IMPROVEMENTS IN GAS, STEAM, AIR, AND OTHER MOTIVE-POWER ENGINES, AND IN APPARATUS IN CONNECTION THEREWITH
Year: 1878

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Richard Waller, of Holbeck Moor Foundry, Leeds, in the
County of York, Engineer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN GAS,
STEAM, AIR, AND OTHER MOTIVE-POWER ENGINES, AND IN APPARATUS IN
CONNECTION THEREWITH.”
"
Scaled the 14th January 1879, and dated the 20th July 1878.
.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Richard Waller at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 20th July 1878.
.
RICHARD WALLER, of Holbeck Moor Foundry, Leeds, in the County of York,
Engineer.
MOTIVE-POWER
"IMPROVEMENTS IN GAS, STEAM, AIR, AND OTHER
ENGINES, AND IN APPARATUS IN CONNECTION THEREWITH."
In making cylinders of cast metal for small gas or other engines I have
experienced great difficulty in procuring sound castings. I therefore propose to
make the cylinders in which the pistons or plungers have to work of a core or
skeleton of thin metal, which I may strengthen as much as I may find requisite by
incorporating thereupon one or more envelopes of metal; and in order that the
superposed envelopes may thoroughly incorporate with the skeleton or thin
cylinder I propose to make the outer surfaces of the said skeleton cylinder with
fine screw threads or corrugations, so that when the metal in its molten state is
poured thereupon the V points of the screw threads or the thin edges of the corru
gations more readily fuse and unite the whole of the metal into one mass, and more
reliably than would be the case if the surfaces had not been so prepared.
It will be readily understood that by making my cylinders of thin castings,
which I may afterwards bring to any desired thickness as above set forth, I am
enabled to ascertain much more readily if there is any flaw in the cylinder than if
it were a thick casting.
In gas or air engines, or wherever it is necessary to surround the cylinder with

page_text: a means of circulating heat or cold, I propose to place upon the thin cylinders above-
mentioned, at any desired point or points, a tube or tubes, or a coil of pipes, so that
when the molten metal is poured upon the thin cylinder to strengthen it these tubes
form conduits in the solid metal then forming the cylinder.
I may also apply this method to the taps and other vessels used in this
Invention.
1
I may also make the cylinders of engines by twisting a coil of iron or steel round
a mandrel, and subsequently welding the same by rolling it under pressure; and I
may then strengthen it by envelopes, as above set forth.
may use drawn or otherwise lap-welded tubing for my cylinders, strengthening
them by envelopes, as above described.
I also propose to use forged cylinders, boring and finishing them as may be most
convenient.
To prevent escape of air or gas at any of the joints or working parts of my
engines, which work at high pressures, I work the shafts or other working parts
through long glands or barrels provided with annular cavities or wells, in which
cavities I place a liquid, preferably a lubricator, so that if there should be an
escape this liquid will be the first to leak out under the pressure of the air or gas,
which being lighter will continue to pass along its conduits. I propose to gather
the liquid which is driven out in a reservoir in a convenient position for that
purpose, and to place the vessel from which the cavities or wells are supplied with
the aforesaid liquid or lubricator, so that it will feed them by simply flowing
thereto;
and I use a pump for raising the liquid from the waste reservoir to the
supply vessel, and to keep the lubricating fluid at the desired point, indicated by a
guage,
I propose to use a stationary shaft, which may be said to represent the plug of a
tap; upon the shaft or plug I make channels or grooves, which I put in connection
by boring the shaft or plug, the one with an inlet to the engine, and the other with
an outlet from the engine. I propose to leave a distance between the channels or
grooves at each end of them equal to the diameter or size of one of the ways
through which the medium, air, water, gas, or other fluid, has to pass.
I will assume for example that I have eight ways, four of which are always
inlets, while the other four are outlets.
I propose to make these ways in a boss, which, by means of toothed or other
gearing, I cause to revolve round the said stationary shaft or plug by connections
with the driving shaft of the engine or otherwise.
From each of these ways will extend pipes, like spokes from a wheel set in a
boss, the whole revolving within a trough or reservoir containing water or any
refrigerating fluid, and receiving steam, hot air, or other heating medium at its upper
part. Each way may open into several pipes. By means of this arrangement I can at
pleasure, by opening a tap, communicate the heated gas or air in those tubes of my
wheel which are heating in the upper part or chamber of the trough with the
working cylinders of the engine, and thereby obtain motion; the exhaust or outlet
communicates through the said stationary shaft and supplies the tubes which are in
the lower part of the disc or wheel travelling in the cold bath of the trough or
reservoir; the difference of temperature between the upper part or chamber of the
trough and the cold bath in the lower part will produce the effective motive force
in the working cylinders, and thus the medium which I use as a motive-power,
whether air, steam, gas, or other fluid, is used over and over again, any slight
waste which may occur being compensated by means of a reservoir conveniently
placed.
Instead of using a stationary shaft, as above set forth, I might cause the shaft to
revolve and the outer boss to be stationary; the number of ways required on the
boss will be in accordance with the arrangements of the shaft, and the said ways
may each be carried to a separate vessel containing a tube or tubes, within which
is the medium to be heated and cooled; each separate vessel - being either formed

page_text: of one tube or of a series of tubes surrounded by a casing or jacket for the purpose
of holding the medium used for cooling and heating the aforesaid tubes.
I propose to fix the tubes containing the medium to be heated and cooled in a
cup having as many outlets as there are tubes. This cup will be provided with a
tap to securely shut off any escape until connection be made with the stationary
boss.
The jackets surrounding the said tube or tubes are supplied with steam or other
heating medium, and with water or other cooling medium, through taps made with
a number of passages or ways, equal, say, to one-half the number of the jacketed
tubes, as I propose to cool one half while heating the other half; but I might vary
this proportion.
I make provision to take away the water with which I have cooled the tubes
within the jackets, and I make use of the supply from a main, from a tank, or
from any source, and refrigerate it by ice or other means to feed the jackets through
the aforesaid taps.
It will be seen that by the arrangements above described I dispense with the use
of a gas or an air pump to supply the gas or air which has been used in the
working cylinders.
I
I may use the following methods of condensing:-I-may lead the steam, air, or
gas from the working cylinder to a series of pipes in a vessel fed with water which
I have refrigerated, and when this water has effected the condensation I return it
to the refrigerating vessel, and so on; or I may let this water run off when I have
pressure of water at command, in which case I do not require to cool the water and
need no pump. The air, steam, or gas thus condensed I return to the heater by
means of a pump, or in any convenient way.
I propose to make my air or gas pumps with means of introducing water at each
stroke into the cylinder by the aid of a tap in connection with the vessel into which
the said air or gas is being forced, and from which vessel the pump is constantly
supplied through a small orifice, with a tap to regulate the quantity that the pump
requires, by which means the air or gas on account of its being lighter than the
water is wholly delivered into the vessel intended to receive it, leaving always a
portion of water in the said cylinder.
may exhaust the gas, air, or steam into a chamber, where it will meet a jet of
water or other cooling medium and mingle with it; passages will lead from this
vessel to two or more chambers, in which the gas and water gradually separate by
reason of their different specific gravity; and from the last of these chambers I take
the gas by a pipe from the upper part of the chamber, and pump or otherwise
return it to the heater; and the water I take by another pipe from the lower part
of the chamber and carry it through pipes to cool it, to be used over again, or I may
let it run off.
I lower the temperature of steam, gas, or air by the same process, and I may
utilize the condensing mediums under the pressure of the said condensers for
pumping or otherwise.
I may heat my air, gas, or steam generators by means of inflammable gases with
jets, assisted by blow pipes or artificial draughts or currents of air, by furnaces
in the ordinary way, or by other available means; but I also propose, more par-
ticularly in carbonic acid gas and air engines, which by my high-pressure processes
require comparatively little heating power, to obtain the heat to generate my motive
power from furnaces, ovens, or kilns placed at the most convenient spots. I propose
to take blocks of metal, pieces of fire-brick, or any material which I may find will
longest retain heat, to heat them in the aforesaid stationary fire-places, and to place
them when at a proper heat in suitable compartments beneath or within the
generator, entirely enclosed from the direct action of the atmosphere, with suitable
provisions to prevent radiation of heat, excepting that to be absorbed in obtaining
the motive power; and in order to restore as much as possible the heat which will
gradually be expended I may use jets of inflammable gases when the guage indicates
2

