NEW AND IMPROVED MACHINERY FOR SAWING, PLANING, GROOVING, AND OTHER- WISE PREPARING OR WORKING WOOD FOR CERTAIN PURPOSES
Year: 1839

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
HICKLING BURNETT, of Wharton-Street, Bagnigge Wells Road, in the County
of Middlesex, Gentleman, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at West-
minster, the Eighth day of January, in the second year of Her reign, did,
for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
William Hickling Burnett, Her especial license, that I, the said William
Hickling Burnett, my exors, adññors, and assigns, or such others as I, the
said William Hickling Burnett, my exors, adñiors, or assigns, should at any
time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times during the
term of years therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,
and veud, within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed;
and also in all Her Majesty's Colonies and Plantations abroad, my Invention
of "NEW AND IMPROVED MACHINERY FOR SAWING, PLANING, GROOVING, AND OTHER-
WISE PREPARING OR WORKING WOOD FOR CERTAIN PURPOSES;" in which said Letters
Patent is contained a proviso, obliging me, the said William Hickling
Burnett, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, particularly to
describe and ascertain the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, and to cause the same to be enrolled in
Her said Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next

page_text: and immediately after the date of the said-recited Letters Patent, as in and by
the same, reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
William Hickling Burnett, do hereby declare the nature of my said In-
vention to consist in certain arrangements of planes, saws, and other wood
cutting instruments in combination with machinery, constituting machines for
preparing boards or scantlings for floorings, skirtings, and the like work; and
for pannels, stiles, and rails of doors, shutters, and the like work, and also
machines for morticing and tennoning, and machines for running out mouldings,
sash bars and the like work; and also a machine for sawing wood into triangular
strips for the purpose of being afterwards converted into mouldings, and the like
work; all which machines are generally applicable, with slight modifications, to
various portions of carpenters', joiners', cabinet makers', and millwrights' work.
And in further compliance with the said proviso, I, the said William Hickling
Burnett, do hereby describe the manner in which my said Invention is to be
performed by the following statement thereof, reference being had to the seven
Sheets of Drawings annexed, and to the figures and letters marked thereon re-
spectively, it being noticed that in the description of each machine comprised in
the said Drawings, similar-letters are used to denote similar parts wherever they
occur; but it is to be observed, that as there are several different machines
described, so there are several series of letters and figures used. The Drawings
of each of these machines are made to a particular scale, which will be mentioned
.when describing them; for each I have selected what I consider a convenient
general size, but it will be obvious, that in all of them it may be desirable,
and is easy to increase or diminish that scale to suit them to the work for
which they will be chiefly intended, and that I therefore by no means bind
myself to any particular dimensions, and although I frequently mention the
materials of which different parts of the machines are to be made, I do not
confine myself to them, as they will often require to be varied from economical
or other causes. In the various machines for planing, moulding, running out
sash bars, and angular sawing, I have only shown the working portions, and it
will suffice to state here, once for all, that it is to be understood that benches
or a series of friction rollers or other convenient supports should be placed on
either side of the machines for the wood to be placed on and travel along.
I shall now proceed to describe in order the different portions of the
machinery which I have invented, commencing with Sheet No. 1, a planing
machine. Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, Sheet 1, show respectively, Figure 1, a top
view; Figure 2, a side view; Figure 3, a transverse section at a, a; Figure 4,
a transverse section at b, b; Figure 5, a front view of a machine for cutting

page_text: wood into the various forms required for flooring boards, either simple or
tongued, and grooved skirtings, architraves, and other similar objects.
The letters a, a', a², show the general framework of the machine. The parts
a¹ should be firmly bolted to the floor, the columns a serving as supports to
the cross pieces a²; b and b¹ are rollers made of cast iron or other suitable
materials are the driving rollers which are intended to force the wood
through the machine.
The rollers 6 serve to press the wood W firmly against the driving rollers,
'thereby giving them the bite necessary to enable them to carry it forward. There
are two pairs of these rollers, one pair at either end of the machine; slots or
'openings c are made in the transverse pieces of framing a², in which the bearing
blocks of the driving rollers are fixed, and in which the bearing blocks of the
pressure rollers may be moved backwards and forwards, carrying the rollers
with them so as to accommodate the distance between them and the driving
rollers to any thickness of wood that may be operated on. The degree of
pressure given to the rollers is regulated by turning the screws d, and thus
forcing their ends against the spiral springs e, which press upon their bearing
blocks f; a perfectly similar arrangement is used in the moulding and sash
bar machinery, which will be hereafter described, and as their figures are
drawn to a much larger scale than those of the machine now under con-
sideration, the thing will be better understood by consulting them. 9 are
standards supporting a rail h, over which the wood will travel.
The workman having placed the piece of wood intended to be wrought
upon the rail h, he must introduce its end between the first pair of rollers,
which in turning will carry it through in the direction of the arrows. Im-
mediately after passing through the first pair of rollers, the wood will come in
contact with the surfacing planes, which will smooth one or both surfaces, as
may be required. I shall, therefore, now proceed to describe these planes and
their adjustments. i is a bed similar to the bed of an ordinary turning lathe,
supported at its ends by standards j firmly bolted to the floor. This bed is
formed with V slides, on which are accurately fitted the heads k; these heads
are in every respect similar to the mandril head of an ordinary turning lathe,
and are fitted with collars, mandrils, and pullies. On the noses of these
mandrils are cut screws, to which are fitted the planing chucks. It will be
observed by the Figures that these heads are turned in opposite directions, so as
to bring the chucks face to face, and that they may be approximated towards
or drawn back from each other, in order to suit them to any thickness of
timber that may be required to be operated on. This sliding motion of the
heads is effected by means of the screwed nuts affixed to the bottom of the

page_text: heads through which pass screws; these screws being turned by handles move
the heads as the tool-holder of a slide rest is moved; 1 are the mandrils; m, the
pulleys in the screws; and o, the handles, I have just described. By means of
the bolts and nuts p, the heads may be firmly fixed when properly adjusted.
The planing chuck and its cutters are shown to half the real size in Figure 8
and 9 of this Sheet, and the preparing cutters to the full size in Figures 10 and
11. The right-hand half of Figure 8 is the side view of-the-plane; the left-hand
.balf, a section through the plane; the right-hand half of Figure 9 is the back
view of the plane, and the left-hand half the front view. Figure 10 is a side
view, and Figure 11 a front view, of one of the cutting tools. This plane, it will
be perceived, consists of a series of hooked cutters or gouges 1 placed upon the
periphery of the chuck, which cutters or gouges serve to take off the rough
surface from the wood, and reduce its place to a sufficiently perfect level for the
plane iron or irons 2, which are set nearer to the centre, and somewhat ranker
to take off a fine shaving and finish the work. These planes or cutter chucks,
which are indicated by the letter p¹ in the various views of the machines, when
duly placed with regard to the wood are made to revolve with great rapidity
by means of endless bands passing over the pulleys m from any first mover.
The rollers of course are required to move at a much slower rate, which they
are made to do in the following manner:-q is a pulley fixed on to the end of
the shaft g, which is supported in bearings at q2; an endless band passed round
this pulley from any first mover gives motion to it and to its shaft, at the other
end of which is cut a screw which works into the wheel; on the shaft of this
This wheel is affixed to the
.wheel is a pinion s which turns the wheel t.
-shaft of the first driving roller b, and thus turns it at a velocity regulated by
This velocity
.the number of teeth in the wheels r and t, and in the pinion s.
will of course be varied according to the nature of the wood for which the
-machine is chiefly intended, and also according to the relative diameter of the
. driving rollers and the circular planes. I find about one-sixteenth of an inch
advance for each cut of the gouges a good average quantity. Upon the end of the
first driving roller b, is a bevil wheel u which gears into a corresponding bevi
.wheel u¹. This is attached to and turns a shaft v, properly supported on bearings
2, which communicate the motion to the second driving or pulling roller 6 by
means of another pair of bevil wheels and u. The wood having passed the sur
.facing cutters before described, will next come in contact with the other cutters
also circular in their motion, which will form the edges of the wood to a plai
surface, or will tongue and groove them if required for flooring boards o
other similar purposes, or mould them if for skirtings or other object
requiring to be so prepared. The wood W, shown in the different views o

