A MACHINE FOR SCRAPING OR CLEANING ROADS AND OTHER WAYS
Year: 1832

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
BOURNE, of Ilchester, in the County of Somerset, Road Surveyor, send
greeting.
WHEREAS His present most Excellent Majesty King William the
Fourth; by His Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain,
bearing date at Westminster, the Twenty-second day of October, in the
third year of His reign, did, for Himself, His heirs and successors, give and
grant unto me, the said John Bourne, His especial licence, full power, sole
privilege and authority, that I, the said John. Bourne, my exors, admors,
and assigns, or such others as I, the said John Bourne, my exors, adiñiors,
or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time
and at all times during the term of years therein expressed, should and
lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and
the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my Invention of "A MACHINE FOR SCRAPING
OR CLEANING ROADS AND OTHER WAYS;" in which said Letters Patent is con-
tained a proviso that I, the said John Bourne, shall cause a particular descrip-
tion of the nature of my said Invention, and. in what manner the same is

page_text: to be performed, to be inrolled in His said Majesty's High Court of
Chancery within two calendar months next and immediately after the date
of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, re-
ference being thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
John Bourne, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention, and
the manner in which the same is to be performed, are particularly described
and ascertained in and by the following description thereof, reference being
had to the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the figures and letters marked
thereon (that is to say):-
Firstly, the machine consists of a series or row of scrapers placed in a
frame at right angles with the line of draught and connected by a cominon
axis, but free to rise or fall independently of each other, and thus accommo-
dating themselves to the inequalities of the road.
THE MANNER OF USING THE ROAD SCRAPING MACHINE.
Secondly, the machine is used to scrape the roads crossways, and worked
by the hand in the following manner, viz.:-The machine being brought to
the point from which the work is to commence, the workman depresses the
scrapers on the road by raising the handle of the machine, and draws it after
him to the side of and at right angles with the line of road, and there he
deposits the dirt or dust by lowering the handle, which lifts the scrapers from
the road and throws the weight of the machine on the wheels. The work-
man then pushes back the machine in a slanting direction to the part
contiguous to the cleaned spot and repeats the operation.
DESCRIPTION OF THE MACHINE.
Thirdly, in the Drawing, Figure 1 is a horizontal plan or bird's-eye view of
the machine, and Figure 2 is a perspective view. In Figures 1 and 2, a, a,
are the sides of the frame; b is the handle; the parts each marked c are
stems or posts by which the scrapers are connected with the rod or axis, on
which they move freely upwards and downwards; d, d, is the rod or axis
aforesaid; e, e, are the blocks to which the wheels are affixed; f, f, is a
piece to throw the weight of the frame and wheels on the scrapers when
working; 9 is a slight rod to support the axes d, d. The parts marked i
are springs serving to depress the scrapers on the road and to steady them
when at work. The parts marked h are weights, to be added when the
state of the dirt to be scraped may require greater pressure. The machine

