Year: 1892

page_text: Date of Application, 15th Dec., 1892
Complete Specification Left, 13th Sept., 1893-Accepted, 15th Mar., 1894
From 0.5 to 1·5 parts by volume of concentrated nitric acid.
concentrated sulphuric acid.
23.
2.5 to 4
"
"
"
"3
12 to 18
water.
"
"
"
وو
رو
This liquid is preferably employed in the warm or hot state.
Our improvements in the construction of battery cells are as follows:
As battery jar a trough of prismatic form of acid proof glazed earthenware,
double the length required for the carbon and zinc electrode, is employed; which
permits an easy separation of the zinc or alloy electrode when the battery is put
out of nation

page_text: The improved carbon electrodes consist of a number of carbon plates each
of which is provided at the top with two small and one large hole, the two
small holes serve for the admission of two slate rods and the large one for the
admission of a strong metal bolt, which is gilt or platinized to prevent oxydation
or corrcsion.
The following is the mode of mounting this carbon electrode:
On the bolt is first placed a metal plate, similarly protected as the bolt, then a
carbon plate then a piece of carbon, provided with three holes which acts as a
conductive medium between the separate carbon plates and also determines their
distance, then again a carbon plate and so on alternately until the last carbon
plate is reached when a second metal plate, similar to the first is placed on the
bolt and the nut screwed on to the end, thus completing the whole. The two slate
rods are now passed through the small holes and fastened by discs of slate and
wedges of metal or any other suitable material; these rods keep the electrode
together even when the metal bolt is withdrawn.
The object of this arrangement is to first reduce the dimensions of a battery,
without decreasing its active surface, second to reduce the resistance by shortening
the distance through which the electricity generated has to travel in order to reach
the conductor (metal bolt) third to decrease the labour of cleaning the armature,
for in this arrangement nothing requires cleaning but the bolt and the two metal
plates, and these are all protected by pieces of glass or slate except where contact
is required.
To secure good contact between the separate carbon plates they may be gilt at
the place of contact with the intervening carbon pieces.
Each carbon plate of this electrode thus constructed is immersed in a flat
porous pot, filled with any suitable depolarizing liquid. These porous pots have a
number of small deep hollows on one side in order to reduce their resistance to a
minimum.
The zinc or alloy electrode is made in one piece, of comblike shape, thus enabling
the plates of the electrode to slide forward and backward between the porous
pots when the battery is put in or out of action. This is assisted by the form of
the earthenware trough which as already described is fully double the length of
the width of the carbon electrode.
The connection of the zinc and carbon electrode from one cell to the next is
effected by copper sheet of necessary conductivity these sheets are fastened to the
zinc electrodes by bolts, clamps, rivets or wedges and jointed to the carbon
electrodes by the nut of the metal bolt. .
To let off the liquid the earthenware trough is provided with an earthenware
tap on the side of the carbon electrode.
Our battery No. 4 has also a trough of earthenware and is provided with an
airtight cover of slate, earthenware or any other suitable material; to this cover
are fastened the carbon and zinc electrodes which project through a slot in the
cover.
These electrodes consist of two carbon plates between which is situated a single
zine plate, or a plate made of a number of thin plates, or an alloy plate as
described..
As electrolytical liquid for this battery we employ only the oue already
described, namely that of great oxydising power and low resistance, it consists of:
From U'ɔ to
15 part by volume of concentrated nitric acid,
"
"
2.5 to
12 to 18
"
4
parts,
,,
"
concentrated sulphuric acid,
"
"
water,
and is preferably applied warm or hot.
This battery being a single fluid one it is obvious that no diaphragm is
amplova

page_text: such manner that carbon and zinc electrode are kept apart at the right distance by
slate insulators.
The terminals are situated above the cover and fastened by screws and nuts to
the electrodes; they are also protected against corrosion like the metal parts of
the battery before described. The cover is furnished with a glass funnel, its
mouth dipping in the liquid, thus forming a hydraulic seal, which serves for adding
acid whilst the cell is at work. To prevent the rising of fumes at the places
where the electrodes project through the cover, pieces of flat ground slate are
employed thus rendering the cell airtight.
Further the invention of arranging the first or last cell of a battery, for
distributing the electric current, by making the zinc or carbon electrode of as
many zinc or carbon pieces, in the form of rods, strips, or otherwise, as there are
lamps in the circuit. The size of each piece would depend on the current required
for its respective lamp.
The connections of the lamps with the battery are as follows:
As mentioned one pole of the battery is conducted from a number of zinc or
carbon pieces each in the shape of a rod, strip, or otherwise which form one
electrode of the first or last cell, each piece being singly connected to one pole of
each lamp by means of a separate cable, its size corresponding to the capacity of
current it has to carry. The zinc or carbon pieces (rods, strips or otherwise)
of this first or last electrode are immersed in the same liquid of one and the same
vessel it not being material whether the zinc or carbon electrode is chosen. The
other pole of the battery is conducted off from an ordinary single plate by the
aid of a rather stout single cable from which a number of thin small cables branch
off in parallel to the lamps. Thus obtaining without loss a very reliable division
of the clectric current.
An improvement consisting in the application of a syphon or system of syphons
to bring the liquid or solution, that surrounds the carbon and zinc electrode in the
vessels, into conductive as well as suitable contact for the production of the electric
current. The liquid in which the carbon is immersed may be the same or different
from that in which the zinc is placed, in the latter case the new syphon substitutes
a diaphragm (such as a porous pot) for which it is specially favourable on account
of its low internal resistance as it enables the two liquids to come into free and
perfect contact without mixing; the outer shape of this syphon or system of
syphons may be varied according to the purpose for which the cell is intended.
To reduce the labour of filling and emptieng porous pots of a number of cells
of a battery they may be connected by syphons in such manner that all the cells
may either be filled or emptied by oue operation. To fill the porous pots with the
liquid desired it may be poured into one of them or let into it by a tap or by a
syphon with or without a tap; whilst to empty them the liquid may be drawn off
by a syphon with or without a tap.
Instead of the earthenware jars or boxes already described, jars or boxes of
glass, or jars or boxes of wood painted inside with asphalt and sand or other
suitable material, may be employed.
Further a battery of cells may consist of a long box divided into compartments
in which each division is of wood, glass, slate, or any other suitable material. Each
division fits extremely loosely, so as to enable the liquid poured into one cell to
distribute itself throughout the others.
London, this 15th day of December 1892.
CARL ANTON JOHANNES HUGO SCHROEDER.
HEINRICH EUGEN RICHARD SCHROEDER.

page_text: CARL ANTON JOHANNES HUGO SCHROEDER and HEINRICH EUGEN RICHARD
SCHROEDER, Electrical Engineers, both of Whetstone House, Heslop Road,
Balham in the County of Surrey, do hereby declare the nature of this invention
and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described
and ascertained in and by the following statement :-
As an exciting liquid in single fluid batteries we generally employ our new
liquid of low resistance and great oxydising power, it consists of:
From 0.5 to
"
وو
2.5 to
10 to 18
4
وو
وو
"
وو
"
"",
ور
"
15 parts by volume of concentrated nitric acid.
concentrated sulphuric acid.
water.
This liquid is preferably employed in the warm or hot state.
The exact proportions of the acids and water however to be used depend on
the following circumstances:
1. The kind of metal or compositions of alloy used as positive electrode in
the battery.
2. The temperature of the liquid.
3. The current required from the size of its active surface.
4. The quantity of liquid contained in a battery cell.
To give an example :
If one employs as positive electrode our new alloy No. 1 (made up of a
number of amalgamated thin sheets pressed together under great pressure and
described in our Patent Specification No. 22956 of 1893), ordinary water as
obtained from the Thames, the temperature of the battery liquid at 60 degrees
centigrade when the cell is put in action, the current used 5 ampères to the
square inch active surface, and 10 square inches of active surface are reckoned
to one pint of liquid present in the battery at the time, then the following
proportions of acids will be found very satisfactory :-
1 part by volume of concentrated nitric acid.
3.parts,
"
-2
"
"
"
"
وو
concentrated sulphuric acid.
water.
It is needless to say that the liquid consisting of these proportions will also be
found useful under other conditions but not with such a satisfactory result.
Our improvements in the construction of battery cells are as follows: As
battery jar a trough of acid proof glazed earthenware and double the length
required for the carbon and zinc electrode is employed; which permits an easy
separation of the zinc or alloy electrode when the battery is put out of action.
This is accomplished by the carbon as well as the zinc electrode, which are of
comblike shape, in such manner that the back of the comb of the carbon electrode
is at the top and the back of the comb of the zinc or alloy electrode is at one
side, the latter thus slides between the porous cells whilst each plate of the
former immerses into the porous pots.
The advantage obtained by this arrangement is that the zinc or alloy electrode
is thus secured from the action of the fumes of the porous pots.
The improved carbon electrodes consist of a number of carbon plates each of
which is provided at the top with two small and one large hole, the two small
holes serve for the admission of two slate rods and the large one for the admission
of a strong metal bolt, which is gilt or platinized to prevent oxydation or corrosion.
The following is the mode of mounting this carbon electrode:
On the bolt is first placed a metal plate, similarly protected as the bolt, then a
carbon plate then a piece of carbon, provided with three holes which acts as a
conductive medium between the separate carbon plates and also determines their

page_text: distance, then again a carbon plate and so on alternately until the last carbon plate
is reached and thus a combshaped carbon electrode is obtained. A second metal
plate, similar to the first is then placed on the bolt and the nut screwed on to
the end, thus completing the whole. The two slate rods are now passed through
the small holes and fastened by discs of slate and wedges of metal or any other
suitable material; these rods keep the electrode together even when the metal bolt
is withdrawn.
The object of this arrangement is to first reduce the dimensions of a battery,
without decreasing its active surface, second to reduce the resistance by shortening
the distance through which the electricity generated has to travel in order to
reach the conductor (metal bolt) third to decrease the labour of cleaning the
connections, for in this arrangement nothing requires cleaning but the bolt and the
two metal plates, and these are all protected by. pieces of glass or slate except
where contact is required.
To secure good contact between the separate carbon plates they may be gilt at
the place of contact with the intervening carbon pieces.
Each carbon plate of this electrode thus constructed is immersed in a flat porous
pot, filled with any suitable electrolyte. These porous pots have a number of small
deep hollows on the outside or inside or outside and inside in order to reduce their
resistance to a minimum.
The zinc or alloy electrode as already mentioned is best made in one piece, of
comblike shape, thus enabling the plates of the electrode to slide forward and
backward between the porous pots when the battery is put in or out of action.
This is assisted by the form of the earthenware trough which as already
described is fully double the length of the width of the carbon electrode.
The object of this arrangement is to prevent the zine or alloy electrode as
already explained from oxydation which is accomplished by removing it from the
close contact with the porous pots which even when empty give out a small amount
of fumes.
The connection of the zinc and carbon electrode from one cell to the next is
effected by copper sheet of necessary conductivity these sheets are fastened to the
zinc electrodes by bolts, clamps, rivets or wedges and jointed to the carbon
electrodes by the nut of the metal bolt.
To let off the liquid the earthenware trough is provided with an earthenware
tap, on the side of the carbon electrode.
Another new battery of ours consists of a trough of earthenware which is provided.
with an airtight cover of slate, earthenware, glass or any other suitable material; to
this cover are fastened the carbon and zinc electrodes which project through a slot
in the cover, their position being secured by the carbon terminal which prevents it
from dropping through the slot and the slate bolt, that keeps the zinc or alloy
electrode and the carbons at proper distance, prevents it from being lifted through
the slot.
These electrodes consist of two carbon plates between which is situated a single
zinc plate, or a plate made of a number of thin plates, or an alloy plate as described..
As electrolytical liquid for this battery we employ only the one already described,
namely that of great oxydising power and low resistance, it consists of:
From 0.5 to 1.5 part by volume of concentrated nitric acid,
,
2-5 to 4
"
10 to 18
وو
parts,
""
39
concentrated sulphuric acid,
وو
33
"
"
water,

