IMPROVEMENTS IN PRINTING MACHINES
Year: 1872

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Richard Clay the younger, of Bread Street Hill,
in the City of London, Printer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS
IN PRINTING MACHINES."
Sealed the 25th February 1873, and dated the 13th September 1872.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Richard Clay at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
13th September 1872.
$
I, RICHARD CLAY the younger, of Bread Street Hill, in the City of
London, Printer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN PRINTING MACHINES," to be as follows:-
My Invention relates to that class of printing machines known as
"Wharfedale printing machines," or "double feeding single cylinder
machines." In such machines the sheets to be printed are fed alternately
at each side of a single reciprocating cylinder furnished with "grippers."
Such machines as hitherto constructed are only capable of printing (as
double feeders) sheets of the size or sizes for which each machine is
constructed, and when it is wished to print sheets of larger or smaller
size than that of the sheets for which the grippers aforesaid were last

page_text: arranged the said grippers have to be shifted on the cylinder and
refixed.
Now the object of the first part of my Invention is to enable a printing
machine of the class described with very slight adjustment to print
sheets of any size from the smallest to the largest for which the machine
is constructed. For this purpose I substitute for the "grippers" herein.
⚫ before referred to endless tapes, which carry the sheets to and under the
cylinder and deliver them out after they have been printed.
For convenience of description I will designate the tapes by which
the sheets are carried under the cylinder as the main tapes, and the
tapes by which the said sheets are fed into and taken from the main
tapes as the tapes A, B, and C. There are two sets of main tapes, one
set passes around the cylinder and over tension pulleys mounted on a
fixed bracket at each side of the said cylinder, the other set passes under
the said cylinder and in contact with the first named set of tapes, and
over tension pulleys which are mounted on the brackets aforesaid. Under
the first named pulleys there are two sets of the tapes A, B, and C,
one set at each side of the cylinder. The tapes A, B, and C are arranged
one over another. The tapes A pass over pulleys carried by arms or
sectors (which are capable of intermittent radial motion in a vertical
plane for the purpose herein-after described) and over "bosses" carried
by a "dropping bar of the usual construction, by which the said
" bosses are raised and lowered as required for admitting and gripping
the sheets between the tapes A and the tapes B, which latter pass over
pulleys mounted on the aforesaid sectors (under and in proximity to the
pulleys which carry the tapes A), thence over a feeding drum and over
tension pulleys. The tapes C pass over pulleys mounted on the sectors
(under and in proximity to the pulleys which carry the tapes B) and
over tension rollers. The upper sides of the tapes B and the lower sides
of the tapes A constitute the feeding tapes which carry the sheets to be
printed to the main tapes, and the lower sides of the tapes B and the
upper sides of the tapes C constitute the delivering tapes, which take
the printed sheets from the main tapes and deliver the said sheets out of
the machine.
و,

page_text: side; and the tapes B, C, at the other side of the cylinder opposite the
main tapes at that side. This raising and lowering of the tapes I term
a "shunting motion," it being similar in principle to the operation by
which trains are shunted from one line of rails to another.
The action of the machine is as follows:-As the "dropping bar," at
one side of the cylinder, rises a blank sheet is fed between the tapes A
and B at that side, which tapes on the descent of the said bar grip the
said sheet and carry it into the main tapes, the sectors at the side at
which the said sheet is fed being then in their lower position, so that
the said tapes A and B are brought opposite the main tapes, which then
carry the sheet under the cylinder and deliver the said sheet (which has
been printed while passing under the cylinder) to the tapes B and C at
the other side of the said cylinder, the said tapes being brought opposite
the main tapes by the ascent of the sectors at that side.
When the cylinder is reversed the reverse actions take place, the next
blank sheet being fed in at the side at which the last printed sheet has
been delivered and being delivered after printing at the opposite side.
The essence of this part of my Invention consists in substituting for
the "grippers" hitherto used in printing machines of the class herein-
before referred to endless tapes, by which the sheets are carried to and
under the cylinder and delivered from the said cylinder; this double
operation being effected by the motion herein-before referred to as a
"shunting motion."
66
My Invention further consists in so modifying the arrangement of
the tapes at one side of the cylinder as to convert the machine into a
perfecting machine." Hitherto the reversal of the sheets which have
been printed on one side by such machines has been effected by hand.
Now the object of this part of my Invention is to make the machine
capable of reversing the sheet for the "perfecting of the same, thus
obviating the necessity for manual labour at this stage of the printing
process. For this purpose I substitute for the tapes A, B, and C, at one
side of the cylinder two sets of endless tapes; one set of which passes
over the feeding drum at that side and over the middle pulleys carried
by the sectors herein-before described; the other set passing over the
said drum, thence over the upper and upder pulleys mounted on the said
sectors, and thence over tension pulleys or rollers.

