Improvements in Calenders which may be Used for Glazing and Finishing Papers. Card Boards. Mill Boards, Paper Wads, with Intervening Polished Plates or other Materials.
Year: 1885

page_text: Improvements in Calenders which may be Used for Glazing
and Finishing Papers. Card Boards. Mill Boards, Paper Wads,
with Intervening Polished Plates or other Materials.
I, WILLIAM HARTLEY of 24 Devonshire Street, Higher Broughton, Salford,
Manchester in the County of Lancaster, Engineer do hereby declare the nature of
my Invention for IMPROVEMENTS IN CALENDERS WHICH MAY BE USED FOR GLAZING
AND FINISHING PAPER, CARD BOARD MILL BOARD, PAPER WADS WITH INTERVENING
POLISHED PLATES OR OTHER MATERIALS to be as follows:-
I construct a Calender with three Rolls, and all of them may be of the same
diameter or otherwise, all the Roll centres may be in or near a vertical line, and all
the Rolls coupled together by wheels in such a manner that the top and bottom
Rolls rotate in the same direction, and the middle Roll in an opposite direction to
them. The Roll centre bearings or Steps for the Necks of the top and bottom Rolls
are moveable and adjustable by means of screws or by ordinary inclined planes
which are also adjustable by screws, by these arrangements spaces of an uniform
width may be left between the peripheries of the three Rolls whilst they are
rotating, and by this arrangement a Paper wad, Card board, Mill board or other
materials may be pressed to an uniform thickness although the density of the
materials may be unequal. An uniform pressure can also be brought to bear upon
all the Roll centre bearings or Steps and the pressure can be increased or decreased
as may be required and in order to carry into effect so desireable an object the sides
of the Calender have each two small hydraulic cylinders cast therewith or fixed
thereto, one at the upper part of the Calender and the other at the lower part
thereof. Each hydraulic cylinder has a suitable Ram &c that press against the
centre bearings or Steps of the top and bottom Rolls. All the hydraulic cylinders
and their Rams are of one diameter, and are all coupled together by pipes &c and
are connected to the cylinder of a hydraulic Accumelator and whatever pressure
per square inch there may be upon the Accumelator Ram the same pressure per
square inch will be upon the areas of each of the Calender side hydraulic Rams.
Therefore the weight or pressure upon the Roll centre bearings will be in propor-
tion to the area of the Accumelator Ram to the area of each of the Callender side
hydraulic Rams. Hence an increase or decrease of weight or pressure upon the

page_text: Accumelator Ram will increase or decrease the weight or pressure upon the Roll
centre bearings or Necks. When a Paper wad or other materials are introduced
between the peripheries of the Rolls, and are much thicker than the width of the
spaces left adjusted between them and thereby cause the Rolls to move further
apart, the water in the Calender side hydraulic cylinders will be forced back by
their respective Rams into the hydraulic Accumelator cylinder and its Ram will rise
therein. Hence the action of the water pressure will be somewhat similar to the
action of a weighted lever.
The following is another method or arrangement for using hydraulic pressure to
weight Calender Rolls. Instead of employing four small hydraulic cylinders has
already described only two are employed which are cast to the lower part of the
Callender sides or are fixed thereto, but each hydraulic cylinder has two Rams fitted
therein of the same diameter, and the water pressure is introduced into the cylinders
midway of their length and between the two Rams which are caused to move in
opposite directions.
The two Rams that move upwards press direct against the bearings or Steps of
the bottom Roll and the two Rams that move downwards are employed to produce
an uniform pressure upon the top Roll centre bearings or Steps in the following
manner. On the top of the two Calender sides there are moveable upright bars
that pass through suitable guides, the lower ends of these bars rest upon the bearings
or Steps, and upon the upper ends of the two bars there rests the two ends of a
strong Cross bar which extends across the top of the Calender. The Cross bar is
connected by side rods to a bottom Cross bar the two ends of which pass under the
Rams that projects through the lower part of the hydraulic cylinders and which
moves downwards by water pressure which has been admitted between the two
Rams midway in each Cylinder. By this arrangement considerable tensile strain is
removed from the upper part of the Calender sides. All the Rams are of one
diameter and the two hydraulic cylinders are coupled together and both of them are
coupled with a bydraulic Accumelator cylinder by pipes &c.
