IMPROVEMENTS IN STOVES, GRATES, OR FIRE-PLACES, AND IN WARM- ING OR HEATING BUILDINGS
Year: 1849

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
EDWARD NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery Lane, in the County
of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at
Westminster, the Fifth day of Junc, in the twelfth year of Her reign, did, for
Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said William
Edward Newton, Her especial license, full power, sole privilege and authority,
that I, the said William Edward Newton, my exors, adñiors, and assigns, and
such others as I, the said William Edward Newton, my exors, adñiors, or
assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and
at all times during the term of years therein mentioned, should and lawfully
might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and the Town
of Berwick upon Tweed, and in all Her Majesty's Colonies and Plantations
abroad, and in the Islands of Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney, Sark, and Man, an
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN STOVES, GRATES, OR FIRE-PLACES, AND IN WARM-
ING OR HEATING BUILDINGS," being a communication from abroad; in which
said Letters Patent is contained a proviso obliging me, the said William
Edward Newton, by an instrument in writing under my haud and seal,
particularly to describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in
what manner the same is to be performed, and to cause the same to be enrolled
in Her Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next
and immediately after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in
and by the same, reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at large
appear.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
William Edward Newton, do hereby declare that the nature of the said Inven-
tion, and the manner in which the same is to be performed, is particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following description thereof, reference
being had to the Drawings hereunto annexed; and to the letters and figures
marked thereon (that is to say):
The Invention, which has been communicated to me by my foreign corre-
spondent, and for which I have obtained Her Majesty's Letters Patent as
aforesaid, consists of various improvements in apparatus for warming or heating
buildings or apartments, and relates, firstly, to an improved mode of construct-
ing stoves, grates, or fire-places, and which improved stoves, grates, or fire-
places are intended to be used in place of the ordinary open grate or fire-place
now in use in private houses. The Invention relates, secondly, to an improved
mode of constructing and arranging apparatus for warming or heating buildings
or apartments by means of hot water. By means of the improved hot water
apparatus hereafter described, buildings or apartments may be more econo-
mically and regularly warmed, and the temperature maintained more uniform
than by the ordinary hot water apparatus. The improved apparatus may also
be constructed, and applied in such a manner to warm-private apartments-or
sitting rooms as to do. so effectually without being an eyesore or disfigurement,
and may be applied to such purposes with facility and without the necessity
of making great alterations in or disturbing the building for the purpose of
passing large water pipes from one part of the building to another, as is now
the casc.
The apparatus has been found in practice to be exceedingly useful,
and particularly applicable for warming hot-houses, conservatories, and large
halls or apartments which cannot be conveniently and effectually warmed or
maintained at an uniform temperature by means of an open fire-place, and
owing to the constant passage through the apparatus of air to be warmed, the
apartment will be thoroughly and uniformly warmed without the heat from
the apparatus feeling at all oppressive, as is sometimes now the case with hot
water apparatus.
Before proceeding to explain in detail the improvements which form the
first part of the Invention, I will briefly allude to some of the phenomena of
combustion, and will point out the objects that the Inventor of the present
improvements has in view, and the principles upon which he intends to pro-
ceed, and will then describe the means he has found it necessary to employ to
obviate some of the evils incidental to the ordinary mode of constructing open
fire-places, and to carry out the principles upon which the present improve-
ments are based.

