IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF STEARINE WITH THE OBJECT OF TRANSFORMING OLEINES OR OLEIC ACIDS INTO CRYSTALLINE SUBSTANCES, WHICH MAY BE EMPLOYED EITHER TO MAKE CANDLES OR SOAP; OR FOR OTHER PURPOSES, AND FOR EXTRACTING THE SOLID MATTER THAT THE Oleic Acids ContAIN IN SOLUTION, AND THUS TO RENder them more LiMPID
Year: 1874

page_text: TTERS PATENT to William Morgan-Brown, of the Firm of Brandon
and Morgan-Brown, Engineers and Patent Agents, of 38; South-
ampton Buildings, London, and 13, Rue Gaillon, Paris, for the
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF STEARINE WITH
THE OBJECT OF TRANSFORMING OLEINES OR OLEIC ACIDS INTO CRYSTALLINE
SUBSTANCES, WHICH MAY BE EMPLOYED EITHER TO MAKE CANDLES OR SOAP;
OR FOR OTHER PURPOSES, AND FOR EXTRACTING THE SOLID MATTER THAT THE
Oleic Acids ContAIN IN SOLUTION, AND THUS TO RENder them more LiMPID."
-A communication from abroad by Edward Bastie, of 13, Rue
Gaillon, Paris, Chemist.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Morgan.
Brown at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his
Petition, on the 3rd September 1874.
I, WILLIAM MORGAN-BROWN, of the Firm of Brandon and Morgan-
5 Brown, Engineers and Patent Agents, of 38, Southampton Buildings,
London, and 13, Rue Gaillon, Paris, do hereby declare the nature of the

page_text: said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF STEARINE WITH
THE OBJECT OF TRANSFORMING OLEINES OR OLEIC ACIDS INTO CRYSTALLINE SUB-
STANCES WHICH MAY BE EMPLOYED EITHER TO MAKE CANDLES OR SOAP, OR 'FOR
OTHER PURPOSES, AND FOR EXTRACTING THE SOLID MATTER THAT THE OLEIC
ACIDS CONTAIN IN SOLUTION, AND THUS TO RENDER THEM MORE LIMPID," to be
as follows:
This Invention for improvements in the manufacture of stearine,
with the object of transforming olcines or oleic acids into crystalline
substances, which may be employed either to make candles or soap,
or for other purposes, and for extracting the solid matter that the oleic
acids contain in solution, and thus to render them more limpid, is as
follows: It is known that concentrated sulphuric acid, nitric acid,
hypo-nitric acid nitrous are able in certain conditions to transform a
part of the oleic acid into crystalline matter; but as up to this time
no one has discovered the causes of that transformation, it has not been
possible to obtain much advantage from the properties recognised in
these substances, whilst I, having found the cause of that reaction, am
able, not only to make these substances act in the conditions which are
favorable to produce the greatest advantages, but also to prevent certain
substances which are formed at the same time from counteracting
the result that I have obtained for crystallizing these oils, and I
have also been able, thanks to this discovery, to foresee all the sub-
stances or chemical reactions which would be able to produce the same
result.
I have found that to transform the oleine or the oleic acid into claïdine
or elaïdic acid it suffices to put them in intimate contact with the
reagents which produce the reduction of any peroxide or any hydrogenic
acid, as they are called by the chemist Longchamps, with hydrogen in the
allotropic state or nascent, that any chemical or electrical decomposition
of water made by chlorine or any other body is able to produce the
same effect, provided that the oxygen as well as the injurious effect
of these bodies do not act upon the fatty matter; in short, all the
substances which contain more than one equivalent of oxygen, even
hypochlorous acids, have this property also when they are reduced by
free hydrogen.
Without enquiring if, in consequence of these operations, the oil
has parted with a part of the oxygen it contained, I will content

