IMPROVEMENTS IN THE METHOD OF PUMPING LIQUIDS, AND IN COMPRESSED AIR PUMPING APPARATUS
Year: 1882

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Alexander Melville Clark, of 53, Chancery Lane, in the
County of Middlesex, Patent Agent, for an Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE METHOD OF PUMPING LIQUIDS, AND IN COMPRESSED AIR PUMPING
APPARATUS." A communication from abroad by Charles William Cooper, of
New York City, in the County and State of New York, United States of
America, Manufacturer.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION filed by the said Alexander Melville Clark at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 16th January 1882.
.
ALEXANDER MELVILLE CLARK, of 53, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex,
Patent Agent. "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE METHOD OF PUMPING LIQUIDS, AND IN
COMPRESSED AIR PUMPING APPARATUS." A communication from abroad by
Charles William Cooper, of New York City, in the County and State of New York,
United States of America, Manufacturer.
This Invention relates to a machine for lifting water or other fluid or substance
with the aid of compressed air without the use of any reciprocating or other
plunger.
In the Specifications of former Letters Patent, dated respectively October 8th
1881, and November 24th 1881, Nos. 4386 and 5137, I have described air
compressors combined with pumps and operating at varying degrees of pressure, all
of which pumps had pistons, either such as moved horizontally, or vertically
movable pistons. It is now desired to dispense with any piston in the pump; and
I will proceed to explain a method whereby with the aid of compressed air that
passes from the compressor to the pump, and then back from the pump to the
compressor, the water or other liquid or substance can be raised without the use of
a piston in the pump chamber. All I need to produce an operative pump is a
series of air-tight pipes, air-tight chambers having the necessary inlet and outlet
valves, or other pipes with proper valves and compressing mechanism of proper
construction. In order to operate to good advantage with this pumping apparatus,
it is desirable that the pump chamber or chambers into which the water first enters

page_text: should be placed as nearly as possible on a level with the water supply, and better
yet, below such level, although the Invention is also operative if the pump chamber
is above the level of the water to be lifted.
The Invention consists in combining the air compressor with two or more
chambers, of which both may be pump chambers, or one may be a pump chamber
only and the other an air reservoir, said combination being such that the air, after
having entered the pump chamber at high pressure and having forced out the
water therein contained, is made to leave that chamber by the action of the
compressor, and exhausted to such an extent that the ordinary pressure of the
atmospheric air on the water will cause the chamber to be replenished. In other
words, the compressor acts, first, as such pure and simple, to compress the air, and
then as a suction apparatus to exhaust it in the pump chamber. The degree of the³
vacuum caused in exhausting will vary of course with the greater or less height at
which the lower pump chamber is above the water, as it is evident that the
pressure of the air in the said lower pump chamber must be reduced to such an
extent that the ordinary atmospheric pressure on the water will suffice to lift the
column of water which is below the chamber, and above the ordinary level of the
water into said chamber. For the usual operation the pump has several pump
chambers, in which case the air that is taken from the one pump chamber is
preferably conveyed to another, &c. But where only one pump chamber is used,
the air that leaves it is properly forced into a reservoir, to be there retained for use
at the next stroke of the pump.
In the accompanying Drawings Figure 1 is a diagram showing a modification of
the Invention; Figure 2 is a diagram showing the Invention; Figure 3 is a detail
central section on an enlarged scale of the lower pump chamber H; Figure 4 is a
similar section of one of the upper pump chambers; Figure 5 is a central section of
the cylinder for regulating the admission of atmospheric air to the compressor;
Figure 6 is a vertical central section of a modified form of pump chamber;
Figure 7 is a diagram showing another modification of the Invention; Figure 8 is
an enlarged vertical section of the valve chamber S and top of vessel u; Figure 9
is a vertical central section of the valve adjusting mechanism; Figures 10 and 11
are detail views of other modifications.
