matthewleechen/300YearsOfBritishPatents huggingface dataset:
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PISTONS OF STEAM ENGINES, AND IN THE BUCKETS AND PLUNGERS FOR PUMPS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Joseph Hodgson at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 6th
March 1861.
I, JOSEPH HODGSON, of Back Lane, Newton Moor, Hyde, near Manchester,
in the County of Lancaster, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PISTONS OF STEAM ENGINES, AND IN THE BUCKETS AND
PLUNGERS FOR PUMPS," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to a peculiar mode of packing the pistons of steam
engines, which is equally applicable to the buckets and plungers of air and other
pumps, whereby a more tight and durable packing is obtained.
According to this Invention it is proposed to employ two bevelled or wedge
shaped metallic split packing rings, which are let into an annular recess made
in the circumference of the piston, bucket, or plunger. Those pistons of the
piston block and cover which come in contact with these rings are bevelled
towards a point outside the piston in a line with the middle thereof so as to
fit the bevel of the respective rings. A wedge shaped metal spring of an
annular form is placed partly behind and between the bevelled packing rings,
and serves to keep them tight against the sides of the cylinder or pump barrel.
Suitable stops are inserted for the purpose of keeping the rings steam-tight
at the parts where they are cut through or split.
IMPROVEMENTS IN BRAKE APPARATUS FOR COMMON ROAD VEHICLES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Archibald Watson at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 22nd July
1861.
I, ARCHIBALD WATSON, of Johnstone, in the County of Renfrew, North
Britain, Leather Merchant and Saddler, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN BRAKE APPARATUS FOR COMMON ROAD
VEHICLES," to be as follows, that is to say:-
This Invention has for object the retarding of carts, carriages, and other
wheeled vehicles drawn by horses when descending inclines, and without
requiring adjustment or attention from the driver.
In carrying out the Invention advantage is taken of the resistance which
the horse exerts against the downward pressure of the vehicle, to cause brakes
to be applied to the wheels, and so increase the resistance to their turning.
In one modification of apparatus for this purpose, chains are passed from the
ordinary "breeching," or from an equivalent strapping passing round the hind
quarters of the horse forward to pulleys or levers carried by the shafts. From
these pulleys or levers chains pass back to levers carrying the brake blocks,
or an equivalent connection is made with the brake levers in such a way that
when the horse holds back the chains will be strained and will act on the
brake levers, causing the brakes to be pressed against the wheels. Provision
is made for preventing the brake action taking effect when it is required to
make the horse back the cart.

page_text: The details of the apparatus are obviously susceptible of considerable modi-
fication without departing from the essential features of the Invention.
The Invention is applicable to vehicles with two or more horses.
IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR CUTTING WOOD FOR LUCIFER MATCHES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Edward Frementin and Martial
Aubonnet at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their
Petition, on the 12th March 1861.
We, EDWARD FREMENTIN and MARTIAL AUBONNET, both of Bordeaux, in the
Department of the Gironde, in the Empire of France, Gentlemen, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR CUTTING
WOOD FOR LUCIFER MATCHES," to be as follows:-
Our improved apparatus or machine (by which the match wood will be
simultaneously cut in opposite directions, that is to say, one knife dividing the
wood, and the other cutting and entirely separating the matches from each
other) will be set in motion by a fixed pulley placed on its main shaft, which
will also carry a loose pulley (so that the motor need not be arrested with the
machine) and a pinion transmitting motion to a fly wheel, and thence to other
apparatus. The fly wheel will have a second felly on its side (but only on
two-fourths of its own felly, and in two parts), and being set in motion, will,
in describing one-fourth of its circle make one part of the second felly gear
into a wheel, and by it cause the dividing knife to pass through the wood; and
in another quarter revolution, by means of a pair of wheels and crank arms,
cause the cutting knife to fall and rise, describing a segment of a circle in
cutting the matches which the first knife will have divided; another quarter
revolution will bring the other part of the second felly into gear with the
wheel in connection with the dividing knife, which will again pass through
the wood; and another quarter revolution will bring the cutting knife into

page_text: play, and thus each entire revolution of the fly wheel will bring the dividing
and cutting knives twice into action. The dividing knife will be furnished
with steel plates of the exact thickness of the match carrying small lancets at
such distance apart as will permit the blades to pass into the wood without
interfering with each other. The cutting knife will consist of a blade of steel.
The wood will be brought up to the knife by a rag chain set in motion by a
ratchet wheel working in conjunction with the other parts of the apparatus.
When the pieces of wood are all of the same thickness, by passing them
through two cylinders travelling in opposite directions the machine may be
fed without being arrested.
IMPROVED MEANS OF APPLYING BREAKS TO OMNIBUSES AND OTHER FOUR-WHEELED CARRIAGES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Thomas Crane and
Thomas Joseph Ellis at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents,
with their Petition, on the 25th September 1861.
