A NEW MANUFACTURE OF YARNS AND WOVEN AND FELTED GOODS FROM ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE FIBRES, THE SAID VEGETABLE FIBRES BEING TREATED SO AS TO GIVE THEM QUALITIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF ANIMAL FIBRES AND BEING APPLICABLE ALSO FOR USE ALONE IN THE MANUFACTURE OF YARNS AND WOVEN AND FELTED GOODS
Year: 1885

page_text: A New Manufacture of Yarns and Woven and Felted Goods
from Animal and Vegetable Fibres, the said Vegetable Fibres
being Treated so as to give them Qualities and Characteristics
of Animal Fibres, and being Applicable also for Use Alone
in the Manufacture of Yarns and Woven and Felted Goods.
We MAX RAABE of 3 Salters Hall Court Cannon Street Manufacturer, AUGUSTUS
CHARLES GUSTAVUS SKYNNER of 137 Fenchurch Street Foreign Agent and SAMUEL
HENNING of Salters Hall Court Cannon Street Gentleman all of London in the
County of Middlesex do hereby declare the nature of our said Invention for
"A NEW MANUFACTURE OF YARNS AND WOVEN AND FELTED GOODS FROM ANIMAL
AND VEGETABLE FIBRES, THE SAID VEGETABLE FIBRES BEING TREATED SO AS TO GIVE
THEM QUALITIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF ANIMAL FIBRES AND BEING APPLICABLE
ALSO FOR USE ALONE IN THE MANUFACTURE OF YARNS AND WOVEN AND FELTED
GOODS" to be as follows:-
The object of our Invention is to so treat and prepare vegetable fibres that they
have many of the qualities or characteristics of animal fibres and to make the
fibres so treated and prepared into goods for the market either alone or combined
with animal fibres as hereinafter described.
In carrying out this Invention any suitable vegetable fibre may be employed
but if it is to be used with animal fibres it is selected in accordance with the
fineness and nature of the animal fibre with which it is to be combined and the
said vegetable fibre is subjected to a chemico-mechanical process next hereinafter
described whereby there are imparted to it many of the qualities or characteristics
of wool or animal fibre that is to say the same openness softness curliness and the
fulling and felting property that animal fibre possesses.
The vegetable fibres to be treated are placed in a vat trough or like receptacle
preferably wide and shallow and containing an alkaline solution prepared by taking

page_text: for every hundred weight of fibre say about four pounds of potash or other alkali
dissolved in sufficient water to effectually wet the fibre. The contents of the
receptacle are heated in any suitable way for example by means of a steam coil.
The materials remain for some time say for about 2 hours in this solution being
frequently agitated or moved about and the temperature being maintained near
boiling point without allowing violent ebulition to take place. The fibres are then
taken out of the solution and drained and the liquid drawn off.
A second bath is prepared with the addition of fatty matter such as olian soap
or urine in the proportion of say about 4 pounds of soap per hundred weight of
fibre and the fibres after treatment with the alkali as aforesaid are allowed to
remain for some time say for about two hours in this bath which is maintained at
the same temperature as the previous bath the said fibres being kept open by being
frequently stirred or moved about and they are then removed and well washed
which can best be effected by means of warm water in a Leviattsan washing
machine and the fibres are then shaken out and dried.
The fibres to which many of the qualities or characteristics of animal fibres have
been thus imparted are then passed through a beater, opener or devil provided
with a fan and are carded. The carding operation is most advantageously per-
formed by means of a simple carding machine with sectoral card clothing with
diamond pointed wires on double leathers which wires project only about 3/25ths
of an inch (three millimetres) beyond the leathers and are carded again on a
double carding machine provided with straightening and cleaning apparatus and
with the card clothing hereinafter specified. If preferred the materials may be
taken direct from the opener to the double carding machine.
The card clothing for this double carding-machine is as follows :—
CARD CLOTHING UNSTUFFED WITH CAOUTCHOUC LININGS.
SECOND SECTION OF CARDING MACHINE.
1 Main cylinder 1180 millimetres diameter with card
clothing of steel wire for carded wool yarn
: C
purposes -
1 Doffer 580 millimetres diameter with card clothing
of steel wire for carded wool-yarn purposes
1 Worker 200 millimetres diameter with card clothing
of steel wire for carded wool yarn purposes
-
No 26 holes 28 wire.
No 28 holes 28 wire.
Nº 26 holes 28 wire….

