Iм- PROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS APPLICABLE TO THE CONVERSION OF CEREAL AND VEGETABLE SUBSTANCES INTO SACCHARINE MATTER, IN TREATING AND PURIFYING SACCHARINE SUBSTANCES OBTAINED FROM STARCH, MALT, FRUITS, AND VEGETABLES, IN TREATING FATTY MATTERS, AND IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CHEMICAL PRODUCTS
Year: 1870

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Alexandre Manbré, of Baker Street, in the County
of Middlesex, Sugar Manufacturer, for the Invention of "Iм-
PROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS APPLICABLE TO THE CONVERSION OF CEREAL
AND VEGETABLE SUBSTANCES INTO SACCHARINE MATTER, IN TREATING AND
PURIFYING SACCHARINE SUBSTANCES OBTAINED FROM STARCH, MALT, FRUITS, AND
VEGETABLES, IN TREATING FATTY MATTERS, AND IN THE MANUFACTURE OF
CHEMICAL PRODUCTS."
Sealed the 25th November 1870, and dated the 28th May 1870.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Alexandre Manbré at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 28th May 1870.
I, ALEXANDRE MANBRÉ, of Baker Street, in the County of Middlesex,
Sugar Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS APPLICABLE TO THE CONVERSION OF CEREAL AND
VEGETABLE SUBSTANCES INTO SACCHARINE MATTER IN TREATING AND PURIFYING
SACCHARINE SUBSTANCES OBTAINED FROM STARCH, MALT, FRUITS, AND VEGETABLES,

page_text: IN TREATING FATTY MATTERS, AND IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CHEMICAL PRODUCTS,"
to be as follows, that is to say :-
According to the Specification of Letters Patent granted to me and to
George Allibon, dated the First day of October in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, Number 2760, the con-
verting apparatus was constructed in segments of a semi-cylindrical form
with external flanges all round; these segments were covered internally
with sheet lead or other metal not corrodible by acids, the sheet lead
edges were turned down over the flanges of the segments so that when
the segments were fixed together the leaden sheets were firmly clamped
between the flanges.
In constructing an apparatus in the above described manner difficulties
were encountered to keep it tight on account of there being twenty-six
joints altogether (four horizontal, eight crossed (+) and fourteen vertical)
which required to be so accurately made as to be quite tight and capable
of resisting a pressure of one hundred pounds to the square inch, which
could only be obtained by a great amount of time and labour, and as a
cousequence at great expense.
Now I have found that by employing internal cylinders of lead, each
cast in one piece with a flange at each end, I am not only able to reduce
the number of joints from twenty-six to four, but also to dispense with
the crossed (+) and vertical joints having only four horizontal joints,
videlicet, at the places where the top, bottom, and cylinders are bolted
together. The apparatus consists of a top and bottom of a hemispherical
form and of three intermediate parts of cast or wrought iron which form
the outer casing, each of which is formed of 4 segments, and of five
corresponding parts of cast lead forming the interior surface, the top and
bottom parts being of a hemispherical form and the centre parts of a
cylindrical form. Each leaden cylinder is provided with a flange at
each end and with four ribs or webs, which latter are clamped between
the vertical flanges of the outer casing to prevent the lead from buckling.
Each segment of the outer casing is provided with flanges all round and
is of such a strength as will resist a pressure of at least one hundred and
fifty pounds to the square inch (about ten atmospheres). To construct
the body of the apparatus it is necessary to fix the iron segments forming
the outer casing round the lead cylinders and bolt them together, the
flanges of the lead cylinders as well as their four ribs or webs being
firmly clamped between the flanges of the iron casing. The top and

page_text: bottom of the interior of the apparatus are each formed of one piece of
cast lead with a hole in the centre and provided with four ribs or webs
on the outer surface and a flange all round, four segments of cast or
wrought iron with flanges are bolted to the ribs or webs of the lead, top
and bottom, and to the flanges at the top and bottom of the body of the
bottom of the interior of the apparatus are each formed of one piece of
cast lead with a hole in the centre and provided with four ribs or webs
on the outer surface and a flange all round, four segments of cast or
wrought iron with flanges are bolted to the ribs or webs of the lead, top
and bottom, and to the flanges at the top and bottom of the body of the
apparatus.
Instead of employing cast lead as herein-before described any other
metal or alloy of metal not corrodible by acids, by preference an alloy of
lead, copper, and antimony may be employed.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Alexandre Manbré in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 28th November 1870.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I ALEXANDRE
MANBRÉ, of Baker Street, in the County of Middlesex, Sugar Manu-
facturer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twenty-eighth day of May, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy, in the thirty-third
year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and
grant unto me, the said Alexandre Manbré, Her special licence that I,
the said Alexandre Manbré, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or
such others as I, the said Alexandre Manbré, my executors, adminis-
trators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others,
from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein
expressed, should and lawfully might make, usc, exercise, and vend,
within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS
APPLICABLE TO THE CONVERSION OF CEREAL AND VEGETABLE SUBSTANCES INTO
SACCHARINE MATTER, IN TREATING AND PURIFYING SACCHARINE SUBSTANCES
OBTAINED FROM STARCH, MALT, FRUITS, AND VEGETABLES, IN TREATING FATTY
MATTERS, AND IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CHEMICAL PRODUCTS," upon the condition
(amongst others) that I, the said Alexandre Manbré, my executors or
administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one
of their hands and scals, should particularly describe and ascertain the

