IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CEMENTS CONCRETE AND SIMILAR COMPOUNDS AND IN THE USE AND APPLICATION THEREOF TO THE CON- STRUCTION OF HOUSES ARCHITECTURAL AND VARIOUS OTHER STRUCTURES AND IN THE FABRICATION OF MATERIALS SUITABLE FOR BUILDING AND OTHER PURPOSES " PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION
Year: 1883

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Edwin Robbins of 14 Balfern Street Battersea in the
County of Surrey Modeller and Decorator in cements plastic and building
materials and constructor of fire-proof buildings, for an Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CEMENTS CONCRETE AND SIMILAR
COMPOUNDS AND IN THE USE AND APPLICATION THEREOF TO THE CON-
STRUCTION OF HOUSES ARCHITECTURAL AND VARIOUS OTHER STRUCTURES
AND IN THE FABRICATION OF MATERIALS SUITABLE FOR BUILDING AND
OTHER PURPOSES
"
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Edwin Robbins at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 8th October 1883
EDWIN ROBBINS of 14 Balfern Street Battersea in the County of Surrey,
Modeller and Decorator in cements plastic and building materials and construction
of fireproof buildings, "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CEMENTS
CONCRETE AND SIMILAR COMPOUNDS AND IN THE USE AND APPLICATION THEREOF
TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF HOUSES ARCHITECTURAL AND VARIOUS OTHER
STRUCTURES AND IN THE FABRICATION OF MATERIALS SUITABLE FOR BUILDING
AND OTHER PURPOSES
"
This invention relates to improvements in the manufacture of cements and
chemical compounds used in forming new combinations from earths and other
ingredients applicable to architectural work in plastics, concrete, pottery and other
like purposes in the construction of buildings and other structures.
According to my improvements as hereinafter described the new compounds and
combination of materials are to be employed as means to carry out a complete
change in colored dressings and other work and in the production of building
materials and for other purposes which constitutes an entirely new style of industry
in colored "robing concrete cements.
"
My improved concrete cements are made from various kinds of earth rocks and
other cheap materials which have not been previously used for this purpose and by
which cementitious materials are rendered applicable to various useful purposes.

page_text: By mechanical treatment and chemical action my improved cements and
compounds fulfil the requirements for ordinary purposes (and specialities of the
new system) being fireproof its nature produces a uniform tone of color throughout
thus forming a new kind of art work
This new product can be easily applied to any kind of architectural or other
similar work and from it also can be produced a new kind of concrete cement
pottery which can be embellished to any extent with the same materials or be used
as paint or be glazed enamelled or otherwise finished and polished.
A great advantage is that it can be cleaned in the same manner as glass surfaces
are treated without the trouble of removal and liability to breakage.
The whole of a structure can be vitrified or indurated (one or both) at the factory
or while in progress of building a house or other structure by means of heat alone
or with chemicals water or vapour applied to the surface or otherwise charged
separately or jointly as by the exhaust process interstitial honey combed perforated
or tubular formed work can be done also slabs blocks bricks or tiles and other forms
of any dimensions.
By the use of my improved cements and building material methods of preparing
the work and means of construction combined with the use of the exhaust pump
and other contrivances I can charge and cast an entire house which by the porous
nature of the work thus produced and by being encased will withstand great heat
and can by my improved process be thoroughly and evenly indurated and vitrified
throughout the whole mass so that a house can be begun and finished within one
week and occupied at once with perfect safety.
Owing to the quality of the cement the whole structure can be carried out
successfully upon new ground plans and other suitable improved arrangements of
great convenience in a new style of high art, and with the cantilever principle of
support tramelled doors and sashes with other novel arrangements, including fittings
furniture ware or building adjuncts for dwellings employing the same means
or otherwise as herein described for the construction of Theatres and other structures
arranged in a suitable manner and ventilated so as to carry off heat and fumes
from the interior safely and so prevent loss of life from fire or through panic by
crushing. Also to improve the acoustic properties of such buildings by deadening
or confining sound within a given space or to convey the sound fire or fumes in any
direction or to give effect by transmission and otherwise as by the improvements
effected in the lime lights by means of the above cements and otherwise.
In order to carry out my invention I proceed in the following order to collect
and prepare the raw materials for the concrete cement of a kind most in demand
which by reason of its free working properties coupled with its hard adhesive
qualities combined with asbestos or other fibrous materials it will form the most
suitable compound for special kinds of manufactures in which woven and other
fabrics are employed to produce the best kind of materials used in various processes
of woven and interwoven building fabrications and thus the better to enable any
qualified workman possessing a practical knowledge of the same or kindred works
to carry out any such manufactures
"
"
The component parts of the ingredients used in making my compound concrete
cement (to obtain the best results in its general application) is principally
composed of various descriptions of lime such as the old well seasoned plasterers
lime putty or "cobble-rocks as "cobble chalk "cobble gypsum
or
or other
cheap earths or rocks viz; ordinary lime stones or the natural carbonaceous and
argilaceous sulphates of lime or plaster of Paris which naturally contains the least
percentage of sulphurous ingredients or the sulphur may be driven off by heat
exposure or otherwise
Each of the above (separately or combined) may be used in any desired
proportions or with other substances such as ordinary cements Portland parian
Keens and other cement or the more argillaceous limes lime putty and the clays
(fired or not as desired) with or without similar ingredients are to be used as
chemicals in a concentrated form or as diluted solutions or with other chemicals or

page_text: soluble earths and other materials (animal or vegetable) may be used for the same
or similar purposes.
These materials are used in suitable proportions to produce any desired effect in
color such as bronze and equally lasting by immersion in strong solutions of
copperas and other chemicals and other treatment.
The whole may be combined with the aluminates or silicates such as the
aluminate and silicate of soda or potash or other similar binding ingredients as
principals employed to indurate the same in its crude condition or otherwise as
when low heated slow baked or fired to any degree more or less according to its
nature or the requirements of the same and before or after such substances have
been chemically treated with the silicate aluminates and other chemical materials
the whole of which I employ and carry out in the following manner.
For example I prepare the above limes such as the selenitic limes with sulphates
of lime sulphur sulphuric acid or other acids or otherwise gauge it with the
ordinary plaster of Paris fired cobble chalk gypsum cobble or with cements and
other binding materials such as the chlorides or oxides of magnesite or zinc baryta
sulphate of baryta and others.
Or I employ oils glues or gums such as the dead oils of gas works or any other
suitable neutralizing ingredient before or after the compound is set and broken up
or when thrown open and exposed to the atmosphere.
:
In order to prevent the caustic properties of the lime or lime putty being too
immediately active in overpowering the silicates it is sufficiently neutralized by
the natural incrustation of the carbon from the atmosphere by exposure or by
other natural and artificial means (separately or jointly) and suitably treated
by chemical coloring principles and with pigments or dyes and with or without the
aluminate or silicate. It is then dried heated or fired to any degree and is then
easily crushed or ground as required for the munufacture of the concrete cement in
its various kinds and qualities.
For example the colors being incorporated with lime before it has come into
contact with the silicate of soda or Portland cement it preserves them from the
caustic action and consequent discoloration and is again farther assisted with the
sulphurous acids and other chemicals glues gums and oils blood cow dung and
other ingredients of the animal and vegetable kind and by those means made
brighter so that deeper and more permanent colors can be obtained. For instance
a good black yellow or green which is most difficult to get permanently. And
with ordinary colors or chemical dyes as with cobalt ultramarine and picric acid
and yellow pigment I obtain permanent greens and with other similar means I
obtain other colors equally good and bright throughout to any depth.
By the above method I am able to employ Portland cement or the silicates of
soda or potash successfully in the combined compounds of Portland cement and in
the silicated combinations and in conjunction with my improved processes such as
in the finished materials and in the operations of house building and other structures
or fabrics in textile concrete or interwoven concrete fibres such as asbestos and other
minerals metallic or vegetable fibres.
The general absence of a true knowledge for the safe application of concrete to
building purposes coupled with the imperfect knowledge so common in this
branch of chemistry and in consequence its diverse action under what seems the
most favorable circumstances it remains difficult to give any precise particulars or
proportions of the materials employed in carrying out my improvements with few
exception as given
For example in preparing the fibrous materials for spinning weaving or
otherwise working woven textile fabrics paper or other like materials I sometimes
charge or compound fibrous or other neutral ingredients with about 2/2 per cent
more or less of an active agent as quick line or other chemicals to which may be
added an equal per-centage of pure silicate soda or potash or silicate held in
suspension with fired carbonaceous or argillaceous sulphate of lime which is the

