IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF EMBOSSED OR PRESSED PAPER, CALICO, LEATHER, AND OTHER FABRICS AND ARTICLES
Year: 1845

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, CHARLES
FREDERICK BIELEFELD, of Wellington Street, Strand, Papier Mache Manu-
facturer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at
Westminster, the Eleventh day of November, in the ninth year of Her reign,
did, for Flerself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
Charles Frederick Bielefeld, my exors, adiiors, and assigns,. Her especial
licence; full power, sole privilege and authority, that I, the said Charles
Frederick Bielefeld, my exors, adiñiors, and assigns, or such others as I, the said
Charles Frederick Bielefeld, my exors,,adññiors, or assigns, should at any time
agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times during the term
of years therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF EMBOSSED OR PRESSED
PAPER, CALICO, LEATHER, AND OTHER FABRICS AND ARTICLES;" in which said
Letters Patent is contained a proviso, that I, the said Charles Frederick
Bielefeld, shall cause a particular description of the nature of my said Invention,
and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be enrolled in Her said
Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in and
by the same, reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at large
appear.

page_text: KNOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Charles Frederick Bielefeld, do hereby declare that the nature of my said
Invention, and the manner in which the same is to be performed, are fully
described and ascertained, in and by the following statement thereof,
(that is to say):-
:-
My Invention consists first, of manufacturing mouldings, either plain or
embossed mouldings, to be used in the making of picture frames, cornices, and
other articles.
Secondly, my Invention consists of combining calico and other fabrics and
leather with papier mache and other preparation of plastic fibrous. matters, so
as to produce embossed articles of a stronger character and more durable than
papier mache.
And, thirdly, my Invention.consists in employing india-rubber in combination
with other matters and witli fibrous material and paper, calico, and other
fabrics and leather in the manufacture of embossed surfaces for architectural
and other purposes.
And in order that my Inevntion may be most fully understood, and readily
carried into effect, I will proceed to describe the means pursued by me in
manufacturing mouldings from paper, calico, leather and other fabrics, with
or without other articles combined. I employ a roller or rollers heated with
steam or by other means. In carrying out this part of my Invention I
sometimes produce the mouldings on to wood, and other times I produce the
mouldings separate. The surface of the roller having turned or formed to the
design of mouldings I desire to make, and if it is intended to produce a
pattern of embossing on the surface of the mouldings, then the roller is to be
engraved or produced thereon, and with this roller I employ a second roller
corresponding with the engraved one, that is when mouldings are to be
made separate from wood; and when mouldings are to be made on wood, then
I have a bed moving under the roller at the surface speed of the roller. In
manufacturing mouldings from paper, calico, leather and other fabrics, with or
without other articles, I prepare sheets thereof of a thickness suitable for the
strength of mouldings, and this may be done in various ways, and I cut strips
or narrow sheets therefrom according to the width of the desired mouldings.
I do not confine myself in this part of my Invention to any particular
preparation of paper, calico, leather, and other fabrics with or without other
articles; at the same time I will describe certain preparations for the purpose.
Supposing the mouldings are to be on wood, then I paste or cement on the
surface a thickness of paper according to the depth of the embossing. When
there is to be no embossing to the mouldings, then the covering of paper may

