matthewleechen/300YearsOfBritishPatents huggingface dataset:
IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR BRUSHING HAIR
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Frederick Thomas Brandreth and
John Henry Brandreth at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents,
with their Petition, on the 22nd September 1865.
We, FREDERICK THOMAS BRANDRETH, Civil Engineer, and JOHN HENRY
BRANDRETH, Manager, both of Preston, in the County of Lancaster, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY
FOR BRUSHING HAIR," to be as follows:-
In carrying out our Invention we propose to use a spring of india-rubber,
metal, or other suitable material working in connection with two conducting
pulleys attached to two or more pulleys fixed on a crosshead working in
or on guides or slides, and connected to the ends of the above-mentioned
springs, and through these guide pulleys we propose to use a driving band
driven from the pulley on the main shaft, and running in connection with a
pulley fixed upon a circular brush, so as to be adjustable by the elasticity
of the above-named spring at the convenience of the operator.
The annexed Drawing illustrates one method of applying my Invention,
and it will be evident that the same is susceptible of various slight modifica-
tions without departing from the main feature of the Invention, namely, the
adaptation of the elastic spring independently of the driving band.
IMPROVEMENTS IN. DIES FOR CUTTING SCREWS
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by George Weigmann at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 28th February
1865. A communication from abroad by Robert Kunstmann, of
Mögeldorf, near Nüremberg, in the Kingdom of Bavaria, Engineer.
I, GEORGE WEIGMANN, of Moorgate Street, in the City of London, Gentleman,.
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN.
DIES FOR CUTTING SCREWS," a communication to me from abroad by Robert-
Kunstmann, of Mögeldorf, near Nüremberg, in the Kingdom of Bavaria,.
Engineer, to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to a peculiar construction of die intended to be-
employed in the cutting of metal screw threads, whereby economy of time-
and labour is obtained with greater exactitude, in the screw threads so
cut.
According to this Invention it is proposed to make the passage through the
die conical, and to form three or more projecting sharp-edged ribs therein,
the edge of each rib having a number of sharp-pointed cutting teeth or
serrations made thereon, of a pitch corresponding to the pitch of the screw
thread to be cut. The teeth at the entering or wider side of the die are
shorter and stronger than those at the opposite or smaller side, and serve to
remove the outer skin of the metal and make the first or preparatory cut,
but as the rod or blank is screwed inwards the teeth gradually cut deeper

page_text: and deeper, until by the time the blank has passed through the die the full
depth of thread is cut, thus dispensing with the tedious operation of passing
the blank through three or more separate dies. As the teeth act solely as
absolute cutters a better thread is obtained than by the present dies, wherein
the thread is partly formed by compression of the metal. If desired this die 5
may be made in two or more parts.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PURIFICATION AND PREPARATION OF ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE WAX, STEARINE, SPERMACETI, PARAFFINE, AND OTHER SOLID WAXY OR FATTY SUBSTANCES
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Scipion Sequelin at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 27th October
1865.
I, SCIPION SEQUELIN, of Camden Town, in the County of Middlesex, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PURIFICATION
AND PREPARATION OF ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE WAX, STEARINE, SPERMACETI,
PARAFFINE, AND OTHER SOLID WAXY OR FATTY SUBSTANCES," to be as follows:-
This Invention is designed for the purpose of purifying and preparing wax
and other similar solid substances for the manufacture of candles, tapers,
statuettes, or flowers, and for other analogous purposes. I first melt the
wax or other substance in a vessel or apparatus heated by means of a hot
water bath (or by steam), and raise the temperature thereof to about 180
degrees Fahrenheit, I then add to each hundred pounds of the same about
one ounce of isinglass (using by preference the Russian isinglass cut very
fine) which will have the effect of causing the precipitation of all the
impurities to the bottom of the vessel. After which, in order to make the
wax or other substance mould well without cracking or adhering to the

page_text: mould and to impart to it a good polish, I add about half a pound of powdered
loaf sugar, and eight ounces of alcohol, and allow it to remain and settle in the
vessel or apparatus for some hours, keeping it liquid by a heat of about 160
degrees Fahrenheit, after which I run it into moulds of about twenty-eight
pounds each, and the operation is finished.
IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR CUTTING AND SHAPING METALS, MAKING NAILS, RIVETS, AND SIMILAR ARTICLES
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Joseph Wadsworth and James
Wadsworth at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their
Petition, on the 8th March 1865.
We, JOSEPH WADSWORTH, of Marple, in the County of Chester, and JAMES
WADSWORTH, of Heaton Norris, near Stockport, in the County of Lancaster,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR CUTTING AND SHAPING METALS, MAKING NAILS,
RIVETS, AND SIMILAR ARTICLES," to be as follows:-
This Invention consists in the employment of a revolving shaper working
in connection with a stationary shaper. The revolving shaper is placed on
the end of a shaft working in suitable bearings, and the stationary shaper
is placed concentric or eccentric with the revolving shaper, the position
depending upon the shape of the article to be manufactured; in all cases a
sufficient space being left between the shapers at the entrance to allow the
metal to pass in between them. When nails, sprigs, spikes, or pins are to
be made we place the stationary shaper eccentric with the circular shaper,
and form on both shapers longitudinal corrugations or teeth for the purpose
of causing the metal to revolve and carry it forward as it is being reduced
in thickness or diameter, and when a head is to be formed we form corre-
sponding circular recesses in each shaper. The prominent edge of the

