Improvements in and relating to Apparatus or Propellors for Marine and Aerial Navigation, which Improvements are Applicable to other Purposes, such as Sails, Oars, Floats, or Blades of Paddle Wheels and Turbines.
Year: 1885

page_text: Improvements in and relating to Apparatus or Propellors for
Marine and Aerial Navigation, which Improvements are
Applicable to other Purposes, such as Sails, Oars, Floats,
or Blades of Paddle Wheels and Turbines.
We, BENJAMIN WADDY MAUGHAN of 59 Queen Victoria Street in the City of
London, Engineer, and SAMUEL DANKS WADDY of Finsbury Park in the County
of Middlesex Gentleman do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as
follows:-
Our invention consists of improvements in respect of certain inventions. for
which letters patent have been already granted us on the 27th of September 1882
No. 4585 and on the 24th of October 1883 No. 5051 in each of which we describe
and claim certain improvements in propellers for Aerial and Marine navigation.
In these patents we proposed chiefly the use of propellers constructed of two
surfaces with a single angle between them. We have discovered that this simple
form though applicable to propellers of small size, is not equally advantageous
when the propellers are made of increased dimensions. In these cases it is better
to substitute a number of smaller surfaces and a number of the angles instead of
the larger surfaces and the single angle. We have found it an improvement not
only to alter the mode of application of the angle by repeating it several times on
each blade but also to make a variation in the angle itself as is hereinafter
described.
This may be effected in various ways one of which is to groove the propeller
blade in transverse parallel lines, and to fix in the grooves at regular intervals
protuberances or projections the surfaces of which shall be set at the proper angle
or angles to the surface of the propeller blade, and the projections will be separated
from each other by the cavities hereinafter described.
We have also discovered that it is better to vary the angle according to its
positions in or on the propeller blade. Near the root the angle between the
gathering and the driving surfaces should be less than 150 degrees, but it will
gradually increase to 150 degrees at about the middle of the propeller blade and
continue at the same angle to the tip.

page_text: The precise figures cannot possibly be given, as they will depend on the pitch
or pitches of the screw of the propeller blade, and on its transverse contour, and
must be designed by special calculation in each case, but the guiding principle on
which they must be formed is, that if the pitch. be coarse, the angle between the
gathering surface and the driving surface at the root of the blade will be less than
in the case of a screw propeller blade of finer pitch. In practice we have found
that the operation of the angle is assisted by indentations being made in the blade
in such a way as to obtain an increased resistance from the water or air and
thereby to increase the power which the propeller derives from the fluid in which
it acts, or which may act upon it. The forms of these cavities which we have
found to be the most effective, may be described as hollow inverted pyramids, or
cones having the apex either in the centre of the pyramid or cone, or nearer one
end according to its position either in or on the blade, and we similarly indent
with angles or cavities the surfaces of the above described angles or cavities
repeating as often as may be desired.
We prefer that the cavities and their consequent projections shall be so arranged,
as to be so close together, that there shall be not flat surface between them. The
cavities though not necessarily will usually, in practice, run-in parallel lines across
the surface of the propeller blade; when this course is adopted each parallel line
consists of these cavities and of the projections or prominences previously described
alternately, and the fluid filling these cavities is brought into contact with the
angles and surfaces of the projections under such conditions and at such angles as
to yield the greatest propulsive power.
Another of our improvements consists in perforating the propellor blades at the
angles described, or of forming them of a frame work of parallel bars or louvres
each bar or louvre composed of two surfaces fixed at the proper angle to each
other, and at such intervals that the water or air on which the propeller operates
may pass away through the interstices between the bars.
The improvements above described are applicable to sails and all propelling
surfaces.
. K
-
In the following manner we apply our improvements to sails, by so weaving the
material of which they are constructed as to form the various angles, indentations
or cavities and projections described in the surface of the material and to oars by
carving on the propelling surface various angles, indentations or. cavities and
projections as described, or applying or affixing thereto a sheet or plate of wood
or metal or other suitable material, similarly chased or carved.
We apply our improvements to the propelling surfaces of the floats or blades of
paddle wheels by carving on the propelling surfaces the various angles, indentations*
or cavities and projections as described or by applying or affixing thereto a sheet
or plate or sheets or plates, of wood or metal or other material similarly chased or
carved.
We similarly apply the angles, indentations or cavities and projections described
to the surfaces of turbines and to all propelling surfaces operating upon air or
water or steam or operated upon by air or water or steam.
JULIUS HALL,
Patent Agent,
90, Chancery Lane.