In Figure 1 I have illustrated a compressor with a single pump chamber. In
this Figure the letter A represents a suitable steam cylinder driving an air
compressor B, which supports two valve chambers D and E that are substantially
constructed like the valve chambers D, E, described in the Specification of Letters
Patent dated 24th November 1881 before referred to. I do not here deem it
necessary to again describe and illustrate the internal arrangement of said
chambers D and E, as it is precisely the same as described in the said Specification
above mentioned, which have the same letters of reference D and E, and are quite
clearly shown in Figures 5 and 6 of said Specification, as also in Figure 9 attached
hereto. H is the pump chamber; F is the pipe leading from the compressor to the
chamber H; and R is the water discharge pipe that extends upwards from the
chamber H. When the compressor forces air into the pipe F, and thence into
the chamber H, it will expell all the water contained in H through a side
passage a (see Figure 3) into the pipe R, closing at that time a foot valve b which
closes the lower entrance of water to the chamber H. When afterwards the action
of the compressor causes the air to be withdrawn through F from H, and suction to
be created in the chamber H, the foot valve b will be drawn open and the
chamber H replenished with water from below, the downward escape of water
from the pipe R into the chamber H being prevented by a valve d, which is at this
time closed by the suction of the air and by the pressure of water on its top. In
this arrangement, which is shown in Figure 1, the air which is drawn from the
pump H by the compressor through the pipe F should be forced by the compressor
through the pipe F¹ into an air reservoir G, to be there retained until the reversal
of the current towards or into the chamber H takes place, when the operation of
the pump and compressor will be again the same as before described. The manner

page_text: in which the compressor acts on the air, first to compress and then to exhaust it, is
more clearly described in the subsequent portion of this Specification, and need not
at this stage be fully referred to
In Figure 2 is shown a side view of a compressor B connected with four pump
chambers instead of one, in which case it is not necessary to retain the air reservoir G.
I desire here to remark that in Figure 2 the pump chambers are shown pro-
portionately too small (for the best effect) as compared with the size of the steam
cylinder A and compressor B. In this Figure 2, A is the steam cylinder; B, the
compressor, provided with valve cylinders D and E, as before described; F is the
pipe leading from the compressor to the lower pump chamber H and to the pump
chamber H2; and F¹ is the pipe leading from the compressor to the pump chambers
Hand H³. The four pump chambers should all have about the same capacity.
The lower pump chamber is clearly shown in vertical section in Figure 3, and is
there shown to have an inlet or foot valve b, and outlet valve d, a side passage a
leading to the discharge pipe R in which the valve d is contained, and also a floating
ball valve e.
In Figure 4 is shown a vertical central section of one of the pump chambers
H, H, or H³, each of which has also a side passage a², a ball valve e², and a discharge
valve d², the latter being by preference in the lower part of the side passage a².
In the construction of pump chamber shown in Figure 4, the valve d², as far as it
applies to chambers H' and H2, is also the inlet valve of the chamber next above.
There is no absolute necessity of having the floating ball valve e² in each of the
central chambers H1, H2, but I prefer to have it in all the chambers as a protection
to prevent the air rising into the water pipe that leads from such chamber. The
lower chamber H should not be of such length as to greatly increase the distance
from the water level to the top of the chamber, but in the upper chambers H', H³,
and Hs, greater length is not objectionable; and for the sake of lightness and
strength I prefer to make these chambers, as indicated in Figure 4, of large wrought
iron pipe screwed into top and bottom castings, so as to keep them in line with the main
discharge pipe R, as shown, the branches a and a being in reality side passages of
the pipe R along the pump chambers, and these side passages are also screwed into
the top and bottom castings, as indicated. The mechanism for reversing the direction.
