IMPROVEMENTS INC LOCOMOTIVE AND OTHER STEAM ENGINES
Year: 1857

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to. James Stead Crosland, of Openshaw, near the.
City of Manchester, Engineer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS INC
LOCOMOTIVE AND OTHER STEAM ENGINES."
Sealed the 17th July 1857, and dated the 27th January 1857.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said James Stead Crosland'
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 27th January 1857.
I, JAMES STEAD CROSLAND, of Openshaw, near the City of Manchester,
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE
MENTS IN LOCOMOTIVE AND OTHER STEAM ENGINES," to be as follows:-
My improvements consist. in exhausting the steam into one or more:
horizontal or inclined tubes, flues, or chimneys, through which pass also the
waste heat from the boiler tubes and furnace; the feed water pipes may be
carried through so as to heat the water in them. In some cases the said tubes,
flues, or chimneys are clothed with water spaces, into which the feed water is
pumped for the purpose of being heated, and each tube, flue, or chimney is
served with its separate branch pipe of blast steam, which, becoming condensed:
in its passage through, runs off into a filter bed of cotton waste, and is pumpedł
into the boiler coupled with the reserve supply; also in some cases I
waste heat of boilers of locomotives or high-pressure engines through one or
[Price 8d.]
pass the

page_text: more horizontal or inclined water space tubes, flues, or chimneys, exhausting
the steam beyond into a chimney for creating a draft of the waste heat
through the said water space, tubes, flues, or chimneys, for the purpose of
heating the feed water which is pumped into them; also in some cases I
place a multi-tubular or multi-water space portion in advance of the main
water space flues, or it forms a return draft for the purpose of absorbing
heat and condensing the exhaust steam, as in all the other cases.
My improvements in steam engines also consist of improved modes of pre-
venting the pressure of steam acting upon the backs of slide valves and of
reducing the friction in them. In engines having two slide valves working
near each other back to back, I place between them two wedge or flat face plates,
in some cases ground together steam-tight, and in other cases with vulcanized
udia-rubber rings or sheets placed between them, with V-grooves behind, or
flat, aided by springs; these face plates bear against the backs of the valves,
which are also ground steam-tight in their places. The said wedge or plain face
plates present parallel surfaces to the valves, and are self-adjusting against
them, by means of the weight of one wedge plate gliding down the face of
the other, or by means of vulcanized india-rubber rings and springs, which
keep the valves tight against the face of the steam ports. The pressure of
the valves against their faces will depend upon the weight and inclination
in the wedge face plates. The backs of the valves may be cut away, or a
small hole in them will suffice, and the same in the centre of each face plate,
to allow the leakage of steam to escape into the exhaust passage. The face
plates are equal in area to that of the valves, and, with the exception of the
pcint of the wedge plate, they must have a bearing upon the four sides of
the steam chest to keep them secure. In steam chests with only one slide
valve I use one wedge, acting against a similar inclined plane formed in the
interior of the steam chest or on its cover,and self-adjusting by its own weight
as a wedge, or it is pressed into its place by suitable springs; there is a hole
in its centre to allow the leakage of steam to escape into the exhaust passage.
In some cases I form a circular groove in the backs of slide valves, having
vulcanized india-rubber rings in the groove. I then place a metallic disk
in the groove, which is again pressed outwards by the india-rubber, aided
in some cases by suitable springs. The back of the disk works against a
plate placed between this disk (and its opposite one, and its valve, if any), or
against the cover of the steam chest. The disk or disks may have square
flanges working in V grooves, with springs and self-acting screw adjustments.
Another of my improvements in steam engines consists in applying vulcan-
ized india-rubber sheets, rings, or ropes as a means of sealing the joints of

