IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY, TOOL HOLDERS, AND TOOLS FOR CUTTING, PLANING, OR GIVING MOULDED CONTOURS TO FREESTONE, SLATE, COAL, OR SIMILAR SUBSTANCES, AND IN THE MANU- FACTURE OF SUCH TOOLS
Year: 1878

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Andrew Dunlop, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark,
North Britain, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY, TOOL
HOLDERS, AND TOOLS FOR CUTTING, PLANING, OR GIVING MOULDED CONTOURS
TO FREESTONE, SLATE, COAL, OR SIMILAR SUBSTANCES, AND IN THE MANU-
FACTURE OF SUCH TOOLS."
Sealed the 15th November 1878, and dated the 30th August 1878.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Andrew Dunlop at the Office.
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 30th August 1878.
ANDREW DUNLOP, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North Britain.
"IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY, TOOL HOLDERS, AND TOOLS FOR CUTTING,
PLANING, OR GIVING MOULDED CONTOURS TO FREESTONE, SLATE, COAL, OR SIMILAR
'SUBSTANCES, AND IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SUCH TOOLS."
This Invention, which relates to improvements in machinery, tool holders, and
tools for cutting, planing, or giving moulded contours to freestone, slate, coal, or
similar substances, and in the manufacture of such tools, some of which improve-
ments are developments of the Inventions described in the Specification of William
Stevenson, William Ree, and Andrew Dunlop, numbered 3248, A.D. 1873, and in
the Specifications of Andrew Dunlop and William Ree, numbered respectively 1890
and 4120, A.D. 1875, and some of which have also reference to stone finishing tools
described in the Specification of Archibald Munro and William Bennet Adamson,
numbered 2034, A.D. 1871, consists under the first head,-
First. Of an improved plane for executing straight or curved work, consisting of
two separate portions, duplicates of each other (except that the one is intended for
rough cutting the stone, and the other partly for that, and also for completely
finishing the stone), which portions are set in a frame or box, one in front of the
other, in such a way that the one portion can be depressed in the box or frame

page_text: while the other is raised, and vice versa, so that the one portion may be applied to
the stone while the stone is passing under the plane in one direction, and when the
notion of the stone is reversed the portion formerly in action is lifted from the
stone, and the other portion depressed, so as to act on the stone in its return motion.
Each of said portions is provided with two pivots, one fixed at each end or side of
the portion. The pivots on the same side of both portions are supported on a short
oscillating beam, which stretches from the one pivot to the other, and the pivots on
the other side of both portions are supported on a similar beam, the pivot on the
right side of the one portion resting on one end of the beam, and that on the same
side of the other portion resting on the other end of the same beam, and the pivots
on the other or left side of the two portions rest the one on the one end, and the
other on the other end of the other beam.
The pivots are supported near the end of the beam in holes in the beam, to which
an oblong or oval form is given to allow the necessary free play to the pivots when
the beam oscillates. Each of said beams is supported at its middle, and turns on a
pivot projecting from the side of the frame, in which the two separate portions of
the plane move up and down. Each portion of the plane is in turn when cutting
or moulding stone pressed down to its work by a tapered piece or pieces on a
sliding bar or bars, and when the stone has passed under it, and has been cut by it,
that portion of the plane is raised by the sliding bar or bars, and the other portion
lowered at the same time, that it may act upon the stone when the motion of the
table on which the stone is carried is reversed.
I contemplate that in general the finishing of a stone will be completed by the
stone being passed once below the rough cutting portion, and back below the
finishing portion of the plane, but if it is seen that the stone will require more than
one rough cut to prepare.it for being subjected to the action of the finishing portion
the finishing tool holders may be drawn out of the grooves in which they are set and
replaced with roughing tools till the roughing work is finished.
Second. In the planes described in the Specification No. 4120, A.D. 1875, herein-
"before referred to, the rows both of the tools for rough work and of the tools for
scraping or finishing (the latter being of the kind described in connection with and
forming part of barrels in cutting machines described in the Specification No. 2034,
A.D. 1871, berein-before referred to, and adopted and applied to planing machines in
said Specification No. 4120, A.D. 1875) are shewn, all as lying at the same angle
throughout their whole lengths across the planes, and as consequently extending at
the same angle across the surface of the stone which is being worked. By being
placed at an angle so as to cut inwards against the sharp corner along one edge of the
stone, they save the corner or edge from being broken or chipped; but to save the
corner along the other and opposite edge of the stone it is necessary either that
.another plane having the rows of tools lying with the angle reversed be used, or
that the stone be lifted from the table and reversed when the opposite edge is being
:worked.
The principle of these, arrangements for avoiding the chipping of the edges or
corners is that if in dressing the edge of a stone the cutting edge of the tool,
whether a chisel or any other tool is driven or wrought so as to move from the
inside of the area of a surface towards and on to or over the edge, it is apt as it
approaches the edge where there is no mass of stone behind the part on which the
force acting in the direction of the edge, and pressing downwards and outwards on
the part next the edge, to chip off a portion of the edge, whereas if the force or
'pressure of the tool is applied at or under the edge, and is driven inwards towards
the parts of the stone remote from the edge the force so applied has no tendency to
'dissever the edge or corner from the rest of the stone, but the contrary tendency,
the edge or corner being in this case supported by the mass of the stone against the
action of the force.
The second head of the present Invention consists in making a portion of the
row of tools lie at one angle across the plane, and anotlier portion of the row at the
reverse angle, or nearly so, and in connection with this arrangement I prefer to

