IMPROVEMENTS IN PROCESSES, MACHINERY, AND APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF STARCH AND OTHER USEFUL PRODUCTS FROM MAIZE AND OTHER GRAIN, AND FOR SIMILAR PURPOSES
Year: 1882

page_text: ETTERS PATENT to Henry Harris Lake, of the Firm of Haseltine, Lake,
& Co., Patent Agents, Southampton Buildings, London, for an Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN PROCESSES, MACHINERY, AND APPARATUS FOR THE
MANUFACTURE OF STARCH AND OTHER USEFUL PRODUCTS FROM MAIZE AND
OTHER GRAIN, AND FOR SIMILAR PURPOSES." A communication from abroad
by Edward Wilhelm, of Buffalo, New York, United States of America, Patent
Attorney.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Henry Harris Lake at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 1st April 1882.
HENRY HARRIS LAKE of the Firm of Haseltine Lake & Co., Patent Agents,
Southampton Buildings, London. "IMPROVEMENTS IN PROCESSES MACHINERY AND
APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF STARCH AND OTHER USEFUL PRODUCTS
FROM MAIZE AND OTHER GRAIN, AND FOR SIMILAR PURPOSES." [A communication
from abroad by Edward Wilhelm, of Buffalo, New York, United States of America,
Patent Attorney.]
My Invention relates to the manufacture of certain useful products from maize
or other grain and to the subsequent treatment of such products, being chiefly
applicable to the manufacture of starch, corn-sirup, and food for animals or "cattle
feed" as it is usually termed; and the said Invention comprises various novel
features in processes, machinery and apparatus employed in such manufactures.
The said Invention partially consists in modifications of and improvements in
certain processes and apparatus described in the Specifications of former Letters
Patent dated 28th January 1881, No. 386, and 28th June 1881 No. 2840.
The first part of my said Invention relates to the treatment of maize or other
grain for the manufacture of starch.
Heretofore starch has been manufactured from the ground crude material by two
distinct processes. According to both of these processes the crude material is
ground and the starch is washed from it by the action of water, a separator, having
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a separating sieve of some kind, being used to separate the husks of the grain from
the starch-water which is usually sour or acid. According to one of the said
processes commonly called the acid" or « sour starch process, the starch is
separated directly from the sour-starch-water. by subsidence, which is sometimes
effected in tanks and sometimes upon starch-planes, the liquid being allowed to
run to waste as refuse, after which the starch generally washed. According
to the other process which is commonly called the "sweet" or "sweet-starch
process, the starch in the starcli-water from the separator has more or less of
the water removed from it by subsidence, and is treated with a caustic alkali for
the purpose of facilitating the removal of the glutinous matter from the crude
starch-material, after which treatment the starch is separated from the alkaline
liquid by subsidence, which may be effected, either in tanks or upon a starch-plane,
the starch being subsequently washed, if necessary. The first process is attended
with the disadvantage that the starch is not freed from glutinous matter previous
to its ultimate separation from the acid water by subsidence, and consequently a
material quantity of starch is generally carried off with the refuse liquid. The
second process is not subject to the above objection, but is attended with the
disadvantage that a large quantity of caustic alkali is required to treat the whole
of the starch material obtained by the use of the separator.
This part of my said Invention has for its object to obviate the disadvantages of
the said two processes; and it consists in processes of treating the starch-water
obtained by the separator, so that the greater part of the starch may be obtained
directly from the starch-water by subsidence, while the residue is obtained by
alkaline treatment, as hereinafter described.
The said process may be performed by means of the usual apparatus consisting
of grinding-mills, sieve-separators, tanks or, vats, and starch-planes, as well as of
the pipes, troughs and pumps which are used in starch-factories to convey the
material from one part to another. As such apparatus is well understood by starch
manufacturers, no particular description thereof is necessary.
After the grain has been steeped as usual and ground with water, the mass is
subjected to the action of the sieve separator, by which the somewhat sour mixture
of starch and water, commonly called "starch-water," is separated from the husks
or coarse matter of the grain. The starch-water is then conducted to the head of
a starch-plane and is permitted to run down the same at such speed (regulated by
the inclination to which the starch-plane is adjusted, or by the quantity of material
supplied thereto) that starch will deposit upon the plane practically free from
glutinous inatter, while practically all the glutinous matter, with a considerable
portion of starch which is mixed with it, flows off with the liquid, escaping at the
foot of the starch-plane in the condition of what. I term "runnings." As the object
of this first deposit by subsidence on the starch-plane is not to separate the whole
of the starch, but only the large portion thereof which is practically free from
glutinous matter, the operation may be conducted much more rapidly than is
customary upon planes of the usual inclination, by feeding the starch-water more
rapidly at the head of the plane. The portion of starch thus separated by
subsidence is practically finished; but, if deemed expedient, it may be washed in
any of the usual modes, after it is removed from the starch-plane.
The partially
liquid matter or "runnings" escaping at the foot of the starch-plane is conducted
into tanks or vats, in which the solid matter is permitted to separate from the
liquid by subsidence, after which the whole or the greater part of the liquid is
allowed to run off. The matter thus concentrated from the runnings is treated with
caustic alkali. For this purpose the concentrated matter from several depositing or
settling tanks (after being stirred up either with or without the addition of water,
as found necessary, to cause it to run through pipes' or troughs) is conducted into
one large mixing-tank wherein the mass may be readily reduced, if necessary, by
the addition of water, to the consistency or density which it is deemed best the
matter should have when the alkali is added to it. A measured quantity of the
'caustic alkali in solution in water is then run into the tank and the mixture is

page_text: agitated so as to subject all the glutinous matter to the action of the alkali. As
the quantity of material to be treated is much smaller than the whole of the starch
matter of the grain, a much less quantity of alkali is required, in proportion to the
total quantity of starch contained in a given weight of grain, than has previously
been used. After the concentrated matter has been treated with the alkali, it is
conducted to a starch-plane of the usual inclination, and the starch is permitted to
subside thereon, while the liquid runs off at the foot of the plane as waste, or it
may be utilized as "cattle feed." The portion of starch thus deposited upon the
plane may be washed (in the ordinary manner of washing starch) or not, and may
or may not be mixed with the portion of starch deposited upon the plane without
previous alkaline treatment, as may be deemed expedient.
From the foregoing description it will be perceived that a characteristic
feature of this part of my said Invention is the division of the starch matter,
contained in the starch-water .received from the separator into two parts or
portions by the operation of partial subsidence, one of which portions consists of
the starch separated directly by subsidence without a preliminary alkaline treat-
ment, while the other portion (which contains practically all the glutinous matter of
the grain) is subjected to alkaline treatment previous to the separation of the
residual starch by subsidence.
The practical result of the process is a more perfect separation of the starch
from glutinous matter than is effected by the "sour" process, and the practical
elimination of the glutinous matter from the starch by the use of a much less
quantity of alkali than is required by the well known "sweet starch" process.
The treatment of the runnings from the starch-water obtained from one hundred
bushels of maize can be effected satisfactorily with about thirty pounds of com-
mercial caustic soda containing seventy per cent. of pure alkali, and a satisfactory
action of the alkali upon the glutinous matter is effected when the mixture of
concentrated runnings and alkali is of a density of 8° Baumé, and the matter is
agitated in the tank in which it is treated with the alkali, for one hour before
being conducted to the starch plane. The quantity of alkali used, the greater or
less concentration of the runnings, and the time of treatment with the alkali, may,
however, be varied as found expedient, according to the quality of the grain and
other circumstances which occur in practice.
The apparatus used may also be varied as found expedient, as the direct
separation of the starch by subsidence may be effected in tanks or vats, and the
concentration of the runnings may be effected by the use of a starch-table or plane.
It is also not essential to the said process that the runnings should be concentrated
before being subjected to the alkaline treatment, as the alkali may be applied
directly to the runnings, and may be applied in the settling tanks or vats; but I
prefer to concentrate the starch-matter of the runnings previous to subjecting it to
the action of the alkali (because this course in my opinion reduces the quantity
of alkali required,) and to apply the alkali in the mixing-tank.
The sub-process of treating the starch-material with alkali by conducting the
settlings from several settling-tanks into one mixing tank or vat in which the
alkali is applied is of material advantage in determining the quantity of alkali to
be used, because the consistency or density of the settlings varies in different
tanks, and the mixture of them in a single tank not only averages the consistency
of the mass, but enables a large quantity of starch material to be readily reduced,
by the addition of water, to the desired density for the treatment by the alkali,
and also enables the required quantity of alkali for a single operation to be readily
ascertained, because when the mass is reduced to a specific consistency, or density
(as measured by a hydrometer) the depth of the mass in the mixing-tank is the
measure of the quantity of starch-material contained in it, and enables the operator
to determine and supply the corresponding quantity, of solution of the caustic alkali,
of a specific or standard density, which is sufficient to free the starch from the
glutinous matter.
The second part of my said Invention has for its object to concentrate starch-

