IMPROVEMENTS IN PROJECTILES
Year: 1862

page_text: Sealed the 15th August 1862, and dated the 18th June 1862.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Henry Johnson,
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
18th June, 1862.
I, JOHN HENRY JOHNSON, of 47, Lincoln's Inn Fields, in the County of
Middlesex, and of 166, Buchanan Street, in the City of Glasgow, North
Britain, Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN PROJECTILES," a communication from abroad by Benjamin
Berkley Hotchkiss, of New York, in the United States of America, to be as
follows:-
This Invention relates to various constructions and arrangements of pro-
jectiles for ordnance, and consists of a peculiar mode of applying a soft metal
zone or belt to elongated projectiles, whereby such zone or belt is not only.
expanded by the explosion of the charge of the gun so as to fit more accurately
the bore of the gun, but at the same time expresses a certain amount of
lubricating material contained in an annular groove or cavity in the surface.
[Price 8d.]

page_text: of the projectile, and consequently lubricates the bore, and prevents the rifle
grooves from "leading."
"
Another advantage gained is the perfect security and firmness with which
the zone or belt is retained upon the projectile after it leaves the gun. This
projectile may be either solid or hollow, and is formed at its rear end, with a
cylindrical portion, over which fits a cap or culot. The front edge of this
cap is bevelled, as is also bent in the opposite direction the fore part of the
cylindrical portion of the projectile. Over these bevelled portions is fitted a
zone or belt of soft metal, an intervening annular space being left in front of
this belt for containing a suitable lubricant, which is squeezed out by the
driving home of the culot and compression of the belt on the discharge
of the gun.
A sharp projecting lip is formed on the projectile in front
of the belt, and on the cap or culot in the rear of the same, which lips
serve to retain the belt securely by being driven into the metal thereof so soon
as the gun is discharged.
. According to another modification of the same projectile the body of the
projectile is locked to the cap or culot by causing the soft metal belt to embrace
projections or enter recesses in each, thereby binding the two together.
Another part of the Invention consists in solidifying the powder in shells
by the use of collodion or an equivalent adhesive material not destructive to the
explosive character of the powder.
It is also proposed under this head to cause the filling material of an
explosive projectile to adhere firmly to the sides thereof by the use of shellac or
other suitable adhesive substance, whereby the said filling is compelled to rotate
with the shell, the danger of premature explosion being thereby avoided. This
solidification of the powder also serves the purpose of confining bullets or other
similar objects within the shell in lieu of using resin for that purpose as here-
tofore in making sharpnel shot.
It is also proposed in constructing case shot and shrapnel to divide the
cavity into two parts or chambers by a moveable division plate, which separates
the front portion from the rear part of the cavity. The rear chamber is filled
with powder, and communicates by means of a tube passing through the front
chamber with a percussion fuze on the apex of the projectile. The front
chamber contains a number of bullets, and its fore part is made weaker at
the front near the point in order that it will tend to burst first at that
point and thereby cause the bullets to be projected in the line of flight or
nearly so. A washer or cloth or other suitable material is interposed
between the division plate, and the shoulders upon which it rests in
order to prevent any of the grains of powder escaping into the front chamber.

page_text: Another part of this Invention relates to the percussion apparatus of explo-
sive projectiles, and consists of certain devices for preventing a premature
explosion either from handling or carriage or from the percussion blow of
the discharge. These devices consist either of a wire or piece of fabric or
other suitable material, which is attached to the plunger, which strikes the
cap or fulminating wafer, and is passed through the rear end of the case or
barrel containing such plunger. This wire or other attachment is according
to one arrangement slightly secured to the rear of the case or barrel by inserting
a leaden or other metal conical plug into a tapered hole in the rear end of
the case, the wire being wedged in between the side of the plug, and its seat.
When in this condition the plunger carrying the cap or primer is held back out
of contact with the front end of the case, but on the discharge of the gun the
plug flies back inside the main chamber of the shell and thereby releases the
plunger which on the striking of the shell slides forward and explodes the
priming in the usual way.
According to another modification the plunger is made spherical in lieu of
cylindrical so as to be capable of rolling freely within its case or barrel, and is
connected by a piece of fabric, wire, or other suitable material with a ball or stop
inside the shell, such connection being so arranged as to hold the spherical
plunger back or at the rear end of its case until the shock produced by the
discharge of the gun ruptures the connection, and releases the plunger.
These
connections may be of such a strength as to resist the first shock of the dis-
charge and any other shocks produced by ricochet or grazing of the projectile,
and only to release the plunger when the projectile strikes with its full force
against an opposing body. A soft metal or other washer to act as a buffer is
placed between the plunger; and the rear end of the case or barrel so as to
receive the shock of the plunger on the discharge of the gun, and so prevent
its rebounding forward and prematurely igniting the primer.
These con-
trivances also obviate the danger of the entrance of the powder from the shell
into the chamber of the plunger, and consequently clogging the same or
becoming liable to be ignited by the friction of the same. In constructing
projectiles intended to be exploded by time fuses it is proposed to ignite the
fuze by means of suitable priming, which is exploded by the shock of the
discharge of the gun. For this purpose a plunger is contained in a tube in
the fore part of the shell, and is held out of contact with the priming by the
aid of certain spring clips in the cap or cover of the tube or by any other
equivalent contrivance, which will hold the plunger back under all ordinary
shocks, but will release it when subjected to the shock of the discharge.
This arrangement admits of the fuzes of shells being readily ignited, when

