IMPROVE- MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAINT, ESPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COATING AND PRESERVING SHIPS' BOTTOMS FROM FOULING, FOR PRESERVING SUBMARINE STRUCTURES, TELEGRAPH POLES, AND RAILWAY CARRIAGES FROM THE DESTRUCTIVE INFLUENCE OF THE ELEMENTS, BUT APPLICABLE ALSO TO OTHER MATERIALS AND ARTICLES
Year: 1880

page_text: ETTERS PATENT to Philip Middleton Justice, of 14, Southampton Buildings,
in the County of Middlesex, Patent Agent, for an Invention of IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAINT, ESPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COATING
AND PRESERVING SHIPS' BOTTOMS FROM FOULING, FOR PRESERVING
SUBMARINE STRUCTURES, TELEGRAPH POLES, AND RAILWAY CARRIAGES FROM
THE DESTRUCTIVE INFLUENCE OF THE ELEMENTS, BUT APPLICABLE ALSO TO
OTHER MATERIALS AND ARTICLES." A communication from abroad by
Major Francis Ignacio Ricarde Seaver, F.R.S., Edinburgh, of 2, Rue Lafitte,
Paris.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Philip Middleton Justice at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 11th December 1880.
PHILIP MIDDLETON JUSTICE, of 14, Southampton Buildings, in the County of
Middlesex, Patent Agent. "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAINT,
ESPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COATING AND PRESERVING SHIPS' BOTTOMS FROM
FOULING, FOR PRESERVING SUBMARINE STRUCTURES, TELEGRAPH POLES, AND
RAILWAY CARRIAGES FROM THE DESTRUCTIVE INFLUENCE OF THE ELEMENTS, BUT
APPLICABLE ALSO TO OTHER MATERIALS AND ARTICLES." [A communication from
abroad by Major Francis Ignacio Ricarde Seaver, F.R.S., Edinburgh, of 2, Rue
Lafitte, Paris.]
The object of this Invention is to preserve submarine structures of wood or iron
and also ships' bottoms from the permanent attachment of barnacles and seaweed
and the attacks of rust, marine worms, and insects; also to preserve telegraph
poles, tops of railway carriages, and similar materials from the effects of severe
weather.
The Invention consists of a paint made by incorporating a drying oil or other
suitable substance with certain preparations of copper, so as to make a paint, as
hereinafter described that shall be poisonous and destructive to animal and
vegetable life.
This paint is prepared in the following manner from the substances and in the
proportions described:-Two hundred pounds of cupric sulphate (blue vitriol) sixty

page_text: pounds of glucose, and one hundred and sixty pounds of carbonate of potash. The
cupric sulphate is dissolved in a sufficient quantity of hot water to make a solution;
glucose is then added, and the solution well stirred for a few moments. The
potash (dissolved in just water enough to make a solution, and tested to ascertain
the requisite amount of pure alkali) is then added in small portions at a time to the
solution of cupric sulphate and glucose as effervescence ceases, until the quantity of
potash added amounts to sixty pounds of pure alkali. Soda or other alkali may be
used instead of potash, though the latter is preferable. The combined solution is
then raised to a temperature of 212° Fahrenheit, and kept at that point until the
colour of the solution changes (as a precipitate forms) from a greenish blue colour
to a yellowish red. When this point is reached the heat should be at once with-
drawn, and the precipitated matter (which consists of hydrated sub-oxide of
copper mixed with any hydrous sub oxide of copper) should be collected on a felt
filter and washed with hot water, adding the washings to the filtrate. The filtered
solution should again be heated to 212° Fahrenheit, and the additional precipitate
collected on a filter, washed, and added to the previous precipitate.
The precipitate is then carefully dried (so as not to drive off the water of
bydration) and placed in an appropriate vessel, four pounds of carbolic acid of 75%
solution being added thereto.