page_text: Fuel, when submitted to the action of fire, gives off, before passing into an
incandescent or completely ignited state, all or the greater portion of the gases
which it contains; and in order to ignite and consume the molecules of carbon
and other inflammable matters contained in these different gases and combined
with other substances, a certain and determined intensity of the fire or proper
degree of heat must, when ascertained, be strictly maintained. This object,
that is, the combustion of the gases arising from the fuel, may be effected by
attending to the following five practical points :-
First, to carry on the combustion of the fuel in a place made of a substance
which is a bad conductor of heat, such as fire-bricks or tiles, with which three
sides of the fire-place should be lined..
Second, to place the fuel in such a manner in the grate or fire-place as to
give the upper surface of the fuel the form of an inclined plane sloping upwards,
from the fire-bars to the back of the grate.
Third, to make the opening of the fire-place of proper dimensions calcu-
lated according to the volume of air required to be supplied to the fire to carry
on,or support combustion, and the quantity of air necessary for the ventilation
of the apartment to be heated.
"
Fourth, to furnish the upper part of the fire-place, stove, or grate with
a hood so as to form a chamber which shall act as a smoke-consuming
chamber.
Fifth, to limit the volume of air admitted into the fire-place by regulating
the size of the flue pipe which conducts away the incombustible gases.
It has been the object of the Inventor of the present improvements to
obviate the various known and acknowledged faults incidental to the construc-
tion of ordinary grates or fire-places, and to carry out the objects above men-
tioned in as simple a manner as possible. The most complete combustion of
the fuel, and the prevention of the escape of smoke into the room, is effected
by placing the grate very low down, and far back in the chimney-place, and by
means of a hood and transparent moveable screen restricting the opening
whereby air is admitted to the fire to suitable dimensions proportionate to the
size of the apartments to be warmed and the amount of heat required, as by
this arrangement the air to support combustion will be made to rush in front
of the fire-bars. into the space or chamber formed by the hood immediately
above the incandescent fuel, and will thereby not only prevent any smoke or
smell of the fuel from issuing into the apartment, but the combustion of the
smoke arising from the fuel will be effected. The intensity of the fire in the
grate will at the same time be greatly increased by enclosing the fuel on' three
sides with fire-bricks or tiles, and by means of the hood and screen above

page_text: mentioned causing the atmospheric pressure, or the air to support combustion,
to act directly on the fuel by obliging it in a great measure to enter between
the fire-bars instead of passing above them and the fuel, without acting upon
the latter, and thus carry the heat up the chimney as is now the case. This
peculiar arrangement and combination of parts has the effect of greatly in-
creasing the intensity of the heat in the fire-place, and thereby materially
assists in consuming the smoke and gases given off from the fuel. An increased
quantity of heat is obtained and given out to warm the apartment in which
the apparatus is situated by placing the grate in a hollow sheet iron casing or
chamber so as to obtain a great quantity of heating surface, and by causing
air either from the apartment or external atmosphere to enter this casing or
chamber, and pass over the heating surface, and be thereby warmed before
issuing into the apartment. An econony of fuel will be the necessary conse
quence of the arrangement of parts whereby the above results are obtained;
and a suitable ash pit placed below the grate to receive the ashes, and made
moveable so that it may be removed when required, will at all times prevent
any inconvenience arising from dirt and dust. In order, however, that the
construction, arrangement, and operation of the different parts may be clearly
understood, I have shewn in the accompanying Drawings various views of an
open fire-place constructed according to the present improvements.
Fig. 1 is a front elevation of one of the improved open fire-places com-
plete; Fig. 2 is a transverse vertical section taken in the line 1, 2, of
Fig. 1; Fig. 3 is a longitudinal vertical section, or rather, a front elevation,
with the face plate removed to shew the internal arrangement or construc-
tion of the parts; and Fig. 4 is a horizontal section taken in the line 3, 4,
of Fig. 2; and Fig. 5 is another horizontal section taken in the line
5, 6, of Fig. 2. The grate bars a, a, are not attached to the sides of the
fire-place, but are supported on feet which stand in the moveable ash pit
or pan b, b, as shewn in the Drawing. The front or fire-bars c, c, are not
fixtures, but are supported on hooks attached to the sides of the fire-place, so
that after simply lifting off the fire-bars c, c, the ash pit or pan b, b, and grate
bars a, a, may be removed together. The sides and back of the fire-place are
lined with fire-bricks or tiles d, d, which being bad conductors of heat will
prevent it from being carried off too rapidly, and will very much increase tho
intensity of the firc, and cause the fire-place to be exceedingly hot. A chamber
A, which I call a smoke-consuming chamber, is formed by an inclined plate e, e,
(Figs. 2 and 4,) furnished with openings at each of the top corners for the
purpose of allowing the smoke and other gaseous products of combustion
to enter the chamber, where they are consumed by the intense heat generated