page_text: ·
тапсу
-
clothing of steel wire for carded wool-yarn
purposes
-
1. Clearer 80 in diameter with card clothing for
clearers 6 millimetres high.
1 Clearer 108 in diameter with card clothing for
clearers 6 millimetres high.
1 Catch roller 80 in diameter with card clothing for
clearers 6 millimetres high.
Card clothing stuffed with felt....
No 28 holes 28 wire.-
The second carding may be dispensed with in dealing with coarser qualities.
It is necessary to subject the fibre to this mechanical treatment in the devil or
opener when the said fibres are in a dry condition and if possible immediately
after the drying as it is only when the fibres are dry that the impurities can be
readily removed.
When the fibres thus prepared are to be used to manufacture bleached goods
none but the best raw materials'as free as possible from straw or impurities should
be employed they being preferably such as have a blueish tinge.
To produce light coloured goods bleached materials which have been passed
through the opener are employed being well wetted in warm water or in a suitable
mordant and then dried.
The medium light colours bleached or partially bleached materials are used.
For dark colours unbleached materials are used.
For dyeing the coarser qualities the use of the opener may be dispensed with
the materials being dyed immediately after undergoing the chemical treatment
and drying.
The fibres produced as described may be bleached or partially bleached or dyed
according to the colours or class of goods for which they are to be used. If
preferred the goods can be dyed after being woven or felted.
Where the coarser qualities of fibre are used and they are to be dyed the use of
the "devil" may be dispensed with the materials being dyed immediately after
undergoing the chemical treatment and drying.
The novel product obtained according to this Invention possesses a woolly
character is open soft very tenacious and well suited for spinning and admits of.
being worked up either alone or in combination with animal fibres say in equal
quantities into spun goods or textile fabric of a beautiful uniform and strong
texture. Being also capable of being fulled and felted it is likewise suitable for
being employed as an economical and efficient substitute for other materials at
present employed in the manufacture of felted goods.
ог
In order to obtain a satisfactory mixture of the vegetable and animal fibres it
is necessary before mixing them to open them out by means of a "devil"
opener which not only renders the mixing capable of being more perfectly
performed but removes the greater part of the impurities and particles of dust
whose presence would render the product less suitable for the operation of
spinning.
After opening the materials the wool or equivalent other animal fibre alone is
salivated with oil in the proportion of 12 per cent by weight of oil to the weight
of animal fibre and must be afterwards subjected at least twice to the action of
the "devil."
i
After this operation the vegetable fibre in the desired proportion (preferably in
equal quantity with the animal fibres as aforesaid) is mixed with the animal fibre
in the manner usually practised in woollen manufacture and this mixture must be
passed at least twice through a close set "devil" whereby the grease adhering to
the animal fibre is equally distributed over the vegetable fibre...
The mixture is then subjected to the action of a set or series of carding machines,
preferably slotted with cards No 26 and 28 and then divided into rovings by an
apparatus provided with steel bands whereby the rovings are obtained as fine as

page_text: possible in order to avoid a long drawing in the spinning. The rovings thus
obtained are subjected to the usual processes of spinning.
In weaving fabrics with, this yarn it is necessary to set the warp threads as
close together as possible and to weave the goods as closely and firmly as possible
in order to render unnecessary a prolonged fulling whereby the softness of the
goods would be damaged.
The fabric can then be teazled in the usual manner without being wetted
excessively after which can be tentered and dried at a temperaturo not exceeding
40 degrees Reanméu.
After the drying the goods should be well brushed and subjected to the usual
dressing and finishing treatment.
'
L
fars аци Woven and Felted Goods
from Animal and Vegetable Fibres, the said Vegetable Fibres
being Treated so as to give them Qualities and Characteristics
of Animal Fibres, and being Applicable also for Use Alone
in the Manufacture of Yarns and Woven and Felted Goods.
We, MAX RAABE, of 3 Salters Hall Court Cannon Street. Manufacturer,
AUGUSTUS CHARLES GUSTAVUS SKYNNER of 137 Fenchurch Strect Foreign Agent
and SAMUEL HENNING of Salters Hall Court, Cannon Street Gentleman, all of
London in the County of Middlesex do hereby declare the nature of this invention
and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described
and ascertained in and by the following statement:-
The principal object of this Invention is a new manufacture of yarns and woven
and felted goods from animal and vegetable fibres, the said vegetable fibres being
treated so that they have qualities or characteristics similar to those of animal
fibres, imparted to them as hereinafter explained. Any suitable vegetable fibres
may be employed but when they are to be used with animal fibres they are to be
selected according to the fineness and nature of the animal fibres with which they
are to be combined and the said vegetable fibres are subjected to a combined
chemical and mechanical process next hereinafter described whereby there are
1.

