NEW OR IMPROVED PROCESSES AND MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR BRUSH MAKING
Year: 1868

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Frederick Tolhausen, of 149, Boulevart Magenta,
Paris, in the Empire of France, Patent Agent, for the Invention
of "NEW OR IMPROVED PROCESSES AND MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR
BRUSH MAKING."-A communication from Alexandre Joseph Marie
Rennes, Manufacturer, residing at Paris, (France).
Sealed the 24th July 1868, and dated the 13th February 1868.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Frederick Tolhausen
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 13th February 1868.
I, FREDERICK TOLHAUSEN, of 149, Boulevart Magenta, Paris, in the
Empire of France, Patent Agent, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention for "NEW OF IMPROVED PROCESSES AND MACHINERY OR
APPARATUS FOR BRUSH MAKING," a communication, to be as follows:-
Brushes of any description as made according to my processes and
machinery or apparatus consist of three parts, firstly, the handle, stock,
base, or back of the brush, which is made of wood, ivory, horn, india-
rubber, leather, metal, or other substances suitable for that purpose;

page_text: secondly, this stock or handle receives the brushing matter, which I
would term the "weft" of the brush, being the active part thereof;
this weft may be selected from the following animal, vegetable, and
mineral matters, horse hair, hogs' and boars' bristles, couch grass,
tampico, piasava, sorgho, vulcanized india-rubber, steel or other metallic
wire, or any piliform, strigilous, or capillary matter suitable for the
purpose, and capable of being worked by mechanical processes; thirdly,
the said materials forming the weft are fixed, bound, or tied unto the
block or stock by means of what I term a "chain "
or binding, which
consists of thread, string, or pack thread, of hemp, flax, cotton, or other
fibrous matter, or of different metal wire, such as brass, copper, steel, or
other ductile matter.
The object of this Invention is to weave or interlace together the
three parts afore-named constituting a brush by means of self-acting
mechanical processes for effecting this texture, and in order to carry
this Invention into effect I have contrived certain machinery or
apparatus composed of various organs, which acting either separately
or in conjunction with each other do perform all the operations necessary
to execute the brush. I would here observe that these divers operations
may be performed by one and the same machine by merely temporarily
throwing in or out of action or removing certain organs. These
operations consist in preparing and drilling the handle or stock; in
preparing the meshes or bunches of bristle, that is to say, in dividing
the weft and breaking its continuity; in fixing or attaching these
bunches to the stock by means of the chain thread which forms the
binding or texture proper; in shearing or nipping the projecting bristles,
the offal having to be used again in manufacturing.
Each part or organ of the machine having its distinct and separate
function or work allotted to it, it follows that in order to obtain a joint
result the motions of each of these organs must be timed so as to agree
with the periodical motions of the other organs, as is the case with other
manufacturing machinery containing several motions.
I now proceed to give a summary but characteristic description of the
principal acting organs of which this machine is made, the absolute
and relative arrangements of the machine, and the form of the com-
ponent parts, being, however, subject to various modifications, to which
I merely allude without going into any further details. The machine
dcrives its motion from a shaft or axis carrying a fly wheel, which may

page_text: be actuated either by means of treadles or by a pulley and motive power.
This shaft carries a pinion which gears into a change wheel, the diameter
of which is dependent on the numbered strength of the machine. This
wheel carries an excentric which acts intermittently, and will be again
referred to in the description herein-after. The aforesaid shaft carries*
a crank which imparts a reciprocating motion to a sectorial rack, and
through the said sector to a lever which is composed of two pieces
joined together by means of a sleeve or coupling tapped right and
left. This lever is used for regulating the stroke of the needle, as will
bo explained in the sequel. It is provided with a second rod ter-
minating with a needle or double-comb tooth, which is forked out in a
longitudinal direction throughout its whole breadth. This needle works
in a double sheath, one part of which is fixed on the frame of the
machine, and the other has a wooden or metallic receptacle with double
and moveable sides of leather to contain the matter necessary for
forming the "weft." For effecting the separation or the solution of
continuity of this matter or dividing the same into lockets or bunches
the leather sides are rendered solidary by means of a double heel, i.e.,
two heels which aro hooked together and drag the moveable sides along
by the action of a weight. This portion of the machine may also be
used as a separate and distinct apparatus for preparing the bunches or
meshes of bristle, and for this purpose I employ moveable forms into
which the bunches are distributed ready for use. The sectorial rack
above described actuates a rocking shaft by means of a pinion whose
diameter depends on the kind of work to be turned out. The said
rocking shaft carries a driving pinion, a set of clicks gearing into a rack,
which operates the transverse feed of the stock or handle of the brush
from one hole to the next, whatever may be the shape of the stock A
second set of clicks actuate a screw or a rack which operates longi-
tudinally with respect to the stock whatever may be its shape. The said
rocking shaft also carries a wheel which gears into a pinion driving a
second shaft, which is tubular at one end and carries a winding drum
or tightening apparatus, which by reason of its intermittent and
reciprocating rotation is designed for both taking up and slackening the
binding thread in accordance with the length of the needle as compared
with the length of the quantity of binding thread employed.
The machine also contains a needle bar which works vertically, and is
actuated by a jointed rod, this rod being set in motion by a crank
carrying a bowl which works in a slot, the curvature whereof is