page_text: therein, assisted by the admission of a small quantity of hot air, which finds its
way into the chamber with the smoke and gases. The incombustible gases
pass off by the flue or pipe f, f, which must be properly proportioned to the
other parts, and not made of too great diameter, otherwise the heat will pass
off too rapidly and be lost, and some of the combustible products will escape
unconsumed; on the other hand, if the flue or pipe f, f, be made too small, the
incombustible gases will not have room to escape, and may interfere with the
proper action of the apparatus. The front part g, g, of the chamber A forms
what I have in my introductory remarks called the hood, as it projects and
hangs over the fire-bars or grate, the fire-place being recessed or placed some
distance back as seen best in the sectional view, Fig. 2. A moveable screen
or shutter h, h, is suspended in front of this hood by chains which pass over
pullies i, i, (Figs. 2 and 3) above. The screen or shutter h, h, is shewn
detached at Figs. 6, and consists of a light metal frame in which a number of
tubes made of glass are placed one upon another. When the screen or shutter
is in its place, the metal slides work in guides, as shewn in Figs. 2 and 3, so
that they are nearly if not quite hidden from view, and the weight of the
screen is counterbalanced by the weights j, j, attached to the ends of the
chains which support the screen, as shown in Fig. 3, and by dots in Fig. 1. A
ring, stud, or hook r is fixed at the lower end of the shutter h, for the purpose
of raising and lowering the same.
It will be seen on referring to Figs. 2, 3, 4, and 5, that the fire-place, stove,
or grate, together with the smoke-consuming chamber A, are enclosed in or
surrounded by a metal casing k, k, which forms a kind of bot-air chamber, or
rather chamber or space for warming air that is admitted either from the apart-
ment or the external atmosphere through holes made at or near the lower part
of the casing, as at B, B, Fig. 1, or at any other convenient part, and after
passing over or in contact with the heated surfaces of the said chamber, the
air will become heated thereby, and issue in a warm state into the room or
apartment through holes or openings made at or near the upper part of the
casing as at C, C, C. It is almost unnecessary to remark that these openings
or holes B, B, and C, C, C, in the front of the stove or grate may be hidden
from view if desired by covering them with any open work ornament which
will allow a free passage to the air. The horizontal tube or pipe in the
chamber A communicates at each end with the hot air chamber, and is only
intended to give an increased amount of heating surface by exposing its outer
side to the action of the highly heated vapours or gases in the chamber A; it
however may be dispensed with if preferred. It has been found in practice
that the circulation of air through this casing or air chamber is so rapid that

page_text: it has not time to become too highly heated, but issues from the holes .or
openings at C, C, merely at an agreeable temperature.
.
•
From what has been said it will be evident that the combustion and the
intensity of the fire may be regulated at pleasure, and to a nicety by simply
raising or lowering the moveable transparent screen or shutter h; for instance
when the screen is up the fire will burn slowly, but when it is lowered a little,
the opening for the admission of air to the fire will be lessened, and the com-
bustion will be quickened and the fire will burn brightly, and when the screen
is lowered altogether, the fire will burn with great intensity as the rush of air
to the fuel will be very considerable.
I would here observe that I sometimes construct the transparent screen or
shutter of wire gauze, instead of glass tubes, and generally employ screens
made of that material when the chimney is badly constructed and liable to
smoke, as the metallic gauze will allow a considerable portion of heat to pass
through when the screen is down, and at the same time will admit of air.
passing in the contrary direction to the fire.
In Fig. 7, I have shewn a transverse vertical section of a modification of
the above arrangement, the principle being applied in this instance to a stove.
which may be detached from a wall or chimney and be placed in any con-
venient part of the apartment. In this instance the pipe 2, is dispensed with,.
and the flue pipe f, is carried out through the back of the warm air chamber,
instead of from the top of the chamber A, as in Figs. 1, 2, and 3.
.
Another modification is shown in Fig. 7*, which also represents a transverse
vertical section of a stove. In this case the inclined plate e, above the
incandescent fuel, and which encloses the space A, which I denominate the
smoke-consuming chamber, is dispensed with, the chamber A being left open.
and the vapours and gases enclosed therein, being thereby exposed to the
direct and most intense action of the fire in the grate. The flue pipef is also
in this case carried out from the back of the smoke-consuming chamber A.
The mode of conducting off the incombustible gases must, however, depend
upon circumstances, such as the situation of the stove, and will in no way
alter or interfere with the principle upon which the stove is to be con-
structed.
. It may be as well here to observe that if thought desirable, air from the
external atmosphere may be conducted by a pipe to the lower part of the
casing k, k; and after being warmed therein allowed to issue into the room; by
this means the apartment will always be supplied with pure warm air, and a
continued circulation kept up. I would also remark that by making the
ashpit 6, b, and the grate bars a, a, moveable, the ashpit and grate bars, with all