page_text: may be worked either with or without springs or weights, but its operation
will not then generally be so effectual and complete. In Figure 2, k is
one end of a piece which raises the scrapers from the road; is a piece
fixed to each of the end scrapers, serving to prevent the escape of dirt at the
sides when working; n is one of the wheels; the parts marked o are the
pieces to which the metal plates or scrapers are affixed; p is a stay to support
the wheel; q is also as stay, extending from one wheel to the other: Figure 3
is a side view of a single scraper and its stem, not being one of those at either
end; r is the piece (see Figs. 1 and 2) connecting the scraper with the rod or
axis; s is the piece (see Fig. 2) to which a thin metal scraper marked t
is affixed, and having a stay to support it.
Fourthly, this machine is adapted for working by manual labour, but
I claim to use that or any other available kind of power for that purpose.
Fifthly, the great or main principle of my said Invention is twofold:-first,
the placing a series or rows of scrapers in a frame at right angles with the line
of draught of the machine, and secondly, the working of the machine across
the road from side to side, or from the centre to the sides, and not lengthways,
which said series or row of scrapers working upwards and downwards,
separately from and independent of each other, sink into the hollows and rise
over the higher parts of the road, or accomodate themselves to the inequalities
or unevenness of the surface of roads.
Sixthly, I claim for any description of road-cleaning machine which (having
a series or combination of any number of scrapers placed at right angles with
the line of draught) being drawn or pushed across the road, the dirt or dust
or other matter on the surface of the road shall be scraped or cleaned off.
Seventhly, the frame and most of the other parts of my said machine are of
wood, but I claim to construct the whole or any part of it of wood, or iron, or
any other material.
Eighthly, I claim to use any number of scrapers to my machine, and
to make them of any breadth or form that may be most convenient.
Ninthly, I claim to vary the construction of my said Invention without
altering its principle by arranging the row of scrapers in the form of a
segment of a circle or any other curved form, in cases where such forms shall
be found more desirable than a straight line.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Bourne, have hereunto set my hand
and seal, this Eleventh day of December, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and thirty-two.
JN° (L.S.) BOURNE.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Eleventh day of December, in
the year of our Lord 1832, the aforesaid John Bourne came before our said
Lord the King in His Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification afore-
said, and all and every thing therein contained and specified, in form above
written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according to
the tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Inrolled the Twenty-second day of December, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and thirty-two.

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, 1,
LEOPOLD FOUCAUD, of George Yard, Lombard Street, in the City of
London, Merchant, send greeting.
WHEREAS His present Majesty King William the Fourth, by His
Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Second day of
November now last past, did give and grant unto me, the said Leopold
Foucaud, His especial licence, full power, sole privilege and authority,
that I, the said Leopold Foucaud, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, and such others as I, the said Leopold Foucaud, my executors,
administrators, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times thereafter 'during the term
of therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, ex-
ercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-
upon-Tweed, an Invention communicated to me by a certain foreigner
residing abroad of "AN IMPROVEMENT OR IMPROVEMENTS APPLICABLE TO
THE PRIMING OF PERCUSSION LOCKS OF GUNS AND PISTOLS;" in which said
Letters Patent there is contained a proviso, obliging me, the said
Leopold Foucaud, by an instrument in writing under my hand and
years

page_text: seal, particularly to describe and ascertain the nature of the said In-
vention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, and to cause
the same to be inrolled in His said Majesty's High Court of Chancery
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the
said recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being
thereunto had, will more fully appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, 1, the
said Leopold Foucaud, do hereby declare that the nature of the said
Invention, and the manner in which the same is to be performed, are
fully described and ascertained by the following description thereof in
writing, reference at the same time being had to the annexed Drawings.
that is to say:-
The nature of the said Invention consists in the application of a
metallic box or magazine to the lock of a gun or pistol, of such an
appropriate form and size as that the said magazine may receive and
hold in the interior thereof a certain number of detonating caps, such
as are now in common use for the. discharge of fire arms, commonly
distinguished. by the appellation of percussion guns, pistols,, &c., and: so
as that by the aid of the said magazine each of the said caps may in
succession: be placed over, the touchhole of the, gun or pistol, when
required, with more facility than is now. prácticable by any of the
methods heretofore employed for that purpose. Fig. 1; in the annexed
Drawings represents a part of the stock and barrel of a gun' with its
lock, together with one of my said magazines affixed thereto, in which
said Figure S, is the stock; B, the barrel; L, 'the lock plate; H, the
cocking piece or hammer; N, the nipple or piece through. which the
touch hole passes, and upon the end of which a detonating.cap is to be
placed: previously.to every discharge of the gun or pistol; C, is the
exterior case of my said magazine; A, is a piece. of iron.or: steel fas-
tened to the lock plate by the screw D, and is there held in a proper
position by one or more steady pins (I generally for security sake use
two), which are made fast to and to project from that side of the piece
of iron or steel A, which lies upon the lock plate, so that the said two
pins may enter holes made for the reception of the same in the said
lock plate; the position of these pins and holes is shewn by the dotted

