IMPROVE. MENTS IN STEAM ENGINES AND STEAM BOILERS
Year: 1868

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Whittle, of Harborne, in the County
of Stafford, Mechanical Engineer, for the Invention of "IMPROVE.
MENTS IN STEAM ENGINES AND STEAM BOILERS."
Sealed the 21st August 1868, and dated the 3rd March 1868.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William. Whittle at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 3rd March 1868.
I, WILLIAM WHITTLE, of Harborne, in the County of Stafford,
Mechanical Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM ENGINES AND STEAM BOILERS," to be
as follows:-
My Invention consists, firstly, in the following improvements in
steam engines. In connection with the working cylinder of the
engine I employ a receiver which is put in communication with the
said cylinder after the piston has completed its stroke, the steam
from the cylinder dividing itself between the said cylinder and the
receiver. The communication between the cylinder and receiver
being cut off, the said cylinder is put in communication with the con-
[Price 8d.]

page_text: denser; a vacuum is thus produced in the cylinder on one side of the
piston, and the steam contained in the receiver being admitted on the
other side of the piston, the said piston is urged forward by the said steam.
Instead of employing the steam collected in the said receiver to actuate
the piston in the manner described, the said steam may be employed to
actuate a second and larger piston in a second and larger cylinder.
this case the steam may be employed to actuate the second piston in both
directions, and the steam may be employed in the first cylinder in the
ordinary way.
In
My Invention consists, secondly, of the following improvements in
single-acting steam engines. Instead of employing only one cylinder I
employ two cylinders arranged side by side, or one concentrically within
the other. Both cylinders have pistons, the rods of which are attached to
the crosshead of the working beam. One of these cylinders is used as a
steam cylinder and the other has an atmospheric cylinder, being open at
top or communicating with the atmosphere. The valves are similar to
those in the ordinary single-acting engine.
The action of the engine is as follows:-The pistons being at the
top of the cylinders and a vacuum beneath each of them, steam is
admitted to the upper side of the steam cylinder piston, atmospheric
pressure at the same time acting on the piston of the atmospheric
cylinder. The two pistons having arrived at the bottom of the
cylinders communication with the boiler is cut off and a communi-
cation is opened between the upper and lower sides of the steam
cylinder piston, steam also entering underneath the piston of the
atmospheric cylinder. An equilibrium being thus established in the
two cylinders, the counterweight of the beam raises the pistons to
the ends of their cylinders, in which position the steam from the
under side of both pistons is discharged into the condenser and a
vacuum produced in both cylinders. The pistons now make their
down stroke in the manner before explained. When the steam
cylinder is surrounded by the atmospheric cylinder I cover both
cylinders and convey hot air to the atmospheric cylinder instead of
using cold atmospheric air; the wasteful condensation of steam is
thereby prevented. Two atmospheric cylinders may be employed instead
of one.
My Invention consists, thirdly, of the following improvements in
condensers for steam engines. This part of my Invention consists

