IMPROVEMENTS IN THE TRANSMISSION OF INTELLIGIBLE SIGNALS BY ELECTRICITY,
Year: 1883

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Gilbert Alfred-Cassagnes Civil Engineer of the City of.
Paris, in the Republic of France for an Invention of IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
TRANSMISSION OF INTELLIGIBLE SIGNALS BY ELECTRICITY,
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Gilbert Alfred Cassagnes at
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 30th October 1883.
GILBERT ALFRED CASSAGNES, Civil Engineer, of the City of Paris, in the
Republic of France, "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE TRANSMISSION OF INTELLIGIBLE
SIGNALS BY ELECTRICITY
"
Heretofore the direction of investigations for the improvement of rapid
transmission of telegraphic and intelligiblo signals by electricity has been, either to
adapt to these processes the so called automatic machines, or to bring to perfection
the more positive and rational method of multiplex telegraphy, and the success of
the quadruplex has left no doubt in my mind of the soundness of the latter
method.
•
The object of my invention is to combine the multiplex system of telegraphy
with the stenographic processes, that is to say, to transmit by electricity, to a
distant station stenographic signs, and to print or reproduce them, by and with a
stenographic process and machine or machines connected with generators and
conductors of electricity, and by way of distinction I call the said combination
steno-telegraphy.
The stenographic process and machine which I prefer to use for this purpose is
that known under the name of Michela's for which letters patent of the United
States of America were issued to A. Michela dated February 25th 1879 No. 212724.
This machine embodies a principle or system, by means of which any known
language can be easily recorded and printed with stenographic signs on a band of
paper, without the operator necessarily knowing the language, and the recording is
done as quickly as it can be pronounced in a very rapid manner, for as much as
two hundred and thirty words per minute were pronounced and correctly recorded,
but two hundred and ten words per minute have been recorded or printed steno-
graphically, and can be transmitted to a distant station with the same rapidity
'

page_text: by means of my invention, and there reproduced and printed with intelligible
stenographic signs.
The stenographic signs or characters employed are of an elementary shape (such
as those employed by A. Michela for example) as the following series. : Un
the whole six, or a portion of which are quardruplicated so as to produce the
requisite number of signs to represent, without ambiguity, the whole of the
phonetic elements which the vocal organs are capable of pronouncing in any spoken
language. Assuming that twenty elementary signs are sufficient for this purpose,
they are arranged on a double keyboard, each half containing ten keys, so that each
hand may operate one keyboard, and each finger manipulate two keys, the same
finger being always employed to actuate the same pair of keys.
Thus the six signs or characters may occupy the first six keys of one half of the
keyboard, and the same signs or characters in the reverse order may occupy the
last six keys of the other half of the keyboard, whilst the remaining four keys of
cach half of the keyboard may be occupied by the first four of the six signs or
characters in reverse order on each half of the keyboard. There will thus be
produced four series of stenographic signs or characters, which are used as follows:
the first series to represent the initial consonants or initial phonetic consonantal
elements of syllables, the second series of signs to be used for the second consonants
(in cases where two consonants occur together before a vowel) the third series to
vowels or principal elements of syllables, and the fourth series to represent the
final consonants or final phonetic consonantal elements of syllables.
Each of these phonetic consonantal elements, and each of these "vowels or
principal elements is assumed 'to be of the numerical value of 1, 2, 3, 6, 9 and 18, or
of a number formed by the addition of two or more of the numbers. On the keys
are marked the figures 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18, 1, 2, 3, 6, 6, 3, 2, 1, 18, 9, 6, 3, 2, 1.
If therefore, in either of the series, the number of the sound to be produced
is simple, its appropriate stenographic sign or character will be found on the
corresponding portion of one of the halves of the keyboard, and when the sound is
compound it is to be reproduced by two or more of the keys in accordance. with the
component numbers forming the numerical value of the sound.
In writing with this code each syllable composed of the requisite number of
phonetic elements is recorded, or printed separately. Numbers can also 'bo
represented in a similar manner to the consonantal and vocal elements, and may be
reproduced instantaneously in sets of three at a time, arranging the hundreds first,
the tens second and the units in the fourth series; the third series being vacant it
will be at once apparent that numbers are being represented and not syllablos, as
the latter always include vowels.
When my invention is applied to such a phonetic system and apparatus
intelligible signals can be transmitted electrically to great distances, as will be
heroafter more fully described.
