Process and Apparatus for Forming Metallic Ingots in a Sectional Bar.
Year: 1887

page_text: Date of Application, 26th July, 1887
Complete Left, 24th Apr., 1883
Complete Accepted, 25th May, 1888
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Process and Apparatus for Forming Metallic Ingots in a
Sectional Bar.
1, HERBERT JOHN ALLISON, of 52 Chancery Lane, London, in the County of
Middlesex, Patent Agent, do hereby declare the nature of this invention, which has
been communicated to me from abroad by Benjamin Atha, of Newark, New Jersey,
United States of America, Manufacturer, and William Russel Hinsdale, of Brooklyn,
New York, United States of America, Engineer, to be as follows :—
The object of the invention is to form a series of metallic ingots in a bar having
cold-shute or chilled washers formed at intervals therein, and the invention consists,
partly, in a process for forming such a bar by pouring a series of separate charges in
the same mould, and drawing them successively from its bottom when partially or
wholly chilled; partly, in the combination with an ingot mould having an open
bottom, of an ingot clamp adapted to embrace the bar and reciprocated to and from
the bottom of the mould to draw the ingot bar intermittently; and, partly, in means
for rupturing the ingots from such ingot bar.
By the present improvements the number of ingots that may be produced in a
mould of given length is entirely unlimited, as it is only necessary, in order to
extend the process indefinitely, to remove from the lower end of the ingot bar those
which have cooled sufficiently to be fractured therefrom.
To prepare the ingot bar for separation by fracture at given points, the ingots are
successively formed within the mould as follows.
A square bar or dummy is first placed within the mould and sustained at a suitable
height therein. An ingot, then formed within the mould, becomes attached to the
tan of the dummy.

page_text: .
When the upper end of such ingot is sufficiently chilled at the margin to prevent
the welding of a succeeding charge thereto, the dummy and ingot are drawn down-
ward a suitable distance within the mould to permit the formation of a second ingot.
The charge of metal next poured in the mould then becomes firmly attached to the
centre of the previous charge, but is separated around its periphery by the chilled
edges of the first ingot, so that the union of the two ingots (which form a continuous
bar until separated) may be readily broken by any force applied adjacent to the
chilled joint.
I will now proceed to describe the invention in connection with an ingot shifting
device consisting in a cross-head carrying ingot clamps and actuated by two hydraulic
pistons moving in cylinders sustained at opposite sides of the mould.
In this construction the cylinders are inverted and force the cross-head downward
to draw the ingot from the mould; but it will be evident that the invention may be
practiced with many other constructions, and that one or more cylinders may be
differently arranged to act upon the ingot without obstructing its egress from the
mould.
The casing is suspended by a shoulder fitted within a recess in the top of the
frame.
The hydraulic cylinders form a portion of the frame, and are united by lugs which
encircle the casing, and inside of which a circular socket is formed, at the top, to
sustain the casing.
The cylinders are sustained upon horizontal beams which would be suitably
supported where the device was erected.
The casing is made cylindrical, and the mould which is of the ordinary square form
is internally sustained within the casing by a flange at its upper end, the flange being
provided with an asbestos packing upon its under side, to make a joint with the top
of the casing.
In an annular groove within the bottom of the casing a similar packing is placed
and operates by elastic pressure against the outer side of the mould, when its lower
end is inserted therein.
A collar is formed upon the mould a little way below the flange above mentioned
and wet steam is admitted by a pipe to the casing in a groove between the collar and
a flange, and passes downward around the mould to the lower part of the casing
from which it is discharged by a lower pipe.
The collar just mentioned is fitted so closely to the inner side of the casing as to
leave only a small annular passage, and the mould is provided with ribs which extend
from the collar nearly to the lower pipe, and almost into contact with the walls of
the casing.
The steam which enters by the upper pipe is thus forced to circulate around the
groove and is thus distributed into all the channels formed by the ribs, to escape from
the lower part of the casing by the lower pipe. By this construction the wet steam
is distributed most effectually upon all sides of the mould, and opportunity is afforded
when desired, to use in its place a very small quantity of water; as the outlet from
the groove is so small that the water may be forced in the form of a thin sheet
between all the ribs simultaneously.
