IMPROVEMENTS IN SAWING MACHINERY
Year: 1855

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to George Green, of the Mile End Road, in the County
of Middlesex, Engineer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN SAWING
MACHINERY."
Sealed the 28th August 1855, and dated the 4th June 1855.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said George Green at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 4th June
1855.
I, GEORGE GREEN, of the Mile End Road, in the County of Middlesex,
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN SAWING MACHINERY":-
This Invention has for its object several improvements in sawing machinery.
First, the application of two seperate and independent feed motions to a..
sawing machine or frame, and this is accomplished by means of two ratchet
wheels and pinions, one ratchet wheel and pinion being fixed to a hollow shaft;
and the other ratchet wheel and pinion being fixed on a shaft which passes
through the hollow shaft.
Second, when sawing machinery is arranged for sawing staves and such like
work, the "fences" are made moveable, and are arranged and worked-in-com-
bination with templates, the "fences." in the working of the machine being

page_text: governed by the templates. The sawing machine or frame when the "fences
are fixed becomes an ordinary deal sawing frame acting without templates.
Third, the application in sawing machines or frames of "fences" in com-
bination with saws, which are capable of rotating on their own axes, and of
being guided by hand by forked 'handles or levers.
Fourth, when the machinery is arranged for sawing bevils, a rotating
cylinder is applied on which the bevils are worked. This cylinder receives its
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said George Green in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
4th December 1855.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, GEORGE
GREEN,. of the Mile. End Road, in the County of Middlesex, Engineer, send
greeting.
T
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Fourth day of June, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-five, in the eighteenth year of Her reign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
George Green, Her special licence that I, the said George Green, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said George
Green, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during
the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,
and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN SAWING
MACHINERY," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said George
Green, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal; should parti-
cularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same was to be performed; and cause the same to be filed in
the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately
after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said George Green, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof (that is to say)
This Invention has for its object several-inprovements in sawing machinery.

page_text: 时
First, the application of two separate and independent feed motions to a
sawing machine or frame, and this is accomplished by means of two ratchet
wheels and pinions, one ratchet wheel, and-pinion being fixed to a hollow shaft,
and the other ratchet wheel and pinion being fixed,on a shaft which passes
through the hollow shaft..
Second, when sawing machinery is arranged for sawing staves and such like
work the fences are made moveable, and are arranged and worked in com-
bination with templates, the "fences in the working of the machine being
governed by the templates. The sawing machine, or frame when the
"-fences"
are fixed becomes an ordinary deal sawing frame acting without
templates.
Third, the application in sawing machines or frames of" fences:" in.com-
bination with saws, which are capable of rotating on their own axes, and of
being guided by hand by forked handles or levers.
Fourth, when the machinery is arranged for sawing bevils, a rotating
cylinder is applied on which the bevils are, marked. This cylinder receives its
motion as the wood travels up to the saw
Having thus stated, the nature of my said Invention, I will proceed to
describe more fully the manner of performing the same.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING, SHEET NO. 1
This Drawing shews so much of a saw frame as will enable me to describe
the first part of my Inventions
:
Figure 1 is a plan, Figure, 2 is a side, view; and..Figure 3 is a section, of
hollow shaft pinions and racks. A is a ratchet wheel on solid shaft E; B,is a
second ratchet wheel keyed on end of hollow.shaft D.; C is a band wheel,
usually called a "running back" motion, and keyed on hollow.shaft D;
D is.a hollow shaft, having ratchet wheel B-and-running back pulley C key'd
on one end and pinion F key'd on the other end; E is a solid shaft passing
through and working in hollow shaft D; on the other end of this shaft E-is
key'd pinion, G; F is a pinion, key'd on one end of hollow shaft. Dand
gearing in rack H,,G is a second pinion, key'd, on end of solid shaft E and
geering in the second rack I. Hand. I are two, racks of the .usual descrip-.
tion, geering, in and worked by pinions, F and G. The ratchet wheels, shafts,
and pinions, as shewn, are placed in the sawing machine in the same place and:
manner as ratchet wheel and shaft of deal. frames usually are, and two racks
placed side by side instead of one, as at present. It will be seen that by this
arrangement there are two independent feed: motions actuated by ratchet
wheels,.so that while one.deal.
alor plank is being advanced one tooth at each.
3
G

