IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF GUNS, AND OF PROJECTILES TO BE USED THEREWITH
Year: 1860

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Coope Haddan, of Bessborough Gardens,
Pimlico, in the County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, for the Invention
CT
Sealed the 3rd August 1860, and dated the 13th February 1860.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Coope Haddan at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
13th February 1860.
I, JOHN COOPE HADDAN, of Bessborough Gardens, Pimlico, in the County
of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF GUNS, AND OF PROJECTILES TO BE
USED THEREWITH," to be as follows:-
When guns and projectiles are to be constructed, the former with rifled
cuts or grooves, the latter with swellings or swells (on the largest diameter)
to pass or lie within the said cuts or grooves, and with wads for steadying the
hinder portions, in the manner generally explained in the Specifications I have
filed in pursuance of former Letters Patent, I propose that the swells on the
projectile, instead of corresponding exactly with the cuts or grooves in the gun,
or being of a similar shape, but slightly smaller in size in transverse section,
shall be more quickly curved at the ends of the curve of the swell, and more
flatly curved in the middle portion of such curve, the intended object being to
alter or remove the position of the greatest wear on the cuts or grooves to a
little distance away from their extreme edges, and also to allow a little more
windage within the said cuts or grooves. And I purpose that the guns shall

page_text: have the rifled cuts stopped short of the full length of the bore by a length or
distance equivalent to the position of the swell on the projectile from the tail
end, and the additional length occupied by the charge within the gun, the
remainder of the bore being plain, so that the gun may not be unnecessarily
weakened by the rifling, and so that the wad may the more completely fill the
bore, and less of the explosive force be wasted.
And I purpose constructing shells or hollow projectiles to be used with such
guns with their extreme or largest diameter (on which the swells are placed),
situate so far forward or near to the head or front end, that this part shall
afford the necessary strength to resist compression without the introducing a
strengthening ring or diaphragm within the shell, as heretofore. And when
the projectiles are intended to contain a charge of molten metal, or in other
cases when it is desirable that they should break up or divide, I purpose con-
structing them with a conical or tapered orifice in front, and with a corre-
sponding plug, so that on striking an object the projectile may split into pieces
as desired (without a bursting charge), and such plug may have angular
edges for more readily effecting this object. And when it is desired that the
projectiles shall discharge bullets, slugs, or other missiles, I purpose con-
structing them so that the front end may be comparatively easily separable or
removeable by a bursting charge fired by a fuse without the sides or back
becoming broken or destroyed, and so that the contents may thereby receive a
fresh impulsive force onwards. When the projectiles are intended to expand,
as in the case of leaded bullets, I purpose constructing them so that such
expansion shall take place to a greater extent at the forward than at the
hinder part, either by a suitably formed plug with tapering head situate within
the projectile, or by forming the projectile in two parts, the one fitting by a
tapering fitting within the other, and in some cases leaving a groove or channel
around to be filled with grease, which will readily be expelled when the parts
are driven together, and will also lubricate the bore of the gun. And this
description of projectile is to be used with a wad, when preferred. And I
purpose constructing the wad portion of such projectiles or of other projectiles
more particularly when of a large size, of a series of two or more layers, each
being readily separable from each other, and each layer readily separable into
pieces, the whole being secured together in such manner as to be readily
separable into its several parts when discharged from the gun.
And I purpose strengthening my improved guns and other guns, when o
cast iron, by winding on a continuous coil or continuous coils helically o
spirally around the exterior, such coil or coils being bands or strips of meta
applied in a heated state, and allowed to shrink upon the gun, thus avoiding

page_text: the process of turning down or removing the ordinary enlarged portion at the
muzzle, which is necessary when shrinking on hoops or rings, as heretofore.
The rifled cuts or grooves in the bore may be constructed either before or
subsequently to the improved binding process; and when effecting such cuts,
whether in cast or wrought-iron guns, either by planing or turning, in either.
case I purpose fitting up, arranging, or mounting the tool with a self-acting
appliance for stopping its motion or its effective action, or cut at the extremity
of the length of cut or groove desired to be formed. And when I employ a
rotary cutter, and cut from the muzzle towards the breech, I purpose that
the shaft or boring rod which carries the cutter should be mounted and
revolve in a plummer block or bearing travelling onwards in advance of the
tool, and carried by a tube or partial tube lying within, and supported by the.
bore of the gun.
. And I purpose constructing guns, whether of cast iron or wrought iron,-
with the touch-holes for firing them arranged with a cap or cover or closing.
appliance, to prevent the loss of the discharging force of the powder, which
usually takes place at the touch-hole; and I prefer that the touch-holes should
be situate nearly in a line with the axis of the bore, instead of nearly at right
angles thereto, as heretofore.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said John Coope Haddan in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 13th August 1860.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN COOPE
HADDAN, of Bessborough Gardens, Pimlico, in the County of Middlesex, Civil
Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Thirteenth day of February, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty, in the twenty-third year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto
me, the said John Coope Haddan, Her special licence that I, the said
John Coope Haddan, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such
others as I, the said John Coope Haddan, my executors, administrators,
and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to
time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should
and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United King-
dom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man,

