Improvements in and Connected with the Working and Construction of Steering Gear and other Appliances on Board of Steam Ships and other Vessels by means of Compressed Air.
Year: 1886

page_text: Date of Application, 1st May, 1886.
Complete Left, 31st Jan., 1887.
Complete Accepted, 4th Mar., 1887.
Improvements in and Connected with the Working and Construction
of Steering Gear and other Appliances on Board of Steam Ships
and other Vessels by means of Compressed Air.
I, CHARLES HENDERSON, of 9 York Street, Glasgow, Lanarkshire, Engineer, do
hereby declare the nature of my invention to be as follows
:-
My said invention has reference to and comprises generally a new or improved
motive power, and method, and means or appliances for utilising and applying the
same for the driving of the most important working machines and mechanism required
and used on board of steam ships and other vessels. And also consists in the new or
improved construction and arrangement or combination of the main or functional parts
of such machines essential to the best utilisation of the new motive medium for the
purposes to which the machines are to be used and applied on board of ships. That
is connected with the machines used for steering; the windlasses and capstans for
hauling and getting in heavy chains, cables, anchors, hausers; the cranes and davits
for the housing of the anchors and ships boats; also machines for raising, lowering
and hoisting, and for loading and unloading cargo; the winches and "Gipsies" for
raising and lowering heavy articles and the hauling of ropes generally and motors
for actuating Dynamo machines for electric lighting; also apparatus for discharging
water and other ballast, ashes or other debris; and many other useful machines and
mechanism and the work they have to perform on board of ship in accordance with
my improvements.
This invention and its improvements will be much more generally applicable and
useful for the saving of labour than the usual steam engines and other motive
mechanism and means heretofore employed in the actuating of such working machines
on board of ships or other vessels.
The nature and novelty of my invention and its improvements consist all as follows :-
That is in the improved mode of, and means and appliances for adapting compressed
air on board of ships or other vessels for working the said machines and mechanism,
and in special improvements in the construction of the machines and mechanism for
their respective purposes.

page_text: In carrying out my said invention or improvements the air would be compressed
into close air pressure vessels or accumulators by reciprocative or rotative air pumps or
compressors, (such as used on land for motive power purposes, and for pneumatic
despatches) driven by the main engines when applied on board of steam ships, or by
small separate or auxiliary engines when in port, or applied on board of sailing vessels
or by windmills when at sea, for the purposes of my invention.
Special air pressure receivers may be fitted in convenient places on board, or the
main box beams or girders, and the lollow tubular iron or steel masts of vessels may
be close jointed to act as air accumulators for receiving the air from the pumps;
which
by further improvements might draw the air through tubes led from the close parts of
cabins, compartiments, and holds to assist in ventilating these parts of the vessels; and
a portion of the compressed air might be utilised for assisting and increasing the
draught and combustion of the fuel in the steam boiler furnaces, which would be
specially applicable in the use of hydrocarbon oils as fuel on board of steam vessels.
In applying the compressed air to the various motive power machines and purposes
on board ship, I preferably lead it from the pressure accumulators by a main pipe
ranged fore and aft through the ship in a convenient part over or under the beams,
and have small service pipes led from this main pipe, each controlled by a valve or tap,
to the several machines and parts of the vessel where the compressed air is to be
applied.