page_text: -
stroke of the saw frame the other deal or plank may be advanced two or more
teeth at a stroke, that one "feed" may be stopped without stopping the other;
there is no loss of work by deals or planks of unequal lengths being sawn at
the same time. I am aware that two racks have been used before, but not
side by side, as here shewn. I do not confine myself to the use of two racks,
as I intend sometimes to use feed rollers, or a rack for feeding up one deal or
plank, and "feed rollers" for feeding up the other deal or plank. I am also
aware that two independent feed motions have been used before, but not in
tlie manner here described. The peculiarity of this part of my Invention is
the use of two shafts, one shaft being within the other, combined with two
ratchet wheels side by side, as described.
I will now describe the second part of my Invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS, SHEET No. 2.
Figure 1 is a front view; Figure 2 is a side view; Figure 3, plan; Figure 4
is a side view of the fence, and end view of dovetail slide at the bottom;
Figure 5 is an end view of fence, and side view of dovetail slide at bottom;
Figure 6 is a side view of fence and section of dovetail slide at bottom, and
section of transum, in which moves the fence dovetail piece.. A is a saw gate
of the usual description for sawing deals, which is moved up and down in the
guides P, P, P, P, by means of a crank and connecting rod, as in all recipro-
cating sawing franes; B, B, are the side frames; C, C, are two saws, but
more may be used at the same time if required; D, D, are two fences, having
dovetail slides J, J, on bottoms, and capable of sliding laterally in transum K;
E, E, are two "binding" or pressure rollers, same as used in deal saw
frames; Fis a rack, having template G screw'd on back, of suitable form,
when sawing other than straight cuts; G is a template of the required form
for sawing "tonguers." screw'd on back of rack F; various forms of templates
are required for various kinds of staves. H, H, are weights, acting upon press
levers S, S, and press or "binding "rollers E, E, for the purpose of keeping
the staves M, M, up against the fences D, D, and the fences in contact with
the template G; I, I, are the pulleys, over which pass the lines T, T; on the
lower ends of these lines are fastened the weights H, H, and their upper ends
to press levers S, S. J, J, are two dovetail pieces, cast on or fastened to
bottom edges of fences D, D, and working in transum K; K is a "transum,"
having dovetail grooves in its upper surface, in which move the dovetail
pieces J, J; L, L, are two projecting pieces on backs of fences D, D,
and are acted upon by template G; rollers may be introduced to lessen
the friction on the template. M, M, are two "whole staves" or stave

page_text: pieces being operated upon; they are marked as "tonguers." N, N, N, N, aro
screws for fastening template G to back of rack F; O, O, are two lugs on
bottom of saw frame A, for the purpose of connecting it with the moving
power; P, P, P, P, are the guides, in which moves up and down the saw
frame A; angle guide bars may be used if required. Q is a guide piece for
rack F; R is a ratchet wheel on shaft U; S, S, are the press or "binding":
levers; TT, are two_lines_for_connecting-the-weights-H-H,-with-the-press
levers S, S; U is the ratchet wheel shaft, having a pinion on it geering in
rack F, and worked by ratchet wheel R in the usual way. V, V, V, are
rollers, supporting rack and staves; 'W, W, W, are the cuts intended to be
made by the saws. In order to saw out "a tongue," the stave M must be passed
through the machine, when one board or "tonguer "stave will be sawn off; the
other side of the stave being put against the fence, and again passed through
the machine, another "tonguer" stave will be sawn off, thus making two staves
and a tongue out of middle; when "straight cuts are required to be sawn,
a template with straight edges must be fastened to the rack, and the required
number of saws put in as in deal sawing, or holes may be made through the
dovetail pieces J, J, and transum K, and a pin passed through all, thus
rendering the fences immoveable. The peculiarity of this part of the Invention
is the moveable fences combined with template, as herein described.
I will now describe the third part of my Invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS, SHEET No. 3...
This machine is intended for sawing coopers' staves. Figure 1 is a front
view; Figure 2, a side view; Figure 3, a plan. Figure 4 is a side view of
saw and buckles, with forked lever on saw, and section of slotted bar and saw
frame. Figure 5 is a side view of top buckle, and Figure 6 is a front view
of same. Figure 7 is a side view of forked lever, and Figure 8 is a plan of
same. Figure 9 is a section of the saw frame and outer frame, carrying saw
frame on dovetail slides or pieces. A, A, are the side frames; B is a gate or
frame, with dovetail pieces C, C, C, C, on its outer face, and moved up and
down in the guides D, D, D, D, by means of the lugs N, N, and carrying with
it the outer gate E; E is.a saw frame, with dovetail pieces on its inner face,
and capable of sliding laterally on the dovetail pieces C; C, C, C; F, F, arc
two buckles of a peculiar kind for fixing saw G in saw frame E; they are fully
shewn in Figures 4, 5, and 6. His a slotted bar, through which is passed
the "forked" lever P for guiding the saw G.; I is a fence, such as used in
deal saw fraïnes; J is a stave piece, being operated; upon and marked out as
a "doublet; J is the cut the saw will have made when the stave has been

