matthewleechen/300YearsOfBritishPatents huggingface dataset:
IMPROVEMENTS IN PUNCHING MACHINES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Howarth Stansfield at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 1st June
1861.
I, HOWARTH STANSFIELD, of 41, Back Drake Street, Rochdale, in the
County of Lancaster, Mechanical Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of
the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN PUNCHING MACHINES," to be as
follows:-
This Invention relates to that class of machines in which the material that
is being punched is pushed under or pulled from under the punch by means
of self-acting apparatus, and consists, first, hitherto it has been customary to
use a cam or eccentric to lift the punch and a spring to force it down, or else
a spring to lift the punch and a cam or eccentric to force it down; but my
Invention consists in using cranks, studs, cams, or eccentrics to both lift up
the punch and pull it down again; by this means the springs are dispensed
with, and the machine takes less power to turn it.
Secondly, in using a star wheel to give an intermittant motion to the rollers
which pull the material that is being punched from under the punch; by this
means no catch or break will be required to hold the rollers stationary while
the punch is punching.
Thirdly, in using a roller and plate or rollers, between which the material
that is being punched is pulled; by this means it is kept stretched while being
punched.

page_text: Fourthly, in using a fly wheel, which will cause the machine to run steadier
and easier.
Fifthly, in causing the machine to roll up the material after it is punched;
one way of effecting this is to cause a roller on which the material is wound
to lie against one of the rollers that pulls the material from under the punch;
by this means the roller will roll up the material at the same speed it is
delivered by the machine. The above improvements apply to machines turned
either by "hand or power."
AN IMPROVEMENT IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SUGAR
Year: 1861

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Schwartz, of Osborn Street, Whitechapel, in
the County of Middlesex, Sugar Refiner, for the Invention of "AN
IMPROVEMENT IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SUGAR."
Sealed the 3rd December 1861, and dated the 9th October 1861.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Schwartz at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 9th October 1861.
I, JOHN SCHWARTZ, of Osborn Street, Whitechapel, in the County of
Middlesex, Sugar Refiner, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "AN IMPROVEMENT IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SUGAR," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to a novel mode of obtaining sugar from molasses.
According to the ordinary method of proceeding the molasses are boiled until
crystallisation takes place; the crystals are then allowed to drain in a heated
atmosphere, and the substance known as bastard sugar, which fetches a very
low price in the market is the result. I have, however, found that by changing
the process sugar of good quality may be profitably obtained. To attain this
result I place the molasses in a tank fitted with a perforated coil of steam pipe,
and add thereto water and blood. By means of steam circulating in the coil
and discharging into the vessel, I raise the saccharine solution to and maintain
it for a time at the boiling point. I next run it through bag filters of fine