My invention also consists in an improvement in the art of multiplex telegraphy,
by means of a system or process of stenography in combination with an apparatus
or machine for producing mechanically stenographic signs.
In order to enable those skilled in tho art to understand and uso my invention
I will proceed to describe it by the aid of the accompanying drawings, in which
Figuro 1 represents a vertical view of the apparatus.
Figure 2 is the front view of the stenographic machine showing the electrical
connections; Similar letters and numbers of reference in the drawings represent
similar parts.
In Figure 1 station C is represented diagrammatically as the transmitting station
and A as the receiving station.
The stenographic machine has twenty keys K, and under each key is placed an
electro-magnet E having a helix of small resistance (about 5 ohms) the armature ✗
of the electro-magnet is attached to the key K. F is a switch by means of which
the local circuit can be broken. R R are common relays provided with their
connections for actuating a local circuit including the twenty electro-magnets E, E,

page_text: placed under the keys K. The wires No. 1, 2, and 3 (in dotted lines) represent the
local-circuit and the numbers 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 represent line-wires. G is a short-
circuiting bar or shunt, H represents a battery or a generator of electricity for the
line-wires, and I a similar generator of electricity used for the local circuits; a line
switch is used in connection with the bar or shunt G for short-circuiting the circuit
through the keys K.
The apparatus, or the steno-telegraphic machine can be inserted into an electrical
circuit and operated either as a receiver only, or as a receiver as well as a
transmitter.
The organization of the line-circuits is connected with a compound "solenoid
cable. The helical portion of the solenoid is composed of twenty insulated helices
or conductors, each one of which is connected with the relays or electro-magnets
on its line, and returns through the axial conductor of the "Solenoid" forming a
metallic circuit, that is to say, the axial conductor of the "Solenoid " serving
independently as the common conductor of the twenty helical conductors, thus
completing the "solenoidal", circuit for either one or ten electrical currents passed
simultaneously through one or ten helical conductors. I am aware that a helical
circuit composed of a solenoid for the transmission of telegraphic or telephonic
processes has been patented to Orazio Lugo, and therefore I do not claim any
combination with my improvements and invention, and while I prefer the use of
the conductor in the form of "Solenoid" as shown, the circuit can be completed as
an earth circuit and my invention remain operative.
I have not deemed it necessary to give any other diagrams of circuits, as any
one skilled in the art can easily adapt an earth circuit instead of a metallic one.
Another important part of this my present invention consists in the combination
of an electro-magnet, or electro-magnets, and a telegraphic key or keys carrying
the armature or armatures of the electro-magnets arranged preferably as shown in
the drawings, so that the key or keys may be worked or used alternatively as
circuit breakers to produce signals at distant stations, or by means of local switches;
shunts and electro-magnets may be used to actuate levers forming part of a
stenographic machine for printing phonetic signs or other characters received from
other stations on the same electrical circuit, as hereinafter more fully described.
When the various parts of the apparatus are connected in the manner herein-
before described or shown in Figure 1 Station C is the transmitting station, and the
operation and direction of the electric current is as follows:-
When the key K at station C is depressed, and the circuit is completed through
the wires 4 and 5, leading to station A, the relay R at station A, will attract its
armature, and thus close a local circuit having in circuit the electro-magnet E
placed under the key K, polarising the same, attracting the armature attached to
the key K producing mechanical movement to actuate the lever Y, which latter is
connected to one of the twenty bars O carrying steno-graphic signs.
The mechanical movement produced by this disposition prints the signs on a
band of paper placed at P, (see Figures 2 M and N) and as soon as the key K at
station C is released, the circuit being broken, the armature of the relay Rat
station A is consequently released and the local circuit broken, depolarising_tho
electro-magnet E at station A, and at the same time releasing the key Kat
station A. By the second movement of the key K at station A, and by suitable
mechanical connections, the band of paper passing through the rollers at P is
carried forward, so that, when the next and similar operation is repeated, by
depressing the key K at station C, a similar sign or character will be printed on
the band of paper, but under it, or having a space vertically between the two.
It will be observed that the switch F, at station C, is open; and that the line-
circuit is continuous commencing from 6 through the relay R, wires 7 and 8
through the key K, wire 9, post 10, wire 4, to the battery H, to the other station
through wire 5.
