AN IMPROVED MACHINE FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CIGARETTES
Year: 1880

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to George Frederick Redfern, of the General Patent Office,
4, South Street, Finsbury, in the County of Middlesex, Patent Agent, for an
Invention of "AN IMPROVED MACHINE FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CIGARETTES."
A communication from abroad by Edgar Side, of Brooklyn, New York, in the
United States of America.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said George Frederick Redfern
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 31st August 1880.
GEORGE FREDERICK REDFERN, of the General Patent Office, 4, South Street,
Finsbury, in the County of Middlesex, Patent Agent. "AN IMPROVED MACHINE
FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CIGARETTES." [A communication from abroad by
Edgar Side, of Brooklyn, New York, in the United States of America.]
The Invention communicated to me relates to the construction of an improved
machine for manufacturing cigarettes.
The machine is constructed of a hopper vibrating across the machine by means
of levers, a pitman, and a crank-stud. The levers are connected to the hopper by
ball and socket joints, and a rod is provided for adjusting the hopper at any desired
angle. The hopper has an opening and a gate, with adjusting screws to regulate
the size of the opening.
A stationary hopper is provided with an opening its full length and adjusting
gate; this hopper will be made with a vertical passage beneath it. In this passage,
which is a little wider at the bottom than at the top, is the gate, which is caused
to vibrate vertically by means of a cam acting on a spring, which embraces the
neck of the adjusting screw of the adjusting gate. An apron the full width of the
machine travels intermittently by means of a ratchet, pawl, and lever.
Above the roller with the ratchet is another roller with a limited adjustment by
means of screws. This roller has a link on each end which carries two rollers, and
an endless apron runs on two of the rollers. Rods support a thin metal table on
which an apron rests. Beneath this table are shafts supported in bearings on
adjusting screws. These shafts carry a series of discs, having weighted arms jointed
Pavine S31

page_text: at their peripheries; these shafts are all driven by one belt, a pulley running loose
on the roller shaft with adjustable guides nearly in contact with the apron. There
and further
is a fixed metal continuation of the surface formed by the apron,
continuation is pivotted on a centre and has a spring to keep it up, and having a
recess at either end to receive the ends of levers when descending. These levers
The knife
carry a knife, and are depressed by cams and raised by other cams.
when depressed receives a lateral movement through cams and levers which have
a pivotted connection with slides in the levers carrying the knife, which levers in
their lateral movement engage with the pivotted continuation, throwing it in a
horizontal position until the levers have travelled to their limit, when it is released
and returns to its vertical position. A shaft carries a piece, which is caused to
vibrate by means of a cam and lever connected to the said piece by a link. The
pivot point is adjustable in a segmental slot. The said piece carries a shaft which
is connected by gear to the herein before described shaft. Two arms are pivotted
on the last described shaft; these arms have a guard pivotted between them; on
these arms are also pivotted levers. At the end of the arms are fingers which are
connected to levers by rods. Cams on the shaft acting on the levers cause the
fingers to open, and springs attached to the rods and to the arms cause them to
close. The arms are raised and lowered by means of studs projecting from them
which are engaged by a rockshaft, which is actuated by a cam on the shaft which
carries the herein before described piece. A paste reservoir is provided, one side of
which is formed by a roller which revolves with the shaft through gear connection.
The bottom is flexible and raised to contact with the roller by means of thumb-
nuts; this roller and bottom are covered with rubber or felt. This reservoir is
pivotted in the frame, and is caused to vibrate at each revolution by the cams on
the roller shaft which engage on rollers fixed to the frame. A table is pivotted in
the frame and has a thin piece of rubber (inserted by a clamp provided for the
purpose) at the edge which comes in contact with the paste roller. Through the
centre of the pivotted portion of this table is a shaft carrying a series of clamps.