page_text: The terminals are situated above the cover and fastened by screws and nuts to
the electrodes; they are also protected against corrosion like the metal parts of the
battery before described. The cover is furnished with a glass funnel, its mouth
dipping in the liquid, thus forming a hydraulic seal, which serves for adding acid
whilst the cell is at work. To prevent the rising of fumes at the place where the
electrodes project through the cover, pieces of flat ground slate are employed thus
rendering the cell airtight; that is to say at each side of the cell a strip of slate is
put on the cover underneath the carbon terminal whereby the cell is supported,
each strip is pressed by an indiarubber band against the carbon plates and by the
weight of the cell onto the cover of the cell whereby the outer part of the cell is
kept airtight. The inner part, that is the space between the carbon and the
zinc or alloy electrode, is kept airtight by sliding between them two strips of
slate which rest on the cover and thus close these narrow slits; these strips have
to be somewhat longer than the width of the carbon plates, their thickness to be a
trifle smaller than the thickness of the insulator and their width a trifle smaller than
the width of the other two strips first described. It may be stated that the two
thin strips have to be first in position before the indiarubber band is put around the
two thick strips first mentioned.
Further the invention of arranging the first or last cell of a galvanic battery, for
distributing the electric current, by making the zinc or carbon electrode of as many
zinc or Carbon pieces, in the form of rods, strips, or otherwise, as there are lamps
in the circuit. The size of each piece depending on the current required for its
respective lamp.
The connections of the lamps with the battery are as follows:
One pole of the battery is conducted off of a number of zinc or carbon pieces
each in the shape of a rod, strip, or otherwise which form one electrode of the first
or last cell, each piece being singly connected to one pole of each lamp by means of
a separate cable, its size corresponding to the capacity of current it has to carry.
The zinc or carbon pieces (rods, strips or otherwise) of this first or last electrode
are immersed in the same liquid of one and the same vessel it not being material as
said whether the zinc or carbon electrode is chosen. The other pole of the battery
is conducted off of an ordinary single plate by the aid of a rather stout single cable
from which a number of thin small cables branch off in parallel to the lamps. Thus
obtaining without loss a very reliable division of the electric current.
An improvement to galvanic batteries that consists in the application of a syphon
or system of syphons to bring the liquid or solution, that surrounds the carbon with
that surrounding the zinc electrode in a battery cell into conductive as well as
suitable contact for the production of the electric current.
The liquid in which the carbon is immersed may be the same or differ from
that in which the zinc is placed, in the latter case the new syphon substitutes
a diaphragm (such as a porous pot), for which it is specially favourable on
account of its low internal resistance as it enables the two liquids to come into
free and perfect contact without mixing; the outer shape of this syphon or
system of syphons may be varied according to the purpose for which the cell is
intended. To further express more clearly what is understood in this case by
employing a syphon or system of syphons in a galvanic battery cell it
stated that a cell consisting of two distinct and independent vessels of which the
one contains the positive and the other the negative electrode the liquids contained
in the two vessels are brought into contact by a syphon or number of syphons
which are filled with any suitable liquid and dipped into both vessels. Before
doing this the surface of both liquids are brought to the same height.
may be
A complete galvanic battery cell is thus obtained which is suitable for any
purpose according to the electrodes, liquid, length and aperture of syphon
employed.
To reduce the labour of filling and emptieing porous pots of a number of cells of
a battery they may be connected by syphons in such a manner that all the cells may
either be filled or emptied by one operation. To fill the porous pots with the liquid

page_text: desired it may be poured into one of them or let into it by a tap or by a sypnon with
or without a tap; whilst to empty them the liquid may be drawn off by a syphon.
with or without a tap.
Instead of the earthenware jars or boxes already described, jars or boxes of glass,
or jars or boxes of wood painted inside with asphalt and sand or other suitable
material, may be employed.
Further a battery of cells may consist of a long box divided into compartments
in which each division is of wood, glass, slate, or any other suitable material.
Each division fits extremely loosely, so as to enable the liquid poured into one
cell to distribute itself throughout the others.
DESCRIPTION OF FIGURE 1 AND 2.
Figure 1 represents our new galvanic battery that consists of the indented
porous pots, the comblike zinc electrode and the comb like carbon electrode
composed of a number of plates and pieces, two slate and one metal bolt as
described.
It is specially adapted for central electric lighting stations.
In the drawing the battery itself is shown in longitudinal section according to the
dotted line P, Qin plan. The tank and all other necessary appliances for filling
and emptying the battery as well as for absorbing fumes etc. are shown in view.
A represents the battery itself which may consist of any number of cells, only
one cell being shown complete in the drawing and the next only shown half and
broken off. Each of the battery cells rests on four bricks called a, a and b, b; c is
the earthenware vessel which is of double the width as the width of the zinc
electrode its length being a little longer as the length of the zinc electrode, d is the
comblike zinc electrode, e is the carbon electrode made of eight plates each of which
immerses into a porous pot, they are jointed by seven carbon connecting pieces f
and are held together by two slate rods y and g, a metal bolt h, two metal pieces i
and one at each end of the bolt, and a nut l, in order to form a single combshaped
electrode; m'are the eight porous pots which surfaces are indented with numerous.
small hollows on all places where the capilarity of the liquid for the current is
required, n is a piece of coppersheet attached by a bolt o to the zinc or alloy
electrode of the second cell, this coppersheet connects the latter with the carbon
electrode of the first cell, p is another piece of copper sheet attached to the zinc
or alloy electrode of the first cell by a bolt called 9, this sheet conducts one pole of
the battery to a terminal screw » forming the positive terminal of the battery, a
stout cables conducting the current from this terminal to one pole of the lamps..
The other pole at the other end of the battery may either be similarly arranged or
the last carbon electrode may be arranged in the manner as shown in Figure 5; t is
a tap attached to the earthenware vessel of each cell. All the cells of the battery
are situated in a long box B consisting of wood painted outside and inside with
asphalt and sand, its inside walls are still further protected against the action of
the acid by being covered by plates of slate, while the cells are at work this box is
hermetically closed by a cover C, which also consists of slate and wood, and which
is screwed down airtight by screws herein called if an electrolyte of a fuming
nature is employed. D is the tank for the outer liquid from which the outer cells
are filled, in opening the tap and the taps t of all the cells the liquid first enters.
and fills the long box in which the cells are situated, and then passes through the
open taps into all the outer cells, when all are full the tap v of the tank is closed
and then all the taps t of the battery, the liquid contained in the long box may then
either remain or be removed; E is an acid pump for pumping the liquid from the
battery into the tank when the battery is put out of action, it is a centrifugal pump
and consists of the axle w to which the two curved pipes x and y are fixed, these
curved pipes take up the liquid from the vessel z, communicating with the long box,.
when the axle is set into a rotary movement by the electric motor F, it is provided
with the pulley a¹ to which the force of the motor is transmitted by the leather
belt, the axle of the pump runs in two bearings c' and '. The bearing c¹ is.

page_text: fixed into the brickwork forming the floor, whilst the bearing d' is fastened to the
globular shaped vessel el consisting of earthenware or other suitable material, which
vessel receives the acid thrown out of the top of the tubes of the pump, a pipe
leading from the vessel transfers the liquid into the tank D. The vessel el is fixed
to the firmly fixed shelf f¹. The electric motor F that drives the acid pump E.
receives the required electric current from the battery, although the current of the
battery drives the motor it is possible by this arrangement to pump the cells quite
dry, this is due to the fact that the current used for the motor to drive the pump
is
only half a per cent. of that generated by the battery when quite full, thus still
generating the necessary current when the acid in the cells stands at the height
of 3 to 1 of an inch, this minute residue being lastly taken away by the motive
force stored up in the pump, the armature of the motor and the flywheel the latter
of which is specially attached to the axle of the motor for this purpose. G is the
switch for the motor; H, I, K and L are some of a number of carboys filled with
water and fitted up in like manner as a wash bottle, they serve to absorb the acid
funes from the battery in case that an electrolyte of a fuming nature is used, they
are connected to the airtight fitting battery box by a tube g¹ provided with an
india-rubber cork '; M is the pipe through which the acid is conveyed from the
tank to the battery by gravitation, N is the pipe through which the acid is conveyed
to the pump E, and O is the pipe through which the acid is conveyed from the
pump to the tank.
Figure 2, represents the plan of the same new. battery as just explained, the
letters corresponding with those in Figure 1; it may be added that the zinc electrode
shown by dotted lines explains its position when the battery is out of action. In
order to avoid that the battery (in plane) has not all to be shown in dotted lines, a
large piece of the cover of the battery box is shown broken off and taken out, and
the carbon connecting pieces fare removed.
DESCRIPTION OF FIGURE 3.
Figure 3, represents our new single fluid battery, A is the earthenware-trough,
B the airtight cover of slate or other suitable material, C and C the carbon
electrodes, D the zinc or alloy electrode, E the slot in the cover through which the
electrodes project, F the carbon terminal that keeps the electrodes in position,
G and G the bolt with the nuts made of slate or other suitable material that keeps
the zinc or alloy electrode and carbon electrode at proper distance by means of the
two insulator plates H and H also consisting of slate or other suitable material,
I is the second terminal that is fastened to the zinc or alloy electrode by a nut.
Both terminals F and I with the metal pieces K and L, that serve for a more
extensive electric contact between the carbon electrodes and the terminal F, are
protected against corrosion by pieces of glass cemented on their surfaces and by
gilding on their places of electric contact, M is the glass funnel, N and N are the
strips of slate that keep the outer part of the cell airtight under the pressure
produced by the contraction of the indiarubber band O, lastly P and P are the
two thin strips of slate that keep the space between the electrodes air tight.
..
DESCRIPTION OF FIGURE 4 AND 5.
Figure 4 and 5 represent two different specimen of our new arrangement of a
first or last cell of a galvanic battery for distributing the electric current, as used
for electric lighting on a large scale.
In case of Figure 4 the positive electrode consists of a number of pieces insulated
from each other, while in Figure 5 the negative electrode consists of a number of
1
Figure 4 and 5 represent two different specimen of our new arrangement of a
first or last cell of a galvanic battery for distributing the electric current, as used
for electric lighting on a large scale.
In case of Figure 4 the positive electrode consists of a number of pieces insulated
from each other, while in Figure 5 the negative electrode consists of a number of
pisces insulated from each
In Figure 4, A is the vessel of earthenware, glass, slate, wood or other suitable
material, B the porous pot, C the negative electrode consisting of carbon or other
suitable material, a the fourteen positive electrodes, of which seven are only shown

