Improvements in Railway and Tramway Carriages.
Year: 1887

page_text: Date of Application, 30th Aug., 1887
Complete Left, 23rd May, 1888
Complete Accepted, 29th June, 1888
Improvements in Railway and Tramway Carriages.
I, FERDINAND EUGENE CANDA of No. 11 Pine Street New York in the County
and State of New York United States of America, Civil Engineer do hereby declare
the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to the mounting of car bodies, the invention consisting
essentially of a novel arrangement whereby the car body is mounted upon and
supported by posts that are in turn supported by truck springs either directly or by
stirrups that are free to tilt within bolsters which rest upon the springs.
At
In carrying the invention into practice, in connection with tram cars, I prefer to
employ trucks consisting essentially of angle-irons, between the ends of which there are
inserted rectangular castings, the angle-irons and castings being bolted together. Two
sets of these angle-irons are employed and the two sets are united by plates and by
arch bars and inverted arch bars the arch bars and inverted arch bars being bolted to
place beneath the ends of the angle-irons by bolts which pass through the plates.
the centre of the frame there is a block supported by diagonal rods bolted to the angle
irons, the bolts employed being eye bolts of which the eyes are upon the outside of the
frame, the main portion or shank of the bolts passing through tubes placed between
each pair of angle-irons. The block is centrally apertured in order that it may receive
the king pin, by means of which, connection between the trucks and the car bodies is
established, the lower end of said king pin being keyed within said block.
each pair of angle irons, I arrange a centrally apertured casting formed with flanges
hetween which the angle-irons fit, the castings being firmly bolted or rivetted in place.
Each of the castings is formed with four vertical apertures through which there are
passed the shanks of spring suspending stirrups which are provided with nuts at their
upper ends. The stirrups carry a spring bed. The springs are held to said beds in
the usual manner by bands when elliptical springs are used, but in certain cases it
might be deemed advisable to employ coiled springs, in which case the spring bed
would be supported by downwardly extending bolts. To the upper section of each
spring there is connected a bolster, the bolster being held to the spring by a band
and extending upward through the central bore or aperture of the casting. The main
Between

page_text: portion of each of the bolsters is cylindrical while the bore of each bolster is preferably
oblong, the upper end of each bolster consisting of parallel walls or flanges that are
recessed to receive the overturned ends of post supporting stirrups said stirrups being
arranged to extend downward within the hores of the bolsters. Upon the lower
horizontal section of each of the stirrups, there is stepped a post or standard, the lower
ends of said posts being recessed to fit over the said horizontal sections while their
upper ends terminate in plates. In setting up the bolsters, they are so adjusted that
their recesses will be in lines parallel with the radii of a circle of which the block at
the middle of the frame is the centre.
In mounting tram car bodies, two trucks of the construction above described, are
employed in connection with each car, the two trucks being united by diagonal con-
necting rods, the rods being arranged to extend diagonally across the space between
the trucks. In long car bodies, these diagonal connecting rods can advantageously be
dispensed with. In order that the draw bars of a tram car may be firmly connected
to the trucks, I pass a long shanked bolt through the two pairs of angle-irons of each
of the trucks, the bolt passing through an aperture that is formed in the centre block
and the bolt enclosed within tubes. Upon the end of the bolt, I forin an eye to which
the draw bar is secured, said draw bar being held, against any relative lateral motion
by means of diagonal braces, the extreme forward end of the draw bar being supported
by a strap that is secured to the upper side of the platform end timber of the car.
Each of the trucks carries a single pair of wheels, the axle of said wheels being mounted
in bearings which may be of any of the well known constructions; but in order that
the wear and tear upon the rolling stock may be reduced and the vibrations and shocks
due to irregularities in the rails or gauge of the track materially lessened and the
traction power required to draw the cars when passing curves decreased, I prefer to
mount the axles as follows;-The axle box is provided with a recess for a rod connected
to and forming the upper bearing of truck suspending links which hang down between
the sides of the axle boxes and the pedestal castings, the inverted arch bar passing
through the lower open ends of the links just above a saddle that is arranged between
the links and the arch bar. The lower face of this saddle is curved to correspond
with the lower curve of the opening in the links, so that the links are free to rock
upon the saddle and carry the car body and frame of truck in transverse direction to
the track, it being understood that the weight of the frame of the truck and the car
supported thereby is held by these suspending links.
