of paper made to pass close behind them, while
the other lever depresses two punches forming holes in the paper at
the greater distance apart corresponding to a dash. The punches are
all connected to a spring which brings them back to their original
position after perforating the paper. The spaces between two elementary
signs of a letter are formed by the lateral motion of the handle, which
at the same time that it actuates the punches moves a pawl over a
ratchet wheel connected to a roller having pins on its circumference
over which the perforated paper strip is made to pass as before described.
The pawl is connected to a spring so that when released by the handle
it is drawn back into its original position, and is thus made to turn
the pin roller sufficiently to draw the paper strip the required distance
away from the punches. The spaces between two letters are formed
by depressing the handle, which thereby acts upon a third lever and
causes it to move the pawl over the ratchet wheel so as to move the
paper strip without the depression of the punches.
In the second-named instrument a series of finger keys, each being
marked with a letter or symbol of the Morse alphabet, are caused by
means of a series of levers connected thereto, to act upon a number
of punches in such a manner that by the depression of one such key
the lever thereof is made to select and bring into action those of
the punches which are requisite for producing on the paper strip
the holes corresponding to the letter or symbol on the key that was
depressed. For this purpose the-levers-pass transversely beneath a row
of rods, the ends of each of which when not acted upon are situated

page_text: opposite to but somewhat below one of the punches. The levers have
notches formed in them in such a manner that when one is raised
by the depression of the corresponding key it raises only those of
the rods that are opposite to the punches required for forming the
letter or symbol marked on the key. These rods are then pushed
forward so as to actuate the punches by the following arrangement:-
The ends of each of the levers on being raised as described are made to
turn partially a spindle, which thereby causes a driving shaft having
continuous rotary motion imparted to it from a treadle and fly
wheel or other suitable arrangement to be put in gear by means of
a description of clutch apparatus with a second spindle carrying two
excentrics or cranks to which the whole of the rods actuating the
punches are connected, so that this spindle in being caused to revolve
pushes the whole of the rods towards the punches, whereby those
that have been raised are made to act upon their respective punches,
while the others pass beneath a plate fixed below the punches, and thus
prevent any other key from being depressed while the raised rods are
in operation. The spindle with the excentrics in completing one
revolution withdraws the rods into their original position, and they are
then brought to a standstill by the spindle being thrown out of gear with
the driving shaft by the automatic action of the clutch apparatus.
The punches that have been acted upon are at the same time with-
drawn into their original position by means of a spring acting upon them.
In order to move the paper strip after having a letter punched
in it, a lever passing over the top of the reciprocating rods is
caused by means of studs on the latter which press against it
during their motion to move a pawl in gear with a ratchet wheel
connected to a pin roller over which the paper strip passes as before
described, whereby the pawl on being released by the lever during
the backward motion of the rods and punches is caused by a spring
to return to its original position and thus to turn the pin roller so
as to draw the paper strip to the requisite extent from in front of
the the punches. As this motion of the paper strip has to be varied
according to the length of the letter or symbol punched into it the
pins on the rods actuating the before-mentioned lever are arranged in
different positions relative thereto, so that the pin on the rod for forming
the last hole of each respective letter shall move the lever and thereby
the paper strip through a distance corresponding with the length of
such letter plus the required space intervening between two letters.

page_text: "
In order to form greater or smaller spaces between the letters
without acting on the punches a space "key and corresponding
lever are made to raise one of the reciprocating rods, which instead
of acting upon a punch strikes against the lever actuating the pawl
and causes a certain quantity of paper to be drawn out after com-
pletion of a letter or word, which quantity may be increased at will
by repeating the operation one or more times. The paper strip
prepared in the above-described manner is then caused to pass into
the transmitting apparatus. This consists of a cylindrical armature
with longitudinal grooves containing a coil of wire and caused to
revolve between the poles of a row of permanent magnets similar to
the arrangement described in the Provisional Specification filed by
me on the 10th September 1856, No. 2107. Motion is imparted to the
armature by means of a pinion on its axis in gear with a spur wheel
upon a spindle driven by a crank handle or other suitable contrivance.
This spindle carries a pin roller similar to that previously described,
over which the prepared paper strip is caused to pass into the instrument.
The proportion between the speed of the armature and that of the
pin roller is so arranged relative to the number of pins on the latter that
two opposite currents are generated by the former while the pin roller
moves through a space equal to the pitch of the pins. On the axis
of the armature is a double cam actuating a vibrating lever in such
a manner that the end thereof, or a metal spring attached thereto, is
caused to enter every printing hole in the paper strip as it passes over
the pin roller. Now the metal pin roller being insulated on its spindle
and connected to one end of the armature coil, while the metal spring
is connected to the line wire and the other end of the armature coil
is put to earth, it follows that a current will always be made to enter
the line when the metal spring passes through the one hole of a sign
on the paper strip so as to make contact with the pin roller, while
an opposite current will pass when the spring enters the next hole
of the paper strip, and thus the printing of the signs will be effected
as previously described at the receiving instrument. In place of the
vibrating lever and contact spring a brush of fine wires or needles
may be kept in contact with the paper strip to enter every hole
as it passes and thus make contact with the pin roller. When battery
currents are to be employed in place of magneto-electric currents the
pin roller is in one arrangement-of two parts. divided in a direction
at right angles to the axis and insulated from each other, each part

page_text: being formed with a vandyked face, the projections of the one part
fitting into the recesses of the other. Each insulated part is put in
connection with the opposite pole of a battery, the middle element
of which is put to earth, and the number of the "vandykes" being
made to correspond with the number of pins on the roller it will be
seen that as the paper strip passes over the roller the one hole of
a sign will always lie on the one part of the roller while the other
hole will lie upon the other part, and thus the contact spring or
brush in making contact alternately with the one and the other part
of the roller will cause the requisite contrary currents to pass through
the line wire. The motion of the pin roller is in this case produced
by any suitable clockwork mechanism whereby the paper strip is drawn
off the roller.
In another arrangement the pin roller is constructed without the
division into two insulated parts, and alternately reversed battery
currents are passed through the same by means of a commutator
worked by clockwork at the moment when the contact spring or
brush makes contact therewith through the one or the other of the
holes in the paper strip. In place of constructing the cores of the
electro-magnets in the printing instruments of rods or bars as heretofore
they are formed of flat sheet metal and the inking rollers are made
of aluminium for the sake of lightness.
Another part of this Invention has reference to an apparatus wherein
an electric current, caused to pass through a line wire from one point
of observation to another, is made to indicate at such second point
the distance of an object observed simultaneously at both points by
means of telescopes or other observing instruments. An arrangement
of such apparatus has already been proposed wherein the electric
current caused a pointer at the one observing station to be placed
parallel to the telescope at the other station, so that by means of
the triangle formed by the pointer the telescope at the first-named
station, and the straight line connecting the two stations, the distance
between which was known, the distance of the object observed was
readily ascertained.
Now one of the present improvements consists in effecting the motion
of the pointer by the electric current by means of a sun-and-planet
wheel system so arranged as to cause the planet wheel to move the
pointer in one direction or the other, according as the one or the other

