Year: 1886

page_text: Date of Application, 22nd Oct., 1886,
Complete Left, 28th June, 1887.
Complete Accepted, 29th July, 1887.
1 ELBRIDGE WHEELER of Boston in the State of Massachusetts one of the United
States of America do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
This invention has for its object to produce an ingot composed of two or more
malleable metals or grades of metal, the said ingot being formed without a union
between the said metals.
In the practice of my invention the malleable metal which is to constitute the centre
of the ingot may be a small cast ingot, a bundle of muck-iron, billets, or bars of
wrought iron or steel, scrap iron or steel, or it may be fine steel or iron scrap
contained in a metal case.
The metal referred to and which in most cases is to constitute the centre of the
ingot, will in practice be placed cold in the mold, which latter may be of any
construction; and in order that the malleable metal constituting the surface of the
ingot may be free from blow holes, I prefer to apply to the said centre metal a wash
or coating of plumbago, clay or other suitable substance to prevent the oxide of the
said metal from coming in contact with the molten metal cast around it.
If the cast ingot, steel or iron bars, or billets, scrap iron or steel placed in the
mould to constitute the inner or center metal of the ingot is low in carbon, and the
metal cast around it in the mould to form the outside covering or envelope for
the ingot, is high in carbon, then such an ingot will be especially applicable for the
production of railroad rails, wherein the tread is very hard due to high carbon,
the centre being soft because of less carbon, and the centre and envelope will not be
fused together, or I might say there is a non-union of the said centre with the outside
metal.

page_text: If these conditions should be reversed, and the cast metal covering or envelope be
low in carbon, the ingot produced would be applicable for the production among
other articles, of bridge and other bolts, and stays and similar articles having a hard
or high carbon centre and an envelope or covering of low carbon metal.
The inner metal in some instances may be set to one side of the centre of the mould,
so that when so desired, the ingot formed may be composed in one part, largely of one
kind of metal, such for instance as the cast metal.
Dated the 22nd day of October 1886.
WM. BROOKES & SON,
55 & 56, Chancery Lane, London,
Agents for the Applicant.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in the Production of Compound Ingots.
I ELBRIDGE WHEELER of Boston in the State of Massachusetts one of the United
States of America, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in
and by the following statement :-
This invention has for its object to produce an ingot composed of two or more
malleable metals or grades of metal, the said ingot being formed without a union
between the said metals.
In the practice of my invention the malleable metal which is to constitute the center
of the ingot may be a small cast ingot, a bundle of muck-iron, billets, or bars of
wrought iron or steel, scrap iron or steel, or it may be fine steel or iron scrap contained
in a metal case.
The metal referred to and which in most cases is to constitute the center of the
ingot, will in practice be placed cold in the mold, which latter may be of any con-
struction; and in order that the malleable metal constituting the surface of the ingot
may be free from blow holes, I prefer to apply to the said center metal a wash or
coating of plumbago, clay or other suitable substance to prevent the oxide of the said
metal from coming in contact with the molten metal cast around it.
If the cast ingot, steel or iron bars, or billets, scrap iron or steel placed in the mold
to constitute the inner or center metal of the ingot is low in carbon, and the metal
cast around it in the mould to form the outside covering or envelope for the ingot, is
high in carbon, then such an ingot will be especially applicable for the production of
railroad rails, wherein the tread is very hard due to high carbon, the center being soft
because of less carbon, and the center and envelope will not be fused together, or I
might say there is a non-union of the said center with the outside metal.

