CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN BREWING, AND ALSO IN THE PRODUCTION OF EXTRACTS OR INFUSIONS FOR OTHER PURPOSES
Year: 1852

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, JOSEPH
PALIN, of Liverpool, in the County of Lancaster, Wholesale Diuggist, and
ROBERT WILLIAM SIEVIER, of Upper Holloway, in the County of Middlesex,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Ifer
Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at West-
minster, the Nineteenth day of October, in the sixteenth year of. Her reign,
and in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and fifty-two, did, for
Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto us, the said Joseph
Palin and Robert William Sievier, Ier especial license, full power, sole
privilege and authority, that we, the said Joseph Palin and Robert William
Sievier, our exors, adñiors, and assigns, and such others as we, the said
Joseph Palin and Robert William Sievier, our exors, adññiors, or assigns,
shall at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all
times during the term of years therein expressed, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of
Berwick-upon-Tweed, our Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN BREWING,
AND ALSO IN THE PRODUCTION OF EXTRACTS OR INFUSIONS FOR OTHER PURPOSES;" in
which said Letters Patent is contained a proviso that we, the said Joseph
Palin and Robert William Sievier, shall cause a particular description of the
nature of our said Invention, and the what manner the same is to bo
performed, to be enrolled Her Majesty's High Court of Chancery within
six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said in part

page_text: recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being thereunto had,
will more fully and at large appear.
な
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Joseph Palin, do hereby declare that the nature of the said Invention, and the
manner in which the same is to be performed, is particularly described and
ascertained in and by the Drawings hereto annexed, and the following
explanation thereof, that is to say:
Our improvements in brewing consist,-
Firstly, in obtaining the extract from malt by using as a solvent an extract
previously made from hops, in contradistinction to the plan now adopted,
whereby the hop extract is obtained by a saccharine solution.
Secondly, in obtaining extracts from malt and hops by placing the materials
in a vessel capable of being closed and made air-tight, and from which the air
is then exhausted by an air pump, or by other means previously to the admis-
sion of the solvent; by this method every insterstice and pore of the materials
is robbed of its air, and the now vacant spaces filled with the water or other
solvent employed.
Thirdly, in heating the extracts from malt and hops in a closed vessel under
additional pressure of atmospheric air or steam to a temperature of 212° F.,
or upwards, without causing ebulition, by which the aroma of the materials
would be dissipated and carried off.
Fourthly, in the use of a cooling vessel provided at top with a refrigerating
surface either fixed or capable of being lowered or raised according to the
level of the wort, and acting as a cover for the purpose of preventing the
fluid from exposure to atmospheric air.
Fifthly, in an arrangement of apparatus constituting a fermenting vat for
avoiding the exposure of the worts to atmospheric air.
Sixthly, in another arrangement of apparatus for obtaining the extract of
hops. This part of our Invention consists of a closed vessel which contains
the material, and another vessel connected at top and bottom by pipes thereto;
the solvent is applied and the lower vessel then heated, by which a circulation
will be obtained through the material: and this operation may be continued
until the required extract is perfected.
The second part of our Invention above mentioned, namely, obtaining
extracts by placing the material in a vessel from which the air may be
exbausted, we also apply to the purpose of obtaining infusions or dye
extracts, pharmaceutical extracts, or for other purposes, in which extractive
matter may be required.

page_text: The sixth part of our Invention, above mentioned, namely, the method of
obtaining extracts by causing the solvent to circulate through the material by.
means of heat, we apply to the purpose of extracting pharmaceutical and
diatetic products And in order that our Invention may be fully understood, we
have appended to this our Specification, one Sheet of illustrative Drawings..
In order to effect our first improvement we make an extract of hops,.
either by the ordinary process of infusion or by our improved methods.
herein-after described, and this we add to the malt in a similar manner to
that now adopted when the saccharine extract is obtained by water only; and
subsequently (if desired) we proceed, as in the ordinary process of brewing.
By this method we obtain the desired result without that continued boiling
which is necessary when the malt extract is used as a solvent.
Fig. 1 of the accompanying Drawings represents in section. an appara-
ratus constructed for the second part of our improvements, and to which we
will now refer, as a mash tun for obtaining the extract of malt. a, a, is a
vessel of wood, metal, or other substance, but wo prefer a material which is a.
bad conductor of licat. The upper part of this vessel is furnished with
flanges b, forming a recess, within which is placed a ring of india-rubber or
other elastic material c. The cover d is mounted upon guides e, upon which
it is capable of being raised and lowered by means of a central screw f,,
turning in the cross bar g. The bottom of the vessel a consists of a hollow.
metal casing h, provided with a central pipe i, the orifice of which passes
through it so as to communicate with the interior of the vessel a, for the pur-
pose of withdrawing the extract after the completion of the process... Extend-
ing through the hollow bottom is another bottom j, communicating with a
tank or other receptacle for the solvent; & is a pipe proceeding from a stream
boiler and communicating with the interior of the hollow casing h. At the
upper part of the vessel a there is a pipe b; communicating with an air-
pump or other exhausting apparatus. The lid d is furnished with a thermo-
metern and with a vacuum gauge o. The malt having been crushed, as, is,
usual in the process of brewing, is placed upon the perforated bottom p, and,
the lid d is then lowered so that the flange q will rest upon the elastic-ring-c;.
assuming all the taps of the various communications to have been previously.
closed, that of the pipe is first opened, so as to allow steam to flow into the
hollow bottom h, immediately after which the cock is opened, and the ope-
ration of pumping, or otherwise exhausting the air from the vessel and the.
malt contained therein, performed. By the time that this has been accom-.
plished, and the completion of which may be ascertained by inspection of

