Improvements in the Manufacture, Method of, and Machinery and Apparatus for Moulding the Inner Surfaces of Vessels, Conduits, Pipes, or other Articles which are Cast or Constructed out of Materials while Plastic and which afterwards Harden or Set, such, for instance, as Concrete.
Year: 1891

page_text: Date of Application, 30th June, 1891-Accepted, 21st Nov., 1891
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in the Manufacture, Method of, and Machinery and
Apparatus for Moulding the Inner Surfaces of Vessels, Conduits,
Pipes, or other Articles which are Cast or Constructed out of
Materials while Plastic and which afterwards Harden or Set,
such, for instance, as Concrete.
We, ALEXANDER CRAWFORD CHENOWETH, Civil Engineer, residence Inwood,
City, County and State of New York, United States of America, and WALTER
DOUMAUX EDMONDS, Counsellor at Law, residence Temple Court, No. 5 Beekman
Street, City, County and State of New York, aforesaid, do hereby declare the
nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to be performed to be
particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement :-
This invention relates to improvements in the manufacture of, method of, and
machinery and apparatus for moulding, the inner surfaces of vessels, conduits, pipes
or other articles which are cast, or constructed, out of materials, while plastic, and
which afterwards harden or set, such, for instance, as concrete.
One of the principal objects of this invention is to provide a moulding core, or
centering, which, although curved and irregular in surface, may be, nevertheless,
conveniently and economically withdrawn after the plastic materials thereby
interiorly moulded, have set.
As is well known, the cores or centerings heretofore in use can only be removed,
with undesirable difficulty and expense, after the plastic materials have set or
hardened around them. For instance, in the manufacture of pipes out of concrete,
for use as sewers, drains, etc. it has heretofore been impossible to construct but
short lengths of pipe at the time, owing to the difficulty of withdrawing the inner
core or centering, and it has practically been impossible to construct such pipes in
the trench or on the spot where they are to be used, and also extremely difficult
and expensive, if not impossible, to construct bends in such pipes. The difficulty
and expense of withdrawing cores from solid castings is also well understood.
The difficulties heretofore experienced have been due to the use of solid cores,
or of collapsible cores of complicated and expensive construction. These difficulties
are overcome by the use of the spirally divisible centerings or cores, which are one
important feature of this invention.
The accompanying drawings illustrate various phases and features of this
invention;
Figure 1 is a perspective view of a short length of spiral centering;
Figure 2 an end view of Figure 1:
Figure 3 a side elevation of a portion of spiral centering, showing one method of
constructing same about a core, and also showing one portion of same uncovered,
and another portion of it as it may be sometimes covered, all as hereinafter
described;
Figure 4 is an end view of Figure 3 showing a wooden core temporarily in
position within the spiral centering;
Figure 5 is a perspective view of a portion of the said centering provided with
additional covering;
Figure 6 is a perspective view of two portions of such centering showing the ends
approximated, for the purpose of connecting same by rivets m m²;
Figure 7 is a top view of three lengths of said centering arranged within a trench
and partially covered at one end with concrete or other plastic materials F;
Figure 8 is a sectional view of Figure 7 taken on the line a
Figure 9 is a perspective view of a portion of the centering designated for use in

page_text: the construction of a curve and showing the constituting ribbon of such shape as to
produce the required configuration in the centering;
Figure 10 is a perspective view of a length of said centering constructed out of
such ribbon as is shown in Figure 9 prior to bending:
Figure 11 is a view of the centering 'shown in Figure 10, subsequent to bending,
whereby a curve in the centering is secured;
Figure 12 is a perspective view of said centering used to mould concrete pipe in
a trench under the street surface;
Figure 13 shows the spiral centering arranged so as to constitute the inner mould
for a vessel of irregular shape and having a smaller neck than body;
Figure 14 is a bottom view of the centering arranged as shown in Figure 13;
Figure 15 is a perspective view illustrating the method of producing a curve
or a compound curve in the centering without preliminarily shaping the ribbon, as
at Figure 9;
Figure 16 is a perspective view of a mould plate for holding curved centerings
in place during the process of covering them, as hereinafter described;
Figure 17 is a view partly perspective and partly in section showing method of
using the inner moulds or centerings in uniting lengths of pipes or in repairing
breaks in pipes;
Figure 18 is a plan view of one of the halves of an outer mould, used in com-
bination with the inner centering, shown at Figure 13, and showing the centering of
Figure 13, in section and also the hardened plastic material constituting the moulded
vessel also in section ;
Figure 19, is a smaller view of external mould and cross section of centering and
article thereby moulded;
Figure 20 illustrates the method of withdrawing the centering after the plastic
materials have set or hardened.