page_text: in the drawing, the other seven being covered by the former, they consist of zinc
or other suitable material, of which each is fastened to a strip Ď by a screw of
celluloid or other suitable material, the screws which are also fourteen in number
are called b, strip D consists also of celluloid, slate or other suitable material. A
small distance is left between each electrode by the twelve thin strips of insulating
material c.
The fourteen positive electrodes a are further each provided with a copper wire d,
of which the seven front ones are running straight up and are provided each
with a double terminal screw e, the seven back ones are bent right angle, they may
or may not be provided with double terminal screws as desired, f is a hole by which
the liquid enters and leaves the cell.
In the case of Figure 5, A represents the vessel consisting of earthenware, glass,
slate, wood or other suitable material, B is the porous pot, C a porous partition in
the porous pot provided with a number of small holes at the bottom, which
partition prevents bubbles that rise from the negative electrode to enter the
syphon D that connects the porous pot with that of the next cell. This syphon is
provided with a bulb a, which serves for the purpose of receiving bubbles, in case
that bubbles should get into the syphon. E is the positive electrode consisting of
zinc, or one of our alloys as described in our Patent No. 22956/93, or other suitable
material. This electrode rests on the copper wire F, and with it makes electric
contact on account of both being amalgamated. This copper wire F is at the
bottom bent into a wave like shape and passes around the porous pot, at one end it
is bent into a right angle and runs up vertical, which part is not amalgamated but
protected against the acid by a glass tube b, the space between the glass tube and
the wire being filled up by sealing wax or other suitable material.
To the upper
end of the copper wire is riveted and soldered a piece of copper sheet' G for
connection.
The liquid enters and leaves the outer cell through a hole c.
As the liquid never leaves the vessel entirely the copper wire and the zinc
electrode are a little elevated by a horseshoe shaped piece H consisting of
earthenware, slate or other suitable material.
The negative electrode consists of fourteen pieces d of carbon or other suitable
material. These pieces are at the top cylindrical, then comes a cone and all the
other part is again cylindrical in shape. They all rest with their conical part in
the stout slate plate 1, that keeps them all in position. Each of these fourteen
electrodes is provided with a thin cable, that ends in a thin cone of platinum, each
of these end pieces is pressed tightly into one of the fourteen small holes e thus
securing a reliable electric contact.
DESCDLOTION OR FIGURE 6
Figure six, represents one of our new battery cells that is furnished with a
system of syphons, which arrangement is specially favourable to use for double
fluid batteries, in which it acts as diaphragm that is to say it substitutes the porous
pot having the great advantage of offering much less resistance for the electric
current.
A and B are the two earthenware vessels, C is the system of syphons which may
Figure six, represents one of our new battery cells that is furnished with a
system of syphons, which arrangement is specially favourable to use for double
fluid batteries, in which it acts as diaphragm that is to say it substitutes the porous
pot having the great advantage of offering much less resistance for the electric
current.
A and B are the two earthenware vessels, C is the system of syphons which may
be made either in one piece of earthenware, porcelain, or glass or which mav
consist of a number of single syphons, D is the negative electrode consisting of
carbon or any other suitable material, E is the positive electrode consisting of zinc
or any other suitable material to which is attached the copperstrip F, this copper-
strip is provided with the positive terminal screw G. The negative electrode is
likewise provided with a terminal screw H. I, K, L, M, N and O are short square
onsets or prominent pieces on the earthenware jars that serve for keeping the
electrodes in position which are situated a short distance from the mouth of the
system of syphous.

page_text: .
both ground perfectly nat, it is then nited out of the liquid and again inverted
and then immersed into the battery cell after which the two glass plates are
withdrawn.
DESCRIPTION OF FIGURE 7.
Figure 7, represents our new battery for electric light installations, in which the
described syphons, for filling or emptying the porous pots as well as the outer
vessels of a galvanic battery by one operation, are employed.
A is a base of wood on which the battery is mounted, B is the vessel consisting
of earthenware, wood or other suitable material, C the porous pot provided with
the two porous partitions a and b, D and E are the positive and negative electrodes
constructed of a number of identical carbon and zinc plates or plates of other
suitable materials, F is a piece of copper sheet riveted to each of the positive
electrodes, G and H are the two terminals into which the cables c and d are
fastened, I and I are two worms with their axles at each end of the battery, the
axle of each worm moving in a long conical bearing e and e, each axle is provided
at the top with a small wheel to which is attached a handle for revolving
the worm in order to raise or lower the electrodes. As the worms I and I,
that are connected with the wheels and by their axles, work in the racks P
and P, they naturally travel either up or down in the racks according to the
direction in which they are revolved and therefore anything attached to these
worms or their axles is inoved with them; as now all electrodes of the battery are
connected to the axles of the worms by the pieces or bearings e and e, all electrodes
of the battery may on turning the wheels f and be either lowered or raised
according as required in order to regulate the electric current to the desired
strength. I and e are only marked once in Figure 7, as the battery is symmetrical
the one covers the other in the drawing. g and h are the required number of
syphons that connect the porous pots of the various cells while i and k are the
required number of syphons that connect the outer cells of the battery, the top
of each syphon forms a chamber into which gas bubbles may collect when
accidentally got into the syphon in order to prevent disturbances in the action of
the syphons, the syphons are beveled both ends in order to allow the liquid to
communicate freely, 7 is the syphon that transfers the liquid from a tank called K
to the outer cells of the battery, it is provided with a tap m whereby it may be
readily filled, one opens the tap and immerses the syphon into a deep vessel
containing the liquid, then closing the tap it is transferred to the tank when it will
draw the liquid from the tank into the battery as long as liquid is contained in the
tank or till the tap is opened and air let into the syphon in order to stop it
from running, n is a similar syphon as and serves to fill the porous pots of the
battery but from another tank called L. Syphon o serves to let off the liquid
from the outer cells of the battery into one of the lower tanks M, this syphon is
also provided at the top with a chamber called p for receiving gas-bubbles and a
tap, or a piece of indiarubber tube q closed by a pinch cock r, that end of the
syphon o which dips into the liquid of the tank is quite open while that end which
dips into one of the outer cells is sealed up, but in order to let off the liquid a
short distance from the bottom a hole s is cut into the syphon from the side, the
object of this is to leave some liquid in the battery when emptied to prevent the
syphons connecting the outer cells from running empty. Another syphon called t
is likewise constructed and serves for emptying all porous pots into a lower tank N.
As a small amount of liquid always remains in the battery the positive electrodes
are shorter in length than the negative or carbon electrodes in such manner that
when the carbon electrodes touch the bottom the positive or zinc or alloy electrodes
are above the residue of the liquid. O and O are two wooden sides or posts one at

page_text: each end of the battery, they are firmly fixed to the wooden base A, to the inner
sides of each of these posts is fixed rack called P. To each post above the
racks is fixed a cylindrical bearing Q which guides each axle with the worm, the
upper end being guided by the conical bearing e as aforesaid. The cables c and d
conducting the current off the battery consist each of a rope of copper which are
called u and v, on to their ends are fixed by soldering the solid gilded or platinized
caps wand, each copper rope is surrounded by a black indiarubber tube the one
being called y and the other which insulates and protects the copper rope against.
corrosion from the acid or fumes.
Having now substantially described and ascertained the nature of our said
invention and in what manner it is to be carried out we declare that what we
claim is :
1. The invention of a new liquid for single fluid galvanic batteries consisting of ::
1. The invention of a new liquid for single fluid galvanic batteries consisting of ::
From 0.5 to 15 parts by volume of concentrated nitric acid.
"
2.5 to 4
10 to 18
"
وو
"
"
"
concentrated sulphuric acid.
water, applied cold, warm or hot.
2. Carbon electrodes which are constructed of a number of carbon plates.
mounted together by means of pieces of carbon, slate rods, slate washers and metal
wedges, a large metal bolt, washers and nut substantially as described in application
to galvanic batteries.
3. The application of slate screws and nuts to galvanic batteries.
4. Connections of galvanic batteries that are protected against the action of
acids by gilding or platinizing as well as by pieces of glass or slate which are fixed
by any suitable material upon its surface.
5. The application to galvanic batteries of porous pots which are indented with
deep hollows on the outside or inside or outside and inside.
6. The application to galvanic batteries of a combshaped zinc or alloy electrode
which may or may not additionally be submitted to great pressure as before
described.
7. The invention of a battery consisting of the various improvements such as:
The new carbon and combshaped alloy electrode, porous pot and protected
connections as well as the required earthenware vessel substantially as described.
8. The invention of a galvanic battery in which carbon plates, alloy electrodes,
slate screws, a slate cover and the new battery liquid are employed substantially as.
described.
9. The application of pieces of slate for keeping the cell of a battery air-tight
as described.
10. The invention and application of an arrangement to the first or last cell of
a battery for distributing the electric current in a perfect and most reliable manner
and that consists in conducting one pole of a battery off from a number of pieces.
of zinc or carbon (in the form of rods, strips or otherwise) which form the one pole
of the first or last cell of a battery and that are insulated from each other, except
that they are immersed into the same vessel of liquid and that each corresponds in
size to the current it has to carry required for each lamp and in number corre-
sponding to the required number of lamps and of which each single piece is
connected to one pole of each lamp by a thin cable whilst the other pole of the
battery is conducted off from an ordinary single plate of carbon or zinc by a single
somewhat stout cable from which branch a number of thin small cables in parallel
to the lamps.
11. A syphon or system of syphons of any suitable material and any desired
shape that enables to bring the liquid or solution that surrounds the carbon with
that surrounding the zinc electrode in a battery cell into conductive contact and
thus substitutes a diaphragm such as a porous pot.

page_text: 12. The application of syphons of any suitable material and any desired shape.
to batteries for emptieng or filling the outer vessels as well as the porous pots
(if required) of a number of cells by one operation.
London, the 13th day of September 1893.
CARL ANTON JOHANNES HUGO SCHROEDER.
HEINRICH EUGEN RICHARD SCHROEDER.

page_text: Date of Application, 15th Dec., 1892
Complete Specification Left, 13th Sept., 1893-Accepted, 15th Mar., 1894
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in and connected with Galvanic Batteries.
CARL ANTON JOHANNES HUGO SCHROEDER and HEINRICH EUGEN RICHARD
SCHROEDER both of Whetstone House, Heslop Road, Balham in the County of
Surrey, Electrical Engineers do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be
as follows:-
:―
We have invented the following improvements in the more usual form of
batteries:
By, employing instead of single amalgamated thick zinc plates or sheets plates
which are composed of a number of thin amalgamated zinc plates which are
pressed together by any suitable device thus forming a thick plate; or by employing
as positive electrode plates of magnesium, or plates of an alloy containing:
mentioned.
This alloy may be employed in any form, but preferably as a single plate or
electrode; it is amalgamated before being used, its process of manufacture being
as follows:
The less fusible metals are first melted, and the more fusible metals are added
one by one, according to their fusibility. When all the ingredients are thus mixed
and well stirred each time, a soft pasty mass is at length obtained, which is now
introduced into moulds and whilst still hot submitted to great pressure.
The object of submitting the mass to great pressure is to make its structure
extremely dense which considerably reduces the local action of the mass when used
in a battery. When taken out of the mould the plate is amalgamated and is ready
for use, if intended for a vertical battery; when used in a horizontal battery it is
covered with a thick layer of mercury and fixed to the bottom of the cell by a
screw or any other suitable device, to prevent its floating on the mercury.
As an exciting liquid in single fluid batteries we generally employ our new
liquid of low resistance and great oxydising power, it consists of:
"
2.5 to 4
"
"
وو
12
"
to 18
"3
99
"
concentrated sulphuric acid.
"
water.
وو
This liquid is preferably employed in the warm or hot state.
Our improvements in the construction of battery cells are as follows:
As battery jar a trough of prismatic form of acid proof glazed earthenware,
double the length required for the carbon and zinc electrode, is employed; which
permits an easy separation of the zinc or alloy electrode when the battery is put
out of nation

