OUTHAMP BUILDING, HOLBORE
Year: 1836

page_text: LONDON:
PRINTED BY GEORGE E EYRE AND WILLIAM SPOTTISWOODE,
PRINTERS TO THE QUEEN'S HOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY:
PUBLISHED AT THE GREAT SEAL PATENT OFFICE,
25, SOUTHAMPTON BUILDINGS, HOLBORE.

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JAMES
PEDDER, of Radford, in the County of Nottingham, Lace Maker, send
greeting.
WHEREAS I did, by Petition, humbly represent unto His present most
Excellent Majesty King William the Fourth, that after considerable application
and expence I had invented certain "IMPROVEMENTS IN CERTAIN MACHINERY FOR
MAKING BY MEANS OF SUCH IMPROVEMENTS FIGURED OR ORNAMENTED BOBBIN NET
LACE," and His said Majesty being willing to give encouragement to all arts
and inventions which may be for the public good, was graciously pleased, by
His Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Twenty-first day
of April last (One thousand eight hundred and thirty-six), in the sixth year
of His reign, for Himself, His heirs and successors, to give and grant unto
me, the said James Pedder, my executors, administrators, and assigns, His
especial licence, full power, sole privilege and authority, that I or they, by
myself or themselves, or by ny or their deputies, servants or agents, or such
others as I or they should agree with, and no others, during the term of fourteen
years from the date of the said Letters Patent, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend my said Invention within that part of His said
Majesty's Dominions called England, His Dominion of Wales, and Town of
Berwick-upon-Tweed, and also in all His Majesty's Colonies and Plantations
abroad, in such manner as to me, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
shall seen meet, and as that I or they shall enjoy the whole profit and advantage

page_text: arising by reason of the said Invention during, the said term of fourteen years,
and for that end His said Majesty requires and strictly commands all His
subjects whatsoever that they shall not, neither directly nor indirectly, make,
use, or put in practice my said Invention, or any part thereof, nor in anywise
counterfeit, imitate, or resemble the same, nor make any addition thereto, or
subtraction--therefrom-whereby to pretend-himself-or-themselves to be the
Inventor or Inventors thereof; and whereas the said, Letters Patent contain a
proviso obliging me, the sail James Pedder, particularly to describe and
ascertain the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is
to be performed, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, and to
cause the same to be inrolled in His Majesty's High Court of Chancery
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent, as in and by the-same-(reference being thereunto had) will
more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance, with the said proviso, I, the said
James Pedder, do hereby declare that my said Invention is described and
ascertained in manner following, and by. aid of the twenty-three Sheets of
Drawings hereunto annexed (that is to say) :-
Part of my said improvements relates to that kind of machinery which is
commonly known to manufacturers of bobbin net or twist lace by the designa-
tion of pusher machinery; for making such bobbin net or 'twist lace, and which
pusher machinery is of that class of bobbin net machinery. wherein the bobbin
threads form the diagonal threads in the.lace net, and the warp threads form
the longitudinal threads therein; that is to say, the bobbin threads aro caused
to traverse obliquely across the width of the bobbin net lace in diagonal
directions, crossing each other with contrary obliquities: in proceeding 'from
selvedge to selvedge of the net, and each such bobbin'. thread on arriving at
any of the said selvedges, performs what is. called its. turn-again, and thereby it
returns across the said width with a contrary obliquity of diagonal or traversing
direction to that in which it had been previously traversing across the said
width, and the warp threads proceed longitudinally along the length of the
piece of bobbin net lace in parallel-waving courses; and at every place where
the bobbin threads (in their respective oblique courses of traversing diagonally
with contrary obliquities" as aforesaid). intersect the warp or: longitudinal
threads, the two kinds-of threads are intertwisted togother, and such.twistings
form four out of six of the sides of each of the hexagonal meshes of the
bobbin net lace, and by the mutual diagonal-traversing of the bobbin threads
in contrary directions as aforesaid, they proceed mutually from each longi-
tudinal warp thread with which they have so interwisted.to the next adjacent

page_text: longitudinal warp thread in order to twist therewith in turn; but in thus proceed-
ing froin one longitudinal warp thread to the next, the said bobbin threads
which are so proceeding in contrary directions cross each other obliquely, and:
their several' mutual crossings form the uppermost and lowermost sides of the
hexagonal meshes, whereof the four pillars or inclining sides are formed by the
aforesaid intertwisting of the bobbin threads and longitudinal warp threads.
The aforesaid twisting, crossing, and traversing of the said threads constitutes
the ordinary texture of bobbin net or twist lace with traversing threads.
Pusher machinery is of the class of inverted machinery, that is, the lace roller,
around which the net is wound and gathered as it is made, is situated at the
lower part of the machinery, and the warp. roller from which the aforesaid
longitudinal threads are supplied is at the upper part of the machinery. Also.
the bobbin carriages containing the bobbins, from which the aforesaid traversing
threads are supplied, are lodged in the cells of their combs on the exterior or
convex curvature of those combs, and the bobbin threads proceeding from
the bobbins which are mounted in the bobbin carriages pass down between
the combs through the cells or spaces thereof. The said bobbin carriages
and combs are made what is termed single tier gage, that is to say, the whole.
number of bobbin carriages which are worked together in the machinery
can be arranged side by side in one straight unbroken row in their combs,
either back combs or front combs, but nevertheless the said. carriages are
always passed between the longitudinal warp threads after the manner of what is
termed double tier machinery, that is, in divisions or distinct rows, each
division consisting of every alternate bobbin carriage of the complete row,
and one such division is left standing motionless in the combs, whilst the other
division is passed between the longitudinal warp threads, in order that by the
absence of every alternate carriage sufficiently wide intervals may be left
between those carriages which are so passing between the said warp threads to
avoid touching the same. The said longitudinal warp threads are also divided
into two rows corresponding to the two rows or divisions of bobbin carriages,
for which purpose they are threaded through the eyes of guides which are
affixed to two distinct guide bars, every alternate warp thread being guided by
the-guides belonging to one guide bar, and every intermediate warp thread
by the guides on the other guide bar, and those two bars are capable of being
racked or moved endways in the direction of the length of the respective
rows of guides, so as to place every other longitudinal warp thread of the
general row of warp threads immediately behind its neighbouring longitudinal
warp-thread, in order, thereby to open sufficiently wide spaces amongst
those alternate warp threads, between which one division of bobbin carriages is

page_text: to be passed; but preparatory to passing the other division of those carriages
the said guide bars must be so racked as to separate and open sufficient:
intervals for the admission and passage of the said carriages between those
alternate longitudinal threads, which, as aforesaid, were placed immediately
one behind the other, whilst the first-mentioned division.of. carriages was
passed, all which is the ordinary and well-known action of double: tier machi-.
nery; and in pusher machinery the requisite motions of the bobbins carriages
for passing them through edgeways foremost between the longitudinal warp
threads is communicated to them by certain prongs called puishers, which
are adapted to enter into every alternate cell or space of the row of combs
wherein the bobbin carriages are lodged, and to act therein, with a suitable
motion for pushing every alternate carriage, edgeways foremost, out from the
said cells of those combs, which are situated at one side of the rows of warp
threads, into the corresponding cells of the other combs which are situated at
the opposite side of the same rows of warp threads. And note, it is in conse-
quence of the said pushers being only half as numerous in their several rows
as the bobbin carriages are in their complete row, that the said bobbin
carriages become divided into divisions, each division containing every alternate
bobbin carriage, as before mentioned; and whilst one such division is passed
through suitable spaces between the warp threads by the said action of the
pushers, the other division will remain motionless in the combs in consequence
of the carriages constituting that division being in the intervals. between the
prongs of the pushers; but by thus passing one division and then by racking
the row of pushers (or else the row of combs), so much as will bring the
prongs of the pushers opposite to those carriages which had been left motion-
less at the previous time of pushing, as aforesaid, the same may be operated
upon in their turn by the pushers in order to pass them through other suitable
spaces between the warp threads, which spaces have been opened by appro-
priate racking of the guide bars since the first-mentioned division of carriages
was passed. The name of pusher machinery is derived from the said pushing
action, whereby the bobbin carriages are passed and repassed between the
warp threads, but independently of the name.
The above description will enable all persons conversant with bobbin net
machinery in general to identify the kind of machinery to, which this part
of my improvements, now about to be described, is applicable; the said part
of my improvements in pusher machinery is for the purpose of making, by
means of such improvement, figured or ornamental bobbin net lace, whereof
the ornament consists of what is termed fine filling threadwork, disposed in
ornamental patches or figures in the. midst of the net work of meshes of

page_text: bobbin net lace (that is to say): the diagonal bobbin threads of the lace are
caused by means of the improvement to traverse more frequently or rapidly
than usual across the several figures or spaces in the said net, which are
intended to be occupied by the ornamental fine filling threadwork, and in so
traversing rapidly across those spaces the said bobbin threads do not form
their accustomed twists around the warp threads, but the warp threads
proceed longitudinally, nearly in straight lines along each of the said spaces
which is to be occupied by the ornamental fine filling work, and the bobbin
threads proceed diagonally across the same space with contrary obliquities, so
as to cross cacli other; but, as before mentioned, they proceed therein with
a more rapid progress of traversing than the same threads would have done if
they had been making their accustomed twistings and crossings for forming
hexagonal meshes of bobbin net lace in place of the said fine filling work.
A specimen of the kind of figured or ornamented bobbin net lace, which may
be made with pusher machinery by means of this part of my improvements,
in manner herein-after described, is represented on a magnified scale in
Sheet IV. of the Drawings hereunto annexed. The meshes of the network
which form the fransparent ground of ornamental bobbin net lace are the
usual texture of ordinary bobbin net lace with traversing threads; the figure
of the ornamental fine filling work (in the particular pattern there exhibited)
is that of a cross occupying a space of six meshes in lengthways of the net,
and the space of two meshes in width side by side at the uppermost and
lowermost parts of the cross, constituting the vertical stem of that cross, but
occupying the space of six meshes in width side by side at the middlemost
part or horizontal arms of the cross. By tracing the course of the several
diagonal bobbin threads, which are coloured blue in the Drawing, the manner
whereby they proceed in continuation of their usual course of traversing
amongst the meshes of network, and pass across the ornamental figure of
fine filling work with an unusual rapidity of traversing, as before mentioned,
will be apparent; also that the said bobbin or blue threads,. after having so
proceeded across the figure of fine filling work, then perform a premature turn-
again and retraverse rapidly across the same space with a contrary obliquity,
and the Drawing also shews that by those means an unusual quantity of the
said bobbin or blue threads is crowded into the space which is to form a figure
of fine filling work, being nearly three times as much blue or bobbin thread
as would be put into that space if it were filled with ordinary meshes of
bobbin net. These blue threads are intercrossed one with another, and their
crossings are intersected by the warp or red threads, but without any twists
being made; wherefore, the space which is to be occupied by the intended

page_text: cross or ornamental figure of fine filling work will become, filled up with a
kind of basket-work texture of bobbin threads and warp threads, as is clearly
shewn by the Drawing, and requires no further explanation. And note, the
size and form of the figure for such fine filling work is not confined to that
of the cross which is there represented, but may be such as is most suitable
for the intended pattern of figured or ornamental bobbin net .lace which is
intended to be made. I have preferred to select the figure of a cross, as
represented in Sheet IV., by way of example for the pattern, because it is
more simple and more easy to be explained than a complicated figure would
be, but the texture of the fine filling threadwork consists of bobbin threads,
traversing frequently and rapidly in contrary directions across the figure, so
as to become intercrossed obliquely one with another, and their crossings being
intersected by the straight warp threads, but without any twisting therewith;
and also the said traversing threads performing turn-again prematurely and
retraversing the figure after having traversed across the same, which texture will
be the same in all cases, whatever the figure of the fine filling work may be.
In the pattern represented in Sheet IV. there is a space of two meshes along
the length of the net left intervening between the termination of one figure
of a cross of fine filling work and the commencement of the next succeeding
figure of the same kind, and the length of the said figure of a cross occupying
six meshes, as before mentioned, makes an extent of eight rows of complete
meshes of net (counting along the length of the net), which must be made
in order to include the pattern of the fine filling work, together with the
intervening meshes of net, before recommencing with a repetition of the same
pattern.
The kind of ornamented bobbin net lace which is intended to be made by
means of this part of my improvements being now understood, I will proceed to
state the nature of the alterations which must be made in the ordinary pusher
machinery, in order to qualify it for operating according to this part of my
improvements.
!
.:
The usual operation of pusher machinery for making a row of complete
meshes of bobbin net lace, with traversing threads from selvedge to selvedge,
is performed by fourteen successive times of racking the several guide bars,
comb bars, and pusher bars, with extra pusher bars, if requisite, in a suitable
manner, the bobbin carriages being passed or repassed between the warp
threads twelves times during the said fourteen times of racking; that is, one
division of carriages is passed or repassed six times; and the other division of
carriages is also passed or repassed six times, and 'during the said fourteen
times of racking the bobbin carriages are traversed twice, in order to make

page_text: steps of their progressive traversing right and left in contrary directions;
that is to say, at one of those fourteen times of racking, when traversing
is to be performed, that division of carriages which is to proceed towards
the right hand in traversing (and which may. therefore be designated the
carriages R) is caused to make a step of its traversing towards the right,
and at the other of those said fourteen times of racking, when traversing is
to be again performed, the other division of carriages which is, to proceed
towards the left hand in traversing (and which may therefore be designated
the carriages L) makes a step of that traversing towards the left. The
carriages R are caused to make their aforesaid step of traversing. to the right
chiefly by suitable racking of the back comb bar, when those carriages R are
in the back combs by themselves, and separated from the other carriages L,
which are then in the front combs, the front comb bar being also.racked. And
the carriages Lare caused to make their aforesaid step of traversing to the left
chiefly by suitable.racking of the front comb bar, when those carriages L are in the
front combs by themselves, and separated from the other carriages R, which
are then in the back combs, the back comb bar being also racked. This
being the ordinary course of proceeding for traversing the carriages in pusher
machinery, the alterations which I make therein for the performance of this
part of my improvements is to augment the number of racking times beyond
the aforesaid usual number of fourteen, in order to obtain suitable oppor-
tunities for causing additional and unusual traversing of those particular
bobbin carriages. which are for the time. supplying diagonal threads to pass
obliquely across the ornamental figures of the fine filling work, and which
bobbin threads (as before-mentioned) are to traverse obliquely with unusual
rapidity and frequency of traversing steps across the space which is to
be occupied by each of the figures of fine filling work. It is by means
of such additional more frequent and unusual traversing of the said particular
bobbin carriages, and which may for the time they are so operating be called
fine filling carriages, that their bobbin threads are caused to traverse with
unusual rapidity across the ornamental figures of fine filling work as aforesaid;
nevertheless, all the other bobbin carriages which are not at the time con-
cerned in the fine filling work, but only in making meshes of net, are not
allowed to participate in the said 'additional and unusual traversing. For this
purpose the said particular or fine filling bobbin carriages are left by themselves
in one of the rows of combs, in consequence of appropriate rackings of the
pushers, together with suitable extra pushers, so as to open such vacancies as
may be requisite in the rows of pushers in order to miss and leave those said
particular carriages when all the other carriages are passed through between

page_text: the warp threads into the opposite row of combs, and then by suitable racking.
of that row of combs in which the said particular or fine filling carriages have
been so left by themselves the requisite unusual and additional and moro
rapid traversing of thoso fine filling carriages is performed, and the said
unusual and additional and more rapid traversing of those carriages. is repeated
as often during the course of making of a row of complete meshes of
net as is requisite for causing their bobbin threads to traverse with tho
required rapidity as aforesaid. And noto, the said particular "bobbin carriages
also participate in the ordidary traversing which all the bobbin carriages
undergo in the usual manner of making bobbin not lace with traversing
threads. And also at suitable periods of the operation of the pusher machinery
the said particular or fine filling carriages, after having traversed with an
unusual frequency and rapidity as aforesaid all across the space which is
intended to be occupied by fine filling work, the samo are caused to perform
what may be called a premature turn-again evolution, in order that each such
fine filling carriage may begin to retraverse the said space in a contrary
direction to that in which it has been previously traversed, as is represented in
the magnified specimen in Sheet IV. That the said premature turn-again
being performed in the same manner as is usually done in pusher machinery
for performing the accustomed turn-again of those carriages which have been
traversed until they arrive at the selvidges of the several breadths, and which
then require to retraverse back again in a contrary direction. And likewise in
consequence of the said unusual and additional and more frequent traversing
and retraversing of the said particular or fine filling carriages across and across
the several spaces which are to be occupied with ornamental figures of fine
filling work, in order that they may supply diagonal threads for forming that
fine filling work in manner aforesaid, those same fine filling bobbin threads
also avoid forming twists around any of the longitudinal warp threads which
they intersect in so traversing rapidly across and across the several. spaces which
are to be occupied by that fine filling work. And as to all the other bobbin
threads which are at the same time traversing with the usual rapidity across
the
spaces which are to be occupied by meshes of bobbin net lace for forming
the plain transparent ground at the sides of the ornamental figures of fine
filling work, and which carriages have for the present no concern with those
figures, the same are caused to form their accustomed twists around the several
longitudinal warp threads which they intersect in so traversing, in order by
those twists to compose the twisted pillars for the meshes in the usual manner
of making bobbin net lace. Wherefore by action of this part of my improve-
ments those aforesaid particular or fine filling bobbin threads, which are for

page_text: the time traversing across the several spaces which are to be occupied by orna-
mental figures of fine willing work, are caused by means of such improvement
to avoid twisting with the warp threads, but instead thereof they are caused to
traverse by additional and unusually frequent steps, and consequently more
rapidly, across such spaces than the usual rate of traversing, and are then caused
to turn again prematurely and retraverse rapidly back again across the same
spaces in a contrary direction, and each of the said particular or fine filling
bobbin threads in so traversing across and across the said spaces passes alter-
nately across the front side of one warp thread, and then passes across behind
the next adjacent warp thread, which it intersects in its rapid traversing or
retraversing, and so on alternately instead of twisting around such warp
threads; and it is by such action of the fine filling bobbin threads that the
required woven or basket work texture or fine filling work is produced. The
intended form of the ornamental figures of such fine filling work is obtained
by making the several particular or fine filling bobbin threads of the fine
filling work perform their aforesaid premature turn-again as soon as they have.
in the course of their aforesaid unusual and rapid traversing passed quite
across the space of the intended figure, so as to have arrived at one of the
intended boundaries or outline thereof, from which outline each such thread as
it so arrives must return and begin to retraverse rapidly, across the same figure
in a contrary direction towards its opposite boundary or outline. Wherefore
the form of the outline of the ornamental figures of fine filling work is deter-.
mined by the making of premature turn-again, in manner aforesaid, with the
several fine filling bobbin threads, when cach one in succession has proceeded.
in its said unusually rapid course of traversing just so far as the intended.
outline requires, but no further, and then it makes its premature turn-again,
and begins to retraverse as aforesaid.
The nature of this part of my improvements being understood, the details
of the mode of carrying the same into effect may be varied to suit different
kinds of patterns for the ornamental figures of fine filling work; but by way
of example I shall describe a pusher machine which is adapted for making
figured or ornamented bobbin net lace according to this part of my improve-
ments, with ornamental figures of fine filling work in the form of a cross, such
as is represented in Sheet IV., and as herein-before explained.
Sheet I. contains a transverse section (full size) of the operative parts;:
Sheet II. a transverse section and an end elevation, drawn one-fourth size ;-
and Sheet III. a front elevation, also drawn one-fourth size. The construction
of the pusher machine there represented, being for the most part nearly the
same as is in common use, does not require much description. beyond that

page_text: which is conveyed by the names of the principal parts being written on the
several Drawings, and by the Table of descriptive references herein-after con-
tained. The parts which are tinted with indian ink are the fixed framing and
parts which sustain the moving parts; those moving parts are distinguished by
difference of colouring, and all the several moving parts which concur together
for performing the same functions in the operation of the machinery are dis-
tinguished by the same colour. The long horizontal axis U, U, which extends
all along the front of the machine, is turned round by the double turning
handles, and gives motion to all the parts by a crank c, which is formed on
the middle of the axis U, and by a toothed pinion f and p at the two ends.
thereof. The crank ċ is connected by a crank rod d, which passes across
beneath the lace roller to a joint at the lower end of a pendulous lever V at
the back of the machinery, which lever descends from the back axis or crank
bar in the arms, whereof the back pusher bars P, R, are suspended. The front
pusher bars N, O, are suspended in similar crank bar arins in front of the
machine, and a pendulous lever W, which descends from the axis or crank bar
thereof, is connected with the back pendulous lever V by a horizontal cross
connecting link X, which passes beneath the lace roller from front to back.
By this means the revolving motion, which is given by the turning handles to
the crank c, moves the back pusher bars P, R, and the front pusher bars N, O,
alternately backwards and forwards with simultaneous and equal swinging
motions, suitably for pushing the bobbin carriages out of the row of combs at
one side of the rows of warp threads through, between those threads into the
combs at the opposite side thereof, which is the well-known action of modern
pushing machinery. Upon each end of the long axis U of the double turning
handles, and of the crank c, a pinion of ten oblique teeth is fixed at f and p,
in order to turn two large face toothed wheels Y and S of one hundred and
ten teeth, which are fixed upon the frontmost ends of two horizontal cross
axes Z and T, which extend across at each end of the machine. The cross axis Z,
at the right-hand end of the machine, has several racking wheels fixed upon
it, as is shewn in the end elevation Sheet II. for giving racking motions to the
several bars of the machinery; the racking wheels C and H thereon are for
racking the two comb bars. And note, the cross axis T, at the left-hand end
of the machine, has also suitable racking wheels w upon it, for giving
returning racking motions to each of the comb bars in lieu of reacting springs,
so that the comb bars receive racking motions from both ends. Also at each
end of each of the cross axis Z and T, a curved piece called a shoe is fixed by
brackets to the cog wheels S and Y, and to other wheels, which are fixed for
the purpose on the backmost ends of the two cross axis Z and T, so that the

page_text: said shoes revolve with those axes, and they act by the intervention of levers e
and connecting links with ball or universal joints upon lever arnis, which pro
ject outwards from each of the point bars a, x, back and front, in order to
actuate the point bars, first one and then the other, when required: There are
four such shoes and levers, and with links and ball joints for actuating the
point bars, namely, one at each end of each cross axis Z and T, so that ench
point bar is actuated at both its ends, and the curves called shoes at each end
of each cross axis Z and T operate alternately for actuating the front point bar
at one time, and then the back point bar at the next time in regular succes-
sion, in the usual manner of pusher machinery. The cross axis T, at the left-
hand end of the machine, has two revolving camms fixed upon it for with-
drawing the two rows of points from the meshes of the net back and front
points alternately, each camm operating by an upright sliding bolt s on one
end of an intervening lever n, which acts at its opposite end upon a lever
arm y, projecting inwards horizontally from the left-hand end of the spindle
bar of the crank bar arms, by which the point bar X is supported, the
front point bar and the back point bar in the same manner. The said two
camms, upright sliding bolts s, levers n, and lever arms y, act alternately to
withdraw the front points, and then the back points, from the meshes of the
net in preparation for raising them up, when they are required to take down
the meshes. In the pusher machine represented in the Drawing, the point
bars are lifted by a crank a, which is applied at the extreme end of each cross
axis Z and T, and which cranks are adapted to operate in concert with suitable
portions of the outermost curves of the shoes. Each of the said cranks a
acts by a short connecting link 6, which is jointed to the extremity of the
lever e, so as to lift the same upwards, and by that action the point bar
is raised upwards with an easy and gradual motion, such as is peculiar
to the action of a crank. But after the crank a has thus lifted the
points to their highest position, and they have been inserted amongst the
warp threads, they are then required to take down with a quicker descent,
which the crank a allows them to do, because it is fitted loosely on the extreme
end of the cross axis Z or T, with liberty of motion about that axis through a
certain extent, which extent is limited by a stud-or stop fixed fast into the
axis. When the crank a is performing its lifting operation, it will become
firm on its axis, because it will then be at the extreme limit of its said liberty
of motion around its axis; but after having passed its highest position, and
having lifted the points ready for making their insertion amongst the warp
threads, the crank a will then become loose on the axis in the other direction,
and by turning freely round about thereon, will offer no impediment to 'a more

page_text: •
rapid descent of the point bar in the act of taking down by its own weight;
and to ensure that the points shall go completely down the open portion
of the curve of the shoe in coming round will take a truck at the
extremity of the lever c, and if that levere has not already gone down,
the said curve of the shoe will gather the said truck downwards so
much as is requisite for pressing the points quite down in order to give form
to the meshes, after which the circular and concentric portion or hcel of the
shoe will keep the points securely down in the meshes of the network until
they are required to be lifted again, in order to repeat their taking down. The
connecting link of the crank a is fitted to the stud pin of the aforesaid
truck at the end of the lever e, with a long loop or slot wherein it has a con-
siderable liberty of motion, which, together with the looseness of the crank a
on its axis, permits the crank a to go round in its lowermost half-turn without
disturbing the lever e. This position of the parts appears in Sheet III., but
by the time that the axis has gone round to the position in which the crank a is
required to begin lifting the point bar again, then the crank a will have reached
the limit of its liberty of motion on the axis, so as to become firm thereon, and
also the link b, having at the same time reached the limit of its loop or slut,
will lift the lever e, and raise the point bar, as before explained. In all the
aforesaid particulars the said pusher machine is such as is in common use,
without reference to my improvements, excepting the proportion of the large
face cog wheels Y and S to their respective pinions f and p being eleven to
one instead of seven to one, which is the usual proportion of such wheelwork,
because I require additional racking motions to be made as before stated, in
order to obtain opportunities. for causing additional and unusually frequent,
traversing of those particular bobbin carriages, which for the time are to
supply bobbin threads to form the fine filling work, according to this part of
my improvements, as already explained, and therefore the number of racking
motions which are to be performed during the making of each row of complete
meshes of net is increased to twenty-two, and accordingly the several racking
wheels on the cross axis Z are divided into twenty-two divisions for their
racking steps, as is shewn in Sheet IV., and a row of complete meshes of
bobbin net will be made by eleven turns of the double handles and crank con
the long axis U, and one turn of the racking wheels on the axis Z. But when
the machinery is constructed as in the Drawing Sheet III., each row of points
only operates once for taking down the meshes during the said making of cach
row of complete meshes, or during each revolution of the racking wheels on
the axis Z. The two rows of guides on the two guide bars t and v, and the
two rows of points on the two point bars x, x, are just as usual in ordinary

page_text: pusher machinery, and so are the two rows of combs, and the two divisions of
bobbins and carriages. The two rows of pushers on the pusher bars N and P;
back and front, with two rows of extra pushers over them on the bars O and R;
are also as usual, excepting as to the vacancies in the rows of pushers, which,
for, making the particular pattern of fine filling work already described,
requires those vacancies to be four adjacent pushers removed from each row
opposite to every place in the width of the net where a figure of fine filling.
work is to be made therein, and the extra pushers require to have just as
many pushers in each row, and so placed therein as will fill up all the vacancies
in the rows of pushers, in order to render either row of pushers a complete
unbroken row when required, as is represented in Sheet IV.; but by racking
one or both of the extra pusher bars O or R endways in respect to their
corresponding pusher bars N or P, each of the said, vacancies of four
adjacent pushers can be wholly opened in either or both rows back or front,
or the same may be only partly opened, so as to make vacancies of three
pushers, or of two, or cf only one pusher, opposite to each place, where a
figure of fine filling work is to be made as may be required, for leaving par-
ticular fine filling carriages by themselves in one row of the combs, when all
the other carriages which belong to the same division of carriages L or Ras
those fine filling carriages belong to are pushed out of those combs, and
through between the warp threads into the opposite row of combs. The
pusher bars, with their extra pusher bars, require to be racked, one or other of
them, from time to time in order to place their pushers opposite to those
particular carriages in the general row of bobbin carriages which compose either
division L or R of carriages, according as one or other of those divisions may
be required to be operated upon by the said pushers at the time, and the same
racking must also be adapted to place those vacancies which may at the time
be open in the row of pushers opposite to those particular carriages, either.
L or R, which are intended to be left by themselves for fine filling carriages
as aforesaid. The said racking motions of the rows of pushers and of their
extra pushers determine how many and which of the bobbin carriages shall
from time to time be left by themselves in the combs for fine filling carriages
in order to be subjected to the additional and unusual traversing action, and.
to the occasional or premature turn-again action, by which the bobbin threads
of those particular or fine filling carriages are to be laid obliquely in contrary
directions across and across in the fine filling work as already described; and
hence, in order to produce ornamental figures of the fine filling work, the
racking motions which are to be given to the rows of pushers and of extra
pushers are not to be repented in exactly the same manner at every succeeding

page_text: revolution of the racking wheels on the axis Z or T, and at every succeeding
row of complete meshes of net which is made for the said racking motions,
although they are for the most part the same at every such revolution, never-
theless they require to be occasionally diversified. This is accomplished by
the aid of what are called fancy racking wheels, which are applied on an upper
cross axis J above the cross axis Z of the other racking wheels, and are turned
round by suitable ratchet wheels of fifty-six teeth, which are turned a tooth at
a time by a succession of actions of seven pins fixed into wheels on the axis Z,
and projecting laterally therefrom, so that during every revolution thereof
seven teeth of each of the said fifty-six toothed ratchet wheels will be moved,
and consequently the said ratchet wheels, together with the fancy racking
wheels to which they belong respectively, will be turned once round for eight
revolutions of the racking wheels on the axis Z, or during the making of eight
rows of complete meshes of net, which length of net, as already stated, will
comprize a transverse row of the ornamental figures of fine filling work, in the
shape of a cross, as represented in Sheet IV., together with the two rows of
meshes which are intended to intervene between the conclusion of one row of
such figures and the commencement of another succeeding row of like figures..
The upper cross axis J is fixed fast, and the fancy racking wheels, with their
fifty-six toothed ratchet wheels, are fitted so as to turn round thereon. For
making fine filling work in simple figures, such as the cross represented in
Sheet IV., only two extra pusher bars O and R are required, one over the
back pusher bar P, and the other over the front pusher bar N, in which case
there will be four fancy racking wheels, and two fifty-six toothed ratchet
wheels on the upper axis J, and they will be arranged in two distinct pairs,
namely, two fancy racking wheels M and Q, for the front pusher bar N and its
front extra pusher, bar O are. united together along with a fifty-six toothed
ratchet wheel 7, so as to go round upon the axis J, all three like one, and the
teeth of that ratchet wheel 2 are turned round a tooth at a time by seven
pins projecting laterally from the pin wheel i on the cross.axis Z.. And two
other fancy racking wheels F and G are united together, along with another
fifty-six toothed ratchet wheel g, so as to go round upon the axis J, all three
like one, the, teeth of the wheel g being turned by seven pins projecting
laterally from tho pin, wheel on the cross axis Z. And note, each of the two
pairs of fancy racking,wheels M, Q, and K, L, are by these means turned once
round in the same period of time, that is, during eight revolutions of the cross
axis Z, as before mentioned, but owing to the disposition of the several pins in
the two pin wheels i and h, one pair of fancy racking wheels M, Q, for the
front pusher bar and front extra pusher bar, will be moved at certain times of

page_text: racking which are most suitable for racking those two front bars, and the other
pair of fancy racking wheels K, L, for the.back pusher bar and back extra
pusher bar, will be moved at other different times of racking which are most
suitable for racking those two back bars, all which will be more fully explained.
The said fancy racking wheels may be made to operate when required on those
pusher bars to which they belong respectively by the well known mode of
operating with racking wheels and fancy racking wheels in pusher machinery
for making. what is called Grecian or fancy nets; but it is preferable to
transmit the occasional action of the said fancy racking wheels and, the
continual action of their corresponding racking wheels on the axis Z to each
of the pusher bars or extra pusher bars to which they belong respectively
by the mode represented in Sheets III. and V., and which mode is according
to part of certain improvements for which former Letters Patent were granted
to me, dated the Thirteenth day of August, One thousand eight hundred and
thirty-four, and the said mode is fully described in my' former Specification,
which was inrolled at the Chapel of the Rolls on the Thirteenth day of
February, One thousand eight hundred and thirty-five, wherefore the said
mode so represented in Sheets III. and V. forms no part of my present
improvements, but is very suitable to be used therewith. The said mode of
transmitting the concurrent actions of the racking wheel B and the fancy
racking wheel Q to the front extra pusher bar O is as follows:-The racking
bolt 12, by which the racking motions are given to the front extra pusher
bar O, is a horizontal sliding bolt fitted into sockets as usual; but it does
not apply to either the racking wheel B on the cross axis Z, or to the fancy
racking wheel Q on the upper cross axis J, but instead thereof a toothed
pinion or spur cog wheel 11 is fitted into a fork at the end of the sliding
bolt 12 on a cross centre pin about which the cog wheel 11 can turn freely
round within the forked end of the bolt 12. The teeth at the lower part
of the cog wheel 11 are engaged by the teeth of a rack 14, which is affixed
to another horizontal sliding bolt 10, the end whereof applies to the circum-
ference of the racking wheel B on the cross axis Z, so as to receive racking
motions from the steps of that wheel. And the teeth at the upper part of
the cog wheel 11 are engaged by the teeth of another rack 15, which is
affixed to a third sliding bolt 16, having a beak projecting laterally to apply to
the circumference of the fancy racking wheel Q. The said two sliding bolts
10 and 16 are both fitted into fixed sockets in the usual manner of sliding
bolts, and when either of those bolts 10 or 16' is moved either by the steps
of the racking wheel B, or else by. those of the fancy racking wheel Q, motion
will be transmitted by the toothed racks 14 or 15 and toothed: wheel 11 to

