IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CANDLES
Year: 1867

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Kingsford Field, of the Firm of John, Charles,
and John Field, of Upper Marsh, Lambeth, in the County of Surrey,
CANDING
"'
Sealed the 20th December 1867, and dated the 24th June 1867..
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Kingsford, Field,
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
24th June 1867.
I, JOHN KINGSFORD FIELD, of the Firm of John, Charles, and John Field,
of Upper Marsh, Lambeth, in the County of Surrey, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF
CANDLES," to be as follows:-
One part of my Invention consists in forming candles in the first instance
with a cylindrical or parallel enlargement on their lower ends, and then cutting
such parallel enlargement into a tapering or conical form; upon this grooves
or flutings may then be cut either longitudinally or spirally, or in the form of
rings; or a combination of longitudinal and spiral or circular grooves may be

page_text: cut-thereon; or the enlargement may be left of a cylindrical or parallel form,
and longitudinal, helical, or circular grooves be cut thereon, by preference
gradually increasing in depth as they approach the lower end. In order to
facilitate the removal of the enlargement from the mould it may be made of
a slightly increased diameter towards the lower end of the candle. In place
of forming the enlargement all round the base of the. candle three or more
parallel projecting ribs may be formed thereon, which are then treated in the
same manner as the cylindrical enlargement.
Another part of my Invention consists in cutting longitudinal, helical, or
circular grooves upon the lower ends of candles formed in the ordinary manner,
that is to say, formed without a cylindrical enlargement at the lower end.
Such grooves are by preference formed gradually increasing in depth as they
approach the lower end of the candle.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said John Kingsford Field in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 24th December, 1867.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL: COME, I, JOHN
KINGSFORD FIELD, of the Firm of John, Charles, and John Field, of Upper
Marsh, Lambeth, in the County of Surrey,, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-fourth day of June, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, in the thirty-first year of Her
reign; did for Herself,. Her heirs, and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said John Kingsford Field, Her special licence that I, the said John
Kingsford Field, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others
as I, the said John Kingsford Field, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at
all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully
might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland,. the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CANDLES," upon the condition (amongst
others) that I, the said John Kingsford Field, my executors or administrators,
by an instrument in. writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and
seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Inven-
tion, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same.

page_text: to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next
and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE; that. I, the said John Kingsford Field, do hereby,
déclare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to.
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the,
following statement thereof, reference being bad to the accompanying Sheet of
Drawings, and to the figures and letters marked thereon, that is to say :-
One part of my Invention consists in forming candles in the first instance
with a cylindrical or parallel enlargement on their lower ends, and then cutting
such parallel enlargement into a tapering or conical form similar to the
tapering lower end moulded on candles according to the Patent of J. L. Field,
dated 3rd December 1861, No. 3032; upon this grooves or flutings may then
be cut either longitudinally or spirally, or in the form of rings, or a combi-
nation of longitudinal and spiral or circular grooves may be cut thereon,
or the enlargement may be left of a cylindrical or parallel form, and longitu-
dinal, helical, or circular grooves be cut thereon, by preference gradually in-
creasing in depth as they approach the lower end. In order to facilitate the
removal of the enlargement from the mould it may be made of a slightly
increased diameter towards the lower end of the candle. In place of forming
the enlargement all round the base of the candle three or, more parallel pro-
jecting, ribs may be formed thereon, which are then treated in the same
manner as the cylindrical enlargement.
1.
Another part of my Invention consists in cutting longitudinal, helical,. or
circular grooves upon the lower ends of candles formed in the ordinary manner,
that, is to say, formed without a cylindrical enlargement at the lower end;
such grooves are by preference formed gradually increasing in. depth as they
approach the lower end of the. candle.
Having thus set forth the nature of my Invention I will, now describe the
manner in which it is to be performed, for which purpose I shall refer to the
several Figures on the accompanying Sheet of Drawings.
In carrying the first part of my Invention into effect I first cast the candle
with a cylindrical enlargement at the lower end, as shown at A, Figure 1,
which is effected by forming a corresponding cylindrical enlargement in the
mould;
this candle is then placed in the rest B, Figure 2, sliding on a
lathe bed C, which is advanced towards the revolving cutter D; the cutting,
blade d of this may either be fixed, and in such a position as to cut the
cylindrical enlargement of the candle simply into a conical or tapering shape,
but by preference I construct the cutter as shown respectively in side eleva-
:

page_text: 0
tion, front elevation, and plan in Figures 2, 3, and 4, so as to cut flutings
upon the enlarged end of the candle at the same time that it forms it tapering,
as indicated at a, Figure 2. For this purpose the cutting: blade d is carried
ón a lever E rocking on a pin F carried by the revolving cutter D. The tail
of the lever is pressed by a spring H upon the undulating edge of the fixed
eam I, so that by the rotation of the cutter D a combined rotating and
vibrating motion will be imparted to the cutting blade d, which will effect the
formation of a fluted tapering end on the candle as described. Or the enlarged
end of the candle may first be cut simply conical or tapering, as before described,
and then by the application of a cutting tool at the side while the candle is
made to rotate a series of annular grooves or a screw thread may be cut upon.
the tapering end, as shown at Figure 5; or the enlarged conical end may
have a combination of longitudinal and annular grooves cut upon it, as shown
in elevation and plan at Figure 6. Instead of cutting the whole of the
enlarged part a conical as described it may be left of a cylindrical or polygonal
form, and either helical or circular grooves cut upon it, as shown at Figure 7,
gradually increasing in depth towards the lower end; or longitudinal grooves
also increasing in depth towards the lower end may be cut upon it, as shown
sin section and plan at Figure 8. Instead of forming an enlargement all round
the lower end of the candle I sometimes cast the same with merely three or
more parallel projecting ribs, as shown at Figure 9, which are then cut into
a tapering form, as shown in elevation and plan at Figure 10, and upon
which transverse grooves may or may not be afterwards cut.
Figure 11 shows an ordinary candle without enlargement, having longi-
tudinal grooves cut on its lower end according to the second part of my
Invention, such grooves being by preference made gradually increasing in
depth towards the lower end, or formed tapering as at Figure 12; or a
helical groove or a series of circular grooves may be cut on such lower
end, by preference increasing in depth towards the lower end, as shown at
Figure 13.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, I wish it to be understood that I in no way
claim the before-described apparatus for cutting the conical end on candles as
forming any part of my present Invention; nor do I limit myself to the
use of such apparatus, as various other apparatus and tools may be employed
for the above purpose; but what I claim is,-
'
First, forming enlarged conical or tapering lower ends on candles by first
casting the candle with a cylindrical or parallel enlargement, or with paralle

page_text: projections, and then cutting such enlargement or projections to a conical or
tapering form with or without longitudinal, helical, or circular grooves upon
it, substantially as herein-before described.
Second, forming candles with enlarged lower ends, upon which longitudinal,
helical, or circular grooves are cut, such grooves being made to increase in
depth towards the lower end of the candle, substantially as herein-before
described.
Third, cutting longitudinal, helical, or circular grooves upon the lower ends
of candles having no enlargement, substantially as herein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Kingsford Field, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Twenty-third day of December, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven.
J. K. FIELD. (L.S.)