matthewleechen/300YearsOfBritishPatents huggingface dataset:
IMPROVEMENTS IN WHEELS FOR FACILITATING THE PROGRESS OF CARRIAGES ON COMMON ROADS, AND IN THE MEANS OF PROPELLING THE SAME
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Taylor Pensam at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 5th September
1861.
I, JOHN TAYLOR PENSAM, of No. 55, Stamford Street, Blackfriars, in the
County of Surrey, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN WHEELS FOR FACILITATING THE PROGRESS OF CARRIAGES ON
COMMON ROADS, AND IN THE MEANS OF PROPELLING THE SAME," to be as
follows:-
This Invention relates to wheels provided with legs or levers, capable of
sliding beyond the peripheries of the said wheels, for the purpose of enabling
the same to obtain a firmer hold upon the ground, and thus actuated by any
motive power, facilitating the progress of the carriages to which they may be
applied, and to an improved arrangement of springs for propelling the same;
and consists, firstly, in the employment of a wheel, which (for example) may
be constructed with a double or inner and outer tire, a certain distance apart,
each tire being pierced with holes, through which the sliding legs may be
placed, such legs being provided with a projecting pin at the side, which con-
fines the sliding of the said legs to a distance equal to that between the tires.
This pin or projection is also acted upon by a guide fixed at the side of the
wheel, but not to it, which guide if continued round, would describe a curve
resembling an epicycloid with a concave base, such concavity being the course
the pins or projections describe, whilst the outer extremities of the legs describe

page_text: a straight line, or act upon the ground. A spring may be attached to this
concave portion to increase or regulate the bite of the legs upon the ground.
Secondly, in a series of springs used as a portable medium for power, so
arranged that one or more may be caused to act at pleasure upon the wheels,
as, for example, if circular springs are used, each spring may be placed in a
case, with a clutch box and ratchet wheel on the sides, and the series being
on one axle, one, two, or three can, by moving the coupling levers, clutch
with their fellows, or a driving wheel, and on raising the lever release the
ratchet wheel, when a rotary motion will be produced, which will propel or
assist in propelling the carriage. A regulator on the principle of the speed
pulley may be applied, if required, to equalize or govern the action of the
springs. The whole of the details are capable of variation to meet different
circumstances, and therefore I do not confine myself to those herein
specified.
A PECULIAR MODE OF ARRANGING ADVERTISEMENTS SO AS TO SECURE A MORE GENERAL AND CONSTANT PUBLICATION
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by George Davies at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 17th May
1861. A communication from abroad by Francois Charles Gaillard, of
Paris.
'I, GEORGE DAVIES, of No. 1, Serle Street, Lincoln's Inn, in the County of
Middlesex, and No. 28, St. Enoch Square, in the City of Glasgow, Civil
Engineer and Patent Agent, do hereby declare the nature of the said Inven-
tion for "A PECULIAR MODE OF ARRANGING ADVERTISEMENTS SO AS TO SECURE A
MORE GENERAL AND CONSTANT PUBLICATION," (a communication to me from abroad
by Francois Charles Gaillard, of Paris,) to be as follows:-
The new mode of advertizing which forms the object of the present Invention
consists in certain new and peculiar arrangements in various kinds of memo-
randum books, diaries, almanacs, note books, portfolios, or pocket books.
These arrangements; which have for object to collect and expose to view the
addresses, professions, or business of manufacturers, shopkeepers, artists, mer-
chants and others, constitute great improvements on the ordinary methods of
daily, weekly, or monthly advertisements, inasmuch as they remain constantly
attached to the books, tablets, or note books, which are opened and consulted
daily. Thus, in domestic or official memorandum books, it is proposed to
arrange on one side the page reserved for advertizements, and opposite to it
the page to receive the daily notes, and so on alternately throughout the book,
and the same with pocket note books or office almanacs and other books of a
similar or analogous class which are of daily and constant reference, so that that