page_text: '
the racking bolt 12, and thereby to the front extra pusher bar O, but the
motion so transmitted to the bolt 12 and to the bar O will be only half as
much in extent as that which is given by the said steps of the racking wheel B
or fancy racking wheel Q. Wherefore the several steps around those
racking wheels must be double the intended extent of the rackings, or they
must be steps of one eleventh of an inch to produce rackings of single-tier
spaces of one twenty-second part of an inch for an eleven-point gage machine.
The other three fancy racking wheels Q, K, L, and racking wheels B, F, G,
are connected in like manner with the pusher bars O, P, R. By this mode
each of the ordinary racking wheels on the axis Z always retains its controul
over the bar which is to be racked thereby, notwithstanding the occasional rack-
ing action of the fancy racking wheel on the upper axis J on the same bar.
TABLE of Descriptive References to Sheets I. to VI. of the Drawings
hereunto annexed, which represent a Pusher Machine for making
Bobbin Net Lace, which by means of part of improvements is figured
or ornamented with ornamental figures of fine filling work produced
by accumulation of diagonal bobbin threads according to the specimen
represented enlarged in Sheet IV.
(A) racking wheel on the cross axis Z for racking the front pusher bar N.
The fancy racking wheel M concurs with the wheel A for racking the
said bar N. (B) racking wheel on the cross axis Z for racking the front
extra pusher bar O. The fancy racking wheel Q concurs with the wheel B
for racking the said bar O. (C) racking wheel on the cross axis Z for racking
the front comb bar. (D) racking wheel on the cross axis Z for racking the
front guide bar t. (E) racking wheel on the cross axis Z for racking the
(F) racking wheel on the cross
The fancy racking wheel K
axis Z for racking the
concurs with the said
lacing guide bar u.
back pusher bar P.
wheel F for racking the said bar P. (G) racking wheel on the cross axis
Zfor racking the back extra pusher bar R. The fancy racking wheel L
concurs with the wheel G for racking the said bar R. (H) racking wheel
on the cross axis Z for racking the back comb bar.. (I) racking wheel on
the cross axis Z for racking the back guide bar v.
(J) upper cross axis
fixed horizontally above the cross axis Z, and carrying the two pairs of fancy
racking wheels M, Q, and K, L, which are to concur with four of the racking
wheels A, B, and F, G, on the cross axis Z for racking the two pusher
bars N, P, and their extra pusher bars O, R. The axis J is fixed, and sustains
both the said pairs of fancy racking wheels M, Q, and K, L, but each
pair is quite detached from the other pair, and each pair is turned round by

page_text: means of its own ratchet wheel, 1 or 9, of fifty-six teeth, which are occasionally
actuated by seven pins in the wheels i andl h on the cross axis Z. (K) fancy
racking wheel on the upper axis J, for concurring with the racking wheel F
for racking the back pusher bar P. (L) fancy racking wheel on the upper
axis J, for concurring with the racking wheel G for racking the back extra
pusher bar R. (M) fancy racking wheel on the upper axis J, for concurring
with the racking wheel A for racking the front pusher bar N. (N) front
pusher bar with the front pushers upon it at the rate of eleven per inch in
their row, but with vacancies of four adjacent pushers left out opposito to
every place where an ornamental figure of fine filling work, such as is repre-
sented in Sheet IV., is to be introduced into the net. (0) front extra pusher
bar, situated over the front pusher bar N, with extra pushers upon it at suitable
places, for occupying the vacancies in the row of front pushers, so as to form
a complete unbroken row of front pushers when required. (P) back pusher
bar with the back pushers upon it at the rate of eleven per inch, but with
vacancies of four adjacent pushers left out opposite to every place where an
ornamental figure of fine filling work, such as is represented in Sheet IV., is
to be introduced into the net. (Q) fancy racking wheel on the upper axis J,
for concurring with the racking wheel B for racking the front extra pusher
bar O. (R) back extra pusher bar, situated over the back pusher bar P,
with extra pushers at suitable places upon it for occupying the vacancies in
the row of back pushers, so as to form a complete unbroken row of back
pushers when required. (S) large face cog wheel of one hundred and ten
teeth on the foremost end of the cross axis T, at the left-hand end of the
machine. It is turned by the pinion p of ten teeth on the left-hand end of the
axis U of the handles. (T) cross axis at the left-hand end of the machine,
carrying wheels by which the point bars are actuated, and also returning
racking wheels for the two comb bars. (U) long horizontal axis in front of
the machine, with w, two opposite crank handles, by which it is turned round
in order to actuate all the parts of the machine. The axis U has a revolving
crank C on the middle of its length for actuating the back and front pusher
bars P, R, and N, O, with their requisite swinging or vibrating motion.
(V) pendulous lever from the back spindle bar or crank bar axis, from the
arms of which the back pusher bars P, R, are suspended. The crank rod dis
jointed to the lower end of the lever V, and the cross connecting rod X is also,
jointed to the said lower end. (W) pendulous lever from the front spindle
bar or crank bar axis, from the arms of which the front pusher bars N, O,
are suspended. The cross connecting rod X is jointed to the lower ends
of both the pendulous levers W and V. (X) crocs connecting rod jointed

page_text: to the lower ends of both the pendulous levers V and W, to cause them
to swing together with coincident motion. (Y) large face cog wheel of
one hundred and ten teeth, fixed on the frontmost end of the cross axis Z
of the racking wheels at the right-hand end of the machine. It is turned
round by the pinion of ten teeth on the right-hand end of the long axis'U.
(Z) horizontal cross axis, for the several racking wheels at the right-hand
end of the machine. It is turned round. by means of the face cog wheel Y
of one hundred and ten feeth, and the pinion f of ten teeth on the right-hand
end of the long axis U.
(a) revolving crank on the frontmost end of the cross axis Z, for actu-
ating the front point bar. ; and there is another similar crank a on the
backmost end of the same axis Z; for actuating the back point bar r;
likewise there are two such cranks a at the opposite ends of the other
cross axis T, for actuating both the front and back point bars x, x, at their left-
hand ends. (b) connecting links from the several cranks a to their levers e, by
which the actions of those cranks and links are transmitted to the point
bars. (c) revolving crank on the middle of the long horizontal axis U, for
actuating the back and front pusher bars P, R, and N, O, with the requisite
swinging or vibrating motion. (d) connecting or crank rod, extending from
the revolving crank c to the pendulous lever V of the back spindle bar or
crank bar axis, from the arms of which the back pusher bars P, R, 'arc
suspended. (e) levers for transmitting the action of the several cranks a and
connecting links b to the two point bars x and x, back and front, by means of
upright links and ball joints connecting the leverse with the lever arms, 2, of
the point bars x, x. (f) pittion of the ten teeth fixed on the right-hand end
of the long axis U of the turning handles and revolving crank c. It gives
motion to the large face cog wheel Y, of one hundred and ten. teeth, on the
cross axis Z of the racking wheels. (9) ratchet wheel of fifty-six teeth fitted
on the upper cross axis. J along with the backmost pair of the fancy racking
wheels K, L, for turning that pair round a tooth at a time by occasional-action
of one of the seven pins in the pin wheel "h" on the cross axis Z. (h). pin
wheel on the cross axis Z, with seven pins projecting laterally for moving the
fifty-six toothed ratchet wheel
g on upper cross axis J one tooth at a time
occasionally, in order to turn the backmost pair of fancy racking wheels K, L,
once round for eight turns of the racking wheels on the cross axis Z. (i) pin.
wheel on the cross axis Z, with seven pins projecting laterally for moving the
fifty-six toothed ratchet wheel I 'on the upper cross axis J one tooth' at a time
occasionally, in order to turn the frontmost pair of fancy racking-wheels Q, M,
once round for eight turns of the racking wheels on the cross: axis Z. (i)
1
the

page_text: winding-up lever actuated by a link and crank pin in the pinion'f at the right-
hand end of the long axis U, and having a driver to turn the ratchet wheel m.
("") main warp thread roller for supplying warp threads to both rows of
guides on the front and back guide bars t and u. (1) ratchet wheel of fifty-six
teeth fitted on the upper cross axis J, along with the frontmost pair of fancy rack-
ing wheels Q, M, for turning that pair round a tooth at a time by occasional
action of seven pins in the pin wheel on 'the cross axis Z. (m) ratchet
wheel on the foremost end of the cross axis q of the worm for winding up the
lace roller. It is turned a tooth at a time by a driver, which is jointed to the
winding-up lever j, which is moved by an upright link from a crank in the
pinion at the fright-hand end of the long axis U.. (n) two levers for with-
drawing the points. They are mounted side by side on a fixed cross centre pin,
with their right-hand ends reaching beneath the ends of horizontal lever arms
y, which are affixed to those ends of the spindle bars of the point bars, and
their left-hand ends being actuated by upright bolts s, which derive motion
from two withdrawing wheels fixed on the cross axis T. (o) worm wheel on
the end of the axis on the lace roller, for winding up the lace as it is made. The
teeth of the wheel o 'are turned by a worm on the horizontal cross axis g!
(p) pinion of ten teeth fixed on the left-hand end of the long horizontal axis U
of the turning handles and revolving crank c. It' gives motion to the large-
faced cog-wheel S of one hundred and ten teeth on the cross axis T, at the left
hand end of the machine. (q) horizontal cross axis and worm for turning the
worm wheel "o" on the end of the axis of the lace roller, for winding up the
lace as it is made. The axis "q" has a ratchet wheel m upon it, which is
turned a tooth at a time by a driver jointed to a lever j, which is moved up and
down by a short crank pin on the end of the axis U. (7) small thread roller
for supplying lace and thread to the guides on the lacing guide bar u, one
such thread to every division between the breadths, for lacing the selvedges
together. (s) two upright bolts fitted into fixed sockets at the left-hand end
of the machine, and applying with their upper ends to the edges of two with-
drawing can wheels fixed on the cross axis T, and with their lower ends
applying to the left-hand end of the two levers "," which transmit the action
of the cams to their respective point bars, for withdrawing them. (t) front
guide bar with the guides upon it, eleven per inch in their row, for receiving
wärp threads from the warp roller k, but with one guide left vacant at every
place where the net is to be divided into breadths. Note, this is for making
such work as represented in Sheet IV.; but in other cases the said vacant
guides may be in the row of back guides instead of in the front row. (u).
lacing guide bar, having one guide fixed upon it opposite to every place where
'

page_text: the net is to be divided into breadths, and a lacing thread from the thread
roller r is threaded through the eye of that guide. (v) back guide bar with
the guides upon it, eleven per inch in their row, for receiving warp threads
from the main warp roller k. (w) racking wheels on the cross T, for racking
the front and back comb bar to the right, in opposition to their racking
wheels C and H on the cross axis Z. (a) two point bars, back and front, with
leads of points upon them containing eleven points per inch in each row,
for an eleven-point gage machine. (y) lever arms projecting horizontally
inwards from the spindle bars of the crank bar arms, by which the point
bars a, a, are supported front and back the same. The inner end of the lever
arms y are acted upon by gage screws at the right-hand end of the with-
drawing lever n, n. (2) lever arms projecting horizontally outwards from cach
of the point bars a, a, at each end, and united by upright links with ball joints
to the ends of the levers e, e, in order to raise up the point bars in preparation
for the act of taking down the meshes of net, together with the fine filling
thread work.
(10) horizontal sliding bolt fitted into sockets at the right-hand end of the
machine, with the end thereof applying to the notched edge or circumference
of the racking wheel B on the cross axis Z so as to receive racking motions
from the steps of that wheel, which steps are double the usual height, viz.,
one eleventh of an inch for an eleven-point gage machine. The toothed
rack 14 is affixed by stems to the bolt 10. (11) small spur cog wheel fitted
on a cross centre pin in the forked end of the racking bolt 12, by which
the front extra pusher bar O is to be racked. (12) horizontal racking bolt
fitted into sockets at the right-hand end of the machine, in a suitable position
for racking the front pusher bar N. The bolt 12 is made with an open fork
at the end, to admit the cog wheel n, which is mounted on a centre pin across
the prongs of the said fork. (13) beak which applies to the notched
circumference of the fancy racking wheel Q on the upper cross axis J. It is
connected with a stem of the sliding bolt 16 and toothed rack 15. (14)
toothed rack affixed by stems to the lowermost sliding bolt 10, and applying to
the teeth of the under part of the cog wheel 11. (15) toothed rack affixed
by stems to the uppermost sliding bolt 16, and applying to the teeth at the
upper part of the cog wheel 11. (16) horizontal sliding bolt fitted into
sockets at the right-hand end of the machine, and having the rack 15 and the
beak 13 affixed to it by stems.
In order to explain the operation of the machine, I will suppose it to have
been regularly at work making figured or ornamented bobbin net lace, with
figures of fine filling work, of the kind herein-before described, and according

page_text: to the specimen delineated in Sheet IV., and that the machine is only stopped
for examination when its several parts are in the following positions, viz.:-
The revolving crank c has swung the pusher bars O, N, and P, R, to their
backmost extent of motion, and has returned them a little, so as to have with-
drawn the ends of the front pushers from between the warp threads. All the
carriages are now standing in one row in the back combs, except one carriage
at the left-hand selvedge of each breadth of the net, which carriages are now
by themselves in the front combs. Those said carriages are aboat to perform
their ordinary turn again for making the left-hand selvedges of the breadths.
They have been (until recently) incorporated along with that division of
carriages which progress towards the left hand in traversing, and which are
therefore called the carriages L; but those said ordinary turn-again carriages,
which are now by themselves in the front combs, are about to become incor-
porated with the other division of carriages which progress towards the right
in traversing, and which I therefore call the carriages R. And note, the
general row of carriages now in the back combs consist of a carriage L and a
carriage R alternately interspaced one with the other at the rate of twenty-
two per inch. The carriages L have been recently pushed through backwards
between the warp threads into their said places in the general row amongst
the other carriages R in the back combs; but the ordinary turn-again car-
riages before mentioned were left in front, owing to vacancies being open in
the row of front pushers. The several racking wheels B, A, C, D, H, I, F, G,
on the horizontal cross axis Z, at the right-hand end of the machine, now
present their steps or divisions, which are numbered 22 in the Drawings,
Sheets IV., V., and VI., to their several racking bolts; and the several
fancy racking wheels Q, M, and K, L, on the upper cross axis J, now present
their steps, which are numbered 56 in the Drawings, Sheets V. and VI., to
their several racking bolts. The racking motions of No. 22 and of No. 56
have just taken place, and no motion of the machine has been made since
those rackings. The front guide bar t now stands racked by its racking
wheel D to the right hand, as far as it can go. It is capable of racking two
single-tier spaces of one twenty-second part of an inch each for an eleven-
point gage machine. The back guide bar v now stands racked by its racking
wheel I in its midway position. It is capable of being racked four single tier
spaces in all, that is, two spaces to the right or two spaces to the left of its
present position. The front comb bar now stands racked by its racking
wheel C, as far as it can go to the right. It is capable of being racked three
spaces in all. The back comb bar now stands racked by its racking wheel H
to the right, all but one space, as far as it can go that way. It is capable of
:

page_text: being racked; three spaces in all, viz., one space to the right or, two spaces to
the left of its present position. The front pusher bar N now. stands racked by
its racking wheel. A on the cross axis Z as far as it can go towards the right
hand. It is capable of being racked by that wheel six single-tier spaces
towards the left hand from its present. position. And note, the front pusher
bar N is also capable of being occasionally racked by its other or. fancy racking
wheel M on the upper axis J four such spaces further towards the right
hand than it now stands, or at other times two such spaces further towards, the
left hand than it now stands. Note, the front pushers on, the bar N are cast
in their leads at the rate of eleven per inch, with four adjacent pushers left out
opposite to every place in the width of the net where a pattern of fine filling
work is to be made therein, such as is exhibited in, Sheet IV.; and if the
figures of those fine fillings are intended to come as near together side by side
as is there shewn then four adjacent pushers will stand in their places at one
eleventh of an inch asunder between each such vacancy of four pushers, and
so on alternately from one end of the row to the other, excepting that in case
of making breadths one front pusher is also left out opposite to every intended
division of the breadths, for the purpose of leaving the ordinary turn-again
carriages, when they are required to perform their ordinary turn again for
forming the selvedges to the breadths. The front extra pushers on the bar O
are cast in their leads at the rate of eleven per inch in clusters,. four adjacent
pushers side by side, so as to correspond exactly to the aforesaid vacancies of
four front pushers in the row thereof; and, as the front pusher bars N. and O,
and now standing, viz., at No. 22 and No. 56, the said clusters of four front
extra pushers stand over, and fill-up all the said several vacancies of four front
pushers, in order to complete the general row of front pushers, excepting an
opening of one pusher at each end of the several divisions of the breadths,
those openings being the aforesaid front pushers, which are for the ordinary
turn-again carriages before mentioned; which carriages are now by themselves
in the front combs. The back pushers on the bar P, and their back extra
pushers on the bar R, are arranged in their respective rows just the same as
the front pushers are, and they stand in like manner with all the vacancies
closed, except the said openings of one pusher at each end of the said divisions
between the breadths. The front extra pusher bar O now stands racked by
its racking wheel B on the cross axis Z, as far as it can go towards the right s
hand, and is capable of. being racked by that wheel B six single tier spaces
towards the left. from its present position, same as before stated respecting the
front pusher bar N; for in fact the racking wheel B for the extra front pusher
bar O is an exact duplicate of the racking wheel A for the front pusher bar N.

page_text: And note, the front extra pusher bar O is also capable of 'being racked by its
fancy racking wheel on the upper axis J four such spaces further to the
right, or six spaces' further to the left, than it now stands. The back pusher-
bar P now stands racked by its racking wheel F on the cross axis Z all but
one space as far as it can go towards the right hand, and it is capable of
being racked by that wheel F one space to the right, or five spaces to the left
of its present position. And note, the back pusher bar P. is capable of being
racked by its fancy racking wheel K on the upper axis J two spaces further
to the right, or four spaces further to the left, than it now stands. The back
extra pusher bar R now stands racked by its racking wheel G on the cross
axis Z all but one space as far as it can go towards the right hand, and it is
capable of being racked by that wheel G one space to the right, or five spaces
to the left, of its present position. And note, the back pusher bar R also is
capable of being racked by its fancy racking wheel L on the upper axis J six
spaces further to the right, or four spaces further to the left, than it now
stands. The back points on the bar x have been recently withdrawn from
the meshes of the net, and raised up, as is represented by dotted lines in Sheet I.,
ready to penetrate amongst the warp threads the instant after No. 22 was'
racked.
This position of the several parts being understood; the operation of the
machine is as follows:-For working a row of complete meshes of bobbin net
lace, by making eleven turns of the handles on the long axis U, and of the
revolving crank c on that axis, which will be twenty-two times of racking the
bars, also for continuing and repeating those eleven turns (or twenty-two
rackings) eight times over, for making eight rows of complete meshes of
bobbin net lace, which eight rows will include the pattern of fine filling work
which is to be produced by action of this part of my improvements for the
ornament of the said bobbin net lace, with two intervening rows of meshes,
before commencing a repetition of the same patterns, the revolving crank c
being turned round through its lowermost half circle, the back points will
penetrate between the warp threads and begin to go down, and the several
pushier bars swinging backwards altogether, the back pushers and their extra
pushers will push or bring the carriages L through forwards between the warp
threads into the front combs, where the ordinary turn-again carriages are
already standing by themselves, as before mentioned, and then by the time
that the crank c has passed its frontmost throw so much as to have withdrawn
the ends of the back pushers from between the warp threads the racking'
wheels on the cross-axis Z will have got round to No. 1, and also the first pin:
in the pin wheel i on the cross-axis Z will have turned the fifty-six tooth

page_text: ratchet wheel one tooth, thereby turning the frontmost pair of racking wheels
Qand M also to their No. 1. This racks the front guides two spaces to the
left, and racks the front pushers three spaces to the left by their racking wheel A,
and racks the front extra pushers also three spaces to the left by their racking
wheel B; and in addition to that racking the front extra pushers are also at
the same time racked four more spaces to the left by their fancy racking
wheel Q making a motion of the front extra pushers of seven spaces to the
left in all, whereby openings of two adjacent pushers are opened in the general
row of front pushers opposite to every place in the width of the machine
where an ornamental figure of fine filling work is to be made in the not, the
said opening of two pushers being opposite to the middle part of the Figure,
which is in form of a cross, and which at the lower part thereof is only of such
width as to require an absence of two pushers as aforesaid. Then by the
crank C being turned round without intermission, and passing through its
uppermost half circle, the front pushers and front extra pushers will push tho
carriages L through backwards between the warp threads into the back combs,
excepting two adjacent carriages L, which are left in the front combs opposite
to every place where a figure of fine filling work is about to be commenced,
that is, at every opening of two pushers which has been recently opened as
aforesaid in the general row of front pushers, the said two carriages L, which
are so left, being about to become fine-filling carriages. And note, the ordi-
nary turn-again carriages are also left in the front combs this time just as they
were before the commencement of this description; also the back points
continue to go down, and they got nearly down to their resting position
by the time that No. 2 of the several racking wheels on the cross axis Z is
racked, which No. 2 racks the front combs two spaces to the left, with the
aforesaid two adjacent carriages L of the fine filling work in them, and
those fine filling carriages thereby make their first step of unusual and.
additional traversing towards the left. The ordinary turn-again carriages, which
continue in the front combs the same as they were at the commencement,
partake of the same racking. The front guides are also racked one space to
the right, and the back guides the same; and the front pushers and their
extra front pushers are racked two spaces to the left by their respective racking
wheels A and B, in order that the front pushers and front extra pushers may
accompany the front combs in their said racking; and likewise the back
pushers and their extra back pushers are racked one space cach to the right by
their respective racking wheels F and G; then the carriages R are brought
through forwards between the warp threads into the front combs, and there the
ordinary carriages before mentioned become incorporated with the carriages R

page_text: in due place in the row thereof, but the fine-filling carriages L, which have
remained two and two, as aforesaid, in the front combs, are in spaces belonging
to carriages L between the carriages R, and then No. 3 is racked, which racks
the back guides two spaces to the left, and racks the front pushers together
with their front extra pushers one space to the right by their racking
wheels A and B. Then the carriages R are put through backwards between
the warp threads, excepting two adjacent carriages R, which are left in the front
combs. Owing to the openings in the row of front pushers, they are about to
become fine-filling carriages. And note, the same two fine-filling carriages L,
before mentioned, are also left in front as before, so that there will now be
four fine-filling carriages left side by side by themselves in the front combs, and
standing opposite to the middle part of each intended Figure of a cross of
fine-filling work, two of them being carriages L, and two of them carriages R,
and then No. 4 is racked, which racks the front combs two spaces to the
right, with all the aforesaid fine-filling carriages in them, whereby the fine-
filling carriages R will make their first step of unusual additional traversing
towards the right; but the fine-filling carriages L, although they partake of
the said racking, are not traversed thereby, and racks the back guides two:
spaces to the right, and racks the front pushers, together with their front extra
pushers, by action of their racking wheels A and M, two spaces to the right,
in order to accompany the front combs. And also, a little before the racking of
No. 4, a first pin in the pin wheel h on the cross axis Z turns one tooth of
the fifty-six-toothed ratchet wheel g, so as to turn the backmost pair of
the fancy racking wheel K and L round on their fixed axis J one fifty-
sixth part of a revolution to their steps Number 1, whereby, when No. 4
is racked, the back extra pushers are racked four spaces to the right by
their fancy racking wheel L, in order to open openings of two adjacent
pushers in the general row of back pushers opposite to every place where a
figure of a cross of fine-filling work is to be made in the net, the said opening
being opposite the middle part of each such figure. Then the carriages Rare
brought through forwards, leaving that carriage R which is at the right-hand-
most of the two adjacent back pushers which have been opened in the row of
back pushers. But note, the carriages R so left by themselves behind are.
not for fine filling carriages, but they are carriages which must not be brought.
through forwards this time with the other carriages R, because those cells in
the front combs into which they would come if they were brought through
are already pre-occupied by the right-handmost of the fine-filling carriages R,
which latter have got into that position in consequence of their aforesaid
unusual traversing towards the right. And now No. 5 is racked, but a little

page_text: before that racking 'the second pin in the pin wheel & turns another tooth of
the fifty-six toothed ratchet wheel Z, whereby the frontmost pair of the fancy
racking wheels M and Q are moved to their No. 2, and thereby the front
extra pushers are racked by their fancy. racking wheel Q two spaces to the
right, in order that the openings of two adjacent pushers which were
previously open in the general row of front pushers may become partly closed
so as to leave openings of only one pusher each in that row, that one being the
right-handmost of the two which were before open:: Note, this is a preparation
for making a premature turnagain of fine-filling carriages. Then the car-
riages R are put through backwards between the warp threads into the back
combs, leaving the right-handmost of the fine-filling carriages, which is a
carriage R, in the front combs as well as the two fine-filling carriages L, thus
leaving three fine-filling carriages in front. And No. 6 is racked, which racks
the front combs two spaces to the left, with the two filling carriages L in them,
which thereby make their second step of unusual and additional traversing
towards the left, and the fine-filling carriages R, above mentioned, partakes of
that racking, and also racks the front guides one space to the left, and racks
the back guides three spaces to the left; and racks the front pushers, together
with their front extra pushers, by their racking wheels A and B, two spaces to
the left, in order to accompany the front combs and racks, the back pushers,
together with their back extra pushers, by their racking wheels F and G, one
space to the left. But a little before racking No. 6 the second pin of the
pin wheel / had turned the fifty-six toothed ratchet wheel gone tooth, together
with the backmost pair of fancy racking wheels K and L, 'to their No. 2,
whereby the back pushers and their back extra pushers are racked two spaces
further to the left by their fancy racking wheels K and L than they are at the
same moment racked that way by their racking wheels F and G, as above
stated, so that the back pushers are in fact racked three spaces to the left by
the concurrence of their racking wheels and fancy racking wheels, but without
making any alteration in the openings in them. The carriages L are next
brought through forwards, leaving the left-handmost of those carriages L
which are opposite to each place where fine filling is making behind" in the
back combs. This is because those carriages cannot be brought forward this
time, owing to their places in the front combs being pre-occupied; but they
are not left for fine-filling carriages. And note; soon after the racking
of No. 6 the front-points are begun to be to be withdrawn from the
meshes of the net in preparation for operating to take down. Then No. 7
is racked, which racks the front pushers together with their front extra
pushers öne space each to the left, by action of their racking wheels A and Bi

page_text: also the third pin in the wheel i turns the fifty-six toothed ratchet, and the front-
most pair of fancy wheels M and Q, to their No. 3, whereby the front pushers,
together with. their front extra pushers, arc. racked by those fancy racking
wheels M and Q two spaces further to the left than they are at the same
moment racked by their racking wheels A and B, so that those bars are in
fact racked three spaces to the left, but without making any alterations in the
openings in them. By this time No. 7 is racked, the front points are with-
drawn; then the carriages L are pushed through backwards, leaving the left-
handmost of the fine-filling carriages Lin the front, as well as the right-hand-
most fine-filling carriage R, which was left in front after the racking of No. 5,
as before mentioned, so that there are now two fine-filling carriages left by
themselves in front opposite to each intended figure of fine-filling work, thoso
two carriages being about to perform their premature turnagain.. Then No. 8
is racked, which racks the back combs one space to the left, with all the
carriages Land R in them, except one carriage of each sort, which, as before
stated, are by themselves in the front combs, opposite to each-place where fine-
filling work is making, and racks the front guides .one space to the right and
the back guides one space to the right, and racks the back pushers, together
with their back extra pushers, one space to the left,. by action of their.
racking wheels F and G; also the third pin in the wheel-h has turned the
fifty-six toothed ratchet wheel "9" another tooth, together with the back-
most pair of fancy racking wheels K and L, to bring their No: 3; into action,
whereby the back pushers are racked two spaces to the right,, and the back
extra pushers are racked two spaces to the left, and thereby all the fine-filling
openings. in the general row of back pushers become closed, rendering. the
same an uniform unbroken row of pushers, except openings of one pusher
opposite to each of the divisions between the several breadths. The carriages L
are now brought through forwards without leaving any of that division behind..
And note, the right-handmost of the fine-filling.carriages, which is already in
front, and which was a carriage R, but which began re-traversing to the left
when No. 6 was racked, now becomes incorporated amongst the carriages L
when they arrive in the front, having accomplished its premature turnagain.
Note, the front points are gradually lifted up, and then No. 9 is racked, which
racks the front guides one space to the left, and the back guides, one space to
the left, and the fourth pin in the wheel "i" turns the fifty-six toothed ratchet
wheel of the frontmost pair of fancy racking wheels M and Q one tooth, to
bring their No. 4 into action, whereby the front pushers are 'racked two spaces
to the right by their fancy racking wheel M, and the front extra pushers are
also racked four spaces to the right by their fancy racking wheel Q, whereby
all the fine-filling openings in the general row of front,pushers, become closed,

page_text: rendering those pushers a complete unbroken row, excepting the openings of
one pusher at each of the divisions between the breadths; and now, by the
uninterrupted continuance of the motion of the crank C in its uppermost half
circle the pusher bars are swinging backwards as usual, but in so doing they
do not push any carriages through backwards, excepting the left-handmost of
the fine-filling carriages L which were left in front when the other carriages
were pushed through backwards. After the racking of No. 7, the said
carriages L, when they arrive in the back combs, become incorporated with
the carriages R, having now accomplished their premature turnagain. Note,
the action of the pushers going backwards this time answers to the blank
motion in the ordinary pusher machinery at Number Five of their fourteen
motions, when no carriages are passed. And now No. 10 is racked, which
racks the back combs two spaces to the right, and racks the front guides two
spaces to the right, and the back guides four spaces to the right, and the back
pushers, together with their extra back pushers, one space to the left, by action
of their respective racking wheels F and G. Then the carriages R are
brought through forwards, excepting the ordinary turn-again carriages at the
right-hand selvedge of each breadth, which are left behind. And No. 11 is
racked, which racks the back combs three spaces to the left, with the last-
mentioned ordinary turn-again carriages, and racks the front guides two
spaces to the left, and the back guides two spaces to the left, and
racks the back pushers, together with their back extra pushers, by action
of their respective racking wheels A and B, three spaces to the left, to
accompany the back combs. And now the several racking wheels on the
cross axis Z will have gone half round. The front points penetrato the
warp threads immediately after the racking of No. 11, and then begin to go
down. In so doing those front points which are not opposite to places where
figures of fine-filling work are making will take down a set of ordinary
crossings of bobbin threads, together with the twistings thereto belonging, for
forming the meshes of net, in the usual manner; but those front points which
are opposite to the figures of fine filling will take down three sets of crossings of
fine-filling bobbin threads, which have been made one above the other, by the
unusual and more frequent traversing steps which the bobbin carriages of
those threads have been making, those unusual crossings having no twist
belonging to them; but when they are taken down by the points those crossings
will form a wicker-work weaving with the warp threads alternately in front
and at the back thereof, in part of the intended ornamental figures of fine-
filling work, according to the texture represented in the Specimen, Sheet IV.
Then the carriages R are put through backwards, and No. 12 is racked, which
racks the front guides two spaces to the right, and the back pushers together

page_text: with the back extra pushers three spaces to the right, by their respective
racking wheels G and F; also the fourth pin in the pin wheel h turns the
fifty-six toothed ratchet wheel g, & the backmost pair of fancy racking
wheels L, K, to their Number Four, whereby the fancy racking wheel L racks
the back extra pushers four spaces to the right, in addition to the racking
which is at the same time made by the wheel G as aforesaid, so that they are
racked seven spaces to the right, the back pushers being only racked three
spaces that
way by their wheel F as aforesaid, wherefore openings of two
adjacent pushers are opened in the general row of back pushers opposite to
every place in the width of the machine where an ornamental figure of fine-
filling work is making in the net, the said opening of two being opposite to
the middle part of the figure. The carriages R are now brought through for-
wards, except two adjacent carriages R, which are left behind at each of the
aforesaid openings in the general row of back pushers, in order that they may
become operative as fine-filling carriages. And No. 13 is racked, which racks
the back combs two spaces to the right, with the said fine-filling carriages R
in them, and thereby those carriages make a step of their unusual and addi-
tional traversing towards the right. The ordinary turn-again carriages at the
right-hand selvedges of the several breadths which were left behind in the back
combs after No. 10 was racked also partake of the said racking of the back
combs, and also racks the front guides one space to the left, and the back
guides one space to the left, and racks the back pushers together with the
back extra pushers two spaces to the right, by their racking wheels G and F
respectively, in order that they may accompany the back combs, and racks
the front pushers together with their front extra pushers ono space to the left,
by their racking wheels A and B. The carriages L are now pushed through
backwards, and the aforesaid ordinary turn-again carriages, which were already
in the back combs, become incorporated with the carriages L, and No. 14 is
racked, which racks the back guides two spaces to the right, and racks the
back pushers, together with the back extra pushers, one space to the left, by
their respective racking wheels G, and F. The carriages L are brought
through forwards, except two adjacent carriages L, which are left behind in
order to become fine-filling carriages, in additions to those two adjacent fine-
filling carriages R before mentioned, which are also left behind, making
four fine-filling carriages left behind for each figure of fine-filling work.
And No. 15 is racked which racks the back combs two spaces towards
the left, and the back guides two spaces to the left, and racks the back
pushers, together with the back extra pushers, by their respective racking
wheels G and F two spaces to the left, to accompany the back combs,
and the fifth pin in the pin wheel i bas by this time turned the fifty-six

