Improvements in and Apparatus for Producing Mechanical Energy from Alternating Electric Currents.
Year: 1898

page_text: Date of Application, 7th May, 1898
Complete Specification Left, 7th Feb., 1899-Accepted, 6th May, 1899
.
Improvements in and Apparatus for Producing Mechanical Energy
from Alternating Electric Currents.
I, ALEXANDER HEYLAND, of Charleroi, in the Kingdom of Belgium, Engineer,
do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
This invention relates to improvements in apparatus for producing mechanical
energy from alternating electric currents and more particularly to the arrangement
of the windings and method of starting and running single or multiple phase
motors. According to this invention the producer windings of the motor are
arranged in two sets at an angle one to the other so that the current is supplied
first to those portions only of each set of the said inducing windings in closest
inductive relation to the other set of inducing windings and the connections are
so adjusted that at starting only the inner bars or coils of each set of inducing
windings are in circuit, the outer bars or coils being gradually cut into circuit,
as the speed rises, until finally the connections are such that a high starting
torque and good efficiency results.
According to one form of motor with starting switch adapted for carrying out
this invention, the two sets of inducing windings arranged at right angles to each
other are connected to wires leading to a source of two-phase current. The
armature may be of any preferred type. Each of the two sets of inducing
windings which cross each other at right angles consists of five coils. Four
of these coils are connected two and two in series and one terminal of each of
the pairs of coils and the single coil is connected to one of the wires or leads of
one phase while the other terminal of the single coil, and the free terminals
of the series coils are connected to segments of a switch-plate the switch arm
of which is connected to the other wire or lead of the phase. This arm can travel
over the switch-plate, and as the speed rises, and the screening action of the
armature diminishes, the arm can be moved to cut in both pairs of the winding
which are connected in series on one of the sets and finally the arm can be
moved to such a position that all the windings of this set will be energised.
A similar switch is provided to perform the same functions for the other set of
windings of the other phase.
This improved method of operating an alternating current motor consists in
cutting in at starting only those inducing windings of each set in closest inductive
relation to the other sets and thereafter gradually cutting in the remainder of
the inducing windings. In this way the efficiency and starting torque are greatly
increased.
To still further increase the starting torque one of the pairs of coils which are
connected in series in each set of windings are wound with fine wire, the other
pair of series connected windings of each set of windings being wound with
slightly coarser wire and the single coils of each set with still coarser wire. In
this way the magnetising action of the inducing member may be made very large
at starting, and at the same time be concentrated at those points where it will

page_text: be most effective. The number of turns of each winding will be greater in pro-
portion as it is composed of fine wire. Another advantage of this invention lies
in the fact that the speed of an alternating motor varies with any variation of
the number of inducing windings in circuit. Thus, by cutting in and out the
various inducing windings by means of a switch the speed of the motor can be
varied within wide limits, and at the same time always keep the flux of one
inducing coil in a position where it will generate in the armature a current
suitable for acting upon the flux generated by the inducing coil.
In single-phase motors in which one set of windings is usually required only
at starting, it is preferred to omit in one set of windings, one pair of the series
connected coils and also the single coil, the connections to a source of single-
phase current feeding current to the single coil of the other set of windings a
branch circuit being provided which leads to the pair of coils in the first mentioned
set of windings and which may be reguarded as a single coil or winding having
its inner terms omitted. A switch and self induction coil are inserted in series
with this winding. At starting the switch is closed and this winding is energised
by current dephased from the current in the single coil of the other winding by
virtue of the reactance of the self induction coil. The inner turns or idle
portions of the winding in connection with the branch circuit being ommitted
it can create a powerful cross field with a comparatively small expenditure of
energy. When speed is attained the switch can be opened when the machine will
run as an ordinary single-phase induction motor.
In another form of motor the self induction coil hereinbefore referred to is
replaced by a condenser while in another form a transformer furnishes the
required phase displacement.
The principles above developed may be applied to both windings of a single-
phase motor.