page_text: the rings of pistons in general, or for applying the said material as packing,
aided by a pressing ring or cover, or with a hoop, spring, or screw adjustment.
In pistons with rings and inner metallic hoops and hoop springs, I place india-
rubber sheeting or rings between the said metallic hoop or hoop springs and
the rings of the piston, for sealing the joints of the rings, and in my improved
pistons I apply two or more courses of half or more segments, or whole cut
rings, without elasticity, placed in one groove of a solid or dividable piston
head, and supported by a metallic hoop spring behind the india-rubber.
Another of my improvements is the application and use of hollow or solid
cylindrical metallic packed slide valves, constructed at both ends, that is to
say, in the port opposite the steam ports, in the form of two hollow or solid
metallic pistons, with rings, and elastic adjustments of any description;
but when solid cylindrical valves are used, they are simply two metallic
pistons mounted on one rod, and placed at any convenient distance apart
to suit the steam ports, and like that of the hollow cylindrical valve, slides
over its respective steam port, across which bars are cast, which form a
grating that will prevent the rings from getting entangled.
I also use cylindrical valves and pistons with metallic half rings placed and
extending over one half of the pistons' periphery only, leaving the side opposite
the steam ports a plane surface. I also apply escape valves with springs or
levers as a substitute for the common cylinder blow-off water cocks, thereby
preventing over-pressure in the cylinders.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said James Stead Crosland in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 27th July 1857.
JAMES
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I,
STEAD CROSLAND, of Openshaw, near the City of Manchester, Engineer,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-seventh day of January, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven, in the twentieth year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto
me, the said James Stead Crosland, Her special licence that I, the said
James Stead Crossland, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such
others as I, the said James Stead Crosland, my executors, administrators,
and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time, to

page_text: time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should
and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and-vend, within the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an
Invention for IMPROVEMENTS IN LOCOMTIVE AND OTHER STEAM ENGINES," upon
the condition (amongst others) that 1, the said James Stead Crosland, my
executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their
or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be per-
formed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within
six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said James. Stead Crosland, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by
the following statement (that is to say):-
My improvements in locomotive and other steam engines, namely, marine,
portable, and stationary steam engines, consist, first, in exhausting the steam
of such engines into one or more horizontal, vertical, or inclined tubes, flues
or chimneys, through which pass also the waste heat from the boiler tubes
and furnace. The feed-water pipes may be carried through the said tubes,
flues, or chimneys so as to heat the water in them. In some cases the
said tubes, flues, or chimneys are surrounded with water spaces, into which
the feed water is pumped for the purpose of being heated; or the outer water
space chimney shell may envelope or contain several tubes, also surrounded
by the feed water, and each tube, flue, or chimney is served with its separate
branch pipeof blast steam, which, becoming condensed in its passage through,
runs off into a filter bed of cotton or hempen waste, charcoal, sand, or other
substances, and such water of condensation is pumped into the boiler or water
spaces of the said tubes, flues, or chimneys and regenerated into steam,
coupled with the reserve supply; also in some cases I pass the waste heat
of boilers of locomotives, portable and high-pressure engines through one.or
more horizontal, vertical, or inclined water space, tubes, flues, or chimneys,
exhausting the steam beyond into a chimney, and creating a draft of the
waste heat through the said water space tubes, flues, or chimney, for, the
purpose of heating the feed water which is pumped into them; also in some
cases I place a multitubular or multi-water space portion in advance of
the main water space or flues, or it forms a return draft for the purpose
of absorbing heat and condensing the exhaust steam, as in all the other
cases.

