Improvements in the Treatment of Wood for use in the Manufacture of Acoustic Apparatus and Musical Instruments.
Year: 1892

page_text: Date of Application, 12th Mar., 1892-Accepted, 14th May, 1892
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in the Treatment of Wood for use in the Manufacture
of Acoustic Apparatus and Musical Instruments.
I, ERNST MURMANN of Kettenbrückengasse 14, Vienna IV, Austria, Phil.
Stud., do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the same
is to be performed to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement:-.
This invention has for its object improvements in the treatment of wood for
use in the manufacture of acoustic apparatus and musical instruments.
As is well known, wood intended to be employed in the manufacture of acoustic
apparatus as for examples plates for telephones and microphones, and in the
manufacture of musical instruments as for examples string and wind instruments,
such as pianos and organs, must be thoroughly dried in order that the durability of
the articles made therefrom shall not be impaired by subsequent shrinking or
splitting of the wood. The treatment of wood intended for apparatus or instru-
ments of high quality, by drying it at high temperatures, is impracticable as the
rapid drying alters the condition of the wood in an injurious manner, consequently
makers of such apparatus or instruments have been compelled either to keep in
store large quantities of seasoned wood, thereby necessitating considerable capital
and outlay for rent of premises, or to buy seasoned wood which has necessarily
considerably increased the cost of manufacturing apparatus or instruments of the
kind referred to.
This invention has reference to a process which not only quickly imparts to the
wood those qualities which it acquires by long continued and thorough drying, but
the wood is rendered to an increased extent suitable for the uses mentioned, which
form the chief value of the process to be described. Wood treated in the manner
hereinafter described, loses not only the water and ethereal oils that have hereto-
fore been volatilised by drying, but it is also deprived of its non-volatile organic
and inorganic components, such as incrustations and resins, which act to deaden
the sound producing qualities of the fibres of the wood. The removal of the
inelastic incrustrations from the wood has for result to impart to the wood a con-
siderable increase in its capacity for vibration. A musical instrument made from
such wood has with the same dimensions as one made from wood dried in the
ordinary manner, an otherwise unobtainable fullness of tone, and is distinguished
by specially easy emission of tone; and the softness and richness of tone which
has heretofore been noticed only in very old string instruments, can be acquired
by a comparatively short treatment of the wood to be employed in the manufacture
of the instrument.
Besides the advantage that wood which has been treated according to the process
hereinafter described, is prevented from splitting and warping (because all the
constitutents which change under the action of the atmosphere have been removed
from the same and the residual cellulose is unchangeable), the process has also
the further advantage of enabling the quality of the tone of the instrument to be
manufactured, to be varied as desired, according to the nature of the agents
employed for carrying out the process, that is to say it enables instruments of the
same class such for example as violins or flutes to be made of the same dimensions
but with different timbres.
The process which has for its essential object the removal of the volatile and
incrustating constituents from the wood the shape or form of which remains
almost or entirely unchanged, is based upon the known method of manufacturing
pure cellulose by chemical treatment of substances containing cellulose. For
example if filtering paper be treated in succession with an alkaline solution, hydro-
chloric acid, alcohol and ether, there remains an amorphous white powder consisting
Γι'
1

page_text: of pure cellulose. It is obvious that the employment of this process in the case of
wood that is to be afterwards worked up in the manufacture, of various articles, is
not feasible, partly on account of the expense of the chemicals, and partly on account
of the impossibility, under ordinary conditions, of causing the entire mass of the
wood, which is in the form of logs, boards, rods, or veneers, to be penetrated by
the agent used. Long continued experiments have resulted in the discovery of the
process hereinafter described, which has the advantage of being industrially
practicable, and of completely effecting the desired object.
For practical purposes the wood which may be either in the rough state or
previously cut up, is treated with an alkaline solution only, or with an acid only,
or first with an alkaline solution and then with an acid. The alkali employed for
this purpose may advantageously be a solution of caustic potash, or a solution of
caustic soda; less active alkalies are carbonate of potash, carbonate of soda and
aminonia.
The acid employed may advantageously be sulphuric acid, or hydrochloric acid;
or nitric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, hydrofluoric acid, a solution of
sulphurous acid in water, chloric acid, or chromic acid may be used. Less active
acids for the purpose are fluo-silicic acid, oxalic acid, phosphoric acid, acetic acid,
and formic acid. As oxidising agents there can be employed chloric acid and
chromic acid, as also ferric chloride, or ferric-sulphate with hydrochloric acid or
with sulphuric acid.