page_text: imparted to them qualities or characteristics similar to those of animal fibres such
as openness, softness, curliness and fulling and felting properties, The vegetable
fibres to be treated are placed in a cistern or like receptacle containing an alkaline
solution which may be prepared by taking, say about six pounds of Potash or
similar alkali or mixture of alkalis dissolved in about 1000 gallons of water;
This bath is suitable for treating about a hundred-weight of fibres. This solution
is heated in any suitable way, for example, by means of a steam coil or pipe, and
then the materials are placed therein and remain for some time, (say for about two
hours,) in this solution, being maintained at a moderate or gentle boiling point.
The fibres are then taken out of the solution and drained and the liquid is drawn
off. A bath of urine is then prepared in the proportion of, say about twelve to
fifteen gallons of urine to 1000 gallons of water. This quantity is also suitable for
treating about a hundred weight of fibre and the fibres after the treatment with
the alkali as aforesaid are placed in and allowed to remain for a time, (say for
about one hour) in this bath which is maintained at the same temperature as the
previous bath. The fibres are then removed and well rinsed in tepid water and
they are then placed in and subjected to the action of a hydro-extractor, after
which the drying is slowly finished in a moderately warm atmosphere. The fibres
are then passed through a Willey or like apparatus and then through a double
carding machine provided with an opening apparatus. The card-clothing for this
double carding machine is selected as follows:-
"
"
For the first section of double carding machine,
1 Stripper with Steel wire card clothing for worsted yarn No 18 Wire.
1 Swift with
ditto
20
33
The above named card clothing is to be unstuffed and with caoutchouc covering.
For the second section of the double carding engine.
1 Swift with steel wire card clothing for
carded yarn
1 Doffer
5 Workers
1 Fancy roller
-
-
-
No 26 prick and N° 28 wire.
-
28
28
"
""
"
"
"
26
28
"
">
"
"
"
-
28
28
"
"
"
"
73
4 Strippers with stripper card clothing.
1 Larger Stripper.
1 Catch roller.
The above card clothing is to be stuffed with felt.
For the mechanical treatment of the coarser qualities of fibres they must be
passed after the drying process through a coarse Willey and then through a single
carding machine with card clothing with triangular diamond points in double
leather which latter should not be overtopped by the diamond points more than
about 3 millimeters.
The fibres produced as described may be bleached or dyed according to the
colors or class of goods for which they are to be used. If preferred the goods can
also be dyed after being woven or felted..
The new material obtained by the process aforesaid possesses a woolley character
is open soft very tenacious and well suited for spinning and admits of being
worked up either alone or in combination with animal fibres into spun.goods or
textile fabrics of a beautiful uniform and strong texture. As the new material
possesses also fulling and felting qualities it is likewise suitable for being employed
as an economical and valuable material for the manufacture of felted goods.
For the manufacture of yarns and fabrics from the new material with animal
wool or (its usual animal substitutes) it is necessary to loosen separately each of

page_text: these materials by a Willey before mixing them together. Before adding the new
vegetable material the animal wool or its usual animal substitutes or mixtures of
the same are greased preferably with olive oil or oleine in the proportion of say
about 12 per cent of the weight of these materials, after which they are passed
through a Willey. The new material prepared from vegetable fibres as aforesaid is
now taken and mixed with the animal materials or mixtures which may be effected
in the manner usually practised in mixing different kinds of fibre and this mixture
is then passed again several times through the Willey The mixture then treated
on a set of ordinary carding engines with card clothing corresponding in fineness
to the fineness of the blended materials taking care that the rovings shall be made
as fine as possible.
The final spinning of these rovings takes place in the ordinary manner the
fineness of the yarn being dependent upon the fineness of the materials employed.
In manufacturing such yarns into fabrics it is necessary to pass the warp
through a reed as fine as possible and to weave closely.
Such woven cloths must be washed before undergoing the fulling process which
is then effected with soap. After the fulling process the cloth is washed and
napped. whilst not in too moist a condition. It is then tentered in a temperature
which should not exceed 40° R and then well brushed and treated by a shearing
machine and passed through a calendar pressing machine We have explained the
best means with which we are acquainted for carrying this Invention into effect
but we do not limit ourselves to the precise details or proportions as the same may
be varied without departing from the nature of the Invention as hereinafter
claimed,
Having now particularly described and ascertained: the nature of our said
Invention and in what manner the same is to be performed we declare that what
we claim is:-..
First The production of a new material by submitting vegetable fibres to the
action of an alkali at an elevated temperature and subsequently to the action of
urine at an elevated temperature and thereafter to an opening cleaning and
dividing operation as hereinbefore described.
Second The manufacture of yarns or woven or felted goods from vegetable
fibres treated as hereinbefore described and claimed either alone or in conjunction
with animal fibres as hereinbefore described..