IMPROVEMENTS IN THE METHOD OF MAKING WORKING DRAWINGS OR DIAGRAMS WITH MOVING PARTS TO ILLUSTRATE THE WORKING OF MACHINES AND OTHER ACTIONS OR MOVEMENTS
Year: 1876

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Henry Batchelor and Telford Clarence Batchelor, both of
Cardiff, in the County of Glamorgan, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS
IN THE METHOD OF MAKING WORKING DRAWINGS OR DIAGRAMS WITH MOVING
PARTS TO ILLUSTRATE THE WORKING OF MACHINES AND OTHER ACTIONS OR
MOVEMENTS."
Sealed the 5th December 1876, and dated the 27th June 1876.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Henry Batchelor and Telford
Clarence Batchelor at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 27th
June 1876.
HENRY BATCHELOR and TELFORD CLARENCE BATCHELOR, both of Cardiff, in the
County of Glamorgan. " IMPROVEMENTS IN THE METHOD OF MAKING WORKING
DRAWINGS OR DIAGRAMS WITH MOVING PARTS TO ILLUSTRATE THE WORKING OF
MACHINES AND OTHER ACTIONS OR MOVEMENTS."
This Invention of improvements in the method of making working Drawings or
Diagrams, with moving parts to illustrate the working of machines and other actions
or movements, is applicable to a variety of purposes; one purpose is the production
of working diagrams in the drawing office to test the accuracy of what is known
as setting out of the working parts of machinery by describing their relative
positions when in motion with a view to effect the necessary clearance, etc., in the
machinery itself. To this end it has heretofore' been usual to resort in many cases
to the somewhat expensive and clumsy expedient of wooden or metal models.
Another use to which our Invention may be advantageously applied is the
making of working diagrams illustrative of elementary, mechanical, and other
movements for educational purposes.
It has heretofore, in most cases, not been practicable to make illustrative working
Drawings or Diagrams with moving parts of paper or other thin matérial, owing to
the difficulty of making suitable joints which should ensure the accurate working
of the relative parts. The use of pins, needles, or other metal points or centres is
admissible only in a proportionately very limited number of cases.
Where several parts are required to move in different planes upon a common
centre or upon centres eccentric to one another, and these separate revolving planes
are connected with and operate upon other moveable parts, as, for instance, in the
DQ31

page_text: case of a crank and connecting rod an ordinary pin centre is not admissible. To
provide for these more complex movements a special method of connection becomes
necessary, the conditions to be complied with being that the parts or discs shall be
capable of moving freely upon one another and that they shall rotate truly about
their points of connexion, and this without any appreciable projection from any one 5
part or disc to obstruct the motion of the next plane above or below it. By our
Invention we produce joints which comply with these conditions.
One way of forming a joint, according to our Invention, is as follows:-In a
piece of suitable material, for example, paper, we cut a number of slits (say, for
instance, six) radiating from a common centre and all of equal radius and forming 1
equal angles. Thus, the portion of paper between every two slits forms an angle.
We turn up every alternate one of these angles and we introduce a circular piece
of paper (herein-after called the "axis") whose diameter equals just twice the radius
of the slits already mentioned, so that the periphery of the axis abuts against the
edges of the first-named paper at the points of junction of every two angles, and 1
the bases of the turned up angular pieces overlap the one side of the axis whilst the
alternate angular. pieces entirely overlap the other side of the axis to which they
are attached. Over the turned up angular projections we place a piece of paper
(herein-after called the intermediate piece), having in it a hole of the same diameter
as the axis, through which hole the turned up angular pieces pass; and over this
piece of paper we place a ring of paper or other suitable thin material on to which
we turn down in an outward direction and fasten the said angular pieces or pro-
jections. At the opposite side of the piece of paper in which the slits were
originally cut, a circular or other backing may be secured as a means of strength-
ening and keeping in place the angular portions of paper that were not turned up
and upon which the axis was laid.
It will be evident that a joint having been formed in this way, the intermediate
piece will be free to rotate upon the axis and will be retained in a true position.