page_text: My improvements also consist of improved modes of preventing the
pressure of steam acting upon the backs of slide valves and of reducing
the friction on them. In engines having two slide valves working near each
other, back to back, I place between them two wedge or flat face plates, in
some cases ground together steam-tight, and in other cases with vulcanized
india-rubber rings or sheets placed between them; these face plates bear
against the backs of the valves, which are also ground steam-tight in their
places. The said wedge or plain face plates present parallel surfaces to the
valves, and are self-adjusting against them by means of the weight of one
wedge plate gliding down the face of the other. The pressure of the valves
against their faces will depend upon the weight and inclination of the wedge
face plates.
The backs of the valves may be cut away, or a small hole in them will
suffice, and the same in the centre of each.face plate, to allow the leakage of
steam to escape into the exhaust passage. The face plates are equal in area
to that of the valves, and, with the exception of the point of the wedge plate,
they must have a bearing upon the four sides of the steam chest to keep
them secure. In steam chests with only one slide valve use one wedge
plate, acting against a similar inclined plane formed in the interior of
the steam chest or on its cover, and self-adjusting by its own weight as
a wedge, or it is pressed into its place by suitable springs; there is
alole in its centre to allow the leakage of steam to escape.into the exhaust
passage.
Another of my improved modes of preventing the pressure of steam acting
upon the backs of slide valves consists in the application of the common
hollow or solid piston valve for obtaining and securing perfect equilibrium
of pressure and absence of friction. These piston valves are formed into
two cylindrical blocks or plungers, or made hollow, in the form of a pipe,
through which the steam passes to or from the cylinders, and are made, by
preference, of cast steel, or cast or wrought iron hardened to prevent wear,
and in like manner the seatings or cylinders in which the pistons slide.
Spaces are formed between the seatings which form the steam ports, and
these spaces encircle the pistons when in that position. The centre port,
which in other steam engines is used as the exhaust port, may with these
valves or pistons be used as the inlet steam port, or otherwise. The two
pistons or plungers are placed at convenient distances apart to suit the steam
ports (which may be of the three or four port class of valves), and they are
fixed to or made in one piece with the working spindle or rod. The circular

page_text: seatings of these piston valves are made loose in their places, and furnished
with vulcanized india-rubber or other packing, to allow for the unequal
expansion which takes place between the valve and the casing, or the ends or
flanges of the seatings are ground steam-tight against shoulders in the casing.
Another of my improvements consists in the combination of a solid piston
body with the well-known V back ring, and wedge front rings, into which the
V back ring is pressed by the aid, in this instance, of a strong flat hoop spring
behind. The rings are also cut into two or more segments, and require no
working clasticity in themselves, but are dependent upon the spring behind.
In other cases I combine the solid piston head with the well-known Vend
wedge with a hoop, spiral or other spring, and flat segment rings without
clasticity.
And in order that my Invention may be fully understood and readily
carried into effect, I will proceed to describe the means pursued by me,
reference being had to the accompanying two Sheets of Drawings, and to
the figures and letters marked thereon.
Figure 1, on Sheet No. 1, is a longitudinal sectional elevation of one of my
improved modes of heating the feed water; and Figure 2 is a transverse
section of the same, shewing the application of my improvements in an
ordinary locomotive engine.
A, A, in Figure 1, are the outer shells of the inclined water space
chimneys; B, B, B, the tubes contained in the chimneys A, A; C is the
main exhaust steam pipe; c, c, c, are the branch blast steam pipes, one of
which is inserted some distance into each tube B, B, B, where the blast is
formed, the steam condensed, the waste heat of the furnace absorbed,and the
feed water surrounding the said tubes heated; the feed water then passes
through the pipe d into the boiler. D) is the feed-water pump, for pumping
away the water of the condensed steam which is continually being formed in
the tubes B, B. B, and these tubes are set in an inclined position for better
draining off the said condensed water into the filter beds F, F, placed on
both sides of the engine, and forming pockets at the lower end of the smoke
flue. This filter is formed of layers of cotton or hempen waste, sand,
charcoal, sawdust, or other such substances, placed in the upper part of the
cisterns h, h, upon perforated plates or sieves of brass wire, and the water
thus cleansed falls below into the cistern h, and is pumped through the
syphon suction pipe i, which is so carried up above the level of the water in
the tender as to prevent the cistern being filled with water from the tender
by the pump suction pipe f, to which the syphon pipe i is connected. The

