IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR SHAPING, WELDING, AND UPSETTING METAL, PARTS OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE ALSO APPLICABLE TO HYDRAULIC APPARATUS TO BE EMPLOYED FOR OTHER PURPOSES
Year: 1876

page_text: Fued 18th June 1877.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN HENRY
JOHNSON, of 47, Lincoln's Inn Fields, in the County of Middlesex, Gentleman,
Bend greeting:
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Royal Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-third day of June, One thousand eight hundred.
and seventy-six, and numbered 2597, did for Herself, Her heirs, and successors, give
and grant unto me, the said John Henry Johnson, Her special license, that I, the said
John Henry Johnson, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as
I, the said John Henry Johnson, my executors, administrators, or assigns should at
any time agree with, and no others, from time to time, and at all times thereafter
during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and the Isle of Man, an Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR
APPARATUS FOR SHAPING, WELDING, AND UPSETTING METAL, PARTS OF WHICH
IMPROVEMENTS ARE ALSO APPLICABLE TO HYDRAULIC APPARATUS TO BE EMPLOYED
FOR OTHER PURPOSES," a communication to me from abroad by William Sellers,
George H. Sellers, and Coleman Sellers, all of Philadelphia, in the State of
Pennsylvania, in the United States of America, upon the condition (amongst
others) that I, the said John Henry Johnson, by an instrument in writing under
my hand and seal, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same
to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent:
And whereas I, the said John Henry Johnson, in pursuance of the said con-
dition in the said Letters Patent contained, did by a Specification, being an
instrument in writing under my hand and seal, particularly describe and ascertain
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be per-
formed, and did cause the samne instrument to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the Nineteenth day of December, One thousand eight hundred and
seventy-six:
And whereas since the filing of the said Specification I have been advised that
the subject matter of the first claim under the fourth head of the said Invention is

page_text: of doubtful novelty; I am therefore desirous of disclaiming the said claim, and in
order that the claims may read in their proper order, of altering the numbers of the
Bucceeding claims under the fourth head of the said Invention, as herein-after more
fully appearing.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said John Henry Johnson, by and with the leave
of Her Majesty's Attorney-General, and for the reasons aforesaid, do disclaim and
alter parts of the said Specification in manner following :-
--
I strike out the words commencing "First. In a hydraulic accumulator," and
the following words down to and including the words "herein-before described,"
which occur in lines 53 to 56 of page 10 of the Queen's Printers' copy of the said
Specification, published in One thousand eight hundred and seventy-six. I also
strike out the word "Second," which occurs in line 1 of page 17 of the said Queen's
Printers' copy, and substitute therefor the word "First." I also strike out the
word "Third," which occurs in line 4 of the said page 17, and substitute therefor
the word Second." I also strike out the word "Fourth," which occurs on. line 7
of the said page 17, and substitute therefor the word "Third." I also strike out
the word "Fifth," which occurs in line 9 of the said page 17, and substitute
therefor the word Fourth;
and I also strike out the word "Sixth," which
"
"
occurs in line 11 of the said page 17, and substitute therefor the word "Fifth."
And in order that the effect of the said Disclaimer and Memorandum of Alteration
may be better understood I annex hereto a copy of the said Specification as it
. will appear when so altered and amended, the preamble and testing clause being
omitted.
The said Invention relates to machinery or apparatus for shaping, welding, and
upsetting metal, and consists of various improvements therein, parts of which are
also applicable to hydraulic apparatus to be employed for other purposes as
herin-after described and illustrated on the two Sheets of Drawings hereunto
annexed.
The Invention has for its object, first, employing hydraulic pressure for operating
the welding or shaping die as well as the upsetting ram, thereby avoiding the
frictional resistance to the opening of the die incident to this operation, if any
mechanical power were employed to close it, also locking the die when closed, so
that a pressure within it greater than that required to close it will not open it, and with
such increase of pressure within the die unlocking it without exerting any appre-
ciably increased power over that required to lock it, and this part of the Invention
consists in combining with the upsetting ram a welding or shaping die closed by
hydraulic pressure; also in combining the upsetting ram and a die closed by hydraulic
pressure with a hydraulic drawback and a locking valve; also in combining the up-
setting ram aud a die closed by hydraulic pressure with balanced induction and
eduction valves.
In addition to these distinctive features this part of the Invention comprises other
combinations and improvements in construction as herein-after described.
Figure 1, Sheet 1, of the accompanying Drawings represents a longitudinal
sectional elevation of a hydraulic machine for welding, upsetting, and shaping
iron embodying this Invention; Figure 2 is a plan of the machine; Figure 3, an
end view of the same; and Figure 4, a section in the parting plane of the die herein-
after referred to.
Figure 5 is a sectional elevation of the valve case, the section being taken upon a
plane passing through the axes of the induction and eduction valves, the pipe com-
municating with the lower cylinder and the exhaust pipe herein-after referred to.
Figure 6 is a cross section of the valve case shewing the locking check valve
herein-after referred to in its relation to the induction and eduction valves; and
Figure 7 is a vertical section of the valve case on a plane passing through the in-
duction and locking check valves and the inlet pipe.
Similar letters indicate like parts in all these Figures.
A is the lower half and A¹ the upper half of the compressing die having a hori-
zontal plane of separation; these halves of the parting die are secured to rams or

page_text: pistons B, B1, moving at right angles to the horizontal plane of separation of the die
within the hydraulic compressing cylinders C, C, which form a part of the com-
pressing frame D; E is the upsetting bar attached to the upsetting ram F moving
horizontally within the hydraulic upsetting cylinder G (Figures 1 and 2), which has
its axis at right angles to that of the cylinders C, C', and parallel to the plane of
separation of the parting die A, A¹; the heavy tension rods H, H, placed equi-
distant from the and parallel to the axis of the upsetting ram connect the upsetting
cylinder G to the frame D; stout lugs or bosses I, I, are provided on the cylinder G
for the reception of these tension rods at one end; similar lugs I, I¹, sustain the
other ends of these rods in the frame D; all tensional strain is received against the
nuts K, K, whilst the inside collars h, k, serve to maintain all the parts duly in a
line with each other; the piston F is guided upon the rods H, H, by means of the
brackets 1, 1, extending radially from the forward end of the piston F to which they
are securely bolted.
The upsetting bar E is enlarged at the end towards the upsetting ram F and held
securely between the two halves f, f, of a clamping box which is secured in a dove-
tailed recess to the rum F by means of a flat key g, the enlarged inner end of the
upsetting bar E bearing against a steel thrust plate h, in order to withstand the
compressive strain of the work; the two parallel guide connections between
the hydraulic compressing cylinders C, C¹, form together with the opposing faces of
these two cylinders a rectangular oblong opening in the frame D of sufficient clear
space between its parallel sides to admit the dies for the largest work required of
the machine; the sectional area of these two sides is such as to resist the com-
pressive action of the upsetting rain in one direction, and in a direction at right
angles thereto, the expanding tendency of the metal in the die as it is being upset ;
the direct strain upon the die from the action of the upsetting ram is expended
against the shoulders d', d, (Figure 4) extending the whole length of the space;
between the two cylinders, whilst the indirect strain from the expanding tendency
of the metal in the dic. as it is being upset is extended upon the pistons in the
compressing cylinders, and is sustained by the water confined therein.
In addition to the shoulders d', d, resisting end pressure upon the die in one
direction a means is provided for holding the die securely in its place against any
strain which may be exerted upon it in the opposite direction, either by the friction
against the sides of the die, in withdrawing the upsetting ram, or during the
insertion of the bar to be operated upon, and this means of securely holding the
halves of the die in position also affords a convenient means of changing the same
and regulating the traverse upward of the lower ram B; it consists of two square
keys m, m, supported within the sides of the frame D, their movement prevented
vertically, and in the direction of the axis of the upsetting ram, by the ends and
sides of the recesses or grooves in the frame D, in which they are placed; corre-
sponding grooves are provided in the dies A, A¹; at the rear of each of the keys m, m,
a second but inclined recess is provided corresponding with the wedge bars n, n,
inserted from above; thus, when these bars are withdrawn above the keys m, m,
the latter can easily be pushed back to the full depth of their recesses, so as to
admit of the withdrawal of the die in the direction of the upsetting cylinder; the
required die being inserted in its place the bars n, n, are lowered to the bottom of
the recesses, and this causes the wedging action of the bevelled surfaces to push the
keys m, m, bodily inwards, so as to occupy the grooves in the dies A, A1, and thus
lock the same securely against any pressure that may tend to move them towards
the upsetting ram, the movement of the keys m, m, being prevented vertically, the
position of their lower ends will determine the traverse of the lower piston.
In parting the die its lower end half follows the descending piston B by its own
weight, the upper die A¹ however must be secured to the ascending piston B¹, in
order to be lifted by it. This is accomplished by means of the gibs n¹, n³, provided
in pairs on both sides of the die, and playing freely in suitable recesses within the
frame D; the dia A¹ is not rigidly clamped to the T head of the piston B¹ by means
of these jibs, but only loosely suspended, in order that this half of the die may be

page_text: changed as easily as the lower half, while the gibs remain suspended upon the head
of B₁ by their upper projections.
In order to effect the withdrawal of the upper half of the parting die, and also
the upsetting ram, without the use of counterweights, the drawback cylinders C
and G are provided; their construction and application being identical, the detailed
.description of the hydraulic drawback applied to the upsetting ram F will suffice.
The piston rod p attached to the rear end of the upsetting ram (see Figure 1)
passes through a stuffing box q into the drawback cylinder G in which it is fitted
with a piston r. The improved drawback will be more fully explained in detail in
describing the second part of this Invention.
In order to operate the pistons in the upsetting cylinder G, and the compressing
cylinders C and C¹, water under suitable pressure is admitted to and allowed to
escape from the openings O and O¹ and the pipe S. For this purpose balanced
hydraulic poppet valves are employed by preference, such as are shewn in
Figures 5, 6, and 7, in which Figures t represents the pressure or induction valve;
u, the eduction valve; and v, the locking check valve over the inlet pipe w.
The induction and eduction valves t and u are balanced against any pressure
tending to open them by packed pistons upon their stems above and below the
valves, having areas corresponding respectively to the areas of the upper and lower
planes of cross section of the valves themselves, they are held firmly to their seats
by the weighted levers x and x¹, and are raised at will by means of the hand
levers y and y¹. The pipe S conveys the water from the valve case to the com-
pressing cylinder C, whilst the opening Q admits the water at the same time into
the cylinder C¹.
The apparatus operates in the following manner-Water under suitable pressure
enters the valve case through the pipe w, raises the check valve v, and passes through
the opening O¹ under the drawback piston C³ of the cylinder C, which is provided
with cup leather packing to prevent its escape. If now the exhaust valve u is
raised to admit of the escape of the water above the upper main rain B¹ and below
the lower main ram B, the constant pressure from the reservoir under the drawback
piston will cause the latter to rise, carrying with it the compressing piston B¹ in the
upper cylinder C³, whilst the weight of the lower piston B and its die will force out
the water from the lower cylinder C, and the lower piston and die will descend.
When the upsetting pressure is to be used, water is admitted to the compressing.
cylinders through the induction valve until the compressing die is closed, the
induction valve is then closed so that both the induction and eduction valves to the
compressing cylinders are closed, the upsetting pressure is then applied, which may
and usually does exert a pressure within the die to open it in excess of that required
to close it, under which circumstances the locking check valve v prevents the water
from the upper compressing cylinder from flowing back to the reservoir, which it
would do by passing the packing in the drawback piston (it being a cup leather
arranged to withstand pressure in the opposite direction) and effecting its escape
through the induction pipe under the drawback piston. It will thus be seen that
the compressing die is not only closed and securely locked against the expanding
tendency of the upsetting operation, but that this expanding pressure in nowise
impairs the facility with which the die can be unlocked. This result could not be
attained with any of the mechanical powers, as their use would involve the necessity
of sliding surfaces under great pressure and consequent friction, producing resistance
proportioned to the pressure.
In many classes of work it is unnecessary to move the lower die, in which case it
may be blocked up to the proper height; the water in the lower cylinder will then
not be displaced when the induction valve is opened, and this die will remain
stationary, but supported by the water, as herein-before described, during the
operation of welding and upsetting.
The machine as described, although specially adapted to welding, upsetting, and
shaping iron, is equally applicable for upsetting and shaping alone.
A damping arrangement is to be provided in front of the parting dies for holding

