CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE STEAM ENGINE AND STEAM BOILER
Year: 1857

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Thomas Craddock, 137, Tachbrook Street, Pimlico,
in the County of Middlesex, Engineer, for the Invention of "CERTAIN
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE STEAM ENGINE AND STEAM BOILER."
Sealed the 25th August 1857, and dated the 3rd April 1857.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Thomas Craddock at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 3rd
April 1857.
I, THOMAS CRADDOCK, of 137, Tachbrook Street, Pimlico, in the County of
Middlesex, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE STEAM ENGINE AND STEAM BOILER," to be
as follows:-
These improvements are supplementary to other improvements of mine
relating to the steam engine and its boiler, for which I obtained Letters
Patent, bearing date respectively 16th March 1840, 2nd December 1846,
1st October 1852, and 2nd September 1854.
These supplementary improvements consist in or refer to a mode of con-
structing the pistons and stuffing boxes, so as to occasion as little friction as
possible by their action in the cylinder, and at the same time to be free from
leakage. This effect by the use of a flexable but impervious solid substance,
which is made to press with equal and properly proportioned force against the
sides of the cylinder by the action of fluids, instead of springs, which fluid
Price 8d.]

page_text: pressure is governable at will even when the engine is at work, thereby giving
at all times complete controul,so as to ensure the proper state of the pistons
and stuffing boxes without stoping the engine. By the combination of solid
and fluid substances, as above, I simplify and improve the valves of the pump
engine and boiler, also the water and steam indicators or regulators for the
boiler and engine; and by a combination of the above solid and fluid sub-
stances, in conjunction with a small force pump acted on by the engine, I
produce an hydraulik or hydrostatick governor more suitable for all kinds of
steam engines than the common centrifugal governor, but especially so for
marine engines, as in a rough sea, when the paddle or screw is thrown out of
the water or partially so, the flow of steam to the engine requires to be
checked instantly, which is what this part of my Invention will effect.
My Invention also relates to an improvement in my condenser, by which I
make the leaves of my condenser to contain a greater number of tubes in each
leaf than heretofore, in an improved mode of joining the leaves to the axis of
the condenser, and in the application of vulcanized india-rubber to the axis
where it vibrates, instead of stuffing boxes, as hitherto used; also in an
improved mode and means whereby I insert and fix the tubes in the leaves of
my condenser and also in the chambers of my boiler. The condenser and
boiler here referred to have been the subject of my previous Patents.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Thomas Craddock in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
3rd October 1857.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, THOMAS
CRADDOCK, of 137, Tachbrook Street, Pimlico, in the County of Middlesex,
Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Third day of April, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven, in the twentieth year of Her reign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
Thomas Craddock, Her special licence that I, the said Thomas Craddock, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Thomas
Craddock,my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the
term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and

page_text: vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
STEAM ENGINE AND STEAM BOILER," upon the condition (amongst others) that I,
the said Thomas Craddock,my executors or administrators, by an instrument
in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should parti-
cularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the
Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately
after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Thomas Craddock, do hereby declare the
nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed,
to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following state-
ment, reference being had to the Drawings hereunto annexed, and the letters
and figures marked thereon, that is to say:-
The nature of this my Invention, which is supplementary to those for which
I obtained Letters Patent, bearing date March Sixteenth, One thousand eight
hundred and forty, and three subsequent Patents, bearing date September
Third, One thousand eight hundred and forty-six, October First, One thousand
eight hundred and fifty-two, and September Second, One thousand eight
hundred and fifty-four.
Firstly, my Invention consists in so constructing the pistons and stuffing
boxes of pumps and steam cylinders, that india-rubber or other flexible and
impervious material, such as sheet steel orother suitablesubstance, isrendered
practically applicable to the purpose of presenting a stearn or water-tight
separation between the end of the cylinder or its representative, in which the
impelling force is, and that of the end of the cylinder, which is exhausting
itself of its previous impelling force. The mode of doing this is seen in
Drawing No. 1, Figs. 1 to 3, and Drawing No. 2, Figs, from 1 to 9, and in
Drawing No. 3, from Figs. 1 to 7.
Secondly, my Invention consists of improvements in the steam valves and
the other valves connected with the boiler and engine. In this improvement
of valves, the principle and mode of combining the india-rubber and other
suitable substances, as before explained, forms a leading feature, and derives
illustration from the Figures referred to under the former head, and is further
illustrated by and explained in connection with Figs. 9 to 36, see Drawings
No. 1 and 2, and also Figs. 1 to 12, Drawing No. 3. Under this head is
included a description of my water and steam guages or indicators, and also
my improved hydraulic governor.
Thirdly, my Invention consists in improvements in the constructing of my

page_text: condenser. This part of my Invention is seen in Drawing No. 1, Figs. 38
to 50, and consists in two improved modes of connecting the tube parts d, d,
with the centre of the condenser, by which great facility of attaching and
disattaching any of the tubular part d, d, of the condenser is the result. A
further improvement in the condenser is the application ofindia-rubber to the
axis or moveable part of it.
Fourthly, my Invention consists in giving to the tubes of my boiler a bend
of a different kind to that I have hitherto given them previous to their inser-
tion in the top and bottom chambers. By this modification I bring six tubes
into one chamber at top and one chamber at bottom, as seen in the transverse
sections, and also give the external form of the boiler the resemblance of the
Cornish boiler. This modification for many purposes will be found to be a
useful one. This part of my Invention is illustrated in Drawing No. 4, and
Figs. 1 to 5.
Fifthly, my Invention consists of a set of improved tools for making and
repairing my boilers, applicable also to the making and repairing of other
boilers; part of these tools are applicable to the making of my condenser.
This
part of my Invention will be found illustrated in Drawing No. 3, and
Figs. 9 to 15. The following description, illustrated by the accompanying
Drawings, will have reference to my improvements here described in the
same order in which the nature of the same has been indicated, the Figures
in the Drawings for the convenience of description being further subdivided.
The same letters will as far as possible refer to the same parts in each division
of Figures, and in my explanation of my steam valves, numbers, as in my
Specification No. 51, 1852, are affixed upon each Figure in these Drawings,
so as to identify the parts in the two Specifications as much as possible.
Figures 1, 2, 3 shew one modification of my improvements in pistons and
valves; Figure 1 is a longitudinal section through the air pump and boiler
pump. Fig. 2 is a plan of the valve box of the air pump; Figure 3 is a cross
section through the air pump valve box. g, g, is a cylinder, which in this
case is supposed to be an air pump; is the piston, having h, h, connected
to it, a rod at the opposite end of the piston rod, which forms the plunger in
the air pump. At a, a, is seen a square tube, which in this case is india-
rubber, but may be made of copper or other suitable metal. Connected with
this tube is a small tube of india-rubber e, passing down the plunger rod i
to its circumference at 2. At c, c, is what represents hemp packing, but
may be metallic packing; at b. b, b, is represented three stuffing boxes, in
which b,b, represents india-rubber tubes,as in the piston, having hemp packing
surrounding the pump rod and plunger. From the tube b,b, proceeds a small

