IMPROVEMENTS IN FIRE ESCAPES, PARTLY APPLICABLE TO LADDERS
Year: 1880

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Herbert John Haddan, of the Firm of Herbert and
Company, Solicitors of Patents, of 67, Strand, in the City of Westminster,
Civil Engineer, for an Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN FIRE ESCAPES,
PARTLY APPLICABLE TO LADDERS." A communication from abroad by
Ferdinand William Hofele, of the City and State of New York, United
States of America.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Herbert John Haddan at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 15th October 1880.
HERBERT JOHN HADDAN, of the Firm of Herbert and Company, Solicitors of
Patents, of 67, Strand, in the City of Westminster, Civil Engineer.
"IMPROVEMENTS
IN FIRE ESCAPES, PARTLY APPLICABLE TO LADDERS." A communication from
abroad by Ferdinand William Hofele, of the City and State of New York, United
States of America.
This Invention consists, firstly, in a continuous four way telescopic ladder with
a series of one or more folding sections pivoted on the rungs of the telescopic
sections, in such manner that any one or more of them may be extended outward
on either side at any desired angle, so as to form a platform for the fireman to
work upon as well as to enable persons to pass to or from the ladder to the
building from any window in its line with perfect safety. The Invention consists
also in a novel method of hingeing the lowest or main section of ladder to the
truck, in such manner that the ladder can be adjusted to perpendicular or any
desired angle by a simple means provided for altering the line of its shaft, and,
thirdly, in the manner of constructing and applying the adjustable swinging braces
and foot screws respectively upon the upper and lower extremities of the lowest
or main section of ladder, so that when raised to position for extending the
weight of the entire ladder may be relieved from the truck and stand on its own
bottom, and the braces being extended outward at any requisite angle from the top
of the main section down to the ground insures perfect steadiness to the said
section; fourthly, in the peculiar arrangement of the fixed and binged uprights in
[Price 10d.1

page_text: combination with the independent acting drums and ropes for elevating and
lowering the ladder to the first position upon the truck, and
Fifthly, in the peculiar method of attaching and supporting the hose to the
ladder sections to relieve the strain thereon as well as to lessen the vibration when
under pressure.
A
Each section of my ladder with the exception of the top consists of four posts.
Each set of four of these posts are held parallel in the most rigid manner by
having all the rungs made or provided with collars which abut against the inner
side of the posts, and the extremities of said rungs passing through the posts have
nuts screwed thereon so as to clamp the posts between the nut and collar.
series of cross braces extend diagonally across each other from the top to the
bottom of two sides of each section; these cross braces are preferably made of
metal and rivetted or otherwise fastened to angle irons which extend the full
length of each ladder section, and are secured upon the inner sides of the posts in
pairs so as to form guides for the next inner ladder section.
The drum for hoisting the section is situated within the lower end of the main
section.
Upon the lower end of each of the posts of the large main section there is an
adjustable foot screw attached in suitable bearings, and at the base of each of the
said screws there is a foot consisting of a broad base of any desired shape.
Upon the outer sides of the posts of the main section at their upper extremities
extension braces are attached by a universal joint, so that they may be swung
outward at any angle to afford a broad base for the support of the ladder at as
high a point upon the main section as possible. The said braces are made in two
sections and have their adjacent faces ribbed or notched to match, so that when
clamped together there will be no possibility of slipping.
The clamps of the said brace sections consist of screws having pulley heads
movable by ropes; said screws extend through the runners and one section of brace,
and bear upon a plate whose face is also ribbed or notched to match the face of
the brace. The centre clamp is movable in order that it may be shifted to a
central position between the other two clamps by means of a rope and pulleys.
The aforesaid lower section of ladder constituting the main section is hinged to the
truck by a shaft passing through bearing plates, which are securely attached to
the posts by having the rungs pass through the said posts and bearing plates. The
outer ends of the said shaft are supported in bearings which are pivoted to the
heads of the levelling screws. These levelling screws run through bosses which
are made with flanges so as to hang upon the truck frames, and thus relieve the
strain on the bolts which secure the same in position. The interior ladder sections
are made in precisely similar manner to the main section, with the exception that
the nuts on the extremities of the rungs are countersunk in the post so as to
present flush sides for travelling in process of telescoping. The top section of my
telescopic ladder consists of a single ladder having rungs constructed as above
described, and to insure against any possibility of its snapping or burning I sheath
the sides with metal.