In applying my improvements to the steering of ships, 1 by one arrangement of the
mechanism, when applied to the rudder head and tiller or lever, place a horizontal air
cylinder in line or tandem connection with a water cylinder and its receiver on opposite
sides the one piston-rod connecting both pistons of the cylinders, having the tiller
lever between them, the piston rod actuating this by a slot and pin, either in the
crosshead of the piston-rods, or in the end of the lever, respectively, as may be
arranged to allow the pin to travel in and give the required radial motion, or the
motion may be conveyed to the rudder by means of a rack on the piston rod and
toothed quadrant on the rudder head or otherwise the piston rod might be connected
by links to the lever or by chains and a quadrant. One or more of the air cylinders
may be connected to the same crosshead and piston rod as the water cylinder according
to the power required. And this arrangement of air and water cylinder might be
placed either abaft or forward of the rudder head, and have chains and chain quadrants
fitted below or above this arrangement, or on the opposite side of the rudder head for
actuating the rudder by ordinary hand steering gear, when the air steering gear was
disconnected for any reason. I connect an air pipe to each end of the air cylinder
which would be both carried forward to the bridge, or other position of the vessel, where
the steersman would control the action of this steering gear by the movement of a simple
reversing valve fitted in connection with these two pipes to admit the air pressure to
the one side of the piston, and relieve the pressure from the other, and give the back
or forward strokes respectively. The object of the water cylinder is to regulate and
steady the motion of the rudder and to act as a cushion in taking the back lash off it
when struck with a heavy sea. A tap or valve is fitted between the outer end of the
water cylinder and its receiver, to regulate the flow of the water out and in to the
cylinder to give the required cushioning effect; or this effect might be given by
connecting the two ends of the cylinder by a pipe and a regulating valve, the one end
of the cylinder acting as a receiver to the other. I may also have steering gear placed
aft or forward, and wrought by two or more air pressure cylinders, of equal or unequal
diameter, placed diagonally, vertically, or horizontally, and wrought with crank shaft
and gearing, and either with or without the small water cylinders. The gear aft at
the rudder head would convey the motion to the crosshead or tiller on it, by means of
right and left hand screws on either side and the forward gearing would actuate the
rudder by means of chains, rods, or ropes, much as usual with ordinary steam and
hand steering mechanism. In like manner I work the windlass; warping capstans;
and gipsies," by an equivalent arrangement of air cylinder engines, having their
crank shafts geared to the working shafts of these machines. In applying these
improvements to the hoisting gear for cargo, and for "catting" and fishing the
*
:

page_text: anchors, and for hoisting small boats on davits, I arrange two long cylinders side by
side, a large actuating one for the compressed air, and the other smaller one for water,
placed vertically horizontally or as most convenient for the work; the two pistons of
the cylinders would be connected by their rods passed out through stuffing boxes at
the one end to a single crosshead. To this crosshead the usual multiple pulley blocks
would be attached, the corresponding pulley blocks being placed overhead on a frame,
or mounted reverse wise on the bottom of the cylinders, which would thus give the
quick speed and power desired, to the hoisting end of the rope passed over a guide
pulley-sheaf carried above the part where the lifting or hauling was required. An air
pipe is fitted at the top and bottom of the air cylinder, and by means of a two way
valve or cock the pressure air is conveyed to one end of cylinder and relieved at the
other to give the reciprocating, upward, or downward motion to the piston. The
water in the other cylinder acts by a connecting pipe between the top and bottom
ends, with a regulating tap or valve, as before explained, to regulate the speed and
steady action of the air piston and hoisting gear. I may however in some cases
dispense with the water cylinder. In like manner I propose to act upon and control
the starting and reversing motion of the main engines on board of steam vessels, by
means of an air cylinder as a motor in conjunction with a water cylinder as
regulator, the engineman controlling this motor by the small reversing air valve; 1
may however in this arrangement employ one or more air cylinders of equal or
unequal diameters where more power is required, and I may dispense with the water
cylinder where great steadiness of action is not necessary, to work in a similar
manner to those worked by steam.
a
The winches, and other hoisting gear, at present in use on board of Ships, may
be altered to work by my improved method of air or air and water appliances.
I also apply these improved arrangements of compressed air expansively in two or
more cylinders as good motors for driving electro-dynamo machines at quick speeds
for electric lighting on board of ships. The cylinders in these air motors may be
wrought independently, each acting on a crank of its own, or on one crank at different
equally divided angles round, or the cylinders may work in pairs, the piston rod being
connected to one crosshead and connecting rod and one crank, as may be arranged.
