Improvements in Fasteners for Articles of Dress, such as Gloves and the like.
Year: 1897

page_text: Date of Application, 17th April, 1897
Complete Specification Left, 15th Dec., 1897-Accepted, 22nd Jan., 1898
[Communicated from abroad by SAMUEL FOSTER PAUL, of New York, in the
County and State of New York, United States of America, Manufacturer.]
Improvements in Fasteners for Articles of Dress, such as Gloves and
the like.
I, HENRY HARRIS LAKE, of the Firm of Haseltine, Lake & Co., Patent Agents,
45, Southampton Buildings, in the County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the
nature of this invention to be as follows:-
-
In the successful stud and socket fasteners of to-day either the head of the stud,
which is circular in horizontal section, or the lip surrounding the circular mouth
of the socket, consists wholly of a spring, upon the uncertain and variable strength
of which largely depends the ability of the fastener to resist being pulled apart
by a strain on the material.
I have discovered that when the socket is secured near the edge of flexible
material which overlaps the material holding the stud the position which the two
members of a snap fastener naturally assume in being brought directly toward
each other by the finger or fingers and thumb of one hand can be utilized in the
employment of members substantially rigid at their points of contact. And I have
also discovered that the natural strain of the material will press rigid parts of the
stud and socket together so as to lock the same against unfastening. And I have
constructed members and positioned the same upon the fabric in such manner as
to utilize such discoveries.
I will call the imaginary plane in which lie the axes of the stud member and
socket member and which is indicated by the line in the accompanying drawings,
the plane of approach," because it is the plane substantially in which the two
members of the fastening are brought toward each other to be fastened by the
natural movement of the finger and thumb. It is essential to my invention and
to its practical utility that the members should be so placed upon the material
that the tilting of one relatively to the other for fastening should take place
substantially in this plane. I will call that part of the socket adjacent to m',
which is next the stud as the members approach each other directly, the front of
the socket, and that part of the stud adjacent to g', which is next the socket, the
front of the stud; because these are the parts, respectively, of the socket and
stud that are in front as the members move directly toward each other for fasten-
ing being also the parts next to the edges qq' of the material to be fastened. I
will call the opposite side, adjacent to ¹, of the socket, the rear of the socket,
and the opposite side, adjacent to f' of the stud, the rear of the stud.
In the accompanying drawings, Figures 1 to 9, inclusive, are diagrams to show
with accuracy and substantially to a scale, enlarged, the exterior line and interior
line of the stud and socket in the plane of approach. Figures 10 and 11 are
diagrams showing, relatively, in plan view, an outline of the head in full line and
the outline of the socket-mouth in dotted line. Figure 12 shows the line of the

page_text: exterior of the stud and of the interior of the socket in a plane at right angles
with the plane of approach. Figures 13 to 16, inclusive, are, respectively, a side
view, a front view, a rear view and a top view of the stud further enlarged re-
presenting with substantial accuracy and to a scale, the stud as I prefer to con-
struct it at the present time, being made hollow and of a single piece of sheet
brass. Figure 17 shows the two members of the fastener in position upon the
opposite sides of the wrist opening of a glove, the plane of approach being in-
dicated by the line z z¹. Figures 18, 19 and 20 show the details of the parts of
the socket such as may be used in constructing the socket of the foregoing figures.
Figures 21, 22 and 23 are details of a stud and an eyelet for attaching the same
to the material. Figures 24 to 28 inclusive show the stud of Figure 22 and the
socket attached to the glove material, in various relative positions. Figure 29
shows a stud having many characteristics in common with the stud shown in
Figure 13, but built up of separate parts and attached to the glove material.
Figures 30 to 34, inclusive, show parts of the same in detail. Figure 35 shows
the same attached to a glove. Figures 36 to 40, inclusive, show the same stud
attached to glove material, in various relative positions with respect to the socket;
which is also attached to the glove material. Figures 41 to 43 show parts of the
socket last referred to. In Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15 and 16, the same
stud is represented. In Figure 5 the stud is still the same excepting that the head
overhangs less in front. In Figure 6, the stud is still the same as in Figure 1,
excepting that the groove at the front of the neck is deeper. In Figure 7 the stud
is the same as in Figure 6 excepting that the crown of the head is slightly smaller.
The stud of Figure 9 is the stud of Figure 8. The same socket is represented in
Figures 1 to 10. inclusive, and in Figure 12.
"
I will first refer to the diagrams for describing the acting surfaces of the stud
and socket and the mode of operation. Afterwards I will describe the mechanical
details by reference to the other views.