page_text: that the temperature is reduced below that which is required. Further, I may use
rectifiers, conveniently placed to counteract any obnoxious vapours or products of
combustion from my salamander furnaces.
I may drive my air or gas engines by utilizing the waste steam from other
engines, which will in most cases yield sufficient heat for generating my motive
power; and I also propose to place my apparatus to be heated so that it will
utilize the steam in its way to the condenser in condensing engines before the
vacuum is formed.
In some engines I may economize heat by casting the engine and the heater
together.
I propose to use auxiliary pumps wherever I find them requisite to supply waste
or expenditure of air, steam, or gas.
I may supply reservoirs of the mediums of obtaining my motivé power, and of
the materials for producing such mediums with any of my engines.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Richard Waller in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 20th January
1879.
RICHARD WALLER, of Holbeck Moor Foundry, Leeds, in the County of York,
Engineer. "IMPROVEMENTS IN GAS, STEAM, AIR, AND OTHER MOTIVE-POWER
ENGINES, AND IN APPARATUS IN CONNECTION THEREWITH.
"
In making cylinders of cast metal for small gas or other engines I have
experienced great difficulty in procuring sound castings. Now it being of great
importance for the purposes of my Invention to obtain cylinders of great strength,
I propose to make the cylinders in which the pistons or plungers have to work of a
core or skeleton of thin metal, which I may strengthen as much as I may find
requisite by incorporating thereupon one or more envelopes of metal; and in order
that the superposed envelopes may thoroughly incorporate with the skeleton or
thin cylinder, I may make the outer surfaces of the said skeleton cylinder with fine
screw threads or corrugations, so that when the metal in its molten state is poured
thereupon the V points of the screw threads or the thin edges of the corrugations
more readily fuse and unite the whole of the metal into one mass, and more reliably
than would be the case if the surfaces had not been so prepared.
It will be readily understood that by making my cylinders of castings of steel or
other metal, or of wrought or malleable iron, which I may afterwards bring to any
desired thickness, as above set forth, I am enabled to ascertain much more readily if
there is any flaw in the cylinder than if it were a thick casting, which I should
necessarily have to bore and turn before testing.
In gas or air engines, wherever it is necessary to surround the cylinders with a
means of circulating heat or cold in lieu of using ordinary jackets, I may place
upon the thin cylinders above mentioned, at any desired point or points, a tube or
tubes or a coil of pipes, so that when the molten metal is poured upon the thin
cylinder to strengthen it, these tubes form conduits in the solid metal for heating or
cooling purposes.
I may also apply this method to the taps and other vessels used in this Inven-
tion.
I may also make the cylinders of engines by twisting a coil of iron or steel round
a mandrel, and subsequently welding the same by rolling it under pressure or other-
wise, and I may then strengthen it by envelopes, as above set forth.
I may use drawn or otherwise lap-welded tubing for my cylinders, strengthening
them by envelopes, as above described.
I may also make my cylinders, vessels, or tubes of tinned or galvanized iron,
which I may surround with as many coils of any suitable metal wire as may find
desirable, the said wire also to be tinned.
I also propose to use forged cylinders, boring and finishing them as may be most
convenient.
It will be understood that I may use any other means of strengthening my
cylinders which I may find preferable to those above set forth.
To prevent escape of air or gas at any of the joints or working parts of my
engines which work at high pressure, I work the shafts or other working parts
through long glands or barrels provided with annular cavities or wells, in which
cavities I place a liquid, preferably a lubricator, so that if there should be an escape
this liquid will be the first to leak out under the pressure of the air or gas, which
being lighter will continue to pass along its conduits. I may gather the liquid
which is driven or forced out of working parts or joints into a reservoir, in a conve-
nient position for that purpose, and place the vessel from which the cavities or wells
are supplied with the aforesaid liquid or lubricator, so that it will feed them by
simply flowing thereto, and I use a pump for gathering and forcing the said liquid
from out of cups or vessels placed so as to gather the waste lubricant, which has

page_text: escaped through said working parts or joints to the supply vessel; the lubricating
fluid is kept at the desired point, indicated by a guage.
I may also use elongated pistons or plungers, with the middle portion thereof
made less in diameter, so that during the motion of the said pistons or plungers they
will hold a lubricant, which I supply by causing a recess, channel, or cavity to be
made in the cylinder, which I supply by small holes, into which I insert tubes,
which tubes are connected with the vessel containing the oil or any other known
lubricant.
-
I propose to use a stationary shaft, which may be said to represent the plug of a
tap; upon this shaft or plug I make channels or grooves, which I put in connection
by boring the shaft or plug, the one with an inlet to the engine, and the other with
an outlet from the engine. I propose to leave a distance between the channels or
grooves at each end of them, equal to the diameter or size of one of the ways through
which the medium, air, water, or other fluid, has to pass.
I will assume, for example, that I have eight ways, four of which aro always
inlets, while the other four are outlets.
I propose to make these ways in a boss, which, by means of toothed or other
gearing I cause to revolve round the said stationary shaft or plug, by connections
with the driving shaft of the engine or otherwise.
From each of these ways will extend pipes like spokes from the nave of a wheel
set in the boss, each of these spokes having an inner tube in connection with each
tube in the shaft, as will be herein-after explained in reference to the Drawing, the
whole revolving within a trough or double-chambered vessel containing water or
any refrigerating fluid in the lower part, and receiving steam, hot air, or other
heating medium in the upper part. About the centre of this trough or double-
chambered vessel I divide the upper and the lower portions therof by introducing a
packing, which prevents the too rapid lowering of the medium by which I heat the
spokes or tubes travelling in the upper chamber. The packing may be formed so as
to allow the spokes to travel through the sides of it, and it may be made of wood
covered with flexible material, such as india-rubber or any other suitable elastic or
semi-elastic material, and I also place a stratum of oil over the packing, which will
thoroughly prevent the mixing of the medium by which we heat the upper
chamber, with the water or cooling medium of the lower chamber. Each way
may open into several pipes. By means of this arrangement I can at pleasure,
by opening a tap, communicate the heated gas or air in those tubes of my
wheel which are heating in the upper part or chamber of the trough or double
chamber, with the working cylinders of the engine, and thereby obtain motion;
the exhaust or outlet communicates through the said stationary shaft and supplies
the tubes which are in the lower part of the wheel, travelling in the cold bath of
the trough or double chamber. The difference of temperature between the upper
part or chamber of the trough and the cold bath in the lower part thereof will
produce the effective motive force in the working cylinders, and thus the medium
which I use as a motive power, whether air, gas, or other fluid, is used over and
over again, any slight waste which may occur being compensated by means of
reservoirs conveniently placed. A guage will indicate the loss of air or gas, and a
pressure guage will also determine the same when the apparatus is in the normal
temperature.
Instead of using a stationary shaft, as above set forth, I might cause the shaft to
revolve and the outer boss or tap to be stationary; the number of ways required
in the boss or tap will be in accordance with the arrangement of the shaft, in which
case the same number of holes would only be required as inlet and outlet, and
the said ways may each be carried to separate vessels containing a tube or tubes,
within which is the medium to be heated and cooled, each separate vessel being
either formed of one tube or of a series of tubes, surrounded by a casing or jacket
for the purpose of holding the medium used for cooling and heating the aforesaid
tubes alternately; or I may make the whole of the apparatus revolve around the
shaft or plugs.

