which Improvements are also Applicable to the Manufacture of Metallic Tubes and Hoops for Various Purposes.
Year: 1885

page_text: which Improvements are also Applicable to the Manufacture
of Metallic Tubes and Hoops for Various Purposes.
I THOMAS RICHARD BAYLISS of "Belmont" Northfield in the County of
Worcester Mechanical Engineer do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ORDNANCE AND PROJECTILES WHICH
IMPROVEMENTS ARE ALSO APPLICABLE TO THE MANUFACTURE OF METALLIC TUBES
AND HOOPS FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES" to be as follows:-
My invention has reference principally to the metallic blocks plates tubes and
rings of steel bronze and such other metals and metallic alloys as are or may be
employed in the manufacture of ordnance and projectiles and consists of the
methods of treatment hereinafter described whereby perfect or nearly perfect
homogeneity is communicated to the metal or alloy and its maximum strength
developed.
My invention besides being applicable to tubes and rings to be made into
ordnance and projectiles is also applicable to the manufacture of tubes and rings for
various purposes.
By my improvements the cost of production in the manufacture of ordnance
and projectiles is reduced and the manufacture simplified as the tubes and rings
made according to my invention do not require turning or boring or require
turning only at their ends.
In the ordinary method of manufacture the metallic blocks from which ordnance
and the rings of projectiles are made are treated by forging or hammering or by
hydraulic pressure in order to give greater density to the metal. This treatment
is however defective in the respect that the effect of the percussion or pressure is
greatest at the surface and rapidly diminishes as the distance from the surface
increases the middle of a large block being wholly or almost wholly unaffected.
The result of this the ordinary method of manufacture is that the molecular
condition of the block varies from the surface to the middle the surface being
dense tough and ductile while the middle is crystalline or granular. Excessive
hammering of the surface of the block gives it a laminated structure and the block
so treated has great strength longitudinally but it is weak transversely.

page_text: In order to make the block dense tough and ductile throughout and to give it
throughout its maximum strength I treat it in the ways hereinafter described.
As the tubes forming the bore or chase of ordnance require strength longi-
tudinally and the strengthening rings or hoops require strength transversely
I modify the treatment of the metal from which the tubes and rings or hoops are
respectively made in order to give strength in the required direction.
In order to give the desirable longitudinal strength to the tubes forming the
bore or chase of the ordnance I make the tubes whether of steel bronze or other
metal or alloy by a series of rollings or drawings or of rollings and drawings. In
conducting these processes I employ mandrils of somewhat less diameter than that
of the interior of the tube so that by the rolling or drawing process the metal is
compressed radially and the tube considerably lengthened. By this treatment the
particles in every part of the tube are treated and affected in the same or nearly
the same way.
When I make the bore or chase of the ordnance by boring a solid
cylinder I make the boring larger than the finished bore or chase and reduce it by
the rolling and drawing described. I employ either mandrils extending the whole
length of the tube and travelling with it in the rolling and drawing processes or
I employ stationary or bulb mandrils.
I prefer to make the bore or chase of the ordnance of several thin tubes made as
described and forced upon one another.
In making the strengthening hoops or rings of ordnance I proceed as follows:-
I cast a thick ring and after removing the scale and annealing I clean it by
immersing it in an acid bath (preferably dilute hydrochloric acid) and washing it
free from acid I roll it after the manner of rolling a strip of metal that is the ring
encircles one roll (preferably the upper one) and the other roll operating on the
outside of the ring the ring is pressed and elongated between the surfaces of the
two rolls. I prefer to reduce the thickness of the metal of the ring by about one
third. By this treatment the molecular structure left by the casting process is
broken down and the metal made homogeneous and ready for the treatment by
which it is strengthened in the required direction. I anneal the ring preferably in
an annealing pot and embedded in charcoal for excluding or preventing the
injurious action of the air. After annealing I clean the ring with dilute acid from
any scale which may have been formed and after washing it free from acid I roll
as herein before described. These processes of rolling annealing and cleaning
I repeat until the ring has acquired the desired strength and been made of the
required diameter.
Or the like qualities may be given to rings by making them in the following
manner. A circular disc of steel bronze or other metal or alloy is cast. Through a
hole in the centre of the disc an axis is passed on which the disc turns. By
operating on the disc by partially introducing it between the ends of a pair of rolls
it is made to rotate on its axis and every portion is brought under the action of
the rolls the pressure of which is radial. The disc is diminished in thickness and
increased in diameter. After annealing and cleaning it is again operated upon in
the manner described and these operations are repeated until the required homo-
geneity has been produced. Instead of one pair of rolls operating on one side of
the axis of the disc two pairs of rolls may be employed acting on the disc on
opposite sides of its axis or in the direction of a diameter.
The disc thus made is operated upon by drawing through tools several times if
necessary and thereby made into a tube partly closed at bottom. By cutting away
the bottom a tube ring or hoop is left which may be divided into short tubes or
rings which may be further operated upon in the manner described with respect to
cast rings.
Where the method of rolling last described cannot be conveniently resorted to the
breaking up of the molecular structure left by casting may be effected by passing
the plates from which discs are to be cut between plain rolls excepting that the
rollings are effected alternately at right angles to one another that is after the plate

