― Process for Producing from Molten, Heated, or Cold Metals Hollow and Solid Wares having Circular Transverse Section and Variable Longitudinal Section, and Apparatus appertaining thereto.
Year: 1893

page_text: Date of Application, 10th Jan., 1893-Accepted, 16th Sept., 1893
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
:―
Process for Producing from Molten, Heated, or Cold Metals Hollow
and Solid Wares having Circular Transverse Section and Variable
Longitudinal Section, and Apparatus appertaining thereto.
I PAUL HESSE, Engineer of 8 Wasser Strasse, Iserlohn, Germany do hereby
declare the nature of my invention and in what manner the same is performed to
be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following Specification:-
My present invention relates to that class of rolling machinery described in my
Patent Application filed February 17th 1892 No. 3124 and consists of a process
whereby hollow metal wares such as tubes, gun-barrels, ornamental columns and
the like may be rolled, if desired, in one operation, the invention further includes
various ways of carrying out the said process; as hereinafter more particularly
described. The process consists mainly in forcing the piece of metal being worked,
between at least three rolls, by means of hydraulic or mechanical pressure, said
rolls all being rotated in the same direction by one and the same driving shaft and
being mounted in such wise that the direction of the pressure exercised by said rolls
tends towards a point in which the centre lines of the said rolls, if produced, would
all meet.
The invention further consists in some forms of the machinery advantageously
used in carrying the process aforesaid into practice to wit:-
a) The form or kind of pressure rolls employed which are advantageously
provided with a semispherical or conical pressure head piece for forming the
exterior surface of the said hollow bodies.
b) In the nature and construction of the mandrel or swage or widening head, and
the machinery for driving the same by means of which the grain or fibre of the
interior of the metal under treatment may be wound or twisted either in the same
direction as that on the exterior or in the opposite direction, as also in certain means
for varying the interior diameter of the hollow bodies aforesaid.
c) A device for forcing the metal block between the rolls in one direction and
the mandrel head or swage into the metal block from the opposite direction, by
means of hydraulic or mechanical pressure.
d) Means for automatically retracting or reversing such hydraulic or mechanical
pressure on the completion of the work.
e) Means for altering the position of the pressure rolls with regard to the metal
under treatment by hydraulic or mechanical devices and thus increasing or decreasing
the exterior diameter of the work.
Means for varying the interior diameter of tubes or the like.
The employment of certain parts of my improved machinery as electric
conductors, whereby strong electric currents may be conducted to the metal block
under treatment, for heating the same.
In order to make this Specification more easily intelligible reference is had to the
accompanying drawings, which form part of the same and in which,
Fig. 1 is a sectional plan showing the general arrangement of my improved
rolling machinery for hollowing and simultaneously rolling or drawing out solid
metal blocks. The block is in this case forced in between the rolls and the
mandrel head or swage into the block by means of hydraulic pressure, the position
of the rolls however being variable by means of hand wheels as hereinafter
described.
.
Fig. 2 is a section on line A. B Fig. 1,
Fig. 3 a section on line C D Fig. 1 &

page_text: arm 10.
engaging in the gear wheels 3 3 3 mounted on intermediate shafts 4 4 4 arranged
round said driving shaft 1 in suitable bearings. Engaging at an angle by means
of bevel gears 5 5 with shafts 4 4 4 are adjustably arranged roll shafts 666
having semispherical pressure rolls 7 7 7 keyed thereon at their convergent ends,
between which said rolls the block of metal to be worked is forced by hydraulic
pressure. 9 is a throat piece fixed in the transverse arm 10 of the machine frame
and having its mouth somewhat widened for the reception of the block of metal
previous to its being forced between the rolls. 22 23 are two hydraulic cylinders
having each strong flanges and being connected together by means of stout
rods 11 11 and keys, said rods 11 11 also being keyed fast in the transverse
The larger of these two cylinders 22 has a piston 37 and piston rod 25
provided with a bush 26 at its end, in which the pusher 27 for the metal block 8
is free to revolve. The cylinder 23 has a piston 36 and piston rod 14 in which
the stem 12 of the mandrel head or swage 13 is mounted to revolve freely being
supported by the bush or gland 15 and the transverse guide 16. The roll shafts 6
are mounted in adjustable sleeves 33 supported at one end by means of stout
pins and slots in brackets 21 of the circular roll frame 17 and at the other end
pivotally attached at 18 to a screw spindle worked by means of a sleeve 38 free to
rotate in the frame 17. In the drawing the rolls (three are represented but any
number more than three may be employed) are mounted at angles to each other
so that their centre lines on being produced would meet at a, but their positions
may be varied by means of the hand wheel 19, which is connected by bevel gearing
to a bevel wheel fast on the sleeve 38. To this wheel is further rigidly connected
a chain wheel 20 which is connected by a chain 34 to the adjusting spindles of the
other rolls so that when wheel 19 is adjusted the other rolls will be altered to the
same extent. The regulating valves of the hydraulic cylinders are connected
together by lever system 29, 39 and may be worked by the hand lever 28. This
latter lever is connected by a small rod and nuts to a stop 24 on the bush 26 of the
piston rod 25, so that when the piston rods have advanced as far as they may the
stop 24 will actu te the lever 28 automatically throwing the same over and reversing
the valves so that the pistons both recede.
