Improvements in or relating to the Process and Apparatus employed in the Manufacture of Brushes, Brooms, or the like.
Year: 1893

page_text: Date of Application, 10th Oct.. 1893-Accepted, 24th Feb., 1894
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in or relating to the Process and Apparatus employed
in the Manufacture of Brushes, Brooms, or the like.
I, MAURICE HELLWIG, of the City of Brooklyn, King's County, State of New
York, United States of America, Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of
this invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following statement :-
This invention relates to an inproved process of manufacture of ordinary and
In
painters' brushes of every description from hair, bristles, or vegetable fibres.
making brushes of the novel type a machine is used, which is so constructed as to
be adapted for the performance of the process hereinafter described.
The method which has hitherto been adopted in the manufacture of brushes
consisted in first passing strong thread or wire loops through perforations
provided in the back or support, and then inserting a bundle of hairs or bristles
into the opening of each loop, so that the loop surrounds the centre of the bundle.
The loop is then tightened and drawn into the opening of the brush support; the
The disadvantages
same operation being repeated in the case of each bundle.
attending both this method of manufacture and the product obtained thereby are
obvious. In the first place much time is lost in the elaborate operation just
In addition to
described, while it necessitates the employment of skilled labour.
this, only long bristles or hairs can be made use of in this process, a fact which
involves no inconsiderable extra expense. And, finally, the durability of the
article thus manufactured is not to be relied upon, the loop being apt to cut the
hairs or bristles, so as to cause them readily to break and come out; besides,
the wire is liable to rust, and the thread to decay.
Attempts have been made before now to render short hairs or bristles serviceable.
For this purpose, the brush supports have been made concave; or the perforations
for the reception of the bundles have been made within grooves. According to
this method, the bundle-he ids, emerging from the support at the back, were
flattened with irons, and the hollow space formed by the concave back, or the
grooves, as the case might be, were filled with cement, vulcanite or pyroxyline.
Brushes made in this manner have, however, been found to exhibit, on being used
for some little time, similar drawbacks to those obtained by the first-mentioned
process.
Another method of securing the bundles of hairs, which has been applied
especially to brooms, consisted in making recesses instead of perforations in the
support; in which case the heads of the bundles were dipped in cement, then tied,
and lastly forced into the recesses. Such brooms have been found to become
defective long before the hairs are worn out; a fact which may be ascribed to
different causes. Firstly, the cylindrical walls of the recesses do not afford the
bundles a sufficient support, as the hairs and adhesive material fail to adhere to the
wood with sufficient firmness. Furthermore the adhesive material is apt to
decompose under atmospheric influences, while certain parts or ingredients of it
are absorbed by the wood. And it should be observed that in every instance
where, from these causes, the broom becomes absolutely unfit for use, the handle
is preserved in a satisfactory condition.
Now the brooms and the brushes (whether for painting or for other purposes)
manufactured by the improved process forming the subject of this invention are
remarkable for their great durability and pleasing appearance; and the peculiar
feature of the process itself is that the brush-support or back is provided with

page_text: conical (instead of cylindrical) perforations, while machinery is employed in filling
such perforations with bristles or hairs.
These are first loosened in special apparatus, by machinery, and then combed by
hand. The brush-supports or backs are next, together with the bristles or hairs,
introduced into the filling apparatus, of which any suitable number are placed in a
shaking mechanism, by the action of which the hairs or bristles are forced into the
openings in the said brush-supports or backs. Owing to the peculiar construction
of the filling apparatus, the bristles will project at the back of the brush support a
distance equal to the depth of the openings receiving them. These projecting ends
of the various bundles of bristles are then dipped into adhesive material, whereupon
the bundles are driven back into the conical apertures. When the adhesive
material is hardened, the brushes or the like are finished for the market.
Whereas hitherto it has been possible to make a number of brushes at a time
only by the employment of unusually long hairs, and by placing a number of
brush-supports one behind the other with the axes of their perforations exactly in
a line, the present method enables any number of dozens of brushes to be
manufactured in a very short time owing to the novel construction of the filling
and shaking apparatus.
In the accompanying drawings,
Figs. 1 to 14 illustrate the improved process.
Figs. 15 to 24 represent the shaking mechanism with its several modifications.
Figs. 25 to 45 show the filling apparatus most suitable for each kind of brushes
or brooms; and
Figs. 46 to 49 are views of two apparatus for loosening the hairs or bristles.