Upon each section of ladder I have one or more folding ladders pivoted in
duplicate upon the rungs so as to fall outward in opposite directions.
These folding ladders consist of a continuous ladder with folding check post and
folding hand rails, and also a safety chain extending from the extremities of tho
said ladder through eyes on the tops of the check posts, thence following upward
in a straight line over the rungs of their respective sections, thence downward
through an eye and terminating with a book which is designed to catch upon any
rung according to the inclination at which it may be necessary to hold the ladder."
There is a ball on the chain below the said eye, which is so situated that it
will strike the said eye but not pass through, so that the said folding ladders cannot
drop downward below a right angle to the main ladder.
The said folding ladders are provided with duplicate catches arranged on a single
pivot, so that one spring bearing against both their bases it will be impossible for

page_text: both to be unshipped from their hold upon the rung over which they engage
without drawing a cord which is designed for such purpose.
These folding ladders are made deeper at the centre than at their ends, so that
in ascending or descending the swell on the sides at the centre will bear against
the rungs of the adjacent section and cause the aforesaid spring catches to snap
over the rung of its own section, and thereby prevent any possibility of the points
at the extremity of the said ladders catching in the rungs of the adjacent section.
The check post is made broad and flat at its base, and fits snugly between the
ladder and the plate to which it is pivoted. The truck upon which the aforesaid
ladder is hinged consists mainly of two longitudinial string pieces well and securely
braced together.
Upon the upper side of each of the said string pieces there are four stationary
upright posts held rigidly in position by the braces, so as to form rigid standards
for long hinged posts to bear and hold against in the act of raising or lowering the
folded sections to or from the first position.
Ropes or chains extend from independent drums up over their respective pullies
on the tops of the said hinged posts and are secured to eyes on the main ladder.
The said hinged posts are all provided with a double spring catch (similar to
those previously described) which engages over a rigid projecting bar situated on
the fixed post.
The aforesaid drums for hoisting the ladder to position for extending act
independent of one another, so that all the lines may be kept taut while elevating
to the first position.
Each section of ladder carries its own hose, the hose being suspended by an
eye from a cross bar and supported at intervals by the couplings, which are rigidly
attached to the hose and which simply rest upon a gimbal ring, the hose being
free to draw upward with shrinkage from expansion when a heavy force of
water is on.
I have as many of these hose connections as there are folding ladders, and have
the same housed between the rungs and braces of the ladder sections so that they
are not in the way of persons going up or down the ladder.
All the pullie at the tops of the latter sections over which the hoisting lines are
intended to travel are supported on three rungs, by having the rungs pass through
plates and the centre rung carrying the pulley.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said Herbert John Haddan in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
14th April 1881.
HERBERT JOHN HADDAN, of the Firm of Herbert and Company, Solicitors of
Patents, of 67, Strand, in the City of Westminster, Civil Engineer. "IMPROVEMENTS
IN FIRE ESCAPES, PARTLY APPLICABLE TO LADDERS." A communication from
abroad by Ferdinand William Hofele, of the City and State of New York, United
States of America.
Figure 1, Sheet 1, represents a side view of a truck showing the ladder raised in
position and partially extended; Fig. 2 is an enlarged view of the first or
lower section of ladder detached; Fig. 3 is an end view of the same showing
the hose in position; Fig. 4 is an enlarged side view of the second section of ladder
detached; Fig. 5 is an end view of the same, showing the hose in position; Fig. 6
is a detail view showing the method of hanging the hose, and the means of
connecting the hose from one section to another; Fig. 7 is a detail plan of the
hose-supporting rings; Fig. 8, Sheet 2, is an enlarged side view of the third or
upper section of ladder detached, showing relative position of the folding ladders
closed; Fig. 9 is an end view of the same, showing the position of the folding
ladder when extended; Fig. 10 is an enlarged side view of one of the braces;
Fig. 11 is an end view of the same; Fig. 12, a detail perspective, illustrating more
clearly the locking of the brace sections; Fig. 13 represents the intermediate
clamping-plate; Fig. 14 is a plan showing the method of telescoping and hinge-
connection of the ladder to the truck; Fig. 15, a detail end view of the combined
hinge-connnection and ladder adjustment; Figs. 16 and 17 are detail views of the
foot screws of the latter; Fig. 18, Sheet 3, is a sectional end elevation, showing
the position of the folding ladders; Fig. 19 is an enlarged view, showing the
connection of the folding check-post to its ladder; Figs. 20 and 21 are detached
views of the check-post; Fig. 22 is a plan showing a portion of the folding ladder
with check-post removed; Fig. 23 is an enlarged view of the hooks for locking the
folding sections to the rings of the extension ladder; Fig. 24 is a side view of the
truck, showing the ladder folded down in dotted lines; Fig. 25 is a plan view of
the same; Fig. 26 is an enlarged detail plan of the front end of the same; Fig. 27
is a sectional side view of the forward end of the truck, showing one of the
elevating posts raised and locked in position; Fig. 28 is an end view of the top of
one of the elevating posts; Fig. 29 is an end view of the top of one of the fixed
uprights; Fig. 30 is a sectional view of bracket for supporting the inner ends of
the hoisting drum axles of the forward end truck; Fig. 31 is a plan of the same.