page_text: has been passed through the rolls in the direction of its greater length it is next
passed between them in the direction of its shorter length the alternate rollings
crossing one another. Discs cut from metal so treated are cupped and operated
upon in the manner hereinbefore described.
Tubes made according to my invention have great strength longitudinally and
may be advantageously used for all purposes where great longitudinal strength is
required.
Rings or hoops made according to my invention besides being applicable for
strengthening ordnance and for the hoops of projectiles which take into the land of
the rifle of the ordnance may also be employed for hooping hydraulic and other
cylinders for tyres of wheels as well as for the hoops of casks and vessels.
W. T. WHITEMAN,
Agent for the Applicant.

page_text: which Improvements are also Applicable to the Manufacture
of Metallic Tubes and Hoops for Various Purposes.
I THOMAS RICHARD BAYLISS of "Belmont" Northfield in the County of
Worcester, Mechanical Engineer do hereby declare the nature of my Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ORDNANCE AND PROJECTILES, WHICH
IMPROVEMENTS ARE ALSO APPLICABLE TO THE MANUFACTURE OF METALLIC TUBES
AND HOOPS FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES and in what manner the same is to be
performed to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement:-
"
My invention has reference principally to the metallic blocks plates tubes and
rings of steel, bronze and such other metals and metallic alloys as are or may be
employed in the manufacture of ordnance and projectiles; and consists of the
methods of treatment hereinafter described whereby perfect or nearly perfect
homogeneity is communicated to the metal or alloy and its maximum strength
developed.
My invention besides being applicable to tubes and rings to be made into
ordnance and projectiles is also applicable to the manufacture of tubes and rings for
various purposes.
By my improvements the cost of production in the manufacture of ordnance and
projectiles is reduced and the manufacture simplified as the tubes and rings made
according to my invention do not require turning or boring or require turning only
at their ends.
In the ordinary method of manufacture the metallic block from which ordnance
and the rings of projectiles are made are treated by forging or hammering, or by
hydraulic pressure, in order to give greater density to the metal. This treatment
is however defective in the respect that the effect of the percussion or pressure is
greatest at the surface and rapidly diminishes as the distance from the surface
increases the middle of the large block being wholly or almost wholly unaffected.
The result of this the ordinary method of manufacture is that the molecular
condition of the block varies from the surface to the middle the surface being dense,
tough and ductile while the middle is crystalline or granular. Excessive hammer-
ing of the surface of the block gives it a laminated structure and the block so
treated has great strength longitudinally but it is weak transversely.
In order to make the block dense tough and ductile throughout and to give it
throughout its maximum strength I treat it in the ways hereinafter described.
As the tubes forming the bore or chase of ordnance require strength longitudinally
and the strengthening rings or hoops require strength transversely I modify the
treatment of the metal from which the tubes and rings or hoops are respectively
made in order to give strength in the required direction.
In order to give the desirable longitudinal strength to the tubes forming the bore
or chase of the ordnance I make the tubes whether of steel bronze or other metal
or alloy by a series of rollings or drawings or of rollings and drawings. In
conducting these processes I employ mandrils of somewhat less diameter than that
of the interior of the tube so that by the rolling or drawing process the metal is
compressed radially and the tube considerably lengthened. By this treatment the

