THE COMPOUNDING, PREPARING. AND APPLICATION OF A NEW SORT OF PAINT
Year: 1859

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Auguste Pin, of Castelnaudary, in the Department
of the Aude, in France, for the Invention of "THE COMPOUNDING,
PREPARING. AND APPLICATION OF A NEW SORT OF PAINT"
-
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by. the said Auguste Pia at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
3rd August 1859.
'I, AUGUSTE PIN, of Castelnaudary, in the Department of the Aude, in
France, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "THE
COMPOUNDING, PREPARING, AND APPLICATION OF A NEW SORT OF PAINT," to be as
follows:-
I take lump sugar, wax, soap, and muriate of zinc. I first soak or dissolve
sugar in muriate of zinc, and then add an equal quantity of wax soap,
grinding or mixing the whole together till the mass is of about the consistence
of the oils used in oil painting, or further weakened by adding pure water..
This foundation may be used as a varnish. I grind or mix colors with the
above preparation while it is as thick as boiled oil, and I prepare a white
(which I term hydraulic white) from a calcareous base, and I prefer to use
stones (which I previously saturate in muriatic acid) to make lime, which will.
not wholly lose its color, but will become deliquescent by exposure to air..
To the powder thus obtained is added, say to 20 parts of powder, one part
each of phosphate of soda, sulphate of zinc, sulphate of copper, and glucose
or the syrup of the fecula of potatoes or sugar, and to every three parts of
this mass I add either one part of powdered white marble, white sand, pow-
dered quartz, felspar, or other substance of similar nature. This white is

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Auguste Pin in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 1st
February 1860.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, AUGUSTE
PIN, of Castlenaudary, in the Department of the Aude, in France, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Third day of August, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine, in the twenty-third year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said Auguste Pin, Her special licence that I, the said Augusto Pin, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Auguste
Pin, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the
term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "THE COMPOUNDING, PREPARING,
AND APPLICATION OF A NEW SORT OF PAINT," upon the condition (amongst others)
that I, the said Auguste Pin, my executors or administrators, by an instru-
ment in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should
particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in
what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed
in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and imme-
diately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Auguste Pin, do. hereby declare the
nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement:-
My improved paint is hydraulic, is unaffected by washing or the action of
water, and is obtained by the composition and preparation of an hydraulisator,
and by the preparation of colors capable of being hydraulicised by application to
surfaces coated with white, or by admixture with this white. The composition,
preparation, and application of these two elements of hydraulic painting is
as follows:-The hydraulisating white has a calcareous base, and in composing
it I choose, amongst the numerous variety of stones, those which, when
calcined, produce fatlimes, those with close grain, compact, and sonorous
principally; such as are hydrated become after dessication almost as firm as the

page_text: stones which have produced them. These stones are so calcined as not to be
entirely slacked, so that by their extinction they may produce a coarse paste
composed simply of broken parts. Any method of calcination may be
adopted, but that which gives the best results consists in operating the cal-
cination periodically with little flame, breaking the stones not larger than a
bean, stratifying with coke, and not with coal, in order to protect them as
much as possible from direct contact with the flame; and lastly, in not with-
drawing the mass until thoroughly cooled. However calcined, the blocks
resulting from the calcination are to be saturated with muriatic acid by
slacking them with a liquid composed of about thirteen parts of water to one
of acid, and in sufficient quantity to form large trochischs or pieces, which
are to be dried by exposure to the air, the sun, or in stoves. After their
entire dessication these trochischs are reduced to a coarse powder, such as
common sand, by any mode of trituration. To twenty-five parts of this
calcareous powder, 1 add one part of phosphate of soda, one of sulphate of
zinc, one of glucose or syrup of potatoes or sugar, and one of wax soap.
This mixture having been made with the greatest care, the hydraulisating
white is prepared, and should be then packed so as to protect it from the
influence of the air or any humidity. The colors capable of being hydrau-
licised by their application upon or admixture with the white, the com-
position of which I have above described, are prepared in the following
manner I prepare chlorhydrate of zinc by dissolution of the metal in a
bath composed of equal parts of water and muriatic acid. After the dis-
solution of all the zinc that this mixture can dissolve, I add ten parts of
water. I then filter to remove the zinc which has not been dissolved, and
the parts carbonised during this operation. I then prepare a mixture by
dissolution of potash rendered caustic by lime at 10°, weighing this salt, and
in equal quantity of syrup of potatoes at 33°, weighing the liquor. To this
mixture I add four or five parts of pure water, and then soak therein a loaf
of sugar, grinding it down so as to obtain by its complete melting a liquor
similar to the thick oils used in oil painting. To this liquor I add equal parts
of wax soap, to form by its admixture a more or less solid paste according to
the degree of firmness of the wax soap used. It is with this paste that the
ordinary colors will be ground. The colors will be damped with pure water
to facilitate their mixture with the wax paste in nearly equal portions, forming
a firm and heavy paste capable of being ground. During the grinding I add
a few drops of the composition of syrup of potatoes and solution of potash, as
much to give the colors the shining surface of oil colors as to facilitate this
operation, and obtain these colors in an almost impalpable state. These

