IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY APPLICABLE TO STEAM CULTIVATION
Year: 1861

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Robert Romaine, of Devizes, in the County of
Wilts, Agricultural Engineer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
MACHINERY APPLICABLE TO STEAM CULTIVATION."
Sealed the 30th July 1861, and dated the 10th June 1861.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Robert Romaine at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 10th
June 1861.
I, ROBERT ROMAINE, of Devizes, in the County of Wilts, Agricultural
Engineer. do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE
MENTS IN MACHINERY APPLICABLE TO STEAM CULTIVATION," to be as follows:--
This Invention relates mainly to improvements in the construction of the
machinery for cultivating land, which forms the subject of Patents obtained
by me, and bearing date May 18th, 1859, No. 1229, and August 18th. 1860,
No. 2003, the object being to simplify the construction, and increase the
efficiency of such machinery.
First. with respect to gear for driving the grooved pullies applied to the
separate and combined winding apparatus described in my Patent dated
18th August, 1860, I propose to attach a spur wheel to two of these grooved
pullies, and to drive them by spur pinions fast on the ends of two short shafts,
which carry on their inner ends two hevil wheels gearing into two similar
wheels loose on a shaft which is mounted at right angles to the shaft carrying
the grooved pullies. Fitted to this cross shaft are two friction clutches imme-

page_text: diately alongside the last-mentioned bevil wheels, their use being to start,
stop, or reverse the action of the winding apparatus without stopping or rever-
sing the action of the steam engine, which must of necessity take place if the
common stud or male and female clutch be made use of, the employment of
friction clutches also obviates the usual inconveniences of the crank shafts of
single cylinder steam engines stopping on their centres. The shaft which
carries the clutches is connected by an outrigger or gearing to the steam engine
and its bearings, and that of the other shafts are carried on the framing of the
separate winding apparatus. The two friction clutches are connected together,
and are put into and kept out of gear by a hand wheel, screw, and forked
levers.
!
In applying this improved arrangement of geering to the combined system
of steam engine-and winding apparatus. I attach the two large spur wheels to
the two annular grooved pullies, which travel on antifrictional rollers round the
shell of the boiler, and drive the annular pullies in a similar manner to that
-described, except that three bevil wheels only are used, and the clutch shaft is
driven direct from the crank shaft of the steam engine by means of spur
gearing. One end of the cross shaft and the inner ends of the two longitudinal
shafts have their bearings in a large bracket, which carries one of the bearings
of the crank shaft and another similar bracket is applied to the other side of
the engine to carry the bearings for the opposite ends of the crank and cross
shafts. The outer ends of the two longitudinal shafts work in bearings fixed
to the boiler, and are employed, the one for driving the large carrying wheels
of the engine, and the other for driving the small drum used for hauling the
engine along the headlands.
Secondly. I render more efficient the double drum windlass employed in
hauling the traction rope used for steam cultivation, by arranging a self-acting
coiling apparatus for cach drum, and also attaching double friction clutches
similarly arranged to those for the grooved pulley winding apparatus above
mentioned.
In carrying out the self-acting coiling improvement, I employ for each drum
either a long pinion, or a short double flanged one, for imparting rotary motion
to the drums, and cause the drums to travel to and fro on their own shaft in
order to coil up or uncoil any given length of traction rope. In order to
obtain this compound movement, I mount the drums for example, loosely on a
double or reverse threaded shaft, so that when rotated they will traverse along
the shaft, but other well known mechanical devices may be employed for
setting the drums alternately in motion. I apply friction clutches to driving
pinions as already explained with respect to the grooved pulley arrangement.

