CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF UNION MILLS, AND IN THE APPLICATION OF THE MOTIVE POWER APPARATUS AND MACHINERY CONNECTED WITH THE MANUFACTURE OF FLOUR AND BREAD, PARTS. OF WHICH ARE ALSO APPLICABLE FOR OTHER USEFUL PURPOSES
Year: 1856

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Henry Pratt, Engineer, of Worcester, for the.
Invention of CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF UNION MILLS,
AND IN THE APPLICATION OF THE MOTIVE POWER APPARATUS AND MACHINERY
CONNECTED WITH THE MANUFACTURE OF FLOUR AND BREAD, PARTS. OF WHICH
ARE ALSO APPLICABLE FOR OTHER USEFUL PURPOSES."
Scaled the 19th September 1856, and dated the 22nd Marchi 1856.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Henry Pratt at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
22nd March 1856.
I, HENRY PRATT, of Worcester, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature
of my said Invention for "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF
UNION MILLS. AND IN THE APPLICATION OF THE MOTIVE POWER APPARATUS AND
MACHINERY CONNECTED WITH THE MANUFACTURE OF FLOUR AND BREAD, PARTS
OF WHICH ARE ALSO APPLICABLE FOR OTHER USEFUL PURPOSES," to be as follows,
that is to say :-
I propose by an extensive system of combining flour mills and bakeries to
reduce the first cost of erecting my necessary fire-proof buildings, and also the
motive power apparatus, and which comprehensive combination will enable,
me to very much reduce the working expenses. And the main characteristic
which distinguishes this combination is that the fire-proof building is self-
supporting, and a collector and attractor of the force of the atmosphere, every
combined Hour mill and bakehouse being a distinct and almost an independant
part, but forming only a small portion of a great fire-proof union mill and
Die 811

page_text: bakery; of necessity, the building must be circular, spreading out large at the
base. All the arches which form the floors abutt against each other in a
radial form, requiring no iron stays as they are self-supporting, resting on the
radial partition walls of each flour mill and bakery. And the manner in
which I construct and apply this fire-proof building and apparatus for the
manufacture of flour and bread may be stated as follows:--
In the centre of the great central air-way tower (referred to in my Pro-
visional Specification of the Eleventh of July, One thousand eight hundred
and fifty-five), I construct a deep circular cellar, which is covered with a brick
dome, and sufficient earthwork, over which is the main central roadway.
Around the central area on the ground floor I place the coal, and twenty-two
upright boilers for the steam engines, which spacious area must be domed
over at any convenient time when the body of the building is erected. On
the crown of this dome a small gasometer may be placed for the requirements
of the bakery, and on the abutments all around are twenty horizontal steain
engines, with their air-surface condensers (referred to in a former Patent),
and cisterns for distilled water. Each engine has its own boiler under-
neath, complete in every particular, but the whole circle of boilers are
connected to the top by one and a half inch pipes and stop-cocks, which
will compensate for irregularities in firing and other things, by which
an irregular supply of steam may be required from one or more boilers.
The daylight for this isolated central spacious compartment strikes down
from vertical windows, placed all around the tower above the building; the
two entrances to this central space and engine house are secured with double
doors to shut out the air; the philosophy of all this seclusion being to place
this spacious isolated space under a lesser pressure than the atmosphere in the
large funnel-shaped mouths or "air pound" to the wind wheels, the interior
of these wheels being in fact a reservoir of power, a pressure of air endea-
vouring to escape through the contracted openings on the outside of the
wheel, which causes it to revolve in a contrary direction to the escape of air
(as described in my former Patent before referred to on Sheet Four, where the
post windmill is illustrated). The lower portion of the air from these twenty
wind wheels descends and enters the air-surface condensers in the engine room
below with great rapidity, being attracted by the auxiliary capillary tubes or
chimnies secured to and built up with the circular wall of the main tube or
air-way tower.
The heated air from the air-surface condensers is conducted up the auxiliary
tubes to about one-half the height of the air-way tower, where it may be
dissipated into the main tube or into the granaries; the remaining portion

page_text: of the cold air from the wind wheels expands and ascends to fill up the
void or spaces caused by the height of the air-way tower, and the heat of
the steam engines and ovens below. Provision is made for the wind to
enter the funnels and rotate all around from funnel to funnel, so as to dis-
sipate the force all around, and thus place the entire "air pound" under one
pressure.
In addition to these contrivances, every wind wheel has its own governing
steam engine, which causes the motion to be constant and regular, means,and
sufficient room being afforded for men to walk about to keep the entire
apparatus in order and under perfect control. The twenty steam engines to
assist and govern the power of the twenty wind wheels are horizontal, the air
pump and other pumps being worked on the bell-crank principle from the
piston rod at back, so as to place the pumps vertical, and the power of the
steam is trasferred to an upright shaft, working from the piston rodinfront.
On the top of this upright shaft is a large heavy pulley or fly wheel, over which
a strong hemp or suitable band revolves, to connect the steam engine to the
shaft of the wind wheel. On the bottom of the upright is contrived the
crank pin, with a large supporting step under it, and adjusting bearing above
it. When this upright engine shaft is required to drive a millstone direct, a
boss or square socket is left in the top of it for the millstone spindle to enter,
which spindle is supported and operated upon in the same manner as on the
wind-wheel shaft, to be more fully described. In this case the horizontal
fly wheel would be placed under the top bearing; by this direct action
costly gear would be avoided. These engines are worked upon the same
plan as those described in my last Patent, and the wind wheel is made
upon the same plan as therein described, with these two exceptions; in
this case a pulley is secured on the bottom of the wind-wheel shaft to
connect it to the steam engine, the arms being feathered or vaned in such
a way as to draw the air into the reservoir of the wheel; and instead of
raising the whole wind wheel to operate on the millstome spindle, I insert
bottom of the millstone spindle into a square box or socket left in the
the wind-wheel shaft, within which it fits easily, and is sufficiently strong
to carry the millstone round with the wheel; and the means I adopt to
support and to raise and fall the millstone spindle is on a flat ring or
annular cup,which is screwed and operated upon exactly in the saine manner
as the step brass is screwed and operated upon in Mr. Harrison's mill, and
specified in my last Patent. This novel contrivance may be properly called a
new adjustable coupling.