In applying the car body to such running gear as has just been described, the
said car body is adjusted so that its king-pins, which are carried by plates that are
secured to the centre floor timbers, will enter the central recesses of the centre blocks
of the frame, the lower ends of the king pins being keyed within the blocks by means
of keys that are passed through apertures formed in the blocks for their reception, the
upper ends of the king pins being formed with enlarged heads. When the parts
have been adjusted as described, the weight of the car body will be supported
by the standards or posts of which the plates are secured to the body bolster,
which bolsters are held to place against the lower faces of the floor timbers of
the car.
By mounting street car bodies as above described I provide for the easy passage of
the cars around curves, for as the forward truck strikes a curve it will turn upon its
king pin as a centre, being drawn in the proper direction by the horses and in so turning
will through the medium of the diagonal connecting rods, draw the rear truck to a
position so that the axles of the two trucks will be in lines that are substantially parallel
with the radii of the curve, but at this time, as at all other times, the standards or posts
will act to hold the car in substantially a horizontal position and will prevent any
excessive tilting or rocking of the car, the posts themselves tilting upon their connec-
tions with the bolsters when the car passes around a curve. Another great advantage
arising from my novel system of mounting cars is that the two pairs of wheels may
be set further apart, that is nearer the ends of the car, so that the longitudinal rocking of
the car will be greatly reduced, and as by my system I am enabled to use elliptic
springs I obtain a very easy riding car and by mounting the axles as above described

page_text: 1 provide for a free transverse movement of the body of the car which together with
the tilting of the posts or standards upon which the car body rests, as above set forth,
prevents all undue shock or jar and facilitates the passing of curves, as will be readily
understood.
In a modification, the car body supporting posts or standards rest directly upon the
springs and in this case, the centre block is dispensed with, the truck frame being
braced by diagonal braces which are centrally united by a bolt. In case elliptic
springs are to be employed, I provide in connection with each spring, two spring
supporting stirrups which pass up between the angle-irons and are bolted to the top
flanges of said irons and these stirrups serve as the supports for the spring seat, the
spring being secured to said seat in the ordinary manner and extending upward
between the stirrups. Upon the upper section of the spring, there rests the foot of
a standard which is so proportioned as to fit closely between the angle irons, the outer
and inner faces of the standards bearing against the inner edges of the stirrups, which
stirrups serve as guides for the standards. There are four of these standards arranged
in connection with each truck, the standards being so mounted as to be radially equi-
distant from the centre of the truck, the standards being arranged in connection with
each of the springs. If spiral springs are to be employed, I prefer to use a single
stirrup in connection with each spring, said stirrups being formed with recessed spring
plates upon which the spiral springs are seated; in this case the posts or standards are
formed with channels that are entered by the vertical lengths of the stirrups, the foot
of the standard resting directly upon the spiral spring, while all wabbling of the
standards of this construction is prevented by the stirrups which, as before stated,
enter the grooves or channels of the standards. The car bodies are bolted directly to
the standards and in practice it will be found that while the cars supported as
above described, will be exceedingly easy in their motion it will also be found
that the longitudinal rocking of the car will be almost entirely overcome.
Although I have described specific constructions of bolsters and guiding castings
therefor, and specific constructions of stirrups and posts, it will of course be understood
that any other proper forms of these devices could be employed without departing from
the spirit of my invention.
F. E. CANDA.
By A. M. & Wm. Clark,
53, Chancery Lane, London,
Patent Agents.

page_text: COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Railway and Tramway Carriages.