The machine works in the following manner
The block of metal 8 under treatment is placed in the enlarged mouth of the
throat piece 9 and both the pusher and the mandrel head or swage are caused to
advance. The block will then be driven through the throat piece 9 and thus some-
what compressed and all scales or slag be scraped from its exterior. It now comes
under the action of the three rolls 7 7 7 and simultaneously the mandrel head or
swage enters it from the other end. As soon as the mandrel head has penetrated
the block, which it may do, as a recess is provided in the pusher for the same, the
stop 24 reverses the valves and the pusher and mandrel head recede the latter
taking the metal block now reduced and hollowed out, back with it and brushing
it off on the bridge or guide 16 so that it is free to fall down under the machine.
The more particular manner in which this process effects the fibres of the metal
will be referred to later on.
In order to be able to control or regulate the movements of both pistons, either
the front or rear sides of the same are connected together and to an accumulator
or reservoir by means of pipes and valves 31 32. By means of the latter, the
speed of the water entering or leaving the cylinders may be regulated and thus the
pressure and speed of the pistons also.
If by means of the valves 31 and 32 water of less or equal pressure to that in
the hydraulic accumulator is let into the cylinders in front of the pistons, it may be
forced backed into the accumulator by water of greater or equal pressure acting at
the rear of the said pistons, since the rear surface is considerably larger than the
front one, so that the water on the vacuum side of the piston need not be wasted
nor are any special apparatuses necessary to return it to the hydraulic accumulator.
At the same time the valves serve to regulate the speed of the pistons.

page_text: uis is of particular importance in working various kinds of metals for instance,
hot steel or wrought iron must be worked quickly or it will cool down before the
process is completed but copper, zinc, tin and the like which are worked cold, need
to be treated slowly.
Sheet 2-Figs. 5, 6, 7 and 8 illustrate machinery for rolling or drawing long
tubular articles having thin walls, particularly for producing seamless tubes.
Fig. 5 is a cross section on line NO in Fig. 8.
Fig. 6 a longitudinal section on line I K, L, M in Fig. 8.
Fig. 7 a cross section along the line G H in Fig. 8 and
Fig. 8 a sectional plan of the machine.
The rolls 51, which must be at least three in number are adjustably mounted
similarly to those in Fig. 1 to 5 on shafts 73 connected by universal joints 48, 48¹
to intermediate shafts 47 having bevel wheels 46 engaging in a common bevel
driving wheel 45 which is rigidly attached to a sheave pulley 44 of any suitable
kind, driven from a motor. The main shaft 41 runs in bearings 43 and is made
hollow for the reception of a second hollow shaft 42 running through it and supported
in bearings 49 49. This latter shaft may be rotated at any desired speed by means
of the pulley 40.
The rolls are adjusted in a similar manner to that previously described, the
coupling discs 48' being free to slide but not to rotate on their shafts 73.
The machine operates in the following manner :-
The metal block 50 having previously been hollowed out by the machinery
described with reference to Figs. 1 to 4 is placed on the rod 57 (Figs. 6. 8.) which
is provided with a widening head 50 at one end and a disc 66 secured by a cotter
at the other end. After the said block has been placed in position in the mouth of
the throat piece 61, the driving belt is shifted onto the pulley 68 by means of the
forks on rod 63 which is moved by the hand lever 62, and thus the screw spindle 69
is cause to drive the shoe 59 forwards by means of the threaded bush 74. The
pusher 55 now drives the block through the throat piece 61 thus removing any
impurities from the exterior of the same and simultaneously compressing it to a
certain extent. As soon as the said metal block 50 has been grasped by the rolls 51,
it will be rolled or drawn out to a tube as shown in Figs. 6 and 8. As the tube is
formed it enters the hollow shaft 42 which is only slightly larger that the tube
and which, by means of springs or the like inserted between the tube, forms a guide
for the tube being drawn, rotating in the same direction as the latter but somewhat
more quickly by means of pulley 40. In this manner any danger of the newly
formed tube bending or twisting in the guide tubular shaft is entirely obviated.
The throat piece 61 is free to rotate on rolls 52 so that it can follow the motion of
the metal block under treatment.
After the rolling process has been completed, i.e. when the pusher 55 has run up
close to the rolls 51, the lug 60 on the shoe 59 reverses the lever 62 by means of
the rod 61° thus shifting a crossed belt onto the pulley 68 and causing the pusher 55
to recede, whereupon rod 57 with its widening head and disc can be removed and
another metal block placed on the same.
The pusher 55 rests on rolls 58 mounted in the shoe 59 and the disc 66 of rod 57
rests against rolls 65 mounted in the cross piece 64 of the machine frame; this is
to enable the widening head 56 and rod 57 to follow the motion of the block under
treatment. Thus the rod 57, only has to withstand the strain of the pull and may
consequently be very thin. The cross piece 64 is rigidly connected to or made in
one piece with the machine frame 71, and the same is the case with the traverse 53.
The shoe 59 is provided with a slot running parallel to rod 57 to enable the removal
of the latter when necessary.
Sheets 3 & 4-Figs. 9-15 represent a modification of the machinery illustrated
on Sheet 1, by means of which large quantities of articles of the same kind may be
manufactured..
Fig. 9 is a sectional ground plan,
T
10

page_text: Fig. 11 a sectional plan of a modification of Fig. 9,
Fig. 12 a transverse section on line XY, in Fig. 11,
Fig. 13 transverse sections on lines T, U and V W in Fig. 11,
Fig. 14 a longitudinal section of a finished gun barrel and
Fig. 15 shows the manner in which the exterior diameter of the article being
manufactured, is varied automatically by a cam.