Fig. 1 represents a broom manufactured according to this invention, and Fig. 2
shows one made by the old process. To the handle A (Fig. 1) is secured the front
plate B which serves to receive the broom-support or back a. It is secured to the
front plate B by means of screws b. In the back a are provided conical apertures c in
which the bundles of bristles are fitted. As illustrated in Fig. 2, the process
hitherto employed consisted in dipping the bundles of bristles or hairs into adhesive
material, tying them with thread, as at b', and then inserting them into the cylindrical
openings c. The several stages of the new process are illustrated in Figs. 3 to 5.
In the first place the bristles or hairs d (Fig. 3) are introduced, either by hand,
or by means of special filling and shaking mechanism, into the openings c of the
broom-support a, through which they pass, emerging at the back a distance equal
to the thickness or depth of the support. The protruding ends of the bundles are
then dipped into adhesive material, and assume an enlarged or widened shape, as
represented in Fig. 4. The bundles are eventually forced back into the support,
the whole taking the shape represented in Fig. 5. When the adhesive material has
hardened, the conical shape of the apertures c may be relied upon to ensure
durability to the broom or brush.
Brushes or brooms manufactured by the old process, viz. by tying, necessitated
the provision of special covers for their backs. According to this invention, such
covers may be dispensed with, the backs being smoothed with a red-hot iron and
then coated with paint or varnish. In many cases, however, to improve the
appearance of the brush, it will be found desirable to cover over its back or
support, as exemplified by Figs. 6 to 14.
The plate B (Fig. 6) may have a rib or flange e completely covering and
concealing the side edges of the broom-support secured to the plate B by screws b.
In the case of brushes the outer covering is formed by the superposition of a
plate of wood C (Fig. 7) or by a layer of india rubber, vulcanite, or pyroxyline
pressed on to the back of the support. To render the attachment of the covering
secure and reliable in every respect, the lower side of the brush-support is hollowed
out as at y and provided with a groove h (Fig. 8) into which the elastic covering
material is forced.
The outer end of the hand-brooms wears out rapidly through continual friction
and frequently repeated accidental knocking against hard surfaces or objects, and

page_text: at the places thus exposed, the bristles or hairs begin to drop out of their sockets
either singly or in bundles, while the remaining part of the broom is still intact ;
the consequence being, that not only do such brooms continue fit for use but for a
very short time, but that, besides, they unavoidably damage the furniture. This
double drawback is avoided by the arrangement shown in Figs. 9 to 14.
Fig. 9 is a perspective-view of a hand-broom, and Fig. 10 is a longitudinal section
thereof. Both the support and the turned down forward end E of the broom are
fitted within the body B of the handle. To prevent a possible detachment of the
front part E, a cap or guard D (Figs. 10 and 11) is arranged to envelop both the
said part E, and the front portion of the body B, such guard D being made of
suitable elastic material, and having preferably the shape illustrated in Fig. 12,
which facilitates its exchange when required. The slot or recess F, provided on
the upper side of the cap, enables the latter to be moved up from the point of the
broom. Adhesion is ensured by cement, tacks or screws. For hand-brooms with
round supports or backs it is advisable to use a guard-ring or ferrule as at G.
Figs. 13 and 14.
For the automatic filling of brush-supports with bristles or hairs special filling
mechanism is used, the details of which are more fully described below. Broadly
speaking, the said mechanism consists of a box adapted to receive the brush-support
or back and the bristles; and what is required is to subject these filling cases to
such a continued series of concussions as will force as large a number as possible of
individual hairs or bristles d (Figs. 3 and 5) into the openings or sockets c.
object is attained by peculiar shaking mechanism, of which Figs. 15 to 24 show a
variety of modifications. The advantage derived from such shaking mechanism
resides in the fact that, according to its size, it enables a greater or less number of
filling cases to be shaken at the same time.
This
A bed-plate H (Figs. 15 and 16), supported by standards I, carries the trans-
mission gearing. Another plate J, the shaking plate, is connected with the said
bed-plate H by two rods k arranged diagonally crosswise. To the plate H these
rods are pivotally attached, while at the parts adjoining the plate J they are
provided with slots which enable them to slide upon pins m. At the point of
intersection a sliding connection is formed by means of a pin n, projecting from
one rod k, and a slot provided in the other rod, and fitted with an antifriction
roller N, which is adapted to travel upon a cam mounted upon the driving
shaft p.
