IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM PUMPS OR APPARATUS FOR ELEVATING FLUIDS BY STEAM
Year: 1872

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Charles Henry Hall, of New York City, in the
State of New York, United States of America, for the Invention
of "IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM PUMPS OR APPARATUS FOR ELEVATING FLUIDS
BY STEAM."
Sealed the 28th March 1873, and dated the 1st October 1872.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION filed by the said Charles Henry Hall at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition and
Declaration, on the 1st October 1872, pursuant to the 9th Section
of the Patent Law Amendment Act, 1852.
TO ALL TO WHOM. THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, CHARLES
HENRY HALL, of New York City, in the State of New York, United
States of America, send greeting.
WHEREAS I am in possession of an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN STEAM PUMPS OR APPARATUS FOR ELEVATING FLUIDS BY STEAM," and have
petitioned Her Majesty to grant unto me, my executors, administrators,
and assigns, Her Royal Letters Patent for the same, and have made
solemn Declaration that I am the first and true Inventor thereof.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Charles Henry Hall, do hereby
declare that the following Complete Specification, under my hand and
seal, fully describes and ascertains the nature of the said Invention,
and in what manner the same is to be performed, in and by the following
statement:-
The Invention relates to that class of pumping apparatus in which
the steam is admitted into the same chamber or chambers with tho
water, and presses upon the surface thereof. The working parts are
small relatively to the capacity for pumping, and the apparatus consti-
tutes an efficient pumping means operating rapidly and reliably.
I employ strong chambers provided with valves for admitting water
and holding it against its return, and also with valves for allowing it to
be expelled through another pipe to be conducted to an elevated
reservoir, or to such other point as may be desired; and the operations
of being filled with water and being discharged succeed each other by
reason of a change of position of the steam valve or valves governing
the admission of steam from a boiler or steam generator, which may be
situated at a distance. When there are two equal chambers in each set
of the apparatus, the two filling and emptying alternately, the chamber
which is filled with water must complete its filling before its mate is
emptied, and the change of the steam valves must be effected on the
completion of the emptying of the discharging chamber.
The Invention is capable of being successfully put in practice in a
variety of forms. I will describe several, numerating them in classes.
The accompanying Drawings form a part of this Specification.
It will be understood that pipes of iron, or other suitablo material, are
connected to the several forms of the apparatus through which the
water and steam flow, and which pipes it is not necessary to represent
further than to indicate their points of juncture. I will refer to
cach orifice as a pipe when it is understood that a pipe is connected
thereto.
I designate as class one certain examples in which the steam valve or
valves are caused to change of themselves without the intervention of
any other mechanism to effect this end. A vacuum occurs in a
chamber, and the steam is quickened thereby in its flow into such
chamber. Such quickening is in this class caused to change the valve
or valves.

page_text: Figures 1 and 2 represent one of the forms of this class of the Invention.
It is one of the simplest and for some reasons preferable to any of the
others. Figure 1 is a vertical section, and Figure 2 is a horizontal
section. A' and A* represent respectively stout chambers of cast iron;
they are cast in one piece, but are completely separated by a partition;
they both receive the water through the same water induction pipe O,
which may communicate with a tank at the same or a different level;
and they both discharge through a single water delivering pipe P, which
may lead up or away to the point of delivery.
All the valves are in the form of spheres; they are represented as .
hollow, but this is not essential. They may be coated with rubber, or
the seats may be faced with rubber or analogous material if preferred.
The valves open and close by rolling.
The valve which admits the water into the chamber A' is marked o¹,
and that which admits it into the chamber A' is marked o*. At the
delivery one valve p performs the duty for both chambers; it rolls from
a seat p' to a seat p³, and back again at the proper time.
•
The steam is so operated as to cause an alternate action in the two
chambers. One fills with water while the other is being emptied. The
operation should be so timed that the filling of each chamber is com-
pleted a little before the other is emptied.
The operation of the entire apparatus is automatic.
The steam is admitted through the pipe E from a boiler not repre-
sented. A single valve e performs the function of admitting and
excluding the steam from both chambers. There are additional valves
which serve as check valves a little within the upper portions of the
chambers, and which serve a useful purpose in preventing a back force
from the water under any conditions.
The steam valve e is represented as resting on its seat e' where it
excludes the steam from the chamber A' and admits it to chamber
A', lifting the check valve g' a little for the purpose. Under those
conditions, the steam presses upon the water in the chamber A³, and
immediately heats a thin stratum on the surface which prevents any
further condensation, and commences to discharge the water by its
direct action, the valve o' being closed and the valve p being rolled
away from its sent p³, into its seat p¹. The vacuum formed in the

page_text: opposite chamber A¹ draws up the water past the valvo o¹, and the
chamber A' is rapidly filled. The importance of the check valves
g, g³, is felt at the termination of the filling operation whenever the
conditions are such that the filling is performed suddenly. The strong
inward flow of cold water keeps the surface agitated, and condensing 5
overy particle of the steam is liable to induce a violent force by its
momentum at the moment when the chamber is completely filled.
After the chamber A' is thus completely filled the chamber A'
continues to have its water slowly driven out. The water line sinks
without any disturbance of the hot layer on its surface until it arrives 1
at and a little below the upper edge of the discharge orifice, when
the steam commences to be discharged into the ascending current of
water, and there is also a sudden increase in the condensation. The
two causes induce a vacuum in the chamber A*.
A considerable vacuum is formed under proper conditions, even
with the steam valve e in the condition represented, so as to allow the
steam still to continue to enter from the pipe E, but it is important
for the certain and economical operation of the apparatus that the
passages thus afforded from the pipe E into the several chambers shall
be quite contracted.
Several interesting operations occur at the moment of this sudden
change of condition in the apparatus when the vessel A' completes its
emptying operation. First, a portion of the steam is discharged
through the discharge orifice Q' which is made very wide and with
a perfectly level upper edge, so as to make this effect as sudden and
vigorous as possible. The steam thus discharged into the orifice Q:
is immediately afterwards condensed, the air which is naturally
mingled with the steam being allowed to pass the valve p into the
discharge pipe P. The sudden discharge of a quantity of steam in
this manner agitates the thin heated layer of water in the chamber
A' and exposes the cold mass below. Both causes tend to produce a
diminution of pressure. The escape of steam with the consequent
sudden increase of condensing surface due to the contact of steam
and water in and beyond the orifice Q³, and also the exposnre of cold
water over a large part of the disturbed surface within the chamber A²,
condense nearly all the steam in the entire chamber instantaneously.
One effect is to suddenly quicken the flow of steam through the
pipe E past the steam valve e. Another is to draw open the water

page_text: valve o³, and commence to draw the water from the pipe O. The rush
of steam past the valve e draws it away from its seat e', and causes
it to shut tightly on its seat e; thus excluding any further admission
of steam into the chamber A'. This movement admits the steam to
5 the chamber A', and now the same series of operations goes on as
before, only the chambers A' and A' being in reverse conditions.
The vessels may be modified in form, but it is important that the
top be tapered somewhat, as represented, so as to present only a small
surface of water when the steam is first introduced, and allow the
O stratum of hot water to be extended gradually as the operation
proceeds. It is also essential that the steam be distributed gently
upon the water-so as not to be plunged beneath the surface and
create a disturbance.
The water flowing inward past the valves o³, o³, is deflected upward
5 to the surface by the positions of the parts, and thus keep the surface
agitated so as to be certain to continue to condence what little steam
remains, as well as any which may be received by a leakage of the
- steam valve.
Figure 3 is a vertical section and Figure 4 a plan view representing
O an important modification, both of the steam controlling means and
also of the provisions for inducting the water properly into the two
chambers and excluding its return.
A single steam valve e performs the duty of closing alternately
against seats e¹, e³, but the construction allows the seats to be plane.
The valve is in a V shape, and it rocks on a pivot or axis as represented.
The mounting on this pivot is preferably a little loose to allow for
the. wear of any parts, or for a possible obstruction, as a particle
of foreign matter getting under one edge of the valve.
The water is inducted through a single hollow valve, which I term
the hollow wedge. It is formed with a portion cylindrical, and fitting
watertight or nearly so, in the fixed casing in which it is mounted.
The entire hollow wedge is indicated by Q. It changes its position
automatically in obedience to the pressure of the water.
The valve e is represented as resting against the seat e³, and the
steam is being admitted past the valve e, expelling the water from the
chamber A'. The vacuum obtaining in the chamber A³ so soon as it
commenced to form caused the hollow wedge Q to roll or tilt into the