The shunt bar G at station C is also opened, but it will be particularly noticed
that at station A. it is closed; the line-circuit coming from wire 6 to post 11

page_text: through the relay R to the shunt bar U, to wire 12, post 13, wiro 14, battery H,
return circuit 15, to station C through wire 5.
When station A becomes a transmitting station, the shunt bar G is disconnected
and the switch F opened, (so as to break the local circuit) and at station C the
switch F is closed (or the local circuit established through it by means of the
armature of the relay R) and the shunt bar G is electrically connected with wire 7
in order to short-circuit the line connection through the wire 8, key K, wire 9 and
post 10.
The current coming from wire 7 connects with the shunt bar G, passes to
wire 16, thence through wire 4 etcetera completing the circuit through
wires 5, 15, 14, 12, shunt bar G, through the relay R, post 11, wire 6, Relay R
(at C) to wire 7.
Therefore, when the key is depressed at station A, the same results will tako
place as those which have been described for station C.
It is evident that when the line-circuit is established as described the relays (at
stations A and C) will act, and if the local switches F, F were both closed, neither
of the keys at either station could be released for the reason that when the local
circuit is established by means of the armatures of the relays R R at both stations;
the local electro-magnets, being both polarised, will retain the keys K K, and no
other signal could be repeated. It is thereforo absolutely necessary that the local
circuit at the transmitting station should be broken.
It is also evident that the same result will take place simultaneously when more
than one key is depressed; and as each key is connected through an independent
circuit and relay, the latter causes through its armature the closing of the local
circuit appertaining to the electro-magnet under that key (carrying its armature)
the key will be attracted thus producing, by means of levers appertaining to the
stenographic machine, the necessary motion to move the band of paper, and print
on it the phonetic sign or other charactors appertaining to that connection,
substantially as shown at M, N (Figure 2).
In Figure 1, C is represented as a transmitting station; the local switch F is open
and the shunt, or short-circuiting bar G is not electrically connected.
I have described, and I claim a key or keys carrying the armature of an electro-
magnet or electro-magnets included in a local circuit but it may be advisable, and
especially when the distance of transmission is short, to placo the relay or relays of
the line under the key carrying its armature or armatures. It is evident that with
a sufficient electro-motive force the operation would be similar, but not so
economical as that I have hereinbefore described.
The advantages of this invention, besides its great value as a real improvement
in the art of multiplex telegraphy are several.
For instance, telephonic communications can be recorded or printed by means
of the organization herein described either with or without its electrical
connection.
A receiving telephone can be applied to the ear with proper appliances and the
operator of the steno-telegraphic machine can immediately, and as quickly as
communicated, print the message on a band of paper or transmit it steno-
telegraphically to a distant station or stations.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said Gilbert Alfred Cassagnes in the Patent Office on the 30th April
1884.
GILBERT ALFRED CASSAGNES, Civil Engineer, of the City of Paris, in the
Republic of France "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE TRANSMISSION OF INTELLIGIBLE
SIGNALS BY ELECTRICITY
"
Heretofore the direction of investigations for the improvement of rapid
transmissions of telegraphic and intelligible signals by electricity has been either
to adapt to those processes the so called automatic machines, or to bring to
perfection the more positive and rational methods of multiplex telegraphy, and
the success of the quadruplex has left no doubt in my mind of the soundness of
the latter method.
The object of my invention is to combine the multiplex system of telegraphy
with the stenographic processes, that is to say, to transmit by electricity to a
distant station, stenographic signs and to print or reproduce them by a steno-
graphic process and machine or machines connected with generators and conductors
of electricity, and by way of distinction I call the said combination steuo-telegraphy.
The steno-graphic process and machine which I prefer to use for this purpose
is that known under the name of Michela's for which letters patent of the
United States of America were issued to A. Michela, dated February 25. 1879
No. 212724.
This machine embodies a principle or system by means of which any known
language can be easily recorded and printed with stenographic signs on a band
of paper without the operator necessarily knowing the language, and the recording
is done as quickly as it can be pronounced in a very rapid manner, for as much
as two hundred and thirty words per minute were pronounced and correctly
recorded.
These words can be transmitted to a distant station with the same rapidity by
means of my invention, and thero reproduced and printed in the same intelligible
stenographic signs.
The stenographic signs or characters employed are of an elementary shape
(such as those employed by A. Michela) for example; as the following series:
Un the whole six or a portion of which are quadruplicated so as to.
produce the requisite number of signs to represent, without ambiguity, the whole.
of the phonetic elements which the vocal organs are capable of pronouncing in any
spoken language.