page_text: The improved carbon electrodes consist of a number of carbon plates each
of which is provided at the top with two small and one large hole, the two
small holes serve for the admission of two slate rods and the large one for the
admission of a strong metal bolt, which is gilt or platinized to prevent oxydation
or corrosion.
The following is the mode of mounting this carbon electrode:
On the bolt is first placed a metal plate, similarly protected as the bolt, then a
carbon plate then a piece of carbon, provided with three holes which acts as a
conductive medium between the separate carbon plates and also determines their
distance, then again a carbon plate and so on alternately until the last carbou
plate is reached when a second metal plate, similar to the first is placed on the
bolt and the nut screwed on to the end, thus completing the whole. The two slate
rods are now passed through the small holes and fastened by discs of slate and
wedges of metal or any other suitable material; these rods keep the electrode
together even when the metal bolt is withdrawn.
:
The object of this arrangement is to first reduce the dimensions of a battery,
without decreasing its active surface, second to reduce the resistance by shortening
the distance through which the electricity generated has to travel in order to reach
the conductor (metal bolt) third to decrease the labour of cleaning the armature,
for in this arrangement nothing requires cleaning but the bolt and the two metal
plates, and these are all protected by pieces of glass or slate except where contact
is required.
To secure good contact between the separate carbon plates they may be gilt at
the place of contact with the intervening carbon pieces.
Each carbon plate of this electrode thus constructed is immersed in a flat
porous.pot, filled with any suitable depolarizing liquid. These porous pots have a
number of small deep hollows on one side in order to reduce their resistance to a
minimum.
The zinc or alloy electrode is made in one piece, of comblike shape, thus enabling
the plates of the electrode to slide forward and backward between the porous
pots when the battery is put in or out of action. This is assisted by the form of
the earthenware trough which as already described is fully double the length of
the width of the carbon electrode.
The connection of the zinc and carbon electrode from one cell to the next is
effected by copper sheet of necessary conductivity these sheets are fastened to the
zinc electrodes by bolts, clamps, rivets or wedges and jointed to the carbon
electrodes by the nut of the metal bolt.
To let off the liquid the earthenware trough is provided with an earthenware
tap on the side of the carbon electrode.
Our battery No. 4 has also a trough of earthenware and is provided with an
airtight cover of slate, earthenware or any other suitable material; to this cover
are fastened the carbon and zinc electrodes which project through a slot in the
cover.
These electrodes consist of two carbon plates between which is situated a single
zinc plate, or a plate made of a number of thin plates, or an alloy plate as
described.
As electrolytical liquid for this battery we employ only the oué already
described, namely that of great oxydising power and low resistance, it cousists of:
From 0.5 to 15 port hv volums of

page_text: such manner that carbon and zinc electrode are kept apart at the right distance by
slate insulators.
The terminals are situated above the cover and fastened by screws and nuts to
the electrodes; they are also protected against corrosion like the metal parts of
the battery before described. The cover is furnished with a glass funnel, its
mouth dipping in the liquid, thus forming a hydraulic seal, which serves for adding
acid whilst the cell is at work. To prevent the rising of fumes at the places
where the electrodes project through the cover, pieces of flat ground slate are
employed thus rendering the cell airtight.
Further the invention of arranging the first or last cell of a battery, for
distributing the electric current, by making the zinc or carbon electrode of as
many zinc or carbon pieces, in the form of rods, strips, or otherwise, as there are
lamps in the circuit. The size of each piece would depend on the current required
for its respective lamp.
The connections of the lamps with the battery are as follows:
As mentioned one pole of the battery is conducted from a number of zinc or
carbon pieces each in the shape of a rod, strip, or otherwise which form one
electrode of the first or last cell, each piece being singly connected to one pole of
each lamp by means of a separate cable, its size corresponding to the capacity of
current it has to carry. The zinc or carbon pieces (rods, strips or otherwise)
of this first or last electrode are immersed in the same liquid of one and the same
vessel it not being material whether the zinc or carbon electrode is chosen. The
other pole of the battery is conducted off from an ordinary single plate by the
aid of a rather stout single cable from which a number of thin small cables branch
off in parallel to the lamps. Thus obtaining without loss a very reliable division
of the electric current.
An improvement consisting in the application of a syphon or system of syphons
to bring the liquid or solution, that surrounds the carbon and zinc electrode in the
vessels, into conductive as well as suitable contact for the production of the electric
current. The liquid in which the carbon is immersed may be the same or different
from that in which the zinc is placed, in the latter case the new syphon substitutes
a diaphragm (such as a porous pot) for which it is specially favourable on account
of its low internal resistance as it enables the two liquids to come into free and
perfect contact without mixing; the outer shape of this syphon or system of
syphons may be varied according to the purpose for which the cell is intended.
To reduce the labour of filling and emptieng porous pots of a number of cells
of a battery they may be connected by syphons in such inanner that all the cells
may either be filled or emptied by one operation. To fill the porous pots with the
liquid desired it may be poured into one of them or let into it by a tap or by a
syphon with or without a tap; whilst to empty them the liquid may be drawn off
by a syphon with or without a tap.
Instead of the earthenware jars or boxes already described, jars or boxes of
glass, or jars or boxes of wood painted inside with asphalt and sand or other
suitable material, may be employed.
Further a battery of cells may consist of a long box divided into compartments
in which each division is of wood, glass, slate, or any other suitable material. Each
division fits extremely loosely, so as to enable the liquid poured into one cell to
distribute itself throughout the others.
London, this 15th day of December 1892.

page_text: Improvements in and connected with Galvanic Batteries.
CARL ANTON JOHANNES HUGO SCHROEDER and HEINRICH EUGEN RICHARD
SCHROEDER, Electrical Engineers, both of Whetstone House, Heslop Road,
Balham in the County of Surrey, do hereby declare the nature of this invention
and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described
and ascertained in and by the following statement:―
As an exciting liquid in single fluid batteries we generally employ our new
liquid of low resistance and great oxydising power, it consists of:
From 0.5 to
35
2-5 to
10 to 18
4
"
"
وو
وو
39
دو
"
"
:
15 parts by volume of concentrated nitric acid.
concentrated sulphuric acid.
water.
This liquid is preferably employed in the warm or hot state.
The exact proportions of the acids and water however to be used depend on
the following circumstances:
1. The kind of metal or compositions of alloy used as positive electrode in
the battery.
2. The temperature of the liquid.
3. The current required from the size of its active surface.
4. The quantity of liquid contained in a battery cell.
To give an example:
If one employs as positive electrode our new alloy No. 1 (made up of a
number of amalgamated thin sheets pressed together under great pressure and
described in our Patent Specification No. 22956 of 1893), ordinary water as
obtained from the Thames, the temperature of the battery liquid at 60 degrees
centigrade when the cell is put in action, the current used 5 ampères to the
square inch active surface, and 10 square inches of active surface are reckoned
to one pint of liquid present in the battery at the time, then the following
proportions of acids will be found very satisfactory
:―
1 part by volume of concentrated nitric acid.
concentrated sulphuric acid.
3 parts »
39
"
2
water.
"
"
"
وو
It is needless to say that the liquid consisting of these proportions will also be
found useful under other conditions but not with such a satisfactory result.
Our improvements in the construction of battery cells are as follows: As
battery jar a trough of acid proof glazed earthenware and double the length
required for the carbon and zinc electrode is employed; which permits an easy
separation of the zinc or alloy electrode when the battery is put out of action.
This is accomplished by the carbon as well as the zinc electrode, which are of
comblike shape, in such manner that the back of the comb of the carbon electrode
is at the top and the back of the comb of the zinc or alloy electrode is at one
side, the latter thus slides between the porous cells whilst cach plate of the
former immerses into the porous pots.
The advantage obtained by this arrangement is that the zinc or alloy electrode
is thus secured from the action of the fumes of the porous pots.
The improved carbon electrodes consist of a number of carbon plates each of
which is provided at the top with two small and one large hole, the two small
holes serve for the admission of two slate rods and the large one for the admission
of a strong metal bolt, which is gilt or platinized to prevent oxydation or corrosion.
The following is the mode of mounting this carbon electrode:
On the bolt is first placed a metal plate, similarly protected as the bolt, then a
carbon plate then a piece of carbon, provided with three holes which acts as a
conductive medium between the separate carbon plates and also determines their

page_text: distance, then again a carbon plate and so on alternately until the last carbon plate
is reached and thus a combshaped carbon electrode is obtained. A second metal
plate, similar to the first is then placed on the bolt and the nut screwed on to
the end, thus completing the whole. The two slate rods are now passed through
the small holes and fastened by discs of slate and wedges of metal or any other
suitable material; these rods keep the electrode together even when the metal bolt
is withdrawn.
The object of this arrangement is to first reduce the dimensions of a battery,
without decreasing its active surface, second to reduce the resistance by shortening
the distance through which the electricity generated has to travel in order to
reach the conductor (metal bolt) third to decrease the labour of cleaning the
connections, for in this arrangement nothing requires cleaning but the bolt and the
two metal plates, and these are all protected by pieces of glass or slate except
where contact is required.
To secure good contact between the separate carbon plates they may be gilt at
the place of contact with the intervening carbon pieces.
Each carbon plate of this electrode thus constructed is immersed in a flat porous
pot, filled with any suitable electrolyte. These porous pots have a number of small
deep hollows on the outside or inside or outside and inside in order to reduce their
resistance to a minimum.
The zinc or alloy electrode as already mentioned is best made in one piece, of
comblike shape, thus enabling the plates of the electrode to slide forward and
backward between the porous pots when the battery is put in or out of action.
This is assisted by the form of the earthenware trough which as already
described is fully double the length of the width of the carbon electrode.
The object of this arrangement is to prevent the zinc or alloy electrode as
already explained from oxydation which is accomplished by removing it from the
close contact with the porous pots which even when empty give out a small amount
of fumes.
The connection of the zinc and carbon electrode from one cell to the next is
effected by copper sheet of necessary conductivity these sheets are fastened to the
zinc electrodes by bolts, clamps, rivets or wedges and jointed to the carbon
electrodes by the nut of the metal bolt.
To let off the liquid the earthenware trough is provided with an earthenware
tap, on the side of the carbon electrode.
Another new battery of ours consists of a trough of earthenware which is provided,
with an airtight cover of slate, earthenware, glass or any other suitable material; to
this cover are fastened the carbon and zinc electrodes which project through a slot
in the cover, their position being secured by the carbon terminal which prevents it
from dropping through the slot and the slate bolt, that keeps the zinc or alloy
electrode and the carbons at proper distance, prevents it from being lifted through
the slot.
These electrodes consist of two carbon plates between which is situated a single
zinc plate, or a plate made of a number of thin plates, or an alloy plate as described.
As electrolytical liquid for this battery we employ only the one already described,
namely that of great oxydising power and low resistance, it consists of:
From 05 to 1.5 part by volume of concentrated nitric acid,
وو
وو
2.5 to 4
parts,
10 to 18
"
"
and is preferably applied warm or hot.
29
"
concentrated sulphuric acid,
"water,
The exact proportions of eride and meator to be used for this liauid donond

