CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR CUTTING AND SHAPING WOOD AND OTHER MATERIALS INTO VARIOUS FORMS OF FIGURES, AND ALSO FOR CLEANING AND SMOOTHING THE SURFACES OF THE SAME FORMS OR FIGURES
Year: 1845

page_text: SPECIFICATION.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, FREDERICK
ROSENBORG, of Kingston-upon-Hull, Gentleman, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at
Westminster, the Fifteenth day of April, in the eighth year of Her reign, did,
for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
Frederick Rosenborg, Her especial licence, full power, sole privilege and autho-
rity, that I, the said Frederick Rosenborg, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, and such others as I, the said Frederick Rosenborg, my executors,
administrators, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from
time to time and at all times during the term of years therein mentioned,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England,
Wales, the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and in all Her Majesty's Colonies
and Plantations abroad, and in the Islands of Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney,
Sark, and Man, my Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR
CUTTING AND SHAPING WOOD AND OTHER MATERIALS INTO VARIOUS FORMS OF
FIGURES, AND ALSO FOR CLEANING AND SMOOTHING THE SURFACES OF THE SAME
FORMS OR FIGURES;" in which said Letters Patent is contained a proviso
obliging me, the said Frederick Rosenborg, by an instrument in writing
under my hand and seal, particularly to describe and ascertain the nature
of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, and

page_text: to cause the same to be inrolled in Her Majesty's High Court of Chancery
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
in part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being there-
unto had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Frederick Rosenborg, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention,
and the manner in which the same is to be performed, is particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following description thereof,
reference being had to the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the letters
and figures marked thereon (that is to say):-
My Invention of Improvements in Machinery for Cutting and Shaping
Wood and other Materials into various Forms or Figures consists of several
machines for performing different operations connected with that object,
according to the various purposes to which the wood or other material so
operated upon is intended to be applied. For greater convenience I will
divide the Invention into three heads, consisting,-
Firstly, of various improvements upon machinery for cutting mouldings or
grooves of various forms and shapes, and also for planing or smoothing boards
or planks.
Secondly, a novel construction or arrangement of machinery for cutting out
and shaping wood for chairs, and a variety of other articles in which curves,
both regular and irregular, are required.
And thirdly, improved machinery for cutting or forming mortices and
tenons.
The first part of my improvements, namely, the machinery for cutting mould-
ings of various forms and shapes, and also for planing and smoothing boards
or planks, is represented in Sheets I. and II: of the accompanying Drawings,
and consists,-
Firstly, in certain novel methods of actuating the moving parts of machinery.
of this description, that is to say, the table and piece or pieces of wood to be
operated upon.
And secondly, in an improved mode of mounting the cutting tools in the
machine, whereby they may be adjusted and managed with greater con-
venience or facility, and be made to operate upon the wood with greater
accuracy, precision, and effect.
The machinery for cutting or forming mouldings or grooves, and also for
planing or smoothing boards or planks, is of precisely similar construction as
to its general features, the only difference being in the shape or form of the
edges of the knives, cutting instruments, or planing irons, as they are some-

page_text: · times called, and' which shapes must of course depend upon the purposes for
which the wood is intended to be employed. In order, therefore, to prevent
confusion, I shall in the following description denominate machinery for either
of the above purposes "Planing Machinery."
One mode of actuating the table of a planing machine is shewn in Sheet I.,
and consists in placing a cylinder beneath the table, and causing a piston and
piston rod, (which works in the cylinder, and is connected at one end to the
table whereon the wood is placed), to move to and fro in the cylinder, and by
a reciprocating action to carry the table with the wood along under the cutting
instruments or planing irons. In the machinery heretofore used for planing
or smoothing wood, the wood, owing to the peculiar construction and arrange-
ment of the machinery, has been carried forward very slowly, and for this
reason it is extremely difficult to obtain an even and uniform surface; whereas,
by my improvements, not only a perfectly smooth, even, and correct suface is
produced, but a much greater quantity of work may be done in a given time.
In Sheet II. I have shewn another mode of effecting the same object. The
machine represented in Sheet I. is intended more particularly for preparing
long pieces, such as flooring boards and long mouldings; but the machine
shewn in Sheet II. is intended for planing shorter pieces, such as the panels
and styles for doors, short mouldings or grooves, and other similar purposes,
when the extreme length does not exceed eight feet. In this second machine
the wood and table on which it is placed are made to move to and fro by
means of a long rod connected. by a crank pin with a large wheel driven by
any prime mover.
The second part of my improvements in planing machinery consists in
mounting the cutting instruments or planing irons in a block or frame, which
not only support the said cutting instruments or planing irons, but holds it
firmly against the wood, and also keeps the wood in its place upon the table,
preventing it from rising up. This part of my improvements is, in fact, con-
structed very much upon the principle of the ordinary jack plane, the cutting
instruments or planing irons being made to project the required distance
through the block, which is always in contact with the wood. A proper
arrangement of mechanism is adapted to the blocks and cutters, for the pur-
pose of raising and lowering them as the wood is cut away, by passing to and
fro under the said cutters.
In Sheet I., Fig. 1 represents a horizontal top view of the large machine;
Fig. 2 is a longitudinal section of the same taken through the middle of the
machine; Fig. 3 is an end view of the machine, the bed being shewn in sec
tion, and taken at right angles to the length of the machine; Fig. 4 is a
O

