Improvements in and connected with Relays for Electric Telegraphs.
Year: 1892

page_text: Date of Application, 1st Sept., 1892
Complete Specification Left, 1st June, 1893-Accepted, 26th Aug., 1893
Improvements in and connected with Relays for Electric
Telegraphs.
1, CYPRIEN RENELDE JOSEPH WILLOT, of 21 Boulevard Poissonniere, Paris,
in the Republic of France, Post and Telegraph Inspector, do hereby declare the
nature of this invention to be as follows:-
My invention relates to a polarized relay suitable for use with Morse, Hughes,
Wheatstone, and other like telegraphic instruments or apparatus employed in
connection with submarine cables or otherwise.
The important features of the polarized relay according to my invention are as
follows namely.
1. The peculiar form and arrangement of the soft iron or armatures of the
electro magnet.
2. The mode of suspending and coupling two armatures rigidly connected on
the same axis and the arrangement of the magnetic field in which they move
constituted on the one hand by the polarizing magnet of these armatures and
on the other hand by two breeches of soft iron placed at the extremities of the
electro magnet; one of these breeches is subjected to the magnetic action of an
artificial magnet independent of the polarizing magnet of the arinatures.
The form of the soft irons subjected to the action of the magnetizing helix
is that of a horse shoe the ends of two parallel cores or bars being connected
or closed by means of two breech pieces of soft iron of the same section as the
bars. Polar enlargements or extensions are interposed between the breech pieces
and the cheeks or flanges of the bobbins. The breech is attached directly to
the extremities of the soft iron bars by means of iron screws. The breech is
attached to the opposite extremity by means of copper screws and is magnetically
separated from the corresponding extension by a copper plate. Two bobbins of
wood or ebonite filled with fine wire covered with silk are secured between the
polar extensions of the horse shoe and constitute the magnetising helix of the
electro magnet. Two soft iron screws are passed through the extensions on the side
on which the breech is placed.
This electromagnetic system is supported horizontally upon four copper or
non magnetic pillars attached to a thick metal plate fixed on a wooden base or
board.
Two
Upon a copper or non magnetic axis are fixed two soft iron armatures.
steel screws terminating in a point are passed through the axis and are supported
on one side in a V shaped notch formed in a steel block and on the other side
in a conical hole formed in a steel stud. These two points on which the armatures
oscillate are fixed on copper bridges or blocks attached to the metal base plate
of the instrument.
The two armatures being thus suspended and rigidly attached to the axis
oscillate between the soft iron extensions.
The movement of the axis of the armatures is limited by two contact screws
carried by supports insulated from the base plate and between which vibrates a
lever arm attached to the centre of the axis of the armature. This lever is
attached to two helical springs connected to silk cords capable of being wound
upon vertical spindles so as to enable the tension of the springs to be regulated
by rotating the said spindles.
The armatures are polarized by a powerful artificial magnet which is passed
through the base plate and board: This magnet is supported in a vertical position
at a very short distance from the armatures by means of pinching screws which

page_text: cause it to be held between two copper brackets attached underneath the base
board.
A second magnet is placed horizontally upon the base plate in front of the breech
piece at one end of the magnetizing helix. This magnet is capable of adjustment
by sliding it between the base and a plate connected to the said base plate or board
in any suitable manner or the magnet may be supported in an adjustable carrier.
By adjusting this magnet to or further from the breech the magnetic field produced
by the polarizing magnet in which are placed the two armatures and all the mass
of soft iron constituting the electro magnet can be regulated as required. A plate
of soft iron is provided for the purpose of modifying the power and consequently
the action of the magnet according to the position which it occupies upon the
latter.
Suitable terminals or binding screws are provided on the base board for the
reception of the electrical connections of the apparatus, such as the wires to and
from the bobbins, solid plate and contact screws.
The polarizing magnet and consequently the armatures induce poles of opposite
denominatious in the soft iron extensions which are in presence. In like manner
the breech acted on by the horizontal magnet induces poles in the corresponding
extensions. The two armatures rigidly connected on the same axis placed in the
middle line of separation between the four extensions are consequently in different
equilibrium in the compound magnetic field of the vertical and horizontal magnets.
When a current passes in the electro magnet it has the effect of directing the
magnetic molecules in the mass of soft iron subjected to the action of the
magnetising helix and of modifying the magnetic field in which the two armatures
are placed in equilibrium.
The passage of the current produces on the same side of the electro magnet poles
of opposite denominations in the soft iron extensions between which the armatures
oscillate. The axis of the armatures is consequently acted upon by parallel forces
which cause it to be displaced to the right or to the left according to the direction
of the current the line of change of polarity in the armatures of the electro magnet
coinciding with the flanges of the bobbin.
