Improvements relating to Steam Engines and Generators and to Apparatus for use in Connection therewith.
Year: 1889

page_text: Date of Application, 25th June, 1889
Complete Specification Left, 25th Mar., 1890-Accepted, 14th June, 1890
TROYDONAL DE MULTICATION.
Improvements relating to Steam Engines and Generators and to
Apparatus for use in Connection therewith.
I, HIRAM STEVENS MAXIM, of Crayford Works, Crayford, in the County of Kent
and 53, Parliament Street, in the City of Westminster, Mechanical Engineer, do
hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
My invention relates to steam-engines and generators and to apparatus for use in
connection therewith.
The main object of my said invention is to provide powerful motor-apparatuswhich,
whilst capable of working with very high steam-pressureand with a very high speed
of piston, will nevertheless be much lighter than steam-engines and generators
heretofore employed.
My improved apparatus may be used with great advantage for aërial navigation by
reason of the extreme lightness of the parts and the small quantity of water required
in the generator, and also by 'reason of the high duty obtained.
My improvements are, moreover, applicable to steam fire-engines, to engines for
steam-launches and the like, and to other portable and stationary engines.
An important feature of my said invention consists in constructing the generator of
a large number of thin metal tubes of very small diameter. I am thus enabled to
subdivide the water as much as is practicable and thus obtain a very large amount of
heating surface in proportion to the volume of water to be heated, whilst making
the generator very much lighter than those of the same horse-power heretofore
constructed.
My improved generator is preferably heated by means of gasoline or other hydro-
carbon vapour or carburetted air, which is fed into perforated tubes or burners.
I provide for continuously feeding or forcing water into the generator, in which it
will be very rapidly converted into steam, and for conducting the steam, after it has
performed its work in the engine, into a condenser from which the feed-pump draws
its supply, a continuous circulation of the water being thus maintained. I am there-
fore enabled to use a small volume of water,and this water being repeatedly converted
into steam, condensed and returned to the generator, it is only necessary, with
portable engines or engines for purposes of locomotion, to carry a reserve supply of
water sufficient to compensate for leakage.
Another important feature of my said invention is the arrangement of pumps for
the supply of water and fuel to the generator and furnace in combination with each
other in such a manner that no fuel can be pumped into the furnace without a corre-
sponding quantity of water being simultaneously pumped into the generator, thus
obviating liability to overheating of the tubes.
My said invention, moreover, comprises improved means for automatically regu-
lating the supply of fuel to the furnace. And it also comprises other improvements
hereinafter mentioned.
My improved generator is conveniently and advantageously constructed as follows,
that is to say-It consists chiefly of tubes of small diameter (say from one sixteenth
to one half of an inch) which can be made very thin and light and yet capable of
withstanding very high internal pressure. Several horizontal series of these tubes are
arranged one above another so that the heated products of combustion impinging on
the tubes in one series will pass upward between the said tubes and will then impinge
upon and pass between the tubes in the series next above it and so on. The water is
forced into the topmost series of tubes, that is to say, into the coolest part of the
generator, and passes thence to the parts of the generator more highly heated. The
FD

page_text: tubes in each series are connected to larger tubes at the ends thereof. The transverse
sectional area of each of these larger tubes is by preference equal or approximately
equal to the collective transverse sectional area of all the small tubes connected with
it. The said larger tubes are provided with division-plates which compel the water
and steam to follow a circuitous path through the generator, so that the feed-pump
must exert a pressure considerably greater than that due to the steam generated, in
order to force the water through the said tubes, the interior of which will thus bo
kept thoroughly clean. I arrange the division-plates in each set of the larger tubes at
a less distance apart than those in the set next below it, and I make the tubes in each
series of smaller diameter and arrange them closer to each other than those in; the
series next below it. Or I increase the number of small tubes in each division from
the top series downward, the object being to increase the area for the passage of water
and steam at the hotter parts of the generator and thus permit expansion of the
steam.
To increase the amount of heating surface without any considerable addition to the
weight and to subdivide the heated products of combustion ascending from the
furnace, I mount upon each series of tubes at suitable distances apart thin plates of
copper or other metal which are brazed to the said tubes; the plates in each series
are placed closer to each other than those in the series next below it so that, as the
products of combustion ascend and gradually part with their heat, each series of tubes
with which they come in contact will have a larger amount of heating surface and a
greater number of plates for subdividing the products of combustion than the pre-
· ceding series of tubes.
Moreover as the products of combustion come last in contact with the coolest part
of the generator, that is to say, the part adjacent to the feed-pipe, they will escape at
a comparatively low temperature.
The furnace preferably consists of a number of perforated tubes or burners
arranged side by side and extending throughout the length of the generator. These
tubes are connected with a pipe for the supply of hydrocarbon vapour or carburetted
air. The lowermost series of tubes of the generator is preferably arranged below the
said perforated tubes or burners so as to form a support therefor. The said series of
tubes is connected with one or more vertical series of tubes which in turn are con-
nected with a large tube extending over the centre of the furnace and connected with
the steam supply pipe of the engine. This large tube is provided with a regulator for
controlling the supply of hydrocarbon to the furnace as hereinafter mentioned. I
sometimes arrange above the uppermost series of tubes of the generator, a series of
tubes through which the hydrocarbon will be forced by the pump so as to utilise the
heat which would otherwise escape, for generating gas or vapourizing tho
hydrocarbon.
I do not confine myself to any special arrangement of the small bore tubes in the
construction of my generator, though I prefer in all cases to introduce the water at a
point as far as practicable from the furnace, and to arrange the large tube, from
which the steam enters the supply pipe, in the hottest part of the furnace.
moreover, desirable that the collective area of the tubes through which the water and
steam have to pass should increase more and more from the feed or inlet pipe towards
the steam or outlet pipe.
It is,
My improved engine may be constructed to work either as a high pressure con-
densing engine or as a compound engine or with triple or quadruple expansion. The
cylinder and other parts of my engine are constructed with a view to obtain great
strength with extreme lightness of the parts. The cylinder consists of a tube of steel
or other suitable metal formed with a slight enlargement or flange at each end to
receive a suitable cover. The piston and piston-rod are both made hollow and the
piston-rod is connected with a hollow cylindrical guide-block or guide-piece working
in a cylindrical guide firmly secured to one of the covers of the engine-cylinder. The
connecting rod is made hollow and is filled with oil or the like, a hole or holes being
provided to permit lubrication of the crank-pin by the oil contained in the said rod.