page_text: in the combination of the ordinary surface and injection condensers,
and is especially applicable to marine steam engines. I cause the
steam to be condensed to pass to a closed vessel, from the under side
of which a series of metallic tubes descend in a zig-zag form and
terminate in a second closed vessel. Into the latter closed vessel an
injection pipe is introduced for the conveyance of injection water,
the latter vessel is also connected with the air pump. The said
vessels and pipes are enclosed in a cistern having communication with
the sea (or in case of land engines with a cooling pond or river)
for the free admission of cold water. As the steam passes through
the said tubes it is in great part condensed, the condensation being
completed by the injection of cold water into the lower vessel. The
quantity of cold water required for the injection is very small, and
it can be cooled again for use. The feed water for the boiler is
taken from the hot water well, into which the condensed water is
thrown before cooling. The water for surface condensation may be
kept cool by being made to circulate in contact with the sides of
the ship when the ship is made of iron.
My Invention consists, fourthly, of the following improvements in
steam boilers. I construct an inner casing or lining to the boiler
extending from nearly the bottom to the top of the boiler and
parallel to the sides of the boiler, a sufficient space being left
between the sides of the boiler and the lining for the free circulation
of the water. The said lining is made in two parts which nearly
meet along the bottom of the boiler. The lower ends of the two
portions of the lining are turned up 80 as to form two troughs
running longitudinally near the bottom of the boiler. The heat
applied to the exterior of the boiler causes the water to circulate
rapidly between the sides of the boiler and the lining, the water
entering the space between the lining and the sides of the boiler at
the division between the two troughs described, and passing out at
the tops of the lining. By this arrangement the sediment formed by the
evaporation of the water is collected in the said troughs, and consequently
is kept from contact with the bottom and sides of the boiler. When the
boiler is provided with an internal flue or flues a lining similar to that
already described, but without the troughs, may be employed around the
said flue or flues.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said William Whittle in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 29th August 1868.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
WHITTLE, of Harborne, in the County of Stafford, Mechanical Engineer,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Third day of March in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight, in the thirty-
first year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said William Whittle, Her special licence
that I, the said William Whittle, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, or such others as I, the said William Whittle, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term
therein expressed should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN STEAM ENGINES AND STEAM BOILERS," upon the condition (amongst
others) that I, the said William Whittle, my executors or adminis-
trators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or
their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to
be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of
the said Letters Patent.
one of
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said William Whittle, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement thereof, that is to say :-
My Invention consists, firstly, in the following improvements in steam
engines. In connection with the working cylinder of the engine I
employ a receiver which is put in communication with the said cylinder
after the piston has completed its stroke, the steam from the cylinder
dividing itself between the said cylinder and the receiver. The
communication between the cylinder and receiver being cut off the said
cylinder is put in communication with the condenser. A vacuum is

page_text: thus produced in the cylinder on one side of the piston, and the steam
contained in the receiver being admitted on the other side of the piston,
the said piston is urged forward by the said steam. Instead of
employing the steam collected in the said receiver te actuate the piston
in the manner described, the said steam may be employed to actuate
a second and larger cylinder. In this case the steam may be employed
to actuate the second piston in both directions and the steam may be
employed in the first cylinder in the ordinary way.
My Invention consists, secondly, of the following improvements in
single-acting steam engines. Instead of employing only one cylinder
I employ two cylinders arranged side by side, or one concentrically
within the other. Both cylinders have pistons the rods of which are
attached to the crosshead of the working beam. One of these cylinders
is used as a steam cylinder and the other has an atmospheric cylinder,
being open at top or communicating with the atmosphere. The valves
are similar to those in the ordinary single-acting engine.
The action of the engine is as follows:-The pistons being at the
top of the cylinders and a vacuum beneath each of them, steam is
admitted to the upper side of the steam cylinder piston, atmospheric
pressure at the same time acting on the piston of the atmospheric
cylinder. The two pistons having arrived at the bottom of the cylinders,
communication with the boiler is cut off and a communication is opened
between the upper and lower sides of the steam cylinder piston, steam
also entering underneath the piston to the atmospheric cylinder. An
equilibrium being thus established in the two cylinders, the counter-
weight of the beam raises the pistons to the ends of the cylinders, in
which position the steam from the under side of both pistons is discharged
into the condenser and a vacuum produced in both cylinders. The
pistons now make their down stroke in the manner before explained.
When the steam cylinder is surrounded by the atmospheric cylinder
I cover both cylinders and convey hot air to the atmospheric
cylinder instead of using cold atmospheric air; the wasteful con-
densation of steam is thereby prevented. Two atmospheric cylinders
may be employed instead of one.
My Invention consists, thirdly, of the following improvements in
condensers for steam engines. This part of my Invention consists in
the combination of the ordinary surface and injection condensers and is
especially applicable to marine steam engines, I cause the steam to be