The exterior conformation of the stud in the plane of approach, inclusive of
conformation essential only to particular features of my invention as well as of
conformation essential to the invention in its broader aspect, may be described
as follows: a is the rear projection or overhang of the head; is the front pro-
jection or overhang of the head; c is the crown of the head from which it curves
downwardly to the rear a and front b; d is the rear concave curvature of the
neck; c is the front concave curvature of the neck; f is the upper surface of the
base of the stud at the rear; g is the upper surface of the base of the stud at the
front; f and g incline downwardly from the bottom of the neck. The surface
connecting with a is upwardly inclined. The surface connecting e with bis
upwardly inclined. The lines of the stud to the front and to the rear of its axial
line y, y¹, correspond with each other substantially, excepting that the front
overhang is more extended from the said axial line and more elevated above
the base than is the rear overhang a.
The interior conformation of the socket in the plane of approach, inclusive of
conformation essential only to particular features of my invention as well as of
conformation essential to the invention in its broader aspect, may be described
as follows: h is the front of the convexly curved lip of the socket-mouth or
entrance-opening; i is the rear of the same; j is the front of the socket cavity;
is the rear of the same; is the top of the same; m is the lower surface of the
socket base at the front, which inclines upwardly from h; n is the lower surface
of the socket base at the rear, which inclines upwardly from i. The surface con-
necting with is upwardly inclined. The surface connecting i with k is up-
wardly inclined. The lines of the socket to the front and to the rear of its axial
line correspond with each other substantially.
The following are the relative dimensions of the stud and socket in the plane
of approach, inclusive of those essential only to particular features of my invention 5
as well as of those essential to the invention in its broader aspect: The diameter
of the head from rear a to front b is greater than the diameter of the socket-mouth

page_text: from front h to rear i but no greater than the diameter of the socket cavity from
front to rear k. The distance from the rear a of the head, to the front e of the
neck, is no greater than the diameter of the socket-mouth from front to rear; in
Figures 1 to 5, inclusive, it is substantially equal, and in Figures 6 and it is
less. The distance from the front h of the socket-mouth, to the rear of the
socket-cavity, is as great as the diameter of the head from reár a to front b; in
Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 7, it is substantially equal, and in Figure 5 it is greater.
The diameter of the stud base from the rear edge f¹ to the front edge g¹ is greater
than the diameter of the head from front to rear.
The following are the conformation and relative dimensions of the stud and
socket in a plane at right angles to the plane of approach and in a horizontal
plane, inclusive of those essential only to particular features of my invention, as
well as those essential to the invention in its broader aspect: The top of the head
inclines from the crown c to each side a¹ and ¹. The diameter of the head from
the side a to the side b' is no greater than the diameter of the socket-mouth from
the side to the side ¹; in Figures 10, 11 and 12 it is shown as substantially
equal. The outlines of the neck and base of the stud are substantially the same
as in the plane of approach. The lines of the socket are substantially the saine
as in the plane of approach. The lines, viewed horizontally of the head (full
line) and socket mouth (dotted line) are shown in Figure 10, and in a modified
form in Figure 11. The head is rounded from the front b to the sides a¹ and b¹,
and also from the rear a to the sides. The socket-mouth is also rounded from the
front and rear to the sides, respectively. In Figure 9, the socket-mouth 'is circular
and the stud-head is oval, with its greatest diameter in the plane of approach z, z¹.
In Figure 10, the head is circular, and the socket-mouth is oval, with its greater
diameter in a plane at right angles with the plane of approach.
The fact that the form shown in Figures 2 to 7 and 10 to 12 inclusive, contains
all parts of the socket concentric around the axis of the socket, and also the base
and neck of the stud concentric around the axis of the stud, facilitates manu-
facturing the stud and socket from sheet metal, requiring only the head to be
made eccentric. In the form shown in Figure 8, all parts of the stud may be
made substantially concentric around its axis, and also all parts of the socket.
Having reference to the form of construction shown in Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, its
mode of operation is as follows, inclusive of those things essential only to parti-
cular features of my invention as well as of those essential to the invention in its
broader aspect: When the socket and stud are brought together directly by
the finger and thumb in the plane of approach, they will first naturally occupy
about the position shown in Figure 3 (also in Figure 26) with the base n.of the
socket at the rear resting on the base g of the stud at the front, and the lip at the
front of the socket mouth resting on top of the head. Pressure, by the fingers,
on the top of the socket in about the direction of the arrow to, will force the lip
of the socket-mouth down the incline of the head toward the rear thereof and draw
the lip i, at the rear of the socket-mouth, against the front of the neck, as
shown in Figure 4. Further pressure upon the top of the socket in substantially
'the direction of the arrow we will force the lip h downward past the rear a, of the
head, as shown in Figure 2, (also in Figures 25 and 37) into the position shown in
Figures 27 and 39, so that the mouth of the socket encircles the neck of the
stud and the head of the stud is wholly within the socket-cavity. To unfasten
with the thumb or fingers lift the front edge of the socket by pulling substantially
in the direction of the arrow w², so as to substantially reverse the operation before
described.
