IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF STUDS AND IN FITTING AND SECURING THEM IN LINKS LOOPS AND RINGS OF CHAINS, CABLES AND LIKE APPLIANCES "
Year: 1883

page_text: 15
LETTERS PATENT to James Buchanan the Younger of Liverpool in the
County of Lancaster Engineer and James Brown of the same placo Engineer
for an Invention of 'IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF STUDS AND
IN FITTING AND SECURING THEM IN LINKS LOOPS AND RINGS OF CHAINS,
CABLES AND LIKE APPLIANCES
"
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said James Buchanan, the Younger,
and James Brown at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the
9th April 1883.
JAMES BUCHANAN the younger of Liverpool in the county of Lancaster,
Engineer and JAMES BROWN of the same place Engineer "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE CONSTRUCTION OF STUDS AND IN FITTING AND SECURING THEM IN LINKS
LOOPS AND RINGS OF CHAINS, CABLES AND LIKE APPLIANCES
"
Hitherto studs have been made or formed of one piece of metal and cast in
position within the links, loops, and rings of chains, cables, and like appliances
they are intended to stay or stiffen or the links, loops, or rings have been heated
and closed on the studs so as to retain them in position. Such fitting is difficult
and inconvenient it being practically necessary to remove the chain, cable, or liko
appliance to a suitable workshop while in case of breakage of a stud on board ship
it is almost impossible to remedy the disaster.
Now our invention has for its object to provide a stud capable of being easily
and rapidly fitted and secured in a link loop or ring without heating of the latter
and having the properties of durability and security possossed by studs as ordinarily
made and fitted.
Under our invention we construct a stud in two or more parts but by preference
of two parts with convex and concave ends fitting together and secured when so
fitted by a key, pin, cotter, or equivalent means.
A convenient construction consists in casting the convex end of one part of the
stud with a groove and the concave end of the part to fit to it with a projection to

page_text: fit therein or vice versa each part being formed with a groove so disposed that
when the ends of the stud are fitted together a hole is left through the stud to
receive a key, pin, or cotter. The ends of the compound stud are hollowed out or
formed at the outer ends to fit the link, loop, or ring.
In practice one part of the stud is inserted in the link, loop, or ring, after which
the other part is slid or turned longitudinally or transversely according to its
construction into position and the whole is then secured together by a key, pin, or
cotter. The position and number of the grooves and projections and of the keys
or cotters may be varied.
Studs constructed as before mentioned may have fastened to them or formed
with them the hooks for use with vehicle couplings such as are covered by British
Patent N° 3740 of the year 1879. The said studs are also suitable for insertion
in open forms of metal other than those known generally as links loops and
lings.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said James Buchanan, the Younger, and James Brown in the Great Seal
Patent Office on the 9th October 1883.
JAMES BUCHANAN the younger of Liverpool in the County of Lancaster,
Engineer and JAMES BROWN of the same place, Engineer. "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE CONSTRUCTION OF STUDS, AND IN FITTING AND SECURING THEM, IN LINKS,
LOOPS, AND RINGS OF CHAINS, CABLES AND LIKE APPLIANCES,"
33
Hitherto studs have been made or formed of one piece of metal and cast in
position within the links loops and rings of chains cables and like appliances they
are intended to stay or stiffen or the links loops or rings have been heated and
closed on the studs so as to retain them in position. Such fitting is difficult and
inconvenient it being practically necessary to remove the chain cable or like
appliance to a suitable workshop, while in case of breakage of a stud on board
ship it is almost impossible to reinedy the disaster.
Now our invention has for its object to provide a stud capable of being easily
and rapidly fitted and secured in a link loop or ring without heating of the latter
and having the properties of durability and security possessed by studs as ordinarily
made and fitted.
Under our invention we construct a stud in two or more parts but by preference
of two parts with convex and concave ends fitting together and secured when so
fitted by a key pin cotter or equivalent means.
A convenient construction consists in casting the convex end of one part of the
stud with a groove and the concave end of the part to fit to it with a projection
to fit therein or vice versa, each part being formed with a groove so disposed that
when the ends of the stud are fitted together a hole is left through the stud to
receive a key pin or cotter. The ends of the compound stud are hollowed out or
formed at the outer ends to fit the link loop or ring.
In practice one part of the stud is inserted in the link loop or ring after which
the other part is slid or turned longitudinally or transversely according to its
construction into position and the whole is then secured together by a key pin or
cotter. The position and number of the grooves and projections and of the keys
or cotters may be varied.
Studs constructed as before mentioned may have fastened to them or formed
with them the books for use with vehicle couplings such as are covered by British
Patent N° 3740 of the year 1879. The said studs are also suitable for insertion
in open forms of metal other than those known generally as links loops and
rings.
11
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
191

page_text: so as to prevent end motion when the parts are in position. The recess in the
part 6 is made so much deeper than the projection d that an opening is left
through the stud b b for the reception of the locking cotter or key e. The stud
parts b b¹ may have more than one groove and recess or they may be made without
them but not so advantageously, unless the cotter or key is fitted into a recess
in each part as shown in fig 3. In this latter case it is convenient to cast the
cotter or key with one part of the stud and secure the whole together by rivetting
up the ends of the said cotter or key.
Fig 4 is an elevation and fig 5 a transverse section of a stud and link under our
invention similar to the one described under figs 1 and 2 except that the curvature
of the inner ends of the parts b b¹ is at right angles to that of the outer ends and
the piece b' slides into position along the link as shown by the dotted lines.
t
Fig 6 is an elevation and fig 7 a transverse section of a stud and link similar in
construction to that shown in figs 1 and 2 with the exception that the cotter or
key is inserted through an opening in the stud nearly at right angles to the one
shown in figs 1 and 2.
Fig 8 is an elevation showing a stud made in three parts 6 61 62 and secured by
two cotters or keys e e¹. The central portion 6* is made with a hook f for use in
railway wagon couplings as setforth in British Letters Patent N° 3740 of the
year 1879.
In practice we do not approve of studs being in more than two pieces and when
a hook is used it may more advantageously be attached to one of two pieces
forming the stud or to the cotter key or fastening.
Instead of cotters pins or set screws may be used or clips may be made to
surround the joint.
Fig 10. shows a set screw and fig 11 a clip fastening.
It will be obvious that the pieces b may be of many shapes and that they must
be made to suit the link or hollow form into which they are to fit.
In all cases
where cotters or keys are used it is advisable to rivet up the ends flush with the
surface of the stud into countersunk places provided for the purpose so that no
projections are left.
Having now described and particularized our said invention in such manner
that others will be enabled to carry our improvements into effect, we claim: —
First. Constructing studs for links, loops, rings or hollow forms substantially as
herein setforth.
Second. Constructing studs and fitting and securing them in links loops rings or
hollow forms substantially as herein setforth.
Third. The combination of a link loop ring or hollow form a with stud parts 6 b¹
and a key e or equivalent or equivalents substantially as setforth.
In Witness Whereof I the said James Buchanan the younger have hereunto
set my hand and seal this sixth day of October in the year of Our Lord one
thousand eight hundred and eighty three.
JAMES. BUCHANAN (THE YOUNGER) (L.S.)
JAMES. BUCHANAN (THE YOUNGER) (L.S.)