page_text: an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF GUNS, AND OF PRO-
JECTILES TO BE USED THEREWITH," upon the condition (amongst others) that
I, the said John Coope Haddan, my executors or administrators, by an
instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals,
should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention,
and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same
to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next
and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said John Coope Haddan, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof, that is to say:-
My Invention has reference to that description of guns and projectiles
wherein the former is manufactured with rifled cuts or grooves and the latter
with swellings or swells (on the largest diameter) to pass or lie within the said
cuts or grooves, and with wads for steadying the hinder portions in the manner
generally explained in the Specification I have filed in pursuance of former
Letters Patent. Hitherto the swells on the projectile have corresponded
with the cuts or grooves in the gun, that is to say, have been of a similar
shape, but slightly smaller in size in the transverse section.
But one part of my present Invention consists in making the swells more
quickly curved at the ends of the curve of the swell and more flatly curved in
the middle portion of such curve, the intended object being to alter or remove
the position of the greatest wear on the cuts or grooves to a little distance
away from there extreme edges, and also to allow a little more windage within
the said cuts or grooves.
In the accompanying illustrative Drawing No. 1, the Figure 1 is an external
side view of a projectile, having swells upon it as above mentioned, and
Figure 2 is a transverse section of the same (taken at the swells) as placed
and lying within and bearing against the rifled cuts or grooves of a gun;
three swells and three rifled cuts are shewn in the Figure. And it is to be
noted that their relative curves do not correspond, but are formed as above
set forth. Figure 3 is a full size Diagram, shewing the construction of the
curves, from which it will appear that at the ends a, a, the curves of the swell
upon the projectile are quicker or struck with a shorter radius than the
ends b, b, of the curves of the rifle cuts in the gun, and also that at the middle
portion a* the curve of the swell is flatter or struck with a larger radius than
the middle portion 6* of the curve of the rifle cut, the points a², a², a³, and
b, b, b, indicating the centres from which the said portions of the curve are

page_text: struck respectively. The above-mentioned Figures shew an arrangement or
distribution of the surfaces of rifle cut or plain bore or "land" within the
gun in the proportion of about 6 to 3 respectively, as in the illustrations of
the Specifications of my former Patents. The Figure 4 represents the relative
surfaces as distributed or designed with a much less proportion of "land," and
also serves the further purpose of shewing that the ends of the rifle grooves
may be made flat instead of curved, both forms being represented in the one
Figure to save unnecessary repetition. It is to be understood that this feature
of the Invention may be practised, whether the rifle cuts be of the elliptically-
shaped form represented in the Figure, or of the form of the segment of a
circle as heretofore.
Another feature of my said Invention is the constructing guns with the
rifled cuts or grooves stopped short of the full length of the bore by a length
or distance equivalent to the position of the swells on the projectile from the
tail end, and the additional length occupied by the charge within the gun, the
remainder of the bore being plain, so that the gun may not be unnecessarily
weakened by the rifling, and so that the wad may the more completely fill
the bore, and less of the explosive force be wasted. Figure 5 is a sectional
view of a portion of a gun so bored or constructed, and shewing the charge e
and projectile f in dotted lines, as placed at the breech end ready for dis-
charging. The rifle cuts in the gun extend from the muzzle to the point or
position g only, and not to the breech end, but stop short of it as above set
forth. For the convenience of rendering this the more evident in the Figure,
these cuts or grooves are incorrectly drawn, that is to say, are shown, straight
instead of twisted as they are intended to be made.
Another feature of my said Invention is the constructing shells or hollow
projectiles with their extreme or largest diameter (on which the swells are
placed) situated so far forward or near to the head or front end that this part
shall afford the necessary strength to resist compression without the intro-
ducing a strengthening ring or diaphragm within the shell. The general
position of the swells has usually been about one diameters length from the
front end or head, in consequence of which an internal ring or rib, or
strengthening diaphragm has been required in order to give the necessary.
strength (as shown at i in the Figure 7, hereafter referred to for another
purpose) so as to prevent the shell becoming crushed. But I intend, in
accordance with this part of my said Invention, to dispose them much.
forwarder, namely, at or near the front end, which I make obtusely pointed,
and generally in accordance with the sectional form represented at the Figure 6,
see accompanying Drawing, No. 2, in, which it will be seen that the internal-

