Improvements in the fencing in
Year: 1886

page_text: Date of Application, 21st Apr., 1886.
Complete Left, 21st Jan., 1887
Complete. Accepted, 1st Mar., 1887.
CHARLES BENNETT of Braunston in the County of Northampton Surgeon and
Apothecary do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:
Improvements in the fencing in of or against mankind, the majority of animals and
birds both domestic, and wild either by itself or in association with Art. Metal Work
the latter being for use as Supplementary Fencing Ornamentation, advertizing or .for.
the several purposes combined.
With the object of forming a continuous fence and hurdle combined or either,
separate possessing all the advantages of either of the two separately and many, and -
extraordinary over both singly I take metallic or other bars, wrought or cast hollow
or solid ornamental or plain (if ornamental with longitudinal double acute angular
lateral or other depressions to receive and retain the bases of ornaments and spacing
blocks) coated with any other metal or uncoated or any metallic or other alloy-for.
ordinary purposes I prefer Iron or steel of any convenient shape or size-A convenient
form for heavy Cattle alone or as well as smaller animals is made thus.
I take 2 flat bars of iron or steel having first turned down the flat surfaces of
both extremities of each bar at a right angle with the main portion of the bar
itself (or otherwise obviating the forming of such angles) and having completely
pierced each bar at the required intervals (about six main openings in each flat,
bar) I place them horizontally superiorly and inferiorly with one of the wider flat
surfaces of each, facing towards the other. I now take bars of the same or other
metal round flat or other shape of convenient lengths (I prefer only six main bars.
of equal length for each length of fencing 3. 4. 5. or 6 feet more or less or 3 bars.
of double length bent on themselves so that an equal portion is parallel with.
another equal portion forming a semi-circle or part of one or otherwise as the summet,
when placed in the horizontal bars) and (1) by reducing the circumference of each
bar for a proper distance from each extremity or (2) by the superimposition and fixing
on of a parallel or taper wrapped wire, metal, or other ring or- circumferential band.
whole cut in. radiations or with a section removed in an annular or circumferential -
double rect or acute angular depression (caused by removing a circumferential portion of,
vertical bar) and pressed on cold by circular force or shrunk on at a high temperature,

page_text: afterwards brazed soldered or not or (3) by a tube similarly placed (4) by
removing part of the web if tee iron be used so as to form a slight projection (shoulder)
I place them vertically and the superior extremity of each first, through the inferior
surface of an opening in the superior horizontal bar and up to the projection and the
inferior extremity through the superior surface of the inferior horizontal bar and so
on until the whole number of the vertical bars have been so placed in the openings of
the horizontal bars or (5) by a tubular parallel or taper metallic rivet with a parallel or
wedge shaped external or internal collar split or not, loose or attached, encircling and
being (the collar) forced first by circular and vertical pressure, then vertical into a
similar circumferential depression in or on the vertical bars the collars forming
projections or not and the rivet itself passing in or through and threading a proper
shaped parallel or countersunk opening in the horizontal bar and itself encircled on
the opposite side of horizontal bar by a loose collar driven and clinched on the tubular
rivet or by double annular or other depressions on the vertical bars and a double
collared tubular rivet the projections being (under any arrangement) placed above and
below or above or below the horizontal bar and the vertical and rivet threading it or
(6) by a tubular bolt longitudinally split part of its length or not with an external or
internal collar. or neither screwed or threaded for part or the whole of its length on it's
outside only with a nut to match or (7) also threaded inside the tube at the other end
so as to screw on to a superior or inferior detached portion either being fixed to
vertical bar by solder-screw action or otherwise or (8) by threading the opening, in
the horizontal bar or (9) by partly one mode and partly the other fixing and threading
or opposing only the projections on some of the main vertical bars against one surface
of each of the horizontal bars by a tubular bolt and nut or otherwise on other vertical
bars on the opposite surface of the horizontal bars or (10) by the use of flat metal
oblongs placed above or under one or both of the horizontal bars in the interspaces
between the main vertical bars, and vertical bars and standards (hereinafter described)
and entering lateral sections or under above or in lateral projections of such bars and
each secured to horizontal by one intermediate bolt and nut or I omit the two horizontal
pierced and the six main vertical bars and substitute in their stead (11) 2,3,4 or more
umpierced bars and place them horizontally and on edge so as to make a continuous
fence by itself or (12) by the use of tec iron instead of plain flat iron placed back to
back or web to web in long lengths on standards or (13) partly one and partly the
other so as to form a continuous and round vertical bar or continuous and pale fence
the pales of which may be either metal or wood. I then pierce both of the horizontal
bars in the centre of each interspace caused by the projected portions of the vertical
bars and vertical bars and standards at each end of each length of fencing or if tee
iron the web of the tee in similar positions and insert into all but 4 of the openings a
small bolt provided each with one or two nuts or each a nut and a projection (shoulder)
one end of each bolt projecting a proper distance so as to form a spike or any device
on the upper horizontal bar on its superior surface with a similar arrangement of the
small bolts and nuts in the inferior horizontal bar and after fixing them each bolt
having a small eye or hook in the end as they point towards each other I attach a
small bar wire chain or other device single multiplied or joined (upon the bars wires
or chains of which or otherwise may be moveable metallic double or single thorns
formed by placing straight pointed bars each single or double on a different plane
from the one next to it above and below on an oblong angular wire or bar such wire
or bar being pierced or not along its whole length and threaded or not itself revolving.
on a vertically or horizontally placed bar wire or chain or on its own axis with swivels
or washers and stops one pair of washers or more having convex or concave and
convex opposing surfaces each pair one of each to minimise the friction or upon the
links letters or words) as a chain (formed by parallel bars and cross bars of an equal
or unequal length at right angles with the parallel bars with an anterior and posterior
motion at the joint formed by threading each link on a pin at right angles or wire.
without attached cross bars) series of imitation leaves sprays or ring chain &c. metallic
or otherwise and reaching from one bolt in the superior horizontal bar to the opposite
⚫or underneath bolt in the inferior horizontal bar into the openings of the 4 remaining

