IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MEANS OF PRODUCING AND APPLYING ELECTRIC CURRENTS FOR LIGHTING AND OTHER PURPOSES, AND IN APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN.
Year: 1879

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Rapieff, of Middle Street, in the City of London,
for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MEANS OF PRODUCING AND
APPLYING ELECTRIC CURRENTS FOR LIGHTING AND OTHER PURPOSES, AND IN
APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN.'
"
Sealed the 15th July 1879, and dated the 18th January 1879.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Rapieff at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents on the 18th January 1879.
IMPROVEMENTS IN
JOHN RAPIEFF, of Middle Street, in the City of London.
THE MEANS OF PRODUCING AND APPLYING ELECTRIC CURRENTS FOR LIGHTING AND
OTHER PURPOSES, AND IN APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN."
وو
In many cases where the function of electro and permanent magnets are required
to answer some special requirements, I construct the following new forms and
arrangements of electro and permanent magnets.
In order to lessen the absorbtion of magnetism by the massive iron cores of
electro magnets, I make them of some diamagnetic material covered on the outside
partially or wholly with iron plates, sheets, clector. For the same purpose the
iron or, generally, magnetic parts can be placed alternately with pieces of dia-
magnetic material. In some cases, I coil these non-magnetic cores with iron wire
in suitable direction, and afterwards cover them with induction or inductive
coiling according to requirements. Sometimes for both these coilings is substituted
one only by utilizing an iron wire of such a gauge as would correspond to the
strength of the current, and thus a core of noumagnetic material is obtained
covered with an iron wire, insulated or not, and which can be utilized either as
induction or inductive coiling.
I also employ electro-magnets of the following description:-A solid or compound
iron dise is provided with two slots, and the coiling is put on in such manner that
the wire is always close to the disc, and bends round each of its halves from one
side only.
For the disc may be substituted an iron plate of any suitable description. If
more than two poles are required, the above mentioned discs or plates are provided
with a corresponding number of slots, and the coiling is laid through the latter
alternately on both sides of the dise or plate, and always in one and the same
direction. Two plates are arranged in the form of a cross for an electro-magnet

page_text: with four poles, three plates for six poles, and so on. These discs may be alternated
with iron pieces of suitable dimensions. By these arrangements a kind of flat
bobbin is obtained, round which is wound a suitable quantity of wire. One of the
plates or discs may be of one polarity, and the other of the opposite polarity.
Both the above described forms of electro-magnets may be coupled together, and
a number of single elements of each system may be used in order to obtain an
electro magnet of the required power with the necessary number of poles and
suitable arrangement. In the same way these two systems can be grouped together
for producing an electro-magnet with two or more branches. In some cases they
may be provided with steel, wrought or cast iron armatures of suitable form and
dimensions, and they may be fixed on an axis.
In another form of compound electro-magnet, I take a suitable number of electro-
magnets coiled on one of the above described systems, and arrange them with their
coiled surfaces side by side so that the poles of one polarity are on one side, and the
pales of the opposite polarity on the other. These electro magnets may be fixed at
a certain distance from or close to each other. In order to couple them together
into one compound electro-magnet, 1 connect their poles in pairs alternately by
means of steel, wrought, or cast iron pieces separate for each polarity. The
number of electro-magnets thus connected, the arrangement, form, and dimensions
of these additional pieces may be varied according to requirements.
When all the poles of the same polarity, and of the whole series of electro-
magnets are connected by a single piece, and at the same time the electro-magnets
are arranged in the form of a ring, dise, or cylinder, the additional pieces or
armatures take the form of two rings, dises, or cylinders, between which the above
mentioned electro-magnets are fixed.
On the other hand when adjacent electro-magnets are connected together in pairs
only by these pieces, and when one series of armatures is arranged alternately with
the other series, I obtain, so to say, a long single electro-magnet bent at each of
its poles, and having its single elements placed side by side. In arranging such an
electro-magnet on a disc, cylinder, or ring, I obtain an endless electro-magnet with
its poles of one polarity on one side, and its poles of opposite polarity on the
other.
In all cases where a powerful and compact electro-magnet is required, 1 employ
the above described system of, so to say, breaking or bending the same and coupling
together by means of separate pieces the poles of different polarity belonging to
the partial electro-magnets which are arranged side by side in such manner that
the poles of the same polarity are alternately turned to different sides. The result
is a long electro-magnet bent many times in order to attain the utmost compactness.
In the above described arrangement, the end armatures only will shew a free
magnetism, and therefore they alone will play the part of poles. It will be readily
understood that intermediate poles may be obtained, and their number may be
varied at will. The armatures of the compound electro-magnet may be composed
of a number of the aforesaid additional pieces. When the above described systems
are combined together, the armatures of one polarity may be placed in a perpen-
dicular or parallel direction with regard to the poles of the opposite polarity. I
employ such an arrangement in the dynamo-inductive machines, the electro-magnets
being utilized as inductors or as induced parts.
In order to increase the local magnetic influence, or, what is the same thing, to
secure the maximum action of the pole, I employ various arrangements, one of
which consists in providing the cores of the electro-magnets with projections, the
arrangement, shape, and dimensions of which may vary according to requirements;
the coiling of the electro-magnet may also vary to suit each particular case. Another
arrangement I employ in cases where the maximum magnetic influence must be
secured on one or both poles of the electro-magnet. One of the simplest forms of
such arrangement consists in preparing the core in the form of a plate, disc, cylinder,
ctreter, from one or several pieces of iron or other magnetic substance. This core is
coiled in the usual way, and to it is added another similar plate, disc, or cylinder,

page_text: and the coiling is continued round both plates, dises, or cylinders as if they were
one single piece. In the same way a third, fourth, etcetera, plate, disc, cylinder,
electent, is or are added and coiled over. This process may be repeated till the
electro-magnet has obtained the requisite strength. The magnetic power thus
obtained will not be distributed uniformly, the first plate, etcetera, will shew the
strongest magnetism, and the following ones less and less. A number of these
electro-magnets may be put together with their strongest or weakest sides next
each other, according to the point where the strongest effect of the compound electro-
magnet is to be exerted. The elements of these electro-magnets may be alternated
with separate plates, and fixed on a common base. In their turn each of these
compound electro-magnets formed by a number of homonymous poles may be coiled
with wire.
In order to increase the field of magnetic action, that is to say, to obtain the
necessary attraction of the armatures from greater distance, I employ polar surfaces
of various forms, the armatures being shaped to correspond to the form of the poles.
For further increasing the attractive power the armatures may be replaced by other
electro-magnets having suitably shaped polar surfaces.
I also employ other arrangements of electro magnets which produce an increase
of the attractive power. Their peculiarity consists, firstly, in that two branches of
one electro-magnet or two separate electro-magnets of opposite polarity have a very
flat form, and are placed side by side, their wide surfaces increasing the mutual
attractive action; and, secondly, in that the turns of magnetizing wire of the one
branch are attracted by the corresponding turns of the other branch. The surfaces
of the poles, their dimensions, and arrangement may be varied as required. Some-
times I employ a polarized fixed armature and a soft magnetizing core.
When it is required that two distinct armatures are to be attracted at different
times by an electro-magnet employ arrangements the leading principle of which
is the following: Suppose two branches of one electro-magnet, or two straight
electro-magnets placed side by side, or one above the other, so that the north pole of
one is opposite the south pole of the other, an iron additional piece or armature is
arranged to move round an axis upon which one of the branches of the electro-
magnet is also free to move, the other branch being fixed. As soon as the current
passes through the coiling of both branches of the electro-magnet, and has produced
in them the above mentioned opposite polarity, both branches begin to attract each
other, but in consequence of its lighter weight and less resistance the iron armature
is attracted first. The result is that both straight electro-magnets constitute only
ene with two branches, and the iron armature becomes a connecting piece (coulasse)
of this compound electro-magnet. Thus the remaining two poles are increased and
attract each other with much more power, or act on a second armature in case both
branches are fixed.
I also obtain an increase in the magnetism of the cores in electro-magnets, all
conditions remaining the same, by the following peculiar coiling: The wire is
always coiled in one and the same direction around and along the axis of the
electro-magnet, and having finished one layer I take a second wire, either single or
composed of a number of wires, and place a new layer in the same direction. Thus
I obtain as many series of conductors as 1 have placed layers of wire: they may
also be grouped at will. In all cases where convenient I place the first layer on
one of the electro-magnets or one of its branches, and then proceed to the other
branch or electro-magnet, and thus continue the coiling always in the same direction
around and along the axis of the same electro-magnet or its branch. This method
of coiling is applicable to all kinds of magnets.
Another peculiar coiling consists in placing the wire in transverse layers instead
of longitudinal, as is usually the case. Thus the coiling remains always in the same
direction around and along the electro-magnet.
My improvements in dynamo and magneto-electrical machines relate to the
following three characteristic peculiarities:
First. To the relative disposition of inductors and induced parts.

page_text: Second. To a peculiar arrangement of the inductors and induced parts, especially
the latter and
Third. To a more compact and perfect induction, which depends upon the induced
parts being under the influence of induction on much larger surfaces than in any
other known machines, and from more sides than one, besides which the induction
coiling is arranged in a manner which contributes the currents in the most favour-
able condition, and under all circumstances in which such currents can be generated
in order to be afterwards collected together or otherwise conveniently combined
with each other.
Before describing the series of new arrangements for inductors and induced parts,
whereby the current is generated, I desire to make the following remarks, which
are applicable to my dynamo and magneto-electric machines, as well as to their
parts.
A. I employ besides the various arrangements of my machines and their combina-
tions with each other, as hereafter described, various other arrangements based on
these leading principles, as well as various combinations of my new arrangements
with known ones. For instance, instead of electro-magnets as inductors, the latter
may be permanent magnets arranged in the form of discs or rings or in the usual
forms of permanent magnets.
B. All arrangements described for the discs or rings I apply to cylinders, and
I also employ, when convenient, a combination of two, three, or more
arrangements with various numbers of poles.
vice versa.
C. In all my electric machines I make use of various systems of coiling and iron
cores in electro-magnets and bobbins. In these machines I cause either the induc-
tors or induced parts to rotate, or both together in opposite directions.
D. When the inductors are electro-magnets the current for magnetizing them is
taken from a separate cell, battery or a special electric machine. In many cases I
dispense with separate source of electricity entirely, and utilize for the same purpose
part or the whole of the current generated in the machine itself.
E. For magnetizing the electro-magnets employed as conductors I sometimes use
conductors of iren wire, but what is more important I employ this metal for induced
parts and coilings. The current thus induced by the movement is increased by the
molecular currents derived from magnetizing this iron wire. This peculiarity of
construction is applicable to all arrangements of my electric machines.
F. All the inductive arrangements hereafter described may be employed either as
inductors or as induced parts.
G. The dynamo-inductive machines devised by me may be employed also as
electro-motive machines.
Besides the various systems of coiling described in the Specification of the Patent
granted to me, bearing date the Twenty fourth day of November 1877, number
4432, I have devised certain modifications in connection with the one side disposi-
tion of the inductors. In these arrangements one part of the induced coiling is
exposed from two sides to the influence of the homonymous poles, which are placed
in intervals nearly equal to the dimensions of the polar surface (measured in the
direction of movement), while the other parts of the coiling (or the same parts, but
from the other side) are under the influence of the poles with opposite polarity.
Each part of the induced conductor is subject to the influence of induction by passing
before the poles of one and the same polarity.
As the arrangement of the induced wire depends entirely upon the disposition of
the inductors I will describe the latter first. The poles are arranged either on one
or both sides of the induced conductor. In both cases the poles of one or two
polarities may be situated on each side of the conductor. The relative disposition
of poles of different polarity may vary. (1) The south poles may be exactly
opposite the north poles; (2) both polarities may be placed side by side; or (3)
one retreating somewhat behind the others. The limit of this latter disposition is
the alternate arrangement like the squares of a chess board. The dimensions of
the polar surfaces (measuring in the direction of rotation), the distance between the

page_text: poles of the same polarity on each side of the induced conductor, as well as the
mean distance between two branches of the same bobbin or zigzag of the induced
conductor, must be respectively equal. The arrangement of the induced conductor
may also be varied. Parts of this conductor, that is, the bobbins, zigzags, or layers
may be combined so as to produce discs, rings, or cylinders, and placed immediately
in the interpolar space, or may be previously fixed to iron pieces shaped in the form
of a disc, ring, cylinder, duera, and which may be solid or composed of sheets,
bars, wires, decent, and thus arranged are placed between the poles of the inductors.
At the same time iron additional pieces may be placed inside the bobbins or zigzags
of the induced conductor, or between the separate bobbins. The surface of these
induced conductors may be undulated with grooves and projections fitting to corre-
sponding grooves and projections of the inductors.
I will now describe some peculiar dispositions of the induced conductor which I
employ, especially in cases of one side or homonymous induction, but they may be
employed in other cases, as for example, in the common alternative disposition of
inductors.
The dynamo-electric machines devised my me with one sided induction are divi-
sible into two different types.
First. When the poles of the inductors are disposed on both sides of the ring, one
opposite the other, and,
Second. When the pole situated at one side of the ring faces the interval between
the poles on the other side of the ring, and rice versa.
Both these arrangements may be adapted to my disc machine.
In the first of these types the coiling is placed obliquely, and may be arranged
in separate bobbins connected either abreast (in quantity) or in series (in tension).
The result is the same if the coiling be shaped in the form of zigzags, in which
case each two branches of a zigzag are disposed on the opposite sides of the iron
ring. If a second layer of coiling is required its inclination is made in the opposite
direction.
to say.
In the second of these types the coiling is arranged in the usual manner, that is
the turns of the wire are situated approximately in the plane perpendicular
to the ion ring, or in other words, in the plane passing through the axis of rotation
of the ring, cylinder, dise, prism, etcetera. The connection of the separate bobbins
is the same as in the last case. Certain of the bobbins or parts of the coiling
belong to the second circuit or subdivision; others to the third, and so on.
Each
part of the coiling represents not only one turn of a single conductor, but an entire
bobbin or a series of bobbins formed by one or more conductors in one or more
layers. Each of the separate circuits has its own representative in the commutator,
so that either an alternate or a direct current may be obtained in all circuits or
their subdivisions or parts.
Another arrangement of inductors and induced parts consists of a ring, disc, or
cylinder placed between the inductors. The said ring, disc, or cylinder may be of
any suitable dimensions, and made of iron, copper, brass, wood, mastic, asphalte,
gypsum, or other suitable substance; it may be made in one piece or composed of
a number of pieces in the form of sheets, strips, wire, filings, etcetera. The induced
conductor is made in the form of several bobbins or laid on in zigzags, but always
so that the distance between the branches of one bobbin or zigzag is approximately
equal to the width of the poles or to the distance between the bobbins or zigzags
placed on one side of the dise, ring, or cylinder. After the induced conductor is
thus grouped it is placed over a plate, disc, ring, or cylinder on one side or on both.
In the latter case three different arrangements may be employed, in the two first
of which the length of each zigzag at the side of a bobbin of the induced conductor
is a little more than twice the length of the generant of the ring or cylinder, thus
the bobbin is placed on both sides of the ring or cylinder being bent round one of
their edges, and consequently leaving the other end free. In one case this bending
is accompanied by a crossing of both branches of the induced bobbin or zigzag.
In some cases no crossing of the branches takes place, and the conductor being