page_text: I fix the tubes containing the medium to be heated in a chamber into which
each tube opens, the other end of each tube being closed, or I may fix these tubes
into a main pipe. The chamber or the main pipe will be provided with a tap to
securely shut off any escape until connection be made with the boss in which the
plunger works.
The jackets surrounding the said pipes or tubes containing the medium to be
heated and cooled are supplied with steam or other heating medium, and with water
or other cooling medium through taps made with a number of passages equal to the
number of jackets. The steam is introduced to No. 1 cock, and the plug of the
same actuated by a central shaft continually supplies the jackets with heat, always
.heating about one-half. Another cock, No. 2, on the said shaft, the plug of which
is actuated in the same way, supplies the cooling medium to the foruth or fifth
succeeding jackets, and which constantly keeps the same distance from the first one.
It will be seen that one half is always being kept hot while the other half is
cooling. A third tap placed on the same shaft takes away the water which has
become heated in each successive pipe, pipe after pipe, beginning with the first which
the steam has heated.
I make provision to take away the water with which I have cooled the tubes
within the jackets. For this purpose I arrange a tank under the lid or table upon
which the vessels and their jackets stand, and I may take my supply of water from
a main or from any available source, or I may use again the water received in the
tank below the jackets and refrigerate it by ice or other means, to feed the jackets
again through the aforesaid taps.
:
It will be seen that by the arrangements above described I dispense with the
use of a gas or air pump to supply the gas or air which has been used in the
working cylinders.
I have found by experiment that I may simplify the arrangements above
described, and gain power without proportionately increasing the dimensions of my
'machine, by substituting in lieu of the tubes radiating from the boss or nave, and
herein-before termed the spokes and wheel, a series of segments or pieces which
when arranged and connected together will form a disc having a number of
compartments for receiving the air or gas in its fluid or aeriform condition, or
compressed air, as will be herein-after explained by reference to the accompanying
Sheet of Drawing.
I may use the following methods of condensing:-I may convey the steam air,
or gas from the working cylinder to a series of tubes or pipes in a vessel fed with
water which I have already refrigerated, land when this water has effected the
condenser or lowered the temperature of the said steam, air, or gas in the said
tubes or pipes I return it to the refrigerating vessel, and so on; or I may let this
water run off when I have pressure of water at command, in which case I do not
require to cool the water and need no pump. The air, steam, or gas thus condensed
I return to the heater by means of a pump, or in any convenient way.
I propose to make my air or gas pumps with means of introducing water at each
stroke into their cylinders by the aid of a tap in connection with the vessel into
which the said air or gas is being forced, and from which vessel the pump is
constantly supplied through a small orifice with a tap to regulate the quantity
that the pump requires, by which means the air or gas, on account of its being
lighter than the water, is wholly delivered into the vessel intended to receive it,
leaving always a portion of water in the said cylinder of the pump.
I may exhaust the gas, air, or steam into a chamber where it will meet a jet of
water or other cooling medium and mingle with it. Passages will lead from this
vessel to two or more chambers in which the gas and water gradually separate by
reason of their different specific gravity, and from the last of these chambers I take
the gas by a pipe from the upper part of the chamber and pump or otherwise
return it to the heater, and the water I take by another pipe from the lower part of
the said chamber and carry it through pipes to cool it, to be used over again, or I
may let it run off,

page_text: :
•
I. lower the temperature of steam, gas, or air. by the same process, and. I may
utilize the condensing medium under the pressure of the said condensers for pumping
or otherwise.
I may heat my air, gas, or steam generators by means of inflammable gases with
jets adjusted by blow-pipes or artificial draughts or currents of air by furnaces
in the ordinary way, or by other available means. My improvements also comprise
a novel mode of obtaining heat to generate motive power for all kinds of engines
from furnaces, ovens, or kilns placed at the most convenient places. I take blocks
of metal, pieces of fire-brick, or any material which I may find, will longest retain
heat, to heat them in the aforesaid stationary fire-places, and to place them
.when at a proper heat in suitable compartments beneath or within the generators,.
entirely enclosed from the direct action of the atmosphere, with suitable provision
.to prevent the radiation of heat, excepting that to be absorbed in obtaining the
motive power. And in order to restore as much, as possible the heat which will
gradually be expended I. may use jets of inflammable gases when the guage indicates
that the temperature is reduced below that which is required. Further, I may use
rectifiers conveniently placed to counteract any obnoxious vapours or products of
combustion from my salamander furnaces; and I may arrange these furnaces or ovens
so that the salamanders may be taken up or fed directly from the mouth of the
furnace or kiln into the heat box of a locomotive adapted to receive them.
I may drive my air or gas engines by utilizing the waste steam from other engines
which will in most cases yield sufficient heat for generating my motive power; and
I also propose to place my apparatus to be heated so that it will utilize the steam
in its way to the condenser in condensing engines before the vacuum is formed.
In some engines I may economize heat by casting the engine and the heater
together, and also the refrigerator, pumps, and other parts.
I propose to use auxiliary pumps, wherever I find them requisite to supply waste
or expenditure of air, steam, or gas.
.
I may supply reservoirs of the mediums of obtaining my motive power, and of
the materials for producing such mediums with any of my ancinas
On the accompanying Drawings forming part of this my Specification,-
Figure 1 (Sheet 1) represents in elevation an engine embodying my arrangements
for applying heat and cold for obtaining motive power, which construction of engine
I term my disc engine.
Figure 2 shows in front and end views detached and partly in section a disc
of my Invention set.upon its shaft.
And, Figure 3 is a plan view of the engine shown, Figure 1.
A indicates the disc revolving within the casing B on the shaft H; a, the inner
tube which conducts the air or gas from the engine in connection with tube a in
shaft H (I may dispense with the tube a when using a material which in practice
does not produce a fluid); a*, tube conducting gas or air to working cylinders; a**,
tube conducting same from cylinder after working; C, cock taking gas or air from
the disc through the ports in the shaft H to the working cylinders and returning
the gas through other ports in the same shaft to the disc. The construction of this
cock is shewn, Fig. 5 (Sheet 1); b, b*, cavities into which open the ways or ports a,
the upper cavity b receiving air or gas for working the engine, and the lower
cavity being the exhaust. The arrow in the said cavities indicates the course
of the gas or air. c, c, are the steam jackets; d, d, the steam bosses in connection
with the steam jackets and the pipes from the boiler F. The steam first enters the
jackets of the working cylinder at the boss d¹, it then passes out at the bottom
of the said cylinders at d² (as shown by dotted lines), and enters at the bottom of the
cock cat d³, flows out at the top d', and passes from thence to d³ into the upper
chamber of the trough B on both its sides to heat the compartment of the disc
then travelling in the upper part of B.