page_text: intermediate spaces 1 insert (1) one end of a long metallic bolt or (2) chain bolt
which passes from and through each horizontal bar and a proper distance beyond
above and below and which are finally secured on the out or opposite side of the
horizontal bars with proper nuts so as to keep them firmly opposed to the shoulders
on the vertical bars or (3) I place the six main vertical bars (or three double vertical
hars) through the two or more horizontal bars and secure them in their proper
positions by means of opposing the superior horizontal and the inferior horizontal bar
to the double projections on the vertical bars without the use of the long bolts or
chain bolts or (4) by making one two or more main vertical bars act as long bolts by
use of the tubular bolt and nut enclosing a vertical bar and threading a horizontal
one as described or (5) by a circumferential band nut spring pin wire or stop in or
attached effecting such fixing or opposing or (6) by simple suspension or fixing of
vertical bars in horizontal bars each by one projection only or one tubular rivet or
tubular bolt and nut. 1 now take bars to form standards so as to reach from the
extreme height of the fence (and beyond according to requirements) to the extreme
depth in the ground or nearly and after providing for the attachment of each horizontal
bar to each of the two standards (1) by a bolt passing through two horizontal bars and
a standard or (2) by a double angled rect angular bolt or (3) two flat angular fish
bolts one under and one above the horizontal bar with proper nuts and through two
angular openings in each standard or if tee iron be used both for standards and
horizontal bars (4) by placing them back to back in long lengths and not through
standards or (5) excepting an occasional threading of the web of the tee by a
horizontal flat bar by simple bolts and nuts or (6) each joint by single or double
rect angle plates bolted to standards and circumferential bands encircling horizontal
bar or (7) vice versa and a wire or other connecting loop at the upper extremity each
standard is notched to allow a long bar wire or chain of suitable length and shape to
drop into from above to below or otherwise the notch of every standard such
passing over and through the notch of several or many standards and being encircled
and secured in its proper place by an angle or oblong or pierced or otherwise to cach
extremity or each angle of cach horizontal bar or to each standard by a bolt and
nut or nuts. The inferior extremity of each standard is attached to the perpendicular
portion of a right angle of a metal foot by means of a groove on each side or part of
such portion (or if for brickwork &c. by its being placed by the side of a raised portion
and by an opening at the base of the foot the standard entering same) and a bolt
and nut or rivet in the upper part of the foot itself the feet being in all cases con-
structed on the principles of (1) a right angle and heel for brickwork thus ensuring
perpendicularity of standard when erected (2) on separation before use, if preferred
(3) capacity for quick removal of standard from foot and foot from brickwork
without any damage to former or material damage to the latter and (4) designed for
loosley building in walls-placing in the earth or driving into such earth by force
applied I also claim that the principle of the fence itself either as a whole or in part
is especially suitable for Greenhouse stages stands cages blinds gates dwarf walls tree
and other guards bedsteads parapets both in and out door protection and for many
other purposes but in making the same I do not confine myself to any particular
number of bars rods wires chain bolts nuts &c. nor any shapes lengths breadths nor
thicknesses nor any lengths of fencing nor mode of fixing nor exactly to the descrip-
tion given as to the above arrangement of any or all of the several parts as the whole
or any part may be varied.
BENNETT & Co., .
Agents for the Applicant.