1, FERDINAND EUGENE CANDA, of No. 11, Pine Street, in the City County and
State of New York United States of America, Civil Engineer, do hereby declare the
nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to he performed, to be
particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement :-
This Invention relates to the mounting of car bodies; the invention consisting
essentially of a novel arrangement, whereby the car body is mounted upon, and
supported by, posts that are in turn supported by truck springs either directly, or by
stirrups that are free to tilt within bolsters which rest upon the springs.
Reference is to be had to the accompanying drawings, forming a part of this
specification, in which figure 1 is a plan view of one form of truck employed in
carrying out my improved system of mounting car-bodies.
Figure 2 is a side view of the truck.
Figure 3 is a sectional view taken on line - of Figure 1.
Figure 4 is a central longitudinal sectional view of the truck, representing the same
as being provided with coil instead of elliptic springs as in the case of the other
figures, the view being taken upon a line corresponding with that of the line y-y
of Figure 1.
Figure 5 is an end view of the truck, the position of the sills, center floor timbers,
and one of the body bolsters of the car body being indicated by dotted lines.
Figure 6 is a detail view illustrating the arrangement of one of the king pins.
Figure 7 is a sectional view taken on the broken line of Figure 1.
Figure 8 is a plan view of two of the trucks, representing them as properly
connected and arranged to support a street car body, the position of which car body
is indicated by dotted lines.
Figure 9 is a perspective view of one of the bolsters.
Figure 10 is a perspective view of one of the castings within which the bolsters
are arranged, the casting being shown in connection with its supporting angle-irons.
Figure 11 is a view of one of the stirrups and its car supporting post or standard,
the parts being represented as they appear when removed from the stirrup supporting
bolster.
Figure 12 is a face or end view of one of the axle boxes and its connections.
Figure 13 is a sectional view of the construction illustrated in Figure 12, the view
being taken on line x-x of said figure.
Figure 14 is a sectional view taken on line y-y of figure 12.
Figure 15 is a plan view of a modified form of truck wherein the car body supporting
posts or standards rest directly upon the springs.

page_text: Figure 16 is a sectional view taken upon a line corresponding with the line -
of Figure 15.
Figure 17 is a plan view of a portion of the construction illustrated in Figure 3,
one-half of the car supporting post being shown in section.
Figure 18 is a perspective view of a construction employed in connection with a
spiral supporting spring.
Figure 19 is a perspective view of the parts illustrated in Figure 18, the spring
and the car supporting post or standard being removed; and
Figure 20 is a perspective view of the post or standard illustrated in Figure 5.
Similar figures and letters of reference indicate corresponding parts in all the
views.
In carrying my invention into practice in connection with street cars, I prefer to
employ such car trucks as those illustrated in the drawings above referred to, said
trucks consisting essentially of angle-irons 10, between the ends of which there are
inserted rectangular castings 11, the angle-irons and castings being bolted together,
as probably best shown in Figure 2.
Two sets of these angle-irons 10 are employed, and the two sets are united by
plates 12, and by arch bars 13 and inverted arch bars 14, the arch bars and inverted
arch bars being bolted to place beneath the ends of the angle-irons by bolts 15,
which bolts also pass through the plates 12.
A center block 16 is supported at the center of the frame formed as above described,
by diagonally arranged bracing rods 17, said bracing rods being secured to the center
block, and being bolted to the angle-irons just inside of the plates 12, the bolts 18
employed to so connect the bracing rods being eyebolts, of which the eyes 2 are
upon the outside of the frame, the main portion or shank of the bolts passing
through tubes 19 that are arranged between each pair of angle-irons. The block 16
is centrally apertured in order that it may receive the king pin, by means of which
connection between the trucks and the car bodies is established, the lower end of
said king pin being keyed within said block.
Between each pair of angle-irons 10, I arrange a centrally apertured casting 20,
which castings are formed with flanges 21 and 22 between which the angle-irons
fit, the castings being firmly bolted or riveted to place, as best shown in Figure 10.
Each of the castings 20, is formed with four vertical bolt apertures or bores 23,
through which there are passed the shanks of spring suspending stirrups, 24, the
upper ends of said stirrups being engaged by nuts 25, as clearly shown in the
drawings.