page_text: The shaft of the drums is placed in a line parallel with the framing of the
windlass, while the axles of the carrying wheels are at right angles. The ropes
are guided on to the drums through two bell or trumpet-mouthed tubes
attached to the framing, and the driving shaft of the windlass is extended out-
wards so as to connect it by gearing to the crank shaft of the steam engine.
In connecting either of the two systems of winding apparatus above men-
tioned to the portable steam engine. I adopt either of the following plans as
the particular make and circumstances of the engine may suggest.
First. mount a low platform on broad carrying wheels. and fix thereon
winding apparatus, and the small drum for hauling the whole along the head-
lands at one end. The platform is furnished with a feed water tank and fuel
bunker, and when not at work carries the detached parts of the tackle from
place to place. The portable steam engine is to be run up on to the low
platform on its own wheels and scotched there. It is placed across the plat-
form, and hauled along sideways on the headlands, or it is placed in a longi-
tudinal line with the platform with the winding apparatus either before or
behind it.
Second, I connect the separate winding apparatus by two bars, or by its own
shafts to either end of the portable engine, and either remove or lift up the
back or front pair of the steam engines carrying wheels, and allow the weight
of the engine to rest on the winding apparatus; third, I combine the winding
apparatus to the steam engine by bolting the framing of the winding apparatus.
to brackets attached to either end of the steam engine. As an improvement
on the travelling anchor used at the headlands to resist the pull of the culti
vating implement and traction rope, I attach to a rigid frame a series of shares
or pointed teeth arranged on the frame, somewhat after the manner of a common
harrow. The grooved sheave or pulley that is to receive the rope, revolves on
a vertical pin secured to the frame. A platform is placed over the frame for
carrying a crab or winch, with suitable appliances for raising and lowering the
anchor. The anchor frame is fitted with slotted end brackets to receive the
axles of the carrying wheels, which axles form fulcrums for a set of crank levers
to raise and lower the anchor. These levers are operated upon by the crab or
winch, which besides raising the anchor simultaneously, winds up the rope for
hauling the anchor ahead on the headlands. When it has travelled the required
distance, the anchor drops suddenly with its whole weight, thereby causing the
shares or teeth to penetrate the land, one or more drums to coil the traction
rope on when not working, are also carried on the platform.
I will now describe my improvements in the double-action steam ploughs,
and other cultivating implements intended to be operated by means of the

page_text: above described apparatus.
The chief object of the improvements being to
avoid the necessity for giving these implements a lateral movement each time
they arrive at the headland, in order that the operating instrument may take
up new ground.
First, I mount in a pair of balance frames arranged in a line transverse, to
their line of draught any required number of ploughs or other cultivating
implements, one set of the ploughs being made right-handed, and the other
set left-handed, and pointing in opposite directions. Each frame is connected
by rods or links to balancing beams or levers. These beams work loosely on
trunnions, or they are attached to a longitudinal shaft carried by the main
framing of the implement, which is suitably provided with carrying and steering
wheels. The links or rods are made adjustable, so as to allow the foremost
plough body of each set to enter the land first, and be lifted out last. Each
set of the ploughs is raised out of and lowered into work to give them a
reverse action at the headland by rocking the balancing beams by means of a
rack and-pinion-arrangement, or by other-suitable-gearing or levers. To regulate
the depth of ploughing, adjustable and guiding bearings are placed on the
ends of the main framing for the balance plough frames to rest on, and be
guided in their vertical movement. By removing the plough bodies from
their frames, and attaching thereto other cultivating instruments, the character
of the implement will be changed. This implement will require to be moved
sideways on the headlands only at every second bout, instead of at every bout
as heretofore, thus reducing the labor of moving the anchor on the headland
by one half.
Second, when use the turn-over principle for obtaining the double action
as described in my Patent No. 2003, 1860, to obviate the necessity of moving
the plough sideways at the headland after each traverse or bout, I place the
shaft which carries the plough frame at one side, or out of the central line of
that frame, and turn the ploughs over by suitable gearing, this shaft is placed
in the centre line of the main framing of the implement, and at about half a
furrow slice distant from the nearest plough and beam, so that when the
ploughs are turned over at the headland after the first bout, the set that next
comes into action will commence (without the implement being shifted
laterally) upon ground a furrow's breadth distant from the nearest furrow.
Third, to decrease the length, and render more compact double-action steam
ploughs, where two or more plough bodies are employed in the one frame, I
remove what are commonly called the slade and sole plate from all the ploughs
but the last one in each set, and suspend and attach the mould boards to the
plough beams by pendent frames, which follow the curves of the mould boards

