Improvements in Instruments or Apparatus for Indicating Locations and Movements in the Planetary System and for Measuring Time.
Year: 1888

page_text: Date of Application, 7th Feb., 1888
Complete Specification Left, 27th Oct., 1888
Complete Specification Accepted. 7th Feb., 1889
Improvements in Instruments or Apparatus for Indicating Locations
and Movements in the Planetary System and for Measuring
Time.
I, GEORGE MACAULAY-CRUIKSHANK of 62 Saint Vincent Street, Glasgow, in the
County of Lanark, Fellow of the Institute of Patent Agents, do hereby declare tho
nature of this Invention, a communication from Louis Deichmann of Cassel in
the Empire of Germany, to be as follows:-
Apparatus for recording or indicating the rotation and movements of the globes or
spheres of the Planetary System are generally known under the names of Tellurium,
Planatarium and Lunariam and such apparatus as heretofore made indicate very
imperfectly important details in recording the recurrence of meteorological phenomena.
For instance, the orbits of the Earth and other Planets are represented without regard
to the nearest and farthest positions of the Sun in concentric curves, instead of in
ellipse; further the course of the Moon is represented as parallel instead of at an
inclination of 5° to that of the Earth and the nodes in the Moon's course or the
movement of the Globes not being indicated, a general observation only of the real
location is obtained.
The improved Astronomical apparatus constructed in accordance with the Invention.
obviates these defects and indicates in a correct and intelligible manner, all locations
of our Planetary System, in respect to Time, Light and Heat, as they really or
approximately as they really occur.
The improved instrument constituting the Invention consists of a casing, clock-
work mechanism, apparatus by which motion is communicated from the said mechanism
and an Astronomical Dial and Index. The casing which may be of wood, metal or
other suitable material contains the clockwork which must be wound up at intervals,
and may or may not be provided with a striking arrangement and with a dial
indicating hours, minutes and seconds, the said clockwork being otherwise of any
ordinary reliable construction.
The apparatus by which movement is transmitted from the clockwork consists of
a metal base plate into which a vertical spindle is stepped or secured the said spindlo
having around it two loose sleeves or spindles one of which is within the other. The
upper end of the solid spindle is screwed into an elliptical disc, the periphery of which
represents the elliptical orbit of the Earth, and the said spindle also supports the Sun-
globe on a vertically projecting axis or rod which is so cranked as to indicate the

page_text: CRUIKSHANK & FAIRWEATHER,
62, Saint Vincent Street, Glasgow,
Agents.

page_text: Improvements in Instruments or Apparatus for Indicating Locations
and Movements in the Planetary System and for Measuring
Time.
I, GEORGE MACAULAY-CRUIKSHANK of 62 Saint Vincent Street, Glasgow, in the
County of Lanark, Fellow of the Institute of Patent Agents, do hereby declare the
nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, as com-
municated to me to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement:
Apparatus for recording or indicating the rotation and movements of the globos or
spheres of the Planetary System are generally known under the names of Tellurium,
Planetarium and Lunarium and such apparatus as heretofore made indicate very
imperfectly important details in recording the recurrence of meteorological phenomena.
For instance, the orbits of the Earth and other Planets are represented without
regard to the nearest and farthest positions of the Sun in concentric curves, instead
of in ellipse; further the course of the Moon is reprosented as parallel instead of at
an inclination of 51° to that of the Earth and the nodes in the Moon's course or the
movements of the Globes not being indicated a general obscrvation only of the real
location is obtained.
The improved Astronomical apparatus constructed in accordance with this invention
obviates these defects and indicates in a correct and intelligible manner, all locations
of our Planetary System, in respect to Time, Light and Heat, as they really, or
approximately as they really occur.
The improved instrument constituting the invention consists of a casing, clockwork
mechanisin apparatus by which motion is communicated from the said mechanism and
an Astronomical Dial and Index. The casing which may be of wood, metal or
other suitable material contains the clockwork which must be wound up at
intervals, and may or may not be provided with a striking arrangement and with a
dial indicating time said clockwork being otherwise of any ordinary reliable
construction.
The apparatus by which movement is transmitted from the clockwork consists
of a metal base plate A into which a vortical spindle B is stepped or screwed the said
spindle having around it two loose sleeves or spindles C, D, one of which is within
the other. The upper end of the spindle B is screwed into an elliptical disc E', the
periphery or boundary of which represents the elliptical orbit of the Earth and the
said spindle also supports the Sun-globe S on a vertically projecting axis or rod
which is so cranked as to indicate the eccentric positions; of the Sun to the centre
of the whole system. The hollow shafts C, D, are supported by adjustable
collars R1, R2, one of which is fixed by a set pin to the shaft B and the other to
the shaft C. The upper end of the axis 1 is flattened or cut away on two sides
and on the said part à lever F is supported in such a manner that the lever may be
shifted right and left a distance equal to the difference of the longer and the shorter
radius of the elliptical orbit of the Earth. The long arm of the lever F carries an
upturned bracket G which supports a spur wheel m the latter being, geared by a
pin with a sleeve ( which carries and operates the Moon Globe M. The sleeve C
also serves to support and guide two shafts t, 3, one of which is hollow and passes
over the other both shafts being carried by the lever F. The upper end of the