Motion is imparted to the machine by means of the strap pulley P and
strap R. The shaft p, situated on the lower side of the bed plate H turns in
bearings Q. As shown in the drawings, at each revolution of the cam the shaking
plate once strikes the bed-plate; the two plates being, moreover, connected by
powerful springs M, to intensify the effect of these concussions. To reduce wear,
the bed-plate is provided with a rail or rod T around its periphery. The shaking
plate is provided with angle-irons S on two parallel sides, leaving sufficient space for
the insertion of a plate K, adapted to receive the filling apparatus L, L, which are
retained within the apertures of the collecting plate K by pins or bolts i.
The operation of the shaking mechanism as follows:
The filling apparatus L, L, are secured to the collecting plate K by means of
bolts. This plate is then inserted into the angle irons S. Motion is then conveyed
to the shaking mechanism through the transmission gearing to set it in operation.
The shaking plate J jointly with the collecting plate K continually strikes the bed
plate H, by which means the hairs or bristles are driven into the openings of the
brush support. During the operation of the machine another collecting plate is
prepared, so that the work may continue without interruption.
Figs. 17 to 19 represent a somewhat modified machine. The shaking plate J is
provided with two rollers N adapted to travel upon two cams O. Motion is
imparted to the mechanism by means of the pulley P connected to the other
pulley P by the pitch-chain R. The manner in which the three plates K, J and H
are guided is illustrated in Fig. 18. The four corners of the bed plate H are fitted
with vertically extending angle-pieces in which are adapted to slide the angle-

page_text: pieces secured in a similar manner to the shaking plate J. The latter angle-pieces
serve for the reception of the collecting plate K while the shaking mechanism is in
operation, the air confined between the plates H and J acts as a buffer and deadens
the shaking effect. To compensate this undesirable action, the bed-plate H is
provided with openings, or with bolsters (Fig. 19), forming grooves through
which the air escapes.
Where the manufacture is carried on upon a large scale it is advisable to super-
pose a number of shaking plates, so that instead of having a single plate, the
arrangement comprises a complete shaking frame or box. Such a construction of
the apparatus is illustrated in Figs. 20 and 21. The individual plates Jare
connected by vertical walls W, to which guides are secured, facilitating the
insertion of the collecting plates K. The upper shaking plate J is provided with
angle-irons (Fig. 21). The whole of the box is closed in on three sides, the front.
being alone left open for the insertion of the plates K.
Another modification of the shaking mechanism consists in omitting the shaking
plates and allowing the filling boxes L to strike the bed-plate direct.
In Figs. 22
and 24 two arrangements thus modified are shown. Upon the supports I (Fig. 22)
there rests a plate U, provided with side-walls U", by which is supported the bed
plate proper H. Between the plates H and U is included the collecting plate K,
which in this instance is coupled direct with the guide-rods k k arranged crosswise.
The transmission-gearing is the same as in the arrangement shown in Figs. 15
and 16, and is partly embedded in the slot U¹ of the plate U, and partly situated
underneath such plate.
In the plate K are fitted particularly strong bolts i, adapted to receive the filling
boxes L. Instead, however, of employing bolts projecting upwardly, such as i,
they may be suspended from the plate K', as shown in Fig. 24. In this case the
plate U is dispensed with, while the bed-plate H may rest upon the supports or
stays i,, direct, the recesses u, provided in the said plate, receiving the ends of the
bolts during the operation of the machine. Between the bridges V and the
plate K the guide rods k, k, are arranged. Motion is imparted to this mechanism
in the same manner as to that shown in Fig. 22. Instead of cams (), eccentrics,
cranks or toothed gearing may be employed.
The filling mechanism, by means of which the brush supports in the shaking
devices are provided with bristles, should be so constructed as to accommodate the
particular shape of the brushes which it is desired to manufacture. Various
modifications of such apparatus are shown in Figs. 25 to 45.
Apparatus constructed as shown in Figs. 25 to 28 are suited for brushes with
plane backs, the principle whereon its construction is based being, that the bristles
or hairs should be inserted into the apertures of the back a in as closely
compressed a condition as possible. The hair or bristle reservoir is, accordingly,
formed in two parts XXI capable of sliding within each other, the part being
slotted at a, (Fig. 29) and a check. (Fig. 28) being adapted to slide in the slot.