page_text: The simplicity of this flour-mill being reduced to one large stone driven
direct, the spindle of which drives two small stones by strong hemp bands
pulling in opposite directions, the meal elevators and the bolts, being situated
on, the floor above, and compactly driven by bevel gear from two light re-
moveable metal upright shafts fitting into the square sockets of each of these
small mill-stone spindles; the top part of these removeable light metalshafts
fit in long square sockets in the upright wooden shafts above, on the bottom
of which an annular metal ring is secured to each, which fit in and rest on an
annular cup; and this novel contrivance may be properly called a new coupling
for upright shafts, the meal elevators be driven direct off one end of the
horizontal shaft, which has received its motion from the bevel gear and the
bolts by a band off the other and.
By this arrangement of two small stones (instead of one small one, as in my
former Patent), superfine biscuit flour and bread flour can be made at the
same time, and all the offals divided and finished off in one contintuous
operation. A novel and important part of a fire-proof apparatus consists in
the mode of distributing and drying the grain and preparing it for the mill-
stones. On the top part of the upper floor of the mill a huge circular metal
trough is placed,supported on two strong wooden pullies, or slightly bevelled
driving wheels placed on opposite sides, deriving their motions from the con
necting engines, which cause this circular trough to rotate slowly. But
between these two main supports a series of wooden pullies are placed,
which are pressed up against this rotating trough by levers on springs in a
novel manner, hereafter explained. These bevelled.pullies not only take their
part in supporting this rotating trough, but at the same time elevate and clean
the grain in the process of drying, which is carried on in warm cellular flues
placed all around the central air-way tower, as illustrated in my last Patent
before referred to. These elevators are placed in circular brick casings,
and extend to the bottom of the millstone floor. The circular trough is
supported near the middle of it by the two driving bevelled pullies, and on
the outside of it by the smaller bevelled pullies, corresponding bevels being
left on the bottom of the trough:.
The way in which the bevelled pullies are pressed up against the rotating
trough is novel, and will compensate for any irregularities and spring the
moveable trough may have. About the centre of the shaft which carries the
bevelled driving pulley and the elevator, a metalboss or flanged pulley is keyed
on to move at pleasure, so as to get more or less leverage. This flanged pulley
rests between and on two wooden pullies or friction rollers, having steel shafts

page_text: working in long bearings and resting on springs. The superior weight of
the elevator and wheat act as a self-acting pressureguage; the greater the load
the greater the pressure against the rotating trough. Thus, as the common
locomotive engine wheels pressing on the fixe: longitudinal rail cause the
carriage wheels to rotate, so does this circular inverted trough rotate simply
by pressing on the two, fixed revolving engine wheels, which inverted rail or
trough may be properly called the rotating trough to convey grain and to drive
machinery without the aid of cogs or bands.
Four horizontal wooden guide pullies or friction rollers are secured to the
central air-way tower, which may be said to be the axis around which this
huge endless trough relates, and npon which the grain from the two main
elevators and sack tackles is placed. This trough may be made of cast iron,
put together in segments with bolts and cement; it must be heavy enough
and strong enough to perform its work, having a flat bottom and one open side,
that the stops or ploughs may sweep off the grain into receivers, whence it
may be conducted to the cleaning and drying apparatus situated all around,
and then delivered into the grinding garners. To save a complication of
shafting, two or more small steam engines and air-surface condensers are placed
on the top floor, the heat from which may be applied to warm the rooms, or it
may be conducted into the air-way tower, the steam being generated on the
ground floor. The seeds and dirty portions in the grain having been removed
by the screens when in the raw state as it enters the mill, and having been
dried and grated, as explained in my last Patent, as already referred to, it will
nevertheless in some cases be necessary to subject the grain to a severer
process of cleaning. To effect this I pass it through two flat surfaces after it
has been dried, one surface of stone and oue of cane or other fibrous material,
the stone surface so arranged and cut as to rear the wheat up endways, similar
to shelling oats or barley, and subjected to the blowing process. This
machinery, the sack tackles, main elevators, and other things, to be hereafter
referred to, are compactly driven from two horizontal shafts, supported on
brick pillars, joined to the circular brick casings of the wheat elevators, which
shafts receive their motion from strong hemp or suitable bands, connected to
the fly wheels of the two vertical steam engines, which drive the rotating
trough.
Having given a description of the fire-proof building and motive power
apparatus, and also the fire-proof apparatus used for drying and preparing the
grain, and the machinery for grinding and bolting the meal, I will descend to
the baking and kneading compartments. On the ground floor a perfect com-
munication and ventilation is kept up; stoking, baking the bread, distributing

page_text: the bread, receiving the grain and coal, and the division of labour necessary to
carry on these operations, is carried out to a great extent on the ground floor;
ventilation, so necessary in these compartments, is connected with a hollow
covered wall placed on the top of the base of the building, and which gives it
.a look of stability and fitness; but the bulk of the steam from the bread is got
rid of and burnt in the fires of the ovens, which causes great heat.
A quadruple oven, or four ovens abreast, for each bakehouse, are connected
to one circular chimney flue, but each oven has its own fire and its own
damper. This chimney unites with one of the boiler chimneys after they have
passed up through the building. The steam from the bread is made to
circulate between the oven floor and the heated flue floor, which carries off the
superfluous heat from the bottom to the top of the oven, and also from the
bottom to the top of the bread. The oven doors are solid wood or hollow
metal stops, buted, so as to keep the steam in the oven.
These ovens are
situated between the steam engine boilers and the bread rooms, stone counters
and glass partitions intercepting the thoroughfare or waggon houses, and thus
making good the enclosure on the tops of tlie counters; but nearly one-fifth
of the ground floor is appropriated for the reception of coal and grain and for
the delivery of flour and offals.
The two main sack tackles, already referred to, descend into the waggon
road or railway under cover, and the two main elevators are encased in
circular casings, formed of bricks, situated in the adjoining compartments;
thus grain may be received and weighed on the ground floor before it enters
the clevators, and sacks of grain may be taken direct out of a waggon to the
top floor at the same time; it is there examined and then discharged into the
weighing hoppers, whence it descends over screens into the elevators, which
place it on the moveable trough. The grain from the main elevators is also
conducted on to screens and disposed of in a similar manner. In the lofty
compartments on the ground floor sufficient room is left to place moulding
and proving tables on the tops of the ovens, the tops of which fire-proof tables
are covered with a glazed or vitreous or other suitable material.. Under the
floor, on the tops of the ovens where the moulding and preparing of the dough
is carried on, are flues to conduct the waste steam from the oven and the
bread to each ash-hole, and is carried off in the flues, greatly assisting the
combustion there taking place..
This contrivance, and the mass of brickwork on the crowns of the ovens,
moderate the heat sufficiently. An iron rod, secured from wall to wall, forms
a railway from oven to oven for a simple descending and ascending apparatus
to move along from oven to oven, and on which apparatus the full and empty