page_text: position represented, where the water is allowed to flow freely through
its hollow interior. It has filled the chamber A' and is waiting in that
position for the change of conditions which ensues so soon as the water
level in the chamber A' has descended below the upper edge of the
discharge orifice. At that juncture the discharge of a portion of the 5
steam and the agitation induces a rapid condensation which induces a
change of both valves. The small steam valve e rocks on its pivot and
closes against the seat e³, thereby shutting off the access of any more
steam, and the condensation continuing in the chamber A' induces a
still stronger vacuum, which by the diminution of pressure on the left 1
hand side of the hollow wedge Q causes the latter to roll by a rapid
movement to the left, assuming the position indicated in dotted lines
where it allows the water from the pipe O to flow freely into and fill the
chamber A', and forbids the return of the water from the chamber A*.
Figures 5 and 6 represent another important modification. Figure 5 1
is a side elevation, and Figure 6 a plan view. In this are two steam
valves mounted at a considerable distance apart on a rocking shaft.
The shaft is marked e, and the two valves e¹, e³. The arrangement is
such that the closing of one valve compels the rocking of the shaft e and
the opening of the other valve. The action results in the exclusion of 2
the steam alternately from the respective chambers with the effect which
has been already explained.
A modification of this plan is shown in vertical section in Figure 7.
There the steam valves e¹, e³, are connected by a flexible chain e which
runs over a pulley G turning upon a fixed centre. When the valve e¹ 2
closes it opens the valve e* by means of the chain e, and the same action
occurs in the opposite chamber. This construction allows the con-
nection to be as strong as may be required, while its flexibility allows
the valves to adapt themselves more perfectly to their seats than would
be practicable with a rigid connection. H is a feather spring of thin 3
brass, steel, or other suitable material fixed firmly at the upper end and
acting between two links or stops in the chain, so that at each extreme
of the motion the spring I exerts a gentle pressure tending to bring the
chain and its connections back again towards the central position. I
propose to employ any ordinary means of adjustment to regulate both a
the position of this spring and its tension. It is important that it
exerts a gentle force at each end of the motion and that the force be not
so great as to prevent the apparatus from operating.

page_text: An important effect is induced by this spring and its connections
when properly adjusted. It holds the valves a little time in or near
their middle position, that is to say, during the interval after the
chamber A has been filled with water and before the water has been
all expelled from the chamber A', the steam valve e' remains open to
continue the admission of steam, but the steam valve e³ is also open to a
slight extent. Thus the steam is admitted to the chamber Aª and the
surface of the water heated, and the water commences to be expelled
before the water ceases to be expelled from the chamber A' and the
complete change of condition of the steam admission ensues. The
effect is to induce a continuous current in the discharge pipe P.
"
Figure 8 represents a vertical section, and Figure 9 a plan view of
another modification. In this the steam valves e³, e³, are connected by
a rigid bar e, and the closing of the one opens the other. The increased
current of the steam may be sufficient with this arrangement of the
parts to induce the change of condition desired, but I have provided
additional means to ensure a prompt action. F is a sleeve sliding freely
on the rod e, and carrying two large disks or wings F, F. These wings
are of such size as to nearly fill the cross area of the chamber which I
term the steam chest. The steam valve e' is represented as open, and
the steam is flowing into the chamber A' expelling the water therefrom.
When the sudden condensation due to the discharge of a portion of the
steam occurs, the partial vacuum obtaining in the chamber A' induces
an increase in the current of steam in that direction. This acts on the
disk F and moves the sleeve F with its attached disks to the left. So
soon as it strikes the valve e' it contributes powerfully to the tendency
already felt to close the steam valve e', the rod e consequently moves
to the left, closing the valve e' and opening the valve e¹. After this
change the steam enters the chamber A", expelling the water therefrom,
while the chamber A' fills as before. So soon as the sudden increase. in
the current occurs in the chamber A³ the tendency of the valve e¹ to
close is again increased by the smart blow received from the sleeve F,
which under these circumstances moves actively to the right with the
result of closing the steam valve e³, and opening again the steam
valve e¹.
I can induce the sudden condensation by allowing the steam to escape
from each chamber as described in some of the previous modifications.

page_text: water at the proper moment by suspending a quantity in a tilting cup
or dish G, which turns on pivots g. The cup may be made of wood,
hard rubber, or other non-conductor of heat, so that it receives little
heat from the steam below it, and becoming filled when in a horizontal
position by the rising of the cold water above it, the sinking of the water t
as it is expelled by the steam leaves this vessel G standing in the midst
of the steam space, surrounded by the steam and containing water only,
the upper surface of which is heated. As the surface of the water con-
tinues to lower it ultimately ceases to support the float H, carrying a
vertical stem h, which is supported in fixed guides i, with liberty to 1
move vertically to a limited extent. The sinking of this float acts by
means of a pin h', fixed to a short arm or branch, as shown on the lower
end of a slotted arm G' on the vessel G, and commencing to incline it
causes the whole mass of the water in the cup G to pour out. The
pouring of this water through the steam space. acts in a two-fold 1
manner, first, directly to condenso the steam which comes in contact
with it, and, second, indirectly to agitate the water below into which it
falls.
I can make the condensation due to this cause occur earlier or later
by changing the relations of the parts. A very small quantity of steam
may be expelled through the delivery passages with the water discharged
before or simultaneously with the tilting of the vessel G. The float H
when down rests upon the water induction valve o¹. In case there is
any appreciable friction in the passage of the rod ŉ through the guides i,
the lifting of the valve o' by the induction of the water aids the floats
in rising to as high a position as it is allowed by the guides; it is by
this means that the vessel G is restored to its proper horizontal position.
This is affected by the contact of the pin ¹ with the upper end of the
slot in the arm G'.
The cone points shown extending down from the steam entrances at
the tops of the respective chambers allow the steam to enter quickly
through a series of holes around them above. The steam is by reason
of this distribution, and the tapered form of the metal extended
below, distributed gently and so as to allow no return current or
eddy.

page_text: in connection with the general construction last described. In this a
motive power is derived from the motion of the water induction valve
to operate a pump which is capable of forcing a small quantity of water
with a higher degree of pressure. It is intended more especially for
pumping water into the boiler.
The figures represent the water induction valves of both chambers
as having a pump attached, one being represented in section and the
other in side elevation. One alone may suffice in most cases. I will
describe the apparatus connected with the chamber A' which is shown
in section. The valve o' instead of rising and sinking freely is con-
nected by an open skeleton frame z to a plunger X which carries a
valve y opening downwards, and held up to its seat by the spring Z.
There being a proper main body to this auxilliary pump, as indicated
by W and a proper eduction valve therefor marked to, every rise of
the valve o³ lifts the plunger X and causes the valve y to open and
allow a quantity of water to be discharged from the sub-chamber of
the main pump into the body of the anxiliary pump W. On the
descent of the valve o' the powerful action of the water in the main
chamber to induce such motion is rendered available in causing the
plunger X to descend and force a quantity of the water contained in
the auxiliary pump W through the delivery valve w, to be conducted
to the boiler or wherever it is needed. By making the plunger X
small relatively to the valve of the water may be forced at a very high
pressure in the auxiliary pump.
Figures 12 and 13 represent another modification which is also self
acting and is simpler in construction. Figure 12 is a vertical section,
and Figure 13 is a plan view. The operation of the single steam valve
e depends in part or mainly on the spring G, the force of which is
adjusted by an adjustable stop respresented as a simple thumb nut H,
but which may be à nut and jam nut, or any analogous device. The
spring G should be sufficiently long to afford a nearly uniform tension
in all positions. The force should be sufficient to open the steam
valve e and hold it open, except when a vacuum obtains in the chamber
below. In other words it can resist the steam pressure and open the
5 valve when the pressure below it is at or near the pressure of the
atmosphere, but when there is a vacuum below it, the force of the
vacuum in addition to the pressure of the steam is sufficient to close
it and keep it closed.