page_text: of the wheels with which the planet wheel is in gear is set in motion
by the electric current. This motion of the two wheels actuating the
planet wheel is effected by magneto-electric currents, in such a
that the rotation in the one direction of the inductor moves the one
wheel, while the rotation in the other direction moves the other wheel.
Furthermore, in another arrangement in place of employing two
pointers, one of which is worked directly by the observing instrument
while the other is worked by the magneto-electric currents, a telescope
with cross hairs or other observing instrument is used in combination
with a mirror, turning on the same centre as the telescope and actuated
by the reversed currents produced by the inductor at the other station,
the handle for turning which at the same time effects the turning of
the observing instruments at such station. In the mirror is seen in
the lower half of the object glass of the telescope the reflected image
of a scale which is moved by toothed wheels actuated by the currents
in such relation to the telescope of the other station that the triangle
formed thereby is always similar to the triangle formed by the two
points of observation and the object observed. By this means the
reflected scale as observed in the telescope is made to indicate directly
the distance of the object observed.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Charles William Siemens in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 17th October 1868.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, CHARLES
WILLIAM SIEMENS, of No. 3, Great George Street, Westminster, in the
County of Middlesex, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Seventeenth day of April, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight, in the thirty-
first year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give
and grant unto me, the said Charles William Siemens, Her special
licence that I, the said Charles William Siemens, my executors, ad-
ministrators, and assigns; or such others as I, the said Charles William
Sieniens, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any

page_text: time agree with, and no others, from time to time, and at all tinies
thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully
might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRICAL APPARATUS FOR TRANSMITTING
SIGNALS AND FOR ASCERTAINING THE DISTANCE OF OBJECTS, AS ALSO IN INSTRU
MENTS EMPLOYED IN CONNECTION WITH SUCH SIGNALLING APPARATUS," a com-
munication to me from abroad by Dr. Werner Siemens, of Berlin,
in the Kingdom of Prussia, upon the condition (amongst others) that I,
the said Charles William Siemens, my executors or administrators, by
an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and
seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and
cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Charles William Siemens, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the
same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in
and by the following statement thereof, reference being had to the
accompanying Drawings, and to the figures and letters marked thereon,
that is to say-
It has already been proposed to transmit electric telegraplis signals
by the agency of strips of paper previously prepared for this purpose
by being perforated in a certain manner, and certain instruments or
apparatus for so perforating the paper strips were described in the Speci-
fication to certain Letters Patent granted to me, and bearing date the
8th of November 1854, No. 2366. Apparatus have also been employed
for transmitting messages in dots and dashes according to the Morse
system by the agency of short contrary currents generated either by
magneto-electric or by electro-magnetic apparatus acting in combination
with set type, such as were described in a Provisional Specification filed
by me on the 22nd May 1862, No. 1540.
"
"
Now one part of the present Invention consists in an improved systent
of perforating strips of paper, and of apparatus for transmitting signals
by means thereof, whereby such strips are enabled in conjunction with
a succession of short contrary currents to transmit messages in dots and
dashes according to the "Morse" systent. For this purpose the paper

page_text: strip is first prepared by having a row of equidistant holes punched
along the centre thereof by any suitable apparatus, which perforations
serve as guiding holes while the strip is passing through the apparatus
for further preparing the paper and for conveying signals thereby.
An
apparatus for punching such guiding holes is shown at Figures 1 to 3
on Sheet I. of the accompanying Drawings. Figure 1 shews a front
elevation of the apparatus; Figure 2 shews a sectional end elevation,
and Figure 3 shews an end elevation of the same. Similar letters of
reference indicate similar parts in each of the Figures. The grooved
pulley A driven from a fly wheel and treadle, or other convenient
arrangement, imparts an up-and-down motion to the punch B by means
of the excentric C. The paper strip D is led between the two guiding
surfaces at E so as to be perforated by the punch, after which it passes
in the direction of the arrows over the studded wheel F, the studs of
which pass into the perforations, and which is turned to a certain extent
after every perforation by means of the pawl G actuated by the excen-
tric G and in gear-with the ratchet wheel H, whereby the
paper is
moved every time the exact distance required between two perforations.
The paper having been thus perforated it is then further prepared for
transmitting signals by punching, printing, or telegraphing holes therein,
either by means of an apparatus for punching each pair of holes required
for every elementary sign separately or by means of an apparatus for
punching simultaneously all the holes required for one letter or symbol.
The current generator to be hereafter described is arranged so as to send
a positive current for commencing a dash or dot whenever a printing
hole passes simultaneously with a guiding hole, and a negative current
when a printing hole passes that is situated between two guiding holes
(or vice versa), so that as the first current commences the dash and the
second one stops it it follows that two printing holes following close upon
each other will form a dot, or rather a short line, while two holes following
at a greater distance apart will form a dash. The receiving instrument
being arranged in a similar manner to that described in the Provisional
Specification filed by me on the 22nd May 1862, No. 1540, being a
polarized arrangement acted upon by short currents of opposite nature.
The arrangement of the first-mentioned perforating machine is shown
in Figures 4 to 7 of Sheet I. of the Drawings. Figure 4 shows a plan of
the machine; Figure 5 shows a side view; Figure 6 shows a section on
line X, X, Figure 5.; and Figure 7 shows an end view with the handle

page_text: removed. The paper strip D, prepared as previously described, is passed
over the revolving guide roller I provided with pins or studs on its
circumference, which enter the perforations previously made in the
strips, and thus prevent its slipping in the slightest degree while the
printing or telegraphing holes are punched into it. This is effected in
the following manner:-The handle J. is caused by being deflected to
the right or to the left to actuate one or other of the levers K, L,
attached thereto by knee joints M, .M. A movement of the handle to
the left presses the lever L against the punches N, O, which are thus
made to punch two holes in the paper strip D passing in the direction of
the arrows in front of the punches, the distance between the two holes
thus punched being made to correspond with a dash of the "Morse"
alphabet. A movement of the handle to the right presses the lever K
against the punches N and P, which are thereby made to punch two
holes in the paper strip, the distance between which corresponds to a
dot of the Morse code. The punches are all connected to the spring Q,
which brings them back to their original position after perforating the
paper. The spaces between two elementary signs of a letter are formed
by the said lateral motion of the handle J, which at the same time that
it actuates the punches moves the pawl R over the ratchet wheel S
attached to the guide roller I which draws the paper strip from between
the punches. The pawl R is connected to the spring T in such manner
that when the former is released by the handle it is drawn back into its
original position, thus turning the ratchet wheel and with it the studded
roller to the extent required for drawing the paper strip past the punches
a distance equal to the space between two signs. The spaces between
two letters are formed by depressing the handle, which without moving
the punches thereby acts upon a third lever U below the base plate of
the machine, and causes it to move the pawl R over the ratchet wheel
by means of the pin U such a distance as to subsequently effect the
rotation of the studded wheel to the extent required for drawing the
paper past the punches a distance equal to the space between two
letters. A repetition of the depression produces the space required
between two words. The printing holes are generally arranged on one
side of the guiding holes, though they may be situated partly on one and
partly on the other side. I prefer however the former arrangement as it
enables me to use the same paper twice over.
0
10