page_text: dough boards and pans are lowered and raised bya rope passing over a pulley,
one up and one down.
The fires of one set of ovens are in the compartment of the adjoining set.
The fire doors are on the pendulum principle; roadways all round diverge
into the interior, and through which fuel is conveyed. In the front of each set
of ovens a smail moveable table is situated for the convenience of filling and
emptying the ovens; these small ovens, being always hot and of a uniform
moist heat, bake large loaves in one hour and ten minutes, and, allowing
for losses, may be filled and emptied at least sixteen times in twenty-four
hours.
The advantages of dividing the oven into four parts are cery great in all the
departmerts, causing the business to be done more accuratelyand in less room.
In the floor above the ovens the operation of kneading the dough and
weighingitare carried on, a species of labour that I prefer to be performed by
feinales.
Every quadruple oven has its own mixing and beating apparatus, driven by
the combined motive powers already explained. A small horizontal pulley
(placed on the top part of the vertical engine shaft leading to the wind wheel)
is connected to a vertical pulley placed in the centre of the horizontal wood
shaft. A pair of bevel wheels on one side of this pulley drive the mixer direct,
and a small pulley on the other side drives the dough beater direct. This
strong shaft is supported on castings built in the radial walls, which I propose
building eighteen inches thick, and driven by a strong hemp or other suitable
band. These castings project into the compartments, so as to shorten the
shafts, and one casting carries one end of two shafts on each side of the
radial wall. The vertical shaft of the mixer is made of wood, and large in
diameter, into which round wooden pegs and scrapers are inserted. This.
upright shaft is supported within a wooden tub, and by degrees mixes the
barm and salted water with the flour for one batch, which I propose should
not exceed half a sack. When sufficiently mixed (which should take nearly
fifteen minutes), so as to draw the flour in by degrees, the mixture drops out
ou to a large solid wooden table by drawing two slides, leaving a strong wood
centre cross piece to support the shaft. This large solid wooden table is placed
in the centre of the compartment, and has very shallow troughs or bowls
(formed out of the same) to keep each batch separate, and to allow resting
time for the dough to prove or ripen during the beating process. It will
not be necessary to clean the mixer often, as the peculiar ferment of the
scrapings is required to assist the barm to raise the dough in each succeed-
ing batch, which would follow in rotation about every twenty minutes; and

page_text: when necessary to give the tub a good cleansing, the scrapings are preserved
and dissolved in the batches which followthis extra cleaning. The shaft of the
mixer is provided with the incans to throw it in and out of
gear.
The water measurer is placed so that the water will run into the tub by
degrees, and is supplied with hot and cold water. The hot water is obtained
from vessels placed in the chimney flues. The inixers should be dried with
Hour every batch, and equal quantities of fresh barm andwarmwater or sweet
bitter gruel or thin paste, according to circumstances, is poured-into a recess
made in some flour, and.this is the beginning of the process: In principle, the
water should be warm, even in summer, about 92° when the air of the room
is 82°. The process throughout should be progressive, it being a ripening
process, analogous to the ripening of fruit. The beater is fixed on the same
table as the mixer, aud is conveniently driven by a heavy band and a heavy
wheel at a slow speed.
This machine is the subject of a distinct Patent, sealed on the Fourth of
November, One thousand eight hundred and fifty-three, Number 2566, aud
need not be described; but it may be proper to give an outline of its prin-
ciple and action, so as to illustrate this progressive process of bread-making.
The beater consists of a series of wooden arms or levers, lifted up by wooden
cogs, on the principle of the tilt hammer. The arms rest on a sway, which
forms a recess for the dough; the sway has a counterbalance, and is easily
lified up up to remove the dough or to place fresh dough under. In this
position the cogs rotate without acting on the ends of the levers. Any
required amount of I pressure can be given to the dough by increasing or
decreasing the thickness. When the dough has been subjected to the requi-
site number of beatings, it is removed from the beating table on to the weighing
table, whence it descends an inclined spout to the moulding table. When
moulded, it is placed on cloths to prove, and then on to the ascending and
descending apparatus, and then delivered to the oven either in earthenware
pans or set in the usual way.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Henry Pratt in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
22nd September 1856.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME,
PRATT, of the City of Worcester, Engineer, send greeting.
Ì, HENRY
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-second day of March in the year of our Lord

page_text: One thousand eight hundred and fifty-six, in the nineteenth year of Her reign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said Henry Pratt, Her special license that. I, the said Henry Pratt, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Henry
Pratt, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during
the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,
and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS
IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF UNION MILLS, AND IN THE APPLICATION OF THE MOTIVE
POWER APPARATUS AND MACHINERY CONNECTED WITH THE MANUFACTURE OF FLOUR
AND BREAD, PARTS OF WHICH ARE ALSO APPLICABLE FOR OTHER USEFUL PURPOSES,"
upon the condition (ainongst others) that I, the said Henry Pratt, by, an
instrument in writing under my hand and seal, should particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was
to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the
said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE: that I, the, said Henry Pratt: do hereby declare the
nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement, that is to say:-
In my Provisional Specification I have fully and minutely stated the object
and nature of my various improvements in the form and mode of constructing
inion mills, as also in the manner of obtaining and applying the motive power
necessary for the economic working of such mills, as well as in the general
neans I propose using for receiving and preparing grain, the grinding it into
flour, and the making it into bread; but in order that the full extent and
comprehensiveness of iny Invention may be fully understood, I have represented
them in the four Sheets of Drawings hereunto annexed, in various plans,
elevations, sections, and details, which I will now proceed to describe.
Figure 1, Sheet One, represents as much of the ground plan necessary for
my description. The line A, B,.A, B, represents the curb of footway or
promenade around the building, and the spaces C, D, &c. are windows with
sliding falls or sashes, through which bread may be sold or delivered into carts