page_text: shape at the head is such as to give the required strength without employing a
diaphragm (as in Figure 7.) is an ordinary time fuse for igniting a charge
of powder with which the shell may be filled; * is the wad.
Another feature of my said Invention has reference to hollow projectiles,
whether intended to contain a charge of molten metal or otherwise, and
intended to break up or divide, and consists in constructing them with a
conical or tapered orifice in front and with a corresponding plug, so that on
striking an object the projectile may split into pieces as desired (without a
bursting charge.) The Figure 7 represents a sectional view of an improved
shell so constructed, m being the tapered or conical orifice or mouth, and n
the plug, which for the more readily effecting the splitting of the shell into
pieces (on striking any object) may be made with angular edges if desired.
o is an internal clay lining, which is laid upon the core when casting the
shell, but not removed with the core when the casting has been made precisely
the same as in the ordinary "Martin" shells and molten cast iron is intended
to be used for the charge. This description of improved shell may also be made
much thinner at the head or plug end, as shewn by dotted lines ---0---0---
so as to facilitate the splitting action. The rib i may also be dispensed with
when a light charge of powder is employed.
Another feature of my Invention has reference to projectiles intended for
discharging bullets, slugs, or other missiles, and consists in constructing them
so that the front end may be comparatively easily separable or removable by
a busting charge fired by a fuse without the sides or back becoming broken
or destroyed, and so that the contents may thereby receive a fresh impulsive
force onwards. The Figure 8 represents a sectional view of an improved
shell so constructed, s, s, being the bullets or slugs filled in through an opening
in the plate s before the powder and fuse are added, t being a chamber for
the bursting powder to be filled in through an opening closed by the screw
stopper t*; is a separating wrought-iron plate (for preventing the bullets
pressing upon the powder when the projectile is discharged,) the edges of this
plate being furnished with small projections u*, u*, (see Figure 9) for fixing
it in position, and the shell being cast upon, or so as to enclose these pro-
jections and so to hold the plate, and which has a hole through its centre for
the core spindle employed in casting the shell; k is an ordinary fuse tube, the
forward end of which serves as a support for strengthening the plate u; and
* is a strong cap for preventing the fuse being blown bodily in the
bursting powder, the hole through it being made for the purpose of igniting
the fuse from the flash of fire when the cannon is discharged. The fuse
tube may be situate in front, as shewn by the plug and dotted lines instead of

page_text: and at the back, and in this case I intend lengthening it into the bursting
powder chamber for filling such chamber, and casting the shell without any
orifices at the back, but in this case the bullets are filled in through an
opening, as shown by the dotted lines t**. It is specially to be noted that
the front end of the shell is cast thin or of comparatively little strength, so as
to be easily ruptured or separable from the sides and back, the which object
may also be attained by making such front end of an entirely separate piece
from the body of the projectile, and screwing it thereto.
Lastly, my Invention comprises the strengthening cast-iron guns by winding
on a continuous coil or continuous coils belically or spirally around the
exterior, such coil or coils being bands or strips of metal applied in a heated
state, and allowed to shrink upon the gun. The Figure 10 is an exterior view
of part of a gun so treated, w being the binding coil extending from the breech
end nearly to the trunions, a portion at w* being removed or broken away in
the Figure to render it the more explicit. The dotted section lines at w³
denote the shape of the bar iron which it is intended to employ. The requisite
length is to be obtained by welding a number of lengths of bar together, and
the winding on to be effected by mounting the gun on centres; towards its
ends the coil is made somewhat thinner than the general run, so as to
terminate more evenly upon the gun, and the ends are fixed by screws, as
represented.
The several Figures 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and 9, are drawn to a scale of about
one-half the actual dimensions, the Figure 3 to a scale of about the full size,
and the Figures 5 and 10 to a scale of about one-eighth of the actual dimen-
sions. The several improvements alluded to in the Provisional Specification,
and not herein repeated or referred to, I now consider to be impracticable,
and do not claim them as any part of my Invention.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Coope Haddan, bave hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Thirteenth day of August, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty.
J. C. HADDAN. (L.S.)