page_text: for punching the holes on the second before-described system. Figure S
shows a plan of the instrument; Figure 9 shews an end view of the
driving mechanism; Figure 10 shews a part transverse section;
Figure 11 shews a side view of the mechanism for throwing the clutch
apparatus in and out of gear; Figure 12 shews a part end elevation of
the frame carrying the punches, and Figure 13 shews a part longitudinal
section. In this instrument a series of finger keys, each marked with
a letter or symbol of the Morse alphabet, are caused by means of a series
of levers connected thereto to act upon a number of punches in such a
manner that by the depression of one such key the lever thereof is made
to select and bring into action those of the bunches which are requisite
for producing on the paper strip the holes corresponding to the letter or
symbol on the key that was depressed. A', A2, A3, are three rows of
finger keys, shown in dotted lines in Figure 8, which are made to act
each separately upon of the levers B³, B³, by means of the studs b.
These levers, which are made of sheet steel, are bent at right angles, as
shown, one half being turned to the right and the other half (only
partly shewn on the Drawing) to the left of the machine; they are
pivotted on the bolts at C and C, so that by the depression of one of
the finger keys A', A, A, that portion of the corresponding lever
situated between CC is also depressed, while the portion B of the
lever projecting beyond the bolt Cis consequently raised. On releasing
the finger keys the levers are brought back to their original position by
means of the springs D. Over the parts B3 of the levers are arranged
transversely the rods E, E, F, F, each one of which with the exception
of F, F, when not acted upon is situated opposite to but somewhat
below one of the punches G. The parts B³ of the levers have notches
formed on their upper edges in such a manner that when one is raised
by the depression of the corresponding finger key it raises only those of
the rod E that are opposite the punches required for forming the
letter or symbol marked on the key and brings them on a level with
the said punches. The rods E are then driven forward so as to act upon
the punches by the following arrangement:-The ends B³ of the levers
on being raised as described are made to partially turn the spindle H by
means of the roller I which passes across the ends of the levers and is
connected to the spindle H by two arms I, as shewn in Figures S
and 10. The spindle H on being thus partially turned causes a driving
shaft J, having continuous rotary motion imparted to it by the pulley J
from a fly wheel and treadle or other suitable arrangement, to be put in

page_text: gear by means of the clutch mechanism K, with a second spindle L
carrying two eccentrics M, M, to the links M' of which all the rods
E, E, F, F, are connected, so that this spindle in being made to revolve
causes the whole of the rods to advance towards the punches G. Those
of the rods that have been raised by the depression of a finger key, as
before described, are thereby made to act on the corresponding punches,
while the others pass beneath the plate N fixed below the punches,
which in entering the notches E' in the end of the rods, shewn in
Figure 13, prevent any others of the punches being raised by the
depression of a finger key while those first mentioned are in operation.
The spindle L with excentrics M on completing one revolution causes
the rods E, E, F, F, to be withdrawn into their original position, and
they are then brought to a standstill by the spindle L being thrown out
of gear with the driving shaft by the automatic action of the clutch
apparatus, which is arranged as follows:-This clutching apparatus is
brought into operation in the following manner-Fastened to and
turning with the spindle H is the hook O, shown more clearly in
Figure 11, which hook, as long as no finger key is depressed, holds the
lever P by catching hold of the half-round pin P, shewn in the Drawing
as projecting from the side of P. On the finger key being depressed
the spindle H is partially turned, carrying the hook O in a downward
direction with it, and thereby releasing the lever P, which is then forced
outwards in the direction of the arrow by means of a strong spring Q
fastened to the spindle L, which spring presses against the projection P*
on the lever P. The same spring Q, on moving forward with the lever P,
comes in contact with and presses upon the lever R which swivels upon
the pin R² inserted into the spindle L of the excentrics. This lever R
has clutch teeth formed upon it, as shown in Figure 8, which are thus
pressed by the spring Q into gear with the clutch K on the shaft J; at
the same time a second lever R attached to R is by the motion of the
latter withdrawn from a notch T on the fixed bracket T, into which it
had been previously pressed by a spring Q weaker than the spring Q.
The levers R, R', and with them the spindle L and excentrics M are now
caused to revolve with the shaft J, and thus to actuate the rods E, E,
F, F, as before described. Meantime the lever P, on being released by
the sliding off of the spring Q from the projection P is drawn back
by the spring S until it is held it is held by the hook O' loose on the
spindle H dropping on to the stud P¹. On the spindle L, and with it the
levers R, R', and springs Q, Q', completing one revolution, the spring Q

page_text: in sliding on to the projection Ps of the lever P is thereby withdrawn from
the lever K, and the spring Q' being now allowed free action presses the
opposite lever R' into the notch T¹, and thus arrests the motion of
the spindle L; at the same time the finger key, the depression of
which had caused the above-described motion, having been released
the spindle H is turned back into its original position by a contrivance
to be presently described, whereby the hook O is raised and is caused to
push the hook O' off the stud P¹ of the lever; this is then pressed
forward by the spring Q until it is caught by the book O, which projects
slightly further from the spindle H than O', as shown.
The apparatus
is now restored to its original position and is ready to be acted upon by
a second finger key. To prevent the partial rising of the levers B³ by
faulty depression of the finger keys, which might injure-the plate N, a
plate W having a sloping edge (shown at Figure 10) is fixed on the end
of the lever U turning on the pin U, which lever on the turning of the
spindle H is pushed forward by the arm X fixed thereto, and thus causes.
the plate W to slide against the inclined surfaces of the partially raised
levers so as to raise the same completely, while it at the same time slides
over the ends of the levers not acted upon and thus prevents their being
raised, and consequently also the accidental depression of another finger
key until the operation of the punches brought into action by the raised
levers is completed; by this means a quicker action of the instrument
is permissable. The lever U is attached to a spring V which in with-
drawing the lever after the finger key has been released causes it to
press upon the arm X so as to turn the spindle H back into its original
position. The punches G on the withdrawal of the rods E, E, are brought
back into their original position by the springs G. The paper strip a to.
be perforated by the punches is for this purpose conducted from the
pin roller c, over which it passes between the plates d, d, behind the
punches which plates are perforated, as shown in Figure 12, so as to
allow the punches to pass through them. The paper strip passes thence
over the pin roller e which causes it to be moved forward after a letter
has been punched in it by the following arrangement ---A lever f turning
on a centre at f passes across the upper surfaces of the rods E, E, F, F³,
every alternate one of which has a small stud E, E, F¹, formed upon it
in such manner that the studs pass under the lever when the rods
are pushed forward without being raised, but when two or more of the
rods are raised-the-stud-or studs thereon-strike-against-the-lever-f-during
their forward motion and carry it forward with them. The free end of

