IMPROVE MENTS IN MACHINERY AND APPARATUS FOR MANUFACTURING METAL TUBES, WHICH IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY ARE IN PART APPLICABLE FOR OTHER PURPOSES WHERE PRESSURE IS REQUIRED; ALSO
Year: 1850

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS
PROSSER, of Birmingham, Civil Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS I did, by petition, humbly represent unto Her present most
Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, that I had invented certain "IMPROVE
MENTS IN MACHINERY AND APPARATUS FOR MANUFACTURING METAL TUBES, WHICH
IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY ARE IN PART APPLICABLE FOR OTHER PURPOSES WHERE
PRESSURE IS REQUIRED; ALSO IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MODE OF APPLYING METAL TUBES
IN STEAM BOILERS, OR OTHER VESSELS REQUIRING METAL TUBES TO BE APPLIED
WITHIN THEM;" and Her said Majesty, being willing to give encouragement to all
arts and inventions that may be for the public good, was graciously pleased, by
Her Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Eleventh day
of April (One thousand eight hundred and fifty) in the thirteenth year of
Her reign, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, to give and grant unto me,
the said Richard Prosser, my exors, adñiors, and assigns, Her especial license,
full power, sole privilege and authority, that I or they, by myself or them-
selves, or by my or their deputies, servants, or agents, or such others as I
should agree with (and no others), during the term of fourteen years from
the date of the said Letters Patent, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend my said Invention, within that part of Her said Majesty's
Dominions called England, Her Dominion of Wales, and Town of Berwick-
upon-Tweed, in such manner as to me, my exors, adñiors, and. assigns, shall

page_text: seem meet, and that I or they shall enjoy the whole profit and advantage
arising by reason of the said Invention during the said term of fourteen years.
And whereas the said Letters Patent contain a proviso obliging me, the said
Richard Prosser, particularly to describe and ascertain the nature of my said
Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, by an instrument
in writing under my hand and seal, and to cause the same to be enrolled in
Her Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent, as in and by the same
(reference being thereunto had) will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso I, the said
Richard Prosser, do hereby declare that my said Invention, and the manner in
which the same is to be performed, are described and ascertained in manner
following, and by the aid of the twelve Sheets of Drawings hereunto annexed,
with the writing thereon, that is to say:-
My said improvements relate for the most part to certain improvements in
the manufacture of metal tubes, and in the machinery and apparatus therefor,
and for which improvements former Letters Patent were granted to me, the
said Richard Prosser, by Her present most Excellent Majesty, on the First
day of May, in the year One thousand eight hundred and forty-five, and the
most part of my said former improvements were performed by bending or
turning up flat plates or skelps of metal to the form of tubes by pressing the
said flat plates into the hollows of suitable moulds, so as by successive pressings
to bend the plates by degrees and turn them up to the required form of tubes.
And in my Specification, which I caused to be enrolled in Chancery on or about
the First day of November, One thousand eight hundred and forty-five, in con-
formity with the aforesaid former Letters Patent, I described different means of
cutting the edges of such flat plates of metal truly straight, and with grooves,
or rabbits, or bevels, or other forms along such edges suitably for preparing
the two edges of each such plate for fitting closely ono of those edges to the
other edge of the same plate after it becamo bended and turned up to the form
of a tube, with the said two edges meeting in contact; and amongst those said
means I explained how such cutting might be performed in a planing machine,
the moving table of which was to be provided with a long narrow flat bed for
receiving the flat plate (which was to be previously set truly flat), with suitable
means of fastening the flat plate down on the said bed, which was to be some-
what narrower than the breadth of the plate, and raised above the moving
table of the planing machine, so as that the two edges of the plate would
overhang the narrow bed at each side thereof, suitably for those two edges
being acted upon by the cutting edges of two tools, which were to be held in

page_text: suitable tool holders sustained by the fixed part of the planing machines, and
in proper positions for cutting the two edges of the plate at the same time, one
edge with a vee groove, and the other with a double-bevelled edge, the said
vee groove and double bevels being formed in the usual manner of planing by
as many successive cuts with the said tools, from end to end of the plate or
skelp, as might be requisite. The means of fastening the flat plate down on the
long narrow bed was to be such as would-be comprised within the space over
the flat plate, leaving the two edges thereof exposed in order that the fastening
might not interfere with the tools or their tool holders. For that purpose the
flat plate could be fastened down upon the bed by a number of upright pinch-
ing screws in a strong bar, extending over the flat plate all the length thereof,
and fastened at each end of the bar to each end of the bed, leaving space
between the upper surface of the bed and the under side of the said bar for
the reception of the flat plate, wherefore the said upright pinching screws
would press upon the upper surface of the flat plate, at suitable places along
the length thereof, for fastening the flat plate down upon the bed, in a proper
manner for being acted upon by the tools at each edge as aforesaid, without
any part of the fastenings for the flat plate being in the way of those tools.
The first part of my present improvements consists in additional new parts,
and in compound cutting tools to be applied to a planing machine for the pur-
pose of facilitating the planing of the edges of two flat plates of metal at once,
in order to prepare each of those edges for fitting with close contact to the
opposite edge of the same plate, when each such plate is afterwards turned up
to the form of a tube. The moving table of such planing machine is provided
with new parts for firmly holding the said two flat plates edgeways upwards in
parallel vertical planes, the lengthway of the edges of those two plates being
horizontal and conformable with the endway motion of the moving table of the
planing machine. And each of the compound cutting tools contains several
distinct cutting edges, held fast in a row by suitable means of fastening them,
which row constitutes a compound cutting tool, and the same is held fast over
the uppermost edge of one of the two flat plates, with the lengthway of the
row conforming to the lengthway of the plate. And when that plate is moved
with the usual endway motion of the moving table of the planing machine, the
uppermost edge of the plate is carried along beneath the row of cutting edges,
so as to be cut and planed by one of those edges after another in succession,
for each such succeeding cutting edge in such row is adapted for penetrating
into the metal so much deeper (or so much further laterally) than the pre-
ceding edge, as the thickness of the shaving of metal that is intended to be
planed off and removed by the cutting action of the preceding edge. All the

page_text: cutting edges in the row are operating at the same time, although each one is
cutting at a different place along the length of the plate, and is removing its
own thin shaving of metal from its own place, so that they all concur in
expediting the performance of the intended planing. And one such compound
cutting tool is to be firmly held with its row of cutting edges over the upper-
most edge of one of the two flat plates, and another like compound tool with
its row of cutting edges over the uppermost edge of the other of the two flat
plates, so that by the usual endway motion of the moving table the two upper-
most edges will be carried beneath the two rows of cutting edges in the two
compound tools, and be subjected to the planing actions thereof, so as to perform
the intended planing of the uppermost edges of the two flat plates at once; and,
with a sufficient number of cutting edges in each of the compound tools, the
intended planing of the uppermost edges of both the flat plates may be finished
at one endway motion (or at two endway motions) of the moving table, though
at a distance somewhat greater than the whole length of the flat plates. The
several cutting edges which constitute each compound tool may be adapted for
cutting either downwards from above into the metal of the uppermost edge of
the flat plates, or else for cutting laterally into that metal in a direction from
one side or surface of the plate towards the other side or surface thereof. And
the said several cutting edges may be arranged for cutting in regular succes-
sion one after another, and in like manner, so that each succeeding edge will
remove a thin shaving of metal in the same direction (either, downwards or
laterally) as the preceding edge is at the same time removing. Or some of
the cutting edges (for instance, every alternate cutting edge in the row) may
be adapted for cutting downwards and removing a thin shaving from off the
uppermost portion of the metal of the edge of the flat plate, but others of the
cutting edges (for instance, every intermediate cutting edge in the same row)
may be adapted for cutting laterally, and removing a shaving from off some
portion of one side of the thickness of the same metal. And such cutting
downwards by some of the cutting edges, and cutting laterally by others of
them, will be carried on at the same time, so that in such case the conjoined
operation of all the cutting edges in the same compound tool will be to cut
downwards and laterally at the same time, in order to perform the intended
planing thereof, at one endway motion (or at two endway motions) of the
moving table. It is not necessary that the two sorts of cutting edges should
be arranged in any particular order (such as the alternate and the intermediate
in the row), but those which cut downwards may form one portion of the row,
and those which cut laterally another different portion of the same row. The
two sorts of cutting edges may be combined in the same row in any order that

page_text: may be convenient. The cutting edges for planing the edges of metal plates
to some particular forms (such, for instance, as rabetted forms) may be
adapted for cutting laterally at one portion of each cutting edge, and for
cutting downwards at other portions of the same cutting edge. Or each com-
pound tool may be furnished with two parallel rows of reversed cutting edges,
that is to say, the cutting edges in one of those rows being adapted for planing
during the endway motion of the moving-table in-the-usual direction of that
motion called its forward motion, but the cutting edges in the other row of the
same compound tool being adapted for replaning, and further cutting the same
metal during the next succeeding endway motion or return of the said moving
table in a contrary direction, called its backward motion. The planing machine
is furnished with two such compound tools, each having two parallel rows of
reversed cutting edges for planing the metal of the uppermost edges of two
flat plates at once during the forward motion, by the cutting edges of one of
the rows in each compound tool. And then, previous to the commencement
of the return or backward motion, both the compound tools are moved laterally
a sufficient space to bring the cutting edges of the other row of each such tool
into a proper position for replaning the same metal during the backward
motion, and the same moving laterally of both compound tools will have
removed the first mentioned row of cutting edges of each tool out of the way
for the present. The cutting edges in one of the said two rows in each com-
pound tool may be adapted for cutting downwards into the metal, and the
cutting edges in the other row for cutting laterally, or for cutting both laterally
and downwards, or each row may contain both sorts of cutting edges combined,
in any order that may be convenient.
For more completely describing this first part of my present improvement,
see Sheet A of the Drawings hereunto annexed, wherein Figure 1 is a lateral
elevation, and Figure 2 a horizontal plan, of a planing machine having this
first part of my improvements added thereto. Also Figure E, x, Figure
E, W, E, Figure z, and Figure p, are detached parts. In Sheet B some
portions are represented on a larger scale, the lower part of Figure 3 being
a transverse section; Figure 4, a corresponding end elevation; Figure 5, part
of a corresponding lateral elevation; and Figure 6, part of a horizontal plan
corresponding to Figure 5. The same letters and numeral characters for
reference denote the same parts in all the said Figures. Note, in the
Drawings hereunto annexed, the figures of detached parts are titled with the
letters wherewith the same parts are marked for letters of reference in some
other Figure or Figures where such parts are shewn in their places. For.
instance, Figure E, W, E, Sheet A, represents two long clamps with a long

page_text: wedge between one wHICH
3, 4, and 6.
description.
The writing upon the Drawings will assist the following
DESCRIPTION OF THE NEW PARTS which are to be applied upon the Moving
Table of a Planing Machine for holding two flat Plates at a time edgeway
upwards in Parallel Vertical Planes, in a suitable manner for Planing
the uppermost Edges of both Plates at once.
The horizontal line 1, 1, Figures 1 and 3, 4, 5, represent the level of
the upper flat surface of the moving table of the planing machine, which
machine may be on any of the different constructions which are in common
use for planing long lengths of metal works. It should be capable of
planing at least sixteen feet in length and about three feet in width. On
the said upper flat surface 1, 1, of the moving table, a long narrow trough
of cast iron, marked b, a, A, B, c, A, a, b, in the section, Figure 3, is
securely fastened by suitable holding-down screws and steadyments. The
trough is open at each end, and also at its upper part. And in order to give
the trough great strength for retaining its two vertical sides a, A, A, a, firmly
in their intended vertical positions (and with the upper edges a and a of those
sides at their intended distance asunder), the trough is cast with a number
of external ribs b, c, b, which stand up in transverse vertical planes at six
inches apart from one such rib to the next along the lengthway of the trough,
each rib extending across beneath the bottom B at c, and rising up at the
outside of each vertical side A and A. All those ribs, b, c, b, are in the same
piece of casting with the bottom B and sides A, A, of the trough. The
undermost edges of the bottom parts c of the several ribs are all planed to
conformity with a flat surface. The ribs b, c, b, render the trough A, B, A,
very firm to preserve its figure, and they serve as its base for standing upon
the surface 1, 1, of the moving table. The two sides A and A of the trough
are planed straight on their uppermost edges a and a, and also at their
insides, conformably to parallel vertical planes, for a little way down below the
level of those edges a and a. Within the hollow a, A, B, A, a, of the trough,
another long casting D, d, D, F, f, F, f, Figure 3, is placed, and is firmly
fastened by screw bolts at its base f, f, so as to become like one piece with the
trough A, B, A, and it occupies the whole length and nearly (but not quite)
the whole width of the hollow thereof. And after the long casting is so
fastened within the trough, then the uppermost parts D, D, aro planed straight
and conformably to a horizontal surface, which is below the level of the hori
zontal plane of the two uppermost edges a and a, so as to support two strong

page_text: bars E and E (which I call clamps, see Figure E, W, E, Sheet A), which clamps,
being laid flatways on D and D, their uppermost surfaces will be in a hori-
zontal plane, which is conformable (or nearly conformable) with the uppermost
edges a and a. By this combination of parts, two long narrow crevices (open
from end to end) are left unoccupied between the internal edges a, a, of the
two sides A and A of the trough, and the edges e, c, of the two clanips
E and E. And those two crevices a, e, and a, c, can be opened wide enough
for receiving the two flat plates of metal whereof the uppermost edges aro to
be planed both at once. Those plates are shewn in section at P and P, in
Figure 3, as they stand edgeways upwards. After they have been let down
from above into the two crevices a, c, and a, e, and the vacant spaces beneath
them, which are of sufficient depth for receiving nearly the whole breadth of
the plates P, P, the lowermost edges of those plates come to rest on bearing
stops p and p (see Figure p, Sheet A), which are of suitable height to prevent
the plates P, P, descending lower than they are intended to do. When so
resting on the stops p and p, the uppermost edge of each of the two plates
P and P will stand up above the level of the uppermost parts of the edges
a and a, and above the level of the edges e and e of the clamps E and E, and
standing so much above such levels as is suitable for the operation of planing
the uppermost edges of the plates P and P both at once. But before com-
mencing such operation, the plates P and P are both held fast in their
respective positions, edgeways upwards, by means of a long tapering wedge W,
which occupies all the space between the two clamps E and E, and the wedge
W, being made to enter further in between those clamps, will force them
further apart one from the other, and thereby press their edges e and e towards
the two plates P and P, in order to hold those plates fast against the edges
a and a of the trough A, B, A, which edges a, a, are unyielding in consequence
of the strength given to the trough by its numerous external ribs b, c, b. The
wedge W is considerably longer than the two clamps E and E, and its
breadth (measuring across it horizontally) has a regular tapering from end to
end, see Figure E, W, E, Sheet A. When the wedge. W is so far withdrawn
from between the two clamps E and E, that the narrow end of the wedge is
nearly even with the ends of those two clamps, then their edges e and o will
become removed to their greatest extent from the edges a and a respectively,
so as to open the crevices (, e, and a, e, to a sufficient width for admitting the
two plates P and P to be lowered down into the two crevices. And then, in
order to close up those crevices and fasten the two plates P and P therein, the
wedge W is forced endways with its narrow end foremost, so that the broader
part of the wedge will enter further in between the two clamps E and E; and

page_text: as the clamps do not partake of the endway motion of the wedge, they are by
that motion forced further apart one from the other, and consequently their
edges e and c press the two plates P and P forcibly against the two edges
a and a. The under side of the long wedge W slides upon the flat bottom of
a recess formed between D and D, but in the same piece of metal, and that
bottom is planed down to a level as much lower than that of D and D as the
wedge W is thicker than the two clanips E and E; therefore the upper
surfaces of the wedge W, and of the two clamps E and E, conform to
the same horizontal plane. The part of the wedge w, W, w, which is below
the level of the undermost surfaces of the two clamps E and E (and below the
level of the two uppermost surfaces of D and D) is of uniform breadth from
end to end, and occupies nearly, but not quite, the whole breadth of the
aforesaid recess, with liberty to slide endways freely therein, without close
confinement laterally. It is the part W that is between the two clamps E
and E that is really the operative wedge for fastening the plates P and P
which wedge W is broad at one of its ends, as it appears in Figure 2 and
Figure E, W, E, but at the opposite end it is very narrow. The two clamps
E and E are each of them tapering, as well as the wedge W, see Figure
E, W, E, because the two edges of those two clamps, which apply against the
two edges of the wedge W, correspond to the tapering thereof, but the two
outer edges e, c, are always parallel one to the other, and are also parallel to
the two edges a, a, of the trough. The wedge W, when it is in the act of
being withdrawn or moved endways between the two clamps E and E, with its
broadest end foremost, is caused to react upon those clamps in order to with-
draw their edges e and e away from contract with the plates P and P,
and release those plates by opening each of the crevices a, e, and a, e, to a
sufficient width for allowing the plates to be removed and other plates inserted.
For this purpose the wedge W is provided with two prominent straight edges
20 and w, see Figure E, W, E, which are in the same piece of metal as the
wedge, and are parallel to those tapering edges of the wedge W against
which the edges of the clamps E and E apply. The two prominent edges
w, w, are received into corresponding grooves, which are planed out in the
undermost surfaces of the two clamps E and E all the length thereof from
end to end, the said grooves being parallel to those adjacent edges of the
clamps E and E which apply against the tapering edges of the wedge W.
The outermost edges of the prominent parts wand w are not in close contact
with the adjacent edges of the grooves into which they are received, and the
said parts w and w do not operate for forcing the two clamps E and E out-
wards away from the solid part W. The two tapering edges of that part W alone

page_text: The two bearings
perform all such forcing outwards; and the parts w and ware only operative
for bringing the two clamps E and E back again, or inwards towards the part
W of the wedge whenever the latter is withdrawn or moved endways between
the two clamps with its broadest end foremost. The expression endway
motion of the wedge W is to be understood as mere relative motion of that
wedge in respect of the two clamps E and E, between which the wedge W
is interposed and moved, as well as in respect to the trough A, B, A, and- the-
recess between the parts D and D wherein the wedge W is lodged. Such
endway motion of the wedge w, W, iv, is communicated to it when required
(and with the requisite force and in the intended direction) by means of a
rack and pinion, and wheel and pinion, worked with winch handle or handles,
as follows: A toothed rack R (see Figures 3, 4, 5, and 6) is fastened into a
cavity provided for it at the under side of the wedge W at the broadest end
thereof (see the dotted lines in Figure E, W, E), and the teeth of the rack R
project downwards below the level of the under surface of the wedge W, a
recess being left above the part d to admit those teeth without touching. The
rack R is actuated by a pinion G of six teeth fastened upon a horizontal axis
I, which extends across somewhat beyond that end of the trough A, B, A,
where the broadest end of the wedge W is situated, and the axis I is sus-
tained in its said position by four bearings i, i, and S, S.
i and i descend from near one end of each of the two clamps E and E, one
bearing at each side of the pinion G; cach bearing i being bolted to the under
surface of one of the clamps E, sustains the axis I as much below that surface
as will cause the teeth of the pinion G to act properly with the teeth of the
rack R. The other two bearings S and S are bolted to the endmost of the
ribs b, c, b, at the end of the trough A, B, A, and it is by those two bearings
S and S that the axis I is sustained in its intended position in respect to the
trough. The two bearings i and i are merely for the purpose of preventing
the two clamps E and E from moving endways when the axis I and pinion
G are turned round, and (when the consequent action of the teeth of that
pinion in the teeth of the rack R) causes the wedge W to be moved endways
between the said two clamps E and E. The two bearings S and S, for the
ends of the axis I, extend onward from the end of the trough A, B, A, in
order to serve as bearings for two other horizontal axes J and N of the
wheel and pinion work, by which the requisite power is obtained for moving
the wedge W. The axes J and N are parallel to the axis I, which latter has
a spur wheel H of thirty-three teeth fastened upon the outer end of it, and
those teeth are actuated by the teeth of a pinion T, of twenty-two teeth, that
is fastened upon
the outer end of the axis J. The teeth of the pinion T are

page_text: weight on their
engaged (when required) by the teeth of another pinion M (also of twenty-two
teoth), which is fastened upon the outer end of the third axis N. That axis
N is turned round when required by means of a double-ended winch handle
or handles, applied on a square or on squares at the extreme end or ends of
that axis N, and thereby motion is transmitted to the wheel H, axis I, and
pinion G, for moving the rack R and wedge W endways between the two
clamps E and E, so as to commence holding the two plates P and P between
the edges at, c, and a, e; and then, in order to obtain greater power for holding
the same two plates P and P very fast, the axis N is slided so far endways
and outwards in its bearings S and S, as to remove the pinion M laterally
out of gear with the pinion T, and by the same sliding endways a smaller
pinion of cleven teeth (which is fastened on the said axis N) is brought
laterally into gear with a large wheel O, which is fastened upon the axis J.
After such change of gear, then, by continuing to turn round the axis N (by
the same double-ended winch handle or handles on the end or ends of it
as before), the same endway motion of the wedge as before is continued, but
with three times greater power, in order to pinch and hold the two plates
P and P very fast between the edges a and e, and a and e. The two clamps
E and E, and the wedge W between them, rest by their own
coinmon supporter D, D; and to prevent any rising of those parts, thin flat
bars are applied across the upper surfaces of E, W, E, at five places in the
whole length thereof, see Figures 2, 3, and 6. The two ends of each cross bar
are kept firmly down upon the two clamps E and E by upright bolts, see
Figure 8, which pass down through those clamps, and fasten by nuts screwed
on their lower ends to the supporting parts D and D. The wedge W is kept
down by being beneath the middle parts of the said cross bars z. The holes
through the two clamps E and E, for the said bolts, are sufficiently oblong to
permit the small lateral motions of the two clamps E and E, when they are
forced outwards by action of the wedge W, or returned by reaction of the
parts wand w. The edges e and e, of the two clamps E and E (which edges.
are pressed against the plates P and P for the purpose of holding them), are
provided with a number of small but stiff steel springs (see Figure E, a,
and Figure, Sheet A), which springs a will come into contact with the plates
P and P at an early period of the lateral motion that is given by the
wedge W to the two clamps E and E, and before the edges E and E come
into actual contact with those plates. By aid of the springs a the pinching
of the two plates P and P is commenced easily from the first condition of
the plates P and P, when they are standing loosely edgeways upwards after
their insertion into the crevices a, e, and a, e, without beginning abruptly to

