IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRIC TELEGRAPHS
Year: 1854

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Charles William Siemens, of John Street, Adelphi,
in the County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, for the Invention of
IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRIC TELEGRAPHS." -A communication.
Sealed the 27th March 1855, and dated the 8th November-1854.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by: the said Charles William Siemens
TY
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
8th November 1854.
I, CHARLES WILLIAM SIEMENS, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRIC TELEGRAPHS" to be as follows:-
The Invention relates to certain improvements in electric telegraphs, whereby
signals may be simultaneously transmitted in both directions by means of a single
line wire; part of the arrangements being also applicable to other descriptions.
of electric telegraphs. Each end of the line wire is connected through a coil of
wire, which may be called coil No. 1, to a wire, which may be called wire.
No. 1, leading to one pole or electrode of a galvanic battery, the other pole.
of which is insulated, but may be connected with the earth by depressing a
key. If, therefore, the keys at both stations be depressed, a direct communi-
cation or circuit is established from the earth through the one battery, and the
line wire to the other battery, and back to the earth. The batteries
are, how-
ever, so arranged, that their similar poles are connected to the line wire, and

page_text: being of equal or nearly equal power, no current will pass along the line wire,
or, at all events, not sufficient to work the instruments. As the apparatus at
each end of the line wire is similar, it will be sufficient to describe that at one
end. A branch wire is connected to the wire No. 1, leading from the battery
to coil No. 1, and this branch wire is connected to a stud which is in contact
with the aforesaid key when the same is at rest, and is thus in communica
tion with the earth. On depressing this key the contact is broken, and this
branch wire, which may be called branch No.1, is then insulated, and without
effect. Another branch wire, which may be called branch No. 2, starts from
the same wire No. 1, and is connected to one end of another coil of wire,
called coil No. 2, the other end of which is in connection with the carth through
a long coil of thin wire, which serves to create a certain resistance to the
passage of the electric current, and which may be adjusted so as to vary this
resistance. In the axis of coil. No. 2.is. placed.a. solid cr hollow bar of iron,
forming an electro-magnet No. 2, one or both of whose poles may for greater
convenience be bent or fixed at right angles to the portion, within the coil.
Another bar of iron is placed within the coil No. 1, and supported on centres,
so as to be capable of turning on its axis. One or both poles of this moveable
bar, or electro-magnet No: 1; are fixed at right angles to it, and brought near
to the pole or poles of the fixed bar or electro-magnet No. 2, in coil No. 2
The moveable electro-magnet No. 1 carries an arm or lever, which may serve
directly by its motion to give signals; or it may be employed as a trans-
mitting instrument or "pecker," to make and break the circuit of a telegraphic
apparatus on Morse's or any other plan, worked by a local battery. The
coils Nos. 1 and 2 are so arranged, that when the current from the battery
is caused to divide through them both, the similar poles of the magnets are
in proximity to and repel one another, and no motion is produced, but the
moveable electro-magnet No. 1 is only pressed more firmly against its stop
or abutment. A spring is also used to keep it against this stop when not
_attracted by the fixed-electro-magnet-No.-2.-
The action of the apparatus is as follows:-When the key is depressed at
the near station, the branch No. 1 at that station is disconnected and thrown
out of use. The current from the battery is brought into action by the key con-
necting one of its poles to the earth. This current divides, into two portions,
one of which passes through the branch No. 2, coil No. 2, and resistance coil,
to the earth. The other portion passes through the coil No. 1, but, as already
explained, without producing any motion in its electro-magnet; it then passes
along the line wire to the distant station, and after traversing the coil No. 1 of
that station, it passes through wire No..1, and branch. No.1, and the key, to

