IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR WARMING RAILWAY CARRIAGES AND TRAM CARS
Year: 1876

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Henry Johnson, of 47, Lincoln's Inn Fields, in the
County of Middlesex, Gentleman, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
APPARATUS FOR WARMING RAILWAY CARRIAGES AND TRAM CARS."-A com-
munication from abroad by Emile Eugène Guitard, of Paris, in the Republic
of France.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Henry Johnson at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 3rd January 1876.
JOHN HENRY JOHNSON, of 47, Lincoln's Inn Fields, in the County of Middlesex,
Gentleman. "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR WARMING RAILWAY CARRIAGES
AND TRAM CARS." A communication to me from abroad by Emile Eugène Guitard,
of Paris, in the Republic of France.
This Invention relates to the warming of railway carriages by means of vessel
containing water, which is heated by steam from the boiler, and it has for its
object maintaining a uniform temperature in the carriage by means of arrange-
ments enabling the carriages to be heated independently of one another, and while
in motion, in lieu of simply during the intervals of rest of the train.
Another peculiar feature consists in arranging the steam inlet above the water
level, so that the liquid contained in the vessels or warmers and in the piping is
prevented from entering the steam pipes, whilst the general combination of the
apparatus is such as to preclude all danger of explosion or fire.
In carrying out this Invention the steam is conducted from the boiler through
main pipes extending along the length of the carriages. Each carriage is provided
with two of these pipes arranged, by preference, one at each side thereof, in order
to enable a pipe to be coupled in either direction, but only one pipe at a time is
used in working the apparatus. These pipes are surrounded with a non-conducting
jacket of any suitable material, and are connected together for the length of the
train by elastic or flexible unions, which are screwed on the ends of the said
pipes.
The steam coming from the boiler passes from these pipes through branch pipes
provided with cocks into other longitudinal pipes arranged at the sides of the
carriage, and extending throughout its length, and whence the steam is distribute i

page_text: to the several compartments, say at about the centre of each compartment, into
transverse pipes which traverse vessels arranged on the floor of the carriage and
containing the water which is to be heated by the steam. The transverse pipes
are perforated with holes in their circumference, and are bifurcated or divided into
two branches, which terminate in a single pipe on entering the vessel containing
the water, in order that the steam may heat the water without expelling it from the
vessel.
The vessels containing the hot water, and which also constitute foot warmers,
are connected together by longitudinal pipes, and also by transverse tubes, which
latter are placed at a higher level than the longitudinal pipes last mentioned, and
are themselves connected together by other longitudinal pipes for conducting the
steam after having done its duty in the vessels into outlet pipes situate in the
partition which separates the compartments, and whence it is discharged at the
roof of the carriage.
The elevated transverse pipes may be conveniently arranged beneath the seats of
the carriage.
The water is introduced into the vessels by vertical pipes, and provision is made
by a suitable arrangement of cocks for ascertaining when the required level is
attained, and the water pipes are by preference made of a suitably bent form, so as
to ensure the maintenance of such level, and prevent the disturbance of the water
while the train is in motion.
In order to admit of the vessels being emptied when required suitable cocks are
provided, by opening which the whole of the water is allowed to flow off by
reason of the communication established between all the hot water vessels in the
same carriage.
The apparatus is also applicable to the warming of tram cars when propelled by
a steam motor.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by the
said John Henry Johnson, in the Great Seal Patent Office, on the 28th June
1876.
JOHN HENRY JOHNSON, of 47, Lincoln's Inn Fields, in the County of Middlesex,
Gentleman. "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR WARMING RAILWAY CARRIAGES
AND TRAM CARS," a communication to me from abroad by Emile Eugène Guitard,
of Paris, in the Republic of France.
The said Invention relates to the new or improved arrangement of apparatus,
enabling railway carriages and tram cars to be warmed by means of vessels con-
taining water, which is heated to the requisite degree by steam from the boiler.
The attempts which have been made hitherto with this view have been
ineffectual by reason of the heating of the train only taking place during the
stoppages, a high temperature being obtained at the moment of starting, which
diminishes continually until reaching the station, where the train is to be again
heated. Moreover, the arrangements adopted rendered it necessary to couple the
carriages always in the same direction which involved long and often incon-
venient operations.
Now this Invention has for its object obviating these inconveniences by the
employment of the peculiar arrangement of apparatus herein-after described, which
is characterised by the following advantages, videlicet, railway carriages or tram
cars may be heated independently of one another and while in motion, thus
enabling a uniform degree of temperature to be maintained in them; the carriages
may be coupled in any direction by reason of the symmetrical arrangements of the
steam and water pipes; the steam inlet is arranged at a higher level than that of
the water, so that the liquid contained in the vessels or warmers, and in the
piping, is prevented from entering the steam pipes, whilst the general combi-
nation of the apparatus is such as to preclude all danger of explosion or fire.
3