page_text: The action of the machine thus modified is as follows:-A blank
.sheet being fed between the tapes A and B is carried by them into the
main tapes, by which it is carried under the cylinder. During its passage
under the cylinder the sheet is printed on one side. The main tapes
then carry the sheet so printed to the reversing tapes at the other side
of the cylinder, which tapes instead of delivering the sheet out of the
machine as in the arrangement herein-first described carry the said sheet
round the feeding drum (thereby reversing the said sheet) and deliver it
back to the main tapes, which on the reversal of the machine carry the
said sheet under the cylinder blank face downwards. During its passage
under the cylinder the said sheet is perfected by being printed on its
blank side. The main tapes then carry the sheet (now printed on both
sides) to the delivery tapes at that side of the cylinder from which
the said sheet was fed, and the delivery tapes deliver the said sheet out
of the machine.
"
The essence of this part of my Invention consists in so arranging
endless tapes on one side of the cylinder as to enable them to receive
from the "main tapes the sheets which have been printed on one side,
and to reverse the said sheets and return them to the said main tapes
'to be perfected; this double operation being effected by the motion
herein-before referred to as a "shunting motion."
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Richard Clay in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 13th March 1873.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, RICHARD
CLAY the younger, of Bread Street Hill, in the City of London, Printer,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Thirteenth day of September, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-two, in the thirty-
sixth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give
and grant unto me, the said Richard Clay, Her special license that I,
the said Richard Clay, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such
others as I, the said Richard Clay, my executors, administrators, and

page_text: assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to
time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and
Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN PRINTING MACHINES,"
upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Richard Clay,
my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under
my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly
describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed
in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Richard Clay, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof, that is to say :-
My Invention relates to that class of printing machines known as.
Wharfedale printing machines, or double feeding single cylinder machines.
In such machines the sheets to be printed are fed alternately one at
each side of a single reciprocating cylinder furnished with grippers
which seize and hold the said sheets. Such machines as hitherto con-
structed are only capable of printing (as double feeders) sheets of the '
size or sizes for which each machine is constructed, and when it is wished
to print sheets of larger or smaller size than that of the sheets for which
the grippers aforesaid were last arranged the said grippers have to be
shifted on the cylinder and refixed.
Now the object of the first part of my Invention is to enable printing
machines of the class described with very slight adjustment to print
sheets of any size, from the largest for which the machine is constructed
to any size smaller. For this purpose I substitute for the grippers,
herein-before referred to, endless tapes, which carry the sheets to and
under the cylinder and deliver them out after they have been printed.
For convenience of description I will designate the tapes by which the
sheets are carried under the cylinder as the main tapes, and the tapes by'
which the said sheets are carried into and taken from the main tapes as
the tapes A, B, and C. There are two sets of main tapes; one set passes