page_text: the vacuum guage, the steam admitted to the hollow bottom will have
communicated sufficient warmth to the interior of the vessel to have heated
the malt, the general diffusion through the mass being assisted by the drawing
of the air upward towards the source of the vacuum. The communication
with the air pump or other exhausting apparatus is now to be closed and the
water or hop extract admitted through the pipe j, until the requisite quantity
has entered; this may be determined by a guage placed upon the vessel from
which the fluid passes, or by one placed upon the mash tun a, as at r, and in
order to assist the saturation of the malt the air pump may be converted into
a force pump, so as to obtain a surface pressure upon the fluid. By this
operation the malt will have been completely saturated, and the mashing
machines now generally used rendered unnecessary. The mash may now be
continued as long as may be considered necessary, and at any desired tempe-
rature. The process of mashing having been completed the cock of the pipe i
is to be opened and the solution run off by its own gravity, which may be
assisted by a pressure of air through the force pump, or it may be displaced
by the ordinary process of sparging, after which the lid may be raised and tho
grains cleared out, when the vessel will be ready for another operation.
Fig. 2 represents a modification of the apparatus already described, and
which we employ especially for hops. In this instance, an interior vessel a, of
metal, is surrounded by another, b, forming a jacket, and provided with a pipe c,
for the admission of steam. The lid dis affixed by screws, and carries a
thermometer e, and vacuum guage f. There are also pipes g, h, the former
communicating as before, with the vacuum, and the latter with the steam
apparatus. The solvent is admitted at i, and drawn off at j; but in this appa-
ratus there is an additional pipe k, for the purpose of admitting steam, if
desired, into the interior of the mass of material under operation, which may
be done either before or after the admission of the solvent.
Fig. 3 represents a copper, in which the mixed extracts of malt and hops
or either of them, may be heated to any required temperature without causing
ebulition. It consists of a circular vessel a, provided at the lower part with
a jacket b, into which steam may be admitted through the pipe c, the con-
densed water passing off by the pipe d. To the copper a is affixed a pipe c,
through which the mixed extracts, or either of them, are passed from the
supply vessel, and at the lower part is a pipe g, for their discharge. The
copper is provided with a manhole h, and upon it there is an ordinary safety
valve, and also a thermometer for ascertaining the temperature of the fluid
under operation; and in order to allow of the escape or entrance of air

page_text: during the charging or emptying of the vessel there is a pipe provided with
a cock. is a pipe leading to an ordinary force pump for the purpose of
giving any required pressure upon the surface of the fluid, which having
been effected steam is admitted into the jacket b and the extracts raised to
any desired temperature without ebullition; and this temperature may always
be regulated by inspection of the thermometer, and opening or shutting off
the supply of steam.
Fig. 4 represents our improved method of cooling the wort during the
process of brewing. A hollow metal chamber a is provided with a bottom,
having numerous corrugations. This vessel is suspended by a rope or chain b,
passing over pullies, and floats on the surface of the wort contained in the
vat c, which it fills, or nearly so, on every side, sufficient space only being
left to enable it to move freely up and down. Communicating with the lower
part of the chamber a, is a pipe d, and at the upper portion thereof is another
pipe e, the former of these is in communication with a cold water reservoir,
and both are constructed of sufficient flexibility to allow the chamber a to
rise and fall so that it may float on the surface of the wort although the vat
may not be full. A continued stream of cold water is admitted by the pipe d,
and flowing off by the pipe e, thereby abstracting heat from the upper portion
of the liquor, which as it becomes cooler passes downward, and is replaced
by particles of less specific gravity, which in their turn are robbed of their
heat, and in this manner a constant circulation will be kept up until the
required cooling has been effected. We have described the chamber a as
moveable, so as to suit different quantities of liquor in the vat; but, in cases
where the vat can always be filled, such a provision will of course be unne-
cessary, and the refrigerating chamber may rest upon ledges or other appa-
ratus so as to be removed only when the vat is required to be cleaned. f is a
pipe by which the cooled liquor is discharged.
Our improved fermenting apparatus is shewn in section at Fig. 5; it consists
of a vessel a, provided with a cover b, in which there is a manhole for the
purpose of cleaning; this cover is formed as a hollow chamber, into which
cold water may be admitted by a pipe c, and discharged by another, d. The
bottom of the vessel a is a hollow casing e, connected to a steam pipe o*; on
the cover is situate a chamber f, provided with a spherical valve h, capable of
moving upon guides, and from the chamber f proceeds a pipe g. During the
process of fermention, if the heat be too great the attendant can reduce it
by allowing cold water to flow through the pipe c; but if the temperature be
not high enough, then, by admitting steam into the hollow bottom c, it may be
raised. As the yeast accumulates at the top of the fluid it raises the spherical

