matthewleechen/300YearsOfBritishPatents huggingface dataset:
IM- PROVEMENTS IN THE MEANS OF PREVENTING AND SIGNALLING ACCIDENT TO CARRIAGES OF A RAILWAY TRAIN AND APPARATUS FOR THAT PURPOSE
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Carter Millbourn at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 1st
January 1875.
I, CARTER MILLBOURN, of No. 17, Fish Street Hill, in the City of
London, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IM-
PROVEMENTS IN THE MEANS OF PREVENTING AND SIGNALLING ACCIDENT TO
CARRIAGES OF A RAILWAY TRAIN AND APPARATUS FOR THAT PURPOSE," to be as
follows:-
This Invention relates to means and apparatus for preventing and
signalling accident to carriages of a railway train, such as the breaking
of its axle or its running off the rails.
On the end of each carriage I fix brackets projecting so far that when
two carriages are coupled together in the usual way the bracket pro-
jecting from the one carriage lies over that projecting from the other,
and by putting these brackets in duplicate on each carriage and with the
right hand one at a different level from the left hand one, one of each
carriage comes, above and the other comes below the corresponding
brackets of the other carriage whichever way the carriagos may be

page_text: turned. Thus, should either carriage drop by the breaking of an axle or
by its wheels running off the line, one of the brackets of that carriage
would rest upon the corresponding bracket of the other carriage, where-
by the carriage to which the accident happens would for a time be
supported.. On the said brackets I provide audible signals, which may be
of the explosive kind, like fog signals, such that, in case of accident as
above described, where the one bracket comes violently down upon the
other, a signal by its explosion may apprise the guard or enginé driver or
others that the accident had occurred. Or instead of an explosive signal
a.bell or gong might be employed, worked by a spring or weight. held by
a catch, so that when the accident happens the descent of the one
bracket on the other may release the catch and cause the bell or gong to
be sounded.
In trains provided with continuous breaks the brackets above
described may be jointed to the carriages with a certain amount of play
and connected to the break gear, so that in case of accident when the
one bracket is pressed upon by the other, breaks may be put on and the
train thereby retarded or stopped.
Improve- MENTS IN APPARATUS FOR CURLING THE BRIMS OF HATS
Year: 1875

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Thomas Lees, and John Pidgeon, both of
Stockport, in the County of Chester, for the Invention of “ Improve-
MENTS IN APPARATUS FOR CURLING THE BRIMS OF HATS."
Scaled the 19th March 1875, and dated the 23rd January 1875.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Thomas Lees and
John Pidgeon at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with
their Petition, on the 23rd January 1875.
We, THOMAS LEES, and JOHN PIDGEON, both of Stockport, in the
County of Chester, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR CURLING THE BRIMS OF HATS," to be as
follows:-
This Invention relates to an apparatus for curling or bending over the
sides or edges of the brims of felt or silk hats previously to shaping the
same, and consists principally of a table and block to receive the hat,

page_text: and a shaper and grooving plate for breaking over or curling the
edge of the brim, and a heater or "dummy iron" for pressing the
same.
The table and block may be fixed, and the shaper and heater may
revolve round the block, or the latter may be stationary, and the table,
block, and hat revolve, but for the sake of illustration we will here
describe the first-named arrangement.
Through the centre of a suitable frame passes a vertical stud or rod
to the upper end of which is fixed the table which carries the "brow
block" upon which the hat is placed. This table does not revolve, but
it is capable of being lifted so as to press the brim of the hat up against
the shaper and heater, this upward pressure being produced by a
weighted lever attached to the lower end of the vertical stud or rod.
Revolving round this fixed stud is a tubular boss which carries two
horizontal arms; each of these arms is provided with a slide adjustable 1
by a screw at the desired distance from the centre to suit the size of the
hat to be operated upon. One of these slides carries the shaper and
grooving plate (which are somewhat similar to those used by hand), and
the other carries a heated iron.
The set screws of the slides work against a loose rim placed round the
edge of the stationary table, and the slides are kept with their screws in
contact with this rim by means of an india-rubber ring.
The tubular boss and arms are caused to revolve by a pair of bevil
wheels actuated by a winch handle.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN APPARATUS FOR CIRCULATING WATER IN BOILERS
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Jordan at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 27th May
1875.
I, JOHN JORDAN, of Liverpool, in the County of Lancaster, Engineer,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN APPARATUS FOR CIRCULATING WATER IN BOILERS," to be as follows:-
For the purpose of ensuring a proper circulation, of the water in
boilers I cause an annular jet of steam to be injected into the middle
portion of the sides or side, or the ends or end of the boiler, at or near
the bottom, and I join to the apparatus a pipe leading to one or both
ends of the boiler with suitable cocks or valves to regulate the supply.
The annular apparatus has a junction for to attach a steam pipe to
supply steam to the annular chamber, with cocks or valves to regulate
the supply of steam, and also appliances to regulate the annular orifice.
This junction is attached to the steam space of the boiler to which it is
applied, and also to any other or donkey boiler capable of supplying
steam.

