IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CANDLES, AND IN. THE MEANS OF PREVENTING THEM FROM GUTTERING WHILST BURNING
Year: 1845

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, LEMUEL
GODDARD, of Crescent, America Square, in the City of London, Merchant,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date
at Westminster, the Third day of July, in the ninth year of Her reign, did,
for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
Lemuel Goddard, Her especial license, full power, sole privilege and authority,
that I, the said Lemuel Goddard, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
and such others as I, the said Lemuel Goddard, my executors, administrators,
or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time
and at, all times during the term of years therein mentioned, should and
lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and
the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and in all Her Majesty's Colonies and
Plantations abroad, and in the Islands of Guernsey, Jersey, Alderney, Sark,
and Man, an Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CANDLES,
AND IN. THE MEANS OF PREVENTING THEM FROM GUTTERING WHILST BURNING,"
being a communication from a Foreigner residing abroad; in which said
Letters Patent is contained a proviso obliging me, the said Lemuel Goddard,
by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, particularly to describe
and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the,
same is to be performed, and to cause the same to be enrolled in Her Majesty's

page_text: High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately
after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the
same, reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Lemuel Goddard, do hereby declare that the nature of the said Invention,
and the manner in which the same is to be performed, is particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following description thereof,
reference being had to the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the letters
and figures marked thereon (that is to say):-
These improvements I propose to describe under the five following
heads:-
First, peculiar modes of constructing the moulds in which candles are
to be cast.
Second, novel forms or shapes for the shafts of candles, which may be
hollow for the introduction of dry wicks, or cast solid without wicks, or with
wicks in the ordinary way."
Third, a mode of crystallizing the material of which the candles are made.
Fourth, a novel method of covering or coating the surfaces of candles, if
required, with a material for ornamental purposes.
Fifth, peculiar constructions of metallic caps to be applied to candles, in order
to prevent their guttering whilst burning, or to conduct a descending wick.
In reference to the construction of moulds for the casting of candles, I
make these moulds of thin malleable metal, by first bending a suitable strip of
the metal into a tubular shape, then soldering the edges together so as to pro-
duce the perfect tube, and afterwards drawing the same to the required figure by
the ordinary drawing process upon a polished steel.mandril. For the purpose
of more readily discharging the cast candles from the moulds, the mandril may
be made slightly tapering. These moulds may be made of a round, elliptical, or
any other desired form, the main feature being to construct them of very thin
malleable metal drawn upon a mandril, for the purpose of enabling me to
operate upon the candle in the mould in the ways I shall hereafter describe.
In the construction of these moulds I have found zinc plates, tinned on their
surfaces, and of about from the thirtieth to the fiftieth part of an inch in
thickness before drawing, to answer the purpose very well, but I do not confine
myself either to the material or its substance, provided the tube is made very
thin. These moulds may be arranged in boxes, and made with tips or nibs in
the ordinary way, or they may be made with sliding tips or nibs, which will be
necessary for discharging such candles from the moulds as are made without
wicks, as I have above contemplated.

page_text: In the accompanying Drawing Fig. 1 represents the external appearance of
one of my improved moulds, and Fig. 2 a longitudinal section of the same.
a, a, is the tube or shaft of the mould. b, the box or trough into which the
melted material is poured for casting the candle. The lower part of the tube
is compressed at c, c, to form a ledge or resting place for the sliding tip or
nib d, which tip has a button at the outer end by which it may be forced up, in
order to relieve the candle previously to its being discharged from the mould
and to replace the nib again in its proper situation. This nib d slides through
an aperture in the end of the mould, which aperture forms a guide. The
mould here represented is designed for casting hollow candles, through which
a dry wick is to be drawn after the candle is made, and for this purpose
I insert a long rod e, the lower end of which rests in the centre of the nib, and
the upper end is held by an adjustable guide f. By another form of nib, the
end of which may be flat, or of any other required shape, solid shafts for
candles without wicks may be cast in these moulds. The novel forms or
shapes for the shafts of candles I propose to be in some cases elliptical, with
flat wicks inserted and manufactured in the ordinary way. In other cases I
propose to make these elliptical shafts also cylindrical, and other externally
shaped candles with an aperture through the centre for the reception of a dry
wick, to be afterwards inserted, which I make by means of the improved
moulds described above, and in which moulds the central rode will of course
be broad and flat, or of any other shape required, according to circumstances.
I also make elliptical and other shaped shafts for candles solid, and without
wicks or apertures for wicks, which candles are to be burnt by wicks mounted
in apparatus hereafter described. The mode of crystallizing the material, such
as spermaceti, and any other oleaginous compound capable of crystallization, of
which candles may be made, consists in employing in preference the thin
metallic moulds, such as have been above described, and immersing the moulds
in hot water immediately on their being filled with the melted oleaginous
material. The moulds must be left immersed in the hot water, and allowed to
cool as the temperature of the water becomes naturally reduced. By these
means the material will be allowed to coagulate gradually at an equal tem-
perature throughout its mass, and to form itself into natural crystals, which
will produce upon the surfaces of the candles so operated upon beautifully
variegated appearances; and by the admixture of coloring matters in small
quantities, in the way well known, into the material whilst melting, the
variegated and beautiful appearance of the candle will be greatly improved.
The novel method of covering or coating the surfaces of candles with a
material for ornamental purposes is effected by the use of the above described