page_text: myself by indicating the means that ought to be employed to ensure
.success.
It has been easy to me, knowing the conditions to be fulfilled for
producing elaidic acid, to seek those which are the most powerful and
the most advantageous.
If I apply my discoveries to the substances already employed here
are some of the results which I can obtain, as I have recognized that
to produce the concentration of the oils by sulphuric acid, it is sufficient
to reduce them in contact with the fatty matter which I do not color
if I employ that acid combined or weakened with water, or reduce it
by hypophosphorous acid, or phosphorous acid, and all other reducers
that I may choose. I avoid thus the coloration and the destruction of oils
which has not been successfully effected before my researches.
If I make the same application to nitric acid, hyponitric, and nitrous,
I have found more than a hundred means or combinations which can
produce elaidic acid, and now the great power of these bodies can be
made use of by the facility we have of reducing them, and as I can act
upon them when they are combined with bases, and employ them
equally when free by introducing the reducers powerful enough to
prevent the destruction of the fatty matter and the formation of the
red matter which appears above all when they are combined with
alcalies, I can, having been able to avoid these inconveniences, employ
advantageously these bodies which had been abandoned..
If it were necessary for me to indicate all the reactions and all the
bodies which enjoy the property of forming elaïdic acid, and which are
even superior to those which I have indicated, I should have to describe
all the reductions possible. It is evident that they will be more powerful;
then their contact will be more intimate; that the oxidiser and the
reducer will be powerful, and that they will oxidise and alter less the
oils concreted. I am at liberty to choose the reaction which fulfils best
|the object that I wish to attain.
As before me no one knew the cause of the formation of elaïdic acid,
I claim as my property all the reactions which produce the reduction of
any peroxide of any hydrogenic acid, as Longchamps calls them, of any
sesquioxide of any body which contains more than one equivalent of
oxygen of any body which might serve to decompose water either by
the aid of a reducer or by the aid of electricity; I also reserve to myself

page_text: •
the action of nascent or of free hydrogen, reducing all the substances
that I have indicated, and even hypochlorous acid, and of all the other
bodies such as potash, soda, baryta, lime, hydrate and anhydrous, of all
the bodies having an affinity for water, as well as all those which shall
have the same properties as well as allotropic hydrogen, because I
have been the first to recognize that all these means are able to change
the oleic acid into elaïdic acid.
After having indicated what were the conditions necessary to produce
elaïdic acid, I will make known the means that should be employed to
change the claïdic acid or oleine into palonitic acid.
I have observed that to transform oleic acid or elaïdic acid into
palonitic acid it suffices to choose amongst the reactions which produce
elaïdic acid that which produces at the same time nascent hydrogen,
whether it is obtained direct or by any other means. This object can be
attained in different ways. Without wishing to describe all those which
may be employed, I will make known several to show that it is necessary
to choose the means which vary, according to the object which it is
proposed to obtain.
If we would operate on oils or fat acids treated with concentrated
sulphuric acid, we may employ the bichromate of chloride of potassium,
putting it if desired with a powerful oxidizer; the permanganate of
potash gives the best result. If I desire whilst producing this action to
decolor the acids, I let the black matter oxidize, which acts as a
reducer and renders it insoluble, and I am thus able to let the hydrogen
act which arises from the decomposition of the water which is thus in
excess.
I can replace the black matter by any other reducer which will give
me the same effect, but it is difficult to avoid the action of the chlorine
and to completely precipitate all the oxide of chrome.
The use of the substances, herein-after named, that I designate by
substances No. 1, are hydrate of potash, hydrate of soda, hydrate of
baryta, lime anhydrous, and hydrated hydrate of strontia, all the bodies
with affinity for water, and all those which have the same properties,
and those above-mentioned, even without being hydrated, are advan-
tageous for forming elaïdic acid, above all to form palinitic acid, because
intimate contact of the peroxides can thus be obtained with economy, the