page_text: And in order that the said Invention may be fully understood, I shall now
proceed more particularly to describe the same, and for that purpose shall refer to
the several Figures on the annexed Sheet of Drawings, the same letters of reference
indicating corresponding parts in all the Figures.
Figure 1 is a side elevation; Figure 2, a sectional elevation; and Figure 3, a
sectional plan of a carriage provided with apparatus constructed and arranged in
accordance with this Invention.
A, A, are the steam induction pipes. Each carriage is provided with two of
these pipes, in order to enable a pipe to be coupled in either direction, but only one
pipe at a time is used in working the apparatus; these pipes are surrounded with a
non-conducting jacket of any suitable material, and are connected together for the
length of the train by elastic or flexible unions, which are screwed on to the ends of
the said pipes.
The steam coming from the boiler passes from these pipes through branch pipes b
provided with cocks e, and then enters the conduits d, which lie along the side of
the carriage, and extend throughout its length, as shewn in Figures 1 and 3. At
or about the centre of each compartiment of the carriage the pipe d is connected
with the pipes e, which traverse the hot water vessels g containing the water which
is to be heated by the steam. The pipes e, as shewn in Figure 3, are perforated
with holes in their circumference, and are bifurcated or divided into two branches
on entering the vessel containing the water in order that the steam may heat the
water without expelling it from the vessel.
The vessels g containing the hot water are connected together by pipes f, and
also by lateral tubes k, which latter are placed at a higher level, and are connected
together in their turn by the conduits m, which conduct the steam after having
performed its duty in the vessels g into the pipes a situate in the partitions which
separate the compartments. The pipes 8 open out at the roof of the carriage.
The water is introduced into the vessels g by the pipes 81, Figure 2 and 3, the
precaution being first taken to close the cock m² and to open the cock m³. When
the water flows off by this latter cock, that forms an indication that the required
water level has been attained, and the cock is to be closed. The bend in the pipes,
shewn in the Drawing, has the effect of maintaining the vessels constantly full, and
preventing the dashing movement or disturbance of the water while the train is in
motion.
When it is required to empty the vessels containing the water it is simply
necessary to open the cock r, which allows the whole of the liquid to flow off, in
consequence of the communication established between all the hot water vessels in
the same carriage.
It will be obvious that this improved apparatus fulfils all the conditions
necessary for the efficient and economical warming of railway carriages and tram
cars, whether it be required to warm the whole of the carriages or the whole of the
compartments simultaneously, or only a portion of the same.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of the said
Invention, and the manner in which the same is or may be used or carried into
effect, I would observe in conclusion that what I consider to be novel and original,
and therefore claim as the Invention secured to me by the herein-before in part
recited Letters Patent is,-
First. The peculiar arrangement and combination of apparatus for warming
railway carriages and tram cars, substantially as herein-before described and illus-
trated by the accompanying Drawings.
Secondly. The peculiar combination of steam induction pipes, admitting of the
steam being introduced at a higher level than that of the water, substantially as
and for the purpose herein-before described, and as illustrated by the accompanying
Drawings.
Thirdly. The peculiar combination of the pipes, which connect the hot water
vessels together, for the purpose of obviating the disturbance or dashing move-

page_text: ment of the water while the train is in motion, substantially as herein-before
described and illustrated by the accompanying Drawings.
Fourthly. The employment of gauge and discharge cocks for the purpose of
regulating the height of the liquid and admitting of the hot water vessels being
emptied when required, substantially as herein-before described and illustrated by
the accompanying Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Henry Johnson, have to this my Speci-
fication set my hand and seal, the Twenty-eighth day of June, One thousand
eight hundred and seventy-six.
J. HENRY JOHNSON. (L.S.)