page_text: the earth. Only a small portion of the current passes through the branch
No. 2 of this station, owing to the resistance coil, which is included in that
circuit, and which may be adjusted to give about the same resistance as the
line wire, or more or less. The fixed electro-magnet No. 2 of the distant
station does not, therefore, acquire any sensible amount of magnetism, but
remains as a mere piece of iron, or comparatively so. The electro-magnet
No. 1 of the distant station is, however, magnetized by the current passing
through the coil. No. 1, and, attracting. the fixed iron No. 2, is drawn towards
it, and by its motion produces the signal at the distant station, either directly
or by completing the circuit of a local apparatus. Thus, by depressing the
key at the near station no signal is produced in the apparatus at that station,
but a signal is given at the distaut station, and vice versa.
If, now, the keys be depressed at both stations, the two batteries neutralize
each other in the line wire, and consequently the electro-magnets No. 1
remain as mere pieces of iron. The currents, however, still pass through the
branches No. 2 at both stations, and thus render the iron bars No. 2 magnetic.
These bars or fixed electro-magnets attract the irons No. 1, and thus give
signals at both stations. Thus, the depression of the key at either station
produces a signal at the other station, whether both keys are being depressed
at the same time or only one key is depressed. Signals are thus conveyed
simultaneously, in both directions by a single line wire. This apparatus may
be varied, by causing the two batteries to act in the same direction in the line
wire, in lieu of neutralizing each other, as above described. In this arrange-
ment two electro-magnets are employed at each station, the armature of one
of which electro-magnets is provided with a strong spring, and the other with
a weak spring. The two batteries, when acting together, are capable of
working the strong spring armature, but either battery alone is not capable
of doing so, but has sufficient power to work the weak spring armature.
Both armatures are connected to the wires of an apparatus worked by a local
battery, so that the motion of either armature will make the connection for
the local battery, and produce a signal. By depressing a key at the near
station, the weak spring electro-magnet at that station is thrown out of con-
nection, and the battery is connected through the coils of the strong spring
electro-magnet to the line wire, and through the coils of both electro-magnets
at the distant station to the earth. The strong spring electro-magnets at both
stations produce no effect, but the weak spring electro-magnet at the distant
station produces a signal. The corresponding effect takes place by depressing
the key at the distant station, which then, transmits a signal to the near
station. If, now, the keys at both stations be depressed at the-same-time, the

page_text: two weak spring electro-magnets are thrown out of connection, and the current
of both batteries is conveyed through the line wire and the coils of both strong
spring electro-magnets, which then produce signals at both stations. Signals
are thus conveyed in either direction, or in both directions, simultaneously, by
a single line wire. Other descriptions of electro-magnets besides those above
menticned may be employed in these arrangements. The transmitting instru-
ment, or "pecker," herein described, consisting of two electro-magnets with
their poles (of which one at least is moveable), in close proximity to cach
other, can be applied with advantage generally for effecting telegraphic com-
munication, especially where great rapidity of action is required; because both
the poles may be made simultaneously attractive to each other, and conse-
quently no time elapses for the accumulation of opposite magnetism in the
armature of the electro-magnet, whereby the action of the transmitting instru-
ments in common use is much retarded. A peculiar contrivance is adapted to
regulate the distance between the two electro-magnetic poles according to the
state of the weather, the power of the batteries, &c., without altering the
length of stroke or oscillation. This is effected by mounting the two abut-
ments of the moveable electro-magnet on a piece of metal, which can be
moved bodily by a regulating screw, whereas the length of stroke is regulated
separately by a screw in the moveable piece, the end of which forms one of
the abutments. Instead of producing the signals by making or changing the
electric circuit by hand, by means of a key or handle, as are commonly
employed in Morse's or the needle instrument, I sometimes employ a strip of
paper (similar to the strip of paper employed in Bain's telegraph), which is
previously prepared by punching a series of holes through the same, represent-
ing the conventional signals to be transmitted. This strip passes between a
metallic roller, which is connected to one pole of the battery, and a metallic
scriber, which is connected to the other pole of the same battery, and follows
the unevenness of the surface, being pressed upon it by a spring, so as to form
contact with the-roller at the perforations in the paper. The same scriber in
mounting upon the paper may be made to touch with its upper extremity a
metallic spring, and thereby form a second circuit of the same battery, as is
required for the simultaneous transmission of messages in opposite directions.
The instrument I prefer to employ to prepare the strips of punched paper for
the Morse's alphabet consists of three keys, by depressing one of which a
metallic pin or punch passes through the strip of paper, which is advanced
through a certain breadth on release of the key. By depressing the second
key the first is also depressed, and two holes are simultaneously punched
through the strip, and following closely upon each other, and taking the place