page_text: nascent hydrogen the most powerful and the most economical which is
produced alone or by the aid of the substances which are introduced in it.
I have observed also that every time that a substance is dissolved in
one of those I have indicated as No. 1, above all, when the reductions
are formed, alaïdic acid or palinitic acid are produced if hydrogen in
excess is produced when the oleic acid has been put in contact with
the reactions; the same effect is produced when I form in these oils or
fatty bodies a nitrate or any other salt which contains a hydrogenic acid
or when I reduce or decompose them. The effect is so much greater as
the acid or the base is powerful.
One can understand that after having made these important observa-
tions I ought to seek all the means for producing these divers reactions
economically, I have been able easily to assure myself that what I had
foreseen is realized, and that I am able by employing the substances of
which I have spoken, No. 1, either together or separately, or even in
introducing other matters to transform elaïdic acid into palinitic acid.
If I take for example potash, I have found that at a certain temperature,
which varies according to the substance introduced into it, it forms per-
oxides of potassium, which I can reduce by any reducer or other
substance which absorbs oxygen, such as the fatty matters, as well as
all the matters, animal or vegetable, which become oxidised, I produce
thus in a very economical way very powerful peroxides. If I employ as.
a reducer the hydrate of the protoxide of tin, of antimony, of lead, of
copper, of zinc, of anhydrous lime, arsenite of copper, in short any kind
of reducer, I obtain thus a first concretion; for example, in transforming
the oxide of tin into stannic acid by the reduction of this body, which is
produced naturally, or that I can produce artificially, as well as all those
which produce a similar effect.
Amongst the numerous means that I can cimploy I recommend
particularly as very powerful and very economical the use of potash,
soda, baryta, lime, anhydrous or hydrated, and lastly, all bodies with
affinity for water, which may be not only employed to produce claïdic acid,
but also palinitic acid. The principal advantages which these substances
secure is to form an intimate contact with the fatty matter to produce
peroxides economically, as well as free nascent hydrogen to facilitate
the reduction of the substances which are formed in it, or which aro
introduced in it, either in utilising the hydrogen or by any other

page_text: reducer. I have observed that when the hydrogenic acids dissolve in
the potash, whether anhydrous or hydrated, claïdic acid is formed, above
all, when reductions are formed; and palonitic acid when hydrogen in
excess is produced at the same time.
The only application which has been made on the fatty matter is the
action of canotic potash at a temperature of 300 to 350° centigrade,
which oxidizes the matter by transforming a part into acetic acid, and
then into carbonic acid, whilst the other part of the oils is transformed
into palinitic acid, but the fatty acids are black, and can only be utilized
by distilling them, and they leave (even when all is not carbonised) a
large portion of residuc in the still. This caused the process to be
abandoned, whilst I in employing either substances such as those
named to produce the reaction at a lower temperature by producing
first of all elaïdic acid, and in putting reducers which preserve the
fatty matters and the acetates, I have no loss of matter, and I obtain
white fatty acids fusible at 51° to 52° C. well crystallized, and I avoid
distillation.
Inasmuch as before me no one was able to utilize the application of
caustic potash at a high temperature upon fatty matters, if now the
application of it is rendered very easy by the means that I indicate, or
by all those that my discovery makes it easy to find, I claim as my
Invention all the applications possible, except only that of heat, whether
I put a substance to produce the peroxides of potassium at a lower
temperature, or that I put any other peroxide or hydrogenic acid, or that
any other reducer is employed; in short, whatever modification may be
made, whether I employ potash alone or with either one of the sub-
stances I have indicated in schedule No. 1, as I am the first to observe
that this result could be attained by all these means.
Inasmuch as before me no one had indicated the substances above-
mentioned, No. 1, either for transforming the olcic acid into elaïdic acid,
and also into palmitic acid, not only I have observed that all of them
may be employed like the caustic potash, I make the same claim for all
these substances, whether I employ them together or separately by
introducing into them other substances or not. Also I claim as my
Invention the use of hydrates of soda, of baryta, of lime, anhydrous or a
hydrated, of all the alcalies and of all the substances with affinity for
water alone or mixed together, as I may desire, and even with the
-