page_text: particles in every part of the tube are treated and affected in the same or nearly
the same way. When I make the bore or chase of the ordnance by boring a solid
cylinder I make the boring larger than the finished bore or chase and reduce it by
the rolling and drawing described. I employ either mandrils extending the whole
length of the tube and travelling with it in the rolling and drawing processes or
I employ stationary or bulb mandrils.
I prefer to make the bore or chase of the ordnance of several thin tubes made as
described and forced upon one another.
In making the strengthening hoops or rings of ordnance I proceed as follows;-
I cast a thick ring and after removing the scale and annealing I clean it by
immersing it in an acid bath (preferably dilute hydrochloric acid) and washing it
free from acid I roll it after the manner of rolling a strip of metal that is the ring
encircles one roll (preferably the upper one) and the other roll operating on the
outside of the ring the ring is pressed and elongated between the surfaces of the
two rolls. I prefer to reduce the thickness of the metal of the ring by about one
third. By this treatment the molecular structure left by the casting process is
broken down and the metal made homogeneous and ready for the treatment by
which it is strengthened in the required direction. I anneal the ring preferably in
an annealing pot and embedded in charcoal for excluding or preventing the
injurious action of the air. After annealing I clean the ring with dilute acid from
any scale which may have been formed and after washing it free from acid I roll
as hereinbefore described. These processes of rolling and annealing and cleaning
I repeat until the ring has acquired the desired strength and been made of the
required diameter.
Or the like qualities may be given to rings by making them in the following
manner. A circular disc of steel, bronze or other metal or alloy is cast. Through
a hole in the centre of the disc, an axis is passed on which the disc turns. By,
operating on the disc by partially, introducing it between the ends of a pair of rolls,
it is made to rotate on its axis and every portion is brought under the action of the
rolls the pressure of which is radial. The disc is diminished in thickness and
increased in diameter. After annealing and cleaning it is again operated upon in
the manner described and these operations are repeated until the required
homogeneity has been produced. Instead of one pair of rolls operating on one side.
of the axis of the disc, two pairs of rolls may be employed acting on the disc on
opposite sides of its axis, or in the direction of a diameter.
The disc thus made is operated upon by drawing through tools several times if
necessary and thereby made into a tube partly closed at bottom. By cutting away
the bottom a tube ring or hoop is left which may be divided into short tubes or
rings which may be further operated upon in the manner described with respect
to cast rings.
Where the method of rolling last described cannot be conveniently resorted to the
breaking up of the molecular structure left by casting may be effected by passing
the plates from which dises are to be cut between plain rolls excepting that the
rollings are effected alternately at right angles to one another, that is, after the
plate has been passed through the rolls in the direction of its greater length it is
next passed between them in the direction of its shorter length, the alternate
rollings crossing one another. Discs cut from metal so treated are cupped and,
operated upon in the manner herein before described.
Tubes made according to my invention have great strength longitudinally and
may be advantageously used for all purposes where great longitudinal strength is
required.
Rings or hoops made according to my invention besides being applicable for
strengthening ordnance and for the hoops of projectiles which take into the land of
the rifle of the ordnance may also be employed for hooping bydraulic and other.
cylinders, for tyres of wheels as well as for the hoops of casks and vessels.
I will now proceed to describe with reference to the accompanying Drawings the
manner in which my invention is to be performed. .

page_text: In making the chase or bore of an ordnance according to my invention I proceed
in the following manner. I cast a tubular block of steel or bronze of the kind
represented in section and end elevation in Figure 1 and having placed the said
tubular block upon a mandril a of somewhat less diameter than the hole in the
casting as represented in Figure 2 and having a length somewhat greater than that
of the tube to be made at the particular stage I operate upon the said tubular block
supported upon the mandril by a series of drawing through dies or by a series of
rollings between rolls the draw holes in the said dies and the grooves in the rolls
progressively diminishing in diameter as is well understood. Figure 3 represents
the block Figure 2 after the first rolling or drawing operation and Figures 4. 5. 6
and 7 respectively represent the tube after it has been subjected to the second,
third, fourth and last drawings or rollings. By the series of operations described,
the tubular block Figure 1 is reduced in diameter and elongated and the thickness
of the metal diminished as represented and the metal having been compressed
radially has the same strength throughout. After each rolling or drawing operation
a mandril of the proper diameter and length is substituted for that last used.
Although I have described the production of the tube Figure 3 by the process of
drawing or rolling yet the said tube may be produced partly by drawing and partly
by rolling.
In making the bore or chase of an ordnance from a solid block or cylindrical bar
of steel or bronze of the kind represented in side and end elevation in Figure 8
I first drill in the axis of the block the cylindrical hole b tapered at one end
as represented in Figure 9 and I place the said block upon a mandril and treat the
drilled block in the manner hereinbefore described with respect to a cast tubular
block; Figures 10. 11. 12 13 and 14 represent the successive stages through which
the drilled block Figure 9 is passed to form the bore or chase Figure 14. By the
operations described it will be seen that the diameter of the boring originally made
in the cast block Figure 9 is considerably reduced.
Instead of using a mandril travelling with the tube under operation a fixed
bulbed mandril may be used; Figure 15 represents a tube in the act of being
drawn through the die ca bulbed mandril being situated in the axis of the die
the tube being drawn between the said die and the bulb d of the mandril as
represented.
When a bulbed mandril is used with rolls the bulbed mandril is fixed in the eye
of the rolls.
I make the bore or chase of the ordnance of several thin tubes made in either of
the ways hereinbefore described and illustrated in the accompanying Drawings the
said tubes being forced upon one another.
In making the strengthening hoops or rings of ordnance and projectiles I take a
cast ring of steel or bronze of the kind represented in Figure 16 and after treating
it in an acid bath as herein before described I operate upon it by rolls also in the
manner herein before described so as to give the said cast ring in succession the
diameters and thicknesses of metal represented in Figures 17. 18. 19 and 20. By
the treatment to which the cast ring is subjected the molecular structure of the
ring left by the casting process is broken up and the metal made homogeneous.
The ring thus made is now ready for the subsequent rolling operations or drawing
operations for strengthening it in the required direction.
In making rings by the action of one or more pairs of rolls operating radially
upon a rotating disc I proceed as follows:-
I cast the flat disc represented in Figure 21 having a hole in its middle.
Through this hole an axis is passed on which the disc turns during the rolling
operation. By the operation of the rolls in the manner herein before described the
diameter of the disc is increased and the thickness of the metal excepting at the
central part diminished as represented in Figure 22. By other rollings the disc is
first made to take the form represented in Figure 23 and afterwards that repre-
sented in Figure 24. The disc Figure 24 is next operated upon by drawing
through tools so as to convert it into a tube nearly closed at one end as represented