page_text: texture into cylinders filled with animal charcoal. The solution having passed
slowly through animal charcoal is now in a refined state, and either colorless
and transparent, or of a light straw color. It is next boiled in the vacuum
pan until a maximum amount of granulation is obtained. The contents of the
vacuum pan are then discharged into a heater (an open pan heated by a steam
jacket), where an even temperature is maintained while the operation of filling
into moulds is going on. The moulds, after standing to cool, are raised into
heated floors, where in due course the treacle separates from the granulated
sugar, and runs from the mould into suitable vessels.
If it be desired to produce a lighter sort of sugar than is obtainable from
the process as described, the goods must be liquored, that is, the surface of
the moulds is loosened, and the first runnings of the charcoal cylinders (the
lightest in color) are poured on the surface and run through the contents of
the moulds, thus washing or bleaching the crystals.
For producing lump sugar (white sugar or nearly so) it is desirable to use
refined raw or bastard sugar in solution after passing the same through animal
charcoal. The process of liquoring must be repeated several times.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF ROADWAYS AND TRAMWAYS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Thomas Scott at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 5th March
1861.
I, THOMAS SCOTT, of Newcastle, County Down, Ireland, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF
ROADWAYS AND TRAMWAYS," to be as follows:-
Instead of paving or pitching, or other present methods of constructing
roadways, I employ trays or flat open boxes of cast iron or other materials, of
a square or any other form consisting of a flat or arched bottom and vertical
sides, which trays or boxes are packed full of rough or dressed flat pieces of
stone placed on edge, the top and bottom surfaces being made parallel, so as
to have a good bearing on the bottom of the trays, and to present generally a
level surface on the top. These stones so packed in the trays or boxes may
be set or imbedded in sand, gravel, or other substances, or grouted with
cement or mortar so as to form one solid block, or they may be simply wedged
in tight; such trays or boxes so filled with stones I place close together, side
by side, on the prepared foundation of the roadway, with the stone surface
uppermost, so that when the whole is filled in with them it shall present
generally a level surface, the irregular interstices between the stones affording
a better hold for the horses feet than the present methods of forming the
roadways do; I also propose to employ these trays or boxes so filled with
stones either to form tramways of themselves or the roadway for any form of
tramway.
IMPROVEMENTS IN WATER, STEAM, AND MERCURY GAUGES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Collins at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 15th March
1861.
I, WILLIAM COLLINS, of Sandon Street, Salford, in the County of Lancaster,
Engineer and Brass Founder, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN WATER, STEAM, AND MERCURY GAUGES," to be as
follows:-
The object of this Invention is to prevent accidents when the glass or other
tube containing water, steam, or mercury, breaks.
In applying my Invention to the ordinary water gauge of a steam boiler, I
apply a valve above and below the glass tube, and each valve has a button or
flange rather less in dimension than the opening of the valve seating into which
it enters, the spindle of each valve is limited in its action by shoulders. When
the gauge is at work, and the glass is whole, the steam and water hold the
valves open to admit steam and water to the tube, but the moment the glass
breaks, either by accident or otherwise, the steam and water acting on the
buttons or flanges above referred to, close the valves and prevent the escape
of the steam and water, thereby preventing the accidents that usually occur
by the blowing off of the steam and water. The action is the same when the
Invention is applied to a mercury gauge.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE. OF PORTLAND CEMENT
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by James Lark at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 14th January
1861.
I, JAMES LARK, of Canal House, Strood, in the County of Kent, do hereby
declare the nature of the Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE.
OF PORTLAND CEMENT," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in the manufacture of
Portland cement. Heretofore, in the manufacture of Portland cement, it has
been usual after grinding the materials together and allowing the water to
run off, to spread the semifluid matter on to a bed or surface of a drying stove
constructed of tiles, and to dry the same by the direct action of fire applied to
the under surfaces of such tiles. By these means of drying not only is the
heat applied very irregularly to different parts of the materials, which tends to
render the cement unequal in its character, but at the same time the cost of
thus applying heat is very considerable. Now, I have discovered that heat
can be more advantageously and cheaply applied by the employment of steam.
For this purpose I use a bed or surface of a drying stove constructed of
wrought iron pipes laid side by side, and communicating at the ends, and over
these I place a cover of sheet iron, on to which the ground semifluid matters
(chalk and marl) to be dried are placed; or the semifluid matters may be
placed on the pipes without the intervention of the sheet iron. The pipes are

page_text: connected with a suitable steam boiler, so as to cause a constant flow of steam
through them, by which means not only will the materials all over the
surface be subjected to a more uniform heat, but the drying will be more
quickly and otherwise more advantageously performed.
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR VENTILATING FORGES AND OTHER OVERHEATED WORKSHOPS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Aaron Smith at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 20th April
1861.
I, AARON SMITH, of Daisy Bank, in the Parish of Sedgley, and County of
Stafford, Puddler, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR VENTILATING FORGES AND OTHER OVERHEATED
WORKSHOPS," (to be as follows, that is to say):-
My Invention consists of a metal tube carried up through the roof of a
forge or other building requiring ventilation, which metal tube turns at right
angles at the top and terminates in a trumpet mouth. The tube is kept in
position by stay rods; these are attached to the tube by a loose collar, which
must not interfere with the rotating action of the tube. This rotating action
is obtained or worked by a bevil wheel surrounding the tube horizontally
inside or under the roof of the forge, with a spur wheel and winch to drive the
same, consequently by turning the tube so that the trumpet mouth always
faces the wind, a supply of fresh air is thrown into the forge.
CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS TO BE EMPLOYED IN PREPARING COTTON AND OTHER FIBROUS MATERIALS FOR SPINNING, CALLED ROVING FRAMES' AND 'SLUBBING FRAMES.
Year: 1861

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Benjamin Brown, of Bury, in the County of Lan-
caster, Mechanic, and Richard Hacking, of the same Place, Machine
Maker, for the Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR
APPARATUS TO BE EMPLOYED IN PREPARING COTTON AND OTHER FIBROUS
MATERIALS FOR SPINNING, CALLED ROVING FRAMES' AND 'SLUBBING
FRAMES.'
Sealed the 16th October 1861, and dated the 18th April 1861.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Benjamin Brown and
Richard Hacking at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with
their Petition, on the 18th April 1861.
We, BENJAMIN BROWN, of Bury, in the County of Lancaster, Mechanic, and
RICHARD HACKING, of the same Place, Machine Maker, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR AP-
PARATUS TO BE EMPLOYED IN PREPARING COTTON AND OTHER FIBROUS MATERIALS
FOR SPINNING, CALLED 'ROVING FRAMES' AND 'SLUBBING FRAMES," to be as
follows:-
Our improvements relate, first, to that portion of roving frames and slubbing
frames called the spindle, and consist in the employment of a bush or collar
through which the spindle passes, having two conically formed bearings sup-

