IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CON- STRUCTION OF PRISONS AND OTHER BUILDINGS, AND OF ALARK ATTACHMENTS TO BE EMPLOYED IN CONNECTION THEREWITH
Year: 1875

page_text: ETTERS PATENT to Frederick Harris, of the Firm of Harris and
Mills, of 23, Southampton Buildings, in the County of Middlesex,
Patent Agent, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CON-
STRUCTION OF PRISONS AND OTHER BUILDINGS, AND OF ALARK ATTACHMENTS
TO BE EMPLOYED IN CONNECTION THEREWITH."-A communication from
abroad by James Bartholomew Cook and James Wilson Heath,
both of Memphis, in the County of Shelby, and State of Tennessee,
United States of America.
Sealed the 20th December 1875, and dated the 27th September 1875.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Frederick Harris at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 27th September 1875.
I, FREDERICK HARRIS, of the Firm of Harris and Mills, of 23,
Southampton Buildings, in the County of Middlesex, Patent Agent,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF PRISONS AND OTHER BUILDINGS, AND OF ALARM ATTACH-
MENTS TO BE EMPLOYED IN CONNECTION THEREWITH,” a communication to mo

page_text: from abroad by James Bartholomew Cook and James Wilson Heath,
both of Memphis, in the County of Shelby, and State of Tennessee,
United States of America, to be as follows:-
This Invention relates in part to the construction of prisons with an
inner structure of cells, and an outer structure constituting the walls of
the prison proper, so separated from the inner structure of cells as to
leave around the cells an open area or guard space extending from
foundation to roof.
The present improvement consists in part in supporting the inner
structure of cells on hollow columns through which are conducted sewer
pipes and water pipes, so that the said pipes may be concealed from the
prisoners and protected from injury, and so that a clear open space may
be afforded in the basement story for exercise, with room also to
accommodate heating and ventilating appliances.
The improvements further consist in providing a prison which is built
with an inner structure of cells within and separate from the main or
outer building with a hinged or swinging gangway, affording communi-
cation between the main hall or outer building and the cells, and
adapted to be turned up so as to cut off such communication when
required.
The improvements further consist in constructing a cell door with a
perforated jamb projecting from the face of the wall, the door proper
being oblique to the face of the wall, and the perforated jamb permitting
a view of the interior of the cell without opening the door, and without
the necessity of gratings or openings therein.
The improvements further consist in combining with the aforesaid
projecting perforated jamb a secondary door for closing the said per-
forated jamb when required.
The last two improvements referred to are equally applicable to
prisons of other construction.
The Invention further consists in constructing strong cells with a
lining of cast iron plates forming the top, bottom, and sides of each cell
and united by lap or tongue and groove joints, the cell or cell lining
thus formed being supported by exterior bulkheading of wood, masonry,
or other material,

page_text: The Invention further consists in constructing window frames and
sash of cast iron, each sash consisting of a single casting with
geometrical perforations to admit light and air, and being held in
position by grooves in the frame.
The Invention further consists in constructing door frames of cast
iron, the doors fitting therein consisting each of a single casting with
perforations formed therein in process of manufacture.
The Invention further consists in constructing strong cells or vaults
for prisons or other buildings with an internal metallic lining which is
first put into position, a bulkheading of wood applied on the outsido
thereof, and masonry, brick, or stone built around the bulkhead.
The Invention further consists in constructing walls or the linings of
walls of prisons, or for bank vaults or other structures, where it is
especially desirable to frustrate or detect an attempt to pierce such walls
hollow, and filling the hollow space with sand, gravel, or any other
suitable mobile material, receptacles of such mobile material being
provided above, communicating with spaces in the walls or wall linings,
so as to keep them constantly full. The framework of the hollow walls
or wall linings is preferably constructed with flanged or grooved
standards adapted for the reception of wall or wall lining plates, which
are slidden into the grooves in the standards, and similar grooved
standards are then applied and other sets of plates slidden up behind
these until the wall is completed, when the whole structure is secured
by key pieces. The webs of the flanged or grooved standards are per-
forated to afford communication for the mobile material between
different parts of the hollow space in the wall or wall lining.
The Invention further consists in combining with a jail or other wall
or wall lining made hollow and filled with sand or other loose material,
an alarm apparatus consisting of a weight communicating with a
sounder or tell-tale of any suitable character adapted to give warning in
the event of the depletion or lowering of the loose filling within the
hollow wall or wall lining.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Frederick Harris in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 27th March 1876.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, FREDERICK
HARRIS, of the Firm of Harris and Mills, of 23, Southampton Buildings,
in the County of Middlesex, Patent Agent, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twenty-seventh day of September, in
the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-five, in
the thirty-ninth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and
successors, give and grant unto me, the said Frederick Harris, Her
special license, that I, the said Frederick Harris, my executors, admi-
nistrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Frederick Harris,
my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agreo
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter
during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
“IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF PRISONS AND OTHER Buildings, and of
ALARM ATTACHMENTS TO BE EMPLOYED IN CONNECTION THEREWITH," a communi-
cation to me from abroad by James Bartholomew Cook and James
Wilson Heath, both of Memphis, in the County of Shelby, and State of
Tennessee, United States of America, upon the condition (amongst
others) that I, the said Frederick Harris, my executors or admini-
strators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of
their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be
performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date
of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Frederick Harris, do hereby declaro
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof, that is to say :-
This Invention relates in part to the construction of prisons with an
inner structure of cells, and an outer structure constituting the walls of