page_text: addition of potash. As not only I have found the law of the formation
of claïdic acid and of palmitic acid, but I have also indicated the kind
of substance that it was indespensable to employ to produce them, and
the conditions necessary for their formation, I claim as my Invention all
the means possible suitable for making elaïdic acid and palmitic acid.
The small quantity of oil oleic acid which remains after this treatment, as
well as that of any origin, as well as all kinds of oil in general, may be
rendered limpid if they are treated by the means I have indicated for
forming elaïdic acid, but the operation must be stopped before all the
oxygen is eliminated, otherwise, in place of becoming limpid they will
be solidified. The reactions which produce ozone purify and bleach the
oils, at the same time it is easy for me by lowering. the temperature
to crystallize the solid matter that the oils hold in solution, and to draw
off the liquid part which at this degree does not become troubled.
I can, without cooling, prevent the oils from setting, and even the
drying oleic acid which may replace the linseed oil by treating them
with all the substances with affinity for water, which I do not indicate,
No. 2, chloride of calcium, of tin, of antimony, and sulphuric acid,
anhydrous phosphoric acid, vapour of phosphorus in air, arsenic acid,
chloride of zinc, and in short all bodies with affinity for water, and
above all, those which etherise alcohol.
I claim as my Invention the use in small quantities, of means which
I have indicated for making claïdic acid, for purifying oils, because they
produce the crystallization of the concrete matters.
I claim also as my Invention the use of all the substances indicated,
No. 2, for purifying oils and rendering them drying, particularly oleic
acid.
The production of elaïdic acid and palmitic acid consists in putting
the oils in contact with the bodies which produce the reductions as to
the quantity of the materials to employ; it varies according as it is
desired to make the conversion in less or more time, and as the agitation
of the matter and the contact shall be greater.
To produce elaïdic acid I take about 100 kilos. of oleic acid and add
thereto 8 kilos. of concentrated sulphuric acid, or diluted with its bulk
of water, accordingly as I employ the reducers more or less powerful;
then I mix with it 3 kilos. of the reducer, either hypo-phosphorous acid

page_text: .
or phosphorous acid, or any other reducer. I heat it at a temperature
which need not exceed 100° centigrade until the transformation is
complete, and I add new material if these have not been sufficiently
agitated, and I obtain after the ordinary washing with diluted sulphuric
acid and water fat acids, which by pressure give elaïdic acid white and
ready to make candles.
11.
E
1.1i
.1. !)
.. 2
To produce the palmitic acid I take about 100 kilos. of oleic acid or
tallow, and which I mix with 100 to 200 kilos. of hydrate of caustic
potash, accordingly as I wish to operate slowly or more quickly. I
introduce in this mixture 15 to 20 kilos. of the reducer I wish to use,
and I add 5 to 10 kilos. of water if I employ reducers which like the
hydrate of tin produce a first concretion in the solution of potash
concentrated. I put this mixture in metallic vessels, either iron or any
other suitable metal, and I heat it till the temperature reaches 300° to
350° centigrade. I continue this till it produces, the matter being
constantly agitated with an iron spatula, acrid vapours. If I wish to
avoid the destruction of the oil and to continue the operation I add a
new quantity of the oxidiser.
tir.
1
When I see that the change is complete, either by decomposing a
sample of the soap, or founded on the experience I have made that the
soap ought to disengage bubbles when put in contact with weak acid, I
stop the operation, and I pour out the soap into a small quantity of
water to produce a concentrated solution of the potash. As the potash
soap is insoluble in the concentrated solution I am able to take it away
then I operate by the method already known, that is to say, I decompose
lime soap that I have formed by the sulphuric acid, and I regenerate
thus all the potash as well as the reducers that I have employed. Į
obtain thus white fatty acids of which the point of fusion is from 50°
to 51°.
my
DO
116
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, 3
filed by the said William Morgan-Brown in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 3rd March 1875.

page_text: and Patent Agents, of 38, Southampton Buildings, London, and 13, Rue
Gaillon, Paris, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing, date the Third day of September, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-four, in
the thirty-eighth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and suc-
cessors, give and grant unto me, the said William Morgan-Brown, Her
special licence, that I, the said William Morgan-Brown, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said William Morgan-
Brown, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time
agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter
during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF STEARINE WITH THE OBJECT OF TRANS-
FORMING THE OLEINES OR OLEIC ACIDS INTO CRYSTALLINE SUBSTANCES, WHICH MAY
BE EMPLOYED EITHER TO MAKE CANDLES OR SOAP, OR FOR OTHER PURPOSES, AND FOR
EXTRACTING THE SOLID MATTER THAT THE OLEIC ACIDS CONTAIN IN SOLUTION, AND
THUS TO RENDER THEM MORE LIMPID," a communication to me from abroad
by Edward Bastie, of 13, Rue Gaillon, Paris, Chemist, upon the con-
dition (amongst others) that I, the said William Morgan-Brown, my
executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or
their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Scal
Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately after
the date of the said Letters Patent.
1
13
.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said William Morgan-Brown, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement thereof, that is to say:-
It is known that concentrated sulphuric acid, nitric acid, hyponitric
acid nitrous are able in certain conditions to transform a part of the
oleic acid into crystalline matter, but as up to this time no one has
discovered the causes of that transformation it has not been possible to
obtain much advantage from the properties recognized in these sub-
stances, whilst I, having found the cause of that reaction, I am able not