The stirrups 24 carry a spring bed 26, the springs 27 being held to said beds
in the usual manner by spring bands, in case such springs as are illustrated in
Figures 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6 are employed; that is, when elliptical springs are used,
but in certain cases it might be deemed advisable to employ coiled springs, such as
those shown at 28 in Figure 4, in which case the spring bed 29 would be supported
by downwardly extending bolts.
To the upper section of each spring there is connected a bolster 30, the bolster
being held to the spring by an upper spring band 31, and extending upward through
the central bore or aperture of the casting 20. The main portion of each of the
bolsters is cylindrical, while the bore of each bolster is preferably oblong, the upper
end of each bolster consisting of parallel walls or flanges 32, that are recessed as
shown at 33, to receive the overturned ends 34, of post supporting stirrups 35, said
stirrups being arranged to extend downward within the bores of the bolsters.
Upon the lower horizontal section 36, of each of the stirrups 35, there is stepped a
post or standard 40, the lower ends of said posts being recessed to fit over the said
horizontal sections 36. The upper ends of the posts 40 carry plates 37.
In setting up the bolsters 30, they are so adjusted that their recesses 33, will be in
lines parallel with the radii of a circle of which the block 16 is the center.
In mounting street car bodies, two trucks of the construction above described are
employed in connection with each car, the two trucks being united by diagonal.

page_text: connecting rods 41, which are connected to the eyes 2, of the bolts 18, the rods being
arranged to extend diagonally across the space between the trucks, as clearly shown in
Figure 8. In long car bodies these diagonal connecting rods can advantageously be
dispensed with.
In order that the draw bars of a street car may be firmly connected to the trucks,
I pass a long shanked bolt 42, through the two pairs of angle-irons 10 of each of
the trucks, the bolt 42 passing through an aperture that is formed in the block 16, the
bolt being enclosed within tubes 43 arranged as clearly shown.
Upon that end of the bolt which is most remote from the center of the street car,
I form an eye 48, to which the draw bar 44 is secured, said draw bar being held
against any relative lateral motion by means of diagonal braces 45, which extend
from the bar to the eyes 2 of the bolts 18, the extreme forward end of the draw bar
being supported by a strap 46, that is secured to the upper side of the platform end
timber 47.
Each of the trucks shown in the drawings, carries a single pair of wheels 50, the
axle 51 of said wheels being mounted in bearings 52, which may be of any of the
well-known constructions; but in order that the wear and tear upon the rolling
stock may be reduced, and the vibrations and shocks due to irregularities in the rails
or gauge of the track materially lessened, and the traction power required to draw
the cars when passing curves decreased, I prefer to mount the axles as illustrated in
the drawings, and particularly in Figures 12 and 13.
In the figures referred to, the axle box a, is provided with a recess b, in which
rests a rod e, connected to and forming the upper bearing of truck suspending
links d, which hang down between the sides of the axle boxes and the pedestal
castings e, the inverted arch bar 14 passing through the lower open ends of the links
just above a saddle f, that is arranged between the links and the said arch bar. The
lower face of this saddle f is curved to correspond with the lower curve of the
opening in the links d, so that the links are free to rock upon the saddle, and carry
the car body and frame of truck in transverse direction to the track, it being understood
that the weight of the frame of the truck and the car supported thereby is held by
these suspending links, d.
In applying the car body to such running gear as has just been described, the said
car body is adjusted so that its king pins, which are carried by plates 60, that are
secured to the center floor timbers, will enter the central recesses of the center
blocks 16, the lower end of the king pins being keyed within the blocks by means of
keys that are passed through apertures 3, formed in the blocks for their reception, the
upper ends of the king pins, being formed with enlarged heads 4, as shown in
Figure 6, and indicated in Figure 5.
When the parts have been adjusted as described the weight of the car body will be
supported by the standards or posts 40, of which the plates 37 are secured to the
body bolsters, which bolsters are held to place against the lower faces of the floor
timbers of the cars, as indicated in Figure 5.
