Improvements in Mills or Machinery for Crushing or Grinding Quartz and other Materials.
Year: 1892

page_text: Date of Application, 4th Nov., 1892
Complete Specification Left, 4th Aug., 1893-Accepted, 9th Sept., 1893
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Mills or Machinery for Crushing or Grinding
Quartz and other Materials.
I GEORGES ANTOINE MARIE ARNAUD of 21 Boulevard Poissonniere Paris in
the Republic of France Mining Engineer do hereby declare the nature of this
inrention to be as follows:-
The improvements forming the object of the present invention enable the weight
of the crushing devices or runners to be utilised in an advantageous manner and at
the same time the centrifugal force which is usually wasted is by means of this
invention caused to add materially to the useful effect of the machine.
With this object, a mill constructed according to my invention is provided with
a combination of crushing rollers cylinders or runners rotating upon inclined axes
and gyrating around a central vertical shaft upon an annular track or bed arranged
at an angle corresponding to the angle of inclination of the axes of the runners as
hereinafter described.
The central vertical shaft is driven preferably by bevel gear placed underneath
the mill and transmit motion to the gang of crushing cylinders rollers, or runners
by means of a driver or frame provided with a corresponding number of forked
arms.
The axle or shaft of each runner is inclined upwards from the vertical axis
preferably at an angle of 30 degrees with a horizontal line and is supported in a
long bearing pivotted upon journals or trunnions so as to enable the angle or
inclination of the shaft to change during the working of the runners and enable the
latter to rise and ride over any obstacles that may be met with and at the same
time propelling them in their movement over the annular steel bed or die. The
said journals work in cast iron boxes guided in the forked arms of the driver. The
bearings as well as the shafts of the runners are provided with a number of
annular ribs and grooves for the purpose of resisting the tendency of the centrifugal
force to displace the runners and move them away radially from the central shaft
or axis of the mill. This form of thrust bearings diminishes the friction and the
risk of heating which the pressure would be liable to produce if sustained by
single shoulder or washer the pressure being distributed over a large area of surface
and the lubricant being retained in the grooves so that it cannot be completely
driven out by the centrifugal force.
2
The combination of runners acting in a similar manner to the pendulums of a
centrifugal governor causes a certain amount of force to be applied in a vertical
direction to the central shaft tending to tear it out of its footstep bearings and
draw it upwards until the radial shafts of the runners assume a horizontal position.
In order to resist this tendency without augmenting the passive resistance the
lower extremity of the said shaft works in a footstep or thrust bearing of white
metal and is provided with a certain number of annular ribs and grooves engaging
with corresponding ribs and grooves in the footstep bearing for the purpose of
distributing the axial pressure over a large area of surface as hereinbefore explained
with reference to the shafts of the runners. The runners may be made hollow and be
filled with melted lead introduced through orifices provided for this purpose and
capable of being closed by tight fitting plugs or covers. The combined action of
the centrifugal force and weight of the runners enables the useful effect of this
mill compared with that of ordinary weighted runners to be practically doubled
without increasing the motive power required.
The crushing cylinders or runners are preferably made with a cast iron hub and

page_text: r
steel tyres or wearing rings fixed by pine blocks tightened by means of steel wedges
driven into the wood. The wearing rings are provided with a projection formed in
casting and which prevents them from being thrown off by the centrifugal force
but I do not limit myself to this particular form of the runners as they may be
constructed in any other ordinary or suitable manner.
The steel ring die or bed preferably made in one piece is of rectangular shape in
transverse section and its upper surface is inclined at an angle of 30 degrees with a
horizontal line.
In order to compensate for wear the driver or propelling frame is capable of being
displaced in a vertical direction upon the central shaft of the mill and the pivots or
journals of the bearings of the runner shafts can be displaced in a horizontal direction.