page_text: have the first roughing tool in the first portion of the row nxed in the tool order,
so that any line drawn across the tool in the direction of its breadth will be parallel
to that portion of the row, and to have the last roughing tool in the other portion of
the row in the same relation to the portion of that row to which it belongs in which
the first tool in the other portion stands to that portion, and with regard to the
finishing tools the whole of these in the respective portions of their row must be
set in the same direction relatively to their tool holders, in which the first and last
roughing tools of the corresponding portions of the row of roughing tools stand to
their tool holders.
Under this arrangement, by merely shifting the plane across the stone after
finishing the corner at one edge of the stone (which shifting is quickly accomplished
by screwing the plane across) it can finish the other edge in an equally safe manner,
because in both cases the row of tools cuts inward against the corner.. I prefer
also that the line of the rows of tools of both kinds should lie at a more acute angle
to the line of motion of the table or the plane, whichever of these two be made to
move for the purpose of bringing the cutting edges into action upon the stone
than is shewn in the Drawings of planes in Specification No. 4120, A.D. 1875,
herein-before referred to. My reason for this preference is that the distance between
the tools when the row consists of a certain number of tools, and reaches the same
distance across the face of the stone is greater, the benefit of which arrangement is
that the risk of breaking stones by having rows of tools pressing upon the stone in
a direct line across it is greatly diminished, and the probability of breaking off a
large piece at or near the end of the stone by having a row of tools cutting all at
once in a line straight across the stone near its end is also greatly diminished.
The third head of this Invention consists in this, that instead of punching stone-
cutting tools with a punch and die having their faces at right angles across the line
of motion of the punch (supposing that motion to be perpendicularly downwards) I
form the face or cutting end of the punch plane, and at an angle or with a bevel of
about 30°, less or more, from the horizontal, and also form the face of the die at a
corresponding angle or bevel. The punch and die are so cut that when the tool to
be formed is caught between them it dips in the direction of its length, meaning
by its length its extension from the cutting edge or point of the tool to its back
edge, that is to say, the cutting edge or point is at a higher and the back edge of
the tool at a lower level. I find this method suitable for forming a cutting edge
on tools punched from thin plates of metal, and I am thus able to punch the thin
flat tools with such an acute edge that they are fit to cut stone without requiring
further sharpening.
In some cases, and particularly where the plate is thick, I either make the die
with a perpendicular piece on it above the face for the punch near its lowest point
to bear upon it to keep it from diverging from the perpendicular when in action,
or I bevel only that portion of the face of the punch and the corresponding portion of
the face of the die where the cutting edge of the tool is punched, and make the rest
of the faces of the punch and die at right angles to the line of motion of the punch.
These two portions of the faces may be joined to one another by a curved part
instead of meeting at an angle of the punch, and are cut suitably.
For round thin concave tools I make the cutting end of the punch angled, as in
the case first above mentioned, but I make the face of the punch convex instead of
plane, as in said case.
For tools of a V or segmental section, similar to those shewn at Figure 5 in the
Specification No. 3248, A.D. 1873, herein before referred to, which are very suitable
for cutting flutings, channellings, or furrows of any ordinary contour on columns,
pilasters, or analogous forms, that is to say, for tools in which the cutting edge, or
any section across the breadth of the tool have substantially the shape of a gouge
or of angle iron, and which are to be set in the holder at an angle to the face of the
stone which is being cut, and which tools are made larger or smaller, according to
the size of the flute, channelling, or furrow wanted.
.I: make the faces of both punch and die of a corresponding V or segmental.shape

page_text: so as to form the tool of that section across its breadth, and I at the same time so
angle or bevil the punch and die to form the cutting edge at one end of the V or
seginental tool that the tool when caught between the punch and die shall dip in
manner before-mentioned in the direction of its length.
Tools of the V or of a segmental section have the advantage in cutting flutings
or grooves that they are not apt to chip or splinter the corner or edge of the ridges
between the flutings or channels, because they cut at the line of the ridge down-
wards as well as forwards, and act on a principle substantially identical with that
explained under the second head of this Invention in regard to tools for dressing the
edges of plane surfaces.
Instead of making the cutting tools with an angled or square projection or piece
cut out at the back edge of them, as shewn in Figures 2 to 5 of Sheet 1 of the
Drawings, appended to the Specification No. 3248, A.D. 1873, herein-before referred
to, to keep the tools from shifting out of position sideways, I make the back edges of
the tools square, and sink a portion of them into the tool holder, which is formed
with a shallow recess for the purpose in such a way that the tools are each sup-
ported on both side edges as well as at the back edge, and I make the front cutting
edge like some one or other of the tools shewn and described in the said Specifi-
cations No. 3248, A.D. 1873, and No. 1890, A.D. 1875, both herein-before referred
to, and I make. the front cutting edge, for some purposes, of a' more or less. narrow
pointed shape, instead of round or square, that is, I make them of or similar to such
a shape or shapes as the area formed by the coincident portions of two intersecting
circles of equal size exhibits above or below the line of the common diameter drawn
through the centres of both circles of the point or points of such figure may be
rendered more obtuse.
The fourth head of this Invention consists of an improved saw formed of rectan-
gular plates of steel or iron of equal dimensions, jointed to each other by bending
joints at their front and back edges so as to form a band flexible at the joints, and
passing in an endless band round two or more drums, each having six, eight, or more
equal sides, and as many corners or angles, each side being of the size of and made
to receive one of the rectangular plates as the plates successively pass round the
drum, and the corners may be recessed to receive the joints of the saw if the joints
are made thicker than the rest of the saw.
+
Each of the rectangular pieces of the saw has fitted into one of its unjointed
edges one or more sockets or tool holders, such as are commonly used in stone-cutting
saw discs.
Either of the drums can be made to be the driving drum, and is driven by means
of a belt or other connection with the prime inover. The driving drum keeps the
flexible saw moving continuously round the drums in the same direction in the
manner of an endless chain, and the cutting edge or edges is or are thus drawn
along or across the stone to be cut. Supposing the cutting saw to be moved round
the drums in a horizontal plane, or at a constant level relatively to the surface of
the earth, the table on which the stone is fixed is screwed or otherwise moved
upwards towards or against the cutting edge or edges of the saw, so as to enable
the saw to cut down deeper and deeper into the stone as it continues to revolve
round the drums at the same height above the earth; or the drums carrying the
saw, and the frame in which the drums are fitted may be gradually moved so as to
make the saw cut gradually deeper and deeper downwards into the stone, the stone
remaining without motion.
The advantage of this improved saw over circular disc saws fitted on a central
shaft is that there is no such limit to the depth of cut as the shaft causes.
The fifth head of this Invention is a further developement of the jointed lever
system of supporting or holding stones on the tables of stone cutting or dressing
machines, and consists in having pivots on the ends of the levers,f, shewn in
Figures 1 and 3, Sheet 5 of the Drawings, appended to Specification No. 4120, A.D.
1875, to which reference has already herein been made, and levers placed at right.
angles to ff, on these pivots, and secured thereon, so as to turn up and down, and