page_text: most ready and convenient for use the active and effective condition of solubility
of the silicate as needed for the same and other purposes of a similar kind
When thus prepared ready for use it is woven or otherwise worked up into any
required architectural or other form or design to be used for building or other
purposes either in the raised ornamental or colored decorative patterns usual to the
many kinds of woven and interwoven textile and other fabrics which can be
vitrified or otherwise indurated with water alone or as desirable also polished or
otherwise finished glazed or enamelled or it can be rendered more solid or embeded
(encased) by farther treatment with the addition of silicates or other transparent
materials to form a glass like body with polished surface showing the colored
decorated fabric embeded in the body to form the interior or exterior part of a
house or other structure.
By means of such slabs being formed with projecting fillets on the back with
spherical joints or otherwise whereby the internal slabbing becomes locked or
otherwise fixed to the external slabs at the same time providing fresh air or
ventilating chambers between to be charged or not with non-conducting materials
as reeds or straw or otherwise and in various forms in conjunction with the concrete
work to keep up a free circulation of pure air without draught through the
interstitive pores of thin surfaces throughout the whole of such work wall ceilings
roofs and floors to rarify and filter the same and render the whole interior of a
house more congenial to health and comfort by avoiding the extreme of heat and
cold or damp.
Or I can use such hollow chambers to farther indurate and render such backing
more durable secure stronger watertight and fireproof arranged to create draught
for firing or for the water freely to flow over the whole of a house without flooding
the same yet to effectually clean or disinfect and for the cultivation of plants over
the whole exterior surface of a house or otherwise.
Whereas the reverse extreme lies in the use of old dead lime or lime putty which
by exposure or other treatment has become nearly neutralized or the opposite to
quick lime becoming in reality a slow lime or lime rendered slow in its actions
with the silicates requiring only 10 or 20 per cent of silicate as a matrix to 100 of
lime in the aggregate or from 5 to 10 or 20 per cent more or less of silicate where
other neutral ingredients are employed with the lime to form the bulk or 2, or 5
per cent only for after induration with the silicates or where other indurating
chemicals are employed as the sulphur the sulphate or metallic sulphides which I
mix with water or by heat separately or in compound with other ingredients as the
oxides of zinc or magnesite and its chlorides or with oils as petroleum or other
solvents which I deposit in the moulds by either vaporizing the same or as a liquor
or in a powdered condition to form my decorated or other transfer slabs with its
indurated or vitrified glaze as most suited to the respective requirements in each.
With the above ingredients also with Portland cement the argillacious compounds
or other chemicals I treat the lime in the process of firing grinding or while slaking
hot and which I use for the same and similar purposes as the quick lime above
referred to but with the greater proportions of lime of 50 or 90 per cent more or
less as desired.
To purify or render the silicate of soda or potash more free from the alkaline
salts and to preserve it in a soluble condition I concentrate the same with the
sulphate of lime or other suitable substances in compound which I fuse together in
a reverberatory furnace with silex which has been shattered by immersion in water
while red hot.
Or I obtain this and other similar soluble materials in a more direct form
of concentration by fusing the silex or other substance with soda or potash in any
desired form or with other chemicals to flux when in compound with the sulphate
of lime or other substances suited to the various purposes required
I likewise employ other materials which I treat in the same or similar manner
(as the silicate or other ingredients referred to) or to obtain the same or similar

page_text: results in the process of manufacture or in its subsequent use as tungstate steatite
and other similar earths or vegetable substances and in combination with the above
chemical cements or other building materials to improve or otherwise as required to
render a house or other structures absolutely more proof against fire water or
weather the proportions of which lime or the silicates and other similar materials
as the silica of magnesia will vary in like manner from 2 to 90 per cent more or
less of each or either as principles or factors.
To obtain a compound quite equal to Portland cement for durability in wear or
to withstand the weather and be fireproof I use the Portland cement or the
solutions thereof to impregnate the limes which I obtain by mixing the Portland in
water as a thin "slip" keeping it soaked at least for several days frittered or
repeatedly stirred up at intervals or ground up to keep it from setting and so to
become well infused with the water alone or chemicals in solution sulphuric acid
salts of tartar chloride of soda green copperas and other chemicals which compound
cementitious limes or cement ingredients may be boiled with caustic soda or with
the chemicals referred to above the more effectually to infuse or dissolve the same.
This again is used either hot or cold when it is mixed with lime or lime putty
while slaking.
This bastard or artificial Portland cement as Portland lime can be used for any
purpose where the ordinary Portland is employed being equally hard and more
adhesive when incorporated with the above compounds aluminates or silicates of
soda one or both or with the cobble gypsum or chalk and the lime or lime putty by
preference as above treated or where necessary I use any of the cements or chlorides
such as the chlorides of zinc or magnesite with or without the oxides of the same
or other dolomites or in the reverse form.
I employ the oxides or carbonates or the carbonates of baryta without its relative
chlorides which by its absence becomes firmly indurated with the chlorides silicates
and aluminates contained in the above compounds of lime and by which a good
white is preserved.
In order to render this part of my invention more complete and to produce a
good white weather and fireproof cement of this kind I make a new kind of white
Portland cement from the lighter clays or the China white clays compounded with
chalk and fired as carried out in the various manufactures of cement in use.
With or without any of the chemicals nsually employed as vitriol potash
muriatic or acetic acids or other agents such as mustard starch or albumen and
plaster or otherwise and by which means I treat these substances or I treat it in
the same manner with the ordinary Portland cement or the solutions thereof, and
use it in the same manner described as being used with the limes above referred to
or with other ingredients as principals or factors used in conjunction with the
above named limes and cements.
The more these materials are seasoned by age the more perfect bleached whites
are obtained and the colors more firmly infused deeper and brighter which forms
the best materials for fresco Italian sgraffeto and the English "Robinesque
sgraffeto" work or any of the other methods employed in my improved style of
building.
I further neutralize the common limes or the old putty compound with a further
admixture of neutral ingredients crushed or powdered as chalk stone breeze or other
similar materials or artificial earthy products of any suitable kind also asbestos or
other fibrinous ingredients animal vegetable mineral or metallic either as a fine or
coarse powder (that of a granular form being most advantageous) or otherwise as
scagliola or Marretzzo and so worked through a fine or coarse sieve to give it a
woven like shape or other character as most suited to "weaving" or other methods
of work either with or without coloring matter and seasoned incrusted and
indurated as above or partially so and compounded with the sulphate of lime or
cobble gypsum or chalk which has been treated with the silicate or aluminates of
soda or potash or other chemicals as alum borax tartaric acid mustard or other
indurating materials fired or not as herein referred to