page_text: bent round the edge of the ring or cylinder passes to the inner side thereof, and is
fixed therein nearly opposite to their upper branches on the outer side of the ring
or cylinder. In another case the following peculiar disposition of the bobbins or
zigzags occurs: After being bent the inner part of the bobbin or zigzag is moved
away, so that one of its branches situated on one side of the ring, disc, or cylinder
is just under the other branch of the bobbin or zigzag fixed on the other side of the
iron arrangement, the consequence being that the conductor at the point of bending
takes an oblique direction. In another arrangement the conductor is placed either
on one or both sides of the ring, dise, or cylinder, independently of each other. In
this case the opposite poles of inductors may be placed opposite each other, or may
retreat a little, and the limit of this retreating is the alternate arrangement similar
to that of a chess board.
In another form of the induced conductor the coiling consists of separate bobbins
with two fong branches and two shorter ones in the form of a rounded, right angle,
a half circle, a curve, or an acute angle, takra. The bobbins are placed in two
layers, one above the other, although they may be arranged in one or more
layers.
In the case of two such layers let a represent the approximate value of one even
part or division of a developed ring, dise, or cylinder, caster, then is equal to
the width of the pole measured in the direction of rotation of the coiling. The
value of n may be subdivided into any other number of parts, for example, eight.
Taking into consideration the half thickness of the whole coiling and the value of
one eighth part of a one can easily calculate the section of a branch of hobbin or
zigzag Call the consecutive bobbins of the induced coilings,
-
c', 1
123, 1129
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&, C
etectera,
11³, 11-31
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Each
they are placed on the ring, dise, or cylinder so that the side branches a₁, “₂, a
of these bobbins are placed successively side by side forming one layer,
say, the upper one of the space, and the branches, 4, ₂, - - - a forming the
lower layer of the next space n.
Over the branches --- are placed
the branches b, bº, b³, - - - b* <f the next series of bobbins, the branches by, baby
---, of which form the lower layer layer of the next space n, and so on. Some-
times both branches of the bobbins or zigzags may be placed in the same layer, but
in that case one series of bobbins (for instance, the even ones), will constitute one
layer, while the other series (the uneven ones) will form the other layer.
bobbin may form a separate circuit or subdivision of the induced coiling, and has
its own representative in the commutator or terminal screws.
The bobbins may be
connected either abreast (in quantity) or in series (in tension), but always so that
the currents when combined do not weaken each other. Thus, for instance, when
the inductors of the same polarity are placed on both sides of the induced coiling,
and alternately facing the non polar intervals which are more or less equal to the
width of the poles, the subdivision of the inducedconductorinto eight separatecircuits
is obtained by the connection of all the bobbins marked as above with different
letters but with similar index numbers, taking care at the same time that the
separate bobbins a¹, ap, c',
---as well as those b¹, b, d', d₁, f', f₁, - - -
are connected always in the same direction, for instance, in that of the coiling,
while the connection of these two parallel circuits into one must be reverse.
The
bobbins may be connected in a consecutive row; a, a, with b, b, then with e,
d', d₁, ¹, q, f, f, and so on, but in that case they are joined in opposite directions;
for example, the end of the bobbin a', a,, (in the direction of the coiling) with the
end of , b, the beginning of the latter with the beginning of e, c₁, and so on. The
number of subdivisions of the whole coiling, the means of joining them, the number
of layers, the dimensions and number of inductor poles, their relative disposition,
the shape and arrangement of the bobbins, the system of winding the conductor, its
ferm, dimensions, and material, may all be varied according to requirements, and

page_text: the same remark applies to the arrangements of the induced parts, whether in
the dise or other form. Each circuit has its own representative in the commutator
or terminal screws.
I combine the above described arrangements with certain of those described
in the Specification of my Patent of the Twenty fourth day of November 1877,
Number 4432.
As hereinbefore stated the ring or cylinder and the conductors may be of any
suitable material, but I prefer for the core of the ring or cylinder soft iron in the
form of bars, sheets, strips, or wire. The conductors may be of copper or iron, and
in the latter case the elements of induction are brought still closer to each other,
and the dimensions of the inner magnetized cores are, so to say, increased, and the
use of an iron ring or cylinder may thus be entirely dispensed with.
I also apply the above arrangements to my disc machine, in which the induced
conductor is arranged in the form of a disc and either with zigags or separate flat
bobbins, the shape of which correspond more or less to the shape of the poles. The
arrangement and connection of these bobbins are similar to those just described for
the ring or cylinder. The number of poles of the inductors, their disposition, the
number of circuits or subdivisions of the induced conductor, the number of bobbins,
heir dimensions, and their grouping in the circuit may be varied according to
requirements.
I also employ the same arrangements of the conductor when my machines are
constructed without any inner iron parts where the magnetizing and demagnetizing
takes place. For this purpose I make the drum or frame of some non-magnetic
substance, either in one piece or several. The said drum may be in the form of a
dise, ring, cylinder, etcetera, upon which the bobbins or zigzags of the induced con-
ductor are placed on one or both sides in the order herein before described. I obtain
the same results by the following method: The bobbins or zigzags being arranged
in the proper order are connected by a special substance which in course of time
becomes hard. Thus a solid drum, frame, dise, ring, etcetera, is obtained, and being
caused to rotate between the poles of inductors generates inductive currents.
In accordance with the above described arrangements I construct dynamo-electric
machines in which the inductive conductor is arranged in the form of a disc without
any iron parts requiring to be magnetized. By these means the utilization of the
motive power becomes a maximum.
In another arrangement of disc machine with two poles each consecutive bobbin
is placed radially upon the preceding one, and consequently crosses the latter in
two points; this results in the disposition of all the bobbins in the form of a fan
round the whole disc. Each bobbin is represented on the commutator, and there-
fore a direct current may be obtained. More frequently employ in my disc
machines a number of discs containing the induced wire and place them alternately
between the inductors, thereby producing a two sided induction.
In each bobbin or zigzag of the above described coiling currents of induction are
generated during its rotation between the poles of the inductors. In this case the
coiling is, so to speak, put alternately on and off the electro or permanent magnets.
The currents thus generated are furthermore increased during the passage of the
conductors close to poles of inductors, and through the action of magnetizing and
demagnetizing of the iron parts when the latter are placed between the parts of
the induced conductor, or when the induced coiling is arranged on iron dises,
cylinders, rings, etctera. To these currents must be added the currents generated
not only by the poles of inductors but to a more or less extent by their other parts
as well as the currents generated during the passage of the induced conductor close
to the inducting wire which serves for magnetizing the inductors. These are the
fundamental principles on which mydynamo andmagneto-electric machines are based.
The arrangement of the inductors in relation to the induced parts is susceptible
of great variation, and they may be combined in a great variety of ways.
In other new relative dispositions of the induced parts and inductors, it is
possible to obtain immediately a direct or alternate current. The leading feature

page_text: of this arrangement is as follows: -Two iron cores, straight or bent, and of any
suitable section are coiled with inducting wire, and their ends connected by
wrought or cast iron pieces, thus forming an endless electro-magnet, the coiling of
both branches of which are joined to each other, so that the endless electro-magnet
when the current passes through the coiling obtains neither poles nor neutral points.
In that case the magnetic pole of one end of one branch of the electro-magnet will
be opposite the pole of an opposite polarity belonging to the other branch of the
electro-magnet. The inductors may be arranged opposite the branches of the
electro-magnet. The movement of each side of that element past the poles of
the inductors of the same polarity will generate an induced current always in the
same direction.
These elements may be arranged in a spiral, zigzag, or other form.
When
the elements or their branches are subjected to the influence of the poles of inductors
of the same polarity, a direct current is immediately obtained, but when the
polarity of the inductors is alternating, the current obtained is of an alternate
direction.
Another form of the element suitable for the same purpose consists in causing to
rotate between two poles of the same polarity a pole of the opposite polarity.
Each of these poles is coiled and provided with induction bobbins, the iron cores of
which obtain magnetic polarity from the adjacent poles of the inductors. By this
arrangement the current is generated by the passage of the induced conductor
through the magnetic field.
In another modification of the same arrangement I employ a disc, cylinder, ring,
ctcetera, of a magnetic or diamagnetic substance in the form of wires, strips, sheets,
etcetera, coiled with an induced conductor in the direction of the generant and
placed between poles of the same polarity. During the rotation currents are
generated always in the same direction.
I employ also various other arrangements and combinations of these elements
with additional pieces and electro or permanent magnets, and I apply certain of
these modifications to the machine illustrated in Figure 50 of the Drawings
annexed to the Specification of my aforesaid Patent of the Twenty fourth day of
November 1877, Number 4432.
In order to lessen the friction of axles or shafts in the dyname and other
machines where the speed is considerable, I employ a rotating bush or sleeve of a
cylindrical or rather conical form, placed on the axle or shaft. The speed of
rotation is thus divided into two parts, because the brush rotates at a speed inter-
mediate between zero and the speed of the axle or shaft. For very high speeds 1
employ a number of these brushes placed one inside the other. Another advantage
of this bearing is the facility of replacing an injured brush by a new one: suitable
grooves and oil holes should be provided in each brush for lubricating the working
parts.
For collecting the current I sometimes employ a number of thin metallic plates
or sheets of suitable dimensions, straight or bent, and placed side by side: such
plates or sheets are fastened on one or both sides and pressed by means of springs,
screws, eccentrics, electere, against the parts from which the current is to be taken
or to which it is to be communicated.
Similarly I arrange the friction rollers intended to take away or deliver the
current. From the rotating parts of these discs or rollers the current is conveyed
to the bearings or to the axes by means of brushes or similar arrangements, con-
sisting of metallic wires or strips lubricated by plumbago.
As in many of the above described machines the current obtained is of alternate
reverse direction, 1 employ a commutator which enables me not only to convert
these alternate currents into direct ones, but also to combine the alternate currents
of various circuits or their subdivisions into one direct current. For example, I
will describe an arrangement of commutator for collecting and so straightening as
it were, currents generated in four circuits or their subdivisions, the alternate
currents in which are not generated simultaneously but successively in each by an

page_text: arrangement of four poles, producing during one revolution of the machine eight
currents, four in one direction and four in the opposite. Each end of the circuit
or its subdivision has its own representative in the commutator in the form of a
disc provided with four projections, the longitudinal dimension of which is equal to,
or rather less, than the intervals between the projections, thus each disc has the
appearance of a cross. These discs are fixed on an insulating sleeve through which
pass the metallic connections of the discs with the ends of the circuits, while those
connections and the discs are all insulated from each other by insulating substance.
The spaces between the projections may also be filled with the same substance,
thus the outer surfaces of the discs are formed by four metallic parts alternating
with insulators. The discs are so placed that each consecutive disc deviates from
the preceding by a quantity nearly equal to the quarter of the intervals between
the projections. The brushes for taking off the currents are pressed against the
commutator by screws and springs.
In cases where alternate currents generated in the fixed part of the machine are
to be straightened, I employ additional metallic dises fixed on the same shafting as
the commutator itself, and by means of brushes, strips, electora, pressed against
these dises, a metallic connection is established with the above described commu-
tator discs, or a separate additional disc may be employed for each of the primary
discs, the first obtaining the alternate current which is to be converted into direct
current.
For lighting up electric apparatus, that is, for producing the voltaic are in electric
lamps, moderators, regulators, candles, etcetera, either of my own system or any
other, I employ the following arrangement:--The carbon poles of the electric lamp,
for instance, a regulator of my own system, are separated from each other when the
current is not flowing through the apparatus. Its outer circuit is divided into two
branches. When the apparatus is not in action the first of these branches is
disconnected, while the latter at the same time forms a complete metallic circuit.
But the carbon poles make a part of the first branch which is disconnected and
therefore when the current passes in the apparatus the whole of it will necessarily
flow through the second branch and magnetize the electro-magnet. This will
instantly cause the moveable part of the electro-magnet to approach towards the
fixed part, and this movement, by means of a rod, is transmitted to one or both
poles. They touch each other, and by this contact the continuity of one branch is
re-established. The current now flows through both branches, one part of it goes
through the bobbins fixed to the ends of a permanent magnet, demagnetizes it,
and thereby releases an armature, which is drawn away by a spring or a weight.
The movement of the armature is communicated to a metallic lever bearing on a
metallic piece. By this means one branch will be disconnected, and the electro
magnet at once de-magnetized; its moveable part, by its own weight or a spring,
falls down and produces the voltaic are. In case the light goes out, the armature
is attracted by the permanent magnet and a circuit will be again re-established,
thus causing the repetition of the process before described. If by some accident
the voltaic arc cannot be obtained, the current flows through the branch of the
last named circuit, in which case the latter is a "safety circuit." If necessary, I
put in both branches reserve lamps.
The disconnection of the circuit or the relighting of the apparatus may be obtained
by means of an electro-magnet, solenoide, etcetera. These arrangements take the
place of the permanent magnet, and at the same time the disposition of the arma-
fure, contact pieces, ctecteru, can be modified according to requirements.
In the above described case is mentioned an electro-magnet of my own system,
but the arrangements of its parts, their dimensions, and form, as well as the means
for increasing and diminishing the space between the poles, also for disconnecting
one or the other branch, may be varied. I make use, for instance, of solenoids,
electro-magnets, permanent magnets, armatures, electora. In some cases I combine
together both parts of the apparatus above described, viz., the electro-magnet,
permanent magnet, and armature, but I employ, by preference, the above described