page_text: The said rod is connected with the cylindrical guide-block by means of a hollow pin
closed at the ends by discs connected by a small screw-bolt, or in any other con-
venient manner.
The connecting rod is provided at each end with universal joints so that it will
adapt itself to any inaccuracy in the relative positions of the cylinder and crank-shaft
and thus ensure the smooth working of the engine. The valve-casing is a hollow
cylinder or tube and is provided with piston-valves fixed on a rod connected with a
suitable eccentric on the engine-shaft. These piston-valves are hollow and are closed
at one end and are connected by a hollow rod. The valve-casing is formed with
suitable ports connected with the cylinder-ports by larger casings surrounding and
brazed on the valve-casing and also brazed on the engine-cylinder.
The valve-casing is connected at each end with a steam supply pipe. Exhaust-ports
are formed in the said valve-casing about midway between the said piston-valves and
are surrounded by a larger casing brazed upon the valve-casing and connected with
the exhaust pipe for conducting the steam to a.condensor or to the receiver of
another cylinder. The aforesaid cylinders, guides and casings are made as thin as is
practicable consistent with high tensile strength. The cylinders are preferably made
from weldless steel or other tubes.
I provide a pump for feeding water into the generator, and another pump for
forcing gasoline or other liquid fuel into the furnace either directly or through the
aforosaid heater or gas-generator and through an injector hereinafter described for
the production of carburetted air; the rods of these pumps are connected and are
worked by means of a rocking lever or other device driven by the engine. I prefer
to use a double-acting pump for the feed-water and to combine therewith a device
serving as a substitute for an ordinary air-vessel. This device comprises a piston
working in a cylinder connected at one end with the suction of the pump, and at its
other end with the delivery of the pump and with the generator. The said piston is
acted upon by a spring which tends to move it towards the delivery end of the said
cylinder, a water buffer or cushion being provided for arresting, without shock or
concussion, the motion of the said piston under the action of the spring. A chamber
provided with a wire-gauze diaphragm or other suitable strainer or filter is connected
with one end of the said cylinder for the purpose of straining or filtering the water
drawn in by the pump. The above described device ensures uniformity of pressure in
the pipe for the delivery of the water into the boiler, the said device acting with a
similar effect to that of an ordinary air-vessel. It is obvious, however, that I can,
desired, use an ordinary air-vessel in combination with the feed-pump.
The suction and delivery valves of the water-pump and the seats of the said valves
are so formed and arranged relatively to each other that, in the closing of the valve,
a small quantity of water will be imprisoned between the valve and its seat, thus
forming a water buffer or cushion, which will effectually prevent hammering of the
valves so that they will work with very little noise.
if
The hydrocarbon-pump is preferably single-acting,and is constructed with a hollow
plungerworking in a suitable cylinder. Isometimes provide interchangeable cylinders
and plungers which can be readily fitted in place and removed, so that I am enabled,
by changing the cylinder and plunger, to vary the quantity of hydrocarbon fed to the
furnace in proportion to the quantity of water fed into the boiler. The pumps can,
therefore, be arranged to feed water into the boiler and fuel into the furnace in the
proper proportions, the said pumps working simultaneously so that when no water is
being forced into the boiler no fuel will be fed to the furnace.
When twin engines are employed in combination with a single generator, I some-
times so construct and arrange the pumps and connect them with the engines that the
engine which is, for the time being, running at a higher speed will operate the said
pumps.
The injector for the production of the carburetted air is connected at one end with
the aforesaid gas-generator or vapourizer, and at its other end with a large tube con-
nected with smaller tubes for conducting the carburetted air to the perforated tubes or
burners of the furnace. The said injector is provided with a suitable nozzle or jet for

page_text: the hydrocarbon vapour from the vapourizer and suitable apertures are provided in
the casing around the said nozzle for the admission of air to be combined with the
hydrocarbon vapour. The injector is, moreover, provided with a valve for controlling
the flow of hydrocarbon vapour through the same. This valve is connected by a tube
or hollow stem with a piston working in a suitable chamber in which is enclosed a
spring which holds or tends to hold the valve off its seat. The said chamber is pro-
vided with a diaphragm which may consist of one or more thicknesses of india-rubber
or other suitable material. If india-rubber is used, the side of the diaphragm next the
piston is covered with gold-foil or platinum-foil or other substance which will protect
it against the action of the hydrocarbon. The space on the other side of thediaphragm
is in connection with a closed tube arranged within the large steam-tube of the gene-
rator. This closed tube is filled with liquid so that pressure generated by overheating
of the said liquid will act upon the aforesaid diaphragm and close the valve of the
injector, thus cutting off the supply of fuel to the furnace. This device forms an
efficient regulator which prevents overheating of the tubes of the generator. The
hydrocarbon-pump is provided with a relief-valve through which the surplus oil will
be returned to the tank or reservoir by the said pump when the valve of the injector
is closed. The tube in which the liquid is contained for regulating the supply of fuel
to the furnace may be arranged in any other suitable manner in or above the furnace.
Moreover the construction of the regulator may be somewhat modified if desired.
The large tube of the generator is preferably fitted with a drain-cock. This may be
advantageous to permit the preliminary heating of the liquid in the regulator-tube.
The steam supply pipe is connected with a valve or valves for controlling the supply
of steam to one or more pairs of engines, the valve-box being fitted with a drain-cock
and with a safety-valve. The stop-valves are made with taper extensions so that they
may be gradually opened or closed.
I provide the engine with a suitable condenser which is connected with the suction
of the pump and with the exhaust-pipe in any convenient manner.
By the construction and arrangement of the generator in the manner hereinbefore
mentioned and by the use of hydrocarbon vapour or carburetted air as fuel, I am
enabled to obtain the required horse-power with much less heating surface than is
necessary in generators as heretofore constructed. I am, moreover, enabled to obtain
a large evaporative power of the generator in proportion to the quantity of fuel con-
sumed, and the weight per horse power is much less than that of generators heretofore
used.
By the employment of hydrocarbon vapour or carburetted air as fuel, I also gain
the advantage that the fire is at all times clean, and is easily regulated or controlled.
I prefer not to evaporate the whole of the water passing through the generator, but
to leave a small percentage thereof for carrying away impurities from the generator.
As the steam leaves the high-pressure cylinder (in a compound engine for example)
at a very high temperature, a portion of this water will expand into steam which will
be utilized in the low-pressure cylinder.
By reason of the small weight of my engine and generator and of the water and
fuel required therefor, I am enabled to apply the same to purposes for which the
ordinary engines and generators are inapplicable on account of their greatweight; for
example to the propulsion of vessels through the air. And I can also modify existing
machines; for instance I can make a steam fire-engine which whilst possessing the
same amount of power for pumping as an ordinary fire-engine can be easily drawn by
one man; or I can make a boat so light that it can be caused to skim the water
instead of cutting its way through the same, and to travel at a much higher speed
than has heretofore been practicable.
It is obvious that I can somewhat modify the construction and arrangement of my
apparatus, without departing from the nature of my invention.
Dated this 25th day of June 1889.
HASELTINE, LAKE & Co.,
45, Southampton Buildings, London, Agents for the Applicant.

