Year: 1888

page_text: 1 EMILE HIPPOLYTE MARIE ANDREOLI Journalist of 62 Loughborough Park,
Buxton SW Surrey do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what
minner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement
The object of this invention is the ble iching of Pulp made of Esparto Hemp, Flax
Straw Jute, Wood Bimboo, Rigs etc and other vegetable fibrous pulp material used
for the manufacture of Piper, by means of a solution of common salt in water or
set water concentrated or not or any other Chloride solution decomposed by the
electric current generiting in it hilogens, such is chlorine for instance, cheap
oxidizing and decolorizing agent equal to the most energetic solution of Bletching
Powder The process gener illy used, up to the present time for bleaching vegetable
fibres either for manufacturing paper or other purposes, his been to immerse for
certain time, the miterials to be bleached in more or less strong solution of
Hypochlorite of Calcium
Chloride of Line has many drawbacks, it contains only small proportion of
Chlorine, the lime which is the absorbing body and the carter of Chloe and
makes it as ulible, not only is useless but must be eliminated afterwards, moreover
Chloride of Lime is expensive
Instead of using Hypochlorite of Calcium, I produce and use Hypochlorite of
Sodium, which is more energetic, acts in 1 more effectual manner, has no destructive
action on the fibres and is far cheaper, since the solution which I decompo-e by the
electric current does not want to be renewed eich time after the bleaching operation,
but on the contrary may be decomposed and recomposed again and give the same
result as it the beginning of the bleaching, without any other expense so to say, than
the cost of the Electric Current which is very little in districts where coal is cheap
or Hydraulic force may be av uled of or in works where it does not matter much if
little more steam is spent to drive dynamo I do not pretend that this electrolyte
will be good, and last for ever, but I can use it miny and many times provided that
I occasionally let the extraneous matter and particles of pulp or fibres settle at the
bottom and I decant or filter off the liquid
I can therefore say that this invention allows us to bleach by means of Hypochlorite
of Sodium, which costs next to nothing, as a profitable substitute for Hypochlorite
of Calcium, the purchase of which is a considerable item of expenditure in the bleach-
ing of paper pulp and also of fibres, yarns, and other textile fabrics
In carrying out this invention I construct Electrodes by mixing, fusing, and

page_text: casting in appropriate moulds Chloride or Oxychloride of Lead, either alone or in
combination with other Chlorides or Salts, such as Chloride of Manganese for
instance I do not restrict myself to the use of Chloride or Oxychloride of Lend
alone or in combination with other substances, but if convenient I construct my
electrodes by casting other Chlorides but for reasons of economy I prefer Chloride
or Oxy-chloride of Lead especially to use it as a cithode
It does not matter whether such plates of Chloride of Lead, break or not by
expansion when cooling, because broken pieces of peroxide suit better or at least
as well as straight plun slabs or plates of peroxide, such plates are made according
to my complete specification No 8842 1886
This method consists in decomposing a Chloride of Sodium solution or any other
suitable chloride solution, the specific gravity of which varies according to the quality
and nature of the pulp to be blenched, by passing an electric current in presence
of Cathode mud of tused and cast Chloride of Leid and of an Anode made of
peroxidized metal and preferably of Peroxide of Lead and Manganese previously
formed and charged, in a solution of Sulphuric Acid and water ind sometimes with
admixture of a powerful oxidizing agent such is Winganate or Permanganate of
Potash or Soda in the proportion of 2 to 5 per cent
The Chloride of Sodium solution or concentrated sea water which is my electrolyte
gives a cheap and abundant supply of Chlorine and besides, my (athode made of
metallic Chloride gives off until it has been brought to the state of pure spongy lend,
consider ible amount of (hlorine, which, idded to the quantity alre idy yielded by
the Chloride of Sodium solution would be in certain case> more efficient for
practical and industrial purposes, thin the usual Chloride of Lime solution, while
on another hand, such plate used in its porous stite as a Cathode in a solution of
Chloride of Sodium, where circulation prevents all metallic or alh line deposit, works