It will also be evident that the arrangement may be modified so that the axis
may be caused to rotate easily and accurately within the space formed for it
between the angular portions of the first named piece of paper, or the latter may
be caused to rotate truly upon or about the axis, and that for purposes of illustration
other parts or pieces may be attached or connected by similar joints or otherwise
to either or both of them, and a great variety of movements may in this way be
illustrated.
A modification of the foregoing plan consists in forming a circular hole in the
Erst-named piece of paper, and using as an axis the blank or circular part so removed,
a third piece of thin material, preferring very thin tough paper of circular form
externally, being cut with a number of slits radiating from its centre to form angular
portions, which we introduce between the edge or periphery of the axis and that
of the hole to serve as diaphragms, and for retaining the axis in position in the
same plane as the piece of paper into which it is fitted, so that either may be freely
rotated independently of the other.
Joints on the foregoing principles may be made in a large variety of forms
without departing from the distinctive characteristics of our Invention.
The diaphragm piece may be of various forms, as it is not essential that the
portions thereof which are passed between the edge or periphery of the axis and
that of the piece of paper or other material within which the axis is arranged should
be of angular form.
For some purposes, in conjunction with a piece of paper or other material with
a circular hole in it, we use an axis of larger diameter than the said hole, making
the joint by means of a thin diaphragm piece encircling the axis and passing like a
neck through the round hole. By connecting the axis to other parts a variety of
motions may be illustrated, or with the piece of paper formed with a circular hole,
as described, we combine an axis having radial slits at its outer edge or periphery,
the diameter of its uncut portion being equal to the diameter of the hole. Of the
portions of the axis piece between the slits we turn up every alternate one, and we

page_text: pass them through the hole in the other piece of paper, then we turn them down
on to the side of that piece of paper so that the paper embracing the hole is itself
embraced by the projections of the axis piece, and these projections at each side of
the hole may have rings attached to them to keep them in place leaving the axis
free to rotate.
Another arrangement consists in the combination with the axis (which may in
some cases be annular) of a polygonal envelope, arranged to contain and guide the
axis as a bearing, a suitable opening or openings being made in the envelope for
the passage of any attachment required to be made to the contained axis so that
it may rotate within the envelope, or the latter may rotate upon the axis, or both
may be rotated.
The envelope carrying the axis may be arranged with flaps to embrace or overlap
an independent strip of material so as to slide along over it, as for example, to
illustrate the link motion of a steam engine, or the envelope containing the axis,
as described, may be formed with projections arranged to pass through a round hole
or holes in an independent piece or pieces of material so as to form an axis for the
latter, so that the axis in the envelope and the independent piece or pieces external
to the envelope may be accurately rotated even in opposite directions but with a
common axial line.
For some purposes we joint together two pieces of paper or other material, which
we will call A and B, representing moving parts as follows:-Through each we
cut a circular hole. To A we attach a diaphragm piece having internal angular or
other projections which we turn up; over these we place an intermediate ring of
paper or other material, on to which we now turn down in an outward direction
the projections of the diaphragm piece. These projections do not extend to the
outer periphery of the intermediate ring. Over the turned down projections and
intermediate ring we place the piece of material B, attaching it to the intermediate
ring in such manner as to clear the projections of the diaphragm piece which thus
constitutes as it were a hollow polygonal axis on which the intermediate ring may
accurately rotate, carrying B with it; or A may rotate, leaving B stationary, or
both A and B may rotate, and in some cases more than one intermediate ring or
piece may be used, according to the character of the motion or action to be illus-
trated.
In making illustrative diagrams or models, according to our Invention, where
complex movements are required to be shewn; as, for example, to illustrate the
action of a three-cylinder engine we make parts of the machinery of transparent
substance, and we interpose sheets of transparent material between the parts of the
diagram or model arranged to work in different planes to obviate entanglement.
Where it is desirable to simplify the several motions of a complex machine we
use a sheet at the back of the main Drawing connected by three or more points,
one of which must be a working part of the Drawing, by which means we are
enabled to get simultaneous rotary motion at any number of given points of the
Sheet of the Diagram.