page_text: be pinched between the edges a, e, and a, e, as would be the case without such
springs. The springs are inlaid into grooves planed out for their reception
in the edges e and e, of the clamps E and E, see Figure E, ac, each groovo
extending all the length of the clamp, and containing a row of the springs,
each of which is a short piece of steel fitted in its breadth to occupy the breadth
of the groove, and held therein by one screw passing horizontally through a
hole at the mid-length of the spring (and through a washer behind the
spring), and screwing into the metal of the clamp E. The ends of each
spring are thicker than the springing part, which is one eighth of an inch
thick by one inch and a quarter broad. Those thicker ends alone apply against
the plates P and P: and when the springs are at liberty, their said ends
outwards beyond the border edges of the groove about one sixteenth part
of an inch. The springs a being thick and broad compared with their length,
which is only three inches, they aro very stiff, and there is one spring at
every six inches in length, as appears in Figure E, a, wherefore a considerable
force of elastic pressure is exerted by all the springs x against the two plates
P and P so as to hold the same with tolerable firmness before any actual
contact commences between the edges e and e of the clamps E and E, above
and below the grooves and the plates P and P for holding them very fast by
such contact. That elastic pressure continues to be exerted in its full force
by all the springs after such contact has taken place, whereby the springs
insure an equal distribution throughout the length of each plate P of as much
force as is exerted by all the springs a which are in contact with that plate.
The plates are previously set as flat and out of twist (or out of winding) as
can be done); but nevertheless soine inaccuracy in those particulars must be
expected to remain, and the springs a tend to neutralize the effect of such
inaccuracy. The bearing stops p and p, for sustaining the lowermost edges
of the two plates P and P, Figure 3, are fitted upon blocking pieces u,
which are firmly fastened upon the flat bottom B of the trough A, B, A, and
there is one screw passing upwards through that blocking piece u, for fastening
each stop p in its place on that blocking piece u. There is an opening
through the upright side A or A of the trough for introducing or removing
the stop p (or the blocking piece u) as may be required. Those places at
the bottom B of the trough, whereon the several blocking pieces u are
fastened at each side of the trough A, B, A, are all planed conformably to
one horizontal plane, and the blocking pieces 16 are all of one thickness, so that
all the places on those blocking pieces u, whereon the stops p are to be applied,
will be conformable to one horizontal plane. The stops p, which are to be
used at one time for the same plate P, are all of the same height.
Figure Pr

page_text: Sheet A, represents one of the bearing stops detached. Those stops p
which are used for one of the plates P at one side of the trough A, B, A,
should be somewhat lower than the like stops p for the other of the plates P
at the opposite side of the trough, because the plate P, at the first men-
tioned side, will be undergoing the first operation of planing one of its
edges, while the other plate P, at the opposite side of the trough, will be
undergoing the final operation of planing the second of its edges, wherefore
the heights of the stops p and p, at the opposite sides of the trough, should
differ as much as the breadth of the plate P will be diminished by the first
operation of planing one of its edges. Previous to planing the edges of the
plates P and P, those plates are to be prepared, as will be herein-after
explained, by setting the plates as flat, and out of twist or out of winding, as
can be done, and then shearing the edges of the flattened plates as straight as
can be done, but leaving the plates after the shearing as much broader than
they are ultimately required to be as will allow metal enough for planing both
edges of each plate, so as to render those edges straight, but without reducing
the breadth to less than is ultimately required. The height of the stops p, at
one side of the trough A, B, A, must be adapted for sustaining a plate P in
its state of greater breadth, so that the uppermost edge of that plate will stand
up sufficiently prominent above the level of the edges a, e, for the planing of
that edge to be performed. And after one edge of the plate P has been thus
planed (so that the plate may be considered as half finished), then that half
finished plate is to be transferred to the opposite side of the trough A, B, A,
and in so transferring the plate it is turned over and then placed in the
crevice a, e, at that opposite side, with its recently planed edge downwards,
and resting upon the stops p, at that opposite side, which stops are so much
higher than the like stops p at the first-mentioned side of the trough, that the
unplaned (and now uppermost) edge of the plate P will stand up sufficiently
prominent above the level of the edges a, c, for the planing of the unplaned edge
to be performed in final completion of the planing of the plate P. Every time,
when a half finished plate P (with one of its edges planed) is about to be
transferred from one side of the trough A, B, A; to the opposite side, a finished
plate P (whereof both edges have been planed) will have been recently
removed from that opposite side, and carried away as finished. Also, imme-
diately after such transferring, a fresh plate P (with neither of its edges planed)
will be put into that side of the trough from which the half-finished plate
has been removed; therefore, at every time when the wedge W is forced in
between the two clamps E and E, there will be two plates P and P in the
rough at the same time to be held fast by that action of the wedge W.

page_text: Every time that the operation of planing is performed, two edges (but
belonging to two different plates P and P) will be planed at the same time,
one of those edges belonging to a fresh plate P, and the other belonging to a
different and half-finished plate P, whereof the opposite edge has been pre-
viously planed and then turned downwards, whilst the said half-finished plate
was in the act of being transferred from one side of the trough A, B, A, to the
opposite side. Those stops p which are at the same side of the trough should
be disposed at such distances apart as will afford the best support to the
lowermost edge of that plate P, which is to rest on such stops. Five places
are provided in the whole length of the trough at each side A, A, thereof,
where stops p may be fixed (see Figure 1), so as to suit the length of the
plates P and P that are to be planed. One stop p, towards each end of the
plate P, will be suitable for supporting the lowermost unplaned edge of a fresh
plate.
For the second or final planing of half-finished plates, whereof one
edge has been previously planed, three stops p may be thought preferable, one
such stop being near the midlength of the plate, and one other stop towards
each end thereof. Each stop p gives two places of bearing for the lowermost
edge of the plate P or P (see Figure p), the space between those two places
being hollowed to avoid bearing. To guide each plate P when it is let down
edgeways into the crevice a, e, and retain the plate in its intended vertical
position therein, each of the blocking pieces u has a vertical part standing up
from it within the hollow of the trough A, B, A (see Figure 3), so as to
stand in a suitable position for forming one vertical side to the. crevice, and
the two plates P and P apply with one flat surface of each plate in easy
contract with the vertical parts of the blocking pieces u and u at each side,
until the two plates are held fast in the crevices by action of the clamps E and
E, and wedge W. Whenever narrower plates P and P are to be planed (for
turning up into tubes of smaller diameter), the stops p and p must be changed
for other similar stops, but as much higher than those used for broader plates
as the plates are to be narrower; so that the uppermost edges which are to be
planed will in all cases stand up nearly to the same height of prominence
above the level of the edges a, e, and a, e.
DESCRIPTION OF THE COMPOUND CUTTING TOOLS TO BE USED IN THE
PLANING MACHINE.
They appear in their places in Figures 1 and 2 in Sheet A, and again, but
drawn on a larger scale, in Figures 7 and 8, Sheet B; also, Figure 3, in that
Sheet, includes an end elevation of the two compound tools, held in their
respective places over the uppermost edges of the two plates P and P, on

page_text: which edges those tools are to operate. Also, Sheet C contains Figures of
different parts of the compound tools detached. The horizontal line 1, 1,
represents the level of the upper flat surface of the moving table 2, 2. Figures
3, 7, and 8, are the inside edges of the vertical fixed standards, at each side of
the moving table, and 3 represents the cross bar, which is fastened by binding
screw bolts 4 and 4 with nuts to the standards 2 and 2, so as to reach across
over the moving table; and the fastenings 4 and 4 of the bar 3 being
slackened, it can be adjusted by means of two suspending screws 7 and 7,
Figures 1 and 2, to any height required, and there it can be fastened by its
fastenings 4 and 4, all which is as usual in ordinary planing machines. In
place of the slider, which is usually fitted to slide endways along the bar 3
and 3 by screw motion work for carrying one cutting tool in a direction across
the moving table, I make a new slide 5 to fit upon the same bar 3 for
sustaining the two new compounding tools, which are to operate both at
the same time on the uppermost edges of two flat plates P and P, Figure 3,
which are held edgeways upwards at the opposite sides of the trough A, B, A.
The slider 5 may be fitted upon the cross bar 3 in the usual manner, as shewn
in Figure 7, the upper and lower edges of 3 being formed with dovetails,
to which the slider 5 is fitted by aid of a triangular fitting piece 6, which
can be tightened by pinching screws, to make the slider 5 fit or fasten on the
bar 3. The slider 5 is formed with a frame K, K, projecting out from it
horizontally, in the direction of the endway motion of the moving table, the
slider 5 and frame K, K, being in one piece, and the interior of the frame
K, K, leaves two distinct openings through its whole height for the reception
of the two compound cutting tools L and L, and of two moveable edges C and
C, Figure 8, one in each opening, for pinching one of the compound tools L
very fast within the opening, when the wedge is moved endways with its
smallest end foremost; or vice versa, by a contrary motion of the same wedge l,
it will release the compound tool L, to allow the same to be removed from its
place in the frame K. Such motions are communicated to the wedge 7 by
turning the nut m of a screw bolt t, which is connected with the wedge b.
The several cutting edges which constitute each compound tool may either be
formed at the lower ends of as many square steel bars 7, see Figure 1,
Sheet C, which 1 name tool shanks, or, otherwise, such cutting edges may be
formed out of as many small pieces of steel n, which I name teeth, see Figure
2, n, which teetlin are fastened into notches at the lower ends of square
bars 7, which I name tool handles. In either case, whether tool shanks or
tool handles; the whole number of such square bars r, belonging to the several
cutting edges which are to constitute each compound tool, are fitted into as

page_text: many cells in a piece of cast iron L, which I name a tool rack, see Figure L,
Sheet C, and each of the bars r is fastened into the cell wherein it is lodged
by means of two small screws for cach bar r. The bars being so fastened
into the cells of the tool rack L, all the cutting edges belonging to the same
compound tool become connected in a row, as if they were united one to
another, in order that the whole row may constitute a compound tool, which
can be removed-like one piece from its place within one of the openings of the
frame K whenever the cutting edges of that tool require sharpening; and it
can be immediately replaced by another similar compound tool, that is to say,
another tool rack, which is ready furnished with cutting edges, newly
sharpened and adjusted, in those cells (by means herein-after described) and
then fastened therein; the said tool rack being fitted to go into the same
opening in the frame K, as the former tool rack has been removed from,
and it can be fastened therein by the same wedge and nut m, and when
so fastened, all the cutting edges of such fresh compound tool will be held in
precisely the same positions in respect to the planing machine as were
occupied by the cutting edges of the former tool which has been removed.
The cells in each tool rack L (see Figure L, Sheet C) are planed out parallel
one to another, and all alike to an equal depth, so that the bottoms of all the
cells conform to an imaginary plane, and the cells are thereby adapted for the
reception of the square bars r, which (as already stated) may be either tool
shanks or tool handles. The back surface of each tool rack L is planed flat to
fit against the corresponding inside surface of one of the openings in the frame K,
that inside surface, as well as the upper edge of the opening bounding the said
surface, being also planed. When the slider part 5 of the frame K, K, is
mounted in its place upon the cross bar 3, 3, then the said inside surfaces of
the two openings in the frame K, K, will stand in two parallel vertical planes,
the directions (horizontally) of which are conformable to the endway motion
of the moving table, also the aforesaid upper edges of the two openings will
then be in one horizontal plane. Each of those edges serve as a lodgement
for a prominent border j at the back surface of the tool rack L along its
uppermost edge. That border j is in the same piece with the tool rack L, and
is planed true, in order to lodge upon the said horizontal upper edge of one
of the openings in the frame K. The lengthway of the border is at right
angles across the lengthway of the cells of the tool rack. The back surface
of the tool rack L is not quite parallel to the aforesaid imaginary plane
at the bottom of all the cells. To insure that the border j is put down in
close contact with the horizontal upper edge of the opening in the frame K,
two steady pins s and s, Figures 7 and 8 are fitted horizontally through holes

page_text: in the metal of the frame K, and those steady pins are connected together
by one handle, by which both can be moved together in order to insert the
tapering ends of the two steady pins s and s into corresponding holes into
the back surface of L, and after such insertion the tool rack L is held fast
in its opening in the frame K by turning the nut m and tightening the
wedge l.
After both tool racks L and L are thus steady pinned and held
fast in their proper places in the two openings of the frame K, K, then
the back surface of those tool racks will be held in two parallel vertical
planes, the directions of which horizontally conform to the endway motion of
the moving table; also the several bars r, which are fastened into the cells
of each tool rack L, will be held in vertical positions endway upwards; but
as to the row of those bars r which belong to cach tool rack L, although
those bars stand included between two imaginary parallel vertical planes
to constitute a row, yet such planes make a very small angle of inclination
laterally to the direction of the endway motion of the moving table, as will
be further explained. The whole interior width of the frame K (across
both the openings in it) measuring horizontally across the lengthway of the
planing machine, from the inside flat vertical surface of one of those openings
to the like surface of the other opening, is adapted to suit the width across
between the two edges a and a of the trough A, B, A, so that the upper-
most edges of two plates P and P can be planed at once by the two rows
of cutting edges of the two compound tools, which tools are held fast in the
two openings of the frame K, K, by their wedges and 7. Each of the
tool handles (see Figure r, n, Sheet C) may be composed of two flat bars
of iron or steel, put together by two screws, so that the two bars together
form a square bar r. The uppermost of those screws is countersunk into
the square bar r, and the lowermost of those screws passes across a notch
cut out at the lowermost end of the tool handle 7, and through the small
steel tooth n, which tooth n is fitted into the said notch so as to be held
fast therein by a binding action of the lowermost screw. There is a close
contact between the uppermost part of the tooth n and the corresponding part
of the notch wherein it is held. To secure the tooth n from any motion in its
notch, a small steel wire O, Figure », n, is inserted into a hole formed by
two half round grooves, one cut out in the inside of the notch, and the other
on the flat side of the tooth n, those two grooves corresponding so as to
leave a small round hole for the wire O, which, being pinched therein by
the binding action of the lowermost screw, the wire O will assist in fastening
the tooth n in the notch. With such a wire O, it will not in all cases be
necessary for each tooth n to have a hole through it for the lowermost binding

page_text: screw to pass through, but that screw may pass across the bar r, just above
the upper part of the notch for the tooth n, as shewn in Figure n, r. The
tooth n is to be fitted with close contact between its upper part and the upper.
part of the notch. The wire O is parallel to the upper of the notch and of
the tooth n. In any case the steel tooth n protrudes downward out of the
notch, below the lowermost end of the tool handle r, and also protrudes
forwards beyond that front side of the tool handle towards which the motion
of the moving table advances when the cutting by the tooth n is performed.
The cutting edge of the tooth n is the angle formed at the intersection of
the two protruding parts, namely, the lowermost and the foremost parts;
that is the case for one sort of cutting edge for cutting downwards into
the metal, but for cutting laterally. into the metal, the cutting edge is
the angle formed at the intersection of one of the flat sides of the tooth
n, and the foremost protruding part of that tooth. In some cases, such
as for planing out rabbets along the edges of the flat plates, the several
cutting edges may be formed for cutting laterally at one portion of each
such edge, and for cutting downward at other portions of the same edge.
This is shewn in Figures r, and r, n, and 'n, r. The square bars r are
all of one size, whether they are tool shanks, as in Figure r, or tool handles,
as. in Figures r; ñn, and n, r; the bars in either case fit into the cells
of the tool rack L, and are held fast therein by two screws for each
square bar. Those screws may be applied according to two indifferent
modes. In one of those modes they may be two small screw bolts, which
pass; horizontally through two oblong holes in each square bar. 7, see the
left hand of Figure. L, also Figures L, r, and r, n. The heads of those bolts:
are, countersunk into the back. surface of the tool rack L, and by means
of nuts screwed on the ends of the bolts the bars r are held fast in their
respective. cells to form a compound tool. In the other mode (shewn at the
right-hand end of Figure L, also in Figure L, r, Z) two pinching screws
are held in horizontal dovetailed bars y and y, which are fastened into
dovetail potches cut out across the protruding divisions between the adjacent
cells of the tool rack L,: so that the two bars y and y will pass across
all the cells in, order to hold the. two pinching screws for each bar opposite
thereto. Those pinching screws have nicks across their ends for applying
a turnscrew, in order to cause the screws to pinch the bars r so as to
hold them fast in the cells. When the pinching screws are slackened the
bars r. can be withdrawn endways from their cells without removing the
dovetailed bars y and y. The divisions between the adjacent cells of the:
tool rack L protrude beyond the ends of the screw .bolts and nuts, or the
B

page_text: dovetailed bars y and y, and the protruding edges of all the divisions are
planed to conform to a flat surface, and one side of the wedge applies
crossways against all those planed edges, when it produces the pinching
action for fastening the compound tool in one of the openings in the frame
K. The screw bolts and nuts or pinching screws and dovetail bars Y and y
are all out of the way of the wedge l, which has no effect for fastening
the bars into their cells, but that depends solely on the two screws for each
bar. One of the interior sides of each of the openings in the frame K
(see Figure 8) is formed to suit the inclined side of that wedge which
belongs to such opening, and the screw bolt t, which gives motion to the
wedge, although horizontal, is parallel to the inclining side. The screw
bolt t for each wedge l and a vertical pin vis put down into a hole across
that hollow, and through the eye of the bolt t, so as to connect the wedge
with that bolt. The nut m for each of the bolts t is fitted into a socket in
the metal of the frame K, the nut having a shoulder upon it to go inside
the frame, and also having a collar fastened securely upon it, outside the
frame; and the nut m being turned one way round will force the wedge
further into the frame for pinching the tool rack L therein, or the nut m, being
turned the contrary way, will withdraw the wedge 1 sufficiently for releasing
the tool rack. The weight of each wedge is supported on a small fixed
straight bar, which is fastened horizontally along the lower part of the opening
of the frame K, the lengthway of that bar being in the oblique direction of
the motion of the wedge which slides along the fixed bar. A groove formed
along the under side of the wedge receives that bar, and the two ends of
the same bar are let into the under edges of the frame K, and fastened
thereto by a countersunk screw at each end. Each of the two compound
tools L is fitted into its own opening in the frame K, and is secured
therein by two steady pins s and s, connected by one handle, and is held
fast by a wedge 1, moved by a screw bolt t and nut m in the same
manner one as the other. The planing machine will require to be pro-
vided with several compound tools for change when the cutting edges
require sharpening, and the tool racks L for all such compound tools
must be alike, and adapted to fit into and fasten into one or other of the
two openings of the frame K, K, according as each tool rack L is intended
for one or other of the two. Owing to the manner whereby the several
bars are fastened into their respective cells of the tool rack L by two
screws for each bar, the several cutting edges, which are to cut downwards
into the metal of the uppermost edges of the plates P and P, can be adjusted
by lowering or raising any one of the bars a little endway into its cell,

page_text: so that the cutting edge at the lower end of that bar r will penetrate more or
less into the metal beneath. And whether those cutting edges, which are for
cutting downwards into the metal beneath them, constitute the whole row of
cutting edges in the compound tool, or only part of such row, the foremost
cutting edge of that sort in the row is to be adjusted to stand at the highest
level in respect to the metal that is to be planed by the compound tool; and
the next succeeding edge of the same sort in the same row is to be adjusted to
stand as much lower than the level of the preceding edge as the thickness of
the shaving of metal that is to be planed off and removed by the downward
cutting action of such succeeding edge, and so on of all the other succeeding
cutting edges of the same sort in the same row; each succeeding edge is to
stand lower by the thickness of a shaving than the preceding edge, and the
hindmost cutting edge is adjusted to stand at the lowest level to which it is
intended to reduce the metal by the downward planing with the compound
tool. The several cutting edges being adjusted in such manner in their tool
racks L, those cutting edges will all conform to an imaginary straight line:
And when the tool rack, with the cutting edges so adjusted therein, is held
fast in its place in one of the openings of the frame K, that line will be con-
formable to the direction of the endway motion of the moving table, except
that the line will have a small inclination from the horizontal, being highest at
that end where the foremost of the cutting edges is situated, and lowest at the
other end where the hindmost of those edges is situated. Respecting those
cutting edges which are adapted for cutting laterally into the metal of the
uppermost edges of the plates P and P, whether those lateral cutting edges
constitute the whole row in the compound tool or only part thereof, the fore-
most of such lateral cutting edges is to be adjusted to stand close to one side
of the metal that is to be planed, and the next succeeding lateral cutting edge
is to be adjusted to stand so much further sideways towards the metal as the
thickness of the shaving that is to be planed off, and removed laterally by that:
succeeding edge, and so on of all the other succeeding lateral cutting edges
in the same row; each succeeding edge is to stand further sideways, the
thickness of a shaving, towards the metal than the preceding edge, and the
hindmost lateral cutting edge is adjusted to stand as far in towards the metal
as it is intended to penetrate into the thickness thereof by the lateral planing
with the compound tool. To obtain some lateral adjustment of those cuttings
edges which are to cut laterally into the metal, a thin wedge Z (see Figure.
L, r, Z, Sheet C) is applied behind the square bar r belonging to each lateral
cutting edge, so as to be interposed between the back of that bar and the
bottom of the cell in the tool rack L, wherein the bar r is fastened, that cell.
9

page_text: being made as much deeper than represented in Figure L, r, as the whole of
the tapering thickness of the said thin wedge Z; and by moving the wedge Z
endway, downward, or upward in the cell, a thicker or thinner part of the
wedge Z will become interposed, so as to produce a small lateral adjustment of
the lateral cutting edge that is at the lower end of the bar r. In case of two
screw bolts and nuts being used for fastening each bar r into its cell, the
wedge Z must have two oblong holes through it (the same as those through
the bar r) for those two bolts to pass through; but, in case of two pinching
screws in the dovetailed bars y and y, as in Figure L, r, Z, no holes will be
required through the wedge Z. In either case the nuts and screws will bind,
or the pinching screws will pinch, the barr against the wedge Z, which
occupies the bottom of the cell for that bar r. The thickest end of the
wedge Z is prolonged upwards above the uppermost part of the tool rack L,
with a lateral prominence from the upper end of the wedge Z, reaching over
the uppermost part of L, see Figure L, r, Z, and a perpendicular setting
screw q is tapped through the prominence of. Z with the lower end of the
screw.q bearing upon the uppermost part of L, so as to suspend the wedge Z,
and prevent it descending when the two screws for fastening the bar r are
slackened, and leave the barr and the wedge Z at liberty in the cell. And
then, by turning the screw q, the wedge Z can be set either higher or lower
in the cell as may be required for producing a small lateral adjustment of the
lateral cutting edge at the lower end of the bar r. The adjustment of the
several lateral cutting edges in the same compound tool is to be such as will
bring them all to conformity with an imaginary straight line, which will be
nearly conformable with the endway motion of the moving table, except that
such line will have a very small inclination laterally thereto, being close to the
side of the metal that is to be planed, at that end of the line where the fore-
most of the lateral cutting edges is situated, and further in towards the same
side of the metal, at the other end of the said line where the hindmost of the
lateral cutting edges is situated; and that hindmost lateral cutting edge is
adapted for penetrating as far into the thickness of the metal as is required to
be done by lateral cutting with the compound tool. It has been mentioned
that the back surface of the 'tool rack L makes a very small angle of inclina-
tion laterally with the imaginary plane of the bottoms of all the cells in the
tool rack L. The reason for making the tool rack in that manner is to give
the above-mentioned very small angle to inclination laterally to the imaginary
line of the row of lateral cutting edges. And in case of lateral cutting edges
being combined in the same compound tool with cutting edges for cutting
downwards, the two sorts of cutting edges must be so formed and arranged in.