We, WILLIAM THOMAS CRANE, of Liverpool Road, in the County of
Middlesex, Carriage Builder, and THOMAS JOSEPH ELLIS, 'also of Liverpool
Road, in the said County, Coach Maker, do hereby declare the nature of
the said Invention for "IMPROVED MEANS OF APPLYING BREAKS TO OMNIBUSES AND
OTHER FOUR-WHEELED CARRIAGES," to be as follows:-
In checking horses; the effect is to raise the fore end and depress the rear
end of the pole or shafts, and we take advantage of this movement to apply
breaks to the hind wheels. Our Invention consists in fitting a cranked lever
or levers to the fore carriage or other convenient part, one arm of which lever
bears against the rear end of the pole or shafts, and in connecting the other
arm by means of a rod, rods, or chains to a disc or crank connected also to a
bar carrying break blocks. The action upon the checking of the horse or
horses is to depress one arm of the lever and bring forward the other, which,
acting through the connections, brings the break blocks on the hind wheels;
a spring releases the blocks, and restores or allows of the cranked lever
resuming its position as soon as the pole or shafts resume their ordinary
position.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE NAUTICAL COMPASS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Edward Gedge at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 12th
September 1861.-A communication from abroad by Grégoire Lucien
Ripamonti, of Bordeaux, in the Empire of France, Optician to the
Imperial Navy.
I, WILLIAM EDWARD GEDGE, of the Firm of John Gedge and Son, of No. 11,
Wellington Street, Strand, in the County of Middlesex, Patent Agent, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
NAUTICAL COMPASS," communicated to me from abroad by Grégoire Lucien
Ripamonti, of Bordeaux, in the Empire of France, Optician to the Imperial
Navy), to be as follows:-
The object of this Invention is to render the mariner's compass independent
of magnetic influence on board ship, more especially iron ships; and the
Invention consists in placing beneath the card a number of magnetized
needles, say, 24 (but this number may be increased or diminished) parallel to
each other and with their points directed due north and south.
AN IMPROVED RAILWAY CHAIR FOR RAILWAYS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Robert Richardson at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 3rd July
1861.
I, ROBERT RICHARDSON, of No. 26, Great George Street, Westminster, in
the County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention for "AN IMPROVED RAILWAY CHAIR FOR RAILWAYS," to be as
follows:-
My Invention consists in an improved railway chair, by which the upper
lips of iron half-chairs are by elongation made to wedge through or into each
other on opposite sides of the rails and in opposite directions, so as to firmly
secure the rails in the chairs without the aid of the wooden keys commonly
used for that purpose.
My Invention applies equally to single and double-headed rails, and
also to the construction and application of half-chairs in such a mode as to
retain the wooden or iron wedges or keys in their places on each side of the
rail, and thus obviate the necessity of the half-chairs wedging, as before
mentioned, and by simply placing them in contact with the ends of the wooden
or iron wedges or keys before referred to, prevent the keys or wedges from
becoming loose and falling out.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE APPLICATION OF MICA TO. ORNAMENTAL AND OTHER PURPOSES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Clark at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 16th September
1861. A communication from abroad by Messrs. Louis Augustin -Alex-
audre Cavenne, Looking-glass Manufacturer, and Frédéric Holthausen,
Artist, both of 29, Boulevart St. Martin, Paris.
I, WILLIAM CLARK, of 53, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex,
Engineer & Patent Agent, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE APPLICATION OF MICA TO. ORNAMENTAL AND OTHER
PURPOSES," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to covering all kinds of gilding, silvering, and other
leaf metal surfaces, coloring, and all kinds of decorations generally, with sheets
of mica pasted or otherwise cemented thereon, which are thereby protected
from the destructive action of exterior agents, at the same time presenting
various metallic or colored effects through the mica. This process is especially
applicable for preserving leaf metal and frames of all kinds, and for beading,
pillars, mouldings, and cornices of rooms, churches, or other structures. The
mica may also be applied for covering or plating wood, metal, stone, or other
surfaces. The operation is effected as follows:-After the gilding, silvering,
or or other metal surface color or colors have been applied to the surface to be
covered by the ordinary means, the sheets of mica split of the required
thickness are applied thereon by pasting them by means of any kind of
transparent glue, or the mica may be previously metallized, colored, or
decorated in any suitable manner, and then applied by gumming, as before.
For example, in the latter case the sheets of mica have first a surface of gold
applied, after which, by means of an open work pattern applied on the surface,

page_text: various parts of the gold are removed with a brush, which are then silvered, in
order to form a pattern or design. The mica thus ornamented is pasted on
the surface to be decorated, care being taken to apply the metallic surface
next the wood of the frame. The junctions of the sheets of mica may be
rendered invisible by applying a small quantity of essence of Venetian turpentine
thereto, and then passing a hot iron over them; any defects in the mica may
be remedied by the application of lime, or by other means.
