IMPROVED MACHINERY FOR TREATING WASTE SILK AND OTHER FIBRES
Year: 1868

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to James Varley, of Leeds, in the County of York,
and Sam Warburton Varley, of Dresden, in the Kingdom of Saxony,
for the Invention of "IMPROVED MACHINERY FOR TREATING WASTE SILK
AND OTHER FIBRES."
Sealed the 20th April 1869, in pursuance of an Order of the Lord
Chancellor, and dated the 9th October 1868.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said James Varley and
Sam Warburton Varley at the Office of the Commissioners of
Patents, with their Petition, on the 9th October 1868.
We, JAMES VARLEY, of Leeds, in the County of York, and SAм
WARBURTON VARLEY, of Dresden, in the Kingdom of Saxony, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVED MACHINERY FOR
TREATING WASTE SILK AND OTHER FIBRES," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to a novel construction and combination of
machinery and apparatuses for rubbing and teazing, opening out and
straightening, filling and cutting, cleaning, slivering, and lap making,
[Price 8d.]

page_text: drawing and roving, spamming, doung, and
other fibres.
12550
334
And in the carrying out of which we take, firstly, waste silk or other
fibrous substances, after such have been softened, fermented, discharged,
or otherwise made fit to be operated upon, and place the same upon an
endless feed sheet which delivers it between two rollers, the bottom one of
which we cover with leather, india-rubber, or other retarding substance;
the top one we make of hard wood or metal, and twice the size of the
bottom one; the outer surface to be fluted or corrugated, and supplying
an ample amount of pressure to the same by means of springs or
weights, the rollers (being set in motion by means of pulley and belt to
each and of the same size); the top one being of larger diameter than
the bottom one an effect is produced by the same similar to that of
rubbing the said fibres between the knuckles of the hand; the fibre so
operated upon now passes into the teazer, which consists of four wings
or beaters attached to circular rotary discs on the centre shaft of the
machine, the upper surfaces of which contain a number of pegs or teeth
intersecting others of like class attached to the cover of the machine;
also we prefer to have at each end of the cylinder with beaters or wings
a solid circle or flange of wood or metal, and the extremity of this
circular solid flange works in another circle rim at the ends of the
framework, so as to prevent fibres from working off the sides of said
wings or beaters and fastening round the centre shaft at each end.
The teazer being set in motion and revolving at a great speed thoroughly
disengages all dirt, shells, or knots from said fibre on being presented to
the same from the rubbing rollers, and is ejected at intervals through a
small door opening at one side of machine by means of an eccentric, the
dirt, shells, or knots falling through a grate at the bottom. We also
prefer to make use of said rubbing rollers apart from the teazer for some
sorts of fibre.
Secondly. We take waste silk or other fibres which have been rubbed,
teazed, or otherwise operated upon and feed on to an endless apron
which delivers the same into certain porcupine rollers which transfer
them on to one or other of three classes of drums for the purpose of
being opened out and straightened. The first class of such drums we
cover with card fillet of special make and having teeth of a suitable
angle, the points of which we grind perfectly sharp by means of an
émery roller. Forming a principal part in this class of machinery is a

page_text: simple apparatus which has for its object the effectual opening out and
straightening of such fibres as have only partially or not at all been
operated upon by the drum and porcupine feed rollers at the commence-
ment, and which is constructed on hinges to cover a given portion of
the said drum, and consists of 16 or 18 fallers, heckles, or workers, the
teeth of which are at an opposite angle to the teeth of the said drum
covering, and set as near as possible to the same without coming in
contact. Under each of these fallers, heckles, or workers is fixed a bar
of metal, having holes or grooves through its thickness of the same
angle as the pins of the said fallers, heckles, or workers, and into which
the same slide or work, motion being given to the same by means of
double tappets or cams working at each of the drum ends, and so
arranged that they shall alternately strike the said fallers, heckles, or
workers indirectly, every other such is raised a given height for the
purpose of letting go such portions of fibre as have come in contact with
the pins of the same, the pins of preceding bar catching up the said
fibre and delivering it in its turn to the next for the purpose of being
further opened out and straightened. The drum being set in motion the
covering of it is quickly filled with opened out and straightened fibres
(each lap of which weighs from 2 to 8 pounds according to quality),
which are stripped and drawn off by means of a doffing knife and drawing
rollers thereto attached, motion being given to the same by means of
a separate belt which turns the drum at the same time slowly round
in the opposite direction, the faller, heckle, or worker rack being for the
time raised on its hinges, so that the cams or tappets shall not come in
contact with the same. We also make use of a circular brush in this
class of machine, which we fix just behind the fallers, heckles, or workers
rack in order to press the opened out and straightened fibres into the fillet
of the drum. The second class of such opening out and straightening
drums we construct with feed porcupines, alternate moveable fallers,
heckles, or workers, as in class No. 1, the only difference being made in
the covering of the drum, which we prefer to be of wood lags (pinned
with suitable steel pins at a requisite angle), the rows of which extend
in a straight line across the whole surface of the drum. Between each
of these rows we bring a bar of metal fixed in a suitable slide at each
end of the drum and held in position by means of socket eccentrics,
springs, or other equivalent, and so arranged that the said rods or bars
shall rise up above the pins at a given position of drum, thus liberating
the opened out and straightened fibres collected therein and allowing

page_text: the same to be drawn into a continuous sliver by means of drawing
rollers thereto attached. The third class of such opening out and
straightening drums we make with feed porcupines and alternate
moveable fallers, heckles, or workers, as in class 1 and 2, the only
difference being made in the teeth or pius of the drum, which we prefer
shall be attached to strips of metal working into grooves made at a
requisite angle in and, across the upper surface of the drum, and kept:
above the said grooves by means of springs, socket eccentrics, or. other
suitable contrivance, and so arranged that they shall fall or slide into
said grooves at a given position of the drum, thus liberating the opened
out and straightened fibres collected therein, and allowing the same to
be drawn into a continuous sliver by means of drawing-off rollers thereto
attached. These several classes of opening out and straightening drums
possess great advantages over the style hitherto employed, in con-
sequence of the fibre being made into a continuous sliver, as also the
quality and quantity of work produced, and which is due to the said
alternate moveable fallers, heckles, or workers, which have the effect of
opening out and straightening all fibres, leaving no portion of the same
unoperated upon.
Thirdly. We take fibres of waste silk or other sorts of fibres, after
being opened out, straightened, and otherwise operated upon as pre-
viously described, and pass the same through ordinary suitable screw gill
machines for the purpose of being made into a more equal continuous
sliver, which will be effected at one or two operations, after which we
present such slivers to the first of three classes of filling and cutting.
machines, which are a combination of filling, holding, cutting, nipping,
and receiving surfaces, the first part of which is a pair of filling rollers
through which the said slivers travel into a suitable screw gill head, and
which we make to work in the usual manner. Immediately in front of
the said screw gill head we have a stationary cutting apparatus consisting
of two knives, the bottom one of which is fixed horizontally, the top one
at an angle having a weight attached to give more effect to the same,
and made to open and close by means of concentric levers. We now
arrange an ordinary oscillating nip (as used in wool combing) in front of
said cutting apparatus, and so contrived that the jaws of the same shall
pass between the cutting knives for the purpose of obtaining a nip or
bite of the said sliver, fibres of which through the dropping of the front
top faller of the screw gill head remain projecting for that object. We

page_text: now make the nippers with open jaws to pass, between said cutters, and
so soon as it comes in perpendicular line with front top faller the same is
caused by means of a tappet to close upon the said tuft of sliver and
move out, drawing the sliver with it. As soon as the said nip has moved.
to its full stretch a cam on the shaft of the same strikes a lever which,
bringing a pair of "contrite" wheels (one of which is being driven con-
tinually) into gear causes the same to turn once round; this being
sufficient through the agency of an eccentric on one of the "contrite"
wheel bosses, and a toothed lever wing connected with the said eccentric
(gearing into a toothed pinion on the concentric lever shaft) causes the
said knives to close and open again immediately; having severed the tuft
of fibres drawn out by the nip from the remaining part of the slivers, the
nip after which falls or opens, allowing the said tuft of fibres to be
removed by a carrying comb and placed on to one of three or four
horizontal rotary doffing combs ready for the cleaning operation. The
second class of such filling and cutting machines we make with filling
rollers, cutting knives, oscillating, nip carrying, and doffing combs, as in
class No. 1, the only difference being made in the holding or gill surface,
which we carry out by means of two blocks of metal pinned with steel
pins, and so arranged that the rows of such pins shall intersect each
other and slide at given periods into holes or grooves made into two fixed
counter plates, motion being given to the same by concentric levers
worked from the nip shaft, as in case of cutting knives herein explained.
We also combine a sort of sliding and transporting apparatus with the
same, and so arranged as to take hold firmly of such projecting tuft of sliver
which has not been cut away by the preceding motion cf cutting knives,
and upon the said blocks or holding surfaces opening or releasing their
hold to draw the same sufficiently forward to present another bite or tuft
of fibres for the oscillating nip on its return, motion being given to the
said sliding and transporting apparatus by means of cams on the said
holding blocks and eccentric on the back shaft of the machine. The
third class of such filling and cutting machine we carry out by an
arrangement of circular "fancy or brush of given diameter, and
brought on or applied to each of the three classes of opening out and
straightening drums herein in part recited, so that the said circular
"fancy" or brush shall transfer the opened out and straightened fibres
from the said drums on to a second one, the same having at given and
equal distances over its whole circumference lags of wood on to which.
are nailed combs or cards; the teeth of the said combs or cards being.
"

page_text: filled with fibres the same are cut across the drum behind each lag by
a suitable knife or shears, thus giving a number of tufts or stricks of
equal length for the cleaning operation. The filling and cutting of
waste silk and other fibres by the means just described has a great
advantage over the systems hitherto employed on account of it retaining
the whole of the short fibres at one end of the strick or tuft, thus
allowing the same to be removed at one operation of the cleaning
process and with much better results and less cost, as from the fact that
all fibres have been carefully treated and made straight by the forgoing
improved methods. The tufts or stricks having now been cut to certain
given lengths as required for being cleaned, the main bulk of the said
fibres extending in a straight position across the extreme breadth of the
said tufts or stricks cannot fail to be retained in the first "drafts;" such
tufts or stricks will be held fast in or near the middle at the next process,
with one side of tuft or strick projecting to be cleaned, after which the
said tuft or strick will be reversed in holding and the opposite side of
such tuft or strick be cleaned in like manner.
• Fourthly. We take waste silk or other fibres after the same have
been filled, cut, and otherwise operated upon, and present the same to one
or other of four classes of cleaning machines; the first class of which
consists of two drums or cylinders (mounted together on a rotary shaft),
one of which we prefer to make with its outer surface slightly tapered
or cone-shaped for the purpose of gradually presenting the said fibres to
the same. We now cover this drum with a coarse or roughing fillet of
leather or india-rubber card, and the other said drum with a fine or
finishing card fillet; we next have a peculiarly constructed holding and
transporting apparatus extending horizontally across the top of said
drums, and on to the top part of which apparatus is fixed a rotary worm
or screw which propels a given requisite number of perpendicular shafts
through wheels brought on to the same, and gearing into the said screw
or worm and extending, across the whole length of the said apparatus.
At the bottom end of each of these shafts are attached toothed bosses.
with flanges on each side, and so fixed as to form a straight line
throughout the same. On the opposite side of said apparatus are.
attached in hinges or other wise a corresponding number of perpendicular
shafts with plain rotary bosses of like form at their bottom ends, and so
adjusted that the said bosses shall form a corresponding straight line to
the toothed ones on the opposite side, and forming between the flanges of