page_text: the combination as not to interfere one with another in their respective cutting
actions. Also in the case already mentioned for rabbeting when the same:
cutting edges are formed for cutting laterally at some portion of each edge, and
for cutting downwards at other portions of the same edge. Those compound
cutting edges must be formed so that the cutting action of one such portion
will not interfere with that of the other portions. In all cases the whole
quantity of cutting work that is-required to be performed by the planing:
should be equally divided amongst all the cutting edges that are contained in.
the compound tool, so that each cutting edge shall remove a thin shaving of
metal, and that no cutting edge shall fail to do so. The mode of forming the
cutting edges by means of apparatus, which I call two adjusting frames (seet
Figures 13 and 14, Sheet D), before finally fastening the square bars 7 of those
cutting edges into the cells of their tool racks L, so as to constitute the two-
compound tools, and the mode of adjusting the cutting edges, will be hereafter
described. The cross bar 3 of the planing machine, after having been once-set:
at its proper height for performing the planing of the edges of the plates
P and P by the two compound tools, is to be secured by steady pins and by
its fastenings 4 and 4 to its upright fixed standards '2, 2, so that it cannot
afterwards be moved. Also the slider 5 is made very fast on the cross bar 3*
by the pinching screws of its filling piece 6, and secured with steady pins so as
to render the frame K, K, immoveable, and prevent any alteration in tho
position of the two compound tools in respect to the planing machine. "The
frame K, K, overbangs considerably from the cross bar 3 and bearing pieces h.
Figures 1, 3, 7, and 8 are fastened by screws to each side of K, K, at those
parts thereof which are farthest from the cross bar 3, so as to bear lightly on
the upper edges a and a of the trough A, B, A, in order to prevent any
springing or bending down of the frame K, K.
OPERATION OF THE PLANING MACHINE.
It has been explained that one of the two flat plates P, which are held at
the same time in the trough A, B, A, is undergoing the first operation of
planing one of its edges at the same time, whilst the other plate P (at the
opposite side of the trough, is undergoing the final operation of planing the
second of its edges. Also, that the last-mentioned plate is removed as finished
after the completion of the planing of the second of its edges. The other
first-mentioned half-finished plate, which has only had one of its edges planed,
is to be transferred to the opposite side of the trough Laing turned over in co

page_text: to be in their places in the two openings of the frame K, K, and, for a com-
mencement of the description, suppose that they just concluded their planing
action on the uppermost edges of the two plates P. and P. The planing
machine is to be adapted to stop the endway motion of its moving table by its
own self action (in the usual manner of ordinary planing machines) as soon as
that table has moved forwards in the proper direction for planing as far as it is
appointed to move. Nevertheless, such self action is not to cause the imme-
diate return of the moving table, but is to leave it motionless; and it is
whilst the table continues motionless that the clamps E and E are to be
slackened by turning back the double-ended winch handle, so as to draw back
the wedge W between those clamps E, E, and then the finished plate P is to
be removed altogether from the planing machine; also, the half-finished
plate P is to be lifted out from the crevice a, c, which it occupied in the
trough A, B, A; and it may then be laid down flatwise upon the cross bars z, z,
in part of the aforesaid transferring of that plate. Then the usual reversing
motion of the planing machine is to be brought into operation by the hand of
one of the attendants, in order to commence the return of the moving table,
and that return may be performed (in the usual manner of some planing
machines) with a more rapid motion backwards than the previous motion
forwards for planing was performed. And when the moving table has moved
back as far as it is appointed to do, then it will stop by its own self action;
but that self action does not cause the reversal of the motion of the table,
which will remain motionless, and whilst it continues so the aforesaid half-
finished plate P is lifted up from off the cross bars z, z, and let down edgeways
with its planed edge downwards into one of the crevices a, e (namely, that one
from which the finished plate P has been recently removed), and the said
planed edge of that half-finished plate will rest upon the stops p, beneath the
said crevice; thus completing the intended transferring of that half-finished
plate. Also, a fresh plate, whereof neither of the edges has yet been planed,
is at the same time let down edgeways into the other of the crevices a, e
(namely, that one from which the aforesaid half-finished plate P has been
recently removed), and the lowermost unplaned edge of that fresh plate, will
rest upon the stops p beneath the said crevice. Then the two plates P and P
are both fastened in the said two crevices at once by turning the double ended
winch handle round forwards, so as to force the wedge W in between the two
clamps E and E, and thereby cause them to hold the two plates P and P fast
between the edges a, e, and a, e. After such preparation the usual reversing
motion of the planing machine is brought into operation by the hand of one of
the attendants, in order to commence the endway motion of the moving table

page_text: in the proper forward direction, and with the proper rapidity for planing the
uppermost edges of the two plates P and P; both these edges being planed at.
once by the cutting edges of the two compound tools which are held in the two
openings of the frame K, K. In case the cutting edges are adapted for cutting
downwards, then the foremost of them in each row (namely, that one which
comes first into operation on the metal) stands at a higher level than the next
succeeding cutting edge in the same row, and that is higher than the next one
in succession; and so on, in order that each succeeding cutting edge may cut
away and remove a thin shaving of metal from that edge of the plate P or P,
upon which it is operating; and the hindmost of the cutting edges in each
row will complete the planing downwards to the intended level. Or, in case
the cutting edges are adapted for cutting laterally, then the foremost of such
lateral cutting edges will be close to one side or surface of the uppermost edge
of each of the plates P and P; and each succeeding lateral cutting edge in the
same row will penetrate further into the thickness of the metal at that side
or surface thereof than the lateral cutting edge which precedes it in the
row. In such manner the planing will be performed by removing thin
shavings of metal, one such shaving by cach cutting edge; but as all the
cutting edges are doing so at the same time, the planing operation is completed.
upon two edges.of the plates P and P during one endway motion forward of.
the moving table through a distance somewhat greater than the whole length
of those plates; and when that endway motion is stopped by self action as
already explained, then one finished plate will be removed as so much work
completed, for the complete planing of that one plate will be the equivalent
for the whole amount of work performed by the planing machine, with its two
compound tools during the endway motion of the moving tables and the return
thereof. The operation of the planing machine is carried on in that manner
until it is found that the cutting edges require sharpening, and then all those
which belong to the same compound tool can be removed like one piece by
merely turning back the nut m, and withdrawing the two steady pins s and's.
and then lifting out the tool rack L, or both compounded tools can be removed
if requisite; and either or both can be replaced without delay by fresh com-
pound tools which are kept ready prepared, their cutting edges having been,
newly sharpened and then adjusted by aid of the same two adjusting frames,
Figures 13 and 14, so as to be precisely in the same positions in respect to the
tool racks L as the cutting edges occupied in the tool racks which have been
removed; and, consequently, when such fresh compound tools are fastened
into their respective places in the two openings of the frame K, K, their
cutting edges will be certain to occupy precisely the same positions in respect

page_text: to the planing machine as were occupied by the cutting edges of the two com-
pound tools which have been removed. The form which must be given to the
operative parts of the cutting edges of each of the two compound tools will
necessarily vary according to the form which is intended to be given to the
edges of the plates P and P, in order to adapt the two edges of the same plate
for fitting one such edge to the other, with exact correspondence after that
plate has been turned up to the form of a tube with the two edges brought
into mutual contact.
:.
In my former Specification of the First of November, One thousand eight
hundred and forty-five, different forms, which may be given to the edges of
such plates, are described amongst other forms. It is there stated that the
said edges may be cut with what are called feather edges, suitably for over-
lapping with one feather edge over the other after being turned up. In such
case all the cutting edges in each compound tool must cut, laterally,, each
succeeding cutting edge in the row, thereof cutting further in laterally than
the cutting edge immediately preceding it in that row..
'
In another of the forms described and claimed in that Specification one of
the edges of each plate is cut out with a vee groove,, and the other edge of the
same plate with a double levelled edge adapted to fit into and fill up the vee
groove after the plate has been turned up into the form of a tube. In such
case the several cutting edges in one of the compound tools for plaining the
double bevel must all cut laterally, some at one side or surface of the plate,
and others at the opposite side or surface; and they may cut one after another
in alternate succession, that is to say, every alternate lateral cutting edge in
the row may cut laterally for the intended bevel at one side of the flat plate,
suppose the right-hand side, and every intermediate lateral cutting edge in the
same row may cut laterally for the other intended bevel, at the contrary or left-
hand side of the same plate, each of the lateral cutting edges on either side
cutting deeper into the thickness of the metal than the preceding lateral
cutting edge on the same side. Some of the hindmost cutting edges in the
row should be adapted for cutting the bevel on both sides of the plate at once,
being for that purpose in the form of a vee notch. Such cutting edges should
not come into operation until after the preceding lateral cutting edges right
and left have reduced the edge to straightness, and so far formed the double
bevel that its ridge is become quite sharp, leaving no more cutting to be per-
formed than is necessary for ensuring that the intended double bevel form
should be given with precision and without any wiry edge along the ridge.
And as to the cutting edges of the other compound tool for planing the vee
groove, they must be of two kinds, some of the foremost of those edges being

page_text: adapted for cutting downwards into the metal and across the whole breadth of
the uppermost edge of the plate that is to be vee grooved along that edge, one
such cutting edge operating after another in succession, and each cutting deeper
than the preceding cutting edge, in order to render that uppermost edge quite
straight and flat across before the actual cutting of the vee groove is begun by
the remainder of the cutting edges in the same compound tool, such remainder
having angular points, which are adapted for cutting out the required vee
groove, and each one in succession penetrating deeper down into the metal
than the preceding one until the hindmost cutting edge completes the vee
groove to the intended depth, and to the full breadth of the said uppermost
edge of the plate.
:
In another of the forms described and claimed in that Specification, the two
edges of each plate are rabetted, that is to say, a rabbet is formed along one
edge by cutting away at one side or surface of the plate, and another cor-
responding rabbet is formed along the opposite. edge of the same plate. by
cutting away at the contrary side or surface. In such case the cutting edges
of the compound tool for planing out each: such rabbet may be adapted for
cutting out all the three sides of the rabbet by different portions of the samo
cutting edges, one portion being formed for cutting laterally, and two other
portions for cutting downward into the metal for the formation of the same
rabbet. See Figures n, r,. and L, 7, Z, Sheet C. The foremost of such
cutting edges, in cach compound tool; may begin the-lateral cutting, and those
portions of that foremost cutting edge which are for cutting downward will be
at so high a level as only to begin cutting very lightly on the uppermost edge
of the plate that is to be rabbeted; and each succeeding cutting edge will be
nearer in towards the metal sideways than the preceding edge, so as to
penetrate farther into the thickness of the metal. for forming the rabbet, and
will also be at a lower level so as to cut somewhat deeper down into the
metal until the hindmost cutting edge will give the true intended form to the
rabbet. It is not requisite for planing rabetted edges that the whole number
of cutting edges in each of the compound tools should be formed for cutting
all the three sides of the rabbet by three different portions of the same
cutting edge, for some of the foremost cutting edges in each compound tool
may be for downward cutting, and others for lateral cutting, and those two
sorts of cutting edges may be combined in any convenient manner, never-
theless some of the hindmost cutting edges in each compound tool should be
of the kind represented in Figures n, r, and. L, ", Z, for finishing all three
sides of the rabbet at once, in order that such finishing may ensure exactitude
in the ultimate completion of the rabbeted. edges to the true intended form;

page_text: which form must be such that the rabbet cut by one compound tool on one
edge of each plate will correspond to the rabbet that is cut by the other
compound tool on the other edge of the same plate. Exactitude and
correspondence of form, as well as mere straightness of edge, is in all cases of
great importance for the close fitting together of the two planed edges of the
same plate when those edges have been brought into mutual contact by the
turning up of the plate to the form of a tube; also exactitude in the breadth;
to which the plate will become reduced by the planing of its edges; is of equal
importance. The amount of cutting work to be performed by the cutting
edges of such compound tool, in planing the edges of a number of plates in
succession to any of the forms herein-before described, will be easily performed
without unreasonable risk of breaking or wearing out the cutting edges
prematurely, provided that before the plates are put into the planing machine
their edges are tolerably straight, and that the breadth of each plate is brought
nearly to the standard breadth that it is ultimately required to have to suit the
subsequent operation of turning up to form a tube of some given diameter.
It has been already stated that the plates are to be prépared for planing by
shearing their edges as straight as can be done; but, inasmuch as the edges
may vary from straightness in the state in which they are left by the shearing,
so the breadth to which the plates are cut by the shearing must exceed the
standard breadth to which they are to be ultimately reduced by the planing,
in order that the excess in breadth may allow for the waste of metal in
reducing the edges to straightness. The plates must be exact to the standard
breadth after the planing, and the edges must be rendered straight thereby, or
else they will be unfit for turning up. There must be some degree of
uncertainty as to the amount of deviation from straightness of the edges by
shearing, and therefore the breadth to which the plates are sheared must
be sufficiently in excess of the standard breadth to allow by anticipation for
the fullest amount of such deviation that is at all likely to take place. The
excess beyond the standard breadth is an allowance in anticipation by way of
precaution against some accidental or occasional crookedness in the shearing,
and all that excess must be cut away in shavings during the planing in order
to reduce the plates to the standard breadth ultimately required; and what-
ever excess may be allowed it must be planed away, even although the edges
may prove very nearly straight, because the plate must be reduced to the
standard breadth. Hence there are two distinct objects to be attained by the
planing of the edges of the plates, one being to render those edges straight
and reduce the plates to be required standard breadth, when both edges have
been planed straight; and the other object is to cut the straight edges to

page_text: the proper form (whether rabbetted or vee grooved and double bevelled or
other form) for qualifying one edge of each plate to correspond and fit to
the other edge of the same plate after the two edges have been brought into
mutual contact by turning up. The first of the above objects (reducing to
straightness and to standard breadth) will be attained by action of cutting
edges, which cut downwards into the metal of the uppermost edges of the plates;
and two such cutting edges (one for each plate, may be held fast to the fore-..
most end of the frame K, K, as shewn at k and k, Figures 7 and 8, so as to stand
in advance of the row of cutting edges in each of the compound tools, and pre-
cede the foremost of those cutting edges in each row. The cutting edges k and k
are held at a higher level by the thickness of a shaving than the foremost of the
cutting edges.in each row, and those edges & and k will operate first of all to:
cut away and remove such prominences of the uppermost edges of the plates:
as may arise from a slight crookedness in those edges, and thereby reduce.
them sufficiently near to straightness for the foremost cutting edges of the
compound tools to begin upon with safety, some of those foremost cutting
edges being adapted for cutting downward to complete the straightening of the
edges of the plates, and to continue the reduction of the breadth of the plates:
to nearly their standard breadth. Each of the cutting edges k is formed at:
the lower end of a tool shank, which is applied against the frontmost end of
the frame K, K, and is fastened there by being passed through a mortice
hole, across a round pin which is fitted horizontally through a hole in the.
metal of the frame K, K, and a head on the end of the pin is countersunk.
into that metal within the frame. Also a pinching screw is tapped endway
into the pin, with the point of that screw within the mortice hole, so as to.
pinch against the front of the tool shank, and hold it fast against the frame
K, K. Each cutting edge k being formed out of the same piece of steel as
its tool shank, they will be stronger and better able to endure the abrupt action
of cutting away prominences or crookedness than cutting edges on steel teeth n,
which latter are adapted for finishing the work by uninterrupted cutting away
of thin shavings all along the metal, after all prominences have been removed
therefrom and straightness of edge obtained. Those cutting edges for cutting
downward, before mentioned as the foremost in each compound tool, may also
be formed out of the same pieces of steel with their tool shanks. Of the whole
number of cutting edges that are operative at once upon the metal of the:
uppermost edge of each plate a portion must be adapted for the fulfilment
of the first-mentioned object, namely, for rendering the edge straight, and
beginning to reduce the breadth of the plate towards the standard breadth,.

page_text: whilst the remainder of the whole number of cutting edges must be adapted
for the fulfilment of the other object, namely, the planing of the straightened
edge to the intended form. The number of cutting edges that should be
adapted for the attainment of each of those two objects will depend upon the
kind of metal to be operated upon, and also upon the degree of straightness
of the edges of the plates as they are left by the shearing. The number of
cutting edges in each compound tool may, if required, be augmented by making
tool racks, such as Figure L, Sheet C, of greater length, and with a greater
number of cells in them, the two openings in the frame K, K, and the two
wedges. and 1, being made long enough to suit such larger tool racks.. It is
not necessary that all the cells in each tool rack should be filled in cases when:
a less, number of cutting edges will perform the work effectually. In case the
shearing should be liable to leave the edges of the plates crooked to such an
extent as to require the plates to be sheared with an unusually great excess
beyond their standard breadth, then it may be expedient to subject such plates
to a preparatory operation of planing their edges straight, and reducing the
breadth towards the standard in fulfilment. of the first-mentioned object. For
this purpose the two compound tools which are to be used in the planing
machine should be wholly composed of cutting edges adapted for cutting
downward into the metal, and by operation of the machine similar to that
which has been described (but with those downward cutting edges) the edges
of the plates could be played straight, and their breadth nearly reduced to the
standard; and after planing a number of plates in that manner, the said
compound tools being changed for two others composed of cutting edges
adapted for planing the edges to the required form, then the same plates being
planed over again with those compound tools, the plates would, by such second
planing, become finished in the same manner as already described, except as.
to having been subjected twice to the planing operation. Or such preparatory:
planing of the edges of the sheared plates to straightness and reduction to
breadth might be performed in the manner stated in my former Specification
of the First November, One thousand eight hundred and forty-five, namely,
for placing and fastening a number of the sheared plates edgeways upwards,
side. by side,. upon the flat surface of the moving table of a common planing
machine, and planing the uppermost edges of the whole number to one flat
surface. Then the same plates being turned over on the surface of the table
so as to bring the recently -planed edges to rest thereon, and with the other
unplaned edges upwards, those other edges could be all planed in turn to a
flat surface. By that means both edges of each plate would be rendered

page_text: straight and parallel, and the width of the plates would be reduced nearly
to the truc standard before subjecting the plates to the operations of the
compound tools..
MODE OF FORMING THE CUTTING EDGES FOR THE COMPOUND TOOLS
HEREIN-BEFORE DESCRIBED.
The steel teeth n, Shect C, which are to be held in the notches at the lower
ends of the tool handles r, may be formed out of a bar of cast. steel tilted nearly
to parallel breadth and thickness, and then deeply indented or cut across whilst
hot at all 'places where the bar will ultimately. 'require to be separated for
dividing it into short lengths of suitable size and form for the intended teeth,
but nevertheless leaving the bar sufficient strength for undergoing the.opera-
tion of planing, when it is firmly held against a suitable support which is
fastened on the moving table of a small planing machine; and by. careful
planing in such machine the steel may be rendered straight and parallel in
thickness at that edge (and at those parts of. the flat sides) of the bar which
will be uppermost in each tooth when in use, and which will be held: in: the
notches in the tool handles. Also a half-round notch for wire O may be planed
out along one side of the steel parallel to and at some 'precise distance from
that said edge of the bar which will be uppermost in each tooth. In case
each tooth n is to have a hole through it for the screw by which. it is.to be
fastened into the notch at the lower end of the tool handle r, see Figure r; n,
then the steel bar must be broader than will be requisite if the teeth are to be
without holes. After such planing of those parts of the steel bar which will
be uppermost in the teeth, then the contrary edge of the bar which will be
lowermost in the teeth, and where their cutting edges will be formed, may be
roughly planed to suit the required form of cutting edge, which, for example,
suppose to be for rabbeting the edges of the plates, see Figures r, n, and n, r.
The steel bar may then be separated at the aforesaid indentations to divide. it
into short lengthis suitable for distinct teeth. The notches at the ends of the
planed out in the small planing
tool handles for receiving the teeth may be
machine, wherein all those tool bandles which belong to the same tool rack are
held in a row endway upwards in an inverted position by means of a temporary
tool rack, Figures 9, 10; and 11, Sheet D, which is fastened upon the moving
table of such planing machine. That temporary tool rack has the same
number of cells in it, and each cell is of the same size, as in the ordinary tool
rack L, in order that the same tool handles may be fastened in those cells by
suitable pinching screws; and although the temporary tool rack holds those
tool handles with the lengthway of one parallel to the lengthway of another,

