Improvements in Machinery for Working Stone.
Year: 1894

page_text: Date of Application, 6th Apr., 1894
Complete Specification Left, 5th Jan., 1895-Accepted, 6th Apr., 1895
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Machinery for Working Stone.
I FRANK TRIER Civil Engineer of 19 Great George Street Westminster
London do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows :-
-
My improvements relate to methods of surfacing, moulding & turning stone with
circular rolling cutters & to the construction of toolboxes, toolholders & machines
for their employment & to the shape of the circular cutters.
In the surfacing machines I usually prefer to reciprocate the cutter or cutters at
right angles to the feed of the stone, the cutter or cutters running off & onto the
arriss to be formed & I will for brevety sake refer to this kind of action. In the
moulding machine referred to below I may travel the cutters or the stone parallel
to the lines of the moulding, but for brevety sake will refer to the cutters only as
being made to travel.
The new methods consist in :
1) Surfacing stone by stepcutting with a combination of two or more than two
concentric cutters, capable of revolving independently, the stepcutting being
effected, not by reason of the relative position of the cutting edges, but by the
simultaneous movement of the cutters into the two positions necessary for step-
cutting, at the beginning & end of each stroke. In stepcutting the cutters, when
travelling in one direction, take a cut at a higher level & in advance of the cut
they take when travelling in the opposite direction. By the above combination
I can determine the maximum depth of cut of the last or finishing cutter & ensure
an unplucked & finished surface when taking heavy cuts.
2) In causing a cutter to slightly lift before running off & when approaching
the arriss in order to prevent the break down of the arriss. The cutter is then
brought into position for the finishing cut & it forms the arriss whilst running
onto it.
I employ this method of releiving the drag off & the pressure on the arriss,
either when using one cutter or a combination of cutters as described above.
3) In moulding, shaping & surfacing stone I remove the material to be cut
away, by using a series of cutters, their cutting edges being approximately in a
plane but one stepped below the other so that, as the cutters travel past the stone,
they come into operation successively the amount cut by each being determined by
the distance its cutting point or edge is below that of its leader, & all combining
to remove a comparatively thin layer. By moving the cutters forward at right
angles to their travel I remove successive layers & by giving the cutters a
compound movement, following a given template, the layers will after removal
show the stone moulded or shaped to the section of the template.
In order to enable the cutters to work into angles & as near as possible to the
surface to be produced, I use one or more than one cutter to co-operate with one or
more than one of the cutters which split off the layer, these co-operating cutters
being set opposite to the latter & splitting off the stone at right angles (or
approximately so) to the surface produced by them.
I construct the toolboxes for stepcutting either with one or more than one cutter
& also for releiving the arriss pressure in the following inanner:
The toolholder containing the cutter bush or bushes is hinged to the toolbox in
such a way & at such an angle that a slight swing will bring the cutter or cutters

page_text: into the two positions required for stepcutting. I also place the axis of the hinge
in such a position relatively to the cutter axis that the swing of the toolbox each
side of a central position, besides giving the required step backward & forward,
gives the correct skew to the cutter or cutters in both directions of the travel.
I produce the swinging movement of the toolbox by means of a wedge or its
equivalent attached to a rod which passes thro', & has adjustable stops each side of,
a slot in a fixed bracket.
The movement of the toolbox to & fro causes the stops to move the wedge at the
end of each stroke, thus alternately pushing the toolholder forward & allowing it to
return to its first position assisted by a spring.
In order to raise the cutter or cutters when approaching the arriss, I form the
wedge with a second incline. This slightly raises the cutter or cutters till the
arriss is passed when the first incline allows it to drop back to the required
position for running outo the arriss. The point at which it is desired to raise the
cutter or cutters can be easily adjusted by the stops on the rod.
I sometimes enlarge the hinge of the toolholder till it becomes an excentric, the
rotation of which produces the required movements.
The toolholders for the moulding & shaping machine I prefer to use with conical
cutters with the cutting edge in the outer surface of the cone & I give the tool-
holders an adjustment parallel to the generating line of the cone, where this line
passes thro' the point of contact of the edge with the stone. By this means the
cutting point can always be brought to the same spot in the plane it produces,
altho' the diameter of the cutter may be diminished thro' wear.
I prefer to carry the two co-operating cutters referred to above on separate stems
clamped together in a socket, the dividing plane halving the angle formed by the
axes of the cutters.
By moving the stems relatively one to the other in their socket 1 can always
bring the cutting edges of the cutters together whatever be the difference of their
diameters.
