IMPROVE- MENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR PREPARING, CARDING, SPINNING, DOUBLING, TWISTING, WEAVING, AND KNITTING COTTON. WOOL, AND OTHER FIBROUS SUBSTANCES; ALSO, FOR SEWING AND PACKING
Year: 1850

page_text: CHRISTIE, of Number 3, Saint John's Place, Broughton, in the Borough of
Salford, in the County, of Lancaster, Merchant, send greeting.
WHEREAS, in consequence of a communication made to me by a Foreigner
residing abroad, I became and am in possession of an Invention for " IMPROVE-
MENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR PREPARING, CARDING, SPINNING, DOUBLING,
TWISTING, WEAVING, AND KNITTING COTTON. WOOL, AND OTHER FIBROUS SUBSTANCES;
ALSO, FOR SEWING AND PACKING" And whereas Her present most Excellent
Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster,
the Seventh day of November, in the fourteenth year of Her reign, did, for
Herself, Her 'heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said David
Christie, my exors, admors, and assigns, Her especial licence, full power, sole
privilege and authority, that I, the said David Christie, my exors, admors,
and assigns, and every of them, and such others as I, the said David Christie,
my exors, adñiors, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others,
from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term of years therein
expressed, should and lawfully might make, usc, exercise, and vend the said
Invention within that part of Her Majesty's United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland called England, Her Dominion of Wales, and the Town of Ber-
wick-upon-Tweed; in which said Letters Patent is contained a proviso that

page_text: I, the said David Christie,shall cause a particular description of the nature
of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, by
an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, to be enrolled in Her said
Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in
and by the same, reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at large
appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
David Christie, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention, and the
manner in which the same is to be performed, are fully described and ascer-
tained in and by the present instrument in writing, reference being had to
the several Drawings hereunto annexed, and in which said several Drawings
similar parts are marked and referred to by similar letters or figures, and
small arrows being placed to describe the direction of motion, that is to say:
The nature of my first Improvements in Machinery or Apparatus for
Preparing Cotton, Wool, and other Fibrous Substances consists in so com-
bining and actuating the parts of an opener that an intermittent supply is fed
into, and after being sufficiently operated upon is liberated by the machine at
regular intervals. The machine for effecting this object is represented in
Fig. 1, of Sheet 1, of the annexed Drawings. Fig. 2 is a detached view of
part of the main drum. A is the feeding apron on which the fibrous sub-
stance to be prepared and opened is spread by hand in the usual manner.
B and C are feed rollers, which deliver the fibrous substances to the main
drum D. This drum is constructed with lags D¹, to which are attached the
plates with teeth D². The space between the toothed plates 12 is covered
with sheet iron segments, so as to form an entire drum. The grid E extends
from under the feed roller B to near the segmental sliding door F. The
object of this door will be explained hereafter. G, G, G, represent three
rows of teeth fixed to the casing of the drum D,and similar to those marked
D. H is a wire cylinder from which the air is exhausted by the fan I, the
end of the cylinder H being in communication with the fan by the pipe J,
represented in brown lines. K is the flexible belt on which the fibrous sub-
stances are deposited after they have been acted upon by the drum D ; and
L is a roller which clears the fibrous substances off the surface of the wire
cylinder H, and deposits them on the flexible belt K. The requisite motion
is given to the various parts of this machine by a strap passing round a pulley
fixed on the axis of the drum D. On the same axis is also fixed a pinion D³,
which imparts an intermittent motion to the feed roller B in the following
manner: The pinion Ds gears into the wheel I, to which is fixed a pinion L'

page_text: gearing into the wheel M, which is furnished with two adjustable studs M¹
and M. On the axis of the feed roller B is fixed a ratchet wheel B', which
is acted upon by a click Be jointed to the lever B. The lower arm of this
lever is depressed by the studs M1 and M2 atevery revolution of the wheel M.,
and consequently the click B, by catching in the teeth of the ratchet wheel
B1, causes the feed roller B to advance through a portion of a revolution every
time the studs M' and M come in contact with the lever B³, thereby present-
ing a fresh supply of fibrous substances to the action of the drum D. The
feed rollers remain in a state of rest until they are again moved through
another portion of a revolution by the action of the stud M² on the lever B³.
I wish to remark here that a single stud may in some cases be found suffi-
cient, and in other cases it may be requisite to employ more than 2 studs,
the length of time necessary for keeping the fibrous substances in the machine
depending on various circumstances. Assoon as either of the studs M' or M²
has advanced beyond the reach of the lower arm of the lever B³, the weight
B+ brings the said lever back to its original position. A little before the
fresh supply is admitted by the feed roller B, it is necessary that the sliding.
door F should be opened to allow the fibrous substances that have been..
operated upon to escape. This is effected by the following means -To the
door F is attached a strap F1, the upper end of which is fixed to the pulley
N. To this pulley is fixed a pinion N', gearing into the segment O. The
lever O¹ projects from this segment, and has a rod P jointed to it. The other
end of this rod is supported by the axis of the feed roller B, and it is provided
with the catch P₁ and inclined plane P. The stud M or M² comes in
contact with the catch P¹, and draws the rod for a certain distance in the
direction of the arrow. By this means the segment O is made to impart.
motion to the pinion N1; and as the strap FI is attached to the pulley N, it
is evident that the lateral motion of the rod P elevates the door F. In order
to close the door suddenly, the inclined plane P2 is so placed that it slides up
the axis of the feed roller B, thereby withdrawing the catch P¹ from the reach
of the stud M or M², which is then in the proper position for acting on the
lever B³, as before described. It will be necessary to make the door F slide
freely in the sides of the casing, so that the moment the catch P¹ is liberated
the weight of the door brings back the parts in connection therewith to their
original positions. As soon as the door F is opened the fibrous substances
that have been operated upon fly out, and are collected on the flexible belt K,
and against the surface of the wire cylinder H, the partial vacuum in which
draws away a great portion of the dust. The web or fleece deposited on the
flexible belt K.is carried forward, aud collected in a suitable receiver placed

page_text: below the upper roller K', from whence it may be taken to undergo any of
the subsequent operations of scutching or cleaning. I wish it to be under-
stood that although I have shewn the machine with a wire cylinder to assist
in removing the dust from the fibrous substances under operation, and with
a flexible belt for forming them into a web or fleece, I do not consider
these parts essentially necessary for the proper working of my improved
opener; and I do not intend to limit myself to the precise mode of giving
motion to the feed rollers and to the sliding door, as other equivalent means:
may be employed for these purposes; and I do not claim any of the parts of.
this machine separately; but I do claim the combining and actuating the
parts of a machine for opening and cleaning cotton wool and other fibrous
substances, in such wise that an intermittent supply of such fibrous substances
is fed into the same, as herein-before shewn and described.
My next Improvement in Machinery or Apparatus for Preparing Cotton,
Wool, and other Fibrous Substances consists in the construction of a fine
comb cylinder particularly applicable to the machines for opening and cleaning
fibrous substances, and for which machines Letters Patent were granted to
William Newton on or about the Thirteenth of October, One thousand eight
hundred and forty-two. Fig. 3 represents an end view of the fine comb
cylinder before the spaces for the combs have been planed out; Fig. 4 is a
longitudinal section; and Fig. 5 is a sectional end view of part of the same
cylinder drawn full size. In these views wis the shell of the cylinder,
made of cast iron, and furnished with seven or other suitable number of
internalflanges, r. The two external flanges & serve to connect the shell with
the ends of the cylinder, and all the flanges x serve to unite the shell together
after the grooves y have been cut out. In constructing these cylinders I find
it most advantageous first to turn the circumference of the shell w, and then
to plane out the longitudinal grooves y. z, z, in Fig. 5, represent the combs,
the teeth of which come directly over the grooves y. The object of these
grooves is to allow the dust and dirt, which is loosened from the fibrous
substances under operation, to drop through, thereby keeping the teeth of the
combs from getting clagged; and those portions of the flanges x, immediately
under the combs 2, are bevelled off, as, shewn in Figs. 4 and 5, to prevent the
accumulation of dust in those places.
Having now described the best mode with which I am acquainted for con-
structing my improved fine comb cylinders, I wish it to be understood that I
do not limit myself to the details herein set forth. And I claim, in this part
of my Invention, the open grooves under the teeth of the combs of fine comb
cylinders, to admit of the free escape of dust or dirt loosened by the action of