page_text: and extend forward to carry the shares. In the last plough of each set how-
ever (that is the plough nearest the uncultivated land), I increase the length
and bearing surface of the slade or land side, in order that it may resist the
pressure of turning over the furrow slices for all the other mould boards in the
same set. By this means I am enabled to reduce the size of the implement
by decreasing the distance between the foremost and succeeding ploughs, and
placing them more abreast of each other, still, however, leaving room for the
furrow slices to be turned over withont interfering one with the other.
Fourth, as an improvement applicable solely to cultivators, I mount one
single set of shares or other cultivating implements in a swivel frame, which by
turning in a horizontal plane at the headlands will reverse the position of the
shares. The swivel share frame is mounted in an guter frame provided with
carrying and steering wheels, which are also made adjustable, and it is held in
position by spring catches on the outer frame. Both ends of the traction rope
are attached to the same point of the swivel frame. the loose end lying in a
groove on the periphery of that frame. The pull therefore of the return end
of the rope will turn round the shares, and make them face their work. But
when drums are used to take up the slack rope, I use two draught chains
wound round the same axes as and alongside the drums for the same purpose
of turning round.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Robert Romaine in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
10th December 1861.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, 1, ROBERT
ROMAINE, of Devizes, in the County of Wilts, Agricultural Engineer, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Tenth day of June, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-one, in the twenty-fourth year of ler
reign, did, for Ierself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said Robert Romaine, Her special license that I, the said Robert Romaine, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I. the said Robert
Romaine, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the
term therein expressed. should and lawfully might make. use. exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel

page_text: Islands, and Isle. of Man, an Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY
APPLICABLE TO STEAM CULTIVATION," upon the condition (amongst others) that
1. the said Robert Romaine. by an instrument in writing under my hand and
seal, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Inven-
tion, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same
to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next.
and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Roberi Romaine, do hereby declare the
nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed,
to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement,
reference being had to the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the letters and
figures marked thereon (that is to say):-
This Invention relates, mainly to improvements in the construction of the
machinery for cultivating land which forms the subject of Patents obtained by
me and bearing date May Eighteenth. One thousand eight hundred and
fifty-nine. No. 1229, and August Eighteenth. One thousand eight hundred
and sixty, No. 2003. the object being to simplify the construction and increase
the efficiency of such machinery.
First, with respect to the gear for driving the grooved pullies, whether
applied to the separate or combined winding apparatus described in my
Patent, dated Eighteenth August, One thousand eight hundred and sixty, 1
propose to attach to two of these grooved pullies a spur wheel and to drive
them by spur pinions fast on the ends of two short shafts which carry on their
inner ends two bevil wheels gearing into two similar wheels loose on a shaft
which is mounted at right angles to the shaft carrying the grooved pulleys.
Fitted to this cross shaft are two friction clutches immediately alongside the
last-mentioned bevil wheels, their use being to start, stop. or reverse the action
of the winding apparatus without stopping or reversing the action of the
steam engine, which must of necessity take place if the common stud or male
and female clutch be made use of. The employment of friction clutches also
obviates the usual inconvenience of the crank shafts of single cylinder steam
engines stopping on their centres. In the separate driving gear arrangement
the shaft which carries the clutches is connected by an outrigger or gearing
to the steam engine and its bearings and that of the other shafts are carried by
suitable framing. The two friction clutches are connected together and are
put into and kept out of gear by a hand wheel, screw, and forked levers.
In Sheet 1. of the Drawings, Fig. 1 is a partial plan view of the separate
winding apparatus, having the front end of the main framing broken off. and
one of the top transverse tie pieces removed in order to exhibit the gearing