page_text: passed through the machine; K is a press or binding roller; for the purpose
of keeping stave Jin contact with fence I;. L is a transum, on, which rests
the stave. J; Mis a ratchet wheel; N,N, are two lugs, through which is
passed a pin, and: by means of which a connecting rod and, crank move up
and down the saw frame E; O is a screw; for the purpose of tightening up
the saw G P is a forked lever, with a slot insits larger end made to fit
a-x section of the saw Grand is passed through the slotted abȧr. H; when
the machine is at work, the saw passes up and down in this slot or fork in
the end of the lever P; the saw is: directed by means of this lever by turning.
it on its centres U, U. Qis a rack, driven by ratchet wheel M in the usual
way, and is for the purpose of advancing the wood to the isaw; R, R, R, are
rollers upon which the stave and rack travel; Sisa "tail piece of wood for
pushing up the stave when being sawnT is: a weight connected by a rope:
to the pressure. lever U for putting pressure on. the roller K; Uis a lever
having press roller K in a carriage at one end and iveight T.connected to the:
other.
T
It will be seen that when the machine is put to work the saw may be made
to cut any required shape by being" guided by the "forked." lever P directed.
by the hand of the workman. I do not confine myself to a rack for feeding.
or advancing the wood to the saw, as other feed motions may be employed.
I would state that I do not claim the suspending a saw in such manner that
it may be guided by hand as described, neither do I claim any of the parts
separately. This part of my Invention consists of the mode of combining the
parts as described.
"
I will now describe the fourth part of my Invention.
DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS ON: SHEET 4
This machine is for the purpose of sawing ship timbers:
Figure 1 is a front view; Figure 2, 'a side view; Figure 3, plan; Figure 4
is a method of transferring the bevils from the log to a sheet of paper.
A, A, are the side frames; B; B, B, B; are angle guide. bars; C, C, C, C, is:
a frame of outer gate, worked up and down on the guides B, B, B, B, by means
of connecting rods on the pins D, D; E is an inner frame, in which is fixed
the saw H, (it will sometimes be useful to put in two-saws, one on either side
of the dog shaft K,) and having sockets F, F, F, F, on its top and bottom, bored
so as to slide freely on the top and bottom bars of the outer frame C, C, C, C.
The set-screws F, F, are for the purpose of preventing the frame E moving
laterally when making straight cuts. G, G, are two saw buckles, exactly
same as shewn in Sheet 3; Figures 4, 5, and 6
.
H is the saw in buckles made

page_text: so as to permit the saw to turn on its axis, shewn fully in Figures;4; 5, and-6,
Sheet 3; I is a log in the machine;, fixed, and being operated upon by the saxy.
and bevilling apparatus, hereafter described; I are the bevils required on the
edge of the log at the points where the bevils are marked on it; J is a claw
dog, driven into the front end of the log I, and bored, to fit end of dog
shaft Kand capable of being turned on it; Kis-a shaft resting on front
"head block" or transum, for the purpose of supporting-front-end-of-log-I-;-L
is the front head block; resting on and fastened to-timbers M, M,. to, which
the racks for advancings the timber are fixed on their under-sides, same as
timber "frame, also the metal pieces which rest and slide upon the rails on
top of timbers N, NM; M; are the rack timbers; supporting head block 'L'
on their front ends and shifting, head block L* on their back ends; N, N, are
two floor timbers, on which the fails are fixed; and which support the rack!
timbers, head blocks, &c. is a ratchet wheel, acted upon in the usual way,
and for the purpose of advancing the log I to the saw when the machine is in
action; P; ratchet wheel shaft, having-two-pinions-key'd on it and geering in
racks on under. sides of timbers. MM; Qisa slotted board, having wrought-
iron pins on its upper edge; through the slot in this board is introduced the
forked lever R. Q*Q*, are two brackets to which the slotted board Qis
bolted; it has holes in it for the purpose of fixing the board Q higher or lower,
as may be required: R is a "forked lever," having a slot in its end made to
fit a section of theisaw this lever is passed through the slot in the board Qon
the back of the saw H, and is used for the purpose of turning the saw Hon
its axes, according to the curve it has to saw; it is fully shewn in Sheet 3,
Figures 7 and 8. S is a dog, made so as to grip the back end of the log I; it
is made fast to the bevilling lever T, and is bored to fit the shaft U, so as to
vibrate on it according to the angle required to be given to the wood while
being operated upon; Tis a compound sliding lever, composed of two bars so
arranged as to lengthen or shorten, according to the angle made by them, when
canting the log; T*, T, are two gun-metal boxes; the top one being fastened
to end of lower bar, and the lower box is fastened to the lower end of top bar.
It will easily be seen that the top bar slides through the upper box and that
the bottom bar slides through the lower box., U is a dog shaft, on which rests
and turns the.cramp dog.S. This dog is connected to lower end of compound.
bar T. V is a box fixed to the upright framing, having a dovetail groove on
its upper side in which slides: the nut V. On the ends of this, 'box are
the bearings in..which revolve the axes of screw W. The top end of the
lever T-passes through as long slot through the bottom of this box, and it
enters the lower-side of the nut Ve a pin then being passed through both