better than any other Cathode in consequence of its affinity for Hydrogen
I must state here that I have nothing whatever to do with the operations pieceding
the bleaching of the pulp, or the final treatment
The working of my process is limited to the operations carried out in the
chemicking room and when I commence to treat the miterials in order to bleach them
they are supposed to have been submitted to the same treatments as those which are to
be bleached by the usual process in a solution of Chloride of Lime or otherwise, and
when the proper degree of whiteness has been obtained the naterials bleached by this
process will have to pass through the same course of operation as in the ordinary
method, such as acidulated or alkaline biths &c &c This means that the manufacturer
may, if he choose, boil lixiviite or otherwise tre it the wood, rig or other pulps with
alkalies or acids according to the nature of the stuff which is to be bleached As for
me, had I to prepare the materials I would do it without any previous treatment with
chemicals except when the fibrous or ligneous material is of a very rebellious nature
I find however that it is extremely advantageous, when the pulp his been immersed
and soaked in warm water, to boil it for a little while in a solution of common salt in
I may dispense with the first soaking in water, still I prefer not to do so
because this bath of warm water separates the soluble matter and the liquid bung
agitated frequently by mechanical or other means the fibres are opened and better
prepared for the action of the oxychlorination caused by the pissage of the electric
current In fact Electric bleaching is a misnomer Electricity does not bleach, but
when an electric current passes through a solution of common salt in water or in sea
water, or in another Chloride solution it developes Chlorine and especially Oxygen,
which in a more or less active state, either as Oxygen or Oxone, is the real bleaching
agent, by means of the reaction of Hydrogen which combines with the Chlorine set
free by the decomposition of the Chloride of Sodium or other metal
water
When the pulp has been boiled for 15 or 20 minutes in a siturated solution of
water and Chloride of Sodium or other metal Sp Gr 150 to 10 B according to the
nature of the pulp to be bleached, it is easy to understand that is soon as it will be
submitted to the electiolytic action, even for a few minutes, all its particles fibres
fibrils, will be acted upon by the Oxygenated compound in its nascent state

page_text: I may bleach the pulp in the clectrolytic tank, in which Chlorine, Oxygen or Ozone
& Hydrogen are developed by the electric current & which I call the Oxychlorinating
tank but I prefer to operate on the pulp in whit I will call the bleaching tanks which
are disposed in such a way that the solution passes from one to the other by means of
pipes, or is pumped syphoned or forced from one tank to the next, to return if
required to the generator, that is to the oxychlorinating tank where the liquid is
re-lectrified and recovers its full ble iching power
From time to time I test the density of the electrolyte and also its Chlorometric
strength, and when desirable I stop the in and out flow of all the tanks
These sats are placed, if convenient at slightly different heights so that the
electrolyte runs from the first to the second and so on down to the last or to a reservoir
where it may be stored
In the Oxychlorinating tank the electrodes consist as above hereinstated of a set of
plates of non reduced or of reduced Chloride of Lend (Cathode) and of peroxide of
Lead and Manganese or other peroxide (Ano le) which can be in ide of any size and
which are disposed suspended by any convenient arr ingement and connected with the
dynamo, each positive being strictly parallel and as close as possible to a negative
plate and to effect their electrolytic action on the solution which according to its
degree of concentration and also to the current supplied by the dynamo and to the
number of plates immersed in the tanks and their surface reaches, more or less rapidly
its maximum of oxidizing and bleaching capacity
In the bleaching tanks I may dispense with Anodes and Cathodes because these
tanks receive the solution from the oxychlorinating tank when the electrolyte has
attained the Chlorometric degree corresponding to the one which would be necessary
in solution of Chloride of Lime, but it is obvious that the liquid passing from one
tank to another is weikening and in order to compensate the loss of bleaching
power I may
hive lengthways one Anode and one Cathode conuected with the source
