IMPROVE- MENTS, IN APPARATUS FOR REGULATING THE WORKING AND VENTILATING OF MINES, BUILDINGS, SEWERS, AND UNDERGROUND WORKINGS, AND FOR, INCREASING THE CERTAINTY, SAFETY, HEALTHINESS, ECONOMY, AND FACILITY OF CONDUCTING SUCH OPERATIONS; AND FOR THE DISTRIBUTING, REGULATING, MEASURING, AND PURIFYING OF LIQUIDS AND FLUIDS SUCH AS AIR, VAPOUR OF WATER, SMOKE, AND WATER; AND IN SETTING OUT AND PROPORTIONING LIQUID AND FLUID PASSAGES AND CHANNELS FOR IRRIGATION AND OTHER, PURPOSES, AND IN THE ÅRRANGEMENTS CONNECTED THEREWITH
Year: 1871

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Alfred Tylor, of No. 2, Newgate Street, in the
City of London, Brass Founder, for the Invention of "IMPROVE-
MENTS, IN APPARATUS FOR REGULATING THE WORKING AND VENTILATING OF
MINES, BUILDINGS, SEWERS, AND UNDERGROUND WORKINGS, AND FOR,
INCREASING THE CERTAINTY, SAFETY, HEALTHINESS, ECONOMY, AND FACILITY
OF CONDUCTING SUCH OPERATIONS; AND FOR THE DISTRIBUTING, REGULATING,
MEASURING, AND PURIFYING OF LIQUIDS AND FLUIDS SUCH AS AIR, VAPOUR
OF WATER, SMOKE, AND WATER; AND IN SETTING OUT AND PROPORTIONING
LIQUID AND FLUID PASSAGES AND CHANNELS FOR IRRIGATION AND OTHER,
PURPOSES, AND IN THE ÅRRANGEMENTS CONNECTED THEREWITH.”
'
.
"
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Alfred Tylor at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
11th December 1871.

page_text: "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR REGULATING THE WORKING AND VENTILATING
OF MINES, BUILDINGS, SEWERS, AND UNDERGROUND WORKINGS ; AND FOR
INCREASING THE CERTAINTY, SAFETY, HEALTHINESS, ECONOMY, AND FACILITY OF
CONDUCTING BUCH OPERATIONS ; AND FOR THE DISTRIBUTING, REGULATING,
MEASURING, AND PURIFYING OF LIQUIDS AND FLUIDS SUCH AS AIR, VAPOUR OF
WATER, SMOKE, AND WATER; AND IN SETTING OUT AND PROPORTIONING LIQUID
AND FLUID PASSAGES AND CHANNELS FOR IRRIGATION AND OTHER PURPOSES, AND IN
THE ARRANGEMENTS CONNECTED THEREWITH," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its objects to provide a means of regulating
and measuring the amount of air artificially introduced into or with-
drawn from mines or underground workings by fans, furnaces, or air
shafts in the usual manner, or by means of a steam jet or jets forcing
or introducing currents of air through existing or special shafts, borings,
or openings; and to regulate the distribution of liquids and fluids such
as air, and air and vapour of water, and smoke through main+and-side
channels or shafts and funnels in a definite and certain manner, and of
fresh air in mines from the entrance to the distant workings and from
thence-to-the-air-exit;-and-also-for-ascertaining-and-recording-quantities
of air, smoke, steam, gas, vapours, and fluids for meteorological and
scientific purposes.
"The extra or special ventilating shafts, borings, or openings may be
cylindrical, elliptic, or conical throughout their entire length or part
thereof, and increased or diminished in stages, and trumpet shaped at
each end; or they may be part cylindrical and part conical and of
smaller diameter than the others; the advantage of such extra or special
shafts, borings, or openings being that mines or underground workings
ventilated by them can be worked as well on the dip as on the rise, and
better ventilation obtained than where dependence is placed only on
the ordinary shafts, which are interfered with by being used to lift
the men and materials and as entrances and exits to the interior of
the mine.
.☑
The extra-or-special shafts, borings, or openings may if preferred be
of much smaller diameter than those used for lifting the men and the
minerals, and may be more rapidly and easily made by the use of boring
tools and may be made smooth in the interior or lined with suitable
material or materials 'so as to allow the air to pass through them more
rapidly
t

