mprovements in and relating to Pneumatic Tyres of Wheels for Velocipedes.
Year: 1892

page_text: Date of Application, 28th July, 1892
Complete Specification Left. 26th Apr., 1893-Accepted, 27th May, 1893
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
mprovements in and relating to Pneumatic Tyres of Wheels for
Velocipedes.
I, Dr. OSCAR DE PEZZER, of 8 Rue St. Florentin, Paris, in the Republic of
France, do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
My invention is designed to protect the air chamber of a pneumatic tyre of a
velocipede wheel against injury from nails and the like and from the cutting or
penetrating edges of flint-stones by arranging in the interior of the band or cover
of indiarubber, which constitutes the tread surface, several thicknesses of thin
paper in sheets or strips. I will define the conditions under which these sheets of
paper must be employed in order to be efficacious, and specify the nature of the
thin sheets which will attain the object in view.
By reason of its manufacture the paper is of fibrous texture, composed of
filaments felted so as not to leave any break of continuity between them, the
calendering to which the sheet has been subjected in its preparation having had
the result of reducing the said sheet to a uniform thickness, so that several
superposed sheets of paper are in perfect contact, although susceptible of a relative
displacement which enables a number of sheets, which are pliable and elastic, to
ensure the impenetrability of the protector thus constituted. It will be understood
that if the front of a nail presents itself it produces upon the first sheet of paper
which it encounters a slight depression permitted by the nature of the paper and
the flexibility and elasticity which the packet of superposed sheets possesses. The
strain thus produced is transmitted in a lesser degree to the second sheet, and so on
from one sheet to the other. If the packet of sheets of paper rested on a hard
surface the penetrating point would act successively upon more and more resisting
layers, and the sheets of paper could not resist the penetrating action under a
violent or repeated shock. It is the contrary which happens when the packet of
sheets rest upon an elastic surface, and especially in the case of the air chamber of
a pneumatic tyre of a velocipede wheel; the elasticity and the pliableness of the
sheets of paper augment in proportion as they are nearer to the elastic cushion to
which the packet is applied.
Thus thin sheets of paper which are superposed but can be separated from each
other afford an effectual protection against cutting and puncturing objects on the
road. A thick and hard sheet of cardboard, although of the same origin as paper,
would not produce the desired result; with the fibrous texture of the protector
must be associated the thinness of the elements, their multiplicity and their
independence. Owing to the combination of these conditions joined to the elastic
state of the support my pneumatic tyre protector is rendered impenetrable by the
sharpest nails.
It is evident that I may use paper of any kind; I prefer however very thin
paper, such as cigarette paper, untearable paper, Japanese paper, parchment paper,
also parchment and the like, and in this connection I may also mention, among the
thin sheets of a fibrous nature, light fabrics, tracing cloth, and the like, the raw
material which serves to make these thin papers or thin fabrics being hemp, linen,
cotton, wool, silk mosses, peat, old leather, wood, alfa, straw, esparto and the like.
Use may also be made of certain plants forming natural sheets which, being dried
and rolled, possess a very much entangled fibrous texture and a great clasticity.
I may have recourse to various means for applying to the interior of the cover
the garniture of superposed sheets of paper; that which I prefer consists in
employing small packets of short lengths, such as books of cigarette paper, which
I place so as to almost join one another in two or more layers, the joints alternating.