page_text: ported in rails, and in driving the said collar positively instead of by frictional
contact, as at present.
A second part of the Invention relates to an arrangement of apparatus for
preventing one sliver from passing singly when the other breaks, instead of
both being delivered equally. This part of the Invention consists in the use
of two bell-crank levers, which, so long as the slivers remain entire, are
retained in their proper position by the slivers, but when one sliver breaks one
lever falls, and coming into contact with a sliding rod causes the other lever to
break the remaining sliver, and so prevent the delivery of single slivers.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN SIGHTS POR RIPLES AND OTHER FIRE-ARMS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by George Fry at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 16th September
1861.
I, GEORGE FRY, of Great Portland Street, in the County of Middlesex,
5 Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN SIGHTS POR RIPLES AND OTHER FIRE-ARMS," to be as follows:-
To give and mark the elevation required for portable fire-arms and artillery.
IMPROVEMENTS IN BACKING OR COVERING THE BACKS OR FOUNDATIONS OF RAISED. AND CUT PILE FABRICS
Year: 1861

page_text: : LETTERS PATENT to Charles Lee and Thomas Kemp Mace, of
Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, Hatters, for the Invention
of "IMPROVEMENTS IN BACKING OR COVERING THE BACKS OR FOUNDATIONS OF
RAISED. AND CUT PILE FABRICS."
Sealed the 24th January 1862, and dated the 9th August 1861.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Charles Lee and Thomas
Kemp Mace at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their
Petition, on the 9th August 1861.
We, CHARLES LEE and THOMAS KEMP MACE, of Birmingham, in the
County of Warwick, Hatters, do hereby declare the nature of the said Inven-
tion for " AN IMPROVEMENT OR IMPROVEMENTS IN BACKING OR COVERING THE BACKS
OR FOUNDATIONS OF RAISED AND CUT PILE FABRICS," to be as follows, that is
to say:-
Our Invention consists in enamelling or japanning the backs of raised pile
or cut pile fabrics, such, for instance, as plush, velvet, coach lace, or carpets;
these materials thus coated have the resemblance and waterproof nature of
leather on the one side, whilst retaining their natural appearance on the.
other.
IMPROVEMENTS IN ROTATORY STEAM BOILERS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Doctor Filippo Grimaldi at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 27th
June 1861.
I, Doctor FILIPPO GRIMALDI, of Teramo, in the Kingdom of Italy, but
now residing at 60, Trinity Square, Borough, S.E., in London, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN ROTATORY
STEAM BOILERS," to be as follows:-
My improvements in rotatory steam boilers relate to my Invention on "the
Improvements in the Instantaneous Generation of Steam," for which a Patent
was granted to me, dated 9th August 1860, No. 1927, and these improve-
ments consist,-
1st, of tubes to be added to the rotatory boiler described in the above
Patent, so as to greatly extend its heating surface; then the boiler is not
entirely enclosed in the furnace, but one of its ends is there, and the other in
the smoke chamber; the products of combustion pass from the former to the
latter through the tubes of the boiler. This can be made of only one cylinder
fitted, with the above said tubes, or of two cylinders, the one provided with
tubes and the other without, and connected together by a central neck and
several tubes at their circumference, so that water and steam can freely
pass from one cylinder to the other; in this case the steam pipe and the two
pipes of the water gauge communicate with the last cylinder.
2ly, of making hollow both the trunnions, by which the boiler is supported
on the bearings, so that the feeding pipe finds its way into the boiler through

page_text: one of the trunnions, and the steam pipe and the two pipes of the water gauge
through the other.
3dly, of bending up the steam pipe within the boiler, so as to take the
steam near the top of the same.
4ly, of substituting partially or totally a double casing to the brickwork, or
enclosing one or more rotatory steam boilers within an ordinary boiler.
5ly, of fitting the safety valves and steam gauge directly on the steam pipe
near the boiler, when a steam chest is not made use of.
6ly, of making the trunnions revolving not directly through the bearings,
but revolving on pinions fitted in the inner surface of the bearings, in the
case of the trunnions being of a large diameter; in this way the friction is
greatly diminished.
AN IMPROVED MACHINE FOR MIXING, MINCING, AND POUNDING
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by James Turner at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 5th October.
1861.
I, JAMES TURNER, of Upper Thames Street, in the City of London; Baker,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED MACHINE
FOR MIXING, MINCING, AND POUNDING," to be as follows:-
A mixing receptacle to contain the articles to be operated upon is supported
on a central pivot, and is free to revolve thereon.. Motion is communicated
by a handle placed on a horizontal shaft carrying an endless screw gearing into
a circular rack on the outside of the said receptacle. Pulleys are keyed on
each end of the said horizontal shaft, and convey the motion- by means of
bands to fly wheels placed on each side of the machine. Connecting rods
attached to each of the fly wheels communicate motion to a crosshead
working over the said receptacle. To the said crosshead is attached the
mixing or other instrument required for use in the different purposes to which
the machine is applied. For mixing purposes a pair of whisks are used, the
prongs of which pass between each other as the whisks revolve within the said:
receptacle. For mincing purposes knives are used in place of the said whisks,
and a cap containing a block of wood, with a metal rim, is inserted on the top
of the said mixing receptacle. For pounding purposes a pestle is attached to
the said crosshead, and the article to be reduced is placed in a shallow vessel
inserted in the top of the mixing receptacle; the said vessel has a wire gauze

