IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR EXPRESSING THE JUICES OF VARIOUS MATTERS, AND FOR CRUSHING, BRUISING, GRINDING, PULVERIZING, MIXING AND KNEADING MINERAL, ANIMAL, AND VEGETABLE SUBSTANCES
Year: 1883

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Arthur Charles Henderson of 47 Museum Street Oxford
Street, in the Parish of Bloomsbury and county of Middlesex for an Invention
of IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR EXPRESSING THE JUICES OF VARIOUS
MATTERS, AND FOR CRUSHING, BRUISING, GRINDING, PULVERIZING, MIXING
AND KNEADING MINERAL, ANIMAL, AND VEGETABLE SUBSTANCES communicated
to him from abroad by Auguste Désgoffe, Civil Engineer and Leonidas A di
Giorgio, Mechanic of Odessa in the Empire of Russia
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Arthur Charles Henderson
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 19th July 1883.
ARTHUR CHARLES HENDERSON of 47 Museum Street, Oxford Street, in the
Parish of Bloomsbury and county of Middlesex "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS
FOR EXPRESSING THE JUICES OF VARIOUS MATTERS, AND FOR CRUSHING, BRUISING,
GRINDING, PULVERIZING MIXING AND KNEADING, MINERAL, ANIMAL, AND VEGETABLE
SUBSTANCES [communicated to him from abroad by Auguste Désgoffe, Civil
Engineer and Leonidas A di Giorgio, Mechanic of Odessa in the Empire of Russia]
The invention consists of a screw whose threads may be of any number as desired,
these take the form at the commencement, of blades and gradually decrease at the.
opposite extremity.
The axes of the screw turn in suitable blocks or bearings mounted on an iron
frame, this screw turns freely yet not loosely in a case or pipe (pierced with holes)
which latter is fitted internally with spirals whose position is opposed to that of
the threads of the screw. At one end of the screw is externally mounted a hopper
through which the matter to be pressed or reduced is placed.
The apparatus is worked either by a crank or by gear work, or by other
convenient means. The substance to be treated being placed in the hopper it
enters the large blades of the screw which in its revolution causes the matter to
pass along between it and the opposite or opposed spirals inside the case or pipe,
and as it advances, the progressive reduction in the dimensions of the threads or
•

page_text: blades causes a gradual and steady reduction of the matter, which on' reaching the
end of the screw is expelled therefrom either into basins, reservoirs or moulds as
the case may require.
Any matter may be thus treated, the apparatus being adapted to the reduction
of mineral, animal, vegetable or chemical substances, and is intended for use in
sugar factories, bread making, wine making, chemical works, brick and tile making
and for various purposes.
The apparatus may be worked horizontally or vertically, and the screw and
spirals of the case may have notches or spaces to allow the matter under treatment
to remain intermittently stationary during part of its progress for effecting an
intimate mixture of the substances.
In some instances where required a filtering plate is used on which the inner
spirals are, mounted, or a cloth for the same purpose may be interposed between
the screw and spirals

