matthewleechen/300YearsOfBritishPatents huggingface dataset:
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PERMANENT WAY OF RAILWAYS
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Thomas Dobie at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 14th November,
1865.
I, THOMAS DOBIE, of Barnsley, in the County of York, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PERMANENT WAY
OF RAILWAYS," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to a peculiar construction of the chairs, and a method
of securing and supporting the rails thereby. The chair is constructed in
two parts, one part forming the bottom and one jaw, with a projection for the
other jaw to be fixed to it by pin, bolt, cotter, or other similar means in such
manner as to become an abutinent to the loose jaw. The two jaws are so
formed as to fit in betwixt the flanges on each side of the rail but clear of the
lower edge of the rail, so that the rail is supported by the top flange resting
upon the two jaws; the bottom flange being therefore kept clear or out of
contact with the chair, abrasion or cutting into the face of the bottom flange
is avoided, and consequently when the rail is turned it is not damaged as
heretofore by its action against the chair.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CRINOLINE SKIRTS
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Joseph Knight at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 13th January
1865.
I, JOSEPH KNIGHT, of the City of Manchester, Sewing Cotton Manufacturer,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE MANUFACTURE OF CRINOLINE SKIRTS," to be as follows:-
In manufacturing crinoline skirts in the ordinary manner great difficulty
is experienced in securing the ends of the flat steel or steel wires of which
the elastic hoops are formed.
Now my Invention consists in punching holes in the ends of the said steel
or wires, and connecting them together by rivets or "eyelets," thus dispensing
with the clips or other fastenings heretofore employed, and effecting a consider-
able saving in time and labour.
AN IMPROVEMENT IN SHADES OR GLOBES FOR LAMPS AND OTHER LIGHTS
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Richard Archibald Brooman at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
30th January 1865.-A communication from abroad by Henri Beziat,
of Paris, France.
I, RICHARD ARCHIBALD BROOMAN, of 166, Fleet Street, in the City of London,
Patent Agent, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN
IMPROVEMENT IN SHADES OR GLOBES FOR LAMPS AND OTHER LIGHTS," to be as
follows:-
This Invention is particularly intended for the use of invalids and their
attendants, for travellers, and for others requiring to know the time or to be
awoke at certain times during the night. The Invention consists in com-
bining with a lamp or other light a dial plate for indicating the time, and,
when required, an alarum or striking mechanism. I fit to the globe of the lamp
a dial plate of opal, crystal, or other transparent material of the same as or of
different nature and color to those of the globe; behind the dial plate I apply
a watch or pendulum movement with or without striking mechanism; the
lamp will thus indicate the hour at any time of the night, and when provided
with an alarum will arouse a person at any time at which it may be set.
THE MANUFACTURE OF A NEW THREAD FOR WEAVING AND OTHER USES
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Richard Archibald Brooman at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
25th January 1865.-A communication from abroad by Veran Sabran
and Gaston Jessé, both of Paris, France.
I, RICHARD ARCHIBALD BROOMAN, of 166, Fleet Street, in the City of
London, Patent Agent, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "THE MANUFACTURE OF A NEW THREAD FOR WEAVING AND OTHER USES,"
to be as follows:-
This Invention consists in a particular method of producing spotted or
speckled threads, and is based on the irregular winding of one or severa
threads round one or several threads of the same or of different nature and
of different colors. Suppose, for example, a thread is unwound from a bobbin
and passes through another bobbin from which a thread of a different
color is being unwound at the same time, so as to surround the first thread in
an irregular manner, spots or specks are produced, the variety of which
depends on the advance of the first thread and the winding or rotary move-
ment of the second. The spots will, for example, be very decided if the first
thread moves and stops at regular or irregular periods, while the winding of
the second thread is continued.
It will be understood that when the first thread advances while the second
thread of a different color winds round it, the latter forms round the first
thread spirals, which are plainly separated from each other; but if the motion
of the first thread be stopped or slackened and the second thread continues to

page_text: wind round it, the spirals of the second thread become superposed or laid one
against another round the first thread, without leaving spaces between the
spirals, and form a spot or speck thereon. If the first thread be then again
caused to advance without the winding of the second thread being stopped,
the latter will again form distinct spirals until the advance of the first thread
is again stopped or slackened to form superposed or close spirals, and so on.
This Invention therefore consists in producing spotted or speckled threads by
the irregular winding on one or more threads of simple or multiple threads of
different color, as herein-before described. The motion of the thread or threads
which form the spirals may be uniform or varied.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE TREATMENT OF TAR OILS FOR THE PURPOSE OF EMPLOYING THE SAME AS PAINT
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Alexander Horace Brandon at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 27th
January 1865. A communication from Vincent Cordier and Claudius
Cordier, Oil Manufacturers, and John Gatliff, residing in Paris,
France.
