IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BRASS AND COPPER TUBES
Year: 1841

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, CHARLES
GREEN, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, Gold Plater, send greeting.
WHEREAS I did by Petition humbly represent unto Her present most
Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, that after considerable application and
expence, I had invented "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BRASS AND
COPPER TUBES," and Her said Majesty, being willing to give encouragement to
all arts and inventions which may be for the public good, was graciously
pleased by Her Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the
Eighth day of February last (One thousand eight hundred and forty-one), in
the fourth year of Her reign, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, to give
and grant unto me, the said Charles Green, my exors, admors, and assigns,
Her especial licence, full power, sole privilege and authority, that I, or they,
by myself or themselves, or by my or their deputies, servants or agents, or such
others as I or they should agree with, and no others, during the term of
fourteen years from the date of the said Letters Patent, should and lawfully
might make, use, exercise, and vend my said Invention within that part of
Her said Majesty's Dominions called England, Her Dominion of Wales, aud
the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, in such manner as to me, my exors, aduiors,
and assigns, shall seem meet, and as that I or they shall enjoy the whole profit
and advantage arising by reason of the said Invention during the said term of
fourteen years; and for that end, Her said Majesty requires, and strictly
commands all Her subjects whatsoever, within England, Wales, and Berwick-

page_text: upon-Tweed, aforesaid, that they shall not, neither directly nor indirectly,
make, use, or put in practice my said Invention, or any part thereof, nor in
anywise counterfeit, imitate, or resemble the same, nor make any addition
thereto, or subtraction therefrom, whereby to pretend himself or themselves to
be the inventor or inventors thereof; and whereas the said Letters Patent
contain a proviso obliging me, the said Charles Green, particularly to describe
and ascertain the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, and
to cause the same to be inrolled in Her Majesty's High Court of Chancery
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said in.
part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being thereunto
had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Charles Green, do hereby declare that my said Invention is described and
ascertained in manner following, and by the aid of five Sheets of Drawings
hereunto annexed (that is to say):
My improvements in the manufacture of brass and copper tubes consist in
the four several improvements (hereinafter described) upon a certain mode of
manufacturing brass and copper tubing without joint or seam, for which said
mode Letters Patent for England were granted to me, by Her said Majesty,
on the Twenty-seventh day of June, One thousand eight hundred and thirty-
eight, in the second year of Her reign, and which said mode is fully described
in my Specification, which was duly inrolled on the Twenty-seventh day of
December, One thousand eight hundred and thirty-eight, in Her said Majesty's
High Court of Chancery in England, in pursuance of such last-mentioned
Patent, and which improvements are explained in that Specification to consist
in casting the brass or copper in short thick tubes having the same or nearly
the same internal diameter, and a larger external diameter than the intended
tubes are ultimately to have when the same are finished; and into such short,
thick, cast tubes, solid cylindrical maundrils are inserted, which will com-
pletely fill up the internal bore of the said short thick tubes, and then drawing
the same repeatedly, with the maundrils therein, through holes or dies, using
holes or dies of a smaller size at every succeeding time of so drawing or
passing the tubes. through the same, whereby such short thick tubes become
extended in length, and reduced in thickness of the metal; and also from time
to time, during the course of such repeated drawings, the maundrils are removed
from such tubes, and the tubes are annealed in order to soften the brass or
copper thereof, and then, replacing the maundrils in them, the tubes are drawn
or passed again through dies of smaller size than they had been before drawn

