Improvements in and connected with the Process of and Machinery for the Drying or Heating of Gypsum, Clay, Sand, Grain, Slaughter-house Refuse, and other Materials.
Year: 1893

page_text: Date of Application, 30th Nov., 1893-Accepted, 27th Jan., 1894
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in and connected with the Process of and Machinery
for the Drying or Heating of Gypsum, Clay, Sand, Grain,
Slaughter-house Refuse, and other Materials.
1, REGINALD HADDAN, of the Firm of Herbert Haddan & Co., of 18,
Buckingham Street, Strand, W.C. London, Patent Agent, do hereby declare
the nature of this invention a communication to me from abroad by Franklin
David Cummer, of Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America, Manufacturer, and
in what manner the same is to be performed to be particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following statement:—
My invention relates to improvements in mechanical driers and to a novel
process of drying and disintegrating materials; and .the invention consists, in
addition to the process hereinafter described, in certain features of construction
and combinations of parts hereinafter described and pointed out in the claims.
In the accompanying drawings,
Figure 1 is a side elevation, mostly in central vertical section, of a drying apparatus
embodying my invention, portions being shown merely in elevation and portions
being broken away to more clearly show the construction and to reduce the size
of the figure.
Figs. 2 and 3 show, respectively, a front end elevation and a rear end elevation
of the drying apparatus.
Fig. 4 is an enlarged side elevation, partly in central vertical section, of a portion
of the apparatus.
Fig. 5 is an enlarged view in perspective exhibiting the means employed for
driving the rotating rearwardly-declining cylinder A. and for sustaining the end-
thrust of the cylinder.
Fig. 6 is a rear end elevation in section on line 6-6, Figs. 1 and 4, the figure,
of course showing the parts reduced in size as compared with the size shown in
Fig. 4.
Fig. 7 is an end elevation showing the shell of the rotating cylinder and the
devices employed for stirring the material to be treated in its passage through the
cylinder.
Fig. 8 is a section on line 8-8, Fig. 7.
Fig. 9 is an enlarged elevation in section exhibiting details hereinafter described,
said figure being placed on the same sheet that contains Fig. 1.
Fig. 10 is an enlarged side elevation of a portion of the drying apparatus,
portions being broken away and in section to more clearly show the construction.
Fig. 11 is an end elevation of the casing that contains the fan Y, the same being
a right hand end elevation relative to the illustration of the same matter in Fig. 10
the fan being shown in dotted lines.
A represents a metallic cylinder, usually constructed of boiler-plate, and
supported loosely by rimmed spiders B and C. Said spiders have long trunnions bc,
respectively, each trunnion being supported by two journal-boxes, D, as shown in
Figures 1, 2 and 3, the boxes of a trunnion being separated some little distance so
that either trunnion and its rimmed spider are self-sustaining, in case the cylinder
be removed. The cylinder fits preferably outside of the rim of the forward
spider, and fits preferably inside of the rim B' of the rear or driving-spider, thereby
avoiding obstructing shoulders in the path of the material through the cylinder.
The cylinder and axes of the trunnions decline downwardly and rearwardly, and
hence, the cylinder will gravitate rearwardly as far as permitted.

page_text: The cylinder, at its rear end, is reinforced by a metallic ring, A', (see Fig. 4)
that fits the cylinder internally, and is riveted or bolted to the cylinder, as at A
Said reinforcing ring extends rearwardly of the cylinder, and its outer end is
flanged laterally and outwardly, as at A³, said laterally-projecting flange being
nicely turned or ground on its external periphery, and nicely fitting the internal
periphery of the rim of the rear or driving-spider.
I would here remark that the rear trunnion is rotated, as will hereinafter appear,
and that the rear spider is operatively mounted upon said trunnion in any suitable
manner, and that the cylinder is operatively connected with said spider so as to
rotate therewith. The means for establishing operative connection between the
cylinder and driving-spider consists preferably of one or more dogs or inwardly-
projecting arms B2 (see Fig. 5) three of which, located at suitable intervals are
usually employed rigid or integral with the rim of the driving-spider, and
engaging, respectively, a socket, jaw or projecting member a rigidly secured to the
outside of the adjacent portion of the cylinder, said projecting member or members
on the cylinder consisting preferably of a plate riveted or bolted to.the cylinder, as
at a', (Fig. 4) and having a laterally and outwardly U-shaped flange a that is arranged
in line with the cylinder and embraces a dog or projecting-arm 132 on the driving-
spider. By this construction, it will be observed that the cylinder is positively
driven. Also, by means of the employment and nice fit of the reinforcing ring at
the rear end of the cylinder with the internal periphery of the rim of the rear
spider, as herein before described, there is no liability of grit obtaining ingress to
the aforesaid jaws or projecting members on the cylinder. Also, the rearward end-
thrust of the cylinder is received by said dogs or projecting-members of the spider,
so that there is no liability of the cylinder working rearwardly into frictional
contact with the arms of the spider, where there is always more or less grit, and
by which contact, the parts would soon become worn.
The cylinder, at its forward end, is reinforced externally by means of a metallic
ring, A, that is riveted or bolted to the cylinder, as at A, and extends somewhat
forwardly of the cylinder, said forwardly-extending portion of the reinforcing ring
suitably embracing and resting upon the rim of the forward spider, so that the friction
resulting from the weight of the forward end of the cylinder on the front spider, shall
for ordinary and light work, be sufficient to drive the front spider, and I would here
remark that it does not require much power to drive said spider and its trunnion,
since the trunnions of the spiders are carried in lubricated journal-boxes. I would
here remark that for very heavy work, one or more dogs or projecting-members A°
(shown in dotted lines Fig. 1) are preferably employed at and secured to the front
end of the cylinder, said dogs or projecting-members engaging inwardly-projecting
dogs or members C2 (shown in dotted lines) on the front spider, but for ordinary or.
light work the friction had between the internal surface of the reinforcing ring at
the front end of the cylinder, and the external rim of the front spider will be
found sufficient to drive said spider.
I would also remark that the cylinder should have sufficient end play to prevent
any deflection of the spiders in case the cylinder is expanded by the heat to which
it is subjected.
The arms of the forward spider are set obliquely to the axis of the spider, some-
what like the blades of the propeller-wheel, so as to properly feed the material it
receives into the cylinder, the material passing through the cylinder and out
between the arms of the driving-spider.
The fire-chamber E is located at the forward end of and below the cylinder,
preferably entirely or almost entirely forward of the cylinder. E designates the
doors leading to the fire-chamber; E the furnace-grate; E³ the ash-pit; and E' the
doors leading to the ash-pit.
The fire or fuel-chamber is suitably arched over on top, as at e, and the side-
walls e¹ of the furnace extend rearwardly the entire length of and beyond the
cylinder, as shown in Fig. 1, and are enlarged upwardly on opposite sides of the
cylinder, respectively, as at e³, and arched over the cylinder, as at eª, (see Figs. 1, 2

