IMPROVEMENTS IN SEWING MACHINES
Year: 1871

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to James Willcox, of Cheapside, in the City of
London, and Regent Street, in the County of Middlesex, for the
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN SEWING MACHINES." - A communi-
cation from abroad by Charles Henry Willcox and Cyrus Carleton,
EN Vank in the Tinited States of Amenian
-
Sealed the 22nd August 1871, and dated the 4th July 1871.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said James Willcox at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
4th July 1871.
I, JAMES WILLCOX, of Cheapside, in the City of London, and Regent
Street, in the County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of
the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN SEWING MACHINES," a communi-
cation to me from abroad by Charles Henry Willcox and Cyrus Carleton,
both of New York, in the United States of America, to be as follows :-
This Invention relates to improvements in certain parts of sewing
machines, which improvements although chiefly intended to be applied
to what is now generally known as the Willcox and Gibbs' sewing
machine, are equally applicable to other well-known types of machines.
A

page_text: For convenience it is proposed to describe a Willcox and Gibbs'
sewing machine as fitted with the improvements which constitute the
subject-matter of the present Invention, that form or type of machine
being now well known in the trade.
According to these improvements the spool pin or spindle is arranged
with its axis in line with or inclined towards the first or nearest thread
receiving eye, in place of being vertical as has most frequently been
the case in this machine, and is provided at its lower end with a plate
or disc or other device for holding the spool thereon. This inclined
spool pin is fitted into a bracket or other suitable holder, in which it is
held at one end, so that it may be removed from and replaced in the
said holder at pleasure. This bracket or holder is split so as to form
two spring jaws, between which the end of the spool pin may be inserted
and held securely. The spool holding plate or disc before referred to.
is provided with an annular flange arranged to overhang that end of the
spool which is in contact with or nearest the dise by which means the
thread is prevented from winding upon the spool pin.
The tension of the thread in the machine is produced by means of a
self-acting or automatic tension device, which consists of a thread rest
or support upon which the thread in its passage to the needle is held
by a smooth surface ring or its equivalent resting upon the thread
by mere gravity, so as to exercise a gentle but continuous pressure
thereon in combination with a thread clamping device, consisting of a
stationary support for the thread, and a moveable clamping surface
actuated by a spring for the purpose of compressing or, firmly holding
the thread until the loop is almost or quite drawn up to the cloth and
then suddenly releasing the thread leaving only a nominal friction
upon it.
The releasing or relieving device consists of an eccentric operating
upon the moveable clamping surface at the required intervals so as to
release its pressure on the thread. A washer of wool or equivalent
material is interposed between the thread holding rest and the support
thereof, for the purpose of preventing the jars which attend the action
of the eccentric through the connecting rod on the spindle or case
from being communicated to the thread holding surfaces, and thereby
In order to obviate
causing the thread to escape from between them.
the use of oil, and therefore to render access to the interior of the
tension for this purpose unnecessary, it is proposed to combine with
•

page_text: the spindle of the moveable clamping surface, and with a supporting
tube through which it works, one or more washers or rings of leather
or other suitable material which are interposed between the two so as
to keep the said parts out of contact and form the bearings for the
spindle.
The whole of the parts of the complete tension device arranged sub-
stantially as herein-before described, excepting such as are required to
connect it with the eccentric of the sewing machine are enclosed
(ready for use), in a case which is attached to or forms part of the
frame of the machine. Sound deadening washers of wool or other
suitable material are interposed between the head of the spindle and the
clamping plate, and between the foot of the spindle and the end of the
connecting rod with which the said spindle is alternately in contact.
An adjustable head or tappet is fitted into the upper end of the con-
necting rod which raises the tension spindle, the said head or tappet
being made adjustable in the said rod, in order that its action on the
spindle may be properly timed in relation to the action of the needle
and take-up. This tappet moves to and from the end of the tension
spindle inside the tube which contains the said spindle, and is provided
at or near its upper end with a leather or equivalent washer fitting in the
said tube, so as to form a guide for the upper end of the connecting
rod.
The following arrangement or device is employed for pulling off from
the spool the thread required to form a stitch. This device, which the
Inventors call the double-acting "pull off," is more particularly ap-
plicable to sewing machines fitted with tension devices such as has
been already described, but it may be used in any ordinary sewing
machine. It consists of three pins or eyes, the intermediate pin or eye
being attached to the frame or stationary part of the machine, whilst
the two outer pins or eyes are attached to the needle arm or other part
moving in unison therewith. The pin or eye which is nearest the spool
is bent downward, and has its end bevelled so as to form a readily
threaded eye, the bent and bevilled end being partly entered into a
recess in the side of that portion of the machine which carries it. The
thread may thus be entered into the eye formed by the bend by simply
laying it across the bevilled part and drawing it upwards. The other
one of the two outer pins on the needle arm is bent parallel to the arm
so as to form a species of hook which prevents the thread from slipping
A 2

page_text: off it, and the needle arm is slotted to receive the end of the stationary
transverse or intermediate pin of the "pull off" in order to prevent
accidental displacement of the thread from that pin. These three pins
are by preference arranged upon the interior opposite sides of the frame
and needle arm so as to be almost concealed from biew and protected
from injury, or from being interfered with in any way.
In the improved spring feed bar or device which it is proposed to
employ the yielding pressure contact with the single eccentric which
produces both the vertical and horizontal movements of the feed bar is
maintained during both the up-and-down and back-and-forth movements
of such bar. The said eccentric imparts to the spring feed bar by
direct contact with it,the up-and-down motion, whilst a link connected
at one end with the feed bar at a point below its axis of vibration, and
at the other end with. the stitch regulating cam bearing with yielding
pressure on an upright rocker or vibrating arm operated by the said
single eccentric imparts the back-and-forth motion to the feed bar, so
that the feed shall be noiseless at all adjustments of the stitch cam,
and whether the parts be worn or not. That portion of the upright
rocker or vibrating arm which is in contact with the eccentric is bevelled
or equivalently inclined, so that the feeding surface may continue its
forward movement until after it shall have receded below the table out
of contact with the cloth. The proper and ready adjustment of the
feeding surface in the cloth plate is effected by making the bearing
screw or pin of the link which acts on the upright rocker or vibrating
arm adjustable in the said link, and the stitch-regulating cam is con-
nected by a pin with the grooved end of the link, so as to cause the
link to rise or fall when the cam is adjusted, and thus bear on the
rocker at the proper distance from the centre of oscillation of the latter
according to the length of stitch required. The groove or slot in the
end of the link in which the pin of the stitch regulating cam works is
of a curvilinear form, so that the portion of the said groove or slot
which has its play around the pin in the cam shall be parallel with the
table, or nearly so, in all positions of the cam, and in order to accom-
modate the end of the link the stitch regulating cam is recessed on its
side next the standard of the machine. This cam is provided on its con-
centric peripheral portion with certain numbers indicating the number
of stitches to an inch, and is arranged so as to present the said portion
tangentially to the cloth plate, so that the number which is upon the
tangential portion of the cam may shew through a slot or opening