page_text: branch pipe, seen at 2, 2. In all these supply pipes there is a small valve,
on the same principle as those shewn at d and d. The action of this tube
of india-rubber or thin metallic pipe is, that being filled with water or other
fluid, the fluid pressing in all directions with the same force, and the flexible
tubes a,a, and b, b, fitting on three sides the body of the piston or stuffing box,
the flexible tube throws the pressure on the packing of the piston or stuffing
boxes, whether such packing be hemp or metallic, so that it is pressed to
the sides of the cylinder or piston rod with the same force per square inch
as that on the pressure side of the piston, as such pressure will act on the
centre of the tube a, a, through the holes seen in the body of the piston at
4, 4, and illustrated further at Fig. 8, Drawing No. 3. The pressure can be
brought to act in the same way on the tubes b, b, in the stuffing boxes.
With metallic tube and great heat, oil or such like fluid can be placed in the
tubes a, a, and b, b, but for air and cold water pumps I prefer the mode of
filling the india-rubber tubes a, a, and b, b, with an air syringe, by removing
the plugs, seen at 2, 2, and screwing the syringe into its place; then by the
syringe and the small valve 2 and pipe e any pressure can be thrown at
pleasure on the packing of the pistons or stuffing boxes, the small valve 2
preventing its escape when the syringe is removed. When these tubes a, a,
and b, b, are collapsed it will be seen the packing can easily be got in. In
Fig. 3, is the branch leading from the condenser to the receiving valve d
of the air pump,j, are the passages leading from the valves c, d, to the
pump; is a brass hollow hemisphere, having a flange on it, which rests
on the division plate. Into this hemispherical-formed part drops a similarly
formed piece of india-rubber, which extends a distance above it, according
as circumstances require, and which in this case is represented as 1. The
metallic hemisphere is cast with small holes of not more than 3" or 1" in
diameter. The top of the india-rubber is supported by a light metallic ring,
which metallic ring is supported from the flange of the brass hemisphere.
The action of the valve is as follows:-The fluid coming from the condenser
on its way to the air pump passes through the holes in the hemisphere of
metal and collapses the india-rubber tube with its hemispherical end d and
escapes all found its circumference. On its way to the air pump, on the
reverse action, it passes through d¹ in a similar manner into the hot well, or
wherever desired. In the boiler pump q are seen two similar valves; & the
receiving, d' the delivery valve; % is the outlet leading to the boiler. The
inlet fin this case to the receiving valve d is supposed to be at the back,
as indicated for the air pump at Fig. 3. is the division plate between the
inlet from the condenser and the air pump passages; & is the division between

page_text: the atmosphere and the air pump; and m is the division between the two
delivery valves. The ready means of access to the valves is seen best in the
boiler pump.
Fig. 4 shews another mode of constructing pistons. Figs. 4 to 7 shew
secțional elevations of the respective modifications; Figs. 6 and 8 are plans;
Fig. S is a section at b, b, as f, f, shewn in Fig. 6, is supposed to be cut away
to shew the lever joints underneath. In this case, see Fig. 4, b, b, is the
piston rod; g, the stuffing box; a, a, represents cylinder; c, c, levers; d, d,
brass rings, having enclosed between them india-rubber, which india-rubber
is held by the flanges, which joins together a and a¹, and form that which
represents the cylinder; ff, is a part which carries the pins which are in
the slot of the levers c, c, which is also screwed to b, and thereby fastens the
india-rubber to it; u, u, represent the pins at the opposite ends of the lever,
the centre of which should correspond with the sides of what represents the
cylinder. The manner by which these pins u, u, are got in is seen in Fig. 8
at z, and the hole in the cylinder when required is stopped up by a plug.
The action of this combination is similar to that of an ordinary piston and
cylinder in transmitting power and motion through the rod, as on motive
force of any kind entering the one end of the cylinder the piston is impelled
to the opposite end of it. The india-rubber, together with the two levers c,
the part b, b, and f,/, form the piston. At Fig. 6 is seen a plan which shows
the brass rings and part f, f. Fig. 5 shews another modification of this
arrangement; but in this case the piston is only adapted for single action, as
it will be observed there are no brass rings or levers on the one side. In such
case a pressure acting from the outside will collapse or burst the india-rubber
before it would move the piston, supposing the piston's motion to be resisted by
any considerable force. Another peculiarity in this arrangement, Fig. 5, when
compared with Fig. 4,is, that the motive force entering through the valve at 2
and 3 in the first chamber 1, and thence into that of 2 and 3 through the
openings o in the centre, which in this case gives great length of stroke; butit
must not be supposed that although the motive power be admitted into the
three chambers and acts upon the three pistons that therefore the power is
increased threefold, as in this case as in all others the power given out cor-
responds with the motive power expended.
In the representation under notice, h, k, are supposed to be guide rods with
their attachments; B, B, being the central and fixed part, is supposed to be
held firm by some attachment. i, i, are two rods and cross heads, which couple
the two movable ends of this arrangement together by the connection of what
must be termed the two piston rods b, b. At s, s, is seen attached the con-

page_text: necting rod j,j, going in the direction of dotted lines to the crank, k, which
is attached to the shaft t, t. On a motive force entering through 2 and the
valve, as shewn in dotted lines at 4, through the port 3 into chamber 1,
from thence to 2 and 3, the crank is brought into the position represented.
On the reversion of the valve the motive force would enter from 2 through
the hollow of the valve 4 and passage 5 into chambers 4, 5, 6, and so
drive the crank through the other part of its revolution. a, a, represents
the abutment for the motive power to act upon, and, as before explained,
the levers c, c, the rings d, and india-rubber e, and parts b, b, and f, f,
form the piston or moveable part. At Fig. 6 is represented a plan of a'.
Fig. 8 is a plan of Fig. 7, but represents the way in which the levers stand
in Fig. 4, 5, and 7. As the smaller or shorter levers do not differ in position
or principle from the larger or longer it is necessary to make this remark, as
the Drawings do not represent the levers as they should do, but the plan
referred to will shew there are three, and correct the error.
Fig. 7 is another modification of the same thing; it is there represented as
an air pump. d, d, are the receiving valves, which are of the same kind as
those referred to in Fig. 1, 2, 3, Drawing No. 1; d, d', are the delivery
valves, the levers marked c, c, and the brass rings marked d, d; b, b, and f, f,
form the piston; the power applied to work it is communicated through the
cross heads and side rods q, q, applied to the small end of the large levers 3;
m,m,indicate the passages, by the dotted lines as underneath, communicating
with the interior of the two chambers 4 and 5; the receiving valves d, d,
and delivery valves d', d', are similar to those described in Figs. 1, 2, 3,
Drawing No. 1. That which gives this arrangement a different external form
to that of those before described is the space occupied by the receiving and
delivery valves, otherwise it would be seen that in its outline does not
materially differ from the other two arrangements,except the formation of the
centre part,or that in which the large levers work, which appears cone-shaped
in one direction; but the plan, Fig. 8, shews that when the pipes and
passages p, p, which are peculiar to Fig. 7, are removed, then the plan, Fig.8,
may be taken as a plan representing the manner in which all the levers are
connected both at the centre and at the circumference,as before explained. In
Fig. 7 the lever 3 is an elevation; the mortice or slot in which it works is
also shewn between a¹ aul a². P,p, are the passages shown in the plan; these
are here shewn by the dotted lines underneath leading to d, d, the receiving
valves; the other branch p,p,from the delivery valves being in the upper half,
is cut away in this Figure. As the construction in this modification does not
differ in other respects to those already explained, it is not necessary to add