page_text: เ
the lever is connected to a rod g having a toothed rack formed upon it in
gear with the toothed quadrant h. To this quadrant h is fixed the spring
pawl in gear with the ratchet wheel j fixed to the pin wheel e. By
the forward motion of the lever f the pawl i is consequently moved
backwards over a portion of the circumference of the ratchet wheel, held
stationary at the time by the fixed spring pawl k, and on the receding
of the rods E, E, after effecting the punching of a letter in the paper
strip the spring causes the lever f and rod g to be drawn back into
their original position, whereby the pawl i is moved forward, carrying
with it the ratchet wheel j and pin roller e, which is thus made to draw
the paper the required distance from behind the punches. The extent
of this motion can be regulated by the adjusting screw m. The backward
motion of the lever f is assisted by the front. rod F, a stud F on which
presses during the backward motion against the spring f* fixed to the
lever. As the extent of motion of the paper strip requires to be varied
according to the length of the letter or symbol punched into it the
studs E,. E, acting on the lever † are arranged in different positions.
relative thereto in such manner that the stud on the rod which forms the
last hole of each respective letter shall cause the paper strip to be moved
through a distance corresponding to the length of such letter, plus that
of the intervening space required between two letters.
In order to form greater or smaller spaces between two letters or words
without acting on the punches a special "space" key and corresponding
levers are made to raise the rod f, which instead of acting upon a
punch strikes against the lever f by means of the stud F¹, thereby
effecting the turning of the pin wheel e, as above described, and by
repeating this action two or more times it will be seen that any desired
length of paper may be drawn from behind the punches before these
are again made to punch a letter into it. The paper thus prepared with
printing holes is then conveyed to the transmitting instrument, the con-
struction of which is shown on Sheet III. of the Drawings.
Figure 14 shows a side elevation of the apparatus, Figure 15 shows
an end view of the same, Figure 16 shows a plan, Figures 17 to 19 show
detached details, and Figure 20 shows a diagram of the action of the
apparatus.
The magneto-electric current generator consists of a cylindrical
armature A (shown more clearly at Figure 17) with longitudinal grooves
containing a coil of insulated wire, and made to revolve between the

page_text: poles of the permanent magnets B, B, in a similar manner to the arrange-
ment described in a Provisional Specification filed by me on the 10th of
September 1856, No. 2107. Rotary motion is imparted to the armature A
by means of the pinion C fixed thereto in gear with the spur wheel D
on the spindle E caused to rotate by the crank handle F or by any other
suitable contrivance. The spindle E carries a pin roller G similar to
that previously described with reference to the perforating machines,
over which roller the prepared paper strip is caused to pass into the
instrument. The proportion between the speed of the armature and that
of the pin roller is so arranged relatively to the number of pins on the
latter that two opposite currents are generated by the armature while
the pin roller moves through a space equal to the pitch of the pins.
On the axis of the armature is a double cam H insulated from the
armature, and actuating a vibrating lever I in such a manner that the
upper end thereof causes the metal spring J attached thereto to enter
every printing hole in the paper strip K as it passes over the pin roller.
The metal pin roller G is insulated on its spindle, as shewn at Figure 18,
and the piece L which is connected with the pin roller by two adjustable
friction springs M, M, and with the line wire, as shewn on the Diagram
Figure 20, as also the bracket N, the lever I, and the spring J, and as
before stated the cam H, are all insulated. The paper strip K being
conducted in the direction of the arrows over the rollers P, G, O, it will
be seen that on the double cam H being connected to one end of the arma-
ture coil, and the line wire connected at L, and the other end of the
armature coil being put to earth, a current in one direction, or, say, a
positive current, will always be made to enter the line wire when the
spring J passes through a printing hole in the paper strip situate oppo-
site a guiding hole so as to make metallic contact with the pin roller G,
and a current in the opposite direction, or, say, a negative current will
enter the line wire, when contact is made between the spring and pin
roller through an intermediate hole situated between two guiding holes,
and thus the printing of signs will be effected at the receiving instrument
in a manner to be presently described. The lever I is kept in contact with
the double cam H by means of the spring I. In place of the vibrating
lever I and contact spring J, a brush of fine wires or needles connected
with the armature coil may be kept in contact with the paper strip so as
to enter every hole as it passes, and thus make contact with the pin

page_text: When battery currents are to be employed in place of magneto-electric
currents the pin roller is according to one arrangement made in two
part in the manner shewn at Figures 21, 22, 23, and 24 on Sheet IV.,
which show respectively a part of the circumference of the roller
developed, a plan, a section of the pin roller, and a side elevation of the
same with a strip of paper shewing the mode of operation. The roller
is made in two parts Q, Q', insulated from each other and from the
spindle R, carrying the same in the manner shewn in Figure 23, each
part being formed with a "vandyked" face, as shewn at Figure 21, the
projections of the one part fitting into the recesses of the other, but with
insulating material between them. Each insulated part is put in con-
nection by means of contact springs S, S' with the opposite pole of a
battery T, the middle element of which is put to earth, as shewn at
Figure 24, and the number of "vandykes" being made to correspond
with the number of pins on the roller, it will be seen that as the paper
strip K passes over the roller the one hole of a sign will always be on
the one part of the roller, while the other hole of the sign will
always be on the other part Q', and thus the contact spring or brush U in
making contact alternately with the one and the other part of the roller
will cause the requisite contrary currents to pass through the line wire
which is in metallic connection with the brush or spring. The motion
of the pin roller Q, Q', is in this case produced by any suitable clock-
work mechanism or other convenient contrivance, whereby the paper strip
is drawn off the roller.
Figure 25 on Sheet IV. shows an elevation of the clockwork mecha-
nism for this purpose, the arrangement of which will be readily
understood from the foregoing description. U is the contact spring,
style, or brush; Q is the pin roller over which the paper strip K passes
in the direction of the arrows.
When it is required to work a line with one battery only instead of the
divided battery above described (which would require a double number
of cells, but which might be made to work several lines simultaneously
another construction of pin roller is employed without the division into
two insulated parts, and alternately reversed currents are passed through
the roller by means of a commutator worked by a clockwork mechanism
or other contrivance for producing rotary motion at the moment when
the contact spring or brush makes contact therewith through the one or
other of the holes in the paper strip.

page_text: Figures 26 to 30 on Shee! IV. shew the arrangement of clockwork
mechanism for this purpose. Figure 26 shows a plan of the same;
Figure 27 shews a front elevation; Figure 28 shews a longitudinal
section; Figure 29 shews a transverse section; and Figure 30 shews an
end view of the mechanism.
A train of ordinary clockwork wheels A, A, set in motion either by a
suspended weight or spring imparts rotary motion to the pin roller J,
as shewn in Figure 29, as also to the spindle B by means of a screw
thread or worm formed upon it. This spindle carries a small toothed
pinion C in gear with a larger pinion D on the same axis, with which is
an excentric or cam E situated between the prongs of the fork F, to
which consequently an oscillating motion is imparted. To the spindle G
carrying the fork F are attached in an insulated manner the springs
H, H, of the commutator I, which springs consequently by the oscil-
lating motion imparted to them by the fork are caused alternately to
make contact with the screws a, b, and a, b, of the commutator I,
whereby a reversal of the battery currents will be effected, as will be seen
from the Diagram at Figure 31, where the screws a, b, are in metallic
connection with the pin roller J, while a', b', are in connection with the
line wire, and the springs H, H', are in connection with the poles of the
battery X.
Thus the reversed currents being conducted into the pin
roller J, over which the paper strip K passes; the same effect is produced
in the pin roller by one to-and-fro motion of the springs H, H', as was
produced by one complete rotation of the armature in the before-
described magneto-electric apparatus. Against the pin roller J is pressed
the small pin roller L by means of a spring, so that the paper strip K
being made to intervene between the two rollers, it will be seen that
whenever one of the pins on the roller L passes through a printing hole
in the paper strip so as to make contact with the roller J the current
passes from the latter through the former, and thence to earth, the
circuit being thus established. The pins of the roller L are situated
half the distance apart of those on the roller J, in order that they max
be capable of making contact twice, while a length of paper equivalent
to the distance between two pins on the roller J is being drawn out by
the clockwork. This proportion of one to two between the distances of
the guiding holes, and telegraphing or contact making holes has been
adopted in all the before-described arrangements, it being the most
convenient for explanation. Any other-proportion-might-however be