To carry out my invention still further, I may discharge the ashes from the stoke-
hole, or debris, from any part of a ship, by placing the ashes or debris in a receptacle
with a tight fitting cover and connected to the ships' side by a pipe and by opening
a valve or cock, the pressure of air will expel the ashes or debris out through the pipe
and outer valve. By another simple arrangement of air tight water chambers and
pipes and valves, I can in the same way discharge through the ships' side the water
from the ballast tanks, or the bilge water in the holds. By adopting a simple
arrangement of spring valves and a series of small pipes, I can by these improvements
in the use of compressed air on board of ships, convey by this method any signals
required throughout the vessel, and also through tow ropes by inserting a small tule
of gutta-percha through them; by this means I can convey signals from the ship to
the tug steamer. I can also make such fog signals by variable sounds that the name
and destination of or other information respecting the vessel may be distinguished at
a considerable distance. In like manner, as herein before described, the compressed
air may be made to actuate one or more cylinders, or rotatory motors, and by the
simple application of cranks, pulleys or gearing, the punkas in cabins, may be
efficiently driven, so as to save much hand labour on board of ships.
I do not claim the separate use of any of the herein before described apparatus or
appliances except when used in connection with compressed air on board ship.

page_text: Improvements in and Connected with the Working and Construction
of Steering Gear and other Appliances on Board of Steam Ships
and other Vessels by means of Compressed Air.
I, CHARLES HENDERSON, of 9 York Street, Glasgow, Lanarkshire, Engineer, do
hereby declare the nature of my invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement in writing, reference being had to the accompanying Sheets of Drawings,
and to the reference letters and figures marked thereon, that is to say :-
My said Invention has reference to and comprises generally a new or improved
motive power, and method, and means or appliances for utilising and applying the
same for the driving of the most important working machines and mechanism
required and used on board of steam ships and other vessels. And also consists in
the new or improved construction and arrangement or combination of the main or
functional parts of such machines, essential to the best utilisation of the new motive
medium for the purposes to which the machines are to be used and applied on board
of ships. That is connected with the machines used for steering, the windlasses and
capstans for hauling and getting in heavy chains, cables, anchors, hawsers; the
cranes and davits for the housing of the anchors and ships boats; also machines for
raising, lowering and hoisting, and for loading and unloading cargo; the winches
and Gipsies for raising and lowering heavy articles and the hauling of ropes
generally also apparatus for discharging water and other ballast, or other debris,
and other useful machines and mechanism and the work they have to perform on
board of ship in accordance with my improvements.
This Invention and its improvements will be much more generally applicable and
useful for the saving of labour than the usual steam engines and other motive
mechanism and means heretofore employed in the actuating of such working
machines on board of ships or other vessels.
The nature and novelty of my Invention and its improvements consist all as
follows: That is in the improved mode of, and means and appliances for adapting
compressed air on board of ships or other vessels for working the said machines and
mechanism, and in special improvements in the construction of the machines and
mechanism for their respective purposes.
And in order that my said Invention, and the manner of performing or carrying
the same into effect or practice may be properly understood, I have hereunto
appended five explanatory Sheets of Drawings, in which the same reference letters
are used to indicate equivalent or like parts in all the figures where shown.
Referring to Sheet 1, Figure 1, shows a transverse section of a steam ship S, S,
through the engine room S, and Figures 2 and 3, are a longitudinal section and a
horizontal section respectively, of the corresponding part of the ship to Figure 1,
all showing one arrangement and combination of a group of cylindrical air pressure
accumulators or reservoirs A, erected over each other at one side of the engine

page_text: room S with their pipe fittings a, a², and stop and supply vales a², a², as seen
particularly in Figure 2, for supplying compressed air to any one or more of the
accumulators A from a compressing pump B, worked by the same beam lever
arrangement which works the ordinary air pump P, of the engine S2, from the
crosshead s¹ of one of the cylinders S³. Also showing a special vertical arrangement
of air-compressing steam engine C, for forcing the compressed air into these
accumulators A, by the same pipes and valves a', a², when the main engines S², are
not at work, as when in harbours or ports. b, 1, 2 show one or two sets of main
distributing pipes and their valves for leading the compressed air from any one of
the accumulating air pressure vessels A to any part of the ship, by service branch
pipes and cocks 3, 1, led off from the main pipes b, b, as seen more particularly
in Figures 1 and 3.