page_text: Improvements in and relating to Apparatus or Propellers for
Marine and Aörial Navigation, which Improvements are
Applicable to other Purposes, such as Sails, Oars, Floats,
or Blades of Paddle Wheels and Turbines.
BENJAMIN WADDY MAUGHAN Engineer of 59 Queen Victoria Street in the city
of London and SAMUEL DANKS WADDY of Finsbury Park in the county of
Middlesex Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in
what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following statement:-
Our invention consists of improvements in respect of certain inventions for
which letters patent have been already granted us on the 27th of September 1882
No. 4585 and on the 24th of October 1883 No. 5051 in each of which we describe
and claim certain improvements in propellers for aërial and marine navigation.
In these patents we proposed chiefly the use of propellers constructed of two
surfaces with a single angle between them. We have discovered that this simple
form though applicable to propellers of small size is not equally advantageous
when the propellers are made of increased dimensions. In these cases it is better
to substitute a number of smaller surfaces and a number of the angles instead of
the larger surfaces and the single angle. The multiplication or repetition of
smaller surfaces and angles may be arranged upon the surfaces or in the substance
of a straight blade or of one the general contour of which is in the form of
a screw or of a segment of a circle, and the grooves formed by the succession
of angles may be parallel to each other from the root to the tip of the blade
or may radiate from the boss in which case the grooves and intervening ridges will
increase gradually in size from the root to the tip of the blade. In some instances
it will be found to be an improvement not only to alter the mode of application of
the angle by repeating it several times on each blade but.also to make a variation.
in the angle itself as is herein-after described. This may be effected in various
ways, one of which is, to groove the propeller blade in transverse parallel lines and
to fix in the grooves at regular intervals protuberances or projections the surfaces.
of which shall be set at the proper angle or angles to the surface of the propeller
blade and the projections will be seperated from each other by the cavities herein-
after described-We have also discovered that it is better to vary the angle
according to its position in or on the propeller blade. Near the root the angle.
between the gathering and the driving surfaces should be less than 150 degrees,
but it will gradually increase to 150 degrees at about the middle of the propeller
blade and continue at the same angle to the tip. The precise figures cannot
possibly be given as they will depend on the pitch or pitches of the screw of the
propeller blade and on its transverse contour and must be designed by special.
calculation in each case, but the guiding principle on which they must be formed
is, that if the pitch be coarse the angle between the gathering surface and the
driving surface at the root, of the blade will be less than in the case of a screw.