Similar letters of reference indicate corresponding parts.
This Invention relates, first, to a continuous four-way telescopic ladder with a
series of one or more folding sections pivoted to the rungs of the telescopic sections
in such manner that any one or more of them may be extended outward on either
side at any desired angle, so as to form a platform for the firemen to work upon,
as well as to enable persons to pass to or from the ladder to the building from
any window in its line with perfect safety; and, secondly, in a novel method of
hinging the main section to the truck in such manner that the ladder can be
adjusted to perpendicular or any desired angle by a simple means provided for
altering the line of its shaft; thirdly, in the manner of constructing and applying
the adjustable swinging braces and foot screws respectively upon the upper and
lower extremities of the main section of ladder, so that when raised to position for
extending the weight of the entire ladder may be relieved from the truck and
stand on its own bottom; the braces extending outward at any requisite angle from
the top of the main section insures perfect steadiness to the said section; fourthly,

page_text: in the peculiar arrangement of the fixed and hinged uprights, in combination with
the independent acting drums and ropes for elevating and lowering the ladder to
the first position upon the truck. In the case here presented, each section of the
ladder, with the exception of the top, consists of four posts A, A, A, A. Each set
of four of these posts is held parallel in the most rigid manner possible by having
all the rungs B made or provided with collars C, which abut against the inner side
of the posts, and the extremities of said rungs passing through the posts with
nuts D screwed; thereon said rungs are preferably made of metal tubing with
a nut or plug with head and thread; it is impossible for any rung to get out
of place or for the ladder to warp; and to further prevent the possibility
of warping or springing of any part of the sections, I have a series of
cross or diagonal braces E, extending from top to bottom of each section.
These cross-braces, which are preferably made of metal, are riveted to the angle
irons F, which extend the full length of each ladder-section. These angle-irons are
bolted to the sides of the posts A, and form ways for the movement of the sections,
as clearly shown in Fig. 14, Sheet 2. The hoisting drum G is situated at the
lower end of the main section, and is journalled between the cross braces H. This
drum has a large gear wheel I, I, on each extremity of its axis, which mesh in
pinions J, J, as shown in Figs. 1, 2, and 3, to which the cranks K, K, are affixed.
Upon the lower end of ench of the posts of the large main section there is a foot
screw Lattached, the foot M consisting of a broad base of any desired shape, the
lower end of the screw being rounded, so as to bear in a socket in the shoe, and
secured thereto by a pin N, which passes through the shoe and the neck of the
screw, so as to allow the shoe to have sufficient play to adjust itself to any ordinary
unevenness of ground. Upon the sides of the post of the main section at their
upper extremities four extension braces are attached by a ball or universal
joint P, so that they may be swung outward at any angle to afford a broad base
for the support of the ladder at as high a point upon the main section as possible.
I have shown two different forms of such a joint, viz., that shown in Figs. 1, 2,
and 3, which is essentially the same as what is known as the "Hooke" universal
joint, and the style shown in Figs. 10 and 11, which I prefer to use, and which is
a modification of the ball and socket joint. This joint consists of a wedge-shaped
block Q, having a recess in its lower end to receive the ball P, which is held in
the recess in the block Q¹ by the strap P¹, which also is recessed to securely hold
the ball. Through a hole in this strap made large enough to allow considerable
play is passed a pin from the hemisphere S', which is screwed into the ball P. The
bottom of the hemisphere bears against the plate P, and below it is a lug passing
between ears on the top of the brace O, and connected thereto by a pin. These
braces are made in two sections, and have their faces ribbed or notched to match,
so that when clamped together, as shown in Figs. 10, 11, and 12, there will be no
possibility of slipping. The clamps of the brace sections consists of screws 8,
with pulley heads t, which extend through the runners u and bear upon the plate vi
in clamp u, but in the other clamps the screw bears on the brace O. Between the
brace sections at each clamp is a plate v, whose face is ribbed or corrugated to
match the face of the brace O.
w, w, w, are endless ropes, which have a single turn around the pulley-head, so
as to give a sufficient grip to manipulate them. The centre clamp is movable, in
order that it may be shifted to a central position between the other two clamps.