page_text: Below the rear
and 3). The cylinder is thus enclosed at the top and sides.
portion of the cylinder is located a bridge-wall F that extends from one side-wall
to the other side-wall of the setting, and to within a suitable distance of the lower
side of the cylinder.
The upwardly-enlarged portions e² of the side-walls of the setting extend a
suitable distance rearwardly of the rear spider of the cylinder and the space
between said side-walls at the rear end of the cylinder is partially closed by a
transverse wallet that constitutes the rear wall of the setting and is located below
and extends to within a suitable distance of the lower side of the trunnion of the rear
spider.
The side-walls of the setting extend rearwardly of said rear wall, as at e.
Said rearwardly extended portions of the side-walls have the same height as
the rear wall and together with the rear wall, support the metallic frame G to
which the standards, g, that carry the journal-boxes of the trunnion of the rear
spider, are secured. Said frame is of any suitable construction, and the journal-
box supporting-standards are preferably bolted to the frame, as at g'. A pair of
standards is preferably provided for each journal-box, as shown in Fig. 3, said
standards being preferably integral or rigid with each other. The standards, at
their upper end, are provided, respectively, with semi-cylindrical depressions 2
(see Fig. 4) in which rest the laterally-projecting lugs d of the lower-half of the
respective journal-box, the upper half of the journal-box being flanged laterally
and outwardly at its lower end, as at d, with the flanges bolted to the lugs of the
lower-half of the box, as at d. The trunnion of the rear spider is intergeared, as
at H, with a shaft I located below and supported by means of arms, brackets or
hangers rigid with frame G, shaft I being of course arranged parallel with the
trunnion, and suitably intergeared as at 12 with the driving-shaft J, that is
arranged at right angles to shaft I,,and suitably supported from frame G and
provided with a driving-pulley J', (see Figs. 1 and 3). Frame G is, of course,
suitably constructed to accommodate the Jocation and oporation of the gearing
employed in establishing operative connection between the driving-shaft and the
trunnion of the driving-spider.
To prevent the journals of the trunnion of the rear spider from being over-
heated, I make said trunnions hollow so that air can enter and pass through the
trunnion from the outside and take up the heat that would otherwise be transmitted
to the journals.
The space between the side-walls of the setting at the rear of the drying-
cylinder is preferably closed as follows-Referring, firstly, to the portion of said
space below the axle of the trunnion of the rear spider, it will be observed, upon
reference to Figs. 1, 3, 4 and 6, that said portion of the space in question is closed
by a metallic plate, K, that is suitably cut away, at the top and centrally, as at K',
to accommodate the location and operation of the trunnion of the driving-spider,
has an inwardly and laterally-projecting flange, K³, at its upper edge, (see Fig. 4)
and is also flanged laterally and inwardly a suitable distance below the trunnion, as
at K³, and also at its lower end, as at K, the lowermost flange resting upon the
rear wall of the setting. Between and at the inner ends of flanges K³ and K' of
plate K is fitted a plate L, thereby forming an air-chamber, L, between the two
plates K and L below the trunnion of the driving-spider and the plates are
perforated, as at k and 1, respectively, (plate L being perforated near the top, and
plate K near the bottom) to permit the passage of air from the outside and prevent
said plates and adjacent journal-box of the trunnion of the rear spider from becoming
overheated and to take up the heat, that would otherwise be wasted, and return the
same to the dryer.
Plates K and L are suitably secured together, preferably by bolts and nuts, as
at 1, and are braced apart by means of sleeves or tubes mounted upon the shanks
of the bolts between the two plates. Flange K of plate K should, however,
be located so far below the trunnion of the driving-spider as to avoid material
piling upon said flange to such an extent as to escape at the bottom of the

page_text: of heat.
brunnion extends through plate K and to prevent radiation
The portion of the space between the side-walls of the setting above the axis of
the trunnion of the rear-spider is closed by a removable plate M, that rests upon
the uppermost flange K² of plate K, and is cut away, as at M', to accommodate the
location and operation of the trunnion of the driving-spider. Plate M rests upon
flange K of plate K between two series of lugs K K respectively, on plate K
The inner series of lugs K act to hold plate M against displacement from its
position upon plate K. Plate M is suitably mounted upon studs m that are
suitably secured to the setting at suitable intervals along the outer edge of
plate M.
Plate M is held in position upon studs against the setting, or against a metallic
plate e, suitably secured to the setting, by means of a half-ring N that engages
plate M at or near its outer edge and is mounted upon the aforesaid studs and rests
upon the uppermost flange K2 of plate K between the plate M and the outer series
of lugs K on plate K and is held against upper plate M by means of nuts m', that
are mounted upon the outer ends of studs m, the nuts, being tightened to bring
half-ring N into tight engagement with plate M, and thereby secure the latter in
-position. The holes M2 in plate M through which studs m extend are elongated
vertically to permit said plate when the nuts are loosened or removed, to be removed
with half-ring N, as required for entering the rear end of the driving cylinder for
repairs, observations or other purposes.
The fuel or fire-chamber being, as already indicated, located under the forward
and upper end of the driving-cylinder, the products of combustion pass thence
rearwardly under the cylinder to the rear side of the rear spider, and thence return
through said spider and through the cylinder, thereby coming in contact with the
material in the cylinder, such material, by means of suitably lifting-blades or
devices with which the cylinder is internally provided, together with the rotation
of the cylinder, being carried up by the ascending side of the cylinder and sprayed
or scattered down about equally across the diameter of the cylinder. The cylinder,
directly adjacent to the fire-chamber, will be burned out soonest, and when this
section of the cylinder begins to show signs of giving out the cylinder is changed
end for end, thereby prolonging the life of the cylinder about one-half, and when
the cylinder requires renewing, the worn out cylinder can readily be removed
without, in any wise, mutilating or injuring any other parts of the apparatus, but
leaving them in perfect condition for use in the new cylinder. It will, of course,
be understood, that one of the spiders and other parts of the apparatus would be
removed in order to turn the cylinder end for end or in order to remove the
cylinder.
The devices employed within the cylinder for carrying up the material on the
ascending side of the cylinder during the rotation or operation of the latter
comprise, preferably, lifting-blades, O, (see Figs. 1 and 7) set preferably at equal
distances, and extending lengthwise of the cylinder, said lifting-blades being
arranged radially as shown and provided with inwardly-presenting heads 01, as
shown in Fig. 7. The driving-cylinder illustrated is shown provided with eight of
said lifting-blades, four adjacent lifters being connected into a group by segmental
straps O, said straps being secured in any suitable manner to the heads of the
lifting-blades and provided at suitable intervals lengthwise of the cylinder. Each
of the straps that connect one group of lifters are located immediately adjacent a
strap that connects the other group of lifters and said adjacent straps of the two
groups of lifters are connected with each other by means of a screw-threaded rod, P,
that extends through laterally and inwardly-bent members or extremities O³ of
said straps, and has nuts P¹ mounted thereon at opposite sides of said inwardly-
projecting members of the straps, by manipulating which nuts the straps can be
adjusted as required to bring them into proper engagement with the heads of the
lifting-blades or lifters and properly hold the latter against the inner side of the
cylinder.