page_text: upper
lines at a, a.
At the end of the said piece of iron or steel A, a
screw pin b; is inserted from the side next' the barrel of the gun, which
said screw passes through a hole in the case C, and serves as an "axis
for the said case C, to turn on, as also to hold the said case in its proper
relative position with other parts of the lock. c, is a pin or stud 'fixed'
in the side of the case C, and serves as a stop to limit the motion of
the said case as the said pin comes against or abuts upon the edge
of the piece A. d is another pin or stud 'fixed' in 'the under side or
edge of the case C, and the projecting end of which said pin rests
upon the end of a spring, which is shewn by the dotted lines e, e.
The spring e, e, is inade to exert a constant pressure against the said
pin d, and thus to make the said case.C, move round on its axis or on
the screw pin b, 'until its further motion is stopped by the herein-before
mentioned pin or stud e; coming in contact with the side or edge of the
said piece of iron or steel A thus the said case C, when' uninfluenced
by any external force remains held in the position, as shewn in the said
Figure 1. The said spring e, e, is attached to the underside of the said
piece A; by the pin f, on which it is free to move; one end of the said
spring e, is opposed to tlie stud or pin d, whilst the other end thereof
lies upon the upper edge of the lock plate L-The shape and position
of the said spring are shewn by the dotted lines at e; e, in Fig. 1; and I
must here observe that the said spring e, e must be introduced into its'
place under sucli a degree of compression as that the reaction of the
said spring may be such as to force the said case C, into its proper
position, and retain it there during any casual jolting or shaking of the
gun or pistol to which it may be attached. Fig. 2, is a sectional
Drawing of the said magazine; of the full size. This magazine
usually make of thin' sheet brass about one fiftieth of an inch thick';
its transverse section is rectangular and the dimensions of its interior
cavity (for it is made hollow from end to end) must correspond to the
length and diameter of the detonating caps which are to be put into
it, or more properly the width and depth of the cavity in the said
magazine should a little exceed the diameter and length respectively of
the said caps; so as that the said caps when placed in the said magazine
may have sufficient space in which they may be slided freely backwards

page_text: and forwards. One end of the said magazine from 'g; to h, is made
straight, and of such a length as will contain the number of detonating
caps required. The magazine shewn at Fig. 2, is long enough to con-
tain eighteen of the said caps, which are also shewn as occupying the
straight part of the cavity in the said magazine. From 1; to j, the
other part of the said magazine is, for the sake of a more convenient
modification, bent into the shape represented in Fig. 2, and the said bent
part from h; toj, should be about half an inch longer than the straight
part from g; to h. Previously to putting any of the said caps into the
said magazine I introduce into it a spring such as is usually denomi-
nated a helical spring, made of small brass wire about the fortieth of
an inch in diameter; such a spring is casily made by coiling the brass
wire round a long screw of a suitable diameter, so as that the successive
coils of the wire are made to occupy the spaces between the threads of
the screw from end to end. The external diameter of the said spring,
when so coiled up and removed from the screw on which it has been
formed, must be such as to allow the said spring to enter the said
magazine and to play freely backwards and forwards therein. The
length of the said spring when in an unstrained state as to its natural
elasticity should be somewhat more than the whole length of the in-
terior cavity of the said magazine, so as that when it is introduced into
the said cavity it should occupy the same throughout the whole length
thereof, and the distance of one coil from another of the said helical
spring, should be such as will allow the said spring to be compressed
into the space between h, and j. To one end of the said helical spring
I affix, by soldering or otherwise, a piece of brass of such a size as]
nearly to fill the internal cavity of the said magazine in a lateral
direction, and about one tenth of an inch thick in the direction of the.
length of the said helical spring. The other end of the said helical
spring is to be first introduced into the said magazine, and the said
spring pushed forward- until the end so first introduced arrives at the
end of the cavity thereof at j, where the said cavity is closed nearly.
in the middle of the space round which the end from h, to j,. of
the said magazine is bent. I have marked upon it the letter,
by reference to which letter.. I mean to designate the inner and.