page_text: For example I sometimes treat the asbestos or such materials I wish to grind to
a solution of the aluminates silicates or other coating like gums glue oils or earth
and when highly dried it is readily ground fine (or coarse as may be needed) with
substances difficult to grind.
For the preparation of the cobble chalk or gypsum or earths of this kind when
fired it is immersed in a solution or otherwise used with silicate or the aluminate
of soda or potash or otherwise treated with the same or other chemicals as salts of
tartar vitriol copperas or other acids or chlorides salts as borax alum or muriate of
baryta and other reacting or decomposing chemicals for after compounding in any
desired form and refired or not to suit any particular purpose required.
After the first firing of the cobble rocks or earths of a similar kind I simply
crush or coarsely grind the same to mix dry and form a coarse or fine granular
effect in the finished work with the grains of putty which speedily set according
to the proportions used and become indurated in this compound form when worked
in slabs blocks and other forms in a dry (powder like) condition or otherwise and
can be effectually indurated by immersion or repeated coating of silicate alternately
with dry or white limes or other materials and chemicals as the boracic acid and
the chloride and acids as berein referred to and with heat either before or after
leaving the moulds and any form or kind of material can thus be effectually
incorporated by this method to preserve or protect the cobble or other kind of
perishable materials as the sulphate of lime stone wood and other mineral metallic
vegetable and fibrinous matters from decay and from fire when indurated it can
easily be faced down and polished the above refers to the protection equally to
ingredients or works so treated with the same.
When such materials are intended for exposed positions the sulphate of lime
or cobble should be kept in fine grains by preference and in smaller proportions
as compared with other materials so as to become well enclosed and protected by
incorporation.
Or I employ the cobble and the sulphate of lime in a coarse condition as saturated
with silicate or aluminate of soda or other chemicals which corresponds with grits
broken marble spar or stones which I again incorporate more or less in proportions
with the above compound which become in every respect the same except the
setting quality which it has lost by previous saturation
Or the cobble and similar rocks are saturated in the silicate aluminate and other
solutions with or without other soluble earth or chemicals such as the Farnam
earths or not refired and ground to form a fine cement of several kinds which are
used separately with the limes lime putty or other ingredients as above referred to
as chemical agents and which forms the bulk of this cement more or less (when
ground to any desired mesh coarse or fine) as it is required to withstand the
weather or heat thus by natural means it afterwards becomes slowly petrified in
the combined form of selenitic and silicated induration to form a sulphuretted
silicate of lime or sulphated silicate of lime and alumina or silicate of lime and
alumina in its purest form by a system of concentrated and other layers and
forms.
Likewise I take the cobble gypsum alumina cobble or other carbonaceous
sulphate of lime which contains the least of the sulphate by preference when
once fired I immerse the above in solution of silicate and otherwise pound or crush
it more or less fine and leave it to dissolve in the solution of dilute silicate or other
solutions in more concentrated form and to any required proportion as may be
required to suit the various purposes to produce white translucent or transparent
effect in a good binding material
It is then left in tanks to settle down and concentrate the excess of soda or other
salts is thrown to the top which is easily taken off in the solution or in a dry state
and used again to dissolve the silex or for other purpose.
The bottom forms a loose kind of free silicate and carbonaceous or the argillaceous
sulphate of lime as the case may be is fired or not when dry according to the
requirements or the nature of the material in the usual form of powder or lump

page_text: being easily ground either with or without additional silicates aluminates or other
ingredients according to requirements to form the different qualities of the cement
and can be regulated again according to the nature or quality of the above limes
also the proportions when added or the other cements or the solutions thereof or
other similar ingredients and its application before or after the work has been
formed as also the heated or other methods of drying and hardening.
This improved cement can be colored or not or mixed with other ingredients as
pottery pottery colors or chemicals or otherwise to dye indurate or set and when
fired and ground to form a cement which also forms a good paint either in its
simple compound form of silicate and cobble or its more complex form with or
without pottery or pottery colors which can be used with this pottery concrete
cement in the pottery manufacture or the concrete pottery like materials as
employed while in progress of building a house or other structure.
It may be white or otherwise colored or transparent as glass but of greater
thickness and dimensions or an entire house having the appearance of glass and
highly decorated by means of the concentrated method of layers and other forms
of lime sulphates oxides and carbonates with the chlorides and other chemical
materials and by the use of sulphates or sulphurous ingredients the silicate of soda
or potash is driven through or into the above or others and similar materials as
gums or glues and thus deposited in a mass in a concentrated form and indurated
alone by the limes chlorides and other materials.
:
Materials formed of the above compounds and other cements which are the most
fire-proof required for the enamelling glazing or otherwise for working and finishing
a house within a sagger mould or core constructed upon the principle of a kiln I
encase the whole in a manner to enable the fire to fuse the body or surface by
being drawn through the perforated and tubular formed body of the house or
sagger case either with or without the exhaust pump and similar contrivances
As the materials are being drawn into such mould the air is at the same time
drawn out by the exhaust and afterwards dried and fired by the same or similar
means being employed to create a draught to fire the same effectually to vitrification
or otherwise slightly to a more perfect induration (one or both with or without
other means) as by the use of water alone or chemical solution or vapour and to
prevent the after effloressence.
Subsequent induration is more effectually carried out by the use of sulphuric
acid solution or other forms of sulphur-as the green copperas which are used to
drive the silicate aluminate and other chemicals or dyes into or through the body
of a block or any such work to any depth or thickness by alternate charges or by
a compound of the two or more being applied by repeated immersion or saturation.
by coating or otherwise
"
I use the same means also to improve and protect the same against the caustic
action of the limes in the form of portland cement and the silicates in such work.
I employ the oxide of magnesite and its chlorides with the above silicate or the
dolomite limes and others where necessary and either with or without mica
asbestos scoria ganister slags "grog or any other similar minerals or materials of
a fireproof quality to render the whole more perfectly so or those of a combustible
nature so as to still further increase its resistence to the intense heat and to form
the work or mould or I form the mould of calcined silex where needed and so to
preserve the colors of the finished work.
In order to assist or more effectually to charge the mould I use the slip like
form to easily flow into or through the finer parts of the mould and such that is
specially prepared by regulating the proportions accordingly also by making the
moulds with vents for the air to pass away by the pressure of the inflowing
materials or the moulds are specially formed to suit the purpose of charging with
powdered materials in the same or similar manner and by the same means as by
the exhaust pump
The same or similar means are also used in the construction plastering and

