Improvements in the Lining or Fettling of Puddling and other Furnaces Employed in the Manufacture and Heating of Iron and Steel.
Year: 1887

page_text: Improvements in the Lining or Fettling of Puddling and other
Furnaces Employed in the Manufacture and Heating of Iron
and Steel.
1 WILSON LLOYD of Myvod House Wednesbury in the County of Stafford Iron-
master do hereby declare the nature of this Invention to be as follows:-
My invention has reference principally to the lining or fettling of puddling furnaces
used in the manufacture of iron and steel but the improvements constituting my
invention may also be applied to the lining or fettling of other furnaces employed in
the manufacture and heating of iron and steel.
I will describe my invention in connection with a puddling furnace. The ordinary
lining or fettling of a puddling furnace consists essentially of oxide of iron
derived from various sources natural and artificial. The materials commonly
employed are known as pottery or puddling mine bulldog purple ore and forge
and mill scale.
In place of oxide of iron I substitute limestone that is natural carbonate of
lime or quick lime either alone or mixed with ordinary fettling consisting essentially
of oxide of iron or mixed with the slag obtained as a waste product in the basic iron
and steel process.
In preparing the limestone or quick lime for use as a fettling I break it into lumps
say of about the size of a walnut and with these lumps I fettle or line the sides of the
basin or bed of the furnace. Or I line both the sides and bottom of the bed of the
furnace with the lumps of limestone or quicklime which I apply in the manner in
which ordinary fettling is applied.
Or I grind or reduce the fimestone or lime to powder and mix water with the said
powder so as to make it into a thick paste which I apply in the ordinary way.
The said lining or fettling of lime stone or quick lime does not require to be
renewed so frequently as ordinary fettling. The slag formed by the limestone or quick
lime in the puddling process is somewhat denser or less fusible than the slag produced

page_text: when ordinary fettling is employed and the iron is more effectually protected from
wasteful oxidation when limestone or lime is used as a lining or fettling than where
ordinary fettling is employed.
When I employ as a lining or fettling a mixture of limestone or lime and ordinary
fettling I prefer to use about one part by weight of ordinary fettling to ten parts
by weight of limestone or lime but I do not limit myself to any particular
proportions.
The materials are mixed and employed in the usual way.
When I employ the basic slag referred to I prefer to employ equal parts of the said
slag and limestone or lime.
The iron puddled in a puddling furnace lined or fettled according to my invention
is very effectually deprived of phosphorous, sulphur and silicon and has a high degree
of purity.
In applying a fettling made according to my invention to other furnaces employed
in the manufacture and heating of iron and steel I apply it in the way in which
ordinary fettling is applied.
Tatad this Twanty ninth day of October 1887
W. T. WHITEMAN,
Agent for the Applicant.

page_text: COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in the Lining or Fettling of Puddling and othe
Furnaces Employed in the Manufacture and Heating of Iron
and Steel.
I WILSON LLOYD of Myvod House Wednesbury in the County of Stafford Iron-
master do hereby declare the nature of my Invention and in what manner the same
is to be performed to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement :—
My invention has reference principally to the lining or fettling of puddling
furnaces used in the manufacture of iron and steel but the improvements constituting
my invention may also be applied to the lining or fettling of other furnaces employed
in the manufacture and heating of iron and steel such for example as mill furnaces
ball furnaces and reheating and annealing furnaces.
I will describe my invention in connection with an ordinary puddling furnace used
in the manufacture of iron. The ordinary lining or fettling of a puddling furnace
consists essentially of oxide of iron derived from various sources natural and artificial.
The materials commonly employed are known as pottery or puddling mine, bull dog,
purple ore and forge and mill scale. All these materials consist essentially of oxide
of iron or owe their valuable properties as lining or fettling for puddling furnaces to
the presence in them of oxide of iron.
In place of oxide of iron or materials containing as an essential constituent oxide
of iron I substitute limestone, that is, natural carbonate of lime or I employ quick
lime either alone or mixed with ordinary fettling consisting essentially of oxide of
iron or mixed with the slag obtained as a waste product in the basic iron and steel
process.
In preparing the limestone or quick lime for use as a fettling I break it into lumps
say of about the size of a walnut and with these lumps I fettle or line the sides of the
basin or bed of the furnace. Or I line both the sides and bottom of the bed of the
furnaco with the lumps of limestone or quicklime which I apply in the manner in
which ordinary fettling is applied. Or I grind or reduce the limestone or lime to
powder and mix water with the said powder so as to make it into a thick paste which
I apply in the way herein before described that is to the sides and bottoms of the
furnaces or I apply the limestone or lime in the form of bricks to the bottoms and
sides of the furnaces.
The said lining or fettling of limestone or quicklime does not require to be renewed
so frequently as ordinary fettling. The slag formed by the limestone or quicklime in
the puddling process is somewhat denser or less fusible than the slag produced when
ordinary fettling is employed, and the iron is more effectually protected from wasteful
oxidation when limestone or lime is used as a lining or fettling than where ordinary
fettling is employed.

page_text: When I employ as a lining or fettling a mixture of limestone or lime and ordinary
fettling I prefer to use about one part by weight of ordinary fettling to ten parts by
weight of limestone or lime but I do not limit myself to any particular proportions.
The materials are mixed and employed in the usual way. When I employ the basic
slag referred to I prefer to employ equal parts of the said slag and limestone or
lime.
The iron puddled in a puddling furnace lined or fettled according to my invention
is very effectually deprived of phosphorus sulphur and silicon and has a high degree
of purity.
In applying a fettling made according to my invention to other furnaces employed
in the manufacture and heating of iron and steel I apply it in the way in which
ordinary fettling is applied.
The beds of furnaces used in the manufacture of iron other than puddling furnaces
lined or fettled according to my invention are more durable than when lined or fettled
in the ordinary way and the slag or scoria produced is purer and more valuable for
use in the manufacture of iron than ordinary slag or scoria.
Although I have only referred to limestone that is native carbonate of lime and
quick line that is native carbonate of lime which has been calcined and thereby
deprived of its carbonic acid and converted into quick lime or caustic lime yet I wish
it to be understood that I do not limit myself to the use of carbonate of lime or
quicklime derived from any particular sources. For example artificial carbonate of
lime or chalk may be employed in place of limestone or any calcareous compound or
salt of lime consisting of lime combined with a weak acid or other material which is
volatilized or decomposed at a red heat may be employed as such compound or salt of
lime is decomposed by the heat of the furnace and is converted into quicklime. Any
such materials are employed by being ground to powder and the powder made into a
thick paste with water are made into bricks and applied in the ordinary way.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my Inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that I claim
as my invention of "Improvements in the lining or fettling of puddling and other
furnaces employed in the manufacture and heating of iron and steel."
Employing for the said lining or fettling lime-stone whether natural or artificial or
quick or caustic lime or calcareous compounds which on being heated to redness
produce quick lime or caustic lime whether the said limestone quick lime or calcareous
compounds be used alone or mixed with ordinary fettling that is oxide of iron
or material containing or consisting essentially of oxide of iron substantially as
described.
Data d dae of Tal 1000