page_text: more than to remark, that this, like the first modification explained, Fig. 4, is
such as to admit pressure on either side of the piston without collapsing or
bursting the india-rubber. In all these arrangements of india-rubber which I
have hitherto explained, acting in conjunction with rings or strips of metal
there can be several thicknesses of cloth or other suitable substance inserted
between the india-rubber and the metals.
Fig. 9, part in section and part in elevation, is another inodification of the
same thing here arranged as a steam or water gauge or indicator; the pressure
is supposed to pass through a to a, thence through the india-rubber bag, which
may or may not be used in conjunction with it, to what may be called the
piston or moveable part of the indicator or gauge. This moveable part
resembles in principle that of Fig. 5, but the mode of combining the india-
rubber and metal is not by levers, but by fastening with the hollow central
pin the the moveable parts m; these parts m are confined in their motion to
any desired distance; in this case to each, and the joint e, e, of the india-
rubber in each case is made upon the same principle as one hereafter to be
described in connection with the condenser (Fig. 47,and 48,and 50); three of
these parts are shown in section. To illustrate the description here given, the
external appearance of the indicator or gauge is that which is seen under the
spring K,,g, with part broken away to show the spring up as far as e, is
attached to the bottom of the indicator at h, and carries the bracket in which
the two pulleys fand e revolve, and also upon which the pencil i is fixed. The
manner in which the paper barrel is made to work in this instance differs
from those in general use, in that it and not the pencil moves up and down.
The figure in this case is drawn in an inverted position to that of the indicator
figures in general. The paper barrel is represented by d, and carried up by the
pressure, and down by the vacuum by the elongating or contracting of the
indicator itself. This peculiar principle is illustrated best by Fig.5. It will be
seen on referring to d that the spindle which passes through the pulley d¹ has
a feather upon it fitting loosely into a groove in the pulley, which allows the
spindle d to move freely up or down, whilst the pulley gives the usual
circular motion to the paper barrel. It will be observed that the spindle d¹ has
a pin passing through it and the paper barrel d, but revolves in the part
ff, which is fixed in relation to circular motion, but being fixed to the top
of the indicator the paper barrel is raised up, as before explained. To
indicate the proper zero, or atmospheric line, the scale is indicated upon the
paper barrel.
Figs. 10, 11, 12, and 15 are sectional elevations; Figs. 13 and 14 are

page_text: Fig. 10 shews a mode of constructing differential and self-balanced valves.
a, a, is a pipe from the steam boiler; b is the safety valve and valve seat; b¹,
the valve spindle; c, a round piece of mahogany or other hard wood fitting
into a circular recess, as seen at c, on the spindle valve b¹. Another circular
recess is provided in the round disc of metal d, d, which is made to move
freely in i, i.
e represents a disc of india-rubber, being placed between the
flanges of i andf, and resting on the round disc of brass d, d; f, f, is filled
with cold water, and the pipe communicates with the steam chest or other
part of the boiler; the consequence of which is, that if band d were of exactly
the same area they would just balance each other, and no motion from the
steam pressure would ensue;
but on making the area of the valve
frictional amount greater than that of the disc of metal d, and placing
weights upon b, after the fashion of the government valve, all the advantages
of dead weights upon safety valves is gained, without their inconvenience of
bulk and weight, as at present required.
any
Fig. 11 shews another and better arrangement for the same purpose. In
this there is the combination of rings, as before described, in conjunction with
the india-rubber (but without the levers). But in this case, as in Fig. 30,
Drawing No.
there is an inclined plane; but the inclined plane is here of a
circular form, and the parts there represented by g.g, are here represented by
d, d, and are shewn in Fig. 13 to go into the recesses indicated by o, o, in
Fig. 14. The inclined planes in Fig. 14 are marked i, i, and the brass rings
by v, v, the india-rubber by e, and the part containing the water through
which the pressure is conveyed marked f, f. If we now suppose this valve
substituted for Fig. 0, it will then be seen that the india-rubber is kept in a
position to act with perfect freedom; and if the rings be made of slightly
varying diameters, the amount of force imparted to e and thrown upon b
may be increased or diminished by fractional degrees,in proportion as thedisc
of brass d, d, is elevated from the position in which it is now seen to that
which would bring the india-rubber into a straight line across the chamber f,f,
Although this modification does not differ in principle, nor is it so universally
applicable as that of the levers before-described, yet it will perhaps serve
as well as any to show the sensitive or balance-like character which this
principle and these arrangements are susceptible of.
Fig. 15 is a further development of the arrangement involved in Fig. 11.
In this case all the details are the same as in Fig. 11, except that here are two
of those moveable balances connected together, with the water pressure com-
municating freely from the upper to the lower, which again is the same thing
in principle as shown in Fig.5. The pressure from fis communicated through

page_text: 8 to e¹, whilst it will be seen that if the india-rubber and disc in e¹ were
moved through the space indicated by a straight line across f, f, the india-
rubber e would descend, which in so doing carries e' down with it, and the
india-rubber on the disc d d, has its own independent motion, and conse-
quently increases its range of action.
Fig. 16 to 24 shews one modification of my improvements in the steam
valves. Figs. 16 and 21 elevations; Figs. 22, 23, are end elevations, with the
pressure box in section; Figs. 18, 19, 20, are sectional elevations. Fig. 17
is a sectional plan of the steam valve, shewing the back cut away, the small
valves 9 and 7 having rods connected to and v, and z and a are in section
all the middle of the valves cut away, so as to shew the face 3 of the cylinder
lying under the steam valve 5; Figs. 24 and 26, sectional plans, shewing the
passages with the face of the cylinder cut away. At Fig. 16, a is the passage
leading from the boiler to a in the cylinder face 3; cis the port and passage
leading to the bottom of the same; e and e' communicate with b and c, as seen
in Fig. 24, and a' communicates with a", and it is seen to communicate with p
In Fig. 17 the high-pressure valve 5 is seen in section, with the port fover a
and g over c; and on referring to Fig. 18, in which the expansive valve is
shewn in dotted lines, and in such position that the steam passes from the
boiler through the passage a and port a, f, and the hollow of the expansive
valve 6 to g, and from thence to c to the bottom of the cylinder. When the
valves are in this position, see Fig. 17,jis over b and m over d, thereby
allowing the steam to pass from the exhaust side of the high-pressure piston
through the port p, and by the action of the valve 7, which is produced by the
appliance v, the steam passes through q, and the passage q, see Fig. 24 to the
port d', which is in the low-pressure cylinder face 4; on the reverse action of
the valve, k would be over c, g over a, and fover b, so that the steam from the
boiler can then pass from a to b to the top of the cylinder, and the exhaust
steam would pass on to d¹ as before in the low-pressure cylinder face 4.
When the steam is at 6 or c in the high-pressure cylinder face, it will be seen on
referring to Fig. 24 that it is also at e or e¹. In this case it is readily seen that
by the action of the appliance u connected to the valve 9 it is admitted to a¹
in the low-pressure cylinder face 4; this is effected by the action of the steam
itself acting on the piston in the appliance u,as the pipe w communicates with
the port e and w with el w above the piston in the cylinder and w¹ below
it; it will therefore rise or fall as the pressure from e or el is the greater, and
as a consequence will place the valve 9 in its proper position to allow the
steam to pass either from e or e¹ to a¹, and thence on to all in the lower-
pressure cylinder face 4.
What I have said of the appliance w is equally