page_text: the prison proper, so separated from the inner structure of cells as to
leave around the cells an open area or guard space extending from
foundation to roof.
The present improvement consists in part in supporting the inner
3 structure of cells on hollow columns, through which are conducted
sewer pipes and water pipes, so that the said pipes may be concealed
from the prisoners and protected from injury, and so that a clear open
space may be afforded in the basement story for exercise, with room also
to accommodate heating and ventilating appliances.
The improvements further consist in providing a prison which is built
with an inner structure of cells within and separate from the main or
outer building, with a hinged or swinging gangway, affording communi-
cation between the main hall or outer building and the cells, and
adapted to be turned up so as to cut off such communication when
3 required.
The improvements further consist in constructing a cell door with a
perforated jamb projecting from the face of the wall, the door proper
being oblique to the face of the wall, and the perforated jamb permitting
a view of the interior of the cell without opening the door, and without
the necessity of gratings or other openings therein.
The improvements further consist in combining with the aforesaid
projecting perforated jamb a secondary door for closing the said per-
forated jamb when required.
The last two improvements referred to are equally applicable to prisons
of other construction.
The Invention further consists in constructing strong cells with a
lining of cast-iron plates, forming the top, bottom, and sides of each cell,
and united by lap or tongue-and-groove joints, the cell or cell lining thus
formed being supported by exterior bulkheading of wood, masonry, or
other material.
The Invention further consists in constructing window frames and
sashes of cast iron, each sash consisting of a single casting with geo-
metrical perforations to admit light and air, and being held in position
by grooves in the frame.
The Invention further consists in constructing door frames of cast

page_text: iron, the doors fitting therein consisting cach of a single casting with
perforations formed therein in process of manufacture.
The Invention further consists in constructing strong cells or vaults
for prisons or other buildings with an internal metallic lining, which
is first put into position, a bulkheading of wood applied on the outside
thereof, and masonry of brick or stone built around the bulkheading.
The Invention further consists in constructing walls or the linings of
walls for prisons or for bank vaults, or other structures where it is
especially desirable to frustrate or detect an attempt to piorce such walls,
hollow, and filling the hollow space with sand, gravel, or any other suitable
mobile material, receptacles of such mobile material being provided above,
communicating with spaces in the walls or wall linings, so as to keep
them constantly full. The framework of the hollow walls or wall linings
is preferably constructed with flanged or grooved standards, adapted for
the reception of wall or wall lining plates, which are slidden into the
grooves in the standards, and similar grooved standards are then applied,
and other sets of plates slidden up behind these until the wall is com-
pleted, when the whole structure is secured by key piecos. The webs of
the flanged or grooved standards are perforated to afford communication
for the mobile material between different parts of the hollow space in
the wall or wall lining.
The Invention further consists in combining with a jail or other wall
or wall lining, made hollow and filled with sand or other loose material,
an alarm apparatus, consisting of a weight communicating with a
sounder or tell-tale of any suitable character, adapted to give warning in
the event of the depletion or lowering of the loose filling within the
hollow wall or wall lining.
And in order that the said Invention may be more clearly understood
and readily carried into effect, I will proceed, aided by the accompanying
Drawings, more fully to describe the same.