page_text: bottom acting as a sieve, but the central part subjected to the action of the
pestle is made solid. The mixing receptacle is embraced by a tilting frame,
by means of which it may be tilted for the removal of the mixture. The
machine can be fixed to a bench or dresser by means of a clamp.
IMPROVEMENTS IN STOPPING OR CLOSING BOTTLES, VASES, CANS, AND SIMILAR ARTICLES, WHETHER OF GLASS, METAL, OR OTHER MATERIAL
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Octave Saulay at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 13th March
1861.
I, OCTAVE SAULAY, of Bordeaux, in the Department of the Gironde, in the
Empire of France, Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN STOPPING OR CLOSING BOTTLES, VASES, CANS, AND
SIMILAR ARTICLES, WHETHER OF GLASS, METAL, OR OTHER MATERIAL," to be as
follows:-
Within the top of the neck of a bottle or flask I form a groove, upon which
when the bottle is to be stopped or closed I place a washer of skin, caoutchouc,
or other suitable material, upon this rests the border of a metal or glass cover,
and over the cover I place a pressure bar, which drops into a hollow in the
centre of the said cover or stopper. This pressure bar (of glass or metal)
forms hooks at its extremities, which enter two notches in the thinnest part of
the neck of the bottle. When the bar is turned it presses upon the strongest
part of the bottle until it drops into the groove or cavity in the cover, and
completes the stopping. For tin boxes the pressure bar (which is the principal
part of my Invention) is the same, acting similarly as for bottles or flasks.
Another improvement consists in strengthening the neck of a bottle or vase,
and forming two lugs thereupon, and closing it as follows:-I first place an
india-rubber or other washer across the top, then a cover of glass or metal, its
border resting on the washer, a helicoidal spring (or a spring bar or other
spring may be used) upon that, and a cap with vertical and helicoidal groove

page_text: (into which enter the lugs on the neck) over all, and upon turning this cap a
constant pressure will be exercised upon the stopping closing the bottle. Or
the top of the neck may have an exterior or an interior cone, into which the
cover will take, and be fixed with wax, or in preference, plaster, and with or
without the pressure bar, or a double pressure stopping may be obtained,
using the interior or exterior cone and cover, and a washer cover and bar
above.
CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR MOWING AND REAPING
Year: 1861

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Joseph Statham, of Salford, in the County of Lan-
caster, Blacksmith, and William Statham, of Openshaw, in the County of
Lancaster, Engineer, for the Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN
MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR MOWING AND REAPING."
Sealed the 14th March 1862, and dated the 17th September 1861.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Joseph Statham and.
William Statham, at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with
their Petition, on the 17th September 1861.
We, JOSEPH STATHAM, of Salford, in the County of Lancaster, Blacksmith,
and WILLIAM STATHAM, of Openshaw, in the County of Lancaster, Engineer,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS
IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR MOWING AND REAPING," to be as follows:-
Our Invention relates to machinery for cutting, mowing, or reaping grass,
corn, and certain other agricultural produce, and the improvements consist,
first, in a novel form and description of framing of the machine, which is made
of "angle iron," for the purpose of durability and lightness, instead of wood,
as hitherto used in machinery employed for these purposes.
The second part of the Invention relates to the cutters, which are secured
beneath a horizontal bar which have a traversing or reciprocating action given

