An Improved Stud to Screw into Porcelain or China.
Year: 1890

page_text: Date of Application, 20th Nov., 1890
Complete Specification Left, 11th Feb., 1891-Accepted, 14th Mar., 1891
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
An Improved Stud to Screw into Porcelain or China.
1, ALFRED WHALLEY, of Helsby, near Warrington, in the County of
Cheshire, Electrical Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be
as follows:-
My object is to avoid the breakage of the screw thread in the porcelain so
common when a hard metal stud is used, and to produce a cheaper stud or bolt for
the purpose.
I form the screw portion of the stud which fits into the porcelain by casting upon
the stud a thread of metal softer than the stud.
If the stud is of galvanized iron and has to bear a heavy strain, I make the cast
screw of zinc or an alloy containing zinc first taking care that the coat of zinc on
the iron due to galvanizing is bright and clean, and using a flux during the process
of casting. If the strain on the stud is light I form the cast thread of lead (the
stud being first notched) or of suitable alloy. When the stud is of copper or
bronze the cast thread is of zinc or suitable metal; if the strain is heavy an alloy
is used which adheres to the stud-if necessary the stud is first tinned. Notches
are cut in the stud before casting the screw thread, if necessary.
When it is important that the end of the screw of the stud shall not come into
contact with the bottom of the screwed hole in the porcelain I form the cast
thread with a shoulder as in Fig. 1; or the threads are taper as in Fig. 3; or the
threads are parallel but the cast thread much sharper in the angle than the
porcelain thread and slightly larger.
If the strain on the stud due to screwing a nut off its projecting end should tend
to screw the stud out of the porcelain, I cast the softer metal thread excentrically
upon the stud.
In casting the thread upon the stud I use a screwed nut, either solid or in parts;
the stud, first properly prepared, has one end placed in the nut and molten metal is
poured into the nut. When the metal is cold the nut is screwed off, or its parts
opened to allow of the removal of the stud.
In some cases I cast a sleeve of soft metal upon the stud and cut the threads
afterwards on this sleeve.
Dated this Niveteanth day of November 1890.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
An Improved Stud to Screw into Porcelain or China.
I, ALFRED WHALLEY, of Helsby, near Warrington, in the County of
Cheshire, Electrical Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in
what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following statement :-
My object is to avoid the breakage of the screw threads in the porcelain or like
material so common when a hard metal stud is used.
I form the screw portion of the stud which fits into the porcelain by casting upon
the stud a thread of metal softer than the stud; in some cases I cast a sleeve of
metal and cut the threads afterwards on the sleeve.
If the stud is of galvanized iron and has to bear a heavy strain I make the cast
screw or sleeve of zinc or of an alloy containing zinc, first taking care that the
coating of zinc on the iron due to galvanizing is bright and clean, and using a flux

page_text: during the process of casting. If the stud has to bear a light strain I form the
cast thread or sleeve of lead or of any cheap alloy, the stud being first notched.
When the stud is of copper or bronze the cast thread or sleeve is of zinc, lead, or
any cheap alloy, the stud being notched if necessary; if a heavy strain comes upon
the stud, this is first tinned and a metal or alloy which will adhere to the tinned
stud is used for the cast thread or sleeve.
.
When it is important that the end of the screw of the stud shall not come into
contact with the bottom of the screwed hole in the porcelain I form the cast or
cut threads with a shoulder as in Fig. 1 of the drawings accompanying my
Provisional Specification; or the threads are taper as in Fig. 3; or the threads are
parallel but the thread of the stud inuch sharper in the angle and slightly larger
in diameter than the thread in the porcelain.
In the process of casting the completed thread upon the stud I make use of a
solid (unsplit) tapped nut; the stud, first specially prepared if necessary,
has one
end placed in the nut and molten metal is poured into the nut. When the metal
is cold the nut is screwed off the cast metal which adheres to the stud.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what I
claim is :-
1. The combination of an article of porcelain or like material with a metal stud
which screws into the porcelain; the screw portion of the stud being cast upon the
stud and consisting of metal softer than the stud; the threads of the screw portion
being either completed in the process of casting or afterwards cut.
2. The construction of a screw stud for porcelain &c., the screw portion being
cast upon the stud, and adhering to the same by means of notches on the stud; the
cast metal being softer than the stud.
3. The construction of a screw stud for porcelain &c. the screw portion being
cast upon the stud and adhering to a coating of zinc or tin upon the stud; the cast
metal being softer than the stud.
4. The construction of a screw stud for porcelain &c. the screw portion being
cast upon the stud and consisting of metal softer than the stud; the screw portion
being also taper.
5. The process of casting a completed screw thread of soft metal upon a screw
stud as described.
Dated this 10th day of February 1801
ALFRED WHALLEY.