page_text: revolving shaper works nearly close to the prominent edge of the termination
of the stationary shaper for the purpose of reducing the article to a point and
cutting it off.
In another arrangement we employ two circular shapers formed with
recesses or prominences on their peripheries according to the article to be
made, and cause both shapers to revolve in the same direction and be moved
to and from each other by eccentrics or any other mechanical contrivance
for the purpose of moulding or shaping pins, spikes, nails, or similar
articles. Or, instead of employing circular shapers, we employ rectilinear
ones, one stationary and the other moving, or both moving, and in all cases
we place the bars or lengths to be acted upon parallel with the driving shaft
of the machine and in suitable bearings or carriers working central with the
revolving shaper when a revolving shaper and stationary shaper are used.
AN IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR SIGNALLING BETWEEN PASSENGERS, GUARDS, AND ENGINE DRIVERS OF RAILWAY TRAINS, WHICH SAID APPARATUS IS APPLICABLE ALSO FOR OTHER PURPOSES
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Robert Pickup and John Heald
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents,. with. their Petition,
on the 9th December 1865..
We, ROBERT PICKUP, of Chorley; in the County of Lancaster, Stone-Mason;.
and' JOHN HEALD, of the same Place, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature
of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR SIGNALLING BETWEEN
PASSENGERS, GUARDS, AND ENGINE DRIVERS OF RAILWAY TRAINS, WHICH SAID
APPARATUS IS APPLICABLE ALSO FOR OTHER PURPOSES," to be as follows:-
Our Invention relates to an improved apparatus for signalling between
passengers, guards, and engine drivers of railway trains, and consists in placing
a small air pump under each railway carriage, which pump is worked by
means of a connecting rod and crank or disc plate fixed in a frame. This
crank or disc plate is actuated by a band passing from one of the axles of the
carriage wheels on to a pulley working in the before-mentioned frame; this
frame bears upon a shaft, on which shaft is fixed a pinion or small friction
roller working into or against a larger wheel or friction roller to form a
counter motion. In the centre of each carriage, or under one of the seats,
or in any other eonvenient position, we fix an air vessel which is filled with
air by means of a pipe, one end of which is attached to the pump and then
carried up through the floor of the carriage to the air vessel, in which is an
escape valve for letting off the accumulated air when necessary. A small pipe:
or tube is passed from this air vessel to each compartment of the carriage;.
and by turning a tap fixed in the pipe or tube the whistle on the roof of the
carriage is immediately acted upon. Thus, in case of danger or other cause,

page_text: instant information may be given by any of the passengers to the guard and
engine driver by turning the tap and releasing a portion of the compressed
air through the whistle outside the roof of the carriage.
This Invention can easily be made applicable for use in collieries, large
works, warehouses, buildings of any kind, and for use on board ship, and other 5
purposes, and can be used either as an alarum or signal. In certain cases a
receiver of a telescopic form filled with air can be used, and the pump worked
by hand or otherwise, the top part of such receiver being loaded to the
pressure required by the whistle.
IMPROVEMENTS IN PADDLE WHEEL PROPELLERS
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Angelo James Sedley at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
18th September 1865.
I, ANGELO JAMES SEDLEY, Engineer, of 38, Conduit Street, London, West,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
PADDLE WHEEL PROPELLERS," to be as follows:-
In constructing a wheel in metal or other material I make first a hollow
drum, by preference after the following dimensions as to the proportion and
shape: Diameter, 12 feet; width over centre of diameters, 5 feet; width over
outer circumferences, 4 feet six inches, thus tapering the sides of the drum from
the centre of the diameter to the outer circumference; this drum is keyed air-
tight on to a shaft such as is ordinarily used in paddle steamboats, through the
centre of the diameters of the of the drum wheel. The paddle floats are attached
to the ordinary framing which is used in the construction of feathering 'floats,
and do not touch the drum wheel on the outer circumference, there being an
intermediate space of more than a quarter of an inch between the float and
the drum. The drum wheels may be used singly or in pairs, or two or more
pairs may be used placed one behind the other on the side of a vessel to propel
it, and may be driven by separate engines, or the drum wheels may be con-
nected to the main shaft by connecting rods as is usual in locomotive engines.