page_text: and friction clutches more clearly; Fig. 2 is a sectional side elevation of the
same taken at the line A, B, one of the bevil or mitre wheels being removed.
and Fig. 3 is a sectional end view of the apparatus taken in the line C, D. "
Fig. 1. The letters of reference refer to like parts in all the Figures of this
Sheet of Drawing.
a and b are the two large grooved pullies to which are attached the two large
spur wheels c and d. One of these pullies with its spur wheel revolves loosely
on the longitudinal shaft e, the other pulley with its wheel is keyed fast on
the same shaft in order that the shaft e may drive by gearing the small drum /
(shewn in Fig. 2.) which is used for hauling the apparatus on the headlands;
g and are two spur pinions made fast respectively to the outer ends of the
two short shafts i and j. and which gear into and drive in opposite directions the
spur wheels and d. The reverse action of the pinions g and his obtained by
means of the four bevil or mitre wheels k, l, m, and n, the first two of which are
made fast respectively to the inner ends of the shafts i and j. while the two
latter work loose on the transverse shaft; o, p and q, are two friction clutches, the
overlapping parts of which are attached to or cast in one with the wheels m and
n. and therefore work loosely on the shaft o. The other parts p. q. of the
clutches slide loosely on feathers on the shaft o.
forked levers for actuating the friction clutches are shewn in Sheet II.. of
the Drawings.) The shafts and j. and the shaft o. are carried in plummer
blocks attached to the under side of the top framing as seen in Figures 2
and 3. The third grooved pulley s may be made of any convenient diameter.
as it is not driven in this instance, but merely acts a guide to conduct the
traction rope alternately to and from each of the pullies a and b. This pulley s
is fast on its shaft r which is carried in the bearings g', g' (Fig. 3); . . are
trumpet-mouthed iubes for preventing the traction rope from slipping out of the
grooves of the large pullies and for guiding it in its proper course. They are
attached to the hanging brackets which are bolted to the under side of the
main framing v.
(The hand wheel. screw, and
In applying this improved arrangement of gearing to the combined system of
steam engine and winding apparatus, I attach the two large spur wheels to the
two annular grooved pullies which travel on antifriction rollers round the shell
of the boiler, and drive the annular pullies in a similar manner to that described.
except that three bevil wheels only are used and the clutch shaft is driven
direct from the crank shaft of the steam engine by means of spur gearing.
One end of the cross shaft and the inner ends of the two longitudinal shafts
have their bearings in a large bracket which carries one of the bearings of
the crank shaft. and another similar bracket is applied to the other side of the

page_text: engine to carry the bearings for the opposite ends of the crank and cross shafts..
The outer ends of the two longitudinal shafis work in bearings fixed to the boiler
and are employed the one for driving the large carrying wheels of the engine,
and the other for driving the small drum used for hauling the engine along the
headlands.
}
Fig. is a plan of only so much of an agricultural engine as is necessary to
exhibit my improved mode of driving the winding apparatus when combined
therewith, is the crank shaft driving the transverse shaft o by means of the
two spur wheels and y, the pitch lines of which are shewn in red in Fig. 5.
This figure also shews one of the main brackets z, by which the shafts w
and o are carried. The main bracket z', carries the plummer blocks for the inside
bearings of the longitudinal shafts i and the outside bearings being on the
boiler. The mitre wheels k. 1. and n. are all fast on their respective shafts
and a reverse action is given to them by the ordinary link motion of the steam
engines. a is a bevil pinion furnished with a clutch (not shewn) intended to
gear into any suitable gearing attached to one of the main carrying wheels to
render the steam engine and apparatus self locomotive: b', is a worm on the
outer end of the shaft i, furnished with a clutch (not shown) to throw it out of
gear when required; c'. is a worm wheel driven by the worm b', and giving
motion to the small drum by means of the spur pinion and wheel d¹ and c¹.
the wheels c and d being cast in one and working loosely on the stud shaft f.
which is bolted to the smoke box of the boiler.. In order to disconnect the
driving power from the winding apparafus, the spur pinion is made to slide
on a feather and is drawn out of gear with a wheel y, and fixed by a set screw.
In like manner to disconnect the winding apparatus from the shafts i and j. it
is only necessary to draw the pinions g and h out of gear. The large grooved
pullies a and b revolve round the shell of the boiler on antifriction rollers
similarly arranged to those described under my Patent of One thousand eight
hundred and sixty. No. 2003.
Secondly, I render more efficient the double drum windlass employed in hauling
the traction rope used for steam cultivation by arranging a self-acting coiling
apparatus for each drum. and also attaching double friction clutches similarly
arranged to those for the grooved pulley winding apparatus above-mentioned.
In carrying out the self-acting coiling improvement I employ for each drum
either a long pinion, or a short double flanged one, for imparting rotary motion
to the drums, and cause the drums to travel to and fro on their own shaft,
in order to coil up or uncoil any given length of traction rope. For setting the
drums alternately in motion. I apply friction clutches to driving pinions as
already explained with respect to the grooved pulley arrangement. The shaft