page_text: horizontal section taken just above the block or frame which contains the
cutting instruments or planing irons, and shewing the position and mode of
mounting these latter. Figs. 5, 6, and 7, represent enlarged views of one
of the cutting instruments employed for cutting mouldings, Fig. 5 being
a top view of the tool, Fig. 6 a longitudinal section, and Fig. 7 a view
of the back or under side. Fig. 8 represents a partial elevation of the
bed and table of the machine, part of the framing being removed, in order
to shew more clearly the method of working the valves for admitting the
steam into the cylinder. A, A, A, A, is the stationary bed or framing of
the machine, which must be firmly fixed to the ground or to masonry.
B, B, B, B, is the moveable or travelling table upon which the wood
B', B', to be operated upon, is firmly secured by stop pieces B³ and wedges,
or in any other convenient manner; C, C, C, C, is the steam cylinder con-
sisting of four distinct parts or lengths connected together at their ends by
bolts or nuts passing through the flanges, as clearly seen in the Draw-
ing, and thereby forming a continued cylinder of about twenty-five feet in
length; D is the piston with metallic packings working in the cylinder C,
which is attached to one end of the piston rod E, and works through the
stuffing box at the end of the cylinder. The other end of the rod E is con-
nected to the moveable or travelling table, by means of a nose piece or block F
projecting downwards, and which receives the end of the piston rod secured
thereto by a nut, as seen in the Drawing. G. G*, are valves for the admission
and exit of the steam to and from the cylinder; H, H, H, H, are the blocks
in which the tools, cutting instruments, or planing irons are mounted, and these
blocks are placed in a rectangular framing I, I, I, I, (seen best in Figure 4,)
having guides at each of the four corners formed of or connected to the
supporting columns J, J, J, J. One of these blocks is shown detached and in
section at Fig. 9. This framing may be raised or lowered, as circumstances
may require, by means of four vertical screws K, K, K, K, each of which
carries at its upper end a horizontal toothed wheel L, L, L, L, seen best at
Fig. 1. A large toothed wheel M (Fig. 1) is situated in the centre between
the screws K, and exactly equidistant from each. This wheel M turns loosely
upon a stud, and gears into and simultaneously drives all the four wheels
L, L, L, L, by which means it raises or lowers the rectangular framing I, I,
and blocks H, H, in a perfectly horizontal position. Affixed to the arms of
the wheel M is a large horizontal bevel wheel N, which is driven by a bevel
pinion O on the end of the horizontal shaft P, on the outer end of which is
mounted a vertical hand wheel Q, whereby motion is communicated to this
part of thé machine by the attendant, as circumstances may require. The

page_text: table upon which the wood to be operated upon is placed, is mounted upon
and travels on V edges formed on the upper part of the bed, as seen best in
the end view, Fig. 3, and the upper surface of the table is also furnished with
blocks or plugs of wood, which are let into and come flush with the surface of
the table. These blocks or plugs of wood are seen best in the Figures 1 and 4,.
and are made for the purpose of holding or receiving the screws which are
employed for securing the stop pieces B2, B3, which hold the wood on the table.
The cutting instruments or planing irons are secured in the blocks by means
of screws or bolts in the manner shewn in Figures 2 and 9, which latter
Figure represents a detached sectional view of a block, with one of the tools
set therein. The planing iron a and its cover are first fastened together in the
ordinary manner, and then the compound tool thus produced is secured in an
inclined position in the block by means of the screws or screw bolts b, b. Pre-
vious to screwing the bolts b, b, up tightly the tool is adjusted in the block, so
as to be made to project the required distance below the under side of the
block, by means of the inclined screws c, c, the lower ends of which bear
against the upper end of the planing tool or iron, and by this means the tool
may be adjusted with the greatest nicety to plane either fine or coarse work.
The planing iron or tool having been properly adjusted in the block, the bottom
surface of the block being perfectly true, it is placed in the rectangular framing
I, I, and rests on accurately made ledges, where it is firmly secured by screws
d, d, as seen in Fig. 9. I would here observe, that it will be found very con-
venient to have two sets of blocks for each machine, so that when the planing
irons or tools of one set have become blunted by continual use, another set
with sharp planing irons or tools, ready and properly adjusted, may be imme-
diately employed in place of the blunt set, which may be easily removed by
unscrewing the screws d, d, which secure the blocks to the rectangular framing
I, I. When the machine is in a quiescent state, and previous to commencing
operations, the rectangular frames, with the blocks and tools, is raised, so that
the wood may pass freely beneath the tools, and the piston D will be situated
at the right-hand end of the cylinder, consequently nearly the entire length of
the piston rod E will be outside the cylinder, and the table B, B, will be carried
out to beyond the extreme point of the bed. The wood to be operated upon
must then be placed on the table, and properly secured thereon by means of
the stops and wedges, or in any other suitable and convenient manner; then
the planing tools, being properly adjusted and secured, and the cutter frame
brought down to near the level of the wood, so as to be ready to operate upon
the same, steam must be admitted into the cylinder behind the piston through
the valve G, by pulling back to the left the hand lever n, Fig. 8, and the