This check is secured to the other narrower portion X and upon it is erected a
vertical sleeve or socket, which receives the bolt or pin y¹. The check,
together with the sleevey, is moreover placed between two angle-plates to which
are rivetted to the wider half X' of the reservoir and provided with a series of
perforations or eyes for the reception of the bolt y'. The reservoir XX' is placed
upon the back a of the brush, and the complete structure is erected upon the
gauging frame, Fig. 27, the clear depth of which should generally correspond to
the depth or thickness of the back of the brush to be made, or in other words to
the depth of the aperture c. Both the frame Y and reservoir X X' are provided
with semi-circular staple eyes Z Z for the reception of the bolt i (Figs. 15 and 16).
The eyes Z' in the part X of the reservoir, and the frame Y below, are situated at
right angles to the part X of the said reservoir (see Figs. 26, 27, 29 and 30).
The operation of the filling apparatus constructed in this manner is as follows:-
The two halves X X of the reservoir are moved apart such a distance as is
required by the quantity of bristles or hairs to be fitted in the back of the

page_text: brush. They are then moved together again as closely as possible, while at the
same time the bolt y¹ is passed through the corresponding openings of the angle-
plates ww and the sleeve or socket y. Upon the gauging frame Y is placed
the back of the brush to be made, and over this is arranged the filling reservoir.
The whole is then made to rest against any one of the bolts i of the collecting
plate K (Figs. 15 and 16), the bolt or pin being received in the eye Z. The
filling apparatus is then turned about the said pin i, until the eyes Z' take up
their position against such pin i. By tightening the nuts upon the pins or bolts,
the apparatus is firmly secured in its relative position to the collecting plate.
When the shaking mechanism has completed its action, the bristles will be found
to have assumed the shape represented at I in Fig. 27. The gauging frame is now
removed, the ends of the bundle are singed with a red-hot iron, and the roots cut
off. An artificial head is thus formed, which considerably assists the firm attach-
ment of the bundles within the apertures or sockets of the back. The dipping into
cement is then proceeded to, whereby the lower ends of the bundles are made to
expand as shown at 11 Fig. 27; and lastly the bundles are forced into the
apertures, while the filling chamber with the superfluous hairs or bristles is
removed.
Where the openings in the back of the brush are not exactly vertical but
inclined at an angle to the horizontal line, the two halves of the chamber or
reservoir should assume the tapering shape indicated in Fig. 29. The eyes z,
in this case, are not formed on the walls of the reservoir direct, but are connected
with the same by rods or bridges =".
If it be desired to provide each of the brushes with a border of bristles of another
colour than the rest, a filling chamber such as shown in Fig. 30 should in preference
be employed. Two chambers or reservoirs, each consisting of two halves, XX"
and XX respectively, fitted within each other, are connected by two bridges 2, 2.
To prevent any mutual deflection of the inner walls, that of one reservoir X
(Fig. 31) is provided with bails or yokes 1 wherein slide the corresponding arms or
sides of the other half X" of the chamber.
Should the filling chamber or reservoir be too firmly compressed, the hairs or
bristles may be crushed at those points where the halves of the chamber fit each
other. To avoid this drawback the sides of one half X (Figs. 32 and 33) may be
so extended that they may work within the slots of the other half X'. It will, of
course, be understood that the sides must be long enough never to come out of the
slots.
For brooms or brushes with curved backs, the filling apparatus should consist of
a number of parts, the gauging frame 24 (Figs. 41 and 42) corresponding to the
shape of the back a of the brush or broom to be manufactured. Upon the frame,
after securing the back of the brush in position, the reservoir or chamber 25 is
placed, which is adapted to receive the filling-reservoir proper 26. All the parts
are to be provided with eyes Z Z' so that they may be firmly secured in position.
As the openings or sockets for the bristles are frequently to a considerable extent
inclined in curved backs of brushes, the gauging frame for such backs is provided
with guards 27 consisting of metal strips and adapted to prevent the bristles from
falling through.
For the manufacture of strong painters' brushes or hand-brooms with wooden
backs and coloured border, the filling reservoir shown in Fig. 30 may be further
modified as illustrated in Figs. 43 to 45. The back or support a of the brush
(Fig. 45) is placed in the gauging frame 28, Fig. 43. The filling chamber proper
consists of a box 30 within which is arranged a hollow cylinder 29, which is
connected with the wall 30 of the box by rods or bridges 31 (Fig. 44).