page_text: applicable to the appliance v, so as to accord with the requirements of tho
low-pressure piston. From this point the steam is governed by the low-
pressure valve, as described in my previous Specification No. 51, 1852.
At y, y, is seen four pieces of india-rubber contained in two boxes, and at
the end of the two rods connected with the valves 7 and 9, as seen at ;
two pieces of metal are connected with the top of these rods, which, acting
upon the india-rubber, neutralize the concussive action, which would other-
wise be produced in the valves moved as there shewn.
In Figs. 25 to 29 is another modification. Fig. 25 is an elevation, 26 a
sectional plan shewing the passages underneath the cylinder face. Fig. 27, a
plan of the low-pressure steam valve with the back cut away, as in 17;
Fig. 28 is a section of the low-pressure valve; and Fig. 29, a plan of the
face of the same. In this case, as before, the steam comes from the boiler
through a to a, and by the agency of the expansive valve, as before described
is made to pass through b, &c. to the top and bottom of the high-pressure
cylinder; but in this modification e, a', and e', are connected with and form
part of the low-pressure cylinder valve face and the part of the valve marked 9;
Fig. 19, forms also in this case part of the low-pressure valve. In this case
the cylinder for giving an independent motion to the valve 9 is not shown,
nor is that of v, as the steam at e and e' is governed exclusively by the actiou
of the low-pressure valve 8, see Figs. 27, 28, and 29. Fig. 29 shows the
face or the valve, which, when in the position shewn, represents & over a¹ and
i over e, whilst f is over a" and g is over c. In this position the high-pressure
piston is supposed to be at the middle of its upward stroke, and the low-
pressure piston just commencing its upward stroke, whilst the valve No. 6,
Fig. 18, on the high-pressure steam valve is in a position to cut off the com-
munication with the boiler; the steam, therefore, would enter frome by the
hollow of the valve i and h, as seen in Figs. 19, and enter the port a', from
thence pass to the part a", see Fig. 26. It will now be seen that the same
steam is impelling the high and the low-pressure piston, the former through
the last half of its stroke and the latter through the first half of its stroke.
On the high-pressure piston completing its stroke and receiving steam, as
before explained, that steam would present itself at e¹; but on inspection it
will be seen that it cannot pass from e' to a' until the reversion of the low-
pressure valve has taken place; thus the same result is obtained as was
described in my previous Specification, as there accomplished by the use of
the second expansive valve. But in this arrangement we do without a second
expansive valve; and another advantage is gained, which is, that e and o'
in conjunction with d and the rising valve 7, as therein explained, become

page_text: exhausting ports to the exhausting end of the high-pressure cylinder on the
reverse stroke of the high-pressure piston, until such time as the low-pres-
sure piston has completed the stroke it is in the act of making. On re-
ferring to Fig. 26 it will be seen that the high-pressure cylinder exhausts
into the impelling side of the low-pressure cylinder through a and d, and
the passage d to a, see Figs. 26 and 17. In Fig. 17 j and m are seen in
conjunction with d, but in the case here supposed the valve 5 has reversed
its position, and, as before said, c, l, l, and d are in communication with each
other. The parts p and q are not seen in Figs. 25, 27, and 29, as the engine
will work without this addition, or even that of the rising valve 7; but the
best result is obtained by their addition, or that of the separate valve 7, and
the means of actuating it, as seen at v, a, a, and p, q, and ¹.
Figs. 30, 31, illustrates the mode by which these steam valves before
described are held to their face, so as to produce a perfectly balanced valve
and reduce the friction to a minimum. Fig. 30 is a cross section of the
pressure box c; in which is india-rubber; i, the bars; and g.f.d, and the
valve No. 6 are represented, the latter in elevation. Fig. 31 is a portion
broken away to show the side elevation of part of f, d, and the valve 6.
Fig. 32 is a plan of g,g, broken off; Fig. 33 is a sectional side view shewing
fin elevation; the rollers and valves are not here seen. Fig. 34 is an end
view shewing in the manner in which the supporting bar bis held by the
columns a, a, and the general appearance of this arrangement. Fig. 35 shews
a back view of this arrangement; Fig. 36 shews the frames b, as in Fig. 22
and 23. In Fig. 30, 6 represents the expansive valve on the back of the
steam valve 5. In Fig. 34, 22, and 23, d is one of the three friction rollers
which bear upon the top of the expansive valve, and against the under side of
the part f, see Fig. 33 and 31; and on the other side f, a pressure equivalent
to that acting on the face of the valve is imparted through the agency of the
india-rubber and the water; in the pressure box c, see Fig. 30; this water
is acted on by the same steam as presses on the under side of the valve, con-
sequently partakes of all its variation; it is therefore obvious that if the
surface of india-rubber pressing through the part i, i, on the back off, which
communicates with the valve through the roller d, that whatever the pressure
on the face of the valve may be it would necessarily be the same on the back;
but in proportion as tbe valve is well up to its face, and from other obvious
causes, the exact force requisite to keep it to its face, is subject to change. To
meet this case, the parts i and i are introduced underneath the india-rubber,
and which consists simply of bars of iron resting on the part g, 9, the upper
side of these bridges 9, y, being formed of two inclined planes meeting in the

page_text: middle, as seen in Fig. 30 and 22 and 18; on these inclined planes arese en
small bars i, i, of iron " thick, and 3" or "wide, simply cut into length
and laid edgeways. It will be obvious on looking at Fig. 30 that in such a
position of these parts as represented the whole pressure of the steam acting
through the water j in the pressure box c is borne by the bridges g. 9, see
also Fig. 18; but on referring to Fig. 34 it will be seen that the pressure
boxes c, c, stand a little way from the supporting bar b, therefore on screwing
these bars up the part fraises the wrought-iron bars off the inclined plane,
first in the centre, and so on, in proportion as the pressure boxes c, c, is brought
up to the supporting bar b, so that the pressure may be varied at pleasure in
any proportion, from that of no pressure, as in the case shown, Fig. 30, to that
of the whole that is borne by the india-rubber. It may be well to remark
here that the whole distance the pressure boxes are required to be screwed up
from a minimum to a maximum pressure is only 3".
In Fig. 84, on the low-pressure valve the rack, seen in Fig. 31 as on the
valve 6, is cast on to a bracket instead of to the valve simply to bring the
low-pressure valves to the same level as that of the high; these racks and
pinions are merely for the purpose of guiding the friction rollers in their proper
places and positions on the backs of the valves. At Fig. 35 is seen the way the
pressure boxes are screwed to the supporting bar b, and also the manner in
which the frame g is attached to the pressure box c, and the india-rubber held
in a water-tight manner, see also Fig. 30. At Fig. 33, atjj, j, is seen the
mode of communicating the steam pressure to the water in the pressure box. I
should remark here that the water in the pressurebox is kept cold in the same
way as that adopted by me in my regulating dampers; the pressure is com-
municated throughj.j.j; the brass union and brass gland serve the purpose
of coupling the connecting pipe j, j, with the pressure boxes c by an india-
rubber washer, which makes a water-tight joint atj; the pipej slides too and fro
through its packing, and admits of the adjusting of the pressure boxes, as
before described. is merely a plug to stop up the aperture through which
the internal glands is inserted. The supporting bar is held to the cylinder 3
by the columns a, a, a, which are screwed into the bosses a, a, a, see Fig. 25.
The supporting bars b, b, are screwed to the columns, as seen at y, y, Fig. 34
Fig. 36 shews the form of frame for supporting the pressure box, as seen in
Figs. 22 and 23. Figs. 18 and 37 shew a mode of disconnecting and
reversing the steam valves; Fig. 37 is a cross section; and in Fig. 18 is seen
a side elevation. 0, 0, see Fig. 37, is a brass cylinder with the bracket joint cast
on to it; this brass cylinder is at iis lower part screwed or cottered on to the'
valve rod i, and on the top part of the valve rod i is forged an enlarged part,