page_text: to them by suitable gearing from the driving wheels, and which may be thrown
in and out of gear by "catch boxes" and levers. The knives or cutters
traverse across spaces divided by vertical fingers or blades, and are secured
beneath a horizontal bar, so that the whole flat blade of the cutter has bearings
upon tho plato or bed beneath, which makes its action more steady than when
the knife is fixed above the bar, as at present. We also use fingers or blades
dividing the spaces much bigher than usual, by which means the grass or corn
is bettor cut.
A third part of our Invention consists in two bent metallic bars or sledge-
like shoes, to which the bar of the cutters is attached, and which is supported
at a certain point above the axle instead of upon the axle, as usual, by which
means it is kept in more perfect contact with the ground, and is capable of
rising and falling with the inequalities of its surface more readily. This sledge
or shoe may be adjusted, and with it the cutting apparatus, to any required
height from the ground by extra pieces, secured under it, or by means of a
scrow.
Fourthly, the improvement consists in the novel use of a blast of air produced
by a fan, and conducted by an air tube, the fan being worked from the driving
gearing, the tubo to be in advance of the cutters to bring any grass or corn
not standing upright into a position to be cut. We also employ a single
bearing wheel or runner in the front of the machine.
AN IMPROVED MODE OR METHOD OF REEFING FORE AND AFT SAILS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by George William Watson at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
28th October 1861.
I, GEORGE WILLIAM WATSON, of Surrey Docks, Rotherhithe, Surrey, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED MODE OR
METHOD OF REEFING FORE AND AFT SAILS," to be as follows:-
This Invention consists of an easy and expeditious mode of reducing the size
of the sail to any extent required without risk of life by sending men to the
boom end, as is now frequently the case, the saving of rope and wear and tear
of sail, with the advantage of the said sail always (to use a nautical term)
setting as flat as a board, whether reefed or not. The sail must be of the
ordinary kind, the only difference being that it is made to turn round a boom
placed on the top of the ordinary boom, and turned by means of a wheel
fixed to the boom, which wheel will by no means interfere with the arrange-
ment of any of the running gear, and can be used at any time, one or two men
being sufficient for the purpose of reefing, according to the strength of the
wind and size of sail, and can be brought from a whole sail to a balance reef
in the short space of five minutes under any circumstances, with the advantage
of the sail when reefed still continuing nearly at the boom end, as in the old
mode of reefing.
This mode of reefing is accomplished without the aid of reef earings or reef

page_text: points, and does not require brails or any other gear, which are in all cases a
great injury to the sail.
In case of its being necessary to wear ship, the peak can be dropped or the
sail lowered down as usual.
The said Invention is perfectly applicable to vessels of all descriptions, and
can be used with brail and outhaul in the usual way.
AN IMPROVED WEIGHING MACHINE
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Edward Gedge at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 27th
July 1861. A communication from abroad by Charles Thuau, of No. 15,
Passage des Petites Ecuries, Paris, Doctor of Medicine.
I, WILLIAM EDWARD GEDGE, of the Firm of John Gedge and Son, of No. 11,
Wellington Street, Strand, in the County of Middlesex, Patent Agent, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED WEIGHING
MACHINE," (communicated to me from abroad by Charles Thuau, of No. 15,
Passage des Petites Ecuries, Paris, Doctor of Medicine,) to be as follows:-
This Invention consists in the application of the poise of the physical bodies
known as the extension of fluids, in the following manner :-The balance
blade rests upon a bearing fixed on the upper part of a small rod, the centre
of action of which is plumb with a cylindrical plate. This rod and plate may
very well be compared with the piston of a small steam engine. Moved by
the oscillation of the beam, this plate will enter a well of larger diameter
than itself. At the side of this well is a glass tube, somewhat similar to that
of a barometer. The tube is in communication at its upper extremity with the
atmospheric air. The vacuum which exists between the external circum-
ference of the piston and the internal circumference of the well is closed
with a very supple and impermeable web or material, such as bladder,
sheets of foil, silver, or other. But if a piston could be so adjusted as
to work in a friction cylinder at so feeble a pressure as not to exercise
any susceptible counterpoise it would give more solidity to the machine,

