CERTAIN IMPROVED TOOLS OR AP- PARATUS FOR CUTTING OR SHAPING METALS, AND OTHER SUBSTANCES
Year: 1841

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, HENRY
DAVIES, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at
Westminster, the Twenty-first day of October, in the fifth year of Her reign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
Henry Davies, Her especial licence, full power, sole privilege and authority,
that I, the said Henry Davies, my executors, administrators, and assigns, and
such others as I, the said Henry Davies, my executors, administrators, or
assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and
at all times during the term of years therein mentioned, should and lawfully
might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of
Berwick upon Tweed, my Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVED TOOLS OR AP-
PARATUS FOR CUTTING OR SHAPING METALS, AND OTHER SUBSTANCES;" in which
said Letters Patent is contained a proviso, obliging me, the said Henry
Davies, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, particularly to
describe and ascertain the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, and to cause the same to be inrolled in Her
Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in and
by the same, reference being thereunto bad, will more fully and at large
appear.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Henry Davies, do hereby declare, that the nature of my said Invention, and the
manner in which the same is to be performed, are particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following description thereof, reference being had to
the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the letters and figures marked thereon
(that is to say):-
My Invention of Certain Improved Tools or Apparatus for Cutting or
Shaping Metals and other Substances consists,
Firstly, in an arrangement of machinery for drilling or boring.
Secondly, in an arrangement of machinery for cutting the teeth of bevelled
wheels; and,
Thirdly, in an arrangement of machinery for planing.
My Machinery for drilling or boring is shewn in Sheet I. of the accompanying
Drawings. Figure 1 is a side elevation of the machine, complete. Figure 2
is a front elevation or left-hand end view of Figure 1. Figure 3 is a back
elevation, or right-hand end view of Figure 1. Figure 4 is a plan or horizontal
view of the machine. Figure 5 exhibits the same in sectional elevation,
the section being taken in the line a, b, Figure 4; and Figure 6 is a
horizontal section taken in the line c, d, of the Figures 1, 2; 3, 5; in all of
which Figures similar letters denote the same 'parts of the machine. The
tool for performing the operation of drilling or boring is shewn at a,
mounted in the socket 6 in the ordinary manner. The shaft a of the socket
b extends through the sliding frame c, c, in which it turns freely, and is retained
in its proper position by means of the bracket d and set screw e, as shewn in
Figures 1, 2, and 5. The frame c, c, slides in grooves formed within the guide
piece ff, mounted upon the sliding standard g, g, which guide piece is capable
of turning freely thereon; so as to bring the tool a to the required point
of operation. The manner in which the guide piece f is mounted upon the
standard g, so as to be capable of turning thereon, will be best seen in the
detached views, Figures 7 and 8. Figure 7 is a partial side elevation of these
parts, the sliding frame c, c, being shewn in section. Figure 8 is a view of the
top of the standard g, g. It will be perceived by these Figures that an annular
groove h, h, is formed therein, the lower part being of greater width, in order
to allow the introduction of the heads of two screws marked i, i, through the
apertures j, j. These screws pass through the guide piece f, f, and are secured
upper ends by means of nuts, by which means, during the operations of
the machine, the guide piece, and consequently sliding bed c, c, are firmly
united together; but when it is desired to turn the frame c, c, round, in order
⚫ to bring the tool a over another point of the material to be operated upon, the
at their

page_text: screws i, i, are to be loosened, when they will slide freely round in the grooves
h, h, allowing the required alteration of position; and on again being tightened,
the parts will be firmly secured to each other. In order to move the sliding
frame c, c, and consequently tool a, outwards from or inwards towards the
sliding standard g, g, a toothed rack k, k, see Figure 1, is affixed thereto, which
rack is operated upon by the pinion 7, 7, actuated by a winch handle, as shewn
in Figure 1, by turning which it will be evident that the sliding frame c, c,
may be moved backwards or forwards in the grooves of the guide piece f, f.