page_text: Where more than one drum wheel is used on one side of a vessel,. I prefer
that the hinder drum wheel shall have a less. diameter than the one in front,
but a larger float or paddle area in the proportion of one-fifth. Fixed paddles
or floats or feathering floats may be affixed to the outer circumference of the
drum or to the sides of it, but I prefer the system of feathering floats.
IMPROVEMENTS IN TREATING AND PRINTING THREADS EMPLOYED IN WEAVING
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Richard Archibald Brooman at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 11th
August 1865. A communication from abroad by Stanilas Vigoureux, of
St. Denis, France.
I, RICHARD ARCHIBALD BROOMAN, of 166, Fleet Street, in the City of
London, Patent Agent, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN TREATING AND PRINTING THREADS EMPLOYED IN WEAVING," to
be as follows:-
On the 29th day of June 1865, No. 1730, Provisional Protection was
granted to me for an Invention, communicated by the said Stanilas Vigoureux,
for improvements in printing threads employed in weaving. That Invention
applied solely to printing warp threads.. Now the present Invention consists
in causing threads to adhere by gum or otherwise for the whole or part of
their length upon a bed before, during, or after being printed, so that the
printed threads may be stripped from the bed and wound off without becoming
entangled or intermixed preparatory to their being employed in weaving.
IMPROVEMENTS IN TREATING AND PREPARING FLAX FOR SCUTCHING
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by George Firmin at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 10th July
1865.
I, GEORGE FIRMIN, of Henley, in the County of Suffolk, Flax Manufacturer,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
TREATING AND PREPARING FLAX FOR SCUTCHING," to be as follows :—
My Invention relates to the application of moisture to flax while it is
passing through the crimping machine for the purpose of breaking the straw,
as is well understood. For this purpose I provide a reservoir of water, which
I place in communication with a distributor, whereby a regulated quantity
is delivered on the crimping or breaking rollers throughout their entire
breadth. There are usually three pairs of rollers in this crimping or breaking
machine, which act on the straw in succession, and I prefer to apply the
moisture to the middle pair, but it may be applied to the first or last pair, or
to each if desired. To distribute the water I allow a cloth or other absorbent
substance to hang against the upper roller of the pair, the supply being
delivered to this cloth freely and as may be required. Instead of applying
the moisture direct to the crimping rollers I can apply it by means of an
additional soft pair of rollers placed between the feed of the flax and the

page_text: crimping rollers, or the soft rollers may be at a point intermediate of the pairs
of crimping rollers. These soft rollers are covered with cloth or other soft
absorbent substance, and the water supply distributed to such soft rollers,
which transfer it to the straw as it passes through between them. By
this means the straw is more readily and easily broken, less dust is produced,
and the flax resulting presents a better appearance than in ordinary where
crimping is performed and with the straw in a very dry state.
CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS ON 'BOURDON'S' STEAM PRESSURE GUAGE
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Thomas Edwin Wright at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 1st June
1865.
I, THOMAS EDWIN WRIGHT, of the Firm of T. E. Wright and Co., of
Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, General Manufacturers of Engineers'
Brass Work, Steam Pressure, Vacuum, Hydraulic, and other Guages, do
hereby declare the nature of my said Invention for "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS
ON 'BOURDON'S' STEAM PRESSURE GUAGE," to be as follows (that is to say):-
My improvements in Bourdon's well known steam pressure guage, patented
in this country in the name of Charles Cowper, No. 12,889, dated the 13th
December 1849, consist, first, in making the partly circular tube forming the
motive power of a non-oxidizing and more elastic metal than has hitherto been
used in the production of this description of pressure guage, and by which the
instrument will be rendered more enduring and certain in action, as the
pressure, however great, will not have the effect of setting the tube in its
expanded condition; a defect (after comparative limited use) common to this
description of pressure guage. Instead of the tube of metal being composed
of copper and zinc, commonly known as brass, I diminish these proportions,
and add nickel, varying the proportions so as to obtain that additional hardness
which gives it the condition essential to prevent the metal setting under great
pressure, as the additional hardness affords that elasticity and steel-like
quality desirable for my object. This mixture or its equivalent will also

page_text: enable me to finish this part of such pressure guages with a brilliant white
surface, by which any defect or flaw in the metal will at once exhibit itself.
Secondly, my improvements consist in applying precious stones, or other
such like suitable hard material, for the pinions to work in that retain the
lever or levers, quadrant, and pinion, or, in other words, the mechanical parts
in connection with the finger or indicator of such guages.
But I wish it understood that I purpose using the improvements herein
described separately or conjointly, as may required.
A NEW PORTABLE MACHINE OR APPARATUS FOR THE CUTTING OF SCREW THREADS ON PIPES OR ON SOLID MATERIALS, AND FOR THE CUTTING OF PIPES ASUNDER
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Thomas Goode Messenger at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 8th
August 1865.
I, JOHN GOODE MESSENGER, of High Street, Loughborough, in the County
of Leicester, Hydraulic Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "A NEW PORTABLE MACHINE OR APPARATUS FOR THE CUTTING OF
SCREW THREADS ON PIPES OR ON SOLID MATERIALS, AND FOR THE CUTTING OF PIPES
ASUNDER," to be as follows:-
My machine consists of a frame having a hole on each side, through each
of which holes is passed a flanged pipe, its flange being about the centre of
the length of the pipes, and it is secured to the framing by screws passing
through the flanges into the framing, or the pipes may be screwed into the
framing itself. The portion of each pipe which stands within the framing
is tapped with a screw thread, and upon these pipes a cylinder is free to turn,
tapped at each end to receive the screwed ends of the pipes. This cylinder
has two or more chambers at the side, in cach of which a cutter or chasing
tool is free to slide, the distance between the points of which is regulated by
a clamp, which has a right and left handed screw at one end, arranged so as
to be turned by a hand lever (or by equivalent contrivance). One of the first-
mentioned threaded pipes has on its outer end chambered projections, through
which pass the stems of a pair of V-clamps, the outer ends of the stems of
which are held by a clamp frame in such manner that the clamps may be
moved nearer to or farther from each other by means of a screw. These
V-clamps are employed for placing and receiving a pipe, rod, or bar, on which