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said Arthur Charles Henderson in the Patent Office on the
16th January 1884.
ARTHUR CHARLES HENDERSON of 47 Museum Street Oxford Street in the
Parish of Bloomsbury and county of Middlesex IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS
FOR EXPRESSING. THE JUICES OF VARIOUS MATTERS AND FOR CRUSHING, BRUISING,
GRINDING, PULVERIZING, MIXING AND KNEADING MINERAL, ANIMAL, AND VEGETABLE
SUBSTANCES A communication to me from abroad by Auguste Désgoffe Civil
Engineer and Leonidas A di Giorgio mechanic of Odessa in the Empire of Russia.
The object of the apparatus is 1st To extract the liquid, fatty or viscous matters
from all kinds of mineral, vegetable, or animal substances submitted to its action.
2ndly To separate from liquids the elements of different densities composing it.
3rdly To cruch, grind, bruise, pulverize, knead or mix all matters of a solid, liquid,
semi-liquid, or mixed composition in order to effect the results hereinafter described,
by aid of the accompanying drawings.
Fig 1 shows in vertical section one of the arrangements of which a perspective
view is shown by Fig 2-A screw a, with decreasing thread pivoting at its two
extremities in the blocks b. b', of the frame, is set in motion either by a crank or
a pulley c, as here represented mounted directly on the axis of the screw, or
connected with it by gear work as shown in the drawing or by belts, friction
plates or other intermediaries.
The screw turns freely but without being loose in a pipe d, pierced with holes
and furnished with spirals placed in a position opposed to the blades forming the
thread of the screw, this pipe bears at e, a hopper, the lower end or orifice of
which debouching on the blades of the screw serves for the introduction of the
matter to be compressed, whilst recipients or basins are placed beneath this pipe
at the opposite end to catch the liquid and the residues expelled.
Action of the apparatus-The crank or pulley c. (as the case may be) being set
in motion, and the matter to be operated on being placed in the hopper e, it
will easily be understood that it penetrates and enters the blades of the screw,
and the spirals or projections of the pipe, the thread of the screw drawing the
matter towards the exit 8, and it will be seen that as the substance advances
the more closed is the space it has to pass through, as the blades or thread of the
screw gradually decrease as well as the conicalness of the pipe towards the exit s,
the matter is therefore gradually reduced so that it is easily expelled after passing
the movable part a¹ placed at the exit and which determines and restricts the
degree of reduction of the matter: the advantage of this piece being movable is
that it can be changed when worn, or replaced by another of the dimensions
required
But the progressive reduction of the matter would be ineffectual were it not
produced as is the case by the combined action of the two concentric screws whose
spirals, blades, or threads, and projections are opposed to one another, and which
by their slope or inclination force the matter to take a rectilinear course to
the exit.
Moreover the matter being from its entry into the blades or spirals of the thread
revolved in its many evolutions, is continually under pressure between the screw
and the spirals of the pipe, all its molecular particles are pressed, and any liquid
contained in the matter is expressed as it passes along in its course, the result being
that on reaching the point of exit, the matter is reduced to its smallest constituent
particles.

page_text: Fig 3 shows in section an apparatus working in a vertical position-A vertical
iron frame f, bears an axis g, to which a crank or driving pulley c, is fixed, a
toothed pinion h gears. with the wheel mounted on the axis of the conical
wheel, which latter actuates the bevil wheel i, fixed on the axis of the screw a.
This screw turns in the block j, at the head of the frame, and pivots at its lower
end in the stuffing box k, it is formed like the first named screw of a number of
threads or blades gradually decreasing in dimensions as it nears the exit, its
diameter and length would vary according to the degree of crushing, bruising,
squeezing or kneading it is desired to effect. Like the first it turns freely without
being too loose in a pipe d, furnished with spirals placed in a position opposed to
that of the threads of the screw, these as well as the spirals of the pipe bear
notches or spaces which allow the matter under treatment to remain stationary.
intermittently during a part of its progress.
These stoppages which are optional are repeated throughout the length of the
screw by which means an intimate mixture of the substances is effected, and
which is kneaded and crushed simultaneously. The matter thus worked makes its
exit at m, where it is expelled either at once in the form of paste like dough (if it
consists of wheat and water) or it is forced through a mould of some kind, which.
gives it the form of vermicelli, macaroni and so on.
With this view a distributer 7, placed at the upper part of the apparatus empties
into the hopper e of the pipe d, the substances that are required for preparation.
Spaces are made both in the screw and the case or pipe for either heating or
refrigerating the matters as desired.
Fig 4 is a section, and Fig 5 a perspective view of another modification.
A screw a, supported by its axis b, bears at m, a toothed wheel in gear with a
driving pinion This screw turns freely in a pipe with spirals as before arranged,
and bears at e a hopper whose lower orifice debouches on the blades of the screw
in which the matter is drawn along by the roller p, so that the substance receives
a crushing, grinding, or kneading in proportion to the decrease of the threads or
blades of the screw, and is finally ejected by the last thread of the screw into a
mould x, where it takes the desired form (according to its composition) either in
the shape of cakes or bricks, plain or hollow, pipes, tiles, artificial stone, and so on
if the machine is to work clay. In each of its applications the accessories for
cutting, marking, shaping and so forth as well as the points of exit of the matter
vary in dimensions as well as in composition.
Observations The screw can have its thread, blades, or projections of any
mathematical or practical form, it may have a single thread or as many as 20 or
more if desired, according to its diameter and its application, and it can pivot at
one or both of its ends. It may be solid, hollow, or otherwise, and furnished with
pipes for the circulation of hot or cold water, or steam, it may be pierced for the
flow of the juices, and may be of a single piece or of several parts joined together
end to end, the axles may be fixed to it or be of a piece with it. It may be of
metal wood, or composed of both or otherwise.
.
.
The threads or blades may be cast with the axle, or fixed to it, and lined with
metal, or coated with enamel of some sort. The case may be of a single piece or
divided lengthways or diametrically in two or more sections It may be solid or
hollow throughout, or in part, it may be pierced, or furnished with perforated
sheet metal, or it may be lined with filtering cloth.
It may have compartments admitting of the circulation of hot or cold water, or
steam, as may be desired, it may be of metal, stone, or any other substance, the
spirals may be cast with the case or pipe or fixed to it, or form a separate piece, or
be separated from it by a filtering cloth.
The section and dimensions of the spaces of the spirals in the case or pipe are
variable according to the employment they are intended for, the spaces may be
regular throughout the length of the case, and they may decrease in width for a
part, or for the whole length and their inclination with respect to the screw may
vary from an angular to a circular section, or till they are parallel with the axis.