page_text: around the cylinder and over tension pulleys mounted on a fixed bracket
at each side of the cylinder; the other set passes under the said cylinder
and in contact with the first named set of tapes and over tension pulleys
which are mounted under the first named pulleys. There are two sets of
the tapes A, B, and C, one set at each side of the cylinder. The tapes A,
B, and C are arranged one over another. The tapes A pass over pulleys
carried by arms or sectors (which are capable of alternate oscillatory
motion in a vertical plane, for the purpose herein-after described), and
over a dropping bar of the usual construction, by the action of which the
sheets are drawn in between the tapes A and B at the proper moment;
and the tapes B pass over pulleys mounted on the aforesaid sectors
(under and in proximity to the pulleys which carry the tapes A), thence
over a feeding drum, and over tension rollers; the tapes C pass over
pulleys mounted on a shaft carried by the sectors (under and in proxi-
mity to the pulleys which carry the tapes B), and over tension rollers.
The upper sides of the tapes B and the lower sides of the tapes A con-
stitute the feeding tapes which carry the sheets to be printed to the
main tapes; and the lower sides of the tapes B and the upper sides of
the tapes C constitute the delivering tapes which take the printed sheets
from the main tapes and deliver the said sheets out of the machine.
The sectors at opposite sides of the cylinder are caused to oscillate
alternately by cams or other suitable mechanism, so as to bring the
axes of the pulleys carrying the tapes A, B, at ono side of the cylinder
into a line with the axes of the main tape pulleys at that side and the
axes of the pulleys carrying the tapes B, C, at the other side of the
cylinder into a line with the axes of the said main tape pulleys at that
side. This oscillation of the tapes I term a shunting motion, it being
similar in principle to the operation by which railway trains are shunted
from one line of rails to another.
The action of the machine is as follows:-As the dropping bar at one
side of the cylinder rises a blank sheet is fed by the attendant between
the tapes A and B at that side, which tapes on the descent of the said
bar grip the said sheet and carry it into the main tapes, the sectors at
that side at which the said sheet is fed being then in such a position
that the axes of the pulleys carrying the tapes A, B, coincide with the
axes of the pulleys carrying the main tapes at that side, which latter
then carry the sheet under the cylinder and deliver the said sheet which
has been printed while passing under the cylinder) to the tapes B, C, at

page_text: the other side of the said cylinder, the axes of the pulleys which carry
these latter tapes being brought to coincide with the axes of the main
tapes by the oscillation of the sectors at that side.
When the cylinder is reversed the reverse action takes place, the next
blank sheet being fed in at the side at which the last printed sheet has
been delivered, and being delivered after the printing at the opposite
side.
The essence of this part of my Invention consists in substituting for
the grippers hitherto used on the printing cylinders of printing machines
of the class herein-before referred to endless tapes by which the sheets
are carried to and under the cylinder, and delivered from the said
cylinder; this double operation being effected by the motion berein-
before referred to as a "shunting motion."
My Invention further consists in so modifying the arrangement of the
tapes at one side of the cylinder as to convert the machine into a:
perfecting machine. Hitherto the reversal of the sheets which have
been printed on one side by machines of the class to which my improve-
ments relate has been effected by hand. Now the object of my
Invention is to make the machine capable of reversing the sheets for the
perfecting of the same, thus obviating the necessity for manual labor
at this stage of the printing process. For this purpose I substitute for
the tapes A, B, and C at one side of the cylinder two sets of endless
tapes, one set of which passes round the feeding drum at that side and
round the middle pulleys carried by the sectors herein-before described,
the other set passing round the said drum (outside the first set), thence
round the upper and under pulleys mounted on the said sectors, and
thence over tension pulleys or rollers.
The action of the machine thus modified is as follows:-The blank.
sheet fed by hand between the tapes A and B is carried by them into
the main tapes by which it is carried under the cylinder. During its
passage under the cylinder the sheet is printed on one side. The main.
tapes then carry the sheet so printed to the reversing tapes at the other
side of the cylinder, which tapes instead of delivering the sheet out of
the machine as in the arrangement herein first described, carry the said
sheet round the feeding drum (thereby reversing the said sheet) and
deliver it back to the main tapes, which on the reversal of the machine
carry the said sheet under the cylinder blank face downward. During