page_text: expansive force of the steam will immediately cause the piston to advance, and
draw with it the table and wood placed thereon; but as it will not be neces-
sary to allow steam to enter the cylinder during the whole length of the stroke
a small roller or stud e, e, Fig. 8, attached to the under side of the table, is
made to strike against a cam piece f, situated at the end of a lever g, con-
nected with the motion for working the valve. The lever g turns on a stud
affixed to the bed of the machine, and by means of a rod h is connected to a
short lever i, mounted on the end of the horizontal shaft j, which passes trans-
versely under the cylinder, and has a similar arrangement of levers connected
with it at the opposite side. On the middle of the shaftj is a second short
lever (seen only in Fig. 2), which is, by means of a rod l, connected with the
valve, and works the slide valve m. A hand lever n is mounted at each end of the
horizontal shaft j, and is furnished with a small stud which works in a short slot
made in the end of the long connecting rod o, o, which connects the two valves
G and G* together. It will now be seen that when the roller or stud e, e, comes
into contact and depresses the cam f and lever g, that the horizontal shaft j will,
through the intervention of the connecting rod h and short lever i, be caused to
turn round on its axis, and consequently move forward the hand lever n,
Fig. 8, and the middle short leverk (Fig. 2), and this latter will, by means of
the connecting rod 1, shift the slide valve m a distance corresponding to the
size of the small roller e. This roller e and the cam fare, however, calculated
so as only to close the valve m and prevent the entrance of more steam, and
will not drive the said valve home so as to open the passage for the exit of the
steam; by this means the steam is cut off and allowed to act expansively
during the remaining portion of the stroke; but when the piston has receded
to the further end of the cylinder, a second small roller or stud e* on the other
side of the cylinder, and seen by dots in Fig. 8, is brought into contact with
and made to depress another cam f* at the end of a lever g*, and the valve
G* is brought into action. By inspecting the Drawing Fig. 8, it will be seen
that the roller projects much lower than the roller e at the opposito
end, and consequently the cam f* will be proportionably depressed, and the
motions of all the other parts connected therewith will be proportionably
increased. It must be here observed, that upon the roller e acting upon the
cam f, and thereby actuating the other parts, as already explained and shewn
by dots in Fig. 8, the small slot in the end of the long connecting rod o, o,
will admit of the hand lever with its stud being moved forward in the first
instance without in any way affecting the said long rol, but when the roller e*
comes into contact with the cam f*, it will depress this latter so much as to drive
the slide valve n*. home, and thereby admit steam through the valve box G*

page_text: into the cylinder in front of the piston, and cause it to go back again; at the
same the hand lever n*, seen by dots in Fig. 8, will, by means of its stud,
force back the long rod o, and thereby drive back the hand lever n at the
opposite end. By this means the slide valve m of the valve box G will also
be driven home, and will thereby open a free passage for the exit of the steam
that has been used for the last stroke. It will, of course, be understood that
the act of letting in the high-pressure steam at one end, and letting out the
expanded or utilized steam at the opposite end of the cylinder, occurs simul-
taneously. It must also be understood that, although they cannot be seen in the
Figures, there are at each end of the cylinder two rollers and sets of levers for.
acting on the valves at each end of the cylinder. The roller and set of levers,
shewn by dots at the left-hand end of the machine, is precisely similar to that
shewn in lines at the right-hand end, but is placed on the opposite side of the
cylinder, and cuts off the steam in the manner already explained; and the
second set of levers and corresponding roller are made of the proportions of
those shewn in lines at the left-hand end in Fig. 8, and are placed on the
opposite side of the machine, both sets being in connection with the same
horizontal shaft j and *. I will here observe, that the rollers e and e* are
connected to the table in such manner that they may be detached therefrom
with facility, so as to shift their positions, and thereby admit of cutting off the
steam at any part of the stroke; but they are not placed in the same right line,
so that the proper and appropriate roller only can act upon its own set of levers.
When the wood has passed under the operations of the cutters or planing
irons, and a shaving has been taken off, the table is carried back by allowing
steam to enter at the left-hand end of the cylinder, as already explained; and
in order to take off another shaving, it will be necessary to lower the cutters
or planing irons the thickness of a shaving. This is effected by the attendant
turning the hand or spoke wheel Q round on its axis a quarter or half a revo-
lution, more or less, according to the thickness of the shaving he wishes to
take off, and by thus turning the spoke wheel Q, the bevel pinion O will
actuate the large bevel wheel N and the large horizontal toothed wheel
M, and by means of the toothed wheels L, L, L, L, turn round the vertical
screws K, K, and thereby lower the rectangular framing I, I, together with
the blocks H, H, and the cutters, the distance required. This operation is
repeated by the attendant as often as may be necessary, and after the table has
returned to the starting point, and the wood has passed back clear of the
cutters. I have stated that the under side of the blocks in which the cutters or
planing irons are mounted, must be accurately planed; of course, when
ordinary planing, such as planing flooring boards, and other plane and even

page_text: surfaces are required, the under side of these blocks is perfectly flat; but when
mouldings are to be made, then the under side of these blocks is cut or
grooved out the shape of the required moulding. The manner of constructing
the tools or cutters for cutting mouldings is seen in Figures 5, 6, and 7. The
planing iron for cutting the mouldings is shewn at Figure 7, which is a view
of the under side; but in order to make the instrument cut clean mouldings,
I employ small thin knives or blades p, p, Figures 5 and 6, one of which I
place at that part of the cutter which forms the extreme edge of each moulding,
and a little in advance of the principal tool; by this means the wood is scored
out longitudinally the width of the moulding before the principal tool or cutting
iron touches the wood, and by thus cutting or scoring in advance a cleaner
moulding is produced than if the tool itself only were employed.
In Sheet II. I have shown another mode of actuating the machine, or
rather the table on which the wood to be operated upon is placed, and also
various modifications of the machine already described. The machine repre-
sented in the several Figures in Sheet II. is intended to cut or plane short
lengths of not more than eight feet. Figure 10 represents a longitudinal
section taken through the middle of the machine; Figure 11 is an end
elevation; Figure 12 is a partial side elevation shewing the mode of connecting
the machine to the prime mover; Figure 18 represents a horizontal top view
of the machine complete. A, A, A, A, is the stationary bed, which, as in the
other machine, is firmly secured upon masonry, or any other solid foundation;
B, B, is the moveable or travelling table upon which the wood B¹ to be
operated upon is placed, and firmly secured by stops and wedges B³, as in the
former machine; C, C, is the connecting rod whereby a reciprocating motion
is communited from the prime mover to the travelling table B. This con-
necting rod C is attached to a large driving wheel D, by means of a pin joint,
as seen in Figure 12. One of the arms of this wheel D is furnished with slots
for the purpose of shortening the length of the stroke or traverse of the table
when required. As it is necessary to stop the table when the operation of
planing a piece of wood has been completed, in order to remove the said piece
from the table, and substitute a fresh piece in place thereof, this operation is
effected by detaching the connecting rod C from the table, which can be
done with great facility, as the end of the connecting rod is merely hooked on
to a staple or catch r at the end of the table. Upon referring to Figures
10 and 13, it will be seen that near the extremity of the connecting rod C, a
small frames is firmly secured by bolts; this frame carries three rollers t, t,
and u, one of the rollers t, t, being mounted on each side, and the small one u
immediately beneath the rod. (as seen in the plan view, Fig. 13). The extreme