of electricity and through which I pass a more or less intense current
In these vats the cathode is not necessarily a Chloride of Lead plate, it may be a
carbon plate, but I prefer to use a porous lead plate on which no alkaline or metallic
deposit takes place and no lead scum is produced provided the liquid is circulating or
stirred up or an alternate current dynamo is used
When the operation is at an end the tanks are emptied or the electrodes are with-
drawn from the electrolyte
I have found that when the work has been stopped it is a great economy to have
during the night, the plates under i current of a few amperes by means of a dynamo
or of accumulators (which have been charged during the daytime by the dynamo of
the electrolytic circuit at the same time is the liquid of the Oxychlorinating tank was
decomposed
I also ascertuned that as long as the Anodes have not been again & agun charged
they may suffer and have their peroxide of Manganese and lead slightly reduced to a
lower degree of oxidation and become foul and therefore I recommend to recharge
the Anodes from time to time with a strong electric current in a solution of sulphuric
acid & water In order to protect these anodes I may use pure mineral oil or
giense of which, by means of a soft brush I put a slight film on both sides of the
plates
Although the construction of electrodes made of fused and cast netallic chlorides
or other metallic substances is cheap and easy, I prefer in many cases to make a
piste of Chloride of Lend or another salt of lead either alone or mixed with another
chloride such as Chloride of Manganese or with other metallic substances with
electroly.ed sea water or salt in water or any other convenient alkaline or acid
liquid
Such paste is applied by means of a trowel on the inside of a perforated sheet of
Leid which afterwards is folded strongly compressed so that it leaves internally a
layer of paste which under pressure fills up the interstices of the perforited le id
This new construction of plates is preferable because electrodes of cast chloride of
lead or other metallic chloride must necessarily be somewhat thick other wise they

page_text: have no solidity, and thickness involves many drawbacks, especially with respect to
time in the peroxidizing process I have observed that unlike the plates for secondary
batteries, in which the electrical capacity is the most important factor, the positive
plates are as good if they are thin as if they are thick It is therefore quite
immaterial for my purposes whether the Anode is one inch or one sixteenth of an inch
thick, this litter decomposes the electrolyte as well as the fused and cast plates which
obviously must be much thicker and take longer time to construct and to form
is a question of surface more than thickness of the Anodes
1t
When the plates have been compressed, I may reduce them in a saline bath in
presence of zinc and dry them in i stove to keep them in stock or I may use them it
once or when dried in their porous or non-porous state in the electrolytic tank as
Cathodes to yield Chlorine, at the same time as they are reducing under the current
from the Dy nano I can also reduce Chloride of Lead or other salts of lend when in
powder by one of the means known in metallurgy and after it has been washed apply
such divided lend in the holes and interstices of perforated sheet of lead If the
Cathode contains Chlorine, it is indispensable to eliminate it thoroughly_before
attempting its peroxidization but if there is no Chlorine in the plate e if I made
them of Oxide or Sulphate of Lead, mixed with Peroxide or Sulphate of Manganese,
in combination with a metallic substance which does not contain (Chlorine, the plate
after reduction, either as a cathode in an electrolytic trough or by contact with zinc
or otherwise, will be charged as an Anode, in a solution of diluted sulphuric acid, to
which will be added Peroxide of Manginese or Sulphate of Minganese or
Permanganate of Soda o Potash or other convenient oxidizing substance and when
superoxidized, e thoroughly charged and transformed into composite peroxidised
plate of different peroxides, in combination one with the other, will be used as Anode
in the Oxychlorinating tank
Another mode of construction of Anodes consists in the preparation of Peroxide of
lead by one of the known processes in Chemistry, to mix it with Peroxide of
Manganese and to make a paste of it with diluted Sulphuric Acid when dry, such
plates can be charged in an electrolyte of Sulphuric Acid & Water
When my Anodes me made of a paste of Sulphate of Le id and Chloride of Sodium,
