ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC BRAKES, METHOD OF UTILIZING THE ENERGY REQUIRED TO STOP A RAILWAY TRAIN OR OTHER VEHICLES SUDDENLY, AND IN THE UTILIZATION OF SUCH BRAKES AND CONNEXIONS FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES ON TRAINS AND VEHICLES."
Year: 1881

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Michael Radcliffe Ward, of Heddon Street, Regent
St., in the County of Middlesex, Electrical Engineer, for an Invention of
" ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC BRAKES, METHOD OF UTILIZING THE ENERGY
REQUIRED TO STOP A RAILWAY TRAIN OR OTHER VEHICLES SUDDENLY,
AND IN THE UTILIZATION OF SUCH BRAKES AND CONNEXIONS FOR VARIOUS
PURPOSES ON TRAINS AND VEHICLES."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Michael Radcliffo Ward
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 10th June 1881.
MICHAEL RADCLIFFE WARD, of Heddon Street, Regent St., in the County
of Middlesex, Electrical Engincer. "ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC BRAKES, METHOD
OF UTILIZING THE ENERGY REQUIRED TO STOP A RAILWAY TRAIN OR OTHER
VEHICLES SUDDENLY, AND IN THE UTILIZATION OF SUCH BRAKES AND
CONNEXIONS FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES ON TRAINS AND VEHICLES."
This Invention relates to the utilization of magnetism and electricity for
arresting the motion of railway trains or other vehicles or vehicle in motion, and
in applying for useful purposes the electric energy produced by such method of
retardation.
By this method of utilizing electric and magnetic power the brake blocks now
in use may be done away with and the consequent wear and toar become non-
existent, the motion may be alone retarded by the power required to produce the
electric currents by dynamo electric machines.
In an incomplete form the Invention consists of dynamo or magneto electric
machines, hereinafter called dynamo electric brakes, connected with and put in
motion by the axles of the vehicles or locomotives in such a way that when the
electric circuit is closed the heat of the current generated is dissipated from
resistances suitably arranged for the purpose, the production of the electric energy
of course retarding the momentum of the train.

page_text: Many varieties of dynamo or magneto electric machines are now made and their
construction is well known. One dynamo electric machine may be on each
carriage and be driven by endless bands or toothed wheels or other gearing from
the axles of the carriage wheels, or on the axles or on the wheels themselves
direct without gearing. When the electric circuit is not closed the dynamo
machines will revolve freely and offer no impediment to the travelling of the train,
but when the circuit is closed an electric current will be set up in the circuit and
the rotation of the carriage wheels will be retarded, power being taken up in the
production of electric energy.
The current may, as above stated, be passed through resistances, which will be
thereby heated and the heat produced dissipated. A more complete form of the
Invention is to use with the dynamo electric brakes suitable means of utilizing the
currents produced; to effect this the currents may be passed through suitable
radiating mediumns to heat the atmosphere of carriages for warming purposes, or
if preferred for heating water in foot warmers, the same energy may also be
applied for heating the feed water for the boiler of the locomotive by causing the
current to pass through and thereby heat resistances immersed in the feed water
tank, and if there is a kitchen in the train for cooking, boiling water in the same
way for culinary purposes, etc., or for any other useful purpose on the train, and so
all the energy which according to present arrangements of working railway
trains, &c., is wasted in friction, wear and tear, etc., may be utilized.
Another form of the Invention, and one which I prefer, because it is more
economical, complete, and convenient, is the combination of secondary batteries or
electric accumulators with the dynamo electric brakes to act as reservoirs of
electricity, so that the whole electric energy produced by any given stop of the
train need not be used at once, but may be used gradually from the secondary
batteries for lighting on or in the train by means of suitable electric lamps, or for
heating by means of suitable mediums.
For this purpose the wires from the dynamo machines would be coupled to the
poles of the secondary batteries, and would charge the batteries each time that the
motion of the train was being arrested by the closing of the circuits of the dynamo
machines. Connections would also be made from the poles of the secondary
battery to the electric lamps, or to the heating apparatus. A switch that can be
manipulated by the passengers can be placed in each carriage to allow them to
control the heating and lighting.
