CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS APPLICABLE TO CERTAIN MACHINERY FOR MAKING BOBBIN NET LACE, FOR THE PURPOSE OF MAKING ORNAMENTED BOBBIN NET LACE BY THE APPLICATION TO SUCH MACHINERY OF ANY OR ALL OF THE SAID IMPROVEMENTS
Year: 1834

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JAMES
PEDDER, of New Radford, in the County of Nottingham, Machinist, send
greeting
WHEREAS I did by petition humbly represent unto His present most
Excellent Majesty King William the Fourth, that, after considerable appli-
cation and expense, I had invented "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS APPLICABLE TO
CERTAIN MACHINERY FOR MAKING BOBBIN NET LACE, FOR THE PURPOSE OF MAKING
ORNAMENTED BOBBIN NET LACE BY THE APPLICATION TO SUCH MACHINERY OF ANY
OR ALL OF THE SAID IMPROVEMENTS;" and His said Majesty, being willing to
give encouragement to all arts and inventions which may be for the public
good, was graciously pleased, by His Royal Letters Patent under the Great
Seal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, bearing date at
Westminster, the Thirteenth day August last (One thousand eight hundred
and thirty-four), in the fifth year of His reign, for Himself, His heirs and
successors, to give and grant unto me, the said James Pedder, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, His especial licence, full power, sole privilege and
authority, that I or they, by myself or themselves, or by my or their deputies,
servants, or agents, or such others as I or they should agree with, and no
others, during the term of fourteen years from the date of the said Letters
Patent, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend my said
Invention within that part of His said Majesty's Dominions called England,
His Dominion of Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and also in
all His said Majesty's Colonies and Plantations abroad, in such manner as to
me, my executors, administrators, and assigns, shall seem meet, and as I, or
they shall enjoy the whole profit and advantage arising, by reason of the said

page_text: Invention, during the said term of fourteen years; and for that end His said
Majesty requires and strictly commands all His subjects whatsoever, that they
shall not, neither directly nor indirectly, make, use, or put in practice my
said Invention, or any part thereof, nor in any wise counterfeit, imitate, or
resemble the same, nor make any addition thereto or subtraction therefrom,
whereby to pretend himself or themselves to be the Inventor or Inventors
thereof: And whereas the said Letters Patent contain a proviso, obliging
me, the said James Pedder, particularly to describe and ascertain the nature
of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, by an
instrument in writing under my hand and seal, and cause the same to be
inrolled in His Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar months
next and immediately after the day of the date of the said Letters Patent,
as in and by the same, reference being thereunto had, will more fully and
at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
James Pedder, do hereby declare that my said Invention is described and
ascertained in manner following, and by the aid of six Sheets of Drawings
hereunto annexed, that is to say :-
My said improvements are chiefly applicable to that kind of machinery for
making bobbin net lace which is known to the makers of such machinery.
and to the manufacturers of bobbin net lace by the designation of pusher
machinery, which is of that class of bobbin net machinery wherein the bobbin
threads form the diagonal threads in the lace net, and the warp threads form
the longitudinal threads therein; that is to say, the bobbin threads traverse
obliquely across the width of the lace in diagonal directions, crossing each
other with contrary obliquities in proceeding from selvedge to selvedge of
the lace net, and every bobbin thread on arriving at the selvedge, returns
across the said width with a contrary obliquity of diagonal or traversing
direction to that in which it traversed previously. The warp threads pro-
ceed longitudinally along the length of the lace net in paralell waving
courses, and at every place where the bobbin threads (in traversing dia-
gonally as aforesaid) intersect the warp or longitudinal threads, the two
kinds of threads are intertwisted together, and such twists form four out
of six of the sides of each of the hexagonal meshes of the bobbin net
lace; and also, by the diagonal traversing of the bobbin threads in contrary
directions as aforesaid, they proceed from each longitudinal warp thread
with which they have so intertwisted, to the next adjacent longitudinal warp
thread, in order to twist therewith in turn; but in thus proceeding from one
longitudinal warp thread to the next the said bobbin threads which are so

page_text: proceeding in contrary directions, cross each other obliquely, and their several
mutual crossings form the uppermost and lowermost sides of each of the bexa-
gonal meshes, whereof the four pillars or inclining sides are formed by the
aforesaid intertwisting of the bottom threads and longitudinal threads; this
constitutes the ordinary texture of bobbin net lace. And further, pusher
machinery is of the class of inverted machinery; that is, the lace roller
around which the net is wound up and gathered as it is made is situated
at the lower part of the machinery, and the warp roller from which the afore-
said longitudinal threads are supplied is at the upper part of the machinery;
also the bobbin carriages containing the bobbins from which the aforesaid
traversing threads are supplied are lodged in the cells of their combs, ou the
exterior or convex curvature of those combs; and the bobbin threads pro-
ceeding from the bobbins, which are mounted in the bobbin carriages, pass:
down between the combs, through the cells or spaces thereof. The said
bobbins, bobbin carriages, and combs are made what is termed single-tier gage;
that is to say, the whole number of bobbin carriages which are worked together
in the machinery can be arranged in one straight unbroken row in their combs;
but, nevertheless, the said carriages are always passed between the longitudinal
warp threads, after the manner of what is termed double tier, that is, in
divisions or distinct rows, each division consisting of every alternate bobbin
carriage of the complete row; and one such division is left standing motionless
in their combs, whilst the other division is passed between the longitudinal
warp threads, in order that by the absence of every alternate carriage
sufficiently wide intervals may be left between those carriages which are so
passing between the said threads to avoid touching the same. The said longi-
tudinal warp threads are also divided into two rows, corresponding to the two
rows or divisions of bobbin carriages, by being threaded through the eyes of
guides, which are affixed to two distinct guide bars, every alternate warp thread
belongs to one bar, and every intermediate thread to the other bar, and which
bars are capable of being racked or moved endways in the direction of the
length of the respective rows of guides, so as to place every other longitudinal
warp thread immediately behind its neighbouring longitudinal warp thread, in
order thereby to open sufficiently wide intervals amongst those alternate warp
threads between which one division of bobbin carriages is to be passed; but
previous to passing the other division of carriages, the said guide bars must be
so racked as to separate and open sufficient intervals for their admission and
passage between those alternate longitudinal threads which, as aforesaid, were
placed immediately one behind the other, whilst the first-mentioned division
of carriages was passed, all which is ordinary action of double-tier machinery ;

page_text: and the requisite motions of the bobbin carriages for passing them edge-
ways foremost between the longitudinal threads is communicated to them by
certain prongs called pushers, which are adapted to enter into every alternate
cell or space of the rows of combs wherein the bobbin carriages are lodged,
and to act therein with a suitable motion for pushing every alternate carriage
edgeways foremost out from the said cells of those combs which are situated
at one side of the warp threads, into the corresponding cells of the other combs
which are situated at the opposite side of the same threads. Note.-It is in
consequence of the said pushers being only half as numerous in their several
rows as the bobbin carriages are in their complete rows that the said bobbin
carriages become divided into divisions, each containing every alternate bobbin
carriage, as before mentioned; and whilst one such division is passed through
suitable spaces between the warp threads by the said action of the pushers, the
other division may remain motionless in the combs in consequence of being in
the intervals between the prongs of the pushers; but afterwards by racking
the rows of pushers (or else the rows of combs) so much as will bring the
prongs of the pushers opposite to those carriages which had been thus left
motionless, the same may be operated upon in their turn by the pushers, in
order to pass them through other suitable spaces between the warp threads,
which spaces have been opened by appropriate racking of the guide bars
since the first-mentioned division of carriages was passed. The name of
pusher machinery is derived from the said pushing action, whereby the
bobbin carriages are passed between the warp threads; but independantly
of the name, the above description will enable all persons conversant with
bobbin net machinery in general to identify the kind of machinery to which
my improvements are chiefly applicable. And whereas pusher machinery has
been of late years employed in making ornamented bobbin net lace of the kind
called Grecian net or fancy net, whereof the ornament is produced by what
are called bullet holes, which are meshes of a much larger size than the
ordinary meshes of the net, and which holes are disposed throughout the net
work, being regularly and uniformly distributed in Grecian net, and so
numerously as to predominate in appearance over the ordinary meshes; but
in fancy nets the bullet holes are less numerous and disposed casually in
clusters, or in stripes, or according to some kind of pattern to which the
ordinary meshes of bobbin net form a plain ground. And whereas the
mechanism hitherto applied to pusher machinery for the purpose of making
such ornamented bobbin net lace is limited in its powers of producing fancy
patterns of bullet holing unless by a greater complication of parts than can be
used with advantage; the principal object of one part of my improvements is

page_text: to enable pusher machinery to be used with a greater command of patterns in
the distribution of bullet-holing work for fancy nets without unmanageable
complication of parts, but for the complete explanation thereof the mode
whereby bullet holes are produced must be first well understood. A bullet
hole will be formed in bobbin net lace at any place where the mutual crossing
of two diagonal threads is omitted so as to conjoin two succeeding meshes of
the net into one mesh; that is to say, if any two neighbouring bobbin threads
fail to make their accustomed diagonal traversing at the time when all the
other bobbin threads are traversed with contrary obliquities, as before explained,
then those two neighbouring bobbin threads will not make any crossing over
each other, and as it is by such crossings that each hexagonal mesh is
completed and separated from the mesh which is immediately above it or
below it, the omission of any one such crossing will cause two succeeding
meshes to run together into one, forming an enlarged mesh which is
called a bullet hole. Or; in like manner, if two succeeding crossings are
omitted one below the other, they will cause three succeeding meshes to run
together into one. And note.-The intertwisting of the bobbin threads and
longitudinal warp threads by which the pillars of the hexagonal meshes are to
be formed will not be interrupted by the aforesaid omission of the crossings,
which in ordinary course of working would intervene between succeeding
twistings, wherefore those succeeding twistings which, if no omission had
taken place, would have formed the pillars of two or three succeeding
hexagonal meshes, will join one to another in consequence of the omission, so
as to form twisted pillars of double or treble the usual height for the sides of
the enlarged mesh or bullet hole. The upper and lower boundaries of that
hole are crossings of diagonal threads immeadiately above and below the
crossing or crossings which have been omitted in order to form a bullet hole.
And note. The omission of the crossing of two or more diagonal threads will
relax the tension of the net work in the immediate vicinity of the bullet hole,
so as to draw the same to a circular form, in consequence of a slight lateral
contraction of the neighbouring hexagonal meshes of the net.
And note.-
Immediately after the omission of traversing by any two bobbin threads, so
that their crossing will be omitted in order to form a bullet hole, or part
of a bullet hole, each of the said threads will begin to return with a con-
trary direction of traversing obliquity to that in which each thread was
traversing previous to the omission; that is to say, any particular bobbin
thread which would have traversed from left to right if no omission had
been made, will begin after the omission to traverse from right to left at its
next succeeding time of traversing (and also subsequently), in the same