page_text: this second passage under the cylinder the said sheet is perfected by
being printed on its blank side. The main tapes then carry the sheet
(printed on both sides) to the delivering tapes at that side of the cylinder
from which the said sheet was fed, and the delivering tapes deliver the
said sheet out of the machine.
The essence of this part of my Invention consists in so arranging
endless tapes at one side of the cylinder as to enable them to receive
from the main tapes the sheets which have been printed on one side,
and to reverse the said sheets, and to return them to the main tapes
to be perfected, this double operation being effected by the motion
herein-before termed a "shunting motion."
Having now described the nature of my Invention I will proceed to
describe the manner in which the same is to be performed, reference
being had to the accompanying Drawings, and to the letters and figures
marked thereon, with respect to which Drawings I would premise,
firstly, that for the sake of greater clearness I have drawn the several
sets of tapes in different colours, each set of tapes being distinguished
by the same colour in all the Figures; secondly, that only such old
parts are represented as are necessary to the description of my Invention,
the parts omitted being of the ordinary kind; and thirdly, that the
arrows indicate the directions in which the tapes travel.
Figure 1 is a side elevation of part of a printing machine to which
my Invention is applied, the tapes being arranged for double feeding
or "white printing" and Figure 2 is a diagram representing the
arrangement of the said tapes. E, E, is the frame of the machine;
F is the cylinder; G¹, G², are the feed tables; and H', H³, are the
delivery tables; I, I, are the frames supporting the said tables; J, J,
are the feed drums ; j³, j³, j', j³, jo, are toothed wheels (herein-after par-
ticularly described) by means of which the rack K, affixed to the re-
ciprocating table, is caused to impart a continous rotatory motion to
the said drums. A¹, A², B³, B², and C¹, C³, are the tapes by which the
sheets are fed into and taken from the main tapes D¹, D'; in this figure
I have represented two different arrangements of the feeding tapes.
The tapes A¹ pass round the bosses a¹ of the dropping bar, and round
pulleys as carried by brackets l' fixed on a rod P, which rod is carried by
two sectors L' which are mounted on the shaft jo of the drum J', one at
each side thereof. These sectors are alternately raised as required by

page_text: means of tappets ¹³, ¹³, at the opposite side of the machine, which bear
against projections on the sectors at that side. The said tappets are
worked by suitable cams. The dropping bar is carried by arms a
affixed to a shaft a turning in bearings in the sectors L³, which shaft
receives oscillatory motion from the tappet M¹ which raises a sliding
rod a jointed to an arm a' keyed to the said shaft. The tappet M is
raised and lowered as required by means of cams or by other suitable
mechanism; a³ is a roller which serves to keep the tapes A¹ in contact
with the tapes B'; 1³, 1, are rods which carry brackets 1, 1, on which
are mounted pulleys 1, 1; other pulleys P, 1°, are mounted on rods
, ¹³, carried by arms formed on the sectors L', which arms carry
counterbalances . The tapes B¹ pass under the pulleys P over the
feed drum J, round the pulleys, thence under the said drum over
the pulleys and round the roller which turns in bearings in
the frame I. The tapes C¹ pass over the pulleys 7, under the drum
J', round the pulleys, and thence round the roller 23. The main tapes
D¹ pass round the cylinder F, round pulleys mounted on brackets
e', e¹, fixed on the rods e³, e³, and thence over rollers es, e, mounted on
brackets e, e, carried by the rods e', e', and under the said cylinder.
The main tapes D' pass under rollers e³, e³, round pulleys mounted
on brackets e, e, fixed on the rods e, e', and thence over the said rollers
e, e. From these pulleys the said tapes pass under the cylinder.
The construction and arrangement of the parts for working the tapes
B, C, are the same as those herein-before described with reference to
the tapes B', C¹. I have therefore marked the parts which work the
tapes B, C, with the same letters of reference as the corresponding
parts at the other side of the cylinder, merely applying to the capital
letters the numeral 2 instead of the numeral 1. The tapes A (repre-
sented in dotted lines in the diagram Figure 2) pass round the bosses A'
of the dropping bar and round the roller a³, mounted on a shaft a³. The
dropping bar is mounted on arms a*, affixed to the shaft a', which turns
in a bearing in the frame I³, and is caused to oscillate as required by a
tappet M³, which raises a sliding rod a*, jointed to an arm a'. Keyed to
the said shaft a³ is a roller which serves to keep the tapes A² in contact
with the tapes B³. Tapes A pass round a roller 1*, carried by the
sectors L³, and thence round pulleys a³ mounted on brackets carried by
the rod, and over and under the roller a³. The feed tapes at both
sides of the cylinder may be arranged according to either of the plans
herein-before described.