The frame or driver is not permanently keyed upon the central shaft but slides
upon a sleeve provided with flat sides or on an angular part of the shaft so as to
impart the rotary motion to the driver and at the same time admit of its vertical
displacement. The driver is adjusted and retained in position upon the shaft by
two nuts screwed upon the shaft and which may be secured by nut locks or in any
other suitable manuer.
The horizontal displacement of the journals of the radial bearings is produced
as follows. The said journals work in cast iron boxes of rectangular form capable
of sliding in the forked arms of the driver. The hole for the reception of the
journals is excentric or placed near one end of the rectangular box. On com-
mencing to work the mill with new wearing rings this end is placed nearest to the
axis of the mill and bears directly against the central part of the driver. When
"the wearing ring and the bed become worn away after working for a certain time,
thin plates of metal are introduced between the box and the arm of the driver so as
to compensate for the wear. After this operation has been repeated a certain
number of times the block is reversed or turned round end for end and replaced
without the plates and the hole being now at the outer end of the block the journal
remains at the same distance from the central shaft as before after which the plates
are again successively introduced at the back of the block so as to compensate for
the wear.
The block and the thin plates are tightened up against the fork by a
screw working in a strap or cover.
The ore is introduced into the mill through a number, of hoppers and the crushed
product is discharged through sieves arranged in pairs between the hoppers. The
stirring and distribution of the ore as well as the discharge of the mud or slime are
facilitated by the action of agitators or shovels of spiral or taper form attached to
a revolving frame keyed upon the central shaft above the driver. The form of the
agitators is such as to draw the mud and ore into the track of the runners at the
same time producing a wave which facilitates the discharge of the finer part of
the mud.
In order to obviate the damage to the agitator from an accidental obstruction
the fork shaped piece carrying the agitator is connected to the driving arm by a
single bolt being retained in position by a wood pin which when abnormal resistance
is met with gives way or is sheared off and allows the rake or agitator to turn back
upon the bolt and ride over the obstruction.
The mill is run at great speed or say about 50 revolutions per minute. Light
runners are employed but by utilizing the centrifugal force their action is rendered
equivalent to that of ordinary runners of twice the weight.
The symmetrical or regular and balanced arrangement of the moving parts of the
discharge openings and hoppers also facilitates the attainment of a high speed
thereby increasing the useful effect.
Din 4th dow of Ontaho 1800

page_text: COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Mills or Machinery for Crushing or Grinding
Quartz and other Materials.
I GEORGES ANTOINE MARIE ARNAUD of 21 Boulevard Poissonniere Paris
in the Republic of France Mining Engineer do hereby declare the nature of this
invention and in what manuer the same is to be performed to be particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following statement:
The improvements forming the object of the present invention enable the weight
of the crushing devices or runners to be utilized in an advantageous manner and
at the same time the centrifugal force which is usually wasted is by means of this
invention caused to add materially to the useful effect of the machine.
With this object a mill constructed according to my invention is provided with
a combination of crushing rollers cylinders or runners rotating upon inclined axes
and gyrating around a central vertical shaft upon an annular track or bed arranged
at an angle corresponding to the angle of inclination of the axes of the runners as
hereinafter described.
And in order that my said invention may be fully understood I shall now, proceed
more particularly to describe the same and for that purpose shall refer to the several
figures on the annexed sheet of drawings, the same letters of reference indicating
corresponding parts in all the figures.
Figure 1 of the accompanying drawings represents in vertical section an example
of a mill constructed according to this invention the section being taken through
the axis of the mill and the section through the runner on the left hand being taken
on the line 1. 2. 3 Figure 3, the right hand runner being removed and one of the.
rakes or shovels brought forward into the plane of the section.
Figure 2 represents the mill in plan partly in horizontal section.
Figure 3 represents one of the runners in side elevation.
Figure 4 is a detail illustrating the arrangement of the shaft and bearings of one
of the runners being viewed at right angles to the section in Figure 1 & the caps
of the bearings being removed.