page_text: The action is very simple, and the changes of condition may, I think,
be made very reliable. Any percussive force due to the sudden influx
of the water, acting as a water ram against tho under side of the valve
at the moment when the chamber is completely filled with water,
instead of disturbing the effect would in fact make it more reliable.
It would make it more certain to open the valve at this period, which
is just the time when it is desired to open it. But I think the apparatus
will work successfully without relying upon such percussive action.
It will be readily seen that the provisions for adjusting the tension
of the spring G allow the ready adaptation of the apparatus to different
pressures of stcam.
The valvo e is represented as open. Under these conditions the
steam enters and expels the water, driving it up past the valve p into
the pipe P, when the water level has been lowered to a little below the
upper edge of the discharge orifice, which may be (and preferably is)
wide and exactly horizontal so that the change in conditions at that
moment is very marked, a quantity of steam is delivered into the
discharge orifice, and a large portion of the water surface is agitated
so as to present cold water to the steam. The sudden condensation
thereon ensuing induces such a vacuum that the steam valve e is
instantly drawn down to its seat against the tension of the spring G,
and it remains thus seated so long as the vacuum obtains below. The
vacuum draws the water from the pipe O, past the water induction
valve o until the chamber A is filled, on which there being no longer
a vacuum therein, but rather under ordinary conditions a slight plus
pressure due to the momentum of the water in its flow through the
pipe O, the steam valve e opens in obedience to the tension of the spring
G, and the round of operations is repeated.
Figures 14 and 15 represent another form of the apparatus. In this
two vessels are employed, and the steam valves are balanced by pistons :
subject to the pressure of the steam. A device analagous to a latch is
employed in connection with each valve and piston to hold it in the shut
position when that has been attained until the opposite vessel has been
emptied to a certain point. Figure 14 is a side clevation, and Figure 15
is a plan view. The steam from the pipe E is conducted in the horizontal
branch or chest represented to the two valves e², c³, which control its
admission to the respective chambers A¹, A². To the valve e¹ is attached

page_text: the piston f¹, the pressure against which tends to pull the valve open,
while the direct pressure on the valve tends to close it, and hold it
closed. The description of one side of the apparatus may serve for
both. I make the area of the piston fƒ¹ a little greater than that of the
valve e¹. Under ordinary conditions there is a tendency of the valve tọ
open and remain open, but when there is a vacuum below the valve the
effective pressure of the steam downwards on the valve is correspondingly
increased, and the violent current of steam rushing past the valve e¹
brings the valve down to its seat. It will be understood that the action
in the respective chambers, the receiving and expelling the water is sub-
stantially the same as in the previously described examples, and that the
vacuum is induced at the proper period in each chamber by the escape
of a quantity of steam into the discharge orifice. So soon as the valve e¹
has reached its seat the swinging lever or latch G³ turning on the
pivot g¹ and actuated by the spring H' moves over the upper end of the
valve stem, and locks or latches the valve down until the proper period
arrives for its release. I' is a piston playing in a cylinder J¹, and having
a rod i¹ with a wedge-shaped top. When the piston is down, as repre-
sented, it has no effect, but when it is forced upwards its inclined or
wedge-like upper end acts on the lever or latch G³, and turns it, swings
it around against the force of the spring H', and liberates the valve,
which then rises by the superior pressure on the pistonƒª¹.
I raise the piston I' at the proper time by the force of mercury, air, or
other expansible fluid under the influence of the heat of the steam_in
the opposite chamber A". The pipe leads downward from the
piston J, and leads into and exposes a considerable surface in the
interior of the chamber A². The level at which this exposure in the
chamber A' is made is important. It should be at such height that
when by the lowering of the water surface in the chamber A* in the
expulsion of the water the steam obtains access to this pipe k¹ it will
have sufficient time to heat its contents, induce an expansion, and raise
the piston a little before the water is entirely expelled from the
chamber A. The advantage of thus raising the piston I' and liberating
the corresponding latch, and allowing the steam valve e¹ to open to com-
mence the work of expelling the water from the chamber A' a little
before the water has ceased to be expelled from the chamber A' is very
obvious. By its means I induce a steady stream to be delivered through
the discharge pipe P.

page_text: Any means which will liberate the confining device which holds the
steam valvo e¹ shut a little before the chamber A³ is emptied will induce
a continuous stream, and thus realize one important end of this part of
the Invention. Several of the modifications described in other forms
may suffice for this purpose, the initiating process being commenced
when the steam has forced only a half or two-thirds of the water from
the chamber.
Figures 16 and 17 represent another modification. In this con-
struction thrco chambers are employed instead of one or two, and the
three serve intermittently the discharge of the water from each chamber,
affording the means at the proper time of initiating the commencement
of the discharge of the water from its neighbour on one side; thus the
. emptying proceeds around in succession. Figure 16 is an elevation
partly in section, and Figure 17 is a plan view. The arrangement of
the chambers and the construction and arrangement of the valves for
receiving and delivering the water are very plainly indicated in the
Drawings. So also are the several steam valves and the controlling
mechanism connected with each, which is intended to be identical with
that set forth in Figures 14 and 15 in the accompanying description,
except that there are three vessels instead of two, and that the con-
nections for the disengagement of the latches are correspondingly
modified. The three steam valves are indicated respectively by e¹, e³, e³.
The pipes through which the expansion by heat is made to act on the
liberating devices i, ³, ³, are connected as follows:-The pipe which
serves as a medium for liberating and permitting the opening of the
valve e' is marked k³, and leads to the chamber A*. The pipe which
performs a corresponding service for the valve e' is marked, and
leads to the chamber A'; and the pipe which performs the corre-
sponding service for the valve e³ is marked ³, and leads to the
chamber A*.
A larger number of chambers and corresponding mechanisms may be
employed if desired, but I consider three to be sufficient for all ordinary
situations. The employment of more chambers allows more time for
the filling operation and makes it easier to ensure a perfectly continuous
current in the discharge.
A separate class of modifications which I designate class two has the
steam valves or valve changed by a movement of
SAMA
A

page_text: be quite distant, subject to the influence of a difference of pressure. In
case of apparatus with a single chamber this motive force may be the
difference in pressure between the interior of the chamber and the
external atmosphere, but in the forms which I will describe there aro
two chambers, and the force is derived from the difference of pressure in
the two.
Figures 18 and 19 represent one modification, in which Figure 18 is a
central vertical section through the entire apparatus, with the exception
of the valves and of a piston which aids in controlling them, which
parts are represented in side elevation as will be understood; Figure 19
is a horizontal section. The steam valves e¹, e³, open downward and aro
fixed in the proper positions in a stout flexible connection F, which may
be rigid bars at some portions but are flexible where they render around
the pullies G, G, G³, as represented. A piston H is fixed on the
connection F by the pullies G³ and G³, and this is enclosed in a suitable
cylinder which opens at each end into the respective chambers A', A².
in
The water induction and water discharging valves may be of any
suitable form, and the same means before described may be employed
for inducing a sudden vacuum at the termination of the water discharge
from either chamber, but instead of depending on the increased flow of
steam from the steam pipe as a means of inducing the closing of the
steam connection with one chamber and opening it with the other,
this modification I employ the vacuum to induce a strong movement of
the piston H, and thus by moving the flexible connection F, which I
will term the chain to operate the steam valves. The valve e³ is open.
The steam entering the chamber A' expels the water moderately, the
other chamber A' meanwhile filling with water. The piston H remains
in the position represented at the left extreme of its motion, and the
operation of emptying the chamber A³ continues until it is nearly
O emptied, when the sudden formation of the vacuum in this chamber A*
induces the motion of the piston H to the right, with the effect of
closing the steam valve e³ and opening the steam valve e', after which
the same operations are repeated in the two chambers with the reverse
conditions.
5 Figures 20 to 26 inclusive represent another modification having
slender cylinders and pistons, the cylinders being connected at one end

page_text: vertical section on the crooked line a, a, in Figure 21, which latter is a
horizontal section on the crooked line b, b, in Figure 20; Figure 22 is
a side elevation partly in section, the section being on the crooked
.line c, c, in Figure 23, which latter Figure is a horizontal section on
the line d, d, in Figure 20, viewed from below; Figure 24 is a cross
section on the line e, e, in Figure 21; Figure 25 is a cross section on
the line, in Figure 21; and Figure 26 is a horizontal section on the
line 9, 9, in Figure 20. The levers G³, G², are connected by rods / to
small pistons preferably made of considerable length, as represented, and
fitting loosely so as to play up and down in slender cylinders I', I'.
The upper ends of these hollow cylinders I', 1º, are connected by a cross
passage i (see Figure 24), and this passage forms the only communication
between the respective intermediate chambers B', B', below the delivery
valves. Immediately on the formation of a vacuum in either chamber
the force thereof being transmitted across through the passage i is felt
in both cylinders I', I', drawing down the one piston and lifting the
other, thus ensuring the desired harmony of action in the two sides of
the apparatus. Suppose the valve e to be open, the steam from the
pipe E fills the chamber A¹ and drives the water up through the inter-
mediate chamber B' out past the valve p'. The pressure in this chamber :
also holds up the piston El' to its highest position and holds the riston H'
in its lowest position. So soon as the water has been driven out so that
a volume of steam is discharged into the intermediate chamber B', the
sudden vacuum formed in the chamber A' causes the piston H' to be
drawn down and the piston H³ to rise, thus closing the steam valve e³ 3
and opening the steam valve e³, which latter induces the same round of
operations to be repeated in the chamber A* and its connections.
"
Figures 27 and 28 represent a slightly different form of the last
modification. In this stop cocks are employed as steam valves, and
the steam pipe is extended a little below into the chamber, and curled
around to avoid a possible violent striking of the steam directly upon
the water, and also the pistons working the connected cylinders as above
described are placed at a lower level. The rods on the ends of the
levers G³, G², extend downwards instead of upwards, and the pistons are
mounted below. The connection of the cylinders is of course in this 3
form at the bottom of the respective cylinders.
Another modification is represented in Figures 29 and 30. In this
the difference of pressure in the two chambers is made to give motion