When the stud and socket are fastened together and the usual strain of the
fabric in the direction of the arrow w³ upon the stud, and of the arrow w upon
the socket, tends to tip the stud forward, as shown in Figures 1, 8, 28 and 40,
the presence of the projection or overhang b at the front of the stud head will
prevent the front of the head from being pulled out of the socket, as might be the
case if the front of the lead were stopped off at the dotted line o of Figure 1, and

page_text: the projection or overhang at b in front of that dotted line were not present;
because in Figures 1, 28 and 40 the distance from the rear d at the neck, to the
front b of the head, is greater than the diameter of the socket-mouth and therefore,
as the stud tips forward, the overhang 6 comes in contact with the rear portion
of the socket so as to prevent any further tipping of the stud relatively to the
socket. Thus, no amount of pull in the directions of the arrows w³ and wt can pull
the socket and stud apart.
By having the front overhang of the head at somewhat more elevated above
the base than the rear overhang, the operation of fastening is facilitated because
it increases the vertical distance from the base g to the front of the head in
excess of the vertical thickness of the socket lip i to such a degree that when the
socket advances from the position of Figure 3, the front of the head is certain to
pass into the socket above the lip, as shown in Figures 3, 4, 25, 26 and 27, instead
of failing to engage with the lip by accidentally passing under it into such a
position, as shown in Figures 24 and 36. The correct operation in this regard
is also facilitated by the downward inclination of the lip.
In the construction shown in Figures 2 and 25 when the rear a of the head is
in contact with the lip in fastening or unfastening, it is held against the lip by
contact of the front of the stud with the rear of the socket at two points; that is
to say, contact between the neck at e with the lip at i, and contact by the head
at b with the wall of the socket cavity at k. But, in Figures 5 and 37, the contact
between the front of the stud and the rear of the socket is only at the neck;
and in Figures 6 and 7, it is only at the head. In Figure 6 the bottom of the
lip is shown as resting against the base of the stud at p, and the crown of the
head as clear of the top of the socket-cavity; but in Figure 7 the crown of the
head at c is shown in contact with the top of the socket-cavity and the lip is shown
as clear of the base of the stud.
I have thus far described the operation of the forms in which the overhang at
the front b of the stud is greater than the overhang at the rear a, but although
such feature is, for many reasons, preferable, yet, as shown in Figures 8 and 9,
it may be dispensed .with. In Figure 8 when the rear a of the head is in contact
with the front wall of the socket-cavity and the bottom of the lip is in contact
with the base f, the stud cannot tip forward in the socket because the front b of
the head is in contact with the top of the lip i at the rear of the socket. The
diameter of the head from front to rear a is greater than the distance of the
lip at the rear of the socket-mouth from the point on the front wall of the
socket-cavity at which the rear a of the head contacts with the same; said point
being no higher on the wall j of the socket-cavity than is permitted by the contact
at p between the socket and the base of the stud. The parts can be unfastened
by tipping the socket backward on the stud, as shown in Figure 9, because in this
position the distance from the rear a of the head to the front e of the neck is
no greater than the diameter of the socket-mouth from front to rear. Thus, in
Figures 8 and 9, the absence of the elongated front overhang of the head is com-
pensated for by the fact that the head can incline more in the socket when the
socket tilts backward as in Figure 9, than when the stud tilts forward as in
Figure 8.
It will be observed that in all the forms of construction described, the strain on
the material in the direction of the arrow w³ holds the rear of the stud against
the front of the socket in such position that the overhang a of the head is above
the lip of the socket, but that the tilting of the socket backward in the plane of
approach, lifts the lip h past and above the projection a. In use, this disengage-
ment does not unintentionally occur because there is no force excepting the in-
tentional force of the fingers tending to tilt the socket backward on the stud.
Should the strain in the directions ww be relaxed so as to permit the socket to
move forward on the stud, still the lip h is practically prevented from passing the
projection a with which it actually or nearly contacts in passing, because the
forward movement of the socket is limited by the contact between the front of the
4

page_text: stud and the rear of the socket, which contact is shown in Figure 2, as occurring
both at the head and neck; in Figure 5, as occurring at the neck, and in Figures 6
and 7 as occurring at the head. Moreover, the overhang at the sides a¹, of the
head and between the sides and the front a may be used to increase the chances
against such accidental disengagement by making likely that the overhang at some
of these points will not be so positioned with respect to the lip as to permit of
disengagement at the same instant that the overhang at a is so positioned.
