THE DEPUTY COMPTROLLER'S DECISION.
Year: 1884

page_text: WILLIAM MILLINGTON HAWKINS 59 Albion Street, Frederick Street Birming-
ham seek leave to amend the specification of Letters Patent, No. 8108 of 1884, as
shown in red ink in the copy of the original specification hereunto annexed :-
My reasons for making this amendment are as follows
My Specification is not quite accurate, is not sufficiently definite & is too wide.
July 19. 1885.
In the Matter of an Application by William Millington Hawkins for leave to
amend the Specification of Letters Patent N° 8108 of 1884 :
THE DEPUTY COMPTROLLER'S DECISION.
I hereby allow the Specification, with the exception of line 12 page 2, and the
drawings to be amended as desired in Form F; and with the applicant's concur-
rence, which has been duly notified to me, allow the above-mentioned line to be
amended so as to read as follows:-" Shown on the printed drawings between a
"fourth and a fifth of the usual size in general use as bricks.'
J. CLARK HALL,
Deputy Comptroller.

page_text: WILLIAM MILLINGTON HAWKINS, 59, Albion Street, Frederick Street, Birmingham,
county of Warwick Inventor do hereby declare the nature of my invention for
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS to be as follows:-
Objects to be attained Greater strength, solidity, lightness & dryness: also
greater security from fire, earthquakes & other violent shocks.
By using metallic, or other rods pins, wedges, bolts & nuts &c, I connect the
bricks, concrete & other materials used in constructing buildings, so as to bind the
whole, or the necessary parts together.
The binding or connecting being chiefly internal, that is running through the
bricks &c. through holes made in the bricks &c. for the purpose Also in some
cases I dovetail the bricks, or in some other shape let them into each other, so that
they will cling to each other & form a solid mass with the rods, pins wedges bolts
& nuts & morter &c.
Glass slag & flux bricks are damp-proof.
The bricks may be made of any material, or materials & be any shape suitable.
In cases where metallic bricks are used they may be soldered as well as otherwise
secured together.
The rods pins &c may be any shape & made of any material suitable.
This invention is intended to apply to every kind of building in which bricks,
concrete, stone, wood, clay-piping or iron piping can be used: such as Houses,
Mills, Factories, Walls, Wells, Roofs, Floors, Fortresses, Flues, Shafts Bridges,
Tunnels, Chimneys, Tanks Conductors of water, gas, air, steam &c &c.

page_text: WILLIAM MILLINGTON HAWKINS 59, Albion Street, Frederick Street Birmingham
Inventor do hereby declare the nature of my invention for IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS and in what manner the same is to be performed, to
be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement :-
By my methods of constructing buildings I make them strong & permanent, so.
that they cannot fall down, or fall into ruins.
I gain greater strength & solidity & safety from all kinds of shocks & from fire:
& also dryness & more light, with less material & cost than by any other method.
I use perforated bricks, blocks, pipes & tiles. I also use rods, ties, screws, nuts,
bolts, nails, wire nails, wire, string & wedges.
On sheet I. the figures 1 to 9 ++ represent improved bricks &-small-blocks,
mostly drawn-one-third shown on the printed drawings between a fourth and a
fifth of the usual size in general use as bricks.
The holes are so placed that the bricks can be laid in the ordinary way of
building single or double solid walls, & when the bricks are laid the holes corre-
spond, so that the rods can be continued from the foundation to the top of the
building. The centre of the chief holes for binding rods is generally so placed as
If the
to be one fourth of the whole brick from the ends & sides of the brick.
brick is 9 by 4 inches & there are two holes, the centre of each hole is 2+ ins.
from the ends & sides.
-
Very large bricks I call blocks. They are generally made in the same way, that
is with the centre of the chief holes for binding, one fourth of the distance from
the ends & sides. I join the rods by screwing them one into another, or by turning
the ends pothook shape & looping them into each other; & by pins put through
holes in the rods. The rods fit loose. I sometimes tighten the rods with wedges,
or pins.
Fig. 6. has the hole running from one end of the brick to the other.
Fig. 7. has the holes running from edge to edge, for horizontal building :-
pavements &c.
Figs. 16. 17. 18. 19, 20. 21 & 22 represent hollow bricks, or pipes for the
conveyance of water gas, steam, air, wire, smoke &c.
I make them of various sizes, shapes & strengths, with or without joggle' joints.
H, hole. J. joggle joint.
Fig. 17. has four holes.
I do not always put so many.
Sheet II. figs. 1. 2. 11. 12 & 13 similar hollow bricks or pipes.
In figs. 11. 12 & 13. I use a flange with small holes, h, the more securely to unite
the three pieces together by bolts & nuts, as well as by the rods that go through
them from end to end.
Fig. 12. is the connecting piece & unites the two hollow bricks or pipes figs. 11
& 12 together.