In those cases in which it is desired to extract the resins that may still remain
in the wood after it has been treated with the alkali or acid, or both, there is
employed for this purpose methyl-alcohol or ethyl-alcohol.
The process consists in impregnating the wood with the active liquid, or
successively with the active liquids in leaving the wood to be acted upon by the
same, either at the ordinary temperature or at a higher temperature which may
rise even to the boiling point and at the ordinary atmospheric pressure or at an
artificially increased pressure; in carefully washing or in some cases boiling the
wood and finally in drying the same. The washed or boiled wood may be
subjected to an artificial quick drying process until its surface is dry, but it must be
deprived of its remaining moisture by slow drying in the air. Wood which has been
thoroughly dried in this manner can then be heated up to a temperature of 190° C.,
without losing any of its valuable properties for the purpose hereinbefore
mentioned and without change, but losing another 5 to 10% of its weight. The
differences to be observed in the details of the process adopted according to the
nature of the substances used will be hereinafter stated, but it may here be
generally stated that it is an essential condition for effecting the object in view,
that the wood to be treated should be thoroughly penetrated by the liquid employed.
But this cannot be advantageously effected under ordinary conditions, because in
some cases even an immersion of the wood in the liquid for many years would not
effect complete penetration thereof, so that artificial means must be employed. For
this reason I proceed in one or other of the following ways.
1. The wood to be treated is enclosed in an air tight vessel such as a box or
boiler into which a gas that is easily soluble in water, or is readily absorbed thereby
such as carbonic acid, sulphurous acid, ammonia, or the like, or a mixture of such
gases, is introduced for several days, or several of these gases may be introduced
in succession, whereby the air contained in the wood is expelled by diffusion. The
fact that this is completely effected can be proved by passing the gas that escapes
from the vessel through a suitable cock or valve, into a solution of an alkali or, as
the case may be, of an acid (in which it will be almost completely absorbed).
When the air is thus removed, the liquid with which the wood is to be impregnated,
is allowed to flow into the vessel. The gas in excess is allowed to escape by a
valve, unless it is absorbed by the entering liquid, as is the case with ammonia for
instance. When the wood in the vessel is covered with liquid, and the pressure
within the vessel is equal to that of the external atmosphere, the impregnating
agent will have thoroughly penetrated the wood.

page_text: air Dy
2. Into the air tight chamber charged with wood, and exhausted or
pumping, there is allowed to flow the impregnating liquid which is caused by the
pressure of the atmosphere to thoroughly impregnate the wood.
3. The two processes described under 1 and 2 may be combined by first pumping
out the air from the vessel containing the wood, and then allowing one of the gases
mentioned under (1) or the vapour of a liquid having a low boiling point as for
example ether, to pass into the exhausted vessel, and then pumping the same out
again after a certain period in order to ensure that all the air shall be expelled
from the interior of the wood, before the impregnating liquid is introduced. Or
the air in the vessel charged with wood is first expelled by a gas which is afterwards
pumped out before the impregnating liquid is introduced.
Instead of readily soluble gases, superheated steam may also be employed for
expelling the air, if the vessel charged with wood be heated to a temperature
slightly exceeding 100° C., which can be done without injury to the wood. In
this case by injecting small quantities of cold water into the vessel, a considerable
degree of vacuum can be produced, which has for result that the air passing out of
the wood can be carried away by a further inflow of steam in a quicker manner
than would otherwise be the case.
It is not necessary to impregnate the wood in the same vessel in which it has
been deprived of air, which would in some cases necessitate the employment of
acid-proof boilers for the wood. Instead of the impregnating liquid, water can be
allowed to flow into the space exhausted of air or filled with gas, until it covers the
wood which can then-especially after the use for expelling the air of a gas that is
but slowly absorbed by water, such as carbonic acid, without impairing the action
of the process, be taken out of the boiler and be placed in another vessel which
contains the impregnating liquid. It is more or less immaterial. as to the result,
which of the alkalies or acids hereinbefore mentioned is employed. But a very
different action is produced, according as an alkali or an acid is employed.