page_text: the. machine, is under the operation of tonguing and grooving cutters, the
upper edge being grooved whilst the lower one is being tongued. A pair of
cutters, for these purposes is shown to a larger scale in Figures 6 and 7,
Sheet No. 1, where Figure 6 shows the grooving cutter and Figure 7 that
for tonguing. Those cutters are each formed of three elliptical saws set
askew upon their shaft in such wise that the cutting edges of each saw shall
all be portions of the surface of the same cylinder. The width of the tongue
or groove is regulated by the angle of inclination of the cutters to the shaft, the
degree of its ellipticity, and the thickness of the washers. The depth is regu-
lated by the relative sizes of the saws employed. This will all be sufficiently
obvious to any workman by consulting the Drawings, where 3 represents the
saws; 4, the washers; 5, the chuck; and 6, the nut that holds them on the
shaft of the chuck. Altho' I particularly claim this sort of cutter as my Inven-
tion, I do not limit myself to apply it alone in the machine, inasmuch as cutters
of any other suitable form may be substituted. For instance, different ones
are shown in the sectional views of the machine itself, and in Figures 3 and 4,
5 and 6, 13 and 14, of Sheet No. 7, various tools are delineated, the principle
of whose construction will be hereafter described, and which it will at once
be perceived may with great facility be applied to this machine. These
cutters may be elevated or depressed to suit them to boards of different widths
in the following manner:-At a³ on the standard a¹ is formed a slide, similar
to that part of the ordinary sliding rest on which the tool-holder moves; on
to this slide are accurately fitted the cutter frames w, best seen in Figures 2
and 4. To the under surface of these frames are attached nuts, through
which pass the screws x. These screws are turned by means of the handles
a, and in so doing raise or lower them to the required position. The cutter
frames are furnished with proper bearing for the shaft of the cutters, as will
best be seen by consulting Figure 4. On the inner end of the cutter shaft or
mandril a screw is cut, to which the different cutter chucks are fitted.
y represents these cutters' shafts, and the cutters. These cutters will be
made to revolve rapidly by means of endless bands working round the pulleys
21, which are attached to the shafts. When quick mouldings are required, a
modification of the cutter frame shown in the Drawings of the machine may
be advantageously used. This modification is shown in Figures 11 and 12,
Sheet No. 7. In it the bearings 1 are added to those already described, and
a shaft 2 is placed at right angles with the shaft before mentioned and
becomes the cutter shaft. On the end of the first-named shaft is a bevil
wheel which gears into a corresponding one on the shaft 2, as seen at 3; and
turns it.
This cutter is shown to the full size in Figures 13 and 14. It is

page_text: composed of a number of circular saws 4 placed upon the same shaft and
screwed up together by the nut 5. In Figure 13 the right-hand half of the
Figure is a section, and the left-hand a front view, of one of the saws. The
wood after passing these cutters will enter between the second pair of rollers
b&b, and by them will be carried in a finished state out of the machine,
The scale to which the machine in this Sheet 1 is drawn is one inch to
the foot.
I shall now describe another machine for similar objects to that last
explained, Figure No. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, Sheet 2, show respectively,
Figure 1, a transverse section at. a, a; Figure 2, front view; Figure 3,
transverse section at 6, 6; Figure 4, longitudinal section; Figure 5, longitudinal
elevation; Figure 6, top view, of a machine for planing planks and boards of
different scantlings on one or both sides and their edges simultaneously, also.
for running out moulded skirtings, architraves, and other similar objects. a
is the cast-iron framework of the machine. This framing consists of two
stout standards, best seen in the longitudinal elevation and section. They
are bolted down to the floor, and united to each other by the cast-iron cross
pieces b and the screw rods c. These cross pieces not only serve to tie the
standard together, but form also the bed over which the wood .W intended to
be cut will travel. The motion of the wood is in the direction of the arrows.
It will be perceived on examining the Figures, and more particularly
Figure 4, that the pieces 6 are three in number, and range with their upper
faces nearly in the same plane, the one nearest the end where the wood.
enters being the thickness of the required cut below the other two; im-
mediately above these cross pieces or tables 6 are others d of similar form,
which can be elevated or depressed, so as to form between them and the
pieces guages or guides for boards of different scantlings. In place of these
tables friction rollers might be introduced, but I give the preference to pieces
of the shape shown in the Drawing, as by their form they can be made to
steady the wood at a point nearer to the work than rollers could. In order
to oblige the wood the more surely to keep correctly in a right line during
its passage through the machine, I fix upon the upper surfaces of these plates.
b small blocks or strips of metal, the inside edges of which should range
nearly in a right line with the edges of the cutters of the fixed edging planes,
which will be hereafter described. They will serve as permanent guides to
one edge of the boards. The opposite edge is steadied by dogs b', best seen
in Figure 4, These dogs travel in slots in the tables b, and are moved back-
wards and forwards by a screw, as is done in the case of a common universal
chuck; the screws are turned by handles b³, These moveable dogs should be

page_text: sufficiently. near to each other to keep the wood steady, without, however,
pinching it, so as to form a resistance to it in its passage through the machine.
The mode in which the tables are elevated or depressed is as follows:-Their
ends are accurately fitted and made to slide in vertical openings or slots in
each frame, and they are tapped with female screws, through which pass the
male screws e. These screws having the same number of turns to the inch,
it is evident that, if the cross pieces d are in the first instance placed parallel
to the cross pieces b; the screws on receiving simultaneously the same number
of turns will elevate or depress the cross pieces d any required quantity,
keeping them at the same time duly parallel to the tables 6; the ends of the
screws e go through the caps f, which caps are firmly bolted to the frame a,
and to their ends above the caps are attached bevil wheels 9, which gear into
others h fixed on to the rods i. These rods turn in bearings on the caps f
and have at one end a handle j. By turning this handle it will be perceived
that through the bevil wheels motion will simultaneously be communicated to
a pair of the screws e, by which the guides d will be properly elevated or
depressed. In the main standard a are other slots or openings in which will
be fixed bearing blocks k, which support the roller l. This roller it is which
will drive the wood W through the machine, To enable it to do this
immediately above it, and supported at its ends by other bearing blocks k¹, is
another roller. This roller is pressed strongly down upon the wood, and
thus firmly impels it against the driving roller, which is ribbed or fluted to
give it the requisite degree of bite. The blocks are made to slide up and
down in the before-mentioned slots, and immediately above them are placed
powerful spiral springs, shown at m in Figure 5; screws 22 passing through caps
bolted to the frame a immediately over the slots, may be turned down upon
these springs, and thus give the necessary degree of pressure to the upper
roller, allowing at the same time sufficient elasticity for pieces of wood of
unequal thickness to be carried through the machine. I shall not in this
place more minutely describe this contrivance, as a similar one is shewn more
clearly and to a larger scale in the moulding and sash bar machines, which
will be hereafter described. I do not confine myself to the use of springs for
the purpose of pressing down the roller, as weighted pressure levers may
conveniently be substituted, and an arrangement of this sort is shown in
Figure 4 at m. The wood having passed between these rollers and between
the first pair of guides 6 and d, already described, will come in contact with
the tools, which will cut the broad surface of the wood perfectly flat and
parallel. Before describing these cutters, however, I must state that the first
of the upper tables or cross pieces d, already mentioned, is of a somewhat