page_text: The action of this machine is as follows:-As the dropping bar rises
a blank sheet is fed by the attendant between the tapes A' and B¹, which
on the descent of the said bar grip the said sheet and carry it into the
main tapes D1, D2, the sectors L' being then in their lowest positions.
The main tapes then carry the sheet. under the cylinder and deliver the
said sheet (which has been printed while passing under the cylinder) to
the tapes B³, C³, the sectors L' being then in their highest position.
These tapes deliver the said sheet out of the machine on to the table H².
On the reversal of the machine the reverse actions take place, the sheets
being fed from the table G² and delivered on to the table H¹.
Figure 3 represents in side elevation the wheels by means of which
the rack K affixed to the reciprocating table is caused to impart to the
feed drum rotatory motion in the direction necessary for feeding the
sheets to the cylinder. is the shaft to which the feed drum is keyed.
On this shaft are mounted wheels j², j'; 'is a pin on the frame I, on
which pin are mounted wheels j³, j³; jª is a pinion which is mounted on
á pin on the said frame and gears with the wheels ³, j. The wheel j³
is keyed to its shaft. The other wheels are capable of running loose on
their axes; j, j³, are the respective bosses of the wheels and j³. The
boss is formed with a tooth, which when the rack K is travelling
from left to right bears against a pawlj, carried by the wheel, which
is thus carried round with the wheel j', and the boss ja is formed with a
tooth j", which when the said rack is travelling from right to left bears
against the pawl ¹³, carried by the wheel jt, which is thus carried round
with the wheel j³.
The action of these wheels is as follows:— -When the rack K is travel-
ling from left to right the wheels are caused to revolve in the directions
indicated by the red' arrows, and the wheel 7 carries round with it the
wheel which drives the wheels through the pinion, and thus imparts
the rotatory motion to the feed drum, the tooth slipping past the a
pawl at each revolution. When the rack K is travelling in the
reverse direction the wheels are caused to revolve in the directions
indicated by the blue arrows, and the wheel drives the wheel 1, the
pawl of which engages with the tooth, and thus carries round the
wheel and the shaft of the feed drum, the tooth j" slipping past the a
pawl at each revolution.
In order to prevent the pawls from missing the teeth aforesaid by
reason of the "back-lash" of the wheels I make the rack with teeth

page_text: slightly closer together near its ends so as to cause it to overshoot its
stroke, say
inch.
Figures 4 and 5 represent in side elevation and plan respectively part
of a printing machine to which my Invention is applied, the tapes being
arranged for feeding and "perfecting"; Figure 6 is a front elevation of
the cylinder and part of the frame of the said machine; Figure 7 is a
diagram representing an arrangement of the tapes for feeding and
perfecting, this arrangement being similar to that represented in
Figure 4, with the exception of the main tapes, which are arranged as
in Figure 2. The same letters of reference indicate the same parts in
Figures 4, 5, 6, and 7. A', B³, C', are the feeding and delivering tapes,
and L' are the sectors by which they are worked. The arrangement and
operation of these tapes are the same as those of the tapes A', B¹, C',
Figure 1; G is the feed table, and H is the delivery table; J' is the
feed drum, and J is the reversing drum; D', D', are the main tapes.
The tapes D' pass over the cylinder F, round pulleys mounted on
brackets e¹, e¹, fixed on the rods e, e, and thence under the said
cylinder. The tapes D² pass under the cylinder, over rollers e³, e³, over
pulleys et, et, thence under pulleys e', .es, carried by brackets e, e', (seo
Figure 6) at each side of the cylinder, thence round pulleys e', e', to
their respective pulleys e³, e³, at the opposite side of the cylinder;
A2, B2, are the reversing tapes. The tapes A³ pass over the dropping
bar a¹, or over a stationary roller substituted for such bar, thence round
the rollers, 110, thence round the pulleys ³, thence back round the
drum J, under the dropping bar and roller a³, and thence round the
pulleys a³ and over the said roller a³. The tapes B pass round the drum
J2, (under and in contact with the tapes A³,) and thence round the
pulleys is an adjusting roller.
; b
The action of this machine is as follows:-The sheet to be "perfected"
is fed by the attendant into the tapes A¹, B', the sectors L' being then
in their lowest position, as represented. These tapes feed the said sheet
into the main tapes D¹, D³, which carry it under the cylinder, and the
said sheet is printed on one side during its passage. The main tapes
then deliver the said sheet to the tapes A³, B³, the sectors L³ being then
in their highest position. These tapes carry the said sheet round the
drum, and by the time the said sheet has been reversed the sectors I have
been lowered by one of the tappets ¹³, 1¹³, from the position represented
in Figure 4 to the position represented in Figure 7, thereby enabling