page_text: end of the rod has a hook formed thereon, and is also furnished with a nose
piece v, which projects in front and facilitates the placing of the hooked end of
the rod on to the staple r, at the end of the table B. When the connecting
rod C is detached from the table, it is lowered into the trough E, where it
may reciprocate to and fro until it is required to be again attached to the
table. The rod is attached to and detached from the table in the following
manner:-The bottom of the trough E is furnished with a projecting rib w,
see Figures 10 and 18, which runs along the whole length of the trough, and
acts as a guide to keep the connecting rod in a right line as it travels back-
wards and forwards; one of the rollers t, t, of the small frame s; runs on each
side of this projecting rib w, and keeps the connecting rod from moving either
to the right or left. In Figure 10 the connecting rod is represented as being
attached to the table B, and in Figure 13 as being detached and travelling
along the bottom of the trough. It will be seen in Figure 10 what part of
the projecting rib is made moveable, and is jointed at 1 to the fixed part, and,
therefore, admits of the moveable part being raised up out of a straight line in
the manner shewn by dots in Figure 12. The moveable part is raised by
means of a cam 7 on the horizontal shaft p, which also carries a hand lever n.
This cam acts against a projecting point or cam piece o, which forms part of a
rib m descending from the back of the moveable part of the projecting rim w.
It will now be understood, that as the hand lever 'n is moved forward into the
position shewn by dots in Figure 12, it will cause the horizontal shaft p, and
consequently the cam 9, to turn on its axis, and thereby raise the projecting
rib w into the position shewn by dots in Figure 12. It must now be borne
in mind that the connecting rod C is moved backwards and forwards in the
trough E by means of the large wheel D when the table is stationary; and in
order to attach the said rod to the table, the workman must first bring the
table up to a certain point, and stop it exactly at that point. This is effected
by means of a lever (seen by dots in Figure 10), which has a catch or stop
piece made at its end, and is worked by a treadle y by the foot of the work-
man, and by raising this lever the stop piece at its end is brought in front of
the end of the table, and when the latter is drawn up by the workman, it is
stopped dead in the proper place by the end running up against the stop piece
at the end of the lever x. The workman then watches when the end of the
connecting rod is advancing along the trough, and he then, by means of the
hand lever n and cam 7, raises the projecting rib tu into the position shewn
by dots in Figure 12, and the small roller u of the frame s, at the end of the
connecting rod, runs up the inclined plane made by the moveable part of the
rib w into the position also shewn by dots in the same Figure, and imme-

page_text: diately that the connecting rod has arrived at the end of the stroke, the
attendant pulls back the hand lever n, and thereby allows the moveable part
of the rib w to descend, and the hooked end of the connecting rod C drops
over the stapler of the table, and the connection is complete, and the
table immediately begins to travel backwards and forwards. In order to
detach the connecting rod from the table, the attendant has only to raise again
the projecting rib w by means of the hand lever n and cam g, so as to bring
the said rib w up against the small roller u of the frames, and thereby lift the
hooked end of the rod out of the staple at the end of the table, and the table
will immediately stop. He then lowers the connecting rod into the trough,
where it moves backwards and forwards, as already explained, until he wishes
to reconnect it. The cutting tools or planing irons are mounted and adjusted
in the blocks H, H, in a very similar manner to that already described in
reference to the former machine, but in this instance the blocks with their tools
are connected to an inclined sliding piece or slide rest I, I, which is moveable,
and is actuated by means of the hand screws K, K, which turn in female
screws made in the stationary inclined frame N at y*. The blocks H, H, with
their knives or cutting instruments, are lowered by the attendant, after each
back stroke, the amount required, according to the thickness of the shavings,
by merely turning the heads of the screws K, K. In the plan view and end
elevation (Figures 11 and 13) it will be seen that three slide rests I, I, are
employed, so as to admit of three blocks with their cutters being used at the
same time, which is only done when planing narrow pieces.
The second part of my Invention relates to a novel construction and arrange-
ment of machinery for cutting out and shaping wood for chairs and other
articles in which curves, both regular and irregular, are required, and consists
of two distant machines, one of which is intended for the purpose of cut-
ting regular, and the other for cutting irregular curves or a combination
of both.
In Sheet III. I have shewn various views of a machine for cutting irregular
curves, such are required for the backs and armıs of chairs; but although this
inachine may also be employed for cutting regular curves or segments of a
circle, such as are required for the top and rails, still I find it more convenient to
effect the operation with distinct machinery, and I have, therefore, in Sheet IV.,
shewn various views of a machine for carrying out this object.
Fig. 14, in Sheet III., represents a front elevation of a machine for cut-
ting out chair backs or other articles in which irregular curves are introduced.
Fig. 15 is a side elevation, and Figure 16 is a sectional horizontal view, taken in
the line 1, 2, of Figure 14. Fig. 17, Fig. 18, aud Fig. 19, represent upper and