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milk or starch-water, so as to deprive the starch of a large quantity of the water
with which it is mechanically mixed in the process of manufacture. Heretofore
this operation has been conducted in subsiding-tanks in which the starch-water,
after the tank has been filled with it, is permitted to remain at rest until the
starch has wholly or mainly subsided, after which the water above the deposited
starch is drawn off. The concentration of starch-water in this manner is an inter-
mittent operation and requires the use, in a large factory of a great number of
subsiding-tanks, which occupy great space.
This part of my said Invention enables the operation of concentrating or settling
the starch to be conducted in much less space and to be a practically continuous
operation. To this end it consists in certain processes and apparatus hereinafter
described. The starch milk is conducted to the apparatus by means of a trough,
the bottom of which is fitted with a nozzle through which the starch-water is
permitted to issue to the subsiding apparatus. This apparatus comprises a tank
having an inlet-pipe and overflow, and an outlet. The tank is, by preference,
constructed with a cylindrical body closed beneath by a conical bottom. The inlet-
pipe is arranged centrally of the tank and has four branches whose mouths
discharge near the bottom. The overflow is an opening near the top of the tank
and is, by preference, fitted with a nozzle to deliver the exhausted (or partly
exhausted) liquid into a discharge-pipe. The outlet is arranged at the lower end
of the conical bottom of the tank and is fitted with a valve. Beneath the tank is
a trough into which the concentrated starch is discharged.
The process of concentration with the above desoribed apparatus may be conducted
as follows; The starch-milk is permitted to enter the apparatus by the inlet-pipe,
to fill the tank, and to escape at the outlet, the rate of inlet being controlled either
by the size of the discharge apertures of the inlet-pipe, or by partly obstructing the
nozzle of the trough by a plug or valve, so that the passage of the starch-water in
an upward direction from the inlet-orifices to the overflow is slow enough to permit
the starch to sink wholly or in part to the bottom of the tank, and, consequently
the liquid which escapes at the overflow is deprived wholly or in part of the starch,
while the mass in the lower part of the tank consists of starch mixed with a much
less quantity of liquid than that which is admitted by the inlet-pipe. Consequently
the starch-milk at the bottom of the tank is in a highly concentrated condition, and
may be drawn off at intervals, or continuously as deemed best, it being understood
that the drawing off must be at so slow a speed as not to materially affect the deposit
of the starch from the running liquid above, and that the aggregate matter drawn
off must always be materially less in bulk than the aggregate matter admitted to
the tank by means of the inlet-pipe.
From the above description it will be understood that, inasmuch as the concen-
tration of the starch takes place while the starch-milk is entering the inlet-pipe
and escaping at the overflow, the deposition of the starch is effected from the
running liquid instead of from liquid in. a state of rest, as has previously been the
case in tanks for subsidence. Moreover, the quantity of concentrated starch collected
in a tank, at any one time, does not depend upon the single filling of the tank
with the starch-milk, as has been the case previously, but depends upon the
quantity of starch-milk which may be run through the tank.
The operation of concentrating the starch as above described, may be varied.
Thus the outlet may be kept closed until the concentrated starch has accumulated
in the tank to such an extent that the overflowing liquid carries off nearly or quite
as much starch as it contains when entering the inlet-pipe. Then the inlet of
starch-water may be stopped, the mass in the tank may be allowed to rest until the
water becomes clear or nearly so, after which the clear water may be siphoned off
and the concentrated starch removed from the tank; and, if the starch be too thick
to run freely, it may be stirred up with some of the water. In this case, however,
the greater part of the starch is deposited, as previously described, from the
liquid while running through the tank, while the removal of the starch is
intermittent.

page_text: The precise arrangement of the inlet-pipe and overflow is not essential, as the
inlet-pipe may be at the outside of the tank and connected with it only at the
discharge orifice or orifices. The form of the tank also may be varied, and the
outlet for the cencentrated starch, instead of being central, may be at one side of
the tank at or near its bottom, and may be replaced by a siphon or draft-pipe.
For operating on a large scale, a tank twelve feet in diameter and twelve feet
deep may be used, and the discharge-orifices of the inlet-pipe may be four or six in
number and have an aggregate transverse area of three inches. Good results may
however be attained with a much smaller apparatus.
If the water escaping from the overflow is practically free from starch it may be
permitted to run to waste; but if the inlet be permitted at such a rate that a
material percentage of the starch is carried off with the escaping liquid, this liquid
may be conducted through additional apparatus of the same kind so as to exhaust
the starch-water of starch; and, if necessary, the tanks of such succeeding apparatus
may be of larger area than the first, or the liquid escaping at the overflow of the
first tank may be divided between two or more successive tanks of the size of the
first, so that the flow through them will be slower than that through the first
tank. In such case, the succeeding tank should be set at a progressively lower
level than the first tank; or the liquid should be pumped from one tank to the next
in succession:
The apparatus and process thus described may be employed with advantage in
separating other pulverulent matter than starch from water with which it is
mechanically mixed.
The third part of my said Invention relates to machinery and apparatus
employed in the manufacture of starch and the like, and consists essentially in an
improved carrier or apparatus for conveying the starch from the settling tables or
tanks to any desired point.
Endless bands or carriers supported at intermediate points by plain cylindrical
rollers, have been commonly used for a variety of purposes; but they have not
been found practicable for conveying the starch as it comes from the settling tables
or tanks to any desired point, both on account of their limited capacity to do the
work required, and the liability of the lumps of starch to fall back into the tank
during their transit. My improved carrier is designed to obviate these difficulties,
and to this end it consists essentially in an endless band or carrier supported from
the ceiling over the settling tank or table, the upper portion of which carrier is sup-
ported upon rollers made in concave form, and inclined sides are provided to keep the
starch from falling off the carrier while it is in transit thereon.
Suitable hangers are secured to the ceiling and support the frame-work carrying
the endless belt, and longitudinal stringers are keyed into the said hangers. These
stringers are braced at intervals by upright posts and tie-rods, and near one end of
the upper stringers is located a pulley which is fixed upon a shaft operated by
belt and pulley, and around which passes the endless band or carrier. The usual
scraper for clearing the carrier of adhering starch is provided, and just below the
scraper is located a hopper into which the starch falls from the carrier. A series of
rollers made in concave form revolve in boxes secured upon the upper side of the
upper stringers, and a series of plain. cylindrical rollers, revolving in boxes upon
the upper side of the lower stringers, serve to support the under portion of the
endless band or carrier and prevent undue sagging thereof. Upon the upper
stringers at suitable intervals are secured brackets or supports to which are
attached longitudinal strips, these strips are inclined outwardly from the sides of
the carrier, at which sides their lower edges are located so as to be almost in
contact therewith.
My improved carrier is located, as before stated, over the settling tables or tanks,
and is put in motion by revolving the end 'pulley, around which the carrier passes.
The lumps of starch are shovelled from the tank or table below upon the endless
band. The weight of the starch causes that portion of the endless band passing
over the concave rollers to conform to the concave surface thereof, thereby giving
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page_text: additional carrying-space not otherwise secured, and this, taken in connection with
the additional carrying-space afforded by the inclined strips or sides, serves to
give to my device improved functions not possessed by the common form of carrier
now in use for this purpose.
The fourth part of my said Invention relates to machinery and apparatus for
washing starch and like materials; and consists essentially in a suitable tank and
a vertically adjustable screw propeller wheel, or other agitating device, which may
be easily moved up or down and secured at any desired point without interfering
with its rotary movement. It further consists in certain details of construction
which will be hereinafter described.
Starch when allowed to settle to the lower part of the tank, in which it is
placed and mingled with water, soon becomes comparatively solid, so that, if the
agitating device is immersed or partly immersed in it, considerable power would
be required to move it.
The object of this part of my said Invention is to obviate this objection by
having the agitating device adapted to be readily adjusted vertically and secured
at any point of such adjustment or allowed to gradually descend when required,
and so that the agitating wheel may be easily adapted to different quantities of
material that may be put into the tank.
The starch is mixed with water so as to appear like a white or milky fluid, in
which state it is pumped or otherwise conducted into the tank or washer where it
is thoroughly agitated.
The starch is then allowed to settle and becomes comparatively solid, as before
mentioned. The water remaining above it, containing impurities and other matter,
is then allowed to run off and fresh water is put in its place. The agitating wheel
is now released from the device which holds it in its position, thereby allowing
it to gradually descend into the starch, while agitating and thoroughly mixing it
with the water. This operation is repeated until the starch is washed sufficiently
clean.
.
The agitating wheel or screw is keyed or otherwise secured in any well-known
manner to a vertical shaft which passes through a supporting box or step and is
capable of a vertical movement therein. The bottom of the tank is provided with
a conical or other shaped recess, into which the lower end of the said shaft passes
as it is moved up or down, and at the bottom of which it rests when at the limit
of its downward movement. The upper part of the said shaft passes through
projecting parts on a rack-plate, and is provided with collars fastened thereto in
any well-known manner, so as to keep it in a position vertical to the rack-plate,
and at the same time allow it to rotate freely. The rack-plate is fitted in guide-
ways, which are secured to a beam by bolts, so that it has a free up-and-down'
movement and it receives such movement by means of pinious actuated by a shaft
provided with a. hand-wheel, crank, or other well-known means for turning it.
The vertical shaft receives a rotary movement from a belt and pulley; but a cable
or any well-known arrangement of gearing may be used for giving, the required
movement. The shaft for actuating the pinions is supported in bearings on the
guideways, so as to keep the pinions in gear with the racks on the rack-plate. It
is also further supported by another bearing. When the screw or agitating wheel
is adjusted to the vertical point desired, it is prevented from moving up or down
by a ratchet-wheel and pawl.
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The fifth part of my said Invention relates to the treatment of what is known as
the "refuse" or tailings in the manufacture of starch, glucose, or any other
article produced in the treatment of grain by what is known as the "wet process."
This refuse product consists of the husks and other portions of the grain which have
been separated from the bulk or main portion of the starch in its process of
manufacture. When the grain is subjected to wet grinding as in the manufacture
of starch and glucose, it has to be steeped in large tubs before passing through the
mills. While in these tubs, and especially if allowed to remain too long therein
fermentation commences and organic acids are formed which remain in the