page_text: electro-magnets of my own system, and the influence of the electric current for
demagnetizing additional iron armatureswithwhich permanent magnets areprovided,
the latter holding in contact or disconnecting some corresponding parts when the
This
apparatus or part of it, where such magnet is put in, is not in action.
arrangement prevents the unnecessary waste of current, and in order to reduce this
loss to its minimum in all lighting apparatus, wherever suitable, I make use of the
previously described demagnetization of an iron armature added to a permanent
magnet. This magnet serves for approaching or separating the carbon poles and
producing between them the voltaic arc, also for setting in motion a relighter of
my own system, which is a piece of carbon or some other conducting material
touching the poles of an electric lamp under the influence of a weight, spring, or
current. In the latter case the carbon poles do not touch each other, and the
distance between them, .e., the length of the voltaic are, is regulated by a
special set screw.
In order to economize the electric current still further, I employed another
arrangement, which may be applied to almost all electric lamps of my own system,
as well as others.
Suppose the carbon poles of an electric lamp touch each other, they must be
drawn asunder in order to produce the voltaic arc. When this is done and the
voltaic are formed under the influence of the current led into the apparatus, the
metallic parts fixed to the electro-magnet armature or some other moveable part of
the apparatus are brought in contact with other metallic pieces, and by this means
cut off the current from the electro magnet, or generally speaking from the part of
the apparatus which draws asunder the carbon poles. At the same time the electro-
magnet or armature is stopped in the right position by means of a special arrange-
ment, such as a suitable hook or a ratchet bar acting under the influence of a spring,
weight, or electric current. In the latter case, the result is obtained by means of a
second small electro-magnet or solenoid, through which a current is flowing either
during the whole time when the apparatus is in action or when only its relighting
part is put out of the circuit.
For the relighting of electric lamps I also make use of induction currents gene-
rated by a special induction bobbin or in a conductor, which for the said purpose
is added to the lamp or to the main conductor. The current passes through the
primary coil of that bobbin, either without interruption or only at the time when
the apparatus is put out of or in to the circuit. The induced current generated in
the secondary coil of that bobbin or conductor is utilized for the lighting up of tho
electric lamp, that is, for producing the voltaic arc.
In another arrangement, two carbon dises, each representing a separate pole are
put side by side, with their flat surfaces separated by an insulating layer which is
only heated during the burning of the carbons or consumed as the latter burn away.
The automatic relighting is obtained by means of a piece of carbon or some other
suitable conductor pressed against the two carbon discs by the action of a spring,
weight, ctectera. Immediately after the current begins to flow through the apparatus
the relighter withdraws and the voltaic are is formed. The lighting point is fixed
by means already specified.
Another arrangement of this lamp is the following: Two carbon dises secured
parallel to each other or slightly inclined, and are separated by an insulating
substance, which does not touch the carbon dises, or at least one of them, for pre-
venting the derivation of the current. In some cases it will be found more conve-
nient to substitute for a separate insulator only an insulating coating on the inner
sides of the disc, or to fix on those sides thin plates of the same material. Some-
times I dispense with this insulation entirely.
In the same
way carbon cylinders may be utilized instead of discs. The
relighting up of the apparatus is effected either by a relighter of my system before
described, or by causing the carbon poles to approach together until they touch each
other, and subsequently to separate them to the former position. The current is
conveyed from the end terminals to the carbon discs or cylinders by means of

page_text: brushes, metallic springs, etcetera, in contact with special washers which are fixed
on the metallic axles of each pole, and at the same time play the part of holders for
the carbon poles. Both discs can be fixed on one axle by separate bushes, and
insulated from each other. Both poles can turn in the same or in opposite direction;
the cylinder besides must have a forward movement towards the point of con-
sumption.
In all cases where electric light is produced I employ the heat of the voltaic arc
by bringing to incandescence refractory substances, which may be solid or in the
form of a powder, and always arranged so that a deviation of the current except
through the voltaic arc is completely avoided. This increases the illuminating power
and the steadiness of the electric light. The parts of a refractory body exposed to
the heat of the voltaic are may be arranged in various ways, in one of which the
part which is heated serves at the same time as a reflector for the light.
In another arrangement for the utilization of the heat of the voltaic arc, the
carbon or carbons forming a separate pole are provided with special parts by which
solid bodies, powder, liquids, or gases are introduced into the voltaic arc, and burn
there, emitting light. This introduction is effected by various means, and either
simultaneously with the movement of the carbon poles or totally independent of
such movement.
In many cases I envelope the carbons in covers of metallic alloys and other suit-
able materials, which after being melted accumulate in special cups, and aro
forwarded to the point of consumption in the voltaic arc. The carbons are thus
surrounded with. some fusible substance, and consequently each pole has the appear-
ance of a common candle in which the wick is replaced by one or more carbons.
The latter may occupy an eccentric position in the fusible substance. Two poles of
this kind are arranged obliquely or parallel, and are put in fixed or moveable holders.
The lighting up of the apparatus and the mode of conveying the current into it is
effected by one or other of the arrangements before described. If the position of
the lighting point must be fixed, the poles are propelled in the usual way before
specified, and at the same time caps regulate the movement of the carbons similar
to those of carriage lanterns.
In another modification of electric lamp I employ two simple or compound
carbons fixed in two metallic holders, and separated by an insulating substance.
The carbons are secured parallel to each other, or are a little inclined, and remain
fixed during the whole time they are burning. Instead of one carbon for each polo
I employ a number of them of suitable diameter, and fix them side by side. The
lighting up is produced by a cap of thin wire or some other suitable conductor in
the form of a paste, or otherwise placed on the ends of both poles. The carbons
may be jacketed entirely or partly with some insulating substance, but always
so that the deviation of the current except through the voltaic are will bo
avoided.
In another arrangement of electric lamp two carbons, which are inclined to each
other under some angle, represent one pole, and two other similar carbous the other
pole. Each of these pairs of carbons may also form a certain angle, or may bo
parallel. In both cases they are separated by an insulating substance, with which
cach pair of the carbons is provided, and they may be propelled towards the voltaic
arc in proportion to the consumption of the carbons, or invariably fixed to one or
even both poles. The sectional dimensions of carbons of both poles may be the same
or different. The direction of carbons and the transmission of current into them is
produced by means of brushes or rollers, and as the latter are invariably fixed,
the point of meeting the carbons is also fixed, and therefore the length of the
voltaic arc. In proportion as the carbons and the insulating substance are consumed,
the carbon poles are propelled by a weight or spring. The length of the voltaic
arc is determined by the width of the insulating substance or by a set screw. The
lighting up of the apparatus is obtained by some one or other of the arrangements
previously specified. This apparatus may also be used a candlestick for the
candles of Jablochkoff, Werdemann, and others.

page_text: It must be understood that I also arrange various combinations of my lamps
based on principles before specified with other known form of apparatus, electrical
regulators, candles, ctcetera. In the application to the Sarrain regulator, the prin-
ciple of utilization of the heat produced by the voltaic arc is introduced.
refractory substance is heated by the voltaic arc, and produces an additional light.
In a similar way this can be adapted to all other apparatus.
A
I also employ various combinations of my carbon pole with other forms and
arrangements of simple and compound poles with one or a number of discs, with
solid or hollow cylinders, with carbons and conductors in the form of square pieces,
rods, rings, plates, spirals, etcetera. For instance, one of my poles may be replaced
by a single carbon, and the current introduced close to the voltaic arc by means of
a brush, friction roller, spring, etcetera. In general the form and dimensions, the
specialarrangement of the poles and their mutual dispositionsmay be variedaccording
to requirement. The two poles and their parts may be placed perpendicularly,
obliquely, or parallel to each other, in the horizontal, vertical, or any other planes.
In all these cases the fixing of the lighting point is obtained by my system, that is,
by meeting of two carbons in one point, or by meeting of insulators, or by the
meeting of both carbons and insulators in the pole of my own system. The means
of propelling the poles to the point of consumption may be one of those previously
described. The movement of the carbons in one of the poles, namely, in the pole
of my system, is transmitted to the other pole, so that the propelling of the latter
is placed in dependance upon the movement of the carbons of the pole of my system,
and by this the regularity of movement in proportion to the consumption of carbons
is ensured. The relighting of the apparatus is obtained by one of the arrangements
previously described.
My system of keeping the lighting point fixed by meeting of two or more carbons
I adopt not only for the light produced by the voltaic arc, but also for the light
obtained by incandescence. In the latter case the arrangement of the pole must
be of course conveniently modified, that is to say, each carbon represents a distinct
pole. For the transmission of the current into the carbons and for holding them in
an invariable direction I employ various arrangements, for instance, a metallic
brush, spring, friction rollers, pulleys, and so forth. The pulleys may be prepared
of some refractory material, and when the latter is a non conductor the rollers serve
only as a guide for the movement of the carbons. The friction rollers are prepared
of one or more elastic metallic discs, between which the carbon is squeezed and
propelled according to the direction of rotation of the roller.
In case a dise, plate, ctecter, with considerable surface is substituted for one of
the poles I avail myself of the heat developed in the former, and in this way utilize
the heat of the voltaic arc. These incandescent parts of the apparatus perform the
double function of a pole and a heated body.
I employ also a lamp for lighting by incandescence; it consists of two poles
meeting under some angle in one point. The pressure in the contact point of two
poles can be increased or diminished at will by a special arrangement. The illumi-
nating power of the apparatus varies according to the dimensions of the poles, the
strength of the current, and the pressure of the two poles, and as the latter may
vary according to requirements the illuminating power itself of the apparatus may
be regulated. The two carbon rods, of a suitable section and length, are propelled
to the meeting point of both by means of a spring, pressure of liquids, gases, or
weights. Each of these rods represents a separate pole of the electric circuit.
The movement of the rods is limited by their meeting, and is guided by
pullies, brushes, or tubes. The current is passed into the carbon rod either by
means of the above guiding pieces in case the latter are conductors, as metal, carbon,
ctcetera, or by means of special metallic strips, springs, rollers, or brushes of suitable
material. The part of the carbon rod between the meeting point and the place
where the current is passed in is heated and becomes incandescent. The strongest
light is emitted from the meeting point of both poles. The pressure of the contact
may be modified at will by a screw and spring. The angle formed by the two

page_text: carbon rods may be altered from 0° up to 180° by a simple removal of the guiding
parts, the latter being provided with special screws. The length of the part which
becomes incandescent may also be altered at will. The disposition of such rods and
poles in the space as regards the vertical or horizontal planes may be varied.
One of the carbon rods can be replaced by a thick plate or piece of carbon, which
represents then the second pole, and is invariably fixed. The lamps may be placed
in the circuit in tension or in quantity. In places where full utilization of the current
into light is required 1 employ a special moveable part connected with an electro
magnet. The current is passed into the carbon rod by the contact of this moveable
part. In order to regulate this movement there are special set screws.
All the details concerning the compound poles described in the Specification of
my Letters l'atent of the Twenty fourth day of November 1877, Number 44:32,
must be applied to the discs, plates, spirals, etcetera.
In order to increase the steadiness and brilliancy of the electric light I make use
of a compound carbon in which the substance of the carbons is alternated by strips
of some insulating and refractory substance.
For obtaining and subdividing the electric light I have also devised the following
two apparatus:
In the first I employ two carbon pencils, one for each pole, although three or
more carbons may be employed in each pole. The current is communicated to the
carbons by means of friction rollers or guiding pullies, arranged in a special box,
the latter being fixed to the carbon holders. By turning the friction wheels in one
direction the carbons are caused to approach; by turning them in the opposite
direction the carbon points are separated. Each friction wheel turns on a separate
axis, on which small pulleys are fixed and moved by means of a small chain, cord,
etectera, the latter being actuated by a weight, spring, or any other power, not
excluding the electric current. If the carbons were free to move they would be
(under the influence of the weight, spring, etcetera) pushed forward until their ends
come in contact with each other. To prevent this and at the same time to regulate
the forward movement of the carbons in proportion as they are consumed in the
voltaic are the one or both axles of the friction pulleys are provided with a ratchet
wheel. Close to this ratchet wheel is arranged an anchor or escapement in the
form of a hook or grapple similar to that used in clockwork. The hook is provided
with an iron lever, and may be magnetized and play the part of a polarized arma-
ture. By giving a swinging movement to this lever, and consequently to the hook,
the ratchet wheel is allowed to turn slowly in the direction of the action of the
force (weight, spring, etcetera). This swinging is actuated by means of an electro
magnet, the inner core of which is alternately magnetized and de-magnetized by
interrupted current. Now it will be evident that, knowing the exact rate of con-
sumption of carbons for a definite strength of current, I can adjust the speed of the
swing of the lever by which the carbons are propelled in exact co-relation with the
rate of consumption of the carbons, and thus obtain a perfect regularity of
the length of the voltaic arc. The number of alternate openings and closings of the
current in the electro magnet or solenoid, and consequently the feeding of the carbon
poles, is regulated, 1st, by a single electrical arrangement actuating all lighting
apparatus in the same circuit; 2nd, by a fly-wheel, flyer, or balance similar to that
used in clocks and watches put in each lighting apparatus, and regulated according
to the strength of the current; Brd, by means of a beam of light passing through a
hole in a screen, and acting by the actinic or thermo electric power upon a special
apparatus which causes the carbon points to approach or separate; and, 4th, by the
generator of the current itself by utilizing a small part of the current in a derived
circuit, or even by a current of a separate battery alternately passed into and inter-
rupted in the circuit by means of an additional apparatus fitted on the moving parts
of the electric machine. In the latter case the variation of the speed of the dynamo
machine, and consequently the variation of the current generated by it are counter-
balanced by the corresponding feeding of the carbons.
The disposition of the carbon rods may vary according to requirement; they may

