IMPROVEMENTS IN STOVES, GRATES, AND FURNACES
Year: 1838

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JULIUS
JEFFREYS, of Kensington, in the County of Middlesex, Esquire, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at West-
minster, the Twenty-sixth day of March, in the first year of Her reign, did,
for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
Julius Jeffreys, Her especial licence, full power, sole privilege and authority,
that I, the said Julius Jeffreys, my exors, adñors, and assigns, or such others
as I, the said Julius Jeffreys, my exors, adiiors, or assigns, should at any
time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times during
the term of years therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick upon
Tweed, my Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN STOVES, GRATES, AND FURNACES;" in
which said Letters Patent is contained a proviso that I, the said Julius Jeffreys,
shall cause a particular description of the nature of my said Invention, and
in what manner the same is to be performed, to be inrolled in Iler said
Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in
and by the same, reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at large
appear.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Julius Jeffreys, do hereby declare the nature of my Invention and the manner
in which the same is to be performed, are fully described and ascertained
in and by the following statement thereof, reference being had to the Drawing
hereunto annexed, and to the figures and letters marked thereon, that is
to say :-
My Invention consists in the ventilating and warming of houses in such a
manner that the fresh air may be introduced in large quantities, properly
warmed, before it enters the apartment, and that the apparatus, whether a stove
or grate, which warms the fresh air, shall stand in and itself give heat also to
the room or rooms to be warmed. By these means the economy of the fuel is
carried to the utmost length compatible with salubrity of the air and smoking
of chimneys effectually avoided. The three kinds of apparatus to be described
hereafter, besides these properties in common, have each one or more peculiar
properties, fitting them for particular purposes.
My first apparatus is an open fire grate with certain appurtenances. Figure 1
is a vertical section or side view. Figure 2, a horizontal section or plan; and
Figure 3, a front view. A is a common house chimney. B, B, the capacious
space in the chimney, in which common grates are set. C, C, the large front
opening partially closed by the brickwork C, C, into which is set the apparatus
E, E, F, F, which consists of a box below E, E, nearly square, having flat
tubes F, F, F, &c., placed parallel very near to each other, and upright or
nearly so, and passing through a partition of metal R, R, above, so that the
current which is making its exit at L, L, from the tubes denoted by the vertical
arrows Figure I., is kept distinct from the current, passing between the tubes
into the chimney, denoted by the oblique arrows. This apparatus is set in the
chimney only so far that the back of it, b, b, is many inches in advance of the
back of the chimney a, a, Figures I. and II.; the greater the distance the better
will be the effect. G, G, Figures I., II., III., is a grate of any suitable form,
placed in front of the above apparatus, supported by the iron rods I, I, which
slide in tubes or collars fixed in the box E, E, so that the grate may be moved
backwards or forwards by means of the screw H, turned in front by a winch
The use of this construction is to allow air to pass up behind the grate between
it and the apparatus E, E, F, F, shewn by the arrows 1, 1, 1, which air keeps
the flaming current (arrows 2, 2, 2,) from entering between the tubes too
low down; the current above the summit of the flame is thus only allowed to
enter between and play against the tubes, and much more heat is thrown for-
wards into the room. And to further the same object, as well as to regulate
the quantity of air passing into the chimney, I have two frames of metal f, f

page_text: Figures I. and II., supported by ears at the middle l, 1, Figure 3*, and moved
by the handles o, o, Figure II. These frames are placed behind the appa-
ratus F, F, above and below. The bars of the frame shifting before the
slits e, e, may be made to diminish their apertures into the chimney, and conse-
quently the draught also. O, O, Figures I., and III., are two cheeks of
marble, common stone, or metal, which prevent the ascending current from the
fire from being blown sideways, and N, N, Figures I., and III., is a frieze of
similar materials, forming a screen for turning any smoke that may rise so
high into the fissures between the tubes F, F, F. Thus there is no upright
passage into the chimney, and it will be perceived that the very back of the
fire is soveral inches in front of the wall of the room W, W, Figures I., and II.,
and the space from the upper bar of the grate G, to the frieze N, is even much
more than in ordinary grates, causing the opening in front to be very capacious,
while the grate also faces the room at the sides as much as in front. A grate
placed in this position, unaccompanied with any particular provision, would send
most of its smoke into the room, although the frieze N should be brought
within half the distance at which it is here placed above the grate; and it has
been supposed by persons not familiar with the movements of heated currents,
that by placing in its way the large apparatus occupying most of the passage
towards the chimney, the tendency of the smoke to enter the room would be
increased; whereas by thus obstructing the greater part of the passage, the
opposite effect is produced; the whole of the smoke enters the chimney with a
steadiness unequalled by the draught of any common fire, especially if the
apertures are vertical and their summit R, R, is above the level of the frieze N.