The table is tilted up to the paste roller by a cam through the rod pushing on a
lever, and is returned to a horizontal position by a spring having connection with
the frame on the other end of the table. The clamps are opened by a cam through
a segmental lever and pinion, and are closed by a spring also on the other end. A
fixed table supports the said pivotted table when horizontal, a narrow space being
left between the two for the circular cutting knife to run in. A roller supports a
roll of paper and a wood table is provided for the paper to run out on, a pair of
rollers (the lower one of which is adjustable) carrying the paper through to the
pivotted table; these rollers are driven by a cam through a segmental lever and
pinion loose on the end of the roller engaging with the lever and with a
pawl fixed to the roller; this causes the rollers to move one way only and
intermittently. In front of the rollers carrying the paper is a bar to keep the
paper down, and a circular knife on a shaft runs in a carriage which travels across
the machine on two rods. On the middle of this shaft is fixed a pinion, which
gears into a rack fixed to plates on either side of the machine. Four rollers, two
on either side of the machine, carry an endless chain fixed to the carriage at the
lower crossing and to a link at the upper crossing; the two upper chain rollers
have a lateral adjustment. A lever is pivotted to a brace and carries a roller
engaging with a cam and is connected to a link. An apron is fastened to a
segmental table by a clamp, the table and apron being as wide as the inside of the
frame. On either side of this table are arms on a shaft, and levers pivotted at the
top of these arms carry a roller; these levers rest on a cam surface, their motion
being adjusted by screws; a spring keeps them down to the cam surface. A roller
Pins ride over other
is journaled in the arms to support the apron at the back.
cam surfaces and a spring keeps them to the cam surface, which spring engages in
an annular groove in studs or short rollers, which project in and withdraw from
the apron by the action of the last described cam surface and they are free to

page_text: revolve. The tension of the apron is adjusted by nuts. The arins are traversed
across the segmental table by a crank through a pitman and lever. A trough, one
side of which is formed by a series of fingers, is adjustable on a shaft and receives
a motion at each revolution through a stud and levers, and a series of circular
knives on two shafts is provided, and also a chute extending across the machine as
far as the said knives, and there is also a chute at each side of the machine and on
the outside of the knives only. A sieve is provided which is vibrated by a crank
and may be inclined by an adjusting screw, and a trough constructed and operated
in two different ways is pivotted at the end of two levers which are fulcrumed at
each end. A strap is fixed to a rod and the other end to the trough. A spring
connected from the lever to the trough keeps a tension on the strap.
The other
ends of the levers come in contact with arms.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said George Frederick Redfern in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
28th February 1881.
GEORGE FREDERICK REDFERN, of the (General Patent Office, 4, South Street,
Finsbury, in the County of Middlesex, Patent Agent. "AN IMPROVED MACHINE
FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CIGARETTES." A communication from abroad by
Edgar Side, of Brooklyn, New York, in the United States of America.
The Invention communicated to me relates to the construction of an improved
machine for manufacturing cigarettes, and to make the Invention better understood
1 will describe the same by reference to the accompanying Drawings, in which
Figure 1, Sheet 1, is a sectional elevation; Figure 2, Sheet 1, is a plan, and
Figure 3. Sheet 2, is a front elevation of the improved cigarette machine; Figures 4
and 5, Sheet 1, and Figures 6 to 14, Sheet 2, are details. Similar letters in all
the Figures represent similar parts.
The machine is constructed of a hopper A, which is caused to vibrate across the
machine by means of the levers B, B, the pitman C, and the crank stud C'. The
levers B are connected to the hopper by ball and socket joints, and the rod D is
provided for adjusting the hopper A to any desired angle. The hopper A has an
opening A¹ and a gate with adjusting screws to regulate the size of the opening.