page_text: As the
condensed to pass to a closed vessel, from the under side of which a series
of metallic tubes descend in a zig-zag form, and terminate in a second
closed vessel. Into the latter closed vessel an injection pipe is introduced
for the conveyance of the injection water, the latter vessel is also connected
with the air pump. The said vessels and pipes are enclosed in a cistern
having communication with the sea (or in case of land engines with a
cooling pond or river) for the free admission of cold water.
steam passes through the said tubes it is in great part condensed, the
condensation being completed by the injection of cold water into the
lower vessel. The quantity of cold water required for the injection is
very small and it can be cooled again for use. The feed water for the
boiler is taken from the hot water well into which the condensed water
is thrown before cooling. The water for injection condensation may be
kept cool by being made to circulate in contact with the sides of the ship
when the ship is made of iron.
My Invention consists, fourthly, of the following improvements in steam
boilers. I construct an inner casing or lining to the boiler extending
from nearly the bottom to the top of the boiler and parallel to the sides
of the boiler, a sufficient space being left between the sides of the boiler
and the lining for the free circulation of the water. The said lining is
made in two parts which nearly meet along the bottom of the boiler. The
lower ends of the two portions of the lining are turned up so as to form
two troughs running longitudinally near the bottom of the boiler. The
heat applied to the exterior of the boiler causes the water to circulate
rapidly between the sides of the boiler and the lining, the water enter-
ing the space between the lining and the sides of the boiler at the
division between the two troughs described and passing out at the tops
of the lining. By this arrangement the sediment formed by the
evaporation of the water is collected in the said troughs and consequently
is kept from contact with the bottom and sides of the boiler. When
the boiler is provided with an internal flue or flues a lining similar to
that already described, but without the troughs, may be employed around
the said flue or flues.
Having explained the nature of my Invention, I will proceed to describe,
with reference to the accompanying Drawings, the manner in which the
same is to be performed.
Figure 1 represents in longitudinal section, and Figure 2 in front
elevation, a double cylinder engine constructed according to one of the

page_text: arrangements of my Invention. In this arrangement two cylinders are
connected together at their bases, each cylinder being fitted with a
separate piston. This arrangement produces an equal power in both
directions of the stroke of the engine when steam from the boiler is
used to propel the piston in one direction, and steam from the receiver
is used to propel the piston in the opposite direction. 1, 14, and 2, 2*,
are the two cylinders, and h, g, are the pistons working therein; e is
the receiver; b, b¹ are steam chests in connection with the boiler; and
1, v, are valve chests in connection with the receiver e.
The manner
in which the rods h2, 92, of the pistons h, g, are connected together will
be readily understood by an examination of Figure 2.
The action of the engine is as follows:-Steam from the boiler being
admitted into the valve chests b, 61, by the T shaped pipe a, enters by
the steam port q to the part 1 of the cylinder, the part 1 of the said
cylinder being at the same time put in communication with the
condenser of the engine by the slide valve c covering the upper steam
port u and the eduction port i. A vacuum is thereby formed in the part 1
of the cylinder. The piston his now ready to make its advance stroke,
the slide valve j in the valve chest having covered the ports k and p,
thus cutting off all communication between the cylinder 1, 1, and the
receiver e. The steam from the boiler is admitted alternately to the
cylinders 1, 1, and 2, 2*, through the steam ports q and o, each piston
being worked in its advance motion by the steam from the boiler, and
in its retiring motion by steam from the receiver e.
When the piston g
in the cylinder 2, 2", has nearly reached the termination of its advance
stroke, the slide valve m is brought into the position represented in
the Drawing, and the said valve cuts off communication between the
cylinder 2, 2*, and the boiler, while at the same time the slide valve s
opens a communication between the part 2 of the cylinder and the
receiver e through the steam port d, and the T shaped
pipe ",
thus exhausting the steam from the cylinder 2 into the receiver
until an equilibrium is established between the said cylinder and
receiver. The slide valve s is now moved and made to close the port d
and open the port when the steam from the receiver e will be
admitted through the port f to the part 2 of the cylinder, the slide
valve m will at the same time be moved so as to put the part 2 of
the cylinder in communication with the condenser by connecting the
ports o and n and at the same time closing the port t, the ends of the
valves m, c, being of a sufficient length for that purpose, the ports