Hence, by this construction, the most smokey chimneys may be effectually cured.
Nearly the same effect would be produced by plates of metal placed parallel
with the edges forward, between the fire and the chimney; but by employing
the tubular apparatus F, F, in addition to the above important effect of
enabling the fire to stand forward into the room, the tubes may be made to
receive air from the box below, E, E, and to discharge it into the room at L, L
Figure I., which is a space fronted by any neat plate L, Figure III. This air
(arrows 3, 3, 3,) while passing up the tubes is exposed over a great surface to
the action of the smoke current passing between the tubes, and it draws from
this current a large part of its warmth. By increasing the draught up the
tubes by a hollow half columu b, b, Figure III., receiving the air from L, L,
and discharging it at the top of the room, and by making the area of the tubes
much freer than of the fissures between them, much more air may be made to
circulate up them than passes up the chimney itself, and thus more than half
the warmth of the smoke may be saved. The air enters the box E, E, at the

page_text: opening K, Figures I., and III., and is brought thither by a passage made
behind the skirting board from the outer air below the nearest window where
the wall is thin, and the opening easily made. At K there is a two-way slot
or door, by opening or closing which the air of the room or that from without
doors may be made to enter the box E, E, at pleasure. By substituting thin
sheet metal for the skirtings, and clearing away the plaster, and widening the
cornice or moulding a little, a passage of from three to five inches deep, and
from six to ten inches high may be obtained, or a pipe may be conveyed under
the floor, between the joists, or where the back of the chimney is towards the
open air, the easiest and best passage will be found in that direction. This
bringing in and warming of fresh air in great abundance, is a point of the
greatest importance to health, and it puts an end to all cold draughts from the
windows and doors. P, P, are marble jambs on each side of the grate; on
one side the lower portion of the jamb is made to slide out, leaving a passage
Z, Z, Z, Z, Figure II., below the brickwork for the entry of a person into the
chimney. S, S, Figure III., are polished reflectors of steel, which shew an
image of a fire behind, and reflect the heat falling on them.
The grate has been made of an elliptic form, the mantel-piece M, M, and
fender being also elliptical, and the jambs and cheeks O, O, and frieze also of
marble; but all these parts may be of metal, and the grate, mantel-shelf, and
fender be angular and after the style of any of the orders of architecture pre-
vailing in the middle ages.
