Improvements in Sights for Fire Arms.
Year: 1895

page_text: Date of Application, 21st Dec., 1895
Complete Specification Left, 21st Sept., 1896-Accepted, 5th Dec., 1895
Improvements in Sights for Fire Arms.
A communication to me from VORSLUND-KJAER, of No. 3, K. Holbergsgade, M.D.,
JOHANNES CHRISTIAN JOHANSEN, of No. 4, Jens Juelsgade, Licentiate of
Philosophy, and JENS ZINN, of No. 9, K. Havnegade, Architect, all of
Copenhagen.
I, EDMUND EDWARDS, of the Firm of Edwards and Co., Patent Agents and
Engineers, 65 and 66 Chancery Lane, London, in the County of Middlesex, do
hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
The sight arrangement forming the subject of this invention consists of a sighting
or aiming stud or foresight, and a notched piece or backsight, which may be formed
of any suitable material.
In the accompanying sheet of drawings,
Figures 1, 5, 11, 12 and 13 are rear views of various forms of sights; Figures 2
and 6, are top-views (or plans) of the same; Figures 3, 4, 7, 8, 9 and 10 are side
elevations thereof;
Figures 14, 17 and 18 are specimens of notched pieces, with borizontal lines on
predetermined levels.
Figure 15 shews the notched piece combined with a hinged plate; Figure 16
shews the same with the notch partly closed.
Figure 19 is a top view of the notched piece; Figure 20 is a side elevation
thereof;
Figures 21, 22 and 23, illustrate the complete sight. In Figure 21, the sight is
visible through the partially closed notch ;
Figure 24 shews the sighting stud with marks on predetermined levels, Figure 25
shews the complete sight provided with such stud;
Figures 26 to 40 shew specimens of notched pieces with adjustable side-pieces;
Figures 26 and 32 as well as Figures 28 and 34 being rear views; Figs. 27, 30,
33, 36, 38, 39 and 40, side elevations; Figs. 29 and 35 top views, and Figs. 31
and 37 front elevations of such notched pieces.
"
In speaking of "rear " and "front" elevations, the stock or butt end of the gun
is taken to be " rear of the same, so that the rear portion of the sight is that
which is turned towards the eye of the marksman, supposing his eye to be in situ,
or in its normal situation.
The figures of the drawing are merely intended to illustrate the construction
of the sighting devices, and do not indicate their real size or relative proportions.
The sighting or aiming stud or foresight consists of a foot or base a, adapted to
be fitted into a recess, provided for the purpose in the barrel; and a truncated
square pyramid 6 attached to the said foot or base, resting upon one of the sides,
the rectangular or square base of which pyramid is directed rearwardly towards
the notched piece. The sides of the pyramid, instead of being parallel, may be
made to converge somewhat, either upwards or downwards, which need not involve
any essential modification of the improved arrangement.

page_text: Upon the upper surface of the pyramid, and in the centre thereof, there is
provided either a nipple, such as c. about one millimetre high and wide, which may
be made to shine, if required, by bevelling its top surface, s, Fig. 4, rearwardly;
or a strip, such as d, Figs. 5 and 11, which, if adopted, should appear as a bright
streak in the dark sighting piece, and which may consist of
:-
(1.) A semi-transparent or transparent body, e, Fig. 6, fitted within a notch,
enlarged at its upper part, as illustrated in Fig. 6; in which case the bright streak
will appear no matter whether the light falls upon the sighting piece or stud from
the rear or from the front only: or of :-
(2.) A notch such as b, Figs. 6 and 7. flaring or enlarged in the forward
direction, the luminous streak forming when e is removed, and only appearing
while the sighting piece is held against a light background; or of :-
(3.) A notch enlarged towards its front part and having a smooth bottom
surface, bevelled rearwardly, as at 8, Figure 8, the said bottom surface being, if
desired, formed of a white or brilliant material, in which case the bright streak-
unlike that of the last mentioned arrangement-will not be dependent upon the
brightness or otherwise of the background but will appear owing to the light-
reflecting property of the bottom surface s; or of :-
(4.) A nipple, such as is shewn in Fig. 9, with a smooth surface, bevelled in the
rearward direction, no matter whether such nipple is made of the same material as
the sight itself, viz. iron, for example, or whether it is formed of aluminium or the
like; in which case the bright sighting streak will appear, even though the sight
itself is not illuminated from the rear, since the surface s, will reflect the light
both from its top and front, differing in this from, say, a strip made of a white
non-transparent material and unprovided with any such surface bevelled
rearwardly; or of :-
(5.) A combination of a nipple and strip, either as illustrated in Figure 10, or
in any other similar manner; in which case, in sighting, the complete arrangement
will be found to have assumed the form shewn in Figure 11.