page_text: and in a vertical plane as regards the direction of the endway motion of th
moving table, nevertheless it holds all the tool handles somewhat inclined from
perpendicular in the vertical plane wherein they are all situated. Also th
cells of the temporary tool rack are adapted for holding the tool handles
somewhat anglewise, one in respect to another, as compared with thei
proper and usual positions when held in their own ordinary tool rack L; tha
is to say, in that ordinary tool rack the bottoms of all the cells conform to
an imaginary flat surface, as already stated, and therefore, after the row o
tool handles is completed by fastening them in those cells to constitute a
compound tool, then the flat sides of the several squares of all those tool
handles will conform to two imaginary parallel planes. And an intermediato
or medial plane may be imagined parallel to and equidistant between the said
two parallel planes; also a central line or axis may be imagined to pass along
the middle of the substance of each of the square tool handles r lengthways
thereof, and the last-mentioned imaginary central lines of all the tool handles
will be situated in the aforesaid medial plane. When the temporary tool rack
Figures 9, 10, and 11, is fastened in its place upon the moving table, then the
central lines of all the tool handles, and the medial plane in which all those
central lines are situated, will be a vertical plane conforming in direction with
the endway motion of the moving table. The cells in the temporary tool rack
are formed for holding each tool handle in a position somewhat anglewise in
respect to the other tool handles, as appears in Figure 9, each tool handle
standing as if it had been turned 4 or 5 degrees round about its central line
in respect to the medial plane. The tool handles, which are to constitute one
compound tool, being thus firmly held in the cells of the temporary tool rack
with their lower ends upwards, then by very gradual and careful planing
action across the said ends (actuating the planing machine by hand, if
requisite those ends may be rendered flat, and then the notches may be cut
out in those ends for receiving the teeth; and also a small half-round groove
may be cut withinside of each notch, in a position therein to correspond
precisely to the half-round notch previously made in the flat side of the steel
for each of the teeth, so that when those teeth are finally fitted and inserted
into the notches, the half-round groove in each tooth and the half-round groove
within each notch will correspond one half to the other, so as to leave a round
hole for the insertion of the wire O, which will insure that the tooth shall be
held in its proper position in the notch, and that it shall have no motion
therein after being pinched fast by the lowermost binding screw of the tool
handle. When the wires O are thus inserted into the half-round grooves, the
uppermost parts of the steel should be in very close contact with the cor-

page_text: responding parts of the notches in the tool handles. The several tool handles
being thus provided with the steel out of which their cutting edges are to be
formed, they can be replaced in the cells of the temporary tool rack, as they
were when the notches were planed out, and when so replaced the several
pieces of steel in the tool handles will be held fast so as to range in a line
one with another, as they did in the original straight bar from which they
have been, cut off; and the several pieces of steel so fitted and held in the tool-
handles may then he planed by a gradual and careful action of the small
planing machine (actuating the same by hand if necessary), in order that
those parts of the steel which are to become the cutting edges may be
rendered all alike, and in order to plane out the rabbeted form that is intended
to be given to those cutting edges. In case such rabbeted form had been
roughly planed out in the first instance when the steel was in the state of a
bar, that rabbeted form can be made quite true at this repetition of the
planing of the same steel now it is in separate pieces, which are held in
a straight row in the tool handles, and those tool handles are held fast in the
temporary tool rack on the moving table; such planing of the steel will be in
a direction parallel to the lengthway of the original bar of steel, which has
been divided into distinct teeth. The same temporary tool rack may be used:
for holding the square bars called tool shanks (see Figure 7) in the small:
planing machine, in case the steel at the ends of such tool shanks is required:
to be prepared by planing in the manner already described. Such planing is
only a preparation for forming the several cutting edges, which require that:
the steel should be cut or filed off obliquely in respect to the planed surfaces.
of the steel across the foremost end of each of the teeth in order to produce
sharp cutting edges at the intersections of such obliquely cut surfaces with the
several planed surfaces. After sharp cutting edges have been thus obtained,.
the teeth are hardened and tempered, then ground and whetted to keen edges:
and re-fastened into their tool handles r, and when a row of those tool handles
r with teeth n are placed in the cells of their common tool rack L they will
from a compound tool. Those surfaces of the teeth which have been formed
by planing the steel will not range in any line in the compound tool as they
did when in the temporary tool rack, for the planed surfaces belonging to one
tooth will be out of line with the like planed surfaces belonging to one tooth
will be out of line with the like planed surfaces belonging to other adjacent
teeth in the row. All such planed surfaces in the teeth will stand at an angle:
of about 4 or 5 degrees of inclination to the imaginary line of the row of
cutting edges. It may be termed the angle of clearance of the cutting edges.
It is the angle that must be formed during the planing operation between tho

page_text: flat surface of the steel, and the adjacent flat surface of the metal which is in
the act of planing, by the cutting edge at the foremost end of the said flat
surface of the steel. The obliquity wherewith the foremost end of the steel of
each tooth is. to be cut across in respect to the lengthway of the planed parts
of that tooth in order to obtain each cutting edge as aforesaid should be such
an obliquity as will be best adapted for cutting the particular metal of the
plates on which the compound tools are to operate, and the said obliquity
should be the same in all the cutting edges belonging to the two compound
tools which are to be used at the same time. The sharpening of the cutting
edges when they. become worn (or the repairing of them when broken) is to
be performed by grinding away the hardened steel at the oblique foremost end
of each tooth, such grinding being. parallel to the original obliquity, but those
surfaces of the steel which have been formed by planing are never to be
touched in grinding. It may happen in consequence of breaking some of the
cutting edges that the grinding away of the oblique foremost ends of the steel
for repairing them will greatly exceed the grinding away of the steel of: other
cutting edges in the same compound tool; such difference in the waste of the
steel by excessive grinding away at the foremost ends will cause some
irregularity in the distances apart between the several cutting edges along
their row. In case of all the teeth n being made as in Figure n, r, Sheet C,
any one tooth r can be moved endways onwards in its notch at the lower end
of the tool handle r, after the lowermost pinching screw has been slackened;
and. when the, cutting edge at the foremost end of the tooth has been moved
onwards to the intended position, then the tooth can be fastened again by
lightening the screw. In case of the tooth n having a hole through it for the
lowermost screw to pass through, that hole would require to be made oblong
in order to obtain a like adjustment. The wire O, in either case, will greatly
assist the pinching action of: the lowermost screw for holding the tooth fast in

page_text: adjusting the position of the several cutting edges in their intended row before
finally binding or pinching their bars in the said cells. Figure 13 is a front
elevation, and Figures 14 and 15 sections, of one of the adjusting frames. It
is made of cast iron in one piece U, V, which is planed flat, and its uppermost
edge U straight, in order that the tool rack L may be lodged with the
prominent border j at the back surface of L, resting upon that edge U, and
with the back surface of L leaning against the flat surface of U, V, which is
fixed in an inclining position when used, as appears in Figures 14 and 15, so
that the weight of L will cause it to remain steady. A prominent border V is
formed in the same piece with the frame U, V, at the lower part thereof, the
border. V being straight and parallel to the uppermost edge U. The distance
between the parallel upper edges of V and of U is equal to the vertical height
in the planing machine, Sheet B, Figure 3, from the level of the horizontal
surface of the bottom B, upon which the blocking pieces U, beneath the stops p,
are fastened, up to the level of those horizontal upper edges of the two
openings in the frame K, K, upon which edges the borders j, at the back
surfaces of the two tool racks L, are to apply when those two racks are steady,.
pinned, and fastened in the said openings for operation. The border V forms
a lodgment for the lowermost edge of a flat plate of cast iron X, the breadth.
of which is equal to the standard breadth to which one of the plates P or P is
to be reduced after the planing of its uppermost edge, which that plate is to
undergo in the planing machine, Sheets A and B. A rabbet is formed along.
the front of the upper edge of the plate X to form a lodgment for a steel
ruler Y, which is straight, and of the same breadth as the height of the block-
which
ing pieces U or U, together with the height of those bearing stops p or p,
are used in the planing machine at the same time with that compound tool L,.
whereof the row of cutting edges is about to be adjusted by aid of the frame
U, V, now describing. The required adjustment for such cutting edges as
are to cut downwards into the metal is made by slackening those two screws,
by which each of the bars is fastened into its cell in the tool rack L, and
then allowing each bar r to move endway downwards in its cell until the
cutting edge at the lowermost end of the bar is stopped by coming in
contact with the uppermost edge of the ruler Y. And all the cutting edges
in the row being treated in that manner they become arranged to conformity.
with a straight line (represented by the edge of Y, then by the said two screws
belonging to each bar it is fastened in its cell; and after all the bars r
belonging to the tool rack L have been so fastened the adjustment of the
cutting edges for cutting downwards will be complete, and the compound tool
will be ready for removal from the frame U, V, into its place in that opening

page_text: of the frame K, K, to which it belongs. Two such adjusting frames will be
required to be used at once, one for adjusting the cutting edges of all com-
pound tools which belong to one opening in the frame K, and the other for
adjusting the cutting edges of all compound tools which belong to the other
opening in the frame K. Both those frames U, V, are precisely alike, but are
adapted to suit for one or other of the openings in K by small difference in
the breadths of the plates X and ruler Y, which are used in each frame respec-
tively. The breadth of the ruler Y is in each case equal to the united height
of the blocking pieces U or U, and those stops p or p which are to be fastened
on U or U, at that side of the trough A, B, A, for which the cutting edges of
the compound tool are about to be adjusted. The steps p at one side of that
trough are not so high as the like stops p at the opposite side; accordingly,
the breadth of Y in one of the frames is somewhat greater than in the other.
The breadth of the plate X is to be equal to the standard breadth to which the
plate P or P is intended to be reduced by the planing thereof that is to be
performed by that compound tool, whereof the cutting edges are about to be
adjusted by aid of such plate X and ruler Y. The said breadth of X is to
be measured across it, immediately between the hindmost of the cutting edges
in the compound tool (sce the dotted line in Figure 13); but the breadth of
✗ is greater, if measured across it, immediately under the foremost of the
cutting edges in the compound tool. The difference between the two breadths
of X, as measured at those two places, represents the reduction that will be
made in the breadth of the plate by that planing of one of its edges, which
planing is to be performed by the cutting edges about to be adjusted; in fact,
the uppermost edge of X is not parallel to its lowermost edge, which is lodged
upon the border V. The ruler Y is of parallel breadth, and its uppermost
edge is inclined in a small angle of inclination from parallelism to V, conse-
quently, when the cutting edges of the compound tool have been adjusted by
contact with that uppermost edge of Y, the imaginery straight line to which
all those cutting edges are thereby rendered conformable will be included in
that small angle to the border j, at the back surface of the tool rack L.
From such mode of adjustment on the adjusting frame it follows that, when
the compound tool is afterwards fastened into that opening of the frame K to
which it belongs, with its border j horizontal, the said imaginery straight line
of the row of cutting edges will then stand out of level in the aforesaid small
angle of inclination, or in other words, that the foremost cutting edge in the
row thereof will stand at a higher level than the hindmost cutting edge, which
difference of level has been herein-before explained to be requisite to qualify
each succeeding edge in the same row for cutting down as much deeper into

page_text: the metal than the cutting edge immediately preceding as the thickness of a
shaving, and thereby cause the cutting work to be equally divided amongst all
the cutting edges. In case the cutting edges, or some of them, in the com-
pound tool are adapted for cutting laterally, then for adjusting such lateral
cutting edges an additional straight edge may be connected by hinge joints to
the back of the upper part of the ruler Y, Figure 15, so as to be capable of being
turned up forwards from behind in-order to stand up above the level of the upper-
most edge of Y; and whilst the compound tool continues mounted in place upon
the adjusting frame, and the two screws for fastening each of the bars r in its
cell are all slackened for the purpose of adjustment of the downward cutting
edges in manner already described, then the aforesaid additional straight edge
is to be turned up about its said hinge joints until they stop firm, whereby that
additional straight edge will be brought with its front face in easy contact with
the lateral cutting edges belonging to the said compound tool; and by examina-
tion of all the contacts between the said front face of the additional ruler, and
the several lateral cutting edges, it will become apparent which of those lateral
cutting edges conform to an imaginery straight line. The adjustment of any
of the lateral cutting edges which do not conform to such line is then made in
the manner herein-before described by means of the thin wedges Z and
screws 7, Figure L, r, Z, Sheet C, also Figure 15; such a wedge Z is
interposed between the square bar belonging to each of the lateral cutting
edges, and the bottom of the cell in the tool rack L wherein such bar is lodged.
And after all the lateral cutting edges have been thus adjusted to their proper
relative positions in the row, as well as the downward cutting edges, then the
bars are all made fast in their cells in the tool rack L by the aforesaid two
screws for each bar. The two compound tools will be ready for use after the
complete adjustment in such manner of the cutting edges of each tool upon
one or other of the two adjusting frames. When the cutting edges of the
compound tools require sharpening, those tools must be removed from the
frame K, K, and replaced by two other like compound tools whereof the
cutting edges have been previously sharpened, and then adjusted upon
the same two adjusting frames as before. Owing to such mode of adjustment
the two fresh compound tools will carry on the future planing operations in
the same manner as the two former tools which have been removed. The
foregoing explanation of the manner of adjusting the cutting edges in each
compound tool, by contact of the downward cutting edges with the ruler Y, and
contact of the lateral cutting edges with its additional straight edge, will serve
to explain the manner of adjusting all other cases of cutting edges for planing
peculiar forms, such, for instance, as planing rabbets. In such case the

page_text: uppermost edge of the ruler Y must be rabbetted to the form of the rabbet
intended to be planed, and the cutting edges must be adjusted by contact with
such rabbetted upper edge of Y. In short, the said upper edge of Y is in all
cases to be an exact counterpart of what the row of cutting edges is required
to be when in place in the planing machine, and the position of that upper
edge of Y, in respect to the upper edges of U and V, must be the same as the
position that the row of cutting edges is required to have in the planing
machine in respect to the horizontal upper edge of the opening in the
frame K, and to the surface of the bottom B upon which the blocking pieces
and u, beneath the stops p and p, are fastened. The plate x being broader
at one end than at the other, as already stated, that circumstance qualifies it for
being used in the manner of a wedge, in case it may be found requisite to
make a very minute alteration of the standard breadth to which the plate
P or P will become reduced by the planing of its edges.
By moving the
plate Xendways along its lodgment V for some distance, the uppermost edge
of X, and consequently the uppermost edge of Y, will be held somewhat higher
up or lower down in respect to the edges U and V than was the case before X
was altered in its place upon V. Accordingly the row of cutting edges of a
compound tool (after having been adjusted in the adjusting frames, with X so
altered) will be held in the planing machine somewhat higher up or lower down,
and consequently the standard breadth to which the cutting edges will reduce
the plate P or P by their planing action, will be as much broader or narrower
than they would have done if X had not been so altered. The actual breadth of
the plate P or P after the planing will be equal to the breadth of the plate X,
measured as before on the dotted line in Figure 13, drawn across X immediately
beneath the hindmost of the cutting edges in the compound tool; that dotted
line now passes across at a different place in the length of X to what it
would have done if X had not been altered, and therefore the present breadth
of X measured on that dotted line will be somewhat broader or narrower than
before the alteration. Such mode of minute adjustment, by moving X along
V, is only to be used for getting the plates P or P to be planed to a proper
standard breadth to suit for the subsequent alteration of turning up, but that
standard breadth being once ascertained the plate X is then to be screwed
fast to the frame U, V, in order that all plates P or P which may afterwards
be planed with compound tools adjusted in the same frame (whilst it con-
tinues in the same state), cannot fail to be planed to the exact standard
breadth which has been so ascertained. When other plates P and P are
required to be planed to a different breadth, suitable for being turned up into
tubes of a different diameter, then, as herein-before stated, the stops

page_text: p and p, in the planing machine, are to be removed from their blocking pieces
u and u, and are to be replaced by other stops p and p of a different height,
suitable for the different breadth to which the plates P and P are required to
be reduced by the planing. The plates ✗ and ruler Y are at the same time
to be removed from the adjusting frames, and are to be replaced by other
plates X and rulers Y of different breadths, suitable for the new standard
breadth to which the plates P and P.are to be reduced by the planing, the
breadth of the ruler Y being equal in all cases to the height of the blocking
pieces u and u, together with the height of the stops p and p, and the breadth
of the plate X (measured at the aforesaid dotted line in Figure 13) being in
all cases equal to the standard breadth to which the plate P or P will bo
reduced by the planing with the cutting edges, which have been adjusted with
such ruler Y and plate X in the adjusting frame.
DESCRIPTION of the COMPOUND CUTTING TOOLS, with two distinct rows of
Cutting Edges in each such Tool, the Cutting Edges of one of those rows
being adapted for Planing during the forward endway motion of the
Moving Table of the Planing Machine, and the Cutting Edges of the
other row being adapted for Replaning the same metal during the back-
endway motion.
It has been herein-before explained that there are two distinct objects to be
attained by the planing of the edges of the plates, which are afterwards to be
turned up to the form of tubes, one object being to render those edges straight
and reduce the plates to the required standard breadth, when both edges
have been planed straight and parallel, and the other object being to cut the
straight edges to some proper form for qualifying one edge of each plate
to correspond and fit to the other edge of the same plate after the two edges
have been brought into mutual contact by the turning up. It has also been
explained how two additional cutting edges can be applied at k, Figures 1, 2, 7,
and 8, to assist in the attainment of the first of the above objects. And it has
also been explained how the said first object may be attained by a preparatory
planing operation either in a common planing machine or else with the
planing machine, Sheets A and B, when the cutting edges in the two com-
pound tools used therein are all adapted for cutting downward into the metal
of the edges of the plates that are to be planed. A great loss of time would
be incurred by such a preparatory planing operation, but by the compound
tools now about to be described, with an additional row of cutting edges
n each such tool, the same results may be attained with very little loss of
time. The tool rack L for each compound tool is made with its cells so-

page_text: much deeper than is represented in Figure L, r, Z, Sheet C, that each deep
cell will be adapted for containing the steel shank of another cutting tool, in
addition to the tool handle or square bar r already described, so that there will
be two reversed cutting edges to each cell. This is shewn in Figure 16,
Sheet E, which is a transverse section of the upper part of the trough A, B, A,
and shewing the action of the two compound tools on the uppermost edges of
two plates P and P. The same letters are used for reference as in Figure 3.
And g', g, are the additional cutting edges to those herein-before described.
They are adapted for cutting downward into the metal during the forward
motion of the moving table, and are formed at the lower ends of bars or tool
shanks g of cast steel, of the same size as one of the two bars whereof each
tool handler is composed. The tool handler and tool shank 9, which оссиру
each deep cell, apply together with their flat surfaces in contact, and both
r and g are fastened into the deep cell, which is common to both, by the same
pinching action of two screws tapped through dovetailed bars y and y. The
cutting edges of the steel teeth n at the lower ends of the tool handles r are
the same as herein-before described, being adapted for planing to a rabbetted
or other form, but they are reversed so as to plane during the returning
motion of the moving table. The cutting edges 9 for cutting downward form
an additional row in each compound tool, quite distinct from, but adjacent to,
the rabbetting cutting edges n at the lower ends of the tool handles r, which
edges n form another parallel row. The two rows 9 and n in each tool are
only so far apart laterally, that whilst the cutting edges of one row g, for
instance, are in the act of planing the metal of the uppermost edge of a
plate P, the cutting edges of the other row, n for instance, will pass clear
along one side of that metal P, so as to avoid touching the same. There is
only one of the two rows of cutting edges in each compound tool in operation
at the same time, but both compound tools are planing with one of the said
rows of each tool (g for instance), so that two plates P and P, at opposite
sides of the trough A, B, A, are undergoing planing of their uppermost edges
at the same time. Figure 16 shews that the tool handles r 1 for teeth n
occupy the bottoms of the deep cells in the tool rack L 1 of the compound
tools, but the tool shanks g 2 occupy the bottoms of the deep cells in the
tool rack L 2 of the other compound tool. After the aforesaid planing by
the two rows g 1 and 9 2 of downward cutting edges has been performed on
the uppermost edges of two plates P 1 and P 2, during the forward motion
of the moving table, and whilst the same remains motionless, the whole frame
K, K 5, is moved laterally a space equal to the interval between two
adjacent rows 9 and n of cutting edges in the same compound tool, such