page_text: on each day throughout the year one or more advertizements shall be constantly
exposed to view. At the end of the book are two alphabetical tables or
indexes, one containing the list of the names of the advertizers, and the other
the list of the trades or subjects, with references to the respective pages where
they are to be found, so that any one desirous of consulting them may readily
find any particular advertizement either under the name or the subject or
trade.
AN IMPROVEMENT IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Ebenezer Hartnall at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 31st May
1861.
I, EBENEZER HARTNALL, of Ryde, in the Isle of Wight, do hereby declare
the nature of the Invention for "AN IMPROVEMENT IN THE MANUFACTURE OF
PAPER," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object an improvement in the manufacture of
paper, and consists in the application of sea grass (zostera marina) called
grass wrack" and "oar weed," and when used by upholsterers called "alva."
This material is thrown up in large quantities on the shores of Great Britain
and Ireland, as well as elsewhere. In using this material in the manufacture
of paper it is preferred first to bleach the same, but the bleaching may be
performed after it has been more or less reduced by an ordinary or other
paper engine. The material above-mentioned is reduced into pulp and made
into paper as other vegetable fibrous materials have heretofore been employed
in the manufacture of paper, and may be used alone or in combination with
other fibrous matters.
IMPROVEMENTS IN SECURING OR FASTENING ENVELOPES, LETTERS, OR OTHER SEALED PACKETS, AND IN APPLYING ORNAMENTS TO THE SAME
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Charles Iles at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 18th March
1861.
I, CHARLES ILES, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, Manufacturer,
do hereby declare the nature of the Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN SECURING
OR FASTENING ENVELOPES, LETTERS, OR OTHER SEALED PACKETS, AND IN APPLYING
ORNAMENTS TO THE SAME," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object greater security in the means employed
for closing, securing, or fastening envelopes, letters, or other sealed packets,
so as to prevent them being opened and reclosed without the knowledge
of the sender or receiver, and also in the application of stamped, embossed,
or other ornaments suitable for the purpose of surrounding the postage
stamp or stamps, or for advertizing purposes; and my Invention consists,
first, in the application to the outer surface of the flap of an envelope,
letter, or other packet, of, a shield or protecting piece made of metal or
other suitable waterproof material, which is caused to cover and thus protect
the
gum or other cement used for fastening the envelope, letter, or packet
in such manner as to prevent it from being opened or unfastened by the
application of moisture or other solvent. The shield or protecting piece
(which I prefer to be of thin metal) may be stamped, embossed, or otherwise
ornamented and secured to the outer surface of the envelope or letter
(over the gummed or cemented surface) by waterproof or other cement,
or by other means; or, in place of applying a shield as before described,

page_text: the envelope, letter, or packet may be protected by the application of water-
proof varnish.
Another part of my Invention consists in stamping or embossing an
ornamental outline or recess upon envelopes to receive and surround the
postage stamp or stamps, or for inserting advertisements therein, or ornamental
metal or other stamped frames or ornaments may be applied to the outer
surface of envelopes, letters, or packets, according to this part of my Invention.
AN IMPROVED COMBINED BOOK MARKER AND PAPER CUTTER
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Andrew Smith at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 1st November
1861.
I, ANDREW SMITH, of Mauchline, in the County of Ayr, North Britain,
Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN
IMPROVED COMBINED BOOK MARKER AND PAPER CUTTER," to be as follows, that
is to say-
This Invention relates to the arrangement and combination of a book marker
or clip with a paper cutter, to be manufactured by preference in what is
known as "Tartan work. In this manufacture the surface of the wood of
which the article is formed is decorated with patterns or devices in imitation
of plaid or tartan fabrics. A piece of wood, shaped to the form of the
intended knife, is decorated with the tartan pattern, and another piece corre-
sponding in shape to the handle part of the cutter is prepared in like manner.
These two parts are superimposed, and are riveted to a spring, which is
arranged between the pieces. A bent blade spring is, by preference, used for
the purpose, its open extremities extending towards the backward end of the
handle, and so serving to keep the end of the upper piece elevated whilst the
front part presses down upon the upper surface of the paper cutter. The two
parts forming the cutter and clip or marker are. riveted to the spring near to
the front part or bend of the metal. With this arrangement, when the back-

page_text: ward end of the clip piece is depressed by the thumb, the front end is raised
to admit of its being passed over one or more leaves of a book, and so indicate
the page or place where the reader has left off reading, besides furnishing a
ready means of cutting the leaves of the book. These combined book markers
and paper cutters may also be made in ivory, pearl, tortoise shell, or other
suitable material, or a combination of either of these materials with tartan
work.
In- PROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF CERTAIN KINDS OF PASSENGER CARRIAGES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Lucius Aurelius Bigelow at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 15th
January 1861. A communication from abroad by Joseph Harris, junior,
of Roxburg, in the State of Massachusetts and United States of
America.
°
I, LUCIUS AURELIUS BIGELOW, of High Holborn, in the County of Middle-
sex, Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "In-
PROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF CERTAIN KINDS OF PASSENGER CARRIAGES," to
be as follows:-
This Invention of "Improvements in the Construction of certain Kinds of
Passenger Carriages" relates to an improved mode of constructing that
description of carriages which are used to convey passengers upon street tram-
ways or horse railways; but the intention may, with some slight modifications,
be adapted to omnibuses intended to run on common roads. One of the
principal objects of the Invention is to so construct the carriage that it may
be made to accommodate a larger number of passengers within a given space.
than heretofore. The vehicle is also so constructed that exit and entrance to
the carriage cannot be obtained without the knowledge of the driver. By this
means therefore the attendance of a conductor may be dispensed with.
In carrying out the Invention, I place doors at both ends of the vehicle, but
instead of these doors being in the middle or equidistant from the sides as they