page_text: Figures 14 and 15 are horizontal sections or the cell doors.
Figures 16 to 21 inclusive are sections representing details of the cast-
iron cell plates.
Figure 22 is a sectional elevation of the base of a double wall with a
filling of loose material.
Figure 23 is a horizontal section of a corner of the building, showing
external walls of brick, bulkheading of wood, flanged or grooved
standards, metallic plates set in such standards next to the bulkheading,
a double thickness of wood on the inner face, and a body of loose or
mobile material interposed between the wooden facings and the metallic
plates.
Figuro 21 is a horizontal section illustrating a modification, the face
of the wall being made of metal, and the back of the space or chamber
of two thicknesses of wood running in opposite directions.
Figure 25 is a vertical section of an upper portion of a prison
illustrating boppers or receptacles formed in the roof for the supply of
mobile material, the lattice or perforated form of the frame or grooved
standards and chambered ceilings which are also filled with mobilo
material.

page_text: The gangway plates or floors of passage between cells on the different
floors are perforated for light and ventilation, permitting the free
passage of air. 10 represents a gangway hinged at 11 after the manner
of a drawbridge, so that it may be clevated, as illustrated by dotted lines
in Figure 4. This gangway affords communication between the main or
external building 1 and the inner building or cell structure 2; it can be
lowered during the day or whenever it is necessary to pass from the
main hall of the jail to the cells, and again raised when not in use. At
night at lock-up time it is to be raised entirely so as to cut off all com-
munication between the cells and the main building.
The doors of the cells are constructed as more particularly illustrated
in Figures 5 and 6, in which 12, 12, represent the external walls of the
cells, and 13 a partition wall thereof; 14 is.a jamb projecting obliquely
from the face of the wall 12, and perforated to afford a view of the
interior of the cell without opening the door 15, which is hinged at 16,
and when in position is closed against the projecting jamb 14, thus
forming an angle with the face of the cell wall. The top space above
the door is closed solid by the cap plate 17. 18 represents a supple-
mental door or shutter hinged at 19 to the wall for closing the perforated
projecting jamb 14 at the will of the guard. The shutter 18 is furnished
with suitable locks so that it can be securely fastened.
The use of the perforated projecting jamb 14 does away with tho
necessity of openings in the cell doors, and affords a free circulation of
air through the cells at all times, while the shutters 18 are open and
being set and arranged as illustrated they do not permit prisoners in
opposite cells seeing or communicating with each other. This mode of
constructing and arranging cell doors is applicable to prisons built on
any other plan or method of arrangement. The jambs and accessorics
to the doors can be made of any metal or material.
The ground floor of the jail illustrated in Figures 7 and 8 is supposed
to be occupied by dwelling or reception rooms 20, which may be fitted
in any approved style. The stairway 21 is constructed within a central
wing at the rear of the building. The cells 22, 23, aro located on the
upper floor on the respective sides of a central hall or corridor 24,
extending longitudinally above the main entrance hall. The strong
cells to which this part of the Invention relates are represented at 22.
The linings or inner walls of these cells consist of cast-iron floor, side,

page_text: and ceiling plates 25, 26, 27, and partition plates 28. The floor plates 25
are made, say, of one inch thick, two feet wide, and in length the width
of the cells. The side plates 26 and partition plates 28 are made one
inch thick, two feet wide, and in length the height of the cells. The
ceiling plates 27 arc onc inch thick, two feet wide, and in length the
width of the cells, with longitudinal fish ribs 29 on top to prevent
sagging.
The floor plates are constructed with marginal flanges 30 forming
grooves to receive the side and partition plates. The side plates have
thin ends which rest in these grooves, and each plate has a longitudinal
lip 31 on one edge to overlap the adjoining edge of the next plate on
the outside. At the corners of the cells the side plates are constructed
with internal flanges 32 to close the same, and these flanges form side
grooves to support the partition plates 28. The said plates are further
constructed with suitable openings to receive the doors 33 and windows
34, and their joints may be secured by means of bolts or rivets 35, as
illustrated in Figure 16. The said plates are still further constructed
with external projecting flanges 36 at the joints coincident with the
partitions, in order to provide for bolting the plates together at theso
points. The partition plates 28 have secure joints formed without bolts
or rivets by a grooved longitudinal enlargement 37 at one edge of each
plate receiving the thin edge of the adjoining plate, as illustrated in
Figure 17.
The ceiling plates 27 are constructed with internal flanges 38 forming
grooves or half grooves for the reception of the upper edges of the side
and partition plates and transverse external flanges 39 at their ends
which adjoin at the partitions for bolting them together at these points.
The details of these plates are illustrated in Figures 19, 20, and 21.
The cell windows 34, Figures 9 to 12, consist of cast-iron frames 40
and cast-iron sash 41. The window frames 40 are each cast in four
parts; the sill 12, two side pieces or jambs 43, and a top piece or lintel
44, as illustrated in Figure 9. These are made to fit together with
small grooves and flanges, and have external flanges or lugs to provide
for bolting them together. Each sash 41 is cast in one piece of any
required thickness, having geometrical perforations 45 of the required
size to admit light and air. The sashes are held in grooves 16 formed in
the parts of the window frames, and are secured in position by bolting
the parts of the frames together. A hall window 47, Figure 13, is