page_text: a thread is required to be cut in the centre of one of the first-named screwed
pipes; the other screwed pipe is provided at its outer end with a cone or its
equivalent, which receives the end of the pipe to be operated upon. The
chambered cylinder before mentioned is provided at one end with a spur wheel,
the teeth of which gear into and slide in a similar wheel, which forms part of
or is connected with a bevil wheel, which is moved by another wheel actuated
by a hand winch. The machine is provided with legs or with a stand, so
that it may be used either upon the ground or upon a bench.
By this machine I am enabled to cut a screw thread perfectly true with
the pipe, that is to say, the cutters are always at right angles with the pipe,
and I can give a perfect thread sharp and deep, and both as "plug" and
"taper."
By my machine I can cut a screw thread upon the end of a pipe without
conveying it to a fixed lathe or other screw-cutting machine, as my machine
or, apparatus may be conveniently carried about as required.
The same arrangement of machinery or apparatus is also applicable for the
cutting of pipes asunder.
IMPROVEMENTS IN SECURING OR FASTENING ENVELOPES
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the Honourable Jane Elizabeth
Tuchet at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with her Petition,
on the 23rd September 1865.
I, the Honourable JANE ELIZABETH TUCHET, Spinster, of Liverpool Street,
Dover, in the County of Kent, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN SECURING OR FASTENING ENVELOPES," to be as
follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in securing or fastening
the flaps of envelopes, in order that when they are once closed they may be
rendered secure from being fraudulently opened by any of the artifices usually
resorted to for opening gummed envelopes of the ordinary character in
general use. For this purpose I form the closing flap of an envelope partly
of fine tissue paper or other delicate tissue or material, and I perforate or
form an opening in the flap which is partly covered by the piece of tissue
paper or other delicate tissue or material attached or cemented thereto by
gum or other suitable adhesive material. Any suitable device is then printed
partly upon the flap and tissue paper and partly upon the portion of the
envelope surrounding the flap and within the opening or perforations formed
therein, so that when the flap is closed down the lines of the device will
register correctly together. Should any attempt be made to separate the flap
by steaming or moistening the parts thus secured, the delicate character of the

page_text: tissue paper or other material will be injured, and it will be very difficult to
replace the parts without injury thereto or derangement of the device, and
inquisitive persons would thus be deterred from attempting to open envelopes
secured or fastened in this manner.
In place of printing the device it may be embossed, or partly embossed and
partly printed.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN COKE OVENS AND IN THE MANUFACTURE OF COKE
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Morgans at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 3rd August
1865.
I, WILLIAM MORGANS, of Brendon Hills, in the County of Somerset,
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN COKE OVENS AND IN THE MANUFACTURE OF COKE," to be as follows:-
My Invention consists, first, in constructing coke ovens with movable
bottoms, I either hinge the bottom to the oven or I make the lower part and
bottom of the oven capable of being separated from the upper part, and mount
such lower part and bottom upon wheels When the coking is completed, the
charge of coke may be wheeled away and readily removed; or I fix the ovens
so that they may be tilted to allow of the charge issuing from the ordinary
doors.
Second, in constructing the floors of coke ovens inclined with one or more
feed apertures at top, and with one or more doors for the discharge at the
bottom of the incline. These inclined floor ovens may be in single rows, or
they may be arranged back to back with flues running between and under
the floors, as well as on all sides of each oven; or the ovens may be set
radially.

page_text: Third, in fitting ovens with trunnions in order to their being turned to render
the coking more uniform; or, instead of trunnions, in fitting them upon wheels
or upon bearings which allow of the ovens being revolved.
My Invention also consists in running coke before cooling directly from the
ovens into closed boxes or reservoirs to keep it from contact with the atmo-
sphere until cold, and in introducing jets of water or steam to remove sulphur
and impurities from the coke. The boxes are provided with suitable inlet and
outlet apertures and doors.
IMPROVEMENTS IN DYEING
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John De Weweirne and Alexandre
Verschaffelt, at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their
Petition, on the 29th September 1865.
We, JOHN DE WEWEIRNE, junior, and ALEXANDRE VERSCHAFFELT, both of
Ghent, in the Kingdom of Belgium, Dyers, do hereby declare the nature of
the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN DYEING," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in dyeing. In dyeing a
blue color on linen and cotton cloth and yarn, indigo is now commonly
employed, or in place thereof, a similar color known as "false tint" is pro-
duced by other materials, but in the latter case an inferior result is obtained,
and this false tint is readily detected by commercial tests.
Now according to our Invention, we dye the fabric or fibre to a tint equal
to that produced by the ordinary indigo process, and not to be distinguished
therefrom by the ordinary commercial tests with a much smaller expenditure
of indigo, and consequently more cheaply than is required for the ordinary
indigo process.
In place of proceeding at once to dye the cotton or linen fabric or fibre
with indigo, we first apply a ground tint with a cheaper dye material, and
then dye with indigo on the ground tint, which is of such a nature that it will
take the indigo dye over it. We prefer to dye in the first instance with a bot
decoction of Campeachy wood, having previously mordanted the fabric, or fibre