page_text: fired from rifle-bored guns, or in other cases when the shell fits the bore with
sufficient tightness to prevent any passage of the flame round the sides of the
shell as it is not requisite for the igniting of the fuze that the flame of the
exploded charge should come in contact with the fuze. The cap or cover is
fitted with slight friction into the front end of the tube containing the plunger
so that on the first explosion of the priming it will be blown off, and so afford
a free vent for the fuze. A thin wad of paper or other suitable material is
interposed between the fulminate or priming powder and the plunger, so
as to protect the same from accidental explosion by a slight blow of the
plunger, it being necessary that the plunger should strike the priming
forcibly before it can explode it through the interposed wad referred to. In
making what is known as canister shot it is proposed to strengthen the case
against external pressure without offering any extra resistance to the bursting
of the case after it leaves the gun by introducing an inner casing therein,
which is slit or divided longitudinally or made in several parts resembling the
staves of a cask. The base of the canister is made of soft metal run in in
a mould so as to leave a chamber or cavity behind it, which is expanded by
the explosion of the charge and made to fit the grooves or bore of the gun
with increased accuracy.
This Invention relates lastly to an improved form of punch or flat-headed
projectile to be used against armour plates, and consists in making such
projectiles of smaller diameter at the forward end, than at the rear, the smaller
diameter being continued back a short distance along the projectile, and
running into the larger diameter with any easy reversed or ogee curve, or with
a regular cone or taper. This form of projectile is well adapted for biting or
cutting up the inclined faces of armour plates, and to act as a punch when
striking at right angles thereto, the small surface covered by the front end
of the projectile being acted upon by a force due to the impact of the larger
mass of metal forming the rear end of the same.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said John Henry Johnson in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 18th December, 1862.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
HENRY JOHNSON, of 47, Lincoln's Inn Fields, in the County of Middlesex,
and of 166, Buchanan Street, in the City of Glasgow, North Britain,
Gentleman, send greeting.

page_text: WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, béaring date the Eighteenth day of June, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, in the twenty-sixth year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me
the said John Henry Johnson, Her special license that I, the said John
Henry Johnson, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others
as I, the said John Henry Johnson, my executors, administrators, or
assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and
at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully
might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
IMPROVEMENTS IN PROJECTILES," a communication from abroad by Benjamin
Berkley Hotchkiss, of New York, in the United States of America, upon the
condition (amongst others) that I, the said John Henry Johnson, my executors
or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, or under
the hand and seal of one of them, should particularly describe and ascertain
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be
performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said John Henry Johnson, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is
to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement, reference being had to the accompanying Drawings, and
to the letters and figures marked thereon, that is to say:-
The said Invention relates to various constructions and arrangements of
projectiles for ordnance, and consists of a peculiar mode of applying a soft metal
zone or belt to elongated projectiles whereby such zone or belt is not only
expanded by the explosion of the charge of the gun, so as to fit more accurately
the bore of the gun, but at the same time expresses a certain amount of
lubricating material contained in an annular groove or cavity in the surface of
the projectile, and consequently lubricates the bore and prevents the rifle
grooves from "leading."
Another advantage gained is the perfect security and firmness with which
the zone or belt is retained upon the projectile after it leaves the gun. This
projectile may be either solid or hollow, and is formed at its rear end with a
cylindrical portion over which fits a cap or culot. The front edge of this cap
is bevelled as is also bent in the opposite direction the fore part of the cylin-
drical portion of the projectile. Over these bevelled portions is fitted a zone

page_text: or belt of soft metal, an intervening annular space being left in front of this
belt for containing a suitable lubricant which is squeezed out by the driving
home of the culot and compression of the belt on the discharge of the gun.
A sharp projecting lip is formed on the projectile in front of the belt and on
the cap or culot in the rear of the same, which lips serve to retain the belt
securely by being driven into the metal thereof so soon as the gun is
discharged.
According to another modification of the same projectile the body of the
projectile is locked to the cap or culot by causing the soft metal belt to
embrace projections or enter recesses in each, thereby binding the two
.together.
Another part of the Invention consists in solidifying the powder in shells by
the use of collodion or an equivalent adhesive material not destructive to the
explosive character of the powder.
It is also proposed under this head to cause the filling material of an
explosive projectile to adhere firmly to the sides thereof by the use of shellac
or other suitable adhesive substance, whereby the said filling is compelled to
rotate with the shell, the danger of premature explosion being thereby avoided.
This solidification of the powder also serves the purpose of confining bullets
or other similar objects within the shell in lieu of using rosin for that purpose
as heretofore in making shrapnel shot.
It is also proposed in constructing case shot and shrapnel to divide
the cavity into two parts or chambers by a moveable division plate which
separates the front portion from the rear part of the cavity. The rear
chamber is filled with powder, and communicates, by means of a tube
passing through the front chamber, with a percussion fuze on the apex of
the projectile. The front chamber contains a number of bullets, and its fore
part is made weaker at the front near the point in order that it will tend
to burst first at that point and thereby cause the bullets to be projected
in the line of flight or nearly so. A washer of cloth or other suitable material
is interposed between the division plate and the shoulders upon which it rests
in order to prevent any of the grains of powder escaping into the front
chamber.
•
Another part of this Invention relates to the percussion apparatus of explosive
projectiles, and consists of certain devices for preventing a premature explosion
either from handling or carriage, or from the percussion blow or shock of
the discharge. The devices consist either of a wire or piece of fabric or
other suitable material which is attached to the plunger which strikes the cap
or fulminating wafer, and is passed through the rear end of the case or barrel

page_text: containing such plunger. This wire or other attachment is according to one
arrangement slightly secured to the rear of the case or barrel by inserting
a leaden or other metal conical plug into a tapered hole in the rear end of the
case, the wire being wedged in between the side of the plug and its seat.
When in this condition the plunger carrying the cap or primer is held back
out of contact with the front end of the case, but on the discharge of the gun
the plug flies back inside the main chamber of the shell, and thereby releases
the plunger which, on the striking of the shell, slides forward and explodes the
priming in the usual way.
According to another modification the plunger is made spherical in lieu of:
cylindrical so as to be capable of rolling freely within its case or barrel, and
is connected by a piece of fabric, wire, or other suitable material with a ball
or stop inside the shell, such connection being so arranged as to hold 'the
spherical plunger back or at the rear end of its case until the shock produced
by the discharge of -the gun ruptures the connection and releases the plunger.
These connections may be of such a strength as to risist the first shock of the
discharge and any other shocks produced by ricochet or grazing of the
projectile, and only to release the plunger when the projectile strikes with its
full force against an opposing body. A soft metal or other washer to act as
a buffer, is placed between the plunger and the rear end of the case or barrel,
so as to receive the shock of the plunger on the discharge of the gun and so
prevent its rebounding forward and prematurely igniting the primer. These
contrivances also obviate the danger of the entrance of the powder from the
shell into the chamber of the plunger and consequently clogging the same or
becoming liable to be ignited by the friction of the same.
In constructing projectiles intended to be exploded by time fuzes, it is
proposed to ignite the fuze by means of suitable priming, which is exploded
by the shock of the discharge of the gun. For this purpose a plunger is con-
tained in a tube in the fore part of the shell, and is held out of contact with
the priming by the aid of certain spring clips in the cap or cover of the tube,
or by any other equivalent contrivance which will hold the plunger' back under
all ordinary shocks, but will release it when subjected to the shock of the
discharge. This arrangement admits of the fuzes of shells being readily
ignited when fired from rifle-bored guns, or in other cases where the shell fits
the bore with sufficient tightness to prevent any passage of the flame round.
the sides of the shell, as it is not requisite for the igniting of the fuze that 'the
flame of the exploded charge should come in contact with the fuze. The cap
or cover is fitted with slight friction into the front end of the tube containing
the plunger, so that on the first explosion of the priming it will be blown off, and