And lastly, the arrangements shewn in Figures 12 & 13 may, if preferred, be
used as sighting or aiming studs, they having all their essential features in common
with the sighting pieces described above, the centre of the sight being here either
raised 1 millimetre, or thereabouts, above the sides, or sunk the same distance
below the same.
Both the nipple and the streak (whichever may be preferred) may differ in
shape from those exemplified in the drawings, provided the 1 millimetre depth, or
thereabouts (as mentioned above) is substantially adhered to, especially in the case
of the sighting stud.
It will further be understood that the pyramid may be rigidly and directly
connected with the barrel of the gun, or in other words that the sighting piece
need have no foot, and that the nipple, about 1 millimetre deep, may be made
adjustable, instead of being fixed in the centre, without departing from the essential
features of the improved sighting piece or stud.
The width of the rearward surface of the improved sight, when applied to
ordinary infantry rifles, should be at least 5 millimetres, while its height or depth
may vary as may be desired, where the height of the stud or projection admits of
it, it may be provided with marks on predetermined levels, as shewn in Figure 24,
or, as shewn in Figure 25, for example, the edge of the notch may be similarly
marked in different planes of its height, the object of such marks being to enable
aim to be taken at various distances.
The notched piece or backsight,-in forming or attaching which any suitable
means may be employed (the nature of such means being immaterial, and liable to
vary according to the particular kind of firearm to be dealt with)-is shewn in
Figures 14 to 20 in the form of a plate, the upper edge of which is cut away at an
angle, or bevelled, in the forward direction, as shewn in Figure 20, so that the part
or edge turned rearwardly presents a sharply defined line. In the centre of the
notched piece, there is formed a vertical rectangular notch, provided with

page_text: horizontal recesses or grooves on the sides, which grooves are cut on predetermined
levels, so that the horizontal limiting lines correspond to different distances in
sighting, the lowermost horizontal line, for example, corresponding to a distance
of 200 metres, the central horizontal line to a distance of 300 metres, and the
uppermost line, to a distance of 400 metrs, as indicated at 2, 3 and 4 in
Figure 14.
Figures 17 and 18 represent other forms of notches having horizontal lines on
different levels.
Figure 19 is a top-view or plan of the notch.
The sides are bevelled or inclined in front, so that the edges of the notch present
sharp lines to the marksman's eye.
To the notched piece is, or may be, hinged a plate h, Figures 15 and 16, or some
other equivalent device may be substituted for such plate; its object being to
enable the said notch to be partly closed or covered in, in such a manner, for
example, that the upper portion of it, alone remains visible, as shewn in
Figure 16.
The width of the notch is so proportioned to the width of the sighting stud or
projection, that, while aim is being taken, the said stud fills up the notch to such
an extent as to leave a narrow, though distinctly visible streak of light on each side
of such stud or projecting piece. Opposite to the horizontal grooves or recesses,
which should be so cut that the horizontal lines may be sharply defined, the
luminous streaks will appear wider than at the others parts, while if the stud be
made sufficiently high, narrow streaks of light will also show on either side of the
lower part of the notch.
Figure 21. indicates the position of the sighting stud in relation to the notch,
when the lower part of the latter is closed in.
The upper edge of the sighting projecting is maintained in alignment with the
upper edge of the notched piece, so that streaks of light equal in size will appear
on either side of the projection or stud. The nipple c, or strip d, is maintained
immediately underneath the sighting point.