In one mode of constructing the machine for moulding stone I carry the series of
single & compound cutters on a long bracket which can be swivelled or its inclination
altered so as to vary the amount of cat taken by each cutter. This bracket is made
to move on the inclined face of the main longitudinal slide & can be withdrawn from
& returned to its working position automatically to give cicarance to the cutters
on their back travel.
I prefer to make the cutters travel & to only give to the stone the compound
movement, at right angles to the direction of the travel, which are required to
follow a template & produce the moulding. But I do not limit myself to this
arrangement, but may travel the stone & give the compound movement to the
cutters & I may combine these movements in other ways.
In the machine for turning stones which I use principally for making grindstones
without holes, the grindstone is fixed to & revolved on a face plate I dress the
surface by cutters approaching the centre from different sides & co-operating with
each other to prevent plucking, combined with one or more than one cutter for
dressing the edges.
I give to my new circular cutter a flat conical section which enables me to give
a shape to the cutting edge of which the cone does not coincide with the flat
cone just mentioned. The object of this form of cutter is to give great strength &
enable the cutting edge to be formed by grinding or turning on two faces.
Dated this 6th day of April 1894.

page_text: improvements in Machinery for working to
I FRANK TRIER Civil Engineer of 19 Great George Street Westminster
London do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the
same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by
the following statement:-
My improvements relate to methods of surfacing moulding & turning stone with
circular rolling cutters & to the construction of toolboxes, toolholders & machines
for their employment.
In the surfacing machines I usually prefer to reciprocate the cutter or cutters at
right angles to the feed of the stone the cutter or cutters crossing the arrisses at
right angles & I will for brevety refer to this kind of action only in the following
description. In the moulding machines I may travel the cutters or the stone
parallel to the lines of the moulding, but for brevety I will refer to the cutters
only as being made to travel.
The new methods consist in :
1) Surfacing stone by stepcutting with a combination of two or more than two
concentric cutters which are free to revolve independently, the stepcutting being
effected not by reason of the relative positions or distance apart of the cutting edges
as for example by the distance a to 6 of the 2 concentric cutters Y & Z shown in
the diagram Fig. 1. Sheet 1, of the accompanying drawings, but by the simultaneous
movement of both the cutters into the alternate positions necessary for stepcutting
riz. from a & b to a' b'. In stepcutting the cutters whilst travelling in one direction
take a roughing cut at the levels a & & & at the end of the stroke I cause them to
step back & down to the lower levels a¹ & ; they then take a light or finishing
cut on the return stroke & travelling in the opposite direction.
Thus both cutters
take roughing & finishing cuts in alternate strokes & I am able to determine the
maximum depths of the roughing & finishing cuts of the cutter Z & to ensure an
upplucked & finished surface when taking heavy cuts.
2) In causing a cutter to slightly lift before running off the stone & when
approaching the arriss & during the roughing cut.
This releives the pressure &
drag off on the arriss & the break down of the latter beyond recovery by the cutter
when running onto & forming the arriss during the finishing cut. I employ this
method of releiving the pressure on the arriss either when using a single cutter or a
combination of cutters as described above. I construct the toolboxes for step-
cutting either with one or more than one cutter & also for releiving the arriss
pressure in the following manner :
Fig. 2 shows a front & Fig. 3 a side view of a toolbox B which is carried on a
slide rest (not shown) of a suitable machine and to which a reciprocating motion is
imparted preferably by means of a crank action & in the directions indicated by
the arrows. The direction of the feed of the stone is preferably at right angles to
the movement of the toolbox as shown by the arrow in Fig. 3.
The toolholder A containing the cutter bush to which the cutter is attached is
hinged to the toolbox by means of the lug C engaging with the knuckles DD;
the pintle being placed at the required distance from & angle to the cutter axis, so
that a slight swing of the cutterholder each side of a central position not only
brings the cutter into the two positions for stepcutting, but also gives the correct
skew to the cutter relatively to both directions of its travel. The lug C₁ of the
toolholder A engages with the lugs D, D, on B & which assist to take the pressure
of the cut.
I impart the swinging motion to the toolbox preferably by means of
a wedge attached to a rod c, carried on the toolbox B & which passes thro' &
has adjustable steps d d each side of a slot in a bracket e attached firmly to the
machine. I do not confine myself to the use of the wedge for producing the

page_text: swing of the toolbox but may use other suitable means.
The wedge f which is
shown separately in Fig. 4, bears against a roller g contained in the lug C₁. A
spring on the bolt i which is fixed in B & passes thro' a clearing hole in the
prolongation F of the lug C₁ keeps the roller always in contact with the wedge.