page_text: lateral motion being produced by sliding the slider 5 that space along the
cross bar 3, and such lateral motion will bring the rows n 1 and 2 in each
compound tool into the proper positions for replaning the same metal of the
uppermost edges of the two plates P¹ and P by those cutting edges n during
the backward motion of the moving table, which backward motion must be
performed with the same slowness as the forward motion, because planing is
to be performed during the backward as well-as-during the forward motion,
although performed with different rows of cutting edges in each case.
And by
such replaning, the said uppermost edges of the two plates P 1 and P 2 will be
rabbetted to the intended form. The cutting edge n of the tool handle, and
the cutting edge g of the tool shank, which are held together in the same
deep cell of each tool rack L, stand reversed, one cutting edge to the other, as
to the direction in which they can perform their respective planing operations.
After the said replaning during the backward motion of the moving table, and
whilst it remains motionless, then by turning back the double-handed winch
handle the clamps E and E are loosened, and the recently finished plate P 2 is
removed and carried away as finished; also the recently half-finished plate P 1
is transferred from one side of the trough A, B, A, to the opposite side thereof.
Likewise a fresh plate is put into the place of the half-finished plate which has
been transferred; then by turning the same double winch handle forwards, the
clamps E and E are tightened again, and the aforesaid small lateral motion,
but in a contrary direction, is given to the whole frame K, K 5. And by
such contrary lateral motion the two rows g 1 and 9 2 of cutting edges in each
compound tool will be brought into the proper positions for planing the metal
of the uppermost edges of two plates P2 and P 2 during the ensuing forward
motion of the moving table as before. The effect of such planing will be to
render the said uppermost edges of the two plates straight, and to reduce the
breadth of those plates towards their standard breadth, the cutting edges g
being for that purpose adapted for cutting downwards. The effect of the
subsequent replaning during the backward motion of the moving table will be
to plane the same edges of the plates to their intended rabbetted form. The
requisite lateral motion of the frame K, K 5, may be given by the hand of
the workman every time that the moving table has moved through its appointed
space and become motionless; it may be so given by turning the usual screw
motion work that is provided for moving the slider of the cross bar 3, stop pins
being fixed in that bar to limit the extent of such motion of the slider 5 on that
bar: Or such lateral motion may be given by suitable self-acting parts applied
to the planing machine for the purpose, which parts may come into operation as

page_text: soon as the hindmost of the cutting edges in each compound tool have passed
beyond the ends of the plates P 1 and P2, and then those parts may produce the
required small extent of lateral motion before the moving table becomes motion-
less. Those cutting edges of each compound tool which have been herein-before
distinguished as the foremost, because they come first into operation on the
metal, will, in the arrangement now describing, be situated at one end of one
of the rows of cutting edges in each compound tool, and at the opposite end
of the other adjacent row of cutting edges in the same compound tool. The
adjustment of the several cutting edges in their two rows in each compound
tool is to be made in the adjusting frames, Figures 13 and 15, with a steel
ruler Y, whereof the upper edge is rabbetted, so as to form a counterpart of
the rabbetted cutting edges n, which are to be adjusted in their row by contact
with such rabbetted upper edge of Y. Also an additional straight edge is to
be fastened to Y, so as to stand at a suitable relative position to the rabbetted
edge thereof, for adjusting the cutting edges 9 in their row by contact with
the uppermost edge of that additional straight edge, one end of which must
stand at a level as much higher than the other end as is suitable for adjusting
a row of downward cutting edges. That end of the additional straight edge
which is highest will be the lowest end of the rabbetted edge of Y, but that
rabbetted edge will have very little difference in the level of its two ends,
because the cutting edges n are not required to cut downwards, except to a
very small extent; their cutting action for the rabbetting being lateral, nearly
all the downward cutting work will have been performed by the edges g during
the forward motion before the edges come into operation. Note, when any
of the thin wedges Z are used for lateral adjustment of any of the cutting
edges n, the other cutting edges g which belong to the same cells will partake
of such lateral adjustment, but it will have no effect on the downward
cutting action of the edges g. Note, it has been heretofore proposed for planing
wood for general purposes, and for striking mouldings and for cutting wood
into thin scale boards, to use tools of the nature of carpenters or joiners planes,
containing several cutters to operate at the same time, but at different places
along the lengthway of the wood, each cutter removing a distinct shaving of
And also it has been proposed to apply a planing machine for
planing metal for general purposes, a tool holder with many blades mounted
therein on distinct centre pins, and formed to as many distinct cutting edges
for operating at the same time but at different places along the lengthway of
such metal, cach such edge removing a distinct shaving of its own. But
neither such planes por such tool holder can be made available for the purpose
its own.

page_text: of planing the edges of metal plates so as to give those edges some proper
form (such as rabbetted or vee grooved and double bevilled, or other inter-
locking form) suitably for qualifying the two edges of the same plate to fit.
one to another when they are brought into mutual contact after the plate has.
been turned up into the form of a tube.
On the PREPARATION of the FLAT PLATES of METAL previous to the planing
of the Edges thereof, in the manner herein-before described.
In rolling the metal for the plates which are to be afterwards turned up to.
the form of tubes, two margins of each plate immediately adjacent to the two
edges thereof may have a greater thickness of metal than the middle part or;
flat plate intervening between those two margins. Such greater thickness of
the two margins will give more strength of metal at the two edges which are
to meet together in close contact, when the plate is turned up to the form of a.
tube, than may be requisite for the remainder of the circumference of the tube.!
Such greater thickness of metal may be obtained by prominence of the two,
margins of each plate at one surface only of that plate, the opposite surface,
being flat across the whole breadth. The latter is the outermost surface in,
the turned-up tube, then the outside of the tube will be cylindrical, and will
not shew the extra thickness of metal at the junction of the edges, because the
prominences which cause such extra thickness will be at the interior of the
tube. If the flat surface of the plate is innermost in the turned-up tube, then
the inside of the tube will be cylindrical, and will not shew the extra thickness.
of metal, the prominences which cause such extra thickness being at the outside
of the tube. Or the plate may be rolled with prominence of the margins on both
surfaces of the plate, in which case such margins will be only half as prominent
on each surface as in the former case, and such slight prominences will appear.
equally at the outside and at the inside of the turned-up tube. To form a pair
of laminating rollers for rolling the plates, with such prominent margins at one
surface only of such plates, supposing an ordinary pair of cylindrical rollers,
upper roller should be turned away and reduced in diameter towards each
of its ends, leaving untouched so much of the length of the roller intervening
between the two reduced parts as will be equal to the breadth required in the
plate to intervene between its prominent margins; that is, in case of the metal
being rolled to a breadth suitable for only one plate. If the metal is to be
rolled wide enough to be afterwards cut along its mid-breadth, so as to become
two plates, then the upper roller (which must in such case be of adequate
length and strength) must also be reduced in diameter at its mid-length (as
well towards each of its ends), in order to produce a broad plate, having three
prominent parts of greater thickness, one of them extending along its mid-
the

page_text: breadth, and the others along each margin of such broad plate. And when
that broad plate is cut by shearing along its thick mid-breadth and along each
of its thick edges, it will form two plates, each such plate having two margins
of greater thickness than the thickness of the flat plate intervening between
those two margins. Such plates, whether obtained by rolling them singly or
of double breadth, and cutting along into two, may be treated in the same
manner as plates of uniform thickness would be treated. The change of
thickness in each plate, from its flat middle part to the greater thickness of
each margin, should not be an abrupt change at any one place in the breadth
of the plate, but should take place by an easy gradation from one of those
thicknesses to the other. Care must be taken in the operation of rolling such
plates, to avoid lateral deviation from a straight line motion of the metal whilst
it is passing endways through between the rollers, in order by such care to
avoid lateral crookedness (as much as possible) in the lengthway of the plates,
because the thick edges of each plate must be afterwards planed straight, and
therefore each of the thick margins will require to be broader in case of lateral
crookedness than would be requisite if straightness in the lengthway of the
plates can be attained in the rolling. The breadth of each of the thick
margins must be sufficient to admit of so much lateral crookedness as cannot
be expected to be avoided by care in the rolling operations; and, notwith-
standing such crookedness, there must be no risk of deficiency of the thick
metal at any part in the length of each of the edges of each plate after those
edges have been planed.
MODE OF FLATTENING THE METAL PLATES.
The plates after being rolled, whether of single breadth or of double breadth,
and whether of uniform thickness or with thick margins, must be made flat
and out of winding before shearing their edges or dividing the double breadth
into two: And for so rendering the plates flat and out of winding, they are to
be passed and repassed, as many times as may be found requisite, through
between three rollers, combined in a binding or flattening machine, in the well
known manner of flattening metal plates for making machine or other steam
boilers which are to have flat surfaces, the plates being heated in such machine
according to the ordinary practice of engineers and boiler makers who are
accustomed to make steam boilers, tanks, or other vessels requiring flat metal
plates.
MODE OF SHEARING: THE EDGES OF THE METAL PLATES.
And after the plates are by that (or by other) means rendered flat and out
of winding, then their edges are to be sheared as straight as can be done; and

page_text: in case the plates are rolled of double width, each one must be divided into
two by shearing along the mid-breadth. The shearing may be performed
in any of the modes of shearing commonly practised; but I prefer to use
machinery wherein pairs of revolving circular shears are combined as described,
and claimed in my former Specification of the First of November, One
thousand eight hundred and forty-five; that is to say, either two such pairs of
revolving circular shears combined for shearing the-two edges-of a plate at the
same time, or else three such pairs of revolving circular shears combined for
shearing the two edges of a plate which has been rolled of double breadth, and
at the same operation also shearing along the middle of that breadth, in order
to divide the double breadth plate into two plates. And at the time of passing
a plate. through between such two (or three) combined pairs of revolving
circular shears, the foremost end of that plate is to be fastened to a moveable
slider or carriage, which is retained to move horizontally along a straight
groove in the direction of the lengthway of the plate, in order to prevent
lateral deviation of the foremost end of the plate from a straight line motion
in so passing through between the two (or the three) combined pairs of
revolving circular shears; and by such prevention, causing the edges of the
plates to be sheared straight. And in my former Specification the two (or.
three) pairs of combined revolving circular shears are described as being
mounted upon two horizontal axes, disposed one above the other in the same
vertical plane, each such axis having fastened upon it two (or three) of those
circular cutting wheels, which form the halves of the two (or of the three)
pairs of the revolving circular shears, the distance apart between the cutting
edges of those measured along the axes being equal to the breadth to which
the plate (or plates) is (or are) to be reduced by shearing with the said pairs:
of such wheels. When plates are required to be sheared broader or narrower
for turning up to tubular forms of larger or smaller diameter, then the two'
horizontal axes must be removed from the machine and replaced by two other
like axes, except as to the two (or three) circular cutting wheels which are
fastened thereon, being at greater or lesser distances apart one from another,
so as to suit the breadths to which the plates are required to be sheared. To
avoid the trouble and loss of time that must be incurred in changing the said
axes, and to avoid the expense of providing the requisite number of such axes,
the machinery described in my former Specification may be constructed with
the following alterations, namely, each of the circular cutting wheels which is
to serve for a half of one of the pairs of circular shears is to have a distinct
horizontal axis of its own, and two such distinct axes are to be mounted one
above the other in a frame of their own, to constitute one pair of circular

page_text: shears. The base of that frame is to be fitted into a horizontal dovetailed
groove in the fixed bed plate of the machinery; and such frame, being moved
along (by a suitable adjusting screw) in the dovetailed groove, will carry the
two axes horizontally endways in the directions of their own lengths, in orde
to bring the cutting edges of the pair of the circular shears opposite to tha
place in the breadth of the plate, where it is required to shear along all the
length of the plate, when it is passed endways through the pair of circular
shears. A complete shearing machine should contain three such pairs of
revolving circular shears, with the two horizontal axes for each pair mounted
in a distinct frame, such frames for two pairs (out of the three) having their
bases fitted into dovetailed grooves as aforesaid, and being moveable therein
by distinct adjusting screws, the dovetailed groove being in one line. The
complete machine will be qualified for shearing the two outermost edges of
plates which have been rolled of double breadth, and also at the same operation
shearing along the mid-breadth of the broad plate to divide the same into
two plates. And the same machine will be qualified for shearing the two
outermost edges of plates which have been rolled narrow to form one plate.
In the latter case it will only be required to use two pairs of circular shears;
and that third pair thereof, which in the former case would shear along the
middle of the breadth of the double breadth plate, must be rendered inopera-
tive, which may be done by raising up or removing the uppermost axis and
cutting. wheel of that pair; and the aforesaid frames of the other two pairs
of circular shears are to be approached near enough one towards the other
(by moving each of them along in the dovetailed grooves by their adjusting
screws) to adapt those two pairs for shearing the two outermost edges of a
single breadth plate instead of the like edges of a double breadth plate. The
horizontal axes of the last-mentioned two pairs of circular shears are disposed
with the direction of the lengthway of the axes of one pair in exact coincidence
with the direction of the lengthway of the axes of the other pairs, and there-
fore the two pairs of circular shears will operate in the same manner as if the
four circular cutting wheels constituting those two pairs were fastened on,
only two horizontal axes mounted one above another in one frame to serve for
both pairs of shears, as is described and represented in my said former
Specification. The object having four distinct axes instead of two (or, in
other words, of having two axes mounted in a frame of their own for each
pair of circular shears, as now describing) is for the facility of adjusting the
distance apart of the cutting edges of the two pairs of shears, to suit the
breadth to which the outermost edges of the plate are to be reduced by
the simultaneous shearing with those two pairs of shears. After the basis of

page_text: the two frames have been moved in their dovetailed grooves by their adjusting
screws, as may be required, then those bases are clamped very fast in their
dovetailed grooves by binding screws, in order to render the frames immove-
able during the operation of shearing. Each of the circular cutting wheels
for the two pairs of shears is fastened upon one end of the axis belonging to
each such wheel, that end of the axis protruding out beyond the bearing.
collar wherein the neck of the axis revolves, the collar, as well as a bearing
for the other end of the same axis, being sustained in the frame for each pair
of shears in a similar manner to the corresponding parts of a strong turning
lathe (called headstock frame, with mandril and collar). The circular cutting
wheel is fastened by bolts upon a chuck formed out of the protruding end
of the axis. The frame for each pair of shears differs from the headstock
of a lathe, inasmuch as that two such axes are mounted one above another in
that frame, and the two circular cutting wheels on the protruding ends of
those two axes meet together laterally with the circumference of one such
wheel overlapping that of the other, in a suitable manner for operating
together as a pair of circular shears for shearing the plate of metal, which is
passed between the said meeting and overlapping circumferences of the two
circular cutting wheels when the same are turned round both together. For
that purpose spur pinions are applied upon the two axes with the teeth of the
pinions gearing together. Those pinions are fitted upon the axes to which
they belong, so as to be capable of sliding freely along those axes in the
direction of their length, as far as the space within the frame will admit the
axes having projecting fillets upon them, in order that the pinions may turn
the axes round with them. The pair of circular cutting wheels upon the
protruding ends of their axes enables the cutting edges of those wheels to
shear as far within the outermost rough edges of the plates as the waste
required to be sheared off from those edges. The strips of waste metal that
are sheared off are received in horizontal grooved guides, which are affixed to
the frames to prevent such strips from getting entangled. When such
complete machine is to be used for shearing plates which have been rolled of
double breadth, and dividing them into two plates at the same operation, then
the third pair of revolving circular shears, already mentioned as having been
rendered inoperative, must be put into proper condition for shearing. The
two cutting wheels constituting that third pair are fastened on near the mid-
lengths of two long axes, which are mounted horizontally one above the other
between two standards which are fastened to the fixed bed plate and stand up
therefrom, for sustaining the bearings for the ends of the two long axes, so
that the two cutting wheels will act together as pair of circular shears

page_text: adapted for cutting along the mid-breath of the double breadth plate. The
said two cutting wheels are in place of the third pair of circular shears
described and claimed (although not represented) in my former Specification
the two long axes for such third pair are there described as having the cutting
wheels for the other two pair of circular shears fastened on them near their
ends, so that all the six cutting wheels for the three pairs of circular shears
are described as being on two axes. In the arrangement now describing, the
two long axes have only one pair of circular shears thereon, and they are
situated further along in the direction of the lengthway of the plate that is
to be sheared than the two pairs of circular shears which are to cut along the
two outermost edges of the same plate. When a double breadth plate is
presented endway foremost to the two pair of circular shears, they begin both
together to shear the two outermost edges of the plate at the foremost end,
and after the plate has advanced some distance between the cutting edges of
the two pairs (and they have sheared that distance along the two outermost
edges of the plate), then the foremost ends will reach the third pair of circular
shears, which will begin to shear along the mid-breadth of the plate. The six
horizontal and parallel axes for the six circular cutting wheels of the three
pairs of circular shears, are all compelled to turn round with a like velocity of
motion by means of three pairs of equal spur pinions, one such pinion upon
each of the six axes. The driving motion is communicated to the pairs of
pinions from two other like spur pinions, which are fastened upon a horizontal
driving axis and gear with the lowermost pinions of all the three pairs of
shears, the driving axis being so situated that the two driving pinions thereon
are intermediate between the lowermost pinions belonging to the two first
pairs of shears for shearing the edges, and the lowermost pinions belonging to
the third pair of shears for cutting along the mid-breath of the plate. In that
manner the driving axis and pinions communicate motion to the whole of the
machinery, being turned round by the power of the millwork, acting by wheel
and pinion work and fast and loose pullies for an endless belt. The pinions
belonging to the two pairs of shears, for the edges of the plates, arc fitted upon
their axes with fillets, as already stated, in order to avoid giving any lateral
motion to those pinions when endway motion is given to their axes, but
those pinions are always to be kept laterally in their proper places for gearing
one with another in pairs and with the two driving pinions on the driving
Lateral adjustment is not required for the third pair of shears, because
the lateral adjustments for the two first pairs are made independently one of
the other, so that they can be adjusted to shear along the two outer edges of
the broad plate at the required distances on each side of that middle part of
axes.

page_text: the plate where it will be sheared by the third pair. The two pairs of shears
may be so adjusted laterally in respect to the third pair, and the place where
they shear along the middle part of the broad plate, as to divide the same
into two plates of unequal breadths if such are required. The machine will
shear the two edges of each plate to parallel breadth from end to end, but in
order to insure that the sheared edges shall be straight lines, the hindmost
end of the plate, previous to presenting the foremost end to the two pair or
three pair of circular shears) is fastened by a suitable clamping screw to a
sliding carriage adapted to move horizontally along a groove, the hindmost
end of the plate will be thereby retained, so that it cannot deviate from a
straight line in the direction of the lengthway of the plate all the time, whilst
the plate is moving along endway forwards through the two (or the three)
pairs of circular shears, the cutting action of those shears being sufficient to
draw the plate endways onwards after the shears have taken hold and began
shearing along it. That sliding carriage may be loaded with weight to cause
some resistance of friction, and thereby retard its motion along the groove, in
order that the plate, having to overcome the said resistance and drag the
carriage after it, may be kept extended during the shearing. Or, for greater
certainty of cutting straight, another similar carriage and groove and clamping
screw in that carriage (but without provision for causing friction to retard its
motion) may be applied before the foremost end of the plate in addition to
the aforesaid carriage and groove behind the hindmost end, the two grooves
being in the same horizontal straight line like one long straight groove, and
those two carriages are connected with the two ends of a long horizontal
toothed rack, which is adapted to be moved along within the long groove
by a pinion on a horizontal axis turned round by wheelwork from the driving
axis. And when the two pairs or three pairs of revolving circular shears
are in motion, the rack and two carriages will be moved, and will carry
the plate endway forwards in the direction in which it is to advance
through the circular shears; the foremost end of the plate being previously
clamped to the foremost carriage and the hindmost end to the hindmost
carriage, they will both concur in retaining the two ends of the plate to the
required straight-line motion. The two carriages are connected with the
rack by means of clamping screw bolts, which will permit of so connecting
either of the carriages with almost any place along the length of the rack
towards each end thereof, in order that the two carriages may be kept
connected by intervention of the rack at a proper distance one from the
other, to suit the length of the plate nearly; also the clamping screws,
for holding the ends of the plate, should be fitted on the carriages to which

page_text: they belong by means of a slider and tightening screw for each carriage
so as to draw such slider and clamping screw forcibly endways in respect
to the carriage in the direction of the lengthway of the plate, after its two
ends have been fastened by the clamping screws to the sliders of the carriages.
And by such tightening screws the plate can be kept forcibly extended
in length and its two ends retained in the intended straight line, whilst it
is carried endway forwards through the two or the three pairs of circular
shears by the motion given to the two carriages by the rack. In case of
thus holding the plate at both its ends, and keeping it extended whilst
it is carried endway forward, the machine will require some kind of reversing
motion work, such as is used in planing machines, and which may be applied
to the wheel. and pinion work, whereby the power of millwork is caused
to turn the driving axis for giving motion to the whole of the machinery.
With such reversing motion work the machine will operate with endway
motion in contrary directions alternately, that is to say, after a plate has
been carried endways in one direction through the machine, and been sheared
from end to end; and after the motion has been stopped, then a fresh plate
is put to the two carriages, and both its ends. fastened thereto by their
clamping screws, and its length extended by the tightening screws, the
machinery being then put in motion in a contrary direction to that of the
preceding endway motion, the fresh plate will be carried with endway motion
in that contrary direction through the machine, in order that it may be
sheared. The machine must be provided with self-acting parts (similar
to planing machines) for stopping the machine as soon as the rack and
the two carriages have moved somewhat more than the whole length of
the plate, those self-acting parts being adjustable to suit the length of
the plate; but such self-acting parts are merely to stop the motion of the
machine, leaving it motionless, without recommencing the motion in a
contrary direction; that must be done by the hand of the workman, after
such pause as may be found requisite for removing the plate which has been
sheared and replacing the same by a fresh plate. The importance of shearing
the edges straight has been already mentioned; in fact the quantity of metal
that must be removed by the planing depends materially upon the straighness
wherewith the shearing can be performed, to a certainty of not exceeding
the amount of crookedness that has been previously allowed for by anticipation
in adjusting the circular shears. Any plates that are sheared crooked more
than the amount so allowed for will be spoiled, and such allowance must
be more or less according as it is found that the shearing can be performed
with certainty of not being crooked beyond the amount previously allowed