page_text: the bar to be upset in the first instance until it partially fills the dies, and
beretofore this bar has been clamped by two opposing cams, which tighten against
the sides of the bar as the end pressure is exerted.
The Drawing illustrates an improved clamping mechanism, which is fully herein-
after described under the third head of this Invention.
With the ordinary hydraulic drawback or the drawback operated by a weight or
spring the locking check valve will not be required, the balanced hydraulic inlet
and outlet valves operating to retain the water within the compressing cylinders
against the upsetting pressure, and I therefore do not limit my claim to the locking
valve shewn in the preferred Drawing construction.
Any of the known forms of balanced valves may be adopted, and either a single
valves, which serves both for induction and eduction, or separate induction and
also
eduction valves may be employed. The lower part of the compressing die may
be fixed, if desired, as before mentioned, or both parts may be inoveable, as in the
example illustrated in the Drawings.
It is preferred to use separate accumulators for the ram and the compressing die,
although a single one may operate both, such modifications being all within the
skill of the constructor.
The said Invention has reference, secondly, to improvements in hydraulic draw-
backs. In this class of apparatus as heretofore constructed the fluid pressure is
exerted continuously upon one side of a small piston connected to the pressure ram
in such a manner that when the pressure is withdrawn from the rain upon the
completion of its stroke, the continuous pressure upon the small piston will draw
the ram back to its starting point. The effect of such a drawback is the same as
that of a counterweight, both detracting from the power of the machine in its
forward motion by so much as is required to withdraw the ram and displace the
water which moved it.
The Invention has for its object providing a hydraulic drawback which shall not
detract from the power of the machine in its forward motion, and it consists in
equalizing the hydraulic pressure on both sides of the drawback piston during the
forward motion of the ram, and applying the pressure to one side only of the piston.
during the backward motion of the ram; and it further consists in attaining these
conditions without increasing the number or altering the character of the ingress
and egress valves upon the machine.
This part of the Invention is illustrated in Figures 1 and 2 (Sheet 1) of the
accompanying Drawings, the drawback being represented as applied to a machine
for welding, upsetting, and shaping metals.
The improved hydraulic drawback is shewn applied to a horizontal cylinder at G²,
and to a vertical cylinder at C³, but as the construction and operation of both are
similar I shall confine my description to the one represented at G².
The main ram F works of the machine works in a cylinder lined with copper and
closed at its inner end by a plug b which is bored out from its rear end to form a
drawback cylinder c of the proper diameter. The cylinder is provided with a
piston attached to the rear of the main ram F by means of the piston rod p which
The outer
passes through suitable packing at 9 in the bottom of the cylinder c.
end of the cylinder c is closed by a tight-fitting cap g¹ secured to the drawback
cylinder by suitable bolts. A duct or passage h provides a direct cominunication
without the intervention of any valves between an accumulator or the pumps and
the cylinder c under or in front of the drawback piston r, so as to exert a pressure
upon this piston tending to draw the ram F back. A duct conveys the fluid
above or bebind the piston r to the main cylinder of the ram F, so that when the
pressure is exerted upon the main cylinder of-the-ram F, the same pressure will be
exerted behind the drawback piston r.
The duct is connected to the accumulator or pumps through a stop and exhaust
valves of any ordinary construction, or it may be provided with two independent
stop valves, but whatever the character of the valves they are to be capable of
admitting the pressure to and permitting it to escape from the main cylinder,

page_text: It is evident that as the pressure is continuously exerted upon the inner side of
the drawback piston 1, that when the stop valve is opened to admit the pressure
behind this piston and upon the main ram F, the same pressure will exist upon
both sides of the drawback piston, so that the tendency to drawback will be
eliminated, and the pressure upon the end of the piston rod p not being counter-
acted will tend to force the main ram forwards, so that the whole of this ram in
effect is subjected to the forward pressure without any abatement whatever from
the drawback.
When the exhaust valve is opened to permit the escape of the fluid through the
duct i, the constant pressure through the duct h upon the inner side of the draw-
back piston r will draw the main ram F back, force out the water from its cylinder,
as well as from behind the drawback piston 7, and this operation will continue so
long as the exhaust valve is open, or until the limit of the return stroke of the ram
is reached.
In some cases, as for example in portable rivetting machines, the ram is stationary,
and the cylinder moves forward under pressure, the drawback cylinder is then
placed in the centre of the ram, and the drawback piston rod is connected to the
end of the cylinder; the fluid is admitted through the ram to the cylinder in the
manner herein-before described. In some cases it will be more convenient to
connect the inner end of the main cylinder with the drawback cylinder c by a pipe
in which the stop and exhaust valves may be located; it is therefore evident that
the details of the Invention may be greatly varied, I do not therefore restrict myself
to the particular arrangement or devices described.
The said Invention has reference, thirdly, to improvements in apparatus for
holding bars of iron against the pressure required to upset them.
In upsetting and shaping the ends of long bars of iron it is necessary to prevent
the bar from being forced out of the shaping die by the upsetting pressure, and for
this purpose various devices have been employed either as fixed stops against the
outer end of the bar or to produce friction against its sides. The fixed stops remove
the resistance so far from the die that with long and slender bars it is necessary to
apply supports to prevent buckling which involves delay in adjusting, whilst the
frictional resistance has either been uncertain, or, if measurably certain, it has been
correspondingly slow owing to the danger of crushing the bar by an excess of
pressure.
As the iron must be operated upon whilst it is hot, any delay in adjusting pre-
liminarily to the upsetting and shaping may prove fatal to the success of the
operation.
This part of the said Invention has for its object clamping the bar as close as
possible to the shaping die, thereby avoiding the necessity for applying other
supports, exerting the pressure promptly without adjustment for each bar in order
to avoid delay, restricting the clamping pressure within the elastic limit of the bar
so as to avoid crushing, and limiting the transverse traverse of the clamp by the
bar alone in order to compensate for variations in size, and the Invention consists
of an improved holder and clamp, one or both moved by hydraulic pressure
graduated to the performance of the work, and in combining such holder and clamp
with the upsetting and shaping die.
This part of the said Invention is illustrated in Figures 1, 2, and 3, Sheet 1) of
the accompanying Drawings as applied to the welding, upsetting, and shaping
machine, herein-before described under the first head of the Invention.
The apparatus comprises a stout frame 1 securely attached to the main housing
of the upsetting machine by the bolts 2, 2, 2, 2; one end of this frame forms &
hydraulic clamping cylinder 3 closed at one end, to which fluid pressure from the
accumulator which operates the upsetting ram is admitted by the pipe 4; this
pipe is provided with a stop and an exhaust valve of any of the ordinary con-
structions, by means of which fluid under pressure is admitted to and allowed to
escape from the cylinder 3. The cylinder 3 is provided with a piston 5, which may
be packed in any manner so as to be capable of preventing the escape of the fluid

page_text: pressure; the outer side of this piston is provided with a clamp 6, the length of
which is variable so as to present a surface to the iron which it operated upon of
sufficient area to prevent crushing.
The piston 5 is provided at its lower side with a projecting arm 7, the outer side
of which is turned to the same radius as the piston to fit a corresponding surface
in the frame 1, and serves to maintain the piston in position and afford support to
one end of a bar 8, the other end of which is pressed against by the toe of the
weighing lever 9. The recess in the frame 1, forming a bearing for the arm 7 and
bar 8, is covered by the plate 10, 10, which passes under the clamp 6 and holder 11
and prevents the access of dirt or scale to the sliding surfaces.
The holder 11 is of corresponding size to the clamp 6, and is supported against
the pressure of the clamp by a shoulder of the frame 1, between which and the
holder suitable packing pieces may be inserted to bring the front line of the holder
in position with reference to the upsetting die. For convenience of adjustment and
greater range of opening at each operation the holder 11 may also be moved by
hydraulic pressure, in which case a stop is to be provided in order to limit its
forward motion to the line of the die, and to ensure that the holder shall reach its
limit of forward motion before the clamp shall commence to operate upon the bar,
the weight upon the drawback of the holder must be less than that upon the
clamp.
When both the holder and clamp are moveable that part which adjusts the
position of the bar with reference to the die is designated as the holder, and that
part which subsequently presses the bar against the adjusted holder is designated
as the clamp.
The apparatus operates in the following manner :-The holder being adjusted
and the bar to be upset being in position, the stop valve is opened so as to admit
the pressure to the piston 5, which is thereby forced outwards until its motion is
arrested by the clamp 6 coming in contact with the bar, which is prevented from
moving by the holder 11; this pressure will be maintained so long as the stop
valve is open and the exhaust valve is closed. Whilst the bar is thus securely held
the upsetting is performed, so that when the adjustment of the bar has been made
and the clamping pressure applied the position of the bar will be maintained against
the upsetting pressure, and the limit of the upset portion of the bar will be
accurately defined when the upsetting has been completed; the stop valve of the
clamping cylinder 3 is closed and the exhaust valve is opened, when the clamp 6
will be retracted and the fluid forced out of the cylinder through the operation of
the weighted lever 9, the latter acting upon the piston through the intervention of
the sliding bar 8. The pressure in the clamping cylinder being obtained from the
same source as that in the upsetting cylinder will be graduated to the performance
of the work. The surfaces of the clamp and holder which operate upon the bar
may be readily adjusted so as to be within the crushing limit, and also prevent the
bar from sliding between them, so that the movements of the clamp and the con-
sequent consumption of the power can be reduced to a minimum.
The said Invention has reference, fourthly, to accumulators for hydraulic
machinery, the object of this part of the Invention being to so arrange a hydraulic
accumulator that all the moving parts and packings shall at all times be readily
accessible for repairs, and that the removeable weights by which the load upon the
accumulator is varied can be taken off or replaced quickly, conveniently, and safely.
In hydraulic accumulators as generally constructed the cylinder bas been moveable
and the ram stationary, and the packing placed at the bottom of the cylinder, so
that if the packing should fail suddenly in use there would be great difficulty and
delay in replacing it. The moveable weights have been arranged around or on top
of the cylinder, and any change in pressure that may be required can only be
obtained by lifting the weights off or by suspending them on a frame overhead,
thus involving considerable delay in handling or expensive additions to the
accumulator to sustain the weights not actually in use.
also
&