page_text: both rows of the said bosses a sort of groove or way, into which are slid
one after another "books" or "boards" charged with tufts or stricks of
fibre (as they come from the filling and cutting machine) ends down-
wards. These "books" or "boards" are constructed with toothed strips
of metal on their outer surface and correspond in size to the groove or
way formed by the said boss flanges, and are so arranged that the teeth
of the driven bosses shall intersect those of the toothed strips of metal
on the "books" or "boards." If we prefer not to use toothed strips on
"books" or "boards" we can do so by having the said strips on "books"
or "boards" corrugated or plain, as the case may require. We next fix
screws into the framework of the apparatus extending through holes
in the said hinged shafts, and on to which are brought spiral steel
springs of requisite strength; also thumb nut for tightening up the same;
also we can supply weights and levers in place of springs, if required.
The screw or worm (being set in motion by means of spur gearing from
the shaft of the machine) turns the perpendicular shafts in one direction,
thus causing the "books" or "boards" to be propelled across the drums,
presenting the tufts or stricks of fibre to the card surfaces of the same
for the purpose of being cleaned; the pressure given to the "books" or
"boards" by spiral springs or weighted levers prevents the fibres therein
contained from being pulled out in the operation. Behind each of the
drums we bring a circular "fancy" or brush of given diameter, and so
arranged that the same shall continually remove all shorts collected
therein and transfer them on to a second drum or cylinder having at
given and equal distances over its whole circumference lags of wood, on
to which are nailed combs or cards for receiving the same. The second
class of such cleaning machines we construct with two drums or
cylinders, one of which is fixed behind the other in the same line, and
so that the top surfaces of the same shall be horizontal and covered with
card fillet, as in class No. 1. We now take tufts or stricks of fibre and
place them into "books" or "boards" of ordinary form and screw the
same into presses of suitable construction, and then by means of a swing
table or frame at each end of the machine cause the same to be inverted
and slide with the tufts or stricks downwards on to an endless chain or
belt fixed at both sides of the frame of the machine, and which
travelling at a suitable speed presents the tufts of fibres gradually to the
cleaning surfaces of the drums revolving beneath, one of the said drums
turning in the reverse direction to the other, in order that both sides of
the tufts or stricks shall be entered by the teeth of the card fillet, and

page_text: thus be made perfectly clean. Behind each of the said drums we bring
a circular "fancy" or brush for the purpose of transferring all "shorts"
therein collected to a second or stripping drum, as in class No. 1. The
third class of such cleaning machines we construct with one or two
endless webs of leather, on to which are fixed at distances a number of
lags of wood, having on their outer surface cards or combs so arranged
as to work into the tufts or stricks of fibre, which are made to travel
in presses, as in class No. 2, under the said endless webs; after this
operation is gone through we cause the said presses to be inverted by
means of a swing table or frame on to which they slide, so that the tufts
or stricks of fibre shall be presented ends downward by means of a
second endless chain or belt to the surface of a drum or cylinder covered
with fine card fillet for the purpose of taking out any nibbs or dirt
.which may not have been effectually removed by said endless cleaning
webs. Behind this said drum we bring a circular "fancy" or brush for
transferring fibres collected therein to a second drum, as in class 1
and 2. The fourth class of such cleaning machines we construct with
two horizontal disc combs suitably pinned and feed the tufts or stricks of
uncleaned fibres coming from our several classes of filling and cutting
machines on to an endless feed band or apron which shall deliver
the same on to the first of the said disc combs, and so that a
requisite portion of the said tuft or strick shall project over the outer
edge of the combs, the other portion of the tufts or stricks being
pressed into rows of the same by means of circular knives or strips
of steel wire fixed and working between each of said rows of pins or
teeth. We also carry out the feeding of the tufts or stricts of fibre
on to the first of such disc combs direct from the doffing comb of
class 1 and 2 of our said filling and cutting machines. We next place
rings of flexible material between two or three of the outer rows of
pins or teeth; in each of the said disc combs and fibres having been
placed within the pins of such disc combs over and across the flexible
rings and in such position as to be opposite the cleaning apparatus
attached thereto we fix a given number of curved plates or knives (of
steel or other suitable metal) made very thin so as to admit of two,
three, or more being fixed within one row of each of the several
outer rows of pins in the disc combs and over and across fibres
placed in the same. Such curved knives or plates are for the purpose
of pressing or holding the said tufts or stricks of fibre while the
projecting part of said fibres are being cleaned; and why we prefer

page_text: to have two, three, or more of said curved knives or plates fixed and
working in one row and carry the same out of several of the outer rows
of the said disc combs is that we thereby ensure firm hold and prevent
any of such fibres from being drawn out by the cleaning operation as
each of the said knives or plates are caused to press upon the said
fibres over and against flexible rings by means of springs or weighted
levers attached to each one of the curved knives or plates, and so by
the great number of pressers working in the outer row of pins in the
disc combs over and against the flexible rings (each said knife plate
or presser being suitably adjusted by the said springs or weighted
levers) we have great advantage over any other method hitherto made
use of.
We also construct this fourth class of cleaning machine so
that the cleaning apparatuses of the same shall consist of rotary
drums covered with suitable card fillet, the the teeth of which enter the
tufts or stricks of fibre projecting over the edge of the comb, thus
cleaning the same. Behind the said drum is fixed a rotary brush or
fancy or endless cloth or leather covered with strips of brushes for
remaining the "shorts" and dirt collected therein on to a second drum
constructed with card strips (for receiving the same) which are nailed
on to wood lags and set at equal distances over the whole circumference
of the same, and which are made of equal breadth with the "books" or
"boards" of classes of 1, 2, and 3. The said drum with lags and card
strips is caused to slide backwards and forwards against the "fancy'
or brush to receive all fibres which may have been cleaned from pro-
jecting tufts or stricks and so forms a doffing cylinder; and when the
cards or comb strips are filled with fibres the same are doffed or striped
into books or boards and thus produce without further operation tufts or
stricks ready for being further cleaned. The stricks or tufts (one end of
which has now been cleaned) are transferred by means of endless toothed
bands which are made to work over and against suitable knives of metal
extending across from one disc comb to the other. The ends of such
knives at one extreme working in and between rows of pins act as
ploughs for the purpose of raising the said tufts or stricks out of the
pins, and when thus raised the toothed bands take hold of the same,
causing them to travel on to the second disc comb, the opposite ends of
the said metal knives working in and between rows of pins of the second
disc comb, and so when the said tufts or stricks have been transferred
from the first to the second disc combs they are pressed into the rows of
pius by means of circular knives or by strips of steel wire as in the first
"

page_text: of the said disc combs and so cause the uncleaned ends of said tufts or
stricks to project for being cleaned by the same means as the first. Then
when both ends of said stricks or tufts have been properly cleaned one
part of the same remaining within the pins, we prefer to have a certain
sort of metal knives or ploughs, the first ends of which work within and
between the rows of pins ploughing or raising the fibres above the tops
of the pins, the other ends of said knives extending over and across and
into the other rows of pins; we then bring to work on these said knives
or ploughs a toothed band, the teeth of which work in and between the
said knives or ploughs, thus causing the said tuft or strick to be placed
further back on and pressed within the pius of said disc comb for the
purpose of better holding the fibres of the same whilst part of such tuft
or strick is being drawn therefrom into lap or sliver, the remaining part
within the pins of the said disc comb and which has been greatly relieved
by the last operation (the same being too heavy for one operation, we
prefer two). We next plough or raise out of the pins, thus causing the
same to travel into porcupine rollers of requisite given number, the
pins of which we prefer to intersect each other in rows both vertical and
horizontal so as to cause the fibres of the remaining tuft or strick to be
evenly distributed and made into a regular endless sliver.
or
Fifthly. We take tufts or stricks of waste silk or other fibres after-
such have been cleaned, and transfer the same from the "books
"boards" in which they are contained to another class of such "book"
or "board," having fixed in front of its opening edges one or two rows of
steel pins nearly the same length as its entire thickness, and for the
purpose of retaining such stricks or tufts in position while a requisite
number are being collected thereupon, we next take such "books" or
boards with the points of the pins downwards and place the stricks
therein contained on to an endless feeding comb of the first of two
classes of slivering or lap making machines, the said feeding comb of
which is an endless band of suitable material, on to which are attached
at equal distances strips of brass suitably pinned for the purpose. In.
transferring the striks from the said "books or "boards" on to the
feeding band a strip or bar of wood is held or placed on the projecting
part of the same, while the said "books" or "boards " are being
removed. We fix on each side of the endless feeding band a number of
smooth grates of bars, over which the fibres not contained in the teeth
of the same shall glide or rest. We next adjust the said feeding band in
"

page_text: a line with the outer edge of a rotary horizontal disc comb, and so
arranged that upon both being set in motion it shall deliver the said
stricks or tufts on to the teeth of the latter, into the rows of which they
are pressed by means of circular knives or strips of steel wire fixed and
working between the same, one part of the said stricks or tufts hanging
over the outer edge of the disc comb.
We now present the said stricks
or tufts thus hanging over to a suitable horizontal or vertical drawing-off
apparatus for the purpose of being drawn into a lap or sliver.
The part
of the stricks or tufts still remaining in the said disc comb is now
ploughed out by means of knives or metal ploughs working between
the rows of the same, and thus delivered into the back rollers of an
ordinary screw gill or our intersecting porcupine drawing heads thereto
attached for the purpose of being made into sliver or lap in like manner.
The second class of such slivering or lap making machines we construct
with hinged "books" or combs of suitable size, having over their bottom
surfaces suitable rows of steel pins; to the top surfaces of such books
or combs we fix strips of metal so as to intersect each row (or otherwise)
of pins of the bottom surface for the purpose of pressing the tufts or
stricks of fibre into the said rows on the same be being presented thereto
from the "books" of the cleaning machine; we then make the "books"
or combs containing a requisite number of cleaned stricks or tufts to
travel with one end of the same projecting up an inclined plane or surface
presenting the said tufts or stricks to a suitable horizontal or vertical
drawing-off apparatus for the purpose of being made into a lap or sliver.
Motion being given to the "books" or combs by means of a toothed
strap of metal attached to their under surface and fitting into a groove in
the said inclined plane (which groove contains a number of tooth bosses
driven by suitable means) and intersecting the teeth of said books or
comb strips, cause the same to be propelled over the inclined plane or
surface as required. The books or combs with the remaining part of the
tufts or stricks therein are now fed on to a second inclined plane or
surface on the opposite side of the machine with their top or pressing
surface distended in order to allow suitable ploughs or knives to work
into the rows of the said bottom surface for the purpose of removing the
remaining parts of tufts or stricks and presenting them to an ordinary
screw gill or porcupine drawing-off apparatus thereto attached for the
purpose of being made into a lap or sliver, as in class No. 1. By these
two classes of machines we are enabled to make slivers or laps much
preferable to the usual mode of spreading frames, as the longer part of