page_text: a
backed against the curb or footway for that purpose; E, E. &c. are a series
of quadruple ovens in connection with the radial partition walls of the building;
F is a main roadway right through the building, which may, according to
locality and position, be laid with rails or otherwise, as desirable; Grepresents
the position of the main elevators. The grain being delivered here from the
waggons into suitable receiving chambers, is carried up by these elevators and
distributed in the several granaries, as herein-after described. H, H, &c. are
urinals and closets for the general convenience of the establishment; and I, I,
are the offices on each side of the front entrance or roadway, similar ap-
purtenances being situated in the entrance or roadway on the other side; J is
large circular basement area, to be arched over and lit with gas, which may
be manufactured within the building or otherwise supplied; K, K, K, &c.
are boilers for supplying the steam engines, collectively or separately, as most
desirable; L, L, is a circular wall, about seven and a half feet thick, as here
shewn, for supporting the large central shaft and dome, as will be hereafter
seen. This wall is pierced with a series of footways, marked N, N, &c., for
the convenience of the stokers and others. The dark circles represented in the
sectional divisional parts of this circular wall are for chimnies and hot air.
The large ones are connected with the boilers and the quadruple ovens, and
the smaller ones are to be used for supplying the kneading and setting rooms
with heated air when necessary. M. M, &c., are floors built on the tops of
the ovens, reached by the steps marked 0, 0, 0 &c.; and P, P, P, &c. are
tables for moulding and placing the dough.
In describing the elevation, I have drawn a central vertical line, on the right
side of which I have represented the external form and cliaracter of my fire-
proof mills and bakeries, marked as Figure 2; while the left side, marked
Figure 3, represents a vertical section as taken through R, S, on the plan.
and it is this part that I will now describe, as it will define the use of the
several compartments, and the manner in which I apply the combined wind
and steam power necessary for carrying on the various operations; and.in
describing the basement I will use the same letters of reference that refer to
the same parts as shewn in the plan below: J represents the large area,
shewn on the plan, with the openings N, N, &c.; and L, the circular wall for
supporting the central air-way tower above. Beneath this area is a cellar,
shewn in dotted lines, for the purpose of keeping barm, &c. in warm weather.
O represents the brick steps leading from the floor of the bakehouse to the
top of the one set of quadruple ovens, the front view of which is here shewn;
P, P, &c. are the moulding tables; Q, Q, represents an iron rod, extending

page_text: from wall to wall, forming a kind of railway, on which is fitted suitable tackle
that works along it for lifting up and down the dough and dough boards
during the operations of setting the bread in the oven; and T, as shown on
the plan is a continuous series of bread rooms for receiving and selling or
delivering the bread; while A, marked on the plan as the footway or
promenade, here shews that is effected by a circular-headed opening
or gangway formed in the radial walls. Before passing from the basement, I
may further observe that an internal continuous thoroughfare is also provided
for, as shewn by the opening U in the radial walls, where they unite with the
circular wall L. The use of the large central area J may be defined as a kind'
of general store room for holding coal, &c., as well as for receiving the steam
engine, boilers and retorts for the gas, for supplying the various compartments
of the mill with light.
:
I will now ascend and describe the next floor, which is supported on arches
springing from the radial walls, one of which is here shewn in section, marked'
V, V. W is the mixing and kneading rooms, which are placed over each set
of quadruple ovens; and X, the engine room, which extends around the
building, is also provided with a thoroughfare from engine to engine. I prefer
placing my engines horizontally and appropriating one to each compartment,
so that by giving à general description of this sectional elevation the same
will of course apply to all the other compartments around the mill. The
piston rod of the engine, not shewn, is intended to be united to the crank Y,
which forms a part of the vertical shaft, ou which is fixed the small pulley Z,
giving motion to the larger one A¹, which works the mixer B', by means of
bevil wheels, as well as the pulley C, to which is attached the beaters, which
work up and down on the kneading table shewn in section, marked D'. The
mixing tub is supplied with flour from above by means of the brickwork
spouts E¹, E', and from other smaller spouts, not shewn, and when properly
mixed, tlie dongh in this state is let out of the mixer on to the kneading table
to be there beaten and kneaded by my Patent kreading apparatus, the par-
ticulars of which is fully described and set forth in the Specification of the
Patent granted to me on the Fourth of November, Oue thousand eight
hundred and fifty-three, No. 2568. The compartment F may be said to be
an extension of the kneading room W, and is lit by the angular skylight, best
shewn in the elevation, Fig. 3. The ceiling of these compartments is also
formed by arches sprung from and abutted against the radial walls. The next
compartment above this is exciusively an air-way or what I call an air-pound,
with an opening at the extreme end, marked G¹, for the wind to escape from

page_text: pound to pound, so as to equalize the pressure. His a wind wheel fitted to
the vertical shaft 1', and is open at the bottom, but made to fit as close as
possible (consistent with its free action) in a circular opening formed in the
floor J, J, which circular opening is supported by iron standards, marked
1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.
This wind wheel is fully described in the Specification of a Patent granted
to me on the Eleventh of July last year, No. 1544, and exhibited in various
views and sections on Sheet 4 of drawings thereunto annexed, and the use of
the great central tower is here introduced for the purpose of giving full effect
to the power of the wheel, by inducing a continuous strong current, not only
through this, but through the whole series of wind wheels placed around the
mill. K' is the gasometer; and L, L, L, &c. are tubular condensers, also
described in the Patent granted to me on the Eleventh of July, One thousand
eight hundred and fifty-five, before referred to, the particular construction of
which is exhibited ou Sheet 2 of that Specification; but in this case they are for
convenience placed in a vertical position, resting on a hollow base, each being
connected with a vertical flue placed around the interior of the great central.
tower marked M', M', M', &c.; the arrows indicating the current, which is
mainly induced by the difference of the height of the ingress and egress,
which may be set down, according to the scale of the Drawing, at about two
hundred and forty feet, as also in the increased temperature of the air passing
up the flues marked M, M', M', &c., a result produced from the proximity of
these flues with the flues from the ovens and furnaces. Before leaving this
compartment, it will be seen thata pulley is placed on the top of the cranked
shaft of the engine, and that a pulley is also placed near the bottom of the
shaft of the wind wheel H, for the purpose of connecting the wind and steam
power together, that its united strength and regularaty may be given out in
working the large millstones, which is connected by a coupling to the shaft of
the wind wheel; and this brings us into the middle compartment, marked N¹.
the floor of which is (as in the case of the floors above and below) supported
by arches springing from and abutting against the radial walls, and in that
part over the room .O' the arch also forms the roof, and must be coated with
lead or other suitable coating capable of resisting the weather. The radial
hollows formed, by the springing of the arches, form of themselves gutters for
carrying off rain, which will descend through hollow pillars (best seen in the
plan below), and which are built in connection with the general system of
draining below. The manner in which I construct and set up the millstones
I have also minutely described and exhibited in my Patent of last year,