page_text: pivots on the ends of such second set for a third set it required, and 80 on for any
further desired extension of the system.
The sixth head of this Invention, relates to a rock shearing machine, consisting in
one modification of a long beam or sprit jointed at one end to a fixed frame by a
joint, which will permit it to move from the same joint as a fixed centre upwards
or downwards in a perpendicular plane. The frame to which the sprit or beam is
jointed is formed of two or more perpendicular standards set on a framework or
platform capable of carrying the standards and sprit as a base or pedestal, and of
being moved from place to place.
The unattached end of the long beam or sprit can be raised or lowered by a chain
or rope passing over the upper end of the standards, so that it may be made to lie
horizontally, or at any angle upwards or downwards; as may be required. This
moveable beam or sprit supports a chain carrying cutting tools, which is moved by
an engine attached to the fixed frame or otherwise in the manner of an endless.
chain along the upper side of the beam, then round a pulley near to its unattached
end, and back below the under side of it. The structure is placed in front of any
quarry face or wall of rock which is to be cut or sheared, and the cut is effected by
making the cutting tools act on the rock as they pass over the free end of the sprit
or beam, and downwards along its under face.
Another modification of this head of the Invention consists in having a large
sliding block moved up and down to the perpendicular standards by a screw or
screws, or otherwise. A horizontal beam is fitted into this block, and can be moved
backwards and forwards in it a certain length. To the outer end of this beam and
below it brackets are attached, which carry a saw. It may be a saw similar
to the one partly shewn at Figure 30 of the Drawings appended to Specification
No. 1890, A.D. 1875, herein-before referred to, and worked by a revolving shaft
fitted under or at the side of the beam (if the beam is made double it might be
between the two).
Motion is communicated to this shaft through a series of bevel wheels and shafts
from an upright shaft fitted to the perpendicular standards, and noved by an
engine attached to the fixed frame, or otherwise.
Instead of a series entirely of bevel wheels part of the series may consist of a
worm and spur wheel.
The bevel wheels are made so as to be moveable at pleasure along their respective
shafts, and fitted on the shafts so as to be acted on by them, or to act upon them
through feathers on the shafts or slots in them, in which a fixed piece in the eye of
each bevel wheel slides, so that the bevel wheels have always a working connection,
whether the block is moved up or down in the standards, or whether the projecting
beam is moved outwards or inwards, in or through the large sliding block, according
as such alterations in the position of the block or the beam may be necessary in
order to bring the saw into action on the rock face to be sheared or cut.
The outer end of the beam may be supported by a wheel or wheels rolling on a
rail or rails laid on the top of the rock wherein the shear is to be made, from the
axle of which wheel or wheels the outer end of the beam will in that case hang by
a chain or screw connection, by which it may be lowered as the work of cutting
below proceeds.
If necessary a weight may be put on the outer end of the beam to press it down
to its work, or if in a tunnel it may be depressed by a screw. The beam is moved
out and in through the large sliding block by a screw or rack, and by gearing
moving up and down the upright shaft in the same way in which the bevel wheel
is moved for working the saw.
Instead of the saw before mentioned two saws may be used, such as shewn at
Figure 12 of the Drawings appended to Specification No. 3248, A.D. 1873, herein-
before referred to, fitted a few inches apart on the same short shaft, resting and
turning in plummer blocks fixed on the beam near one of its ends, and moved by
gearing fixed on the shaft between the saws or outside of one of the saws at one
side.

page_text: The thin piece of rock which the two saws leave uncut may be easily removed
by the workman or workmen attending. This is the kind of saw I would prefer,
as the power required would only be for two, very thin cuts instead of one cut
equal to the whole width of the rock to be removed.
.
Instead of the brackets supporting the saw first mentioned being attached to the 5
outer end of the beam, and the beam being moved out and in through the large
sliding block, the beam may be firmly fixed to the sliding block, and the brackets,
may be made to move in grooves in the beam by the action of a screw or other-
wise.
.
Instead of the saws mentioned any other suitable saw or drum might be used, 1
and the arrangements described. varied as required for them.
The machine may also be made double acting by having a saw or drum fitted at
both of the ends of the beam so as to cut at the side of a wall of rock standing either
at the right or left hand of the cut or shear.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said Andrew Dunlop in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 28th
February 1879.
ANDREV DUNLOP, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North Britain.
"IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY,. TOOL HOLDERS, AND TOOLS FOR CUTTING,
PLANING, OR GIVING MOULDED CONTOURS TO FREESTONE, SLATE, COAL, OR SIMILAR
SUBSTANCES, AND IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SUCH TOOLS."
:
My said Invention relates to improvements in machinery, tool holders, and tools
for cutting, planing, or giving moulded contours to freestone, slate, coal, or similar
substances, and in the manufacture of such tools, some of which improvements are
developements of the Inventions described in the Specification of a Patent granted to
William Stevenson, William Ree; and me, the said Andrew Dunlop, Numbered 3248,
A:D. 1873, and in the Specifications of Patents granted to me, the said Andrew
Dunlop and William Ree, Numbered respectively 1890 and 4120, A.D. 1875, and
some of which have also reference to stone-finishing tools described in the Specifi-
cation of a Patent granted to Archibald Munro and William Bennet Adamson,
Numbered 2034, A.D. 1871, consists,―
Firstly. Of an improved plane for executing straight or curved work, that is to
say, for levelling and smoothing or giving curved contours to stone, the said plane
consisting of two separate portions, duplicates of each other, except that the one is
intended for rough-cutting the stone, and the other partly for that, and also for
completely finishing and smoothing the stone, which portions are set in a frame or
box, one in front of the other, in such a way that the one portion can be depressed
in the box or frame while the other is raised, and vice versa, so that the one portion'
may be applied to the stone while the stone is passing under the plane in one
direction, and when the notion of the stone is reversed the portion previously in
action is lifted from the stone and the other portion depressed, so as to act on the
stone in its said reversed or return motion.
Figure 1, of the accompanying Drawing is a plan of a plane constructed according
to this part of my Invention, and Figure 2 is a side elevation, partly in section, and
Figure 3 a back elevation, partly in section, of the same.
It consists of a table A capable of travelling in either direction, as in a planing
machine, between side framings B upon vertical screws b, in which side framings.
is adjustably supported the cross head or slide C; the saddle D is supported and is
adjustable horizontally upon this cross head, its adjustinent being effected by the
screw d. This saddle D is shewn separately in plan in Figure 4. The lower part
is of a double box form, with the sides at an angle of 45° or thereabouts
with the ends. This double box or lower part of the saddle is shewn in side
elevation in Figure 5, in transverse section on the line 1, 2, Figure 4, in Figure 6,
and in plan of under side in Figure 7. In each of these boxes is fitted (so as to be
capable of rising and falling therein) a tool holder block. These blocks are repre-
sented separately in plan of upper side and side elevation respectively in Figures 8
and 9, where they are marked E and E¹. Each of these blocks is provided with
two pivots e, c, one on either side of each block. Upon the sides of the box-like
lower part of the saddle D are pivots d', d, upon each of which is mounted at its
centre, and so as to be free to turn or oscillate, a short beam F. The pivot e on
one side of the block E is supported in one end of the beam F on the one side, and
the pivote of the block E' on the same side is supported in the other end of the
same beam. The pivots e on the other sides of the blocks E, E', are in like manner:
supported in the ends respectively of the other beam F upon that side.
The holes in the beams F, through which the pivots e pass, are of oblong or oval
form to allow the necessary play to the attachment when the beam oscillates, as
herein-after described, and slots are formed in the sides of the boxes for the pivots e
to pass through. Upon each side of the upper part of the blocks E, E¹, are