page_text: The terminals are situated above the cover and fastened by screws and nuts to
the electrodes; they are also protected against corrosion like the metal parts of the.
battery before described. The cover is furnished with a glass funnel, its mouth
dipping in the liquid, thus forming a hydraulic seal, which serves for adding acid
whilst the cell is at work. To prevent the rising of fumes at the place where the
electrodes project through the cover, pieces of flat ground slate are employed thus
rendering the cell airtight; that is to say at each side of the cell a strip of slate is
put on the cover underneath the carbon terminal whereby the cell is supported,
each strip is pressed by an indiarubber band against the carbon plates and by the
weight of the cell onto the cover of the cell whereby the outer part of the cell is
kept airtight. The inner part, that is the space between the carbon and the
zinc or alloy electrode, is kept airtight by sliding between them two strips of
slate which rest on the cover and thus close these narrow slits; these strips have
to be somewhat longer than the width of the carbon plates, their thickness to be a
trifle smaller than the thickness of the insulator and their width a trifle smaller than
the width of the other two strips first described. It may be stated that the two
thin strips have to be first in position before the indiarnbber band is put around the
two thick strips first mentioned.
Further the invention of arranging the first or last cell of a galvanic battery, for
distributing the electric current, by making the zinc or carbon electrode of as many
zinc or carbon pieces, in the form of rods, strips, or otherwise, as there are lamps
in the circuit. The size of each piece depending on the current required for its
respective lamp.
The connections of the lamps with the battery are as follows:
One pole of the battery is conducted off of a number of zinc or carbon pieces
each in the shape of a rod, strip, or otherwise which form one electrode of the first
or last cell, cach piece being singly connected to one pole of cach lamp by means of
a separate cable, its size corresponding to the capacity of current it has to carry.
The zinc or carbon pieces (rods, strips or otherwise) of this first or last electrode
are immersed in the same liquid of one and the same vessel it not being material as
said whether the zinc or carbon electrode is chosen. The other pole of the battery
is conducted off of an ordinary single plate by the aid of a rather stout single cable
from which a number of thin small cables branch off in parallel to the lamps. Thus
obtaining without loss a very reliable division of the electric current.
An improvement to galvanic batteries that consists in the application of a syphon
or system of syphons to bring the liquid or solution, that surrounds the carbon with
that surrounding the zinc electrode in a battery cell into conductive as well as
suitable contact for the production of the electric current.
The liquid in which the carbon is immersed may be the same or differ from
that in which the zinc is placed, in the latter case the new syphon substitutes
a diaphragm (such as a porous pot) for which it is specially favourable on
account of its low internal resistance as it enables the two liquids to come into
free and perfect contact without mixing; the outer shape of this syphon or
system of syphons may be varied according to the purpose for which the cell is
intended. To further express more clearly what is understood in this case by
employing a syphon or system of syphons in a galvanic battery cell it may be
.stated that a cell consisting of two distinct and independent vessels of which the
one contains the positive and the other the negative electrode the liquids contained
in the two vessels are brought into contact by a syphon or number of syphons
which are filled with any suitable liquid and dipped into both vessels. Before
doing this the surface of both liquids are brought to the same height.
A complete galvanic battery cell is thus obtained which is suitable for any
purpose according to the electrodes, liquid, length and aperture of syphon
employed.
To reduce the labour of filling and emptieing porous pots of a number of cells of
a battery they may be connected by syphons in such a manner that all the cells may
either be filled or emptied by one operation. To fill the porous pots with the liquid

page_text: desired it may be poured into one of them or let into
by a tap or by a syphon with
or without a tap; whilst to empty them the liquid may be drawn off by a syphon.
with or without a tap.
Instead of the earthenware jars or boxes already described, jars or boxes of glass,
or jars or boxes of wood painted inside with asphalt and sand or other suitable
material, may be employed.
Further a battery of cells may consist of a long box divided into compartments
in which each division is of wood, glass, slate, or any other suitable material.
Each division fits extremely loosely, so as to enable the liquid poured into one
cell to distribute itself throughout the others.
DESCRIPTION OF FIGURE 1 AND 2.
Figure 1 represents our new galvanic battery that consists of the indented
porous pots, the comblike zinc electrode and the comb like carbon electrode
composed of a number of plates and pieces, two slate and one metal bolt as.
described.
It is specially adapted for central electric lighting stations.
In the drawing the battery itself is shown in longitudinal section according to the
dotted line P, Qin plan. The tank and all other necessary appliances for filling
and emptying the battery as well as for absorbing fumes etc. are shown in view.
A represents the battery itself which may consist of any number of cells, only
one cell being shown complete in the drawing and the next is only shown half and
broken off. Each of the battery cells rests on four bricks called a, a and b, b; c is.
the earthenware vessel which is of double the width as the width of the zinc
electrode its length being a little longer as the length of the zinc electrode, d is the
comblike zinc electrode, e is the carbon electrode made of eight plates each of which
immerses into a porous pot, they are jointed by seven carbon connecting pieces f
and are held together by two slate rods y and g, a metal bolt h, two inetal pieces i
and k one at each end of the bolt, and a nut 1, in order to form a single combshaped
electrode; m are the eight porous pots which surfaces are indented with numerous.
small hollows on all places where the capilarity of the liquid for the current is
required, is a piece of coppersheet attached by a bolt o to the zinc or alloy
electrode of the second cell, this coppersheet connects the latter with the carbon.
electrode of the first cell, p is another piece of copper sheet attached to the zinc
or alloy electrode of the first cell by a bolt called g, this sheet conducts one pole of
the battery to a terminal screw r forming the positive terminal of the battery, a
stout cables conducting the current from this terminal to one pole of the lamps..
The other pole at the other end of the battery may either be similarly arranged or
the last carbon electrode may be arranged in the manner as shown in Figure 5; t is.
a tap attached to the earthenware vessel of each cell. All the cells of the battery
are situated in a long box B consisting of wood painted outside and inside with
asphalt and sand, its inside walls are still further protected against the action of
the acid by being covered by plates of slate, while the cells are at work this box is
hermetically closed by a cover C, which also consists of slate and wood, and which
is screwed down airtight by screws herein called u if an electrolyte of a fuming
nature is employed. D is the tank for the outer liquid from which the outer cells
are filled, in opening the tape and the taps t of all the cells the liquid first enters
and fills the long box in which the cells are situated, and then passes through the
open taps t into all the outer cells, when all are full the tap of the tank is closed
and then all the taps of the battery, the liquid contained in the long box may then
either remain or be removed; E is an acid pump for pumping the liquid from the
battery into the tank when the battery is put out of action, it is a centrifugal pump
and consists of the axle w to which the two curved pipes e and y are fixed, these
curved pipes take up the liquid from the vessel z, communicating with the long box,
when the axle is set into a rotary movement by the electric motor F, it is provided
with the pulley a' to which the force of the motor is transmitted by the leather
belt, the axle of the pump runs in two bearings c' and '. The bearing dis

page_text: fixed into the brickwork forming the floor, whilst the bearing is fastened to the
globular shaped vessel el consisting of earthenware or other suitable material, which
vessel receives the acid thrown out of the top of the tubes of the pump a pipe
leading from the vessel transfers the liquid into the tank D. The vessel el is fixed
to the firmly fixed shelf f¹. The electric motor F that drives the acid pump E.
receives the required electric current from the battery, although the current of the
battery drives the motor it is possible by this arrangement to pump the cells quite
dry, this is due to the fact that the current used for the motor to drive the pump is
only half a per cent. of that generated by the battery when quite full, thus still
generating the necessary current when the acid in the cells stands at the height
of to of an inch, this minute residue being lastly taken away by the motive
force stored up in the pump, the armature of the motor and the flywheel the latter
of which is specially attached to the axle of the motor for this purpose. G is the
switch for the motor; H, I, K and L are some of a number of carboys filled with
water and fitted up in like manner as a wash bottle, they serve to absorb the acid
fumes from the battery in case that an electrolyte of a fuming nature is used, they
are connected to the airtight fitting battery box by a tube gl provided with an
india-rubber cork ; M is the pipe through which the acid is conveyed from the
tank to the battery by gravitation, N is the pipe through which the acid is conveyed
to the pump E, and O is the pipe through which the acid is conveyed from the
pump to the tank.
16
In
Figure 2, represents the plan of the same new battery as just explained, the
letters corresponding with those in Figure 1; it may be added that the zinc electrode
shown by dotted lines explains its position when the battery is out of action.
order to avoid that the battery (in plane) has not all to be shown in dotted lines, a
large piece of the cover of the battery box is shown broken off and taken out, and
the carbon connecting pieces are removed.
DESCRIPTION OF FIGURE 3.
:
Figure 3, represents our new single fluid battery, A is the earthenware-trough,
the airtight cover of slate or other suitable material, C and C the carbon
electrodes, D the zinc or alloy electrode, E the slot in the cover through which the
electrodes project, F the carbon terminal that keeps the electrodes in position,
G and G the bolt with the nuts made of slate or other suitable material that keeps
the zine or alloy electrode and carbon electrode at proper distance by means of the
two insulator plates H and H also consisting of slate or other suitable material,
I is the second terminal that is fastened to the zinc or alloy electrode by a nut.
Both terminals F and I with the metal pieces K and L, that serve for a more
extensive electric contact between the carbon electrodes and the terminal F, are
protected against corrosion by pieces of glass cemented on their surfaces and by
gilding on their places of electric contact, M is the glass funnel, N and N are the
strips of slate that keep the outer part of the cell airtight under the pressure
produced by the contraction of the indiarubber band O, lastly P and P are the
two thin strips of slate that keep the space between the electrodes air tight.
DESCRIPTION OF FIGURE 4 AND 5.
Figure 4 and 5 represent two different specimen of our new arrangement of a
first or last cell of a galvanic battery for distributing the electric current, as used
for electric lighting on a large scale.
In case of Figure 4 the positive electrode consists of a number of pieces insulated

page_text: in the drawing, the other seven being covered by the former, they consist of zinc
or other suitable material, of which each is fastened to a strip D by a screw of
celluloid or other suitable material, the screws which are also fourteen in number
are called b, strip D consists also of celluloid, slate or other suitable material. A
small distance is left between each electrode by the twelve thin strips of insulating
material c.
The fourteen positive electrodes a are further each provided with a copper wire d,
of which the seven front ones are running straight up and are provided each
with a double terminal screw e, the seven back ones are bent right angle, they may
or may not be provided with double terminal screws as desired, f is a hole by which
the liquid enters and leaves the cell.
In the case of Figure 5, A represents the vessel consisting of earthenware, glass,
slate, wood or other suitable material, B is the porous pot, C a porous partition in
the porous pot provided with a number of small holes at the bottom, which
partition prevents bubbles that rise from the negative electrode to enter the
syphon D that connects the porous pot with that of the next cell. This syphon is
provided with a bulb a, which serves for the purpose of receiving bubbles, in case
that bubbles should get into the syphon. E is the positive electrode consisting of
zinc, or one of our alloys as described in our Patent No. 22956/93, or other suitable
material. This electrode rests on the copper wire F, and with it makes electric
contact on account of both being amalgamated. This copper wire F is at the
bottom bent into a wave like shape and passes around the porous pot, at one end it
is bent into a right angle and runs up vertical, which part is not amalgamated but
protected against the acid by a glass tube b, the space between the glass tube and
the wire being filled up by sealing wax or other suitable material. To the upper
end of the copper wire is riveted and soldered a piece of copper sheet G for
connection.
The liquid enters and leaves the outer cell through a hole c.
As the liquid never leaves the vessel entirely the copper wire and the zinc
electrode are a little elevated by a horseshoe shaped piece H consisting of
earthenware, slate or other suitable material.
The negative electrode consists of fourteen pieces d of carbon or other suitable
material. These pieces are at the top cylindrical, then comes a cone and all the
other part is again cylindrical in shape. They all rest with their conical part in
the stout slate plate 1, that keeps them all in position. Each of these fourteen
electrodes is provided with a thin cable, that ends in a thin cone of platinum, each
of these end pieces is pressed tightly into one of the fourteen small holes e thus
securing a reliable electric contact.
DESCRIPTION OF FIGURE 6.
Figure six, represents one of our new battery cells that is furnished with a
system of syphons, which arrangement is specially favourable to use for double
fluid batteries, in which it acts as diaphragm that is to say it substitutes the porous
pot having the great advantage of offering much less resistance for the electric
current.
A and B are the two earthenware vessels, C is the system of syphons which may
be made either in one piece of earthenware, porcelain, or glass or which may
consist of a number of single syphons, D is the negative electrode consisting of
carbon or any other suitable material, E is the positive electrode consisting of zinc
or any other suitable material to which is attached the copperstrip F, this copper-
strin is nrovided with the nositive terminal
caraw
The negative electrode is