page_text: the dust, ashes, and cinders contained therein, may be removed together, and
cleaned without occasioning any dust or dirt in the apartment.
As it has been found of some importance in practically carrying out the
above improvements to proportion the dimensions of some of the parts in
some measure to the work they are intended to perform, and make them of
proper proportions in regard to each other, I would merely observe before
concluding the description of this part of the Invention, that in practice it has
been found that in a fire-place in which the grate bars have a superficial area
of about ten inches by sixteen or seventeen, and which has an opening in front
represented by the screen or shutter h, of about seventeen inches square, the
pipe or flue f, should be about five inches in diameter. In a fire-place or
grate with a superficial area of grate bars of ten inches by twelve, and an
opening in front of seventeen inches by fourteen, the flue pipe f should be
fron four inches and a quarter to four inches and a. half in diameter;. and in
a fire-place with a grate measuring seven inches by ten, and having a front
opening of fourteen inches by ten, the pipe or flue f should be about four
inches in diameter. The screen or shutter h, h, the dimensions of the front
opening which it encloses, the depth of the fire-place, the inclined plate e, the
dimensions of the grate and the position of the flue pipe f, form a com-
bination or arrangement. of parts which admits of the pipe or flue f being
made of comparatively small dimensions, a point which is essentially necessary
to render the open fire-place as economical and cause it to give off as much
heat as the close stove.
The improvements in hot water apparatus for warming and heating buildings
or apartments which form the second part of the present Invention, consist in
a peculiar construction and arrangement of hot water pipes in which a con-
tinued circulation of hot water is kept up by causing hot water from a boiler
to enter the heating pipes, and the cold water to leave the same at or near the
lowest point of each pipe or set of pipes; and cold air being made to pass
through the interior of the said heated pipes, or in contact with the heated
surfaces thereof, becomes warmed and issues out into the room at an agreeable
temperature.
The tubular part of the apparatus consists, first, of a service pipe or tube of
moderate size for conveying the hot water from the boiler to the apparatus for
warming the air; second, of another pipe of the same dimensions for carrying.
the cooled water back to the boiler to be again heated; and third, of the
heating apparatus properly so called, and which consists of a series of warming
pipes or hot water chambers connected at their lowest part to the two service

page_text: pipes which bring the hot water to and conduct the cold water from the heating
pipes or apparatus.
The peculiar construction or arrangement of heating apparatus preferred by
the Inventor consists of any convenient or suitable number of large annular
pipes, tubes, or columns containing pipes of smaller diameter within them,
through the latter of which air is allowed to pass, an annular space being left
between the two pipes for the passage and circulation of the hot water. Of
course the number of these pipes that are to be arranged or combined in a set
or series for warming the air of any apartment must depend upon the cubical
contents of such apartment and the degree of heat require; and I would here
remark that the water to be supplied to the aforesaid pipes or others employed
in place thereof may be heated in any suitable boiler, but I prefer to employ a
boiler peculiarly adapted for the purpose, although I do not intend to restrict
myself to the use of such a boiler in conjunction with my other apparatus, as
other forms of boilers for heating the water will no doubt answer the intended
purpose, although in not so economical a manner as the one hereafter
described. Before proceeding to describe in detail the various apparatus and
parts which constitute the second head of the present improvements, and in
order that the distinctive features of the present Invention may be perfectly
understood, it may be as well to state briefly that all the systems of heating
by hot water with which I am acquainted, or that are at present in use, consist
of merely two tubes, one tube leading from the boiler and the other to it, the
intermediato length of tube being arranged in some peculiar manner for
warming the apartment in which the apparatus may be placed. Or these two
tubes may be considered as a continuation of one tube extending from the
boiler throughout the house or place to be heated, and terminating at the
other end in the boiler again; whereas the present improved apparatus consists,
first, of a system of service pipe of small diameter, extending as heretofore from
the boiler throughout the house, and returning again to the boiler, such service
pipe being only intended to act as a pipe to convey the hot water to and from
the boiler, and is altogether independent of the heating pipes or apparatus and
does not form part thereof or act as a heating pipe as heretofore. A distinct
and separate apparatus, consisting of an arrangement of pipes which I call the
heating pipes, is connected with the service pipe by short branch pipes, and
any number of these apparatus may in this manner be connected with, or
attached to the service pipe at suitable places, for the purpose of warming
rooms or apartments. In place of causing the hot water from the service pipe
to flow into the heating pipes or apparatus at or near the top, and drawing off