page_text: the fine comb cylinder, as herein-before described, and shewn in Figs. 3, 4,
and 5, of Sheet 1, of the annexed Drawings.
My first Improvement in Machinery for Carding Cotton, Wool, and other
Fibrous Substances consists, principally, in a combination of rollers covered
with card fillet or with toothed wire, the construction of which is fully
described in the Specification of Letters Patent granted to Francis Alton
Calvert on or about the Eighteenth day of January, One thousand eight
hundred and forty-eight, for the purpose of cleaningand carding cotton, wool,
and other fibrous substances. Fig. 6 represents a transverse sectional eleva-
tion ofa,machine for preparing and carding wool and other fibrous substances.
This machine is particularly adapted as a substitute for the breakers or first
carding engines. a is the feeding apron or flexible belt, revolving over the
rollers b and c, and carrying the wool which is spread upon it to the feed
rollers d and e; f, g, h, and i, are four rollers revolving in bearings attached to:
the main frame of the machine, j, ja, and j³, are three top workers, and k, l,
and are three bottom workers, placed in the positions shewn in the Drawing;
I prefer the use of Francis Alton Calvert's patent toothed wire for covering all
the rollers f, g, h, i, j, and k; but strong card fillet may in some cases be used
instead; is the doffer, provided with the comb m, for doffing in the usual
manner. p is the raising cylinder or fancy, for clearing the roller i, placed i
also nearly in contact with the worker s; and n is the drawing head, through
which the sliver passes before it is deposited in the can o.
Motion is com..
municated to this machine by a strap passing around a pulley fixed on the axis
of the roller i, which rotates about eight hundred times in a minute, and a
pinion on the axis of this roller, gearing into a wheel on the axis of the
roller h, causes the latter to rotate at about four hundred revolutions a minute;
another pinion on the axis of the roller h, by gearing into a wheel on the axis
of the roller g, causes this latter to revolve at about the rate of two hundred
revolutions in a minute; and a pinion on the axis of the roller g, by gearing
into a wheel on the axis of the rollerf, imparts to it a velocity equal to about:
one hundred revolutions in a minute. A strap and pulley may be used, instead
of wheels, to transmit the requisite revolving motion to these rollers. The
bottom feeding roller d is driven slowly round from the rollerf by a train of
wheels and pinions shewn by red circles, and the top workersj, j², and j³, and
bottom workers k, l, and, are turned round by worm wheels j¹ and ¹, fixed
on their axes, gearing into worms fixed on a horizontal shaft indicated by a
red line. Only one pair of worm wheels j¹ and ¹, are shewn in the Drawing.
The doffer is also turned round by a pinion on the worm shaft, taking into a
bevel wheel on the axis of the daffer. When the wool or other fibrous :

page_text: substance has been drawn forward by the feeding rollers d and e, it is carried
forward by the roller f. Most of the fibres enter between the teeth of the cards,
orbetweentheflattened wires forming the surface oftheroller, but the unopened
woolprojecting beyond the surface is arrested by the teeth of theworker. The
fibres are stripped off the roller by the roller 9, because the speed of the latter
is about twice as great as that of the former, and at the same time the roller g
is stripping the worker k. The first of the rollers; acts in the same way on
the wool projecting beyond the surface of the roller g as the roller does
to the roller f. The workers j² and j³, and 2 and 3, perform the same office to
the rollers g, h, and i, as the workers j and k, already described. When the
fibrous substance under operation has been carried forward by the roller i, it is
lashed on to the doffer 7, from whence it is taken through the drawing head n,
and then to the can o, or it is otherwise disposed of in any of the well-known
methods. When this machine is used for carding and cleaning cotton, the
motes and seeds, after being separated from the same, can easily be taken up by
dirt rollers of the ordinary construction, placed above and below the rollers
jg,h, and i, as indicated by the blue circles. These dirt rollers can also be made
self-stripping,if found requisite. It is evident from the above description that
the rollers f, g, h, and i, are continually performing the operations of working
and stripping. This Drawing represents four cylinders f, g, h, and i, but a
greater or less number may be employed, and the relative speedsofthe surfaces
of the cylinders may also be varied without departing from the nature of the
Invention. In certain cases the doffer can also be dispensed with, and a
revolving brush substituted in its stead for cleaning the wool or other fibrous
substance from the roller i.
In this portion of my Invention I do not claim any of the parts forming my
improved machine for cleaning and carding cotton and other fibrous substances,
when taken separately; but I do not claim the arrangement and combination
of parts as herein-before described, and as shewn in Fig. 6 of Sheet 1 of the
accompanying Drawings..
In Sheet 2 I have shewn certain other of my improvements in machinery
and apparatus for preparing cotton and other fibrous subtances. Fig. 1
represents a side elevation of a machine for opening and separating the fibres
of cop bottoms or other thread waste, so as to prepare the same for the opera-
tion of carding. This machine is also adapted to the purpose of opening or
picking raw cotton or other fibrous substances. Fig. 2 is a plan of the spiral
band cylinder; Fig. 3 is a plan of the spiral band or perforated leader-in;
Fig. 4 is a detached view, on an enlarged scale, of the intermediate feed rollers
and their adjuncts; and Fig. 5 is part of the elastic feed roller. The cotton

page_text: or other fibrous material to be operated upon is placed upon the endless apron a,
Fig. 1, by which it is carried forward to the feeding rollers b, b, which are pro-
perly weighted, and so placed as to carry the cotton forward, and deliver it to
be operated upon by the spiral band cylinder c, c. This main cylinder is con-
structed as shewn in Fig. 2. It is usually made of cast-iron, having spiral
grooves 1, 1, of about one fourth of an inch in width, cut entirely through it to
the interior surface of the cylinder; the intermediate part is thus left in the
form of a spiral band or fillet of iron m. m, extending from one end of the
cylinder to the other. This spiral band is strengthened and supported by the
horizontal bars or ribs n, n, which pass through the interior of the cylinder
and are cast with it, the thickness of these bars, in the direction of the radius
of the circle, being greater than the thickness of the cylinder or shell, of which
they form a part, and to which they are adherent. The card clothing is firmly
fastened to the spiral bands m, m, by rivets or screws, which pass through the
margin of the card clothing. At a point near to each end of this cylinder,
and within the same, there are several diaganol vanes or fans P, P, which are
set at such an angle with the ends of the cylinder, or are so feathered, as to
cause the air, when the cylinder is revolving rapidly, to enter at its ends. The
object and design of the spiral grooves or openings 1, 1, between the spiral
bands 'm, m, is to afford a passage for the air, which, entering at the ends as
above mentioned, escapes through these openings, and removes the cotton
or other fibrous substance from the teeth g of the card clothing. The card
clothing applied to this cylinder is of peculiar construction, as will be explained
hereafter; and the teeth incline forward in such a manner as to take firm hold
of the fibres, instead of scratching them with their points, by which means the
teeth are rendered more durable, and the fibres of the substance operated upon
are not so much broken as when the teeth are in the ordinary position. The
main cylinder c, c, revolves in the direction indicated by the arrows, the card
teeth carrying the cotton forward a short distance, while the current of air
passing from the inside of the cylinder c, through the grooves or openings,
drives it away from the teeth, leaving them perfectly clean. A curved casing
or bonnet d, shewn by red lines, is placed in such a position in front of the
cylindercas to prevent the cotton from being dispersed, serving also as a trunk
or guide to convey the cotton to the leader-in cylinder e, e, one or more of
which may be placed in such positions near to and around the main cylinder c
as may be desired. This leader-in is constructed as shewn in Fig. 3, having
spiral bands ff, air grooves h, h, and supporting bars j, j, the bands or fillets
being covered with card clothing, and is similar to the main or spiral band
cylinder above described, with this difference, that it is not provided with vanes

page_text: or fans.
Instead of being made with open grooves, the cylinder may be
perforated in any other manner, provided that the apertures are not closed
or obstructed by the card clothing. The cotton or other fibrous substance, and
the downward current of air, strike upon the top of the leader-in e; the fibrous
substance being deposited and forming a web or sheet upon and among the
card teeth, while the air passes to the interior of the leader-in cylinder, and
thence escapes at the ends of the same, carrying with it a part of the dust that
is separated from the substance under operation. Aguard is placed between
and just above the point of contact of the peripheries of the main cylinder c
and the leader-in e, as shewn in red below, which guard the teeth of the main
cylinder c, again take hold of the fibrous substance that is presented to it by
the leader-in e. After being twice subjected to the action of the teeth of the
main cylinder, as above described, the fibrous substance passes below the
cylinder, andis blown forward in a suitable trunk or conductor to the revolving
.wire screen o, o, having a compressing roll ml above it, its construction and
operation being the same as has been long known and used in machinery
for preparing cotton. By the action of this wire screen a web or sheet is
carried forward, and as the screen revolves it is presented to the fluted roll y,
the position of which, and its connection with the concave bed and elastic feed
roll, is more fully shewn in Fig. 4. The elastic feed roll is so made and of
such materials as will allow its surface to be slightly compressed by its contact
.with the cotton or other fibrous substance operated upon, and this elasticity
may be attained in various ways, but I prefer to make the roll as follows:- A
circle s, see Fig. 5, of suitable size, is cut from a sheet of india-rubber, and an
aperture t is made in its centre, of the same diameter as the shaft u, which
passes through the centre of the roll. These disks are placed upon the shaft,
and are then compressed by rollers or sliding plates v, at the ends of the shaft,
thus forming an elastic cylinder or roll. This elastic roll is placed in a concave
bed or shell, its periphery being very near to the teeth of the cards g of the
second main cylinder »', and is so held down by a lever and weight, or by
springs, as to cause the cotton or other fibrous substance that lies between
its surface and the concave bed w to move forward towards the second main
cylinder, which is in its construction and operation precisely the same as that
of the first main cylinder c, herein-before described. The elastic roll receives
the cotton from the fluted rolly, similarly placed in a concave bed r, the surface
of the two rolls being removed buta short distance from each other. The junc.
tion of the concave beds wanda forms an elevated ridge or prominencep, which
is nearly central between the two rolls randy, the top of this ridge being lower
than the centre of the rolls. The upper surface of the concave bed is highly