Motion may be given by means of a disc of material attached to one of the main
centres or joints at the back of the Drawing or Diagram, a portion of the circum-
ference of the disc extending beyond the paper so as to enable the working parts
of the Drawing or Diagram to be conveniently operated.
Glass is necessary in some cases where a number of parts are in motion to keep
the surfaces from buckling and to protect the parts from injury; by the use of
glass very thin material and many different layers of material can be used in the
working parts so as to operate together.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by the
said Henry Batchelor and Telford Clarence Batchelor in the Great Seal
Patent Office on the 23rd December 1876.
HENRY BATCHELOR and TELFORD CLARENCE BATCHELOR, both of Cardiff, in the
County of Glamorgan. IMPROVEMENTS IN THE METHOD OF MAKING WORKING
DRAWINGS OR DIAGRAMS WITH MOVING PARTS TO ILLUSTRATE THE WORKING OF
MACHINES AND OTHER ACTIONS OR MOVEMENTS."
The accompanying Drawings, in which it may be observed it has been deemed
requisite to exaggerate thicknesses of material and also the bends or curves, in
order the more clearly to illustrate the relative positions of the parts when put
together. Some of the curves or bends in the sectional views are much more
decided and sharp than actually obtains in practice, as will be readily understood,
and in some instances spaces are shewn between adjacent parts which in practice
would not exist.
This Invention of improvements in the method of making working Drawings or
Diagrams with moving parts to illustrate the working of machines and other
actions or movements is applicable to a variety of purposes; one purpose is the
production of working diagrams in the drawing office to test the accuracy of what
is known as "setting out" of the working parts of machinery, by describing their
relative positions when in motion with a view to effect the necessary clearance,
et cætera, in the machinery itself. To this end it has heretofore been usual to resort
in many cases to the somewhat expensive and clumsy expedient of wooden or metal
models.
Another use to which our Invention may be advantageously applied is the
making of working diagrams illustrative of elementary, mechanical, and other
movements for educational purposes.
It has heretofore in most cases not been practicable to make illustrative working
Drawings or Diagrams with moving parts of paper or other thin material, owing to
the difficulty of making suitable joints which should ensure the accurate working of
the relative parts. The use of pins, needles, or other metal points or centres is
admissible only in a proportionately very limited number of cases.
Where several parts are required to move in different planes upon a common
centre, or upon centres eccentric to one another, and these separate revolving planes
are connected with and operate upon other moveable parts, as, for instance, in the
case of a crank and connecting rod an ordinary pin centre is not admissible. To
provide for these more complex movements a special method of connection becomes
necessary, the conditions to be complied with being that the parts or discs shall be
capable of moving freely upon one another, and that they shall rotate truly about
their points of connection, and this without any appreciable projection from any
one part or disc to obstruct the motion of the next plane above or below it. By
our Invention we produce joints which comply with these conditions.
One way of forming a joint according to our Invention is as follows:-In a piece
of suitable material (1, Fig. 1), for example, paper, we cut a number of slits (2)
(six are shewn, but the number may be varied) radiating from a common centre,
and all of equal radius and forming equal angles. Thus the portion of paper between
every two slits forms an angle (3) or (4). We turn up every alternate one (3) of
these angles, and we introduce a circular piece of paper (5), such as is shewn in
Fig. 2, and herein-after called the "axis," whose diameter equals just twice the
radius of the slits already mentioned, so that the periphery of the axis (5) abuts
against the edges of the first-named paper at the points of junction of every two
angles (3), (4), and the bases of the turned-up angular pieces (3) overlap the one
side of the axis (5), whilst the alternate angular pieces (4) entirely overlap the
other side of the axis (5) to which they are attached, as shewn in Figs. 3 and 4.