Figure 5 represents a detail in vertical section taken along the line 6-7
Figure 2.
Figure 6 is a diagram illustrating the principle of the action and Figure 7
illustrates in vertical section a modified arrangement of the trough or bed as
hereinafter described.
As represented in Figures 1 and 2 of the drawings a gang or series of four
crushing cylinders or runners B is arranged around a central vertical shaft A
driven preferably by bevel gear placed underneath the mill and transmitting
motion to the gang of crushing cylinders or rollers or runners B by means of a
driver or frame C provided with eight armis as represented in the illustration.
I do not limit myself to the number of runners any number of which may be
employed and the driving gear may if preferred be arranged at the upper end of
the shaft A in place of at the lower end as in the example illustrated.
The axle or shaft 5 of each runner is inclined preferably at an angle of
30 degrees at first when the steel ring or bed is not yet covered with ore. and the
steel tyres or wearing surfaces of the runners are new. After a certain amount of
wear this angle is reduced by about 2 or 3 degrees. The shafts b of the runners
are supported in long bearings b' of cast steel lined with white metal.
The bearings are pivotted upon two journals or trunnions & so as to enable the
angle or inclination of the shaft to change during the working of the runners and
enable the latter to rise and ride over any obstacles that may be met with and
at the same time propelling them in their movement over the annular steel bed
or die D.

page_text: The said journals 63 work in cast iron boxes guided in each of the four pairs of
arms of the driver C. The white metal bearings as well as the shafts of the
runners are provided with a suitable number of annular ribs and grooves 6°
(Figure 4) for the purpose of resisting the tendency of the centrifugal force to
displace the runners and move them away radially from the central shaft or axis
of the mill.
These thrust bearings diminish the friction and the risk of heating which the
great pressure would be liable to produce if sustained by a single shoulder or
washer the pressure being distributed over a large area of surface and the lubricant
being retained in the grooves so that it cannot be completely driven out by the
centrifugal force.
The combination of the four runners acting in a similar manner to the pendulums
of a centrifugal governor causes a certain amount of force to be applied in a
vertical direction to the vertical shaft A tending to tear it out of its bearings and
draw it upwards until the radial shafts of the runners assume a horizontal
position.
In order to resist this tendency without augmenting the passive resistance the
lower extremity of the said shaft works in a footstep or thrust bearing a of white
metal and is provided with a certain number of annular ribs and grooves a³
engaging with corresponding ribs and grooves in the footstep bearing for the
purpose of distributing the axial pressure over a large area of surface as herein-
before explained with reference to the shafts of the runners.
The runners B may be made hollow and be filled with melted lead introduced
through orifices provided for this purpose and capable of being closed by tight
fitting plugs or covers. Sheet iron casings are preferably provided for the
purpose of enclosing the runners and preventing the materials froin being thrown
out of the mill.
With the same object the upper edges of the bed or annular trough can he
provided with inwardly projecting lips Figure 7 which prevent the materials
from washing over the sides of the trough. This figure also illustrates a modified
form of the casing which is represented as being of cylindrical shape in place of
being conical as in Figure 1.
The action of the niill constructed as represented in the accompanying drawings
will be easily understood by referring to the diagram Figure 6.
Assuming for example that the shaft A rotates at the rate of 50 revolutions
and that the weight P of the runner B is 500 kilos it will be readily ascertained
by calculation that the value of the centrifugal force F is equal to 1120 kilos.
The parallelogram of forces resulting from centrifugal force (F) and gravity (P)
'applied at the centre of the runner can then be drawn.
Upon the diagonal OR of this parallelogram it is easy to construct the
parallelogram of the forces applied in the two directions in question namely.
(1) The direction of the line ON perpendicular to the acting surface of the runner
or in other words the force available for crushing and (2) The direction of the
line OO¹ or axis of the runner in a direction in which a part of the centrifugal
force is lost.