The spirally divisible centerings may be constructed of metal or of any other
material possessing the requisite strength, elasticity and rigidity.
In the construction of conduits or pipes out of concrete, galvanized iron ribbon
of thickness and width proportioned to the diameter of the pipe or drain to be
constructed is satisfactory.
Where the pipe to be moulded is straight the ribbon is preferably of uniform
width, but where curves are to be constructed in the pipe or other surface to he
moulded by the centering the width of the ribbon should be correspondingly varied.
For instance, where a plain curve is to be constructed in a pipe, such for instance
as shown in Figure 11, this invention extends to the preliminary shaping of the
ribbon, whereby its width is varied, as shown in Figure 9,
0, 5 s. By this
means as will be readily perceived, the ribbon when spirally wound will necessarily
produce a centering presenting the appearance of that shown in Figure 10 which
can afterwards be readily bent into the required curved shape illustrated by
Figure 11. Where on the other hand curves of the forms illustrated in Figure 13
are to be moulded, it is useful, as illustrated in that figure to construct the ribbon
of various widths, that is, in comparatively broad strips where the curves are full
and of long radius as at s, and of smaller width where the curves are sharper and
of smaller radius, as at o.
This invention also extends to the methods and means of shaping and securing
the ribbons or other materials constituting the centering into the required form and
arrangement. Where, for instance, the centering is to be used in moulding interior
surfaces of a straight pipe of round cross-section, wind the centering spirally
around a correspondingly shaped core, as shown, for instance, in Figures 3 and 4,
observing of course to bring the edges of the ribbon or other material constituting
the centering into close contact, or even into a slightly overlapping contact, as
shown in Figures 1 and 3. Should the conduit or pipe to be moulded present an
oval or other than a round cross-section, the cross-section of the core, upon which
the spiral is wound must be conformably constructed of corresponding shape.
Where on the other hand the spiral centering is to be used in the construction of

page_text: curved pipes or of hollow vessels or other articles of irregular shape the centering
is produced either by winding a straight core like D D in Figure 3 with a
preliminarily gored or shaped ribbon like o so Figure 9 whereby on the withdrawal
of the core will be produced a centering like that shown in Figure 10 which
can subsequently be bent into the shape illustrated by Figure 11 or without
preliminarily goring or altering the width of the ribbon a plain length is bent
like that shown at B B Figure 3 into the required shape as in Figure 15 whereby
on the outer surfaces of the curve interstices will be presented, and on the inner
surfaces, as at flaps. The irregular shaped centering produced as last described
is then covered with a coating of paper A or other retaining and protecting
material as will be hereafter described.
Where vessels of irregular shape are to be constructed such as shown in
Figure 13 the ribbon preliminarily cut as heretofore described is arranged in the
required form by spirally winding the ribbon in any convenient manner and uniting
the edges of the same by slight tacks rivets or other attachments as at w.
Other methods of producing the centering might be employed as for instance a
pipe or tube of the required diameter might be spirally cut entirely through or so
as to be readily divisible under traction into a spirally arranged ribbon but the
methods described are those preferred and which seem at present to be the most
economical and simplest.
Where the centering is to be used to mould an interior of irregular form as for
instance as shown in Figures 13 and 15 it is convenient in shaping the centering
to use a mould as a setting or holding frame for the spiral ribbon until it has
become fixed in arrangement either by the rivets or fastenings we shown in Figure 13
or by the paper or other retaining and projecting covering A shown in Figure 15.