page_text: under side views of the guide frames upon which the wood to be operated upon
is secured. A, A, A, A, is the framework of the machine, which, although repre-
sented in the Drawing as constructed of wood, may, if thought desirable, be
made of iron. B, B, is the main shaft, on each end of which a fly wheel C, C, is
mounted. D, D, D, D, is the moveable frame in which the saw E is mounted,
and is moved up and down by the rods F, F, between guides affixed to the
framing on each side. The upper ends of these rods F, F, are connected to
the frame D, D, and their lower ends to the fly wheels C, C. Motion is
communicated to the saw frame by means of a band coming from any prime
mover, and passing over the pulley G on the main shaft B. The saw moves
up and down between two cross pieces a, a, affixed to the bed of the machine,
and furnished with studs (as seen in Fig. 17), for the purpose hereafter
described. The wood to be operated upon is placed on the upper side of the
guide frame (A), Figs. 14, 15, and 17, and is firmly secured thereon by
screws and clamps, the part intended to be cut off being of course placed
beyond or extended over the outer edge of the metal frame (A). In cutting
out chair or other similar articles, I place two or more thicknesses of wood on
the frame, for the purpose of being cut out simultaneously. Upon referring to
(B), Fig. 17, which represents the under side of the metal guide frame, it
will be seen that a groove b, b, is made all along the extreme edge on the
under side; and when the frame with the wood secured thereon is placed on
the machine, the pin C, on one of the cross pieces a, is inserted into the
entrance of the groove b, b. The guide frame is also furnished at its extreme
point with a pin or stud d, which, when the frame is placed on the machine,
is inserted into a groove e, e, in the moveable guide plate H, H. This guide
plate is mounted upon V edges I, I, so that it may be slidden backwards or
forwards according to which of the grooves it is required to use. The grooves
in the guide plate must be calculated so as to agree with the grooves in the
under side of the guide frames; and whichever groove of the guide plate it is
required to use must be brought in a suitable position to the pin or stud c on
the cross piece, so as to allow the pin d on the guide frame (A) to be inserted
in the groove, as before mentioned, which is easily done by the attendant
merely pulling or pushing it along the V edges; and when the guide plate H
has been brought to its proper position, it must be firmly secured to the
framework in any convenient manner, so as to prevent it from moving when
the machine is in action. The guide frame (A), with the wood secured
thereon, is laid on the machine in the position shewn by dots in Figure 16;
and in order to give it a firm bed, the framework of the machine is furnished
with horizontal iron bars J, J, on which the frame (A) is supported and is

page_text: made to slide. A cord, chain, or strong catgut is then attached to the pin d
of the guide frame A, and is carefully laid along the groove e, e, in the guide
plate H, which, it will be seen, is at every angle or curve furnished with
antifriction rollers f, f, for the purpose of facilitating the passage or delivery
of the cord, chain, or catgut, the opposite end of which, when it issues from
the groove, is passed over a vertical pulley g, and from thence round a drum
or barrel on the horizontal shaft i. This shaft, with the barrel mounted
thereon, has motion communicated to it by means of the toothed wheel j,
ratchet wheel k, and a system of levers connected therewith, which are
actuated in the following manner :-An arm 1, Figures 14 and 15, projects
from the upper cross beam of the saw frame D, and moves up and down
with the same. To the end of this arm la rod m is attached, for connecting
it to a lever n, the fulcrum of which is made in the side framing. A rod o
connects the lever n to a second lever p, the fulcrum of which is situated at q.
in one of the side standards. The outer end of the lever p carries a pall or
click r", which takes into the teeth of the ratchet wheel k, and as the arm /
moves up and down it causes the ratchet wheel k to be driven round one or
two teeth, and by means of a pinion on its shaft which gears into the toothed
wheel j, this latter, together with its shaft, and the drum or barrel h, is conse-
quently made to move round a corresponding distance; and as it will bo
recollected that the guide frame (A), with the wood firmly secured thereon, is
connected to this drum or barrel by means of the cord or chain in the groove
e, it will be seen that the said frame will be gradually drawn forward against
the saw in a curved line corresponding to the sinuosities of the grooves
in the frame (A) and guide plate (H). When the guide frames repre-
sented in Figs. 18 and 19 are employed, that is to say, when it is
required to cut wood of the shape corresponding to the groove formed on the
under side thereof, then the guide plate H must be loosened and pushed along
the V edges until the entrance of the groove in the guide plate corresponding
to the form or shape to be produced is brought in the required relative
position to the pin on the guide frame. Of course, whenever a shape or
pattern is varied, then the figure of the groove in the plate II must be altered
to correspond with the figure to be cut, and must be calculated mathematically.
In order to alter the speed of the guide frame carrying the wood, and which
will vary according to the thickness or hardness of the wood, the levers p
and n are furnished with a number of holes to which the rod o is connected,
and by which the length of the leverage of the said lever may be altered,
which consequently regulates the number of teeth that are taken up by the
pall or click at the opposite end of the lever p.