The treatment with alkalies causes a slight shrinkage of the wood in its width, and
an almost complete extraction of its resinous constituents. The wood thus treated
can be bent whilst wet so much the easier the greater the strength of the solution
that has acted upon it; it can also be easily split and its fibres can be easily
separated. When dry, it more nearly resembles untreated wood than when wet, but
can still be readily divided or separated. The wood treated by an alkali is rendered,
by shrinking, heavier than wood treated with an acid, although it is still about
20-30% lighter than untreated wood; on the other hand the shrinking has the
advantage of rendering the structure of the wood more uniform because the annual
rings of wood that has been treated with an alkali are brought to a more uniform
distance from one another, as the soft structure between rings that are further
apart, shrinks more than the firmer structure between rings that are close together.
This uniformity of structure has for result an increased capacity of the wood to
emit sound. Wood treated with an alkali also has the peculiarity that in the sound
vibrations thereof, the fundamental tone comes more into prominence at the cost of
the upper tones. Consequently instruments made of such wood have a particularly
soft tone. A violin made of such wood has a flute-like" tone.
Acids act quite differently upon the wood. The dimensions of the wood remain
unaltered. Whilst wet the wood can scarcely be bent, but breaks off short by
reason of its brittleness, but thin fibres can be peeled off for a considerable length.
Whilst wet it can be split but with more difficulty than wood that has not been
impregnated, but when dry it can be readily split, breaks more readily than
When dried it
ordinary wood, and its fibres can be separated to a slight extent.
weighs about 20-40% less than ordinary air dried wood.
In the wood there remain after being treated as above explained (especially in
soft wood), appreciable quantities of resin which must first be extracted by means
of alcohol (methylated spirits) if necessary, and if the nature of the article to be
made therefrom admits of the use of this expensive agent. Musical instruments
made of such wood have, by reason of the greater prominence of the upper

page_text: tones, a sharper timbre than other wood, although such timbre can still be termed
soft.
Wood treated first with alkali and then with acid has peculiarities which are
intermediate between those just described, and gives the best results. The sub-
sequent treatment with acid is effectel after the wood has been treated with alkali
and washed, the wood whilst still wet being for the purpose of impregnation placed
in an acid and left to be acted on thereby or the wood may be placed in the acid,
only after the drying operation, treating it as above described in the same manner
as fresh wood.
In the former case the degree of moisture contained in the wood
should be taken into consideration in determining the degree of concentration of the
acid to be employed for impregnation.
In cases where the cost of the treated wood is not of great importance, as for
example in the case of violins of high quality, the treatment of the wood with an
alkaline solution should be effected previously to the treatment with an acid, and
the wood should be finally treated with alcohol for the purpose of extracting the
last traces of any resins that may have remained. If however it be desired to
employ cheaper methods of treatment, only the two first impregnations may be
employed or the treatment with an alkali only, or with an acid only, may be adopted
according to the condition of the wood and the use to which the same is to be applied.
Wood treated with alkali after previous treatment with acid, is for many purposes
not so good as wood that has been treated first with an alkali and then withran acid,
but it is very useful for some purposes.
Having now described generally the process and its results, I will proceed to
describe in detail the manner of using various chemicals in carrying out the
process.
Of the alkalies suitable for e rrying out the process industrially only a solution
of caustic potash or caustic soda need be considered. Other alkaline solutions have
but a feeble action even when highly concentrated; of these a solution of carbonate
of potash has the strongest action.
To make the impregnating liquid, one part by weight of caustic potash or caustic
soda is dissolved in at least six parts but preferably in fifty to one hundred and
fifty parts by weight of water. Highly concentrated solutions act too strongly
upon the wood and impart to it a dead or muffled tone. When weak solutions are
used, they must be employed in greater quantity in order to convert the resins in
the wood into alkaline salts, the complete decomposition of the remaining incrusting
substances proceeding only very slowly For other alkaline solutions, the maximum
degree of dilution at which they still act, is one part of saturated solution to ten
parts of water.
Neutral substances, salts and the like, may be present in or can be added to the
solutions employed for impregnation, without impairing the action thereof.
The treatment with alkalies may be effected either at the ordinary temperature
or at a higher temperature as for instance by heating from 40° C. up to boiling
point; it may also be effected under a pressure greater than the atmosphere if
required. The heating or boiling may be repeated several times with advantage.