page_text: inner start.has a cranked arin or disc 24 secured to it the bent or inclined part of
the said arm or disc lying at an angle of 231° to the horizontal part and in the
said inclined part and at right angles thereto there is secured a rod t¹ which so
supports the Earth Globe T that the Earth axis is truly inclined to the ecliptic orbit
5 of the Earth.
The short arm F¹ of the lever F is bent up at right angles and supports a spiral
spring v fixed at one end to the centre shaft B whilst its other end presses against the
upturned ond of the lever and so causes the tooth-wheel m to be pressed against the
toothed circumference of the elliptical disc E¹. The spiral spring is carried on a
rod w one end of which is supported by the shaft B and its other end by the
lever and on the projecting end of the said rod a small wheel or roller Wis
secured which wheel bearing on the under side of the elliptical disc E' serves to keep
the lever F always parallel to the said disc.
The motion of the parts hereinbefore described is effected as follows :—
ROTATION OF THE EARTH ON ITS OWN AXIS.
From the clock work there extends a horizontal transmission shaft k which makes
ono revolution in twelve sidereal hours. The said shaft k rests in a bracket H and
has at its inner end a spur wheel C³ geared with a wheel C secured on the
shaft C. The wheel C₁ has twice as many teeth as the wheel and therefore makes
▸ one revolution for every two of the latter wheel, one revolution of the larger wheel C
being consequently equal to twenty four sidereal hours (that is to one star day or
twenty three hours fifty six minutes and four seconds civil time). On the upper end
of the hollow shaft Canother horizontal toothed wheel n' is secured and a like wheel n³
is fixed on the hollow shaft the wheels n' and n³ being of equal size with the
wheel C. The upper end of the shaft 2 has a small spur wheel o³ upon it gearing
with a spur wheel o¹ secured on the Earth's axis t¹. Motion is transmitted from the
shaft to the Earth's axis t¹ through a shaft n carried in bearings 9 and p secured to
the horizontal lever F pinions n, n³ gearing respectively with the wheels n³, n³,
being secured on the shaft nt. By this arrangement of gearing the Earth is caused to
make one revolution in twenty four sidereal hours on its own axis from right to left.
The gear follows the elliptical motion of the lever F the pinion n sliding backwards
and forwards in the teeth of the wheel n³.
MOTION OF THE EARTH. ROUND THE SUN.
The transmission shaft k has a second spur wheel f with twelve teeth geared with a
spur wheel of six times its diameter i.e. with seventy two teeth so that the wheel f
making with the shaft k one revolution in twelve hours the large wheel f¹ will make
a revolution in six times twelve hours, that is in three sidereal days. The spur
wheel is carried on a shaft Q revolving in the bracket H and the said shaft also
carries a worm N which gears with a worm wheel J' with one hundred and
twenty two teeth fixed to the lower end of the hollow shaft D. By the rotation
of the worm N the worm wheel J is rotated one tooth in three sidereal days.
In the motion of the earth round the sun, the latter does not culminate, for any
point of the earth, exactly in correspondence with the axis revolution of the earth,
but 3 minutes, 56 seconds later. This balance, which is the difference between tropical
3 (solar) and sidereal (star) time, is provided for by the wheel C, so that the latter, and
with it the earth, makes one rotation in 23 hours, 56 minutes and 4 seconds and in
the year it therefore makes 366 full rotations and begins the 367th, the shaft D
therefore making one revolution with the lever F carrying the Earth and the Moon
in course of one year in a direction from right to left round the Sun. The spiral
spring at the end of the lever F causes the wheel m on the double shaft t, t³, to be
kept in gear with the toothed circumference of the elliptical disc E' so as to maintain
the elliptical orbit of the Earth. To indicate civil time the whole mechanism adjusted
to astronomical time is excepting in leap years put forward twenty four hours after
having passed the twenty eighth day of February in order that the positions may be
precisely recorded.