page_text: COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements relating to Steam Engines and Generators and to
Apparatus for use in Connection therewith.
I, HIRAM STEVENS MAXIM, of Crayford Works, Crayford, in the County of Kent,
and Victoria Mansions, Victoria Street, in the City of Westminster, Mechanical
Engineer,do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularlydescribed and ascertained in and by thefollowing
statement:-
My invention, relates to steam-engines and generators, and to apparatus for use in
connection therewith.
The main object of my said invention is to provide powerfulmotor apparatus, which,
whilst capable of working with very high steam pressure and with a very high speed
of piston, will nevertheless be much lighter than steam-engines and generators of the
same power, as heretofore usually constructed.
My improved apparatus may be used with great advantage for aërial navigation by
reason of the extreme lightness of the parts and the small quantity of water required
in the generator, and also by reason of the high duty obtained.
My improvements are, moreover, applicable to steam fire-engines, to engines and
boilers for steam-launches, tramway-cars and the like, and to other portable and
stationary engines and boilers.
An important feature of my said invention consists in constructing a steam
generator or boiler with a large number of thin metal tubes of very small diameter,
in such a manner that the water will be subdivided into fine or thread-like streams
and will flow from the cooler to the hotter parts of the furnace and be gradually but
rapidly converted into steam. I am thus enabled to provide a very large amount of
heating surface in proportion to the volume of water to be heated, whilst making the
generator or boiler very much lighter, and adapting it to work with much less water
than boilers of the same horse-power as heretofore usually constructed.
Another important feature of my said invention consists in the arrangement of the
tubes in horizontal, or approximately horizontal series or groups, which are situated
one above another over the furnace or combustion-chamber, and which are divided
into sections in such a manner that the water will flow successively through the said
sections across the furnace from side to side, alternately in either direction. I find it
advantageous to make the tubes in each section or division, larger in diameter than
those in the next preceding section or division; or to employ, in each of the said
sections or divisions, a larger number of tubes than is comprised in the next preceding
section or division; that is to say, to make the collective transverse sectional area of
the tubes in each section or division, greater than that of the tubes in the section or
division next preceding it, thus affording more and more space for the passage of the
water and steam, the nearer the same approach to the hotter parts of the furnace.
The last section or division of the small tubes of the boiler is connected with a
suitable steam-tube which is situated directly over the fire, and whence the steam is
conducted to the engine or motor.
My improved steam generator or boiler is preferably heated by means of liquid or
gaseous fuel, such as gasoline or other hydro-carbon vapour or carburetted air, which
is fed or forced into perforated tubes or burners as hereinafter described, or is supplied
to the furnace in any other convenient manner.
In my improved apparatus, moreover, I provide for the continuous circulation of
the water and steam through the boiler,engine and condenser, that is to say, the circu-
lation in my improved generator or boiler is not of the kind which usually takes place
in steam-boilers as heretofore constructed. In the boilers ordinarily employed, the
water is independently circulated within the same to ensurethe more effectual heating
thereof by convection, and the steam is taken from the boiler at any suitable point
above the water-level, the boiler being of such dimensions that it will contain a very
large quantity of water in proportion to the steam used in each revolution of the

page_text: engine. Whereas, in my apparatus, the circulation of the water in the boiler is not
independent of that of the steam; the feed-pump is connected with one end of the
series of tubes forming the boiler, and the steam-engine with the other end thereof,
the steam being taken from the boiler below the level of the water. The capacity of
my boiler may, therefore, be reduced to a minimum, as the said boiler need only
contain sufficient water to supply the engine with steam for effecting a few strokes or
revolutions thereof, the feed-pump, in each stroke of the engine, pumping into the top
of the boiler, a quantity of water equivalent to the steam used for effecting such
stroke,and this water being converted into steam and performing its work in effecting
a succeeding stroke of the engine, and then being returned to the condenser to be
again pumped into the boiler. The whole, or nearly the whole of the water employed
is, therefore, converted into steam, and utilized in the engine during a few strokes or
revolutions thereof, the water and steam being continuously circulated through the
boiler, the engine and thecondenser. I am thus enabled to use a small volume ofwater,
and this water being repeatedly converted into steam, condensed and returned to the
generator, it is only necessary, with portable engines or engines for purposes of
locomotion, to carry a reserve supply of water sufficient to compensate for leakage.
Another important feature of my said invention is the combination of pumpsforthe
supply of water to the generator or boiler and liquid or gaseous fuel to the
furnace in predetermined relative proportions, in such a manner that no fuel can be
pumped into the furnace without a corresponding quantity of water being simul-
taneously pumped into thegenerator, thusobviatingliabilityto overheating of thetubes.
My said invention, moreover, comprises improved means for automatically
regulating the supply of fuel to the furnace. And it also comprises other improve-
ments hereinafter described.
In the accompanying drawings, I have shown how my said invention may be
conveniently and advantageously carried into practice.
Figure 1 is a transverse section of one form of my improved generator or boiler.
Figure 2 is a vertical longitudinal section on the line x, x, Figure 1, looking to
the left hand side of this figure, and
Figure 3 is a section on the same line looking to the right.
Figures 4, 5 and 6 are horizontal sections respectively on the lines y-y, y—y
and yy, Figure 1, all drawn to an enlarged scale, some of the parts being removed.
Figure 7 is a horizontal section (also drawn to an enlarged scale) on the line y³, y³,
Figure 1, looking upward, and
Figure 8 is a horizontal section on the same line and drawn to the same scale,
looking downward, parts of the steam-tube hereinafter described being shown in
horizontal section
Figure 9 is a side elevation, and
Figure 10 a transverse section of a portion of the generator or boiler, drawn to a
still further enlarged scale, showing details of construction hereinafter described.
Figure 11 is a plan, and
Figure 12 a vertical longitudinal central section, drawn to the same scale as
Figures 1, 2 and 3, showing my improved thermostatic regulator, and other parts
hereinafter referred to.
Figure 13 is a side elevation.
Figure 14 a vertical section on the line z, z, Figure 13, and
Figure 15 a vertical section on the line ', z¹, Figure 14, all drawn to an enlarged
scale, illustrating my improved stop cock or valve for controlling the supply of
steam to twin-engines.
Figure 16 is a plan, partly in horizontal section.
Figure 17 a side elevation, and,
Figure 18 an end elevation, partly in vertical section, illustrating my improved
steam-engine or motor.
Figure 19 is a plan, and
Figure 20 a vertical section on the line 2, 2, Figure 19, both drawn to an
enlarged scale, showing part of the frame of the said engine.