page_text: chosen (perhaps at the risk of accuracy) so long as the same proportion
is maintained throughout one set of apparatus.
The receiving instrument used is the polarized ink writer, such as
was described in the Provisonal Specification filed by me on the 22nd
May 1862, No. 1540, and which is well known to telegraphists. In the
present arrangement of the same I have however introduced some
improvements consisting, firstly, in forming the cores of the electro-
magnets of sheet iron in place of rods or bars, as heretofore; secondly,
in making the inking roller of aluminium instead of brass, and in
making the armature with its prolongation for carrying the inking
roller as light as possible.
This arrangement of apparatus is shewn at Figures 32 and 33, on
Sheet IV., in which the framing A carries the electro-magnets B, B,
and the polarizing natural magnets C, C. The sheet iron cores D, D',
are indicated in dotted lines in Figure 33, inside the wire coils of the
electro-magnets B, B, being continued beyond these at D³, D³. By
means of the adjusting screws E, E, the distance between these prolonga-
tions of the cores and of the tongue F' of the lever F of the inking roller
can be adjusted, the screws being for this purpose formed with collars, as
shewn, fitting in a slot in the cores so as to move the cores in either
direction. By means of the screws G, G', the play of the tongue F',
and consequently the motion of the aluminium inking roller H is
regulated. The inking roller dips in the ink trough I, and when the
tongue F rests on the screw G' it is in contact with and marks the paper
strip J, while when F' rests on G the roller is removed from the paper
strip, and the roller will mark the paper with a dot, or short dash, or
with a long dash, according to the time F' is attracted by the lower pole
of the electro-magnet. A more rapid working of the polarized tongue
is thus obtained to the extent of about three times the speed obtainable
by the previous construction.
Figure 34 shews a paper strip K prepared by either of the perforating
apparatus before described. The middle row of equidistant black dots
represent the guide holes into which the pins or studs placed round the
circumference of the guiding or pin rollers of the various before-described
apparatus enter to hold the paper, and the circles on either side represent
the telegraphing or contact-making holes. Those of the upper row are
arranged to print the word "Berlin," and those of the lower row the

page_text: Now
word"
London," in Morse characters on the receiving instrument, as
indicated below the paper strip; a positive current is made to occur at
each guiding hole of the middle row, therefore as the armature of the
magneto inductor above described makes a complete revolution during
the time that a length of paper passes over the roller equal to the
distance between two guiding holes, and as also the battery commutators
of either of the descriptions of instruments above given send two
currents during that time a negative current must intervene.
starting at the letter B of the word Berlin the contact spring, brush, or
style passing through the first printing hole in the paper will make
contact with the pin roller, and will send a positive current into the line
wire, as this printing hole is opposite a guiding hole. The armature of
the receiving apparatus will consequently be attracted so as to cause the
inking roller to commence marking the paper strip. As the paper strip
passes in the direction of the arrow away from the contact spring or
style the unperforated portion of the paper passes between this and the
roller, and consequently the following reversed currents are intercepted,
the inking roller of the receiving instrument being during the same
time kept by the armature against the paper strip so as to mark it; this
it will be observed must continue until the second printing hole situated
between the second and third guiding holes passes beneath the style,
when contact being again made another current will pass through the
line. This current being a negative one as indicated, the armature of
the receiving instrument will consequently be repelled from its former
position, and the inking roller will cease marking the paper. Thus a line
will have been produced on the latter equal to one and a half times the
distance between the guide holes, which corresponds to a dash of the
Morse alphabet; another printing hole occurring at the next guiding
hole another positive current is transmitted, and the inking roller again
commences marking, but an intermediate hole occurring immediately
after the following negative current is also transmitted and the inking
roller is again withdrawn, having in this case made a line equal in
length only to one-half the distance between the guiding holes which
corresponds to a dot of the Morse alphabet. In like manner the two
From the above
other dots are made for completing the letter B.
description the improved system will be readily understood whereby I
am enabled by means of holes punched in one paper strip to cause dots
and dashes to be printed on another paper strip corresponding with the
symbols of the Morse code.

page_text: Another part of this Invention has reference to an apparatus wherein
an electric current caused to pass through a line wire from one point of
observation to another is made to indicate at such second or both points
the distance of an object observed simultaneously at both points by
means of telescopes or other observing instruments. An arrangement
of such apparatus has already been proposed wherein the electric current
caused a pointer at the one observing station to be placed parallel to
the telescope at the other station, so that by means of the triangle
formed by the pointer the telescope at the first-named station and the
straight line connecting the two stations, the distance between which
was known, the distance of the object observed was readily ascertained.
Now one of the present improvements consists in effecting the motion
of the pointer by the electric current by means of a sun-and-planet
wheel system arranged so as to cause the planet wheel to move the
pointer in one direction or the other according as the one or the
other of the wheels with which the planet wheel is in gear is set in
motion by the electric current. This motion of the two wheels
actuating the planet wheel is effected by magneto-electric currents in
such a manner that the rotation in the one direction of the inductor
moves the one wheel, while the rotation in the other direction moves
the other wheel. The two instruments serving for taking measure-
ments are placed at a certain distance from one another, which distance
constitutes the base of the triangle formed by the two apparatus and
the object the distance of which is to be measured.
If it be required to determine the distance of the object from one end
of the base line only, then the apparatus is arranged as shewn in a
general plan at Figure 35, Sheet V. Each of the instruments carries a
telescope F, F, which can turn upon centres corresponding with the
respective terminations of the base line A, B, and which is provided
with a cross-hair diaphragm. Attached to the telescope at A (from
whence the measurement is to be taken) is a straightedge d, the
graduated edge of which is arranged parallel with the axis of the
telescope F, and which when the telescope is being turned slides over a
plane surface, say, of wood or metal; a second straightedge g turning
on the axis b moves over the same plane without touching it, but so as
to pass closely over the before-mentioned graduated straightedge d.
The distance between the centres A and B stands in a definite proportion
to the length of the base line A, B, and the apparatus are so set with