page_text: The action is as follows:-When the steam is supplied to the annular
space a draught is caused, and the water in the central orifice is forced
with considerable velocity across or along the boiler. In like manner
the pipe or pipes connecting the central orifice to the more distant parts of
the boiler draw the water from thence, which water is heated and forced
in a strong current along the bottom. In like manner the exterior parts
of the annular steam jet also draw and force the water from the imme-
diate neighbourhood in the direction of the jet with considerable velocity
CERTAIN IMPROVE- MENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLANES FOR CUTTING BLIND SLATS
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Poole at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 4th
January 1875.—A communication from abroad by R. E. Lowe, of
Kane, in the State of Illinois, United States of America.
I, WILLIAM POOLE, of Manchester, in the County of Lancaster, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "CERTAIN IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLANES FOR CUTTING BLIND SLATS," which has
been communicated to me from abroad by R. E. Lowe, of Kane, in the
State of Illinois, United States of America, to be as follows:-
"
The object this Invention is designed to accomplish is the construction
of a simple and easily adjustable instrument by which the "slats or
lathes of which Venitian and rustic blinds are made can be cut out from
the wood in an easy and expeditious manner.
The instrument is so constructed that the "slats " can be cut of
different widths and thicknesses, and the cutting bit can be adjusted so
as to present different portions of its cutting edge without the necessity
of being removed from the plane.

page_text: The Invention may be thus described :-The upper part of the stock
of the plane is provided with an handle, and the under portion thereof
with a deep groove or recess throughout its entire length, its width being
equal to the widest slat it is designed to cut. Into this groove or
recess a shoe or block is fitted, secured therein by set screws, which admit
of the said shoe being adjusted, so as to give greater or less depth to the
under recess formed in the stock which regulates the thickness of the
"slat" to be cut.
The cutter bit is placed in an oblique position across the shoe, so as
to rest on the parallel portions of the stock, the space between which and :
the sole of the adjustable shoe regulates the thickness of the "slat"
under formation. The said cutter is secured and held in position by
means of screw clamps and thumb screws, or their equivalent, and is
of a length which will allow it to be moved so as to present a fresh
cutting edge without removing the cutting bit from the plane' for 1
re-sharpening.
The width of the groove or recess between the projecting flanges of
the stock is sufficient for cutting the maximum width of “slat," which
through the medium of a splitting guage can be divided so as to cut
two narrow slats at one time. Were the cutting bit only of sufficient a
length to cut one lathe or slat the workman would be obliged to take
it out for sharpening every time it lost its edge. In order to obviate
this the cutter is made a length which will allow of its being shifted
endwise in either direction, so as to bring a fresh portion of its edge
into operation. Its edge will thus be enabled to maintain its cutting a
efficiency much longer than the cutting bits of ordinary planes."
IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF BRICKS, TILES, OR OTHER ARTICLES
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Clayton at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 29th
September 1875.
I, JOHN CLAYTON, of Burnley, in the County of Lancaster, Engineer,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN MACHINERY FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF BRICKS, TILES, OR OTHER ARTICLES," to
be as follows:-
This Invention relates more particularly to compressed bricks, and
has for its object the dispensing with of what is termed eliminated
cracks, which so often occur through the presence of confined air when
too much pressure is applied or the machine is put at too great a speed.
I am perfectly aware that attempts have been made to obviate or over-
come this difficulty and have as repeatedly failed.
My improvements consist in the machine having one or more moulds
and one or more plungers, and also in turning the brick over on its side
in its passage from the first mould. to the second mould, whereby the
brick is pressed out flat in the second mould to its original state as it
was in the first mould. Also any flaw or fracture that was in the first

page_text: mould is pressed out in the second mould, thereby saving a great
amount of labour besides having more perfect and superior bricks.
This Invention is applicable to all existing machines having one or
more moulds.
The method employed for turning the brick is by an arrangement of 5
pusher or pushers for pushing the brick into such a position over the
second mould that it falls by its own gravity on its side into the second
mould.
CERTAIN IM- PROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF GROCERS' CANISTERS AND OTHER SIMILAR ARTICLES
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Richard Ludlow at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 4th
August 1875.
I, RICHARD LUDLOW, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "CERTAIN IM-
PROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF GROCERS' CANISTERS AND OTHER SIMILAR
ARTICLES," to be as follows:-
My Invention consists of the improvements herein-after described in
japanning or ornamenting tin goods commonly called in commerce
grocers' fittings.
I will now describe my Invention after the fittings have received the
desired form. Previous to the japanning I attach or affix securely by
any suitable means paper, linen, or other similar material, so that a
ground work is prepared for the japanning or ornamentation. The object
gained is durability and will not chip or scale as is now the case.
NEW AND IMPROVED MEANS OF PROPELLING STEAM SHIPS
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Henri Adrien Bonneville at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
20th May 1875.-A communication from Jean Christophe Unger,
residing at Liège, in the Kingdom of Belgium.
I, HENRI ADRIEN BONNEVILLE, of the British and Foreign Patent
Offices, 18, Rue de la Chaussée d'Antin, Paris, France, and 6, Piccadilly,
in the County of Middlesex, Patent Agent, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "NEW AND IMPROVED MEANS OF PROPELLING
STEAM SHIPS," communicated to me by Jean Christophe Unger, a person
resident at Liège, in the Kingdom of Belgium, to be as follows:-
The Invention which has been communicated to me relates to new'
and improved means of propelling steam ships, and consists,-
First. Of four flat sculls, two on each side of the vessel; the axes of
these sculls are provided with bevilled pinions, to which the motion is
imparted by four bevil gears keyed on the four ends of the two driving
shafts of the steam engine. The lower part of the axes of the soulls is
forked and a segment-shaped paddle is loosely hinged at the top of the
fork. The sculls are in an inclined position, so that the paddles always