page_text: to a diaphragm which is connected to the steam valves. Figure 29 is
a side clevation partly in section, and Figure 30 is a plan view. The
steam valves e², e, are fixed upon a vertical rod e which extends out
through a stuffing box, and is connected to the diaphragm G below.
› This diaphragm is enclosed in a chamber H, connected by pipes h³, h³,
to the respective chambers, the space below the diaphragm G being
connected by the pipe to the chamber A', and the space above the
diaphragm G being connected by the pipe to the chamber A'. The
steam valve e³ is represented as open. The steam flowing upwards past
› the valve, and through the connections into the chamber A², expels the
water, therein until it has sunk to the level of the discharge orifice.
The agitation occurring at this period, and the discharge of a quantity
of the steam, induces a partial vacuum in the chamber Aª, which has the
effect to increase momentarily the flow of steam past the valve e³, and
to tend to close it. But the change of conditions in the provisions for
admitting steam to the chambers is not made to depend on this alone.
The effect of the partial vacuum momentarily formed in the chamber A*
is felt on the diaphragm G by reason of the communication with the
space above through the pipe h. The diaphragm G rises on account
of the difference of pressure in the chanıbers A¹ and A', and contributės
its great force to aid the valves in moving. The effect is to raise the
valve stem e, closing the valve e and opening the valve e¹, after which
the same round of operations is performed in the chamber A', as has
been before described in the chamber A'. At the end of the expulsion
3 of the water from A' the diaphragm G is drawn downward.
Figures. 31 and 32 represent another modification. In this the steam
valves are fixed on a stem, and the motion in the change of condition is
aided by the differential pressure on the two sides of the piston attached.
Figure 31 is a vertical section, and Figure 32 is a plan view. G-is the
› piston fixęd on the valve stem 'e, and working tightly or nearly so
in a short cylinder H, which is connected by pipes h¹, h³, to the
chambers A', A³, respectively. The arrangement represented allows the
valves to work in a horizontal direction, so that gravity is of no effect.
In the position represented the valve e¹ is open, and the steam is
admitted into the chamber A¹, driving out the water and sinking the
water line. The chamber A³ fills rapidly with water, and rests in that
condition. So soon as the water level in the chamber A² is sunk below
the upper edge of the discharge orifice, and the surface is agitated and

page_text: -
a portion of the steam discharged, the vacuum which obtains therein is
instantly communicated through the pipe h' to the left hand side of the
piston G. This piston and its connections then move immediately to
the left in obedience to the difference in pressure acting on the piston G.
The increased current of steam flowing past the valve e' also contributes &
to this result. From both causes the motion of the valve stem e is very
prompt, closing the steam valve e¹and opening the steam valve c³.
Immediately on this change of condition the same round of operations
occurs in the chamber A³, the chamber A' filling with water and
standing ready to exert a pressure on the piston G to move it in the 1
opposite direction, and again change the position of the valves the
moment a partial vacuum obtains in the pressure chamber A'. Each
chamber receives the water past the valves o', o³, and discharges it again
past the valve p, as will be obvious. One object of the casing a around
and partially over the water induction orifice in the interior of the 1
chamber is to compel the inflowing water to rise violently in and near
the middle of the chamber, so as to be certain to agitate the surface
and continue the condensation of the steam, even if the induction of
the water is slow, and if the steam valves e', e³, should leak slightly.
•
A third class of modifications may be described as inducing the change 2
in the position of the steam valve or valves by the force of the expulsion
of the water from the chamber or chambers. The force of the stream
being always in excess of that required to simply drive out the water,
the force of its expulsion may be made readily available to perform the
slight labor of changing the steam valves or valve.
2
One modification is represented in Figures 33 and 34. Figure 33 is a
vertical section, and Figure 31 is a plan view. The steam valves e', e³,
are fixed on rods which extend vertically down through the respective
chambers, and also extend upward and connect the opposite ends of the
tilting lever. G represents the lever tilting upon the centre g, and 3
F¹, F³, are the vertical rods, cach capable of a little vertical movement.
Each rod carries a stop f',, firmly fixed. The floats H', II², play
loosely on the rods, and rise and sink thereon according to the level of
the water in the chambers. When the water in a chamber is nearly
expelled the float strikes the stop f', and pulling on the vertical rod 3
closes the steam valve on that side, and opens the steam valve to admit
steam to the opposite chamber. Suppose, for example, the steam valve e¹
to be open, the steam is admitted past it to fill the chamber A' and

page_text: expel the water. The water being driven downward through the same
passage through which it has been received passes through this orifice
into the sub-chamber, from whence it rises past the discharge valve p'
into the discharge pipe P to be conveyed away. When this action has
3 proceeded until the float H' has nearly reached the bottom, the float is
drawn down very forcibly. It not only continues to sink by the lowering
of the surface of the water (which would give it only a gentle force,.
which might be sufficient for my purpose), but I have provided means
for causing it to be drawn downward forcibly and suddenly by the pres-
sure of the steam. This is effected by providing the lower side of the
float with an extension which reaches downward loosely into the dis-
charge orifice. When the sinking of the water has progressed so far
that the float H' thus enters into the discharge orifice, it nearly stops the
passage, and thereupon the float with the lower extension commences to
act as a piston, receiving the whole direct pressure of the steam, and it
is moved downward strongly and rapidly. In this movement it strikes
the stop, and pulls down forcibly on the rod F¹. This movement closes
the steam valve e', and opens the steam valve e³. The same effect
follows this change of the steam valve as in all the other modifications.
The steam commences to force out the water from the other chamber A³,
and the same round of operations occurs which has been described for
this chamber A'. Meanwhile the cold water flows up through the
orifice in the bottom and fills the chamber A³, carrying the float I'
again to its highest position. The float H' performs a useful function in
addition to that above described; it is that of arresting or checking the
rise of the water when the chamber is nearly filled. I have in my
experiments experienced some difficulty when no precaution of this kind
is adopted. The water is liable to rise with great violence, and when the
steam valves open in the direction here represented the water is liable
to impinge against them, and open them too early. I cannot too often
repeat that the change of condition of the steam valves should occur
when the emptying chamber is emptied, and not when the filling
chamber is filled. Ordinarily there may not be much difference in the
time of these operations; but when there is-any difference the filling
chamber must be filled first, and wait a little until the emptying chamber
is emptied. I can employ the pipes m³, m³, to supply a small stream
of water into the upper portion of each chamber to hasten the rapidity of
the condensation.

page_text: Another modification is represented in Figures 35 and 36, in which
Figure 35 is a vertical section and Figure 36 a plan view. Here the
two steam valves e³, e³, are provided with stems reaching upward to
pistons,, the stems being widened and perforated to receive the ends
of the balanced beam G, turning on a fixed centre g. The space above !
the piston is connected by a pipe k¹ with the interior of the
chamber A' near the bottom, where is a stop cock m¹ operated by a
lever n' connected to a vertically moving piece R', which latter in this
case performs the functions of closing the cock m¹ promptly on the
commencement of the induction of the water and of opening it:
promptly at a certain period when the water is nearly discharged. In
this as in most of the other modifications a description of one side of
the apparatus will serve for both. The valve e is open. The steam
from the pipe E flows into the chamber A' and expels the water, driving
down past the piece R², which by virtue of its buoyancy remains in the
elevated position indicated by the dotted lines. The water is both
received and discharged through the orifice Q, it being understood that
the valves for both the induction and eduction of the water communicate
with the sub-chamber below this orifice. So long as the piece R³ is in
this clevated position the cock m³ is closed and a vacuum obtains in the
pipe, and consequently in the space above the piston . Under these
conditions the valve e' remains open; but so soon as the water is nearly
driven out of the chamber A' and it ceases to support the float R³ tho
latter is depressed. It sinks slowly for a little distance and then gets
within the influence of the active current of water which is drawn from
all sides into the hole Q³. So soon as this occurs the float R is drawn
down forcibly into its seat on the orifice Q³, and is held there. This
sucking downward of the float R³ opens the cock m² suddenly, and
allows a free escape of the steam from the chamber A' into the atmos
phere by flowing upward through the pipe and outward past the check
valve . In this movement the presence of the steam above the
piston relieves the vacuum, previously obtaining there, with the effect
of instantaneously depressing the valve e' to its seat and opening the
valve e', thus inducing the same round of operations to be commenced
in the other chamber A' and its connections. The closing of the steam
valve e' is followed by the condensation of the small quantity of steam
remaining in the chamber A², which operation is hastened by the dis-
charge of a small stream of water through the pipe S', which communi-

