A Combined Hydraulic and Pneumatic Motive Power Apparatus.
Year: 1891

page_text: Date of Application, 17th Aug., 1891
Complete Specification. Left, 16th May, 1892-Accepted, 17th Aug., 1892
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
A Combined Hydraulic and Pneumatic Motive Power Apparatus.
I JOSEPH DESMAROUX of 41ter Rue des Plantes, Paris, France, Engineer,
do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
This invention relates to what may be termed an acro-dynamic motive power
apparatus operating by means of a liquid under pressure which is recuperated in
such manner that the loss of liquid is almost nil.
The apparatus comprises―
1. A liquid compressor, a pump for example able to supply water at the required
pressure and provided with means whereby it may be automatically put out of
action when the desired pressure is attained and caused to resume its action when
the pressure falls in the discharge pipe.
2. A special receiver termed an air accumulator designed to replace the
accumulators with weights used in hydraulic apparatus. It consists of one or more
cylinders in which at the outset a certain volume of air is pumped to a sufficient.
pressure and also a volume of water or other liquid which is consequently under the
same pressure so that the air by its expansion may furnish liquid under pressure
for one or more operations, whilst the pump connected by a pipe with the air
accumulator restores the quantity of liquid thus expended. The accumulator thus
charged may serve as a source of power for all sorts of machines, principally for
those which consume a small amount of power during a lengthened period, as sewing
machines for example, or those which consume a considerable amount of power
during a short period as lifts, punching and rivetting machines &c. The apparatus
further comprises, for avoiding the loss of liquid, the apparatus for restoring the
liquid, arranged in proximity to the machine to be driven, so as to collect the liquid
after doing its work.
The air accumulator fulfils exactly the function of an accumulator with weights
but has the following advantages.
(a) Great lightness even for high pressures and consequently the avoidance of
costly foundations required for accumulators with weights.
(b) Great quantity of liquid available, variable at will.
(c) Facility of varying the pressure within very wide limits by using if necessary
cylinders of large capacity or several communicating cylinders in which the volume
of liquid introduced may be easily varied.
This combined form of accumulator enables pressures gradually decreasing by
expansion to be applied in hydraulic apparatus as though the compressed gas were
applied directly under the piston of the hydraulic machine and this whilst retaining
the advantages of precision and safety of operation which are peculiar to hydraulic
apparatus whatever liquid be employed. By virtue of its lightness this accumulator
with its compressor forming together the aero-dynamic motive power apparatus is
easily transportable and may thus be employed on temporary works under conditions
in which an accumulator with weights could not be used.
The accumulator may be charged without moving it by first compressing the
contained air by forcing in liquid and before any pressure and then introducing the
air under pressure by means of a charging chamber for example the pump having
to furnish in this case only the liquid expended by the operation of the said
charging chamber.
Accumulators ready charged may also be supplied and connected to the other
parts of the aero-dynamic apparatus by a simple joint so that they can be
immediately put in operation by merely opening a valve if necessary and in case of

page_text: loss of air one receiver may be replaced by another kept ready charged in
reserve.
Reference is to be had to the accompanying drawings forming part of this
Specification wherein Figure 1 represents the general arrangement of the motive
power apparatus provided with a charging chamber. Figures 2, 3 and 4 show
respectively in axial_vertical section, in elevation and in plan the safety valves for
the accumulators. Figures 5, and 7 show in vertical section underside plan and
elevation the stop valve of the accumulator. Figure represents an axial vertical
.section of the air accumulator with piston. Figure 9 shows in elevation and
Figure 10 a plan of a lift or elevator to which the aero-dynamic motive power
apparatus is applied.
The same letters of reference indicate the same parts in all the figures.
P is the force pump mounted on its tank, A is the air accumulator provided with
the cock and pressure gauge a and with one or more water level cocks 6 placed at
suitable heights. B is the charging chamber provided with four stop valves E G e g.