page_text: with a mordant consisting of a tin salt, copperas bichromate, sulphate of zinc,
spirit of salt, chloride of manganese, and water. Afterwards the fabric or
fibre is dyed in the indigo vat and treated with acidulated water in the usual
manner.
AN IMPROVED MODE OF PREVENTING CORROSION OR STAINING OF THE SURFACE OF GLASS
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Bartram Richards at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 6th
April 1865.
I, WILLIAM BARTRAM RICHARDS, of the City and State of New York, United
States of America, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"AN IMPROVED MODE OF PREVENTING CORROSION OR STAINING OF THE SURFACE OF
GLASS," to be as follows:-
In the manufacture of glass, such as window, cylinder, picture and plate
glass, the brilliancy of the surface is often destroyed, or greatly injured, by the
action of the atmosphere. This is particularly the case with glass that may
be made and remain packed in boxes, or stored away during the warm and
moist weather of summer. This atmospheric action gives to the surface of
the glass a frosted appearance or sometimes iron rust and rainbow colors in
streaks and irregular stains. These greatly interfere with the sale of the
glass and are troublesome to remove, but after the glass has been introduced
into sashes or otherwise exposed to the action of air and light while in use,
said corrosion or stain very seldom appears if the brilliancy of the glass is
maintained until the glass is unpacked and used. This corrosion or stain
appears to arise from the absorption of moisture by the alkali employed in the
manufacture of the glass, particularly in the minute cells existing in the
surface of the glass. To close these minute cells and exclude the alkali

page_text: material of the glass from atmospheric influence, as quickly as possible after
the glass has been manufactured, is the object of my Invention so that the
lustre of the glass may not be impaired by atmospheric influence, particularly
while boxed for transportation or while on storage. For this purpose I make
use of very finely ground calcined plaster dust, or other similar material that
will absorb moisture more quickly than the alkali of the glass, and this powder
I apply as a dry dusting to the surface of the glass, sufficient adhering for
effecting the desired protection to the surface against atmospheric changes or
influences. This material, however, might be applied as a paste in a thin
coating to the surface of the glass if the glass were of an expensive character.
This mode of preserving glass may be applied to cylinder, picture, window, or
plate glass.
IMPROVEMENTS IN BOXES OR CASES FOR NEEDLES
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Richard Newhall at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 22nd December
1865.
I, RICHARD NEWHALL, of Astwood Bank, near Redditch, in the County of
Worcester, Needle Box Maker, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN BOXES OR CASES FOR NEEDLES," to be as
follows:-
My Invention consists in making boxes or cases for needles with a soft pad
or cushion at the bottom, into which the points of the needles placed in the
box or case may be pressed. By forcing the points of the needles into the'
said pad or cushion the needles are temporarily fixed in the box or case, but
can be readily removed when wanted for use. I prefer to make the boxes or
cases of a cylindrical figure or of an octagonal or other prismatic figure, and
to fix a disk of cork at the bottom to form the soft pad or cushion. But
instead of a disk of cork a disk of india-rubber, or leather, or other soft
substance which will not rust or injure the needles may be used. The
needles may either be placed loose in the box or case and temporarily fixed
by pressing upon their heads, or the needles may be stuck in a piece of linen
or other fabric and the said linen or fabric rolled up into a cylindrical form
and introduced into the box or case and the needles pressed so as to force