page_text: for by anticipation. The less the quantity of metal that is to be reinoved
from the edges of the plates by planing with the compound tools the greater
the number of plates that may be planed with such tools before the cutting
edges will require to be, sharpened.
The second part of my present improvements relates to the mode de-
scribed and claimed in my former Specification, of the First of November,
One thousand eight hundred and forty-five, of turning up flat plates of
metal. to the form of, tubes, by forcibly pressing such a flat plate into the
hollow of a gutter-shaped mould by pressure with a suitably formed solid
tool, and thereby bending the plate to the form of a gutter or trough
with a concave bottom. For a first stage of the intended turning up, the
bending of the two marginal portions of the plate adjacent to its two edges
being thereby completed to the curvature of. the intended form of the tube;
and then, for a second stage,' forcibly pressing. the middle. part of the said
concave bottom by a suitable solid tool into the hollow of a semicylindrical
mould of proper size for the intended form of tube, and during such pressing
the two edges of the plate will be, turned up and brought one towards the
other (as near as they can go without touching the. supporting, part of the
said solid tool) so as to bring the plate to an incomplete..oval curvature; and
then, for a third and last stage, compressing the said ovally bended plate
between the two semicylindrical halves of a mould (the undermost. of. which
halves, may be the same semicylindrical mould before mentioned), which two.
halves, when they come together, will form a hollow cylindrical mould of
the proper size for the exterior.. of. the intended form of tube, and by very
forcible compression between the said two halves of such mould the two
edges of the plate are brought, into; close contact one with the other, and
the turning up to the form of a tube is completed. The two edges of a
plate which has been so turned up to form a tube will have acquired. a
strong tendency to spring together and keep in close contact, in consequence
of the middle part of the concave bottom of the gutter that was formed.
at the first stage having been somewhat overbended at the second stage,
that is, bended to the curvature of a rather smaller circle or cylinder than
is ultimately required for the intended form of tube, but such overbended
part became rebended at the third stage to the proper curvature, and, the
metal was set somewhat on a strain by the rebending,, with a tendency to
close the two edges nearer together than their contact will. allow, and therefore
hey will not separate or quit contact after the final compressure is over,
out a considerable force would be required for separating them from their
ontact, all which is described in my former Specification, where it is also

page_text: explained that the moulds are to be used in some kind of pressing machinery
actuated by any kind of mechanical power commonly used in machinery for
pressing or bending metals, and which power will be capable of exerting
sufficient force of pressure for the purpose. And it is also explained that in
case of only one pressing machine being provided for performing all the
three stages of turning up, then the proper moulds required for performing
each stage (the first stage for instance) must be put into such machinery,
and a number of plates bended to the first stage with those moulds, bending
one plate after another; then one (or both) of the said moulds must be
removed from the pressing machinery, and another mould (or other moulds)
put therein, in order to adapt it for performing the second stage of turning
up upon the same plates which have already undergone the first stage,
and, after they are all done, then in like manner one (or both) the moulds
must be changed for another (or for others) adapted to perform the third
stage upon the same plates which have already gone through the first and
second stages; and it is stated that if there are three of the aforesaid pressing
machines, then one of them, with the proper moulds, may be performing
the first stage, another, with suitable moulds, the second stage, and the other
pressing machine, with proper moulds, the third stage, whereby the trouble
and loss of time that would be incurred by changing the moulds (as must
be done if there is only one pressing machine) can be avoided. This
second part of my present improvements is, for one thing, to apply a flat bar
of iron horizontally along within the middle part of the hollow of the gutter-
shaped mould wherein the first stage of turning up is to be performed, that flat
bar extending all the length of the mould, and coming into operation during
that first stage of the bending of a flat plate, which plate has been previously
introduced into its proper place over the hollow of the mould, with the
under surface of the plate close above the said flat bar (which was then
at rest in its highest position within that hollow), and with the upper surface
of the plate close beneath the solid upper tool by which the plate is to be
bended into that hollow, and immediately after the bending action has
commenced (by force of the pressing machinery) so that the solid upper
tool has caused the middlemost part of the breadth of the plate to be bended
a very little way towards the hollow of the mould, then the under surface
of that middlemost part of the plate will be brought into contact with the
upper surface of the flat bar along all the length thereof. That bar is not
fixed, but is upheld in its resting position by reaction of several loaded levers,
which will nevertheless permit the bar to give way before the plate as fast
as the further bending thereof requires; but in the act of so giving way

page_text: the bar will exert a strong upheaving force beneath the middlemost part
of the plate, in order to keep the plate firmly in contact with the undermost
part of the solid upper toul, and thereby prevent any lateral deviation of
the plate from its proper intended position within the hollow of the mould
during all the time of bending it into that hollow. And this second part
is also to form the hollow of the mould, wherein the first stage of the operation
of turning up is to be performed, with two distinct moveable side-pieces,
which are so applied as to form the sides of the hollow, but they are capable
of moving laterally in the hollow, one towards the other, for a very small
distance, and when the plate has been pressed into the hollow of the mould
nearly (but not quite) as far as it is intended to enter therein, then those
two moveable sides of the hollow are caused to approach one towards the
other so much as will best assist in the bending of the two marginal portions.
of the plate to the curvature intended to be given to them at the first stage.
And this second part is further to dispose all the several moulds and tools
which are to be used for performing all the three stages of turning up, one such
mould or tool above another, in the same pressing machinery, and in their
proper relative positions for performing their respective stages, and all the moulds
and tools are closed, one towards another, by the same motion of the pressing
machinery, and every mould and tool having had a plate of metal previously
put between them, the set of moulds and tools when so closed one towards
another will perform all the three stages of turning up at once upon as. many
different plates, that is to say, one plate will be undergoing the first stage between
the lowermost mould and tool, whilst another plate (which has previously gone
through that first stage) will be undergoing the second stage between the next
mould and tool above, and another plate (which has previously gone through
the two first stages) will be undergoing the third and last stage between the
uppermost pair of moulds. In that manner the bending of all the three stages
will be performed at the same time and with the same pressing force, but
with a suitable increase of the space through which that force is to act.
And this second part furthermore consists in forming the hollow of one of
the semicylindrical halves of that pair of moulds which is used for the third
stage with a small recess beyond its true cylindrical form, for the purpose of
facilitating the meeting and contact of the two edges of the plate together, in
cases when the plates are feather edged, and one of those edges is intended
to overlap the other edge. The manner of performing this second part of my
present improvements is represented in Sheets F, G, H, and I, of the Draw-
ings: Sheets F and G being sections (drawn half the real size) of a complete
set of moulds and tools for performing all the three stages, disposed one mould
D 2

page_text: and tool above another; Sheet F shewing them in the positions they assume before
they are closed one towards another; and Sheet G shewing them after they bave
been so closed; and in Sheets H and I it is shewn how the said set of moulds
can be applied in the pressing machinery' for performing all the said three stages.
:
DESCRIPTION of the APPLICATION of a FLAT BAR WITHIN THE HOLLOW OF A
MOULD, wherein the First Stage of Turning up is to be performed.
A, d, d, A, Sheets F and G, is the lowermost hollow mould, fastened by
screw bolts upon the moveable follower S, T, V, of the pressing machinery,
and B, B, is the solid upper tool disposed over the hollow, being suspended by
screw bolts from the under side of the fixed end R, R, of the pressing
machinery, the mould A, d, d, A, and tool B, B, being in suitable relative
positions for commencing the first stage of bending the plate a, b, into the
hollow d, d, of A, A. L is the aforesaid flat bar of iron, extending horizontally
along the middle part of the hollow d, d, all the length thereof, and when the
pressing machinery is relaxed, so as to stand with its follower S, T, V, and the
mould A, d, d, A, at the lowest or resting position, as in Sheet F, then the
uppermost surface of the bar L is on a level with the highest parts of the two
sides d, 'd, of the hollow, and by that uppermost surface, as well as by those
highest parts, the flat plate a, b, is supported, when it is slided endways into
its proper place over the hollow d, d, and beneath the lowermost part of B, B.
During such sliding in endways the two edges a and b are guided laterally
between two fixed guiding rulers t and t, which are screwed upon the two sides
of the mould A, A, in proper positions for so guiding the plate, and for
ensuring that it will be afterwards retained in its proper place over the
hollow d, d, without allowing any lateral deviation therefrom at the commence-
ment of the bending of the plate a, b, into that hollow. The bar L is supported
upon the uppermost ends of four vertical sliding rods M, see Sheet H, dis-
posed at equal distances apart in the whole length of the moulds. The rods M
are retained in their intended vertical positions by being fitted into holes
through the moveable followers S, T, V, and the lower ends of M are fitted
into holes in the base frame Q. The rods M can slide freely endways up and
down in order to raise or lower the bar L, which is wholly supported on the
upper ends of the four rods M. And a strong tendency to move endway up-
wards, and raise up the bar L, is given to those rods M by loaded levers K,
two such levers to each rod M forming a pair of loaded levers, see Sheets F, H,
and I. The centres of motion for all those eight levers K, are centre pins
supported in forked joints at the lower ends of as many upright rods U, whereof
the upper ends are fastened to the under sides of the followers S, T, V, and
"

page_text: descend therefrom. The innermost ends of the two levers, which form each
pair of loaded levers K, K, enter side by side into a mortice hole through
that one of the upright rods M to which the pair belong, and the outermost
ends of the several levers K are loaded with heavy ball-shaped weights W,
Sheets Hand I, of cast iron, which, being fastened on the levers K at greater
distances from their centres of motion than the distances from those centres to
the upright-rods M, each pair of loaded levers K, K, operates with a force of
leverage to raise their rod M endways upwards, and by the combined action
of all the eight weights W, the bar L exerts a considerable upheaving force
at all times, excepting so long as the followers S, T, V, and the mould A, A, are
at the resting position, Sheet F, for then an adjustable stop nut on each
rod M is in contact with the under side of the follower S, T, or V, and also
the loaded ends W of the several levers K are resting upon suspending stops,
which descend from the followers S, T, V, and so long as the stop nuts on the
rods M are in contact with with the followers, the loaded ends W of all the
levers K are resting on their stops, the bar.L will be retained at its resting
position, as in Sheet F, the upper surface of L being on a level with the
highest parts of the two sides d, d, of the hollow of the mould A, A, and the lower-
most part of B, B, so much above that level as to leave a sufficient. space for
the flat plate a, b, to be introduced endways into its place over the hollow of
the mould. When the followers S, T, V, and the mould-A, d, d, A, together
with the plate a, b, resting on the uppermost parts of the sides d, d, and on the
bar L, begin to move upwards in preparation for commencing the pressing
action, then the plate a, b, is carried upwards upon d.and d, and the bar L,
until the upper surface of the plate is brought into contact with the lowermost
part of B, B, and, after that the two edges a and b of the plate continue to be
carried upwards at the same time, whilst. the mid-breadth part of the plate is
kept down by B, B, consequently the plate becomes bended into the hollow d, d,
of the mould. At the commencement of such bending the under surface of
the mid-breadth part of the plate a, b, will be pressed. upon t
the upper surface
of the bar L, and the further bending of the plate a, b, into the hollow d, d,
will cause the bar L to be pressed further into that hollow, whereby the loaded.
ends W of all the levers K will be raised up so as to take them off their stops
(on which they have been previously resting); and then the force of leverage
of all the eight weights W will become operative-to upheave, the bar L beneath
the bended plate, for holding it securely in contact with the lowermost part
of B, B, so as to prevent any lateral deviation of the plate a, b, from its
intended position over the hollow of the mould d, d. The bar L will continue
to do so during all the time of bending the plate completely into the

page_text: hollow d, d, of the mould, as appears in Sheet G, for completing the first stage
of turning up. Sheet G shews that there is sufficient space at the bottom of
the mould to admit the bar L. At the commencement and earliest period of
the bending the edges of the two guiding rulers t and t will retain the
plate a, b, securely in place, and prevent any lateral deviation therefrom, but
as the bending goes on, and the edges of the plate a, b, quit the rulers t, t,
(so that they can no longer act as retainers for the position of the plate
laterally), the bar L comes into operation for holding the plate, and therefore
it is always kept retained securely in its proper intended position over the
hollow of the mould during all the progress of the first stage of turning up,
from the beginning to the end thereof.
DESCRIPTION of the APPLICATION of Two DISTINCT MOVEABLE SIDE PIECES
d and d, to FORM THE HOLLOW OF THE MOULD A, d, d, A, wherein the First
Stage of Turning up is to be performed.
That hollow is the space left between the two moveable side pieces d and d,
Sheets F and G. They are lodged within the trough A, A, of the mould, to
form a sort of lining thereto, touching the interior on the botton near to
the angles at m and m, and also touching the upright insides at about half the
depth of the trough up those insides at n, n; but they do not touch the middle
part of the flat bottom, being upheld by helically curled springs of steel u, u,
which are lodged in holes through that bottom. The side pieces d and d thus
lodged are not fastened in the trough A, A, but are retained in their positions,
Sheet F, by pins r, r, which are screwed horizontally into d and d, and pass
freely through holes in the upright sides of A, A, and nuts are screwed on the
outer ends of r, r, with helically curled steel springs 8, 8, interposed in place of
washers around the pins r, r, between the nuts and the outsides of A, A.
Each side piece d and d has five such pins r, r, and curled springs disposed at
equal distances apart in the whole length of the mould, see Sheet H; and the
effort of all the springs & and s to draw the pins 7, r, endways, retains the side
pieces d and d in their positions, Sheet F, until the time when the bending of
the plate a, b, is begun by pressure with the lowermost convex part of the
solid tool B, B, to force the mid-breadth part of that plate into the hollow
between the two sides d, d. The first commencement of such pressure is
operative at the uppermost rounded parts of the inner edges of d and d, with
some tendency to force those parts outwards one from the other, and they are
at liberty to recede if that tendency prevails. And when the plate a, b, is
bended so far into the hollow as to come into contact with the lower part
thereof at the innermost parts of the two side pieces d and d, then the further

page_text: continuance of the bending of the plate a, b, will cause those two side pieces
d and d to move within the trough A, A, so as to approach their uppermost
parts one towards the other a very small distance, and thereby complete the
bending of the two marginal portions of the plate a, b, to the curvature that is
intended to be given to those portions at the first stage. The motion of the
two side pieces d and d, within the trough A, A, is limited by their lowermost
and innermost edges coming in contact with the flat bottom of the trough A, A;-
and when that is the case, the uppermost rounded parts of the inner edges of
d and d will have completed the intended. bending of the two marginal portions
of the plate. The two sides of the upper tool B, B, may be slightly hollowed.
out at the parts where each of the extreme edges a and b of the plate will then
be opposite, in order to avoid hard pinching of the metal at those extreme
edges, in case of any small excess in the thickness of the plate beyond the
regular thickness that it is intended to have, but which regular thickness
cannot always be insured owing to irregularities in rolling the plates in the
first instance.
DESCRIPTION of the DISPOSITION of ALL the MOULDS and TOOLS Constituting
a complete set thereof for performing all the Three Stages of the Turning.
up One Mould above another in the Pressing Machinery.
The solid upper tool B, B, has been herein-before stated to be suspended by
screw bolts to the under side of the fixed head R, R., of the pressing machinery
(and although it might be so if the upper side of B, B, were flat), nevertheless,
it is represented in Sheets F and G, that the solid tool B, B, carries another
tool D on its uppermost part to correspond to the hollow E in the under part
of the mould E, Y, for the performance of the second stage of turning up
between D and E. The mould E, Y, as well as having the hollow E formed
along its undermost part, also has the lower semicylindrical half mould Y',
formed along its uppermost part to correspond to the upper semicylindrical
half mould X for the performance of the third stage of turning up between the
said two halves X and Y, so that the complete set of moulds and tools which
are disposed over over another, as in Sheets F and G, consists of four principal
long pieces of cast iron, in which the aforesaid moulds and tools are formed,
see also Sheets H and I. The lowermost piece A, d, d, A, is fastened by
screw bolts and nuts upon the upper surfaces of the three followers S, T, V, as
already mentioned. There are six such bolts on each side of A, A; they pass
down through ears which project from the outsides of A, A, and nuts are
screwed on the bolts beneath the followers S, T, V. The next piece B, B, D,
has the solid upper tool B, B, formed out of its lowermost part for performing

page_text: the first stage of turning up between A, d, d, A, and B, B, but B, B, also carries
the solid tool D on its uppermost part. D might be one piece with B, B, if it
were not more convenient to make D in a separate piece, and fasten it by
screws into a groove in B, B, so as to unite them firmly together like one
piece B, B, D. The next piece E, Y, has the hollow mould E formed along
its undermost part to correspond to the solid tool D for performing the second
stage of turning up, and the same piece E, Y, has the semicylindrical half
mould Y formed along its uppermost part. The uppermost X of the four
pieces has the corresponding semicylindrical half mould X-formed along its
under part, and the two halves X and Y, when closed together, as in Sheet G,
form between them the hollow cylindrical mould of the same size as the
exterior of the intended form of tube that is to be produced by the turning up.
In that cylindrical mould X, Y, the third stage of turning up is to be per-
formed. The uppermost piece. X is applied beneath the flat under surface of
the fixed head R, R, of the pressing machinery, and is suspended by eight
screw bolts in close contact with that flat surface. Those bolts pass through
lugs which project out laterally from each side of X, four such bolts at each
side; and nuts are screwed on the bolts above the upper side of the fixed head
R, R. The lowermost A, A, of the four 'pieces is thus fastened to the
follower S, T, V, and the uppermost ✗ to the head R, R, of the pressing
machinery, by bolts and nuts through the lugs, so that the moulds will be
exactly over one another. The two intermediate pieces B, B, D, and E, Y,
are suspended from the head R, R, at suitable heights by vertical screw
bolts, having eyes at their lower ends to adinit screw pins which are tapped
horizontally into the sides of each of those pieces. There are two such screw
pins and eye bolts at'each side of each piece B, B, D, and E, Y, see Shcet H.
The
upper ends of the eight bolts pass up through the head. R, R, with double
nuts screwed on the upper end of each bolt above the head; and those double
nuts are so adjusted, that when they are stopped above the head R, R, they
will suspend the weight of the two pieces B, B, D, and E, Y, at the respective
heights shewn in Sheet F; nevertheless, the eight eye bolts will not prevent
those two pieces from ascending when they are lifted upwards during the
pressing and bending actions, for the said bolts will then slide endways
upwards in their holes through the head R, R. To retain the two pieces
B, B, D, and E, Y, to a vertical motion when they are so lifted up, six vertical
guide pieces k, k, are firmly fastened by screws to each side of the piece E, Y,
at each end and at the mid-length thereof, see Sheet H; the upper ends of k, k,
applying to the two sides of the uppermost fixed piece ✗, and the lower ends
of kk, apply to the two sides of the piece B, B, D, so as to prevent lateral

page_text: deviation, but permitting of free motion vertically. The outsides of the lower
ends of four of the said vertical guide pieces k, k, at the end of the piece
of E, Y, are included between the vertical inner edges of four strong brackets
J, J, two at each end, which are firmly fastened by screw bolts and nuts upon
the follower S, T, V, so as to stand up therefrom. By means of the guiding
pieces k, k, and brackets J, J, it is ensured that the several pieces of which the
set. of moulds consists will always be retained exactly over one another...
When the follower S, T, V, and the lowermost piece A, d, d, A, of the set,
are down at their resting position, Sheet F, then the two intermediate pieces
B, B, D, and E, Y, will become suspended by their eye bolts x and y at the
heights there represented, suitably for the plates of metal which are to be
bended and turned up to be introduced into their places between the several
moulds and tools, as they appear in Sheet F. After that, when the
followers S, T, V, and piece A, d, d, A, are raised upwards, the several pieces
of the set of moulds and tools will approach one towards the other, for com-
mencing the bending operations on these plates; namely, the lowermost
piece A, d, d, A, will approach towards the piece B, B, D, for commencing
the first stage of the bending on a flat plate a, b; also the piece B, B, D, will
approach towards the piece E, Y, for commencing the second stage on a plate
which has been previously bended to the first stage; likewise, the piece E, .Y,
will approach towards the uppermost piece X for commencing the third stage
upon a plate which has been previously bended to the second stage. When
the several pieces of the moulds and tools approach each other as aforesaid,
the guiding pieces k, k, and brackets J, J, ensure that all the said pieces will
preserve their intended relative positions without lateral deviation. After the
pressure of the pressing machinery is relaxed, and the followers S, T, V, and
piece A, d, d, A, have descended again to the lowest position, Sheet F, then
the three plates, which have been recently bended, are. to be withdrawn, and
others put into their places; that is to say, the uppermost is to be withdrawn
endways from between the two semicylindrical balf moulds X and Y, and is
to be removed from the machinery as finished, because that plate will have
been completely turned up to the intended form of a cylindrical tube, with the
two edges of the plate in very close contact one edge with the other. The
next lowest bended plate is to be withdrawn endways from beneath the hollow
E, and off from the upper part of the solid tool D, over which it will remain
banging, having been bended to the second stage of an imperfect oval; and
that plate, after being inverted, is then to be returned endways into the space
between X and Y, with the open part of the oval upwards. The lowest bended
plate is in like manner to be withdrawn endways from the hollow d, d, of the