Figure 16 illustrates one half of such a mould fitted for such use in constructing
an S" shaped length of said centering such as is shown in Figure 15.
"
In using the mould the ribbon having been previously spirally wound about a
core which has been removed is readily bent into the S shape and held within
the S shaped cavity M Figure 16 by being pressed therein. Thus a predetermined
shape is given with exactness to the centering and the paper or other retaining
and protecting covering A Figure 15 can then be readily glued or otherwise
secured to the spiral on one side thereof the complementary half of the mould
Figure 16 being then applied to the finished side of the centering the first half
Figure 16 can be removed and the unfinished longitudinal half of the "S" shaped
centering completed by similarly covering and attaching thereto paper or other
protecting and retaining material A. A similar retaining mould of a shape adapted
to such an arrangement of centering as is shown in Figure 13 can be similarly
employed in that case and generally such moulds can be used in the same way of
any required shape. Nicety of shape and adjustment in the centerings is not
always required especially in cases where articles are made merely hollow
without reference to another use of their interiors as for instance in hollow iron
columns and in such cases of course it will not be necessary to make use of the
external moulds or setting and holding frames which have been described.
The shape and size of the cross section of the ribbon or strip of material con-
stituting the centerings will of course vary according to requirements and will
depend upon the special use for which they are designed.
In ordinary cases as for instance in using the centerings to mould the interior of
pipes sewers or conduits constructed out of concrete a thin flat ribbon such as is
shown in Figure 20 B is amply sufficient to afford the required resistance.
Where the centerings are produced by winding a ribbon spirally about a core
the form of core which is illustrated in Figures 3 and 4 is preferred. This core is
preferably made in two longitudinal divisions or sections D D which are separated
by removable wedge pieces L L and are held together by the surrounding spirally
wound ribbon B B. These wedge picces L L on being removed after the spiral
winding is accomplished permit the two halves or longitudinal sections of the core

page_text: to collapse towards each other whereby their extraction from the spiral centering
is manifestly facilitated.
Where the centerings are to be used to mould materials so plastic as to flow
before setting it is preferable to cause the edges of the ribbons or strips of con-
stituting material to overlap each other slightly as shown by the dotted lines in
Figures 1 and 3 for instance but this is not always indispensable particularly in
those cases where the moulded materials are so rigid and cohesive as not to drop or
crowd through small crevices or other openings between the edges of the spirals.
After the winding has been accomplished and if the centerings are to be used for
the purpose of moulding the interior of straight pipes it is useful in some cases to
slightly solder or otherwise lightly to secure to each other the overlapping or
adjacent edges of the spirals sufficiently to prevent unwinding when the inner
core D D is withdrawn.
Again in some other cases besides curves as already described it is useful to
strengthen the spiral centerings by externally wrapping them with paper cloth or
other material tending to retain them in position to protect them and to cover over
interstices which may occur between the edges of the spirals. One useful manner
of applying such externally protecting and retaining wrapper is illustrated by A A
in Figures 3, 5 and 6 in which case the external wrapper A. A is itself a ribbon
wound upon the exterior of the centering in a spiral opposite to that in which is
wound the inner or stronger spiral B B but in many other cases this wrapper may
be applied in plain sheets as shown by A Figure 15.
It is also very useful in some cases to coat the exterior of the said centerings by
smearing them with clay or other suitable material designed to prevent adhesion to
the centering of the material to be moulded or shaped thereby and also to prevent
undue corrugation or indentation of the latter.
When it is desired to provide the conduit pipe or sewer with an inner lining
as for instance to provide a conduit for electrical conductors with a nonconducting
lining the centerings are covered externally with a covering or coating of the
material out of which the inner lining is to be constructed as for instance in the
case of the electrical conduit cited with asphaltum hard rubber or other suitable
nonconducting material. This inner lining while in a plastic condition may thus
be applied with great convenience to the exterior of the centerings and left to
dry or otherwise harden around the centering prior to use.