page_text: WILHUT WH
DESCRIPTION OF FIGURE '7.
Figure 7, represents our new battery for electric light installations, in which the
described syphons, for filling or emptying the porous pots as well as the outer
vessels of a galvanic battery by one operation, are employed.
A is a base of wood on which the battery is mounted, B is the vessel consisting
of earthenware, wood or other suitable material, C the porous pot provided with
the two porous partitions a and b, D and E are the positive and negative electrodes
constructed of a number of identical carbon and zinc plates or plates of other
suitable materials, F is a piece of copper sheet riveted to each of the positive
electrodes, G and H are the two terminals into which the cables c and d are
fastened, and I are two worms with their axles at each end of the battery, the
axle of each worm moving in a long conical bearing e and e, each axle is provided
at the top with a small wheel to which is attached a handle for revolving
the worm in order to raise or lower the electrodes. As the worms I and I,
that are connected with the wheels and f by their axles, work in the racks P
and P, they naturally travel either up or down in the racks according to the
direction in which they are revolved and therefore anything attached to these
worms or their axles is inoved with them; as now all electrodes of the battery are
connected to the axles of the worms by the pieces or bearings e and e, all electrodes
of the battery may on turning the wheels and be either lowered or raised
according as required in order to regulate the electric current to the desired
strength. I and e are only marked once in Figure 7, as the battery is symmetrical
the one covers the other in the drawing. 9 and h are the required number of
syphons that connect the porous pots of the various cells while i and k are the
required number of syphons that connect the outer cells of the battery, the top
of each syphon forms a chamber into which gas bubbles may collect when
accidentally got into the syphon in order to prevent disturbances in the action of
the syphons, the syphons are beveled both ends in order to allow the liquid to
communicate freely, is the syphon that transfers the liquid from a tank called K
to the outer cells of the battery, it is provided with a tap m whereby it may be
readily filled, one opens the tap and immerses the syphon into a deep vessel
containing the liquid, then closing the tap it is transferred to the tank when it will
draw the liquid from the tank into the battery as long as liquid is contained in the
tank or till the tap is opened and air let into the syphon in order to stop it
from running, n is a similar, syphon as and serves to fill the porous pots of the
battery but from another tank called L. Syphon o serves to let off the liquid
from the outer cells of the battery into one of the lower tanks M, this syphon is
also provided at the top with a chamber called p for receiving gas-bubbles and a
tap, or a piece of indiarubber tube q closed by a pinch cock r, that end of the
syphon o which dips into the liquid of the tank is quite open while that end which
dips into one of the outer cells is sealed up, but in order to let off the liquid a
short distance from the bottom a hole s is cut into the syphon from the side, the
object of this is to leave some liquid in the battery when emptied to prevent the
syphons connecting the outer cells from running empty. Another syphon called t
is likewise constructed and serves for emptying all porous pots into a lower tank N.
As a small amount of liquid always remains in the battery the positive electrodes
are shorter in length than the negative or carbon electrodes in such manner that
when the carbon electrodes touch the bottom the positive or zinc or alloy electrodes
are above the residue of the liquid. O and O are two wooden sides or posts one at.

page_text: each end of the battery, they are firmly fixed to the wooden base A, to the inner
sides of each of these posts is fixed a rack called P. To each post above the
racks is fixed a cylindrical bearing Q which guides each axle with the worm, the
upper end being guided by the conical bearing e as aforesaid. The cables c and d
conducting the current off the battery consist each of a rope of copper which are
called u and v, on to their ends are fixed by soldering the solid gilded or platinized
caps w and x, each copper rope is surrounded by a black indiarubber tube the one
being called y and the other which insulates and protects the copper rope against.
corrosion from the acid or fumes.
2
Having now substantially described and ascertained the nature of our said
invention and in what manner it is to be carried out we declare that what we
claim is:
conducting the current off the battery consist each of a rope of copper which are
called u and v, on to their ends are fixed by soldering the solid gilded or platinized
caps w and x, each copper rope is surrounded by a black indiarubber tube the one
being called y and the other which insulates and protects the copper rope against.
corrosion from the acid or fumes.
Having now substantially described and ascertained the nature of our said
invention and in what manner it is to be carried out we declare that what we
claim is:
1. The invention of a new liquid for single fluid galvanic batteries consisting of :.
From 0.5 to 15 parts by volume of concentrated nitric acid.
39
"
2.5 to 4
10 to 18
,,
"
"
"
concentrated sulphuric acid.
water, applied cold, warm or hot.
2. Carbon electrodes which are constructed of a number of carbon plates.
mounted together by means of pieces of carbon, slate rods, slate washers and metal
wedges, a large metal bolt, washers and nut substantially as described in application
to galvanic batteries.
3. The application of slate screws and nuts to galvanic batteries.
4. Connections of galvanic batteries that are protected against the action of
acids by gilding or platinizing as well as by pieces of glass or slate which are fixed
by any suitable material upon its surface.
5. The application to galvanic batteries of porous pots which are indented with
deep hollows on the outside or inside or outside and inside.
6. The application to galvanic batteries of a combshaped zinc or alloy electrode
which may or may not additionally be submitted to great pressure as before
described.
7. The invention of a battery consisting of the various improvements such as:
The new carbon and combshaped alloy electrode, porous pot and protected
connections as well as the required earthenware vessel substantially as described.
8. The invention of a galvanic battery in which carbon plates, alloy electrodes,
slate screws, a slate cover and the new battery liquid are employed substantially as
described.
9. The application of pieces of slate for keeping the cell of a battery air-tight
as described.
10. The invention and application of an arrangement to the first or last cell of
a battery for distributing the electric current in a perfect and most reliable manner
and that consists in conducting one pole of a battery off from a number of pieces.
of zinc or carbon (in the form of rods, strips or otherwise) which form the one pole
of the first or last cell of a battery and that are insulated from each other, except
that they are immersed into the same vessel of liquid and that each corresponds in
size to the current it has to carry required for each lamp and in number corre-
sponding to the required number of lamps and of which each single piece is
connected to one pole of each lamp by a thin cable whilst the other pole of the
battery is conducted off from an ordinary single plate of carbon or zinc by a single
somewhat stout cable from which branch a number of thin small cables in parallel
to the lamps.
11. A syphon or system of syphons of any suitable material and any desired
shape that enables to bring the liquid or solution that surrounds the carbon with
that surrounding the zinc electrode in a battery cell into conductive contact and
thus substitutes a diaphragm such as a porous pot.

page_text: 12. The application of syphons of any suitable material and any desired shape
to batteries for emptieng or filling the outer vessels as well as the porous pots
(if required) of a number of cells by one operation.
London, the 13th day of September 1893.
CARL ANTON JOHANNES HUGO SCHROEDER.
HEINRICH EUGEN RICHARD SCHROEDER.

page_text: Date of Application, 15th Dec., 1892
Complete Specification Left, 13th Sept., 1893-Accepted, 4th Nov., 1893
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improved Methods of Recovering Zinc from the Waste Products of
Galvanic Batteries.
CARL ANTON JOHANNES HUGO SCHROEDER and HEINRICH EUGEN RICHARD
SCHROEDER, both of Whetstone House, Heslop Road, Balham in the County of
Surrey, Electrical Engineers do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be
as follows:-—
We apply three different well known chemical processes, for extracting and
reconverting the zinc from used up galvanic battery solutions.
I. Without using the sodic sulphate that remains in the retort as a by-product of
the distillation of nitric acid during its process of manufacture, thus:
To the used up battery solution, which surrounded the zinc, consisting of a dilute
solution of zinc sulphate, is slowly added a concentrated solution of sodic carbonate
as long as precipitate is produced. The precipitate consists of zinc carbonate and
is separated from the solution by decantation, the remaining solution consists of
very dilute sodic sulphate. The precipitate of zinc carbonate is then dried, in
a very suitable and cheap manner by a mechanical arrangement which sucks the
water still contained in it. The precipitate is now removed to the factory where in
order to extract the zinc in a metallic state it undergoes a similar treatment to that
of the galmy in the zinc works, thus:
The precipitate is heated in a large flame furnace to expel the carbonic acid, by
this it is converted into zinc oxide; this is taken out and mixed with coal, cinder,
or coke, and then heated in a muffle of a zinc furnace without contact with air.
The zinc, reduced to the metallic state, condenses in the receiver; it is however
again remelted in order to free it from oxide, when it is cast, rolled or pressed into
new electrodes.
II. By employing the sodic sulphate which remains in the retort as a by-product
of the distillation of nitric acid during its process of manufacture but without
recovering the sulphuric acid. The sodic sulphate in this process is first changed
into sodic carbonate by the Le-Blanc process and is then used for precipitating the
zinc as before. The Le Blanc process is well known and is as follows:
The sodic sulphate is first dried, then mixed with chalk and coal and heated in a
flame furnace,when all effervescence ceases nearly all the sodic sulphate is
converted into sodic carbonate; as soon as it is cool the substance is dissolved in
water; the clear solution is now decanted off and is ready for precipitating the
zinc. Before use the sodic carbonate may be additionally purified if desired.
III. By employing the sodic sulphate which remains as a by product in the
retort in distilling nitric acid during its process of manufacture. This last process
differs from the two aforesaid as it includes the recovery of sulphuric acid. The
sodic sulphate is first converted into sodic carbonate by a process described by
C. Kopp, and is then used for precipitating, the zinc thus:
The sodic sulphate is first dried then mixed with peroxide of iron or iron and coal
and put into a flame furnace; when the mass melts and the effervescence ceases, the
molton mass is drawn. off into small iron cars; when cool it forms a block of the size
and shape of the car. These blocks are now exposed to the action of air or carbon
dioxide gas after a little while the blocks will begin to fall to pieces forming
a powder which is partially dissolved in water. The clear solution of sodic
carbonate is decanted off and used for precipitating the zinc. The sulphuric acid
is separated from the residue that consists of sulphide of iron by heating or roasting
the sulphide of iron in a muffle or any other suitable vessel. The sulphur, set free
burns in contact with the oxygen of the air forming sulphurus acid. This is led

