Improvements in the Process of Manufacture of Hollow Elastic Rubber or Caoutchouc Tyres with Metallic Protectors for Wheels.
Year: 1891

page_text: Date of Application, 18th Mar., 1891
Complete Specification Left, 23rd Sept., 1891-Accepted, 6th Feb., 1892
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in the Process of Manufacture of Hollow Elastic
Rubber or Caoutchouc Tyres with Metallic Protectors for
Wheels.
We GASTON POSSIEN of 7 Rue Poisson, Paris, Composer of Music, and
FRANÇOIS MALHADO DOS SANTOS, of 72 Rue Charles Laffitte, Neuilly (Seine)
Engineer, both in France, do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be
as follows:-
This invention refers to a new process as hereafter described for the manufacture
of wheel tyres from hollow elastic rubber or caoutchouc with a metallic protector
the object being to protect the elastic material from injury by hard pointing or
cutting substances which take from the said hollow tyres their qualities and
even render them useless as soon as these injuries reach the internal hollow or
bore.
The process of manufacture about to be described is applicable to tubes or
pneumatic rubber rings in which the metal protector regulates the in-extensibility
under pressures of two or three atmospheres.
To prepare the ring a mandril is covered having a diameter or shape varying
according to the section desired to be given to the ring with, or surrounded by, a
sheet of rubber larger than the development of the tyre to be made. Before
rolling on this covering, a round washer is fixed on the bottom of adhesive fabric
in the centre of which a hole is bored passing through the washer and the sheet of
rubber; in this aperture a body or piece is introduced intended to receive a valve
hereafter described previously coated with a solution of rubber which has been
allowed to dry well. The internal aperture is covered with a washer made of
adhesive fabric. Throughout the length of the covering sheet of rubber or shirt,
a band of metallic fabric coated with a solution of rubber is applied. The width
of this fabric is equal to a third of the diameter of the cylinder to which it is
glued or cemented; its axis is situated diametrically opposite to the body of the
valve. Above the tubular metallic tress or plait which is tightly elongated or
stretched out is then covered with a wrapper of adhesive fabric the whole being
well pressed in damp fabric and heated to a temperature of 100° Centigrade for
about twenty minutes.
The two ends of the un-formed portion of the pipe thus obtained are allowed to
fall, care being taken to preserve a length of this pipe greater than the development
of the mean or middle circumference of the tyre to be produced, and the position of
the metallic band placed under the tubular tress or plait is assured.
Then should be marked at equal distance from the two ends, two points the
distance between them being exactly the length of this development; these two
points indicate the centre of two whistle shaped cuts, arranged so as to fit
one on the other without twisting the ring, the metallic band being placed on the
outside and its axis coinciding with the largest circumference of the ring.
The interior and exterior of the two ends to be brought together are carefully
cleaned with benzine and the cut of the sections to be connected.
On the sections a thin fillet of a sheet of rubber is brought back of exactly their
width and with a width of about 10 centimetres to the circumference of the sections,
the pipe is coated internally and externally with a solution of rubber which is
allowed to dry well.
There is nothing more to do to close the ring but to bring the made sections
together, care being taken that the cuts or sections coincide exactly and that the
metallic band well occupies the position before indicated.

page_text: To strengthen this joint there is introduced into the interior of the ring, before
closing it and in equal parts in each end, a tube prepared from thin adhesive fabric
wound on a mandril slightly smaller than that used for preparing the ring. After
it is vulcanized the two ends are coated with a solution which is allowed to dry,
then each of its ends is closed by a thin washer full of an alloy fusible at 120°
Centigrade at the edge of which has been stuck with a solution of rubber, a
vulcanized rubber ring, the external diameter of which is somewhat larger than
that of the washer; this is placed towards the interior, the ring, which serves for
the cementing against the tube, being placed near the exterior.
Before closing the second extremity of this end of the tube, some ammoniacal
salt is introduced varying in weight according to the size and section of the
free bore of the ring, the exterior of the tube is then coated with a solution
which is allowed to dry well which is introduced into the ring as before
described.
Under the influence of temperature the ammoniacal salt volatilizes and expands
the tube, while it is made into an impermeable envelope and the metallic rings are
secured and being held by pressure closing is formed.
It is evident that before being placed there that the tube should be well cemented
inside the ring so that it may become a part of it and consequently strengthen the
junction.
A metallic alloy is employed melting at 120° Centigrade, because the temperature
for vulcanization being 150° Centigrade the washers would melt and in no part
would the bore of the ring be obstructed.
The joint at the exterior is strengthened by placing all round its plane of
section, a band of metallic fabric coated with solution the two ends of this band
overlapping. This band is cut in a pattern. The recovering should be in the
interior of the ring.
Outside the ring there is subsequently arranged an extra thickness of rubber the
object of which is to provide for the wear.
This extra thickness is obtained by means of sheets of rubber of the desired
thickness and width varying according to the section of the ring; these sheets are
placed one on the other, the largest at bottom and arranged on the same axis in
such manner that their edges taper.
This extra thickness is prepared flat on a table, it is subsequently applied on the
ring in such manner that the junction of the two ends of the roll are away from the
junction of the body of the ring. Its axis should coincide exactly with the axis of
the metallic band placed under the metallic tress or plait and also with the larger
diameter of the ring. The junction of the two ends of this rolling is made on a
slope as much extended or lengthened out as possible and in an inclined direction
on the circumference of the ring. The finishing is effected by covering the whole
circumference of the ring with a rubber sheet; to facilitate the work, it may be
done in parts, the cementing or welding together of the different sheets employed
being done from end to end. The transverse cementings should be effected in a
sloping direction and the longitudinal cementings should be done in the direction of
the axis of rolling.
When fixing the rolling and the material used therefor, care must be taken
when arriving at the part where the valve is placed.
The vulcanization is accomplished in a mould which the ring should fill as nicely
as possible; it is better it should be too light rather than too strong and under no
pretext should it be stretched or compressed to make it enter.
The removing from the moulds should be done when perfectly cold without
prejudicing the deformations which result from it. Before putting the ring in the
mould it is necessary in the place of the valve to screw in the seat a plug after
taking care to interpolate a special washer.
The ring once out of the mould, the plug is unscrewed and until the before
mentioned deformations have disappeared the air is forced in. A screw forming a
stopper replaces the plug which has been used in the operation and prevents the