page_text: toothed ratchet wheel Z, together with the frontmost pair of fancy racking
wheels M, Q, to their No. 5, which racks the frout extra pushers four spaces
to the left, and whereby openings of two pushers each are opened in the
general row of front pushers, those. openings being 'opposite to the middle of
the several figures of fine-filling work which are making. The carriages L are
pushed through backwards, leaving that carriage L which is at the 'left-hand-
most of the two adjacent front pushers which have been recently opened in
the row of front pushers." But note, the carriages L so left in front by them-
selves are not for the fine-filling carriages," but they are carriages which must
not be pushed through backwards this time with the other carriages L,
because those cells in the back combs into which they would go if they were
pushed through are already pre-occupied by the left-handmost of the fine-filling
carriages L, which latter have got into that position 'in consequence of their
aforesaid unusual traversing towards the left. And now No. 16 is racked, which
racks nothing by any of the racking wheels on the cross axis Z, but the fifth
pin in the pin wheel h has by this time turned the fifty-sixth toothed ratchet
wheel g, together with the backmost pair of fancy racking wheels K and L, to
their No. 5, whereby the fancy racking wheel L racks the back extra pushers
two spaces to the left, in order that the openings of two adjacent pushers
which were previously open in the general row of back pushers may become
partly closed, so as to leave openings of only one pusher each in that 'row, that
one being the left-handmost of the two, which were before open: Note, this
is a preparation for making a premature turnagain of fine-filling carriages.
Then the carriages L are brought through forwards, leaving the left-handmost
of the fine-filling carriages, which is a carriage L, 'in the back combs, as well
as the two fine-filling carriages R, thus leaving three fine-filling carriages at
the back. Aud No. 17 is racked, which racks the back combs two spaces to
the right, with the two fine-filling carriages R in them, which thereby make
their second step of unusual and additional traversing towards the right, since
the taking down with the front points after the racking of No. 11. The fine-
filling carriage L, above mentioned, partakes of that racking, and racks the
front guides one space to the right, and the back guides three spaces to the
right, and racks the back pushers, together with the back extra pushers, by
their respective racking wheels F and G, two spaces cach to the right, to
accompany the back combs, and racks the front pushers, together with the front
extra pushers, by their respective racking wheels A and B, one space to the right;
and the sixth pin in the pin wheel i turns the fifty-six toothed wheel L, together
with the frontmost pair of fancy racking wheels M and Q, to their No. 6, which
racks the front pushers together with the front extra pushers two spaces further
to the right, by their fancy racking wheels M and Q, than they are at the same

page_text: moment racked that way by their racking wheel A. and B, as above stated,' so
that the front pushers are in fact racked thred spaces to the right by the con-
currence of their racking wheels and fancy racking wheels, but without making
any alterations in the openiags in them. The carriages R are next pushed
through backwards, leaving the right-handmost of those carriages R which are
opposite to each place where fine filling is making in the front combs. This is
because those carriages cannot be put through. backwards this time, owing to
their places in the back combs being pre-occupied, but they are not left for
fine-filling carriages. And note, soon after the racking of. No. 17, the back
points are began to be withdrawn from the meshes of the net, in preparation
for operating to take down. Then No. 18 is racked, which racks the back
pushers, together with their back extra pushers, one space' to the right by
action of their respective racking wheels F and G; also the sixth.pin' in the
pin wheel h turns the fifty-six toothed ratchet wheel g, and the backmost pair
of the fancy racking wheels Ļ and K to their No. 6, whereby the back
pushers, together with their back extra pushers, are racked by those fancy
racking wheels K and L two spaces further to the right than they are at the
same moment racked by their. racking wheels G and F, so that those bars
are in fact racked three spaces to the right, but without making any
alteration in the openings in them. Note; by the time No. 17 is racked the
back points will have been withdrawn. Then the carriages R are brought
through forwards, leaving the right-handmost of the fine-filling carriages R in
the back, as well as the left handmost fine filling carriage L, which was left
behind after the racking of No. 16; so that there are now two fine filling
carriages left by themeselves in the back combs opposite to each intended
figure of fine-filling work. Then No. 19 is racked, which racks the
back combs one space to the left, with the above-mentioned fine-filling
carriages R and L, which are by themselves in those cómbs, and which
carriages aro about to perform their premature turnagain, and racks
the front guides two spaces to: the left, and the back guides two spaces to
the left, and racks the back pushers, together with their back extra pushers,
one space to the left, by action of their racking wheels F and G, to accom
pany the back combs; also the seventh pin in the pin wheel "i" turns the
fifty-six toothed ratchet wheel 1, together with the frontmost pair of fancy
racking wheels M and Q, to their No. 7, whereby the front pushers' are
racked two spaces to the left, and the front extra pushers two spaces to the
right, and thereby all the fine-filling openings in the general row of front
pushers become closed, rendering the same an uniform unbroken row of
pushers, except openings of one pusher opposite to each of the divisions
between the several breadths. The carriage-R are now pushed through

page_text: backwards, without leaving any of that division in front. And note, the
left-handmost of the fine-filling carriages, which is already behind, having
been left there after No. 16 was racked, and which was a carriage L, but
which began retraversing to the right when No. 17 was racked, now becomes
incorporated with the carriages R when they get back into the back combs,
having accomplished its premature turnagain. Note, the front points are
gradually lifted up, and then No. 20 is racked, which racks the front guides
one space to the right, and the back guides one space to the right, and the
seventh pin in the pin wheel "" turns the fifty-six toothed ratchet wheel g
of the backmost pair of fancy racking wheels L and K, to bring their No. 7
into action, whereby the back pushers rack two spaces to the left, by their
fancy racking wheel K, and the back extra pushers four spaces to the left,
by their fancy racking wheel L, whereby all the fine-filling openings in the
general row of back pushers become closed, rendering those pushers a complete
unbroken row, excepting the openings of one pusher at each of the divisions
between the breadths. And now, by the uninterrupted continuance of the
motion of the crank "c" in its lowermost half circle, the pusher bars are
swung forwards as usual, but in so swinging they do not push any carriages
through forwards, excepting the right-handmost of the fine-filling carriages R,
which were left in the back combs when the other carriages were brought.
through forwards, after the racking of No. 18; the said carriages 1, when
they arrive in the front combs, become incorporated with the carriages L,
having now accomplished their premature turnagain. Note, the action.
of the pushers in coming forwards this time answers to the blank motion
in the ordinary pusher machinery at Number Twelve of their fourteen
motions, when no carriages are passed. And now No. 21 is racked,
which racks the back. combs one space to the right and the front combs
one space to the left, and racks the front guides one space to the left
and the back guides three spaces to the left, and racks the back pushers,
together with their back extra pushers, one space to the right, by action of
their respective racking wheels F and G, so that the back pushers accom-
pany the back combs, and racks the front pushers together with their front
extra pushers two spaces to the right, by action of their respective racking
wheels A and B. Then the carriages L are pushed through backwards,
excepting the ordinary turn-again carriages at the left-hand selvedge of each
breadth which are left behind, and the back points are raised up into their
dotted position in Sheet I., ready for penetrating the warp threads, and No. 22
is racked, which racks the front combs three spaces to the right, with the
last-mentioned ordinary turn-again carriages, and racks the front guides two
spaces to the right, and the back guides two spaces to the right, and racks

page_text: the front pushers together with their front extra pushers, by action of their
respective racking wheels A and B three spaces to the right, to accompany
the front combs. And now the racking wheels on the cross axis Z have gone
quite round, and all the parts will have regained the positions which they
occupied at the commencement of this description, excepting the four fancy
racking wheels M, Q, and K, L, which are for concurring with the four
racking wheels A, B, and F, G, for racking the two pusher bars N, P, with
their extra pusher bars O, R, which fancy racking wheels have only gone
round one-eighth of a revolution, or seven divisions out of fifty-six; but, never-
theless, the two pusher bars N, P, and the extra pusher bars O, R, now stand
racked exactly the same as they did at the commencement of this description,
for it will be found by examining the Drawings of the four fancy ráacking -
wheels M, Q, and K, L, in Sheets V. and VI., that the prominences of No. 7
on their circumferences are just the same as the prominences of No. 56, and
during the said revolution of the racking wheels on the cross. axis Za
transverse row of complete meshes of net will have been made by the series
of operations above described, including in that row the commencements of a
row of ornamental figures of fine-filling work in the shape of a cross, as
represented in the specimen, Sheet IV.; those commencements being at the
lowermost part of each cross, and occupying the space which would otherwise
belong to the two adjacent meshes of network, side by side, and one mesh
lengthways, the space of each such mesh being occupied by six successive
crossings, one above another, of blue or bobbin threads, as shewn in the
Drawing, whereof two crossings, viz., the lowermost and the uppermost, are
due to the meshes of network, and which two crossings may be seen in the
hexagonal meshes on each side of the lowermost part of each figure of fine
filling, wherefore four additional and intervening crossings, one above another,
have been made. in the lowermost part of each figure of fine filling, in
addition to the lowermost and uppermost crossings, which have been made
thereon, in common with the usual crossings for the hexagonal meshes. The
said four additional crossings have been made by means of this part of the
improvements, in consequence of the unusual and more frequent traversing
steps which the bobbin carriages of those threads have been making, together
with the premature turn-again evolutions which they have performed, but
those unusual crossings have no twists belonging to them, the said bobbin
threads having been prevented from making twists by action of the improve-
ment during the course of operations herein-before described. And note;
respecting the taking down of the aforesaid six successive crossings one above
another, and two such sets' side by side, for the lowermost part of each figure of

page_text: fine-filling work, three of those crossings, one above another, were taken down
by action of the front points, immediately after the racking of No. 11, as
already stated, and the other three crossings are now hanging one above
another, ready for taking down by action of the back points, which points are
now raised up and ready for penetrating the warp threads immediately
after the racking of No. 22, and then going down, as before described at the
commencement of this description, whereby they will take down the said
crossings, and complete the lowermost portion of each ornamental figure of
fine-filling work. And the continuance of the operation is an exact repetition
of that which has been already described, whereby the racking wheels on the
cross axis Z make another complete revolution, and the four fancy racking
wheels on the upper cross axis J are turned seven of their divisions further
round, bringing them to their No. 14, and during such repetition another trans-
verse row of complete meshes will have been made, including another further
portion of each ornamental figure of fine filling; and then the further con-
tinuance of the operation is for the most part a repetition of the course above
described, with only such differences in the action of the four fancy racking
wheels M, Q, and L, K, as are suitable for opening the spaces in the row
of pushers to a greater width than was done in the preceding repetitions, in
order that a greater number of carriages may by that means be left by
themselves, so as become fine-filling carriages suitably for the greater number
thereof, which are required to traverse with unusual rapidity across the greater
width of each figure of fine filling at the middle part thereof, which part
constitutes the horizontal arms of the cross, as is apparent in the representation,
Sheet IV.
The said differences in the action of the fancy racking wheels are as
follows, viz. At the racking of No. 1 of the racking wheels on the cross
axis Z, together with the contemporaneous racking of No. 15 of the front-
most pair of fancy racking wheels M, Q, then the fancy racking wheel Q
racks the front extra pushers six spaces to the left (instead of four spaces),
and also at the same time the fancy racking wheel M racks the front pushers
two spaces to the right (although in the preceding repetitions they were not
racked at all by that wheel). By this means openings of four adjacent pushers
are opened in the general row of front pushers (instead of two pushers) opposite
to every place where an ornamental figure of fine-filling work is to be made
in the net, the said openings of four pushers being opposite to the middle part of
each figure, which is wider by two half meshes on each side than the lower-
most part of the figure which has been made at the two preceding repetitions.
In consequence of this alteration, when the carriages L are put through back-

page_text: wards, after No. 1 is racked, four adjacent carriages L will be left in the.
front combs (instead of two), to become fine-filling carriages. And then at
the racking of No. 4 of the racking wheels on the cross axis axis Z, together
with No. 15 of the backmost pair of fancy racking wheels K, L, the back
pushers are racked two spaces to the left by their fancy racking wheel K, and
the back extra pushers are racked four spaces to the left by their fancy racking
wheel L, in order to open openings of one pusher in the general row of back
pushers opposite to the right-hand side of every place where an ornamental
figure of fine-filling work is to be made in the net. And when No. 5 of the
racking wheels on the axis Z is racked together with No. 16 of the frontmost
pair of fancy racking wheels M, Q, the front extra pushers are racked by their
fancy racking wheel Q six spaces to the right, in order that the openings of
four adjacent pushers which were previously open in the general row of front
pushers may become partly closed so as to leave openings of one pusher each
in that row, that one being the right-handmost of the four which were pre-
viously open. And when No. 6 of the racking wheels on the cross axis Z is
racked together with No. 16 of the backmost pair of fancy racking wheels K, L,
the back pushers are racked two spaces to the left by their fancy racking
wheel K, and the back extra pushers are racked two spaces to the right by
their fancy racking wheel L, whereby the opening before mentioned of one
pusher, which was opened in the row of back pushers at the right-hand side of
every place for fine filling when No. 4 and No. 15 was racked, is now closed,
and instead thereof a like opening of one pusher is opened at the left-hand
side of each such place for fine filling. And when No. 7 of the racking
wheels on the cross axis Z is racked together with No. 17 of the frontmost
pair of fancy racking wheels M, Q, the front extra pushers are racked four
spaces to the right by their fancy racking wheel Q, whereby the opening
before mentioned of one pusher which was opened in the row of front
pushers at the right-hand side of every place for fine filling when No. 5
and No. 16 of the wheels M, Q, was racked, is now closed, and instead thereof
a like opening of one pusher is opened at the left-hand side of every place for
fine filling. And when No. 8 of the racking wheels on. the cross axis Z is
racked together with No. 17 of the backmost pair of fancy racking wheels K
and L, the back pusbers are racked four spaces to the right by their fancy:
racking wheel K, and the back extra pushers are racked two spaces to the
right by their fancy racking wheel L, and thereby all the fine-filling openings
in the general row of back pushers become closed, in the same manner as was
stated in the foregoing description when No. 8 and No. 3 were racked. And
when No. 9 of the racking wheels on the cross axis. Z is racked together with

page_text: No. 18 of the frontmost pair of fancy racking wheels M, Q, the front pushers
are racked two spaces to the left by the fancy racking wheel M, and
the front pushers are racked two spaces to the left by their fancy racking
wheel M, and the front extra pushers are also racked four spaces to the left
by their fancy racking wheel Q, whereby all the fine-filling openings in the
general row of front pushers become closed. And when No. 12 of the racking
wheels on the cross axis Z, together with No. 18 of the backmost pair of
fancy racking wheels K and L, are racked, the back pushers are racked by the
fancy racking wheel K two spaces to the left, and the back extra pushers are
racked six spaces to the right by the fancy racking wheel L, wherefore open-
ings of four adjacent pushers are opened in the general row of back pushers
opposite to every place in the width of the machine where an ornamental
figure of fine-filling work is making in the net, the said opening of four
pushers being opposite to the middle part of the figure. And when No. 15
of the racking wheels on the cross axis Z, together with No. 19 of the front-
most pair of fancy racking wheels M and Q, are racked, the front pushers
are racked two spaces to the right by their fancy racking wheel M, and the
front extra pushers are. racked four spaces to the right by their fancy racking
wheel Q, whereby openings of one pusher each are opened in the general row
of front pushers, those openings being opposite to the left-hand sides of the
several figures of fine-filling work which are making. And when No. 16 of
the racking wheels on the cross axis Z, together with No. 19 of the backmost
pair of fancy racking wheels K, L, are racked, the back extra pushers are
racked by their fancy racking wheel L six spaces to the left, in order that the
openings of four adjacent pushers which were previously open in the general
row of back pushers may, become partly closed, so as to leave openings of only
one pusher, each in that, row, that one being the left-handmost of the four
which were previously open. And when No. 17 of the racking wheels on the
cross axis Z, together with No. 20 of the frontmost pair of fancy racking
wheels M and Q, is racked, the front pushers are racked two. spaces to the
right by their fancy racking wheel M, and the front extra. pushers are racked
two spaces to the left by their fancy racking wheel Q, whereby the opening
before mentioned, of one pusher which was opened in the row of front pushers
at the left-hand side of every place, for fine-filling when No., 15 and No. 19
was racked; is now closed, and instead thereof a like opening of one-pusher is
opened at the right-hand side of each place for fine filling. And when
No. 18 of the racking wheels on the cross axis Z, together with No. 20 of
the backmost pair of fancy. racking wheels K and L, is racked, the back extra
pushers are racked four spaces to the left by their fancy racking wheel L,
.

page_text: whereby the openings before mentioned of one pusher each which were left
open in the general row of back pushers when No. 16 and No. 19 were
racked, those openings being at the left-hand sides of the several places for
fine filling, are now closed, and instead thereof like openings of one pusher.
each are opened at the right-hand sides of the said places: And when No. 19
of the racking wheels on the cross axis Z, together with No. 21 of the front-
most pair of fancy racking wheels M and Q, are racked, the front pushers are
racked four spaces to the left by their fancy racking wheel M, and the front
extra pushers are racked two spaces to the left by their fancy racking wheel Q,
whereby all the fine-filling openings in the general row of front pushers a
are closed,
as already stated in the foregoing description at the racking of No. 19 and
No. 7; and No. 20 of the racking wheels on the cross axis Z, together with
No. 21 of the backmost pair of fancy racking wheels K and L, aré racked; the
back pushers are racked two spaces to the right by their fancy racking wheel K,
and the back extra pushers are racked four spaces to the right by their fancy
racking wheel L, whereby all the fine-filling openings in the general row of back
pushers are closed in the same manner as already stated in the foregoing
description at the racking of No. 20 and No. 7. The above constitutes the
whole of the differences in the action of the several fancy racking wheels
between their action during the two first revolutions of the racking wheels on
the axis Z, together with the first two eights of a revolution of the fancy
racking wheels from No. 1 to No. 14, which constitutes the commencement
of the foregoing description, and the third revolution thereof, together with a
third eighth of a revolution of the fancy racking wheels from No. 14 to 21, as
last described, that is to say, the said differences are described, but the pre-
ceding description of the first révolution of the racking wheels on the axis Z is
to be referred to for every part of the operation, excepting the action of the two
pairs of fancy racking wheels. And the result of those differences of action
will be found (on examining the operations) to be that whenever openings
were stated in the first description to be opened in the rows of pushers for
leaving fine-filling carriages, the same are afterwards opened wider by one
pusher at each side, right and left, suitably to the greater transverse width of
the figure of fine filling at the middle part thereof than at the upper and lower
parts. thereof. And notwithstanding the said differences, the premature turn-
again of the several fine-filling carriages is performed at the several times and
in the manner described in the first revoltition of the racking wheels on the
cross axis Z. And after the completion of the third revolution of the racking
wheels on the axis Z, together with the third eighth of a révolution of the
fancy racking wheels from No. 14 to No. 21, according to the differences last.
-

page_text: described, then during another succeeding or fourth revolution of the racking
wheels on the axis Z, together with the fourth eighth of a revolution of the
fancy racking wheels from No. 22 to No. 28, their operation will be according
to the said differences, exactly the same as at the third revolution was
performed. This is apparent from an examination of the Drawings of the
racking wheels, Sheets V. and VI., whereby the third and fourth revolutions
together complete the middle or wide part of the pattern. And then two
other successive revolutions of the racking wheels on the cross axis Z are
made together with two more eighths of a revolution of the fancy racking
wheels from No. 21 to No. 42, the same being performed exactly and without
alteration according to the foregoing description of the first revolution. (and
second revolution) of the racking wheels on the cross axis Z, as will be
apparent from an examination of the Drawings of the racking wheels, and
thereby the uppermost portion of the figure of a cross is completed, so that
the whole of the ornamental figure of fine-filling work represented in Sheet IV.
is made by six successive revolutions of the racking wheels on the cross axis Z,
and during the time of making six successive rows of complete meshes of
bobbin net lace side by side with the Figure, viz., two succeeding revolutions,
exactly according to the commencement of the foregoing description, are for
niaking the fine-filling work at the lowermost narrow part of the cross, and
also two rows of complete meshes of net side by side therewith. Then two more
succoeding revolutions in repetition of that description, except with the altera-
tions thereof herein-before set forth respecting the action of the racking
wheels are for making the fine-filling work at the middlemost wide part of the
cross, and also two other rows of complete meshes of net side by side there-
with. And then two more succeeding repetitions exactly according to the
commencement of the foregoing description, without alteration, are for making
the fine-filling work at the uppermost narrow portion of the cross, and also
two other rows of complete meshes of net are made side by side therewith.
And, lastly, after a row of ornamental figures of fine filling work is thus
completed during the making of six rows of complete meshes of bobbin net
lace with traversing threads, those meshes occupying the spaces between the
Figures in the row at each side of each Figure, then two more succeeding
rows of complete meshes of net are made without any fine-filling in them by
two more revolutions of the racking wheels on the cross axis Z, and two more
eighths of a revolution of the fancy racking wheels from No. 43 to No. 56,
those two rows of complete meshes being the extent of plain net which is
to intervene between the termination of one set of ornamental figures of fine-
filling work and the commencement of another succeeding set of light figures.

page_text: The operation of making these rows of plain net is exactly the same as the
foregoing description, if all mention of the action of the fancy racking wheels
is omitted therefrom, for it will be seen by examination of the Drawings of
the racking wheels, Sheets V. and VI., that their several circumferences are
concentric and circular, without steps on the portions which reach from their
divisions No. 42 to No. 56, wherefore none of the fancy racking wheels exert.
any action on their respective pusher bars during that period of their revolu--
tion, but at or before the commencement of that period the several pusher bars
and their respective extra pusher bars are so placed in relation to one another
by their respective fancy racking wheels that all the fine-filling openings in the
rows of pushers back and front will be closed in the same manner as is stated
at the commencement of the foregoing description, and as the fancy racking
wheels communicate no motion to the pusher bars or extra pusher bars during
all the said period, the said fine-filling openings will continue thus closed during
all the remainder of the course of operations, that is, until the fancy racking
wheels have completed their revolution, and got round to their No. 56, the.
racking wheels on the axis Z having at the same time got round to their
No. 1 in completion of their eighth revolution, and then all the parts of the
machinery will have regained the positions which they had at the commence-
ment of the foregoing description, and the continual operation of the machinery
will be an uninterrupted and uniform repetition of the course of operations
which have now been fully explained.
Another part of my said improvements also relates to what is called pusher
machinery, and which has been herein-before explained at the commencement.
of this Specification, and this part is for making by means of such improve-
ments in pusher machinery figured or ornamented bobbin net lace, whereof
the plain net work for the transparent ground is of the usual texture of bobbin
net or lace, with diagonal threads traversing obliquely from selvedge to sel-
vedge in contrary directions, such as has been heretofore commonly made by
pusher machinery, and, as herein-before explained, the said network being.
ornamented with patches or figures of fine-filling thread work disposed in the
midst of the net work of meshes of bobbin net lace, the said fine-filling thread
work consisting of some of the warp threads whereof the meshes.of the net are
composed, but which particular warp threads by means of the improvement
are gathered up and diverted for the time from their usual longitudinal direc-
tion, and instead thereof are caused to proceed nearly in a horizontal direction.
across and across the width of the intended figure of fine-filling work alter-
nately backwards and forwards in zig-zag courses, the said warp threads
(which may be called fine-filling threads) going in pairs and in contrary direc-,

page_text: tions so as to intersect each other, and they also interweave with the other warp
threads as well as with the bobbin threads of the net, where those threads in
pursuing their respective courses pass longitudinally and diagonally over the.
several spaces in the net which are intended to be occupied by the fine-filling
thread work of the aforesaid particular fine-filling threads which so pass across
and across. But by means of the improvement the several bobbin threads
which for the time are traversing diagonally in contrary directions across the
spaces which are intended to be occupied by figures of fine filling are caused
to avoid forming their accustomed twists around any of the longitudinal warp
threads which they intersect in so traversing, or in other words those warp
threads which proceed longitudinally along the same spaces (not being those
particular warp or fine-filling threads which pass across and across for forming
the fine filling as aforesaid) are not intertwisted with any of the diagonal
bobbin threads by which they are intersected. Wherefore the texture of the
fine-filling thread work consists of all the diagonal bobbin threads which are
passing by their respective usual courses in contrary directions obliquely across
each of the spaces which are to be occupied by fine-filling work, together with
some of the longitudinal warp threads which are passing by their respective
courses along each of the said spaces which are to be occupied by fine-filling
work. Nevertheless, those said bobbin threads and warp threads do not form
any twists at any part of the said spaces, but the bobbin threads across each
other and the longitudinal threads pass along alternately before and behind the
several crossing bobbin threads which they intersect in succession, whilst they
are respectively proceeding over the said spaces, and the particular fine-filling
warp
threads before mentioned, which are gathered up and made to pass back-
wards and forwards across and across the spaces which are to be occupied by
fine-filling work, pass alternately before and behind the several warp and
bobbin threads which they intersect in so passing across and across, and in
that manner a kind of cloth work texture of fine-filling work is formed of the
warp threads which are proceeding longitudinally, and are cross woven with
those particular warp threads which act as fine-filling threads, after the
manner of plain woven cloth, but the simple cloth texture which would be
thereby produced is furthermore intersected and diagonally woven by the
bobbin threads which are traversing obliquely in contrary directions across the
space which is to be occupied by fine filling. And note, all the several
diagonal bobbin threads and longitudinal warp threads, including the fine-
filling or cross-weaving warp threads which enter into the aforesaid composi
tion of the said texture of fine-filling work, will resume their accustomed:
twisting as soon as they have proceeded over each of the spaces which are to

page_text: be occupied with fine-filling work, so as by a continuance in their respective
longitudinal and diagonal courses to enter upon those other parts of the
texture of ornamented bobbin net lace which are to be occupied by hexagonal
meshes, those meshes being composed, as usual, in ordinary bobbin net lace, of
twists of diagonal bobbin threads around longitudinal warp threads and of
crossings of diagonal bobbin threads one over another.
:
A specimen of the kind of figured or ornamented bobbin net lace which may
be made with pusher machinery by means of this part of my improvements, in
manner herein-after described, is represented on a magnified scale in Sheet X.
of the Drawings hereunto annexed. The meshes of the network which form the
transparent ground of the ornamented bobbin net lace are the usual texture of
bobbin net lace with traversing threads, and the figure of the ornamental fine-
filling work (in the particular specimen there represented) is that of a square
or oblong patch occupying the space of six meshes in lengthways of the net
and of five half meshes in width side by side across the net, and with a space
of six meshes along the length of the net left intervening between the ter-
mination of one figure or patch of fine-filling work and the commencement of
the next succeeding figure of the same kind, and those six meshes, together.
with the length of the figure occupying six meshes as aforesaid, makes an
extent of twelve rows of complete meshes of net (counting along the length of
the net) which must be made in order to include the pattern of the fine-
filling work, together with the intervening meshes of net, before recom-
mencing with a repetition of the same pattern. By tracing the courses of the.
several diagonal bobbin threads, which are colored blue in the Drawing, the
manner is apparent whereby they proceed in continuation of their usual
course of traversing among the meshes of network, and traverse across the
ornamental figure of fine-filling work, with contrary obliquities, making their
accustomed crossings over one another, but. making no twists; and the same
of the longitudinal warp threads which are colored red; they will be found
to proceed in continuation of their usual courses along the meshes of network,
where they are intertwisted with all the several bobbin threads by which they
are intersected, and three of those longitudinal or red threads pass along the
space which is to be occupied by the figure of fine-filling work, but without
twisting with any threads by which they are intersected in the said space, and
two others of the said longitudinal warp threads (which are coloured pink)
will be found to quit their usual and longitudinal course, and instead thereof.
to proceed nearly horizontally one thread towards the right, and the other
towards the left, across the width of the said space which is to be occupied by
the figure, and on arriving at the lateral boundaries of that space they return.

page_text: and recross the same space, the two threads always going in contrary directions
one to the other, and intersecting the other three longitudinal warp or red
threads which proceed strait along the space occupied by fine-filling work nearly
at right angles, and each cross pink thread passing alternately before and
behind the several longitudinal red threads which it so intersects nearly at right
angles, and also passing alternately before and behind the several diagonal
traversing bobbin or blue threads which it intersects obliquely in passing across
and across from boundary to boundary of the space occupied by fine-filling
work. The manner whereby the fine-filling work so composed joins to the
meshes of network at the said boundaries is also apparent in the Drawing.
The kind of ornamented bobbin net lace which is intended to be made by
means of this part of my improvements being now understood, I will proceed
to state the nature of the additions which must be made to the ordinary
pusher machinery, in order to qualify it for operating according to this part of
my improvements. A pusher machine is represented in Sheets VII. to XIII. of
the Drawings; the names of principal parts thereof are written on the Draw-
ings, and there are no peculiarities requiring any further description than is
thereby conveyed, together with the table of descriptive references; that is,
so far as relates to those part which are common to ordinary pusher machines.
The pinions and p at each end of the long horizontal axis U of the double
handles and revolving crank C have twelve oblique teeth, and the large face
cog wheels Y and S at the foremost ends of the horizontal cross axes Z and T
have each eighty-four teeth, so as to be turned round once for seven revolutions
of the double handles and crank C on the axis U, which is the usual propor-
tion in pusher machinery, and the circumferences of all the racking wheels
on the axis Zare divided into fourteen, as is represented in Sheets XI., XII.,
and XIII. of the Drawings. There are two extra guide bars 51, 52, Sheets VII.
and VIII., which are applied in front of the other guide bars t and u, with one
extra or fine-filling guide 55, 56, on each extra bar 51 and 52, opposite to each
place in the width of the net or lace where a figure of fine-filling work is to
be made therein. Those longitudinal warp threads which are to pass across
and across their neighbouring longitudinal warp threads, as before described
for making the fine-filling work, are supplied from an additional warp or fine-
filling thread roller 53, distinct from the usual warp roller k, which supplies
all the other warp threads, and the latter are threaded alternately through
a front guide on the bar t, and the next adjacent thread through a back
guide on the bar u, and so on alternately in the usual manner of threading,
but leaving two front guides (at a suitable distance apart from each
other) without any such threads in them, opposite to every place in the

page_text: width of the net where an ornamental patch of fine-filling work is
intended to be made therein, and the places of the said threads so left
out are supplied by threads from the extra thread roller 53, one such
thread being threaded through an extra or filling guide 55, on the extra
guide bar 51, and another through a filling guide 56 on the extra guide
bar 52, at each place where a figure of fine-filling work is to be made,
and those guides and threads fill up the vacancies in the front row of warp
threads, so as to render the same an unbroken row when required; but the
said threads which are so supplied from the additional warp roller 58 can be
racked by means of their filling guides 55 and 56, independently of the fiont
guides, whenever fine filling work is to be made, and thereby those threads are
carried horizontally across the width of the intended figure of fine-filling work
from side to side thereof, and alternately backwards and forwards, the different
filling threads belonging to the two guides 55 and 56 being always moved in
contrary directions one to the other suitably for laying the filling threads
across and across in the fine-filling work in the manner represented by the
pink-coloured threads in the Drawing, Sheet X. The filling guide bars 51
and 52 are racked with exactly the same motions as the front guide bar t is
racked with during the intervals between the making of fine-filling work, for
then the threads which are supplied from the thread roller 53 are required to
concur with the other warp threads for making meshes of plain net. To
obtain this action each of the fine-filling guide bars 51 and 52 is racked by
means of a racking wheel 41 and 42 on the cross axis Z, those wheels 41 and
42 being exactly the same as the wheel D, by which the front guide bar t is
racked, and hence the same racking motions will be given by them to the
front guide bar t, and to the two filling guide bars 51 and 52; but in order to
give the requisite backwards and forwards motion to each of those two bars a
pair of fancy racking wheels 61 and 62 are provided at the right-hand end of
the machine in the usual situation for fancy racking wheels on the upper cross
axis J above the cross axis Z, with a ratchet wheel 48 of forty-eight teeth
affixed to them, for turning them round occasionally one tooth at a time by the
successive action of four pins projecting laterally from the wheel 41 on the
cross axis Z; therefore, during every revolution of the latter, the pair of fancy
racking wheels 61, 62, will be moved round four of their forty-eight divisions,
and they will consequently be turned once round during twelve.revolutions of
the racking wheels on the cross axis Z; that is, whilst twelve rows of complete
meshes of net are made the fancy racking wheels on the upper cross axis J are
caused to concur, when requisite, with their corresponding racking wheels on
the cross axis Z, for racking the several bars by means of toothed racks affixed.