page_text: the cold water at bottom, as has been heretofore the case, I introduce the
hot water at bottom, and by its superior lightness it will quickly rise to the
top and displace the cold water, which will flow out at the bottom. By thus
opening a communication between the heating apparatus and hot water service
pipes at two points at or near the bottom, and allowing the hot water to flow
into the apparatus, a continued circulation will be maintained in each set of
heating pipes or heating apparatus; but this circulation may, however, by means
of cocks be regulated at pleasure or arrested altogether, without interfering
with the action of any other set of pipes or heating apparatus or the circulation
of hot water in the service pipes, in which the circulation may be carried on in
the most perfect manner even when the communication with all the heating
pipes or apparatus is stopped.
The principle upon which the Invention is based, and the difference between
the present and former systems will, however, be best understood by referring
to Figs. 8 and 9, which are sectional diagrams for the purpose of explaining
the foregoing observations.
Fig. 8 represents the old system, in which the heating apparatus is sup-
posed to consist of a hollow cylinder with an annular water space, the air being
allowed to pass through the cylinder in contact with the heated sides, and
becomes thereby warmed. The hot water service pipe 9 enters the cylinder at
or near the top, and the pipe h, which carries off the cold water to the boiler,
communicates with the cylinder at or near the botton. Now the defect of this
arrangement is that in the event of air or steam entering the cylinder from the
service pipe g, it would of course remain at the upper end of the cylinder, and
would therefore stop the circulation not only in the heating cylinder, but also
in the return service pipe h, and consequently stop the action of any other
apparatus on the service pipe.
In Fig. 9*, however, the hot water service pipe 9 communicates with the
cylinder by means of a short branch pipe 9*, at the lower end, so that the hot
water by rising in the cylinder will displace the cold, which will flow down the
branch pipe h into the return service pipe h. It will therefore be evident that
no accumulation of air or steam at the upper end of the cylinder can affect the
circulation even in the cylinder itself; and even if the cylinder should become
entirely filled with air or steam, the circulation through the service pipe would
still continue uninterrupted.
Having thus set forth the principle upon which the present Invention is
based, and pointed out the difference that exists between the present and former
systems of hot water apparatus, I will now proceed to describe in detail the

page_text: arrangement and construction of parts which the Inventor prefers to employ for
carrying out this principle.
In Fig. 8, I have shewn a partial side view and section of the heating appa-
ratus constructed, as before mentioned, of two tubes placed concentrically one
inside the other, and leaving an annular space between them. These pipes,
and all others connected with this apparatus, the Inventor prefers to construct
of thin sheet copper, having in practice found that metal to be the most con-
venient and applicable for the purpose; copper being one of the best known
conductors of heat.
Fig. 9 is a sectional representation of a house fitted up with the improved
hot water apparatus complete. The boiler in which the water is heated is
supposed to be in the basement story, and is shewn at B; its construction
and operation will be hereafter described. The service pipe 9 conveys the
heated water from the boiler to the tubular heating apparatus H, Fig. 9, one
of which apparatus, consisting of three or any convenient number of heating
pipes or columns, is placed under each window, that being the coldest part of
the room. The service pipe 9, it will be seen, is continued up to the floor above,
where there are other sets of heating apparatus similarly arranged; and if there
áre no heating apparatus above this floor the service pipe g is carried into the
return or cold water service pipe h, which communicates at its upper end with
a cold water reservoir R in the attic or roof of the house, and its other end
passes down to the basement story, where it enters the lower part of the water
chamber of the boiler.
In Fig. 8, the heating apparatus is drawn upon a large scale for the purpose
of shewing more distinctly the construction of the several parts; g is the pipe
which conducts the hot water from the boiler to the heating apparatus, the
current being supposed to circulate through the apparatus in the direction of
the arrows. In this case, the heating pipes or columns, as the Inventor calls
them, are placed horizontally; and consist, as will be seen upon referring to the
sectional Figure, of two thin copper tubes 1 and 2, one placed inside the other,
and soldered or otherwise fastened together at their ends, so as to leave an
annular water space 3, and a hollow space 4, through the inner tube for the
free passage of air; these tubes so constructed may be arranged either side by
side on a horizontal plane, or one above the other, as shewn in the Drawing,
and must be made to communicate with each other at both ends, by means of
short branch pipes g* and h. The upper pipe of every set of heating pipes is
provided with a small cock or screw plug i, which can be easily opened or
removed for the purpose of allowing air to escape therefrom when the pipes