page_text: different form to the rest, and is rather a block on which a powerful spring
guide is attached than a guide shelf. The Drawing, Figure 4, shows the
.shape of this block. o is a powerful. flat spring screwed on to it. This
presses upon the wood, and keeps it from springing whilst under the
operation of the cutters or planes p and p. In the main standards a will be
other slots or openings q; in these will be fixed bearings blocks q', in and
between which will work one of the circular planes, This plane p operates
upon the lower surface of the wood whilst the upper surface can at the same
time be levelled by a similar tool, This second tool or plane p¹ works also
in and between blocks q, which slide in the already mentioned slots q. They
may be lowered or elevated at pleasure, so as to take in and properly level
the required thickness of wood. This is effected by a similar contrivance to
that already described for elevating or depressing the guides, d, the chief
difference being that, instead of turning the screws, as in the former case, they.
are fixed into the top of the blocks and ascend and descend with them. The
bevil wheels are attached to and form part of nuts, which being turned and
held in collars, cause the screws, and consequently the blocks, to ascend and
descend. The arrangement is completely shewn in Figure 1.
The tools I use in this machine for planing the surfaces of the wood I will
now describe. They will in all cases consist of a shaft, on which will be
arranged cutters of various forms; those I particularly claim as my Invention
I will now describe, stating, however, that I do not confine myself to those
I shall now explain, but propose to use any other revolving cutters that may
be found to answer the purpose; the modes, however, that I do especially
claim as my Invention consists, first, of a shaft P, better seen in Figures 9
and 10, where a portion of the plane and cutter is drawn to an enlarged scale;
this cutter consists of a series of elliptical saws, six, placed askew upon the
shaft p, having interposed between them washers 7. The object of this
arrangement is to obtain at the same time a nearly constant cut, and to allow
sufficient space for the cuttings. In order to prevent the tool from clagging
to prevent the saws from turning when at work upon the shaft P, a feather 8
is inserted in the shaft, and corresponding notches made in the saws and
washers. The angle at which the elliptical saws must be set will be such an
one that the cutting edges may all form portions of the surface of the same
cylinder. It will be obvious to any workman that, by adding to the number
of saws and washers, any required width may be given to this tool. A
portion of another kind of plane is shown in Figures 7 and 8 on the same
Sheet. In this plane cutters similar to ordinary plane irons are used; these
cutters may be either in a single piece for each length of the plane, or in

page_text: separate pieces, as shown in the Drawing. The shaft is made of cast iron,
and will be so formed that the edges of the projecting parts of it may serve
the purpose of covers or double irons, and may also form a guage by which to
set the cutting edges at their proper distances from the centre. Figure 7 is
an end view, and Figure 8 a front view of a portion of this plane, the length
of which will of course be regulated by the machine for which it is intended;
.1 is the cast-iron shaft and 2 the cutters, which are screwed on to the iron.
I consider it unnecessary to describe any other forms of cutters, as it is evident
that they may be considerably varied, without, however, altering the principle
or the other arrangements adopted. in the machine. After the wood has
passed through the planes it will again be conveyed between a pair of guides
b, d, and after passing them will come in contact with the edge plaining
cutters, and if needed the moulding.planes; these planes and their shaft are
shown at s and s' in the Drawings of the machine. One of these widthening
planes is shown to a larger scale in Figures 11, 12, and 13, Sheet 2 ; it consists
of a circular disc or wheel 4, to the periphery of which is attached, by screws
or otherwise, a series of cutters 6, of an annular or other convenient form,
acting as gouges, and in their rotation levelling the part of the wood that is
brought in contact with them.. Nearer to the centre and somewhat ranker
is a flat cutting tool 7, which will take off a fine shaving and finish the work;
this plane is similar to the one already described in the other planing machine.
Both the planes or cutter wheels used for the two edges of the boards are upon
the same shaft, one may be a fixture, the other should be moveable, in order
that it may be adjusted to any width of board. In Figure 11, 12, and 13,
already referred to, the mode of effecting this is shewn, in side view at Figure
11, in section at Figure 12, and. in front view at Figure 13, where 3 is the
main shaft, down which is. a slit or groove 8; a feather 9 is inserted in the
hole through the centre of the wheel, which can slip up and down the grooves,
but prevent effectually the wheel itself from turning upon the shaft; when
properly placed upon the shaft the plane may be fixed by the binding screw 5.
In addition to those planes. another, for cutting. the mouldings of skirtings or
other similar objects, may be fitted to the shafts, and may be made to slide
and be fixed where needed by a contrivance similar to that just described; a
tool of this kind is. shewn in Figures 9 and 10, Sheet 7; Figure 10 is the side
view, and Figure 9 the top view, of this plane; these Figures are to the
full size. The principle adopted in this tool is the same. as the second kind of
surfacing plane before described (say, Figures 7 and 8, Sheet 2), videlicet, that
the tool block or carriage is so formed as to serve the purpose of a double iron
or cover, being made to the shape of the cutter of the intended moulding. In

page_text: these Figures, 10 is the cutter block of cast iron or other suitable material;
11, cutters set at an angle which form the moulding; 12, the feather
groove; 13, binding screws to fix the block where required. Other sorts of
cutters may be substituted for the one here shown, as, for instance, one similar
to Figure 13 on the same Sheet, but I prefer that described. The wood
after passing between these cutters will again go through a pair of guides b, d,
and thence out of the machine. It is-intended in practice that one piece of
wood shall tail another through, but if deemed adviseable another pair of rollers
may be placed beyond these guides to lay hold of the wood and draw it out,
as is done in the first machine described. Motion is conveyed from any first
mover through endless straps to the drums or pulleys t fixed into the shafts of
the different planes, and from the shaft of the lower surfacing plane, by means
of a double endless screw, motion is given to the driving roller. On the shaft
P is a screw, which turns the wheel v and shaft w, and on the shaft wis
another screw, which turns the driving roller 7 through the wheel a fixed upon
its shaft. It will be obvions to any workman that, by a proper selection of
the number of teeth for his wheels, any required velocity may be given to the
driving roller; about three-sixteenth in advance for each revolution of the
cutter will answer very well for this machine. The cutters and p¹ may, if
thought adviseable, be set obliquely across the machine, instead of being at
right angles to the length of the wood. The scale to which this machine is
drawn is one and a half inch to the foot.
I shall now describe the machinery for running out mouldings, picture
frames, small architraves, and other articles.
Figures No. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, Sheet No. 3, exhibit respectively, Figure 1,
the top view; Figure 2, the transverse section at b, b; Figure 3, the longi-
tudinal section; Figure 4, the transverse section at a, a; Figure 5, the
longitudinal elevation; Figure 6, the end view of the machine. W shows
the wood, which is of a triangular form, passing through the machine in the
direction of the arrows; at the part W₁ it is shewn already formed by the
cutters into the required shape. a shows the sides or framework of the machine.
This framework is firmly bolted to a table or bench or other convenient
support by the bolts b, and to the cross piece c by the screwed bolts d; this
piece c, it will be perceived, has a portion running nearly the whole length of
the machine, and two transverse portions, one at each end, against which the
side frames a are bolted, and on each of which is a slide c¹ similar to that
which forms the bed on which the tool holder in an ordinary slide rest moves;
the piece c, c¹, as well as the frames a, I prefer being of cast-iron. Upon
each of these slides c¹ will be fitted, by means of the strips of gun metal e,