page_text: No. 1544, as being communicated to me by Edward Harrison, Engineer and
Miller, of Connecticut, United States of America.
The shaft I, on which the running stone is fixed, projects above the casing
of the millstones, and may be fitted to a smaller shatt. in a manner that will
be hereafter exhibited in a distinct Figure. This smaller shaft is connected
with a shaft in the room above for working the bolters, marked P. Q, R',
and S are garners, the grain being represented by the dots, and is carried up
by the main elevator, marked G on the ground plan, exhibited on the right-
hand side of the roadway, of which there is intended to be another identically
with this, that would have been shewn had the ground plan been drawn to its
full extent. The openings in the garners Q' and R' are continued in the
same way from garner to garner right round the building, and are divided in
these openings by fence boards, working in vertical grooves on each side the
openings. The grain that is carried up by these main elevators is delivered into
a circular trough, marked T', that is made to rotate by two engines, appro-
priated to the raising of the grain; and the turning round of this circular
or annular trough, and passig down the three granaries, as here shewn,
is another elevator, marked V, V, VI, and extends down to the room W¹.
These elevators are worked by the pulley or wheel U₁, which derives its
motion from the aunular trough, before described, the elevators being supported
on a rocking shaft. The weight of the grain in the elevators helps to keep the
wheel or roller U¹ in close contact with the underside of the trough, so that the
action of the elevators is rendered certain by the motion of the trough. That
portion of the wall of the circular tower that presents itself to the garners,and
which is always warm, is built with a series of small vertical spouts, and the
grain that is delivered on to the trough is thrown off by fixed scrapers, falls
into a kind of funnelor fence, which conductsthegrain down the hollow spouts,
where it is dried by the heat, and partially cleaned by the friction it receives in
passing down the rough surfaces of the brickwork, of which these spouts or
drying kilns are formed, from which the grain falls into the room W₁, again to
be carried up by the elevators into the granaries Qor R', from which it may
descend into the sheet iron grater X', which is open at the bottom. Yi is a
small drum, similar to the larger one, marked H, and is put in motion by the
pressure of the airin theairpound, beforedescribed, ascendingthroughthetube,
marked Z, Z. On the top of the small drum, marked Y¹, is fixed a fan wheel,
which beingdriven by theactionof the drum at a high velocity, it is evident that
as the grain falls from the spout,and is distributed on a cone just over the fan,
the smaller particles of dirt and dust will be blown away,and be carried by the
current in the direction of the arrows up the flue, and out at the tops of the

page_text: chimneys or air-ways, built for that purpose. The grain thus cleaned and dried
is fit to be again elevated and stored in the garners, or ground, as required.
Close against the arched roof or ceiling of the compartment G¹ are small
openings, built in the brick work, and carried up in the parapet wall, where they
descend in a slanting direction towards the roof; this is done for the purpose of
ventilating the mill, which is highly important, and is carried out through the
whole series of compartments; as here shewn. The coldair is received through
openings in the outer walls, not shewn, but seen in ny last Patent, dated July
Eleventh, One thousand eight hundred and fifty-five, No. 1544, Sheet One,
Figure 2. The roof is to be protected with asphalte or other cement, as in the
case below. The form of the roof or covering, as also the cornice of the great
central air-way tower, is designed for the purpose of keeping out rain,assisting
the escape of the upward current by its expansion, and gives a general finish to
this part.
Sheet 2 represents a series of irregular transverse sections, drawn to a scale
of an eighth of an inch to the foot. The scale of the Drawing on Sheet One is
for convenience reduced to rth of an inch to the foot, in order that the plan
Within the part
and elevation may be placed within the limits of the Sheet.
extending from A to B, and C, Sheet 2, I have exhibited a part of the large
central area in the basement, marked J, that being the same letter by which
it is designated in the plan and elevation, before described; and K, K, K, are
the boilers, which I propose constructing in the manner described in my last
Patent, and exhibited at Fig.13,Sheet 3, of.that Specification. Thedotted lines
d, d, d, represent the direction of the flues from the boilers to the chimneys,
formed in the circular wall, marked L. D, D,represents a horizontal section of
the quadruple ovens,taken just above the fire-bars; and E, E, is a section of the
The dotted
next series of ovens, taken just above the bottoms of the ovens.
lines ff, shew the direction of the flues from the ovens to their respective
chimneys, formed in the wall L,L, &c.; and frem Fto F.I have represented the
floor on the top of the ovens, marked M.as also the moulding table P,aud the
steps O. T, T, &c. are the bread rooms; G, G, are counters, resting on the
front basement wall, on which the sash frames of the front windows rest,
marked g. g, &c., so that by sliding up the sash the bread may be readily sold
to customers, or placed into carts for general delivery. In the segment,
extending from B,C,to H,I have exhibited the floor directly over the waggon
way below, marked F in the plan,Sheet One, the roadway being indicated by
two dotted lines, marked h, h, h,h. The main elevators are here represented
marked G, as in the plan, Figure 1. 1, 1, are the stairs, partly shewn in dotted
lines, which connects this floor with the basement; the opening at the landing