In carrying out my said invention or improvements the air is compressed into the
close air pressure vessels or accumulators A by reciprocating air compressing
pumps B or C or it might be rotative pumps, either driven by the main engines S,
when applied on board of steam ships, or by small separate or auxiliary engines C,
when the steam ships are in port, or when applied on board of sailing vessels, or
by windmills when at sea, for the purposes of my Invention. The special air pressure
receivers A are fitted in convenient places on board, and in some instances the main
box beams or girders and the hollow tubular iron or steel masts of vessels may be close
jointed and stayed to act as air pressure accumulators for receiving the air from the
pumps in place of those A, or as auxiliary pressure vessels to those A. These pumps B
and might when desired draw the air through their suction pipes and valves c, c',
led from the close parts of cabins, or compartments, of the holds to assist in ventilating
these parts of the vessels or the cargo and further a portion of the compressed air
might be led from the main pipes or b', and utilised for assisting and increasing the
draught and combustion of the fuel in the steam boiler furnaces, which would be
specially applicable for forced combustion, or supplying the air to the close furnaces
burning hydrocarbon oils as fuel on board of steam vessels.
In applying the compressed air to the various motive power machines and
purposes
on board ship, I preferably lead it from the pressure accumulators A by main pipes, ³,
ranged fore and aft through the ship in convenient parts over or under the beams of
the various floors or decks, and have small service pipes and valves 63, 4, led from
these main pipes,, laterally athwartships or up or down as required, each controlled
by a valve or tap to the several machines and parts of the vessel where the
compressed air is to be thus applied.
Referring to sheets 2, 3, and 4, Figure 4 on Sheet 2, shows a plan of one
arrangement of air pressure motive power or hand steering engine or gear to a large
scale, suitable for steering the rudders of ships or vessels in accordance with my
Invention and improved air pressure arrangements. And Figures 5 and 6 on Sheet 3,
are a side elevation and a plan respectively, of the stern or after part of a steam ship S,
showing this steering air engine as applied to a ship, and the general arrangements
for actuating the same from the bridge, either by the pressure air, or by hand steering.
While Figures 7 and 8 on Sheet 4, are a side elevation and back end elevation
respectively, of another arrangement of air pressure motive power or hand steering
gear, somewhat analogous to the steering engines which use high pressure steam as
the motive power, but here designed as suitable for being worked by my improved air
pressure arrangements on board of ships or other vessels. Figures 9 and 10, on
Sheet 2, are a front and a side elevation respectively, of one arrangement of new or
improved air hoisting or raising and lowering, or hauling machine or gear, in
accordance with my Invention, and suitable for being worked by my improved air
pressure arrangements on board of ships or other vessels. And Figures 11 and 12,
show another arrangement or modification to that shown in Figures 9 and 10.