On breaking the circuit magnetic recomposition takes place at the principal
neutral line at the middle of the breech piece. The polarity developed in the
extensions is reversed by the effect of this recomposition. The soft iron of the
electro magnet retains a certain amount of magnetisation due to the impurity of
the iron but the remanent or condensed magnetism is of the same denomination at
the same side of the electro magnet and has no mechanical effect upon the axis
of the armatures.
Nevertheless in order to neutralise this action it is indispensible for the residual
magnetic force of the extensions at one end of the electro magnet to be equal to
that of the extensions at the other end. As the extensions at one end are in
proximity to the principal neutral line the magnetism developed or generated in
these enlargements is necessarily less powerful and in order to equalize the
mechanical action or effect produced upon the two armatures by unequal magnetic
forces the soft iron extensions at one end are made somewhat longer and the two
soft iron screws hereinbefore referred to are fitted into these extensions. The
magnetic forces acting in inverse ratio to the square of the distance it is thus
rendered easy to compensate for the action of the remanent or condensed magnetism
with great precision so as to neutralize its effect upon the axis.
During the passage of the current the extensions induce the breech corresponding
which is acted upon by the horizontal magnet but directly the current ceases the
action of the breech and of the magnet again becomes predominant, the magnetic
recomposition in the mass of soft iron takes place more rapidly and the armatures
resume their position of equilibrium directly the current ceases carrying with them
the contact lever fixed on the same axis.
The first current which passed through the bobbins having had the effect of
giving direction to the magnetic molecules in the mass of soft iron the temporary

page_text: magnetisation of this mass does not disappear entirely at the same time as the
current by which it was produced. I have shewn that the residual or condensed
magnetism has no mechanical effect upon the axis of the armatures any more than
the magnetic condensation produced by the residual discharges of a line of great
capacity such as a submarine cable provided that the intensity of the current of
these successive discharges does not exceed one milli-ampere.
It is found in fact that all currents whose intensity is less than one milli-ampere
produced no change of polarity in the extensions on the side farthest from the
horizontal magnet.
It being necessary to produce the reversal of the polarities of the extensions on
this side in order to cause the relay to work again the intensity of the current to be
employed must not be less than one milli-ampere.
The natural currents of submarine cables as well as the currents produced by
residual discharges resulting from the electrifying and from the condensation may
flow away through the relay without prejudice to its action when a working current
greater than one milli-ampere is sent into the apparatus. By its employment at
the extremities of submarine cables of any length Morse, Hughes & Wheatstone
instruments which are usually employed for working with aerial conductors are
enabled to be employed for single duplex working.
or
It is possible to further diminish the sensitiveness of this electro magnetic system
and render the armatures indifferent to or incapable of being affected by currents
of two milli-amperes intensity by prolonging the bars of soft iron so as to enable
the breech to be placed at a greater distance from the extension. The arrangement
under consideration which is based upon the milli-ampere is sufficient to obtain a
regular working of this part with submarine cables of from one thousand to
two thousand kilometres devolopment at the rate of from two thousand to
two thousand five hundred emissions per minute without any distortion.
The Morse Hughes or Wheatstone receiver is combined with a polarized relay
constructed according to my present invention and with an ordinary relay and a
commutator enabling the connections to be changed from the transmitting position
to the receiving position.
APPLICATION OF THE POLARIZED RELAY FOR WORKING A SUBMARINE CABLE
WITH A MORSE INSTRUMENT.
This combination is made with ordinary Morse transmitting and receiving
instruments the electrical connections being so arranged and combined as to enable
the apparatus to act as hereinafter described.
In principle in order to obtain with a submarine cable of given length a maximum
amount of regular and consequently undistorted signals it is desirable to bring the
cable after each signal or element of a signal into a neutral condition or into a
determined but constant electrical condition.
Experience has proved that this determined electrical condition is reached more
rapidly when the transmitting system comprises the employment of inverted
currents, and the cable is blocked, between two series of condensers. On the other
hand the Morse code comprising dots and dashes produced by means of short and
long emissions and the charge of a cable being a function of the duration of the
emissions the speed of transmission by hand under these conditions is necessarily
limited.
The Morse apparatus or system comprises as the transmitting instrument a
double current manipulator analogous to a Wheatstone manipulator or an ordinary
manipulator with two inverted batteries one of which is permanently connected with
the stop screw.