page_text: D, the working cylinders; E; vessel containing the lubricant; E* shows the
guage thereof indicating the quantity of lubricant in the vessel E. n are the
pipes conveying oil from the vessel E to the working parts; and o are the pipes
through which the same is returned to the vessel E; F, the boiler; F* its covering;
F** indicates the pipe, shown in dotted lines, which is heated by a jet of gas or
other flame to generate steam in the boiler F; F*** indicates the pipe bringing
gas to the burner F*; and F5 indicates where the draught or artificial blast is fixed,
so as to produce artificial heat as by a blow pipe. I may however use any other
arrangement of boiler, or take my steam from the exhaust of any other engine.
G, the refrigerating tank; H, the driving shaft; I, boss or nave on shaft H, into
which the several compartments of the disc A are fixed; J, the frame or bed
supporting the shafts, cock, and working. cylinders; K, tank supplying ice or
other refrigerating medium to refrigerator or cold water tank G; L, compressed
air vessel let off from time to time to assist in cooling in the refrigerator or in
making ice; M; air pump for feeding compressed air vessel L; N, N*, pipes
through which the refrigerating medium is circulated from the refrigerating tank G
through the trough B, in which the disc A revolves; O, pump, shown in dotted
lines, Figures 1 and 3, forcing the water or refrigerating medium through the
pipes N, N*; P, small pump used to pump the gas or air in its higher pressure
condition from waste oil or lubricant with the vessel E containing the same. This
pump is worked by gearing from any convenient part of the shaft R; Q, Q*, taps.
The tap opens and shuts off the upper compartments of the disc A and the
working cylinder D; the other tap Q* shuts off the communication between the
working cylinder D and the lower compartment of the disc A, where the gas or
air is in the condition of its lower pressure; R is the driving shaft worked by
cranks and connecting rods in the interior of the cylinder D (as shown, Figure 1,
Sheet 1 of the Drawings to my Specification, No. 3017, A.D. 1874), or by other
suitable means; S is the fly wheel; T, the pulley for communicating the driving
power; U, worm wheel or shaft H for revolving the disc A. This wheel U gears
with a worm on the shaft e, actuated by a strap, belt, or chain from a small drum
on the shaft f, which shaft is fixed on the wheel g driven by the pinion h fixed on
the shaft driven by the wheel k (shown in dotted lines), which is driven from the
pinion wheel. fixed on the main driving shaft R of the cylinder D. The pulley m
on the shaft i is to receive a belt in connection with suitable gearing for driving
the refrigerating belt or web V, which I may run alone in the trough G for the
purpose of cooling the water, or in conjunction with any of the refrigerating means
which I may employ therein.
I may make this belt V of textile materials loosely twisted or coarsely woven,
and of any required breadth, either in a number of bands or one broad sheet; and
in conjunction with this refrigerating belt I may use a series of punkahs or fans
worked from any convenient part of the engine for the purpose of accelerating the
refrigeration of the water or cooling medium contained in the belt.
I may also arrange pockets on the said belt to take up a larger amount of the
water or cooling medium or brine.
W indicates a pulley, which I place on the shaft H. The flanges of the two
clutches p, p, run in the groove of the pulley, and restrain any thrust of the shaft.
in either direction. The object of this arrangement is to prevent any movement
of the shaft in the direction of its length which might affect the position of the
ports a in relation to the cavity b,in the cock C. X, plumber block supporting the
shaft.
I have represented at Figure 2 various forms of strengthening the internal
arrangement of the compartments of my disc A to prevent any deflection or bulging
of the sides of the disc under pressure, staying them as it were after the manner
adopted in ordinary locomotive fire-boxes, but I prefer casting the stays or strength-
ening pieces with the plates in lieu of welding them.
It will be seen at Figure 2 that any required number of discs may be set upon

page_text: .
WORKING OF THE MACHINE.
The machine being put together the gas or air is forced or put in at the cock Q
or Q*. If I begin with the air or gas will fill or partially fill the upper part of
the disc, five compartments of which are open to receive the same. After the
desired quantity of gas or air has been so put in, the top Q* being closed all the
time, the disc A is then turned half round by means of a crank on the shaft e,
actuating the worm or wheel fixed on the shaft H. I then fill the remaining five
compartments as before for the first five. I am now referring to carbonic acid gas
when used under its liquefied condition from the receiver, in which I have pre-
viously stored it.
When using compressed air it becomes a matter of judgment at what pressure
the air is to be under when forced into my engine. It may either be put into the
disc as aforesaid, or pumped in directly from the common air at its normal pressure
and temperature. The disc A being thus charged, and the small boiler F being in
steam of sufficient pressure, and also the lower portion of the trough B being
charged with water or other cooling brine or medium from the refrigerating tank G,
and in the connection of the pump O in the said tank, all being connected for
working.
I open the steam-cock from the boiler, and I charge the upper chamber of the
trough B with steam through the pipes d¹ to d³. When I find the temperature in
the upper chamber of the said trough at a suitable heat, indicated by thermometer
and pressure guage placed in a convenient position, the engine is ready to start
working, and in order to set it in motion I simply open the two taps Q and Q*;
the air is then forced from the upper compartment of the disc down the small
tube a in each of the five compartments; then travelling in the upper part of the
trough B, then under pressure an heat, from these compartments, as already
stated, the air or gas proceeds through five of the ports a, which empty themselves
into the upper cavity b of the cock C, out of which cavity the air or gas is con-
ducted through the tap Q into the pipe or tube a*, which supplies the working
valve of the cylinder at bottom end thereof. After having performed its duty in
the usual way upon a piston within the cylinder D it exhausts through the pipes a**,
as seen on the top of the cylinder D, and passes through the tube a** into the
tap Q*, and through the same into the cavity b* of the cock C; from thence
through the lower ports a to the tubes a of the lower_compartment of the disc A,
then travelling in the lower chamber of the trough B, where this gas or air is
reduced in pressure by the low temperature obtained from the medium through
which the disc is then travelling, and so on.
It will be seen that the difference of the temperature of the metal composing the
compartments of the disc A, in which the medium to be heated and cooled is
operated upon, will be (taking the upper and lower chambers of the trough B into
consideration) the difference of the effective force, and consequently of the power
of the engine of this arrangement, whether applied to the use of carbonic acid gas
or of compressed air. Thus, assuming that I reduce the metal travelling in the
refrigerating medium in the lower compartment of the trough B to 100°, and that
the gas or air contained within that metal shall be at 1000 lb. pressure per square
inch, and also assuming that I can heat the metal of the upper compartments of
the disc A to 220°, and that I shall have a pressure of the air or gas within these
compartments at 2000 lbs. pressure to the square inch, I then have an effective
force in the disc equal to 1000 lbs. on the square inch, and this is the power or
difference of force which I calculate that I have at command, at it becomes a
matter of judgment as to what range of pressure 1 construct my engine to
utilize.