page_text: the tufts or stricks being removed by the first drawing-off apparatus the
remainder is more uniform in length, and a better and more even sliver
or lap from both parts is ensured; it can be performed also at less cost.
Sixthly. We take waste silk and other fibres after such have been
made into slivers or laps and otherwise operated upon, and pass the same
through a series of screw gill drawing and roving machinery for the
purpose of being reduced to an equal continuous band for spinning.
The fallers of such screw gill drawing and roving machinery we make
with ends semicircular or hollowed out so as to fit the body of screw in
which they work. By this means we are enabled to cut the screws of
the said machinery much finer than hitherto without risk of breakage,
being able to obtain sufficient holding surface with less depth of screw
thread. We further make use of a novel arrangement of porcupines
in the class of drawing and roving machinery known as porcupine
machines, and which consists in attaching the pins of such porcupines
on to strips of steel or iron sliding into the grooves of a metal boss
having such at a given angle and at equal distances over its whole
circumference, and we cause the said pinned strips to project above the
upper surface of such bosses at the parts where the actual drawing is
effected; we then make the said strips to slide or recede into grooves
of the said bosses at the side or position facing the back of the front
or drawing rollers of such machines. By this arrangement we are
enabled to get the said porcupines much closer together, as also to
bring the drawing-off rollers nearer to the holding surface of the same,
thus making a perfectly even sliver, and at the same time preventing
the lapping and great amount of waste made in such machines, hitherto
the said strips being made to slide in and out of said grooves by
means of socket excentrics fixed at each end of such metal bosses,
and into which the ends of pinned strips work or rotate.
Seventhly. We take waste silk or other fibres after such have been
drawn and roved or otherwise prepared for spinning, and pass the same
through the back roller of the spinning frames generally known as
flyer frames, the reach of which we make perpendicular to the spindle
and retain the usual size of large front rollers. The spindles we make
smaller at the "traverse part" than hitherto, the usual thickness being
one quarter of au inch, the general strength of the spindle being
maintained in other parts of the same. We next adjust such small
spindles so that they shall come quite close to the nip of the front

page_text: rollers, and fix the steps of the same into studs or shafts having pins
working into grooves in their circular slot holes, and so arranged that
the same can be lowered and raised by the turning of a handle at the
bottom in order to facilitate the replacing of a full bobbin by an
empty one.
This latter arrangement is by no means new, and only
forms part of our claim in being combined with the said smaller
spindles and perpendicular reach, the object of which arrangement is to
obtain a greater uniformity in the yarn produced, as also a decrease of
cost in producing it, the spindles being capable of a greater speed in
consequence of the little amount of friction caused by the smaller
diameter of the same.
i
Eighthly. We now take waste silk and other fibres after such have
been spun and otherwise operated upon, and pass threads of the same to
be doubled and twisted over and between a series of glass rods, fixed
in a perpendicular line with the spindle of the doubling and twisting
frame into pressing rollers, the nipping surfaces of which are also in the
same line, this being effected by means of a sort of guide of metal or
glass having a number of grooves, into one of which each thread to be
twisted shall pass, and which guide is fixed immediately behind the
pressing rollers of the said doubling and twisting frame, thus ensuring
the separate feeding of each thread into the nip of the same. The
spindle of the doubling and twisting frame we make of less diameter at
the "traverse part" than hitherto (the usual size being a
inch or more)
and adjust the same close to said pressing rollers. We next fix the steps of
the said spindles into studs or shafts having pins working into grooves in
their circular slot holes, and so arranged that the same can be lowered
and raised by the turning of a handle at the bottom in order to facilitate
the replacing of a full bobbin by an empty one.
This latter arrange-
ment is by no means new, and only forms part of our Invention in being
combined with the said small spindle, perpendicular grooved guides,
glass rods, and pressing rollers, the object of which arrangement is to
secure a greater uniformity in the yarn doubled and twisted on account
of each thread being separately brought into the nip of the pressing
roller, as also the spindle and flyer, being nearer to the same than
hitherto; and, further, a less cost in the working of such doubling and
twisting frames on account of the less friction on the smaller spindle.

page_text: SPECIFICATION filed in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters
Patent, and of an Order of the Lord Chanceller, by the said James
Varley and Sam Warburton Varley in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 21st April 1869..
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JAMES
VARLEY, of Leeds, in the County of York, and SAM WARBURTON VARLEY;
of Dresden, in the Kingdom of Saxony, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Ninth day of October, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight, in the thirty-
second year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give
and grant unto us, the said James Varley and Sam Warburton Varley,
Her special licence that we, the said James Varley and Sam Warburton
Varley, our executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as we,
the said James Varley and Sam Warburton Varley, our executors,
administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVED MACHINERY
FOR TREATING WASTE SILK AND OTHER FIBRES," upon the condition (amongst
others) that we, the said James Varley and Sam Warburton Varley, our
executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under our or
their hands and seals, or under the band and seal of one of us or
them, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause
the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office on or before the
Twenty-first day of April One thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Sam Warburton Varley, on behalf
of myself and the said James Varley, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be,
particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement
thereof, that is to say-
Our Invention relates to the construction and combination of
machinery and apparatus to be successively used for rubbing, teazing,
opening out and straightening, filling or feeding, and cutting, cleaning,
.

page_text: slivering, and lap making, drawing, roving, spinning, doubling, and
twisting waste silk or other fibrous substances, by means of which
improved machinery and apparatus the operations above referred to can
be effected more thoroughly and economically and with less waste than
by the ordinary machinery.
Our Invention consists, firstly, of the improvements herein-after
described in willowing machines, by which improvements the rubbing
and teazing of the waste silk or other fibrous substances are effected by
one and the same machine.
According to our said improvements we arrange between the endless
feeding apron and the beaters two feed and rubbing rollers placed one
above another and driven by separate belts and pulleys.
The top roller
is made either of metal or of wood, and has corrugations parallel to its
axis, and is pressed upon the bottom roller either by springs or weights.
The said bottom roller is either covered with leather, india-rubber, or
other soft or elastic substance, or it is fluted or corrugated like the top.
roller. The said top roller is either made larger than the bottom one or
is driven at a higher speed, so that the fibres as they pass between the
said rollers are subjected to a rubbing action. After passing through the
said rollers the said fibres are operated upon by the teeth of the beaters
aforesaid. The dirt knots or shells fall through a grating in the bottom
of the casing, and the rubbed and teazed fibre passes out through a door
which is opened at intervals by means of an eccentric and connecting rod
on the countershaft.
Our said Invention consists further of three machines, to the action of
one or other of which the fibres which have been rubbed or teazed by the
machine, constituting the first part of our Invention, are subjected for
the purpose of being opened out and straightened.
The first of these opening out and straightening machines consists
essentially of a drum or cylinder mounted on a central shaft like the drum
of an ordinary carding engine. The said drum is covered with card fillet of
a kind suitable to the material to be operated upon, or with suitable pinned
lags, the teeth of such fillets or the pins in the lags being inclined forwards
at any suitable angle. The fibres are fed under a porcupine roller to the
said drum by means of an endless web. Over the said druin and parallel
to the axis thereof a series of fallers, heckles, or workers is arranged. The
bars of the said fallers are pinned with suitable pins at an angle opposite
to that of the pins on the drum, the teeth on the fallers being set as near to

page_text: the teeth of the drum as is possible without coming into contact, andthe
said bars are mounted on pins which slide in holes in the faller, heckle,
or worker rack. Under each faller bar is another bar having holes or
grooves in which the heckle pins slide, which said bar serves to guide the
said pins and to prevent the fibres from following them when the fallers
are raised, as herein-after described. The lower ends of the pins which
carry the fallers project through holes in the faller rack, and are acted
upon at intervals by tappets carried by arms mounted on the boss of a
toothed wheel revolving on the central shaft at each end thereof. These
wheels are so geared to other toothed wheels as to make one revolution
to about thirty of the drum shaft. The fibres, after passing into the
machine under the porcupine feed roller aforesaid, are carried between
the teeth of the drum and those of the fallers, heckles, or workers afore-
said, and as each of the fallers is alternately raised the teeth thereof are
withdrawn from the fibres which are released from those teeth and
caught by the succeeding fallers, which effect the further opening out
and straightening of the said fibres, and are in turn raised as described.
Where the drum aforesaid is covered with card fillet the fibres, after.
having been subjected to the action of the series of fallers, are removed
from the said drum by means of a fancy roller or brush and a doffing
cylinder and knife, whence the said fibres pass through a trumpet and
rollers as in an ordinary carding machine, and are thus formed into a
continuous sliver. Where the drum is covered with piuned lags the
opened out or straightened fibres are allowed to accumulate on the said
drum and thereby form a bat or lap which is cut across by hand in the
ordinary manner, and is then removed by means of drawing rollers
operating in conjunction with the drum, which is caused to revolve
slowly in the opposite direction, the faller rack (which is hinged to the
frame of the machine) being raised from time to time, so that the pins on
which the said fallers are mounted are moved out of the way of the
tappets aforesaid.
The second of the opening out and straightening machines is
essentially similar in construction to the machine last described with
the following exceptions:-Several porcupine feed rollers are used,
also several smooth rollers are used to press the fibres on to the
pins on the drum. The said pins are set in the lags on the drum in
straight rows parallel to the axis thereof, and what are known as
"expanding bars" are so arranged between the said rows that the said
bars are retained by means of socket excentrics, springs, or other