of the currents in the pipes F and F¹ in connection with the valve arrangement
shown in the chests D and E is as follows (see Figures 2, 5, and 9):-In these
Figures the letter I represents a cylinder containing a piston J, which is attached
to the same rod K that enters into the valve cylinder E. The pipes F and F¹
have branches f and f¹ respectively that lead to openings or ports near the ends of
the cylinder I. These ports are so placed as to be alternately covered by the piston J
at each reversal of the stroke of the same. Each of the stuffing boxes g at the
ends of the cylinder I has next to the cylinder head or near the same an air
passage h, and there are longitudinal grooves or recesses in the piston rod K at
such distances from the piston J that whenever said piston is near one head of the
surrounding cylinder the groove i nearest that head will communicate with the
opening h, and thus establish communication between the inside of that end of the
cylinder nearest which the piston is and the outer atmosphere. At the same time
the passage to the atmosphere at the other end of the cylinder is closed. The pipe f¹
has its communication with the interior of the cylinder I closed by the piston J
when said piston is in the position shown in Figures 5 and 9, and at that time the
pipe fis in communication with that part of the cylinder I which does not com-
municate with the atmospheric air. When the piston J is moved to the other end
of the cylinder, the communication with the outer air will first be closed and the
pipe f¹ then put in communication with that part of the cylinder which before the
motion of the piston communicated with the outside air. Stiff springs j are set
into enlargements at each end of the cylinder I, and are retained by said enlarge-
ments from becoming unduly expanded. They serve to prevent shocks whenever
the piston J reaches the limits of its movements. That end of the piston rod K
which does not project into the valve cylinder E projects out of the other end of

page_text: the cylinder I, and carries two friction rollers and m in its preferably forked end.
The roller serves to lift a loaded lever L whenever the rod K is on its way
forward or backward during the reciprocating movements of the piston J. The
other roller m is set slightly lower than the roller l, and rides on a track or support n,
serving thus to support the end of the rod K in the proper horizontal position. The
lever L is held down by a spring o or equivalent weight, so that thus a certain
definite force or pressure on the piston rod K is required to overcome the pressure
of said spring whenever the forward or backward movement of the piston J is
commenced since it will be necessary for the roller to lift the lever L at each
stroke, said lever having a downward projection near its free end, as shown. The
greatest force will be required at the commencement of each stroke; hence less
force is required to keep the piston J in motion when once started than to start
it against the pressure of the spring o. The tension of the spring o is so adjusted
that it shall require any desired difference of pressure upon the two sides of the
piston J to cause said piston to move against the force of said spring. Hence,
whenever the pressure in the end of the cylinder I that communicates with one of
the pipes for f¹ arrives at this degree of difference below atmospheric pressure,
the natural pressure of air in the other chamber of said cylinder will cause the
latter to move until the pipe that was covered by the piston becomes uncovered.
But before this takes place the passage h, i, formerly open becomes close. In other
words, when the compressor creates a partial vacuum in that end of the cylinder
I which communicates with the pipe f in the position shown in Figure 5,
the atmospheric air entering through the then connecting passages h, i, at the
other end will move the piston J towards the pipe f and thus start the action, and
before the piston J arrives entirely under the pipe f said communication h, i, will
be closed and the compressor will be able to force the piston still further by
introducing compressed air into the cylinder through the pipe f¹. Between the
time of the closing of the passage h, i, and the opening of the passage to the pipe fl
(presuming the piston J to move towards the pipe f¹) the expansive force of the
air acting upon the continually reduced pressure of the air on the opposite side of
the piston J, and the decreased force required to lift the lever L owing to the
difference in the angle of contact, will keep the piston in motion, and as soon as
the pipe is opened high pressure entering the cylinder through it will quickly com-
plete the stroke, and thus by shifting the corresponding plunger in the cylinder E
will reverse the currents in the pipes F and F¹. The tension of the spring o can be
regulated by a nut or otherwise experimentally until the desired effect is produced.
It will readily be seen that all the parts of the valve cylinder I could be
contained in the two ends of the cylinder E by properly lengthening and enlarging
the ends of the cylinder E, but in that case two pistons J attached to the stem of
the valve in E, one at each end, would be required.