page_text: outer sides of the said magazine; that is, I shall herein-after cali
that side of the said magazine which is nearest w, the inner side,
and that side which is farthest from a, the outer side of the said
magazine. I have already remarked that the end of the said cavity
at, of the said magazine is closed, and I now also state that after
introducing the said spring into the said magazine, the end 9, of
the said cavity is then partially closed, so as that the piece of brass
herein-before mentioned as being affixed to the end of the said helical
spring cannot be forced beyond the said end at g. Fig. 3, represents the
said magazine lying-with its outer side undermost, with a part of its
inner side uppermost, and exposed to view. Throughout the whole
length of the said inner side I make a groove or slit, as is shewn in
part in the said Fig. 3, the other part of the said slit being covered by
the bend, of the said magazine is only shewn by the dotted lines from
1, to 2; this slit is about one sixteenth of an inch in width. Opposite
to the said slit at or near h, drill a hole through the outer side of the
said magazine, at about one sixteenth of an inch diameter, and at the
end
9. of the said magazine, and through the inner side thereof, I make
a circular hole, as there shewn, large enough to permit one of the said
detonating caps to pass through it into or out of the cavity of the said
magazine. In order to facilitate the introduction of a number of the
said detonating caps into the said magazine, I employ a pin made of a
piece of brass or other wire of the shape represented by Fig. 4, in the
Drawings hereto annexed, and of such a size as that the point of the
said wire will enter the slit in the inner side of the said magazine, and
also the hole made through the outer side of the said magazine near h.
I first introduce the point of the said last mentioned pin into the cavity
of the said magazine, between the end thereof at g, and the piece of
brass herein-before mentioned as being fastened to the end of the said
helical spring, I then by means of the said pin push back the end of
the said spring towards h, at which place the point of the said brass
pin is made to enter the said hole at.h, and where, as long as it is
allowed to remain, the said spring is thereby retained in a compressed
state, whilst the straight part of the cavity of the said magazine is left
vacant and ready to be filled with the detonating caps. The said caps

page_text: are now to be introduced one by one through the said hole at the end
9, with the open end of each upwards, and if, during this operation, the
end g, of the said. magazine be sufficiently elevated, each of the said
caps on being passed through the said hole at the end g, from between
the finger and thumb will slide along the cavity from g, towards h, thus
each one making room for the next until the whole of the cavity of the
said magazine be filled. After having so filled the said magazine with
the detonating caps, the said brass pin must now be withdrawn from
the hole at h, and by thus removing the said pin the end of the said
helical spring will be released, and the said piece of brass which is
fastened thereto will immediately be forced forward against the deto-
nating cap nearest to it, and the whole of the said caps will be pressed
one against the other and pushed forward towards g, where the cap
which was last introduced will come against the semicircular end of
the cavity of the said magazine, by which further progress of the whole
will be stopped. Thus one of the caps is necessarily placed exactly
opposite the circular hole in the inner side of the said magazine at g;
but the force of the spring operating against the whole range of caps
it is thereby securely held. in its place without any liability to fall out
by its own weight. It is well known to sportsmen and others who are
in the habit of using percussion guns that the detonating powder with
which the said guns are primed is made up into very small and thin
wafer-like round cakes or pastils, and that the common mode of employ
ing these for the discharge of fire-arms is to place each in the bottom
of a small round copper. cup (usually called caps) which in shape very
much resembles that of a thimble; the pastils are made to adhere to
the bottom of these caps by some kind of glutinous cement. Any gun
or other fire-arms intended to be discharged by. means of detonating
caps of the description herein-before mentioned must be supplied with a
lock of the appropriate and well known construction and also, with the
well known substitute in place of the common touch hole. A part of
this piece through which the touch hole passes is shewn at N, in
Fig. 1, of the annexed Drawings, and is called the nipple.. The upper
end of the said nipple is of a conical shape, and of a diameter-corre-
sponding to the inside diameter of the herein-before mentioned deto-

