IMPROVEMENTS IN HEATING APPARATUS FOR BATTWAY CAD"
Year: 1872

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Cowper Baker, of the City and State
of New York, United States of America, for the Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN HEATING APPARATUS FOR BATTWAY CAD"
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Cowper Baker
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 16th December 1872.
I, WILLIAM COWPER BAKER, of the Oity and State of New York,
United States of America, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN HEATING APPARATUS FOR RAILWAY CARS,"
to be as follows :—
=
After many years spent in perfecting this Invention I have
succeeded in constructing and arranging the appliances so as to be
entirely successful, and adapted to the various circumstances of use.
Pipes are introduced near the bottom of the car, preferably around
the sides and beneath the seats and foot rests. The ends of these pipes

page_text: are brought near each other; one end is connected with a coil of pipe
in a furnace, the other end passes up into an expansion vessel; the
upper end of the coil is also connected with the expansion vessel. A.
saturated solution of salt and water is employed to fill these pipes, and
the heat in the furnace causes it to circulate around through the pipes
and warm the car. This saline solution prevents the freezing of the
water in the pipes.
Upon the expansion vessel are a try-cock and filler, also a safety
valve made of a rubber ball confined to a seat, and also a diaphragm
acting upon a lever to regulate the heat of the fire by opening or
closing a draft damper according to the pressure in the apparatus.
There is a safety grate above the fire to prevent the fuel falling
out if the car should be upset, hence there is not any risk of fire.
Air for ventilation is admitted from outside into a casing that
surrounds the fire-pot, and a circulation is maintained of the air in
the car.
Pressure gauges are employed, and the heat and pressure will be
increased in cold weather, and the reverse.
The furnace is placed in a small upright compartment in the car
and locked up to prevent access to the same except by the proper
person; or it may be partially below the car and suspended.
The casing surrounding the fire-pot in some instances extends up to
the top of the smoke flue, and has a hood to direct the external air into
the car by the force of the wind.
When the car is standing still the heat asconds and passes out into
the car through holes near the top.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said William Cowper Baker in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 6th June 1873.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM 3
COWPER BAKER, of the City and State of New York, United States of
America, send greeting.
21.

page_text: WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Sixteenth day of December, in the
year of our Lord One thousand cight hundred and seventy-two, in the
thirty-sixth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and suc-
cessors, give and grant unto me, the said William Cowper Baker,
Her special licence that I, the said William Cowper Baker, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the
said William Cowper Baker, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to
time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands,
and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN HEATING APPARATUS
FOR RAILWAY CARS," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the
said William Cowper Baker, my executors or administrators, by an
instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and
seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the
said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed,
and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within
six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said William Cowper Baker, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is
to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement, reference being made to the Drawing hercunto
annexed, and to the letters and figures marked thereon (that is to
say) :-
After many years spent in experimenting and testing my Inventions
in relation to heating railway cars (some features of which have been
Patented in the United States), I have succeeded in; perfecting the
apparatus and adapting the same to the various contingencies to
which it is subjected in this country and will be in Europen
countries.
The general features of my plan consist in the use of pipes running
along the car and under the seats, in which pipes heated liquid is made
to circulate by the action of the fire, and the liquid employed is a
saturated solution of salt or other material to prevent freezing.

page_text: The furnace is constructed with reference to obtaining a perfect com-
bustion of the fuel, a proper regulation of the draft, safety in case of
accident, a proper ventilation of the car, and an even distribution of the
heat, especially in the lower portion of the car.
In the Drawing, Fig. 1 is a sectional perspective view of the interior
of the car with my furnace in place; Fig. 2 is a vertical section of the
furnace transversely to the car; and Fig. 3 is an elevation partially in
section in larger size of the expansion vessel, filling cock, and safety
valve..
"
The pipes a, a, run around the lower part of the car, they are
positioned according to the character of the seats and the internal com-
partments or other portions of the car. With seats that are reversible
it is preferable to make the pipes with U shaped bends running out
beneath the seats as shown. It is always preferable to apply the heat
below the scats and in a position where the feet can be placed upon or
contiguous to the pipes.
Whero ventilating boxes or tubes are provided along the floor to
admit fresh air, the heating pipes, or a portion of them, should be placed
in such boxes to warm the air before it enters the car. The two ends of
the pipes a are contiguous to the furnace, one connects with the bottom
of the coil in the fire-box c, and the other (a¹) passes up to the
expansion vessel d, which is preferably above the top of the car, and the
coil at its upper end is also connected to this expansion vessel by
the pipe e.
When the apparatus is to be filled a pump and hose are
connected to the cock e and salted water pumped in until the water
issues without air bubbles at the cock e, thereby indicating that the
heating pipes a, a, are entirely filled with the liquid. This is necessary
to ensure a circulation. The cocks e', es, are then closed, and the
tubes a¹, e, coil b, and expansion vessel d, are filled through the funnel.e³
and cock e³, the vent 2 allowing air to escape, and when the liquid flows
through this vent the liquid has attained the proper hight. The cock es
and funnel e³ are employed from time to time for introducing salted
water to replace any waste, and keep the apparatus filled to the proper
point, as indicated. The space in the vessel d above the liquid allows
for expansion of the liquid by heat.
The fire when made in the furnace heats the coil and causes the
water to rise through the nine e into the expansion vessel d, and in so