The branch circuit hereinbefore described preferably consisting of formed coils
placed in the slots in the inner edge of the inducing member though any preferred
construction may be used two switches being provided for opening and closing
the circuits as herein before described.
The secondary member is wound with bars in the usual way, having interposed
in series adjustable resistances arranged to be simultaneously controlled by means
of the hand wheel.
At starting the switch in the branch circuit is closed, and the arm of the switch
in the line circuit is placed on the first point, so that the inducing coils in the
branch circuit are connected to line and the secondary resistances are adjusted
to the position giving maximum starting torque. The machine then starts under
the most favorable conditions, all of the inducing magneto-motive forces being
fully utilized. Gradually the other inducing coils are cut in, the resistance is
reduced, and the switch in the branch circuit opened.
1
1000
JOHNSONS & WILLCOX,
47, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, W.C., Agents.
Improvements in and Apparatus for Producing Mechanical Energy
from Alternating Electric Currents.
:
I, ALEXANDER HEYLAND, of. Charleroi, in the Kingdom of Belgium, Engineer,
do hereby declare the nature of this invention, and in what manner the same

page_text: is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement:-
This invention relates to improvements in apparatus for producing mechanical
energy from alternating electric currents and more particularly to the arrangement
of the windings and method of starting and running single or multiple phase
motors. According to this invention the inducing windings of the motor are arranged
in two sets at an angle one to the other so that when starting the current is
supplied first to those portions only of each set of the said inducing windings which
are in closest inductive relation to the other set of inducing windings the other
bars or coils being gradually cut into circuit; as the speed rises, until finally the
connections are such that a high starting torque and good efficiency results.
shall now
And in order that my said invention may be clearly understood
proceed to more particularly describe the same with reference to the accompanying
drawings.
Figures 1, 2 and 3, are illustrative diagrams;
Figure 4 is a diagram of a two-phase motor built in accordance with my
invention; and
Figures 5, 6, 7 and 8 are views of various improved forms of single-phase motors.
In Figure 1, A is the inducing member of a multiphase motor, wound with
inducing windings I, II, while B is the induced member, in this case the motor
If the resistance of
or moving part wound with the short circuited winding D.
the short-circuit member is sufficiently high, or, in any case, when a speed
approaching synchronism has been attained, the magnetic flux produced by each
of the exciting coils I, II, distributes itself approximately uniformly through
the polar area. For examples, the dotted lines enclosed by the bracket N would
roughly represent the fluxes during the normal operation of the machine.
But at starting, unless the armature be of an exceedingly high resistance, the
flux of the coil I, spreading inwards from the bars of the said coil, will be beaten
back, to some extent, by the screening action of the winding D, and will not
generate current in those portions of the armature under all of the bars II. The
flux will then be represented by the dotted lines N in Figure 2. In the same
manner, the fluxes generated by the coils II, II, will not penetrate to the centre of
the said coils, and will not generate current in those portions of the armature under
all of the bars of the winding I. From this it appears that those bars of each
winding lying at or near the centre of the other winding must fail to produce any
torque, and must therefore uselessly consume energy.
It is usual to overcome this difficulty by inserting in series with the winding D
a resistance, which is gradually. cut out as a speed approaching synchronism is
attained, but this procedure involves a great loss of efficiency, and serious
mechanical complications.
I, therefore, so adjust the connections that at starting, only the active bars or
coils of each inducing winding, namely, the bars or coils of one of the windings
which are in closest inductive relation to the coils of the other windings are
in circuit, as shown in Figure 3, and gradually cut in the other bars or coils as.
the speed rises, until finally the connections shown in Figure 1 are attained. By
this I am enabled to secure high starting torque and good efficiency.
One form of motor with starting switch adapted for carrying out my invention
is shown in Figure 4. In this figure, I and II are the inducing windings, while
E, E and F, F¹ are the wires leading to a source of two-phase current. Bis
the moving member or armature, which may be of any prefered type, but prefer-
ably of the type shown in Figures 1, 2 and 3. It will be seen that each of the
windings I and II consists of five coils, a, a, b, b1, and C; 'c, c¹, d, d¹ and C¹
respectively. The coils a, a¹ are connected in series as are also the coils b, b¹.