which presents this advantage, that it hardens and acquires almost instantaneously a
great solidity, the proportions are the following 100 pirts of dried and pulverized
Sulphate of Lead 20 to 35 parts of Chloride of Sodium or 50 to 75 parts of a saturated
solution of Chloride of Sodium and 20 to 30 parts of Lith irge
In some cases it is advisable to cast the plates especially when I need to have some
cathodes, which have a large surface and proportionate thickness so as to occlude more
hydrogen
Plain solid plates of cast Chloride of lead, may break when roughly handled or
transported
Instead of casting a slab of Chloride of Lead which I afterwards must surround
with a frame of lead or lead and tin on another metal which creates only a small local
action I cover a sheet of perforated lead or a network of thin lead wire with a
coating of Sulphate or Chloride of Lead or another salt of lead which once dry
prevents the lead from fusing when the fused chloride of lead, which has a higher
point of fusion, is cast upon it or I deposit a coating of zinc on the network of lead
so that the zinc protects the thin network of lead and prevents its fusion
The section of such network or gauze of lead must be proportionate to the thickness
& weight of the plate, but a main point in the construction of both the Anodes &
Cathodes, when by igneous fusion, is that the holes, interstices uncovered by the
reticle must present as large a surface as possible and that the dimension of the icticle
must be calculated in such a manner that it combines solidity and durability while it
does not present too much difficulty in being sufficiently peroxidized nor too much
risk of turning foule of being converted to a lower oxide or even met illic lead when
a strong current is passed through the solution Local action must be avoided as much
as possible
The originality and novelty in this decomposition of a Chloride of Sodium solution

page_text: are that the Cathode in the oxychlorinating trough vields, before reduction, Chlorine
as well as the solution of Chloride of Sodium when decomposed by the current, and
that the Anode mude of peroxidized met ils possesscs great oxidizing properties in the
bleaching of vegetable fibres
This use of per oxidized metil is an essential feiture of my method because it does
away with the diawback of having positive clectrode which plays only the passive
rôle of conductor absorbing a great part of the current it receives from the exterior
source of electricity ind which it has to convey to the solution I find in peroxidized
metals powerful fictor for pro lucing higher digice of oxidation by combination
of active oxygen with Chlorine in the presence of water and of inter al to be
ble iched In the electrolytic tank loud cathode and in mod mude of peroxide of
manganese and lead, generate in presence of watch more oxygen and ozone than
Platinum electrodes even when the size and surface of these litter ire greiter
My source of Electricity mi be continuous current dynumo, but I have
ascert uned that by reversing from time to time the current of the dynumo, I obtun
some superior results Another ulvantige, when the negative is lead and the positive
18 in ide of peroxide of lead and Manganese or of another peroxide, is that the plites
offer comparatively little or no resistance to the pissage of the current
The whole invention may be summarily described as follows
Instead of Hypochlorite of Calciuin I employ Hypochlorite of Sodium produced in
an electrolytic tank preferibly it the moment I require its oxidizing iction on Pulps,
Fibres Rags etc and other vegetable Fibrous Pulp material used for the manufacture
of Piper
or kept and stored in closed vessul The Chlometric degree of my
electroly sed solution of Hypochlorite of Sodium varies, according to the greater or
lesser ficility for bleaching of the vegetable material, and if the solution of lilonde
of Lime used in paper mills cont uns for instance 15 grams or 25 or 3 grums of
Chlorine per Litre, nothing is easier for me than to increase or decrease the electric
current and also the density & concentration of the (hloride solution so is to have it
will exactly the same quantity of wulable ('hlone and therefore the sime bleaching
power in my Hypochlorite of Sodium solution as in the Hy pochlorite of (lcium solution
ind if necessary I may have at the end of the operation solution which is werker &
weaker, and this simply by running out a certain quantity of the electrolysed solution
which is replaced by in equal or greater quantity of weak solution of common salt
in water or oven of water without any Chloride of Sodium at all