S is the safety valve box hereafter described.
The accumulator is provided with a box containing two valves R and r and
which communicates (1) with the box S by a pipes; (2) with the top of the
accumulator by a pipe t communicating with the valve (3) with the bottom
of the accumulator by a channel e controlled by the valve R.
In normal working the pump forces the water into the box S and thence either
to the hydraulic apparatus or to the accumulator, E and G being closed and R open.
When the accumulator is in operation the water passes out therefrom.
To charge the accumulator by means of the charging chamber, water is first
pumped into the accumulator until the air contained reaches a sufficient pressure
for the operation of the charging chamber B when the pump is stopped. The
charging chamber B being full of air valves E G are opened, eg being closed.
The air in the charging chamber B is thereupon compressed and when equilibrium
of pressure is established between the accumulator and the charging chamber B the
water runs into the charging chamber which is below the normal level of the liquid
in the accumulator whilst the compressed air passes into the accumulator by the
valves G and and the pipe t rising therefrom.
}"
When B is full of water the valves E and G are closed, and e and g are opened
to allow the water to flow out into the feed tank of the pump whilst the air enters
at g.
When B is thus filled with air it is ready to repeat the operation which is
done until the air in the accumulator attains the desired pressure, the pump
returning into the accumulator at each operation the quantity of water previously
expended so as to maintain the level and pressure. The pipe t is provided to
permit the introduction of the air without the latter passing through the water.
Figures 5, 6 and 7 represent on a larger scale the casing of the valves R and
as well as the lower part of the accumulator and the pipe t and show that by
closing the valves R and the accumulator may be transported whilst charged.
The box or casing S serves to regulate the working of the aero-dynamic apparatus.
It is shown in detail in Figures 2, 3 and 4 and receives water from the pump at D,
communicates at F with the accumulator and at H with the hydraulic machines to
be operated. It contains two safety valves, of which one i which may be loaded
by a spring, lifts when the maximum pressure is reached in the accumulator and
allows the liquid pumped to return by J to the feed tank; the other valve k which
is constantly open in normal working, closing only under the weight by which it is
loaded at the moment when the pressure in the accumulator falls to such a point
that the water is almost entirely expelled from the receiver and the air is about to
escape at the valve R. The apparatus is then incapable of further working and
warning is given that it is necessary to introduce water in order that it may be put
into condition for further operation. The valve k loaded by two weighted
levers, Figures 2 and 3 may be loaded by a single lever or by a direct weight
or otherwise.
As shown in Figure 8 the accumulator may be constructed of two cylinders m and n

page_text: bolted together in line with each other with a piston o common to both. The upper
cylinder contains only gas and the lower cylinder the liquid pumped. This
arrangement enables the safety valve to be dispensed with, the motion of the
piston being limited by the end of the lower cylinder m and it prevents the loss of
gas by solution in the liquid. The two cylinders forming the accumulator may be
of different diameters by leaving between the cylinders a space at least equal to the
stroke of the piston. The piston will then be differential or of two diameters
corresponding to the diameters of the cylinders so that the pressures per unit of
surface exerted on its two ends will be different so that the arrangement may serve
as a multiplier or reducer of pressure.
The accumulator may be divided into partial accumulators each of which may
have different proportions of air and liquid according to the requirements of the
machine to which it is specially applied. A main accumulator with air or water
only may also be employed simultaneously with air accumulators acting with
various ratios of expansion as above mentioned
I will describe the application of the aero-dynamic motive power apparatus to a
lift or elevator as shown in Figures 9 and 10. The lift cage 5 moves in angle iron
guides 1 supporting the sheaves 2. 3 is the lift cylinder with ram, tackle sheaves,
and suspension chain. The ram is moved by the pressure of the water supplied by
the aero-dynamic apparatus through a distribution box 4 containing valves worked
by cams or levers, a hand rod T acting on the cam shaft and abutments regulating
the course of the apparatus as required and in any case at the extreme limits of
motion of the ram for preventing accidents. The cage 5 is provided with guide
pulleys and suspended by the chain from the lift cylinder and may be provided with
counterweights, chains, and guide sheaves. It is provided with lugs which strike
the abutments on the rod T actuating the distribution valves.