page_text: through, and so on until the tubes by such repeated drawing have attained
the external diameter, and consequently the thickness of metal desired; and
by such drawing the length of the tubes will become extended, and the metal
will become consolidated and hardened to a close grain or texture, so as to
render tubes so made without seam or joint, by this casting and drawing,
particularly applicable to be used in the steam boilers which have been
hitherto chiefly used for locomotive or travelling engines, but which tubes are
of late coming into more extensive use in steam boilers, such tubes being
preferable for boilers, and for other purposes, to the tubes of brass or copper,
which were, and still are, made by bending up strips of sheet brass or copper
and soldering or brazing together the meeting or overlapping edges of such
strips; such brazed or soldered tubes being in many cases afterwards drawn
through dies with a maundril inserted into them whilst they are so drawn.
And it is to be understood that my present improvements, for which the said
Letters Patent were granted, on the Eighth of February, One thousand eight
hundred and forty-one, relate solely to the manufacture of brass and copper
tubes made without seam or joint, by the aforesaid mode of casting and
drawing such tubes in the manner fully described in my said English Specifi-
cation of the Twenty-seventh of December, One thousand eight hundred and
thirty-eight.
And the first of my said improvements consists in casting the short thick
tube of brass or copper with an internal circular rim at one end thereof,
in order to form a stop to the maundril, which maundril has a corresponding
shoulder to fit to the said internal circular rim; see Figure 1 of the Drawing,
Sheet I., which is a section of a portion at each end of a short thick tube, and
P is the said internal circular rim thereto. Also, Figure 2 is the maundril,
P', being the shoulder therein, corresponding to the said internal circular
rim P, Figure 1. The said internal rim P and shoulder P' are severally
formed with a projection at right angles to the length of the tube and
maundril respectively. The tube is thereby most effectually held upon the
maundril, which is thus prevented from drawing through the tube. Whereas
in the previous mode, as described in my said former Specification, the tube
was cast with one end of its internal bow tapering within side, in the manner
of a portion of frustrum of a cone, with the smaller end of that cone at the
end of the tube; and one end of the maundril was formed with a taper or cone
to fit therein and prevent the maundril being drawn through the tube, but
which was not so effectually prevented as by the said internal circular rim P,
Figure 1, and shoulder P¹, Figure 2.
Another of my said improvements consists in the following mode of readily

page_text: and effectually placing and holding the end of the inaundril in and by the
holder, whereby the brass or copper tube is to be drawn through the holes or
dies. A portion of the maundril, near to each of its ends, is reduced to a
smaller size, as shewn by 7 and r, Figure 2, leaving a slightly projecting head
at each end of the maundril, beyond the said reduced parts 7 and r; and the
said head and reduced part are lodged in a holder R, Figures 3, 4, and 5,
within a cavity therein, which is exactly adapted to receive the said end.
When it is inserted, by putting it downwards into such cavity, and by means
of a steel cross key m, which is inserted horizontally across the holder R., and
across over this cavity thereof, the said end 9 or r, and the head beyond the
same, is confined in the cavity of the holder R, and fits thereto, so as that the
maundril cannot be drawn endways out of the holder R, which holder is
jointed by a cross pin to the end of the chain of a draw bench, by which the
maundril, together with the tube of brass or copper upon it, is to be drawn
through the dies or holes, the tube being stopped and retained upon the
maundri by the internal circular rim P, Figure 1, of the tube, and the
corresponding shoulder P, Figure 2, of the maundril, so as that the force of
drawing the tube through the dies or holes cannot dislodge the tube or pull
the maundril through the tube. The draw bench and machinery, whereby the
said chain with the manndril and the tube of brass or copper is to be drawn,
is represented in Sheets II., III., and IV., of the Drawings in various views,
Sheet II. being a horizontal plan, Sheet III., an end elevation, and Sheet IV.,
a şide clevation. The same letters of reference are used to indicate similar
parts wherever they appear in any of the said Figures. A is a large endless
screw or worm affixed on a horizontal axis, which is turned round by the
power of a steam engine, or a water wheel, or other first-moving power.
The threads of the screw. A act in the teeth of a large worm-wheel B, which
is affixed on the horizontal axis C, so as to turn the same slowly and steadily
round with a very great force, and several pulley wheels or sheaves D, D, are
applied on the axis C, in order to wind up the chains S, by the rotation of the
sheaves D, D, one end of each of the said chains S being fastened to the
circumference of the sheave D to which it belongs, and the other end being
jointed to the holder R for taking hold of the end of the maundril, in the
mode already explained in reference to Figures 3, 4, and 5, Sheet I., for the
purpose of drawing the maundril with the copper or brass tube thereon
through the hole in the die, whirtle, collet or draw plate, which is marked N,
and appears with a maundril having a brass or copper tube upon it
in the act of being drawn through the said hole; and by action thereof,
together with that of the maundril, the said tube of brass or copper is