page_text: to each of the sliding bolts which are actuated by the notches of the fancy
racking wheels, and by the notches of the racking wheels on the cross axis Z,
and the teeth of those racks engage with the teeth of small cog wheels, which
are applied in a fork, and on a cross centre pin at the end of the sliding
racking bolt at the right-hand end of the bar which is to be racked by the
concurrence of the two racking wheels.
This mode of connecting fancy and other racking wheels for concurrent
action in racking the bars is represented in the Drawing, Sheet XII., and is no
part of my present improvements, being part of my former improvements, as is
fully described in my former Specification which was inrolled at the Chapel of
the Rolls on the Thirteenth of February, One thousand eight hundred and
thirty-five. The teeth at the lower part of the cog wheel 11, which is
mounted in the forked end of the racking bolt 12, are engaged by the toothed
rack 14, which is affixed to the horizontal sliding bolt 10, the end whereof
applies to the circumference of the racking wheels on the cross axis Z, so as to
receive racking motions from the notches thereon, and the teeth at the upper
part of the cog wheel 11 are engaged by the teeth of another toothed
rack 15, which is affixed to a third sliding bolt 16, having a beak projecting
laterally to apply to the circumference of the fancy racking wheel, so as to
receive racking motions from the notches thereon. By these means any
racking motions which is given to either of the racking bolts 10 or 16 will
be transmitted to the bolt 12, but will be only half as much in extent of
motion, and therefore the steps around the racking wheel and its corresponding
fancy racking must be double the intended extent of the racking motions
which they are intended to produce, or steps of one eleventh part of an inch
to produce rackings of single tier spaces of one twenty-second part of an inch
for an eleven-point gage machine. The additional warp thread roller 53 is
turned round a little every time that it is required to yield off thread for sup-
plying the filling guides 55 and 56, which will be every time that either row of
the taking-down points operate. For this purpose a ratchet or serrated wheel
50, Sheets IX. and X., is affixed on the left-hand extremity of the axis of the
roller 53. It has fine serrated teeth, which are engaged by like teeth formed
on two upright racks or saws 57, 58. They include the serrated wheel 50
between them, the teeth of one saw 57 acting upwards, and those of the other
saw 58 acting downwards, suitably to the serrated teeth of the wheel 50. .The
two saws 57, 58, are connected by joints at the lower end of each one to a
transverse or L piece at the upper end of an upright sliding bolt 54, which is
supported in fixed sockets at the left-hand end of the machine, and the lower
end of it applies to the circumference of a notched or giving-off wheel 59,

page_text: which is mounted on a horizontal fixed pin together with a ratchet wheel 60
of twenty-four teeth, which is turned round a tooth at a time by one or other
of two drivers 43, 44, jointed to the left-hand ends of short levers 45 and
46, which derive motion from the action of the point bars x, x. The levers
45, 46, are mounted on horizontal centre pins, fixed crossways in the machine,
and their right-hand ends or tails reach outwards, one towards the front, the
other towards the back, into suitable positions to be pressed upon by the ends
of the point bars a, a, whenever they take down the meshes of the net, and
go down to their resting positions. The twenty-four toothed ratchet wheel 60
and notched or giving-off wheel 59 are by that means turned one tooth at
every time of taking down by the points, and they will go quite round during
the making of twelve rows of complete meshes of net, being the same time
in which the fancy wheels 61, 62, go once round. When either of the point
bars (either, back or front) is raised up, in preparation for taking down the
meshes of net, the lever 45 or 46, belonging to that point bar which is
operative, is released at its tail end, and its driver 43 or 44, at the opposite
ends, descends, and catches a tooth of the twenty-four toothed ratchet wheel 60,
but then, as the same point bar a descends again, it presses down the said tail
end of the lever 45 or 46, and that action, by raising the driver 48 or 44,
turns the twenty-four-toothed ratchet wheel 60 one tooth, together with the
notched giving-off wheel 59, which by the notches around its circumference
raises or lowers the upright bolt 54, together with the two upright saws 57,
58, which are jointed thereto, and one or other of them, by its serrated teeth
catching the corresponding teeth of the serrated wheel 50, will turn the same
round, and also the thread roller 53, so as to give off thread therefrom to the
filling guides 55, 56, according to the quantity thereof that the points are
required to take down. At the time the notches around the circumference of
the giving-off wheel 59 (see Sheet X.) are adapted to give more or less motion
at different times to the upright bolt 54 and the saws 57 and 58, as is requi-
site for supplying the proper quantity of thread from time to time; but whether
the bolt 54 with the two saws 57 and 58, are raised up or lowered down by
the giving-off wheel 59, the serrated wheel 50 and the thread roller 53 will in
either case be turned round so as to give off thread. The sloping sides of the
teeth of the serrated wheel 50 always slip over the like sloping sides of the
teeth of one of the saws 57 or 58, when the teeth of the other saw catch and
turn the corresponding teeth of the serrated wheel. The two. saws 57 and 58
are drawn towards each other, and their teeth are held lightly in contract with
those of the serrated wheel 50, in order to permit of such slipping. The
pusher bars N, P, back and front, are provided with extra pusher bars O and R,

page_text: over them. The back and front rows of pushers stand as usual on their
bars P and N, but with a vacancy of two adjacent pushers cut out from each
row opposite to every place in the width of the net where a figure of fine-
filling work is to be made therein, and consequently opposite to each of the
places where filling guides 55 and 56 are applied on the two extra guides
bars 51 and 52, and the extra pusher bars R. and O are provided with
pushers, to occupy and make up all the said vacancies, or to open them or
partially open them, as may be required. The back extra pusher bar R has
three adjacent extra pushers upon it, for closing or partially closing each
vacancy of two back pushers by any one or two of three extra pushers, and
the front extra pusher bar. O has four adjacent pushers for the like purpose,
some of those pushers operating at one time, and others at other times, for
such closing, according to the positions of the bars. The front pusher bar N
is racked by a racking wheel A. on the cross axis Z, and the back pusher bar P
by a racking wheel F on the cross axis Z. The front extra pusher bar O is
racked by a racking wheel B on the cross axis Z, acting in concurrence with a
fancy racking wheel Q on the foremost end of the upper cross axis J; and the
wheel has a ratchet wheel of twenty-four teeth affixed to it, which is
occasionally turned round by two pins projecting laterally from the wheel 68
on the cross axis Z. And in like manner the back extra pusher bar R is
racked by a racking wheel G on the cross axis Z acting in concurrence with
a fancy racking wheel L on the backmost end of the upper cross axis J, and
the wheel L has a ratchet wheel g of twenty-four teeth affixed to it, which is
occasionally turned round by two pins projecting laterally from the wheel F on
the cross axis Z. The operation of the extra pusher bars, by aid of their
fancy racking wheels Q.and L, causes the aforesaid vacancies to be opened
and closed during the operation of making fine filling-work, in a suitable
manner for leaving openings (which may be called fine-filling openings)
in the two rows of pusher bars, in such manner as will be suitable for
occasionally missing those bobbin carriages which are for the time in progress
of traversing in contrary direction across the several spaces which are
to be occupied by the fine-filling work, for the purpose of occasionally leaving
the carriages motionless by themselves when the other carriages of the
divisions to which they belong respectively are pushed through between the
warp threads, and in order that the said carriages so left by themselves may
avoid forming any twist around their corresponding warp threads which are
within the spaces which are to be occupied by fine-filling work, as they would.
otherwise do, and as all the other bobbin carriages are at the same time doing,
in due course for the formation of meshes of net work. The ornamented

page_text: bobbin net lace which is made by pusher machinery by means of this part of
my improvement may have what are called taping threads introduced into it,
to form longitudinal bordering stripes of threadwork by the sides of the
ornamented figures of fine filling. This is explained in the specimen delineated
in Sheet X., where a taping thread is represented by purple colour as pro-
ceeding in a zigzag course along a longitudinal row of meshes. The intro-
duction of taping threads forms no part of my improvements; but the
machine is represented in the Drawings with taping apparatus, as I have
constructed the same. The taping guides are supplied from an extra
thread roller 47 to taping guides which are fixed on a taping guide
bar 49, one such guide at every place in the width of the net where a
stripe of taping is to be introduced therein. The taping guide bar 49 is
racked by a racking wheel 68 on the cross axis Z. All which is sufficiently
explained in the Drawings. And respecting the making of the aforesaid kind of
ornamented bobbin net lace in what are called breadths, which, although
woven in one continuous tissue in the machinery, can be afterwards separated
into distinct ribbands or bands called breadths, the same may be done in the
usual and well-known manner of making breadths in pusher machinery, that
is, with one back guide left out, or without any warp thread in it, opposite to
every place where the tissue of net is intended to be afterwards separated into
breadths, and two adjacent front guides at each such place are supplied from
a separate selvedge thread roller r, distinct from the main warp roller, and those
threads being for the extreme longitudinal threads at each edge or selvedge of
each breadth, and rather thicker than the other warp threads, and are worked
with rather more tension by suitably weighing the selvedge thread roller r;
also a selvedge guide bar u is applied with two stump guides, without eyes
upon it, in a pair opposite to every place where a separation of the net is to be
made into breadths, and the two stump guides of the said pair include the two
neighbouring selvedge threads between them. The selvedge guide bar u is
racked as is required by a racking wheel E upon the cross axis Z; also one pusher
is left vacant in the row of front pushers opposite to every place where a separa-
tion is intended to be made of the net into breadths, and an extra front pusher
bar O is provided over the front pusher bar N, with one extra pusher upon it for
every place where there is a vacancy in the row of front pushers. Thé extra
front pusher bar O is racked by a racking wheel B on the cross axis Z, and it
can be thereby placed so that its extra pushers will fill up all the vacancies in
the row of front pushers, or else they may be all opened, in which case those
carriages which are to perform turn-again for forming the selvedges of the
several breadths will be left in the front combs along with the whipping

page_text: carriages, which are to supply the whipping or lacing threads by which the
selvedges of the adjacent breadths are to be united together during the fabri-
cation of the net by the machinery; all which, being the usual practice of
making breadths in pusher machinery is well known, and does not require
further description.
TABLE of Descriptive References to Sheets VII. to XIII. of the Drawings
hereunto annexed which represent a Pusher Machine for making
Bobbin Net Lace, which, by means of part of the Improvements, is
figured or ornamented with ornamental figures of fine-filling work,
produced by accumulation of particular warp threads according to
the specimen represented magnified in Sheet *
(A) racking wheel on the cross axis Z, for racking the front pusher bar N.
(B) racking wheel on the cross axis Z, for racking the front pusher bar O.
The fancy racking wheel Q concurs with the wheel B for racking the said
bar O. (C) racking wheel on the cross axis Z, for racking the front comb
bar. (D) racking wheel on the cross axis Z, for racking the front guide bar t.
(E) racking wheel on the cross axis Z, for racking the selvedge guide bar u.
(F) racking wheel on the cross axis Z, for racking the back pusher bar P.
(G) racking wheel on the cross axis Z, for racking the back extra pusher bar R.
The fancy racking wheel L concurs with the wheel G for racking the said
bar R. (H) racking wheel on the cross axis Z, for racking the back comb
bar. (1) racking wheel on the cross axis Z for racking the back guide bar v.
(J) upper cross axis fixed horizontally above the cross axis Z, and carrying two
single fancy racking wheels Q and L, which are to concur with two of the
racking wheels B and G on the cross axis Z, for racking the two extra
pusher bars O, R, and also carrying a pair of fancy racking wheels 61, 62, on
the middle part of the axis J, for racking the two extra or filling guide bars 51
& 52. The axis J is fixed, and sustains all the four fancy racking wheels Q,
61, 62, and L; but each of the single fancy racking wheels Q and L, as well
as the middle pair 61, 62, is quite detached from the other, and each of the
single racking wheels Q and L is turned round by means of its own ratchet
wheel and g, of twenty-four teeth, affixed to it, and actuated occasionally as
is required by two pins projecting laterally from the wheels 63 and F on the
cross axis Z, and the pair of fancy racking wheels 61 and 62 are turned by
means of a ratchet wheel 48 of forty-eight teeth affixed to them, and actuated'
occasionally by four pins in the wheel 41 on the cross axis Z. By these

page_text: means all the four racking wheels Q, 61, 62, and L on the upper cross
axis J are turned round in the same period of time, viz., whilst twelve rows
of complete meshes of net are worked, including in them a row of the figures of
fine-filling work; nevertheless the motions given to the different fancy racking
wheels are communicated at different times. (L), fancy racking wheel on the
upper cross axis J, for concurring with the fancy racking wheel G, for racking
the back extra pusher bar R. (N), front pusher bar with the front pushers
upon it, at the rate at eleven per inch in their row, but with two adjacent
front pushers left vacant for leaving fine-filling openings opposite to every
place in the width of the net where an ornamental patch or figure of fine-
filling threadwork is intended to be made therein; and likewise with a
vacancy of one pusher for leaving breadthing openings opposite to every place
where the net is to be separated into breadths. (O), front extra pusher bar
situated over the front pusher bar N, with the front extra pushers at suitable
places upon it for occupying the vacancies in the row of front pushers, so as to
form a complete unbroken row of front pushers when required. There are
four adjacent front extra pushers provided for each of the fine-filling vacancies
of two front pushers; and also four other adjacent front extra pushers for each
of the breadthing vacancies of one front pusher. (P), back pusher bar with
the back pushers upon it at the rate of eleven per inch, but with two
adjacent back pushers left vacant (the same as in the front pushers) for leaving
fine-filling openings opposite to every place in the width of the net where an
ornamental patch or figure of fine-filling threadwork is intended to be made
therein. (Q), fancy racking wheel on the upper cross axis J, for concurring
with the racking wheel B, for racking the front extra pusher bar O. (R), back
extra pusher bar situated. over the back pusher bar (P), with extra pushers at
suitable places upon it for occupying the vacancies in the row of back pushers,
so as to form a complete unbroken row of back pushers when required. There
are three adjacent back extra pushers provided for each of the fine-filling
vacancies of two back pushers. (S), large face cog wheel of eighty-four teeth
fixed on the foremost end of the cross axis T at the left-hand end of the
machine. It is turned by the pinion p of twelve teeth on the left-hand end of
the axis U of the handles. (T), cross axis at the left-hand end of the machine,
carrying wheels, by which the point bars are actuated; and also two returning
racking wheels w, for racking the two comb bars towards the right. (U),
long horizontal axis in front of the machine, with two opposite crank handles,
by which it is turned round in order to actuate all the parts of the machine.
The axis U has a revolving crank c on the middle of its length for actuating
the back and front pusher bars P, R, and N, O, with their requisite swinging

page_text: or vibrating motion. (V), pendulous lever from the back spindle bar or crank
bar axis, from the arms of which the back pusher bars P, R, are suspended.
The crank rod d is jointed to the lower end of the lever V, and the cross con-
necting rod X is also jointed to the said lower end. (W), pendulous lever front,
the front spindle bar or crank bar axis, from the arms of which the front
pusher bars N, O, are suspended. The cross connecting rod X is jointed to
the lower ends of both the pendulous levers W and V. (X), cross connecting
rod jointed to the lower ends of both the pendulous levers V and W to cause
them to swing together with coincident motion. (Y), large face cog wheel of
eighty-four teeth fixed on the frontmost end of the cross axis Z of the racking
-wheels at the right-hand end of the machine; it is turned round by the pinion f
of twelve teeth on the right-hand end of the long axis U. (Z), horizontal
cross axis for the several racking wheels at the right-hand end of the machine;
it is turned round by means of the face cog wheel Y of eighty-four teeth,
and the pinion f of twelve teeth, on the right-hand end of the long axis U.
(a), revolving crank on the frontmost end of the cross axis Z, for actuating
the front point bar a; and there is another similar crank a on the backmost
end of the same axis Z, for actuating the back point bar x; likewise there are
two such cranks a at the opposite ends of the upper cross axis T, for actuating
the front and back point bars x, x, at their left-hand ends.
links from the several cranks à to their levers e, by which the
cranks and links are transmitted to the two point bars x, x. (c), revolving
crank on the middle of the long horizontal axis U, for actuating the back and
front pusher bars P, R, and N, O, with the requisite swinging or vibrating
motion. (d), connecting or crank rod, extending from the revolving crank c
to the pendulous lever V of the back spindle bar or crank bar axis, from the
arms of which the back pusher bars P, R, are suspended. (e), levers for
transmitting the action of the several 'cranks a "and connecting links b to the
two point bars and a, back and front, by means of upright links and ball
joints, connecting the levers e with the lever arms 2, 2, of the point bars. (f),
pinion of twelve teeth, fixed on the right-hand end of the long axis U of the turn-
ing handles and revolving crank c; it gives motion to the large face cog wheel Y
of eighty-four teeth on the cross axis Z of the ratchet wheels. (9), ratchet
wheel of twenty-four teeth, fitted on the upper cross axis J along with the
backmost fancy racking wheels L, for turning that wheel round a tooth at a
time, by occasional action of one of two pins in the wheel F on the cross
axis Z, in order to turn the fancy racking wheel L once round for twelve turns
of the racking wheels on the cross axis Z. (), winding-up lever, actuated by
a link and crank-pin in the pinion f, at the right-hand end of the long axis U
(b), connecting
actions of those

page_text: and having a driver to turn the ratchet wheel m. (k) main warp thread roller
for supplying warp threads to both rows of guides on the front and back guide
bars t and v, excepting to one back guide and to two adjacent front guides at
each intended separation into breadths; and also to two adjacent front guides
opposite to every place in the width of .the net where an ornamented figure.of
fine-filling work is intended to be introduced therein. (1), ratchet wheel of
twenty-four teeth, fitted on the upper cross axis J, along with the frontmost
fancy racking wheel Q, for turning that wheel round a tooth at a time, by
occasional action of two pins in the wheel 63 on the cross axis Z, in order to
turn the frontmost fancy racking wheel Q once round for twelve turns of the
racking wheels on the cross axis Z. (m), ratchet wheel on the frontmost end
of the cross axis q of the worm for winding up the lace roller. It is turned a
tooth at a time by a driver, which is jointed to the winding-up lever j, which is
moved by an upright link from a crank pin in the pinion f, at the right-hand
end of the long axis U. (n), two levers for withdrawing the points; they are
mounted side by side on a fixed cross centre pin, with their right-hand ends
reaching beneath the ends of horizontal level arms y, which are affixed
to those ends of the spindle bars of the point bars, and their left-hand ends
being actuated by upright bolts s, which derive motion from two withdrawing
wheels fixed on the cross axis T. (o); worm wheel on the end of the axis of
the lace roller for winding up the lace as it is made; the teeth of the wheel o
are turned by a worm on the horizontal cross axis q. (p); pinion of twelve
teeth, fixed on the left-hand end of the long horizontal axis U of the turning
handles and revolving crank c. It gives motion to the large face cog
wheel S of eighty-four teeth on the cross axis T at the left-hand end
of the machine. (2), horizontal cross axis and worm for turning the worm
wheel o on the end of the axis of the lace roller, for winding up the
lace as it is made. The axis q has a ratchet wheel in upon it, which is
turned a tooth at a time by a driver jointed to a lever j, which is moved up
and down by a short crank pin on the end of the axis U. (r), small selvedge
thread roller for supplying selvedge threads to some of the front guides on the
guide bar t; viz., two such threads to two adjacent front guides at every
division between the breadths, to form the selvedges of the several breadths,
the selvedge threads being rather thicker and kept rather tighter than the warp
threads from the main warp roller k. (s), two upright bolts fitted into fixed
sockets at the left-hand end of the machine, and applying with their upper
ends to the edges of two withdrawing camm wheels, fixed on the cross axis T,
and with their lower ends applying to the left-hand end of the two levers n,
which transmits the action of the camms to their respective point bars for

page_text: withdrawing them. (t), front guide bar with the guides upon it, eleven per
inch in their row, for receiving warp threads from the warp roller k, but with
two adjacent from guides, threaded with selvedge threads from the selvedge
thread roller r, at every place where the net is to be divided into breadths, and
also with two adjacent front guides, which are cut out or left vacant without
threads opposite to every place in the width of the net where an ornamental
figure of fine-filling work is intended to be made therein. (u), selvedge guide
bar, with two stump guides fixed upon it in pairs, opposite to every place
where the net is to be divided into breadths, which stumps include between
them the pairs of selvedge threads which proceed from the selvedge thread
roller r, and which are threaded through the eyes of pairs of adjacent front
guides, in order to form selvedges of the breadths. The sclvedge guides bend
those selvedge threads aside when required. (v), back guide bar with the back
guides upon it, eleven per inch in their row, for receiving warp threads from
the main warp roller k, excepting that one back guide is cut out or left
vacant, without any thread, at every place where the net is to be separated
into breadths. (w), racking wheels on the cross axis T, for racking the front
and back comb bar towards the right, in opposition to their racking wheels C
and H, on the cross axis Z. (a), two point bars, back and front, with leads of
points upon them, containing eleven points per inch in each row for an eleven-
point gage machine. (y), lever arms, projecting horizontally inwards from
the spindle bar of the crank bar arms, by which the point bars x, x, are sup-
ported front and back the same; the inner ends of the lever arms y are acted
upon by gage screws at the right-hand ends of the withdrawing levers n, n.
(2), lever arms, projecting horizontally outwards from each of the point
bars a, a, at each end, and united by upright links with ball joints to the ends
of the levers e, e, in order to raise up the point bars in preparation for the act
of taking down the meshes of net, together with the fine-filling threadwork.
(10), Sheets IX. and XI., horizontal sliding bolt, fitted into sockets at the
right-hand end of the machine, with the end thereof applying to the notched
edge or circumference of the racking wheel B, on the cross axis Z, so as to
receive racking motions from the steps of that wheel, which steps (as well as
those on the fancy racking wheel Q on the upper cross axis J) are double the
usual height, viz., one eleventh of an inch for an eleven-point gage machine
for racking single tier spaces. The toothed rack 14 is affixed by stems to the
bolt 10. (11), small spur cog wheel, fitted on a cross centre pin in the forked
end of the racking bolt 12, by which the front extra pusher bar O is
to be racked. (12), horizontal racking bolt fitted into sockets at the
right-hand end of the machine, in a suitable position for racking the front

page_text: pusher bar bar N. The bolt 12 is made with an open fork at the end to
admit the cog wheel 11, which is mounted on a centre pin across the prongs
of the said fork. (13), beak which applies to the notched circumference
of the fancy racking wheel Q, on the upper cross axis J; it is connected with
a stem of the sliding bolt 16, and toothed rack 15. The steps around the
fancy racking wheel are double the usual height, or one eleventh of an inch
for racking single tier spaces. (14), toothed rack affixed by two stems to the
lowermost sliding bolt 10, and applying to the teeth at the under part of the
cog wheel 11. (15), toothed rack affixed by two stems to the uppermost
sliding bolt 16, and applying to the teeth at the upper part of the cog. wheel
11. (16), horizontal sliding bolt fitted into sockets at the right-hand end of the
machine, and having the rack 15 and the beak 13 affixed to it by stems. (41),
racking wheel on the cross axis Z, for racking the filling guide bar 51; it is
exactly the same as the racking wheel D for the front guide bar, excepting
that its steps are twice as high, being one eleventh part of an inch, to produce
single tier racking motions of one twenty-second part of an inch. (42),
racking wheel on the cross axis Z, for racking the filling guide bar 52; it is
exactly the same as the wheel 41. . (48), Sheet X., driver for turning the
twenty-four toothed ratchet wheel 60 one tooth every time that the back
point bar & takes down the meshes of net and descends to its resting place.
It is jointed to the left-handmost end of the lever 45. (44), driver for turning
the twenty-four toothed ratchet wheel 60 one tooth every time that the front
point bar & takes down the meshes of net and descends to its resting place. It
is jointed to the left-handmost end of the lever 46. (45), Sheet X., lever
mounted on a horizontal cross centre pin, having the driver 43 jointed to its
left-handmost end, and the opposite end or tail reaching out backwards intó
the way of the left-hand end of the back point bar r, so that the same will
press the tail down as the back point bar a descends to its resting place. (46);
lever mounted on a horizontal cross centre pin, having the driver 44 jointed to
its left-handmost end, and the opposite end or tail reaching out forwards into
the way of the left-hand end of the front point bar x, so that the same will
press the tail down as the front point bar x descends to its resting place.
(47), taping thread roller for supplying taping threads to the taping guides on
the taping guide bar 49, to form the threads which are coloured purple in the
Specimen Sheet X. (48) ratchet wheel of forty-eight teeth affixed to the
pair of fancy racking wheels 61 and 62, on the middle part of the upper, cross
axis J. It is turned round a tooth at a time by occasional action of four pins
in the wheel 41, on the cross axis Z, in order to turn the pair of fancy racking

page_text: wheels 61 and 62 once round for twelve turns of the racking wheels on the
cross axis Z. (49) taping guide bar with one taping guide upon it for receiving
one thread from the roller 47 opposite to every place in the width of the net
where a stripe of taping is to be introduced therein. (50), serrated wheel,
with fine teeth fixed on the left-hand end of the axis of the giving-off roller 53,
for turning the same round by action of the two saws 57 and 58. (51),
filling guide bar, with one filling guide 55 upon it at every place in the width
of the net where an ornamental figure of fine-filling work is intended to, be
made therein. (52), filling guide bar with one filling guide 56 upon.it at
every place in the width of the net where an ornamental figure of fine-filling
work is intended to be made therein.. (53) thread roller for supplying fine-
filling threads to the filling guides 55, 56, for forming the cross weaving of
the fine-filling work when required, or at other times to form part of the warp
threads for the meshes of plain net; the roller is turned round in order to
give off its threads. (54) upright sliding bolt applying its lower end to the
circumference of the notched wheel 59, and having the two saws 57 and 58
jointed to an elbow bend which projects out from the upper end of it. (55),
filling thread guides fixed on the filling guide bar 51, for guiding every other
of the threads proceeding from the giving-off roller 53. The guides 55 stand
on the bar 51, at suitable places for filling up one out of every pair of vacan
cies in the row of front guides at each place where a figure of fine-filling
work is to be made, a filling guide 56 filling up the other vacancy.. (56),
filling thread guides fixed on the filling guide bar 52, for guiding every alter-
nate thread proceeding from the giving-off roller 53. The guides 56 stand on
the bar 52, at suitable places to correspond to the filling guides 55, on the
bar 51, and so as together therewith to correspond to the pairs of vacancies in
the row of front guides at every place where a figure of fine-filling work is to
be made. (57), backmost of the two upright saws which are jointed to the
upper end of the bolt 54, in order to turn the serrated wheel 50 by mutual
action of their teeth, which are kept in easy contact by a slight spring. The
saw 57 turns that wheel when it is raised upwards, but its teeth slip over those
of the wheel 50 when it is let down. (58), frontmost of the two upright saws,
which applies by action of a spring with its teeth to the serrated wheel 50, to
turn the same when the saw 58 is let down, but the teeth slip against those of
the wheel when the saw 58 is raised up. (59), notched wheel affixed to the
twenty-four toothed ratchet wheel 60, and turned round one tooth at a time
by the action of the drivers 43 or 44 thereon. The circumference of the
wheel 59 is suitably formed for raising and lowering the upright bolt 54, with

page_text: the two saws 57 and 58, as much as will turn the wheel 50, and thread
roller 53, just so much as is proper for giving off the exact quantity of filling
threads through the guides 55 and 56, that the points require to take down at
every succeeding time of taking down. (60), ratchet wheel of twenty-four teeth
affixed to the notched wheel 59, to turn the same round by action of the drawers 43
or 44, one tooth every time that either point bar takes down meshes of the net.
(61), fancy racking wheel on the middle part of the upper cross axis J, for con-
curring with the racking wheel 41, on the cross axis Z, for racking the filling
guide bar 51 suitably for laying the fine-filling threads which belong to the
guides 55 across and across the figures of fine-filling work when required;
but this wheel produces no operation when meshes of plain net are making.
(62), fancy racking wheel on the middle part of the upper cross axis J, for
concurring with the racking wheel 42, on the cross axis Z, for racking the
filling guide bar 52 suitably for laying the fine-filling threads which belong to
the guides 56 across and across the figures of fine-filling work when required;
but this wheel produced no operation when meshes of plain net are making.
(68) racking wheel on the cross axis Z, for racking the taping guide bar 49.
The construction of the machinery being now explained, the operation thereof
is as follows:-For making bobbin net lace, ornamented with patches or figures of
fine-filling threadwork formed from accumulated cross weaving of particular pairs
of the warp threads which belong to the texture of the meshes of the plain not
work: Supposing the machine to have been in full operation for making such
ornamented bobbin net lace, and that it is only stopped for the purpose of
examination, when its several parts are in the following position, namely, the
revolving crank c, on the axis U of the double handles, has just passed so far
beyond its backmost throw as to have begun to swing the pusher bars forward
again so much as to have withdrawn the extremities of the front pushers from
between the warp threads. The several racking wheels on the cross axis Z,
and marked in the Drawings B, A, 15, D, C, 41, 42, H, I, E, F, G, are now
standing with their steps numbered 14 opposite to their several racking bolts,
and the several fancy racking wheels on the upper cross axis J stand in the
following position, namely, that one which is on the frontmost end of the upper
cross axis J, marked Q, is now standing with its step numbered 24 opposite
to its racking beak. That one which on the backmost end of the cross axis J,
and marked L, is now standing with its step marked 1 opposite to its racking
beak, and the middlemost pair of fancy racking wheels 61, 62, on the upper
cross axis J, are now standing with their steps numbered 48 to their respective
racking beaks. The racking of No. 14 of the racking wheels on the cross
axis Z has recently taken place, and the machine has not moved since that

page_text: racking. All the carriages are now standing in one general row in the back
combs, excepting the several whipping carriages; and also one turn-again car-
riage at the right-hand selvedge of each breadth of the net, which carriages
are absent from the general row, being now by themselves in the front combs.
Those said turn-again carriages are about to perform their turn-again for
making the right-hand selvedge of the several breadths. They have been,
until recently, incorporated along with that division of carriages which progress
towards the right hand in traversing, and which are therefore called the
carriages R; but the said turn-again carriages having, by such progress of
traversing with that division, reached the right-hand selvedges of the several
breadths, are now separated from the carriages R, and are about to become
incorporated with the other division of carriages which progress towards the
left hand in traversing, and which are therefore called the carriages L. And
note, the general row of carriages now in the back combs consists of a
carriage L and a carriage R alternately interspaced, one with the other, at the
ráte of twenty-two per inch for an eleven-point gage machine, with vacancies of
two adjacent carriages opposite to every intended division between the breadths
of the net, one of those two vacancies being the place of a carriage L, and
the other being the whipping carriage. The carriages L have been recently
pushed through backwards between the warp threads into their said places in
the general row amongst the other carriages R in the back combs; but the
whipping carriages and turn-again carriages before mentioned were left in the
front, owing to vacancies being open in the row of front pushers. The back
points are in the act of taking down the meshes of the net; they have penetrated
amongst the warp threads, and have got nearly down to their resting place. The
front comb bar now stands racked by its racking wheel C as far as it can go
towards the right; it is capable of being racked one space, that is, one single
tier space of one twenty-second of an inch for an eleven-point gage machine.
The back comb bar now stands racked by its racking wheel H in its midway
position. It is capable of being racked two spaces, that is, one space to the
right or one space to the left from its present position. The front pusher bar
N stands racked by its racking wheel A in its midway position; it is capable of
being racked two spaces in all, that is, one space to the right or one space to
the left of its present position. The front extra pusher bar O stands racked
by its racking wheel B all but one space, as far as it can go to the right; it is
capable of being racked five spaces in all, that is, one space to the right or
four spaces to the left of its present position. And note, the front extra pusher
bar O is also capable of being racked by its fancy racking wheel Q four spaces
further to the left than its present position. And note, the front pushers are