page_text: According to this Invention the before-mentioned objects are effected, and the
defects in ordinary accumulators are obviated in the manner next herein-after
described, reference being had to Figures 1, 2, and 3, (Sheet 2,) of the accompanying
Drawings.
is &
Figure 1 is a sectional elevation of a hydraulic accumulator embodying the
improvements which form the subject of this part of the Invention; Figure
plan of the same; and Figure 3 is an elevation shewing the manner of suspending
the removeable weights.
A represents the base plate upon which stands the cylinder B, having in its upper
end a bearing a with a stuffing box and packing, through which slides the ram or
plunger C. From the top of the ram C the main weight E which surrounds the
cylinder B is suspended so as to be in stable equilibrium by means of the locking
.block D, which is provided with lugs F, which lock under similar lugs F¹ on the
main weight E, and thus sustain its weight; by turning the block Done quarter
round, the lugs F, F¹, are disengaged, and the block D and with it the ram C can be
withdrawn, thus affording easy access to the stuffing box a in the cylinder B. The
main weight E is formed with openings for the reception of the two T headed
suspension bolts H, H, carrying the supplementary weights I, I, by means of the
pins K, K, which pass through holes in the suspension bolts H, and are retained in
place by suitably formed recesses J in the under side of the supplementary weights I;
these recesses J being sunk below the face of the casting prevent the pins K from
being withdrawn as long as the weight I rests upon them; blocks of wood or other
slightly elastic material forming a removable stop M are laid on the flange N of the
cylinder. B, so that the lower side of the main weight E may come to rest upon
them, and so diminish the shock if the accumulator is allowed to run down suddenly ;
this removable stop M also serves to keep the supplementary weights I from
striking on the permanent post or stop O, so that the weights I are when in use
always carried by the pins K; if the removable stop M be taken out,. and the
accumulator be allowed to descend, the lower one of the weights I and the others
in succession will come to rest on the permanent stop O, and finally the main
weight E will be supported by the weights I with its lower side clear of the flange N;
the clearance between the supplementary weights I, and the distance between the
holes in the bars H is so proportioned that as the bars H descend with the main
weight E, the pins K will drop out of the recesses in the weights I, and can be
drawn out of the holes in the suspension bolts H. While the accumulator is in
this position any number of the supplementary weights I can be attached to or
descend from the main weight E by merely inserting or taking out the pins K, so
that in order to alter the load on the accumulator the removable stop M and the
pins K are all that require to be handled; the weight having then been adjusted to
the work to be done the pressure is applied through the pipe P, the accumulator
raised and the removable stop returned to its place so as to prevent the suspended
weight from striking those lying on the permanent stop O.
It is evident that the arrangement of the various parts, as shewn and described,
may be varied without interfering with the spirit of the Invention, as for example,
the prolongation of the main weight passing through the supplementary weights
may be omitted, and the adjustable stop placed outside the supplementary weights,
the main weight being made larger in diameter than the supplementary weights, or
having suitable projections for that purpose; or, again, the main weight may consist
simply of a cross head to carry supplementary weights, which may be in separate
series suspended from each end of the cross head, with an adjustable stop placed
under each series, but all such modifications are within the skill of the constructor.
The said Invention has reference, fifthly, to improvements in relief valves for
hydraulic machines, and it appertains to that class of machines in which the power
is produced by a pump operating continuously, but is applied through mechanism
operating intermittently, and consequently requiring provision for "wasting" the
fluid during the intermissions.
Various devices more or less effective have been employed for thus "wasting"

page_text: the nuid, but these are subject to the defect that the waste takes place under pressure,
requiring the same labor of the pump, and involving the same wear when wasting
as when using the power. Now this part of the said Invention has for its object,
whilst maintaining the pump in continuous operation, and at all times ready to
meet the demands upon it from the mechanism, to relieve it from work at all other
timos, and while thus relieved to maintain a circulation of water through the pump
chamber, and it consists in combining with pump and mechanism a relief system of
valves arranged and operating so that the defined movements of the mechanism
determine the duration of the pressure upon the pump, while the pump, although
relieved from pressure, shall continue to maintain a water circulation through the
pump chamber.
The pump chamber A is filled from the tank B through the valve 0
A
Figure 4 (Sheet 2) of the accompanying Drawings represents in vertical section a
plunger pump, its receiving and discharging valves, the improved system of valves,
and an accumulator combined therewith, as an exemplification of the Invention.
Figure 5 shews in vertical section a modification of the relief valve as the
plunger D rises; as it descends the water in the chamber A is forced out, lifting the
valve E, and passes to the accumulator E¹ through the pipe F. The valve G is
designated the relief valve. About it and for forming part of the same is a piston H
provided with cup leather packing, such piston fitting a cylinder J of larger
diameter than the largest diameter of the valve seat under the valve G, so that if
water is admitted to the cylinder at J above H, and under the same pressure as the
water in the pump chamber A, the valve G will be seated by the superior pressure
upon the piston H. If however the pressure be removed from above the piston H the
valve G will lift at each stroke of the pump, the valve E being held down by the
pressure of the accumulator, and thus the water will be discharged past the valve G
and through the passage K into the tauk B, under which conditions the pump
merely maintains a water circulation.
In order to operate the relief valve G I have in the Drawing shewn a well known
and much used form of hydraulic poppet valve of this part of the mechanism; the
induction valve L is shewn open and the exhaust valve M is shewn closed. Water
under the accumulator pressure passes through the pipe n and passages n', n¹³, into
the cylinder J, and by pressure on the piston H holds the valve G down. By
closing the valve L and raising the exhaust valve M the pressure is shut off from
the passage n¹, n¹, and the water in the cylinder J can then escape through the
passage O into the tank B. In order to ensure the seating of the valves L and M,
they are so arranged as to close by pressure when not held open. Thus the valve L
is carried by a stem extending through cup leather packings above and below the
valve, as the lower end of this stem is larger than the upper end, when the
valve is open, as shewn in the Drawing, the pressure in the passage n being
the same as in the accumulator, the enlarged lower end of the valve stem will cause
the valve L to close unless held open.
The exhaust valve M is free from pressure when open, and is to be closed by
suitable means, such for example as by the spring o shewn, the spring being
sufficiently strong to overcome the friction of the packing. The lever P pivotted on
a fulcrum at P¹ midway between the valves L and M, if tilted in one direction, will
lift the valve L, leaving the valve M to remain seated, as shewn in the Drawing; if
tilted in the opposite direction it will lower and seat the valve L, and then lift the
valve M, opening the exhaust passage O. To the long end of the lever P is attached
a weighted rod Q, which is so connected that when the accumulator is nearly full
the latter raises raises the rod Q, so as to bring the lever P into a position to allow
the valve L to close, and as the accumulator continues to fill, it lifts the valve M
and frees the valve G of the pressure which had previously held it down, thus
relieving the pump as herein-before described. When water is drawn from the
accumulator and the latter descends the weighted rod Q will descend with it,
a lowing the exhaust valve M to close, and opening the valve L, when the relief
valve G will be closed, and the pump will force into the accumulator.
I have shewn in connection with the valve G a rod R passing through a stuffing

page_text: box in the cap of the cylinder J. This rod may be connected to any regulating
valve of a pumping engine, so that when the valve G is relieved of pressure a
counterweight attached to the regulating valve will lift the valve G from its seat,
allowing a free escape of water from the pump chamber, and at the same time can
be made to close the regulating valve of the pumping engine, and thus reduce the
speed while it is performing no work.
The modification of the relief valve G, shewn in Figure 5, is designed to avoid
the use of a counterweight, as above described, and it consists in extending the.
lower end of the valve G and providing it with suiting packing p working in a
chamber of any required length in such a manner that the pump cannot waste after
the valve has been lifted from its seat until the packing p has passed out of its
chamber, by which means the pump itself is caused to impart a positive movement
to the valve G, sufficient to move the regulating valve of the pumping engine the
amount required to reduce it to the desired velocity whilst the pump is wasting.
This is of great value when the pump is driven by steam cylinders direct or by an
engine used only for driving the pump.
For convenience of illustration I have shewn the relief valve G and its operating
valves L and M as forming part of the pump proper, the whole being included in
one casting. This arrangement is however not always convenient. It is preferred
to arrange the relief valve G and its operating valves L and M in a separate case,
and to place it near to the accumulator, leading the water by a pipe from the pump
to it, and thence into the accumulator.
The relief valve may be applied to a variety of hydraulic machines, not only to
determine the quantity of water to be admitted, as in the example shewn, but also
to determine the pressure at which the pump shall cease to supply, as, for example,
a weighted plunger or a hollow curved spring which the required pressure will cause
to move may be arranged to operate the lever P and relieve the pump from
pressure, and in lieu of the valves L and M other well-known forms of valves, or a
double-seated valve, may be employed; the relief valve may also be used for con-
trolling the effect of a pumping engine as herein-before described. I do not
therefore confine myself to the use of the relief valve in connection with an
accumulator, nor to the particular construction of operating valves connected
therewith.
The said Invention has reference, sixthly, to improvements in the application
and regulation of hydraulic power, and it appertains to that class of bydraulic
machines in which power is produced by a pump operating continuously, but is
applied through mechanism operating intermittently, and consequently requiring
provision for wasting the fluid during the intermissions.
This part of the said Invention has for its object whilst maintaining the pump in
continuous operation and at all times ready to meet the demands upon it from the
mechanism to relieve it from the work at all other times, and while thus relieved to
maintain such a circulation of water through the pump chamber as to prevent any
accumulation of air therein, and it consists in combining with the inlet valve of the
pump a system of levers and weights arranged and operating so that the defined
movements of the mechanism determine the duration of the pressure upon the
pump, and it further consists in interposing between the inlet and outlet valves of
the pump a supplemental valve, which when closed will be held upon its seat by
pressure within the pump chamber, and when open will permit the free escape of
the fluid from the pump chamber in such a manner as to prevent any accumulation
of air therein, and in combining with such valve the system of levers and weights,
arranged and operating as aforesaid, and it further consists in employing the said
system of levers and weights for regulating the speed of the pumping engine.
As an exemplification of the mode of carrying out this part of the Invention, I
shall describe the apparatus as combined with an accumulator.
Figure 6, Sheet 2, represents in vertical section a plunger pump with its inlet
and outlet valves, the supplemental valve, an accumulator, and a the said system of

page_text: levers and weights in the position they assume when the pump is discharging intọ
the accumulator.
Figure 7 represents the supplemental valve and the system of levers and weights
in the position they assume when the pump is discharging into the tank from which
it takes its supply.
The pump chamber A is filled from the tank B through the valve C as the
plunger D rises; as the plunger descends the water is forced through the passage D',
and lifting the valve E will pass into the accumulator E¹ through the pipe F, and
acting on the plunger I will raise the weight K. G₁ is the supplemental valve, the
stem of which projects upwards through a stuffing box, and is controlled by a
lever P² working about a fulcrum P¹, the short end of this lever being loaded with
a weight O. A latching lever P³ is shewn in Figure 6 as latching the lever P
down, and consequently pressing the valve G¹ on to its seat; the latching end of the
lever P³ slides on to an incline P on the lever P* so as to wedge it down.
valve
A counterweight rod Q, supported by the accumulator weight K at its upper end,
and guided by a stand R' at its lower end, is provided with pins 1 and 2 and a pro-
jection S, engaging with a rod T depending from a point T₁ on the lever P* As
the accumulator fills with water, the weight K rises, and when it has reached a
height indicated by dotted lines, a stop w will have reached a point W₁, and will
then be in a position to lift the counterweight rod Q by means of an enlargement
on its upper end. As the rod Q is lifted, the pin 1 will raise the long end of the
lever P³ and relieve the lever P2, that is to say, unlock it (see Figure 7); the
weight O will raise the lever G² off its seat, and allow the water from the pump
chamber A to pass into the tank B through a pipe K¹. If by reason of any pressure
on the valve G¹ the weight O cannot lift it, as the rod Q continues to rise the stop 2
will engage under the lever P2 and lift it, as shewn in Figure 7. The supplemental
valve G¹ is located in a passage way D' leading from the pump chamber A between
the inlet and outlet valves of the pump. The passage way is alternately under and
free from pressure, as the plunger D on its descent forces water into the accumu-
lator E, and in its ascent lifts water from the tank B. During the up stroke of the
plunger D the valve G¹ can be readily lifted by the weight O, and will when opened
remain open, permitting a free escape of the water from the pump chamber at each
stroke; it will not close until the water is drawn from the accumulator and the
weight K begins to descend, when the rod Q descends with it. The projection S, by
means of the rod T, will draw down the lever P², seating the valve G¹ (the rod Q
being sufficiently heavy to overbalance the weight O). When the lever P² is in this
position, the latching lever Ps will fall into its place and wedge the lever P2 down,
forcing the valve G₁ upon its seat, and prevents the escape of water into the tank, so
that it must then be discharged into the accumulator.
For convenience of illustration I have shewn the supplemental valve G¹as forming.
part of the pump proper, the whole being included in one casting; this arrangement
is not always convenient.
It is preferred to arrange the supplemental valve G¹ and the system of levers in a
separate case, and place them near to the accumulator, leading the water by a pipe
from the pump to the valve, and thence into the accumulator; but wherever placed
it is necessary to have the valve G' and the passage from the pump chamber leading.
to it as high as the highest part of the pump chamber, so as to prevent any accu-
mulation of air in the pump chamber when the pump is lifting and merely dis-
charging again into the tank.
In many cases the inlet and outlet valves may be so arranged that any air
entering the pump chamber may be discharged through the inlet valve while this:
valve.is held open, and the system of levers and weights may be applied directly to:
this valve. One method of such application is indicated by dotted lines on
Figure 6. I have shewn in connection with the lever P° two modes in which it
may be applied to relieve the pump from pressure, one by the supplemental:
valve G, and another through the inlet valve C of the pump; but if the pump is