page_text: "
refuse or "tailings" after its separation from the starch upon the bolting apparatus.
The presence of these organic acids in the refuse material, commonly known as
feed," rapidly causes fermentation and renders the feed less valuable for cattle.
The object of this part of my said Invention is to remove these organic acids and
enable the refuse matter or tailings to be utilized as food for animals; and to this
end it consists substantially in subjecting the wet refuse as it comes from the
bolting apparatus to graduated pressure and heat, whereby the moisture is removed
and the organic acids rendered innocuous; it further consists in certain combinations
and arrangements of devices or mechanisin by means of which the improved process
carried out.
The said mechanism comprises a set of elastic rollers for applying the first grade
of pressure to the wet material, a press for applying the second grade of pressure
to the material, mechanism for disintegrating the caked material produced by the
graduated pressure, drying mechanism for subjecting the disintegrated material to
heat, and a feeding device for the said drying mechanism.
Elastic rollers are arranged in one or more pairs and caused to revolve by
suitable gearing, and an endless reticulated belt or carrier, preferably of wire-gauze,
which is supported upon two pulleys, passes between the said rollers. The refuse
or tailings which comes from the bolting apparatus, where it is separated from the
main portion of the starch, is in a wet condition, and is, by any suitable means,
carried to and fed upon the endless carrier in advance of the rollers. As the refuse
falls upon this endless carrier a portion of the water percolates through the
openings in the said carrier, and the refuse is borne upon such carrier between the
elastic rollers, where a considerable amount of the remaining moisture is separated
from the refuse by the squeezing action of the elastic rollers. The pressed material
is carried from between the rollers by the carrier, and is delivered into a spout
from which it is discharged by gravitation. This first pressing operation leaves the
refuse in a condition to be easily handled in preparing it for the press, in which it
is placed after being passed between the elastic rollers.
Any press of sufficient capacity and power will suffice in carrying out the next
step in the improved process, for example, a press operated by a pair of toggle-
levers and a screw which is turned by sprocket-wheels secured at either end.
The feed, which is to be subjected to the action of the press, is arranged therein
in the following manner, that is to say, a cloth is laid upon the bed-plate and a
quantity of the moist feed which has been subjected to the pressure of the elastic
rollers is spread upon the cloth and the ends of the cloth lapped over upon the
feed, so as to completely cover it, or wire gauze or other suitable material inay be
used instead of the cloth. On top of this layer is placed a grating consisting of a
number of strips secured together by cross-pieces. These strips, preferably of
wood, are arranged with spaces between them to permit the escape of the water
during the pressing operation. Upon these strips is placed another layer of feed
enclosed in cloth as before and so on until the number of layers have been arranged
upon which the press is to act.
In place of the said strips and cross pieces I may employ a series of perforated
metal tubes firmly secured together by any suitable means, or I may use sheets of
corrugated metal perforated to permit the escape of the water.
The aforesaid bed-plate is mounted upon wheels which travel upon rails, and by
means of which the feed, after being pressed, can be readily and quickly removed
to the disintegrating mechanism.
The disintegrating mechanism which I prefer to employ consists essentially of a
hopper and two disintegrating-rollers, which are caused to revolve in the said
hopper, and are provided with teeth which serve to disintegrate the lumps of feed
which are dumped from the movable bed-plate into the hopper. The feed drops
from the hopper into a tubular chamber which extends from the hopper to a drier.
Within the said tubular chamber is arranged the feeding device which consists of a
screw conveyer. This conveyer together with the disintegrating-rollers, is revolved
by gear-wheels which intermesh with each other and are driven simultaneously by

page_text: .
any suitable motor. The pressed feed, after falling from the hopper into the
tubular chamber, is fed along such chamber by the screw-conveyer until it reaches
another hopper, into which it falls, and from which it is conducted down a chute
into the drier. The said drier consists chiefly of an enclosing chamber, within
which revolves a cylinder having a system of steam-heated pipes and hollow
drums revolving with the said cylinder. The feed, as it falls upon the interior of
the cylinder, is carried up by means of suitable buckets and dropped upon and
between the heated pipes. This operation is repeated until the feed reaches the
lower end of the cylinder, whence it falls into a third hopper in a thoroughly dried
and disintegrated condition. By means of a diaphragm and coils of pipe the
radiated heat of the cylinder and the heat of the condensed steam are utilized in
the drying process. Or the said drier may consist in a revolving cylinder provided
with internal ribs or beaters for agitating the feed while it is being dried, the said
cylinder being heated by the hot air and gases from a furnace. Or the drying
mechanism may consist in a combination of the two devices or apparatus above
⚫ described.
The said improved process is practised with the above-described mechanism, as
follows, that is to say-The wet refuse, as it comes from the bolting apparatus, is
conducted to and upon the endles reticulated belt or carrier, and by means of such
carrier is passed between the elastic rollers, by which a portion of the moisture is
extracted, leaving the refuse, which has thus been subjected to the first grade of
pressure, in a condition to be easily handled in preparing it for the operation of
the press, in which it is subjected to the second grade of pressure, by which a large
percentage of the remaining moisture is removed, and, with it, more or less of the
organic acids and other impurities, which, if left in the wet material, would in
warm weather impair its quality as food for animals. After the second pressing
operation is completed, the pressed layers or cakes from the press are run to the
mouth of the hopper, and are emptied from the cloths into the hopper. In passing
between the disintegrating-rollers in the said hopper, the pressed material is
broken up or disintegrated, and is dropped into the tubular chamber. It is fed
along this chamber by the screw (which incidentally furthers the disintegration of
the feed) and falls into the second hopper and through the chute into the drier, in
which it is subjected to heat. Its passage through the drier is slow, and, as all the
particles are raised and dropped upon and between the pipes a number of times
during their passage through the dryer, the moisture and the impurities which
can be carried off by it are eliminated. If the feed is not thoroughly dried at
this stage it may be passed through a second drier of the same or other suitable
construction.
The mechanism above described may be modified as circumstances require, or as
may be deemed expedient. Thus the feeding device may be dispensed with, and
the disintegrating mechanism combined directly with the drier so that the disin-
tegrated matter is delivered wholly by gravitation to the drier. The feeding device
however is advantageous becauses it equalizes the rate of feeding the material to
the drier, although the rate at which it is disintegrated may be irregular. Hence it
is expedient to use the feeding device, or some substitute for it between the
disintegrator and the drier.
The sixth part of my said Invention relates to the manufacture of an improved
compound of sirup obtained from maize and that obtained from sugar-cane or other
substances, and it also relates to apparatus employed in such manufacture.
"Compound sirups of corn-sirup, or glucose, and cane-sirups, or molasses, have
been manufactured hitherto in two general modes. According to one mode the
two ingredients have been mixed with one or both of them in a sufficiently
diluted condition to permit the mixture to be filtered through bone-black filters,
after which the. dilute filtered mixture has been concentrated to the requisite
consistency in the vacuum-pan. According to the other mode the ingredients have
been mixed in a concentrated condition at about the ordinary atmospherie
temperature. Compound sirups made according to the first mode are objectionable

page_text: because they lack flavor, being what is technically termed "flat"this defect being
due to the action of the bone-black and. to the concentration subsequent to
mixture. Compound sirups made according to the second mode possess, when first
made, a desirable flavor, but are objectionable because they speedily become cloudy
and lose their brightness of color. Their lasting qualities also become impaired;
and these defects are due to a chemical reaction which takes place between 'some
of the constituents of the two ingredients.
According to this part of my said Invention I obtain an improved quality or
kind of composite corn-sirup which has and retains the desired piquancy of
flavor, and possesses also the desired brilliancy and lasting qualities, my
improvements being based upon a discovery that, when the mixture of corn and
cane sirups is subjected to heat and agitation, the impurities of cane-sirup are
rapidly precipitated, and may then be separated from the mixture by filtration,
provided the sulphate of lime, usually present in unfiltered glucose, or some
substitute therefor, be present in the mixture.
My improved apparatus for producing composite corn-sirup comprises mixing-
tanks, a regulating-tank, a box-cooler, and a receiving tank, the box-cooler having
a perforated top. It also comprises other parts hereinafter described.
In the manufacture of the said composite sirup I make use of unfiltered glucose,
by which I mean glucose from which the sulphate of lime produced in its
manufacture has not been separated by filtration. The unfiltered glucose is put
into the mixing-tanks through pipes, and the desired quantity or percentage of
cane-sirup is drawn into the mixing-tanks from measuring-tanks, the said
measuring-tanks being supplied with cane-sirup through a pipe. When the cane-
sirup and unfiltered glucose are put into the mixing-tanks, they are thoroughly
agitated and mixed together by a revolving wheel (receiving its movement from a
vertical shaft and a belt and pulley) or other suitable agitating device, which
produces a current in the sirup sufficient to cause it to come in contact with a hot
coil of steam pipe adapted to receive a current of steam through it and being
connected, in any suitable and well-known manner, to pipes connected with a
steam-boiler; by this means the temperature of the mixture is raised to from 160°
to 190° Fahrenheit, depending upon the condition of the materials. The mixed
cane-sirup and unfiltered glucose are next conducted to the receiving-tank, and
forced from thence in a heated condition to and through suitable filters by means of
pipes. As the receiver is used for convenience when large quantities of corn-sirup
are made, it may in some cases be dispensed with, in which case the sirup may be
conducted directly from the mixing-tank to the filters. The filters which I prefer
to use are made in the ordinary manner and consist of a series of grooved plates,
with cloths and perforated diaphragms, fastened together in the usual manner.
From the filters the corn-sirup is conducted to the regulating-tank through a
pipe and its connections. In this tank the sirup is agitated and made to circulate
around a cooling-coil, which coil is supplied with cold water, passing in at one
point and out at another so that the cold water passes through from the bottom of
the tank upward, one end of the coil being connected in any well known manner
with a pipe leading from a pump or other well-known water-forcing device.
.
The color of the compound sirup may, if necessary, be adjusted in the regulating-
tank. Thus, if the color be too light to suit the trade, a small portion of cane-sirup
or of caramel may be added; and a small portion of glucose or of a light-colored
cane-sirup will correct the color if it be too dark. From the regulating-tank, the
sirup is conducted through a pipe, or suitable arrangement of pipes, to the box-cooler,
where it passes through the perforated top from which it passes in a finely-divided
state to and around a cooling-coil, which is supplied with cold water passing in at
the bottom and out from the top of the coil. Or it may be cooled by means of
the apparatus described with reference to the seventh part of my said Invention.
As a modification of the process above described the cane-sirup may be introduced
into the vacuum-pan in which the glucose is concentrated, and there mixed with
glucose, when.'it has been boiled down to a proper consistency. This may be