IMPROVEMENTS IN ROTARY PUMPS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Mildred Blakey at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 23rd August
1861.
I, MILDRED BLAKEY, of Leeds, in the County of York, Engineer, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN ROTARY PUMPS,"
to be as follows:-
The improvements relate to means or apparatus by which a continuous and
regular stream of water (such as, for example, is necessary for the feeding of
stationary and locomotive steam boilers for fire engines and other similar
purposes) may be obtained, and whereby the said stream of water may be
forced to rise a considerable height with comparatively a small amount of
power.
The improvements consist in a hollow cylinder containing in its inside two
or more pump barrels arranged radially and diagonally opposite each other,
cach pair of which pump barrels are connected and worked by one ram moving
in a diagonal direction. This cylinder being inserted in a ring with two
outlets, which outlets are partially connected by slots in the interior surface of
the ring, receives a rotary motion.
AN IMPROVED AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENT FOR ROLLING RIDGES AND FURROWS OR STRAIGHT WORK
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Thomas Lambert at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 21st August
1861.
I, THOMAS LAMBERT, of Thorncroft Farm, Great Henny in the County
of Essex, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN
IMPROVED AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENT FOR ROLLING RIDGES AND FURROWS OR
STRAIGHT WORK," to be as follows:-
This Invention consists in mounting two or more metal rollers loosely side
by side upon a rod, and at suitable distances asunder, said rod and rollers
being held in a framing, to which shafts or other appliances are connected, for
enabling the rollers to be drawn by horses. The rollers employed for rolling
ridges and furrows, are suitably formed for that purpose, whilst the other or
intermediate rollers, which keep the aforesaid ridge and furrow rollers at the
proper distance asunder, are formed cylindrical and of considerably smaller
diameter, so that for straight work by removing the ridge and furrow rollers
and connecting the cylindrical rollers together, a plain roller may thus be pro-
duced, adapted for straight work.
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR PROPELLING AND STEERING VESSELS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Alexander Symons at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 20th March
1861.
I, ALEXANDER SYMONS, of 63, Southwark Bridge Road, in the County of
Surrey, do hereby declare the nature of the Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
APPARATUS FOR PROPELLING AND STEERING VESSELS," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object certain improvements for propelling and
steering vessels, and also turning such vessels on their own centres, and also
for propelling such vessels broadside on. To accomplish these ends I employ
a screw propeller actuated by a steam engine, which I place within a water-
tight chamber or casing, which is fixed in any convenient position within the
vessel. Large pipes or tubes are connected to this casing, having communi-
cation with the water through apertures in the bows and also at the stern of
the vessel, and likewise at each side of the vessel. The said tubes, which are
placed longitudinally, and having apertures or communications at the bows
and stern, have a current of water drawn in at the bows and forced out at the
stern to propel the vessel a-head, and drawn in at the stern and forced out at
the bows if required to propel the vessel astern, which I accomplish by
reversing the motion of the propeller.
The said tubes are fitted with valves, sluices, or other means of stopping off
or shutting out the ingress or egress of the water, so as to divert its current, by
which means a steering power over the vessel is obtained. The propeller
being fixed upon its own axis, the ends of the same pass through stuffing

page_text: boxes, and have a direct communication with the driving power, which may
be by steam engine or otherwise.
The tubes or pipes may be detached or fixed to the framework of the hull
of the ship as may be preferred, or may be used as a means of strengthening
the hull of the vessel, as well as for answering the purposes aforesaid.
IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR INDICATING THE NUMBER OF PERSONS, VEHICLES, OR ARTICLES PASSING OR BEING MADE TO PASS ANY PLACE OR PART OF A MACHINE, ESPECIALLY APPLICABLE TO OMNIBUSES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by James Cocker at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 4th January
1861.
I, JAMES COCKER, of Liverpool, in the County of Lancaster, Merchant.
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVED APPARATUS
FOR INDICATING THE NUMBER OF PERSONS, VEHICLES, OR ARTICLES PASSING OR
BEING MADE TO PASS ANY PLACE OR PART OF A MACHINE, ESPECIALLY APPLICABLE TO
OMNIBUSES," to be as follows:-
On
My Invention as applied to omnibuses, consists of a light oblong frame,
suspended in the doorway or passages on swivels, hinges, pivots and centres,
or other mechanical connections fastened to both sides or cheeks of the
doorway or to pillars and brackets erected or fastened at the entrances.
and through the said swivels, hinges, pivots, and centres, or other mechanical
connections, the said oblong frame is free to rotate and slide so that when
the lowermost side or part is raised, say, forwards and upwards, and over the
centre of gravitation, it will slide downwards and assume apparently the same
position for the next movement, the difference being that the former upper-
most part of the frame will now be at the bottom and vice versa. The
various movements are communicated by catches and other suitable apparatus
to a consecutive or other registering machine, and the arrangement as a
whole serves as a self-acting check on guards in charge of vehicles.