page_text: only to make these substances act in the conditions which are favorable
to produce the greatest advantages, but also to prevent certain substances
which are formed at the same time from counteracting the result that
I have obtained for crystallizing these oils, and I have also been able,
thanks to this discovery, to foresee all the substances or chemical
reactions which would be able to produce the same result.
I have found that to transform the oleine or the oleic acid into
elaidine or elaidic acid it suffices to put them in intimate contact with
the reagents which produce the reduction of any peroxide of any hydro-
genic acid, as they are called by the chemist Longchamps, with hydrogen
in the allotropic state or nascent, that any chemical or electrical decom-
position of water made by chlorine or any other body is able to produce
the same effect, provided that the oxygen, as well as the injurious effect
of these bodies do not act upon the fatty matter, in short all the
substances which. contain more than one equivalent of oxygen, even
hypochlorous acids, have this property also when they are reduced by
free hydrogen.
Without inquiring if in consequence of these operations the oil has
parted with a part of the oxygen it contained I will content myself by
indicating the means that ought to be employed to insure success.
It has been easy to me, knowing the conditions to be fulfilled for
producing claidic acid, to seek those which are the most powerful and
the most advantageous.
-
If I apply my discoveries to the substances already employed, here are
some of the results which I can obtain, as I have recognised that to
produce the concretion of the oils by sulphuric acid it is sufficient to
reduce them in contact with the fatty matter, which I do not colour if I
employ that acid combined or weakened with water, or reduced by
hypo-phosphorous acid or phosphorous acid, and all other reducers that
I may choose. I avoid thus the colouration and the destruction of oils,
which has not been successfully effected before my researches.
If I make the same application to nitric acid, hyponitric and nitrous,
I have found more than a hundred means or combinations which can
produce elaidic acid, and now the great power of these bodies can be
made use of by the facility we have of reducing them, and as I can act
upon them when they are combined with bases, and employ them

page_text: equally when free by introducing the reducers powerful enough to
prevent the destruction of the fatty matter, and the formation of the red
matter, which appears above all when they are combined with alkalies,
I can, having been able to avoid these inconveniences, employ advanta-
geously these bodies which had been abandoned.
If it were necessary for me to indicate all the reactions and all the
bodies which enjoy the property of forming claidic acid, and which are
even superior to those which I have indicated, I should have to describe
all the reductions possible. It is evident that they will be more powerful,
then their contact will be more intimate, that the oxidiser and the
reducer will be powerful, and that they will oxidise and alter less the
oils concreted. I am at liberty to choose the reaction which fulfils best
the object that I wish to attain.
As before me no one knew the cause of the formation of olaidic acid I
claim as my property all the reactions which produce the reduction of
any peroxide of any hydrogenic acid, as Longchamps calls them, of any
sesquioxide, of any body which contains more than one equivalent of
oxygen, of any body which might serve to decompose water either by
the aid of a reducer or by the aid of electricity. I also reserve to myself
the action of nascent or of free hydrogen, reducing all the substances
that I have indicated, and even hypochlorous acid, and of all the other
bodies, such as potash, soda, baryta, lime, hydrate and anhydrous, of all
the bodies having an affinity for water, as well as all those which shall
have the same properties, as well as allotropic hydrogen; because I have
been the first to recognise that all these means are able to change the
oleic acid into alaidic acid.
After having indicated what were the conditions necessary to produce
elaidic acid I will make known the means that should be employed to
change the elaidic acid or oleine into palmitic acid.
I have observed that to transform oleic acid or elaidic acid into palmitic
acid it suffices to choose amongst the reactions which produce elaidic
acid that which produces at the same time nascent hydrogen, whether it
is obtained direct or by any other means. This object can be attained
in different ways. Without wishing to describe all those which may be.
employed I will make known several to show that it is necessary to
choose the means which vary, according to the object which it is proposed
to obtain.
'