The packings above referred to being formed of asbestos, possess sufficient elasticity
to adapt themselves to the surfaces of the castings while they are entirely unaffected
by the heat, and permit the necessary expansion of the parts; while the cooling
device enables me to regulate the rate at which the ingots may be formed and
discharged from the mould.
The cylinders are double acting and operate pistons provided with trunks or rods
which project downward through stuffing boxes at the lower ends of the cylinders.
These trunks are both attached to a cross-head which extends across between the
cylinders beneath the bottom of the mould and is formed with an aperture for the
passage of the ingot bar. Slides are bolted to the cylinders to guide the cross-head.
The cross-head sustains a clamp for grasping the ingot bar formed of a series
of united ingots, a stationary die for holding the same while being twisted, and

page_text: a rotary die and a transverse hydraulic cylinder for twisting the same, and thus
separating the successive ingots from the bar.
The cylinders are provided with pipes attached near their upper and lower ends,
and connected with a reversing valve by which the fluid may be directed above
or below the pistons at pleasure.
The ingot clamp consists of two pawls, preferably formed with steel teeth at
their ends in contact with the ingot bar, and pivoted at opposite sides of the bar
with their ends inclined slightly downward, and pressed upward, to clamp the
bar, by springs sustained upon the cross-head.
In this construction the two pawls press upon opposite sides of the bar and tend,
when the cross-head is drawn downward, to jam closely against it and to draw it
down therewith; while their inclination permits them to slip past the bar when the
cross-head moves upward, so as to take a fresh hold in a higher position.
Set screws are inserted in arms upon the pawls and bear against a portion of the
cross-head to prevent the pawls from leaving their normal position under the tension
of the springs.
The lower side of the cross-head is provided with a circular seat having an aperture
around which are formed a series of teeth for coupling on the stationary dies in
which the ingot is held when twisted. To one side of the cross-head. is affixed a
transverse hydraulic cylinder containing a plunger which may be moved in opposite
directions by introducing fluid through two pipes.
The centre of the plunger is formed with a transverse slot in which is fitted a box
to receive a crank pin, projected through an opening in the lower side of the cylinder.
A valve provided with a hand lever is connected with the two pipes, to direct the
water to either end of the cylinder as required. Swivel joints are placed in the two
pipes, to permit the cylinder to move up and down with the cross-head.
Surrounding the stationary die which is made circular on its outer side, is a sleeve,
secured movably to the circular seat by an annular gib, so as to rotate freely.
The sleeve is formed, at one side, with an arm carrying a crank pin, and is provided
at its lower end with a cap having a square opening in the centre to serve as a
movable die.
When the plunger is at one end of the cylinder, the sides of the movable die would
coincide with the opening in the stationary die so that the ingot bar could pass
freely through both upon the upward movement of the cross-head.
The movement of the plunger operates to rotate the sleeve and the movable die,
to twist the ingot bar when desired. It is obvious that the cross-head may be arrested
upon its upward stroke when the chilled joint between two contiguous ingots in the
ingot bar lies between the two dies, and that the movement of the plunger would then
operate to twist the ingot below such chilled joint, and to fracture the solid metal
which united the ingots."
Should such fracture not result from the first torsion, the plunger may be
reciprocated back and forth by reversing the valve lever until the required fracture
is produced. To sustain the duminy, or the ingot bar when loosened in the mould,
and to afford a regulated resistance to the movement of the clamp carrier, I provide
a vise adapted to exert an elastic pressure upon the ingot bar, adjacent to the bottom
of the mould.
The vise consists in two bars extended through openings in the frame, and pressed
together at their opposite ends by bolts having spiral springs inserted between their
heads and the outside of the bar.
A rotary cam is applied to the bolt between the bars, and is formed with a sloping
tooth or face fitted to a beveled notch in the side of the bar. The cam is provided
upon its upper side with a socket for the insertion of a lever rod, and the operator
may thus rotate the cam to press the bars apart when desired; while the restoration
of the cam to its normal position permits the springs to press them firmly upon the
ingot.
The pawls are provided, upon the outer ends of their attached pivots, with hand
levers by which they may be pressed apart if requisite.