It then appears that the force lost in the direction of the axis amounts to
720 kilos this being the effort resisted by the thrust bearings whilst the force N
with which the runner is pressed against the bed amounts to about 1000 kilos.
In
other words the useful effect of ordinary weighted runners is doubled by means of
this arrangement without increasing the motive power required.
The crushing cylinders or runners B are made with a cast iron hub and steel
tyres or wearing rings fixed by pine blocks 8 (Figure 1) tightened by means of
steel wedges driven into the wood. The wearing rings are provided with a
projection formed in casting and which prevents them from being thrown off
by the centrifugal force, but I do not limit myself to this particular form
of the runners as they may be constructed in any other ordinary or suitable
manner.

page_text: The steel ring die or bed D made in one piece is of rectangular shape in
transverse section and its form is that generated by the revolution of this rectangle
the long side of which is inclined at an angle of 30 degrees with a horizontal
line the said rectangle being revolved in a circle about the vertical axis.
In order to compensate for wear and remedy the disadvantage which would
result when the surfaces of the runners and of the bed become worn away and
cease to come together properly the following operation is performed which may be
divided into two parts namely.
1. Lowering the driver or propelling frame C in a vertical direction upon the
central shaft A of the mill.
2. Displacing the pivots or journals of the bearings 6' of the runner shafts
in a horizontal direction by moving them away from the axis of the mill.
These two movements are produced as next hereinafter described.
1. The frame or driver C is not permanently keyed upon the central shaft
but slides upon a sleeve c¹ provided with flat sides so as to impart the rotary
motion to the driver and at the same time admit of its vertical displacement.
The driver is adjusted and retained in position vertically upon the shaft by two
nuts screwed upon the shaft so as to enable the position of the driver to be
accurately adjusted. The nut placed underneath supports the weight of the
driver and forms a stop the nut c³ resists the tendency of the driver to rise due to
centrifugal force in working. These nuts are secured by nut locks e¹ or in any
other suitable manner.
2. The displacement of the journals &³ in a horizontal plane in order to move
them away from the axis of the mill in proportion to the wear is produced as
follows. The said journals work in cast iron boxes of rectangular form
capable of sliding in the forked arms c Figures 1 and 5 of the driver C as
represented on the right hand in Figure 1 of the annexed drawings. The bole
for the reception of the journals is eccentric or placed near one end of the
rectangular box or block .
On commencing to work the mill with new wearing rings b' and a new steel
bed D the end of the box (Fig. 5) being the narrowest is placed nearest to the
axis of the mill and bears directly against the central part of the driver C. When
the wearing ring and the bed D become worn away after working for a certain
time, a number of plates of sheet metal of about one millimetre in thickness are
successively introduced between C and 6 until the journals are removed from the
central shaft to a sufficient distance to enable the block when reversed or
turned round end for end and, replaced without the plates to retain the journal
at the same distance from the central shaft. This bearing may now be turned
round so as to bring the end x against C after which as the wearing away of
the ring or tyre and the bed continues the thin plates are again successively
introduced at the back of the block between 21 and C. The block and the
thin plates are tightened up against C by a screw working in a strap or
cover
The ore is introduced into the mill through a number of hoppers T and the
crushed product is discharged through sieves arranged in pairs between the
hoppers.
The stirring and distribution of the ore as well as the discharge of the mud or
slime are facilitated by the action of agitators or shovels H with inclined sides of
the form represented in Figures 1 and 2 of the drawings being attached to a
revolving cast iron cross frame h¹ keyed upon the central shaft A at k above the
driver C. The form of the agitators H as shewn in the drawing is such as to draw
the mud and ore into the track of the runners at the same time producing owing to
the speed a wave which in passing before the sieves facilitates the discharge of the
finer part of the mud.