In such cases also it is useful, preliminarily to apply such non-conductor or
other lining to cover the external surface of the centerings with lime, plaster, or
other non-adhesive material, so as to prevent undue adhesion to the centering by
such non-conducting or other lining.
Perforations & Figures 1, 17, m m Figures 6, 9, 10 may be made through the
ends of the centerings by means of which connections cc Figure 1, CC Figure 17,
consisting of wire or other suitable material may be secured but of course such
mere connections with the centerings might be made in any other obvious way and
are sometimes not at all required as for instance in cases where the centering itself
is sufliciently long to extend throughout the entire length of the conduit or pipe
which it is used to shape as for instance as shown in Figure 20.
The centerings having thus been completed the mandrel or core D D may in
the case of a straight centering be withdrawn either immediately or as soon as the
centering has been surrounded by the plastic material to be moulded or shaped
thereby and before such plastic material has been left a sufficient length of time
to set.
On the 12th day of July 1887 Letters Patent of the United States No. 366457
dated on said last mentioned date were issued to Alexander Crawford Chenoweth
describing the use of cores for moulding the inner surfaces of conduits, and
describing the use of such cores enclosed in spirally wrapped casings, preferably
of rope or wire; but in that case the spirally wrapped casing was not intended nor
described for use as a centering, nor had it been discovered that without the

page_text: assistance of an inner core it could be used as a centering. Since the issue of said
Letters Patent the present invention has been made, it having been discovered that
centerings or cores of spirally arranged material as now described in this Specifi-
cation are, if constructed out of substances having sufficient rigidity, elasticity and
strength, perfectly qualified to perform new functions entirely different from the
merely anti-frictional ones subserved by the said spirally wrapped casings used
in combination with an inner core as described in said previous Letters Patent
and it has been discovered that the unassisted resistance of the subsequently
invented spiral centerings here described, against inward pressure or tendency to
collapse of the plastic materials to be shaped or moulded thereby is so effective
that the use of cores may be entirely dispensed with except for the purpose, if
desired, of constructing these spiral centerings as aforesaid, and, if required, of
thereafter keeping them in proper distended shape until in actual use surrounded
by the plastic materials.
By means of the present inventions it becomes, therefore, possible to manufacture
or mould continuous underground conduits upon the very locality on which they
are to be thereafter permanently used, and to do this continuously and without
delaying the progress of construction by the formerly indispensable delay necessitated
by being obliged to await the setting of limited lengths of the concrete prior to the
withdrawal of the solid core referred to in said Letters Patent.
The method of constructing underground conduits, pipes or sewers by the use
of the said centerings is as follows:-The centerings are produced in the manner
described and in entire finished lengths. A trench or excavation of the required
depth and width is then dug in the ground, and the bottom of said trench having
been suitably smoothed or graded, sufficient of the concrete or other plastic
material is placed in the bottom of the trench to constitute the bottom of the pipe
or conduit. This bottom layer or coat of plastic material may then be shaped
either by pressing into it the centering if the latter still contains the core D, D. or
is intrinsically sufficiently strong for the purpose, or if the centering is weak and
the core has been withdrawn, by pressing and moulding the concrete or other plastic
material at the bottom of the trench by impressing therein a template of shape and
diameter corresponding to the centering, after which the centering itself is laid in
the place of the template; but the plastic materials may be applied so as to closely
surround the centerings in any other convenient manner.
If a pipe or conduit of rectangular exterior is to be constructed, such as is shewn
in Figure 12, F, the external surfaces of the mould may be constructed by properly
shaping the sides of the trench so that the earth itself will constitute such external
retaining surfaces or an external retaining surface of wood or other cheap material,
of any desired shape, may be placed and retained in position in any convenient way,
and the earth filled in around the same. The centering being now in position upon
the bottom layer of concrete or plastic materials, and already indented therein, as
described, more concrete or plastic material should be deposited around the
centering until it has been completely covered to such a thickness as is desired, and
is sufficient to insure that the conduit or pipe shall have the strength required.
The trench may then immediately be refilled with earth and the surface of the
ground over it restored to its original condition.