It will be observed, also, that the backward tilting of the stud in the socket
makes contact between the front of the stud and the rear of the socket in the
plane of approach at points of the stud and socket, respectively, which are rigid
with respect to the points of the stud and socket, respectively, at which contact
occurs at the rear of the stud so that the stud is locked against being disengaged
from the socket by tilting forward. Thus, in Figure 1, the under surface of b
at which the front of the head contacts is rigid with respect to the surface of the
neck at d at which the rear of the head contacts, and the surface of the lip at i
at which the rear of the socket contacts is rigid with respect to the surface of the
lip at h at which the front of the socket contacts. Thus, also, in Figure 8 the
contact surface of 6 is rigid with the contact surface of a and the contact surface
of i is rigid with respect to the contact surface of j.
I will now describe the construction of the socket as I prefer to build it. An
eyelet of the form shown in vertical section in Figure 43 is made of a single piece
of sheet metal consisting of the horizontal flange 1, the vertical tube 2 and the
connecting inward corrugation 3. A dome is made of sheet metal consisting, as
shown in Figure 18, in vertical section, of a dome portion 4 and a concentric
vertical interior tubular portion 5. Over this dome is placed a dome shaped cap 6
also made of sheet metal. 7 is an inner dome also made of sheet metal and per-
forated at its crown so as to fit around the tube 5. Before attachment to the
material, the cap 6, the exterior dome 4, the tube 5 and the interior dome 7 are
clinched together, as shown in Figure 41. The complete cap composed of three
parts is then placed on top of the material and the eyelet of Figure 20 below the
material and pressed together until the eyelet presses through the material and
clinches itself between the domes 4 and 7 forcing the material up into the space
between itself and the dome 4, as shown in the drawings at Figure 24 and else-
where. The act of clinching the eyelet of Figure 20 is preferably so performed
as to give the flange 1 the slightly conical form shown in Figure 19 and to give
the lip or corrugation 3, a slightly downward inclination as shown in the same
figure.
In the form shown in Figures 21 and 22, the head and the neck of the stud
are formed by milling or pressing a piece of solid metal so as to contain the open-
ing 8 adapted to receive and retain the tube 9 of the eyelet shown in Figure 23
which contains the flange 10. The head and neck of the stud thus formed are
riveted to a flange 11. The structure shown in Figure 22 is placed on top of the
material and the eyelet of Figure 23 below, and when riveted together the material
is clamped between the flanges 10 and 11, as shown in Figure 24 and elsewhere;
so that the stud cannot turn upon the material. To assist in holding the stud
from turning, one of the flanges may have a projection or projections to be im-
bedded into the material, as for example, the upward projection 12 on flange 10.
The stud shown in Figure 30 is composed of a post 13 and flange 14 of one
piece of sheet metal upon which is riveted by upsetting the top of the post, as
shown in Figure 30. The top of the post may be made to form a dome for the
stud by constructing the dies so as to upset it in convex form, as indicated by the
dotted line in Figures 29 and 30. The structure shown in Figures 31 and 32
consisting of a tubular portion 15 surrounded, at its top, with flange 16 which
may be inclined, which is placed eccentrically with respect to the axis of the
cylinder 15. An eyelet shown in Figures 30 and 34 of substantially the same
form as before is used for clinching this stud to the material, as shown in
Figure 29.

page_text: The nature of the material to be fastened and the position in which the members
are attached to the same may be described as follows: The socket should be
outside of the stud and secured to overlapping flexibly material, as shown so as
to admit of being tilted backward in fastening and unfastened. It should be
placed near the edge of the flexible material so that in fastening it may be
grasped with one hand between a finger below the material and the thumb above
(or vice versa) and brought onto the socket in the tilted position of Figures 5
and 20 and so that in unfastening the backward tilting is produced by upward
pressure of the finger or thumb in the direction of arrow w applied under the
edge of the material. By resting on some reasonably firm support, such as the
wrist, the stud will maintain itself in a sufficiently upright position as the socket is
tilted in fastening and unfastening.
.I
HASELTINE, LAKE & Co.,
45, Southampton Buildings, London, W.C., 1
Agents for the Applicant.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Fasteners for Articles of Dress, such as Gloves and
the like.
I, HENRY HARRIS LAKE, of the Firm of Haseltine, Lake & Co., Patent Agents,
45, Southampton Buildings, in the County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the
nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be
particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement:
In the successful stud and socket fasteners of to-day either the head of the stud,
which is circular in horizontal section, or the lip surrounding the circular mouth
of the socket, consists wholly of a spring, upon the uncertain and variable strength
of which largely depends the ability of the fastener to resist being pulled apart
by a strain on the material.