page_text: •
slope of surface I-convey off my water in equal quantities and equal
times, if required, but at less velocities, than where the size is not
determined by my method and I prevent the inundation and denudation
of land to some extent; and also I indirectly prevent to a certain extent
the stopping up of waterways and the accumulation of deposit in the
rivers and watercourses: Where the water is to be conveyed on to the
land for irrigating purposes, I can by proportioning the areas and slopes
of the channels convey an equal quantity of water to an equal area...
·
-
In order to carry out my Invention when applied to air for mining
purposes I proportion the dimensions of the main and side air passages
or channels that the velocity of the air currents and the proper
quantities of air supplied to the spaces round the stalls, long walls, and
facings of the workings, and every part of the mine in coal or other
mines, may be definite and flow at the required rate to every part of the
mine, and as the workings-extend I still provide full ventilation. I also.
provide apparatus for measuring the total quantity of air introduced at
the inlet or, inlets; and to measure its volume and velocity when divided
in its passage to the distant workings, and when collected again in
one channel near the exit, I place revolving, cowls over the air shafts or
buildings with windows so as to be their equivalent where necessary.
mil
m')
3:1 1.
:
J
7
Under the present arrangement: neither the whole volume of fresh air
introduced into or the air withdrawn from the mine is measured and
registered; nor are the velocity and volume of the air currents in the
separate workings registered by any sufficient apparatus; nor are the
side passages or ways made of, or set out, or planned of dimensions
varying with the slope or gradient, and with the length and cubic
contents of the passages and ways, and with the natures of the sides,
floor, and roof of the said ways or passages, or compared with the force
or pressure of air necessary, to produce currents of fresh air of such
volume as they ought to be in order to ensure every part of the mine
being supplied with fresh air in proper quantities, and none wasted;
neither is the temperature of the air lowered by means of cold vapour
and the vapour of cold water as it ought to be; nor are the walls of the
passages cooled down and rendered less inflammable by cold air or
vapour of water; nor are there proper.chambers for containing a mass of
pure cold and moist air (so as to overpower the four currents) supplied
by air passages independently of those in connection with the workings;;
nor are gauze screens, used by which the passage of flame or impure.

page_text: gases might be arrested whilst the separate passages afforded a retreat for
the workmen as they ought to be; nor are revolving cowls, pointing-in
opposite directions, placed over the entrance of the air shafts; nor are the
mouths of the shafts made trumpet shaped.
.'
When dealing with air, the air meter I employ is somewhat similar to
those I make for water, but generally of different or of larger dimensions
and lighter materials. The sails, fans, or vanes can be furled or
diminished, inclined or reduced, and may be made of an uninflammable
material or materials, or of material or materials rendered uninflammable,"
and are attached to or are in connection with a counting or recording
apparatus and dial, and apparatus for checking the velocity of the fan
or vane to make it register and record the quantity of air passing. A.
vane, or vanes, or their equivalent are attached to or near to the moving
parts to regulate their speed, or placed so as to reflect regulating currents
of air, in order that the revolving fans, or vanes, or sails may move and
record in proportion to the total quantity of air passing through the
passages and airways; and not to the speed of the air at any one.
-point.
7
I also attach when necessary or convenient a drag plate, or plates,
, or other means of retarding to or in connection with the moving vanes or
sails, and lét a part of the vanes descend into or move in a trough or
receptacle containing water or other fluid whilst the other part of the
fans, vanes, or sails, or moving part is propelled by the current of air. I
adjust. the size of the fans, vanes, sales, or moving part, or their or its
position with respect to the central axis and the sides of the chamber in
which it is placed, and I fix vanes or fans for checking the velocity of
the air as required for regulating the rotation of the fan or vane in an
exact manner. I can thus accurately adjust the velocity of the moving.
part in proportion to the air entering or leaving the mine or other place.
when-thie. apparatus is employed, whether the whole of the air in the
passage passes through the meter or only a part, and, whether the fan
or vane is central or not in the passage, as the velocities of currents of
air passing along airways are greater, at the centre than at the sides,
and increase and decrease in a regular proportion whatever the absolute
speed may be.
Í also arrange for regulating, registering, and ascertaining by means
of either the air flowing in the centres of the passages or that passing
near the sides or intermediate parts the total quantity passing in a