All the currents emitted are received on their arrival by the relay hereinbefore
described, and it is by the intervention of this apparatus that the signals are
reproduced in the receiving instrument. With this object the lever of the relay

page_text: being when at rest in contact with the screw closes the local circuit through another
relay. This permanent local circuit acts in opposition to a helical spring which
maintains the armature of this second relay in contact with the stop screw.
Directly the working current in the cable reaches the first relay the lever in this
relay leaves the screw and thus opens the local circuit of the second relay the
lever of the armature in the latter yielding to the mechanical action of a spring
comes in contact with a stop screw and causes a fresh local current to be sent into
the Morse receiver and thus reproduces the signals sent from the corresponding
station.
The relay in direct connection with the cable thus simply performs the function
of an interrupting or opening the circuit and experience shews that it is not
necessary for the lever to move completely away from the contact screw in order
to cause the second relay to work; a mere change in the pressure of the lever upon
the screw being sufficient especially when the bobbins on the electro magnet of the
second relay are wound with No. 16 wire.
APPLICATION OF THE RELAY TO WORK A SUBMARINE CABLE WITH A
HUGHES INSTRUMENT.
The arrangement of the electrical connections is the same as in the Morse system
with the addition of a current reverser to the Hughes transmitter and a sounder
absorbing the excess of emission at the local relay or receiving station.
Description of the reversing apparatus connected with the Hughes transmitter.
The printing axis or spindle of the Hughes instrument is extended so as to
project on the exterior. Two concentric metal rings are attached to an ebonite
plate perforated at its centre for the passage of the cam spindle.
Each of these two rings is divided into two principal segments.
Between these segments there are interposed four small segments.
On the
extremity of the cam spindle there is fixed a cylinder made with two metallic parts
connected by an insulating part. The two metal parts are electrically connected to
two lever arms insulated from one another and provided with two rubbers. These
two lever arms are fixe upon the printing spindle. Two very flexible blade springs
establish the communication of the two cylinders and consequently of the lever arms
with the cable and with the earth respectively.
The large or principal segments are respectively connected with the two poles of
the transmitting battery. The first small segments are electrically connected with
the fourth small segment. The third small segment employed when the instrument
is at rest is connected to the relay so as to enable the circuit to be opened when
transmitting. The second small segment is insulated.
The connections of the reversing apparatus being arranged as hereinbefore set
forth a key of the Hughes instrument is depressed in order to cause its release.
One of the aforesaid lever arms leaves the third small segment or contact at the
same time as the other arm leaves the second segment or contact in order to
accomplish one complete revolution. The first lever being permanently connected
with the cable is connected with the positive pole of the battery whilst the second
lever connects the negative pole with earth. When the first arm reaches the second
large segment the second arm is at the corresponding point diametrically opposed
to this segment.
At this period it is the negative pole that is connected with the cable and the
positive pole with earth until the spindle by continuing its rotary motion brings the
needle or rubber of the first lever arm over the fourth small segment or contact
and at the same time the second lever reaches the first small segment or contact.
The cable is then connected direct to earth before being restored to the condition
of rest or repose upon the receiving relay connected with the third small segment.
The Hughes instrument being provided with this battery current reverser for

page_text: the transmission the electrical connections for the reception are arranged as herein-
before described in connection with the Morse instrument.
As in the case of the Morse instrument the second or local relay acts by opening
the circuit when the first polarised relay is actuated by a current proceeding from
the cable. The second relay sends a local current into the Hughes instrument
thereby causing it to print one letter. This local current passes through a sounder
whose armature is attracted directly the pallet of the Hughes instrument comes in
contact with the detent lever and closes the local circuit of the Hughes instrument
direct with earth during the whole time occupied in printing the letter. This
sounder thus absorbs all the excess of current which is not required after the release
of the Hughes instrument.
The employment of the current reverser in connection with the Hughes instrument
enables compensating currents to be dispensed with and the receiving relays may be
arranged for releasing either with the first current emitted or with the second but
preferably with the latter the electrical condition of the cable after the first
emission being always the same independently of the position of the letters
upon the key board so that the release of the instrument is invariably effected
at the proper moment and in perfect unison with the transmitter or sending
instrument.
APPLICATION OF THE RELAY FOR WORKING A SUBMARINE CABLE WITH A
WHEATSTONE AUTOMATIC INSTRUMENT.
In this case the electric connections of the automatic transmitting instrument are
combined with a novel compensating arrangement enabling the dashes of the Morse
code to be produced with an emission of current of the same length as that required
for the dots.
The transmission of Morse signals is thus reduced to the sending through the
cable a series of dots at unequal distances apart.