page_text: inclines e¹, those on one block being in opposite directions to those on the other
block, and sliding in and through both the boxes of the saddle in which the said
blocks slide are bars G, one. on either side of the said boxes. One of these bars is
shewn separately in side elevation in Figure 10.
す
Figure 10 is a side elevation of the lower part of the saddle with the blocks E, E¹,
supported therein by the beams F. The bars G are attached by a cross piece g (see
Figures 1 and 3), which slides upon or between stationary bars H bolted to the
Baddle D.
."
. .The. tool holder blocks E, E¹, have dovetail grooves in the under sides at an
angle corresponding to the sides of the saddle boxes, that is to say, at a considerable.
angle with the side of the table (and consequently to the sides of the stone being
dressed), the angle being preferably one of 45° or thereabouts. Into these grooves
are slidden tool holders, consisting of castings with dovetail tops corresponding to
the dovetail grooves in the blocks E, E'.
Figure 11 is a plan of top side, and Figure 12 a front elevation of one of such a
tool holder.
The cutting tools and scrapers which these holders carry are fixed thereinto in
the manner to be herein-after described.
Figure 13 is a diagram indicating in plan the position of the tools relatively
with the stone, the lines I representing the sides of the stone being dressed. The
series of tools held in the block E, that is to say, those marked 1, 2; in the diagram,
Figure 13, are brought into contact with the stone, so as to operate upon it when it;
is travelling beneath them in one direction, and rough, trim, level, or fashion the
stone, and thereafter when the stone travels in the reverse direction the tools held
in the block E¹, that is to say, those marked 3, 4, in the diagram, Figure 13, are
brought into contact with the stone, and the other tools (1, 2,) raised out of
action.
The tools of the series Nos. 1 and 2 acting first upon the stone are roughing tools
and those of series No. 1 may be of the form shewn in side and front views
respectively in Figures 14 and 15, and those of the series No. 2 may be of the form
shewn in the similar views, Figures 16 and 17.
The tools of the series Nos. 3 and 4 are for the finishing process, and those of
the series No. 3 may be of the form shewn in Figures 18, and 19, and No. 4 will be
a continuous scraping edge; this tool, No. 4, is shewn in plan in Figure 20, and in
front view in Figure 21.
Figures 22 and 23 are a cross section and a partial front elevation drawn to a
larger scale.
"I will now explain the means I employ for causing the tool holder blocks E, E¹,
to be lowered into operation and raised out of operation, that is to say, for lowering
the block E, so that its tools are brought into action, and simultaneously raising
the block E', so that its tools are out of action when the stone is travelling there-
under in the direction of the arrow in Figure 2, and for lowering the block E', so
that its tools are in action, and for raising the block E, so that its tools are out of
action on the movement of the stone in the reverse direction.
Presuming that the bars G are in such a position that the inclines thereon are,
pressed forward over the inclines on the top of the block E, so as to press down.
the said block into the position shewn at Figures 2 and 10b, so that the tools (series
Nos. 1 and 2 of the diagram, Figures 13), will act upon and rough, trim, or fashion
the stone: When the whole of the top surface of the stone has travelled under the tools
of the block E, and been acted upon thereby, a projection i upon the table will come
into contact with a horn j, keyed upon and projecting from a vertical shaft, thus
giving a motion of partial rotation to the said shaft and through the arms, pulling
forward a slider in slides . Extending across the machine is a squared shaft (,
supported by and capable of turning in brackets U projecting from the cross head,
and also in brackets projecting from the saddle D. The shaft passes through
square eyes in round bushes in the said brackets 16, so that the shaft can turn in
the brackets, and at the same time the bushes can slide along the shaft 7, when the

page_text: saddle D and its attachments are screwed across the machine on the cross slide.C.
This rod carries an arm having a square eye, and fitted to slide along the square
shaft when the saddle if shifted, as aforesaid. When the rod is turned, this arm
engages in a notch or opening in the cross piece g of the bars G. The end of the
rod has a crank arm 13 thereon a pin l, from which arm enters a block capable
of sliding vertically in guides in the slider 2. Thus, when as aforesaid the pro-
jection causes the slider to be brought forward the shaft is turned, and the
armenters the notch or opening in the cross piece g and draws back the bars G,
and causes their inclines to bear upon the inclines on the top of the block. E',
whereby that block is lowered and its tools operate upon the stone during its
reverse traverse, the block E being caused through the beams to rise, this rising.
being allowed by the inclines of the bars G having been brought (by the movement
of the bars G) from over the inclines on the top of the block E. The reverse move-
ment of the bars when the table has completed its travel in the reverse direction
is effected through the same mechanism operating the arm, but in the reverse
direction, the mechanisin being operated by a projection similar to that i. but at.
the other end of the table, but not shewn in the Drawing; which projection, at the
completion of the travel of the table, cones. against the horn j¹ and turns the
shaft k.
In order to lock the bars G firmly in position, so as to prevent the rising of the
tools which are in action, I employ the mechanism shewn in Figures 24. to 28;
Figures 24, 25, and 26, shewing a longitudinal section of that part of the machine
where the locking is effected, and of the locking mechanisın; Figure 27 being a
horizontal section, and Figure 28 a transverse section of the said parts. Attached'
to the before inentioned arm 12 by links is a piece m, whose central part m
slides in a vertical slot in the cross piece g which connects the sliding bars G, the
side parts m being clear of this part and immediately underneath the fixed' bars H, H.
These side parts m engage in notches p or p' in the fixed bars H, according to which
position the bars G are in, thus locking the bars G and H together, owing to the
part m, which engages in the cross picce g of the bars G, and the parts m, which
engage with the notches p, p', being in one piece. The arm 2 being turned, as before
described, so that it engages with the notch or opening in the piece to move the
bars G (this notch or opening is marked n in Figures 24, 25, and 26) forward or
backward when the said arm is just about to engage with the notch or opening n,
the parts m are released from the one notch p or p' (say the notch p¹), and the.
arm is at liberty to move the released bars G forward by engaging in the notch
or opening n.
Figure 24 represents the position when the arm 12 is at half its stroke.
Figure 25 represents the arm
pieces m about to engage with the
Figures 26 represents the arm as having completed its stroke and driven for-
ward the bars G, and locked them in position by bringing up (by means of the
links) the piece m, m³, so that the side parts m engage in the notches p of the
fixed bars H.
just emerging from the notch n, and the side
other notches 27.
Instead of lowering the before-described tool holders by inclines they may be
lowered by other mechanical.contrivances, such as right and left hand screws, or by
cams.
In general the finishing of a stone will be completed by the stone being passed.
once below the portion of the plane carrying the rough cutting tools and back
below the portion of the plane carrying the finishing tools; but if it is found that:
the stone will require more than one rough cut to prepare it for being subjected to
the action of the finishing tools the finishing tool holders may be drawn out of the..
grooves in the block E¹, in which they are set, and replaced by roughing tools,
which with the first roughing tools, operate until the roughing work is finished.
I do not limit myself to the apparatus for locking the bars G, as other equivalent.
arrangements may be used.