page_text: In these conditions should be reversed, and the cast metal covering or envelope be
low in carbon, the ingot produced would be applicable for the production among
other articles, of bridge and other bolts, and stays and similar articles having a hard
or high carbon center and an envelope or covering of low carbon metal.
The inner metal in some instances may be set to one side of the center of the mold,
so that when so desired, the ingot formed may be composed in one part, largely of
one kind of metal, such for instance as the cast metal.
Figure 1 is an isometric view of a mold containing a metal center, shown as
provided with a wash or application in accordance with my invention.
Figure 2 is a longitudinal section of an ingot produced in the mold shown in
Figure 1.
Figure 3 is a top or plan view of a mold provided with a modified form of center.
Figure 4 a vertical section of Figure 3 in the line a, a.
Figure 5 a vertical section of a mold and modified center.
Figure 6 a view in cross section of an ingot produced in the mold shown in
Figure 5.
Figure 7 a sectional view of a rail made from the ingot shown in Figure 2.
Figure 8 a longitudinal section of a bar having a hard center and a soft outside,
and from which to produce bridge bolts, etc., and
Figure 9 a section of Figure 8 on line x¹ x¹.
The mold A by which to practice my invention is and may be of any ordinary
construction, such as found in steel plants.
Within the mold A and preferably located in the center of the same, is placed iron
or steel to form the center of the ingot, said metal being shewn in Figure 1, as a
small cast ingot a of malleable metal such as iron or steel, which in practice will be
placed in the mold in a comparatively cold state.
In order that the metal cast around the small ingot a, may be free from blow holes,
the said small ingot will preferably have applied to it a wash or coating of plumbago,
clay, or other suitable substance to prevent the oxide on the surface of the said small
ingot from coming in contact with the said cast metal.
The wash or coating of plumbago, clay, or other suitable material, is shown in
Figure 1, by dark lines, and in Figure 2 by the heavy dark line a¹ between the
center a and the enveloping matal b.
The wash or coating of plumbago etc., prevents the association of the two metals
constituting the ingot, that is, the molten metal, which in this instance is steel and
which is cast into the mold and surrounds the metal a, is prevented from effecting a
fusion with the said center metal.
Referring to Figure 3, I have shown the center metal as composed of a bundle of
fagots or bars b' of metal preferably wrought iron.
Each bar or fagot b¹as shown, has applied to it the wash or coating a¹ of plumbago,
clay, or other suitable substance, and the said bundle will be bound together in usual
manner by one or more binders 62, said wash preventing a union between the said
bundle of fagots and the malleable cast metal, and also between the fagots themselves.
Referring to Figure 5, I have shown the metal to form the center of the ingot as
fine scrap c either iron or steel contained in a case c', the said case preferably having
the wash, application or coating of plumbago, etcetera applied to it.
In Figure 6 the wash application or coating is clearly shown by the heavy dark
line a¹.
The ingot produced in accordance with my invention will in practice be reduced by
rolling, hammering, or by compression, or in any other manner and when reduced is
especially applicable among other things for the production of a rail, said rail
consisting preferably of a soft center with a high carbon steel covering or envelope,
said steel covering or envelope being, if desired, separated from the soft center by the
wash or coating of plumbago, clay, or other suitable substance, to prevent a union
between the said soft center and steel covering.
In Figure 7 I have shown in section a rail composed of two different grades or
kinds of metal, the outside or covering f being preferably a high carbon, while the

page_text: center metal is preferably a low carbon, said metal being shown as separated by
the wash, application or coating a¹, the said rail being formed by reducing the ingot
shown in Figure 2.
A rail such as shown in Figure 7, may be subjected to sufficient strain to break
the outside envelope of steel of high carbon, and the crack in the envelope may extend
entirely around the envelope without extending into or fracturing the soft or low
carbon center of wrought iron or low grade steel, and hence such a rail has superior
properties as regards safety.
The small ingot shown in Figure 1, and the bars shown in Figures 3 and 4, have
been described above as low in carbon, and the metal cast around them as high in
carbon.
In some instances it will be desirable that the small ingot and bars referred to
should be high in carbon, and the cast metal enveloping them should be low in
carbon..
Referring to Figure 8, I have shown in longitudinal section, a bar produced from
an ingot such as just described, the center metal e of steel being high in carbon while
the outside covering e' of wrought iron or steel is low in carbon, there being no union
formed between the metals.
The bar shown in Figure 8 is especially applicable among other things to the
production of stays, bridge bolts, and other similar articles.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said Invention,
and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I claim is :—
:-
As an improved article of manufacture, a metal ingot composed of an inner
malleable metal of one grade of carbon, and an enveloping malleable metal of the
same or a different grade of carbon, the said enveloping metal being disassociated
from the inner metal, substantially as described.
T
31
071 1
CT
1005
WM. BROOKES & SON,
55 & 56, Chancery Lane, London,
Agents for the Applicant.