The rolls 75,-in this case advantageously four in number,—(Figs. 9 and 10) are
adjustably mounted and rotated on their shafts 74 from a main driving shaft in the
manner previously described with reference to Figs. 1-8.
The pusher 93, mounted free to rotate in the end of piston rod 92 of the
hydraulic cylinder 105, drives the metal block 97 through the throat 94 mounted
on rolls 96, as previously described. The widening head is also mounted on rod 77
at the end of the piston rod 76 of the hydraulic cylinder 149. Both cylinders
may be operated by hand lever 100 and connections 101 and 102 and reversed by
means of the lug 99 on the piston rod 92, said lug actuating lever 100 by means
of nuts on the rod 98 in the manner herein before described. The positions of the
rolls 75 are in this case varied automatically by the piston rod 92, so that each
piece or block of metal brought into the machine will be rotated in exactly the
same manner as the previous piece, its form depending entirely on the shape of
the cam by which the rolls are shifted. The piston 92 is connected by means of a
lug 87 and pivoted link 80 to a lever 86 pivotally attached at its further end to
the arm 106 fixed in the machine frame 88. This lever 86 is connected at about
its middle and by means of a link 85 to a cam 83 resting at its back against
stationary rolls 82 mounted in the machine frame, and pressing with its cam edge
against a rounded metal buffer fixed in the sleeve 79 carrying the roll shafts 74.
One end of the roll shaft sleeves is pivoted by means of pin and slot in the machine
frame as in the previous machines, whilst the free end of said sleeve, is supported
pivotally in forks 81 mounted on strong spindles 89 guided in the machine frame 88
and having at their ends, discs, against which strong pressure springs 90 supported
on the machine frame, are free to act. Thus the moveable ends of all the shaft
sleeves are continually held against the cam edge of cams 83 by the said spring.
Thus, as the piston 92 advances the cam 83 will be driven between the buffer 84
and rolls 82 and thus vary the position of the rolls at certain points in the length
of the tubular article being formed, so that the exterior diameter of the said
article may be varied at these points, as clearly shown in Fig. 15. A cam of any
desired shape may of course be substituted for cam 83. At the end of the
operation the hydraulic pistons will be reversed by the lug 99 and the finished
article will be removed from the spindle 77 by the bar or bridge 78 as described
with reference to Fig. 1.
In Figs. 11-14 a similar device is illustrated but instead of hydraulic
cylinders, screw spindles and belts and pulleys are employed to actuate the pusher
and widening head.
The rolls 109 are mounted on shafts 107 driven in the manner herein before
described. The widening head 145 is mounted on a rod 142 having a screw thread
cut on its rear end, said screw fitting in an interior thread in the hollow shaft 141.
This shaft may be rotated by means of either of the pulleys 139, one of which is
for the reception of an open belt 152, the other for a crossed belt 153; 140 is a
loose pulley the belt not engaged in driving the shaft runs on the loose pulley.
The pusher 124 is actuated by the shoe 121 having bush 122 with interior thread
fitting the spindle 123 running in bearings 130; this spindle may be driven by
either of the two. driving pulleys 128 and is also provided with a loose pulley 129
for the reception of that belt 150 (crossed) or 151 (open), at the time, out of
action.
;
The belts 150 and 151 may be shifted by the hand lever 133 connected to
rod 134 containing the shifting forks. Hand lever 133 is pivotally attached to a
rod having nuts, against which the lug 131 on the shoe 121 works, to reverse the
spindle on the completion of the work. The hand lever 133 is connected on the
•

page_text: oposite side of its pivot to the hand lever 135 actuating the shifting forks on
rod 137 for the belts of the widening head spindle by a link 136 so that all belts
may be shifted simultaneously either by hand or automatically by means of the
lug 131.
"
The arrangement for varying the movements of the pressure rolls is slightly
modified in this device. An angle lever 113 is pivotally connected to the arm 115
of the machine frame 112 and one arm of said lever 113 is connected by a stout
spring 114 to the machine frame the same arm is pivotally connected at 111 to
a rod 110 guided in the machine frame, this rod being in its turn pivotally con-
nected to the sleeve 108 carrying the roll shaft 107. The other arm of the said
angle lever 113 is perforated about at its middle and penetrated by a screw
spindle 116 carrying a bush or stop having an interior thread and hand wheel 117
by which the said bush may be adjusted on the screw spindle 116 to retain the
angle lever 113 in any desired position. The lower end of this arm is bent round
and carries an adjustable inclined plane or surface 119, against which set
screws 120 in a lug of the shoe 121 are adapted to play on the advance of the said
shoe 121.
The action of the machine is as follows:-
As long as the lever 113 is retained by the spring 114 against the stop on
spindle 116 the rolls are kept in the same position and the tube will be rolled with
an even exterior diameter, as soon, however as the set screws 120 come into contact
with the inclined surface 119 the rolls will be altered and the exterior diameter of
the tube or barrel 144 increased in the manner shown in Fig. 14. The stop or
spindle 116 carries a chain wheel which may be connected by a chain 118 to the
stops on the spindles of the other rolls so that all stops may be adjusted
simultaneously (Fig. 11).
This machine is particularly adapted for manufacturing the barrels of sporting
rifles. It is evident that by adjusting the positions of the set screws 120 and of
the stops on spindle 116 almost any exterior form may be imparted to the tube, by
this machine.
At the conclusion of the work both spindles may be reversed either by hand or
automatically and the tube or barrel will be drawn back by rod 142 and slid off the
same by the bridge 143.