page_text: of the line in the Morse's alphabet. On releasing this second key the strip of
paper is advanced through the breadth of the two holes. By depressing the
third key no hole is punched, but the strip of paper is advanced on release
thereof through the breadth denoting the space between the letters. On
depressing the third key twice in succession, the space separating two words is
formed. In depressing the third key, I sometimes punch an oblong hole in the
strip of paper of the same length as the space between the round holes, but
not in the same line. In using strips thus prepared, I employ two metallic
scribers, placed side by side, the one making the circuit for the line wire, and
the other that of the local or branch circuit, in order to effect simultaneous
communications through the same line wire in opposite directions.
I have described the apparatus as being worked by galvanic batteries, but
any other suitable source of electricity may be employed. If it be desired
that the person sending a signal should see the effect which he produces, a
needle instrument or other telegraphic instrument may be introduced between
his battery and the earth for that purpose.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Charles William Siemens in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 8th May 1855.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, CHARLES
WILLIAM SIEMENS, of John Street, Adelphi, in the County of Middlesex, Civil
Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Eighth day of November, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-four, in the eighteenth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said Charles William Siemens, Her special license that I, the said Charles
William Siemens, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as
I, the said Charles William Siemens, my executors, administrators, and assigns,.
should at any time agree with and no others, from time to time and at all times
thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and.
Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN ELECTRIC TELEGRAPHS," (communicated to me from abroad),-upon the
condition (amongst others) that-I; the said Charles William-Siemens, by an

page_text: instrument in writing under my hand and seal, should particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was
to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal -Patent
Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the
said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Charles William Siemens, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is
to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof, reference being had to the accompanying Drawing,
and to the figures and letters marked thereon, that is to say:
The first part of my improvements consists in certain arrangements
whereby signals may be simultaneously transmitted in both directions by
means of a single line wire.
Figure 1 represents one of these arrangements. It consists of two telegraphic
instruments A, A', placed at the opposite stations, which instruments I prefer
to be of the kind called "Morse instruments." These instruments are worked
by local batteries B, B', and the local circuits are shewn in red on the Drawing.
C, C, are transmitting instruments, or "peckers," consisting each of two
electro-magnets a, b, and soft iron levers c, d, that are fixed upon the electro-
magnets within the coils. The electro-magnet b with its arm c is fixed,
whereas the electro-magnet a with its double lever d is free to rotate, being
held back against its stop by its spring f. This transmitting apparatus or
pecker is shown in detail by Figures 5 and 6, and will be more fully described
below. D, D', are keys, or contact levers, such as are commonly used in
working Morse telegraphs. E, E', are resistance coils, consisting of con-
siderable length of thin German silver wire, that offers a resistance equal to
that of the line wire. This resistance (or the length of line wire) can be
regulated or adjusted by turning the small hands g, g'. F, F', are galvanic
batteries for working the telegraphis. In depressing the key D, the circuit
of the battery F is completed. The current proceeding from the zinc pole of
this battery passes through the wire 1 into the piece of metal h, which at this
time is not in contact with the lever D. The current proceeds-from-h-in-two-
directions; firstly, through the wire 2, the coils of the electro-magnet b, the
resistance coils E, into the earth; from the earth through the wire 3 and the
key D into the contact piece'i, and hence to the copper pole of the battery F;
secondly, a current proceeds from h, through the wire 4, and the coils of the,
electro-magnet a, into the line wire L. At the opposite station the current
passes through the coils of the electro-magnet a' and the wire 5 to the
piece h', hence through the key 'D' and the wire 6 into the earth; from