page_text: usually are, they are placed at the near side corners of the vehicle. The trac-
tion appendages of the vehicle are so arranged that they may be adapted to
either end, and therefore the door at the hinder end of the vehicle will always
be so situated that it may be brought close up to the side walk for the conve
nience of passengers getting in or out. The opening and closing of the doors
is placed under the control of the driver by means of a spring catch, or bolt,
or other contrivance that may be worked by a strap or cord by the driver.
The passengers will pay their fare to the driver on entering the vehicle or
soon after, and when they desire to descend they will notify the driver of their
intention, that he may release the door by means of the cord or strap.
COM- BINING TOGETHER SILICEOUS POWDER INTO SOLID MASSES OF ANY FORM BY MEANS OF SULPHUR, AND WHICH COMBINATION I CALL SILICEOUS STONEWARE
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Archibald Campbell Ponton at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
18th May 1861.
I, ARCHIBALD CAMPBELL PONTON, residing at No. 9, Arlington Villas, Clifton,
near Bristol, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "COM-
BINING TOGETHER SILICEOUS POWDER INTO SOLID MASSES OF ANY FORM BY MEANS OF
SULPHUR, AND WHICH COMBINATION I CALL SILICEOUS STONEWARE," to be as
follows:-
-
The "siliceous stoneware" is composed of ground flints, ground quartz, or
Lynn sand, or Tripoli or siliceous powder from any other source, and as much
melted sulphur as is necessary to unite the siliceous particles together, and
form them into a mass adapted to the various purposes to which the ware may
be applied. Any colouring matter may be added to the mixture of silica &
sulphur to alter or vary the tint of the ware. The silica powder is added
gradually to the melted sulphur, and intimately mixed with it when still hot,
and in its fluid or plastic state it can be brushed or spread upon surfaces, run
or pressed into moulds or dies, rolled into plates, or coat any substance immersed
into and then withdrawn from it.
I use the "siliceous stoneware" for the formation of fountains, statues,
busts, vases, and utensils, reliefs, dies, moulds, gas pipes, water pipes of every
description, soil pipes, and sewers, also for walls, ceilings, roofs, floors, and
architectural mouldings & ornaments. I also use the ware as an air and

page_text: waterproof covering for wood, iron, stone, walls of brick or stone, and boat or
ship bottoms. I also use the siliceous stoneware when in its melted state as
a cement, as a lute, and as a mortar. As soon as the silica & sulphur becomes
cold it solidifies into a hard substance, which can be remelted and used over
again if necessary.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN SPINNING AND DOUBLING MACHINERY
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Abner Hill at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 2nd July
1861.
I, ABNER HILL, of Bamford Mills, in the Parish of Hathersage, in the
County of Derby, do hereby declare the nature of the Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN SPINNING AND DOUBLING MACHINERY," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in spinning and doubling
machinery. For these purposes the bobbin remains stationary or fast on the
upper end of the spindle, the lower part of the bobbin is drilled or cut out, so
as to leave a space all around between it and the spindle, in order that a tube
connected with the flyer may move up and down and turn freely within the
lower end of the bobbin. The two limbs of the flyer rise up on either side of
the bobbin, and the limbs of the flyer are fixed in a cylindrical tube, the lower
end of which, where the limbs are affixed thereto, is of larger diameter than
the upper part of the cylindrical tube which rises into the lower end of the
bobbin. The interior of the cylinder which carries the limbs of the flyer is of
larger diameter than the spindle, excepting at the upper end of such cylinder
where it touches the spindle. The rail by which the flyer is raised and lowered
is actuated as heretofore, and where each spindle passes through it there is a
bearing for the lower end of the cylinder of the flyer, and such bearing is made
slightly concave on its upper surface where the end of the tube or cylinder of
the flyer rests. In the centre of such bearing there is a fixed tube, within
which the spindle revolves; this fixed tube enters the lower end of the cylinder

page_text: of the flyer, and the same is capable of turning on such fixed tube. In some
cases the interior diameter of the lower end of the cylinder which carries the
limbs of the flyers is not of larger diameter than the spindle, in which case
there is no fixed tube to the bearing or part which supports the end of the
cylinder to which the limbs of the flyer are affixed.
IMPROVEMENTS IN ARRANGEMENTS OR APPARATUS FOR PREVENTING WATER PIPES FROM BURSTING BY THE ACTION OF FROST
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Daniel Stone at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 24th April
1861.
I, DANIEL STONE, of the City of Manchester, in the County of Lancaster,
Analytical Chemist, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN ARRANGEMENTS OR APPARATUS FOR PREVENTING WATER PIPES
FROM BURSTING BY THE ACTION OF FROST," to be as follows:-
I have discovered that if a communication be opened with the upper part of
a water pipe, and such communication be covered by some elastic substance
which will resist the normal pressure of the water in the pipe, that when the
water in the pipe is about to freeze the elastic substance gives way and forms
a cavity or space for the expanded water, and thus relieves the pipe from
excessive pressure; when the ice in the pipe thaws, the elastic substance will
return to its original position without allowing water to escape. My Invention
is founded upon this discovery, and consists in forming a break or opening in
or a communication with the upper part of such pipes as are liable to be frozen
and enclosing such break, opening, or communication by an elastic cover
which may be made of india-rubber, metal, or other suitable elastic substance,
and which elastic cover will resist the normal pressure of the water in the
pipes, but is so arranged that it will expand by excessive pressure, such as
that caused by the freezing of water..
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CAST-STEEL TIRES
Year: 1861