page_text: The adjacent straps of the two groups of lifters are also bent laterally and
outwardly at their opposite ends, as at O, said laterally bent portions of the straps
engaging opposite ends of a short pipe section of tube Q, respectively, and being
perforated for the passage of a bolt Q that extends through the pipe or tube, the
head of the bolt abutting the outer side of the laterally-bent member of the one
strap and nut Q2 mounted on the shank of the bolt and engaging the outer side of
the laterally bent member of the other strap, as shown in Fig. 7, the pipe-section
or tube extending also through the central member of a T-iron R that is suitably
secured to the drying-cylinder. By the construction just described, the lifting-
blades and segmental-straps, to which said blades are suitably secured, are
adequately held in place, but the holes R' in the T-irons, through which bolts Q₁
extend, are elongated in the direction of the length of the cylinder to accom-
modate the movement of the T-irons in the expansion and contraction of the
cylinder (Fig. 8). The body of the lifting-blades by contact with the cylinder
become hotter and expand more than the heads of the blades, and to prevent said
blades, when the latter are heavy and deep, from buckling under such conditions
and more especially when high temperatures outside and moderate temperatures
inside the cylinder are desirable, I notch or gore the body of the blades at suitable
intervals, as at O' Fig. 1. By such construction, the lifting-blades and cylinder
do not damage each other by an equal expansion. I would remark that the shell
of the cylinder expands from two to three times as much as the lifting-blades, and
that the difference of expansion is accommodated by the slots in the T-irons
aforesaid. The lifting-blades being fastened together in groups, each group can,
without much difficulty, be inserted or removed from the cylinder, for instance,
when a new cylinder is required, but in case the cylinder is turned end for end, the
lifting-blades need not necessarily be thus turned, from the fact that said blades
will operate with equal facility in elevating the material regardless of the direction
in which the cylinder is rotated.
The material to be dried passes through the cylinder and through the rear spider
into the space at the rear of said spider, whence it is delivered to a conveyor S
(see Figs. 1 and 3) that may be of the screw or spiral variety shown, or of any
other suitable construction, and is arranged to convey the material where desired,
said conveyor being shown operatively connected with the driving-shaft, by means
of a sprocket-wheel, S', operatively connected with the conveyor, and a chain S
operatively connecting said sprocket-wheel with a sprocket-wheel J2 on the
driving-shaft. The conveyor is located between the rear wall of the setting and
bridge-wall, F, a suitable distance below the top of said bridge-wall. In this
location, it will be observed that the conveyor is protected from the heat of the
products of combustion passing to the rear end of the cylinder.
The rim of the front spider, at its outer end, is lipped or flanged inwardly, as
at C2, (see Fig. 1) and the breeching T, through which the products of combustion
escape upon leaving the front end of the cylinder, and that is preferably supported,
as hereinafter described, is fitted into said lip or flange of the front spider, as
shown at t. A metallic plate, e', is suitably secured to the front of the setting
around the front spider, but so as to leave a space, es, however, between the rim
of the spider and said plate to facilitate the assemblage of the parts to accom-
modate the expansion or subsequent settling of the parts, said space being closed
by a metallic ring U, that nicely but easily embraces the front spider at the outer
side of plate e', said ring being secured to the front plate preferably by means of
studs U in the following manner:-The ring has enlarged holes U (see also
Fig. 9, that is placed on sheet of drawing containing Fig. 1) through which the
securing-bolts pass and these bolts outside of the ring are provided with
washers U³, spiral springs U coiled upon the studs and nuts U. By tightening
these nuts, the springs are compressed and give such tension that they hold the
weight of the ring; that is to say, the ring, by means of the springs, is pressed
against the front plate e with such force that the ring is held by friction, and at
the same time the ring may move in any direction up or down or laterally by

page_text: means of the bolts passing through the enlarged holes, so that in case, for instance
the foundation should settle, the ring can accommodate itself to the change, and
thereby maintain a tight joint without undue friction or wear of the parts.
By the construction herein before described, there is little liability of material
working its way outside of the cylinder between the front reinforcing ring and the
external periphery of the rim of the front spider. In treating some substances,
some finer dust-like material will, however, find its way out between the lower side
of the spider and reinforcing ring. To prevent the material thus escaping from
the cylinder from being lost or, through accumulation, interfering with the
operation of the machine, I provide a pocket V (see Figs. 1 and 2) at the point
indicated to catch the material, said pocket being formed preferably by the wall
that arches over the fire-chamber; in conjunction with front-plate e and a reversed
arch V placed upon the rear end of and strengthening the arch over the fire-
chamber. A drain-pipe or spout V2 leads from said pocket to one side of the
dryer, as shown more clearly in Fig. 2, said pipe or spout declining, as shown, and
being preferably provided with a gate or valve V3, hinged at the top and adapted
to open outwardly. The front reinforcing ring of the cylinder is preferably
provided at suitable intervals with outwardly-projecting blades A' adapted to
scoop the material accumulated in pocket V into the aforesaid drain pipe or spout.
I would here remark that with some materials or substances the dust-like or finer
product is the most valuable, and hence the importance of avoiding any loss of
the material.
The side-walls of the fuel-chamber of the furnace extend somewhat above the
top wall of said chamber and support the metallic frame W, to which are suitably
secured uprights or standards W that support the journal-boxes of the trunnion of
the front spider, the construction.being substantially the same as that of the frame,
standards and journal-boxes employed for carrying the trunnion of the driving
spider at the rear end of the cylinder, a pair of uprights or standards W1 being
provided for each box of the front trunnion and having a semi-cylindrical depression
in their upper ends in which rest the laterally-projecting lugs on the lower halves
of the boxes, the upper halves of the boxes being secured to the lower halves in
any suitable manner.
The breeching at the front end of the cylinder is shaped like a hopper, the front
wall or side thereof being slotted, as at T', to accommodate the location and
operation of the front trunnion. To prevent the escape of any material at the
side of said trunnion where the same extends through the breeching, I provide a
hood T, surrounding the upper half of the trunnion and suitably secured to the
front side of the. breeching.
A similar hood M³ is also provided for preventing the escape of material at the
sides of the trunnion of the rear-spider, where said trunnion extends through the
wall that closes the space at the rear of the rear-spider, said hood being suitably
secured to removable-plate M and the top of the hood declining toward its free end
to facilitate the dislodgment of any material falling thereon.
The breeching at the front end of the drying-cylinder is suitably supported from
the frame that supports the uprights or standards that bear the journal-boxes of
the front trunnion, a preferable construction being illustrated in Figs 1 and 2,
wherein the breeching at the bottom has two forwardly-projecting flanges T3 located
at opposite sides of the trunnion, respectively, and secured to frame W, and two
braces T5 located at opposite sides of the trunnion, respectively, are suitably
secured to and connect the upper end of the breeching with said frame.
The trunnion of the front spider, although preferably hollow like the trunnion of
of the rear spider, is preferably closed at its outer end.
Breeching T. supports another and preferably larger breeching X that is
preferably quadrangular in plan and flanged laterally, at its lower end, as at X,
with the flanges resting upon and bolted to laterally-projecting flanges at the upper
end of the lower breeching. A feed-pipe X that is suitably secured to the upper
breeching, is located in one of the inner corners of said breeching and extends