page_text: accomplished in the following manner, that is to say:-The draw-in pipe, through
which the glucose is introduced into the vacuum-pan, is connected with another
pipe leading into a tank containing any desired measured quantity of cane-sirup.
After the boiling of the glucose is completed, and before the vacuum is taken off,
the valves in the pipe are opened and the cane-sirup is drawn into the pan. The
steam is kept turned on in the pan, and, if necessary, the boiling operation can be
continued until a sufficient agitation and mixture of the sirups are effected. The
mixture can then be passed through a filter, as before described, or through bag
filters, as may be deemed desirable.
In practising the process, as above set forth, I have found that the sulphate of
lime present in the mixture of sirups is deposited upon the filter-cloths, and it
appears to be an important factor in the precipitation of the impurities of the cane-
sirup and in the operation of filtration. Hence the glucose should either be used
in an unfiltered condition, so that sulphate of lime may be present in the mixture
to be filtered, or, if filtered glucose be used, some ingredient or ingredients, which
will act as a substitute for the sulphate of lime, should be incorporated in the
mixture previous to filtration. The temperatures above mentioned (160° to 190°
Fahrenheit) may be used with success. Thus, if a light colored sirup is to be
manufactured, it is expedient to heat the mixture of sirups to 160° Fahrenheit,
and, when a dark-colored sirup is to be manufactured, it is expedient to heat the
mixture up to 190° Fahrenheit, as the higher the heat the greater the facility of
filtering the mixture. The time required for the application of heat and agitation
will depend upon the circumstances of each particular case. With ordinary cane-
sirup as now sold in the market, the two sirups may be mixed with advantage in
the proportions of one part of cane-sirup to ten parts of corn-sirup, and a mixture
of about thirty-five hundred gallons of the two sirups can be heated up to a
temperature of 160° Fahrenheit, with the requisite agitation, in about an hour,
with a precipitation of practically all the matter that would otherwise tend to
render the mixture cloudy, and the mixture can then be drawn from the mixing
tanks and subjected to filtration. The proportions of cane-sirup and corn-sirup
may be varied to suit the demands of trade.
The seventh part of my said Invention relates to apparatus for cooling, or
heating, sirups or other liquids, but its chief object is to facilitate the cooling of
corn, cane, or other sirups which have been heated to a high temperature during
the process of manufacture. The ordinary methods of cooling are slow,
occasioning a loss of valuable time in preparing the sirup for the market.
By this part of my said Invention am enabled to take sirup at a high
temperature and, in a comparatively short space of time, to reduce its temperature,
so that it can be barrelled with safety. It consists substantially of a box or
receiver divided into two compartments. The upper compartment is for the
reception of the heated sirup. The lower compartment contains a system of pipes
into which cold water is introduced at the bottom, and, passing through the pipes,
is conducted away at the top. The partition which divides the box into its two
compartments is provided with slots or perforations through which the heated
sirup percolates upon the pipes below. The lower compartment is provided with
outlets through which the cooled sirup is discharged into barrels or the like.
The sides of the box-cooler are securely held in position upon vertical posts by
tie-rods, which pass through the posts at the top and bottom, and are secured
thereto by nuts. The interior of the box cooler is lined with slicet metal of any
description, galvanized iron being preferred, and in the upper part thereof is placed
a trough or receptacle, of material similar to the lining of the box, for the
reception of the heated sirup. This trough rests upon bolts, which pass through
the sides of the box-cooler, acting as braces for the box as well as supports for the
trough. The bottom of this trough is provided with slots or perforations through
which the sirup may pass into the compartment below. This lower compartiment
is filled with a system of pipes, through which cold water is passed from the bottoin
to the top.

page_text: By means of horizontal and vertical connections the pipes of each horizontal
layer are joined so as to form a continuous passage for the cold water, and each
horizontal layer of pipes is connected with the layer above from bottom to top, so
that the cold water entering from below passes in a serpentine path through the
lowest layer of pipe, and from there to the next layer above, and so on until it is
discharged at the top through an outlet-pipe. The bottom of the cooler has sloping
sections, which meet where the discharge-pipes are located, through which the.
cooled sirup passes.
The heated sirup is discharged into a receptacle from a pipe, which has a
regulating-valve located near its end, operated by a lever and float, by means of
which the supply of sirup is regulated and controlled automatically.
My improved apparatus is adapted for the cooling of liquids of any description,
and, by the substitution of hot water or steam for cold water, may be utilized-
equally well in heating sirups or other liquids.
The eighth part of my said Invention relates to the manufacture of a compound
of glucose or grape-sugar obtained from maize or other grain, and sugar obtained
from sugar-cane or other substances, and it consists essentially in mixing by
suitable means and in certain proportions glucose or grape-sugar, either in a liquid
or granulated state, with sugar obtained from sugar cane, beetroot, or other
substances. According to one method the glucose or grape-sugar is introduced into
a centrifugal machine with a quantity of cane-sugar. The said machine is then'
worked until the cane-sugar has absorbed a sufficient proportion of glucose or
grape-sugar, and the compound is then formed into blocks or used in a granulated
state. According to another method the grape-sugar is formed into blocks in any
suitable manner and is ground or pulverized in a mill or other machine suitable for
the purpose, and then mixed with cane-sugar in the proportions of, say three parts
cane-sugar to one part grape-sugar, but the proportions may be varied to suit the
demands of trade. The mixing of the two ingredients is effected either by
machinery or by hand, by means of sieves, shovels, or other suitable means.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said Henry Harris Lake in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
1st July 1882.
HENRY HARRIS LAKE, of the Firm of Haseltine, Lake & Co., Patent Agents,
Southampton Buildings, London. "IMPROVEMENTS IN PROCESSES, MACHINERY, AND
APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF STARCH, AND OTHER USEFUL PRODUCTS
FROM MAIZE AND OTHER GRAIN AND FOR SIMILAR PURPOSES." A communication
from abroad by Edward Wilhelm, of Buffalo, New York, United States of America,
Patent Attorney.
My Invention relates to the manufacture of certain useful products from maize
or other grain, and to the subsequent treatment of such products, being chiefly
applicable to the manufacture of starch sugar, corn-sirup, and food for animals or
cattle feed" as it is usually termed; and the said Invention comprises various
novel features in processes, machinery, and apparatus employed in such manu-
factures.
In the accompanying Drawings:
Figure 1 represents a plan of apparatus, constructed in accordance with the said
Invention, for concentrating or settling starch, and,
Figure 2 represents a central vertical section of the same with some of the parts
in elevation.
Figure 3 is a side elevation of a portion of my improved carrier for stareh
and the like, with one end thereof shown in central longitudinal section, and,
Figure 4 is a transverse section of the same on the line x, x, Figure 3.
Figure 5 is a front elevation of apparatus employed in washing-starch, showing
a portion of the top and bottom broken away, so as to expose the agitating-wheel
and the adjusting device.
Figure 6 is a detached side elevation of the adjusting device, and,
Figure 7 is a plan or top view of the same.
"
Figure 8 is a sectional elevation of the elastic rollers and their operating
mechanism, employed in the treatment of the "refuse or "tailings" in the
manufacture of starch and other articles from grain ;
Figure 9 is a sectional elevation of the press employed for the same purpose.
Figure 10 is a vertical section of the hopper, disintegrating rollers, and one end
of the feeding device.
Figure 11 is a longitudinal vertical section of the drier, showing its connection
with the other end of the feeding device:
Figure 12 is a transverse section of the drier with some parts shown in elevation,
and drawn to a slightly enlarged scale.
Figure 13 is a sectional elevation showing the apparatus for producing composite
corn-sirup, and part of the building containing the said apparatus.
Figure 14 is a plan of that part of the apparatus upon the upper floor of the
said building, one of the mixing tanks being represented as full of sirup, and the
other empty so as to show the heating coil of steam pipe and the agitating or
mixing wheel.
Figure 15 is a plan of that part of the apparatus upon the lower floor of the
said building, the box-cooler being represented with its perforated top removed,
and,
Figure 16 is a plan of the box-cooler having its perforated top in place.
Figure 17 is a side elevation of my improved apparatus for cooling or heating

page_text: sirups or other liquids, a portion of it being broken away to show the internal
construction.
Figure 18 is a plan or top view of the same, and,
Figure 19 is a transverse section on the line y, y, Figure 18.
The first part of my said Invention relates to the treatment of maize or other
grain for the manufacture of starch.
Heretofore starch has been manufactured from the ground crude material by
two distinct processes. According to both of these processes the crude material is
ground and the starch is washed from it by the action of water, a separator,
having a separating sieve of some kind, being used to separate the husks of the
grain from the starch-water which is usually sour or acid. According to one of
the said processes, commonly called the "acid" or "sour starch" process the starch
is separated directly from the sour-starch water by subsidence, which is sometimes
effected in tanks and sometimes upon starch planes, the liquid being allowed to
run to waste as refuse, after which the starch is generally washed. According to
the other process, which is commonly called the "sweet" or "sweet starch" process,
the starch in the starch-water from the separator has more or less of the water
removed from it by subsidence, and is treated with a caustic alkali for the purpose
of facilitating the removal of the glutinous matter from the crude starch material,
after which treatment the starch is separated from the alkaline liquid by subsidence,
which may be effected either in tanks or upon a starch plane, the starch being
subsequently washed, if necessary. The first process is attended with the
disadvantage that the starch is not freed from glutinous matter previous to its
ultimate separation from the acid water by subsidence, and consequently a
material quantity of starch is generally carried off with the refuse liquid. The
second process is not subject to the above objection, but is attended with the
disadvantage that a large quantity of caustic alkali is required to treat the whole
of the starch material obtained by the use of the separator.
This part of my said Invention has for its object to obviate the disadvantages
of the said two processes; and it consists in processes of treating the starch-water
obtained by the separator so that the greater part of the starch may be obtained
directly from the starch-water by subsidence, while the residue is obtained by
alkaline treatment as hereinafter described.
The said process may be performed by means of the usual apparatus consisting
of grinding mills, sieve separators, tanks or vats and starch-planes, as well as of the
pipes, troughs and pumps which are used in starch factories to convey the material
from one part to another. As such apparatus is well understood by starch
manufacturers no particular description of them is necessary.
After the grain has been steeped as usual and ground with water, the mass is
subjected to the action of the sieve separator by which the somewhat sour mixture
of starch and water, commonly called "starch-water" is separated from the busks
or coarse matter of the grain. The starch-water is then conducted to the head of.
a starch-plane and is permitted to run down the same at such speed (regulated by
the inclination to which the starch-plane is adjusted, or by the quantity of material
supplied thereto) that starch will deposit upon the plane practically free from
glutinous matter, while practically all the glutinous matter with a considerable
portion of starch which is mixed with it, flows off with the liquid, escaping at the
foot of the starch-plane in the condition of what I term "runnings." As the
object of this first deposit by subsidence on the starch-plane is not to separate the
whole of the starch, but only the large portion thereof which is practically
freed from glutinous matter, the operation may be conducted much more rapidly
than is customary upon planes of the usual inclination by feeding the starch-water
more rapidly at the head of the plane. The portion of starch thus separated by
subsidence is practically finished; but if deemed expedient, it may be washed in
any of the usual modes after it is removed from the starch-plane. The partially
liquid matter or "-runnings" escaping at the foot of the starch plane is conducted
into tanks or vats in which the solid matter is permitted to separate from the