I have discovered that when the socket is secured near the edge of flexible
material which overlaps the material holding the stud the position which the two
members of a snap fastener naturally assume in being brought directly toward
each other by the finger or fingers and thumb of one hand can be utilized in the
employment of members substantially rigid at their points of contact. And I have
also discovered that the natural strain of the material will press rigid parts of the
stud and socket together so as to lock the same against unfastening. And I have
constructed members and positioned the same upon the fabric in such manner as
to utilize such discoveries.
"
I will call the imaginary plane in which lie the axes of the stud
member and socket member, and which is indicated by the line z z in
the drawings, left with my Provisional Specification the "plane of
approach because it is the plane substantially in which the two mem-
bers of the fastening are brought toward each other to be fastened by the
natural movement of the finger and thumb. It is essential to my invention and
to its practical utility that the members should be so placed upon the material
that the tilting of one relatively to the other for fastening should take place
substantially in this plane. I will call that part of the socket adjacent to m¹,
which is next the stud as the members approach each other directly, the front of

page_text: the socket, and that part of the stud adjacent to g¹, which is next the socket, the
front of the stud; because these are the parts, respectively, of the socket and
stud that are in front as the members move directly toward each other for fasten-
ing; being also the parts next to the edges of the material to be fastened. I
will call the opposite side, adjacent to ¹, of the socket, the rear of the socket,
and the opposite side, adjacent to f¹ of the stud, the rear of the stud.
show
In the said drawings, Figures 1 to 9, inclusive, are diagrams to
with accuracy and substantially to a scale; enlarged, the exterior line and interior
line of the stud and socket in the plane of approach. Figures 10 and 11 are
diagrams showing, relatively, in plan view, an outline of the head in full line and
the outline of the socket-mouth in dotted line. Figure 12 shows the line of the
exterior of the stud and of the interior of the socket in a plane at right angles
with the plane of approach. Figures 13 to 16, inclusive, are, respectively, a side
view, a front view, a rear view and a top view of the stud further enlarged re-
presenting with substantial accuracy and to a scale, the stud as I prefer to con-
struct it at the present time, being made hollow and of a single piece of sheet
brass. Figure 17 shows the two members of the fastener in position upon the
opposite sides of the wrist opening of a glove, the plane of approach being in-
dicated by the line z z. Figures 18, 19 and 20 show the details of the parts of
the socket such as may be used in constructing the socket of the foregoing figures.
Figures 21, 22 and 23 are details of a stud and an eyelet for attaching the same
to the material. Figures 24 to 28 inclusive show the stud of Figure 22 and the
socket attached to the glove material, in various relative positions. Figure 29
shows a stud having many characteristics in common with the stud shown in
Figure 13, but built up of separate parts and attached to the glove material.
Figures 30 to 34, inclusive, show parts of the same in detail. Figure 35 shows
the same attached to a glove. Figures 36 to 40, inclusive, show the same stud
attached to glove material, in various relative positions with respect to the socket,
which is also attached to the glove material. Figures 411 to 43 show parts of the
socket last referred to. In Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15 and 16, the same
stud is represented. In Figure 5 the stud is still the same excepting that the head
overhangs less in front. In Figure 6, the stud is still the same as in Figure 1,
excepting that the groove at the front of the neck is deeper. In Figure 7 the stud
is the same as in Figure 6 excepting that the crown of the head is slightly smaller.
The stud of Figure 9 is the stud of Figure 8. The same socket is represented in
Figures 1 to 10.. inclusive, and in Figure 12.
I will first refer to the diagrams for describing the acting surfaces of the stud
and socket and the mode of operation. Afterwards I will describe the mechanical
details by reference to the other views.
The exterior conformation of the stud in the plane of approach, inclusive of
conformation essential only to particular features of my invention as well as of
conformation essential to the invention in its broader aspect, may be described
as follows: a is the rear projection or overhang of the head; is the front pro-
jection or overhang of the head; c is the crown of the head from which it curves
downwardly to the rear a and front b; dis the rear concave curvature of the
neck; e is the front concave curvature of the neck; f is the upper surface of the
base of the stud at the rear; g is the upper surface of the base of the stud at the
front and g incline downwardly from the bottom of the neck. The surface
connecting with a is upwardly inclined. The surface connecting e with b is
upwardly inclined. The lines of the stud to the front and to the rear of its axial
line y, y, correspond with each other substantially, excepting that the front
overhang bis more extended from the said axial line and more elevated above
the base than is the rear overhang a.
The interior conformation of the socket in the plane of approach, inclusive of
conformation essential only to particular features of my invention as well as of
conformation essential to the invention in its broader aspect, may be described

page_text: as follows: h is the front of the convexly curved lip of the socket-mouth or
entrance-opening; i is the rear of the same; j is the front of the socket cavity;
k is the rear of the same; is the top of the same; m is the lower surface of the
socket base at the front, which inclines upwardly from h; n is the lower surface
of the socket base at the rear, which inclines upwardly from i. The surface con-
necting with j is upwardly inclined. The surface connecting i with k is up-
wardly inclined. The lines of the socket to the front and to the rear of its axial
linea correspond with each other substantially.