page_text: downwardly through the breeching into and to near the lower portion of the lower
breeching into which the pipe discharges. Said pipe, at its upper end, opens into
the bottom of a tank or vat, X³, that receives the material to be treated, the
material being fed down pipe X into the lower portion of the lower breeching, and
thence passing to the front spider that delivers it, as already indicated, to the
cylinder, the vapors arising from the material that is fed into the cylinder and the
products of combustion passing off through the breechings.
A short duct, X, connects and establishes open relation between the upper
breeching and a chamber, X, that is provided with a stack, X6, of any suitable
height, the products of combustion, and any vapors arising from the material being
treated, passing from the upper breeching, via duct X, into chamber X³, and thence
into the stack.
A rotary fan or blower, y, (see also Fig. 10) is preferably located in duct_X*
immediately adjacent the upper breeching, the fan or blower-shaft, y', extending
outside of the breeching and being journalled in suitable boxes, y, the one box being
rigid with the upper breeching and the other box being suitably supported from
the setting of the drying-apparatus, y³ designating the driving-pulley with which
the fan or blower-shaft is provided. The fan or blower is adapted to maintain
within the upper breeching a constant partial vacuum or suction in excess to the
suction produced by a natural draft. I have found that with the natural draft
alone the action of the dryer is unreliable. Anything that results in the reduction
of the temperature in the dryer-breeching and stack, below what is necessary to
rarify the vapors, etc., and keep said vapors, etc., sufficiently rarified until the top of
the stack was reached by them, in order to maintain a draft below the grate of the
furnace, will reduce the effectiveness of the fire in the fire-chamber of the furnace, and
reduce the volume of air or other heating agent admitted at the fire-chamber, and
oftentimes an over-feeding or over-charging of the cylinder of the dryer with the
material to be treated, would so reduce the temperature that the vapors would be so
cold and heavy that they would not ascend, and the result would be, that at the time
when the most heat was required, the least heat, or possibly none, would be admitted
to the dryer, and the smoking fire or heating-agent would appear at the fire-doors
instead. of entering the dryer. Again, in frosty weather the vapor arising from the
material in the natural draft process would become chilled in the stack and large
quantities of water would run down the stack or return to the drier. Also, in
crowding the drier when desired, that is, in increasing the amount of material fed
to the drier, such increment of material, together with the increased amount of
vapor, etc., issuing from the drier tended to choke and interfere with the draft.
To guard against contingencies, such as just enumerated, it was necessary to pass.
off the vapors at quite high temperatures, varying from about 450° Fahrenheit in
warm weather to 600° Fahrenheit in cold weather.
Another objectionable feature of the natural-draft-process appeared in drying
very fine material, owing to the necessarily high temperature at which the vapors
and gases were discharged. A large amount of the fine material was carried out
into the atmosphere, and the material being so fine and hot and dry, it (the fine,
hot and dry material) was difficult, and almost impossible, to save. Again,. with
many materials it is very desirable that each should be discharged at a certain
temperature. For making plaster-of-Paris the gypsum rock is discharged from the
drier, preferably at a temperature from 350° to 400° Fahrenheit.
Clay, when dried for making brick and other similar purposes, should be heated
reliably to a certain moderate temperature. Sand, when dried for making asphaltum
pavement, should be heated and discharged reliably at about 300° Fahr. In drying
grain it is better that the discharging temperature should not exceed about
200° Fahrenheit. Tankage, (refuse from slaughter-houses) must not be discharged
at a temperature above 300° Fahrenheit, preferably below, etc.. etc.
By my improved process, that inay be successfully carried out by the mechanical
drier or drying apparatus herein before described, and illustrated in the accompanying

page_text: drawings, a forced draft through the furnace, cylinder and breechings of the
drying apparatus, is obtained by means of the fan or blower y, and the vapor
may be discharged at from 125° to 140° Fahrenheit, thus utilizing the heat between
125° or 140° and 450° or 600° required by the "natural draft"
process, the
difference between 450° or 600° and 125° or 140° being the waste of heat by the
"natural draft" process.
My improved drying apparatus and drying process enables the creation and
maintenance of a uniform and much better fire, so that through the creation of
more and uniform heat and a more thorough utilization of the heat, the drying
apparatus will readily do from three to four times as much work as it could, or
would, possibly do by the "natural draft" process wherein the gases and vapors
merely pass off through the stack. I would here remark that the value of some
materials, such as ochres and umbers, is dependent upon the exact shade of color of
the material; hence, the most complete combustion is required in treating such
materials so as not to affect or change the desired shade of color of the material.
When starting with a cold arch, by my improved drying apparatus and drying
process, I can begin feeding material at once to the drier, whereas, by the "natural
draft process feeding could not be commenced until all was fairly heated.
29
It is quite obvious that the more vapor that is thrown off and the greater the
degree of cold in the drier at the feeding-end, the colder and more damp the fine
material carried by the draft must be, and the result is, that, by my improved
drying-apparatus, a very small proportion of the very fine material is carried out.
Another advantage following the use of my improved process consists in that
nearly all of the dust that is carried out by the vapors are saved by discharging
them (the dust-laden vapors) into chamber X. Some of the dust-laden vapors
will, however, pass into stack X, and after a time, a large amount of fine material,
owing to the condensation of the vapors passing into the stack, will have accumu-
lated upon the inner side of the stack, and the dust or fine material thus
accumulated on the inner side of the stack can be readily precipitated into
chamber below by rapping the stack more or less vigorously on the outside.
I would here remark that the fine or dust-like material is, in some cases, of the
greatest value, and it is, therefore, important to save it all if possible.
I, therefore, also preferably provide a hood, X, at the discharging end of
duct X', said hood projecting into dust-chamber X and being adapted to pre-
cipitate into the bottom of chamber X material carried out with the vapors and
products of combustion.
By my improved drying apparatus and process, the waste of material is reduced
to a minimum. I can dry material all of which, when dried, is impalpable floating
powder, and save all except one or two per cent. By my improved process and
construction of drier, the capacity of the drier is not only increasel, as already
indicated, but the drying apparatus is enabled. to do from three to four times as
much drying with a given amount of fuel, than has heretofore been possible. The
even draft gives a more uniform and more rapid combustion, and this added to the
ability of utilizing the heat down to about 140° Fahrenheit, instead of discharging
it up the stack at 450° to 600° Fahrenheit, renders my improved apparatus and
process exceedingly economical. The even and reliable draft enables a safe and
reliable drying of many materials that would be injured if dried with the varying
and unreliable natural draft.
Witli an even draft and even fire, and a uniform feed, and the use of a pyrometer
or thermometer, (the latter to record the temperature of the discharging material
and the temperature of the discharging gases and vapors,) I can reliably dry almost
any material that would be impaired by high degrees of heat, and still expose the
material to very high temperatures.
It will, therefore, be observed that my improved drying apparatus and process
is very useful, important and economical and unusual results, that were heretofore
unattainable; are obtained.