page_text: polished, and both the fluted and elastic rolls are so weighted as to convey the
cotton or other fibrous substance to the second main cylinder. n¹, n', it is then
drawn over the guard or shield o¹, o¹, and passing under the main cylinder is.
conducted to the revolving wire screen r¹, which it leaves in the form of a lap
or web, and may be then again operated upon by a spreader or lapper, or it.
may be wound upon a roll in readiness to be subjected to the operation
of carding. The second main cylinder n',n', may have one or more leaders-in,
of the same construction, form, and use, as that shewn at e, e, and herein-
before described; or the cotton may be subjected to a single operation upon
the main cylinder c, without the intervention of the spiral band or perforated
leader-in..
Having thus fully described the nature of this part of my improvements in
machinery for preparing cotton and other fibrous substances, I claim,
.
First, the peculiar construction of the main cylinder shewn in Figs. I and 2,
consisting of the spiral metallic band or fillet to which the card-clothing is
attached, together with its horizontal ribs or supporting bars, as described,
and the diagonal vanes or fans, when the same are used in combination with:
the cylinder having spiral bands, open grooves, and horizontal ribs, as above
set forth.
Secondly, the clastic feed. roll placed above and nearly in contact with a
curved or concave bed, for the purpose of conveying the cotton or other fibrous
substance to the teeth of the main cylinder, and the elastic feed roll in its
combination with the double concave bed and fluted roll.
And, thirdly, the spiral band or perforated feed roll or leader-in, so placed
with reference to the periphery of the main cylinder as to cause the cotton
or other fibrous substance to be delivered a second time to the action of the
card teeth with which the main cylinder is clothed.
My next improvements in machinery for preparing cotton and other fibrous
substances consists in the application of a peculiarly constructed opening
cylinder and guide plate to machinery for opening cop bottoms and other
hard-twisted waste.
Fig. 6, on Sheet 2, is a transverse section of part of a machine to which my
improvements are applied, and Fig. 7 is a detached view of a toothed plate
forming part of the improved guide plate. The cop bottoms or other thread
waste are put on the feed apron a, and carried from under the feed roller b
up to the point of the guide plate c, which is furnished with a steel plate d,
running the whole length of the guide plate, and having teeth at its upper
edge, as seen at Fig. 7. This tooth plate d catches hold of the hard ends of
the material to be opened, and retains them until they are thoroughly picked
B

page_text: by the action of the cylinder e. This cylinder is made either of circular steel
saws, having teeth about 3/8ths of an inch apart, and set about seven to an
inch lengthways, with a packing between each saw, or it may be made of
toothed wire wound on a cylinder, or in any other convenient way; but it is
essential that the teeth acting on the material to be opened should be rigid, as
it requires great force to separate the fibres when portions of the material are
held between the teeth of the plate d. The cylinder e is two feet long, or
more or less, according to circumstances, and performs about one thousand
revolutions per minute. fis the brush for cleaning the cylinder e. This
brush throws off the picked waste into the box g, from whence it may be carried
forward to other feed rollers, and again operated upon by another opening
cylinder, as in the same machine represented in Fig. 1, or it may be disposed
of in any other convenient way.
I wish to remark, that I do not claim the peculiar construction of the
cylinder e and toothed guide plate d, nor any other part of the machine taken
separately; but what I claim is the application of the toothed guide plate d
and cylinder e to machinery for opening and separating the fibres of cop
bottoms and other thread waste, whether the same are used in combination
with or independently of each other. And I also claim the toothed guide
plate d when used in combination with cylinders covered with rigid or non-
elastic teeth.
My improvements in carding cotton and other fibrous substances consist in
giving a certain degree of stiffness to the teeth of card-clothing, and at the
same time avoiding the extreme rigidity, and consequent breaking of them,
which takes place when they are set in metallic plates.
Figs. 8, 9, and 10, on Sheet 2, represent three views of a piece of card fillet
suitable for covering rollers employed in machinery for carding flax or coarse
wool or cotton waste or other fibrous substances; and Fig. 11 is a side view of
a piece of very strong card clothing, suitable for the main cylinders c and n¹,
represented in Fig. 1 of the same Drawing. The fillet or sheet of leather or
other suitable material P is perforated, and the teeth g set in it, in the usual
manner, care being taken that the spaces between each row of teeth are in a
straight line. Within these spaces, and between the respective rows of teeth,
there are placed horizontal wires K, of about the same diameter as the breadth
of the spaces. These horizontal wires are in contact with the card teeth near
their base, and afford a bearing point. or support for the teeth immediately
above the surface of the leather or other material in which they are set. The
ends of the horizontal wires are beut at right angles in the form of a long
staple, see Fig. 10, and are passed, through the leather or other material near

page_text: its margin, and rivetted at the under side of the same. It will be observed,
that when the bend of the teeth is made at the upper surface of the leather or
other material, they are not so liable when in use to be again bent at the.
same point, for a new fulcrum or bearing point is presented to them by the
horizontal wires R. It is in some cases advantageous to secure the card,
clothing on to the cylinder by winding a strand or strands of annealed wire
around the card clothing and between the teeth of the cards. These binding-
on wires cross the supporting wires R at right angles or nearly so, and
prevent the card clothing from coming loose, which it is otherwise apt to do,
by the centrifugal force given to it when the cylinder to which it is attached
revolves at a great velocity.
C
I claim the application of horizontal wires to support the teeth of card
clothing, as herein-before described, and represented in Figs. 8, 9, 10, and 11
of Sheet 2 of the annexed Drawings. And I also claim the method of securing
card clothing on to cylinders by strands of wire, as herein-before described.
My improvements in machinery for spinning and doubling consist of certain
improvements in the ring and traveller throstle, and are represented in the
various Figures on Sheet 3 of the Drawings. Figure 1 is a transverse
sectional elevation of a throstle. to which some of my improvements are
applied. Fig. 2 is a front elevation and Fig. 3 a plan view of the same:
Fig. 4 is a full-sized view of part of the spindle, with the ring and traveller and
guide wires, through which the thread or yarn passes.
:
The first part of my Invention consists in the application of an intermediate
guide for the yarn placed between the ordinary guide and the ring. and
traveller, for the purpose of equalizing the draught while winding the yarn on
all parts of the cop.
The second part of my Invention consists in a new and improved me-
chanism for actuating and changing the speed of the upward and down-
ward motions of the ring and traveller rail for governing the winding of
the yarn in forming cops. In Figs. 1, 2, and 3, A is the framing; B, the
roller beam; C, the drawing rollers; D), the spindles; E, the rings and
travellers; and F, the thread guides of the ordinary construction.. L is the
thread or yarn, and G the intermediate guides attached to the rail Z, which
has an up-and-down motion imparted to it, as will be explained hereafter.
The guides G surround the spindles, and have an opening on one side. They
constitute the first part of my Invention, being for the purpose of equalizing
the draught on the yarn while it is wound from a large to a small circum-
ference. They also keep the yarn from expanding by its centrifugal force.
When the yarn is winding on a circumference which nearly fills the ring it

page_text: pulls upon the traveller almost in the direction of the circumference of the
ring, thereby producing a light draught on the yarn; but when the yarn is
winding on to a small circumference it pulls less in the direction of the circum-
ference of the ring, and more at right angles to it, thereby producing a harder
draught on the yarn. The less acute the angle of the yarn is between the
guide F and the ring E, as seen at M in Fig. 4, the less will be the stress on
the yarn.
By making use of the guide G, I am enabled to use lighter
travellers that when the said guides are not employed; and when the rail O,
with the rings and travellers, descends, and the yarn is winding on to the
largest circumference of the cop, the guides G are also descending, and the
yarn consequently forms a more acute angle, as seen at N in Fig. 4, thereby
producing a harder draught on the yarn, the amount of draught being about
equal to the draught while the yarn is winding on the small circumference.
As the rings and travellers rise, and the yarn begins to wind on to the smaller
circumference of the cop, the intermediate guides G begin to rise also; and as
they approach the ordinary guides F the angle of the yarn becomes less acute,
thereby lessening the stress or draught on the yarn. I, I, are two bent levers
fixed upon the shaft J, which support the rail Z, in which the intermediate
guides G are fixed, as seen best in Fig. 4. The rail Z is raised and lowered
by the arm Q, fixed on the shaft W, and by the rod P, connected below to
the arm Q by a small chain, and above to the lever K, which is fast on the
shaft J. On this shaft is also fixed the disk K', which has a notch in it for
the catch K² to drop in, so as to hold up the intermediate guides G during
the operation of doffing. H, H, are two rods attached to the rail Z for
guiding it, and R is the drum for driving the spindles.
The second part of my Invention consists of the lever U, which is furnished
with the curves U₁ and U2. The lever U is connected to the pulley W1, fast
to the shaft W, by the chain T, and actuates the rail O with the rings and
travellers by means of the rod Z' connected below to the chains Z2, fixed to
the pulleys W, which are fast on the shaft W. A constant and uniform up-
and-down motion is given to the lever U by the rollers S, mounted on studs
fixed on the disk S¹ fast on the shaft S2. This shaft is driven from the
drum R by bevel wheels, as seen in Figs. 1 and 2. The curve U2, which is
now bearing on one of the rollers S, is for raising the rail O, with the rings
and travellers, so as to wind the yarn in nearly horizontal coils; and the
curve U¹ is for lowering the said rail sufficiently fast for laying what is called
the binding thread on the cop. In order that it may be undertsood what is
meant by the term "binding thread as applied to a cop, I would remark,
that after the yarn or thread. has been regularly wound upwards on the