Figures 22 and 23 show the sight in a line, or flush with, the central and the
Jowermost horizontal distance line, respectively.
Although it has been above stated that the notch is rectangular in shape, we
desire it to be distinctly understood that its sides may slightly converge, if required,
without departing from the principle of the invention.
Figures 26 to 31 show a notched piece, wherein the heads of the screws,
employed in screwing the said notched piece to the sight, are directed forwards,
while Figs. 32 to 37, show such screw heads directedly rearwardly. Figures 26
and 32, and 27 and 33, represent the stationary piece which may be rivetted,
soldered or otherwise secured to other notched pieces.
Figures 28 to 31, and 34 to 37 show finished notched pieces. The number 1,
designates the stationary side portions, which are always turned rearwardly, i.e.
towards the marksman's eye, the edges of these plates, which are towards the
centre of the notched piece, being vertical and parallel to, or slightly converging
towards, each other.
In the stationary notched piece, as shown in Figures 26 and 27, there is provided
a recess b, while in the arrangement shown in Figures 32 and 33, it has a horizontal
tongue, such as k, and in the corresponding side there is also formed either a
tongue or a recess (as the case may be), so that, these parts, when joined, may fit
each other as illustrated in Figures 30 and 36.
The horizontal grooves and tongues may assume the shapes in which they are
represented at bin Figure 38, or some other similar configuration, without departing
from the principle of the invention.
In the stationary notched pieces, Figures 26 to 31 there are provided slide
ways or slots c for the reception of screws, or tapped holes such as f Figures 32
to 37, while similar holes or slide ways for screws are also formed in the adjustable
side portions.

page_text: By means of the screws s, the heads of which are larger in diameter than the
slide ways or slots provided for their reception, the parts may be finally screwed
together, and upon loosening the screws, the said parts may be adjusted, as far as
the slots admit of their displacement.
In the stationary notched piece, a notch a is formed, having its bottom
Burface inclined in the forward direction, such surface constituting the bottom of
the notch to be formed. The width and depth of the notch may vary according
to circumstances.
Figures 39 and 40 are side views of a form of notched piece with adjustable side
parts 1, constructed substantially as described above.
The improved sighting arrangement enables the following results to be
attained, viz. :-
(1.) A precise adjustment as to height, or in the vertical plane or direction;
since any deviation will be clearly manifest-when the upper edge of the wide
sighting piece and the upper edge of the notched piece are adjusted or brought
into the proper relation to each other.
(2.) An accurate lateral adjustment, since the least displacement or obliquity
of the sight will at once be noticeable by the total or partial disappearance of one
streak of light, while the other streak will widen or expand in proportion.
(3.) Exceptional nicety in sighting or aiming, owing to the delicate construction
of the nipple or strip.
(4.) Absence of any glittering or dazzling effect of the light admitted through
the notch, as no lines of flickering light can be seen against the dark background
of the eighting stud, while the object sighted or aimed at, is as far as practicable
protected from the blurring or confusing action of the light owing to the size of
the notch, so that a far more distinct aim may be taken by means of this
arrangement than could be done with narrower notches.
(5.) Changes in the nature or incidence of the light are unimportant, in so far
as the sighting arrangement itself is concerned, with which the process of sighting
or aiming in all cases remains practically uniform and constant.
(6.) The sighting arrangement especially as regards the projecting piece or stud,
is as strong and firm as can be desired.
(7.) The provision of the notched piece with horizontal lines on predetermined
levels furthermore admits of accurate sighting or aiming at two, three, or more
different distances, without necessitating any adjustment of the sight, it being only
Decessary for the marksman to raise or lower his eye.
When notched pieces, such as are herein described, are employed in connection
with the Danish 8 millimetres rifle, with two notches, aim may be taken with equal
precision at distances of 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, or 700 metres, it being only
necessary to raise or lower the sight, according as the distance is greater or less.
(8.) The accurately divided notch may, in case of need, be employed in
measuring distances.
(9.) Where the notched piece is provided with adjustable side-pieces, the
sighting arrangement may, by the marksman himself, be set or regulated so as
to suit his eye and the particular construction of his firearm, whatever it
may be.