page_text: Other application of my Invention, such as to theatres, public gardens,
and parks, roadways and other places, are essentially the same and may be
used as a check on cash takers, or indicate numbers passing for whatever
purpose the same may be required.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BEDS OR PALATES FOR THE RECEPTION OF ARTIFICIAL TEETH
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Matthew Cartwright, at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 18th De-
cember 1861.
I MATTHEW CARTWRIGHT, of Carlisle, in the County of Cumberland, Dentist,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE MANUFACTURE OF BEDS OR PALATES FOR THE RECEPTION OF ARTIFICIAL TEETH,"
to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to the manufacture of vulcanite beds or palates for
artificial teeth, and consists in employing the material or composition com-
posing the ordinary and well known vulcanite in the form of a solution, which
is painted on to the model by means of a brush or other suitable instrument,
in lieu of being moulded thereon by counterpart dies, thereby dispensing with
the powerful pressure hitherto required in forming vulcanite beds or palates
by the ordinary process. When a sufficient thickness of coating has been ap-
plied, the palate is subjected to the action of heat for the purpose of hardening
the same, as is well known in the manufacture of hard india-rubber or
vulcanite articles. If desired, suitable strengthening or filling up pieces may
be applied at those parts requiring extra strength or filling-in in addition to
the coating above referred to. Any suitable or well known means may be
adopted for securing the artificial teeth to these beds or palates, and the
solution of the material itself may be effected either by the use of benzole, or
other solvents of india-rubber.
IM- PROVEMENTS IN STEAM ENGINES, BOILERS, FURNACES, AND APPARATUS APPLICABLE THERETO
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Parker, Joseph Wells, and
Benjamin Wells at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with
their Petition, on the 17th July 1861.
We, JOHN PARKER, of Ivy House, Bradford, in the County of York, and
JOSEPH WELLS and BENJAMIN WELLS, of Bowling, near Bradford, aforesaid,
Millwrights, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IM-
PROVEMENTS IN STEAM ENGINES, BOILERS, FURNACES, AND APPARATUS APPLICABLE
THERETO," to be as follows:-
The object of this Invention is to obtain a more efficient or effective force
of steam when applied as a motive power, or to economize the working of
steam engines, and consequently to effect a saving in fuel; also to promote a
better combustion of the gases, and it consists in constructing the cylinders
and pistons in such manner as to avoid dead points and friction, and to balance
the pistons when in motion. Two or more cylinders of unequal diameters are
cast together side by side, opening to each other with stuffing box covers at
each end. The pistons are of diameters equal to the interior of the smallest
cylinder, and of the same lengths as the interior lengths of the cylinders. The
piston of the small cylinder has a longitudinal groove of suitable size and form
to receive a corresponding longitudinal feather, tongue, or projection formed
on the other piston or pistons when their surfaces are placed together, and
caused to roll in contact with each other in the cylinders. The piston rods or
axes passing through the stuffing boxes are geared together outside by equal
wheels. The feather or tongue is made to project from the body of the piston,

page_text: according to the area required for steam in the cylinder. Steam is admitted
to the larger cylinder through a.double-action conical equilibrium valve at one
junction of the cylinders where it acts upon the feather, tongue, or projection,
causing the piston to rotate therein, and is exhausted at the other junction,
from which it may be conducted to another similar cylinder and piston to act
in like manner, and thence by means of a bracket wheel returned to the lower
part of the boiler. The ends of the pistons are recessed, and projections
are formed on the covers to enter therein, leaving spaces for steam on the
inlet side to balance the piston. Tubes are placed in the boilers opening at
each end of the fire bed, and arranged in such manner as to cause the most
intense heat of the fire to circulate therein to accelerate the generation of
steam, and jets of steam may be introduced to promote circulation of the heat
or flame. The door frames, dead plates, and fire-bars are made hollow for
the passage of atmospheric air to the furnace to promote combustion of the
gases, such hollow grate bars, by preference, we make in two parts.
IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Henry Neville at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 24th July
1861.
I, HENRY NEVILLE, of Portsmouth, in the County of Southampton, Optician,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVED APPARATUS
FOR TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS," to be as follows:-
My Invention consists of apparatus made of wood or metal, or both, for
taking micro-photographic and other minute photographs; also for taking
magnified microscopic photographs on metal, glass, or paper, by means of
which apparatus the reduction of the photographs as at present performed is
rendered unnecessary, the photograph being obtainable from the object itself.
The instrument is in shape similar to a common camera, about eighteen
inches in length; at one end is attached a brass telescopic tube, forming what
is termed "the coarse adjustment." Outside of the last-mentioned tube is
placed a larger tube, having a fine threaded screw or rack and pinion forming
"the fine adjustment." Attached to these tubes is a piece of metal or wood,
dovetailed into which slides a box containing the prepared plate, which rests
upon silver pins, and is secured in its proper position by means of springs
attached to a lid covering it, made of metal or wood. Inserted in the centre of
this lid is a microscope for the purpose of focusing the object to be copied,
which, when once adjusted, enables the operator to take any number of
photographs without further adjustment or alteration.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUC- TION OF IRON SHIPS, THE SAID IMPROVEMENTS RELATING TO THE METHOD OF ATTACHING OR SECURING BULKHEADS TO THE FRAMES OR RIBS THEREOF
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Nathaniel Cox at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 14th August
1861.