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Spencer, the younger, and Michael Spencer,
both of the Town and County of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Steel Manu-
facturers, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF
CAST-STEEL TIRES."
Sealed the 22nd May 1861, and dated the 25th March 1861.
0 SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said John Spencer and Michael Spencer in the Great Seal
Patent Office on the 25th September 1861.

page_text: WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-fifth day of March, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-one, in the twenty-fourth year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto
us, the said John Spencer, the younger, and Michael Spencer, Her special
license that we, the said John Spencer, the younger, and Michael Spencer,
our executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as we, the said
John Spencer, the younger, and Michael Spencer, our executors, adminis-
trators, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to
time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and
lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CAST-STEEL TIRES," upon
the condition (amongst others) that we, the said John Spencer, the younger,
and Michael Spencer, our executors or administrators, by an instrument in
writing under our hands and seals, or under the hand and seal of one of them,
should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention,
and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same
to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next
and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said John Spencer, the younger, and
Michael Spencer, do hereby declare the nature of our said Invention, and
in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described
and ascertained in and by the following statement, that is to say :-
Our said Invention relates to the manufacture or production of cast-steel
tyres or hoops for railway and other wheels, and consists in casting such tyres
or hoops in a solid ring, in a suitable mould or matrix; which ring is after-
wards hammered, and when necessary may be finished by rolling in the usual
or any other suitable manner.
.
In witness whereof, we, the said John Spencer, the younger, and
Michael Spencer, have to this our Specification set our hands and
seals, the Twenty-first day of September, One thousand eight hundred
and sixty-one
JOHN SPENCER, J*. (L.B.)
MICHAEL SPENCER. (L.B.)
A SPRING WINDOW SUPPORTER
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Joseph Alvin Munn at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 10th January
1861. A communication from abroad by John Rogers, of Deep River,
State of Connecticut, U.S. of America.
I, JOSEPH ALVIN MUNN, of New York, U. S. of America, and now residing
at No. 13, East Street, Red Lion Square, W.C., London, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention for "A SPRING WINDOW SUPPORTER," to be as
follows:-
The spring is constructed in the same way as an ordinary clock spring and
enclosed in a drum, the outside end of spring is fastened to the drum as in a
clock, the inside end of spring to a shaft running through the drum, the ends
of the shaft being fastened to an iron casing in which the drum is partly
enclosed; to the bottom of window sash is attached one end of a thin strip of
brass or other suitable metal of the length required to raise or lower the sash
the desired distance. The other end of said strip of brass is fastened to the
periphery of drum, and upon raising the window winds around the drum by
the action of spring operating the same as weight in the ordinary way, the
window is secured by a lock in connection, and can be secured at any desired
point; said spring window supporter is set into the window case or frame on
the side and adjoining the sash, and raises, lowers, supports, and fastens, it does
all of the work for windows that weights and pulleys, cords, locks, and springs
can do, and without the necessity for box frames, or a lock upon the top of
the sash, all of the work of all other window fixtures combined, possessing as
it does the advantages of them all without any of their annoyances.
IMPROVEMENTS IN FASTENINGS POR PORTEMONNAIES, POCKET-BOOKS, CIGAR CASES, AND SIMILAR ARTICLES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Ferdinand Stern, at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 9th May
1861. A communication from abroad by Siegmund Rothschild, of
Offenbach, in the Grand Duchy of Hesse Darmstadt.
I, FERDINAND STERN, of the Firm of Neumann and Stern, of 75, Cannon
Street West, in the City of London, Merchants and Importers, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN FASTENINGS
POR PORTEMONNAIES, POCKET-BOOKS, CIGAR CASES, AND SIMILAR ARTICLES," a com-
munication to me from abroad by Siegmund Rothschild, of Offenbach, in the
Grand Duchy of Hesse Darmstadt, to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to a peculiar construction of fastening for porte-
monnaies, pocket-books, cigar cases, and similar articles, and consists in fitting
a hook or headed projecting pin upon the body part of the article, and a metal
plate or other suitable mount having an aperture through it corresponding to
the hook or projection upon the flap or folding part. This plate or mount
may be made double, and is provided with a bar which may be enclosed
between the two thicknesses of the plate and hinged at one end thereof.
When the flap with its plate is brought over the hook or projecting pin on
the body part of the article such hook or pin will cuter the aperture and is
retained therein so as to secure the fastening by shutting down the hinged
bar, which enters the hook or fits over the headed pin, and so permits the two
parts from being withdrawn again or opened until they are disconnected or
released by raising the bar.