page_text: spindle, the ring and traveller rail is suddenly and quickly dropped or
depressed, so as to cause the yarn to wind downwards from or near the point
of commencement, and over that before wound on. The ring and traveller
rail O is again raised up with a slower motion, thereby laying the yarn
gradually upwards and over the binding thread before mentioned. These
operations are repeated throughout the cop until it is regularly built up in the
form required. When the operation of building a set of cops first commences
it is necessary to give a longer traverse to the rail Z, with the intermediate
guides G, than to the ring and traveller rail O, and for this purpose I have
made use of the arm Q, which is attached by a chain to the rod P. As the
set of cops fills up, the ratchet wheel Y, which is fixed on the end of a short
shaft working in bearings attached to the lever U, is gradually turned round
by coming against a pendant catch Y¹, and as one end of the chain T is fast to
the shaft of the ratchet wheel Y, and the other to the pulley W1, it is evident
that the turning round of the ratchet wheel Y will wind up the chain T on
its shaft, thereby imparting a slight motion to the shaft W, which actuates the
arm Q, and causes the chain that connects it to the rod P to wind around
the shaft W, thereby giving the shorter traverse to the railZand intermediate
guides G. The winding of the chain T on the shaft of the ratchet wheel Y
also produces the required gradual ascent of the ring and traveller rail O by
winding the chains Z on to the pulleys W. The method of driving the
drawing rollers and various other details are not shewn in the Drawing, as
they form no part of my Invention, and may be made in any convenient way.
Fig. 5 of Sheet 3 represents a transverse sectional elevation of a ring and
traveller throstle, to which another of my improvements is applied. Fig. 6 is
a front elevation of the same. As many parts of this machine are similar to
those described with reference to Figs. 1, 2, and 3, they are marked with
corresponding letters, and do not require to be more particularly referred to.
The ring and traveller rail O.is sustained in position by the upright rods H,
each of which has one end of a chain Z attached to its lower end. The upper
end of the said chain is secured to the upper part of the periphery of one of
the two pulleys W2, which are affixed on a long horizontal shaft W. This
shaft is supported in suitable bearings, and has another pulley W¹fixed upon
it. A chain T is attached to the front part of the pulley W₁, and passes
underneath and partially around it, and is carried upwards and attached to the
front end of the lever U, which moves up and down upon a fulcrum at U5..
This lever U has a long angular projection U extending downwards from it,
and resting upon the external surface of what may be termed the "regulator"
S, which constitutes my present improvement, and effects the same object as

page_text: the inclined surfaces U₁ and U2, acted upon by the rollers S, represented and
particularly described with reference to Figs. 1, 2, and 3. The regulator S is
placed upon a long horizontal shaft, and is made to revolve by a pulley and
band, or by any other convenient means. Eig. 7 is a detached view of the
regulator, and of the parts in connection therewith, by which the regulator is
made to slide upon the shaft. S' is a long toothed rack, one end of which has
a projection taking into a longitudinal groove in the shaft S2, and the other
end has a collar plate, which enters into a circular groove formed between two
shoulders at the small end of the regulator. The regulator is furnished with a
key, which also enters into the groove in the shaft. By this means it is
capable of rotating with the shaft, and of.moving lengthwise upon it. The
teeth of the rack S' gear into the pinión S3, fixed upon a transverse shaft S4,
which is turned round by suitable gearing in such a manner as to cause the
pinion S³ to act upon the rack S!; and gradually draw the regulator towards
it while the operation of building the cop is effected. The regulator is to be
made of such a shape that when it is made to revolve, and moved towards
the pinion S³, it imparts to the lever U such vertical ascendinganddescending
movements as will cause it to operate on the rail O (through the mechanism
intervening between them, and herein-before.described), and impart to it the
necessary movements to ensure the building of the cop of the required shape,
and with a binding thread, the object of which has been pointed out with
reference to Figs. 1, 2, and 3.
I will now proceed to describe the peculiar construction of the regulator, by
which the above movements are obtained. Fig. 8 is a side elevation on an
enlarged scale. Fig. 9 is another elevation taken on a plane at right angles
to the plane on which Fig. 8 is taken. Fig. 10 is a transverse section taken
at or near the line a, b, in Fig. 8. Fig. 11 is a transverse section at the
line c, d. Fig. 12 is an end elevation. Fig. 13 is a transverse section at the
small end. Fig 14 exhibits the Figs. 10, 11, 12, and 13 projected on one
plane in their relative positious with regard to each other. A regulator of
the shape herein described and represented is calculated to make a cop having
a cylindrical body and conical ends. If a cop of any other shape is desired,
the form of the regulator must be changed accordingly, but it must still
contain the addition of that part which causes the depression of the rail ().at
the proper times and in the proper manner to lay the binding threads. The
arrows in the section indicate the direction in which the regulator revolves;
and on examining the Drawing it will be seen that they are excentric, the
position of the shaft being shewn on them. Consequently, when the regulator
revolves (supposing the lateral motion to be stopped) it will first gradually

page_text: raise the lever U and the rail O to the extent of the excentricity of the
regulator taken at that part where the projection U is working, thereby
laying a succession of coils round the cop, and afterwards suddenly lowering
the said lever U. and rail O for the purpose of laying the binding thread over.
the coil, previously laid on while the said rail was ascending. Incommencing
to build a cop it is necessary that the projection U on the lever U should be
acting at the small end of the regulator; and as the operation of building the
cop continues the regulator is gradually pulled in the direction of the arrow
in Fig. 6 by the rack and pinion already described; consequently the.
regulator not only imparts the requisite gradual rise and sudden fall to the
ring and traveller rail O, but also gradually raises the level at which the same
works so as to build a cop of the form shewn in Fig. 4. The amount of fall.
for laying the binding threads may be varied in different parts of the cop, as
seen in Fig. 14, in which the greatest fall is given at about the middle of the
cop. I am aware that there may be various modes for producing what may
be termed the additional rise of the rail O, in order to build up the cop. For
instance, the whole regulator may be made parallel instead of conical, and the
lever U, and the parts in connexion therewith, may be arranged in a frame,
which frame may be regularly and properly elevated by suitable mechanism,
and the same effect produced as by the regulator S above described. And I
wish it to be distinctly understood that I do not intend to limit myself to the
precise form of the regulator herein represented, but that the same may be
varied according to circumstances.
And I claim,-
First, the application of the intermediate guide G, encircling the spindle as
herein-before described, and shewn in Figs. 1, 2, 3, and 4 of Sheet 3 of the
Drawings, when applied to ring and traveller throstles.
Secondly, I claim the mechanism for giving motion to the ring and
traveller rail O, as above described, with reference to Figs. 1, 2, and 3.
And, lastly, I claim the regulator as described and as represented in
Figs. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14, for giving motion to the ring and
traveller rail O.
My improvements in machinery for twisting cotton and other fibrous
substances, are represented on Sheet 4 of the antiexed Drawings, and consist
of an improved combination of parts applicable to machines for twisting shawl
fringe and other articles of the same description..
Fig. 1 is an end elevation of the machine; Fig. 2 is another elevation, from
which the main frame has been removed; and Fig. 3 is a front elevation,
representing about one half of the machine, the width of which can be varied

page_text: to suit the particular class of work for which it is intended. The shawls of
which the fringes are to be twisted are wound upon the beam A; they are
then carried upwards, as represented by the red line, and pass over the binder
roller B and toothed belt wheels C. These wheels are set at an angle, and
revolve upon studs, as seen at Fig. 3, in which view only one is represented.
The angle of the wheel C is such that the teeth on the belt D, which passes
over this wheel, enter the fringe at about the centre. When the machine is in
motion the slawl passes forward over the wheels C, and the teeth of the belts D
gradually comb out the fringe until they arrive at the selvage.. The action
is then to stretch the shawl to the required tension to bring the fringe straight.
When the shawl has passed over the wheels C it passes between the guide
bars E, which are grooved out to admit the belts D, and are for the purpose
of keeping the belts distended and straight. As the shawl gradually moves
forward it comes to the bent rods F, one of which is placed at each end of the
machine, and in such a position as to come into the centre of the fringe.
These bent rods are sufficiently inclined to press the fringe of the shawl down
to the bottom of the first twisting wheel H, as shewn in blue dots in Fig. 2.
The finger G then comes into operation. This finger is set in motion by a
crank G', and it has a bearing G2 attached to a small bent stand. The office
of this finger is to take a certain number of threads of the fringe, and to draw
them forward over the end of the rod F, and into contact with the surface of
the twisting wheel H, by the rotation of which the threads are carried forward
between the surface of the wheel H and the inside of the stationary shell I,
by which process they are twisted. The wheels H are made with two small
flanges, having leather or india rubber between them; and their action on the
threads is to twist them together, and carry them forward until they arrive at
the recess in the plate J. A small notch is formed in the shell I, in which
the single-twisted threads are stopped by the little plate J until another single-
twisted thread, having been brought forward by the wheel H, arrives at the
same notch. The finger K is then brought into action. This finger is set in
motion by the crank K¹, which only performs one revolution for two revo-
lutions of the crank.G'. By this means two single-twisted threads of fringe
have time to arrive at the recess in the plate J, and are acted. upon by the
finger K, which hooks around them, and brings them forward under the twist
wheel N. The finger K has also a bearing at K2, and the twist wheel N is
furnished with a shell O, between which and the wheel N the two single-
twisted fringes are twisted together, thereby completing the operation. The
shawl then passes forward between the two rollers P and P, and is afterwards