page_text: be vertical, horizontal, inclined at an angle, or parallel to each other, etcetera. There
is no absolute necessity to fix the ratchet wheel on the axis of the friction roller;
it may be put on a separate axle, the latter being provided at one end with a worm
acting upon the friction roller or on a toothed strip fixed to the rod holding the
carbons.
The forward movement of the carbons may be obtained without friction rollers,
simply by the weight of the carbons themselves or holders attached to the latter, or
by the pressure of liquids or gases in metallic tubes, the latter conveying at the same
time the current to the carbons, which are fixed in the piston travelling the through
whole length of the tube. One end of it may be provided with a brush, rollers,
etcetera, in order to guide the carbon and at the same time to admit the current as
near as possible to the voltaic arc.
The lighting up of the apparatus and the separating of the carbon points in order
to produce the voltaic are is obtained by means already described in my previous
Patent.
The separation of the carbon points is limited by a set screw and special parts,
the electro magnet which causes the relighting of the apparatus acts immediately
upon one of the poles without any mediation of the ratchet wheel or the clock
work.
In my second apparatus I utilize liquid poles, such as quicksilver, chlorides of
metals, acids, salts, and their solutions. There may be two cases:-
a. The apparatus may be worked in the open air; or
b. It may require to be protected by an air tight cover.
a. In the first system of lamps care must be taken to keep the distance between
the poles constant, and at the same time to fix the position of the lighting point.
This is attained by an apparatus wherein two vessels shaped in the form of a so-
called Mariott's jar are provided with an end piece prepared from a refractory
substance capable of resisting the heat of the voltaic arc. One vessel is connected
with one pole, the other with the opposite pole. The lighting up of the lamp is
effected by means previously specified.
b. The same disposition of poles may be also utilized in the lamps designed to
work under an air tight cover. In this case the vapours or the product of con-
sumption and dissolution are condensed in the cold parts of the apparatus, and may
be utilised over and over again without any perceptible loss.
The relighting of the lamp may be effected by means of some arrangements
previously described, or simply by shaking up the lamp by hand, or by some
automatic contrivance, or by raising the level of the fluid by means of a plug dipping
into the liquid under the influence of the current or an electro-magnet. The same
result may be obtained by heating and evaporation of the thin vein of liquid con-
necting both poles. This thin vein of liquid exists only when its level is sufficiently
high; as soon as some part of it is volatilized under the influence of the current the
only connexion between the two poles will be the voltaic arc.
By changing the level of the liquid in the receptacles the length of the voltaic
are may be increased or diminished; this is obtained by pouring off a part of the
liquid in a special compartment or by a set screw.
In some cases I replace one of the liquid poles by solid substances, as carbon,
metals, mixtures of different powders, and so on. These poles may have various
arrangements, and be adapted for automatic relighting. In all these cases the
liquid poles have the arrangement previously described, that is to say, the liquid is
kept on a constant level by the disposition of the vessel, or the liquid is renewed.
The lamps may be put in one and the same circuit or in its branches (derived
circuits).

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said John Rapieff in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 18th July
1879.
"IMPROVEMENTS IN
JOHN RAPIEFF, of Middle Street, in the City of London.
THE MEANS OF PRODUCING AND APPLYING ELECTRIC CURRENTS FOR LIGHTING AND
OTHER PURPOSES, AND IN APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN."
In many cases where electro and permanent magnets are required to answer
some special requirements I construct the following new forms and arrangements of
electro and permanent magnets.
In order to lessen the absorbtion of magnetism by the massive iron cores of
electro magnets I make them of some dia-magnetic material covered on the ontsido
partially or wholly with iron plates, sheets, electora. For the same purpose the
iron, or generally magnetic parts, can be placed alternately with pieces of dia mag-
netic material. In some cases I coil these non magnetic cores with iron wire in
suitablo direction, and afterwards cover them with induction or inductive coiling
according to requirements. Sometimes for both these coilings is substituted one
only by utilizing an iron wire of a diameter corresponding to the strength of the
current, and thus a core of non magnetic material is obtained covered with an iron
wire insulated or not, and which can be utilized either as induction or inductivo
coiling.
Figures 1, 2, and 3 of the Drawings shew these arrangements; A as a non-mag-
netic core; f, f, the iron parts, sheets, plates, or iron wire; a, a, the magnetizing or
inductive coiling.
I also employ electro magnets of the following description:- A solid or compound
iron disc, Figure 4, is provided with two slots a, a, and the coiling is put on, as
shewn in the Figure, in such manner that the wire is always close to the disc and
bends round each of its halves from one side only. For the disc may be substituted
an iron plate of any suitable description. If more than two poles are required the
above mentioned dises or plates are provided with a corresponding number of slots,
and the coiling is laid through the latter alternately on both sides of the disc or
plate, and always in one and the same direction. Two plates are arranged in the
form of a cross for an electro magnet with four poles, see Figure 5, three plates for
six poles and so on. These dises may be alternated with iron pieces of suitablo
dimensions, By these arrangements a kind of flat bobbin is obtained round which
is wound a suitable quantity of wire. One of the plates or discs A, for example,
may be of one polarity, and the other B of the opposite polarity.
Beth the above described forms of electro magnets may be coupled together, and
a number of single elements of each system may be used in order to obtain an
electro magnet of the required power with the necessary number of poles and
suitable arrangement. In the same way these two systems can be grouped together
for producing an electro magnet with two or more branches. In some cases they
may be provided with steel, wrought or cast iron armatures of suitable form and
dimensions, and they may be fixed on an axis.
In another form of compound electro magnet, see Figure 6, I take a suitable
number of electro magnets coiled on one of the above described systems and arrange
them with their coiled surfaces side by side, so that the poles of one polarity are on
one side, and the poles of the opposite polarity on the other. These electro magnets
may be fixed at a certain distance from or close to each other. In order to couple
them together into one compound electro magnet I connect their poles in pairs
alternately, as shewn in the Figure by means of steel, wrought or cast iron pieces
separate for each polarity. Thus a, a, represent pieces for producing the compound
north pole, and b, b, for the south pole. The number of electro magnets thus con-
nected, the arrangement, form, and dimensions of these additional pieces, a, a, and
b, b, may be varied according to requirements.

page_text: When all the poles of the same polarity and of the whole series of electro magnets
are connected by a single piece, and at the same time the electro magnets are
arranged in the form of a ring, disc, or cylinder, the additional pieces or armatures
take the form of two rings, dises, or cylinders between which the above mentioned
electro magnets are fixed.
On the other hand when adjacent electro magnets are connected together in pairs
only by these pieces, see Figure 6, and where one series of armatures a, a, is
arranged alternately with the other series b, b, I obtain, so to say, a long single
electro magnet bent at each of its poles, and having its single elements placed side
by side. By arranging such an electro magnet on the disc, cylinder, or ring I obtain
an endless electro magnet with its poles of one polarity on one side, and its poles of
opposite polarity on the other.
In all cases where a powerful and compact electromagnet is required I employ
the above described system of, so to say, breaking or bending the same, and coupling
together by means of separate pieces the poles of different polarity belonging to the
partial electro magnets which are arranged side by side in such manner that the
poles of the same polarity are alternately turned to different sides. The result is a
long electro magnet bent many times in order to attain the utmost compactness.
In the above described arrangement the end armatures only will shew a free
magnetism and therefore they alone will play the part of poles.
It will be readily
understood that intermediate poles may be obtained and their number may be
varied at will. The armatures of the compound electro magnet, shewn in Figures
6 and 6, may be composed of a number of the aforesaid additional pieces. When
the above described systems are combined together the armatures of one polarity
inay be placed in a perpendicular or parallel direction with regard to the poles of
the opposite polarity. I employ such an arrangement in the dynamo inductivo
machines the electro magnets being utilized as inductors or as induced parts.
In order to increase the local magnetic influence, or what is the same thing, to
secure the maximum action of the pole I employ various arrangements, one of which
is represented in Figure 7, and consists in providing the cores of the electro magnets
with projections, the arrangement, shape, and dimensions of which may vary
according to requirements, the coiling of the electro magnet may also vary to suit
each particular case. Another arrangement I employ in cases where the maximum
magnetic influence must be secured on one or both poles of the electro magnet. One
of the simplest forms of such arrangement is shewn in Figure 8; its consists in pre-
paring the core in the form of a plate, dise, cylinder, etcetera, from one or several
pieces of iron or other magnetic substance. This core is coiled in the usual way,
and to it is added another similar plate, disc, or cylinder b, and the coiling is
continued round both plates, dises, or cylinders, as if they were one single piece. In
the same way a third plate, disc, cylinder, etcetera, c, is added and coiled over and so
on. This process may be repeated till the electro magnet has obtained the requisite
strength. The magnetic power thus obtained will not be distributed uniformly,
the first plate etcetera will shew the strongest magnetism, and the following ones
less and less, thus the figures 3, 2, 1, marked on the cores a, b, c, in Figure 8
represent the decreasing order of the magnetic power, the highest figure corres-
ponding to the strongest magnetic influence. A number of these electro magnets
may be put together with their strongest or weakest sides next each other according
to the point where the strongest effect of the compound electro magnet is to be
exerted. The elements of these electro magnets may be alternated with separate
plates and fixed on a common base. In their turn each of these compound electro
magnets formed by a number of homonymous poles may be coiled with wire as
shewn in Figure 9. When electro magnets of this kind are to be provided with
armatures or additional pieces I arrange them as illustrated in Figure 10.
In order to increase the field of magnetic action, that is to say, to obtain the
necessary attraction of the armatures from greater distance, I employ polar surfaces
of various forms, such as those shown in Figures 11 to 19, the armatures D being
shaped to correspond to the form of the poles N, S. For further increasing the

page_text: nctive power the armatures may be replaced by other electro magnets having
suitably shaped polar surfaces.
I also employ other arrangements of electro-magnets, see Figures 20, 22, and 23,
which produce an increase of the attractive power. Their peculiarity consists,
firstly, in that two branches N, S, of one electro-magnet or two separate electro
magnets N, S, of opposite polarity have a very flat form and are placed side by
side, their wide surfaces increasing the mutual attractive action; and, secondly, in
that the turns of magnetizing wire of the one branch N are attracted by the
corresponding turns n of the other branch S. The surfaces of the poles, their
dimensions, and arrangement may be varied as required. Sometimes I employ (see
Figure 21) a polarized fixed armature N, S, and a soft magnetizing core.
When it is required that two distinct armatures are to be attracted at different
times by an electro magnet I employ arrangements, shewn in Figures 22, 23, and
24, the leading principle of which is the following: Suppose two branches A and
B, Figure 23, of one electro magnet or two straight electro magnets placed side by
side or one above the other, so that the north pole N of one is opposite the south
pole S of the other. An iron additional piece or armature C is arranged to move
round an axis 0, upon which one of the branches B of the electro magnet is also
free to move, the other branch A being fixed. As soon as the current passes
through the coilings n, n, of both branches of the electro-magnet, and has produced
in them the above mentioned opposite polarity, both branches begin to attract each
other, but in consequence of its lighter weight and less resistance the iron armature C
is attracted first. The result is that both straight electro-magnets A and B consti-
tute only one with two branches, and the iron armature C becomes a connecting
piece (coulusse) of this compound electro magnet. Thus the remaining two poles
are increased and attract each other with much more power, or act on a second
armature D in case both branches are fixed. The corresponding parts are indicated
in the other Figures 22 and 24 by similar letters.
I also obtain an increase in the magnetism of the cores in electro magnets, all
conditions remaining the same, by the following peculiar coiling;-The wire is
always coiled in one and the same direction around and along the axis of the
electro magnet, and having finished one layer I take a second wire, either single or
composed of a number of wires, and place a new layer in the same direction. Thus
I obtain as many series of conductors as I have placed layers of wire; they may
also be grouped at will. In all cases, where convenient, I place the first layer on
one of the electro magnets or on one of its branches, and then proceed to the other
branch or electro magnet, and thus continue the coiling always in the same
direction around and along the axis of the same electro-magnet, or its branch.
This method of coiling is applicable to all kinds of magnets.
Another peculiar coiling, shown in Figure 25, consists in placing the wire in
Thus the
transverse layers a, b, c, d, instead of longitudinal, as is usually the case.
coiling remains always in the same direction around and along the electro magnet.
In Figure 25 this coiling is shewn diagrammatically and opened out for the sake of
clearness.
My improvements in dynamo and magneto electrical machines relate to the
following three characteristic peculiarities:-
First. To the relative disposition of inductors and induced parts.
Second. To a peculiar arrangement of the inductors and induced parts, especially
the latter; and
Third. To a more complete and perfect induction which depends upon the induced
parts being under the influence of induction on much larger surfaces than in any
other known machines, and from more sides than one, besides which the induction
coiling is arranged in a manner which contributes to the production of the currents
in the most favourable condition and under all circumstances in which such currents
can be generated in order to be afterwards collected together or otherwise con-
veniently combined with each other.
Before describing the series of new arrangements for inductors and induced parts

