Year: 1895

page_text: In magnetization, the polarity is changed so slowly that similar changes may
readily take place in the article operated upon and when it is finally withdrawn
from the influence of the apparatus, its magnetico molecules are approximately all
in similar positions. However, when such changes of polarity are made in rapid
succession, the watch or similar object being of non-laminal construction, becomes
heated, when hysteresis sets in (gradually however, certain portions being more readily
affected than others), with the result of annihilation of the homogeneous molecular
arrangement and the consequent destroying of the effective magnetism of the
article.
In the employment of an alternating current, the pole-changer or alternator, is
of course not necessary and at such times the circuit through the magnet is
completed through the medium of a switch 22, connections being as follows:-
Generator G, point 1, fuse 17, post 2, brush 7, finger 18, base of plate w,
brush 8, switch point 27, switch 22, point 20, electro-magnet n, point 21, brush 6,
plate o, finger 19, brush 9, point 3, and generator G. It is of course necessary
that the brushes 7 and 9 be in contact with fingers 18 and 19, otherwise a
superfluous resistance would be in circuit.
In magnetizing with alternating current, the watch is inserted, as hereinbefore
explained, connections are made with a generator of alternating currents, the
alternator is arranged in the correct position and the switch key 22 is held
down for a short while only (about ten seconds) in order that hysteresis may not
arise.
Couversely, in demagnetizing, the switch should be held down a sufficiently long
time to ensure hysteresis.
The interposition of resistance between the plates and y on the alternator
having a value equal to that of the electro-magnet, insures a constant load on the
generator and thus prevents both blowing of the fuse bereinbefore mentioned, and
condensive action of the magnet.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
claim is :-
1. A device of the class described, comprising an electro-magnet, means whereby
the polarity of said magnet may be reversed, a switch for cutting the reversing
mechanism into or out of circuit, and means for short circuiting from the source of
electricity through said electro-magnet.
2. A device of the class described, comprising a solenoid whose enclosure is free
from all paramagnetic substance, pole pieces arranged entirely without said
solenoid, means for reversing the polarities of the pole pieces, means normally
disengaged from the reversing means for operating it, and a switch operated by the
engagement of the reversing means into circuit during its operation.
3. A device of the class described, comprising a solenoid, pole pieces therefor
formed of paramagnetic laminals arranged at right angles to the bore of the
solenoid, means for bringing the article to be treated within the enclosure of the
solenoid, and means for reversing the polarities of the pole pieces.
4. A device of the class described, comprising a solenoid, pole pieces therefor
formed of paramagnetic laminals arranged at an angle to the bore of the solenoid,
means for bringing the article to be treated within the bore of the solenoid, and
means for reversing the polarities of the pole pieces irrespective of the nature of
the inducing current.
5. In a device of the class described, the combination with a solenoid provided
with externally arranged pole pieces, of a commutator having connections with
said solenoid, a source of electricity in circuit with said solenoid and means for
cutting said solenoid successively into and out of circuit with the source of
electricity and for short circuiting said source through an equivalent resistance at
such times us the solenoid is cut from circuit therewith.
6. In a device of the class described, the combination with a source of electricity,.

page_text: of an electro-magnet in circuit therewith, a commutator also in circuit with said
source of electricity, an artificial. resistance. in circuit with certain segments of the
commutator, and means for oporating the commutator to reverse. the polarity of
the electro-magnet. and to short-circuit from..the source of clectricity through the
artificial resistance, at times intermediate of the said reversals of polarity of the
electro-magnet.
7. A device of the class described, comprising a solenoid whose enclosure is free
from all paramagnetic substance, pole pieces arranged entirely without the
solenoid, means whereby the polarities of said pole pieces may be reversed, a
switch for cutting the reversing means into and out of circuit, and means for short-
circuiting. from the source of electricity through the said solenoid.
8. The combination with a source of electricity and an electro-magnet arranged
to be, brought into circuit, therewith, of a commutator comprising an insulating
body having segments arranged thereon and provided with connections whereby it
may be caused to reverse the polarity of the maguet, said commutator having also
segments in electrical connection with an artificial resistance within the body of
the commutator, and means independent of. the source of electricity for operating
the commutator to reverse the flow of current through. the electro-magnet and to
short-circuit said current through the artificial resistance intermediate of said
reversals.
9. An electro-magnet comprising a solenoid having externally arranged laminated
pole pieces, the laminals of said poles extending longitudinally of the windings of
the solenoid.
10. An electro-magnet comprising a solenoid and externally arranged laminated
pole pieces, the laminals, of said pole pieces lying at an augle to the bore of: the
solenoid.
11. An electro-magnet comprising a solenoid having "paramagnetic portions
arranged externally thereof, said paramagnetic portions being: formed of laminals,
slab-shaped, set on edge and extending longitudinally of the solenoid windings.
12. An electro-magnet comprising a solenoid having paramagnetic portions.
arranged externally thereof, said paramagnetic portions consisting of two poles
arranged diametrically opposite each other and formed of laminals set on edge
and arranged longitudinally of the solenoid windings.
13. A device of the class described, comprising an electro-magnet consisting of
a solenoid having externally arranged pole pieces, a slide adapted to enter said
solenoid and having clips to receive and retain. the article to be operated upon, and
means for reversing the polarities of the pole pieces irrespective of the nature of
the inducing current.
14. A device of the class described, comprising a frame adapted to receive a
solenoid winding, said frame having portions cut away to normally expose portions
of the interior of the solenoid, protective coverings for the said exposed portions,
paramagnetic portions arranged externally of the solenoid and adjacent the said
exposed portions, and means for reversing the polarities of the resultant fields
irrespective of. the nature of the inducing current.
15. A device of the class described, comprising an electro-magnet,consisting of
a solenoid having externally arranged pole pieces formed of laminals arranged at
an angle to the bore of the solenoid, a slide adapted to enter the solenoid and
having clips to receive and retain the article to be operated upon, and means for
reversing the polarity of said. magnet irrespective of the nature of the inducing
current.