page_text: the sliding pieces f, which together will be capable of moving backwards and
forwards upon the slides c', which they will be made to do by means of nuts g
attached to their lower surfaces, and screws has the slide of a slide rest is
moved. As it will be required that these two sliding pieces, which with
their strips I prefer being of gun metal, should always move over equal spaces
whensoever their position is altered, I attach to one end of the screws h bevil
wheels i, which gear into other bevil wheels fixed on a shaft j; this shaft is
supported by and turns in the gun metal bearings k, and is worked by the
handle 7. By turning this handle motion will be communicated simultaneously
to the sliding pieces f, and through them, as will presently be seen, to the
piece m. This piece, which is of cast iron, has in section the form of a right
angle in its inner side, and is the bed along which the strip of wood W
intended to be moulded will travel. The angle that would be formed by its
outer sides if prolonged, it will be seen by the section in Figure 4, is rounded
off and becomes curved, being a portion of the surface of a cylinder, the axis
of which is the internal angular line. By this contrivance the piece m may
be supported in almost all its lengths by c, and at the same time has the
power of being turned round a quarter of a circle upon the internal angular
line which forms its axis. This piece m is supported at its ends, and turns
in semicircular bearings on the two sliding pieces e, f. These ends are portions
of hollow cylinders, as is shown by the dotted lines m', Figure 6, and they are
held down securely to e, f, by semi-cylindrical pins, which are attached to the
pieces f¹ and screwed with them to f. By this arrangement the piece m can
be made to turn on its axis without in any way impeding the passage of the
triangular strips of wood, and it may be moved laterally in a direction parallel
to the sides of the frame by the simultaneous movement of its bearings f. The
object of this movement is to enable the workman to set the bed m, and con-
sequently the wood which passes over it in a proper position with regard to the
roller and cutters. By means of the milled heads of the conically pointed screws
n, which can be turned into corresponding holes (best shewn in Figure 6), in
the sectors which are attached to the pieces m, this piece can be fixed at the
angle required for work; in this piece m, the Figure of which will be under-
stood by consulting the various Drawings, near the end where the wood
enters, are two rollers o, the axis of which are perpendicular to the axis, and
parallel to the inner faces, of the piece m; they project a little within these
faces, so as to form friction rollers over which the wood will run when driven
forward, as it will be by the grooved roller p; this roller is pressed down
firmly, and with any required degree of power upon the wood, by means of
the screws q, which work in caps q', firmly fixed on to the frame a; above the

page_text: ends of the roller p, are bearing blocks, between which the roller will turn;
these blocks are fitted so as to be able to slide up and down the slot or groove
shewn in the frames a; into them are screwed stout wires or rods r¹, around
which are coiled powerful spiral springs s; these wires go through the screws
2, which are bored for that purpose. It will now be evident, that by turning
down the screws q, they will act upon the spiral springs or their caps, and
thus compress them strongly and force down the bearing blocks r, all being
kept steady by the rod or wire r, which passes through the screw; by
turning the roller in the direction of the arrow, it is evident that the wood
will be carried forward into the machine along the bed m. Immediately
after passing the roller, the wood will come in contact with the plane irons u,
which are inserted through openings in the sides of the piece m, and are
screwed in place by the caps and screws v; after passing these cutters which
will plane its two under sides, the wood will pass under a powerful flat spring
intended to press it firmly on to the bed m, and hold it steady whilst operated
on by the revolving moulding cutters y, which will reduce it nearly to the
form required; these cutters are shewn to the full size in Figures 3 and 4,
Sheet 7, where 8 shows the cutters; 9, the cutter frames of gun metal; 10, the
shaft; 11, the screws that secure the cutters to the frame; twelve, washers.
The dotted lines 13 shew the manner in which the cutters are formed under-
neath in order to get proper cutting edges; these cutters are screwed upon
curves which are portions of a circle of equal radius to that with which the
under side of the cutters is struck, but which are excentric to the circle of
motion. The nature of these curves will be instantly seen by consulting the
Drawing; their use is to retire the back part of the moulding iron, sufficiently
for it not to be pressed upon by the wood whilst making its cut, which it must
necessarily be in this machine if the outside of the cutter were concentric
with the circle of motion, as the wood is constantly and regularly advanced
by the roller p; moreover, when the cutters are ground, which they will be on
the face, shewn by the dotted lines 13, they can be advanced up the incline
of the excentric and fixed where needed by the screws 11; the slots 14 are
made for that purpose. Thus the cutting edges may always be adjusted to
the same places, when a large portion of the tools has been ground away,
ensuring thereby similar mouldings to the last. Figure 8, Sheet 7, is a top
view of one of the utoulding irons. I particularly claim this arrangement of
cutters as my Invention for the purposes mentioned, but I do not confine
myself to them, as.many varieties can be introduced; for instance, those shewn
at Figures 5 and 6, 13 and 14, on the same Sheet, and which are elsewhere
described, may easily be applied; after passing these cutters the wood will

page_text: enter the guides z of the fixed planes 2', and passing through them will have
a shaving taken off from its moulded side which will complete it; the plane
will be screwed on to the block 2, which will be screwed on to the frame-
work a; as I shall fully describe these planes in speaking of the sash bar
machine, it will be unnecessary to enter into further details here. Upon the
shaft of the revolving cutter frame is fixed a driving pulley 1, which gives
motion to the cutters by its connection with any first mover through an endless
strap or chain at the other end of this shaft, which revolves between the points
of the milled headed screws 2, which screws are screwed from unturning by
binding screws 3 and fly. nuts is formed a pinion 4; this pinion gears into a
spur wheel 5, having on its shaft a pinion 6, which gears with and drives the
wheel y firmly secured on to the shaft of the roller p. By means of this
train of wheels, a slow motion is conveyed to the roller whilst the cutters are
revolving with a very rapid one, and the relative velocities may of course be
regulated by altering the proportions of the size of the wheel and pinion of
the train; different kinds of wood will require rather different velocities, and
the relative velocities of the roller and cutter shaft will vary with the number
of cutters and the diameter of the roller; I find in practice that 1/20 of an
inch is a good quantity to take off at each cut in soft woods, and 1/40 inch
or less in harder wood. As the roller, and consequently the wheel 7, will be
elevated or depressed according to the thickness of the wood operated on, it
became necessary to provide for the regular adjustment of the train of wheels
so that they might always be geared at the right pitch, to effect which the
wheel and pinion 5 and 6 revolve on a spindle 8 fixed into a moveable arm 9;
this armis composed of two pieces bolted together by the bolts 16; it revolves
on circular bosses on the frame a, through which bosses the mill headed
screws 2 pass, and it may be duly elevated and depressed by the screw 11.
Although I describe the wood in this and the sash bar machine as being
finished by fixed plane irons, after having been operated upon by the circular
cutters, and although I claim this arrangement generally for the purpose of
making moulded articles, nevertheless in some cases it will be found advisable
to finish at once from the circular cutters. In such cases it will be necessary
where the fixed planes are shown in the Drawing to substitute powerful
springs, similar to those shown in the sash bar machine for the double purpose
of preventing the wood from springing up to the cutters, and by its frictional
resistance to prevent the cutters from dragging the wood through, when it has
escaped from under the driving roller. It is intended that one piece of wood
should tail that preceding it through the machine; nevertheless, if considered