By a third arrangement I only employ one hydraulic cylinder but it has also two
Rams fitted therein, and are double the area of those already described, and which
also move in opposite directions when water pressure is introduced between them
about midway of the length of the hydraulic cylinder. I also employ an additional
Cross bar in such a manner that its two ends pass under the bearings or Steps of
the bottom Roll, and midway between these bearings is fixed the hydraulic cylinder
with its two Rams that press against but between the two bottom Cross bars, and
thus an uniform pressure is exerted in opposite directions. The three arrangements
of hydraulic cylinders may be siinilarly coupled to a hydraulic Accumelator with
pipes &c.
By using Stops to shut off the communication between the hydraulic Accume-
lator cylinder and the other hydraulic cylinders and a little water be allowed to
escape from the supply pipes connected with the hydraulic cylinders; the small
escape of water will effectually take away the hydraulic pressure from off Roll
centre bearings or Steps.
The escaped water can be afterwards returned to the Accumelator cylinder by a
few strokes of a small hydraulic hand pump, also any other water that may have
escaped by the hydraulic Ram-leathers, or from any other cause.
A Calender that has three Rolls arranged and constructed as already described
has also two moveable Tables, one on the front side and another on the back of the
Callender, there is also an arrangement of double crank levers which support and
move the two Tables, and the two double crank levers nearest to the middle Roll
are coupled together by two wheels that are keyed upon or otherwise fixed to one
end of each double crank levers and they gear together on one side of the Calender
and when the wheels or Tables are moved, the wheels being in gear cause the
front and back Tables to move simultaneously. When the Rolls are rotating and
the lower part of the periphery of the middle Roll is rotating towards the back
part of the Calender, and if a Paper wad, Card beard, Mill board or other materials

page_text: are placed upon the front Table when at its lowest position and the materials on
the Table are pushed against the Rolls they will be introduced between the upper
surface of the bottom and the undersurface of the middle Roll and passed between
them and delivered upon the back Table which is also at its lowest position ready
to receive the materials. Both Tables may now be simutaneously raised to their
highest position either by hand or by a rack and Lever. By pushing at the front
Table the back Table will push and introduce the materials between the under-
surface of the top Roll and the upper surface of the middle Roll and be passed
between them and delivered again upon the front Table. Both Tables may now
be lowered to their lowest position again ready for reintroducing the materials to
the action of the Rolls if it be found necessary and the operation may be repeated
as often as required. The Tables and the materials placed thereon can be balanced
by a chain passing over a small pulley and one of its ends connected to a lever
having a moveable and adjustable weight for balancing the various weights of the
materials that may be placed thereon. The Calender sides have each two Arms
cast therewith or fixed thereto which projects one towards the front and the other
towards the back part of the Calender. These arms support the doubl crank levers
and the Tables, and one general arrangement of the double crank levers may be
employed for supporting and moving the Tables. But I have constructed several
arrangements or methods of retaining the Tables in a horizontal position whilst
they are simultaneously moved raised or lowered. The length of the double crank
levers from centre to centre are equal to the radius or half the diameter of the
middle Roll, and the ends of the double crank levers move or vibrate in the
opposite Arms that projects from the Callender sides. Each of the two Tables have
an Arm that projects downwards from the underside of the Tables and to the
lower end of each Arm there is coupled either one single or a double crank lever,
and their length from centre to centre is equal to half the diameter of the middle
Roll. The positions of the centre of the three levers are at right angles to each
other or their centres are in the form of the letter L when inverted thus
and
all these crank levers retain their relative position to each other when they are
moved raised or lowered, and they partially rotate or vibrate on their principle
centres when the Tables are simultaneously moved raised or lowered. A second
method of retaining the Tables in a horizontal position is as follows. The two
double crank levers at the front side of the Callender are coupled together by three
small wheels having the same number of teeth, and the two double crank levers at
the back of the Calender are also coupled together with similar small wheels four
of the small wheels are keyed upon the ends of the four double crank levers and
the other two sinall wheels are placed upon studs fixed to the sides of the two
projecting arms on the Callender side, and midway between the centres of the
double crank levers that vibrate in each arm of Callender, there are also two larger
wheels keyed upon the two double crank levers that are nearest to the middle Roll
and their diameter are equal to the distance between the centres of the two double
crank levers nearest to the middle Rolle. The arrangement of the small wheels
retain the Tables in a horizontal position whilst they are moved raised or lowered,
and the two larger wheels cause both Tables to be moved simultaneously. The
above arrangement may be carried into effect by substituting four small Pulleys in
place of the six small wheels and keying them on the ends of the four double
crank levers, and attached to the two Pulleys on the front double crank levers is
an open chain which passes over the peripheries and causes the Table to retain its
horizontal position and a similar arrangement connects the two double crank levers
together at the back of the Calender. A fourth method of retaining the Tables in
a horizontal position is by adding an additional lever to each of the two double
crank levers and securing them at right angles thereto, and connecting these
additional levers together by two small links or connecting rods one of which will
connect the two front double crank levers together and the other will connect the
two back double crank levers together and will thereby prevent the Tables from

page_text: tilting over and also retain them in a horizontal position whilst they are moved
raised or lowered. A fifth method retains the Tables in a horizontal position by a
projecting Arm downwards from the Table with a circular groove therein of the
same radius as the double crank levers, and from the side of the Callender or other
conveniant place, there is fixed a stud one end of which passes into the groove and
maintains the Tables in a horizontal position when moved raised or lowered. The
last named arrangement may be reversed by fixing the circular groove to the
Calender side and the stud to the Table. The Tables may be prevented from tilting
over by a stud fixed to the Arm of the Table and moving in a vertical groove or
one slightly inclined, or by a Rod passing down from under the Table and its end
passing through a bush that can vibrate with the motion of the Table. But these
two last named methods will not preserve the Tables in a horizontal position when
the are moved raised or lowered.