page_text: formed for that purpose in the cloth plate. A stop pin is fixed into the
frame or standard of the machine in order to limit the play or movement
of the stitch regulating cam within the compass of the series of numbers
on the edge of such cam, the said pin engaging in a curved slot or
recess in the cam, or a pin may be fixed in the cam, and a curved slot
made in the frame or standard. In combination with this stitch
regulating cam indicating through the cloth plate the number of stitches
to an inch it is proposed to employ a table permanently attached to the
sewing machine, such table indicating in separate columns of figures
the number of thread or silk and needle corresponding with the number
of stitches to the inch shewn by the stitch regulating cam through the
opening in the cloth plate. A box or block of metal is fitted loosely on
to the pin on which the feed bar vibrates, thereby serving as a perfect
bearing both for the spring and the feed bar in lieu of causing them to
bear directly upon the pin itself, as heretofore.
It is further proposed to employ in combination with an ordinary
four-motion feed and a smooth presser foot or pad a cloth plate having
that part of its surface which lies under the presser foot and between
feed surfaces serrated or roughened, so that the cloth may be prevented
by such roughing from receding from under the bevelled end of the pad
when the feed releases its hold thereon. This simple device enables
scams or other thick parts to be fed through the machine with case.
The needle hole in the cloth plate is clongated, and the four-motion fced
surfaces ivided into two or more parallel serrated bars or ridges, one
of the divisions or sections of which works within the elongated needle
hole, whilst the other ridges, divisions, or sections of the feeding surface
work in other corresponding slots situate in front and on each side of
the needle, the result being an isolated feeding surface on each side and
in the rear and front of the needle, whereby a better hold on the cloth
is obtained more particularly in the rear of the needle.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent
filed by the said James Willcox in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 30th December 1871.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JAMES
5 WILLCOX, of Cheapside, in the City of London, and Regent Street, in
the County of Middlesex, send greeting.

page_text: WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Fourth day of July, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-one, in the 35th
year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and
grant unto me, the said James Willcox, Her special licence that I,
the said James Willcox, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
or such others as I, the said James Willcox, my executors, adminis-
trators, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others,
from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein
expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend,
within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN SEWING
MACHINES," a communication to me from abroad by Charles Henry
Willcox and Cyrus Carleton, both of New York, in the United States
of America, upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said James
Willcox, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing
under my hand and seal, should particularly describe and ascertain the
nature of the said İnvention, and in what manner the same was to be
performed, and cause, the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date
of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said James Willcox, do hereby declare,
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by
the following statement, reference being had to the accompanying
Drawings, and to the letters and figures marked thereon, that is to
say:
The first part of this Invention relates to spool holders for sewing
machines, and is adapted more particularly to that class of sewing
machines where the thread is clamped firmly between two surfaces until
the loop is almost or quite drawn up to the cloth and then suddenly
released. But while particularly adapted for use in this connection it
may also be employed with other machines of ordinary or suitable
construction.
The obiects of this Invention are,-
First. To get rid of the noise which arises from the spool being jerked
back and forth against the spool pin in the operation of sewing.

page_text: Secondly. To overcome the liability of the thread falling over the end
of the spool and getting wound around the spool pin, in which case the
tension is entirely too great, generally so great that the thread in the
end is broken.
The manner in which this improvement is or may be carried into
effect is illustrated in Figure 1, which is a side elevation of so much of
a sewing machine as is needed to illustrate this Invention; Figure 2, a
perspective front and side view of that portion of a machine in which
this Invention is embraced; Figure 3, a top view of the parts shown in
Figure 1; Figure 4, an end view of the upper part of the holder or
bracket for the spool pin; Figure 5, a longitudinal section of the spool
holding disk or plate.
E is the frame, and F the needle arm which vibrates upon the stud
or pivot G. At the rear of the frame is the spool holder consisting of
the spool pin A. and the disc or plate B formed upon or attached to the
front end of the pin. The other end of the pin is intended to be fitted
and held in the arm or bracket C, which is fastened to the frame E.
By reference to Figure 5 it will be seen that the end of the pin inserted
in the holding bracket is turned down so as to form a shoulder at I to
limit the extent to which the pin may be inserted in the socket in the
arm C, the design being to have the pin long enough between the
shoulder I and the disc B to receive the largest spools used in connection
with such machines. The pin can be readily fitted in or withdrawn
from the holder C, and I prefer (in order to exert a spring pressure upon
it, which while serving to hold it firmly in place will at the same time
permit its ready withdrawal and replacement) to split longitudinally the
upper end of the holding arm C by a saw cut through the pin socket as
indicated at H, so as to form two spring jaws which will grasp tightly
the end of the pin inserted between them. The pin however can be
held at the end by any other suitable means.
The thread "pull-off" is represented as consisting of the hooks a, b,
attached to the vibrating needle arm and the intermediate pin c attached
to the frame E with its outer-end fitting a curved slot in the needle
arm.
I arrange the spool holder so that the pin shall be in line or nearly so
with the "pull-off," or in other words so that its axis, if prolonged,
would meet or pass through the thread receiving eye of the " pull-off"
nearly so, the object of this arrangement being to allow the thread to