Dated this 20th dow of December 1805

page_text: FIRE ATHIS.
A communication to me from VORSLUND-KJAER, of No. 3, K. Holbergsgade, M.D.,
JOHANNES CHRISTIAN JOHANSEN, of No. 4, O. Jens Juelsgade, Licentiate
of Philosophy, and JENS ZINN, of No. 9, K. Havnegade, Architect, all of
Copenhagen.
I, EDMUND EDWARDS, of the Firm of Edwards and Co. Patent Agents and
Engineers, of 65 and 66 Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex, do hereby
declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to be
performed to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement and accompanying drawings that is to say :-
The sighting arrangement forming the subject of this invention consists of a
sighting or aiming stud (or foresight), and a notched piece (or backsight), which
may be formed of any suitable material.
In the sheet of drawings which was lodged with the Provisional Specification
accompanying my application for the grant of Letters Patent,
Figures 1, 5, 11, 12, and 13 are rear views of various forms of sights; Figures 2
and 6 are top-views (or plans) of the same; Figures 3, 4, 7, 8, 9 and 10 are side
elevations thereof;
Figures 14; 17, and 18 are specimens of notched pieces, with horizontal lines on
pre-determined levels;
Figure 15 shows the notched piece combined with a hinged plate; Figure 16
shows the same with the notch partly closed;
Figure 19 is a top-view of the notched piece; Figure 20 is a side elevation
thereof;
Figures 21, 22 and 23 illustrate the sight; in Figure 21 the sight is visible
through the partially closed notch ;
Figure 24 shows the sighting stud with marks on pre-determined levels;
Figure 25 shows the sight provided with such stud;
Figures 26 to 40 show specimens of notched pieces with adjustable side pieces;
Figures 26 and 32, as well as Figures 28 and 34 being rear views; Figures 27, 30,
33, 36, 38, 39, and 40, side elevations; Figures 29 and 35, top-views; and
Figures 31 and 37 front elevations of such notched pieces.
In speaking of "rear and "front" elevations, the stock or butt end of the gun
is taken to be " "
rear of the same, so that the rear portion of the sight is that
which is turned towards the eye of the marksman, supposing his eye to be in situ, or
in its normal situation.
The figures of the drawings are merely intended to illustrate the construction
of the sighting devices, and do not indicate their real size or relative porportions.
The sighting or aiming stud consists of a foot or base a, adapted to be fitted
into a recess, provided for the purpose on the barrel; and a truncated square
pyramid b, attached to the said foot or base, resting upon one of the sides; the
rectangular or square base of which pyramid is directed rearwardly towards the
notched piece. The sides of the pyramid, instead of being parallel, may be made
to converge somewhat, either upwards or downwards, which need not involve aus
essential modification of the improved arrangement. Upon the upper surface of
the pyramid, and in the centre thereof, there is provided either a nipple, such
as c, about 1 millimetre high and wide which may be made to shine, if required,
by bevelling its top surface, s, Figure 4, rearwardly; or a strip, such as d
Figures 5 and 11, which, if adopted, should appear as a bright streak in the dark
sighting piece, and which may consist of-
(1) A semi-transparent or transparent body, e, Figure 6, fitted within a notch,

page_text: enlarged at its upper part, as illustrated in Figure 6; in which case the bright
streak will appear no matter whether the light falls upon the sighting piece or stud
from the rear or from the front only; or of
(2) A notch, such as b, Figures 6 and 7, flaring or enlarged in the forward
direction, the luminous streak forming when e is removed, and only appearing
while the sighting piece is held against a light background; or of-
(3) A notch enlarged towards its front part and having a smooth bottom surface,
bevelled rearwardly, as at s, Figure 8, the said bottom surface being, if desired,
formed of a white or brilliant material; in which case the bright streak-unlike
that of the last-mentioned arrangement-will not be dependent upon the brightness
or otherwise of the background, but will appear owing to the light-reflecting
property of the bottom surfaces; or of-
(4) A nipple, such as is shown in Figure 9, with a smooth surfaces; bevelled in
the rearward direction, no matter whether such nipple is made of the same material
as the sight itself,-viz. iron, for example,--or whether it is formed of aluminium
or the like; in which case the bright sighting streak will appear, even though the
sight itself is not illuminated from the rear, since the surfaces will reflect the light
both from its top and front; differing in this from, say, a strip made of a white
non-transparent material and unprovided with any such surface bevelled rearwardly;
or of
(5) A combination of a nipple and strip, either as illustrated in Figure 10 or in
any other similar manner; in which case, in sighting, the complete arrangement
will be found to have assumed the form shown in Figure 11.