page_text: In Sheet IV. I have shewn various views of a machine for cutting regular
curves, such as are required for the tops and "splatts" of chairs.
Fig. 20 represents a side elevation of the machine complete, Fig. 21 a front
elevation, and Fig. 22 a horizontal section or plan view.
Many of the parts of this machine are of very similar construction to the
one above described; it will not, therefore, be necessary to enter very largely
into detail with those parts already explained. I shall, therefore, merely
refer, by similar letters of reference, to corresponding parts in the two
machines, as their mode of operation has been already fully set out in
describing the other machine. A, A, A, A, is the framework of the machine;
B, B, the main shaft on which the driving pulley G is mounted; C, C, are the
fly wheels mounted on each end of the main shaft, and connected by means of
the rods F, F, to the saw frame D, which is moved up and down between
guides attached to the framing, precisely in the manner above shewn. The
block of wood to be operated upon is mounted upon a moveable frame H,
which turns upon a centre at t, and in order to cut the wood with a proper
bevel, the block of wood is mounted in the frame H in an inclined position,
by placing an inclined block or wedge-shaped piece u beneath it, as seen in
Fig. 21; and it is properly secured in the frame by means of a bar v, and
screw bolts w, w, which pass down on each side of the block of wood, and
enter into holes made for that purpose in the sides of the frame H. A gauge
is placed at one side of the frame H to indicate the proper distance to bring
out the block of wood after each successive cut; the attendant has, therefore,
only to pill round the frame II into the position shown by dots in Fig. 22,
and loosen the screw bolts w, w, by turning the handles at the top, and then
he can push up an additional thickness of wood to be cut off by the next
stroke, after which he must clamp the block again. The outer end of the
frame H rests and is supported upon the stationary sector guide piece x,
Fig. 22, and it is moved round its centret by means of a cord or chain affixed
at one end to the corner of the frame II, as at w, and let into a groove mae'
in the front part of the inclined block u, the opposite end being passed over a
pulley g, and round a drum or barrel h, to which it is secured. This drum or
barrel is mounted on a horizontal shaft i, at one end of which is fixed the
toothed wheel j, which is actuated by means of a pinion on the axle of the
ratchet wheel k, and the system of levers and rods m, n, o, p, as in the other
machine. It will now be clearly seen that as the saw E is moved up and
down with its frame D, the latter, by means of the arm 1, actuates the levers
m, n, o, p; and through them the ratchet wheel k and toothed wheel j on the

page_text: shaft i, and consequently communicates a slow onward motion to the frame
H round its centre as the saw cuts away the wood.
The third part of my Invention relates to an improved mode of cutting or
forming mortices and tenons, and is shewn in Sheets V., VI., and VII. The
improvements consist, in the first place, of certain machinery for first cutting
a hole to the proper depth for a mortice, and consist of a system of circular
cutters, and then forming the hole so made quite square throughout by certain
other machinery. The tenons also are cut in one direction by circular saws,
and then completed by other saws cutting at right angles to the former ones.
In Sheet V. I have shewn various views of the machinery employed for
commencing the operation of cutting mortices. Fig. 24 is a front elevation
of the opposite side of the machine, and is the part used for making tenons;
Fig. 25 is an end elevation, and Fig 26 is a plan or top view of the machine
as seen from above; Figs. 27 to 37 respresent various views of blocks or
frames for supporting the wood when under operation in the machine, and
which I denominate saddles. The wood is firmly held on these saddles by the
attendant; and, as it is necessary to cut the mortices obliquely, the bed of
some of these saddles is inclined, as will be hereafter more fully explained.
A, A, A, A, is the stationery framework of the machine; B is a shaft which
is furnished with fast and loose pullies C, C, for the purpose of actuating the
same, and also carries at its outer end a small circular cutter D, which is
made of the same thickness and diameter as the width and length of the
intended mortice. E, E, is a table supported by pillars or columns above
the middle of the machine, for the purpose of receiving the pieces of wood
after they have been morticed or tenoned; F, F*, Figs. 28, 24, and 26, are
moveable frames upon which the blocks or saddles containing the wood to be
operated upon are placed and firmly secured. These moveable frames are
placed between guides G, G, made in or attached to the stationery framing,
as seen in Figs. 23, 24, and 26, and are moved up and down by means of the
levers H, H, the fulcrums of which are situated in the standards of the
machine. In order to cut the mortices in chair backs, the proper saddle
or block which fits the shape of the chair back is placed on the moveable
frame F*, and secured thereon so as to be immovcable, then the workman
takes a chair back and places it on the saddle, as seen in Fig. 26. This
saddle is furnished with projecting ends and backs, as seen in Figs. 27 & 28,
for the purpose of keeping the wood in its proper position; and, as it is
necessary to cut the mortices obliquely, the upper edge of the saddle is made
with an inclination, as seen in Figs. 25, 28, and 29. The wood being placed