page_text: It will also be observed that by my improved drying apparatus and process any
material may be satisfactorily dried, no matter what the temperature, at which
the material is required to be discharged from the drier, may be.
I am aware that the natural draft, when used in connection. with boilers,
furnaces, etc., is not unreliable, but in drying materials, as hereinbefore indicated;
the condition on which a draft depends (namely, hot gases and vapors at the
feeding-end of the drier, the end at which the gases and vapors are discharged)
can be so disturbed by a little over-feeding of very wet material, that although
the atmosphere, fuel, etc., are all favorable, this over-feeding will destroy all draft
and also the useful working of the drying apparatus.
Referring again to the dust-chamber X, into which the vapors and the fine solid
material carried by the vapors are discharged by the fan or blower, I would.
remark that as the vapors reach said temperature, they expand, rise, and leave
the dust in the chamber, the dust being in such a moistened condition that it falls
readily.
J
Not unfrequently, however, the dust deposited has not been heated sufficiently,
nor would it, in many cases, be sufficiently dry for a finished product, whereas,
with many materials its condition would be satisfactory as a finished product..
When, therefore, the nature of the material is such that what is left by the
vapor is, a satisfactorily finished product, that is, if such material would dry itself
sufficiently by the heat it carries with it, it is disposed of by simply shipping it
with the bulk of material that leaves the drier at the other end, or if a portion
of the material should be wanted in a very fine condition, then the material caught
in the aforesaid dust-chamber is kept separately, and this separation is often very
desirable, but when the fine material deposited in the dust-chamber is not a
satisfactorily finished product, owing to the presence of vapors or undesirable
gases, etc., it is again fed into the drier along with such material, and in this way,
all of the material, in the same and equally finished condition, is delivered at the
rear end of the drier.
Again, in the calcination of some materials, such, for instance, as gypsum-rock,
all the dust deposited in the dust-chamber is not fully calcined, and, for this
reason, should pass entirely through the drier so as to be in the exact finished
condition of the other materials.
It will be observed from the description herein before given of the drier and
process employed with it as described, that the drier has a very wide use. Through
my experience I have, however, found that many materials cannot be successfully
handled by my machine without certain preparation before the material is delivered
to the machine. In other cases the material needs manipulation after leaving the
drier, and with some materials a process treatment is required before being duly
delivered to the drier as well as after leaving it.
Certain and most clays need to lay in a pile or bin after passing through the drier
so that the heat carried by the material from the drier into the pile or bin will
complete the drying process, and distribute the moisture that may remain in the
clay evenly through it. Most clays, for dry-pressed-brick-making, would carry
evenly distributed through them about 8% to 10% of moisture, but when
the clay leaves the drier the fine clay is drier than it should be, and the larger
lumps are more moist than they should be, but the "ripening" (or even distribution
of the moisture in the pile of hot clay) is quickly and reliably accomplished.
Also, and especially in cold weather, if the moist but hot clay is delivered direct
from the drier to a dry-pan, or any other pulverizing or manipulating machinery,
the hot clay throws off moisture which condenses against the colder surfaces of the
machine, causing the clay to pack on the surfaces and eventually to interfere with
or prevent the operation of the machine so that the clay is not in a condition to
be worked immediately after leaving the drier, even if it did not need the
seasoning" or "ripening" effect of the pile already referred to owing to the vapor
that would be leaving the material while hot: But the fact is that both results
are needed, viz., the cooling and ripening with many clays and for various purposes,
15
B

page_text: 2
and if it were not for the "ripening” process of the hot pile, which I employ, my
drier could not in many cases be successfully used in the drying of clay, and some
other materials.
The fan-carrying-shaft is journalled also in boxes y'y' at opposite ends of the hub
of the fan, respectively, and suitably supported from stationary spiders y (see
Figs. 10 and 11) rigid with the casing of duct X, the hubs of the spiders
encircling boxes y' y, and set-screws y' that extend through the hubs, and engage
and hold the boxes in the desired adjustment relative to the fan-shaft.
It is
important, however, to prevent the portion of the 'fan-shaft that extends through
the upper breeching, and box y' that is located next adjacent to said breeching,
from becoming overheated, and. I, therefore, enclose or jacket said portion of the
shaft by means of a pipe y suitably supported from breeching X, said pipe being
adapted to permit the passage of air from the outside between the same and the
fan-shaft, and around box y, thereby keeping said shaft and box in a comparatively
cool condition.
Pipes Z are provided for conducting oil or lubricant to boxes "y" from oil-cups %
suitably supported at the outer side of the casing in which the fan is located, (see
Figs. 10 and 11).
To prevent the oil or lubricant from being affected by the cold, in case the drying
apparatus is used in regions subject to a colder climate, or to freezing temperatures,
I provide a hot-air-chamber Z for the oil or lubricant-receptacles said chamber
being formed preferably by a box or casing suitably secured to the casing in which
the fan is located and being provided with a lid or cover 3 for access to the
lubricant-receptacles within the chamber. The heat radiating into said chamber
from the casing in which the fan operates, keeps the lubricant-receptacles in a warm
condition and prevents the oil or lubricant in said receptacles from being affected
by any cold or freezing temperatures existing outside.
The upper breeching X of the drying apparatus is preferably provided with a
door, for access to the interior of said breeching for repairs, observations or other
purposes, and the feed-pipe that extends preferably downwardly into the lower
portion of the lower breeching, as already indicated, is open at the side next
adjacent. to the drying-cylinder, thereby enabling the material to be properly
delivered to the drying-cylinder through the spider at the front end of said cylinder
without liability of the overcrowding or clogging of said material in said pipe, and
said pipe above the upper breeching is preferably provided with a door for access X
(see Fig. 3) to the pipe in case the materials should perchance clog in said pipe
and thereby interfere with the free passage of the material down said pipe.
Plate M that closes the upper portion of the space at the rear end of the
cylinder of the dryer is preferably provided with holes M³ adapted to be closed by
one or more dampers or doors M, so that, besides the supply of air required for
perfect combustion, an additional supply of air, by opening dampers or doors M,
will be admitted at openings M³, for the purpose of separating the finer product of
the material passing through the drier in some cases; and for the purpose of
carrying off moisture and for other purposes in other cases.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what, I
claim is:
. 1. The process herein described of drying or heating materials, consisting in
passing the material to be treated, and products of. combustion, through a rotating
cylinder in opposite directions, respectively, and stirring the material or causing the
.same to be sprayed or scattered across or tossed within the cylinder in its passage
through the cylinder; and in maintaining a forced draft through the fire and cylinder
along the path of the heating-agent, substantially as and for the purpose set forth.
2. A mechanical drier comprising a rotating cylinder, a fire-chamber located at.
the forward end of and below the cylinder and a passage-way for conducting, the
products of combustion or heating-agent from the fire-chamber to the rear end of
G