page_text: regard to one another by adjusting the cross hairs in the fixed
telescopes f, f, to a mark on the opposite apparatus that the base
line A, b, B, passes through the three centres A, b, B, of the apparatus.
Before commencing the measurement it is necessary that the axis of
the telescope F and the edge of the straightedge g should be placed
parallel to one another, this is done by bringing the telescope and
straightedge against two moveable stops h, h, so arranged that when
the telescope and straight edge rest against them the axis of the
telescope and the edge of the straightedge form equal angles with the
base line passing through A, b, and B. This operation having been
performed both operators direct their telescopes F', F, towards the
object the distance of which from A is to be measured.
The operator
at A moves his telescope by the direct action of his hand, but the
other at B does so by means of the handle K. One end of the spindle k',
to which this handle is fixed, has an endless screw formed on it which
gears into the teeth of a quadrant j fixed on the pivot of the telescope F²,
which is therefore-turned by it. The other end of the spindle carries. a
spur wheel which gears into the teeth of a pinion fixed to the cylindrical
armature C of a Siemens' magneto-induction machine C, such as was
described in the Provisional Specification filed by me on the 10th of
September 1856, No. 2107. The movement of the handle thus imparting
quick rotary motion to the armature of this apparatus reversed currents
are sent successively by means of two wires or telegraph cables D, D',
and an earth wire or two earth plates G, I, into an electro-magnetic
apparatus (to be described hereafter) which apparatus again turns
at E a spindle carrying an endless screw gearing into a quadrant i,
which gives motion to the straightedge g. The electrical apparatus
being so arranged as to cause the motion of the two endless screws
to be equal, the telescope at B and the straightedge at A will always
remain parallel whichever way the handle K may be turned. Now
each operator having directed his telescope towards the distant object,
the two straightedges d and g will form the two sides of a triangle,
which is similar to the one formed by the lines of vision of the two
telescopes, and the base line A, B, as the corresponding sides of the two
triangles are all parallel. It follows then that the part of d which is cut
off by g is in direct proportion to the distance to be determined, and
such distance may be read off at the crossing point of the two straight
edges if a scale be marked on d corresponding to the proportion of
the line A, b, to the line A, B.

page_text: In applying this apparatus to coast batteries for the purpose of
indicating the passing of the vessels of an enemy over a torpedo, it is
only necessary to place under the straightedges a chart of the torpedo
field, on which A, b, represents the corresponding points A and B of the
field. If now both observers keep their telescopes constantly directed
towards a certain part of the vessel, for instance, the mainmast, the
moving crossing point of the two straightedges will represent the course
of the vessel, and will thus enable the observers to fire the torpedo
at the moment that the vessel passes over the same.
Figures 36 and 37 on Sheet VI. shew respectively an enlarged side
view and a plan of the apparatus at the station. B, C, is the magnets
electric inductor with cylindrical armature C¹; ¹ is the spindle for
imparting motion simultaneously to the quadrant j, and the armature
of the inductor F is the observing telescope moved by the quadrant j,
and is the adjusting telescope. Figure 38 shows a side view of the
framing at X, and Figure 39 shows a side view of the framing at Y.
The electro-magnetic apparatus which moves the straightedge gat
station A is shown in detail at Figures 40, 41, and 42, on Sheet V.,
which shew respectively a front view, a side view, and a plan of the
same.
The arrangement is nearly identical with my well-known polarized
relay or the indicators of my magneto-electric dial instruments; all
parts being, however, supplied in duplicate, it becomes, in fact, a pair
of indicators with one pointer in common, which is worked either
forward or backward through differential gearing. I is an upright, at
each side of which is placed a polarized electro-magnet of my usual
construction, E', Es, being the electro-magnets, M³, M³, the natural
magnets, between the poles of which oscillates the tongue T, to which
is fixed the fork-like prolongation t, the prongs t¹, t, of which carry
slight spring pawls, which rest one at the top and one at the bottom in
the teeth of a ratchet wheel, as shewn in dotted lines in Figure 40. The
oscillation of the fork therefore makes one spring pawl always push the
ratchet wheel half a tooth length round in the direction of the arrow,
while the other slides over the tooth it was resting upon, and with the
next retrograde oscillation causes the ratchet wheel to move another half
tooth length in the same direction, while the first spring pawl now slides
over the tooth it was resting upon into the next cavity, and so on.
ratchet wheels 1, 3, and the crown wheels w³, w³, are each fixed to one
The

page_text: end of the small tubes u', u³, which turn loosely upon upon the common
axis o of this double set of receiving apparatus, as shown more clearly in
the enlarged view, Figure 43. The ratchet wheels are fixed upon the tubes
with their teeth in reversed positions, so that the spring pawls of the one
fork move their wheel in one direction, while those of the second fork
move the second wheel in the reverse direction, as indicated by the
arrows in Figure 43. An arm y fixed to the common spindle o carries
on one end the plane wheel p, turns loosely on its pivot; the other end
of the arm is weighted to serve as a counterpoise. As the wheel p gears
into both the crown wheels w¹, w³, it is evident that while one of the
ratchet wheels (say 7 and with it w¹) are stationary and and w³ are
being moved in the direction of the arrow the arm y must follow in the
same direction, although with only half the angular motion of the
wheel. The cog wheel at a being also fixed to the axis consequently
moves through half the angle in the same direction, and as it gears into
another cog wheel of half its circumference which is fixed to the
spindle of the endless screw , the latter is turned through the entire
angle the ratchet wheel has described. On the other hand it is clear
that when and w³ are stationary ¹ and w¹ will draw the army back
into its former position, and with it the wheels at a and the screw.
spindle 7. The armature C¹ of the transmitter at B, Figure 41, has an
arm 2 attached to its insulated part, which arm is in metallic connection
with one end of the coil of the armature, and which slides with but little
friction upon the said insulated part as the armature is turned to the
right or left so as to make contact with one or other of the insulated
terminal screws 3 or 4, to which the line wires are connected. The body
of the armature, to which is attached the other end of the coil, being
connected to earth, and the line D' being connected at A to one end of
the coil of the electric-magnet E¹, while D is connected to the corre-
sponding end of E, and the other two ends of the coils of E' and Eª
being put to earth, it is clear that the endless screw at A most follow
exactly the motion of that of at B. Thus the quadrant i at A will be
moved forwards or backwards the same as the quadrant j at B according
as to which of the electro-magnets E¹ or E³ is set to work, on account
of the arm 2 making contact with either 3 or 4.
Figures 44 to 48 on Sheet V. shew in detail the arrangement of the
apparatus at A (omitting the electro-magnetic apparatus E described.

page_text: quadrant and straightedge g; Figure 48 shews the end and cross
section of g; Figure 47 shows a side view of the connection of the
straightedge & to the wheel P' on the centre A that effects the motion of
the telescope F by means of the pinion P'; and Figure 47 shews a
general side view of the apparatus. All parts being marked with the
same letters of reference as in the general plan, Figure 35, before
described, they will be easily understood when referring to the
description of the latter. The electric circuit may either be established
by earth plates, as shewn at Figure 35, or an earth wire may be
employed, as shown in another arrangement, as may be most convenient.
Where it is intended to ascertain the distance of an object from both
points of observation a duplicate set of apparatus becomes necessary at
each of the terminal points of the base line at A, B. Figure 49 repre-
sents the general plan of such an arrangement, whence it will be seen
that each observing stations supplied with magneto-inductors C', C³,
from whence two lines of wire are connected to the electro-magnetic
apparatus E, E, of the opposite station. As the telescopes F, F,
(which may be replaced by ordinary sights,) with their graduated
scales d', d, will always on being directed by turning the handles
or more parallel to the straightedge g', g³, at the opposite station, it
follows that when each end has sighted the object the distance of which
is to be measured the triangles formed at the two stations will be similar
to the triangle formed by the two stations A and B, and the object
observed.
The table over which the scale and straightedge move
can be
divided into small squares, in which are entered numbers so arranged
that the number which is found at the point where the straightedges
cross gives at once the distance of the object righted. The details of the
instrument at station A are shown at Figure 50, Sheet VII., and at
Figures 51, 52, 53, and 54, on Sheet BIII., of which Figure 50 shows
a plan of the magneto-electric inductor; Figure 51 shows a part plan
of the table with the observing and indicating apparatus; Figure 2
shows a part side view of the same; and Figures 53 and 54 shew side and
end views of the electro-magnetic apparatus. In the arrangement here
shewn sights F, F', are employed in place of the telescope. d' is the
graduated straightedge; g' is the straightedge, indicating the direction
of the telescope or sights at station B; j' is the quadrant connected to
ď moved by the inductor by means of a pitch chain actuating the