And, lastly, the arrangements shown in Figures 12 and 13 may, if preferred, be
used as sighting or aiming studs, they having all their essential features in common
with the sighting pieces described above; the centre of the sight being here either
raised 1 millimetre, or thereabouts, above the sides, or sunk the same distance
below the same.
Both the nipple and the streak (whichever may be preferred) may differ in shape
from those exemplified in the drawings, provided the 1 millimetre depth, or there-
abouts (as mentioned above), is substantially adhered. to,-especially in the case of
the sighting stud.
It will further be understood that the pyramid may be rigidly and directly
connected with the barrel of the gun,-or in other words that the sighting piece
need have no foot, and that the nipple, about 1 millimetre deep, may be made
adjustable, instead of being fixed in the centre, without departing from the essential
features of the improved sighting piece or stud.
The width of the rearward surface of the improved sight, when applied to
ordinary infantry rifles, should be at least 5 millimetres, while its height or depth
may vary as may be desired. Where the height of the stud or projection admits
of it, it may be provided with marks on predetermined levels as shown in
Figure 24; or, as shown in Figure 25, for example, the edge of the notch may be
similarly marked in different planes of its height; the object of such marks being
to enable aim to be taken at various distances.
The notched piece-in forming or attaching which any suitable means may be
employed (the nature of such means being immaterial, and liable to vary according
to the particular kind of firearm to be dealt with)-is shown in Figures 14 to 20
in the form of a plate, the upper edge of which is cut away at an angle, or
bevelled, in the forward direction, as shewn in Figure 20, so that the part or edge
turned rearwardly presents a sharply defined line. In the centre of the notched
piece, there is formed a vertical rectangular notch g, provided with horizontal
recesses or grooves on the sides; which grooves are cut on predetermined levels,
so that the horizontal limiting lines correspond to different distances in sighting i
the lowermost horizontal lines, for example, corresponding to a distance of
200 metres; the central horizontal line to a distance of 300 metres; and the
uppermost line to a distance of 400 metres,-as indicated at 2, 3, and 4, in
Figure 14.

page_text: Figures 17 and 18 represent other forms of notches having horizontal lines on
different levels.
Figure 19 is a top-view or plan of the notch.
The sides are bevelled or inclined in front, so that the edges of the notch present
sharp lines to the marksman's eye.
To the notched piece is, or may be, hinged a plate h Figures 15 and 16, or
some other equivalent device may be substituted for such plate; its object being-
to enable the said notch to be partly closed or covered in, in such a manner,
for example, that the upper portion of it alone remains visible, as shown in
Figure 16.
The width of the notch is so proportioned to the width of the sighting stud or
projection, that, while aim is being taken, the said stud fills up the notch to such
an extent as to leave a narrow, though distinctly visible, streak of light on each
side of such stud or projecting piece.
Opposite to the horizontal grooves or recesses, which should be so cut that
the horizontal lines may be sharply defined, the luminous streaks will appear
wider than at the other parts; while if the stud be made sufficiently high,
narrow streaks of light will also show on either side of the lower part of the
notch.
Figure 21 indicates the position of the sighting stud in relation to the notch,
when the lower part of the latter is closed in. The upper edge of the sighting
projection is maintained in alignment with the upper edge of the notched piece,
so that streaks of light equal in size will appear on either side of the projection or
stud. The nipple c, or strip d, is maintained immediately underneath the sighting
point.
Figures 22 and 23 show the sight in a line, or flush with the central and the
lowermost horizontal distance line, respectively..