page_text: manner as it would return after having arrived at the selvedge of the net, for
the long twisted pillars which form the interior sides of any bullet hole may be
considered to be short portions of two adjacent selvedges which are casually
commenced in the midst of the net, and which interrupt the continuity thereof
so much as is necessary to leave a bullet hole, but which selvedges are discon-
tinued as soon as the bullet hole is completed, and the subsequent continuity
of the net work is preserved. This will be rendered more clear by supposing a
continual repetition of the omission of crossing to be occasioned at the same
place in the width of the net where a bullet hole has been formed therein, after
the manner above explained, for in such supposed case the hole would become
elongated into a longitudinal separation of the net with true selvedges at the
edge or border of each of the separated parts. Bullet holes are most com-
monly made of the larger size by two successive omissions of crossings, one
above the other, so as to conjoin three ordinary meshes of net into one bullet
hole, as above stated. The expedients whereby the crossing of particular
bobbin threads is prevented, by interrupting their traversing, in order to form
occasional bullet holes, and then reversing the direction of their traversing
after such interruption, are very similar to the ordinary expedients for making
bobbin net lace in breadths, for selvedges are then made in the midst of
the net which is weaving in the machinery, in order that the net may be
divisible into several narrow breadths or ribbands, each having selvedges of its
own; wherefore, instead of being woven in one wide piece of net, with the
diagonal threads traversing entirely across the whole width thereof before
they begin to return with contrary obliquities, the said threads begin to return
as soon as they have, by traversing across the width of the several narrow
breadths, arrived at the several selvedges thereof. To accomplish this the
particular bobbin carriages which are required to begin their return must be
kept out of their ordinary places in the row of carriages to which they belong
at the moment when those carriages are racked sideways in their row, in order
to make a step in their traversing progress, and therefore the said particular
carriages will escape the step of traversing to which their comrades are then
subjected. The said racking which is to effect the traversing is communicated
to the carriages by racking the combs in which they are situated, and hence
the particular carriages which are so required to escape the racking by which
the step of traversing is to be effected must be retained or left motionless by
themselves in those combs which are not to be so racked, although the other
other carriages of the row to which they belong have been passed out of the
last-mentioned combs into the opposite combs which are to be racked as afore-
said, for the purpose of traversing. In pusher machinery vacancies are made

page_text: in the rows of pushers, and any particular carriages which are opposite to
such vacancies will (for want of pushers to operate upon them) be left
motionless in the combs when the others are pushed out therefrom by the
other pushers into the opposite combs; nevertheless, as those particular
carriages will only require to be so left motionless at the moment before the
traversing action of the other carriages is to be produced by the racking of
the opposite rows of combs to those in which the particular carriages are so
left motionless, the said vacancies in the pushers are adapted to be filled
up at other times by extra pushers, which, by means of suitable racking
motions of the pushers, can be caused to close the said vacancies or to open
the same, as is required. The only difference which is required in the said
mode of leaving carriages motionless in the combs, whether the same is for
the purpose of forming the selvedges which are necessary for making breadths
of bobbin net, or whether the same is for the purpose of producing bullet
holes, consists in the places and periods of performing such leaving motionless.
For making breadths, the same must be done opposite to every place where
separations and selvedges are intended to be made in the width of the net, and
must be uniformily and constantly repeated at all those places at every suc-
ceeding time when any traversing racking motions are about to be given to
the combs, the constant repetitions being always at the same places. But for
making bullet holes the same must only be done opposite to certain select and
variable places in the width of the net where bullet holes are required from
time to time, and must be only occasionally done whilst the particular bullet
holes are forming at those required places, because after the same are
formed, the traversing action (by the omission whereof the bullet holes were
formed) must be resumed, in order to form the small hexagonal meshes
of net by which those bullet holes are to be followed and surrounded.
after carriages have been left motionless for the purpose of bullet holing,
repititions of that operation will only recur at the same places in the width of
the net after several rows of meshes of the net have been worked, but how
many such rows will depend upon the pattern, and will vary very much for
fancy work, as well as the number of bullet holes which will be formed at
each repetition; but for making Grecian net, or else for striped patterns of
fancy work, the repetitions must recur at regular intervals, and the same
5 number of bullet holes must be made at every time of repeating, whereby the
bullet holes will be evenly and regularly distributed over the net, instead of being
in clusters or dispensed according to a pattern, as in fancy bullet holing. The
requisite racking motions for these purposes are given to the pusher bars and
to their extra pusher bars in ordinary pusher machinery which is adapted
And

page_text: to make Grecian or fancy net, by means of two sets of racking wheels, one
set being the ordinary racking wheels which are adapted to give such racking
motions to the several bars as are requisite for forming the bobbin net, and
those wheels make one revolution in the time whilst a row of complete meshes
of bobbin net are worked. If that net is to be made in breadths, one of the
rows of pushers must have vacancies in them opposite to every intended sepa-
ration between the breadths, and extra pushers to close and fill up the vacancies
must be applied on an extra pusher bar, which being properly racked in due time
by one of the said ordinary racking wheels will open the said vacancies in the
the row of pushers whenever those carriages which have traversed quite across
their respective breadths have arrived at the selvedges thereof, and require to
perform the evolution called turn-again by being left motionless in the combs
although the other carriages of the row to which the said turn-again carriages
belong are pushed out of those combs, and by like means the whipping car-
riages which supply the extra threads for lacing the selvedges of the adjacent
breadths together are left motionless when requisite; but the same racking
wheels will place the extra pushers so that they will close the vacancies in the
pushers at all times when the carriages above mentioned do not require to be
left motionless. And for forming the bullet-holing work, the other or opposite
row of pushers to that above mentioned must have vacancies left in it opposite
to every place in the width of the net where bullet holes are required to be
made at any part of the intended pattern, and the extra pushers which are
adapted to close all those vacancies at once must be applied on an extra
pusher bar, which, when suitably racked by one of the ordinary racking wheels,
will open certain of the said vacancies, but if racked further will close the
same and open the other different vacancies; or on being racked still further
will open others again different, and so on; the places in the row of pushers
where vacancies will be opened therein, and the number of vacancies which
will be opened at once, varying according to the different positions into which
the extra pusher bar is racked; but in any case when that bar is allowed to
return to its resting position it will close all the vacancies and render the row of
pushers complete. And the other set of fancy racking wheels before mentioned
are applied because it will be at different succeeding times of making bullet
holes that it will become requisite to open one or other of the aforesaid dif-
ferent series of vacancies in the said row of pushers, in order to make bullet
holes at different places, and also because the times when such bullet holes
will require to be made must vary according to the intended fancy pattern.
The office of the fancy racking wheels is to determine the time when bullet holes
shall be made, and also at which of the appointed places in the width of the

page_text: net they shall be distributed. The fancy racking wheels are placed over the
ordinary racking wheels, and are of a larger size, and are turned slowly round
by a connection of wheels and pinions, or of ratchet wheels from the ordinary
racking wheels, so as to go once round during the time in which so many rows
of complete meshes of bobbin net are worked as will contain the whole of the
intended pattern before the same begins to be repeated. The prominences on
the edges of the fancy wheels operate when requisite on the same sliding racking
bolts that the prominences and indentations of the ordinary racking wheels
operate upon for racking the pusher bars of the machinery, and the prominences
of the fancy racking wheels, whenever they do come into action, push the said
sliding bolts, together with the bars to which the bolts belong, farther than the
ordinary racking wheels would push same, so as to produce occasional extra
rackings of those rows of pushers, and extra pushers which have vacancies for
the purpose of making bullet holes, such extra rackings being made at those
particular times when bobbin carriages are required to be left motionless, as
before mentioned, in order to escape traversing, and so form bullet holes; and
the said rackings are made to such an extent by the prominences of the fancy
wheels as will open vacancies in the said row of pushers at all the particular
appointed places in the width of the net where the pattern requires bullet holes
to be made, which being done, the prominences of the fancy racking wheels
pass away, and the ordinary racking wheels resume their usual action for
making the plain net work. And as the fabrication of the plain net proceeds
further, the fancy racking wheels, by turning slowly round, will in due time
bring other prominences into action, which are adapted to produce such other
extra rackings of the rows of pushers as will open vacancies therein at those
places where bullet holes are required to be made, suitable for the part of the
pattern which at the time is in progress of formation. The foregoing par-
ticulars of the ordinary mode of making ornamented bobbin net lace by pusher
machinery will enable persons conversant therewith to fully understand the
application of my improvements thereto.
The first part of my said improvements consists in a mode of transmitting the
action of the racking wheels to the pusher bars or other bars of machinery for
making ornamented bobbin net lace which may require occasional extra racking
motions to be given to them by the aid of additional fancy racking wheels
which are turned round with a much slower motion than the ordinary racking
wheels are turned round with, in order by suitable prominences on such
fancy racking wheels to produce such occasional variations in the ordinary
racking motions whereby plain bobbin net lace is produced, as may be requi-
site for the formation of ornamental patterns in such bobbin net lace during