page_text: escape of the air. The valve being arranged diametrically opposite to the rolling
is then placed in the. interior of the felly; a simple hole will allow the removal of
the plug without taking cut the ring tyre and to replace it by adjusting and
injecting fresh air. These pneumatic ring tyres are capable of supporting very
great pressure.
It will be understood that there remains nothing projecting on any part of the
felly of the wheel.
Dated thin 10th day of March 1801
BREWER & SON,
Agents.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in the Process of Manufacture of Hollow Elastic
Rubber or Caoutchouc Tyres with Metallic Protectors for
Wheels.
We GASTON POSSIEN of 7 Rue Poisson Paris Composer of Music and
FRANÇOIS MALHADO DOS SANTOS of 72 Rue Charles Laffitte Neuilly (Seine)
Engineer both in France do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in
what manner the same is to be performed to be particularly described and ascer-
tained in and by the following statement:-
This invention refers to a new process as hereafter described for the manufacture
of hollow or so-called pneumatic wheel tyres from elastic rubber or caoutchouc
the same being provided with a metallic protector or tissue to protect the elastic
material from injury or deteriorations by hard pointed or cutting substances which
injure the said tyres and even render them useless as soon as these injuries reach
the internal hollow or bore.
To obviate the aforesaid inconveniences we interpose between the hard or cutting
bodies and the centre of the tyre to be protected an extensible metallic tissue which
is placed between two fabrics as hereafter described.
In order to understand the nature of our new process of manufacture we will
describe the same in detail by reference to the accompanying drawings.
Figure 1 represents in transverse section a rubber tyre after being rolled on a
mandril.
Figure 2 shows a portion of a metallic tress or plait or tissue for lining the
rubber tyre to be formed.
Figure 3 shows in longitudinal section the rubber tyre at its joint.
Figure 4 is a transverse section of the tyre.
Figure 5 is a section through the axis of the valve showing a stopper or plug
screwed in it to produce a hermetic closing.
Figure 6 shows a solid stopper employed during the manufacture of the ring.
A mandril M having a diameter or shape varying according to the section
desired to be given to the tyre, is covered with or surrounded by a sheet of
rubber C larger than the developement of the tyre to be made. Before rolling on
this covering a round washer of adhesive fabric G is fixed on, in the centre of
which a hole is bored passing through the washer and the sheet of rubber; in this
aperture the ferrule piece I is introduced intended to receive a valve hereafter
described previously coated with a solution of rubber which has been allowed to
dry well. The internal aperture is covered with a washer H made of adhesive
fabric. Throughout the length of the covering sheet C of rubber a band of fabric
coated with a solution of rubber is applied. The width of this fabric is equal to a
third of the diameter of the cylinder to which it is glued or cemented and its axis is
situated diametrically opposite to the body of the valve. The tubular metallic
tress or plait (which is tightly elongated or stretched out) is then covered with a
wrapper of adhesive fabric D the whole being well pressed in damp fabric and
heated to a temperature of 100° Centigrade for about twenty minutes,