page_text: their points into the pad or cushion at the bottom. By making needle boxes
or cases according to my Invention the points of the needles kept in the said
boxes or cases are preserved from injury, and the needles at the same time
temporarily fixed in the box or case. The cork or other material of which
the pad or cushion is made may be covered with fine emery powder attached
by glue. The said emery powder preserves the points of the needles from
rusting.
AN IMPROVED METHOD OF TREATING, CLEANING, OR PREPARING PAINTED OR OTHER CANVAS, TARPAULINS, AND DIRTY COTTON WASTE, SO AS TO RENDER THE SAME SUITABLE TO BE USED FOR HOUSEHOLD AND OTHER PURPOSES, FOR WHICH THEY MAY BE APPLICABLE
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Maurice Williams at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
17th March 1865.
I, WILLIAM MAURICE WILLIAMS, of West Ham, in the County of Essex,
Chemical Bleacher, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"AN IMPROVED METHOD OF TREATING, CLEANING, OR PREPARING PAINTED OR OTHER
CANVAS, TARPAULINS, AND DIRTY COTTON WASTE, SO AS TO RENDER THE SAME
SUITABLE TO BE USED FOR HOUSEHOLD AND OTHER PURPOSES, FOR WHICH THEY MAY
BE APPLICABLE," to be as follows:-
The object of this Invention is to remove from old canvas or tarpaulins the
paint or other preparation or composition with which they were originally
covered for the purpose of rendering the fabric waterproof. This object has
heretofore been effected or attempted to be effected by means of acids, which
however it has been found destroyed the fibres, or at any rate so weakened
them as to render the fabric useless for any household or other purpose
where strength of fibre is required.
In carrying out my Invention I take the pieces of old or waste canvas or
tarpaulins, or other painted fabric, and place them in large tanks partly filled
with boiling water, to which is added from twenty to thirty pailfuls of an
alkaline solution, composed of the following ingredients, mixed in about the
proportions named below:-Half a ton of soda ash or other equivalent
alkali, half a ton of lime, quarter of a ton of borax, quarter of a ton of
chloride of sodium mixed in about 500 gallons of water. The pieces of

page_text: canvas or fabric to be operated upon are placed in iron cages half the size of
the tanks, and the cages are kept in constant motion in the hot solution for
about three hours, during which time the solution is to be kept boiling.
When the paint or other coating has been detached from the fibres the canvas
is removed from the tank and thoroughly washed in clean water, in order to
remove the free alkali and any dirt that may adhere to the fibres, and when
thoroughly cleaned the canvas may be bleached and dried, and then cut up
into pieces of suitable size for sale, and they may then be used for various
useful, domestic, or other purposes, such as for towels, knife cloths, dusters,
or other purposes, or for cutting up into garments. Pieces and scraps that
are too small for such purposes may be used for the manufacture of paper..
Cotton waste may be cleaned in the same manner, and when clean it may be
used a second time for any of the purposes for which it is usually employed.
A NEW OR IMPROVED APPARATUS APPLICABLE TO STEAM BOILERS POR PREVENTING DEPOSITS THEREIN
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Charles Denton Abel at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 26th
January 1865. A communication from abroad by Louis Hippolyte
Courtois Roubert, of No. 24, Rue Fabert, Paris, in the Empire of
France.
J, CHARLES DENTON ABEL, of No. 20, Southampton Buildings, Chancery
Lane, in the County of Middlesex, Patent Agent, do hereby declare the nature
of the said Invention for "A NEW OR IMPROVED APPARATUS APPLICABLE TO
STEAM BOILERS POR PREVENTING DEPOSITS THEREIN," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object to facilitate the introduction of chemical
and other compounds in a fluid form into steam boilers for preventing
calcareous and other deposts therein, as also to effect the action of steam
upon such compounds before they are introduced into the boiler.
The apparatus consists of a hollow closed vessel, by preference of a spherical
form, situated above the boiler, and made of equal strength with the same,
which vessel is connected at its lowest extremity with the boiler by means of
a pipe provided with a stop-cock or valve. At its upper end the vessel carries
a funnel, also provided with a cock or valve, through which the chemical or
other fluids or compounds are introduced into the vessel, such introduction of
the fluids or compounds being facilitated by the escape of the air from the
vessel through an escape pipe attached to the top of the vessel, and provided
with a cock or valve. Another pipe, provided with a cock or valve, establishes
a communication between the steam space of the boiler and the top of the

page_text: vessel, so that the said fluids or compounds being introduced into the vessel
through the before-mentioned funnel, and the cock of the latter and of the
escape pipe being then closed, the cock in the steam pipe is opened so as to
cause the steam to pass from the boiler into the vessel, and heat or act upon
and dissolve the fluid or compound contained therein, after which the cock in
the pipe connecting the lower extremity of the vessel with the boiler is opened,
and the fluid contained in the vessel is enabled to pass down into the boiler
on account of the pressure of steam being the same in the vessel as in the
boiler.
IMPROVED MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR PROPELLING BOATS, SHIPS, VESSELS, OR OTHER FLOATING CRAFT AND OBJECTS
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Moses Bier at the Office of thie
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 9th February
• 1865.
I, MOSES BIER, of 33, Great Tower, Street, in the City of London, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVED MACHINERY
OR APPARATUS FOR PROPELLING BOATS, SHIPS, VESSELS, OR OTHER FLOATING CRAFT
AND OBJECTS," to be as follows:-
With the present mode of propelling boats, ships, and other craft and objects
by means of oars, rudders, or paddles, the blades or broad ends of the same
are alternately in and out of the water. Those constructed according to my
Invention do not require to be taken out of the water, but by being left in it
can be brought with ease to such a position whence a renewing stroke is
to be made. I follow here our great master and teacher-nature. Fish,.
water-fowl, and other aquatic animals are supplied with fins, paddle-feet, and
the like, which they at will expand or contract; the former when intending
to exercise a pressure against the water, the latter when thus in motion to
offer as little resistance as possible to the forward movement, and for bringing
their instruments of propulsion to such a place, whence they can again act
with effect. On this principle my Invention is based.
Instead of the blade or broad end being of one piece, I have it consist of a
number, more or less, of valves attached on one side of a frame (which I will
call the front side). These valves shut and open like so many doors. If as
by the accompanying Drawing, No. 1 represents the frame of the blade;