Referring to Figure 4, on Sheet 2 and Figures 5 and 6 on Sheet 3 :-In applying
my improvements to the steering of ships, I mount this arrangement of the mechanism,
close to the rudder head Z and its tiller lever Z, with its horizontal air cylinder D,
secured by flanges D² to one end of the horizontal frame E, either secured to the deck,

page_text: as shown in Figures 5 and 6, or it might be on standards up from the deck and
carrying an upper journal bearing of the rudder spindle Z, this cylinder D being placed
in line or tandem connection with a water cylinder I similarly bolted to the other end
of the frame E, and its receiver and reversing duct 7,, on opposite sides: the one
piston-rod connecting both pistons of the cylinders D and I having the tiller
lever Z of the tiller spindle Z between them, the piston-rod 1 actuating this lever Z¹
by a slot I in the rod I and pin 72, in the lever Z, but the slot might be in the lever
and the pin in the rod as shown in Figure 6, which will allow the pin to travel and
give the required radial turning motion to the rudder spindle Z; or this motion might
Be conveyed to the rudder by means of a rack on the piston-rod and toothed quadrant
on the rudder head Z instead of the lever Z; or otherwise, the piston-rod I might
be connected by links to the lever Z', or by chains and a quadrant. One or more
air cylinders D may be connected to the same crosshead and piston-rod I as the water
cylinder I according to the power required. And this arrangement of air and water
cylinders and I might be placed either abaft or forward of the rudder head Z. And
a chain quadrant Y would be secured on the rudder spindle Z either below or above
the arrangement of engine or on the opposite side of the rudder head Z for actuating
the rudder by ordinary chains Y connected to the opposite ends Y₁ Y1 of the
quadrant, the chains 2 being led over guide pulleys Y to be actuated by hand
steering gear on the bridge at, when the air steering gear was disconnected for
any reason. I connect an air pipe d,d, to each end of the air cylinder D which would
be both carried forward to the bridge or other position of the vessel where the
steersman would control the action of this steering gear by the movement of a simple
reversing valve at and valve lever d³ fitted in a pillar case d' on the bridge, in
connection with these two pipes d, d, and the main or service pipes b, ₁, or b³ to admit
the air pressure to the one side of the piston of the cylinder, and relieve the pressure
from the other, and give the back or forward strokes respectively. The object of the
water cylinder I is to regulate and steady the motion of the rudder Z and to act as a
cushion in taking the back lash off it when struck with a heavy sea. A tap or valve i
is fitted in the duct i, i, leading between the opposite ends of the water cylinder I to
regulate the flow of the water out and in from the one end of the cylinder to the
other, the one end of the cylinder acting as a receiver and cushion to the other or a
tap or valve and tube may be fitted between the outer end of the water cylinder I
and a small water and air receiver to compensate for any irregular flow of the
water between the different ends of the cylinders caused by their different capacities
and piston rod in the front end, and also give a slight clastic effect to the
cushioning.
Referring to the modification of my improved steering gear shown in Figures 7
and 8 on Sheet 4, this is placed aft over the rudder spindle Z and wrought by two
(or more) air pressure cylinders D, D, of equal or unequal diameter, receiving their
pressure air by the branches of the valve casing d¹, from the main and service
pipes, and led along the vessel and exhausting from the branches d², on the
under side of the cylinders D the cylinders being placed diagonally when there was
two on one of the frames E of the steering gear, or it might be vertically, or hori-
zontally, and wrought through their connecting rods F to drive their crank F¹ and
crank shaft G and wheel gearing g', and their steering screws, all carried
in journal bearings in their vertical end frames E, E', the slide valve casing being
fitted on the inside of the frame E so as to have their valve rods d³, worked by any
ordinary arrangement of reversing eccentric d*, suitable for steering engines, mounted
on the crank shaft G, and controlled by the wheel g, through the wheel g³ mounted
on the hand steering wheel and shaft E, E, fitted on the top of the frames E, E',
with gear wheels g, for shifting into gear with the wheel g' for steering by hand.
The gearing g, on the crank shaft G would through engaging and disengaging
couplings convey the motion to the crosshead or tiller Z by the rudder spindle Z
by means of the right and left hand screws f, f, and their nuts 2, on either side:
with engaging and disengaging eyes and pins f, the latter of which would pass
down and work in slots of the cross-head or tiller Z. When found desirable a water

page_text: cylinder I, I, and its fittings, such as that described in reference to Figures 4 to 6,
might be placed at E vertically between the angled cylinders D D', the piston-rod 1¹
being coupled by a connecting rod to the crank pin F of the two cylinders D, D, so
as to give the said steadying and cushioning effect to the action of the two cylinders
and the crank shaft G, driven by them off this gearing.
