IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY POR THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER
Year: 1862

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Edward Lloyd, of Bow Paper Mills, in the County
of Middlesex, Paper Maker, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
MACHINERY POR THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER."
Sealed the 21st November 1862, and dated the 2nd June 1862.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Edward Lloyd at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 2nd
June 1862.
I, EDWARD LLOYD, of Bow Paper Mills, in the County of Middlesex,
Paper Maker, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "Im-
PROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER," to be as follows:-
The object of my improvements in the manufacture of paper is to facilitate
the manufacture of that article, and to render the process of cleansing the
fibres and removing therefrom all extraneous matters more effectual than
heretofore. The time required for these operations is also shortened, and the
labor ordinarily employed is reduced.
The first part of my Invention has reference to the operation of boiling,
washing, and draining the material or fibres used for paper making. In
carrying out this part of my Invention I employ either a revolving or a
stationary boiler, which is wholly or partly lined with an inner case perforated
with a great number of holes, which I prefer to be countersunk on the
outside, in order to prevent the holes from becoming stopped or clogged by
the fine fibres. The boiler is provided with suitable valves in the outside
casing, and also with steam pipes passing through a trunnion, so arranged
that the pipes may be stationary, or otherwise. The pipes are arranged to

page_text: terminate at or near the top or other convenient part of the boiler, while the
trunnion and boiler revolve, or the pipes may go direct into the stationary
boiler to convey steam, water, or air, either by hydraulic or hydrostatic pressure,
or by injection, or other means, so that a pressure by either air, steam, or water
may be given in the interior of the boiler while revolving or when stationary,
and the water, steam, or air may be thereby forced through the material when
the valves of the outer case of the boiler are open; or the water may be
injected in one pipe while the pressure of steam is admitted from another
pipe, thereby keeping a continual supply of water, and a continual pressure on
the materials contained in the boiler by the elastic force of the steam, and this
I have found from experiments to be the only way of thoroughly and
effectually washing the material, and cleansing it of all its impurities ready
for the bleaching.
The second part of my Invention has reference to the operation of washing,
bleaching, poaching, and draining in one vessel, poacher, or beater, or beating
engine materials for paper making. To effect this object, the poacher, beater,
or vessel is provided either wholly or for the most part with a lining of iron,
brass, copper, zinc, or other material perforated with a great number of small
holes extending over the bottom, and more particularly over the sides of such
vessel. The holes should be countersunk on the outside of the inside casing,
and the vessel should be provided with suitable valves at the bottom of the
outside shell of such vessel, so that by opening the valves and letting in water,
and setting the vessel in motion, the material may be first washed, then bleached
and poached, and afterwards thoroughly washed and cleansed of any remains of
the bleaching agent. By stopping the supply of water and the motion of the
vessel, and letting in steam; the material will be quickly drained ready for the
beating engine, or it may be beat in the same vessel, and be prepared ready
for the paper machine.
The third part of the Invention consists in adapting to that end of the
paper-making machine at which the paper is delivered in sheets a counting
apparatus, whereby the number of sheets delivered at the end of the paper
machine or from the cutting machine may be ascertained. This counting
apparatus simply consists in moving or shifting the receiving table (on which
the sheets of paper are piled) periodically, that is, after the delivery of any
given number of sheets, say, a quire, for instance. The operation of the
apparatus is as follows:-A quire, or 24 sheets, having been delivered and
piled on the table, the latter is shifted in any direction, say, an inch, whereupor
the next quire will be piled a little on one side of the former quire. Wher
the second quire is completed the table is shifted a second time, and the

page_text: delivery of the sheets. continued, and so on, the table being shifted at the
completion of every quire. By this means the paper may be taken up by
the attendants in quires, and the necessity of counting the same by hand will
be obviated.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Edward Lloyd in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
2nd December 1862.
'
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, EDWARD
LLOYD, of Bow Paper Mills, in the County of Middlesex, Paper Maker,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent, Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Second day of June, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, in the twenty-fifth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto
me, the said Edward Lloyd, Her special license that I, the said Edward
Lloyd, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the
said Edward Lloyd, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any
time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times there-
after during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain. and
Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN MACHINERY FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER," upon the condition
(amongst others) that I, the said Edward Lloyd, by an instrument in writing
under my hand and seal, should particularly describe and ascertain the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be per-
formed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Edward Lloyd, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement, reference being had to the Drawings hereunto annexed,, and to
the letters and figures marked thereon (that is to say) :-
The principal object of my improvements in machinery for the manufacture
of paper is to facilitate the manufacture of that article, and to render more
easy the process of cleansing and reducing to. pulp the fibres of which the