page_text: advisable, another pair of rollers could be added beyond the planes for that
purpose; this machine is drawn to 1/3 the real size.
The next portion of machinery to be explained is for running out sash bars
and rails, sash stiles, and other similar work. The machine I shall now
describe is shown in the Drawings adapted to the formation of sash bars, but
it will be at once palpable to a workman, who has made himself master of its
arrangements, that by altering the cutters and guides it may be adapted to
other objects. In Sheet 4, Fig. 1 shows a transverse section at b, b; Fig. 2,
a longitudinal section; Fig. 3, a front view; Fig. 4, a top view; Fig. 5, a
side view; Fig. 6, a section at a, a, of this machine. W shows the wood
passing through in the direction of the arrows, W₁ being a portion already
formed to the requisite shape passing out of the machine; a is the framework
of the machine; it is in two portions, which are tied together by the square
bolts and nuts b, and by the cross pieces c; they are also bolted to the floor
at d; the cross pieces c form the tables over which the wood will travel, and
are the foundation of a system of guides or guages through which the wood
bas to pass; the wood being pushed through one of these guides, is introduced
between a pair of rollers which propel it through another guage, and then
against circular cutters which act on its upper and lower faces, then it goes
through another guide, and against fixed plane irons which take off a shaving
and finish the work. On each of the cross pieces c is cast 2 blocks c¹, at
right angles to its length; to the inside faces of these cross blocks are fixed
on one, which, in the Drawings, is to the right hand a small block or strip of
brass d, the thickness of which will be regulated by the width of wood to be
operated on, and on the inside of the opposite one a spring e, which serves to
keep the wood well pressed against it. To the top of the cast-iron cross
blocks is also screwed a broad and powerful spring f, by means of screws f¹;
these screws may be tightened or loosened so as to give the spring the neces-
sary degree of pressure on the wood; the wood is thus firmly guided, being
pressed on two sides by powerful springs against the other two sides, which
form of course a solid resistance. It is hardly necessary to say that the tops
of the cross tables and the sides of the brass blocks are so arranged, with
regard to each other, that the wood may press fairly on all of them; g are the
rollers which carry forward the wood; they have their bearings in blocks
the lower pair of which is fixed, the upper moveable. The lower roller is
therefore fixed and the upper is moveable, and serves to press firmly upon the
wood in a manner and with arrangements perfectly similar to those described
for a like purpose in the moulding machine; it is therefore unnecessary here to

page_text: recapitulate. The wood is now carried by the roller through the second guide
'to the revolving cutters, which operate upon it both at top and bottom, and
reduce it nearly to the form of a perfect sash bar. h are the revolving cutters,
one of them is shown to an enlarged scale in Fig. 5 and 6, Sheet 7, Fig. 5
being the front view, and Fig. 6 the side view; 8 is the shaft of the cutter
frame; 9, the cutter frame; 10, the cutters, and 11 the screws that hold in
them place; the cutter frame is so formed as to operate as a double iron, pre-
venting the tools from making too rank a cut, and thus keeping the work
smooth. If thought more adviseable, however, the cutter frames need not be
wrough to the shape of the moulding in order to act in the way I have
described, but instead a double iron may be screwed on to it, the capping
iron being between the cutters and the cutter frame. This description of
cutter I particularly claim as my Invention, nevertheless I do not confine
myself solely to the use of this cutter, as cutters similar to those shown in
Fig. 3 and 4, and 13 and 14, in the same Sheet may conveniently be used, or
other sorts of cutters may be applied in the machine. After passing these cutters
the wood will again traverse one of the guides, and then come in contact with
moulding planes i fixed on to the blocks j. These blocks j are fixed on to the
framework a by the screws k. In the Drawings of the machine I have shown
these plane irons naked; the better to make their operation understood,
shavings are shown in the section coming off from the irons. In Sheet No. 7,
Figs. 1, 2, and 7, I have shown one of these planing blocks properly fitted
with guides and double irons to an enlarged scale; 12 is a cast-iron block,
the form of which is perfectly shown in the various Drawings; Fig. 1 being
a front view; Fig. 2 being a top view; and Fig. 3, a section. I have shown a
portion of the plane complete, another portion with the guides removed, and
a third with the planing block quite bare; 13 shows one of the gun metal
guides. The guide is formed into the shape of the sash bar as it leaves the
revolving cutters, and serves to steady the work, and prevent the planes from
cutting two rank or leading into the grain of the wood; they are fastened by
screws 14 to the block 12, and may be changed for others when the moulding
irons are changed; 15 and 16 show the double irons, 15 being the cover, and
16 the cutter; 17 are the screws that fasten the two irons together; 18, the
screw that holds them together on the block. In the Drawing of the machine
I have shown two such planing blocks one behind the other, the first being
intended to remove a coarse shaving, and the second a fine one; however, one
only may be used if thought advisable, and in some cases it may be considered
sufficient to leave the work from the circular cutters. The upper cutter shaft
will be made to revolve by an endless band coming from any first mover over

page_text: the pulley; on this shaft is a wheel m, which gears into a similar one m³ on
the shaft of the lower cutter; thus, when the upper cutter shaft is turned, the
other will revolve with equal rapidity. On the end of this lower shaft is a
pinion u, which gears into a wheel o, on the shaft of which, but on the other
side of the frame, is a pinion p, which turns the wheel 9 affixed to the shaft of
the lower roller; this train of wheels is similar to that used in the moulding
machine; of course the number of teeth in these wheels and pinions will
regulate the velocity of the roller as compared with the cutters: I find 1/20 inch
a good average quantity for each cut; r are wheels which connect the rollers
g together. The cutter shafts turn on the points of screws s, which go through
the frame of the machine; the machine is drawn to half the real size.
The next machine I have to describe is, for the purpose of tenoning the
ends of door and shutter rails, and other kinds of wooden framing. The
Drawings Fig. 1, 2, 3, and 4, Sheet No. 5, show respectively, Fig. 1, a front
elevation; Fig. 2, a side elevation, with the sliding table hereafter described
removed; Fig. 3, a top view, and Fig. 4; a section at a, a, of this machine. a
are standards of cast iron or other suitable material, on which are firmly
screwed the two parallel rails b. The upper edges of them are formed trian-
gularly, and fit into corresponding grooves on the under side of the bed or
table c, so as to enable the said bed to slide backwards and forwards upon
them. One of the edges of the table d at right angles with the grooves is
raised a little above the general surface, (say, about an inch,) forming a ridge
against which the piece of wood to be tenoned is held. e are two sliding
blocks which may be shifted and fixed by means of the screws and nuts fin
any required position; g is also a sliding piece which may be set in different
positions, and fixed by means of the screwed nuts h; the use of these slides
will be hereafter described. i is a strong standard or support of cast iron or
other suitable material firmly bolted to the floor by means of the bolts j. The
holes through which these bolts pass are made oblong in order to allow the
standard when necessary to be adjusted into place. This standard supports
at right angles two brackets k, somewhat similar to the head of a lathe; they
are secured by bolts or screws permanently into place against the side of the
upright; the upper of these heads has a mandril and pulley l. Both ends of
this mandril work in bearings, and the mandril itself is hollow and tapped in
the inside, in order to receive a long screw in which goes through it from the
top, and forms a centre point on the bottom side. The lower bracket kis
fitted with a pointed screw and fly nut n, and between the point of this and
the point of the above-mentioned screw m, will work a spindle o, which is
fitted with two circular saws p, p, separated to the required distance by