page_text: driven by a pumping engine, and should be suddenly relieved from pressure, its
speed would be greatly, perhaps dangerously, accelerated, and in such a case the
lever P2 may be connected with the throttle valve of the engine, so that when the
pressure is taken off from the pump the steam shall be shut off from the engine to
such an extent as to reduce its speed to any desired point. When the throttle valve
of a pumping engine is controlled by the accumulator, as the water rises the steam
will be shut off until the engine is gradually stopped, but in this case the steam is
never entirely shut off, and a comparatively large surface is exposed, upon which
condensation will take place. In order to remedy this difficulty the system of
levers and weights may be employed to shut the steam off from the pumping
engine entirely at any desired point, and this is effected by connecting the lever P²
with a suitable throttle or poppet valve regulating the flow of steam to the pumping
engine, which would be closed by the weight whenever the accumulator raises the
lever P³, and opened whenever the accumulator permits the rod Q to move the
lever P in the opposite direction, this application of the system of levers and weights
being a substitute for the applications to the valves, as herein-before described.
The system of levers and weights herein-before described may also be applied to
a variety of hydraulic machines, not only to determine the quantity of water to be
admitted (as to the accumulator in the example shewn), but also to determine the
pressure at which the pump shall cease to supply, as for example, a weighted
plunger or a hollow curved spring, which the required pressure will cause to move,
may be arranged to operate the system of levers and relieve the pump from pressure
or to stop the pumping engine.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of the said Inven-
tion, and the manner in which the same is or may be used or carried into effect, I
would observe in conclusion that what I consider to be novel and original, and
therefore claim as the Invention secured to me by the herein-before in part recited
Letters Patent is,―
In respect of the first part of the said Invention,―.
First. The combination of a compressing cylinder with a compressing die and
an upsetting ram, substantially as and for the purposes herein-before described.
Second. The combination of a compressing cylinder, a compressing die, and
upsetting ram, and a locking check valve, substantially as and for the purposes
herein-before described.
Third. The combination of a compressing cylinder, a compressing die, an
upsetting ram, a balanced induction valve, and a balanced eduction valve, sub-
stantially as and for the purposes herein-before described.
Fourth. The combination of a compressing cylinder, a compressing die, an up-
setting ram, a balanced induction valve, a balanced eduction valve, and a drawback,
substantially as herein-before described.
Fifth. The combination of a compressing cylinder, a compressing die, an upsetting
ram, a locking check valve, a balanced induction valve, and a balanced eduction
valve, substantially as and for the purposes herein-before described.
Sixth. The combination of the compressing die, the keys m, m, and wedge
bars n, n, for limiting the vertical movement of the lower compressing die, and
facilitating the removal of the compressing dies, substantially as herein-before
described.
In respect of the second part of the said Invention,―
In a hydraulic brawback, a conduit, which connects the inner end of the main
cylinder with the outer end of the drawback cylinder, in combination with a
conduit, which connects the inner end of the drawback cylinder with the accu-
mulator or pump, substantially as and for the purposes herein-before described.
In respect of the third part of the said Invention,―
The combination of an upsetting ram, a shaping die, a holder, and a hydraulic
clamp, the whole being arranged and operating substantially in the manner herein-
before described.

page_text: In respect of the fourth part of the said Invention,―
First. In a hydraulic accumulator the combination of a stationary cylinder, a
moveable ram, a locking block, and a main weight, as and for the purposes herein-
before described.
Second. In a hydraulic accumulator the combination of a stationary cylinder, a
moveable ram, a main weight, and a removable stop, substantially as and for the
purposes herein-before described.
Third. In a hydraulic accumulator the combination of a main weight, a removable
stop, supplementary weights, and a permanent stop.
Fourth. In a hydraulic accumulator the combination of a main weight, a re-
movable stop, supplementary weights, a permanent stop, suspension bolts, and pins.
Fifth. In a hydraulic accumulator the supplementary weights, having recesses for
pins, substantially as and for the purposes herein-before described.
In respect to the fifth part of the said Invention,-
of
First. The combination of a pump operating continuously hydraulic mechanism,
through which the power is intermittently applied, and a relief valve, the whole
being arranged and operating substantially in the manner and for the purposes
herein-before described.
Second. The relief valve G, constructed and operating substantially as herein-
before described.
In respect of the sixth part of the said Invention,―
First. In combination a lever, having a constant weight at one end, and a
counterweight and a latching lever at the other end, and hydraulic mechanism
operating the counterweight and latching lever, the whole being arranged and
operating substantially as and for the purposes herein-before described.
Second. The combination of a system of levers and weights, substantially as
described, with the inlet valve, for the purpose set forth.
Third. The combination of the pump, a supplemental valve, and a system of
levers and weights, the whole being arranged and operating substantially as and for
the purposes herein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Henry Johnson, have, to this my Dis-
claimer, set my hand and seal, this Twenty-fifth day of May, One thousand
eight hundred and seventy-seven.
40 Temple, 16th June 1877.

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Henry Johnson, of 47, Lincoln's Inn Fields, in the
County of Middlesex, Gentleman, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR SHAPING, WELDING, AND UPSETTING METAL,
PARTS OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE ALSO APPLICABLE TO HYDRAULIC
APPARATUS TO BE EMPLOYED FOR OTHER PURPOSES." A communication from
abroad by William Sellers, George H. Sellers, and Coleman Sellers, all of
Philadelphia, in the State of Pennsylvania, United States of America.
led the 15th August 1876, and dated the 23rd June 1876.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Henry Johnson at tho
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 23rd Juno 1876.
JOHN HENRY JOHNSON, of 47, Lincoln's Inn Fields, in the County of Middlesex,
Gentleman. "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR SHAPING, WELDING,
AND UPSETTING METAL, PARTS OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE ALSO APPLICABLE TO
HYDRAULIC APPARATUS TO BE EMPLOYED FOR OTHER PURPOSES." A communication
from abroad by William Sellers, George H. Sellers, and Coleman Sellers, all of
Philadelphia, in the State of Pennsylvania, United States of America.
This Invention relates to the hydraulic mechanism employed for actuating the
shaping and welding die, and the upsetting ram, and consists, first, of means for
operating the same in such a manner as to avoid the frictional resistance incident
to the opening of the die when closed by mechanical power, and also of a means
for locking the die when closed, so that a pressure within, greater than that required
to close it will not open it, and for unlocking it with such increased pressure within
the die without exerting any appreciably increased power over that required to
lock it.
Secondly. In constructing bydraulic drawbacks to be employed in combination
with the shaping and welding die, and the upsetting ram with two passages or
conduits, one of which connects the inner end of the main cylinder with the back
end of the drawback cylinder, whilst the other connects the inner end of the draw-
back cylinder with the accumulator, or with the pumps.
Thirdly. In combining with the shaping and welding die and upsetting ram,
an apparatus consisting of a holder and a clamp for holding bars of metal as close as
I Dance 1073

page_text: practicable to the die against the pressure required to upset them, such apparatus
being operated by hydraulic power, which may be regulated according to the work
performed.
Fourthly. In constructing and arranging the hydraulic accumulators to be
employed in combination with the said machinery or apparatus in such a manner
that easy access may be obtained to the whole of the moving parts and packing
and facility afforded for the safe and rapid removal and replacing of the weights.
Fifthly. Of improvements in hydraulic machines (to be employed for the before-
mentioned purposes of that class in which the power is produced by a continuously
operating pump and applied through other mechanism operating intermittently,
the object of this part of the Invention being to maintain the pump in continuous
operation and ready to meet the demands upon it, and to relieve it at all other
times, and while thus relieved to maintain a circulation of water through the pump
chamber.
Sixthly. Of improvements in the application and regulation of hydraulic power
in that class of hydraulic machine referred to under the fifth head of this Invention,
such improvements consisting in combining with the valves of the pump a system
of levers and weights so arranged and operated that the defined movements of the
mechanism determins the duration of the pressure upon the pump, also in inter-
posing between the inlet and outlet valves of the pump a supplemental valve,
which, when closed, will be held to its seat by the pressure within the pump chamber,
and when open will permit the free escape of the fluid from the pump chamber in
such a manner as to prevent any accumulation of air therein, also in the employment
of a system of levers and weights for regulating the speed of the pumping engine.
In carrying out the first part of this Invention the welding and shaping die is
made in two parts, each secured to a ram or piston moving in cylinders arranged at
right angles to the horizontal plane of the separation of the die, and at about right
angles to the axis of the cylinders of the shaping and welding die, and parallel with
the plane of separation of the latter there is arranged an hydraulic upsetting
cylinder, within which works a ram having an upsetting bar connected thereto by
means of an enlargement formed on one end and secured between two halves of a
clamping box keyed to the ram, a steel plate being arranged behind the box for
receiving the thrust of the bar when at work. The direct strain upon the shaping
& welding die under the action of the upsetting ram is received by projections or
shoulders formed for the purpose on the framing of the apparatus, whilst the indirect
strain from the expanding tendency of the metal in the die as it is being upset is
expended upon the pistons of the compressing cylinders.
In addition to the shoulders for resisting end pressure upon the die in one
direction a means is provided, as next herein-after described, for holding the die
securely in place against any strain which may be exerted upon it in the reverse
direction, either by the friction against the sides of the die in withdrawing the
upsetting ram, or during the insertion of the bar to be operated upon, whilst facility
is afforded for changing the die and for regulating the traverse of the piston which
actuates one of the halves.
In order to effect these objects the two halves of the die are secured in position
by two square keys supported in the sides of the frame in which the compressing
cylinders are mounted, the vertical movement of the keys being prevented by the
grooves or recesses in which they are inserted. At the rear of each of the keys
there are provided other recesses for the reception of wedge-shaped bars which
lock the die securely against any pressure which may tend to move them towards
the upsetting ram, whilst by reason of the keys being prevented from moving
vertically, the position of their lower ends will determine the traverse of the lower
piston. The upper half of the die is secured loosely to its piston by means of gibs
so as to lifted by it in its ascent, the gibs having free play in recesses within the
frame. The lower half of the die is, however, detached from its piston but follows
by its own gravity the descent thereof.
In order to withdraw the upper half of the die and also the upsetting ram