page_text: In some cases the fastening may serve as a cutter for severing the ends of
cigars, the end to be severed being inserted for that purpose in the aperture
of the plate above referred to, and the bar, which in this case is sharpened to
a cutting edge, on one side by its descent cuts off the end of the cigar pro-
truding through the aperture. This operation is of course intended to be
effected when the fastening is open.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SULPHUROUS ACID, SULPHITES AND BI-SULPHITES, AND SULPHURIC ACID, AND IN THE APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN; AND IN THE APPLICATION OF ONE OF THE PRODUCTS OF SUCH MANUFACTURE TO THE BLEACHING OF TEXTILE. ANIMAL, AND VEGETABLE SUB STANCES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Charles Achillo Drevet at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, ou the 26th January
1861.
I, CHARLES ACHILLE DREVET, of Rouen, and of No. 4 South Street, Fins-
bury, London, Manufacturing Chymist, do hereby declare the nature of my
said Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SULPHUROUS ACID,
SULPHITES AND BI-SULPHITES, AND SULPHURIC ACID, AND IN THE APPARATUS
EMPLOYED THEREIN; AND IN THE APPLICATION OF ONE OF THE PRODUCTS OF SUCH
MANUFACTURE TO THE BLEACHING OF TEXTILE. ANIMAL, AND VEGETABLE SUB
STANCES," to be as follows, that is to say:-
To produce sulphurous acid I introduce through an opening into a cast-iron
retort a quantity of sulphur, which I melt by heat from a furnace when it is
inflamed. The retort is hermetically closed, and a current of air is caused to
enter through a pipe through a perforated plate by means of a bellows. The
sulphurous acid thus produced passes thro'a receptacle divided into compart-
ments in which the flower of sulphur deposits, and is cooled in a leaden
eerpentine orworm,whence it is passed into the receptaclewith compartments
containing either water or a solution of a base, or of a carbonate. The azote
in a free state and the carbonic acid gas (when I employ a carbonate) escape
into the atmosphere through an opening. A gas epurating apparatus is also
employed when a bi-salt is formed. This apparatus consists of a box into
077

page_text: which the end of a leaden pipe is immersed, through which passes the dis-
engaged gas from the principal apparatus. These gases are passed through
an alkaline solution, and become freed from any sulphurous acid gas.
The bi-sulphite of soda obtained by the preceding process I employ for
bleaching wool and other textile, animal, and vegetable substances.
The bi-sulphite of potash or ammonia will act in the same way as the
bi-sulphite of soda.
After the ordinary cleansing to which the textile, animal, or vegetable
matter, such as silk, cotton, flax, hemp, and straw have been subjected, I
employ sulphate of soda and obtain a bleaching much more perfect and
complete than by the ordinary process.
Sulphuric acid in large quantities can be produced by injecting, by means oi
my improved apparatus, the sulphurous acid into the leaden chambers where
the manufacture is continued, by known means, or by injecting it mixed with
air or water, steam or oxygen,into a heated tube containing platinum sponge.
In the first case I obtain anhydrous sulphuric acid; in the second, hydrated
sulphuric acid.
IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR CUTTING CERTAIN FABRICS INTO STRIPS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Thomas Taylor at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 25th April
1861.
I, THOMAS TAYLOR, of No. 7, Wellington Row, Bethnal Green, in the
5 County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR CUTTING CERTAIN FABRICS INTO STRIPS," to be
as follows:-
In
My Invention relates more particularly to cutting into strips that class of
fabric which is intended to be manufactured into chenille, or other circular
pile fabric. Various machines have been proposed for this purpose, wherein
the fabric was caused to move towards reciprocating or revolving cutters.
the present Invention the fabric remains quite stationary, and the cutters
revolve or roll over it. To effect this I stretch the fabric in a perfectly
straight and even manner upon a table of any convenient length, the surface
of which I prefer to be of glass, but any other suitable material may be used.
Across this table is placed a frame, which can be moved along parallel in or
upon V-grooves, or guided in any other suitable manner. This frame carries
cutters so arranged as to be readily adjustable laterally by means of a screw
or screws, and vertically by levers, springs, or screws, or by any other suitable
means, so that the cutters may be set to the required gauge, and the necessary
pressure imparted to them for cutting through the fabric which lies firm upon
the table beneath. Any number of cutters set to the required gauge may be