page_text: on the top of the stairs is made circular, that it shall not weaken the arch of
the floor at this part. represents the main sack tackle over the central
roadway, a similar one being situated in the opposite compartment.
,, represent trap doors all around for lowering sacks of flour, offals, &c.
from this large annular store room into each waggon house below, where
weighing machines, not shewn, are placed; and J', the stairs that lead from
this floor to the next above. D' is a large suitable table, on which the
kneading apparatus, before referred to, is fixed, also the mixer or tub. The
dotted lines,, are the bands from a pulley placed on the crank shaft of
the engine; and K, K, are the engines, placed on this floor around the
building in the position as here shewn; K" is one of the entrances into this
circular engine room, as is ceiled with a pair of double doors to keep out
the air; Kui representing a seat. Another entrance room is similarly situated
on the opposite side with the same appurtenances. L. L, represents the way
in which the seats are constructed for the condensers, in connection with the
internal vertical auxiliary flues, marked M' in the elevation, which flue is
shewn in the next section, marked with the same letter of reference, namely,
M and it will be here sceu that these condensers rest on the dome that
covers over the large central area, before described.
The next irregular sectional segment extends from H to N, shewing the
inclined windows that light the store room,kneading and engine rooms below,
and forming the lower part of the mouth of the air pound. O is a top view
of the pulley that is fixed on the cranked vertical shaft of the engine; and P
is a pulley fastened at the bottom of the shaft on which the wind wheel is
fixed; and p, p, is the driving band, which connects the steam and wind
power together. The next compartment shews a plan of the flour room, &c.
over the air pound, as also the wind wheel room. The dark circle, r, shews
the opening into the wind wheel, which is not shewn in this view; but the
shaft on which it works is represented in section, as also the pulley and band
which connects it with the pulley on the engine shaft, the latter, being under
the floor, is shewn in dotted lines. The wind current blows up through the
circular orifice ,, into the wind wheel above, not shewn, exerts its power,
setting the wind wheel in rapid motion, and escapes through the four small
vertical radial openings, and then passes through its proper opening in the
circular wall, here shewn at Q, and descends through the tubular condenser or
condensers in its immediate proximity. These condensers I will mark L', that
being the same letter by which they are defined in the sectional elevation,
Figure 3. The two condensers that stand on each side of the opening Q are
represented as finished, the dark dots representing the tubes through which the

page_text: air descends, a species of finish I have not thought it worth while to give to
the others. The next floor is the grinding and cleaning floor, marked N¹ in
the elevation, and extends from N to M.
The lines s, s, and s, s, represent the gutter on the roof, formed by the
springing of the arches over the room marked O¹ in the elevation, the water
descending through spouts conducted down through the centre of the outer
pillars, before described. R represents the position of the large stones driven
direct by the shaft of the hind wheel; and S, S, are smaller stones, driven by
bands from a pulley marked R', fixed on the top of the wind wheel shaft below
its connection with the larger stones. One set of the smaller stones in each
compartment is to be used for grinding offal, and the other for making fine
or biscuit flour. The pulleys t, t, are simply pulleys for tightening or regu-
lating the bands, and the three dotted circles u, u, u, simply represent that the
top stones in this compartment have been removed from the running stones
for the purpose of dressing them.
V,V,represent the air tubes from the air pound for working the small drum
that turns the fan wheel for cleaning the grain, as represented in the com-
partment marked W in the elevation. The dark square dots in the circular
wall are the square vertical openings, in the brickwork of which the wall is
built, and forms the kilns for drying and cleaning the grain, as these walls
always retain a large amount of heat from the chimneys of the boilers and
ovens being formed in them.
The flues marked w, w, &c. are the same as represented in the elevation,
terminating in a kind of chimney head, as there shewn, for carrying of the
dust by the current through the air tube by the action of the fan, as before
.described. X, X, are elevators for carrying up from this compartment the
grain to the granary above, to be again sent down (if necessary) through the
kiln or through the spout, in connection with the fan, for further cleaning.
The farther segment on this Sheet extends from M¹ to A', and exhibits a plan
of the bolting room, which contains a double bolter, marked Y, for general
purposes, and a smaller one, marked Z, to bolt the flour from the stones
appropriated to the making of biscuit flour; this segment also contains
the grinding garner S¹ for holding the prepared grain for the stones below.
Krepresents the gasometer resting on the centre of the dome, which forms
the floor of the air-way tower, through which brick dome the atmosphere
cannot pass.
We will now proceed to describe Sheet 3, which represents an irregular
section of several segments, as taken through the grain room R¹ and Q of
the elevation. A top view of the annular or circular trough for distributing

page_text: the grain, likewise the flues and chimneys, as also the manner in which
they are connected and carried up from the roof of the granary. The outer
circular lines, broken off for convenience of space, represent the cornice
and parapet wall of the mill below, as well as the roof over the flour
compartment O.
Thus, having given a general outline of this Sheet, I will now proceed to
describe the several parts in detail. The two small circular lines in the centre
of the Sheet represent the gasometer; and the next two circular lines, drawn
from the same centre, represents a sectional view of the wall of the large
air-way tower, taken through the windows for the purpose of shewing their
number and position. The next circular line shews the circumference of the
air-way tower close to the roof, the walls leaning inward, and this principle is
carried out from the extreme basement to the top of the air-way tower, the
inclination being about 1 in 120, or one-tenth of an inch to the foot. The
series of dark circles within the air-way tower represent the auxiliary flues
from the condensers marked M' in the elevation. The outer circle around
each represents the funnel-formed caps that are placed on them for the purpose
of allowing the air to emerge freely. In connection with these auxiliary flues"
arranged all around the interior of the tower are the condensers before described.
This large air-way tower is covered over at the top with a projecting roof
closely boarded on the under side, and bevelling upwards on that part that
projects, as shewn in the elevation. This roof is supported on a number of
iron bars, leaving a contracted vertical opening all around for the escape of
the upward current horizontally. The cornice (which may be made of gal-
vanized sheet iron, or otherwise) is bevelled downwards, not only for better
enabling the rain to run off, but also to allow the rarified air to escape, and
gradually expand before it comes in contact with the atmosphere, the con-
traction and expansion equalizing the draft,and preventing downward currents.
From A to B represents the roof of the granary, which is formed by the
arches resting on and abutting against the radial walls, and finished with
cement, or otherwise, on the outside, as before described. The lines b¹, b¹, b¹,
are the gutters for carrying off the rain which falls in large quantities from
the tower roof, and which descends through hollow spouts shewn by the dotted
lino c¹, c¹, c', in the circular pilasters, from which it emerges at their bases,
and flows along the radial gutters formed in the same way on the lower roof
from whence it descends through openings formed in the pilasters of this part,
and from thence down hollow spouts in the columns, and carried off as before
described. .
C, C, and C, C, represent the flues, shewn and described in the elevation, for