page_text: prepared colors are placed in impermeable varnish pots, and then diluted with
pure water until brought to the same consistency as those used in aquarelle, or
water color, or sepia painting. All colours may be used in hydraulic painting
except Prussian blue, which may be replaced by indigo, or any other blue
which will resist lime. The hydraulisating white is used and applied as
follows: I dilute this white with pure water (in an ordinary builder's mortar
or other convenient apparatus) for about twenty-four hours, in order that the
different substances of which it is constituted may decompose and act upon
each other. I then grind it with the greatest care to obtain it in an im-
palpable consistence, and during the operation add pure water, if necessary.
This operation terminated, I dilute and render it more or less liquid according
to the degree of thirstiness of the surfaces to which it is to be applied. I
apply it in light and scarcely visible coats, moving the brush continually back-
wards and forwards to equalise each coat and close the porosities; and no
fresh coat should be applied until the entire dessication of the previous ones, to
avoid the cracks and flaws which would quickly appear without this precaution.
When it is desired to colour this white and to obtain different shades of colour,
not more than one part of color should be added to three or four of white.
After having painted the surface with white, whether alone or mixed with the
colors, they should be well brushed previous to the application of one or
more coats of a wax soap water, composed of twenty parts of water to three of
well ground soap; the coats of this preparation after thorough dessication
must be brushed. the one after the other. I will now describe the use and
application of the prepared colors on surfaces coated with the hydraulisating
white. After putting on several coats of the white, care must be had not to
brush them so that they may retain their permeability; but if a smooth
surface for careful painting be required, they may be rubbed down with glass
paper or otherwise.
The property possessed by the prepared colors of
becoming hydraulic by their application on the white being duc to the pro-
perty which it possesses termed permeability; before applying the colors the
degree of permeability of the several coats of white should be ascertained, in
order to place the colors in a proper state of liquidity, diluting them with
water as much as possible, but not so as to permit them to blister, which will
be ascertained by practice. These colors properly treated with the brush as
those used in oil painting may be used for all hard rough paintings, such as
woods, marbles, and house painting, adding white to the colors when required,
such as the ground of a wood, and the veins or other accidents in marble.
Paintings executed according to this process are brushed when dry, and
several coats of wax soap are then applied as before stated.

page_text: I will now proceed to describe the use and application of these prepared
colors in the execution of artistic painting in buildings, such as frescoes and
all large mural paintings. If the permeability of the hydraulisating white is
very favorable to the rapid execution of rough paintings, and all painting upon
small surfaces, such as aquarelles, sepias, marble, wood, and other, it is not
so for the execution of paintings of large dimensions, such as large frescoes
or "gouaches," where it is necessary to cover large surfaces, such as draperies
and other similar designs, the too great permeability being opposed to the
execution of even tints. To obviate this inconvenience, I mix the white with
the colors in variable proportions, such as are necessary to produce the tint
required. Suppose, for example, that it is desired to paint a head, a carnation,
or draperies, I begin by placing coats of color of the clearest shade of colour
of each object. I then place the shades and last tints with colors prepared
without the addition of the white, and with a brush slightly moist the blending
of the colours is obtained. It is, however, obvious that the hability of the
painter cannot be supplied, but what is recommended is to paint at one
stroke boldly without hesitation, but with great care and attention. Several
coats of soap water should be applied, so as to make no dirt or leave white
traces of the wax soap.
Having now described the nature of my Invention and the means by
which it is carried into effect, I would have it understood that I do not
confine myself absolutely to the details herein set forth, as some departure
therefrom or modification thereof may in certain cases be advisable; but I
claim the exclusive use of a new sort of paint compounded, prepared, and
applied as herein-before set forth.
In witness whereof, I, the said Auguste Pin, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twenty-third day of January, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty.
Witness,
CASSAIGNE.
Allée Louis Napoléon 16 bis.
Vu pour legalisation de la signature de
M. M. Cassaigne et Ate. Pin, apposee
ci-contre.
Le Maire,
N. DARAN.
ATE PIN. (L.S.)