In like manner to the steering gear shown in Figures 7 and 8 I may work the wind-
lasses, warping capstans, and "gipsies" by an equivalent arrangement of air cylinder
engines, having their crank shafts geared to the working shafts of such machines in
place of to the screw steering spindles ff, or hand gearing shaft E³. In this way the
winches, and other hoisting gear, at present in use on board of ships may be altered to
work by my improved method of air, or air and water appliances.
Referring to the arrangement of my improvements shown in Figures 9 & 10 :-In
applying my improvements in air pressure appliances on board of ships and other
vessels to the hoisting gear for cargo, and for catting" and fishing the anchors, and
for hoisting small boats on dayits, l'arrange two long cylinders D and I side by side,
a large actuating one D, for the compressed air, and the other smaller one 1, for water,
secured vertically, as shown, but it might be horizontally, or as most convenient for
the work and bolted by flanges D2 to any bulkhead or suitable framework of the ship;
the two pistons of the cylinders are connected by their rods D¹, I', passed out through
stuffing boxes at their cover end and secured to a single crosshead J, working in a
guide frame secured to the top stuffing box cover of cylinders or in any other
equivalent manner. To this cross head J, a usual multiple sheaf pulley block K. is
attached, having a corresponding pulley block K', hooked or otherwise secured to a
frame K2, (or mounted reverse-wise on the bottom of the cylinders), which would
thus give the quick speed and power desired, to the hoisting end of the rope k, passed
over a hook guide-pulley-sheaf carried above the part where the lifting or hauling
was required, as over the hatchways S, to the usual cargo removing gaff or boom L
swung on the mast T of the ship S. An air pipe d, d, is fitted at the top and bottom
of the air cylinder D, and by means of a two way valve or cock and land lever d², d³,
arranged on the deck or other convenient part, the pressure air is conveyed from the
main or service pipes b, bor 3 before mentioned to give the reciprocating, upward,
or downward motion to the piston and pulley blocks K. The water in the other
cylinder I acts by a connecting pipe between its top and bottom ends, with a regu-
lating tap or valve, as before explained in reference to Figures 4 to 6 to regulate
the speed and steady action of the water and air pistons in the cylinder I and D, and
hoisting gear. The water cylinder I would also be fitted, preferably at the lower
end, with the small compensating water and air receiver, all as seen more particularly
in Figures 11 and 12 on Sheet 2.
Referring to Figures 11 and 12, on Sheet 2, this shows a modification of the arrange-
ment shown in Figures 9 and 10, in which two small water cylinders I, I, are used,
one arranged on each side of the air cylinder D, with their three piston-rods D¹ and
I, I, attached to the crosshead J, all in a transverse longitudinal line or plane, so
that the guide frame J¹ of the crosshead J can be dispensed with, as the three piston
rods form a sufficient guide in the stuffing box cover of the cylinders, to the pulley
block frame K. As two water cylinders I, I, are used in this arrangement, each
cylinder I may be fitted with a duct and valve i,, and air and water compen-
sating cushioning vessel connected to one end of the cylinder; or the two ends
of both cylinders may be connected by one branch pipe at top and another at the
bottom, and in this way one arrangement of the ducts and valve, , and the
cushioning vessel may be made to answer for both cylinders.