page_text: equivalents, against the exterior of the drum, except at that side thereof
at which the fibres are removed from the said drum, where the said bárs
are forced outwards by their socket excentrics or springs until the said
bars are flush with the points of the pins on the drum, and thus lift the
opened out and straightened fibres from the said pins, after which the
said fibres are drawn off the cylinder by means of drawing-off apparatus
of the ordinary kind.
"
'
The third of the machines for opening out and straightening the
fibres is constructed as follows:-The pins which operate on the fibres
are fixed on expanding bars which slide in inclined grooves or slots.
formed in the drum parallel to the axis thereof, the said bars being
pressed outwards by means of springs, socket excentrics, or their equi-,
valents, so that the said pius shall project from the surface of the
drum except at that part to which the drawing-off apparatus is applied.
As the drum revolves those, of the "expanding and contracting bars
which come opposite that point are withdrawn by their springs or
excentrics into the slots or grooves aforesaid, until the ends of the pins
on the said bars are flush with the exterior of the drum and no longer
detain or hold the fibres. The feed apparatus in this machine consists of
two endless porcupine webs between which the fibres are fed, the teeth on
the upper porcupine being set at an angle the reverse of that at which
the teeth on the lower porcupine are set. The drawing-off apparatus
is the same as that used in the second machine for opening and
straightening the fibres.
.
Our Invention consists, further, of three machines, to the action of
one or other of which the fibres which have been opened, out, and
straightened by one or other of the three machines herein last described,
are submitted for the purpose of being made into stricks or tufts of the
requisite length for the succeeding cleaning operations. The making of
fibres into such stricks or tufts has hitherto been effected by means of a
drum, on the circumference of which are fixed at equal distances apart
pinned bars, on to which fibres are fed from between two endless por-
cupine webs. Such drum revolving at a great speed has a tendency to
break the fibres, and consequently occasions considerable waste and loss
in the subsequent operation of cleaning. Now the object of this part
of our Invention is to make opened out and straightened fibre into
stricks or tufts without the aforesaid breakage and loss. The first of the
machines for this purpose is constructed and acts as follows:-The
fibres are fed into the machine between a pair of feed rollers, which

page_text: deliver the said fibres into the gill or holding surface of a suitable screw-
gill head, which is worked in the usual manner. Immediately in front
of the screw gill head we arrange a cutting apparatus consisting of two
moveable knives, the upper one of which is set at an angle, which
knives are caused to approach and recede from one another by con-
centric levers affixed to a rocking shaft, the motion of which is
communicated to the said kuives by connecting rods. The said rocking
shaft carries a pinion, which is worked by a toothed sector or lever
wing mounted on a rocking shaft turning in brackets in the frame of
the machine; which latter shaft carries a lever which receive an inter-
mittent oscillating motion from a crank and connecting rod. On the
crank shaft a "contrite clutch wheel" is loosely fitted. This wheel is
caused to slide on its shaft as required by means of a lever turning on
a fulcrum on the frame. One end of this lever is bent upwards at right
angles and acts on the neck of the "contrite clutch wheel," and the
other end is acted upon by a cam affixed to the nip shaft of the machine.
The contrite clutch wheel when moved sideways gears into a cor-
responding wheel on the boss of a toothed wheel keyed on to the crank
shaft aforesaid. This toothed wheel carries round the crank shaft and
the contrite clutch wheel aforesaid, and is driven by a spur wheel keyed
on to the back shaft of the machine.. An oscillating or other nip such
as is used in wool combing is arranged in front of the cutting appa-
ratus, herein-before described, so that the open jaws of the said nip
shall pass between the cutting knives for the purpose of obtaining a nip
or bite of the fibre, which through the dropping of the front top faller
of the screw gill head remains projecting. When the nip is in a vertical
line with the said faller its jaws are caused to close upon the fibre by
the usual means. An oscillating motion is then imparted to the said
nip by means of connecting rods worked by crank pins on spur wheels
keyed on to the upper back shaft of the machine at each side thereof. As
soon as the said nip has moved out to its full traverse the tappets on its
shaft cause the jaws of the said nip to open, and thereby allow the tuft
of fibre which has been cut by the knives aforesaid to be removed by
an oscillating carrying comb worked in the usual manner, from which
comb the said tuft is removed by one of several doffing combs affixed to
arms carried by a rotating axis. The second of the machines for making
the fibres into stricks or tufts is constructed with filling or feeding
rollers, cutting knives, an oscillating or other nip carrying comb and
doffing combs, as in the machine herein-before last described, the only

page_text: difference being in the holding or gill surface, which consists of two
blocks of metal pinned with steel pins, and so arranged that the rows
of such pins shall intersect each other and slide at given periods in
holes or grooves in two fixed counter plates, motion being given to the
said blocks by two concentric levers combined therewith, and actuated
from the nip or other shaft of the machine, as in the case of the
cutting knives of the machine before described. Acting in conjunction
with the said blocks is a sliding and transporting apparatus so arranged
as to take hold of the projecting tuft of fibre which has not been cut
away by the preceding motion of the cutting knives, and upon the said
blocks or holding surfaces opening or releasing their hold to draw the
said fibre sufficiently forward to present another bite or tuft of fibre
for the nip on its return; such requisite portions of said fibre being
delivered from the filling or feeding rollers intermittently by means of
a ratchet wheel actuated through an excentric and lever combined
therewith from the back shaft of the machine. Motion is given to the
said sliding and transporting apparatus by means of cams on the said
holding blocks and excentrics on the back shaft of the machine.
The third of the machines for filling or feeding consists of a circular
"fancy" or brush of required diameter applied to one or other of the
three opening out and straightening drums, already described, in such a
manner that the said "fancy" or brush shall transfer the opened out
and straightened fibres from the covering of the said drums on to a
second drum, having at given and equal distances over its whole cir-
cumference lags of wood, on to which are nailed suitable combs or cards
(or two such drums could be so arranged that one should be filling
while the other was being stripped, thus saving the time which would
otherwise be lost by the stoppage of the machine for the purpose of
stripping the drum). The teeth of the aforesaid combs or cards being
filled with fibres, the same are cut across the drum behind each lag by
hand with a knife or with shears, and a number of stricks or tufts
of equal length are obtained for the cleaning operation.
Our Invention consists further of machines to the action of one or
other of which the fibres which have been filled and cut as herein-
before last described are submitted for the purpose of being cleaned.
The first of the machines for this purpose consists of two or more
drums (but by preference two) keyed on to rotatory shafts in the same
line, the surfaces of which drums which come first in contact with the

page_text: fibres to be cleaned are slightly tapered or cone-shaped for the purpose of
gradually presenting the said fibres to the cylindrical surfaces of the said
drums. The tapered surfaces of the said drums are covered with suitable
roughing card fillet strips or pinned lags, and the other cylindrical
surfaces of the said drums are covered with suitable fine or finishing card
fillets, strips, or pinned lags, and each of the drums revolves in an
opposite direction for the purpose of submerging the teeth of the said
drum covering into both sides of the stricks or tufts of fibre to be cleaned,
which will be by this means more effectually done than by the use of a
single drum. Extending from one end to the other of the top of the
machine frame is arranged horizontally and transversely over said drums
a holding and propelling apparatus which consists of one or more (but by
preference two) rotatory worms, screws, or lines of toothed gearing which
drives or drive a given requisite number of vertical shafts in moveable
hinged sockets through wheels keyed on the said shafts and working
into the said screws, worms, or lines of toothed gearing, which said shafts
form two straight lines extending across the whole length of the said
apparatus. At the bottom end of each of these perpendicular shafts are
affixed toothed wheels or pulleys with flanges on either side, and so
adjusted as to be all in the same line or level, the flanges of the said
bosses forming a guideway into which are slid one after the other
"books" or "boards" (of the ordinary size) .charged with tufts or
stricks of fibre as they come from the several filling and cutting machines
with the ends of the said tufts or stricks pendent or hanging downwards.
Such "books" or "boards" are constructed with toothed racks on
their outer surfaces, which racks gear into the toothed wheels aforesaid.
Instead of the said toothed wheels friction wheels or pulleys may be used,
in which case the backs of the books aforesaid are covered with strips of
leather, india-rubber, or other elastic material. The screws, worms, or
trains of gearing being set in motion by means of spur wheels communi-
cating through other wheels of like class with one or other of the drum
shafts cause the vertical shafts aforesaid to turn in one direction; the
wheels or pulleys, which are caused by springs and weights or levers
applied to the said shafts to bear against the "books" or "boards," and
propel them over the drums, by which means the tufts of fibres carried
by the said "books" are presented to the cleaning surfaces of the said
drums for the purpose of being cleaned, the pressure preventing the fibres
contained in the "books" or "boards" from being pulled or plucked out
in the said cleaning operation. Behind each of the said drums we

page_text: arrange a circular fancy or brush of requisite diameter which shall
continually remove all shorts therein collected and transfer them on to a
second drum or cylinder which has at given and equal distances over its
whole circumference lags of wood, on to which are Dailed combs or
cards for receiving the said fibres. By preference said lags are hinged in
the middle, and by an arrangement of a socket excentric affixed to the
frame of the machine are made to recede at that part of the drum which
comes in contact with the tapered or cone-shaped portion of the fancy or
brush aforesaid, and returning again to their horizontal position at the
part where the operation of stripping is carried on greatly facilitate the
said operation. When short fibres have to be recleaned we modify the
machine in the following manner-We insert the said fibres in "books"
or "boards," several of which are passed side by side through or between
the toothed wheels or pulleys aforesaid (the said wheels or pulleys being
set the requisite distance apart). The "books" or "boards "
are held
together by means of pins, and the outer sides of the outside "books
or "boards" are furnished with the toothed racks or elastic friction
surfaces herein-before described; or the said fibres may be secured in
screw presses propelled by means of endless chains or belts.
"
The second of our improved machines for cleaning the fibres consists of
two or more drums (by preference two), one of which is fixed behind the
other and parallel to the same, and so that the said drums shall be on the
same level. These drums are covered respectively with roughing and
finishing card fillet strips or pinned lags (as in the machine herein last
mentioned). The tufts or stricks of fibre to be cleaned are placed in books
or boards of the ordinary form screwed into presses of suitable construction
and inverted by means of a swing table or frame (one of which we have at
each end of the machine), and being thus inverted slide with the tufts or
stricks downwards on to endless chains or belts fixed at both the inner
sides of the frame of the machine, and being carried thereby present the
tufts of fibre gradually to the cleaning surfaces of the drums revolving
beneath, one of the said drums revolving in the reverse direction to the
other in order that both sides of the tufts or stricks shall be entered by
the teeth of the drum covering, and thus be made perfectly clean.
Behind each of the said drums we arrange a circular fancy or brush for
the purpose of transferring all "shorts" therein collected to a second or
stripping drum (as in the first of these cleaning machines already
described), and to facilitate the stripping of the said stripping drums we
make them with two sets of detachable lags so arranged that a full lag