page_text: mould A, d, d, A, where it will be lying, having been bended to the first stage
of a gutter shape; and that plate, after being inverted, is to be returned end-
ways into the space between E and D, with the inverted gutter hanging on
the uppermost part of D.
Lastly, a fresh flat plate, with its two edges prepared, is to be introduced
endways into the space between the two fixed guiding edges t and t, and
beneath the lowermost part of B, B, and above the upper side of the flat bar L,
in manner herein-before described. The three plates will then be in their
proper places as in Sheet F. In order to expedite the operations of withdrawing
and returning the plates, the attendants who are to perform those operations
on the two uppermost plates may be doing so at opposite ends of the moulds
at the same time, with motion in contrary directions, without interfering one
with the other. The set of moulds and tools being charged with the three
plates, as in Sheet D, are ready to begin bending by the gradual raising up
motion of the followers S, T, V, and lowermost piece A, d, d, A. The first
contact that will take place in consequence of such raising motion will be
between the uppermost surface of the flat plate a, b, and the lowermost part
of B, B, that contact operating with a tendency to bend the flat plate a, b, into
the hollow d, d, beneath it. At present there is only the weight of the piece
B, B, to keep it down, and therefore the bending will begin very easily, and
will not proceed far until the resistance of the flat plate to such bending will
begin to lift up the piece B, B, D, and that will cause another contact to
take place between the middle part of the upper surface of the inverted gutter
(that is hanging on D) and the two edges of the hollow E above the said
upper surface, with a tendency to bend the gutter in between the two edges
of E; but as there is only the weight of the piece E, Y, to keep it down, the
tendency to such bending of the plate will begin very easily, and cannot
proceed far before the piece E, Y, will be lifted up, and that will cause
a third contact to take place between the upper concavity of the semi-
cylindrical hollow in X, and the two edges of the incomplete oval bended
plate, which is lodged in the hollow Y. The three contacts having been
so produced, then the effective bending operation commences, and as fast
as the ascending motion of the followers S, T, V, and piece A, d, d, A,
proceeds to the bending operations, proceed on all the aforesaid three
plates at the same tine, for bending each one to that stage to which
it is intended to be bended; namely, the lowermost flat plate a, b, is bended
at its mid-breadth until its under surface presses the bar L farther into
the hollow, and although the bar L yields to such pressure, yet by re-
action of its loaded levers K, W, it bears the plate upwards beneath the

page_text: undermost part of B, B, with the united upheaving force of all the eight
loaded levers K, W, so as to prevent any lateral deviation of the plate from
its true intended position over the hollow d, d, during all the time whilst the
plate is in the act of being pressed into the hollow d, d. The mid-breadth
part of the bended plate assumes the easy curvature of the convexity of B, B,
but the two marginal portions of the plate adjacent to the two edges a and b
take their curvature from the concavities of the two moveable side pieces d
and d. When the bending has proceeded so far that the lowest convex part
of the bended plate comes in contact with those two inner edges of the side
pieces d, d, which are at the bottom of the hollow of the mould, then the
further continuance of the bending will cause the two side pieces d and d.
to move within the trough A, A, so as to approach their uppermost part,
one towards the other, a very small distance, and thereby complete the
bending of the two marginal portions to the intended curvature of the form of
tube that is ultimately to be produced by the turning up, when the
undermost parts of the two side pieces d and d are in contact with the flat
bottom of the trough A, A. After that, those two side pieces become firm
supporters to the convex part of the plate which has been bended to con-
formity with the under part of B, B, and the plate becoming a support to
B, B, D, the latter is enabled to transmit the upward notion and pressing
force of the follower S, T, V, in order that the upper part of D may begin to
press the middle part of the inverted gutter into the hollow E, that is above D,
so as to bend the middle part of the gutter further, and change it from its said
gutter shape, so that of the third stage of incomplete oval curvature, that
form being derived froin the upper part of the solid tool D, which is a semi-
cylindrical form of smaller radius or diameter than the interior of the form of
tube which is ultimately to be produced by the turning up.
When the
middle part of the plate has been so pressed into the hollow E, as far as to
cause that part of the plate to bend and wrap over the upper semicylindrical
part of D, and thereby to assume the small sized semicylindrical form of that
part), then the two edges of the bended plate will have become approached one
edge towards the other edge as near as they can do, to avoid touching the then
upright supporting part of D. The bending will become completed to the
second stage of incomplete oval curvature as soon as the horizontal border
edges of the two pieces B, B, D, and E, Y, of the mould have come into
contact, which they are adapted to do and fit one to another. By such
contact the further upward motion and pressing force of the follower S, T, V,
is transmitted to the semicylindrical half mould Y, in order to compress
the uppermost of the three bended plates, which is the state of incomplete

page_text: oval curvature, and is lodged between the pair of semicylindrical half moulds
X and Y. By such compressure between X and Y, the two edges of the
oval curvature become closed together until they meet in contact edge to edge,
in order to produce the required form of a tube. When the border edges of
the two semicylindrical half moulds X and Y meet together, then the third
and last stage of the turning up is completed. It has been already stated
respecting the bending, that the middle part of the plate has undergone at
the second stage by wrapping over the upper semicylindrical part of the solid
tool D, as already described, that such middle part is over bended, that is to
say, it is bended to a smaller radius or diameter than that of the ultimate form
of tube. It is now to be observed, that after the two edges have been brought
into contact between the two half moulds X and Y, as in Sheet G, then the
further continuance of the pressing force being very powerful, will cause
the bended plate to apply itself closely to the interior of the cylindrical hollow
that is left. between the two half moulds X and Y; and in consequence of
the bended plate being compelled by great force of compressure to apply
all around that interior so as to completely fill up the said hollow, the part
which was overbended to a smaller diameter as aforesaid will become rebended
to the true intended and larger curvature of the intended form of tube..
It is in consequence of such overbending at the second stage, and then
rebending at the third stage, that the two edges of the bended plate, after
having been brought into contact in the form of a tube, acquire a tendency to
spring together, and keep in close contact, as is fully described in my former
Specification, and has been herein-before partly recited therefrom. Although
the three stages of the bending operation have been described as taking
place in succession one stage after another, that is to be understood as a
mode of describing each stage distinctly; but the bending to one stage will
not be completed before the bending for another stage commences, so that
the bending for more than one stage will be going on at the same time,
and the whole of the pressing operation is performed in a very short time.
The greatest force of pressure must be exerted near to and at the final
conclusion of each stage of the bending, and the pressing machinery being
adapted for exerting that greatest force, its motion will not be, materially
retarded by the resistance of the bending at the commencement and during
the early part of the progress of the bending, but such resistance increases
with that. progress, so that the motion of the pressing machinery will at last
.be.stopped in the position, Sheet G, and then its greatest force will be exerted
for the final completion of the bending to each of the three stages. As soon
as the greatest force of the pressing machinery has been so exerted, (as is

page_text: shewn by its motion becoming stopped), then the pressing force is to be
discontinued and the pressure relaxed. The weight of the moving parts and
of the set of moulds will cause the return with a descending motion to the
resting position, Sheet F. During such descending motion the double nuts
at the upper ends of the vertical eye bolts X and Y, belonging to the pieces
E, Y, and B, B, D, will come to rest above the head R, R, so as to keep
those pieces, suspended in the proper relative position, as in Sheet F. And
then the three bended plates are removed, and changed, or transferred as
already described, namely, the uppermost of the three, which has been
completely bended to the third stage, and turned up to the intended form of
a tube, is withdrawn from between X and Y, and carried away from the
machinery as finished. The middlemost of the three, which has been bended
to the second stage of incomplete oval curvature, is withdrawn from off D, and
is immediately returned between X and Y, with the two edges of the bended
plate upwards. The lowermost of the three, which has been bended to the
first stage of gutter form, is then withdrawn (it may be so withdrawn at the
same time whilst the middlemost is withdrawing, but with a contrary direction
of endway motion), and the gutter being inverted, is returned between D and
E so as to hang upon D, with the edges downwards. A fresh flat plate a, b, is
then introduced between d, d, and B, B, with its two edges a and b between
t and t. The set of moulds being thus charged anew with three plates, as
shewn in Sheet F, is ready to begin bending those three by repetition of the
action of the pressing machinery in the same manner as three preceding
plates were bended. One tube completely turned up is withdrawn from the
set of moulds at every ascending and descending movement of the followers
S, T, V, of the pressing machinery, as the amount of work performed thereby.
When it is required to turn up tubes of a larger or a smaller diameter than
the set of moulds and tools are adapted for, then that set must be removed
from the pressing machinery and replaced by another set adapted to turn up
the size required; the same screw bolts will serve to fasten or suspend the
several pieces of any set of moulds which may be adapted to be worked in the
same pressing machinery. A set of moulds being of considerable weight, the
removal and replaceing thereof may be facilitated by aid of some suitable
kind of wind-up tackle of pullies and wheelwork, mounted on a four-wheeled
railway carriage, which runs along two parallel horizontal rails disposed
over the pressing machinery, and in the direction of the lengthway thereof, the
said rails being fastened upon long beams of timber which are supported
horizontally by suitable framework, in the well known manner of the tra-
velling cranes commonly used of late years in the erection of stone buildings,

page_text: and in the fitting together of the metal part of large steam engines or other
heavy machinery. The railway carriage for such purpose may contain a
horizontal roller with a spur wheel on one end of it, to be turned by a small
pinion having winch handles on the two ends of its axis, for men to turn it
round, and thereby turn the said roller with a slow motion so as to wind up
a chain around the roller, that chain being the tackle fall of a pair of double
or treble sheave pulley blocks, whereof the uppermost block is fastened to the
framework of the carriage at the highest part thereof, above its wheels, and
the lowermost block depending by the chain has a strong hook for suspending
the set of moulds by a suitable sling. After withdrawing the fastening bolts
the whole set of moulds is slided endways along the surface of the follower
rather more than half their length, so that the sling can be got round the
whole set at the mid-length thereof, and hoisted up by the hook of the lower
pulley block until the weight of the whole set of moulds becomes suspended
from the railway carriage, which being then wheeled along the railway,
will carry away the set of moulds to the place where they are to be deposited,
and from whence another set is to be brought to the pressing machinery.
The vertical guiding pieces k, k, are always kept fastened by their screws to
the piece E, Y, of the set of moulds, in order to retain the several pieces of
the set in due place, one piece above the other, whilst they are in the act of
being removed and changed as aforesaid.
RESPECTING the RECESS herein-before mentioned as being formed within
the Hollow of the Semicylindrical Half Moulds X or Y for Turning up
Plates which have been prepared with two feathered edges and one such
edge is to overlap the other.
Such a recess is represented at win the section Figure X, Y, Sheet G,
wherein the two half moulds Y and X are closed together, with their border
edges in contact, as they will be when they are completing the third stage
of turning up; when so in contact the hollow left between the two half
moulds is cylindrical, and the recess w is cut away in the hollow of the
upper half mould X all the length thereof beyond the interior of the semi-
cylindrical form of that hollow, in order to leave space for that one of the
feather edges of the plate which is intended to overlap the other feathered
eilge. When the feather edged plate is in the state of incomplete oval
curvature, to which it has been brought by the second stage of bending
between D and E, and after it has been withdrawn endways from between
]) and E, and then inverted and returned endways into the space between
X and Y, as already described, (but that description does not refer to feather

page_text: edged plates), then, in the case now describing, that one of its feather edges
which is to be the outermost, and is to overlap the other feathered edge, is
placed beneath the said recess w, in the upper half mould X, in order that
when the further bending of the bended plate commences between Y and X,
that the said outermost feather edge which is beneath the said recess W may
have space to receive it without being pressed closed into the cylindrical
form as the other or innermost feather edge must be; consequently, when the
approach of Y towards ✗, and the further bending thereby produced, has
brought the two feather edges near together, but before actual contact,
the innermost edge will be sure to pass clear beneath the outermost; in
other words, the latter cannot fail to become the overlapping edge when
the two feather edges are brought into contact, and the bending is com-
pleted to the third stage, and the border edges of X and Y come into
contact, as in Figure X, Y. In the form of tube thus turned up the outer-
most or overlapping feather edge will be prominent beyond a cylindrical form
as much as the aforesaid recess w has been cut away beyond the semi-
cylindrical form in the hollow of X. If that prominence is thought
objectionable it may be pressed into conformity with the cylindrical form,
or nearly so, by relaxing the pressure and lowering the follower with the
pieces A, A, B, B, and Y, of the set of moulds, until the newly turned up
tube is left at liberty between Y and X, then turning that tube so far round.
about its own horizontal central line as will remove the prominent over-
lapping edge away from beneath the recess w, and carry that edge beneath
a different part of the hollow in X, where that hollow is conformable to
the cylindrical form; after that, the pressure being repeated, it will operate
upon the prominent overlapping edge to press the same into conformity
with the cylindrical form, or nearly so.
.
The turning up of plates with overlapping edges is most suitable for the case
of preparing iron tubes which are afterwards to be welded, and then the
prominence of the overlapping edge may not be thought objectionable,
because it will be pressed into conformity with the cylindrical form (or as
near thereto as may be required) by the pressure to which the overlapping
and overlapped edges must necessarily be subjected in the subsequent
operation of welding them together. The mode of overbending the plate
during the second stage of turning up, and the subsequent rebending of the
overbended part during the third stage, in order to give the edges of the
turned up tube a tendency to keep forcibly in close contact, is not applicable
(or only in a very slight degree) to the case now describing of using the
recess w for overlapping further edges, because the innermost of such edges

page_text: would slide within the outermost edge on the application of the requisite
force of compressure between Y and X for rebending. The semicylindrical
upper part of the solid tool D, instead of being a smaller diameter than
that of the interior of the intended form of tube, as herein-before described
should, for the case now describing, be very nearly the full diameter of that
interior. The tendency of the edges to keep forcibly in close contact is not
of much consequence in the case of turning up iron in preparation for being
welded. In case it should be desired to give such a tendency to turned up
tubes with overlapping feather edges, then the rebending requisite for that
purpose may be effected by aid of a solid tool, called a mandril, introduced
into the interior of the turned-up tube before it undergoes the repetition of
compressure betwen Y and X, such mandril will prevent the innermost of the
feather edges from sliding within the outermost edge during such repetition
of compressure; that is to say, the plate with feather edges having been
somewhat overbended between D and E during the second stage, and after-
wards introduced between Y and X, with the outermost feather edge beneath
the recess iv, and then the turning up being completed to the third stage,
a form of tube is obtained having some prominence of the overlapping edge
as aforesaid, but the overbended part will not have been yet rebended, and
after the pressure has been relaxed and the newly turned up tube turned
round in the hollow of X, so as to remove its prominent overlapping edge
from beneath the recess w, as already described, then the mandril is to be
inserted endway into the interior hollow of the newly turned up tube whilst
the same is laying in the hollow of Y, in order that the upper part of the
mandril may afford internal support to the underlapping feather edge during
the repetition of the compressure between Y and X, the under part of the
mandril applying to the interior of the part which requires rebending.
With the aid of such an internal support the repetition of the compressure
will cause the rebending of the previously overbended part, because the
upper part of the mandril will prevent the innermost feather edge from
yielding upwards when the outermost edge is pressed forcibly upon it, and the
rebending will be greatly facilitated by the contact of the lower part of
the mandril against the part which is to be rebended. That lower part of
the mandril is formed to the curvature that is to be obtained after the rebending.
When a mandril is to be used, the recess w should be somewhat different
from what is represented in Figure X, Y, which is as it should be in casc
of no mandril being used. The recess w should be so newhat farther away
from the highest part or vertex of the hollow in X, in order that the outer-
most overlapping edge may be brought beneath that vertex when the tube has

page_text: mes, c.
been turned round in the hollow of X, in preparation for the repetition of
the compressure between Y and X. It is necessary, for the above action of
the mandril, that it should be of the full diameter of the interior of the
form of a tube intended to be turned up, but as it would be difficult to
5 introduce the full size mandril, it should be contracted when it is to be
introduced, and after having been introduced, it should be expanded to its
full intended diameter. For this purpose the mandril should be composed
of two long wedge-like pieces, reversed one to the other, and fitted to slide
one upon the other. Such wedge pieces being moved one in respect to the
O other in the direction of their thickest ends foremost, then the mandril will
become contracted in its diameter so as to be easily introduced into the
interior of the recently turned up tube; but after having been so introduced,
then, by moving one of the said wedge pieces in respect to the other in the
direction of the thinnest ends foremost, the mandril will become expanded to
the full intended diameter of the interior of the tube so as to fit tight
therein. The requisite endway motion of the long wedge-like pieces, one in
respect to the other, may be communicated by a long screw, formed on the
end of one of them, and received through an eye formed on the end of the other,
with nuts on that screw at each side of such eye. By turning those nuts
the mandril can be contracted or can be forcibly expanded until the further
relative motion of the wedge-like pieces is arrested by some suitable stop,
and then the mandril will be of the exact diameter of the interior of the
intended form of tube. It is not necessary for the mandril to be a complete
cylinder, because the internal support that it is to afford is not required beyond
one twelfth part of the circumference at the highest part or vertex of the
semicylindrical hollow in X, and as much diametrically opposite or at the
lowest part of the hollow in Y. Each of those highest and lowest parts of
the mandril must conform to the required cylindrical form, but the mandril
may be flat at each side, the two flat sides being parallel vertical planes, and
those vertical sides may be included between two plates, fastened by cross
bolts to one of the wedge-like pieces, so as to retain them laterally in
place one above the other. A section of such a mandril is given at the lower
part of Sheet G.
The third part of my present improvements relates to a mode of applying
the force of steam pressure for actuating pressing machinery which is of
the kind commonly known as hydrostatic or hydro-mechanical. Such pressing
machinery is represented in Sheets and II (although not herein-before
particularly described), as the means of actuating hollow moulds and tools
between which flat plates of metal are to be bended and turned up to the
E

page_text: form of tubes; but this third part is also applicable for other purposes where
pressure is required. In my former Specification, of the First of November,
One thousand eight hundred and forty-five, a hydro-mechanical hydrostatic
press is described, by way of an example of one kind of pressing machinery,
which may be used for the purpose of bending or turning up flat plates of
metal to the form of tubes, by using suitable hollow moulds and tools in
such pressing machinery; and three hydrostatic cylinders are described as
combined into one press, for acting in concert, to produce like pressure along
every part of the length of the long hollow moulds and tools. The hydro-
mechanical press now to be described also contains three hydrostatic cylinders,
combined in a very similar manner to what is described in my said former
Specification, excepting as to the use of a forcing pump with valves for inject-
ing water through a conveyance pipe with branches to each of those three
cylinders; but such forcing pump with valves being as usual in bydrostatic
presses, is not minutely described in my said formier Specification, although
it is mentioned that such pump may be worked by power of a steam
engine or other power, a loaded safety valve being applied to some part
of the pump or of the conveyance pipe, in order to limit the pressing force
by permitting the escape of all surplus water into the open air, in case
of the pump being continued to be worked by the steam or other power,
after the intended amount of pressing force has been exerted. Instead of a
forcing pump with valves for injecting water into the hydrostatic cylinders,
by repeated strokes of such pump, this third part of my improvements is,
to use water cylinders without valves, fitted with water pistons or plungers,
which are suitably connected with large steam pistons fitted into corresponding
steam cylinders. And when high-pressure steam is admitted from a boiler
into such steam cylinders, so as to impel the said large steam pistons to move
therein, then the said water pistons or plungers being at the same time
moved in their water cylinders, water will be forced out therefrom
through communicating pipes with branches (but no valves); and injected
into the hydrostatic cylinders in sufficient quantity for producing the
required extent of forcible motion of the rams and followers of the pressing
machinery at one stroke of the steam pistons in their steam cylinders, and
consequently one stroke of the water pistons or plungers in their water
cylinders. And after the said forcible motion of the rams and followers has
been so exerted, then the further influx of high-pressure steam from the boile
to the steam cylinders is stopped, and that steam which has been admitted is
allowed to escape from the steam cylinders into the open air (or into a con
denser), and by the reaction of counterweights, which are applied to the

page_text: steam pistons and to the water pistons or plungers, a returning motion of the
said moving parts will take place as fast as the steam makes its escape, and
also the aforesaid quantity of water will return from the hydrostatic cylinders,
through the communicating pipes and branches, into the water cylinders, there
being no valves to prevent such return; but there is at all times an open com-
munication through those pipes between the water cylinders and the hydro-
static cylinders. By this third part the forcible motion of the hydro-mechanical
pressing machinery is exerted by effort of steam power with promptitude and
facility, by merely admitting high-pressure steam into the steain cylinders, and
afterwards the pressure is relaxed with equal promptitude and facility by
allowing that steam to escape; the force that will be exerted by the steam
depending conjointly on the size and the number of the steam pistons, and the
pressure of the steam by which they are impelled, that force being augmented
hydro-mechanically in the proportion that exists between the united areas of
the rams of the pressing machinery and the united areas of the water pistons
or plungers. The extent of motion of the rams in their hydrostatic cylinders
is less in the same proportion as the force is so augmented hydro-mechanically.
The manner of performing this third part of my improvement, as regards
the application thereof to manufacturing metal tubes, is represented in
Sheets H, I, and J, of the Drawings. Sheet II coutains a side elevation, and
a corresponding horizonal plan of the hydro-mechanical pressing machinery,
with moulds and tools therein, those moulds and tools having been already
described. Sheet I contains a corresponding end elevation, together with a
section of one of the steam cylinders fitted with its piston, and one of the
water cylinders fitted with its water plunger. And Sheet J contains a lateral
clevation, and a corresponding end elevation, of all the three steam cylinders
and water cylinders, with counter-weights applied for producing the returning
motion of the steam pistons and water plungers. The three hydrostatic
cylinders, which are marked N, O, P, are lodged in a very strong horizontal
frame Q, Q, to which upright pillars v, v, are firmly fastened at their ower
ends, and the upper ends of the same pillars v, v, are in like manner fastened
to the upper horizontal part or head of the press R, R. Each of the
cylinders N, O, P, has a solid plunger (commonly called the ram of the
press) fitted into it, with a collar of leather applied for close fitting around the
ram r, within a circular groove inside of the upper end of each cylinder N, O, P,
and a strong plate, called a follower, is fitted on the upper end of each of the
three rams 7, as at S, T, V, and upon these three followers the lower
mould A, A, is laid and fastened by screw bolts. The conveyance pipe by
which water is injected into the cylinders N, O, P, communicate's equally by
T