page_text: on its course round the Sun. A similar pointer and arrangement is not provided in
any apparatus of this kind heretofore constructed.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed as communicated to me
I declare that what I claim is :-
A Tellurium in combination with a regulatable clockwork representing the motions
of the Earth and the Moon in their orbits round the Sun in a manner corresponding
or coinciding with reality and at the same time indicating on an astronomical dial the
ecliptic in 360°, the Calendar in 12 hours and 366 days and also the 12 signs of the
Zodiac in pictures and astronomical signs all by the following arrangements.
(A). The arrangement for the motion of the Earth around its own inclined axis in
24 hours consisting of the tooth wheels C³, 0¹, and n' the two latter being both on
the hollow shaft C also of the tooth wheels nn n³ the latter situated on the hollow
shaft t also of the two spur wheels 01, 0%, on the shafts t and t' which cause the
Earth T during its course round the Sun to make one revolution around itself in
24 hours whereby the position of the Earth's axis is maintained parallel through the
wheel P¹ gearing with a pinion p¹ sliding to and fro in the teeth of the wheel P¹ and
driving the wheel P' on the shaft T so that during one revolution of the Earth round
the Sun the wheel P2 will also revolve once but in opposite direction.
(B) The arrangement for the movement of the Earth round the Sun in an elliptical
orbit in 366 days consisting of an elliptical disc E secured on the shaft B also of the
horizontal lever F, F', carrying the Earth and its driving arrangement and being
worked by the shaft D and the spur wheels fand f¹ and worm gearing N J² and which
is constructed to slide on the shaft D so causing the tooth wheel in on the hollow
shaft to roll round the elliptical circumference of the plate E¹ provided with similar
teeth both being pressed together by the spiral spring while a guide roller W¹ keeps
the lever arm Fi always at right angles to the disc E.
(C) The arrangement for the movement of the Moon round the Earth and on its
own axis at an angle of 54° to the Earth's orbit in 29 days 12 hours, 44 minutes and
3 seconds consisting of toothed wheel m provided with a pin a gearing with the
sleeve C³ on the boss of which the Moon M is secured by means of a bent wire the
wheel m being of a size proportionate to the orbit of the Moon to the orbit of the
Earth and revolving on the elliptical circumference of a disc E¹ whilst the inclination
of the Moon's course to the course of the Earth is obtained by means of a wheel G¹
driven by the wheel m and having a surface inclined at 54° and on which the sleeve C³
rotates the tapered wheel G¹ being of such a size that it makes one revolution in
27 days, 5 hours, 5 minutes and 36 seconds' causing the Moon in that time to rise
and sink 54°.
(D) The arrangement showing the degree of ecliptic division the Month and day
of a Calendar Index, the Seasons, and the Signs of the Zodiac passed by the Earth
in its course and consisting of an elliptical plate E provided with index and pointer Z
upon the elliptical disc E the pointer having at its outer end an opening through
which the hollow shaft is projected whilst its fulcrum has a slot through which the
eccentric axis of the Sun passes and which enables the pointer to slide to and fro to
correspond with the difference of the eccentric position of the Sun's axis and the
shortest axis of the elliptical course of the Earth.