page_text: whereby the current is generated, I desire to make the following remarks, which
are applicable to my dynamo and magneto electrical machines, as well as to their
parts.
A. I employ, besides the various arrangements of my machines and their
combinations with each other, as hereafter described, various other arrangements
based on these leading principles as well as various combinations of my new
arrangements with known ones. For instance, instead of electro-magnets as
inductors the latter may be permanent magnets arranged in the form of discs or
rings, or in the usual forms of permanent magnets.
B. All arrangements described for the disc or rings I apply to cylinders and vice
versa. I also employ when convenient, a combination of two, three, or more
arrangements with various numbers of poles.
C. In all my electric machines I make use of various systems of coiling and iron
cores in electro-magnets and bobbins. In these machines I cause either the
inductors or induced parts to rotate, or both together, in opposite directions.
D. When the inductors are electro magnets the current for magnetizing them is
taken from a separate cell, battery, or a special electric machine. In many cases
I dispense with such separate source of electricity entirely and utilize for the same
purpose part or the whole of the current generated in the machine itself.
E. For magnetizing the electro magnets employed as inductors I sometimes use
conductors of iron wire; but what is more important I employ this metal for
induced parts and coilings. The current thus induced by the movement is increased
by the molecular currents derived from magnetizing this iron wire. This peculiarity
of construction is applicable to all arrangements of my electric machines.
F. All the inductive arrangements hereafter described may be employed either
as inductors or as induced parts.
G. The dynamo inductive machines devised by me may be employed also as
electro motive machines.
Besides the various systems of coiling described in the Specification of the Patent
granted to me bearing date the 24th day of November 1877, No. 4432, I have
devised certain modifications in connexion with the one side disposition of the
inductors. In these arrangements one part of the induced coiling is exposed from
two sides to the influence of the homonymous poles, which are placed in intervals
nearly equal to the dimension of the polar surface (measured in the direction of
movement), while the other parts of the coiling (or the same parts but from the
other side) are under the influence of the poles with opposite polarity. Each part
of the induced conductor is subject to the influence of induction by passing in fiont
of the poles of one and the same polarity.
As the arrangement of the induced wire depends entirely upon the disposition of
the inductors I will describe the latter first. Figures 26 and 27 shew diagra-
matically the arrangement of the inductors; N, N, N, are poles of one polarity;
S, S, S, poles of the opposite polarity; A, B, the induced part of the machine. The
poles are arranged either on one or both sides of the induced conductor. In both
cases the poles of one or two polarities may be situated on each side of the con-
ductor. The relative disposition of poles of different polarity may vary:-(1) The
south poles may be exactly opposite the north poles; (2) both polarities may be
placed side by side; or (3) one retreating somewhat behind the others. The fimit
of this latter disposition is the alternate arrangement like the squares of a chess
board, as shewn in the Figures. The dimensions of the polar surfaces (measuring
in the direction of rotation), the distance between the poles of the same polarity on
cach side of the induced conductor as well as the mean distance between two
branches of the same bobbin or zigzag of the induced conductor must be respec-
tively equal. The arrangement of the induced conductor may also be varied.
Parts of this conductor, that is, the bobbins, zigzags, or layers may be combined
so as to produce discs, rings, or cylinders, and placed immediately in the interpolar
space, or may be previously fixed to iron pieces shaped in the form of a disc, ring,
cylinder, etcetera, and which may be solid or composed of sheets, bars, wires, elietera,

page_text: and thus arranged are placed between the poles of the inductors.
At the same
time iron additional pieces may be placed inside the bobbins or zigzags of the
induced conductor or between the separate bobbins. The surface of these induced
conductors may be undulated with grooves and projections fitting to corresponding
grooves and projections of the inductors.
I will now describe some peculiar dispositions of the induced conductor which
I employ, especially in cases of one side or homonymous induction; but they may
be employed in other cases, as, for example, in the common alternative disposition
of inductors.
The dynamo electric machines devised by me, with one sided induction, are
divisible into two different types:
1st. When the poles of the inductors are disposed on both sides of the ring one
opposite the other. And,
2nd. When the pole situated at one side of the ring faces the interval between
the poles on the other side of the ring and vice versa.
Both these arrangements may be adapted to my disc machines.
The first of these types is represented diagrammatically in the lower part of
Figure 27, wherein A, B, are the iron parts; N, N, the north poles; S, S, the
south; the coiling is placed obliquely and the parts a, a, a, may be arranged in
separate bobbins connected either abreast (in quantity) or in series (in tension).
The same applies to the bobbins b, b', 6", which may be connected with the bobbins
a, a, a, but in the opposite direction. The result is the same if the coiling be
shaped in the form of zigzags, in which case each two branches of a zigzag are
disposed on the opposite sides of the iron ring A, B. If a second layer of coiling
is required its inclination is made in the opposite direction, as seen with regard to
the bobbins b, b₁, b¹¹.
In the second or upper part of the same Figure is represented the second of these
types, and the corresponding parts are marked with similar letters.
In this case
the coiling is arranged in the usual manner, that is to say, the turns of the wire are
situated approximately in the plane perpendicular to the iron ring A, B, or in other
words, in the plane passing through the axis of rotation of the ring, cylinder, disc,
prism, ctoctera. The connexion of the separate bobbins is the same as in the last
case. Certain of the bobbins or parts of the coiling t', a', a', b', 6', b', belong to
the second circuit or subdivision, others a", a", a¹¹, b¹¹, b", ", to the third, and
so on. Each part of the coiling a, a, a", - - b, b¹, b¹¹, represents not only one turn of
a single conductor but an an entire bobbin or a series of bobbins formed by one or
more conductors in one or more layers. Each of the separate circuits a, b, a¹,
-b, a, b, ctectera, has its own representative in the commutator, so that
either an alternate or direct current may be obtained in all circuits or their sub-
divisions or parts.
Another arrangement of inductors and induced parts is shewn in Figures 28,
29, 30, and 31; N; N, N, and S, S, S, are the inductors. These inductors may also
be placed with their homonymous poles opposite to each other on both sides of the
induced part, whatever arrangement the latter may have; in this cases the poles of
the inductors on each side of the induced part are arranged alternately; A, A, is
a ring, disc, or cylinder placed between the inductors. The said ring, disc, or
cylinder may be of any suitable dimensions, and made of iron, copper, brass, wood,
mastic, asphalte, gypsum, or other suitable substance; it may be made in one piece
or composed of a number of pieces in the form of sheets, strips, wire filings, ctcetera,
and the said iron dise, ring, cylinder, etcetera, on which is coiled the induced con-
ductor above described may vary in shape according to requirements. Figure 33
shews some of these shapes, in which represents the induced part and A, A,
inductors. The induced conductor is made in the form of separate bobbins or
laid on in zigzags, but always so that the distance between the branches of one
bobbin or zigzag is approximately equal to the width of the poles, or to the distance
between the bobbins or zigzags placed on one side of the ring, dise, or cylinder.
After the induced conductor is thus grouped it is placed over a plate, disc, ring, or

page_text: cylinder A, A, on one side or on both. In the latter case three different arrange-
ments may be employed, in the two first of which, see Figures 28, 29, and 30, the
length of each zigzag at the side of a bobbin of the induced conductor is a little
more than twice the length of the generant of the ring or cylinder; thus the bobbin
is placed on both sides of the ring or cylinder, being bent round one of their edges
and consequently leaving the other end free. Figure 28 shews that this bending
is accompanied by a crossing of both branches of the induced bobbin or zigzag. In
Figures 29 and 30 no crossing of the branches takes place, and the conductor being
bent round the edge of the ring or cylinder passes to the inner side thereof, and is
fixed thereon nearly opposite to their upper branches on the outer side of the ring
or cylinder. In another case, see Figure 30, the following peculiar disposition of
the bobbins or zigzags occurs: After being bent the inner part of the bobbin or
zigzag is moved away, so that one of its branches situated on one side of the ring,
dise, or cylinder is just under the other branch of the bobbin or zigzag fixed on the
other side of the iron arrangement, the consequence being that the conductor at the
point of bending takes an oblique direction.
The difference in the above mentioned arrangements is due to the disposition of
the inductors. The case in which the north poles of inductors are opposite the
south one is shewn in Figures 28 and 30, while the alternate arrangement of the
opposite poles of the inductors is shewn in Figure 29. In another arrangement,
see Figure 31, the conductors are placed either on one or both sides of the ring
dise or cylinder independently of each other. In this case the opposite poles of
inductors may be placed opposite each other, or may retreat a little, and the limit
of this retreating is the alternate arrangement similar to that of a chess board.
The induced conductor is marked in the Figure 31 by the letters n, n, n.
Generally in all the above described cases the bobbins or zigzags d, f, -d', f', -d".
f", d, f, etcetera, are arranged so that the similar branches come close to each other
as at d, d', d", d²; f, f, f", --ƒ³, and thus gradually fill the inner
empty space of the bobbin or zigzag till some branch will come close to the
branch of the first bobbin to the branch d, and consequently the same
succession will be repeated.
The arrangement represented in Figure 29 requires the use of iron for the
construction of a ring, dise, or cylinder on which the induced coiling is to be wound,
while in the arrangements shewn in Figures 28, 30 and 31, some material other
than iron may be employed.
In another form of the induced conductor seen in Figure 32 where a part of the
whole coiling is represented, the latter consists of separate bobbins with two long
parts, and two shorter ones, one only being shown in the Figure in the form of a
rounded right angle, a half circle, a curve, or an acute angle, etcetera. The bobbins
are placed in two layers, one above the other, although they may be arranged in
one or more layers. In the case of two such layers, let a represent the approximate
value of one even part or division of a developed ring, dise, or cylinder, etcetera,
then is equal to the width of the pole measured in the direction of rotation of the
coiling. The value of may be subdivided into any other number of parts, for
example, eight. Taking into consideration the half thickness of the whole coiling
and the value of one eighth part of n, one can easily calculate the section of a
branch of bobbin or zig zag, calling the consecutive bobbins of the induced
coilines

page_text: ---
the branches b', b², b -, of the next series of bobbins, the branches
ს,, ს,, ხ,, b, of which form the lower layer of the next space n, and so on,
thus, will be immediately over a, b, over a,, etcetera; in short, all branches
with the exponent below will find their place in the lower layer, and the branches
with the exponents over the letter will form the upper layer. After all the bobbins
are put in their right places, the branches a¹, a, a, a, will be necessarily
found over the branches and consequently in the upper layer.
Sometimes both branches of the bobbins or zigzags may be placed in the same
layer, but in that case one series of bobbins (for instance, the even one), will
constitute one layer, while the other series (the uneven one) will form the other
layer. Each bobbin may form a separate circuit or subdivision of the induced
coiling, and has its own representative in the commutator or terminal screws.
The bobbins may be connected either abreast (in quantity) or in series (in tension),
but always so that the currents when combined do not weaken each other. Thus
for instance, when the inductors of the same polarity are placed on both sides of
the induced coiling, and alternately facing the non polar intervals which are more
or less equal to the width of the poles, the subdivision of the induced conductor
into eight separate circuits is obtained by the connection of all the bobbins marked
as above with different letters, but with similar index numbers, taking care at
the same time that the separate bobbins a¹, a₁, c', c₁, c¹, ₁, as well as
those
b', b₁, d², d₂, f', f₁, are connected always in the same direction, for instance, in
that of the coiling, while the connection of these two parallel circuits into one must
be reverse. The bobbins may be connected in a consecutive row a', a, with b', b₁,
then with ', c, dɩ, d₁, c', e̟₁, f', 11, and so on, but in that case they are joined in
opposite directions, for example, the end of the bobbin a, a, (in the direction of
the coiling) with the end of b', b, the beginning of the latter with the beginning
of c', ₁, and so on. The number of subdivisions of the whole coiling, the means of
joining them, the number of layers, the dimensions and number of inductor poles,
their relative dispositions, the shape and arrangement of the bobbins, the system
of winding the conductors, its form, dimensions, and material may all be varied
according to requirements, and the same remark applies to the arrangements of the
induced parts, whether in the disc or other form revolving between the poles of
inductors. Each circuit has its own representative in the commutator or terminal
screws.
I combine the above described arrangements with certain of those described in
the Specification of my Patent of the 24th day of November 1877, No. 4432.
In Figures 33, 34, 35, and 36, A, A, are the inductors; N, S, the magnetic poles;
B, B, the induced parts; C, the additional parts or armatures or the parts on which
the induced parts B, B, are fixed; 0, 0, the axle; M, the induced coiling; E, the
internal iron core of induced parts, B, B; D, D, the polarized armature of the
inductors A, A; R, armatures similar to C. In Figure 37, F is the polarized
armature of inductors similar to D, D, in Figure 34. Other similar letters refer to
like parts.
As hereinbefore stated, the ring or cylinder and the conductors may be of any
suitable material, but I prefer for the core of the ring or cylinder soft iron in the
form of bars, sheets, strips, or wire. The conductors may be of copper or iron, and
in the latter case the elements of induction are brought still closer to each other,
and the dimensions of the inner magnetized cores are, so to say, increased, and the
use of an iron ring or cylinder may thus be entirely dispensed with.
I also apply the above arrangements to my disc machines, in which the induced
conductor is arranged in the form of a dise, and either with zig zags or separate
flat bobbins, the shape of which corresponds more or less to the shape of the
poles. The arrangement and connection of these bobbins are similar to those just
described for the ring or cylinder. The number of poles of the inductors, their
disposition, the number of circuits of subdivisions of the induced conductor, the
number of bobbins, their dimensions, and their grouping in the circuit may be
varied according to requirements.