The movement of the toolbox to & fro causes the stops to move the wedge at the
end of each stroke, thus alternately pushing the toolholder forward & allowing it
to return to its first position assisted by the spring h.
In order to raise the cutter when approaching the arriss, I form the wedge with
a second incline from m to n; this incline slightly raises the cutter till the arriss is
passed when the incline no of the wedge allows it to drop back to the required
position for running onto the arriss. The point at which it is required to raise the
cutter can be easily adjusted by the stops on the rod c.
Fig. 5 shows the toolholder A fitted with two concentric conically shaped
cutters Y & Z, the hollow bolt which fastens the cutter Y to its bush p, forming
the bearing in which the bush k of the cutter Z revolves. By inclining the pintle
of the hinged toolholder the other side of the vertical i.e. on the same side as the
cutter axis the cutter can be made to step backwards & to a higher level & away
from the cut instead of backwards & to a lower level. The cutter will then only
cut on every alternate stroke & preferably when running onto the arriss. For
roughing out work I sometimes fix the toolholder A in a central position by means
of a pin passed thro' the lugs D, C, D, similar to the pintle on the other side.
The cutter or cutters cut then on the same level on each stroke. My new
methods of cutting consist further
3) In moulding, shaping & surfacing stone by removing the material to be cut
away with a series of cutters, their cutting edges being in or approximately in a
plane, but one stepped below the other so that as the cutters travel past the stone
they come into operation successively the amount cut by each being determined by
the distance its cutting point or edge is below that of its leader & all combining to
remove a comparatively thin layer. On Sheet II Fig. 6 shows in a front view a
series of cutters which cut at the lowest points 1 2 3 4 etc. & each of which is
lower than the preceeding one. The cutters are attached to toolholders mounted
on a slide & travel in the direction of the arrow. Cutter 1 comes first in contact
with the stone followed by 2 3 etc. No. 8 coming last at the lowest level & which
lies in the surface to be produced. The diagram Fig. 64 shows the action of the
cutters in a side view the steps being considerably enlarged for the sake of
clearness. By moving the stone (or the cutters) forward at right angles to the
travel of the cutters I remove successive layers & by giving the stone (or the
cutters) a compound movement following a given template, the layers will after
removal show the stone moulded or shaped to the section of the template.
In order to enable the cutters to work into augles & as near as possible to the
surface to be produced, I use one or more than one cutter to co-operate with one or
more than one of the cutters which split off the layers, these co-operating cutters
being set opposite to the latter & splitting off the stone at right angles or
approximately so to the surface produced by the first series. In Fig. 6 the
3 cutters 6, 7 & 8 which come into action latest are shown with co-operating cutters.
Figs. 7 & 8 show the toolholders carrying single & compound or cooperating
cutters. I prefer using conical cutters with the holders in which the cutting edge
remains in the outer surface of the cone, the sharpening or grinding taking place
on the base of the cone or flat face of the cutter & I give the toolholders an
adjustment parallel to the generating line of the cone. The axes of the stems
of the toolholders are parallel to st & in the case of the double toolholders the
axis passes thro a point where the edges of the 2 cutters meet if brought close
together. By this means the cutting points can always be brought to the same
places on the plane they produce, by simply moving the stems in the direction of
their axes, however murh the diameters of the cutters may have diminished by i
I prefer to carry the 2 co-operating cutiers (Fig. 8) on separate stems which
are moveable in the direction of qr & can be clamped together in their socket.
wear.

page_text: By this means I can bring the cutting edges together whatever be the difference of
their diameters. I will now describe a machine suitable for carrying the series of
single and compound cutters; it is shown in elevation, end view & plan in
Figs. 9, 10 & 11 respectively. The cutterholders are all carried in sockets on a
long platek shown in section in Figs. 7 & 8 & this plate is held in guides on the
bracket G on which it can be moved slightly in the direction
for the purpose
of withdrawing the cutters so that they do not rub against the stone when they
run back to take a new cut. This slight withdrawal is effected automatically by
means of the flat bar U which has inclined slots into which pins fastened to K
enter. The bar is moved by the lever V and the stop rod X. The bracket G can
be swivelled somewhat round its centre G₁ by which means the amount of step of
one cutter below the other can be regulated. G is carried by the slide H which
moves to & fro on the bed I by means of a 3 worm shaft & pullies on the prolonga-
tion of the shaft. The stone is carried on a compound slide rest, the top slide L
moving horizontally & at right angles to the travel of the cutters, the bottom
slide M moving vertically on the 2 standards N & O. Movement is given to these
slides by means of the handles P & Q & the necessary gear & screws. If a
moulding is to be shaped out as shown in Figs. 7 & 8 its template is fixed to the
top slide L & the template & with it the stone is made to follow a pointer fixed on
the standard O, the point of which represents the cutting point of the last
cutters (No. 8). I prefer to make the cutters travel & to give to the stone the
compound movement as described in the above machine, but I do not limit myself
to this arrangement, but may travel the stone & give the compound movement to
the cutters or I may combine these movements in other ways.