page_text: he cylinder, and thence into the cylinder, suitable means for delivering the material
to be treated into the front end of the cylinder and suitable devices inside of the
cylinder for stirring the material in its passage through the cylinder, the heating-
agent and material to be treated passing in opposite directions, respectively, through
the cylinder, and the material being discharged at the rear end of the cylinder,
substantially as set forth.
3. In a mechanical drier comprising a rotating-cylinder declining rearwardly
from the feeding-end of the cylinder, a fire-chamber located at the forward end of
and below the cylinder, a passage-way for conducting the products of combustion
or heating agent from the fire-chamber rearwardly below the cylinder and dis-
charging the same into the rear end of the cylinder, suitable means for conducting
the material to be treated and delivering the same into the front or feeding-end of
the cylinder, suitable means for establishing a forced draft along the aforesaid
heating-agent-conducting passage-ways, and through the cylinder in the direction
of the passage of the heating-agent, and suitable devices inside of the cylinder for
spraying, tossing or scattering the material in its passage through the cylinder, the
heating-agent and material to be treated passing through the cylinder in opposite
directions, respectively, and the material being discharged at the rear end of the
cylinder, substantially as set forth.
4. A mechanical drier comprising an open ended cylinder, and two rimmed and
trunnioned spiders located at opposite ends of the cylinder, respectively, and
supporting the cylinder, the trunnions of the spiders being suitably supported, the
one spider being operatively connected with the cylinder, and suitable means or
mechanism for driving the trunnion of said spider, a fire-chamber located at the
front or feeding-end of and below the cylinder and suitable passage-ways for
conducting the products of combustion or heating-agent from said chamber
rearwardly underneath the cylinder and into the rear end of the cylinder, and
suitable means for conducting the material to be treated into the front or feeding-
end of the cylinder, the cylinder being provided internally with suitable devices
for stirring the material in its passage through the cylinder, and the heating-agent
and material to be treated passing through the cylinder in opposite directions,
respectively, substantially as set forth.
5. In a mechanical drier, a metallic cylinder, rimmed and trunnioned spiders
supporting said cylinder, the trunnions of said spiders being suitably supported; a
driving-shaft operatively connected with the trunnion of the one spider, sockets,
jaws or projecting-members suitably secured to the cylinder adjacent said last-
mentioned spider, and the latter having arms adapted to engage said sockets, jaws
or projecting-members on the cylinder and cause the latter to be rotated with the
spider a fire-chamber located at the forward end of and below the cylinder;
passage-ways for conducting the products of combustion or heating-agent from the
fire-chamber rearwardly below the cylinder and into the rear end of the cylinder
and suitable means for conducting the material to be treated into the forward end
of the cylinder, the latter being provided internally with suitable devices for
stirring the material in its passage through the cylinder, and the heating-agent and
material to be treated passing through the cylinder in opposite directions,
respectively, substantially as set forth.
6. In a mechanical drier, a rotating cylinder; two rimmed and trunnioned spiders
carrying opposite ends of the cylinder repectively, the trunnions being suitably
supported suitable means or mechanism for driving the one spider and suitable
means for establishing operative connection between the cylinder and said spider,
the cylinder being reinforced at one end by a metallic ring, the reinforcing ring at
the rear end of the cylinder engaging the inner side of the rim of the adjacent or
rear spider, and the reinforcing ring at the forward end of the cylinder engaging
the outer side of the front spider, a fire-chamber located at the forward end of and
below the cylinder; suitable passage-ways for conducting the products of com-
bustion or heating-agent from said chamber and discharging the same into the rear
end of the cylinder; suitable means for conducting the material to be treated into

page_text: the forward end of the cylinder, and suitable devices inside the cylinder for
facilitating the passage of the material through the cylinder, the heating-agent
and material to be treated passing through the cylinder in opposite directions,
respectively, substantially as set forth.
. 7. In a mechanical drier, a rotating cylinder, two rimmed and trunnioned spiders
carrying opposite ends of the cylinder, respectively, the trunnions of said spiders
being comparatively long and supported .cach by two journal-boxes located a
suitable distance apart with the journal-boxes of each trunnion supported by
uprights or standards rigid with one and the same supporting-frame, suitable means
or mechanism for driving the one spider and suitable means for establishing
operative connection between the cylinder and said spider, a fire-chamber located
at the forward end of and below the cylinder, suitable passage-ways for conducting
the products of combustion or heating-agent from said chamber and discharging
the same into the rear end of the cylinder, suitable means for conducting the
material to be treated into the forward end of the cylinder, and suitable devices
inside the cylinder for facilitating the passage of the material through the cylinder,
the heating-agent and material to be treated passing through the cylinder in
opposite directions, respectively, substantially as set forth.
8. In a mechanical drier, the combination with a rotating cylinder through
which the heating-agent and material to be treated pass in opposite directions,
respectively, of suitable means for rotating said cylinder, and suitable means.for
sustaining the end-thrust of the cylinder, substantially as set forth.
9. In a mechanical drier, the rotating cylinder, two rimmed and trunnioned
spiders carrying opposite ends of the cylinder respectively, the trunnions being
suitably supported and the cylinder being reinforced at each end by a metallic ring,
the rear reinforcing ring being flanged outwardly at its outer end and the rear
spider being mounted upon said flange, the front reinforcing ring being flanged
inwardly at its outer end with the flange resting upon and embracing the front
spider, one of said spiders being operatively connected with the cylinder, and
suitable means or mechanism operatively connected with the trunnion of said
driving spider for operating the latter, substantially as set forth.
10. In a mechanical drier, a rotating cylinder suitably supported at one end, a
rimmed and trunnioned spider supporting the free end of the cylinder, suitable
means operatively connected with the trunnion of said spider for driving the latter,
one or more metallic plates a secured to the cylinder adjacent to said spider, said
plate or plates having a laterally and outwardly U-shaped flange a the inner side
whereof is engaged by an inwardly-projecting arm on the spider, said flanged plate
or plates on the cylinder and projecting-arm or arms of the spider establishing
operative connection between the spider and cylinder and limiting the movement of
the cylinder in the direction of the spider, substantially as set forth.
11. In a mechanical drier, a rotating cylinder declining rearwardly substantially
as indicated, the material to be treated and products of combustion passing through
the cylinder in opposite directions, respectively, the cylinder being suitably
supported at its rear end and supported at its forward end by a rimmed spider,
suitable means for feeding the material to be treated to said spider, and the arms
of the spider being set obliquely to the axis of the spider somewhat like the blades
of a propeller-wheel so as to properly teed the material received thereby into the
cylinder, substantially as set forth.
12. In a mechanical drier, a rotating cylinder suitably enclosed at the sides and
top, a fire-chamber located at the front end of and below the cylinder, passage-ways
for conducting the products of combustion or heating-agent from said chamber
rearwardly into the rear end of the cylinder and suitable means for delivering the
material to be treated into the forward-end of the cylinder, the heating-agent and
products of combustion passing through the cylinder, in opposite directions,
respectively, an enclosed space at the rear of and in open relation with said
cylinder, through which space the material is discharged from the. cylinder, a
conveyor located below said space and adapted to receive the material discharged

page_text: from the cylinder and convey the same to one side of the drier, and a bridge-wall
located below the cylinder forward of said conveyor, substantially as set forth.
13. In a mechanical drier, the rotating cylinder through which the material to
be treated and the heating-agent pass in opposite directions, respectively, the
cylinder being provided internally with suitable devices for stirring the material to
be treated in its passage through the cylinder, and the cylinder being suitably
supported at its forward end, a rimmed spider supporting the rear end of the
cylinder and journalled in boxes suitably supported from a single frame G, driving-
shaft J also suitably supported from said frame, shaft I intergeared with the
driving shaft and also supported from said frame and suitably intergeared with the
trunnion of the aforesaid spider, substantially as set forth.
14. In a mechanical drier, a rotating cylinder through which the material to be
treated and heating-agent pass in opposite directions, respectively, the cylinder
being suitably enclosed and a suitably enclosed space being provided at the rear
end of the cylinder, which space is in open relation with the cylinder and through
which space the material is discharged from the cylinder, an air-chamber forming
the lower portion of the rear wall of said space, the front and rear walls of said
chamber being perforated, substantially as shown, for the purpose specified.
15. In a mechanical drier, the rotating cylinder through which the material to
be treated and products of combustion or heating-agent pass in opposite directions,
respectively, the cylinder being provided internally with suitable devices for
stirring the material in its passage through the cylinder, the cylinder being
suitably supported from trunnions, a space at the rear of the cylinder through
which space the material is discharged from the cylinder, a suitably constructed
wall closing said space at the rear, and the rear supporting trunnion extending
through said wall, that portion of the wall below the trunnion being partially
formed by an air-chamber, whose front and rear walls are perforated, substantially
as indicated, a shelf at the top of said air-chamber upon which shelf a portion of
the material discharged from the cylinder may lodge and form an insulation to
prevent the escape of heat between the rear trunnion and said chamber, said shelf
being located a sufficient distance below that trunnion to prevent material from
piling upon said shelf to such an extent as to come in contact with the under side
of the trunnion, substantially as set forth.
16. In a mechanical drier, the rotating cylinder through which the material to
be treated and heating-agent pass in opposite directions, respectively, the cylinder
being provided internally with suitable devices for stirring the material in its
passage through the cylinder, and being suitably enclosed and supported, a space at
the rear of the cylinder through which space the material is discharged from the
cylinder, a suitably constructed wall closing said space at the rear, said wall being
partially composed of a plate M removable for repairs, observations or other
purposes, substantially as set forth.
17. In a mechanical drier, a rotating cylinder through which the material to
be treated and heating-agent pass in opposite directions, respectively, the cylinder
being provided internally with suitable devices for stirring the material in its
passage through the cylinder and being suitably enclosed, a space at the rear of
the cylinder through which space the material is discharged from the cylinder, a
suitably constructed wall closing said space at the rear, the lower portion of said
wall being formed by plates K and L, plate Khaving flanges K², K³, K', and
plate fitting between flanges K³ and K, said plates being perforated, as at k
and respectively, and the upper portion of the aforesaid wall being formed by a
metallic plate M resting upon flange K2, said plate being mounted upon studs m
rigid with the enclosure of the cylinder, the holes in plate M through which said
holes extend being elongated vertically, a half-ring N mounted upon studs m
against plate M and resting upon flange K of plate K, and nuts m' mounted upon
the aforesaid studs against the outer side of half-ring N, all substantially as shown,
for the purpose specified.