page_text: washers, and held by a fly nut. This spindle will be turned by a driver fixed
on to the mandril 1, and may be adjusted to the required height by elevating
or depressing the points of the screws m, n; q is also a standard or support of
cast iron or other suitable material, on which is fixed two slides 7, on which
move the plates or heads 8, which on their under sides have nuts and sliding
strips, and are advanced or withdrawn to and from each other by the screws and
handles t, as in an ordinary sliding rest. On the upper slide of each plate are
two arms or brackets which support a mandril and pulley u, to the outer sido
of each of which a circular saw is screwed, which together form the cross
cutting saws of the tenons; w is also a standard, between which and the
standard q are the rollers and a drum y, on the shaft of which, outside of the
standard w, are attached the fast and loose driving pullies. This explanation
of the parts of the machine I think will be sufficient for any workman to com-
prehend its construction and arrangement. I will now describe it when at work.
The first mover in the machine is the drum y, which is driven from without
by a band on the fast pulley, which band being thrown into the loose pulley
z, the movement of the machinery ceases. It is easy to trace in the Drawings
the direction of the driving guts, which conimunicate motion from the drum
to the pulleys and mandril u. I shall therefore now suppose that by their
means all the saws are revolving, and shall proceed to show how the required
tenons will be formed. The workman having selected the pieces of wood on which
the tenon or tenons are to be formed, will, in the first instance, fix the sliding
blocks e, so that they will just admit between them and the ridge d the piece
of wood W. The slide g, which is bent over at a right angle at its end, serves
at a guage for the length of the required tenons, and must be adjusted accord-
ingly. The saws p must be separated from each other by a washer equal.to
the thickness of the intended tenon, and must be adjusted to the required height
by the screws m and n. The cross cutting saws must also be placed at the
right distance from each other by means of the adjusting screws and handles t.
All is now ready; the workman having adjusted a piece of wood against
the ridge d, and against the square corner of the guage.g, will place his hand
upon it, and holding it steady push the table forward along the rails; in doing
this the end of the wood will first come in contact with the saws p, which
will divide that portion into three slabs, the top and bottom one of which next
coming in contact with the cross cutting saws will be separated, and thus make
the required tenon; the table being drawn back, the wood is turned end
for end if a tenon of the same dimensions is there wanted, or is replaced by
another piece, and the same operation repeated as long as tenons of the size
to which the machine is set may happen to be wanted. By using, in the place

page_text: of. the saws v, cutters similar to the one shown at Fig. 11, Sheet 6, or of
the form of either of the morticing cutters in the same Sheet, or indeed
any sort of broad circular cutters, the saws and frame i, p, may be altogether
dispensed with, or by using very thick saws as cutters instead of p, the
portions wand.q and saws.v will not be required. This machine is drawn to
the scale of 1 inch to the foot. The next machine I shall explain is for the
purpose of cutting out triangular strips of wood, intended to be afterwards
converted into mouldings or other similar objects. In Sheet No. 5, Fig. 5
shows the front view or the view of the end of the machine at which the wood
to be cut will enter. Fig. 6 is a longitudinal section; Fig. 7 is a back view
of the machine, or of the end at which the bisected strips of wood leave it;
Fig. 8 is a top view. a is the principal framework of the machine. It is
screwed firmly to a bench at the bottom, and is also held together at the top
by the screwed rods and nuts b, and at one end by the cross piece of framing
c, by which it will be perceived by the Drawing is formed with a large
circular opening, having a narrow concentrie flange c¹ formed upon it. A
ring dis fitted within this flange upon the face of c; it may be turned and
fixed in any required position by the binding screws e, c, which work in
segmental grooves cut through the ring; the proper motion of this .ring is
similar to that commonly employed between the two slides of a slide rest in
order to allow the tool holder to be turned to any required angle; parallel to
the plane of this ring, and with their top surfaces ranging in the same direction,
but slightly below the horizontal plane which passes through its centre, are
fixed four-standards or supports f, on which are screwed the pieces g. These
pieces g formed the bed along which the wood intended to be cut will slide;
they are formed on the side on which the wood moves into the shape of a
rectangle, and the line where the two sides meet which form the rectangle is
the prolonged axis of the above-mentioned ring d; one of its sides is in the
vertical, the other is the horizontal plane. It will be perceived that there
are two pieces g, having a space between them where a roller works; the top
edge of this roller is sufficiently above the surface of the tables g to bite and
propel the wood, which is kept firmly down upon it by the pressure roller i,
the degree of whose pressure is regulated by screws j and spiral springs k,
similar to those of the moulding and other machines. is a spindle carrying
a circular saw m and a pulley n. This spindle has cups at its end, and
revolves upon the points of the screws o, o, which go through blocks on the
outer face of the circular plate-d. The saw goes through a slot, as shown in
dotted lines at o' in Fig. 7, and at o', Fig. 6, in the angle of the rectangular
table g, and its plane will bisect.that rectangul in any required proportions, by

page_text: turning and then fixing the circular ring d; p are binding screws; 9 is a
spindle in which is a pulley; at its outer extremity is a pinion r which gears
into the wheels, on the shaft of which is the pinion t which gears into the
wheel u, which is secured on to the shaft of the driving roller. By means
of this train of wheels and the proportion given to them, the driving roller
may be made to advance the wood with any required degrees of velocity, up to
the saw; v is a support to the wheel and pinion s. W is the wood operated
upon going through the machine in the direction of the arrows; a is a shifting
block which may be removed to any required distance from the verticle face
of the table g, and serves as a guage to the wood; it is fixed by means of the
screws y to any distance that the thickness of the wood may make necessary;
Z are couplings which hold the spindle q in place. Motion is given to the
circular saw in this machine by connecting it to any first mover by an endless
gut passing over the pulley n, and to the driving roller by a similar gut
passing over the pulley of the shaft q. The velocity with which the wood
should be advanced by the rollers is the same that would be found most
convenient with other circular saws. To work this machine all that is needed
is to introduce a strip of wood of the dimensions required to make two of
the triangular strips that may be wanted between the rollers after having
adjusted the ring carriage of the saw so that it may cut in the proper angle,
and as one strip passes through to follow it up by another. This machine is
drawn to half the real size.
The next machine I shall describe is for morticing the stiles of doors,
shutters, and other similar pieces of framing. In Sheet No. 6, Fig. 1 is an
end view; Fig. 2, a front view; Fig. 3, a transverse section at a, a; Fig. 4, a
top view; Fig. 5, a view of the back portion of this machine; a, a, are
standards of cast iron firmly bolted to the floor; these standards, which are four
in number, support two double V beds b, similar to the beds of a lathe. These
beds are screwed to the standards and adjusted to a perfect level. On the
under side of a cast iron table c are grooves fitted on the V's of the beds, so as
to allow the table to be slid backwards and forwards on them. To ensure regu-
larity and parallelism in the motion of this table, nuts are affixed to its under
side between the 2 V's of each bed, through which are introduced similar
screws d. By making an equal number of turns on these serews it is evident
that if the table is once properly placed on the beds, it will advance or recede
steadily up and down them. To insure an equal number of turns being given
at the same time to these screws, they have bevil wheels e attached to
their outer ends, which gear into other bevil wheels e¹ fixed on a shaft f;
this shaft, being supported in proper bearings screwed on the main standard, is