page_text: :
.Improvements in Fencing.
I CHARLES BENNETT of Braunston in the county of Northampton Surgeon and
Apothecary do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the
same is to be performed to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement:-
My invention is designed to produce simple, cheap, strong and light metallic
fencing, hurdles and the like that may be readily and easily handled and fixed by
means of ordinary or unskilled labour.
Referring to the accompanying drawings and to the figures and letters marked
thereon.
On Sheet I.
Fig. 1. is a vertical' elevation of a fence or hurdle constructed.according to my
invention.
Fig. 2. is an enlarged elevation of a split screw or collar for fixing vertical bars for
use in the same.
Fig. 3. is a perspective view of a stay foot for use with same..
Fig. 4. a perspective view of a stay foot suitable for use with brickwork or masonry.
Fig. 5 a perspective view of a T rail fence formed according to my invention.
Figs. 6. 7 and 8. are perspective views of clips for uniting the vertical and
'horizontal bars as hereafter described.
Fig. 9. is a plan of cap to fit and protect the extreme upper junction of such Trails.
On Sheet 2.
Fig. 10. is a prospective view of a T rail fence or hurdle shewing a special-form of
clip to connect the horizontal and vertical rails.
Fig. 11. is a modification.
Both these figures are shewn fitted with a combined stay and foot; forming the
subject matter of another and more recent application for Letters Patent made by me.
Fig. 12 is a further perspective view of a part of a fence or hurdle.
L
Fig. 13. shews a method for securing the horizontal rails to the vertical filling in,
bars and refers more particularly to Fig. 1.
In Fig. 1. I use vertical standards such as A of flat, Tor like iron and I slot out
their tops to receive a top rail B which may be of suitable section, this top rail B
which may be of square section can drop into the slots in the tops of A and pass
through side plates A¹ bolted or secured to the sides of 'A so securing the top rail B to
the standard A.

page_text: .
I slot out the vertical standards.at C as shown and arrange horizontal rails D. D' to
butt against each side of the vertical standards A. These rails D. D¹ may be of wood
if desired.
To connect these horizontal rails I employ pillars such as E. E or I may use
strained chains as at F.
Referring to the pillars E I may shoulder cach portion bearing on either rail as
at a. a oppositely so as to bear on each rail and oppose the lower shoulders a¹ against
the rails by nuts a fitting a thread on the pillars.or, I may shoulder one part as at b
and fix the other in a split taper collar or plug G passing through the lower horizontal
rail D' as shewn in Fig. 2 and with a lock-nut or screwed washer on its screwed lower
surface such screwed washer abutting on the under side of the rail; a stop at also
opposes the upper shoulder.
It will be seen that as the vertical pillar E¹ is passed into the split collar or plug G
and the shoulder on E' is pushed home to D that G will nip and hold E'.
In all these methods however it is necessary to joint the horizontal rails and
vertical standards.
As before mentioned the rails D. D' abut against standards.A.
I slot these out at CC² and through the slots pass fish plates H. Hon opposite
sides of each rail D). D¹.
These fishplates are preferably made with slots d on one side and holes e on the
opposite side of the standard whereby by means of bolts I can clamp a rail D or D
between a pair of fishplates H. H' so that the rail shall abut on the standards A as
shewn.
The bolts fitting the slot d in the fishplate H', (the horizontal rail D being also
if desired slotted) provide for adjustment.
To affix the standards A I bolt them to stay feet I as shewn which enter the ground.
These feet I are formed with a horizontal portion J from which descends an
enclosing portion or pocket J' through which the standard is passed and then J and A.
are secured by bolts.
Thus the standard is supported by its pointed end entering the ground and by the
stay foot I attached to it.
The stay foot I can be easily driven into the ground and the standard then driven
through and bolted to the portion J.
Fig. shows a form of foot 1 with a horizontal extension J the standard A being
clamped to I and Fig. 4 shews another form of same for building in with brickwork
I being the foot and J the horizontal extension.
Fig. 13 is another mode of attaching the horizontal rails D. D¹ to the vertical
pillars E. E and it consists in using ferrules i on each side of the rails D. D'
being fast on the bar and below the rail D loose and being pressed or rivetted
into it, or vice versa.
An arrangement for a T iron fence or hurdle is shewn in the following figures.
Referring to Fig. 5. A² is a vertical T standard with its web j slotted out at k.
D³ is a horizontal Trail.
I form clips as shewn in Fig. 5. which may be made in a single piece of
metal one side to abut on the flat part of the upright T standard and with side
flanges m. m in which I form horizontal T slots n. n through which I pass the
horizontal Trails D3 which rest in the recesses or slots k and so are kept in position.
In Fig. 6 I shew the clip I formed in two pieces bolted together on one side.
In Fig. 7 I shew the same bolted on both sides while in Fig. 8 I shew a clip in
one piece but formed with recess o to fit the webj of the vertical standard A?.
Fig. 9 is a T cap formed as shewn to fit on the extreme upper junction of A².
B₁ being secured thereto by bolt or otherwise and so preventing injury to the joint &c.
In Fig. 10 I shew the top of the standard A² notched at p to receive the top rail B¹
which is of flat material laid on its edge.
Notches q.in.the top rail B' serve to assist in indicating the proper position that
the top rail should be in as regards the standard A² each notch being at an equal
distance from the web of the standard when the top rail.is in proper position.