page_text: be drawn off equally well from any part of the disc B without any
jerking or uneven motion. I also arrange it so that the spool on the
pin will always rest by its gravity against the disc B. This arrange-
ment of the spool holder is fully represented in Figures 1, 2, and 3 of
the Drawings, the spool pin being set at an angle with the frame both
vertically and horizontally, its rear end being inclined upward and out-
ward so that not only is it brought in line with the "pull-off," but it is
also tilted or inclined in such manner that the spool it carries will
always rest by its gravity against the disc B. The lateral inclination of
the pin towards the frame is however incidental to its arrangement in
the present instance on one side of the machine. Whatever may be the
location of the spool pin all that is necessary is that the end to which
the spool holding disc or plate is applied should point or be inclined
towards the "pull-off," or towards any other thread receiving cye or pin
to which the thread is conducted from the spool, so that the thread may
be drawn over the edge of the circular plate or disc. The thread from
the spool is by the action of the "pull-off" uncoiled and drawn over the
edge of the circular plate or disc B. Owing to the fact that the pin is
inclined towards the thread receiving eye of the "pull-off" the latter is
at all times practically equidistant from all parts of the circumference of
the disc, so that the thread is drawn evenly and without jerking, and
morcover as the disc is greater in diameter than the spool the thread is
lifted and uncoiled from the latter with the greatest ease and facility,
and unless it be underwound without causing the movement or rotation
of the spool.
I provide the spool holding plate or disc B with an annular flange d',
which extends back a sufficient distance to hang over or surround the
end of the spool in contact with the plate. The object of this arrange-
ment is to prevent liability of the thread dropping over the front end of
the spool and winding around the spool pin. This flange is a complete
protection against such an occurrence.
The second part of this Invention relates to a peculiar construction
and arrangement of automatic tension apparatus for sewing machines
which need not be regulated by the operator to every size of thread,
length of stitch, or thickness of goods, but is automatic in its operation,
the thread being clamped firmly between suitable surfaces until the loop
is almost or quite drawn up to the cloth and then suddenly released with
a nominal friction upon it for security against too much being drawn
through the surfaces for the requirements of the next stitch. This part

page_text: of the Invention consists in certain improvements in the construction,
arrangement, and combination of the various parts of the tension
apparatus, whereby I am enabled to secure greater perfection in sewing,
more durability in the tension device, greater quietness in operation,
and increased facility both in manufacturing the tension apparatus in
large quantities, and in fitting it to the machine.
These improvements can best be explained and understood by reference
to the Figures of the accompanying Drawing, in which Figure 6 is a
rear view of that portion of the frame of a Willcox & Gibbs' sewing
machine to which this Invention is in this instance applied, the tension
apparatus being represented in vertical central section. Figure 7
represents on an enlarged scale a vertical central section of the tension
apparatus at right angles with the line of section in Figure 6; Figure 8
is a top view of the same with the cap removed.
The remaining Figures (9, 10, 11, and 12) are views of detached parts
which will be herein-after referred to.
The thread clamping and tension mechanism is supported by and
partly in a tube a which is placed in and fits a tubular case E, a
shoulder g¹ on the upper part of the tube resting on a corresponding
shoulder formed in the case. The upper part of the case is enlarged to
receive the flange on the top of the tube a, which supports the lower
A nut G is fitted to the screw-
clamping and tension plates J, n.
threaded lower end of the tube which projects below the case, and by
screwing up this nut the shoulder g¹ of the tube a will be drawn tightly
down upon the corresponding shoulder of the case, and the parts will
thus be held firmly and tightly together. By unscrewing the nut G the
tube a and the tension mechanism can be lifted bodily out from the case
whenever desired. The case E is provided on one side with a projecting
lug or disc or equivalent device by means of which and the screws t, w,
it is fastened to the frame A. of the machine, as seen in Figures 6 and 8.
Upon the top of the tube a rests a thick metal ring J, the smooth top
of which forms the lower of two surfaces between which the thread is
intermittently clamped. The upper clamping surface is formed of a
thin metallic ring or annular disc i placed above the ring J and below
the enlarged head of the spindle F, which head is caused to exercise an
intermittent pressure on the disc i for the purpose of causing it to press
in like manner upon the ring J, and thus clamp the thread which is
drawn between the two surfaces. Between the disc i and the head of

page_text: the spindle F is a washer V of wool or other equivalent material which
is placed there for the purpose of deadening the sound when the spindle
suddenly closes the thin metal disc i upon the lower clamping surface J.
The ring J and disc i thus arranged constitute the two surfaces of the
tension between which the thread is intermittently and firmly clamped.
In order to exert at all times, upon the thread a slight but constant
pressure just sufficient to prevent too much being drawn through the
tension device for the requirements of a stitch I arrange upon the outside
of the ring J and concentrically therewith a second ring n which rests
upon the flanged top of the tube a. Above this ring is another ring e
which rests upon the ring n, by its mere gravity and is of such weight
as to produce a slight but constant pressure upon the thread which
passes between it and the lower ring just sufficient for the purpose
above stated. The rings n and e are centred or held in their proper
relations to one another by means of studs d, which are secured to the
top of the tube a and pass up through the lower ring and into or
through the upper one. The studs are arranged in this instance about
diametrically opposite each other, and in line or nearly so with the
"pull-off" (Figure 8) so that the thread will pass from the "pull-off"
around the rear pin, and thence back on the opposite side of the spindle
to the " take-up" as indicated in Figure 9. The stud in this case has the
additional office of keeping off the thread from the rear part of the
spindle F and holding it in such position as will allow it to be acted on
to the best advantage by the clamping surfaces and pressure rings. A
washer x of wool or other suitable material is interposed between the
ring n and top of the tube a to prevent the jar which is produced by the
connecting rod C striking the spindle F (as will be presently explained)
But for
from being communicated to the ring n, and ring weight e.
this arrangement the rings would be shaken by the vibration and would
allow the thread to escape from between them. To the top of the
spindle F is rivetted a cap r which covers the clamping rings and
protects the mechanism from injury, leaving only a small space between
its lower edge and the upper edge of the case E for the passage of the
thread. The spindle F is considerably smaller in diameter than the
tube a within which it is placed. In the upper end of the tube and
bearing against the inward flange c formed at its top are one or more
leather rings h (three in this instance) which fit the bore of the tube a
and serve as a bearing for the upper part of the spindle. Near the lower