page_text: without the employment of counterweights, drawback cylinders are provided as
herein-after described under the second head of this Invention.
In order to operate the. ram in the upsetting cylinder and the piston in the
compressing cylinders, balanced hydraulic poppet valves are employed, consisting
of a pressure or induction valve, an eduction valve, and a locking check valve,
the two former being balanced against any pressure tending to open them by
packed pistons fitted on to their stems above and below the valves, and having
areas corresponding respectively to the upper and lower planes of the cross section
of the valves themselves. These valves are maintained firmly to their seats by
weighted levers, which may be raised when required by means of hand levers
provided for the purpose. A pipe is provided for the purpose of conveying the
water from the valve case to the lower compressing cylinder, whilst at the same
time the upper compressing cylinder is supplied with water from the valve case
through an opening provided in the drawback cylinder in connection with the
upper compressing cylinder. The water for operating the various pistons enters
the valve case under pressure through a suitable pipe and raise the check valve,
and then passes through an opening to the under side of the drawback piston, which
is provided with a cap better to prevent the escape of the water. Upon opening
the exhaust valve the water will escape from above the upper and below the
lower compressing pistons and the drawback pistons, whilst the constant pressure
from the reservoir under the latter will cause it to rise and carry with it the
compressing piston in the upper cylinder, and at the same time the piston of the
lower cylinder will descend and force the water therefrom. When the upsetting
pressure is to be employed water is admitted to the compressing cylinders through
the induction valve until the compressing die is closed. The induction valve is
then closed and the upsetting pressure is applied, which exerts a pressure within
the die to open it in excess of that required to close it, but the locking check
valve prevents the water from the upper compressing cylinder from flowing back
to the reservoir, consequently the compressing die is not only maintained closed
and securely locked against the expanding tendency of the upsetting operation,
whilst this pressure in nowise impairs the facility with which the die can be
unlocked.
A clamping arrangement is provided for holding the bar during the operation
of upsetting, which will be herein-after more fully described.
The hydraulic drawback herein-before referred to, and which forms the second
part of this Invention, is so constructed as not to detract from the power of the
machine in its forward motion, which result is obtained by equalizing the hydraulic
pressure on both sides of the drawback piston during the forward motion of the
ram, and applying the pressure to one side of the piston only during the backward
motion. The main ram of the drawback works in a cylinder, in the outer end of
which there is fitted a plug, which is bored out to receive a piston attached to the
rear of the main ram by means of a piston rod working through suitable packing
in the inner end of the plug. This plug is provided with two ducts or passages,
one of which communicates with the accumulator or pumps, and with the cylinder
of the drawback piston on the inner or front side of the latter, so as to exert a
pressure on the ram tending to draw it back, whilst the other passage conducts
the fluid behind the drawback piston and across and through the drawback
cylinder to the inner end of the main cylinder, so that when the pressure is
exerted upon the main cylinder the same pressure will be exerted behind the
drawback piston.
In the operation of upsetting and shaping the ends of long bars of iron it is
necessary to prevent the bars from being forced out of the shaping die by the
upsetting pressure. This object is effected by an improved holding device, which
forms the subject of the 3rd head of this Invention.
The improved holding device consists of a holder and clamp, one or both actuated
by hydraulic pressure suitably regulated to meet the nature of the work to be
performed. A cylinder having one end closed is fitted to or formed in a stout

page_text: frame attached to the upsetting machine herein-before described, to which cylinder
fluid under pressure from the accumulator is admitted, and from which it is allowed
to escape by a pipe provided with a stop valve and an exhaust valve.
This cylinder is provided with a piston carrying a clamp of suitable length to
present to the iron to be held a surface of sufficient area to prevent crushing.
From the underside of this piston there projects an arm, the outer side of which
is turned to the same radius as the piston and fits a corresponding surface formed
in the carrying frame. This arm serves to maintain the piston in position, and
also to support the one end of a bar, the other end of which is pressed against by
a weighted lever.
The holder is made to correspond in size with the clamp, and is supported
against the pressure of the latter by a shoulder formed in the carrying frame. If
desired this holder may also be moved by hydraulic pressure, in which case a
stop should be provided to limit its forward motion, which should be attained
before the clamp commences to operate upon the bar. When the upsetting of the
bar has been completed the stop valve of the clamping. cylinder is closed and the
exhaust valve opened, the clamp will then retire, and the fluid contained in
the cylinder will be forced out through the operation of the weighted lever
herein-before referred to.
In carrying out the 4th part of this Invention a stationary cylinder is
employed provided at its upper end with a stuffing box, through which the ram
or plunger works. From the top of the ram there is suspended by means of
locking blocks the main weight which surrounds the cylinder (and is maintained
in stable equilibrium). The main weight is provided with two openings for the
reception of two T-headed suspension rods or bolts carrying supplementary weights,
which are connected thereto by pins passing through holes in the suspension rods
into recesses formed in the under side of the supplementary weights. Between
the main weight and the flange of the cylinder are interposed blocks of wood or
other suitable elastic material for the purpose of diminishing the shock of the
accumulator when allowed to run down suddenly, and also to serve as a temporary
or removable stop to prevent the supplementary weights from striking or coming
in contact with a permanent post or fixed stop, and thereby ensuring the supplemen-
tary weights when in use being always carried by the pins which connect them to
the suspension rods or bolts. When it is desired to either add or remove any of
the supplementary weights the packing from between the main weight and the
flange of the cylinder is removed, when upon the accumulator descending the
lower one of the supplementary weights will come into contact with and bo
supported by the permanent or fixed stop herein-before referred to, and on its
further descent the other supplementary weights and the main weight will be
likewise supported upon the lower weight, and the pins which secure them to
the suspension rods or bolts will descend below the recesses in the weight, whereby
any number of weights may be added or removed as required.
The 5th part of this Invention relates to improvements in relief valves of
hydraulic machines, whereby the pump whilst maintained in continuous operation,
and at all times ready to meet the demands upon it, is relieved from work at all
other times, and while thus relieved a circulation of water is maintained in the
pump chamber. In carrying out this part of the Invention the pump chamber is
filled from a tank through a valve by the rising of the pump plunger, and as the
plunger descends the water is forced from the chamber raising a valve by which it
passes through a pipe to the accumulator. In another passage formed in the pump
chamber, and opposite to that which leads to the accumulator, the improved relief
valve herein-before referred to is fitted. This relief valve is formed on the lower
end of a piston, fitting a cylinder of larger diameter than the diameter of the valve
seat, so that if water is admitted above the piston at the same pressure as the
water in the pump chamber, the valve will be seated by reason of the superior
weight upon the piston; if, however, the pressure be removed from above the piston
the valve will be lifted at each stroke of the pump (the valve in the pipe leading

page_text: to the accumulator being held down by the pressure of the said accumulator, and
the water will pass the relief valve and be discharged through a passage into the
tank which supplies the pump chamber with water, a circulation of the water being
thereby maintained. The relief valve may be operated by means of the ordinary
hydraulic poppet valve arrangement, when upon opening the induction valve and
closing the exhaust valve, water under the accumulator pressure will pass into the
cylinder in which the piston forming part of the relief valve works, which valve
will thereby be held down to its seat; but upon closing the induction valve and
opening the exhaust valve the water in the cylinder above the relief valve will
escape into the tank, as herein-before described. The induction and exhaust valves
are arranged to close by pressure when not held open, and to one end of a lever
pivoted between the induction & exhaust valves is attached a weighted rod,
which, if tilted in one direction, will open one of the valves and close the other,
and if tilted in the opposite direction will have the reverse action upon the valves.
The pivotted lever is so connected to the weighted rod that when the accumulator
is nearly full it allows the induction valve to close, and that as the accumulator
continues to fill the exhaust valve shall be raised and liberate the relief valve from
the pressure which had previously held it down, thereby relieving the pump, as
herein-before described. In carrying out the sixth part of this Invention, the
water is caused to enter the pump chamber by the rising of the plunger, and is
discharged therefrom by the descent of the plunger into the accumulator and elevate
the plunger thereof and with it a weight which is connected to the upper end of
the said plunger. In the passage leading from the pump chamber to the accumu-
lator there are arranged two valves, one of which governs the admission of water
to the accumulator, and the other (which is termed a supplemental valve) opens
and closes a passage communicating with the tank from which the pump is supplied
with water. The supplemental valve is connected to a lever which works on a
fulcrum and is weighted at one end, causing it to have a tendency to raise the
opposite end which is held down by a latching lever, whereby the supplemental
valve is maintained on its seat. A counterweight rod, guided by the accumulator
weight and provided with suitable projections, is caused to rise when the accumu-
lator weight has ascended to a certain height, and bringing one of the projections
into contact with the latching lever so as to release the weighted lever which will
then rise and open the supplemental valve and allow the water from the pump
chamber to return to the tank. In case of the weight on the lever being insufficient
to lift the valve, another stop or pin on the counterweight rod will by its continued
ascent come in contact with the weighted lever and thereby raise the valve. During
tho up stroke of the pump plunger the supplemental valve may be readily opened
by raising the weighted lever to which it is connected, after which it will remain
open, thereby permitting a free escape of the water from the pump chamber at each
stroke, when, however, the water is drawn from the accumulator, the accumulator
weight will commence to descend and carry with it the counterweight rod, when a
projection on the latter, by acting on a rod attached to the weighted lever of the
supplemental valve, will cause the latter to be forced down to its seat, the water
from the pump chamber will then open the other valve in the passage leading to
the accumulator, into which the water will then enter. If desired the supplemental
valve in lieu of being fitted in the saine casting with the inlet and outlet valves,
as herein-before described, may be arranged together with the system of levers in a
separate case situate near the accumulator.
In many cases the inlet and outlet valves may be so arranged that any air entering
the pump chamber shall be discharged through the inlet valve, which result may be
obtained by connecting the system of lever herein-before described direct to this
valve.
When the pump is driven by a steam engine it is proposed to connect the weighted
lever attached to the supplemental valve with the throttle valve of the engine, in
order that when the pressure is taken off the pump the stean shall be cut off from
the engine to such a degree as to reduce its speed to the desired oxtent. It is also

page_text: proposed to employ the herein-before described system of levers and weights for
entirely cutting off the steam from the pumping engine at any desired point, which
result may be effected by connecting the weighted lever of the supplemental valve
with the throttle valve of the steam engine, so that when the accumulator rises and
falls it shall act upon the lever in the manner herein-before described and cause it
to open and close the throttle valve.
It is further proposed to apply the system of weights and levers to determine the
pressure at which the pump shall cease to supply. For example, a weighted plunger
or a hollow curved spring, which the required pressure will cause to move, may be
arranged to operate the system of levers and relieve the pump from pressure or to
stop the pumping engine.
11
is also enplicable to other purposes.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said John Henry Johnson in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 19th
December 1876.
JOHN HENRY JOHNSON, of 47, Lincoln's Inn Fields, in the County of Middlesex,
Gentleman. "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR SHAPING,
WELDING, AND UPSETTING METAL, PARTS OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE ALSO
APPLICABLE TO HYDRAULIC APPARATUS TO BE EMPLOYED FOR OTHER PURPOSES."
A communication from abroad by William Sellers, George H. Sellers, and Coleman
Sellers, all of Philadelphia, in the State of Pennsylvania, United States of America.
The said Invention relates to machinery or apparatus for shaping, welding, and
upsetting metal, and consists of various improvements therein, parts of which are
also applicable to hydraulic apparatus to be employed for other purposes, as herein-
after described and illustrated on the two Sheets of Drawings hereunto annexed.
The Invention has for its object, first, employing hydraulic pressure for operating
the welding or shaping die, as well as the upsetting ram, thereby avoiding the
frictional resistance to the opening of the die incident to this. operation if any
mechanical power were employed to close it, also locking the die when closed so
that a pressure within it greater than that required to close it will not open it, and
with such increase of pressure within the die unlocking it without exerting any
appreciably increased power over that required to lock it, and this part of the
Invention consists in combining with the upsetting ram a welding or shaping
die closed by bydraulic pressure, also in combining the upsetting ram and a die
closed by hydraulic pressure with a hydraulic drawback and a locking valve, also
in combining the upsetting ram and a die closed by hydraulic pressure with
balanced induction and eduction valves.
In addition to these distinctive features this part of the Invention comprises
other combinations and improvements in construction, as herein-after described.
Figure 1, Sheet 1, of the accompanying Drawings represents a longitudinal
sectional elevation of a hydraulic machine for welding, upsetting, and shaping iron,
embodying this Invention; Figure 2 is a plan of the machine; Figure 3 an end
view of the same, and Figure 4 a section in the parting plane of the die herein-
after referred to; Figure 5 is a sectional elevation of the valve case, the section
being taken upon a plane passing through the axes of the induction and eduction
valves, the pipe communicating with the lower cylinder and the exhaust pipe
herein-after referred to; Figure 6 is a cross section of the valve case; showing the
locking check valve, herein-after referred to in its relation to the induction and
eduction valves; and Figure 7 is a vertical section of the valve case on a plane
passing through the induction and locking check valves and the inlet pipe. Similar
letters indicate like parts in all these Figures.
A is the lower half and A¹ the upper half of the compressing die, having a
horizontal plane of separation, these halves of the parting die are secured to rams