page_text: decoration of a house with concrete or its combinations with structures of wood
iron stone or bricks and other materials that require no firing
"
I form the moulds as may be most suitable either as a temporary or permanent
casing for each kind of work of the ordinary or fibrous plaster paper or other
slabbing also of metal wood or slate stone or glass or other materials chased or
otherwise rendered as a matrix to impart colored or other kind of decorative effects.
Where it is desired to decorate such houses I use the "Robinesque Maretzzo
marbles fired or not with which I employ asbestos or other fibre mica and any
other suitable materials with the above compounds to give a marble like appearance
thereto and I employ asbestos with floss silk so as to form a bond or otherwise to
bind or for other purposes to produce a homogeneous and monolithic structure.
I do not confine myself to the above precise methods so long as the broad
principle of my new system is substantially carried out for which I employ the
slabs blocks or other forms and kinds of work for which Patents were granted to
me dated January 6th 1869 N° 41-June 16th 1878 N° 2116 and May 2nd 1877
N° 1701.
According to part of my improvements I cast the whole of a house from the
ground floor or other parts which is made in the form of a die or mould and which
is worked by running moulds (or templates) and otherwise wrought or modelled to
any design and which are charged with colors and finished in such form by
ordinary methods or by means of surface moulds in positions whereby such work
would form the cores of a wall or the other parts of a house as for ventilation and
to form damp proof basements and the finished surface would be given to the
whole fabric by means of patterns transferred by the encasing fire-proof or other
moulds and forms which are charged by the exhaust pump or otherwise as may be
desired
I am aware that silicate of soda and potash have previously been mixed with
lime as the silicated sand stone and other purposes but not successfully in the
form of cement as an article of commerce or in any way where it could be applied
freely as in the practical form of plastering or other similar uses or as described
herein in the process of manufacture.
In order to produce a silicate more highly concentrated and of still greater
purity greater proportions of silex (or other earths) are added which is the more
effectually dissolved or fused by the admixture of 1%, per cent more or less of
borax boracic fluor-selicic or other acids or chlorides in a dry state or the solutions
and by injection while in a state of fusion as air steam or chemical vapours are
likewise injected heated or superheated to effect a change to improve the same or
for other manufactures.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Edwin Robbins in the Patent Office on the 8th April 1884.
EDWIN ROBBINS of 14 Balfern Street Battersea in the County of Surrey,
Modeller and Decorator in Cements plastic and building materials and constructor
of fire proof buildings "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CEMENTS
CONCRETE AND SIMILAR COMPOUNDS AND IN THE USE AND APPLICATION THEREOF
TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF HOUSES ARCHITECTURAL AND VARIOUS OTHER
STRUCTURES AND IN THE FABRICATION OF MATERIALS SUITABLE FOR BUILDING
AND OTHER PURPOSES
"
This invention relates to improvements in the manufacture of cements concrete
and chemical compounds used in forming new combinations from earths and other
ingredients applicable to architectural work in plastic concrete pottery and other
like purposes employed in the construction of buildings and other structures.
According to my improvements as hereinafter described the new compounds and
combination of materials are to be employed as means to carry out a complete
change in colored dressings and other work and in the production of building
materials and for other purposes constituting an entirely new style of industry in
colored "robing" concrete cements.
My improved concrete cements are made from various kinds of earths natural
rocks minerals and other cheap materials which have not been previously used for
this purpose and by which cementitious materials are rendered applicable to
various useful architectural structural pottery and other purposes.
By mechanical treatment and chemical action my improved cements and
compounds fulfil the requirements for ordinary or special purposes being fire
proof its nature produces a uniform tone of color throughout thus forming a new
kind of art work.
My invention can be easily applied to any kind of architectural or other similar
work and from it also can be produced a new kind of concrete cement pottery
which can be embellished to any extent with the same materials or be used as paint
or be glazed enamelled or otherwise finished and polished.
A great advantage is that the work produced can be cleaned in the same
manner as glass surfaces are treated without the trouble of removal and liability
to breakage.
According to my improvements the whole of a structure can be either vitrified
or indurated at the factory or while in progress of building a house or other
structure by means of heat alone or with chemical water or vapour applied to the
surface or otherwise "charged" separately or jointly such as by the exhaust
process, interstitial honey-combed perforated or tubular formed work can be done
also slabs blocks bricks or tiles and other forms of various dimensions.
By the use of my improved cements and building material methods of preparing
the work and means of construction combined with the use of an exhaust pump
and other contrivances I can charge and cast an entire house which by the porous
nature of the work thus produced and by being encased will withstand great heat
and can by my improved process be thoroughly and evenly indurated and vitrified
throughout the whole mass.
Owing to the quality of the cement the whole structure can be carried out
successfully with the canti lever principle of support trammelled doors and sashes,
and fittings furniture ware or building adjuncts for dwellings employing the same
means or otherwise as hereinafter described for the construction of Theatres and
other structures arranged in a suitable or appropriate manner and ventilated so as

page_text: to carry off heat and fumes from the interior safely and so prevent loss of life from
fire or through panic by crushing. Also to improve the acoustic properties of such
buildings by deadening or confining sound within a given space or to convey the
sound, fire or fumes in any direction or to give effect by transmission and otherwise
as by the improvements effected in the lime-light by means of the above cements
and otherwise.
In order to carry out my invention I proceed in the following order to collect
and prepare the raw materials for the manufacture of concrete cement of a kind
most in demand. By reason of its free working properties coupled with its hard
adhesive qualities combined with asbestos or other fibrous materials it will form
the most suitable compound for special kinds of manufactures. Woven and other
fabrics are employed to produce the best kind of materials used in various
processes of woven and interwoven building fabrications the better to enable any
qualified workman (possessing a practical knowledge of the same or kindred
works) to carry out any such manufactures.
t
The component parts of the ingredients used in making my new or improved
compound concrete cement (to obtain the best results in its general application)
is principally composed of various descriptions of limes such as the old well
seasoned plasterers lime putty or "cobble rocks" such as "cobble chalk" or "cobble
gypsum or other cheap earths or rocks viz, ordinary lime stones or the natural
carbonaceous and argilaceous sulphates of lime or plaster of Paris which naturally
contains the least percentage of sulphurous ingredients or the sulphur may be
driven off by heat exposure or otherwise.
"
Each of the above named materials (separately or combined) may be used in any
desired proportions or with other substances such as ordinary cements Portland
Parian Keens and other cement, or the more argillaceous limes, lime putty and the
clays (fired or not as desired) with or without similar ingredients are to be used as
chemical agents in a concentrated form or as diluted solutions or with other
chemicals soluble earths and other materials (animal or vegetable) may be used for
building or similar purposes as previously described.
These materials are used in suitable proportions to produce any desired effect in
color such as bronze and rendered durable by immersion in strong solutions of
copperas and other chemicals or by other treatment.
The above named materials may be combined with the aluminates or silicates
such as the aluminates and silicates of soda or potash or other similar binding
ingredients. These materials may be used as principals and employed to indurate
the same in its crude condition or otherwise for instance when low heated slow
baked or fired to any degree more or less according to its nature or the requirements
of the same and before or after such substances have been chemically treated with
the silicates aluminates and other chemical materials or agents which I employ.
and carry out in the following manner.
For example I prepare the above limes such as the selenitic limes with sulphates
of lime sulphur sulphuric acid or other acids or otherwise gauge it with the
ordinary plaster of Paris, fired cobble chalk, gypsum cobble, or with cements and
other binding materials such as the chlorides or oxides of magnesite or zinc baryta
pure sulphate of baryta and others
Or I combine the cement with oils glues or gums such as the dead oils of gas
works or any other suitable neutralizing ingredient before or after the compound
is set and broken up or when thrown open and exposed to the atmosphere.
In order to prevent the caustic properties of the lime or lime putty being too
immediately active in overpowering the silicates it is sufficiently neutralized by
the natural incrustation of the carbon from the atmosphere by exposure or by.
other natural and artificial means (separately or jointly) and suitably treated by
chemical coloring matter such as with pigments or dyes and with or without the
aluminate or silicate. It is then dried heated or fired to any degree and is then
easily crushed or ground as required for the manufacture of my improved concrete
cement in its various kinds and qualities. .