page_text: on the saddle, is firmly held there by the workman with both his hands, he
then raises the frame F* by sitting down the lever H*, which brings the wood
into contact with the under side of the circular cutter D, and a circular
indentation (as seen in section in the detached view Fig. 43) is thereby made
in the wood, which is prevented from being cut into too deep by the wood
coming into contact with the shaft of the cutter. The frame is then lowered
by the workman releasing the lever H*, and the morticed chair back is
removed and a fresh one substituted in its place for another operation.
Figs. 30, 31, 32, and 33, are views of the proper saddles for supporting the
wood for cutting the other mortices required to be made in chair backs, such
as for the back rails and splatts. On the opposite side of the machine is the
apparatus for making tenons; and Figs. 34 to 40 are representations of the
saddles employed for supporting the wood in the proper position so as to cut
the tenons to a proper angle; and Figures 41 and 42 are the saddles for the
splatt pieces. In order to make a tenon in the end of a piece of wood, I first
make two cuts longitudinally the proper length by means of the two saws I
which are mounted on the end of the shaft J. The saddles which carry the
wood are furnished on their under side with pins or studs, which, when the
saddles are placed in the machine, are inserted into small holes a, a, made
in the upper surface of the moveable frame F, and are thereby prevented
from moving when under the cutter. The moveable frame F is mounted and
worked precisely in the same manner as the frame F* connected to the
morticing part of the machine, and when the said frame, with the wood
placed thereon, is raised by depressing the lever H, two parallel cuts are
made in the end of the wood, which is then removed from the saddle and
placed in another saddle for the purpose of receiving the transverse or cross
cuts. The saddles for supporting the wood when it is submitted to the cross
cutting are shewn at Figures 38, 89, and 40, one pair being for the front rails,
the next for the side rails, and the other for the back rails. Studs or pins
on the under side of the saddles are inserted into holes b, b, as in the other
part of the tenoning apparatus, so as to place the wood under the two
saws K, K, and as the wood is raised up by elevating the moveable frame F,
the saws cut away the wood until they arrive at the longitudinal cuts before
made, thus leaving the tenon formed on the end of the piece. In adopting
this morticing and tenoning machinery to making doors, I have a series
of rotary cutters arranged in a line, at suitable distances apart, for the
purpose of cutting all the mortices on one side of the style at one time,
and when the cutters have cut into the wood on one side to form a set
of mortices, the other side of the wood or style is turned round and the

page_text: operation is repeated, so that the cuts on each side meet in the middle of the
style, as shewn in the detached sectional view Fig. 44. But as the mortices
in all doors are not always arranged at the same distance, I have constructed
the machine in such a manner as to admit of the circular cutters being moved
along a slide, rest, or groove so as to alter their relative distances apart as
may be required. The tenoning part of the machine, when employed for
cutting tenons for doors, is arranged in a similar manner so as to cut several
at one time. It will be understood and recollected that the circular cutter D,
which commences the mortices, cuts the mortice the proper length and depth,
but being a circular cutter it will not cut the hole square or rectangular
throughout; the wood, therefore, after being operated upon in the first machine
and a circular hole produced, is placed in a second machine, in which the
mortice is completed. Sometimes, when the wood is cut on both sides for
the purpose of forming a mortice clean through the wood, as in the styles of
doors as before mentioned, it will be found that the circular cutters will
make a holo right through, as seen in the sectional view Fig. 44*, but that
the ends of the mortice require to be made square. This is effected by means
of the machine shewn in Sheet VI. at Figures 45 and 46, which represent side
and end elevations of the machine. A, A, is the framework, and B, B, the
piece of wood to be operated upon, which is placed upon a sliding table C:
This table has a toothed rack formed on or attached to its under side, and is
moved to and fro by means of a pinion on the shaft D of the wheel E, which
carries a winch handle. The cutting tool F, F, is a vertical saw furnished
with teeth on both edges, and is moved up and down by means of a crank on
the main shaft. This cutting tool is made the same thickness as the width
of the intended mortice, and being inserted in the mortice it will be seen that
as the saw moves up and down it will cut away the wood in the mortice until
it makes a perfect rectangular hole. The wood is brought up against the
cutter by the attendant turning the wheel E, which will advance the table C,
and when one end of the mortice has been made square the motion of the
table is reversed, and the opposite end of the mortice brought into contact
with the opposite side of the saw or cutter, and the mortice is thereby
completed.
Fig. 47 represents a side.elevation, and Fig. 48 an end view of a machine
for finishing mortices which are only made part of the way through the wood.
The cutting tools in this machine consist of two chisels fixed in sockets, and
having an alternating motion communicated to them by means of a crank
and a certain arrangement of levers. One of these chisels is made to cut
vertically and the other obliquely; the former chisel, seen at G in the Figures,

page_text: is fixed in a socket at the lower end of the rod H, which moves up and down
in guides affixed to the framework, and is connected to the crank I by
means of the connecting rod J; the other chisel K is fixed in the end of the
rod L, which is mounted obliquely in guides attached to the framework of the
machine, as seen in Fig. 47, and is actuated by the bell crank lever M, M,
which turns upon a stud fixed in the framework, one end being connected
to the rod L which carries the chisel K, and the opposite end to the rod H
which carries the vertical chisel. From this arrangement it will be evident
that the chisels must act alternately, that is, as one chisel descends to cut the
wood the other ascends or moves away, and then as the latter approaches the
wood the former recedes, and so on until the operation is completed; but as
these chisels always come down to the same point, it is necessary to move
forward the wood so as to bring a fresh portion under the operation of the
chisel at every cut; this is effected by means of a rack and pinion motion con-
nected to the sliding table upon which the wood is placed, and worked
precisely in the same manner as has been described in reference to Figs. 45
and 46. When one end of the mortice is completed, as shewn in Fig. 47,
the chisels must be taken out and reversed in their position, as shewn by dots
in the same Figure, and the opposite end can then be completed, or by
reversing the wood end for end the same object will be effected.
Having now described my Invention, and the manner of carrying the same
into effect, I would observe, that in order to explain with clearness the nature
of my several improvements, I have been obliged to describe several parts of
machinery, which have been before known and in use for similar purposes.
I do not, however, intend to claim such known parts as constituting any of
the features of my Invention, nor do I intend to confine myself rigidly to the
arrangement and construction of the several parts of the machinery herein
set forth, as they may be varied to suit the purposes intended. to be effected.
But those parts and features which I consider to be new, and, therefore,
desiro to claim under the herein-before in part recited Letters Patent, are,―
First, communicating motion to the table of a planing machine by means
of a piston working within a cylinder, the piston rod being connected to the
said table in any convenient manner, and which piston may be actuated either
by steam, air, water, or gases.
Secondly, I claim moving the table in the manner shewn in Sheet II., that
is, by connecting it directly to a large wheel or crank of proper diameter,
whereby I obtain the required speed and motion for planing wood.
Thirdly, I claim the manner above shewn and described of fixing the cutters
in blocks above the wood, which blocks, by being extended in front or behind
R