The electrolyte in the tank in which Oxygen and Chlorine are produced may be cold
but I prefer to pass the current through a tepid solution because the electrolysis is
more rapid
When at its proper Chlorometric standard, the electrolyte is introduced into
bleaching tanks and is kept in continual agitation by some mechanical means or
devices so that, all the mass of the pulp is uniformly & simultaneously icted upon
by the Oxydizing and bleaching agent
The electrolyte in the bleaching tink may be in the cold stite is in the
Oxychlorinating tank but I prefer to have it munt uned at 50° 01 60° Centigrude in
order to effect the decoloration of the pulp more rapidly
The liquid at the end of the operation may be considered as exhausted, instead of
being gidenish it becomes cle ir and colorless has hardly any smell and has very little
bleaching power but if I agun pass a current through that exhausted solution it will
gun become green and will recover its bleaching properties
I am aware that the electrical decomposition and also the regeneration of Chloride
solution, is system of bleaching hive are dy buen the object of the clums of
patent but this decomposition & regeneration of (hloride solution cannot be claimed
as novel invention and is not patentable as it is known chemical reaction and
therefore common property, and I do not claim thus regeneration of a chloride solution
as part of my invention any more than I claim the use of chloride of sodium or
another chloride which when decomposed by the electric current gives an exidizing
and bleaching, compound, and whit happens in an electrolytic bath of Chloride of
Sodium or other Chloride is so well known since 40 years that I consider it

page_text: superfluous to follow the examples of the patentees who described it as if they had
invented it
For many years attempts have been made with a view of utilizing an electrolysed
solution of sea water or common salt in water or another chloride, but for reasons
which it is not my province to enter upon here they all failed, either because the
plates were destoyed by oxygen, which they however could not produce in sufficient
quantities or because there was i troublesome accumulation of metal at the cathode or
for want of practic ability and so far is it is known to me it has not been possible
heretofore to apply profitably electricity to bleaching by reason of the expensive outly
of a nonoxidisible metal such as plitinum for electrodes which, however, after a
certain time is destroyed in the course of normal & constant working in the same
manner as would be an anode of carbon or of any slightly oxidizable substance while
my peroxidized inode cannot be corroded or even attacked by oxygen
In manufacturing my anodes I sometimes use broken pieces of peroxide of Leid &
Manganese between two grids of lead or sheets of perforated led previously
peroxidized to void local action one of which is a little smaller thin the other so that
when the edges of the larger are folded over this sin ill one ind then properly
compressed, with this arrangement there is a multiplicity of contacts and not a single
particle of peroxide can fall out, this device is also applicable to the cathode which
my consist of broken pieces of fused & cast Chloride of Lend between the lead grids
or perforated sheets
The upper parts of such electrodes are provided with tangs, or connecting rods,
soldered prefer ibly by means of autogenous soldering to prevent corrosion and covered
with any convenient insulating couting
I may also coit, with an insulating virnish or substance, the external parts of the
grids of perfor ted lead sheets before they enclose the picces of peroxide and then
subant the intern il surface of such grids to a strong current, which peroxidises it
completely on almost completely, so that there is no local action or very little local
action between the metallic network or gauze and the active substance and which
could cause the most perplexing disorder in the electrolytic operition Sometimes I
cast the metallic chloride in a mould containing a grid or strong retuner of any
convenient size or shape in the interstices and perforations of which the fused Chloride
of Lead sets itself
I have found several means for casting Chloride of Lend in the interstices of a grid
or network made of lead the fusing point of which is lower than the fusing point of
Chloride I may lower the fusibility of Chloride by means of an allo, or I raise the
point of fusion of lead by mixing it with another metal or I may coat it with a paste
of chloride of lead which coats & protects the lead so that it does not fuse it all, but