page_text: as seen ati, i, Fig. 37; this part of the valve rod and the valve is connected
with the bottom part by means of the brass cylinder and the gab link, as seen
at d, in dotted line. Fig. 18, a is a lever, which is jointed on to the enlarged
part of the valve rod i, i, by the pin, as seen in Fig. 37, having its fulcrum in
the bracket joint o, o. Ou referring again to Fig 18 there will be seen in
dotted lines a slot in which the pin e slides. The action will now be readily
understood; as on the gab link being thrown out of gear by the handle and
connecting links b, the lever a is free to move irrespective of the action of
the excentric, and thereby affords the means of reversing the engines.
Figs. 38 to 43 shews one modification of my improvements in the con
denser. At Fig. 38 is a sectional elevation; Fig. 39, a plan of the top; Fig.
40 is a plan on an enlarged scale of the top with b in section, and 42 is a
cross section of Fig. 40; Fig. 41 is a plan of the bottom, shewing fin
section, and Fig. 43 is a cross section of Fig. 41. Fig. 44 is a sectional
elevation of the india-rubber joint at the axis of the condenser, shown on an
enlarged scale, Fig. 38; the steam is supposed to be entering at a and pass-
ing into the condenser at a¹, from thence it is distributed through the arms b, b,
into the parts c, c, from which the small copper tubes d, d, descend, see also
Fig. 40 and 41, 42, and 43. The tubes d, d, delivers the condensed steam
in the shape of water into e, e, from thence it passes through f,f, and g, g,
and h, h, to the air pump; the water for condensation enters at o, and passing
up among the tubes in the cistern p, it is then delivered in its heated state
through g. Atm, le, and n is seen a rack which is in communication with the
pinion 1, 7, by which the condenser has an oscillating motion given it. At i, i,
is seen one mode of rendering the axis of the condenser water and air tight.
Asrepresented there, the subdivided yellow parts represent simply brass rings,
around which is a cylinder of india-rubber, represented as fastened by sheet
copper or copper wire. At 3 & 4 the india-rubber is fastened to the part g,
which vibrates with the condenser at 3, 3; the india-rubber is fastened to the
stationary part, through which g passes and oscillates the part 4, 4 also serves
to make an air-tight joint between it and the cistern. The description here
given is of the bottom, but the same is applicable to the top, as indicated at
i, i, and a. In lieu of the brass rings can be substituted a plain screw cut out
of a cylinder of metal into a continuous thread, and which if seen on so
small a scale would not vary in appearance from the one shewn in the
Drawing.
Fig. 44 shows another mode of applying india-rubber to the purpose
described, in conjunction with a screw of peculiar form. In this case, as in
the former, the screw is cut out of a cylinder of metal into the shape indicated

page_text: by the yellow parts at i, and, as there shown, is supposed to be one with the
partsz and y; its sectional form represents T-iron, the india-rubber in such case
being fastened to the part z and wound round the thread of the screw, & is
held between the T-formed flanges, and its other end connected to the party,
and which admits an oscillating action to take place in the part. The parts
b and c of the condenser, Fig. 38, are connected to the parts e, f, and g by the
central axis as well as the tubes d, d.
in
In Figs 40 and 42 is shewn, on an enlarged scale, the mode by which the
parts b and c are constructed. The hollow radial arms b are all cast together
with the central part a', and these arms 6 convey the steam through c, sce
Fig. 42, in which it will be seen that the parts c is connected to the part w,
which the tubes are fixed by a square grove running round it, in which is
inserted an india-rubber joint, and the part c, c, is screwed to w by the pins
represented at 5, 5; but previously to the joint being made between w and c,
or a or c, the tubes d, d, shown in elevation in Fig. 38, and in dotted lines in
Fig. 40, are inserted into the plate w (the section represents the T part of the
condensor), and is then connected to the centre arms b, b, at top, and f, f, at
bottom, by the four screw pins indicated at 5, 5, see Figs. 42 and 43, these
two joints being the only two steam or pressure joints required to be made by
the attaching of such sectional parts, the one at b and the other at f. The
back or centre ends of this sectional part is held by pin and gland, repre-
sented at 6. The recess shown at b, Fig. 40, represents the mode in which
all the pressure joints are made in the condenser, excepting those of the copper
tubes d, d, which are explained in my previous Specifications. The only
difference in the structure of the top and bottom parts, seen on the enlarged
scale in Figs. 40, 41, 42, and 43, consist in the central arms fat the bottom
and the branch e and the space between e and being less than those
indicated in Figs. 40 and 42; in all other respects the structure is identical,
a
Figs. 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, and 50 show another modification of my improve-
ments in my condenser. Fig. 45 is a sectional elevation; Fig. 46, a plan;
Figs. 47 and 48 are sections on an enlarged scale,shewing the construction in
detail in this part, in conjunction with Fig. 49 and 50, which are two plaus
In this modification the heads which in the other one is represented by a¹,b
and c at top, and e, f, and g¹ at bottom, are cast in two separate pieces, with
holes in them, as represented by Figs. 45 and 46, the one at the bottom
having less space in its interior than the one at the top, but being in all other
respects alike, as seen in Figs. 45, 47, 48, and 49; these two are con-
Dected by a central axis r, as in Fig. 38. The holes which are cast in the top
and bottom parts just referred to are bored and prepared to receive the clutch i,

page_text: Fig. 50, to receive these parts c, c. These parts are of a circular form, and of
such a diameter as to receive ten tubes in each, as represented in Fig. 49.
When the tubes d, d, are inserted, these circular parts are fixed in the top and
bottom chambers, as indicated in Figs. 47 and 48. These circular groups of
tubes are dropped through the holes of top chainber b, b, b, Fig. 46, and fixed
into a recess in the bottom chamber, having an india-rubber washer between
the metal of the chamber and the round disc containing the tubes. The brass
pin c, c, which is cast together with the round disc, forms a pin, which by a nut
and cap braces the whole together at bottom. The round disc of metal at top
is clutched by a brass ring, seen at i, i, Figure 50; between this clutch ring
and a flange of the round disc in which the tubes d, d, are inserted there is
also a washer of india-rubber. It will be seen that the clutch i,i, when turned
into its proper position, will, by the agency of the pin and nut c, and top cap e,
which has also an india-rubber joiut beneath it, that the whole is braced
together and made air tight. The advantages arising from this mode of con-
structing the condenser are, that it renders great facility to get at any tube at
any time for cleansing or otherwise, whilst the condensing water is made to
pass through the hollow pin c,c, and circle of tubes d, d, in the best possible
way to obtain the most efficient result.
Fig. 1 is a sectional elevation of my improved hydraulic governor suitable
for steam engines or other purposes, a is a small double-acting force pump;
bis the piston rod; is the receiving, and d the delivery valves. The
other pair of valves are supposed to be standing at the back and are not
seen. h is a pipe leading from the pump to the valve face d and valves e;
ff, are coiled springs, holding the four small valves e to the face, which
are connected together by the rod g, which communicate with the india-
rubber i, brass rings o, levers j, and piston b, which is connected with the
rod p.,, is supposed to be a box for holding weights; h and h¹ repre-
This arrangement, as
sent the cylinder in this case; is a rising valve.
will be obvious on inspection, is an application of the combinations illus-
trated in Drawing No. 2, it is needless, therefore, to give further description;
but to proceed to explain its action, which simply consist in the pumps
driving the water through against the piston 6, which being properly
weighted, the water passes through the four valves e, e, and valve faces d, see
Fig. 1 a, Fig. 1b, and Fig. 1 c, so long as the speed of the engine is not
greater than that desired the water passes out as fast as it arrives through
the passages of the four valves e; but on the speed of the engine becoming too
great, the piston is raised, and with it the four valves e,which, on referring to
Fig. 16 it is seen the port in the valve faced is triangular port, standing with

