AN IMPROVEMENT IN PUMPS
Year: 1869

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LETTERS PATENT to William Edward Newton, of the Office for
Patents, 66, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex, Civil
Engineer, for the Invention of "AN IMPROVEMENT IN PUMPS."-
A communication from abroad by Joseph William Douglas,
of Middletown, in the State of Connecticut, United States of
America.
Sealed the 4th February 1870, and dated the 14th September 1809.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Edward Newton.
at the Office of the Commissioners. of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 14th September 1869.
I, WILLIAM EDWARD NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery
Lane, in the County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVEMENT IN PUMPS," to be as
follows:
This Invention consists in lining (by any well known means) the inner
surfaces of the cylinders and air chambers with a lining of porcelain,

page_text: porcelain enamel, or other material of similar nature which is not only
an efficient protection against rust or oxidation of the metal, but presents
a smooth and comparatively frictionless surface, and is impenetrable to
air.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said William Edward Newton in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 14th March 1870.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
EDWARD NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery Lane, in the
County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent. Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Fourteenth day of September, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine, in the thirty-
third year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and
grant unto me, the said William Edward Newton, Her special licence
that I, the said William Edward Newton, my executors, administrators,
and assigns, or such others as I, the said William Edward Newton, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and
no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man,. an Invention for "AN IMPROVEMENT
IN PUMPS," being a communication to me from abroad' by Joseph
William Douglas, of Middletown, in the State of Connecticut,. United
States of America, upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said
William Edward' Newton, my executors or administrators, by an instru-
ment in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals,
should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Inven-
tion, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause
the same to be filed in. the Great Seal) Patent Office within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said William Edward Newton, do hereby
declare the nature of the said. Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement (that is to say):-
The objects of this Invention are to protect the interiors of the metal
cylinders and air chambers of pumps from oxidation, and from undue
wear, and to reduce the friction of the pistons therein, also to prevent
injury to the water from rust or oxidation or from attrition of the parts
of the pump, and to render the air chambers impervious to air.
The Invention, which is more especially intended to be applied to iron
pumps, consists in lining the inner surfaces of the cylinders and air
chambers with a coating of porcelain, porcelain enamel, or other vitreous
material of similar nature, which will be not only an efficient protection
against rust or oxidation of the metal, but will present a smooth and
comparatively frictionless surface, and will be impenetrable to air.
The Invention is applicable to pumps of any construction.
To apply such lining to an iron pump the surfaces to be coated should
be first cleaned with sulphuric or muriatic acid in order to remove
foreign substances, and afterwards washed with clean water. Then a
fusible mixture of alkaline and earthy bodies is ground and made into a
paste with water and laid on the surfaces with a suitable brush, and when
this is dry the parts to which it is applied are placed in an enameller's
oven in which the heat is sufficient to fuse the composition and
thoroughly cover the metal with a durable glaze. The compositions
which may be used are many and various. Fine white sand, borax,
felspar, and clay in equal parts form a compound well suited to the
purpose, and when this has been brushed on and dried it should be
covered with a paste of equal parts of carbonate of soda and felspar and
dried preparatory to the introduction of the parts of the pump into the
oven. Among the variety of known compositions for such purposes
there are several which may be used with propriety and safety.
Having now described the Invention which has been communicated
to me by my foreign correspondent, and having explained the manner
of carrying the same into effect, what I claim as new and desire to
secure by Letters Patent is, lining or covering the inner surfaces of the

page_text: cylinders and air chambers of pumps with porcelain, porcelain enamel,
or other material of similar nature, as and for the purpose herein.
described.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Edward Newton, have here-
unto set my hand and seal, the Twelfth day of March, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy.
W. E. NEWTON. (L.S.)