page_text: eleven per inch in their row on their bar N, with one pusher left out opposite
to every place in the width of the net where a division is intended to be made
therein for separating the same into breadths, all which is as usual in pusher
machinery for making breadths, and they may be called breadthing vacancies.
And also two adjacent front pushers are left out in their row opposite to every
place where an ornamented patch or figure of fine-filling work is intended to
be made in the net, and they may be called the fine-filling vacancies; and the
row of front extra pushers on the bar O consists of four adjacent extra pushers
for occasionally closing the aforesaid breadthing vacancy of one pusher in the
front pushers by one or other of the four breadthing extra front pushers; but
as the bars now stand all the said four breadthing front extra pushers are to
the right of the breadthing vacancy of one pusher, leaving the same open; and
there are also four other adjacent front extra fine-filling pushers on the same
bar O for occasionally closing, or partially closing, each of the aforesaid fine-
filling vacancies of two adjacent pushers in the row of front pushers; and as
the bars now stand those said fine-filling vacancies are quite closed by the left-
handmost two of the said four extra front fine-filling pushers. The back
pusher bar P now stands racked by its racking wheel F as far as it can go
towards the left; it is capable of being racked one space. The back extra
pusher bar R now stands racked by its racking wheel G in its midway position;
it is capable of being racked by that wheel two spaces, namely, one space to
the right or one space to the left. And note, the back extra pusher bar R is
also capable of being racked by its fancy racking wheel L, on the upper cross
axis J, four spaces further to the right than its present position, which is as far
as it can go to the left by that wheel L. The back pushers are eleven per inch
in their row on their bar P, with fine-filling vacancies of two adjacent pushers
opposite to every intended figure of the fine-filling work, the same as the front
pushers, but no breadthing vacancies; and the row of extra back pushers
consists of three adjacent extra fine-filling back pushers for occasionally
closing (or partially closing) each of the aforesaid fine-filling vacancies of two
adjacent pushers in the row of back pushers, and as the bars now stand the said
three back extra pushers are so far to the left as to leave fine-filling openings
of one pusher wide at the right-handmost of the said two vacant back pushers.
The front guide bar t now stands racked by its racking wheel D as far as it can
go to the right; it is capable of being racked two spaces in all. The back
guide bar v now stands racked by its racking wheel I in its midway position;
it is capable of being racked two spaces in all, that is, one to the right or onė
to the left of its present position. Note, the front guides are eleven per inch
in their row on their bar t. Two adjacent front guides at each division of the

page_text: breadths are threaded with a pair of selvedge threads, which are supplied from
a selvedge thread roller distinct from the main warp roller k, which supplies
warp threads to all the other guides on the bars t and v, all which is
as usual for making breadths in pusher machinery; but in this case, for
my improvements, two front guides are also left vacant, without any warp
threads, at every place where a figure of fine-filling work, such as is repre-
sented in the Specimen Sheet * , is to be made in the net; those two vacant
front guides are not adjacent, for there is one front guide between them
which is threaded from the main warp roller k, the same as the other front
guides at each side of the said two vacancies. The places of the said vacant
front guides is filled up by extra or filling guides, which are fixed on the two
extra or filling guide bars 51 and 52, the filling guide 56 in the right-hand-
most vacancy in the front guides being affixed to the innermost bar 52, and
the filling guide 55 in the left-handmost vacancy in the front guides being
affixed to the outermost bar 51. And as the bars now stand the said filling
guides 56 and 55 occupy and fill up the said vacancies in the row of front
guides, so as to render them a complete unbroken row; and those guides 56
and 55 are supplied with warp threads from a distinct thread roller 53 of
their own. The racking wheels 41 and 42 on the cross axis Z, for racking
the filling guide bars 51 and 52, are exactly the same in every respect as the
racking wheel D for the front guide bar, wherefore the racking motions which
are given by those wheels to the filling guide bars 51 and 52 will be coincident
with the racking motions of the front guide bar t. But the filling guide
bars 51 and 52 are also occasionally racked by the fancy racking wheels 61
and 62, but which wheels as they now stand keep the filling guides 55 and 56
on the bars 51 and 52 in their correct places amongst the front guides properly
for making plain net. And note, the wheels 61 and 62 have kept the filling
guides so during the making of the six preceding rows of complete meshes
of plain net which intervene between the figures of fine filling; those
portions of the circumference of the fancy racking wheels 61 and 62 which
have been in operation during that making, being concentric and circular;'
but when fine-filling work is making, the wheels 61 and 62 bring notched
parts of tlieir circumferences into action, for causing the filling guide bars 51
and 52 to be moved alternately backwards and forwards across the intended
figures. The two bars 51 and 52 being always moved in contrary directions
one to the other, the extent of the motion so given by the fancy racking
wheel 61 to the filling guide bar 51 is seven spaces to the right or three
spaces to the left of its present position, being ten spaces in all. But note, of

page_text: those ten spaces, four spaces to the right of its present position is the whole
extent of the real racking motions to be given to the bar 51, the excess of
three spaces beyond that either way being only temporary motions for facili-
tating the setting in of the taking-down points, and the bar 51 returns from
the said excess of three spaces the instant after the points have made their
insertion, but before the carriages enter between the warp threads. And the
fancy racking wheel 62 is capable of racking the filling guide 52 three spaces
to the right or seven spaces to the left of its present position, being ten spaces
in all, whereof only four spaces to the left of its present position are for real
racking motions, three spaces beyond that each way being only temporary
motions for facilitating the insertion of the taking-down points as before
mentioned. And note; the filling guide bar 51 is now at the full limit of its
said real racking motion towards the left, and the filling guide bar 52 is at the
full limit of its said racking motion towards the right; and the extent of such
real racking motion (four spaces) is equal to the distance at which the filling
guides 55 and 56 now stand asunder; and which distance also corresponds to
the vacancies in the front guides which the filling guides 55 and 56 now.
occupy. And it is obvious that after the two guide bars 51 and 52 have been
racked over their said four spaces in opposite directions by their fancy racking
wheels 61 and 62, the said guides 55 and 56 will mutually exchange their
present places in the vacancies of the front guides. The selvidge guide bar u
now stands racked by its racking wheel E on the cross axis Z, all but one
space as far as it can go to the right; it is capable of being racked four spaces
in all, that is, one space to the right or three to the left. The selvedge guides
do not operate upon the selvidge threads at present, and the racking motions
of the selvidge guide bar u are for the most part coincident with those of the
front guide bar t, with only occasional differences when the selvidge guides are
required to operate on the selvidge threads for bending them aside. The
taping guide bar 49 now stands racked by its racking wheel 63 on the cross
axis Z, in its midway position; it is capable of being racked four spaces in
all, that is, two to the right or two to the left of its present position. The
taping threads are supplied from a distinct taping thread roller 47 to the taping
guides on the bar. 49. This position of the several parts being understood,
the operation of the machine is as follows:-For working a row of complete
meshes of bobbin net lace by making seven turns of the double handles on
the long axis U, and of the revolving crank c on that axis, which will be one
revolution of the racking wheels on the cross axis Z, and one twelfth of a.
revolution of the fancy racking wheels on the upper cross axis J, and fourteen
times of racking the bars, and six times of passing each division of bobbin

page_text: carriages between the warp threads, and once. taking down by each row of
points, the revolving crank c being turned round through its lowermost half
circle, the back points will be lowered quite down to their resting position,
whereby the twenty-four toothed ratchet wheel 60 will be turned one tooth,
together with the notched giving-off wheel 59, by action of the lever 45 and
driver 43, that by action of the upright bolt 54, saws 57 or 58, on the
serrated wheel 50, causes the extra thread roller 53 to be turned a very little
in order to give down just as much of the several filling threads as the back
points require to take down, but no more, for the meshes of plain net. And
by the same revolving motion of the crank c the back pushers will push or
bring the carriages L through forwards between the warp threads into the
front combs, excepting one carriage L, which is left behind in the back combs
opposite to the centre of each intended figure of fine filling, owing to the
vacancies which are open in the back pushers. Note, the turn-again carriages
for the right-hand selvidges of the several breadths, which were standing in
the front combs, become incorporated with the carriages L, having completed
their turn-again, the whipping carriages which were also in the front combs
occupying spaces between the carriages L. And then by the time that the
revolving crank c has passed so far beyond its frontmost throw as to have
withdrawn the ends of the back pushers out from between the warp threads,
the several racking wheels on the cross axis Z will have got round to their No. 1;
and then the front guides with the selvedge guides and the taping guides, and
also the two rows of filling guides 55 and 56, are all racked two spaces to the
left, and the front pushers, together with the front extra pushers, are racked one
space to the right in order to bring them opposite to the carriages L. Then
by the crank c being turned round without intermission and passing through
its uppermost half circle, the front pushers and front extra pushers will push
the carriages L through backwards between the warp threads into the back
combs, excepting the left-handmost carriage L of each breadth, and the
whipping carriages, which latter are adjacent to the former and on the left-hand
sides of them, and then No. 2 is racked, which racks all the guide bars one space
to the right, namely, front guides, back guides, selvidge guides, taping guides, and
filling guides, and also racks the back pushers one space to the right, to bring them
opposite to the carriages R, and racks the back extra pushers one space to the
left in order that the openings of one pusher wide, which were hitherto open
in the row of back pushers, may be increased on the left-hand side of each
opening to become openings of two pushers wide. Then the carriages R are
brought through forwards between the warp threads into the front combs,
excepting two carriages R,. at every place where a figure of fine filling is

page_text: making, and No. 3 is racked, which racks the back guides two spaces to the
left, and racks the front pushers together with the front extra pushers one
space to the left to bring them opposite to the carriages R. Then the
carriages R are pushed through backwards, leaving the same two carriages in
the front combs as were left after No. 1 was racked, and then No. 4 is racked,
which racks the back combs one space to the left, and racks the back extra
pushers by their racking wheel G two spaces to the right, and the second pin
in the wheel F, for the back twenty-four toothed ratchet wheel g turns the.
same one tooth, which also turns the backmost fancy racking wheel L on the
upper cross axis J to its No. 2, which thereby racks the back extra pushers
four spaces further to the right than they are at the same time racked by their
racking wheel G, being six spaces to the right in all, by which means the
openings in the row of back pushers are closed. And note, the carriages
which have been left hitherto behind in consequence of the openings have:
avoided making any twists round their warp threads. Then all the carriages L
are brought through forward without leaving any behind, and No. 5 is racked,
which racks the front guides and the selvedge guides and the taping guides
one space to the left, and the back guides one space to the right, and racks
the front pushers, together with the front extra pushers, one space to the right
to bring them opposite to the intervals between the carriages L, which are
now in the front combs, and racks the filling guides 55 and 56, by their
wheels 41 and 42 on the cross axis Z, one space to the left in company with
the front guides, and the first pin in the wheel 41 turns the forty-eight toothed
ratchet wheel 48 one tooth, together with the pair of fancy racking wheels 61
and 62, bringing them to their No. 1, and thereupon the wheel 61 racks the
filling guides 55 seven spaces to the right, at the same time that their wheel 41
racked them as aforesaid one, space to the left, being a difference of six spaces
to the right, thereby carrying the fine-filling threads, which are in the guides 55,
across the width of the several intended figures of fine-filling work, and three
spaces beyond that width, and the wheel 62 racks the filling guides 56 seven
spaces further to the left than they are at the same moment racked that way,
as. aforesaid, by their wheel 42, being a motion of eight spaces to the left,
thereby carrying the fine-filling threads which are in the guides 56 across the
width of the several intended figures of fine-filling work, and three spaces.
beyond that width, and in consequence the fine-filling threads belonging to the
guides 55 become crossed in front of the other fine-filling threads belonging to
the guides 56. Then by the continual revolution of the crank c the pusher
bars are swung backwards as usual, but the front pushers do not put any
carriages through backwards in so doing, this being what is called a blank.

page_text: motion backwards; and by the time that the pusher bars are nearly swung
back, the front points, which have been previously withdrawn from the meshes
of the net, are raised up, then penetrate amongst the warp threads, and begin
to go down for taking down the new meshes, and also the fine-filling work.
And note, in so penetrating, three adjacent front points penetrate between each
pair of fine-filling threads proceeding from the guides 55 and 56, which
threads stand crossed, as already mentioned, and the said three points pene-
trating above the crossing carries the same down, and in going down the front
point bar presses down the tail end of the lever 46, which by its driver 44
turns the twenty-four toothed. ratchet wheel 60 one tooth, together with the
notched giving-off wheel 59, which lets down the upright bolt 54, together
with the two saws 57 and 58, whereby the teeth of the saw 58 turns the
serrated wheel 50 and the thread roller 58, so as to give off as much of the
fine-filling threads to the guides 55 and 56 as the front points require to
take down for forming two transverse horizontal courses of fine-filling threads
across the width of each intended figure of fine-filling work, the two threads
.proceeding across in the said width in contrary directions, and then No. 6 is
racked, and the second pin in the wheel 41 turns the forty-eight toothed
ratchet wheel 48 one tooth, bringing the fancy racking wheels 61 and 62
to their No. 2, which racks the filling guides 55 three spaces to the left,
and the filling guides 56 three spaces to the right, whereby those guides will
be brought to their proper extent of real racking motions, and will come
opposite to the vacant front guides. But note, the filling guides 55 will then
be at the vacancies in the front guides, where the filling guides 56 were
previously, and vice versa, and at No. 6 all the several guides are racked one
space to the right, and the two rows of filling guides 55 and 56 are caused to
accompany the other guides by action of their racking wheels 41 and 42, and
the back combs are racked one space to the right, with the carriages R in
them, and the front combs are racked one space to the left, with the carriages L
in them, including the left-hand selvedge or turn-again carriages, and also
the whipping carriages and the front pushers, together with their front extra
pushers, are racked one space to the left to accompany the front combs, and
now the carriages R are brought through forwards into the front combs, and
thereby the turn-again carriage at the left-hand selvedge of each breadth,
which have remained in the front combs since the racking of No. 1, and
which previously belonged to the carriages L, become incorporated with the
carriages R, having completed their turn again, and then No. 7 is racked,
which racks the front guides, and the selvedge guides and the filling guides 55
and 56 one space to the left, and racks the back guides the same, and racks

page_text: the taping guides one space to the right, and racks the front combs one space to
the right, with the whole of the carriages in them, and racks the front pushers
one space to the left, and the front extra pushers, by their wheel B, three
spaces to the left, whereby the breadthing openings in the front pushers are
closed. Also the first pin in the wheel 63 turns the twenty-four toothed
ratchet wheel / one tooth, and brings the fancy racking wheel Q to its No. 1,
which wheel racks the front extra pushers four spaces further to the left than
they are at the same moment racked that way by their racking wheel B, as
aforesaid, and in consequence of a fine-filling opening of one pusher is opened
in the row of front pushers opposite to the centre of each intended figure of
fine-filling work. But note, the breadthing openings are still kept closed, as
usual in making breadths of plain net, notwithstanding this motion of the
extra front pushers, because there are four extra front pushers provided to
close vacancies of only one pusher; and then the carriages R are pushed
through backwards in an entire unbroken row, and No. 8 is racked, which
racks the front guides and the selvedgo guides, and the taping guides and
the filling guides 55 and 56, two spaces to the right, and racks the back
pushers, together with the back extra pushers, one space. to the left, to bring
them opposite to the carriages R, and then the carriages R are brought through
forwards, and then No. 9 is racked, which racks the front guides and the
taping guides, and the filling guides 55 and 56, one space to the left, and the
back guides the same, and racks the selvedge guides three spaces to the left,
whereby the left-hand selvedge thread of each breadth is bended aside towards
the left in preparation for the whipping carriage to be passed through back-
wards at the right-hand side of that bended selvedge thread, and racks the
front pushers one space to the right, and the front extra pushers one space to
the left; whereby the previous fine-filling openings of one pusher each
become enlarged at their left-hand sides so as to become fine-filling openings
of two pushers wide opposite to each intended figure of fine-filling work,
nevertheless, the breadthing openings in the front pushers continue closed.
And then the carriages Land the whipping carriages, for the first time that they
have been acted upon by the pushers, are put through backwards into the
back combs, and No. 10 is racked, which racks the back guides two spaces
to the right, and the selvedge guides four spaces to the right; whereby its
selvedge guides release the left-hand selvedge threads, which were bended
aside last time, and its other selvedge guides bend the right-hand selvedge
threads of the several breadths to the right in preparation for the whipping
carriages, which are now in the back combs, to be brought through forwards
at the left-hand side of the said bended selvedge threads, and racks, the back

page_text: pushers together with the back extra pushers one space to the right to bring
them opposite to the carriages L.; and then the carriages L and the whipping
carriages for the second and last time the latter have been acted upon by
the pushers, are brought through forwards, in so doing, the whipping carriages,
by passing on the left sides of the right-hand selvedge threads, complete. the
lacing of the selvedges together, and then No. 11 is racked, which racks the
front guides and the taping guides, and the two rows of filling guides 55
and 56, one space to the left, and racks the back guides the same, and racks
the selvedge guides three spaces to the left, whereby the selvedge guides are
restored to their usual position in respect to the front guides, leaving the
selvedge threads 'unbended, and racks the back combs one space to the left,
and the back pushers, together with the back extra pushers, one space to the
left to accompany the back combs, and racks the front pushers one space to
the left, and racks the front extra pushers, by their racking wheel B, three
spaces to the right, and the second pin in the pin wheel 63 turns the twenty-
four toothed ratchet wheel one tooth, which brings the frontmost fancy
racking wheel Q to its No: 2, which racks the front extra pushers four spaces
further to the right than they are at the samé moment racked that way by
their wheel B as aforesaid, being seven spaces in all, and by that motion the fine-
filling openings of two pushers each, which have continued open since the
racking of No. 9, become closed, and by the said motion the breadthing
openings in the front pushers are opened one pusher each as usual in making
breadths by pusher machinery. And note, those carriages, which in con-
sequence of the fine-filling openings in the front pushers have been left in
the front combs, have avoided forming any twists around the corresponding
warp threads. The carriages R are pushed through backwards, excepting the
right-handmost carriage R of each breadth, which is left in the front combs
owing to the breadthing openings which have been recently opened in the row
of front pushers; then No. 12 is racked, which racks the back combs one
space to the right with the carriages R in them, and racks the front guides
and the selvedge guides and the taping guides two spaces to the right, and
racks the two rows of filling guides 55 and 56 by their racking wheels 41
and 42, two spaces to the right, the same as the front guides, and the third
pin in the wheel 41 turns the forty-eight toothed ratchet wheel 48 one tooth,
thereby bringing the middle pair of fancy racking wheels 61 and 62 to their
Number 3, whereby they rack the filling guides 55 seven spaces to the left,
and the filling guides 56 seven spaces to the right, and cause those guides to
carry their respective filling threads across the width of the several figures of
fine-filling work in contrary directions, and three spaces each way. beyond that

page_text: width, so that the filling threads cross each other in the same manner as
before, at the racking of Number 5. Then the pusher bars are swinging
forwards as usual, but the back pushers do not push any carriages through
forwards in so doing, this being what is called a blank motion forwards;
and by the time that the pusher bars are nearly swinging forwards, the back
points which have been previously withdrawn from the meshes of the net and
raised up, then penetrate amongst the warp threads, and begin to go down for
taking the new meshes and the fine-filling work, and in so penetrating three.
of the adjacent back points penetrate above the aforesaid crossed filling threads
belonging to the filling guides 55 and 56, so as to take down those crossed.
threads in part of the fine-filling work. And note, when the back points get
nearly down, they act by their lever 45, driver 43, ratchet wheel 60, giving-off
wheels 59, upright bolt 54, saw 57, and serrated wheel 50, to turn the extra
thread roller 53, so as to give down as much of the filling threads through the
filling guides 55 and 56 as the back points then require to take down in part
of the formation of the fine-filling work, and then number 13 is racked,
which racks all the several guides one space to the left, and racks the back
combs one space to the right with the carriages R in them, and racks the
back pushers, together with their back extra pushers, one space to the right to.
accompany the back combs, and racks the front pushers, together with the
front extra pushers, one space to the right to bring them opposite to the
carriages L, and the fourth pin in the wheel 41 turns the forty-eight toothed.
ratchet wheel 48 one tooth, thereby bringing the middle pair of fancy racking
wheels 61 and 62 to their Number 4, whereby the wheels 61 racks the
guides 55 three spaces to the right, and the wheel 62 racks the guides 56
three spaces to the left, which rackings brings the guides 55 and 56 into their
correct places opposite to the vacancies in the row of front guides just as they
stood at the commencement of this description. Then the carriages L are.
pushed through backwards, leaving the whipping carriages in the front combs,
together with the right-handmost carriage R of each breadth, the same as the
latter were racked after the racking of Number 11, and then Number 14 is
racked, which racks the front guides and the selvedge guides, and the two rows
of filling guides 55 and 56, one space to the right, and the back guides the same,
and racks the taping guides one space to the left, and racks the back combs
one space to the left with all the carriages in them, except the whipping
carriages and turn-again carriages, which are in front, and rack the back
pushers one space to the left, and the back extra pusher one space to the left,
by its racking wheel G, and the second pin in the wheel F turns the twenty-four
oothed ratchet wheel 9 one tooth, thereby turning the back fancy racking

page_text: wheel L to its Number 3, whereby it racks the back extra pushers four-spaces
further to the left than they are at the same moment racked as aforesaid that'
way by their wheel G, being five spaces in all, whereby fine-filling: openings:
of one pusher wide are opened in the row of back.pushers, as was stated
at the commencement: of this, description. And now: the racking: wheels
on the cross axis Z, having gone quite round; all the parts standing
the same position as they did at the commencement of this. description,.
except the several fancy racking wheels, which have gone only: one twelfth
part of a turn, nevertheless they have placed all their bars in the same positionis?
as they were in at the commencement, and during the foregoing description a
row of complete meshes of bobbin net have been made, including the com
mencement of a row of patches or figures of fine-filling threadwork; whereof
two double transverse courses of fine-filling threads. have been taken down
by the front points, and then two other double transverse. courses of'. the
same threads have been taken down by the back points, making four, transverse
courses in all, and the bobbin threads which have traversed in their usual
manner in contrary directions across the said figures: of fine-filling. work,
and have crossed each other obliquely, have not made any twists around the
warp threads which are proceeding along the said figures. And the continuance
of the operation of the imachine is by: exact repetition of the foregoing descrip-
tion six times over, when the figure of fine-filling work represented in 'the
Specimen in Sheet X. will be completed, and at the termination of the sixth
repetition, when No. 14 is racked, the fancy racking wheel L. will not rack
the back extra pushers at all, and therefore no fine-filling openings will be
opened in the row of back pushers, and then during six other repetitions
of the foregoing description none of the fancy racking wheels will operate
at all on any of the bars, because those halves of the circumferences of the
said fancy racking wheels which are then in operation are circular and
concentric, without any notches, as is apparent in the Drawings:. And during
those six repetitions the machine will make six rows of complete meshes of
bobbin net lace, without any filling work in thein, those six rows being
intended to intervene between the termination of one row of ornamental
figures of fine-filling work and the commencement of another row of like
figures, which will then be made by an entire repetition of all the séries 'of
operations which' have now' been described. The texture of the fine-filling
threadwork which is to be made by pusher machinery by means of this part
of my said improvements may be varied by suspending the traversing of the
bobbin threads which have been herein-before described as traversing in
continuation of their usual courses obliquely across the figures of the fine-

page_text: filling work in contrary directions, and in case of so suspending the traversing
of the said bobbin threads, they will pass longitudinally and straight along
the figure in the spaces between the warp threads, which also pass longitu-.
dinally along the same figures side by side amongst the warp threads in:
parallel lines, and the fine-filling threads are to be cross woven by the means
herein-before: described across the said parallel warp and bobbin threads'
interspaced: at, right angles thereto in order to form a clothwork texture.
And as to other bobbin threads which would, during the progress of forming+
a patch or figure of such clothwork texture, come across the space' to be
occupied by the same, those bobbin threads would be caused to turn' again'
as they arrive in succession at the lateral boundaries of the figure, whereby'
they will not join to the lateral edges of the clothwork texture, but will 'form'
a short length of selvidge opposite and contiguous to the lateral'edges of the
clothwork; but not connected therewith, and the tension of the net work
will draw the said short portions of selvidges out of their straight lines' into a
curve; leaving a crescent-shaped aperture on each side of the patch of cloth
work. This variation in the texture of the ornamental fine-filling work' will
be: produced by removing: the back-extra pushers and their fancy racking
wheel L, and making the row of back' pushers complete without vacancies;
and also forming the steps around the other fancy racking wheel 'Q for the
front extra pushers, so that they will cause the same fine-filling openings-in'
the row of front pushers which in the foregoing description' are stated to be
opened at the racking of No. 7, and then to be closed again at the-racking at
No. 11, continuing open all the interval from No. 7 to No. 11, to be instead
thereof closed during that interval, and opened in the remainder of the time:
Wherefore the opening must take place at No. 11, and the closing must take
place at No. 7.
Another further part of my said improvements also relates to what is called*
pusher machinery, and which has been herein-before explained at the com-
mencement of this Specification, and this part is for making by means of
such improvement in pusher machinery figured or ornamented 'bobbin'net' lace,'
whereof the plain net work is of the usual texture of bobbin-net or lace with
diagonal threads traversing obliquely from selvedge to selvedge in contrary
directions, such as has heretofore been commonly made by pusher machinery,
and as herein before explained; the said net work being ornamented with
stripes of what is called honeycomb open work, from a supposed resemblance
to the cells of a honeycomb, and which open work is composed' of intermixed
meshes of larger size and smaller size than the ordinary meshes of bobbin net
which are made by the same machinery when operating in its usual manner.

page_text: The general appearance of such honeycomb open work to the eye is somewhat
similar to that which is termed Grecian net, except being in miniature,
for the enlarged meshes of the honeycomb open work are less dispro-
portioned to the ordinary meshes of the net than in Grecian net, wherein
each large mesh is surrounded by ten smaller meshes, all nearly as large as
the ordinary meshes of the bobbin net which the same machinery would
make when worked in its usual manner, but in honeycomb open work the
small or contracted meshes are smaller than the said ordinary meshes of the
net. And whereas bobbin net lace ornamented with such honeycomb open
work has been made by that kind of bobbin net machinery which is called
traverse warp machinery under a Patent which was granted to Messrs. Nunn,
Mowbray, and Alabone, dated the twenty-seventh of February, One thousand
eight hundred and thirty-three; and the same kind of ornamented net has
also been made by other kinds of bobbin net machinery, which traverses the
carriages both of the kind called single tier machinery and of the kind called
double tier machinery, under a Patent which was granted to Mr. William
Crofts, dated the Twentieth of November, One thousand eight hundred and
thirty-four; therefore the nature and texture of such honeycomb open work
is well known, but the same has not been made by pusher machinery, which,
although it belongs to the kind of machinery which traverses the carriages,
it is not identical with either single tier or double tier machinery, being a
combination of both kinds, as has been herein-before explained, viz., the
bobbin carriages and combs are a single tier gage, but they are worked in
the manner of double tier machinery. And by means of this part of my
improvements now about to be described, pusher machinery is for the first
time rendered capable of making bobbin net lace figured or ornamented with
stripes of such honeycomb open work as aforesaid, and I make no claim to
the making of the same, except by pusher machinery.
Sheet XV. of the Drawings hereunto annexed contains a magnified repre
sentation of a specimen of the bobbin net lace ornamented with a stripe
of honeycomb open work, such as may be made by pusher machinery
according to this part of my improvements in manner herein-after described,
and by tracing the courses of the several threads in that Drawing the
texture of the ornamented bobbin net lace will become apparent. The
longitudinal or warp threads are coloured red where they are to form the
meshes of plain net at the sides of the ornamental open work, and
are coloured green where they are to form the enlarged and contracted meshes
of that open work. The bobbin threads, which are colored blue, and which
proceed diagonally across the width of the net from selvedge to selvedge

page_text: with contrary directions of obliquity, will be found to traverse the stripe
of honeycomb open work, as well as the meshes of plain net which are
on each side of that stripe. The mutual crossings of the bobbin or blue
threads form the upper and lower sides of all the hexagonal meshes as usual
in bobbin net lace, and the twists of bobbin threads and warp threads form the
inclining sides or pillars of all the meshes; but the twisted pillars of the
enlarged meshes of the honeycomb open work will be found on examination to
be composed of a greater number of twists than the twisted pillars of the
ordinary meshes of bobbin net lace which are disposed at the sides of the said
enlarged meshes. It will also be seen that additional threads, called taping
threads, coloured purple, are introduced into the open work in a longitudinal
waving direction along the lengthway of the net, so as to pass through or
amongst all the small or contracted meshes in a suitable manner for drawing
the twisted pillars of the enlarged meshes aside from each other, and thereby
distending the enlarged meshes to their full dimensions, but at the same time
filling up and closing the contracted meshes, in order to give the full effect of
contrast, and render the small meshes, with their taping threads, a sort of
opake bordering around the enlarged meshes, all which is the usual and well-
known texture of bobbin net lace which is figured or ornamented with honey-
comb open work, and requires no further explanation. The pusher machinery,
by which such ornamented bobbin net lace is to be made according to this
part of my improvements, may be on the ordinary construction of such
machinery, with some few alteration therein, and some additions thereto. The
several racking wheels on the horizontal cross axis Z, at the right-hand end of
the machine, are divided into fourteen divisions for the several racking steps,
as usual; and the large-face cog wheel Y, Sheet XV., on the front end of the
axis Z, is to have eighty-four teeth, & the pinion ƒ (on the end of the long
front axis U of the crank c, and of the double handles), by which pinion the
said wheel Y is turned, is to have twelve teeth, being a proportion of seven to
one, so that a row of complete meshes of net will be made by turning the
double handles and the crank c on the front axis U seven times round, that
will be one revolution of the cross axis Z and of the racking wheels, and
fourteen times of racking for making each row of complete meshes; during
which making each division of the bobbin carriages will be passed six times
through between the warp threads, and each of the rows of points will operate
once for taking down the meshes of the net, all which is the usual and well-
known proportion in ordinary pusher machinery. And the alterations which
are to be made therein are as follows:-The two rows of guides on the main
guide bars and, which are just as usual in pusher machinery (see the

page_text: par-
section, Sheet XIV., are. to have vacancies in their, respective rows opposite to
every place in the width of the net where it is intended to make a-stripe of
honeycomb open work, therein, so as to leave no guides, for any of those
ticulare warp.threads which are to form the twisted pillars of those; meshes,
which are to be enlarged or contracted for the intended honeycomb open work,
and all which warp: threads are coloured green in the Drawing, Sheet XV.; but
other extra guides;. called transposing guides,. and marked 5, 6, 7, and .8, are
to be provided, for guiding, those particular warp threads aforesaid, which are
nevertheless..supplied from, the same main warp, roller k as the other warp
threads rare supplied from. Those extra. or transposing guides.. are to be
affixed by four additional guide bars, marked 1, 2, 3, and 4, in the large
section, Sheet.XIV. The transposing guides. 5, 6, 7; and 8, which.are fixed on
those extra guide bars, 1;. 2, 3, and 4, are disposed thereon suitably for filling
up the places of those guides, which are removed. as aforesaid, from: the, two
rows of main guides on the ordinary guide bars t and v, so that the said.two
rows of main guides, together with the four rows of transposing guides
5,6,7, and 8,,will receive all the warp threads which: proceed from the main
warp roller.,,, and will hold them truly spaced in regular.order in two,
unbroken rows as usual. And in the working of the machinery.the said extra
guide bars, 1,,2,3, and 4, are for the most part. to. be racked with exactly.the
same, racking, motions as their corresponding. main guide barst and, are at
the same time racked with; that is to say,. the. two. front extra, or transposing
guide bars 2 and 4-are for the most part racked coincidently with the front
guide bar tand the two back extra.or transposing guide bars 1 .and.3 are for.
the most part. racked coincidently with the back guide bar v, in which cases
their operation on the warp threads will be just the same as if they were all
guided, by the two rows of main guides as usual, without any vacancies or
extra, transposing guides. But occasionally some of the said transposing
guides are, racked differently from the rows of main guides to which they
belong respectively, in order, by. such differences of -racking, to produce the
requisite differences. of, twist in some of the twisted pillars of the meshes which
are at the time in progress of formation, for the purpose of rendering some,
meshes larger than others, as may be seen in the: magnified Specimen,
Sheet XV, and as before explained. The four extra or transposing guide.
bars.1, 2, and 3, 4, operate in pairs for occasionally. racking differently as
aforesaid. from their respective. main guide. barst and v. Thus the front,
transposing guide bar 2, with its. transposing, guides 6, and the back trans-
posing guide,bar 1, with its transposing, guides 5, constitute one, pair, which
operate, with due..and appropriate concert during the making of one r
e.row-of

page_text: complete, meshes of net,, in order occasionally to rack differently from the front
guide bar t,, and the back guide bar y, to which they belong respectively;
those differences. of racking being made by one bar 1, or by the other bar 2,
of the said pair,.at such suitable periods of the making of the said row of com-
plete meshes, and in such manner as may be required for producing the
intended differences of twist in some 'of their twisted pillars as aforesaid; the
other two: transposing guide bars 3 and 4. which constitute, the other pair,
being at all times during the making, of that, said row of complete meshes,
tacked coincidently with their, respective guide bars't and v. But then, during
the making of the next succeeding row of complete: meshes of net, the said
front: transposing guide, bar: 4, with its: transposing guides 8, and the back
transposing guide bar 3, with its transposing guides.7, will operate as a pair,
with due and, appropriate concerts for racking differently from the front main
guide bar tand back maingguide, barv, to which they belong. respectively.;
those differences of racking being made by one bar 3, or by the other bar 4,
of the said pair, at suitable times during, the making of the last-mentioned row
of complete meshes, and in a suitable, manner for producing the intended
differences of twist in some of the twisted pillars, which are then in progress
of. formation, the first-mentioned pair of transposing. guide bars 1 and 2
being racked coincidently with their respective main guide bars t and 'v at all
times during the said making 'of: the last-mentioned row of complete meshes;
but when another succeeding row of complete meshes is commenced, it will
then, be again their turn (that is; the barsrl and 2), to rack occasionally.
differently from their respective. main guide. bars t.and.. v, as already
stated... The four extra or transposing guide bars 1, 2, 3, and 4, are
applied and supported in their places in the machine, as represented in
Sheet XIV, in the usual manner of applying extra guide 'bars in pusher
machinery; and those four transposing guide bars are racked as they
require to be, by means of four extra or transposing racking - wheels.
11,12,13, and 114,. see Sheet XVI, which are applied at the right-hand
end of the machine, in the usual place for fancy racking wheels, on an
üpperi cross-axist-Jabove the cross axis Z, see the end elevation, Sheet XV.,
those extra or transposing racking wheels being turned round by means of a spur
cogwheel gofsixty teeth, which is fixed upon the same axis with them; and
its teeth are turned by: those sof another spur wheel-h of thirty teeth, which is
fixed on the middle part of the cross axis:Z: The said extra or transposing..
racking wheels on the upper cross axis Jrare thereby turned. once round for
two révolutions of the several racking wheels on the cross axis. Z, or. during the
making of two succeeding rows of complete, meshes of net.: The several extra