page_text: the fabrication thereof. In the mode whereby fancy racking wheels have
hitherto been applied, they operate during such time as their prominent parts
are in action, by way of substitutes for the ordinary racking wheels, and in
that character they rack the bars on which they operate further than the
ordinary racking wheels would rack the same. But by virtue of this part of
my improvements the fancy racking wheel and the ordinary racking wheel
will be so connected with the bar to which they belong, as always to concur
with each other in giving racking motions to that bar, and in such manner
that, although the ordinary racking wheel will under all circumstances com-
municate to the said bar all such racking motions as it requires to have in
order to make plain net, and at the proper times for that purpose, yet, never-
theless, the fancy racking wheel will operate on the same bar whenever it is
requisite to prolong or to diminish the extent of such racking motions as are
given by the ordinary racking wheel, so much as is necessary for the purpose
of producing ornamental work in the net by such prolongations or diminutions,
but the ordinary racking wheel retains its controul over the bar after such
prolongations or diminutions have been made by the fancy racking wheel, as
completely as it did before the same took place. There are various arrange-
ments of mechanism by which this part of my improvements may be carried
into effect, the most simple is as follows:-The fancy racking wheels being
placed over the ordinary racking wheels, and turned round as usual, the sliding
racking bolt on which they are intended to operate for racking the bars of the
machinery should be situated at a level about half-way up between the level
of the centre of the ordinary wheel and that of the fancy wheel, instead of
being on a level with the centre of the former, and instead of the extreme
end of the bolt bearing directly against the edge of the ordinary racking
wheel, an intermediate lever should be applied endways upwards, in a vertical
notch cut in the end of the bolt, the lever being poised on a centre pin, put
through horizontally across the bolt, and standing up in a vertical plane, so
that its lower end will apply to the edge of the ordinary racking wheel when its
upper end applies applies to the edge of the fancy racking wheel. The racking
bolt being borne towards the wheels by the action of a suitable spring, which
is applied as usual to the bar which is to be racked, that spring will keep the
upper and lower ends of the said intermediate lever always in contact with the
edges of the two wheels, and those ends of the lever must be made with
prominent beaks suitably for receiving the racking action of the notches, or
rises and falls in the edges of the wheels respectively. Those rises and falls
must be cut much deeper than usual, because they are to produce the racking
of the bolt, and of the bar to which the bolt belongs, by the intervention of the.

page_text: aforesaid intermediate lever, whereof the upper end, which rests against the
edge of the fancy racking wheel, becomes the fulcrum or fixed centre of
motion when the lower end is actuated by the notches of the ordinary racking
wheels, and its middle part, which is jointed to the bolt, is the operative part
of the lever which transmits the intended racking motions thereto. By this
arrangement it is evident that when the fancy racking wheel presents either a
notch or a prominence of its edge to the upper end of the said intermediate
lever, so as to give any racking motion thereto in either direction, the lever
will transmit the same to the bolt; but, notwithstanding such action of the
fancy racking wheel, the ordinary racking wheel will retain its command
over the bolt to rack it in either direction, as well after the extra racking
has been given by the fancy racking wheel as before the same was given.
Or at the same moment that the fancy wheel is giving an extra racking
action to the upper end of the intermediate lever, the ordinary racking wheel
may be giving a racking motion to the lower end thereof, and the middle
part of the lever will transmit a corresponding racking motion to the bolt
and to the bar to which it belongs; that is to say, if the racking motions
which are given by the two racking wheels simultaneously or at the same
moment to the upper and to the lower end of the intermediate lever are
both in the same direction, whether it be towards the right hand or towards
the left, then the motion transmitted to the bolt by the middle part of
the intermediate lever will be the sum of the racking motions given by both
wheels, so as to increase the ordinary extent of its racking motion; but if the
said two simultaneous racking motions be given by the two wheels in opposite
directions, then the extent of racking motion transmitted to the bolt will be
only the difference between the two racking motions; wherefore, if those two
motions are equal in extent, so as to have no difference, they will neutralize
each other, and no motion at all will be transmitted to the bolt; but if the
simultaneous motions, although contrary in direction, are one greater than the
other in extent, then the racking bolt will be moved by its intermediate lever
as much as the greater extent predominates over the other, and in the direction
of that racking motion which so predominates. The same effects may be
produced by means of toothed racks and an intermediate toothed wheel borne
by the racking bolt, and by other arrangements, which will be herein-after
explained by reference to the Drawings hereunto annexed.
The second part of my said improvements is the application to pusher
machinery of certain long thread guides, which pass downwards between the
combs below the same, for the purpose of guiding and introducing thick threads,
such as are called gimp threads, and bringing the same within reach of the

page_text: taking-down points, by which the meshes are to be formed, the said long guides
being affixed to suitable guide bars, which are racked from time to time by
racking wheels and fancy racking wheels, concurring together for that purpose
in a suitable manner for the interweaving such gimp threads into various parts of
the bobbin net lace during the progress of its formation by the pusher machinery,
and also for changing the places at which such interweaving shall be produced
from one part of the width of the net to another part thereof, as its fabrication
proceeds, so as to produce a figured pattern in the net by the various courses
along which the said gimp threads are caused to proceed. The said gimp
threads are to be supplied from suitable thread rollers, which are distinct from
the thread roller or rollers which supply the ordinary threads whereof the
net work is formed, one such gimp thread roller supplying gimp threads to all
the several long guides which are fixed in the same guide bar, and the
gimp thread rollers are to be turned round in order to give off or yield their
threads with motions derived by suitable mechanism from the occasional
racking motions of the several gimp guide bars to which they are to supply
such threads respectively, in such manner as that the said gimp threads
shall be given off or furnished to the said guides in such quantities and at
such times as is requisite to form the patterning. The turning motion given
to each of the gimp thread rollers being by that means rendered proportionate
to the extent of the racking motion of their gimp guides, the quantities of
gimp threads which are given off by each roller will be adapted to the varying
quantity which is to be interwoven into the net from time to time, according
as the fullness or scantiness of the pattern may from time to time require that
quantity to be varied. The said long guides conduct the gimp threads down
between the combs and below the same in such manner as that the said gimp
threads will be brought within reach of the points, but cannot be interfered
with by the carriages when they are passing one division at a time between
the warp threads. And by giving timely and appropriate racking motions
to the said long guides at the same times when the ordinary guide bars are
racked, and with due relation to the racking motions ordinarily given thereto,
the gimp threads which are conducted by the said long guides may be kept
out of the way of being involved in the intertwisting which takes place
between the bobbin threads and the warp threads in their usual course of
procedure for forming bobbin net lace, as well as out of the way of being
included between the crossings which the bobbin threads make over each other,
in which cases the gimp threads will not be interwoven with the net, but will
lay loose over the surface thereof. But at other times when it is required to
attach the said gimp threads to the net they may be interwoven into the net

page_text: by giving timely and appropriate racking motions to their long guides at the
same times and in due correspondence with the usual racking motions of the
ordinary guide bars, so as that the gimp threads may be brought into contact
with particular warp threads at the moment when the bobbin threads corre-
sponding to those warp threads are in the act of passing around the same, so
as to cause the said gymp threads to be included in some portion of the twists,
which the bobbin threads are then about to make around their corresponding
warp threads, by which means the gimp threads become fastened upon the net
work. Or in other cases the said gimp threads may by suitable racking of
their gimp guides be brought in the way of those bobbin threads which are
about to be crossed over each other, so that the gimp threads will become
included between the said crossings when made, in order thereby to confine
the said gimp threads upon the net work at the particular parts thereof where
such crossings are made. And after the gimp threads have by one or other of
these means become attached to the net at particular places thereon, and a
further portion of net has been made, the guides of the said gimp threads being
removed sideways for such a suitable distance across the width of the net as
the progress of the pattern requires, they may be again attached to the net at
other places by causing them to be included within some portion of the twists
which the bobbin threads make around the warp threads, or else causing them to.
be included between the crossings which the bobbin threads make over cach
other, as before mentioned; and it is by passing successively from one place in
the net where each such gimp thread is thus attached to the net to other parts.
thereof where it is again attached, that the figured pattern is progressively worked
step by step. And after the said gimp threads have by such means progressed
along the newly formed net as far as they are intended to go in one direction,
they may be made to change their direction of progressing by removing them
sideways in contrary directions to those in which they have previously pro-
ceeded. And note. If the guides for the gimp threads were not so removed
laterally during the progressive formation of the net, they would be fastened to
succeeding places at the same part of the width of the net, and would proceed
longitudinally along the same, but by giving lateral progression step by step as
the formation of the net proceeds, the gimp threads may be made to proceed
obliquely over the net, either towards the right hand or towards the left, and
changing occasionally from one direction to the other. The requisite racking
motions for the guide bars, by which the courses of such gimp threads are to
be directed, as aforesaid, are to be communicated to them by the concurrent
action of two sets of racking wheels, which are combined in the manner
herein before explained, videlicet, suitable racking wheels are to be fixed

page_text: on the same axis with the ordinary racking wheels of pusher machinery, so as
to go once round in the time whilst one row of complete meshes of net are
formed, those wheels being adapted to give such racking motions to the gimp
guide bars as will so far correspond to the racking motions which are in the
same time given to the ordinary guide bars as to cause their gimp threads to
be included within suitable portions of the twist, or else between the crossings,
in order to fasten each of those gimp threads to the net, in the manner before
described, at every row of complete meshes which is made; and the action
of such racking wheels by themselves would cause the said gimp threads to
proceed along the net in straight longitudinal courses without lateral deviation,
as above mentioned, but the other set of concurring racking wheels are of the
nature of fancy racking wheels, being adapted to go round more slowly so as
complete their revolution in the time, whilst as much net is woven as will
contain the whole of the intended pattern before a repetition thereof is coni-
menced, and the occasional action of the fancy racking wheels being caused
by the application of the first-mentioned part of my improvements to concur
with the more frequent action of the other racking wheels, will give to the
several gimp guide bars such occasional movements as are requisite for
removing their gimp threads laterally or across the width of the net as much
and as often as may be from time to time requisite, in order to cause those
threads to become attached to different parts of the width of the net, so as to
divert those threads from straight longitudinal courses into all the various and
successive oblique and transverse steps which they must severally pursue in
order to form the intended pattern. All which occasional action of the fancy
racking wheels will be given without altering or interfering with the more
frequent and successive racking movements which will be continually given
to the said gimp guide bars by their ordinary racking wheels, for the purpose
of causing the gimp threads to be included in some of the twists or in the
crossings which are made at every succeeding time that a row of complete
meshes is worked as before mentioned, only that instead of being so included
at certain places in the width of the net, they will in consequence of the said
lateral movements of the gimp threads be included at different places therein
at different succeeding rows of meshes, as the pattern requires. But never-
theless, the said concurrence of the action of the fancy racking wheels may,
when required, be caused to modify or rather change the order of the racking
motions which are continually given to the gimp bars by their corresponding
ordinary racking wheels, in such manner as by such change to prevent the
gimp threads from being as aforesaid included within any of the twists or
crossings of the net, in which case the gimp threads will be. left loose upon