A stationary hopper E is provided with an opening its full length and adjusting
gate; this hopper E is also made, as shewn at 53, with a vertical passage 54
beneath it. In this passage 54, which is a little wider at the bottom than at the
top, is the gate, which is caused to vibrate vertically by means of the canı 55
acting on a spring 56 which embraces the neck of the adjusting screw 57 of the
adjusting gate. An apron E¹ the full width of the machine travels intermittently
by means of a ratchet F, pawl and lever F¹, Fig. 2. Above the roller with the
ratchet is another roller 58 with a limited adjustment by means of screws G,
Figure 1. This roller has a link 59 on each end (shewn only in detail at Figure 4,

page_text: At the
Sheet 1), which carries two rollers 60 and 61, and an endless apron runs on two
of the rollers 58 and 60. Screws 62 act on the roller 61 to keep the apron tight;
screws 63 are provided for adjusting the roller 60, a plate 65 insures the rigidity
of the apron surface between the rollers. Rods G₁, G, Figure 1, support a thin
metal table, on which the apron E rests. Beneath this table are shafts H supported
in bearings on adjusting screws. These shafts carry a series of discs H' having
weighted armis jointed at their peripheries. These shafts are all driven, as shewn
in Figure 2, by one belt, the pulley I running loose on the roller shaft; I, adjustable
guides nearly in contact with the apron E¹; J is a fixed metal continuation of the
surface formed by the apron E¹, and J' is a further continuation pivotted on the
centre K, and has a spring to keep it up. In J is a recess at either end to receive
the ends of the levers K' when descending. These levers carry the knife L, and
are depressed by the cams L' and raised by the cams M; the knife when depressed
receives a lateral movement through the cams M¹ and levers N, which have a
pivotted connection with slides N₁ in the levers K', which levers in their lateral
movement engage with the pivotted continuation J¹, throwing it in a horizontal
position until the levers K¹ have travelled to their limit, when J' is released and
returns to its vertical position. The shaft O carries the piece 0¹, which is caused
to vibrate by means of a cam P and lever P¹ connected to the said piece O' by a
link. The pivot joint of P1 is adjustable in a segmental slot. The said piece O¹
carries a shaft Q, which is connected by gearing to the hereinbefore described
shaft O. Two arms Q' are pivotted on the shaft Q, and these arms have a guard 53
pivotted between them; on these arms are also pivotted the levers R.
end of the arms Q₁are fingers which are connected to the levers R by the rods R¹.
Cams S on the shaft Q acting on the levers R cause the fingers to open, and springs
attached to the rods R¹ and to the arms Q1 cause them to close. The arms Q¹ are
raised and lowered by means of studs projecting from them, which are engaged
by a rock shaft. S₁ which is actuated by a cam T on the shaft O, Figure 2.
A paste
reservoir T is provided, one side of which is formed by the roller U, which revolves
with the shaft through the gear connection U¹. The bottom is flexible and raised
into contact with the roller by means of the thumb-nuts V, V, V. This roller and
bottom are covered with rubber or felt. The reservoir T¹ is pivotted in the frame
at V¹, and is caused to vibrate at each revolution by the cams on the roller shaft
which engage on rollers fixed to the frame. A table W is pivotted in the frame
and has a thin piece of rubber (inserted by a clamp provided for the purpose) at
the edge which comes in contact with the paste roller U. Through the centre of
the pivotted portion of this table is a shaft carrying a series of clamps W. The
table W is tilted up to the paste roller by the cam X through the rod pushing the
lever X¹, and is returned to a horizontal position by a spring having connection
with the frame on the other end of the table. The clamps W₁ are opened by the
cam Y through the segmental lever and pinion Y¹, and are closed by a spring also
on the other end. A fixed table Z supports the said pivotted table W when hori-
zontal, a narrow space being left between the two for the circular cutting knife to
run in.
At 1 is a roller supporting a roll of paper 2, and 3 is a wooden
table for the paper to run out on; 4, 4, are a pair of rollers (the lower one of which
is adjustable) to carry the paper through to the pivotted table W. These rollers
are driven by the cam 5 through the segmental lever 6 and pinion loose on the end
of the roller engaging with the lever 6, and with a pawl fixed to the roller. This
causes the rollers to move one way only and intermittently. In front of the rollers 4
carrying the paper is a bar 6¹ (Figure 6) to keep the paper down, and a circular
knife 7 on the shaft 8 runs in a carriage 9, 9, 9, which travels across the machine
on two rods 10, 10. On the middle of the shaft 8 is fixed a pinion 11 which gears
into a rack 12 fixed to plates on either side of the machine. Four rollers 13, 13, 13, 13,
two on either side of the machine, carry an endless chain 14 fixed to the carriage 9
at the lower crossing and to a link 15 at the upper crossing. The two upper chain
rollers 13 have a lateral adjustment. A lever 16 is pivotted to a brace 17 and
carries a roller engaging with a cam 18 and is connected to the link 15. An

page_text: apron 19 is fastened to a segmental table by a clamp 20, the table and apron being
as wide as the inside of the frame; 21, 21, 21, are braces. On either side of this
table are arms 22 on the shaft 23; and levers 24 pivotted at the top of these
arms 22 carry a roller 25. These levers 24 rest on the cam surface 26, their motion
being adjusted by screws 27. A spring 28 keeps them down to the cam surface 26.