page_text: can be removed immediately and replaced by an empty one. The third
of our improved machines for cleaning the fibres we construct with an
endless web or with two endless webs (the former by preference), on which
are affixed at equal distances a number of lags of wood having on their
outer surfaces "roughing" cards or combs so arranged as to work into
the tufts or stricks of fibre which are made to travel in presses (of the
kind last described) under the said endless web or webs, after which the
presses are successively inverted by means of a swing table or frame
of the kind herein-before described with reference to the preceding
machine (on to which table or frame the said presses slide), so that the
tufts or stricks of fibre shall, after passing under the web aforesaid,
be presented with ends downwards by means of a second endless chain or
belt to the surface of a drum covered with finishing card fillet or
strips or pinned lags, which said drum revolves in the reverse direction
to that in which the acting surface of the web aforesaid travels for
the purpose of removing any "nibs or dirt which may not have been
effectually removed by the said endless web. Behind the said drum
we arrange a circular "fancy" or brush for transferring the short fibres
collected in the pins or teeth of the said drum to a second or stripping drum,
as described with reference to the second of these said cleaning machines,
By combining a cleaning drum with the endless cleaning webs of
cleaning machines, as above described, we obviate the necessity for setting
the said webs so close to the books" or "boards" as the said webs
have been hitherto set, and thus prevent the scraping of the teeth of
the said webs against the said books or boards, the fibres being roughly
cleaned by the said webs, the further cleaning or finishing of the fibres
being effected by the cleaning drum. In the above machine we strip
the fibres contained in the cards or combs of said endless web or webs,
by means of a circular fancy or brush and a stripping drum with
detachable lags, or otherwise, as herein set forth, in preference to
stripping by hand in the usual way.
The fourth of our improved machines for cleaning the fibres is
constructed as follows:-The fibres are carried by circular carrying
combs (sometimes called "disc combs") suitably pinned, which
revolve in a horizontal plane. The tufts or stricks of fibre to be
cleaned are fed as they come from the several filling and cutting
machines already described on to an endless apron, which delivers
the said fibre on to the first of the said carrying combs, so that a
requisite portion of the said tufts or stricks shall project over the outer

page_text: edge of the same, the other ends of the tufts or stricks being pressed
on to the rows of pins of the said comb by means of elliptical or circular
knives, or by means of curved pieces of steel fixed over and between
the said rows of pins. Rings of india-rubber or other flexible material
are fitted between several of the outer rows of pins in each of the said
carrying combs, and a number of curved pressing plates of steel or
other suitable metal made very thin, so as to admit of two, three, or
more being fitted between two of the adjacent rows of pins are so
arranged that the tufts or stricks of fibre carried by the combs shall
pass between the said knives or plates and the said rings. This arrange-
ment is for the purpose of pressing or holding the said fibres while the
projecting ends of the same are being cleaned. Pressure is applied to
the said pressing plates by means of springs or levers and weights so
arranged that they shall act upon each of the said pressing plates
separately and independently. The holding arrangement above described
possesses great advantages over the arrangement hitherto employed. for
the same purpose, the fibres being far more securely held. In front of
each of the said carrying combs and opposite said holding knives or
plates we arrange cleaning apparatus (by preference two) which consist
of drums or of endless webs (when revolve or travel in contrary
directions) covered with suitable card fillet strips or pinned lags, which
said drums or webs are adjusted so that the axes of the rollers carrying
the said webs or of the said drums shall be on a level with the bottom
or holding surface of the said carrying combs, and are set as near to
the edges of the latter as possible, so that when revolving or travelling
at a suitable speed the teeth of the said drums or webs shall enter the
projecting tufts of fibre, and by their combined action thoroughly clean
the said fibre. Behind each of the said drums or webs are arranged
rotatory fancies or brushes (or endless webs) for the purpose of removing
the "shorts" and dirt collected in the said drums or webs on to a second
stripping drum (which we prefer to construct of the same length as the
books or boards of ordinary cleaning machinery) furnished with lags of
wood at equal and required distances over its entire circumference, on
to which are nailed suitable cards or combs, which stripping drums are
carried by frames, which are caused to slide backwards and forwards
against said "fancies" or brushes, the fibres from which are thus
transferred on to the said cards or combs of the said stripping drums and
form stricks which are removed by means of "books" or "boards" applied
by band in the usual way, which said stricks or tufts may be further

page_text: cleaned in any required way. The stricks or tufts of fibre contained in
the first circular carrying comb (one end of which stricks or tufts has
now been cleaned) are removed from the said comb by means of
stationary knives, plates, or ploughs of metal fitted between the rows
of the comb, and the ends of the said stricks or tufts that project are
laid hold of by one of two endless bands which are made to travel over
and against suitable smooth bars or plates of metal which intersect the'
rows of pins or teeth in the said endless bands, the said bars and bands
extending across from one carrying comb to the other, and being so
arranged that the second band shall deliver the said stricks or tufts of
fibre on to the second carrying comb with the unclean ends projecting
over the edges thereof, the cleaned part being pressed into the teeth or
pins, as described with reference to the first carrying comb. The said
second carrying comb in its revolution presents the said fibres to
the other cleaning apparatus, which clean the fibres as herein-after
described with reference to the first comb. The stricks or tufts of fibre,
both ends of which have now been cleaned, are raised out of the pins
of the said carrying comb by means of knives, plates, or ploughs, and
an endless toothed band or roller of the kind herein-before described.
places the said fibres a requisite distance further back over the rows of
pins in the said carrying comb, into which the said fibres are again
pressed by means herein-before described with reference to the first
comb, for the purpose of facilitating the drawing of the said fibres into
a continuous sliver by means of drawing apparatus combined with the
carrying comb for that purpose. After the drawing off of the aforesaid
sliver the remainder of the fibres in the pins of the said comb are
removed therefrom by means of knives, plates, or ploughs, as before'
described, and are delivered between the back pair of a requisite number
of intersecting porcupine drawing rollers, or into the back rollers of a
screw gill drawing head for the purpose of being made into a continuous
sliver in like manner. Where short tufts or stricks of fibre have to be
operated upon we prefer to substitute for the intersecting porcupine
drawing rollers, herein-before referred to, a small carding apparatus,
into the back rollers of which the cleaned fibres are delivered by means
of knives, plates, or ploughs, as herein-before described, after the first
sliver has been drawn from the carrying comb. The object of this
arrangement is to make the short fibres remaining in the said comb
also into a continuous sliver. The cleaning machine herein-before
described may be modified by dispensing with one of the carrying combs

page_text: described. In this case the single comb used is of larger diameter and
is furnished with the apparatus or appliances. herein-before described
(with reference to the said machine) for feeding, pressing or holding,
cleaning, removing, transferring, and converting the said slivers into
continuous slivers.
Our Invention consists further of the machine, herein-after described,
for making the fibres which have been cleaned by the first, second, or
third of the cleaning machines, herein-before described, into continuous
slivers. This machine is constructed and acts as follows:-A revolving
disc comb or carrying comb is mounted on a vertical shaft; the fibres
are fed to the said comb over smooth bars by means of an endless
toothed band. At any suitable point opposite the disc comb a suitable
drawing-off apparatus of the ordinary kind is arranged. Where the
fibres are very long the drawing-off apparatus operates upon that
portion of the said fibres which projects over the outer edge of the said
disc comb, and makes such portion into a continuous sliver, and inter-
secting porcupine drawing apparatus arranged at another point opposite
the disc comb draws out those fibres which remain in the comb after
passing the first drawing-off apparatus into another continuous sliver.
Our Invention consists, further, of the machine, herein-after described,
for making the fibres which have been cleaned by the first, second, or
third of the cleaning machines, herein-before described, into laps or bats.
The said machine is constructed and acts as follows:-An endless
drawing web is mounted on horizontal rollers turning in suitable
bearings in the frame of the machine. Above this web are a drawing
roller and an endless receiving web, between which and the drawing web
the fibres pass. The said fibres are presented to the drawing web and
roller aforesaid by a hook comb, which is caused to traverse past the said
web and roller up an inclined plane, so that only a portion of the fibres
carried by the said comb are seized by their projecting ends by the said
web and roller. The fibres so seized pass between the endless webs
aforesaid, the receiving web of which make the said fibres into a lap or
bat, which is detached in the usual manner. The book comb is then
removed from the first inclined planed and caused to traverse up another
inclined plane on the other side of the machine, which said plane is fur-
nished with stationary ploughs which intersect the teeth of the book
comb and raise the remaining fibres out of the said comb; the fibres
so raised being. seized by intersecting porcupine drawing rollers, (the
D

page_text: axes of which are at about a right angle to the traverse of the comb,)
which said rollers deliver the said fibres between drawing rollers com-
bined with an endless drawing band and an endless receiving band,
around which latter the fibres accumulate and form another lap or bat;
which is removed in the usual way.
Our Invention consists, further, of the improvement, herein-after
described, in the faller bars of drawing and roving machinery, by which
improvement the frequent breakage to which the fine screws which are
ordinarily used for propelling the said faller bars are liable is prevented.
The said improvement consists in making the ends of the said faller bars
concave, and forming therein semicircular female screws which engage
with the screws by which the said fallers are propelled. As fallers formed
with semicircular female screws, as described, have a much greater
bearing surface on their propelling screws than fallers of the ordinary
form, it is not necessary that the said propelling screws should be deeply
cut, and they are consequently stronger and less liable to break.
Our Invention consists, further, of the improvement, herein-after
described, in spinning frames of the kind known as flyer frames. The
said improvement consists in so placing the drawing rollers constituting
the reach or stretch of the said machines that the thread shall pass
between the said rollers in a vertical line with the axis of the spindle.
Our Invention consists, lastly, of the improvement, herein-after
described, in machines for doubling and twisting. As the said machines
are ordinarily constructed the pressing rollers are mounted above the
drawing and delivering rollers. This arrangement is attended by the
disadvantage of irregular twist in the threads after they have passed
between the said rollers. Now our said improvements consist in
obviating the above defect in the following manner:-We mount the
said pressing rollers and drawing and delivering rollers side by side
instead of one above another; the said pressing rollers being mounted
on the vertical arms of bell-crank levers, the horizontal arms of which
carry weights, by which the said pressing rollers are caused to press
against the drawing and 'delivering rollers. We give the required tension
to the threads in their passage by passing the said threads over and
between glass rods fixed above the said rollers, and we guide the sid
threads by means of a guide plate having as many converging grooves
formed in it as there are threads, which said plate is fixed above and
between the aforesaid rollers:

page_text: Having described the nature of our Invention, we will now describe
the manner in which the same is to be performed, reference being had
to the. Drawings hereunto annexed; and to the figures and letters of
reference marked thereon, that is to say :-
Figure 1 is a vertical section of our improved rubbing and teazing or
willowing machine. A is the feed apron; B1, B2, are rubbing and
feeding rollers; C, C, are winged beaters with teeth c, c, intersecting
like teeth d¹, d¹, affixed to the inside of the drum casing D. d² is the
grating through which dirt, shells, or knots fall; d3 is the door opening
at intervals; f¹ is the fast pulley of the beater shaft F; f³, f³, are
small pulleys on the said shaft, the motion of which is transmitted by
belts to the reducing counter pulleys H; h¹, hl, are pulleys affixed to
said counter pulleys, and the motion of the said pulleys h¹, h¹, is respec-
tively transmitted by belts h2, h3, to pulleys 61, 62, affixed to the shafts of
the rollers B1, B2.
Figure 2 is a side elevation of the first of our improved opening out
and straightening machines. A is the endless feed sheet; B is a por-
cupine feed roller, between which and the said sheet the fibres are fed
to the drum C, which is covered with suitable card fillet or pinned lags;
D, D, are fallers, heckles, or workers arranged above the said drum,
which said fallers, heckles, or workers are mounted on pins d¹, d³, sliding
in bushes in the faller rack d³, which is hinged to the frame at d';
E1, E2, are tappets carried by arms e¹, e2, affixed to a wheel F at each
side of the machine. These tappets revolve in different vertical planes,
so that the tappets E' raise the pins d', which are arranged above the
lines of the said tappet's motion, and the tappets E2 raise the pins d³,
which are correspondingly arranged. This arrangement effects the
alternate raising of each faller. G is a driving pulley, to the boss of
which is affixed a pinion H, which drives a toothed wheel I keyed on
the outer end of the drum shaft; J is a pinion keyed on the said shaft,
which said pinion by means of the train of wheels K1, K2, K³, drives the
shaft a¹, on which one of the rollers of the feed apron A is affixed. On
the shaft a¹ is affixed a pinion a², which gears into a toothed wheel b¹
affixed to the shaft 62 of the porcupine feed roller, and thereby drives
the said roller; L is a toothed wheel, which is driven by the pinion J,
and communicates motiou through the pinion M to the toothed wheel F,
and through a toothed wheel N to the duffing drum O keyed on the
shaft o. The wheel N' drives the lower drawing-off roller P¹ by means

page_text: of the toothed wheels N³, N3, N4; P2 is the upper drawing-off roller;
Q is the doffing knife, which is worked in the usual manner, and R is
the trumpet through which the sliver. passes to the drawing-off rollers';
S is the "fancy," which raises the fibres in order to their being trans.
ferred on to the doffing drum.
Figure 3 is a vertical section of the chief working parts of the second
of our opening out and straightening machines. A is the endless feed
apron B, B, are the porcupine feed rollers, between which and the
apron A the fibres are fed to the drum C, over which are arranged smooth
rollers K, K, and fallers L, L, which drum is covered with pinned lags;
D, D, are the "expanding bars" herein-before referred to, which lie
between the rows of pins, and are retained against the exterior of the
drum by means of socket excentrics or springs, or their equivalents
(which being well-known contrivances we do not think it necessary to
illustrate), except at that side of the drum at which the opened out and
straightened fibres are removed by the drawing rollers E and endless
web F G is a smooth roller, between which and the said web the said
fibres pass to the trumpet H, whence they pass through condensing
rollers I, I; M, M, are the tappets which work the fallers as herein-
before described.
Figure 4 is a vertical section of the chief working parts of the third
of our opening out and straightening machines. A, A, are porcupine
feed webs, between which the fibres are fed on to the drum B; C, C, are
the fallers, which are arranged and worked as described with reference
to the preceding machine; d, d, are grooves extending across the
drum B of the machine. E, E, are pinned metal "expanding bars,"
which slide in said grooves, and are worked by means of socket
excentrics or springs (which for the reason before stated we do not think
it necessary to illustrate), the said bars being so arranged that the pins
thereon shall project from the surface of the said drum except at that
side thereof where the opened out and straightened fibres are drawn off,
at which side the said bars are drawn into their grooves until the ends
of the said pins are flush with the surface of the said drum, and release
the said fibres, which are drawn off by the drawing- apparatus herein-
before described with reference to the preceding machine.
Figure 5 is a side elevation of the first of our improved filling or
feeding and cutting machines. A, A, are the filling or feeding rollers;
B.is the screw gill holding surface; C, C, are the cutting knives; D is

page_text: the oscillating nip; E is the carrying comb; F, F, are the rotatory
receiving combs; G is one of two band pulleys (fast and loose) on the
main shaft. The fast pulley through a pulley on the opposite end of
the said shaft and a driving band drives a pulley H on the back shaft I.
A spur wheel J on the said back shaft drives toothed wheels K on the
shaft L, giving through crank pins ¹ on the said wheels and crank
arms the required oscillating motion to the nip D. Bevel wheels on
the shaft L give motion to the screws of the screw gill holding surface.
A spur wheel on the said shaft L gearing into other toothed wheels
gives motion to the feed rollers A. A wheel M gearing into the wheel J
drives the nip shaft O through a toothed wheel N. The tappets P on
the said nip shaft cause the nipping jaws to open and close as required.
A toothed wheel Q on the other end of the shaft O, gearing into another
toothed wheel Q₁ on the carrying comb shaft R gives motion through
the lever e¹, which is jointed to the oscillating bar e³ to the carrying
comb E. A toothed wheel T' on the back shaft I gearing into a wheel T²
working loosely on the shaft U causes the said wheel T and a "contrite
clutch wheel X on the boss of the said wheel to revolve continuously,
and through the agency of a lever V worked by a cam W on the nip
shaft intermittently throws the "contrite" clutch wheel X, which
is keyed on the shaft U into gear with the corresponding contrite
clutch wheel on the boss of the wheel T2, thus causing the shaft U with
its crank Y to make one revolution, and thus through a connecting
rod Z, one end of which slides in a guide Z, and is jointed to the
shaft Z of the toothed lever wing Z4, through a universal swivel Z³
'causes the said toothed lever wing to rock a certain distance, thereby
through the agency of a pinion Z³ on the concentric lever shaft Ze
causing the concentric levers 77 to be inverted, which levers through
connecting rods Z8 bring the cutting knives C, C, together, which said
knives sever the tuft of fibre which has been drawn forward by
the nip D.
Figures 6 and 7jare side elevations (partly in section) of the holding
and transporting apparatus used in the second of our filling and cutting
machines, in substitution for the screw gill holding surface represented
in Figure 5, the other parts of the said second filling and cutting
machine being the same as those of our first filling and cutting
machine. Figure 6 represents the holding blocks of the said apparatus
closed upon the fibre, and Figure 7 represents the said holding
"

page_text: first of our improved cleaning machines.
The same letters of reference
indicate the same parts in both Figures. A', A³, are screws, worms, or
lines of gearing; B, B, are vertical shafts turning in bearings b', b',
hinged to the frame of the machine and having toothed wheels b, b,
which gear into and are driven by the said screws, worms, or lines of
gearing; C, C, are flanged pulleys (which may be either toothed or
friction pulleys) keyed to the lower ends of the said vertical shafts; D
is one of the "books" or "boards" which are propelled by the said
pulleys; E is a bolt with a spring and thumb nut for applying the
requisite pressure to the "books" or "boards" through the pulleys C, C,
in the guideway of which the said books or boards travel; F', F, are
the cleaning drums; G¹, G³, are "fancies" or brushes for removing the
short fibres or "noil" collected in the teeth of the drums, which said
"fancies" are driven by bands passing over pulleys R1, R2, keyed to the
shafts L, L, and thence over pulleys S¹, S², keyed respectively on the
shafts of the said "fancies;" H, H, are stripping drums, which are
furnished with toothed lags h', h, h, h, and receive the said fibres from
the said "fancies;" 1', I, are fast and loose band pulleys on the main
shaft J; K' is a spur wheel communicating through a toothed wheel K²
with a wheel K³ on the drum shaft L', and thus driving the said shaft
which revolves in the opposite direction to the shaft L'. A spur wheel K**
at the opposite end of the shaft J gears into a toothed wheel Ķ³ on the
drum shaft L at the opposite end of the machine, thus driving the
drum F in a contrary direction to that in which the drum F¹ is driven
A spur wheel M on each of the shafts L', L2, drives trains of wheels
M1, M2, M3, M, the latter of which drives the stripping drums H', H.
Each of the lags h', ', h, h, is made in two parts, one of which is
hinged to the other at 3, 3, the free ends of the said lags been jointed
to arms O, O, which are caused to slide radially in the stripping drums,
as required, by means of socket excentrics or guides N¹, N, fixed to
brackets on the frame of the machine in the guideways, of which
excentrics friction rollers 0, 0, carried by the ends of the said arms
travel. The hinged parts of the lags are thus caused to recede when
they come opposite the conical surfaces of the "fancies" G¹, G, so as
to be parallel to such surfaces, and to resume their cylindrical position
on the front sides of the said drums, where they are stripped in the usual
manner. A toothed wheel P driven by the wheel K³ drives a train of
wheels P1, P2, P3, P4, which latter is keyed on the screw worm or gearing
shaft A. Q' is a spur wheel keyed on the other end of the said shaft,

page_text: which said wheel drives a wheel Q² keyed on the screw worm or gearing
shaft A². As the "books" containing the tufts of fibre which have been
cleaned on both sides by the successive action of the drums F1, F2, are
removed from the machine other" books "charged with tufts of fibre to be
cleaned in like manner are inserted between the pulleys C, C. Instead
of the two partly conical and partly cylindrical drums F1, F2, one conical
drum and one cylindrical drum, or two cylindrical drums or endless
webs set obliquely may be used, the object attained by all these
arrangements being the same, viz., the gradual treatment of the fibres
by the cleaning surfaces.
"
Figure 11 is a side elevation of the second of our said cleaning
machines. A', A, are swing tables or frames turning on pivots a', a¹,
a², a², which rest on cross bars at each end of the frame of the machine.
These swing frames carry and invert, as required, presses C¹, C³, in
which are inserted the "books" or "boards" c¹, c, containing the tufts
or stricks of fibres, which said presses are slidden into grooves in the said
frames which are propelled by endless pitch chains or belts B over
cleaning drums D', D, which are mounted on shafts d', d. E¹, E, are
fancies," which remove the fibres collected on the teeth of the said
drums, and transfer such fibres on to stripping drums F1, F2; G is the
fast pulley by which the shaft d¹ is driven; H' is another pulley keyed
on the said shaft, over which said pulley a crossed belt passes, which
belt drives a pulley H2 keyed on the shaft of the drum D2, which is thus
caused to revolve in a direction the reverse of that in which the drum D¹
revolves; I, I, are pulleys keyed to the shafts d', d, respectively, over
which pulleys pass crossed belts which drive pulleys N1, N2, on the shafts
of the "fancies" E¹, E. The stripping drums F1, F2, are driven by spur
wheels J, J, which gear into toothed wheels M', M³, keyed on the shafts
of the said drums, and which are driven from the.shafts d', d, by means
of pitch chains passing over sprocket wheels K1, K2, keyed on the said
shafts and over other sprocket wheels L, L, cast on or affixed to the
said spur wheels. The chains or belts B are driven from the shaft d² by
a train of wheels 01, 0%, 03, 0'. The press C' charged with fibre is slidden
into the swing frame A¹, which is then inverted so as to bring the tufts
of fibre downwards. The said press is then slidden out of the said
frame on to the endless chain B, by which it is carried over the drum D¹,
the teeth of which roughly clean the pendent ends of the fibres and
then over the drum D', the teeth of which finish the cleaning of the said