I, NATHANIEL Cox, of the City of Chester, Iron Shipbuilder, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUC-
TION OF IRON SHIPS, THE SAID IMPROVEMENTS RELATING TO THE METHOD OF ATTACHING
OR SECURING BULKHEADS TO THE FRAMES OR RIBS THEREOF," to be as follows:-
Hitherto the usual mode of attaching and securing the bulkheads of iron
ships has been by rivetting the bulkhead either to one or between two of the
ordinary frames to which the sheathing plates are attached. The effect of
this has been to weaken greatly the ship at this place by the increased strain
on the frame at that point; in order, therefore, to strengthen the frame and
shell of the ship where the bulkheads are fixed, I propose to add two, three,
or four additional frames placed in front of the others, and rivetted to them,
so that the frame forms as it were a vertical hollow beam, one side removed;
to these compound frames I affix plates in a similar way to those forming
the sheathing on the outside; the side of the ship at that part will now be a
hollow box of great strength; to the inner plates I fix another angle frame or
rib, and to this in the usual way I rivet the bulkhead.
IMPROVEMENTS IN RAILWAY ROLLING STOCK
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Henry Johnson at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 14th
December 1861.-A communication from abroad by Thomas Jefferson
Thompson, of Logrono, in the Kingdom of Spain, Civil and Mechanical
Engineer.
I, JOHN HENRY JOHNSON, of 47, Lincoln's Inn Fields, in the County of
Middlesex, and of 166, Buchanan Street, in the City of Glasgow, North
Britain, Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN RAILWAY ROLLING STOCK," a communication from abroad by
Thomas Jefferson Thompson, of Logrono, in the Kingdom of Spain, Civil
and Mechanical Engineer, to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to certain improvements in railway rolling stock,
whereby the passage over sharp curves is greatly facilitated, and the wear and
tear of the rails and wheel tyres thereby considerably reduced.
According to this Invention it is proposed to fit one of the wheels of the
axles of railway rolling stock in a peculiar manner upon the axle, so as to
admit of it rotating freely thereon, the opposite wheel being secured fast on
the axle in the ordinary manner. The boss of the loose wheel is prolonged
and extended considerably towards the longitudinal centre of the axle, and
this long boss is bored out conically, or tapering at each extremity, in which
parts are fitted correspondingly tapered or conical metal bushes, made in two
or more segments, which are connected together by having a projection or
tongue formed on one segment fitting into a corresponding slot or opening in

page_text: the other, so that one segment cannot be moved longitudinally along the axle
without drawing the others with it. These conical bushes are tightened up
by means of bolts, one end of which bears upon the inner ends of the bushes,
whilst the other passes out through the boss at the outer side of the wheel,
where a nut is applied, the turning of which draws either of the conical bushes
along the axle and further into the tapered bore of the boss, thereby tightening
the bushes, and ensuring the perfect coincidence of the centre or axis of the
axle and the centre of the wheel. The wheel is maintained upon the axle by
means of a ring bolted on to the inner end of the long boss, and bearing
against a shoulder or collar forged or fitted on to the body of the axle. A
chamber or cavity is left between the two bushes inside the boss for the
reception of lubricating material.
IMPROVEMENTS IN TREATING FATTY AND OILY MATTERS
Year: 1861

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Francis Puls, of No. 25, Francis Terrace, Hackney
Wick, in the County of Middlesex, Chemist, for the Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN TREATING FATTY AND OILY MATTERS."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Francis Puls at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 20th
· November 1861.
I, FRANCIS PULS, of No. 25, Francis Terrace, Hackney Wick, in the
County of Middlesex, Chemist, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN TREATING FATTY AND OILY MATTERS," to be
as follows:-
My said Invention consists in subjecting fatty or oily matters to the action
of an oxidizing agent for the purpose of effecting chemical changes, and
obtaining useful products from the matters operated upon. The oxidizing
agent which I employ consists of oxygen gas rendered more active as an
oxidizing agent by the means described in the Specification of a Patent,
No. 1207, bearing date the Thirteeenth day of May, One thousand eight
hundred and sixty-one. I bring the fatty or oily matter, when necessary, into
a liquid state by the application of heat, and I then cause the gas to pass
through the liquid until the desired action has been produced.
IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR SEWING OR STITCHING
Year: 1861

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Henry Glew, of Howland Street, Fitzroy
Square, in-the-County-of-Middlesex,-for-the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS
IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR SEWING OR STITCHING."