page_text: liquid by subsidence after which the whole or the greater part of the liquid is
allowed to run off. The matter thus concentrated from the runnings is treated
with caustic alkali. For this purpose the concentrated matter from several
depositing or setting tanks (after being stirred up either with or without the
addition of water, as found necessary to cause it to run through pipes or troughs) is
conducted into one large mixing tank wherein the mass may be readily reduced, if
necessary, by the addition of water to the consistency or density which it is.deemed
best the matter should have when the alkali is added to it. A measured quantity
of the caustic alkali in solution in water, is then run into the tank and the mixture
is agitated so as to subject all the glutinous matter to the action of the alkali. As
the quantity of material to be treated is much smaller than the whole of.the starch
matter of the grain a much less quantity of alkali is required in proportion to the
total quantity of starch contained in a given weight of grain than has previously
-been used. After the concentrated matter has, been treated with the alkali it is
conducted to a starch plane of the usual inclination and the starch is permitted.to
subside thereon, while the liquid runs off at the foot of the plane as waste, or it
may be utilised as "cattle feed." The portion of starch thus deposited upon the
plane may be washed (in the ordinary manner of washing starch) or not and may
or may not be mixed with the portion of starch deposited upon the plane without
previous alkaline treatment, as may be deemed expedient.
From the foregoing description it will be perceived that a characteristic feature
of this part of my said Invention is the division of the starch-matter, contained in
the starch water received from the separator into two parts or portions by the
operation of partial subsidence, one of which portions consists of the starch
separated directly by subsidence without a preliminary alkaline treatment while the
other portion (which contains practically all the glutinous matter of the grain) is
subjected to alkaline treatment previous to the separation of the residual starch by
subsidence.
33
The practical result of the process is a more perfect separation of the starch from
glutinous matter than is effected by the "sour process and the practical-
elimination of the glutinous matter from the starch by the use of a much less
quantity of alkali than is required by the well known sweet-starch process.
The treatment of the runnings from the starch water obtained from one hundred
bushels of maize can be effected satisfactorily with about thirty pounds of com-
mercial caustic soda containing seventy per cent. of pure alkali, and a satisfactory
action of the alkali upon the glutinous matter is effected when the mixture of
concentrated runnings and alkali is of a density 8° Baumé and the matter is
agitated in the tank, in which it is treated with the alkali for one hour before
being conducted to the starch plane.. The quantity of alkali used, the greater or
less concentration of the runnings and the time of treatment with the alkali. may
however be varied, as found expedient, according to the quality of the grain, and
other circumstances in practice.
The apparatus used may also be varied as found expedient, as the direct
separation of the starch by subsidence may be effected in tanks or vats and the
concentration of the runnings may be effected by the use of a starch table or
plane. It is also not essential to the said process that the runnings should be
concentrated before being subjected to the alkaline treatment as the alkaline may be
applied directly to the runnings and may be applied in the settling tanks or vats;
but I prefer to concentrate the starch matter of the runnings previous to subjecting
it to the action of the alkali (because this course in my opinion reduces the quantity.
of alkali required) and to apply the alkali in the mixing tank.
The sub-process of treating the starch material with alkali, by conducting the
settlings from several settling tanks into one mixing tank or vat in which the
alkali is applied, is of material advantage in determining the quantity of alkali to
be used, because the consistency or density of the settlings varies in different tanks
and the mixture of them in a single tank not only averages the consistency of the
mass but enables a large' quantity of starch material to be readily reduced by the

page_text: addition of water to the desired density for the treatment by the alkali, and also
enables the required quantity of alkali for a single operation to be readily ascer-
tained because when the mass is reduced to a specific consistency or density (as
measured by a hydrometer) the depth of the mass in the mixing tank is the
measure of the quantity of starch material contained in it, and enables the operator
to determine and supply the corresponding quantity of solution of the caustic alkali
of a specific or standard density which is sufficient to free the starch from the
glutinous matter.
It may then be converted in an open or close converter by means of sulphuric or
other acid, after which it may be drawn into a tank where it is agitated and the
acid is neutralized by means of marble, chalk, or limestone, ground or pulverised.
The second part of my said Invention has for its object to concentrate the starch-
milk or starch-water so as to deprive the starch of a large quantity of the water with
which it is mechanically mixed in the process of manufacture. Heretofore this
operation has been conducted in subsiding tanks in which the starch-water, after the
tank has been filled with it is permitted to remain at rest until the starch is wholly or
mainly subsided, after which the water above the deposited starch is drawn off.
The concentration of starch water in this manner is an intermittent operation and
requires the use of a large factory of a great number of subsiding tanks which
occupy great space.
This part of my said Invention enables the operation of concentrating or settling
the starch to be conducted in much less space and to be practically continuous
operation. To this end it consists in certain processes and apparatus hereinafter
described.
In Figures 1 and 2 of the accompanying Drawings, the apparatus is represented
as adapted to operate upon the starch-water, or starch-milk obtained from the
sieve-separators of a starch factory. The starch milk is conducted to the
apparatus by means of the trough. A the bottom of which is fitted with a nozzle a
through which the starch-water is permitted to issue to the subsiding apparatus.
This apparatus comprises the tank B the inlet pipe C the overflow D and the
outlet E.
'
The tank is by preference constructed with a cylindrical body b closed beneath by
a conical bottom c. The inlet pipe C is arranged centrally of the tank and has
four branches d, d, d, d, whose mouths discharge near the bottom c. The overflow D
is an opening.near the top of the tank and is by preference fitted with a nozzlo c
to deliver the exhausted (or partly exhausted) liquid into a discharge pipe f. The
outlet is arranged at the lower end of the conical bottom of the tank and is fitted
with a valve g. Beneath the tank is the trough F into which the concentrated
starch is discharged.
The process of concentration with the above described apparatus may be
conducted as follows viz. -the starch milk is permitted to enter the apparatus by
the inlet-pipe C, to fill the tank and to escape at the outlet, the rate of inlet being
controlled either by the size of the discharge apertures of the inlet pipe or by
partly obstructing the nozzle of the trough A by a plug or valve, so that the
passage of the starch-water in an upward direction from the inlet orifices h, h, h, h,
to the overflow D is slow enough to permit the starch to sink wholly or in part to
the bottom of the tank and consequently the liquid which escapes at the overflow
is deprived wholly or in part of the starch, while the mass in the lower part of the
tank consists of starch mixed with a much less quantity of liquid than that which
is admitted by the inlet pipe. Consequently the starch-milk at the bottom of the
tank is in a highly concentrated condition and may be drawn off at intervals or
continuously as deemed best, it being understood that the drawing off must be at
so slow a speed as not to materially affect the deposit of the starch from the
running liquid above, and that the aggregate matter drawn off must always be
materially less in bulk than the aggregate matter admitted to the tank by means
of the inlet pipe.
From the above description it will be understood that, inasmuch as the concentration

page_text: of the starch takes place while the starch-milk is entering the inlet pipe, and
escaping at the overflow, the deposition of the starch is effected from the running
liquid instead of from a liquid in a state of rest as has previously been the case in
tanks for subsidence. Moreover the quantity of concentrated starch collected in a
tank at any one time does not depend upon the single filling of the tank with the
starch-milk, as has been the case previously, but depends upon the quantity of
starch milk which may be run through the tank.
The operation of concentrating the starch as above described may be varied.
Thus the outlet E may be kept closed until the concentrated starch has
accumulated in the tank to such an extent that the overflowing liquid carries
off nearly or quite as much starch as it contains when entering the inlet-pipe.
Then the inlet of starch water may be stopped, the mass in the tank may be
allowed to rest until the water becomes clear or nearly so, after which the clear
water may be siphoned off and the concentrated starch removed from the tank;
and, if the starch be too thick to run freely, it may be stirred up with some of the
water. In this case, however, the greater part of the starch is deposited as
previously described from the liquid while running trough the tank, while the
removal of the starch is intermittent. The precise arrangement of the inlet-pipe
and overflow is not essential, as the inlet-pipe may be at the outside of the tank and
connected with it only at the discharge orifice or orifices. The overflow also may
be the mouth of a pipe which extends into the upper end of the tank. The form
of the tank also may be varied and the outlet for the concentrated starch instead
of being central may be at one side of the tank at or near its bottom, and may be
replaced by a siphon or draft pipe. I have, however, reason to believe that the
apparatus will operate with the best effect when the parts of the apparatus have
the arrangement and form represented in the Drawings. It will be perceived that
the subsidence of the starch from the liquid while in motion takes place by reason
of the large area of the tank as compared with the area of the inlet orifices,
whereby the current of liquid rising from the inlet orifices to the overflow is
caused to flow so slowly that time is afforded for the subsidence of the starch by
gravitation. Hence, other things being equal, the rate of concentration depends
upn the relative areas of the inlet oritices and the tank.
For operating on a large scale a tauk twelve feet in diameter and twelve feet
deep may be used and the discharge orifices of the inlet-pipe may be four or six in
number and have an aggregate transverse area of three inches. Good results
may however be attained with a much smaller apparatus.
If the water escaping from the overflow is practically free from starch it may be
permitted to run to waste; but if the inlet be permitted at such a rate that a
inaterial per centage of the starch is carried off with the escaping liquid, this
liquid may be conducted through additional apparatus of the same kind so as to
exhaust the starch-water of starch; and, if necessary, the tanks of such succeeding
apparatus may be of larger area than the first, or the liquid escaping at the over-
flow of the first tank may be divided between two or more successive tanks of the
size of the first, so that the flow through them will be slower than that through
the first tank. In such case the succeeding tank should be set at a progressively
lower level than the first tank, or the liquid should be pumped from one tank to
the next in sucression.
The apparatus and process thus described may be employed with advantage
in separating other pulverulent matter than starch from water with which it is
mechanically mixed.
The third part of my said Invention relates to machinery and apparatus
employed in the manufacture of starch and the like, and consists essentially in an
improved carrier or apparatus for conveying the starch from the settling tables or
tanks to any desired point.
Endless bands or carriers supported at intermediate points by plain cylindrical
rollers have been commonly used for a variety of purposes; but they have not been
found practicable for conveying the starch as it comes from the settling tables or