page_text: wound upon a beam or otherwise disposed of. The method of communicating
motion to the various parts of the machine is clearly shewn in the Drawings,
and does not require to be particularly described.
I claim the novel combination of parts for twisting shawl fringe and other
articles of the same description as shown and described with reference to
Figs. 1, 2, and 3 of Sheet 4 of the annexed Drawings.
My improvements in machinery or apparatus for weaving are represented
on Sheets 5 and 6 of the annexed Drawings, and relate particularly to looms
for. weaving that class of figured fabrics produced by the aid of the jacquard
apparatus. The nature of my said improvements.consists, first, in the
arrangement and combination of harness shafts or hars as a substitute for the
knot cord, by which means the mail cords or heddles of the knot cord are
distributed at any required distance apart, and disconnected from each other
along the length of the horizontal harness shafts or bars, by which a much less
angle is given to the mail cords or heddles, and a more uniform strain upon
the warp is obtained, thereby rendering the loom particularly applicable to
broad work also by making each mail cord or heddle independent of every
other, and capable of being transferred from any one harness shaft to any
other harness sliaft or bar, the operator is enabled to change the mounting or
cording with greater facility than by the mode heretofore adopted; secondly,
in an improved mode of producing the rotary motion of the jacquard prism,;
and, lastly, in improved mechanism by which the threads of the warp that are
raised to form the figure, and those threads of the warp that are not required
to be raised, are moved simultaneously in opposite directions.
I
In Sheet 5, Fig. 1 represents an isometrical perspective elevation of a loom
to which my improvements are applied; Fig. 2 is a transverse section taken
through the pattern prism and jacquard apparatus; and Fig. 3 is a side
elevation; on an enlarged scale, of the apparatus for giving motion to the
pattern prism, and of the parts in connection therewith. In Fig. 1 of Sheet 5
A denotes the loom frame; B, the lay of the loom; C, the breast beam;
and D, the frame of the improved jacquard. apparatus. In the ordinary
harness fancy loom the heddles, through which the threads of the warp.are
drawn, are connected to a series of harness shafts, which are arranged near to
and just above and below the threads of the warp. Such a disposition of
these harness shafts, owing to the size and room occupied by each one of
them, renders it often very difficult to introduce a sufficient number of them
for weaving certain figured fabrics. Thegreat amount of room occupied by the
harness shafts when so disposed not only prevents the workmen from obtaining
free access to the warp. threads when a breakage occurs, but also renders it

page_text: the warp.
difficult to obtain the necessary motion of the back harness, in order to insure
the required amount of opening or shed of the warp, without producing an
undue strain
upon the warp that is carried by the back harnesses. In the ordi-
nary jacquard loom the several mail cords or heddles are fastened together at
their upper end in a compact bundle or hank, usually termed a knot cord,
there being the same number as there are needles or distinct movements of
In the improved loom I-dispense with the use of this knot cord,
and employ in its stead a series of bars or shafts, as seen at a, a, in Figs. 1
and 2, each of these bars being supported by two vertical wire rods b, b',
which have hooks on their upper extremities. The said rods b, b¹, pass
through the eyes of a horizontal wire c, against one end of which the pattern
card of the prism is made to operate in the usual manner. The lifting frames
of the several hook wires are seen at d, and the pattern prism at e. The
Drawings upon Sheet 6 are intended to illustrate the position of the hole
board, mail cords, harness shafts, and knot cords.
'
In Sheet 5, Fig. 4 shews the position of one knot cord as used in the
jacquard loom of the usual construction for narrow cloth; and Fig. 7, in
Sheet 6, shews my improvement on the same, both being front views.
Fig 5 shews the position of two knot cords as used in the jacquard loom of
the ordinary construction for wide cloth; and Fig. 6 shews my improvement
on the same, both being front views. Fig. 8 shews an end view of the
harness, shafts, mail cords, and hole board of the improved construction
⚫herein described. The horizontal harness shafts or bars a, a, in Figs. 6, 7,
and S, on Sheet 6, are of such a length as to extend, when desired, over the
whole breadth of the warp or web, and have at nearly equal distances apart and
throughout their whole length hooks 19, or pins or holes, so made or affixed
as to receive the upper ends of the mail cords or heddles, which are attached
'to the hooks, pins, or holes by a loop or in any other convenient manner.
By this arrangement I distribute the many mail cords or heddles of a con-
fined knot cord 20, in Fig. 5, at nearly equal distances apart, and discon-
nected from each other along the length of one of the said bars, as seen at
19, 19, in Fig. 6. It will be perceived, by reference to Fig. 5, that the mail
cord 21, 20, is of greater length than the mail cord 22, 20, and that the
angle H, 21, 20, is much less than the angle H, 22, 20. In consequence of
this difference, the motion of the knot cord 20, when it is raised vertically by
the action of the jacquard apparatus, does not lift the mail cords at opposite
ends of the hole board H, to the same vertical height with reference to each
other; the eyes, with their respective threads of warp, do not occupy one
horizontal plane, which it is desirable that they should do, and which result I
.

page_text: attain by the use of the horizontal.harness bar, with its attached parts,as herein
described. When the length of the harness bar a, a, is equal to the whole
breadth of the web,the mail cord 1,, in Fig. 6, would take the position 1, E,
and the mail cord 2, f, would take the position 2, G, and every one of the
mail cords, as seen in a front view, would be perpendicular.to the hole board.
Whatever may be the length of the harness bars,all crossing of the mail cords
or heddlesis avoided(as seen in the front view)in every style of mounting that
may be required. I consider this last described improvement as essentially
important in the weaving of broad goods, such as shawls, table cloths, and the
like, upon powerlooms, thelateral vibratory motion of the warp being prevented,
and the strain upon the threads of the warp that form the selvages being
no greater than in the middle of the web. The horizontal harness bars a,a,
Fig. 8, being placed side by side and parallel with each other, the operator
can at pleasure transfer the mail cords or heddles from one bar to another,
so as to produce almost any mounting required, without materially altering
the position of the mail or eye. Thus the mail cord 3, 7, may be placed in
the position 3, 18; and 4, 13, may take the position 4, 7. In this manner
the looms may be changed from one style of goods to another that requires a
different mounting or tye, with great dispatch and at a trifling expense.
A loop is shewn at S. Figs. 7 and 8, so formed at the top of the mail cords
as to allow of a slight variation in their length when the changes last referred
to are required. The greatest deviation from a vertical line that can be made
by any one of the mail cords occurs when the cord that is attached to the
front harness shaft 7 is applied to the back harness shaft 18. The hole board
or guide bar H is constructed in the same manner and occupies the same
position as in the common jacquard loom. The employment of the series
of harness bars in connection with the guide bar H admits of an increase in
the number of the said harness bars to any extent which may be desirable,
it being understood that my improvement is particularly applicable to broad.
looms for weaving figured fabrics, in which a repetition of the figure or
pattern occurs at short intervals. The pattern prism has its journals sup-
ported by two horizontal slide rods m, see Figs. 1 and 3, in Sheet 5, which
are simultaneously moved by arms o, o, which extend downwards from a
horizontal shaft n. The shaft n is shewn in Fig. 3, and as having the
arm o extending from it, and with a crank made to enter an elongated
vertical slot made in a piece of metal S, extending upward from the slide
bar m.
The ratches wheel of the pattern prism is seen at t, and its pall
at . The said pall, having a hooked end, when it operates it gives motion to
the ratchet wheel, and being jointed at its other end to an arm v extending

page_text: from the rocker shaft n, as seen in the Drawing, the said rocker shaft has
a reciprocating rotary motion imparted to it, and causes the slide bars m to
move longitudinally back and forth so as to carry the pattern prism with
them. At the same time motion will be imparted to the draw pall in a
direction opposite to that in which the slide rods m'are moved; that is to say,
whenever the slide rods are drawn backward the pall will move forwards,
and vice versa.
From the same it will be seen that the movement of the
hook of the pall from one tooth of the ratchet wheel to the next succeeding
tooth is compounded or made up of the advance movement of the pattern
prism and its slide rod, and the forward movement of the pall; consequently
the pattern prism moves but half the distance and half the velocity that it
would if no longitudinal movement were given to the pall u. This not only
enables the loom to work at a greater velocity and produce a greater quantity
of cloth in a given time, but it greatly reduces the vibratory motion of tlie
pattern card,thereby making its action steady and uniform. In the common
jacquard loom the mail cords which lift the threads of the warp to form the
figure are raised to such a distance as to separate the shed, and allow the
shuttle to pass freely between the threads of the warp, those threads not
requiring to be lifted, retaining a fixed position; but by means of the improved
mechanism shewn in Fig. 9, of Sheet 6, I cause that part of the warp that
does not require to be lifted to recede or fall downwards at the same instant
that the part of the warp first mentioned rises, by which means I am enabled
to obtain the proper opening of the shed, by moving the lifting frame but one
half the distance usually required. In consequence of this the velocity of
the motion of the mail cords and warp is reduced one half,thus rendering the
movement of the warp more uniform, and the warp itself less liable to be
broken.
In Fig. 8, represents the vertical rod which gives motion to the lifting
frame d, to which it is firmly fastened by the set screw 1. At a suitable
distance below the lifting frame, a pin 7 is inserted in the lifting rod z, and
projects from the rod through a slot 8, which is cut in the ends of the levers 2
and 4. These levers are supported and have their fulcrum at or near the
centre of their length, the pin or stud upon which they turn being fastened to
any convenient part of the frame. At the end of each lever, opposite to the
slot above mentioned, a horizontal rod or bar is attached at right angles with
the levers, and of sufficient length to support the ends of all the harness bars
or shafts a, a. The harness shafts a, a, rest upon the horizontal bars attached
to the levers 2 and 4,and partake of their motion, except when they are raised
by the lifting framed. The upward motion of the lifting rod with its pin