page_text: or pistons B, B', moving at right angles to the horizontal plane of separation of the
die within the hydraulic compressing cylinders C, C¹, which form a part of the
compressing frame D. E is. the upsetting bar attached to the upsetting ram F,
moving horizontally within the hydraulic upsetting cylinder G (Figures 1 and 2),
which has its axis at right angles to that of the cylinders C, C¹, and parallel to the
The heavy tension rods H, H,
plane of separation of the parting die A, A¹
placed equidistant from and parallel to the axis of the upsetting ram connect the
upsetting cylinder G to the frame D; stout lugs or bosses I, I, are provided on the
cylinder G for the reception of these tension rods at one end, similar lugs I¹, I¹,
sustain the other ends of these rods in the frame D, all tensional strain is received
against the nuts K, K, whilst the inside collars k, k, serve to maintain all the parts
duly in a line with each other. The piston F is guided upon the rods H, H, by
means of the brackets l, l, extending radially from the forward end of the piston F
to which they are securely bolted.
The upsetting bar E is enlarged at the end towards the upsetting ram F, and
held securely between the two halves f, f, of a clamping box, which is secured in a
dovetailed recess to the ram F by means of a flat key g, the enlarged inner end
of the upsetting bar E bearing against a steel thrust plate h in order to withstand
the compressive strain of the work. The two parallel guide connections between
the hydraulic compressing cylinders C, C¹, form together with the opposing faces of
these two cylinders a rectangular oblong opening in the frame D of sufficient clear
space between its parallel sides to admit the dies for the largest work required of
the machine. The sectional area of these two sides is such as to resist the com-
pressive action of the upsetting ram in one direction, and in a direction at right
angles thereto the expanding tendency of the metal in the die as it is being upset.
The direct strain upon the die from the action of the upsetting ram is expended
against the shoulders d', d¹, (Figure 4) extending the whole length of the space
between the two cylinders, whilst the indirect strain from the expanding tendency
of the metal in the die as it is being upset is expended upon the pistons in the
compressing cylinders and is sustained by the water confined therein. In addition
to the shoulders d³, d, resisting end pressure upon the die in one direction a means
is provided for holding the die securely in its place against any strain which may
be exerted upon it in the opposite direction, either by the friction against the
sides of the die in withdrawing the upsetting ram, or during the insertion of
the bar to be operated upon, and this means of securely holding the halves of the
die in position also affords a convenient means of changing the same and regulating
the traverse upward of the lower ram B; it consists of two square keys m, m,
supported within the sides of the frame D, their movement prevented vertically
and in the direction of the axis of the upsetting ram by the ends and sides of the
recesses or grooves in the frame D in which they are placed; corresponding grooves
are provided in the dies A, A¹; at the rear of each of the keys m, m, a second but
inclined recess is provided corresponding with the wedge bars n, n, inserted from
above, thus when these bars are withdrawn above the keys m, m, the latter can
easily be pushed back to the full depth of their recesses so as to admit of the
withdrawal of the die in the direction of the upsetting cylinder, the required die
being inserted in its place, the bars n, n, are lowered to the bottom of the recesses,
and this causes the wedging action of the bevelled surfaces to push the keys m, m,
bodily inwards so as to occupy the grooves in the dises A, A¹, and thus lock the
same securely against any pressure that may tend to move them towards the
0 upsetting ram, the movement of the keys m, m, being prevented vertically,
the position of their lower ends will determine the traverse of the lower piston.
In parting the die its lower half A follows the descending piston B by its own
weight, the upper die A¹ however must be secured to the ascending piston B¹, in
order to be lifted by it. This is accomplished by means of the gibs n¹, n¹, provided
5 in pairs on both sides of the die, and playing freely in suitable recesses within the
frame D, the die A¹ is not rigidly clamped to the T-head of the piston B¹ by means
of these gibs, but only loosely suspended in order that this half of the die may be

page_text: changed as easily as the lower half, while the gibs remain suspended upon the head
of B by their upper projections.
In order to effect the withdrawal of the upper half of the parting die, and also
the upsetting ram without the use of counterweights, the drawback cylinders C
and G2 are provided, their construction and application being identical, the detailed
description of the hydraulic drawback applied to the upsetting ram F will suffice.
The piston rod p attached to the rear end of the upsetting ram (see Figure 1) passes
through a stuffing box q into the drawback cylinder G2, in which it is fitted with a
piston r. The improved drawback will be more fully explained in detail in
describing the second part of this Invention.
In order to operate the pistons in the upsetting cylinder G and the compressing
cylinders C and C₁ water under suitable pressure is admitted to and allowed to
escape from the openings O and O¹ and the pipe S. For this purpose balanced
hydraulic poppet valves are employed by preference, such as are shewn in Figures
5, 6, and 7; in which Figures, t represents the pressure or induction valve; u, the
eduction valve; and v, the locking check valve over the inlet pipe w.
The induction and eduction valves t and u are balanced against any pressure
tending to open them by packed pistons upon their stems above and below the
valves, having areas corresponding respectively to the areas of the upper and lower
planes of cross section of the valves themselves; they are held firmly to their seats
by the weighted levers x and x¹, and are raised at will by means of the hand
leversy and y¹. The pipe S conveys the water from the valve case to the com-
pressing cylinder C, whilst the opening Q admits the water at the same time into
the cylinder C¹.
The apparatus operates in the following manner:- -Water under suitable pressure
enters the valve case through the pipe w, raises the check valve v, and passes
through the opening O¹ under the drawback piston C3 of the cylinder C2, which is
provided with cup leather packing to prevent its escape. If now the exhaust
valve u is raised to admit of the escape of the water above the upper main ram B¹,
and below the lower main ram B, the constant pressure from the reservoir under
the drawback piston will cause the latter to rise, carrying with it the compressing
piston B¹ in the upper cylinder C, whilst the weight of the lower piston B and its
die will force out the water from the lower cylinder C, and the lower piston and dio
will descend. When the upsetting pressure is to be used water is admitted to the
compressing cylinders through the induction valve until the compressing die is
closed, the induction valve is then closed, so that both the induction and eduction
valves to the compressing cylinders are closed; the upsetting pressure is then
applied, which may and usually does exert a pressure within the die to open it in
excess of that required to close it, under which circumstances the locking check
valve prevents the water from the upper compressing cylinder from flowing back
to the reservoir, which it would do by passing the packing in the drawback piston
(it being a cup leather arranged to withstand pressure in the opposite direction),
and effecting its escape through the induction pipe under the drawback piston. It
will thus be seen that the compressing die is not only closed and securely locked
against the expanding tendency of the upsetting operation, but that this expanding
pressure in no wise impairs the facility with which the die can be unlocked. This
result could not be attained with any of the mechanical powers, as their use would
involve the necessity of sliding surfaces under great pressure, and consequent
friction producing resistance proportioned to the pressure.
In many classes of work it is unnecessary to move the lower die, in which case it
may be blocked up to the proper height; the water in the lower cylinder will then
not be displaced when the induction valve is opened, and this die will remain
stationary but supported by the water, as herein-before described, during the
operation of welding and upsetting. The machine as described, although specially
adapted to welding, upsetting, and shaping iron, is equally applicable for upsetting
and shaping alone.
A clamping arrangement is to be provided in front of the parting dies for holding.

page_text: he bar to be upset in the first instance until it partially fills the dies, and hereto-
fore this bar has been clamped by two opposing cams which tighten against the
ides of the bar as the end pressure is exerted. The Drawing illustrates an im-
proved clamping mechanism, which is fully herein-after described under the third
head of this Invention.
With the ordinary hydraulic drawback or the drawback operated by a weight or
spring the locking check valve will not be required, the balanced hydraulic inlet
and outlet valves operating to retain the water within the compressing cylinders
against the upsetting pressure, and I therefore do not limit my claim to this locking
valve shown in the preferred construction.
Any of the known forms of balanced valves may be adopted, and either a single
valve which serves both for induction and eduction, or separate induction and
eduction valves, may be employed. The lower part of the compressing die may also
be fixed if desired as before mentioned, or both parts may be moveable, as in the
example illustrated in the Drawings.
It is preferred to use separate accumulators for the ram and the compressing die,
although a single one may operate both. Such modifications being all within the
skill of the constructor.
The said Invention has reference, secondly, to improvements in hydraulic
drawbacks.
In this class of apparatus as heretofore constructed the fluid pressure is exerted
continuously upon one side of a small piston connected to the pressure ram in such
a manner that when the pressure is withdrawn from the ram upon the completion
of its stroke the continuous pressure upon the small piston will draw the ram back
to its starting point.
The effect of such a drawback is the same as that of a counterweight, both
detracting from the power of the machine in its forward motion by so much as is
required to withdraw the ram and displace the water which moved it.
The Invention has for its object providing a hydraulic drawback which shall not
detract from the power of the machine in its forward motion, and it consists in
equalizing the hydraulic pressure on both sides of the drawback piston during the
forward motion of the ram, and applying the pressure to one side only of the piston
during the backward motion of the ram, and it further consists in attaining these
conditions without increasing the number or altering the character of the ingress
and egress valves upon the machine.
This part of the Invention is illustrated in Figures 1 and 2 (Sheet 1) of the
accompanying Drawings, the drawback being represented as applied to a machine
for welding, upsetting, and shaping metals.
The improved hydraulic drawback is shewn applied to a horizontal cylinder at G³,
and to a vertical cylinder at C2, but as the construction and operation of both are
similar I shall confine my description to the one represented at G².
The main ram F of the machine works in a cylinder lined with copper and closed
at its inner end by a plug b, which is bored out from its rear end to form a draw-
back cylinder c of the proper diameter. The cylinder is provided with a piston r
attached to the rear of the main ram F by means of the piston rod p, which passes
through suitable packing at q in the bottom of the cylinder c. The outer end of the
cylinder c is closed by a tight-fitting cap g' secured to the drawback cylinder by
suitable bolts. A duct or passage h provides a direct communication without the
intervention of any valves between an accumulator or the pumps and the cylinder c
under or in front of the drawback piston r, so as to exert a pressure upon this
piston tending to draw the ram F back. A duct i conveys the fluid above or
behind the piston r to the main cylinder of the ram F, so that when the pressure is
exerted upon the main cylinder the same pressure will be exerted behind the draw-
back piston r. The duct i is connected to the accumulator or pumps through a stop
5 and exhaust valve of any ordinary construction, or it may be provided with two
independent stop valves, but whatever the character of the valves they are to be
capable of admitting the pressure to and permitting it to escape from the main