page_text: I also employ the same arrangements of the conductor when my machines aro
constructed without any inner iron parts where the magnetizing and demagnetizing
takes place. For this purpose I make the drum or frame of some non-magnetic
substance either in one piece or several. The said drum may be in the form of a
dise, ring, cylinder, electra, upon which the bobbins or zig-zags of the induced
conductor are placed. On one or both sides in the order herein before described I
obtain the same results by the following method: The bobbins or zigzags being
arranged in the proper order are connected by a special substance which in course
of time becomes hard. Thus a solid drum, frame, disc, ring, etcetera, is obtained,
and being caused to rotate between the poles of inductors generates inductive
currents.
In accordance with the above described arrangements I construct dynamo electric
machines in which the inductive conductor is arranged in the form of a dise without
any iron parts requiring to be magnetized. By this means the utilization of the
motive power becomes a maximum.
In another arrangement of disc machine with two poles N, S, see Figure 38, tho
letters n, m, n, are placed on the elementary inductive bobbins, or what is more
correct, on the elements of the induced conductor. Each consecutive bobbin is
placed radially upon the preceding one, and consequently crosses the latter in two
points. This results in the disposition of all the bobbins in the form of a fan round
the whole disc. Each bobbin is represented on the commutator, and therefore a
direct current may be obtained. More frequently I employ in my disc machines a
number of discs containing the induced wire, and place them alternately between
the inductors, thereby producing a two sided induction, see Figures 39, 40, 41,
and 42.
In some cases I separate the homonymous poles by layers of some non magnetic,
or still better, dia magnetic substance, as shewn for instance at T, T, in Figure 42.
In many cases I employ an arrangement for bringing the poles of different polarity
into close proximity, as shewn in Figure 43. The coilings n, n, of the adjacent
poles are close to each other and surround the respective cores either from all sides
or in zigzags, as may be seen in the same Figure, section A₁; the coiling in this
case reaches nearly to the face of the electro-magnets.
In each bobbin or zigzag of the above described coiling currents of induction are
generated during its rotation between the poles of the inductors. In this case the
coiling is so to speak put alternately on and off the electro or permanent magnets.
The currents thus generated are furthermore increased during the passage of the
conductors close to poles of inductors, and through the action of magnetizing and
demagnetizing of the iron plates when the latter are placed between tho parts of
the induced conductor as shewn in Figure 44, or when the induced coiling is arranged
on iron dises, cylinders, rings, electera. To these currents must be added the
currents generated not only by the poles of inductors but to a more or less extent
by their other parts as well as the currents generated during the passage of the
induced conductor close to the inducting wire which serves for magnetizing the
inductors. These are the fundamental principles on which my dynamo and magneto
electric machines are based.
Figure 40 shews an arrangement of the inductors A for machines where the
induced conductor or its parts B are disposed in the form of a disc rotating between
the poles of inductors.
The arrangements of the inductors in relation to the induced parts is susceptible
of great variation, and such conductors or induced parts may be combined in a
variety of ways.
Figure 45 shews one disposition of the inductors A in relation to the induced
parts B.
This arrangement may be varied according to requirements. Figure 46
shews other dispositions of the elements of induction in which B is the induced
part or inductive bobbin, and A the inducing parts or inductors.
The induced parts B are disposed side by side with the inductors A, having small
spaces between. The current is generated by the movement of these parts one in,

page_text: between, or close to the other. For increasing this current I use for both parts A
and B additional armatures of suitable magnetic material, i.e., D, of steel or
cast iron for the inductors A and D' of soft iron for the induced parts B. By
this arrangement I obtain additional current by the more effectual closing and
opening of the magnetic circuit. The parts may be multiplied and arranged in
a variety of dispositions. The inductors may also be provided with a second wire
where the current is produced by the closing and opening of the magnetic circuit;
for the same purpose a part only of the inductor A may be employed. The dotted
lines in the Figure shew the arrangement for the two sided induction; in that case
it is immaterial whether an inductor or an induced part be placed in the interval.
Figures 47, 48, 49, and 50 shew some of the combinations of the above described
elements. A and B are respectively the inductors and the induced parts;
C, additions and armatures" without magnetic action; and D, magnetized
additions and armatures; D', the same in the induced parts subject to the action of
magnetizing. In all arrangements similar to those shewn in Figures 46, 47, 48, 49,
50, the induced elements pass in the first instance by or between the inducing
parts of the cne polarity; they pass afterwards by or between the corresponding
parts of the same or opposite polarity, and so on. In the same Figures may be seen
the scheme of induction of the currents generated in the induced parts. The
current thus obtained is an alternate one in accordance with the number of poles or
parts of inductors. The number of induced and inducing parts may be varied at
will, besides which the number of the first may be either more or less than the
second they may also be arranged in a number of layers or beds. I utilize also
various combinations of the above described systems and elements
In other new relative dispositions of the induced parts and inductors it
is possible to obtain immediately a direct or alternative current. The leading
feature of this arrangement is as follows:- Two iron cores A, B, and A', B',
Figure 51, which may be of iron sheets or wire, and straight or bent, and of any
suitable section, are coiled with inducting wire, and their ends connected by
iron pieces c, e, which pieces may be composed of a number of parts placed close
together or separated by some non magnetic substance z,, such, for example, as
tin, copper, lead, bismuth, etcetera. In order to increase the current the induced
parts may be provided with iron additional pieces, which are placed in the intervals
facing the inductors, and more or less projecting beyond the coiling, thus generating
an additional current from the closing and unclosing of the magnetism. By these
means an endless electro-magnet is formed, the coiling of both branches A, B, and
A, B, of which are joined to each other so that the endless electro magnet when
the current passes through the coilings obtains neither poles nor neutral points.
In that case the magnetic pole of one end A, of one branch A, B, of the electro-
magnet will be opposite the pole A' of an opposite polarity belonging to the other
branch A, B, of the electro-magnet. The inductors may be arranged, as for
example in Figure 51, with S opposite the branch A, B, of the electro magnet, and
Nopposite the branch A', B', the movement of each side of that element past the
poles of the inductors of the same polarity will generate an induced current always
in the same direction. The inductors may be placed either opposite each other or
alternately in recesses. The branches A, B, and A', B₁, may be arranged at some
distance from each other so as to admit between them another pair of poles of a
suitable polarity. The number of these elements, their shape, dimensions, and
disposition may vary according to requirements. Thus they may be placed at some
angle to each other, or to the inductors, or even parallel to the axis of rotation;
again, they may be fixed, and the inductors caused to rotate, or vice versa.
parts e, e, may also be coiled and connected by some magnetic or dia-magnetic
substance, and in a single piece, disc, sheet, etcetera, or in a number of such pieces;
the latter may be separate for each element, or they may connect a series of the
elements, or even the whole of them. These elements may be placed on discs, rings,
or cylinders in one or more rows, and may be applied and combined with other
arrangements previously described.
The

page_text: These elements may be arranged (as seen in the same rigure; ma spiral, zigzag,
or other form. When the clements or their branches are subjected to the influence
of the poles of inductors of the same polarity a direct current is immediately
obtained, but when the polarity of the inductors is alternating the current obtained
is of an alternate direction.
?
Another form of the element suitable for the same purpose is shown in Figure 52,
and consists in causing to rotate close to or between two poles of the same polarity
a pole of the opposite polarity. Each of these poles is coiled as shewn in Figure 52,
and provided with induction bobbins, the iron cores of which obtain magnetic
polarity from the adjacent poles of the inductors. By this arrangement the current
is generated by the passage of the induced conductor through the magnetic
field. Figure 53 represents diagramatically the pole of inductors a, b, c, d, and the
element of the induced conductor a. During the movement of the latter in the
direction of the arrow inductive currents are generated in it under the influence of
the so called "Ampère" currents of the inductor. If the pole of the latter is oblong
the influence of the " Ampère currents a, b, and c, d, will be of long duration.
In the same Figure is shewn a pole of an inductor in the form of a ring A, B, on
which is coiled the induced conductor ; the latter revolves round the axis O,
always in the magnetic field of the inductor; thus a current is generated, which
has one and the same direction. This mode of induction I call a perpendicular
induction. Both parts (inducing and induced) as well as the inner pole may be
arranged and combined in the form of a cylinder, disc, or ring. By employing on
each side of the induced conductor, inductors of an alternating polarity, as shewn
in Figure 50, where N is a pole of the one polarity, and S of the other, and by sub-
dividing the induced conductor into a corresponding number of bobbins or series I
obtain an alternate current.
In another modification of the same arrangement (Figure 54) I employ a disc,
cylinder, ring, etcetera, of a magnetic or diamagnetic substance in the form of wires,
strips, sheets, etcetera, coiled with an induced conducior in the direction of the
generant, and placed between two similar poles of the same polarity. During the
rotation currents are generated always in the same direction.
Figure 55 shews a special arrangement of elements in the form of a disc or cylinder
previously described and illustrated in Figure 51. Figures 56, 57, 58, and 59 shew
the dispositions based on the principle of elements arranged as before described
and illustrated with reference to Figure 46. The number of the discs or cylinders
may vary according to requirements. The ends of the inner cores of the inductive
bobbins may be connected together by pieces k. A number of these discs may bo
arranged on an axis, and suitably connected by means of additional pieces R. The
shape and dimensions of these elements, and the form of the surface of the iron
additional pieces R may be varied. For increasing the power of induction I some-
times employ iron wires for the induced conductor, and dispense partly or wholly
with the iron cores generally introduced into the induced bobbin; in this case the
molecular current for magnetizing and demagnetizing the induced wire increases
the induced current generated through other actions.
The interlayers R and the joining parts C, C, of the electro magnets I sometimes
provide with an induced coiling H, as shewn in Figure 55. The relative disposi-
tion of these parts may be varied; they may be placed along the generants of the
induced cylinder or disc perpendicular to them in the direction of the movement,
perpendicular to the latter, parallel, or at some angle to the generants, and so on.
At the same time the induced parts may be flat or bent in the form of a cylinder,
ring, dise, spiral, etcetera, see Figure 55.
Figures 58 and 59 shew a similar disposition to Figure 40, with this difference,
viz. that the induced parts or bobbins a, n, n, are not provided with projecting
iron pieces. The arrangement of this machine is as follows:-n, n, n, is a series of
induction bobbins placed in the direction of the generants of the cylinder, ring,
etcetera, or at some angle to those lines. They may also be placed in the direction
of the radius or chord of the disc etcetera. The inner iron cores of these bobbing

page_text: composed of soft wire, sheets, etcetera, project from both sides of the bobbins; the
latter may be thus attached to two cast or wrought iron discs d, d, which in their
turn are fixed on an axis; c shews a similar part arranged for the inductors. Tho
inductors may have a similar arrangement where each of the bobbins m, m, m, is
provided with a pole N, S, projecting from the inside. The number of poles and
their arrangement may vary according to requirements. Permanent magnets may
bo also utilized as inductors. The induced current is generated in the bobbins
when their coil parts aro passing close to the poles of the alternating polarity.
Figures 47, 48, 50, 55, 56, 57, 58, and 59, and others, represent arrangements in
which the induced parts and the inductors are placed side by side, and where both
parts are provided with soft iron pieces k, k, k, which are magnetized or magnetizing,
as the case may be.
Generally employ all the above described compound arrangements either
separately or in combination with my other arrangements. I also employ separato
parts of them in all combination where they may prove to be usefully adapted.
For instance, in the arrangements of two inductors placed on each side of an induced
part, I claim the right to utilize only one inductor with only one induced part, or
one inductor between two induced parts. In the same way the places and shape of
inductors shewn in the Figures may be appropriated to the induced parts, and rice
versa. The inductors may be caused to rotate while the induced parts remain
stationary, or on the contrary the induced parts may be rotating and the
inductors be fixed; finally, both parts may be caused to rotate but in opposite
direction.
In order to lessen the friction of axles or shafts in the dynamo and other machines
where the speed is considerable, I employ a rotating bush or sleeve of a cylindrical
or rather conical form placed on the axle or shaft. The speed of rotation is thus
divided into two parts because the bush rotates at a speed intermediate between
zero and the speed of the axle or shaft. For very high speeds I employ a number
of these bushes placed one inside the other. Another advantage of this bearing
is the facility of replacing an injured bush by a new one. Suitable grooves and
oil holes should be provided in each bush and adjacent parts for lubricating the
working surfaces.
For collecting the current I sometimes employ a number of thin metallic plates or
sheets of suitable dimensions, straight or bent, and placed side by side; such plates
or sheets are fastened on one or both sides and pressed by means of springs, screws,
eccentrics, etcetera, against the parts from which the current is to be taken, or to
which it is to be communicated. Similarly I arrange the friction rollers intende:
to take away or deliver the current. From the rotating parts of these dises or
rollers the current is conveyed to the bearings, or to the axis by means of brushes
or similar arrangements consisting of metallic wires or strips lubricated by
plumbago.
As in many of the above described machines the current obtained is of alternate
reverse direction, I employ a commutator which enables me not only to convert
these alternate currents into direct ones, but also to combine the alternate currents
of various circuits or their subdivisions into one direct current. For example 1 will
describe an arrangement of commutator for collecting and so straightening as it
were currents generated in four separate circuits or their subdivisions, the alternate,
currents in which are not generated simultaneously but successively in each, and by
an arrangement of four poles during one revolution of the machine eight currents
may be produced, four in one direction and four in the opposite. In order to make
this explanation clearer I shall examine in the first instance the currents generated
successively in all circuits during one quarter of a revolution of the machine. The
current will be generated first in the circuit A, B, from A to B, which I call, for
instance, direct, whereupon a similar current will be generated in the circuit C, D,
from C to D, then in the third circuit E, F, from E to F, and ultimately in G, H,
from G to H, also direct. During further rotation a similar change will take place
in the direction of the current in the above mentioned circuits and in the samo

page_text: order, i.c., first, in A, B, the current will assume the opposite direction from B to A,
whereupon in C, D, from D to C, afterwards in E, F, from F to E, and ultimately
in G, H, from H to G. During the second, third, and fourth quarter of the revolu-
tion the direction of the current will be changed in the above described manner.
Each end of the circuit or its subdivision has its own representative in the com-
mutator in the form of a disc It provided with four projections K, K, K, K, seo
Figure 60, the longitudinal dimension of which is equal to or rather less than the
intervals between the projections, thus each disc has the appearance of a cross.
Let us call the discs corresponding to the circuits A, B, C, D, E, F, and G, H, by
the letters a, b, c, d, e, f, g, and h. These discs, Figure 61, are fixed on an insulating
sleeve N through which pass the metallic connexions of the discs with the ends of
the circuits, while those connexions and the discs are all insulated from each other
by insulating spaces n, n, n. The spaces between the projections K, K, K, K, may
also be filled with the same substance, thus the outer surfaces of the discs are
formed by four metallic parts alternating with insulators. The discs are so placed
that each consecutive disc deviates from the preceding one by a quantity nearly equal
to the quarter of the intervals between the projections K, K. If the outside surface
of this commutator were unfolded it would have the appearance shewn in Figures
62 and 63, where the retreat of the metallic projections K of each consecutive dise
as regards the preceding one is about one quarter of the intervals between them,
thus the metallic projections K, K, K, K, of the fifth disc e come exactly opposite
the interval of the first one a. In the same relative position is placed the disc f
in relation to b, disc g in relation to c, and disc h in relation to d. The dises
thus arranged are fixed on the insulating sleeve N, and the latter on the axis o.
The order of arrangement of the discs may also be for instance as follows:-, c,
b, f, c, g, d, k. In the same figures are shewn with dotted lines the place of the
brushes P, P, and their width is equal to the united widths of all the discs, the
insulating material included. The brushes for taking off the currents are pressed
against the commutator by screws and springs.
as
In cases where alternate currents generated in the fixed part of the machine aro
to be straightened, I employ additional metallic discs fixed on the same shafting
the commutator itself, and by means of brushes, strips, etcetera, pressed against
these discs, a metallic connection is established with the above described commu-
tator dises, a, b, c, or a separate additional disc may be employed for each of the
primary dises a, b, c, the first obtaining the alternate current which is to be con-
verted into direct current.
Figure 64 represents a machine based on the principle of induction already ex-
plained in the Specification of my Letters Patent, of the 24th day of November 1877,
No. 4432, as the immediate induction, and which is obtained by causing the
inductors A, A, to rotate inside the induced conductor n, n. In this case the
current is generated by the process of immediate taking off the induced bobbins
n, n, n, from, and putting on to the inductors A, A, A, the result being attained by
rotating the latter inside the former. The current thus obtained may be still
further increased by partially closing and unclosing the magnetism of the inductors
when their poles approach to or recede from a frame F. F, made of some magnetic
substance. In this case the frame is an anchor for the inductors A, A, A, and the
latter may be fixed to the axis in one plane, or at an angle with each other, so that
the current will not be generated simultaneously in the corresponding parts of the
induced conductor. The inductors may be electro or permanent magnets: as
induced parts I employ the above described arrangements as well as others based
on the principle of combined induction. The number of poles of the inductors,
their dimensions, the shape of their surfaces, and also the number of circuits and
the grouping of their elements may be varied according to requirements.
For lighting up electric apparatus, that is, for producing the voltaic are in electric
lamps, moderators, regulators, candles, etretera, either of my own system or any
other, I employ the following arrangement: - A and B represent diagramatically in
Figure 65 the carbon poles of the electric lamp, for instance, a regulator of my own