I, ALEXANDER HORACE BRANDON, Engineer, of No. 18, Rue Gaillon, Paris,
in the Empire of France, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE TREATMENT OF TAR OILS FOR THE PURPOSE OF
EMPLOYING THE SAME AS PAINT," to be as follows:-
These improvements relate to the manufacture of paint fit for housework,
carriages, cloths, and other objects according to two different processes, in both
of which tar oil constitutes the principal ingredient.
First process. The first process consists in the manufacture of paint
formed of tar or mineral oil, vegetable oil, and drying ingredients in the fol-
lowing proportion:-Tar oil from 55 to 80 per cent.; vegetable oil, such as
linseed oil, poppy oil, nut oil, and other similar products, 20 to 45 per cent. ;
drying ingredients, such as subcarbonate of iron, oxide of lead, sulphate of
lead, sulphate of zinc, manganese, and other similar chemical ingredients
equal to about one-tenth in weight of the vegetable oil, which two latter
ingredients are boiled together until they are of a proper consistency; the tar
oil is added subsequently, and the whole agitated to ensure proper mixture
and allowed to cool; the requisite coloring materials being added it can be
employed in the same manner as the usual paints.

page_text: Second process. The second process consists in manufacturing paint with
tar oil, vegetable oil, and Norway tar in the following proportions by weight:―
Tar oil about 16, vegetable oil about 10, and Norway tar about 4; for this
purpose the vegetable oil is boiled down to the requisite consistency, after
which the two other ingredients are added to it, either before or after cooling,
and the whole agitated; the desired colouring material being added, it is
then fit for use.
Iм- PROVEMENTS IN OILING CANS
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by George Whillock at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 21st April
1865.
I, GEORGE WHILLOCK, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, Tin
Plate Worker, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "Iм-
PROVEMENTS IN OILING CANS," to be as follows, that is to say :-
This Invention has for its object the combination of an oil feeding can with
a light to enable engineers and others to oil machinery in the dark. With
this view I place a small oil or other burner in the front part of the can, and
immediately behind the burner I place a small reflector, the nozzle or duct
through which the oil is poured is in front of the light, consequently the light
is always thrown forward on to the part of the machinery to be oiled. The
reservoir of oil is placed behind the light, and is furnished with a suitable
handle and spring stop, and the supply pipe to the nozzle passes from the
reservoir under the light to the front of the apparatus; a small chimney over
the light provides for the escape of smoke.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE UTILIZATION OF WASTE LEATHER TO BE EMPLOYED AS A FERTILIZER
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Alfred Vincent Newton at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 28th
November 1865.-A communication from abroad by Orazio Lugo, of the
City and State of New York, in the United States of America.
I, ALFRED VINCENT NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery Lane,
in the County of Middlesex, Mechanical Draughtsman, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE UTILIZATION OF WASTE
LEATHER TO BE EMPLOYED AS A FERTILIZER," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to the utilization of waste leather as a fertilizer, by
first saturating it with a solution of sulphuric or other mineral acid, then
boiling it in water or a solution of sulphate or oxide of iron, afterward drying
and grinding and finally adding urate of ammonia either with or without a
salt of phosphorous and agaiu drying. The leather in the form of scraps is
immersed in a solution of sulphuric acid of a strength not less than one part
by weight of acid to three of water. The acid is then strained off and the
leather boiled in an open pan with enough water to cover it until the whole of
the water is evaporated. The leather is then while still warm ground to
powder in any suitable mill, and it is afterwards washed in water and thoroughly
dried. It is next saturated with a mixture of about ninety-five parts by weight
of urine and five parts aqua ammonia and again dried, when it is ready for

page_text: use in the same way as bone dust or poudrette or any pulverulent fertilizer.
The water in which the leather is boiled after treatment with sulphuric or
other acid may with advantage have dissolved in it a small quantity of
sulphate or oxide of iron, or have a few scraps of metallic iron thrown into it.
A solution of a salt of phosphorus may be added with advantage to the
mixture of urine and ammonia, among the salts which may be thus used
may be mentioned the hyposulphites of soda, potash, and lime. About five
per cent. by weight of a saturated solution of either of these salts may be
added to the mixture of urine and ammonia.
IM- PROVEMENTS IN DOOR SPRINGS
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Williams at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 18th
November 1865.