page_text: In Fig. 10. where the T standard and T rail lay back to back I have shewn the
clip. I formed in two parts but with its portions fitting the, web of the vertical
Tstandard A rabetted where they abut and instead of cutting out recesses in the
vertical standard A³ as at k in. Fig. 5. (which recesses are of course not required
when the flat parts of the Ts abut). I pierce the web of the vertical T standard A³
and secure the two halves of the clip. I carrying the Trail B₁ by means of a bolt and
nuts or rivet r.
Fig. 11 shews a modification in which the clip 12 is in two parts bolted on each
side, one bolt or bolts passing through the web of the T standard A³ and the horizontal
rail B' being slotted in the web to receive the clip I2 the halves of which are secured
by bolts on either side.
Fig. 12 shews the two meeting ends of Trails abutting on the flat part of
standard A³ ready to be clamped thereto by the clips.
The positions of Fig. 10 and Figs. 11 and 12 being reversed the method of joining
the vertical standards and horizontal rails is readily seen..
If desired I may drill or punch the webs of the horizontal Trails B¹ to receive
vertical bars or other filling in as in Fig. 1 or in other convenient manner.
For example in Fig. 10. dotted lines shew a flat vertical bar placed in the web of
the rail B.
The arrangements of stay and foot for the standard A³ form the subject of another
application and need not be referred to herein.
"
It will be apparent to any fence or hurdle maker that my invention could be used
for other purposes than "fencing as understood such as for gates, shopfront grills
or panels, animal cages or for the manufacture of bedsteads or other like purposes
where an open metal frame is formed by standards connected by rails or bars at right
or other angles therewith, also that the details are capable of variation according to
the purposes for which my invention may be required and I do not confine myself to
those, slewn.
I am well aware that it has been proposed to recess or notch the tops of fence
standards to allow of horizontal rails to fit therein. I am also well aware that a single
shoulder to a pillar or rod joining two or more horizontal rails of a fence or hurdle
is in common use.
I am also aware that such pillars or rods have been screwed into such horizontal
rails by a threaded portion formed or fixed on the said pillar or rod. I am also aware
that standards have been placed in sockets sunk in the ground or secured thereto and
I am also aware that T iron fencing broadly has been in use before my invention and
I claim none of these but having now particularly described and ascertained the nature
of my said invention and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that
what I claim is
1st. In combination with a "fence" standard such as A having its top slotted as
at a plate such as A having a hole or orifice corresponding to the section of the
horizontal top rail to be fitted to the fence so that when the said top rail is dropped
into the slot aforesaid it may pass through the said plate and the same being bolted
or otherwise secured to the standard hold the horizontal rail in position thereto
substantially as described.
2. A pillar or rod for uniting the horizontal rails of "fencing" having formed
thereon opposite shoulders or bearing surfaces the one abutting on the under side
of one rail and the other abutting on the upper side of the other rail substantially
as and for the purposes described with reference to Fig. 1 of the accompanying
drawings.
3. The method of uniting the pillars or rods of fencing to the horizontal bars
thereof by means of ferrules clamping the pillars or rods to the said rails substantially
as described and with reference to Figure 13..of the accompanying drawings.
.
4. The method of uniting the pillars or rods of fencing to the horizontal rails thereof
by passing the said pillars or rods through or into split taper collars or ferrules screwed
at their lower ends passing through the said lower rails the upper part of the pillar

page_text: carrying opposing nuts or stops substantially as described and with reference to Figs. 1
and 2 of the accompanying drawings.
5. A fence or hurdle formed of T or like sectioned iron having vertical standards
secured to horizontal rails by clips fitting or attached to the vertical standards and
through or with which elips the horizontal rails engage or are passed substantially as
described.
6. The manufacture of clips for use in fencing or hurdles substantially as described
formed to fit on or be attached to the vertical standards and having slots or recesses
formed thereon to receive the horizontal rails passing through on engaging therewith.
C. BENNETT.
Popplewell, Colton & Co.,
Agents for the Applicant.