page_text: into leaden chambers and there converted into sulphuric acid by the process usually
employed in its manufacture. The sulphuric acid thus obtained is used for
distilling fresh quantities of nitric acid, whilst the sulphide of iron which was
converted into peroxide of iron serves to convert fresh quantities of sodic sulphate
into sodic carbonate.
CARL ANTON JOHANNES HUGO SCHROEDER.
HEINRICH EUGEN RICHARD SCHROEDER.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improved Methods of. Recovering Zine from the Waste Products of
Galvanic Batteries.
CARL ANTON JOHANNES HUGO SCHROEDER and HEINRICH EUGEN RICHARD
SCHROEDER, Electrical Engineers, both of Whetstone House, Heslop Road,
Balham in the County of Surrey, do hereby declare the nature of this invention
and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following statement :-
For extracting and recovering the zinc from used up galvanic battery solutions
we employ three different well known chemical processes.
I. To the used up battery solution, which surrounded the zinc, and that consists
of a dilute solution of zinc sulphate is slowly added a concentrated solution of sodic
carbonate as long as precipitate is produced. The precipitate consists of zinc
carbonate and is separated from the solution by decantation the remaining solution
than consists of very dilute sodic sulphate. The precipitate of zinc carbonate
is than dried, in a very suitable and cheap manner by a mechanical arrangement
which sucks off the water still contained in it.
The precipitate is now removed to the factory in order to extract the zinc in a
metallic state, it there undergoes a similar treatment to that of the native carbonate
of zinc (galmy) in the zinc works, thus:
The precipitate is first heated in a large flame furnace to expel the carbonic acid,
whereby it is converted into zinc oxyde, it is than taken out and mixed with coal,
cinder or coke and than heated in a muffle of a zinc furnace without contact with
air. The zinc reduced to the metallic state, condenses in the receiver; it is
however again re-melted in order to free it from oxyde, after which it is cast, rolled
or pressed into new electrodes.
II. The zinc contained in the used up battery solutions that surrounded the zinc
in the galvanic battery is here treated and recovered in the same manner as in
process No. I. The sodic carbonate which is required for precipitating the zinc is
obtained by changing the sodic sulphate, that remains in the retorte as a by
product of the destillation of the nitric acid, into sodic carbonate by the Le-Blanc
process, thus :
The sodic sulphate is first dried, than mixed with chalk and coal and heated in a
flame furnace; when all effervescence ceases nearly all the sodic sulphate is
converted into sodic carbonate; as soon as it is cool the substance is dissolved in
water; the clear solution is now decanted off and is ready for precipitating
the zinc. Before use the sodic carbonate may be additionally purified if
desired.
III. The zinc contained in used up battery solutions that surrounded the zinc in
a galvanic battery is here also treated and recovered in the same manner as in
process No. 1. The sodic carbonate which is required for precipitating the zinc is
in this case obtained by changing the sodic sulphate, that remains in the retorte as
a by product of the destillation of the nitric acid, into sodic carbonate by a process
described by C. Kopp, thus:
The sodic sulphate is first dried, than mixed with peroxyd of iron or iron and
coal and put into a flame furnace, when the mass melts and the effervescence ceases
the molten mass is drawn off into small iron cars; when cool it forms a block of the

page_text: hydrate consists of zincoxyhydrate, calcic carbonate and calcic hydrate and further
containes the chromium from the chromic allum. This precipitate is than dried by
squeezing it through a bag of suitable material. After which it is than heated to
dull redness in a crucible or muffle the heat during this manipulation however must
never become very high and the flame or fire never come into direct contact with
the substance, as otherwise some of the light yellow lime turns green again.
It is than dissolved in water. A solution is thus obtained that consists of
potassic chromate and calcic hydrate.
The residue which is left consists of calcic sulphate and zinc oxyde.
To the solution is than added some sulphuric acid in order to convert the potassic
chromate into potassic bichromate and to remove the calcic hydrate, yet contained
in the solution it is converted into calcic sulphate, and separates out by precipitation.
On the addition of some more sulphuric acid the solution is again ready for use in
the battery.
The residue containing the zinc than is dried by squeezing it through a bag of
suitable material after which it is mixed with coke and coal and brought into
a muffle where it is heated to a bright red heat in order to reduce the zinc to the
metallic state. The residue than left in the muffle is plaster of paris.
In case that the bichromate of potash is wanted in the shape of crystals it is
necessary to dissolve the yellow lime containing the potassic chromate in a mixture
of 10 parts by volume of concentrated sulphuric acid and 2 parts of water instead
of dissolving it in water only.
In this way a very concentrated solution of potassic bichromate is obtained that
easily crystallises.
II. For precipitating the zine and the chromium however it is by far the best to.
employ sodic-carbonate (common soda). In this case the process of conversion is
as follows :
From the used up battery solution the excess of acid is first removed in the
manner as described than a concentrated solution of sodic carbonate is added which
is best to be applied hot or at a boiling temperature as long as a precipitate is
produced. The solution is continually stirred during this manipulation. The
precipitate produced may than be filtered off, as it takes too long to subside; this
is accomplished by pouring the solution with the precipitate on large sheet of
linnen, canvas, callico, flannel or any other suitable material, which are stretched
over a frame, to which they are fixed. The solution containes the bichromate that
had not been decomposed in the battery as potassic-chromate; it may, if the
solution is sufficiently concentrated be changed into bichromate and separated from
the sodic sulphate.
.
To dry the precipitate after filtering it is squeezed through a bag of suitable
material. This bag is covered with a strong bag of hemp or grey linnen in order
to give it the sufficient strength.
The filtrate consists mainly of a dilute solution of sodic sulphate and has no great
value.
To the precipitate when dry is mixed a very little sodic carbonate and is than
brought into a crucible or muffle and heated to a bright red heat at which
temperature it is changed into potassic chromate. This may also be done in a flame
furnace however a crucible or muffle is generally the best.
The substance is next dissolved in the least possible quantity of boiling water
and the solution allowed to cool, after which some sulphuric acid is added in order
to change the potassic chromate into bichromate. The solution is than allowed to
crystallice.
The potassic sulphate that has been formed, crystallises out first, after which the
solution containing the potassic bichromate is allowed to crystallise.
In dissolving the substance that commes out of the muffle or furnace, in water
a residue is left that containes the zinc as oxyde. This residue is dried by
squeezing it through a bag; it is than mixed with coal and coke and heated in a
muffle in order to reduce the zinc.

page_text: II. In case that the solution is precipitate with sodic hydrate all the same
nipulations as in the process just described may be employed.
However, as the sodic hydrate is more expensive it is not so profitable.
Having now substantially described and ascertained the nature of our said inven-
and in what manner it is to be carried out we declare that what we claim is :
. The application of three well known chemical processes for extracting and
overing the zinc from solutions used up in a galvanic battery by which the zinc
obtained as precipitate substantially as described and therefore can than be
uced to the metallic state in the usual way as the zinc ore is treated at the zinc
ks.
1. Precipitating the zinc by sodic carbonate (common soda) without the use
of sodic sulphate, which remains in the retorte as a by product of the
distillation of nitric acid.
2. Employing the sodic sulphate without recovering the sulphuric acid, thus:
the sodic sulphate is dried and than fused with chalk and coal, as in the
manner usually employed in the manufacture of sodic carbonate (Le Blanc
process); it is then ready for precipitating the zinc.
3. The employment of sodic sulphate with the recovery of the sulphuric acid;
thus the sodic sulphate is first dried and then converted in the usual
manner into sodic carbonate by fusing it together with peroxide of iron or
finely divided iron and coal. The sulphuric acid is recovered by the
conversion of sulphide of iron into peroxide of iron; the sulphuric acid
serves for again distilling fresh quantities of nitric acid, and the sodic
carbonate for precipitating the zinc. The application of chalk for removing
the excess of acid from used up battery solutions before such solutions are
reconverted.
4. The application of lime or magnesium carbonate for precipitating zinc from
the waste products of galvanic batteries.
I. The application of processes for changing the chromic allum from used up
tery solutions into bichromate of potash by the aid of sodic carbonate, herein
stantially as described.
London, the 13th day of September 1893.
CARL ANTON JOHANNES HUGO SCHROEDER.
HEINRICH EUGEN RICHARD SCHROEDER.

page_text: Date of Application, 15th Dec., 1892
Complete Specification Left, 13th Sept., 1893-Accepted, 15th Dec., 1893
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
New or Improved Galvanic Batteries.
CARL ANTON Johannes Hugo SCHROEDER and HEINRICH EUGEN RICHARD
SCHROEDER both of Whetstone House Heslop Road Balham in the County of
Surrey, Electrical Engineers do hereby declare the nature of this invention to
be as follows:-
Our new primary battery No. 1 is called the battery of continual local action
from the principle on which it is based. It is constructed as follows:-
Each cell of the battery consists of a chamber divided in the center by a porous
partition into two compartments; which are each supplied by means of two tubes
with different mixtures of gases. In each of these compartments are two most,
important devices which we term "decipients "from their function. Outside the
chamber are placed the two terminals which are fixed to the decipients. The term
decipient we apply to a suitable conductor such as e.g. platinum foil or sheet that
serves for conducting away either the positive or negative electricity from a
mixture of gases by heating them and thus rendering them conductive by local
action. By local action in this case is understood the action which takes place in
each compartment by the chemical combination of its contained gases and by which
the mixtures are rendered conductive. This local action is set up by heating the
decipients and then placing them in each compartment containing gas-mixtures.
The decipients will then remain red hot by local action as long as fresh gases are
supplied. No other action occurs until the decipients are brought into conductive
contact with one another when the main action of the battery takes place, consisting
in the chemical combination of the gas contained in the one compartment with that
in the other.. By this the electric current is generated and flows through the
conductors, the decipients, the gas mixtures and the porous partition.
The conditions necessary to give the greatest amount of energy in the form of
electric current are:-
1st. That the two gas mixtures are different; for if they are both alike the
energy would be generated as heat instead of electricity.
2nd. That one of the two gases is an electro-positive, as hydrogen, coal gas or
other carburetted hydrogen, or the vapour of alcohol etc., while the other gas is
electro-negative, as air, oxygen, chlorine, etc.
3rd. That the decipients are placed as near as possible to the porous partition, in
order to reduce the interual resistance to a minimum.
In this battery the porous partition can or may be replaced by a flat porous pot
or a double partition filled with a conductive liquid such as dilute sulphuric or
hydrochloric or nitric acid etc. The action taking place in this case is somewhat
altered and is as follows:
. When the circuit is closed, the oxygen on the side of the negative compartment
becomes more electro negative than the oxygen in the molecule of sulphuric acid
which is in contact with it. In consequence of this the oxygen is expelled from
this molecule and expels as well as replaces the oxygen in the next, and so on, until
the whole of the layer of liquid is passed through, and the oxygen that is last,
expelled thus arrives at the hydrogen side of the chamber where it combines with
the same, forming water.
The action of the decipient in our new battery No. 2 is substituted by outward'.
application of heat; here instead of two gas mixtures, two single gases are
employed.
In this battery a double diaphragm filled with fused salts instead of dilute acids