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Coope Haddan, of Bessborough Gardens,
Pimlico, in the County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, for the Invention
of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANTRACTURE OF GUNS, AND OF PROJECTILES TO
Sealed the 3rd August 1860, and dated the 13th February 1860.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Coope Haddan at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
13th February 1860.
I, JOHN COOPE HADDAN, of Bessborough Gardens, Pimlico, in the County
of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF GUNS, AND OF PROJECTILES TO BE
USED THEREWITH," to be as follows:-
When guns and projectiles are to be constructed, the former with rifled
cuts or grooves, the latter with swellings or swells (on the largest diameter)
to pass or lie within the said cuts or grooves, and with wads for steadying the
hinder portions, in the manner generally explained in the Specifications I have
filed in pursuance of former Letters Patent, I propose that the swells on the
projectile, instead of corresponding exactly with the cuts or grooves in the gun,
or being of a similar shape, but slightly smaller in size in transverse section;
shall be more quickly curved at the ends of the curve of the swell, and more
flatly curved in the middle portion of such curve, the intended object being to
alter or remove the position of the greatest wear on the cuts or grooves to a
little distance away from their extreme edges, and also to allow a little more
windage within the said cuts or grooves. And I purpose that the guns shall

page_text: the
have the rifled cuts stopped short of the full length of the bore by a length or
distance equivalent to the position of the swell on the projectile from the tail
end, and the additional length occupied by the charge within the
gun,
remainder of the bore being plain, so that the gun may not be unnecessarily
weakened by the rifling, and so that the wad may the more completely fill the
bore, and less of the explosive force be wasted.
And I purpose constructing shells or hollow projectiles to be used with such
guns with their extreme or largest diameter (on which the swells are placed),
situate so far forward or near to the head or front end, that this part shall
afford the necessary strength to resist compression without the introducing a
strengthening ring or diaphragm within the shell, as heretofore. And when
the projectiles are intended to contain a charge of molten metal, or in other
cases when it is desirable that they should break up or divide, I purpose con-
structing them with a conical or tapered orifice in front, and with a corre-
sponding plug, so that on striking an object the projectile may split into pieces
as desired (without a bursting charge), and such plug may have angular
edges for more readily effecting this object. And when it is desired that the
projectiles shall discharge bullets, slugs, or other missiles, I purpose con-
structing them so that the front end may be comparatively easily separable or
removeable by a bursting charge fired by a fuse without the sides or back
becoming broken or destroyed, and so that the contents may thereby receive a
fresh impulsive force onwards. When the projectiles are intended to expand,
as in the case of leaded bullets, I purpose constructing them so that such
expansion shall take place to a greater extent at the forward than at the
hinder part, either by a suitably formed plug with tapering head situate within
the projectile, or by forming the projectile in two parts, the one fitting by a
tapering fitting within the other, and in some cases leaving a groove or channel
ȧround to be filled with grease, which will readily be expelled when the parts
are driven together, and will also lubricate the bore of the gun. And this
description of projectile is to be used with a wad, when preferred. And I
purpose constructing the wad portion of such projectiles or of other projectiles,
more particularly when of a large size, of a series of two or more layers, each
being readily separable from each other, and each layer readily separable into
pieces, the whole being secured together in such manner as to be readily
separable into its several parts when discharged from the gun.
And I purpose strengthening my improved guns and other guns, when of
cast iron, by winding on a continuous coil or continuous coils helically or
spirally around the exterior, such coil or coils being bands or strips of metal
applied in a heated state, and allowed to shrink upon the gun, thus avoiding

page_text: the process of turning down or removing the ordinary enlarged portion at the
muzzle, which is necessary when shrinking on hoops or rings, as heretofore.
The rifled cuts or grooves in the bore may be constructed either before or
subsequently to the improved binding process; and when effecting such cuts,
whether in cast or wrought-iron guns, either by planing or turning, in either
case I purpose fitting up, arranging, or mounting the tool with a self-acting
appliance for stopping its motion or its effective action, or cut at the extremity
of the length of cut or groove desired to be formed. And when I employ a
rotary cutter, and cut from the muzzle towards the breech, I purpose that
the shaft or boring rod which carries the cutter should be mounted and
revolve in a plummer block or bearing travelling onwards in advance of the
tool, and carried by a tube or partial tube lying within, and supported by the.
bore of the gun.
And I purpose constructing guns, whether of cast iron or wrought iron,.
with the touch-holes for firing them arranged with a cap or cover or closing.
appliance, to prevent the loss of the discharging force of the powder, which
usually takes place at the touch-hole; and I prefer that the touch-holes should
be situate nearly in a line with the axis of the bore, instead of nearly at right
angles thereto, as heretofore.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said John Coope Haddan in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 13th August 1860.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN COOPE
HADDAN, of Bessborough Gardens, Pimlico, in the County of Middlesex, Civil
Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Thirteenth day of February, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty, in the twenty-third year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto
me, the said John Coope Haddan, IIer special licence that I, the said
John Coope Haddan, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such
others as I, the said John Coope Haddan, my executors, administrators,
and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to
time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should
and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United King-
dom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man,