page_text: diminished in thickness of metal, and extended in length, and the metal is
consolidated in its texture, by being drawn successively through a different
whirtle (at each time), having a hole of less and less diameter, so as to form
the tube required. The several sheaves D to which the chains S are attached,
and around which they are wound up, are fitted upon the axis C so as to
admit of its being thrown out of gear (in the following manner) in order to
disengage any one of them from being turned round with that axis C,
although the same continues its motion. Each of the sheaves D is capable of
sliding endways along the shaft C, and also of turning round freely thereon
when the teeth of the coupling boxes C¹ and D' belonging to that sheave are
not interlocked one into the other. See the separate Figures in Sheet III:
Those coupling boxes are of an ordinary construction in other machinery,
consisting of lateral teeth on the box C, which is fastened firmly on the
axis C and corresponding teeth D¹ on the central part of the sheave D; but
by the following means of disconnecting or putting the teeth of the said
coupling boxes out of action, they are rendered peculiarly applicable for the
intended purpose of drawing brass or copper tubes. As the three pairs of
coupling boxes on the axis C, for the three sheaves D, represented in Sheets
1I. and III. are all alike, it will be sufficient to explain one of the three.
Around the coupling-box teeth D₁, at the central part of each sheave D,
another set of lateral teeth D are formed out of the metal of the sheave D,
but the latter or outermost D³ are serrated teeth, and they fit to a correspond-
ing set of lateral serrated teeth D³ formed on a circular ring, which is so
fitted on that coupling box C' (which is fastened on the axis C) as to be
capable of turning round freely about the same when required. Whenever
the sheave D is slided along the axis S towards the coupling box C³, so that
the lateral teeth thereof enter and interlock into the spaces between the
corresponding lateral teeth D¹ of the sheave D, then the same will be carried
round with the axis C in order to wind up the chain S, suitably for drawing
a maundril with a brass or copper tube thereon, through a hole or whirtle
as before mentioned; and when the sheave D is thus connected and is turning
round, its lateral serrated teeth D2 enter into the corresponding lateral
serrated teeth D³ of the moveable circular ring, and the lateral serrated teeth
Ds move round with the sloping sides of their said teeth foremost. As soon
as the coupling boxes are required to be disconnected, the circular ring D³ is
suddenly detained and held from turning any further, while the box C¹ and
the sheave D continue to turn with the axis C, and then the sloping sides of
the serrated teeth on the ring D' standing still act against the corresponding
sloping sides of the serrated teeth of the sheave D in the manner of as many

page_text: mutual inclined planes, so as to push the latter away from the box C¹ and
slide the sheave D.along the axis C so far as to withdraw the teeth D¹ from
those of the box C¹; which teeth then become disengaged one from the other,
and leave the sheave D at liberty either to stand still or to be turned round
backwards, although the axis C continues to revolve as before. Around the
external circumference of the circular ring D are other teeth like those of a
ratchet wheel, but the slope of the said external ratchet teeth is reversed to
the slope of the lateral serrated teeth D³ before mentioned, and the ratchet
teeth move with the upright sides of their teeth foremost, so that they may be
caught by the catches (herein-after described), in order to detain and hold the
circular ring D³ from moving with the shaft C when required; and then (in
the manner already explained), the sheave D continuing to be turned round
by the teeth C¹and D¹ of the clutch boxes, the inclined sides of the lateral
serrated teeth D will be carried round against the corresponding inclined
surfaces of the lateral serrated teeth on the ring D³ (which latter is held fast
and does not turn), the action taking place in a suitable manner for sliding the
sheave D so far along the axis C that the teeth of the clutch boxes C¹, D¹,
will be separated one from the other as already stated. E are levers affixed
upon an horizontal axis at E', which is disposed in bearings crossways
beneath the axis C. The upper or long end of the lever E has a weight or
heavy ball fixed upon it, and the lower or tail end of the same lever E applies
laterally against the edge of a horizontal sliding bolt F, which is mounted in
guides or brackets so as to be capable of sliding horizontally endways therein
in a direction crossways beneath the axis C. The bolt F has a curved,
inclined, or wedge-like surface projecting laterally from it (see Sheet II., and
the lower end of the lever E applies laterally to the said inclined surface,
which on being moved endways (by the sliding of the bolt F endways), will
act against the lower end of the lever E so as to move the same, together with
the long upper end E of the lever, and the ball at the top thereof; and, if the
said lever is by that means moved beyond its vertical position, then the weight
of the ball will exert a tendency to move and incline the lever E still further
towards the sheave D and its clutch boxes, as is shewn at x, in Sheet III.
E2, E2, are two curved lever arms fastened on the horizontal axis E¹, and
prongs at the curved ends enter into a circular groove formed around the
centre part of the sheave D, those prongs acting at opposite sides of the
circumference of that groove in a suitable manner for moving or sliding the
same and the sheave D along the axis C; and when by motion of the sliding
bolt F, the lower or tail end of the lever E is actuated by the most prominent
part of the inclined surface on that bolt F, then the sheave D will be moved