page_text: end of the spindle are one or more leather rings o, similar to those at
the upper end of the tube serving as a bearing and side support for the
spindle F. Between these upper and lower rings a spiral spring s is
placed encircling the spindle and pressing at one end against the
stationary rings h, and at the other against the rings o. This downward
pressure of the spring is communicated to the spindle through the pin
m, which passes through the spindle and supports upon its ends the
metallic ring (smaller in diameter than the bore of the tube a) upon
which the leather rings o rest and are pressed by the spring. In this.
manner the spindle is pressed downward and its head is caused to bear
forcibly upon the clamping ring i, which is thereby pressed tightly upon.
the lower clamping surface J, and consequently upon any thread placed
on said surface.
A hole p (Figure 11) is formed in the side of the tube a through which
the pin m can be inserted into the spindle F by bringing opposite to it,
a corresponding hole formed in the spindle as shown in Figure 10. The
ring is provided with an annular downwardly projecting flange as.
shewn in the Figure referred to, which when the pin is once in place
closes or fits over its ends and holds it securely in position as indicated
in Figures 7 and 11.
The intermittent action of the clamping surfaces is produced by means
of devices operated by the eccentric D, (Figures 6 and 9) which is secured
on the main shaft B of the sewing machine by a set screw for other.
suitable means.
With the eccentric is combined in the usual manner
a connecting rod C, into the upper end of which is screwed the tappet 6
placed immediately underneath the lower end of the spindle F in the
open tube a, in such manner that as it rises and falls with the connecting
rod at each revolution of the eccentric it will cause a corresponding
movement of the spindle, and thus produce the intermittent clamping
action desired. This tappet 6 is adjustable or can be screwed up and
down in the end of the rod C nearer to or further from the bottom of
the spindle F so as to properly time its action on the spindle in relation
to the action of the needle and "take-up;" and when once adjusted is
kept permanently in place of the check nut H. Between the head of
the tappet and the end of the spindle F is interposed a woollen or
other suitable sound deadening disc j. The tappet is provided with a
head or flange shown on an enlarged scale in Figure 12, under which
is a leather ring c¹ which is kept against the flange, by a nut I and the

page_text: metal washer m¹. This leather ring is of larger diameter than the head
of the tappet and works up and down in the lower end of the tube a,
giving the necessary steadiness and lateral support to the upper end of
the connecting rod C.
The third part of this Invention relates to "pull-offs" for sewing
machines, that is to say, devices for pulling off from the spool the thread
required to form a stitch, and while adapted for any sewing machine
of suitable construction is especially intended to be used with sewing
machines in which the thread from the "pull-off" is held tightly
between the two clamping surfaces of a tension device until the loop is
almost or quite drawn up to the cloth, and is then suddenly released for
the purpose of forming the next stitch.
The object of this part of the Invention is to draw from the spool and
supply to the needle as much thread as is ever needed for a stitch of
any length of which the machine is capable whether made on thick
or thin goods, so that the needle may draw all the thread it needs
from the "pull-off" without the increased friction which would arise
if it were capable of drawing an additional amount directly from the
spool.
To enable those skilled in the art to understand and use this part of
the Invention I will now proceed to describe the manner in which this
portion of the Invention may be carried into effect, as illustrated in
the Drawing.
Figure 13 is a side view of that part of the needle arm in which the
self-threading eye of the "pull-off" is located; Figure 14 is a transverse
section through that part of the needle arm in which the two
able" pins or eyes of the "pull-off" are located; Figure 15 is a top
view of that part of the needle arm and frame in which the " "pull-off"
is contained.
move-
The "pull-off" consists of three pins or eyes which may be of any
suitable construction. These pins or eyes are represented at a, b, and c
in the Drawing. The two outer pins a, b, are attached to the needle
arm C (Figures 13, 14, and 15), and the middle or intermediate pin to
the frame D, and the thread from the spool is passed under the pin b
or through it if it is made like an eye over the pin c and under the
pin a, and thence carried back to the tension apparatus, as will be
presently described.

page_text: Under this arrangement the thread at each oscillation of the needle
arm is bent between the three pins in the shape of an inverted V, and
by this means a quantity of thread (at least double that supplied by
ordinary "pull-off"devices) can be obtained at each up-and-down
movement of the needle arm.. The two outer pins are represented as
attached to the moveable arm, and the middle pin to the stationary
frame..
The pins may be arranged on any suitable part of the frame and
needle arm, but I prefer to arrange them on the side of the needle arm
so that the top of the machine may be unencumbered; and in order to
get the "
pull-off" out of the way as far as possible, both to conceal it
from view and to prevent it from being injured or interfered with, I
arrange it between the frame and the needle arm.
It is this arrangement that in practice I prefer, and will now proceed
to describe more particularly.
One end of the pin b is driven firmly into a hole drilled in the side of
the arm C, as shewn in Figure 14, or is otherwise suitably fastened
thereto. The projecting part of the pin is bent downward so as to
form in connection with the side of the arm C an eye through which
the thread is passed, and in order to allow the thread to be readily
inserted or drawn through the eye the end of the pin is bevelled off, as
shown in the Figure above referred to, and enters a shallow hole or
recess e, which is of somewhat larger size than the pin, so as to leave
an open space all round the end of the latter. The pin enters the
recess to such an extent that the lower portion of the bevelled surface
at the end of the pin will remain outside. By placing a thread on this
bevelled surface, and then pulling at both ends the thread will be
drawn up the bevelled surface over the end of the pin and into the open
space or eye g; the thread when once in cannot slip out by the same
path. A self-threading" eye is thus formed for the "pull-off," which
will hold the thread securely, and can be used to great advantage. The
other pin a, which is also attached to the needle arm, is driven firmly
into a hole formed in the side of the arm C, or is otherwise secured
thereto at a suitable distance from the pin b. The outer end of this..
pin is bent to form a look, as shown in Figure 15, to allow the thread
to be readily drawn into it. Between these two moveable pins is located
the stationary pin c which is driven firmly into or otherwise secured to
the side of the frame D. This pin is a simple straight pin, -the pro-
«