page_text: If we would operate on oils or fat acids treated with concentrated
sulphuric acid we may employ the bichromate of chloride of potassium.
Putting it if desired with a powerful oxidiser the permanganate of
potash gives the best result. If I desire whilst producing this action to
decolour the acids I let the black matter oxidise, which acts as a
reducer and renders it insoluble, and I am thus able to let the hydrogen
act, which arises from the decomposition of the water which is thus in
excess.
I can.replace the black matter by any other reducer which will give
me the same effect, but it is difficult to avoid the action of the chlorine,
61
and to completely precipitate all the oxide of chrome.
The use of the substances herein afterwards named that I designate
by substances No. 1 are hydrate of potash, hydrate of soda, hydrate of
baryta, lime, anhydrous and hydrated hydrate of strontia, all the bodies.
with affinity for water, and all those which have the same properties,
and those above mentioned, even without being hydrated are advantageous
for forming claidic acid, above all to form palmitic acid, because intimate
contact of the peroxides can thus be obtained with economy, the nascent
hydrogen the most powerful and the most economical, which is produced
alone or by the aid of the substances which are introduced in it.
I have observed also that every time that a substance is dissolved in
one of those I have indicated as No. 1, above all when the reductions
are formed, claidic acid or palmitic acid are produced if hydrogen in
excess is produced when the oleic acid has been put in contact with the
reactions; the same effect is produced when I form in these oils or fatty
bodies a nitrate or any other salt which contains a hydrogenic acid, or
when I reduce or decompose them. The effect is so much greater as
the acid or the base is powerful.
One can understand that after having made these important
observations I ought to seck all the means for producing these divers
reactions economically. I have been able easily to assure myself that
what I had foreseen is realized, and that I am able by employing the
substances of which I have spoken, No. 1, either together or separately,
or even in introducing other matters to transform claidic acid into
palmitic acid. If I take, for example, potash I have found that at a
certain temperature which varies according to the substance introduced
into it, it forms peroxides of potassium which I can reduce by any

page_text: :
reducer or other substance which absorbs oxygen, such as the fatty
matters, as well as all the matters animal or vegetable which become
oxidised. I produce thus in a very economical way very powerful
peroxides. If I employ as a reducer the hydrate of the protoxide of tin;
of antimony, of lead, of copper, of zinc, of anhydrous lime, arsenite of
copper, in short any kind of reducer, I obtain thus a first concretion, for
example, in transforming the oxide of tin into stannic acid by the
reduction of this body, which is produced naturally or that I can produce
artificially, as well as all those which produce a similar effect.
Amongst the numerous means that I can employ I recommend
particularly as very powerful. and very economical, the use of potash,
soda, baryta, lime, anhydrous or .hydrated, and lastly, all bodies with
affinity for water, which may be not only employed to produce elaidic
acid but also palmitic acid, the principal advantages which these
substances secure is to form an intimate contact with the fatty matter
to produce peroxides economically as well as free nascent hydrogen, to
facilitate the reduction of the substances which are formed in it, or
which are introduced in it either in utilizing the hydrogen or by any
other reducer. I have observed that when the hydrogenic acids dissolve
in the potash, whether anhydrous or hydrated elaidic acid is formed,
above all when reductions are formed, and palmitic acid when hydrogen
in excess is produced at the same time.
The only application which has been made on the fatty matter is the
action of caustic potash at a temperature of 300° to 350° centigrade,
which oxidises the matter by transforming a part into acetic acid, and
then into carbonic acid whilst the other part of the oils is transformed
into palmitic acid, but the fatty acids are black and can only be utilised by
distilling them, and they leave (even when all is not carbonised) a large
portion of residue in the still. This caused the process to be abandoned,
whilst I in employing either substances, such as those named to produce
the reaction at a lower temperature by producing first of all elaidic acid,
and in putting reducers which preserve the fatty matters and the
acetates. I have no loss of matter and I obtain white fatty acids
fusible at 51° to 52° centigrade well crystallised, and I avoid distillation.
Inasmuch as before me no one was able to utilise the application of
caustic potash at a high temperature upon fatty matters, if now the
application of it is rendered very easy by the means that I indicatė or