page_text: fibres. The press C₁ then passes from the said chain into the swing
frame A2, which is then inverted. (In the Drawing it is shown turned
half way round.) The said press is then removed from the said frame,
and the fibre is re-arranged and passed through the machine with its
uncleaned ends downwards, as described.
Figure 12 is a side elevation of the third of our said cleaning
machines. A1, A2, are endless pitch chains or belts passing over sprocket
wheels a¹, a¹, a², a², which chains carry presses (of the kind described
with reference to the preceding Figure) containing the said fibres which
are first carried with their ends upwards under an endless web B furnished
with card strips b, b, by which the said ends are roughly cleaned.
C is a swing table or frame for inverting the said presses as they are
slidden into the said frame by the chains A¹. The inverted presses are
slidden from the frame C¹ on to the chains A2 which carry the said
presses over the drum D, which further cleans or finishes the said fibres.
The said presses after passing over the said drum are slidden by the said
chains into another swing frame C₁ by means of which the said presses
are again inverted so as to allow of the rearrangement of the fibres as
described after which the said fibres are again passed through the
machine so as to clean the uncleaned ends of the said fibres. G is the
fast driving pulley motion from which is transmitted through a spur
wheel G keyed on the shaft of the said pulley to a toothed wheel G³
keyed on a shaft g on which is keyed a band pulley G³ over which the
said web passes. The said web passes over and drives another band
pulley G4, on the shaft of which is keyed a pinion H, which drives a train
of wheels H1, H2, H3, H4, the latter of which is keyed on a shaft which
carries the sprocket wheels a', a¹, which drive the pitch chains A. E is
a "fancy" which removes the short fibres or "noils" from the drum D
and transfers them on to the pinned lags of the stripping drum F. I is
the fast band pulley by which the drum D is driven; K¹ is a sprocket
wheel keyed on the shaft of the said drum, the motion of which wheel is
transmitted by a pitch chain k to another sprocket wheel K2 which turns
on a stud and carries a pinion K³ which drives a toothed wheel K4 keyed
to the shaft of the stripping drum F. J' is a band pulley keyed on the
drum shaft D, the motion of which is transmitted by a crossed band ; to
a band pulley J2 keyed to the shaft of the "fancy" E; L¹ is a pinion
which drives a train of wheels L², L³, and L4, which latter is keyed

page_text: to the shaft carrying the sprocket wheels by which the pitch chains A
are driven.
'effected.
"
ין
"fancy" e², and
The teeth of the
below; F, F, are
Figure 13 is a plan, and Figure 14 is an end elevation (partly in
section) of the fourth of our said cleaning machines, and Figure 15 is an
elevation (partly in section) of details herein-after referred to.
The same
letters of reference indicate the same parts in Figures 13, 14, and 15.
A is the feed sheet; B is the first circular comb; C, C, are pressers
(which may be of the form shown or elliptical or circular) for pressing
'the fibres into the said circular comb; D, D, are curved " pressers or
plates of metal fitted between the second, third, fourth, and fifth rows of
pins in the said circular comb for pressing or holding said fibre's on to
rings of india-rubber or other elastic material beneath the said fibres at
the position where the cleaning of the projecting end of the said fibres is
E is the first cleaning apparatus consisting of a cleaning
drum el covered with card teeth, a "fancy "e², and a stripping drum e³.
The teeth of the drum el enter the fibres from above; E³ is the second
cleaning apparatus consisting of a cleaning drum e¹, a
a stripping drum e³ as herein-before described.
'cleaning drum in this apparatus enter the fibres from
knives or ploughs which raise the said fibres, one end of which fibres
has been cleaned by the cleaning apparatus E1, E2, out of the circular
comb; G1, G2, are endless toothed bands which transfer the said fibres
on to the second circular comb H so that the cleaned end shall come
between the rows of pins in the said comb leaving the uncleaned end
projecting from the said comb to be cleaned in like manner; I, I,
are the pressers for pressing the said fibres into the pins of the said
comb, and J, J, are curved plates of metal fitted between the rows of
pins in the said comb, the said pressers and plates operating in the
manner and for the purpose herein-before described with reference to the
first comb; K and K¹ are cleaning apparatus which clean the other end
of the fibre as herein-before described with reference to the cleaning
apparatus E and E2; L, L, are knives or ploughs for raising the fibres
(both ends of which have now been cleaned) out of the second circular
comb for the purpose of placing the said fibres further back on the said
comb. This is done by means of a toothed band or of a roller M, and
the said fibres are then again pressed into the comb by strips of steel N
in the manner before described. This being done in order to facilitate

page_text: the drawing of a better sliver by the first drawing apparatus O, the fibres
remaining in the comb H after the drawing of the first sliver are raised
out of the said comb H by ploughs or knives P and are delivered into
intersecting porcupine (or screw gill) drawing apparatus Q to be made
into a like continuous sliver; R, R, are fast and loose band pulleys on
the main shaft of the machine; S is a sprocket wheel on the said shaft
the motion of which is transmitted through a pitch chains to another
sprocket wheel S¹ on the feed sheet roller S2 which is by means of a
pressing roller S³ caused to drive the feed sheet A. T is a bevel pinion
on the main shaft of the machine, which pinion gears into a bevel
wheel T on the end of an upright shaft T2, which through toothed
wheels T3, T4, drives the toothed bed plate of the first comb B causing
the said comb which is affixed to said plate to revolve therewith. A
pulley U on the upright shaft T2 gives motion through a band t to a
pulley U on the end of the shaft from which the pulley of the first
endless transferring band G₁ receives motion. The said band is thus
caused to travel and propel the fibres over the smooth bars which
intersect the rows of teeth of the said band, which fibres are seized by
the second toothed band G². A pulley V on the end of the shaft v¹ from
which the pulley of the endless band G2 is driven receives motion
through a band from a pulley V' on an upright shaft. The endless
band G2 is thus caused to seize the fibres as they come from the endless
band G¹ and propel them as before described with reference to the said
band G¹ delivering the cleaned ends of the said fibre over the pins of the
second comb H. A bevil wheel W cn the main shaft of the machine
gearing into a similar wheel W₁ on the end of the upright shaft W gives
motion through toothed wheels W³, W4, to the toothed bed plate of the
comb H and causes the same to revolve as described with reference to
the comb B. A band pulley X' is keyed on the end of the driving shaft
of the endless toothed band or roller M, which pulley X is driven by a
band x passing over a pulley X on the shaft W2 and causes the said
band or roller M to travel or revolve in the required manner.
Y is a
band pulley on the main shaft; y is a band passing over the said pulley,
over tension pulleys y2, y³, and over a band pulley Y' on the end of the
shaft of the cleaning drum Y2; Y3 is a toothed wheel which drives a
wheel Y4 on the end of the shaft carrying a "fancy" Y5; Y is a toothed
pinion on the end of the shaft of the cleaning drum Y³, which pinion
drives a train of wheels Y, Y, Y, Y, Y", which latter wheel is so
mounted with a groove and feather arrangement on the centre shaft Zo

page_text: of the stripping drum frame that the said wheel shall carry round th
said shaft and allow it to slide endways through the boss of the said
wheel, which latter is prevented from sliding by collars on each side
thereof carried by a bracket Y Z is another toothed wheel which is
keyed on the end of the shaft Ze and drives the wheel Z³ on the end of
the shaft of the stripping drum Z. The frame Z of the stripping drum
is caused to slide backwards and forwards before the "fancy" Y
by means of the following mechanism:-The said frame carries an
arm 23 working in a slot Z in the frame, at the lower end of which arm
is a semicircular female screw which takes into a screw Z the thread of
one half of which is cut in a direction the reverse of that in which the
thread of the other half is cut. The said screw is caused to revolve by
means of a band passing over a driving pulley Z on the main shaft
and over a pulley Z on the end of the said screw. By the foregoing
arrangement the short fibres or "noils" are taken up and formed into
stricks by the stripping drum Z as it passes the "fancy" Ys, the
cleaning apparatus E, E, and K' are also furnished with the mechanism
herein-before described with reference to the cleaning apparatus K.
Figure 16 is a plan and Figure 17 is a side elevation of our improved
machine for making into a continuous sliver the fibres which have been
cleaned by the first, second, or third of the cleaning machines herein-
before described. The same letters of reference indicate the same parts
in the said Figures 16 and 17. A is a revolving disc comb or carrying
comb; B is an endless band by which the stricks of fibre are fed to the
said comb, the end of the said stricks being supported by smooth
stationary bars b, b. The said comb is keyed on the upper end of a
shaft a¹, which is driven from the main shaft C of the machine by means
of a worm c¹ on the said shaft, which gears into a worm wheel a² on the
shaft a¹. D is an arm carrying pressers d, d, which press the fibres
between the teeth of the comb. E', E2, are the drawing rollers of the first
drawing-off apparatus. F is a trumpet and G, G, are condensing rollers,
The said rollers E', E², and G, G, are driven from the main shaft by a
bevil pinion c, which gears into a bevil wheel h¹ keyed on a shaft H, the
upper end of which carries a spur wheel 2, which gears into a wheel I,
which drives a wheel e' affixed to the driving drawing roller E, which
drives an endless drawing band.e2, which pisses, over a roller E3 and over
a tension pulley e³. The trumpet F is driven from the main shaft by a
band passing from a driving pulley c³ over a pulley on the said

page_text: trunipet. The lower of the condensing rollers G is driven from the
drawing roller E by wheels c, e, and e, the latter of which gears into a
wheel g' keyed to the shaft of the said roller G. The drawing apparatus
described seizes those fibres which project furthest from the comb and
makes them into a continuous sliver. The fibres remaining in the comb
are carried round by it until they are raised by ploughs H, H, whence
the said fibres pass into the second drawing apparatus, which consists of
two pairs of intersecting porcupine drawing rollers I, I. and a pair of
fluted drawing rollers J, whence the said fibres pass to the trumpet K
and condensing rollers L. The lower of the rollers J is driven from the
main shaft by a band passing from a driving pulley c4 over a pulley j¹,
keyed on the end of the said roller J. The rollers I, I, are driven from
the roller J by toothed, wheels (not shown) keyed on the said rollers.
The shaft of the condensing rollers L carries a toothed wheel ¹, which is
driven by a wheel j, keyed on the roller J through an intermediate
wheel f Mis a shaft which has at one end a bevil wheel m¹ which is
driven by. a bevil pinion c5, and at the other end a sprocket wheel m², the
motion of which is transmitted by a pitch chain m³ to a sprocket wheel bl
on the shaft of one of the rollers over which the endless band B passes.
c, c, are a fast and a loose pulley respectively, the former of which
drives the main shaft.
Figure 18 is a plan, Figure 19 is an end elevation, and Figure 20 is a side
elevation, partly in section, of our improved machine for making into laps
or slivers the fibres which have been cleaned by the first, second, or third
of the cleaning machines herein-before described. The same letters of
reference indicate the same parts in the said Figures 18, 19, and 20. A
is a book comb by which the fibres are presented to an endless drawing
web B and a drawing roller C. D is an endless receiving web on which
the fibres which are drawn from the back comb by the said rollers are
made into laps. E is the main shaft which receives motion from a
band el passing over the fast pulley of a pair of pulleys e2, e2, and carries
a spur wheel 3, the motion of which is transmitted by wheels e, e³, to a
wheel bl, keyed on the shaft which carries one of the rollers over which
the web B passes. 62 is a spur wheel which drives a toothed wheel d, keyed
on the shaft of one of the rollers over which the web D passes. The
"book comb" A is caused to travel past the drawing apparatus aforesaid
up an inclined plane F by toothed pinions g¹, g', which are mounted on
shafts G, G, and gear into racks on the under side of the said comb.