In case the pump chamber H, shown in Figures 2 and 3, is set so far below the
source of the water that air will enter against internal pressure greater than
atmospheric pressure, and that the reversal should be required to take place before
the pressure of the air in the low pressure pipe becomes reduced to or below that of
the atmosphere, additional springs p may be employed within the cylinder I to
assist the atmospheric pressure to move the piston J, or any other equivalent
mechanical force can be used to act upon the piston rod outside of the cylinder I.
The air that enters the cylinder I through the apertures h, i, will be added to the
contents of the whole apparatus, and might be sufficient to supply all waste; but if
it should not suffice, a small auxiliary compressor could be employed to pump in a
constant supply of air at any point. A small pressure valve q attached to the
inlet chamber of the valve cylinder D will let out any excess of air whenever the
pressure shall exceed the limit for which it is set.
The height to which it is required to force the water should be so divided that
the distance from the bottom of each pump chamber to the top of the next pump
chamber above shall be equal, but the bottom of the highest chamber (in this
example H³) should be as much nearer the point of discharge than the distances

page_text: just mentioned, as the top of the first chamber H is raised above the level of the *
water supply, because the uppermost chamber H3 has to discharge its water against
atmospheric pressure, while all the other chambers discharge their water against
pressure reduced below atmospheric pressure to an extent equal to the water
column leading up into the chamber H.
The operation of the apparatus as far as described is as follows:-When the
higher pressure caused by the action of the compressor is in the pipe F, and acts
upon the water in the chambers H and H2, with which the pipe F is connected as
shown, it will force whatever water is contained in said two chambers into the
chambers H' and H³, and this lifting of the water into said chambers will continue
until the pressure in the pipe F¹ is so far reduced, and consequently also in that
end of the cylinder I that receives the branch pipe f¹, that atmospheric pressure
acting upon the piston J shall reverse the position of the valves in the cylinder E,
and thereby also the inlet and outlet openings of the compressor. Thereupon the
pressure in the pipe F, and in the chambers H, H2, will become reduced by the
action of the compressor, which now receives the air through the pipe F, and the
high pressure will be in the pipe F¹. This will cause the compressed air to force
water from the chamber H₁ into H, and from the chamber H³ to the outlet, and
at the same time the reduced pressure in the chamber H will permit the same to be
replenished automatically through the action of atmospheric pressure upon the
surface of the water.
Figure 6 is a vertical sectional view of a modification of the pump chamber,
showing it made double, that is to say, composed of two upright chambers r and 8.
of which one receives the pipe F, and the other the pipe F¹, and both communicating
with the stand pipe R at or near their lower ends, and with the supply pipe at the
bottom. In the Drawing (Figure 6) the pressure is shown to be through the pipe Fi
in the chamber s, the water being forced out of the chambers into the stand pipe R.
At the same time the suction which is caused by the reduction of pressure in the
chamber shows the water to be drawn from below into r. It is apparent that in
this modification, shown in Figure 6, each of the pipes F, F', would have to be
carried to each pair of chambers. Although when operating thus by pairs of
chambers and a single compressor the system would be double acting so far as the
pumps are concerned, it would so far as relates to the compressor B be a single
acting system, which throws unequal work on the steam engine or other power
used, and which requires a great fly wheel capacity to properly balance the work.