page_text: jecting end of which enters a slotf (somewhat wider than the diameter
of the pin) cut in the side of the needle arm at such an inclination
that the end of the pin in the slot will not interfere with the free
movement of the needle arm.
The object of this arrangement is to prevent the thread from slipping
over and dropping from the end of this pin.
The needle arm C oscillates upon a stud which is screwed into the
frame D. The movement of the arm is produced by means of a con-
necting rod and eccentric on the main shaft in the usual manner. In
Figure 2 the course that the thread takes is plainly shewn. In leaving
the spool it passes over the edge of the disc of the spool holder through
the self-threading eye formed by the pin b, as above explained, over the
stationary pin c, under and around the moveable pin a, back and around
the tension apparatus K, between its two clamping surfaces, and thence
to the "
take-up" through the eye h on the top of the frame.
In threading first raise the needle arm to the highest point of its
stroke, at which time the two moveable pins a, b, of the "pull-off” will
stand above the stationary pin c. Having drawn about eight inches of
thread from the spool take hold of the thread with both hands, leaving
about four inches between them; draw the thread thus held between
the under side of the two pins a, b, and the upper side of the stationary
pin c, after which the two hands may be raised and brought together
still drawing on the thread, the effect of which will be to cause one
portion of the thread to slip up over the bevelled end of the pin through
the recess e and into the eye g, and the other portion of the thread will
be drawn up over the pin a, thus threading the "pull-off." The end
of the thread is now carried around the spindle which carries the
clamping surfaces of the tension device, thence through the eye to the
'take-up," and thence to the needle.
66
The manner in which the spool holder "pull-off" and tension device
operate is as follows:-
The detachable spool holder is removed from the bracket C (Figure 1)
and a spool of thread is slipped upon the pin, over which it should pass
freely. The end of the pin is then replaced in the bracket. The thread
is drawn from the spool over the edge of the disc B (Figure 2) into the
"pull-off," passing under the moveable hook a over the intermediate
stationary pin c, and under the hook b, as herein-before explained,
.thence back and around the tension apparatus K, between its inter-

page_text: mittently clamping surfaces, thence through the thread eye or pin / to
the "take-up," and thence to the stitch forming mechanism. The path of
the thread is plainly indicated in Figure 2. The eccentric on the main
shaft should be revolved to its highest point, carrying up the connecting
rod, which by means of the tappet 6 lifts the spindle F (Figure 7) away
from the disc i, relieving it of its pressure and allowing the thread from
the pull-off to be drawn between the clamping surfaces of the tension
apparatus. When the needle arm to which the two moveable pins or
hooks of the "pull-off" are fastened begins to descend the clamping
surfaces of the tension apparatus close upon the thread and hold it
firmly, and as the needle arm continues to descend the thread is bent over
the stationary pin of the "pull-off" and drawn from the spool over the
edge of the disc by merely uncoiling, and without drawing or putting in
motion the spool except when the thread is underwound, in which case
the spool being free to move on the pin can be drawn around. During
the operation of sewing the thread is held firmly between the clamping
surfaces i and J of the tension apparatus (see Figures 6 and 7) until the
loop is almost or quite drawn up to the cloth, the operating "pull-off".
meanwhile drawing from the spool all the thread needed for the next
stitch, so that when the pressure is removed from the ring i the only
friction on the thread at the tension will be the ring weight e. The
head of the tappet is now brought by the eccentric D against the
woollen discj and end of the spindle F, and lifts the spindle head from
the ring, entirely relieving the thread from pressure at this point.
The stitch forming mechanism can now draw whatever thread is needed
for the purposes of the next stitch, but is prevented from drawing too
much on account of the gentle pressure on the thread produced by the
ring weight e. The noise which would be produced by the end of the
connecting rod C suddenly striking the spindle F, and the shoulder of
this same spindle being drawn suddenly against the metal ring i is
deadened by interposing the woollen washer V and disc j. The spindle F
requires no oil, being kept from contact with the metal tube a by the
stationary leather rings h and the moveable leather rings o.
The upper
end of the connecting rod C requires no oil because of the tappet b being
surrounded by the leather ring c¹ which works up and down in the
tube a.
Another portion of the Invention relates in part to the feeding
mechanism of sewing machines, and in particular to that known as the
four-motion feed," and its principal object is to get rid of the noise
5.

page_text: which usually accompanies the feed motions of sewing machines on
account of the several parts of the feed mechanism striking against
cach other at every throw or revolution of the driving eccentric. This
portion of the Invention further relates to certain means whereby the
operator is enabled readily and accurately to adjust the needle thread
and stitch in proper relation to each other, this latter part of the im-
provement being particularly adapted to sewing machines which are
provided with a self-adjusting tension apparatus operating upon the
principle hercin-before set forth.
In the accompanying Drawings Figures 16 to 25 inclusive represent
the manner in which this portion of the Invention may be carried into
effect.
Figure 16 is a perspective view of the improved feed mechanism and
the front of the sewing machine frame on which the same is supported,
this portion of the frame when in position in the machine being placed
in a vertical position; Figure 17 is a top view of the same. The remaining
Figures are views of detached parts both of the feeding mechanism and
cloth plate which will be herein-after referred to.
The feed bar B of ordinary or suitable construction fits and is adapted
to slide back and forth on the box H, which is mounted on the stud or
pin G so as to be capable of a slight rotatory motion thereon. Side and
end views of this box are shewn in Figure 25. The end of the stud fits
in a socket or hole in the front A of the frame of the machine, and is
there fastened by means of a set screw e passed up through the hole f,
as indicated more clearly in Figure 18, which represents a transverse
section through the frame A showing the stud G and the set screw e in
the hole f. The free end of the feed bar is in contact with the eccentric F
formed on or attached to the main driving shaft in the usual manner.
This eccentric by its direct contact with the bar B produces when it is
in revolution the up-and-down motions of the feed surface which is
fastened to the bar at i. Within a recess formed in the feed bar is the
spiral spring I (see Figure 19), one end of which presses against the
box H around the projection on the same, and the other against
the feed bar. The spring is maintained in a compressed state by the
link E hinged at one end to the feed bar, and at or near the other end
bearing against the rocker D, the upper end of which rests against the
eccentric. As the link is hinged to the feed bar at a point below its
axis G of vibration, the pressure of the spring I reacting through the