page_text: the tapes A³, B2, to return the said sheet to the main tapes, which carry
it back under the cylinder blank face downward, thereby effecting the
perfecting of the said sheet, after which the said tapes deliver the said
sheet to the tapes B', C¹, by which it is delivered out of the machine,
the sectors L' being by this time raised by the other tappet 1 from the
position represented in Figure 4 to that represented in Figure 7.
Figure 8 is a side elevation of a printing machine to which the
improvements herein-before described with reference to Figures 4, 5, 6,
and 7 are applied in a modified form. In this machine the arrangement
of tapes for feeding and reversing is the same as that of the tapes in the
aforesaid Figures. The main tapes may be arranged either as here
represented, or as represented in the aforesaid Figures. The sectors L³, L³,
hang downward, and are actuated as required by levers 7, 115, actuated
by cams or otherwise. The feed drums j³, j³, are driven by toothed
gearing from the wheel F¹ of the cylinder F, which drives the wheels
j³, j³, j³, j³, jª, herein-before described with reference to Figure 3. These
wheels give continuous rotatory motion to a shaft N, on which is
keyed a bevil wheel n, the motion of which is transmitted by bevil
wheels o³, o², on the shaft O to a bevil wheel p¹ on the shaft P, on which
are keyed bevil wheels p², p³, which drive bevil wheels ¹³, 1, keyed on
the shafts, j, of the feed drums J¹,
J².
The feed drums of all the machines herein-before described may, if
desired, be driven from the printing cylinders, ás described with reference
to Figure 8.
The dropping bars herein-before described may be dispensed with, and
the feed drums be furnished with grippers on the same principle as
that of the grippers now used with the feed drums of perfecting double
cylinder machines. In this case each feed drum should be arranged on
its shaft so as to be capable of turning thereon for the adjustment
necessary to enable different sizes of paper to be worked, the said
drums being fixed on the said shaft after adjustment by set screws
or otherwise.
Having now described the nature of my Invention, and the manner in
which the same is to be performed, I wish it to be understood that I do
not limit myself to the precise details herein-before described, as the
same may be modified without departing from the nature of my said
Invention, but I claim as my Invention,-

page_text: Firstly. The improvements herein-before described and illustrated in
Figures 1 and 2 of the accompanying Drawings, in double feeding
single cylinder printing machines, that is to say, substituting for the
grippers hitherto used on the printing cylinders of such machines,
endless tapes (herein-before referred to as the "main tapes") by which
the sheets are carried under the cylinder, and mounting at each side of
the said cylinder other endless tapes by which the said sheets are fed
into and taken from the said main tapes, essentially as described.
Secondly. The improvements herein-before described and illustrated
in Figures 4 to 8 (both inclusive) of the accompanying Drawings, in
printing machines of the class described, whereby such machines are
made capable of "perfecting" the sheets, that is to say, furnishing the
printing cylinder of the machine with endless main tapes, and arranging
at one side of the said cylinder endless feeding and delivering tapes, and
arranging at the other side of the said cylinder other endless tapes
which take from the main tapes the sheets which have been printed
on one side, and pass them round a reversing drum, and return them
blank face downward to the main tapes for "perfecting," essentially as
described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Richard Clay, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Thirteenth day of March, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-three.
15
Witness,
H. H. MURDOCH,
7, Staple Inn,
London.
RICHARD CLAY, Jun. (L.S.)