The aero-dynamic apparatus comprises the pump P, air accumulator A, valves,
guage, and valve chest S constructed in all essential parts as above, described with
or without a chamber B for charging the accumulator. Assuming a pump to be
employed instead of the means above described for automatically putting it out of
action by acting either on the suction valves or on the pump operating gear, the
pump may be regulated by actuating it by the water coming under pressure from
the distribution pipes or applying this water as directly as possible to act on the
pistons of the force pumps of the aero-dynamic apparatus, these pistons having in
that case their surfaces proportional to the ratio of the pressure to be obtained
to the current pressure in the pipes, so that the pump continues to work so long as
the normal pumping pressure is not attained in the accumulator and stops when this
pressure is reached, that is to say when equilibrium is established between the
pressures exerted on the opposing faces of the actuating and pumping pistons.
As soon as the aero-dynamic apparatus is put in operation the pressure begins to
fall in the accumulator by reason of the exit of a certain quantity of water and
the equilibrium of the force pump being destroyed it resumes work automatically
until it has reestablished the normal conditions of pressure.
The force pump may be similarly operated by compressed air supplied by pipes
suitably arranged for the purpose.
The pump may be of any description, provided it be actuated by the pressure of
water or air and has no dead points. It will therefore be preferably either rotary
or have two or more motor cylinders combined and provided with distribution
valves so actuated that one of the pistons on reaching the end of its stroke
will act on the distribution valve of the next cylinder and set its piston in
motion, the first piston then remaining, stationary until in turn another piston
arriving at the end of its stroke sets it in motion, this piston itself stopping
and so on.
To each motor cylinder corresponds a pump cylinder in line therewith,
the whole forming two or more pumps working in turn each being single or
double acting. In the former case the common piston may be of two diameters
and act as a differential piston in the motor cylinder and as a plunger in the
pump barrel, the return movement when the suction takes place being produced

page_text: by the current pressure on the annular face corresponding to the difference of
arca of the two pistons.
Dated this 17th day of August. 1891.
J. DESMAROUX,
By A. M. & Wm. Clark,
53, Chancery Lane, London, Patent Agents.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
A Combined Hydraulic and Pneumatic Motive Power Apparatus.
I, JOSEPH DESMAROUX, of 41ter, Rue des Plantes, Paris, France, Engineer, do
hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement :-
This invention relates to what may be termed an aero-dynamic motive power
apparatus operating by means of a liquid under pressure which is recuperated in
such manner that the loss of liquid is almost nil.
The apparatus comprises
1. A liquid compressor, a pump for example, able to supply water at the
required pressure and provided with means whereby it may be automatically put
out of action when the desired pressure is attained and caused to resume its action
when the pressure falls in the discharge pipe.
2. A special receiver, termed an air accumulator, designed to replace the
accumulators with weights used in hydraulic apparatus. It consists of one or more
cylinders in which, at the outset, a certain volume of air is pumped to a sufficient
pressure and also a volume of water or other liquid which is consequently under
the same pressure so that the air by its expansion may furnish liquid under pressure
for one or more operations, whilst the pump connected by a pipe with the air
accumulator restores the quantity of liquid thus expended. The accumulator thus
charged may serve as a source of power for all sorts of machines, principally for
those which consume a small amount of power during a lengthened period, as
sewing-machines for example, or those which consume a considerable amount of
power during a short period, as lifts, punching and rivetting machines, etc.
The apparatus further comprises, for avoiding the loss of liquid, the apparatus
for restoring the liquid, arranged in proximity to the machine to be driven, so as
to collect the liquid, after doing its work.