page_text: the front surface of the net without being attached thereto, and such loose
portions of the gimp threads may be afterwards cut off and removed, leaving
the other portions of the same gimp threads which are attached to the net to
form detached figures or ornaments thereon. And note.-In the Specification
of an Invention for which a Patent was granted by King George the Third
to Mr. John Heathcote, dated the First day of November, One thousand
eight hundred and sixteen, he described the application of gimp guide bars
with short gimp guides for the purpose of interweaving thick guide threads
into bobbin net lace during its fabrication by machinery which is known by
the name of Loughborough machines, and with one set of large racking
wheels for giving such continual racking motions to the said gimp 'guide
bars as is suitable for disposing the direction of such gimp threads ac-
cording to figured patterns; and although that Invention has never been.
brought into use, and the particular kind of bobbin net lače machinery to
which such application was made has been long since superseded by quicker
working machinery and laid aside, I do not claim the Invention of gimp
guides or gimp guide bars or the interweaving of gimp threads thereby into
the net as part of my Invention, but only the improvements thereof herein-
before mentioned, and herein-after more fully explained, of applying to pusher
machinery long gimp guides which pass down between the combs thereof, so
as to conduct the said gimp threads within reach of the points, by which
those threads, after having made their transverse progress across the net, and
having become included within the twists or crossings last formed, require
to be caught and taken down at the same time when the said points take
down those last-formed twists and crossings of the other threads of the net
work, and give the intended form of meshes thereto; and also the improvement
of racking each of the gimp guide bars upon which such long guides are
affixed, by the concurrent action of two sets of racking wheels, as before
mentioned, the concurrence of the racking action thereof being obtained by
virtue of the first-mentioned part of my improvements; and also the improve-
ment herein-before mentioned of turning round the roller from which the gimp
threads are supplied by motion derived from the racking motion of the gimp
guide bar, by which means the supply of gimp threads will be at all times
exactly equal to what is required to be used.
The third part of my said improvements consists in a new mode of making
small opake spots of thread in the bobbin net lace which is fabricated in
pusher machinery, by accumulating portions of certain of the threads whereof
the net is composed, and lapping the same across and across the width of
particular meshes of the net, so as to fill up the same with cross threads,

page_text: and present the appearance of white spots, which are thus formed without
introducing any additional threads into the net, and are to be distributed
in rows upon. the net, such spots being made without any material inter-
ruption to the ordinary course of the operation of the pusher machinery.
For this purpose I apply an additional guide bar, with stump guides fixed
upon it, opposite to every place where such spots are required to be made
in the width of the net, which stump guides are inserted between the front
guide.threads, but have no eyes through them; and by racking the said guide
bar, which I term a spotting bar, its stump guides will bear laterally against
certain of the front guide threads, so as to bend the same aside out of their
proper places close up to their neighbouring front guide threads, in which case
those particular bobbin othreads which are about to be passed around the
neighbouring threads to those which are so bended in order to twist with the
same, will likewise pass around the bended threads so as to make an unusal
wrap of bobbin thread around such bended threads. And note.-The action thus
far described, which is only the commencement or first step of the formation of
the spots, will be very similar to that which is commonly performed in pusher
machinery upon the selvedge threads of breadths by their stump selvedge
guides, without eyes, when they operate for bending aside those selvedge threads
at the moment previous to passing the whipping carriages around the same.
Wherefore this part of my improvements does not consist in the application
of such stump guides between the guide threads, nor in their mode of action
whereby they bend guide threads aside in order to cause bobbin threads to
go occasionally around the said bended threads; but consists in repeating and
continuing such an action over and over again, although with interruptions
between the repetition, in order to obtain several succeeding unusual wraps of
bobbin threads around two neighbouring warp or guide threads, so as ultimately
to fill up the aperture of the mesh which would otherwise be left open between
the said guide threads; those bobbin threads which form such wraps being
diagonal threads of the net work and not lacing or whipping threads, and the
two warp threads around which they warp not being single selvedge or exterior
threads, but pairs of longitudinal threads in the interior body of the net work,
the whole operation of the stump guides, when applied according to this part
of my improvements, being for the purpose of making spots by a continuance
and repetition of an action of the stump guides, which in its commencement is
very similar to that of selvedge guides and whipping carriages; but which is
performed by me upon traversing carriages and interior longitudinal threads,
and for the new purpose of making spots. And further, in order that the
spots which are so made may appear sufficiently prominent to the eye, the.

page_text: wrappings whereby they are formed, as aforesaid, are continued and repeated
across and across two succeeding meshes, which are conjoined into one (in the
manner of a bullet hole, as before explained, by the omission of a traverse or
crossing, by which they would otherwise be separated into two meshes, one
above the other, so that in fact the spot is formed by several transverso
wrappings across and across what would be a bullet hole if no such cross.
wrapping had been made; the said wrappings extend from side to side of
what would be the bullet hole, and retaining those sides together at the
usual distance of two longitudinal warp threads, the relaxation of tension
which is occasioned by the said omission of a crossing in the centre of the
spot which is formed by such wrappings extends and stretches out the several
wrappings to their full extent, so as to make them lay flat and paralell in
a compact spot. The omission of a crossing is performed by leaving two
carriages motionless in the combs in consequence of opening a vacancy in
the row of back pushers at the required period of the operation of the pusher
machinery, exactly in the same manner as is commonly done for leaving a
bullet hole in the net, as herein-before mentioned, but that operation does
not interfere with the progressive formation of the wrappings which are to
constitute the spot, neither do any of the aforesaid operations for producing
spots cause any interruption to or alteration in the movements by which pusher
machinery is commonly worked. The points act as usual for taking down the
twists and crossings so as to form the same into the hexagonal meshes of the
net work, and at each successive time of taking down whilst spots are in
progress of formation the points take down and consolidate as many of the
wrappings as the bobbin threads have previously made, videlicet, when the
front points take down they carry down and consolidate the wrappings pre-
viously made, then after other succeeding wrappings have been made the back
points take them down in turn, after which the front points take down a
further portion, and finally the back points take down the last wrappings which
complete each spot, so that the formation of each spot, or rather row of spots,
across the width of the net continues during all the time that two succeeding
rows of complete meshes of net are made, comprizing four repetitions of the
action of taking down or two repetitions of taking down with each row of
points.
The fourth part of my said improvements consists in the formation of a
sort of slight ornamental thread work distributed in small detached patches
in the bobbin net lace made by pusher machinery, which work is produced out
of the same threads whereof the net work itself is made, and somewhat
resembles in appearance what is termed fine fillings in lace which is made or

page_text: ornamented by hand labour, being composed of the mutual crossings and
intersections which the traversing diagonal bobbin threads make in passing
obliquely across the said detached patches, without the twists which those
threads ought in regular course to make around their corresponding longi-
tudinal warp threads in order to form hexagonal meshes, so that the twisted
pillars which should from the inclining sides of such meshes are wanting, and
only the crossings which should form the upper and lower sides thereof remain
visible. For this purpose the longitudinal threads which belong to all those
places in the net where the said slight ornamental thread work is intended to
be produced therein must be deflected laterally from their proper longitudinal
courses, so as to remove them out of the space which is to form a small detached
patch of the said ornamental thread work, and by such deflection and removal
they will pass around the outline or boundary of each of the patches, and the
longitudinal threads which are so deflected will be brought in close contact
with other neighbouring longitudinal threads which are at or near to the
boundary of each of the patches, and which continue in their proper longitu-
dinal courses and form part of the regular net work. The deflected longitudinal
threads which are so brought in contact with their neighbouring longitudinal
threads are included in the twisted pillars by the bobbin threads twisting around
the two longitudinal threads which are in contact and combining them into
one, so that some of the twisted pillars of the hexagonal meshes in the vicinity
of the outline of each patch will be composed of three threads instead of two.
The lateral deflection of the longitudinal threads will be most conveniently
made step by step at each row of meshes, each lateral step being equal to the
interval between two adjacent longitudinal threads; this will give the outline
or boundary to the light ornamental thread work an oblique direction, which
may be turned into vandyke or scollops near the border of breadths of net, or
into diamond or lozenged-shaped patches in the midst of the net work, according
to the order and direction in which the steps of lateral deflection of warp threads
are made and the number of threads so deflected and the frequency of making
such deflections as various patterns may require; in all cases the duplication
of the longitudinal threads in the twisted pillars of the net work around the
outline or boundaries of the patches will give an appearance of rather more
thickness to that surrounding part of the net work than usual, which thickness
will form a contrast to the slight filling-up thread work of the patches within
the interior of such outline, and thick gimp threads may be interwoven
(according to the former part of my improvements) into the net work around
such patches, conforming to the outlines thereof, so as to make bordering
thereto. This kind of slight ornamental thread work I produce in the bobbin