page_text: cates between the water in the delivery pipe P and the upper portion of
the chamber. So soon as a sufficient vacuum is attained in the chamber,
which will occur in an almost inappreciable interval, the induction of
a further supply of water lifts the picce R³ again clear from its connèc-
tion with the passage Q', and the cock m³ is again closed, after which
the filling of the chamber A' with water is rapidly completed, and the
chamber thus filled waits for the change of conditions which will occur
when the chamber A' is nearly emptied.
•
The fourth class employs the force of the water being discharged from
one chamber to hold the steam valve closed in the opposite chamber.
In the several examples shown I have connected the two steam valves
together so that the keeping of one closed keeps the other open, but this
may not be necessary provided the valves are provided with springs or
the like tending to hold them open, which will yield to the gentle force
of the discharge from a chamber,
Figures 37 and 38 represent another modification; in this the change
of condition in the apparatus is induced by the action of the delivery
valves. Figure 37 is a vertical section through the axis of the two
chambers A', A, and one of the delivery valves, and Figure 38 is a plan
view. The steam pipe Ę branches and conducts the steam to the respec-
tive chambers past the steam valves e', e², which are fixed on vertical
rods F', F', which descend through the water induction valves o¹, o³, and
rest on levers G, G³, mounted in the sub-chamber and turning on fixed
pivots marked respectively g³, 9³: The lever G' is connected by a
vertical rod h³ to the delivery valve p³, which serves as the delivery for
the opposite chamber A. This valve p² is mounted at a higher level,
pressed down by the spring . The leyer G³ is connected by a similar
rod ³ to the opposite delivery valve p', which is held down by its spiral
spring. The steam valve e³ is represented as open. The steam enters
past this valve and expels the water from the chamber A' until the
water level has descended to a little below the upper
discharge orifice, when the escape of steam and the
the water causes a sudden increase in the condensation.
vacuum thus produced in the chamber A³ causes the delivery valve p' to
close, which thus lowers the connected rod h', lever G', and vertical
sliding rod F', and opens the steam valve e¹ to admit steam into the
opposite chamber A', Immediately on this partial change of conditions
.
edge of the
agitation of
The partial
R 2

page_text: the water commences to be delivered from the chamber A', thus lifting
its delivery valve p'. The lifting of this valve which follows in an in-
appreciable interval of time after the preceding operation completes the
change of condition of the apparatus by pulling upwards on the rod h³,
and thus lifting the lever G and rod F³, and closing the steam valve e³,
and excluding the steam from the chamber A². Thenceforward tho
operation proceeds as in the previously described forms, the condensa-
tion in the chamber A³ drawing up the water past the water induction
valve o³, and filling the chamber. At some short interval after this
chamber A is filled the influx of steam into the chamber A¹ has driven
out the water therefrom, and the partial vacuum resulting from the dis-
charge and agitation therein at the close induces the closing of the delivery
valve p³, immediately on which the same round of operations is repeated
às before. The connections in this case, although very effective in
practice are difficult to describe briefly with absolute clearness; I will
detail the round of operations which occurs on the entering of this
second chamber from the completion of the discharge of water from the

page_text: become perfect and the chamber to fill promptly with water ready for.
another round of operations. The train of connections between the,
delivery valve p¹ and its connected steam valve e², as also between the
delivery valve p³ and its connected steam valve e³, are so adjusted that a
very slight rise of the delivery valve induces a tight closing of the con-
nected steam valve. This allows the apparatus to work successfully
under conditions where it works very slowly, but when the apparatus is.
working more rapidly it is important to provide for a possible opening of
the respective delivery valves p', p', that is to say, I wish to allow the
delivery valves to open further than is necessary to close the connected
steam valve. I allow this by the yielding of the respective springs i, .
These springs must be stiff enough to afford a sufficient force to hold the
connected steam valves tightly closed, but they should have range
enough and not be too stiff to allow the delivery valves to rise to a
sufficient height to deliver rapidly.
An important modification of this plan is shown in vertical section in
Figure 39. Here the water delivery valves p', 'p³, are fixed-at a little
distance apart on a horizontal bar or rod F, which forms a part of a
flexible connection or chain passing around pulleys, and carrying the
steam valves e³, e³, mounted as above described. The steam valve e³ is
represented as open. The steam flows past it into the chamber A³, and
expels the water therefrom. So soon as the water is expelled, until the
water level has sunk below the upper edge of the discharge orifice, a
portion of the steam escapes, the surface is disturbed, and the instan-
taneous increase in the condensation induces a partial vacuum which
draws backward on the current of water being expelled, and by its
action on the discharge valve p³ moves the rod F and its connections,
closing the discharge valve 2³, and also closing the steam valve e³, while
it opens the steam valve e¹ and also the discharge valve p'. The steam
entering in full force past the steam valve e² expels water from the
chamber A', and the same round of operations is repeated, the water
induction valves serving their usual functions as will be obvious.
Figures 40 and 41 represent another modification in which all the
valves are connected by levers and rods so as to open and close
3 together. The motion either of the return water which has been
expelled from a chamber, or of the water inducted from the suction
pipe or both these motions is available to operate the steam valves.
Figure 40 is a central vertical section, and Figure 41 is a plan view. The

page_text: steam valves e¹, e³, are connected together by a rod e, and are also each
connected to levers which swing in the interiors of the chambers. The
lever F' turns on the fixed pivot f', and the lever F' on the fixed pivot f*.
The lower end of each lever is connected to a rod o, which carries the
two water induction valves o³, 0³ At a higher level is connected the 5
rod p which carries the water delivery valves p', p³. At the termination
of the emptying of a chamber the partial vacuum formed when a
volume of steam is discharged into the delivery passage causes the
shifting of the positions of all the valves.
A fifth class operates the steam valves by the force of the water 1
being inducted into the chamber. The chambers must be set above
the proper limit to which the atmosphere can rapidly elevate the water
from the tank or well to fill the vacuum, In practice there is always
a surplus force with which the water flows in, and this is available to
give the slight power necessary to move the steam valve or valves.
1
Figure 42 is a central vertical section, and Figure 43 a plan view
of another modification. In this the steam valves are worked with
a vertical instead of an inclined motion, and the power is derived
from the motion of the water induction valves. There are two corre-
sponding pulleys in what may be termed the steam chest marked 2
respectively h¹, h³. There are two corresponding pulleys in the sub-
chamber marked respectively ", . The chain F connects to the
valves and may be provided with turn buckets or other means, as
in all the other cases, whereby any slack may be taken up and any
necessary adjustment made of the distances of the several parts. Tho 2
steam valve e³ is represented as open and the steam being admitted
past it into the chamber A³, when it has expelled the water down
to the level of the discharge orifice the escape of steam and agitation
of the surface induces a sudden condensation which forming a partial
vacuum in the chamber causes the valve o to rise powerfully and a
to admit the water from the suction pipe O. This movement closes
the valve and opens the valve e', at the same time also closing
the water induction valve o'. The water now rapidly fills the
chamber A, and the apparatus waits, with this chamber full of water,
until the steam entering past the valve e¹ has in its turn expelled 3
the water from the chamber A', when the same round of operations
occurs, and the valves are again all shifted back to the positions
represented.

page_text: Figures 44 to 47 inclusive represent another modification; in this
a connecting lever is mounted in a sub-chamber below the main
chambers, water to aid the condensation is inducted in cach chamber
past a check valve, and peculiar provisions are made in connection
with the discharge of the steam at the moment of the change of
condition. Figure 44 is a vertical section on the crooked line c, c,
in Figure 45; Figure 45 is a horizontal section on the line a, a, in
Figure 44; Figure 46 is a central transverse section; Figure 47 is a
horizontal section on the line b, b, in the same Figure. The steam
) valves e³, e³, open inwards and are mounted on the rods F', F*, which
extend down through the water induction openings and rest on the
lever G tilting on the pivot g in the sub-chamber. The water
induction valves o¹, o³, play easily a little distance up and down on
the rods F', F', being controlled by stops therein, as represented.
5 When the steam is cut off in either chamber cold water is admitted
from the discharge passages through the small pipes t, tº, controlled
by the check valves u', u', which latter prevent the steam from escaping
through these devices under any conditions. When the water is nearly
expelled from a chamber steam is discharged, but not through the
) same orifice. I provide two spaces for the discharge of fluid from
each chamber into the discharging chamber or rather chambers. The
two sides of the apparatus being alike a description of one will suffice
for both. The steam valve e¹ is open. The water supply valve o' is
closed, and the steam entering past the valve e' is expelling the water
3 through both the orifices Q' and R', both of which are located near the
base of the chamber, but the latter at the lowest level. When the
water line has sunk so low that a volume of steam is discharged into
the discharge passage, the peculiar provisions in connection with
the discharge chambers begin to be felt. There is a vertical web which
I term a dam, as represented by a¹, enclosing a considerable space within
the chamber A', adjacent to the orifice R'. An inclined shelf, to which
I have in my experiments given the technical name of an abutment,
extends from one side or edge of this dam, as represented in Figures 44
and 45, so as to cover a considerable space in the chamber adjacent to
the other orifice Q'. The corresponding shelf or abutment is shown in
section in the other chamber A³ in Figure 41, and the abutments are
shown in both chambers, marked respectively J, J", in the plan view in
Figure 45. The water is discharged through the orifices R', Q', into the
intermediate chamber B', the one on the inside and the other on the