page_text: so afford a free vent for the fuze. A thin wad of paper or other suitable material
is interposed between the fulminate or priming powder and the plunger, so as
to protect the same from accidental explosion by a slight blow of the plunger.
it being necessary that the plunger should strike the priming forcibly before it
can explode it through the interposed wad referred to. In making what is
known as canister shot, it is proposed to strengthen the case against external
pressure without offering any extra resistance to the bursting of the case after
it leaves the gun by introducing an inner casing therein, which is slit or
divided longitudinally, or made in several parts resembling the staves of a
cask. The base of the canister is made of soft metal so moulded as to leave
a chamber or cavity behind it, which is expanded by the explosion of the
charge and made to fit the grooves or bore of the gun with increased
accuracy.
This. Invention relates lastly to an improved form of punch or flat-headed
projectile to be used against armour plates, and consists in making such pro-
jectiles of smaller diameter at the forward end than at the rear, the smaller
diameter being continued back a short distance along the projectile and
running into the larger diameter with an easy reversed or ogee curve, or
with a regular cone or taper. This form of projectile is well adapted for
biting or cutting up the inclined faces of armour plates and to act as a punch
when striking at right angles thereto, the small surface covered by the front.
end of the projectile being acted upon by a force due to the impact of the
larger mass of metal forming the rear end of the same.
And in order that the said Invention may be fully understood, I shall now
proceed more particularly to describe the same, and for that purpose I shall
refer to the several Figures on the Sheet of Drawings hereunto annexed, the
same letters of reference indicating corresponding parts throughout all the
corresponding Figures.
In Figure 1 of the Drawings, A represents the body of a shell with a conical
point similar to ordinary elongated projectiles. The rear end of A is smaller
and is cylindrical. A short inclined or conical portion B unites this cylindrical
portion to the other, and a sharp projecting lip C extends a short distance
over B, as represented. The soft metal ring D is fitted upon the cylindrical
portion of A, as represented, and the space E between that and the lip Cis
filled with tallow or with candle wicking or other suitable substance soaked
with tallow or other lubricating material. The cap F is also fitted to slide on
the cylindrical portion of A; its front end is bevilled both on the inner and
outer side, as represented, and a projecting lip is formed on the outer bevel,
as shown in the Drawings. The action of this cap is to cut into the body of

page_text: the soft metal ring D, and force it up the incline B against the lip C, as
shown in Figure 2. The projectile is placed in the gun in the form represented
by Figure 1 with the cap F next the powder. When the latter is fired the
expansive force of the gas first acts on the cap F, and owing to the inertia of
A drives the belt D forward, pushing out the grease E, and by the actions of
the inclines B and expanding the ring D so as to cause it to fit the bore.
The edge of the cap F and the projections C and f cut into the substance of
the belt D, and bind it firmly to A and F, so that it will not become separated
therefrom in its flight. So soon as the belt D has expanded sufficiently to fill
the grooves, the cap F strikes the body A of the projectile, and prevents any
further expansion of D. There is therefore no extra strain on the gun, as
there always is if the expansion of the soft metal belt is unlimited.
Figure 2 shows the condition of the parts during flight, the soft metal belt
expanded and confined by the projections of C. f. and the edge of the cap or
culot F, which latter is driven into close contact with the body A.
The second part of this Invention, which consists in causing the soft metal
band, zone, or packing of the projectile to interlock with recesses or projections
within or upon the body of the projectile, and the cap or culot, so as to bind
the two together in a permanent manner, both before and after firing, is shown
in Figures 3 and 4. A recess a is turned in the body of the projectile A.
and another one in the cap or culot F; these two parts being then placed
in a proper mould, the lead or soft metal band or zone D is cast thereon
entering the said grooves and uniting the body A and culot F in such a
manner that no ordinary handling or the resistance of the atmosphere or other
cause will effect their separation, either in transportation or during its flight.
It will be seen, by reference to Figure 4, that when the culot is driven
forward to expand the lead ring, the latter still maintains its hold both upon
the culot and the body A. The grooves a, f, may be replaced by a series of
cavities or projections without altering the character of this part of the
Invention, and they may be either perpendicular to the axis, as represented,
or inclined so as to give the effect of the lips C, f. in Figures 1 and 2.
The third part of this Invention relates to the contents of filling of pro-
jectiles, and to the adhesion of the same to the enclosing part, and is
applicable to all forms and constructions of explosive projectiles.
In Figures 7 and 8, A is the body of the projectile, which may be made in
any of the approved forms; P is the powder; B, B; (Figure 8) are bullets
interspersed and the powder, as in the shrapnel or case shot; but I do not
wish to confine this Invention to that character of projectile.
The manner of filling a shell to produce the advantages of this part of the