page_text: are being filled with water. The operation of the apparatus is as follows:-
The cocks or screw plugs i, i, of all the heating pipes are opened in order to
allow the cold water from the reservoir R above (see Fig. 9) to flow into and
completely fill the pipes or columns of the heating apparatus, as well as the
boiler B below, and the supply pipes g and h. When water begins to flow
from the cocks or plugs i, it will indicate that the pipes of the heating appa-
ratus are full, and the cocks or plugs i must then be closed. Then upon heating
the water in the boiler B, the hot water will by its less specific gravity rise up'
and pass along the supply pipe 9 and its horizontal branches, to the heating
pipes or columns, where it will meet with a body of cold water, which by its
lightness the hot water will displace, causing the cold water to descend and
occupy its place in the pipe g or its branches. It is this tendency of the hot
water to rise and the cold to descend, or, in other words, the hot water to dis-
place the cold, which runs into the boiler below in order to restore the equi-.
librium there destroyed by the heat of the fire, which causes the rapid circulation;
and it is this rapid circulation of hot water throughout the entire series of pipes
(however extensive it may be) on which the successful operation of the appa-
ratus depends. The branch supply or service pipe g* of every set of pipes or
separate heating apparatus is furnished with a stop cock S, shewn detached in:
section, and drawn upon an enlarged scale in Fig. 10. This cock consists of
a plug p, with a hole through the middle coincident with the passage of the hot
water pipe g, on which the cock is placed; the plug p works in a cylindrical;
recess or chamber made in the barrel of the cock, and is kept in its place by
the plate q, which is screwed on to the under side of the barrel; the spindle of
the plug passes through a circular hole in the top of the barrel, and is mado
square at the end so as to receive a key by which it is worked. The
cock is made steam and water tight at its upper side by collars or packing.
r, which are screwed down on to the barrel by the screw cap t. By means,
of this cock the circulation of hot water in the apparatus to which it,
belongs, may be either partially or completely arrested, and the water con-
tained therein will, in the event of the communication being entirely cut off,
remain cold, although the short branch pipes h* of the apparatus, and the hot.
water supply pipe g, will still communicate with each other. It will, therefore,
be evident that when the apparatus is in action any room or apartment in the
house can be warmed by merely turning the cock S, and allowing the warm
water to circulate through the pipes or columns of the heating apparatus H,.
Fig. 9; and on the other hand, the temperature may be reduced by lessening
or arresting the circulation altogether by means of the cock S, in the manner
already mentioned.

page_text: In Fig. 11, I have shewn an elevation, and Fig. 12, a plan view of the mode
of adopting vertical heating pipes or columns, in place of horizontal ones, to
the purpose of warming apartments. The same letters of reference are marked
on these as in the preceding Figures, and therefore a detailed description will
be unnecessary. Fig. 13 represents a sectional plan view, and Fig. 14, an
elevation of a set of vertical pipes enclosed within a perforated metal or other
casing, and which may be placed in any convenient part of the apartment.
The construction and operation of this apparatus will be easily understood on
reference to the Drawing, and therefore after the detailed description just given
of the other Figures, needs no further explanation. In some cases, the vertical
pipes or columns are preferable to the horizontal, and under other circum-
stances the horizontal pipes may be the most applicable; it may also be found
advisable for some purposes, such as for heating hot-houses or conservatories,
to use the two plans in combination. It may be as well, however, to observe
that in the vertical columns or pipes the air is apt to pass too rapidly through
without being sufficiently warmed, and also that the air will be more likely to
ascend directly to the upper part of the apartment without warming the lower
part when issuing from vertical columns or pipes, than when the pipes are
placed horizontally.
The heating pipes or columns are made hollow for the purpose of increasing
the quantity of heating surface in relation to the quantity of water, and also in
order to economize space as much as possible.
When the whole of the air contained in a house, including the halls, stair-
cases, and corridor, is warmed by an apparatus of the kind just described, it
will be evident that the atmosphere outside a room or apartment cannot affect
the temperature inside, and that the latter can only be effected by such cold air
as can find an entrance through the chinks and crevices near the windows, and
therefore it is for the purpose of warming the air that may thus introduce itself
that the heating apparatus is placed in the situation shewn in the Drawing, but
if preferred it may be placed in any other convenient part of the apartment.
I would here remark that in consequence of the peculiar construction and
arrangement of the several parts of the apparatus, the hot water service pipes g
are never obstructed by air or steam, even when the water in the boiler is in a
state of ebullition, as both these bodies being lighter than water, will naturally
ascend to the upper pipes and coolest part of the heating apparatus, where the
steam will be condensed, and the air may remain without impeding the action
of the apparatus; but even if any particular pipe or column of a series should
for a time cease to perform its functions, that will in no way interfere with the
operation of the pipes below.