Over the turned-up angular projections (3) we place a piece of paper (6) (shewn in
Fig. 5, and herein-after called the intermediate piece), having in it a hole (7) of the

page_text: same diameter as the axis (5), through which hole the turned-up angular pieces (3)
pass, as shewn in Fig. 6, and over this piece of paper (6) we place a ring (8), such
as is shewn in Fig. 7, of paper or other suitable thin material, on to which we turn
down in an outward direction and fasten the angular pieces or projections 3, as
shewn in Fig. 8. At the opposite side of the piece of paper (1) in which the slits
were originally cut, a circular or other backing may be secured as a means of
strengthening and keeping in place the angular portions (4) of paper that were not
turned up and upon which the axis (5) was laid. Fig. 8× is a sectional view of the
completed joint.
It will be evident that the pieces (1) and (6) may be of any form desired for
purposes of illustration, and that a joint having been formed in the way above
described, the intermediate piece (6) will be free to rotate upon the axis (5) and
will be retained in a true position.
It will also be evident that the arrangement may be modified so that the axis (5)
may be caused to rotate easily and accurately within the space formed for it
between the angular portions (3), (4), of the first-named piece of paper (1), or the
latter may be caused to rotate truly upon or about the axis (5), and that for purposes
of illustration other parts or pieces may be attached or connected by similar joints or
otherwise, either to the picce 1 or the piece 6, or to both of them, and a great
variety of movements may in this way be illustrated.
A modification of the foregoing plan is shewn in Figs. 9 to 12 inclusive. It
consists in forming a circular hole (9) in the first-named piece of paper (1), as
shewn in Fig. 9, and using as an axis the blank or circular part so removed; a third
piece of thin material (10, Fig. 10), preferring very thin tough paper of circular
form externally, being cut with a number of slits (11) radiating from its centre to
form angular portions (12), (13), which we introduce between the edge or periphery
of the axis (5) and that of the hole (9) to serve as diaphragms, and for retaining
the axis in position in the same plane as the piece of paper into which it is fitted,
as shewn in front view in Fig. 11 and in section in Fig. 12, so that the axis (5) or
the part (1) may either of them be freely rotated independently of the other.
Joints on the foregoing principles may be made in a large variety of forms (some
of which we proceed to describe and illustrate) without departing from the distinctive
characteristics of our Invention.
Figs. 13 to 15 inclusive shew an arrangement in which a round hole is cut in a
piece of paper 1, as described with reference to Fig. 9, and the blank 5 (like Fig. 2)
is used as an axis in conjunction with two diaphragm rings 14, formed as shewn
in Fig. 13, with slits 15. Fig. 14 shews in front view and Fig. 15 in section the
arrangement when the parts are put together. It will be seen that one of the
diaphragm rings 14 is placed at each side of the piece of paper or material 1
concentrically with the hole therein, and the alternate angular portions 3 of the
two rings are caused to lie over one side of the axis 5, whilst the other angular
portions 4 of both rings overlap the axis 5 at its opposite side. For some purposes
we fasten by adhesive substance the angular portions 3 and 4 to the axis 5, so that
the rings shall rotate with the axis. In other cases the rings may be fastened to
the paper 1 and the axis left free to rotate without the rings; or attachments may
be made respectively to one of the rings and to the axis and to the piece 1, so that
three independent movements about a common centre may be realized.
Figs. 16 to 20 inclusive shew a modification in which the blank or axis 5 is held
in place in the hole in the piece 1 by two diaphragm rings (14) Fig. 16, and 20
Fig. 17; Fig. 19 shews the parts put together; Fig. 18 is a section taken in the
line G, H, looking in the direction of the arrow; and Fig. 20 is a similar section
taken in the line I, K.
It will be seen the alternate angular pieces 4 of the ring 20 pass through the
hole in 1, and overlap the ring 14, and that the angular portions 3 of the rings 14
and 20 overlap the blank or axis 5 at the opposite side.
Figs. 21 and 22 shew another modification. The only difference between this
and preceding arrangements is that instead of cutting away the angular pieces of the

page_text: ring 14, .c., those between the portions marked 3 in Fig. 17, they are retained, and
are passed through the hole in the piece 1, and then turned up between the said
piece and the ring 20.