page_text: inasmuch as it would no more be subject to the wear of the impermeable
web above mentioned. The well or bowl being first filled with a liquid
(water, spirits of wine, mercury, or other), the piston moved by the beam
presses upon the column of liquid within the well, which finding no other
escape enters the perpendicular tube, and rises higher as weight is placed
on, and descends lower as weight is removed or withdrawn from the machine.
A graduated scale is fixed along this tube, indicating the height of the column,
and giving the weight of the object submitted to the action of the weighing
machine.
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR SAWING WOOD AND OTHER SUBSTANCES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Vincent Tankowski at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 12th
August 1861.
I, VINCENT IANKOWSKI, of Princes Street, Fitzroy Square, in the County
of Middlesex, Designer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR SAWING WOOD AND OTHER SUBSTANCES,"
to be as follows:-
The object of the improvements is to facilitate the sawing of wood and other
substances, particularly in very fine, irregular, or ornamental forms. For this
purpose one end of the saw is fixed in a holder passing through a guide, connected
to a spring, which I prefer to be of vulcanized india-rubber. The saw thence
passes through a suitable hole in a table adapted to support the material to be cut,
and it is then at its other end retained in another holder passing through another
guide, and connected by a link to a crank pin having a pulley upon its axis with
band, operated by another pulley, by preference, of larger diameter, upon the
axis of which is placed another pulley still larger, and this pulley is caused to
revolve by a band from another larger pulley, the axis of which is formed with
a crank operated by a treddle; by these means a high velocity is attained.
The holders to the saw or parts connected therewith are with their guides of
form corresponding to each other, such that whilst the saw may have free to
and fro motion, the cutting edge thereof is retained in the proper direction.
There is also a guide for the blade of the saw at the point of cut. Adjustable
guides are provided for straight and some other forms to guide the matter to
be cut correctly to and past the saw.
IMPROVEMENTS IN DRUMS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by James Waddell at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 20th April 1861.
I, JAMES WADDELL, of 6, Hill Street, Knightsbridge, do hereby declare the
nature of the Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN DRUMS," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in drums, and consists in
connecting the head of the drum to metal bars, which, when the head is struck
and caused to vibrate, receive and transmit the vibratory motion of the head,
and so cause the drum to emit when struck a sound about an octave lower
than would a drum of the same diameter of head constructed in the ordinary
manner, that is to say, with the head mounted on a barrel, which does not
receive and transmit the vibrations of the head. I prefer to construct a drum
in the following manner :-I make a framework of steel bars of a hemispherical
form, in form like a kettle drum; the frame consists of a hoop, on to which
the head is fitted and at equal distances apart around this hoop are attached,
each by one end, a number of steel bars, curved to form a quadrant of the
circle. The other ends of these quadrants are all fixed either the one to the
other, or all of them to a steel ring of small diameter at the bottom of the
frame (or pole of the hemisphere). A short distance under the hoop which
receives the head and parallel with it, another hoop is fixed to the frame to
receive the pullies and apparatus for straining the head. The frame above
described may, for the sake of appearance, be enclosed in a case similar to that
of a kettle drum (only with numerous openings in it to let out the sound);
this case should, however, be kept out of contact with the frame. When

page_text: the drum is struck the portions of the quadrant bars beneath the straining
ring are caused to vibrate strongly, and, as before mentioned, the sound
emitted is about an octave lower than it would be were the bars not employed,
besides which every part of the head when struck will give out a sound of
nearly the same note and volume.
To construct a great drum, I connect two drums such as above described
together, the bottom of the drums being perfectly constructed to allow of their
being locked together and again separated as required.
I also in some cases attach to the vibrating bars at the bottom of the frame
(or pole of the sphere) a cymbal; this, when the drum is struck, is put into
vibration and emits its sound.
AN IMPROVE- MENT OR IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BAYONETS, AND IN APPARATUS OR MACHINERY TO BE EMPLOYED THEREIN
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Joseph Vaughan at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with bis Petition, on the 13th November
1861.
I, JOSEPH VAUGHAN, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, Manu-
facturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVE-
MENT OR IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BAYONETS, AND IN APPARATUS OR
MACHINERY TO BE EMPLOYED THEREIN," to be as follows, that is to say:-
In the manufacture of bayonets it is of considerable importance that the
blank for that part termed the blade should be equal and regular in the
quantity of metal to produce the form it is subsequently to assume, so that
there may be no surplus or insufficiency in its sectional area at any portion of
its length when it has been duly shaped.
To effect this equality we stamp the blank for the blade in dies, operating
upon either a portion of the length or the entire length at one time. These
dies are formed with sinkings suitable for producing the shape or sections we
require for the blank, so that when this blank is subsequently grooved no
trimming is required, and the dies remain uninjured, any surplus metal being
forced out endways by the regulating dies instead of forming a fin.
IMPROVEMENTS IN SPINNING AND DOUBLING WOOL, COTTON, SILK, Flax, AND OTHER FIBROUS SUBSTANCES, AP IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED FOR THE SAME
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Joseph Henry Craven at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 17th January
1861.
I, JOSEPH HENRY CRAVEN, of the Firm of J. & J. Craven, of Keighley, in
the County of York, Spinner, do hereby declare the nature of the said Inven-
tion for "IMPROVEMENTS IN SPINNING AND DOUBLING WOOL, COTTON, SILK, Flax,
AND OTHER FIBROUS SUBSTANCES, AP IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED FOR
THE SAME," to be as follows:-
My improvements relate to combining or uniting the two operations called
spinning and doubling for yarns made of wool, cotton, silk, flax, and other
fibrous substances into one, and consist in accomplishing both operations on
what is termed a spinning frame, whilst hitherto each operation was performed
separately on respectively so-called spinning and doubling frames.
I effect this by conducting two separate ends or threads on a spinning
frame to one spindle, which two ends or threads thereby are spun and doubled
at the same time; that is to say, each end, after being drawn separately
through the rollers, receives its own twist the same as usually on a spinning
frame, but both ends uniting before running on to the bobbin are twisted
jointly..
As above mentioned, this is done on a common.spinning-frame, but I prefer
to alter the respective positions of spindles and rollers by placing the spindles
each in the centre between two rollers, which two rollers may be replaced
-by-one-of-double-breadth, instead of having spindles and rollers opposite each
other
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MODE OF APPLYING COLORING MATTER TO CERTAIN TEXTILE FABRICS AND YARNS IN THE PROCESS OF DYING AND PRINTING
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Lowe at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 1st April
1861.
I, JOHN LOWE, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, in Scotland, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MODE
OF APPLYING COLORING MATTER TO CERTAIN TEXTILE FABRICS AND YARNS IN THE
PROCESS OF DYING AND PRINTING, to be as follows:-
My Invention may be generally described as consisting in the use of natural
gums as a resist for a spiritous solution of the coloring matter of alkanet root.
I first run the fabric, say, for example, a piece of cotton cloth, through a
solution of alum, and then dry; I then take a solution of natural gum, and
print it on the fabric, and then dry again; I then pass the fabric through
mythelated spirits, and thereupon run the same through a spiritous solution of
alkanet root; then either steam or pass through warm water, according to
circumstances, in the usual manner; then wash off and finish as usual. The
resist may either be a colour, or simply a white. The action of the mythelated
spirit is to coagulate the gum, and enable it to resist the spiritous solution of
coloring matter.
My Invention may be applied not merely to fabrics of cotton and to cotton
yarn, but to linen and silk fabrics, and yarns or fabrics, and yarns composed of
combinations of all or any of the said materials.
AN IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR COUNTING MONEY
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by James Alfred Tannahill at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 3rd
October 1861.
I, JAMES ALFRED TANNAHILL, of the Devon. and Cornwall Bank, Truro, in
the County of Cornwall, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "AN IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR COUNTING MONEY," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to certain machinery or apparatus by means of which
gold and silver money may be counted into any number of pounds in a simple,.
speedy, and efficient manner. I propose, in the first instance, to sort the silver
or gold, as the machinery to be used is to be made for counting either sove-.
reigns, half-sovereigns, crowns, half-crowns, florins, shillings. or sixpences..
The money is to be placed in a wide-mouthed funnel,. the pipe of which is
sufficiently large to allow the coins to fall flat one upon the other, to ensure-
which a conical shaped piece of metal is to be fixed in the centre of the mouth
by means of a metal rod, a small space is left between the bottom of the
funnel pipe and a semicircular plate or ledge, upon which the coin falls, from
which it is withdrawn by a rotating disc so formed around its edge that it
shall have numbered spur-like projections or teeth, the space between each.
being of such a curvature as to suit the size of the coin and carry it around
the plate until it reaches an opening formed therein, through which it falls.
into a drawer or other receptacle; a small plate of metal is fixed above this
opening in order to prevent the accidental passage of the coin beyond the opening.
A hole is perforated in this plate for the purpose of allowing the odd coins to.