page_text: particular space of time, and for this purpose I provide a more delicate
apparatus than that just described, and. consisting of two flys. or fans
such as have been before described, but not mechanically, connected with
each other; one is attached to or connected with the counting apparatus
and to the spring or weight, and the other is suspended from or
situated close to it, but does not partake of its revolutions.
[1
.
By an arrangement of apparatus consisting of wheels worked by a
spring, or weight, or other convenient means I.can cause my counting.
apparatus to make one fly revolve at any required velocity, and..the.
counting apparatus record the quantity of air that would pass at such
velocity. By adjusting this fan,. or vane, or fly, or sail attached to the:
counter to the same speed as that at which I observe the unattached fly.
is turning by the motion of the air, at the same time I can find the
revolutions per second of the fly connected to the clockwork, and also,
. ascertain from the dial the quantity of air passing. This fly, may be
suspended by a torsion wire. or mounted on pivots so as to move on its.
centre almost without friction, inasmuch as it has no counting, apparatus
attached while air currents impinging upon the vane regulate it as before
described-if-I-prefer to do so. I-thus-have-a-means of estimating the
velocity of the fly solely moved by the air without the friction caused by
a counting apparatus being attached to it, and thereby affecting the
movement perceptibly.
120
1.
'
IN
In order to cool the air passages in the mine I introduce cold water
from a point near the surface of the mine in large pipes, and thence from
mist jets or from wetted diaphragms, so that the cool and moist air
meeting the hot air may constantly absorb the heat from it, and also
from the sides of the ways and passages, the cold water or the vapour of
cold water acting as a carrier, absorbing or conveying heat more rapidly
away from the workings to the air exit of the mine than'dry air could do,
thus reducing the temperature of the mine, and rendering the passages"
or airways-when composed-of coal- or-wood: or-lined with coal-orwood
less inflammable at the same time that the water in the air is 'absorbing
or condensing the deliterious gases given out by the coal, or from
fissures and working faces, and carrying it to the pumps for removal
from the mine; and I thus effect a considerable amount of purification of
the air itself as well as keeping it cool, and prevent the spread of fire
and flame in cases of explosion. I also screen the air from the particles,
in mechanical suspension by passing it through a fine gauze screen or
.

page_text: screens damped by, cold. water, if possible; in those parts of the mine
where it is heavily charged with dust in suspension. These screens will
also serve to stop a current of inflamed gas, and extinguish it when
an explosion has occurred, and thus tend to produce safety.
1 1:
4
. I
:
14.
1
The second part of my Invention relates to the proportioning' of 'the
channels, in which liquids, or fluids, or water is conveyed for irrigation
or sewage purposes in such a manner that I can obtain a uniform or any
particular velocity or.depth of stream, where required in every part of
the system of watercourses, sewers, or open channels by proportioning
the size of the main and side channels to each other in a definite manner
according to the materials they are formed of, and the gradients, cross
sections, and angles or bends, so that the required quantity of water may
be passed through them or drained off by them at the given velocity,
however much the slopes or gradients of the ground to be irrigated;ōr
drained may vary in gradient, or the watercourses vary in section or
from a straight line. As there is not acceleration in, water, flowing in
open channels by providing a short measured length of channel of equal
width and slope and graduated for depth, I can check or ascertain the
quantity passing by means of this channel, knowing that the depth of a
stream in a channel; of; even width increases, in a determined ratio to the
quantity of liquid flowing, through, thus converting a part of any channel
into a meter. By making! allowances for bends and; angles in the size
of the channel at those points I find that when the slope of channel
increases eight times whilst the quantity of water, flowing remains the
samé that the mean velocity of the water only flows about twice as fast
as before, and the depth of the stream is only about one-half, and that
when the quantity of water in the channel is increased eight times whilst
the slope is, unchanged, than then the, mean velocity of the stream
becomes double and the depth, double, what it was before the quantity
flowing: per second was, altered. Also when the quantity, flowing, is-in-
creased eight, times and the slope or gradient.is; also eight times, steeper,
then the mean velocity of the current is four, times, faster than before,
and the depth of the stream- also four times greater,; that is to say, the
mean velocity increases in the ratio of the cube root of the ratio of the
increase of slope and of quantity, of water flowing, the ratio being.
modified by a coefficient, representing the variation of conditions and, of
materials employed for, the channels. I also find. that the relative
obstructions: offered by rough materials forming the bottom of the sides
..
1