page_text: tanks to any desired point both on account of their limited capacity to do the
work required and the liability of the lumps of starch to fall back into the table
or tank during their transit. My improved carrier is designed to obviate these
difficulties and to this end it consists essentially in an endless band or carrier
supported from the ceiling over the settling tank or table, the upper portion of
which carrier is supported upon rollers made in concave form, and inclined sides
are provided to keep the starch from falling off the carrier, while it is in transit
thereon.
Referring to Figures 3 and 4 of the Drawings a¹, a', are the hangers which are
secured to the ceiling and support the framework carrying the endless belt;
b, b1, 62, 63, are longitudinal stringers which are keyed into the said hangers a¹ a¹.
These stringers are braced at intervals by upright posts 63, 63, and the rods 64, 6,
and near one end of the upper stringers 61, 61, is located the pulley c¹ which is fixed
upon a shaft c² operated by belt and pulley, and around the pulley c¹ passes the
endless band or carrier d', the corresponding pulley at the other end not being
shewn in the Drawings. The usual scraper for clearing the carrier of adhering
starch is shown at e and just below the scraper is located the hopper f¹ into
which the starch falls from the carrier.
g, g, represent a series of rollers made in concave form as clearly shewn in
Figure 4. These concave rollers revolve in boxes g secured upon the upper side
of the stringers b', b¹. A series of plain cylindrical rollers h¹ revolving in boxes h²
upon the under side of the lower stringers 62, 62, serve to support the upper portion
of the endless band or carrier and prevent undue sagging thereof.
Upon the upper stringers 61, 61, at suitable intervals, are secured the brackets or
supports to which are attached the longitudinal strips ¹, these strips are
inclined outwardly from the sides of the carrier, at which sides their lower edges
are located so as to be almost in contact therewith.
My improved carrier is located, as before stated, over the settling tables or tanks
and is put in motion by revolving the end pulley c¹ around which the carrier
passes. The lumps of starch are shovelled from the tank or table below upon the
endless band as shewn at 7. in Figure 4. The weight of the starch causes that
portion of the endless band passing over the concave rollers to conform to
the concave surface thereof, thereby giving additional carrying space not
otherwise secured, and this, taken in connection with the additional carrying space
afforded by the inclined strips or sides, serves to give to my device improved
functions not possessed by the common form of carrier now in use for this purpose.
I do not wish to confine myself in this part of my said Invention to the sole
object of conveying starch from one point to another, as my improved device is
obviously applicable to many other purposes.
The fourth part of my said Invention relates to machinery and apparatus for
washing starch and like materials, and consists essentially in a suitable tank and a
vertically adjustable screw propeller wheel or other agitating device which may
be easily moved up or down and secured at any desired point without interfering
with its rotary movement; and it further consists in certain details of construction
all of which will be hereinafter described and are illustrated in Figures 5, 6, and 7
of the accompanying Drawings.
Starch when allowed to settle to the lower part of the tank in which it is
placed and mingled with water soon becomes comparatively solid, so that if the
agitating device is immersed or partly immersed in it, considerable power would be
required to move it.
The object of this part of my said Invention is to obviate this objection by
having the agitating device adapted to be readily adjusted vertically and secured
at any point of such adjustment, or allowed to gradually descend when required,
and so that the agitating wheel may be easily adapted to different quantities of
material that may be put into the tank. Referring to Figures 5, 6, and 7, A¹ repre-
sents a tank for holding the starch which is mixed with water so as to appear like
a white or milky fluid in which state it is pumped or otherwise conducted into the

page_text: •
•
tank or washer where it is thoroughly agitated. The starch is then allowed to
settle and becomes comparatively solid as before mentioned. The water remaining
above it containing impurities and other matters is then allowed to run off and
fresh water is put in its place. The agitating wheel is now released from the
device which holds it in its position, thereby allowing it to gradually descend into
This
the starch while agitating and thoroughly mixing it with the water.
operation is repeated until the starch is washed sufficiently clean. The agitating
wheel or screw is keyed or otherwise secured in any well known manner to the
vertical shaft c³ which shaft passes through a supporting box or step c³ and is
capable of a vertical movement therein. The bottom of the tank is provided with
passes
a conical or other shaped recess d² into which the lower end of the shaft e
as it is moved down, and at the bottom of which it rests when at the limit of its
downward movement. The upper part of the shaft es passes through the projecting
parts on the rack-plate e² and is provided with collars e³ fastened thereto in any
well known manner so as to keep it in a position vertical to the rack-plate e² and
at the same time allow it to rotate freely. The rack-plate is fitted in guide-
ways ff which are secured to the beam fs by bolts so that it has a free up
and down movement, and it receives such movement by means of the pinions g³, g³,
actuated by a shaft g' with a hand wheel h³ or a crank or other well known means
for turning it. The vertical shaft receives a rotary movement from a belt and
pulley; but a cable or any well known arrangement of gearing may be used for
giving the required movement. The shaft g' is supported in bearings on the
guide-ways f, f2, so as to keep the pinions g³ in gear with the racks G on the rack-
plate. It is also further supported by another bearing. When the screw or
agitating wheel B₁ is adjusted to the vertical point desired, it is prevented from
moving up or down by a ratchet wheel H and pawl H¹. It will now be seen that
by turning the hand-wheel h³ and consequently the shaft g and pinions g³, g³, the
rack-plate e the vertical rotating shaft and the agitating wheel B¹ may be
moved either up or down and fastened at any vertical point desired without in any
way interfering with the rotary motion of the said shaft or the agitating wheel.
I have shown an ordinary screw wheel as the agitating device but any other
shaped wheel or arms attached to the shaft c³ or any other well known means
adapted to the purpose may be used. In practice I find that the ordinary propeller
wheel answers the purpose well.
In place of the racks and pinions and the rack-plate e² a screw may be used to
give the required vertical movements.
The fifth part of my said Invention relates to the treatment of what is known
as the "refuse" or "tailings" in the manufacture of starch, glucose, or any other
article produced in the treatment of grain by what is known as the "wet process."
This refuse product consists of the husks and other portions of the grain which
have been separated from the bulk or main portion of the starch in its process of
manufacture. When the grain is subjected to wet grinding as in the manufacture.
of starch, and glucose it has to be steeped in large tubs before passing through the
mills. While in these tubs and especially if allowed to remain too long therein,
fermentation commences and organic acids are formed which remain in the refuse
or tailings after its separation from the starch upon the bolting apparatus. The
presence of these organic acids in the, refuse material commonly known as "feed,"
rapidly causes fermentation and renders the feed less valuable for cattle.
The object of this part of my said Invention is to remove these organic acids
and enable the refuse matter or tailings to be utilized as food for animals, and to
this end it consists substantially in subjecting the wet refuse as it comes from the
bolting apparatus to graduated pressure and heat, whereby the moisture is removed,
and the organic acids rendered innocuous; it further consists in certain combina
tions and arrangements of devices or mechanism by means of which the improved
process is carried out..
The said mechanism.comprises a set of elastic rollers for applying the first grade
of pressure to the wet material, a press for applying the second grade of pressure

page_text: to the material, mechanism for disintegrating the caked material produced by the
graduated pressure, drying mechanism for subjecting the disintegrated material to
heat, and a feeding device for the said drying mechanism.
Referring to Figures 8 to 12 of the Drawings K, K, Figure 8 are elastic rollers
arranged in one or more pairs and caused to revolve by suitable gearing, and K' is
an endless reticulated belt or carrier preferably of wire gauze which is supported.
upon two pulleys L and passes between the rollers K K. The refuse or tailings
which comes from the bolting apparatus, where it is separated from the main.
portion of the starch, is in a wet condition and is by any suitable means carried to
and fed upon the endless carrier K¹ in advance of the rollers K. As the refuse falls
upon this endless carrier a portion of the water percolates through the openings in
the said carrier and the refuse is borne upon such carrier between the elastic rollers.
KK where a considerable amount of the remaining moisture is separated from the.
refuse by the squeezing action of the elastic rollers. The pressed material is carried
from between the rollers by the carrier and is delivered into the spout M. from
which it is discharged by gravitation. This first pressing operation leaves the.
refuse in a condition to be easily handled in preparing it for the press in which it
is placed after being passed between the elastic rollers.
Any press of sufficient capacity and power will suffice in carrying out the next
step in the improved process, for example, the press shewn in. Figure 9 which is of
well known construction and in which N is the upper plate and N' the bed plate.
This press is operated by a pair of toggle-levers and a screw which is turned by
sprocket wheels secured at either end.
The feed which is to be subjected to the action of the press is arranged therein,
in the following manner that is to say-ath is laid upon the bed plate N¹ and.
a quantity of the moist feed, which hasen subjected to the pressure of the elastic,
rollers is spread upon the cloth and the ends of the cloth lapped over upon the feed
so as to completely cover it, or wire gauze or other suitable material may be used
instead of cloth. On the top of this layer is placed a grating consisting of a number.
of strips O secured together by cross pieces P. These strips O, preferably of wood,
are arranged with spaces between them to permit the escape of the water during
the pressing operation. Upon these strips O is placed another layer of feed enclosed
in cloth as before and so on until the number of layers have been arranged upon.
which the press is to act.
.
"
In place of the said strips and cross pieces I may employ a series of- perforated
metal tubes firmly secured together by any suitable means, or I may use sheets of
corrugated metal perforated to permit the escape of the water.
The bed-plate N' is mounted upon wheels QQ which travel upon the rails Q' Q³,
and by means of which the feed after being pressed can be readily and quickly
removed to the disintegrating mechanism.
The disintegrating mechanisin which 1 prefer to employ consists essentially of a
hopper R and of two disintegrating rollers R' R' which are caused to revolve in
the hopper and are provided with teeth R² which serve to disintegrate the lumps of
feed which are dumped from the movable bed plate N¹ into the hopper R. The feed:
drops froni the hopper into the tubular chamber S which, as shown in Figures 10
and 11, extends from the hopper R to the drier. Within this chamber S is.
arranged the feeding device which consists, as shown, of the screw-conveyer S¹..
This conveyer S¹ together with the disintegrating rollers R¹ R¹ is revolved by the.
gear wheels T, T, T, which intermesh with each other, and are driven simultaneously
by any suitable motor. The pressed feed after falling from the hopper into the
tubular chamber S, is fed along such chamber by the screw conveyer S' until it,
reaches the hopper U into which it falls and from which it is conducted down the
chute U into the drier. This drier, which is shown in Figures 11 and 12, is well
adapted for carrying out the said process, although this particular.form of drier is
not essential to the perfect working of the said Invention, and other forins of drier
might be substituted with advantageous results. The said drier consists chiefly of
the enclosing chamber within which revolves the cylinder m having the system