page_text: t and u never being opened to the boiler, their function being to
establish and cut off communication between the condenser by the
exhaust ports n and i; the reverse action takes place on the return
stroke. The valves c and m are arranged to work expansively, or cut
off the steam at any part of the stroke of the pistons, while at the same
time the exhaust is kept open to the end of the stroke. In practice the
valves j and 8 are made hollow on the under side, or of a figure similar
to the steam valves c and m, and communicate with the receiver e in
the same manner as the valves c and m communicate with the condenser,
that is, by a central port. The said valves j and s are kept to their
work when so constructed by making a small tube open into the
steam pipe of the boiler and communicate with the steam chests / aud v,
thus keeping a constant pressure on the valves, and thereby causing
them to work in close contact with the valve faces. The valves of the
engine are worked in the ordinary manner. Instead of employing two
cylinders arranged base to base as represented, two cylinders may be
arranged side by side.
Figure 3 represents partly in vertical section and partly in elevation,
and Figure 4 in plan, another steam engine constructed according to my
Invention.
a is a high-pressure steam chest in which the slide valve c works for
opening and closing the communication between the boiler and the high-
pressure cylinder h by the port d, and also between the said cylinder h
and the receiver g by the port e, and passages f, f, (see Figure 4). i is a
steam pipe leading from the receiver g to the valve chest j of the low-
pressure or condensing cylinder m, m; k is the slide valve for alternately
opening a communication between the receiver g and the cylinder m, m
by the ports n and I, and also with the condenser by the central port o,
and pipe p; q is the piston of the condensing cylinder, and r is the
piston of the high-pressure cylinder h; s is the crosshead for connecting
the pistons and q together by the rods u, u, and t. It will be seen
by an examination of the Drawing that the high-pressure cylinder h
is represented as a single-acting cylinder, that is, steam from the boiler
is admitted on one side only of the piston r, but the said cylinder may
be arranged to work as a double action cylinder by admitting steam
from the boiler alternately on both sides of the piston, and exhausting
alternately the steam from the opposite sides of the piston into the
receiver g.

page_text: being brought into the position
the small cylinder h to enter the
passages f.f, where it is expanded
The action of the engine is as follows :_Steam of a very high pressure
being admitted into the cylinder h forces the piston to the end of the
up stroke, and the slide valve
represented allows the steam from
receiver g by the ports d and e, and
to a low pressure. The steam in the receiver g is conveyed by the
pipe i at a low pressure into the valve chest j, and the slide valve k
being in the position represented it admits the said steam into the large
or condensing cylinder m above the piston q, q. At the same time the
steam from the under side of the said piston is admitted into the
condenser by the ports n, o, and pipe p, thus producing a vacuum on
the under side of the piston q, q, and thereby causing the said piston
to be forced to the bottom of its cylinder. It will be seen that the
cylinder h is open at the upper end and has free communication with
the cylinder m above the piston r, and the lower part of the cylinder h
is also in communication with the receiver g, and that the piston r will
descend in the cylinder h in a state of equilibrium, although it may be
so arranged that the lower part of the cylinder h may communicate with
the condenser and thus have a vacuum on the under side of the piston,
but when I use steam of a very high pressure and employ cylinders of
very dissimilar proportions, I prefer to keep the exhaust side of the
small cylinder in communication with the receiver g to the end of the
stroke of its piston. When the pistons r and q have arrived at
the bottom end of their respective cylinders the slide valves c and k
are simultaneously moved to positions the reverse of those which they
occupy in the Drawing. The valve c will thereby open a communication
between the cylinder and the boiler by the port d, and also cut off
communication between the said cylinder and the receiver 9, at the
same time the valve k will open a communication between the receiver g
and the under side of the piston q in the cylinder m, and also between
the upper side of the said piston and the condenser by covering the
ports and o, thus forming a vacuum on the upper sides of both pistons
in consequence of the free communication between the upper ends of
the two cylinders. The valves having assumed the positions described
the pistons will again be driven to the upper ends of their cylinders
when the valve c will again admit the steam from the cylinder h to
the receiver gas before explained, and the valve will again open a
communication with the receiver to the upper end of the cylinder m,
and also with the lower part of the said cylinder m to the condenser.