page_text: with Intervening Polished Plates or other Materials.
I WILLIAM HARTLEY of 24 Devonshire Street Higher Broughton, Salford,
Manchester in the county of Lancaster, Engineer do hereby declare the nature
of my invention for IMPROVEMENTS IN CALENDERS WHICH MAY BE USED FOR
GLAZING AND FINISHING PAPER CARD BOARDS MILL BOARDS PAPER WADS WITH
INTERVENING POLISHED PLATES OR OTHER MATERIALS and in what manner the
same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by
the following statement:-
In order that my improvements in Calenders may be more easily and clearly
understood I will briefly describe the action of the Calenders in general use for
finishing paper &c.
These Calenders have but two rolls which are driven by gearing and have
reversing apparatus which gives the rolls a reciprocating motion which frequently
produces an uneven thicknes on the outer edges of the paper &c, this very
objectionable result is caused by the rolls being reversed before the paper &c has
passed clear through from between them. This defect my improved Calender
obvitates and produces an even thicknes in the paper which makes it more suitable
and more valuable for Lithographic printing and other purposes.
In order to illustrate my improvements more fully I will briefly describe the
action of my improved Calender which is constructed with three rolls all of which
are coupled together by wheels, their centres being in a vertical line.
Upon one end of the middle roll centre there is keyed a large wheel E Fig. 2
which is driven by a smaller wheel that is keyed upon a counter shaft, which may
be driven either by gearing or by pulleys and straps.
The large wheel on the middle roll centre may be termed the driving wheel of
the calender, and is driven by a continuous and an uniform rotary motion, hence
the paper wads and other materials when introduced between the rolls are passed
clear through from between them. The calender has two moveable tables one on
the front side and the other at the back of the calender, these tables are coupled
together by wheels in such a manner that their action or movements are similar
and simultaneous, and when the paper wad or other materials are placed upon the
front table when they are in their lowest position, they may be adjusted thereon,
without any danger of being drawn in between the rolls, although they be rotating,
provided that the under surface of the middle roll and the upper surface of the
bottom roll are moving or rotating towards the front table. When the wad &c
has been adjusted, the two tables are simultaneously raised to their highest position
and the front table introduces the wad &c between the under surface of the top
roll and the upper surface of the middle roll, and is passed clear through from
between them, and is delivered upon the back table. The two tables are then
simultaneously lowered to their lowest position and the back table introduces the
paper wad &c between the under surface of the middle roll and the upper surface
of the bottom roll and then delivers the paper wad &c upon the front table.

page_text: This operation can be repeated as often as may be required without having to
stop and restart the calender which may rotate any desired length of time without
interfering with the adjustment and supply of paper wads &c which have to be
passed between the rolls. When there are no materials passing between the rolls
the friction of the calender is reduced to a minimum.
An uniform pressure is also brought against the top and bottom roll centres or
journals whilst the materials are passing between the rolls. This is accomplished
by a hydraulic accumelator cylinder being coupled by pipes &c to small hydraulic
cylinders cast or fixed to the calender sides, the small rams of which act against
the top and bottom roll centre bearings. When there are no materials passing
between the rolls the pressure is removed from off the roll centre journals.