page_text: carrying away the dust from the grain, by means of the fan-wheel in the com-
partment marked W. These flues are brought out horizontally by arches
carried over and resting on the radial roof D, D, and carried up perpen-
dicularly at E. e¹ is a hole fitted with a portable stopper for the purpose of
removing the dust that will accumulate in this part. F, F, are the flues from
the engine boiler, and the quadruple ovens which here merge into one, and is
brought out horizontally to G, and cleaned at g, and arched over as described
at D, D. From H to I, 1 have shewn the alternate positions of the chimneys
and air flues taken in different sections from the base to the tops, which for
the sake of uniformity are made the same size on the outside, but they differ
a little inside, the air flues being the largest. Qand R¹ are plans of the
compartments for holding grain, exhibited in the sectional elevation marked
with the same letters in Figure 3; the dotted lines represent the joists and
brick supports for carrying this floor. and rendered fire proof. The next com-
partment marked J. and also its corresponding one on the opposite side,
marked K. are compartments standing vertically over the waggon way,marked
F on the plau, and done so because the stairs by which.the different floors from
the basement to the top are reached are constructed in and.against the radial
wall appertaining to this part. This floor is occupied with the sack tackle
marked on Sheet 2, with the main elevators marked G, as also the gearing
for working the main and auxiliary elevators, which gearing is driven by the
steam engine placed on this floor, and which also puts in motion (in connection
with the engine placed in the corresponding position in the compartment
opposite, marked K.) the large annular trough marked L, L, L, L, partly
shewn in dotted lines; this trough works against vertical wooden guide
rollers placed between it and the circular wall of the tower, and rests on two
stout pullies fixed on the crank shafts of the engines, which directly set the
trough revolving, say in the direction of the arrows, and by its revolving
motion, it gives motion to the series of elevators extending all around the
upper storey of the granary as exhibited at M, M, M, &c., in the follow-
ing way-The shaft that works these elevators is supported on a rocking
bearing or fulcrum, one end of the shaft extending under the trough, and is
there fitted with a wheel of a suitable size that its periphery should bear up
against the under side of the trough, when the shaft on which it is fixed is
in an horizontal position. This wheel and trough is represented in the
elevation marked T and U. At the outer end of this shaft is fitted
another pulley, over which the band of the elevator passes, thus forming
a kind of counterpoise for the shaft resting on the rocking bearing or
fulcrum, which shaft is kept on the friction wheels by the weight of the

page_text: elevator and the grain, and this has a tendency to pull up the inner end
of the shaft and roller against the under side of the annular trough, which
trough forms a counterpoise against the weight of the elevators, and it is
evident, that as the annular trough is set in motion by the engines before
described, it will set the elevators also in motion, bearing up the trough
at the same time. The form of the trough, as also the pulley and rocking
shaft, I will exhibit drawn to a larger scale on a separate sheet to be hereafter
described. The engine in this compartment works the auxiliary elevators
marked N, which brings up the grain from screens (not drawn), and delivers
it by means of a conducting spout on to the trough, and as, the trough revolves
it is thrown off by a piece of iron fastened over the trough against the circular
wall of the tower, about midway between the radial walls in each compart-
ment of the granary. This piece of iron may be thrown in or out of work,
so that the grain may be at all times distributed uniformly throughout the
compartments. The grain from the main elevators and sack tackles is con-
ducted to the screens below connected with the auxiliary elevators marked N.
The small dots in the centre of the radial garners represent openings for the
grain to fall through. These small openings are formed in the bricks, and a
small cast-iron tube inserted to which the small incline spouts not shewn can
be readily attached. That part of the outer wall in close contact with the
arch that forms the roof or cover over the granary, is made with a series of
openings constructed in the brickwork shewn at O, on this Sheet. These
openings are carried up and descend in an angular direction on the inside of
the upper parapet wall, for the purpose of ventilating the granary for carrying
off the moisture and inducing drier and colder air to enter.
Sheet 4, exhibits various details and parts before referred to, but rendered
somewhat obscure on account of the smallness of the scale in which they have
been drawn on the other sheet. Figures 1 and 2 exhibit the annular trougi,
and parts connected with it, drawn to a scale of 1 inch to the foot. A, repre-
sents a vertical sectional part of the air flues marked C, on Sheet 3, and C, C,
a transverse section of the annular trough which I represent as made of cast
iron, to be cast in segments of about six feet, and bolted and cemented
together, or otherwise united.
The wheel D, shewn in dotted lines is one of the two wheels fixed on the
crank shaft of the vertical engine, for the purpose of giving a revolving motion
to the trough, and B, represents a wooden guide roller, drawn in dotted lines,
of which I propose to use any suitable number, placed vertically as here
shewn, for the purpose of keeping the trough initsannular path, giving motion
to the axis or shaft E, by its contact with the pulley F. G, is a pulley. shewn

page_text: in dotted lines for carrying the band to which the cans g¹, g', are attached.
The shaft E rests on two friction rollers marked H, H, H. These friction
rollers are set up on long bearings fixed on four standards which are secured
to the plate marked J, having a rocking motion in its circular bearing at I,
thus allowing the shaft. E to adapt itself to the trough should any slight irre-
gularity occur. The part K, on which the counterplate or circular bearing I
rests, I propose to be of some yielding material such as vulcanized india-
rubber, or the spring or springs used in the buffers of railway carriages may in
some instances be preferred. The elastic bed is placed on a kind of pillar
stand, broken off for convenience of space, but which must spread out at the
bottom, and be firmly bolted to the floor. The flanged pulley L, on the main
shaft is keyed on, aud can be removed with the pillar stand so as to get more
or less leverage. The pulley G that works the elevators, as well as the band
to which they are attached, I have. shewn in dotted lines.
I will now describe my improvements in the mode of mounting and regu-
lating the running stones of my mills, which differ from that specified in my
Patent dated the Eleventh of July, One thousand eight hundred and fifty-five,
as communicated to me by Mr. Harrison.
Figure 3 represents the general section of a pair of stones and its cast-iron
case. A represents the shaft on which the running stone is fixed, at the bottom
end of which an enlarged part is formed marked B. Beneath this swell it is
reduced to a parabolic curve tapering downwards to a and b. C, C, is a
sectional view of a large boss, which I prefer being made of gun or bell metal.
This boss extends up around the part B like a kind of saucer, for the purpose
of holding any suitable lubricating matter. The surfaces of this boss that come
in contact with the parabolic bearing of the shaft must, of course, be of the
same curve: I prefer this bearing, as they have been found to answer well
where the pressure is considerable, and the velocity high. It is also necessary
to have a somewhat elastic pressure given to the stones. To meet this I use
a forked lever marked E, on which the boss rests, as shewn by the dotted linef;
this lever, being wide at this part, is formed with a transverse circular groove on
its under side, which groove rests on an adjustable fulcrum at e', and is carried
out through a slot in the side of the cast-iron case; and F is an arm cast on or
.otherwise secured to the case. On this arm and the end of the lever I place a
sufficient number of strong elastic bands, taking care to use as many as shall
hold down the end of the lever on the adjustable screw, marked f, to keep the
running stone up to its work. G, G, G, G, &c. are common stuffing boxes to
keep the spindle steady and upright. The bottom of the case, marked H, H,
is supposed to be elevated a little from the ground on suitable framework,