By mounting street car bodies as above described, I provide for the easy passage of
the cars around curves, for as the forward truck strikes a curve it will turn upon its
king pin as a center, being drawn in the proper direction by the horses, and in so
turning will, through the medium of the rods 41, draw the rear truck to a position
so that the axles of the two trucks will be in lines that are substantially parallel with
the radii of the curve; but at this time, as at all other times, the standards or posts 40
will act to hold the car in substantially a horizontal position, and will prevent any
excessive tilting or rocking of the car, the posts themselves tilting upon their
connections with the bolsters when the car passes around a curve.
Another great
advantage arising from my novel system of mounting cars is, that the two pairs of
wheels may be set further apart, that is, nearer the ends of the car, so that the
longitudinal rocking of the car will be greatly reduced, and as by my system I am
enabled to use elliptic springs, I obtain a very easy riding car; and by mounting the
axles as above describer, I provide for a free transverse movement of the body of

page_text: the car, which together with the tilting of the posts or standards upon which the
car body rests, as above set forth, prevents all undue shock or jar, and facilitates the
passing of curves, as will be readily understood.
In Figures 15 to 20, inclusive, I illustrate a construction wherein the car body
supporting posts or standards rest directly upon the springs, and in this case the
center block 16 is dispensed with, and the truck frame braced by diagonal braces 17"
which are centrally united by a bolt 16ª. In case elliptic springs are to be employed,
I provide in connection with each spring two spring supporting stirrups 18 which
pass up between the angle-irons 10 and are bolted to the top flanges of said irons;
and these stirrups serve as the supports for the spring seat 19, the spring 20ª being
secured to said seat in the ordinary manner, and extending upward between the
stirrups.
Upon the upper section of the spring 20 there rests the foot of a standard 21",
which standard is so proportioned as to fit closely between the angle-irons 10, the
outer and inner faces of the standards bearing against the inner edges of the
stirrups 18" which stirrups serve as guides for the standards.
As shown in Figure 15 there are four of these standards 21ª arranged in connection
with each truck, the standards being so mounted as to be radially equidistant from the
center of the truck, the standard being arranged in connection with each of the
springs. If spiral springs are to be employed, I prefer to use a single stirrup 23" in
connection with each spring, said stirrups being formed with recessed spring plates,
upon which the spiral springs 25" are seated; in this case the posts or standards are
formed with channels 3, that are entered by the vertical lengths of the stirrups 23ª
when the posts or standards are in the position in which the standard is illustrated in
Figure 18, the foot of the standard resting directly upon the spiral spring 25, while
all wabbling of the standards of this construction is prevented by the stirrups 23",
which, as before stated, enter the grooves or channels of the standards.
The car bodies are bolted directly to the standards 21", and in practice it will be
found that while the cars supported as above described will be exceedingly easy in
their motion, it will also be found that the longitudinal rocking of the car will be
almost entirely overcome.
Although I have illustrated and described specific constructions of bolsters and
guiding castings therefor, and specific constructions of stirrups and posts, it will, of
course, be understood that any other proper forms of these devices could be employed
without departing from the spirit of my invention.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said Inven-
tion, and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
claim is :-
:-
1. That improvement in the art of supporting car bodies, which consists in
mounting the car body upon posts or standards that are carried by trucks, substan-
tially as described.
2. That improvement in the art of supporting car bodies, which consists in
mounting the car body upon tilting posts or standards that are supported by trucks,
substantially as described.
3.. That improvement in the art of supporting car bodies, which consists in
mounting the car body upon posts or standards, the lower ends of which rest upon
stirrups that are suspended within spring supported bolsters, substantially as
described.
4. That improvement in the art of supporting car bodies, which consists in
connecting the car body to the trucks by king pins or bolts, and in supporting the
said car upon tilting posts that are carried by trucks, substantially as described.
5. That improvement in the art of supporting car bodies, which consists in
mounting the car body on tiltin gposts that are arranged about the center blocks of
each truck, which said center blocks carry king pins or bolts that pass upward
and through apertured bars or plates that are carried by the car body, the two
trucks being united by cross tie rods, substantially as described.