page_text: nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be
performed, and cause the same be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the
said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Alexandre Manbré, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is
to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement, reference being had to the Drawing hereto
annexed and to the figures and letters marked thereon, that is to say:
-
According to the Specification of Letters Patent granted to me and
to George Allibon, dated the First day of October, One thousand eight
hundred and sixty-seven, No. 2760, the converting apparatus was
described as constructed in segments of a semi-cylindrical form with
external flanges all round, and these segments as covered internally
with sheet lead or other metal not corrodible by acids, the sheet lead
edges being turned down over the flanges of the segments, so that when
the segments were fixed together the leaden sheets were firmly clamped
between the flanges.
In constructing an apparatus in the above described manner difficulties
have been encountered in keeping it tight on account of there being so
many joints (twenty-six joints altogether, videlicet, four horizontal, eight
crossed (+), and fourteen vertical), which require to be accurately
made to be quite tight and capable of resisting a pressure of one hundred
pounds to the square inch, and this can only be obtained at the cost of
a great amount of time and labour, and consequently at a great
expense.
Now I have found that by employing internal cylinders of lead for
the body of the apparatus and hemispheres of lead for the top and
bottom, each cast in one piece with a flange at each end of the cylinders
and round the hemispheres, I am not only able to reduce the number
of joints considerably, but also to dispense with the crossed (+) and
vertical joints, leaving only horizontal joints at the places where the top,
bottom, and cylinders are bolted together. Thus the apparatus consists
of a top and bottom of a hemispherical form and of three intermediate
cylinders or parts forming the body. The outer casing is formed of cast
or wrought iron, each part being formed of four segments, and the inner
surface or lining is formed of five corresponding parts of cast lead, the
top and bottom parts being of a hemispherical form and the centre

page_text: part of a cylindrical form. Each leaden cylinder is cast with a flange
at each end, and with four ribs or webs, which latter are clamped between
the vertical flanges of the segments forming the outer casing to prevent
the lead from buckling. Each segment of the outside casing is formed
with flanges all round, and of a strength such as will resist a pressure of
at least one hundred and fifty pounds to the square inch. The parts
being thus formed, to construct the body of the apparatus it is only
necessary to bolt (by means of their vertical flanges) the iron segments
forming the outer casing round the lead cylinders, and then bolt the
three parts or cylinders together, the flanges of the lead cylinders, as
also their ribs or webs being firmly clamped between the flanges of the
iron casing. The top and bottom of the interior surface or lining of the
apparatus are each formed of one piece of cast lead with a hole in the
centre, and provided with four ribs or webs on the outer surface and a
flange all round, and the outer casing is formed of four segments of
cast or wrought iron with flanges all round, which are bolted to the
ribs or webs of the leaden top and bottom lining. The top and bottom
thus formed are then bolted to the flanges at the ends of the body of the
apparatus. In some cases the interior lining of the body of the apparatus
may be cast in one piece instead of three pieces, and the outer casing
of four pieces instead of twelve, or of the same number of parts as
herein-before described.
Instead of employing cast lead, as herein-before described, another
metal or alloy of metal not corrodible by acids, by preference, an alloy
of lead, tin, copper, and antimony may be employed.
To make my Invention better understood I will now proceed to
describe the same by reference to the accompanying Drawing, in which
Figure 1 is a vertical section and Figure 2 a horizontal section of a con-
verting apparatus constructed according to my improvements; Figure 3,
view on a small scale of one of the interior cast lead cylinders; Figure 4,
view of one of the segments of the outer casing; Figure 5, plan of the
hemispherical lead lining of the top of the apparatus without its outer
casing; and Figure 6 is a full-sized section of a portion of the apparatus
shewing two parts bolted together.
a, a, a, Figures 1 and 3, are cast lead or other suitable metal cylinders
having a flange b at each end, and also cast with four ribs or webs c.
Outside each of these lead cylinders are bolted four iron segments d
cast or forged with a flange all round, as shewn in Figure 4, the vertical

page_text: flanges e fitting against the ribs or webs c of the lead cylinders, and the
four segments being bolted together over the lead cylinder, as shewn,
securely clamp the ribs or webs c, and prevent the lead from bulging
inwards. The outer surface of the flanges of the cylinders a, a, a, are
planed smooth, so that when applied end to end they may fit exactly,
and the three cylinders being then bolted together by the top and bottom
flanges ff of the iron segments which tightly clamp the flanges of
the lead cylinders perfect joints are formed. The top and bottom of the
vessel are each formed of one piece of lead a', a', cast with four webs
h, h, h, h, and with a flange 6¹ all round. Four segments of iron cast
with flanges e¹, e¹, and ƒ¹, ƒ¹, are then applied and bolted to the webs
of the lead and to the top or bottom flange, as the case may be, of
the cylinder already formed.
It will be seen by this improved mode of construction that there are
only four joints in the lead lining instead of eighteen, as in the Patent
herein-before referred to, or if the lead lining of the body of the apparatus
be cast in one piece instead of three the number of joints will be reduced
to two.
Having now described my Invention, and the manner of performing
the same, what I claim is, the forming the lining of a close vessel or
converter (constructed to sustain a high pressure) of cylindrical and
hemispherical pieces of lead or other suitable metal, or of an alloy of
metal, substantially in the manner and for the purpose herein-before
described and represented in the accompanying Drawing.
In witness whereof, I, the said Alexandre Manbré, have hereto
set my hand and seal, this Twenty-eighth day of November,
in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and
seventy.
ALEXANDRE MANBRÉ. (L.S.)