page_text: .
which will admit of a pulley being placed upon the connecting shaftmarked I,
on which pulley a band or bands may be placed for driving one or two smaller
stones suitably placed, supposing the power be taken off from the wind-wheel
shaft, or from the crank shaft of the engine, in the manner as represented at
Figure 4, which shews an horizontal engine, the crank shaft of which is
marked J. The mill, already described, and shewn at Figure 3, is drawn to a
scale of 1 inch to the foot, while the horizontal steam engine at Figure 4 is
drawn to a scale of of an inch to the foot. With this explanation of the
difference of the scales, I may observe, that the part marked I, and I, 1', shewn
in section in Figure 3, is the saine as the part marked K and K' in Figure 4.
L, L, is the pulley; and M, M, are bands for driving smaller stones placed on
spindles in connection with the stuffing boxes N, N. My motive for exhibiting
the engine is for the purpose of illustrating how I take the power off from the
crank shaft J of the engine and apply it direct to the large millstones without
the use of the wind wheel or any gearing whatever.
For further illustration refer to my Patent dated July Eleventh, One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-five, Sheet 2, as the same principles there
illustrated are applicable in this horizontal steam engine. Figure 5 is a longi-
tudinal vertical section of a single oven six feet square; and Figure 6 is a
transverse vertical section of the same. a is the fire-place at the back of the
oven; al, a¹, the heated flue chamber; b, the oven mouth in front; c, one of
the openings to clean the flues in front, but stopped up with a brick, the whole
of which openings are represented by black specks on Sheet 1, Figure 3, where
a quadruple oven in front elevation is represented; d is the hood or projection
to collect and conduct the steam from the bread into the ash-hole e at the back
through the channels d', d, principally shewn in dotted lines; f, are chimneys
or capillary tubes to conduct the heated air or steam which is confined in the
oven through the openings f¹, f, and then over the dough and bread, where it
parts with its super heat, and then descends into the mouths or feeders gon each
side of the door to be again re-heated in the flues g¹, gl, &c., thus keeping up a
rapid and constant circulation within the oven, the course being shewn by the
arrows; is the oven door, of solid wood or of metal, made hollow, fitting in a
recess, and made tight by luting it in any ready manner, so as to keep the steam
in the oven; is the fire door on the pendulum plan, already described in my
former Patent. The heated air and smoke descend through the flue K into a
suitable chimney.
Having now described the various plans, elevations, sections, and details of
a building and apparatus for the manufacture of pure flour and bread by the

page_text: combined powers of wind and steam, it will not be out of place in such a novel
and comprehensive machine to make some observations.
It will be perceived that the construction of fireproof building and the same
general arrangement of machinery is applicable for steam power alone, and for
other purposes than that of grinding grain and making bread. In making the
compartments underground for the cellar and weighing machines I propose to
leave the earth and use it for turning the large central brick dome after the
major part of the building has been erected. This contrivance rot only saves
the very great cost of a large wooden centre, but will leave the earth work
standing, upon which the brick coverings or domes for the weighing machines
and for the cellar may also be turned, which earthwork can be excavated at
any time, and used as centres to turn the crowns of the ovens upon also;
indeed the principle is the same, and of every day occurrence, but carried out
in-this large structure on a suitable corresponding scale by the aid of several
small steam engines instead of by human hands. The form of the building not
only admits of the greatest strength imaginable, but it presents many con-
veniences for making the mortar and distributing the materials bysteam power
and by railways. And as mortar is a thing that requires an immense amount
of labor on the spot, such as sifting and grinding, mixing and beating, I pro-
pose to make it by the same kind of machinery as that used for converting
wheat into bread, that the building may be erected at the least cost, of the
best materials, and in the quickest time.
'
Having thus described the nature of my Invention, and the manner in which
the same may be carried into effect, I wish it to be distinctly understood that
I do not confine myself to any particular dimensions as to extent, height, or
number of floors and radial divisious, as the whole is capable of considerable
modification, both in the general structure and working details, provided that
the general character and plans of concentration are adhered to; but what I
claim as my Invention is,-
Firstly, the general construction of fireproof mills and bakeries, as herein
described, and exhibited on Sheets One, Two, and Three, whether such mills
and bakeries are worked with combined power or by steam alone.
Secondly, I claim the mode of imparting power to a millstone and vertical
shafting, as herein described, and exhibited at Figure 3, Sheet Four.
Thirdly, I claim the mode, as herein described; and exhibited at Figure 4,
Sheet Four, of driving the air pump and other pumps of an horizontal steam
engine; as also the manner in which inillstones may be driven from the vertical
shaft of the same, thus saving much expensive gearing.

page_text: Fourthly, I claim the annular trough and mode of supporting and driving
the same, as described, and exhibited on Sheets One, Three, and Four. And,
Lastly. I claim the mode of constructing and combining ovens, as exhibited
in vertical sections at Figures 5 and 6, Sheet Four, as also in horizontal sections
on Sheet Two.
In witness whereof, I, the said Henry Pratt, have hereunto set my hand
and seal, this Nineteenth day of September, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-six.
Witness,
JAMES S. COCKINGS, Patent Agent,
26, Ann St., Birmingham.
HENRY PRATT. (L.S.)