page_text: its base downward, so that as the four values e are raised the passage is
rapidly contracted; in this way the force communicated through p, which
is supposed to be connected with the throttle valve, and in some cases
to a break also, as by this mode of governing a power is obtainable equal
to stop the engine by means of a break if found necessary. Ju Fig. 1 a
there is but one valve shewn in its position, but from it all will be readily
understood that is necessary on this head. It may be well to remark that
these valve faces are put in in such way that they may be readily taken
out and exchanged when the angular opening in their face is not found
suitable to the speed of the engine.
Fig. 2 shows another application of the same principle and combination, as
illustrated in Drawing No. 2. In this case it is applied as an hydrostatic
balance, by which the rise or fall of water in a boiler will be indicated, as is
the ounce weight in the ordinary scales. Bindicates in this arrangement an
india-rubber bag in lieu of the disc of india-rubber indicated in the other
arrangements; the apparatus in other respects is constructed in a similar
manner to those shown in Drawings No. 2. From the india-rubber bag B
proceeds an india-rubber tube i within a metal tube d into the vessel c,
within which is seen, as in Fig. 3, an india-rubber bag i, i; at the bottom is
seen a similar india-rubber bag i, i. To the metallic vessel c, c, is connected a
pipe g,leading to the bottom of a boiler a; the bottom bag Fis filled with clean
water; the top bag D, seen in Fig. 3, is filled with air. At b is a pipe leading
from the boiler into the interior of the iron vessel c, the pressure in the boiler
thereby is communicated to the outside of the india-rubber bag D, which
gives to the air within it and that of B the same pressure as in the boiler;
and by the pipe g leading from the bottom of the boiler to the chamber c and
the bag F the same pressure is communicated to the water in B', so that the
pressures balance each other, and the moving force is that of the difference in
the specific gravity of air and water; any rise or fall of the water within the
boiler causes the rod » which connects B and B¹ together, to rise or fall with it.
If the rod be connected with the valve or stop-cock in the pipe leading fromthe
boiler pump, or any other of the well-known methods be adopted, it will be
readily seen that it will regulate the supply of water to the boiler. Instead of
giving the well-known means by which this can be effected, Fig. 4 illustrates
a mode not hitherto adopted. At b is seen a pipe communicating with a cylin-
drical vessel, which may be of cast or wrought iron, and is here supposed to be
two feet diameter and about six feet long; within this cylindrical vessel is an
india-rubber bag i, i, which, as before explained, is full of air. At d is seen a
pipe leading to the boiler, whilst b is connected with the boiler pump. On the

page_text: water from the pump being driven into the vessel a to a pressure somewhat
above the pressure in the boiler, it would compress the air in the bag to the
same pressure, the consequence being, that with a valve or stop-cock actuated
by the rod r,seen in Fig. 2, water would flow out of the vessel a into the boiler
as required, so as to keep the water in the boiler at a uniform level. At cis
seen a rising valve, which should be loaded to some 20 or 30 lbs.to the square
inch above that of the safety valve of the boiler, and the pressure within the
vessel a kept up to this by the boiler pump; it would then give at all times
ample force to insure a full supply of water to the boiler. Sheet india-rubber
may be used in this case, as in the former ones, instead of the bags B, D, F.
It will be seen that the structure of the moveable parts to which the rod P is
connected are so like those already described as to render further remarks
unnecessary. At 1, 1, and m is seen a glass guage communicating with the
same air and water, and by the pipes y and 6 placed in the same relation with
the pressure in the boiler as that of the bag Band B¹. In this arrangement the
water is kept cold, or nearly so, and all corroding and injurious consequences
are avoided, which necessary attach to all modes adopted which are placed
in the steam and water of the boiler, and subject to the heat and corrosion
therefrom ensuing. The bag F is not necessary, as the vessel may be filled
with cold water, and the pipe g brought in from the top, as indicated in
Fig. 7; but the advantage of the bag F is that the water always remains
pure, circulating between it and B. It will be observed of this arrangement,
that of Figs. 4, 5, and, shat the air or fluid contained in the india-rubber
bags is wholly surrounded by cold water, or nearly so so that their contents,
whether air or water, has no tendency to escape, but in the case of air
merely to compress and expand. This indicates the general utility of this
arrangement for air vessels. I merely observe that Fig. 3 shews the bag B
in its extended form, or the form in which it should be made. At f, in
Fig. 3 and 4, is seen india rubber cord connected with the india-rubber
bag g; to this cord is attached a flange of india-rubber, held in the recess
by the screw plug f; the object of this is to hold the india-rubber bags in
their central or upright position, and to prevent their floating upward, as
they would otherwise do. At g, Fig. 4, is seen a plug with a brass cap over
it, through which the air is passed into the interior of the india-rubber bag.
In Fig. 6 is shewn the way that the pressure from e and e', Fig. 17,
Drawing No. 1, is conveyed through w and w¹ to the cylinder a, which moves
the valve. a is a pipe which communicates with the top of the vessel a; vis
an india-rubber bag, which in this case is filled with water, and which extends
through w to the top of cylinder u instead the pressure being conveyed

page_text: direct, as, for simplicity of explanation, is indicated in Fig. 17, Drawing No. 1.
The same remarks apply to the vessel v, ports p and q,and valve 7, seen in the
same Figure. In this way it will be seen w and with their contents are
kept cold.
In Fig. 7 the same mode of connection is shewn between the steam
pressure and and v, as in Fig. 6; but in Fig 7 it is merely a cast pipe, the
steam and hot water entering at a, whilst it is cold at w.
In Fig. 5 the air bags and the vessel a, a, containing it, are shown in a
horizontal position; the pipe (6) is supposed to be connected with the boiler,
and also to a block of cast iron (c, c.) b, b, are passages cast in the block of
cast iron, so that the steam and water passing through b is cooled by the cast
iron,and in such state arrives at a through b, giving to the air in the bag the
same pressure as the steam in the boiler. The pipe i in such case is supposed
to be connected with the bag B, Fig. 2 and Fig. 3. In lieu of the cast iron,
the water may pass through a coil of pipe inserted in a cistern of water, but
experience tells me that the water is not so certain to be present as the block
of cast iron. In place of india-rubber the air-tight cloth in common use may
be substituted.
Fig. 8 shews an arrangement for preventing the concussive action which
frequently takes place in air and other pumps. brepresents a cylinder lid;
d, d, a space within it; i, i, is india-rubber, made air-tight with the plate f;
c, c, are holes, see n in the plan. The action is as follows:-On air of any
given density being inclosed between and i, it is clear it would form a
cushion and prevent the concussive action to which pistons are subject, as the
fluid would act on the india-rubber and be re-acted ou by the air. Fig. S is
half plan and half section.
Drawing No. 4 represents my improvements in the steam boiler. Fig. 1,3,
and 4 are transverse sections; Fig. 2, a plan. At Fig. 1, a, a, represent the
top and bottom chambers, which are there shewn six-sided, but may be
cylindrical; all that is required to-be attended to is that the mouth of the
tubes b, b, stand square with the hole or holes o, o, for the purpose of ferruling.
I have said holes o, o, because I have hitherto used one or such hole for each
tube, by means of which the tool for ferruling is admitted perfectly centralwith
the tube that is to be ferruled, and in this case there is provided room for
two holes o in the same way as I have hitherto done; but in the Drawing
one only is shewn, and that central to the space between the two tubes, as
experience has proved that with one hole the two tubes can be ferruled; but
my first plan is the preferable one. When the tubesb,b,are put in and ferruled,
is seen at q, q, then the hole o is plugged up at p, p, see Fig. 1, the plug