page_text: Figure 21 is a sectional elevation of the crank-shaft, also drawn to an enlarged
scale.
Figure 22 is a plan, and
Figure 23 a vertical longitudinal central section on the line 23, 23, Figure 22, both
drawn to an enlarged scale, showing one of the connecting-rods hereinafter described.
Figure 24 is a plan, partly in horizontal section.
Figure 25 a vertical longitudinal central section on the line z, +, Figure 24, and
Figure 26 a transverse section on the line,, Figures 24 and 25, áll drawn to an
enlarged scale, showing one of the excentric rods hereinafter described.
Figure 27 is a plan, and
Figure 28 a side elevation, partly in vertical central section, both drawn to enlarged
scale, showing my improved feed-water pump and petroleum or hydrocarbon pump.
Figure 29 is a vertical section on the line 26, 26, Figure 27.
"
Figure 30 is a horizontal section on the line 7, 2, Figure 29.
Figure 31 shows a portion of Figure 29, drawn to a still further enlarged scale, and
Figure 32 is a sectional elevation, showing a device hereinafter described, for use
with twin engines, for ensuring the working of the pumps by either engine when
temporarily running at a higher velocity than the other engine, or by both engines
when running at the same speed:
Like letters indicate corresponding parts throughout the drawings.
A, A are tubes of very small diameter (say from one-sixteenth to one-half of an
inch) which are connected with tubes A¹ of comparatively large diameter, the said
tubes being arranged in series or groups as hereinafter described. The said sinall
tubes Acan be made very thin and light and yet capable of withstanding very high
internal pressure. Several horizontal, or approximately horizontal series or groups,
each comprising two large tubes A¹ connected by one or more rows or series of small
tubes A, are arranged one above another so that the heated products of combustion
impinging on the tubes A in one series or group will pass upward between these tubes
and will then impinge upon, and pass between the tubes A in the series or group next
above it and so on. B is the water supply or feed pipe, which is connected with one of
the large tubes of the topmost series or group, so that the water will be introduced
info, the coolest part of the generator and will pass thence to the parts of the generator
more highly heated. The several series or groups of tubes are connected by rows of
small vertical tubes A2 situated alternately on either side of the boiler and extending
from one or other of the tubes Ato the succeeding tube A. The large tubes A are
provided with division-plates A³ (as shown more clearly in Figures 4, 5 and 6) so
arranged that they will compel the water and steam to follow a circuitous path
through the generator as indicated by the arrows in these Figures, the water and
steam having to flow repeatedly across the furnace from side to side, alternately in
either direction. The transverse sectional area of each of the large tubes A¹ should be
equal or approximately equal to the collective transverse sectional area of all the
small tubes in the sections connected with it. The tube A' at the right hand side of
the lowerinost horizontal series or group of tubes above the furnace or combustion
chamber is connected by small vertical tubes A2 with another tube A¹ forming part of
a series or group of tubes, forming one side of the combustion-chamber. The other
sides of this chamber are formed of other series or groups of tubes. These four series
or groups of tubes are so arranged that the water will flow successively through the
same.
C'is a tube of larger diameter than any of the other tubes of the boiler. This tube C
is connected to the tube A' of the last of the aforesaid series or groups by one or
more horizontal, or approximately horizontal rows of small tubes A. The said tube C
extends over the centre of the furnace and forms a receiver or reservoir for the
steam. It is provided with a stop-cock or valve as hereinafter described and is
connected with the steam supply pipe of the engine.
I arrange the division-plates A³ in each set of the large tubes A' at a greater
distance apart than those in the set next above it, and I make the tubes A in each
section or division of slightly larger diameterthanthose in the section or division next

page_text: preceding it. Or I increase the number of small tubes A in each division or section
from that next the feed-pipe to that next the steam-tube C; the object being, as above
stated, to increase the area for the passage of water and steam at the hotter parts of
the generator, and thus permit expansion of the steam.
To increase the amount of heating surface, without adding considerably to the
weight of the generator, and to provide for further subdivision of the heated
products of combustion as they ascend from the furnace, I mount upon each series of
the tubes A, A2, at suitable distances apart, thin plates A' of copper or other metal,
which are brazed to the said tubes and serve for conducting the heat thereto. The
plates A in each series or group of tubes, are placed closer to each other than those in
the series or group next below the same, so that, as the products of combustion ascend
and gradually part with their heat, they will come in contact successively with series
or groups of tubes each of which has a greater number of the said plates A' and con-
sequently a larger amount of heating surface than the preceding series or group of
tubes. Moreover, as the products of combustion come last in contact with the coolest
part of the generator, that is to say, the part adjacent to the feed-pipe B, they will
escape at a comparatively low temperature.
By constructing the boiler with tubes of small diameter as above described, I am
enabled to use very thin metal for the said tubes, whilst making them strong enough
to withstand very high internal pressure; the heat will, therefore, be very rapidly
imparted to the water flowing through the said tubes, and the boiler will be very
light in proportion to its power. Moreover the water being subdivided into fine or
thread-like streams, will be very rapidly converted into steam.
In the boiler above described, the water is introduced through the pipe B into the
corresponding tube A of the topmost series or group; it flows thence through
the central sections of the small tubes A connected with the said tube A', into the
tube A of the same series on the other side of the furnace, from which it returns
across the furnace through the small tubes of the next succeeding sections or divisions,
and so on; it then descends through the upper most series of vertical tubes A2 into
the end divisions of the corresponding tube A¹ of the next horizontal series or
group. The water then flows in like manner through this series or group of
tubes and through the succeeding series or groups, and is gradually though rapidly
converted into steam, which collects in the tube C, and is conducted thence to the
engine.
It will, therefore, be seen that the water is fed into one end of the series of tubes
forming the boiler, and, flowing from the cooler to the hotter parts of the boiler, is
converted into steam, which passes out from the steam-tube Cat the other end of
the said series of tubes into the engine. The said steam-tube is arranged but a short
distance above the fire, so that it will be kept hotter than any other part of the
boiler.
My improved generator or boiler may be surrounded by any suitable casing and
may be provided with an uptake and funnel for carrying off the waste products of
combustion. The spaces between the tubes surrounding the combustion-chamber are
conveniently and advantageously closed by bending over the thin copper or other
conducting plates A brazed to said tubes, these plates being made of such width
that, when bent, they will overlap each other, as more clearly shown in Figures 9
and 10.
I do not confine myself to any-special arrangement of the small bore tubes A, A²,
in the construction of my generator, though I prefer, in all cases, to introduce the
water at a point as far as practicable from the furnace, and to arrange the large tube
or steam-reservoir C from which the steam enters the supply pipe, in the hottest
part of the furnace. It is, moreover, desirable that the collective transverse sectional
area of the several sections or divisions of tubes through which the water and steam
have to pass, should increase more and more from the feed or inlet pipe B towards
the steam-tube C, as above described.
The furnace preferably consists of a number of perforated tubes or burners D
(Figures 11 and 12) arranged side by side and extending throughout, or nearly