page_text: The apparatus may be operated either by lowering the dummy or an ingot if one
be within the mould, the full distance required to form an ingot on the top thereof;
and pouring the fluid metal into the mould upon such dummy or ingot; or the
contents of the mould, whether a dummy or chilled ingot, may be drawn downward
gradually as the fluid metal is poured in, to avoid the falling of the metal through
any considerable distance, and thus preventing the mixing of air with the fluid
metal, and the formation of a porous ingot.
The apparatus is operated to practice the latter process as follows.
The pistons in the cylinders are raised to their fullest extent, the pawls are pressed
downward, and the vise opened to permit the introduction of the dummy.
The vise is then closed upon the dummy to hold it, with an elastic pressure, in its
proper position.
The valve in the chest is now opened for the downward stroke, and the pouring of
the molten metal is begun at the same instant, the pawls in the cross-head engaging
on either side of the dummy ingot to carry it downward with the cross-head; care
being observed to pour the molten metal as fast as the mould will take it, during the
operation of lowering the dummy; the metal filling the mould nearly to the top, and
being held in the mould until the metal is sufficiently chilled to bear moving down-
ward, and until the surface also is suitably chilled.
The cross-head is now moved upward, the pawls easily slipping backward over the
dummy and the lower end of the dummy passing through the dies.
The stroke of the pistons above described, is so arranged that the dummy is not
quite drawn below the mould, say three or four inches remaining within the mould.
At the completion of the upward stroke another downward movement is made, the
pawls again engage with the sides of the dummy, and the ingot is drawn downward
by means of the anchorage on the upper end of the dummy; and simultaneously
with the downward movement of the ingot within the mould, the pouring of the
second ingot is begun, care being taken to pour as before described.
The central portions of the two ingots will be firmly united, forming a continuous
bar with a crease or nick extending around the surface which will permit the ingots
to be easily separated at that point by the application of a torsional strain, or other
suitable means.
In order to make a more distinct separation between the ingots, and to facilitate
their breaking at the point desired, and especially in the case of large ingots, I prefer
to form a thin film of the cast steel, hetween the ingots, by first starting the ingot
downward in the mould after cooling, say an eighth of an inch, and stopping for a
few seconds.
This thin film of metal does not possess sufficient heat to burn or weld on to the
partially chilled margin of the ingot, when the valve is again opened, and the stroke
completed.
The inflowing metal may be united with the centre of the ingot, and attach itself
to the upper side of the film, but will not heat it sufficiently to cause a union between
the margin of the film and the ingot below it.
It is immaterial whether one cylinder or two be used to actuate the reciprocating
carrier, or whether the cylinder be arranged with the plunger or piston rod pro
jecting from its lower end, and inverted to force the carrier downward, or wha
means be used to separate the several ingots from the bar, as they are drawn
from the mould by the clamp and sufficiently cooled.
The cross-head obviously serves as the carrier in the present construction, and
the pawls as the ingot clamp, but any other form of carrier and clamp would be
equivalent to these, which were actuated to and from the open bottom of the
mould and operated to draw the ingot downward.
The force required to move the cross-head downward in drawing the ingot bar
from the mould, is much greater than that required to raise it to take a sufficient
hold upon the ingot, because of the adhesion of the ingot to the sides of the
mould, and the cohesion of the partially chilled metal with that which is adherent
to the walls of the mould at its upper end.

page_text: A single acting cylinder might therefore be employed to actuate a clamp carrier
downward, and the carrier might be restored to its initial position, by means of a
weight or spring.
It will be observed that with my invention each ingot in the sectional bar is poured
upon the preceeding ingot when the latter is only partially chilled, as around its
outer shell and the margin of the top end; and that the fresh charge of heated
metal thus operates efficiently to feed the centre of the cooling ingot and thus
prevents piping and porosity.
My invention thus enables me to produce sound ingots with great rapidity and
of a very superior quality and homogeneous character.
The top of each ingot being chilled at its margin is substantially terminated
or defined by a film of chilled metal or oxidation, and it is therefore immaterial
whether a separate washer of the metal be formed between the ingots or not.
Dated this 26th day of July 1887.
ALLISON BROS.,
Agents for the Applicant.

page_text: COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Process and Apparatus for Forming Metallic Ingots in a
Sectional Bar.