The standard 9, 9, is of a v shape, and is capable of sliding upwards or
downwards in the guides m, m*, see Figure 6; for the purpose of effecting
which movement a toothed rack n, n, see Figure 1, is affixed thereon, actuated
by a pinion o, mounted upon a cross shaft p, p, see Figure 3, which turns
in bearings affixed to the back guide m*. Upon this shaft is mounted
a winch handle q, by turning which the sliding standard g, g, guide piece f, and
consequently sliding frame c, c, will be lowered or raised at pleasure, and with
it the tool a, in order to admit any required thickness of material to be drilled
or bored, or to bring down the tool while in operation, or raise it therefrom.
Having described the general arrangement and construction of the
several parts, I will now proceed to state the mode in which the drill-
ing tool is caused to operate. The fast and loose pullies to which the
strap from the first mover is connected, are shewn at r, r, Figures 3 and 4.
They are mounted upon a short transverse shaft, turning in bearings
affixed to the back guide plate m, m, and upon this shaft is also mounted
the pulleys, round which the endless band t, t, for actuating the cut-
ting tool, is passed; the band t, t, passes downwards from the pulley s,
over smaller guide pullies u, u, mounted in the lower part of the sliding
standard 9, 9, and from thence upwards through an aperture in the guide
piece f, over the guide pulley r attached thereon, onwards to the conical
horizontal pulley w, upon the spindle of the tool a, and from thence back again
to the vertical pulley x, mounted on the sliding frame c, c, and thence over the
guide pulley y, attached to the guide piece f, f, and round the main pulleys,
and so on in the endless continuation as before described. By these means it
will be evident that on the rotatory motion being communicated to one of the
driving pullies r, r, the endless band t, t, travelling as before described, will
cause the pulley w, mounted upon the spindle of the tool a, to revolve. This
pulley may, if desired, be fast upon the spindle a*, and communicate motion
directly thereto. In the Drawing, however, I have shewn it as turning loosely
thereon, and provided at its upper end with a pinion g, taking into a toothed wheel
2, mounted upon the upright shaft 1, at the lower end of which shaft is affixe:

page_text: a pinion 2, which drives another pinion 3, fixed upon the spindle a*, and con-
sequently communicating motion thereto at a slower rate of revolution than that
of the pulley w. It will be evident that, with this arrangement, the tool a may
be raised or lowered, drawn out from or brought towards the sliding standard
9, 9, without altering the tension of the actuating band t, t; for, should it be
necessary to draw the tool and consequently the sliding frame c, c, inwards by
means of the rack and pinion k, l, the pulley x, being mounted thereon, will
carry forward so much of the band t, t, as would otherwise become slackened
between the guide pulley i and driving-pulley w; or should it be desired to
move the sliding standard g, and consequently cutting tool a, upwards by means
of the rack and pinion o, n, or downwards, as when in the operation of drilling
the guide pullies u, v, and y, attached thereto will move in the same direction,
and consequently no difference in tension will take place.
My arrangement of machinery for cutting the teeth of bevilled wheels is
shewn in the several views of Sheet 2, in the accompanying Drawings.