page_text: of steam heated pipes and hollow drums n, n³, revolving with the said
cylinder. The feed as it falls upon the interior of the cylinder m is carried
up by means of the buckets o and dropped upon and between the heated pipes
n. This operation is repeated until the feed reaches the lower end of the
cylinder whence it falls into a third hopper o' in a thoroughly dried and dis-
entegrated condition. By means of the diaphragm p and coils of pipe q the
radiated heat of the cylinder m and the heat of the condensed steam are utilized in
the drying process.
The cylinder which is slightly inclined and mounted upon wheels or rollers r is
revolved upon the said rollers by means of a gear wheel operated by suitable
power. The longitudinal buckets o for lifting the feed are rivetted to the interior
surface of the revolving cylinder and the hollow drums or heads n, n', are secured
inside of the cylinder at or near either end thereof by means of a suitable number
of brackets n³ and adjusting screws ³. The interior surfaces of these drums are
perforated to admit a series of connecting pipes n*. Steam is admitted to the
drum n by means of a supply pipe no and an exhaust pipe n? is fitted to the
drum n for conveying the condensed steam to a coil of pipe 9 located in the
enclosing chamber l. This chamber encloses the entire cylinder, and is provided
with the diaphragm or partition 2 which serves to prevent the heated air from
passing out through the ventilating flue 'before it has passed through the cylinder
where it is utilized in the drying process.
p is a diaphragm extending nearly to the top of the chamber and serving to
direct the lighter particles of feed (which are carried by the current of heated air)
into the passage p² where they fall and are collected at the point p³. By this
arrangement I ain enabled to save a considerable portion of feed which would
otherwise pass away through the ventilating flue land be lost.
The said improved process is practised with the above described mechanism as
follows, that is to say-The wet refuse, as it comes from the bolting apparatus, is
conducted to and upon the endless reticulated belt or carrier K¹ and by means of
such carrier is passed between the elastic rollers K. by which a portion of the
moisture is extracted, leaving the refuse, which has thus been subjected to the first
grade of pressure, in a condition to be easily handled in preparing it for the operation
of the press in which it is subjected to the second grade of pressure, by which a large
percentage of the remaining moisture is removed and with it more or less of the
organic acids and other impurities, which if left in the wet material would in warın
weather, impair its quality as food for animals. After the second pressing operation
is completed the pressed layers, or cakes from the press, are run to the mouth of the
hopper R and are emptied from the cloths into the hopper. In passing between
the disintegrating rollers R' R' in the said hopper, the pressed material is broken
up or disintegrated and is dropped into the tubular chamber S. It is fed along this
chamber by the screw (which incidentially furthers the disintegration of the feed).
and falls into the second hopper and through the chute U¹ into the drier, in which
it is subjected to heat. Its passage through drier is slow and as all the particles
are raised and dropped upon and between the pipes n a number of times during
their passage through the drier the moisture and the impurities which can be
carried off by it are eliminated. If the feed is not thoroughly dried at this
stage it may be passed through a second drier of the same or other suitable
construction.
The mechanism above described may be modified as circumstances require or as
may be deemed expedient. Thus the feeding device may be dispensed with and
the disintegrating mechanism combined directly with the drier, so that the disinte-
grated matter is delivered wholly by gravitation to the drier. The feeding device,
however, is advantageous because it equalizes the rate of feeding the material to
the drier although the rate at which it is disintegrated may be irregular. Hence
it is expedient to use the feeding device or some substitute for it between the
disintegrator and the drier.
The sixth part of my said Invention relates to the manufacture of an improved

page_text: compound of syrup obtained from maize and that obtained from sugar cane or
beetroot and it also relates to apparatus employed in such manufacture.
Compounds of corn syrup or glucose and cane-syrups or molasses have been
manufactured hitherto in two general modes. According to one mode the two
ingredients have been mixed with one or both of them in a sufficiently diluted
condition to perinit the mixture to be filtered through bone black filters, after which
the dilute filtered mixture has been concentrated to the requisite consistency in the
vacuum-pan. According to the other mode the ingredients have been mixed in a
concentrated condition at about the ordinary atmospheric temperature. Compound
syrups made according to the first mode are objectionable because they lack flavor,
being what is technically termed "flat," this defect being due to the action of the
bone-black, and to the concentration subsequent to mixture. Compound syrups
made according to the second mode possess, when first made a desirable flavor but
are objectionable because they speedily become cloudy and lose their brightness of
color. Their lasting qualities also become impaired; and these defects are due to a
chemical re-action which takes place between some of the constituents of the two
ingredients.
According to this part of my said Invention I obtain an improved quality or
kind of composite corn-syrup which has and retains the desired piquancy of
flavor and possesses also the desired brilliancy and lasting qualities my improve-
ments being based upon a discovery that, when the mixture of corn and cane or
beet syrup is subjected to heat and agitation, the impurities of of cane or beet
syrup are rapidly precipitated and may then be separated from the mixture by
filtration provided the sulphate of lime usually present in unfiltered glucose or.
some substitute therefor be present in the mixture.
My improved apparatus for producing composite corn sirup is shown in
Figures 13, 14, 15, and 16, and comprises mixing tanks and regulating tank a
box cooler, and a receiving tank, the box cooler having a perforated top. It also
comprises other parts hereinafter described.
In the manufacture of the composite syrup I make use of unfiltered glucose, by
which I mean glucose from which the sulphate of lime produced in its manufacture
has not been separated by filtration. The unfiltered glucose is put into the mixing
tanks s through the pipes 8 and the desired quantity or per centage of cane syrup
or beet syrup is drawn into the mixing tanks from the measuring tanks t. The
said measuring tanks t being supplied with cane or beet syrup through a pipe t'.
When the cane or beet syrup and unfiltered glucose are put into the mixing
tanks & they are throughly agitated and mixed together by the revolving wheel u
(receiving its movement from the vertical shaft u and a belt and pulley) or other
suitable agitating device (which produces a current in the sirup sufficient to cause
it to come in contact with the hot coil of steam pipe u² adapted to receive a current
of steam through it from u³ to u and connected in any suitable and well known
manner to pipes connected with a steam boiler, by this means the temperature of
the mixture is raised to from 160° to 190° Fahrenheit depending upon the condition
of the materials. The mixed cane or beet syrup and unfiltered glucose are next
conducted to the receiving tank v and forced from thence in a heated condition to
and through the filters v¹, by means of the pipes v². As the receiver v is used for
convenience when large quantities of corn sirup are made it may in some cases be
dispensed with in which case the syrup may be conducted directly from the mixing
tank to the filters. The filters which I prefer to use are made in the ordinary
manner and consist of a series of grooved plates with cloths and perforated
diaphragms, fastened together in the usual manner. From the filters the corn
sirup is conducted to the regulating tank w through the pipe w¹ and its connec-
tions. In this tank w the sirup is agitated and made to circulate around the cooling
coil w, which coil is supplied with cold water passing in at one point w³ and out at an
other w so that the cold water passes through from the bottom of the tank upward
the end w³ of the coil being connected in any well known manner with a pipe
eading from a pump or other well known water forcing device. .

page_text: The color of the compound sirup may if necessary be adjusted in the regulating
tank. Thus, if the color be too light to suit the trade, a small portion of cane sirup
or of caramel may be added; and a small portion of glucose or of a light-colored
cane-sirup will correct, the color if it be too dark. From the regulating tank the
syrup is conducted through the pipe x, or any other suitable arrangement of pipes
to the box cooler y, where it passes through the perforated top z from which it
passes in a finely divided state to and around a cooling coil 2' which is supplied
with cold water passing in at the bottom and out from the top of the coil. Or it
may be cooled by means of the apparatus described with reference to the seventh
part of my said Invention.
With the apparatus arranged as represented in the Drawings a pump 3 is
required to force the corn sirup to the box-cooler, but if the latter be arranged on
a floor below the regulating tank the pump may be dispensed with. The contact
of the sirup with the cold water pipes cools it rapidly and the sirup, after passing
through this box cooler is sufficiently cool to be drawn off into barrels.
As a modification of the process above described the cane or beet sirup may be
introduced into the vacuum pan in which the glucose is concentrated and there
mixed with glucose when it has been boiled down to a proper consistency. This
may be accomplished in the following manner, that is to say, the draw in pipe
through which the glucose is introduced into the vacuum pan is connected with
another pipe leading into a tank containing any desired measured quantity of canc
or beet syrup. After the boiling of the glucose is completed, and before the vacuum
is taken off, the valves in the pipe are opened and the cane or beet sirup is drawn
into the pan. The steam is kept turned on in the pan and if necessary the boiling
operation can be continued until a sufficient agitation and mixture of the sirups are
effected. The mixture can then be passed through a filter as before described or
through bag filters, as may be deemed desirable.
In practising the process as above set forth I have found that the sulphate of
lime present in the mixture of sirups is deposited upon the filter cloths, and it
appears to be an an important factor in the precipitation of the impurities of the
cane or beet sirup and in the operation of filtration. Hence the glucose should
either be used in an unfiltered condition, so that sulphate of lime may be present
in the mixture to be filtered, or, if filtered glucose be used, some ingredient or
ingredients which will act as a substitute for the sulphate of lime should be
incorporated in the mixture previous to filtration. The temperatures above
mentioned (160° to 190° Fahrenheit) may be used with success. Thus, if a light
colored syrup is to be manufactured, it is expedient to heat the mixture of sirups
to 160° Fahrenheit and when a dark colored syrup is to be manufactured
it is expedient to heat the mixture up to 190° Fahrenheit, as the higher the heat
the greater the facility of filtering the mixture. The time required for the
application of heat and agitation will depend upon the circumstances of each
particular case. With ordinary cane syrup as now sold in the market the two
syrups may be mixed with advantage in the proportions of one part of cane syrup
to ten parts of corn-syrup and a mixture of about thirty five hundred gallons of
the two syrups can be heated up to a temperature of 100° Fahrenheit, with the
requisite agitation in about an hour, with a precipitation of practically all the
matter that would otherwise tend to render the mixture cloudy, and the mixture
can then be drawn from the mixing tanks and subjected to filtration. The
proportions of cane or beet syrup and corn syrup may be varied to suit the
demands of trade.
.
Although the above mentioned proportions, temperature and time for subjecting
the mixture to the heat and agitation, have given the best results I do not wish to
restrict the Invention to them, as I have found that good results may be attained
at lower and higher temperatures and with a more prolonged treatment by beat
and agitation, and with other proportions of the ingredients than those above
named.
The composite corn syrup obtained by the above described process is distinguished