page_text: Invention is as follows: A solution of shellac in alcohol is first poured into
the shell, and the whole of the interior is coated therewith, as is indicated by
the line C; while this is still wet, the balls B are introduced if any are to be
used, and the interstices are then filled with the powder P. A sufficient
quantity of "collodion" is then poured into the shell so as to fill all the
interstices of the powder when it is allowed to dry. The alcohol and ether
rapidly evaporate, and leave the charge in a solid mass, the collodion serving
as a cement to hold the grains of powder together, but offering no serious
obstruction to the proper and rapid action of the fire when it is desired to
explode the same. This solidified powder holds the balls B firmly in place,
and the whole is cemented to the sides of the shell by the cement C, so that
on firing the shell from a gun there is little or no danger of the powder
becoming prematurely ignited either by friction among the balls, or its own
particles against themselves or the sides of the shell, or by the friction of the
exploding device. It is not necessary for the success of this part of the
Invention that shellac or ordinary collodion be used as indicated, though I
prefer them, and believe them best adapted for the purpose, but any other
materials may be substituted therefor which will produce the effect herein
described.
Figure 11 is a vertical section, illustrating the fourth part of this Invention,
which relates to and consists in certain devices for the better adapting that
class of projectiles known as case shot and shrapnel for use in rifled ordnance,
whereby the advantages due to the use of that class of projectile are secured
in connection with those appertaining to the use of the rifle, and further
advantages not heretofore realized, as will be herein-after explained.
A (Figure 11) is the body of a projectile, which may be in the form
represented, or in any other of the approved forms of rifle projectiles; the
cavity therein is divided into two parts by the plate B. which rests loosely
upon the shoulder a, a, prepared for that purpose. The foremost of the
cavities is fitted with balls C, and the other with powder D, the plate B
serving to divide the same and confine each to its proper place. A tube E
extends from the plate B to the point fuze F, connecting the latter with the
powder, as represented. The form of the cavity is such that a weak
portion G, G, is left near the point of the shell, which weak part will first
give way to the force of the explosion, and allow the ball C to be projected
from the shell much in the manner of grape from a cannon directly in the
line of flight, or at a comparatively small angle therewith. In constructing
this improved shell, the body A is cast with the cavity therein in the usual
manner. The plate B is too large to enter in at the fuze hole, and it is

page_text: therefore inserted into the core which forms the cavity, and when the core has
been removed in the usual manner the plate B remains and falls into its
place upon the shoulders (a). The point of the shell beyond the line G, G,
may however be cast separate, and screwed into the body, in which case the
plate B may be inserted before the point is put in place. A washer I, of
cloth or other suitable material, is placed between the plate B and shoulders a, a,
to serve as a packing to prevent the powder from sifting through to the joint
among the balls C. When the plate B is cast within the shell, as described
above, this washer is first gummed, and then inserted through the fuze hole
and stuck to the plate B, when the latter is shaken to its place. The tube E
is then inserted, and the balls C packed in the tube E, being of such length
as to allow the balls to be inserted between it and the edge of the fuze hole,
as represented. The fuze plug K is then screwed to its place, embracing the
end of the tube E. In this condition the shell is ready for transportation; and
when required for use powder is poured in at the fuze hole, so as to fill up
the cavity D and the tube E, as shown; the fuze F, of the proper length for
the required range is then inserted, and the whole fired from any proper rifled
gun. When the fuze F has been consumed, the powder D is ignited, and
tends to rupture the shell, but, in consequence of the form thereof, the point
is first blown off at the weakest line G, and the balls C are projected forward
with an increased velocity, the rotatory motion of the shell serving to scatter
them sufficiently for causing them to act over the required area. The shell A
may be ruptured at other points also, and thus act as an ordinary shell; but
the main effect is intended to be derived from the bullets C, the shell A
serving mainly as a means of conveying them to their destination, and as a
mortar from which they are discharged by the explosion of the charge, the
bullets receiving a fresh impetus at the expense of that of the shell. At long
ranges this action is important, for though at such ranges the shell as a
whole might be able to do execution when broken into small pieces, or
the bullets simply liberated, each separate piece would not have sufficient
momentum to effect any considerable useful purpose owing to the diminished
velocity, but when propelled by a fresh impetus, as in this Invention, each
bullet will be capable of doing nearly the same execution as if just fired from
the gun. In spherical case shot the powder is usually placed in a hole in the
centre of the projectile, so as by its action to burst the shell and scatter the
balls. In rifle projectiles the rotatory motion is ample for the proper dispersion
of the bullets, and the force of the powder is not required for that purpose.
In this Invention such force is expended in giving additional impetus to the

page_text: balls, and such would be its action, though in a less degree, even without the
weakening of the forward end of the shell.
In
The fifth part of this Invention relates to the percussion apparatus, and
consists in certain devices for preventing a premature explosion either, from
handling or carriage, or from the percussive blow of the discharge.
Figures 1, 2, and 5, one form in which this apparatus is constructed is
represented, and in Figures 3, 4, and 6, another form. In the first-named
Figures H is a case or barrel of the form represented, its shoulder h rests,
through the intervention of a soft ring 1, upon a corresponding shoulder in the
fuze cavity in the shell A. It is inserted in the cavity and secured by the screw
K, and may be introduced and so secured either immediately before the act of
loading the cannon or a long time earlier, as may be most convenient.
In the base of the barrel H is a conical hole provided with a conical
plug L, as represented. In the interior of the case H is a heavy plunger
of any suitable material, and of the form represented by M, its upper
end is fitted with a cone or nipple M', and its interior is filled with
powder P. The cone M', is provided with a common percussion cap,
and the lower end of the powder cavity in M', is closed by sealing it slightly
with shellac varnish. In the base of the case H is laid a washer of soft
material O. A wire N is so introduced between the plug L and its seal,
as to hold it with sufficient force to resist the concussions occasioned by
ordinary handling, or by dropping it from the hands or from a wagon upon
the ground. The other end of this wire is secured to the plunger M, and so
long as the plug L, remains in the position indicated, so that the nipple M'
cannot strike its cap against the top plate of the case to effect its discharge,
except under the action of a force sufficient to violently pull out the wire
from its hold on one or the other part. When the shell C is fired from the
cannon the violence with which it is suddenly urged forward by the discharge
causes all the loose parts to tend backwards within the shell with great force
by their inertia. The tapering form of the plug L renders it extremely liable
to yield to this force by its own inertia, and the inertia of the whole of the
heavy plunger M, pressing against its point, makes it certain thus to yield,
and to escape backwards. from the cavity in H, while the plunger M follows it
so far as it is allowed by the structure of the parts. Figure 2 shews the
position of the parts at this period, and shows the plug L slightly turned
around, as it is very likely to move after it has become entirely free from H.
After the shell with its contents has been discharged, and the parts L and M,
have acquired the same velocity as the shell, no tendency to change their