what I prefer is, as abovesaid, to deposit on the grid a film of zinc or another metal
which has a higher fusing point than chloride of lead, prevents the lend from fusing
and which I eliminate afterwards by immersing it in an acid solution solution or other-
wise as convenient
I hardly need insist upon the great importance of this system for making, very
cheaply, large electrodes because when electricity is commercially applied to bleaching
the anodes & Cathodes of the electrols tie vats must have very large surface, and it is
obvious that the sole item of inc, carbon, platinum etc in the manufacture of
electrodes would form a considerable expenditure even assuming, in cert un cases,
that it is possible to obtain Anodes of Carbon or of Peroxide of Lead etc as strong,
as large, is thick and as durable as mine
A greit merit of the Chloride of Lead, reduced to the metallic state and used as
a cathode, after it has given off its chlorine, is that it will last for a long tune and
that its affinity for Hydrogen and its action in the electrolytic operation are very
effective
A point which has been neglected up to the present, by the inventors who have
attempted to apply to industrial purposes the properties of electrolysis, is this rôle of
a reduced or spongy lead plate icting as a cathode in the decomposition of an
electrolyte in presence of a peroxidized anode

page_text: The simultaneous and peculiar reaction on Oxygen and Hydrogen of such electrodes
made of Chloride of Lead alone or in combination with another salt and of Peroxide
of lead alone or in combination with another Peroxide in an electrolyte of Chloride of
Sodium, has never to the best of my knowledge buen availed of before
Great as may be the action of Chlorine in the electrolytic process that of Oxygen
is perhaps far more important in the bleaching process, is regards to not only the
formation of compounds, such as in the case of Hypochlorite of Sodium, but also to
this fict that the Oxygen liberated at the inode does not cover it with a film of gas
which otherwise would increase the resistance of the liquid, but on the contrary
combines with Chlorine and yields larger amount of energy when in contact with the
vegetable pulp to be oxidized and decolorized
Ozone, lihe Oxygen is partly absorbed by the oxidiz ible metals and also by platinum
while peroxide of lead, alone or in combination with manganese and other highly
Oxidising substance, such as permanganate of Potash constitutes what Plante cilled
an electrode which is less met illic than Platinum and therefore lunders the destruction
and absorption of Ozone and Oxygen
This expluns how in the electrolysis of a solution of Chlorides and particularly of
Chloride of Sodium the action of a peroxidised Anode as hereinbefore described is
energetic and preferable to any other metallic Anode because the decomposition of in
electrolyte is in the proportion to the action of the lectio-negative element and it is
manifest that a peroxidised plate or two peroxidised perforated sheets of le id containing
between them a quinuity of peroxide of lead as before stated will act better & more
powerfully as in oxidising gent than any other sub-tance and thin platinum itself
which absorbs and occludes large amount of the oxygen ct free by the current
I must add, in order to demonstrate the bleaching power of active oxygen in
Combination with chlorine in this electrolytic operation thit it is well known fact
that half a litre of Hypochlorous Anhydride decolonizes as much indigo as one litre of
Chlorine, and it is well known fact that a half lite of Hypochlorous Anhydride
contains litre of Chlorine and litre of Oxygen and as there is no reason why the
Chlorine, set free by the decomposition of the Hypochlorous oxide, should ble ich more
than if it had not been engaged in this combination, it must be concluded that a
quarter of litre of Oxygen decolorizes as much is half litre of Chlorine or
in other words that the bleaching power of Nascent Oxygen is double that of
Chlorine
To this description of process of electrolytic production of Chlorine & Oxygen
compounds, by means of peroxidised and porous electrodes I must add another mode
of obtaining the same results in a fir che ipo and practil minner and
especially without the great trouble and expense of making, forming and charging
the Anodes
It is a well known fact that Charcoal is a powerful decolorizing and deodorizing
gent, and I used it while dechlorinating plates of Chloride of lead to absorb the fumes
of Chlorine, which were obnoxious and to purify the atmosphere which through the