page_text: worked by the handle g; by turning this handle the screws d will be turned,
and the bed advanced or drawn back. It is upon this bed that the wood W
intended to be morticed will be held, and by it will be carried forward to the
cutters. I will now describe the mode by which the pieces of wood are held in
place whilst under the operation of the cutters. h, h, are columns which are
firmly bolted to the top of the sliding table, and which carry cross pieces of
metal firmly secured to them. These pieces of metal serve to tie the columns
which are four in number together, and to form the supports of portions of the
machinery, which I will presently describe; j is a beam of cast iron of the form
shown in the Drawing; at its two ends are attached nuts through which
screws pass; these screws, by an arrangement perfectly similar to the one I
have already described, are made to turn equal quantities in equal times, and
thus to raise the beam any distance that may be required in a direction
perpendicular to the face of the table. The mode of turning the pair of
screws is precisely similar to that already described for working the pair d, so
that it will be sufficient to consult the Drawing to understand the arrangement.
It is by means of the handle that beam j is raised and lowered; upon the
table c is a small ledge or straight edge m; the piece of wood to be worked
is placed on the inside of this ledge, and close up to it, and a pair of dogs are
made to clip it at its ends; these dogs are worked by a right and left handed
screw; n, n, are the dogs, and o the screw. The dogs are just seen at the
ends of the wood W in Fig. 2, and one of them with a section of the screw
in Fig. 3. The screw is plainly seen through the open work of the cast iron
table c; it is supported at its ends from the bottom of the cast iron table, and
is turned by the handle p. By working this handle, the dogs may be made to
approach towards or recede from each other, and thus to clip any length of
wood that can be put into the machine. The workman having adjusted these
dogs to a proper distance from each other, if he have a series of pieces of wood
of the same length to work upon, will, when one is finished, remove it, and
place another between the dogs and against the rail m; he will then press
down the beamj tightly on to the wood,, and proceed to advance it to the
cutters, the operation and arrangements of which I will now describe. 2 are
standards of cast iron firmly bolted to the floor, and made to range in the same
direction as the beds b, and arranged with regard to them and the table c, as
shown by the Drawing; r is a bed of cast iron formed at its upper surface
like the slide of a sliding rest, in order that heads or poppets may be fitted on
to it, and be able to be moved along it. This bed is supported between the
standards. 9, and is set with its top face in a plane parallel with the top of
the table c; its ends are accurately fitted into grooves or openings left in the

page_text: standards for that purpose, and are furnished with nuts through.
which pass screws s; these screws by means of the handle t, the bevil'
wheels t, and the shaft t, can be turned equal quantities in equal times,.
being altogether a movement similar to that which has twice before
occurred in this machine. The position of the bearings of these parts will
be immediately seen on consulting the Drawings, more particularly Fig. 5.
u are poppets or heads fitted by means of sliding slips on to the bed r.
They are capable of being moved along this bed. To do this a screw vis
introduced into a trough r', left for that purpose in the bed, and passes
through all the poppets. Within these poppets nuts having a corresponding
female screw are placed, so that by turning the screw the heads are made to
move backwards and forwards on the bed; a is the handle which turns the
Each of these poppets has two mandrils and pulleys similar to those
of the head of a lathe, on the noses of which are screws to which cutter chucks
may at pleasure be affixed.
screw.
In order to render the description I am about to give of these heads more
intelligible, I will explain, in the first instance, the nature of the cutters and
the mode of operation of the machine.
In Figures 6 and 7, Sheet 6, at 1 are shown two varieties of the cutter I
use. It consists of a boring tool and a circular plane united, and acts in two
distinct modes. The first portion of it bores a hole through the wood intended
to be morticed, by the wood being forced against it whilst revolving; and the
second by being forced laterally against the wood widens that hole; 1ª shows
the boring portions; 1b, the side cutting ones. The machine I am now
describing being intended to cut simultaneously all the mortices required in
the stile of a door or other similar objects, it is evident that at least as many
cutters will require to be set in motion as mortices are needed, and inasmuch
as the different mortices will be of different lengths, that the cutters should be.
so arranged as to cut away unequal portions of wood in the same space of
time. The width of the mortice will be regulated by the diameter of the tool.
employed, and its length by the quantity of space it will travel over whilst
cutting: The mode in which the machine operates is as follows:-Cutters
having been screwed on to such of the mandrils. of the poppets u as are
intended to be brought into action, they are made to revolve rapidly by means
of an endless band which passes over their pulleys. This is well seen in
Fig. 5. By means of the handle t the bed r with its cutters is raised to the
proper height for the required mortices; the piece of wood is then placed in its
proper situation on the table c, and is clipped by the pressure beamj; the
whole is then advanced by the handle g against the cutters, which thus bore

page_text: circular holes through the wood. Each of these holes will form one end of a
mortice. The wood is still further, advanced by the handle g until the boring
part of the tool projects through the wood, and the whole width of it can be
operated on by the planing portion. The screw vis next turned by means of
the handle a, which brings the wood in contact with the sharp edges of the
cutter 1 at 1b, by drawing or forcing along laterally the head u. When
enough wood has thus been cleared away, the heads are returned to the point
whence they started, the table is drawn back, and the morticed wood is
replaced by another piece, and the operation repeated; any number of mortices
may thus be cut simultaneously. It is to be observed that the cutters I have
just described apply only to thorough mortices; for bottomed mortices the
boring part shewn will be removed, and the end of the planing part formed so
as to bore the hole.
I shall now describe the mode of advancing the cutter frames unequal
portions in equal times, and in fact explain more particularly the details of
this portion of the Invention. In Sheet No. 6, Fig. 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 show
respectively, Fig. 6, Fig. 7, the two end views; Fig. 8, the front view; Fig. 9,
the top view; Fig. 10, the long section of one of the cutter poppets. In
these Figures, is a portion of the bed, u is the poppet, and v the screw that
draws it along the bed; r, s, are the gun-metal slips screwed on to the bottom
of the heads, and which serve to keep them steady on the bed; 1 are the
cutters; 2, the mandrils, having pulleys; 3, 4, are the back centres and nuts
of the mandril. The pulley being turned by a gut or band, it will at once be
scen will cause the cutter properly to revolve. The remaining details of these
poppets are connected with their movement up and down the bed, which I will
now explain-It will be seen on consulting the various Drawings, that the
screw goes completely through the heads u, which are bored for that
purpose. The hole in all parts is larger than the screw v. In Fig. 10, from
5 to 6 it is made just large enough to clear the thread; from 6 to 7, of a
sufficient size to admit the cylindrical nuts 9; and from 7 to 8 still larger,
being tapped with a female screw, in which the hollow capstan-headed screw
10 will work. The cylindrical nut 9 is tapped with a corresponding thread to
that of the screws v, and works upon it; on to this cylindrical nut a gun-metal
wheel 11 is attached, which gears into a pinion 12, supported on bearings
at 13. This pinion may be prevented from turning when needed by means of
the binding screw 14. It will now be seen, that by turning the pinion 12 by a
handle put on to the projecting square end 12", that the nut g will be turned
on the screw V through the converting wheel 11. Let us suppose the nut to
be in 'the position shown in Fig. 10, and that it is made to turn and travel

page_text: along the screw V towards the capstan-headed screw 10, it will evidently
turn freely until its end 7 comes in contact with the end of the screw 10. It
can then only continue to revolve by forcing the head u altogether along the
sliding bed ; by this means the head can be forced to any part of the bed
where it may be wanted for the required mortice. If we now fix the pinion 12
by means of the binding screw 14, we can reverse this operation, for, by turning
the screw, the nut 9 will, in the first instance, be made to travel along the
screw until its end 6 comes in contact with u, and the screw can only be
continued turning by forcing the head along the bed in the other direction. A
person who has thoroughly observed the nature of these movements may now
understand how the heads can be made to move over unequal spaces whilst
cutting the sets of mortices in a door stile, or other similar article. Let us
suppose that in one head the screw 10 is turned close up against the end of g,
the other end of which is against u, it is plain that by turning the screw vany
number of times, the head will travel along the bed a quantity equal to the
distance between the thread, multiplied by the number of turns, always
supposing the pinion 12 to be fixed. Now, if in another bead the screw 10 is
turned back any quantity (say, one inch for example), the nut 9 will have to
travel that distance before it will move the head; consequently the mortice
made by this head in the same time will be one inch shorter than the other,
and so of course, in any other required proportion by a proper adjustment
of the hollow screw 10. It may now be seen that, after the heads are
properly placed to commence the mortices, and the screws 10 in all the heads
adjusted so as to give to each its due length, the operation of the machine will
be as follows:-The wood will be advanced with the table c against the
revolving cutters, each of which will bore a hole through the wood. The
handle & must now be turned by the workman a sufficient number of times to
give the proper length to the mortices, which are formed by the action of the
revolving cutters on one side of the hole already made. The mortices being
completed, the workman must turn the handle a back again the same number
of times, and then draw back the table e; the wood may now be removed and
replaced by another piece, and the operation repeated. The scale to which
this machine is drawn is half-inch to the foot.
Having now given a detailed description of the different parts of the said
"new and improved machinery for sawing, plaining, grooving, and otherwise
preparing or working wood for certain purposes," I hereby claim as my Inven-
tion generally, the arrangements and combinations of machinery shown in the
Drawings annexed, for the purpose of producing the results herein-before set
forth; and particularly I claim, first, in the planing machine, Sheet No. 1, the