Sheets 5 and 6. The machine illustrated in Fig. 19 (Sheet 6) is designed for
producing hollow wares having a circular section but having their exterior and
interior diameters varying at different points in their length as may be desired.
Fig. 20 is a detail section of the mandrel head or swage,
Fig. 20 a section on line vw Fig. 20,
Fig. 20 a section on line ", S
Fig. 20 and
Fig. 20° a side elevation with the wings removed.
The rolls 179 are mounted on shafts 178 connected by means of intermediate
shafts 220 & two universal joints and couplings to short shafts carrying gear
wheels 176 gearing all into one common driving gear 175. The arrangement of
two universal joints is made to allow a more extensive variation in the position of
the pressure rolls. The sleeves 180 carrying the pressure-roll shafts 178 are
adjusted by means of hydraulic cylinders 183 having pistons 182 and piston rods 181
pivotally connected to the moveable ends of the said sleeves 180. The said piston
rods are guided in arms 208 of the standards 207. The hydraulic pistons are
actuated by means of a handwheel 185, excentrics 186 and connecting and valve
rods to the valve 184. The spindle of the wheel 185 also carries chain gears 187
connected to chain gears on the eccentric spindles of the other hydraulic presses by
a chain 188 so that on turning the hand wheel 188 all cylinders will be equally
and simultaneously adjusted. The piston rod 181 is provided with teeth along a
certain portion of its length, into which a tooth segment 189 on the boss of the
pivoted hand lever 190 engages, said lever 190 moving in a slot of a segment 191
and having a pointer 192, which shows the exact position of the piston of the
hydraulic cylinder, i.e. the position of the rolls and thus the exterior diameter of

page_text: the object 208 being rolled. By clamping the lever 190 fast on the segment 191
the rod 181 and thus the rolls 179 can be fixed in any desired position. The metal
block to be treated is clamped in the jaw 209 firmly attached to, but by means of
its stem 210 having pivot 213, free to rotate in the end of the piston rod 211 of
piston 212 of the hydraulic cylinder 214. This latter is mounted to slide in a bed
plate 215, being adjusted in position by means of a screw spindle 216 working in a
sleeve having loose and fast pulleys 217 and supported in a bearing 218. This
enables the employment of a short pressure cylinder irrespective of the length of
the metal piece under treatment thus allowing a more rapid filling of the said
cylinder and an economical use of the pressure fluid. The slide valve of the cylinder
may be worked by a hand lever arrangement 216ª.
The smaller hydraulic cylinder 221 is similarly mounted to slide on a bed
plate 195 by means of a similar arrangement 196 to that of the cylinder 214.
The rod of the piston 194 is connected at 222 to a rod 201 in such manner that the
latter is free to rotate, independently of the piston rod. The said rod 201 runs.
through a hollow shaft 200 mounted in bearings 197, 199 and driven by means of
a cord or belt pulley 198 from any suitable driving agent. To the end of this
hollow driving shaft (Fig. 20) is attached a swage of peculiar construction. It
consists of two hollow wings 202 pivoted together at 219 and having their rear ends
pivoted to shoes 206, 207 guided in and adapted to slide on the end of the
To the said shoes 206 and 207 are also pivotally connected short lever
arms 203, 204 having their free ends pivotally connected to the end of the
shaft 201 by a pin 205. The operation of the device is as follows:-
.shaft 200.
:-
The whole mandrel head or swage is in this case stationary and not as in some
of the previously described arrangements capable of being advanced. If now the
piston 194 of the cylinder 221 be forced backwards, after the metal issuing from
between the rolls has enclosed the head, the hollow wings 202 will be driven
asunder and thus the interior diameter of the metal being worked, be varied. The
.slide valve 193 of the hydraulic cylinder, is worked by the hand lever 191, to
which it is connected by rod 192. Furthermore, the end of the rod of piston 194
is provided with a pointer 223 to indicate on the scale 224 the exact position of the
piston and consequently the distance to which the wings are spread and the interior
diameter being produced at any time.
By revolving the mandrel head 202 in one way or the other, the fibres of the
metal may be twisted either in a similar or in an opposite direction to those on the
exterior of the metal, which is of considerable importance for many purposes as
also in working certain kinds of materials.
The effect of the rolling machinery hereinbefore described is more particularly
illustrated by Figs. 16, 17 and 18 (Sheet V). In Figs. 16 and 17, for instance
four rolls 155, 156, 157, 158 are arranged, all revolving in the same direction and
consequently operating to turn the block of metal under treatment in the opposite
direction. The heads of all the rolls are semispherical, the continuations of the
same cylindrical. In rolling machinery of this kind the angle at which the rolls
are adjusted to each other, is of the greatest importance. For instance if the
angle c is made so great (under 180°) that the centres of all the hemispherical
heads, meet the line of the exterior of the round metal block 159 being treated,
the outer surface of the said block will not be rotated at all. The said block
will, however, in this case be gripped by the part of each of the rolls covered by
the radius e.
111/
/m
If now all four roll heads are running at 100 revolutions per minute, and
if e 20 mm and b =160 the block under treatment will make 25 revolutions per
minute since 100
(160/2) = 100
20
80
=
80 m/
m>
the block 159 will be
= 25 revs. If the radius d (Fig. 16): = 100 m/m
and the distance a of the rolls from each other
100.100
= 80
2
rotated at 250 revs. per minute since d=
= 250, that is, under these

page_text: circumstance, althrough the rolls continue to revolve at 100 the block
rotates 10 times as fast as in the first instance.