Sheet 1. Figs. 1, 3, 4 and 6 are end or side elevations of my improved calender
with three rolls. The rolls A. B. C are coupled together by wheels and are
weighted by hydraulic pressure. Figs. 1, and 3 shew two small hydraulic
cylinders cast or fixed to each of the two calender sides D. Fig. 1. shews two
small hydraulic cylinders e and e¹ partly in section, also their respective rams
fand f1 conjoined thereto. Figs. 1, 2 and 3 also shew how the top and bottom
bydraulic cylinders are coupled together by pipes q. q¹, q² & q'; and q may be
coupled at any conveniant place to a hydraulic accumelator cylinder. By this
arrangement the water-pressure from the accumelator passes through the pipes
into the small hydraulic cylinders and acts with an equal pressure per sq. inch upon
the area of all the small hydraulic rams f and f' &c. The other end of each ram
acts against the roll centre bearings and on both calender sides, which are
clearly shewn by Fig. 3.
The top and bottom centre bearings are moveable and adjustable by screws and
inclined planes i and Fig. 3. But the middle roll centres are only adjustable for
wear. By this arrangement of screws and inclined planes the peripheries of the
rolls may be set apart and open spaces formed between the under surface of the
top roll and the upper surface of the middle roll also between the under surface of
the middle roll and upper surface of the bottom rolls. When there are no materials
passing between the rolls, the screws and inclined planes support the whole
pressure from the hydraulic accumelator and the roll centre journals have only
the friction due to their own weight, but when a paper wad or other materials are
passing between the rolls which are thicker than the depth of the spaces formed by
the screws and inclined planes, then the roll centre journals receive the: full pressure
or weight from the small. hydraulic cylinder rams, but which is instantly again
removed when the materials have been passed f: om between them. By this arrange-
ment of screws and inclined planes the rolls may be caused to drop a very short.
distance when the materials are passing from between them. Fig. 4-shews a side
or end elevation of a calender with three rolls which are weighted by hydraulic
pressure. The roll centre bearings ; and j' are weighted by means of one small
hydraulic cylinder / cast or fitted to the lower part of the calender sides, into each
of the small hydraulic cylinders are fitted two ramis land and the water pressure
from the hydraulic accumelator is admitted through a small hole about midway
between the outer ends of the small hydraulic cylinder k which is partly shewn
in section together with the two rams and . The water pressure when acting
on and between the two rams and moves them in opposite directions according
to which rolls the materials are passing between.
The top and bottom roll centre bearings j and j rest upon the ends of screws or
inclined planes i see Fig. 3. The bottom roll centre bearings j receives their
pressure direct from the outer end of the ram Z which moves upwards. One end of
the bottom ram 12 passes down through the lower part of the small hydraulic
cylinder, which is connected to a cross bar or the ram may be cast or forged to
the cross bar 12. The cross bar 12 is connected by two strong side rods m. m.
which pass from the lower part to the upper part of the calender sides, the top
ends of the rods are secured to another cross bar by nuts. To the top cross bar n
there is fixed, cast or forged thereto a strong bar n' which is turned so as to pass

page_text: downwards through a guide at the top of the calender side and its end rests upon
the top roll centre bearing j. By this arrangement there is only one small hydraulic
cylinder to each calender side, but each hydraulic cylinder has two rams and l¹
fitted therein that weight the calender rolls with hydraulic pressure when con-
nected by pipes to the hydraulic accumelator cylinder. Spaces between the
peripheries of the calender rolls may be set apart and adjusted as previously
described.
Fig. 5 is a front elevation and Fig. 6 a side elevation of a calender with three
rolls. These elevations shew an arrangement whereby all the roll centre bearings
and journals are uniformly weighted by hydraulic pressure acting within and
between one hydraulic cylinder and its ram, which are fixed under the centre of
the calender. The hydraulic cylinder may be fixed or cast to a strong beam o.