Referring to the arrangements of my Improvements in air pressure appliances on
board ship, illustrated in Sheet 5, Figures 13 and 14, show an end elevation and
longitudinal section respectively of one arrangement of my improved air and water
cylinder hoisting gear, as applied for the loading or discharging of cargo from ships
or other vessels. In this arrangement are shown two complete sets of hoisting gear,
equivalent to that shown in Figures 11 and 12 in each of which there is a central

page_text: air cylinder D and a water cylinder I on each side of it, all formed on one senii-
circular flanged frame D2, so that they can be bolted together to the mast T, over
the second deck having their piston-rods D', I', carried through the upper deck of
the ship S, and secured to their respective cross-heads J, with their multiple pulley
blocks K reciprocated fore and aft on each side of the mast T, and having their
respective upper stationary pulley blocks K' secured to the mast T above. The
outer guide pulley block of the hoisting end of the rope and hook is hooked
above to the cargo swinging gaff L, fulcrumed on a ring secured to the mast T
over the hatch holes S of the ship for each hoisting gear. Each hoisting arrange-
ment is worked by a reversing valve at d, and lever with stand and case d'
connecting the air pipes d, 1, of each air cylinder D, with the service inlet air
pressure pipe 63, leading from the air pipes or ¹, all convenient to the man on the
upper deck near the hoisting gear, the speed and steadying action of the whole
being controlled by the water cylinders 1 and their ducts and valve,, between
the upper and the lower ends of their cylinders, and small compensating water
and air vessel, all as described in reference to and shown in Figures 4 to 6, of
the accompanying Drawings, and lettered and figured to correspond, in these Figures 13
and 14.
Although these air and water cylinder hoisting appliances shown in Figures 9 to 14.
have only been described as used vertically for raising and lowering in loading and
discharging vessels, it is to be understood that they are equally applicable for being
erected horizontally or at an angle for other hoisting and lowering or hauling purposes,
on board of steam ships or other vessels.
Figure 16 on Sheet 5, shows a sectional elevation of part of the stern and bow part
of a ship S showing one arrangement of the application of my improved air pressure
appliances on board ship for discharging the water over the side of the ship from
water tight ballast tanks M M¹; and Figure 15 is a transverse diagram section as
taken on the irregular line 7,---, through one of the ballast tanks M. The pressure
air from the accumulator A and their main longitudinal pipes & or U, is admitted
through a service pipe 63 and stop valve to a branch pipe m fitted into each of the
water tight ballast tanks M, M', and the pressure of air on the surface of the water
within the tanks forces it out through a wide mouthed discharge pipe N through
stop valve N, fitted on the inside skin of the ship, preferably above the level of the
water outside. It will be understood that by these improved air pressure appliances
on board ship, the water may also be discharged from other air and water-tight
compartments, or from parts of the bilge water holds, when these were closed off fluid
tight by valves or otherwise for that purpose.
al
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said Invention
and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I claim is
First. The system, or mode and general arrangement and combination of air
compressing pumps, accumulators, main and service pipes and appliances, for working
steering gear and other machines on board of steam ships and other vessels, substan-
tially as herein described, in reference to and shown in the accompanying Drawings.
Second. The construction, or arrangement and combination of an air cylinder
reciprocating steering engine with water controlling cylinder, and fittings on board
of steam ships or other vessels, substantially as herein described in reference to and
shown in Figures 4 to 6 of the accompanying Drawings.
Third. The construction, or arrangement and combination of air pressure motive
cylinders or engines with water controlling cylinders and fittings, for steering,
hoisting, hauling and other purposes, on board of steam ships or other vessels,
substantially as herein described, in reference to and shown in Figures 4 to 14 of the
accompanying Drawings.
Fourth. The construction, and arrangement of air cylinder rotative crank shaft
engines for steering or for other purposes on board of steam ships or other vessels

page_text: either controlled by water cylinders or not, substantially as herein described, in
reference to and shown in Figures 7 and 8 on Sheet 4 of the accompanying Drawings.
Fifth. The construction, or arrangement and combination of the parts of hoisting
or raising lowering, and hauling mechanism with air and water pressure cylinders and
their fittings for loading and discharging and other purposes on board of steam ships
or other vessels, substantially as herein described in reference to and shown in
Figures 9 to 14 of the accompanying Drawings.
Sixth. In steam ships or other vessels, the construction, or arrangement and
combination of the parts of pressure air supply pumps, accumulators and service pipes
for discharging water from ballast or other fluid-tight tanks or compartments,
substantially as herein described in reference to and shown in Figures 15 and 16 of
Sheet 5 of the accompanying Drawings.