page_text: be very thin, and the paper so applied being nearly dry, I pass the wood under
the roller, which gives a finished surface to the moulding by embossing the
roller, simply planishing the surface when no embossing surfaces is cut on the
rollers, or I can use papièr maché, or I can use a surface of papièr maché on
the wood either covered with paper or not, and when dry or nearly so, the
wood so prepared is to be subjected to the action of the roller to complete
the surface of the mouldings; and when making mouldings without wood,
then I make the. fibrous materials into sheets with paper or calico or other
woven fabric or leather, as herein described, on the surface which is to be
embossed, and those various sheets may be formed into plain or embossed
mouldings, by passing them between the rollers, or between a roller and a
counter surface or bed, moving under the roller as before explained; or
the preparations of fibrous materials hereafter described, where india-rubber,
glue, and glycerine are used in preparing a pulpy or plastic matter, may be
used in making mouldings, and also the compositions where india-rubber
and glutin are employed, as hereafter explained, may be used in pro-
ducing mouldings according to the first part of my Invention which consists
of making mouldings by rolling surfaces from preparation of fibrous matters.
The strips or narrow sheets of prepared fabric being prepared, it is to be
passed between the rollers as they are caused to revolve by suitable gearing,
there being shields on either side of the rollers to prevent the fabric going in
correctly, and also to prevent the fabric winding round either of the rollers.
The fabric should be in a partially dried state, and so as to require consider
able pressure to obtain the shape of the moulding and for producing the
embossing, so that when once produced it will not readily be pressed out of
shape, and at the same time the fabric should not be perfectly dry when the
mouldings are to be placed on the surface of wood; then the wood is to be
shaped to the figure of the moulding, and any of the preparations herein
mentioned are to be applied thereto as a coating by means of paste, glue, or
other suitable cement; but this coating need not be so thick as the sheets of
materials used as above mentioned for making mouldings without wood, and
which require to.be of such strength as to maintain their form after receiving
it by 'their own..stiffness. When using wood the lower roller is not required,
but the moving bed is employed on which the wood is fixed, and by passing
under the roller, the surface of the moulding is completed thereby; and in place
of employing the lower roller, when making mouldings from the material
mentioned, the moving bed may be employed having a moulding fixed thereon
corresponding with the roller, and the fabric being laid in such moulding, and
the bed moving through as the roller revolves, the pressure of the roller will

page_text: "cause the fabric to take the form of a thin moulding, and will emboss it on
the surface, when the surface of the roller is engraved. In the event of leather
being used according to this part of my Invention for obtaining mouldings,
then I do not use leather only but combine it with paper or papier mâche or
other preparation of fibres, so as to give strength to the leather, as separately
'the leather would not maintain the shape of a plain or embossed moulding. I
"would remark that I am aware that paper for paper hanging and other
purposes has before been embossed; I do not therefore claim the same, this
part of my Invention being for forming moulding from preparations of fibrous
materials and embossing them by rollers.
I will now describe the second part of my Invention, which consists of using
calico or other woven fabric with papier maché or other pulpy or plastic
preparation of fibres, by which strength will be obtained by the woven fabric
and substance by the preparation of fibrous materials. In carrying out this
part of my Invention I employ one or more thicknesses of woven fabric, and I
coat this thickly with any thick pulpy or plastic preparation of fibrous material,
'and then paste or otherwise cement a sheet or more of damp paper over such
composition, and I cause the fabric thus produced to be subjected to pressure
in moulds so as to obtain the desired embossing, or I place the fibrous, plastic,
'or pulpy material between several surfaces of woven fabric. By these means
embossed articles, similar to those of papier mache, may be produced much
stronger than papier maché, and also mouldings, plain or embossed, according
to the first part of my Invention; and I have found that in making such
embossed articles, similar to articles of papier maché, that the fabric should
be used in a partially moist state, and that the impression should be produced
by a repitition of pressure between moulds, drying the articles out of the moulds
in stoves between the processes of pressing in dies or moulds, giving the last
pressure when the article is nearly dry, by which the pattern of embossing may
be brought out very sharp, and the same will be retained, and very strong, in
consequence of using woven fabrics. In some cases I find it desirable to
thicken the edges of the articles by applying papier maché or other plastic
preparation of fibres at those parts, leaving the other parts of the article thin,
in which case I make the dies or moulds accordingly; the object of thus
applying greater thickness of matter at the edges of articles is to obtain great
strength and stiffness of a given quantity of material used. In carrying out
this part of the Invention, I first press the article in a mould with one forcer,
'so as to produce the face surface correctly; having taken the article out of the
mould and partially dried it I give it a second pressure in the mould with the
same forcer; I then apply at the back a quantity of papier mâche, or other