I, HERBERT JOHN ALLISON, of 52 Chancery Lane, London, in the county of
Middlesex, Patent Agent do hereby declare the nature of this invention (which has
been communicated to me from abroad by Benjamin Atha, of Newark, Essex County,
New Jersey, U.S.A. Manufacturer, and William Russell Hinsdale, of Brooklyn,
Kings County, New York, U.S.A. Engineer), and in what manner the same is to
be performed to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement:
The object of this invention is to furnish an improved means of casting an ingot
bar in a bottomless mold drawing the ingot, when sufficiently cooled, through the
bottom of the mold, and cutting or breaking ingots of the desired length from the
lower end of such bar. In practicing this invention a charge of metal is cast within
the bottomless mold, and such metal is moved downward when partially cooled upon
its outer portions to make room for a succeeding ingot, and metal supplied to the
mold upon top of the first charge before the latter has cooled in its central portion.
By process an ingot bar is formed united in its central portion and partially
separated at its periphery so as to be readily broken by the application of suitable
means.
By this invention, the number of ingots that may be produced in a single mold of
given length is entirely unlimited, as it is only necessary to remove from the lower
end of the ingot bar those ingots which have cooled sufficiently to be separated
therefrom.
This invention is illustrated in connection with a heater for keeping the stream of
fluid metal hot in its passage from the ladle to the mold, and with an ingot shifting
device consisting in a cross-head carrying ingot clamps and actuated by two hydraulic
pistons moving in cylinders sustained at opposite sides of the mold. In this con-
struction the cylinders are inverted and force the cross-head downward to draw the
ingot from the mold; but it will be evident that the invention may be practiced with
many other constructions, and that one or more cylinders may be differently arranged
to act upon the ingot without obstructing its egress from the mold. In the annexed
drawing, Fig. 1 is a side view of an apparatus constructed with two hydraulic
cylinders; Fig. 2 is a front view of the same; Fig. 3 is a view from the same sido
as Fig. 2 but cut in section on line y, y, in Fig. 1; Fig. 4 is a plan of the apparatus
with the heater removed; Fig. 5 is a vertical section of the torsion cylinder on
line 2,2, in Fig. 4; Fig. 6 is a horizontal section on line x, x; in Fig. 3; and Fig. 7
is a horizontal section on line ², a¹, in Figs. 2 and 3. Figs. 4, 5, 6 and 7, are on a
larger scale than the other views. Fig. 8 shows a horizontal cylinder and oscillating
shears to sever the ingot bars; Fig. 9 a plan of the oscillating holder; Fig. 10 a
reciprocating shears actuated by a horizontal cylinder; Fig. 11 a plan of the shear

page_text: plate and the hydraulic cylinder; Fig. 12 a pivoted holder for tipping the ingot
Sections by means of a vertical cylinder. In Figs. 1, 2 and 3, is shown the arrange-
ment of the mold, and the means for circulating wet steam around it within a casing.
The casing A is shown suspended by a shoulder a fitted within a recess a¹ in the top
of the frame. The hydraulic cylinders B, B', form a portion of the frame, and are
united by lugs which encircle the casing A, and inside of which a circular socket a¹
is found, at the top, to sustain the casing. The cylinders are sustained upon horizontal
beams C which would be suitably supported where the device was erected.
The casing as shown in the plan in Fig. 4 is cylindrical, and the mold c which is
shown of the ordinary square form internally, is sustained within the casing by a
flange o at its upper end, the flange being provided with an asbestus packing o¹ upon
its under side, to make a joint with the top of the casing. In an annular groove c
within the bottom of the casing a similar packing is placed and operates by elastic
pressure against the outer side of the mold, when its lower end is inserted therein.
A collar c is formed upon the mold a little way below the flange o, and wet steam
is admitted by pipe d to the casting in the groove c² between the collar and the
flange c, and passes downward around the mold to the lower part of the casing from
which it is discharged by pipe d'.
The collar c¹ is fitted so closely to the inner side of the casing as to leave only a
small annular passage, and the mold is provided with ribs el which extend from the
collar c¹ nearly to the pipe d', and almost into contact with the walls of the casing.
The steam which enters by the pipe d is thus forced to circulate around the groove c²
and is thus distributed into all the channels formed by the ribs el, to escape from the
lower part of the casing by the pipe d¹.