page_text: For
For example the colors being incorporated with lime before it has come into
contact with the silicate of soda or Portland cement it preserves them from the
caustic action and consequent discoloration and is again farther assisted with the
sulphurous acids and other chemicals glues gums and oils blood cow dung and
other suitable ingredients of the animal and vegetable kind and by these means
made brighter so that deeper and more permanent colors can be obtained.
instance a good black yellow or green which is most difficult to get permanently.
My improved concrete cement may be incorporated with ordinary colors or
chemical dyes such as with cobalt ultramarine and picric acid and yellow pigment
I obtain permanent greens and with other similar means I obtain other colors
equally good and bright throughout to any depth.
By the above means I am able to employ Portland cement or the silicates of soda.
or potash successfully in the combined compounds of Portland cement and in the
silicated combinations and in conjunction with my improved processes such as in
the finished materials and in the operations of house building and other structures
or fabrics in textile concrete or interwoven concrete fibres such as asbestos and
other minerals metallic or vegetable fibres may be employed.
The absence of sufficient knowledge for the application of concrete to building
purposes coupled with the imperfect chemical knowledge in this branch of industry
it is difficult to give any precise particulars or proportions of the materials
employed in carrying out my improvements with few exceptions as herein given.
For example in preparing the fibrous materials for spinning weaving or otherwise
working woven textile fabrics paper or other like materials I sometimes charge or
compound fibrous or other neutral ingredients with about 24 per cent more or less
of an active agent such as quick lime or other chemicals to which may be added an
equal percentage of pure silicate soda or potash or silicate held in suspension with
fired carbonaceous or argillaceous sulphate of lime which is the most ready and
convenient for use the active and effective condition of solubility of the silicate as
required for the same and other purposes of a similar kind.
When thus prepared ready for use it is woven or otherwise worked up into any
required architectural or other form or design to be used for building or other
purposes either in the raised ornamental or colored decorative patterns usual to the
many kinds of woven and interwoven textile, and other fabrics which can be
vitrified or otherwise indurated with water alone or as desirable also polished or
otherwise finished glazed or enamelled or it can be rendered more solid or be
embedded (encased) by farther treatment with the addition of silicates or other
transparent materials to form a glass like body with polished surface showing the
colored decorated fabric embedded in the body to form the interior or exterior part
of a house or other structure.
By means of such slabs being formed with projecting fillets on the back with
spherical joints or otherwise whereby the internal slabbing becomes locked or
otherwise fixed to the external slabs at the same time providing fresh air or
ventilating chambers between to be charged or not with non-conducting materials
such as reeds or straw or otherwise and in various forms in conjunction with the
concrete work to keep up. a free circulation of pure air without draught through
the interstitial pores of thin surfaces throughout the whole of such work walls
ceilings roofs and floors to rarify and filter the same and render the whole interior
of a house more congenial to health and comfort by avoiding the extremes of heat
and cold or damp.
Or I can use such hollow channels and porous surfaces to further indurate and
render such backing more durable secure stronger watertight and fireproof and
arranged to create draught for firing or for the water freely to flow over the whole
of a house without flooding the same yet to effectually clean or disinfect.
The reverse extreme lies in the use of old dead lime or lime putty which by
exposure or other treatment has become nearly neutralized or the opposite to
quicklime becoming in reality a slow lime or lime rendered slow in its action with
the silicates requiring only 10 or 20 per cent of silicate as a matrix to 100 of lime

page_text: in the aggregate or from 5 to 10 or 20 per cent more or less of silicate where other
neutral ingredients are employed with the lime to form the bulk or 21 or 5 per cent
only for after induration with the silicates. Or where other indurating chemicals
are employed such as the sulphur the sulphate or metallic sulphides which I mix
with water or by heat separately or in compound with other ingredients such as
the oxides of zinc or magnesite and its chlorides. Or with oils such as petroleum or
other solvents which I deposit in the moulds by either vaporizing the same or as a
liquor or in a powdered condition to form my improved decorated or other
transfer slabs with its indurated or vitrified glaze as most suited to the respective
requirements in each.
With the above ingredients also with Portland cement the argillaceous compounds
or other chemicals I treat lime in the process of firing grinding or while slaking hot
and I use for the same and for similar processes (such as the quicklime above
referred to) but with the greater proportions of lime of 50 or 90 per cent more or
less as desired for rendering such limes hydraulic.
To purify or render the silicate of soda or potash more free from the alkaline salts
and to preserve it in a soluble condition I concentrate the same with the sulphate
of lime or other suitable substances in compound which I fuse together in a
reverberatory furnace with silex which has been shattered by immersion in water
while red hot.
.
Or I obtain this soluble silicate and other similar soluble materials in a more
direct form of concentration by fusing the silex or other substance with soda or
potash in any desired form or with other chemicals to flux when in compound with
the sulphate of lime or other substances suited to the various purposes required.
I likewise employ other minerals which I treat in the same or similar manner
with sulphate of lime (such as the natural soluble silica or other minerals before
referred to) or to obtain the same or similar results in the process of manufacture.
Or in its subsequent use as tungstate steatite and other similar earths or vegetable
substances and used in combination with the above chemical matters cements or
other building materials to improve or otherwise as required to render a house or
other structure absolutely more proof against fire water or weather. The proportions
of the lime or the silicates and other similar materials such as the silica of magnesia
will vary in like manner from 2 to 90 per cent more or less of each or either as
principals or factors
To obtain a compound quite equal to Portland cement for durability in wear or
to withstand the weather and be fire proof I use the Portland cement or the
solutions thereof to impregnate the limes which latter I obtain by mixing the
Portland cement in water as a thin "slip" keeping it soaked at least for several
days frittered or repeatedly stirred up at intervals or ground up to keep it from
settling and so to become well infused with the water alone or with chemicals in
solution such as sulphuric acid salts of tartar chloride of soda green copperas and
other chemicals which compound cementitious limes or cement ingredients may be
boiled with caustic soda or with the chemicals referred to above the more
effectually to infuse or dissolve the same.
This again is used either hot or cold when it is mixed with lime or lime putty
while slaking.
This bastard or artificial Portland cement as "Portland lime
" can be used for
any purpose where the ordinary Portland cement is employed being equally hard
and more adhesive when incorporated with the above compounds aluminates or
silicates of soda one or both or with the cobble gypsum or chalk and the lime or
lime putty by preference as above treated or where necessary I use any of the
cements or chlorides such as the chlorides of zinc or magnesite with or without the
oxides of the same or other dolomites or in the reverse form.
I employ the oxides or carbonates or the carbonates of baryta without its
relative chlorides which by its absence becomes firmly indurated with the chlorides
silicates and aluminates contained in the above compounds of lime and by which a
good white is preserved...