The air accumulator fulfils exactly the function of an accumulator with weights
but has the following advantages:-
(a) Great lightness, even for high pressures, and consequently the avoidance of
costly foundations required for accumulators with weights;
(6) Great quantity of liquid available, variable at will;
(c) Facility of varying the pressure within very wide limits by using, if necessary,
cylinders of large capacity, or several communicating cylinders in which the volume
of liquid introduced may be easily varied.
This combined form of accumulator enables pressures gradually decreasing by
expansion to be applied in hydraulic apparatus as though the compressed gas were
applied directly under the piston of the hydraulic machine and this whilst retaining
the advantages of precision and safety of operation, which are peculiar to hydraulic
apparatus whatever liquid be employed. By virtue of its lightness this accumulator
with its compressor, forming together the aero-dynamic motive power apparatus,
is easily transportable and may thus be employed on temporary works under
conditions in which an accumulator with weights could not be used.
The accumulator may be charged, without moving it, by first compressing the
contained air by forcing in liquid and before any pressure and then introducing
the air under pressure by means of a charging chamber for example. The pump

page_text: Having
this case only, the qui expended by the operation of the
said charging chamber.
Accumulators ready charged may also be supplied and connected to the other
parts of the aero-dynamic apparatus by a simple joint, so that they can be
immediately put in operation by merely opening a valve if necessary and in case
of loss of air one receiver may be replaced by another kept ready charged in
reserve.
Reference is to be had to the drawings left with my Provisional Specification,
and also to the accompanying drawing, forming part of this Specification wherein
Figure represents the general arrangement of the motive power apparatus
provided with a charging chamber.
Figures 2, 3, and 4, shew respectively in axial vertical section, in elevation, and
in plan, the safety valves for the accumulators.
Figures 5, 6, and 7, shew in vertical section, underside plan, and elevation, the
stop valve of the accumulator.
Figure 8 represents an axial vertical section of the air accumulator with piston.
Figure 9 shews an elevation, and Figure 10 a plan, of a lift or elevator to which
the aero-dynamic motive power apparatus is applied.
The same letters of reference indicate the same parts in all the figures.
P is the force pump mounted on its tank, A is the air accumulator provided
with the cock and pressure gauge a and with one or more water-level cocks b
placed at suitable heights, B is the charging chamber provided with four stop-
valves E Gey, S is the safety-valve box hereafter described. The accumulator is
provided with a box containing two valves R and and which communicates
(1) with the box S by a pipes (2) with the top of the accumulator by a pipe t
communicating with the valve (3) with the bottom of the accumulator by a
channel c controlled by the valve R.
In normal working, the pump forces the water into the box S and thence either
to the hydraulic apparatus or to the accumulator, E and G being closed and R
open. When the accumulator is in operation, the water passes out therefrom.
To charge the accumulator by means of the charging chamber, water is first
pumped into the accumulator until the air contained reaches a sufficient pressure
for the operation of the charging chamber B when the pump is stopped. The
charging chan.ber B being full of air, valves E G are opened eg being closed.
The air in the charging-chamber B is thereupon compressed and when equilibrium
of pressure is established between the accumulator and the charging chamber B,
the water runs into the charging chamber which is below the normal level of the
liquid in the accumulator whilst the compressed air passes into the accumulator by
the valves G and r and the pipe t rising therefrom. When B is full of water the
valves E and G are closed and e and y are opened to allow the water to flow out
into the feed tank of the pump whilst the air enters at g. When B is thus filled
with air it is ready to repeat the operation which is done until the air in the
accumulator attains the desired pressure, the pump returning into the accumulator
at each operation the quantity of water previously expended so as to maintain the
level and pressure. The pipe t is provided to permit the introduction of the air
without the latter passing through the water.
Figures 5, 6, and 7, represent, on a larger scale, the casing of the valves R and r
as well as the lower part of the accumulator and the pipe t and shew that by
closing the valves R and the accumulator may be transported whilst charged.