page_text: of the drums is placed in a line parallel with the framing of the windlass, while
the axles of the carrying wheels are at right angles. The ropes are guided on to
the drums through two bell or trumpet mouthed tubes attached to the framing.
and the driving shaft of the windlass is extended outwards so as to connect it
by gearing to the crank shaft of the steam engine.
In Sheet II., Fig. 6 is an end elevation. Fig. 7 a plan view. and Fig. 8 a
side elevation, partly in section. of the double drum windlass. constructed
according to the improvements above referred to. a is the main framing.
made of angle iron or other suitable material. and mounted on four wheels b, h*.
the two front ones b being made to lock; c is an outrigger fast on the end of
the longitudinal driving shaft d, which is carried in bearings on the three
standards e; f. f. are long spur pinions. gearing into and driving the spur
wheels g, g. These pinions work loosely on the shaft d. and are cast in one
with the worms h, h. and also with one half of the friction clutches i. i. The
other halves of these clutches slide on feathers let into the shaft d. and are
thrown into and out of gear by means of the connected rock levers i. i: these
levers j. j. have their fulcrums on brackets attached to the middle standard c.
and they are coupled together at their outer ends by a cross bar which is
jointed to a lever j that lies parallel with the levers i, and has its fulcrum on
the standard e. The outer end of this lever i is embraced by collars on a
Screw shaft 1, which has its bearings in upright standards m. m, only shewn in
plan, Fig. 7. and carries a hand wheel k. by which it is operated for the
purpose of rocking the levers on their fulcrums. 0. o, are the two winding
drums, strengthened at each end by radial arms i. one set on each drum being
cast with the spur wheels g. 9. and the other set with a flanch or overhanging
periphery n, which is turned smooth all round for the purpose of a friction
surface for the semicircular brakes p. p. to act upon. The drums o revolve
loosely on the shaft s. and travel to and fro by means hereafter described.
The breadth of the brakes p is proportioned to the length of endway traverse
of the drums. They are attached on one side of the main framing by the
hinges q. q, and on the other side by loose pins in the weighted levers, r. r.
whose ends are hinged to the framing, as shewn in the end view, Fig. 6. The
drums are relieved from the brakes by raising the levers 7 and resting them
on small blocks on the framing. s is a plain longitudinal shaft fast in the
standards e. c. c. and intended to carry the drums o. o. which revolve loosely
thereon, and receive a to-and-fro traverse motion. To obtain this to and fro
movement. I sometimes increase those particular portions of the shaft on which
the drums travel. and cut double reverse threaded screws on them, into which
teeth projecting from the bosses of the drums work, and cause the drums to

page_text: travel forward and backward. on the shatt. I would, however, remark. that
I do not. confine myself to any one mode of obtaining this endway traverse
motion, but propose to adopt any. of the well-known. mechanical movements
best suited for. that object. In the Drawings I have shewn a double racks and
pinion arrangement, which converts the circular motion of the worms h;.h. into
the reciprocating motion of the drums o; t. t. are worm wheels gearing into
the worms, and carried by jointed.shafts v, having their bearings in.brackets
u, u, which are attached to the side standards e. The joints of these shafts v
are immediately under the. brackets, u, and are intended. to. permit of the shafts
swinging.to either side of the mangle racks w, 10; 2, z, are small spur pinions
fast on the lower ends of the shafts v, and.gearing into the racks ; they are
kept in gear and guided round the ends of the. racks by means of the slotted
brackets, y, attached to the side standards e. as. shewn dotted through in
-plan, Fig 7 these-racks -are-intended-to-receive an endway motion,-and-to
this end they are supported.in guides z, z, formed in or attached to the side
standards e, as best seen in Fig. 6; .these. racks. are respectively connected
with the drums o, o..by means of the bent forks z'z', which enter annular
grooves made in the bosses of the drums. Trumpet-mouthed tubes, similar to
those shewn.in Sheet I., Figures 1. and 2, are attached to the main. framing;at
a point midway of the extremities of traverse of each drum, through which
tubes the traction ropes are guided and prevented from swerving to the right
or left. At every revolution the drums o traverse endwise on the shafts a
distance equal to or a little in excess of the diameter of the traction rope
employed, so that each successive coil of rope may be laid in its proper position
beside that last lapped on the drum. Short double flanched pinions; sliding
on feathers on tubular shafts may be used instead of the long pinions, but
I prefer the arrangement shewn in the Drawing.
In connecting either of the. two systems of winding apparatus shewn in
Sheets I. and. II. to the portable steam engine. I adopt either of the following.
plans as the particular make and circumstance of the engine may suggest:-
First, I mount a low platform on broad. carrying wheels, and fix thereon
winding apparatus, and the small drum for hauling the whole along the head-
lands at one end. The platform is furnished with a feed water tank and fuel-
bunker, and when not at work carries the detached parts of the tackle from.
place to place. The portable steam engine is to be run up on to the low
platform on its own. wheels, and scotched there; it is placed across the
platform and hauled. along. sideways on the headlands; or it is placed in. a.
longitudinal line with the platform, with the winding apparatus either before
behind. Second, I. connect the separate winding apparatus by two bars or