page_text: It will be evident that in the engine which I have just above described, and
which is a modification of my processes and arrangements for applying heat or cold
for the purpose of obtaining motive power, I have in the disc A utilized the spaces
left between the tubes termed spokes, herein-before described, and shown at A*, A**,
of Figure 4, in which it will be seen that I insert the spokes or air or gas tubes A*
into blocks having a pipe leading into the boss I on the shaft H, and that I fix the
tubes or spokes A** directly into the said boss I, as described in a preceding part
of my Specification.
Figure 1, Sheet II., shows in elevation a portion of a refrigerating apparatus and
pump apparatus for returning carbonic acid gas fluid from the condenser or refrige-
rator, and an arrangement of punkahs or fans to accelerate refrigeration.
A is a tank containing water pumped into it from below; B is one portion of the
apparatus containing carbonic acid gas that has been returned to it from the
working cylinders, to be there condensed; C is the end of a pipe containing a series
of union joints and connections, with as many of the condensers B as may be con-
tained in the apparatus, from which pipe C or main the fluid gas flows into the
returner D. The liquid from this returner is conducted through the pipes or tubes a
to the pump E, which delivers it to the heater or generator, where it is to be
expanded to any degree of pressure required. F is a wheel actuated by any suit-
able gearing from the engine to drive the series of fans or punkahs G, G, which by
their oscillating motion on the shafts b accelerate the cooling in the condenser B,
which is covered with any suitable textile material which will absorb moisture
coming on to it through perforations in the tank A, the waste water being received
in a tank beneath the condenser B, and a pump may be used to return it to the
tank A, or it may be left to run away.
The pump is constructed of two barrels. On the side of each of the barrels is a
rack into which a toothed wheel is fitted. A finger motion is applieu
which actuates the toothed wheel, and gives motion to the plungers c of the pump!
I is a reservoir containing water to the dotted line d on the glass guage K, and in
the vessel I, which water is under the pressure of the gas or air from the generator,
through the pipe e. At the lower end of the vessel I is a pipe f, leading into a
tap g, in communication, by a small orifice or passage h, with the barrel of the
plunger c. When the plunger is descending a small portion or thread of water is
permitted to flow through the passage h into the barrel of the plunger c. During
the downward stroke of the said plunger the contents of the returner D are being
conducted down the pipe a, and through the hole in the centre of the plunger c,
lifting the valve thereof, and supplying in the usual way the space formed by the
plunger in its descent. In consequence of the high pressure at which the fluid car-
bonic acid gas is under in the vessel D, the moment the plunger begins to descend
the space thereby left is instantly filled with the fluid gas, but in consequence of the
difference in specific gravity of the water as compared with the gas, the water being
so much heavier, the gas cannot prevent the flow of the water from the vessel Ĭ,
however small the quantity of water may be, because the water is under the same
pressure as that of the liquid gas.
The vessel D. The vessel Ď and its connection with a pump, is fully described
in the Specification to my Letters Patent, No. 3017, A.D. 1874.
Figure 2 (Sheet II.), diagram 1, shows another arrangement which I may adopt
for condensing.
L
A is the boiler; B is the condenser; C is the refrigerator; D is the refrigerating
pump; E is the engine; F is the upper tank; G is the lower tank; H is the water
pump; I is the pump from the condenser to the boiler; J is the steam-reversing
box.
The pipe a takes the steam from the boiler A to the engine E; the engine exhausts
its steam into the reversing box J through the pipe b. In the reversing box J
I have a valve c, which in the position shown in the Drawing is preventing the
steam from going into the chimney through the pipe d, and permitting it to go into

page_text: the condenser B through the pipe e. The pump D is taking the water from the
condenser through the pipe f, and returning it to the refrigerator through the pipe g.
From the force pump the water returns from the refrigerator into the condenser
through the pipe h (shown in dotted lines), there to meet the steam as it flows
through the pipe e from the reversing box. The water passes through two cham-
bers i, i, as it descends to the bottom of the condenser, from which part of the
condenser the water is taken by the pump D, to pass again through the refrigerator,
and so on.
The small pipe k conducts the water from the bottom of the condenser
to supply the boiler in the usual way with heated water. The pump H is for the
purpose of pumping the water from the lower tank G into the upper tank F, which
tank is perforated so as to allow the water contained in it to drip over the refrige-
rator. The water which supplies the tank F from the pump H passes up the pipe l.
K is the bed upon which the apparatus stands.
When it is desired to send the steam into the cimney the engineer will simply
move the lever m, thereby reversing the valve c in the box J; the arc described by
it in reversing is shown in dotted lines where it reaches the face of the port of the
pipe e.
This arrangement will be found very desirable when circumstances require that
the steam should be prevented from flowing into the air where it may be necessary
to economize water as far as possible.
Figure 2 (Sheet II.), diagram 2, shows an arrangement of condenser applied for
the use of carbonic acid gas or compressed air.
A is the heater containing the compressed air or gas at high pressure, heated by
jets of gas in the form of blow pipes, by salamanders, or by any other suitable
means; B is the condenser; C, the refrigerator; D, the air pump, which takes the
air from the condenser through the pipe a, and causes it to flow through the pipe b
into the from whicuce a series of zig-zag tubes d carry it to the main at e,
From which the small pipe. f conducts it to the condenser B. The pump E is
another air pump, which takes the air which has been condensed out of the con-
denser to the pipe g, to supply the heater A, through the pipe h. F indicates the
working cylinder.
This arrangement shows that I may use compressed air or gas precisely in the
same way that I have used steam at diagram 1, excepting that I have to pump
the air used in the working cylinder F, instead of pumping water as at i, in
diagram 1.
Figure 2 (Sheet II.), diagram 3, shows a carbonic acid gas or compressed air
engine to be used as an auxiliary to any ordinary engine.
A is the heater; B, the condenser; C, upper or refrigerating tank, as at Figure 1;
D is the working cylinder; E is the pump returning the gas to the generator F,
through the pipe a; G is the returner, which takes the condensed gas from the
main at the condenser b, and conveys the said gas into the pump E through the
pipe c; the main is supplied with gas through the pipes & from the condensers e, e, e.
The cylinder D'exhausts into the condenser through the pipe f, and the said cylin-
der D is supplied with gas or air from the generator F through the pipe g. The main
pipe or main H is fixed to the exhaust pipe of any ordinary engine, whether a high-
pressure or a condensing engine. In a condensing engine I prefer to place a pipe
between the condenser of the condensing engine and the port of the exhaust of the
cylinder thereof.
This diagram shows that I can heat the generators of my apparatus, which
expands either air or gas from any engines or boilers in proximity thereto for
whatever purposes the boiler may be used, whether for manufacturing purposes or
as engine boilers.
Figure 3 (Sheet II.). This Figure shows in plan and séctional elevation an
apparatus which I may use for the purpose of cooling water or making ice to feed
the trough of my disc engine or any other tank or engine. A is a revolving 5
cooling wheel divided into several compartments a. It is caused to revolve con-