As however, such a high speed is quite out of proportion to the extent to which
the cross section of the block is reduced, the metal would be torn apart at a point
between the radii d and e (Fig. 16) or it would be forced back by the rolls.
If however, pressure is applied to the block 159 in the direction of the arrow in
Fig. 16, the result will be that the metal is very quickly worked by the rolls 155,
156, 157, 158 since every part of the semispherical heads will have a strong
tendency to catch up readily the material coming from the smaller part of the
previous roll and force it on to the greater part of the next roll which in its turn:
continues to deliver it to a still greater part of the subsequent roll.
It will therefore be evident that these rolls will only work the metal block when
pressure in the direction of the arrow (Fig. 16) is applied to the latter, and the
greater the pressure the more quickly will the material pass the rolls. In Fig. 17
for instance the pressure is represented so great that the metal bulges out between
the rolls as shown at p and q which ribs cannot under certain circumstances be
effaced by further rolling.
If for instance the speed of the four rolls be reduced and the pressure on the
metal block 159 increased to such an extent that the parts p and gare driven out.
into sharply marked ribs, these ribs will not be rolled out of the metal but driven.
out between the rolls together with the core of the said metal block. Thus as.
many ribs will be formed at a on the metal bar being rolled, as rolls are employed,.
said ribs being spirally wound round the core.
Thus, by adjusting the angle c, Fig. 16, or by altering the pressure on the metal
block, or the diameter of the rolls or the number of revolutions of the same any
desired form of the ware being rolled, may be obtained.
In the processes up till now in employment (for instance the Mannesmann and
other processes) in which the rolls operate on the exterior surface of metal under-
treatment the fibres of the metal are drawn out from the interior to the exterior.
In the present process however they are pressed from the exterior towards the
interior said metal being at all times under the pressure of the rolls.
This fact is of particular importance in working porous, honey combed materials.
such as cast steel.
In the processes up till now in use, the slightest flaw in the material is liable to.
cause breakage of the fibres and produce waste (as experience has shown) in the
present process porousness of the material under treatment does not matter in the
least, since all spaces are immediately filled out by the rotating pressure, so that all
flaws are rolled out. This is of the greatest importance in the case of welding.
metals such as steel wrought iron and the like, when even an inferior material will
not cause waste.
In addition to this any number of rolls may be employed in the present process.
and thus the work accomplished very quickly and at the same time goods of
excellent quality produced. Fig. 18 shows rolls of a modified form, which are
constructed on an entirely different principle.
The rolls are not hemispherical but conical their ends begin composed.
advantageously of two conical parts I m of varying conicity and running out to a
cylindrical form. The metal block 163 forced through the throat piece 164 rotates
together with the throat piece at a speed corresponding to the radius k. On
reaching the radius i however, the metal revolves correspondingly faster. If now
the cone were extended to the radius the block or metal issuing at this point.
would rotate still faster; this however is not the case, the conicity being moderated
to such an extent that the conical surfaces m of the rolls run nearly parallel to
each other. Since the tube 162 being formed has, at the radius i, a diameter
equal to f, i.e. the same or nearly the same peripherical speed as at h, a gradually
increasing pull in the direction of the arrow will be exerted on the material
during its passage by m, which could even be strong enough to break the
tube 162.

page_text: If now the rolls are placed at a slightly greater angle so that the part m of the
conical head of the rolls no longer touches the tube issuing at i the pull on the tube
will cease and merely a light grazing or rubbing of the part m against the exterior
of the tube will take place and thus the exterior surface of the tube can be made
more or less smooth as may be desirable. If the tubes were allowed to leave the
rolls at the point i they would possess a rough spirally imprinted exterior and thus
be of less value. Thus a very slight variation of the position of the rolls has con-
siderable effect on the working of the material. The manner in which the angle
of the rolls is varied forms a most important point of the present invention. This
point, in combination with the easy adjustability of the pressure on the metal block,
and the choice of the form of rolls permits the metal to be worked either with
great rapidity and force or slowly and at a speed, variable at any time.
These advantages are of indescribable value in rolling all materials used in the
production of hollow or solid shafts connecting rods, piston rods, pipes, columns
gun barrels and cannons etc. where the interior and exterior twisting or winding of
the metallic fibres is of such immense importance.
I will now proceed to describe the peculiar manner in which the interior walls of
the tube 162 (Fig. 18) are produced. The metallic block 163, as previously
described is hollowed out previous to its being brought into the machine between
rolls 160, 161. Through this hole, the rod 167 is projected said rod carrying the
widening head 166 on one end and being retained at the other end in the machine
frame 171 by means of the disc 172 and key 173 said disc however leaning on
rolls 174 in the machine frame to permit its rotation with the metal block without
hindrance or more than necessary friction. That part of the metal block 163
which has not yet entered between the rolls as hereinbefore explained, does not
rotate at a very high speed, whilst that part of the metal 162 which has already
passed the rolls and been formed to a tube, runs at a considerably higher speed.
Since then the widening head 166 is free to rotate with the metal block, it is clear
that the rotation of the same will be accelerated the more it remains in the tubular
part 162, whilst the said speed of rotation will be decreased the more the head
penetrates that part of the metal block not yet having entered. between the rolls.