The advantages of this stove grate I consider to be, foremost of all and
first, the supplying of large quantities of fresh air to the apartments warmed
before it enters them, by heat derived solely from the waste smoke, and in such
a manner that it cannot be burnt or overheated, whence it may be called the
fresh air grate. Secondly, the presenting of an open fire surface equal to
twice that of a common grate of the same bulk, whereby far more heat
is thrown into the roon, and the fire circle is nearly doubled. Thirdly, on
account of its forward position and the great distance of the breastwork or
frieze above the grate, the upper surface of the fire sends forward much more
heat than usual, and from the general construction the stone or metal work
about it receive and give into the room much heat. Fourthly, the principle of
the fresh air grate ensures its curing most smokey chimneys. Fifthly, a
chimney can hardly take fire where this grate is employed. Sixthly, not only
does the sending so much warmth into the apartments prove a source of com-
fort, but of great economy also. The effect of the fuel is increased at least
threefold; a fire costing from a penny to twopence a day will have an effect
cqual to a fire in a common grate, of which the expence shall be from three-

page_text: pence to sixpence. Seventhly, by thus setting forward the grate, the persons
in the room are no longer crowded towards one end of it for the sake of warmth,
but can occupy the middle and other parts of the room. Lastly, the whole
construction is such as to prevent a far more elegant appearance than any
common fire. In lieu of the usual flat and narrow mantel-piece the shelf
assumes the appearance and importance of a piece of furniture, and has the
utility of a side table. Before enumerating the peculiarities in this apparatus,
which I claim as original, it will be proper to explain its principle by contrast-
ing it with that of other open fires. In a common fire-place the throat f,
Figure I. of the chimney, is the point of congestion of the currents from the
room where they crowd each other. The current ascending vertically from the
fire is arrested at this point, and a very little force from behind will deflect it
enough to send it forwards into the room. Now, such a forco is always acting in a
greater or less degree both from the lower and hindmost currents, which strike
obliquely against the back of the chimney and are reflected forwards, tending
to push before them the upper portion of the smoke current, and especially
from the two currents which pass obliquely by the jambs and coving at each
side, shewn by the arrows Figure V., and meet each other behind the smoke;
these reach against the chimney back 6, 6, and by pushing forward the smoke
are a frequent course of smoking. In the Staffordshire stove, where the smoke
passes backwards through one large aperture in the back of the stove c, c,
Figure V, this effect is diminished, but all the blind back of the stove itself, on
all sides of the aperture, become the surface against which the side currents
react, and by crossing the smoke current they tend to supplant it and turn it
away from the hole into a position where it strikes the blank surface of the
back, and is reflected into the room; the same is the tendency of one or two
other forms of stoves in which the outlets have been backwards. The outlets
extend but a little way, as a foot at most, above the fire. The smoke is liable
to rise above them and be reflected out by striking the back or upper surface
of the stove. Moreover, where the hole is a single one, as in the Staffordshire
grate, or a series of horizontal slits, or even vertical ones, if the back be a
single plate a, a, Figure VI., through these side currents shewn by the arrows
should pass through it at the sides, they converge behind it and move the
smoke forwards by preventing its entrance through the back plate. The
proper construction, therefore, for a grate which shall possess all the
advantages enumerated as belonging to the fresh air grate, is to have, first, a
lofty back with apertures over the whole surface, so that wherever a current
shall impinge it shall find entrance. Secondly, the collective area of all these
apertures should be so moderate, and they should be so narrow individually

page_text: that the point of chief resistance should be over this surface, and not in the
chimney throatf, Figure I. The air in the chimney will then be in a state of
diminished compression, and there will be no fear of a reaction from the
chimney back or any other part, and the smoking from such causes will
be prevented. Thirdly, the apertures ought not to be mere slits through a flat
surface, though I claim the right, also the use of a simple flat surface with
numerous holes in it, but ought to be long passages between walls like the
fissures e, e, e, &c. between the pipes F, F, F, Figures II. and III. These
walls, in their capacity of guides to the currents, may singly be plates set parallel
and vertically, with their edge forwards; they then receive the side current,
arrows i, i, Figure II., however oblique, and prevent their conveying behind
the smoke entering the middle flues e, e, e, pressing it forwards. The side
currents are conducted parallel along the fissures, and at their exits i¹, i', have
no tendency to press against the smoke escaping at e¹, e, e, into the chimney.