page_text: valve h, and passes off through the pipe g, the valve then returning to its seat
so as to close the vessel from the atmosphere.
Figure 6 represents the sixth part of our improvements. a, a, is a vessel of
metal or other substance suited to the articles intended to be operated upon,
provided with a lid b, and a perforated false bottom c. Beneath this vessel is
another, d, within which is adapted a refrigerating worm e, connected to the
vessel a by a pipe f. The lower part of the worm communicates by pipes g, h,
with a globular chamber i, around which there is a jacket j, capable of being
supplied with steam through the pipe k, and is another pipe for withdrawing
the condensed water. The globular chamber i is provided with a pipe m,
connected at its upper end to the vessel a. The process of extraction
is conducted as follows:The material to be heated is placed upon
the perforated bottom, and the cocks f, m, being opened the solvent is
admitted by the pipe n, until the vessel a, worm e, and chamber i, together
with the intervening passages, are filled therewith. The cock of the
pipe n being then closed steam is admitted to the jacket j, which, by heating
the fluid within the interior chamber i, will, decrease its specific gravity, and
thereby cause it to be displaced by the heavier column contained in the
vessel a, worm e, &c., and thus a circulation will be effected and may be kept
up as long as may be desired, fresh portions of the solvent continually passing
through the material upon the false bottom in vessel a. In order to allow
the exit of air during the admission of the solvent, and for the purpose of
providing for the expansion of the fluid by heat, we have adapted a pipe o to
the cover of the vessel a. We have shewn the worm e enclosed within a
chamber d, and into this a stream of cold water may be passed, if desired, in
order to abstract the heat; more readily from the descending column, and
thereby effect a quicker circulation. If desired also; the second part of our
Invention may be combined; for which purpose we have adapted a pipe p, to
be connected to an air pump, or other exhausting apparatus, so as to extract
the air from the substance to be treated before the admission of the solvent,
and the air pump may be converted into a force pump for the more readily
discharging the extracted inatter. In some cases it may be desirable to
operate upon the material by steam, in which case steam generated in the
chamber i, is admitted to the vessel a, and, passing through the perforated
bottom c, becomes condensed in the worm e, until the whole of the extractive
matter is in solution, the condensed steam and extract accumulating in the
vessel 2, below, during which steaming operation the cock s is to be closed.
In the foregoing description I have referred to the process of brewing only,
In making extracts of dye-woods, or for pharmaceutical or other purposes,

page_text: the particular course of operation will be varied according to the nature of the
substance to be operated upon. The above-described form of apparatus repre-
sented at Figure 2, however, is one which will be found generally useful for
obtaining extractive matters; for after the air has been exhausted by the
pipe 9, and the solvent admitted, the vessel may be heated as desired by 'the
steam jacket b, and under any pressure, by using a pump to force air upon the
surface or by admitting steam through the pipe h, or if tlie nature of the
substance require such treatment, steam of any practicable temperature may
be blown through the material by opening the pipe k..
Having thus described and ascertained the nature of our said Invention,
and the manner in which the same is to be performed, we desire it to be
understood that we do not intend to confine ourselves to the particular appa-
ratus or courses of aperation above mentioned, as the same may be varied to
a considerable extent without departing from the principles of our Invention;
that which we claim as secured to us under the above in part recited Letters
Patent being,
Firstly, obtaining an extract from malt by using a previously made extract
of hops.
Secondly, obtaining extracts for brewing, dyeing, pharmaceutical, or other
purposes, by treating the material with solvents within a vessel or vessels in
which a vacuum or partial vacuum has been formed.
Thirdly, the heating of extracts from malt and hops, either singly or
together, under the pressure of air above the ordinary pressure of the
atmosphere.
Fourthly, the employment of a cooling vessel, as applied to brewing, having
a refrigerating surface which closes, or nearly closes, the said vessel.
Fifthly, as applied to fermenting vessels the use of a self-acting valve for
allowing the discharge of yeast, and also the methods shewn and described for
regulating the temperature of the wort.
Sixthly, the use of a solvent circulated through the material for the purpose
of obtaining extracts from hops, and also from other matters for pharmaceu-
tical and diatetic purposes.
In witness whereof, I, the said Joseph Palin, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Eighteenth day of April, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-three.
JOSEPH (L.s.) PALIN.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Eighteenth day of April, in the
year of our Lord 1853, the aforesaid Joseph Palin came before our said
Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification
aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and specified, in form
above written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according
to the tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Enrolled the Nineteenth day of April, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-three.