Improvements in Generators for Producing Steam and other Highly Heated Fluids.
Year: 1895

page_text: Date of Application, 16th Jan., 1895
Complete Specification Left, 15th Oct., 1895-Accepted, 16th Jan.,
1896
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION..
Improvements in Generators for Producing Steam and other Highly
Heated Fluids.
I, VICTOR KARAVODIN, of Stoliarny Pereulok No. 5-19, St. Petersburg,
Russia, do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
This invention relates to improved constructions of steam generators, which
have for their object to obviate danger in the production of steam, this being
effected by protecting the metal walls of the generator from the high heat of the
fire by means of a layer of refractory material that is a bad conductor of heat.
At the same time it is rendered possible to cool the walls of the generator by
the application of water, and to increase the pressure of the steam to any required
degree permitted by the strength of the cool walls of the generator.
I will describe the said invention with reference to the accompanying drawing
in which
Fig. 1 shews a diagrammatic longitudinal section of a steam generator A, the
outer surfaces of the metal walls of which can be kept cool by the circulation of
water, while the inner surfaces thereof are lined with a refractory bad conductor
of heat B.
Partitions B' of the same material are also formed within the generator. A
vessel D is charged with petroleum under pressure supplied to a jet within the
generator, while another vessel E contains water under pressure which is supplied
to a jet in the channel C of the generator. By means of a separate pump, air is
forced through the pipe I into the generator so as to convert into spray the jet of
petroleum, which is ignited by any suitable means, such as by an electric current,
so that the flame is projected along the upper channel of the generator. The hot
gases resulting from this combustion, in passing down into the channel C, there
meet the finely divided jet of water from the vessel E, and convert it into steam,
which, mixed with the combustion gases, flows through the channel K and pipe L
to the motor engine, or to wherever required. Petroleum and water are pumped
by small pumps respectively into the vessels D and E, until the desired maximum
pressure is attained therein, when the supply is stopped. This may be effected,
for example, by connecting the pump pistons with their piston rods through the
medium of springs the tension of which is so adjusted, that when the pressure
in D and E is below the maximum, the piston rod in being actuated will, after
compressing the spring to a corresponding extent, cause this to impart the motion
to the piston, so as to force the liquid into the vessel; as soon however as the
pressure in the vessels attains the maximum, the motion of the piston rod will
merely effect the further compression of the spring, and allow of the subsequent
expansion thereof, without actuating the piston, so that no farther forcing of the
liquid will take place, until the pressure in the vessel has sunk below the maximun
again.
As long as the pressure in the generator A is below that in the vessels D and E,
the petroleum and water will flow from these into the generator, the quantity so
discharged being proportionate to the differences between the pressure in the
generator A and those in the vessels D and E. When however the pressure in
the former becomes equal to that in the latter, the supply of water and petroleum
will be automatically stopped until the pressure in the generator has sunk below

page_text: what in and again. Ine generator A and vessels D and E can be provided
with safety valves.
In order that mixture of steam and combustion gases may have the requisite
degree of heat, there is provided in the generator at K a thermometer o
pyrometer so constructed as to expand and contract under variations of
temperature, and it is thereby caused by a suitable device to act upon cocks F
and G on the petroleum and water supply so as to open or close them to a greater
or less extent. Thus if the temperature rises, the pyrometer opens the water
supply cock G to a greater extent, and closes the petroleum supply cock F to a
greater extent, while if the temperature falls, the pyrometer opens the petroleum
cock F and closes the water cock G to a corresponding extent.
The pyrometer
may however only be made to act upon the water supply cock G.
Should the refractory lining be liable to become deteriorated by excessive heat
at any point, some of the water supply may be conducted through a pipe to such
point so as to keep it cooler.
In the above described steam generator there is no separating wall of metal
between the burning fuel and the water.
Instead of supplying water to the generator, steam generated in an ordinary
boiler may be introduced, to be mixed with the highly heated combustion gases, in
which case the apparatus would serve to highly superheat the steam.
In order to produce steam without admixture of combustion gases in a generator
provided with a refractory lining and cooled metal shell, the arrangement shewn
at Fig. 2 may be employed.
M is a strong vessel, cooled externally by water, within which is a vessel N
having thin walls, which is partially filled with water, the space between the two
vessels M and N being filled with a bad conductor of heat, and the pressure in
this space is inade equal to that existing within the vessel N, for which purpose,
either the filling material between the vessels is compressed to the requisite degree,
or compressed air having the same pressure as that in N is forced into the space
filled with the bad conductor of heat, by any suitable means; or again, the space
is made to contain, in addition to the bad conductor of heat, a quantity of a liquid
having a high boiling point.
The steam supply pipes are also arranged in the same way; the interior cousists
of a thin metal pipe surrounded by a layer of a bad conductor of heat which is
enclosed in a strong casing that can, if requisite, be cooled externally, and in the
space between the pipe and the casing is maintained at a pressure, by any suitable
means, equal, or nearly so to the steam pressure in the pipe a. O is a thick body
of metal, such as copper, connected to the vessel M by corrugated sheet metal n.
Beneath the latter is a tightly packed bad conductor of heat, so that the sheet
metal n cannot be bulged by the pressure within M. To the outer end of O is
fixed a mass of metal P which is heated by a fire. The heat is conveyed by
conduction from P and O to the water in the vessel N.
The body O may be provided with ribs, as indicated by dotted lines, for the
better distribution of the heat to the water by the increased conducting surface
afforded.
The body O has fixed to it a steel rod R secured at its outer end as shewn so as
to prevent the pressure in N from driving O outwards.
Or the body O may be extended through the right hand end of N and be
provided with another head such as P heated by a fire.
If the vessel N be supplied with steam from an ordinary boiler instead of water,
the apparatus may serve for superheating such steam to a high degree, the inner
surface of the vessel N being in that case provided with a coating of a material
that will not affect or be affected by water or steam at a high temperature.
In place of employing petroleum or gas in the arrangement shewn at Fig. 1, the
compressed air supply may be made to carry with it finely divided particles of
solid carbonaceous fuel which is burut like the petroleum, or such fuel may be fed
separately into the generator by any suitable means.