By this construction the wet steam is distributed most effectually upon all sides of
the mold, and opportunity is afforded when desired, to use in its place a very small
quantity of water; as the outlet from the groove e2 is so small that the water may be
forced in the form of a thin sheet between all the ribs e¹ simultaneously. The
packings at o¹ and c being formed of asbestus, possesses sufficient elasticity to adapt
themselves to the surfaces of the castings while they are entirely unaffected by the
heat, and permit the necessary expansion of the parts; while the cooling device
enables me to regulate the rate at which the ingots may be formed and discharged
from the mold.
The cylinders B, B', are double acting and operate pistons 6 provided with trunks
or rods which project downward through stuffing boxes f at the lower ends of
the cylinder.
These trunks are both attached to a cross-head D which extends across between
the cylinders beneath the bottom of the mold, and is formed with an aperture for
the passage of the ingot bar. Slides D' are bolted to cylinders B, B₁, to guide
the cross-head.
The cross-head sustains a clamp for grasping the ingot bar formed of a series
of united ingots, a stationary die for holding the same while being twisted, and a
rotary die and a transverse hydraulic cylinder for twisting the same, and thus
separating the successive ingots from the bar.
To prepare the ingot bar for separation by torsion at given points, the ingots
are successively formed within the mold by the process now to be described as
follows:-
A square bar or dummy 9, shown in dotted lines in Fig. 3, is first placed within
the mold and sustained at a suitable height therein. An ingot, then formed within
the mold, becomes attached to the top of the dummy. When the upper end of such
ingot is sufficiently chilled at the margin to prevent the welding of the succeeding
charge thereto, the dummy and ingot are drawn downward a suitable distance within
the mold to permit the formation of a second ingot.
The charge of metal next poured in the mold then becomes firmly attached to the
center of the previous charge, but is separated around its periphery by the chilled
edges of the first ingot, so that the union of the two ingots (which form a continuous
bar until separated) may be readily broken by torsion applied adjacent to the chilled

page_text: joint. The cylinders B, B'; are provided with pipes h, h¹, attached near their upper
and lower ends, and connected with a reversing valve E by which the fluid may be
directed above or below the pistons at pleasure. The cross-lead is thus caused to
reciprocate positively in both directions to and from the lower end of the mold, and
the clamp upon the cross-head is preferably constructed to automatically release, upon
its upward movement, the ingot previously drawn downward, and to automatically
grasp the ingot bar upon its succeeding downward stroke to draw the ingot bar from
the mold. The clamp shown herein consists of two pawls i, preferably formed with
steel teeth at their ends in contact with the ingot bar, and pivoted at opposite sides of
the bar with their ends inclined slightly downward, and pressed upward, to clamp the
bar, by springs s sustained upon the cross-head.
In this construction the two pawls press upon opposite sides of the bar and tend,
when the cross-head is drawn downward, to jam closely against it and to draw it
down therewith; while their inclination permits them to slip past the bar when the
cross-head moves upward, so as to take a fresh hold in a higher position.
Set screws s¹ are inserted in arms upon the pawls and bear against a portion of the
cross-head to prevent the pawls from leaving their normal position under the tension
of the springs. The lower side of the cross-head is provided with a circular seat J
having an aperture I around which are formed a series of teeth k for coupling on the
stationary dies k¹, in which the ingot is held when twisted.
To one side of the cross-head is affixed a transverse hydraulic cylinder G containing
a plunger G¹ which may be moved in opposite directions by introducing fluid through
the pipes m, m².
The center of the plunger is formed with a transverse slot n in which is fitted a
box n¹ to receive a crank pin n² projected through an opening G² in the lower side of
the cylinder G. A valve E provided with a hand lever m² is connected with the
pipes m, m², to direct the water to either end of the cylinder G as required.
Swivel joints m² are placed in the pipes m, m³, to permit the cylinder to move up
and down with the cross-head.
Surrounding the stationary die k¹ which is made circular on its outer side, is a
sleeve p, secured movably to the seat J by an annular gib p¹, so as to rotate freely.
The sleeve is formed at one side, with an arm ³ carrying the crank pin n², and is
provided at its lower end with a cap having a square opening p² in the center to serve
as a movable die.
Fig. 7 shows the relation of such opening and the arm n³, the plunger G¹ being
shown in the middle of the cylinder G, and the opening of die p² partially twisted.