Artificially increased pressure will of course accelerate the desired impregnation.
Alkaline solutions in order to act successfully at the ordinary temperature will
require to be more concentrated, or will require to act for a longer time than when
they are heated above the ordinary temperature.
The treatment with acids can be effected at the ordinary temperature or at an
increased temperature extending up to the boiling point of the acid solution, and
also under artificially increased pressure. The degrees of concentration of the acid
solution to be employed must be stronger the lower the temperature at which it. is
used. The degree of concentration can also vary within certain limits in one and the
same cold or warm-process, because a longer action of weaker acid will give the
same result as a shorter action of stronger acid The best results are obtained by
employing weak acids at a high temperature. Sulphuric acid, chloric acid, bromic
acid, hydrofluoric acid, and hydro-iodic acid remain active even when highly

page_text: diluted, but of course their action must be continued for a longer time than with
strong solutions.
Of these and the before mentioned acids suitable for use on a manufacturing
scale for the purpose mentioned, only hydro-chloric acid, sulphuric acid, nitric
acid, and sulphurous acid need be considered; the other acids mentioned will
usually be unsuitable for use on a larger scale on account of their high cost.
Hydrochloric acid, pure or the ordinary commercial concentrated acid, is
employed in the cold process preferably in the proportions of two parts of water to
one part of acid. A greater addition of water diminishes the action of the
impregnating liquid.
The same proportions are suitable in the case of hydrobromic acid and hydro-
fluoric acid.
When the acid is to be employed in a heated condition, and it may be under
pressure, one part of concentrated hydrochloric acid is diluted with at least three
parts, but preferably with fifteen to thirty parts of water. Hydrobromic acid for
use under similar conditions should be used with ten to twenty parts of water, and
hydrofluoric acid should preferably be used when diluted to the same extent.
Fluo-silicic acid and hydro-iodic acid can be employed in a concentrated state. The
most advantageous proportions are one part of fluo-silicic acid with from two up to
ten parts of water; and one part of hydro-iodic acid with three up to twenty parts
of water.
Or to express the different degrees of concentration in relation of specific gravity
Aluo-silicic acid may be employed having a specific gravity of from 13 to 102,
preferably of 105 to 11; and hydro-iodic acid having a specific gravity of 17 to
any desired degree of dilution, but preferably of a specific gravity of 1.05 to 11.
The degree of concentration of these two acids should be higher when used cold
than when used warm. The dilution may however be increased to a considerable
degree as already stated, if a longer period of saturation of the wood does not
interfere with working.
Instead of using one only of the acids mentioned, there may also be employed a
mixture of two or more or of all of the acids in the degrees of concentration
mentioned, without essentially modifying the action thereof on the wood.
Sulphuric acid when diluted with less than with an equal volume of water (1 to 1),
acts destructively upon the wood; the most advantageous proportions are one part
of sulphuric acid to 3 to 5 parts of water.
At higher temperatures or higher pressures than the ordinary temperature or
pressure, the proportion of 120 to 140 is most advantageous.
For nitric acid, and aqua regia (one volume of nitric acid to three volumes of
hydrochloric acid), the most advantageous proportions are 1 part of acid to 10
to 20 parts of water for the cold process, and 1 part of acid to 30 to 60 parts of
water for the warm process. The employment of nitric acid and aqua regia how-
ever has the disadvantage that during their action there are produced by reduction,
oxides of nitrogen and of chlorine which, when the degree of concentration is too
great, do not dissolve, but must be removed by pumping, if they are not to again
displace the liquid that has penetrated into the wood. On account of this injurious
generation of gas, it is preferable to employ nitric acid and aqua regia for the
impregnation of only such woods as have been previously treated with an alkali (or
even with another acid), in which case the generation of gas will only be very
slight When too extensively diluted, solutions of nitric acid and aqua regia are
active only when employed in large quantities, because they both become decomposed
by the action of the substances contained in the wood. The action of these acids is
about equal to that of hydrochloric acid and sulphuric acid.
Solution of oxalic acid can only be advantageously employed when heated. It
can be employed for impregnation either as a saturated solution, or up to dilution
with ten volumes of water.