page_text: The two ends of the unformed portion of the pipe or tubular tyre thus obtained
have now to be joined care having been taken to preserve a length of this pipe
greater than the developement of the mean or middle circumference of the tyre to
be produced and the position of the band placed under the tubular tress or plait
assured.
There should now be marked at equal distance from the two ends two points the
distance between them being exactly the length of this developement, these two
points indicate the centre of two slanting cuts arranged so as to fit one on the
other without twisting the ring the band being placed on the outside and its axis
coinciding with the largest circumference of the ring.
The interior and exterior of the two ends to be brought together are carefully
cleaned with benzine.
On the sections a thin fillet of a sheet of rubber is brought back of exactly
their width and with a width of about 10 centimeters to the circumference of the
sections the pipe is coated internally and externally with a solution of rubber
which is allowed to dry well.
There is nothing more to do to close the tyre but to bring the made sections
together care being taken that the cuts or sections coincide exactly and that the
metallic band well occupies the position before indicated.
To strengthen this joint there is introduced into the interior of the tyre before
closing it a tube prepared from thin adhesive fabric wound on a mandril slightly
smaller than that used for preparing the tyre. After the tube is vulcanized its
two ends are coated with a solution which is allowed to dry then each of its ends
is closed by a thin washer of an alloy fusible at 120° Centigrade at the edge of
which has been stuck with a solution of rubber a vulcanized rubber ring the
external diameter of which is somewhat larger than that of the washer; this is
placed towards the interior the ring which serves for the cementing against the
tube being placed near the exterior.
Before closing the second extremity of this end of the tube, some ammoniacal
salt is introduced varying in weight according to the size and section of the free
bore of the tyre the exterior of the tube is then coated with a solution which is
allowed to dry well which is introduced into the tyre as before described.
Under the influence of temperature the ammoniacal salt volatilizes and expands
the tube while it is made into an impermeable envelope and the rings are secured
and being held by pressure a closing is formed.
It is evident that before being placed there the tube should be well cemented
inside the tyre so that it may become a part of it and consequently strengthen the
junction.
A metallic alloy is employed melting at 120° Centigrade, because the temperature
for vulcanization being 150° Centigrade, the washers would melt and in no part
would the bore of the ring be obstructed.
The joint at the exterior is strengthened by placing all round its plane of section
a band of metallic fabric coated with solution the two ends of this band over-
lapping. This band is cut in a pattern. The recovering should be in the interior
of the ring. Outside the ring there is subsequently arranged an extra thickness of
rubber (Figure 4) the object of which is to provide for the wear. This extra
thickness is obtained by means of sheets of rubber of the desired thicknesses and
width varying according to the section of the tyre these sheets are placed one on
the other the largest at bottom and arranged on the same axis in such manner that
their edges taper.
This extra thickness is prepared flat on a table, it is subsequently applied on the
tyre in such manner that the junction of the two ends of the roll are away from
the junction of the body of the ring. Its axis should coincide exactly with the
axis of the band placed under the metallic tress or plait and also with the larger
diameter of the ring. The junction of the two ends of this covering band is made
on a slope as much extended or lengthened out as possible and in an inclined
direction on the circumference of the tyre. The finishing is effected by covering

page_text: the whole circumference of the ring by a coating of sheet caoutchouc; to facilitate
the work it may be done in parts. The transverse cementing of the different
sheets employed should be effected in a sloping direction and the longitudinal
cementings should be arranged on the axis of the covering. When fixing the
covering band care must be taken when arriving at the part where the valve is
placed.
The vulcanization is accomplished in a mould, which the tyre should fill as
nearly as possible; it is better it should be too light rather than too strong and
under no pretext should it be stretched or compressed to make it enter.
The removing from the moulds should be done when perfectly cold. Before
putting the ring in the mould it is necessary in the place of the valve to screw in
the seat a plug (Fig. 6) after taking care to interpolate a special washer.
The ring once out of the mould, the plug is unscrewed. and replaced by the
valve until the malformations have disappeared or are forced into the tyre. A
screw forming a stopper replaces the plug which has been used in the operation
and prevents the escape of the air. The valve being arranged diametrically
opposite to the rolling is then placed in the interior of the felly; a simple hole will
allow the removal of the plug without taking out the tyre. These pneumatic tyres
are capable of supporting very great pressure. It will be understood that there
remains nothing projecting on any part on the felly of the wheel.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of our said inven-
tion, and in what manner the same is to be performed, we declare that what we
claim is :-
1. In hollow elastic tyres for wheels, the application thereto of a protector
consisting of a metallic tress or extensible metallic fabric placed between two fabric
or textile layers or thicknesses, these textile and metallic thicknesses being united
together by adhesive material, sewing or equivalent means, all substantially as and
for the purposes herein described.
2. The process of manufacture of hollow elastic tyres for wheels, consisting in
rolling a band of elastic material about a mandril, surrounding the said elastic
material with cemented textile fabric, applying thereon a length of metallic or
wire fabric and covering the latter by textile fabric, and finally overlaying the
latter by rubber sheets substantially as described.
3. In the process of manufacture of hollow elastic tyres for wheels as previously
claimed, connecting together the two ends previously cut at an angle to the axis of
the tyre (or whistle fashion) substantially as described with reference to Figure 3
of the accompanying drawing.
4. The general construction and process of manufacture of hollow elastic tyres
for wheels, all substantially as herein described and illustrated in the drawing
annexed hereto.
Dated this 23rd day of Sentember 1891