page_text: will be nearly doubled, the cross section of channel, and force of air, and
length of airways remaining the same. But when the cross section of
channel is increased eight times, although the force or pressure of air and
the gradient remain the same, the quantity of air flowing will be nearly
5 doubled, the other resistances. remaining the same or in proportion.
ப
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Alfred Tylor in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 11th June 1872.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, ALFRED
TYLOR, of No. 2, Newgate Street, in the City of London, Brass Founder,
send greeting.
'
.)
+
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Eleventh day of December, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and, seventy-two,, in: the
thirty-fifth year of Her reign, did, for. Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said Alfred Tylor, Her special licence. that
I, the said Alfred Tylor, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or
such others as I, the said Alfred Tylor, my executors, administrators,
and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to
time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands,
and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR
REGULATING THE WORKING AND VENTILATING OF MINES, BUILDINGS, SEWERS,
AND UNDERGROUND WORKINGS; AND FOR INCREASING THE CERTAINTY, SAFETY,
HEALTHINESS, ECONOMY, AND FACILITY OF CONDUCTING SUCH OPERATIONS; AND
FOR THE DISTRIBUTING, REGULATING, MEASURING, AND PURIFYING OF LIQUIDS
AND FLUIDS SUCH AS AIR, VAPOUR OF WATER, SMOKE, AND WATER; AND IN
SETTING, OUT AND PROPORTIONING LIQUID AND FLUID PASSAGES AND CHANNELS
FOR IRRIGATION AND OTHER PURPOSES, AND, IN THE ARRANGEMENTS CONNECTED
THEREWITH," upon the.condition (amongst others) that I, the said Alfred
Tylor, my executors; or. administrators, by an instrument in writing
under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly
describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what
1
1
F

page_text: manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed
T:
1
23
in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Alfred Tylor, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by
by the following statement, and accompanying two Sheets of Drawings
hereunto annexed:-
"This Invention has for its object to provide a means of regulating and
measuring the amount of air artificially introduced into or withdrawn
from mines or underground workings by fans, furnaces, or air shafts in
the usual manner-or- by-means of a steam jet or jets forcing or intro-
ducing currents of air through existing or special shafts, borings, or
openings, and to regulate the distribution of liquids and fluids such as
air, and air and vapour of water, and smoke through main and side
channels or shafts and funnels; in a definite and certain manner, and of
fresh air in 'mines, from the entrance to the distant workings and from
thence to the air exit, and also for ascertaining and recording quantities
of air, smoke, steam, gas,. vapours, and fluids for meteorological and
scientific purposes.
J
The extra or special ventilating shafts, borings, or openings may be
cylindrical, elliptic, or conical throughout their entire length or part
thereof, and increased or diminished in stages, and trumpet shaped at
each end or both, as shewn by the dotted lines; Fig. 1, Sheet 1, or they
may be part cylindrical and part conical and of smaller diameter than
the others; the advantage of such extra or special shafts, borings, or
openings being that mines or underground workings ventilated by them
can be worked as well on the rise as on the dip, and better, ventilation
obtained than where dependence is placed only on the ordinary shafts,
which are interfered with by being used to lift the men and materials
and as entrances and exits to the interior of the mine.
ΤΣ
The extra or special shafts, borings, or openings may, if preferred; be
of much smaller diameter than those used for lifting the men and the
minerals, and may be more rapidly and easily made by the use of boring
tools, and may be made smooth in the interior or lined with suitable.
material or materials so as to allow the air to pass through them more
rapidly...