page_text: No. 2 shows the same with one valve; No. 3, with all valves attached to it,
and closing flat to the frame; No. 4 is the section or cut (in the middle) of
the small side, the valves being open. This instrument affords me a pos-
sibility to produce a broad surface and none at all, thus attaining the
arrangement of nature.
Now for its working:-If the front side is moved against the water,
whichever position they have the valves will close upon the frame, producing
a combined extended surface, with which I exercise the pressure; moved in
a contrary direction the valves open allowing the water to pass between them.
Fastened at the side of a vessel, or even underneath it, turning vertically
(more or less) round on a pivot and moved to and fro within the water I
bring about the same effect as with the oars at present in use, but with
considerable advantages, as saving of labour, greater moving power, more
convenience and regularity. These advantages can be increased by com-
bining the movements of two or more of these rudders by means of rods or
other connections.
It is obvious that different shapes can be given to the parts above named,
and the valves may be placed also occasionally vertical, instead of, as pre-
sumed in the present illustration, horizontal.
Large ships, which hitherto were seldom enabled to propel themselves by
rowing, may do so with this new rudder; in fact I anticipate many more
advantageous uses of this novel though simple contrivance.
An IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR CONDENSING STEAM AND FEEDING BOILERS WITH THE PRODUCT THEREFROM
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Anthony Francis at the Office of
the Commisioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 27th April 1865.
I, ANTHONY FRANCIS, of Saint John's Wood, in the County of Middlesex,
Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "An
IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR CONDENSING STEAM AND FEEDING BOILERS WITH THE
PRODUCT THEREFROM," to be as follows:-
My Invention consists in utilizing steam after having produced its effect in
steam cylinders, by causing it to pass through an apparatus consisting of ono
or more cylinders each containing tubes filled with cold water and air,
continually renewed by fresh air driven in by a pump or fan. The steam is
more or less condensed by contact with the cool pipes, and by suction and
force pumps is returned into the boiler.
Figure 1 of the accompanying Drawings is an elevation of my apparatus ;
Figure 2 is a section of one of the cylinders; and Figure 3 is a section through
the line a, y.
A is a chamber in which the condensation of the steam is effected; a is
the pipe leading the steam into the chamber A; V is a fan or a pump for
forcing the air by the pipe vinto the condensing pipes; t", t, are the con-
densing pipes by which air or water, or both, enter the reservoir R to return
by the pipes t, tm, to the chamber B. T is a pipe by which the cold water is
admitted to be distributed in the pipes ", t; D, D', are discharge pipes for

page_text: the water and air; P is a pump drawing the condensed steam by the pipe p;
E is the discharge pipe of the pump P and suction pipe of the pump P'; C,
atmospheric column; P, pump to return the condensed steam into the boiler
by the pipe d; M, driving axle of the pumps; H, frame. The size and position
of the various parts depend upon the form and the power of the steam engine
to which the apparatus is fitted.
The action is as follows:-The steam from the steam cylinders enters the
chambers A by the pipe a, and is condensed by contact with the pipes td and t",
the reservoir R, and the chamber B, which are cooled by the current of water
and air. The condensed steam is drawn from the chamber A by the P.
pump
discharged by the pipe E, and drawn by the pump P¹, to be afterwards returned
to the boiler by the pipe d.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MEANS OF PREVENTING VESSELS FROM SINKING, WHICH MEANS ARE ALSO APPLICABLE FOR RAISING SUNKEN VESSELS
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Thomas Page at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 4th November
1865.
I, THOMAS PAGE, of Adelphi Terrace, Strand, in the County of Middlesex,
Civil Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MEANS OF PREVENTING VESSELS FROM SINKING, WHICH
MEANS ARE ALSO APPLICABLE FOR RAISING SUNKEN VESSELS," to be as follows:-
My improvements in raising sunken vessels, or in supporting vessels in a
sinking state, consist in the application of bags or flexible air-tight and
buoyant receptacles, which I dispose in the hold and other capacities of sunken
vessels, and by their inflation by pumping and forcing air thereinto so give
buoyancy to the immersed or sinking vessel.
In carrying this Invention out, if a laden sunken vessel is to be operated on,
I remove a part or the whole of her cargo by divers or otherwise in order to
make room for the inflated air bags or receptacles, which I introduce and
dispose in a collapsed state (by the assistance of divers in the case of a sunken
vessel). I so dispose the bags or air receivers that when inflated they will.
occupy space or displace water in the hold or other part of a ship, so that
when immersed they will tend to lift her. A sufficient number of air bags
being introduced, I proceed to inflate them by air tubes leading down from a
vessel on the surface if operating on a sunken ship, as well understood in