page_text: along the axis C towards the clutch box C', so that the lateral teeth thereof.
will interlock into those of the sheave D at D', and by the weight of the,
ball E the said clutch boxes will be retained interlocked. G is a fixed guide
plate, having a slot wherein the lever E works and is thereby guided in its
motion. H, Sheets II. and V., is a connecting rod jointed at one end to the
sliding bolt F, in order to move the same endways, the other end being jointed
to a crank I which is fastened on the end of the horizontal axis J, and there.
is another crank K fastened on the opposite end of the same axis J; and to.
the crank pin of the latter crank K the connecting rod L is jointed, and the
same extends horizontally to joint to the lower end of the lever catch M,,
which is mounted on a centre pin, fixed horizontally to the framework, and,
the upper end of M is adapted to catch the ratchet teeth around the ring.
Ds whenever that upper end is moved towards the said teeth. I' is a lever,
handle, being a prolongation of the crank I, and by raising up and turning,
over that lever handle a workman can turn both the cranks I and K half.
round, either with those cranks towards the axis C, as represented at the draw.
bench, Sheet II., or else away from that axis, as shewn at the other draw,
bench y, or so far round as will by their connecting rods H and L move the
sliding bolt F endways, and also at the same time move the lever catch M
about its fixed centre pin, so far that the upper end thereof will catch into the
ratchet teeth D³ in order to detain the same. Thus supposing the sheave D
to have its coupling boxes in gear, and turning round with the axis C, in
order to wind up the chain S, and draw a maundril and tube through its whirtle
(as is represented at the draw bench, Sheet II., and as already mentioned),
when so much chain has been wound up as to have drawn the whole length of
the tube through the whirtle, then the workman must put the sheave D out of
action ; and for that purpose he merely turns the end of the lever handle I'
up towards the axis C, into the position shewn by the draw bench y, Sheet II.;
and by action of the crank K. and connecting rod L, the lever catch M will be
moved with its upper end towards the ring D³, so as to catch one of the ratchet
teeth thereof, and thereby hold that ring D³ from going round any further
with the axis C; and thereupon the sloping sides of the teeth D³ becoming
immovable, whilst the corresponding sloping sides of the teeth D³ still
continue to go round with the sheave D and the axis C, those sloping sides
will immediately act mutually to slide the sheave D along the axis C so far.
that the interlocking teeth D¹ of the sheave D become separated from those
of the clutch box C', and then the sheave D stands still, although the axis C
and clutch box C' continue to revolve. And note, the same motion of the
lever handle 1', by means of the crank I and connecting rod H, also draws