page_text: net lace work made by pusher machinery by means of extra guides with eyes
which are fixed on an extra guide bar or two extra guide bars, a few together,
at various places where patches are required to be made, one such guide being
opposite to all those longitudinal threads which are intended to be deflected, as
above mentioned, for forming such patches, and they are threaded through
those extra gudes; all those longitudinal threads are part of those which in
ordinary cases would belong to the row of front guides, but according to this
improvement vacancies are left in the row of front guides opposite to each of
the said extra guides, which, by filling up such vacancies make a complete row
of guides and guide threads, just the same as the usual row of front guides do
in the ordinary way of making plain net. At all times when plain net is to be
woven at the intervals between the intended patches of slight ornamental work,
the said extra guide bar or bars must partake of all the racking motions of tho
front guide bar, in order that the complete row of guide threads may be racked
exactly the same as if they were all threaded through the eyes of the front
guides, and in such manner as is suitable for making plain net; but when a
patch or transverse row of patches of the said slight ornamental thread work is
intended to be commenced, the said extra guide bar or bars must be racked
independently of the front guide bar, so far as it is intended to deflect the extra
guide threads, in order to open an interval or narrow vacant space between
the guide threads for the commencement of the patch, which interval will
be opened between one of the said extra guide threads and one of the front
guide threads to which the same is adjacent; the same deflection of the extra
guide threads will also place another of them in contact with the front guido
thread to which it was adjacent before the deflection. The threads having
been so arranged by an instantaneous racking of the extra guides which takes
place in the course of the usual operation of the machinery, those guides then
continue to be racked just the same as the front guides as the usual opera-
tion proceeds, and those bobbin threads which are opposite to the vacancy
make no twists for want of front longitudinal threads to twist around, but
the bobbin threads which are opposite to the two longitudinal threads which
are brought into contact by the deflection, as above mentioned, will form
twists around both of those threads as if they were one. The traversing
of the bobbin carriages, and the consequent mutual crossing of the bobbin
threads takes place as usual, and the crossings are taken down by the points,
so that there will be crossings made at the vacant space which has been opened,
and those crossings will form part of the fine thread work for filling up of so
much of the intended patch as is commenced. Another racking of the extra
guide bar or bars then takes place independently of the front guide bar, in

page_text: order to further deflect the same extra guide threads which were before
deflected, and thus open the aforesaid vacancy still wider for a continuation
and augmentation of the width of the intended patch, and by the same additional
deflection two of the extra guide threads will be brought into contact with two
of the front guides; the failure of twisting in the vacancy, and the twisting
round two threads, also the formation and taking down of crossings in the
vacancy, proceeds as before, making another portion of the fine thread work
filling. Then another additional deflection is made again in order to increase
the width of the patch as its formation continues, and so on at other suc-
ceeding times, the deflection being increased step by step until the patch
acquires its intended greatest width, according to the intended pattern; after
which the successive racking motions which are to be given to the extra
guides independently of the front guides must begin to be made in a con-
trary direction to that in which they were made before, and thereby the
deflected threads will be returned step by step to their original straight
direction, the width of the patch diminishing as its formation continues. The
above operations being performed with one extra guide bar will produce
patches of slight thread work, bounded by angular lines down one edge, but
by straight lines down the other sides of the patches, which may be disposed
near to the edges of breadths of the net so as to form what are called vandykes
along the borders thereof, the angular spaces comprized in the vandykes being
filled up with the slight thread work, which is produced by the crossings of
the diagonal threads without twists, as before mentioned. Or else with two
extra guide bars having their extra guides close together, and both bars being
made to operate similarly to the above description, excepting that the several
racking motions of which they are to make independently of the front guides
should be made in contrary directions one to the other, so that the steps of
deflection which they make will first increase and then diminish the width of
the intended patch on both sides thereof at once, producing a diamond lozenge
shaped patch, suitable for the interior part of the net away from the bordering
thereof. In either of such cases, whether by the use of one extra guide bar
or two, the angular boundary lines of the slight thread work may be made con-
formable to a variety of patterns, by suitable and timely adaptation of the
progressive steps by which the lateral deflections of the said extra guide threads
are to be made. They may be made with occasional returns in a contrary
direction to that by which the width of the patches are at the time increasing
or diminishing, and thereby will give a jagged or indented boundary to the
patches. And gimp threads may be interwoven into the net work according
to the former part of my improvements, surrounding and adjacent to the said

page_text: °
patches, with such conformity to the oblique or angular or jagged boundary
lines thereof as may best suit the required pattern. And note. According
to the above description, the longitudinal threads which belong to the row of
back guides would remain in their places without deflection, and would extend
over the length of the patch in the midst of the crossed diagonal bobbin
threads which form the slight filling up of thread work thereto, and also
occasional portions of twists would be formed by the bobbin threads around
such back guide threads, all which will assist in composing the slight filling-
up thread work, and giving stability to the same, and causing a very different
appearance to the patch from that of the surrounding net work. And note.
-By reversing the directions of the racking motions which are to be given
mutually to the said two extra guides bars, independently of the racking
motion of the front guides, they may be made to deflect the several longitudinal
threads which are threaded through the extra guides of each bar mutually
towards each other, instead of separating them mutually from each other as
above described, in which case the vacancies will be left between those longi-
tudinal threads which are towards the outside or boundary of the intended
patch, giving an appearance of greater strength of ordinary net work to that
area, but the patch itself will in such case consist principally of a surrounding
margin of the slight thread work. At the most central part of such a patch,
two extra guide threads may be deflected to come both in contact with a front
guide thread, so that three longitudinal threads will be brought into contact in
order to be surrounded by twists of bobbin threads, and form a very enlarged
twisted pillar at the central meshes of the patch. The said modes of obtaining
patches of slight thread work according to this fourth part of my improvements
may be greatly varied, but will in all cases depend upon producing such lateral
deflections of particular longitudinal warp threads which are threaded into extra
guides as will take those threads out of the way of being intertwisted with
their corresponding bobbin threads, whereby the twisted pillars of meshes will
become partly or wholly wanting at certain places, leaving only the crossings
of diagonal threads for slight filling up of those places which will present a
very different appearance from that of the regular meshes of net amongst which
such slight fillings are dispersed. The same lateral deflections will also occasion
duplications of longitudinal threads to be included within some of the twisted
pillars of meshes which are in the vicinity of the slight thread work, giving
those twisted pillars the appearance of greater strength than others.
And the fifth part of my said improvements consists in producing slight
filling-up thread work somewhat similar in appearance to that which con-
stitutes a former part of my said improvements, but obtained by different

page_text: means, for the longitudinal warp threads which belong to those parts of
the net where patches of filling-up thread work are intended to be made
are not deflected and removed out of the way of being twisted by the bobbin
threads, as above explained; but, in lieu thereof, the twists are avoided
or prevented by modifying the racking motions of those particular longitu-
dinal warp threads which are intended to avoid the twisting, so as to cause
the bobbin threads to pass and repass between those warp threads always
on the same side of each such warp threads, without gound round the same,
whilst the other bobbin threads are going round the other longitudinal warp
threads in order to form twists therewith, as usual in the ordinary course of
the fabrication of bobbin net. In this last-mentioned kind of slight filling-up
thread work all the several longitudinal front guide warp threads will remain
within the said thread work, passing straight along amongst the mutual inter-
crossings of bobbin threads, of which that work chiefly consists, and those
straight longitudinal threads will assist in filling up, and also in retaining the
intercrossing threads in place. But, nevertheless, portions of the usual twists
will be made by bobbin threads round such of the longitudinal threads which
pass over the filling-up thread work as belong to the row of back guides, and
such portions of twists will be included amongst the intercrossing filling-up
threads, and will tend to secure the same in place; but in case that the
regularity of the appearance of the filling-up work would, for very fine patterns,
be impaired by such portions of twists being made and included within such
thread work, they may also be omitted by an additional application of extra
guides to the row of back guides, as well as to the row of front guides, which
latter is done as herein next described. But note.-Whereas it has been
herein-before stated respecting the fourth of my improvements, or first-
mentioned mode of producing patches of slight filling-up thread work, by
deflecting certain longitudinal threads belonging to the row of front guides,
that the several portions of twists which the bobbin threads make around those
corresponding longitudinal threads which belong to the row of back guides
will remain amongst the intercrossing filling-up threads, because those back
guide threads are not subjected to the deflection which their corresponding
front guide threads are made to undergo; but, nevertheless, if those twists
should be thought to impair the regularity of the filling-up thread work in
patterns where very fine work is required, then those twists of the bobbin threads
around the back guide threads may be avoided and prevented in the second-
mentioned mode of producing slight filling-up work, that is, by an additional
application of extra guides to those particular threads in the row of back
guides which are required not to form twists, and by means of those extra

page_text: guides giving such contrary racking motion to the said particular back guide
threads as will prevent them from being twisted round by bobbin threads at
the times when all the other back guide threads are so twisted. In this way
both my modes of producing slight filling-up thread work, according to the
fourth and fifth parts of my improvements, will be combined to act in concert,
and that thread work will consist of intercrossing bobbin threads within those
longitudinal threads which belong to the row of back guides, passing in straight
lines through and amongst and between the said intercrossing threads, without
intertwisting therewith, the corresponding front guide threads being removed
by lateral deflection as aforesaid. The mode of producing slight filling-up
thread work by preventing or avoiding twisting of bobbin threads around
particular warp threads, according to the fifth part of my improvements, may
be performed by extra stump guides without eyes, fixed on extra guide bars,
with one such bar at every longitudinal front guide thread which is intended
to avoid being intertwisted along with the bobbin threads, and the said stump
guides being inserted into the complete row of front guide threads may be
brought into operation, when required, on those particular front guide threads
which are not to be intertwisted; and by a timely and appropriate racking of
such extra guides they may be made to operate on their said particular
threads, so as to restrain them from partaking of the usual racking motions
of the front guides, whereby all the other guide threads which are not so re-
strained are at the same time caused to become twisted by the bobbin threads,
and by that means I prevent any twists being formed around the the said parti-
cular front guide threads which are so operated upon and restrained by the said
extra stump guides. The operation of the machinery is continued in this manner
all the time, whilst as much length of net is weaving as will contain the whole
of the intended patch of slight filling-up thread work; and during that time all
the other longitudinal guide threads, which are not operated on and restrained
as aforesaid by the said extra stump guides, are intertwisted with bobbin
threads in the usual manner for making plain bobbin net around and by the
side of the said patch or thread work. But after such length of net has been
woven, and the intended patch of slight filling-up thread work is completed,
then the said extra stump guides must be caused to partake of all the racking
motion of the front guides, so as to have no operation on any of those threads
which were before restrained from twisting, but which will now take their
proper and usual places in the twisting action, by which the pillars of the
meshes of plain bobbin net are formed. And note.-In order to produce
variety in the shape and disposition of the patches of filling-up thread work,
two or more distinct extra guide bars may be employed, some of them having