The following are the relative dimensions of the stud and socket in the plane
of approach, inclusive of those essential only to particular features of my invention
as well as of those essential to the invention in its broader aspect: The diameter
of the head from rear a to front is greater than the diameter of the socket-mouth
from front to rear i but no greater than the diameter of the socket cavity from
front to rear k. The distance from the rear a of the head, to the front e of the
neck, is no greater than the diameter of the socket-mouth from front to rear; in
Figures 1 to 5, inclusive, it is substantially equal, and in Figures 6 and 7, it is
less. The distance from the front of the socket-mouth, to the rear of the
socket-cavity, is as great as the diameter of the head from rear a to front b; in
Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 7, it is substantially equal, and in Figure 5 it is greater.
The diameter of the stud base from the rear edge f¹ to the front edge g¹ is greater
than the diameter of the head from front to rear.
The following are the conformation and relative dimensions of the stud and
socket in a plane at right angles to the plane of approach and in a horizontal
plane, inclusive of those essential only to particular features of my invention, as
well as those essential to the invention in its broader aspect: The top of the head:
inclines from the crown c to each side a¹ and b. The diameter of the head from
the side a¹ to the side b¹ is no greater than the diameter of the socket-mouth from
the side to the side ¹; in Figures 10, 11 and 12 it is shown as substantially
equal. The outlines of the neck and base of the stud are substantially the same
as in the plane of approach. The lines of the socket are substantially the same:
as in the plane of approach. The lines, viewed horizontally of the head (full
line) and socket mouth (dotted line) are shown in Figure 10, and in a modified
form in Figure 11. The head is rounded from the front b to the sides a¹ and b',
and also from the rear a to the sides. The socket-mouth is also rounded from the
front and rear to the sides, respectively. In Figure 9, the socket-mouth is circular
and the stud-head is oval, with its greatest diameter in the plane of approach z, z¹.
In Figure 10, the head is circular, and the socket-mouth is oval, with its greater
diameter in a plane at right angles with the plane of approach.
The fact that the form shown in Figures 2 to 7 and 10 to 12 inclusive, contains
all parts of the socket concentric around the axis of the socket, and also the base 4
and neck of the stud concentric around the axis of the stud, facilitates manu-
facturing the stud and socket from sheet metal, requiring only the head to be
made eccentric. In the form shown in Figure 8, all parts of the stud may be
made substantially concentric around its axis, and also all parts of the socket.
Having reference to the form of construction shown in Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, its 4
mode of operation is as follows, inclusive of those things essential only to parti-
cular features of my invention as well as of those essential to the invention in its
broader aspect: When the socket and stud are brought together directly by
the finger and thumb in the plane of approach, they will first naturally occupy
about the position shown in Figure 3 (also in Figure 26) with the base n of the
socket at the rear resting on the base of the stud at the front, and the lip at the
front h of the socket mouth resting on top of the head. Pressure, by the fingers,
on the top of the socket in about the direction of the arrow w, will force the lip
of the socket-mouth down the incline of the head toward the rear thereof and draw
the lip i, at the rear of the socket-mouth, against the front e of the neck, as
shown in Figure 4. Further pressure upon the top of the socket in substantially
the direction of the arrow w³ will force the lip h downward past the rear a, of the

page_text: head, as shown in Figure 2, (also in Figures 25 and 27) into the position shown in
Figures 27 and 39, so that the mouth of the socket encircles the neck of the
stud and the head of the stud is wholly within the socket-cavity. To unfasten
with the thumb or fingers lift the front edge of the socket by pulling substantially
in the direction of the arrow wo³, so as to substantially reverse the operation before
described.
When the stud and socket are fastened together and the usual strain of the
fabric in the direction of the arrow w³ upon the stud, and of the arrow w¹ upon
the socket, tends to tip the stud forward, as shown in Figures 1, 8, 28 and 40,
the presence of the projection or overhang b at the front of the stud head will
prevent the front of the head from being pulled out of the socket, as might be the
case if the front of the head were stopped off at the dotted line o of Figure 1, and
the projection or overhang at b in front of that dotted line were not present;
because in Figures 1, 28 and 40 the distance from the rear d of the neck, to the
front of the head, is greater than the diameter of the socket-mouth and therefore,
as the stud tips forward, the overhang b comes in contact with the rear portion
of the socket so as to prevent any further tipping of the stud relatively to the
socket. Thus, no amount of pull in the directions of the arrows w³ and we can pull
the socket and stud apart.
