IMPROVEMENTS IN APPA- RATUS FOR HEATING BY THE CIRCULATION OF HOT WATER, AND FOR THE CON- STRUCTION OF PIPES OR TUBES FOR SUCH AND OTHER PURPOSES
Year: 1841

page_text: PERKINS' SPECIFICATION.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, ANGIER
MARCH PERKINS, of Great Coram Street, in the County of Middlesex,
Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at
Westminster, the Twenty-first day of January, in the fourth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said Angier March Perkins, Her especial licence, full power, sole privilege
and authority, that I, the said Angier March Perkins, my exors, admors, and
assigns, or such others as I, the said Angier March Perkins, my exors,
admors, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time
to time and at all times during the term of years therein expressed, should.
and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and
the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPA-
RATUS FOR HEATING BY THE CIRCULATION OF HOT WATER, AND FOR THE CON-
STRUCTION OF PIPES OR TUBES FOR SUCH AND OTHER PURPOSES;" in which said
Letters Patent is contained a proviso that I, the said Angier March Perkins,
shall cause a particular description of the nature of my said Invention, and in
what manner the same is to be performed, to be inrolled in Her said
Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar montlis next and

page_text: immediately after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in
and by the same, reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at large
appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Angier March Perkins, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Inven-
tion, and the manner in which the same is to be performed, are fully described
and ascertained in and by the following statement thereof, reference being had
to the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the Figures and Letters marked
thereon (that is to say) :-
My Invention relates, first, to a mode of arranging circulating tubes for
circulating hot water, whereby the water in circulation is caused to be
repeatedly heated before it makes a complete circulation in the apparatus ;
and. secondly, my Invention relates to improvements for the construction of
pipes or tubes for circulating hot water, and for other purposes. And in order
that my Invention may be fully understood and readily carried into effect,
I will proceed to describe the means pursued by me in performing my
improvements.
The first part of my Invention relates to the constructing that description of
apparatus for heating by the circulation of hot water where the heat of the
fire or furnace is applied to a portion of the circulating tubes, as is the case
according to the Invention for which I obtained Letters Patent, bearing date
at Westminster, the Thirtieth day of July, One thousand eight hundred. and
thirty-one; and where the apparatus is closed at all parts, simply having
space allowed for the expansion of the water, as was fully described in the
Specification enrolled to my said Patent, and which apparatus is well known
and in extensive use. In constructing such apparatus for heating and
circulating water, it had heretofore been usual to cause the water to circu-
late through the whole length of the tubes of which an apparatus may
be composed before the water is again heated. Now the object of the
present improvements which constitutes the first part of my present Inven-
tion is, so to arrange the circulating tubes of which an apparatus is
composed that the water, having circulated through a portion of the circu-
lating tubes constituting an apparatus, shall then pass to the heat of the
fire and circulate through a suitable portion of the tubing placed in the
furnace or fireplace, the quantity of tubing in the fireplace depending on the
extent of the next portion of the circulation; and the water so reheated will
continue its course through such next portion of the tubing, when the tubing
of the apparatus may be so arranged as again to be acted on by the fire,
that the water, in continuing its course, may be again reheated and proceed

page_text: through a further continuation through tubing. And then supposing there be
no requirement for further circulation, the end of the tubing of the apparatus
may be connected with the portion of the tubing which is heated by the fire
from which the circulation commenced. By such arrangement the water will
be brought back to the first portion of the apparatus, and will be again heated,
and recommence its circulation through the same circulation tubes through
which it had before passed, being again and again heated in its passage from
the commencement to the termination of its course in passing from end to end
of the apparatus to the other. By this means I am enabled to save many
parts of the apparatus when an extended circulation is required, and the heat of
the whole extent of circulation may be kept more uniform in all parts, or parti-
cular parts of the circulation may be caused to be more or less hot, according
to the proportion of tubing submitted to the action of the fire, when compared
with the quantity of tubing constituting the portion of the apparatus through
which the hot water is caused to circulate before being again heated. And
this arrangement will also be peculiarly applicable when heating fluids con-
tained in vessels through which the circulating tubes pass, as many joints will
be saved in a given length of circulating tubing employed, and the-heat of the
whole system of pipes within the vessel kept uniformly heated by the repeated
heating of the water in its passage from one end to the other of the apparatus.
And in order to render this description more clear, I will suppose that it is
desired to heat three rooms by one apparatus. According to the present or
old construction of apparatus, the tubing through which the circulation would
pass would first go through one room to the extent desired, then pass into
another room and circulate in tubing to the extent desired, then pass into
another room and circulate in tubing to the extent desired, and then pass
back to the commencement of the tubing, acted on by the fire in order to
recommence the circulation, by which mode of arranging the apparatus it
will be evident that the heat of the water will be greatest in the first room,
less in the second room, and least in the third room, or else there would require
to have three separate apparatus. But according to my present improvements,
the circulating tubing would pass from the fireplace or furnace into one room
to the extent required; and having done so, the circulating pipe would pass
back to the fire, where a further portion of it would be submitted to the action
of the fire; then the continuation of the same circulating tube would pass into
another room to the extent desired, and then pass back to the fire or furnace,
and another portion thereof placed in the fireplace or furnace, and the continu-
ation tubing would pass into the room to the extent desired; and then the
tubing would pass back to the commencing point, and be connected therewith;