The construction of a pipe, sewer or conduit within the ground and upon the
locality in which it is to be permanently used may thus be continuously carried on
without waiting for the concrete or other plastic materials to harden or set, and
thus producing a monolithic structure of any desired length. In thus proceeding
continuously it is, of course, necessary to unite to each other the lengths of spiral
centerings as the work proceeds. The spiral centerings are themselves competent
without the assistance of inner cores to sustain the plastic materials, together with
their covering of earth, in the required position for moulding the interior of the
pipes or conduits until the materials have set or hardened.
The union of the lengths of centering to each other may be effected in any con-
venient manner, as, for instance by a suitable rivet fastening together the connection

page_text: perforations m, m, Figure 6, which are there shewn in two lengths of centering and
as being brought into close proximity to be rivetted together. Should it be
preferred to retain the inner cores D, D, within the lengths of spiral centering until
after the concrete or plastic materials have been applied around the latter, it will,
of course, be necessary to withdraw the cores D, D, by releasing the wedges Lin
any convenient manner, and this withdrawal should be effected immediately after
the plastic materials have been applied and prior to the union of the length of
spiral centering containing the cores to the next adjacent length of centering to
be laid.
Where such connecting joints occur in the work it is useful in many cases to
cover the interstices at the joint in any convenient manner so as to render them
impervious to the materials out of which the body of the conduit is to be made
should the latter bé so soft as to flow.
In many cases it is also useful to carefully tamp the plastic materials so as to
insure their close embrace of the centerings on all sides.
Where the requirements of the ground are such that a curve or bend must be
constructed in the pipe this can readily be performed by the use of a section or
length of the centering preliminarily constructed in the manner already described,
so as to afford the proper shape or bend, such, for instance, as Figure 11. This
bent section is treated in the manner already described and substantially as a
straight section would be, being similarly united at its extremities to the adjoining
sections, though of course in such a case it will be impossible to retain the inner
core D, D, within the curved length of centering until the plastic materials have
been applied thereto, but in the application of the present inventions the retention
of such core D, D, until after the application of the plastic materia's is in no case
necessary, and is resorted to as a convenience merely, and because the presence
of the core within the centering, until the latter is protected by being buried
within the plastic materials and the trench, serves to keep the centering distended
until safely in final position, and thus protect it from distortion or indentation by
careless handling on the part of the workmen.
After the plastic materials have set, which in the case of concrete requires, as
is well known, two or three days, the centering can be readily withdrawn from the
interior of the sewer, duct or pipe throughout its entire extent, and throughout
all its bends, curves or other irregularities of configuration by merely pulling on
one end of the ribbon or centering, the nature of the spiral permitting not only of
its being elongated and diminished in diameter under traction, but also where the
materials constituting the spiral are comparatively weak, as in the case of galvanized
iron ribbon, permitting the ribbon to be withdrawn in such a manner that each
circle of spiral will be stripped away from the interior of the pipe or conduit
successively and with a movement toward the centre, whereby the tearing, cutting
or other disfiguring of the inner surfaces of the pipe or conduit is avoided, as is
partially shewn, for instance, in Figure 20, the hand of the operator being there
represented in the act of withdrawing the spiral centering from a finished and
hardened pipe-trap of concrete or other originally plastic material.
The withdrawal of the centering may be deferred to any convenient time. It
may be withdrawn immediately after the plastic materials have set or at any
subsequent convenient time.
The length of centering which may thus be elongated, diminished in diameter
and withdrawn under traction, will depend, other things being equal, upon the
strength of the ribbon, and may extend for many hundred feet, leaving behind a
monolithic section or length of pipe thereby moulded of similar extent and free
from joints.
It is undesirable to construct the centering out of wire, because the diameter of
the same being small great labour is involved in winding it spirally, and its elasticity
is such as to render it impossible to preserve in proper form, a centering constructed
therefrom, and besides well-nigh impossible to construct a spiral centering out of
wire which does not undesirably present interstices or openings between the spirals.