page_text: constructed in like manner of a cast-iron frame 40 and a cast-iron sash
41, with an internal wooden framo 48 and glazed sash 49, as illustrated
in Figure 13.
The doors 50, Figures 14 and 15, are composed of cast frames 51
and cast doors 52, the latter consisting each of a single casting, with
hinge and lock projections on the outside, and with perforations or
apertures 53 to admit air and light. They are also provided with the
usual small doors or speaking apertures 54, Figure 7.
The hinges and locks may be of any approved pattern, and the frames
may each consist of one or more castings.
The story or floor on which the cells are built consists of a solid tier
of joists 55, of the proper depth, laid close together, and made perfectly
level on the surface. The iron floor plates are set in position on these
joists. The side plates and partitions are then erected with the door
frames and windows in position. The ceiling plates are then put on and
bolted, and the whole is thus secured together. On the outside of the
metallic cells thus constructed a wooden bulkheading 56 is built. This
consists of solid timberwork of varying thickness securely spiked.
After the sides are built up the ceiling plates are likewise bulkheaded,
the corners being dovetailed together and all the joints well secured by
spiking. The cells having thus been timbered up or enclosed with
bulkheading, the outside walls 57 are continued up with brick or stone
masonry which is built around the window frames, and the iron cells
are thus built in and secured, first by the bulkheading and then by
the masonry, the building progressing from the interior to the exterior,
and not, as is usually the case, by first building the cells and then lining
them with metal. In order to break out the ironwork of one of these
cells the wall on the outside must be torn down, then the bulkheading,
and then the plates.
This method of constructing the cell is for a desperate class of
prisoners. Cells for a less dangerous class are illustrated at 23. These
are lined with oak planking 58, layers crossed and spiked together with
wrought spikes, as many to the square foot as may be necessary. The
windows and doors of this last class of cells are preferably formed of
the same pattern as those of the strong cells, and the same are peculiarly
adapted and intended for the cells, or the strong rooms of lunatic
asylums, reformatories, and houses of refuge, and for police lock-ups,

page_text: being cheap and perfectly secure, and capable of being made of any
size and design to suit the building and its architecture. A window 34,
as applied to a wood-lined cell, is illustrated in Figure 12, and a door
thus applied is illustrated in Figure 15. The wooden lining is spiked on
the sides and ceiling to the bulkheading 56. The walls, floor, and
ceiling of the upper hall or corridor 24 are lined in the same manner as
the second class of cells, and its entrance is preferably guarded by a
double door 59. The hall and other parts of the building may be
otherwise constructed and furnished in any approved style. The wooden
bulkheading adds very greatly to the strength and security of the walls
owing to the continuity of its structure, and the solidity of all the
woodwork precludes danger from fire.
The joints of the cast-iron cell lining do not depend on any rivets or
other fastenings, and those bolts which are employed to unite the plates
of adjoining cells are so situated as to be inaccessible by the most
flexible and minute saws.
The windows and doors wholly of cast iron are of very great import-
ance. Escapes from prison are most frequently made by cutting the
wrought-iron bars of the gratings, and the murder of keepers is most
frequently accomplished by means of bars cut or wrested from the
gratings. Iron doors and windows cast with orifices for the admission
of air and light meet these objections in a perfect manner, possessing
the peculiar advantages of hardness to preclude cutting by ordinary
means, rigidity to preclude bending, and homogeneity to preclude dis-
placement of parts, while they admit of infinite variety of design, so as a
to conform in external appearance with different architectural exteriors,
and to give or withold freedom of view. At the same time these doors
and windows possess the advantages of superior cheapness, both in their
manufacture and in their application.
Referring to Figure 22, 60, 60, represent the main walls of a prison, a
which may be made of brick or stone; 69 represents a filling, preferably
of sand and gravel and broken stone or smooth pebbles, occupying the
entire space in the double walls CO, GO, shown in Figure 22, or in the
wall linings described below; 62 in Figures 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, and 29
represents a bulkheading of wood interposed between the walls and a
the internal wall linings. In Figure 23 the wall linings are shown as
made up of metallic plates 61 next to the bulkheading 62 and wooden