The first of the two terminals of the transmitter ordinarily connected to the inlet
and to the outlet of a compensating rheostat communicates with the inlet of two
polarized relays constructed as herein before described directed in opposite directions
in such a manner that one acts under the influence of positive emissions and the
other acts under the influence of negative emissions. The emissions at starting
pass simultaneously to the line and to the two relays connected to earth through a
resistance equal or somewhat less than that of the fine itself.
The relays are so regulated that they are not actuated by short emissions such as
a series of dots but if a perforated tape is introduced into the transmitter the
first relay comes into action during the last two thirds of the dash and the
second relay remains in contact during all the intervals of separation between
the signals.
The armatures of the two relays being connected to earth through a variable
resistance and the contact screws for working the relays being in communication
with the cable the efficiency of this arrangement will be readily understood the
cable being connected to earth directly a charge corresponding to a dot has been
produced in the formation of the dash as in the formation of the blank intervals
thus enabling dashes to be transmitted at the same speed as dots.
At the receiving end or station the electrical connections are so arranged that all
the emissions are received in the relay constructed according to my invention
which actuates a second relay by interrupting the permanent local circuit as herein-
before explained. Nevertheless it is necessary to adjust the second relay in such
a manner as to provide for a small amount of remanent electricity in order to fill
up the two thirds of the dash during which no current was supplied to the cable.
Dated this 1st day of September 1892.

page_text: Improvements in and connected with Relays for Electric
Telegraphs.
1, CYPRIEN RENELDE JOSEPH WILLOT of 21 Boulevard Poissonniere, Paris,
in the Republic of France, Post and Telegraph Inspector do hereby declare the
nature of my invention and in what manner the same is to be performed to
be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement :-
My invention relates to a polarized relay suitable for use with Morse Hughes,
Wheatstones & other like telegraphic instruments or apparatus employed in
connection with submarine cables or otherwise.
The important features of the improved relay according to my invention are as
follows namely
1. The peculiar form and arrangement of the soft iron bars of the electro
magnet.
2. The mode of suspending and connecting two armatures rigidly connected
together and vibrating on the same axis and the arrangement of the magnetic field
in which they move constituted on the one hand by a polarizing magnet acting on
these armatures and on the other hand by two breech pieces of soft iron placed at
the extremities of an electro-magnet, one of these breech pieces is also subjected to
the magnetic action of an artificial or permanent magnet independent of the
polarizing magnet above referred to.
And in order that my invention may be fully understood 1 shall now proceed
more particularly to describe the same and for that purpose shall refer to the
several figures on the annexed sheets of drawings the same letters of reference
indicating corresponding parts in all the corresponding figures.
Figures 1 to 6 of the accompanying drawings illustrate an example of a polarized
relay constructed according to this invention.
Figure 1 represents the apparatus in longitudinal vertical section the section
being taken on the line 1. 2 Figure 2.
Figures 2 and 3 represent the apparatus in plan and lateral elevation
respectively.
Figures 4, 5 & 6 are diagrams illustrating the arrangement of an electro magnet
composed of soft iron bars employed in the improved polarized relay as hereinafter
explained.
Figure 7 is a diagram illustrating the arrangement of the conductors when the
apparatus is employed in combination with a Morse instrument.
Figure 8 similarly illustrates the arrangement employed in combination with a
Hughes instrument.
Figure 9 illustrates in vertical section a current reverser employed in connection
with the arrangement illustrated in Figure 8 and Figure 9 represents a detail of
this apparatus in side elevation.
Figures 10 and 11 are diagrams illustrating arrangements for transmitting and
receiving respectively to be employed when the invention is worked in combination
with Wheatstone's apparatus.
As represented in Figures 1 to 6 the relay apparatus provided with an electro
magnet excited by coils or helices upon shaped cores or bars of soft iron
connected together at their extremities by two breech pieces E F of soft iron of
the same sectional area as the bars. Polar enlargements or extensions ABCD
are formed upon the bars between the breech pieces E F and the cheeks or
flanges of the two bobbins carrying the wires placed upon the bars of the
magnet J. The breech piece E is attached directly to the extremities of the soft
iron bars by means of iron screws. The breech piece F is attached to the opposite
extremities of the said bars by means of copper screws and is magnetically
separated from the extension C. D by a copper plate f.

page_text: The exciting coils or helices of the electro magnet J indicated by dotted lines in
Figures 4, 5 and 6 are placed upon suitable bobbins of wood or ebonite and consist
of fine wire covered with silk or otherwise insulated. Two soft iron adjusting
Screws U U Figures 2, 3 & 4 are passed through the extensions A B at the end on
which the breech piece E is placed and enable the action to be regulated as
hereinafter explained.