page_text: The arrangement of generator described with reference to Fig. 1 might also be
employed without the use of water or with only a small quantity thereof, for
working motor engines mainly or only by means of highly heated gases.
Dated this 16th day of January 1895.
ABEL & IMRAY,
Agents for Applicant.
Improvements in Generators for Producing Steam and other Highly
Heated Fluids.
I, VICTOR KARAVODIN, of Stoliarny Pereulok, No. 5-19, St. Petersburg,
Russia, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the
same is to be performed to be particularly described and ascertained in and by
the following statement :-
This invention relates to improved constructions of steam generators, which have
for their object to obviate danger in the production of steam, this being effected
by protecting the metal walls of the generator from the high heat of the fire by
means of a layer of refractory material that is a bad conductor of heat.
At the same time it is rendered possible to cool the walls of the generator by the
application of water, and to increase the pressure of the steam to any required
degree permitted by the strength of the cool walls of the generator.
I will describe the said invention with reference to the drawing accompanying
my Provisional Specification in which
Fig. 1 shews a diagrammatic longitudinal section of a steam generator A, the
outer surfaces of the metal walls of which can be kept cool by the circulation of
water, while the inner surfaces thereof are lined with a refractory bad conductor of
heat B.
Partitions B of the same material are also formed within the generator..
A vessel D is charged with petroleum under pressure supplied to a jet within the
generator, while another vessel E contains water under pressure which is supplied
to a jet in the channel C of the generator. By means of a separate pump, air is
forced through the pipe I into the generator so as to convert into spray the jet of
petroleum, which is ignited by any suitable means, such as by an electric current,
so that the flame is projected along the upper channel of the generator.
.
The hot gases resulting from this combustion, in passing down into the channel C,.
there meet the finely divided jet of water from the vessel E, and convert it into
steam, which, mixed with the combustion gases, flows through the channel K and
pipe L to the motor engine, or to wherever required. Petroleuni and water are
pumped by small pumps respectively into the vessels D and E, until the desired
maximum pressure is attained therein, when the supply is stopped. This may be
effected, for example, by connecting the pump pistons with their piston rods
through the medium of springs the tension of which is so adjusted, that when the
pressure in D and E is below the maximum, the piston rod in being actuated will,
after compressing the spring to a corresponding extent, cause this to impart the
motion to the piston, so as to force the liquid into the vessel; as soon however as
the pressure in the vessels attains the maximum, the motion of the piston rod will
merely effect the further compression of the spring, and allow of the subsequent
expansion thereof, without actuating the piston, so that no farther forcing of the
liquid will take place, until the pressure in the vessel has sunk below the maximum
again.
As long as the pressure in the generator A is below that in the vessels D and E,
the petroleum and water will flow from these into the generator, the quantity so
discharged being proportionate to the differences between the pressure in the