page_text: fall by their own weight into working position again at each half turn
of the axes.
"
Secondly. Of two fins placed on each side of the fore part of the ship,
having the form of a butterfly, the arm of the lever representing its
body with two wings forming the fin hinged on to it. When these fins
are carried forward these wings fold back so as to offer no resistance to
the water, and when drawn back they open and act against the water
upon which they will bear. The backward and forward motion is
imparted to these fins by rods connected to the cranks of the two cog
wheels of the driving shaft of the engine placed in the fore part of the
ship.
Thirdly. Of two blades with flexible ends shaped like the tail of a fish
placed on each side of the stern of the ship; the said blades are set in
motion by rods connected with the cranks of the two gears of the driving
shaft of the steam engine placed in the stern of the ship.
These three motive powers can be worked either together or separately.
IMPROVEMENTS IN SCREW PROPELLERS FOR SHIPS AND OTHER VESSELS
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Hewitt at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 8th
December 1875.
I, WILLIAM HEWITT, of the City of Bristol, Machinist, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN SCREW
PROPELLERS FOR SHIPS AND OTHER VESSELS," to be as follows:-
-
My said Invention consists in constructing and arranging the blades
of screw propellers and connecting them to the boss of the propeller in
the manner herein-after described :—
I make the blades or fans of the propeller of flat circular discs with or
without bevilled edges, the said flat disc-like blades being entirely
independent of the boss, but are capable of being readily connected to
and disconnected from the boss; these flat disc-like blades or fans are
fixed to the boss in the manner herein-after described, and are set on
the boss at an angle of 25 to 35 degrees to the axis of the propeller shaft.
By the use of blades or fans of this construction an increased surface
is obtained without unduly lengthening the blade, and an increased
speed without vibration, and a reduction in wear and tear of the parts

page_text: are also obtained. Further the flat disc-like blades or fans tend to throw
off anything coming in contact with them, and the forward and backward
motions of the blades are alike.
I connect the flat disc-like blades to the boss, and support them in
the following manner :-I make on the inner or fixing end of the blade
a stem or reduced part, and I make in the flattened faces of the boss
recesses of the shape proper to receive the stems or reduced parts of the
blades. Between the stem part and the blade is a flat collar or flange,
which abuts closely against the flattened face of the boss so as to leave
the acting part of the blade clear of the boss. The stem of the blade
having been fitted into the recess in the boss, and the collar being made
to bear against the flattened face of the boss, the blade is securely fixed
in its place by screw bolts passed through the said collar and made to
take into the boss. I further secure the blade to the boss and support it
by means of a tie rod or bolt; the said tie rod or bolt is screwed at its
end, the screwed end taking into the boss; near the screwed end of the
tie rod or bolt is a collar or flange, which after the bolt has been
screwed in its place is fixed by screws. The boss is so constructed as to
admit of or allow the water to have a free passage.
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR CLEANING TABLE CUTLERY
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Watts Elliott at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
26th August 1875.
I, JOHN WATTS ELLIOTT, of 51, Regent's Park Road, Primrose Hill,
in the County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR CLEANING TABLE CUTLERY,"
to be as follows :-
1st. I form two stationary discs or ends, and place same in suitable
frame to support them, having on the outside (of one or both) of the
ends the required number of sockets to receive and hold the knives in
position.
2nd. Between the above named stationary discs or ends I form two
circular drums of the required width to take any length knife, one
working within the other, and to these drums I have fitted and secured,
first, to the inner drum on its external or outside surface rubbers of buff
leather backed up with indian-rubber springs, brushes, solid or elastic
bands. On the second or outer drum I fitt and secure on its internal or
inner surface rubbers of buff leather or other similar substance, as in
inner drum, best suited for polishing.