page_text: thin metallic moulds. The moulds being filled with the melted material of which
the coating of the candle is to be formed, are immediately on being filled, to
be immersed in cold water for the space of one or two minutes, in order that
a thin stratum of the material may become chilled and incrusted on the
internal surface of the mould. The thickness of this incrustation upon the
interior of the mould will of course depend upon the length of time that the
mould is immersed, and will be regulated by the workman as he thinks
proper. When the incrustation has been thus formed the fluid part of the
material must be poured out of the mould, and the mould then filled witli such
oleaginous matter to form the substance of the candle as may be desired. The
moulds, must then be immediately again immersed in cold water, in order to
prevent the incrustation from melting and running down into the other
material, and having remained immersed in this cooling liquid for two or three
minutes, according to the temperature of the water, the moulds are to.be.with-
drawn and placed in a cooling medium, surrounded by an atmosphere not lower
than seventy degrees Fahrenheit. This mode of treating the candles will
prevent their cracking, and produce (particularly in spermaceti candles)
smooth surfaces, without the aid of wax. It is scarcely necessary to say, that
the covering material' may be colored in any way to suit the desire of the
manufacturer. The correct performance of this process of covering candles
with a very thin coating depends upon the thinness of the metal of which the
mould is constituted, and the suddenness of the action of the cooling medium
on the immersion of the mould into the cold water; whereas it must be obvious
that the same cannot be so delicately and rapidly effected by the employment
of thick moulds. made in the ordinary way.
The peculiar constructions of metallic caps to be applied to candles for
the purpose of preventing them from guttering whilst burning, and also
for conducting a detached wick, will be seen by reference to the. Drawing.
Fig. 3 represents, in horizontal view, the upper surface of a simple cap,
to be placed on the top of any candle. I propose. to make it of thin metal,
in an annular form, as shewn. Fig. 4 is an edge view of the same, and
Fig. 5 a section taken vertically through the middle. This cap is to be
placed on the top of a candle, and as it burns the cap descends, the lip
or rim round the edge of the cap guiding it, which prevents the candle
from guttering whilst burning. This cap may, if necessary, be made of an
elliptical form, or of any other form suited to the shape of the candle to
which it is to be applied. In soine cases I find it desirable to attach to this
cap a circular or elliptical tube of glass, mica, or tale, or other transparent
or semi-transparent substance, to act as a chimney, which. I support by

page_text: small arms extending from the cap, as sliewn in elevation at Fig. 6, in hori-
zontal view at Fig. 7; and in section at Fig. 8. This cap may also have a
small metal tube standing in its centre, supported by small arms, for the
purpose of holding a short piece of wick, which is to be saturated with some
oleaginous material. The cap, with its wick, being placed upon the top of a
candle formed with a hollow channel down its centre, as above described, or
upon a solid candle, as shewn at Figure 9, the wick on being lighted will heat
the oleaginous material below, and gradually descend as the candle burns, the
tube and wick continually conducting up the fatty matter, which will support
the combustion as long as the candle lasts, and will not require snuffing. The
wick also is capable of being elevated or depressed in the tube for the purpose
of increasing or diminishing the light at pleasure..
-
Having thus described my Invention, I lastly desire it to be understood that
the several novel features claimed by me under the said in part recited Letters
Patent are, the modes of constructing moulds of thin metal for the casting of
candles, as described; the novel forms or shapes of candles set out; the mode
of producing the peculiar crystallization of the spermaceti or other materials
of which the candle is constituted; the novel method of coating or covering
the external surfaces of candles, and the peculiar constructions of caps above
set out and explained.
In witness whereof, I, the said Lemuel Goddard, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Second day of January, in the year of our Lord
LEMUEL (L.S.) GODDARD.
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the same Second day of January,
in the year above mentioned, the aforesaid Lemuel Goddard came before our
Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification
aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained, in form above written.
And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according to the tenor of
the Statute in that case made and provided.