page_text: By this arrangement steam of a very high pressure may be used in the
small cylinder during the whole length of the stroke of its piston, and by
expanding the steam in the receiver before it enters the large cylinder
a much steadier power can be obtained during the whole length of the
stroke than would be the case if the steam were expanded at once from the
small cylinder to the large one. No expansion valves are required in this
arrangement although steam is admitted to the engine of a very high
pressure and leaves it at a very low pressure.
Figure 5 represents in longitudinal section, and Figure 6 in plan, a
single-action steam engine constructed according to my Invention. In
this arrangement I employ a compound steam and atmospheric cylinder.
a is the steam cylinder placed within and concentric with the
atmospheric cylinder b; c is the steam piston, and d the atmospheric
piston. The two pistons c, d, are connected together by the piston
rods o, p, p, by means of the crosshead n; e, e. is a steam passage
communicating with the under sides of the pistons c, d, by the valve i,
and side pipe k, k; g is the exhaust pipe leading to the condenser; h is
a valve for opening a communication between the under sides of the
pistons c, d, and the condenser ; is a valve for admitting steam from the
boiler to the upper side of the piston c by the pipes k; 1, 1, is a steam
pipe leading to the valve chest q.
The action of the engine is as follows:-The valve i being closed, and
the valve being raised, a communication is opened from the boiler to
the upper side of the piston c, the said piston being forced by the
pressure of the steam to the lower end of the cylinder a, the piston d
moving with it to the bottom of its cylinder. The valve; being now
closed and the valve i being raised as represented in the Drawing, a
communication will be established between the upper side of the piston c
and the under sides of the pistons c and d, by the passages k, e, and f
as indicated by the arrows. An equilibrium being established in the
two cylinders the two pistons c, d, will now ascend by the action of
the counterweight of the beam of the engine. When the pistons c, d,
have attained the end of their up stroke the valve i is closed and the
valves h and are simultaneously opened; a vacuum is thereby formed
on the under sides of both pistons c, d, and steam from the boiler is
admitted at the same time to the upper side of the piston c. By the
steam pressure on the upper side of the piston c and the atmospheric
pressure on the upper side of the piston d the said pistons are driven