page_text: In the planes described in the Specification No. 4120, A.D. 1875, herein-before
referred to, the rows both of the tools for rough work and of the tools for scraping
or finishing (the latter being of the kind described in connection with and forming
part of barrels in cutting machines described in the Specification No. 2034, A.D.
1871, herein-before referred to, and adapted and applied to planing machines in the
said Specification, No. 4120, A.D. 1875), are shewn all as lying at the same angle
throughout their whole lengths across the planes, and as consequently extending at
the same angle across the surface of the stone which.is being worked. By being
placed at an angle, so as to cut inwards against the sharp corner along one edge of
the stone, they save the corner or edge from being broken or chipped. But to save
the corner along the other and opposite edge of the stone it is necessary either that
another plane having the rows of tools lying with the angle reversed be used, or that
the stone be lifted from the table and reversed when the opposite edge is being worked.
The principle of these arrangements for avoiding the chipping of the edges or
corners is that if in dressing the edge of a stone the cutting edge of the tool,
whether a chisel or any other tool, is driven or wrought so as to move from the
inside of the area of a surface towards and on to or over the edge it is apt as it
approaches the edge where there is no mass of stone behind the part on which
the force acting in the direction of the edge, and pressing downwards and outwards
on the part next the edge, to chip off a portion of the edge, whereas if the force or
pressure of the tool is applied at or under the edge, and is directed inwards towards
the parts of the stone remote from the edge, the force so applied has no tendency
to dissever the edge or corner from the rest of the stone, but the contrary tendency,
the edge or corner being in this case supported by the mass of the stone against
the action of the force.
The second head of my present Invention consists in making a portion of the.
row of tools lie at one angle across the plane and another portion of the row at the
reverse angle (that is to say, at right angles to the other portion), or nearly so, and
in connection with this arrangement I prefer to have the first roughing, tool in the
first portion, or at one end of the row or series of tools fixed in the tool holder, so
that any line drawn across the tool in the direction of its breadth will be parallel to
that portion of the row, that is to say, the breadth of this tool is in the same direction
or at the same angle as the series of tools cutting the main surface of the stone;
and to have the last roughing tool in the other portion or at the other end of the
row or series, in the same relation to a line parallel with the direction of motion of
the stone which the tool at the other end of the row or series bears to such, a line;
and with regard to the finishing tools or scrapers the whole of these in the
respective and corresponding portions of their row must be set in the same direction
relatively to the line of motion of the stone which the first and last roughing tools
bear to that line.
Under this arrangement in cutting stone wider than can be acted on at one
operation, by merely shifting the plane across the stone after finishing the corner at
one edge of the stone (which shifting is quickly accomplished by screwing, the
saddle D along, cross head C) it can finish the other edge in an equally safe manner,
because in both cases the row of tools cuts inward against the corner. I prefor
also that the line of the rows of tools of both kinds shall lie at a moro acute angle
to the line of motion of the table or the plane, whichever of these two be made to
move for the purpose of bringing the cutting edges into action upon the stone than
is shewn in the Drawings of planes in Specification No. 4120, A.D. 1875, herein-
before referred to. My reason for this preference is that the distances between the
tools, when the row consists of a certain number of tools and reaches the same
distance across the face of the stone, is greater, the benefit of which arrangement
is that the risk of breaking stones by having rows of tools pressing upon the stone
in a direct line across it is greatly diminished, and the risk of breaking off a large
piece at or near the end of a stone by having a row of tools cutting all at once in
a line straight across the stone near its end is also greatly diminished.

page_text: Figures 11 and 12 shew a row of roughing tools; and Figures 20 and 21, a
finishing tool or scraper arranged so as to give the beneficial effects before named.
The diagram, Figure 13, indicates the angle, or about the angle, with the sides
of the stone which I prefer the general body or line of. tools to have, and the said
Figure also indicates the relative positions of the end tools, 2, I, indicating the
edges of the stone under operation, by which it will be seen that as the stone
travels under the tools the end tools z exert their force inwards against the
resistance of the main body of the stone.
The tools, instead of being arranged in one line, as described, may be arranged in
a V form, as shewn by the diagram, Figure 29; where q represents the rows of
roughing tools, and q' the rows of finishing tools, the lines I indicating the edges
of the stone under treatment. Where the stone is to be cut with flutings or
channels upon its surface, or of a figure other than a plane surface, the tools will of
course be arranged at such distances above and below each other as will give the
required figure, and in this case (as well as in the case of plane-surface cutting) in.
place of the tools being held by holders, constituting one casting, the holder for
each tool, or any desired number or combination of them, may be formed separate:
with dovetail pieces at their tops, so that they may be slidden into the grooves in,
the tool holder blocks in any desired combination.
Figures 30 and 31 represent respectively a set of first roughing tools and a set of
finishing tool or scraper arranged for cutting mouldings. The other rows of tools
will of course be arranged with their cutting edges at such distances above and
below each other as will correspond with the elevation or depression (at the line in
which they operate) of the moulding to be cut.
The rows of tools will be arranged, each succeeding row a slight distance below
the preceding row, that is to say (referring to the diagram, Figure 13), the
series No. 2 will be slightly lower than the series No. 1, No. 3 lower than No. 2,
and the scraper No. 4 still lower, the difference between Nos. 1 and 2 being
greatest, and that between Nos. 3 and 4 least. The roughing & the finishing or
scraping tools are set in their holders inclined in the direction of their breadth to the
surface upon which they operate, as will be understood by reference to Figures 14,
16, 18, and 22.
The third head of my present Invention consists in this, that instead of punching
stone-cutting tools with a punch and die having their faces at right angles to the
line of motion of the punch (presuming that motion to be perpendicularly down-
wards), I form the face or cutting end of the punch at an angle or with a bevel of
about 30°, less or more, from the horizontal, and also form the face of thie die at a
corresponding angle or bevel.
Figure 32 illustrates a punch in side elevation and a die in section, formed
according to my Invention; Figure 33 is a plan of the die. The punch and die
are so angled that when the metal from which the tool is to be formed is caught
between them it dips in the direction of its length, meaning by its length its
extension from the cutting edge or point of the tool to its back edge, that is to say,
the cutting edge or point is at a higher. and the back edge of the tool at a lower
level, or vice versa, so that the angle of the cutting edge and back of the tool (or of
the cutting edge only) with the sides correspond (or corresponds) with the angle of
the acting parts of the punch and die with the line of motion of the punch.
Figures 34 and 35 represent in plan and side elevation a tool formed by the
punch and die, Figures 32 and 33. I find this method of punching the tools suitable
for forming a cutting edge on tools punched from thin plates of metal, and I au
thus able to punch the thin flat tools for sawing or cutting and planing and moulding
purposes, with such an acute edge that they are fit for use without requiring
further sharpening.
Figure 36 is an. elevation of a punch and a section of a die of a slightly modified
form for stamping a tool of the form shewn in plan in Figure 38, and transverse
section in Figure 39, that is, a tool of a cup shape, and with a notch therein to