I, WILLIAM WILLIAMS, of King's Norton, in the County of Worcester,
Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IM-
PROVEMENTS IN DOOR SPRINGS," to be as follows:-
My Invention consists of the improvements herein-after described in door
springs, by which said improvements great simplicity in the parts and efficiency
in the action of the door spring are secured. On a plate to be fixed by
screwing or otherwise to the door frame is fixed a bracket carrying a hook
shaped knuckle; at about the middle of the said knuckle a case or box is
jointed, the upper end of the said knuckle occupying a part of the interior of
the said case or box. The axis of the joint connecting the case or box with
the knuckle is coincident with the axis of the door hinges. The said case or
box contains a spring made of a flat strip of steel doubled at a short distance
from its middle. The said spring is supported in the said box or case by two
cross pins, one lying within the spring at its doubled part and the other
supporting the shorter arm of the spring; the longer arm of the spring bears
against the inner side of the hook-shaped knuckle, the pressure of the spring
against the said knuckle tends to force the box or case into a plane parallel

page_text: to that of the plate on which the knuckle is situated. In applying the
spring to a door the plate carrying the knuckle is fixed to the door frame, and
the box or case jointed thereto is fixed to the door, or the said box or case
may be left unconnected with the door. The spring bearing against the
hooked end of the knuckle is compressed when the door is opened, and when-
ever the open door is at liberty to move the compressed spring presses the
box containing it against the open door and tends to close the door, the
spring relaxing itself as the door closes. The spring may be made to hold
the door in its open position by the following modification:-The long arm
of the spring which bears upon the hook-shaped knuckle, is made somewhat
shorter than in the arrangement last described, so that as the door is brought
at right angles to the door frame the end of the spring passes from underneath
the hook of the knuckle and bears against the side of the hook, the said side
of the hook having a depression in it into which the end of the spring falls.
As the spring relaxes slightly on entering the said depression and is compressed
when the door is so moved as to disengage it from the said depression there
is no tendency to motion in the spring and door when they have been brought
into the positions described, and the door consequently remains stationary
until it is moved sufficiently far to disengage the end of the spring from the
depression in the knuckle. The spring again engaging under the hook of
the knuckle the box containing it is pressed against and tends to close the
door.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN PROTECTING CRINOLINE STEEL, STAY BUSKS, SPRINGS FOR LEGGINGS OR GAITERS, AND OTHER SIMILAR FASTENINGS
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Edwards at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 19th July
1865.
I, WILLIAM EDWARDS, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, Cabinet
Maker, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN PROTECTING CRINOLINE STEEL, STAY BUSKS, SPRINGS FOR LEGGINGS OR
GAITERS, AND OTHER SIMILAR FASTENINGS," to be as follows:-
This Invention consists in padding or cushioning the ends of crinoline
steel, stay busks, gaiter springs, and other similar fastenings, so as to prevent
their cutting the loops or eyes, or the material into which they slip. For
this purpose I employ a covering of leather, cork, or other suitable material,
and perforating, roughening, or jagging the steel ends of the article to which
it is to be attached. I use a cement, which may be gutta percha or even
glue, either marine or common glue, or of any other description sufficiently
tenacious to hold the pad on to the steel, and thus firmly secure the pad or
covering to the ends of the steel; or I can dispense with the padding by
turning over and doubling the steel into a thickened lump at the ends so as
to prevent such ends from cutting their way out of the leather or other
material. The object is the thickening of the ends of the steel to prevent
its cutting its way out.
A NEW MECHANICAL PROPELLING SCREW TOY
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Louis Alexandre Isidore Daumesnil
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
6th October 1865.
I, LOUIS ALEXANDRE ISIDORE DAUMESNIL, of No. 12, Boulevard de
Strasbourg, Paris, in the Empire of France, do hereby declare the nature
of the said Invention for "A NEW MECHANICAL PROPELLING SCREW TOY," to be
as follows, that is to say:-
My Invention consists in placing in the interior of a hollow article, having
externally the form of a bird, or of an animal, or any other form, and made of
wood, cardboard, paper, metal, or other suitable material, an ordinary clock move-
ment for giving motion to a propelling screw on the outside of the article, and
to which screw I can give the form of birds' wings, or any other required
form. One or several of these birds or articles containing such movement
is or are fixed to one or several bars radiating round a vertical axis made
to turn easily in such a manner that the clock movement causing the
screw or screws to turn in the air the bar or bars radiating round the axis is
or are forced to turn and draw with them in their movement the screws or
other objects placed on any part of the bar or bars, the whole thus forming a
child's toy.
IMPROVEMENTS IN PROJECTILES
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Charles Frederic Henwood at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 2nd November 1865.