page_text: _ 3rd. To the centre of said drums I have fitted and fixed a spindle,
either with outside handles separately or with cog wheels attached and
adjusted to inner drum, and so arranged to give increased driving power
in revolving; the said drums or friction wheels may be arranged in a
similar manner. It will thus be seen that the drums revolve between
the stationary discs or ends and that the knives are stationary.
4th. The polishing composition I supply in the following manner :—
1st. I form a receptacle or receptacles in the interior of inner drum, and
by cone perforations distribute the polishing matter, and by fitting
scoops or elevators on the outer surface of outside drum I cause the
whole of the polishing matter to be kept in motion, thereby constantly
supplying the above described polishing surfaces.
A NEW OR IMPROVED SILK FABRIC
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Clayton Mewburn at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
1st November 1875.-A communication from abroad by Sylvian
Graissot, of Lyons, France.
I, JOHN CLAYTON MEWBURN, of 169, Fleet Street, in the City of
London, Patent Agent and Consulting Engineer, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "A NEW OR IMPROVED SILK FABRIC," to be
as follows:-
This Invention consists in the manufacture of a new or improved silk
fabric (called by the Inventor camelia silk), and suitable for the
manufacture of handkerchiefs, neckties, and other articles.
The new fabric can be produced in several ways which lead to the
same result.
According to the first way it is made with a simple spun floss silk
warp (chaine fantaisie simple) dressed on rollers or cylinders, and
woven with raw silk or spun floss silk, and then dyed in the piece.
When the weft is of spun floss silk, the appearance or lustre is less
brilliant and the fabric is more coltony to the touch; when on the

page_text: contrary the weft is of silk the lustre is more brilliant and the touch
very silky.
According to the second way a fabric is made with a simple spun
floss silk warp, twisted or doubled on itself, sized or dressed on the
machine, or glazed thread by thread, in order to allow the weaving to a
be performed; as in the first way the weft may be raw silk or spun floss
silk.
According to the third way the fabric, which as before may have
either of the two kinds of wefts, is made with a floss silk warp, twisted
at both ends. The warp is, as before explained, to facilitate the 1
weaving sized or dressed on the machine, or glazed thread by thread.
The fabrics produced by the three ways above described are woven
with unbleached silk and dyed in the piece, then they are dressed in a
particular manner, which consists in submitting them to two steamings,
then to cold calendering, followed by drying on cylinders. The fabric 1
thus produced may be plain or figured, and it may be afterwards
printed.
Instead of dyeing the fabric in the piece as above described it may be
made with a simple floss silk warp twisted or doubled, dyed in skeins,
then woven with dyed silk or dyed spun floss silk. This last mode of 2
making the fabric is very economical.
IMPROVEMENTS IN AND CONNECTED WITH TANK FURNACES FOR THE Manufacture OF GLASS
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Thomas Joseph Cartwright at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 6th April 1875.
I, THOMAS JOSEPH CARTWRIGHT, of Warrington, in the County of
Lancaster, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN AND CONNECTED WITH TANK FURNACES FOR THE Manufacture
OF GLASS," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object increased durability and efficiency
in the bridges and walls of tank furnaces for glass manufacture. It
consists,―
1st. In building into the bridge between each furnace and the tank a
metallic water chamber surrounded on the top and sides by the
refractory materials used in building bridges of this sort, such as fire-
brick or steatite.
2nd. In connecting the tops and bottoms of each of these chambers
by separate pipes to a large cistern usually placed considerably above
the level of the chambers, so that there shall be a constant circulation
of the water through each chamber, the lower pipes leading through

page_text: the cave directly from the lower part of the cistern to the bottoms of
the chambers, the upper ones passing from the tops of the chambers to
a higher point in the same cistern. The cistern ends of the latter pipes
should be protected by a rose or grating.
A pipe placed about one-third of the depth from the top carries the
hot water as it accumulates in the cistern to jet nozzles under the
furnace bars The cistern, which is supplied by a ball-cock from any
convenient source, is thus never allowed to entirely empty itself in casc
of a stoppage of the water supply, as whenever it sinks to the depth
of from the top the connection with the jet nozzles is cut off.
3rd. In building the sides of the tank of plain walls without any
air or water spaces in them whatsoever, but with their outer sides freely
exposed to the atmosphere, the casing at this part being supported on
iron girders.
The principal advantages of the 1st and 2nd parts of my Invention
as above described are that the bridge will last much longer and be
more impervious to the glass, which in furnaces with simple brickwork
bridges is very apt to ooze through into the fire. It enables us to
dispense with the usual air spaces, which as a protection to the furnace
are very inadequate, being continually liable to be stopped up by
unscrupulous workmen, and at best are much inferior to the plan
proposed. The construction of the furnace is also much simplified, and
consequently less liable to get out of repair.
Improve- MENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF TWO-WHEELED VEHICLES COMMONLY CALLED HANSOM CABS
Year: 1875