Fourthly, instead of single plates, it is of great advantage to substitute
flat pipes rising out of a box or chamber, as E, E, up which air may travel,
and it is highly desirable that this air be brought from without doors, for too
much sweet air cannot be introduced into a room as a healthful measure, and
this air, by suplying the demand for the chimney current, puts an end to the
cold draught entering by the crevices of the doors and windows. Moreover,
a large quantity of the heat usually lost in the smoke is recovered from it in
its passage. None of the heat is abstracted from the body of the fire as has
been usual in the different contrivances for warming fresh air in pipes by an
open fire. By touching the fire such pipes chill and tend to extinguish it, and
though placed behind, by robbing it of heat, they diminish its power of radi-
cating heat forwards. Moreover, the air passing through them is always ren-
dered unfit for ventilation by being overheated; but, by having the air tubes
altogether above the level of the fire, and by the grate being made to screw
forwards, a current of air ascends between the flame and the pipes, and
effectually prevents their becoming overheated. In place of the flat tubes
F, F, F, a series of upright cylindrical or angular tubes, set in a single or in
successive rows, may, though with inferior effect, be employed. Fifthly, there
should be cheeks O, O, Figures I., III., and IV., to prevent the smoke from
being blown sideways, serve also as fire screens to persons occupying the chimney
corners, and if of metal, cast as frames for receiving small panes of glass, the
light may be enjoyed, but very little of the heat transmitted. The frieze N,
should be elevated farther above the grate than has been done in common fire-
places, that much more heat may be thrown into the room; whereas it is
desirable to give moisture to the air of rooms rendered too dry, especially in

page_text: very cold weather, by the rise of temperature; the mantel-shelf M, M, should
be deep and have placed upon it, immediately in front of the box L, L, a flat
vessel m, m, Figure I., and I., for holding water, which I form with a pierced
lid, like a common ventilator, the fan of which moves on a centre if the vessel
is arched or circular, or slides when a vessel with parallel sides is employed.
By standing on the mantel-shelf the vessel is lowered and the evaporation
easily regulated by the amount to which the lid is opened. Seventhly, under
certain circumstances, it will be found expedient to give the tubular apparatus
F, F, F, an inclination forwards, as in Figure IV., with the whole mouths of
the tubes at L, L, opening forwards into the room, and under other circum-
stances to carry a hollow column or tube l, 1, Figure to the top of the room
for increasing the draught of fresh air, or it may pass through the ceiling
and warm the room above, or laterally to warn other rooms. By means of a
valve V, which may easily be commanded by a cord or bell-pull, the current
may be divided by the edge of the valve, so as to allow any portion of it or the
whole to enter either the upper or lower room.
Now I claim the right of originality to all the peculiarities mentioned under
these several heads, whether employed singly or any number of them be
combined.
My next apparatus, having the same object in view as the above, is an air
stove. Figure VII, A, A, is a short cylinder at the lower part of the stove,
lined with fire brick a, a, above, to form the fire-place B, and forming below
an ash pit b, separated from the former by a moveable grate R; the ash pit
door L is made to fit carefully like the best chemists stoves, and the air is
supplied by a small hole, either in the door or on one side, as I, with a valve
or cover moved by the hand, to regulate the draught, after the manner practised
by experimental chemists and artists; or the self-acting regulator Figure XI.
may be employed. The fire box A, A, is closed by a metallic lid lined with
brick or tile, out of which rises the hollow cylinder or pipe C, C, rising several
feet, and terminating by an open mouth M, within the continuing outer cylin-
der D, D, several inches below the lid E of this outer cylinder. E is always well
closed. A pipe or flue N, N, conveys away the current either downwards into a
drain or sideways to a chimney, as N, N; the metal pipe d,d, Figure VII. and IX.
and X., forming the hollow space D, D, may be cylindrical or angular like a
common pipe, but I much prefer having it made convoluted or crimped,
like d, d, Figure VIII., with angular convolutions or with rounded ones as
Figure XII. By this construction the diameter of a stove may, without any
diminution of surface, be reduced to one half or even one third or more, and its
horizontal surface, or the ground it occupies, being the square root of this.

