in the construction dynamo- and in theing
Year: 1888

page_text: GISBERT KAPP of Stanley Villa, Wimbledon in
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
My Invention consists in certain Improvements in the construction of dynamo-
electric machines and in the winding of their armatures.
In carrying out my Invention I build up the core of the armature if of the drum
type, of soft wrought iron discs in the usual manner; if the armature is of the flat
ring type, I build it of coiled band-iron.
In the latter case I begin by coiling the band-iron and usual insulating material
upon a supporting ring first to a certain radial depth, say for example, to one
fourth of the full radial depth. Next I coil a few turns of wider iron or other
metal tape, next I coil the second fourth of the full radial depth with band-iron
of the original width, next a few turns of the wider metal tape and so on until
the full radial depth is reached. To provide ventilation I may, instead of coiling
the wider and narrower tapes immediately upon each other, interpose distance
pieces at suitable intervals. I secure the armature so coiled by bolts or rivets passing.
in a radial direction through the middle or centre of the coils of tape and the
supporting ring. I then cut out or otherwise renove portions of the wider metal
tape which projects on either side above the main surface of the core formed by the
narrower tape so as to obtain a space for winding the copper coils, whilst those
portions of the wider tape which leave standing and which I call the "driving
horns," serve as supports for the coils and for the transmission of the power or driving
force from the shaft to the said coils. To avoid sparking at the brushes the winding
should be distributed as evenly as possible along the circumference of the armature
core, but as a certain amount of irregularity is necessarily introduced in the winding
by the adoption of driving horns (save in the case that the number of driving horns
can be made equal to the number of turns of armature conductor) 1 reduce the
effect of such irregularity by placing the driving horns on rings of successive
diameters not all into radial lines, but dispose them alternately so as to bring the
horns on one ring radially, between the horns of its neighbouring rings.

page_text: In drum armatures, I mount the insulated discs comprising the core upon a hub,
with 3 or more arms having their outer edges trued up, parallel to the axis of the
shaft so as to securely engage with corresponding notches provided at the interior
circumference of the discs. After a certain number of discs have been thus threaded
upon the hub, say for instance, sufficient to make up one quarter of the full length of
the armature core, I thread on one or more metal discs provided with driving horns on
the outer periphery, then smooth iron discs again until half the length of the armature
core is made up, then discs with driving horns again, and so on until the full length
of the armature is made up. To provide ventilation I put distance pieces between
the discs having driving horns, or I make these dises with ribs on their surface so
as to keep them a certain distance apart and permit air to flow through the space and
out between the driving horns. To reduce as much as possible the effect of the
slight irregularity in the winding due to the employment of driving horns, I place
the driving horns on one set of driving discs, so as to come in between the driving
horns on the neighbouring set or sets of driving discs. After the discs forming the
core are mounted on the hub, I secure them endways by a stouter ring or disc, on
either side, the two rings being held together by three or more bolts passing through
the inner open space of the core. The rings are provided with cylindrical sleeves
turned outwards and having annular spaces round the shaft, and these sleeves serve
to support either the winding across the ends of the armature, if this be wound with
wire or cable in the usual way; or they serve to support special structures, which I
call "connectors" and which I use when the conductor on the outside of the armature
consists of bars or other shape of conductor that cannot be conveniently bent and
brought across the ends of the armature. The connector on each side contains one
half as many connecting pieces as there are bars on the armature. These connecting
pieces are insulated from each other and are laid spirally round a cylinder of wood or
other insulating material, which cylinder is supported on the sleeve hereinbefore
mentioned. According to one method of carrying out my Invention, I make the
connecting pieces or connectors of thin copper sheet, shaped approximately to the
segment of a circle, one half circle approximately being used for a two pole machine,
one quarter circle approximately for a four pole machine etc. I leave tags at the ends
of the segment and these tags I bend in opposite directions so that their surface is at
right angles to the plane of the copper sheet, out of which the segment has been cut
and when the segment is in position on the wooden cylinder, the tags come parallel
to the direction of the armature bars. I insulate the segments from each other, and
place them side by side, but one slightly in advance of the other, over the wooden
cylinder, so as to surround this cylinder spirally, the amount of advance being
determined by the condition that two neighbouring tags on one side should include an
angle twice as great as that between two neighbouring bars on the armature. The
tags on one side I connect with the first, third, fifth, etc. bars on the armature, and
the tags on the other side, with the second, fourth sixth, etc. bars. To facilitate the
connections, the bars project alternately, a longer and shorter distance out.
According to another method of constructing the connector, I may use instead of
segments of copper sheet, copper wire or bars separately hent into shape, insulated,
and placed over the wooden cylinder, with radially projecting ends for connections
with the armature bars, and to economise space length ways I may place the spiral
connectors not only side by side but in several layers, one over the other. Or, 1 may
use flexible cables, laid over the wooden cylinder, in one or more layers, and in
making the connections with the bars, I untwist the strands at the ends of each cable
and insert them into a saw cut at the end of the bar and solder the two together.
The alternate bars projecting to the outside tags, wire ends or cable ends, I connect
in the usual way, by radial strips with the Commutator. I hold the connector together
after it is built up by dises of insulating material, or by fibre clamps, placed over it
from the outside, or by taping.
In multipolar machines I find it advisable to use notched discs for the core of the
armature. In these cases, the pole pieces of the magnets, if solid, are liable to become
heated from Foucault currents. To prevent this, I provide the magnets with pole