page_text: be counted by the number on the disc, one revolution of which takes a sufficient
number of coins to make one pound; for instance, in counting half-crowns
the disc would be furnished with eight teeth; florins, ten teeth; shillings,
twenty teeth, and so on. On the axis of this disc is fixed a pall, which comes
in contact with teeth cut on the edge of an indicator, consisting of a cir-
cular plate divided into one hundred parts, each division being consecutively
numbered and passing under a small brass plate having a hole cut therein,
through which the number may be seen; thus it will appear evident that at
each revolution of the disc which drives the coin from the funnel along the
ledge of the semicircular plate the indicator moves one division, shewing that
one pound's worth of silver has passed into the receptacle or drawer, so that
by turning a handle which works suitable toothed gearing under the appa-
ratus, and causing the disc to rotate, one thousand pounds worth of silver can
be counted in less than fifteen minutes. The indicator may be worked by
gearing instead of the pall, and it will readily be understood that gold may be
counted by the same machine.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ROLLERS FOR PRINTING, EMBOSSING,. AND OTHERWISE PRODUCING DESIGNS, PATTERNS, FIGURES, AND SHAPES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Hesketh Hughes and Charles'
Grey Hill at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their
Petition, on the 25th April 1861.
We, HESKETH HUGHES, of Homerton, in the County of Middlesex, Engi-
neer, and CHARLES GREY HILL, of the Town and County of Nottingham,
Lace Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ROLLERS FOR PRINTING, EMBOSSING,.
AND OTHERWISE PRODUCING DESIGNS, PATTERNS, FIGURES, AND SHAPES," to be.
as follows:-
Our Invention relates to the manufacture of rollers with figures, patterns,
and devices on the surfaces thereof produced otherwise than by cutting.
or engraving alone on the solid face. Our rollers may have the edges of the
figure, pattern, or device formed more or less sharp according to the intended
use of the roller, whether for calico and similar printing, for embossing, or. for
cutting fabrics, or materials, or compositions, such, for instance, as those of
which lozenges and articles of confectionery are formed.
Our Invention consists in manufacturing the rollers of several discs or
plates of brass or other suitable metal the edges of which are prepared as
hereafter explained, and the discs are fixed on a mandril or spindle either close
together or with more or less space between them according to the design,
pattern, or device to be produced. The discs are fixed in such manner as to
rotate with the spindle.