page_text: 5
1412
J2.
***
When the steam jet, or a furnace, or furnaces is or are used either to
start a current of air in a rectangular or other shaped passage or, airway.
in a mine having, a downward slope, or to cause any continuous current
to circulate, then there should be, where convenient, an extra air shaft
prepared to receive the steam, hot air, or smoke and also, the air for the
air current passing below and to convey the air to the surface, or to
some higher air level. Where the airways, branch, the corners should be
gently, rounded and the change of direction not too abrupt on account.
of impeding the air.currents.
The steam for the jets is to be generated in boilers within the mine in
coal mines, or air-heated in or by a furnace or furnaces by the waste coal
in the mine, or at the surface from coal brought to bank, and' air meters
are to be placed in the extra or special shaft or shafts, and the jets are
to be placed over the opening so as to heat the whole current equally if
preferred, or in the air passage way allowing for changes in atmospheric
pressure, so that exactly the requisite current of fresh air might be
obtained by planning and proportioning the pressure of air and the passage
or airway in the mine, and making the shaft or shafts for the steam jét
to blow steam through. of such proportions that a supplemental current
of air of a determinate velocity might be produced and employed for
purposes of ventilation.
The steam jet may be used to start either an up or down draught.
current under certain circumstances, and in a divided shaft, or shafts
where found necessary; and these arrangements may be applied to
existing mines as well as to the arranging and sinking of new ones.
•
די
My second object is, applied to irrigation, and drainage, and the
modification of natural and, artificial water channels, rivers, and streams,
and I proportion the length to the breadth and the total area of the cross.
section of these waterways in proportion to the slope or gradient of the
water surface, so as, to regulate the velocity of the current and keep it.
in proper limits. By dividing, regulating, planning, setting out, and
making the number and sizes of, the drain pipes or waterways removing
water from the land, and placing them in a particular manner, I can
reduce the velocity, of the water flowing through them so that less of the
valuable and finely divided clays, and sands, and valuable constituents
may be brought off the surface of the land into the larger channels
or other watercourses.

page_text: The velocity of the drainage water can be also reduced by altering
the cross section of the channels and the materials of which the
channels are formed, so that in my properly proportioned channels on
the same slope of surface I convey off my water in equal quantities and
equal times, if required, but at less velocities than where the size is not
determined by my method, and I prevent the inundation, deformation,
and denudation of land to some extent, and also I'indirectly prevent to
a certain extent the stopping 'up of waterways and the accumulation of
deposit in the rivers and watercourses. Where the water is to-be
conveyed on to the land for irrigation purposes I can, by proportioning
the areas and slopes of the channels, convey an equal quantity of water,
to an equal area.
1 1
•
In order to carry out my Invention when applied to, air for mining
purposes I proportion the dimensions of the main and side air passages
or channels in the manner explained in Fig. 3, Sheet 1, so that. the 1
velocity of the air currents and the proper quantities of air supplied, to
the spaces round the stalls, long walls, and faces of the workings, and,
every part of the mine-in-coal or other mines may be definite and, flow,
at the required rate. to every part of the mine, and as the, workings
extend I still provide full ventilation. I also provide apparatus for. 2
measuring the total quantity of air introduced at the inlet or inlets, and
to measure its volume and velocity when divided in its passage to the
distant workings and when collected again in one channel near 'the'
exit. I also place revolving cowls over the air shafts, or buildings with
windows so as to be their equivalent, where necessary.
2
1
Under the present arrangements neither the whole volume of fresh air
introduced into or the air withdrawn from the mine is measured and
registered; nor are the velocity and volume of the air currents in the
separate workings registered by any sufficient apparatus, the instrument
used only gives the maximum velocity, which is multiplied by the area, 3
but the mean velocity is what is required to be known by calculation;
nor are the side passages or ways made of, or set out, or planned of
dimensions varying with the slope or gradient, and with the length and
cubic contents of the passages and ways, and with the natures of the
sides, floor, and roof of
he said ways or passages, or compared with the 3
force or pressure of air necessary to produce.currents of fresh air of such
volume as they ought to be, in order to ensure every part of the minė
-****