page_text: cylinder. It is evident that as the pressure is continuously exerted upon the inner
side of the drawback piston that when the stop valve is opened to admit the
pressure behind this piston and upon the main ram F the same pressure will exist
upon both sides of the drawback piston, so that the tendency to drawback will be
eliminated, and the pressure upon the end of the piston rod p not being counter-
acted will tend to force the main ram forwards, so that the whole of this ram in
effect is subjected to the forward pressure without any abatement whatever from
the drawback. When the exhaust.valve is opened to permit the escape of the fluid
through the duct i the constant. pressure through, the duct h.upon the inner side of
the drawback piston ? will draw the main ram F back, force out the water from its
cylinder as well as from behind the drawback piston r, and this operation will
continue so long as the exhaust valve is open or until the limit of the return stroke
of the ram is reached.
"
In some cases, as, for example, in portable rivetting machines, the ram is stationary
and the cylinder moves forward under pressure ;. the drawback cylinder is then placed
in the centre of the ram, and the drawback piston rod is connected to the end of
the cylinder; the fluid is admitted through the ran to the cylinder in the manner
herein-before described. In some cases it will be more convenient to connect the
inner end of the main cylinder with the drawback cylinder c by a pipe in which
the stop and exhaust valves may be located, it is therefore evident that the details
of the Invention may be greatly varied, I do not therefore restrict myself to the
particular arrangement or devices described..
"
The said Invention has reference, thirdly, to improvements .in apparatus for
holding bars of iron against the pressure required to upset then).
In upsetting and shaping the ends of long bars of iron it is necessary to prevent
the bar from being forced out of the shaping die by the upsetting pressure, and for
this purpose various devices have been employed either as- fixed stops against the
outer end of the bar or to produce friction against its sides. The fixed stops remove
the resistance so far from the die that with long and slender bars it is necessary.
to apply supports to prevent buckling which involves delay in adjusting, whilst
the frictional resistance has either been uncertain, or if measurably certain, it has
been correspondingly slow owing to the danger of crushing the bar by an excess
of pressure.
As the iron must be operated upon whilst it is hot any delay in adjusting
preliminarily to the upsetting and shaping may prove fatal to the success of the
operation.
This part of the said Invention has for its object clamping the bar as close as
possible to the shaping die, thereby avoiding the necessity for applying other
supports, exerting the pressure promptly without adjustment for each bar in order
to avoid delay, restricting the clamping pressure within the elastic limit of the bar
so as to avoid crushing, and limiting the traverse of the clamp by the bar alone in
order to compensate for variations in size, and the Invention consists of an improved
holder and clamp, one or both moved by hydraulic pressure graduated to the
Terformance of the work, and in combining such holder and clamp with the
upsetting and shaping die.
This part of the said Invention is illustrated in Figures 1, 2, and 3 Sheet 1) of
the accompanying Drawings as applied to the welding, upsetting, and shapeing
machine herein-before described under the first head of the Invention.
4
The apparatus comprises a stout frame 1 securely attached to the main housing
of the upsetting machine by the bolts 2, 2, 2, 2; one end of this frame forms a 5
hydraulic clamping cylinder 3 closed at one end, to which fluid pressure from the
accumulator, which operates the upsetting ram, is admitted by the pipe 4.
This pipe is provided with a stop and an exhaust valve of any of the ordinary
constructions, by means of which fluid under pressure is admitted to and allowed to
escape from the cylinder 3. The cylinder 3 is provided with a piston 5, which may 5
be packed in any manner so as to be capable of preventing the escape of the fluid
pressure; the outer side of this piston is provided with a clamp 6, the length of

page_text: which is variable, so as to present a surface to the iron which it operates upon of
sufficient area to prevent crushing.
The piston 5 is provided at its lower side with a projecting arm 7, the outer
side of which is turned to the same radius as the piston to fit a corresponding
surface in the frame 1, and serves to maintain the piston in position and afford
support to one end of a bar 8, the other end of which is pressed against by the toe
of the weighted lever 9. The recess in the frame 1 forming a bearing for the arm
7 and bar 8 is covered by the plate 10, 10, which passes under the clamp 6 and
holder 11, and prevents the access of dirt or scale to the sliding surfaces.
The holder 11 is of corresponding size to the clamp 6, and is supported against
the pressure of the clamp by a shoulder of the frame 1, between which and the
holder suitable packing pieces may be inserted to bring the front line of the holder
in position with reference to the upsetting die. For convenience of adjustment,
and greater range of opening at each operation, the holder 11 may also be moved
by hydraulic pressure, in which case a stop is to be provided in order to limit its
forward motion to the line of the die, and to insure that the holder shall reach its
limit of forward motion before the clamp shall commence to operate upon the bar,
the weight upon the drawback of the holder must be less than that upon the
clamp.
When both the holder and clamp are movable that part which adjusts the
position of the bar with reference to the die is designated as the holder, and that
part which subsequently presses the bar against the adjusted holder is designated
as the clamp.
The apparatus operates in the following manner:-The holder being adjusted
and the bar to be upset being in position the stop valve is opened so as to admit
the pressure to the piston 5, which is thereby forced outwards until its motion is
arrested by the clamp 6 coming in contact with the bar, which is prevented from
moving by the holder 11; this pressure will be maintained so long as the stop
valve is open and the exhaust valve is closed. Whilst the bar is thus securely
held the upsetting is performed, so that when the adjustment of the bar has been
made, and the clamping pressure applied, the position of the bar will be maintained
against the upsetting pressure and the limit of the upset portion of the bar will be
accurately defined. When the upsetting has been completed the stop valve of the
clamping cylinder 3 is closed and the exhaust valve is opened, when the clamp 6
will be retracted and the fluid forced out of the cylinder through the operation of
the weighted lever 9, the latter acting upon the piston through the intervention of
the sliding bar 8. The pressure in the clamping cylinder being obtained from the
same source as that in the upsetting cylinder will be graduated to the performance
of the work, the surfaces of the clamp and holder which operate upon the bar may
O be readily adjusted so as to be within the crushing limit, and also prevent the bar
from sliding between them, so that the movement of the clamp and the consequent
consumption of the power can be reduced to a minimum.
The said Invention has reference, fourthly, to accumulators for hydraulic ma-
chinery, the object of this part of the Invention being to so arrange a hydraulic
5 accumulator that all the moving parts and packings shall at all times be readily
accessible for repairs, and that the removeable weights by which the load upon the
accumulator is varied can be taken off or replaced quickly, conveniently, and safely.
In hydraulic accumulators as generally constructed the cylinder has been movable
and the ram stationary, and the packing placed at the bottom of the cylinder, so
that if the packing should fail suddenly in use there would be great difficulty and
delay in replacing it; the removable weights also have been arranged around or on
top of the cylinder, and any change in pressure that may be required can only be
obtained by lifting the weights off or by suspending them on a frame overhead,
thus involving considerable delay in handling or expensive additions to the
5 accumulator to sustain the weights not actually in use.
According to this Invention the before-mentioned objects are effected, and the
defects in ordinary accumulators are obviated in the manner next herein-after

page_text: described, reference being had to Figures 1, 2, and 3 (Sheet 2) of the accompanying
Drawings.
Figure 1 is a sectional elevation of a hydraulic accumulator embodying the
improvements which form the subject of this part of the Invention. Figure 2 is a
plan of the same, and Figure 3 is an elevation shewing the manner of suspending
the removeable weights.
A represents the base plate, upon which stands the cylinder B, having in its upper
end a bearing a with a stuffing box and packing through which slides the ram or
plunger C. From the top of the ram C the main weight E which surrounds the
cylinder B is suspended so as to be in stable equilibrium by means of the locking
'block D, which is provided with lugs F which lock under similar lugs F¹ on the
main weight E and thus sustain its weight, by turning the block D one quarter
round the lugs F, F, are disengaged, and the block D and with it the ram C can
be withdrawn, thus affording easy access to the stuffing box a in the cylinder B.
The main weight E is formed with openings for the reception of the two T-headed
suspension bolts H, H, carrying the supplementary weights I, I, by means of the
pins K, K, which pass through holes in the suspension bolts H, and are retained in
place by suitably formed recesses J in the underside of the supplementary weights I';
these recesses J being sunk below the face of the casting prevent the pins K from
being withdrawn as long as the weight I rests upon them; blocks of wood or other
slightly elastic material forming a removable stop M are laid on the flange N of the
cylinder B so that the lower side of the main weight E may come to rest upon
them and so diminish the shock if the accumulator is allowed to run down suddenly;
this removable stop M also serves to keep the supplementary weights I from striking
on the permanent post or stop O, so that the weights I are when in use always
carried by the pins K; if the removable stop M be taken out and the accumulator
be allowed to descend, the lower one of the weights I and the others in succession
will come to rest on the permanent stop O, and finally the main weight E will be
supported by the weights I with its lower side clear of the flange N; the clearance
between the supplementary weights I and the distance between the holes in the
bars H is so proportioned that as the bars H descend with the main weight E the
pins K will drop out of the recesses in the weights I and can be drawn out of the
holes in the suspension bolts H. While the accumulator is in this position any
number of the supplementary weights I can be attached to or detached from the
main weight E by merely inserting or taking out the pins K, so that in order to
alter the load on the accumulator the removable stop M and the pins K are all that
require to be handled, the weight having then been adjusted to the work to be
done, the pressure is applied through the pipe P, the accumulator raised, and the
removable stop returned to its place so as to prevent the suspended weight froin
striking those lying on the permanent stop O.
It is evident that the arrangement of the various parts as shewn and described may
be varied without interfering with the spirit of the Invention, as, for example, the
prolongation of the main weight passing through the supplementary weights may be
omitted, and the adjustable stop placed outside the supplementary weights, the
main weight being made larger in diameter than the supplementary weights, or
having suitable projections for that purpose, or again, the main weight may
consist simply of a cross head to carry supplementary weights, which may be in
separate seiries suspended from each end of the cross head with an adjustable
stop placed under each series, but all such modifications are within the skill of the
constructor.
The said Invention has reference, fifthly, to improvements in relief valves for
hydraulic machines, and it appertains to that class of machines in which the power
is produced by a pump operating continuously, but is applied through mechanism
operating intermittently and consequently requiring provision for "wasting" the
fluid during the intermissions.
22
Various devices more or less effective have been employed for thus "wasting
the Huid, but tliese are subject to the defect that the waste takes place under
4

page_text: pressure, requiring the same labor of the pump, and involving the same wear when
wasting as when using the power.
Now this part of the said Invention has for its object whilst maintaining the
pump in continuous operation and at all times ready to meet the demands upon it
from the mechanism, to relieve it from work at all other times, and while thus
relieved to maintain a circulation of water through the pump chamber, and it
consists in combining with the pump and mechanisin a relief system of valves,
arranged and operating so that the defined movements of the mechanism determine
the duration of the pressure upon the pump, while the pump, although relieved
from pressure, shall continue to maintain a water circulation through the pump
chamber.
Figure 4 (Sheet 2) of the accompanying Drawings represents in vertical section a
plunger pump, its receiving and discharging valves, the improved system of valves,
and an accumulator combined therewith, as an exemplification of the Invention.
Figure 5 shows in vertical section a modification of the relief valve.
The pump chamber A is filled from the tank B through the valve C as the
plunger D rises; as it descends the water in the chamber A is forced out lifting
the valve E, and passes to the accumulator E¹ through the pipe F. The valve Ğ
is designated the relief valve. About it and forming part of the same is a piston H,
provided with cup leather packing, such piston fitting a cylinder J of larger
diameter than the largest diameter of the valve seat under the valve G, so that if
water is admitted to the cylinder at J above H, and under the same pressure as
the water in the pump chamber A, the valve G will be seated by the superior
pressure upon the piston H. If. however, the pressure be removed from above the
piston H the valve G will lift at each stroke of the pump, the valve E being held
down by the pressure of the accumulator, and thus the water will be discharged
past the valve G and through the passage K into the tank B, under which con-
ditions the pump merely maintains a water circulation.
In order to operate the relief valve G I have in the Drawing shewn a well known
and much used form of hydraulic poppet valve of this part of the mechanism; the
induction valve L is shown open, and the exhaust valve M is shown closed. Water
under the accumulator pressure passes through the pipe n and passages n¹, n¹, into
the cylinder J, and by pressure on the piston H holds the valve G down. By
closing the valve L and raising the exhaust valve M the pressure is shut off from
the passage n¹, n³, and the water in the cylinder J can then escape through the
passage O into the tank B. In order to ensure the seating of the valves L and M
they are so arranged as to close by pressure when not held open. Thus the valve L
is carried by a stem extending through cup leather packings above and below the
valve; as the lower end of this stem is larger than the upper end when the valve
is open, as shown in the Drawing, the pressure in the passage n being the same as
in the accumulator, the enlarged lower end of the valve stem will cause the valve L
to close unless held open. The exhaust valve M is free from pressure when open,
and is to be closed by suitable means, such, for example, as by the spring o shown,
the spring being sufficiently strong to overcome the friction of the packing. The
lever P, pivoted on a fulcrum at P¹ midway between the valves L and M, if tilted
in one direction will lift the valve L, leaving the valve M to remain seated, as
shown in the Drawing; if tilted in the opposite direction it will lower and seat the
valve L, and then lift the valve M. opening the exhaust passage O. To the long
end of the lever P is attached a weighted rod Q, which is so connected that when
the accumulator is nearly full the latter raises the rod so as to bring the lever P
into a position to allow the valve L to close, and as the accumulator continues to
fill it lifts the valve M and frees the valve G of the pressure which had previously
held it down, thus relieving the pump as herein-before described. When water is
drawn from the accumulator and the latter descends the weighted rod Q will
descend with it, allowing the exhaust valve M to close and opening the valve L,
when the relief valve G will be closed and the pump will force into the accumulator.
I have shown in connection with the valve G a rod R passing through a stuffing