page_text: simply consists of a conical piece of cast iron, cast on to a pin s and held by
the little bracket p. It will be observed that these conical plugs go in from
the inside, the pressure therefore tends to drive them in; and if the screw f
and the part p were removed they would be equally safe in use as with them,
but the screw and the part q is employed to bring them up when first made,
and is left as a security against the plug s being forced forward from any
cause. It will be seen that six tubes are visible in the transverse section as
going into three sides of the chambers a, a, whilst the other three sides serve
for the purpose of the plugs, as described. In Figs. 1 and 2 the tubes have
a bend given them of the form represented, but may be varied to suit particular
circumstances, or may be so bent, as shewn in Figs. 3 and 4, as to form a
cylindrical boiler. In Figs. 1 and 2 the two central tubes c, c, are separated
by bends at top and bottom, so as to admit the grate h between them; in
Figs. 3 and 4 these tubes are not so separated, and consequently there are but
two grates at each end of the boiler, see Figs. 3 and 4. The tubes c, c, in
Figs. 3 and 4 have spaces between them on all sides, so that the products of
combustion act effectively upon them. h. h, h, are the grates; n, n, the ash-
pits; k, l, represents in all the Figs. the boiler, to be encased with hollow
brick attached to sheet iron; but it may be encased in the ordinary way,or
such way as may be found most suitable to the purpose for which it is
intended. On referring to Fig. 2, i, i, are the fire doors; j, j the frames
which connect with k and k at the top and bottom of the boiler; underneath
and above the circular part at each end of the boiler marked k,, are supposed
to be soot doors, placed in the most convenient manner for clearing out the
flues d, d, and e, e. Atf, f, in the plan, and the transverse section in Fig.3, is
shewn in this instance a division made of brick f, f,f; the parts marked y.g,
are here also supposed to be brick, and extend down below the grate,so as to
prevent the fuel dropping through, or a current of cold air rushing into the
flue in au injurious mauner. What is represented as brickwork g, g, is
carried to such a height above the grate as is most desirable, above which the
hot gases pass into the flues d, d, and take the direction indicated by the
arrows seen in d, d. It is best I remark here that the brick division and the
part g, g, are not absolutely essential, as these boilers could be placed end to
end; or the gases from either end may have a common outlet at g, g, into
the flues d,d,instead of (as in this case) being kept separate until they arrive
at the enlarged space w, which leads to the chimney m.
The mode of its action will now be readily understood, as h, h¹, are by the
brickwork made two distinct fire boxes. The hot product of combustion from
pass at 9 into the upper half of the boilers and the flue d, as indicated by
h

page_text: the arrows, and there impart heat to the whole of the tubular surface presented
to the channel d, as seen in the transverse section; the gases then pass, as the
arrows indicate, into the flue e surrounding the exterior, and there impart heat
to the outer side of the tubes and the brick casing, h, and arriving at w pass
up the chimney m, whilst the gas from pass through g,d, and e' by the
enlarged part w, then pass up round the steam chest to the chimney m, as
indicated by the arrows.
It is best to remark that in the Drawings No. 4 the plan is supposed to
represent the tubes bent into the form of those shown in Fig. 1, but the 4
rows of outside tubes are supposed to be inserted in the way shewn at b, b,
Fig. 4, which consists in reducing 3-inch tubes to 2-in. diameter, and
giving to that part which goes into the plate an angular and other suitable
form, such as the kind of bend given to the tubes b, b, may require. The
ferrules are inserted into the tube, when so arranged, in the same way as I
have hitherto inserted them, and as is represented in Fig. 1 at q, q. In this
case, when the tubes are reduced at the ends as now described, they require
no filling up pieces between them, as it will be seen in the Drawing their
circumferences come in contact with each other; but when the tubes are
put in as shewn at Fig. 1, at b, b, and q, q, without reducing the ends, then
the filling up strips of cast metal, as seen in Fig. 5, must be inserted in the
same way as 1 bave hitherto done them, and as here represented is at Fig. 5,
the transverse section in Fig. 3. Although the tubes are shewn bent as in
Fig. 4, yet as that Fig. is chiefly useful in illustrating the method by which
the gases are made to pass up round the steam chest, and show it in the
chimney m with the brickwork forming the division of the boiler ff, it is
obviously as illustrative of Fig. 1 as of Fig. 4. The division of brickwork
may be substituted by a well-stayed division of metal, and thus be formed into
part of the boiler, but I should certainly prefer the bricks.
Figs. 9 and 12, with their plans, Figs. 10 and 11, show two modes of con-
structing tools for fixing the tubes in the boiler plate and ferruling them. In
these two Figures the same letters refer to the same parts. In Fig. 13 there is
the addition represented of what may be used either as an bydraulic press or
as an air, water, or steam hammer at w. Fig. 9 is the tube plate. is the
tube in which the tool is seen; the part 1, r, is seen forced out at b, b, by the
nut b',, this having been done, the nut a', a', and the central part a acting
through g, g, and e, e, the tube is drawn tight up into its position, and against
the swell in the tube n, produced by the parts r, r, which forms the fulcrum
or resisting point to the withdrawal of the central part a, a, then the screw d¹
and d force d and d against the ferrule and drives it home into its position

page_text: in the tube. These parts a, b, d, are gartered and feathered, so as to prevent
their turning independently one of the other and to ensure their removal, see
the plans 10 and 11 at and c and e. In this arrangement the part ris
forged of steel and put on to a and fastened thereby the nut, a, a in Fig. 12;
this is also steel, but forged on to the central bar a, so as to effect the same
object as seen in Fig. 9. This is the only variation in Figs. 9 & 12 except the
press and hammer, before referred to, and the nut, which at Fig. 12, d, d, is
shewn as screwing on b, b, so as not to prevent d, d, to be thrust down without
it if required. These arrangements are thus shown so as to prevent the multi-
plicity of description otherwise necessary, but the practical mechanic will easily
apprehend all that is further required.
In Fig. 17 is shown a sectional plan of Fig. 16, but it illustrates the
manner in which », r, is formed in three segments d, d, d, in Fig. 9 & 12 as
well as 16.
In Fig. 16 this part is in an inverted position to what it is at Fig. 9 and
Fig. 12; g, g, Fig. 12 leads to the hammer or hydraulic press, which is
another application of the india-rubber rings and levers with its appendages,
as before fully illustrated and explained. In this case the motive force is
supposed to enter the hollow of the valves s at 7, and through q on to the
piston tand g, g, which, by the india-rubber rings and levers, as before
explained, the force is thrown through g, either as a hammer or hydraulic
press on d, d, which, as will be remembered, is the part which drives the
ferrule n into the tube; the hollow shape g, g, is for the purpose of showing
the other part of the tool enclosed, but the tool may in this respect have any
other form given it most suitable for the purpose of a press or hammer. It
will be observed that these tools are broken off in two places, one as regards
their central part, and the other, that which represents the hammeror press, is
also broken off in Fig. 12; this is to shew that the parts so indicated must be
adapted to the length required in such parts. The matter of the valve is so
easily understood, and so many illustrations are given in these Drawings aud
Specification, that it is needless to show or say more upon it.
Fig. 16 is a sectional elevation of a tool for cutting off the pipes x and
withdraw the ends of them and the ferrules when new pipes are required to be
inserted in the place of old ones.
In this tool, d answers to a and r in the former, but it is herea hollow pipe
formed at the end d, as seen in Fig. 17; within this pipe d is the one c, having
a conical end, which, as in the other instances, cause d to press hard against
the side of the tube a by the action of the nut d', d'; o, o, in this case
indicating the mode of gartering, in order to release d, d, the tool being thus