page_text: system. These poles are separated from each other when the current is not flowing
through the apparatus. Its outer circuit from N to P is divided into two branches,
one of which is N, e, A, B, f, n, n, b, P, and the other N, C, D, g, k, b, P. When
the apparatus is not in action the first of these branches is disconnected at a, while
the latter at the same time forms a complete metallic circuit. But the carbon poles
make a part of the first branch which is disconnected, and therefore, when the
current passes in the apparatus, the whole of it will necessarily pass through the
second branch, N, C, D, g, k, b, P, and magnetize the electro magnet C, D. This
will instantly cause the moveable part of the electro magnet 1) to approach towards
the fixed part C, and this movement by means of a rod is transmitted to one or
both poles (in the case illustrated by the Figure only one pole B is caused to move),
they touch each other, and by this contact the continuity of one branch, N, c, A, B,
f, n, n, b, P, is re-established. The current now flows through both branches, ono.
part of it goes through the bobbins n, n, fixed to the ends of a permanent magnet m,
demagnetizes it, and thereby releases an armature d which is drawn away by a
spring or by a weight. The movement of the armature d is communicated to a
metallic lever & bearing on a metallic piece. By this means one brunch N, C, D,
, k, b, P, will be disconnected at g, and the electro magnet C, D, at once
demagnetized, its moveable parts Dand B by their own weight, or by a spring not
shewn in the Drawing, fall down and produce the voltaic are at a. In case the light
goes out the armature d is attracted by the permanent magnet m, and the circuit N,
C, D, g,k,b, P, will be again re-established, thus causing the repetition of the process
before described. If by some accident the voltaic are cannot be obtained, the current
flows through the branch of the last named circuit N, C, D, g, k, b, P, in which case
the latter is a safety circuit." If necessary I put in both branches reserve lamps.
The disconnection of the circuit N, C, D, g, k, b, P, or the relighting of the
apparatus may be obtained by means of an electro-magnet, solenoid, etcetera.
These arrangements take the place of the permanent magnet m shewn in the
Figure, and at the same time the disposition of the armature, contact pieces,
etcetera, can be modified according to requirements.
:
"
In the above described case is mentioned an electro-magnet C, D, of my own
system, but the arrangements of its parts, their dimensions and form, as well as the
means for increasing and diminishing the space between the poles, also for dis-
connecting one or the other branch, may be varied. I make use for instance of
solenoids, electro magnets, permanent magnets, armatures, electeru; in some cases I
combine together both parts of the apparatus above described, viz., the electro-
magnet C, D, permanent magnet m, and the armature d, as shewn in Figure 65.
But I employ by preference the above described electro magnets of my own system,
and the influence of the electric current for demagnetizing additional iron armatures
with which permanent magnets are provided, the latter holding in contact or dis-
connexion some corresponding parts, when the apparatus or part of it when such
magnet is put in is not in action. This arrangement prevents the unnecessary
waste of current, and in order to reduce this loss to its minimum in all lighting
apparatus whreever suitable, I make use of the previously described demagnetization
of an iron armature added to a permanent magnet. This magnet serves for
approaching or separating the carbon poles and producing between them the voltaic
arc; also for setting in motion a relighter of my own system which is a piece of
carbon or some other conducting material touching the poles of an electric
under the influence of a weight, spring, or current. In the latter case the carbon
poles do not touch each other, and the distance between them, i.c., the length of tho
voltaic arc, is regulated by a special set screw.
In order to economize the electric current still further, I employ another arrange-
ment, which may be applied almost to all electric lamps of my own system as well
as others.
Suppose the carbon poles of an electric lamp touch each other, they must be drawn
When this is done, and the voltaic
asunder in order to produce the voltaic are.
are formed under the influence of the current led into the apparatus, the metallic

page_text: parts fixed to the electro magnet armature or some other moveable part of the
apparatus being brought in contact with other metallic pieces, and by this means
cut off the current from the electro magnet, or generally speaking, from the part of
the apparatus which draws asunder the carbon poles. At the same time the electro
magnet or armature is stopped in the right position by means of a special arrange-
ment, such as a suitable hook or a ratchet bar acting under the influence of a spring,
weight, or electric current. In the latter case the result is obtained by means of a
second small electro magnet or solenoide through which a current is flowing either
during the whole time when the apparatus is in action, or when only its relighting
part is put out of the circuit.
For the relighting lamps, I also make use of induction currents generated
by a special inductive bobbin, or in a conductor which for the said purpose
is added to the lamp or to the main conductor. The current passes through
the primary coil of that bobbin either without interruption, or only at the time
when the apparatus is put out of or into the circuit. The induced current generated
in the secondary coil of that bobbin or conductor is utilized for the lighting of
the electric lamp, i.c., for producing the voltaic are.
My present improvements for producing the voltaic are in electric lamps, modera-
tors, regulators, candles, ctecten, either of my own system or any other, consist of
the following arrangements: Two carbon dises secured parallel to each other, or
slightly inclined, are separated by an insulating substance which does not touch the
carbon dises, or at least one of them, for preventing the derivation of the current.
In some cases it will be found more convenient to substitute for a separate insulator,
only an insulating coating on the inner sides of the discs, or to fix on these sides
thin plates of the same material. Sometimes I dispense with this insulation entirely.
In the same way carbon cylinders may be utilized instead of discs. The relighting
up of the apparatus is effected either by a relighter of my own system, or by causing
the carbon poles to approach together until they touch each other, and subsequently
to separate them to the former position. The current is conveyed from the end
terminals to the carbon dises or cylinders by means of brushes, metallic springs,
ctcera, in contact with special washers which are fixed on the metallic axles of
each pole, and at the same time play the part of holders for the carbon poles. Both
discs can be fixed on one axle by separate bushes and insulated from each other.
Both poles
can turn in the same or in opposite directions, the cylinders besides
must have a forward movement towards the point of consumption.
In all cases where electric light is produced, I employ the heat of the voltaic are
by bringing to incandescence refractory substance which may be solid or in the
form of a powder, and always arranged so that a deviation of the current except
through the voltaic are is completely avoided. This increases the illuminating
power and the steadiness of the electric light. The parts of a refractory body
exposed to the heat of the voltaic are may be arranged in various ways, and one of
the simplest is shewn in Figure 66. K represents the part which is heated, and
serves at the same time as a reflector for the light.
In another arrangement for the utilization of the heat of the voltaic are, the
carbon or carbons forming a separate pole is or are provided with special parts by
which solid bodies, powder, liquids, or gases are introduced into the voltaic are, and
burn there, emitting light. This introduction is effected by various means, and
either simultaneously with the movement of the carbon poles, or totally independant
of such movement.
In many cases I envelope the carbons in covers of suitable alloys and other
suitable materials, which after being melted, accumulate in special cups, and are
forwarded to the point of consumption in the voltaic are. A sectional view of this
arrangement is shewn in Figure 67, the carbons a, a, are thus surrounded with
some fusible substance b, b, and consequently each pole has the appearance of a
common candle in which the wick is replaced by one or more carbons. The latter
may occupy an eccentric position in the fusible substance. Two poles of this kind
pre arranged obliquely or parallel, and are placed in fixed or moveable holders,

page_text: The lighting up of the apparatus and the conveyance of the current into it is
effected by one or other of the arrangements before described. If the position
of the lighting point must be fixed, the poles are propelled in the usual way
before specified, and at the same time caps of some refractory substance regu-
late the movement of the carbons, similar to those which are used in carriage
lanterns.
In another modification of the electric lamp, I employ two single or compound
carbons fixed in two metallic holders, and separated by an insulating substance.
The carbons are secured parallel to each other, or are a little inclined, and remain
fixed during the whole time they are burning. Instead of one carbon for each pole,
I employ a number of them of suitable diameter, and fix them side by side. The
lifting up is produced by a cap of thin wire or some other suitable conductor
in the form of a paste or otherwise placed on the ends of both poles. The carbons
may be jacketted entirely, or partly with some insulating substance, but always so
that the derivation of the current, except through the voltaic are would be
avoided.
The
Figure 68 shews another arrangement of electric lamp. Two carbons a and a',
which are inclined to each other under some angle represent one pole and two
similar carbons band b' the other pole. Each of these pairs of carbons a and b, a'
and 6, may also form a certain angle, or may be parallel. In both cases they are
separated by an insulating substance cand e', with which each pair of the carbons
is provided, and they may be propelled towards the voltaic air in proportion to
the consumption of the carbons, or invariably fixed to one or even both poles. The
sectional dimensions of carbons of both poles may be the same or different.
direction of carbons and the transmission of current into them is produced by means
of brushes or rollers n, m, n, and as the latter are invariably fixed, the point ef
meeting of the carbons is also fixed, and therefore the length of the voltaic are.
In proportion as the carbons and the insulating substance are consumed, the carbon
poles are propelled by a weight or spring. The length of the voltaic arc is deter-
mined by the width of the insulating substance, or by a set screw. The lighting up
of the apparatus is obtained by some one or other of the arrangements previously
specified. This apparatus may also be used as a candlestick of Jablochkoff,
Werdemann, and others.
It must be mentioned that I also arrange various combinations of my lamps
based on principles before specified, with other known form of apparatus, electrical
regulators, candles, etcetera. Figure 66 shews the application of the Serrain regu-
lator of the principle of utilization of the heat produced by the voltaic arc; is a
refractory substance heated by the voltaic are and producing an additional light.
In a similar way this can be adapted to all other apparatus.
Figure 69 shews various combinations of my carbon pole R with other forms and
arrangements of simple and compound poles with one or a number of discs, with
solid or hollow cylinders, with carbons and conductors in the form of square pieces,
rods, rings, plates, spirals, etcetera. In the Figure 69, for instance, one of my poles
is replaced by a single carbon A, and the current is introduced close to the voltaic
are by means of a brush, friction roller, spring, etcetera. In general, the form and
dimensions, the special arrangement of the poles, and their mutual disposition may.
be varied according to requirements. The two poles and their parts may be placed
perpendicularly, obliquely, or parallel to each other, and in the horizontal, vertical,or
any other planes. In all these cases the fixing of the lighting point is obtained by my
system, i.c., by meeting of two carbons in one point, or by meeting of insulators
in the pole of my own system. The means of propelling the poles to the point
of consumption may be one of those previously described. The movement of the
carbons in one of the poles, namely, in the pole of my own system, is transmitted to
the other pole, so that the propelling of the latter is dependant upon the move-
ment of the carbons of my own system, and by this the regularity of movement
in proportion to the consumption of carbons is ensured. The relighting of the
apparatus is obtained by one of the arrangements previously described.

page_text: My system of keeping the lighting point fixed by meeting of two or more carbons
I adopt not only for the light produced by the voltaic are but also for the light
obtained by incandescence. In the latter case the arrangement of the pole must be
of course conveniently modified, that is to say, each carbon represents a distinct
pole. For the transmission of the current carbons and for holding them in
an invariable direction I employ various arrangements, for instance, a metallic
brush, spring, friction rollers, pulleys and so forth. The pulleys may be prepared
of some refractory material, and when the latter is a non-conductor, the rollers serve
only as a guide for the movement of the carbons. The friction rollers are prepared
of one or more elastic metallic dists, between which the carbon is propelled
according to the direction of rotation of the roller. For details compare Figures
70 and 71, in which », n, are the contact or guide rollers; m, m, the friction rollers,
and the carbons,
In case a disc, plate, etcetera, with considerable surface is substituted for one of the
poles, I avail myself of the heat developed in the former, and in this way utilize the
heat of the voltaic arc. These incandescent parts of the apparatus perform the
double function of a pole and a heated body.
I employ also a lamp for lighting by incandescence; it consists of two poles
meeting under some angle in one point. The pressure in the contact point of two
poles can be increased or diminished at will by a special arrangement. The illumi-
nating power of the apparatus varies according to the dimensions of the poles, the
strength of the current, and the pressure of the two poles, and as the latter may
vary according to requirements. the illuminating power itself of the apparatus may
be regulated. Figure 72 shews this lamp. A and Bare the two carbon rods of a
suitable section and length, which are propelled to the meeting point of both by
means of a spring, the pressure of liquids, gases, or weights. Each of these rods
represents a separate pole of the electric circuit. The movement of the rods is
limited by their meeting and is guided by the pulleys a, a, brushes, or tubes. The
current is passed into the carbon rods either by means of the above guiding pieces,
in case the latter are conductors, as metal, carbon, etcetera, or by means of special
metallic strips, springs, rollers, or brushes of suitable material.
The part of the carbon rod between the meeting point and the place where the
current is passed in is heated and becomes incandescent. The strongest light is
emitted from the meeting point of both poles. The pressure of the contact may be
modified at will by a screw and the spring r The angle formed by the two
carbon rods may be altered from 0° up to 180° by removing the guiding parts C
and D, the latter being provided with special screws and f¹. The length of the
part which becomes incandescent may also be altered at will. The disposition of
such rods and poles in the space with reference to the vertical or horizontal planes
may be varied.
In lamps for producing light by incandescence I sometimes employ carbons
jacketted with a good conducting material, such as metal, etcetera, and I introduce
the current into such conducting jacket and so to the carbon through the guide
rollers hereinbefore described. The metal or other conducting jacket being oxidized
when subjected to the intense heat of the incandescent part of the carbon the latter
becomes much more resistant and therefore more easily incandescent.
One of the carbon rods may be replaced by a thick plate or piece of carbon which
represents then the second pole, and is invariably fixed. The lamps may be placed
in the circuit in tension or in quantity.
The angle between the two carbons forming one pair is usually less than 60°, but
in some instances they may be inclined towards each other at some other angle.
When the poles of the lamp are arranged opposite to each other and in about a
vertical plane, I prefer the planes of the pairs to be in a perpendicular position,
thus forming a cross if looked at downwards. This disposition greatly increases
the steadiness of the light.
In consequence of this peculiar arrangement each pare constitutes an independant|