As however the head 166 can only follow one of these speeds, it will be rotated by
the predominant speed; according to its position shown in Fig. 18, the head will
rotate at about the same speed as the tubular part 162 of the metal block. As the
head 166 will thus run at a greater speed than that part of the block 163 not yet
having entered the rolls 160, 161 etc. considerable friction will be caused between
the front end of the head 166 and the block 163, which is being forced over the
head, and this friction will cause the metal fibres on the interior of the tube to be
wound or twisted spirally. Thus by allowing the head 166 to project more or less
into the block or by making the said head longer or shorter the pitch of the spiral
to which the interior fibres are wound or twisted may be increased or decreased.
If the head 166 be not allowed to rotate at all the interior, fibres of the tube will
be wound in an opposite direction to that of the exterior ones.
Thus by a combination of these devices the structure of the metal forming the
walls of the tube may be varied at will. For instance in long water or steam pipe
services, the interior of the pipes should be as smooth as possible in order to avoid
loss of power by the friction in the same, whilst for heating pipe systems the
interior of the said pipes should be as rough as possible etc. etc. Furthermore, the
machinery illustrated in Figs. 5, 6, 7 and 8, with details as shown in Figs. 16, 17
and 18, enables the manufacture of seamless tubes in such lengths, as it has hitherto
been impossible to attain.
It is self evident that instead of the driving pulleys and belts shown in connection
with the machinery illustrated on Sheet 2, hydraulic pressure cylinders may be
employed.
Sheet 7-Fig. 21 is a section through a form of hydraulic pressure cylinder
particularly adapted for use in connection with the rolling machinery illustrated in
Figs. 1-4. The hollow piston rod 237 of the larger piston 242 of the cylinder 241,

page_text: The
is provided with a smaller piston 243 adapted to slide in the said hollow piston and
having piston rod 235 guided at its front end in a gland 236 of the said hollow
cylindrical piston rod and at its rear end in a stuffing box in the cover of
cylinder 241. The said rear end extends further through a bridge or cross bar 246
and has adjustable nuts thereon. The rod 235 is provided with a screw thread
along that part of it immediately in front of the small piston on which thread
nuts 244 are arranged. On the front end of the rod 235 a tool head 231 is attached
free to rotate independently of the said rod and to slide in the pusher 230.
said pusher is attached in the end of the hollow rod 237 also free to rotate on
friction rolls 233. In the front flange of the cylinder. 241 are fixed two rods 239
having their ends supported in the transverse piece 240 carrying the throat piece 232.
These rods carry a lever 238 the construction of which may be clearly seen from
Fig. 23, said lever being pivoted to one of the rods and when thrown down being
adapted to grip over the other rod, its central simicircular collar fitting into a
depression on the hollow piston rod 237 and adapted to arrest the piston when it
lies in the said depression.
The device operates in the following manner :-
When pressure is applied in the rear of the two pistons 242, 243 in the direction
of the arrow 252 both will advance until the nuts ou rod 235 touch the bridge
piece 246 when the smaller piston will be arrested, the larger piston 242 however
continues to advance, thus driving the pusher 230 and the metal block 229 beyond
the tool head 231 so that a recess is left in the pusher 230 into which the mandrel
or swage 228 coming from the opposite direction, may enter, when it has completely
penetrated the block 229. If the nuts 244 are shifted into the position shown in
dotted lines, the tool 231 may be driven into the metal block 229 and if so desired,
it may even be driven right through the said block in this direction after the
head 228 has been retracted and the rolls 226 have been adjusted. Thus the said
metal block may be driven through the rolls and perforated by one and the same
hydraulic press. The slide valve 249 of the cylinder 241 may be worked by means
of hand lever 248 and arrested in the notched segment 250.
In order to enable the employment of strong electric currents for heating the
metal under treatment in these rolling mills, the rods 12 13 (Fig. 1) and pusher 27
may be used as conductors. The metal block 8 Fig. 1 will readily take up the
electricity from the contact points 13 and 27 and will continue to be heated until 13
and 27 come into contact with each other or the circuit be interrupted by reversing
the machine by the lug 24 and lever system as herein before described. The
head 13 and pusher 27 may be covered with badly conducting or non meltable
materials which glow on the electric current passing them, such materials serving
the double purpose of localising enormous heat which they communicate to the
metal 8 and simultaneously protecting 13 and 27.
.
The same course may be adopted with regard to the rolling machinery illustrated
on Sheets 3 & 4.
In Figs. 5, 6, 7 and 8, (Sheet 2) the rod 57 and pusher 55 may be used as con-
ductors, the rolls 52, 58, 65 etc. may be of porcelain, fire brick, glass etc. and serve
as insulating points. A short circuit between the points 55 and 57 Figs. 6 and 8
may be prevented by layers of insulating material, such as porcelain bushes etc.
In Fig. 19 the rod 201, pipe 200 and gripper 209 may be used as conductors for
an electric current. In this case the head 202 (Fig. 20) may by the aid of some
badly conducting material, effect the heating of the metal 208 under treatment.
Furthermore, by moving the rod 201 by means of the lever 191 and piston 194,
contact may be formed between the metal block 208 and the head 202 or by
adjusting the lever 191 the two halves 202 of the boring head may be kept at any
desired distance from the block 208. This would produce the voltaic are or
excessive heat. The lever 191 serves also to close or break the electric circuit at
will. Thus the electric current to and from the point of operation as also the
manipulation of the block 208 may all be regulated by means of one lever 191
which is of particular importance.

page_text: Sheet 8-In order to enable the manufacture of rolled metal wares direct from
the molten metal in the machinery illustrated in Figs. 1-23. the same may be
arranged vertically as shown in Figs. 24 to 28, the molten metal being allowed t
How from the pivotally arranged receptacle 254 or from the converter, blast furnace
or Siemen's furnace direct between the rolls 257.