page_text: bar and nut. V is a gun-metal nut, having dovetail pieces projecting
from its sides, and working in the dovetail groove in box V; from end to
end through this, nut passes the screw W. W is a screw, for the purpose of
canting the timber by means of the nut V* and lever T; on its outer end is a
chain wheel X, and between this wheel and the end of the box V a smaller
tooth wheel C. Y is another chain wheel, similar to X, on outer end of
shaft b; Z is a chain passing round chain wheels X and Y. a is a hand
wheel key'd on shaft b, for the purpose of moving the lever T across the
machine, so as to produce the required bevils on the timber being sawn;
b is a shaft, on one end of which is key'd chain wheel Y and hand
wheel a in middle; c is a small spur wheel on end of screw .W, and geering
into wheel d, and driving it; d is a wheel on end of small screw e; e is a
screw working in and driving nut f; f, nut (sliding) carrying pointer g; g* is
a cylinder, upon which is fastened the paper upon which the required bevils
are marked, as will be hereafter described; h, h, h, is a long rack fixed to
inside of timber N; i is a horizontal spur wheel, shewn in dotted lines under-
neath head block L* on bottom end of upright shaft j, and gearing into rack
h, h, h; j is an upright shaft, having on its upper end a mitre wheel k, geering
into and driving mitre wheel on cylinder shaft u*; M is a sheet of paper,
having the bevils required transferred to it and kept on drum g* by means of
india-rubber rings a*, x*; n, n, are two racks on upper sides of timbers M, M,
with their teeth upwards; e, o, are two brackets on back lead block L*, in which
works the shaft q; P:p, are two pinions on shaft 9 gearing into racks n, n; qis
a shaft working in brackets oo, having on its outer ends pinions p, p, and near
its middle the capstan head r; r is a capstan head on shaft q; by introducing
a bar into this head the shaft 7 may be turned, and the head block L*,.and all
connected with it moved along the timbers M, M, so as to suit timbers of
different lengths. s is a socket on end of cylinder g*, bored out to fit shaft u*,
and having a sett screw t in it; when this screw is slackened the cylinder is
loose on the shaft, and free to revolve on it or be moved endways on it. u is a
graduated scale on the circumference of the cylinder, and on the end of it
vis another graduated scale on a board running across the machine; the use
of these scales will hereafter be explained. wis a drawing board, having a
graduated scale x running from bottom to top, and another scale y along its
bottom edge; is an irregular line on sheet of paper m, set out as will be
explained. The use of this board is as follows:-The distances on the log from
bevil to bevil must first be measured on the log and marked down; the distances
the nut V* must move so as to cant the log its proper amount from bevil to
bevil must also be marked down; a sheet of paper m must then be fastened on.

page_text: board w by means of drawing pins; a T square must then be applied to the
edge of the board, and a line marked from the O; the upper edge of the square
must next be applied to the scale x, to the number corresponding with the
number of inches from the first to the second bevil on the log; a pencil or other
mark must then be made horizontally along the edge of the square and across
the paper; the square must again be moved up the scale a number of inches
corresponding with the number of inches on the log from the second to the
third bevil; another line must then be made across the board, and repeat
this operation as many times as there are bevils on the log; the T square
must next be applied to the O on the scale on lower end of board, and a
vertical mark made, cutting the horizontal line from the Oon scale ;
the square must then be placed on the scale y to a number corresponding
to the inches the bevilling nut V* must move in travelling from the first
to the second bevil, and a line made so as to cut the second horizontal line;
this operation also must be repeated as many times as there are bevils to be
made. Diagonal lines must then be marked by means of a straight edge laid
upon the paper, its edge being placed where the horizontal and vertical lines
cut each other, and the diagonal lines marked as shewn on the paper m,
Figure 4. The paper m is then ready for transferring to the cylinder g*.
Diagonal lines being made on the under side of these papers corresponding with
the diagonal lines on its upper surface may be used for cutting the timbers on
the opposite side of the ship, so that each paper may be used for a "larboard"
and a "starboard" timber. Lines of various colours may be made on the same
sheet of paper for different timbers, so that one sheet of paper may be used for
several timbers. These papers may be preserved and used many times over.
if required.
.
It will be necessary here to explain that the motion of the pointer g may
be reduced, and is intended so to be by means of differently proportioned.
wheels c and d, or by the pitch of the screw e. The travel of the surface
of the cylinder g* may also be reduced and proportioned to the travel. of
the log by means of the dotted wheel i gearing in rack h, h, h, or, by the
relative proportions of the mitre wheels k and 1, so that a small paper may be
used instead of a large one. The scales x and y on the board wmust be made.
to agree with the diminished motion of the nut f and the surface of the
cylinder g*.
Another mode of marking out lines for indicating the bevils is, by ascertaining
as before the distances from bevil to bevil on the log, and the distances the nut
f must move in going from bevil to bevil; these being ascertained you must
proceed as follows:-First, set the drum g* free on its shaft, then bring on.