This electro magnetic system is supported horizontally upon four copper or non
magnetic pillars Z Figure 3 attached to a thick metal plate Z fixed on a wooden
base or board Z.
Two soft iron armatures N'S' are suspended upon a copper or non magnetic bar
or spindle X capable of rocking on two steel screws each terminating in a point
and passed vertically through this spindle near its ends the point of the screw at
one end of the spindle X engages with a V shaped notch formed in a steel block.c
and the point of the screw at the other end of the spindle engages with a conical
hole formed in a steel stud ². These two bearings on which the spindle X
carrying the armatures rocks or oscillates are fixed ou copper bridges or supports³
attached to the metal base plate Z' of the instrument. The two armatures N' S¹
being thus suspended and rigidly attached to the rocking bar or spindle X oscillate
or vibrate between the soft iron polar extensions A. B and CD of the electro
magnet .J. The amplitude of the vibrations of the armatures N' S is limited by
two contact screws V and V₁ carried by supports V³ insulated from the plate Z' by
insulating material V and between which vibrates a lever arm L attached to the
spindle X. This lever is attached to two helical springs R and R connected to
silk cords capable of being wound upon two vertical spindles provided with milled
heads T and T. This arrangement enables the tension of the springs R and R' to
be regulated by rotating the said spindles. The armatures NS are polarized by
a powerful artificial or permanent magnet M Figure 1 which is passed vertically
through the base plate and board.. This magnet is supported in a vertical position
at a short distance from the said armatures by means of pinching screws which
cause it to be held between two copper buckets Z3 (Figure 3) attached underneath
the base board Z³.
A similar magnet M¹ (Figures 1 & 2) is placed horizontally upon the base plate
in front of the breech piece F. This magnet M³ is capable of adjustment by
sliding between the base Z2 and a plate Z connected to the said base plate or board
in any suitable manner or the magnet may be supported in an adjustable carrier.
By adjusting this magnet so as to place it nearer to or farther from the breech
piece F the magnetic field produced by the polarizing magnet M. in which are
placed the two vibrating armatures and all the mass of soft iron constituting the
electro magnet can be regulated as required. A plate K of soft iron is provided
for the purpose of modifying the power and consequently the action of the
magnet M according to the position which it occupies upon the latter. Five
terminals or binding screws Z are provided on the base board for the reception
of the electrical connections of the apparatus such as the wires to and from the
bobbins the base plate and the two contact screws. The differential adjustment
of the bobbins with a view to duplex working involves the employment of two
extra external terminals or binding screws.
The polarizing magnet and consequently the armatures N' S' induce poles of
opposite denominations in the soft iron extensions which are in presence.
In
like manner the breech piece F under the action of the magnet M¹ induces
poles in the corresponding extensions CD. The two armatures N'S¹ rigidly
connected together aud vibrating on the same axis placed in a vertical plane
intermediate between the four polar extensions A B C D are consequently in neutral
or indifferent equilibrium in the compound magnetic field of the magnets M
and M.
When a current passes in the electro magnet J it has the effect of directing or
arranging the magnetic molecules in the mass of soft iron subjected to the action
of the magnetising helix and of modifying the magnetic field in which the two

page_text: vibrating armatures N' S¹ are placed in equilibrium. The passage of the current
produces on the same side of the electro inagnet poles of opposite denominations
in the soft iron extensions A B C D as represented by the letters N S Figure 5
between which the armatures oscillate. The vibrating or suspended arma-
tures NS are consequently acted upon by parallel forces pp Figure 5 which cause
them to be displaced to the right or to the left according to the direction of the
current.
A line OO2 Figure 5 represents a line of change of polarity in the armatures
of the electro magnet which coincides with the flanges of the bobbins.
On breaking the circuit magnetic recomposition takes place at a line O forming
the principal neutral line at the centre of the breech piece E. The polarity NS
developed in the extensions A B is reversed by the effect of this recomposition.
The soft iron of the electro magnet retains a certain amount of magnetisation due
to the impurity of the iron but the remanent or condensed magnetism is of the
same denomination, at the same side of the electro magnet and consequently has no
mechanical effect upon the armatures the latter being at this time acted upon by
forces acting in opposite directions as indicated at p¹ p² (Figure 6^).
In Figure 6 the aforesaid remanent or condensed magnetism is indicated by small
letters sand in Figure 5 the magnetism produced in the polar extensions ABCD
by the passage of the current in the bobbins of the magnet J is represented by
large letters N S.