A roller 29 is journaled in the arms 22 to support the apron at the back; 31 are
pins which ride over other cam surfaces 30, and a spring 32 keeps them to the
cam surface 30, which spring 32 engages in an annular groove in studs or short
rollers 33 which project in and withdraw from the apron 21 by the action of the
last described cam surface 30, and they are free to revolve. The tension of the
apron 21 is adjusted by nuts 34. The arms 22 are traversed across the segmental
table by crank 35, Figure 1, through a pitman 36 and lever 37; 38 is a trough,
one side of which is formed by a series of fingers 39 adjustable on a shaft and
receives a motion at each revolution through a stud 40 and levers 41 and 42; 43 is
a series of circular knives on two shafts 44; 45 is a chute extending across the
machine as far as the said knives 43, and there is also a chute 46 at each side of
the machine, and on the outside of the knives only; 47 is a sieve which is
caused to vibrate by a crank C' and may be inclined by an adjusting screw 48;
49 is a trough which may be constructed and operated in two different ways (one
of which is shewn in detail at Figure 7, Sheet 2). It is pivotted at the end of two
levers which are fulcrumed at each end of J. A strap is fixed to a rod 50 and the
other end to the trough. A spring 51 connected from the lever to the trough keeps
a tension on the strap. The other ends of the levers 52 come in contact with the
arms 22.
The
The operation of the machine is as follows:-The machine is started, tobacco is
thrown in the hopper A, which pounds it up and sifts it through the gate into
the hopper E. The vibrating gate helps it through the verticle passage on to the
apron E' forming the bottom of this passage, and having an intermittent notion
onward carries the tobacco out at the opening and over the vibrators H by which
it is levelled. As the tobacco advances it reaches the rolls and is fed under the
knife L, which cuts it off in strips and dumps it in the trough 49.
At the same
time the paper has been fed through the rolls 4 and on to the table W. The
clamps W swing on to the table and hold the paper firmly. The lever 16 comes
into action and carries the knife 7 across the paper cutting sufficient for a long
cigarette. The strip cut off is still held firmly on the table by the clamps, the
whole of which tilts up till it comes into contact with the paste roller.
The paste
roller revolving puts paste along the edge of the paper. The paste reservoir is
raised from the paper by the cams on the roller.shaft. The fingers at the end of
the arms Q'grip the paper at each end, the clamps W1 release the paper.
fingers descend with the paper till it rests on the apron 21. The guard 53 pivoted
between the arms Q' rests on the paper and keeps it down. Meanwhile the
arins 22 are returning, and in their course they meet the levers 52 driving them
back, which brings the trough (with the strip of tobacco in it) down on the
apron 21; the strap attached to the trough causes it to turn upside down in its
descent in one device, and in the other it opens the hinged half of the trough. The
tobacco is thus dumped on the apron. The arms 22 return and the trough returns
for more tobacco. The arms 22 advance carrying the rollers 24 and 25 and studs 33
with them. The roller 25 is in a position sufficiently above the tobacco to pass
over it, it then descends as the levers 24 reach the incline 26, and thereby encloses
the tobacco in the roll of the apron formed by the studs 33. The arms advance
rolling the tobacco till it comes to the paper held by the fingers; it rolls on to
the paper, the fingers release, and return for more paper. The arms advance
till the roller 25 is beyond the end of the segmental table, which allows the
cigarette to fall in the trough 38, where it rests till another is nearly ready,
when the fingers 39 open and allow the cigarette to fall into the knives 43
which cut it into four cigarettes, cutting a piece off on the ontside, videlicet,
about half an inch of paper and about one quarter of an inch of tobacco.
The

page_text: cigarettes fall through the chutes 45, the ends fall into the chute 46 and into
the sieve 47, which separates the tobacco from the paper automatically.