I, CHARLES FREDERIC HENWOOD, of East India Avenue, in the City
of London, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN PROJECTILES," to be as follows:-
Heretofore in constructing elongated projectiles to be fired from a
smooth-bore barrel it has been proposed to form them with grooves passing
spirally from one end of the exterior of the cylindrical portion of the
projectile to the other. When firing a projectile so formed from a smooth-
bore barrel a portion of the gases by escaping along these grooves gives
to the projectile a rotary motion. Now my Invention consists in forming
such grooves to taper from the rear to the forward end of the cylindrical
portion of the projectile, the grooves being made deeper or broader, or
both deeper and broader, at the rear end than at the forward end. By so
forming the grooves the air will not offer so much resistance to the rotary
motion of the projectiles as when the grooves are of even dimensions from
end to end of the cylindrical portion of the ball as heretofore. In place
of taper grooves formed on the exterior of the ball taper passages passing
spirally through the ball may be employed. The projectiles may, if
desired, be made semicircular, or pointed at one or both ends; when the
rear end of the projectile is semicircular or pointed the grooves or passages
may be continued into the curved end.
AN IMPROVED MODE OF PURIFYING GAS
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Charles Henry Wood and Edward
Louis Barret at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their
Petition, on the 1st November 1865.
We, CHARLES HENRY WOOD, of Jewry Chambers, Aldgate, Analytical
Chemist, and EDWARD LOUIS BARRET, of Thrawl Street, Spitalfields, in the
County of Middlesex, Manufacturing Chemist, do hereby declare the nature
of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED MODE OF PURIFYING GAS," to be as
follows:-
The object of this Invention is to remove the sulphur or reduce the pro-
portion which at present exists in purified coal gas by a simple economical
process. This we effect by the use of the material known to alkali manu-
facturers as soda waste; we prefer to place the soda waste in the state in
which it is produced at the soda works in a vessel similar in construction to
the oxide of iron purifiers now used at gasworks, and to pass the gas through
it either before or after the gas has undergone its ordinary purification; but
in some cases we may find it desirable to boil the soda waste with water and
to wash the gas with the resulting solution. We prefer to employ the soda
waste in as fresh a state as possible, because we find that by long exposure to
air it undergoes oxidation and is then not so efficient in its action.
IMPROVEMENTS IN GAS ENGINES
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Hugh Smith at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 15th March
1865.
I, HUGH SMITH, of No. 21, St. Stephen's Road, Westbourne Park, in the
County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN GAS ENGINES," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in gas engines. In gas
engines as at present arranged it is common to fire the charges of mixed gas
and air by means of electricity, but this is inconvenient as it is found difficult to
keep the batteries constantly in working order.
Now according to my Invention I fire the charges by means of vapor which
burns spontaneously on coming in contact with air; the vapour I employ is that
of the liquid phosphide of hydrogen; and I pass small pipes, which I call explo-
sion tubes, from the gas main to each end of the cylinder, and on these tubes
are applied, just before the connection with the cylinder, bottles containing the
liquid phosphide, so that the gas may pass over the liquid. When the cylinder
is charged with gas and air, a tap on one of the explosion tubes is opened, and
the gas, carrying with it the vapour of the phosphide, enters the cylinder, and
the vapour there meeting with air, an explosion at once takes place, driving
the piston along the cylinder, and in this manner the piston is driven from end

page_text: to end of the cylinder. This method of firing the charges is applicable what-
ever be the form of the combustion chamber, whether it be, as assumed in the
foregoing description, a cylinder with a piston working within it, or of other
form and construction.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE KEYS OF LOCKS HAVING THROUGH HOLES
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Sidney Grafton at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 30th May 1865.
I, SIDNEY GRAFTON, of Warstone Lane, Birmingham, in the County of
Warwick, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE KEYS OF LOCKS HAVING THROUGH HOLES," to be as follows:-
Locks having through holes support the key by means of bearing plates,
one on each side of the lock, in which the key rotates and takes its bearing
while operating on the lock. For a lock so made the key is furnished with
a projection on the end, which passes through the bearing plate on the opposite
side to that at which the key is entered, and this oftentimes projects even
through the door, so that the key can be turned by applying an instrument to
grip such projection.
Now according to my Invention I propose to make such projecting part
of a concave or hemispherical form, or it may even be of an oblate or prolate
spheroidal form, but in all cases such that an instrument cannot be applied
to take hold of it, while all the advantage of the projection for entering
the lock and taking the bearing in the opposite bearing plate is retained. I
sometimes cut this projecting end off the key altogether, or nearly so, and so
that it shall not project through the bearing plate at all, or it might even be
confined within the bearing plate, and the bearing derived within the lock
and limits of the wards, for which purpose I make suitable provision therein.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SOAP
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by James John Field at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 22nd
November 1865.