Nevertheless in order to neutralise this action it is indispensable for the residual
magnetic force of the extensions A B to be equal to that of the extensions CD.
As the extensions A B are in proximity to the principal neutral line Othe
magnetism developed or generated in these enlargements is necessarily less
powerful and in order to equalize the mechanical action or effect produced upon
the two armatures by the unequal magnetic forces the soft iron extensions A B are
made somewhat longer and the two soft iron screws U U' hereinbefore referred to
are fitted into these extensions. The magnetic forces acting in inverse ratio to the
square of the distance it is thus rendered easy to compensate for the action of the
remanent or condensed magnetism with great precision so as to neutralize its effect
upon the vibrating armatures.
During the passage of 'the current the extensions CD induce the breech piece F
which is acted upon by the magnet M' but directly the current ceases the action of
the breech piece F and of the magnet again becomes predominant, the magnetic
recomposition in the mass of soft iron takes place more rapidly and the armatures
resume their position of equilibrium directly the current ceases the contact lever L
fixed on the same axis partaking of a corresponding movement.
The first current which passed through the bobbins having had the effect of
giving direction to the magnetic molecules in the mass of soft iron the temporary
magnetisation of this mass does not disappear entirely at the same time as the
current by which it was produced. I have found that the residual or condensed
magnetism does not produce a mechanical effect upon the armatures, any more than
does the magnetic condensation produced by the residual discharges of a line of
great capacity such as a submarine cable provided that the intensity of the current
of these successive discharges does not exceed one milli-ampère.
It is found in fact that all currents whose intensity, less than one milli-ampère
produce no change of polarity in the extensions A B on the side on which the
breech piece E is situated.
It being necessary, to produce the reversal of the polarities of the extensions A B
in order to cause the relay to work again, the intensity of the current to be
employed must not be less than one milli-ampère.
The natural currents of submarine cables as well as the currents produced by
residual discharges resulting from the electrifying and from the condensation may
flow away through the relay without prejudice to its action when a working current
greater than one milli-ampère is sent into the apparatus. By its employment at
the extremities of submarine cables of any length Morse, Hughes and Wheatstone

page_text: instruments which are usually employed for working with aerial conductors are
enabled to be employed for single or duplex working.
It is possible to further diminish the sensitiveness of this electro magnetic
system and render the armatures indifferent to or incapable of being affected by
currents of two milli-ampères intensity by prolonging the bars of soft iron forming
the electro magnet J so as to enable the breech piece E to be placed at a greater
distance from the extension A. B. The arrangement illustrated which is arranged
for a current of one milli-ampère is sufficient to obtain a regular working of this
part with submarine cables of from one thousand to two thousand kilometres
development at the rate of from two thousand to two thousand five hundred
emissions per minute without any distortion.
Figures 7, 8, 10 and 11 of the accompanying drawings illustrate diagramatically
examples of the application of the improved relay in combination with Morse,
Hughes and Wheatstone instruments working on submarine cables.
In these diagrams the improved polarised relay is represented at A being con-
nected at C¹ to the circuit 1 connected with the main line or cable at C. B is an
ordinary relay in a local circuit 2 and R is the receiver on another local circuit 3.
connected with a sounder b. The places where the circuits go to earth are marked
with the letter T. In Figures 7 and 8 K represents a switch or commutator
enabling the circuit to be connected through t or through for transmission or
reception respectively.
Referring now to the diagram Figure 7 of the drawings which illustrates the
application of the polarized relay for working a submarine cable with a Morse
instrument I will explain in the first place that in principle in order to obtain with
a submarine cable of given length a maximum amount of regular and consequently
undistorted signals it is desirable to bring the cable after each signal or element
of a signal into a neutral condition or into a predetermined but constant electrical
condition.
11,
On
Experience has proved that this or determined electrical condition is
reached more rapidly when the transmitting system comprises the employment of
inverted currents and the cable is blocked between two series of condensers.
the other hand the Morse code comprising dots and dashes produced by means of short
and long emissions and the charge of a cable being a function of the duration of the
emissions, the speed of transmission by hand under these conditions is necessarily
limited.
The Morse apparatus comprises as the transmitting instrument a double current
manipulator represented at M analogous to a Wheatstone manipulator or an
ordinary manipulator with two inverted batteries one of which is permanently
connected with the stop screw at m.
All the currents emitted are received on their arrival by the relay A hereinbefore
described, and it is by the intervention of this apparatus that the signals are
reproduced in the receiving instrument R. With this object the lever L connected
to the vibrating armatures of the improved relay A being when at rest in contact
with the screw V (Figures 3 and 7) closes the local circuit 2 through the polarized
relay B which is provided with an oscillating armature lever L'. This permanent
local circuit acts in opposition to a helical spring p which maintains the armature
lever L of the relay B'in contact with a stop or disconnected screw V" (Figure 7).