page_text: .
the velocity of the air as required for, regulating the rotation of the fan
or vane in an exact manner. I can thus accurately adjust the velocity
of the moving part in proportion to the air entering or leaving the mine
or other place where the apparatus is employed whether the whole of
the air in the passage passes through the meter or only a part; and 5
whether the fan or vane is central or not in the passage, as the velocities
of currents of air passing along airways are greater. at the centre than
at the sides, and increase and decrease in a regular proportion whatever
the absolute speed may be.
+
LA
It also arrange for regulating, registering and ascertaining, by means 1
of either the air flowing in the centres of the passages, or that passing
near the sides or intermediate parts the total quantity passing in a
particular space of time, the present meter used being a velocity meter,
not'a quantity meter, whereas it is quantity that is required to be known
not velocity, as this does not determine the quantity; and for this l
purpose I provide a more delicate apparatus than that just described;-
and consisting of two flys or vanes; such as have been before described.
but not mechanically connected with each other; one is attached to or
connected with the counting apparatus or to the spring or weight, and
the other, is suspended from or situated close to it, but does not partake 20
of its revolutions taking-account of the area and character of surface of
the airway in which the meter is used:
J
By an arrangement of apparatus, consisting of wheels worked by
spring; or weight, or other convenient means, I can cause my counting
apparatus to make one fly revolve at any required velocity, and the 25
counting apparatus record the quantity of air that would pass as such
velocity. By adjusting this fan, or vane, or fly, or sail attached to the
counter to the same speed as that at which I observe the unattached fly
is turning by the motion of the air at the same time, I can find the
revolutions per second of the fly connected to the clockwork, and also 30
ascertain from the dial the quantity of air passing: This fly may be
suspended: by a torsion wire or mounted on pivots so as to move on its
centre almost without friction, inasmuch as it has no counting apparatus"
attached, while air currents impinging upon the vane regulate it as
herein before described if I prefer to do so. I thus have a means of 35
estimating the velocity of the fly solely moved by the air without the
friction caused by a counting apparatus being attached to it, and thereby

page_text: affecting the movement perceptibly, or I can attach the counting
apparatus and the fly and make an inferential counting meter.
In order to cool the air passages in the mine I introduce cold water
from a point near the surface of the mine in large or small pipes at the
points above the airways where the hot, and vitiated air collects, and
thence I distribute the water from mist jets or from wetted: diaphragms,
so that the cool and moist air meeting the hot air may, constantly absorb
the heat from it and also from the sides of the ways and passages, the
cold water or the vapour of cold water acting as a carrier, absorbing or
conveying heat more rapidly away from the workings to the air exit
of the mine than dry air could do; thus reducing the temperature of the
mine and rendering the passages or airways when composed of coal or
wood, or lined with coal or wood, less inflammable, at the same time
that the water in the air is absorbing or condensing the deleterious
gases given out by the coal; or. from fissures and working faces, and
carrying it or them to the pump or pumps for removal from the mine
(as cold air always falls to the dip or deep of the airways when workings
permit it while the hot air rises to the rise above the airways), and I
thus effect a considerable amount of purification of the air itself, as
well as keeping it cool, and prevent the spread of fire and flame in cases
of explosion. I also screen the air from the particles in mechanical
suspension by passing it through a fine gauze screen or screens damped
by cold water if possible in those parts of the mine where it is heavily
charged with dust in suspension. These screens will also serve to stop
a current of inflamed gas and extinguish it when an explosion has
occurred, and thus tend to produce safety.
The second part of my Invention relates to the proportioning of the
channels in which liquids, or fluids, or water is conveyed for irrigation
or sewage or other purposes in such a manner that I can obtain an uniform
or any particular velocity or depth of stream in any part of the area
desired, or where required in any part of the system of watercourses,
sewers, or open channels by proportioning the size of the main and side
channels, to each other in a definite manner, (see section of areas, Fig. 3,
Sheet 1, according to the materials, they are formed of, and the
gradients, cross section, and angles or bends, so that the required:
quantity of water may be passed through them or drained off by them.
at the given velocity; however much the slopes or gradients, of the