Fig. 24 is a plan of a machine of this kind and
Fig. 25 a sectional elevation.
The molten metal flows from the receptacle 254 along the channel 255 over
the pipes 258 into the mouth piece or funnel 256 whence it descends between the
rolls 257 and the hollow core 260. Through this latter, as also through the
pipes 258 around the funnel 256 and inside the rolls an energetic circulation of hot
or cold water or oil is kept up by means of the pipe systems 259 to the throat
piece, 262 & 263 to the rolls and 261 to the core. This circulation is kept up in
order to render the metal more infusible. The metal is then pressed by the
rolls which are cold, cooled down and rolled out. The pipe thus formed
passes down. through the guide tube 264 which is mounted to rotate in the
sleeve 265.
In order to press the metal through the roll, the mouth piece or funnel 256 may
be filled to any desirable extent so that pressure will be exerted on the metal
lying directly before the rolls by the weight of the molten metal above it. Or
the mouth piece 256 may be closed at the top and the molten metal conducted
to it through a closed channel so that a very high pressure may be obtained
in the said mouth piece. In order to prevent the loss of metal the lower end
of the funnel 256 is formed; as shown in Fig. 26 to close down onto the top
of the rolls. It is advantageous to subject certain metals (such as copper, steel,
malleable iron) to a high pressure previous to their entering the rolls in order press.
out the pores and remove slag etc. and for this purpose the press illustrated in
Figs. 27 and 28 is employed in combination with the machine illustrated in Figs. 24
and 25. The sliding door 268 closes the bottom of the funnel 267 and may be
worked by means of the hydraulic piston 282. The molten metal flowing through
the channel 270 into the funnel 267 is subjected to great compression by means
of the piston 272 to remove pores and slag and cool the metal. By means of
hand lever 274, connecting rod 275, angle lever 276, the lugs 278 are now drawn
back to release the piston 279 and pressure applied behind the latter by the aid of
the hand lever 271; this causes the rod 280 to be driven through the metal 283
with great force, thus penetrating the same and simultaneously compressing the
metal and rendering it more dense. The area of the piston 279 should be con-
siderably larger than that of the piston 272 so that the material displaced by the
rod 280 in passing through the block may be able to force the hollow piston rod 293
and with it piston 272 backwards, thus preventing too high a pressure from being
generated in 267 and at the same time equalising the pressure all over the metal
block 283. By this means all pores, gases etc. will be pressed out of the metal and
the block cools quickly. By means of the hand lever 281 pressure is now applied
to the piston 282 which removes the bottom 268 of the funnel and allows the
block to pass on to the rolls 284 for further treatment.
In the device illustrated in Fig. 28, a lever 287 is suspended from the piston
rod 285 of the piston 286 said lever carrying a rod. 288 having at its lower end
teeth adapted to engage in a projection of the pivoted lever 289 at the upward
movement of the said piston 285. The said lever 289 is pivoted at one end to an
arm of the machine frame and at the other end to a rod 290 having a plate 291 and
being guided in the receptacle 292. At the downward movement of the piston
rod 285 the teeth of rod 288 slide past the projection of the lever 289, on the
upward movement of the piston rod 285, however, the rod 288 carries the lever 289
upwards thus lifting the metal block 294 out of the mould or receptacle 292.
the plate 291 be removed the block 294 may be bored by the rod 290 from under-
neath. By thus combining the machine illustrated in Fig. 28 with that in Fig. 27
it will be possible to lift the block out of the mould or to press the said block
If

page_text: rough the mould and previously to perforate the same either from one or both
des, after which it may be rolled, in one and the same machine.
This is of particular importance with long metal blocks and the device may be
mployed in all the rolling machines illustrated in Figs. 1-25 with slight corre-
ponding modifications.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my inven-
on and in what manner the same is performed what I claim is :-
1. A rolling process in which the metal under treatment is forced between at
ast three rolls by hydraulic or mechanical power, said rolls, all rotating in one
irection and being driven from one common motor, the direction of pressure of the
etal under treatment passing through the point of intersection of the centre lines
f all the rolls, substantially as described.
2. In the above claimed process the employment of rolls baving their working
urfaces hemispherically formed, (Fig. 16 or 17) or conical of varying conicity
Fig. 18) or a combination of the said forms, and being attached to their respective
hafts in such manner that the centre lines of said shafts being produced shall meet
t equal angles from each other, said angle being always less than 180°.
3. The combination of the said rolls as herein claimed with the machinery
lustrated in Figs. 1, 2, 3 and 4, by which solid bodies may be penetrated by means
f the hydraulic piston 37, piston rod 25, revoluble pusher 27 to force the block 8
fter having passed the throat piece 9, between the rolls 7, and the rod 12 with
andrel head or swage 13 to perforate said block, said rod 12 being attached to
he piston rod 14 of the hydraulic piston 36 in such manner that the same is free to
otate but not to slide in the said piston rod.
"
4.. In combination with the rolling machinery illustrated in Figs. 1, 2, 3 and 4
a. The lug 24 to control the slide valves of both hydraulic cylinders, and
reverse the said pistons as specified, said perforated block 8 being pushed off
the rod 12 at the transverse piece 16.
1. The pipe system connecting the power sides of the two hydraulic cylinders
with an accumulator, said pipe system having regulating valves 31 and 32
as specified.
c. The arrangement of sleeves 33 for the roll shafts, (Fig. 1 and 2) said sleeves
being simultaneously adjustable to any position by means of the screw
spindles 18 pointed thereto, guide arms 21, handwheel 19, chain wheels 20
& chain 34, in combination with the bevel gears 5, 5, and the intermediate
parallel shafts 4, 4, and means for driving the same substantially as
described.