page_text: or transposing racking wheels 11, 12, 13, and 14, on the upper cross axis J,
and delineated in Sheet XVI., they are nearly twice as large as those on the
cross axis Z, which are also delineated in the same Sheet, and the large racking
wheels on the axis J are divided into twenty-eight divisions for.racking steps;
the small racking wheels on the axis Z being divided into fourteen as usual.in
pusher machinery, by which means the racking steps of the large extra wheels 11,
12, 13, and 14, on the cross axis J, will come successively into action on the
extra or transposing guide bars 1, 2, 3, and 4 at the same instants, when the
racking steps of the small racking wheels D and I, on the cross axis Z, will
also come into action on their respective main guide bars t and v. The small
racking wheel D, on the cross axis Z, is for racking the front main guide bar t,
and the small racking wheel I, on the cross axis Z, is for racking the back
main guide bar v. The two large racking wheels 11 and 12, on the upper
cross axis J, are for racking the two transposing. guide bars 1 and 2, which
bars constitute one pair, as already mentioned, for operating in concert, when
differences of racking by some of the transposing guides is required to be made
during the making of one row of complete meshes of net. And the two
large racking wheels 13 and 14, on the upper cross axis J, are for racking the
two transposing guide bars 3 and 4, which bars, as already mentioned, con-
stitute the other pair for operating in concert when differences of racking by
others of the transposing guides is required to be made during the making of
the next succeeding row of complete meshes of net. By comparing the
racking steps around the circumferences of the large racking wheels 11, 12,
18, and 14, as they are delineated in Sheet XVI., and according to the numbers
which are marked on the several divisions of each wheel, it will be found that
the series of racking steps, numbered 1 to 14, around one half of the circum-
ference of the large racking wheel 12, for racking the front transposing
guides 6 on the bar 2, are precisely equivalent to the series of racking steps
numbered 1 to 14 around the whole circumference of the small racking
wheel D, that is, they will cause the several racking motions of the front
transposing guides 6 to be precisely coincident with the contemporaneous
racking motions of the main front guides on the bar t; but the series of
racking steps, numbered 14 to 28, ȧround the other half of the circumference
of the same aforesaid large racking wheel 12, although they are for the most
part equivalent to another repetition of the aforesaid series of racking steps
numbered 1 to 14, around the small racking wheel D, nevertheless there are
some differences in the steps around that last-mentioned half of the large
wheel 12; and in like manner respecting the other large racking wheel 11, for
racking the back transposing guides 5 on the bar 1, and which wheel is the

page_text: ..fellow to the large racking wheel 12, because the two large fellow racking
wheels 12 and 11 belong to the two transposing guide bars 2 and 1, which
constitute a pair, front and back, for operating in concert, as already explained.
The series of racking steps, numbered 1 to 14, around one half of the circum-
ference of the large racking wheel 11, are precisely equivalent to the series of
racking steps, numbered 1 to 14, around the whole circumference of the small
racking wheel I, which is for racking the back main guide bar v; but the series
of racking steps, numbered 14 to 28, around the other half of the circumference
of the same aforesaid large racking wheel 11, although they are, for the most
part, equivalent to another repetition of the aforesaid series of racking steps,
numbered 1 to 14, around the small racking wheel I, nevertheless there are
some differences in the steps around that last-mentioned half of the large
wheel 11. And by a like examination of the other two large fellow racking
wheels 14 and 13, the two series of racking steps numbered 1 to 14, around
one half of each of their respective circumferences, will be found to have some
differences from the two series of racking steps numbered 1 to 14 around the
whole circumferences of the two small racking wheels D and I respectively;
but then the two series of racking steps, numbered 14 to 28, around the other
halves of the respective circumferences of the same two large racking wheels
14 and 13 aforesaid, will be found to be precisely equivalent to the two series
of racking steps, numbered 1 to 14, around the whole circumferences of the two
small racking wheels D and I respectively. Wherefore at all times two of
the transposing guide bars, or one pair thereof, will be racked coincidently
with and accompanying the main guide bars to which they belong respectively
in all the racking motions thereof, and two others of the transposing guide bars,
that is, the other pair, will at the same time be adapted for occasionally racking
differently, so far as is suitable for obtaining the requisite differences of twist in
the pillars of the meshes of the honeycomb open work without affecting the
twisting of the pillars of the ordinary meshes of net work at the sides of the.
open work; but at every succeeding row of complete meshes of net which is
made the two pairs of transposing guide bars will exchange their previous
characters, for those which before accompanied their main guide bars will,
during the making of the next row of meshes, be racked with occasional
differences therefrom, and those which were before racked with occasional
differences will, during the making of the next row of meshes, be racked coin-
cidently with and so as to accompany their main guide bars in all the racking
movements thereof. The taping threads which are to be introduced into the
honeycomb open work, as is shewn by the purple colour in the Specimen
Sheet XV., are supplied from an extra thread roller 20, and are guided through

page_text: the eyes of two rows of guides: fixed on two extra guide bars 21 and 22, which
are racked by two racking wheels 23 and 24 on the upper cross.axis J. The
.form of the racking steps.around: the wheels is represented in Sheet. XVI.;..the
number of. taping threads to be introduced into cach-stripe of honeycomb open
work is one less than the number of enlarged meshes side by side in the width
of the stripe. Half that number of taping threads are threaded through
taping guides,on one of the taping guide bars.21, and: the other..half, of the
same, number through taping guides on the other taping guide bar, 22. The
said taping guide bars 21 and 22 are so placed by action of their respective
racking wheels 23 and 24 that all the several taping guides and taping threads
which belong to one bar will stand: before all those of the other bar during the
chief part of the operation of making of one row of meshies, and the taping
threads which so stand in pairs, one before the other, will be opposite to those
places, which are to be the contracted meshes; but during the making of. the
next succeeding row of meshes one of the taping guide bars 21 or 22 is
rácked one space one way and the other bar one-space the other way, whereby,
although their guides and taping threads will stand one before-another as they
were previously, nevertheless they will be differently paired to what they were
previously, and the new pairs will be opposite to those places where the meshes
are then to be contracted, but, which said spaces are in the intermediate spaces
between those places where the contracted meshes were to be made at the pre-
"ceding time, and so on; a change of pairs, and of places of the pairs, of taping
threads is made at the making of each succeeding row of meshes, by which
means the taping threads are caused to proceed by zigzag courses along the
stripe of honeycomb: open work so as to interlace through the contracted
meshes thereof in the manner fully explained by the purple lines in the
Drawing of the Specimen Sheet XV. And respecting the making of the
aforesaid .kind of ornamented bobbin net lace in what are called breadths,
the same may be done in the usual and well-known manner of making
breadths in pusher machinery, that is, with one back guide left out or
without any warp thread in it, opposite to every place where the tissue of net
is intended to be separated-into breadths; and two adjacent front. guides at
each such place are supplied from a separate-selvedge thread roller r distinct
from the main warp roller, and those threads being for the extreme longitudinal
threads at each edge or Selvedge of each breadth, are rather thicker than the
other warp threads, and are worked with rather more tension by suitably
weighting of the selvedge thread roller r; also a. selvedge guide bar "u" is
applied with two stump guides without eyes upon it in a pair opposite to every
place where a separation is to be made in the net for dividing it into breadths,

page_text: and the two stump guides of the said pair include the two neighbouring
selvedge. threads between them. The selvedge guide baru is racked as is
required by a racking wheel E upon the cross axis Z; also one pusher is left
vacant in the row of front pushers opposite to every place where a separation
is intended to be made of the net into breadths, and an extra front pusher
bar O is provided over the front.pusher bar N, with one extra pusher upon it
for every. placo where there is a vacancy in the row. of front pushers. The
extra front pusher bar O is racked by a racking wheel B on the cross axis Z;,
and can be, thereby placed so that, its extra pushers will fill up all the vacancies
in the row of front pushers, or else: they may be all opened, in which case those
carriages which are to perform turn-agains for forming the selvedges of the
breadths will be left in the front combs along with the whipping carriages;
which are to supply the whipping or lacing: threads by which the selvedges. of
the breadths are to be united together during the fabrication of the net by. the
machinery, all which is well known, and does not require further. description.
And note, the back pusher bar P has a complete unbroken row. of pushers upon
it, but it may; if desired, have vacancies left in the row. with extra pushers applied
on an extra pusher bar or bars to open or close the same, in order to make
what is called bullet hole fancy: work in the meshes of ordinary bobbin.net by
the side of the ornamental stripes of honeycomb open work, the manner of
doing which in pusher machinery is well known, and forms no part of my
present improvements; and the same is only. mentioned here in order to explain
that the making of such further ornament to the ornamented bobbin net lace
as can be produced by the ordinary mode. of fancy bullet holing will not
interfere with the making of stripes of fancy. honeycomb open work in the
same net, at the same time by operation of this part of my improvements.
"
TABLE of Descriptive. References to Sheets XIV., XV., and XVI., of the
Drawings hereunto annexed, which represent a Pusher Machine for
making Bobbin Net Lace, which, by means of part of my Improve-
ments, is figured or ornamented with stripes of honeycomb open
work, according to the specimen represented magnified in Sheet XV.,
Note, the front elevation of the machine being in great part the same
as. Sheet IX, that Sheet is referred to in some parts of this Table.
(A), racking' wheel on the cross axis Z, for racking the front.. pusher
bar N. (B), racking" wheel on the cross. axis Z, for racking the front pusher
bar O. (C), racking wheel on the cross. axis Z, for-racking the front comb
bar. (D), racking wheel on..the cross .axis Z, for racking the front- guide
bar t. (E), racking wheel on.the. cross axis Z; for racking the selvedge guidé

page_text: bar u. (F), racking wheel on the cross axis Z, for racking the back pusher
bar P. (H), racking wheel on the cross axis Z, for racking the back comb
bar. (I), racking wheel on the cross axis Z, for racking the back guide bar บ.
(J), upper cross axis fixed horizontally above the cross axis Z, and carrying
six large racking wheels 23, 24, 14, 12, 11, and 13, which are for racking
the several extra guide bars. They are all six united together, and are turned
round by means of a cog wheel "9" of sixty teeth, which is affixed to them,
and which is turned by a cog wheel h of thirty teeth, which is fixed on the
middle of the cross axis Z. (N); front pusher bar, with the front pushers
upon it at the rate of ten per inch in their row, but with one pusher vacant
opposite to every place in the width of net where the same is intended to be
separated into breadths. (O), front extra pusher bar situated over the front
pusher bar N, with one extra pusher upon it opposite to every place where
there is a vacancy in the row of front pushers, and adapted either to fill up
those vacancies or else to open them when required for leaving the turn-again
selvedge carriages and whipping carriages by themselves in the front
combs. (P), back pusher bar, with the back pushers upon it at the rate of
ten per inch in their row, without vacancies, unless such are required for
making fancy bullet holing work in the plain net in addition to the orna-
mental striping of honeycomb open work therein. (S) does not appear in these
three Drawings, but is exactly the same as is represented in the front elevation
Sheet IX. It denotes a large-face cog wheel of eighty-four teeth fixed on the
foremost end of the cross axis T at the left-hand end of the machine. It is
turned by the pinion p of twelve teeth on the left-hand end U of the handles.
(T), see the front elevation Sheet IX., cross axis at the left-hand end of the
machine, carrying wheels by which the point bars actuated, and also returning
racking wheels w, for racking the two comb bars towards the right hand. (U),
see also the front elevation Sheet IX., long horizontal axis in front of the
machine, with two opposite crank handles, by which it is turned round in order
to actuate all the parts of the machine. The axis U has a revolving crank c
on the middle of its length for actuating the back and front pusher bars P and
N, O, with their requisite swinging or vibrating motion. The axis U has
also a pinion p and fof twelve teeth at each end for turning the face wheels S
and Y on the cross axes T and Z. (V), see Sheet VIII., pendulous lever
descending from the back spindle bar or crank bar axis, from the arms of which
the back pusher bar P is suspended. The crank rod dis jointed to the lower ends
of both the pendulous levers V, and the cross connecting rod X is also jointed to
the said lower end. (W), see Sheet IX., pendulous lever from the front spindle
bar or crank bar axis; from the arms of which the front pusher bars N, O, are

page_text: suspended. The cross connecting rod X is jointed to the lower ends of both the
pendulous levers W and V. (X), see Sheet VIII., cross connecting rod jointed
to the lower ends of both the pendulous levers V and W, to cause them to
swing together with coincident motion. (Y), large face cog wheel of eighty-
four teeth fixed on the frontmost end of the cross axis Z of the racking wheels
at the right-hand end of the machine. It is turned round by the pinion f of
twelve teeth on the right-hand end of the long axis U. (Z), horizontal cross
axis for the several racking wheels at the right-hand end of the machine. It
is turned round by means of the face cog wheel Y of eighty-four teeth on the
frontmost end of it, and the pinion f of twelve teeth on the right-hand end of
the long horizontal axis U. (a), see also Sheet IX., revolving crank on the
frontmost end of the cross axis Z for actuating the front point bar a, and
there is another similar crank a on the backmost end of the same axis Z. for
actuating the back point bar ; likewise there are two more such cranks a at
the opposite ends of the other cross axis T for actuating both the front and
back point bars x, x, at their left-hand ends. (b), connecting links from the
several cranks a to their levers e, by which the action of those cranks and
links are transmitted to the point bars a, a, at their right and left hand ends.
(c) (see Sheet IX.), revolving crank on the middle of the long horizontal axis U
for actuating the front and back pusher bars N, O, and P, with the requisite'
swinging or vibrating motion for passing and repassing the bobbin carriages
between the warp threads. (d), connecting or crank rod, extending from the
revolving crank c to the pendulous lever V of the back spindle bar or crank
bar axis, from the arms of which the back pusher bar P is suspended.
(e), levers for transmitting the action of the several cranks a and connecting
links 6 to the two point bars x and x, back and front, by means of upright
links and ball joints for connecting the levers e with the lever arms z, z, of the
point bars x, x. (f), pinion of twelve teeth fixed on the right-hand end of
the long axis U of the turning handles, and revolving crank c.
It gives
motion to the large-face cog wheel Y of eighty-four teeth on the foremost end
of the cross axis Z of the racking wheels. (9), large spur cog wheel of sixty
teeth fixed to the set of six large racking wheels 23, 24, 14, 12, 11, and 13,
which are fitted upon the upper cross axis J, for turning those wheels once round
for two turns of the cross axis Z by means of a smaller spur wheel & thereon
with thirty-teeth. (h), small spur cog wheel of thirty teeth, fixed on the
middle part of the cross axis Z of the racking wheels, for turning the large
racking wheels on the upper cross axis J once round for two turns of the
axis Z. (j), winding-up lever, actuated by a link and crank pin in the
pinion fat the right-hand end of the long axis U, and having a driver to turn

page_text: the ratchet. wheel m. (k), main warp roller for supplying warp threads to
both rows of guides on the back and front guide barst and v, and also to the
several transposing guides 5, 6, 7, and 8, on the extra bars 1, 2, 3, and 4, the
threads being in regular order, excepting that one back guide and two.
adjacent front guides are omitted to be threaded at every place where a sepa-
ration of the net into breadths is intended to be made. (m), ratchet wheel on
the foremost end of the cross axis g of the worm for winding up the lace
roller. It is turned a tooth at a time by a driver, which is jointed to the
winding-up lever j, which is moved by an upright link from a crank pin in the
pinion at the right-hand end of the long axis U. (n) (see Sheet IX:), two
levers for withdrawing the points. They are mounted side by side on
a fixed cross centre pin with their right-hand ends reaching beneath the
ends of horizontal lever arms y, y, which are affixed to those ends of the
spindle bars of the point bars, and their left-hand ends being actuated by
upright bolts s, which derive motion from two withdrawing wheels fixed.
on the cross axis: T. (o), worm wheel on the end of the axis. of the
lace roller for winding up the lace as it is made.. (p). (see Sheet IX.),
pinion of twelve teeth fixed on the left-hand end of the long. horizontal
axis U of the turning handles and revolving crank c. It gives motion to
the large-face, cog wheel S of eighty-four teeth on the cross. axis T
at the left-hand end of the machine. (q) horizontal axis. and .worm for
turning the worm wheel o. on the end of the axis of the lace roller, for.
winding up. the lace as it is made. The axis q has a ratchet wheel m.upon
it, which is turned a tooth at a time by a driver jointed to a lever j, which is
moved. .up and down by a short crank pin on the end of the axis U. (r) small
thread roller for supplying pairs of selvedge threads to two adjacent front
guides on the main front guide bar. t for: the two selvedges. of each..of the
several breadths of net, those selvedge threads being rather thicker than the
other warp threads, and are kept rather lighter. (s) (see Sheet.IX.), two
upright bolts fitted into sockets at the left-hand end of the machine, and
applying with their upper ends to the edges of the two withdrawing.camm
wheels fixed on the cross axis T, and with their lower ends applying to the
left-hand ends of the two levers n, which transmit the action of. the camms to
their respective point bars for withdrawing them. (t), front guide bar, with
the guides upon it, ten per inch in their row, for receiving warp threads from
the main warp roller k, excepting, at-each. selvedge of each breadth, where a
pair of selvedge threads are threaded in two adjacent front guides from the
selvedge thread roller r; and also, opposite every place where a stripe of honey
comb open work is to be made in the net, nine. adjacent front guides are cut

page_text: out or left vacant without any, threads. (u), selvedge guide. bar with two
stump. guides upon it in pairs at every intended separation between: the
breadths, and which stumps include the pairs of selvedge threads from the
roller r. in the front guides at each pair of adjacent breadths between the two
stump guides of each pair. (v); back guide bar, with the guides upon it, ten
per inch in their rows, for receiving warp threads from the main warp roller k,
excepting that one guide is cut out or left vacant without any; thread at every.
place where the net, is to be separated into breadths; and also nine adjacent
guides are cut out of the row. (or else left vacant-without any, threads) opposite
to every: place where a stripe of honeycomb open work is to be made in the
net. (w): (see Sheet IX.),-racking wheels on the cross-axis T. at the left-hand
end-of the machine, for racking the front and back comb bars to the right, in
opposition to their racking wheels C and H on the cross axis Z. (a), two point
bars back and front with leads of points upon them, containing ten points per
inch in each row for-a ten-point machine. (y), see Sheets VIII. and IX., lever.
arms projecting,horizontally towards the spindle bars of the crank bar-arms; by,
which the point bars, a, a, are supported front and back the same;; the inner
ends' of the lever arms-y-are- acted upon by gage screws at the right-band
ends of the withdrawing levers n, n. (2), lever arms projecting horizontally,
outwards from each of the point bars x, x, at each end, and united by upright
links with ball joints to the ends of the levers e, e, in order to raise up the.
point bars in preparation for the act of taking down the meshes of the net and
of the honeycomb open work. (1), back' transposing guide bar with four
transposing guides 5 upon it opposite to every place where a stripe of honey-
comb open work is to made in the net, those transposing guides 5 being one.
fifth of an inch asunder, and being interspaced by the-five transposing-guides 7,
so as therewith to fill-up-each of the vacancies of nine back guides on the bar v:
(2), front-transposing guide bar, with four transposing-guides-6. upon it, opposite-
to every place where a stripe of honeycomb open work is to be made in the
net, those transposing guides 6 being one fifth of an inch asunder, and-being.
interspaced by the 'five transposing guides 8, so as therewith to fill up. each
of the vacancies of nine in the row of front guides on the bar t. (3), back:
transposing: guide bar, with five transposing guide bars. 7 upon it, opposite; to.
every place where a stripe of honeycomb open work is to be-made in the-net,.
those transposing guides 7- being one fifth of-an inch-asunder, and being inter-
spaced by-the-four transposing guides-5, so as therewith to fill-up each of the
vacancies of nine in the row of back-guides on the bar v. (4), front trans-
posing guide bar, with five transposing guides 8 upon it, opposite to every,
place where a stripe of honeycomb open work is to be made in the net, those:

page_text: transposing guides 8 being one fifth of an inch asunder, and being interspaced
by the four transposing guides 6, so as therewith to fill up each of the
vacancies of nine in the row of front guides on the bar t. (5), back trans-
posing guides, fixed on the back transposing guide bar 1 one fifth of an inch
asunder, being four of them to each of the vacancies of nine in the row of
back guides on the bar v, and being interspaced by five transposing guides 7,
so as to fill up those vacancies. (6), front transposing guides, fixed on the
front transposing guide bar 2 one fifth of an inch asunder, being four of them
to each of the vacancies of nine in the row of front guides on the bar t, and
being interspaced by five transposing guides 8, so as to fill up those vacancies.
(7), back transposing guides, fixed on the back transposing guide bar 3 one
fifth of an inch asunder, being five of them to each of the vacancies of nine in
the row of back guides on the bar v, and being interspaced by four transposing
guides 5, so as to fill up those vacancies. (8), front transposing guides, fixed
on the front transposing guide bar 4 one fifth of an inch asunder, being five of
them to each of the vacancies of nine in the row of front guides on the bar t, and
being interspaced by four transposing guides 6, so as to fill up those vacancies.
(11), large transposing racking wheel on the upper cross axis J, for racking
the back transposing guides 5 on the bar 1. This wheel is divided into
twenty-eight, and goes once round during the making of two rows of complete
meshes of bobbin net, including one row of the complete enlarged meshes of
the honeycomb open work. The racking steps around one half of the circum-
ference, numbered 1 to 14, are adapted to rack the bar 1 with exactly the
same racking motions as the back guide bar v is at the same time racked
with by its racking wheel I. (12), large transposing racking wheel on the
upper cross axis J, for racking the front transposing guides 6 on the bar 2.
This wheel is divided into twenty-eight, and goes once round during the
making of two rows of complete meshes of bobbin net, including one row of
the complete enlarged meshes of the honeycomb open work. The racking
steps around one half of the circumference, numbered 1 to 14, are adapted to
rack the bar 2 with exactly the same racking motion as the front guide bar t
is at the same time racked by its racking wheel D. (13), large transposing
racking wheel on the upper cross axis J, for racking the back transposing
guides 7 on the bar 3. This wheel is divided into twenty-eight, and goes once
round during the making of two rows of complete meshes of bobbin net,
including one row of complete enlarged meshes of the honeycomb open work.
The racking steps around one half of the circumference, numbered 14 to 28,
are adapted to rack the bar 3 with exactly the same racking motions as the
back guide bar is at the same time racked with by its racking wheel I..

page_text: (14), large transposing racking wheel on the cross axis J, for racking the front
transposing guides on the bar 4. This wheel is divided into twenty-eight, and
goes once round during the making of two rows of complete meshes of bobbin net,
including one row of complete enlarged meshes of the honeycomb open work.
The racking steps around one half of the circumference, numbered 14 to 28,
are adapted to rack the bar 4 with precisely the same racking motions as the
front guide bar t is at the same time racked with by its racking wheel D.
(20), extra thread roller for supplying taping threads, which are to be intro-
duced into the open work for filling up the contracted meshes, and also for
distending the enlarged meshes. Those threads are coloured purple in the
specimen, Sheet XV., and they are threaded through the eyes of two rows of
taping guides on the extra bars 21 and 22. (21), taping guide bar, with four
taping guides upon it, opposite to each stripe of honeycomb open work, for
guiding four taping threads from the roller 20. Each stripe has also four
other taping guides and threads belonging to the bar 22, the latter four
standing behind the aforesaid four taping guides and threads belonging to the
bar 21. (22), taping guide bar, with four taping guides upon it, opposite to
each stripe of honeycomb open work, for guiding four taping threads from the
roller 20. Each such stripe has also four other taping guides and threads
belonging to the bar 21, the latter four standing in front of the aforesaid four
taping guides and threads belonging to the bar 22.. (23), large taping
racking wheel on the upper cross axis J, for racking the taping guide bar 21.
It is divided into twenty-eight, and goes once round during the racking of two
complete rows of meshes of bobbin net, including one row of the complete
enlarged meshes of the honeycomb open work. (24), large taping racking
wheel on the upper cross axis J, for racking the taping guide bar 22. It is
divided into twenty-eight, and goes once round during the making of two
complete rows of meshes of bobbin net, including one row of the complete
enlarged meshes of the honeycomb open work. In order to explain the
operation of the machine, I will suppose it to have been regularly at work
making ornamented bobbin-net lace, containing stripes of honeycomb open
work of the kind herein-before described, and according to the specimen
delineated in Sheet XV., and that the machine is only stopped for examination
when its several parts are in the following positions, viz. :-The revolving
crank C has swung the pusher bars N and P to their backmost extent of
motion, and has returned them a little therefrom, so as to have withdrawn the
ends of the front pushers from between the warp threads. All the carriages
are now standing in one general row in the back combs, excepting the several
whipping carriages, and also one turn-again carriage at the right-hand selvedge

page_text: of cach breadth of the net, which carriages are absent from the general row,
being now, by themselves in the front combs. Those said turn-again carriages
are about to perform their turn-again for making the right-hand selvedges of
the breadths. They have been until recently incorporated along with that'
division of carriages: which progress towards the right hand in traversing, and
which are therefore called the carriages R. But the said turn-again carriages
are. now, separated from that division, and are about to become incorporated
with the other division of carriages which progress towards the left hand in
traversing, and which are therefore called the carriages L.
And note,
the general row of carriages now in the back combs consists of a car-
riage L and a carriage R, alternately interspaced one, with the other, at
the rate of twenty per inch, with vacancies of two adjacent carriages
opposite to every intended division between the breadths of, the net; one
of those two vacancies being a carriage L, and the other being the
whipping. carriage. The carriages L have been recently. pushed through
backwards between the warp threads into their said places in the general row
amongst the other carriages R in the back combs; but the whipping carriages:
and turn-again carriages before mentioned were left in the front, owing to the
vacancies being open in the row of front pushers. The several racking wheels.
B, A, C, D, I; H, E, and F, on the horizontal cross axis Z, at the right-hand
end of the machine, now present their steps or divisions, which are numbered.
14 in the Drawings, Sheets XV. and XVI:, to their several racking bolts. And:
the several large racking wheels 23, 24, 14, 12, 11, and 13, on the upper cross.
axis J, now present their steps, which are numbered 28 in. the Drawings,
Sheet XVI., to their several racking bolts. The racking motions of No. 14 and
of No. 28 have just taken place, and no motion in the machine has been made
since those rackings. The back points are in the act.. of taking down the
meshes of net; they have penetrated amongst the warp threads, and have got.
nearly down to their resting place.. Note, the back points always take down.
in the enlarged meshes of the honeycomb open work, and the front points in the
contracted meshes thereof. The front comb bar now stands racked by its.
racking wheel C, all but one space, as far as it can go towards the right hand;
it is capable of. being racked three spaces in the whole, viz., one space to the
right or two spacos.to the left of its present position, those spaces being 'single.
tier spaces of one twentieth. part of an inch for a ten-point gage machine. The
back comb bar stands the same as the front one, and is capable of the same.
extent of racking motion. The back pusher bar P stands racked as far as it
can go to the left; it is capable of racking two spaces. The front pusher
bar. N stands racked in its midway position, from which it can go one space to.

page_text: the right or one space to. the left, being two spaces in all. The front extra
pusher bar O stands racked all but one space as far as it can go to the right;
it is capable of moving four spaces in all, that is, one space to the right or
three spaces to the left of its present position. Note, the front pushers are.
ten per inch in their row on the bar N,. with one pusher left out opposite to
every place in the width of the net where a division is intended to be made in
the net for separating the same into breadths. And the row of front extra.
pushers on the bar O has.one pusher therein for filling up the place of the said.
front pusher which is left out. As the bars now stand the front extra pushers
are on the right-hand sides of their respective vacancies in the front pushers,.
leaving the same open, and the turn-again carriages: and whipping carriages
stand side by side in pairs in those openings, the whipping carriages being the
right-handmost of each pair. The row of back pushers is a uniform unbroken
row of pushers at the rate of ten per inch on the bar P, unless in case fancy
bullet-hole. work is intended to be made in the plain net at the sides of the
stripes of honeycomb open work. And note, there are no openings in either
the front row or back row of the pushers at the places where honeycomb open.
work is to be made in the net. The front main guide bar t now stands racked
as far as it can go to the right, and it is capable of racking two spaces in all.
The back main guide bar v stands racked all but one space as far as it can go
to the right, and it is capable of racking three spaces in all, viz., one space to.
the right or two spaces to the left of its present position. The selvedge guide
bar u stands racked all but one space as far as it can go to the right, and it is.
capable of racking four spaces in all, viz., one space to the right or three spaces.
to the left. The selvedge guides do not act upon the selvedge threads of the
breadths at present, but leave them straight and unbended in their true places.
Note, the two rows of main guides stand ten per inch in their respective rows on
their main guide barst and v. The back.guides have one guide removed (or -
left empty without any thread) at every place where a division is to be made in
the width of the net for separating the same into breadths. The front guides
have two adjacent guides at every such place where a.division is to be inade,
threaded with a pair of selvedge threads, which are supplied from a separate or
selvedge thread roller r, instead of being. supplied from the common warp
roller k, from which all the other warp threads are supplied, as well for the
meshes of the open work as for the meshes of bobbin net; and the said pairs of.
selvedge threads are included between the prongs or stamps of two adjacent
sélvedge guides on the selvedge guide bar u. And note, for the most part the
selvedge guide bar is racked coincidently with the front guide bar, in which
case the selvedge guides do not operate at all; but on one occasion the selvedge

page_text: guide bar is racked one way in respect to the front guide bar, and then one of
the said two selvedge guides bends one selvedge thread aside in order to receive
the action of the whipping carriage; and on another occasion the selvedge
guide bar is racked the other way in respect to the front guide bar, and then.
the other of the said two selvedge guides bend the other selvedge thread aside
to receive the action of the same whipping carriage in its turn. And opposite to
every place where a stripe of honeycomb open work is to be made in the net.
according to the specimen delineated in Sheet XV., nine adjacent front guides
and nine adjacent back guides are removed from their places in their respective
rows, or else they are left empty without any warp threads in them. As the bars
now stand the said nine vacant or deficient front guides are two single tier spaces
to the right of the like nine vacant or deficient back guides; and respecting the
four transposing guide bars 1, 2, 3, and 4, and the two taping guide bars 21
and 22, the several transposing guides 5, 6, 7, and 8, belonging to the trans-
posing guide bars 1, 2, 3, and 4, are now in their correct places opposite to the
several vacancies or deficiencies in the rows of main guides to which they belong
respectively, so that the main guide, together with their filling guides, hold all
the warp threads which proceed from the main warp roller k in due place in
their respective rows, just as they would be held by the two rows of main
guides in an ordinary pusher machine for making plain breadths of bobbin-net
lace. All the four transposing guide bars 1, 2, 3, and 4, now stand racked by
their respective large racking wheels 11, 12, 13, and 14, on the upper cross
axis J, all but one space, as far as they can go to the right, and each one is
capable of racking three spaces in all, viz., one space to the right or two
spaces to the left of its present position. Note, there are four transposing
guides 5 on the back bar 1, and four transposing guides 6 on the front bar 2,
opposite to each of the aforesaid vacancies of nine guides in their respective
back and front rows of main: guides. The said transposing guides 5 and 6
form two innermost rows which hold their warp threads very nearly in the
lines of the two rows of main guides. And there are five transposing
guides 7 on the back bar 8, and five transposing guides 8 on the front
bar 4, opposite to each of the aforesaid vacancies of nine guides in their
respective back and front rows of main guides. The said transposing
guides 7 and 8 form two outermost rows, which hold their warp threads
outside of the warp threads which are held by the two rows of main
guides and by the two innermost rows of transposing guides 5 and 6. The
five outermost transposing guides 7 and 8 are interspaced to the four inner-
most transposing' guides 5 and 6 respectively, so as to hold the nine
warp threads for the meshes. of. open work in regular order, and in true.