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Herbert John Walduck, of Manchester, in the
County of Lancaster, Metal Broker, for the Invention of "Improve-
MENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF TWO-WHEELED VEHICLES COMMONLY CALLED
HANSOM CABS."
Scaled the 7th April 1876, and dated the 27th October 1875.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Herbert John Walduck
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 27th October 1875.
I, HERBERT JOHN WALDUCK, of Manchester, in the County of
Lancaster, Metal Broker, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF TWO-WHEELED VEHICLES
COMMONLY CALLED HANSOM CABS," to be as follows:―
The two-wheeled vehicles commonly known as Hansom cabs of the
ordinary construction consist of a body with sides, back, roof, seat for
passengers, and front, composed of doors and windows, and of a seat for
the driver fixed to the back. Now my Invention consists in dispensing
with the sides, roof, and front, and in making the body with only the

page_text: seat for passengers, and the back, to which the driver's seat is fixed as
usual.
In my improved cab, which I call the "triumph cab" the reins
are supported by a light standard made of Bessemer steel or other
metal.
The cab may also be made with a movable top, body, or hood to
protect the passengers, which top, body, or hood is replaced by splash
boards when not required, and the centre of gravity can be varied
according to the load by means of a screw passing through a nut fixed
or connected to the axle.
These improved cabs are particularly suitable for fine weather, as the
passengers are not boxed up as now customary, great facility for com-
municating with the driver is obtained, and the weight of the vehicle is
considerably reduced.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Herbert John Walduck in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 27th April 1876.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, HERBERT
JOHN WALDUCK, of Manchester, in the County of Lancaster, Metal
Broker, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twenty-seventh day of October, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-five, in
the thirty-ninth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and
successors, give and grant unto me, the said Herbert John Walduck, Her
special licence, that I, the said Herbert John Walduck, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Herbert John
Walduck, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any
time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully
might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man,
an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF TWO-WHEELED
VEHICLES COMMONLY CALLED HANSOM CABS," upon the condition (amongst

page_text: H. J. WALDUCK. (L.S.)
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF COLOURING MATTER SUITABLE FOR DYEING AND PRINTING
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Adolph Kottgen at the Office
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 20th
February 1875.-A communication from abroad by Adolph Gauhe,
of Barmen and Eitorf, in Prussia, in the Province of Rhenish
Prussia.
I, ADOLPH KOTTGEN, of 39, Old Broad Street, in the City of London,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for " IMPROVEMENTS
IN THE MANUFACTURE OF COLOURING MATTER SUITABLE FOR DYEING AND
PRINTING, a communication to me from abroad by Adolph Gauhe, of
Barmen and Eitorf, in Prussia, in the Province of Rhenish Prussia, to
be as follows :-
"
--
This Invention has for its object improvements in the manufacture
of colouring matter suitable for dyeing and printing.
The process consists in heating the substance known to chemists
under the name of "anthracene," with concentrated or fuming sulphuric
acid, to a temperature from between 240 to 260 degrees centigrade until
in diluting small portion of it with water no more precipitate is
produced. The "anthracene" used should be as pure as possible,

page_text: because the purer the "anthracene" the less sulphuric acid is required
for its perfect solution. The quantity of sulphuric acid varies, if the
ordinary concentrated acid is used, from between 10 to 20 parts of the
weight of "anthracene" used; if fuming acid be employed, from between
3 to 10 parts of the weight of "anthracene.
"
The resulting liquid has to be dissolved in about 15 to 20 times of its
volume of water, and neutralized with caustic lime or carbonate of lime.
After filtration the liquid which contains now the lime salts of what I
call the sulfo-acids of anthracene is precipitated with carbonate of
soda.
The soda salts of the above sulfo-acids received in this way are heated
with two to three times their weight of caustic soda or potash, or a
mixture of both in a suitable vessel, to a temperate from between 180
to 260 centigrade until in dissolving a portion of the fused mass in
boiling water the colour ceases to become more intense. The fused
mass is then dissolved in boiling water and precipitated with hydro-
chloric or sulphuric or any other convenient acid. The precipitate is
collected on a filter, washed with water, and is then suitable for use in
dyeing and printing in the same manner as preparations of madder.
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR GATHERING APPLES AND OTHER FRUIT FROM THE GROUND
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Woolcott at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
22nd September 1875.
I, JOHN WOOLCOTT, of Montacute, Ilminster, in the County of
Somerset, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR GATHERING APPLES AND OTHER FRUIT FROM
THE GROUND," to be as follows :—
This Invention relates to apparatus for gathering or picking up apples
and similar fruit and roots from the ground, and depositing into baskets
or other receptacles fitted or attached to the apparatus.
The apparatus consists of two sido frames stayed and mounted upon
travelling wheels. The axle of the rear wheels, if three or four wheels
are used, carries a roller, from which spikes, pins, or their equivalent,
project to pierce or enter the fruit or roots, and lift into contact with
fixed fingers or clearers set at an incline to slide the fruit from the
lifters on to an endless band provided with slats or cups. This endless
band is supported at an angle on rollers, one of which receives its
rotation from one of the travelling wheels by a band or chain, and as the