For this purpose there is an eye on the clamp runner u', to which the rope y is
attached (see Figs. 10 and 11, Sheet 2). This rope extends upward through an
eye in the upper clamp, and from thence down to the ground. This rope simply
serves to draw the central clamp upward, its own weight being sufficient to bring
it down when the clamp screw is released. The aforesaid lower section of ladder,
constituting the main section, is hinged to the truck by the shaft Q, the said shaft
passing through two bearing-plates R, R, which are securely attached to the posts
by having rungs pass through the said posts and bearing-plates. The outer ends
of the said shaft are supported in bearings R', which are pivotted to the heads of

page_text: the levelling screws S, S. These levelling screws run through the bosses T, T,
which are made with flanges so as to hang upon the truck-frame U, as shown
in Figs. 1, 3, 14, and 15, and thereby relieve the strain on the bolts which
hold the same in position. The object in thus having the shaft affixed
to the main sections of the ladder and supported in levelling-screws is to
enable the ladder to be set perpendicular prior to extending the section.
The second and third sections are made in precisely similar manner, but
smaller, and have all their nuts countersunk, so that they may telescope one within
the other in succession. The top section, however, is made as a single ladder, but its
rungs are made in like manner to those previously described, and to strengthen
this upper section and to insure against any possibility of snapping or burning, I
sheath the outer-surface on two sides A, A, as shown in Fig. 9. Upon each section
of ladder I have one or more folding ladders pivoted in duplicate upon the rungs
so as to fall in opposite directions. These folding ladders consist of a continuous
ladder e, with folding checkposts f, and folding hand rails f, and also a safety chain
g, extending from the extremities of the said ladder through the eyes h, on the tops
of the checkposts, thence following upward in a straight line, as shown in Figs.
and 18, over the rungs of their respective sections, thence through an eye i, shown
in Fig. 9, and terminating with a hook j, which is designed to catch upon any rung
according to the inclination at which it may be necessary to hold the ladder. It
will here be noticed that there is a ball k, on the chain below the eye i, which is
situated so that it will strike the eye but not pass through simultaneously with the
coming in contact of the slide stops on the rail. Consequently the said folding
ladders cannot drop downward even should the wall of the building fall. The said
folding ladders are provided with duplicate catches m, m, arranged in a single
pivot, so that one spring n, bearing against both their bases, as shown in Figs. 18,
19, and 23, it will be impossible for both to be unshipped from their hold upon the
rung over which they engage without drawing the cord o, which is designed for
such purpose. These folding ladders are purposely made deeper at the centre than
at their ends, so that in ascending or descending the swell on the sides at the centre
will bear against the rungs of the adjacent sections and cause the aforesaid spring
catches to snap over the rung of its own section, and thereby prevent any possibility
of the points at the extremity of the said ladders catching in the rungs of the
adjacent section. The check post f, is made broad and flat at its base, and fits
snugly between the ladder and the plate p, to which it is pivoted. q is a pin
which acts as a stop for the post to hold it in vertical position when the ladder is
extended, and when closed the said pin acts as a check to keep the folded arm
parallel with the ladder. The truck upon. which the aforesaid ladder is hinged
consists of two longitudinal string pieces U, well and securely braced together upon
the upper side of each of the said string pieces. There are three stationary upright
posts. V, held rigidly in position by the braces W, W', so as to form rigid standards
for the long hinged posts X, X, to bear and hold against in the act of raising or
lowering the folded sections to or from the first position, said hinged posts being
elevated by the ropes x¹. Y, Y¹, are independent acting drums, to which the rope
or chains Z, Z', are attached. These ropes or chains extend therefrom up over their
respective pulleys a, a', on top of the hinged posts X, X, and are secured to
eyes d, d¹, on the main ladder. The said hinged posts are all provided with a
double spring-catch c (similar to those previously described), and which engage
over a rigid projecting bar r, situated on the fixed post, as shown in Figs. 24, 27,
and 29. The aforesaid drums Y, Y¹, for hoisting the ladder to position for
extending all act independent of one another, so that all the lines may be kept
taut while elevating to the first position. Each section of ladder carries its own
pipe or hose, the hose being suspended by an eye a³, from a cross bar b², and is
supported at intervals by the couplings c³, which are rigidly attached to the hose,
and which simply rest upon the gimbal-ring d³, the hose being free to draw upward
with shrinkage from expansion when a heavy force of water is on, so as to relieve
the strain on the ladder. I have as many of these hose-connections c³, as there are

page_text: folding ladders, and have the same housed between the rungs of the ladder sections,
so that they are not in the way of persons going up or down the ladder, and in
addition thereto at intervals on the hose corresponding with the average distance
apart of the floors of a house, I have a series of T couplings to connect the hose to
play on the different floors.