page_text: reduction, will be contracted to or even, as Figure VIII., where the dotted
circle d, d, d, is reduced to the crimped surface d, d, d, without any loss of
surface, and not much of effect; indeed with an improved action when the
curtain F, F, Figure VII., and VIII., of silk, cotton or other soft materials, or
of metal or wood, or earthenware is made nearly to enclose the whole stove,
then all the recesses on the crimped surface are converted into tubes, up which
travels fresh air, shown by the arrows in the space F, F, Figure VII., coming
from without doors by the cavity C, C, behind the skirting board, or from below
the floor, or from a passage. The loftiness of the stove gives great ascending
power to the fresh air, a long column of which is always in a warmed and there-
fore buoyant state, the exterior crimped surface of the above thoroughly warming
it; and the warm air is discharged near the top of room which I consider pre-
ferable to any other part, especially as I presume the chimney to be open, the
closing of which, either in sitting rooms or bed rooms, I hold to be highly
deleterious to health. The draught of this stove is a peculiar feature of its
action, by having a lofty pipe C, C, of small dimensions, carrying the very
hot air from the fire in an upright column, and then discharging it at top into
a containing space D, D, occupied by air of a much lower temperature;
although this last is much hotter than the outer air, the sum of the pressures
which operate to create a draught up the pipe C, C, does so much exceed the
sum of the pressures opposing the descent of the current down the outlet N, N,
that such a stove may be made to draw well and steadily though N, N, should
open into a drain, it being only necessary that the drain shall not be subject
to gusts of wind entering it; or the pipe N, N, may pass under ground to a
chimney at the distance of even one hundred yards. Besides this prevailing
descent down D, D, there are ascending currents in this space on the outer
surface of C, C, and descending currents on the inner surface of d, d, as in all
similar cases. H is a stoking or fuel door, with a short pipe, well closed by the
cover L, L, and carefully shut off from the space D, D, with which it must not
communicate, as the buoyancy of the smoky air in D, D, causes some resistance
to its descent; the lid E must be well fitted to prevent leaking, though it should
be moveable for the purpose of cleaning the tubes. It will be observed that the
crimped surface may terminate at 0, 0, whence a cylindrical or angular casc
in carried down to the base P, P, which is a plate of metal forming the bottom
of the ash pit, and closing the space D, D, between the fire box and the outer
case. Figure X. is a section of the stove at the fire-place. Figure XI. is a
self-regulating valve acting upon this principle: when two flat surfaces are
placed near to each other and parallel, if one, as A, be fixed and have a hole
in the centre with a single pipe, as a, entering it perpendicularly, while the

page_text: plate behind B is so suspended as to move to or from the other, always being
parallel to it, a current of air entering the pipe a, and impinging on the middle
of B, will not cause B to recede, but to approach the surface A, and if the
current be increased, B will come into contract with a, and shut up the mouth
of the pipe. By giving suitable length to the suspending wires C, C, turning on
pins at D, D, D, D, the plate B may be made obedient to the smallest force.
Now in any common stove or furnace whenever the heat rises, the draught through
the feeding aperture is increased, and where there is not a self-acting regulator
the effect increases the cause; the increased draught adds to the force of the fire,
the two augmenting each other in a circle; if the above apparatus be attached to
the ash pit, the smallest increase of draught will diminish the opening of the pipe
by bringing forward the plate B; and if the heat falls, the tension which kept
the plates at the given distance is lessened, the plates recede from each other
and more air is let in by the pipe. The plate A, should be made so far move-
able that it may be set at the proper distance from B, by a screw E, or other
means, to suit whatever temperature and consumption of fuel is determined on.
The advantage of this regulator I consider to be its vigilance, the action being
from its nature instantaneous, and its small liability to get out of order.
The following points in the construction of this stove have no originality in
them, having been long employed, namely, a fire lined with brick, an ash pit
having the draught regulated with great care, and an outer case enclosing the
fire chamber, having air circulating between them. Each of these provisions
has been made in domestic and other stoves for many years, some for
centuries, but they have been again neglected or failed to attract attention
until of late, excepting in the arts in which they are common. The points
which I hold to be quite original in my stove are, first, that peculiar con-
struction of having one or more tube as C, C, rising out of a furnace, and of
length enough to act as a chimney, and opening into o containing tube as
D, D, having chilling surface enough to maintain a prevailing descent in the
air, so that it may be pressed forward into a drain or conveyed off at a point
far below the summit of its first exit from the inner chimney C. Now this
construction I believe never to have been made or even suggested in any form.