Although it has been above stated that the notch is rectangular in shape, we-
desire it to be distinctly understood that its sides may slightly converge, if required,
without departing from the principle of the invention.
Figures 26 to 31 show a notched piece, wherein the heads of the screws, employed:
in screwing the said notched piece to the sight, are directed forwards; while
Figures 32 to 37, show such screw heads directed rearwardly, in situ.
Figures 26 and 32, and 27 and 33, represent the stationary piece, which may be.
rivetted, soldered or otherwise secured to other notched pieces.
Figures 28 to 31 and 34 to 37 show ready-made notched pieces. The letter l
designates the stationary side portions, which are always turned rearwardly,
i.e. towards the marksman's eye, the edges of these plates,-which are towards the
centre of the notched piece,-being vertical and parallel to, or slightly converging-
towards, each other.
In the stationary notched piece, as shown in Figures 26 and 27, there is provided
a recess b, while in the arrangement shown in Figures 32 and 33 it has a horizontal
tongue, such as k, and in the corresponding side there is also formed either a tongue.
or a recess (as the case may be), so that these parts, when joined, may fit each
other as illustrated in Figures 30 and 36.
The horizontal grooves and tongues may assume the shapes in which they are
represented at in Figure 38, or some other similar configuration, without
departing from the principle of the invention.
In the stationary notched pieces, Figures 26-31, there are provided slide ways
or slots c¹ for the reception of screws, or tapped holes such as f¹, Figures 32 to 37,
while similar holes or slide ways for screws are also formed in the adjustable
side portions.
By means of the screws s, the heads of which are larger in diameter than the
slide ways or slots provided for their reception, the parts may be firmly screwed
together; and upon loosening the screws, the said parts may be adjusted, as far as
the slots admit of their displacement.
In the stationary notched piece, a notch a¹ is formed having its bottom surface

page_text: inclined in the forward direction, such surface constituting the bottom of the
notch to be formed. The width and depth of the notch may vary according to
circumstances.
Figures 39 and 40 are side views of a form of notched pieces with adjustable
side parts, constructed substantially as described above.
In the drawing accompanying my Complete Specification, Figure 41 represents
a back view of a sighting stud or foresight, similar to those already described, but
in which the sighting device, that is to say the stud or nipple c is arranged in front
or at the back of an aperture or notch in the aiming device b. This stud, as well
as the aperture, may be of any other suitable shape instead of that shewn in the
figure.
Figure 42 is a side view and Figure 43 a plan of the sighting or aiming stud b,
already herein before described but in combination with a foot or bottom-piece a,
provided with a pin d, whilst the aiming stud has a suitable hole, carrying a
screw s. By screwing this screw against the pin d, it serves to fix the stud b in its
proper place, and by unscrewing it, the removal, and exchange of the said stud for
another similar one, are easy. In order to facilitate the fastening of the stud b, its
bottom-piece a may have a slight projection for of a similar kind which fits into a
corresponding recess in b.
The portion of the bottom piece a (see the top view in Figure 44), which
carries the pin d may be made adjustable, the remaining part of this piece being
however fixed.
The Figures 45 to 50 show some forms of notched pieces having moveably
arranged side-portions; this arrangement may be obtained by means of screws as
already hereinbefore described, but by the modified method of construction shown
the size is reduced to a minimum, so that if notched pieces, constructed in this
manner, are made use of, they will not cause any inconvenience on account of their
dimensions and may be easily added to any gun whatever. This involves a great
advantage, because if not impracticable, it would certainly be expensive, to renew
the whole sighting devices, in case the providing the gun with notched pieces
having moveably arranged side portions should be desirable.
The modified construction moreover is very simple and inexpensive.
Figure 45 shews, in back view, the stationary portion which may easily be
mounted upon any gun, by means of screws or the like. This portion is provided
with a groove or recess u at each end for the reception of the moveably arranged
side portions SK (see Figures 46, 47 and 50), and with a hole o to receive a screw,
and with a notch at the top K, the bottom of which may carry a nipple or stud as
shewn in Figure 45 or it may be provided with a notch, whereby the lateral
direction can also be marked during the aiming, at the sides of the aiming-stud
and not only by the streaks of light.