page_text: by all those that my discovery makes it easy to find, I claim as my In-
vention all the applications possible, except only that of heat, whether
I put a substance to produce the peroxides of potassium at a lower
temperature, or that I put any other peroxide or hydrogenic acid, or
that any other reducer is employed, in short, whatever modification may
be made, whether I employ potash alone or with either one of the
substances I have indicated in schedule No. 1, as I am the first to
observe that the result could be attained by all these means.
Inasmuch as before me no one had indicated the substances above
mentioned, No. 1, either for transforming the oleic acid into elaidic acid,
and also into palmitic acid, not only I have observed that all of them
may be employed like the caustic potash, I make the same claim for all
these substances, whether I employ them together or separately, by
introducing into them other substances or not. Also I claim as my
Invention the use of hydrates of soda, of baryta, of lime, anhydrous or
hydrated, of all the alkalies, and of all the substances with affinity for
water, alone or mixed together, as I may desire, and even with the
addition of potash. As not only I have found the law of the formation
of elaidic acid and of palmitic acid, but I have also indicated the kind of
substance that it was indispensable to employ to produce them, and the
conditions necessary for their formation, I claim as my Invention all
the means possible suitable for making elaidic acid and palmitic acid.
The small quantity of oil oleic acid which remains after this treatment,
as well as that of any origin, as well as all kinds of oil in general may
be rendered limpid if they are treated by the means I have indicated for
forming elaidic acid but the operation must be stopped before all the
oxygen is eliminated, otherwise in place of becoming limpid they will be
solidified. The reactions which produce ozone purify and bleach the oils
at the same time. It is easy for me by lowering the temperature to
crystallize the solid matter that the oils hold in solution and to draw off
the liquid part, which at this degree does not become troubled.
I can without cooling prevent the oils from setting, and even the
drying oleic acid, which may replace linseed oil, by treating them with
all the substances with affinity for water which I do not indicate. No. 2,
chloride of calcium, of tin, of antimony and sulphuric acid, anhydrous
phosphoric acid, vapour of phosphorous in air, arsenic acid, chloride of
zinc, and in short all bodies with affinity for water, and above all for
those which etherise alcohol,

page_text: The production of claidic acid and palmitic acid consists in putting
the oils in contact with the bodies which produce the reductions as to
the quantity of the materials to employ. It varies according as it is
desired to make the conversion in less or more time, and as the agitation
of the matter and the contact shall be greater.
To produce elaidic acid I take about 100 kilos. of oleic acid, and. add
thereto 8 kilos. of concentrated sulphuric acid or diluted with its bulk of
water accordingly as I employ the reducers more or less powerful, then
I mix with it 3 kilos. of the reducers, either hypophosphorous acid or
phosphorous acid, or any other reducer; I heat it at a temperature which
need not exceed 100° centigrade until the transformation is complete,
and I add new material if these have not been sufficiently agitated, and
I obtain after the ordinary washing with diluted sulphuric acid and
water fat acids, which by pressure give elaidic acid, white and ready to
make candles.
To produce the palmitic acid I take about 100 kilos. of oleic acid or
tallow, and which I mix with 100 to 200 kilos. of hydrate of caustic
potash, accordingly as I wish to operate slowly or more quickly. I
introduce in this mixture 15 to 20 kilos. of the reducer I wish to use,
and I add 5 to 10 kilos. of water if I employ reducers, which like the
hydrate of tin produce a first concretion in the solution of potash con-
centrated; I put this mixture in metallic vessels, either iron or any
other suitable metal, and I heat it till the temperature reaches 300°
to 350° centigrade, I continue this till it produces, the matter being
constantly agitated with an iron spatula, acrid vapours. If I wish to
avoid the destruction of the oil and to continue the operation I add a
new quantity of the oxidiser.
When I see that the change is complete either by decomposing a
sample of the soap, or founded on the experience I have made that the
soap ought to disengage bubbles when put in contact with weak acid, I
stop the operation, and I pour out the soap into a small quantity of water
to produce a concentrated solution of the potash; as the potash soap is
insoluble in the concentrated solution I am able to take it away, then I
operate by the method already known, that is to say, I decompose my
lime soap that I have formed by the sulphuric acid, and I regenerate
thus all the potash as well as the reducers that I have employed.

page_text: mixture) insoluble, from which the solid matter can be separated from
the liquid by simply filtration.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Morgan-Brown, have here-
unto set my hand and seal, this Third day of March, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-
five.
WILLIAM MORGAN-BROWN. (L.S.)