Sealed the 27th May 1862, and dated the 3rd December 1861.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Henry Glew at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 3rd
December 1861.
I, JOHN HENRY GLEW, of Howland Street, Fitzroy Square, in the County
of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "Im-
PROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR SEWING OR STITCHING," to be as
follows:-
My Invention consists in the employment of two shuttles in machinery or
apparatus for sewing or stitching instead of one as heretofore, by which I am
enabled to use two needles, and consequently produce an increased amount
of work at the one operation.
IMPROVEMENTS IN SMOOTHING IRONS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Henry Johnson at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 26th September
1861. A communication from Charles Jean Baptiste Eugene Cailloué,
of Paris, in the Empire of France.
I, JOHN HENRY JOHNSON, of 47, Lincoln's Inn Fields, in the County of
Middlesex, and of 166, Buchanan Street, in the City of Glasgow, North
Britain, Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN SMOOTHING IRONS," a communication from abroad by
Charles Jean Baptiste Eugene Cailloué, of Paris, in the Empire of France, to
be as follows:-
This Invention relates to smoothing irons having two faces, and made
reversible, so that one face may be heated whilst the other is in use. According
to this Invention, the iron is heated by gas jets issuing from a pipe inside the
iron, such pipe being secured to an end plate, which allows the iron to be
reversed, and enables it to be locked in its proper position by a spring catch.
The jets are surmounted by a small chamber covered with wire gauze, whereby
the production of smoke is prevented. A gas cock in connection with a
flexible tube is soldered to the outside of the loose end plate above referred to,
or a small nozzle only may be soldered thereon, over which the end of the
flexible tube is passed and secured, the gas cock in that case being at the
other end, or in any other convenient part of the tube.
IMPROVEMENTS IN PRE- PARING AND ANNEALING IRON WIRE
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by James Graham at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 22nd March
1861.
I, JAMES GRAHAM, of Warrington Junction, in the County of Lancaster,
do hereby declare the nature of the Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN PRE-
PARING AND ANNEALING IRON WIRE," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in preparing and annealing
iron wire. For these purposes coils of iron wire as they come from the wire
drawer are heated in a reverberatory furnace, atmospheric air being excluded
as far as it conveniently can be, and when the wire is at a low red heat it is
withdrawn from the furnace, and immediately plunged into a solution of
galvanizing refuse, called by some sal ammoniac skimmings or sal ammoniac
dross, such solution being prepared by boiling such dross or skimmings, or in
place thereof a solution of carbonate of potash or soda, or of caustic potash or
soda, or chloride of sodium, or water may be employed. It is preferred that
the solution should be in a boiling state, but it is not essential that it should be
in a heated state for all the solutions. When the wire is to be again drawn,
after the annealing, the wire is well washed in boiling water, and dried, then
drawn. When the wire is to be coated with other metal, it is desirable to
retain the wire in the solution used, as above mentioned, for quenching it,
and to boil the wire therein for some time before passing the wire into the
melted zinc or other metal used for coating.
AN IMPROVEMENT IN THE CUTTING APPARATUS OF HAR- VESTERS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Gale Smith at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 25th
February 1861.
I, WILLIAM GALE SMITH, of Elizabethport, Union County, in the State of
New Jersey, United States of America, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention for "AN IMPROVEMENT IN THE CUTTING APPARATUS OF HAR-
VESTERS," to be as follows:-
It consists in constructing the cutter bar and the cutter sections or knives
in such a manner that by the arrangement and operation of suitable devices
the knives may be easily withdrawn from, or inserted in, and firmly secured to
the cutter bar. I construct the cutter bar of two plates of the necessary
length separated and secured together by a short plate at each end. The
open space between them is in width of the thickness of the butt or tail-piece
of the cutter sections; this butt is bevelled or dovetailed so that the extreme
end is wider than where it joins the knife part; when in position for action
this fits into the bevel in the side of one of the short plates and of the movable
and adjustable shoe between each butt. Each shoe has a slot running in the
direction of the bar for a pin secured to one or both the long bars, on which
it slides, and by which it is restrained. The inner side of the other short
plate, as well as the side of the shoe next to it, is bevelled so as to receive a
wedge or key, which, when removed, allows any or all the cutter sections to
be taken out by pressing the shoes in the proper direction on their pins.
When the knives are to be secured, they with the shoes are driven to their
places by forcing the wedge or key into its seat between the two plates the .

page_text: requisite distance, where it is properly secured by a pin or otherwise. I do
not limit myself to this particular form of constructing the adjustable shoes
and tail pieces of the cutter sections, but claim any other form by which they
can be secured by a single wedge, as described.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN RAILWAY WHEELS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Joseph Bond at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 19th January
1861.