page_text: throughout the length of the generator; these tubes are closed at one end and are
connected at the other end to the cross-portion of a T-piece D', to which is
connected a chamber or casing D* provided with a nozzle D². The said nozzle
is connected with a pipe D³ for the supply of hydrocarbon-vapour, and extends towards
the T-piece D so that the said vapour will be directed by the said nozzle into
the T-piece D and through the same into the tubes D. The chamber D* is
provided with apertures D³ to permit the passage of atmospheric air into the same,
to mingle with the hydrocarbon vapour. The lowermost of the horizontal series or
groups of tubes A of the generator is preferably arranged below the perforated
tubes or burners D, so as to form a support therefor. The flow of the hydrocarbon
vapour or carburetted air into the furnace is regulated or controlled by means of a
thermostatic regulator hereinafter described.
I sometimes arrange above the uppermost series or groups of tubes of the generator,
or in any other convenient part of the said generator, a series of tubes or a coil or
coils through which the liquid hydrocarbon will be forced (by the pump hereinafter
described) before its introduction through the nozzle D into the furnace. I thus
utilize the heat which would otherwise escape, for vapourizing the hydrocarbon on
its way to the said nozzle D².
Figures 13, 14 and 15 show a peculiarly constructed stop-valve which may be
advantageously employed in some instances, when the generator is intended for sup-
plying steam to twin-engines, that is to say, to two pair of engines for driving twin
screw-propellers or the like. E is the valve-box or casing, which has a screw-threaded
socket E whereby it is attached to the large tube or steam-reservoir C, as shown in
Figures 11 and 12; E, E are pipes for conveying the steam to the engines. E is
a safety-valve which may be loaded by a spring or otherwise. E, E are the valves
which are fitted to scats E5 and are provided with screw-spindles E and handles or
hand-wheels E7, whereby they can be moved to and from their seats.
This improved stop-valve is very advantageous in cases where one or more pairs of
engines are employed for driving twin screw-propellers for aërial navigation or for
similar purposes, as the two handles or hand-wheels E' can be readily grasped at the
same time, and the steering can then be effected by so regulating the flow of the steam
to the engines that either pair thereof will move at a higher velocity than the
other pair.
Figures 16 to 26 illustrate a compound engine constructed according to my present
improvements with a view to obtain great strength of the parts combined with extreme
lightness thereof..
F is the high-pressure cylinder, and F* is the low-pressure cylinder. These
cylinders consist of tubes of steel or other suitable metal formed with flanges F¹ at
cach end thereof, to which are secured suitable covers F2. The said cylinders F, F*
are provided with ports or apertures F3 for the ingress and egress of the steam. The
pistons G and piston-rods G¹ are made hollow, and the said piston-rods Gare con-
nected with hollow cylindrical guide-blocks or guide-pieces H which work in
cylindrical guides I provided with suitable air-holes I and firmly secured to the
covers F2 at the corresponding ends of the engine-cylinders F, F*. J. J are the
connecting-rods. K is the crank-shaft, and K, K', (Figure 21) are the crank-pins.
These parts are also made hollow, and the said connecting-rods J are so constructed
that they may be filled with oil or other lubricant, one or more holes J' (Figure 23)
being provided therein to permit lubrication of the said crank-pins K' by the oil or
other substance contained in the said rods. The said connecting-rods may, if desired,
be so constructed that the oil contained therein may be used for lubricating the joints
which couple them to the piston-rods. In some instances, I also make the webs of
the cranks hollow, as shown in Figure 21, so that there is a passage through the
crank-shaft from end to end thereof; and I adapt one end of the said shaft for
connection with a suitable device for introducing cooling liquid into the said shaft.
The connecting-rods J are coupled to the cylindrical guide-blocks or guide-pieces H
by means of hollow pins J closed at their ends by discs J3 firmly connected by small
screw-bolts J, or in any other convenient manner. The said connecting-rods J are,

page_text: moreover, provided at each end with universal joints, that is to say, in addition to
the ordinary joint which couples the rod to the crank-pin or to the said guide-piece H,
I provide the said rod at each end with a supplementary joint J³, the axis or pivot of
which is at right angles to that of the ordinary joint. The said connecting-rods will,
therefore, adapt themselves to any inaccuracy in the relative positions of the
cylinders F, F and crank-shaft K, and thus ensure the smooth working of the
engine.
The connecting-rod J comprises a tube of steel or other suitable metal, in one
end of which is firmly secured a tubular piece j having formed on one of its ends a
part of the joint J. In the other end of the main tube is firmly fixed a piece j¹
which is provided with suitable pivots or trunnions. The bolts 2 which connect the
two parts of the bearing for the crank-pin, are formed with eyes which are fitted
upon the said trunnions, thus constituting the supplementary joint J at this end of
the connecting-rod.
The crank-shaft K is supported in suitable bearings K2 formed with, or attached
to a light frame consisting of tubes L firmly secured at their extremities, by means
of screw-threads or otherwise, to plates L'as more clearly shown in Figures 19 and 20,
one of the said plates L' being brazed or otherwise rigidly secured to the cylindrical
guides I. In the apparatus shown, the bearings K2 are firmly held in place on the
tubes L by means of screw-nuts L2, L³ fitting upon correspondingly screw-threaded
enlargements on the said tubes.
M, M are the slide-valve casings, which consist of hollow cylinders or tubes, and
in each of which are fitted hollow piston-valves N connected by a hollow stem or
rod and firmly secured to a rod N. Each of the rods N is connected with an
excentric O on the crank-shaft K by means of an adjustable joint-pin N screwed like
a nut upon the said rod N2, and by means of an excentric-rod 01 and strap 02. By
adjusting the said joint pin N³ in one or the other direction upon the rod N, the
position of the valves relatively to the excentric can be varied as required. The
valve-casings M are formed with suitable ports M¹ connected with the cylinder
ports F3 by short casings of larger diameter than the valve-casings, and
surrounding and brazed upon the said valve-casings and also brazed upon the engine-
cylinders F, F; the said valve-casings are thus firmly united to the corresponding
cylinders. The said valve-casings are connected at each end with steam supply
pipes P. Exhaust ports Q are formed in the valve-casings M about midway between
the steam-ports M', and are also surrounded by short casings Q₁ of larger diameter,
brazed upon the said valve-casings. The exhaust-port of the high-pressure cylinder F
communicates with a pipe Q for conducting the steam from the said cylinder into the
pipe of the low-pressure cylinder F*. The exhaust-port of the low pressure
cylinder F*communicates with an exhaust-pipe Q3,which is connected with a suitable
condenser not shewn in the drawings. The aforesaid cylinders and the hollow guides,
valves, rods and casings are made as thin as is practicable whilst retaining the
required strength to resist tensile or crushing stresses as the case may be. The
cylinders and valve-casings are preferably made from weldless steel tubes.
I sometimes so construct the excentric rods that they will contain oil or other
lubricant which will be supplied to the joint at one end, or at each end of the
said rod through a hole or holes provided for the purpose, as at 03 Figures 24
and 25.
The excentric rod O' comprises a tube of steel or other suitable metal, in one end
of which is firmly fixed a tubular piece O' having an eye which fits upon the joint-
pin N³. The other end of the said tube is firmly secured in a socket 05 on the
excentric strap 0³.
I provide one or more pumps for feeding water into the steam generator or boiler,
and one or more pumps for forcing gasoline or other liquid fuel into the furnace
either directly or through the aforesaid heater, vaporizer or gas-generator and through
the injector or nozzle D².
I so construct and arrange the said pumps that they will be operated simultaneously
and will force water into the generator or boiler and fuel into the vaporizer or directly