page_text: These small packets of paper are placed between two thicknesses of cloth and I
make several lines of stitches through the cloth and the paper. This kind of
cushion is glued to the inside of the cover or simply placed there and held by the
cover fixed upon the metallic rim of the wheel. I may also employ the paper in
the form of strips and resort to impermeabilisation for ensuring the preservation of
the protector.
For completing the efficacy of my system for protecting the air chamber of the
pneumatic tyre, a nail which has penetrated into the envelope must not remain
there, in order that it may not happen that by repeated passages this nail finally
penetrates the layers of the pretector. For this purpose I arrange near the wheels
a device for removing nails, which may be a simple iron wire stretched between the
branches of the forks by which the wheels are held.
Dated this 28th day of July 1892.
HASELTINE, LAKE & Co.,
45, Southampton Buildings, London, W.C., Agents for the Applicant.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in and relating to Pneumatic Tyres of Wheels for
Velocipedes.
I, Dr. OSCAR DE PEZZER, of 8 Rue St. Florentin, Paris, in the Republic of
France, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement :-
My invention is designed to protect the air chamber of pneumatic tyres for
velocipede wheels against injury from nails and the like and from the cutting or
penetrating edges of flint-stones and the like by arranging in the interior of the
band or cover of indiarubber which constitutes the tread surface several thicknesses
of thin paper in sheets or strips.
I will hereinafter define the conditions under which these sheets of paper must be
employed in order to be efficacious and specify the nature of the thin sheets which
will attain the object in view.
By reason of its manufacture the paper is of fibrous texture, composed of
filaments felted so as not to leave any break of continuity between them, the
calendering to which the sheet has been subjected in its preparation having
resulted in reducing the said sheet to a uniform thickness, so that several superposed
sheets of paper are in perfect contact, although susceptible of a relative displace-
ment which enables a number of sheets, which are pliable and clastic to insure the
impenetrability of the protector thus constituted. It will be understood that if the
point of a nail or other sharp object presents itself it produces upon the first sheet
of paper which it encounters a slight depression which is permitted by the nature
of the paper and the flexibility and elasticity which the superposed sheets possess.
The strain thus produced is transmitted in a lesser degree to the second sheet and
so on from one sheet to the other. If the sheets of paper rest on a hard surface
the penetrating point will act successively upon more and more resisting layers, and
the sheets of paper could not resist the penetrating action under a violent or
repeated shock. The contrary however is the case when the sheets rest upon an
elastic surface, as in the case of the air chamber of a pneumatic tyre of a
velocipede wheel; the elasticity and the pliableness of the sheets of paper augment
in proportion as they are nearer to the elastic cushion to which the sheets are
applied.
Thus thin sheets of paper which are superposed but can be separated from each
other afford an effectual protection against cutting and puncturing a thick and hard
sheet of cardboard, although of the same material as paper would not produce the
desired result, with the fibrous texture of the protector must be associated the

page_text: thinness of the layers their number and the fact of their being independent of each
other. Owing to the combination of these conditions together with the elastic
state of the support my pneumatic tyre protector is rendered impenetrable by the
sharpest nails or other objects.
It is evident that I may use paper of any kind; I prefer however either very thin
paper such as cigarette paper, or untearable paper, Japanese paper, parchment
paper, parchment or the like: I may also use thin sheets of a fibrous nature, or
light fabrics such as tracing cloth, and the like, the raw material which serves to
make these thin papers or thin fabrics being hemp, linen, cotton, wool, silk, mosses,
peat, old leather, wood, alfa, straw, esparto and the like. Use may also be made
of certain plants forming natural sheets which being dried and rolled possess a very
entangled fibrous texture and great elasticity.
I may employ various means for applying to the interior of the cover the lining
of supersposed sheets of paper; that which 1 prefer consists in employing small
packets of short length, such as books of cigarette paper, which I place so as to
almost join one another in two or more layers the joints alternating. These small
packets of paper are placed between two thicknesses of cloth and I make several
lines of stitches through the cloth and the paper. This kind of cushion is glued to
the inside of the cover or simply placed therein and held by the cover fixed upon
the metallic rim of the wheel, I may also employ the paper in the form of
strips and render the same impermeable for ensuring the preservation of the
protector.
For still further protecting the air chamber of the pneumatic tyre and preventing
puncture it is important that a nail or other object which may have penetrated
into the envelope, should be removed in order that it may not, during the rotation
of the wheel, be finally forced through the layers of the protector. For this
purpose I arrange near the wheels a device for removing such nails or the like
which may consist of a simple iron wire stretched between the branches of the
forks by which the wheels are carried.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
claim is
The improved system of protecting air chambers of pneumatic tyres for wheels
of velocipedes, which consists in arranging between the indiarubber cover
constituting the tread surface and the air chamber thin independent sheets
superposed to form a packet of a material having a fibrous and entangled structure
such as thin paper, Japanese paper, untearable paper, glazed linen or tracing cloth,
fine fabric, natural sheets made from plants and the like substantially as herein-
before described.
Dated this Ofth dox of
1000
HASELTINE, LAKE & Co.,
45, Southampton Buildings, London, W.C., Agents for the Applicant.