After adding the carbolic acid to the still somewhat moist precipitate, and
allowing it to stand for about five hours (or until the colour of the compound
changes on the surface from a yellow to a green), it is then subjected to a gentle
heat not exceeding 190° Fahrenheit until it becomes of such consistency that it will
mix with oil. Raw linseed or other suitable oil is then added to the amount of,
say, six and a quarter gallons, or enough to make the mixture or paint of a proper
consistency for putting up in tins.
By keeping the precipitate moist the water of hydration is preserved, and the
mixture with the oil can take place without grinding.
For use this paint needs only to be thinned in the analogous manner to that
employed with ordinary paint by the addition of raw linseed oil or other suitable
diluent. In this process of manufacture the sulphate of potash or of soda may be
recovered from the waste liquor by crystallization. It has heretofore been proposed
to use pure metallic alloys of copper and oxides of copper and other metals in the
form of powder mixed with vegetable tar and linseed oil boiled with litharge, or
with naptha prepared in a particular manner, as an outer coating or glazing paint;
and it has also been proposed to use a paint for ships made of powdered antimony and
pure oxide of copper; paint so made however affords but little protection, owing to
the ready solubility of the antimony in water. It has also been proposed to use a
paint made of oxide of copper, produced by roasting pyritiferous ores, or from what
is known in commerce as copper scale, mixed with a suitable vehicle, substantially
Stockholm tar and naptha; and also a paint consisting of a tarry or resinous
menstruum mixed with oxides, sulphides, or the insoluble or basic salts of copper
produced by precipitation. None of such compounds are included in this Invention,
as it is well known that the best copper paints vary in their action, sometimes
producing the desired effects, but oftener failing to do so, and that this variability
is due to the uncertainty of their composition.
The paint produced in accordance with the herein described Invention is, on the
other hand, always a certain product, the same chemical reactions being inevitably
consequent upon the combination and the subsequent mechanical manipulation.
In the addition of carbolic acid to the sub oxide it is believed that the carbolic
acid unites chemically with the metallic base forming a carbolate of copper, which
product seems to be particularly poisonous and destructive to the animal and
vegetable life which it is intended to suppress.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said Philip Middleton Justice in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
8th June 1881.
PHILIP MIDDLETON JUSTICE, of 14, Southampton Buildings, in the County of
Middlesex, Patent Agent. " IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAINT,
ESPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COATING AND PRESERVING SHIPS' BOTTOMS FROM
FOULING, FOR PRESERVING SUBMARINE STRUCTURES, TELEGRAPH POLES, AND
RAILWAY CARRIAGES FROM THE DESTRUCTIVE INFLUENCE OF THE ELEMENTS, BUT
APPLICABLE ALSO TO OTHER MATERIALS AND ARTICLES." A communication from
abroad by Francis Ignacio Ricarde Seaver, F.R.S., Edinburgh, of 2, Rue Lafitte,
Paris.
The object of this Invention is to preserve submarine structures of wood or iron
and also ships' bottoms from the permanent attachment of barnacles and seaweed
and the attacks of rust, marine worms, and insects; also to preserve telegraph poles,
tops of railway carriages, and similar materials from the effects of severe weather.