page_text: 18. In a mechanical drier, the rotating cylinder through which the material to
be treated and heating-agent pass in opposite directions, respectively, being
reversible end for end, substantially as set forth.
19. In a mechanical drier, a rotating cylinder supported by rimmed spiders, the
trunnions of the respective spiders having journal-bearings so far separated as to
support the spiders independent of the cylinder, substantially as and for the purpose
set forth.
20. In a mechanical drier, the combination with the rotating cylinder, of a series
of metallic lifting blades arranged lengthwise internally of the cylinder and adapted
to engage the inner side of the cylinder, substantially as and for the purpose set
'forth.
21. In a mechanical drier, a rotating cylinder containing a series of metallic
lifting-blades arranged lengthwise thereof, adjacent lifting-blades being connected
in groups by means of segmental straps, and suitable means for holding said blades
out against the interior surface of the cylinder, substantially as and-for the purpose
:set forth.
22. In a mechanical drier, the combination with the rotating cylinder, of lifting-
blades arranged lengthwise of and adapted to engage the cylinder internally and
having one or more notches or gores, substantially as and for the purpose set
forth.
23. In a mechanical drier, the combination with a rotating cylinder through
which the material to be treated and heating-agent pass in opposite directions,
respectively, of lifting-blades, O, arranged lengthwise of and adapted to engage the
internal surface of the cylinder, said lifting-blades having inwardly-presenting
heads, O, the lifting-blades being divided into groups and the blades of each group
being connected by segmental straps provided at suitable intervals lengthwise of the
cylinder, and suitable means for retaining said straps in position holding the
lifting-blades out against the interior surface of the cylinder, substantially as set
forth.
24. In a mechanical drier, the combination with the rotating cylinder through
which the material to be treated and heating-agent pass in opposite directions,
respectively, of lifting-blades, O, arranged lengthwise of and adapted to engage the
internal side of the cylinder, said lifting-blades having inwardly-presenting
.heads, O', the lifting-blades being divided into groups and the blades of each group
being connected by segmental straps provided at suitable intervals lengthwise of the
cylinder, the segmental straps of one group of lifters being arranged immediately
adjacent the segmental straps of the other group of lifters, the adjacent pair of
straps of the two groups of lifters, respectively, being bent inwardly at one end, a
screw-threaded rod extending through said inwardly-bent members of the straps and
nuts mounted upon said rod at opposite ends of said members of the straps,
respectively, and the other ends of said straps being suitably connected with the
cylinder, substantially as set forth.
25. In a mechanical drier, the combination with a rotating cylinder through
which the material to be treated and heating-agent pass in opposite directions,
respectively, of lifting-blades, O, arranged lengthwise of and adapted to engage
the interior surface of the cylinder, said lifting-blades having inwardly-presenting-
heads, O, the lifting-blades being divided into groups and the blades of the group
being connected by segmental straps provided at suitable intervals lengthwise of the
cylinder, the lifting-blades of each group of lifters being connected by segmental
straps and the segmental straps of one group of lifters being located immediately
adjacent the segmental straps of the other group of lifters, adjacent straps of the
.two series of straps, respectively, being suitably connected with each other at one
-end and the other ends of said straps being beut outwardly, a pipe-section or tube
extending through said outwardly-bent members of the straps and a bolt extending
through said pipe-section or tube, the head of the bolt engaging the one end of the
pipe or tube, the latter extending also through a T-iron or member rigid with and

page_text: projecting inwardly from the shell of the cylinder, the hole in said T-iron or
inwardly-projecting member of the cylinder being elongated in the direction of the
length of the cylinder, substantially as and for the purpose set forth.
26. In a mechanical drier, the combination with the rotating cylinder through
which the material to be treated and heating-agent pass in opposite directions,.
respectively, of metallic lifting-blades arranged at suitable intervals lengthwise of
the inner side of the cylinder, suitable means for holding said blades in position
within the cylinder, and the blades being notched or gored at suitable intervals.
lengthwise thereof, substantially as and for the purpose set forth.
27. In a mechanical drier, the combination with the rotating cylinder through
which the material to be treated and heating-agent pass in opposite directions,.
respectively, rimmed and trunnioned spiders supporting opposite ends of the;
cylinder, a conveyor located under the rear end of the cylinder and adapted to.
receive the material discharged from the cylinder, a driving-shaft operatively
connected with said conveyor and with the trunnion of the rear spider, all arranged.
substantially as shown and for the purpose specified.
28. In a mechanical drier, the rotating cylinder through which the material to
be treated and heating-agent pass in opposite directions, respectively, the rear end.
of the cylinder being suitably supported and the front end of the cylinder being.
supported by a rimmed and trunnioned spider that is lipped or flanged inwardly, as.
at C, a breeching T fitted into said lip, as at t, a feed-pipe discharging into said
breeching, and the latter being adapted to deliver the material to the aforesaid.
rimmed spider that has its arms arranged obliquely somewhat like the blades of a
propeller-wheel to properly feed the material into the cylinder, the cylinder being.
suitably enclosed at the top and sides, a metallic plate e' secured to the front end of
said enclosure and around the aforesaid spider, the arrangement of parts being such
that a space e is had between said plate and spider, a metallic ring U enclosing said
space, the latter being held yieldingly in place by friction, substantially as set forth:
29. In a mechanical drier, the rotating cylinder through which the material to be
treated and heating-agent pass in opposite directions, respectively, the cylinder
being suitably supported at its rear end and supported by a rimmed and trunnioned
spider at its forward end, the cylinder resting upon and embracing said spider, a
pocket for catching any material that may escape from the cylinder between the
lower side of the aforesaid spider and the shell of the cylinder, and a discharge or
drain-pipe V2 leading from said pockets to one side of the drying apparatus,.
substantially as set forth.
30. In a mechanical, drier, a rotating cylinder through which the material to be
treated and heating-agent pass in opposite directions, respectively, the cylinder
being suitably supported at its rear end and supported by a rimmed and trunnioned
spider at its forward end, the cylinder resting upon and embracing said spider, a.
pocket for catching any material that may escape from the cylinder between the
lower side of the aforesaid spider and the shell of the cylinder, and a discharge or
drain-pipe V2 leading from said pocket to one side of the drying-apparatus, and
blades A rigid with the cylinder and adapted to scoop the material from said.
pocket into the drain-pipe, substantially as set forth.
"
31. In a mechanical drier, a rotating cylinder through which the material and
heating-agent pass in opposite directions, respectively, the rear or discharging end
of the cylinder being suitably supported, and the forward or feeding end of the
cylinder being supported by a rimmed and trunnioned spider lipped or flanged
inwardly, as at C2, a breeching T fitted into said lip or flange, a pipe or passage-.
way for discharging the material into said breeching, the latter being adapted to
deliver the material to the aforesaid spider whose arms are arranged obliquely some-
what like the blades of a propelier-wheel, the forward side of said breeching having
an opening to accommodate the location and operation of the trunnion of said spider,
and a hood T secured to said wall of the breeching over the trunnion, substantially
as and for the purpose set forth.
32. In a mechanical deier, the rotating cylinder, through which the material to
'