page_text: shoes consisting of thin wrought iron plates, insulated from each other, the plane of
the plates being parallel to that of the plates of which the armature core is composed,
or I may make the whole of the core of the magnets of plates and joint them by a
solid yoke. Or, 1 may insert into the polar cavity of the solid magnets, more or less
complete, narrow rings of thin plate so as to obtain a continuous cylindrical polar
cavity within which the armature revolves. I employ in these cases either the usual
multipolar drum winding in which the various circuits of the armature are joined in
parallel, and which is well known to electricians, or I may employ a special series
winding, which by way of example, I now proceed to describe as applied to a four
pole machine.
Let there be 42 grooves or troughs in the armature core, each to contain one bar.
The winding will be as follows:-the front end of bar 1, will be joined by the quarter
segment of the front connector with the front end of bar 12, the back end of bar 12,
by a similar segment of the back connector with the back end of bar 21, the front end
of bar 21, by a quarter segment of the front connector with the front end of bar 32,
the back end of bar 32, with the back end of bar 41, the front end of bar 41, with
the front end of bar 10, the back end of bar 10, with the back end of bar 19, and so on
until the connections of all the 42 bars at both ends of the armature are completed.
The front end of every alternate bar I connect with one plate of the commutator which
thus consists in the case cited, of 21 plates. The current is taken off the com-
mutator by two brushes, or sets of brushes, placed at approximately a right angle
to each other. When the armature is required for the production of a current of high
tension, I wind the armature with insulated wire instead of with bars and I place more
than one wire into each groove.
I omit in this case the connectors and bring the wire ends of the coils to a com-
mutator in the usual way. Each coil embraces approximately. one. quarter of the
circumference of the armature and the sequence of the winding is the same as that
indicated in the above example for a bar armature with this exception, that each single
conductor is replaced by a bundle of wires forming part of a coil, a modification
which will be readily understood by electricians. It must be distinctly understood
that I do not confine myself to armatures with 42 grooves, any number larger than 10
and which is equal to the sum of 2 and a multiple of 4 will do.
WILLIAM E. HEYS,
Agent for the Applicant.

page_text: Improvements in and relating to Continuous Current Dynamo
Electric Machines.
I, GISBERT KAPP of Erba, Vineyard Hill Road Wimbledon in the County of
Surrey, Electrical Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention, and in
what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement :-
My Invention consists in certain Improvements in the construction of dynamo-electric
machines and in the winding of their armatures.
In carrying out my Invention I build up the core of the armature if of the drum
type, of soft wrought iron discs in the usual manner; if the armature is of the flat
ring type, I build it of coiled band iron. In the latter case I begin by coiling the
band iron and usual insulating material upon a supporting ring first to a certain
radial depth, say for example to one fourth of the full radial depth. Next I coil a
few turns of wider iron or other metal tape or a strip of fibre or other insulating
material, next I coil the second fourth of the full radial depth with band iron of the
original width next a few turns of the wider. metal tape or band of insulating
material and so on until the full radial depth is reached. To provide ventilation
may, instead of coiling the wider and narrower tapes immediately upon each other,
interpose distance pieces at suitable intervals. I secure the armature so coiled by
bolts or rivets passing in a radial direction through the middle or centre of the coils
of tape and the supporting ring. I then cut out or otherwise femove portions of the
wider tape or band of insulating material which projects on either side above the
main surface of the core formed by the narrower tape so as to obtain space for winding
the copper coils, whilst those portions of the wider tape or band of insulating
material which I leave standing, and which I call the "driving horns," serve as
supports for the coils and for the transmission of the power or driving force from the
shaft to the said coils. To make the copper conductor lie more firmly upon the two
side faces of the core I may give them a slight camber either by turning it in a lathe
after it is coiled or by using during the process of coiling band iron of varying
width the width first increasing and then again decreasing so as to produce the
desired camber. The polar surfaces are in this case correspondingly curved. To
avoid sparking at the brushes the winding should be distributed as evenly as possible
over the surface of the armature core but as a certain amount of irregularily is
necessarily introduced in the winding by the adoption of driving horns (save in the
case where the number of driving horns can be made equal to the number of turns of
armature conductor) I reduce the effect of such irregularity by placing the driving
horns on rings of successive diameters not all into radial lines, but dispose them
alternately so as to bring the horns in one ring radially between the horns of its
neighbouring rings.