page_text: stump guides fixed on them at suitable places for operating upon some par-.
ticular front guide threads, and others of the said extra bars having stump
guides upon them suitably for operating upon others of the front guide threads.
Wherefore, by employing one of the guide bars to operate by its stump guides
at one time, and another of the said bars at another time, variations may be
made in the places where twisted pillars will be omitted, and the transverse
width of the patches of filling-up thread work may be augmented or diminished,
from time to time, as the working of the net proceeds, by bringing more or
fewer of the said extra guide bars into action, so as to restrain a greater or
esser number of adjacent front guide threads from forming their twists,
according as may be required to suit the intended pattern.
And for the more complete explanation of the mode of carrying my said
improvements into effect, I have hereunto annexed six Sheets of Drawings,
wherein a pusher lace machine is represented, with all my said improvements
applied thereto, for the purpose of making ornamented bobbin net lace in
breadths, which are laced together in one tissue by lacing threads; all the
work of actuating the said machine being performed by turning its usual
winch handle with a continuous circular motion, without interruption or
unusual manipulation in consequence of the application of my said improve-
ments thereto.
The character of the ornaments which are produced on the said breadths
by means of my improvements is as follows, see Figure 6, Sheet VI. :-First,
bullet holes are disposed in clusters of five bullet holes, within vandykes, of
a bordering which extends along the breadths; the said bullet holes being
made by means of vacancies left at suitable intervals in the row of back
pushers, so as to be opposite to every place in the width of the net where
bullet holes are at any time required to be made, with one row of extra back
pushers applied over the row of back pushers, so as to close all those vacancies
whenever plain net is making, and by timely and appropriate rackings of the
said row of back extra pushers to different distances, in respect to their row of
back pusher, vacancies can be opened, sometimes at one place and at other
times at other places in the row of back pushers, according to the places at
which bullet holes are from time to time required to be made in the width of
the net, as the progressive formation thereof requires. This being the usual
- and accustomed mode of fancy bullet holing, forms no part of my improve-
ments, but the fancy racking wheels, instead of being applied in the common
.way by application of the first part of my improvements, may concur with the
, ordinary racking wheels, for the purpose of racking the back pusher bar and
extra back pusher bar, which application may be made to pusher machines for

page_text: the purpose of fancy bullet holing only, without any other of my improvements.
Secondly, gimp threads are interwoven into the said breadths of ornamented
bobbin net lace by application of the second part of my said improvements,
videlicet, by means of long guides, which pass down between the combs and
are racked by the concurrence of a fancy racking wheel with an ordinary
racking wheel, the gimp forming a vandyke zig-zag of leaves along the border-
ing of the breadth. Thirdly, spots are formed in the said breadths of orna-
mented bobbin net lace at various parts thereof, out of the same threads whereof
the net work is composed, the spots being made by application of the third
part of my said improvements, videlicet, by extra stump guides fixed on an
extra bar, which is racked in a suitable manner by an ordinary racking wheel.
Fourthly, small detatched patches of slight filling-up thread work are made at
various places along the middle of the breadths, being of a crescent shape,
formed according to the fourth part of my improvements, by deflecting longi-
tudinal warp threads so as to avoid the formation of the twists for the pillars
of the meshes. Fifthly, patches of slight filling-up thread work are formed
within the vandykes, which extend along the borders of the breadths conform-
ably with zig-zag course of the leaves which are formed by the gimp threads;
these fillings of thread work are made according to the fifth part of my
improvements.
The structure and operation of pusher machinery, such as is represented
in Sheets I., III., IV., and V., being well known, does not require a detailed
description; the names of the principal parts are written on the several
Drawings. The parts which are tinted with Indian ink are the fixed
framing and parts which sustain the moving parts, there moving parts being
distinguished by difference of colouring; all those several moving parts which
concur together in producing the same movements of the machinery being dis-
tinguished by the same colour. The horizontal axis of the turning handles
in front of the machinery by which all the parts are put in motion has a crank
formed upon the middle part of it, and that is connected by a crank rod which
passes across beneath the lace roller to a pendulous lever at the back of
the machinery, and that lever is connected with the crank bar in which
the pusher bars are suspended. The front pusher bars are suspended in a
similar crank bar in front of the machinery with a pendulous lever, which is
connected with the corresponding pendulous lever at the back by a cross con-
necting link, which passes horizontally beneath the lace roller from front to
back. All this is aparent upon Sheets III. and IV. By this means the
revolving motion given to the crank moves the back pusher bars and the front
pusher bars alternately backwards and forwards, with simultaneous and equal

page_text: motions suitably for pushing the bobbin carriages out of the combs on one side
through between the warp threads into the combs on the opposite side thereof,
which is the well-known action of modern rotary pusher machinery. Upon
each end of the axes of the turning handles and crank a pinion of twelve teeth
is fixed and works into a large toothed wheel of eighty-four teeth upon the end
of a horizontal axes, which extends across the end of the machine; that cross
axes which is at the right-hand end of the machine having a number of racking
wheels fixed upon it for giving racking motions to the several bars of the
machinery. Also, at each end of each axis a curved piece called a shoe is
fixed thereon to act upon a lever, which, by connecting links with ball joints,
actuate other levers fixed to the front bars, and they are raised up and let
down again in order to take down the twists and crosses of the threads, and
give them the form of meshes. There are four such shoes and levers and links
with ball joints for actuating the point bars, videlicet, one at each end of each
cross axis, so that each point bar is lifted up at both ends; and the curves
called shoes at each end of the same axis operate ultimately for raising the
front point bar and then the back point bar, in regular succession. The cross
axis at the left-hand end has two revolving shapes fixed upon it, each operating
by an upright sliding bolts and connecting lever, with a lever arm belonging to
the spindle bar of the crank bar arm which each point bar is supported. These
shapes act alternately to withdraw the points from the meshes of the net in
preparation for raising them up, by the action of the curves called shoes, when
they are required to take down the meshes. And note. In the machine
represented in the Drawings, the point bars are lifted by a crank on the end of
each cross axis, so as to act in concert with a portion of the outermost curve
of what is commonly termed the shoe. When the parts are in the position
represented in Sheet III. the said crank acts by a short connecting link b,
which is jointed to the extremity of the lever so as to lift the same upwards,
and by that action the point bar is raised upwards with that easy and gradual
motion which is peculiar to the action of a crank; but after the said crank
has thus lifted the points to their highest position, and they are required to
take down with a quicker descent, the said crank allows them to do so, because
it fitted loosely on the extreme end of the cross axis, with liberty of motion
about that axis through a certain extent, which is limited by a stud fixed into
the axis. When the crank is performing its lifting operation, as represented
in Sheet III., it is firm on the axis because it is then at the extreme limit of
its liberty of motion, but after having passed its highest position the crank will
become loose on the axis in the other direction, and by turning freely round
about thereon will offer no impediment to the descent of the point bar by its

page_text: own weight, but to ensure that the points shall go completely down, the open
portion of the curve called a shoe in coming round takes a roller at the
extremity of the lever, and if that lever has not already gone down the said
curve gathers the roller downwards so much as is requisite to press the points
quite down in order to give form to the meshes, after which the circular and
concentric part of the curve or heel of the shoe keeps the points securely
down in the meshes of the net work until they are required to be lifted in order
to take down again. The connecting link 6 of the crank is fitted with a long
loop or slot to the stud pin of the roller at the end of the lever, and which,
together with the looseness of the crank on its axis, permits the crank to go
round its lowermost half without disturbing the lever, and by the time that the
axis has gone round to the position in which the crank is required to begin
lifting the point bar again the crank will have reached the limit of its liberty
of motion, and becoming firm on the axis will lift the lever, as before explained,
and as is represented in action in Sheet III. The racking wheels which are
fixed upon the horizontal cross axis at the right-hand end of the machine are
cut with suitable steps for producing all the racking motions which are
required to be given to the several bars in order to make plain bobbin net lace,
videlicet, to the comb bars and the two pusher bars. These racking wheels go
once round in the time whilst a row of complete meshes of the net are worked.
The forms of steps around each of those wheels are delineated in Sheet VI., the
names being written on the separate Figures with corresponding reference to
the end view, Sheet V., which will enable any competent machine maker to
identify them. They are all similar to those in ordinary use in modern rotary
pusher machines, no alteration of the usual movements being requisite when
any improvements are applied thereto; but for clear explanation of the
mode of introducing any additional movements I will state the order of the
movements for making plain net in pusher machinery to which I apply my
improvements: Suppose the machine to have been in full work and only
stopped for examination immediately after Number 14 of the steps of the several
racking wheels have produced their racking action, no other motion having
been made since that racking, the position of the several bars will be as
follows: The front comb bar stands racked towards the right hand as far as
it can go; it is capable of being racked one space, that is, one-twentieth of an
inch for a ten-point machine; the back comb bar is similarly situated. The
carriages are all in one row in the back combs, except the whipping carriages
and turn-again carriages which belong to the right-hand selvedge of each
breadth. Note. Those carriages which will proceed towards the right in
traversing I call carriages R, and those which will proceed to the left in

page_text: traversing I call carriages L. The two sorts of carriages are now interspaced
one between the other in the back combs, the whole row consisting of a car-
riage and a carriage L alternately. The front guide bar stands to the right
as far as it can go; it is capable of racking two spaces; the back guide bar, it
is capable of racking three spaces, stands in a middle position from which it is
capable of racking either two spaces to the left or one space to the right.
The selvedge guide bar has two stump guides without eyes at every junction
between two adjacent breadths, and those two stump guides include the two
selvedge front guide threads of those adjacent breadths between them. The
selvedge guide bar now coincides with the front guide bar, so that the stump
guides have no operation on the selvedge front guide threads, but the selvedge
guide bar is capable of being racked two spaces either way in respect to the
front guide bar. The front pusher bar, which is capable of racking two
spaces, stands in a middle position, from which it is capable of racking one
space either way. The extra front pusher bar stands two spaces to the right
in respect to the front pushers, leaving a vacancy open between the front
pushers opposite to every junction between the adjacent breadths of net. The
back pusher bar stands to the left as far as it can go; it is capable of racking
one space.
The several back pushers stand opposite to the several carriages L
on the back combs. The back points have been withdrawn from the meshes
of net, and raised up, and are just in the act of penetrating between the
bobbin threads. Starting from this point of commencement a row of com-
plete meshes of bobbin net lace will be made by turning the handle and the
crank seven times round, in which time the racking wheels will be gone once
round, and will have racked the bars fourteen times; the bobbin carriages
will have been passed twelve times between the warp threads; the points will
have taken down twice, videlicet, the back points once and the front points
once. A detail of those movements is as follows:-The crank being turned
round through its lowmost half circle, the back points enter between the
threads and begin to go down. The back pushers will bring the carriages L
through forwards between the warp threads to the front combs, and the
racking wheels will get round to Number 1, which rack the front guides and
selvedge guides two spaces to the left, the front pushers and and their extra
pushers one to the right. The carriages L are then put through backwards
between the warp threads into the back combs, leaving the whipping carriages
and turn-again carriages which belong to the left-hand selvedge of each
breadth in the front combs; then Number 2 racks the front guides and sel-
vedge guides and the back guides one to the right, the back pushers one to
right. The carriages R are brought through forwards, and Number 3 racks