Directly the working current in the cable reaches the relay A the lever L in this
relay leaves the screw and thus opens the local circuit 2 of the relay B and the
lever of the armature in the latter yielding to the mechanical action of the spring p
makes contact with a contact screw VI and causes a fresh local current to be sent
through the circuit 3 into the Morse receiver R which is thus enabled to reproduce
the signals sent from the corresponding or distant station.
The relay A being in direct connection with the cable C thus simply performs
the function of interrupting or opening the local circuit 2 and it is not necessary for
the lever L to move completely away from the contact screw V in order to
cause the relay B to work; a mere change in the pressure of the lever L upon the
B

page_text: screw V being sufficient especially when the bobbins on the electro magnet of the
relay B are wound with No. 16 wire.
When the improved relay is employed in combination with a Hughes instrument
worked with a submarine cable as represented in Figures 8 and 9 for example the
arrangement of the electrical connections is similar to that employed in the Morse
system with the addition to the Hughes transmitter of a current reverser hereinafter
described with reference to Figure 9 and a sounder b absorbing the excess of
emission at the local relay (B) or receiving station.
The said reversing apparatus connected with the Hughes transmitter is constructed
as next hereinafter described. The printing axis or spindle of the Hughes instru-
ment is extended so as to project say about one inch on the exterior and is provided
with two contact making arms L L (Figure 9). Two concentric metal rings H H
are attached to an ebonite plate Q perforated at its centre for the passage of
the cam spindle K. Each of these two rings is divided into two principal
segments 1. 2. 3. 4. Between the segments 1 and 4 there are interposed two short
segments 5. 6 and two similar-segments 7. 8 are interposed between the segments 2
and 3. On the extremity of the cam spindle K there is fixed a cylinder K¹
Figure 9 composed of two metallic dises e and d connected by an insulating disc e.
The two metal discs c and d are electrically connected to the two lever arms L L'
Figure 9 insulated from one another and provided with rubbers. These two
lever arms are fixed upon the printing spindle. Two very flexible blade springs c' d'
connect the two discs or cylinders and d and consequently the lever arms Land L
with the cable C and with the earth T respectively (Figure 94). The segments 1.2
and 3. 4 are respectively connected with the two poles of a transmitting battery P.
The first short segment 5 is electrically connected with the fourth short segment 8.
The third segment 7 employed when the instrument is at rest is connected to the
relay so as to enable the circuit to be opened when transmitting. The second
segment is insulated.
The connections of the reversing apparatus being arranged as hereinbefore set
forth it may be released or unlocked by depressing one of the keys of the Hughes
instrument. The lever arm L' moves out of contact with the segment 7 at the
same time as the arm L moves out of contact with the segment 6 in order to
accomplish one complete revolution in the direction of the arrow. The lever L'
being permanently connected with the cable is connected with the positive,pole of the
battery whilst the lever L connects the negative pole with earth. When the arm L'
arrives at the extremity N of the segment 2 the lever L arrives at the corresponding
extremity N of the segment 1. At this period it is the negative pole that is
connected with the cable and the positive pole with earth until the printing spindle
by continuing its rotary motion brings the needle of the lever Lover the contact
or segment 8 and at the same time the lever L reaches the segment 5. The cable
is then connected direct to earth before being restored to the condition of rest or
repose upon the receiving relay connected with the segment 7.
This battery current reverser being employed for the transmission as indicated
at I in the diagram Figure 8 illustrating the invention employed in combination
with a Hughes instrunient the electrical connections for the reception are arranged
as hereinbefore described with regard to the Morse instrument and represented in
Figure 8.
As in the case of the Morse instrument the local relay B acts by opening the
circuit when the relay A is actuated by a current proceeding from the cable. The
relay B sends a local current into the Hughes instrument thereby causing it to
print one letter.
This local current passes through a sounder b whose armature is
attracted directly the pallet of the Hughes instrument comes in contact with the
detent lever and closes the local circuit of the Hughes instrument direct with earth
during the whole time occupied in printing the letter. This sounder thus absorbs
all the excess of current which is not required after the release of the Hughes
instrument.
The employment of the current reverser in connection with the Hughes instru-

page_text: ment enables compensating currents to be dispensed with and the receiving relays
may be arranged for releasing either with the first current emitted or with the
second but preferably with the latter the electrical condition of the cable after the
first emission being always the same independently of the position of the letters
upon the keyboard so that the release of the instrument is invariably effected
at the proper moment and in perfect unison with the transmitter or sending
instrument.