page_text: I sometimes perforate 11. 12. & 13 for the reception of rods.
worms to screw them together.
Sometimes I cut
for
Sheet II. figs. 3. 4 & 5. are three views of a tile for fireproof ceilings,
roofs & walls & floors. They lap over to the extent of half their thickness. H, hole
for rod. h. small hole for nail or screw. G. groove or recess, for glass & perforated
metal.

page_text: inland rods to the upright ones in the wall, through cavities moulded in the blocks
at the time they are made.
To keep the sea from washing the shingle &c. away from the wall I lay down a
pavement or breakwater of large blocks, or bricks made similar to fig. 7. sheet L
with rods lighter than the vertical ones in the sea wall. I use cement &c.
The pavement is united to the great wall.
I drive a few stakes or rods deep down into the earth & fasten of the horizontal
rods to them.
At the edge of the pavement next to the sea, I build a low wall joined to the
pavement with blocks & rods & cement &c.
If the site is a very exposed one, I form another narrow pavement & another
low wall lower than the first low one. I use cement or pitch &c. A sea wall 80
built & protected cannot possibly be carried away or shaken. The small walls
break the force of the waves & can easily be repaired.
The small walls & pavement entirely protect the foundation of the great wall.
Similar means can be adopted to protect groyns.
t
Sea walls & groyns & breakwaters can be made with very much less material &.
cost by this method.
Fireproof ceilings are made by rods fig. 25. sheet II being secured into the wall
or to the joist, & the tiles 4 or 7. sheet II. slipped along the rods into position so
that they will lap over to the extent of one half their thickness: & some of them,
with the rods, nailed or screwed through holes, h. into the joist. The tiles may be
made of fire clay or metal &c.
The tiles lie flat against the boards.
When figures 4 & 5 are used they form one narrow row & one broad one.
But when figure 7. is used the rows are all one width.
When used for walls they can be nailed or screwed to the stud, or laths, or old
wall, at the small holes in the end of the tiles.
There is no need always to make the small hole h through the large hole H.
These tiles made thick with pipe-rods or flat rods form good floors & pavements,
& walls.
For building fortresses I use large blocks & large rods, similar to those used for
sea walls.
I sometimes dovetail these also into each other in various shapes & put butts
& sockets in them, as in figs. 3. 4. 5. 8. 9 & 10. on sheet I & sometimes I put
grooves & projections along the edges or sides, of the blocks & bricks to fit into
each other.
I use morter, cement, pitch &c.
For facing fortifications & such like buildings, I use similar shaped blocks made
of iron, steel, or composition: hardened & tempered, or not, as the case requires.
I use strong steel or other metal rods: sometimes wormed nearly all the way down
to receive the nuts that help to hold the blocks in their places. I use wedges
& sometimes long plates of steel or other metal to rest on & between some of the
courses of blocks.
I make the fortresses roofs bomb-proof by metal blocks, with the aid of fig 16.
on sheet II. & figs 4. 5 & 7 sheet II & rods nuts &c.
If the blocks &c are not hardened I tin them over & in some cases solder them
together with lead & tin solder.
Fortresses so built cannot be destroyed by human attack.
Sometimes the bricks & blocks & nuts, nails &c are galvanized or painted over or
otherwise coated over.
3.
For building concrete walls I generally use hoop steel, about 2 inches wide
& about the eighth of an in. thick, cither flat or twisted in corkscrew fashion.
For very strong walls I use stouter hoop steel. The rods are let down deep into
the foundation & carried up to the top of the wall. Sometimes I use thick bars or
piping.