page_text: the back guides two the left, the front pushers and their extra pushers one to
the left. The carriages R are put through backwards, leaving the whipping
carriages and turn-again carriages in the front combs, and Number 4 racks
the back combs one to the left, with all the carriages in them except the
whipping and turn-again carriages; carriages L are brought through forwards,
and Number racks the front combs one to the left, with the carriages L and
whipping carriages in them, and the back guides two to the right; then at the
half turn of the crank which follows the racking of Number 5, no carriages
are passed, and Number 6 racks the back combs one to the right, with the
carriages R in them. The carriages R are brought through forwards, and
Number 7 racks the front combs one to right, the front guides and selvedge
guides and back guides one to the left, the front pushers one to the left, and then
extra pushers three to the left, thereby closing the vacant spaces in the front
pushers; the front points which have been previously withdrawn and raised,
now penetrate between the bobbin threads. The carriages R are put through
backwards, leaving the whipping carriages in the front combs, and Number 8
racks the front guides and selvedge guides two to the right, the back pushers
one to the left. The carriages R are brought through forwards, and Number 9
racks the front pushers and their extra pushers one to the right, the front
guides and the back guides one to the left, the selvedge guide three to the left,
thereby bending the left-hand selvedge front guide thread of each breadth to
the left. The carriages L are put through backwards, the whipping carriages
going with them, and Number 10 racks the back pushers one to the right, the
back guides two to the right, and the selvedge guides four to the right, thereby
bending the right-hand selvedge guide thread each breadth to the right. The
carriages L are brought through forwards, the whipping carriages coming
with them, and Number 2 racks the front pushers one to the left, and their
extra pushers one to the right, thereby opening the vacant spaces in the front
pushers, the back combs and back pushers one to the left, the front guides one
to the left, their selvedge guides three to the left, and the back guides one to
the left. The carriages R are then put through backwards, and Number12 racks
the back combs one to the right with the carriages R in them; then at the half-
turn of the crank which follows the racking of Number 12, no carriages are
passed, and Number 13 racks the front combs one to the left, with the carriages
L and whipping carriages in them, the back guides two to the left. The car-
riages L are put through backwards, leaving the whipping carriages and turn-
again carriages of the right-hand selvedge in the front combs, and Number 14
racks the front combs and front pushers with their extra pushers one to the
right, the front guides, their selvedge guides, and the back guides, two to the

page_text: same.
right; the back points having been raised up, are ready for penetrating the
threads, and all the parts have now regained their situation chosen for the com-
mencement of this description. The racking wheels have gone quite round, and
the further operation of making plain net in breadths is an exact repetition of
the above. But the operations by which ornamented bobbin net lace is made
must continue through a longer range before repetitions can be made. The
said operations for making ornaments are additional to those above described,
which are always going on to make the plain net, which forms the ground of
the pattern. The bullet holing requires but little description, being very
similar to the mode commonly practised, and is done by giving occasional
rackings of the row of extra back pushers, see the section, Sheet I., which are
applied over the back pushers to close vacancies therein, or to open them when
requisite, in order to leave carriages motionless in the back combs. The
occasional rackings are called fancy rackings, and for bullet holing must take
place when Number 3 is racked, in order to open the said vacancies in the
back pushers, and then again when Number 14 is racked, in order to close the
In the interval between the racking of those two numbers both rows
of back pushers require to be racked, but that is done by their ordinary
racking wheels, marked F and G, Sheets Five and Six, which, according to
the first part of my improvements, are always in action, concurrently with the
fancy racking wheels K and L, which belong to the same bars. The fancy
racking wheels are applied at the left-hand end of the machinery, see
Sheets III. and V., at K, L, over the ordinary racking wheels, and are
turned round by means of a rachet wheel 7, Sheet V., of thirty-two teeth,
fixed to the centre boss of the two fancy racking wheels K and K, and the
ratchet wheel is turned round a tooth at a time by two pins, which project
lateraly out of one of the ordinary racking wheels H, and they act beneath
the end of a lever to lift up the same, and let it fall again every time that one
of the pins passes from beneath the end of the lever, and a driver k, which is
jointed to the lever, acts in the teeth of the ratchet wheel l, so as to turn it
round one tooth for every pin which passes. Therefore the fancy racking
wheels are turned once ronnd in the time that sixteen rows of complete
meshes are worked, and they have intentations and prominences upon their
edges, as shewn at K and L, Sheet Six, which, when they come successively
into action, cause bullet holes to be made in the net at different parts of the
width of the net. The mode whereby fancy wheels are made to concur with
ordinary racking wheels, according to the first part of my improvements, is
represented in Sheet II., Figure 2, being the mode herein-before explained,
by an intermediate lever, and requires no farther description than that already

page_text: given. Figure 3 is similar in its operation; the ordinary racking wheel N
operates upon a horizontal sliding bolt 10, which has a spur projecting down-
wards from it to bear against the lower end of an intermediate lever 11, which
is jointed to the real racking bolt 12; the upper end of the intermediate
lever 11 applies to the end of a gage screw at the lower end of a pendulous
lever 13, which is actuated by the notches of the fancy wheel M. Figure 4 is
another mode, which is also shewn in its proper place in the machinery in
Sheet III. The ordinary racking wheel N acts upon the horizontal sliding
bolt 10, which has a toothed rack 14 affixed to it to act in the lowermost
teeth of a spur cog wheel 11, which is mounted on a centre pin at the end of
the real racking bolt 12. The uppermost teeth of the same cog wheel 11
act in the teeth of another toothed rack 15, which is affixed to another
horizontal sliding bolt 16, and in a spur rising up from the bolt 16 is a
gage screw to apply against the lower end of the pendulous lever 13, which is
actuated by the fancy racking wheel M. The operation of the toothed wheel 11
which is mounted in the moveable racking bolt 12 produces the same effect
as the intermediate lever 11 in Figures 2 and 3, and which has been fully
explained.
The operation of the fancy racking wheel for bullet holing, when applied
according to the first part of my improvement, is as follows:-When No. 8
is racked, the fancy racking wheels K and L are turned round one tooth
of their ratchet wheel l, in the manner before explained, and the fancy rack-
ing wheels brings a notch in its circumference into action, which allows the
back pusher bar to rack to the right, and thereby the vacancies in the back
pusher are opened. Nevertheless, the ordinary racking wheels continue to
have power over the back pusher bar to give it the usual racking motions
without any other difference from those herein-before described for making
plain net, except that the vacancies in the back pushers are open instead of
being closed.
The fancy racking wheel remains motionless until No. 14
is racked, when it moves again another tooth, whereby the notch in its
circumference passes away, and that bears the back pusher bar to the left, and
thereby the vacancies in them are closed; but still the ordinary racking wheels
retain their command over the back pusher bar as before. The Figures K and
L, Sheet VI., shew that there are two notches in the edge of the fancy racking
wheel, which following each other, and they come into operation at succeeding
revolutions of the main racking wheels to cause two successive crossings to be
omitted, in order to make full-sized bullet holes. After one time of so
making bullet holes, the fancy racking wheel is turned several succeeding
teeth without bringing any other notch into action, but in due time it will

page_text: bring a prominence into action instead of a notch, that will rack the pusher
bar to the left, whereby vacancies will be again opened, but quite at
different places to those which were before opened by racking to the
left, wherefore the bullet holes will be made at other places in the width
of the net, and may be more or less numerous than before if the pattern
requires. And so in like manner the fancy racking wheel might present
a deeper notch, or a higher prominence, which racking the back pusher
bar into a new position might open a different set of vacancies from those
before opened, in order to distribute bullet holes at new places as the pattern
may require. By the aid of the first part of my improvements, bullet holes
can be made by the pusher bars racking to the right as well as to the left;
whereas in the ordinary mode of applying fancy wheels, bullet holes cannot
be made except by the racking pushers to the left only; by which means I can
command a greater diversity in the distribution of such bullet holes according
to a pattern.
The mode of interweaving gimp threads, which forms the second part of my
improvements, is explained in Sheets I. and III. t, T, is tlie gimp guide
bar, and T, my long guides, which are screwed thereto at such places as the
pattern requires, being in Sheet III. one long guide T to each breadth of the
net. Figure T, Sheet I., represents one of my long guides detached, to explain
its form. The blade of my long guide T is made thin edgeways, in order that
the carriages may pass and repass without interfering with the thick gimp
thread which is conducted through holes in the guide so as to pass first down
on one side and then down the opposite side, until it gets down to the eye at
the lower extremity, and grooves are cut into the substance of the guide
to alter the gimp thread to lay as flat as possible therein. The lower end of
the guide extends down within reach of the points, when they are raised up to
be inserted between the threads; the long guides come in front of the row of
front guide threads, in the space between them and the ends of the front combs,
so as to have free liberty of lateral motion in that space when the gimp guide
bar is moved endways. And note.-In order to obtain room for such long
guides in the space between the combs, the same may be made wider than is
usual in pusher machinery if the bottom parts of the bobbin carriages which
enter into the combs are made longer, and the combs also, as is shewn in the
separate Figure in Sheet I. The gimp guide bar, it is racked when required
an ordinary racking wheel N, and a fancy racking wheel M, acting
together in concurrence according to the first part of my improvements in
the manner shewn in Sheet II., and herein-before explained.
The form of the racking wheels, which are delineated in Sheet II. and