Figs. 23, 24, 25, and 26, shew a modification in which two diaphragm pieces 21
and 22 are used. The diaphragm piece 21 has radial slits 15 at its periphery, and
the diaphragm piece 22 is formed with semicircular slits 23. The axis or blank
(like Fig. 2) of suitable size fits the hole in the piece 1, and has the piece 21 at one
side of it, and the piece 22 at the other side. The parts 24 of the piece 22 pass
between the periphery of the axis 5 and the periphery of the hole in the piece 1,
and they lie against the side of the piece 1 over the portions 25 of the diaphragm
piece 21, and between such portions and the piece 1. The parts 26 of the latter
pass between the periphery of the axis 5, and that of the hole in piece 1, and lio
against the side of piece 1, opposite to that against which the parts 24 and 25
lie. The annular edge of the piece 22 overlaps the parts 26 of the diaphragm
pieco 21.
Figs. 27, 28, and 29, shew a modification in which a piece of paper or other
material 1 (Fig. 27) has a round hole (9) in it, and there is a blank or axis 5 of the
same size as that hole. At each side of the piece 1 and blank or axis 5 is a piece of
paper 27 or 28 (like that shewn in Fig. 28), having a polygonal hole 31 through it,
the holes as shewn as being hexagonal. Parts of the axis 5 overlap the piece of
material 27 at 29, and other parts of the axis 5 overlap the piece of material 28 at
30 (see sectional view, Fig. 28*); thus the overlapped portions of the pieces of
material 27 and 28 (which should be thin) constitute diaphragms, and the blank or
axis 5 may be freely rotated, carrying with it the pieces 27 and 28.
Figs. 30 to 33 inclusive shew a modification of the arrangement last described.
We take two leaves or pieces of paper or similar material 27 and 28 (Fig. 33); out
of each we cut a star-shaped blank as shewn in Fig. 30, leaving a star-shaped hole
in each piece of material 27 and 28. Out of another piece of paper or material 1 we
cut a round blank (5), leaving a round hole 9 (Fig. 31). When the parts are in
their relative positions (Figs. 32 and 33) parts of the blank 5 overlap the alternate
angular portions of the piece of material 27 at 29, and other parts of the blank 5
overlap other alternate angular portions of the piece of material 28 at 30. The
star-shaped blanks are returned to the holes whence they were cut, and are fastened
by adhesive substance to their respective sides of the blank 5. Thus parts of the
blank 5 remain exposed on one side at 29, and on the other side at 30, and
the angular portions of the pieces of material 27 and 28 constitute the diaphragms,
on which and the blank or axis 5 the piece of material 1 is capable of rotating
truly.
Figs. 34 and 35 shew a modification in which there are two concentric blanks,
namely, a round blank or axis 5 and an annular blank 5*. These two blanks are
held between two sheets or pieces of paper .or other material 27 and 28, in which
.radiating slits are cut like those shewn in Fig. 1, but in the present instance more
numerous. The angular portions of material between the slits form the diaphragms,
those marked 29 (of both pieces 27 and 28) pass beneath the blank 5*, then
between its inner edge and the periphery of the axis 5, which they overlap at the
side represented in Fig. 34. The angular portions or diaphragms 30 of the two
pieces of material 27 and 28 overlap the side, shewn in Fig. 34 of the annular
blank 5*, then pass between its inner edge and the periphery of the axis 5, which
latter they overlap at its further or under side.
Fig. 35 shews the relative positions of the parts in section through the line L, M,
of Fig. 34. It will be seen that the piece of material 1 is free to rotate indepen-
dently about the blank 5*, and that the latter may rotate about the axis 5, or the
axis 5 within the blank 5*.
Figs. 36 to 40, inclusive, shew a modification in which two diaphragm pieces 27
and 28 (both formed as shewn in Fig. 37) are used in conjunction with a piece of
paper 1 having a round hole through it, and a blank or axis 5 (Fig. 36) the saine
diameter as that hole. The piece 27 is at one side of the axis 5 and piece 1; the

page_text: piece 28 is at the opposite side. All the angular portions 29 of the piece 27 pass
between the periphery of the hole in piece 1 and the periphery of the axis 5, and
lie over the piece 1. The angular portions 30 of the piece 28 lie over the blank or
axis 5, as shewn in Fig. 39; the alternate angular portions 31 of the same piece
(28) pass between the periphery of the hole in the piece 1 and the periphery of the
axis 5, and overlap the piece 27, as shewn in Fig. 38; thus the angular portions 29
and 31 form the diaphragms.