page_text: mounted in one frame, and be separately adjustable; or several frames each
carrying one or more cutters side by side, or following behind each other, and
separately adjustable may be used. The cutter frame can be moved along the
table by hand, or by a rack and pinion, or by any other suitable means. By
these means the fabric may be cut into parallel strips of any required width
with greater accuracy than has hitherto been attained. Although I have only
mentioned this method of cutting in connection with fabrics intended for the
manufacture of chenille or other circular pile fabrics, it will be evident that
fringes and other similar fabrics may be advantageous cut by the same process.
IMPROVEMENTS IN WHISTLES OR WATER INDICATORS FOR STEAM BOILERS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Joseph Penn at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 15th March
1861.
I, JOSEPH PENN, of Newtown, in the County of Stafford, Engineer, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
WHISTLES OR WATER INDICATORS FOR STEAM BOILERS," to be as follows, that is
to say:-
My Invention consists in attaching to the ordinary float of a boiler, by
means of a swivel and links, or in any other suitable way, a tube perforated
at one point in its length. This tube passes through the crown of the boiler,
and at the upper end of the tube the lower part of an alarum or whistle is
screwed to it. The upper or bell half of the alarum is suspended above the
lower part by a chain passing over a pulley, and weighted at the opposite end
with a balance ball. The pulley is supported by an upright or carrier on the
boiler, or a lever may be employed for the same purpose. As the water falls
in the boiler, the float falling also draws down the whistle tube until the holes
in the tube dropping under the crown of the boiler steam rushes through
them into the tube, and thus gives the alarm.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BOOTS AND SHOES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Mackeness Stevenson at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 4th
June 1861.
I, JOHN MACKENESS STEVENSON, of No. 5, Prospect Place, Cheyne Walk,
Chelsea, in the County of Middlesex, Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature
of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BOOTS AND
SHOES," to be as follows:-
This Invention bas for its object improvements in the manufacture of boots
and shoes. In this Invention I employ a strip of leather or any other suitable
material, which is sewn to the upper side of an ordinary welt before such welt
is attached to the inner sole; the welt and strip of leather or other material
are then sewn to the inner sole as an ordinary welt is now attached. And
when the outer sole is stitched to the welt the stitches are placed underneath
the strip that has been previously sewn to the welt, and instead of being fino
stitches to please the eye, which often draw away from their places after a
little friction and pressure, very strong stitches can be used, which will not give
way in comparison with fine stitching by wear or pressure, and the sewing of
the strip to the welt will then appear as though it were employed to attach
the outer sole. I also employ "pulp or half stuff," so called by paper makers,
which I spread over the inner sole after being blocked for the purpose of
forming a waist, and filling up between the inner and outer soles, and when
dry saturate it with a solution of cobbler's wax, or a solution made of similar
materials to cobbler's wax. The heels can be made from the same kind of
materials.
AN IMPROVED COFFEE MILL
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Jean Pierre Girard at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 12th June
1861.
1, JEAN PIERRE GIRARD, of Coutances, in the Department of the Manche,
in the Empire of France, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "AN IMPROVED COFFEE MILL," to be as follows:-
This Invention consists of an improved hand mill for grinding coffee. Tho
mill is fixed on a box furnished with a drawer for receiving the coffee when
ground, and having an upright board which forms the back of the apparatus.
The coffee is first placed in a funnel-shaped receptacle of sheet iron or other
suitable material, and on turning a handle a toothed grinder of cast iron is
made to gear with the teeth of a core, also of iron. The grinder is fixed to
the upright board above mentioned by two bolts or pins furnished with nut
screws. The mill is regulated by means of a thumb-screw, and the teeth of
the grinder and those of the core are so arranged as never to rub against each
other, whereby the mechanism is preserved from all injury. A great advan-
tage in point of convenience is obtained with this mill, as being fixed on a box
it can be moved without difficulty from one place to another, and is always
ready for working, whereas those in ordinary employment require to be fixed
in some way before they can be used. On leaving the core the ground coffee
passes into the drawer above mentioned, situated in the box on which the mill
is mounted.
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS IN CONNECTION WITH RAILWAY CARRIAGE BUFFERS FOR PREVENTING DAMAGE IN CASES OF RAILWAY COLLISION
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Patrick Adie at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 11th July
1861.
I, PATRICK ADIE, of the Strand, in the County of Middlesex, Mathematical
Instrument Maker, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS IN CONNECTION WITH RAILWAY CARRIAGE BUFFERS
FOR PREVENTING DAMAGE IN CASES OF RAILWAY COLLISION," to be as follows:-
The improvements relate to the application of checks to railway carriage
buffers, whereby the recoil is prevented from taking place in cases of collision,
& strengthening the springs so as to lessen the effects of such collision. For
this purpose bolts or catches are attached to the buffer boxes or carriage,
which drop by their own weight, or are pushed home by springs into one or
more grooves or notches in the buffer rods when they are driven home, & so
fix the buffers there until they are released, which release is effected either
by rods or levers, or by a simple tap on the end of the bolts or catches.
The improvements further relate to the introduction of very strong plates or
springs supported all round or at both ends, which the buffers or rods strike
against in cases of collision. I also apply the friction of a screw or saddle on
the buffer rod to release it gradually.
An IMPROVED METHOD OF MAILING SHIPS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Wyvill James Christy at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 30th Sep-
tember 1861.
I, WYVILL JAMES CHRISTY, of St. Albans, in the County of Hertfordshire,
Computer, do hereby declare the nature of my said Invention of "An
IMPROVED METHOD OF MAILING SHIPS," to be as follows, that is to say:-
My Invention consists in a peculiar system or construction of mail or
armour for covering those parts of ships of war (especially those constructed
of wood) exposed to the attack of an enemy, to protect them more effectually
from the impact of the steam ram and the destructive effects of projectiles.
My improved mail or armour is formed of a series of wrought-iron belts or
girdles placed one above another in horizontal planes, and separated from each
other by beams of wood placed in the intervening spaces. The girdles are
sufficiently narrow to escape fracturing, and sufficiently near to each other to
prevent shot passing between them; and at the bows they are made to form
either a wedge-shaped or conical beak.
To apply my improved armour:-If the ship or vessel is of wood, I first lay
plates of sheet iron, about an inch in thickness, over the whole exterior
planking of the ship to the usual depth below water. If the ship is of iron
this is not necessary, but a wooden plauking about an inch thick may be
employed. Girdles or belts of wrought iron are then, in either case, to be laid
round the sides of the ship in horizontal parallel rows about 3 inches apart,