When the plunger is at one end of the cylinder, the sides of the die p² would
coincide with the opening in the stationary die k¹ so that the ingot bar could pass
freely through both upon the upward movement of the cross-head.
The movement of the plunger operates to rotate the sleeve p and the die p², to twist
the ingot bar when desired.
+
It is obvious that the cross-head may be arrested upon its upward stroke when the
chilled joint between the two contiguous ingots in the ingot bar lies between the two
dies, and that the movement of the plunger G¹ would then operate to twist the ingot
below such chilled joints, and to fracture the solid metal which united the ingots.
Should such fracture not result from the first torsion, the plunger G¹ may be
reciprocated back and forth by reversing the valve lever until the required fracture
is produced.
To avoid the chilling of the metal in its passage from the ladle to the mold, I con-
struct a gas heater around a funnel tube or nozzle O and deliver the fluid metal into
the mouth of such tube.
The heater is shown as a vessel 7 lined with clay ¹, and provided with a cover ²
having air and gas tubes s², 53, connected to its opposite sides.
A fire brick plate w is sustained near the bottom of the vessel, by a bridge wall w',
and gas and air ducts t and t¹ are extended across the top of the vessel and connected
with a series of pipes t2 which pass through the plate w, and mingle the air and gas
together in close proximity to the mouth piece , which is merely a fire brick to join

page_text: the funnel to the mold. At the bottom of the heater, an annular cooling chamber v
is provided, to rest upon the top of the mold, and to receive a circulation of cooling
fluid by means of pipes 1 and 2, to chill the head of the ingot at its margin.
Such annular chamber presents a cooling surface to the metal around the margin
at the mouth of the mold, but is flared or dished upon its upper side to receive the
lining or mouth picce u of refractory material, which extends through the center
aperture in the cooling chamber and upward through the bottom of the heater where
it connects with the lower end of the nozzle O. The nozzle is inclined to bring its
upper end at one side of the vessel, to avoid interference with the gas and air ducts
above, and the flame produced at the lower ends of the tubes t² operates first upon the
mouth piece u and the lowest end of the nozzle, on its passage to escape from beneath
the plate w; after which the gases pass upward in contact with the remainder of the
nozzle, and escape between the tube t² to the flue t³.
The mouth piece is thus heated in the highest degree where the metal has flowed
the farthest from the ladle on its passage through the nozzle, and is thereby delivered
to the mold in the hottest possible condition, instead of radiating its heat into
the open air, being readily heated by my construction to or above its melting
point:
To sustain the dummy, or the ingot bar when loosened in the mold, and to afford
a regulated resistance to the movement of the clamp carrier, I provide a vise to exert
an elastic pressure upon the ingot bar, adjacent to the bottom of the mold. The vise
consists in two bars c extended through openings in the frame b, and pressed
together at their opposite ends by bolts having spiral springs c inserted between
their heads and the outside of the bar c².
A rotary cam c is applied to the bolt c* between the bars, and is formed with a
sloping tooth or face fitted to a beveled notch in the side of the bar. The cam is
provided upon its upper side with a socket c' for the insertion of a lever rod, and the
operator may thus rotate the cam to press the bars apart when desired, as shown in
Fig. 6; while the restoration of the cam to its normal position permits the springs to
press them firmly upon the ingot.
The pawls are shown provided, upon the outer ends of their attached pivots s*, with
hand levers s by which they may be pressed apart if requisite. By the method of
pouring now to be described, the shrinkage of such ingot is effectually fed by the
succeeding charge, and piping or porosity is wholly prevented.
The furnace having been heated to the required temperature, the pistons in the
cylinders B, B', are raised to their fullest extent, the pawls are pressed downward,
and the vise opened to permit the introduction of the dummy g. The vise is then
closed upon the dummy to hold it, with an elastic pressure, in its proper position.
The valve E is now opened for the downward stroke, and the pouring of the
molten metal is begun at the same instant, the pawls in the cross-head engaging on
either side of the dummy ingot to carry it downward with the cross-head; care being
observed to pour the molten metal as fast as the mold will take it, during the
operation of lowering the dummy; the metal filling the mold to a contact with the
cooling chamber V, against which it is held until the surface adjacent to such chamber
is suitably chilled. The cross-head is now moved upward, the pawls easily slipping
backward over the dummy and the lower end of the dummy passing through the
dies k¹ and p².