page_text: into the furnace in predetermined relative proportions, which may be easily regulated
as hereinafter specified. I prefer that these proportions should be such that the water
pumped into the boiler will be about two or three per cent. greater than the quantity
which can be evaporated by the fuel simultaneously pumped into the furnace, and
consequently some of the water will pass through the generator in a liquid state in
mechanical suspension in the steam. This is important inasmuch as, if the quantity
of water fed into the boiler should at any time be less than could be evaporated by
the fuel simultaneously pumped into the furnace, the thin tubes of the generator
would be liable to injury or destruction by overheating of the same. The water
which is carried by the steam from the generator will enter the high-pressure cylinder
andwill leave this cylinder at a temperature sufficientlyhigh to ensure the evaporation
of the water under the diminished pressure in the low-pressure cylinder, in which the
steam thus formed will be utilized. The water and fuel pumps being operated simul-
taneously by the engine, any increase or decrease in the speed of the engine,
nocessitating the evaporation of more or less water, will cause a corresponding
increase or diminution in the amount of water and fuel supplied to the boiler and
furnace.
In Figures 27 to 30, I have shown a convenient and advantageous arrangement of
the said pumps. R is the barrel and R¹ the piston or plunger of the feed-water
pump. S is the barrel and S¹ the piston or plunger of the liquid-fuel pump. Tho
barrels R, S are firmly secured to a bracket S2. The pistons or plungers R, S¹ are
connected by rod R2 firmly attached to the piston or plunger R and provided with a
head R which is formed with a screw-threaded extension whereby it is secured to
the hollow plunger S. The pumps are worked by means of a rocking shaft T
supported in suitable bearings in the bracket S2, and having fixed upon it a lever T.
This lever is coupled, by means of a connecting-rod T and pins or bolts T3, T4, to the
head R* of the rod R. Rocking or oscillating motion is imparted to the shaft T from
the engine by any convenient means. Or the said pistons or plungers may be worked
by any other suitable device driven by the engine.
I prefer to use for the feed-water, a double-acting pump such as I have shown in
the drawing. R³, R³ (Figures 29 and 30) are the suction-valves and R, R aro
the delivery-valves of this feed-water pump. R5, R are the valve-seats. The
valves R³, R are provided with hollow stems Re for guiding the said valves. All of
the parts are made as thin and light as is practicable consistent with sufficient
strength. The valves and the valve-seats R5 are preferably so formed and arranged
relatively to each other that, in the closing of the valve, a small quantity of water
will be imprisoned between the valve and its seat, thus forming a water buffer or
cushion which will effectually prevent hammering of the said valves, so that they will
work with very little noise. For this purpose, the valve and seat are formed as
shown in Figure 31, that is to say, the valve R³, or R4, is fitted to slide up and down
in recesses or cavities R, RB, one above and the other below the surface R° of the
valve-seat, and these parts are so formed that, when the valve is closed, there will be
between the said valve and its seat, spaces R, R", in which the water will
be confined. In the closing of the valve, the wafer can escape from the said
spaces R10, R only through the narrow annular spaces between the parts R', R³ of
the valve-seat and the corresponding parts of the valve; the valve will, therefore,
he effectually cushioned and will consequently close without injurious shock or
concussion.
I sometimes combine, with the feed-water pump,a device which serves as a substitute
for an ordinary air-vessel, but which occupies much less space than an air-vessel of
ordinary construction. This device is shown more clearly in Figures 29 and 30, and
comprises a piston U working in a cylinder V connected at its lower end with the
suction-pipe W of the pump, and at its upper end with the delivery-pipe W₁ thereof
and through this pipe with the inlet-pipe B of the generator. The said piston U is
acted upon by a spring U which tends to move it towards the said delivery-pipe,
a water-buffer or cushion similar to that above described with reference to the
valves and seats of the feed-water pump, being provided for arresting, without shock

page_text: or concussion, the motion of the said piston under the action of its spring. Any
undue pressure on the delivery side of the pump causes the piston U to move down-
ward and compress the spring U₁, which, when such pressure diminishes, reacts and
again raises the said piston. The said device, therefore, acts with a similar effect
to that of an ordinary air-vessel, thus ensuring uniformity of pressure in the pipe for
the delivery of the water into the boiler.
X is a chamber connecting the suction-pipe W with the cylinder V, and provided
with a wire-gauze or other perforated diaphragm or strainer X¹ for straining or
filtering the water drawn in by the pump.
It is obvious that I can, if desired, use an ordinary air-vessel in combination with
the feed-water pump in place of the aforesaid device.
The hydrocarbon-pump is preferably single-acting, as shown in Figure 28. S³ is
the suction or foot valve. S is the delivery-valve. These valves are also formed,
like the valves R3, R, with hollow stems for guiding them. S5 is the suction-pipe
and S is the delivery-pipe. S7 is a perforated diaphragm or strainer in the said
suction-pipe for filtering the liquid hydrocarbon before it is drawn into the cylinder S.
I sometimes provide for varying the relative proportions of the water and fuel
supplied to the boiler and furnace, by the employment of interchangeable cylinders
and plungers for the fuel-pump. To permit the ready substitution of one cylinder for
another, the cylinder S is screwed at one end to the valve-casing and at its other end
to the bracket S2. The plunger S¹, being screwed to the head R*, can be easily
removed and replaced. The pumps can, by these means, be arranged to feed water
into the boiler and fuel into the furnace in any desired relative proportions, and, as
the said pumps work simultaneously, no fuel will be fed to the furnace unless water
is being simultaneously forced into the boiler.
When twin engines are employed in combination with a single generator or boiler,
I sometimes so construct and arrange the pumps and connect them with the engines,
that, when the engines are running at the same velocity, the said pumps will be
worked by both engines simultaneously, but, when the said engines are temporarily
running at unequal velocities (for instance for the purpose of steering a vessel through
water or air), the engine which is moving at the higher velocity will drive the said
pumps.
For this purpose, I sometimes provide a shaft a (Figure 32) on which are fitted to
rotate two driving-pulleys b, b' connected respectively by belts with pulleys on the
crank-shafts of the engines, so that the said driving-pulleys will be rotated in the
same direction. I connect the shaft a in any convenient manner with the rock-shaft T
(Figures 29 and 30) or with any other suitable device for operating the feed and fuel
pumps.
Between the driving-pulleys b, b1, I fix upon the said shaft a, a double ratchet-
wheel c, that is to say, a wheel having on each side thereof ratchet-teeth, which
engage with corresponding teeth on the hubs 2 of the driving-pulleys. The teeth of
the pulleys are kept in gear with those of the ratchet-wheel c by springs d, d, each of
which bears at one end against the hub of the corresponding pulley and at its other
end against a shoulder, collar or nut on the shaft a, as at c, el.
When both engines are running at the same speed, the pulleys b, b₁ will be driven
at the same velocity, and will remain in gear with the said ratchet-wheel c, and the
pumps will be driven by both engines. Should one engine move at a higher velocity
than the other, the corresponding pulley, say, for example the pulley b. will be driven
at a higher speed than the other pulley, and the shaft a and ratchet wheel c will con-
sequently be rotated at such a velocity that the teeth of the said wheel will run over
the teeth of the pulley b', the spring being alternately compressed and allowed to
react. Or, should the force of the spring be sufficient to resist the action of the belt
on the pulley 1, the said belt will slip upon this pulley. The pumps will, in either
casc, be driven by the engine that is temporarily running at the higher velocity.
For controlling the flow of hydrocarbon vapour through the injector-nozzle D²,
and consequently the supply of fuel to the tubes or burners D, I provide a
thermostatic regulator which is preferably constructed as follows, that is to say:-