Figures 1 to 8, Sheet 3, represent a modified construction of part of the herein-
before described machine, shewing part of the frame of the machine, including the
rolling table 19, herein before described and shown in side elevation of Figure 1,
Sheet 1. A¹¹ is an additional cam on the outside of all the others, and actuating an
additional lever A1, which comes in contact with another lever on an additional
shaft A, which carries two levers inside the frame, one at each end. These two
levers are jointed to the bars B¹¹, which are connected with links forming an
abutment B for the friction rollers B, Figures 2, 3, 4, and 5, Sheet 2, to
come in contact with. The above described parts form part of the mechanism
of the rolling table shown in Figures 1 to 8, Sheet 2. In Figures 1 and 5
C is the table support; Care tie rods; C is the table; D" are tension
nuts to apron; D are tension springs; D' are cam plates, between which is
journaled a friction roller E" for the apron to pass over. In Figures 2 and 5
22 are the arms carrying slides E, and in these slides are slides F with a rack
cut in one end which engages with pinions F, which are journaled in the ends
of the slides E111. F' are friction rollers carried on the ends of slides E. G" is
the pocket roller, journaled in arms carried by the pinions F. G¹ is a roller
(journaled in the pinions F), around which the apron passes in forming the
pocket, it also passes round studs G* and thus forms the pocket. The studs G* are
caused to slide in and out by cams H", studs H, and springs H*. At I¹¹ is the
breaking roller journaled in a link I, which has teeth cut in one end which are
engaged by corresponding teeth in the lever I. J" is a link pivoted to the lever I*;
the motion of this link is limited and adjusted by the screw J. J' is a friction
roller which comes in contact with the cam K".
The operation of this mechanism is as follows:-
The arms 22 traverse from end to end of the segmental table, carrying the slides,
rollers, and other parts with them, and when starting from left to right the slide E
is up to its fullest extent by its connection with the cam K11 through the friction
roller F; the slides therefore open the pocket to receive the tobacco. The slide F
(carrying the friction roller B' which comes into contact with the cam K') is also
up to its fullest extent and holding the pocket roller G completely out of the
pocket. As the arms are advanced the slides E are depressed by the cams K¹¹¹,
thereby enclosing the tobacco in the pocket, and at this moment the roller J comes
into contact with the cam K" and forces the breaking roller I" against the pocket,
the pressure of which is regulated by the screw Jul; the pressure is continued till
the roller J' reaches the depression in the cam K, when it is released. This
causes the hard cube of tobacco to be broken and rounded. The arms 22 have now
travelled to nearly the end of the stroke, and the slide F1 and pocket roller G"
have retained their relative position with the slide E¹. The friction roller B+
carried by the slide F" has travelled over the top of the segmental cam or keeper L¹¹
until it contacts with the abutment B. The slide E is then raised, causing a
relative motion between it and the slide F", which causes the pocket roller to
travel in the direction of the pocket, but not so far as to obstruct the discharge of
the cigarette, which is now accomplished, as the arms 22 are at the end of their
stroke. At this moment the cam A" commences to act on the abutments B
through the lever A", shaft A, and bars B¹¹. The abutments B1 have till now
been in the position shown by dotted lines, Figure 1, by which the roller B* has
been allowed to pass between them and the cam L The depression of the
abutments forces the rollers B* down and under the cam L", which motion draws
the pocket roller G" completely into the empty pocket, where it stops during the
return stroke of the arms 22 until the pocket is opened by the cams K, then the
roller B comes into contact with the cams K*, which throws the pocket roller GI
completely out of the pocket. The studs G retain the pocket in the apron, and
when closed in they limit the length of the tobacco forming the cigarette. They
are made to withdraw about three sixteenths of an inch at the end of the stroke

page_text: where the tobacco is received in the pocket, and about three eighths of an inch at
the other end for discharging the cigarette.
Figure 9, Sheet 3, is an inside view of the vibrating hopper, showing the form of
the adjusting gate, which slides through slits in the bottom of the hopper, as
shown by dotted lines.
Figure 10, Sheet 3, is a cross section of the paste reservoir showing a weight M¹¹.
This weight (which covers and keeps the paste in contact with the paste roller) has
a handle to lift it by. Figure 11, Sheet 3, is a part sectional plan of the end
of the paste reservoir including, firstly, a lever M (pivoted to the frame of the
machine), one end of which forms a supplementary bearing for the roller shaft; the
other end being depressed by the cam lever N causes the paste roller to remain
free from contact with the flexible edge of the tilting paper table, until the.
lever N is again released. This allows of the pasting of the paper to be stopped
at any moment.
Secondly. The cam N¹¹¹ and gear N+ which was fast to the shaft is now shown here
free, and having a driving connection with the shaft through the pawl O" and the
ratchet O; O is in one piece with the hand wheel O, and is fast to the shaft.