In Figure 46, one of the moveably-arranged sliding side-portions is shewn
at S K in front view, the corresponding one at the other end being removed. The
right and left-handed screw t is inserted into the hole o, and is provided with
collars so that it cannot move endways, and by turning it, the side-portious S K
are then caused either to simultaneously draw nearer to each other or to recede
from one another, by means of lateral projections S K² (Figures 47 and 50) upon
their back.
Figure 50 is a side view and Figure 47 a sectional plan shewing these moveably-
arranged side-portions SK (or S K¹), with their lateral projections SK which fit
and slide in the recesses u, (Figure 46) and are provided with a suitable hole o for
the reception of the right and left-handed screw, the inside edges of SK, S K¹,
forming the sides of the notch, which are made to approach or recede from each
other simultaneously, by turning the screw in one or other direction.
Figures 48 and 49 shew the said portion vin side view, the groove or recess u
being shewn rectangular in Figure 48, and dovetailed shape in Figure 49, in the
latter case the projection S K2 which fits the groove being of corresponding shape,
as shewn in Figure 50. The hole through the central portion of v to receive the

page_text: screw is shewn open at the side at o¹, Figure 49, so that the said screw can be
fitted in its place from the side. Instead of a single screw t, which is fixed-
through the hole o-upon the portion v, two such screws-one for each side-
portion may be arranged in a similar manner. The hole o must in this case be
provided with threads for the reception of these screws. In this case, each of the
side-portions may be made adjustable, independently of one another. Of course
one of the side-portions of the notched piece may be made stationary, and in such
case it is rendered possible to dispense with one of the adjustably-arranged-side-
portions.
The "back sight" herein before described, which is said to be provided with
marks at predetermined levels, may of course be constructed as one of the ordinary
sighting devices; and in some cases it may be provided with a sliding-piece or the
like, on which all the distances, for example those from 100 to 2000 mêtres, are
indicated in the manner already described.
In such a case it preferable to select for this part of the sight, marks striking
the eye, no matter of which kind they are, corresponding to certain distances; for
instance 500-1000-1500 and 2000 metres, so that these marks may be sharply
defined in comparison with the other ones. One of the sides of the notch may be
dispensed with, and the remaining one provided with marks at predetermined levels
and used as the "back sight."
It is of course possible for two, three, or more plates of this kind to be made use
of, as ordinary folding sights, applied to a gun or in any other manner.
The improved sighting arrangements enable the following results to be
obtained, viz.
(1) A precise adjustment as to height, or in the vertical plane or direction;
since any deviation will be clearly manifest, when the upper edge of the wide
sighting piece and the upper edge of the notched piece are adjusted or brought
into the proper relation to each other.
(2) An accurate lateral adjustment, since the least displacement or obliquity of
the sight will at once be noticeable by the total or partial disappearance of one
streak of light, while the other streak will widen or expand in proportion.
(3) Exceptional nicety in sighting or aiming, owing to the delicate construction
of the nipple or strip.
(4) Absence of any glittering or dazzling effect of the light admitted through
the notch, as no lines of flickering light can be seen against the dark background
of the sighting stud, while the object sighted, or aimed at, is as far as possible
protected from the blurring or confusing action of the light, owing to the size of
the notch, so that a far more distinct aim may be taken by means of this
arrangement than could be done with narrower notches.
(5) Changes in the nature or incidence of the light are unimportant, in so far as
the sighting arrangement itself is concerned, with which the process of sighting or
aiming in all cases remains practically uniform and constant.
(6) The sighting arrangement, especially as regards the projecting piece or stud,
is as strong and firm as may be desired.
(7) The provision of the notched piece with horizontal lines on predetermined
levels furthermore admits of accurate sighting or aiming at two, three, or more
different distances, without necessitating any adjustment of the sight, it being only
necessary for the marksman to raise or lower his eye.