page_text: fruit or roots are elevated they pass over the upper roller and fall into
the basket fitted in the front of the apparatus. The elevator can be
dispensed with and the fruit or roots can be dislodged from the spikes of
the lifter roller on to a kind of shoot from which they fall into the
receptacle direct.
The spiked roller can be in sections or as discs, and be made to raise
and lower to suit different sized apples.
IMPROVEMENTS IN ROLLER SKATES
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Romanes at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 26th
February 1875.
I, JOHN ROMANES, of Worthing, in the County of Sussex, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN ROLLER
SKATES," to be as follows:-
The Invention has for its object improvements in roller skates, whereby
great facility is afforded for performing various evolutions thereon. For
this purpose I mount in suitable bearings at each end of the skate a
wheel or roller, which rollers or wheels are in a central line drawn fore
and aft of the skate. At the centre of the skate on a transverse line are
mounted a pair of rollers or wheels of smaller diameter, the axis of
which is carried by or bears against a spring in such manner that when
running in straight or nearly straight lines all four wheels bear on the
ground, but when the weight of the skater is thrown on to one or other
side of the skate the two large wheels and one of the smaller wheels
bear on the floor, the second smaller wheel being more or less raised
from the ground, the spring permitting of such motion of the axis of the

page_text: smaller wheels or rollers. By these means the skater is enabled to skate
in curved or straight lines at pleasure by simply bearing more or less to
one or the other side of the skate, whilst the grinding usually experienced
of the wheels when running in curved lines is avoided, and the skate
runs with less friction.
IMPROVEMENTS IN BOOT TREES
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Blakey at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 30th
November 1875.
I, JOHN BLAKEY, of Leeds, in the County of York, Boot and Shoe
Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN BOOT TREES," to be as follows:-
According to this Invention the front and back parts of the boot tree
are made of hollow metal, and the front part is fixed by a hinge in front
to a sole or bottom plate, which may be of wood or iron as desired. At
the rear end of the front part is a set screw provided with a milled head
or a handle for turning the screw and raising the front part of the boot
tree to fit any size of boot. Between the front and back parts of the
boot tree is a space for the reception of wedges to be inserted to fill out
the boot tree to the required size of the boot.
A NEW PRELIMINARY PROCESS TO BE UNDERGONE BY SKINS AND HIDES FOR TANNING PURPOSES
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Stark at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 2nd
September 1875.-A communication from abroad by Dr. Alexander
Herzen, of Florence, in the Kingdom of Italy.
I,,WILLIAM STARK, of Engadina, Torquay, in the County of Devon,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "A NEW
PRELIMINARY PROCESS TO BE UNDERGONE BY SKINS AND HIDES FOR TANNING
PURPOSES," to be as follows:-
This. Invention consists in submitting hides and skins, whether dry,
salt, or fresh, to an immersion in a saturated solution of borax in
water. The duration of such immersion should be about ten days in
summer and twenty days in winter, at the end of which period the skins
or hides will be found to be perfectly ready to be scraped and put at
once into the tanning pit, without requiring any other preliminary
preparation by means of chalk and the like, such as was heretofore.
necessary, while at the same time the tanning process itself will be
found to be somewhat accelerated and the leather resulting from it will
be as fine, as good, as durable, and resisting to wear and tear as any of
the best leather hitherto made.
IMPROVED MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR DRIVING OB WORKING SEWING MACHINES
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Andrew Joseph Tatum, and
William Alexander Roberts at the Office of the Commissioners of
Patents, with their Petition, on the 5th February 1875.
We, ANDREW JOSEPH TATUM, and WILLIAM ALEXANDER ROBERTS,
of Holloway, in the County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature
of the said Invention for "IMPROVED MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR DRIVING
OB WORKING SEWING MACHINES," to be as follows:-
1
The object of this Invention is to drive or work sewing machines by
improved machinery or apparatus, whereby the operator is relieved from
the laborious action of working sewing machines, or the inconvenience
of having one hand engaged, as is the case in hand sewing machines.
The machinery or apparatus consists of a series of toothed wheels and
pinions put in motion by one or more coiled or box springs, for the
purpose of giving a fast revolving motion to a pulley communicating
by a strap or band with a pulley fixed to the main shaft of the sewing
machine.

page_text: which is fixed a toothed wheel gearing into a pinion fixed to a spindle on
which there is another toothed wheel gearing into another pinion, and
so on until the required speed is obtained.
The working parts of the apparatus are enclosed in a case or cover on
which there is a stop capable of being raised and lowered so as to bring
it in contact with stops or indents on bosses fixed to any of the spindles,
in order to stop the motion of the machinery or apparatus as required.
IMPROVEMENTS IN BALLOONS
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Henry McKee at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 25th
August 1875.
I, HENRY MCKEE, of Dunfanaghy, County of Donegal, Ireland, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
BALLOONS," to be as follows:-
1
The first part of my Invention relates to a mode of combining as
hereafter described the gas balloon and the hot air balloon to effect
ascent and descent at will without loss of gas or ballast, and with safety
from fire to the aeronauts.
This part of the Invention consists in having a gas balloon and car,
and a hot air balloon and car, and in connecting the hot air balloon to
the gas balloon by a rope sufficiently long to ensure the safety of the
gas balloon from the fire of the hot air balloon. This rope is preferably
of wire, and depends from the hoop and passes through the car of the
gas balloon.
The hot air balloon is preferably annular in form; through the
opening of the annule the wire rope from the gas balloon passes and
supports the hot air balloon and its car.