page_text: link and the rocker against which it bears tends to press down the feed
bar upon
the eccentric, and thus the spring feed bar at all times and
during all parts of its movement maintains a yielding pressure contact
with the eccentric. By employing for the purpose of maintaining this
constant contact of the feed bar with the eccentric, the link, and rocker
I am enabled through the medium of the latter instrumentalities to
impart the back and forth movement to the feed bar, the rocker being
vibrated back and forth by the eccentric with which it is in contact, and
thus imparting a corresponding sliding back and forth movement to the
feed bar through the medium of the link E. The link is hinged to the
feed bar by means of a spindle m with which it is provided (seen more
plainly in Figure 20) which slips freely into a hole formed in the feed
bar at P
below the axis of vibration of the bar.
In order to readily effect the proper adjustment of the feeding surface
in the cloth plate I form the device by means of which the link takes
its bearing upon the rocker D of an adjusting screw J which fits in a
socket formed on one side of the link and is provided with a taper
point h which rests against the rocker. By screwing this point more or
less towards the rocker the feed surface of the bar B will be correspond-
ingly lowered or raised, and may thus be readily adjusted to its proper
position in the cloth plate.
Figure 21 is a front elevation of the link representing the arrangement
of the groove or slot o herein-after referred to.
The rocker D oscillates on a stud L by which it is held to the frame A,
and its upper end or surface upon which the eccentric acts is bevelled,
or in other ways is inclined at such an angle with relation to the feed
bar and eccentric that the feeding surface will descend below the cloth
plate before its forward movement ceases, thus preventing the catching
or entangling of the feed prongs or teeth with the cloth or other material
This will be
with which they are intermittently brought into contact.
readily understood by reference to Figure 16, where it will be seen that
owing to the inclination of the surface of the rocker upon which the
eccentric acts the feed bar begins to descend and the feeding, surface
falls below the surface of the cloth plate before or by the time the most
eccentric portion of the cam F acts upon the inclined surface of the
rocker to advance the feed to its most forward position.
In order to vary the length of stitch at pleasure I combine with the
link E a stitch regulating cam C capable of being revolved partly

page_text: "
"
:
.
around the 'screw K by which it is held to the frame A. The cam is
kept in the position to which it is moved by the 'operator by means of
the spring washer a interposed between the cam and the head of the
Screw. The extent of movement of the cam is limited by the stop pin b
driven firmly into the front of the frame A (more 'clearly 'scen in
Figure 17) which enters a slot'c formed in the under side of the cam
(see Figure 22) and thus regulates and determines the extent to which
the cam may be rotated. The cam at the point where it is to be
'connected with the link is recessed on its under side, as shewn plainly
"in Figure 22 and is provided with a pin'd fitted with a leather bushing n
seen in enlarged "section Figure 23, a 'slot 'or 'groove 'o is formed in
the end of the link E for the reception 'of this pin, and 'the 'cam and
link are thus connected. It will be seen that by rotating the cam the
link E will be raised or lowered, and consequently its tapering bearing
point will be moved away from or towards the axis of the rocker,
thus increasing or lessening the back and forth movement of the feed
bar.
If the groove o 'were straight it would at times (when, for instance,
"the link was raised or lowered to the full extent) 'be inclined to the
path of movement of the feed, and consequently the point of 'the
bearing screw J would move up and down on the rocker during
the vibratory movement of the latter, thus not only causing the parts
to wear but rendering the stitch irregular, I therefore make the slot or
groove, as shewn in the Drawing, of such curvilinear form that whatever
part of it is, by the raising or lowering of the link, caused to have its
play around the pin d, shall be parallel or nearly so with the path of
movement of the feed or with the table or cloth plate through which
the feed operates.
If desired the cam'may be provided with the groove and the link with
the pin d, but I prefer the arrangement first described.
In order to enable the operator to easily regulate the length of stitch
a series of numbers from 14 to 30 is stamped on a portion of the edge
of the cam C indicating the number of stitches to the inch. One of
'these numbers at a time is seen through an oblong hole cut through
'the cloth plate M at i (Figure 24). Should the operator be desirous
of taking a certain number of stitches to the inch all that he need do
will be to turn the cam until the desired number is seen through the
hole i, and the machine will then be set for that number of stitches

page_text: per inch.
In the cloth plate around the hole i is stamped a shield
enclosing the words "stitches to an inch" arranged below the opening
through which the number on the cam is seen. By the side of this
shield is stamped another shield enclosing a table g indicating the
proper size of thread, or silk, and needle to be used in taking the
different number of stitches to the inch indicated on the cam. The
operator has thus ever before him a guide which cannot be lost or
mislaid, and which will always indicate the proper relation of needle,
thread, and stitch. For instance, the cam being turned so as to shew
the number 22, the operator looks in the table in the column
headed stitch "and finding the number 22 ascertains by reference to
the neighbouring column that number 70 thread or number () silk and
a number 2 needle should be used in taking this number of stitches
to the inch, and so with any other number.
I have described the best way of making this table a permanent part
of the sewing machine so that the same may be always in view of the
operator. But it is obvious that such a table may be permanently
attached to any part of the machine, or its supporting table without
departure from the spirit of this Invention.
The fifth part of this Invention relates to "four-motion feeds" so
called, and consists in certain improvements in the construction of the
feed plate and the parts of the cloth plate contiguous thereto, and with
both of which the cloth is brought in contact under the pressure of the
pad.
The object of this part of the Invention is to overcome several defects
which have hitherto existed in all " four-motion feeds," one of which is
the impossibility of feeding over seams of any considerable thickness
without assistance from the hands of the operator. When the seam is
drawn by the feed surface in its forward movement against the inclined
surface of the toe of the presser foot and the feed surface, then drops
away from the scam below the top of the cloth plate, the pressure of the
inclined surface of the toc of the foot forces the scam and goods back
again into the position they started from, meanwhile the stitch forming
mechanism continues to work until the thread is snarled up beneath the
cloth.
1
Another defect arises from the bottom of the presser foot not being
sufficiently covered by the teeth of the feed surface so as to enable
the feed to take hold and carry the goods regularly along whatever the