I, JAMES JOHN FIELD, of 22, Upper Gifford Street, Caledonian Road,
in the County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SOAP," to be as
follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in the manufacture of
soap and consists in combining earthy silicates with soap by first intimately
mixing the oil or grease with the silicate, and afterwards saponifying the
oil or grease. Also, in effecting this saponification by means of a soap
containing an excess of alkali, or by the use of caustic alkali alone. The
silicates I prefer to employ for this purpose are those of alumina and
magnesia, and of these again I prefer those two particular varieties found
native, and known in commerce as fuller's earth and steatite. The
method I prefer to adopt is as follows: I take fuller's earth or steatite (or
both) and having dried and reduced it to powder, I first mix therewith a
small proportion of carbonate of soda. When this has been perfectly mixed
I place the mixture on the metallic platform of an apparatus known as an
edge runner, which platform is so arranged that it may be heated by
steam or otherwise to any required temperature. The stones of the appa-
ratus being set in motion, the oil or grease is gradually sprinkled over the
mixture, and afterwards the action of the stones and scrapers is continued

page_text: until the mixture loses the cohesiveness it at first acquires, and when this
occurs the combination is complete. Before or whilst this operation is
proceeding I also prepare a soap differing from ordinary soap in the
circumstance of its containing such an excess of caustic alkali as shall be
able to displace the glycerine in the oil or grease combined with the
silicates. Of this soap I take a certain proportion, preferring one half the
total quantity to be employed, and incorporate it on the heated platform
with the silicate compound. The resulting mass is then placed together
with the residue of the caustic soap in a mixing mill by the action of
which the two are thoroughly and intimately combined: The soap is then
received in metallic moulds, which admit of being heated by high pressure
steam, and it remains in these moulds for from four to eight hours,
according to the thickness of the mass to be penetrated by the heat, at
the end of which time the process will be complete, and an excellent and
permanent silicate soap be the result.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN THE WINDING OF KNITTING COTTON AND. IN THE APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREFOR
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Henry Shanks at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 9th September
1865.
I, HENRY SHANKS, of Bridge of Weir, in the County of Renfrew, North
Britain, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE WINDING OF KNITTING COTTON AND. IN THE APPARATUS EMPLOYED
THEREFOR," to be as follows, that is to say :-
This Invention essentially relates to a certain improved method of preparing
what is known in the market as "knitting cotton," whereby the necessity of
re-winding is avoided, and the time and cost hitherto necessary for the opera-.
ration is done away with. The machinery by which this is effected consists
of a central spindle, moveable or not, and over or around it a flyer revolves,...
through which the cotton passes to be wound upon the spindle, the result of
which is that a ball is formed thereon by a slight modification in the speed.
and upward and downward motion of the flyer on the spindle. The ball can
be wound in several distinct forms; for instance, as a "honeycombed" ball, or
an ordinary "shoemaker's ball," but it is preferred to wind them in the
former shape.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF LAMP OILS
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Jenkins at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 4th July
1865-
I, WILLIAM JENKINS, of Derrystone Villa, Abergavenny, in the County of
Monmouth, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF LAMP OILS," to be as follows:-
The object of this Invention is the manufacture of a compound oil of
superior illuminating qualities for using in ordinary lamps. The said oil is
prepared by combining cocoa-nut oil or palm oil with petroleum oil or other
hydrocarbon mineral oils of a similar nature, in the manner hereinafter
described. It is well known that cocoa-nut oil and palm oil in their natural
states are semi-solid at the ordinary temperatures of this country, and are
therefore not adapted for burning in lamps. As regards the hydrocarbon oils
of petroleum, coal, and similar substances, even when refined, they possess
great fluidity and volatility, so that they can only be used for lighting purposes
in lamps with burners of a special construction. However, by combining
these two classes of oil together an oil of medium density and much utility
is produced, and which does not congeal except at a temperature of say below
45° Fahrenheit, and even in its congealed state its usefulness is not in any
way impaired.
The following is the manner in which it is preferred to prepare an improved
lamp oil:-I take cocoa-nut oil, or palm oil, or the two in combination, as the
case may be, and having bleached and purified it in the usual way, I put, say 200

page_text: gallons into an iron or copper boiler with a neck to it, and worm in connection,
so as to condense any vapours that may pass over. I then add the same
quantity of refined petroleum oil, or other hydrocarbon oil of similar nature
and density. I usually employ an oil of which the vapour will not take fire
until the oil is raised to about 120° Fahrenheit or thereabout, and further I
add about 10 per cent. of olive oil, though this latter is not essential. By
means of steam or an open fire I heat the mixture gradually, keeping it well
stirred all the time. The oil is then drawn off into a tank and allowed to
settle and cool for 4 or 5 days, when it is filtered, it is then ready for use.
I would remark that I am aware that in the manufacture of candles fluid
mineral oils have before been combined in very small proportions with palm
oil and cocoa-nut oil, or the hard material separated therefrom by pressure;
this however I do not claim, as it is essential to my Invention that the palm
oil and cocoa-nut oil should be rendered liquid at ordinary temperatures.