evolution of such vapours were unhealthy and sometimes dangerous
Another well known fict is th it not only does Chircoal decolorize a liquid but that
at decomposes solutions of chloride such is gold or silver chloride
To the best of my knowledge nobody has ever tried to employ charcoal is an Anode
or even as a Cathode in an electrolytic operation and still less to produce i coloured
liquid such as my electrolyte which is greenish or to produce a strongly smelling body
such as Chlorine
I may have my Anode as well as my cathode made of Charcoal and the advantages
of such material are obvious, since the price of a Charcoal Anode or Cathode is much
less than that of one of peroxidised or porous lead, that the manufacture of such
electrodes does not require any skill, that their renewal is inexpensive their durability
very great, their surface and electrical conductibility considerable and that the raw
material they are made of is to be found any where and that no special plant or
machinery is needed to mike in a very short time, at a nominal cost, so to speak, very
large electrodes made of flat slabs of Charcoal connected together according to the

page_text: dimensions of the electroly sing tanks, or of round or square slabs of Charcoal, of a
convenient size & thickness applied between two ncts of lend wire or lead gauze on
which they make contact, retained together by means of a wooden frame or
otherwise or lead, care being taken to coat the lead or wood with an insulating
compound
I do not confine myself to any particular form or device for constructing or for
placing in the tink, perpendiculaily or Horizontally such electrodes of Charcoal
either for Anodes or Cathodes and I can have them in the oxychlorinating tank
either alone or in combination with a mass of animal Charcoal in which they are
dipping or in the shape of ordinary charcoal
The properties of Charcoal I utilize are the enormous surface of its pores & cells
and their capabilities for absorbing Oxygen, Hydrogen and Chlorine
According to circumstances I adopt different sorts of Charcoal but any kind of
wood or vegetable Charcoal answers my purpose although in a different degree
Charcoal can absorb its weight of Chlorine but its property for absorbing Oxygen
18 not less remarkable The Charcoal I prefer is light and very porous and I
previously immerse it for a few hours in pure Hydrochloric Acid to purify it and to
clear off all the organic matter it contains
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
I claim is
1° The production in a chloride of sodium solution electrolytically decomposed, of
in oxidising agent for bleaching paper pulp, and other materials for manufacturing
paper, as a cheap substitute for Hypochlorite of Calcium
2° The construction of Anodes and Cathodes, substantially as hereinbefore
described and especially by fusing, casting, reducing and peroxidising Chloride of
Lead, alone (for Cathodes) and in combination with other metallic salts (for
Anodes)
3° The employment of Chloride of Lead plates as Cathodes in the oxychlorinating
tank and also in the bleaching tanks, in presence of peroxidised plates
4° The use, in a Chloride of Sodium solution, of electrodes made according to the
several improvements hereinbefore described but it must be understood that I do
not claim the use of a Chloride of Sodium solution or other Chloride or other halogen
solutions
5° The use of an alternating current dynamo as a source of electricity
6° The treatment of paper pulp in bleaching tanks where the electrolyte, raised to
its proper degree of bleaching power by the action of oxygen or ozone in its niscont
stite, in combination with Chlorine and Hydrogen circulates and is maintained at the
required chlorometric standard by the influx of freshly electroly sed solution to replice
the corresponding quantity of exhausted electrolyte, which flows out of the tank by a
pipe, and also of large peroxidised Anode and spongy lead or Carbon (thode
through which an electric current passes
7° The whole process for bleaching paper pulp, and other vegetable materials used
in the manufacture of piper, by the action of Hypochlorite of Sodium electrolytically
generated, substantially as herein described in all its parts and details and in particulir
by means of plates made of a cheap conductive material not easily attacked and
corroded by Chlorine or Oxygen such as wood Charcoal either for both Cathode and
Anode but specifically for Anode, in the electrolytic tank where Chlorine is generated
and combines with Hydrogen and Oxygen in a more or less active state
Dated the Touth T 1600