page_text: raises the ends of the levers 2 and 4, while at the same time the opposite ends
of these levers of are depressed, thus separating the shed to the full distance
required, while the harness shafts a, a,move but half that distance. I am fully
aware of the facilities and advantages resulting from the use of the jacquard
loom as heretofore, constructed, and do not intend to convey the idea that it is
to be superseded by the above-described Invention, when figures of great size
are to be produced, and which require the use of from two hundred to six
hundred or more needles or knot cords; but the great utility of my improve.
ments begin to be developed at the point where the harness fancy loom
ceases to be useful (especially when driven by power), and it is most available
for the purposes herein described when operated with from twenty to eighty
needles.
I claim, first, the horizontal harness shafts or bars of such length as may be
desired (according to the width of the cloth), upon which the several mail
cords or heddles which constitute the harness or entire mounting are distri-
buted at any required distance from each other, together with their hooks,
pins, loops, or holes, upon or in which the several mail cords or heddles, which
are caused to be raised or operated upon by one needle or distinct movement,
are separately fastened; or attached, as herein-before described, and shewn in
Sheets 5 and 6 of the annexed Drawings.
Secondly, the improved mechanism for producing the rotation of the pattern
prism, the same consisting in combining with the machinery which advances
the pattern prism, other mechanism which at the same time produces a
movement of the draw pall in an opposite direction, as described.
And, lastly, the improved mechanism herein described, by which the threads
of the warp that are raised to form the figure, and those threads of the warp
that are not required to be raised, are moved simultaneously in opposite
directions.
My Improvements in Machinery or Apparatus for Knitting are represented
on Sheets 7 and 8 of the accompanying Drawings, and consists in certain
improved combinations of parts applicable to the machines known to persons
conversant with this class of machinery as the Plain Circular Rotary Knitting
Machine. On Sheet 7, Fig. 1, is an end elevation of the machine. Fig. 2
is a side elevation of the same. On Sheet S, Fig. 3 is a plan, and Fig. 4
represent detached views of the needles and yarn carriers in different positions.
In Figs. 1, 2, and 3, A. is the driving wheel fixed on the same shaft as the pinion
B, gearing into the wheel D; which gives motion to the wheels C and E, and
to the two shafts F, F, on which they are fixed. The cylinder M has an
upward and downward motion imparted to it by the cams G, G, fixed on the

page_text: shafts F, F, acting on the cross rails I; I, from which project the uprights J,J.
The cylinder M is connected to the uprights J, by the connecting arms X.
Qrepresents the needles, and P the leads into which they are fixed. These
leads are connected to the cylinder M by screws, as clearly shown in the
Drawing, and consequently move up and down with the cylinder, which has
also a rotary motion given to it by the ratchet wheel N, catch O, and feed
stand W. The catch O is supported by a bracket V attached to one of the
uprights J, and therefore moves up and down with it. It has a joint near
the end coming in contact with the ratchet wheel N, and is held in its place
by a small elliptical spring. The other end of the catch O is bevel, and it is
held against the feed stand W by a spiral spring wound round it, one end of
the said spring bearing against a part of the bracket V, and the other end.
against a pin in the catch O. By this arrangement, when the uprights J, J,
rise, the bevelled extremity of the catch O comes in contact with the inclined
plane on the feed stand W, which throws it forward the distance of one tooth
of the ratchet wheel N, thereby causing the cylinder M to rotate through a
portion of a circle equal to the distance between the teeth of the ratchet
wheel N. Upon the shafts F, F, are also fixed the cam's H, H, which impart
an upward and downward motion to the rods K, K, and to the yarn carrier
ring U, which is connected to the rods K by the arms S, S, and screws Y, Y,
as clearly shown in the Drawing. The yaru carrier ring U communicates a
concentric motion to the yarn carrier R, by means of the inclined circular
grooves in the ring T, seen best in Fig. 4, and by the inclined projections on
the ring U. The operation ofk nitting is performed in the following manner:
--Each carrier R is furnished with a separate thread or yarn forming its own
loop; that is to say, as soon as the needle beards in rising pass the depressors
Z, see Figs. 3 and 4, the cylinder M revolves through that portion of a revo-
lution equal to one tooth of the ratchet wheel N. This brings the threads
across the needles and below the needle beards. The carriers R then enter
between each needle, and the cylinder M then moves downwards so as to leave
the threads under the needle beards; and when the beards of the needles
come in contact with the depressors Z, they are pressed into the eyes of the
needles, thereby inclosing the thread under the needle beard, which then passes
through the stitch previously made, leaving the stitch so as to pass over the
needle on to the thread, thereby making a new stitch.
Having now described the nature and particulars of my Improvements in
Machinery or Apparatus for Knitting, I claim,-
First, the yarn carries R, and the method of putting them in operation, as
described and shewn in Sheets 7 and 8 of the annexed Drawings.

page_text: Secondly, I claim an independent sliding yarn carrier and thread for each
needle.
And, lastly, I claim the peculiar construction of the carrier ring U, or any
modification of the same.
My Improvements in Machinery for Packing are represented in Sheet 9 of
the annexed Drawings, Fig. 1 being a transverse sectional elevation, and
Fig. 2 a plan view of a machine for baling and pressing cotton and certain
other substances. Fig. 2 is a section of a part of another modification of the
same machine. It has heretofore been customary to apply pressure by
means of a platen or follower directly to the whole mass to be packed
This of necessity requires great power, and if the substances be matted
and in uneven lumps the whole mass cannot be well condensed. By my
Invention cotton and certain other substances can be condensed into less
compass and by less power than heretofore, whilst at the same time the
said substances can be unpacked to more advantage for the purpose of
manufacture.
The first part of my Invention consists in packing cotton and certain other
substances in a series of successive layers or strata, by the action of a roller
or rollers or cylinders, or curved or bevelled faces on the surface thereof, the
pressure being in succession applied to one or more such layers or strata,
whereby the substance to be packed is more evenly distributed, and therefore
in a condition to be condensed into a more compact mass, and with less power,
because the power is divided and applied by the surface of the roller or rollers,
or their equivalents, to a small portion of the surface of each layer, instead of
to the whole mass at once.
The second part of my Invention, which relates to the means for applying
the first part of my Invention, consists in combining with rcllers or cylinders,
or their equivalents, for laying or compressing in successive layers or strata,
a bed which shall recede from the surface of the rollers or cylinders as the
layers or strata accumulate, and which either traverses back and forth under
them, or over which they traverse from end to end, to distribute the layers or
strata.
The third part of my Invention consists in combining with a press for
packing and pressing substances in successive layers or strata, by means of
rollers or cylinders or their equivalents, a lapping machine for laying or form-
ing the fibrous substance or substances to be packed into a lap or laps prepa-
ratory to the operation of laying and pressing.
The fourth part of my Invention consists in combining with each of the
laying and compressing rollers or their equivalents a series of rollers or their

page_text: equivalents for retaining the layers in their compressed state, as the bed
traverses under them.
The fifth part of my Invention consists in making the bed of the press
without sides or ends, to admit of the traversing motion for laying, and the
depressing motion for yielding, as the substance is packed, and to give free
access to the ends and sides for baling, in combination with a carriage, which
is provided with the requisite means for giving the required movements, the
said carriage being provided with end plates to adjust the ends of the layers
or strata, as they are laid or pressed.
And the last part of my Invention consists in combining with the end
plates attached to the carriage for adjusting the ends of the layers a perma-
nent plate at the outer end of each series of rollers, and a little below them,
so situated that the upper surface of the end adjusting plates as they slide
with the carriage shall pass under and in contact with them, to push into
place any portion of the layers which may have been carried by the rollers on
to the upper surface of the end plates.
In the accompanying Drawings a represents an appropriate frame, which
may, however, be varied at the discretion of the constructor, and b, a carriage
adapted to slide longitudinally between the sides thereof. This carriage is a
quadrangular frame, the barsc, c, of which project beyond the ends, with their
under edges flat and straight, to run on truck rollers d, which in turn rest
and run on appropriate ways e, e, attached to the inner surface of the side
frames, or made part thereof, of sufficient strenght to resist with safety the
pressure to be applied. The upper edges of the bars c, c, are formed with
rack teeth, which are driven by the cogs of two wheels f, f, one for each rack,
and on the opposite ends of two laying and pressing cylinders g, g, and by
means of which the carriage receives its reciprocating movement in manner
to be hereafter described. The frame of the carriage carries four vertical
screws h, h, arranged near the four corners, the said screws being provided
with journals near their upper ends, fitted to turn in appropriate boxes secured
to the carriage frame. The upper ends of these screws have bevil pinions i, i,
which are driven by corresponding pinions j, j, on two side shafts h, k, which
have their bearings in the end pieces of the carriage frame, and which project
beyond them, and carry other bevel pinions 7, 1, which gear into corresponding
pinions m, m, on two cross shafts n, n, one at each end, so as to gear together
the four shafts that all may turn in unison, and thereby cause the four screws
to turn in unison also. The bed o of the press is properly grooved to
receive the cords, hoops, or other means for tying up the bales, and is secured
to the top of a plate p (or made part thereof), the four corners of which are