page_text: Bridges & fireproof floorings can be constructed with bricks & blocks represented
on Sheet I. in iron or clay &c with the rods &c. as above described. They can be
built almost, or quite flat.
I prefer to make wood pavements & large floors in sections.
I emboss, & otherwise ornament the bricks &c.
Sometimes I make them in parts.
Having now particularly described & ascertained the nature of my said
invention & in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
I claim is
1 One or more holes of any size & shape in bricks & blocks, for the purpose of
inserting binding rods, except round holes under six eighths of an inch in
diameter, in bricks or blocks, 80 made that they will cross bond in the ordinary
way of building double walls.
2 One or more holes of all shapes & sizes through tiles, for the insertion of
connecting rods.
3 All binding rods for internal binding when fitting the holes loose & joined, or
made in parts so that they can be joined; & all others except round or square
solid rods about five eighths of an inch in diameter.
These small ones I do not claim when used for walls or pavements.
I do not
claim for columns, when they are constructed with bricks or blocks that are round,
square, six-square, oblong, oblong with round ends, or pointed ends, with one hole
in the centre, or with two holes so placed that they will not cross-bond in the
ordinary way of building, when used for double walls &c. I do not claim
rods that are tight fitting, or all in one piece from the bottom of the building
to the top.
4 All shapes of bricks & blocks & tiles both plain & ornamented of whatever
material, when made with holes, as above for binding rods & their use in
building:
5 Bricks, blocks & tiles as figs. 8 & 9 on sheet II & 3. 4 & 7. shee II.
6 Hollow bricks & blocks & pipes to convey air, water, gas, steam, wire & smoke,
either with or without joggle joints, but perforated to receive rods.
7 The ties described to hold the 2 parts of hollow walls in position.
8 The pipe union.
9 Buildings in which any of the above elements are used.

page_text: WILLIAM MILLINGTON HAWKINS, 59, Albion Street, Frederick Street, Birmingham,
county of Warwick Inventor do hereby declare the nature of my invention for
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS to be as follows:-
Objects to be attained Greater strength, solidity, lightness & dryness: also
greater security from fire, earthquakes & other violent shocks.
By using metallic, or other rods pins, wedges, bolts & nuts &c; I connect the
bricks, concrete & other materials used in constructing buildings, so as to bind the
whole, or the necessary parts together.
The binding or connecting being chiefly internal, that is running through the
bricks &c. through holes made in the bricks &c. for the purpose Also in aone
cases I dovetail the bricks, or in some other shape let them into each other, so that
they will cling to each other & form a solid mass with the rods, pins wedges bolts
& nuts & morter &c.
Glass slag & flux bricks are damp-proof.
The bricks may be made of any material, or materials & be any shape suitable.
In cases where metallic bricks are used they may be soldered as well as otherwise
secured together.
The rods pins &c may be any shape & made of any material suitable.
This invention is intended to apply to every kind of building in which bricks,
concrete, stone, wood, clay-piping or iron piping can be used: such as Houses,
Mills, Factories, Walls, Wells, Roofs, Floors, Fortresses, Flues, Shafts Bridges,
Tunnels, Chimneys, Tanks Conductors of water, gas, air, steam &c &c.

page_text: COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
WILLIAM MILLINGTON HAWKINS 59, Albion Street, Frederick Street Birmingham
Inventor do hereby declare the nature of my invention for IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS and in what manner the same is to be performed, to
be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement:-
By my methods of constructing buildings I make them strong & permanent, so
that they cannot fall down, or fall into ruing.
I
I gain greater strength & solidity & safety from all kinds of shocks & from fire 1
& also dryness & more light, with less material & cost than by any other method.
I use perforated bricks, blocks, pipes & tiles. I also use rods, ties, screws, nuts,
bolts, nails, wire nails, wire, string &.wedges.
On sheet I. the figures 1. to 11 represent improved bricks & small blocks, mostly
'drawn one third the usual size in general use as bricks.
The holes are so placed that the bricks can be laid in the ordinary "way of
building single or double solid walls, & when the bricks are laid the holes corre-
spond, so that the rods can be continued from the foundation to the top of the
building. The centre of the chief holes for binding rods is generally so placed as
to be one fourth of the whole brick from the ends & sides of the brick. If the
brick is 9 by 4 inches & there are two holes, the centre of each hole is 2+ ins.
from the ends & sides..
i
Very large bricks I call blocks. They are generally made in the same way, that
is with the chief holes for binding, one fourth of the distance from the ends
& sides. I join the rods by screwing them one into another, or by turning the
ends pothook shape & looping them into each other; & by pins put through holes
in the rods.
.
1
Fig. 6. has the hole running from one end of the brick to the other.
Fig. 7. has the holes running from edge to edge, for horizontal building :-
pavements &c.
Figs. 16. 17. 18. 19, 20. 21 & 22 represent hollow bricks, or pipes for the
conveyance of water gas, steam, air, wire, smoke &c.
'
I make them of various sizes, shapes & strengths, with or without joggle joints.
H. hole. J. joggle joint.
Fig. 17. has four holes. I do not always put so many.
Sheet II., figs. 1. 2. 11.12 & 13 similar hollow bricks or pipes.
In figs. 11. 12 & 13. I use a flange with small holes, h, the more securely to unite
the three pieces together by bolts & nuts, as well as by the rods that go through
them from end to end.
Fig. 12. is the connecting piece & unites the two hollow bricks or pipes figs. 11
& 12 together.
I sometimes perforate 11. 12. & 13 for the reception of rods. Sometimes I out
wornis to screw them together.
Sheet II. figs. 3. 4 & 5. are three views of a tile for fireproof ceilings, & for
roofs & walls & floors. They lap over to the extent of half their thickness, H. hole