page_text: The spirals as well as the screw may be in straight lines, the thread being
continuous or intermittent, striated, grooved, or otherwise formed, solid or hollow,
pierced or not.
In certain applications a cloth tissue is interposed between the spirals and the
case-in other instances the perforated sheet bears the spirals. Finally the case
may form a simple filter supported or not either for part or throughout its length
by metal bands or bars.
The hopper may be placed at the axis of the screw, or at the side. To the pulley
or driving crank any kind of gear work may be added such as frictional cones
plates or any other force multiplier. The apparatus may be horizontal, vertical or
inclined as required, basins, troughs, or pipes for carrying away the substance may
be constructed with the frame, or be added to it according to the disposition of the
apparatus and the matter or substance may be conveyed in the screw by means of
eccentrics, pumps, cylinders or other propelling means, and the quantity may be
regulated by distributers or counters of some kind.
The moulds may be of various compositions, forms, and dimensions according to
the results to be produced. A single apparatus may be both expelling, crushing,
and kneading, or be the subject of two or more classes
The applications to which the apparatus may be put are too varied and
numerous to here enumerate
Having thus described the invention claim is made
1st To the novel construction of a screw with decreasing thread turning freely in
a case or pipe furnished with spirals arranged in a contrary sense to the
spirals or thread of the screw, for producing conjointly a progressive pressure,
for mixing, crushing, bruising or pulverizing all solid, fluid or semi-liquid
matters.
2nd To the concentrically arranged screws shown by Figs 1 and 2 one being fixed
and the other movable, the spirals of which are opposed to each other so that
the matter being pressed between the decreasing spaces between the spirals
one of the objects above mentioned is thereby effected.
3rd To the perforated metal sheet or filtering cloth for the passage of the liquid
extracted by pressure, in conjunction with the movable piece a¹, of the
revolving screw a. The object of this piece being movable is that it can be
replaced by another of a coarser or finer thread as may be required.
4th To the arrangement of the screw in a vertical manner as shown Fig 3, the
thread of which is turned in an inverse sense to the spirals, and is provided
with spaces or notches to allow the matter under treatment to remain
stationary during its progress through the screw.
5th To the arrangement shown by Figs 4 and 5 in which is shown the combination
of the inverted thread and spirals in conjunction with a mould into which the
matter is forced and pressed so as to take its form.
Reserve being made to vary or modify both the movable screw and the fixed
spirals with their opposed or inverse threads in such a manner as to suit and
adapt them to any special application of the apparatus.
In witness whereof I the said Arthur Charles Henderson have hereunto set
my hand and seal this fourteenth day of January in the Year of Our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and eighty four
A. U. HENDERSON (LS.)