page_text: burning.
The gas balloon is large enough to just buoy up the weight of the
whole system. Ascent or descent is obtained by making the fire of the
hot air balloon greater or less.
Communication between the occupant of the car of the hot air balloon
and the gas balloon is effected through a speaking tube.
My Invention further has reference, as hereafter described, to what
are known as captive hot air balloons for military purposes.
This part of the Invention consists in raising balloons by the com-
bustion of air gas within, also in making the air gas on the ground, and
in conveying it to the balloon either through a flexible tube reaching to
the balloon or in small balloons filled with the air gas, and sent up to
it along the ropes which hold the balloons captive.
"
The air in the balloons is heated by the combustion of coal or air gas,
and the gas is burned at a cluster of "Bunsen or other burners placed
near the mouth of the balloon, the burners and flame being within a
wire cage large enough to prevent the flame from coming in contact
with the material of which the balloon is made.
IMPROVEMENTS APPLICABLE TO SHIPS AND VESSELS WHEN SCREW OR STERN PROPELLERS ARE ADOPTED AS MEANS FOR PROPULSION
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Martin Budd Lewin at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
3rd August 1875
I, MARTIN BUDD LEWIN, of the Royal Victoria Yacht Club, Ryde, in
5 the Isle of Wight, Esquire, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for " IMPROVEMENTS APPLICABLE TO SHIPS AND VESSELS WHEN SCREW
OR STERN PROPELLERS ARE ADOPTED AS MEANS FOR PROPULSION," to be as
follows:-
This Invention has for its object the adaptation of steam power on
board sailing vessels when required as auxiliary power, and when not
applied not to interfere with the essentials of a sailing vessel.
The following are the means I prefer -In the vessel a well or
opening is made, in which the engine and boiler when not in use are
stowed, but when required for use same is hoisted or raised on to the
deck of the vessel, and connection with the screw is made from shaft
or other convenient part of the engine to the shaft which actuates the
propeller, and thus (the engine working on deck) I do away, especially
with regard to yachts, with the objections at present urged against the

page_text: use of steam power, which consist of objectionable smells, heat, space
occupied, and such like.
Also my Invention is applicable to the screw, whereby through a
well or opening over same, it can be raised bodily on deck when not
required for usc. The propeller shaft being so constructed as to allow
of free connection and disconnection with the propeller, the object
being mainly to allow full play to the sailing properties of the vessel.
If thought desirable the opening could be closed by any suitable
shutters or other arrangements.
AN IMPROVED ADJUSTED DRAUGHT SPRING FOR INCREASING THE POWER OF DRAUGHT OF TRAM CARS AND OTHER VEHICLES
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Samuel Kearton at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 5th April
1875.
I, SAMUEL KEARTON, of Number 170, Pye Bank, Sheffield, Omnibus
Driver, do hereby declare the nature of my said Invention for "AN
IMPROVED ADJUSTED DRAUGHT SPRING FOR INCREASING THE POWER OF DRAUGHT OF
TRAM CARS AND OTHER VEHICLES," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to the application of an improved adjustable
draught spring to tram cars and other vehicles, the chief object being to
facilitate and consequently increase the power or effort of the draught of
the horse.
The means employed possess other advantages of simplicity in yoking
the horse and otherwise rendering his work more serviceable than is at
present the case, especially to tram cars.
I propose to dispense with the ordinary main whippletree or draw bar,
with its two supplementary draw bars or swingletrees, all of which are
attached to the pole and work on pintels or pivot joints, being then
directly attached to the tramway car or carriage, and to use only one