page_text: and attached thereto by bolts passing through the sides and secured by nuts or
other similar contrivance on the inside. Each girdle is formed of two bars
or narrow slabs, about 4 inches deep & 6 inches thick, placed on either side of
the ship in the same horizontal plane. They are bolted together at the stern
and elongated, bolted togethor and strengthened by braces at the bows, so as
to form either a wedge-shaped or conical projection. Each girdle may also
be formed of several short bars firmly attached to each other by bolts or rivets
passing through iron plates of the same thickness as the bars or slabs and
about 1 inch deep, placed symmetrically above and below the plane of contact
of two adjacent bars, so as to form two compound bars similar to those first
mentioned. The iron may be painted or paid over with a composition, after
which the spaces between the girdles are to be carefully filled with tough and
durable wood. The seams are then to be caulked, the whole armour painted,
and, if thought necessary, that part below water coppered.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF MORTARS, AND IN THE MEANS OF ATTACHING THE SAME TO THE CARRIAGES USED THEREWITH
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Alfred Krupp at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 16th March
1861.
I, ALFRED KRUPP, of Essen, in the Kingdom of Prussia, Cast Steel
Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF MORTARS, AND IN THE MEANS OF ATTACHING THE
SAME TO THE CARRIAGES USED THEREWITH," to be as follows:-
My Invention consists in constructing mortars of cast steel, hammering the
same into the required shape, and afterwards boring. I also construct the
mortars without trunnions, and use the following means for retaining them in
the bed of their respective carriages:-The bottom of the mortar is formed of a
convex circular shape, having a V or other suitable shaped groove cut or
otherwise formed in and across the bottom of the mortar, and in a direction at
right angles to the vertical axis of the mortar. The bed of the mortar is formed of
brass, copper, or other suitable metal, and of a concave shape, of the same or
nearly the same curve as the bottom of the mortar. In this bed is formed a V
or other suitable shaped groove running at right angles to the groove in the
bottom of the mortar. To unite the mortar to the bed I make use of a piece
having two V's placed at right angles to each other, and formed in one. These
V-pieces fit one into the grove in the mortar and the other in the bed. For
further support, and also to facilitate the working of the mortar, or to adjust
it to any suitable angle, I attach to the mortar in one or more places a ball-

page_text: -and-socket joint united to a nut, which works upon a screw attached by
ball-and-socket joint to the bed-plate of the mortar. There may be one of
these adjusting screws placed in the centre of the mortar, or two or more
placed at suitable angles between the mortar and the bed-plate. In this
arrangement, if thought desirable, the grooves and V-piece may be dispensed
with, and the adjusting screws alone used.
AN IMPROVED CONSTRUCTION OF CARTRIDGE FOR ACCELERATING THE FLIGHT OF PRO- JECTILES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Alexander Shannon at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 11th November
1861.
I, ALEXANDER SHANNON, of the City and State of New York, United States
of America, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN
IMPROVED CONSTRUCTION OF CARTRIDGE FOR ACCELERATING THE FLIGHT OF PRO-
JECTILES," to be as follows:-
I have discovered that cannon balls, musket and rifle balls, and other pro-
jectiles can be fired with greatly accelerated velocity, and without increasing
the quantity of powder, by dividing the charge of powder into sections by
means of perforated diaphragms. On firing the piece, the first section of
powder, which may be common or prepared to burn slow, starts the ball,
overcoming inertia without strain on the fire-arm, the fire penetrates the
perforated diaphragm exploding the second section of powder, increasing the
velocity of the ball, and firing through the second perforated diaphragm the
third section of powder. These perforated diaphragms may be of felt or other
suitable material, and provided with the proper number of holes punched in
them. The larger the number of holes the quicker will one explosion follow
the other, and the cartridge must be so made that all the explosions take
place successively within the gun. In all instances these perforated diaphragms
keep the sections of powder sufficiently compact as forced along in the barrel,
to ensure complete ignition; and they also act to sustain each recoil, and thus
an immense velocity can be attained without increase of powder, and with less
risk of bursting the gun.
AN IMPROVED INSTRUMENT FOR WRITING AND PRINTING MUSIC
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Paul Laffitte, at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with bis Petition, on the 11th January
1861.
I, PAUL LAFFITTE, J'., of Bordeux, in the Department of Gironde, in the
Empire of France, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"AN IMPROVED INSTRUMENT FOR WRITING AND PRINTING MUSIC," to be as
follows:-
My proposed instrument, which will present nearly the same appearance as
a penholder, will consist in like manner of a thin stem, which enlarging at its
lower extremity, forms three branches. The first of these branches will be
somewhat shorter than the centre one, and will contain and supply ink to the
centre branch, which will be the longest of the three, nearly cylindro-conical,
and slightly flattened on the sides. This central branch is the one which will
imprint the round (or rather oval) black part of the note upon the paper, and
its end will be cut in the shape of the note, that is to say, slightly oval, and of
variable size, according to the dimension of the note required. The third
branch will be the shortest of the three, cylindrical in its entire length, and will
carry a pen fitting on to its cylinder. Further, two small arms, with a small
hole in their centre, will interpose between these three branches, and connect
them. The action will be as follows:-Plunge the instrument (over the arms
and up to the shortest branch) into the ink, then holding it perpendicularly
between the thumb and the forefinger, press the centre branch lightly upon
the music paper, and a black oval spot will be left. When it is desired to