page_text: steady it when fixed in its holder, or the punch and die may be formed to give a
projection on the tool for the same prrpose; Figure 37 is a plan of the die.
In some cases, and particularly where the plate from which the tool is to be cut
is thick, I make the die with a perpendicular piece on it above the face for the
punch, near its lowest point, to bear upon to keep it from diverging from the per-
pendicular when in action.
Figures 40 and 41 represent in elevation a punch, and in elevation and section
respectively a die so formed, in which the perpendicular piece for guiding the punch
is marked ; Figure 42 is a plan of the die. An opening 8 is made in the die for
the passage of the strips after the tools are punched therefrom.
Instead of making the whole of the acting surfaces of the punch and die at an
angle, as described, I may bevel or angle only that portion of the face of the punch
and the corresponding portion of the face of the die where the cutting edge of the
tool is punched, and make the rest of the faces of the punch and die at right angles
to the line of motion of the punch. These two portions of the faces may be joined
to one another by a curved part, instead of meeting at an angle of the punch, and
are cut suitably or correspondingly. The punch and die, Figures 40, 41, and 42, are
of this formation, and the tool made by it will have an incline or bevel on one
edge only.
For round thin concave tools I make the cutting end of the punch angled, as in
the case first above mentioned, but I make the face of the punch convex (as in
Figure 36) instead of plane, as in said case.
.
For tools of a V or segmental section; similar to those shewn at Figure 5, in the
Specification No. 3248, A.D. 1873, herein-before referred to, and various forms of
which are illustrated in the transverse sections, Figure 49 of the accompanying
Drawings, which tools are very suitable for cutting flutings, channellings, or furrows
of any ordinary contour on columns, pilasters, or analogous forms, that is to say,
for tools in which the cutting edge or any section across the breadth of the tool
have substantially the shape of a gouge or of angle iron, and which are to be set
in the holder at an angle other than a right angle to the face of the stone which is
being cut, and which tools are made larger or smaller, according to the size of the
flute, channelling, or furrow wanted.
I make the faces of both punch and die of a corresponding V or segmental shape,
so as to form the tool of that section across its breadth; I at the same time so
angling or bevelling the punch and die, as herein-before described, as to form the
cutting edge at one end of the V or segmental tool, that the metal from which the
tool is to be stamped when caught between the punch and die shall dip in manner
before mentioned in the direction of its length.
Tools of the V or of a segmental section have the advantage in cutting flutings
or grooves, that they are not apt to chip or splinter the corner or edge of the ridges
between the flutings or channels, because they cut at the line of the ridge down-
wards as well as forwards, and act on a principle substantially identical with that
explained under the second head of my present Invention in regard to tools for
dressing the edges of plane surfaces.
For planing or moulding purposes, instead of making the cutting tools with an
angled or square projection, or with a piece cut out at the back edge of them, as
shewn in Figures 2 to 5 of Sheet 1 of the Drawings appended to the Specification,
No. 3248, A.D. 1873, herein-before referred to, and as shewn in Figures 38 and 39
of the accompanying Drawings, to keep the tools from shifting out of position side-
ways, I make the back edges of the tools square or straight, and sink a portion of
them into the tool holder which is formed with a shallow recess for the purpose,
in such a way that the tools are each supported on one of their or on both their
side edges as well as at the back edge. This will be understood by reference to
the sections of tool holders, Figures 14, 16, and 18, where the dotted lines at t
shew the tools sunk in recesses in the tool holders, which recesses are of a shape
corresponding-to the shape of the rear part of the said tools.

page_text: The tools are secured in position by plates v overlapping the tools and tightened
up thereto (so as to hold them firmly in position) by bolts and nuts u passing
through the said plates and the tool holder, as shewn at v¹ in Figure 22, the
plates may be steadied by a projection upon them entering a recess in the tool
holder.
I make the front cutting edge of the tools like some one or other of the tools
shewn and described in the said Specifications No. 3248, A.D. 1873, and No. 1890,
A.D. 1875, both herein-before referred to, and I make the front cutting edge for
some purposes, for instance, for roughing of a more or less narrow pointed shape
instead of round or square, that is, I make them of or similar to such a shape or
shapes as the area formed by the coincident portions of two intersecting circles of
equal size exhibits above or below the line of the common diameter drawn through
the centres of both circles.
Figures 46, 47, and 48 illustrate tools of this form with their corresponding sido
elevations. The point or points of such figure inay be rendered more obtuse.
Figures 43, 44, and 45 illustrate various forms of tools suitable for fixing in
corresponding recesses in holders, as herein-before described.
The tools illustrated in Figures 43 to 48, being angled or bevelled on both back and
front edges, give two cutting edges so that the tool may be reversed in the holder.
The fourth head of my Invention consists of an improved saw, which is illus-.
trated in side elevation in Figure 50, and in plan, partly in section, in Figure 51 of
the accompanying Drawings. The saw is marked a and is formed of rectangular
plates of steel or iron of equal dimensions, jointed to each other by bending joints a¹,
so as to form a band flexible at the joints and passing in an endless band round
polygonal wheels or drums b and b, each side being of the size of and made to
receive one of the rectangular plates as the plates successively pass round the drum,
and the corners may be recessed to receive the joints of the saw if the joints are
made thicker than the rest of the saw. The joints a shewn in the Drawing are
hinged joints, all being pinned as shewn at x, with regard to, one joint. The
wheels b, b', are provided with sprocket teeth, which take into holes formed in the
plates of the saw.
Each of the plates of the saw has fitted into its lower edge one or more sockets
or tool holders a³, fitted with tools, and such as are commonly used in stone-cutting,
saw discs.
The drums b and b₁ are keyed upon shafts c and c', turning in bearings d, one
of which may have a screw adjustinent, as at w, held between the cheeks of the
side framing A. These shafts are screwed as shewn, and that c is extended beyond
the cheeks A, and has keyed to it a driving pulley C which is driven by means of
a belt or other connection with the prime mover. The driving drum b. keeps the
flexible saw moving continuously round the drums in the same direction in the
manner of an endless chain, and the cutting edge or edges is or are thus drawn
along or across the stone to be cut, which stone is mounted upon the table D,
formed with lugs D', whose interiors have formed therein-female screws which run
upon the screws of the shafts c and c', the said lugs fitting between and being
guided and supported by the cheeks A. Thus, as the shaft c is driven, it, through
the saw, drives the shaft c¹, the revolution of the screws upon the said shafts causing.
the table to be raised to the saw as the sawing proceeds. The saw has the requisite
firmness given to it by the plate E, which is bolted to distance pieces.e attached to..
the cheeks A, so that it is situated immediately over the saw. This plate is of or
about the same thickness as the plates of the saw, and has in its under side a V.
(or equivalently shaped) groove, in which engages and runs the upper part of the
saw which is correspondingly formed.
Figure 52 is a transverse section of the saw and plate illustrating this clearly.
The plate E and saw plates a, it will be seen from this Figure, are of less width.
than the cutting tools, so that the stone as it is cut will pass upward without being
obstructed by the saw or by the plate. E..