Phosphoric acid, acetic acid and formic acid have equally at the ordinary
temperature a too feeble action which is however considerably increased by heat,

page_text: particularly when a pressure above that of the atmosphere is employed. The most
advantageous degrees of concentration for the warm process are, in the case of
phosphoric acid, a specific gravity of from 1:45 to 102 specific gravity; for acetic
acid and formic acid part of acid up to 20 parts of water.
Sulphurous acid must in order to act successfully be employed in strong solution,
besides loosening the fibres it has also a bleaching action, and is, when the warm
process and artificial pressure are employed, considerably more active than when
the cold process is used, in the latter case its action is very feeble. Without
addition of other acids, its action upon fresh wood is rather slight; it is however
much stronger when applied to wood that has previously been impregnated with an
alkaline solution. The solution to be employed is prepared either by passing
sulphurous acid into water, or by decomposition of a solution of commercial
bi-sulphite of sodium by means of the requisite quantity of sulphuric acid or hydro-
chloric acid. The common salt (NaCl) or sulphate of soda, respectively produced
thereby, does not affect the action of the solution on the wood. The solution of
sulphurous acid may be employed in the warm process, concentrated up to tenfold
dilution. A weaker solution of acid has a sufficient action only when employed in
a boiling state and under artificially increased pressure. The wood when treated
with sulphurous acid does not become so light as when other acids are used, and it
loses only 15-20% of its weight. An impregnation with a solution of sulphurous
acid may also be employed with success in cases where it is desired to bleach wood
which bas been darkened more or less by treatment with other substances (acids
or alkalies).
Chloric acid can only be advantageously employed when highly diluted, and then
serves only for treating wood which has previously been impregnated with alkali
solution or with another acid, the said chloric acid acting in such case as an
oxidising agent on the substances left in the wood. It is prepared by dissolving
one part of a suitable chlorate (for instance chlorate of potassium) in at least 8, but
preferably in 20 to 40 parts of water, and adding the quantity of sulphuric acid
requisite for decomposition.
Chromic acid can only be advantageously employed when highly diluted and
exclusively in the cold process, because the wood would otherwise be too strongly
acted upon for the same reason, care should be taken that the impregnation of the
wood shall take place as quickly as possible. One part of the solid chromic acid
should be dissolved in at least 10 parts, but preferably in 50 to 100 parts of
water. Chromic acid when mixed with sulphuric acid is extremely active, and
has a loosening action upon the fibres similar to sulphurous acid. The addition
of sulphuric acid should at least be so great, that the oxide of chromium thereby
produced shall remain in solution as sulphate of chromium. This corresponds
at least to 1, but preferably 2 to 3 parts of sulphuric acid to 1 part of solid
chromic acid. Free chromic acid may also be obtained by adding sulphuric
acid to the solution of a chromate salt. The sulphate thus produced does not
impair the action of the chromic acid upon the wood. Acids other than those
above mentioned, which may be employed either separately or in any desired
proportions of mixture of two or more of the same, with or without the presence
of substances that are neutral for the action in view (such as sulphate of
potassium, Epsom salts, saltpetre, Glauber's salts, common salt (NaCl), or
sulphate of iron) have just as little action on the wood as the acid sulphates of
the alkalies.
As oxidizing agents similar to acids in their action, there can be employed acid
solutions of chloride of iron in hydro-chloric acid, or sulphate of iron in sulphuric
acid, which have the remarkable property of imparting to the wood a sharper tone.
The concentration of the salts should be at least I part of salt to 3, but pre-
ferably 8 to 12 parts of water. The acids which are added to the solutions of
salts, have merely the object of preventing iron oxide from becoming deposited
in the wood, for which purpose 20th up to an equal volume of the salt solution
is sufficient.

page_text: Nitric acid, aqua regia, sulphurous acid, chromic acid, iron chloride, and iron
sulphate are employed advantageously only on wood that has been previously
subjected to treatment with an alkaline solution or with another acid solution,
because these acids are reduced, excepting the sulphurous acid which is oxidised,
by the substances present in the fresh wood, before they can exert their peculiar
property of loosening the wood fibres. It is therefore preferable to first dissolve
the incrusting substances by means of an acid, such as hydrochloric acid, or
sulphuric acid, or by an alkaline solution, and then to remove the same by
washing out, before removing the residual resins, coloring matter, etc., by means
of one of the substances hereinbefore mentioned. The other acids mentioned
act upon fresh wood completely in the desired manner.