page_text: .
ground to be irrigated or drained may vary in gradient, or the water-
course evary in section or from a straight line. As there is no acceleration
in water flowing in open channels, by providing a short measured
length of channel of equal width and slope and graduated for depth, I
can check or ascertain the quantity passing by means of the channel;
knowing that the depth of the stream of a channel of even width
increases in a determined ratio to the quantity of liquid flowing through,
thus converting a part of any channel into a meter.
2
2.
$
By making allowances for bends-and-angles in the size of the channel
at those points I find that when the slope of the channel increases eight
times whilst the quantity of water flowing remains the same, that the
mean velocity of the water only flows about twice as fast as before, and
'the depth of the stream is only about one-half, and that when the quantity
of water in the channel is increased eight times, whilst the slope is
unchanged, that when the mean velocity of the stream becomes double.
and the depth double what it was before, the quantity flowing, per
second was altered; also when the quantity flowing is increased eight
times, and the slope a gradient; is also eight times steeper then the mean
velocity of the current-is-four times faster than before, and the depth of
the stream also four times greater; that is to say, the mean velocity:
increases in the ratio of the cube root of the ratio of the increase of slope
and of quantity of water flowing, the ratio being modified by a coefficient
representing the variation of conditions and of materials; employed-for
the channels. I also find that the relative obstructions offered by rough
materials forming the bottom of the sides and bottom of the-water
channels are nearly equal or proportionate at all slopes, and modify the
velocity of the water flowing through them at all gradients in nearly
like proportion. The section, Fig. 4, Sheet 1, shews an area divided
into parts with a constant quantity and varying velocity throughout the
varying area.
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I may also employ a meter arranged for the purpose moved by a
portion of the current to indicate the quantity delivered by the whole
stream or tide.
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page_text: then with the same gradient and same force of gravity the mean velocity
will be nearly quadrupled.
By the use of different cross sections according to resistance for the
different slopes and materials of channels I can proportion different
sized channels, made of different materials, to deliver any required
quantity of water in a definite time at a definite gradient. Fig. 3, Sheet 2,
shews how much the variation of material affects the velocity at the
same slope.
2.
I
To drive air faster into a mine, or drive it out faster requires about eight
times the extra force to produce about twice the extra mean velocity of
currents of air when the size of the passages, and length of gradient,
and materials of the passages are the same. The driving or drawing
force or source of motion or power must also be increased in proportion
to the length of the channel, while the areas of the cross section of the
passages remain the same, but the forces or pressures of air which will
drive about twice the quantity of air in the same time through the same
length of passage and' same gradient on the dip when the respective
forces or pressures are to each other as 8 to 1, that is, the force to be
exerted increases nearly directly as the cubes of the increased mean
velocity to be obtained. The mean velocity from above to below of the
current only increases as the cube root of the direct ratio of the gradients
of the channels to each other when water is flowing, but when air is
passing through channels from below the surface to above its mean
velocity is in the inverse ratio of the gradients to each other, that is to
say, when the gradients in airways are increased (on the dip) eight times
then with the same force of air and the same length of passage the
mean velocity of the air current will be reduced one-half, and when
the gradient is decreased to one-eighth part of what it was then the
mean velocity of the current of air will be nearly doubled, the cross
section of channel and force of air and length of airways remaining the
same. But when the cross section of channel is increased eight times
although the force or pressure of air and the gradient remain the same
the quantity of air flowing will be nearly doubled, the other resistances
remaining the same or in proportion. The word gradient or slope is
meant to distinguish the difference of level, that is to say, when the
air is forced to a lower level than the point from which it is started,
and when there is a furnace at the bottom of the up-cast shaft by which
a current is caused and the temperature, volume, and pressure of the