page_text: inequalities may be. This defect is shewn very plainly when one fell
crosses another, in which case a bunch or ridge of cloth is formed
extending only half way across the width of the foot and feed surface,
When this bunch is forced underneath the bottom of the foot and
between it and the feed surface, although the goods may entirely cover
the bottom of the foot, the foot is elevated so much from the cloth plate
that unless it is sufficiently covered by the teeth of the feed surface
the goods will not be fed along, but will remain stationary while the
stitch forming mechanism continues to work, and the thread is finally
snarled up.
Another defect arises from inequalities or scams being forced by
the pressure of the foot into the square or oblong hole, which in
ordinary machines is found immediately behind the needle hole and
sometimes in front of it, through which the feed surface operates. In
this case the seam is liable to rest in a measure in the teeth of the
surface during the whole of its motion, and partake of its backward as
well as forward motion, in this way making very slow progress and short
stitches and imparting a tendency to the goods to gather up underneath
the foot.
In order that the seam may be fed regularly it should not be permitted
to drop below the level of the cloth plate.
The manner in which this portion of the improvements is or may be.
carried into effect is represented in the Drawings, Figures 26 to 34
inclusive.
Figure 26 is a perspective view of the lower part of the presser foot
or pad, and a portion of the cloth plate'; Figure 27 is a longitudinal
vertical section through the foot, cloth plate, and feed; Figures 28 and
29 arc top views of the cloth plate with and without the feeding
surfaces; Figure 30 is an end view of the feed; Figures 31 and 32 arc
views of the feed taken from opposite sides; Figure 33 is a bottom view
of the feed; Figure 34 is a top view of the same.
The portion of the cloth plate in which the feed surface opening or
aperture is formed is represented at A; B is the presser foot or pad with
its inclined or bevelled toe a constructed in the usual manner. The fccd
surface aperture consists of the four slots c, c, c, c, the front portion of
the centre slot in rear of the needle serving also as a needle hole, as
indicated at f. By thus forming the feed surface apertures two strips or
cross bars d are left in the cloth plate in front of the needle, which

page_text: support the cloth and prevent any bunches or inequalitics in it from
being pressed below the cloth plate and resting on the feed surface after
the teeth have dropped below the level of the plate. On these two cross
bars which lie under the presser foot are cut teeth like those on the feed
surface which are imbedded in the cloth by the pressure of the foot
when the feed surface drops below the cloth plate, and thus prevent the
seam from slipping backward away from the presser foot when the feed
releases its hold.
In Figure 28 the feed surface or plate is represented in the slots c..
This feed surface is clearly shewn in Figures 30, 31, 32, 33, and 34. It
is divided into four isolated surfaces, each adapted to fill or nearly fill.
one of the slots c, the slots being of such dimensions as to permit the
proper longitudinal movement of the surfaces, the centre slot in rear of
the needle being also elongated, so that its front part may form the
needle hole, as above explained.
It will be seen that the cross bars d, d, of the cloth plate support the
cloth and prevent it from resting on the feed surface after the teeth
have dropped below the level of the plate. The presser pad is made a
little narrower than the feed surface and the three lines of teeth of the
feed are so near each other that no seam or bunch of goods can be fed
under the pad into such a position that the teeth will not take hold of
it and feed it regularly.
In Figure 27 the scam e. is represented as brought by the feed against
the inclined toc of the foot B at a. Heretofore in all "four-motion
"
feeds when the feed dropped away from the goods below the surface of
the cloth plate the pressure of the inclined toe a tended to force the
seam from under the foot, and no progress could be made.
In this improved feed when the feed surface drops away below the
plate the pressure of the toe of the pad tends to imbed the seam or.
irregularity into the teeth of the cloth plate, which teeth are purposely
made quite rank. By this operation the seam is left where the feed
surface carried it, and the cloth is fed along regularly under the foot
without assistance from the operator. The advantages of such a feed
are apparent. The stitches are of uniform length. The work is not
marred by the needle passing down several times into the same hole.
leaving a succession of loose loops hanging beneath the goods, and
the thread is not broken and tangled on account of the feed not
operating.

page_text: Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of the
said Invention, and the manner in which the same is or may be used
or carried into effect, I would observe in conclusion that what I consider
to be novel and original, and therefore claim as the Invention secured
to me by the herein-before in part recited Letters Patent is,-
First. A spool pin or spindle so arranged that its axis shall be in line
with or inclined towards the thread receiving cyc, as described in
combination with a disc or other device for holding the spool thereon,
substantially as and for the purposes set forth.
Secondly. The inclined spool pin arranged as specified in the pre-
ceding clause in combination with a bracket or other suitable holder
in which the pin is held at one end, substantially in the manner
described, so that it may be removed from and replaced in the said
holder at pleasure.
Thirdly. The spool pin bracket or holder having the end which
receives the pin split, substantially as described, so as to form two spring
jaws between which the end of the pin may be inserted and hold, as
shewn and set forth.
Fourthly. The combination with the spool pin so arranged that its
axis shall be in line with or inclined towards the thread receiving eye as
specified of a spool holding plate or disc provided with an annular flange
arranged substantially as described to overhang that end of the spool
which is in contact with or nearest the disc, and thereby prevent the
thread from winding upon the spool pin.
Fifthly. The combination in a tension device for sewing machines of
ȧ thread rest consisting of a support upon which the thread in its
passage to the needle is held by a smooth surface ring or its equivalent
resting upon the thread by mere gravity so as to exercise a gentle but
continuous pressure thereon, substantially as shewn and described; also
of a thread clamping device consisting of a stationary support for the
thread and a movable clamping surface actuated by a spring to
compress or firmly hold the thread, substantially as shewn and
described; also of a thread-relieving device consisting of an eccentric
operating the moveable clamping surface at proper intervals to release
its pressure on the thread, the whole being combined together and
caused to operate substantially as shewn and described.
Sixthly. The combination with the thread holding rest and the support
thereof of a washer of wool or equivalent material interposed between