page_text: wheel S on the spindle S¹ which imparts its motion to the worm on
the spindle by means of the toothed gearing at T, which arrangement'
offers the means readily separating the heavy machinery of the
inductor from the more delicate parts of the other apparatus; is the
quadrant for moving the straightedge g', which quadrant receives its
motion from the worm on the spindle actuated by the electro-
magnetic apparatus E, which is similar in construction and operation to
The
that before described with reference to the first arrangement..
armature of the induction apparatus C, Figure 50, carries a wheel S',
over which the before-mentioned pitch chain passes to impart the
motion of the armature to the quadrant j¹ in the manner before
described.
Furthermore in another arrangement in place of employing two
pointers as before described a telescope with cross-hair diaphragm or other
observing instrument is used in combination with a mirror turning on
the same centre as the telescope or observing instrument and actuated
by the reversed currents produced by the inductor of the other station,
the handle for turning which at the same time effects the turning of
the observing instrument at such station. In a mirror seen through
the lower half of the object glass of the telescope is seen the reflected
image of a scale; this scale is moved by a toothed wheel or quadrant
which is moved by the currents in such relation to the motion of the
telescope of the other station, that the triangle formed thereby is always
similar to the triangle formed by the two points of observation and the
object observed. By this means the reflected scale as observed in the
telescope is made to indicate directly the distance of the object observed.
I consider the introduction of the reflecting mirror a further improve-
ment of the foregoing instruments, as it enables me to read off more
accurately than by means of the straightedges the very acute angles
which must occur when the base line of operation is but of short lengthi
(which for convenience sake it will nearly always be) while the distance
Such an arrangement of
of the observed object may be considerable.
The apparatus
the apparatus is shewn at Figure 55 on Sheet VII.
employed at the termination B of the base line A, B, is virtually the
Electrical communication
same as the one described at Figure 35.
between the two apparatus is established by a cable D with three
conductors (one serving for earth), the length of which cable serves at
the same time to indicate the distance of station A from station B.

page_text: By the movement of the inductor handle the operator at B directs his
telescope towards the distant object. The revolutions of the
armature C of the inductor C₁ causes (in the same manner as before
described) the proportionate revolution of a spindle at station A
carrying an endless screw by means of the electro-magnetic apparatus E
with its system of sun-and-planet wheels, which however in this arrange-
ment moves the quadrant 2, to the centre of which a plane mirror V
is fixed, through only half the angle which the telescope F at B has
been turned. This is effected by modifying the gearing connected with
the screw spindle of the electro-magnetic apparatus shewn at Figures
40 to 42. The cog wheel on the spindle having in that case half as
many teeth as the wheel on the spindle O, is now made with an equal
number, which causes the spindle to make only half the number of
revolutions it did before. The operator at A sees reflected in the
mirror V through the lower half of the object glass of his telescope
the scale W, which is magnified by a moveable half lense not shown
on the Drawing. With the upper half of the object glass the operator
observes above the half lense and the mirror the distant object, so that
the reflected scale and the object appears to him as one above the other
when looking through the telescope. In order to direct the telescope
towards the object it is turned concentrically round the axis X of the
mirror V and independently of the same. By means of two toothed
wheels or quadrants not shown, of which one is fixed to the axis of
the telescope and the other to that of the scale, and by means of the
toothed rack Y, the ends of which gear respectively into both of the
said quadrants, the scale W moves either convergently or divergently
to the telescope but with the same angular motion. As the scale W
and the optical axis of the telescope F at one position are both parallel
,to a line drawn through the centres Z and X, hence it follows that if
the scale and telescope F are deflected at equal angles although in
opposite directions, the angle formed by the scale W with X, Z, (B¹),
will always be equal to the angle (B) formed by the line of vision
of F with the prolongation of X, Z, which is the base A, B. Κοιν
when both telescopes are adjusted parallel to each other in the manner
before described, and the operator at A moves his scale so that he
observes the zero point of the scale coinciding with the vertical hair
of the diaphragm as he looks through the telescope, then if both
telescopes are turned through any angle, but so as to remain parallel
to each other, the mirror V will only follow half the deflection, and

page_text: the vertical hair of the diaphragm will continue to cover the zero point
at Z of the scale. But if the telescopes in observing a distant object
are turned so as that their lines of sight converge, then the mirror
having been turned through only half the angle passed through by the
line of sight of the telescope F, the reflected image of zero point of the
scale W no longer corresponds with the line of sight of the telescope F³,
but in its place will be seen in the mirror a point a on the scale W
removed from the zero point Z a distance which bears the same pro-
portion to the other sides of the triangle Z, X, a, as does the base
line A, B, to the other sides of the large triangle formed by the points
of observation A and B and the object observed, and from these data
the distance of the object may be easily calculated. When the distance
between the two stations in all cases remains the same the divisions
of the scale may be marked with figures showing at a glance the
distance of the observed object, which distance would have been found
by calculation if the figures denoting the distance of the corresponding
divisions from zero had been-used. -
Figures 56 to 61 on Sheet IX. show details of the before-described
apparatus. Figures 56 shows a plan of the telescope F', mirror V, and
scale W; Figure 57 shows a sectional side elevation of the same without
the scale; Figure 58 shews a sectional plan and part vertical section of
the centre joint at X with toothed rack Y; Figure 59 shows an inverted
plan of the quadrant ; Figure 60 shews a section through the centre Z,
on which the scale W turns; and Figure 61 shows an end elevation of the
support b of the telescope Ft. The several parts being marked with the
same figures on the corresponding parts at Figure 55 no further descrip-
tion is required. It will be readily understood that by supplying a set
of apparatus with mirror scale and inductor for station B corresponding"
to the apparatus at A, I am enabled also to measure the distance of an
object simultaneously from both stations in the same manner, as explained
with reference to Figure 49. The electro-magnetic apparatus described
with reference to the first arrangement of the distance meter may also
be employed in combination with a modification of the magneto-electric
inductor there described, such as shown at Figure 62, Sheet VII., for
indicating the position of the surface of water in a vessel, tank, or
reservoir, or for indicating the state of the tide in rivers or harbours at
a distant office, engine room, or other locality.
For this purpose a
magneto-electric induction apparatus C, C, Figure 62, such as have been