page_text: in Figure 25. The rolling of the discs may conveniently be effected by the use of
the machine described and represented in the specification of Letters Patent granted
to me on the 4th day of April 1877, No 1303. By cutting away the nearly closed
end e a tube ring or hoop is left which may be divided into short tubes or rings as
indicated by the horizontal lines in Figure 26 which short rings may be further
operated upon by rolling in the manner herein before described and represented in
Figures 16. 17 18. 19 and 20 with respect to cast rings.
In making discs from plain plates which have been rolled and cross rolled and
recross rolled, I prepare the plates in the following manner. I take the cast strip
of metal represented in Figure 27 and first roll it into the form represented in
Figure 28. It is next cross rolled, that is, rolled in a direction at right angles to
that in which the first rolling was effected so as to give it the form represented in
Figure 29. It is again cross rolled so as to produce the plate represented in
Figure 30 A disc is next cut from the plate Figure 30. as represented at f and
the disc is drawn into a cup closed at one end as represented in Figure 31. The
closed end having been cut from the cup at the horizontal line h as represented in
Figure 32, a short tube or hoop is formed which may be used for hooping hydraulic
cylinders and for other purposes. By rolling the thick ring cut from the cup
Figure 32 it may be rolled into a wheel tyre as represented in Figure 33 or into a
hoop for casks or barrels and other articles as represented in Figure 34.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my invention
and the manner in which the same is to be performed I declare that I claim as my
invention of "Improvements in the manufacture of ordnance and projectiles which
improvements are also applicable to the manufacture of metallic tubes and hoops
for various purposes
3
First. Making the chase or bore of ordnance of tubes made by drawing or
rolling or drawing and rolling, a cast hollow block or a hollow block inade from the
solid by boring in the ways herein before described and illustrated in Figures 1 to
15 both inclusive of the accompanying Drawings; that is to say, employing in the
drawing or rolling process a mandril of somewhat less diameter than the interior of
the block or tube under operation so that by the drawing or rolling process while
the thickness of the metal of the block or tube is reduced the internal diameter
of the block or tube is also reduced thus causing the pressure of the drawing or
rolling process to operate throughout the whole mass of the metal, whether the said
process be combined with the ordinary method of drawing or rolling by the use of
a plain or bulbed mandril or be used alone, the tubes produced by the said process
being also applicable to purposes other than the formation of the bore or chase of
ordnance as herein before described.
Secondly. Making rings or hoops for projectiles and for other purposes by
the process or combination of processes herein before described and illustrated in
Figures 16. 17. 18. 19 and 20 of the accompanying Drawings.
Thirdly. Making tubes and rings or hoops for various purposes by the process or
combination of processes herein before described and illustrated in Figures 21. 22.
23. 24. 25 and 26 of the accompanying Drawings.
Fourthly. Making tubes and rings or hoops for various purposes by the process
or combination of processes hereinbefore described and illustrated in Figures 27. 28.
29. 30. 31. 32. 33 and 34 of the accompanying Drawings.
Dead this Wintaanth day of Tonune 1000
THOMAS RICHARD BAYLISS.