Figure 1 is a side elevation of the machine, partly in section. Figure 2 is an
end view of the same, also partly in section; the driving parts at the right-hand
end of Fig. 1 being in the second Figure removed; and Fig. 3 is a plan or
horizontal view of the machine complete. The cutting tool a, is mounted in
the frame b, which slides on the guide c, c, and is moved backwards and forwards
by the action of the screw d. e, e, are brackets, extending downwards from the
guide c, c, in which is mounted the socket piece f, through which the upper
end of the shaft g is passed; the lower end of this shaft turns in bearings
upon the frame h, h, which frame at its outer extremities is provided with
axles or pivots which turn in bearings on pedestals i, i. A plate 5, 5, is
attached to the axle of the frame h, h, having a circular slot, 6, 6, formed,
through which slot and the standard i a screw bolt 7 is passed, which, on
the shaft g being properly adjusted, is tightened in order to retain the frame
h, h, in its proper position. The wheel to be cut is placed upon the shaft g, as
shewn in the Drawing at A, A, and raised or lowered by the set screws j,j,
until the surfaces of the teeth are arranged radially to the centre of the socketf;
the other extremity of the bed c, is provided with a screw box k, which is
acted upon by the upright screw shaft 1,1; this screw shaft at certain intervals
is made to perform a portion of a revolution, which thereby causes the guide c
to turn upon the centre f*, in order to bring down the tool a ready for another
cut. In order to adapt the tool at each cut so as to traverse in the shape of the
side of the tooth, a bracket m extends from the under part of the guide, to
which is affixed the pin n; this pin moves in a curved slot or template o
cut in the disc p, the figure of the slot corresponding on an enlarged scale to

page_text: the required figure of the tooth to be cut; a front view of this disc is shewn
detached at Figure 4. By this arrangement, it will be evident that as the
guide c, and consequently the cutting tool a, are lowered, turning upon the
centre f*, that each cut will be perfectly radial to the centre of the wheel
under operation, and that the tool a will be guided by means of the pin n in
the slot o, so as to give the required curved figure to the tooth. There is an
opening formed in the frame h, h, see Figure 2, for the purpose of admitting a
dividing plate q, q, which is mounted upon the shaft g; this plate has a number
of notches cut on its periphery, corresponding to or a divisor of the number
of teeth in the wheel to be cut. During the operation of the machine
on each tooth, a catch r, turning on a pivot attached to the framework h, h, is
passed into one of those notches, as shewn in the partial plan view, Figure 5;
and in order to secure it firmly in this position, one end of a clamps (Figure 6)
is inserted into one of the cavities t, the other end, by means of the screw u,
forcing the catch tightly into the corresponding notch. The driving pullies are
shown at v, v*, mounted upon the short shaft 11, which shaft is made hollow,
and provided with a groove, in order to receive the feather-edge spindle 12, which
spindle, by means of the universal joints w, w*, is connected to the screw d, d;
by this arrangement, the spindle 12, although revolving with the shaft 11, is
at liberty to slide longitudinally, in order that, together with the universal
joints w, w, the frame c, c, may be allowed to turn on the centre f* and
socket f*, during the operation of the machine. In the Drawings above re-
ferred to the machine is in that position it would assume after the tool has
performed its forward motion, and is retreating in order subsequently to com-
mence a fresh cut; the driving pulley v, as above described, causing the screw
d, d, to revolve, and consequently traversing the tool frame 6 upon the guide
When the tool by this motion has cleared the outer end of the tooth being
cut, the frame b arrives in contact with the arm x projecting from the sliding rod
y, which is by these means caused to move forward in its guides z, z, bringing
the pendant lever 1 in contact with one of the arms 2, affixed in the screw
shaft, by which means that shaft is turned round a portion of a revolution, and
the guide c, and consequently tool a, lowered ready for a fresh cut; at the same
time the fork 3, affixed to the end of the sliding rod y, y, draws the driving
strap from the pulley v on to the other pulley v*, which, being arranged as in
the ordinary mode of reversing motions, changes the direction of the tool, which
now advances in a radial line towards the centre f*, cutting the tooth in its
passage to the required figure, being guided as to its direction by the position of
the pin n in the curved slot or template o. On the arrival of the tool beyond
the inner end of the tooth, the holder b, b, will arrive in contact with the project-