page_text: by its own shafts to either end of the portable engine, and either remove o
lift up the back or front pair of the steam engines carrying wheels, and allow
the weight of the engine to rest on the winding apparatus. Third, I combine
the winding apparatus to the steam engine by bolting the framing of the
winding apparatus to brackets attached to either end of the steam engine.
Fig. 9, Sheet 11. is a plan, and Fig. 10 a side elevation of so much of the
details as are necessary to shew the winding apparatus or double drum wind-
lass and portable steam engine temporarily combined as above-mentioned. e¹
is the portable steam engine run up on to the low platform h' on its own
wheels, and scotched there in the usual way. The winding apparatus b', or it
may be the double drum windlass (not shewn), is placed on either side of the
steam engine, but I prefer it as shewn, in order that a driving connection with
the small drum c' for hauling along the headlands may be more easily had, or
the steam engine may be placed in a longitudinal line with the platform, with
the winding apparatus either before or behind the steam engine. d'are four
small broad wheels carrying the whole apparatus; two or these wheels are
made to lock. f is the fuel bunker, and g' the feed-water tank. I would
remark that I am aware that portable steam engines have already been
mounted on platforms or framings with winding apparatus placed immediately
under the boiler and engines, but the object sought for in this arrangement is
to place the boiler and engines as near the ground as possible, whereby a nearly
horizontal driving connection (instead of a vertical one) can be had with the
winding apparatus, and to provide the means (when the steam engine is
removed from the platform) for carrying the loose parts of the cultivating
apparatus.
Fig. 11 is a plan view, shewing the winding apparatus in front of the steam
engine, the framing of which is bolted to four brackets . rivetted to the boiler,
and Fig. 12 is a side elevation, shewing the winding apparatus bolted by its
framing or shafts behind the steam engine to similar brackets.
As an improvement on the travelling anchor used at the headlands to resist
the pull of the cultivating implement and traction rope, I attach to a rigid
frame a series of shares or pointed teeth arranged on the frame, somewhat
after the manner of a common harrow. The grooved sheave or pulley that
is to receive the rope revolves on a vertical pin secured to the frame. A
platform is placed over the frame for carrying a crab or winch, with suitable
appliances for raising and lowering the anchor. The anchor frame is fitted with
slotted end brackets, to receive the axles of the carrying wheels, which axles
form fulcrums for a set of crank levers to raise and lower the anchor. These
levers are operated upon by the crab or winch, which besides raising the anchor

page_text: simultaneously winds up the rope for hauling the anchor ahead on the head-
lands. When it has travelled the required distance the anchor drops suddenly
with its whole weight, thereby causing the shares or teeth to penetrate the land.
One or more drums to coil the traction rope on when not working are also
carried on the platform.
In Sheet III., Fig. 13, is a side elevation; Fig. 14, an end view; Fig. 15,
a plan; and Fig. 16, a partial side view of such an arrangement of anchor.
The same letters refer to the same parts in all the Figures in this Sheet.
a is a frame, cast or otherwise constructed with longitudinal and transverse
ribs, to which are bolted a series of spikes, shares, or teeth b, of any suitable
form; c is a platform resting on two end pieces d, through which the platform
is bolted to the bottom frame. a; e is a large sheave, around which the traction
rope is passed. The sheave. works on a centre pin-f, connecting the platform
and bottom frame; g, g, are large brackets bolted on top of the platform,
having each a vertical slot to admit the bottom frame to be raised up; h, h,
are flanged bearing blocks sliding loosely in the slots of the brackets, through.
which the main axle i is passed and carried and guided in its up-and-down
movement. A connection is made between the axle i and the platform and
framing by means of the cranks i, i, (made fast on the axle) and the pendent
links k, . The small winding drum q is loose on the axle i, and is worked by
the set of pinions and wheels l, m, o, and p. Sliding on a feather of the axle i is
one side of the clutch r', the other half or sider being fast on the axle; s is a
hook and collar loose on the shaft n; and t is a loose eye in the clutch r; this
the rope for hauling the anchor on the headlands, one end being fast to a dead
anchor ahead, and the other end being fast to the drum q. In operating the
anchor the axle i is turned round until a connection is formed between t and s
(as shewn in the detached view, Fig. 17), when the clutches r and r¹ are put
out of gear and the anchor wound ahead the required distance; the clutches
are then again put into gear in order to release the hook and eye and s from
each other, when the framing, &c., will drop suddenly, causing the points or
shares b to penetrate into the ground and offer a resistance to the pull of the
traction rope and implements. When necessary, the weight of the carrying
wheels u, u, and winding gear is made use of to press on the framing by cle-
vating the wheels, &c. a few inches off the ground, as seen in Figures 13 and
14; this is done by giving a reverse turn to the axle, until a connection is made
between t and s, and the cranks and links j and k assume a nearly vertical
position. Instead of these cranks and links, I sometimes employ spur pinions
d and racks e¹, as shewn in Fig. 16. v, v, are a pair of levers or horse shafts
attached loosely to the axle i by the straps or clips x, x. They are confined