I will now describe an arrangement in which the improved relay is employed for
working a submarine cable with a Wheatstone automatic instrument.
Figure 10 represents the electric connections of the automatic transmitting
instrument combined with a novel compensating arrangement enabling the dashes
of the Morse code to be produced with an emission of current of the same length
as that required for the dots.
The transmission of Morse signals is thus reduced to the sending through the
cable a series of dots at unequal distance apart.
The first of the two terminals E. S. of a transmitter M, ordinarily connected, to
the inlet and to the outlet of a compensating rheostat communicated with the inlet
of two polarized relays A and A' constructed as hereinbefore described directed in
opposite directions in such a manner that one relay marked A acts under the
influence of positive emissions and the other marked A' acts under the influence of
negative emissions. The emissions at the departure pass simultaneously to the
line and to the two relays connected to earth through a resistance p equal to
or somewhat less than that of the line itself.
The relays A and A' are so regulated that they are not actuated by short
emissions such as a series of dots but if a perforated tape or band is introduced
into the transmitter the relay A comes into action during the two last thirds of the
dash and the relay A' remains in contact during all the intervals of separation
between the signals.
The armatures of the two relays being connected to earth through variable
resistances pp2 and the contact screws for working the relays being in communi-
cation with the cable the efficiency of this arrangement will be readily understood
the cable being connected to earth directly a charge corresponding to a dot has.
been produced in the formation of the dash as in the formation of the blank"
intervals thus enabling dashes to be transmitted at the same speed as dots.
At the receiving end or station the electrical connections as represented in
Figure 11 are arranged similarly to those hereinbefore described with reference to
Figure 7 and all the emissions are received in a relay A constructed according to
my invention which actuates the relay B by interrupting the permanent local
circuit as hereinbefore explained. Nevertheless it is necessary to adjust the
relay B in such a manner as to provide for a small amount of remanent electricity
in order to fill up the two thirds of the dash during which no current was supplied
to the cable.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what I
claim is.
1. A relay for electric telegraphs comprising an electro magnetic system with a
magnetic field produced by two magnets acting simultaneously upon the mass of
soft iron constituting the electro magnet and upon two moveable armatures
rigidly attached to the same axis substantially as hereinbefore described.
2. In a relay of the class hereinbefore specified the arrangement of the soft iron
cores of the electro magnet in a magnetic circuit closed by means of two breech
pieces E. F. the breech piece F having the effect of accelerating the magnetic
recomposition after each emission of current substantially as herein before
described.
3. In a
relay of the class herein before specified the application to the polar
extensions on the side on which the breech piece E is situated of soft iron adjusting

page_text: screws for the purpose of balancing with great precision the mechanical action or
effect produced upon the axis of the armatures by the residual or condensed
magnetism or by currents of an intensity less than one milli-ampère generating
unequal forces in the polar extensions at each extremity of the electro magnet
substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to Figures 1 to 6 of the
accompanying drawings.
4. The combination of a relay constructed as hereinbefore set forth with a Morse
telegraph instrument substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to
Figure 7 of the accompanying drawings.
5. The combination of a relay constructed as herein before set forth and working
in connection with a Hughes instrument with a current reversing apparatus
composed essentially of two concentric rings divided into a number of segments
for, the purpose of sending through the cable successive. and reverse emissions from
the same battery substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to Figs. 8
and 9 of the accompanying drawings.
6. The combination of relays constructed as hereinbefore set forth with Wheat-
stone automatic transmitting instruments one of the said relays (A) acting under
the influence of positive emissions only and the other A' acting under the influence
of negative emissions only the said relays being so adjusted that they are not
actuated except by emissions of a duration greater than that corresponding to a
dot so that the relay A coming into action after the formation of the first third of
the dash connects the cable to earth direct or through the rheostat p' during the
two last thirds of the dash, the relay A' performing the same function after the
cable has received the first reverse current which determines the blank space during
the whole of the period of separation between the signals, the cable consequently
receiving emissions of the same length for the dashes as for the dots and thus
enabling the former to be transmitted at the same speed as the latter substantially
as hereinbefore described with reference to Figures 10 and 11 of the accompanying
drawings.
7. The arrangement and combination of parts constituting the improved relay
for electric telegraphs substantially as hereinbefore described and illustrated in
Figures 1, 2, 3 and 4 of the accompanying drawings.
Dated this 1st day of June 1802
J. H. JOHNSON & Co.,
Agents.