Figs. 41 and 42 shew a modification in which a piece of paper or material 1,
with a circular blank or axis 5, is used in conjunction with two other pieces of
paper or material 27 and 28. Both these pieces are shewn as having holes through
them slightly smaller than the hole in the piece 1, but the piece 28 need not in all
cases have a hole through it. The piece 1 is laid on the piece 28. Such portions of
the latter as come within the area of the hole in the piece 1 are coated with gum,
or other adhesive substance. Then the piece 27 is laid over the piece 1, with the
holes concentric; the upper part of the diaphragm piece 27, i.e., such part of it as
comes over the hole in the piece 1, is coated with adhesive substance; then the blank
or axis 5 is placed concentrically over the said hole, and pressed into it. This is
done on a mandrel. Thus the blank or axis 5 is secured in the hole, and will rotate
therein with the pieces 27 and 28.
For some purposes, in conjunction with a piece of paper or other material with a
circular hole in it, we use an axis of larger diameter than the said hole, making the
joint by means of a thin diaphragm piece encircling the axis, and passing like a
neck through the round hole. By connecting the axis to other parts a variety of
motions may be illustrated.
Another arrangement consists in the combination with the axis (which may in
some cases be annular) of a polygonal envelope arranged to contain and guide the
axis as a bearing, a suitable opening or openings being made in the envelope for
the passage of any attachment required to be made to the contained axis, so that it
may rotate within the envelope; or the latter may rotate upon the axis, or both may
be rotated.
The envelope carrying the axis may be arranged with flaps to embrace or overlap
an independent strip of material, so as to slide along over it, as, for example, to illus-
trate, the link motion of a steam engine, or the envelope containing the axis, as
described, may be formed with projections arranged to pass through a round hole or
holes in an independent piece or pieces of material, so as to form an axis for the
latter, so that the axis in the envelope and the independent piece or pieces external
to the envelope may be accurately rotated, even in opposite directions, but with a
common axial line.
Figs. 43 to 45 inclusive shew one way of making the polygonal envelope to
enclose the axis. In a piece of paper, or similar material 32 (Fig. 43), we cut a
round hole 33 and four slits. We lay the axis 5 on the piece of material 82, and
concentrically with the hole 33; then we fold over in the directions of the arrows
respectively marked upon them in Fig. 43 the four portions 34, and when so folded
over they form an envelope and enclose the axis 5, as shewn in Figs. 44 and 45,
and a piece of paper or other material is secured over the portions 34 to hold them
together.
Figs. 46 to 49 inclusive shew another way of making the envelope. Two pieces
of paper or similar material 35, 36, of the form shewn in Fig. 46, with a round
hole 33 through each, are laid face to face with an axis 5 between them, as shewn
in Fig. 47; then the angular portions 34 of the piece 35 are folded over and
secured to the piece 36, and the angular portions 37 of the piece 36 are folded over
and secured to the piece 35. Figs. 48 and 49 shew the completed envelope enclosing
the axis 5.
Figs. 50 to 52, inclusive, shew a somewhat similar arrangement, but the envelope
is made with a single star-shaped piece 32, with a round hole 33, the angles 34 being
turned down over the axis 5, as shewn in dotted lines, Fig. 51, and gummed

page_text: or fastened to a piece of paper or other material 39; Fig. 52 19 a sectional
view.
Figs. 53 and 54 shew a similar arrangement, the piece of material 39 forming
flaps 40, embracing an independent strip of material 41, so as to slide along
over it.