page_text: submarine operations, taking care to supply air lifting power uniformly
throughout the area of the ship. For the inflation of air bags in a floating
vessel in danger of sinking, it may be effected by pumps, or even bellows may
be used below or on deck for the purpose..
The air bags or receptacles may be made of india-rubber and canvas, and
as well known in making air-proof materials, which air-proof material may be
further protected and strengthened by an outer covering of netting or matting,
which must be of a strength in proportion to the size, and more particularly of
the depth of the air bags or receptacles. In addition to air vessels so
employed I also use solid materials for like purposes, by preference cork,
which I enclose in coverings or nettings suitable for handling, disposing, or
attaching.
In removing what may be termed semi-fluid cargo in bulk from a sunken
vessel, such as grain, guano, rice, nuts, nutmegs, and other small matters, I
do so by the application of a centrifugal pump preparatory to introducing
the air receptacles.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SCENT AND SMELLING BOTTLES
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Thomas Miles at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 9th October
1865.
I, THOMAS MILES, of Queen Street, Finsbury, in the County of Middlesex,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE MANUFACTURE OF SCENT AND SMELLING BOTTLES," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to certain improvements in the manufacture or
construction of scent and smelling bottles, the object being to render them
more useful than hitherto.
The Invention is chiefly applicable to union bottles, or those bottles which
are divided in the middle transversely by a double bottom so as to contain
smelling salts at one end and scent at the other, there being a stopper at each
end.
Now the improvements consist in the construction and application to the
opening caps of the stoppers of a receptacle for the purpose of containing the
movements and dial of a watch, or a locket, or for containing lozenges, or a
sponge saturated with aromatic vinegar, or otherwise. In order to accomplish
these results, the caps of the stoppers are extended and enlarged by the appli-
cation of cases similar to those containing the works and dial of a watch,
having hinged spring lids which fly open upon the pressure of the thumb or
finger on the catch. The watch case is attached to the stopper by means of
a male and female screw, in order that when removed it may expose the
winding up and time adjusting shaft heads. The entire cap opens in the

page_text: usual manner to expose the stopper by a projection pressed in by the thumb
or finger. The case at the other end of the bottle unscrews in one entire
piece from the metallic male screw attached to the neck of the bottle and
surrounding the stopper of the smelling salts; the cap of the lozenge or
vinaigrette case opens by a spring, or it may be fastened by a screw.
These improvements are alike applicable to. the ordinary single smelling
or scent bottle having only one stopper, and also to the globular form of
bottle, or any other form. I propose to apply' either of the examples I have
described to such single bottles. The caps or covers of the cases I prefer to
make of a convex surface, chased, engraved, enamelled, or plain, and set with
gems if desired, but in order to permit of the bottle being placed on a table or
shelf in an upright position, I also propose to form one or both of the caps of
a flat or flush surface.
By these improvements ladies not wearing watches may have the advantage
of a watch contained in the extended stopper cap of the scent bottle, and may
alsó carry a vinaigrette, locket; or lozenges.for. use in the drawing or ball
room..
room:
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF PERMANENT WAY FOR RAILROADS
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by James Godfrey Wilson at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 21st
January 1865.
I, JAMES GODFREY WILSON, of 5, Oakley Terrace, Chelsea, County of
Middlesex, Civil Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF PERMANENT WAY FOR RAILROADS," to
be as follows:-
My improvements consist in the application of a wrought iron or malleable
cast iron combined sleeper and chair made in either one or two parts, the
part forming the chair or seat for the rail being shaped to suit the particular
form of rail to which it may be applied, the part forming the sleeper being
formed so that the ballast is retained by the sides, while with facility the ballast
can be beaten in at the ends. The combined sleeper and chair is secured to
the rail by wrought-iron tie rods of suitable shape, the ends of which are
screwed and pass through that part of the combined sleeper and chair which
forms the seat for the rail and the webb of the rail, the whole being held
together by nuts screwed on the ends of the tie rods; cotters and keys may be
used in lieu of nuts. The tie rods are of a proportionate length to the guage
to which the rails are to be laid; or in lieu of tie rods being used as above.
described, bolts and nuts may be used, or a less number of tie rods may be
used in connection with bolts and nuts for securing the rail in its seat. The
tie rod may be secured to that portion of the combined sleeper and chair which
forms the sleeper, in cases where thought desirable. That. portion of the

page_text: combined sleeper and chair which forms the seat for the rail is made somewhat
larger than the rail, so that a small space is left all, round that portion of the
rail enclosed; into this space I propose introducing a layer or layers of fibrous
material of an elastic nature, the object of which is to lessen the rigidity or
hardness of the permanent way. When the combined sleeper and chair is
made in two parts those portions of the under side which forms the seat for the
rail will be made to fit into or fasten into each other. In lieu of the ordinary
fish plates the combined sleeper and chair may be used at the joints of the
rails. The strength of the combined sleeper and chair, and the arrangement
as to their distance apart, will depend entirely upon the weight of the rail to
be used.