page_text: sheathing 63 in two thicknesses, the grain preferably running in
different directions, the said plates 61 and sheathing 63 being inserted
within the grooves of the standards 61, which are adapted to receive and
hold them, as shown. This mode of putting the parts together dispenses
with the necessity of bolting or riveting. One of the grooved standards
is first placed in position; the edges of the plates of metal or wood
are then inserted in the edge grooves; the next standard is then placed
on the free edges of the plates; the second set of plates is then inserted,
then another standard, and so on from one corner of the structure to
the next. When a corner is reached the plates are prepared of the
necessary width to completely fill it, and the whole is firmly wedged or
driven home to close all the joints, the last plates and standards serving
to key the whole in position. The last or key plates are fitted and
inserted as above described at each door or opening.
In Figure 24, 60 may represent external walls of wood for a prison of
cheaper construction, and 67 a sheathing of two thicknesses of wood
applied to the inner face thereof, the sheathing being arranged with the
grain in different directions; 61 represents wooden studs or stanchions;
63 are facing plates of metal secured to the stanchions 64.
Figures 25 and 26 show external walls 60, bulkheading 62, metallic
lining plates 61, and wooden facings 67, substantially as in Figure 23,
and Figure 25 represents also the lattice or other open construction of
the flanged standard 64; 65 may represent a thin partition wall.
Figure 25 also shows a portion of the roof 66, and hollow floors and
ceilings 67, 68, between which the loose and mobile filling 69 is also
introduced.
The space between the slope of the roof 66 and the vertical wall 60
constitutes hoppers 70 for the reception of any necessary quantity of
mobile filling material to maintain the supply, so that the spaces within
the hollow walls, wall linings, floors, or ceilings, may be kept constantly
full. The structure shown in Figuro 27 is similar in all essential
respects, excepting that the flanged standards 64 are dispensed with,
and wooden stanchions are substituted therefor, a single sheathing 61
being applied next to the bulkheading, and a double facing 63 to form
the inner shell of the hollow lining which contains the mobile
filling 69.
Figure 28 represents the use of the flanged or grooved standards 61.

page_text: in connection with wooden sheathing 61 and 63 on both sides of the
chamber containing the mobile filling 69; Figure 29 shows a similar
structure with the sheathing 61 double.
Figure 30 is a sectional view illustrating the use of round shot ΟΙ
balls to constitute the loose and mobile filling 69.
iron
The Invention in its simple form represented in Figure 22 is applicable
to the construction of the walls of jail yards, and the external walls
of jail buildings where the cells constitute a separate inner structure.
The construction of hollow walls, ceilings, and floors affords the
greatest facility for the introduction of hot air and ventilating flues.
Such walls also constitute superior non-conductors of heat, rendering
the buildings cooler in summer and warmer in winter. The sand filling
constitutes itself a valuable non-conductor, and by this function is of
great value in the application of the Invention to fireproof structures of
all descriptions.
Smooth pebbles together with sand will in some cases form a valuable
component of the loose mobile filling of the hollow walls, floors, and
ceilings.
In a prison constructed or provided, as above described, with hollow
walls or wall linings, and hollow floors and ceilings, it will be manifestly
impossible for a prisoner to effect his escape by pucturing either the
wall, floor, or ceiling, and impossible for him to attempt such escape
without the attempt being immediately frustrated and detected. The
first effect of a puncture of the inner shell of the cell at any part will
cause a flow of the loose mobile material with which the chamber or
space within the walls or wall linings or hollow floor or ceiling is filled,
and this flow cannot possibly be arrested without instantly filling the
hole which has been made and abandoning the attempt.
In case of any attempt to escape through the floor the loose material
will immediately flow into the apartment below, and thus give warning
of the attempt.
In Figure 31 60 may represent external wall of jail building; 62, an
inner facing; and 61, 63, the two shells of a hollow lining, which is
filled with sand or other loose or mobile material, shown at 69, com-
municating with a hopper 70 above, which is also filled with the same
material; 71 represents a weight resting on the surface of the mobile