page_text: 6. That improvement in the art of supporting car bodies, which consists in
journaling the axle of each pair of wheels in a separate truck, the two trucks being
united by diagonal braces, substantially as described.
7. That improvement in the art of supporting car bodies which consists in
journaling the axle of each pair of wheels in a separate truck, the said truck being
held to the car by king bolts, and the car being supported by tilting posts or
standards, substantially as described.
8. The combination, with a truck, of tilting supporting posts, substantially as
described.
9. The combination, with a truck frame suspended by links that are supported by
the axle boxes, of tilting supporting posts, substantially as described.
10. The combination, with a truck frame, of suspending links supported by the
axle box, springs suspended beneath the frame, bolsters supported by the springs,
stirrups suspended in the bolsters, and posts or standards supported by the stirrups,
substantially as described.
11. The combination, with a truck frame, of wheels and an axle, axle boxes, links
carried by the boxes and supporting the truck frame, springs suspended beneath
the frame, bolsters supported by the springs and arranged within castings that are
carried by the frame, stirrups suspended in the bolsters, posts or standards supported
by the stirrups, and a center block carried by the frame, the bores or apertures of
the bolster being at about right angles to the radii of a circle drawn from the center
block, substantially as described.
12. That improvement in the art of supporting car bodies, which consists in
mounting the car body upon tilting posts or standards that are carried by truck
frames that are supported by suspending links, substantially as described.
13. That improvement in the art of supporting car bodies, which consists in
mounting the car body upon tilting posts or standards that are carried by link
supported truck frames, substantially as described.
14. That improvement in the art of supporting car bodies, which consists in
connecting the car body to the trucks by king pins or bolts that are located directly
over the axle, and in supporting said car upon tilting posts that are carried by link
suspended truck frames, substantially as described.
15. The combination, with a truck frame, of wheels carried thereby, springs
suspended beneath the frame, bolsters supported by the springs, stirrups suspended
in the bolsters, and posts or standards supported by the stirrups, substantially as
described.
16. The combination, with a truck frame, of wheels carried thereby, springs
suspended beneath the frame, bolsters supported by the springs and arranged within
castings that are carried by the frame, stirrups suspended in the bolsters, posts or
standards supported by the stirrups, and a center block carried by the frame, the
bores or apertures of the bolsters being at about right angles to the radii of a circle
drawn from the center block, substantially as described.
17. The combination, with a truck frame, of wheels carried thereby, springs
suspended beneath the frame, bolsters supported by the springs and arranged within
castings that are carried by the frame, stirrups suspended in the bolsters, posts or
standards supported by the stirrups, and a center block carried by diagonal braces
that are connected to the frame, said center block being arranged for rigid connection
with a king pin, substantially as described.
18. The combination, with a truck frame, and its wheels, of a draw bar connected
to the forward end of the frame by a bolt that passes through the angle-irons of the
frame to engage with a nut at the rear end of the frame, substantially as described.
19. A car truck frame, consisting essentially of two pairs of angle-irons,
castings 11, plates 12, arch bars 13 and inverted arch bars 14, the parts being
arranged and connected substantially in the manner described.
20. That improvement in the art of mounting car bodies, which consists in
mounting the car body upon spring supported posts or standards, substantially as
described.

page_text: 21. That improvement in the art of mounting car bodies, which consists in
mounting the car body upon posts or standards, the lower ends of which rest upon
springs, substantially as described.
22. That improvement in the art of mounting car bodies, which consists in
mounting the car upon posis or standards that are radially equidistant from the center
of the truck, substantially as described.
23. The combination, with a truck, of springs, and standards supported directly by
the springs, substantially as described.
24. The combination, with a truck, of springs, standards supported thereby, and
vertical guides arranged in connection with the standards, substantially as described.
F. E. CANDA.
By A. M. & Wm. Clark,
53, Chancery Lane, London,
Patent Agents.