page_text: plastic preparation of fibres rolled or formed in a sheet, and, with another
forcer, formed to correspond with the extra thicknessės desired to be obtained, I
cause another pressure to take place to the article in the mould, and thus are
extra'thicknesses obtained to any part of the article. This part of my Inven-
tion is applicable when making articles of thick paper, the paper having
received its impression is to be treated as above described.
I will now describe the third part of my Invention, which consists of the use
of india-rubber in combination with glycerine, glue, and treacle, when preparing
a plastic matter from fibrous materials to be placed on or between paper;
calico, leather, or other fabric, to be embossed so as to obtain articles similar to
papier mache; or for producing mouldings according to the first part of my
Invention. In carrying out this part of my Invention, I cause india-rubber
dissolved in any suitable solvent, though I would remark that it is not
absolutely necessary that the india-rubber should be dissolved, or fibrous
materials may be combined therewith without solvent; but I prefer to use a
solvent as is well understood, and I mix such dissolved india-rubber with
treacle and glue and fibrous materials by grinding or kneading them in a
machine, such as is now commonly employed for preparing india-rubber; the
glue having been first rendered into jelly by water I use about equal parts of
india-rubber and glue,. and a quantity of treacle equal to about one quarter of
the other two matters combined, and I have found that combining therewith a
small quantity of glycerine the mixture will be made to retain a more plastic
state; and the fibrous material I prefer to use is rag dust, obtained from
makers of fine paper; but these details may be varied. And it should be stated
that I do not claim the incorporating or combining india-rubber with fibrous
materials, as that has been done before for various purposes, this part of my
Juvention being for the using a plastic preparation of fibrous materials
prepared with india-rubber, with glue, treacle, and glycerine, for the purpose
of making a fabric or sheets of matter, to be en:bossed in the manner of papier
máché, whether with paper, calico, leather, or other woven fabric. And I
also make a preparation of fibrous materials to be used in like manner, by
combining the use of india-rubber and gluten of wheat or other flour, and .E
employ them in about equal parts; and I combine these matters with fibrous
materials; as above explained, so as to obtain a plastic preparation of the con-
sistency desired for making articles in moulds in the manner of papier mache,
and such preparation may be used alone as papier mache, or combined
between, or on surfaces of paper, leather, calico, and other woven fabrics.
Hlaving thus described the nature of my Invention, and the means pursued

page_text: by me in performing the same, I would have it understood that I do not
confine myself to the precise details herein described, so long as the peculiar
character of either part of my Invention be retained; but what I claim is,—
First, the manufacture of mouldings from paper, calico, and other woven
fabrics, and from any suitable preparation of fibrous materials in a plastic
state, and also from leather combined with other matters, by the employment
of a roller or rollers, as herein described.
Secondly, I claim the use of woven fabrics when combined with paper,
papier mâché, or other plastic preparation of fibre, in the manufacture of
mouldings.and embossed .articles similar to papier mâché. I.also claim the
giving extra thicknesses, by applying papier:maché, or other plastic preparation
of fibrous materials, as herein described.
And, thirdly, I claim the application of :india-rubber, combined with glue,
treacle, glycerine, or gluten, in preparing plastic matters of fibrous.materials
when made into articles, by pressing in moulds or embossing. by rollers, as
herein described, whether used separately or combined with paper, leather,
calico, or other woven-fabrics.
In 'witness whereof, I, the said Charles Frederick Bielefeld, have here-
unto set my hand and seal, this Eleventh day of May, in the year of
our Lord 'One thousand eight hundred and forty-six.
CHARLES FREDERICK (L.S.) BIELEFELD.
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Eleventh day of May, in the
year of our Lord 1846, the aforesaid Charles Frederick Bielefeld came before
our said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the 'Specification
aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and specified, in form
above written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according to
the tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Enrolled the Eleventh day of May, in the year of our Lord One thousand
eight hundred and forty-six.