For more regular operation the compressor should also be made to act upon the
duplex system, that is to say, there should really be two compressors connected to
the same shaft and fly wheel, which shaft might be driven by one or more steam
engines, or by any other power. The duplex compressor system could be applied to
two single chambers H, or to two systems of single cylinders for successive lifts, or
to two double chambers, or to two systems of several double chambers. In the case
of the two single chambers H, which might be located at widely different points,
one pipe from each compressor should lead to each pump chamber, and another
pipe should lead from each compressor to a reservoir like the air reservoir G shown
in Figure 1. This would enable that one of the compressors which operates to
compress the air to draw its supply from the reservoir, whilst the other at the same
time supplies the reservoir. In the case of the two systems of single chambers for
successive elevations, pipes F, F1, would need to be led from each compressor,
making four pipes in all, and in the case of the two systems of pairs of chambers
four pipes would also be required. In fact, for the duplex compressor system, four
pipes, two from each compressor, would be needed in any case, except in the case
of the two single chambers H, when both said chambers should connect with an air
reservoir G. Each of the compressors being complete in itself so far as the cylinders,
valves, &c., are concerned, the cranks of their operating shafts should preferably be
set at right angles to each other on the common fly wheel shaft, but the important
point in the system is that the reversals of the currents into and out of the com-
pressors should alternate as nearly as possible in time, so that while one current

page_text: having just commenced should cause one of the compressors to act as an air engine
to help along the work, the other having reached its midway stage becomes an air
pump that consumes power. The work of the driving pump becomes therefore by
this system much better balanced.
Positive mechanism from the main shaft, such as I have described in my
previous application, could be made to effect the reversals of the currents of air at
the proper intervals, or a cylinder I having the piston J upon each of the
compressors could be used, but to make the proper alternations in the currents of
the two compressors it would not answer for the respective pistons J to be each
moved by the compressor to which it is attached. To cause the piston J to change
the currents of the two compressors at the proper intervals, the governing force
must be derived from the same source, that is to say, the air pipes are the
governing force, the same pipes F and F¹ that govern the change of the currents
of one compressor must be employed for those of the other. I have already
shown how the two pipes F and F make the change of the currents of the
compressor to which they belong when the pressure in one of the pipes is at the
lowest point, but when these same pipes are used to operate the valve of the other
compressor, the change would require to take place about the time when the
pressures in the pipe of the compressor should be balanced. I therefore modify
the cylinder I of that compressor so that the pipes F and F¹ are always uncovered,
as shown by dotted lines in Figure 5, and leave no passages h, i, or grooves in the
piston rod and stuffing box. Then as soon as the incoming air of one of the
pipes F shall overbalance the outgoing air of the other sufficiently, it will force the
piston J to the opposite end of the cylinder I and thus reverse the valve and the
change in one compressor will take place about midway in point of time of the
changing of the other compressor, but if the divisions of time are not exactly as
desired, suitable forces acting upon the piston or rod could be made to either assist
or retard the action of the incoming air.
In Figures 7 and 8 I show an improvement or modification whereby, still
without any piston, water can be made to enter the initial chamber H while the
lowest pressure of the air in the other chambers, and of that air which returns to
the compressor, shall be kept at higher pressure than that to which it is necessary
to reduce it to cause water to enter the chamber H. I accomplish this by the
interposition of a water column between the air supply to the pump H, and that
of the remainder of the system. Two reservoirs u and vare placed, one at a higher
elevation than the other, and connected by a pipe w that leads from the bottom of the
upper reservoir u into and nearly to the bottom of the lower reservoir v, the difference
in the elevation of the two reservoirs depending upon the degree of difference
required between the lower pressure in the chamber H and that of the remainder of
the whole apparatus. Water sufficient to fill the reservoir v and the pipe w is always
kept in the two chambers and pipe. The air pipe F in this case communicates as
before described with the remainder of the system, but before reaching the
chamber H it passes through a valve chamber or box S, more clearly shown in
enlarged section in Figure 8, and (acting against and moving a piston x in that
cylinder that is opposed by a spring y) effects its entrance into the chamber H.