I, JOSEPH BOND, of Tow Law, near Darlington, in the County of Durham,
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN RAILWAY WHEELS," to be as follows:-
In the construction of railway carriage and locomotive engine wheels it is
of the greatest importance that the tyre should be securely fastened to the
body of the wheel, and that it should be weakened as little as possible by the
operation of fastening. By the ordinary mode of construction these objects
are imperfectly obtained by putting on the tyre at a red heat, and allowing it
to shrink or contract upon the wheel. Holes are then bored through the tyre,
and the spoke or inner rim and bolts are screwed or rivetted through the
whole. The shrinkage, as thus practised, involves great risk of breaking the
tyre, and its strength is liable to be seriously impaired by overstraining. The
bolt holes are also admitted to be a considerable source of weakness.
Now my Invention consists in an improved mode of construction of wheels,
and in the formation of their parts, whereby they may be put together when
cold, thus avoiding the risk attendant on shrinking, and whereby the use of
bolt screws or rivets through the face of the tyre may be dispensed with.and
its full strength thus be retained. In order to effect theso results I use a tyre
of a peculiar form, the inner periphery being inclined or bevelled from both
edges towards the centre; the heads of the spokes, the spoke rim, or the disc
of the wheel, as the case may be, I make with an incline or bevel on the

page_text: outer periphery to suit the bevel of the tyre, and I make a loose ring or disc
of a corresponding bevelled form, which is to be fitted into a suitable recess or
recesses in the spoke rim or disc last mentioned. These are then to be brought
tightly together by screws or other machanical means, and the bevelled surfaces
being pressed inwardly in a wedge-like manner against the tyre will firmly bind
the whole together.
IMPROVEMENTS IN STREET OR ROAD RAILS FOR OMNIBUSES AND OTHER VEHICLES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Busby and Daniel Busby
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their Petition, on
the 29th July 1861.
We, WILLIAM BUSBY and DANIEL BUSBY, of Liverpool, in the County of
Lancaster, Coach Proprietors and Co-partners, do hereby declare the nature
of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN STREET OR ROAD RAILS FOR
OMNIBUSES AND OTHER VEHICLES," to be as follows:-
Our Invention relates to the form or shape and mode of fixing rails suitable
for laying down as tramways on streets or roads, so that omnibuses and other
vehicles having wheels constructed with the ordinary or any plain tyre can run
or be used on the same. We form the top of the rails with slightly raised guiding
feathers on either side of the bearing surfaces, and shape the said bearing
surfaces to the form and breadth of tyre best adapted for the streets or roads
where the rails are laid down, and which may be concave, convex, angular,
or other form, but more generally and by preference a perfect plane.
The bottom or under side when resting on transverse sleepers is perfectly
smooth, but when longitudinal sleepers are used, have tapering flanges on either
side to fit over the same. Running angularly from the vertical sides between
the guiding feathers and flanges, or feathers and under side, are small counter-
sunk holes or apertures, through which, and into the sleepers, are passed the
fastening bolts or spikes.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE ACCOUTREMENTS OF HORSE SOLDIERS' & OTHER SADDLES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Thomas Newton at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 28th February
1861.
I, THOMAS NEWTON, of Long Acre, in the County of Middlesex, Saddler, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
ACCOUTREMENTS OF HORSE SOLDIERS' & OTHER SADDLES," to be as follows:-
My improvements in the accoutrements of saddles apply principally to
cavalry saddles, but are also applicable to hunting, colonial, and others; they
relate, first, to a mode of securing the holsters, which I effect by means of
plugs and sockets, the one sliding into the other, and easily capable of removal.
For this purpose I prefer to carry the stirrup bars forward and attach the
sockets thereto. The holsters are further secured together by india-rubber
rings surrounding the holsters and coupled together by a chain or other metal
coupling. I further connect the holsters by a leather strap threaded through
loops or slits therein; and which at same time fasten the panels of the saddle
by being also threaded through slits formed for its reception.
Secondly, I fit and secure the valise to the saddle by a plug or plugs fitting
into sockets attached to the saddle, from which they can be readily removed;
this plug piece I form of wood or metal, and as part of the ornamental furni-
ture. In order to secure the plugs in the sockets of both the holsters and the
valise I carry a strap connected with the holsters towards the back part of
and under the saddle, and buckle or otherwise connect it with another strap
secured to the valise, or its plug.

page_text: Further, my improvements in these accoutrements consist in fitting the
holsters and valise with separate flounces, the one being fixed to the holster
and removable with them, the other to the valise and removable with it; these
flounces do not extend over the seat of the saddle. A further improvement
consists in forming and uniting the numnah and shabraque as one article,
instead of being two articles as heretofore.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR POLISHING SHOE HEELS, TOE PLATES, AND OTHER ARTICLES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by George James Farmer at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
22nd November 1861.