The stroke of the pistons above described is so arranged that the dummy is not
quite drawn below the mold, say three or four inches remaining within the mold.
At the completion of the upward stroke another downward movement is made, the
pawls again engage with the sides of the dummy, and the ingot is drawn downward
by means of the anchorage on the upper end of the dummy; and simultaneously with
the downward movement of the ingot within the mold, and pouring of the second
ingot is begun, care being taken to pour as before described.
The central portions of the two ingots will be firmly united, forming a continuous
bar with a crease or nick extending around the surface which will permit the ingots
B

page_text: means.
to be easily separated at that point by. the application of a torsional strain or other.
Instead of twisting the ingot bar to rupture it, it may be severed by a species of
slrears adapted to push the ingot sections laterally without attempting to cut the
same, or by sustaining the ingot for a portion of its length, in a movable holder and
tipping the same to an angle adjacent to a fixed holder; by which the joint of the
ingot would be ruptured without any tendency to bend or curve the body of the ingot:
as would be liable to happen if a bending strain were applied to the lower end of the
ingot when hot.
In Fig. 8 a stationary holder fis mounted by means of a bracket jupon a bed.
platek, and an oscillating holder g' is pivoted in lugs upon such fixed holder, and both are
provided with an aperture a' adapted for the passage of the ingot when such apertures
are held in line.
A crank arm. connected with the holder serves to oscillate the same by means of
the, piston rod c¹ of the hydraulic cylinder G, and such oscillation operates as is
shown, in Fig. 8, where both holders are shown in section to sever the ingot from
the bar y by a species of shearing strain.
In Fig. 10, the fixed holder fis shown attached to the bed by post f2, and the
movable holder as shown is a plate gt reciprocated by the piston rod co of the hydraulic
cylinder Gia
k
The plate 9 is shown in Fig. 11 provided with the aperture a fitted to the ingot
bar, and a seat w is shown upon the bed plate & supporting the slide in proximity to.
the underside of the holder f, so that the holder operates when shifted laterally as
shown in the figure, to sever the ingot from the bar as desired:
In Fig. 12 a tubular holder o' is shown pivoted to the under side of the fixed
holder and oscillated by the rod c of a vertical cylinder G through the medium
of a bell crank o². With this construction, the ingot if hot, may be sustained during
the whole or a great part of its length, while the holder is tipped as indicated in.
dotted lines at 3; sufficiently to fracture the ingot at the required point, without
any tendency to bend the body of the ingot. It is obvious that a vortical cylinder
may be employed to actuate the shearing device and connect it directly with the
oscillating holder by an arin, and a link, as indicated respectively in dotted lines
in Fig. 8, at G, es and c²; or that a bell crank and vertical cylinder may be used,
to actuate the shearing device.
The movement of any such shearing or bending device could be readily regulated
by having the piston strike the end of the cylinder at the required limit, as shown
in the position of the piston in the vertical cylinder in Fig. 8.
7:
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, I. declare that
what I claim is :-
1st. In an ingot casting apparatus, the combination, with an ingot mold having an
open bottom, of a clamp carrier reciprocating to and from the bottom of the mold, and
a clamp sustained by the carrier and operated to automatically grasp the ingot when
moved downward, substantially as set forth.
#
2nd. The combination with an ingot mold of means constructed and arranged to
draw an ingot intermittently from the mold and means for separating a portion of
the ingot from the said ingot, for the purposes set forth.
3rd. In an ingot casting apparatus, the combination, with an ingot mold having an
open bottom, of a clamp carrier reciprocated to and from the bottom of the mold, and
an ingot clamp formed of inclined pawls bearing upon opposite sides of the ingot and
adapted to automatically grasp the ingot when moved downward and to release the
ingot when moved upward, as and for the purpose set forth.
4th. In an ingot casting apparatus, the combination, with an ingot mold having
an open bottom, of a hydraulic cylinder suitably arranged in relation to the mold, a
cylinder frame adapted to sustain the mold during the casting operation, a clamp

page_text: carrier actuated by such hydraulic cylinder, and a clamp arranged upon the carrier
beneath the mold to draw the ingot bar therefrom, substantially as set forth.