gs, g³, Fig. 1, represent counter-weights, whose supporting ropes are attached to
eyes at the lower extremities of the second section and pass over the pulley 1³, so
as to cause the said weight to hang back of the rungs of the main section, as shown
in Fig. 1. At Y³, Ys I have shown hose reels, but make no claim thereto. All the
pulleys at the tops of the ladder sections over which the hoisting lines are intended
to travel are supported on three rungs by having the rungs pass through plates m³
and the centre rung carrying the pulley, as shown in the Drawings. The ropes
for hoisting the ladders perpendicularly have, for the sake of clearness, been left
out of the Drawings in most of the Figures, as I make no claim to them, nor to the
devices for winding them up, as they are of the kind commonly used, the only
difference being that I use more ropes for greater security, one being employed at
each corner of the ladder.
3,j, are eyebolts which pass through the bar ³ at the base of the main ladder
section with nuts 13, the object of which is to enable any slackness of rope to be
taken up by screwing up the nuts 1³.
The operation is as follows:-The first move is to arrange the truck by elevating
the hinged posts X, and locking them in perpendicular position against the fixed
upright V. The ladder is then raised from the rear of truck to an angle of about
thirty degrees (more or less), by winding the rope on the drum Y, and upon
reaching this height the weight of the said ladder is releived from the first rope
and raised to an upright position by the second rope Z, which leads from an eye
on the main ladder section and passes over pulleys on the upper extremities of the
forward posts and winds on the drums Y¹ of the forward end of the truck. This
having been done the next step is to adjust the shaft Q upon which the main
section of the ladder hinges, so as to level the same, and thereby set the ladder in
true perpendicular.
The foot-screws at the bottom of the ladder are now to be run down to the
ground so as to form a solid bearing on its own base, and thereby relieve the
strain from the truck. The braces O are now swung outward and extended to
the most advantageous positions to afford stiffness to the section in giving as broad
a base as possible by extending from the top of the main section of ladder. The
ladder having thus been elevated to position, leveled, and braced, it is now ready
to be extended perpendicularly. This is done by operating the cranks K, which
turn the main drum, around which the hoisting-ropes wind. This drum is
divided into four sections, so that the hoisting-ropes, of which there are four, may
not overlap or interfere with each other, said ropes being attached to the eyes M¹
at the bottom of the second section, and run upward over pulleys N on the top
of the first section, and down on the sides and around pulleys e³, on the bottom
of the first section to the drum G. The small folding ladders will not fall outward
to position until their catches have been released from the rung over which they
engage. These ladders are provided with a small rope which extends from the
catch, so that by pulling any one or more of them when the ladder is extended, any
one or all of them may be caused to fall outward, as shown in Fig. 18, and when
lowering the ladder the small ladders all fold within their respective sections.
The
shoulder f" on the under side of the rail coming in contact with the slide 7 serves
to fold the check-post down parallel with the small section. The gearing at the
base of the ladder is designed to be covered by a hood or sheathing, so as to protect
the same from water which might drip and freeze thereon in cold weather.
Suitable devices in the form of clamp are also used in connections with the ladder
sections to grip and hold the same in similar manner to that of an elevator, and
thereby prevent all possibility of accident to them on top even should all the lines
break. I am aware that a four-way ladder is not new, and that the use of ties

page_text: or rods having shoulders and nuts to secure parts together is also old, that the
different sections of an extension ladder have been provided with separate pipes
connected by couplings for carrying water, that angle irons have been used on
ladders, and that gimbals have been used for surporting many different objects,
and I therefore lay no claim to any of those. Broadly, what I claim as new
is,―
1. The combination, in a fire-escape, of a truck and two or more continuous four-
way ladders, each consisting of four posts A, A, A, A, all connected together by
rungs B having shoulders Con the inner sides of the posts, and nuts D on the outer
ends, whereby the four posts are strongly braced together, substantially as
described.