This enables the paste roller to be turned by hand while the machine is at rest.
The cam N and gear N are fixed together.
Having thus described the nature of the Invention communicated to me, and the
best means with which I am acquainted for carrying the same into effect, I wish
it to be understood that I do not confine myself to the precise details herein laid
down and shewn in the accompanying Drawings, as the same may be varied
without departing from the peculiar character of the Invention, but what I do
claim is,―
Firstly. The general arrangement and construction of the improved machine for
the manufacture of cigarettes, as herein before described and represented in the.
accompanying Drawings.
Secondly. The vibrating hopper with adjustable gate, in combination with a
stationary hopper, for the purpose of breaking up and distributing the tobacco
uniformly, as herein before described and represented in the accompanying Drawings.
Thirdly. The vertical passage (having one side formed by an adjustable vibrating
gate) in combination with the stationary and vibrating hoppers, as herein before
described.
Fourthly. The rotary agitators, in combination with the intermittent apron, as
herein before described.
Fifthly. The adjustable side guides, in combination with the intermittent apron,
as herein before described.
Sixthly. The links (journalled on the upper compression roller) having adjusting
screws, and carrying a small roller in front of the tobacco kuife, the said rollers
carrying an endless apron, as herein before described.
Seventhly. The plate or bar between the herein before described rollers to form
a continuous surface for the apron and tobacco from one roller to another, as
hereinbefore described.
Eighthly. The tobacco-cutting knife of the form shown in section in the
accompanying Drawings.
Ninthly. A tobacco-cutting knife, having a vertical and a horizontal motion in
combination with cams and levers, as herein before described.
Tenthly. A tobacco cutting table in two parts, the part next to the compression
roller being stationary, the other part being pivoted below the surface, as
hereinbefore described.
Eleventhly. A tobacco cutting knife whose surface passes completely through
the tobacco, and between the two parts of the table and past the surface, then
moving in a horizontal direction and throwing the pivoted table with it, as
hereinbefore described.
Twelfthly. The said tobacco knife, in combination with the said table, as
hereinbefore described.

page_text: Thirteenthly. The dumping trough, in combination with the pivotted table, as
hereinbefore described.
Fourteenthly. The segmental table, in combination with the dumping trough
and paper fingers, as herein before described.
Fifteenthly. The roller, in combination with the segmental table and rolling
apron, as herein before described.
Sixteenthly. The tension nuts D¹ and tension springs D¹11, in combination with
pocket apron, as herein before described.
Seventeenthly. The roller G, in combination with the studs G' for forming
and retaining the pocket in the apron.
Eighteenthly. A pocket filling roller G", in combination with the pocket, as
hereinbefore described.
Nineteenthly. A breaking roller I", in combination with the pocket, as
hereinbefore described.
Twentiethly. The lever and cam (for driving the paper cutting knife), in
combination with the link and chain, as herein before described.
Twentyfirstly. The traversing carriage carrying a shaft with circular knife and a
pinion, and a stationary rack engaging with the pinion, as hereinbefore described.
Twentysecondly. The traversing carriage, in combination with the driving lever,
link, and chain, as hereinbefore described.
Twentythirdly. The paste reservoir (having a roller for the distribution of the
paste), in combination with a tilting table with flexible edge for contact with the
roller, as hereinbefore described.
Twenty fourthly. The weight M, Figure 10, in combination with the paste
reservoir, as hereinbefore described.
Twentyfifthly. The paper clamps, in combination with the tilting table, as
hereinbefore described.
Twentysixthly. The paper feed rolls, in combination with the stationary and
tilting cutting table, as herein before described.
Twentyseventhly. The paper carrying arms with their actuating levers, cams,
and shafts, as shown and described.
Twentyeighthly. The paper carrying arms, in combination with the tilting and
rolling tables, as hereinbefore described.
Twentyninthly. The cigarette detaining trough, in combination with the rolling
table and revolving knives, as herein before described.
Thirtiethly. The chutes (for conducting the waste ends to the separator), in
combination with the revolving knives, as herein before described.
Thirtyfirstly. The separator, in combination with the chutes and revolving
knives, as herein before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said George Frederick Redfern, have hereto set my
hand and seal, this Twenty eighth day of February, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and eighty one.
G. F. REDFERN. (L.S.)