I would also remark that the more fluid matters separated from palm and
cocoa-nut oils may be substituted for the oils themselves in carrying out my
Invention.
IMPROVEMENTS IN BENCH STOPS OR ABUTMENTS USED FOR PLANING WOOD AND OTHER OPERATIONS
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Joseph Heydon at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 3rd October
1865.
I, JOSEPH HEYDON, of Foleshill Foundry, Coventry, in the County of
Warwick, Iron and Brass Founder, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN BENCH STOPS OR ABUTMENTS USED FOR PLANING
WOOD AND OTHER OPERATIONS," to be as follows :-
My Invention relates to the stops or abutments in carpenters benches
against which they plane wood, and perform other operations which is usually
a piece of wood driven through and fitting tight in the bench, the top of
same being provided with teeth on the side against which the wood to be
operated on is thrust. The top of this piece of wood is raised more or less
above the bench according to the thickness of wood to be planed. I employ
two castings or metal pieces, the one being screwed into the other, one of the
pieces forms a socket and is furnished with a square flange which is sunk
level with the surface of the bench, and fixed by screws one at each corner.
The second and inner piece is furnished with a fine screw fitted to the interior
of a like screw in the socket, the one part screws tightly into the other and
is of considerable size, say about an inch in diameter. The inner piece is
furnished with a square head which is to form the stop abutment, and which
has serrations or teeth on each of its four-sides, the square heal being rather

page_text: thin and the teeth bevilled on the under side. This screw abutment piece
can thus be readily lowered or raised, more or less, above the bench according
to the thickness of the wood to be operated on, and at same time forms a firm
abutment to resist the pressure against it. The head of the inner piece may
be recessed or partially so, into the upper surface of the socket piece to permit
of the said head being screwed flush with the surface of the bench. I form a
square hole in the inner piece for the insertion of a key or lever by which to
turn it.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF COMPOUND CYLINDER ENGINES
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Howard at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 7th October
1865. A communication from abroad by Matthew Murray Jackson, of
Zurich, in the Republic of Switzerland.
I, JOHN HOWARD, of Fenchurch Street, in the City of London, Merchant,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
CONSTRUCTION OF COMPOUND CYLINDER ENGINES," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to a novel arrangement of compound cylinder engine
whereby the steam expanded in one cylinder can be passed directly to the
second and larger cylinder, where it will act at a reduced pressure. Hitherto
it has been thought necessary to provide a vessel or receiver, in which the
steam from the small cylinder might be stored ready for use in the larger
cylinder. Experiment, however, has proved that this is unnecessary, as by
arranging the slide valves so that the one which commands the steam passages
of the smaller cylinder shall have a larger lap than the slide valve of the
larger cylinder, a port of the larger cylinder will always be open when steam
is passing from the first cylinder to receive that steam and conduct it to the
piston of the larger cylinder. The steam having acted upon this cylinder is
allowed to escape into a condenser; the cranks with which the piston rods are
connected are set at right angles to each other and balanced, the pistons will
not, therefore, as has been customary in compound cylinder engines, complete

page_text: their traverse together, but their action will be similar to those of independent
engines connected to the same driving shaft. Thus one pair of cylinders
arranged according to this Invention for marine purposes will serve the purpose
of a pair of engines, thereby effecting a great economy both in construction
and of engine space.
AN IMPROVED MODE OF OBTAINING PRINTING SURFACES BY PHOTOGRAPHY
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Alfred Vincent Newton at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 28th
November 1865.-A communication from abroad by Frederick Von
Egloffstein, of the City of New York, in the United States of America.
I, ALFRED VINCENT NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery Lane,
in the County of Middlesex, Mechanical Draughtsman, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED MODE OF OBTAINING PRINTING
SURFACES BY PHOTOGRAPHY," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to the use of a heliographic and photographic
spectrum for producing printing surfaces from transparent photographs
prepared in any of the usual known ways. The spectrum may be composed
of a single sheet of highly polished level ground plate glass, free from colours
and covered with a good asphaltum etching ground, heated and smoked over
a wax paper in the manner of the engravers' black etching ground. The
plate when cooled off is ruled over by the diamond or other point of a correct
ruling machine, using light pressure to prevent the chipping off of the ground
and the flaking or breaking of the glass.
Upon the insertion of an edge guide or pattern, varying in profile from the
mathematical line or straight edge of the ruling machine, and guiding the
course of the diamond or other point it will be obvious that any system of
lines from the straight line to the semicircle with equal or varying intervals

page_text: can be traced with facility and preserving the perfect parallelism required for
the different spectra. Almost every style of line or figure used in line engraving
may thus be obtained, vertical, horizontal, inclined, waved, barred, or dotted, and
the figures between the lines may be of the same or varied characters, and of
such degree of fineness or otherwise as the character of the work or the fancy
of the user may require.