page_text: relative positions exists until the instant of striking. In the act of stopping
the shell, the resistance being felt by the outside first, the tendency of all the
loose parts is to move forward within the shell with a violence proportioned
to the suddenness with which the motion is stopped. This tends to induce the
parts to assume the position shown in Figure 5. The heavy plunger M, is
projected by its entire inertia, minus the friction (if any) on the wire N,
and is thrown against the front with such violence as to ensure the firing of
the cap, and explosion of the powder P. This powder drives through the
aperture in the base, forcing the plug L, a second time backward, if it has
chanced to seat itself in the opening, and fires the contents of the shell proper,
which may be of any character desired, that is to say, may be powder alone,
loose, or solid, or may be powder arranged in any manner desired relatively to
shot or other destructive or offensive material.
The several parts of my apparatus or mechanism may be of various forms
and proportions, but I have tried the forms and sizes indicated and found
them highly successful. I prefer, for some reasons, to make the case H of
wrought or cast iron, the plunger M of like material, and the ring 1, washer 0,
and plug L, of lead or some soft and heavy alloy, whilst the wire N may be
of copper or any other desired material, the wire N may be united to the
plunger M by soldering, or otherwise if desired, but it has been found
sufficient to simply compress it tightly between the screw threads of the nipple
M', and the interior of the plunger. It is thus so slightly held, that if by any
chance the other extremity of the wire should be entangled or nipped so
firmly as to positively retain it, the connection of the wire to the plunger
would then yield and release the latter so as to allow of the same action as
before described.
The junction of the rear end of the wire N, with the base of the tube H, or
with the plug L, may be made strong, or slight by a simple adjustment, before
putting the case H, and its contents within the shell. The adjustment may
be made in many ways which will readily occur to any skilled mechanic. as
the end of the wire and the plug are both freely accessible, but one of the
simplest methods is by allowing the wire to remain straight, and partially
loosening the plug to make the shell explode easily, and by cutting off the point
of the plug and driving it very tight, and then bending the end of the wire
either over upon the plug, across its rear end, or over upon the base of H, to
make the shell explode only on striking a very hard object, or on meeting with
a very severe resistance: The latter object may be often desirable in firing
ricochet shots. either on land or water, and by shortening the inner or front
end of L, and bending the wire across its base, so as to partially tie it, the plug

page_text: may be made to stand with its point in the hole during the flight of the shell,
and to be pretty certain to again reseat itself and hold the wire with
considerable force, so as not to allow the nipple to meet the front of
the case during the ricochet, but only on the impact, against the object
desired.
Except for the chance of liberating the plunger by the means described it
is not important that the wire be attached to M by pressure between it and
the nipple, or that it be other than an extension of the plunger M itself. It
is also not essential that it possess any rigidity, the effect will be the same
if the part N be a strip of metal, or even a cord of silk or other material.
The plug L, in addition to holding the wire N and plunger M in place,
serves the important purpose of excluding the powder, or other contents of the
shell from entering the case H, and interfering with the proper action of the
plunger, or causing a premature explosion by the action of the plunger upon
such powder. The washer O by its plasticity and the friction caused by its
contact with the sides of H absorbs, the momentum of the plunger M in its
backward motion, and prevents any rebound from the elasticity of the parts.
This function of O is important, as without such absorption of the momentum
of M, the elastic rebound is very liable to cause the cap upon M¹ to strike
the front of H with sufficient force to cause a premature explosion. The
same effect may be produced by making the base or the whole of M of some
soft or plastic metal; the effect may be increased, if necessary, by the use of
sharp ridges or points on the base of M, which cut into the washer O, or its
equivalent, and thus absorb the momentum by inducing a change of form in.
the washer.
Figure 3 shews the condition of the parts of the second form of improved
percussion apparatus when in their usual positions for handling. Figure 4 shews
the condition of the parts of the machanism proper immediately after the
projectile has been discharged from the gun, and during flight. Figure 6
shews the condition of the parts of so much thereof as remains important at
the instant of the projectile striking the object. The case H in this form is
the same as in the others, and is fitted to the shell in the same manner. It
may, however, be of different proportions to suit the change in the percussion
apparatus. The washer of lead O performs the same functions as in the
other form; M is a ball of iron, or other hard material, as nearly spherical as
may be, and of less diameter than the interior of H; L is another ball or
weight of the same or a different material. I prefer that L shall be a ball
of lead; I is a cloth envelope, wrapped tightly round both balls M and L,
and holding them firmly together in the position shewn in Figure 3, so long

page_text: as it is not exposed to any strain sufficient to rupture it: J is a string or wire
wound around the parts represented. so as to firmly and safely secure the
ends or edges of the cloth I against all ordinary strains, and in addition to
the security due to J. it is preferred to saturate the cloth enveloping the
weight L with a strong solution of shellac, so as to cement it firmly to L.
The cloth is applied in the form of a nearly perfect equilateral triangle, or
rather of a kind of star-formed piece; having three equal salient angles, and
three equal re-entering angles. The piece of cloth is cut in that form and
laid extended upon a table. Upon its centre is then laid the ball M. taking
care that no shellac or other material is present to prevent a ready separation
of these parts. In the centre of the cloth is cut a hole smaller than the
ball M, but adapted to be enlarged by the tearing of the material, and to
allow M to freely escape whenever the strain is too great to be resisted. The
corners or salient angles of the cloth I are now raised, and having M loosely
enclosed, introduce these corners through the front end of the case I. The
lead washer having been fitted in its place near the bottom; the corners of I
are then pushed entirely through the case II, and drawn out through the
hole in the base, so as to draw the ball M to its position within the case H.
resting upon the leadwasher O in the manner shewn in Figure 3. The lead
ball L is next applied between the protruding parts of I and the three parts
separately and tightly folded over the same, and tied by the cord or wire J.
The greater portion or the whole of L with its fibrous envelope is then dipped
in the solution of cement and allowed to dry: all these operations being of
course performed before the case H and its connections are introduced within
the projectile A. The cloth J is of sufficient strength to hold the two balls
M and L together under all ordinary concussions. The projectile thus
equipped and filled with powder may be turned over, rolled, tossed about,
dropped from the hands or from a wagon, and rammed with considerable
force by percussion, if necessary, in driving it home in the gun, without in
anywise endangering the integrity of the cloth I. But at the moment of the
discharge of the gun the shock is so much greater as to immediately tear
open the cloth and release the ball M. The law, by which this is effected, is
the well recognised inertia of the ball L, which pulls with great violence, and
carries itself and its attached cloth inwards into the cavity of the shell or
projectile. The ball M, after its release remains in contact with the lead
washer O, which it slides backward or bends backward, as represented, or
rolls forward gradually to the front of the case H, which may be long or short,
as desired, but does not press with any great violence against the percussion
cap or wafer R until the projectile is suddenly checked by striking. At this