page_text: propeller blade of finer pitch. In practice we have found that the operation of the
angle is assisted by indentations being made in the blade in such a way as to
obtain an increased resistance from the water or air and thereby to increase the
power which the propeller derives from the fluid in which it acts, or which may
act upon it. The forms of these cavities which we have found to be the most
effective, may be described as hollow inverted pyramids or cones, having the apex
either in the centre of the pyramid or cone or nearer one end according to its
position either in or on the blade, and we similarly indent with angles or cavities
the surfaces of the above described angles or cavities repeating as often as may be
desired. We prefer that the cavities and their consequent projections shall be so
arranged, as to be so close together that there shall be no flat surface between them.
The cavities, though not necessarily, will usually in practice run in parallel lines
across the surface of the propeller blade; when this course is adopted each parallel
line consists of these cavities and of the projections or prominences previously
described alternately, and the fluid filling these cavities is brought into contact
with the angles and surfaces of the projections under such conditions and at
such angles as to yield the greatest propulsive power. Another of our improve-
ments consists in perforating the propeller blades at the angles described, or of
formning them of a frame work of parallel or radiating bars or louvres, each bar or
louvre composed of two surfaces fixed at the proper angle to each other, and at
such intervals that the water or air on which the propeller operates may pass away
through the interstices between the bars.
The improvements above described are applicable to sails and all propelling
surfaces.
In the accompanying drawings
Figure 1 is a plan of a propeller constructed according to our invention that
is to say with a number of surfaces and a number of angles arranged as shown.
Figures 2 & 3 show the transverse sections at the tip and the root of the blade
respectively.
Figure 4 shows the perspective contour of a screw blade of coarse pitch.
Figure 5 shows sections, a, b, c, d, e, f, of figure 4 showing the application of the
grooves & ridges or angles to a screw blade.
Figure 6 shows the extended contour of the screw blade shown in Figure 4.
Figure 7 shows a perforated blade formed of louvres as described, rivetted on to
suitable bars or cast together so that the louvres & bars are homogeneous.
Figure 8 is a transverse section of the tip of the blade; the section at the root
is not shown; with the exception that it is of reduced size, it is of the same
contour.
Figure 9 shows the perspective contour of a screw blade of moderate pitch.
Figure 10 shows sections, g, h, i, j, k. l. which show the application of the
grooves and ridges or angles to the screw blade shown in figures 9 and 11 of
moderate pitch.
Figure 11 shows the contour of the screw blade shown in Figure 9 when
extended. The lines upon the blade showing the longitudinal arrangement of the
angles and ridges.
Figure 12 is the same extended screw blade as in Figure 11 but with transverse
angles and ridges.
Figure 13 is a longitudinal section of the blade shown in figure 12-Figures 12
and 13 are only shown to enable the blade represented by figure 14 to be more
easily explained.
Figure 14 shows the blade described whose surface is formed of cavities and
their consequent projections.
Figure 15 shows on a larger scale one of the projections, with two sections, m,
and n the dotted lines represent the edges of a groove which is of the same
section as the under sides of the projection the figure shows a projection in which
two equal angles meet in the centre, this form is used in or near the centre of the
blade as shown in figure 14. At and near the tip of the blade the projections have

page_text: two unequal triangles, the smaller being on the left hand. At and near the root
of the blade the projections have two unequal triangles the smaller being on the
right hand as shown. In the case of a left handed screw this arrangement would
be reversed. This blade figure 14 may be constructed by first forming a blade as
per figures 9-12-and 13 and then, in the grooves fixing the projections as
described. In certain cases we replace the angles by curves so as to form cone like
cavities of similar form and arrangement to the inverted pyramidal cavities formed
by the projections described. We have discovered that these cavities have great
power when moved against air or water and vice versa.
By weaving sails in such manner as to produce this kind of surface the effect of
the wind upon them is greatly increased.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of our said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed we declare that what
we claim is
First. The modification of the form of the blade given in our previous specifi-
cations, so that it may consist not of two surfaces only with their intervening
angle, but may be constructed of a number of such angles, forming by their
multiplication a succession of alternate grooves and ridges as and for the purposes
specified.
Second. The arrangement of a succession of such surfaces with their intervening
angle forming a number of grooves or channels, and with open spaces between the
grooves through the body or substance of the blade, so as to allow the air or water
which has impinged on the surfaces to escape or pass away as and for the purposes
specified.
Third. The increase or diminution of the angle or angles according to its or their
position on the different parts of the blade, as and for the purposes specified.
Fourth. The use of such cavities as described in the blade, and other propelling
surfaces and in sails as and for the purposes specified.
In witness whereof I the said Benjamin Waddy Maughan for myself and on
behalf of the said Samuel Danks Waddy have hereunto set my hand and
seal this first day of November in the year of Our Lord one thousand eight
hundred and eighty six.