page_text: continuance of the rows of warp threads for the ordinary meshes of net in the
two rows of main guides without interruption to the correct order of the warp
threads proceeding from the main warp roller k. And note, the five outer-
most transposing guides 7 and 8, back and front stand adjacent, and in con-
tinuation of to the main guides back and front, at each side of each vacancy
therein, wherefore, as the several bars now stand, the first transposing guide
for each stripe of open work, counting from the right towards the left hand,
will be a front outermost transposing guide 8, with a back main guide imme-
diately behind it; then a front innermost transposing guide with a back
outermost transposing guide 7 immediately behind it; then another front
outermost transposing guide 8, with a back innermost transposing guide 5
immediately behind it, and so in regular succession for all the rest of the
transposing guides. The taping guide bar 21 stands racked by its large
racking wheel 23, all but one space to the right, as far as it can go, and is
capable of being racked four spaces, that is, one space to the right or three
spaces to the left of its present position. The taping guide bar 22, stands
racked by its racking wheel 24, all but one space, as far as it can go to the left;
it is capable of being racked four spaces, that is, three spaces to the right or
one to the left from its present position. The taping guides upon both the
taping guide bars 21 and 22 are supplied with taping threads from the same
taping thread roller 20. The taping guides on each bar 21 and 22 stand one
fifth of an inch asunder for a ten-point gage machine with four taping guides,
and taping threads upon each bar 21 and 22 opposite to each ornamental stripe
of honeycomb open work for making the same, according to the enlarged
specimen delineated in Sheet XV., which is with nine enlarged meshes side by
side, counting across each stripe of honeycomb open work, and that requires
eight lacing threads. The taping guides upon one bar 21 stand exactly in
front of those of the other bar 22, as is explained in the horizontal plan in
Sheet XV., so as to shew only four taping threads to the eye in front, that is,
four pairs of taping threads, the two threads of each pair being one before the
other, and those pairs of taping threads now stand opposite to the places of the
enlarged meshes marked 1, 2, 3, and 4, in the magnified specimen, Sheet XV.
This position of the several parts being understood, the operation of the machine
is as follows: For a making row of complete meshes of bobbin-net lace,
including the lowermost halves of a row of enlarged meshes in the ornamental
stripes of honeycomb open work, which will be accomplished by giving seven
turns of the double handles on the long axis U, and of the revolving crank C
on that axis, that will be one revolution of the racking wheels on the cross
axis Z, and half a revolution of the large racking wheels on the upper cross

page_text: axis J, and fourteen times of racking the several bars, and six times of passing
each division of bobbin carriages between the warp threads, and once taking
down by each row of points, and then for continuing and repeating those seven
turns and fourteen times of racking twice over for making another row of
complete meshes of bobbin net, including the uppermost halves of the row of
enlarged meshes aforesaid of the honeycomb open work, so as to complete those
meshes. The revolving crank C being turned round through its lowermost
half circle, the back points will be lowered quite down to their resting position,
and the several pusher bars N, O, and P, swinging forwards altogether, the
back pushers will push or bring the carriages L through forwards between the
warp threads into the front combs, where the turn-again carriages for the right-
hand selvedges of the several breadths are already standing, and they now
become incorporated with the carriages L. Having completed their turn-again,
the whipping carriages, which are also in front occupying spaces between these
carriages L, and then by the time that the revolving crank C has passed so far
beyond it frontmost throw as to have withdrawn the ends of the back pushers
out from between the warp threads, the several racking wheels on the cross
axis Z, and on the upper cross axis J, will have got round to their No. 1,
which racks the front guides and selvedge guides two spaces to the left, together
with their two rows of front transposing guides 6 and 8, all three like one row
on one bar, and racks the front pushers one space to the right, and the front
extra pushers the same, leaving the same vacancies open as before. And note,
the selvedge guides on the bar U will be racked by the racking wheel E with
exactly the same racking motions as the front guides on the bar t are racked
with by the racking wheel D at every succeeding time of racking until the
racking of No. 9. Then by the revolving crank C being turned round without
intermission, and passing through the uppermost half circle, the front pushers
and front extra pushers will push the carriages L through backwards between
the warp threads into the back combs, excepting the left-handmost carriage L
of each breadth, and the whipping carriages are left standing in the front
combs, the said carriage L adjacent to and at the right-hand side of the
whipping carriage, and the same being about to perform its turn-again for
making the left-hand selvedge of the breadth to which it belongs. Note, the
taping threads not having being racked at No. 1, do not have any twists com-
menced round them by the bobbin threads at this time of passing the carriages.
And then No. 2 is racked, which racks the front guides and the selvedge guides
one space to the right, together with the front transposing guides 6 and 8, like
one row, and racks the back guides one space to the right, together with the
back transposing guides 5 and 7, and racks both the taping guides on the

page_text: bars 21 and 22 one space each to the right, so that all the guides are racked
to the right like one row this time, and racks the back pushers one space to
the right to place them opposite to the carriages R. Then the carriages R
are brought through forwards between the warp threads into the front combs,
and No. 3 is racked, which racks the back guides two spaces to the left,
together with the two back transposing guides 5 and 7, all three like one bar,
and racks the front pushers, together with the front extra pushers, one space to
the left, to bring them opposite to the carriages R. Then the carriages Rare
pushed through backwards, leaving the same two carriages in the front combs
as were left after No. 1 was racked. Note, the taping threads will not have
any twists commenced round them by the bobbin threads this time. And then
No. 4 is racked, which racks the back combs one space to tho left with the
carriages L and carriages R in them, and racks the two taping guides on the
bars 21 and 22 each two spaces to the left. Then the carriages Lare brought
through forwards, but no twists are thereby commenced around the taping
threads, and No. 5 is racked, which racks the front guides and the selvedge
guides one space to the left, together with the front transposing guides 6 and 8,
like one bar, and racks the back guides one space to the right, together with
the back transposing guides 5 and 7; and the two taping guides on their bars
21 and 22 one space to the right, and racks the front pushers, together with
the front extra pushers, one space to the right, to bring the front pushers
opposite to the intervals between the carriages L, which are now in the front
combs. Then the pusher bars are swung backwards as usual, but the front
pushers do not pusli any carriages through backwards in so doing, this being
what is called a blank motion backwards; and by the time that the pusher bars
are nearly swung back, the front points which have been previously withdrawn
from the meshes of the net and raised up, then penetrate amongst the warp
threads and begin to go down for taking down the new meshes. And then
No. 6 is racked, which racks the front guides and the selvedge guides one space
to the right, together with their front transposing guides 6 and 8,-like one row,
and racks also the back guides one space to the right, together with their back
transposing guides 5 and 7, like one row, and racks the two rows of taping guides
in the bars 21 and 22 also one space to the right, and also racks the back combs
ouc space to the right with the carriages R in them, whereby those carriages
make a step of their progressive traversing towards the right, and racks the front
combs one space to the left with the carriages L in them, whereby those carriages
make a step of their progressive traversing towards the left, and racks the front
pushers, together with their extra pushers one space to the left to accompany
the front combs. And now the carriages R are brought through forwards

page_text: into the front combs, and thereby the turn-again carriages at the left-hand
selvedge of each breadth, which have remained in the front combs since the
racking of No. 1, and which previously belonged to the carriages L, become
incorporated with the carriages R, having completed their turn-again. And
then No. 7 is racked, which racks the front guides and the selvedge guides
one space to the left, together with the front transposing guides 6, like one
row; but now for the first time since the commencement of this description
there is a difference between the racking motions of one of the rows of trans-
posing guides and the row of main guides to which it belongs; that is to say,
the front transposing guides 8 on the bar 4 are now racked one space to the
right, which is contrarywise to the contemporaneous racking of the front
guides, after which the guides 8 will stand transposed two spaces to the right
of their correct places in respect to the front guides, for they are now two
spaces further towards the right than they would have been if they had been
racked coincidently with the front guides, consequently when the carriages R
are put through backwards next time they will pass at the right-hand sides of
all their corresponding warp threads, excepting those warp threads of the open
work, which are guided by the transposing guides 8, and also racks the back
guides one space to the left, together with their back transposing guides
5 and 7, like one row, and racks the taping guides on the bar 21 one space
to the left, so as to accompany the front guides, but racks the other taping
guides on the bar 22 one space to the right, which is contraryways one to the
other, after which the taping guides on the bar 21 will not stand each one
before one of the taping guides 22 on the bar in pairs as they did previously,
but those which previously were in pairs become interspaced one to the other;
and consequently when the carriages R are put through backwards they
will pass on left-hand sides of the taping guide threads belonging to the
bar 22, and racks the front combs one space to the right with all the carriages
in them, that is, the carriages R and the carriages L, and the whipping car-
riages, which are incorporated with the carriages L, and racks the front
pushers one space to the right, and their extra front pushers one space to the
left, whereby all the openings which have been hitherto open in the front row
of pushers become closed, and then the carriages R are pushed through back-
wards in an entire unbroken row, and No. 8 is racked, which racks the front
transposing guides 8 on the bar 4 two spaces to the left, whereby (as the front
guides are not racked at all) the guides 8 regain their correct positions in
respect to the front guides, and racks the back guides two spaces to the left,
together with their back transposing guides 5, like one row; but their back
transposing guides 7 are not racked at all, whereby the said guides 7 will

page_text: become transposed two spaces to the right of their correct places amongst
back guides, to which they belong, and racks the taping guides on the bar 21
two spaces to the left. And note, as the other taping guides on the bar 22
are not racked at all, the two rows of taping guides will become paired again,
but in not the same even pairs as they previously were, for the left-handmost
taping guide on the bar 21 will now stand by itself, without any taping guide
of the bar 22 behind it; and the right-handmost taping guide of the bar 22
will also stand by itself, without any taping guide of the bar 21 before it,
wherefore three pairs and two half pairs of taking guides will appear to the eye
in front, and those pairs will now stand opposite to the spaces numbered
5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, in the specimen of the honeycomb open work, delineated in
Sheet XV., being intermediate to the places numbered 1, 2, 3, and 4, in the
same Drawing, which denote where the previous even pairs of taping guides
were opposite to, and racks the back combs two spaces to the left with the
carriages R in them, and racks the front combs also two spaces to the left,
with the carriages L and the whipping carriages in them, and racks the back
pushers one space to the left to bring them opposite to the carriages R, and
racks the front pushers two spaces to the left, together with their front extra
pushers, to accompany the front combs, and then the carriages R are brought
through forwards, and in so doing the twists which the bobbin threads of some
of those carriages have been forming around the warp threads of the trans-
posing guides 7 will be prolonged beyond their usual extent to which those
same twists would have been extended if the transposing guides had been
always racked, exactly the same as the main guides to which they belong
respectively; and then No. 9 is racked, which racks the front guides one
space to the right, together with their front transposing guide 6 and 8, like one
bar, and racks the back guides one space to the right, together with their
back transposing guides 5 and 7, like one bar. But note, notwithstanding this
coincidence of racking, the back transposing guides' 7 have not yet regained
their correct positions with respect to the back guides, and racks the back
combs two spaces to the right, but without any carriages in them, and racks
the back pushers two spaces to the right to accompany the back combs, and
racks the front combs two spaces to the right, with all the carriages in them,
and racks the front pushers, together with their front extra pushers, one space
to the right, to bring them opposite to the carriages L, and racks the selvedge
guides one space to the left, whereby they bend the left-hand selvedge thread
of each breadth aside towards the left in preparation for the whipping carriage
to be passed through backwards at the right-hand side of that selvedge thread.
Note, this is the first time since the commencement of the description that the

page_text: selvedge guides have been racked differently from the front guides, for hitherto
the selvedge guides have always accompanied the front guides, and have not
produced any effect on the selvedge threads; and also racks the two rows of
taping guides on the bars 21 and 22 one space each to the right, and then the
carriages L and the whipping carriages, for the first time the latter have been
acted upon by the pushers, are put through backwards into the back combs,
and No. 10 is racked, which racks the selvedge guide bar four spaces to the
right, whereby its selvedge guides relcase the left-hand selvedge threads which
were bended aside last time, and its other selvedge guides bend the right-hand
selvedge threads of 'the several breadths to the right in preparation for the
whipping carriages, which are now in the back combs, to be brought through
forwards at the left-hand side of the said selvedge. threads, and racks the
back guides two spaces to the right, together with the back transposing
guides 5; but as the back transposing guides 7 are not racked at all, they
will now regain their correct positions amongst the row of back guides from
which they were transposed at the racking of No. 8, and racks the back
pushers one space to the left to bring them opposite to the carriage L
and then the carriages L. and the whipping carriages, for the second and
last time the latter have been acted upon by the pushers, are brought
through forwards. In so doing the whipping carriages, by passing on the left
sides of the right-hand selvedge threads, complete the lacing of the selvedges
together, and then No. 11 is racked, which racks the front transposing
guides 8 two spaces to the right, but the front guides are not racked at all,
whereby those guides 8 become transposed again two spaces to the right of
their correct places amongst the front guides, to which they belong respectively,
and racks the front guides one space to the right with all the carriages in them;
and racks the front. extra pushers two spaces to the right, in order to
open the openings in the row of front pushers, and also racks the selvedge
guide bar 11 two spaces to the left, whereby the selvedge guides are restored
to their usual position in respect to the front guides, leaving the selvedge
threads unbended. Then the carriages R are put through backwards, except-
ing the right-handmost carriage R of each breadth, which is left in the front
combs owing to the openings which have been recently opened in the row of
front pushers. Then No. 12 is racked, which racks the front guides and
selvedge guides one space to the right, together with the front transposing
guides 6, and racks the front transposing guides 8 one space to the left,
contrary ways to the front guides, whereby the guides 8 regain their proper
correct places in respect of the front guides from which they were transposed
at the racking of No. 11, and racks the back guides one space to the left,

page_text: together with their back transposing guides 5 and 7, and racks the front combs
one space to the left, with the carriages L and the whipping carriages, and the
right-handmost carriage R of each breadth, which were left in front after
No. 11 was racked, and racks the front pushers, together with their front extra
pushers, one space to the left to accompany the front combs, and racks the
taping guides on the bars 21 and 22 each one space to the left, and racks the
back pushers one space to the left, to bring the back pushers opposite to the
intervals between the carriages R, which are now in the back combs. Then
the pusher bars are swung forwards as usual, but the back pushers do not.
push any carriages through forwards in so doing, this being what is called a
blank motion forwards, and by the time that the pusher bars are nearly swung
forwards, the back points which have been previously withdrawn from the
meshes of the net and raised up then penetrate amongst the warp threads,
and begin to go down for taking down the new meshes. And then No. 13 is
racked, which racks the front guides and selvedge guides one space to the left,
together with the front transposing guides 6 and 8, like one bar, and racks
the back guides one space to the left, together with the back transposing
guides 5 and 7, and racks the back combs one space to the right, with the
carriages R in them; and racks the back pushers one space to the right to accom-
pany the back combs, and racks the two rows of taping guides on the bars 21
and 22 one space to the left, and racks the front pushers, together with their
extra front pushers, one space to the right, to place them opposite to the car-
riages L in the front combs. Then the carriages L are pushed through
backwards, leaving the whipping carriages in the front combs, together with
the right-handmost carriage R. of each breadth, the same as the latter were
left after the racking of No. 11. And then No. 14 is racked, which racks the
front guides and the selvedge guides one space to the right, together with
the front transposing guides 6 and 8, like one bar, and racks the back guides
one space to the right, together with the back transposing guides 5 and 7,
like one bar, and racks the two rows of taping threads, on the bars 21 and 22,
one space to the right, and racks the back combs one space to the left, and
racks the back pushers one space to the left to keep them opposite to the
carriages L, which have been recently pushed through backwards.
And now
the racking wheels on the cross axis Z have gone quite round, and the large
racking wheels on the upper cross axis J have gone half round since the com-
mencement of the description, during which time a row of complete meshes of
net have been made, including a row of halves of enlarged meshes in the
honeycomb open work, and all the parts have regained the positions which
they had at the commencement of the description, excepting the two rows of

page_text: taping guides on the bars 21 and 22, for the bar 21 now stands two spaces to
the left of its former position, and the bar 22 now stands two spaces to the
right of its former position, the two rows of taping guides being in the same
position as that which they assumed after the racking of No. 8, as was then
explained, and which they have retained until now. And the further con-
tinuation of the operation of the machine is by an exact repetition of the fore-
going description until the repetition of the racking of No. 7 of the racking
wheels on the cross axis Z, which is also the racking of No. 21 of the large
racking wheels on the upper cross axis J, and then the following differences are
made from an exact repetition; viz., it is the front transposing guide 8 which
accompany the front guides like one row therewith, and it is the front trans-
posing guides 6, which are racked contraryways to the front guides, and also
it is the taping guides on the bar 22 which accompany the front guides, and
it is the taping guides on the bar 21 which are racked contraryways to the front
guides, and with these differences all the other racking and other actions arc
the same as in the foregoing description, and the repetition thereof is continued
without alteration until the repetition of racking No. 8, which is also No. 22
of the large racking wheels, and then the following difference from the fore-
going description is made:-It is the transposing guides 6 which are racked
when the front guides are not racked at all, and also it is the back transposing
guides 7 which accompany the back guides like one row therewith, and it is the
back transposing guides 5 which are not racked at all, and likewise it is the taping
guides on the bar 22 which are racked, and it is the taping guides on the bar 21
which are not racked at all, by which means the two. rows of taping guides
are restored to the same position in four even pairs which they had at the com-
mencement of this description, those pairs being opposite to the enlarged
meshes, which are numbered 1, 2, 3, and 4, in the Drawing, Sheet XV. And
next at the repetition of the racking of No. 10, which is also No. 24, the
following differences from the foregoing description occur, viz., it is the back
transposing guides 7 which accompany the back guides like one row there-
with, and it is the back transposing guides 5 which are not racked at all,
whereby the transposing guides 5 regain their correct positions amongst the
row of back guides from which they were transposed at the racking of No. 8
and No. 22. And at the repetition of the racking of No. 11, which is also
No. 25, the following difference from the foregoing description takes place :-
It is the first transposing guides 6 which are racked when the front guides
are not racked at all, and the transposing guides 8. And, lastly, at the
repetition of the racking of No. 12, which is also No. 26, the following
difference from the foregoing description is made:-It is the front transposing

page_text: guides 8 which accompany the front guides, and it is the front transposing
guides 6 which are racked contraryways to the front guides, whereby the
guides 6 regain their correct places amongst the front guides, from which they
were transposed at the racking of No. 11 and 25, and then the repetition of
the foregoing description being continued to the end thereof until after the
racking of No. 14 and No. 28, the racking wheels on the cross axis Z
will then have gone twice round since the first commencement of the
description for making two rows of complete meshes of bobbin net, and
the large racking wheels on the upper cross axis J will have gone once
round for making a row of complete enlarged meshes of the honeycomb
open work, and then all the parts, without exception; will have regained
the positions which they had at the commencement of the description.
And the regular operation of the machine is a continual repetition of the
double. course of operation which has now been described, and thereby
ornamented bobbin-net lace, with stripes of honeycomb open work, will be
made according to the specimen delineated in Sheet XV. And by examining
that specimen it will be found that the uppermost inclining pillar of each
enlarged mesh of the honeycomb open work on the left-hand side of each
enlarged mesh has a greater extent of twist than the usual twisted pillars of
bobbin-net lace; but the opposite or right-hand uppermost inclining pillar of
each enlarged mesh has only the usual extent of twist. I recommend the
honeycomb open work to be made in that manner by means of my improve-
ments as herein-before described, because that difference of twist is found
sufficient, with the aid of the taping threads, to produce the proper appearance
of honeycomb open work. Nevertheless, in case it may be thought desirable
to have a creater extent of twist than usual in both the said uppermost
inclining pillars of each enlarged mesh, that is, in the right-hand pillar as well
as the left-hand pillar, the same may be done by the following alterations of
the large racking wheels 12 and 14, for racking the two front transposing bars
2 and 4, viz., in the wheel 14 the elevation of the step numbered 13 must be
three spaces instead of one space, and the succeeding depression of the step
numbered 14 must also be three spaces instead of one space. This is repre-
sented by dotted lines in the Drawing; and in the wheel 12 the elevation of
the step numbered 27 must be three spaces instead of one space, and the
succeeding depression of the step numbered 28 must also be three spaces.
instead of one space, as is shewn by the dotted lines in the Drawings. And
those alterations in the steps of the racking wheels will cause the following
difference from the foregoing description, viz., at the racking of No. 13 the
front transposing guides 8 will be racked three spaces to the left, when the..

page_text: .
front guides are racked only one space to the left, and thereby the said guides
8 will be transposed from their regular places amongst the front guides in the
row thereof. But at the racking of No. 14 the front transposing guides 8
will be racked three spaces to the right when the front guides are only racked
one space to the right, by which means the front transposing. guides 8 will be
restored to their regular places in respect to the front guides. And by means
of this alteration from the foregoing description the enlarged meshes of the
honeycomb open work which are marked in the specimen Sheet XV., 5, 6, 7, 8,
and 9, will have additional twists in the uppermost inclining pillars, on the
right-hand sides thereof, as well as at the left-hand sides; and then, at the
repetition of the racking of No. 13, which is No. 27 of the large racking
wheels, the front transposing guides 6 will be racked three spaces to the left,
when the front guides are racked only one space to. the left, and thereby the
said guides 6 will be transferred from their regular places amongst the front
guides in the row thereof. But at the repetition of the racking of No. 14,
which is No. 28, the front transposing guides 6 will be racked three spaces to
the right when the front guides are only racked one space to the right, by
which means the front transposing guides 6 will be restored to their regular
places in respect to the front guides. And by means of this alteration from
the foregoing description the enlarged meshes of the honeycomb open work,
which are marked in the specimen Sheet XV., 1, 2, 3, and 4, will have
additional twists in the uppermost inclining pillars on-the right-hand sides
thereof, as well as at the left-hand sides. And note, it is not necessary to have
two sets of racking wheels, small and large, in the manner herein-before
described, although I recommend that as the most suitable mode.;, but all
the several racking wheels herein-before mentioned as being operative in the
machinery for making bobbin net ornamented with-honeycomb open work may
be made of large size, and may be fixed on one axis, which is adapted to go
once round for making two rows of complete meshes of the bobbin net, the
same as the wheels herein-before described upon the upper cross axis. In that
case all the several racking wheels herein-before described as being fixed upon
the cross axis Z should be of larger size, and must have twenty-eight-divisions
and twenty-eight racking steps around their circumferences, will consist of a
repetition of the fourteen steps herein-before described around their circum-
ferences, so that the fourteen steps which have been described as occupying the
whole circumference of each of the small racking wheels on the cross axis Z,
will then occupy half. of the circumference of a larger racking wheel on the
upper cross axis J, which is to be substituted for the small wheels, and the other
half of the said circumference of each large wheel will be cut with an exact

page_text: repetition of the same series of fourteen steps. The operation of all parts of
the machinery will be just the same in that case as has been already described.*
Another part of my said improvements relates to that kind of machinery
which is commonly known to manufacturers-of bobbin' net or twist lace by the
designation of circular comb machinery, with driving bars.and.lockers to move
the bobbin carriages in those combs: For making such bobbin net or twist lace
such machinery is usually of the class of double-tier machinery, having two
rows of divisions of. bobbin carriages which are passed or 'repassed one division
after the other between the warp threads; but the said .machinery will be
more suitable for the performance of this part of my improvements if the
double tier is converted into single.tier, that is, all the bobbin carriages being
disposed in one row.in order.to be passed or repassed altogether between the
warp threads. And this part of my improvements in such circular comb single-
tier machinery is for the purpose of making, by means of such improvements,
figured or ornamented bobbin-net lace whereof the net work which is to form
the plain transparent ground of the ornamental bobbin-net lace, is without any
traversing threads, but all the threads whereof it is composed (bobbin threads
as well as warp threads). proceed along. the length of the net by zigzag waving
courses; and those threads are from time to time twisted together in pairs,
consisting of one.warp thread and one bobbin. thread,. to form the sides or
twisted pillars of the several meshes; and then the several threads which have
beeri so twisted. together. separate, and each of the warp threads proceeds
laterally to cross over its. neighbouring warp thread, so. as that all the warp
threads mutually exchange. their formed partnerships with the bobbin' thread,
and combine in other pairs, consisting of one warp thread and one bobbin
thread, which, in their turn, are twisted together to form other twisted pillars
for the succeeding meshes, after which the threads which have so twisted
separate again, and. the several warp' threads cross over their neighbouring
warp threads as before, excepting. that they proceed in contrary directions to
that in which they proceeded last time, in order to return and combine again
in the same pairs of warp and bobbin threads, as first mentioned, for forming
other twisted pillars beneath.those which were first mentioned, and so on with-
out any traversing across the net from selvedge to selvedge. And the said
twisted pillars may contain the same number of twists as is usual in bobbin-
net lace with diagonal traversing threads from selvedge to selvedge; and
respecting the crossings by which the several threads proceed. laterally as afore-
said, after having twisted in pairs in order to combine in. other pairs
for twisting again, .those crossings are formed, two such crosses following
close together, one beneath the other, without any twisted pillars between

page_text: them, as is most usual in bobbin-net lace, so that two following crosses,
instead of forming a mesh in the interval between them, are drawn up
together into close contact, like one compound crossing, each of which
unites the twisted pillars above it and below it into meshes, which
are more of a lozenge shape, with the sharpness of their angles filled
up, than hexagonal. This texture of bobbin-net lace without traversing
threads, which may constitute the plain transparent ground of the orna-
mented bobbin-nct lace which is to be made by means of this part of
my improvements, has been heretofore made by others, and is not of
itself part of my Invention, except when the same is ornamented by patches
or figures of fine-filling work, composed of certain of the warp threads whereof
the plain meshes are formed, which threads are from time to time divested
from their usual and accustomed course of twisting and crossing with the
other threads, and are caused to pass transversely across and across backwards
and forwards the width of the space which is to be occupied by each figure of
fine-filling work, so as to interweave with the other warp threads and bobbin
threads which belong to that space, and which are for the time caused to
discontinue their accustomed course of twisting and crossing, in order to
proceed in straight and parallel courses along the said space, so as to form the
warp of the clothwork, the said warp threads which pass across and across
as aforesaid forming the weft thereof. A specimen of the texture of such
ornamented bobbin net without traversing threads is represented on a magnified
scale on Sheet XVII., and as the courses of the several threads can be traced
therein it requires no further explanation. The circular comb machinery, by
which this part of my improvement is to be carried into effect, may be made
out of ordinary double tier circular comb machinery by the following altera-
tions thereof. The two rows of combs are to be made anew. of a single-tier
gage, and shorter than usual, as is represented in Sheet XVII.; and in order to
unite the single tier combs more firmly together they may have extra tangs
projecting downwards from their innermost ends, and those tangs may be cast
with lead, as is represented by No. 30. The bobbin carriages and bobbins are
to be made anew of a single-tier gage, and the comb bars placed at a suitable
distance apart for the new combs, as is represented in Sheet XVII..
Four
extra guide bars are to be introduced into the machine, two in front and two
at the back, as is shewn at 23, 21, and 24, 22; one pair, 21, 22, being for
guides 11 and 12, which are to receive the clothwork warp threads; they are
those warp threads which are to pass longitudinally along the space which is
to be occupied by the clothwork, and which warp threads, together with their
corresponding bobbin threads, are to form the warp of the clothwork, and

page_text: g
those warp threads are supplied from a thread roller of their own distinct
from the main warp roller. And the other pair of extra guide bars
23 and 24 are for guides 18 and 14, which are to receive other warp
'threads, which are at times to pass across and across for turning the woft
of the clothwork; and those weft threads are supplied from two distinct
thread rollers, which are turned round when required in order to give
off the threads in suitable quantities for the formation of the cross shoots
of weft in the clothwork, and the two rows of main guides on the bars,
and e are the same as usual in double-tier machinery, except that the guide of
one row stand interspaced to the guides of the other row so as to be suitable
for the passing of the bobbin carriages in a single row or tier through between
the two rows of warp threads, which are held as if they were single tier, and
when no clothwork is making, but only meshes of the network, which are to
interweave between the patches of clothwork to form the plain transparent
ground on which the same is to be exhibited, then all the extra guide bars are
to be racked coincidently with the main guide bars to which they belong
respectively; that is, the two front extra bars 21 and 23 will 'accompany the
front bar g, and the two back extra bars 22 and 24 will accompany the back
guide bare in all the racking motions of each. The two rows of main guides
have vacancies in them, and the extra guides 11 and 12, 13 and 14, fill up
those vacancies so as to form two entire rows of warp threads by the whole of
the guides. And respecting the motions of the circular comb machinery, which
is so converted from doublé tier into single, if the same is actuated by rotary
motion, as is now the usual practice, the main driving camm and the locking
camms must be made anew suitably for passing and repassing the single row
of carriages through between the warp threads, from the front combs to the
back combs, and vice versâ, without any middle pause, and with no action of
the lockers until the driving bars have swung to the full extent of their motion
either way.
And also the two rows of points must be made anew with twice
as many pointed pins as usual in each row, or twenty per inch for a ten-point
gage machine. And the taking-up camms by which the points are actuated
must be made to operate more rapidly than usual, in order that the taking up
may be performed by one row of points or the other every time that the bobbin
carriages have reached the full extent of their vibration either way, and an
entire new set of racking wheels must be provided, and they should be of
large size, and go round slowly, so as to get once round in the time, whilst as
many successive rows of meshes of net are made as will contain a row of
ornamental patches of clothwork, together with as many rows of plain meshes
as are intended to intervene between the termination of one row of such
patches and the commencement of another succeeding row thereof. These

page_text: particulars being understood, the construction of the machinery in detail, when
altered ready for working according to this part of my improvements, is as
follows:-
Sheets XVII. to XXIII. of the Drawings. hereunto annexed represent a
single-tier circular comb machine, with swinging driving bars and single bladed
lockers to move the single row of bobbin carriages in their combs, and with what
is called rotary mechanism, for producing all the requisite movements of all the
various parts by giving a continuous rotary motion to one turning axis with a
double handle V, V, which the workman turns round by both hands with a con-
tinuous rotary motion, and by means of the spur wheel T, on short axis U, of the
double handles V, V, acting with an intermediate wheel I, and that actuating
another spur wheel R, on the middle of the long horizontal axis Q, the same
is turned continually round. N is the main driving camm fixed on the middle
part of the axis Q, and operating against a truck at the lower end of a driving
lever arm K, which descends from the back axis L of the driving levers j, j,
whereof the upper ends are connected by half jack links with joints at the
lower ends of the pendulous swing jacks c, c, by which the two driving bars S
and O are suspended, and which swing jacks and driving bars are by this
means caused to vibrate alternately backwards and forwards about their centre
pins.. The form of the main driving camm N is represented in the Drawing;
it is of a different shape from the usual driving camm, and is adapted to
produce a pause in the swinging motion at each extremity of the vibra-
tion of the driving bars S and O, in order to give time for the lockers M
and to turn up their blades, so as to act against the teeth of the
carriages and withdraw the same from between the warp threads into
the combs, leaving the threads at liberty for being racked, and also to
allow time for the racking actions of the extra guide bars.
The
lockers M and o are actuated by locking camms t and n fixed on the
main axis Q. The locking camm n acts on the back locker o by a
horizontal cross lever !, which is beneath the camm n, and a link d, which
goes up therefrom at the back of the machine; and there is a pulling-up spring
to the lever e and the locking camm t acts on the front locker M, by a like
cross lever v, which is beneath the cammi t, and an upright link a going up
therefrom in the front of the machine to the front locker M, and there is a
pulling-up spring to the lever v. The proper forms for the locking camms is
represented in the Drawings. The requisite racking motions of the two guide
bars and care communicated by a pair of very large racking wheels r and q,
fixed on the upright axes E, at the right-hand end of the machine, and which
axis is turned slowly round by means of a bevel wheel Y, at the lower end of it,
with a corresponding bevel pinion w, and having only one twelfth of the number

page_text: of teeth of the bevel wheel Y fixed on the extreme end of the axis Q. At
the left-hand end of the axis Q three camms P, F, and D, are fixed, for actu-
ating the two point bars, namely, a withdrawing camm P, which in turn serves
for withdrawing both point bars back and front, and a lifting or taking-up
camm F, for actuating the front point bar b, and a lifting or taking-up camm
D, for the back point bar K. The taking-up points are suspended as usual
in double-tier machinery, but there are twenty points per inch in each row for
a ten-point gage machine. The action of the withdrawing camm P is trans-
mitted to the point bars 6 and K, back and front in turn, by two upright levers
G, and horizontal links links u and m, at the left-hand end of each point bar,
and the lifting or taking-up, action of the other camms F, D, is transmitted by.
means of levers with tructs to apply to the edges of the camms, and upright
lifting links jointed to their levers and going up to short stump arms at the
left-hand end of each of the point bars, all which, being as usual in like
machinery requires no further explanation. The form of the lifting or taking.
up camms F and D is adapted to lift or lower down the point bars 6 or K
rather lower than usual in the act of taking up, in order that the points may
make their insertion amongst the warp threads in the position represented in
Sheets XVII. The lifting or taking-up camms F, D, for each point bar is
adapted to raise up the points a very little, immediately after the opposite
points are withdrawn from the meshes of the nets, thereby producing
the same effect as the what are called overlapping horns, which are some-
times applied to other lace machines for the like purpose. And note,
when the front points here taken up the back points begin to be drawn out
from the meshes of the net immediately that the front points get up beneath
the back points, and then the instant that the back points are out of tho
net the front points go up a little in order to retain the meshes which
the back points have just quitted, and the same when the back points have
taken up. The point bars 6 and K require to be shogged endways whilst they
are respectively in the act of taking up, which is done by two large notched
wheels w and 29, at the upper end of the upright axis E of the racking
wheels at the right-hand end of the machine, those wheels acting by
steps around their circumferences against the beaks of intervening levers,
which apply to the right-hand end pivots of the spindle bars B and J of the
crank bar arms, by which the point bars 6 and K are suspended, and reacting
springs are applied to the spindle bar B and K, to urge the point bar endways
toward the right hand. The several racking wheels on the upright axes E
are of unusually large dimensions, although they are turned round by the usual
mode of a bevel wheel Y, at the lower end of the upright axes E, and by a
small bevel pinion w, on the extreme end of the axes Q of the driving camms,
b