page_text: I would here observe that in order to avoid complexity in the Drawing, I
have not shewn the heating pipes or columns in Fig. 9 as enclosed within any
casing, as of course they should be when used for warming sitting rooms; and
the supply pipes g and h, also being of smaller diameter, can be easily hidden
from view by being placed behind a skirting board or ornamental moulding
when they pass up one corner of the room.
I would also observe that although I have shewn the heating apparatus as
constructed of hollow pipes or columns placed either horizontally or vertically,
yet I do not mean or intend to confine myself thereto, as other arrangements
or constructions of pipes or vessels having an extensive hoating surface may be
also employed, provided such other arrangements or constructions be made to
communicate with the service pipe at or near the lower end, so as to admit of
circulation being carried on and regulated, or entirely arrested at pleasure
without interfering with any other heating apparatus, or the same service pipe,
or the circulation in the said service pipe.
I have said that water to be supplied to the above apparatus may be heated
in any suitable boiler, as it is not absolutely necessary that any peculiar con-
struction of boiler should be employed; but in order to render the apparatus
for warming buildings by means of hot water as complete as possible, and
also to make it as independent of constant supervision and as regular as possible,
so that the carelessness and negligence of servants in not attending frequently
to the fire may not materially interfere with the operation of the apparatus, the
author of the present improvements has invented a boiler of an improved con-
struction, which will be found peculiarly applicable for the above purpose, and
which he therefore recommends and intends to use in conjunction with the
above apparatus in preference to any other boiler, as he believes it will be
found more economical and will require less attention than ordinary boilers.
Fig. 15 represents a longitudinal vertical section taken through the middle
of the apparatus which the Inventor prefers to employ for heating the water
for the above purposes. It consists principally of a long vertical annular-
shaped boiler or water case A, A, made of sheet copper, or iron if preferred, and
surrounded with a layer of sand or other bad conductor of heat, the whole
being enclosed within masonry or brickwork, which will further prevent any
considerable waste of caloric by radiation. The furnace or fire-place is below;
a, a, being the grate or fire-bars which support the fuel; and b, b, the ash-pit.
The fuel is supplied to the apparatus through a feed pipe B above, furnished
with a suitable door or opening, as shewn in the Drawing. The fuel when
supplied through this feed pipe falls into a long hollow vertical chamber con-
sisting of two parts D and E; the part D is a portion of a long hollow cone,

page_text: and is attached at the upper end to and is suspended from and supported by
a strong moveable metal frame or ring C.hereafter referred to; and to the
lower end of the part D a second, conical chamber E is attached, so as to
form a kind of prolongation of the part D, the only difference being that the
base of the cone E widens out more rapidly than the long cone D, and forms
a kind of wide mouth to the former. The long conical chamber D, E, may be
called the fuel chamber, and when the apparatus is in operation should be filled
with fuel through the pipe B. The flue through which the smoke or com-
bustable gases arising from the fuel rise is seen at F; it surrounds the fuel
chamber D, E, and the gases being burnt or consumed therein generate a
great heat, which is communicated to the-water in the annular boiler or water
case A, A. This water case is supplied by the pipe H below with the cold or
cool water, from which the caloric has been abstracted in the heating pipes or
columns above described, or from the reservoir R, Fig. 9, and-the hot water,
by being lighter than the cold, rises and passes out through the pipe.G above
to the supply pipe g of the heating apparatus. The size of the fire, and con-
sequently the quantity of heat transmitted to the water, is regulated by raising
or lowering the fuel chamber D, E, which is effected in, the following manner:
It has been already stated.that this chamber is suspended from a frame or ring
C; this frame or ring is furnished with two vertical arms c, c, which pass
through holes made in the sheet iron covering I, I, and are attached at their
upper ends to a cross hend J, through the centre of which a strong and powerful
screw. K passes, its fixed bearing being on the top of the metal cover I, of the.
apparatus. It will now be seen that upon turning the screw K one way or
the other the fuel chamber D, E, may be raised or lowered at pleasure, and a
greater or lesser quantity of fuel submitted to the action of the fire. Owing
to the length of and great heat engendered in the flue F, all the smoke and
combustible gases will be effectually consumed, and no useful product of com-
bustion, and but little heat, will pass out through the exit pipe L to the
chimney.
It will be evident from the above description and upon reference to the
Drawing that the intensity of the fire or combustion of the fuel can be regulated
with facility by raising or lowering the fuel chamber D, E, so as to expose
more or less fuel to the action of the fire.. Of course the duration of the fire
with a given quantity of fuel will depend upon the intensity of the fire kept up;
but when the fuel chamber D, E, has been once filled, a good and regular fire,
sufficient to keep the hot water apparatus in full operation, may be maintained
for twelve hours without any further attention; and the combustion of the fuel
may be easily checked by screwing down the fuel chamber D, E, and the fire