page_text: air are altered in opposition to gravity, this will have to be allowed for,
and an allowance must also be made for the exhausting action of the
fan when used, as it alters the pressure and volume in generating a
current in opposition to gravity, but the same rule applies to currents of
air and water when moved solely by gravity from a high point to a low
one, temperatures and pressure being the same, but as water always
flows from a higher to lower level while air in a mine may flow be the
inverse direction, then the action is inverse, as herein-before stated,
denser and lighter air taking the relative position of water in the
Formulas cizon
-
A reference to the accompanying two Sheets of Drawings, with the
aid of the following descriptions and letters of reference, will enable me
to particularly describe and ascertain the mode in which the same may
be performed.
. Fig. 1, Sheet 1; represents a section of a mine shewing the shafts,..
-workings, special shafts, steam jets, and boiler, the parts intermediate
between the shafts being omitted, as shewn by the break in the Drawing.
A, A, are the shafts communicating with the workings B, which may
be formed with a trumpet-shaped extremity or extremeties, as shown by
the dotted lines, or otherwise arranged, as herein-before described and
specified; C, C, the special shafts or borings, shewing the. steam jets
supplied by the boiler D. These special shafts or borings may be
parallel, as shewn, trumpet-shaped at the extremity or extremities, as
shewn by the dotted lines, or be otherwise arranged, as herein-before
described and specified; E the meter or counting apparatus, an enlarged
view of which is shewn in Fig. 2.
By placing the meter in the main working or passage, and by
arranging the proportions of the air entrances and passages to one
another, I can count and determine the quantity of air passing through
each part of the mine.
The quantity of fluid passing at the meter being known and the area
of the passages through which the fluid is to pass having been deter-
mined on, Q is the known quantity flowing through the known area A
at the known slope I, a will be the area and i the slope coinciding with
the quantity

page_text: A is the area through which the volume Q is passing at the slope I;
a is the new area coinciding with the new quantity q and new slope i.
The following formula for finding the relations of areas to the slopes

page_text: Figs. 4, 5, and oare Diagrams snewing the great variation of verocITICS
and slopes, the quantities flowing being the same and the material the
same as relating to irrigation:-
S.= the wetted perimeter, D= depth, V = velocity.
'
Fig. 7 is a Diagram shewing the variation of slope coinciding with the
change of material when the quantity and velocity are required to be
the same or nearly so in each case.
In case of planks C with the slope 00208 a velocity V
quantity 1.236 is represented by the dotted figure.
q
= 1.578 and a
The case of small gravel D with the slope 0049, a velocity V = 1.696,
and a quantity q = 1.236 is represented by the figure in fine lines.
The case of coarse lattice B with the slope 0088, a velocity V =
and a quantity 1.236 is represented by the figure in thick lines.
1.698,
When the area varied from 0:1574 to 0.7789 the effect of the variation
of wetted perimeter from 2158 to 2.78 was hardly perceptible, and 1
might be neglected, and therefore where the walls, floor, and roof are. of
the same material-it-is-not-necessary to consider the shape of-the-areas-
if they are rectangular.
The difference between triangles, rectangles, and semicircles I have
found separately by a co-efficient of 0.1. The proportionate areas by 2
which the channels are to be regulated to deliver the same quantity in
the same time are as follows in some cases :-Cement, 0·5; brick, 0:6;
plank; 0:8; earth, 1.0.
'
1
Having thus described the nature of my Invention, and the manner
in which the same may be performed or brought into practical use, 2
I desire to state that I do not claim the Invention of shafts for use
in mining or other underground operations, nor the use of steam jets,
fans, or other means of introducing air into mines or underground
workings or withdrawing it therefrom, or meters for measuring and
recording the same as new, nor the conducting of liquids or fluids 3
through passages or waterways as novel, nor do I confine myself to the
precise details shewn, as the same may be varied without departing from
the nature of my Invention; but what I do claim as new and as my
Invention, and desire to have protected by Letters Patent are,-
1
First. The employment of extra or special shafts or borings formed as 3

page_text: described, illustrated, and specified for improving the ventilation of
underground workings, whether used with or without steam jets or other
modes of creating a current or currents of air therein, and the use of
revolving cowls or arrangements equivalent thereto on the mouths of
the shafts for creating an increased admission of air to the workings.
Second. Proportioning the dimensions of the shafts, workings, and
passages to one another in the manner herein-before described and by
the means and for the purposes specified.
•
Third. The arrangement of meters for counting and registering the
quantity and not merely the velocity of the air admitted into or with-
drawn from mines or underground workings, as herein-before described,
illustrated, and specified.
Fourth. The mode herein-before described of purifying and cooling
the air admitted to mines or underground workings.
Fifth. The manner of proportioning and arranging channels or
passages. for liquids and fluids for irrigation and other purposes, as
herein-before described and for the purposes specified.
In witness whereof, I, the said Alfred Tylor, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Eleventh day of June One thousand
eight hundred and seventy-two.