page_text: outside of another dam, if such it may be termed, which extends to a
considerable height within the said intermediate chamber, as indicated
by b. When the water line has sunk sufficiently low, the upper part of
the orifice Q' becomes uncovered by water and steam escapes through
it, carrying also with it a considerable quantity of water, and both go up
together into the discharge. Now the dam a¹ becomes efficient in
excluding the great bulk of the water, and allowing the water beyond
the dam to be swept out instantly by the movement of the steam. The
dam a' on the inside of the chamber, and the corresponding dam M'
outside keep away the other water and afford a larger area for the
unobstructed movement of the steam, which accordingly moves outward
very freely and rises to be condensed in the mass of cold water above,
thus forming an instantaneous and very perfect vacuum in the entire
chamber A¹ with which the space is connected. The inclined shelves or
abutments J¹, J*, allow a liberal space under them for the water to flow
out freely during the period of the water discharge, but forbid the escape
of the steam when the water level gets low.
The sixth class employs an extended piece analagous both to a piston
and a float to operate the steam valves. As a float its tendency to riso
through the water should be gentle, so that it can easily be overcome by
a descending current of water, and as a piston it should not be tight, but
must allow the water to flow past it without too much difficulty. Such
a device is placed in a passage which forms both the entrance and exit
for the water. So soon as the water is quiet it ascends by its floating
tendency, and opening the steam valve admits steam to force the water
up past it, which current causes it to still more strongly hold the steam
valve open. When the water level gets low the steam is suddenly
discharged with it and is condensed, inducing a vacuum which the
contracted steam passage cannot fill, and water is drawn in from the
suction pipe, which moving down past the piston float compels the
connected steam valve to close. This form is shown both single and
double.
Figures 48 and 49, represent a modification in which the apparatus
is single acting, or instead of employing two chambers to act alternately
there is but a single chamber provided with means for letting on and
shutting off the steam by apparatus contained entirely within itself.
The chamber is divided horizontally by a thick partition of wooden
plank, with a large pipe leading therefrom to near the bottom of the

page_text: lower vessel, and with a float serving also partially as a piston in the
upper vessel. The division of the apparatus into an upper and lower
chamber by these provisions is not however equivalent in effect to the
division into two chambers in the double forms of the apparatus. The
water is admitted at the top. Figure 43 is a vertical section, and
Figure 49 a plan view. I will use the letter A to designate the lower
chamber or the lower portion of the apparatus, and the letter B, to
indicate the upper portion. C is the thick wooden partition. The
steam pipe E conducts the steam into the interior of the partition O,
from whence it is discharged downward past the steam valve e, which
is mounted on a rod F, playing through a spreader or deflector G,
which has the effect to distribute the steam gently over the surface,
and prevent its agitating the water below. The rigid rod F is pivoted
to the short arm of the lever H, turning on the fixed pivot h below
and connected to the rod I, which ascends through a hanging tube J
and carries a float K which is. so extended horizontally, as to nearly
touch the vertical walls of the upper chamber B. The hanging tube J
is open at both ends and forms the only communication between tho
upper and lower chambers. The water is discharged upwards past
the valve p into the delivery pipe P. The water is drawn from the
well or tank through the pipe O, past the valve o, and flows into the
top of the chamber B directly above the floating piece K, which serves
at certain times as a float, and at other times as a piston. The
valve e is represented as open. In this condition the steam coming
in through the pipe E past the valve e is spread horizontally and
made gentle in its action by means of the deflector or spreader G.
It heats the upper surface of the water in the chamber A and
pressing downwards thereon forces the cold water below up through
the capacious pipe J into the upper chamber B, and thence past the
loosely fitted piston or picce K, out into the pipe P. This state of
things continues until the water surface in the chamber A has
descended to a little below the bottom of the pipe J. At this period
a portion of the hot water lying on the surface and also a certain
proportion of the steam in the chamber A is suddenly delivered
upwards into the pipe J. The sudden exposure of the cold water
below, and also the escape and sudden condensation of a portion of the
steam in the pipe J (and it may sometimes reach the chamber B
above) causes such a vacuum in the chamber A, and consequently
in the entire, apparatus, that the delivery valve p instantly closes,
•

page_text: and the water induction valve o rises and admits water from the
pipe O. The current from the pipe O acting on the picce K as a
piston forces it downward thus through the connections, promptly
closing the steam valve e. The steam pipe E is of so small diameter
that the rush of steam into the apparatus is small during the brief 5
period while this change is taking place. The steam valve e is held
tightly closed by the current of water flowing inward past the valve o,
until the chamber A is filled; the chamber B is supposed to be all
the time filled with water, but so soon as this current of water stops
by reason of the chamber A being completely filled with water, the 1
induction valve o closes. The piece K commences to act as a float,
and rising gently against the now slackened or entirely stopped
downward current of water, opens the steam valve e, and the steam
is again admitted to force out the water as before.
I have in my experiments employed vulcanized rubber as material 1
for the hanging tube J. I esteem it well to employ some non-conductor
for this purpose, but it is practicable to use a thick pipe of iron.
Perhaps it is still better to use a double pipe, or even a triple pipe of
iron or similar material in case a good non-conductor is not available.
I employ a guide bar extending across the pipe J at the top with a hole 2
in it which receives the rod I.
Figures 50 to 53 represent a modification in which floats arc
employed to rise and sink with the surface of the water. Figure 50 is a
longitudinal section; Figure 51 is a cross section partly in elevation;
Figure 52 is a horizontal section on the line T, T, in Figure 50; and 2
Figure 53 is a plan view of some of the parts. Two levers are contained
in the chambers A', A², each reaching from its chamber into an
intermediate chamber located in the recess between the main chambers,
which I term the working chambers. The water on being expelled
rises from these two chambers into a chamber above. There are two of 3
these upper chambers, one for each of the working chambers, and
each contains a moveable picco serving alternately as a float and as a
piston, and which is connected by a rod to the corresponding lever,
below which operates the steam valve. The steam admitted through
the pipo E is conducted by the two branchics represented to the small 3
steam valves e', e³, mounted on the upper ends of the rods F', F³, which
in turn are operated by the short arms of the levers G³, G³, turning on
the pivots g', g, near the base of the respective chambers. The long

page_text: arm of the lever G' extends through an opening into the intermediate
chamber B', where it is connected to a vertical rod h', which is connected
to the piece H³, which latter is mounted loosely in the chamber C¹
above, and is subjected to the action of the water. The water rising from
the well through the pipe O rises past a valve and flows downward
through the chamber C¹ into the chamber A' when a vacuum exists in
the latter. On its way it depresses the floating piece H' acting on the
latter as a loosely fitted piston, and holds the steam valve e¹ tightly
closed so long as this state of things exists. When the water has com³
pletely filled the chamber A' and the rush downward past the piece H'
has ceased, the piece H' commences to act as a float and rising through
the water with which it is surrounded allows the lever G' to turn on its
pivot g', and being aided by the pressure of steam on the valve e¹ causes
the latter to open, thus admitting steam to fill the chamber A' and expel
the water therefrom. In the expulsion of the water it rises through the
chamber C', thus still further ensuring the complete elevation of the
pieco H', and passes the delivery valve p' into the pipe P to be conveyed
Away
The operations of the two sides are connected by the balance beam W
having an elevated weight w, which gives it the effect sometimes known
in mechanism as a tumbling bob; that is to say, when either end is
depressed; it tends to remain depressed; and when a sufficient force is
received to lift it past the horizontal position it is certain to move rapidly
to the other extreme of its inclination. By reason of the connection
between the operations of the two chambers the discharge of the water
of the chamber A' not only holds the steam valve for that chamber
open, but aids in holding the steam valve for the opposite chamber shut,
and the same when the reverse conditions obtain. On the emptying of
either chamber the steam therefrom is discharged through the orifice,
through which the tilting lever plays, and it passes up in the inter-
mediate chamber and is condensed therein. The condensation forms a
vacuum, and the vacuum draws downward the water in the intermediate
chamber and gives a prompt downward motion to the floating piston on
that side. Thus the tilting motion of the lever W is always initiated
and promptly executed so soon as the emptying chamber is fully emptied.