If finally any resins that may have still remained in the wood are to be
extracted by means of alcohol, then the wood, dried after being washed, is placed
in a vessel which has been exhausted of air in one of the ways hereinbefore
described, and then filled with alcohol which will penetrate into the wood in
consequence of the pressure of the atmosphere or of free absorption by the wood.
The alcohol is then heated at the ordinary or at an increased pressure nearly
up to its boiling point, whereupon the liquid is run off, and fresh alcohol is
supplied, these operations being repeated until the resin has been entirely
extracted. Or the wood after being washed is placed, whilst still wet, in alcohol,
the water being displaced by diffusion, and fresh alcohol is introduced after the
alcohol that has been used has been drawn off, this operation being repeated
until the desired result is attained.
The alcohol remaining in the wood can be distilled off and recovered by heating
he saturated wood in closed vessels, or it can be recovered by placing the wood in
water by which the alcohol is displaced, the alcohol being afterwards distilled with
the water.
Wood treated in the manner herein before described can be employed with
advantage for the entire or only for the partial manufacture of acoustic
apparatus and inusical instruments. The tone or sound producing parts of an
instrument such as the top or cover, the bottom, side-parts and bridge of a
violin can be made out of wood treated as before described, and the other parts
of the instrument may be made of non treated dry wood. The employment of
wood treated in one way only, or in another way only, for the manufacture of
instruments of one and the same class and dimensions, renders it possible to
produce different variations of sound or tone. The employment in one and the
same instrument of wood prepared in different ways enables the variation of
sound or tone to be altered within certain limits, and each part of the instrument
to be made of the material which is most suitable for the shape and mode of
manufacture thereof, when regard is had to the different degrees of capacity for
being bent and split of differently treated woods.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said inven-
tion and in wliat manner the same is to be performed I declare that what I
claim is :-
1. The herein described process for treating wood for use in the manufacture
of acoustic apparatus or musical instruments for the purpose of wholly or partly
removing from the wood its aqueous,. ethereal, resinous and incrusting con-
stituents, whereby the richness of tone of the apparatus and instruments made
therefrom is increased, and the variation of sound or tone is affected, said process
consisting in displacing the air from the wood to be treated by introducing
gases or steam into a vessel containing the wood and capable of being closed
air tight, or by exhausting the air from the same vessel and the wood contained
therein, or by using these two methods in succession subsequently impregnating
the wood with a solution of an alkali such as herein referred to, or with a
solution of one or more of the acids hereinbefore referred to, cither at the
ordinary temperature or at an increased temperature and whether at the ordinary

page_text: pressure or at increased pressure, and with or without the addition of neutral
substances, washing the thoroughly impregnated wood with water, and then
drying it, these operations being effected substantially in the manner and for
the purposes set forth.
2. For the purpose specified in the preceding claim, impregnating wood that has
already been treated with a solution of an alkali or with a solution of an acid in the
manner set forth, with another solution of one or more of the acids mentioned, or
with a solution of one or more of the alkalies mentioned and of the degrees of con-
centration stated, and either with or without the addition of neutral substances
such as referred to, subsequently washing the treated wood with water, and finally
drying the same substantially as described.
3. For the purpose of oxidising the substances contained in wood treated
according to the process referred to in Claim 1, or in Claim 2, impregnating the
wood with a solution of chloride of iron in hydro-chloric acid, or with a solution of
sulphate of iron in sulphuric acid, or with a mixture of such solutions, either alone
or as an addition to a solution of one or more of the several acids hereinbefore
mentioned, the strength of such solutions of iron salts being substantially such as
hereinbefore set forth.
4. For the purpose of finally extracting any resinous substances that may still be
present in wood treated according to either of the processes referred to in Claims 1, 2,
and 3, impregnating the treated wood after the air has been withdrawn or displaced
therefrom, with alcohol such as methyl alcohol, or ethyl alcohol, either at the
ordinary atmospheric pressure, or at an increased pressure, and either at the ordinary
temperature or at a higher temperature, the alcohol remaining in the wood thus
treated being subsequently removed therefrom by distillation or by washing with
water substantially as described.
Dated this 19th day of March 1805
ERNST MURMANN,
By L. W., per F. B.