IMPROVEMENTS IN Denna Ovens DESSES
Year: 1872

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Milroy, of Edinburgh, in the County of
Mid Lothian, North Britain, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
Denna Ovens
DESSES"
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Milroy at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
13th June 1872.
I, JOHN MILROY, of Edinburgh, in the County of Mid Lothian,
North Britain, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"* IMPROVEMENTS IN CONSTRUCTING FOUNDATIONS, PIERS, QUAYS, AND SIMILAR
STRUCTURES," to be as follows, that is to say :—
This Invention relates to an improved system of constructing founda-
tions, piers, quays, and similar structures, such system being a
combination of the processes described in the Specification of Letters
Patent granted to the present applicant, and dated 13 August 1870
(No. 2255), with certain improved arrangements hercin-after described,

page_text: In carrying out the Invention the structures are formed by sinking
columns of circular or polygonal cross section in contact with each other,
in single rows or in two or more contiguous rows, such columns being
made up of sections of concrete, brickwork, or stonework, in the
manner described in the carlier Specification herein-before referred to.
The present Invention consists principally in making the columnar
sections so that adjacent columns may interlock with each other and
thus impart increased stability to the entire structure. This interlocking
is vertical as well as lateral, so that the two, three, or more columns
which are constructed and sunk together, must sink uniformly and
regularly, and keep parallel to each other.
In cases in which the columns are individually of moderate size, and
the "traveller" or hoisting apparatus employed for laying the sections
in sitû is sufficiently powerful, each separate mass may comprise the
united or conjointly made sections of two, three, or even four columns.
Or the masses may consist cach of segmental or other sections requiring
two or more to make up the entire tier or layer of the set of columns in
process of being sunk together, and in this case the segments or sections
of one tier or layer are disposed so as to "break joint" with those of the
tier or layer below, as in ordinary ashlar or brickwork.
In sinking columns of the kind to which the present Invention
relates, the ordinary practice is to apply the necessary additional weight
to aid the sinking action by irregularly piling up on the top old iron
rails or whatever pieces of iron may be accidentally at hand, but in
carrying out the present Invention, whether with single columns or with
sets of two or more, the necessary weight is applied by means of iron
rings or annular weights, cast of shapes corresponding to the sectional
contour of the columns and so as to lie fairly and evenly on the entire
top surface of the columns. Each iron ring is made as heavy as the
traveller employed can conveniently lift, and 'a set of the rings can be
applied or removed with the greatest convenience and despatch, whilst
from their shape they are entirely out of the way of the apparatus used
in connection with the excavating operations inside the columns.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said John Milroy in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 12th December 1872.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
MILROY, of Edinburgh, in the County of Mid Lothian, North Britain,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Thirteenth day of June, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-two, in the thirty-
fifth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give
and grant unto me, the said John Milroy, Her special licence that
I, the said John Milroy, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
or such others as I, the said John Milroy, my executors, adminis-
trators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from
time to time and at all times thereafter during the term thercin expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands,
and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN CONSTRUCTING FOUNDA-
PIERS, QUAYS, AND SIMILAR STRUCTURES," upon the condition (amongst
others) that I, the said John Milroy, my executors or administrators, by
an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands
and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the
said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed,
and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
TIONS,
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said John Milroy, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement in writing, reference being had to the accompanying
Drawings, that is to say :-
My said Invention relates to an improved system of constructing
foundations, piers, quays, and similar structures, such system being a
combination of the processes described in the Specification of Letters
Patent granted to me, and dated 13 August 1870 (No. 2255), with
certain improved arrangements herein-after described.