page_text: The filling of the other chamber must be so timed as to be completed
before this change of conditions occurs.
A seventh class operates the steam valve or valves by the expansion
due to the change of temperature induced by the contact of steam.
One modification is represented in Figures 51 and 55, where Figure 64
is a side elevation, part in section, and Figure 55 is a plan view. The
steam valves e¹, e², are in effect slide valves. They are represented as
cylindrical in form, but this is not material. They fit tightly on their
lower faces, where they slide across the small ports, and are connected
by the rod e passing out through a stuffing box at each end of what may
be termed the steam chest. The valves are moved by mechanism
operated by a change of temperature. G³, G³, are bell crank levers, one
arm of each connected to the rod e and the other arm of cach connected
to rods h, h, which is attached to the pistons H', H', subjected to the
pressure of a fluid which is sensitive to changes of temperature. I will
describe this fluid as mercury, and describe it as enclosed within a cast
iron pipe; but other fluids may be substituted for mercury, and copper
may with advantage be substituted for iron, particularly at the lower
part, on account of its greater conductibility of heat. The fluid n¹
enclosed within the casing N¹ is exposed within the chambers to the
temperature of the surrounding fluid, that is to say, each chamber A'
and A has a pipe N' and N* led through its walls and adapted at its
outer end to allow its contained fluid to act on the pistons H³, H³. Its
inner end may be expanded in any suitable manner to expose a largo
surface to the influence of the temperature. There may be a cylindrical
pipe of iron or copper or other suitable metal wound in a volute form,
or it may be otherwise variously convoluted to afford the steam at onc
period and the cold water at another an opportunity to rapidly affect the
temperature of the contained fluid.
Assuming the steam valves c³, e, to be in the position represented in
Figure 51, the steam entering the chamber A' drives out the water, the
cold water meanwhile flowing up rapidly into the other chamber A² and
filling it. When the steam has driven out the water from the chamber A'
until the level of the water has sunk so as to expose the pipe N the
recess of the hot water at the surface and immediately afterwards of the
steam rapidly heats the contained fluid n', and causes the connected
piston H¹ to ascend. This turns the bell-crank lever G' and induces an

page_text: active movement of the rod e so as to close the steam valvo e' and open
the steam valve e³, after which the same round of operations occurs in
the chamber A². Thérè is a slot in each rod h¹, h, which makes a loose
connection with the bell-crank lever. When the cooling effect of the
influx of the water has induced a contraction of the fluid n' the piston H'.
with the rod ¹ may sink as far as it pleases without inducing any move-
ment of the connected lever. Otherwise there might be a premature
movement of the steam valves.
Figures 56 and 57 represent another modification. In this the change
of condition in the valves is induced by the expansion of mercury or
other suitable fluid surrounded by a space into which cold water and
steam are admitted alternately, according as the water level rises and
sinks in the connected chamber. Figure 56 is a side elevation partly in
section, and Figure 57 is a plan view. The steam valves e', e³, are
fixed on a stem e which extends out through a stuffing box at each end
of the valve chest, and is connected to a lever. The lever F¹ is mounted
at one end, and the lever Fs at the other. The apparatus being the
same at each end, a description of one alone will suffice. The piston Ġ¹
plays vertically in a cylinder H' with a quantity of confined air or other
suitable fluid susceptible of expansion from heat confined below it, and
with a chamber or jacket extending around it, as represented. If the
fluid under the piston G' be mercury, the piece G¹ need not fit tightly,
but may be simply a mass of iron floating on the denser fluid. In either
case the piece G', which I will call a piston, is connected by the rod g¹ to
an intermediate lever I' turning on a fixed centre, and acting on the
lever F¹ as represented. The short arm of the lever I acts on a curved
surface on the lever F', but the curvature is not struck on the axis of
the lever I' as a centre. The arrangement causes the lever F' to move a
little as the lever I' is moved. The pipes m³, n², communicate with the
jacket around the cylinder H!, the pipe m' connecting the bottom of the
jacket with the extreme base of the chamber A¹, and the pipe n¹ con-
necting the top of the jacket at a higher point in the chamber A'. The
steam valve e¹ is open, and the steam thereby admitted into the chamber
A' drives out the water, while the chamber A³ becomes promptly filled.
The water is expelled in the chamber A' until the water level therein
sinks below the connection with the pipe n', immediately on which the
steam rising through the pipe n into the jacket surrounding the
cylinder H' expels the water therefrom, allowing it to descend by gravity

page_text: through the pipe m¹ into the chamber A' to be driven out. The eleva-
tion at which the pipe »¹³ is connected to the chamber A' is such that
before the last of the water is expelled from the chamber A' the steam
has taken possession of the jacket around the cylinder H', and has raised
the temperature of the expansible fluid therein, and thereby raised the
piston G. This movement by the action of the lever I' upon the lever F
pulls the rod e to the left, thereby promptly closing the steam valve e¹,
and opening the steam valve e³. The effect on the chambers A¹, A², due
to this change of condition is heretofore explained. The water commences
to be expelled from the chamber A³, and the condensation of the steam
in the chamber A' rapidly creates a vacuum which draws water from the
pipe O past the valve o' to fill the chamber A¹. The only peculiarity
worthy of remark is the effect on the piston G' and the fluid under it so
soon as the cold water has risen above the connection of the pipe n', it
condenses the steam in the jacket and its connections, and the cold water
flows upward through both the pipes m³ and n², and promptly fills the
jacket, thereby commencing to cool the fluid, and rapidly induce a
sinking of the piston G'. The operations are timed so that the piston G¹
sinks to its original position before the water is all expelled from the
chamber A³, so that when the piston Grises by the admission of steam
through the pipe n' to the jacket surrounding the piston H', the piston G¹
is in its lowest position, and the lever I' is turned so as to offer no
obstruction to the movement of the rod e and its connections to the
right. This latter movement closes the steam valve e³, and opens the
stcam valve e', which brings the parts again into the condition in which
they are represented in the Figures.
Figures 58 and 59 represent another modification. Figure 58 is a
side elevation partly in section showing distinctly the parts in which
the novelty lies, and Figure 59 is a plan view. The valve rod e carrying
the two steam valves is operated by two levers G¹, G², turning on
fixed centres g', g³, and the motive force therefor is derived from
the expansion and contraction of tubes. Two tubes are employed one
at each end of the apparatus; and each is doubled so that the steam
and water can ascend up from near the base of each side of the apparatus
to a point near the top, and return again. One end of each tube com-
municates with its adjacent chamber at a higher point than the other.
So soon as the water line in a chamber has sunk below the level of the
highest connection the steam darts up through the short leg of the

page_text: tube, and the water descends through the long leg so that the entiro
tube is instantly filled with steam, and becoming rapidly licated expands
and forces up the horizontal arm of the connected lever. The two sides
of the apparatus act alternately as in the previously described modifi
cations. When the vacuum obtains in a chamber the steam is nearly
all drawn out of the tube and on the admission of cold water it condenses
what remains and fills the tube, the water flowing up through both
branches of the tube and rapidly cooling it. The tubes are represented
respectively by H', H'. Each bears by knife edges on adjustable pieces
I', I', adjusted by means of the screws J¹, J³, on the adjacent lever,
By turning the screw J, and thus setting the point of connection
further from or nearer to the pivot, g³, g³, the range of motion of
the lever and consequently of the rod e and of the connected steam
valves may be increased or diminished with a given expansion and
contraction of the tubes,
There may be many modifications in the form of this device. The
figures represent one which it is easy to delineate. The tube may be
as here highly expansible and work upon a lever, the fulcrum of which
is fixed or is mounted on a part less subject to expansion; or the
conditions may be reversed, and the fulcrum may be carried on a rod
immersed in the steam; for example, a copper rod mounted within
an iron tube, so that the difference of expansion will be available.
An eighth class operates the steam valves by the changes in the
effective weight of an object subject to be influenced by the rise and
fall of the water in the chambers.
2
Figures 60 and 61 represent one modification. In this the gravity of
the weights operates according as they are partially supported by the
water or are left unsupported by the sinking of the water. Figure 60 is
a vertical section, and Figure 61 is a horizontal section. G is a lever
turning upon a pivot g and supporting the rods F, F, on which are fixed
the steam valves e¹, e'; when one sinks to its seat it necissarily pulls the
other open. On the lower end of each rod F, F, is a weight of cast-iron
or other suitable material. The weight M³ is suspended from the rod F',
and the weight M³ from the rod F. When the surface of the water
sinks by the expulsion of the water to such a level as exposes a large
proportion of the weight above the surface, the opposite weight Mª
will be entirely immersed by the rise of the water over it to fill the