page_text: generator A and those in the vessels D and E. When however the pressure in the
former becomes equal to that in the latter, the supply of water and petroleum will
be stopped until the pressure in the generator has sunk below that in D and E
again.
The generator A and vessels D and E can be provided with safety valves.
In order that mixture of steam and combustion gases may have the requisite
degree of heat, there is provided in the generator at K a thermometer or pyrometer
so constructed as to expand and contract under variations of temperature, and it is
thereby caused by a suitable device to act upon cocks F and G on the petroleum
and water supply so as to open or close them to a greater or less extent.
Thus if
the temperature rises, the pyrometer opens the water supply cock G to a greater
extent, and closes the petroleum supply cock F to a greater extent, while if the
temperature falls, the pyrometer opens the petroleum cock F and closes the water
cock G to a corresponding extent.
The pyrometer may however only be made to act upon the water supply
cock G.
Should the refractory lining be liable to become deteriorated by excessive heat
at any point, some of the water supply may be conducted through a pipe to such
point so as to keep it cooler.
In the above described steam generator there is no separating wall of metal
between the burning fuel and the water.
Instead of supplying water to the generator, steam generated in an ordinary
boiler may be introduced, to be mixed with the highly heated combustion gases, in
which case the apparatus would serve to highly superheat the steam.
In order to produce steam without admixture of combustion gases in a generator
provided with a refractory lining and cooled metal shell, the arrangement shewn at
Fig. 2 may be employed.
M is a strong vessel cooled externally by water, within which is a vessel N
having thin walls, which is partially filled with water, the space between the two
vessels M and N being filled with a bad conductor of heat, and the pressure in this
space is made equal to that existing within the vessel N, for which purpose, either
the filling material between the vessels is compressed to the requisite degree, or
compressed air having the same pressure as that in N is forced into the space filled
with the bad conductor of heat, by any suitable means; or again, the space is made
to contain, in addition to the bad conductor of heat, a quantity of a liquid having
a high boiling point.
.
The steam supply pipes are also arranged in the same way; the interior of such
pipes consists of a thin metal pipe & surrounded by a layer of a bad conductor of
heat which is enclosed in a strong casing that can, if requisite, be cooled externally,
and in the space between the pipe and the casing is maintained at a pressure, by
any suitable means, equal, or nearly so to the steam pressure in the pipe x.
O is a
thick body of metal, such as copper, connected to the vessel M by corrugated sheet
metal n which is secured to the vessel M and body O by screws or rivets. Behind
the latter is a tightly packed bad conductor of heat, so that the sheet metal n cannot
be bulged by the pressure within M.
To the outer end of O is fixed a mass of metal P which is heated by a fire.
The heat is conveyed by conduction from P and O to the water in the
vessel N.
The body may be provided with ribs, as indicated by dotted lines, for the
better distribution of the heat to the water by the increased conducting surface
afforded.
The body O has fixed to it a steel rod R secured at its outer end as shewn so as
to prevent the pressure in N from driving O outwards.
Or the body O may be extended through the right hand end of N and be
provided with another head such as P heated by a fire.
If the vessel N be supplied with steam from an ordinary boiler instead of water,
the apparatus may serve for superbeating such steam to a high degree, the inner

page_text: surface of the vessel N being in that case provided with a coating of a material
that will not affect or be affected by water or steam at a high temperature.
In place of employing petroleum or gas in the arrangement shewn at Fig. 1, the
compressed air supply may be made to carry with it finely divided particles of
solid carbonaceous fuel which is burnt like the petroleum, or such fuel may be fed
separately into the generator by any suitable means.
The arrangement of generator described with reference to Fig. 1 might also be
employed without the use of water or with only a small quantity thereof, for
working motor engines mainly or only by means of highly heated gases.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of this inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
claim is :-
1. A steam generator wherein the internal surfaces of the metal walls are
protected against the heat of the flames and hot combustion gases by a layer of a
refractory material that is a bad conductor of heat, while the outer surfaces of such
walls are capable of being cooled by means of water and wherein the heat is
transmitted to the water directly without the intervention of a metallic surface
between the water and the flame, substantially as described with reference to Fig. 1
of the drawings.
2. In a steam generator such as is referred to in the first claim, the modified
arrangement substantially as herein described with reference to Fig. 2 whereby the
heat is transmitted to the water by conduction through a metallic body.
3. The use of the apparatus such as is referred to in the preceding claims for
superheating steam.
4. The use of the generator referred to in the first claim for producing highly
heated combustion gases, either with or without an admixture of steam for working
motor engines, substantially as described.
5. In a generator such as is referred to in the first claim, the production of steam
by the combustion of either liquid fuel or of solid pulverulent fuel in the presence.
of water spray in the manner described.
Dated this 15th day of October 1895.
ABEL & IMRAY,
Agents for the Applicant.