It has been said that the spectrum may be composed of a single plate of
glass, that being sufficient to receive the lines and figures of the spectrum,
but by preference another plate of glass is laid over the prepared face to
preserve it from damage.
The plate prepared to receive the engraving is coated first with a sensitive
beliographic varnish. Upon this varnish the spectral image is produced by
the light falling through the open spaces of the spectrum made as above
described. The spectrum is thus imprinted upon the varnish previous to its
receiving the photographic image by means of a second exposure to the light.
Both images are thus blended into one, the spectrum giving texture to the
photographic image. Then may follow the ordinary heliographic manipulations
of developing the picture.
The photographic image being the last and for a longer period exposed
overpowers the spectral image, but only so far as to preserve the 'delicate
half tints, the spectrum remaining sufficiently strong to serve as a means
for holding the printers' ink when impressions are to be taken from the
plate.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN STEAM HAMMERS APPLICABLE TO THE MANUFACTURE OF FILES, TO WELDING FLYERS OF COTTON MACHINERY, AND TO OTHER PURPOSES
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by James Dodge at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 7th March 1865.
I, JAMES DODGE, of Manchester, in the County of Lancaster, Mechanical
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN STEAM HAMMERS APPLICABLE TO THE MANUFACTURE OF FILES, TO WELDING
FLYERS OF COTTON MACHINERY, AND TO OTHER PURPOSES," to be as follows:-
The object of my Invention is to enable the workman to prevent the fall-
ing of the hammer at pleasure, and for any period of time that may be required.
With this view I apply a catch which passes under the hammer when it is
elevated, and therefore supports. it in its raised position. To this catch I
connect a treadle or lever by which the catch may be removed when the
hammer is to fall. The Invention is particularly applicable to the manufacture
of files as described in my Provisional Specification dated 4th November 1864,
No. 2729, and to welding flyers of cotton machinery, but it may be applied to
other manufactures in which it is desirable for the workman to have command
over the descent of the hammer.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN PRESSES FOR COTTON AND WOOL
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Miller at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 25th March
1865.
I, WILLIAM MILLER, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North Britain,
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN PRESSES FOR COTTON AND WOOL," to be as follows:-
This Invention consists of a peculiar novel and improved arrangement or
construction of press for cotton and wool, with which a given power is made
to effect the required compression with a considerably diminished hydrostatic
pressure, that is to say, the aggregate pressure required is produced with a
considerably less pressure per square inch, thus avoiding the great strain on
and rapid wear of the cup, leather packings, and pump details accompanying
the excessive pressure necessitated by the arrangements hitherto in use.
The improved press is specially designed for compressing the cotton or wool
into a bale of a weight and form suitable for handling and stowing, namely,
into a bale weighing about four hundredweight, and measuring about fifty inches
in length, fifteen inches in breadth, and about eighteen inches in depth. For
this purpose a strong rectangular casing is provided, measuring internally about
fifty inches by fifteen inches horizontally, and about thirteen feet in depth;
this depth being required to contain the cotton or wool when it is in the loose
uncompressed state. The loose cotton or wool is introduced at the top by
doors, which are securely closed before effecting the compression. The com-
pression is effected by means of a platten or follower, which exactly fitting,

page_text: within the casing rises up and forces the cotton or wool into the upper part of
the casing. The platten or follower is fixed or set upon two cylindrical
hydraulic rams, which are made of a diameter smaller than the width between
the sides of the casing, so that they can follow up within the casing, and are
arranged side by side and parallel to each other. The rams work in two
cylinders, formed by preference in one casting, and in communication with
each other, and with pumps of the ordinary kind for forcing in water to make
them act.
In other modifications the platten or follower is fixed or set upon three or
more rams, but these must in all cases be sufficiently small for the whole of
them to enter up within the casing. By this arrangement of two or more
rams within one casing, placed side by side and parallel to each other, I am
enabled to obtain a larger area or surface for the hydrostatic pressure to act
upon within a given size of casing, and thus to produce a given aggregate
pressure with a considerably diminished hydrostatic pressure per square inch,
as compared with the arrangements hitherto in use, and consequently to greatly
reduce the strain upon (and rapid wear of) the cup, leather packings, and the
working parts of the pumps.
IMPROVEMENTS IN. SEWING OR STITCHING MACHINES
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL. SPECIFICATION: left by Robert Allee Purkis and George-
Callaway at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their
Petition, on the 6th. September. 1865..
We, ROBERT ALLEE PURKIS, of: Pembroke Villa, Portswood, near
Southampton, in the County of Hants, Engineer, and GEORGE. CALLAWAY, of
No. 5, Selwood Terrace, Brompton, in the County of Middlesex, Gentleman,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN.