The lower end of the valve cylinder S communicates with the top of the reservoir u
by a pipe 3 that contains a floating ball valve a³. Whenever sufficient pressure
has at any time accumulated in the pipe F it will force the piston against the
air pressure on the opposite side, and against spring until the opening b³ that
communicates with the branch of the pipe F that leads to the pump chamber H, is
first covered and the opening d³ (see Figure 8) next uncovered when there will be
uninterrupted communication from the compressor through the pipe F and opening d³
to the chamber H and consequent discharge of water out of said chamber into the
chamber H¹ next above. The operation of this attachment is as follows:-When
the pressure in the pipe F first begins to accumulate by the action of the compressor
it will be transferred through the branch F of the pipe F to the top of the reservoir v
and thereby to the water with which the reservoir v at that time is filled. The

page_text: pipe w will also be full of water, but the chamber u will be nearly empty of water
and contain air that is in free communication with the chamber H through the
opening 63 and the lower portion of the pipe F. As the pressure accumulates in
the reservoir the water will flow up the pipe w into the reservoir u, causing a
corresponding increase of pressure in that reservoir until the water causes the ball
valve as to float and close the connection to the pump H through the lower part
of the valve chamber S. The pressure in the reservoir v will always exceed that
in the reservoir u by that of the water column measured by the difference of the
levels of the water in the two reservoirs until the air communication out of u is cut
off by the valve a³ when the pressure in the pipe F will accumulate still more
without adding pressure on the other side of the piston x. This increase of
pressure will then cause the piston x to move down and bring the pipe F into
communication with the branch leading to the pump chamber H, putting it into
communication with the same pressure that is upon the other chambers to force
out the water as before mentioned. The weighted valve e placed on the chamber u
is to let out any air that may leak into the end of the chamber with which it
communicates, and thus prevents the pressure of air being raised by leakage from
the pipe F above any given point which might enable the spring y to force the
piston back before the proper time. When the current through the pipe F sets from
the pump chamber H towards the compressor, it will pass uninterruptedly until the
pressure in the pipe F shall be so much reduced that the spring y together with
the pressure that is below the piston or valve x shall cause the valve x to close
the passage d³ and open the passage b³. Then the air from the chamber H will
pass into the reservoir u and become attenuated by the fall of the water therein,
the reservoir u being large enough to hold in a state of attenuation sufficient for
the purpose
of allowing water to enter the chamber H as much air as was,
contained in the chamber H and in the branch of the pipe leading thereto at the
time of closing of the valve x. A reduction of pressure in the pipe F to cause the
water to enter the chamber H is thus required only to that point which exceeds
the required lowness of pressure in the chamber H by the pressure of the water.
column from the surface of the water in the vessel v to the surface of that in the
vessel u, and the remainder of the apparatus can therefore be operated by air
always at a higher pressure than that of the atmosphere, as shown in my former
application. The pipe F might lead into the top of the reservoir v and out of the
top of the reservoir u without the use of the valve cylinder. S, as shown in
Figure 10, but means would have to be taken to expel any air, which being held
naturally in the water, will leave it to some extent when the pressure is reduced
below that of the atmosphere. The pipe f³ (see Figure 10) which extends from
the top of the reservoir u nearly to the bottom can be used as a means of expelling
excess of air. If too much air should enter from the chamber H into the
reservoir u, the level of the water would be reduced as it falls down the pipe w
until the bottom of the chamber or pipe fs being reached, the air would rush up
that pipe and take the place of the water which would fall, and the ball valve g³
in the projecting pipe 13 that is covered by the valve e³ (Figures 10 and 11) not
being held up by water would also fall, and at the next rise of pressure in the
reservoir the air in the chamber or pipe f³ would be expelled through the.
valve es above it, which valve is to prevent any air from entering the chamber u
from above. In case the water column should be used in this last described
manner, the higher pressure air upon the water in the chamber H would be reduced
by that of the interposed water column as well as the lower pressure, and the
water column from the first pump chamber H to that next above would have to be
correspondingly reduced, but this would not be the case when the higher pressure
has the direct communication to the pump chamber H, as before described.
The water column from the chamber to the chamber u might be divided into
two or more columns if desired, or several such chambers and connecting pipes
might be placed side by side into one system. If the air compressor should be

page_text: large enough to compress and expand the air for the whole system at one stroke,
the reversing valves would of course not be required.