The box or casing S serves to regulate the working of the aero-dynamic
apparatus. It is shewn in detail in Figures 2, 3, and 4, and receives water from
the pump at D, communicates at F with the accumulator and at H with the
hydraulic machines to be operated. It contains two safety valves of which one i,
which may be loaded by a spring, lifts when the maximum pressure is reached
in the accumulator and allows the liquid pumped to return by J to the feed tank ;
the other valve k, which is constantly open in normal working, closing only under
the weight by which it is loaded at the moment when the pressure in the

page_text: accumulator falls to such a point that the water is almost entirely expelled from
the receiver and the air is about to escape at the valve R. The apparatus is then
incapable of further working and warning is given that it is necessary to introduce
water in order that it may be put into condition for further operation. The
valve loaded by two weighted levers, Figures 2 and 3, may be loaded by a
single lever or by a direct weight or otherwise.
774
As shewn in Figure 8, the accumulator may be constructed of two cylinders
and n bolted together in line with each other with a pistono common to both. The
upper cylinder contains only gas and the lower cylinder the liquid pumped. This
arrangement enables the safety valve to be dispensed with, the motion of the
piston being limited by the end of the lower cylinder m and it prevents the loss
of gas by solution in the liquid. The two cylinders forming the accumulator, may
be of different diameters by leaving between the cylinders a space at least equal
to the stroke of the piston. The piston will then be differential or of two diameters
corresponding to the diameters of the cylinders, so that the pressures per unit of
surface exerted on its two ends will be different and so that the arrangement may
serve as a multiplier or reducer of pressure. The accumulator may be divided
into partial accumulators each of which may have different proportions of air, and
liquid according to the requirements of the machine to which it is specially
applied.
This arrangement is represented in Figure 11. The apparatus is divided into
a certain number of elements of unequal capacity a² a², a³ a³, and is put under the
desired pressure in the following manner. Water is forced into the reservoirs
through a pipe c' by a pump ', cocks d d being first closed and cocks opened.
The initial volume of air contained in reservoirs a³ a³ will be displaced by the
water forced through pipe e¹ and compressed in the series of reservoirs a² u².
When the water reaches the top of the gauge glasses ff the working of the
pump is stopped and the stop-cock g is closed to prevent the return of the air.
The small cocks are then opened to admit atmospheric air at same time that the
cocks are opened to run the water off through pipe k into a tank j. This
operation is repeated as often as required for obtaining the desired pressure.
the cocks being manipulated each time as above described.
At the end of the operation some oil is introduced either through cocks hor
by means of the pump, to prevent the air or other gas employed becoming
dissolved in the water.
It will be evident that hydraulic receivers may thus be charged, utilizing
degrees of expansion capable of being varied at will. For example water may
be introduced into one only of the receivers a³, the remaining receivers a², a³,
being full of air. Under these conditions, the expansion or variation of pressure
between the first and last fraction of liquid consumed will be relatively slight. If
it be desired to increase this expansion or variation of pressure, the whole of the
receivers a² may be left full of air and operate with one or both of the receivers a³,
so that by the arrangement shewn the degree of expansion may be varied to any
required extent, by charging with water one of the receivers a³ either alone or
combined with a receiver a, or both receivers a³ either alone or in combination
with one or more receivers a².
A main accumulator with air or water only, may also be employed simultaneously
with air accumulators acting with various ratios of expansion as above mentioned.
I will describe the application of the aero-dynamic motive power apparatus to a
lift or elevator, as shewn in Figures 9 and 10.
The lift cage 5 moves in angle-iron guides 1 supporting the sheaves 2. 3 is the
lift cylinder with ram, tackle sheaves, and suspension chain. The ram is moved
by the pressure of the water supplied by the aero-dynamic apparatus through a
distribution box 4 containing valves worked by cams or levers, a hand rod T acting
on the cam shaft and abutments regulating the course of the apparatus as required
and in any case at the extreme limits of motion of the ram for preventing accidents.