page_text: the scale on the end of the cylinderslevel with the upper edge of the
board v, make a horizontal mark on the cylinder gby means of fay pencil or
chalk by pressing the pencil on the top of the board and against the
cylinder g; turn the drum round to the number of inches on the scale u corre-
sponding with the number of. inches from the first to the second bevil on the
log, again turn the drum a further number of.inches corresponding with the
number of inches, on the log from the second to the next bevil each time
making the horizontal line as at first, and repeat this operation as many times
as there are bevils on the log. When all these lines..are made the pencil
must be rested on the O of the scale vand pressed up against the cylinder 9*,
move the cylinder slightly round by hand, when a line will be made cutting at
right angles the first horizontal. line, the; distance the pointer g; has, to travel;
while the log is travelling from the first to. the second bevil the second
horizontal line must. be. brought level with. the scale, v,, the pencil put upon
the number marked. on the scale, corresponding with..the required travel of
the pointer g pressed up against the cylinderry, the drum slightly moved
round by hand, when a second mark will be. made cutting at right-angles
the second horizontal line; this operation must be repeated as, many times
as there are bevils to be made. A thin piece of wood or metal must then
be laid upon the cylinder 9, the edge of it passing through where the
horizontal and vertical lines cut: each other, and diagonal. lines must be
marked. The timber is then put in. its proper position for commencing
sawing the cylinder 'g* must be turned round until the cominencement of the
first diagonal line comes under the end of the pointer g; the cylinder must then
be fastened to the shaft by means of the set screwt, when sawing may.com-
mence.. As the timber travels along, the cylinder g* will revolve, and the man
at the hand wheel a. must turn it so as always to keep the diagonal line
under the end of the pointer g. The manner of working this sawing machine
will be as follows:-The log intended to be sawn must be fixed in the dogs
of the machine and tightly screwed; the hand wheel a must then be turned
in the required direction, so as to present the-front end of the log to the
saw at its proper. angle for entering; the paper m is then laid round the
cylinder g*, the left-hand edge of the paper coinciding with a line or mark
running truly round the cylinder g*, the india-rubber rings a*, *, passed over
the paper, as shewn, when the paper will be firmly held in its proper position;
the cylinder g* must then be slid along the shaft u*; and turned round upon it
until the commencement of the diagonal line is directly under the pointer g;
the cylinder g* must then be made fast to its shaft u* by means of the set screw
t; sawing may then be commenced. It will be easily seen that as soon as the

page_text: rack timbers M, M, travel in the direction of the arrows M*, M*, the drum g*
with the paper on it will revolve in the direction of the arrow thereon. The
person attending the bevilling apparatus must turn the hand wheel a, so as
to keep the diagonal line always under the end of the pointer g.
When one cut has been made the log must be run back to its original
position; the cylinder g* reverses itself with the backward motion of the frame
M, M, and takes its original position; the hand wheel a must then be turned
until the end of the pointer 9 comes as before on the commencement of the
diagonal line, the second cut made, when the log will be finished.
I would remark in respect to this part of my Invention that the sawing
machine shewn is similar to what has before been used, and is known as
Hammilton's machine, except so far as the apparatus used for bevilling, and
the improvements thereon consist of the application of a cylinder g* and
apparatus acting therewith for the purpose of regulating the turning of the
timber in order that the proper bevils may be cut.
In witness whereof, I, the said George Green, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Fourth day of December, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-five.
Witness,
FRED HARRIS.
GEORGE GREEN. (L.S.)