page_text: or a single diaphragm consisting of a porous partition or a partition of unslaked
lime may be used.
Our new battery No. 3 consists of cells constructed and used as follows: The
outside of the cell is a jar or trough of earthenware or any other suitable material;
in this is placed a porous pot, and within and outside this porous pot is placed an
indifferent conductor of either carbon, platinum etc., which is not acted upon by
acids. The cell is provided with an air tight cover on which are fixed two terminals
that are connected with the two conductors. The two different liquids on which
the generation of the current depends are supplied to the cell and porous pot by
two delivery tubes.
The galvanic action in this battery depends on the one liquid being an electro-
positive element, such as, hydrogen, coal gas, or any other carburetted hydrogen
or alcohol dissolved in a conductive liquid and the other an electro negative
element such as: air, oxygen, chlorine, bromine, iodine, fluorine, sulphur, selenium
or tellurium, also dissolved in a conductive liquid to dissolve these substances in
some cases an alteration of temperature is required and in others high pressure.
When the two conductors immersed in the liquid, are brought into conductive
contact an electric current is produced. The current passes through the circuit
whilst the chemical elements unite.
The strength of current produced depends on :
1. The size and distance of the two conductors.
2. The conductivity of the fluid.
3. The resistance of the porous pot.
4. The substance and quantity dissolved.
5. The resistance of the conductors by which the circuit is closed.
The positive liquid in this battery may be replaced by immersing amalgamated
zinc, magnesium, iron, or either of our new alloys described in our Patent-
Specification No. 23101, A.D. 1892, in dilute sulphuric, hydrochloric, or nitric acid.
In this special case the zinc &c. not only replaces the positive liquid but also acts
as the positive conductor.
CARL ANTON JOHANNES HUGO SCHROEDER.
HEINRICH EUGEN RICHARD SCHROEDER.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
New or Improved Galvanic Batteries.
CARL ANTON JOHANNES HUGO SCHROEDER and HEINRICH EUGEN RICHARD
SCHROEDER, Electrical Engineers, both of Whetstone House, Heslop Road,
Balham in the County of Surrey, do hereby declare the nature of this invention
and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following statement :-
Our new primary battery No. 1 is called the battery of continual local action
from the principle on which it is based. It is constructed as follows:
Each cell of the battery consists of a chamber divided in the center by a porous
partition into two compartments which are each supplied by means of two tubes
with different mixtures of gases.
In each of these compartments are two most important devices which we term
"decipients" from their function.
Outside the chamber which preferably consists of a non conductive material or is
covered with a non conductive material are placed the two terminals which are fixed
to the decipients.
The term decipient we apply to a suitable conductor such as platinum foil or
sheet that may or may not be additionally coated with spongy platinum and which
serves for conducting away either the positive or negative electricity from a

page_text: mixture of gases by heating them and thus rendering them conductive by local
action.
By local action in this case is understood the action which takes place in each
compartment, by the chemical combination of its contained gases, and by which the
mixtures are rendered conductive.
This local action is set up by heating the decipients and then placing them in
each compartment containing suitable gas mixtures (described on page 3 of this
Specification).
The decipients will then remain red hot by local action as long as fresh gases are
supplied. No other action occurs until the decipients are brought into conductive
contact with one another when the main action of the battery takes place,
consisting in the chemical combination of the gas contained in the one com-
partment with that in the other. By this the electric current is generated and
flows through the conductors, the decipients, the gas mixtures and the porous
partition.
The conditions necessary to give the greatest amount of energy in the form of
electric current are:
1st. That the two gas mixtures are different, for if they are both alike the energy
would be generated as heat instead of electricity.
2nd. That one of the two gases is strongly electropositive such as hydrogen, coal
gas, or other carburetted hydrogen, or the vapour of alcohol etc. and the other gas
strongly electronegative such as air, oxygen, chlorine etc.
3rd. That the decipients are placed as near as possible to the porous partition, in
order to reduce the internal resistance to a minimum.
In order to give a more detailed explanation of the proportions to be used in the
practical working of this battery as well as of battery No. 2 it may be stated that
the limits of the proportions of gases to be used are very wide. To give an
example, a good efficiency of the gases is obtained by employing in the positive
compartment a mixture of :

page_text: application of heat; but special care must be taken not to raise the temperature of
the battery to high as otherwise the gas mixtures might explode.
Positive Compartment.
10 parts by volume of hydrogen
1 to 2 parts by volume of chlorine.
Negative Compartment.
1 to 2 parts by volume of hydrogen
10
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chlorine.
The porous partition in this battery can or may also be replaced by a flat porous
pot or a double partition filled with a conductive liquid such as dilute sulphuric or
hydrochloric or nitric acid etc. the action that takes place in this case is somewhat
altered and is as follows:
When the circuit is closed the oxygen on the side of the electro negative
compartment becomes more clectro negative than the oxygen in the molecule of
sulphuric acid which is in contact with it. In consequence of this the oxygen is
expelled from this molecule and expels as well as replaces the oxygen in the next,
and so on, until the whole of the layer of liquid is passed through, and the oxygen
that is last expelled thus arrives at the hydrogen side of the chamber where it
combines with the same forming water.
The action of the decipient in our new battery No. 2 is substituted by outward
application of heat; here instead of two gas mixtures two single gases are
employed. In this battery a double diaphragm filled with fused salts instead of
dilute acide or a single diaphragm consisting of a porous partition or a partition of
unslaked lime may be used.
Examples of fused salts that can be used are: Potassic carbonate, sodic carbonate,
potassic chloride etc. in fact all those salts that do not readily break up when heated
or sublime, and which offer the least possible resistance to the electric current when
in the fused state.
Our new battery No. 3 consists of cells constructed and used as follows:
The outside of the cell is a jar or trough of earthenware or any other suitable
material, in this is placed a porous pot, and within and outside this porous pot is
placed an indifferent conductor of either carbon, platinum etc. which is not acted
upon by acids.
The cell is provided with an air-tight cover on which are fixed two terminals
that are connected with the two conductors. The two different liquids on which the
generation of the current depends are supplied to the cell and porous pot by two
delivery tubes.
The galvanic action in this battery depends on the one liquid being an electro-
positive element or compound such as: hydrogen, coalgas or any other carburetted
hydrogen or alcohol dissolved in a conductive liquid and the other an electro-
negative substance such as: air, oxygen, chlorine, bromine, iodine, fluorine, sulphur,
selenium or tellurium also dissolved in a conductive liquid; to dissolve these
substances in some cases an alteration of temperature is required and in others high
pressure.
Examples of suitable solvents in connection with the required temperatures and
pressures for the various substances to be dissolved are:
For hydrogen, dilute snlphuric acid or dilute hydrochloric acid by a low
temperature of about 3 to 5 degrees centigrade and great pressure.
"
For coalgas, dilute sulphuric acid by a temperature of 5 degrees centigrade and
great pressure,

page_text: For alcohol, dilute sulphuric acid at ordinary temperature and pressure.
For air, dilute sulphuric acid at a temperature of 3 to 5 degrees centigrade and
great pressure.
For oxygen, dilute sulphuric acid at a temperature of 3 to 5 degrees centigrade
and great pressure.
For chlorine, water or better dilute hydrochloric acid at a temperature of
4 to 10 degrees centigrade, gives already good results at ordinary pressure, how-
ever an increase in pressure is advantageous but the pressure must never exceed
3 atmospheres as by a pressure above this the chlorine is liable to separate again
from the water.
For bromine, water at ordinary temperature and pressure is giving good results
however it is advantageous to acidulate the water either with hydrochloric or
sulphuric acid.
For iodine, a solution of iodine in water that is acidulated with hydroiodic acid
at ordinary temperature and pressure may be employed.
For fluorine, dilute sulphuric acid, into which the fluorine is passed in the gaseous
state under pressure, that is, a little above the pressure of our atmosphere; as soon
as the fluorine enters the dilute sulphuric acid it. combines with the hydrogen and
the oxygen thus disengaged dissolves under the pressure applied in the liquid
generating the electric current by combining with the electro positive substance.
For selenium, nearly concentrated sulphuric acid at ordinary temperature and
pressure is used.
For tellurium, nearly concentrated sulphuric acid at ordinary temperature and
pressure is employed. In case that sulphur is used the whole circumstances are
altered as a solution of sulphur in carbonbisulphide or oil of terpentine is not
conductive at ordinary pressure, however if the pressure is greatly reduced the
solution is turned into a conductive vapour. Sulphur although an electronegative
element may either be used in combination with one of the electropositive substances
mentioned, or a stronger electronegative element as for instance oxygen, in this
case oxygen or air are employed direct in the gaseous state and at the same low
pressure.
The application of bromine, iodine, fluorine, selenium and tellurium are of course
out of the question from a commercial point of view, but they are of scientific
interest; the principal substances used in this battery will be either air and coalgas
or air and hydrogen or oxygen and coalgas or oxygen and hydrogen or chlorine and
hydrogen or chlorine and coalgas.
When the two conductors immersed in the liquid are brought into conductive
contact an electric current is produced. The current passes through the circuit
whilst the chemical elements unite.
The strength of current produced depends on :
1. The size and distance of the two conductors.
2. The conductivity of the liquid.
3. The resistance of the porous pot.
4. The substance and quantity of substance dissolved.
5. The resistance of the conductors by which the circuit is closed.
It may be mentioned that it is not particular what conductive liquid is employed
for dissolving the aforesaid compounds and substances as long as it fullfills the
conditions that the respective compound or substance is soluble in it and that the
liquid does not enter into such chemical combination with the compound or
substance to be dissolved from which the galvanic action of this battery is not again
able to separate it from as it has to combine with the other substance likewise
dissolved in the liquid and situated on the other side of the diaphragm.
As conductive liquid in many cases dilute sulphuric or hydrochloric acid is useful,
while in other cases a solution of sodic hydrate or potassic hydrate or ammonia etc.
in water is necessary to employ.
In such cases where a solution in water is possible and the substance itself
renders the water conductive, plain water may be employed.

page_text: If the substances are gases they are best to dissolve under the influence of
pressure.
If sulphur is used a solution of sulphur in carbon bisulphide has to be
employed.
To give an instance: If oxygen and hydrogen are used they are best dissolved
in dilute sulphuric acid under pressure; while if chlorine and hydrogen are used
dilute hydrochloric acid has to be employed as liquid.
The electropositive liquid in this battery may be replaced by immersing
amalgamated zinc or magnesium or iron or either of our new alloys described in our
Patent Specification No. 22956 of 1893 in dilute sulphuric, hydrochloric or nitric
acid; in this special case the zinc etc. not only replaces the electropositive liquid but
also acts as the electropositive conductor.
Having now substantially described and ascertained the nature of our said
invention and in what manner it is to be carried out we declare that what we
claim is :
1. The invention of a new battery part herein called a "decipient" substantially
as described.
2. The invention of a new battery of continual local action substantially as
described.
3. The invention of a modification of this battery in which the local action is
replaced by outward application of heat substantially as described..
4. The invention of a battery in which two or more indifferent conductors are
used, immersed in two different liquids, which are separated by a diaphragm and of
which one of these liquids is an electropositive such as: a solution of hydrogen or
coal gas or any other hydrocarbon or alcohol dissolved in a conductive liquid, whilst
the other is an electronegative such as: air, oxygen, chlorine, bromine, iodine,
fluorine, sulphur, selenium or tellurium dissolved in a conductive liquid.
5. The invention of a battery that is a modification of the one just mentioned by
replacing the electropositive liquid by a zine; magnesium, iron or alloy eléctrode
that is immersed in dilute acid.
London, the 13th day of September 1893.
CARL ANTON JOHANNES HUGO SCHROEDER.
HEINRICH EUGEN RICHARD SCHROEDER.