The manufacture of (painters') brushes, in which the hairs or brushes are inserted
in ferrules or sockets is identical with that of brushes, except that the filling
apparatus assumes a different shape.
If the hairs or bristles fill up the ferrule entirely, this allows of materially
simplifying the construction of the apparatus, as shown in Fig. 34. The ferrules 4

page_text: are placed on the bottom 3 which is surrounded by the gauging frame 9, whereon
rests the box 10. Into this is slid the filling chamber 11, so that its marginal pad
lies upon the upper edge of the box 10. In order that, during the shaking stage,
the bolts may not, of their own accord, leave the eyes Z Z', pins 12 are inserted
into the said marginal pad of the filling reservoir 11, such pins fitting the aperture 14
(Fig. 35) of the guard-ring 13. The opening 15 is to receive the pin or bolt i.
Upon the shape of the brush depends the form of the bottom 3. Where the crown
of the brush is flat (Fig. 36) the bottom 3 is plane, and the ferrules 4 are in juxta-
position. When, however, the brush is to have a point such as shown in Fig. 36",
the bottom should be provided with raised portions whereon the ferrules are placed.
The shape of such raised portions depends upon that of the point of the brush.
For very sharp points, a projection such as 5 (Fig. 34) will be found suitable; for
flattened ones, the rounded bottom 6 is sufficient. Painters' brushes with wide
crowns (Fig. 36") require concave bottoms, such as 7 and 8 (Fig. 34), the size of
which should be such as to enable the ferrules or sockets of the brushes to be
passed over them. To fill such sockets, the points of the hairs or bristles are
inserted first.
In the case of some brushes it is desirable not to fill the whole of the socket or
ferrule with bristles or hairs. In such cases blocks or "forms" are inserted into
the ferrule, so that the interior of the latter may not be entirely filled with bristles.
Filling apparatus of this description, arranged for conical sockets (Fig. 37), is
represented in Figs. 38 to 40. The left side of the section, Fig. 38, shows the
sockets when filled, and the right side is a view of the complete arrangement in
readiness for shaking. In an outer case 16, having two vertical slots 23 (oppositely
placed) are inserted "forms" 17, corresponding in shape to the sockets or ferrules
to be filled, which "forms" are placed upright. Over them is placed another
case 18, the bottom of which is provided with a number of perforations, equal to
that of the "forms or cones 17. The cones exactly fill up the said perforations,
and over them the conical sockets 20 are passed, being retained in position by the
bottom plate of the case 21, which is also correspondingly perforated. Within the
upper part of the case 16 is suspended the filling chamber 22. The cases 18 and 21
may be lifted out of, and replaced into, the case 16, by means of the handles 19,
adapted to slide within the slot 23 (Fig. 39). Both the case 16 and filling
chamber 22 are provided with eyes and (Fig. 40) for the reception of the bolts
or pins.
""
All the filling apparatus act much more readily when the hairs or bristles are
prepared for
filling in special shaking chambers. The employment of such
chambers in conjunction with the shaking mechanism materially accelerates,
moreover, the shaking operation itself.
Figs. 46 and 47 are views of a shaking apparatus. It consists of a simple case 32
provided with eyes, ', and to the bottom of which are rivetted needles 33. The
hairs or bristles are placed in this case or receptacle, and the needles passing
through the clotted or adhering hairs or bristles, they are loosened on the shaking
machine and combed; which operation is repeated as many times as may be
requisite. Instead of providing needles within the case, its walls may be grooved
or ribbed as shown in Figs. 48 and 49, but made so as to present inwardly projecting
sharp or cutting edges at 34.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion, and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
claim is:
(1.) A process of manufacture of brushes, brooms, and the like, mainly
consisting in first loosening or disentangling the hairs or bristles in chambers
submitted to the action of shaking mechanism, and then inserting them into the
brush supports or backs, ferrules, or sockets by means of filling apparatus also
actuated by shaking mechanism, substantially in the manner and for the purpose
herein described.

page_text: (2.) The provision, in the rear a of the backs or supports of hand and other brooms
and brushes, of tapering apertures c for the reception of the bundles & of bristles or
hairs, substantially as and for the purpose berein described.