Assuming that twenty elementary signs are sufficient for this purpose, they are
arranged on a double keyboard, each half containing ten keys, so that each hand
may operate one keyboard, and each finger manipulate two keys, the same finger
being always employed to actuate the same pair of keys.
Thus, the six signs or characters may occupy the first six keys of one half of
the keyboard, and the same signs or characters in the reverse order may occupy
the last six keys of the other half of the keyboard, whilst the remaining four keys
of each half of the keyboard may be occupied by the first four of the six signs or
characters in reverse order on each half of the keyboard.
There will thus be produced four series of stenographic signs or characters which
are used as follows: the first series to represent the initial consonants or initial
phonetic consonantal elements of syllables; the second series of signs to be used
for the second consonants (in cases where two consonants occur together before
a vowel); the third series to vowels or principal elements of syllables; and the

page_text: fourth series to represent the final consonants or final phonetic consonantal elements
of syllables, when such occur.
One finger always actuates two keys, and the same two keys, so that the keys
corresponding to the first series (the first consonant in the syllable) are moved by
the little finger, and the second and third fingers of the left hand; the keys
corresponding to the second series. (second consonant) by the index and thumb
of the left hand; those of the third series (vowels) by the thumb and index of the
right hand; and those of the fourth series (last consonant in the syllable) by the
third, second and little fingers of the right hand.
Numerical values are given to the consonants and vowels so that any sound
can be represented by a combination of stenographic signs, and as it were, by
a numerical value formed by the addition of the numerical values attributed to
cach sign.
The keys are numbered as follows:-
1st series (initial consonants) six signs and six corresponding numerical values:
1. 2. 3. 6. 9. 18.
2nd series (second consonants) four signs and four corresponding numerical
values: 1. 2. 3. 6.
3rd series (vowels) four signs and four corresponding numerical values placed in
the reverse order of those in the second series: 6. 3. 2. 1;
4th series (final consonants) six signs and six corresponding numerical values,
placed in the reverse order of those in the first series: 18. 9. 6. 3. 2. 1.
The paper band or tape on which the stenographic signs or characters are printed
is naturally divided, like the keyboard; into four series, and all the signs are
printed in series corresponding to those of the keyboard; the first on the left hand
side, then the second, followed by the third and fourth.
By this method each syllable is recorded at one time and printed on a single
horizontal line.
Numbers can also be represented in a similar manner to the consonantal and
vocal elements, and may be reproduced instantaneously in sets of three at a timo,
arranging the hundreds first, the tens second and the units in the fourth series;
the third series being vacant it will be at once apparent that numbers are being
represented and not syllablos, as the latter alway include vowels.
When my invention is applied to such a phonetic system and apparatus,
intelligible signals can be transmitted electrically to great distances, as will be
hereafter more fully described.
My invention also consists in an improvement in the art of multiplex telegraphy
by means of a system or process of stenography in combination with an apparatus
or machine for producing mechanically, stenographic signs.
In order to enable those skilled in the art to understand and use my invention
I will proceed to describe it by the aid of the accompanying drawings in which :-
Figure 1 represents vertical side views of the apparatus.
Figure 2 shows the side elevation of an intermediate station; it shows at M
and N the front view and the cross section of the steno-graphic machine with its
electrical connections.
Figure 3 is a plan of the general system.
Figure 4 is an enlarged view of B in Figure 3.
Figuro 5 is an enlarged view of C in Figure 3.
Figure 6 is an enlarged view of A in Figure 3.
Similar letters and numbers of reference in the drawings represent similar parts.
In Figure 1 Station C is represented diagrammatically as the transmitting
station and A as the receiving station.
The stenographic machine has twenty keys K, and under each key is placed
an electro-magnet E having a helix of small resistance. The armature X of the
electro-magnet is attached to the key K. F is a switch by means of which the 5
local circuit can be broken. R. R. are common relays provided with their
'connections for actuating a local circuit including the twenty electro-magnets E E
་

page_text: etcetera placed under the keys K. The wires 1, 2 and 3 (in dotted lines) represent
the local circuit and the numbers 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, represent line-wires. G is a
short-circuiting bar or shunt. H represents a battery or a generator of electricity
for the line wires and I a similar generator of electricity used for the local circuits.