page_text: In order to render this part of my invention more complete and to produce a
good white weather and fireproof cement of this kind I make a new kind of white
Portland cement from the lighter clays or the china white clays compounded
with chalk and fired as carried out in the various manufactures of cement in use.
I treat limes with any of the chemicals usually employed such as vitriol potash
muriatic or acetic acids or with other agents such as mustard starch or albumen
and plaster of Paris or sulphate of lime or otherwise and by which means I treat
these substances again or I treat it in the same manner with the ordinary
Portland cement or the solutions thereof and use it in the same manner previously
described as being used with the limes above referred to or with other ingredients
as principals or factors used in conjunction with the above named limes and
cements.
"
The more these materials are seasoned by age the more perfectly bleached whites
are obtained and the colors more firmly infused deeper and brighter which forms
the best materials for fresco Italian sgraffeto and the English "Robinesque sgraffeto'
work or any of the other methods employed in my improved style of ornamental
building.
I further neutralize the common limes or the old putty compound with a further
admixture of neutral ingredients crushed or powdered such as chalk stone breeze
or other similar materials or artificial earthy products of any suitable kind such as
asbestos or other fibrous ingredients animal vegetable mineral or metallic either as
a fine or coarse powder (that of a granular form being most advantageous) or
otherwise as scagliola or Marrezzo and so worked through a fine or coarse sieve to
give it a worm like shape or other character as most suited to "weaving" or other
methods of work either with or without coloring matter and seasoned in crusted
and indurated as above or partially so and compounded with the sulphate of lime
or cobble gypsum or chalk which has been treated with the silicates or aluminates
of soda or potash or other chemicals such as alum borax tartaric acid mustard or
other indurating materials fired or not as herein referred to.
For example I sometimes treat the asbestos or such materials I wish to grind to
a solution of the aluminates silicates or other coating like gums glue oils or earth
and when highly dried it is readily ground fine (or coarse as may be needed) with
substances difficult to grind.
For the preparation of the cobble chalk or gypsum or earths of this kind when
fired it is immersed in a solution or otherwise used with silicate or the aluminate
of soda or potash or otherwise treated with the same or other chemicals such as
salts of tartar vitriol copperas or other acids or chlorides and salts such as borax
alum or muriate of baryta and other reacting or decomposing chemicals for after
compounding in any desired form and refired or not to suit any particular purpose
required.
After the first firing of the cobble rocks or earths of a similar kind I simply
crush or coarsely grind the same to mix dry and form a coarse or fine granular,
effect in the finished work with the grains of putty which speedily set according to
the proportions used and become indurated in this compound form when worked in
slabs blocks and other forms in a dry (powder like) condition or otherwise and can
be effectually indurated by immersion or repeated coating of silicate alternately;
with dry or white limes or other materials and chemicals such as the boracic acid
and the chloride and acids as herein referred to and with heat either before or after
leaving the moulds. Any form or kind of material can thus be effectually.
incorporated by this method to preserve or protect the cobble or other kind of
perishable materials such as the sulphate of lime stone wood and other mineral
metallic vegetable and fibrous matters from decay and fou fire when indurated.
It can easily be faced down and polished. The above refers to the protection
equally of ingredients or works so treated.
When such materials are intended for exposed positions the sulphate of lime or
cobble should advantageously be kept in fine grains and in smaller proportions

page_text: as compared with other materials so as to be well enclosed and protected by
incorporation.
Or I employ the cobble and the sulphate of lime in a coarse condition saturated
with silicate or aluminate of soda or other chemicals which corresponds with grits
broken marble spar or stones which I again incorporate more or less in proportion
with the above compound which becomes the same except the setting quality which
it has lost by previous saturation.
Or the cobble and similar rocks (broken) may be saturated in the silicate
aluminate and other solutions with or without other soluble earth or chemicals such
as the Farnham earths. The burnt gypsum is then refired and ground to make fine
cements which are used separately with the limes lime putty or other ingredients
as above referred to as chemical agents and which form the bulk of this cement
more or less (when ground to any desired mesh coarse or fine) as may be required
to withstand the weather or heat thus by natural means it afterwards becoines
slowly petrified in the combined form of selenitic and silicated induration to form
a sulphuretted silicate of lime or sulphated silicate of lime and alumina or silicate
of lime and alumina in its purest form by means of concentrated and other layers
and forms.
For some purposes I take the cobble gypsum alumina cobble or other carbona-
ceous sulphate of lime which contains the least of the sulphate advantageously
when once fired I immerse the above in solution of silicate and otherwise pound or
crush it more or less fine and leave it to dissolve in the solution of dilute silicate
or other solutions in more concentrated form and to any required proportion as may
be required to suit the various purposes to produce white translucent or transparent
effects in a good binding material.
The sulphate of lime and silicates are then left in tanks to settle down and
concentrate the excess of soda or other salts is thrown to the top which is easily
taken off in the solution or in a dry state and used again to dissolve the silex or
for other purposes in the manufacture of cements or paints.
The bottom portion forms a loose kind of free silicate and carbonaceous or the
argillaceous sulphate of lime as the case may be which is fired or not when dry
according to the requirements or the nature of the material in the usual form of
powder or lump being easily ground either with or without additional silicates
aluminates or other ingredients according to requirements to form the different
qualities of the cement. The materials thus prepared can be regulated again
according to the nature or quality of the prepared limes. The proportions of the
prepared limes and silicates to the other cements or the solutions thereof or other
similar ingredients can be regulated in its application before or after the work has
been formed as also the heated or other methods of drying and hardening can be
regulated.
This improved cement can be colored or not or mixed with other ingredients such
as pottery pottery colors or suitable chemicals or otherwise to dye indurate or set
and when fired and ground to form a cement which also forms a good paint either
in its simple compound form of silicate and cobble or its more complex form with
or without pottery or pottery colors which can be used with this pottery concrete
cement in the pottery manufacture or the concrete pottery like materials as
employed while in progress of building a house or other structure.
The compound sulphuretted silicate alone or pottery combined may be white or
colored or transparent like glass and formed in sheets or other forms of greater
thickness and dimensions or an entire house may be constructed having the
appearance of glass and highly decorated by means of the concentrated method of
layers and other forms of lime sulphates oxides and carbonate with the chlorides
and other chemical materials. By the use of sulphates or sulphurous ingredients
the silicate of soda or potash is driven through or into the above or other and
similar materials such as gums or glues and thus deposited in a mass in a concen-
trated form and indurated alone by the limes chlorides and other materials.