page_text: loosely to the front part of the framing by means of vertical standards b', b₁
(seen dotted through the cross bar c¹ in Fig. 15), but when travelling from one
place to another the shafts are held rigidly to the framing by pins inserted into
holes a¹. w, w, are steering wheels supporting the shafts, and only used when
at work in the field. Their stems are connected together by the cross bar z,
and the steering is effected by the handle z'; y is a large drum for coiling the
traction rope on when not at work.
'I will now describe my improvements in the double-action steam ploughs
and other cultivating implements intended to be operated by means of the
above-described apparatus, the chief object of the improvements being to avoid
the necessity for giving these implements a lateral movement each time they
arrive at the headland, in order that the operating instrument may take up
new ground.
When using the turn-over principle for obtaining the double action, as
described in my Patent, No. 2003, One thousand eight hundred and sixty, to
obviate the necessity of moving the plough sideways at the headland after
each traverse or bout, I place the shaft which carries the plough frame at one
side or out of the central line of that frame, and turn the ploughs over by
suitable gearing. This shaft is placed in the centre line of the main framing
ci the implement, and at about half a furrow slice distance from the nearest
plough and beam, so that when the ploughs are turned over at the headland
after the first bout, the set that next comes into action will commence
(without the implement being shifted laterally) upon ground a furrow's
breadth distance from the nearest furrow.
In Sheet IV. Fig. 18 is a plan view of the improved implement, Fig. 19
is a front end view, and Fig. 20 is a partial side view of the framing. a. a, a,
are the under side, and b, b, b, the top side ploughs fixed to the beams d in a
similar manner to that shewn and described in my Patent above referred to;
c is a central shaft, by preference made tubular, connecting the main framing
h from end to end; e, e, are two hinge lugs encircling loosely the shaft c, and
fast to the nearest beam d. The distance between the beam and shaft being
about half a furrow slice, so that when the top ploughs d are turned over on
the shaft c'they will be brought to the proper position for taking up a new set
of furrows, and thus the necessity for moving the whole implement sideways
on the headland will be avoided. f,, are balance weights, whose levers g, g,
are fixed to the beam d, and whose fulcrum is the shaft c; i is a casting. in
which is formed the semicircular toothed rack j. It is bolted on top of the
framing 'h, and supported by the brackets k, k, k. The ploughs are turned
over on one side by means of the cranked handle n, which works a shaft m