page_text: In place of the table D being caused to travel upwards it may be stationary, and
the drums b, b, may be mounted so as to travel upon the screws of the shafts c, c';
so as to cut gradually deeper and deeper downwards into the stone which remains
stationary.
Rectangular plates, as shewn for the saw, are the most convenient as giving a
strong joint, but other equivalent arrangements or forms of plates may be used.
The advantage of this improved saw over circular disc saws fitted on a central
shaft is that there is no such limit to the depth of cut as the shaft causes.
The fifth head of this Invention.is a further developement of the jointed lever
system of supporting or holding stones on the tables of stone cutting or dressing
machines, and consists in having pivots on the end of the gripping or holding
levers, shewn in Figures 1 and 3, Sheet 5 of the Drawings appended to the
Specification of the Patent No. 4120, A.D. 1875; to which reference has already
herein been made, and levers placed at right angles to f, f, on these pivots and
secured thereon so as to turn up and down if required, pivots on the ends of such
second set for a third set, and so on for any further desired extension of the system,
so as to cause them to accommodate theinselves to the shape of the stone so that their
bearing points all bear upon the stone. One of these gripping levers f, f, with the
pivotted levers (marked f¹, f¹) is shewn in plan in Figure 53 of the Drawings
accompanying this Specification.
The projections on which the stone rests may be on the upper side of the ends of
these levers f, f', or the ends of these levers may have pivots formed thereon which
support levers f, f, which will have projections at the ends of their upper side for
the stone to rest upon. The pivots are marked f³.
The sixth head of this Invention relates to a rock-shearing machine which is
designed to supersede the operation of shearing in quarries as at present performed
by hand. It consists in one modification of a long beam or sprit jointed at one end
to a fixed frame by a joint which will permit it to inove from the same joint as a
fixed centre upwards or downwards in a perpendicular plane. This moveable beam
or sprit supports a chain carrying cutting tools, which chain is caused to travel by
an engine in the manner of an endless chain along the upper side. of the. beam or
sprit, then round a pulley near its unattached end, and back below the under side
of it.
Figure 54 illustrates in side elevation with one of the standards removed, and
Figure 55 in back elevation an apparatus constructed according to this part of my
Invention.
Between the two side standards or framings A, A, is a plummer block a in which
turn two hollow trunnions b, b, to one of which is attached the plate c, and to the
other the toothed quadrant d. Between these, and bolted to them, is the beam or
sprit B, preferably of cast iron, to the sides of which are bolted wrought-iron
plates e, as shewn in the transverse section Figure 56, so as to form a groove e for
the chain saw or series of shearing tools, a part of which is represented in side
elevation in Figure 57, and in front elevation in Figure 58. Figure 59 represents the
said part at right angles to the view, Figure 58, the tools being removed. This
chain is not shewn in Figures 54 and 55, but it will be understood that it passes
around the edge of the beam or sprit B running in the groove et, and over the
wheels and e. The said chains consist of alternate double and single links to which
are attached the slearing tools f. At its upper part the. beam or sprit carries a
polygonal wheel e² mounted between two wrought-iron plates e¹ in line with the
plates e.
has
The shaft g by which the machine is driven from any suitable motive power
upon it, between the trunnions b and in line with the beam or sprit, a polygonal.
wheel es, illustrated separately in side elevation and section respectively in Figures 59
and 60. It consists of a cast-iron central part and wrought-iron, side plates
corresponding in width with the widths of the body part and side plates of the
beam or sprit as shewn in the section, Figure 56.

page_text: The chain of shearing, tools has on every single link projections f¹ which take
into corresponding recesses in the wheel e³, and it may be also into similar
recesses in the wheel e. Thus as the shaft g is driven the chain of shearing tools is
caused to travel round the wheels e, e³, and being brought up to the face or wall of
rock which is to be cut or sheared they cut into the said rock, the beam or sprit
being lowered as it makes its cut by means of the pinion on the driving shaft g,
which through the gearing i, i, turning in bearings attachod to the standard A
causes the pinion to actuate the toothed quadrant d, and slowly lower the beam or
sprit (which is bolted thereto) as the shearing proceeds, the tools f making a cut of
such width that the beam or sprit enters thereinto as the shearing proceeds.
Another modification of this head of the Invention consists in having a large
sliding block moveable up and down perpendicular standards. A horizontal beam
is fitted into this block and can be moved backwards and forwards in it. To the
outer end of this beam, and below it, brackets are attached which carry a saw. It
may be a saw similar to the one partly shewn at Figure 30 of the Drawings
appended to Specification No. 1890, A.D. 1875, herein-before referred to,
Figure 61 represents in vertical section an apparatus constructed according to
this part of my Invention.
Figure. 62 is a transverse vertical section taken on the line 1, 2, Figure 61.
Figure 63 is a horizontal section taken on the line 3, 4, Figure. 61.
A, A, indicates standards constituting a framing of guides, between which slides
a box or casing B having a thick metal top b, and bottom b', and side b², so as to
.constitute a sliding block. Sliding horizontally through the side b' is a beam C
carrying upon a short cross shaft c' and a saw c.
This saw is caused to revolve by the following arrangement:-D represents a
vertical shaft extending through the top and bottom metal b, b¹, of the box B' and
supported in a footstep bearing & and a bearing at the top of the standards A. This
shaft carries inside the box B a bevel wheel d' which gears with a bevel wheel e upon
a short shaft supported in bearings e¹. This shaft carries a toothed wheel e² which
gears into another toothed wheel f fixed to a screwed shaft F by means of a feather
engaging in a groove in the said shaft F. This screwed shaft works in a female
screw in the standard fi. The shaft F extends outwards parallel with the beam C,
being supported at its outer end in a bracket f2. The said shaft F has fixed at its
outer end a bevel wheel f³ which gears with a bevel wheel cupon the shaft c'
carrying the saw c. Thus when the shaft D is driven from any suitable engine or
source of power through the pinions d², the screwed shaft F is rotated through the
bevel wheel d' engaging with the wheel e and transmitting motion to the said shaft F
through the toothed wheels e, f. The pinion f³, engaging with the pinion c² give a
rotatory motion to the saw c. As the shaft F revolves (it being screwed as aforesaid) it
runs in the nut f' and traverses the beam C (and consequently the saw), the said
shaft F being connected to the said beam by the bracket f³.
In Figure 61 G represents the rock to be cut. The standards A are brought up
to the rock face, and the beam C is 'at such an elevation as shewn, and at such a
distance above the top surface of the rock as to allow the saw c to make a cut into
the said rock, which, cut is made by the rotation of the saw and the simultaneous
traverse thereof effected as before described. When a cut is completed the box B,
and consequently the beam. C and saw c, are lowered into position for the next cut
by means of the shaft H (supported in bearings at top and bottom of the standards A)
which has a screw formed thereon, the said screw working in female screws formed
in the top and bottom b, b', of the box B., The shaft H is driven when it is
required to alter the elevation of the saw c by means of the engaging pinions h¹, h³,
respectively upon the shaft H and upon a shaft driven by an engine or from other
source of power.
The pinion is attached to the shaft D by a feather thereon
engaging in a groove in the said shaft D so as to allow of the raising and lowering
of the box B. The saw c is preferably so connected to its shaft c' that its outer.
side is flush therewith and without projections, so that the saw inay be brought up
close to the side face of a rock... Of course after each shear or cut has been made
C.
.