page_text: Substantially the only practicable form of material for constructing the centering
is a flat ribbon of varying width, as aforesaid.
When the centerings are to be used in positions in which it is required to bend,
them temporarily, as in the case of mending or making joints, illustrated in.
Figure 17, and hereinafter described, it is desirable to make the ribbon quite
narrow, because the narrower the ribbon the more readily bent or more flexible
will be the centering.
יד
י
In withdrawing the spiral centering where coated or covered with asphaltum or
other non-conducting material or lining, as already described, the latter is left
behind within the conduit, if desired, and thus becomes an interior lining for the
conduit, and in this way, if required, a continuous conduit may be constructed lined
with a continuous non-conductor of electricity or with any other lining possessing
desired qualities not found in the concrete or other plastic material out of which the
body of the conduit has been constructed.
In those cases in which the centerings have been spirally wrapped or otherwise
covered with paper or other materials for the purpose of protecting them,
strengthening thein, or adding to their imperviousness, as aforesaid, these materials
may either be left behind in the conduit, as in the case of the non-conducting lining
just described, or, if made to adhere to the centering they may be withdrawn
therewith, since the materials mentioned, if adhering to. the spiral ribbon will tear
readily, and, following the centering as the spirals separate, will elongate and part
contact with the inner surface of the conduit under traction while being withdrawn,
as aforesaid.
Another part of the invention relates to the mending of breaks in concrete or
other pipes or conduits already previously laid, as shown at the right hand. of
Figure 17, and also to the construction of joints between lengths of pipe or tubing,
as shewn on the left of said Figure 17.
The method in both cases is substantially identical. A connection C having
been introduced through the sewer, pipe or conduit from the nearest opening or
man-hole to the intentional opening or joint between pipes, or to an accidental break,
is made fast, in any convenient manner, as, for instance, as shewn in Figure 17, to
a length of the spiral centering, such as shewn in Figures 1 and 2, and a, Figure 17.
The spiral centering is flexible and can be readily bent or twisted so as to be
inserted at both ends within the continuations of the conduit on both sides of the
opening or break. Then, if preferred, another connection C can be made between
the free end of the spiral and the next opening in the pipe or duct, as shewn in
Figure 17, though the attachment of the connection at both ends is not necessary
except in cases where the spiral centering is constructed of very rigid materials.
The length of spiral centering being thus placed in position as shewn in
Figure 17, is carefully surrounded in the same manner, as aforesaid, with the
plastic materials or concrete F. After the latter have hardened or set, by pulling
on the connection C, the spirals will yield and elongate under traction and inay be.
readily withdrawn from the patched or jointed spot, leaving the pipe or conduit
clear and continuous throughout. By this means all danger of making obstructions
within the pipe or conduit, in either mending or jointing, is obviated, inasmuch as
the spiral centering, as shown in Figure 17, is made of the identical diameter
and shape of the conduit and the mending material is completely excluded from
the interior until it has completely hardened or set.
In Figure 17, B, B, represents lengths of conduit already laid in position;
a, u, lengths of spiral centering fixed in position, as aforesaid, the one to unite
the opposite edges at a break; g, represents the earth; h, paving stones in the
street surface above.
Any required number of conduits, pipes or sewers may be simultaneously and
continuously constructed, side by side, by the method and invention, as shewn in
Figures 7 and 8, where h, shews the surface of the street; f, concrete or other
plastic material A, A, the spiral centerings in position and
9: the surrounding
earth. Instead of being side by side the conduits might be superimposed.

page_text: Where it is desired to cast or mould traps or vessels of irregular form by the
use of centerings like those shewn in Figures 13 and 15, it is useful to support the
centering in any convenient manner centrally within an exterior mould, such, for
instance, as are shewn at Figures 18 and 19, where a plan view of the interior face
of one half of such mould is shewn, at N, and a sectional view of concrete or other
plastic material F, which has been run or forced between the said outer mould and
the inner mould constituted by the centering, in order to produce the required
form of vessel or article, and where B, represents the centering in section, coincident
with the section F, and there is shewn a perspective view of the inner concave
exposed by such bi-section.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of, our said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed we declare that what
we claim is :--
1. The art or method herein described of forming, shaping or moulding the
interiors or concave surfaces of conduits, pipes or castings, consisting in the
preparation of a centering of the required shape and size by spirally winding a
properly shaped core with the material out of which said centering is constructed,
withdrawing the core, then sustaining the centering in position without its core,
surrounding the centering with the material out of which the conduit is to be con-
structed while said material is in a plastic condition and after the latter has
hardened or set, finally withdrawing said centering substantially as described.