page_text: the sliding bolt F endways, so that its inclined surface quits the lower tail end
of the lever E, leaving the same at liberty, and then the ball or weight at the
upper end of the lever E is thrown over beyond the perpendicular in a
direction away from the sheave D, whereby it will slide that sheave a little
farther along the axis C than the inclined teeth D³ and D2 had moved it, so as
to remove the points of the latter teeth quite out of the reach of the former;
and the action of the said weight will tend to keep the clutch boxes out of
gear until the workman turns over the lever handle I into the position
represented at the draw bench x, in Sheet IV., whereby the crank K and
connecting rod L will withdraw the lever catch M from the ratchet teeth
of the ring D³, so as to leave that ring quite at liberty to move round along
with the clutch box C¹ whereon it is fitted. Also, the other crank I and
connecting rod H pushes the sliding bolt F endways, and then its inclined
surface acting against the tail end of the lever E moves the same, and
the curved lever arms E² (which are fastened on the same axis E¹, with
that lever E) slide the sheave D so far along the axis C, towards the
clutch box C¹, as will bring the teeth D¹, to interlock into those of that
box C¹, and the interlocking will cause the sheave D to be turned round
with the axis C as before: all which will readily be understood on examining
the various Figures of the Drawings. And note, as soon as the sheave D
is disconnected from the axis C, in consequence of the teeth of the coupling
boxes C¹ and D¹ being disengaged from each other as already mentioned, and
as represented at the draw bench y, Sheet II., then the sheave D is left at
liberty on the axis C, and the holder R, at the end of the chain S, may be
pulled back by the workman, in order to unwind the chain from around
the sheave D, which sheave will thereby be turned backwards around the
axis C. And, to facilitate the labour of such pulling back of the holder
and chain, a rope or small chain may be fastened to the holder R, and ex-
tended horizontally therefrom, in the direction of the chain, as it were in
prolongation thereof, and that rope or small chain (which is not shewn in the
Drawings), being conducted over suitable pullies, may have a weight appended
to the end of it, which weight will be raised when the chain is wound up by
the sheave D, and the weight will tend to pull back the holder and chain, and
to turn back the sheave D, and unwind the chain therefrom, as soon as the
sheave D is thrown out of gear. The three clutch boxes which are represented
on the axis C are all made in the same manner as already described. And
note, I do not make claim to the wheelwork, sheaves, and clutch boxes, nor
the means of putting them into and out of gear, as part of my Invention.
The Drawings shew three draw benches x, y, z, but there may be more

page_text: worked by sheaves on the same axis C, its length being prolonged accordingly.
The two draw benches x and y are for drawing tubes through whirtles in the
manner already explained. The other bench'z is adapted to the purpose of
inserting the maundrils into the brass or copper tubes, in preparation for
drawing them as aforesaid, and the use of such bench z for that purpose
constitutes one of the present improvements, as will be herein-after parti-
cularly explained. N, Sheet I., shews one of the draw plates, dies, or whirtles,
through which the brass or copper tubes are drawn, and the hole through
each succeeding die or whirtle, through which a tube is drawn, is a little
smallow in diameter than the previous hole. The draw plate or whirtle N
is drawn of its full size in Sheet I.; it is made of wrought-iron, with steel
welded in to form a lining to the hole through it. That hole is enlarged on
one side to a trumpet or bell mouth as is usual in holes for draw plates. O, O,
Sbeet I., are an external view and a section of the hollow axis which is used as
a nucleus to form the core which is to be inserted into the mould, wherein the
brass or copper tube is to be cast. The hollow axis 0, 0, must be adapted to
the length of tube desired to be cast, and the outside of the axis 0, 0, is to be
wrapped spirally with a fillet of hay band, and over that is coated with founder's
loam, in a plastic state, and formed very exactly to the size, for the intended
bore of the brass or copper tube, and well dried, all in the manner commonly
practised by founders for forming cores which are to be inserted into a
mould for casting a hollow tube; and I prefer to use a. mould made of iron,
to separate in two halves and enclose the core within it, or the mould may be
made of sand; in either case the mode of making and preparing the mould
with its core, and casting the brass or copper therein, is well known to
founders of brass or copper. The casting is best to be performed with the
mould placed in a vertical position when the melted metal is poured into it,
and that end of the intended tube which is to have the internal circular
rim P within it is best to be downwards when it is cast; and the tube may
be cast a few inches longer than it is required to be for commencing the
operation of drawing, in order that a portion of that end which was upper-
most during the pouring of the metal into the mould may be cut off before
the drawing operation is commenced. I make no claim under the present
Letters Patent of the Eighth of February, One thousand eight hundred 'and
forty-one, to any particular process of casting tubes of copper or of brass, in
order to make such tubes without seam or joint; nor to the further process
of drawing or passing such cast tubes of copper or brass, with maundrils in
them, through a succession of boles in draw plates, dies, or whirtles, in order
to diminish the thickness of the brass or copper of the cast tubes, and