SEWING OR STITCHING MACHINES," to be as follows:-
These improvements relate to the means for giving motion to the work.
during the process of sewing, or that which is commonly called the feed.
motion.
According to one arrangement the claw or feeding instrument is applied to-
a lever which is supported and actuated to turn vertically on a centre or on
centres of motion, whilst the claw or feeding instrument is supported
upon an axis carried by the outer end of this lever, and has the desired
progressive motion given to it at the times and to the extent desired by a
stud or tappet from the needle motion or needle lever or arm..

page_text: According to another arrangement the claw or feeding instrument is
stationarily affixed to a lever or arm such as that above referred to, or it is
fixed to that lever or arm by hinge joint, and the necessary step-by-step motion
is given to the claw or feeding instrument by that lever, having a compound
motion given to it on centres without sliding, by moving not only vertically on
a centre or on centres of motion, but also radially or horizontally, or, in place
of such compound motion on centres, a ball-and-socket motion may be
applied to this lever or arm.
AN IMPROVED BILLIARD MARKER
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Newman Burfoot Thoyts at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 21st
September 1865.
I, NEWMAN BURFOOT THOYTS, of Reading, in the County of Berkshire,
Captain in the Army, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "AN IMPROVED BILLIARD MARKER," to be as follows:---
At some convenient part of the billiard table a dial face is inserted, around
the edge of which are sunk a number of holes corresponding to the sub-
divisions on a recording dial face affixed to the wall of the apartment. On
the upper end of a vertical spindle, in the centre of the first-named dial face,
there is a spring handle, at the outer end of which is a point or stud taking
into the holes around the dial face. The lower end of this spindle carries a
bevil or mitre wheel taking into a corresponding wheel on one end of a
horizontal shaft which is led to the wall of the apartment, where by means of
a second pair of bevil wheels it gives motion to an upright shaft, on the upper
end of which a toothed wheel gives motion to the axis of a pointer which
traverses round the face of the recording dial. Whenever a player moves
the handle over a given number of holes the pointer of the recording dial
will travel over a similar number of sub-divisions, and so mark the number of
points made in the game.
CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PENHOLDERS
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Magloire Honoré Beguin at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
3rd May 1865.
I, MAGLOIRE HONORÉ BEGUIN, of the Batignolles, Paris, in the Empire of
France, Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PENHOLDERS," to be as
follows, that is to say:-
This penholder is closed by a reservoir or chamber filled up with ink by
suitable means. A communication is prepared between the pen placed in the
penholder and the above reservoir by a piston provided with a spring. A
stud set in motion by being pressed by a finger determines the movement of
the piston and consequently the feeding of the pen with the required quantity
of ink.
AN IMPROVED NON- CONDUCTING COMPOSITION FOR PREVENTING THE RADIATION OR TRANSMISSION OF HEAT OR COLD
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by James Thys at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with bis Petition, on the 4th November
1865.
I, JAMES THYS, of Grove Road, Mile End, in the County of Middlesex
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED NON-
CONDUCTING COMPOSITION FOR PREVENTING THE RADIATION OR TRANSMISSION OF
HEAT OR COLD," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to the application and use of certain materials for
the purpose of forming a non-conducting composition for preventing the
radiation or transmission of heat or cold, such materials not having been
previously employed for this purpose.
My Invention has for its object the manufacture of a less costly and more
effective non-conducting composition than those hitherto employed for the
purpose of coating steam boilers, steam pipes, or other apparatus where steam
is employed either for motive power or for heating purposes, in order to pre-
vent the radiation of heat, or for protecting pumps, vessels, water pipes, or
other apparatus from the action of low temperatures, frost, or other injurious
influence.
The ingredients constituting my improved non-conducting composition
consist of about fifty to sixty parts by weight of siliceous earth (by preference
that which is known as "Charlton earth"), about 30 parts by weight of coke
dust, about 35 parts of carbonized sawdust, 3 lbs. of cow hair, 1 lb. of
common size, 1 lb. of refuse cotton seed or other cheap oil or grease, the oil

page_text: or grease being mixed with the raw sawdust in the carbonizing vessel or
other apparatus employed in order to produce a greasy smoke during the
carbonizing process, which greatly increases the quantity of lampblack in the
bulk of the charred dust. The above ingredients are formed into a paste
(by means of a pug mill or other suitable apparatus) in combination with
about 80 per cent. of water, and applied in the manner well understood for
the purposes above described.
I would remark that the proportions of the several ingredients may be
considerably varied to suit the particular purpose for which the conducting
composition is required, and for some purposes the ordinary lampblack of
commerce may be employed in combination with different proportions of other
carbonaceous materials.