page_text: Date of Application, 5th Mar., 1895-Accepted, 8th Apr., 1895
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improved Brake and Starting Apparatus for Vehicles.
I, GABRIEL LLOYD, of 214 Devonshire Road, Forest Hill in the County of
Kent, Engineering Draughtsman do hereby declare the nature of this invention
and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following statement :-
The objects of my invention are to retard or stop vehicles such as tramcars,
omnibusses, waggons and the like by utilising their motion and momentum to store
power, and to employ the power thus stored for starting the vehicle in the manner
and by the means hereafter described. In order to more clearly indicate the
nature of my said invention I shall refer to the sheet of drawings attached to this
Specification and to the figures and letters of reference thereon, but I have only
shown such portions of the vehicle as are necessary to explain wherein my inven-
tion consists.
Fig. 1 is a longitudinal section through one of the cylinders, shewing the piston
and rods and brackets &c. in elevation.
Fig. 2 is a transverse section through the cylinders, shewing the wheels of the
vehicle in elevation.
In carrying out my said invention I attach to the vehicle one, or more pistons H
(in the accompanying drawings I shew two pistons and two cylinders, but do not
bind myself to the number thereon shewn) each of the said pistons H is fixed on a
piston rod G secured to brackets fastened on the vehicle. I place upon each of
the piston rods G a closed cylinder F, the said cylinders F being capable of a
reciprocating motion upon the piston rods G. When I employ more than one
cylinder I connect them together, so that they work in unison.
I utilise the motion and momentum of the vehicle to convey motion and power
from the wheels A A of the vehicle to the cylinders F during the retarding
process, and transmit the same back again to the said wheels A A during the
propelling process, by means of the endless chain, rope, or band D E passing over
wheels CC which are secured so as to revolve simultaneously with the wheels A A
of the vehicle.
In the accompanying drawings I shew only one endless chain, rope, or band D E
but may employ more if necessary, working them in a similar manner to the
one shewn.
To the cylinders FI attach in suitable positions grips of a familiar pattern,
under the control of the driver, and capable of grasping or releasing the aforesaid
endless chain, rope, or band D E.
The action of my apparatus is as follows:-
When the vehicle is in motion, the endless chain, rope, or band D E normally
rotates idly in the same direction as the wheels of the vehicle. When it is desired
to retard or stop the vehicle the aforesaid endless chain D is connected to the
cylinders F by means of the grip previously mentioned, the cylinders F F are
thus set in motion compressing the air contained on one side of the fixed pistons HH
and producing a vacuum on the reverse side of the said pistons, thereby retarding
the vehicle and storing power in the cylinders F F to be employed for propulsion
as hereafter described.
When the vehicle is brought to a standstill as above described it can be kept in
a stationary position by means of another grip which grasps that portion of the
endless chain E on drawings, thus entirely preventing its motion as the power stored
in the cylinders F F then acts equally upon both portions of the endless chain D E.

page_text: When it is desired to start, or propel, the vehicle the upper portion of the
endless chain D is released from the grip, and the power stored in the cylinders F F
causes them to move back to their original position, at the same time communicating
their motion to that portion of the endless chain E on drawings thereby making
the wheels A A revolve so as to start, or propel the vehicle.
When the cylinders FF have expended their power as described, the grip
connecting them. to the endless chain E is released, thereby leaving the said endless
chain D E free to resume its normal rotation upon the wheels C C.
Tubes connected to the cylinders F F, and under the control of the driver
enable him to regulate the supply of air to either side of the pistons H H.
The grips previously mentioned are actuated by levers, or other familiar means,
under the control of the driver.
Pressure gauges, and safety valves, suitably placed allow control of the air
pressure in the apparatus.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion, and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
claim is :-
(1.) In brake and starting devices for vehicles, the employment of cylinders
having a reciprocating motion substantially as described and as shewn by accom-
panying drawings.
(2.) The arrangement of a fixed piston in each of the cylinders mentioned in
Claim (1) so that when the said cylinders are moved by the momentum of the
vehicle, the air is compressed on one side of the said piston and a vacuum is
simultaneously produced on the reverse side of the said piston substantially as
described.
(3.) The combination of the devices referred to in the preceding claims so as
to retard the progress, or assist in the propulsiou, of vehicles by means of the
direct acting mechanism communicating with the wheels of the said vehicle
substantially as described and as illustrated by accompanying drawings.
Dated this Fifth day of March 1895.
GABRIEL LLOYD,
Applicant.