Figs. 55 to 57 inclusive represent a modification in which a polygonal envelope
32, enclosing an axis 5, is formed with projections 34, which pass through an inter-
mediate piece of material 6, and through a ring 8, over which the projections 34
are folded, and to which they are fastened. The blank 5 is fastened to a piece 1
at x. : F
For some purposes we joint together two pieces of paper or other material 42, 43,
representing moving parts, as shewn in Figs. 58 to 61 inclusive. Through each
piece we cut a circular hole, as indicated at 44. To the piece 42 we attach a
diaphragm piece 45, having internal, angular, or other projections 46, which we
turn up. Over these we place an intermediate ring 47 of paper or other, material,
on to which we now turn down in an outward direction the projections 46 of the
diaphragm piece, as shewn in Figs. 58 and 59. These projections do not extend to
the outer periphery of the intermediate ring 47. Over the turned down projections
46 and intermediate ring 47 we place the piece of material 43, attaching it to the
intermediate ring 47 in such manner as to clear the projections 46 of the diaphragm
piece, which thus constitutes, as it were, a hollow polygonal axis, on which the
intermediate ring 47 may accurately rotate, carring 43 with it; or 42 may rotate,
leaving 43 stationary, or both 42 and 43 may rotate; and in some cases more than
one intermediate ring or piece may be used, according to the character of the
motion or action to be illustrated.
Figs. 62 to 67 inclusive shew an arrangement in which an annular axis 5
(Fig. 63) is used. A polygonal envelope is formed by cutting out a piece of paper
or other material 32 into the form shewn in Fig. 62; then laying concentrically
upon it the annular axis 5 (Fig. 63); then folding the projections 34 and 47 over
the axis, as shewn in Figs. 64 and 65; then dividing the envelope into two by a
circular cut 50; then attaching to the one part of the envelope (at x, Figs. 66-67)
a piece 42, and to the other part of the envelope (at y, Figs. 66 and 67) another
piece 43. The projections 34 are kept in place by a ring 51 fastened to them, as
partly shewn in Fig. 64.
Figs. 68 and 69 shew a modification in which an axis 5 fixed to the piece 1 is
contained in a polygonal envelope formed of two pieces of paper or other material
32 and 52. The flaps 34 of the piece 32 overlap the periphery of the piece 52,
and are fastened to it. The flaps 47 of the piece 52 overlap, and are fastened to a
ring 8. The piece 1 forms a case or covering or backing, leaving the parts 32 and
52 free to rotate together.
Where it is desirable to simplify the several motions of a complex machine we
use a sheet at the back of the main Drawing connected by three or more points,
one of which must be a working part of the Drawing, by which means we are
enabled to get simultaneous rotary motion at any number of given points of the
Sheet of the Diagram. Such an arrangement is shewn in Figs. 70 and 71, where 60
is the sheet supposed to be at the back of the main Drawing, and 61, 62, 63, are
three joints whereby it is connected to three discs 64, 65, 66, each of which is
jointed at 67 to the portion 68 of the main Drawing. The joints 61, 62, 63, and 67
may be of one or ether of the suitable constructions herein-before described and
illustrated.
Motion may be given by means of the disc 65 attached to one of the main centres
or joints at the back of the Drawing or Diagram, a portion of the circumference of
the said disc extending beyond the paper or material 68, so as to enable the working
parts of the Drawing or Diagram to be conveniently operated.
In making illustrative diagrams or models according to our Invention where
complex movements are required to be shewn, as, for example, to illustrate the

page_text: action of a three-cylinder engine, we make parts of the machinery of transparent
substance, such as strong tracing paper, and we interpose sheets of similar trans-
parent material between the parts of the diagram or model arranged to work in
different planes to obviate entanglement.
Glass is necessary in some cases where a number of parts are in motion to keep
the surfaces from buckling and to protect the parts from injury. By the use of
glass, very thin material and many different layers of material can be used in the
working parts so as to operate together.