page_text: be treated and heating-agent pass in opposite directions, respectively, the cylinder
being suitably enclosed and supported at its forward end, and supported at its rear
end, by a rimmed and trunnioned spider, a suitably-constructed wall closing the
space at the rear of said spider, the trunnion of the spider extending through. said
wall and a hood M³ secured to the inner side of said wall over the trunnion, substan-
tially as and for the purpose set forth.
33. In a mechanical drier, the rotating cylinder through which the material to
be treated and heating-agent pass in opposite directions, respectively, the rear end
of the cylinder being suitably supported and the front end of the cylinder being
supported by a rimmed and trunnioned spider, a breeching at the front end of the
cylinder and a feed-pipe discharging into said breeching, the breeching being
adapted to deliver the material to the spider whose arms are arranged obliquely not
unlike the blades of a propeller-wheel, the trunnion of said spider extending through
the breeching having bearing in suitable boxes that are supported by a single
metallic frame, substantially as and for the purposé set forth.
34. In a mechanical drier, the combination with a rotating cylinder through
which the material to be treated and products of combustion pass in opposite
directions, respectively, of a lower breeching suitably supported at the front of the
cylinder and in open relation with the cylinder, an upper breeching X secured to
the lower breeching, a feed-pipe or passage-way extending downwardly at the inner
side of said breechings and discharging into the lower breeching, substantially as
set forth.
35. In a mechanical drier, the combination with a rotating cylinder through
which the material to be treated and products of combustion pass in opposite
directions, respectively, of a lower breeching suitably supported at the front end of
the cylinder and in open relation with the cylinder, an upper breeching X secured
to the lower breeching, and a feed-pipe or passage-way extending downwardly at
the inner side of said breechings and discharging into the lower breeching, the
portion of said pipe that extends into the lower breeching being open at its inner
side, substantially as set forth.
36. In a mechanical drier, the combination with a rotating cylinder through
which the material to be treated and heating-agent pass in opposite directions,
respectively, the lower breeching T located at the forward end of and in open
relation with the cylinder, an upper breeching supported by said lower breeching, a
feed-pipe or passage-way extending from said upper breeching into the lower
breeching, a dust-collecting-chamber X and a short duct X establishing open
relation between said chamber and the upper breeching, a stack X for. said
chamber, and a fan or suitable device for establishing a forced draft through and
from the cylinder through the breechings to the aforesaid stack, substantially as
set forth.
37. In a mechanical drier, the combination with a rotating cylinder through
which the material to be treated and heating-agent pass in opposite directions,
respectively, of a lower breeching T located at the forward end of and in open
relation with the cylinder, an upper breeching supported by said lower breeching,
a feed-pipe or passage-way extending from said upper breeching into the lower
breeching, a dust-collecting-chamber X', a short duct X establishing open relation
between said chamber and the upper breeching, a stack X for said chamber, and a
fan or suitable device for establishing a forced draft through and from the cylinder,
through the breechings to the aforesaid stack, and a hood for precipitating more or
-less dust or fine material from the dust-laden vapors in the passage to the aforesaid
stack, substantially as set forth.
38. In a mechanical drier, the combination with the rotating cylinder through
which the material to be treated and heating-agent pass in opposite directions,
respectively, a lower breeching T located at the forward end of and in open
relation with the cylinder, an upper breeching supported by said lower breeching,
a feed-pipe or passage-way extending from said upper breeching into the lower
breeching, a dust-collecting-chamber X, a short duct X establishing open relation

page_text: between said chamber and the upper breeching, and a stack X for said chamber,.
of a fan or suitable device for establishing a forced draft through and from the
cylinder, through the breechings to the aforesaid stack, said fan or draft-creating-
device being located at the inner end of the aforesaid duct and operatively mounted
upon a shaft that extends through the upper breeching, the portion of said shaft-
extending through the breeching being suitably jacketed, substantially as and for
the purpose set forth.
39. In a mechanical drier, the combination with a rotating-cylinder through
which the material to be treated and heating-agent pass in opposite directions,.
respectively, a lower breeching T located at the forward end of and in open.
relation with the cylinder, an upper breeching opening into the lower breeching, a
feed-pipe or passage-way extending from the upper breeching into the lower
breeching, a dust-collecting-chamber X, a short duct X establishing open relation
between said chamber and the upper breeching, and a stack X for said chamber,.
of a fan or suitable device for establishing a forced draft through and from the
cylinder, through breechings to the aforesaid stack, the fan or draft-creating-device-
being located at the inner end of the aforesaid duct and operatively mounted upon,
a shaft that extends through the upper breeching, the portion of said shaft-
extending through the breeching being suitably jacketed, the jacket being open.
from end to end and opening into the atmosphere outside, substantially as and for-
the purpose set forth.
40. In a mechanical drier, the combination with a rotating cylinder through
which the material to be treated and heating-agent pass in opposite directions,.
respectively, a lower breeching T located at the forward end of and in open
relation with the cylinder, an upper breeching X in open relation with the lower
breeching, a feed-pipe or passage-way extending from the upper breeching into the
lower breeching, and a short duct X leading from the upper breeching, of a fan
for establishing a forced draft through and from the cylinder, through the
breechings, and aforesaid duct, the fan being located at the receiving end of the.
aforesaid duct and operatively mounted upon a shaft that extends through the upper
brecching and has bearing at opposite ends of the hub of the fan, one or more oil--
cups suitably supported at the outer side of the casing in which the fan is located,.
said oil-cup or cups being located within a hot-air-chamber Z formed substantially
as indicated, and passage-ways leading from said cups to the aforesaid bearings,.
substantially as set forth.
41. In a mechanical drier, a suitably constructed rotating cylinder through which.
the material and products of combustion pass in opposite directions, respectively, a.
space at the rear of the cylinder through which space the material is discharged
from the cylinder, a suitably constructed wall closing said space at the rear, said
wall being provided with one or more openings closed by one or more doors or
dampers, substantially as and for the purpose set forth.
Dated this 30th day of November 1893.