page_text: in the Hoppe
pulleys 73, 74. The lower end of the chain 72 connects with a detent
trigger 75 of an alarm apparatus, said trigger being fulcrumed at 76,
and held down by a spring 77 against a stop 78, so as to retain said
trigger in its normal horizontal position, with its rear end 79 resting
against a stud or projection on the dentent lever 80. The said lever is
fulcrumed at 81, and by its lower end 82 bears against an arm 83
rigidly attached to the shaft 81 of the pallets 85, which control an
escapement wheel 86 attached to a clock movement 87 of common
construction. The shaft 81 carries a hammer 88, which is arranged to
strike a bell 89 so as to sound an alarm when the lever 80 is released by
a trigger 75. 90 is a stop limiting the upward movement of the
trigger 75.
Now it is obvious that so long as the sand is at rest so also will the
weight remain at rest, but should a movement occur in the sand, say,
for instance, an escape of the sand at its lower portion, a descent of the
whole mass or column will follow, and the weight on its surface will
partake of the same movement. The principle involved is the trans-
mission of movement from one bɔdy to another. A cord or wire attached
to a weight at one end and to an alarm of any suitable kind at the other
will illustrate the Invention in its simplest form. Whenever a downward
movement of the mobile material takes place the weight follows, pulling
the wire and springs the trigger, and sets the alarm in motion; its
application to all jails or other buildings built with hollow walls filled
with the mobile material is wide and varied, and the method consists in
placing at suitable intervals, say, every four or six feet, weights;
attached to these weights is the wire connected to the alarm. This
alarm can be located wherever desired in the office of the building away
from the influence of all parties, and when not able to have direct action
from the weight (which is the power) to the alarm then a system of
cranks, levers, and pulleys is to be used, as in the ordinary arrangement
of bell-hanger's work. As stated before its application is varied, and
depends upon the shape, size, and general arrangement of the building,
and the different walls to be operated upon.

page_text: Seventhly. A cast-iron window, consisting of the sectional frame 40
and the sash casting 41, held in a groove 46, as specified for the purpose
named.
Eighthly. A door 50, consisting of a cast-iron frame 51 and a cast-
3 iron door 52, the latter being a single casting, and having apertures
or perforations 53 to admit air and light, substantially as herein
specified.
Ninthly. The method herein described of constructing strong cells
for prisons or jails, namely, forming the inner walls of the same of
) cast-iron plates secured on the outside, then enclosing the same with
wooden bulkheading and then building around the same the outer walls
of brick or stone, substantially as herein set forth.
Tenthly. The combination of the solid floor of wooden joists 55, the
iron cells 22, with inbuilt windows 34 and doors 33, and the wooden
3 bulkheading 56 and outer walls 57 of masonry built up around and
over the erected iron colls to secure and support the latter in the manner
herein set forth.
Eleventhly. The method of preventing the penetration of walls by the
employment of a loose or mobile filling of sand, gravel, or other mobile
) material within or between hollow walls or wall linings.
Twelfthly. The construction of walls, floors, ceilings, or wall linings
hollow, with a mobile filling of sand, gravel, or other material, for the
purpose set forth.
Thirteenthly. The combination of one or more hoppers 70 with the
hollow walls or wall linings, substantially as shewn and described.
Fourteenthly. The flanged or grooved standards for the reception of
plates of metal, wood, or other material in the construction of hollow
walls or wall linings, said standards serving to support and secure the
plates without the aid of bolts or rivets, as set forth.
Fifteenthly. The construction of the frame standards of the hollow
walls or wall linings with latticed or other openings, substantially as
and for the purpose set forth.
Sixteenthly. The combination of an automatic alarm with a structure
built with hollow walls or wall lining filled with

page_text: Seventeenthly. A concealed automatic alarm attachment to a jail or
other structure built with hollow walls or wall lining and a mobile filling.
Eighteenthly. The combination with the weight 71 and chain or
wire 72 of the trigger 75, lever 80, and alarm mechanism, substantially
as set forth.
In witness whereof, I, the said Frederick Harris, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Twenty-fifth day of March, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-
six.