page_text: consolidate the texture of the metal, and to elongate the cast tubes; or to
annealing such tubes as often as may be requisite, during the said process of
drawing. But I only claim the improvements herein-before mentioned and
herein-after to be mentioned in such process of casting and drawing. In
covering the hollow axis 0, 0, with its said coating of founder's loam, in order to
form the core for the interior bore of a tube, that loam is to be so formed as to
leave, at one end of the tube of brass or copper, which is cast around such
core, an internal circular rim P, Figure 1, Sheet I., herein-before described
in order that the said rim P may fit against the corresponding shoulder P¹
of the maundril G, as has been already explained, and as is clearly shewn
n the Drawing. The maundril should be made of steel, and truly turned.
It is obvious that the tube of brass or copper having such an internal pro-
jecting rim. P cast within its bore at one end thereof will be more firmly
retained on the maundril in the act of drawing it through the die, draw plate,
or whirtle, than if the interior of the said end of the bore of the tube was
merely tapered in a conical shape internally with the smallest end of the cone
at the extreme end, and the end of the maundril tapering with a corresponding
cone at the end, to fit the said bore. In making tubes of brass or copper
without seam or joint, in manner aforesaid, if such tubes are intended to be
used in steam boilers, I prefer that the metal of each tube, should be left
somewhat thicker at one end of the tube than at the other end thereof;
in order that in using such tubes in steam boilers the said ends where the
metal is thickest. being put nearest to the fire box or furnace, where the
greatest heat will operate, the said ends may be qualified to last as long as
the other ends of the same tubes where the metal is thinner, and the heat is
less. For this purpose the loam covering, which is applied upon the hollow
axis O, O, to form the core, as herein-before explained, for casting the interior
bore of the tube, should be somewhat smaller in diameter at one end than at
the other end, the smallest diameter being at that end at which the internal
projection P, Figure 1, is to be formed, so that the bore of the tube when cast
in brass or copper will be a little smaller at that said end than at the other
end nevertheless, the outside of the same cast tube is to be cylindrical or of
the same size from one end to the other; and, consequently, the thickness of
the brass or copper will be greater at one end than at the other. And likewise
the steel maundril, Figure 2, which is to be inserted into the said bore of the
tube after it is cast in brass or copper, must be made tapering at that portion
of the length of the maundril which is to go into the tube, in order to cor-
respond to the interior of the tube, the smallest end of the maundril being at
the aforesaid shoulder P₁ thereof. And the consequence of drawing such a

page_text: tube with such a maundril in it will be, that the thickness of the metal of the
tube when finished will be greater at one end of the tube than it is at the
other end thereof. The outside of the tube, from having been drawn through
the hole of the whirtle, will necessarily be cylindrical or of uniform size from
one end to the other. And in some cases it may be preferred to have the
aforesaid greater thickness of the brass or copper of the tube (at the said end
thereof), with such thickness diminishing gradually from that end along some
portion of the whole length of the tube; as, for instance, one half or two
thirds of that whole length, the remaining half or third of that whole length
being of uniform thickness of metal. It is obvious that the tubes may be
made in such manner by forming the said core for casting them, and the
maundril for drawing them, so that the core and maundril taper in a corre-
sponding manner at that portion of the length of the core and of the maundril
respectively which is to go into and occupy the interior of the brass or copper
tube. And note, the difference produced in the thickness of the metal of the
tube which is so formed will be only half as much as the difference in the
diameter of the maundril from which such difference of thickness results. For
example: If it be intended that the thickness of the brass or copper shall be
one sixteenth of an inch greater at one end of the tube than it is at the other
end thereof, then the diameter of the maundril must be one eighth of an inch
smaller at that end of the maundril which is to go into the end of the tube
which is intended to be thickest, than the diameter of the same maundril is at
the other end thereof, which is to go into the end of the tube which is to be
thinnest. In general the tubes for boilers of locomotive engines for railways,
5 as now constructed, will not require quite so much difference of thickness as
one sixteenth of an inch; and if that portion of the length of the maundril
which is to go into the tube is between one eighth and one sixteenth of an
inch less in diameter at one end of that portion than the diameter of the other
end thereof, it will be sufficient. Or the larger diameter of the maundril,
instead of being nearly at the extreme end of the said portion of its length;
may extend along one third or one half the length of that portion without
aiteration, so that the said third or half will be cylindrical, and the tapering
will all be at the remaining two thirds or half of the length of the said portion.
Another of my said improvements consists in making brass or copper tubes
5 without seam or joint, by first casting and then drawing them in manner
aforesaid, so as to render them suitable for what are commonly termed calico
printers' rollers or cylinders, which are afterwards to be engraved for calico or
other printing. The tubes for such purpose are according to this improvement