5th. In an. ingot casting apparatus, the combination, with an ingot mold having
an open bottom, of an automatic clamp adapted to grasp and release the ingot bar,
and a double acting hydraulic cylinder for moving the clamp positively toward and
from the bottom of the mold, as set forth.
6th. In an ingot casting apparatus, the combination, with an ingot mold having
an open bottom, of two hydraulic cylinders arranged at opposite sides of the mold,
and provided with a frame to sustain the mold during the casting operation, a ram.
in each of the hydraulic cylinders, a cross-head connecting the said rams below the
ingot mold, and an ingot clamp affixed to the cross-head and reciprocated to and
from the bottom of the wold by the simultaneous action of the two rams, substantially
as set forth.
7th. In an ingot casting apparatus,-the combination, with an ingot mold having an
open bottom, of a hydraulic cylinder arranged at the side of the mold, a cylinder
frame adapted to sustain the mold during the casting operation, a stationary vise upon
such frame for grasping the ingot or dummy bar below the bottom of the mold, a
clamp arranged beneath the vise to grasp the ingot, and a clamp carrier actuated by
the hydraulic cylinder to reciprocate the clamp to and from the mold, substantially
as set forth.
8th. In an ingot casting apparatus, the combination, with an ingot mold having an
open bottom, of two hydraulic cylinders arranged at opposite sides thereof, and
provided with a frame to sustain the ingot mold during the casting operation, a ram
in each of the hydraulic cylinders, a cross-head connecting the said rams below the
ingot mold, and an ingot clamp affixed to the cross-head and reciprocated to and from
the bottom of the mold by the simultaneous action of the two rains, a die affixed to
the cross-head to resist a torsional movement of the ingot and means for twisting the
ingot bar, as and for the purpose set forth.
9th. In an ingot casting apparatus, the combination, with an ingot mold having an
open bottom, of two hydraulic cylinders arranged at opposite sides thereof and
provided with a frame to sustain the ingot mold, a ram in each of said cylinders, a
cross-head connecting the rams below the ingot mold, an ingot clamp affixed to the
cross-head, a die affixed to the cross-head to resist the torsional movement of the ingot,
and an ingot twisting apparatus carried by the cross-head and movable therewith to
and from the bottom of the mold, substantially as set forth.
10th. In an ingot casting apparatus, the combination, with an ingot mold having
an open bottom, and a clamp carrier reciprocated to and from the mold, of the circular
seat upon the clamp carrier, the teeth k, the stationary die k¹ fitted thereto, the
sleeve p, secured movably to the seat j and the die p² affixed to the sleeve and rotated
therewith when twisting the ingot bar, substantially as herein set forth,
11th. In an ingot casting apparatus, the combination, with an ingot mold having
an open bottom, and a carrier reciprocated to and from the bottom of the same, of the
pawls i pivoted upon the carrier, the springs s for pressing the pawls against the ingot
bar, the set screws s for adjusting the pawls, and means for separating the pawls, as
and for the purpose set forth.
12th. In an ingot casting apparatus, an ingot mold provided with longitudinal ribs
upon its exterior, a casing fitted to the outside of such ribs, and annular passages for
distributing vapor, steam or water into the spaces between the ribs and the casing, at
one end of the mold, and an outlet for discharging the cooling fluid from the mold,
substantially as herein set forth.
13th. The combination, in an ingot casting apparatus, of a stationary holder as f
for an ingot bar, and a movable holder operating by shifting the ingot laterally to
rupture the ingot by a species of shearing strain without bending the ingot, sub-
stantially as described with reference to Figs. 8 and 10.
14th. The combination, in an ingot casting apparatus, of a stationary holder for the
ingot bar, and an oscillating holder actuated by the piston rod of a horizontal cylinder,
substantially as described with reference to Fig. 8.

page_text: 15th. The combination, in an ingot casting apparatus, of a stationary holder for
the ingot bar, and a tubular holder as. o' pivoted adjacent thereto, and operating to
break the ingot bar by tipping the same, while sustaining a portion of its length.
and preventing the same from bending, substantially as described with reference to
Fig. 12.
16th. The combination, in an ingot casting apparatus, of a stationary holder for
the ingot bar, a movable holder. sustained adjacent thereto and operating to sever the
ingot bar by shearing or bending the same, and a bell crank and vertical cylinder for
actuating the same, substantially as set forth.