The conducting wires from all the accumulators or dynamo machines may be led
to the conductor's compartment or guard's van, or to the locomotive, so that the
driver or guard can put on all or any of the brakes simply and easily by altering
the connections on a switch board arranged for the purpose.
In the same way also by altering the connections on a switch board he can put
on the lights whenever desired, even for a few minutes only, as is required, for
example, when passing through tunnels.
In case of long runs without a stop, if the quantity of stored electric energy
should fall below such point as may be required to supply the train for lighting,
heating, cooking, or any other purpose for which the electric energy is used, then
the secondary batteries can be readily replenished by placing them in connection
with as many of the dynamo electric brakes as may be necessary, although this
replenishing would put more work onto the locomotive, still when the number of
stops is not enough to store up sufficient energy it will be advantageous, as the
application of electric energy to lighting, heating, etc., is so convenient.
Should such extra production of electricity be required it should, if possible, be
generated and stored during the time the train is running down inclines.
The stored electric energy can also be used if desired. to assist in starting tho
train or other vehicle or vehicles, and in ascending an incline; the current in this
case would be used through suitable electric motors or through the dynamo electric
brakes temporarily turned into motors,

page_text: When the current used is derived from the energy of the train in motion and not
from the pulling up of the train, the current may be used direct for any useful
purpose on the train without passing through the secondary batteries; in this case,
as in the method of using the current direct through suitable radiating mediums, etc.,
above described, the quantity of current produced and used would be regulated by
suitable automatic appliances.
Should the quantity of electric energy stored be so much that it cannot all be
utilized on the train, then the secondary batteries may be removed and the stored
electric energy utilized elsewhere on a line of railway consisting almost entirely
of a heavy gradient; it is possible that the above case would occur during the
down journey.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said Michael Radcliffe Ward in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
10th December 1881.
MICHAEL RADCLIFFE WARD, of Heddon Street, Regent Street, in the County
of Middlesex, Electrical Engineer. "ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC BRAKES, NETHOD
OF UTILIZING THE ENERGY REQUIRED TO STOP A RAILWAY TRAIN OR OTHER
VEHICLES SUDDENLY, AND IN THE UTILIZATION OF SUCH BRAKES AND
CONNEXIONS FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES ON TRAINS AND VEHICLES."
This Invention relates to methods of utilizing electricity when employed for
retarding or arresting the motion of railway trains or other vehicles, and to modes
of applying for various purposes electric energy produced or generated by the motion
of the wheels of the carriages or vehicles.
By utilizing this electric power in a proper manner the brake-blocks now in uso
may be dispensed with, and the power required for retarding the train may be
entirely produced by the electric currents generated in dynamo-electric-machines.
The said Invention relates to the employment of dynamo or magneto electric
machines, hereinafter called dynamo-electric brakes, connected with and put in
motion by the axles of the vehicles or locomotives, and so arranged that when the
electric circuit in which they are included is closed the action of the electric energy
produced will retard the motion of the train.
According to one of my methods of proceeding, a dynamo-electric machine is
provided for each carriage, and driven by endless bands, toothed wheels, or other
gearing from one of the axles of the carriage; or it may be placed directly on the
axle or on the wheel without gearing. When the electric circuit is not closed
the dynamo-electric machines will revolve freely, and offer no impediment to the
travelling of the train. The construction of dynamo or magneto electric machines
is now well known, and need not be herein described, and any suitable dynamio-
electric machines may be used.
The electric currents generated may be passed through resistances which will be
thereby heated, and will dissipate the heat thus produced, and I combine with the
dynamo-electric brakes ineans for utilizing the currents produced thereby for
lighting or warming the carriages, for heating the feed-water of the locomotive,
for boiling or warning water, or for any other useful purposes in the train.