In a recent work on warming and ventilating, is a sketch of a stove, which
from its column or form at first view appeared to involve this principle of my
own stove, but it is merely an outer tube or case containing a flue doubled
back upon itself, as if at the sumit M, Figure VII. the tubes C were bent
to a sharp angle and continued down without communicating with the con-
taining tube until it reached the level n, n, where it was turned off at a right
angle in the direction n; n. Now so far from containing in itself a drawing or

page_text: chimney power, such a stove could only be made to draw by having vent into
a powerful chimney. Secondly, I consider as original the convoluting or
crimping of the surface of a stove, especially if of wrought or sheet metal, so
as to increase its surface. Cast metal plates about grates and stoves have
been ribbed or slightly fluted for the sake of ornament merely, but not serrated
or crimped inside.as.well as out, so as materially to increase the surface of
metal, and the ribbing of sheet or wrought metal for stoves was not I believe
ever practised for the sake of ornament even. Whether the surface be serrated
or angular, as in Figure VIII., or convoluted, as in Figure XII., according to
a plan I exhibited to the Solicitor General in March last, I consider
this mode of increasing the surface of a stove within a given area as
both important and original. Thirdly, I believe the self-regulating valve,
Figure XI., to be wholly original, while it is applicable to any kind of furnace
or stove.
My next improvement in stoves for fulfilling the same general object as
above specified, and for supplying a body of hot water ready for use at any
hour, is shewn in Figures XII. to XVIII. A, A, Figure XII., XIV. and XV.
is a tube, cylindrical or angular, set with fire-brick B, near the bottom, and
with a grate C dropping downwards into the lower part D of the same tube A,
which forms the ash pit; the part E, E, being the fire-place. Inside of the
upper portion of the tube A, A, and leaving a space F, F, of half an inch,
more or less, all round, is set a double tube G, G, H, H, cylindrical or angular,
leaving a space I, I, of about one inch and three quarters, more or less,
between the tubes G, G, and H, H. These tubes are connected together at
bottom by a rim or circular plate K, K, Figure XIII. and XVII., and at the
top of the tube G, G, by another rim L, L, both being water-tight; the
tube H, H, is continued up to the top or level of the tube A, A, but the tube
G, G, terminates about two inches lower or where it is united to H, H. An
outer tube M, M, M, M, contains the whole apparatus down to the water-tight
rim N, N, or junction with A, A, and at the top they are united to the
rim O, O. The space P, P, between these tubes communicates with that I, I,
between the tubes G, G, H, H, by means of the short pipes R, R, R, R, so that
the water contained in the space P, P, can flow freely into that I, I. The
central space S, S, of the inner tube H, HI, has a solid lid s, which enters as
far down it as the level of L, L, so that when the lid s is raised, the space S, S,
communicates with the chimney flue V, V, by the opening I, but when s is
down, S, S, is a closed or blind tube. The space F, F, opens into the fire-place
below, and it is the flue up which the smoke current ascends to the enlarged
space U, U, above the rim L. L. To this enlarged part the chimney flue. V, V,

page_text: is connected. The space U, U, is shut in at top by a moveable cover W, W;
X is a well-fitted door to the ash pit, always closed, except for the removal of
ashes. Y is a button valve, opening downwards, supplying air to the ash-pit,
and suspending by the wire Z, Z, to the pin of another button valve, A, riding
within a short cylinder b, b, which cylinder is set half-way into the great
cylinder M, M, and opens by a hole C into the cavity, and by an aperture d
into the spaces U, U. The valve Y is set at the proper height for the
draught by the screw upon which it turns, and if the draught is such as to
cause the water which fills the spaces I and P to boil, the steam pressing
through c, raises the valve a, a, and with it the lower valve Y; when Y is
closed, the coiled spring e yields, and allows the upper valve to rise past the
aperture d; a direct communication is then established between the water
cavities and the space U leading to the chimney flue, and therefore a free
vent for the steam, during which time the valve Y damps the fire so quickly
as to cause the boiling to cease. Thus there can be no appreciable loss of
heat by the generation of steam. 9 and r, Figure XIII., are a plug, whero
the water is introduced, and a cock for drawing off water to the allowed level,
when it should be replenished.