4. The combination of the rolls covered by Claim 2 with rolling machinery
Figs. 5, 6, 7 and 8), by means of which a perforated block may be drawn out to.
eamless tubes, said rolls 51 being at least three in number and having shafts 73,
riven by means of sliding universal joints 48, 48¹, intermediate shafts 47,
evel gears 45, 46 from the sheave pulley 44 of the hollow shafts 41, and in said
nachine
a. The arrangement of the sheave pulley 40 to drive the hollow shaft 42, to
guide and facilitate the removal of the finished pipe from the machine.
b. The arrangement of a mechanical press to force the metal block 50 through
the throat piece 61 mounted on rolls 52 and then between the rolls 51, said
press consisting of two loose pulleys and one keyed pulley 67, 68 on
spindle 69, the shoe 59, the pusher 55 mounted on rolls 58, and the rod 57,
widening head 56 disc 66 and transverse slots in the upper sides of the
bearing piece 59 and traverse 64.
.
c. The automatic shifting of the belts by means of the lug 60, rod 63 and
lever 62.
5. In combination with the rolling machine illustrated in Figs. 9 and 10, the
evice for adjusting the rolls 75 by means of a hydraulic cylinder, by connecting

page_text: piston rod 92 with suitably shaped cams 83, by links 85, pivoted levers 86 and
s 80 and guides 81 having rods 89 and springs 90 arranged as specified.
In combination with the rolling machinery Figs. 11, 12 and 13, the device for
ing the metal block 144 between the rolls 109 and simultaneously adjusting the
er, by pulleys 128, 129, straps 151, 150 mounted in the bed plate 147 and
pted to operate the shoe 121 with set screws 120 against the inclined surface 119
shifting lever 113 guide rod 110 sleeves 108 and rolls 109 and means for
lating the play of said lever 113 by the handwheel 117 and chain 118 and
her:
a. The device for working the mandrel head 145 consisting mainly of the
hollow shaft 141 having internal thread to engage the screw spindle 142 and
sheave pulleys 139 and 140:
b. Means for automatically reversing both spindles 142 and 123, consisting of
the lug 131 and lever system 132, 133, 134, 136 and 137.
The rolls covered by Claim 2 in combination with the rolling machinery
trated in Fig. 19, said rolls having shafts 178 connected to intermediate
ts 220 by universal joints 177, 177 and being all driven from a driving
el 175 by gears 176, and further:
a. The adjustment of said rolls 179 by means of hydraulic pistons coupled
direct to the supporting sleeves of said rolls, said adjustment being regulated
by the lever 190, touthed segment. 189, sector 191 and pointer 192:
b. Means for moving the metal block 208 by the hydraulic piston 212, as also
the double gripper 209 having guide stem 210 to enable the free rotation
of said block:
c. Means for varying the interior diameter of the metal under treatment by
the combination of the hydraulic piston 194 by means of the coupling 222
and rod 201 with the mandrel head illustrated in Figs. 20, 204, 20 and 20°
substantially as described:
d. Means for driving the mandrel head covered by Claim 7 c consisting of the
hollow shaft 200 mounted in bearings 197, 199 and having suitable belt or
friction pulley 198 or tooth gearing:
e. The arrangement of the hydraulic cylinders 214 and 221 on bed plates 215
and 195 and the device for shifting said cylinders consisting of open and
crossed belts and sheave pulleys 217 and 196.
In the hydraulic cylinders used in combination with any one of the forms of
inery illustrated in Figs. 1-19, the arrangement of two pistons 242 and 243
ing independently of each other, said piston 243 working in the piston 2+2
pistons being controlled by the valve 249 and lever arrangement 248 and 250
e cylinder 241 in combination with
a. The stop lever 238 rods .239 and depression in the rod 237, to arrest the
larger piston 242:
b. The adjustment of movements of the smaller piston 243 by means of
nuts 244 on the red 235 inside the cylinder and 245 outside the cylinder the
latter in combination with the cross piece 246:
c. The movement of the pusher 230 independently of the mandrel head 231
& piston rod 235.
The employment of certain parts of the rolling machinery as electric
uctors for powerful currents and thus heating the metal under treatment:
a. By the direct influence of the said current on the metal :
b. By the arrangement of resistances at the poles, which become intensely hot
and transmit their heat to the said metal:
c. By producing the voltaic arc.
The method of conducting molten metal from a receptacle (from a converter,
Siemens or Martin furnace) directly between revolving rolls and the apparatus
in connection therewith, characterised by:
a. The arrangement of the cooling pipes 258 in the channel 255 over which

page_text: the molten metal flows and the warm water oil etc. circulation in the rolls 257,
core 260 and mouth piece 256:
The employment of an open or closed mouth piece 256 (Fig. 26) and
connection of the same by means of a closed channel with the above
mentioned receptacles.
The device for pressing molten metals (Figs. 27 and 28) in moulds 267 and
292 the piston 272 (Fig. 27) having a smaller area than that of piston 279
in combination with the moveable wedges 278 slide 268 and pressure
piston 272:
Compressing and hollowing out metal blocks by combining both presses
Figs. 27 and 28 the movements of the pressure piston and the boring head
being effected either simultaneously or consecutively from one
directions.
or both
HORN & SON,
Applicant's Agents.