page_text: paper is to be made, and to remove from the fibres all extraneous matters
more effectually than heretofore. The time required for these operations will
also be shortened by means of my Invention, and the labour ordinarily employed
will be reduced.
"
The first part of my Invention has reference to the operation of boiling,
washing, and draining the material or fibres used for paper making. In
carrying out this part of my Invention, I employ either a revolving or a
stationary boiler, which is wholly or partly lined with an inner case perforated
with a great number of small holes, which I prefer to be countersunk on the
outside, in order to prevent the holes from becoming stopped or clogged by
the fine fibres.
In the accompanying Drawings, Fig. 1 represents a longitudinal vertical
section of a cylindrical boiler constructed according to my improvements;
Fig. 2 is a transverse vertical section of the same. The boiler may be made
either stationary or be mounted in bearings, and provided with suitable gear,
such as pulleys or toothed wheels, so that rotary motion may be communicated
to it when desired.
a, a, is the outside skin or casing of the boiler, which is provided with
suitable man-holes b, b, b, whereby the boiler is charged with the material on
which it is intended to operate; c, c, c, are pipes, either perforated or other-
wise, for the purpose of admitting steam, air, or water to the interior of the
boiler. These pipes pass through one of the trunnions d, which are so con-
structed and arranged that the pipes may either be stationary or allowed to
rotale with the boiler. If the pipes c, c, are to remain stationary, their inner
ends should be so arranged as to terminate at or near the top or other con-
venient part of the boiler while the trunnions and boiler revolve. The lower
part of the boiler is provided with a double bottom e, e, which is perforated all
over with holes, which are countersunk on their under side, as shewn in the
detached view, Fig. 3, drawn full size, shewing part of a plate having holes
countersunk in this manner. In Figures 1 and 2, f, f, are short pipes
provided with cocks, and communicating with the space contained beneath
the double bottom e, e, for the purpose of drawing off the liquid therefrom
when required. When the boiler is intended to rotate, I adapt to the inside
two, three, or more projecting shelves or ledges 9, g, which are supported on
brackets, as shewn in Fig. 2, and as the boiler rotates the material contained
therein falls over, and is divided by these projecting shelves.
The operation of the apparatus is as follows:-The man-holes b, b, are
removed and the boiler is completely filled with the fibre or material to be
operated upon, (say chopped straw for instance.) The straw should be

page_text: rammed down close, and the boiler half or two-thirds filled through the
man-holes with the ordinary alkaline liquor usually employed for reducing
straw into pulp; the man-holes b, b; are then closed, and steam is admitted
into the boiler through the tubes or pipes c, c, and if the boiler is intended
to revolve, it may be set in slow rotary motion, so as to cause the alka-
line liquor to percolate through every part of the mass of straw or other
material. After the alkaline liquor has been allowed to act on the straw
for about six hours, the rotation of the boiler may be stopped, and the
liquor drawn off by the stop-cocks or pipes f. f, through the false bottom e, e.
Clean water either hot or cold may then be let on through the pipes c, c, and
the boiler set in motion again for a few minutes, then the cocks f, f, are to be
opened again, and upon steam being let into the boiler through the pipes c,
the dirty water will be forced out through the false bottom e, and the cocks f,f.
This operation of washing may be repeated as often as may be required, and
the process may be terminated by admitting a volume of steam under pressure
for the purpose of well squeezing the fibres, and expressing any liquid matter
that may be held in mechanical suspension thereby. After this the man-holes
b, b, may be opened, and the prepared fibres may be removed and submitted
to the bleaching operation in another vessel, or this operation may be per-
formed in the boiler. I would remark that the steam is used for a double
purpose, that is, first, for operating chemically on the straw, in combination
with the alkaline liquor, for the purpose of dissolving the silica; and second,
for operating mechanically by its elastic pressure, for the purpose of
expressing the moisture, or forcing out the alkaline liquor. The requisite
pressure may, however, be obtained by hydraulic, hydrostatic, or pneumatic
pressure, but I prefer to use steam pressure as being the most convenient
under ordinary circumstances, although I do not mean to restrict inyself
thereto. It should also be understood that the water, steam, or air may be
forced through the material when the exit openings or cocks f, f, of the outer
case of the boiler are open, or the water may be injected through one of the
pipes c, while the pressure of steam is admitted from another of these
pipes, thereby keeping a continual supply of water, and a continual pres-
sure of steam on the materials contained in the boiler by the elastic
force of the steam; and this I have found fron experiments to be the best
way of thoroughly and effectually washing the material, and cleansing it of
all its impurities, so as to bring it into a state ready for the bleaching
process.
The second part of my Invention, has reference to the operation of washing,
bleaching, poaching, and draining in one vessel, poacher, or beater, or beating
. .