page_text: latter juncture the ball M acts by its inertia or momentum to press with
violence upon the wafer R, and cause its explosion. The flame from the
explosion flows readily past the ball M, which is smaller than H, and rushing
through the base into the cavity of the projectile ignites its contents with the
usual destructive effect. The difference in the strain induced on the cloth I
at the instant of firing of the gun and that produced by handling and dropping
the ball is very great, and there may be a wide variation in the strength of
the cloth, and in the manner of its fastening without overstepping this very
broad margin. It is obvious that until the cloth I is ruptured the wafer R
cannot be subjected to any shock whatever. except that due to its own inertia.
and that this projectile is therefore very safe, as regards danger of accidental
ignition from very severe ordinary concussions. This is one important feature
of this portion of the Invention. The spherical form of the ball or plunger M
allows it to roll and assume every conceivable position at will within the
case H, without possible danger of jamming or getting foul. Cylindrical
plungers act at great disadvantage when, as is often the case, at very long
ranges the shell or projectile does not strike directly point foremost, but
quite obliquely. The ball M rolls so freely, and is so clear of entanglement.
as to operate well under circumstances where cylindrical plungers would fail
or be very objectionable. This is another important feature and advantage
of this Invention. The balls M and L, as held together according to this
Invention, apply themselves closely to the aperture in the back end of the
case H, and secure it most effectually against the admission of any powder or
other material from the cavity B until after its discharge from the cannon,
when it is certain to be open; this is another important feature of this
Invention.
The part L need not necessarily be a sphere, though I prefer such form for
convenience, and because it is best adapted to contribute to the destructive
effect of the explosion when it is thrown out of the projectile into space by the
action of the powder in common with other loose material of the contents.
The weak connection of the balls M and L through the hole in the back of
the case H need not necessarily be by means of cloth, and wire, and gum, as
many other ready means of securing the cloth to L, may be devised or pro-
duced by any good mechanic without altering the effect or the action of the
Invention. It is necessary simply to make the connection very secure against
all ordinary concussions, but even if by any fault this condition fails to obtain
in any one of the projectiles, the danger of accidental discharge in handling, or
of filling the case H with powder so as to clog the mechanism, is no greater
than with ordinary percussion mechanism. A convenient means of producing

page_text: an equivalent for the cloth I and its attachments consists in the use of a soft
wire of iron or copper, or the like, which may be inserted loosely through
both balls, or firmly in one and slightly in the other, and the end which
extends through being bent will confine the balls very effectively, and yet
release them very certainly by the straightening of the wire when the gun is
fired.
The sixth part of this Invention relates to the ignition of the time fuzes,
and may be used in bombs or large shells projected from mortars, as also in the
smaller shells fired from all the varieties and sizes of cannon, but is intended
for most marked effect on such projectiles as are fired from rifled cannon, and
made to fit tightly to the interior of such cannon. It provides for igniting
the outer end of the fuze by a single percussion apparatus at the instant of
the discharge of the gun, and then to allow the fuze to burn in the usual
manner during the major portion of the flight of the projectile, and to explode
the shell at the time desired exactly like ordinary time fuzes.
Figure 7 is a central longitudinal section through a rifle cannon projectile,
with this part of the Invention applied thereto, and ready for use; Figure 8
is a similar view during the flight of the projectile, with the fuze burning;
Figure 9 is a cross section on the line S, S; and Figure 10 is a perspective
view of a portion represented as detached from the other parts.
A represents the body of the shell, and H the fuze plug, which is usually of
wood. The fuze I is made of the ordinary slow burning material, is driven
into the fuze plug H, as usual, and the duration of its combustion is regulated
in the usual manner. The parts relating to this portion of the Invention are
fitted into the small space in front of the fuze I, as represented. They consist
of a percussion cap or wafer L, a hollow cylinder M of considerable weight, a
thin case of metal N open at the front end, having a small perforation in the
rear end ready to communicate the fire from the fulminate L, or a portion
thereof, to the interior of the shell A, and a slightly connected cap P adapted
to cover the entire front of N, and also to hold the cylinder M out of contact
with the fulminate L during the handling and transportation of the prepared
projectile. The form of these parts may be modified at will, and additions
and subtractions may be made, but the above number and the construction
represented are the best adapted to fulfil the purpose of this Invention so far
as is now known to me. The application of the parts together and to the
shell will be apparent on inspection of the Drawings. The cap P is slitted,
and portions p, p, are bent inward so as to seize the plunger or hollow
cylinder M with considerable force, and a lip or flange is formed on. its
exterior to prevent its sinking into N beyond the proper depth. It is held

page_text: in the part N by its friction, whilst N is maintained in the fuze plug H by the
same simple force; a piece of soft paper, thin leather, or other analogous
material may be introduced upon the fulminate L, as represented, before
applying the cover P, p, and its attached plunger M, the length of M is
rather less than the interior of the enclosing parts, so that under all ordinary
conditions its pressure upon the wafer or fulminate L is slight. On the dis-
charge of the shell from the gun the inertia of the hollow cylinder or plunger
M causes it to slip through the slight fastenings p, p, and to strike with great
force against the fulminate L and explode it. It is not necessary to allow
the plunger to move any considerable distance within the enclosing parts in
order to effect this. When the fulminate L explodes the flame passes through
the hole C in the front end of the fuze I, and also throws the plunger M and
cap P out of the shell. The fuze I finds a vent through the hole z, and
burns intensely in the ordinary manner during the flight of the shell, pro-
ducing its ordinary effect at the proper period. If the whole of the flame
from the burning fuze cannot escape sufficiently fast through the hole z, it
generates a sufficient pressure to throw off the cap or case N entirely, and
thus makes itself a free vent, but it is not difficult to make the hole z large
enough. to vent ordinary fuzes. It is important that the connection of the
bottom of N to the sides be sufficiently strong to avoid the separation of these
parts under the great force which is applied at the moment the fulminate
explodes. This strength is secured by making the base and sides of N in one
piece. If the bottom and sides be made separately and soldered together, or
otherwise weakly connected, the bottom is liable to blow into the fuse and
destroy it, immediately inducing a premature explosion of the projectile, which
not only defeats the object for which it is used, but endangers the gun and
those near it. The function of the paper wad W is important in securing the
safety of the construction against premature explosion. By its elasticity
and softness it prevents the friction or percussion of the plunger E from
igniting the fulminate under the ordinary concussions of handling, carriage, or
loading, but this elasticity is not sufficient to prevent the severe blow given at
the instant of discharge from obtaining the desired effect with certainty. The
fastenings p, p, may be dispensed with by making a slight internal lip at the
end of the cap P, and making the plunger M of sufficient size to just fit
the same with sufficient tightness to cause it to withstand ordinary shocks.
The seventh part of this Invention relates to the adaptation of what is
usually known as "canister," to use in rifled ordnance, and consists in the
employment of an inner case of metal or other suitable material, divided
longitudinally in one or more places for the purpose of contributing to the