page_text: doing a downward circulation is produced from the vessel d through the
pipes a and back to the bottom of the coil to supply the place of the
water that rises by the action of the heat, thus supplying all parts of
the car with warmth from the pipes a.
A safety valve is required upon the expansion vessel d, and as the salt
is liable to obstruct any ordinary valve I employ the vulcanized rubber
ball or block beneath a cap resting upon a metal seat and protected
at the end of the pipe by a metal plug or plate connected with the
rubber ball; this allows steam or surplus water to blow off under
excess of the pressure. This valve can be adjusted by screwing down
the cap upon the rubber ball.
The furnace is made with a close ash-pit and door at 2, and above the
fire is the conical exit and smoke pipe m. A hinged grate n is provided
that is secured by a lock or latch; this has to be lifted when fuel is
supplied to the furnace. The object of this grate n is to retain the fire
in case the furnace should be upset by any accident and prevent the car
catching fire. This hinged grate falls by the motion of the car and
latches so as to effectually close the only opening through which fire
could escape in case of accident. The products of combustion however
can pass through the perforations of the grate and away by the smoke
flue. The door in the side of the smoke flue adjacent to this grate
should be provided with a lock.
The coil of pipe in the fire is made so as to allow the fuel to burn
uniformly slowly and steadily, and not be unduly checked by the
circulating liquid cooling the coil. To effect this the coil is not in
contact with the inside surface of the fire-box, and the coils are at a
distance apart sufficient to allow the fuel to burn freely as it settles
down between and around the pipes. The coil of pipe in the fire is to
be proportioned in length to the circulating and radiating pipes a, a, so
that the heat and pressure will not become too great.
The fire is checked when the pressure and temperature are excessive by
an elastic diaphragm o, lever p, and connection to a damper q, that when
opened admits air above the fire. To lessen the speed of combustion
by cutting off the draft through the fire, a reverse damper may be
provided at the ash-pit, to be closed as the damper q is opened. By
mechanism of this character the heat of the fire is regulated auto-
matically. A gauge is provided at k¹ to indicate the pressure within the

page_text: circulating tubes and coil, and this becomes a guide to the attendant to
regulate the fire according to the temperature, as the pressure and
consequent heat should be increased in cold weather.
car.
To ventilate the car I employ the tubes 1, r, that open at their upper
end within a casings that surrounds the fire-box and one side of the
base of the smoke flue, and is open at the other side of the flue, thereby
the air passing in through the tubes r is warmed in its passage into the
These tubes ", ", are made so that they can be revolved to turn
the funnel-shaped ends in the direction of the wind, and when not
required the supply from outside is stopped by turning the funnel ends
together, as shown by dotted lines in Fig. 1. These funnel ends may be
upon tubes extending up above the car, or the air may be brought in
from the side or end of the car into the casing 8. The shield around the
furnace, open at the bottom and top, causes a circulation in the air of
the car, and at the same time prevents injury to the car by the radiation
from the furnace.
It is generally preferable to place the furnace above the car floor as
shown, but it might be suspended below the floor; the air of the car
will circulate through between the casing & and fire-box.
When the furnace is placed below the floor of the car it is to be
inclosed in a tight case so as not to be influenced by external currents of
air, and the air for the fire is drawn from inside the car, and the air
inside the car can circulate down and around the furnace, or fresh air
may be admitted so as to be warmed by the furnace before passing into
the car, thus providing for the varying circumstances under which this 2
apparatus is to be used.
.
The heat generating or furnace portion is by preference enclosed in a
compartment which may be provided with a door that is locked to
prevent access to the same except by the proper person or persons.
When desired a vessel containing water may be placed where it can 3
bo heated by the furnace or one of the pipes to supply moisture to the
atmosphere, and water may pass into the same from a suitable reservoir
or tank.
In Fig. 4 a modification is shown of the ventilating device in which
the casing & that surrounds the furnace is extended up around the smoke 3
pipe or fluc m and terminates as a hood or hoods m* to catch the air

page_text: when the car is in motion, and force the air down into the casing so as
to escape into the car in a warm condition.
To prevent the warm air escaping when the car is standing still I
employ a conical partition m² that directs the ascending air outwardly
into the car through the openings m³ near the top of the casing 8.
I claim as my Invention,—
First. The expansion vessel provided with the filling, testing, and air
cock and safety valve, in combination with the coil in the fire, and the
heating pipes around the car, as set forth.
Second. The damper q operated by the pressure of the heated liquid,
and serving to regulate the fire, as set forth.
Third. The safety grate n provided with a catch or lock, and applied
at the place where coal is inserted, for the purposes set forth.
Fourth. The air pipes r, r, opening into the space between the
casings and fire-box c, as and for the purposes set forth.
Fifth. The arrangement for ventilating, consisting of the casing 8,
hood m, conical partition m³, and openings m³, for the purposes set
forth.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Cowper Baker, have here-
unto set my hand and seal, this 19th day of May, A.D. 1878.
Witnesses,
CHAS. H. SMITH, 121, Nassau St., N.Y.
GEO. T. PINCKNEY, „
"
33 33
W. C. BAKER. (L.S.)