page_text: to the lower ends of their cylinders when the action herein-before
described will again take place. By this arrangement the steam from
the upper side of the piston c is employed to produce a vacuum in the
cylinder 6 as well as in the cylinder a, and thus adds to the power of
the engine by using the atmosphere to press down the piston d after the
vacuum has been formed, and without in any way affecting or altering
the conditions of the cylinder a as ordinarily used in the present system
of working. The atmospheric cylinder 6 may be covered at top and
air in a heated state may be admitted through the pipe m to force down
the piston d.
Figure 7 represents partly in elevation and partly in vertical section
a modification of the last described engine, the said modification
consisting in arranging an ordinary single-acting steam cylinder with
an atmospheric cylinder placed on each side thereof.
It will be seen
by referring to the Drawing that no alteration is required in adapting
this arrangement further than making a free communication between
the lower ends of all three cylinders by the steam passages c and d.
When steam from the upper side of the piston in the cylinder a is
admitted to the under side as in the ordinary working to produce an
equilibrium between the two sides of the piston, a portion of the said
steam also enters the two atmospheric cylinders 6 and 62 by the passages
c and d, and produces an equilibrium between the under sides of the
pistons of the said atmospheric cylinders and the atmosphere. When
the steam thus passed into the three cylinders is conveyed by the
pipe g into the condenser, a vacuum is formed under all three pistons
at the same time, and thus a far greater power may be obtained from
a given quantity of steam than would be the case if used with the
steam cylinder only as ordinarily employed. The arrangements of the
valves in the engine, Figure 7, are the same as those described with
reference to Figure 5, and are similar to the general arrangements of
the valves in the single-acting engine. The pipe t, t, and circular
ports t, t2, in the atmospheric cylinders, Figure 7, are for the purpose
of admitting heated air into the said cylinders if found desirable to do
So. The pipe
is for conveying steam from the boiler to the valve
chest q
The small pipe u is for supplying water to the upper sides
of the pistons in the atmospheric cylinders for the purpose of preventing
the leakage of air through the pistons and from thence into the
condenser. The pipes v, v, are for carrying away the excess of water
that may accumulate on the surfaces of the said pistons.

page_text: or
Figures 8 and 9 represent longitudinal and transverse sections
respectively of a combined surface and injection condenser for a marine
steam engine constructed according to my Invention, the said condenser
being represented in conjunction with the circulating tanks
refrigerators used for cooling the water after being employed for
injection in the condenser, which tanks are also used for carrying a
sufficient quantity of fresh water for supplying the boilers during a
long voyage, and thereby preventing the injury to the boilers which
arises from the use of sea water. The steam to be condensed leaves
the engine by the pipe 6 and enters the closed cylindrical vessel a.
It then passes down the zig-zag tubes c, c, into the lower cylindrical
vessel d in which is placed the injection pipe e, e.
The cylindrical
vessel a, pipes c, c, and the cylindrical vessel d are fixed in the tank n
through which cold water is allowed to circulate by the pipes x, y,
represented in the Drawing. By the passage of the steam through the
tubes c, c, a considerable portion of it is condensed, the remaining
portion after entering the lower vessel d becoming condensed by the
water flowing from the injection pipe e, e. The injection water
together with the water from the condensed steam and gases are
drawn from the vessel d by the air pump g through the pipe f, and
pass along the pipe h into the cooling or circulating tanks i, i, placed
between the ribs of the ship and in immediate contact with the plates
forming the sides thereof.
The heated water thus circulates in contact
with the plates forming the sides of the ship and through the series
of tanks i, i, each tank being connected to the next one by an opening
formed in the bottom end. When the water has passed through the
series of tanks i, i, it is conveyed by the pipe o to a second series
of cooling tanks j placed on the opposite side of the ship and arranged
in the same manner as the tanks i, i. The water having passed through
The water
the second series of tanks j, is allowed to enter the lower series of
tanks k, k, k, and is thus again circulated and kept in contact with
the plates forming the bottom part of the ship until it reaches the
pipe when it is again admitted into the condenser through the stop-
cock m cold enough to be again used for condensation.
for supplying the boilers is taken from the hot well before the water
enters the cooling tanks. By the arrangement described of the tanks
a sufficient quantity of fresh water may be carried in them to supply
the boilers against all leakages arising from blow off at safety valve,
faulty joints, and other causes, while the quantity of injection water