page_text: Fig. 14. Tile to lap over to the extent of half its thickness.
Fig. 15. opposite view of fig. 14. ·
•
Sometimes I perforate this tile, as I do figs. 3. & 4 & 5. & sometimes I use it
without rods & only fasten the lowest one by screws or nails to the wood or wall
it resta on or against.
I use fine morter, cement or pitch &c. to set them.
Sometimes I use a tile with one, or two edges to lap over, & sometimes I have
no lap, but only the perforations H for the rods. Sometimes I perforate tiles from
end to end.
I ornament some of my tiles in various ways.
Fig. 16. a tapered wedge-shaped brick, for chimneys, culverts, watercourses,
small spans casings for wells pit shafts, &c. I do not always need the hole in
the end.
When the brick is used for large spans it is less tapered.
Figs. 17 & 18. ties or clips for hollow walls.
Sometimes I make the ties wider & solid where the dotted lines are to ensure
the full strength of the material they are made of.
Figs 21. 22. 23. 24 & 25. are rods. I use various shapes & thicknesses & lengths.
For ordinary clay "brick buildings, hoop Iron, or hoop Steel, flat or twisted into
corkscrew shape answers well. Hoop steel is twice as strong as hoop iron.
Both as supplied by Wilcox & Jones, South Yorkshire Iron & Steel works The
Ickles, Rotherham, are suitable for the purpose.
For heavy work I use stout bars & sometimes screw them all the way down, to
receive the nuts that help to keep the blocks in their places. For street & floor
pavements I sometimes use metal pipes, as rods.
On sheet I. figs 10. & 11. are for building hollow walls. They represent bricks 9.
by 3 inches. Two rows of them with the rods & morter, when made into a hollow
wall, with three inches of space between them make a perfectly dry & substantial
wall 9 inches thick, equal to one of 14 inches of solid brick work, see figure 2
sheet III.
It is necessary to build walls hollow, to insure dryness inside, if ordinary clay
bricks are used.
If the wall is required to be very substantial, wide inside bricks can be used
& narrow ones outside. Or tile as figs. 4. or 7. on sheet II.
The small holes in fig. 3. sheet I. are for assistant rods & for the lightness of the
brick.
For a single boundry wall sometimes I use a brick 12 by 6. by 6 inches,
perforated with two holes, about 2 inches in dia.
For sea walls & exposed buildings I use large blocks, or bricks with boles large
in proportion, similar shapes to figs. 3. 4. 5. 8. & 9. on sheet I., or a combination of
them.
In fig 4. S. is a socket for B. butt in fig 5. to fit into. C. in fig. 4. is countersunk
hole. After getting a good foundation & securing the rods deep down in the
foundation, I build up the wall any thickness & height.
As the wall rises I carry steadying rods inland at various depths below the
ground. Some of these steadying rods are at right angles to the upright ones.
They are secured to posts, or rods let deep into the earth. I fasten the inland rods
to the upright ones in the wall, through cavities moulded in the blocks at the time
they are made.
To keep the sea from washing the shingle &c. away from the wall I lay down a
pavement of large blocks, or bricks made similar to fig. 7. sheet I. with rods lighter
than the vertical ones in the sea wall. I use cement &c.
The pavement is united to the great wall,