ing piece affixed to the sliding rod y, which then being in the position shewn
C. C.

page_text: by red lines in Fig. 3 will be carried forward into its former position, the fork
3 shifting the driving strap back on to the pulley r. During this operation the
pendant lever 1 again passes with the sliding rod y to its former position; but
in doing so no motion of the screw shaft 7 will take place, the bottom part of
the pendant lever being formed with a joint 4, which allows it to turn up freely
over the projecting arms 2, 2, 2. When passing in this direction, as shewn by
dots in Figure 1, the sliding rod y, y, at its extremity passes through a guide
piece 8, which guide piece is provided with centre pins turning freely in the
fork 9, 9, which fork also turns at its lower extremity in the socket 10 attached
to the framework of the reversing motion, as shewn in the detached view
Figure 7; by this arrangement the rod y is guided in its proper position, and
allowed to move transversely or vertically with the frame c, c. It will be per-
ceived by inspecting the Drawings that the screw box k of the screw shaft
turns upon pivots affixed to the guide c, c, in order to compensate for the
vibrating motions thereof, the shaft / resting upon a step affixed to the frame-
work of the machine. In order to place the wheel to be cut upon the shaft
g, g, the bearings e, e, of the socket f, f, are unscrewed, and the universal
joint w* released from the driving shaft. The frame c, c, can then be
removed, and the wheel adjusted in its proper position. The shaft g, and
frame h, being turned upon the centres i*, i*, in the standards i, i, in order
to bring the radial line of the tooth under the cutter into a horizontal position,
the guide c, c, is then adjusted, as shewn in the Drawing, and the tool a
turned by hand, by means of the screw shaft l, until it arrives at the top of
the tooth to be planed. The guide pin n, at this time standing in that part
of the slot or template o shewn at o' in Figure 4; motion is then communicated
to the machine as before described, the tool a travelling backward and forward,
and being regulated in its direction by the groove or template o, until it
arrives at the bottom line a of the tooth, the pin n at this time having
passed downwards to the point o² of the groove or template o.
By this
operation one side of a tooth will be cut to the required figure, when the
attendant turns the dividing plate q, and with it the wheel A, round until the
catch r arrives opposite to the next notch thereon. The tool a is
then turned up by means of the screw shaft l, and the motion continued
as before, and so on until one side of each tooth has been cut; after
which the tool is adjusted to the opposite side of a tooth, and the same
operations being repeated on these sides of the teeth, the pin n
passing through the groove or template from o' to o'.
now
My arrangements of machinery for planing is exhibited in the several Figures
of Sheet 3 of the accompanying Drawings. Figure 1 is a side elevation of
the machine complete. Figure 2 is a plan or horizontal view of the same;

page_text: and Figure 3 a view of the right-hand end of Figures 1 and 2. The
object of my improvement in this machine is to supersede the necessity
of the ordinary bed slides by which the cutting tool is caused to move in
parallel lines; and this I accomplish by mounting the table and tool carrier
upon rocking levers of precisely the same length, which, in vibrating upon their
centres, placed in any convenient part of the framework, pass through equal
distances in arcs of the same radii, and consequently preserve at all times an equal
space between the cutting tool and table. In the arrangement exhibited in
the Drawings two cutting tools are employed; they are shown at A, A, and,
with the ordinary slides for raising, lowering, or advancing them, are mounted
upon the flanges of the frame a, a, and are capable of being raised or lowered;
thereon in order to accommodate different thicknesses of material, by means
of the bolts and slots as shewn in the Drawing. On each side of the
frame a, a, are affixed the pins b, b, which are connected to and turn
freely in the upper ends of the rocking lever c, c, the lower ends of
which turn upon spindles d, d, d, passed through and keyed fast to the
framework e, e, e. The table of the machine, or that part on which the
article to be planed is placed, is shewn at f,f,f, to each end of which and on
each side thereof are affixed the pins 9, 9, mounted and turning in bearings
upon the upper ends of the rocking levers h, h, the lower ends of which levers
vibrate upon spindles i, i, passed through the framework in a similar manner
to those d, d, before described, the distance between the centres of motion
of the levers h, h, being precisely the same as that of the levers c, c. On
each side of the machine there is an endless band or belt of thin steel j,j,
passing over pullies k, k, mounted upon cross shafts which turn in bearings
affixed to the standards 1, 1; to this belt the pins b, b, and g, g, are connected
by means of eyes or staples h*, h, keyed fast thereto, the staples being
attached to the belt j,j, by means of rivets, as shewn in the Drawing,
or in any other convenient manner. A sliding rod m, m, is placed on one
side of the machine, moving in guides n, n, extending from the stan-
dards 1, 1; upon this sliding rod are affixed the projecting arms o, o*, which at
stated intervals are acted upon by the levers h, h**, by which means the rod
m, m, is moved backwards or forwards, and with it the fork p, p, attached