page_text: branches with all three of them, in order that the whole quantity of the water
that is injected may distribute itself equally amongst the three cylinders, and
then the three rams thereof will be forced up with equal force and with equal
motion, because they are all three precisely of the same diameter (namely
thirteen inches), and they all act by their followers S, T, V, beneath the lower
hollow mould A, A, at equal distances apart along the length thereof, and the
resistance opposed by the plate to the bending and turning up between the
moulds and tools) will be equally operative at all parts of the length of the
mould A, A. And thus far the hydro-mechanical and pressing machinery is
precisely the same as is described in my said former Specification. And the
manner whereby the several moulds and tools are applied and used in the said
pressing machinery has been herein-before described in reference to Sheets F, G,
and H, as belonging to the second part of my present improvements..
DESCRIPTION of the STEAM CYLINDERS with their PISTONS, and the WATER
CYLINDERS with their PLUNGERS, according to this third part of my
present improvements.
C, C, C, are three steam cylinders, like those of a steam engine; they stand
side by side on a strong base T, T, as appears in Sheet J, and have pistons
filled into each of them, as shewn by F, in Sheet I. Each piston has two
piston rods p and p, Sheet J, passing up through stuffing boxes b, b, in the
cylinder cover 1, at opposite sides of the centre thereof, that centre being
occupied by the water cylinder H, which has the water plunger G fitted into
it, with a collar of leathers within a groove at the upper part of H, to fit close
around the plunger G, and prevent the escape of any water, although the
plunger moves freely up and down through that collar, being connected with
the two piston rods p and p, by a cross head 7, Sheet I. When high-pressure
steam is admitted from a suitable boiler into the upper end of each steam cylin-
der C, it operates between the cover and upper side of the piston F to impel
the piston downward in the cylinder C, and by the connection through the two
piston rods and 2, and cross head q, the water plunger G is caused to
accompany the piston F in all its motions, so that the plunger G is forced
downward into the water cylinder H, when the piston F is impelled downwards
by the steam in the cylinder C. The lower end of the cylinder C is in
communication with the open air through the eduction pipe 7, which is always
open, and leads to the base of the chimney for the steam boiler. The water
plunger G, being forced downward into the water cylinder H, water is
expelled from H, which, at its lower part, is connected, as is shewn in Sheet I,
by a water pipe w, with the hydrostatic cylinder N, O, or P, of the pressing

page_text: machinery, that water pipe w being always open without any valves or cocks
that can obstruct the free passage of water, either from H to N, O, or P, when
the steam piston F and water plunger G descend, or the same water to return
in a contrary direction, from N, O, or P to H, when F and G ascend, so that
there is always a free water communication between the water contained in
the water cylinder H and in the hydrostatic cylinder N, O, or P; consequently,
when water is expelled from H, as aforesaid, by the descent of G. that water
passes through the pipe w into N, O, or P, and produces an ascending and
forcible motion of the ram of the pressing machinery, the force of that
ascending motion being greater than the force wherewith the plunger G is
forced downward into H, in the same proportion as the area of the ram r
exceeds the area of the plunger G. The high-pressure steam is conveyed from
the boiler through the steam pipe Z, and by branches thereof into the valve
box g, containing a sliding valve (see Sheet 1), for admitting stean into the
upper end of the cylinder C, when that valve i is slided downwards in its box g,
or for permitting the escape of the same steam when the valve i is slided
upwards in its box g. Such motions of the valve are communicated to it by an
upright valve rod o, which passes. down through a stuffing box at the bottom
of the box g, and the lower end of o is jointed to the end of a lever arm
which projects out from a horizontal rocking axis I, and a long upright lever
on the end of that axis I is connected by a long rod z, with a short lever arm
c on the same axis with the working lever handle j, shewn dotted in Sheet I.
The action of the pressing machinery is commanded by means of that working
handle j, which an attendant moves with his hand whilst the handle j is in a
horizontal position, as appears dotted in Sheet I. The machinery will remain
at rest, with all parts in the positions there represented, the steam valve i
being then at the midway of its sliding motion, and closing the steam entrance
from the box g into the upper end of the cylinder C. When the handle j is
raised up by the attendant above horizontal, it causes the valve i to descend
in its box g, so as to permit steam to enter above the upper end of the valve
into the upper end of the cylinder C, and thereby produce the descent of the
piston F and of the water plunger G, and the consequent ascent of the ram 7,
for exerting the hydro-mechanical pressure by the pressing machinery; and
then, if the handle is put down by the attendant below the horizontal, it
causes the valve i to ascend in its box g, so as to bring the hollow within the
valve i into communication with the entrance into the upper end of the
cylinder, and permit the steam to make its escape therefrom into the open air,
because that hollow within the valve is always in communication with the side
pipe f leading to the lower end of the cylinder C, which end, (as already men-

page_text: tioned) is always open to the eduction pipe h. As the steam escapes from the
upper end of the cylinder, the piston F is drawn up therein, and the water
plunger G is drawn up within the water cylinder H, by the reaction of counter-
weights, which may be applied, as shewn in Sheet J, by chains fastened to the
cross head
2, and passing up over pullies X 1, have the counter-weights X 2
appended to the lower ends of those chains. Those counter-weights come to
rest upon fixed beams between each counter-weight, and thereby limit the
height to which the piston F can be drawn up towards the cover of the
cylinder, when at the resting position. The collective quantity of water then
contained within the water cylinder H and water pipe w, and hydrostatic
cylinder P, must be so much as will allow the ram r to descend within P,
until it comes to rest, with all parts of the pressing machinery, in the position,
Sheet F. And a small injecting force pump of the usual kind, with valves, as
commonly applied to bydro-mechanical presses, should have its forcing pipe
connected with some part or branch of, the water pipe w, in order, by means
of such pump, to augment the said collective quantity of water, in case it may
be requisite for adjusting the resting position of the pressing machinery to be
as in Sheet F, at the same time when the resting position of the steam piston
and water plunger is as shewn in Sheet I; such small force pump is not to
be used during the hydro-mechanical action of the pressing machinery, but
merely for producing adjustment before such action commences.
The representation in Sheet I of one steam cylinder C, and one water
cylinder H, and one hydrostatic cylinder P, with parts accessory thereto, may
be considered as a complete example of this third part of my improvements.
The combination of three hydrostatic cylinder N, O, P, in one pressing
machinery, as in Sheet H, is no part of my present improvements. The
three steam cylinders C, C, C, and three water cylinders H, H, H, shewn in
Sheet J, correspond to the combination of three bydrostatic cylinders N, O, P,
but one very large steam cylinder, with its piston F, equal to all the three in
area, and one water cylinder, with its plunger G, equal in area to all the three
which are shewn combined in Sheet J, would produce the same effect. The
three water pipes w, between each water cylinder H and the corresponding
hydrostatic cylinder N, O, or P, are all connected by a cross branch pipe, so
that the water forced out from the three water cylinders H, H, H, can
distribute itself equally into all the three hydrostatic cylinders N, O, and P.
And in like manner the high-pressure steam that is admitted into the upper
ends of all the three steam cylinders C, C, C, can distribute itself equally into
all those three upper ends through communicating branch pipes Z 1 and Z 1,
which are applied upon the covers 7 of the cylinders, in order to establish an

page_text: open steam communication at all times between the interiors of the three
cylinders at their upper ends, above their pistons. The action of the steam
for exerting pressure by the pressing machinery is wholly under control of the
attendant, who, if he raises the working handle j only a little above horizontal,
may admit the bigh-pressure steam gradually into the cylinders, and the pistons
will be moved slowly; or if he raises that handle ; higher above the horizontal,
the motion will be more rapid. An index is applied to the handlej to point to
divisions on a circular dial plate for the guidance of the workman as to extent
of motion he should give to the working handle j. The force of the high-
pressure steam is to be regulated by safety valves on the boiler in the usual
manner, and additional safety valves may be applied to the steam pipe Z, or to
the covers of the cylinders, for more complete regulation. The load on the
safety valves will limit the intensity of the pressing force that can be exerted.
Instead of allowing the steam to escape into the open air, or into the chimney
through the eduction pipe h, that pipe may convey the steam into a suitable
condensing apparatus, where it will be condensed, and cause exhaustion.
within the lower part of the cylinder beneath the piston, that exhaustion
being always maintained. The operation of the steam to impel the piston
will be the same as already described, but, as the piston will be impelled
with more force, in consequence of the exhaustion in the cylinder beneath
it, the pressure of the steam in the boiler may be less and yet produce
the same pressing force. Such condensing apparatus may be the condenser
and air pump of an ordinary condensing steam engine, in case such an engine
is required to be kept working for other purposes in the immediate vicinity
of the machinery; but the said condenser and air pump should be suitably
enlarged beyond the usual proportions for ordinary condensing steam engines.
Respecting the application of this third part of my present improvements
to other purposes where pressure is required, it is a common practice in
what is termed stamping of metals to press flat plates of metal into the
hollows of suitable moulds, for bending such plates to the forms of tea boards,
waiters, dish covers, and other articles, the machinery for such stamping
operating either by the fall of heavy. weight, or by the power of screw
press or fly press, and, in some cases, by the power of hydro-mechanical
pressing machinery. The arrangement shewn in Sheet I is an example of
the mode of working hydro-mechanical machinery according to this third
part of my improvements, and supposing the moulds and tools there re-
presented to be changed for other moulds and tools, such as are commonly
used for stamping metals, that arrangement would be applicable for the
stamper's trade, the machinery being constructed of such dimensions, strength,

page_text: and force as will be best adapted to the work to be performed. One steam
cylinder and water cylinder and hydrostatic cylinder will be sufficient for
most such cases, and they may be of smaller dimensions than represented.
Another application is to compress the power of earthy materials used in
the manufacture of earthenware into the hollows of suitable moulds, for
giving to such compressed powder the forms of flat or ornamented tiles, slabs,
bricks, or other articles, the compressing force producing sufficient cohesion
of the earthy materials for retaining such forms without subsequent drying or
finishing in form, before. subjecting them to the usual process of burning
into articles of earthenware. The arrangement, Sheet I, with suitable moulds,
is applicable to such purpose, the alteration already mentioned for stamping
metals being made. And another application is for actuating what is
commonly called rivetting machinery for compressing the ends of metal
rivets, in order to effect the rivetting together of plates of metal. This
application is explained by Sheet K, wherein the same letters of reference being
used as in the foregoing description, less detail will be necessary, observing
that the steam cylinder and water cylinder are inverted. C is the steam
cylinder; p and p its two piston rods; q, their cross head; G, the water
plunger, fitted into the water cylinder H, which is fastened to the centre
of the cover of the cylinder; T is the frame for supporting the cylinder;
w is the water pipe, without valves in it, communicating always between
the water cylinder H and the hydrostatic cylinder P, which, for this purpose
of rivetting is held in a horizontal position by two standards A, A, standing
up from a very strong base B, B, on each end of which other stronger
standards. D, D, are erected to hold the reacting tools x, a, by which the
rivets are to be sustained during the compression that they are to undergo
for effecting the rivetting. The hydrostatic cylinder P has two rams 1, 2,
fitted into it, one at each end, and both are protruded together by the same
hydro-mechanical action, for the purpose, if required, of compressing two rivets
at the same time, by aid of two sets of workmen to insert the rivets and
hold the plates that are to be rivetted together. The steam pipe Z and
valve box G, with the valve within it, and the rod o, for moving the valve,
are very similar to the like parts in Sheet I, except as they are affected
by the inverted position of the parts. h is the eduction pipe. The advantage
of the cylinder being in, an inverted position is, that the weight of the piston
rods, cross head, and water plunger will cause the. returning motion without
any counter-weights, chains, and pullies, as in Sheet J. The returning
motion of the horizontal rams r and r will be produced by atmospheric
pressure during the returning motion of the water plunger G. Although

page_text: there are two rams r and r, for compressing two rivets at once, one of the
rams may be blocked fast by interposing a solid piece of metal between
the end of that ram and the corresponding reacting tool x, and then the
machine will become a single machine for compressing one rivet at a time.
No claim is made to any direct application of the force of a piston
urged by high-pressure steam to the purpose of rivetting, unless it is by
intervention of water, so as to augment the force of such steam piston
by hydro-mechanical motion. The inverted position of the steam cylinder
in Sheet K is applicable to the other cases herein-before described of this
third part of my present improvements. Instead of the steam cylinders
shewn in Sheets I and J, inverted steam cylinders, such as in Sheet K, might
be substituted, and then counter-weights would not be required.
The fourth part of my said improvements relates to the mode of applying
metal tubes in steam boilers or other vessels requiring metal tubes to be
applied within them. It has been heretofore a common practice to insert
hoops of inetal (called ferrules) into the ends of tubes, for the purpose of
fastening those ends into the tube plates of the boilers. This fourth part
of my improvements is to apply a hoop of metal around the end of the
cylindrical tube, so as to be interposed between the exteriors of that end
and the interior of the conical hole through the tube plate, see Sheet L, which
contains a section of one end of a tube and of the tube plate, with the hoop
inserted in its proper place. The hoop is cut through or left open at one
part of its circumference, in order to render it capable of contracting a very
little in its diameter, when it is forced into the conical hole through the
tube plate and in the act of contracting upon the end of the cylindrical tube
so as to fit closely around that end, and into the conical hole through the
tube plate of the boiler or other vessel. A loose piece is fitted into the
bole in the hoop, which loose piece is shorter than the hole in the hoop,
so as to admit of the hoop contracting a little, but the width of the loose
piece is of the same width as the hole, and fits therein so as to prevent
leakage. The advantage of this fourth part is, that it enables the tubes to
be withdrawn from the boiler or other vessel in order to remove incrustations
froin the interior surfaces of the tubes, and then the cleaned tubes may be
put back into their places in the boiler or other vessel, for after the hoop is
withdrawn it leaves a vacancy around the end of the tube which can be
easily drawn out through the larger conical hole in the tube plate, even
although the outside of the tube should have incrustations around it.
Having now described my said improvements, I, the said Richard Prosser,
do hereby declare that the new Invention, whereof the exclusive use is granted

page_text: to me by the herein-before recited Letters Patent, of the Eleventh day of
April last, consists in the following implements, namely:-
Firstly, in the improvement herein before described, in reference to Sheets
A, B, C, D, and E, of the Drawings hereunto annexed in the mode of planing
the edges of flat plates of metal, which are afterwards to be bended or turned
up to the form of metal tubes; this first part comprising the new parts applied
to the moving table of a planing machine, for the purpose of holding two flat
plates edgeway upwards in parallel vertical planes, which new parts are
marked in Sheets A, B, C, D, and E by the letters of reference A, a, B, b,
c, D, d, F, f, and E, c, W, w, 2, also R, G, S, i, I, H, J, T, M, N, O, Q,
which parts are herein-before described; together with the manner of com-
bining them, and of using the combination of them for the said purpose.
This first part also comprising the compound cutting tools applied to a planing
machine for planing the edges of such flat plates, by a number of distinct
cutting edges operating at the same time, but at different places, along the
lengthway of such edges, so as to concur together one with another in cutting
away and removing the superfluous metal from those edges in a succession of
thin shavings by the several cutting edges of each compound cutting tool,
which compound tools, together with their accessory parts, are marked in
Sheets A, B, C, and D, by the letters h, K, k, L, j, l, m, s, t, v, r', N, O, Q,
%, y, and also U, V, X, Y, in Figures 13, 14, and 15, which parts are herein-
before described, together with the manner of combining and adjusting them,
and of using the combinations of them. The compound cutting tools, which
I hereby claim as comprised in this first part, are distinguished from any
other cutting tools by the mode herein-before described of constructing and
combining and adjusting and fastening together the several parts of each
compound tool, so that, although each cutting edge is held fast in its
intended position in respect to the other cutting edges in the same compound
tool; nevertheless, when the steel of any one or more of such cutting edges in
the course of working is become broken, and in repairing is ground away and
reduced more than the steel of the other cutting edges in the same tool is
ground away, then the said reduced cutting edge or edges (after having been
repaired and sharpened) can be adjusted either up or down or laterally in respect
to the other cutting edges in the same compound tool, as may be necessary,
in order to bring such reduced cutting edge or edges to its or their exact
position in the entire row of cutting edges, and it or they can then be made fast
in the newly adjusted position. This first part also comprising the application of
two rows of reversed cutting edges in each compound tool; one row for planing
during the forward motion, and the other during the backward motion of the

page_text: moving table of the planing machine, in manner herein-before described in
reference to Figure 16, Sheet E, where the two rows are marked n and g 1.
Secondly, in the improvement herein-before described, in reference to
Sheets F, G, and H, of the Drawings, in the mode of bending or turning up
flat plates into the form of metal tubes; this second part comprising the
long moveable bar for retaining the plate that is to be bended in its intended
place over the hollow of the mould, wherein the plate is to be bended to
the first stage of a long gutter form; that long bar and its accessory parts
are marked in Sheets F, G, and EI, by the letters L, M, K, U, W, which
parts are herein-before described, together with the manner of combining
them and of using the combination. This second part also comprising
the two moveable side pieces to the hollow. of the mould wherein the first
stage of bending is to be performed; those moveable side pieces completing
the bending of the two marginal portions of the plate adjacent to the two
edges thereof to the intended curvature, which moveable side pieces, together
with their accessory parts, are marked in Sheets F, G, and H, with the
letters d, d, m, n, r, s, w, which parts are herein-before described, together
with the manner of combining them and of using the combination. This
second part also comprising the disposition and combination of all the several
moulds and tools which constitute a complete set for performing all the three
stages of turning up, with one such mould or tool above another in the pressing
machinery in their proper relative positions, and the bending and turning up
to all those three stages being performed by one motion of the pressing
machinery; that disposition and combination of the moulds and tools is marked
in Sheets F, G, and II, by the letters A, d, d, B, D, E, Y, X, k, J, x, and y;
that disposition and combination is herein-before described, together with the
manner of constructing and combining the moulds and tools, and of using the
combination of them. This second part also comprising the recess within the
hollow of one of the semicylindrical half moulds, wherein the third stage of
turning up feather edged plates to the form of a tube is to be performed, which
recess is marked w in Figure X, Y, Sheet G; and the mandril, which may in
certain cases be used with such recess, is represented at the lower part of
Sheet G. That recess and mandril are herein-before described, together with
the manner of constructing and using the same.
Thirdly, in the improvement herein-before described, in reference to
Sheets I, J, and K, of the Drawings, in the mode of applying steam power
for actuating pressing machinery of the hydrostatic or hydro-mechanical kind;
this third part consisting in employing the forcible motion of a piston, which
is fitted into a large steam cylinder, so as to be impelled therein by pressure of

page_text: high-pressure steam; and such forcible motion being communicated to a
piston or plunger fitted into a water cylinder, having an uninterrupted water
communication with the hydrostatic cylinder of the hydro-mechanical pressing
machinery, the parts being combined and arranged so that one stroke of the
steam piston in its cylinder, and one corresponding stroke of the water piston
or plunger in its water cylinder, will inject into the hydrostatic cylinder as
much water as is requisite for giving the intended extent of forcible motion to
the ram of the hydrostatic cylinder for performing the pressing work; the
returning stroke of the steam piston and water piston or plunger permitting
the return of the same water, and consequently of the ram (there being no
valves or cocks to prevent such return of the water from the hydrostatic
cylinder to the small water cylinder. The parts of the new combination com-
prised in this third part are marked in Sheets I, J, and K, with the letters
C, F, G, H, I, T, Z, X 1, X 2, Z 1, c, f, g, h, i, j, o, p, q, w, ≈, which parts
are herein-before described, together with the new manner of combining them,
and of using the new combination as part of the machinery or apparatus for
manufacturing metal tubes, that is to say, for pressing flat plates of metal into
the hollows of suitable moulds, so as to bend and turn up such plates into the
form of metal tubes. The said new combination comprised in this third part
being also applicable for other purposes where pressure is required; such, for
instance, as for pressing flat plates of metal into the hollows of suitable moulds
for bending such plates to other required forms than tubes; for example, such
forms as are commonly required in the trade denominated stamping of metals.
And for another instance, compressing powder of earthy materials, used in the
manufacture of earthenware, into the hollow of moulds, suitable for giving to
such compressed powder the form of flat or ornamented tiles, slabs, bricks, or
other articles to be afterwards burned into carthenware. And for another
instance, compressing the ends of metal rivets for rivetting together of plates of
metal by rivetting machinery. This application of the aforesaid new combina-
tion is hercin-before described in reference to Slicet K.
Fourthly, in the improvement hercin-before described, in reference to Sheet L
of the Drawings, in the mode of applying metal tubes in steam boilers or other
vessels requiring metal tubes to be applied within them; this fourth part being
the application, in manner herein before described, of a hoop of metal fitting
tight around the exterior of the end of each metal tube, and also fitting tight
into the interior of the hole through the end plate or tube plate of the steam
boiler or other vessel into which the tube is to be applied. The said hoop
being interposed between the exterior of the end of the tube (which end is
cylindrical) and the interior of the hole through the end plate or tube plate

page_text: (which hole is slightly conical); the said hoop being made to fit with close
contact to both the cylindrical exterior of the end of the tube and the conical
interior of the hole. For that purpose, the hoop is left open at one part of its
circumference, with an interlocking joint at that open part, in manner herein-
before described, in order that such joint may permit a very small contraction
to take place in the diameter of the hoop during the act of forcing it into the
conical hole, and by such contraction of the hoop to cause it to grasp firmly
around the cylindrical end of the tube when the conical exterior of the hoop
becomes tightly fitted into the conical interior of the hole. By withdrawing
such hoop from its place in the conical hole, the tube can be drawn out
endways through that hole, so as to remove it from the boiler or other vessel.
In witness whereof, I, the said Richard Prosser, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Eleventh day of October, One thousand eight