At the outer ends of the cross beain o there are connected two upright rods p that
pass through the interior of the calender sides, and the upper ends of these rods are
connected to another strong cross beam n' or two cross bars n² may be employed
instead of a beam. When short cross bars are used a centre bar q may be fixed
cast or forged thereto, which is turned and has a thread cut thereon and a deep
nut q¹ fitted thereto for adjusting the spaces between the top and middle rolls, this
bar passes down through a hole in the centre of the top of the calender sides which
nets as a guide to the bar, the end of which rests on the top roll centre bearings j
Fig. 6. The ram r is fixed or cast with a strong cross bar r¹ which is shewn partly
in section Fig. 5, the outer ends of. which act against the turned bar s that passes
upwards through guides in the lower part of the calender sides. The bars s have
threads cut thereon and deep nuts s¹ fitted thereto, and the ends of the bars act
against the underside of the bottom roll centre bearings j. A pipe connects the
hydraulic cylinder O with a hydraulic accumelator cylinder, and by this arrange-
ment the top and bottom rolls can be uniformly weighted by one hydraulic
cylinder and its ram. The bars q and s and the deep nuts q¹ and s¹ sustain the
hydraulic load when there are no materials passing between the peripheries of the
rolls. Figs. 1, 2 and 3 shew the construction and arrangement of the tables
belonging to my improved calender with three rolls. The calender sides have each
two arins F, F, cast therewith or fixed thereto, which project one towards the front
and the other towards the back part of the calender, two caps are fitted to each
arm, and the arms and caps are bored to form bearings for the double crank levers w
to move or vibrate therein. On the lower part of the two sides of the calender
there are two caps fitted which are also bored to form bearings for the two double
crank levers to vibrate therein. These double crank levers support and move the
table brackets or arms that project downwards. Each crank lever w has a stud
or pin fixed near its end, at a distance from its centre of vibration about equal to
half the diameter of the middle roll added to half the average thicknes of a wad.
The tops of the tables may be metal or wood covered with a thin metal plate. To
one end of the two double crank levers that rest in the lower bearings in the
calender sides are keyed to one end of each double crank lever, a dished spur
wheel and t that gear and connect together the two tables as shewn in Fig. 3, t, t.-
One half of the dished area of the two spur wheels is filled with a metal plate u
and u to balance the weight of the tables &c when they are raised or lowered.
Each arm or table bracket vand v¹ has three holes for the reception of the centre
studs or pins belonging to the double crank levers w. w, which connect them all
together. By this arrangement and form of arm or bracket being thus connected
together at each side of the calender to the three double crank levers, the tables
are prevented from tilting when they are either raised or lowered, either by hand
or by a rack and lever. The lever or quadrant gears with a small wheel cast or
fixed to one of the wheels t, t, or may be fixed to one of the double crank levers, w.
Fig. 4 shews two arrangements whereby the tables are prevented from tilting
when they are either raised or lowered, both of which are very effective. The left
hand arrangement only requires two double crank levers at each side of the
calender, and the tables are prevented from tilting by two small spur wheels . x,

page_text: being keyed upon one end of each of the two double crank levers, the two
wheels x, x, are connected together by an intermediate spur wheel x¹ that rotates on
a stud or pin fixed midway between the centres of the two double crank lever
bearings in the arms projecting from the calender sides, as shewn on the left hand
side table Fig. 4 On the right hand side of the calender, the table is prevented
from tilting by two pulleys y, y, being keyed upon one end of each of the two
double crank levers and are connected together by an open chain or thin metal
bandy which passes over their outer peripheries, but is secured thereto, the
pulleys having to make only about half a revolution this arrangement also secures
the tables from tilting when they are either raised or lowered. In the connection
of the tables by wheels in the last arrangement shewn in Fig. 4, the wheels are
only shewn by the dotted pitch lines of the two spur wheels t, t.
Fig. 6 also shews two arrangements whereby the tables are prevented from being
tilted when they are either raised or lowered. The arrangement and design or
form of the tables brackets or arms are somewhat similar to those illustrated by
Fig. 3, with the exception that instead of there only being a hole in the lower end
of the brackets or arm there is a stud or pin fixed thereto, the end of which
moves in a suitable. groove z in a plate z fixed to the lower end of the calender
side. At the right hand side of the calender Fig. 6 shews an arrangement whereby
the tables are prevented from tilting when they are either being raised or lowered.
The table brackets or arms vare similar to those illustrated by Fig. 4. To the end
of each of the two double crank levers w, w there is fixed cast or forged thereon an
additional crank or lever w², w² at right angles to the double crank levers w, the
additional cranks or levers are coupled together by a short light connecting rod or
link w³.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed 1 declare that what
I claim is
+
(1.) The arrangement of a calender with three rolls that can be weighted by
hydraulic pressure acting upon hydraulic rams as drawn and described in reference
to Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.
(2) The arrangement of moveable tables for receiving raising and lowering the
materials placed thereon and for introducing the materials between the peripheries
of the rolls as drawn and described in reference to Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.
(3.) The modes of seperating and adjusting the spaces between the peripheries
of the rolls as drawn and described in reference to Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.
(4.) The various methods for preventing the tables from being tilted as drawn
and described in reference to Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.
Dated this 26th day of October 1885.