page_text: he two, substantially as shewn and described for the purpose of pre-
renting any jars from being communicated to the thread holding
surfaces, and thereby causing the thread to escape from between
them.
Seventhly. The combination with the spindle F and its supporting
tube a, of washers or rings of leather or other suitable material,
interposed between the two so as to keep the said parts out of contact
and form the bearings for the spindle, substantially as and for the
purpose shewn and described, whereby the use of oil is avoided, and
therefore access to the interior of the tension apparatus is rendered
unnecessary.
Eighthly. The application and use of a complete tension device,
organised substantially as shewn and described, so that all its parts,
excepting such as connect it with the eccentric of the sewing machine
shall be enclosed ready to be fitted in a case which is attached to or
forms part of the frame of the machine.
Ninthly. The combination with the spindle F, and the thread clamping
surface and connecting rod with which the said spindle is alternately
in contact of the sound deadening washers V and j, interposed between
the spindle and the said parts, substantially as shown and described.
Tenthly. The combination with the tension device and the connecting
rod of a tappet for raising the tension spindle F, made adjustable in tho
said rod, substantially as shown and described, so that its action on
the spindle may be properly timed in relation to the action of the needle
and "take-up."
Eleventhly. The application of a leather or equivalent washer to the
upper part of the tappet which actuates the tension spindle F when
moving in the tension tube a, substantially as shown and described, the
said washer fitting in a tubular bearing so as to move to and from the
tension spindle as herein set forth.
Twelfthly. The herein described double-acting "pull off" for sewing
machines, the same consisting of three pins or eyes of suitable con-
struction, the intermediate pin or eye being attached to the frame
or stationary part of the machine, whilst the two outer pins or cycs
5 are attached to the needle arm or other part moving in unison therewith,
substantially as and for the purposes shewn and set forth.

page_text: Thirteenthly. The peculiar self threading eye of the "pull off,” con-
structed and operating substantially as shewn and set forth.
Fourteenthly. The arrangement on the needle arm of the self-threading
eye and the bent pin or hook, through and over which the thread passes
in combination with a transverse pin on the frame traversing the path
of the thread, substantially as shewn and set forth.
Fifteenthly. The slotting of the needle arm in order to receive the end
of the transverse or intermediate pin of the "pull-off," substantially as
and for the purposes set forth.
Sixteenthly. The arranging of the three pins or eyes of the peculiar
"pull-off" herein described upon the interior contiguous sides of the
frame and the needle arm respectively, substantially in the manner and
for the purpose herein shown and set forth.
Seventeenthly. The application and use of a spring feed bar, so
constructed and combined with a single eccentric, as that a yielding
pressure contact with the said eccentric during both the up and down
and back and forth movements of the feed bar shall be maintained,
substantially as shewn and described.
Eighteenthly. The combination with an eccentric, imparting to the
spring feed bar by direct contact with it the up-and-down motion of a
the feed, and with a stitch cam regulating the length of stitches of a
link connected with the feed bar at a point below its axis of vibration,
and bearing with yielding pressure on a rocker operated by the said
eccentric so as to impart the back and forth motion of the feed, sub-
stantially as shown and described, whereby the feed is rendered 2
noiseless at all adjustments of the stitch cam, whether the parts be worn
or not.
Nineteenthly. The forming a bevil upon that portion of the rocker
which is in contact with the actuating eccentric of a "four-motion feed"
mechanism as shown and described, or equivalently inclining that 3
portion so that the feeding surface may continue its forward movement
until after it shall have receded below the table out of contact with
the cloth.
Twentiethly. The adjustable bearing of the link on the rocker for the
proper and ready adjustment of the feeding surface in the cloth plate, 35

page_text: Twenty-firstly. The method of regulating the back and forth move-
ments of the feeding bar by means of a stitch regulating cam, so
combined with the link and rocker as to cause the link to bear on the
rocker at the proper distance from the centre of oscillation of the latter,
as shewn and set forth.
Twenty-secondly. The combination of the rocker with the link jointed
at one end to the feed bar and grooved or slotted at the other end to
engage with the pin on the stitch regulating cam, substantially as shewn
and described.
Twenty-thirdly. The application and use to and in the device herein
described for regulating the back and forth movements of the feed bar
by means of a link rocker and cam of the groove or slot in the link
of such curvilinear form that the portion of the said groove or slot
which has its play around the pin in the cam shall be parallel with the
table, or nearly so, in all positions of the cam.
Twenty-fourthly. The application and use of the peculiar stitch
regulating cam, bearing on its concentric peripheral portion numbers
indicating the stitches to an inch, and arranged as to said portion
tangentially to the surface of the cloth plate, so that the number which
is upon the tangential portion of the cam may show through a slot
formod for that purpose in the cloth plate, as herein-before described
and illustrated by the Drawings.
Twenty-fifthly. The application and use of the recessed stitch regu-
lating cam when constructed and combined with the cloth plate as
claimed in the clause immediately preceding in combination with a
stop pin on the frame in order to limit the play or movement of the
cam within the compass of the series of numbers on the edge of the said
cam, substantially as shewn and set forth.
Twenty-sixthly. The combination with a stitch regulating cam
indicating through the cloth plate the number of stitches to an inch
of a table, permanently attached to or formed on the sewing machine,
indicating the number of thread or silk and needle corresponding with
the number of stitches to the inch shewn by the stitch regulating cam,
substantially as herein set forth.
Twenty-seventhly. The application and use of the box H surrounding
the pin on which the feed bar vibrates, serving as a bearing for the
spring and the feed bar, substantially as herein shown and described.

page_text: "
Twenty-eighthly. The combination with a four-motion feed" proper,
and a smooth presser foot or pad of a cloth plate, having that part of
its surface which lies under the presser foot and between the feed
surfaces, serrated substantially as shown and described so that the cloth
may be prevented from receding from under the bevilled end of the pad
when the feed releases its hold thereon as set forth.
Twenty-ninthly. The combination with the needle and presser foot
of an elongated needle hole in the cloth plate, and a divided "four-
motion feed" surface, one of the divisions or sections of which has its
play within the said clongated hole, as shewn and set forth in order
to increase the holding surface of the feed in rear of the needle.
Thirtiethly. The application and use of a feeding surface of a "four-
motion feed," so divided as to afford an isolated feeding surface on each
side of and also in the rear and front of the needle, substantially as and
for the purposes shown and set forth.
In witness whereof, I, the said James Willcox, have to this my
Specification set my hand and seal,. this Twenty-seventh day
of December One thousand eight hundred and seventy-one.
JAS. WILLCOX. (L.S.)