page_text: resistance of the case to outside pressure, and thus of diminishing the liability
of the canister to become bruised or distorted in form, while the strength of
the structure opposed to bursting strains, is but little, if any, greater than that
due to the outer case alone.
In making the improved canister, a tube A (Figures 12 and 13) is first
formed of thin sheet metal, such as tin plate, like those used in ordinary
canister; but instead of inserting the base B by nailing, soldering, or clenching,
it is preferred to place the tube within a mould, and pour therein a quantity
of melted solt metal, forming a firm base, capable of withstanding the force
of the explosion without the use of a sabot or cartridge block, whilst by the
use of a proper shaped mould, the lower surface of the base is recessed in the
form represented in the Drawing, so that it will expand and fill the bore of
the gun like a Minie ball. This principle of construction for projectiles being
well known does not require further description. If the case or tube A be
made of sheet iron tinned, or what is ordinarily known as tin-plate, the soft
metal base B adheres thereto, the same as if soldered; but if it be formed of
other metal or material, its interior surface should be previously tinned. where...
the base joins it, or suitable beads or projections, such as rivet heads, may be.
made to project inwards therefrom, to interlock with the base, and form a
firm connection.
Within the exterior case A, and in contact therewith, is placed above B, a
shorter secondary case C, divided longitudinally in onc. or more places, so as
to allow it to be easily ruptured by a force acting from within outwards,
whilst it will resist effectually any exterior strains, or those acting from without
inwards. This inner case stiffens the canister very materially, consequently
any ordinary concussions in handling will not bruise the case or change its
form so as to prevent its entering the bore readily. It also assists in preventing
the concussion of the explosion from causing the contained balls to wedge the
case into the grooves when the gun is rifled, a difficulty which prevents
the ordinary canister from being used to advantage in rifled ordnance. When
the improved canister leaves the muzzle of the gun, the interior case C being
divided, presents little or no obstacle to the bursting of the case and the
liberating of the enclosed balls in the ordinary manner. The interior of this.
canister is filled with balls D, and the interstices may be filled with sawdust
like ordinary canister. A metal plate E may be placed upon the bottom B
before filling if desired. A disc F is placed on the top after the interior is
filled, and the upper edge of the exterior case A is bent inwards and pressed
down thereon as usual.
The eighth part of this Invention consists of a new form of projectile, which

page_text: 1 denominate a contracted punch projectile," and is designed for general
use, but with a view to operate with most marked effect against iron-clad
structures, and in connection with rifled cannon. It is preferred to encompass
it with a belt or packing of soft metal to be expanded and fill the grooves of
the gun at the moment of the discharge, but neither of these conditions are
absolutely essential. It is essential, however, that the projectile should strike
the iron-clad structure endwise, and with the small end, shown in Figure 14
as the upper end; and in the present condition of the art of making and
using ordnance, I esteem it essential to use a rifled gun, if the distance of
the object be considerable, since otherwise the projectile is liable to turn
partially or entirely round during its flight.
By reference to Figure 14, it will be observed that the major portion of the
body of the projectile is cylindrical, and fitted with the belt of soft metal
peculiar to my projectiles, so arranged that the discharge shall expand the
soft metal. This projectile may be made of any size, according to the caliber
of the gun, the diameter of the main body is intended to be a very little less
than the bore of the gun, like the projectiles ordinarily used. The forward
end is of a smaller diameter, and this small diameter is preserved for a little
distance back upon the projectile, so that there is a cylindrical portion at that
end, as shown in the Figure. Between this small cylindrical portion at the
front and the larger main body, the form is or may be tapering as represented.
The entire portion below the line A, A, in Figure 14, is cylindrical, and
adapted to fit easily within the bore of the gun. The form between the line
A, A, and the line B, B, is tapering, as represented, the outline being what
is known in architectural mouldings as an ogee curve. From the line B, B,
to the front end of the projectile, the form is again cylindrical. The diameter
of the last described cylindrical portion is made about one-half the caliber of
the shot. If the thickness of the armour plates against which the projectile
is to operate is known when the projectile is made, it is preferred to make
the length of the small cylinder at the front equal to rather more than half the
thickness of the armour. I have, for convenient reference, designated the
large part of this projectile by the letter I, the tapering portion by the letter
J, and the small portion by the letter K. If the surface of the armour, against
which this projectile is fired be perpendicular to the axis of the projectile at
the moment of striking, its whole momentum and force of impact is con-
centrated on the small area of the front, and distributed evenly thereon in the
manner of a punch, such as is ordinarily used by mechanics for punching
thick metals, and the effect is to divide the metal covered by this small end
from the other portions of the armour plates, and to punch a hole entirely