(3.) The manufacture of hand and other brooms and brushes (notably strong
painters' brushes) in accordance with the process referred to in the first and second
claims, by first inserting the bristles or hairs, which are contained in the filling
chambers or receptacles mounted on the shaking mechanism, into the apertures or
sockets c of the back of the brush to be made, so that they protrude from such
back, in the rear thereof, a distance practically equal to the thickness of the back;
by then dipping these protruding ends of the bundles of bristles into adhesive
material, whereby each bundle is "prepared " for further operation (Fig. 4); and,
finally, by forcing back into the apertures e the said protruding ends; it being
optional next to provide the rear of the brush support or back with an outer case or
covering C; whereupon the finished back of the brush is fitted to the handle, sub-
stantially as and for the purpose herein shown and described.
(4.) For goods made with bristle or hairs, of the class specified in the third claim,
the employment of elastic protective caps D or rings G corresponding in shape to
the back or the handle of the brush or broom, substantially as and for the purpose
herein shown and described.
(5.) Shaking mechanism, adapted for the performance of the process referred to
in the first claim, consisting of a bed plate H and one or more superposed shaking
plates J for the reception of collecting plates K carrying the several filling or shaking
apparatus, motion being imparted to the bed plate and lowermost shaking plate by
one or more cams through the medium of cranks, eccentrics or racks, substantially
as and for the purpose herein shown and described.
(6.) A modification of the shaking mechanism referred to in the preceding claim,
in which the collecting plate K' receives motion from the driving mechanism direct,
the shaking plate J being omitted, the filling or shaking apparatus, which are
suspended from, or erected upon bolts or pins secured to the said collecting plate K¹,
being arranged to strike the bed plate direct, substantially as and for the purpose
herein shown and described.
(7.) Shaking apparatus adapted for the performance of the process referred to
in the first claim, consisting of a box or receptacle the bottom of which is
provided with a number of upright needles 33, or in the walls of which are formed
sharp ribs or cutting edges 34, substantially as and for the purpose herein shown
and described.
(8.) Filling apparatus for the performance of the process referred to in the first
claim, consisting of a bottom piece which, in the case of brushes with backs, should
correspond to one such back in depth, and which is adapted to receive the brush-
support (back or socket); and of a filling chamber or receptacle containing the hairs
or bristles, substantially as and for the purpose herein shown and described.
(9.) A filling receptacle for apparatus such as referred to in the preceding claim
consisting, for single-coloured brushes, of two, and for brushes of two or more
colours, of a number of half-cases X X X X, adapted to slide within each other,
corresponding in shape to the bottom; the sides of the half-cases, situated on
one side, being extended, to protect the material from crushing, and adapted to slide
in suitable guiding-slides provided in their counterparts on the opposite sides,
substantially as and for the purpose herein shown and described.
(10.) In the filling receptacle referred to in the 9th claim the mutual connection
of the half cases, and means for retaining them in position, consisting in fitting each
half with a slider, provided with a sleeve y, and adapted to move in a slot provided
for the purpose in the other half; they being secured in position by means of a bolt y¹
novable within the sleeve y and arranged to engage also in opening provided in two
angle-bars w w situated above and below the said slot, substantially as and for the
purpose herein shown and described.
(11.) In filling apparatus such as referred to in the 8th claim, the provision of
guard-pieces 27 at the bottom thereof, to prevent the hairs or bristles from

page_text: passing the perforations in the back of the brush, substantially as herein shown
and described.
(12.) In filling apparatus such as referred to in the 8th claim, the provision,
on the bottom 3 thereof, of convex or concave nipples, 5, 6, 7, 8, corresponding in
shape to the point of the (painters') brush, and upon which the sockets or ferrules 4
are placed, substantially as and for the purpose herein shown and described.
(13.) In filling apparatus such as referred to in the 8th claim the employment of
blocks or
"forms"17, fitted within the sockets 20, to prevent the interior of the
latter from being entirely filled with hairs or brushes, the relative position of such
"forms" and sockets being ensured, if required, by special perforated or slotted
bottom plates 18 and 21, substantially as and for the purpose herein shown and
described.
(14.) In filling apparatus such as referred to in the 8th claim, the employment of
semi-circular retaining staples or eyes z' arranged diametrically opposite each other
upon all parts of the apparatus, at an angle of 90°, substantially as and for the
purpose herein shown and described.
Dated this 10th day of October 1893.
FAIRFAX & WETTER,
433, Strand, London, Agents for the Applicant.