page_text: threaded to fit into the four screws, so that as these are turned to the right
or left the said bed is elevated or depressed. The two cross shafts n, n, each
carry a toothed or ratchet wheel g, g, the cogs of which, as the carriage
reciprocates, alternately strike two hands or catches r, 7, attached to the frame,
and thus turn the system of pinions and shafts, and by them the four screws,
by which the bed is depressed at each operation the distance required for one
layer. For the purpose of elevating or depressing the bed, independently of
the reciprocating. motion of the carriage which is required at each complete
operation, one of the cross shafts n is geared with a short shaft s, provided at
its outer end with a crank handle or winch t. The bed can be carried up by
the four screws so high as to come in contact with the periphery of the two
cylinders g, g, and down so low as to discharge freely a bale of the required
size after it has been packed thereon. The two cylinders g, g, are placed
sufficiently far apart to leave a space between them for the free passage of a
lap of the substance or substances to be packed outside of the two cylinders,
and on the same horizontal plane as the lower part thereof there. two
series of rollers u, u, arranged in parallel lines, with their peripheries nearly
touching. They have each a pinion on one end, the cogs of which gear into
the racks on the carriage so as to be turned thereby. The said pinions are
arranged alternately on opposite ends, and the diameters of the rollers and
cylinders must be the same as the pitch line of their cog wheels and pinions,
so that they shall move with the same velocity as the carriage. Just above
the space between the two cylinders g, g, there is a main shaft w, having its
bearings in the side frames, and this shaft carries two cog wheels wl, which
gear into and turn the two cog wheels fon the two cylinders g, g, and on the
outer end of this main shaft there is a mangle wheel of the usual construc
tion, operated by a mangle pinion y on the driving shaft z, ou which the
driving pulley is fixed. By the continuous rotation of the driving shaft
the mangle wheel gives the required reciprocating rotary motion to the cylin-
ders and rollers, and a rectilinear motion to the carriage and bed, in conse-
quence of which the carriage and bed iraverse back and forth its whole length
under the cylinders and rollers, which have a rolling action on the surface of
the bed or any substance placed thereon. At each end of the carriage there
is a plate a' laid on the top thereof, and held in place by turn buttons. The
inner edges of these plates serve the purpose of adjusting the edges of the
lap, as it is folded over at each motion of the carriage; and at each end of
the frame, just below each series of rollers, there is a permanent plate c', c', so
situated that towards the end of each motion of the carriage one of the adjust-
ing plates passes under one of them, and in contact with it, to push within its
D

page_text: inner edge any portion of the substance to be packed which may have lodged on
the surface of the adjusting plate, which, if not removed, would in a short time
clog the operation of the machine, and finally break it. Within a cylin-
drical casing d¹ placed above the machine, and in front of the main shaft,
there is a cylinder e', made of wire gauze or perforated sheet metal, hung on a
hollow shaft, that turns on an inner shaft g', which has its bearings in the
side frames a. The inner shaft carries an exhausting fan h¹, of the usual
construction, rotated by a band passing around a pulley j¹ from some first
mover that may rotate with sufficient velocity to exhaust the inside of the
perforated cylinder, which is turned with a slow motion by a train of wheels
and pinions ¹, m³, n¹, and o¹, deriving motion from the driving shaft z. The
casing of the lap cylinder has a large opening p¹ in front to receive cotton or
other fibres from a cotton gin or other picker, and a narrow opening 'on the
opposite side, in front of which is placed a pair of rollers,, geared together
at one end by two pinions s', s¹, and having a like pinion t¹, on the opposite
end, which gears into the cog wheel o' on the shaft of the perforated cylinder
by which the rollers are operated. When the machine is used for packing,
pressing, and baling cotton, the purpose for which it is mainly intended,
it is so situated relatively to a cotton gin that the fibres of cotton from the
brush of the gin will be thrown through the aperture or opening p' on to the
surface of the perforated cylinder as it rotates slowly, and there held by the
pressure of air caused bythe exhaustion of the cylinder inside, thus forminga lap
of cotton, which is drawn out partly condensed by the two rollers ¹, r¹. From
these the lap of cotton is carried through the space between the two laying
and pressing cylinders g, g, on to the bed o of the carriage, on which has
previously been placed the piece of canvas or other cloth for making the bale,
with the ropes or hoops for binding up the bale lying in the grooves. As the
bed is moved along by the carriage, the lap of cotton is carried along between
the bed and the rolling surface of one of the cylinders, and is there laid the
whole length of the bed, and compressed. At the end of this motion the lap
of cotton is carried against the inner edge of one of the adjusting plates a¹; the
motion of the carriage is then reversed by the shifting of the mangle motion,
as also the cylinder g, which folds the lap over, and carries it under the other
cylinder g, to lay and press the second layer on to the first, and so layer after
layer is added until the thickness required for a bale has been obtained.
the end of each operation the bed is let down to an extent equal to the
thickness of a compressed layer of lap by the turning of the four screws simul-
taneously, as one of the ratchet wheels or one of the cross shafts strikes one
of the catches or hands r, r.. So soon as the thickness required for a bale has
At

page_text: been obtained, the machine is stopped at the end of one of the traverse
motions, the lap is cut off, and then one of the adjusting plates a¹ is removed.
One end of a piece of canvass for the top of the bale, with the ropes or hoops,
is passed through, in the same manner as a lap, a sufficient distance over the
edge of the bale to be attached to the canvass and ropes or hoops near the
bottom, the carriage is then traversed over, the adjusting plate removed, and
the other end of the canvass and ropes or hoops passed through over the other
edge of the bale to be secured to the bottom, at this end, to complete the
bale. The bed o is then let down by turning the handle or winch t, and the
bale discharged. The bed is then carried up by the handle or winch to the
required distance from the bottom of the cylinders, to receive and press
the first lap of another bale. As the laps are successively laid and compresse d
by the cylinders g, they are retained in their compressed state by the series
of rollers beyond the cylinders, which thus constitute continuous and rolling
platens; but at the end of each motion of the carriage, when the lap is
turned over, some portions of it are liable to remain on the upper surface of
the adjusting plates, and when on their return motion these adjusting plates
pass under the stationary plates c¹, c', attached to the frame, all that lies on.
the surface of the adjusting plates is pushed off within their inner edges, and
thus all tendency to clog or choke the operation of the machine is removed.
Before introducing the canvass and ropes or bands for the top of the bale, the
adjusting plates must be removed, to admit of the insertion of the said canvass,
ropes, or bands, and for that reason they are made moveable, as above
specified. As the laps are successively compressed by the rolling action of the
cylinders they have no tendency to expand or spread out laterally, and hence
their is no necessity for closing up the sides and ends of the bed. But I have
contemplated in some instances preventing the lateral spreading of each lap,
at the time the pressure is applied, by either making the cylinders and rollers
or their equivalents with end flanches, or providing the sides of the carriage
with bars similar to the end adjusting plates. Packing presses may also
be constructed on the principle herein-before described, and represented in
Figs. 1 and 2, but with the alterations represented in Fig. 2. The
exhausting apparatus for making the lap being dispensed with, the cotton or
other substance is brought by an ordinary lapping cylinder to the laying and
pressing cylinders g. 9, before referred to; but these cylinders must be suffi-
ciently close together to make them answer the additional purpose of the two
condensing rollers r¹, r'. In this case the carriage would be driven directly by
a pinion on the mangle-wheel shaft geering into the rack on the carriage.
The series of rollers u,u,which retain the layers of laps in a compressed state,

page_text: may also be dispensed with, and permanent plates substituted in their stead;
but the foregoing or other variations in the construction may be adopted
without departing from the nature of my Invention; and I do not wish to
confine myself to the use of all the subordinate parts of my Invention in con-
nection, as in some instances some of these may be dispensed with. I claim,-
First, the packing or compressing cotton and certain other substances into
bales or packages in a series of successive layers or strata by means of rolling
pressure or its equivalents, as shewn in Figs. 1, 2, and 24, of Sheet 9, and as
described.
Secondly,combining with the laying and compressing rollers or cylinders, or
their equivalents, a bed which shall be gradually separated from the rollers or
cylinders, as the layers or strata accumulate, and which shall also traverse
from end to end under the rollers or cylinders, or vice versa, as above
described.
Thirdly, in combination with the cylinders for packing and pressing
substances in successive layers,a lapping apparatus for forming such substance
or substances into a lap or laps to be delivered to the rollers or cylinders, or
their equivalents, to be laid and pressed on to the bed, as described.
Fourthly, in combining with the laying and compressing cylinders or their
equivalents the series of rollers or their equivalents for retaining the layers or
strata as they are successively compressed, as described.
Fifthly, the bed made without sides or ends in the manner and for the
purpose specified, in combination with the carriage provided with adjusting
plates at the ends, as herein-before described.
And, finally, I claim, in combination with the adjusting plates at the ends
of the carriage, the stationary plates at the ends of the frame under which the
adjusting plates pass, to remove any substance that may have accumulated on
them, as described.
My Improvements in Machinery for Sewing are also represented on Sheet 9,
and consistinanimproved combination ofpartsforstitchingfabricstogether,and
in an improved shuttle. Fig.3 isa front elevation of the sewing machine,drawn
halfofthe real size. Fig.4isa plan of the same with the lid removed, to show the
construction of the interior. Fig.5 is a transverse sectional elevation of Fig. 3.
Fig. 6 is a section of my improved shuttle drawn full size. Fig. 7 is a detached
elevation, also drawn full size, of certain parts of the sewing machine for stopping
the feed when the thread from the shuttle fails. Fig. 8 is a plan of Fig. 7.
Fig. 9 is a front elevation and Fig. 10 a plan of certain parts applicable to the
machine shewn in Figs. 3,4,and 5, for sewing curved seams. In Figs. 3, 4, and 5,
Aisa drum to which rotary motion is imparted, either by hand or by any suitable