page_text: from the compound corn and cane sirups hitherto manufactured by possessing the
piquancy of flavor desired by the trade, combined with a lasting brilliancy of
colour, it being free from the tendency to become cloudy and otherwise depreciated
by age.
The seventh part of my said Invention relates to apparatus for cooling or
heating sirups or other liquids, but its chief object is to facilitate the cooling of
corn, cane, or other sirups which have been heated to a high temperature during the
process of manufacture. The ordinary methods of cooling are slow, occasioning a
loss of valuable time in preparing the sirup for the market.
By this part of my said Invention I am enabled to take syrup at a high
temperature and, in a comparatively short space of time, to reduce its temperature
so that it can be barrelled with safety.
The said apparatus consists substantially of a box or receiver divided into two
compartments. The upper compartment is for the reception of the heated syrup.
The lower compartment contains a system of pipes into which cold water is
introduced at the bottom and passing through the pipes is conducted away at the
top. The partition which divides the box into its two compartments, is provided
with slots or perforations through which the heated syrups percolates upon the
pipes below. The lower compartment is provided with outlets through which the
cooled syrup is discharged into barrels or the like.
Referring to Figures 17, 18 and 19, of the Drawings 1, 1, are the sides, 2, 2, the
ends, and 3, 3, the two sloping sections of the bottom of the box cooler. The sides
of the box cooler are securely held in position upon the vertical posts 4 by the tie
rods 5 which pass through the posts 4 at the top and bottom, and are secured
thereto by nuts. The interior of the box cooler is lined with sheet metal of any
description, galvanized iron being preferred, and in the upper part thereof is placed
the trough or receptacle 6 of material similar to the lining of the box for the
reception of the heated syrup. This trough rests upon bolts 7, which pass through
the sides 1 of the box cooler, acting as braces for the box as well as supports for
the trough. The bottom of this trough is provided with slots or perforations 8
through which the sirup may pass into the compartment below. This lower
compartment is filled with a system of pipes 9 (arranged as shown in the said
Figures of the Drawings) through which cold water is passed from the bottom to
the top
By means of the horizontal connections 10, and vertical connections 11, the
pipes of each horizontal layer are joined, so as to form a continuous passage for the
cold water, and each horizontal layer of pipes is connected with the layer above
from bottom to top, so that the cold water entering from below at the point 12
passes in a serpentine path through the lowest layer of pipe, and from there to the
next layer above, and so on until it is discharged at the top through the outlet
pipe 13. The bottom of the cooler has the sloping sections 3, 3, which meet at the
point 14 where the discharge pipes 15, 15, are located, through which the cooled
syrup passes.
The heated syrup is discharged into the receptacle 6 from the pipe 16 which
has a regulating valve located near its end, operated by a lever 17 and float 18 by
means of which the supply of syrup is regulated and controlled automatically.
The operation of this apparatus is as follows:-The heated syrup is discharged
from the pipe 16 into the receptacle 6 in the top of the box cooler the supply being
regulated automatically by the valve and its operating lever and float. Thence it
passes through the slots or perforations 8 upon the pipes 9 in the space below.
Cold water is kept running through these pipes from the bottom to the top as has been
hereinbefore explained, and, as the syrup drops down from pipe to pipe its beat is
gradually extracted and carried off by reason of the contact with the cool surfaces
of the pipes. By having the cold water to enter from below I am enabled to pass
the syrup over the coolest surface just as it is leaving the box cooler, thereby
materially assisting in the rapid cooling of the syrup down to a temperature which
will admit of immediate barrelling.

page_text: My improved apparatus is adapted for the cooling of liquids of any description,
and by the substitution of hot water or steam for cold water may be utilized
equally well in heating sirups or other liquids.
Having thus fully described the said Invention as communicated to me by my
foreign correspondent and the manner of performing the same I wish it understood
that I claim,—
First. The process, substantially as herein-before set forth of separating starch
from starch-water, consisting in the separation of a portion of the starch directly
from the starch-water by subsidence, the treatment of the residuary starch-matter
with caustic alkali and the separation of the remaining portion of starch by
subsidence.
Second. The process of subjecting starch-matter to the action of alkali, consisting
in conducting the settlings froin several settling tanks into one mixing tank,
in which the alkali is applied and in which the collected settlings may be
simultaneously reduced to the desired consistency, substantially as hereinbefore
set forth.
Third. The process of concentrating starch from running starch-milk, by causing
the same to flow at a slow speed through a tank in an upward direction permitting
the larger portion of the liquid to overflow at the upper part of the tank, and
withdrawing the concentrated residue from the bottom of the tank either at
intervals or continuously, substantially as and for the purposes set forth.
Fourth. The subsiding apparatus, cousisting in the tank, the inlet pipe the
outlet and the overflow, constructed and arranged substantially as and for the
purposes set forth.
Fifth. An apparatus for conveying starch and like substances, consisting in a
framework suspended from the ceiling and having mounted therein a series of
concave rollers upon which the upper portion of an endless band or carrier travels,
and inclined sides or strips for keeping the starch or other substance upon the
carrier while in transit thereon substantially as set forth.
Sixth. In an apparatus for conveying starch and like substances, the combination
of the endless band or carrier, with the concave supporting rollers, and with or
without the inclined strips or sides for keeping the starch or other substance upon
the carrier while in transit thereon, substantially as set forth.
Seventh. The combination with a starch tank or mixing tank, of a revolving stirrer
or agitating device fixed upon a rotating shaft capable of vertical movement and
adjustment, substantially as and for the purpose set forth.
-Eighth. In a starch-tank or mixing-tank, the shaft c³ having collars es, in combina-
tion with the rack plate e2 having racks Gand projecting parts d³ adapted to receive
the said shaft, the pinions g3 and the shaft g, provided with the hand wheel h³
ratchet wheel H and pawl EI, and with or without the step or supporting box c' and'
the recess d, all substantially as and for the purposes set forth.
Ninth. The process of preparing animal food from the "refuse" or "tailings" in the
manufacture of starch or other substances, by subjecting the wet material to
graduated pressure, disintegration, and heat, substantially as and for the purposes
set forth.
Tenth. The combination of the disintegrating mechanism and the drying
mechanism, with or without the feeding device, substantially as and for the purposes
set forth.
Eleventh. In a feed drier, the combination with an inclined revolving cylinder
having the hollow drums or heads and with or without the buckets, of a system of
steam pipes located in and revolving with the said cylinder and means for collecting
and utilizing in the drying process the heat from the condensed steam and the
radiated heat of the cylinder, all substantially as and for the purposes set forth.
Twelfth. In a feed drier, as a means for collecting and saving the lighter.particles
of food, the enclosing chamber with its partition, diaphragm, passage and ventilating
flue, substantially as set forth.
Thirteenth. The combination and arrangement of machinery and apparatus for

page_text: operating upon the wet refuse in the manufacture of starch and other substances,
comprising the elastic rollers by which the first grade of pressure is applied, the
press by which the second grade of pressure is applied, the disintegrating mechanism,
and the drying mechanism with or without the feeding device, all substantially as
herein before set forth..
Fourteenth. The improved compound of corn-syrup or glucose obtained from
maize or other grain, mixed with syrup obtained from sugar-cane or beet-root,
substantially as set forth.
Fifteenth. The process of mixing corn-syrup or glucose, and cane or beet syrup,
subjecting the mixture to heat and agitation, and separating the impurities of the
cane-syrup or beet-syrup from the mixture by filtration, substantially as and for the
purpose specified.
Sixteenth. The apparatus employed in the manufacture of the compound syrups
and consisting of the mixing tanks, the regulating tank, the box-cooler, and the
receiving tank, all constructed and combined substantially as hereinbefore set forth
aud for the purposes specified.
Seventeenth. The apparatus for cooling or heating syrups or other liquids,
consisting of the perforated trough or receptacle and the system of pipes below
such trough, through which water or steam is passed from bottom to top, the whole
being suitably enclosed, and operating substantially as described for the purposes
specified.
Eighteenth. In an apparatus for cooling or heating syrups or other liquids, the
combination of the perforated trough or receptacle, and the system of pipes through
which water or steam can be passed from bottom to top, with an automatic device
for regulating and controlling the supply of syrup or other liquid, substantially as
set forth.
In witness whereof I the said Henry Harris Lake have hereunto set my
hand and seal this First day of July in the year of our Lord One thousand
eight hundred and eighty two.
HENRY H. LAKE. (L.S.)