page_text: In carrying out my Invention the structures are formed by sinking
columns of circular or polygonal cross section in contact with each other
in single rows or in two or more contiguous rows, such columns being
by preference made up of sections of concrete, brickwork, or stonework
in the manner described in my earlier Specification, herein-before 5
referred to.
My present Invention consists principally in making the columnar
sections so that adjacent columns may interlock with each other, and
thus impart increased stability to the entire structure. This interlocking
is vertical as well as lateral, so that the two, three, or more columns 1
which are constructed and sunk together must sink uniformly and
regularly, and keep parallel to each other.
And in order that my said Invention and the manner of performing
the same may be properly understood I hereunto append a Sheet of
explanatory Drawings, to be herein-after referred to, and representing 1
various modifications of my improved arrangements. In these Drawings
the same reference numerals are used to mark the same or like parts
wherever they are repeated.
Figure 1 is a vertical section showing three sections 1, 2, 3, of one
column as interlocked with three sections 4, 5, 6, of an adjacent column; 20
and Figure 2 is a plan corresponding to Figure 1 as without the top
sections 3, 6. In constructing the sections 1 and 4 unfilled cavities or
spaces are left at the parts which are to meet cach other, and after these
sections are placed on the tops of the partly sunk columns, the cavity
thus formed, and which extends from the section of one column into 2
that of the adjacent column, is filled up with brickwork, concrete, or
stonework, which hardening into a rigid block 7, acts as a massive dowel
and interlocks the columns. The next higher sections, 2.and 5, are
made with segmental voids or openings quite through the side, both
horizontally and vertically, at the parts which are to meet each other; 30
and after these sections 2, 5, are placed on the tops of the lower
sections 1, 4, a block 8 of concrete, brickwork, or stonework is placed
across between the two columns so as to fill up the segmental voids of
the two sections. Over the sections 2, 5, thus connected, sections 3, 6,
are placed like the lower sections 1, 4, with a filling-up block 9 like the 35
one 7, and above these sections 3, 6, sections like 2, 5, follow, and so on.
The blocks 7, 9, should be about as wide (measured at right angles to
Figure 1) as they are deep.

page_text: In cases in which the columns are individually of moderate size, and
the "traveller" or hoisting apparatus employed for laying the sections
in situ is sufficiently powerful, each separate mass may comprise the
united or conjointly made sections of two, three, or even four columns,
as shown in Figures 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7, which are plan views showing
different arrangements or groupings of the columns. Figure 3 shows a
group of two, which are necessarily in one line, but three or more may
also be grouped and formed conjointly in a single line; Figure 4 shows
groups of three each combined to form a front line of columns, with
columns at intervals behind acting as counterforts, and such groups may
be made each with more than two columns for the front line, so that the
counterfort columns at the back will be further apart; Figure 5 shows
groups of four columns, each arranged so as to form double counterforts,
which may be at any convenient intervals at the back of the front line
of columns; Figures 6 and 7 show groups of four columns each arranged
to form two lines or a double row of columns. Where the adjacent
columns are two deep, as in Figures 5, 6, and 7, cavities 13 are formed
by the meeting of the columns, which may be filled with concrete, that
will sufficiently interlock the groups, and effectually prevent water and
sand from working through.
By a further modification the masses may consist, as shown in
Figure 7, of segmental or other sections, 14, 15, 16, requiring two or
more to make up the entire tier or layer of the set or group of columns
in process of being sunk together, and in this case the segments or
sections (14, 15, for example) of one tier or layer are disposed so as to
"break joint" with those (16) of the tier or layer below, as in ordinary
ashlar or brickwork; and it is obvious that the subdivision of the tiers
or layers may be so far extended as for the grouped columns to be con-
structed piecemeal in situ.
The columns composing one conjointly made group may have a
common shoe shaped to suit the external horizontal contour of the
group, and without any part of the shoe corresponding to the central
part of the columns, which latter central part should be higher at the
bottom than the outer walls, so that the hollow parts of the several
columns may at the bottom unite in a single space.
In sinking columns of the kind to which the present Invention relates,
the owlinaw praction is to annle the necessary additional weight to sid

page_text: the sinking action by irregularly piling up on the top old iron or
whatever pieces of iron may be accidentally at hand, but in carrying out
my present Invention, whether with single columns or with sets or
groups of two or more, I apply the necessary weight by means of iron
rings or annular weights cast of shapes corresponding to the sectional
contour of the columns, and so as to lie fairly and evenly on the entire
top surface of the columns. Each iron ring is made as heavy as the
traveller employed can conveniently lift, and a set of the rings can be
applied or removed with the greatest convenience and despatch, whilst
from their shape they are entirely out of the way of the apparatus used
in connection with the excavating operations inside the columns.
Having thus particularly described my said Invention, and the manner
in which the same is to be performed, I have to state that I do not
restrict myself to the precise details herein described or delineated, but
that what I believe to be novel and original, and claim as the Invention
secured to me by the herein-before in part recited Letters Patent is,―
1. The constructing of foundations, piers, quays, and similar structures
of columns made of concrete, of brickwork, of stonework, or of any com-
bination of these, and interlocking with each other, as herein-before
described.
2. The constructing of foundations, piers, quays, and similar structures
of groups or sets of conjointly formed colums, as herein-before described.
3. The using of weights cast of shapes corresponding to the sectional
contour of the column or group of columns, substantially as and for the
purposes herein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Milroy, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Eleventh day of December, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-two.