page_text: tinuously when simply cooling the water, but rotation may be arrested from time
to time by any suitable mechanical device, such, for example, as a wheel or pulley
with stud moving a cog at each complete revolution, or as many studs as may be
needed for the necessary stoppages during a revolution when making ice. B is a
diaphragm which divides the water pan C to the extent of one-half the diameter
of the wheel, of which half it forms a stationary bottom, as shown. This plate
or diaphragm consists of two pieces, the under one being grooved to form a series
of air passages b, shown in dotted lines; upon the lower plate is suitably adjusted a
perforated plate, the perforations in which correspond with the grooves b of the
under plate; D is an air main with channel c, into which open all the air
passages b; this channel c is supplied with air through the pipe E from the com-
pressed air vessel conveniently placed; d is the main joint; e is the tap for opening
and closing communication.
As will be seen the wheel A has a toothed rim gearing with the pinion f, actuated
either continuously or intermittently, as above stated, by suitably connecting with
the motive-power engine. F is a pusher used when ice is formed in the compart-
ment a of the wheel A. This pusher, actuated by levers or other suitable device
connecting and disconnecting it at pleasure with the motive power and working in
slides, will when the wheel A is stopped beneath it, descend and push out the ice
formed in the compartment presented to it,- the sides of the compartment being
canted, as shown, to facilitate the delivery of the ice.
I may use a number of pushers equal to one half the number of the compartments
of the wheel or any desired number.
I fill the pan C with water to any suitable height, and may thereby govern the
thickness of the blocks of ice produced in the compartments. The ice thus pushed
out is drawn along with the water in the direction indicated by the arrow g, the
water circulating from the tank into the refrigerating pan, as indicated by the
arrow h. The passages of the ice in the direction indicated by the arrow
secured by the division of the pan, shown in dotted lines at i, i.
ig
When it is desired to use the ice in a crushed condition in the refrigerator into
which it is drawn I pass it through rollers with prods or teeth working into each
other, so that in producing brine I may lower the temperature by the addition of
saltpetre and other well-known analogous substances. k is a tube in the combined
boss and axle of the wheel A, which I fill with a lubricant to lubricate the socket
or boss in which the axle revolves; K indicates the connection of the apparatus
with my disc engine (see K, Figs. 1 and 2, Sheet I.).
Figure 4 (Sheet II.) shows an engine arranged with the apparatus already
described, with this difference that the boiler or generator and engine A, A, are cast
together, the fly wheel B being worked by passing through a boss a cast in the
boiler or generator; b is the pipe through which the steam, air, or gas passes to the
engine; the pipe c is from the exhaust into the condenser; the pipe & conducts
the condensed medium to the pump C, and returns it to the boiler or generator A
through the pipe e. The vessel D is the lubricator, the action of which has already
been described, as also that of the upper tank E and lower tank F. The pump Ġ
is for raising the waste from tank F to tank E.
It will be seen that by casting the heater and the engine together in one mass
the engine receives the temperature of the heater, and it will readily be conceived
that any medium that I put into the heater other than the gas itself, whether
water or oil, if 'suitable jackets are cast with the engine, will flow round the
cylinders at about the same temperature.
This arrangement is intended. to show the small compass into which one arrange-
ment of my engines may be brought, as it combines the refrigerating and con-
densing apparatus so to say in one piece and the generator and engine in another,
the pumps and lubricator alone being separate pieces, and these also I may make
in one if desired.
Sheet III. illustrates the application of my salamanders to various engines.

page_text: In Figure 1, diagram 1 represents a longitudinal section in elevation of a loco-
motive, showing an arrangement in which I apply my salamanders. A, A¹, the
boiler; B, the box into which the salamander or heater is placed; C is the sala-
mander brought from the kiln ready to enter the box B; G is one of the cells or
compartments in box B to receive salamander; E is the water chest or jacket ;
D, D, are the heads or mains into which the ends of the pipes or tubes F, F, are
fixed; a, a, represent the circulating tubes, the arrows indicating the direction of
the circulation beginning in its course from F and passing in No. 1 into pipe No. 2
in the direction of the arrow or pipe b, proceeding in the direction of the arrow in
No. 3 on pipe a to the head D, and back again behind the screw pipe Y, then along
No. 5 pipe in the direction of the arrow into the head D, and returning into pipe b,
No. 6, then into head D into pipe a, No. 7, in the direction of the arrow with the
head D, and flowing into the pipe b, No. 8, in the direction of the arrow where it
flows into the water chest or jacket E, and so on over and over again. H is the
high-pressure working cylinder; I (in diagram 3) is the large cylinder, to be worked
by the exhaust steam from cylinder H; J is the water pump which forces its
water through the pipes J*, J*, as seen on diagrams 1 and 3, it takes its water
from the bottom of the tanks W, W, through pipes shown only in dotted lines at
J*, J, the pipes connecting the upper tanks W*, W*, will be seen at W**, W**;
this is for the purpose of equalizing the flow of water in each of these tanks; K is
the steam chest into which is admitted the steam through the valve M, and con-
ducted through the pipe N,N, to the cylinder H; L is the exhaust chimney or
pipe connected to the reversing box P in connection with the cylinder H; M is
the valve in diagram 1, actuated by the spindle a*; O is the pipe leading from the
reversing box P, in which the exhaust steam cylinder H is conducted to cylinder I,
there of course to be worked at a lower pressure; P is the reversing box in which
a flat valve g placed for the purpose of reversing the exhaust steam of cylinder H,
so that it will flow either through chimney L, L, into the open air, or through to
the pipe O in the direction of the arrow into the cylinder I.
It will be seen that when the valve g is moved by means of the levers, as indi-
cated by letters H, H, from the seat at which it is placed to the seat at i, the flow
of the steam will be shut off from the pipe O; L* is the exhaust steam pipe, which
is connected with the exhaust chimney of the working cylinder in the opposite
side of the engine. Q, in diagram 3, is the exhaust pipe of the cylinder I fixed to
the reversing box R, into which the said exhaust steam flows, and which can be
caused to flow either into pipe or chimney U, U, or the pipe S, S, in the direction
of the arrows; part of the pipe S, S, is shown in dotted lines.
It will be seen again by reversing the valve g* from its present position to the
seat or face of the steamway at i*, it will then convey the steam up the chimney U
into the open air; but the present position of the valve g* shows that the steam is
conducted in the direction of the arrow into pipes leading to the mains of the con-
densing tubes V, V, to be seen in diagrams, as shown at 1 and 3, the valve g*
actuated by levers, as indicated, K, K, K; W, W, are the tanks in diagrams 1
and 3, which receive the water that runs through the perforations of the upper
tanks W*.
The perforations on the upper tank W* are shewn in diagram 3 at d, d, d.
8 I have indicated at e, e, in diagram 3, I may cover the whole of the tubes
with a textile or other suitable fabric for the purpose of arresting the too rapid flow
of the water from the perforations of the upper tank W*.
The arrangement for hauling the salamanders from off the saddle in the kiln is
by means of a screwed rod c (see diagram 1) which works in the bush indicated in
the Drawing by a thick black form of same, showing at the end where the rod is
marked c that the screw in the bush reaches only from d to d, while the thread
beginning at c ends at c*. The rod c** is hollow the length of the bush, ending
at d, d, and a slit is made in it to permit an inner rod with a tongue upon it to
turn it to the extent of half a circle, or as far as may be desired, by means of the