page_text: chamber A. Under these conditions the gravity of the weight M' will be
felt in proportion as the water falls and exposes a larger proportion of
its mass above the water line. As the water level rapidly sinks the effect
of the gravity contributes largely to pull the valvo e¹ into the shut
position and to open the valve e*.
Figures 62 and 63 represent another modification. In this the
change of condition in the steam valves is induced or aided by changes
in the position of hollow vessels which become alternately filled with
water and emptied again as the water level in the chambers A', A³, rises
and sinks. Figure 62 is a side elevation partly in section, and Figure 63
is a plan view. The steam valves e¹, e³, are fixed upon a rod e which
extends out through a stuffing box at each end of the valve, and is
connected at each end to a lever. The apparatus is the same at cach
end. The lever F¹ turning upon the pivot f¹ is connected by a link Y¹
to the bell-crank lever G¹ which turns on a pivot g' and carries a
hollow vessel H' of considerable capacity. The bottom of the vessel H
is connected by a flexible pipe m' to the bottom of the chamber A', and
the top of the vessel H' is connected by a corresponding pipe n¹ to a
higher point in the chamber A'. The steam valve e' is represented as
open, admitting steam to the chamber A', which expels the water,
driving it upwards past the valve p' and sinking the water level. When
the water has got below the connection of the pipe ³ the steam passes
up rapidly through the latter and allows the vessel H' to empty itself,
the water therein falling by gravity through the pipo m¹ into the
vessel A'. So soon as the vessel H' is lightened by this emptying action
it allows the force of the superior weight of the opposite vessel H* which
has been previously filled from the filled chamber A² to be felt through the
several connections, and the rod e is moved promptly to the left,
thereby closing the steam valve e' and opening the steam valvo e³. Now
the same round of operations occurs in the chamber A³ and its con- 3
nections as has been before described in the chamber A', while the
steam in the chamber A' becoming rapidly condensed induces a vacuum,
and the cold water flows up from the pipe O past the induction valve o'
filling the chamber A' and also by the condensation in the vessel H'
filling that promptly with water. This vessel II' has been previously a
elevated by the motion of the rode to the left as will be evident from
the connections represented, and the gravity of the now loaded vessel II'
is ready to exert its effect in restoring the parts to their primitive

page_text: condition so soon as the opposite vessel H is lightened by the rise of
steam through the pipe n' when the chamber A' is nearly emptied.
The chambers thus promptly alternate, the one filling not only itself but
also its connected vessel before the water is quite expelled from the
other chamber, and the change in the conditions for the admission of the
steam occurring promptly so soon as the emptying chamber becomes
sufficiently emptied.
In order to avoid the concussion which is liable to be serious in the
chambers at the moment when they become entirely filled with water
and the rapid inflow thereof is suddenly stopped, I propose in some
cases to provide near the top of the suction pipe a side cavity which
shall contain a hollow ball of india-rubber or other case of analogous
material containing air, which may serve as a spring to relieve the shock.
Or such sido cavity may be a nicely bored cylinder fitted with a piston
held in position by a spring. The difficulty can in most cases be got
over without such complication by simply providing a small cock
governing the induction of a small stream of air. The presence of air
in small bubbles while it does not materially injure the vacuum, gives a
desirable degree of elasticity to the action of the water.
very
I have found by experiment that the loss of steam is slight when
worked in this manner in uncoated vessels of metal, but I propose in
ordinary practice to coat the interior of each chamber with japan
varnish or with red lead and oil, or with a solution of rubber or the like,
to serve as a durable non-conductor of heat. I can make the chambers
and the several connections of lead to pump acids or of glass or other
materials for any special uses requiring such.
It should be understood that although in the above I could of course
show by the Drawings but one form of each detail, I do not confine the
several features to the precise combination with other features here
shown. The novelties shown may be used with success with many of
the novelties shown in other Figures.
Several of the peculiar arrangements shown with double chambers
may be used with single chambers, and those shown with single
chambers may be used double.
What I claim as my Invention is as follows :—

page_text: Referring to Figures 16 and 17 I claim,–
16th. The within described series of three or more chambers, each
having suitable water induction and eduction means with provisions
for admitting steam intermittently into each in succession, as specified.
Also the specific arrangement of the pipes ', ², ³, and valve ₺
liberating mechanism relatively to the three or more chambers A', A³, A³,
with their several water and steam valves and pipes, as herein specified.

page_text: in the chambers and arranged relatively to the valve rods and the
tapering tops of the chambers, as shown, so as to operate the steam
valves e¹, e³, and also to check the force of the water near the close of its
induction movements, as specified.
33rd. I also claim the construction of said floats in such combination
with broad tops and narrow bases so as to enter the contracted discharge
orifices and receive force from the motion of the water discharged, and
also to present a liberal surface above to feel the rise and fall of tho
water level, as hercin specified.
34th. In combination as aforesaid the arrangement of the valves e', e³, 1
so as to tend to close with the current of the steam, said force co-operating
with the force of the water being expelled to induce a prompt change of
the positions of the steam valves, as specified.
Referring to Figures 35 and 36 I claim,―
35th. The float or movable piece R' connected to the cock m³, and 1
arranged as shown relatively to the orifice Q' so as to suddenly open the
cock and induce the closing of the steam valve e¹ when the water is
nearly discharged from the chamber A¹; as specified.
36th. The pipe or passage S' arranged as represented and adapted to
allow a back flow of the water into the steam and water chamber A', in
connection with suitable provisions for controlling the induction of the
steam, as specified.
37th. The lever G and valves e'; c³, with their connections, arranged
and operating relatively to each other and to the steam and water
chambers A' and A³, as herein specified.
38th. The passago ¹* provided with suitable controlling means m¹ in
combination with the steam induction valve e' so as to ensure the closing
of the steam valve by the exhaust steam from the steam and water
chamber A', as herein specified.
Referring to Figures 37 and 38,-
39th. In combination with the two chambers A³, A³, suitable water
induction and eduction means and provisions for receiving steam inter-
mittently into each, I claim the lovers G, G, connected to pieces p', p',
mounted in the discharge passage, as represented; so as to open and
close the steam valves e', e³, by the action of the water delivered, as
herein specified:
S

page_text: Referring to Figures 50 to 53 I claim,—
48th. The modes of operation herein set forth, the steam connections E
having an area sufficient to supply steam for driving up the water but
not sufficient to maintain the pressure when the steam is suddenly
discharged from the chambers A', C', so that there will be a sudden 5
diminution of pressure when the steam commences to be condensed in
the passages B', B³, and a rapid induction of water will be thereby
commenced with the effect of instantly thereafter closing the steam
passage entirely, as specified.
49th. The valve e connected to and operated by a movable piece H' 1
subject to the influence of the vacuum, so that on the forming of a
vacuum or partial vacuum in the chamber A' the piece H' will be
instantly moved and the valve e¹ closed to forbid the further admission
of the steam until a change of conditions, as herein specified.
50th. The separate or divided passages B', D', arranged as shown, so 1
that as the steam is discharged from the chamber A' at the moment of
exhaust and ascends through one passage or channel a counter current
of cold water descends through the other passage or channel D³, as and
for the purposes specified.
51st. The descending passages D³, arranged as shown, so that the 2
steam discharged at the moment of the exhaust is drawn above the
water line in the chamber A', as and for the purposes herein set forth.
52nd. The double apparatus described, composed of the two sets of
main chambers A', A', with the two sets of condensing chambers C³, C³,
with the valve chamber C common to both, in combination and 2
operating together with their respective connections alternately, as
specified.
53rd. In combination with the chamber A' suitable water induction
and eduction means and provisions for receiving steam intermittently
through a contracted aperture, I claim connecting the water discharge 3
passage to a point near the base of the chamber so arranged that when
the water has been expelled down to that level a volume of steam will
escape through the same and be condensed, forming a sudden vacuum
in the chamber, as specified.
54th. The chamber A' and passages B', D', in combination with a
chamber C', and contracted steam connection E and valve e', arranged
and operating substantially as shown and described.

page_text: and water, as shown, and to operate the steam controlling means by
connections G³, e, G³, as herein specified.
.
62nd. I also claim the adjusting piece I', and controlling means J',
arranged so as to change the relative motions of the tube H³, and valve
or valves e³, e³, substantially as specified.
Referring to Figures 60 and 61,—
63rd. In combination with the chambers A¹, A', suitable water induc-
tion and eduction means and provisions for receiving steam intermittently
into each, I claim the weights M', M³, connected to the steam valve o
valves, and adapted to induce or aid in inducing the change of condition 1
in the apparatus, as herein specified.
Referring to Figures 62 and 63,
64th. In combination with the chambers Aª, A', suitable water induc-
tion and eduction means and provisions for receiving steam intermittently
into each, I claim the movable vessels H', H', suspending means G', G³, 1
flexible connections m³, n³, m³, n³, and means Y', 'F', e, F¹, Y², of com-
municating motion to the steam valve or valves e', e³, all arranged for
joint operation, substantially as herein specified.
In witness whereof, I, the said Charles Henry Hall, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Twenty-fifth day of July, in the year 2
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-two.
CHARLES HENRY HALL. (L.S.)