page_text: necessary to condense the uncondensed steam entering the vessel d
being much less than that required to condense the whole of the steam
when not used in conjunction with the surface condensing principle,
the said water will require less cooling down to a temperature suited
for condensation, the cold sea on the outside of the ship's plates
abstracting the heat from the water whilst the latter is circulating
through the cooling tanks. Fixed on the top of the tanks i, i, are
pipes q, q, for the escape of the gases pumped in from the condenser and
also for filling the tanks with fresh water before starting on a voyage.
Figures 10 and 11 represent longitudinal and transverse sections
respectively of a steam boiler containing my improvements. a, a, are
the plates forming the body of the boiler; b, b, is the inner casing or
lining formed of two pieces or plates. The lower edges of the lining
plates b, b, are turned up and constitute troughs or pockets for the
reception of the mud and other deposits. d is the flue passing through
the boiler, which flue is also surrounded by a casing or lining e forming
a circulating space i, i, between the said flue and casing. h, h, is the
circulating space between the inside of the boiler and casing b. When
heat is applied to the outside of the boiler a the water in the space h, h,
is first heated and commences to ascend in the space h, and as the
heat increases a rapid circulation of water and steam takes place up
the heated sides of the boiler. When the water and steam reaches
the upper edge or lip of the casing b at f, f. (which extends a little
above the water level) the steam is separated from the water, which
steam occupies the upper part of the boiler, but the water boiling over
the edge of the lining, or casing 6 into the central part of the boiler
descends through the lower opening at c, c, into the circulating space j
and h, h, thus maintaining a continuous circulation so long as heat is
applied. The mud carried over settles in the pockets or troughs at
the bottom of the lining, as shown in the Drawing, where it is retained,
thus preventing the formation of deposit on the plates of the boiler.
By this arrangement the boiler is kept clean and free from incrustation.
When flues are used in the boiler, as represented in the Drawing, the
said flues are surrounded by a casing or lining e, e, the circulation
taking place up the spaces i, i, the hot water and steam being delivered at
the opening g, as shown in the Drawing.
Figure 12 represents the application of my Invention to a marine
steam boiler, where 6 are the linings or diaphragms between the series

page_text: of flues c of the boiler. By the use of these linings or diaphragms b
a steady circulation of the water in the boiler is set up, and the mud and
deposit are in consequence made to accumulate at the bottom of the
boiler.
Having now described the nature of my Invention, and the manner
in which the same is to be performed, I wish it to be understood that
I do not limit myself to the precise details herein described and
illustrated, as the same may be varied without departing from the nature
of my Invention; but I claim as my Invention,-
Firstly. The improvements in steam engines herein-before described
and illustrated in Figures 1 and 2 of the accompanying Drawings,
that is to say, the combination with a steam cylinder or steam cylinders
of a receiver, the said cylinder or cylinders and receiver and parts con-
nected therewith being arranged and operating substantially as described
and illustrated.
Secondly. The improvements in steam engines herein-before described
and illustrated in Figures 3 and 4 of the accompanying Drawings, that
is to say, the arrangement or combination of a high and low pressure
steam cylinder and the combination with them of a receiver, the said
parts being constructed and operating substantially as herein-before
described and illustrated.
Thirdly. The improvements in steam engines herein-before described
and illustrated in Figures 5, 6, and 7 of the accompanying Drawings,
that is to say, the combination of a steam and atmospheric cylinder or
atmospheric cylinders and parts connected therewith, constructed and
operating substantially as described and illustrated.
Fourthly. The improvements in condensers for steam engines herein-
before described and illustrated in Figures 8 and 9 of the accompanying
Drawings, that is to say, the combination substantially in the manner
described and illustrated of surface and injection condensers whereby a
less quantity of injection water is required for condensation than usual.
Also, the arrangement of tanks for storing fresh water and cooling the
injection water, substantially as described and illustrated.
Lastly. The improvements in steam boilers herein-before described
and illustrated in Figures 10, 11, and 12 of the accompanying Drawings,
that is to say, the adaptation to steam boilers of an inner casing or lining
or inner casings or linings for the purpose of obtaining a circulation

page_text: of the water in the boiler, and for collecting the mud or deposit formed
by the evaporation of the water in the boiler, substantially as described
and illustrated.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Whittle, have hereunto.
set my hand and seal, this Twenty-seventh day of August,
in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-
eight.
0
Witness,
RICHARD SKERRETT,
Clerk to George Shaw,
Birmingham.
WILLIAM WHITTLE. (L.B.)