page_text: .
handle fixed thereto, as shown at e. The bush has a wheel upon it (shown at ƒ};
which is actuated by a pinion g by turning the same with the crank h, which has
This rod is for the purpose
the office of projecting and of drawing in the rod c**.
* *
of hauling the salamander C from its place on the saddle X into the cell G of the
box B. K indicates the clutch on the end of rod c**, which when projected to seizo
the salamander enters it by the openings k*, and is then turned by the handle e to
grip the salamander in k**, and thereby to draw it into the cell G. When, on the
other hand, the rod c** is used to push out the salamander, this clutch is turned by
the same handle e so that it may be drawn out by k*, leaving the used salamander
C** on its saddle. The rollers on which the salamander is moved in being drawn
in or pushed out are indicated by on each. A* indicates the frame of the
engine; G*, the abutment against which the buffer of the engine comes when the
engine is brought up to receive the salamanders. B* is the frame in which the
rollers *** run.
F* is the mouth-piece through which the salamanders are drawn
from the saddle in the kiln. H*, H*, are the two dampers closing the mouth-
piece F*. The rod c** having been passed through the slits No. 1* and No. 2* of
the dampers H*, H*, and turned to grip the salamander, the damper No. 2 is first
opened, and the salamander brought into the chest, the damper No. 1 being still
closed. I then prefer to close the damper No. 2 before opening No. 1 to admit the
salamander being drawn into its cell on the engine:*
The salamanders should not be both charged at one time, but one hot salamander
De retained on the engine while the other is being removed. D*, pulley running on
a rail or floor of kiln; C*, frame upon which the saddle or saddles are fixed which
carry the salamanders; C**, a used salamander returned to the kiln; E* is the
flue or kiln into which the mouth-piece F* is fixed; F** is the flue that conducts
the heated air over the kiln, so as to keep the heat as much as possible in the
kiln.
Figure 2 (Sheet III.), diagram 1.-A indicates a travelling box placed on a slide
in the manner usually adopted in shaping, boring, and other tools, for the purpose
of being turned or made to slide in any direction to receive salamanders from the
furnace and deliver them into the locomotive.
I can fix an apparatus between the two buffers at the end of the carriage, having
a boss which slides, by means of a screw to adjust it to any height required, so as
to push the salamander forward into its place by means of a screw of sufficient
length to be worked in the said boss, or to draw the salamanders back again into the
said box. This instrument being portable can be placed in any position required
by any suitable devices in relation to the mouths of the kiln and to the loco-
motive.
Diagram No. 2, Figure 2 (Sheet III.), shows in elevation an engine formed like
the ordinary locomotive, but with special receptacle for the use of my salamanders
without the water jacket, as previously described, and with a fan for the purpose
of circulating the heated air continuously through the pipes or tubes.
The box A is formed like the ordinary fire-box, with a substantial framework
holding rollers on which the salamanders B can be easily moved. I divide the tubes
in the boiler C into an equal number of upper tubes a, a, a, and lower tubes b, b, b.
The heat given out by the salamander will to a certain extent at first travel in the
same direction along all the tubes, but directly the heat is sufficiently developed, or
the locomotive has started, the fan D, which I may actuate from one of the wheels
of the locomotive, or by a donkey engine, or start by hand, or in any convenient
way, will, when at full speed, cause a very rapid circulation of the heat evolved from
the salamander through the upper tube and lower tubes b in the direction indicated
by the arrows.
:
"
It will be seen at d, d, that I have made provision to divide the upper from the
lower range of tubes, the upper range going in at at the hole indicated by the arrow
at e, and coming out at the mouth of the fan, indicated by the arrow f, to circulate
back again through the pipes b, and so on.
>

page_text: .
Diagram No. 3, Figure 2 (Sheet III.), is an end view of an engine, showing the
appearance of it provided with condensing tubes and upper and lower tank; the
dotted lines show at A where the-salamander would be, and D the fan. d shows
the entrance of hot air into the fan, and f shows its exit. The tube 7 conducts the
steam from the boiler to the working cylinders, and the tube h is the exhaust
therefrom, both of which I have utilized as herein-before described.
"
Diagram 1, Figure 3. (Sheet III.), shows the use of salamander C in a box B,
having a jacket of water, which is connected with the body of the water in the two
boilers D and E. The fan F revolved by any suitable means circulates the air up
the tubes of the boiler E, and forces the air down the tubes of boiler D with great
velocity.
Diagram 2, Figure 3 (Sheet III.), shows an arrangement by which several
salamanders C in water-jacketed boxes are put into their cases at B. The water
ascends in the direction of the arrows in the pipes a, and descends in pipes b
working over and over again in the direction of the arrows. D is the boiler in
which the pipes are placed; E is the mouth-piece through which the salamanders
are introduced into the case.
Diagrams 1 and 2, Figure 4 (Sheet III.), show the body of an engine. A, A, is
the boiler; B is the fan put into the place of the usual smoke box, the dotted lines
indicate the exhaust pipe from the working cylinders; C is the end of the boiler
made to hold water and connected to the boiler by the pipes k, k*; D is the box
into which a number of salamanders G are placed. This arrangement is intended
particularly to provide for long journeys, in which case, say one-third only of the
number should be removed and replaced at any one time at the distances at which
the renewal of the salamanders is provided for.
Diagram No. 3, Figure 4 (Sheet III.), shows the exterior of an engine constructed
as aforesaid, in order to make it apparent that this portion of my improvements
may be applied to the ordinary construction of engines with little difficulty.
Diagram No. 4, Figure 4 (Sheet III.), shows the application of any oil, hydro-
carbon oil, or gas to accelerate the heat when it is indicated that the heat evolved
by the salamanders is diminishing to too great an extent; and in order to facilitate
the current of heat through the boiler when this auxiliary heating power is used
may use slides on the fan so as to alter the current of the lower division of tubes,
making the draught in all the tubes in the same direction and through the orifices
a, a, a, in the smoke or fan box to the chimney, and in such cases where the steam
is exhausted into the chimney it will give an increased draught. The furnace
shown in this diagram is of the same construction as that described in my Specifi-
cation, No. 3017, A.D. 1874, and illustrated, Figure 43, Sheet 5 of the Drawing
thereto. This furnace is here applied at the bottom F of the box D which contains
the salamanders. The direction of the arrow at b shows where the vessel C is fed
with the said oils, and the arrows at the entrance of the air tubes e, e, e, show the
direction of the current. A slide is provided to shut the communication of the air
through the air tubes at d, and a cock to shut off the oil is placed in any convenient
position.
Diagram No. 5, Figure 4 (Sheet III.), shows how the shaft of the fan is protected 4
and kept cool. The shaft runs through a boss A provided with a suitable large
cavity a, this cavity is connected with the boiler by the two pipes at b, b, and the
shaft having to pass through the said bosses and cavities requires stuffing boxes
with glands as shown at c and c*; on the outside of the boss will be seen indicated
a gland box to receive a pipe connected with the general force pump, so that the 5
pump will force cold water into the cavities a, a, and will thus keep the shaft so
cool that it cannot injure the packing; and to further prevent this, I propose to use
asbestos as a packing.
The furnaces and kilns in which I heat my salamanders may be placed in any
convenient position accessible to the engine, and at such points as may be most 5
convenient for renewing the supply of heating power.