page_text: the earth it passes through the wire.3, and the key D also, to the copper pole
of the battery F. It will be observed that both the electro-magnets a and b
of the pecker C will be equally excited, and the levers c and d, being made
similar. magnetic poles, will repel each other, and consequently no motion. will
ensue. At the other station the current produces its effect only on the electro-
magnet a¹, and its moveable arm d' consequently draws itself, towards the
fixed arm of soft iron c', and thereby establishes contact between the extreme
ends of the lever d' and the contact piece m¹; the circuit of the local
battery B is thereby completed, and the arinature of the instrument A¹ will
be attracted so long as the key D at the opposite station remains depressed,
thereby producing a mark or sign upon a strip of paper, or in any other
manner. It will be readily understood that in depressing the key D¹a motion
of the instrument A will be produced, in precisely the same manner as before
described with regard to the key D and the instrument A¹. Whenever both
keys D and D¹ should be depressed at the same time, both battéries F and Fi
are placed into the circuit of the line wire with their similar poles opposed to
each other. The power of the two batteries being nearly alike, there will be
no appreciable current, passing the line wire, and consequently the electro-
magnets a and a¹ will not be affected. The local circuits, passing from eacli
battery through the electro-magnets b and b', and the resistance coils E and E¹,
respectively, will excite magnetism in the fixed arms c, c', which in their turn
will attract the levers of soft iron d, d', and thereby establish the local circuits
of both instruments. The instant that one of the keys (the key D, for
example,) is released, the battery F will be thrown out of the circuit, and
the magnetism of the electro-magnet B will cease. On the other hand, the
current from the battery F¹ will pass through, the line wire, and, excite
the electro-magnet a, which in its turn will be excited at the instant the
excitement of the electro-magnet bccases; the arms c and d will remain in
proximity, and the local circuit of the telegraph instrument will continue. .At
the opposite station the battery F¹ will continue to excite the electro-magnet b¹
by its local circuit, and commence to excite the electro-magnet a¹ by the line
wire circuit. The two arms c and d will repel each other (being made
similar poles of two electro-magnets), and the local circuit of the battery. B'
will be broken. It is true that the line wire current arriving at the point; h
will not entirely proceed through the lever D and the wire 3 to the earth,' but
a small portion of it will pass through the coils of the electro-magnet b and
the resistance coils E into the earth; the arm c will in consequence retain
a proportion of magnetism, which, however, will be so small, as compared to
the magnetism of the arm d, that it may be entirely disregarded. It is

page_text: important that the resistance coils should be regulated from time to time to
that encountered in the line wire. To effect the adjustment a galvanometer
is provided,, the needle of which is placed in a coil of two wires; the one
forming part of the local circuit, and the other of the line wire circuit at
either or both stations. If, on depressing the working key, the needle is
deflected, a preponderance of one current over the other is proved, and the
hand on the resistance coils must be moved till the depressing of the working
key produces no visible effect on the galvanometer. The needle of this
galvanometer will always be deflected when the key of the instrument of the
opposite station is depressed, and may be used indeed as a needle telegraph
instrument. The arrangement just described will also produce the desired
effect when the poles of the battery are reversed. On depressing both keys
simultaneously, the line wire current will in that case attain twice the intensity
of the current passing through the resistance coils or local circuits, and the
magnetism of the electro-magnets a and a¹ will cause the levers d and d¹ to
be attracted, notwithstanding the similar magnetism in the arms c and c'.
Figure 2 represents another arrangement for effecting simultaneous commu-.
nications in both directions through the same line wire. A and A' are telegraph
instruments, worked by the batteries B and B respectively whenever the local
circuit is completed. Cand E on the one side, and C¹ and E¹ on the other
side, are transmitting apparatus, or peckers, for closing the local circuits. The
armatures of the peckers E and E' are retained against their stops by slender
springs o, o¹, whereas the armatures of the peckers C and C-are retained
by springs of double the power p and p¹. If the working key D is depressed,
a current will proceed from the zinc end of the battery through the wire 1,
the coil of the pecker C, and the line wire through the coils of the pecker C¹
at the opposite station, the wires 2 and 3 through the coils of the pecker E',
and the wire 4 into the earth, from whence it will proceed to the copper pole
of battery F through the wire 5. The current of the battery will excite
-an equal amount of magnetism in the electro-magnets of the peckers C, C',
and E', which amount will not be sufficient to overcome the retaining force
of the larger springs p-and-pbut is sufficient-to-overbalance_the_weaker
spring o¹, and in attracting the armature of the pecker E, to establish the
current of the local battery B¹. The telegraphic instrument A¹ will produce a
signal, whereas the instrument A is unaffected. If, on the contrary, the key
D¹ is depressed, the current will pass from the zinc pole of the battery F¹ into
the earth through the wire 6, and thence through the wire 7 at the opposite
station through the coils of the pecker E, the wires 8 and 1, the coils of the
pecker C, the line-wire-L, the coils of the pecker C¹, the wire 2 and key D',