page_text: draw bar or swingletree for each horse, such bar being fixed within the
eye of a ring bolt connected by a lynch pin to the holder of a compound
curvilinicar steel spring, the extremitics of which are secured to two
short projections on the tram car, there being four such springs, two at {
each end of the car and their convex surfaces being nearest the car.
Now if the horses are simply yoked by the traces to the swingletrees,
their draught at the moment of application will not result in a jerk as is
at present the case, but the power will be borne by the spring and
thereby communicated to the car, thus equalizing the draught power
and the swingletree being duly pivoted to the spring (as described), the
side pull, if occurring, will rectify itself as though the draught were
perfectly true in line. It will be evident that by this mode of yoking
horses the pole (in tram cars) might be dispensed with, because the
attachments mentioned are not connected to a polo as at present but to:
the tram car itself, nevertheless a pole may of course be used if the
break power should not be considered sufficient or if steep gradients have
to be travelled down, thero would thus in either case be very little
trouble in attaching and changing the horses; and another advantage in
dispensing with the use of the pole would result because the effort of one
horse could not (at the instant of starting) retard the other by the lateral
motion and back jork of the main bar.
With regard to carriages on common roads the shafts or pole must of
course be used as at present.
The spring described will be found the most suitable and durable, but
if desired another form of ordinary metal spring may be employed, or a
compound of metal or india-rubber, the principle of the Invention being
the same.
Ax IMPROVED METHOD OF STOPPERING BOTTLES INTENDED TO CONTAIN EFFERVESCING LIQUIDS
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by George Gibbs at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 23rd
September 1875.
I, GEORGE GIBBS, of Hunslet, in the County of York, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "Ax IMPROVED METHOD
OF STOPPERING BOTTLES INTENDED TO CONTAIN EFFERVESCING LIQUIDS," to be as
follows:-
This Invention consists in a new and improved method of stoppering
bottles intended to contain effervescing liquids.
The manner by which I propose to effect the above object is as
follows:- -I construct the neck of the bottles taper, the widest part
being at the top of the neck, and the narrowest part at the bottom
thereof. At this narrow part I make a ledge of any suitable shape, or
size, the object of which is to form a seat for an india-rubber ball
inserted in the bottle, and which constitutes the stopper for the said

page_text: bottle when full of effervescing liquid, the pressure of the gas keeping
the said stopper in forced contact against the ledge aforesaid, thus stop-
pering the bottle.
The stopper may vary in shape and material according to the shape
of the seat and liquid contained in the bottle.
A NEW OR IMPROVED SADDLE GIRTH TIGHTENER
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Howard and William Cox
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their Petition,
on the 25th January 1875.
We, JOHN HOWARD, and WILLIAM Cox, both of the 7th Dragoon
Guards, of Cahir, Ircland, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "A NEW OR IMPROVED SADDLE GIRTH TIGHTENER," to be as
follows:
The object of this Invention which relates to a new or improved
saddle girth tightener, is to keep the girths of a saddle at all times tight
to the horse's or animal's belly. To one end of the girth we attach a
suitable buckle, and to the other end thereof we attach a strap (to fasten
in the buckle as usual), and also one of the improved "tighteners."
The "tightener" consists of a small flat or curved metallic box enclosing
two, three, or more longitudinal metal rods encircled by helical springs,
applied so as to have a constant tendency to draw the strap inwards or
towards the box so as to tighten the girth when upon the horse or
animal.
The advantages derived from the application of this means of
numorous
amonest them
may be

page_text: mentioned, that "girth galls" will be prevented in consequence of
the girth being at all times kept tight to the belly of the horse or animal,
which same circumstance will also prevent the saddle from slipping on
the horse's or animal's back, thereby obviating the necessity for the
usual "crupper" and "breast plate and strap." There will also be no
necessity for the rider ever to dismount to "girth up" as is now so
often required in the field, on march, or on the road.
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR CLIPPING HORSES AND OTHER ANIMALS
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Skeffington Shelley at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
8th April 1875
I, JOHN SKEFFINGTON SHELLEY, of Shad Thames, Horsleydown, in the
County of Surrey, Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of my said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR CLIPPING HORSES AND OTHER
ANIMALS," to be as follows:-
:-
This Invention relates to improvements in machinery or apparatus for
cutting horses and other short haired animals, whereby greater accuracy
of cut is obtained, whilst the time occupied by the operation is also
materially shortened.
The improved apparatus consists in the first place of a circular metallic
plate, one portion of such metal plate being formed or cut into comb
teeth, the portion so cut projecting slightly beyond the other portion of
the plate, this toothed portion of the plate may also if desired be of
greater thickness than the rest of the plate, the thickness of that portion
of the plate determining the depth of hair left on the coat of the animal,
The last tooth on each edge I propose to round off so as to avoid leaving

page_text: any ridge on the coat of the animal. Upon this lower plate works a
dome-shaped upper plate, the edges of which are so formed as to operate
as cutting surfaces when the plate revolves over the comb before
described; the under portions of the cutting surfaces of this dome-
shaped plate I prefer to be made fluted, so as to prevent any tendency
of the plate to distortion when acted upon by the spring washer and
screw hercin-after described. The upper plate or dome is furnished with
a circle of openings, which I prefer to be made elliptical in shape, into
which works a spur wheel carried upon a spindle forming the bolder
for the instrument, this spur wheel being worked by a small handle.
The cutting is effected by the revolution of the spur wheel imparting
rotary motion to the dome-shaped plate over the comb surfaces
The upper or dome-shaped plate is fastened to the lower plate by
means of a spindle, the attachment being capable of adjustment by means
of a spring washer and screw or other analogous contrivance.