page_text: the cutters, or both, will prevent the wood from rising out of its place or the
cutters from digging into it, and also in mounting the said blocks in moveable
frames above the wood in such manners that the blocks and cutters can bo
lowered down upon the wood as the operation of planing proceeds or the
wood is cut away.
Fourthly, I claim cutting or forming mouldings by means of the peculiarly
shaped tools or cutting instruments shewn and described, which may be
furnished with knives or blades for scoring out longitudinally the width of the
said mouldings, so as to cut out a number of mouldings simultaneously.
Fifthly, in reference to the sawing machinery, I claim cutting out regular
or irregular curves by the employment of peculiar guide frames and guide
plates, as described and shewn in the Drawings, and also the arrangement of
the several parts for the purpose of working the guide frames.
Sixthly, I claim the arrangement of machinery above described for cutting
mortices and tenons, particularly the employment of a rotary cutter for com-
mencing the mortice in the first instance, and then completing the said
mortice either by means of a double-edged saw or cutter, or by the chiselling
apparatus shewn in Sheet VII.
In witness whereof, I, the said Frederick Rosenborg, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Fifteenth day of October, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and forty-five.
N. W. SENIOR.
FREDERICK (L.s.) ROSENBORG.
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the same Fifteenth day of October,
in the year above mentioned, the aforesaid Frederick Rosenborg came before
our Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification
aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained, in form above written.
And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according to the tenor of the
Statute in that case made and provided.

page_text: In the Matter of a Patent granted to FREDERICK ROSENBORG, of
Kingston-upon-Hull, Gentleman, for his Invention of "CERTAIN
IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR CUTTING AND SHAPING WOOD AND
OTHER MATERIALS INTO VARIOUS FORMS AND FIGURES, AND ALSO FOR
CLEANING AND SMOOTHING THE SURFACES OF THE SAME FORMS OR
FIGURES," bearing date at Westminster, the Fifteenth day of April,
One thousand eight hundred and forty-five.
DISCLAIMER entered by the said Frederick Rosenborg with the Clerk
of the Patents of England, passed in the fifth and sixth years of His late
Majesty's reign, intituled "Act Act to amend the Law touching Letters
Patent for Inventions."
I, the said Frederick Rosenborg, do hereby declare that since the grant
of the said Letters Patent, and previous to preparing my Specification, I
consulted parties conversant with such matters as to the utility of my Inven
tion, who informed me (as I believe the fact to be) that that part of my
Invention which related to cleaning and smoothing the surfaces of forms or
figures cut or shaped by my improved machinery was not of such novelty as
to render it of public benefit and advantage, and, consequently, I was advised
to omit describing the same in my said Specification, and to amend the title
of my said Patent, in order to render the same valid in law and consistent with
what my Specification would describe my said Invention to be. And for the
reasons aforesaid, I, the said Frederick Rosenborg, do hereby disclaim and
omit such part of the title of my said Patent as relates to cleaning and
smoothing the surfaces of forms or figures cut or shaped by my improved
machinery (that is to say):-I, the said Frederick Rosenborg, do hereby
make the following Disclaimer of part of the title of my said Patent for the
reasons before 'stated, and in order to make the same (when such Disclaimer
as aforesaid shall have been entered as aforesaid) consistent with what my
Specification describes my said Invention to be (that is to say), I disclaim
the words "and also for Cleaning and Smoothing the Surfaces of the same
Forms or Figures" in the title of my said Patent, in order that the said title
when so altered may read as follows,-" Certain Improvements in Machinery
for Cutting and Shaping Wood and other Materials into various Forms or
Figures." And I also disclaim and omit the words "and also for Cleaning
and Smoothing the Surfaces of the same Forms or Figures" in the recital

page_text: of the title of the said Letters Patent in my Specification herein-before
referred to.
In witness whereof, I, the said Frederick Rosenborg, have hereunto set
my hand, this Fifteenth day of November, One thousand eight hundred
and forty-five.
Taken and acknowledged by Frederick
Rosenborg (party hereto), at the
Public Office, in the County of
Middlesex, this Fifteenth day of
November, One thousand eight hun-
dred and forty-five, before me,
Wx HORNE.
To the Clerk of the Patents of England.
FR. ROSENBORG.
This is to certify that the above-named Frederick Rosenborg, of Kingston-
upon-Hull, Gentleman, has applied 'to me for leave to enter with you the
above-written Disclaimer and Memorandum of Alteration of part of the title
and Specification of a certain Invention for which Letters Patent were duly
granted to him under the Great Seal of Great Britain, dated at Westminster,
the Fifteenth day of April, 1845. And having considered of the said appli-
cation, and no objection having. been made to the same, I do hereby grant
leave to the said Frederick, Rosenborg to file his said Disclaimer and Memo-
randum of Alteration pursuant to the Statute passed in the fifth and sixth
years of the reign of His late Majesty King William the Fourth, entituled
An Act to amend the Law touching Letters Patent for Inventions.
Temple,
November 18th, 1845.
FRED. THESIGER.
Inrolled the Nineteenth day of November, in the year above written.