page_text: to be cast with what is called a nib projecting into the interior bore from one
side thereof, such nib extending longitudinally from one end of that interior to
the other. See the section, Figure 6, Sheet I., where the said nib is marked
P, the use of such nib being to affix the tube so formed on to the axis of the
calico-printing machine; for the said nib, by entering into a longitudinal
groove cut in one side of the said axis, causes the tube to turn round with
that axis, so as to constitute a roller or revolving cylinder, which being
engraved on its cylindrical surface is fit for calico or other printing. The said
nib P is obtained in the first instance by forming a longitudinal groove in the
loam, wherewith the axis O, O, is covered, in order to prepare the core for
forming the interior of the tube when the brass or copper is cast in the mould,
and the maundril which is to be inserted into the said interior has a corre-
sponding longitudinal groove cut in it, in order to admit the said nib whilst the
drawing is performed. The said tube, Figure 6, having an internal circular
rim P at one end of it, the same as P, Figure 1, already described; and also
the maundril which is to be inserted into the tube, having a corresponding
shoulder, the same as P', Figure 2, already described.
Another of my said improvements is the bench z, Sheets II. and V., for
inserting the maundrils into the brass or copper tubes, after they have been cast
and annealed, such insertion being made in preparation for drawing the tubes.
The sheave D on the main axis C, with the coupling boxes, and all the parts
for connecting and disconnecting the sheave D to the axis C, also 'the chain
S, which is to be wound up by that sheave D, are all the same as already
described. In place, however, of the holder R at the end of the chain S, a
short cross bar or yoke w is fixed to the chain S, and from the two ends of
that yoke w two long connecting rods W, W, extend horizontally and parallel
one to the other along the bench, and parallel to the direction of the chain S.
The extreme ends of those two rods W, W, are fastened to a slider V, which
is fitted to slide in a groove along the bench. The end of the maundril is
applied to the slider V, when the other end of the same maundril is entered
into one end of the bore of the tube, whilst the other end of the same tube is
lodged in a whirtle T, of a suitable kind to receive it; see Figure 7, Sheet I.
The hold in that whirtle T is formed with a rabbet, as is shewn in the section,
Figure 7, so that the whole will not permit the tube to pass through it, but
the same hole will allow the end of the maundril to pass freely through it;"
the several parts being disposed as in Sheets II. and V. Then on raising the
lever handle I', in order to put the coupling boxes of the sheave D in gear, that
sheave will begin to wind up the chain S, and by the rods W, W, the slider V will

page_text: be pulled forwards, together with the maundril, so as to push the same forward.
endways, and insert the maundril into its proper place within the tube, although
the maundril may fit very tight therein. And when it is so inserted, the end of
the maundril will project out forwards through the end of the tube ready to be
placed in the holder R for drawing the tube through proper whirtles, at one of
the draw benches x or y. In using the steel maundril for drawing a tube of
brass or copper, the maundril being inserted by the means aforesaid into the
interior of such tube, so that the end of the maundril projects out through the
end of the tube, then the whirtle being applied over the said end of the
maundril, and that whirtle lodged in its intended place at the end of the draw
bench, then the end of the maundril is next dropped into the holder R, that
holder having a cavity to receive the head at the end of the maundril as
already explained, and the maundril is kept secure in the cavity by inserting
the steel key m through the holder R in the manner shewn in Figures 3, 4,
and 5. That holder R is permanently jointed to the end of the chain S, and
by this means the maundril is very securely held whilst the tube is in the act
of being drawn, and the maundril can be readily removed from and attached
to the chain S by merely withdrawing or reinserting the cross key m. After
the brass or copper tube has been drawn through proper whirtles, so as to.
reduce its external diameter, and consequently the thickness of metal, and also
extend its length as much as it is expendient to do without annealing, then
the maundril is to be withdrawn, which is done by the draw bench, using
a die T, Figure 7, Sheet I., or a whirtle with a hole of a smaller size than the
tube, and only just large enough to admit the maundril, which, with the tube
upon it, is turned end for end, so as to take hold with the holder R of the
contrary end of the maundril to that end thereof which was taken hold of
for drawing the tube; the end of the tube being applied to the die T, Figure
7, Sheet I., or against the back face of a whirtle, which, although it will allow
of the maundril passing through it, is nevertheless too small to allow the tube
to pass.
The sheave D, being set in motion in the manner already described,
will begin to wind up the chain S, and thereby draw the maundril out of the
tube. After the tube is separated from the maundril and has been properly
annealed, then the maundril is inserted again by means of the bench as
already described, and the tube is drawn again repeatedly, until it requires
annealing again, which is done after withdrawing the maundril as before, then
replacing it and drawing again, but always drawing it through smaller holes;
and so on until the tube is reduced to its intended size and thickness, and
extended in length so as to be complete. Note, the speed, wherewith the