page_text: will then slumber for some hours, but may easily be revived by raising the
chamber D, E, again, and allowing air to get to the fuel.
Having now described the various improvements that have been com-
municated to me by my foreign correspondent as aforesaid, and also the best
means with which I am acquainted for carrying the same into effect, I would
observe in conclusion that I am aware that some of the parts above shewn and
described, or others similar in form to them, have been heretofore employed for
similar purposes; I do not, therefore, intend to claim any such parts taken
separately, nor do I intend to confine myself rigidly to the precise form or
arrangement of parts herein shewn and described, as they may doubtless be
varied in some degree without departing from the nature, and object of the
improvements, although I believe the construction and arrangement shewn in
the Drawings to be the best, as such constructions and arrangements have been
found to answer perfectly well in practice and to effect all the intended.objects.
in a satisfactory manner. But that which I consider to be new in the above
improvements, and therefore wish to claim as the Invention secured to me by
the herein-before in part recited Letters Patent, is,
First, the employment of a moveable transparents hield, guard, or screen
made of glass or metallic gauze, and arranged or adapted to the fire-place or
grate in such a manner that by being made moveable it may be wholly or
partially opened or closed with facility (when required to regulate the intensity
of the fire and heat given out) by increasing or diminishing the front opening
for the admission of air to act on the fuel in the fire-place; one great advantage
of this moveable transparent screen or shutter being that the fire is not hidden
from view, but may be seen through the transparent screen even when the
latter is drawn down.
I claim also the low-placed fire-grate recessed back, as shewn, and sur-
rounded with fire-brick in combination with the overhanging hood, for the
purpose of preventing the emission of smoke or gases into the apartment, and
generating a great heat for consuming the smoke and combustible gases in the
smoke space or chamber.
I further claim the combination of the overhanging hood and smoke chamber
with the hollow casing or chamber which surrounds the grate, and into which
the air is admitted and allowed to circulate for the purpose of being heated or
warmed before issuing into the apartment through holes made in the front
part or jambs of the grate or fire-place.
Second, in reference to the hot water apparatus, I claim the combination
of the horizontal or vertical heating pipes or columns with the smaller supply or
service pipes 9 and h, whereby the water is conveyed to and from the heating
g

page_text: pipes or columns, the essential feature of such arrangement or combination
being that the heating pipes or columns or apparatus, or each set or series
composed of more than one pipe or column, shall communicate at two places
at or near their lower ends with the hot water pipes, so that a continued
circulation of water may be kept up in the service pipes, and also in the heating
apparatus, and which circulation may be partially or wholly arrested in any set
of heating pipes, columns, or apparatus, without interfering with the other
heating pipes, or the circulation of hot water in the service pipes.
Third, I claim the construction of the boiler or apparatus shewn in Fig. 15,
and the application thereof for heating water for the above-mentioned purposes.
I claim the arrangement shewn and described, or any modification thereof
consisting of a long vertical fuel chamber D, E, with the fire-place below
and the flue surrounding the fuel chamber, the flue and fuel chamber being
enclosed by a long annular water space.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Edward Newton, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Fifth day of December, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and forty-nine.