page_text: trace a white, or give tails to the black, or make crotchets, rests, and other
musical signs, give with the thumb and finger a slight rotatory movement to
the instrument, and the pen will become the branch nearest the writer, and by
inclining the instrument, as in using an ordinary penholder, the pen branch
will be longer than the middle one, and touch the paper first. The middle
branch will also make the bars joining the crotchets together. The arrange-
ment of the arms may be modified and their number increased, and the
branches be reduced to two, in which case the branch above described as the
central will pass through a cup forming the reservoir of ink, and may or may
not have an arm connecting it with the pen branch. It will be evident that
an instrument constructed as described, will hold a considerable quantity of
ink, and that consequently the time now expended in continually dipping the
pen into the ink will be saved, and by the use of the centre branch the heads
of the notes, and the bars joining the crotchets together will be formed with
great accuracy and rapidity.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CON- STRUCTION OF ROADWAYS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Thomas Scott at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 4th September
1861.
I, THOMAS SCOTT, of Newcastle, in the County of Down, Ireland, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CON-
STRUCTION OF ROADWAYS," to be as follows, viz. :-
Instead of paving or pitching, or other present methods of forming road-
ways, I employ trays or open boxes, or frames of cast or wrought iron and
wood, or other materials of a square or any other form, consisting of a flat or
arched bottom, and vertical sides, which trays or boxes, or frames are packed
full of rough or dressed flat pieces of stone or other material placed on edge,
the top and bottom surfaces may be mado parallel, so as to have a good
bearing on the bottom of the trays, and to present generally a level surface on
the top; or they may be of irregular lengths, and may be packed in the trays
by inverting the sides or frames of such trays before the bottoms are
attached, and the pieces of stone or other material packed in layers with their
upper surfaces downwards, and other pieces may be inserted or wedged in
between the interstices of such layers. The stones or other material so
packed in the trays or boxes may be set in sand, gravel, or other substances,
or grouted with cement or mortar, so as to form one solid block, or they may
be simply wedged in tight. Such trays or boxes, so filled with stones or other
material, I place on the prepared foundation of the roadway with the stone
surface uppermost, so that when the whole is filled in with them it shall

page_text: present generally a level surface. The irregular interstices between the stones
affording a better hold for the horses' feet than the present methods of forming
the roadways do. I also propose to employ these trays or boxes so filled with
stones or other material either to form tramways of themselves, or the roadway
for any form of tramway.
AN IMPROVED NOSE- BAG FOR HORSES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Emile Lecot at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 24th April
1861. A communication from abroad by Rose Marie Victoire Celestine
Carbonino, Veuve de Favre, of Paris, in the Empire of France.
I, EMILE LECOT, of 26, Cecil Street, Strand, in the County of Middlesex,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED NOSE-
BAG FOR HORSES," (& that it has been communicated to me from abroad by
Rose Marie Victoire Celestine Carbonino, Veuve de Favre, of Paris, in the
Empire of France,) to be as follows:-
The Invention consists of an improved nose-bag for horses. The bag is
made of striped sack ticken or other suitable material, and is terminated at its
lower part by one or two nets of twine, to facilitate the sifting of the oats or
other provender with which the bag is filled. This single or double netting
also serves to allow the saliva of the horse to flow away without soaking the
food. Two apertures are made near the middle of the bag, each of them being
about 7 inches long by 8 inches wide. They are of oval form, and are
furnished with netting similar to that forming the bottom of the bag, and
being placed beneath the nostrils of the horse they allow of free respiration
while feeding. At the top of the bag two holes are arranged, through which
passes the cord or strap securing the bag to the horse's head.