Part of this Invention relates to the combination of secondary batteries or
electric accumulators, with the dynamo-electric brakes to act as reservoirs of
electricity, so that the whole electric energy produced by the retardation or stopping
of the train at any given time need not be used immediately, but may be stored
and used gradually or as required from the secondary batteries for lighting the
train by means of suitable electric lamps, or for heating by the aid of suitable
apparatus, or for other purposes.
The wires from the dynamo electric machines should be coupled to the poles of
the secondary batteries or accumulators, and will charge these batteries each time
that the motion of the train is retarded or arrested by the closing of the circuits of
the said machine. Connections must also be made from the poles of the secondary
battery to the electric lamps, or to the heating apparatus, or to both. I in some
cases also provide a switch that can be manipulated by the passengers in each
carringe to allow them to control the heating and lighting of the same.
The conducting wires from all of the accumulators or dynamo-electric machines
are according to one of my methods led to the conductor's compartment or guard's
van, or to the locomotive, so that the guard or driver can readily put on all or any
of the brakes by adjusting a switch suitably arranged for this purpose, and by
means of other switches he can turn the lights on or off when desired, for example,
when entering and leaving tunnels, and can also control the heating.
In case of long runs without stoppages, if the quantity of stored electric energy

page_text: should fall below the point required to supply the train for lighting, heating,
cooking, or any other purpose for which the electric energy is used, the secondary
batteries can be readily replenished by connecting them with one or more of the
dynamo-electric brakes, and maintaining this connection till the said batteries are
properly charged.
This extra production of electricity, if required, should if possiblo be generated
and stored during the time the train is running down inclines.
The stored electric energy is also used, if desired, to assist in starting the train
or other vehicle or vehicles, and in ascending inclines, the current being then passed
through suitable electric motors specially provided, or through the dynamo-electric
brakes temporarily caused to act as motors.
While the current is being developed from the energy of the train in motion,
that is to say, without stopping the train, the electricity may be used directly for
any useful purpose without passing through the secondary batteries, the quantity.
of current produced and used being regulated by suitable automatic appliances.
Should the quantity of electric energy stored be more than is required to bo
utilized on the train, the secondary batteries may be removed, and the electric
energy stored therein may be utilized elsewhere.
The accompanying Drawing shews in longitudinal section a railway carriage and
a portion of a guard's van, and illustrates a convenient manner of carrying my
Invention into practice in a railway train, but I wish it understood that I do not
limit myself to the specific details of the arrangement of the dynamo-electric
machines, the batterios, the lamps, the heaters, or connections thereof, as these may
be varied according to the construction of the carriages, the system of lights, or
other circumstances under the control of the railway management.
a, a, are the dynamo-electric machines or brakes; b, b, are the accumulators or
batteries; c, c, are the lamps; and d, d, are the heaters for warming the carriages;
e is the wire extending from one pole of the dynamo-electric machines to the storage
battery, and is the other wire; g, h, are the wires extending from the said battery
to the lamps or lighting apparatus; and i, j, are the wires connecting the storage
battery with the heaters; k, l, are the switches for closing and breaking the lamp
and heater circuits.
Having thus fully described the said Invention, and the manner of performing
the same, I wish it understood that I am aware that electricity has been already
utilized in railway trains for controlling brakes, developing light, and for other
purposes; I therefore do not claim broadly, or generally, or irrespectively of the
manner of obtaining or generating the power, the employment of electricity in a
railway train for the above or other purposes, but I claim,-
First. The methods of respectively storing and utilizing for lighting and heating
purposes the electricity generated or produced by the motion of a railway train or
other vehicle, substantially as herein before described.
Second. In a railway train the means employed, substantially as described, for
lighting or heating the respective carriages, or for both lighting and heating the
same by electricity generated or obtained as above described, and controlled
throughout the train by means of switches on the engine or in the guard's can, or
in any other part of the train, for the purposes specified.
Third. The utilization of the stored electricity, produced as above described, for
assisting in the starting or propulsion of railway or other vehicles.
In witness whereof, I, the said Michael Radcliffe Ward, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Tenth day of December, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and eighty one.