One terminal of each of the coils, C, a¹, b¹, is connected to the wire E', while
the other terminal of the coil C, and the free terminals of a and b are connected
to segments of the switch plate V. A switch arm U, connected to the wire E,

page_text: travels over the switch plate V. In the position shown in full lines the wind-
ing a, a', only is in circuit, corresponding to the connection shewn in Figure 3.
As the speed rises, and the screening action of the armature diminishes, the arm U
can be moved to cut in both the winding a, a¹, and the winding 6, 6. Finally the
arm U can be moved to the position shown in dotted lines, when all the windings
will be energized. A similar switch U₁ performs the same functions for the
windings II of the other phase.
It will be seen that my improved method of operating an alternating-current
motor consists in cutting in at starting only those inducing windings of each set
which are in closest inductive relation to the other sets, and thereafter gradually
cutting in the remainder of the inducing windings. In this way the efficiency
and starting torque are greatly increased.
To still further increase the starting torque, I may wind the coils a, a,
and e, c, with fine wire, the coils b, b', d, d, with slightly coarser wire, and the
coils C and C with still coarser wire. In this way the magnetizing action of the
inducing member may be made very large at starting, and at the same time
concentrated at those points where it will be most effective. It will be seen that
the number of turns of each winding will be greater in proportion as it is composed
of fine wire. Another advantage of my invention is that the speed of an alter-
nating motor varies with any variation of the number of inducing windings in
circuit. Thus, by cutting in and out the various inducing windings, by means
of the switch U, I am enabled to vary the speed of the motor within wide limits,
and at the same time to always keep the flux of one inducing coil in a position
where it will generate in the armature a current suitable for acting upon the
flux generated by the inducing coil.
A
In single phase motors, such as that shown in Figure 5, one set of windings is
usually required only at starting. In such windings I therefore prefer to omit
the coils d, and C. The resulting structure is shown in Figure 5 in
which E, E, are the connections to a source of single phase current, feeding
current to the coil C. A branch circuit H, H' leads to the coils c, c¹, which I
prefer to regard as a single coil or winding having its inner turns omitted.
switch W and self induction coil L are inserted in series with the winding e, e¹.
At starting the switch W is closed and the winding c, d is energized by current
dephazed from the current in the coil C by virtue of the reaction of L. The idle
portions of the winding c, c¹ being omitted, it can create a powerful cross field with
à comparatively small expenditure of energy. When speed is attained the
switch W can be opened when the machine will run as an ordinary single-phase
induction motor.
In the form shown in Figure 6, the self induction coil L is replaced by the
condenser K while in the form shewn in Figure 7 a transformer T furnishes the
required phase displacement. Otherwise the motors are similar to the form shown
in Figure 5.
In Figure S the principles above developed are applied to both windings of a
single-phase motor. E E are as before the leads from a source of single-phase
current. The branch circuit H, I, feeds the windings c, c', preferably consisting
of formed coils placed in the slots in the inner edge of the inducing member A,
though any preferred construction may be used. A condenser K is inserted for
the purpose above set forth. The windings a, b, C, b', a', are constructed in
a similar manner, and are fed from the mains E, E¹, through the switch U,
similar to the switch U in Figure 4. The secondary or induced member B is
wound with bars 1), in the usual way, having interposed in series the adjustable
resistances R1, R2, R3, arranged to be simultaneously controlled by means of the
hand wheel S.
At starting the switch W is closed, and the switch U is placed on the first point,
so that the coils c, e anda, a¹, are connected to line, and the secondary resistances
are adjusted to the position giving maximum starting torque. The machine
then starts under the most favorable conditions, all of the inducing magneto-

page_text: motive forces being fully utilized. Gradually the coils 6, 6' and C are cut in,
the resistance is reduced, and the switch W opened.