When notched pieces, such as are herein described, are employed in connection
with the Danish 8 millimetres rifle, with two notches, aim may be taken with
equal precision at distances of 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, or 700 metres, it being
only necessary to raise or lower the sight, according as the distance is greater
or less.
(8) The accurately divided notch may, in case of need, be employed in measuring
distances.
(9) Where the notched piece is provided with adjustable side-pieces, the sighting

page_text: arrangement may, by the marksman himself, be set or regulated so as to suit his
eye and the particular construction of his firearm, whatever it may be.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said
invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
claim is :-
1. In sight-arrangements for fire-arms, the arrangement of the "back sight"
formed by a plate or the like, in which is formed an aperture g, or a similar
opening, the bordering sides of which are parallel or slightly converging to each
other, and which plate is provided with one or more incisions or other marks at
predetermined levels, or with sharply defined marks at certain predetermined
levels, these marks indicating the necessary elevations for the various distances,-
or is provided with a sliding-piece or the like-one portion of the said aperture
being arranged in such a manner, that it can be closed or covered according to
requirement also the arrangement of the "front sight" so that it may be of
broad appearance and provided with a horizontal upper edge and with sighting
marks (stud, notch, or the like);-also that the width of the aperture 9 and that
of the aiming-stud may agree in such a manner, that in aiming on either side
of this stud, a delicate but distinct streak of light will be produced-so that it
is possible by this arrangement to obtain an exceptional nicety in sighting or
aiming as well as regards the elevation as the direction-at two, three, or more
different distances without necessitating any adjustment of the sight, it being only
necessary for the marksman to raise or lower his eye.
2. A back sight" as described in the first claim, or having adjustably-arranged
side-portions; or a "back sight" in which only one of the side-portions at the
edge of the aperture g is made use of.
3. Back-sights" in the shape of plates, so that they may easily be adapted to
any kind of sights, or similar ones with an aperture like g, or with a nipple or stud
at the bottom of the notched piece (as illustrated in Figure 45), or parts of the
same where the side-portions are made adjustable for example, adjustably arranged
by screws as illustrated or similarly arranged, in order that the aperture may then
be easily fitted and made to exactly agree as regards its width with the sighting-
stud, especially "back sights" having adjustable side portions as illustrated, in
which the adjustable side-portion fits in one or more recesses of the stationary
portion or vice versa,-and in which slide-ways or slots for the reception of screws
are formed in the stationary portion or in the adjustable side-portions, whereby
the latter may be firmly fastened by screws.
4. Sighting-studs, the rearwardly turned surface of which is made of a breadth,
in the direction of the top, of at least about 4 millimetres, having a horizontal
upper edge and perpendicular sides, or sides which slightly converge to the top or
to the bottom of the stud and provided with a sighting mark (stud, or bead, notch
or the like), and where the sides of the sighting stud converge to the front in order
to avoid, during the act of aiming, a confusing streak of light produced by the
notch in the "rear sight," as described and illustrated.
5. Sighting studs, the rearwardly turned surface of which is formed like that
described in the fourth claim, provided with a sighting mark, the latter being
formed by a bead or the like, which is visible in an aperture of the said stud, or
being formed by a stud of about one millimetre height, or being formed by a knob,
of bright material, projecting from the rearwardly turned surface of the stud aud
having its top surface inclined in the rearward direction (as shewn in the figures),
or being provided with a sighting mark formed by applying a bright or shining
material, the surface of which is inclined in the rearward direction, (as illustrated)
to and in front of an aperture of the same stud, or being provided with a sighting
mark, formed by applying to an aperture of the stud, a semi-transparent material
or the like as illustrated, or being provided with one or more of such sighting
marks combined with each other or combined with similar ones.

page_text: 6. Sighting studs as claimed in Claims 4 and 5, or similar ones, the foot or
bottom-piece of which is provided with a pin d, the stud having a corresponding
hole and a screw (as shewn in Figures 42, 43, and 44), so that it is possible by this
construction to easily exchange the said stud for another similar one.
Dated this 21st day of September 1896.
EDWARDS & Co.,
65 and 66, Chancery Lane, London, Agents for the Applicant.