page_text: Y (Figures 11 and 12) is a cylinder or casing connected to the chamber D* and
situated behind the nozzle D2. Y¹ is a valve, the seat Y2 of which surrounds the
rear or inlet end of the said nozzle. This valve is connected, by a hollow or tubular
stem Y³, with a piston Y working in the said cylinder or casing Y. In this cylinder
is enclosed a spring Z which holds, or tends to hold the said valve Y'away from its
seat Y. The said cylinder or casing is, moreover, provided with a diaphragm Z,
which may consist of one or more thicknesses of india-rubber or other suitable
material. If india-rubber is used, the side of the said diaphragm next the piston is
covered with gold-foil or platinum-foil or other suitable substance which will protect
it against the action of the hydrocarbon. The space on the other side of the
diaphragm is in connection through a pipe Z2 with one end of a tube or tubular
chamber Z3, the other end of which is hermetically closed. The tube Z³ is arranged
within the large steam tube or reservoir C of the generator or boiler, and is preferably
brazed to the bottom of the said tube C. In the said tube 73 is placed an aqueous
solution of suitable salts, or a mixture of glycerine and water, or other suitable
liquid. The pressure generated by any overheating of the said liquid, will, by acting
upon the diaphragm Z', compress the spring Z and close, or partially close the
valve Y', thus cutting off or diminishing the supply of fuel through the nozzle D² to
the tubes or burners D. The tube 3 being situated in the hottest part of the
generator or boiler, the temperature of the liquid in the said tube will be more
rapidly increased or diminished than that of the water in the boiler. The device
will, therefore,act very efficiently to prevent overheating of the tubes of the generator.
The said tubes 73 may, however, be arranged in any other suitable manner in or
above the furnace. Moreover the construction of the regulator may be somewhat
modified if desired. This apparatus serves to regulate the relative proportions of the
water and fuel supplied to the generator, by automatically varying the quantity of
fuel allowed to enter the furnace.
The hydrocarbon-pump is preferably provided with a suitable relief-valve (not
shown in the drawing) through which the surplus oil will be returned to the fuel tank
or reservoir by the said pump when the valve Y' is closed, or partially closed as above
described.
The large tube or steam reservoir C of the generator is preferably fitted with a drain-
cock.
By the use of hydrocarbon vapour or carburetted air as fuel, I am enabled to obtain
the required horse-power with much less heating surface than would be required with
coal or other solid fuel, and I obviate the necessity for the use of a heavy fire-grate.
I am, moreover, enabled to obtain a large evaporative power of the generator in pro-
portion to the weight of fuel consumed. I also gain the advantage that the fire is at
all times clean and is easily regulated or controlled.
It is obvious that a boiler constructed as above described can be made very light
in proportion to its horse-power. For example, assuming that the small tubes are
about one-tenth of an inch in diameter and one-thousandth of an inch thick, they will
safely withstand a pressure of about two hundred pounds per square inch about four
square feet of heating surface arranged in this manner will produce one horse-power
with a weight of less than three ounces.
:
The provision for causing the water and steam to pass many times across the
furnace is, moreover, important. If the water were to enter one of the larger tubes
and have before it all the small tubes connected therewith, the combined or collective
transverse sectional area of these tubes would be much more than the transverse
sectional area of the feed-water pipe, and a very slight obstruction to the circulation
of the water at any part might cause the whole of the water to pass through some of
the said tubes, leaving the others to be overheated. But with the tubes partitioned off
and divided into sections as above described, the flow of water through the tubes has
to be very rapid and the friction is considerable, and each tube has to convey its quota
of water or steam; and, in order to force the water through the tubes, the feed-pump
must exert a pressure considerably greater than that due to the generation of the

page_text: steam. Therefore there is no liability to overheating of the tubes so long as water is
fed into the boiler in the proper quantity; and the friction in the said tubes serves to
keep them thoroughly clean and prevent the deposit of matter therein. The strainer
in the suction-pipe of the feed-water pump also very effectually assists in preventing
obstruction of the water-passages through the boiler. Moreover, the arrangement
of the tubes so that they form a series of webs over the fire and then surround the fire-
box or combustion-chamber is very advantageous, as is also the use of the thin
metal conducting plates on the tubes.
By reason of the small weight of my engine and generator and of the water and
fuel required therefor, I am enabled to apply the same to purposes for which the
ordinary engines and generaters are inapplicable on account of their great weight, for
example, to the propulsion of vessels through the air. I can also modify existing
machines; for instance I can make a steam fire-engine, which, whilst possessing the
same amount of power for pumping as an ordinary fire-engine, can be easily drawn by
one man; or I can make a boat so light that it can be caused to travel at a much
higher speed than has heretofore been practicable, and, if desired, to skim the water
instead of cutting its way through the same.
It is obvious that I can somewhat modify the construction and arrangement of my
apparatus with departing from the nature of my invention. For instance, instead
of making a compound engine as herein before described, I may construct my improved
engine to work as an ordinary high-pressure engine, or as a high-pressure condensing
engine, or as a triple expansion engine.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said invention
and in what manner the same is to be performed, I wish it understood that I am aware
that it has been proposed to construct steam generators with thick metal tubes, which
are intended to be so highly heated that water injected into the same will be instan-
taneously converted into steam, and which are made with flattened bores or are
arranged concentrically one within another so as to form what are termed "capillary
spaces or passages "into which the water is injected, thus obviating any tendency of
the water to assume the spheroidal condition. But, in my improved generator, the
tubes are not heated sufficiently to cause the water to assume such a condition, the
water is, therefore, not instantaneously converted into steam, but enters the generator
at a comparatively cool part thereof andpasses successively through a large number of
sections or groups of tubes to the hotter parts of the generator, so that it is gradually
though rapidly converted into steam, the temperature in the hottest part of the
generator being sufficient to maintain the steam at the required pressure; moreover the
tubes in my improved generator, instead of being made of thick metal are made as
thin as they can practically be made without unduly weakening them for the purpose
for which they are required. And I claim:-
First. A steam generator or boiler constructed with thin metal tubes, such as I
have herein before described, through which the liquid will flow in very fine or thread-
like streams, for the purpose above specified.
Second. A steam generator or boiler comprising tubes arranged in horizontal, or
approximately horizontal series or groups which are situated one above another, and
which are divided into sections communicating with each other in such a manner that
the liquid will flow successively through the same, substantially as, and for the pur-
pose, above specified.
Third. A steam generator or boiler comprising tubes arranged in horizontal, or
approximately horizontal series or groups which are situated one above another over
the combustion-chamber and are suitably connected, and the lowermost of which is in
communication with other series or groups of tubes arranged around the combustion-
chamber and connected with a steam-tube, for the purposes above specified.
Fourth. A steam generator or boiler which is constructed with horizontal, or
approximately horizontal series or groups of tubes situated one above another and
divided into sections communicating with each other, and wherein the collective

