Improvements in Artificial Stone Compositions, applicable also to Cements or Plasters.
Year: 1897

page_text: Date of Application, 26th Apr., 1897
Complete Specification Left, 24th Jan., 1898-Accepted, 26th Apr., 1898
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Artificial Stone Compositions, applicable also to
Cements or Plasters.
I, WILLIAM FRANKLIN DYSON, of 145, Leathwaite Road, Clapham Common (West
Side) S.W., in the County of Surrey, Builders Manager, do hereby declare the
nature of this invention to be as follows:
The production of an artificial red stone in imitation of natural red sand stone
which can be moulded into blocks or slabs for building or paving purposes,
or used in situ as a concrete, or rendered on walls, partitions, or the like as a
plaster; and for this purpose clean sand is to be mixed with red ferric oxide Fe₂O3,
until each grain of sand is coated with the colouring matter, then a solution of
iron sulphate, FeSO4, in water is to be mixed with it; after standing for a sufficient
time for the whole to be impregnated the same will be made red hot, when the
colouring matter will become fixed and the sulphate decomposed leaving only the
oxide; the sand must then be washed free from any superfluous colouring matter
and mixed with Portland cement.
Improvements in Artificial Stone Compositions, applicable also to
Cements or Plasters.
I, WILLIAM FRANKLIN DYSON, 145, Leathwaite Road, Clapham Common, Surrey,
Builders Manager, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement:.
-
This invention consists of producing an artificial stone in imitation of natural
red sand stones such as red Mansfield or Corsehill; and for this purpose clean
sharp sand is to be saturated with a strong solution of iron sulphate (FeSO4) with
water; being allowed to stand for a sufficient time for the whole to be impregnated.
The sand thus treated is then made red hot, when the action of the heat will
decompose the colourless iron sulphate solution into red ferric oxide Fe,O,, which
having an affinity to the iron in the sand will combine with the same and produce
a bright red aggregate in which the colour is fixed and cannot be washed out, the
colour being welded round and into each grain of sand.
If the colour is required to be of a different tint to that produced by the simple
addition of iron sulphate, a small quantity of iron oxide, Fe2O3, of any required
shade shall be incorporated with the two i.c.-sand and sulphate of iron previous
to burning.

page_text: The sand having been treated as above described although changed in colour
has-not-been altered in any of its other qualifications, and it can therefore be used
exactly like ordinary sand for the-making of concrete, by being well mixed together
with cements, limes, or plasters, either by shovels or in concrete mixing machines,
sufficient water to thoroughly damp the mass, being added. When thoroughly
mixed it can be put into moulds and well hammered down or if used in situ
shovelled into position and well rammed, and brought up to a smooth surface with
trowels. When used as a plastering it can be rendered in the ordinary way on
brick walls or lathwork, the enriched portions being shaped with tools, and the
flat surfaces trowelled in the usual manner for Portland cement plaster work.
The advantages of this treatment as compared with that of adding colouring
matters in a free state to cements or concretes is that the setting quality of Port-
land cement is not impared, nor the sharpness or cleanness of the sand destroyed.
The grinding of one grain of sand against another, when the concrete is being
mixed, only sets free sufficient colour to tinge the cement and to supply that iron
of which many cements are deficient; and which are therefore improved in their
hardening qualifications by its addition. The surface of artificial stone made with
this aggregate will not crack and it can be carved sawn or tooled like the real stone
the colour and texture being throughout alike. It does not fade by contact with
the air and it can be moulded into blocks either, plain or ornamental, cast in slabs
for paving purposes, or laid in situ, or rendered on walls or lathwork, as already
described, which is the usual method of making concrete and can therefore be
applied anywhere without special apparatus or machinery or specially instructed
artizans.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what I
claim is:-
I. To produce a red aggregate for admixture with cements or plasters or the
like by impregnating sand with a solution of iron sulphate, the shades of colour
being varied when necessary by the addition of iron oxide, the sand thus impreg
nated being submitted to the action of fire, which treatment turns each grain of
sand a permanent red colour.
Dated this 24th dow of Ton 1800