page_text: I drive a few stakes or rods deep down into the earth & fasten of the horizontal
rods to them.
At the edge of the pavement next to the sea, I build a low wall, joined to the
pavement with blocks & rods & cement &c.
If the site is a very exposed one, I form another narrow pavement & another
low wall lower than the first low one. I use cement or pitch &c. A sea wall so
built & protected cannot possibly be carried away or shaken. The small walls
break the force of the waves & can easily be repaired.
The small walls & pavement entirely protect the foundation of the great wall.
Similar means can be adopted to protect groyns.
Sea walls
method.
groyns can be made with very much less material & cost by this
Fireproof ceilings are made by rods fig. 25. sheet II being secured into the wall
or to the joist, & the tiles 4 or 7. sheet II. slipped along the rods into position so
that they will lap over to the extent of one half their thickness: & some of them,
with the rods, nailed or screwed through holes, h. into the joist. The tiles may be
made of fire clay or metal &c.
The tiles lie flat against the boards.
When figures 4 & 5 are used they form one narrow row & one broad one.
But when figure 7. is used the rows are all one width.
When used for walls they can be nailed or screwed to the stud, or laths, or old
wall, at the small holes h in the end of the tiles.
There is no need always to make the small hole h through the large hole H.
These tiles made thick with pipe-rods or flat rods form good floors & pavements.
For building fortresses I use large blocks & large rods, similar to those used for
sea walls.
I sometimes dovetail these also into each other in various shapes & put butts
& sockets in them, as in figs. 3. 4. 5. 8. 9 & 10. on sheet I & sometimes I put
grooves & projections along the edges or sides, of the blocks & bricks to fit into
each other.
I use morter, cement, pitch &c.
For facing fortifications & such like buildings, I use similar shaped blocks made
of iron, steel, or composition: hardened & tempered, or not, as the case requires.
I use strong steel or other metal rods: sometimes wormed nearly all the way down
to receive the nuts that help to hold the blocks in their places. I use wedges
& sometimes long plates of steel or other metal to rest on & between some of the
courses of blocks.
I make the fortresses roofs bomb-proof by metal blocks, with the aid of fig 16.
on sheet II. & figs 4. 5. & 7 sheet II & rods nuts &c.
If the blocks &c are not hardened I tin them over & in some cases solder them
together with lead & tin solder.
Fortresses so built cannot be destroyed by human attack.
Sometimes the bricks & blocks & nuts, nails &c are galvanized or painted over or
otherwise coated over.
For building concrete walls I generally use hoop steel, about 2 inches wide
& about the eighth of an in, thick either flat or twisted in corkscrew fashion. For
very strong walls I use stouter hoop steel. The rods are let down deep into the
foundation & carried up to the top of the wall. Sometimes I use thick bars or
piping.
Bridges & fireproof floorings can be constructed with bricks & blocks represented
on Sheet I. in iron or clay &c with the rods &c. as above described. They can be
built almost, or quite flat.
I prefer to make wood pavements & large floors in sections.
I emboss, & otherwise ornament the bricks &c.
Sometimes I maka tham in mout

page_text: Having now particularly described & ascertained the nature of my said
invention & in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
I claim is
1 One or more holes of any size & shape in bricks & blocks, for the purpose of
inserting binding rods, except round holes under six eighths of an inch in
diameter.
2 One or more holes of all shapes & sizes through tiles, for the insertion of
connecting rods.
3 All binding rods for internal binding except round or square solid rods about
five eighths of an inch in diameter.
These small ones I do not claim when used for walls or pavements.
4 All shapes of bricks & blocks & tiles both plain & ornamented of whatever
material, when made with holes, as above for binding rods & their use in
building.
5 Bricks, blocks & tiles as figs. 8 & 9 on sheet II & 3, 4 & 7. shee II.
6 Hollow bricks & blocks & pipes to convey air, water, gas steam. wire & smoke,
either with or without joggle joints, but perforated to receive rods.
7 The Ties described to hold the 2 parts of hollow walls in position.
8 The pipe union.
9 Buildings in which any of the above elements are used.