page_text: made fast in a, and steadied by the frame g, g. At m, m, are seen two cutters
held in the pipe b, b; through the pipe b, b, the central part a leads to the
nut a', with the conical part inserted between the cutters m, m. see plan
Fig. 17, serves to force the cutters m, m, out against the tube x, x, and on
turning the bandle n, n, the tube is readily cut off; this done, the part b, b, is
brought down bythe nut a" on b,and by the resistance of the frame against w
the ferrule is withdrawn; in like manner the end of the tube is also pulled out.
I should remark that the frame in Fig. 16 is not shown wide enough at the
part where the nuts work, for the purpose of introducing a spanner or ratchet
lever. This Fig., as before, is seen broken off, and for the same reason (the
handle n, n, is held by a six square within the same circle as the screwed
part aand a"; the purpose of this is, that when cutting off the tube by
the lever n the nut underneath should be removed or otherwise prevented
from acting.
In Fig. 13 shows a section, and Fig. 14 a plan, of two tools to be fixed in a
frame at a proper angle for boring out the inside and turning the outside of
the tubes at one operation. As both these tubes are identically the same, I
need but refer to one of them for the future. d, d, is a cast pipe of the form
shewn, attached to a sole plate having snugs on it, with an opening through it,
as seen at 2,2; at a, a, is seen a wrought-iron cutter bar, which is turned
nicely to fit d, d, which is previously bored out; at b, b, is a square steel bush,
dropping into a square recess, having its interiorboredout, andscrewed within
this case a very fine thread, which works into a thread on the boring bar a,
this steel bush is held in its place by the cap c, c. At the other end of the
boring bar a, a, is seen an annular recess v, v, into which the cutters are seen
to protrude from the centre and external side of this annular recess; these
cutters are set by the three pins and the conical part o, o, shewn in plan,
Fig. 15, which act in the same way as a, a, seen at Figs. 16 and 18, on the
two central cutters, the pins i,i,i, adjusting them, and holding them fast when
fixed at the desired distance. The tube is now shewn as brought up to the
cutters through a central gland, turned, and the part bored out to correspond
exactly with the barrel d, d, in which the cutter bar a revolves; the tube, x,
after being inserted into what is termed the gland c,e, is held fast in its position
by pieces of steelf,f, and pins u,u, as seen in Fig. 14; these pieces of steel are
cut on their interior face, like the face of the circular vice. This machine or
tool is supposed in this case to have the thread at b,b, so fine as to give the
proper feed by the mere turning of the handie, as in this case the tubes are
supposed to be bored out and turned by hand, as before described; but it is
obvious that any pitch can be given to the thread, and by proper gear the

page_text: cutter bar worked by motive power. Fig. 14 is a sectional plan of e, e, and
d, d. In Fig. 15 the part protruding below a is seen in section.
Having at the commencement of this Specification under the five different
heads indicated the nature and object of my improvements constituting my
Invention, and having illustrated them by the Drawings, and explained them
in detail by this Specification, I remark that the principle and combinations
embraced by the first and second heads are for the most part so novel, and ap-
plicable to such numerous purposes, that a few words will not be out of place
in further indicating the range of their application, as they are applicable to
pistons, stuffing boxes, and valves in all cases in which fluid pressure has to
to be controlled by such appliances; especially is this the case when the fluid
in contact with the india-rubber is kept cold or nearly so, and which can be
done in most cases, as illustrated in the Drawings and as I have now for
upwards of 12 years practically proved by the simple application of such
means, as shown in Fig. 7, Drawing No. 3, placed between my steam boilers,
with steam at from 100 lbs. to 150 lbs. on the square inch, and my regulating
damper, by which means the latter has been kept quite cold with nothing but
water intervening between it and the boiler, so that although there is much
that is novel in these combinations, that of keeping the india-rubber cold by
the intervention of water, I have long ago practically placed beyond doubt. In
such case I am justified in asserting, that for all hydraulic purposes, as well as
those of the steam engine, the combinations referred to present the best
possible means for constructing equilibriumanddifferential valves, and present
a substitute for the double-beat valves, as by this combination the valve is as
easily balanced and governed in its opening and closing if a yard in diameter
as if it were but one inch. The manner in which the india-rubber and metal
are combined, arranged, and illustrated by this Specification and its accom-
panying Drawing, places it beyond doubt, that when the india-rubber is kept
cold, as described, it will sustain any pressure, even to 500 lbs. on the square
inch, having at the same time a thoroughly flexible yet perfectly air-tight
piston or valve,suited also to water or steam indicators, or anything of the like
description, acting in conjunction with fluids under pressure. The area also of
such piston or valves, or whatever else they may be called, can in so far as
its action is concerned, be increased or diminished at pleasure. The form also
of the area presented to the pressure may be of any kind, square, oblong,
triangular, or of the forms given in the Drawings, and the air-tight joining
made with the same facility, perfection, and durability.
My condenser and boiler are so fully explained in this and my former
Specifications, that it is unnecessary to add more here than that, being right

page_text: and sound in principle, they are now practically complete in detail, with
a complete set of tools for their construction and repair.
I would observe that I do not confine myself to the exact details, but as the
Drawings and description clearly indicate what are the combinations that
actually constitute my Invention, I state my claim, as follows:-
Firstly, I claim the application of tubes, either of india-rubber or thin metal,
to the interior of pistons and stuffing boxes, and the methods described in this
Specification of causing through such tubes pressure to be thrown upon the
packing of the pistons and stuffing boxes, whether such packing be composed
of hemp or metal, or some other suitable substauce. This part of my Inven-
tion is illustrated in Drawings No. 1, and Figures 1, 2 and 3, and described
under the first head of this Specification.
Secondly, I claim the pistons and arrangements therewith combined, as
shewn in Drawings No. 2, Figs. 4 to 9, and described under the first head of
this Specification, the peculiar arrangements of rings and levers rendering.
sheet steel admissible to sustain pressure; it is in some cases to be substituted
for the india-rubber.
Thirdly, I claim the india-rubber valves with hemispherical ends, shewn in
Drawing No. 1, Figs. 1, 2, and 3, and fully described (with the air pump,
which is shown combined with thein in Figs. 1, 2, and 3,) under the first head
of this Specification.
Fourthly, I claim the valves shown in Drawing No. 2, Figs. 10 to 16, and
described under the second head of this Specification.
Fifthly, I claim the steam indicator or steam guage, illustrated in Drawing
No. 2 and Fig. 9, and described under the second head of this Specification.
Sixthly, I claim the steam valves with the formation of passages in the
cylinder face, the improved pressure boxes, the reversing gear, and the
arrangement shown at Fig. 17 for moving the slide or rising valves, so as to
admit the steam in and out of the cylinder in the most desirable inde-
pendently of the eccentrics; all of which improvements are shown and illus-
trated in Drawing No. 1, Fig. 16 to 36, and described under the second head
of this Specification.
way
Seventhly, I claim the hydraulic governor, shewn in Drawing No. 3, and
Fig. 1, Fig. 1 a, 1 b, and 1 c, and explain under the second head of this
Specification.
Eighthly, I claim the water regulator and indicator, shown in Drawing
No. 3 and Figs. 2 to 7, and explained under the second head of this Speci-
fication.
Ninthly, I claim the arrangement shown at Fig. 8, Drawing No. 3, and

page_text: described under the second head of this Specification, for preventing the
injurious concussive action to which pistons working in cylinders are subject.
Tenthly, Iclaim the peculiar combination of india-rubber and metal (in lieu
of india-rubber sheet steel may be substituted in some cases), shewn in
Drawing No. 2 and Figs. 4 to 15, Drawing No. 1, and Figures 18, 22, 30,
and 33, and in Drawing No. 3 and Figures 1 to 7, and described under the
second head of this Specification, whether such combination of india-rubber
and metallic parts be used in the construction of pistons, valves, stuffing boxes,
steam and water guages, water regulators, and steam regulators acting on the
dampers or otherwise, according to the method or combination there shown,
or some mere modification of the same.
Eleventhly, I claim the improvements in the condenser shewn in Drawing,
No. 1 and Figs. 38 to 50 inclusive, which should have been described under a
third head, but are found.described under the second head of this Speci-
fication.
Twelfthly, I claim my improved boiler, shown in Drawing No. 4 and
Figs. 1 to 5 inclusive, and described under the fourth head of this Specifica-
tion, whether it be constructed with a double or single row of tubes, or
whether the tubes be inserted so as to form a third grate in the centre or be
omitted altogether, and whether the tubes have the identical bend shewn
or have a different form given them to adapt the boiler to any particular
purpose.
Thirteenthly, I claim the complete set of boiler tools, shewn in the Draw-
ing No. 3 and Figs. 9 to 18 inclusive, and which are described under the fifth
head of this Specification.
In witness whereof, I, the said Thomas Craddock, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Second day of October, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven.
THOMAS CRADDOCK. (L.S.)