To illustrate by way of example one of the many applications of our Invention
we shew on Sheet 2 how a working Drawing or Diagram of a steam engine may be
made. On a sheet of paper 1 folded double, as shewn in Fig. 73, we draw the
stationary parts of the engine shewn in Fig. 72. The moveable parts are made
each of a separate piece of paper. The fold of the paper 1 is slit at 99. Within
the paper
is placed an axis 5 like that shewn in Fig. 69. This axis 5 is at its
central part fastened to the piece of paper 1 at the point z (Fig. 73). Thus by
operating the projecting portion 32× of the piece 32 the pieces 32 and 52 will be
rotated together on the axis 5, the joint being in fact of the same construction as
already shewn in and described with reference to Figs. 68 and 69 (Sheet 1). To
the parts 47 is fastened a piece 75 (Fig. 73) the shape of a crank arm. A piece 76
representing the connecting rod is now jointed at 77 to the crank arm 75, and to a
second crank arm 78 of the same shape as 75. The joint is of the construction
shewn in and described with reference to Figs. 9, 10, and 11. In front of the
crank arm 78 is fastened the eccentric 79.
The fastening is effected as follows:-Behind the piece 79 is fastened a piece 80
of the form shewn in Fig. 74; in it are semicircular holes, the parts 81 being turned
up, and having placed over them an annular piece 82 (Fig. 75) answering to the
eccentric strap; then the parts 81 of 80 are folded over 82 and fastened to 78; thus
the parts 81 form the eccentric body on which the strap 82 works.
The lower end of the connecting rod 76 is jointed at 101 to the beam 102 by a
diaphragm piece 10, and a blank or axis 5 fitting in the hole 9 (Figs. 76). The
beam is jointed to the Drawing 1. This joint is made as follows:-A piece of
paper 80 of the form shewn in Fig. 77 has its parts 81 turned up over an axis 5
and a ring 8, and the parts 81 are fastened to the ring 8; the part 80 is fastened to
the beam 102. The axis 5 is fastened at w to the Drawing 1.
It is needless to enter into details as to the remaining joints, such as those at 103,
104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, and 113, the manner in which they
may be formed being self evident from the description herein-before given with
reference to Sheet 1 of the Drawings.
Having described the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be or may be carried into practical effect, we desire to have it understood that
we do not intend to claim any of the parts of the joints herein-before shewn and
described when taken separately and apart from the combination or application
theroof in manner and for the purposes herein described; but what we consider to
be novel and original, and therefore claim as the Invention secured to us by the
herein-before in part recited Letters Patent is,-
First. The method, substantially as herein-before described and shewn, of making
joints in working Drawings or Diagrams by the use of diaphragms in conjunction
with circular blanks or axes, such diaphragms being interposed between the
peripheries of the said blanks or axes and the concentric peripheries or edges of the
holes which contain or surround the said blanks or axes; and particularly we claim
the several combinations of parts constituting respectively the improved joints con-
structed, arranged, and operating as described with reference to and respectively
shewn in the following groups of Figures, that is to say, in Figs. 1 to 8, in Figs. 9
to 12, in Figs. 13 to 15, in Figs. 16 to 20, in Figs. 21 and 22, in Figs. 23 to 26, in
Figs. 27 to 29, in Figs. 30 to 33, in Figs. 34 and 35, in Figs. 36 to 40, and in
Figs. 41 and 42.
Secondly. The method, substantially as herein-before described and shewn, of

page_text: making joints in working Drawings or Diagrams by the use in combination of
circular blanks or axes, and envelopes so enclosing the said blanks or axes, as
whilst admitting of their attachment to or connection with parts external to the
envelopes to bear at intervals against the peripheries or edges of the said blanks or
axes in such manner as to retain the blanks and envelopes truly concentric the one
with the other, and to permit of their independent rotary movement upon their
common centre; and particularly we claim the several combinations of parts con-
stituting respectively the improved joints constructed, arranged, and operating as
described with reference to and respectively shewn in the following groups of
Figures, that is to say, in Figs. 43 to 45, in Figs. 46 to 49, in Figs. 50 to 52, in
Figs. 53 and 54, in Figs. 55 to 57, in Figs. 58 to 61, in Figs. 62 to 67, in Figs. 68
and 69, and in Figs 70 and 71.
In witness whereof, we, the said Henry Batchelor and Telford Clarence
Batchelor, have hereunto, set our hands and seals, this Twenty-first day of
December, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-
six.
HY. BATCHELOR.
(L.S.)
TELFORD CLARENCE BATCHELOR. (L.S.)