In order to obviate the damage to the agitator or inconvenience resulting from
an accidental obstruction produced either by a stone or by a piece of metal
accidentally falling onto the bed the fork shaped piece carrying the agitator H is

page_text: connected to the driving arm ¹ by a single bolt h² being retained in position by a
wood pin which when abnormal resistance is met with gives way or is sheared off
and allows the rake or agitator to turn back upon the bolt and ride over the
obstruction.
The mill runs at great speed or about 50 revolutions per minute. Light runners
are employed but by utilizing the centrifugal force their action is rendered
equivalent to that of ordinary runners of twice the weight in a vertical mill.
The arrangement being perfectly symmetrical the machine resists in itself the
different strains to which it is subjected. Owing to its speed it acquires an
enormous momentum which enables it to overcome without additional power.
resistances such as might be caused by small heaps of ore collecting in front of the
runners or by a tool or bolt falling accidentally onto the bed.
For treating ores of gold it does not present the disadvantage of the vertical
mills with short arms and consequently small diameter of track with a width of
from 9 to 10 inches which act partly by torsion and partly by crushing owing to
the difference between the diameters of the inper and outer parts of the track.
This crushing impedes the amalgamation by forging the gold. Attempts have
been made to improve these mills by increasing the diameter of the track of the
runners and at the same time reducing the width of their wearing surfaces.
The symmetrical or regular arrangement of the discharge openings and hoppers
also has some influence on the working of the apparatus which owing to the relative
lightness of the runners is capable of attaining a very high tangential speed thereby
increasing their useful effect at the same time as the distance traversed or extent of
crushing surface.
I do not limit myself as to the precise details of construction hereinbefore described
with reference to the accompanying drawings as the same may evidently be modified
in various ways according to the nature of the work to be performed.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be perforined I declare that what I
claim is:-
t
1. A mill with centrifugal inclined runners having a central shaft, a ring die or
annular bed inclined correspondingly to the inclination of the axes of the runners
and runners travelling on the said bed around the central shaft the shafts or axles of
the said runners being pivotally connected by bearings provided with trunnions or
journals to a driver attached to the central shaft and being capable of vibrating
vertically upon the said journals and utilising the centrifugal force for the purpose of
increasing the pressure of the runners substantially as hereinbefore described.
2. In mills with centrifugal runners the combination of runners attached to shafts
or axles provided with a series of annular ribs and grooves working in corre-
spondingly formed bearings provided with journals working in the arms of a driver
fixed upon a central shaft provided at one extremity with circular ribs and grooves
and rotating in a footstep bearing of corresponding form with a view to distributing
the pressure caused by centrifugal force over a large area of surface and reducing
the wear substantially as hereinbefore described.
3. In mills with centrifugal runners the combination of a central shaft provided
with flat surfaces and a screw thread at both ends of the said surfaces, a driver,
fitted upon this part of the shaft, nuts screwed upon the threaded parts above and
below the driver the said driver being constructed with forked arms in which are
inserted boxes or bearings with eccentric holes for the reception of the journals of
the bearings of the axles of the runners for the purpose of compensating for the
wear of the runners and of the bed by lowering the driver upon the central shaft
by means of the nuts on the one hand and by successively inserting thin plates
between the driver and the boxes or bearings and reversing or turning the said
boxes end for end on the other hand substantially as herein before described.
4. In mills with centrifugal runners the combination of a cross frame keyed upon
the central shaft or axis, arms attached to the said cross frame and rakes or agitators

page_text: of taper form with inclined sides revolving in the ring die or bed of the runners the
said rakes being attached to the extremity of the arms by a metal bolt and by a
wood pin with a view to shearing off the latter and enabling the rake to oscillate
upon the bolt when it meets with an abnormal obstruction in the bed substantially
as hereinbefore described.
5. The arrangements and combinations of parts constituting the improvements in
mills or machinery for crushing or grinding quartz and other materials substantially
as herein before described and illustrated in the accompanying drawings.
Dated this 4th dox of duaust 1802
J. H. JOHNSON & Co.,
Agents.