page_text: The shafts G, G, are driven by bevil pinions h', h', keyed on a shaft H,
which pinions gear into bevil wheels g², g², keyed on the said shafts G, G.
The shaft H is driven from the main shaft E by a bevil pinion e, which
gears into a bevil wheel ¹, keyed on a shaft I, the other end of which
carries a bevil pinion , which drives a bevil wheel ji, keyed on a shaft J,
the upper end of which carries a bevil pinion J2, which drives a bevil
wheel on the said shaft H. After the comb A has travelled up the
inclined plane F the said comb is removed to another inclined plane K,
up which it is caused to travel by mechanism similar to that already
described with reference to the inclined plane F. L, L, are knives or
ploughs which raise the fibres, which are then seized by two pairs of
intersecting porcupine drawing rollers M, M, which deliver the said
fibres between an endless drawing web N and an endless receiving
web O, on which latter the said fibres are made into a loop. The laps
formed upon the aforesaid receiving web are detached in the usual
manner. Motion is given to one of the rollers on which the web N
is mounted by mechanism arranged as herein-before described with
reference to the web B, and the motion of the said roller is transmitted
to the porcupine rollers M, M, and to one of the rollers of the web O by
toothed gearing (which is not shown).
Figure 21 represents our improved faller bar and the screws by which
it is propelled. The said bar and screws are shown in side elevation
and transverse section respectively. A is the faller bar, the ends a, a,
of which have a curve corresponding to that of the exterior of the
propelling screws B, B. A female screw is formed in each of the
ends a, a, which thus afford a greater bearing surface to the screws B, B,
than the ends of fallers of the ordinary form.
Figure 22 represents in vertical section our improved arrangement of
the "reach" or "stretch" of spinning machines.
In this arrangement
the feeding rollers A, A, and the carrier rollers B, B, and drawing
rollers C, C, are so placed that their nipping or acting surfaces shall be
in a vertical line with the axis of the spindle D.
Figures 23, 24, and 25, represent our improvements in machines for
doubling and twisting. Figure 23 is a vertical section of the chief
acting parts to which our said improvement relates. Figures 24 and 25
respectively represent in front elevation and side elevation, partly in
section, sundry details herein-after referred to. The same letters of
reference indicate the same parts in Figures 23, 24, and 25.
A is

page_text: one of a row of bobbins from which the threads to be doubled and
twisted pass over and between glass rods B, B, placed one above the
other. From these rods the said threads pass over a guide plate C,
fixed above and between the drawing and pressing rollers D1, D2, which
said plate and rollers are shown separately in front elevation in
Figure 24. c, c, are converging grooves formed in the guide plate. C,
each of which grooves guides a thread.
The drawing and pressing rollers are arranged relatively to each other
as shown in side elevation, partiy in section in Figure 25, that is to say
the drawing roller D₁ turns in bearings in the frame of the machine,
and the pressing roller D2 turns in bearings in the ends e¹ of bell-crank
levers E, one of which is mounted at each side of each pressing roller.
e2 is one of the fulcra on which the said levers turn; e³ is a weight on
the arm of the lever E; and 5 is a catch which engages with a
spring catch F, when the roller D2 is turned back from the roller D¹.
Having now described the nature of our said Invention, and the
manner in which the same is to be performed, we wish it to be under-
stood that we do not limit ourselves to the precise details described
and illustrated, as the same may be modified without departing from the
nature of our Invention; neither do we claim as our Invention any of
the separate parts, otherwise than as herein-after described
claim as our said Invention,
but we
Firstly. The improvement in or addition to willowing machines
herein-before described and illustrated in Figure 1 of the accompanying
Drawings, that is to say, combining with the said machines feed and
rubbing rollers as described, and thus rendering the said machines
capable of effecting the rubbing as well as the teazing of the fibres.
Secondly. The general arrangement or combination of parts con-
stituting the opening out and straightening machine, herein-before
described and illustrated in Figure 2 of the accompanying Drawings,
that is to say, a machine in which moveable fallers, heckles, or workers,
are combined with a revolving drum covered with card, fillet, or pinned,
lags, the said fallers, heckles, or workers, being worked by tappets
essentially in the manner and for the purpose described.
19-
Thirdly. The general arrangement or combination of parts con-
stituting the opening out and straightening machine herein-before
described and illustrated in Figure 3 of the accompanying Drawings,

page_text: :
that is to say, a machine in which " expanding bars are combined
with the drum and fallers referred to in the preceding claim, which
said bars being worked by the means described, lift or disengage
the opened out and straightened fibres from the pins or teeth of
the drum.
Fourthly. The general arrangement or combination of parts con-
stituting the opening out and straightening machine herein-before
described, and illustrated in Figure 4 of the accompanying Drawing,
that is to say, a machine in which "expanding bars" furnished with
pins which operate on the fibre, are combined with a revolving drum,
and with the fallers referred to in the preceding claims, the said bars
being caused by the means described to slide inwards in the said drum,
and thereby to withdraw or disengage the said pins from the opened
out and straightened fibres, as required.'
Fifthly. The general arrangement or combination of parts con-
stituting the improved strick-making machine herein-before described
and illustrated in Figure 5 of the accompanying Drawings, that is to
say, a machine in which the opened out and straightened fibres are
so operated upon by the means described, that the shorter fibres are
retained at one end of the strick, so as to be capable of easy removal
or separation from the longer fibres of the said strick, during the
subsequent operation of cleaning.
Sixthly. The modification of the machine referred to in the above
claim herein-before described, with reference to Figures 6 and 7 of the
accompanying Drawings, that is to say, a strick-making machine in
which the holding or gill apparatus, and the sliding transporting
apparatus herein-before described and illustrated in the said Figures 6
and 7, are combined with the feed rollers, the oscillating nip carrying
comb and the doffing combs described with reference to the fifth head
of our Invention, the said holding or gill apparatus and sliding
transporting apparatus being arranged and worked and operating in
the manner and for the purpose described.
Seventhly. The improved strick-making machine herein-before
described, with reference to Figure 8 of the accompanying Drawings,
that is to say, a machine in which the "fancy" and stripping drum
herein-before described and illustrated in the said Figure 8 are combined

page_text: with one or other of the opening out and straightening drums herein-
before described and illustrated in Figures 2, 3, and 4, of the accom.
panying Drawings..
Eighthly. The improved cleaning machine herein-before described
and illustrated in Figures 9 and 10 of the accompanying Drawings,
that is to say, a machine in which the fibres are carried transversely
with their ends downwards over moving cleaning surfaces by the means
described, which are so arranged relatively to the said surfaces that the
pendent ends of the said fibres are gradually operated upon by the said
surfaces as described.
Ninthly. The improved combination or arrangement of parts con-
stituting the cleaning machine herein-before described and illustrated
in Figure 11 of the accompanying Drawings, that is to say, a machine
in which the fibres are carried with their ends hanging downwards over
cleaning drums revolving in contrary directions as and for the purpose
described.
Tenthly. The improved combination or arrangement of parts con-
stituting the cleaning machine herein-before described and illustrated
in Figure 12 of the accompanying Drawings, that is to say, a machine
in which the fibres are first carried with their ends projecting upwards
under an endless web furnished with "roughing" card strips and
afterwards with their ends hanging downwards over a revolving drum
covered with " finishing" çard fillet by which the further cleaning of
the said fibres is effected as described.
Eleventhly. The general arrangement or combination of parts con-
stituting the cleaning machine herein-before described and illustrated
in Figures 13, 14, and 15 of the accompanying Drawings, that is to say,
a machine in which the fibres are carried by revolving combs or by a
revolving comb, which combs or comb are or is furnished with curved
"pressers" (D
(marked D, D, and F, F,) and ploughs and combined with
cleaning and transferring drawing apparatus acting in the manner and
for the purposes described.
Twelfthly. The mode herein-before described and illustrated in
Figures 13 and 14 of the accompanying Drawings of holding the fibre,
in the circular carrying combs of cleaning machines, that is to says
arranging between several of the rows of teeth in such combs several

page_text: of the separate curved
pressers "referred to in the preceding claim
between which and the said combs the fibres are held, pressure being
separately applied to each "presser" in the manner and for the purpose
described.
Thirteenthly. The improved machine herein-before described and
illustrated in Figures 16 and 17 of the accompanying Drawings, for
making tufts or stricks of cleaned fibres into continuous slivers, that
is to say, a machine in which the fibres are carried by a revolving disc
comb which is furnished with "pressers" (marked d, d,) and ploughs,
and combined with feeding and drawing off apparatus acting in the
manner and for the purpose described.
Fourteenthly. The improved machine herein-before described and
illustrated in Figures 18, 19, and 20 of the accompanying Drawings
for making tufts or stricks of cleaned fibres into bats or laps.
Fifteenthly. The improvement in faller bars herein-before described
and illustrated in Figure 21 of the accompanying Drawings, that is to
say, making the ends of the said bars with a concave curve as shown,
and forming in such curved ends female screws which afford greater
bearing surface to the propelling screws and thereby admit of the
use of propelling screws with shallower threads with the advantage
described.
Sixteenthly. The improved arrangement herein-before described and
illustrated in Figure 22 of the accompanying Drawings of the rollers
constituting the "stretch" or "reach" of "flyer" spinning frames,
that is to say, so placing the feed and carrying rollers and the drawing
rollers relatively to the spindles that the nipping surfaces of the said
rollers shall be in a perpendicular line with the axes of the said
spindles.
Seventeenthly. The improved arrangement herein-before described and
illustrated in Figures 23, 24, and 25 of the accompanying Drawings
of parts of doubling and twisting machines, that is to say, arranging
the drawing and pressing rollers so that the nipping surfaces of the
same shall be in a vertical line with the axes of the spindles and
conducting the threads to be twisted to the said rollers over and
between glass rods arranged one above the other in a vertical line
with the nipping surfaces of the said rollers and over guide plates

page_text: having converging grooves through each of which one of such threads
passes.
In witness whereof, I, the said Sam Warburton Varley, have
hereunto set my hand and seal, this Twenty-first day of April,
in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-
1.ine.
0
Witness,
H. H. MURDOCH,
Patent Agent,
7, Staple Inn,
W.C.
SAM WARBURTON VARLEY. (L.S.)