page_text: machinery and wheelwork is turned, may be such as to cause the main
axis C to make one revolution in about four and a half minutes, and the
sheaves D on that axis may be of the size indicated by the Drawings; but the
size of the several sheaves D, which are applied on that same axis C (or the
prolongation thereof), may be varied.
Having now described my said Improvements in the Manufacture of Brass
and Copper Tubes, and the manner in which the same is to be performed,
I, the said Charles Green, do hereby declare that I make no claim to the
wheelwork and machinery herein-before: described, nor the sheaves D, with
their clutch boxes and parts for connecting and disconnecting the same, nor
the draw benches x and y, as any part of my Invention. But what I claim as
my new Invention, whereof the exclusive use is granted to me by the said
Letters Patent of the Eighth day of February, One thousand eight hundred
and forty-one, is,—-
Firstly, in the manner herein-before described of casting the tube of brass
or copper with an internal circular rim marked P, Figure 1, Sheet I., in order
to form a stop to the maundril, which has a corresponding shoulder P¹,
Figure 2, to fit the said rim, that rim and shoulder being formed with pro-
jections from the tube and the maundril respectively at right angles to the
length thereof, in order to render the maundril more secure from being
accidently drawn through the tube, than by the mode of tapering the end of
the tube and of the maundril as hitherto practised by me under my said
former Patent.
Secondly, in the manner herein-before described of readily and effectually
placing and holding the end of the maundril, in and by the holder R, Figures
3, 4, and 5, Sheet I., with a cross key m, to secure the end of the maundril in
the cavity within such holder, which is a more convenient, mode of holding
the end of the maundril than by screwing the said end to the holder, as
hitherto practised by me under my said former Patent.
Thirdly, in the manner herein-before described of inserting the maundril
into the tube of brass or copper by means of the bench marked z, Sheets II.
and V., with a die or whirtle T, Figure 7, Sheet I.
Fourthly, in the manner herein-before described of making brass or copper
tubes suitable for what are commonly termed calico printers' rollers, or
cylinders to be engraved for calico or other printing, with a nib, P, Figure 7, s
Sheet I., projecting into the interior bore of such tube, from one side thereof,
and extending longitudinally all the length of such interior, the maundril
having a corresponding groove along one side of it, to admit such vib P²; the

page_text: tube also having an internal circular rim P when it is cast, and the maundril
a corresponding shoulder, according to the first-mentioned improvement, and
the tube being drawn with such maundril inserted into it.
In witness whereof, I, the said Charles Green, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twenty-eighth day of July, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred.and..forty-one.

page_text: the melted metal was poured into the mould, so that it will be about 4% feet long when the operation of drawing is commenced, and by repeated
uppermost end when
drawing it may be extended to 9 or 10 feet in length; with a proportionally thin substance of metal. The Brass should be annealed about three tim
during the performance of such repeated drawing; and as to the number of times of drawing the same must be regulated according to the ductility of the Metal
si times of drawing will be mough, that is twice after each time of annealing, bere annealing again, but with good metal and great care the extension
may be by drawing only three times, that is once after each time of annealing helovan