page_text: nating caps, so as that whenever one of the said caps, is put upon
the end of the said nipple and pressed down with a sufficient degree of
force by the thumb. or. otherwise, the said cap may be found to stick
or adhere tightly to the end of the said nipple, and so as not to be
easily removed from thence. Now, it will be readily, understood that:
if the magazine herein-before. described as having been filled with.
detonating caps be so held in the hand as to bring the detonating cap
which is immediately opposite the hole at the end g, of the said.
magazine over the end of the nipple at N, in Fig. 1, the said cap may:
be put upon the said nipple and fastened thereon by the pressure of
the hand upon the magazine, and that if then the magazine be lifted
up from the said nipple the said detonating cap will be withdrawn
from the end of the said magazine in consequence of its sticking or
adhering to the end of the said nipple with a greater degree of force
than that by which it was previously held in its place by the said
helical spring whilst the said cap remained in the said magazine..
It will also be evident that whenever one of the said detonating caps is
thus withdrawn from the said magazine another will, by the continued
action of the said helical spring, be forced forward to supply its place;
so long as any-of-the said caps remain in the said magazine. Now the
object of the said improvement is, to apply a magazine, such as or similar
to that which has been herein-before described, to the lock of a gun or
pistol as that it may be attached to and form a part thereof, and in
such a manner as that the simple pressure of the hand on one end of
the said magazine shall be all that is required to be done in placing a
detonating cap upon the nipple or over the touch hole of the gun or
pistol, or, in other words, in priming the same. I have herein-before
stated that C, in Fig. 1, of the annexed Drawing, represents the
external case of the said magazine. This case I usually make of sheet
iron of about the sixteenth of an inch in thickness. The circular part
of the end of the said case from h, to n, is left open for the..purpose of
introducing the said magazine. Another opening: is, also: left at the
other end of the said exterior case is to allow the end 'g, of: the said
magazine to protrude a little beyond it; and the lower side of the said
case from g, to u, is also left open to permit the detonating caps placed

page_text: in the end g, of the said magazine to be brought down upon the said
nipple at N: The situation occupied by the said magazine when put
into the said exterior case is shewn by the dotted lines m, m, m, m.
In order to secure the said magazine in its place it is held therein by
a. spring catch; as shewn in Figs 5, and 6, in which k, is the spring
attached to the side of the said external case, and 7, is a small stud
attached to and projecting from the side of the said magazine, as shewn
in Figs. 3, 5, and 6, so that when the said magazine is pushed home
into its proper place in the said external case, the said stud 1, falls into
the catch or notch in the said spring or catch; and whenever the said
magazine requires to be replenished with a fresh supply of detonating
caps it inay easily be withdrawn from the said case by depressing the
end of the said spring, thus releasing the said stud 1, from the catch
or notch of the said spring; the said magazine may be drawn back by
placing a finger against the said stud . In the constructing and
applying the various parts of the said Invention to a gun or pistol care
must be taken that the end g, of the said magazine, and its exterior
case, be allowed to rise high enough, so as to be out of the way of the
end of the hammer II, as it descends when in the act of striking upon
the nipple N. And I hereby lastly declare that the said Invention
consists in the application of an apparatus, such as or similar to that
which I have herein-before described, and which I have called a
magazine, to the locks of guns or pistols when used in combination with
and attached to such locks for the purpose of priming guns or pistols
with a greater facility than can be effected by the use of magazines
when employed as separate instruments detached from the said locks;
for I lay no claim to the Invention of magazines, such as are now in
use, for holding a number of the said detonating caps, and which are
held in the hand whilst placing the said detonating caps over the touch
hole of guns or pistols.
In witness whereof, I, the said Leopold Foucaud, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Twenty-ninth day of April, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and thirty-three.
LEOPOLD (L.S.) FOUCAUD.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the same Twenty-ninth day
of April, in the year above. mentioned, the aforesaid Leopold Foucaud
came before our Lord the King, in His Chancery, and acknowledged
the Specification aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained,
in form above written. And also the Specification aforesaid. was
stamped according to the tenor of the Statute in that case made and
provided.
Inrolled the Thirtieth day of April, in the year above written.