The Invention consists of a paint made by incorporating a drying oil or other
suitable substance with certain preparations of copper, so as to make a paint, as
hereinafter described, that shall be poisonous and destructive to animal and
vegetable life. This paint is prepared in the following manner from the substances
and in the proportions described:-Two hundred pounds of cupric sulphate (blue
vitriol), sixty pounds of glucose, and one hundred and sixty pounds of carbonate of
potash. The cupric sulphate is dissolved in a sufficient quantity of hot water to
make a solution; glucose is then added and the solution well stirred for a few
moments. The potash (dissolved in just water enough to make a solution, and
tested to ascertain the requisite amount of pure alkali) is then added in small portions
at a time to the solution of cupric sulphate and glucose as effervescence ceases, until
the quantity of potash added amounts to sixty pounds of pure alkali. Soda or
other alkali may be used instead of potash, though the latter is preferable. The
combined solution is then raised to a temperature of 212° Fahrenheit, and kept at
that point until the color of the solution changes (as a precipitate forms) from a
greenish blue color to a yellowish red. When this point is reached the heat should
be at once withdrawn, and the precipitated matter (which consists of hydrated sub
oxide of copper mixed with an hydrous sub oxide of copper) should be collected on
a felt filter and washed with hot water, adding the washings to the filtrate. The
filtered solution should again be heated to 212° Fahrenheit, and the additional
precipitate collected on a filter, washed, and added to the previous precipitate. The
precipitate is then carefully dried (so as not to drive off the water of hydration)
solution
and placed in an appropriate vessel, four pounds of carbolic acid of 75°/
being added thereto. After adding the carbolic acid to the still somewhat moist
precipitate, and allowing it to stand for about five hours (or until the color of the
compound changes on the surface from a yellow to a green), it is then subjected to
a gentle heat not exceeding 190° Fahrenheit until it becomes of such consistency
that it will mix with oil. Raw linseed or other suitable oil is then added to the
amount of, say, six and a quarter gallons, or enough to make the mixture or paint
of a proper consistency for putting up in tins. By keeping the precipitate moist the
water of hydration is preserved, and the mixture with the oil can take place
without grinding. For use this paint needs only to be thinned in the analogous
manner to that employed with ordinary paint by the addition of raw linseed oil or
other suitable diluent. In this process of manufacture the sulphate of potash or of
soda may be recovered from the waste liquor by crystallization. It has heretofore
been proposed to use pure metallic alloys of copper and oxides of copper and other

page_text: metals in the form of powder mixed with vegetable tar and linseed oil boiled with
litharge, or with naptha prepared in a particular manner, as an outer coating or
glazing paint; and it has also been proposed to use a paint for ships made of
powdered antimony and pure oxide of copper; paint so made however affords but
little protection owing to the ready solubility of the antimony in water. It has
also been proposed to use a paint made of oxide of copper, produced by roasting
pyritiferous ores, or from what is known in commerce as copper scale, mixed with a
suitable vehicle, substantially Stockholm tar and naptha; and also a paint con-
sisting of a tarry or resinous menstruum mixed with oxides, sulphides, or the
insoluble or basic salts of copper produced by precipitation. None of such
compounds are included in this Invention, as it is well known that the best copper
paints vary in their action, sometimes producing the desired effects, but oftener
failing to do so, and that this variability is due to the uncertainty of their com-
position. The paint produced in accordance with the berein described Invention is
on the other hand always a certain product, the same chemical reactions being
inevitably consequent upon the combination and the subsequent mechanical
manipulation. In the addition of carbolic acid to the sub oxide it is believed that
the carbolic acid unites chemically with the metallic base forming a carbonate of
copper, which product seems to be particularly poisonous and destructive to the
animal and vegetable life which it is intended to suppress.
Having thus described the nature of the Invention as communicated to me by
my foreign correspondent, what I claim and desire to secure by Letters Patent
is,-
First. The improved paint herein before described, manufactured of sub oxide of
copper and carbolic acid compounded substantially in the manner and proportions
set forth.
Second. The process of manufacturing the paint hereinbefore described, which
consists in adding glucose to a heated solution of cupric sulphate, in then stirring
the mixture and adding an alkaline solution, in then raising the temperature of the
solution until a precipitate forms, in then collecting, filtering, washing, and drying
the precipitate, in then adding adding thereto carbolic acid, and in then mixing the
compound with raw linseed oil or other suitable diluent, all substantially as and
for the purposes set forth.
In witness whereof, I, the said Philip Middleton Justice, have hereunto set my
Signed and sealed by the said
Philip Middleton Justice in
the presence of
ALLEN P. JONES,
14, Southampton Buildings,
Chancery Lane,
W.C.
PHILIP M. JUSTICE. (L.S.)