page_text: an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF GUNS, AND OF PEO-
JECTILES TO BE USED THEREWITH," upon the condition (amongst others) that
I, the said John Coope Haddan, my executors or administrators, by an
instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals,
should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention,
and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same
to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next
and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said John Coope Haddan, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof, that is to say:-
My Invention has reference to that description of guns and projectiles
wherein the former is manufactured with rifled cuts or grooves and the latter
with swellings or swells (on the largest diameter) to pass or lie within the said
outs or grooves, and with wads for steadying the hinder portions in the manner
generally explained in the Specification I have filed in pursuance of former
Letters Patent. Hitherto the swells on the projectile have corresponded
with the cuts or grooves in the gun, that is to say, have been of a similar
shape, but slightly smaller in size in the transverse section.
But one part of my present Invention consists in making the swells more
quickly curved at the ends of the curve of the swell and more flatly curved in
the middle portion of such curve, the intended object being to alter or remove
the position of the greatest wear on the cuts or grooves to a little distance
away from there extreme edges, and also to allow a little more windage within
the said cuts or grooves.
In the accompanying illustrative Drawing No. 1, the Figure 1 is an external
side view of a projectile, having swells upon it as above mentioned, and
Figure 2 is a transverse section of the same (taken at the swells) as placed
and lying within and bearing against the rifled cuts or grooves of a gun;
three swells and three rifled cuts are shewn in the Figure. And it is to be
noted that their relative curves do not correspond, but are formed as above
set forth. Figure 8 is a full size Diagram, shewing the construction of the
curves, from which it will appear that at the ends a, a, the curves of the swell
upon the projectile are quicker or struck with a shorter radius than the
ends b, b, of the curves of the rifle cuts in the gun, and also that at the middle
portion a* the curve of the swell is flatter or struck with a larger radius than
the middle portion 6* of the curve of the rifle cut, the points a², a², a³, and
,,, indicating the centres from which the said portions of the curve are

page_text: struck respectively. The above-mentioned Figures shew 'an arrangement or
distribution of the surfaces of rifle cut or plain bore or "land" within the
gun in the proportion of about 6 to 3 respectively, as in the illustrations of
the Specifications of my former Patents. The Figure 4 represents the relative
surfaces as distributed or designed with a much less proportion of "land," and
also serves the further purpose of shewing that the ends of the rifle grooves
may be made flat instead of curved, both forms being represented in the one
Figure to save unnecessary repetition. It is to be understood that this feature
of the Invention may be practised, whether the rifle cuts be of the elliptically-
shaped form represented in the Figure, or of the form of the segment of a
circle as heretofore.
.
Another feature of my said Invention is the constructing guns with the
rifled cuts or grooves stopped short of the full length of the bore by a length
or distance equivalent to the position of the swells on the projectile from the
tail end, and the additional length occupied by the charge within the gun, the
remainder of the bore being plain, so that the gun may not be unnecessarily
weakened by the rifling, and so that the wad may the more completely fill
the bore, and less of the explosive force be wasted. Figure 5 is a sectional
view of a portion of a gun so bored or constructed, and shewing the charge e
and projectile fin dotted lines, as placed at the breech end ready for dis-
charging. The rifle cuts in the gun extend from the muzzle to the point or
position g only, and not to the breech end, but stop short of it as above.set
forth. For the convenience of rendering this the more evident in the Figure,.
tliese cuts or grooves are incorrectly drawn, that is to say, are shown straight.
instead of twisted as they are intended to be made.
Another feature of my said Invention is the constructing shells or hollow
projectiles with their extreme or largest diameter (on which the swells are
placed) situated so far forward or near to the bead or front end that this part
shall afford the necessary strength to resist compression without the intro-
ducing a strengthening ring or diaphragm within the shell. The general
position of the swells has usually been about one diameters length from the
front end or head, in consequence of which an internal ring or rib, or.
strengthening diaphragm has been required in order to give the necessary
strength (as shown at i in the Figure 7, hereafter referred to for another.
purpose) so as to prevent the shell becoming crushed. But I intend, in.
accordance with this part of my said Invention, to dispose them much.
forwarder, namely, at or near the front end, which I make obtusely pointed,
and generally in accordance with the sectional form represented at the Figure 6,
see accompanying Drawing, No. 2, in which it will be seen that the internal:

page_text: shapo at the head is such as to give the required strength without employing a
diaphragm (as in Figure 7.) k is an ordinary time fuse for igniting a charge
of powder with which the shell may be filled; * is the wad.
Another feature of my said Invention has reference to hollow projectiles,
whether intended to contain a charge of molten metal or otherwise, and
intended to break up or divide, and consists in constructing them with a
conical or tapered orifice in front and with a corresponding plug, so that on
striking an object the projectile may split into pieces as desired (without a
bursting charge.) The Figure 7 represents a sectional view of an improved
shell so constructed, m being the tapered or conical orifice or mouth, and n
the plug, which for the more readily effecting the splitting of the shell into
pieces (on striking any object) may be made with angular edges if desired.
o is an internal clay lining, which is laid upon the core when casting the
shell, but not removed with the core when the casting has been made precisely
the same as in the ordinary "Martin" shells and molten cast iron is intended
to be used for the charge. This description of improved shell may also be made
much thinner at the head or plug end, as shewn by dotted lines ---0---0---
so as to facilitate the splitting action. The rib i may also be dispensed with
when a light charge of powder is employed.
Another feature of my Invention has reference to projectiles intended for
discharging bullets, slugs, or other missiles, and consists in constructing them
so that the front end may be comparatively easily separable or removable by
a busting charge fired by a fuse without the sides or back becoming broken
or destroyed, and so that the contents may thereby receive a fresh impulsive
force onwards. The Figure 8 represents a sectional view of an improved
shell so constructed, s, s, being the bullets or slugs filled in through an opening
in the plate s before the powder and fuse are added, t being a chamber for
the bursting powder to be filled in through an opening closed by the screw
stopper t; u is a separating wrought-iron plate (for preyenting the bullets,
pressing upon the powder when the projectile is discharged,) the edges of this
plate being furnished with small projections u*, u*, (see Figure 9) for fixing
it in position, and the shell being cast upon, or so as to enclose these pro-
jections and so to hold the plate, and which has a hole through its centre for
the core spindle employed in casting the shell; k is an ordinary fuse tube, the
forward end of which serves as a support for strengthening the plate u; and
is a strong cap for preventing the fuse being blown bodily in the
bursting powder, the hole through it being made for the purpose of igniting
the fuse from the flash of firo when the cannon is discharged. The fuse
tube may be situate in front, as shewn by the plug and dotted lines instead of

page_text: and at the back, and in this case I intend lengthening it into the bursting
powder chamber for filling such chamber, and casting the shell without any
orifices at the back, but in this case the bullets are filled in through an
opening, as shown by the dotted lines t**. It is specially to be noted that
the front end of the shell is cast thin or of comparatively little strength, so as
to be easily ruptured or separable from the sides and back, the which object
may also be attained by making such front end of an entirely separate piece
from the body of the projectile, and screwing it thereto.
Lastly, my Invention comprises the strengthening cast-iron guns by winding
on a continuous coil or continuous coils helically or spirally around the
exterior, such coil or coils being bands or strips of metal applied in a heated
state, and allowed to shrink upon the gun. The Figurè 10 is an exterior view
of part of a gun so treated, w being the binding coil extending from the breech
end nearly to the trunions, a portion at w* being removed or broken away in
the Figure to render it the more explicit. The dotted section lines at w³
denote the shape of the bar iron which it is intended to employ. The requisite
length is to be obtained by welding a number of lengths of bar together, and
the winding on to be effected by mounting the gun on centres; towards its
ends the coil is made somewhat thinner than the general run, so as to
terminate more evenly upon the gun, and the ends are fixed by screws, as
represented.
The several Figures 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and 9, are drawn to a scale of about
one-half the actual dimensions, the Figure 3 to a scale of about the full size,
and the Figures 5 and 10 to a scale of about one-eighth of the actual dimen-
sions. The several improvements alluded to in the Provisional Specification,
and not herein repeated or referred to, I now consider to be impracticable,
and do not claim them as any part of my Invention.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Coope Haddan, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Thirteenth day of August, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty.
J. C. HADDAN.
(L.S.)