page_text: and thus bring back the circulating water to the point from which it started, to
be again heated and again circulated through the whole length of tubing of the
apparatus, being heated three times in its progress. It will therefore be seen
that, although the water, according to my present improvement, circulates
through the three rooms before it returns to commence a circulation, in like
manner as was first described in respect to the action of the water in the appa;
ratus heretofore in use, yet in the one case there is no reheating of the water
after it has commenced its circulation till its return; -In the present Invention
the water, as above described, may in the course of a single, circulation be
reheated as many times as circumstances may require.
⚫ I will, now proceed to. describe second part of my Invention, which, as
before stated, relates to improvements for the construction of pipes or tubes
for circulating hot water, and other purposes; and such improvements are
applicable to the making cast-iron tubes, or tubes whereby they can be more
conveniently and securely joined to each other. And in carrying out this part
of the Invention the moulds and apparatus employed are so constructed as to
produce screw joints and couplings of peculiar kinds, as will readily. be
understood by the Drawings annexed; aided by the following description
thereof.
.
Figure 1 is an outside view, and Figure 2 represents the section of the ends
of two pipes, formed and connected together according, to this part of my
Invention. The pipe or tube a has a left-hand screw and pipe, or tube 6 has
a right-hand screw, and the pipe or tube coupling a has a right and loft-hand
female screw formed therein. Hence when the screw couplings is turned round
by a proper wrench, the two pipes a and b will be drawn together, and a tight
joint is made with facility. d is a ring of pasteboard, or other suitable packing
between the ends of the pipes a and b. In casting these pipes in iron, to which
the Invention is confined, the cores used for forming the interior of the pipes will
be similar to those ordinarily employed in casting pipe in iron, but the moulds
will be formed by 'patterns having screws formed thereon so as to produce a
left and a right-handed screw on each pipe; but in making the short pipe or
tubular couplings c, the core will have two screws formed thereon.so as to
produce, the left and right-hand female screws in the castings of iron produced
therefrom. And in making such cores,. I prefer to use metal moulds formed of
three pieces hinged together, and to form in each portion of the mould one
third of the core by ramming and forcing the sand well. into the threads or
worms of the screws, raising the sand in each portion of the niould to an angle,
thus forming three sectors of sand, so, that when the parts of the niould are
closed together the mould will be filled'; and in shutting the parts of the mould

page_text: together I enclose a rod of wood in the centre of the mould, such rod of wood
projecting beyond the ends of the core, in order by such means to support tho
core in the mould; and I would remark that great care should be observed by
the workman in forming his moulds for the casting the pipes a and b in
iron, in order that the screws may be sharp and well formed; and in order
to facilitate this process, the patterns should be well-formed..
Figure 3 shews the section of two pipes to be used to allow of expansion
and contraction in parts of the apparatus, which will be rendered the more
necessary, owing to the joints above described not allowing of expansion and
contraction of the pipes lengthwise, unless the pipes.are free to move. e, f, are the
ends of two pipes, the other, ends thereof which are not shewn having suitable
screws, to be coupled as above described. The pipe è has a socket, within which
a female screw is formed, by employing a core with a screw formed thereon.
The end of the pipe f is plain, and in forming a joint is inserted into the
socket of the pipe e, as is shewn. g is a short tube or ring of pasteboard or
other suitable packing. h is a ring of iron. i is a short pipe passing over the
pipe f, and entering the socket of the pipe e, there being a screw formed on
the short pipe, as is shewn. Hence, by screwing the pipe i into the socket of
the pipe e, a secure joint will be produced, and yet allow of expansion and
contracting of the pipes e and f; And in order to the pipe e, when desired,
being laid out of the true line, I form "the interior of the tube i conical on the
interior, as shewn. These pipes e, f, i, are all to be made by casting them in
iron, taking care in forming the moulds and cores in such manner as to
produce the screws as correct as possible.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention, and the manner in which
the same is to be performed, I would remark, that I am aware that very
similar joints have been made of wrought-iron tubing by forming right and
left-handed male screws by means of screw tools, and screws couplings, with
right and left-handed screws, formed by screw taps, have been used therewith.
I do not, therefore, claim such joints when so formed.
Cast-iron pipes may
have been formed with screws thereon; I wish it, therefore, to be understood
that I do not claim the forming of screws on cast-iron pipes generally, but only
when screws of cast iron pipes or tubes are constructed according to my
Invention.
But what I claim is, first, the mode herein described of constructing appa-
ratus for circulating hot water by causing the water to be repeatedly heated
in its course of passing through one circulation.
Secondly, I claim the mode of manufacturing joints of cast-iron pipes for
circulating hot water, and for other purposes, by casting such pipes with left

page_text: and right-hand screws, and combining therewith screw couplings, with left and
right-hand female screws, and suitable packings, as above described.
And, thirdly, I claim the mode of forming the joint described in Figure 3,
by casting the parts in iron, as above described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Angier March Perkins, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Twenty-first day of July, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and forty-one.
ANGIER MARCH. (L.B.) PERKINS.
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Twenty-first day of July, in
the year of our Lord 1841, the aforesaid Angier March Perkins came before
our said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Specifica-
tion aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and specified, in form
above written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according
to the tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Inrolled the Twenty-first day of July, in the year of our Lord One 1
thousand eight hundred and forty-one.