2. The four-way ladder herein described, consisting of four posts A, oblong in
cross section, and having an angle-iron F on each post, said angle-irons being
arranged in pairs, and facing each other on or near the middle of one of the broad
sides of the posts, and being adapted to guide an interior ladder section, diagonal
braces secured to said angle-irons, and uniting rungs connecting the posts at such
distance from the angle-irons as to leave a space between the braces and rungs for
the housing of the hose, substantially as specified.
3. The combination with the ladders of the angle-irons F and diagonal braces E,
substantially as and for the purpose specified.
4. The combination with the truck and ladder of a fire-escape, of the fixed
uprights V, swinging posts X, and a fastening C, substantially as described.
5. The combination with the truck and ladder of a fire escape, of the upright V,
swinging post ✗, hook c, pin r, rope and pulley ¹³, substantially as and for the
purpose specified.
6. The combination with the truck and fire-escape of the ladder A. pivotted
thereto, the uprights V, swinging posts X, ropes or chains Z, Z', and drums Y, Y',
substantially as described.
7. The combination with the posts of a ladder of a series of rungs and a series
of diagonal braces, whereby the ladder is stiffened and a space formed to hold and
protect the hose pipes, substantially as described.
8. The combination with the truck and ladder of a fire-escape, of the swiveled
bearings R and leveling screws S, substantially as and for the purpose specified.
9. The combination with a truck and ladder of the bosses T, screws S, swivelled
bearings R¹, shaft Q, and bearing plates R, substantially as described and for the
purpose set forth.
10. The combination of the brace O, clamp u, screw t, having a pulley-head,
with the rope w, substantially as described.
11. The combination with the brace O of the fixed clamps u, u, sliding clamp u¹,
eye, and rope y, substantially as and for the purpose specified.
12. The combination with the ladder A of the strap P', ball P, block Q', and
hemisphere S', having a pin screwed into ball P and a lug pivoted to the head of
the brace O, substantially as described.
13. The combination with a vertical ladder of the horizontal extension-ladder e,
check-post f, extension-rail f¹, and chain g, substantially as described.
14. The combination with a vertical ladder of the horizontal extension-ladder c
having stop g, pivoted and notched, check-post f, extension rail f¹, having slides 1, 1,
and shoulder f", chains g, eye i, ball k, and hook j, substantially as described.
15. A ladder provided with a folding platform and extension-rail, having
slides 7, 7, both being hinged on rungs of the ladder, substantially as described.
16. The combination with a ladder of the folding platform formed of two ladder
sections e, e, and adapted to fold up against the sides of the main ladder, and
arranged on opposite sides of the ladder to counterbalance each other, substantially
as described.
17. The combination with the ladders e of the pivoted hooks m, spring n, and
cords o, o, substantially as and for the purpose specified.
18. The combination with a ladder having two or more sets of rungs, of a ladder

page_text: provided with a single set of rungs, and having hinged thereto a folding platform e
which closes up automatically parallel with the single ladder as said single ladder
descends within the outer ladder, substantially as described.
19. The combination with a truck and swinging ladder of a series of adjusting
screws L attached directly to the foot of the ladder and adapted to bear on the
ground, whereby the pressure on the bearings R¹ is relieved, and the weight of the
ladder and its load is removed from the truck, substantially as described.
20. In combination with an extension-ladder a series of pipes united together
by T couplings and supports for said couplings, each of said supports consisting
of a ring d³ supported by pivots in another ring på having bearings at right angles
to the pivots of the ring d³ and mounted in the ladder-posts, substantially as and
for the purpose set forth.
21. The combination with a ladder of a pipe-supporter hung on pivots on the
ladder, substantially as described.
22. The combination with an extension-ladder of the plates supported on three
rungs of said ladder, and a pulley mounted on one of said rungs, substantially as
and for the purpose specified.
23. The combination of the diagonal braces with the angular posts of a double
or fourfold ladder, substantially as and for the purpose described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Herbert John Haddan, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twelfth day of April, A.D. 1881.
HJ HADDAN (LS)