page_text: through the plate. It is found, in practise, that if a punch be forced a little
more than half through a thick plate, it so completely overcomes the cohesion
of the metal in the line surrounding it, that the effect is the same as if it were
forced quite through. Advantage is taken of this fact to increase the strength
of the small cylindrical portion K, by making it shorter than the thickness of
the plates, and yet produce the effect of punching quite through. If the force
of the projectile be sufficiently great, it will enlarge the hole produced by its
front end, by tearing open the opening radially from this hole, or otherwise
breaking the metal around it, and will plunge its body I through the armour
and into the interior of the structure.
The above are the effects if the projectile strikes squarely or perpendicularly
upon the armour, but, as in some cases, the practise has been adopted of so
applying the armour or of forming the sides of the structure so as to present
the armour in an inclined position, whereby the shot will strike obliquely,
the form of this shot or projectile provides for biting hold of the plates with
very great effect. The edge of the front end acts chiselwise upon the armour,
so that it cannot glance off, and the whole force of the impact being concen-
trated upon a small surface, as is obvious, the cutting and destroying effect is
more marked than if the same were distributed over a large area.
The large diameter in the parts designated by I and J gives a sufficient
weight to impart the requisite force of impact upon the small frontage of K
without any great increase in the length and allows the projectile to be fired
from ordinary rifled guns. This form of the neck J is peculiarly adapted to
the proper transmission of the stock from the face of K by the means of I
and of itself without fracture of any part. This shot can be made of cast
iron or of wrought iron, or of wrought iron pointed with steel, or of homo-
geneous puddled steel, or of cast iron pointed or rather tipped with Franklinite
iron, or of any other suitable material of sufficient strength for such purpose.
The front end of K may be made plane, as represented, or slightly bulged or
hollowed, as desired.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of the said
Invention, and the manner in which the same is or may be used or carried
into effect, I would observe in conclusion that what I consider to be novel and
original, and therefore claim as the Invention secured to me by the herein-
before in part recited Letters Patent is,-
First, the general constructions and arrangements of projectiles, substantially
as herein-before described and illustrated by the Drawings.
Second, the peculiar combination and arrangement of the inclined surfaces

page_text: or cones B and ƒ (Figures 1 and 2), and the cylindrical portion A in connec
tion with the ring of soft metal D, substantially in the manner and for the
purpose herein-before described..
Third, the application and use of a quantity of lubricating material within
suitable recesses in the body of the projectile and in front of the belt D, so
arranged that a portion or the whole of such lubricant shall be forced out to
lubricate the bore by the action of the metal ring D or its equivalent.
Fourth, the application and use of a cap F made to embrace a portion of
the belt D so as to lock and confine such belt at that edge, substantially in
the manner and for the purpose herein-before described.
Fifth, the combination of the lip C (Figure 1) with the means herein-before
described of confining the rear edge of the belt D, for the purpose of retaining
the parts of the latter when burst or otherwise fractured.
Sixth, the locking of the body of the shot to the cap or sabot by causing the
soft metal belt D to embrace projections or enter recesses in each, substantially
as shown in Figures 3 and 4.
Seventh, the application and use of an explosive projectile in which the
contents are solidified, substantially in the manner and for the purposes herein-
before described.
Eighth, the application and use of the adhesive lining C (Figures 7 and 8),
so as to increase the adhesion of the solidified contents to the interior of the
shell, substantially as herein-before described.
Ninth, dividing the cavity into two parts by the plate B (Figure 11), or its
equivalent, the rearmost cavity being intended for the reception of the powder,
and the forward cavity for the reception of bullets or their equivalents, sub-
stantially as herein-before described.
Tenth, constructing the shell with its forward portion weaker at the point G
(Figure 11) than the other parts of the shell, so that it shall tend to burst
first at that point, and thus cause the bullets C to be projected in the line
of flight, or nearly so, substantially as herein-before described and illustrated
by Figure 11.
Eleventh, connecting the rearmost cavity D with the point fuse F by
means of a tube passing through the plate B and supported by the fuse
plug substantially as herein-before described and illustrated by Figure 11.
Twelfth, the application and use of the packing I in combination with
the plate B and shoulder a, substantially in the manner and for the purpose
herein-before described and illustrated by Figure 11.
Thirteenth, the peculiar combination of the plug L, and wire N or their

page_text: respective equivalents arranged to operate in the percussive mechanism of
explosive projectiles substantially as herein-before described and illustrated by
Figures 1, 2, and 5.
Fourteenth, the application and use of soft material, such as the lead
washer O, in the percussive mechanism of shells, substantially as and for
the purpose herein-before described and illustrated by Figures 1, 2, and 6.
Fifteenth, the application and use of a spherical plunger M, adapted to
roll within the case of a percussion projectile, substantially in the manner
and for the purpose herein-before described and illustrated by Figures 3, 4,
and 6.
Sixteenth, the application and use of a slight or weak connection between
the plunger M and the weight L so arranged as to stop the orifice in the
back of the case H until the discharge of the cannon, and to open the orifice
with certainty at the instant of the said discharge and no longer maintain
any connection between the plunger and the weight, substantially in the
manner and for the purpose herein-before. described and illustrated by
Figure 3.
Seventeenth, the igniting of time fuses in explosive projectiles by means
of percussion, pressure, or equivalent effective apparatus operated by the shock
of the discharge of the piece, substantially as herein-before described.
Eighteenth, the igniting of the outer end of a time fuse by the action of the
inertia of a portion of the shell or of a part contained therein or connected
there with as herein-before described.
Nineteenth, the sustaining of the plunger M, or its equivalent, by friction
so as to avoid danger of accident in handling by preventing the self-igniting
effect until the shell is subjected to a very extraordinary shock as herein-
before described and illustrated by Figures 7 and 10.
Twentieth, the application and use of the slightly connected cover or pro-
tection P adapted to be easily thrown off from the front by the action of the
surplus fulminate alone as herein-before described in reference to Figures 7,
8, 9, and 10.
Twenty-first, the interposing of a thin wad of paper or equivalent material
between the fulminate and the plunger, substantially as and for the purpose
set forth.
Twenty-second, the application and use of the inner case C in canister shot
divided longitudinally in the manner and for the purpose herein-before described
and illustrated by Figures 12 and 13.
Twenty-third, the contracted punch projectile adapted to bite the inclined

page_text: faces of armour and to act as a punch at the small end with the force due to
the impact of the larger diameter substantially as hercin-before described and
illustrated by Figure 14.
Twenty-fourth, the ogee form of the neck J of a punch-faced projectile as
herein-before described and illustrated by Figure 14.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Henry Johnson, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Eighteenth day of December, One
thousand eight hundred and sixty-two.
J. HENRY JOHNSON. (L.S.)