I, GEORGE JAMES FARMER, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick,
Manufacturer; do hereby declare the nature of the Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR POLISHING SHOE HEELS, TOE PLATES, AND
OTHER ARTICLES," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improved arrangements of machinery or
apparatus for polishing shoe heels, toe plates, and other articles, by which
increased facility is afforded for polishing such articles. For this purpose I
construct a suitable frame of wood or iron, at the upper part of which a
polishing "bob" or wheel is mounted in suitable bearings (capable of adjust-
ment), the surface of the "bob "being dressed or prepared with glue and
emery, or other materials of cutting quality, as is well understood. Motion is
communicated to the polishing "bob" in any convenient manner, so as to
cause it to rotate at a high velocity. Below the polishing "bob'
a strong
endless leather or other band is caused to travel slowly around pullies sup-
ported in suitable bearings (also capable of adjustment), carried by part of
the main framing. The shoe heels, toe plates, or other articles to be polished
are held upon, the surface of the endless band whilst passing under the "bob "
to e polished, by small pieces of metal rivetted or otherwise fastened to the
surface of the band, or the articles may be attached to the band whilst being

page_text: polished in any other convenient manner. By means of the adjusting screws
suitable pressure may be applied to the articles whilst being polished. The
arrangement and position of the parts may be varied, and the mode of sup-
porting and carrying the articles whilst being polished may also be varied
without departing from my Invention.
AN IMPROVED FLOOR-DOG' OR CRAMP
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by George Cox at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 12th June
1861.
I, GEORGE Cox, of 17, Victoria Terrace, Queen's Road, Holloway, in the
County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"AN IMPROVED FLOOR-DOG' OR CRAMP," to be as follows:-
The object of this Invention is to obtain sufficient pressure against the edges
of floor boards, so as to keep them in position and close together during the
operation of nailing to the joists. I propose using a lever of cast or wrought
metal, about the thickness (or rather more) of the floor board; on the under
side of this lever are placed two lugs or pegs rather further apart than the
width of the joist, so that when the lever is brought back from the right angle
to the joist, the lugs or pegs firmly grip each side of the joist, while a wooden
bar which is jointed to the lever presses a driver (also of wood) against the
edge of the "floor board;" this driver is to be driven by blows from a hammer
or mallet in a parallel line with the floor boards, which tends to. bring the
driver from the oblique line to the rectangular, thus forcing the floor boards
together during the operation of nailing to the joists.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ORNAMENTAL EYELETS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Charles Norton at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 18th April
1861.
I, CHARLES NORTON, of 2 Court, 6 House, Hanley St., Birmingham,
Warwickshire, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ORNAMENTAL EYELETS," to be as
follows:-
I take a disc of pearl or metal of ornamental design, and pierce a hole or
centre sufficiently large to admit of a tubular piece of metal with flange or
rim at one end, so to prevent the tube passing quite through the hole in disc
of pearl or metal; the edge of this flange or rim will cover a small circle of the
inner edge of hole or centre in disc when I pass it through hole or centre of disc,
and so connect the metal or pearl disc with the tube of metal, the remaining
part of tube I leave quite plain, so that it can be inserted into the leather lace
hole of boots or other articles, or any other material forming the lace hole,
and when so inserted in the leather or other material forming the lace hole,
a part of the extreme end of metal tube so inserted I expand or close over
forming a flange or rim; by this process I make fast the rim on the face side,
which forms an ornament in place of buttons, &c., and the tubular metal
shank serving as an eyelet or protection to the leather or other material into
which it is so inserted.
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR MELTING METALS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by George Frederick Muntz at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 20th
August 1861.
I, GEORGE FREDERICK MUNTZ, of French Walls, Birmingham, do hereby
declare the nature of the Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR
MELTING METALS," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in apparatus for melting
metals. In melting metals which cannot conveniently be exposed to the
direct action of the fire, it is usual to employ crucibles or pots of fire-clay, or
refractory material, into which the metal to be melted is placed, this arrange-
ment, however, allows of but a comparatively small quantity of metal being
melted at a time, because the weight of metal becomes more than the crucible
will bear if made sufficiently thin to transmit the heat with facility. Now,
according to my Invention, I place the metal in a vessel of brickwork, or other
material suitably lined with fire-clay, and through the bottom of this vessel
are formed holes or passages (one or more), which are covered with tubes
similar to inverted crucibles without bottoms, and made in a similar manner
of fire-clay or other refractory material. Under the vessel containing the
metal a furnace is formed, and the heat passes up into and is transmitted
through the refractory tubes to the metal, the vessel containing which is
suitably covered. The refractory tubes may be arranged to pass horizontal, or
in an inclined direction through the metal-containing vessel, but the arrange-
ment described is preferred. It will be seen that whereas when metal is

page_text: melted in a crucible or pot, the weight tends to burst the sides of the vessel
outwards, when the metal is, as in the arrangement above described, exterior
of the refractory vessel it tends to press its sides inwards or crush it, a strain
which it is very much more competent to resist than a tensile or bursting
strain. The arrangement has the further advantage, that any quantity of
metal may be melted together, the melting vessel being made sufficiently
large.