page_text: motive power. The curved groove A¹in the circumference of the drum A, and
seen best in Fig. 4, gives two motions in and out to the needle B for every
revolution of the drum, by means of the stud B1, which fits into the groove A¹,
and is screwed into the needle driver B. The needle driver is held vertical by
the clip B³, shewn by dotted lines in Fig. 3, and works in holes through the
lid of the box containing the drum A. The front end of the drum A is
furnished with two T-headed grooves A2, placed at right angles to each other,
for giving the requisite motion to the shuttle driver C. Into each of the
grooves A² a sliding block A³ is fitted, and on studs projecting from these
sliding blocks the connecting rod D is hiuged. By this arrangement the
shuttle is moved twice to and fro for every revolution of the drum A. I
wish to remark here, that if it is found desirable the curved groove A¹ can
be made to move the needle driver once in and out, and the connecting rod D
can be driven by a pin fixed in the face of the drum, so as to impart a single
to-and-fro motion to the shuttle driver C for each revolution of the drum A.
The right-hand end of the rod D is jointed to the shuttle driver C, and
it is furnished with a V-shaped recess, taking into a corresponding projection:
on the lid of the box, by which it is guided as it carries the shuttle E to and fro
The projection C¹ on the driver serves to bring the shuttle back after it has
been pushed forward to raise a stitch. The peculiar construction of the
shuttle is seen best in the detached view Fig. 6, and in the plan Fig. 4. The
two end pieces are of cast brass or other suitable metal, connected together by
side plates and by flat wires. The spool containing the thread for sewing is
supported at one end in a hole in the shuttle end, aud at the other end in a
small spring, which is constantly pressing against the shoulder of the spool, for
the purpose of causing tension on the thread during the operation of sewing.
The under side of the shuttle has projections taking into a groove in a rib pro-
jecting from the lower portion of the box, and the front of the shuttle tapers
down to a point which enters the said groove. F is an angle piece furnished
with pins F2, on which the fabrics to be stitched together are pinned, and
F1 is a thin blade of metal put on to the same pins as the fabrics, for holding
them together. The lower part of the angle piece F is cut with ratchet
teeth, as seen in the plan, Fig. 4, and the whole angle piece with the
fabrics attached to it is advanced the distance of one or more teeth for
every to-and-fro motion of the shuttle driver C, by means of the spring
catch F3, the upper end of which enters into a slot in the shuttle driver, seen
beat in Fig. S, and gears into the ratchet teeth of the angle piece F. The
catch F3 is made to spring in two directions, so that when it has moved the
rack F forward it springs backwards and sideways, to take hold of another
tooth. The shape of the upper part of the spring catch Ę is seen best in

page_text: Fig. 8. G is a spring clamp fixed to the top of the lid, and projecting beyond
the fabrics to be stitched. This clamp has a hole through it, to admit the
needle B. And H is a grooved pulley, on which the thread is wound for sup-
plying the needle B. In order to prevent the pulley H. from revolving too
freely, it bears upon a spring H', and above it are two set nuts, by regulating
which the drag on the thread can be adjusted to the greatest nicety. Upon
the shuttle driver C is hinged a lever C³, seen best in Figs. 4, 7, and 8, the
office of, which is to arrest the feeding in of the fabrics when the thread from
the spool in the shuttle E is expended or breaks. One end of the lever C³
works in a slot in the hind end of the shuttle, and the other end has a
hook C attached to it. Beyond the said hook there is a spring C5, with two
notches in it, to fit on to a pin fixed in the shuttle driver.. This spring and
pin hold the lever in one of two positions, in which it is placed when the
machine is at work. When the thread passes over the shuttle, as it must
do to make a stitch, it catches on the end of the lever C3, and moves it from
the position in which it is shewn in Figs. 4 and 8, into the position shewn
by dotted lines in Fig. 8. The hook C4 is then in position for striking against
the upper end of the spring catch F3, when the shuttle driver moves forward;
by which the rack F is caused to advance. By this means, so long as the
thread from the spool in the shuttle continues to act on the lever C3, the
fabrics to be stitched are fed forward; but should the thread fail the lever C3
remains in its place, and the hook C does not come against the spring F³,
and consequently the motion of the rack F is suspended until the thread is
pieced, or a fresh spool put into the shuttle. The projection C attached to
the lid of the box serves to push the lever C3 back into its original position
at every back stroke of the shuttle driver C. The operation of the machine
is as follows: When the fabrics to be stitched together (which are repre-
sented by brown lines in Fig. 5) have been secured on to the pins F2, and
the metal blade F has been put in its place over the fabrics, the thread from
the pulley H, shewn by blue lines in Fig. 5, is brought through a stud fixed
on the top of the machine, then through an eyelet hole H³, suspended by
cords from the said stud and from the needle driver B2, from whence it
descends, and is threaded through two holes in the needle B, and the end
secured to the fabric. The office of the eylet H³ is to allow the blue thread
to be slack when passing through the fabric, and to tighten it again when the
needle B is drawn out. In like manner the thread from the shuttle E, shewn
by red lines, is brought through the side of the shuttle, and secured to the
fabric. The drum A is then set in motion, and the needle B is made topass
through the eye in the clamp G, through the fabrics to be stitched, and
through a hole just below the level of the shuttle race, carrying with it the

page_text: double of the blue thread. After the needle has reached its furthest point in
it is moved out again for about an eighth of an inch, by means of the peculiar
shape of the groove A', seen in Fig. 4, which causes that part of the thread
above the needle to raise up a little, so that the point of the shuttle can insert
itself between the thread thus raised up and the needle. When the point of
the shuttle is thus inserted through the loop of the blue thread, the needle
is again moved in far enough to prevent the bottom of the shuttle from run-
ning over the thread, where it comes up through the eye of the needle, and
chafing it. The needle then remains stationary until the shuttle passes over
it, carrying a red thread coming from the spool, which it contains along with
it. When in this position the red thread is extended close by the inside of
the fabric, and the blue thread from the needle extends in through the fabric,
around the red thread coming from the shuttle, and out through the fabric
at the same place at which it came in. The needle then moves out to its
furthest point, when the thread passing through its eye is tightened by means
of the friction caused by the spring H', and by means of the cords by which
the eyelet hole H³ is suspended. When the blue thread is made tight it
draws the red thread, around which it passes, into the cloth, thus forming one
stitch, half of which is made of the thread coming from the shuttle, and the
other half of that coming from the needle.
In Fig. 9, C is the needle driver, similar to the one described with reference
to Figs. 3, 4, and 5, and G is the clamp, the lower part of which is curved
to suit the curvature of the seam that is to be stitched. I is a wheel having
a projecting rim on it with ratchet teeth cut in it, as seen in the plan Fig. 10.
The pins i project irom this wheel, and the fabrics to be stitched together are
secured on these pins in the same way as before described in sewing a straight
seam. The wheel I is near enough to the projection on which the shuttle
plays to hold the cloth firmly against it as the wheel turns and draws the
cloth along. The pins i pass beyond the guard K, in which there is a curved
slot; consequently, when the fabric, after being stitched together, arrives near
the end of the said slot, it is lifted off the pins i by the said guard. The
circular disc to which the fabric is attached is moved gradually round by the
shuttle driver C, in the same manner as has already been described with
reference to Figs. 3, 4, and 5. By this means of holding the fabric a seam
may be sewn in a very small radius, because only a small portion of it is held
fast on each side of where the seam is being sewn, so that it can be easily
turned round by hand or guided by a guage.
Having now described the nature and particulars of my improved machine
for sewing, I claim,
First, the forming a seam by carrying the thread through the fabric by

page_text: means of a needle attached to a vibrating arm, and the passing of a shuttle
(furnished with a bobbin or spool containing the thread) between the needle
and the thread, as herein-before described.
Secondly, the application to machines for sewing of the mechanism for
giving a to-and-fro motion to the shuttle driver.
Thirdly, the improved mechanism for carrying the fabric forward.
Fourthly, the improved construction of shuttle.
Fifthly, arresting the feeding in of the fabrics to be stitched, when the thread
from the shuttle breaks or otherwise ceases to be supplied.
Sixthly, the improved method of slackening the thread when the shuttle is
passing through the loop over the needle by the groove in the drum A, and
of tightening the thread by the eyelet hole H³, and its adjuncts.
And, lastly, the improved apparatus for sewing curved seams, as herein-before
described.
And this Invention being, to the best of my knowledge and belief, entirely
new, and never before used within that part of Her said Majesty's United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland called England, Her Dominion of
Wales, and Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, I do hereby declare this to be
my Specification of the same, and that I do verily believe this my said Speci-
fication doth comply in all respects, fully and without reserve or disguise, with
the proviso in the said herein-before in part recited Letters Patent contained;
wherefore I do hereby claim to maintain exclusive right and privilege to the
said Invention.
In witness whereof, I, the said David Christie, have hereunto set ny
hand and seal, this Third day of May, One thousand eight hundred
and fifty
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Third day of May, in the
year of our Lord 1851, the aforesaid David Christie came before our said
Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification afore-
said, and all and everything therein contained and specified, in form above
written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according to the
tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Enrolled the Sixth day of May, in the year of our Lord One thousand

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