By having the front overhang of the head at b somewhat more elevated above
the base than the rear overhang, the operation of fastening is facilitated because
it increases the vertical distance from the base g to the front of the head in
excess of the vertical thickness of the socket lip i to such a degree that when the
socket advances from the position of Figure 3, the front of the head is certain to
pass into the socket above the lip, as shown in Figures 3, 4, 25, 26 and 27, instead
of failing to engage with the lip by accidentally passing under it into such a
position, as shown in Figures 24 and 36. The correct operation in this regard
is also facilitated by the downward inclination of the lip.
In the construction shown in Figures and 25 when the rear a of the head is
in contact with the lip h in fastening or unfastening, it is held against the lip by
contact of the front of the stud with the rear of the socket at two points; that is
to say, contact between the neck at e with the lip at i, and contact by the head
at with the wall of the socket cavity at k. But, in Figures 5 and 37, the contact
between the front of the stud and the rear of the socket is only at the neck;
and in Figures 6 and 7, it is only at the head. In Figure 6 the bottom of the
lip is shown as resting against the base of the stud at p, and the crown of the
head as clear of the top of the socket-cavity; but in Figure 7 the crown of the
head at c is shown in contact with the top of the socket-cavity and the lip is shown
as clear of the base of the stud.
I have thus far described the operation of the forms in which the overhang at
the front of the stud is greater than the overhang at the rear a, but although
such feature is, for many reasons, preferable, yet, as shown in Figures 8 and 9,
it may be dispensed with. In Figure 8 when the rear a of the head is in contact
with the front wall j of the socket-cavity and the bottom of the lip h is in contact
with the base f, the stud cannot tip forward in the socket because the front b of
the head is in contact with the top of the lip i at the rear of the socket. The
diameter of the head from front & to rear a is greater than the distance of the
lip at the rear i of the socket-mouth from the point on the front wall of the
socket-cavity at which the rear a of the head contacts with the same; said point
being no higher on the wall ; of the socket-cavity than is permitted by the contact
at p between the socket and the base of the stud. The parts can be unfastened
by tipping the socket backward on the stud, as shown in Figure 9, because in this
position the distance from the rear of the head to the front e of the neck is
no greater than the diameter of the socket-mouth from front to rear. Thus, in
Figures 8 and 9, the absence of the clongated front overhang of the head is com-
pensated for by the fact that the head can incline more in the socket when the

page_text: socket tilts backward as in Figure 9, than when the stud tilts forward as in
Figure 8.
1.
.It will be observed that in all the forms of construction described, the strain on
the material-in the direction of the arrow ww holds the rear of the stud against
the front of the socket in such position that the overhang a of the head is above
the lip of the socket, but that the tilting of the socket backward in the plane of
approach, lifts the lip h past and above the projection a. In use, this disengage-
ment does not unintentionally occur because there is no force excepting the in-
tentional force of the fingers tending to tilt the socket backward on the stud.
Should the strain in the directions ³ u be. relaxed. so as to permit, the socket to
move forward on the stud, still the lip. is practically prevented from passing the
projection a with which it actually or nearly contacts in passing, because the
forward movement of, the socket is limited by the contact, between the front of the
stud and the rear of the sccket, which contact is shown in Figure 2, as occurring
both at the head and neck; in Figure 5, as occurring. at the neck, and in Figures 6
ånd. 7. as occurring at the head. Moreover, the overhang at the sides,a', ¹ of the
head and between the sides and the front a may be used, to increase the chances
against such accidental disengagement, by making likely, that, the overhang at some
of these points will not be so positioned with respect to the lip as to permit of
disengagement at the same instant that the overhang at a is so positioned.
It will be observed, also, that the backward tilting of the stud in the socket
makes contact between the front of the stud and the rear of the socket in the
plane of approach at points of the stud and socket, respectively, which are rigid
with respect to the points of the stud and socket, respectively, at which contact
occurs at the rear of the stud so that the stud is locked against being disengaged
from the socket by tilting forward. Thus, in Figure 1, the under surface of b
at which the front of the head contacts is rigid with respect to the surface of the
neck at at which the rear of the head contacts, and the surface of the lip at i
at which the rear of the socket contacts is rigid with respect to the surface of the
lip at at which the front of the socket contacts. Thus also, in Figure 8 the
contact surface of bis rigid with the contact surface of a and the contact surface
of i is rigid with respect to the contact surface of j.