The parts of this stove peculiar and important are, first, the cylinder H, H,
giving a space S, S, which serves to convey fuel down to the fire while the fire
is lighting; by raising the lid s, a strong current up S, S, through the hole F,
hastens the ignition of the fuel, and when the lid is taken off for supplying
fuel there is no discharge of smoke into the room, all being drawn through F,
towards the flue; when the fire is alight, the lid s is shut down and a constant
circulation of heated air takes place in the closed cylinder S, S, as shewn by
the arrows, the heat of which is given through the metal H, H, to the water
in I, I. In general no draught is allowed to pass to the chimney by S, S, but
by the narrow circular passage F, F, up which the smoke current ascends in a
thin stratum, exposing itself to the conducting surfaces of G, G, and A, A,
which carry off nearly all of its heat into the contiguous water. The pipes
R, R, R, R, suspend the inner cylinders, and give circulation to the water; the
space S, S, not only serves the above purposes of giving passage to the fuel
and circulating a body of hot air, but fuel may be heaped in it in reserve.
This fuel will not burn until it descends near to the level of K, K, whero is a
fresh air draught up the passage F, F, both from want of air and from the
chilling power of the water acting through the thin metal of H, H; in lieu of
the passago F, F, pipes or small tubes of metal may be employed, opening
below through K, K, and above through L, L. In that case the cylinder A,
terminates at K, and there is no cylinder G, G, the cavities F and P being

page_text: all one, with the small tubes passing through it carrying up the smoke and
conducting off its heat to the water. Figure XVIII. represents the outer
case M, M, serrated or crimped as in the case of the air stove. Now this,
whether thus angularly crimped or in rounded convolutions, I consider to be an
important and original method of increasing the surface of a hot water stove
within a given space. A curtain or case of any fabric, of cotton, silk or wool
m, m, Figure XVIII. drawn over the stove from top to bottom, and like the
similar covering of the former stove, may receive air by a pipe from without
doors or from a passage, and conduct it up the surface of the stove, to be
discharged above into the room, and this curtain or case may be carried up
much higher than the stove, like a wind sail; it will then act as a chimney for
-increasing the draught into the room of fresh air when it is elevated, so that if
the room is too warm its temperature will be lessened by the greater influx of
fresh air up the surface of the stove, and by lowering this air chimney the
quantity of air will be diminished and the warmth of the room if too cool be
increased. This is a provision for a rapid effect in addition to the command
over the heat obtained by regulating the draught of the ash pit at bottom;
instead of continuing on the cloth casing, it should be attached to a short case
of metal, enclosing the bottom of the stove at the ash pit, which case must have
an opening opposite the ash pit door, to be closed or not at will, according as the
air of the room or the outer air, as from the channel p, Figure XIII., is to be
conveyed to the stove. Figure XV. is a section of the stove at top at the
level L, L. Figure XVI. is a section at the level of the grate. Figure XVII.
is a section at K, K, shewing the rim or junction K, K, of the tubes G and H,
and the junction N, N, of the tubes A and M. In this stove the lining of the
fire-place with brick, and the restraining the supply of air to the fire, are points
it has in common with stoves and furnaces of old construction; but the several
peculiarities described above, together with the steam regulating valve, either
singly or combined, constitute the originality of the Invention. In conclusion, I
would by all means recommend that when either of these stoves are used, the
chimney of the room should not be closed, the closing up of a chimney under
nny circumstances I hold to be very injurious to health.
In witness whereof, I, the said Julius Jefferys, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twenty-sixth day of September, One thousand eight
hundred and thirty-eight.
JULIUS JEFFREYS. (L.S.)

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Twenty-sixth day of September,
in the year of our Lord 1888, the aforesaid Julius Jeffreys came before our said
Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification afore-
said, and all and every thing therein contained and specified, in form above
written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according to the
tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Inrolled the Twenty-sixth day of September, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and thirty-eight.