page_text: box in the cap of the cylinder J. This rod may be connected to any regulating
valve of a pumping engine, so that when the valve G is relieved of pressure a
counterweight attached to the regulating valve will lift the valve G from its seat,
allowing a free escape of water from the pump chamber and at the same time can
be made to close the regulating valve of the pumping engine and thus reduce the
speed while it is performing no work.
The modification of the relief valve G, shewn in Figure 5, is designed to avoid
the use of a counterweight as above described, and it consists in extending the
lower end of the valve G and providing it with suitable packing p working in a
chamber of any required length in such a manner that the pump cannot waste after
the valve has been lifted from its seat until the packing p has passed out of its
chamber, by which means the pump itself is caused to impart a positive movement
to the valve G sufficient to move the regulating valve of the pumping engine the
amount required to reduce it to the desired velocity whilst the pump is wasting.
This is of great value when the pump is driven by steam cylinders direct or by an
engine used only for driving the pump.
For convenience of illustration I have shown the relief valve G and its operating
valves L and M as forming part of the pump proper, the whole being included in
one casting. This arrangement is, however, not always convenient; it is preferred
to arrange the relief valve G and its operating valves L and M in a separate case
and to place it near to the accumulator, leading the water by a pipe from the pump
to it and thence into the accumulator.
The relief valve may be applied to a variety of hydraulic machines, not only to
determine the quantity of water to be admitted, as in the example shown, but also
to determine the pressure at which the pump shall cease to supply, as, for example,
a weighted plunger or a hollow curved spring which the required pressure will
cause to move may be arranged to operate the lever P and relieve the pump from
pressure, and in lieu of the valves L and M other well known forms of valves or a
double seated valve may be employed; the relief valve may also be used for con-
trolling the effect of a pumping engine, as herein-before described.
I do not,
therefore, confine myself to the use of the relief valve in connection with an accu-
mulator, nor to the particular construction of operating valves connected therewith.
The said Invention has reference, sixthly, to improvements in the application and
regulation of hydraulic power, and it appertains to that class of hydraulic machines
in which power is produced by a pump operating continuously, but is applied
through mechanism operating intermittently, and consequently requiring provision
for wasting the fluid during the intermissions.
This part of the said Invention has for its object, whilst maintaining the pump
in continuous operation and at all times ready to meet the demands upon it from
the mechanism, to relieve it from work at all other times, and while thus relieved
to maintain such a circulation of water through the pump chamber as to prevent
any accumulation of air therein; and it consists in combining with the inlet valve
of the pump a system of levers and weights arranged and operating so that the
defined movements of the mechanism determine the duration of the pressure upon
the pump; and it further consists in interposing between the inlet and outlet valves
of the pump a supplemental valve, which when closed will be held upon its seat by
pressure within the pump chamber, and when open will permit the free escape of
the fluid from the pump chamber in such a manner as to prevent any accumulation
of air therein, and in combining with such valve the system of levers and weights
arranged and operating as aforesaid, and it further consists in employing the said
system of levers and weights for regulating the speed of the pumping engine.
As an exemplification of the mode of carrying out this part of the Invention
I shall describe the apparatus as combined with an accumulator.
Figure 6, Sheet 2, represents in vertical section a plunger pump with its inlet
and outlet valves, the supplemental valve, an accumulator, and the said system of
levers and weights in the position they assume when the pump is discharging into
the accumulator.

page_text: Figure 7 represents the supplemental valve and the system of levers and weights
in the position they assume when the pump is discharging into the tank from which
it takes its supply.
The pump chamber A is filled from the tank B through the valve C as the
plunger D rises; as the plunger descends the water is forced through the passage
D', and lifting the valve E will pass into the accumulator E¹ through the pipe F,
and acting on the plunger I will raise the weight K. G₁ is the supplemental valve,
the stem of which projects upwards through a stuffing box, and is controlled by a
lever P2 working about a fulcrum P¹, the short end of this lever being loaded with
a weight O. A latching lever P³ is shown in Figure 6 as latching the lever P2
down, and consequently pressing the valve G¹ on to its seat; the latching end of
the lever Ps slides on to an incline P on the lever P2, so as to wedge it down. A
counterweight rod Q, supported by the accumulator weight K at its upper end and
guided by a stand R₁ at its lower end, is provided with pins 1 and 2, and a pro-
jection S engaging with a rod T depending from a point T¹ on the lever P². As
the accumulator fills with water the weight K rises, and when it has reached a
height, indicated by dotted lines, a stop w will have reached a point w¹, and will
then be in a position to lift the counterweight rod Q by means of an enlargement
on its upper end. As the rod Q is lifted the pin 1 will raise the long end of the
lever P and relieve the lever P, that is to say, unlock it (see Figure 7); the
weight O will raise the valve G¹ off its seat and allow the water from the pump
chamber A to pass into the tank B through a pipe K¹. If by reason of any
pressure on the valve G¹ the weight O cannot lift it, as the rod Q continues to rise
the stop 2 will engage under the lever P2 and lift it, as shown in Figure 7. The
supplemental valve G₁ is located in a passage way D¹ leading from the pump
chamber A. between the inlet and outlet valves of the pump; the passage way is
alternately under and free from pressure as the plunger D on its descent forces
water into the accumulator E' and in its ascent lifts water from the tank B. During
the up stroke of the plunger D the valve G¹ can be readily lifted by the weight O,
and will when opened remain open, permitting a free escape of the water from the
pump chamber at each stroke; it will not close until the water is drawn from the
accumulator and the weight K begins to descend, when the rod Q descends with it,
the projection S by means of the rod T will draw down the lever P2 seating the
valve G¹ (the rod Q being sufficiently heavy to overbalance the weight O). When
the lever P is in this position the latching lever P³ will fall into its placo and
wedge the lever P2 down, forcing the valve G¹ upon its seat and prevents the escape
of water into the tank, so that it must then be discharged into the accumulator.
For convenience of illustration I have shown the supplemental valve G¹ as forming
part of the pump proper, the whole being included in one casting. This arrange-
ment is not always convenient; it is preferred to arrange the supplemental valve
G' and the system of levers in a separate case and place them near to the accumu-
lator, leading the water by a pipe from the pump to the valve and thence into the
accumulator; but wherever placed it is necessary to have the valve G¹ and the
passage from the pump chamber leading to it as high as the highest part of the
pump chamber, so as to prevent any accumulation of air in the pump chamber when
the pump is lifting and merely discharging again into the tank.
In many cases the inlet and outlet valves may be so arranged that any air
entering the pump chamber may be discharged through the inlet valve while this
valve is held open, and the system of levers and weights may be applied directly to
this valve; one method of such application is indicated by dotted lines on Figure 6.
I have shown in connection with the lever P2 two modes in which it may be applied
to relieve the pump from pressure, one by the supplemental valve G¹, and another
through the inlet valve C of the pump, but if the pump is driven by a pumping
engine and should be suddenly relieved from pressure its speed would be greatly,
perhaps dangerously, accelerated, and in such a case the lever P2 may be connected
with the throttle valve of the engine, so that when the pressure is taken off from
the
pump the steam shall be shut off from the engine to such an extent as to reduce
•

page_text: its speed to any desired point. When the throttle valve of a pumping engine is
controlled by the accumulator, as the water rises the steam will be shut off until
the engine is gradually stopped, but in this case the steam is never entirely shut
off, and a comparately large surface is exposed upon which condensation will take
place. In order to remedy, this difficulty the system of levers and weights may be
employed to shut the steam off from the pumping engine entirely at any desired
point, and this is effected by connecting the lever P with a suitable throttle or
poppet valve regulating the flow of steam to the pumping engine, which would be
closed by the weight whenever the accumulator raises the lever P³, and opened
whenever the accumulator permits the rod Q to move the lever P2 in the opposite
direction, this application of the system of levers and weights being a substitute for
the applications to the valves as herein-before described.
The system of levers and weights. herein-before described may also be applied to
a variety of hydraulic machines, not only to determine the quantity of water to be
admitted (as to the accumulator in the example shown), but also to determine the
pressure at which the pump shall cease to supply; as, for example, a weighted
plunger or a hollow curved spring which the required pressure will cause to move
inay be arranged to operate the system of levers and relieve the pump from pressure
or to stop the pumping engine.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of the said Inven-
tion, and the manner in which the same is or may be used or carried into effect, I
would observe in conclusion that what I consider to be novel and original, and
therefore claim as the Invention secured to me by the herein-before in part recited
Letters Patent, is―
In respect of the first part of the said Invention,―
First. The combination of a compressing cylinder with a compressing die and an
upsetting ram, substantially as and for the purposes herein-before described.
Second. The combination of a compressing cylinder, a compressing die, an up-
setting ram, and a locking check valve, substantially as and for the purposes herein-
before described.
Third. The combination of a compressing cylinder, a compressing die, an up-
setting ram, a balanced induction valve, and a balanced eduction valve, substantially
as and for the purposes herein-before described.
Fourth. The combination of a compressing cylinder, a compressing die, an up-
setting ram, a balanced induction valve, a balanced eduction valve, and a drawback,
substantially as herein-before described.
Fifth. The combination of a compressing cylinder, a compressing die, an up-
setting ram, a locking check valve, a balanced induction valve, and a balanced
eduction valve, substantially as and for the purposes herein-before described.]
Sixth. The combination of the compressing die, the keys, m, m, and wedge bars
n, n, for limiting the vertical movement of the lower compressing die and facilitating
the removal of the compressing dies, substantially as herein-before described.
In respect of the second part of the said Invention,―
In a hydraulic drawback, a conduit which connects the inner end of the main
cylinder with the outer end of the drawback cylinder, in combination with a conduit
which connects the inner end of the drawback cylinder with the accumulator or
pump, substantially as and for the purposes herein-before described.
In respect of the third part of the said Invention,―
The combination of an upsetting ram, a shaping die, a holder, and a bydraulic
clamp, the whole being arranged and operating substantially in the manner herein-
before described.
In respect of the fourth part of the said Invention,―
First. In a hydraulic accumulator, the combination of a stationary cylinder, a
moveable ram, and a main weight, which surrounds the stationary cylinder, and is
suspended in stable equilibrium below the top of the ram, substantially as and for
the purposes herein-before described.

page_text: Second. In a hydraulic accumulator, the combination of a stationary cylinder, a
moveable ram, a locking block, and a main weight, as and for the purposes herein-
before described.
Third. In a hydraulic accumulator, the combination of a stationary cylinder, a
moveable ram, a main weight, and a removeable stop, substantially as and for the
purposes herein-before described.
Fourth. In a hydraulic accumulator, the combination of a main weight, a remove-
able stop, supplementary weights, and a permanent stop.
Fifth. In a hydraulic accumulator, the combination of a main weight, a remov-
able stop, supplementary weights, a permanent stop, suspension bolts, and pins.
Sixth. In a hydraulic accumulator, the supplementary weights, having recesses
for pins, substantially as and for the purposes herein before described.
In respect of the fifth part of the said Invention,―
First. The combination of a pump operating continuously, hydraulic mechanism
through which the power is intermittently applied, and of a relief valve, the whole
being arranged and operating substantially in the manner and for the purposes
herein-before described.
Second. The relief valve G, constructed and operating substantially as herein-
before described.
In respect of the sixth part of the said Invention,---
First. In combination, a lever having a constant weight at one end and a counter-
weight and a latching lever at the other end, and hydraulic mechanism operating
the counterweight and latching lever, the whole being arranged and operating
substantially as and for the purposes herein-before described.
Second. The combination of a system of levers and weights, substantially as
described, with the inlet valve for the purpose set forth.
Third. The combination of the pump, a supplemental valve, and a system of
levers and weights, the whole being arranged and operating substantially as and
for the purposes herein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Henry Johnson, have to this my Specifi-
cation set my hand and seal, this Eighteenth day of December, One thousand
eight hundred and seventy-six.
J. HENRY JOHNSON. (L.S.)