page_text: to the copper pole of the battery F¹. The magnetism produced in the coils
of the peckers E, C, C', cause the armature of the former only to move
(being retained by the weak spring o), and thereby to establish the circuit of
the local battery B, and produce a movement of the telegraph instrument A.
If the working key D should be depressed at the same time with D, then the
two batteries F and F will both be placed into the line wire circuit. Pro-
ceeding from the zinc pole of the battery F, the current will traverse the
wire 1, the pecker C, the line wire L, the pecker C, the wire 2, the key D¹,
the battery F¹, and the earth, and will reach the copper pole of the battery F
through the wire 5. The accumulated force of both batteries suffices to
overcome the retaining force of the stronger springs p and p¹. The armatures
of the peckers C and C will both be attracted, and establish the circuits of
the local batteries B and B'. The simultaneous movement of both telegraphic
instruments is thereby insured.
Transmitting apparatus (pecker).-Figure 5 shows an elevation, and
Figure 6 a plan, of my improved transmitting apparatus, or pecker. + Upon
the base plate A are placed two hollow cylinders of wood B, B', upon which
the wires are coiled in the usual manner. The cavities in the cylinders B, B',
contain rods or tubes of soft iron, which nearly fill the same, but are free to
rotate upon steel centres: The rod or tube of iron in the cylinder B carries
two arms of soft iron E, E, at top and bottom. The rod or tube in cylinder Bi
carries two similar arms E¹, E. A brass arm F projects from the lower
arm E; and terminates between two set screws N and O, by means of which
the position of the arms E and E can be adjusted and fixed. A similar brass
arm G projects from the lower arm E, and terminates between an insulated
abutment K and a metallic contact 'screw M.
The lever G is retained against its insulated abutment K by a spiral spring
H, the tensile force of which can be regulated by the adjusting screw I!
The abutinents K, M, are supported by a metallic piece L, which can be
moved bodily by means of an adjusting screw T, in order to regulate at any
time the distance between the arms E and E¹. The length of movement
of the arm G, and consequently of the arms. E' and E¹; is regulated inde-
pendently, by means of the set screw. M. If a galvanic current traverses
the coils of the electro-magnets, the arms E and E and E' and E¹, will
attract each other, and the arm G will be moved against the metallic point M;
to establish the local circuit of the telegraphic instrument.
Instruments constructed in a similar manner and with similar adjusting
apparatus may be employed with advantage for the telegraph instruments A
and A', in Figures 1 and 2. Perforated strips of paper-have-been-heretofore