page_text: Date of Application, 26th Apr., 1897.
Complete Specification Left, 26th Jan., 1898-Accepted, 12th Mar.,
1898
Improv
I, WILLIAM HENRY DINES, of Oxshott, Leatherhead, Surrey, Graduate of Cam-
bridge University, do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows; -
My invention relates to an improved sunshine recorder and consists of a balance
adapted to be influenced by the heat of the sun shining upon it and which may also
act as an electric circuit closer in combination with an electro-magnetically operated
recording and circuit breaking device.
The balance consists of a bent glass tube having a blackened bulb at one end
containing ether or other volatile fluid and a mercury column movable under the
variable tension of the vapour, the tube being exhausted of air, sealed, and poised
on knife edges so as to oscillate freely. When the temperature of the blackened
bulb is raised above that of the other part of the tube by the sun shining upon it
the increased tension of the vapour in the bulb drives the mercury up the tube
until it overbalances and causes the tube to oscillate whereupon a pen or pencil is
brought into contact with the paper on a clock driven recording drum. As soon
as the sun ceases to shine the mercury returns towards. the bulb, the tube oscillates
in the reverse direction, and the record is interrupted.
The pen or pencil may be thus operated directly by the balance or through the
medium of electro-magnets in combination therewith. In this case the stops
limiting the motion of the sunshine balance, form circuit closers whereby a circuit
is momentarily closed through one or other of two electro-magnets adapted to
oscillate in opposite directions, as lever carrying terminals adapted to dip into
mercury cups. By the oscillation of the lever in the one direction the circuit of the
electro-magnet by which such oscillation was produced will be broken by the one
terminal rising out of its mercury cup at the same time that the other is immersed.
The oscillation of this lever in the one direction brings the recording pen into
contact with the paper and in the other direction removes it therefrom and the
circuits, and arrangement of. the circuits and the circuit closing and breaking
devices is such that on the closure of the circuit through the one electro-magnet
by the oscillation of the sunshine balance in the one direction the consequent
oscillation of the recording armature lever immediately causes that circuit to be
broken, the current ceasing to flow until the oscillation of the sunshine balance
in the opposite direction momentarily closes the circuit of the other electro-magnet
with a like result.

page_text: manner the same is to be performed to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement:
-
My invention relates to a sunshine recording apparatus and consists of a balance
adapted to be influenced by the heat of the sun shining upon it and to act as an
electric circuit closer in combination with an electro-magnetically operated
recording and circuit breaking device.
The invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings
forming part of this specification wherein Figure 1 is a general diagram of the
electrical connections. Figure 2 is a side elevation, Figure 3 an end elevation,
and Figure 4 a plan of the circuit closing balance. Figure 5 is an elevation of
the electro-magnetic recorder and circuit breaker, the drum being only partially
shewn. Figure 6 is a vertical section of the same. Figure 7 is an elevation and
Figure 8 a plan (with the siphon carrying armature removed) of the electro-
magnetic part of the recorder. Figure 9 is an elevation and Figure 10 a plan of
the armature separately and without the siphon carrying arm. The same letters
of reference indicate the same parts in all the figures.
The balance shewn in Figures 2, 3, 4, consists of a bent glass tube A having a
blackened or partly blackened bulb B at the upwardly bent end of the tube, the
bulb and tube containing ether or other volatile fluid and mercury which is normally
situated at and fills the bend of the tube so as to be movable under the variable
tension of the vapour, the tube being exhausted of air and sealed. The tube is
poised on a horizontal axis a so as to oscillate freely, the axis being situated near
but not quite at the bend so that the weight of the mercury will normally overcome
the weight of the long arm of the tube which then assumes the upwardly inclined
position shewn. When, owing to its greater capacity for absorbing heat, the
blackened bulb B acquires a temperature above that of the other part of the tube
by the sun shining upon it, the tension of the vapour in the bulb drives the mercury
up the long arm of the tube A until its weight overbalances that of the short arm
and bulb and so causes the tube to oscillate. The stops CD which limit the motion
of the balance are the terminals of different electric circuits whilst a lever E carried
by the axis a and oscillating with the balance forms a circuit closer whereby the
circuit of a battery F (Figure 1) is momentarily closed through one or other of
two electro-magnets GH when the balance reaches one or other of its extreme
positions, the wire e being connected with one pole of the battery and with the
lever E through the frame in which the balance is mounted, and the wires g h
being respectively connected to the electro-magnets GH. These electro-magnets
when energized cause oscillation in opposite directions of an armature I common
to both and carrying terminals 12 adapted to dip into mercury cups g² h¹³ in the
circuits of the electro magnets GH respectively, the cup g₁ connected with the
magnet being situated at the end of the armature I which is attracted by
the magnet H and conversely as regards the cup h¹. The armature I rocks on a
pair of pins i (Figs, 9 & 10) connected, through the armature, with the
terminals and dipping into cups ¹, one of which may contain mercury and is
connected, by wire with the opposite pole of the battery to that which is
connected with the balance. Or the connection of the pin i with the battery may 4
be by a small spring. By the oscillation of the balance under the effect of sunshine,
the armature being in the position shewn in Figure 6, the circuit is momentarily
closed through the electro-magnet G and the armature is oscillated to the right.
By this movement of the armature the circuit of the electro-magnet G is broken
by the terminal rising out of the mercury cup gl just before the armature com- 5
pletes its movement. At the same time the terminal j₁ dips into its cup h¹ and
so prepares the circuit of magnet H for closure by the balance. This happens as
soon as the sun ceases to shine, whereupon the mercury in the tube A of the
balance returns towards the bulb B, the balance oscillates in the reverse direction
and so momentarily closes the circuit of magnet H, thus returning the armature I 5
to the position shewn in Figure 6, breaking the circuit of magnet H and again
preparing the circuit of magnet G for closure by the next oscillation of the balance.