page_text: in Sheet IV., at M and N, is adapted to interweave a leafing of gimp
threads following a vandyke bordering along the edge of each breadth, as
shewn in Sheet VI. The ordinary racking wheel N is adapted to give such
racking motions to the gimp guide bar t as will be requisite to cause the
gimp threads to be included within the twists which the bobbin threads
make around the front guide threads twice during the formation of a row
of complete meshes of net, so that the gimp thread will be tied to the net
work by the bobbin threads passing over it at one place for every mesh in
length of the net over which the gimp thread extends, without reckoning over
how many it may at the saine time extend in width. The ordinary racking
wheel N is cut with corresponding steps to those of the front guide bar, which
except at No. 8 and No. 1, which steps are different, so as to prevent the gimp
threads being intertwisted at those times, but at other times the coincidence of
the racking motions of the gimp guides with those of the front guides will
cause the gimps to be included in the twists. The fancy racking wheel M for
the gimp guide bar is adapted to give all. the lateral motions which are requisite
for introducing and spreading the gimp threads backwards and forwards across
the net according to the pattern, sometimes over a greater and at other times
over a lesser extent, as may be required; but all the said traversing motions are
made when No. 5 and No, 12 are racked, because as no carriages are passed
after those rackings (they being what is termed blank motions) ample time
can be had for producing the longest traversing motion which can be required
to be given to the gimp threads, for the gimp guides need not conclude their
traversing motion until just before the succeeding rackings No. 6 and No. 13
take place. The fancy racking wheel M is not turned at the same times with
the fancy racking wheels K and L, before described, but by another ratchet
wheel X, Sheet V., of 32 teeth, which is turned one tooth at a time by two
pins fixed in one of the ordinary racking wheels, so as to come into operation
when No. 5 and No. 12 are racked, as above mentioned. The other fancy
racking wheels K and L were moved when No. 8 and No. 14 are racked, but
they are fitted loose on the axis of the fancy racking wheels and turn round
thereon, but the wheel M is fixed fast on that axis. The gimp threads are
supplied from a warp roller w of their own, which is turned round just as much
as is necessary for giving off the gimp threads at the times and in the quan-
tities required for inlaying into the net; this is done by motion derived from
the endways motion of the gimp guide bar t by means of a pair of racks m, n,
with serrated teeth, which are joined together to the left-hand end of the
bar t in the manner shewn in Sheets III. and IV., and which racks include
between them a toothed ratchet where y, which is fixed on the lower end of

page_text: an upright axis having a bevil wheel d at the upper end of it to work with
another bevil wheel of the same size at the end of the axis of the gimp
roller w. By these parts, whenever the gimp guide bar t is moved endways
in either direction, one or other of the toothed racks m or n will turn the
wheel c round, and that motion will be transmitted by the bevil wheels d, z,
to the roller w, in order to give off gimp threads therefrom, and owing to the
serrated form of the teeth of the racks n and of the wheel c, the racks will slip
over the teeth in one direction, but will hold in the other direction so as to
tune the gimp roller always the same way round. The serrated racks may
have the same number of teeth per inch as the points, and the wheel y being
rather less in diameter than the roller, the full quantity of gimp thread will
always be given off to supply what is interlaid in the net by the motion of the
gimp..bar. Note.-When more than one gimp bar is used for interweaving
gimp threads in different directions there must be a distinct gimp thread
roller with the racks and wheelwork for turning it for every gimp bar. Two
other rollers are shewn in the Drawings, though only one gimp bar is
represented, also each gimp bar must have its own distinct racking wheels.
And respecting the mode of forming spots in the net, according to the
third part of my improvements, the extra guide bar; which I call the
spotting bar, is at g, that I., behind the main guide bars with guide f
projecting towards from it between the guides bars, and having stump
guides at the end, one such guide at every place where spots are required
to be made in the width of the net, and which guides are inserted between
the front guide threads in the same manner as selvidge guides, and which are
in like manner adapted to bind the front guide threads aside when required, as
herein-before explained. The spotting bar g is racked by a fancy racking
wheel G, Sheets IV. and VI., which is moved by a ratchet wheel 9, of
48 teeth, which is moved half a tooth at a time by a driver i, and lifting
lever h, which is raised by the pins projecting out laterally from one of
the ordinary rack wheel, and which pins come into operation successively;
videlicet, when No. 1 is racked; one of the said pins moves the ratchet
'wheel round half a tooth, and: that by bringing a prominence of the fancy
racking wheel G into action, racks the spotting bar 9 two spaces (or of
an inch) to the left; then when No. 2 is racked, the same pin moves the
ratchet wheel the other half of the same tooth; and that, by removing the
prominence of the wheel 9, allows the spotting bar g to return 2 spaces to the
right; another pin repeats the same action when No. 3 and No. 4 are
racked, and the third pin repeats it again at No. 11 and 12; by these racking
motions, the unusual wrappings of the bobbin threads are made around two

page_text: adjacent front guide threads, as herein-before explained, for the purpose of
forming spots. And in order to cause the crossings to be omitted at the
places where the spots are in progress of formation, the fancy racking wheels
Kor L bring either a prominence or a notch into action when No. 4 is racked,
so as to open vacancies in the back pusher opposite to every spot at the proper
time for omitting the crop of diagonal thread within the several spots, as
herein-before described. And note.-The said motion of the fancy racking
wheels K or L, when No. 4 is racked, is produced by urging the ratchet / one
tooth by another pin in the ordinary racking wheel in addition to the two
which were mentioned before as belonging to the bullet-holing part of the
machines herein-before described.
And respecting the mode of producing slight filling-up thread work in
patches, according to the fourth part of my improvements, the extra guide
bar for that purpose is shewn in that I. at P, with guides O proceeding
over the front guide bar, having two eyes to receive the two threads
which belong to the row of front guide threads, in such inanner that
by suitable and appropriate racking of the extra guide bar p, the said threads
can be deflected out of their proper places, in the manner and for the
purpose herein-before explained. The extra guide bar p is racked by means
of an ordinary racking wheel P; and a fancy racking wheel Q is fixed fast
upon the same axis as the fancy racking wheel M, for the gimp bar, and the
racking motions take place at the same time as those of the gimp guide bar.
The directions of those racking motions and their extent depend upon the
pattern which is to be given to the patches of thread work. The ordinary
racking wheel P is an exact duplicate of the front guide bar wheel, because
the extra guide bar P must accompany the front guide bar in all its ordinary
racking movements.
And lastly, respecting the mode of the fifth part of my said improve-
ment, one of extra guide bars for that purpose is shewn at r, Sheet I.,
with guides I extending forwards to the row of back guide threads, with
stump guides inserted between those threads; the other corresponding extra
guides bar is not represented in that I, but it resembles that for the selvidge
guides precisely, having guides reaching from it between the two prin-
cipal guide bars, with stump guides inserted between the row of front guide
threads; pair of racking wheels for racking one of these extra guide bars r is
represented in the Sheets IV. and V.; the ordinary racking wheel of the pair
being marked S, and the fancy racking wheel marked T; the latter is fixed
npon the same axis as the faney racking wheel M for racking the gimp bar.
The steps in the ordinary racking wheel S are adapted to give such racking

page_text: motion to the extra guide bar r as would prevent any twists being formed
around those longitudinal threads upon which its guides operates; but the
steps on the fancy racking wheel T are adapted to modify those movements
when required, so as to put them in exact coincidence with those of the front
guide bars; Sheet Four also contains the forms of a like pair of racking wheels
for actuating the extra guide bar, which might be added as above stated, for
operating on the front guide threads.
Having now described my said improvements, and the manner of carrying
the same into effect, I, the said James Pedder, do hereby declare that the
new Invention, whereof the exclusive use is granted to me by the said
Letters Patent, consists in the five particulars of improvements herein-before
fully set forth; videlicet,―
First, in the mode herein-before described of transmitting the occasional
action of fancy racking wheels, and the continual action of ordinary racking
wheels, so that both actions will concur in giving racking movements to the
bars of bobbin net lace machinery for making ornamented bobbin net lace, by
the racking motions so given to such bars.
Secondly, in the mode herein-before described of interweaving gimp threads
into the ornamented bobbin net lace made by pusher machinery, that is, by
means of long gimp guides, which pass down between the combs to conduct
the gimp threads within reach of the taking-down points, and by turning the
gimp roller round by motion derived from the racking motions of the said
long gimp guides, so as to give off just as much gimp thread as is to be inter-
woven with the net, and also the racking motion of the said long gimp guides
being produced by a concurrent action of fancy racking wheels and ordinary
racking wheels, according to the first-mentioned item of my improvements.
Thirdly, in the mode herein-before described of producing ornamental
spots in the bobbin net lace made by pusher machinery, that is, by causing the
bobbin threads to make unusual wraps round two adjacent warp threads, and
by omitting a crossing of bobbin threads between those two warp threads at
every place where a spot is to be formed by such unusual wraps of bobbin
threads around such two longitudinal threads.
Fourthly, in the mode herein-before described of producing ornamental
patches of slight filling-up thread work in bobbin net lace made by the
ordinary machinery in which the bobbin carriages traverse, that is, by occa-
sionally deflecting certain portions of the longitudinal warp threads, and
removing them laterally out of their proper places, so as to form vacancies
amongst the warp threads, and thereby prevent the formation of twisted
pillars within such patches, in order that only the crossings of diagonal threads

page_text: may appear within the patches to form slight filling-up thread work in place
of hexagonal meshes of net work.
Fifthly, in the mode herein-before described of producing ornamental
patches, a very similar appearance to the fourth article, in bobbin net lace
made by any ordinary machinery in which the bobbin carriages traverse, that
is, by occasionally preventing the formation of twisted pillars within such
patches, by giving unusual racking motions to the longitudinal threads which
pass over such patches.
In witness whereof, I, the said James Pedder, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Thirteenth day of February, One thousand eight
hundred and thirty-five.