I will now, describe the construction of the socket as I prefer to build it. An
eyelet of the form shown in vertical section in Figure 43 is made of a single piece
of sheet metal consisting of the horizontal flange 1, the vertical tube 2 and the
connecting inward corrugation 3. A dome is made of sheet metal consisting, as
shown in Figure 18, in vertical section, of a dome portion 4 and a concentric
vertical interior tubular portion 5. Over this dome is placed a dome shaped cap 6
also made of sheet metal. 7 is an inner dome also made of sheet metal and per-
forated at its crown so as to fit around the tube 5. Before attachment to the
material, the cap 6, the exterior dome 4, the tube 5 and the interior dome 7 are
clinched together, as shown in Figure 41. The complete cap composed of three
parts is then placed on top of the material and the eyelet of Figure 20 below the
material and pressed together until the eyelet presses through the material and
clinches itself between the dome 4 and 7 forcing the material up into the space
between itself and the dome 4, as shown in the drawings at Figure 24 and else
where. The act of clinching the eyelet of Figure 20 is preferably so performed
as to give the flange 1 the slightly conical form shown in Figure 19 and to give
the lip or corrugation 3, a slightly downward inclination as shown in the same
figure.
In the form shown in Figures 21 and 22, the head and the neck of the stud
are formed by milling or pressing a piece of solid metal so as to contain the open-
ing 8 adapted to receive and retain the tube 9 of the eyelet shown in Figure 23
which contains the flange 10. The head and neck of the stud thus formed are
riveted to a flange 11. The structure shown in Figure 22 is placed on top of the
material and the eyelet of Figure 23 below, and when riveted together the material
is clamped between the flanges 10 and 11, as shown in Figure 24 and elsewhere;

page_text: so that the stud cannot turn upon the material. To assist in holding the stud
from turning, one of the flanges may have a projection or projections to be im-
bedded into the material, as for example, the upward projection 12 on flange 10.
The stud shown in Figure 30 is composed of a post 13 and flange 14 of one
piece of sheet metal upon which is riveted by upsetting the top of the post, as
shown in Figure 30. The top of the post may be made to form a dome for the
stud by constructing the dies so as to upset it in convex form, as indicated by the
dotted line c¹ in Figures 29 and 30. The structure shown in Figures 31 and 32
consisting of a tubular portion 15 surrounded, at its top, with flange 16 which
may be inclined, which is placed eccentrically with respect to the axis of the
cylinder 15. An eyelet shown in Figures 30 and 34 of substantially the same
form as before is used for clinching this stud to the material, as shown in
Figure 29.
The nature of the material to be fastened and the position in which the members
are attached to the same may be described as follows: The socket should be
outside of the stud and secured to overlapping flexible material, as shown so as
to admit of being tilted backward in fastening and unfastening. It should be
placed near the edge 7 of the flexible material so that in fastening it may be
grasped with one hand between a finger below the material and the thumb above
(or vice verst) and brought onto the socket in the tilted position of Figures 5
and 26 and so that in unfastening the backward tilting is produced by upward
pressure of the finger or thumb in the direction of arrow 10 applied under the
edge 7 of the material. By resting on some reasonably firm support, such as the
wrist, the stud will maintain itself in a sufficiently upright position as the socket is
tilted in fastening and unfastening.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, as communicated to
claim is:
me by my foreign correspondent, I declare that what
1. A fastener consisting of a stud member and a socket member, in combination
with the material to be fastened; the mouth of the socket being smaller in the
plane of approach than the head of the stud but as large as or larger than the
head transversely of the plane of approach, so that said head cannot pass through
said mouth when presented squarely thereto, while the stud and socket may be
engaged by tilting the socket backward in the plane of approach. so as to insert
the front of the head into the socket in advance of the rear of the head, substantially,
as described.
2. A fastener constructed and operating as specified in Claim 1 and having sub-
stantially rigid parts in the stud and socket by contact of which the forward tilting
of the head under the strain of the material is stopped.
3. A fastener constructed and operating as specified in Claim 1 and having the
diameter of the neck smaller than the diameter of the head measured in a plane
transverse to the plane of approach.
4. A fastener constructed and operating as specified in Claim 1 and having the
head overhanging the neck both front and rear in such a manner that, when the
rear of the head is within the front of the socket the rear of the socket will not
pass over the front of the head.
5. A fastener constructed and operating as specified in Claim 1 and having the
overhang at the front of the head higher above the base than the overhang at the
rear.
6. A fastener constructed and operating as specified in Claim 1 and having the
bases n and g so arranged that when they are in contact and the front of the socket
lip rests on top of the head the front of the head will project above the rear of
the socket lip.
7. A fastener constructed and operating as specified in Claim 1 and having the
head, neck and base of the stud constructed of a single piece of sheet metal.
S. A fastener constructed and operating as specified in Claim 1 and having the

page_text: neck and overhang of the head constructed of a single piece of metal while the
base is constructed of a separate piece.
-Dated-this-15th-day of December 1897.
HASELTINE, LAKE & Co.,
45, Southampton Buildings, London, W.C.,
Agents for the Applicant.