page_text: advancing of the boards or scantlings by means of rollers against cutters of
any form, fixed upon face chucks or face wheels, when two or more surfaces
of such boards or scantlings are acted upon by the cutting tools simultaneously.
Secondly, I claim the application of revolving moulding cutters, to form
mouldings or boards at the same time that they are being planed. Thirdly,
I claim the tonguing, grooving, and moulding saws and cutters marked Figures
.6, 7, 9, and 10, Sheet No. 1; and Figures 5, 6, 8, 9 and 10, Sheet No. 7.
Fourthly, I claim the application of the fixed plane irons shown at Figure 2,
Sheet No. 3, to finish moulded work which has been prepared by revolving
cutters. Fifthly, I claim the two sorts of planes described in Fig. 7, 8, 9,
& 10, Sheet No. 2, and also the using of covers to the cutters or double
irons.
And such my Invention being, to the best of my knowledge and belief,
entirely new and never before used within that part of Her said Majesty's
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland called England, Her Dominion
of Wales, or Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, or in any of Her Majesty's
Colonies and Plantations abroad, I hereby declare this to be my Specification
of the same; and that I do verily believe this my said Specification doth
comply in all respects fully, and without reserve or disguise, with the proviso
in the said herein-before in part recited Letters l'atent contained; wherefore
I do hereby claim to maintain exclusive right and privilege to my said
Invention.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Hickling Burnett, have here-
unto set my hand and seal, the Eighth day of July, in the year of our
Lord One thousand sight hundred and thirty-nine

page_text: En the Matter of Letters Patent granted to WILLIAM HICKLING BURNETT,
of Wharton Street, Bagnigge Wells Road, in the County of
Middlesex, Gentleman, for "NEW AND IMPROVED MACHINERY FOR
SAWING, PLANING, GROOVING, AND OTHERWISE PREPARING OR WORKING
WOOD FOR CERTAIN PURPOSES," and bearing date at Westminster, the
Eighth day of January, in the second year of Her present Majesty's
reign, and the Specification of which has been duly enrolled.
MEMORANDUM OF ALTERATIONS entered by the said William Hickling
Burnett, pursuant to the provisions of an Act passed in the fifth and sixth
years of the reign of His late Majesty King William the Fourth, intituled
"An Act to Amend the Law touching Letters Patent for Inventions."
I, the said WILLIAM HICKLING BURNETT, do hereby declare that since the
inrolment of the Specification of my said Invention I have discovered that
several clerical errors have been made in engrossing the same, and that in the
claiming clause of the said Specification, under the third and fifth heads of
claim, mistakes have been made in the figures and numbers of reference.
And for this reason I, the said William Hickling Burnett, do hereby make
the following Memorandum of Alterations in the said Specification (that is
to say):-
In Sheet 1, line 32, [page 2, line 39], for the letters "b, b," read "b, b."
In Sheet 2, line 9, [page 3, line 39], the word "the "to be omitted between the
words "of "and" screwed;" line 31, [page 4, line 34], the word and letter
"and " to be omitted, after "." In Sheet 3, line 8, [page 5, line 27],
for the word " "bearing" read the word "bearings;" line 17, [page 6,
line 3], between the words "view of one" and "of the saws," insert the
words "of these cutters, and Figure 14 is one;" line 35, [page 6, line 34],
the word "fixed" should be omitted between the words "of the " and
"edging planes;" line 38, [page 7, line 1], for the words "to each other"
read "to the other fixed ones." In Sheet 4, line 18, [page 8, line 2], for
the word "shelf" read "itself;" line 31, [page 8, line 27], for the word
"six "read the figure 6"; line 33, [page 8, line 30], for the word "clagging"
read clogging." In Sheet 5, line 25, [page 10, line 11], for the word "into"

page_text: read "on to." In Sheet 6, line 10, [page 11, line 17], for the word
"lengths" read "length;" line 18, [page 11, line 31], for the word "pieces
read piece;" line 30, [page 12, line 13], for the word "screwed " read
"secured;" line 34, [page 12, line 19], for the word "twelve" read the
figure 12." In Sheet 7, line 6, [page 13, line 9], for the word "screwed"
read "secured;" line 8, [page 13, line 12], for the letter "y" between the
words "wheel" and "firmly" insert the figure "7;" line 15, [page 13,
line 25], for the figure "16" read "10." In Sheet 8, line 15, [page 15,
line 25], for "Fig. 3" read "Fig. 7;" line 26, [page 16, line 4], for the word
and letter "pinion u" read "pinion n."
"read"
In Sheet 9, line 3, [page 16,
line 35], for the word "in" read "m;" line 15, [page 17, line 16], for the
word "into" read "on to;" last line but two, [page 18, line 25], for the
word "formed" read "form." In Sheet 10, line 7, [page 19, line 2], between
the words "spindle" and "which" for the word "in" read "on;" last line
but four from the bottom, [page 20, line 17], between the words "that"
and "beam" insert "the." In Sheet 12, line 8, [page 22, lines 37 and 38],
for the word and letter "nut g" read the nut "q"; and for the words
"converting wheel " read "connecting wheel;" in line 26, [page 23, line 31],
for the letter "e" read "c;" and in line 33, [page 24, line 5], for the
words "or boards" read "on boards;" and in the claiming clause of the
said Specification, after the word "Thirdly," instead of the claim as it now
stands, [page 24, line 6], I hereby substitute the following alteration, "I
claim the tonguing and grooving saws or cutters marked Figures 6 and 7,
Sheet No. 1, and the arrangement of the cutters shown "at Figures 5, 6, 9,
and 10, Sheet No. 7 ;" and after the word "Fifthly," instead of the claim as
it now stands, [page 24, line 10], I hereby substitute the following altera-
tion, "I claim the covered plane described in Figures 7 and 8, Sheet No. 2,
and the cutter or plane, Figures 9 and 10, Sheet No. 2."
In witness whereof, I, the said William Hickling Burnett, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Second day of November, One thousand
eight hundred and thirty-nine.
This is to certify that the above-named William Hickling Burnett has
applied to me for leave to enter with you the above written Memorandum of 3
Alterations of parts of the Specification of a certain Invention for which Letters
Patent were duly granted to him under the Great Seal dated at Westminster,

page_text: the Eighth day of January, in the second year of Her present Majesty's reign,
and the Specification of which has been duly inrolled; and on considering of
the said application I directed him to advertize his said alterations in the
London Gazette, and in the Times and Morning Chronicle Newspapers, and
such advertizements have been duly made in the said Gazette on the Eighteenth
day of October, One thousand eight hundred and thirty-nine; in the Morning
Chronicle on the Nineteenth, and in the Times on the Twenty-first days of
the said month of October; and no objection having been made to the said
application, I have accordingly granted leave to the said William Ilickling
Burnett to file bis said Alterations, pursuant to the Statute passed in the sixth
year of the reign of His late Majesty, entitled an Act to amend the Law
touching Letters Patent for Inventions.