page_text: herein-before described and shewn in plan at Figure 50, is employed, to
the axis X of the armature C of which is fixed the circular plate n, into
which is fixed one end of a strong spiral spring V; an ordinary clock
spring may be substituted for the form shewn. The disc m to which
the other end of the spring is attached is fixed to the wheel d and the
cam c, and turns loosely upon the spindle X, while the disc e is fixed to
the same and has a notch formed in its circumference which receives
the projection of a lever drawn against it by a spiral spring, as shown
more clearly in the side view of this part at Figure 63. To the chain g
is attached at one end a float which rests on the surface of the water
while at the other end is a heavy weight serving as counterpoise. With
the rise and fall of the float the wheel h receiving motion from the
spindle h', on which is fixed the wheel g', will turn the smaller wheel d,
and with it the disc m and cam c round the spindle X, and thus will
wind up or unwind the spiral. spring V, which when at rest has no
torsion. During this process the projection of the lever will be caught
in the notch in the circumference of e, but on completion of one revo-
lution of the pinion d the cam c pressing against the lateral projection
on will disengage the lever from the notch in e, thus releasing the
spring, which returning to its original position will give the armature one
quick revolution in one direction or the other, thereby making contact
with either of the terminals 3 and 4 (shown in Figure 41), each of which
communicates with a telegraph line of, if necessary, considerable length
terminating in an electro-magnetic double indicator, as shown in Figures
40 to 43. Referring to Figure 41, and the description thereof given, this
apparatus will be fully understood; the only difference in the two
being that while with the former the common spindle o carries a wheel a
it here carries a pointer which by the motion of one or other of
the crown wheels is carried directly forwards or backwards, and indicates
on a dial divided for the purpose the rise or. fall of the float at the distant
station. So when the circumference of the chain wheel g¹ is made to
equal one foot, and the proportion of the wheel to the wheel d is as 5
to 1, it follows that with the rise or fall of the float for one-fifth of a
foot the inductor will send into the one or other of the lines two currents
of short duration following quickly one upon the other, thus moving the
pointer of the indicator forwards or backwards, and enabling any one
to read off the rise and fall of the water for every fifth of a foot. By
increasing the proportion of h to d any desired smaller degree of rise or
fall may be indicated. A battery commutator may be made to send

page_text: the currents in a similar manner, but I prefer to use the magneto-
inductor, as being always a ready and constant means of obtaining a
current.
Having thus described the nature of the several parts of this
Invention, and in what manner they are to be performed, I wish it to
be understood that I do not limit myself to the precise details shown
and described with reference to the accompanying Drawings, as these
may be variously modified without departing from the peculiar character
of the several parts of the Invention, nor do I claim generally the pro-
viding perforated paper for conveying electric telegraph signals with a
row of guiding holes, as I am aware that has already been proposed;
but I claim in respect of the first part of this Invention,―
First. So preparing perforated paper for conveying electric telegraph
signals with a row of equidistant guiding holes that the distance
between such guiding holes shall have a definite relation to the number
of currents produced by the transmitting instrument during the time
that a length of the paper equal to the distance between such guiding
holes is conveyed past the contact making spring, style, or brush,
substantially as herein-before described.
Second. Constructing a transmitting instrument with a feed roller
having projecting pins at equidistant intervals on its circumference
corresponding with the original or guiding holes of the paper strip in
order to establish a fixed relation between the feed action and the
currents produced in the transmitting instrument, substantially as
described.
Third. Producing contacts for the transmission of telegraph messages
where perforated paper strips are employed by means of metallic brushes
presenting a number of independent metallic points to insure the passage
of the currents.
Fourth. The combination of such metallic contact brushes with
the studded metallic disc or roller for the transmission of currents
at regulated intervals through such disc or roller, substantially as
described.
Fifth. Constructing the studded guide roller or disc of two insulated
parts fitting with vandyked edges into each other, the one part being in
connection with the one pole of a battery, while the other is. in. con-
nection. with the other pole, the object being that as the perforated paper
passes over the roller the one hole of an elementary sign shall be situated

page_text: upon
upon the one insulated part, while the other shall lie the other
part, so as to convey reversed currents into the spring, style, or brush
making contact consecutively through the two holes with the guide
roller, substantially as described with reference to Figures 21 to 24 of
the Drawings.
Sixth. Constructing apparatus for punching the telegraphing holes in
the paper, wherein a key or handle is made separately to actuate two
levers so arranged in connection with three punches that each lever on
being acted upon by the handle shall depress two of the punches so as to
punch the two holes in the paper required for an elementary sign of the
"Morse" or other code of signals while the same motion of the handle
shall subsequently cause the paper to be moved past the punches a
distance equal to the distance between the two holes of an elementary
sign plus the distance required between two elementary signs, substan-
tially as herein-before described with reference to Figures 4 to 7 on
Sheet I. of the accompanying Drawings.
Seventh. Constructing apparatus for punching the telegraphing holes in
paper wherein a series of finger keys, each marked with a symbol of the
Morse or other code of signalling are caused by their depression to select
and bring into action those of a series of punches which are required
for punching the holes for the particular symbol into the paper, sub-
stantially as herein-before described with reference to Figures 8 to 13 on
Sheet II. of the Drawings.
Eighth. The employment of mechanism in the finger key perforating
apparatus, wherein a lever and pawl brought into action by the rod pro-
ducing the last hole of a symbol cause the paper after being perforated
to be drawn a distance past the punches equal to the length of the
symbol punched therein plus the distance between such symbol and the
next following one, substantially as described with reference to Figures
8 to 13 of the Drawings.
Ninth. So arranging a magneto-electric induction apparatus for con-
veying signals by means of paper perforated as above described, that the
revolutions of the armature shall stand in a definite relation to the speed
of the studded feed and contact roller; also arranging a contact lever,
style, or spring actuated by a cam on the revolving armature so as to
convey a current into the line whenever it touches the guide roller
through one of the perforations in the paper, substantially as herein-
before described with reference to Figures 14 to 20 of the Drawings.

page_text: Tenth. Conveying alternately reversed currents through the studded
guide roller by means of a battery and commutator, substantially as
described with reference to Figures 26 to 31 of the Drawings.
Eleventh. The employment of flat sheet-iron cores for electro-magnets
intended for the reception of quickly reversed currents, and constructing
the inking roller of the receiving instrument of aluminium, substantially
as described with reference to Figures 32 and 33 of the Drawings.
And I claim in reference to the second part of this Invention,-
electro-
First. Producing the forward and backward motion of the pointer
or indicating straightedge or mirror at the one observing station by
a sun-and-planet wheel mechanism set in motion by an
magnetic apparatus at such station, actuated by magneto-electric
currents produced at the other station by means of a magneto-electric
induction apparatus, substantially as herein-before described with
reference to Figures 35 to 54 of the Drawings.
Second. Employing in place of the pointer at the one observing station
a mirror so arranged in combination with a graduated scale, and actuated
by electric currents from the other station, that on directing the telescope
to the object the distance of which is to be ascertained the image of the
scale will be so reflected by the mirror into the object glass of the
telescope as to enable the distance of the object to be ascertained either
directly or by calculation therefrom, substantially as described with
reference to Figures 55 to 61 of the Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said Charles Edward Siemens have
hereunto set my hand and seal, this Seventeenth day of October,
in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-
eight
Witness,
0 W SHIPWRIGHT,
20, Southampton Buildings,
. Chancery Lane.
C. W. SIEMENS. (L.S.)