page_text: employed for communicating signals in the telegraph known as Bain's chemical
telegraph, and in this case the various signals were formed by combinations of
dots and lines, produced by corresponding round holes and elongated holes in
the strip of paper. In applying a strip of paper with both round or short
holes and elongated holes to Morse's telegraph, in which the signals are
formed by dots and lines marked by a pen or pencil connected to the arma-
ture of an electro-magnet, it is found that the rapidity of the action is limited
from the following cause-If the velocity of the paper be such that there is
just sufficient time for the action of the electro-magnet during the passage of
one of the short holes past the finger or scriber, then it will be found, that
during the passage of one of the elongated holes, the accumulated or residuary
magnetism is such as to retard the return of the armature, and thus interfere
with the rapidity of working. I obviate this defect by making all the perfora:
tions of the same size or length, and producing the signals by their greater or
less proximity to each other; thus, two round holes very close together serve
instead of one elongated hole.
Figure 3 is a plan, partly in section, and Figure 4 a section and elevation,
of the mechanism I employ for perforating the strips of paper. A, B, C, are
three keys, that are held up by springs, and can be depressed till they strike
the abutment screws y. The keys A and B turn upon a centre I with their
bosses d and e. The boss is armed with a lever, carrying at the end an
elastic catch h', that inserts itself between the teeth of the wheel b. The
boss of the key A carries a similar lever-k, that inserts itself with its elastic
catch into the teeth of a smaller wheel a. The wheels a and b, together with
a check wheel c, and a hollow drum H, are fixed upon a shaft G, that has its
bearings in brackets E, E. In depressing the key A, the catch h of the lever k
is lifted over one tooth of the wheel a, and in releasing the key, the wheel a,
and with it the drum H, is turned. To check the motion of the drum, the
catch wheel c and the catch lever L are provided. This lever extends from a
moveable.fraine K, that is lifted in depressing one of the keys by means of the
set screws n or n', in order to release the wheel c, and to arrest the same when
its motion, imparted by the levers -or-g, is-completed. The strip of paper z
enters the machine below the keys A and B; it passes through a slot of
a metallic piece O, and over a portion of the drum H, which it leaves after
passing the pressing roller P, after which it leaves the machine. The roller P
is pressed against the drum H by means of springs, but can be drawn back by
the lever for the purpose of entering the-strip of paper. The paper advances
with the drum H after every depression of the keys A or B; it also advances
in depressing the key C, which rotates upon the spindle M, and carries at its

page_text: end a catch N, forcing the wheel 6 round. The motion of the wheel b is
stopped by the entry of the check p between the teeth of the wheel. In
depressing the key A, two sliding, pieces s and s' are pressed downwards by
means of the set screws 1, 1, and the two steel punches a, a, are forced through
the strip of paper z. On relieving the key, the springs t, t', lift the slides s, s',
and the strip of paper containing two consecutive holes is moved forward in the
manner described. If the key B is pressed down, only one hole will be punched
through the paper by the punch a, being depressed by means of the set screw 2
of the key B; on releasing this key the advancement of the paper is less than
before, because the wheel b is larger than the wheel a. At the termination of
every word the key C is depressed, whereby the paper is advanced without
being perforated: It is important that the line of perforations should follow
the centre of the strip of paper, but as the breadth of the strips may vary, the
following means are adopted of guiding the same:-The spindle R passes
through sliding pieces T and T with right and left handed screw threads,
whereby the two sliding pieces are simultaneously moved towards or from each
other in turning the spindle R. The sliding pieces reach down to the base
plate D, and are so adjusted that they touch the strip of paper on both sides.
A similar adjustable guide is provided in the shape of the spindle R' and the
sliding pins r, 1.
Having now described the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, I wish it to be understood that what I claim is,
firstly, the modes herein-before described, in reference to Figures 1 and 2, of
constructing electric telegraphs, which are capable of transmitting signals
simultaneously in contrary directions by means of the same line wire.
Secondly, the constructing transmitting instruments or "peckers" of two
electro-magnets, the iron cores of one or both of which are moveable within
their fixed coils of wire, as herein-before described.
Thirdly, the mode herein-before described, in reference to Figures 5 and 6,
of mounting and adjusting the abutments for regulating the motion of the
electro-magnets or armatures of transmitting instruments and other telegraphic
apparatus.
Fourthly, the preparing strips of paper or other suitable material for effecting
the transmission of signals or messages by electro-magnetic telegraphs, by
perforating the same with various combinations of single holes and double
holes in lieu of combinations of short and elongated holes, whereby the retarding
effect of the residuary magnetism is diminished or rendered uniform.
Fifthly, the constructing machinery for perforating paper or other suitable
material for telegraphic purposes with two punches, so arranged that one or

page_text: both may be simultaneously depressed, combined with suitable machinery for
advancing the paper, as herein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Charles William Siemens, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Eighth day of May, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-five.
Witness,
CHARLES WILLIAM SIEMENS. (L.S.)
CHARLES COWPER,
20, Southampton Buildings,
Chancery Lane.