page_text: fransverse sectional area of the tubes in each of the said sections or divisions is greater
than that of the tubes in the next preceding section or division, for the purposes above
specified.
Fifth. A steam generator or boiler constructed with thin metal tubes such as I
have herein before described and with conducting plates or strips fixed upon the said
tubes, for the purposes above specified.
Sixth. A steam generator or boiler comprising tubes arranged in horizontal, or
approximately horizontal series or groups which are situated one above another and
are suitably connected, and each of which consists of tubes of comparatively large
diameter connected by one or more rows of tubes of very small diameter, with or
without partitions in the large tubes for dividing the rows of small tubes into sections
through which the liquid will successively flow, for the purposes above specified.
Seventh. A steam generator or boiler comprising a large number of sections or
groups of thin metal tubes so connected that the water will flow successively through
the said sections or groups, and a large steam tube or reservoir connected with the last
of the said sections or groups and situated within the combustion-chamber, for the
purposes above specified.
Eighth. The combination, with the tubes around the combustion-chamber, of con-
ducting plates or strips, attached to the said tubes and forming therewith the sides of
the said chamber, substantially as, and for the purpose, above specified.
Ninth. The improved boiler formed of thin metal tubes and constructed substan-
tially as described with reference to Figures 1 to 10 of the accompanying drawings,
for the purposes specified.
Tenth. The combination, with a condensing-engine, of a boiler formed of thin
metal tubes such as I have herein before described and adapted to contain but a small
quantity of water equivalent to the quantity of steam required for effecting a few
revolutions of the engine, and means for maintaining a continuous circulation of the
water and steam through the boiler, the engine-cylinders and the condenser, substan-
tially as, and for the purposes, above specified.
Eleventh. A steam generator or boiler provided with suitable pumps which operate
simultaneously for supplying water and liquid or gaseous fuel thereto in pre-
determined relative proportions, for the purpose above specified.
Twelfth. A steam generator or boiler provided with a hydrocarbon vaporizer and
a burner or burners, and with pumps having their plungers connected so that theywill
operate simultaneously for supplying liquid fuel to the said vaporizer and water to the
generator or boiler in predetermined relative proportions, for the purposes above
specified.
Thirteenth. The improved-stop valve constructed substantially as described with
reference to Figures 13, 14 and15 of the drawings, for use with twin engines, for the
purposes above specified.
Fourteenth. An engine wherein the frame is formed of tubes united at their ends
by metal plates, and wherein the piston-rods, the connecting-rods and the eccentric-
rods are made hollow or tubular, substantially as, and for the purposes, set forth.
Fifteenth. The improved engine-frame comprising the tubes firmly united at their
ends by metal plates and having secured upon them the bearings for the crank-shaft,
and the tubular guides secured at one end to the corresponding metal plate and at the
other end to the cylinders, substantially as, and for the purpose, set forth.
Sixteenth. A hollowor tubular connecting-rod constructed substantiallyas described
so that it will serve as a reservoir for containing oil or other substances for lubricating
the joint which couples it to the crank or to the piston-rod, as above specified.
Seventeenth. Ahollowortubular excentric-rod constructed substantially asdescribed
so that it will serve as a reservoir for containing oil or other substances for lubricating
the excentric, or the joint which couples the said rod to the valve-rod, as above
specified.
Eighteenth. The improved engine-cylinder and valve-casing constructed and united

page_text: substantially as herein before described with reference to Figures 16 and 17 of the
drawings, for the purposes specified.
Nineteenth. The combination, with the engine-cylinder and the valve-casing, of
the hollow piston-valves connected by the hollow stem and constructed and arranged
substantially as herein before described with reference to Figures 16 and 17 of the
drawings, for the purposes specified.
Twentieth. The combination of parts comprising the piston-valves connected by
the hollow stem, the adjustable joint-pin and excentric provided with the hollow
or tubular rod, substantially as, and for the purposes, above specified.
Twenty-first. The fuel-pump so constructed that it is adapted for use with inter-
changeable cylinders and plungers, substantially as, and for the purpose, above
specified.
Twenty-second. A device comprising a piston working in a cylinder connected
at one end with the suction-pipe and at its other end with the delivery-pipe of a
pump, and a spring acting upon the said piston, substantially as hereinbefore
described for the purpose above specified.
Twenty-third. The improved apparatus comprising the pump provided with the
suction and delivery valves, and the device serving as a substitute for an air-vessel,
substantially as described with reference to Figures 27 to 30 of the drawings, for
the purposes specified.
Twenty-fourth. The combination, with the steam generator or boiler and the
engine, of the feed-water-pump, the fuel-pump and the means for simultaneously
operating the said pumps, substantially as, and for the purposes, set forth.
Twenty-fifth. The improved engine constructed substantially as described with
reference to Figures 16 to 26 of the accompanying drawings.
Twenty-sixth. The combination, with a steam generator or boiler and with twin
engines provided with one or more pumps, of suitable means whereby the said
pumps will be worked by either engine when moving at a higher velocity than
the other engine, and by both engines when they are moving at the same velocity,
for the purposes above specified.
Twenty-seventh. The herein described method of regulating or controlling the
supply of fuel to the furnace of a boiler by pressure produced by the heating of
liquid in a closed tube or chamber arranged within the said boiler, for the
purpose above specified.
Twenty-eighth. The combination, with a steam generator or boiler, of pumps
for simultaneously supplying water and liquid of gaseous fuel thereto in pre-
determined relative proportions, and suitable means for automatically varying such
proportions by regulating the admission of the fuel to the furnace, for the purposes
above specified.
Twenty-ninth. A thermostatic regulator comprising a closed tube or chamber
arrangedwithin the steam-space of a boiler andcontaining an aqueous solution of salts
or a mixture of glycerine and water or other suitable liquid, and a cylinder or casing
connected with the said tube or chamber and provided with a diaphragm arranged to
act upon a valve for controlling the supply of fuel to the furnace, for the purpose
above specified.
Thirtieth. The combination of parts comprising the cylinder or casing provided
with the diaphragm, the piston and its spring, the nozzle,and the valve for controlling
the supply of fuel through the said nozzle to the furnace, substantially as described
with reference to Figures 11 and 12 of the drawings for the purposes specified.
Thirty-first. The combination with my improved tubular boiler provided with the
steam tube or reservoir, of the thermostatic regulator comprising the closed tube or
chamber arranged within the said steam tube or reservoir, substantially as, and for
the purpose, above specified.
Thirty-second. The combination of my improved boiler constructed with thin metal
tubes such as I have herein before described, and my improved engine constructed

page_text: with the hollow or tubular frame and with the hollow rods, substantially as, and for
the purposes, above specified.
Thirty-third. The improved apparatus comprising the tubularboiler, the engine and
the thermostatic regulator and other devices, all constructed and combined substan-
tially as described with reference to the accompanying drawings and operating as, and
for the purposes, above specified.
Dated this 21st day of March 1890.
HIRAM STEVENS MAXIM.
Haseltine, Lake & Co.,
45, Southampton Buildings, London, Agents for the Applicant.

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