2. The method herein described of forming, shaping or casting the interiors or
concave surfaces of conduits, pipes or castings, consisting in the preparation of a
centering of the required shape and size by spirally winding a properly shaped core
with the material out of which said centering is constructed, sustaining the core
and centering in position, surrounding them with material out of which the conduit
is to be constructed while said material is in a plastic condition, and thereafter, and
before, said material has had time to set, withdrawing the core and finally, after
said material has set, withdrawing said centering, substantially as described.
3. The method herein described of forming, shaping or casting the interiors or
concave surfaces of articles, consisting in sustaining in the required position a
centering of spirally arranged material, surrounding said centering with the other
material out of which the conduit is to be constructed while said latter material is
in a plastic condition, sustaining said plastic material in the required position while
hardening or setting by leaving said centering within the same, and finally and after
said plastic materials have hardened, withdrawing said centering-substantially as
described.
4. The art or method herein described of forming, shaping or casting the interiors
or concave surfaces of conduits, pipes or other castings, consisting in the preparation
of a centering of the required shape and size by spirally winding a properly shaped
core with the material out of which said centering is constructed, winding in a
reverse spiral about said core and centering a strip of retaining material, supporting
said centering so wound in the desired position, surrounding same with the material
designed for the conduit in a plastic condition and after the latter has hardened or
set withdrawing the centering substantially as described.
5. The art or method described of forming shaping or casting the interiors or
concave surfaces of conduits, pipes or other castings, consisting in the preparation
of a centering of the required shape and size by spirally winding a properly shaped
core with the material out of which said centering is constructed, then covering
said centering with a casing of non-conducting, impervious or other material, then
withdrawing the core, then supporting said centering without core and so covered
in the desired position, surrounding the same with the materials designed to
constitute the body of the conduit while the latter are in a plastic condition and
after said materials have set or become hard withdrawing said centering without
said non-conducting covering thus leaving the latter in place as an inner lining, all
substantially as described.

page_text: 6. The art or method described of forming, shaping or casting the interiors or
concave surfaces of conduits, pipes or other castings consisting in the preparation
of a centering of the required shape and size by spirally winding a properly shaped
core with the material out of which said centering is constructed, then covering
said centering with a casing of non-conducting, impervious or other material, then
supporting said centering and core so covered in the desired position and surrounding
the same with the materials designed to constitute the body of the conduit while
the latter are in a plastic condition and thereafter and before said plastic materials
have had sufficient length of time to set, withdrawing said core, and after said
plastic materials have set or become hard finally withdrawing said centering
without said non-conducting covering, thus leaving the latter behind in place as an
interior lining, all substantially as described.
7. A centering for use in forming shaping or casting the interiors or concave
surfaces of conduits, pipes or other castings consisting of a spirally wound strip or
ribbon having one or more connections reaching through the conduit, pipe, or casting
so as to admit of said centerings becoming elongated and diminished in diameter
when pulled out through such conduit, pipe or casting by means of such connection
or connections, substantially as described.
8. The art or method described of constructing conduits, pipes or castings and
at the same time providing them with non-conducting or other linings, consisting in
surrounding a properly prepared spiral centering with such lining, supporting the
same in the required position, then surrounding the same with plastic material
forming body of conduit, and after latter has hardened, withdrawing the spiral
centering leaving the non-conducting or other lining in place, substantially as
described.