L represents a line switch used in connection with the bar or shunt G for short-
circuiting the circuit through the keys K.
"
In Figure 3, C and A are terminal stations as shown in elevation in Figure 1:
B represents a stenographic machine with its electrical connections arranged so
that it can be used only as a receiver and not as a transmitter. But the theoretical
diagram represented at D (Figure 3) illustrates the principle of my invention, and
that the apparatus or the steno-telegraphic machine can be inserted into an
electrical circuit and operated either as a receiver only (as shown at B) or as
a receiver as well as a transmitter as shown in the several Figures as at tho
terminal stations C and A.
The line circuit consists of a cable composed of twenty insulated wires or
conductors of electricity, each one corresponding to one of the keys of the steno,
graphic machine, with a return wire through which the electrical current or
currents travel on their way back, or, instead of a return wire, I can employ only
twenty wires or conductors, using the earth for the return current or currents.
I did not deem it necessary to give any other diagrams of circuits as any one
skilled in the art can easily adapt an earth circuit instead of a metallic ono.
Another important part of this my present invention consists in the combination
of an electro-magnet or electro-magnets, and a telegraphic key or keys carrying the
armature or armatures of the electro-magnets arranged preferably as shown in the
drawings, so that the key or keys may be worked or used alternately as circuit
breakers to produce signals at distant stations, or by means of local switches, .
shunts and electro-magnets may be used to actuate levers forming part of a steno-
graphic machine for printing phonetic signs or other characters received from other
stations on the same electrical circuit, as hereinafter more fully described.
When the various parts of the apparatus are connected in the manner herein-
before described or shown in Figures 1 and 3, Station C is the transmitting
station and the operation and direction of the electrical current is as follows:-
When the key K at station C is depressed and the circuit is completed through
the wires 4 and 5, leading to station A, the relay R, at station A will attract its
armature and thus close a local circuit having in circuit the electro-magnet Ẹ
placed under the key K, polarising the same, attracting the armature attached to
the key K, producing mechanical movement to actuate the lever Y which latter is
connected to one of the twenty bars O carrying stenographic signs.
:
The mechanical movement produced by the disposition prints the signs on a band
of paper placed at P and as soon as the key K at station C is released, the circuit
being broken, the armature of the relay R at Station A is .consequently released,
and the local circuit broken, depolarising the electro-magnet E at station A and at
the same time releasing the key K at station A.
By this second movement of the key K at station A, and by suitable mechanical
connections the band of paper passing through the rollers at P is carried forward,
so that when the next and similar operation is repeated by depressing the key Ķ
at station C a similar sign or character will be printed on the band of paper, but
. under it, or having a space vertically between the two.
;
It will be observed that the switch F at station C is open, and that the line
circuit is continuous commencing from 6, through the relay R, wires 7 and 8,
through the key K, wire 9, post 10, wire 4, to the battery H, to the other station
through wire 5.
The shunt bar G at station C is also opened, but it will be particularly noticed
that, at station A, it is closed, the line circuit coming from wire 6 to post 11,
through the relay R, to the shunt bar G, to wire 12, post 13, wire 14, battery H₂
return circuit 15, to station O through wire 5.
When station A becomes a transmitting station, the shunt bar G is disconnected
"

page_text: '
and the switch F opened (so as to break the local circuit) and at station C the,
switch F is closed (or the local circuit established through it by means of the
armature of the relay R) and the shunt bar G is electrically connected with wire ?
in order to short-circuit the line connection through the wire 8, key K, wire 9 and
post 10. The current coming from wire 7 connects with shunt bar G, passes to
wire 16, thence through wire 4 ctcetera, completing the circuit through wires 5, 15,
14, 12, shunt bar bar G, through the relay R, post 11, wire 6, relay R (at C) to wire 7.
Therefore when the key is depressed at station A, the same results will take
place as those which have been described for station C.
It is evident that when the line circuit is established as described the relays (at
stations A and C) will act; and if the local switches F F were both closed, neither
of the keys at either station could be released for the reason that when the local
circuit is established by means of armatures of the relays R R at both stations, the
local electro-magnets being both polarised will retain the keys K K and no other
signal could be repeated. It is thereforo absolutely necessary that the local circuit
at the transmitting station should be broken.