page_text: engine materials for paper-making. To effect this object the poacher, beater,
or vessel is provided either wholly or for the most part, with a lining of iron,
brass, copper, zinc, or other material perforated with a great number of small
holes, extending over the bottom, and more particularly over the sides of such
.vessel. Fig. 4 is a longitudinal vertical section of a beater or poacher
constructed according to my Invention; Fig. 5 is. a plan view of the same.
The poaching vat or vessel is by preference constructed of cast iron, and the
bottom and sides of the vessel are lined internally with perforated metal i, i,
the holes in which should be countersunk on the under side of the inside
casing, as shewn in the enlarged detached view Fig. 3 before referred to. The
vessel should also be provided with suitable exit openings at the bottom of the
outside casing, as at j, j, whereby the liquid may be drawn off when desired.
For the bleaching operation, the bleaching liquor is supplied to the vessel and
the poaching cylinders or drums k, k, are set in motion, and are kept in action
for some time until the fibres are properly bleached, then upon opening the
valves or cocks connected with the exit openings j, j, at the bottom of the
vessel, and allowing water to flow in while the poaching cylinders or drums
k, k, are in motion, the material may be washed or cleansed from the bleaching
liquor, and the poaching operation continued, after which it may be again
thoroughly washed and cleansed of any remains of the bleaching agent.
The fibres may then be removed to the beater, or if this operation be
performed in the poacher. just described, the reduced fibres or pulp may
be conveyed to the paper machine in the ordinary manner.
The third part of the Invention consists in adapting to that end of the
paper-making machine at which the paper is delivered in sheets a counting
apparatus, whereby the number of sheets delivered at the end of the paper
machine or from the cutting apparatus may be ascertained. This counting
apparatus simply consists in moving or shifting the receiving table (on which
the sheets of paper are piled) periodically, that is, after the delivery of any
given number of sheets, say a quire for instance. Fig. 6 is a front elevation,
and Fig. 7 a plan view of an arrangement for effecting this object; 1 is the
table upon which the sheets are piled as they are delivered at one end of the
paper-making machine. This table instead of being a fixture as is now the
case is made moveable, and is supported on antifriction rollers m, m. An
endway motion is communicated to it by means of a horizontal vibrating lever n,
mounted on the vertical shaft o, which is connected with the ordinary counting
apparatus, and to which a rocking motion is communicated at intervals from
any of the moving parts of the machine that may be conveniently placed for
the purpose.

page_text: The operation of the apparatus is as follows: A quire or twenty-four
sheets of paper, having been delivered from the cutting apparatus by the
paper machine, and piled on the table 7, the latter is shifted in any direction
(say an inch) by the motion of the vibrating lever n, whereupon the next quire
will be piled a little on one side of the former quire. When the second quire
is completed, the table will be shifted a second time, either further on in the
same direction, or back into its original position, and the delivery of the sheets
will be continued until another quire has been piled, when the table will be
again shifted, and so on for every fresh quire on the completion of which the
table is shifted, so as to lay the quires in such a manner that they may be
easily taken up and removed. By this means the paper may be taken up by
the attendants in quires, and the necessity of counting the same by hand will
bo obviated.
Having now described my Invention of "Improvements in Machinery for
the Manufacture of Paper," and having explained the manner of carrying the
same into effect, I claim as the Invention secured to me by Letters Patent as
aforesaid,
First, operating in the manner above set forth upon vegetable fibres (pre-
paratory to converting them into pulp for the manufacture of paper) in a
close vessel or boiler, either fixed or moveable, and provided with a perforated
false bottom or lining, and into which boiler or close vessel steam, water, or
air is or are admitted for the purposes above set forth.
Second, I claim lining the sides and bottom of the bleaching, poaching, and
beating vessels with perforated metal, so that the liquor may be drawn off
without removing the fibres.
Third, I claim countersinking the holes made in the perforated metal
employed in the bleaching, poaching, or beating vessel, and also in the close
vessel or boiler as above described.
Lastly, I claim adapting to the delivery end of the paper-making machine a
shifting or moveable table to receive the paper as it is delivered from the
machine, as and for the purpose above set forth.
In witness whereof, I, the said Edward Lloyd, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, the Second day of December, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-two.