page_text: eserve supply cock or valve at the tender is kept closed as much as possible,
and thus the cistern is constantly being emptied, and its water pumped
into the water space flues or chimneys, and pressed continuously forward
into the boiler; k, k, are cocks and pipes for blowing off the mud or deposit
from the water space, flues, or chimney A, A.
Figure 3 shews another mode of applying my feed-water space, tubular
flues, or chimneys. Figure 4 is a plan, and Figure 5 a cross section of the
same.
This arrangements differs from that of Figures 1,2,only in that the waste heat
of the furnace passes first separately through the waterspace chimney A, return-
ing at the smoke flue G, in conjunction with the exhaust blast steam, through
the water space chimney A¹, at the other side of the engine, forming a return
draft. The main exhaust steam pipe C is carried through one of the tubes in
the chimney A with or without an air space round it, as may be desired. The
exhaust steam is distributed into each tube B¹, B1, B¹, of the water space
chimney A¹, by the branch blast pipes c, c, c. is a door or damper at the
top of the smoke box o, which may be opened when the furnace is to be
lighted to facilitate getting up the steam, and afterwards kept closed. When
the damper is opened, the smoke and waste heat of the furnace is allowed
to pass off directly through the common funnel P through the opening m,
indicated by the arrow, and its passage through the water space tubes
avoided The aid of a jet of blast steam is requisite to support these
return drafts. The feed water enters at the chimney A', and being partly
heated in this by the exhaust steam, it passes through the pipe o, o, into the
other water space chimney A, where it receives additional heat by the agency
of the waste heat of the furnace, and by the continued action of the feed
pump it is driven forward into the boiler through the pipe d.
Figures 6 and 7 shew another arrangement of water space flues or tubular
chimneys,in which the blast is formed between two tubular water space flues or
chimneys, placed one on each side of the engine at A and A¹, with their tubes
B, B, and B, B1, respectively. The exhaust steam pipes C, C¹, pass through
the water space chimneys A, A, exhausting into the plain pipe or blast flue
N, N, for the purpose of creating a firm blast for the furnace. The waste hot
air of the furnace is drawu through the tubes of the water space chimneys
A, A, the water having been previously partly heated in the other water space
chimneys A',A', by the combined agency of the exhaust steam and unabsorbed
hot air from the water space chimney A, A. After leaving the blast flues N,N,
the exhaust.steam passes into the tubes B, B1, B3, of the chimneys A¹, A',
when becoming condensed by the cooling influence of the feed water which

page_text: envelopes the tubes B',B, it runs off into the filter beds F,F, and cisterns h, h,
as described in Figures 1 and 2.
In this arrangement I use two funnels and P; the funnel n is for the
purpose of getting up the steam and P, the common working: funnel; lis
a door slide or damper, which is opened and closed by suitable levers and
rod. r. k, l, are the mud blow-off cocks; t,. t, represents a moveable tube,
plate; or mud agitator, worked backward and forward the entire length of
the tubes within the water spaces by the rods u, u, at intervals when
blowing off, thus preventing the accumulation or deposit of mud and
incrustation upon the tubes in the water space chimneys; v,.v, are stuffing
boxes,. through which the rods u, u,.slide. This apparatus is applicable to
the modes described in. the previous Figures.
Figure 19, on Sheet No. 2, is another modification of this part of my
Invention; and Figure 20 is a cross section of the same. This modification
differs from Figures 1 and 5 only in that each tube has its distinct outer
casing and water space with branch blast pipe to each tube.
In Figures 21 and 22 the steam is exhausted between two sets of tubular
water space chimneys A, A, and A, A. In this arrangement the exhaust.
steam is carried round, as shewn at c, c, c, so as to form the return draft into
the plain horizontal blast flue N, leading into the multitubular chimney A',.
where the exhausted steam is condensed in its passage through, and runs off
into the filter bed, within or without the smoke box o. This smoke box o'is
also provided with dampers 1, l, for opening the communication between the
outer funnel n and the furnace when required for getting up the steam. In
other.respects the mode ofaction is similar to that described in Figures 6 and 7;
the same letters refer to the same or similar parts.
In Figures 23 and 24 only one water space tube, flue, or chimney is used.
and placed horizontally or inclined, with one ordinary blast pipe exhausting
its steam into it, for the purpose of heating the feed water surrounding the
inner tube B, through which the feed pipes e, e, e, are carried, and on
which the waste heat and exhaust steam acts, and is in other respects
treated as described in the foregoing Figures. :
Figure 8, in Sheet No.1, represents a section of one of my improved pistons,
and Figure 9 is a plan of the same. P is the body of the piston, made in
one piece, with a groove formed in it to receive the packings R, R; these half
rings or segmental packings are pressed outwards by V-shaped whole or half
rings.or segments without elasticity, and by hoop, spiral, or other springs y;
the joints of the segments R, R, are covered or plated over in part by square
pieces,., let into the corners of the joints of the segments..