The cage 5 is provided with guide pulleys and suspended by the chain from the

page_text: lift cylinder and may be provided with counterweights, chains, and guide sheaves..
It is provided with lugs which strike the abutments on the rod T actuating the
distribution valves.
The aero-dynamic apparatus, comprising the pump F air accumulator A, valves
gauge, and valve chest S is constructed in all essential parts as above described,.
with or without a chamber B for charging the accumulator. Assuming a pump
to be employed, instead of the means above described for automatically putting it
out of action by acting either on the suction valves or on the pump operating
gear, the pump may be regulated by actuating it by the water coming under
pressure from the distribution pipes or applying this water as directly as possible
to act on the pistons of the force pumps of the aero-dynamic apparatus these
pistons having in that case their surfaces proportional, according to the ratio of
the pressure to be obtained, to the current pressure in the pipes, so that the pump
continues to work so long as the normal pumping pressure is not attained in the
accumulator and stops when this pressure is reached that is to say when equilibrium
is established between the pressures exerted on the opposing faces of the actuating
and pumping pistons.
As soon as the aero-dynamic apparatus is put in operation, the pressure begins
to fall in the accumulator, by reason of the exit of a certain quantity of water,
and the equilibrium of the force pump being destroyed it resumes work auto-
matically, until it has re-established the normal conditions of pressure.
The force pump may be similarly operated by compressed air supplied by pipes
suitably arranged for the purpose. The pump may be of any description, provided
it be actuated by the pressure of water or air and has no dead points. It will
therefore be preferably either rotary or have two or more motor cylinders
combined and provided with distribution valves so actuated that one of the pistons
on reaching the end of its stroke will act on the distribution valve of the next.
cylinder and set its piston in motion, the first piston then remaining stationary
until in turn another piston arriving at the end of its stroke sets it in motion,
this piston itself stopping and so on. To each motor cylinder corresponds a
pump cylinder in line therewith, the whole forming two or more pumps working in
turn, each being single or double acting. In the former case the common piston
may be of two diameters and act as a differential piston in the motor cylinder
and as a plunger in the pump barrel, the return movement when the suction takes
place being produced by the current pressure on the annular face corresponding to
the difference of area of the two pistons.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
claim is―
1. The application, employment, and arrangement, of the compressed air or gas
accumulators containing in variable proportions, as may be required, the liquid
required for a certain number of operations in all cases in which an accumulator
loaded by weights is or can be employed, the said accumulators being provided
with safety-valves preventing the pressure from varying above or below pre-
determined limits and preventing loss of the gases contained in the accumulator.
2. The application and arrangement of compressed air or gas accumulators
constituted by two distinct receivers, the one containing the gaseous, and the other
the liquid, fluid employed for transmitting the power, these two receivers being
rigidly connected and having a common piston which transmits to the liquid the
gaseous pressure, the piston and receivers having if desired two different diameters
so as to constitute an accumulator multiplying, or reducing, the gaseous pressure.
3. The subdivision of the accumulator into a number of accumulators, each
acting with the most suitable ratio of expansion on the tool or machine to be
operated thereby.
4. The application of valves and connections so arranged that the accu.nulator
may either be charged in situ by the combined employment of a pump and a

page_text: charging chamber or charged directly by an air or gas force pump of any kind and
independent or whereby the accumulator may be transported to the pump for
charging it.
5. The combination of the parts herein described, viz. the pump, valve chest,
air accumulator, and charging chamber, constituting the herein described aero-
dynamic motive power apparatus.
6. The combination of the herein described aero-dynamic motive power apparatus
with a lift and its elevating tackle, framing, and guides, substantially as specified.
Dated this 16th day of May 1892.
J. DESMAROUX,
By A. M. & Wm. Clark,
53, Chancery Lane, London, Chartered Patent Agents.