page_text: the rock will be quarried out before making the next cut with the apparatus.
Other gearing than the toothed gearing described may be employed if desired; such,
for instance, as worn and worm wheel gearing.
In the Drawings I have shewn the saws c as being double, that is to say, as
consisting of two saws, which may be such as that shewn at Figure-12 of the
Drawings appended to the Specification No. 3248, A.D. 1873, berein-before referred
to; they are fitted a few inches apart on the same short shaft c¹.
The thin piece of rock which the two saws leave uncut may be easily removed
by the workman or workmen attending. A single saw may however be used, but
the double one is the kind I would prefer as the power required would only be for
two very thin cuts, instead of one cut, equal to the whole width of the rock to be
removed.
Instead of the brackets supporting the saw first mentioned being attached to the
outer end of the beam, and the beam C being moved out and in through the large
sliding block or box B, the said beam may be firmly fixed to the said block, and the
brackets may be made to move in grooves in the beam by the action of a screw or
⚫ otherwise, essentially as herein-before described with regard to the arrangement
⚫illustrated.
.
Instead of the saws mentioned any other suitable saw or drum may be used, such
modifications in the attachment of the said saws being made as may be necessary.
As the saw at one end of the beam C is flush and can be used only at one side
(say the right-hand side), close to a wall of rock standing higher than the cut or
shear, in order to cut or shear on the opposite side (say the left-hand side), another
saw may be fixed to the other end of the beam C (both saws having their flush
sides on the same side of the beam), which beam will project the requisite distance
from the other side of the block or box B to allow of the motion of the beain.
When one cut or shear on one side has been made the apparatus being moved along
to the other side the bean will be reversed, the saw which was at the rear being
brought to the front, its flush side being in the new position of the beam on the
side of the beam the reverse of that on which the flush side of the other saw was
situated. This second saw can thus cut up close to a wall of rock on the opposite
side to that cut by the first saw.
Instead of employing a saw at the end of the beam a bracket or brackets could
be attached to the end or ends of the said beam and have a series of tools fixed on
them, each tool in rear of the other or preceding one being fixed in a position to
cut deeper than such preceding one. The beam being moved forward in the manner
before described the tools will shear the rock.
The standards of both the apparatus, Figures 54 and 55, and 61, 62, and 63, may
be bound together by distance pieces and bolts, so that they can be easily separated
for removal and re-erection; and they may be supported, when in position, by stays
or struts arranged in any convenient manner.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of my said
Invention, and the system, moode, or manner in or under which the same is or may
be used or practically carried into effect, I would observe in conclusion that, with
regard to the planing machine described in Figures 1, 2, and 3 of the accompanying
Drawings, I do not claim the table A which carries the stone, nor the framings B,
nor the cross head C, nor the gearing by which the cross head is raised and lowered,
and the saddle moved horizontally thereon, these features being well known and
cominon to planing machines; but what I consider to be novel and original, and
therefore claim as the Invention secured to me by the herein-before in part recited
Letters Patent is,-
First. The arrangement and combination of parts constituting the new or
improved plane for cutting, planing, or giving moulded contours to freestone, slate,
coal, or similar substances herein-before described, and illustrated in Figures 1, 2,
and 3 of the accompanying Drawings, but subject to the disclaimer contained in
the last preceding.clause.
.
Second. The herein-before described construction of the saddle (D) of stone-'

page_text: "
cutting, dressing, and planing machines; that is to say, constructing sucli saddle at
its bottom of a box form for the reception and adjustment of the holders of the
dressing, cutting, or planing tools.
Third.. Mounting the tools of stone cutting, dressing, and planing machines in
the box-like part of the saddle (D) referred to in the preceding claiming clause, so
that the roughing tools can be lowered to position for work, and the finishing tools
simultaneously raised out of position for work, or vice versa, essentially as and for
the purpose herein-before described. Also the arrangement of mechanism for
effecting the said raising and lowering of the tools or any essentially similar
mechanism..
Fourth. Arranging the rows or series of roughing and finishing tools of stone
cutting, dressing, and planing machines, and the end tools (Z) of such series, so that
they have such relative angular position with regard to cach other, and with regard
to the line of motion of the stone or substance being cut that the draught of the
cut at the edges is in a direction from the edges inwards in order to prevent the
destruction of the said edges, essentially as herein-before described with reference
to Figures 11, 12, 13, 20, 21, 29 of the accompanying Drawings.
Fifth. The construction of punches and dies for stamping out stone dressing,
cutting, or planing tools herein-before described with reference to Figures 32, 33,
36, 37, 40, 41, and 42 of the accompanying Drawings; that is to say, making the
whole or part of the acting and cutting parts thereof at an angle other than a right
angle with the line of motion of the punch for the purpose of cutting the tools
with bevelled or inclined edges, as herein-before set forth.
Sixth. Forming dies for stamping stone dressing, cutting, or planing tools with a
bearing and guiding surface (7) parallel with the line of motion of the punch for
the purpose described with reference to Figures 40, 41, and 42 of the accompanying
Drawings.
Seventh. The construction of tool holders herein-before described, and illustrated
in Figures 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, and 19 of the accompanying Drawings; that is to say,
forming such tool holders with a recess or recesses for the reception of the tools, so
as to afford a side bearing or side bearings to firmly support in position the said
tools.
Eighth. The improved tools herein-before described, and illustrated in Figures 43
to 49 of the accompanying Drawings; that is to say, wherein two opposite edges
are cutting edges, and which may be used for planing or cutting straight or curved
surfaces, as set forth.
Ninth. The arrangement and combination of parts constituting the apparatus for
sawing stone or other substances herein-before described, and illustrated in Figures
50, 51, and 52 of the accompanying Drawings, whether such apparatus be con-
structed so that the saw in operating moves to the stone or the stone moves to the saw.
Tenth. The linked saw illustrated and described (in connection with the apparatus
referred to in the preceding claiming clause), wherein the special features are, that
the cutters are carried upon one of those edges of the saw which the joints of the
links do not allow to bend edgeways, the opposite edge of the saw (that also being
an edge of the saw which the joints thereof do not allow to bend edgeways) being
formed of a V or equivalent shape to move along a V or equivalent groove in the
edge of a plate fixed to and forming part of the machine, all essentially as or in a
manner equivalent to that herein-before described, and illustrated in the accom-
panying Drawings.
Eleventh. The improved jointed gripping levers, as described with reference to
Figure 53 of the accompanying Drawings, for supporting stone or similar substances
in cutting, planing, or dressing machines, and wherein the joints at the parts
marked ƒ³ are moveable for the purpose described.
Twelfth. The arrangement and combination of parts constituting the rock-
shearing machine, essentially as illustrated in and described with reference to
Figures 54 to 60 (both inclusive) of the accompanying Drawings.

page_text: Thirteenth. The arrangement and combination of parts constituting the rock-
shearing machine, essentially as described with reference to Figures 61, 62, and 63
of the accompanying Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said Andrew Dunlop, have hereunto set my hand
and seal, this Twenty-sixth day of February, in the year of our Lord One;
thousand eight hundred and seventy-nine.
ANDREW DUNLOP. (L.S.)