page_text: Figures 10 and 12 represent modifications of my improved pistons, and
Figures 11 and 13 are plans of the same. Figure 11 shews the packings in
halves, and Figure 13 in quarter segments, which are pressed outwards by
hoop, spiral, or other springs, as shewn, acting in each case against V-shaped
wedges W, W, which press outward the segments against the surface of the
cylinder.
Figure 15 is a longitudinal,and Figure 16 a transverse section, representing
a pair of locomotive cylinders with their slide valves working back to back,
and shewing the manner of applying my improved wedge surface plates A
and A5, between the two slide valves B² and B³, for the purpose of preventing
the pressure of the steam acting upon the backs of the valves B³ and B³.
The two wedge plates being placed together, present parallel surfaces to the
backs of the slide valves, and the contact surfaces being ground together
steam-tight, the weight simply of the wedge A4 gliding down the face of the
wedge A5, as the wearing of the valves takes place, always keeps the valves
sufficiently tight against their port faces, and prevents the action of the steam
coming upon the valves otherwise than in equilibrium. There is a small hole
in the centre of each valve, and also in each wedge, to allow the leakage of
steam to escape into the exhaust port. The contact surfaces of the valves
against the wedges should be equal to the area of all the ports, and the
bearing surfaces of the valves against the wedges and the surface of the wedge
to wedge should be confined as much as possible to their outer edges, that is to
say, each surface should be made slightlyconcave, for keeping them steam-tight,
and preventing the accumulation of pressure between the surfaces. The con
cavities 8, 8, communicate with the exhaust ports 9, 9, and holes 7, 7, 7, 7.
The wedge A' may be pressed upwards by a suitable spring 5. 4, 4, are stops
or stays for keeping the wedge surface plates steady in their places.
Figure 17 represents a cylinder and slide valve of ordinary construction, and
Figure 18 is a plan or transverse section of the same. B2 is the slide valve,
with a
hole 7 and concavities 8, 8, at the back of the valve, and in the wedge
face plate A4, which acts against the back of the valve chest, or against its
cover A, which is adjusted to the inclination of the wedge A+. The weight of
the wedge plate alone, or aided by a spring, makes it self-adjusting, and is in
other respects similar to that described in Figures 15 and 16.
Figures 25, 27, and 29, on Sheet No. 2, are longitudinal sections, and
Figures 26, 28, and 30, transverse sections, of my improved piston valves.
Figure 25 is a three-port valve. 1, 1, are the pistons, made by preference of
solid blocks of cast steel, cast or wrought iron hardened, or other hard metal,

page_text: working in seatings 2, 2, shewn in Figure 25b, of similar hard metal. These
valve seatings may be made in ferrules 2, 2, of cast 'steel, or they may be
cast in one piece with the cylinder and steam chest, as shewn at 3, 3, and
chilled upon bright iron or steel mandrils. In all cases these valves are
ground steam-tight in their places, and have no rings or packings for keep-
ing them steam-tight.
In order to prevent friction from unequal expansion between the piston
and the seating, I make the ferrules or seatings 2, 2, loose in the casing,
and prevent the escape of steam by introducing a packing of vulcanized
india-rubber or other material between the said ferrule or seating and the
casing, as shewn at z, z, and z, z¹. The steam-tight joint of the valve seat-
ing may also be made as shewn in Fig. 27, in which flanges are formed on the
seatings, between which and the casing vulcanized india-rubber or other
cement or packing is introduced. The seatings are held in their places by
screws z², and z³, or the joint z may be made by grinding the flanges or
ends of the seating steam-tight against the casing, as shewn at z", in Fig. 29,
in which view and z³ are screws for holding the seatings in their places.
The circumferences of the seatings are in all cases made to fit quite easily in
the casing to allow them to expand.
In Figures 25 and 25 the piston valves 1, 1, are shewn formed solid and
in one piece with their spindle or working rod 4, 4. 5, 5, are the steam
ports, and these ports extend with ample space all round the periphery of
the piston valves (when in the position of covering the port); this is done
for the purpose of obtaining area of port, and for distributing equal
pressures upon the pistons.
In Figure 25, 6 is the centre port, shewn as the inlet steam port; 7, 7, the
exhaust ports; and 8, the exhaust steam pipe; 9 is the main inlet steam pipe.
a, b, are guides, formed upon the valves or ferrules or valve seatings; these
guides being slightly bell-mouthed ensure the safe transit of the pistons over
their ports or port spaces, or bars a¹, a¹, a¹, may be cast across the ports.
Figure 27 shews a two or four port valve. The steam and exhaust may be
reversed, or similar to that described in Figure 25, and each of the Figures
are equally well adapted for exhausting towards the centre, or for having
the inlet of steam from the centre port.
In Figure 27 there are two solid pistons or plungers mounted on one rod 4,
and in Figure 29 there is a hollow trunk cylindrical piston valve worked by a
spindle 4. This arrangement is also applicable to the common three-port valve
as well as to the two or four port valve, and differs from Figures 25 and 27