page_text: Materials formed of the above described compounds and other cements which are
the most fire-proof required for the enamelling glazing or otherwise for working
and finishing a house within a sagger mould or core constructed upon the principle
of a kiln I encase the whole in a manner to enable the fire to pass through the
body or surface by being drawn through the perforated and tubular formed body
of the house or sagger case either with or without an exhaust pump and similar
contrivances.
As the prepared cements limes and other materials are being drawn into such
moulds the air is at the same time expelled by the exhaust and afterwards dried
and fired by the same or similar means being employed to create a draught to fire
the same effectually to vitrification or otherwise slightly to a more perfect induration
(one or both with or without other means) as by the use of water alone or chemical
solution or vapour and to prevent the after efflorescence.
Subsequent induration is more effectually carried out by the use of sulphuric acid
solution or other forms of sulphur (such as green copperas) which are used to drive
the silicate aluminate and other chemicals or dyes into or through the body of a
block or any such work to any depth or thickness by alternate charges or by
compound of the two or more being applied by repeated immersion or saturation by
coating or otherwise.
;
FL.
I use the same means also to improve and protect the same against the caustic
action of the limes in the form of Portland cement and the silicates in such work. >
For some purposes I employ the oxide of magnesite and its chlorides with the
above silicate or the dolomite limes and others where necessary and either with or
without mica asbestos, scoria, ganister, slags, "grog" or any other similar minerals
or materials of a fire proof quality to render the whole more perfectly so. Or those
of a combustible nature so as to still further increase its resistance to the intense
heat and to form the work or mould or I form the mould of calcined silex where
needed and thus preserve the colors of the finished work.
In order to assist or more effectually to charge the mould I use the slip like
semi-fluid form to easily flow into or through the finer parts of the mould and such
that is specially prepared by regulating the proportions accordingly also by making
the moulds with vents for. the air to pass away by the pressure of the inflowing
materials or the moulds are specially formed to suit the purpose of charging with
powdered materials in the same or similar manner and by the same means such
as by the exhaust pump.
The above or similar means are also used in the construction plastering and
decoration of a house with concrete or its combinations with structures of wood
iron stone or bricks and other materials that require no firing.
I form the moulds as may be most suitable either as a temporary or permanent
casing for each kind of work of the ordinary or fibrous plaster paper or other
slabbing also of metal wood or slate stone or glass or other materials chased or
otherwise rendered as a matrix to impart colored or other kind of decorative
effects
Where it is desired to decorate such houses I use the "Robinesque" Marrezzo
marbles fired or not with which I employ asbestos or other fibre mica and any
other suitable materials with the above compounds to give a marble like
appearance thereto and I employ asbestos with floss silk so as to form a band or
otherwise to bind or for other purposes to produce a homogeneous and monolithic
structure.
I do not confine myself to the above precise methods so long as the broad
principle of my new system is substantially carried out for which I employ the
slabs blocks or other forms and kinds of work for which Patents were granted to
me dated January 6th 1869 N° 41-June 16th 1873 No 2116 and May 2nd 1877
N° 1701.
According to part of my improvements I cast the whole of a house from the
ground floor or other parts which is made in the form of a die or mould and which
is worked by running or sliding templates as moulds or profiles otherwise wrought:

page_text: or modelled to any section or design and which are charged with colors and finished
in such form by ordinary methods or by means of surface moulds (similar to
concrete structures) in positions whereby such work would form the cores of a
wall or the other parts of a house as for ventilation and to form damp proof
basements and the finished surfaces are given to the whole fabric by means of
patterns transferred by the encasing fire proof or other moulds and forms which
are charged by the exhaust pump or otherwise as may be desired.
I am aware that silicate of soda and potash have previously been mixed with
lime as the silicated sand stone and other purposes but not successfully in the
form of cement as an article of commerce or in any way where it could be applied
freely as in the practical form of plastering or other similar uses or as described
herein in the process of manufacture
In order to produce a silicate more highly concentrated and of still greater
purity greater proportions of silex (or other earths) are added which is the more
effectually dissolved or fused by the admixture of 1 per cent more or less of borax
boracic fluor selicic or other acids or chlorides in a dry state or the solutions and
by injection while in a state of fusion as air steam or chemical vapours are likewise
injected heated or superheated to effect a change to improve the same or for other
manufactures.
Having thus described the nature of my invention and the manner of performing
or carrying the same into practice I would remark that I make no claim to any of
the means or processes hereinbefore described which are well known and in
common use
But what I claim is:-
First I claim the improved means and methods herein described for the
manufacture of Portland cement from slurry made of the crude carbonaceous and
argillaceous lime rocks and clay by the lime stone being first infused or combined
with argillaceous or other chemicals solutions precipitates and chemical extracts or
other ingredients such as cements lias or clay argillacious and hydraulic limes.or
the solutions thereof which prepared limes clays cements and other materials are
advantageously mixed with the lime required while slaking hot from which I
make my slurry without grinding the chalk and which is afterwards dried fired
and ground in the usual manner substantially as and for the purposes hereinbefore
described.
;
Second I claim the manufacture of improved cements from the chemical
combination produced by infusing various kinds of clay with lime as herein
described also in treating its various compounds of argillaceous ingredients with
the same or similar or suitable chemicals such as herein described for the above
purpose e. to produce the same or similar cements in combinations with the
prepared lime, the lime and the clay being charged either by hot cold heated or
other saturation vaporization, capillary attraction pressure and exhaust or by other
natural or artificial means substantially as and for the purposes herein before
described.
Third-I claim the improved manufacture of a white cement made of the lighter
kind or china white clay and the limes treated as herein described by selecting the
white and clear solutions chemicals and other materials to produce a white cement
weather and fireproof substantially as described.
Fourth I claim the improved means and methods herein described for producing
a hard setting hydraulic compound lime for decorative and other purposes from
chalk or other carbonaceous or argillaceous limes by infusing or combining the
limes with chemicals and other ingredients while the limes are slaking hot
substantially as and for the purpose herein described.
Fifth I claim the manufacture of improved cements or hydraulic limes made
with the clays treated with chemicals such as the chlorides, salts of lime or caustic
soda by boiling or otherwise dissolving the same by heat or by natural or artificial
infusion or combination to form hydraulic lime or for the manufacture of cement
substantially in the manner and for the purpose hereinbefore described.