page_text: and separate arrangement fixed on a single metallic piece, thus ensuring the
invariable position of the lighting point. The feeding of both carbons of one pair
in proportion as they are consumed is very regular through the medium of the
pulleys. The impingement of carbons afford the use of only two pulleys for each
carbon, and in one special case two pulleys may be used for both poles, as illustrated
at G in Figure 71. The force which gradually pushes the carbon forward as they
are consumed provides at the same time a perfect contact between the carbon
pencils and the pulleys.
All the details concerning the compound poles described in the Specification of
my Letters Patent of the 24th day of November 1877, No. 4432, must be applied
to the discs, plates, spirals, cetera.
In order to increase the steadiness and the brilliancy of the electric light, I make
use of a compound carbon in which the substance of the carbon is alternated with
strips of some insulating and refractory substance, or some mixtures of these sub-
stances with metallic salts and other substance.
For obtaining and subdividing the electric light I have devised the following two
apparatuses:
By
1. In the apparatus shewn in Figure 73 A and B are the carbon pencils, onefor each
pole, although two, three, or more carbons may be employed in each pole. The current
is communicated to the carbons by means of friction rollers n, n, or guiding pulleys
m, m, arranged in a special box, the latter being fixed to the carbon holders.
turning the friction wheels in one direction the carbons are caused to approach; by
turning them in the opposite direction the carbon points are separated. Each friction
wheel turns on a separate axis o, o, on which small pulleys k, k, are fixed and moved
by means of a small chain, cord, etectern, the latter being actuated by a weight Q, a
spring, or any other power not excluding the electric current. If the carbons were
free to move they would be (under the influence of the weight, spring, etcetera),'
pushed forward until their ends came in contact with each other. To prevent this
and at the same time to regulate the forward movement of the carbons in proportion
as they are consumed in the voltaic are one or both axes of the friction pulleys is or
are provided with a ratchet wheel g. Figures74and75 shew this part of the apparatus.
Close to this ratchet wheel is arranged an anchor or escapement in form of a hook or
grapple d, similar to that used in clockwork. The hook is provided with an iron lever
cand may be magnetised, and plays the part of a polarized armature. By giving a
swinging movement to this lever, and consequently to the hook d, the ratchet wheel
is allowed to turn slowly in the direction of the action of the force (weight, spring,
electern). This swinging is effected by means of an electro magnet G, the inner
core of which is alternately magnetized and demagnetized by interrupted current.
Now it will be evident that knowing the exact rate of consumption of carbons for.
a definite strength of current I can adjust the speed of the swing of the lever by
which the carbons are propelled in exact correlation with the rate of consumption
of the carbons and thus obtain a perfect regularity of the length of the voltaic are.
Figure 76 shews another arrangement for regulating the speed of the forward move-
ment of the carbons by means of conical friction rollers g,g. In this case the speed
may be changed at any time by turning the set screw d. The number of alternate
openings and closings of the current in the electro-magnet or solenoide G, and con-
sequently the feeding of the carbon poles, is regulated,
10. By a single electrical arrangement acting upon all lighting apparatus in the
same circuit.
20. By a fly wheel, flyer, or balance similar to that used in clocks and watches
placed in each lighting apparatus, and regulated according to the strength of the
current.
30. By means of a beam of light passing through a hole in a screen and acting
by its actinic or thermo electric power upon a special apparatus, which causes the
carbon points to approach or separate, and
40. By the generator of the current itself by utilizing a small part of the current
in a derived current, or even by a current of a separate battery alternately passed

page_text: into and interrupted in the circuit by means of an additional apparatus fitted on
the moving parts of the electric machine. In the latter case the variation of the
speed of the dynamo machine, and consequently the variation of the current
generated by it, are counterbalanced by the corresponding feeding of the carbons.
The disposition of the carbon rods may vary according to requirement; they may
be vertical, horizontal, inclined at an angle, or parallel to each other, etcetera. In
case the carbons are arranged horizontally I employ by preference the disposition N,
diagrammatically shewn in the same Figure 74. The carbons thus arranged may be
single for each pole or compound.
There is no absolute necessary to fix the ratchet wheel g on the axis of the friction
reller, it may be placed on a separate axis, the latter being provided at one end with
a worm acting upon the friction roller a, see Figure 75, or on a toothed strip fixed
to the rod holding the carbons.
The forward movement of the carbons may be obtained without friction rollers
simply by the weight of the carbons themselves or holders attached thereto, or by
the pressure of liquid or gases in metallic tubes, the latter conveying at the same
time the current to the carbons which are fixed in the position travelling through the
whole length of the tube. One end of it may be provided with a brush, rollers,
etcetera, in order to guide the carbon and at the same time to admit the current as
near as possible to the voltaic arc.
The lighting up of the apparatus and the separating of the carbon points in order
to produce the voltaic arc is obtained by means already described in.
The separation of the carbon points is limited by a set screw and special parts.
The electro magnet which causes the relighting of the apparatus acts immediately
upon one of the poles, without any mediation of the ratchet wheel or the clock-
work.
II. In my second apparatus I employ liquid poles such as quicksilver, chlorides
of metal, acids, salts, and their solutions. There may be two cases; (a.) the
apparatus may be worked in the open air, or (b.) it may require to be protected by
an air tight cover.
(.) In the first system of lamps care must be taken to keep the distance between
the poles constant, and at the same time to fix the position of the lighting point.
This is attained by an apparatus shewn in Figure 77, where A are two vessels
shaped in the form of a so called Mariott's jar, and these are provided with an end
piece a prepared from a refractory substance capable of resisting the heat of the
voltaic are.
One vessel is connected with one pole the other with the opposite pole.
The lighting up of the lamp is effected by means previously described.
(b) The same disposition of poles may be also employed in the lamp designed to
work under an air tight cover. In this case the vapours or the product of consump-
tion are condensed in the cold parts of the apparatus, and may be utilized over
and over again without any perceptible loss.
The following is the description of a lamp suitable for this purpose, as shewn in
Figure 78. Two receptacles a and b are provided for the acting liquid; a is a
partition made out of some refractory substance; d and d, electrodes immersed
in the liquid and communicating the current; A, the cooling chamber; f and fƒ,
tubes through which the products of consumption or dissolution flow to tho
recipients and b. The shape of the apparatus may be suitably modified according
to the liquid used, although its fundamental features remain the same. The action
of this apparatus is as follows:-The voltaic are consumes the liquid by vapouring
or decomposing it, the products of consumption come in contact with the cool parts
of the apparatus, become again liquid, or are re-established in their former state, and
flow into the polar receptacles, thus enabling the lamp to be maintained burning
during an indefinite period of time. The relighting of the lamp may be effected by
means of arrangements previously referred to, or simply by shaking up the lamp by
hand or by some automatic contrivance, or by raising the level of the fluidbymeansof
a plug dipping into the liquid under the influence of the current of an electromagnet.
The same result may be obtained by heating and evapouration of the thin voin of

page_text: liquid connecting both poles. This thin vein of liquid exist only when its level is
sufficiently high; as soon as some part of it is volatilized under the influence of the
current the only connexion between the two poles will be the voltaic arc.
By changing the level of the liquid in the receptacles a and b the voltaic are may
be increased or diminished; this is obtained by pouring off a part of the liquid in a
special compartment (not shown in the Figure), or by a set screw.
In some cases I replace one of the liquid poles by solid substances, as carbon,
metals, mixtures of different powders, and so on. These poles may have various
arrangements, and be adapted for automatic relighting. In all these cases the liquid
poles have the arrangement previously described, that is to say, the liquid is kept
on a constant level by the disposition of the vessel, or the liquid is renewed in the
manner above described. The lamps may be put in one and the same circuit, or in
its branches (derived circuit). Figures 79, 80, and 81 shew other arrangements of
a similar character.
For obtaining electric light in the most economical condition I devise also the
following arrangement: -
A dynamo electric generator of current is caused to act on one or a number of
Secondary batteries, the latter in their turn acting on the lighting apparatus. To
obtain this result a special commutator is adjusted to the moving part of the gene-
rator or the motor, its object being to bring in or to put off from the circuit of the
electric generator a corresponding number of secondary batteries, and for making
the connexion of their elements.
For obtaining the light by incandescence I employ some arrangements based on
the following principles:
10. When the current passes through a bad conductor placed in suitable condi-
tions it is heated and melted, and in this liquid state is utilized for producing the
electric light; this system greatly increases the conversion of the heat into
light.
20. The semi conductor is heated to vapourization, these vapours being used as
light emitting substances; the latter are enclosed within comparatively small spaces
by some suitable material.
30. When carbon or similar substances are heated to incandescence, being sur-
rounded by a medium which at high temperature acts upon them chemically. I
cover these electrodes with jackets of such material as are not influenced by the
surrounding gases, such as platinum, iridium, lium, rutenium, etcetera. Those
jackets may be also prepared with chalk, gypsum, lime, magnesia, zirconia,
ctcetera. For the same purpose a mixture of graphite, with a comparatively large
admixture of magnesia, lime chalk, etcetera, may be used; the carbon being con-
sumed from the outside leaves an envelope well adapted to resist the influence
of gases.
In all cases when the light must be protected from the influence of the surrounding
air, I make use of my lantern with condensing tubes previously patented, and
whatever may be the system of the lamps used, the interior of the lantern can be
filled with any suitable gas, or a vacuum may be obtained by means of an air pump.
A tube bent in the form of a ring or a rectangular piece may be considered as the
simplest form of such lantern.
In order to lessen the consumption of carbons in the voltaic are a number of
sheets, straight or bent, is arranged close to the voltaic are with the object,
1°. Of serving as a reflector or screen, and
20. To lessen the ascending air draught in the immediate vicinity of the voltaic
are; thus the cooling effect on the latter will be diminished, and consequently an
increased and more steady light obtained, and the consumption of carbons lessened.
The same result is obtained when the voltaic are is maintained in vacuum, or in a
gas which does not affect the electrodes chemically.
Having now described the nature of my said Invention, and the manner in which

page_text: the same is to or may be carried into effect, I would have it understood that what I
claim is:
First. The employment of non-magnetic on dia-magnetic material in the cores of
electro magnets, as hereinbefore described, and illustrated in Figures 1, 2, and 3 of
the Drawings, and for the purpose specified.
Second. The arrangements of compound electro magnets, herein before described,
and illustrated in Figures 4, 5, 6, and 64 of the Drawings, and for the purpose
specified.
Third. The means of securing the maximum effect of the magnetic poles, and
increasing the field of magnetic action in electro magnets herein before described, and
illustrated in Figures 7 to 21 of the Drawings.
Fourth. The means of causing the attraction by electro magnets of two distinct
armatures at different times, as hereinbefore described, and illustrated in Figures 22
to 24 of the Drawings.
Fifth. The new method of coiling electro magucts herein before described, and
illustrated in Figures 25 and 25 of the Drawings.
Sixth. The relative arrangements and dispositions of inductors and induced parts,
and the new arrangements of inducing-coiling for generating current, as herein before
described, and illustrated in Figures 26 to 33 of the Drawings.
Seventh. The applications and adaptations of the various arrangements forming
the subject of the above six claims to various forms of dynamo and magneto-
electric machines, herein before described, and illustrated in Figures 33 to 41 of the
Drawings.
Eighth. The means for reducing friction of the axles of dynamo and magneto
electric machines, as hereinbefore described.
Ninth. The arrangements of inductors and induced parts, herein before described,
and illustrated in Figures 42 to 50 and 56 to 59 of the Drawings.
Tenth. The arrangements of induced parts for receiving direct or alternating
currents without special commutators, as herein before described, and illustrated in
Figures 51 to 55 of the Drawings.
Eleventh. The arrangements of commutators for dynamo and magneto electric
machines for receiving direct currents, as herein before described and illustrated in
Figures 60 to 63 of the Drawings.
Twelfth. The arrangement and adaptation of machine for generating current by
direct induction, as herein before described, and illustrated in Figure 64 of the
Drawings.
Thirteenth. The arrangement and adaptation of apparatus for lighting up and
relighting electric lamps, and the arrangement of safety apparatus for same, as
herein before described, and illustrated in Figure 65 of the Drawings.
Fourteenth. The employment of refractory bodies over thevoltaic arefor increasing
the amount of light, as hereinbefore described, and illustrated in Figures 66 to 68
of the Drawings.
Fifteenth. The new arrangements of electric candles for maintaining the position
of the light stationary, and for relighting same, as hereinbefore described, and illus-
trated in Figures 67 and 68 of the Drawings.
Sixteenth. The various arrangements of electric lamps, herein before described,
and illustrated in Figure 69 of the Drawings.
Seventeenth. The arrangements for producing the converging action of the
carbons, as hereinbefore described, and illustrated in Figures 70 and 71 of the
Drawings.
Eighteenth. The arrangement of lamps for producing light by incandescence, as
herein before described, and illustrated in Figure 72 of the Drawings.
Nineteenth. The new arrangements of two-carbon regulators, hereinbefore
described, and illustrated in Figures 73 to 76 of the Drawings.

page_text: Twentieth. The new arrangements of lamps with liquid electrodes, hereinbefore
described, and illustrated in Figures 77 to 81 of the Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Rapieff, have hereunto set my hand
and seal, this Seventeenth day of July, in the year of our Lord One thousand
eight hundred and seventy nine.
JOHN RAPIEFF, (L..s.)
Patentee.