When this method of pumping is used in factories and other places where pumps
of various sizes, and working under different and changing conditions, and liable to
be put into and out of use suddenly, are operated by a single system common to
all the pumps, a ball valve g³ should be placed in all the air pipes near the pumps
to prevent liquids from flowing into the pipes, and the pressures would have to be
raised high enough and reduced low enough to accommodate all the pumps of the
system (as any class of either high or low pressure would not interfere with the
operation of the pumps).
I have now described how these pumps could all be operated by a system of air
connection, which causes the compressor first to compress the air in a certain pipe
and then attenuate it therein. But the apparatus could also be operated by the
circuitous method, as described in the Specification of former Letters Patent, dated
the 8th October 1881, before referred to, but in that case the reversing valve of
the chamber H should be placed between the interposed water column and the
compressor, when that column is used, and not in the branch of the pipe F leading
into the pump chamber H.
Having described the nature of the said Invention, and the manner of performing
the same,
I declare that what I claim as new and desire to secure by Letters
Patent is,―
1st. The combination of an air compressor with two or more chambers, one or
more of said chambers constituting pump chambers, and with connecting pipes, all
arranged so that the air after having entered the pump chamber at high pressure
to force out the water is made to leave the chamber in attenuated condition by the
action of the compressor, so that water may enter and leave the pump chamber
without the necessity of a piston or plunger therein, as specified.
2nd. The process herein described of raising water and other fluids by first
causing compressed air to enter the pump chamber and expel the water therein
contained, and then exhausting the air in said pump chamber to such extent that
atmospheric pressure upon the surface of the water will replenish said chamber
with the water or other fluid without the action of a piston.
3rd. The pump chamber H connected with the air supply and exhaust pipe F
and with the discharge pipe R and passage a leading thereto and combined with
the valves b and d, substantially as specified..
4th. The pump chamber H connected with the air supply and exhaust pipe F
and with the discharge pipe R in combination with the passage a, valves b, d,
and floating valve e, substantially as specified.
5th. The combination of the pump chamber Hand its supply and exhaust pipe F
with the upper pump chamber H¹ and its supply and exhaust pipe F¹ and with
the compressor B, all arranged to raise water in the pipe R without the use of
pistons in the pump chambers, as set forth.
6th. The pump chamber H¹ having side passage a², pipe R, and discharge
valve d² in combination with pump chamber H2, having also side passage a², and
for which the discharge valve d² of the chamber H' is the supply valve, substantially
as specified.
7th. The cylinder I combined with its piston J, rod K, pipes f. f', and provided
with air channels h and i, all arranged for operation, substantially as herein shown
and described.
8th. The cylinder I combined with its piston J, rod K, pipes f, f', and springs j,
and provided with air channels h and i for operation, substantially as specified.
9th. The cylinder I combined with its piston J, rod K, pipes f, f¹, shock
arresting springs j, and stroke assisting springs p, substantially as herein shown
and described.
10th. The cylinder I combined with pipes ƒ, ƒ¹, piston J, rod K, rollers l, m,
and loaded lever L, substantially as specified..

page_text: 11th. The compressor B combined with pipes F and F that lead to separate
chambers in combination with valve chests D, E, and the valves therein, and with
the branch pipes f, f¹, cylinder I, and regulating piston J, substantially as herein
shown and described.
12th. In a pumping apparatus the compressor B combined with the regulating
apparatus I, J, having air communication h, i, and connecting pipes f, f¹, and with
the pipes F, F1, leading to separate chambers, all arranged so that the compressor
acts to compress air in one pipe above and to attenuate it in the other below
ordinary atmospheric pressure as specified.
13th. The combination of an initial pump chamber having supply and discharge
water pipes and valves, and supply and exhaust air pipe, but no piston, with one
or more chambers similarly provided, so arranged that the water may be raised by
two or more successive lifts, substantially as described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Alexander Melville Clark, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Sixteenth day of January, A.D. 1882.