thereto, in order that the driving strap may be shifted successively on to each
of the pullies q, q*, connected respectively to the pinions r, r*, as in ordinary
reversing motions of planing machines. The substance to be planed is placed
upon the table f, f, f, and secured thereto, as in ordinary machines of this
character, when rotatory motion being communicated to the driving pulley g,
and through the pinions r and s, to the pullies k, k, the steel belt or band

page_text: will be moved onward in the direction of the arrows, Figures 1 and 2, and
with it the upper ends of the rocking levers c, c, and h, h, which, by vibrating
on their respective centres d, d, and i, i, will cause the moveable frame a, a,
with its tools A, A, and table f, f, to move in opposite directions, through arcs
of corresponding extent and radii; by this movement the rocking lever h will
have arrived in contact with the projecting arm o, affixing to the sliding rod
m, which rod will have been carried forward in its guides, and with it the
projecting fork p at its outer end, the driving strap being by these means
shifted on to the driving pulley 9*, affixed to the pinion *, which situation of
the parts is shewn by red lines in the side elevation, Figure 1; the motion being
thus reversed, the belt j,j, is caused to move in the contrary direction, carrying
the cutting tools A, A, and table f, f, back to their former position, in effecting
which, the rocking lever h** arrives in contact with the other projecting
arm o*, and shifts the driving strap again on to the pulley q. when the tools A, A,
and table f, f, again advance in order to effect a fresh cut. In the arrangement
shewn in the Drawings, it will be perceived that the tools A, A, are so
situated as to cut, in one direction only, a length of material equal to twice the
distance between them. If desired, however, the cutting tools may be placed
in opposite directions, the one tool cutting in its forward motion one portion of
the material, and the other tool cutting or planing the remainder during the
backward motion of the machine; or if required, but one tool may be employed,
either cutting simply in one direction or in both, by means of a reversing
motion, as now generally applied to planing machines. It will be evident that
there are portions of this apparatus common to all planing machines, which
may be varied at pleasure; for instance, in the Drawings above referred to, I
have shewn the cutting tools as actuated in their traversing and downward
motion by means of hand gear; but if desired, a self-acting apparatus may be
applied thereto in any ordinary manner. The improved machines, which I
have herein fully described, are suitable to be used for cutting or shaping
various matters or things formed of metals or other substances; and although
I have described such arrangements of machinery as I consider best suited for
these purposes, I do not confine myself to the arrangements herein described.
In explaining the use of my improvements, I have necessarily had occasion
to describe certain parts of machinery which are well known and have
been long employed, and for which I make no claim. But I claim as my
Invention,
First, an improved machine for cutting or shaping metals and other sub-
stances by means of a drill, which is driven by an endless band passing over
pullies so arranged as to provide for the drill being brought into operation either

page_text: nearer to or farther from the standard of such machine; also so arranged that
such drill can be employed as a radial drill in any position round the centre of
such standard, these actions being accomplished without requiring the length of
the endless band to be changed.
Secondly, an improved machine for cutting or shaping metals and other
substances, forming the teeth of bevilled wheels, by means of an arrangement
of machinery by which a cutting tool is caused to traverse in radial lines
from the circumference towards the apex of the wheel, being cut at the same
time that its traverse is conducted in the requisite direction by a guide frame on
which it moves; this being supported at the one end on bearings, the centres of
which coincide with the apex of the wheel, and the other end of this guide
frame, or some part projecting therefrom, being caused to traverse a slot or
template having the required form of tooth.
Thirdly, an improved machine for cutting or shaping metals or othe
substances, when these may be required to be cut or shaped into plane
surfaces; this machine being constructed so that the cutting tool is caused to
move parallel to the table of the machine, by means of the frame which
carries such tool being supported on rocking levers, at the same time that the
table is supported on similar rocking levers, all these levers being caused to
describe arcs of circles, and to produce the parallel action required.
In witness whereof, I, the said Henry Davies, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twentieth day of April, One thousand eight hundred
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the same Twentieth day of April,
in the year above written, the aforesaid Henry Davies came before our Lady
the Queen in Her. Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification aforesaid,
and all and every thing therein contained, in form above written. And also
the Specification aforesaid was stamped according to the tenor of the Statute
in that case made and provided.
Inrolled the Twenty-first day of April, in the year above written.