Owing to a skew being given to the cutters they can only travel one way for the
operation of cutting, but for some purposes I may dispense with the skew when by
swivelling the bracket carrying the cutters at the end of each stroke they will cut
in both directions. My improvements relate further to machines for turning
circular stones-especially grindstones. Fig. 12 Sheet III shows the improved
machine. The stone R is held by dogs on the face plate S & rotated by means of
suitable gearing & my improvements consists in dressing the surface by means of
two slides carrying the cutters W & W, which I cause to travel simultaneously
towards the centre of the stone & at different levels, the one cutter here W, being
at a slightly lower level & somewhat further from the centre than the roughing
cutter W, so that the two cutters co-operate to produce the step-cutting action &
enable me to take heavy cuts & produce an unplucked finished surface during one
travel of the cutters. The two slides move on the cross slide bridging the stone &
are moved by the right and left handed screws T U, which are clutched together
at V & can be disconnected for adjusting the relative positions of the cutters. The
screws are worked by the wormwheel gear and pulley as shown. The same cross
slide carries a slide with the cutter W, for working the vertical edge of the stone.
The handwheel on this slide turus a nut on the fixed screw U₁ & is used to bring
the slide into position. After working one face & half the edge the stone is
turned over and finished.
Having now particularly described & ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion, & in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
claim is :
1. In stone dressing machines, using circular rolling cutters & in which either
the stone or the cutiers are reciprocated, the method of dressing stone by means of
two or more concentric circular rolling cutters to which I impart simultaneously at
or near the end of each stroke the movement required for the purpose of step-
cutting substantially as described with reference to Fig. 1 Sheet I of the
accompanying drawings.
2. In the said machines the method of releiving the pressure of the cutter or
cutters before runing off the stone & nearing the arriss by slightly lifting the
cutter or cutters substantially as described.

page_text: 3. The construction of toolboxes in which the toolholder is hinged thereto in
such a manner, that a swinging movement imparted to the latter at or near the end
of each stroke produces the action of stepcutting & gives at the same time the
required skew to the cutter or cutters in both directions substantially as described
with reference to Figs. 2, 3 & 5.
4. The use of a wedge or its equivalent to produce the swing of the toolholder,
the wedge having one incline where stepcutting only is required & a double incline
to effect the stepcutting & the lift off when uearing the arriss substantially as
described with reference to Fig. 4 of the drawings.
5. The construction of the toolholder for concentric cutters in which the hollow
bolt which fixes the outer cutter to its bush forms the bearing of the bush of the
inner cutter substantially as described with reference to Fig. 5 of the drawings.
6. The method of moulding shaping & surfacing stone by removing the material
in layers by means of a series of cutters single or compound or partly single &
partly compound substantially as described with reference to Figs. 6, 7 & 8
& diagram Fig. 6A of Sheet II of the accompanying drawings.
7. The construction of toolholders with adjustment parallel to the generating
line of the conical mantel of the cutters as described with reference to Figs. 7 & 8
of Sheet II.
8. The construction of toolholders for compound or co-operating cutters each
cutterholder having a separate stem for relative adjustment substantially as
described with reference to Fig. 8 of Sheet II.
9. The construction of a stone dressing & moulding machine in which the
carrier of the series of cutters is withdrawn at the end of the cut to allow the
cutters (or the stone) to run back without scraping & in which the cutters can be
swivelled all together for the adjustment of their stope substantially as shown &
described with reference to Figs. 7, 8, 9, 10 & 11, Sheet II.
10. The construction of the stone dressing and moulding machine substantially
as shown in Figs. 9, 10 & 11 & described.
11. In machines for turning grindstones & the like, the use of two slide rests to
work the sides of the stones, their cutters approaching each other towards the
centre & acting on different levels & at such distances from the centre as to
produce the action of stepcutting substantially as described with reference to
Fig. 12 Sheet 111 of the accompanying drawings.
Dated this Fifth day of January 1895.
FRANK TRIER.