CERTAIN IMPROVE- MENTS IN THE TEETH OR COGS FORMED ON OR APPLIED TO WHEELS, PINIONS, AND OTHER MECHANICAL AGENTS FOR COMMUNICATING OR RESTRAINING MOTION
Year: 1820

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOSEPH
WOOLLAMS, of the City of Wells, in the County of Somerset, Land Agent,
send greeting.
WHEREAS His most Excellent Majesty King George the Fourth did, by
His Letters Patent under the Great Seal of that part of the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Ireland called England, bearing date at Westminster,
the Twentieth day of June, in the first year of His reign, give and grant unto
me, the said Joseph Woollams, my exors, adñiors, and assigns, His especial
licence, full power, sole privilege and authority, that I, the said Joseph
Woollams, my exors, adñiors, and assigns, during the term of years therein
mentioned, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within
England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick upon Tweed, and also in all His
Majesty's Colonies and Plantations abroad, my Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE TEETH OR COGS FORMED ON OR APPLIED TO WHEELS, PINIONS, AND
OTHER MECHANICAL AGENTS FOR COMMUNICATING OR RESTRAINING MOTION;" in
which said Letters Patent there is contained a proviso, that if I, the said
Joseph Woollams, shall not particularly describe and ascertain the nature of
my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, by an
instrument in writing under my hand and seal, and cause the same to be
inrolled in His Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar months
next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent, that then the
said Letters Patent, and all liberties and advantages whatsoever thereby

page_text: granted, shall utterly cease, determine, and become void, as in and by the
same, relation being thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Joseph Woollams, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention, and
the manner in which the same is to be performed, are particularly described
and ascertained in and by the Drawings hereunto annexed, and the following
description thereof (that is to say) :-
My Invention doth consist in teeth or cogs, so formed that they may be
applied to or formed on a cylinder, cone, or other mechanical agent in one or
more directions, inclining obliquely to their respective planes of motion, or in
some cases to the radii of such planes, either or both, or when applied to a
stationary agent in directions inclining obliquely to the plane of motion, or path
of a body moving or to be moved on it; and moreover, so arranged on such
cylinder, cone, or other mechanical agent, as aforeasid, when intended to pro-
duce a continuous motion or action, that the cog of a single toothed pinion
may occupy more than one circumference of the said pinion; and that in
wheels, pinions, and other mechanical agents, as aforesaid, with more than one
cog, the lower extremity of one tooth may be situate below the higher
extremity of the next tooth below it, and its higher extremity above the lower
extremity of the next tooth above it; and further, so arranged when an alter-
nating motion is required) that the teeth separately or in sets may be situate
as to their upper and lower extremities, as aforesaid, at such distance from
each other or each set as the space through which direct and retrograde
motion may require, the aforesaid terminations of the teeth being estimated
on that pitch line of each tooth which is situate on the like side of such
teeth.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
Figure 1 represents the plan of two pinions working on arcs of the inner
circumferences of two annular wheels, and of another pinion working on the
outer circumference of a wheel at one side and in a rack at the other side.
A, A, A, A, represent the centers of the different pinions and wheel;
B, B, B, B, B, B, B, B, B, B, represent the arms of the same. All the parts
marked a are representations of my new teeth or cogs, of which the dotted
11
Figure 1 represents the plan of two pinions working on arcs of the inner
circumferences of two annular wheels, and of another pinion working on the
outer circumference of a wheel at one side and in a rack at the other side.
A, A, A, A, represent the centers of the different pinions and wheel;
B, B, B, B, B, B, B, B, B, B, represent the arms of the same. All the parts
marked a are representations of my new teeth or cogs, of which the dotted
brown lines are the pitch lines.
Figure 2 is a plan of a series of teeth evolved from the circumference of
a wheel, and of another series of teeth evolved from the circumference of a
pinion. The parts coloured red are the teeth of the pinion, and those coloured

page_text: black the teeth of the wheel. Their circumferences are both supposed to be
evolved from the pitch line, and so placed relatively to each other as to repre-
sent the necessary parallelism to be given to those parts of the opposing teeth
which are required to meet in the pitch line.
Figure 3 is a plan of the same series of teeth, represented at Figure 2 as
evolved from the circumference of a wheel at the pitch line, and there coloured
black, but here supposed to be evolved at their bases.
Figure 4 is a plan of the same series of teeth evolved at their summits.
Figure 5 is a plan of the series of teeth, represented at Figure 2 as evolved
from the circumference of a pinion at the pitch line, and there coloured red,
but here supposed to be evolved at their summits.
Figure 6 is a plan of the same series of teeth evolved from the pinion at
their basis.
Figure 7 is a Diagram, representing an edge view of the several parts of
the teeth of a wheel, which in Figures 2, 3, and 4 have been herein-before
supposed to be evolved from their pitch line bases and summits; the dotted
lines verge from the summits to the center A of the said wheel. The dotted
brown line g, g, represents the pitch line; the shaded parts of lines from f to f'
represent the basis c; the shaded dots marked X the summits.
Figure 8 is a Diagram (similar to Figure 7) of the pinion represented in
Figures 2, 5, and 6, and coloured red.
Figure 9 is a plan of those parts of a series of teeth supposed to be situate
in the pitch line of a rack, and having the same inclination to the plane of
motion as the red parts of Figure 2, are consequently calculated to engage
with them in the pitch line.
Figure 10 is a plan of the summits of that series of teeth described in
Figure 9.
Figure 11 is a plan of the basis of the same.
Figure 12 represents the edge view of a rack, in which the dotted lines
from the summits, marked X, run parallel to each other.
Figure 13 is a section of the wheel, pinion, and rack, coloured black, red,
and blue, in Figure 1.
Figures 14 and 15 are portions of the threads of two screws, and represent
that which I consider the best general form of my improved teeth or cogs.
The inclination of the sides at a, a, of each Figure to the radii h, h, of the
summits correspond with that of the sides at d, d, as do that of the sides at b, b,
with that of the sides at c, c.
Figures 16 and 17 represent two teeth or cogs which I use when it is