page_text: only in that the inlet or exhaust steam passes through the hollow trunk or
pipe, which is the form of the valve, and works in chilled cast-iron seatings,
or in rings or ferrules of steel or other hard metal.
Having thus particularly described the nature of my Invention, and the
manner of performing the same, I wish to remark, in conclusion, that I do
not limit myself to the details herein set forth, as the: same may be varied
to suit the peculiar kind of steam engine to which they are or may be
applied; but what I do claim is,-
Firstly, exhausting the blast steam into horizontal, vertical, or inclined
funnels or chimneys when used for the purpose of heating the feed water,
as described.
Secondly, exhausting the blast steam into horizontal, vertical, or inclined
feed water space tubes, flues, or chimneys, through which also pass the waste
heat of boilers and furnaces, for the purpose of heating the feed water
contained in pipes or water spaces in the said tubes, flues, or chimneys, as
described.
Thirdly, exhausting the steam into a funnel or chimney in communication
with one or more tubes, flues, or multitubular feed water space chimneys,
thereby creating a current of the waste heated air of boiler furnaces through
the said tubes, flues, or.multitubular feed water space chimneys, for the
purpose of heating the feed water contained in the same, as described.
Fourthly, passing the waste heat of boilers and furnaces in succession
through a series of feed water space tubes, flues, or multitubular chimneys,
in conjunction with the exhaust steam, for the purpose of heating the feed
water, as described.
Fifthly, dividing the blast or exhaust steam into jets or branches leading
simultaneously into a series of feed water space tubes, flues, or chimneys,
each tube having its separate jet, as described.
Sixthly, passing the water of condensed exhaust steam through filtering
beds, for the purpose of being rendered more fit to re-enter the boiler, as
described.
Seventhly, the improved piston, consisting of a solid piston body with a
groove, in combination with V-shaped back and front segments or rings
pressed outwards by hoop or other springs, also a solid piston body with
groove in combination with flat segments or rings pressed outward by
wedges and suitable springs, as described.
Eighthly, the solid piston or cylindrical plunger valves without packings,
and the hollow trunk or pipe cylindrical valves without packings, as sub-
stitutes for balanced slide or other valves.

page_text: Ninthly, the application of packed or faced steam-tight ferrules or seatings
to cylindrical valves, to compensate for the unequal expansion of the valves
and the seatings, as described.
Tenthly, substituting the centre port for the induction of steam, in lieu of
using the same as the exhaust steam port, in combination with the piston
valves, as described.
'Eleventhly, the application of two or four port valves for locomotive steam
engines, in combination with piston valves, whether exhausting towards
or from the centre port..
Twelfthly, the application of moveable ferrule seatings for cylindrical
valves, and also casting the seating solid and chilled hard.
And, thirteenthly, the application of wedge face plates to slide valves for
reducing friction, as shewn and described.
In wituess whereof, I, the said James Stead Crosland, have hereunto set
iny hand and seal, this Twenty-fourth day of July, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven.
J. S. CROSLAND. (L.s:)