page_text: as before stated, but the bevel wheel Y has one hundred and forty-four teeth,
and the bevel pinion w only twelve teeth, so as to require twelve revolutions
of the axes Q to produce one turn of the upright axes E. The several racking
wheels thereon are formed with twenty-four steps around their circumferences,
so as to make twenty-four repetitions of racking for each revolution of the
axis E, instead of twelve as usual in double-tier machinery, those rackings
being performed during the aforesaid pauses which are made in the swing of
the driving bars S, O, when the carriages are swung out to the full extent of
their vibration each way, and the carriages are locked up into the combs either
front or back. The winding-up motion of the lace roller is derived from a
notched wheel h, with a prominent circular rim round the under side of its
circumference like an inverted dish, which is fixed on the upper end of the
upright axis E of the racking wheels, and which acts by lateral indentations
at the under edge of that rim on a beak at one end of a lever arm s, which is
mounted on a short spindle bar turning on centre pins, and has a driver
jointed to the opposite end of its other arm to act in the teeth of the ordinary
winding-up ratchet wheel b, so as to turn the same round a tooth at a time,
and an endless worm, which is formed on the axis of that ratchet wheel b,
turns a worm wheel on the end of the axis of the lace roller in order to wind
up the lace as fast as it is made. All the said parts being in common use
in such machines for making bobbin-net lace, requires no further explanation.
But note, the lace roller does not require to be turned round for winding up
all the time when the weaving is going on, and therefore part of the circular
rim of the wheel h, which then comes into action on the back of the
levers, is made plain without such indentations, all which is represented in
Sheet XXII.
The general structure of the machinery being now understood, the arrange-
nient and operation of the remaining parts, which are provided for the per-
formance of this part of my improvements, are sufficiently explained by the
Drawings with the writing thereon, together with the following descriptive
references thereto.
=
TABLE of descriptive References to Sheets XVII. to XXIII. of the Drawings
hereunto annexed, which represent a single tier circular comb machine
for making a kind of bobbin-net lace without traversing threads,
which is figured or ornamented with figures of clothwork weaving, pro-
duced by accumulation and cross weaving of particular warp threads,
according to the specimen represented enlarged in Sheet XVII.
(A), upright lever for withdrawing the front point bar 6 by its linku,
and withdrawing camm P. (B), horizontal spindle bar with crank-bar

page_text: &
arms, from which the front point bar 6 is suspended. (D), taking-up camm
on the left-hand end of the main axis Q, for raising up the back point bar K.
(E), upright axis of the several racking wheels at the right-hand end of the
machine. It' is turned 'round by means of the large bevel wheel Y, of one
hundred and forty-four teeth, on the lower end of it, and by the bevel pinion
W, of twelve teeth, on the right-hand end of the long horizontal axis Q.
(F), taking-up camms on the left-hand end of the main axis Q, for raising up
the front point bar b. (G), upright lever for withdrawing the back point, bar
K by its link m, and withdrawing camm P. (H), selvedge thread roller for
supplying selvedge threads to the several breadths of net. (I), intermediate:
spur cog wheel between the spur wheel T and the spur wheel K; it is mounted.
on a stud centre pin fixed to the framing. (J), horizontal spindle bar with
crank bar arms' from which the back point bar K is suspended. (K),
the back point bar. (L), long horizontal back axis of the driving lever.
arms kand j; j. (M), front locker bar with a single blade for locking
the carriages in the front row of combs. (N), main driving camm
fixed on the middle of the long horizontal axis Q, and operating on
truck at the end of the driving lever arm. k on the middle of back axis
L. (O), back driving bar, suspended by its ends from their swing jacks
c, c, together with the front driving bar S, and actuated by the driving
levers j,j, on the ends of the back axis L. (P), withdrawing camm for the.
front and back points. It is fixed on the right-hand end of the main axis Q,
and it operates on the front points by the upright lever A and its link u, and
it operates on the back point bar by the upright lever G and its link m..
(Q), long horizontal main axis of the main driving camms N, and of the.
locking camms & and n. (R), large spur cog wheel of sixty teeth, fixed on
the middle part of the main axis Q of the main driving camm N. (S), frout
driving bar, suspended by its ends from the swing jacks c, c.. (T), spur wheel.
of forty-five teeth, fixed on the middle of the short axis U of the double-.
turning handles V. (U), short horizontal axis of the double-turning handles V.
and spur wheel T. (V), double-turning handles, fixed on the short axis U of'
the spur cog wheel T. (W), bevel pinion of twelve teeth, fixed on the right-
hand end of the long axis Q of the main driving camms to turn the large
bevel Y, of one hundred and forty-four teeth, on the upright axis E of the
racking wheels. (X), main end standard of the fixed framing or machine:
ends. (Y), large bevel wheel, of one hundred and forty-four teeth, fixed on
the lower end of the upright axis E of the several racking wheels at the right-
hand end of the machine, and turned by the bevel pinion W of twelve teeth.
(Z), single tier bobbin carriages, standing side by side 20 per inch in their
combs, for a ten-point gage machine. (a), lace roller for winding up the net

page_text: as it is made. (b), front point bar, with leads of points on it, having twenty
points per inch for a ten-point gage machine. (c), swing jacks, suspended on
the main central pins at the centre line of the circular curvature of the
combs. They are connected by half-jack links with the upper ends of the
driving levers j,j. (d), upright link for actuating the back locker bar o by
the locking lever l, and locking camm n with a pulling-up spring. (e), back
main guide bar, carrying the back guides y, which stand ten per inch for a
ten-point gage machine. (f), ratchet wheel of the worm for winding up the
lace roller a. It is moved a tooth at a time by a driver, jointed to a lever
arm s, which is fixed to a short axis, having another lever arm, with which a
beak at the right-hand end to apply to the indentations at the under edge of
the prominent rim of the notched dish wheel h on the upright axis E. (9),
front main guide bar, with the front guides upon it, ten per inch in their
row. They have vacancies of two adjacent guides cut out opposite to every
place in the width of the net where a figure of clothwork is to be made
therein. (h), notched dish wheel on the upright axis E, for actuating the
lever O for winding up the lace roller a. (i), front points; twenty points per
inch for a ten-point gage machine. (j), driving levers at each end of the long
horizontal back axis L, with half-jack links to connect them with the swing
jacks c, c. (k), driving lever arm on the middle of the long horizontal back
axis L; with a truck applying to the driving camm N. (1), locking lever, for
actuating the back locker bar o by the upright link d, and locking camm n,
with a pulling-up swing. (m), withdrawing link for the back point bar K,
jointed to the upright lever G of the camm P. (n), locking camm on
the right-hand end of the main axis Q, for actuating the back locker bar o
by a locking lever and upright link d and a pulling-up spring. (o); back
locker bar, with a single blade for locking the carriages into the back row
of combs. (p); comb bars front and back; the front one is never racked,
as is most usual in like machinery. (9), racking wheel on the upright
axis E, for racking the back guides y on the back guide bar e. (r), racking
wheel on the upright axis E, for racking the front guides on the front guide
bar g.: (s), lever arm affixed to. a short cross axis for actuating the driver of
the winding-up ratchet wheel f; the same cross axis has another lever arm
with a beak at its right-hand end, to be actuated by indentations at the
under side of the rim of the notched wheel h on the upright axis E. (t),
locking camm on the left-hand end of the main axis Q, for actuating the front
locker bar M by the locking lever vand upright liuk x and a pulling-up spring.
(u), withdrawing link for the front point bar 6 jointed to the upright lever A
of the withdrawing camm P. (v), locking lever of the locking camm t,
for actuating the front locker bar M by the upright link and a pulling-

page_text: up spring. (w), racking wheel on the upright axis E, for shogging the
front point bar when it is making its insertion amongst the threads. (2),
upright link for actuating the front locker bar M from the locking lever v
and camm t. (y), main back guides fixed on the back guide bar e; they
are ten per inch in their row for a ten-point gage machine. (2); main
front guides fixed on the front guide bar g, ten per inch in their row
for a ten-point gage machine; they have vacancies of two adjacent guides
cut out opposite to every place in the width of the net where a figure of cloth-..
work is to be made therein. (1), thread roller for supplying clothwork warp
threads to the two rows of clothwork warp guides 11 and 12 on the extra
guide bars 21 and 22. Those threads occasionally form part of the longi-
tudinal threads, whereon the clothwork is woven, and at other times they form.
twists with the bobbin threads for the pillars of the meshes of net, which
are to intervene between the successive patches of clothwork. This roller
is suitably weighted for causing the requisite tension on its threads. (2),
thread roller for supplying clothwork warp threads to the row of back weaving
guides 14 on the back weaving bar 24. Those threads occasionally form part.
of the twisted pillars of the meshes of net, which are to intervene between the.
successive patches of clothwork, and then at other times they form the weft.
or cross weaving threads; for those patches the threads are passed around a
measuring or giving-off roller 4, by the occasional motion of which they are
pulled off and given out to the back weaving guides 14 as it is required for
the weaving. (3), thread roller for supplying cloth work weft threads to the.
row of front weaving guides 13 on the front weaving bar 23; those threads
occasionally forming part of the twists for the intervening meshes of network,
and then forming the weft of the clothwork, and they pass around the front.
measuring or giving-off roller 5, by the occasional motion whereof they are
drawn off and supplied to the guides 13 as their weaving operation requires.
(4), back measuring or giving-off roller, around which the clothwork weft
threads, proceeding from the back thread roller 2 to the back weaving
guides 14, are passed, and by the motion whereof they are pulled off and
supplied to those guides as the weaving motion thereof requires. (5),
front measuring or giving-off roller, around which the clothwork weft
threads, proceeding from the front thread roller 3 to the front weaving.
guides 18, are passed, and by the motion whereof they are pulled off, and
supplied to those guides as the weaving motion thereof may require. (6),
ratchet wheel with fine teeth on the end of the back measuring or giving-off
roller 4, by which it is turned round by action of the driver 7 and cross lifting.
lever 8. (7), driver jointed to the cross lifting lever 8, and acting in the teeth.
of the ratchet wheel 6 to turn the same and the back giving roller 4. (8),

page_text: .
cross lifting lever with the driver 7 jointed to it, and also with a truck e
to be actuated by the revolving camm 9 with one prominence on the
main axis Q. (9), revolving camm with one prominence fixed on the
main axis Q, and acting beneath the truck of the cross lifting lever 8
to raise the same at the proper moment, and by the driver 7 to turn
the ratchet wheel 6. of back measuring-off roller 4, in order to supply
clothwork weft threads from the thread roller 2 to the back weaving
guides 14 on the bar 24, when required for their weaving operation. (10),
ratchet wheel with fine teeth on the end of the front measuring or giving-off
roller 5. (11), front. clothwork.warp guides fixed in a row on the front
bar 21, with one such guide opposite to every place in the width of the net
where a patch of clothwork is to be formed therein; they are for guiding the:
clothwork warp threads which are supplied from the thread roller 1. (12),
back clothwork warp guides fixed. in a row on the back bar 22, with one
such guide at every place in the width of the net where a patch of clothwork
is to be formed therein; they are for guiding the clothwork warp threads which
are supplied from the thread roller 1. (13), front weaving guides fixed in a.
row on the front weaving bar 23; one such guide at every place in the width
of the net where a patch of clothwork is to be formed therein; they are for
the weft threads which are supplied from the thread roller 3 by aid of the
front measuring or giving-off roller 5. (14), back weaving guides fixed in a
row on the back weaving bar 24; one such guide at every place in the width
of the net where a patch of clothwork is to be formed therein; they are for the
weft threads which are supplied from the thread roller 2 by aid of the back
measuring or giving-off roller 4. (15), driver jointed to the cross lifting
lever 16, for acting in the teeth of the ratchet wheel 10, to turn the same,
and the front giving-off roller 5. (16), cross lifting lever with the driver 15
jointed to it, and also with truck to be actuated by the revolving camm 17.
(17), revolving camm with one prominence fixed on the main axis Q, and
acting beneath the truck of the cross lever 16 to raise up the same at the
proper moment, and by the driver 15 to turn the ratchet wheel 10 of the
front measuring-off roller 5, in order to supply clothwork weft threads from
the thread roller 3 to the front weaving guides 13, on the bar 23, when
required by the weaving operation thereof. (18), lever poised on a fixed
centre pin with one end reaching beneath the notched rim 20 of a wheel on
the upright axis E of the racking wheels with a beak applying to that rim, and
the other end reaching beneath the end of the cross lever 16 to stop the
descent thereof at such place as is determined by the notches of the rim 20,
and limit the number of teeth to the ratched wheel 10, which the driver 15
shall be allowed to take hold of, and consequently determining the extent of

page_text: motion which shall be given to the ratchet wheel 10 and roller 5. (19), lever
poised on a fixed centre pin, with one end applying to the rim 20, and the
other end stopping the end of the cross lever 8. (20), circular rim fixed on
concentric circles of notches
the upright axis E of the racking wheels, with two
at the under edge to operate upon the beaks of the levers 18 and 19 in order
to limit the descent of the cross levers 16 and 8, and consequently the degree
of action of their drivers 15 and 7 on the ratchet wheels 10 and 6 of the
measuring or giving-off rollers 5 and 4. (21), front clothwork warp bar
carrying the row of guides 11. (22), back clothwork warp bar carrying the
row of guides 12. (23), front wearing bar with the row of guides 13
upon it. (24), back weaving bar with the row of guides 14 upon it. (25);
racking wheel on the upright axis E for racking the bar 21. (26), racking
wheel on the upright axis F for racking the bar 22. (27), racking wheel on
the upright axis E for racking the bar 23. (28), racking wheel on the
upright axis E for racking the bar 24. (29), racking wheel on the upright
axis E for shogging the back points when they are in the act of penetrating
amongst the
warp threads. 30, lead at the extremities of the combs to unite
them firmly together. Supposing the machine to have been in full-operation
making breadths of bobbin-net lace without traversing threads, which are
ornamented with patches of clothwork weaving, according to the specimen
delineated in Sheet XVII., and that it is only stopped for examination, the
positions of the several parts being as follows:-The carriages are all in the
back combs, but not quite locked out of the threads. The front points are
withdrawn from the meshes of the net and lowered down ready to penetrate
the warp threads. The several racking wheels stand with the teeth of their
racking levers on the divisions marked No. 24 in the Drawings, and the
several bars stand racked as follows:-The front main guide bar stands
racked in a midway position, from which it can be racked one single-tier space
of one-twentieth part of an inch for a ten-point gage machine to the right,.
or two such spaces to the left; being three spaces in all. The back main
guide bar also stands in a midway position, from which it can be racked one
space to the right or two spaces to the left, being three spaces in all. The
front clothwork warp bar 21 stands ranked in a midway position, from which
it can be racked one space to the right or two spaces to the left, being three
spaces in all: The back clothwork warp bar 22. stands racked the same.
The front weaving guide bar 28 stands racked in a midway position, from
which it can be racked five spaces to the right or three spaces to the left,..
being eight spaces in all. The back weaving guide bar 24 stands racked in a
middle position, from which it can be racked three spaces to the right or five:

page_text: spaces to the left, being eight spaces in all. The front point bar stands
shogged to the right as far as it can go; it is only capable of moving half a
space in all. The back point bar stands shogged to the left as far as it can
go; it is also capable of. moving half a space in all. Both of the levers of
the giving-off rollers are raised up, so that their trucks are out of the reach
of their camms. This position being understood, the mode of working is as
follows-By turning the handle of the machine the blade of the back locker
is turned backwards, and locks the carriages quite out in the back combs,
and then No. 1 of the racking wheels is racked, which racks all the front
guides half a space to the left, and all the back guides are racked one space
to the left. The points then penetrate the warp threads, and immediately
afterwards all the front guides rack half a space more to the left. This
latter half of their intended racking having been delayed in order to facilitate
the insertion of the points amongst the warp threads, the points then penetrate
the bobbin threads and go up, and when they are quite up, the driving bars
swing forwards and drive the carriages through between the warp threads
into the front combs. As the carriages come through forwards the back
points draw out and go down, and when the carriages get locked in the
front combs the back points penetrate the warp threads, and then No. 2
is racked, which racks all the guides one space to the right and shogs the
back points half a space to the right, and then they penetrate the bobbin
threads, and afterwards they return half a space to the left, and go up, and
when they get quite up the carriages are given through backwards; as they go
through between the warp threads, the front points are drawn out and lowered
down, and when the carriages are locked in the back combs, No. 3 is racked,
which racks all the front guides about one space to the right for an instant,
and racks all the back guides two spaces to the left, and immediately after-
wards the front points penetrate the bobbin threads, and then all the front
guides return about one space to the left to regain their former position, and
then the front points penetrate the bobbin threads and go up. Then the car-
riages are brought through forwards; as they come through the back points are
withdrawn and lowered down, and when the carriages are locked in the front
combs the back points penetrate the warp threads, and then No. 4 is racked,
which racks all the front guides one space to the right, and rakes all the back
guides two spaces to the right, and the back points are shogged half a space to
the right, and then they penetrate the bobbin threads, and are afterwards
shogged back half a space to the left, and go up, and when they get quite up
the carriages are put through backwards; as they go through the front points
are withdrawn and lowered down, and No. 5 is racked, which racks all the

page_text: front guides two spaces to the left, and all the back guides half a space to the
left for an instant, and immediately afterwards the front points penetrate the
warp threads, and then all the back guides rack another half space to the left,
this partial delaying of the racking of the back guides having been made in
order to facilitate the insertion of the front points amongst the warp threads.
The front points penetrate the bobbin threads, and go up, and then the car-
riages are brought through forwards, and the back points are withdrawn, and
go down and penetrate the warp threads, and then No. 6 is racked, which
racks all the front guides one space to the right, and all the back guides two
spaces to the right, and the back points are shogged half a space to the right,
and then they penetrate the bobbin threads, and are afterwards shogged-half a
space to the left, and go up, and when they get quite up the carriages are put
through backwards, and the front points are withdrawn and lowered down,
and No. 7 is racked, which racks all the front guides two spaces to the left,
and the back main guides and the back clothwork warp guides 12 each half a
space to the left, and the back weaving guides 14 about seven spaces to the
left, and a notch in the wheel allows the lever of the back giving-off roller to
descend; then the front points penetrate the warp threads, and immediately
afterwards the back main guides, and the back clothwork warp guides 12,
rack another half-space to the left, and the back weaving guides 14 return
about two spaces out of the seven which they have just racked, so as in effect
to become racked only five spaces away from their position on Number 6, the
delaying of the racking of the back main guides, and the back clothwork warp
guides 12; and also the racking the back weaving guides 14 two extra spaces,
having taken place in order to facilitate the insertion of the front points. The
front points penetrate the bobbin threads and go up; as they go up the camm
acting on the truck, raises the lever and driver, and turns the back measuring
roller round a little, in order to give off thread for the shoot of clothwork just
made by the back weaving guide. The carriages are brought through for-
wards, and the back points are withdrawn and lowered down, and Number 8 is
racked, which racks the front weaving guides 13 about seven spaces.. to the
right, and a notch in the wheel allows the lever of the front giving-off roller
to descend; then the back points penetrate the warp threads, and immediately
afterwards the front main guides rack two spaces to the right, and front
weaving guides 13 return about two spaces out of the seven, as the back ones
did before. The back points are shogged half a space to the right, and
penetrate the bobbin threads, and then return half a space to the left, and go
up; as they go up the camm, acting on the truck, raises the lever and driver,
and turns the front measuring roller round a little, in order to give off thread

page_text: for the shoot of clothwork just made for the front weaving guide.
And then
the carriages are put through backwards, and the front points are withdrawn
and lowered down, and then Number 9 is racked, which racks the front main
guides half a space to the left, and the back main guides one space to the left,
and racks the back weaving guides 14 about six spaces to the right, the front
points penetrate the warp threads, and then the front warp threads rack half
a space more to the left, and the back weaving guides return about two spaces
out of the six which they have just racked, so as, in effect, to be racked only
four spaces at Number 9. The front points penetrate the-bobbin threads and go
up, and as they go up the camm turns the back measuring roller as before;
the winding-up motion of the lace roller is here discontinued, the back
carriages are brought through forwards, and the back points are withdrawn, and
Number 10 is racked, which racks the front weaving guides about six spaces
to the left, then the back points penetrate the warp threads, and immediately
afterwards the front weaving guides return about two spaces to the right, as
before, the back points are shogged half a space to the right and penetrate the
the bobbin threads, and then rack half a space to the left and go up, and the
front measuring roller is turned as before. The carriages are put through
backwards, and the front points draw out and go down, and Number 11 is
racked, which racks the back weaving guides about six spaces to the left, the
front points are shogged half a space to the left, and then penetrate the warp-
threads, and then the back-weaving guides return about two of the said six
spaces, after which the front points shog half a space to the right, and then
penetrate the bobbin threads, and then the back measuring roller is turned,
and the front points go up as before. The carriages are brought through
forwards, and the back points are drawn out and lowered down, and Num--
ber 12 is racked, which racks the front weaving guides 13 about six spaces.
to the right, the back points penetrate the warps threads, and immediately
afterwards the front weaving guides 18 return about two spaces, so as in effect
to have been racked only four spaces at Number 12. The back points are
shogged half a space to the right, and then penetrate the bobbin threads, and
then return half a space to the left, and they go up, and the front measuring
roller is turned as before. The carriages are put through backwards, and the
front points are withdrawn and lowered down, and Number 18 is racked,
which racks the back weaving guides 14 about six spaces to the right. The
front points are shogged half a space to the left, and then penetrate the warp
threads, and then the back weaving guides return about two of the said -six
spaces, after which the front points return half a space to the right, and
penetrate the bobbin threads" and "go up, and the back. measuring roller is

page_text: turned as before. The carriages are brought through forwards, and the back
points are drawn out and lowered down, and then Number 14 is racked,
which racks the front weaving guides about six spaces to the left, the back
points penetrating the warp threads, and then the front weaving guides 13
return about two spaces to the right, then the back points are shogged half
a space to the right, and penetrate the bobbin threads, and return half a
space to be left, and the front measuring roller is turned, and the back points
go up as before. The carriages are put through backwards, the front points
are withdrawn and lowered down, and Number 15 is racked, which racks
the back weaving guides 14 about six spaces to be left, and the front points
are shogged about half a space to the left, the front points penetrate the warp
threads, and the back weaving guides return about two spaces to the right, so
as in fact to have been racked four spaces only. The front points are shogged
half a space to the right, and then penetrate the bobbin threads, and then go
up, and the back measuring roller is turned as before. The carriages are
brought through forwards, and the back points are drawn out and lowered
down, and then No. 16 is racked, which racks the front weaving guides
about six spaces to the right, the back points penetrate the warp threads, and
are then shogged half a space to the right, the front weaving guides return
about two spaces to the left, and the back points penetrate the bobbin threads,
and then return half a space to the left, and then go up, and the front mea-
suring roller is turned as before. The carriages are put through backwards, the
front points are withdrawn and lowered down, and No. 17 is racked, which
racks the back weaving guides 14 about six spaces to tl right, and the
front points are shogged half a space to the left, the front points penetrate the
warp threads, and the back weaving guides 14 return about two spaces
to the left, the front points return half a space to the right, and then
penetrate the bobbin threads and go up, and the back measuring roller is
turned as before. The carriages are brought through. forwards, and the back
points are drawn out and lowered down, and then No. 18 is racked, which
racks the front weaving guides about six spaces to the left, the back points
penetrate the warp threads, and then the front and back main guides' each
rack one space to the right, and the front weaving guide's return about
two spaces to the right, the back points are shogged half a space to the
right, and then penetrate the bobbin threads, and then return half a space to
the left, and the front measuring roller is turned, and the back points go up as
before. And note, the winding-up motion of the lace roller is here resumed
by the notches in the wheel.. The carriages are put through backwards, and
the front points are withdrawn and lowered down, and No. 19 is racked,
which racks the front main guides one space to the right for an instant, and

page_text: racks the back main guides two spaces and a half to the left, and racks the back
weaving guides about six spaces to the left, the front points penetrate. the warp
threads, and immediately afterwards the front main guides return one space to
the left, the back main guides return half a space to the right, and the back
weaving guides return about two spaces to the right, these extra distances
which the bars have been racked for an instant having been gone through
for the purpose of facilitating the insertion of the front points, the front points
penetrate the bobbin threads and go up, and the back measuring roller is
turned as before. The carriages are brought through forwards, and the back
points are withdrawn and lowered down, and No. 20 is racked, which racks
the front weaving guides about six spaces to the right, the back points
penetrate the warp threads, and immediately afterwards the front main guides
rack one space to the right, and the back main guides two spaces to the right,
and the front weaving guides return about two spaces to the left, the racking of
the two main guide bars having been delayed until the returning of the weaving
guides taking place, in order to facilitate the insertion of the back points;
the back points rack half a space to the right, and then penetrate the bobbin
threads, and then return half a space to the left and then go up, and the front
measuring roller is turned as before. The carriages are put through backwards,
the front points are drawn out and lowered down, and No. 21 is racked, which
racks the front main guides two spaces to the left, and racks the back main
guides half a space to the left, and the back weaving guides about six spaces
to the right, the front points penetrate the warp threads, and immediately
afterwards the back main guides rack another half space to the left, and the
back weaving guides return about two spaces to the left, the front points
penetrate the bobbin threads, and go up, and the back measuring roller is
turned as before. Note, at No. 21, when the front points have got quite up,
and the lever of the back measuring roller is also raised up by its camm, a
prominence on the wheel comes into action, and raises the left-hand end of
the lever under the hindmost end of the lever of the back measuring roller, and
prevents its descent. The carriages are brought through forwards, and the
back points are drawn out and lowered down, and No. 22 is racked, which
racks the front weaving guides about six spaces to the left, the back points
penetrate the warp threads, and immediately afterwards the front main guides
rack one space to the right, and the back main guides rack two spaces to the
right, and the clothwork warp guides 11 & 12, each rack one space to the
right and the back weaving guides one space to the right, and the front
weaving.guides return about two spaces to the right, the back points rack half
a space to the right, and then penetrate the bobbin threads, and then return
half a space to the left,. and go up, and the front measuring roller is turned

page_text: a little as before. Note, ȧt No. 22, when the points have got quite up and
the lever of the front measuring roller is also raised up by its camm, a pro-
minence on the wheel comes into action, and raises the left-band end of the
lever under the foremost end of the lever of the front measuring roller and
prevents its descent. The carriages are put through backwards, and the
front points draw out and go down, and No. 23 is racked, which racks
the front main guides two spaces to the left and racks the back main
guides half a space to the left, and racks the front clothwork warp
guides one space to the left, and racks the back clothwork warp guides
half a space to the left, and racks the back and front weaving guides
each one space to the left, and the front points penetrate the warp
threads, and then the back main guides and back clothworth guides each
rack half a space more to the left; the points then penetrate the bobbin
threads and go up, but the back measuring roller is not turned this time. The
carriages are brought through forwards, and No. 24 is racked, which racks all
the front guides two spaces to the right, the back points penetrate the warp
threads and then rack half a space to the right, and then penetrate the bobbin
threads and then go up. The carriages are put through backwards, and the
front points are drawn out of the threads and lowered down. All the parts of
the machine have now regained the position they occupied at the commence-
ment of the description, the racking wheels have made one complete revolu-
tion and two complete rows of holes of bobbin net without traversing threads
have been formed, including a row of patches of clothwork, according to the
specimen delineated in Sheet XVII.
Having now described my said improvements in pusher and in single tier
circular bolt machinery for making, by means of such improvements,: figured
or ornamented bobbin-net lace, I, the said James Pedder, do hereby declare
that the new Invention, whereof the exclusive use is granted to me by the
said Letters Patent, dated the Twenty-first day of April, One thousand eight
hundred and thirty-six, consists in the following particulars :-
Firstly, in the improvement herein-before described in pusher machinery for.
making, by means of that improvement, figured or ornamented bobbin-net
lace, whereof the ornament consists of figures of fine-filling threadwork composed
of the same bobbin threads which belong to the texture of the network, and
which traverse as usual in forming the meshes thereof, but which, by means of
the improvement as herein-before described, are caused to traverse diagonally.
across the same spaces which are to be occupied by such figures, with additional
and unusually frequent steps of diagonal traversing in contrary directions, and also
in'so transversing the said bobbin threads (although they cross each other) they.
avoid twisting around any of the warp threads which they intersect, but the

page_text: said bobbin threads pass alternately before and behind the several warp threads
which they do so intersect; and likewise the said bobbin threads, after they have
by so traversing, with unusual rapidity, passed quite across the space which is
to be occupied by the intended ornamental figure of fine-filling work, they then
perform, turn again prematurely, as herein-before described, in order that they
may retraverse-across the same figure in a contrary direction with unusual
rapidity, and so on as herein-before explained.
Secondly, in the improvement herein-before described in pusher machinery
for making, by means of the improvement, figured or ornamented bobbin-net
lace, whereof the ornament consists of figures of fine-filling threadwork
composed of some few of the warp throads which belong to the texture
of the net work, and which warp threads are part of those belonging to
those spaces in the net which are to be occupied by the intended figures
of fine-filling work, and the said warp threads are caused, by means of the
improvement as herein-before described, to quit their usual longitudinal
courses along the net, and instead thereof to pass transversely backwards
and forwards in pairs across and across the width of the space which is to be
occupied by each figure of fine-filling work, the two threads of each pair
always going across in contrary directions one to the other, and the said threads
interweaving crossways with all the other warp threads which continue in their
usual longitudinal courses along the space which is to be occupied by the figure
of fine-filling work, and likewise intervening obliquely with the bobbin threads
which pass diagonally across the same space in continuation of their usual
diagonal traversing courses, in contrary directions of obliquity, from the meshes
of plain net into the said spaces intended to be occupied with the fine-filling,
and which diagonal bobbin threads are also caused, by means of the improve-
ment as herein-before described, to avoid twisting around any of the longitu-
dinal warp threads which they intersect in their traversing across the said
space. Wherefore the texture of the fine-filling work produced by means of
this part of my improvements, is compounded of cross laid threads intersecting
and cross weaving with longitudinal warp threads and with diagonal bobbin
threads, which latter cross each other but do not twist around any of the
longitudinal warp threads.
Thirdly, in the improvement herein-before described in pusher machinery
for making, by means of that improvement, figüred or ornamented bobbin-
net lace with traversing threads, whereof the ornament consists of stripes
of honeycomb open work, composed of enlarged meshes and contracted
meshes intermixed, with taping threads introduced, in manner herein-before
described, into and through the contracted meshes in order to fill up the
same, and at the same time to distend the enlarged meshes. And whereas

page_text: ornamented bobbin-net lace, with stripes of honeycomb open work and con-
taining taping threads, is commonly made by different kinds of machines,
I make no claim to the making thereof by any other than pusher machinery,
which had not been accomplished until I invented this part of my said improve-
ments for that purpose, as herein-before described.
Fourthly, in the improvement herein-before described in single tier circular
comb machinery for making, by means of that improvement, figured or orna-
mented bobbin-net lace, whereof the plain network is made without traversing
threads, and the ornament thereof consists of ornamental patches or figures of
clothwork, composed of accumulations of some of the warp threads which
belong to the texture of the meshes of the network, those warp threads being
diverted from their previous and usual courses along the net, and being for the
time (by means of the improvement) caused to pass backwards and forwards
across and across the space which is to be occupied by the clothwork, so as to
cross weave with the other warp threads and bobbin threads belonging to the
said space, and which last-mentioned warp and bobbin threads are, by means
of the improvement, kept in straight parallel courses along the said space, with-
out performing any twisting or crossing therein, as they have previously done,
and as they will do again when they are forming meshes of network to inter-
vene between succeeding figures of such clothwork.
In witness whereof, I, the James Pedder, have hereunto set my hand
and seal, this Twenty-first day of October, One thousand eight hundred

page_text: ont Elevation of a Pusher Lace Machine with part of the improvements applied thereto for making Ornamental figures of fine
ing thread work in the bobbin net Lace made thereby the fine filling being formed by accumulation and Cross weaving of particula
warp threads. See also Sheets VII to XIII