page_text: In drum armatures I mount the insulated discs comprising the core upon a hub
with 3 or more arms having their outer edges turned up parallel to the axis of the
shaft so as to engage with corresponding notches provided at the interior circumference
of the disc. After a certain number of discs have been thus threaded upon the hub
say for instance sufficient to make up one quarter of the full length of the armature
core, I thread on one or more metal discs provided with driving horns on the outer
periphery, then smooth iron discs again until half the length of the armature core is
made up, then discs with driving horns again and so on until the full length of the
armature is made up. To provide ventilation I put distance pieces between the
discs having driving horns, or I make these dises with ribs on their surface so as to
keep them a certain distance apart and permit air to flow through the space and out
between the driving horns. To reduce as much as possible the effect of the slight
irregularity in the winding due to the employment of driving horns I place the
driving horns on one set of driving discs so as to come in between the driving
horns on the neighbouring set or sets of driving discs. After the discs forming the
core are mounted on the hub, I secure them endways by a stouter ring or disc on
either side, the two rings being held together by three or more bolts passing through
the inner open space of the core, or by some equivalent device. The stout end rings
are provided with cylindrical sleeves turned outwards and leaving annular spaces
round the shaft, and these sleeves serve to support either the winding across the ends
of the armature, if this be wound with wire or cable in the usual way; or they
serve to support special structures which I call "connectors" and which I use when
the conductor on the outside of the armature consists of bars or other shapes of con-
ductor that cannot be conveniently bent and brought across the ends of the armature.
The connector on each side contains one half as many connecting pieces as there are
bars on the armature. These connecting pieces are insulated from each other and
are laid spirally round a cylinder of wood or other insulating material which cylinder
is supported on the sleeve hereinbefore mentioned. According to one method of
carrying out my Invention I make the connecting pieces or connectors of thin
copper sheet, shaped approximately to the segment of a circle, one half circle being
approximately used for a two pole machine, one quarter circle approximately for a
four pole machine, etc. I leave tags at the ends of the segment and these tags I bend
in opposite directions so that their surface is at right angles to the plane of the copper
sheet out of which the segment has been cut and when the segments are in position
on their supporting cylinder the tags come parallel to the direction of the armature
bars. I insulate the segments from each other, and place them side by side, but one
slightly in advance of the other, over the supporting cylinder so as to surround this
cylinder spirally, the amount of advance being determined by the condition that two
neighbouring tags on one side should include an angle twice as great as that between
two neighbouring bars on the armature. The tags on one side I connect with the
first, third, fifth, etc. bars on the armature, and the tags on the other side with the
second, fourth, sixth, etc. bars. To facilitate the connections the bars project
alternatively a longer and a shorter distance out. According to another method of
constructing the connector I may use instead of segments of copper sheet, copper wire
or bars separately bent into shape, insulated, and placed over the supporting cylinder
with radially projecting ends for connection with the armature bars and to economise
space lengthways I may place these spiral connections not only side by side, but in
several layers one over the other. Or I may use flexible cables laid over the wooden
cylinder in one or more layers and in making the connections with the bars I untwist
the strand at the ends of each cable and insert them into a saw cut at the end of the
bar and solder the two together. The use of wires or cables in lieu of plates in the
building up of the connectors is a modification which will be easily understood by
practical electricians and need therefore not be described at length. The alternate
bars projecting to the outside tags, wire ends or cable ends, I connect in the usual
manner by radial strips with the commutator. I hold the connector together after it
is built up by discs of insulating material or by fibre clamps placed over it from the
outside, or by taping. In the accompanying sheet of drawings Figs. 1 and 2