It will be evident that various changes in form, arrangement, and connections
may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of my invention, I
therefore do not restrict myself to the specific forms shewn and described.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of this
invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
I claim is:
1. The method of starting and running an alternating-current motor, which con-
sists in supplying current first to those portions only of one set of the inducing wind-
ings in closest inductive relation to the other inducing windings and thereafter supply-
ing current to the other portion or portions of the said set of inducing windings
substantially as hereinbefore described.
2. The method of starting and running an alternating-current motor, which con-
sists in supplying current first to those portions only of each set of the inducing
windings in closest inductive relation to the other inducing windings and there-
after supplying current to the other portion or portions of the said sets of inducing
windings substantially as hereinbefore described.
3. In an alternating-current motor, the combination with two sets of inducing
windings, of a switch for first connecting to line those portions of one of the sets
in closest inductive relation with the other set, and thereafter connecting to
line other portions of the said set substantially as herein before described.
4. In an alternating-current motor, the combination with two sets of inducing
windings of a switch for connecting to line first the portions of one of the sets
in closest inductive relation with the other set, and thereafter connecting to
line other portions of said set in multiple with the first portions substantially as
hereinbefore described.
5. In an alternating-current motor, the combination with two sets of inducing
windings of means for connecting to line first the portions of each set in closest
inductive relation with the other set and thereafter connecting to line other
portions of said set, in multiple with the first portions substantially as herein before
described.
6. In an alternating-current motor, the combination with two sets of inducing
windings of means for connecting to line first the portions of each set in closest
inductive relation to the other set, and thereafter connecting to line other portions
of said set substantially as hereinbefore described.
7. In an alternating-current motor, the combination with a main inducing
winding of an auxiliary inducing winding at an angle thereto, and means for
supplying dephased currents to the said windings, the central portions of the
auxiliary windings being omitted as herein before described.
8. In an alternating-current motor, the combination with a main inducing
winding, of an auxiliary inducing winding at an angle thereto, means for
supplying dephased currents to the said windings, the central portion of the
auxiliary winding being omitted, and means for cutting out or in the central
portion of the main winding substantially as herein before described.
9. In an alternating-current motor, the combination with a main inducing
winding of an auxiliary inducing winding at an angle thereto, means for
supplying dephased currents to the said windings, the central portion of the
auxiliary winding being omitted, means for cutting out or in the central portion
of the main winding, a secondary or induced member with windings thereon,
and means for varying the resistance of the windings of the secondary or induced
member; substantially as herein before described.
10. In an inducing winding of an alternating current motor, a plurality of coils
wound at an angle to the coils of another winding and means for cutting in
first the coils of the plural winding which are in closest inductive relation to the

page_text: coils of the other winding and afterwards cutting in the other coils of the plural
winding; substantially as herein before described.
11. In an inducing winding of an alternating current motor, a plurality of coils
wound at an angle to the coils of another winding and means for cutting in
first the coils of the plural winding which are in closest inductive relation to the
coils of the other winding and afterwards cutting in the other coils of the plural
winding in multiple; substantially as hereinbefore described.
12. In an inducing winding of an alternating current motor a plurality of coils,
wound at an angle to the coils of another winding, the coils of the plural
winding which are in closest inductive relation to the coils of the other winding
being of finer wire than the other coils of the said plural winding, and means
for cutting in first the fine wire coils and afterwards the other coils of the plural
winding; substantially as hereinbefore described.
13. In an inducing winding of an alternating current motor, a plurality of
distinct coils in a winding wound at an angle to the coils of another winding,
the coils of the plural winding which are in closest inductive relation to the coils
of the other winding being of finer wire than the other coils of the said plural
winding and means for cutting in first the fine wire coils and afterwards both the
fine-wire coils and the other coils in multiple; substantially as hereinbefore
described.
741 da olmam 1800
JOHNSONS & WILLCOX,
47, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, W.C., Agents.