page_text: It will be readily understood that the furnaces and kilns may be placed under
the rails at any station, and simple apparatus be contrived so as to lift the sala-
manders into their cells or receptacles in the engine. The engines are not
necessarily required to have elongated and horizontal boilers for the use of the
salamanders, which may be equally well applied to vertical arrangements of boilers
or heaters.
1
The furnace may be of any form, and the salamanders be placed upon saddles in.
single or several tiers set upon a framework all heated by the same furnace or,
furnaces, which framework may be made to rotate by an engine, and stop catches
can be arranged at any point to stay its progress, or it may be thrown out of gear
from the engine to deliver or receive salamanders at the mouth or mouths of the
kiln.
Having now described and ascertained the nature of my Invention, and in what
manner the same is or may be performed, I desire it to be understood that I do not
confine myself to the precise details of construction and arrangement herein-before
set forth and shown on the Drawings, as such may be varied while retaining the
special characteristics of my several improvements, and that I claim as secured to
me by the herein-before in part recited Letters Patent,―
1°. The use in steam, air, or gas engines of cylinders made by incorporating upon
a core or skeleton of thin metal, a strengthening envelope or envelopes of metal,
substantially as herein-before described.
2°. The use in air or gas engines of cylinders, taps, and other vessels made with a
conduit or conduits for circulation of heat or cold on their exterior, by making the
cylinder of a skeleton or core upon which I place or coil a pipe or pipes, and then
incorporate the whole into one piece by pouring molten metal thereupon, substan-
tially as berein-before described.
3°. The use in air or gas engines cylinders made by twisting a coil of iron or
steel round a mandrel, welding the same by rolling under pressure or otherwise, and
further strengthening it by envelopes, substantially as above set forth.
4°. The general construction and arrangement of the engine, herein termed the
disc engine, substantially as herein-before described, and shown in the accompanying
Drawings, Figures 1 and 3, Sheet I.
5°. In the said disc engine construction and arrangement of the interior of
the several compartments of the disc for the purpose of circulating the air or gas
through any suitable devices to and from the working cylinders by the revolution
of the disc, however obtained, substantially as herein-before described, and shown on
the Drawing, Figures 1, 2, and 3, Sheet 1 of the Drawing.
6°. The construction and arrangement of the tubes within the shaft in combina
tion with the compartments of the disc and the cavities in the cock, substantially
as herein-before described and shown, Figures 1, 2, 3, and 5, Sheet 1 of the accom-
panying Sheet of Drawing.
7°. In combination with the disc, the trough in which the disc revolves, heated
in its upper chamber by steam from the boiler, as shown on the Drawing, by a
boiler or heater used for any other purpose, or by hot air jets of gas or other in-
flammable substances, and cooled in its lower chamber by water, ice, or any
refrigerating medium from a tank from a main, the water flowing directly in and
out of the trough or from any convenient source for the purpose of heating and
cooling the compartment of the disc, substantially as herein-before described, and
shown on the Drawing, Figures 1 and 2, Sheet 1.
8. In combination with the trough or vessel containing the cold medium with
pump to circulate it through the trough, substantially as described and shown,
Figures 1 and 3, Sheet 1 of the Drawings.
9. The use in the vessel containing the cold medium, of the endless band or
bands, or web or webs of textile material, raising the water to expose it to evapora-
tion, the said endless web or webs being provided with pockets to increase
B

page_text: the quantity of water carried up by them, and with blast brought upon it by
punkahs, fans, or otherwise, or without such blast, substantially as herein-before
described.
10. Giving to the shaft on which the disc is fixed, or directly to the disc, a slow
revolution as compared with the number of revolutions produced by the engine
during one revolution of the disc by the gearing described and shown, Figures.1,
and 3, Sheet 1 of the Drawings, or by any suitable mechanical means.
11. In combination with a shaft having tubes within it arranged in the same.
manner as those on the shaft of the disc engine, the application of spoke-like tubes
radiating from a boss, substantially as herein-before described, and shown, Figure 4,
Sheet 1 of the Drawing.
12. In a gas or air engine the heating and cooling of each jacket alternately, the
said alternations being operated by steam-cocks and water-cocks, each with as
many ways as there are jackets surrounding the vessels or tubes containing the
medium to be expanded and contracted, whether the jackets are revolved round the
shaft or the shaft made to revolve, carrying the plugs with it, or the plugs be made
to revolve by other suitable means, substantially as herein-before described.
13. In the apparatus shown, Figure 1, Sheet II. of the Drawing, the combination
by means of which I deliver a thread of water into the space between the upper
and the lower valve, substantially as and for the purpose specified.
14. The entire combination of the apparatus shown, Figure 2, Sheet II. of the
Drawing, or any modification thereof, for the purpose herein-before specified.
15. The combination of heater and cylinder in one piece, as also the condenser
and refrigerator, together with or without the pump in one piece, and the general
combination and arrangement of parts, substantially as herein-before described, and
shown, Figure 4, Sheet II. of the accompanying Drawings.
16. The arrangements of condensing apparatus with steam, with air, or with
carbonic acid gas, substantially as herein-before described, and illustrated, Figure 2,
Sheet II. of the Drawing.
17. The general construction and arrangement of the locomotive engine shown,
Figure 1, Sheet III. of the Drawing, substantially as specified.
18. In the locomotive engine, Figure 1, Sheet III., the construction and arrange-
ment of the tubes circulating the heat through the medium of water of the box for
holding the salamanders of the apparatus for hauling in and pushing the sala-
manders out of their cells, of the reversing boxes which change the course of the
steamways from the working cylinders, either to be condensed or to escape into the
atmosphere, substantially as herein-before described, and shown on the Drawing.
19. The use of a mouth-piece arranged to receive the salamanders from the kiln,
and run them to the locomotive to be hauled therefrom into their cells on the
engine, substantially as herein-before described, and shown Figure 1, Sheet III. of
the Drawing.
20. Arranging the dampers of the kiln so that the heat is prevented escaping
from the kiln while salamanders are being withdrawn from or introduced therein,
substantially as herein-before described.
21. The general construction and arrangement of the locomotive engine shown, 4
Figure 2, Sheet III. of the Drawing, and particularly the application of the fan to
accelerate and direct the circulation of the heat from the salamanders, substantially
as herein-before specified.
22. The use of the sliding apparatus shown, diagram 1, Figure 2, Sheet III.;
whereby the salamanders are accurately delivered into their cells, substantially as a
herein-before described.
23. The superposing of salamanders substantially as shown, diagram 2, Figure 4,
Sheet III., in combination with the use of the fan for circulating the heat, substan-
tially as berein-before described, and shown on the Drawing.
24. The use of any suitable means for raising and lowering and putting into and a
withdrawing the salamanders from the engine, whether sliding tables, crabs,

page_text: carriages, turn-tables, or other accordingly as I may put the salamanders in from
below the engine, at the side, from above, or at the end thereof."
In witness whereof, I, the said Richard Waller, have hereunto set my hand
and seal, this Twentieth day of January, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and seventy-nine.
DICHARD TITAT TED
RICHARD WALL
WALLEY
(L.S.)