9. The art or method herein described of forming, casting or shaping the interiors
or concave surfaces of conduits, pipes or castings, consisting in sustaining in the
required position a coreless-spiral or spirally divisible centering, surrounding said
centering with material out of which said conduits, pipes or castings are to be
constructed while said material is in a plastic condition and after latter has hardened
or set finally withdrawing said centering, substantially as described.
10. The art or method herein described of forming shaping or casting the interiors
or concave surfaces of conduits, pipes or castings, consisting in the preparation of a
spirally divisible centering of the required shape and size, wrapping said centering
with retaining or protecting material or both, supporting the said centering so wrapped
in the desired position, surrounding same with the plastic material designed to
constitute the body of said conduit, pipe or casting, and after such plastic material
has set or been permanently shaped by the centering, withdrawing latter, substan-
tially as described.
11. A centering composed of a spirally wound or otherwise arranged ribbon or
strip of material, of varying width, whereby the shape of the centering thereby
constituted, when same is spirally wound, as hereinbefore described, may be curved
or otherwise varied, substantially as described.
12. A curved centering or interior support for moulding the inner surfaces of
plastic materials, which said curved centering is composed of spirally arranged
material of varying width, substantially as described.
13. A centering composed of spirally divisible material in combination with an
outer protecting and retaining wrapper A, spirally wound at a different angle
substantially as described.
14. A centering composed of spirally divisible material in combination with a
retaining and protecting covering, such as A, substantially as described.
15. For use in moulding or shaping the interior surfaces of pipes, conduits,
vessels, etc., an inner mould or centering of the required shape, consisting of spirally
arranged and spirally divisible material, such as metal ribbon, for instance, having
one or two connections with the exterior, and spirally separable and divisible under
traction, whereby the said inner mould or centering can be collapsed and readily
withdrawn, substantially as and for the purpose described.
R

page_text: 16. A centering or inner mould for shaping the interior surfaces of both straight
sections and curves in pipes or conduits, consisting of a spirally wound ribbon or
strip of material bent into the required curve and held in ce and protected by
retaining covering adhering to the said strip of material, whereby said retaining
covering is spirally divided on said spiral centering being withdrawn from the pipe
or conduit after the plastic materials constituting the same have hardened or set,
substantially as described.
17: As an inner mould or centering for vessels or any chamber or cavity of
curved or
irregular form, a core of the required shape constructed out of materials
which are spirally divisible into a ribbon, whose width is no greater than the
diameter of the orifice leading into said vessel or chamber, whereby after the
interior of such chamber or vessel has been moulded the said
ntering or inner
mould may be readily separated and withdrawn, substantiall described.
18. The combination of outer mould N, with correspo. lingly formed inner
spirally divisible mould B3, substantially as described.
a
19. For shaping and retaining curved or otherwise irregularly shaped spiral
centerings during construction thereof; the concave half mould N, containing
concave depression M, of the shape which it is intended such centerings shall take,
substantially as described.
20. For the purpose of uniting or joining lengths of piping, or tubing, and for
the purpose of mending breaks in pipes or tubings already laid, the combination of
lengths of spirally divisible centering a with a connection or connections C, leading
to the nearest place of access to the interior of the conduit, substantially as
described.
21. The combination with the spirally wound ribbon B, B of the longitudinal
core centerings D, D, and wedges L, substantially as described.
22. The within described method of making joints, mending breaks, or uniting
the opposite ends of pipes, sewers or other conduits, which consists in preparing a
centering of spirally divisible material of the required shape and diameter, con-
necting both or either one of the ends of said centering with a rope or other
connection extending through the pipe, sewer or conduit to the nearest adjacent
opening or man-hole; next inserting both ends of said length of centering into the
pipe, sewer or conduit to be united or mended so that the centering will extend
across the open space to be mended or jointed; next surrounding said length of
centering with plastic materials so as to completely cover the same on all sides and
so that said plastic materials will unite the continuation of the pipe sewer or conduit
extending on each side of the break or joint, and after said plastic materials have
set or hardened, finally withdrawing the said length of centering by traction on the
said connections or either of them, substantially as described.
Datod this 30th day of June 1801
CARPMAEL & Co.,
Agents for the Applicants.