page_text: mounted loosely in journals on the outside plough beam, and which shaft
carries fast at its other end the spur pinion 1, in gear with the rack j; p, p,
are draught eyes, to which the ends of the traction rope are attached; q is one
of two castor or trailing wheels, the hinder one of which is not shewn in the
Drawing; is the only steered wheel, the steering being effected by means
similar to that described in my before-named Specification, and it travels forward
and backward in the same furrow; s is the fourth carrying wheel, which travels
forward in the last furrow formed at the previous bout; in returning it is
turned round, and travels back in the last furrow, as shewn, it being fixed in
the dotted position, and secured there by means of a pin in a hole w in the
frame; is the axle of the wheels s attached loosely to the fixed centre pin u
on the framing. It is fixed in the position shewn by the pin v, and worked
round by its handle-shaped end. The implement is drawn sideways every
second bout on the headlands by placing the wheel s at right angles to the
frame as shewn at 2, and the wheel r is turned round into the same position
by a lever which forms part of the steering apparatus not shewn.
As an improvement applicable solely to cultivators, mount on single set
of shares or other cultivating implements in a swivel frame, which by turning
in a horizontal plane at the headlands will reverse the position of the shares.
The swivel share frame is mounted in an outer frame provided with cartying
and steering wheels, which are also made adjustable, and it is held in position
by spring catches on the outer frame. Both ends of the traction rope are
attached to the same point of the swivel frame, the loose end lying in a groove
on the periphery of that frame. The pull, therefore, of the return end of the
rope will turn round the shares and make them face their work. But when
drums are used to take up the slack rope, I use two draught chains wound
round the same axes, as and alongside the drums for the same purpose of turn-
ing round.
In Sheet V., Fig. 21 is a plan view, Fig. 22 a longitudinal sectional elevation,
and Fig. 23 is an end view of my improved arrangement of cultivating or scari-
fying implement. a is the circular or swivel frame mounted on a central axle d,
and surrounded by the main framing b, which is provided with C-shaped guides
c, c, c. c. This swivel frame is free to move round except when held by either
of the spring catches dropping into a notch formed for that purpose on the
frame.
The construction and operation of the spring catches e, e, is best shewn in
the detached view, Fig. 24. f are four small antifriction rollers attached to
the main framing and bearing against the circular frame a, so as to relieve
the centre pin d from any undue strain; g are five stems for carrying the

page_text: usual scarifying tools, and fixed to the circular frame in the usual manner.
The centre pind is keyed fast in the frame a, and turns loosely in the arched
bracket h, and secured there by a loose washer and cotter: j represents the
front draught chain in work attached to the eye k on the front stem g; the
other draught chain is used for the return travel of the implement; it is
attached to the same eye k, and is kept off the ground by supports m and n
attached to the outside stems. In order, therefore, to reverse the position of
the scarifyers at the headlands, it is only necessary to disengage one of the
spring catches e, when the pull of the return rope or chain I will cause the.
swivel frame a to make a half revolution, whereby the shares and stems will
be caused to face their work. The implement is then ready to be steered
into fresh ground to complete another bout. The depth of cut is regulated,
and the raising and lowering is accomplished by means of the small windlasses
o, o, in conjunction with the worm wheel gearing worked by the longitudinal
shaft p and hand wheels q. 1. carried on the end frames r, r. The framing b
slides and is guided in its up and down movement by the four tie rods s, it
being provided with, sockets to receive these guide rods, which are firmly
secured to the end frames r, r. t, t, are two pairs of carrying and steering
wheels u, u. are two pairs of vertical stems working loosely in the end
frames, and to which the stud axles of the carrying wheels are fixed. To the
tops of these stems I apply a steering apparatus at each end of the implement,
and for this purpose I employ. by preference, an arrangement of segmental
racks and spur wheels like that shewn and described in the Specification of.
my Patent already referred to. y, y, are seats at opposite ends of the imple-
ment for the attendant. I would here remark, that I may sometimes arrange
the winding apparatus o, o, to raise the swivel frame a: in that case the main
framing b will be fixed to the end frames r, r.
Having now set forth the nature of my Invention of "Improvements in
Machinery applicable to Steam Cultivation," and explained the manner of
carrying the same into effect, I wish it to be understood that, under the above
in part recited Letters Patent, I claim,-
First, driving the grooved pulleys of winding apparatus by means of gearing
arranged as above described, and also the application to the separate winding
apparatus of the friction clutches, as above described.
Secondly, I claim giving to the drums of windlasses a reciprocating traverse
motion on their axles while rotating in the manner and for the purpose above
set forth. I claim also the application of the friction clutches as described.
whereby the winding apparatus may be started, stopped, or reversed, without
stopping or reversing the engine.

page_text: Thirdly, I claim arranging portable engines in connection with their wind-
ing apparatus on a platform constructed and fitted as above set forth, and
also the mode described of attaching my improved winding apparatus to portable
engines.
Fourthly, I claim the arrangement of travelling anchor, above described.
Fifthly. I claim mounting turnover ploughs, as above described whereby
the necessity of moving the plough sideways at the headland after each traverse
or bout is avoided.
And, lastly, I claim obtaining the reverse action in cultivators or scarifyers
by mounting the shares or tines in a swivel frame, operating as above
described.
In witness, whereof, I, -the-said-Robert-Romaine, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, the Tenth day of December, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and sixty-one.