page_text: The discs are stamped out of the flat, and the edges are so fashioned that
the desired figure may be produced by one, two, or more of the edges of the
discs when fixed on the spindle, and the repeat of the pattern may be obtained
as many times as desired along the roller, dependent of course upon the length
thereof. In forming some patterns we stamp out a figure or device on the
outer edge of the discs and repeat it all round, we then bend the figures at
right angles all in one direction, or some in one and some in the other, as may
be desirable, and we form a rest or support for the figures so turned over to
rest upon. We mount discs so prepared on the spindle and print, emboss,
stamp, or cut from the roller composed of the discs.
Again, we sometimes fill up the spaces between the discs with metal the
surface of which may for some purposes be below that of the discs, or vice versa,
and for others the surfaces of the two may be level, and we cut or engrave any
desired pattern upon the metal between the discs.
Again, where our rollers are used for cutting out in some cases, we combine
excentrics or cams and plungers with our rollers, in such manner that after
the material shall have been cut or stamped plungers shall act upon the
material so stamped and held between the discs, and push it out from the
roller.
Sometimes we cast the discs with thin edges, and stamp up or press and
fashion the edges to the desired pattern in the flat.
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR SIGNALLING IN RAILWAY TRAINS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Henry. Dixon at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 5th February
1861.
I, Captain HENRY DIXON, of H. M. 22nd Regiment of Madras Native
Infantry, of 8, Park End, Sydenham, in the County of Kent, do hereby
declare the nature of the Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR
SIGNALLING IN RAILWAY TRAINS," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in apparatus for signalling
in railway trains. For this purpose there is mounted on the roof of each of
the compartments of the carriages of a railway train a sliding bar with a
spring hook at one end, and through the spring hooks of all these bars a
line is passed from end to end of the train. This line is arranged as is now
commonly practised to establish a communication between the guard's van
at one end of the train and the engine and tender at the other, the line
being so arranged that when it is pulled upon it causes a bell ou the tender
to sound. To each of the sliding bars a cord is attached, and it passes from
it over a pulley or through an eye into the interior of the compartment
beneath it, so that by pulling on this cord the sliding bar is drawn back
and a sufficient strain is put on the line which passes along the train to
cause the bell on the tender to sound. In addition to a bell on the tender,
I prefer to employ also a bell in the guard's brake van to ensure the guard's
attention when required. To each of the sliding bars an arm is jointed

page_text: at one end, and (except when the danger signal is given) it lays down flat
on the sliding bar; there is, however, a spring under it which tends constantly
to make it assume a vertical position, this is resisted by a stop under which
the further extremity of the arm enters. When the danger signal is given
by pulling the cord from within, as before mentioned, the sliding bar in
receding releases its arm from the stop, the arm is then immediately thrown
into a vertical position by its spring, so as to be readily seen by the guard
over the roofs of the carriages; he is thus able to know at once from what
compartment the signal came.
In order that the apparatus may also serve to give signals visible at night,
the disc on the arm is so placed that when the arm is in a horizontal position
it hides from the view of the guard a lamp immediately in front of it, which
when the arm springs up immediately becomes visible to the guard; the
lamps I employ are those used for lighting the interior of the carriages.
IMPROVEMENTS IN FASTENINGS FOR JEWELLERY OR OTHER ARTICLES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Edward Abbotts Lingard at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
26th June 1861.
I, EDWARD ABBOTTS LINGARD, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick,
Jeweller, do hereby declare the nature of the Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN FASTENINGS FOR JEWELLERY OR OTHER ARTICLES," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in the construction of
fasteners for the securing of watch and other chains, demi-bars, swivels,
brooches, and jewellery generally, to dress, to each other, or to other objects,
as well as forming in itself an attachment for connecting parts of dress to
each other, as in the case of sleeve and coat links, shawl pins, shirt studs, and
other similar articles of jewellery; and my Invention consists in the adaptation
of one or more bars of gold or other metal, or other suitable material (which
bars may or may not be hollow, in the form of tubes or otherwise), the said
bars being so fixed to a bridge, span, or bow of metal or other material as to
leave an aperture to admit the article or articles to which it is desired to
attach the fastener; and inside or outside of the said bars it is intended that a
bolt or bolts should work or slide so as to close the said aperture, and which
bolt or bolts, or slide or slides, may be fitted with or without propelling or
retaining springs, or for greater security may have a screwing or locking
action applied thereto.