page_text: "
represent my improved flat ring or disc armature; Fig. 3 is a "connecting piece
as I use it in the "connectors" of two pole drum armatures; Fig. 4 is a connecting
piece made in the form of a cable for the same purpose, and Fig. 5 shows the con-
struction of a two pole drum armature provided with my "connectors."
In Figs. 1 and 2 the band iron forming the armature core () is coiled upon a
supporting ring R and a a a are the three rings of wider metal band or of insulating
material, such as fibre, coiled or laid on during the process of coiling the core. The
core is further secured by a number of bolts B. Certain parts of the wide bands a a
are then cut away or otherwise removed leaving only the driving horns A A standing
which in the illustrations are represented by thick black lines.. The illustration
indicates the space occupied by the copper wire, but not the method of winding as
this is perfectly familiar to electricians. In Fig. 2 which is a section along ef Fig. 1,
is shown the cambered or curved form of the side faces of the core and the corre-
spondingly curved form of the pole pieces P P. M M are the field magnet cores,
which are arranged in the usual way.
The connecting piece S in Fig. 3 is a semicircular segment with a certain screw or
spiral twist. To make this clear in the drawing I have indicated the flat or untwisted
segment by the dotted lines S'; and the twist is given by hand or in a press so as
to bring one end of the segment to the right and the other end to the left of the plane
originally occupied by the flat segment. The tags T1 T2 are bent at right angles to
the plane of the segment one being bent to the right and the other to the left as
shown. The tag T¹ is soldered or otherwise secured in a saw cut made in the bar B¹,
and if desired this bar may be prolonged to receive in a similar manner the con-
necting strips from the commutator. The opposite tag T2 is connected with the
opposite bar B2, which projects a shorter distance beyond the arinature core than B¹.
On the other side of the armature the bar B2 projects further than the bar B', so as to
make all the bars or conductors on the armature of approximately equal length. If
a second and similarly curved segment be laid over S in Fig. 3, but with a certain
angular advance, the tags and bars will clear each other. A sufficient number of
segments may thus be placed into position to form a complete cylinder and the tags T¹
on the right hand side will all be at the same distance from the end face of the
armature core and the tags T2 on the left hand side will be nearer to this face, but
also at the same distance from it all round. The same remark applies if instead of
making the connecting pieces of sheet copper, I use cable which I twist into the form
shown in Fig. 4. I build up this "connector" upon a sleeve or supporting cylinder 1
(Fig. 5) of insulating material which may be supported upon a metal sleeve K. The
plates S of the connector OI insulate and place into position on this sleeve building
up the connector independently of the armature. In Fig. 5 the segment S having
the tag T on the right above the spindle goes spirally half round the insulating
sleeve and has the tag T2 on the left below the spindle and all the segments are
alike so that there are produced in the complete connector two rows of tags (T1 and T2)
to which the armature conductors are alternately connected. The connector I support
upon a cylindrical sleeve on the end plate F which plate I also use to press the thin
iron plates of the armature core together lengthways. The plate F is provided with
ribs and a central hub F2 and is secured lengthways by a collar or by a screw nut G.
The space between the ribs F¹ allows air to pass. The iron plates forming the core
are notched on the inside and mounted in the usual way upon radial arms H
provided with a hub H which is keyed to the spindle. To provide ventilation through
the core radially, pairs of stouter plates D separated by distance pieces so as to leave
air spaces E are inserted and these plates are provided with projections A serving as
driving horns.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
Invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
claim is :-
(1). The improved drum armature constructed and arranged substantially as herein-
before described and as illustrated by the accompanying drawings.

page_text: (2). In flat iron or disc armature cores constructed of band iron, the arrangement
at intervals of wider bands of metal or fibre having certain portions removed so as
to leave projecting driving horns for the purpose of securely holding the copper
winding; substantially as hereinbefore described and as illustrated by the accompanying
drawings.
(3). In continuous current dynamo electric machines the construction and
arrangement of the driving horns in such a manner that the horns in one set,
row, or circle are intermediate to the horns in the neighbouring set row, or
circle, for the purpose of securing greater evenness in the distribution of the winding;
substantially as hereinbefore described and as illustrated by the accompanying
drawings.
(4). In continuous current dynamo electric machines the conductors S constructed
of metallic plates, cables, or wires arranged side by side upon a supporting sleeve
and forming two circular rows for connection with the conductors on the armature;
substantially as hereinbefore described and as illustrated by Figures 3, 4 and 5 of the
accompanying drawings.
WILLIAM E. HEYS,
Agent for the Applicant.