page_text: Sixth-I claim the use and application of such improved limes or clays which
have been neutralized and rendered fit for mixing and gauging or otherwise using
with the silicate solutions natural and prepared silica or other infusorial ingredients
substantially as described.
Seventh I claim the improved means employed in the preparation of various
kinds of limes when slaked as above described or when burnt in the ordinary way,
and slaked with water but as used only after it has been left exposed to the
atmosphere or otherwise treated to neutralize its caustic properties and thus to
prevent its too immediate chemical action on the silicates and to allow time for its
practical use and application in plastering or other work being kept in the form of
a powder or plastic compound for fresco painting sgraffeto and other decoration or
other work substantially as described.
Eighth I claim the use and application of lime slurry made of the prepared
limes or clays as herein described and when mixed in any desired forms rotation or
proportions to obtain any required result in the manufacture of various cements
limes concretes or other like materials of this kind for building or other purposes
substantially as herein described.
Ninth I claim the improved treatment and application of the various aggregates
in the manner herein described to further set or indurate the cement or lime when
used for working as concrete or as a dry cement which constitutes one kind of the
"Robing" concrete cements and lime concrete substantially as described
Tenth I claim the use and application of aggregates that have been submitted
to heat and afterwards saturated charged or coated with any suitable chemical or
chemicals in the preparation of coarse grains for example such as the coarse lumps
of fired gypsum sulphate of lime cobble or other suitable rocks and earths and with
which materials and a cement formed of the same or with other cements and limes
I apply these prepared aggregates to form another kind of white or colored robing
concrete concrete cement and lime concrete separately or combined substantially in
the manner and for the purposes hereinbefore described.
Eleventh I claim the use and application of Carlisle gypsum and cobble rock or
similar earths and rocks which contain the least per centage of sulphate, i.e. those
which are more of a carbonaceous argillaceous or silicious nature such as the
statuary Cecilian or other like marbles substantially such as herein before described.
Twelfth. I claim the use and application of the various earths and rocks which
have been variously treated with chemical and other ingredients such as previously
described as a compound concrete cement by selecting those which have a petrifying
action on each other and on the cement when gauged or formed into any desired
shape or design substantially as described.
Thirteenth. I claim the manufacture of improved concrete and cement from
materials formed of the same or similar ingredients where it has first been treated
by one chemical in the manner previously described and afterwards to another
chemical which has adhesive binding and hardening properties in its ultimate
induration, for example first by saturating the fired cobble or sulphate of lime in a
solution of hot lime or its chlorides and other salts and afterwards to the silicates
or the same in the reverse order or with other chemicals of any suitable kind such
as of acids or chlorides and other ingredients, substantially as described.
Fourteenth. I claim the improved means herein described of charging rocks or
other like materials and in the manufacture of concrete with dyes after firing or
otherwise heating or boiling or boiled in oils, or gums and before or after it has
been treated by the silicates aluminates or other chemicals advantageously by those
which preserve protect and assist the colors or dyes substantially as described.
Fifteenth I claim the improved means and methods of producing permanent
coloured effects in combination with Portland and other cements and limes or
compositions such as the silicates or other materials by first mixing the colours
with lime or chemicals substantially as described
Sixteenth. I claim the application of indurating materials to woven fabrics in
the operation of and preparation of materials for weaving to building and other

page_text: purposes by mixing or otherwise treating the coloring ingredients with limes such
as the argillaceous carbonaceous or siliceous sulphates of lime and other suitable
chemicals, acids or chloride salts to flux indurate or otherwise treat the same in the
process of manufacture preparation or use of the same for fresco painting or other
decoration for building and other purposes being glazed or otherwise finished with
colored pottery or pottery materials substantially in the manner previously described.
Seventeenth. I claim the improved means and methods of purifying and
concentrating the various silicates by heating the same with the sulphates of
lime or sulphides and with other suitable chemicals or ingredients (such as natural
or prepared silica separately or combined) which are subjected to evaporation or
fusion with the silex or silica or other easily soluble earths such as Farnham earth
or other natural or prepared silicates whereby the concentrated powder slip paint
or plastic material thus prepared can be manufactured separately or combined with
other materials substantially as and for the purpose herein before described.
Eighteenth. I claim the use and application of a hot or cold bath with a solution
of lime, or other materials or chemicals, for bleaching coloring or dyeing any of my
improved cements limes or concrete materials or works i.e. limes cements or clays,
goods vitrified, or indurated, thus forming part of the process of induration with
the silicates or other chemicals substantially as herein described.
Nineteenth. I claim the use and application of my improved cements in
combination with mica and asbestos goods together with the improved means
methods and materials therein described for producing fireproof building and other
works substantially as described.
Twentieth I claim the improved means and methods of manufacturing (with the
various materials herein described) paints also its use and application to building
and other purposes substantially as described.
Twenty first. I claim the use and application of the exhaust process and
apparatus in combination with moulding operations and powder slips or soft
cements made as herein described for the formation casting or construction of a
house complete substantially as herein described.
Twenty second. I claim the use and application of my improved fireproof cement
and concrete sagger moulds in which to form and vitrify a complete house or other
similar works substantially as herein described.
Twenty third. I claim the improved means methods and application of materials
as herein described for the manufacture of imitation marble scagliola and marrezzo
weather and fireproof substantially such as herein-before described.
Twenty fourth. I claim the use and application of my improved cements, limes,
concretes and other materials for the production of fire and waterproof slabs, sheets
screens or other similar works substantially as herein described, for building and
other purposes.
Twenty fifth. I claim the use and application of pottery materials for the
ornamental and decorative treatment of my improved concrete works in like
manner to stone ware and other pottery productions to produce similar effects in
character or colour as herein described.
Twenty sixth. I claim the use and application of pottery materials when used in
combination with ornamental or decorative productions, made of lime cement,
concrete, or concrete combinations combined with textile woven fabrics and other
fibrous sheets used in the construction of a complete house and other structures or
works substantially as herein described.
Twenty seventh. I claim the application of decorative concrete pottery work
and textile fabrics as used in combination with moulds and other forms arranged
and used so as to combine the work with that produced with the running mould and
other contrivances to form the more complete work of this kind which constitutes
my improved house robing style of art, art work and architecture substantially as
described.
Twenty eighth. I claim the application of the improved means methods and
materials herein described with the moulds surfaces and other forms of glass

page_text: cement woven textile and other fabrics gauze wire and other sheets or plates on or
in which I use the running moulds to form any design or effect separately or in
combination with other and decorative systems of working painting crayon or
other drawing chasing modelling die sinking or otherwise to be worked in a shop
or on a building or other works and while in progress of building a house or other
structure or in finishing the same substantially as herein described.
Twenty ninth. I claim the use and application of sulphur sulphuric acid or other
sulphurious chemicals or ingredients such as the sulphate of lime when immersed
in the silicates such as the silicate of soda alumina and others so as to quickly
drive the same silicate through a mass of concrete cement or lime substantially as
described.
Thirtieth. I claim the manufacture of translucent sheets slabs or screens and other
works with silicates of soda alumina or potash and other siliceous preparations for
decorative building and other constructive purposes by a concentrating process of
evaporation by heat or the chemical action of sulphurous ingredients such as the
sulphate of lime separately or combined with other chemicals or ingredients as
whiting chalk lime magnesite and the chlorides or acids salts or also glues or gums
in repeated layers or other forms so as to exhaust the water concentrate and
petrify the silicate as glass separately or combined with textile woven fabrics and
other fibrous materials or combination plain or decorated thus so as to form a
substitute for paper paint and plastering flexible like linoleum or lincrusta walton
or pliable like wood or as rigid as stone substantially as described.
Thirty first. I claim the preparation and application of fibrous materials such as
cotton flax silk and others or the spun threads and yarns with any of the herein
mentioned materials such as the limes or silicates also with coloring dyes and
pigments and other materials for the decoration of woven textile fabrics in the
process of weaving or combined with any subsequent process substantially as
described.
In witness whereof I the said Edwin Robbins have hereunto set my hand and
seal this Eighth day of April in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred
and eighty four,
Witness.
J G TONGUE
Patent Agent
34 Southampton Buildings
W C.
EDWIN ROBBINS. (L.S.)