page_text: 1
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inconvenient to form teeth of portions of a screw; for, though the inclination
to the radii h, h, of the sides at a, a, differ from that of the sides at d, d,
and though also the inclination of the sides at b, b, differ from that of the
1 1
1 1
1
1
1 1
1 1
sides at c, c, still the inclination of the corresponding sides at a, a, Figure 16,
which are to meet or oppose those at a, a, Figure 17, have one common angle
of inclination, as have also the sides at b, c, Figure 16, which are to meet
those at b, c, Fig. 17. In Figures 14, 15, 16, and 17, the planes, denoted
by the brown dotted lines and marked with corresponding letters, are supposed
to be equally inclined to the plane of motion, and are therefore the best
calculated to be the pitch lines of their respective teeth, and the parts of those
pitch lines that are also marked with corresponding letters are supposed to
engage with each other when motion is produced in the direction of the rod
or that of the blue arrows.
Figure 18 is a perspective view of a bevelled wheel.
Figure 19 is a perspective elevation of a wheel and pinion, each having a
plane inclined in one direction only, but the direction of the one is opposite to
that of the other in order to counteract the 'lateral pressure; and in aid of
the same object the inclination of the teeth or cogs of the pinion is greater
than that of the teeth or cogs of the wheel, its diameter being less.
Figures 20 and 21 are perspective views of "wheels, each having teeth com-
posed of planes inclined in opposite directions. The pitch line of Figure 20
is supposed to be at the summits, and that of Figure 21 at the bases of their
respective teeth or cogs.
In forming my improved teeth in order for them to produce what I deem
their most perfect action, let them be so made that those parts of each which
are exterior to the pitch line of its wheel or other mechanical agent shall be
so much smaller than the cavity within the pitch line of the wheel or other
such agent within which it is "to move as will enable 'it to enter and pass
out therefrom without preventing the pitch line of the teeth' of either such
mechanical agent 'from rolling on the pitch line of the teeth of the other
with such uniformity of motion that every part of each tooth situate in those
pitch lines may successively meet in the line of centers."
To accomplish this in the case of any two imechanical agents intended to be
furnished with teeth, cause the planes intended for their pitch lines to roll
on each other, and ascertain that curve which the part intended for the sumit
of one tooth will generate within the pitch line of the other mechanical agent,
then the cavities to be made between adjoining teeth of that agent and within

page_text: its pitch line should be (in planes parallel to that in which the curve has been
generated) a portion of a larger curvilinear figure than the curve so generated.
Next, if the pitch lines are to be situate between the bases and summits)
cause the aforesaid planes intended for the pitch lines to roll on each other,
and ascertain that curve which the part intended for the summit of that tooth,
the cavity between which and its next tooth has been before ascertained) will
generate within the pitch line of the other agent to which it is applied. In
the section, Figure 13, it will be seen that those parts of the teeth which are
exterior to their pitch lines are smaller than the cavities in which they are
to move. It will be observed that the teeth marked a, f, in the red pinion
and black wheel, Figure 1, being too long, would work in the common way,
which destroys the required action in the line of centers. In Figure 1 a small
shoulder is shewn on one side of some of the teeth. In order to avoid shake,
the tooth should fill up the whole space in the line of centers, therefore this
shoulder is cut in order to prevent friction on the upper side of the driving
tooth; this shoulder, though it may be an improvement, is not an essential part
of the tooth.
My improved teeth or cogs, as herein-before described, may be made of
wood, metal, or any other suitable substance or combination of substances, and
In its
may be applied to a great variety of mechanical agents now in use.
application to hammers or stampers, a tooth need only be formed on to the
tail of the hammer in one case, and a tooth substituted for the arm of the
stamper in the other case; these are to be acted upon by my improved teeth
substituted for the wipers usually employed.
Now, such teeth or cogs so inclining as aforesaid being to the best of my
knowledge and belief entirely new and never before used in these kingdoms,
except to endless screws with their compounds, and wheels or other agents
moved by them; and moreover such teeth or cogs so arranged as aforesaid
being also to the best of my knowledge and belief entirely new and never
before used in these kingdoms, I am desirous to maintain this my exclusive
right and privilege to the same as applied to all other mechanical agents for
communicating or restraining motion not herein-before excepted.
In witness whereof, I, the said Joseph Woollams, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twentieth day of December, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and twenty.
:
JOSEPH (L.S.) WOOLLAMS.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Twentieth day of December.
in the year of our Lord 1820, the aforesaid Joseph Woollams came before our
said Lord the King in His Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification
aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and specified, in form
above written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according
to the tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Inrolled the Twentieth day of December, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and twenty..