It is also evident that the same result will take place simultaneously when.moro
than one key is depressed, and as each key is connected through an independent
circuit and relay, the latter causes through its armaturo the closing of the local
circuit appertaining to the electro-magnet under that key (carrying its armature).
The key will be attracted, thus producing, by means of levers appertaining to the
stenographic machine, the necessary motion to move the band of paper and print
on it the phonetic sign or other characters appertaining to that connoction
substantially as shown at M N (Figure 2).
In Figure 3, C is represented as a transmitting station; the local switch F is
open and the shunt or short-circuiting bar G is not electrically connected.
At station B, the local switch F is closed and the relays at that station are
'connected with the 20 conductors of the line. So that, when any one of the keys
at station C are depressed and electrical connections made it will actuate the
'armature of the corresponding relay on that line, close a local circuit appertaining
to a key, say No. 1, polarise the electro-magnet underneath it and attract its
armature producing the same results as described for the other machine.
When the switch F is open however, the current will pass through the relays as
before, but no message or motion will be received or produced on the stenographic
machine.
The machine at this station is devised as a receiver only.
At Station D, a theoretical diagram shows how the apparatus can be placed at
an intermediate station on the line and be used both as a receiver and transmitter
or neither.
As represented, the current coming from one of the conductors passes through
-wire 17 to the relay R, through the line switch L, wire 18, to the line.
However, if the local switch F were closed, the armature of the relays R would
close the local circuit, depress the key K, as before described, and constitute itself
as a receiving station. But, if it were desirable to use this intermediate station (D)
as a transmitting one, the local switch F must be opened as well as the line
- Bwitch L.
:
The current then, coming from wire 17 will pass through the relay, wire 19,
contact of the key K, wire 20, through 18 to the line, and thus be constituted as a
(transmitting station.
It is understood that all the local switches of the other stations intended as
- receivers should be closed and the shunt' bars G.closed also.
Station A is shown on this figure as a receiving station and is organised
- similarly to the elevation A in Figure 1.
Figures 4, 5, 6, give views, on an enlarged scale, of the organisation hereinþefore
.described...
'
I have described the arrangement of a key carrying the armature of an electro-
magnet making part of a local circuit, but this electro magnet and the key carrying

page_text: its armature can equally well be placed in the general circuit instead of the local
circuit.
The advantages of this invention, besides its great value as a real improvement
in the art of multiplex telegraphy, are several,
For instance, Telephonic communications can be recorded and printed by means
of the organisation herein described, either with or without its electrical connection.
A receiving telephone can be applied to the ear with proper appliances and tho
operator of the steno-telographic machine can immediately, and as quickly as
communicated, print the message on a band of paper or transmit it steno-
telegraphically to a distant station or stations. Without enumerating the several
other advantages which this invention is capable of accomplishing, the one just
mentioned, of being able to record or print telephonic communications is such an
improvement, even in telephony, that I can broadly claim the application for such
purposes without giving any other devices than those operative ones which I have
already experimentally accomplished and described in this specification.
It is understood that the apparatus can be duplexed and quadruplexed, reserving
the right for other application for letters patent on this subject.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
claim is :-
First. In the art of transmitting intelligible signals by electricity, the method
herein set forth of producing phonetic signs or characters at a distant station
or stations as described.
Second. An electric steno-telegraphic circuit substantially as set forth.
Third. The combination of a key.or circuit-breaker carrying the armature of an
electro-magnet, and its electro-magnet included in a local circuit for the
purpose and substantially as described.
Fourth. The combination of a key or circuit-breaker carrying the armature of an
electro-magnet and its electro-magnet included in a local circuit at one station,
and a key or circuit breaker at another station, (similarly organised) but
not having its electro-magnet in electrical circuit, substantially as shown
and described.
Fifth. The combination of the shunt or short-circuiting bar G with the steno-
telegraphic circuit substantially as shown and described, and placed between
the relays and keys K K for the purpose of completing the line circuit
independently of the keys K K, the line switches L L, and the local
switches F F, operated as described.
Sixth-The combination with electrical circuits of a stenographic machine for the
purpose and organised substantially as herein before described.
Seventh. In combination with electrical circuits a stenographic and steno-
telegraphic machine and a telephonic arrangement for the purpose and
organised substantially as herein before described and set forth.
In witness whereof, I, the said Gilbert Alfred Cassagnes have hereunto set my
hand and seal this twenty sixth day of April in the year of our Lord one thousand
eight hundred and eighty four.