page_text: .determined by the periods and intermittencies of the needle motion,
which may be described as follows:-The entering or penetration of the
needle; the drawing in of the bunch of bristle or weft between the
binding thread and nicedle; the sudden descent of the needle independent
of the descent of the thread; the sudden stoppage and standstill of the
necdle during the time required for re-winding the thread on the
tightening drum; the drawing in of the bunch into the stock or handle;
and, finally, the time of immobility necessary for moving the stock to
the next hole following. There is also a slide rest or carriage receiving
its motion from a cam on the rack before mentioned, the said carriage
sliding in a grooved bed, so as to allow giving to the stock a longi-
.tudinal motion at the same time as the transverse one. This carriage
holding the stock can be inclined obliquely, so as to let the needle
pass and act vertically. The machine is also provided with a tappet
apparatus for enabling the operator to read off any design or pattern of
brush required. There is also a drill holder, which I place where the
needle generally is for drilling the stock, and this drill is set in motion
by a cord and pulleys or wharves. The wooden or other handles or
stocks are shaped by means of revolving cutters of various shapes
made of wood, in which I imbed blades of steel in the manner of the old-
fashioned tool called rasp (écouenne). The same tool may also be used
for nipping or equalizing the ends of the bristles. For the same
operation I may also use a kind of shears, the lower jaw of which is
recessed or notched for receiving and holding the bunches of bristles
whilst the operator brings the cutting blade to bear upon them. This
apparatus is placed over and against the stock holder of the machine.
For stretching and holding the binding thread still at the moment
required I have contrived an apparatus, which is composed of a rod on
which the thread coils and a lever recessed so as to embrace about
one-half the periphery of the said rod and press on it. I use needles of
different forms, e.g., one of them is tubular, and has its eye in the point
or its equivalent. Another needle which I make use of has the form of
a double T in cross section. In some forms the eye is near the point or
its equivalent; but whatever may be the form of needle employed trac-
tion in all of them is effected at or through the extremity representing
the needle point.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Frederick Tolhausen in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 10th August 1868.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, FREDERICK
TOLHAUSEN, of 149, Boulevart Magenta, Paris, in the Empire of France,
Patent Agent, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Eleventh day of February, in the
year of our Lord One thousand cight hundred and sixty-eight, in
the thirty-first year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and
successors, give and grant unto me, the said Frederick Tolhausen, Her
special licence that I, the said Frederick Tolhausen, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Frederick
Tolhausen, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any
time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully
might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of.
Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an
Invention for "NEW OR IMPROVED PROCESS AND MACHINERY OR APPARATUS;
FOR BRUSH MAKING," a communication to him from Joseph Marie:
Rennes, Manufacturer, a person resident at Paris, France, upon the.
condition (amongst others) that I, the said Frederick Tolhausen, my.
executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my,
or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe
and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner
the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in
the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Frederick Tolhausen, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement :-
Brushics of any description as made according to my processes and
machinery or apparatus consist of the following three parts, firstly, the
andle, stock, base, back, or containing part of the brush, which is made
of wood, ivory, bone, horn, india-rubber, leather, metal, or any other

page_text: substance suitable for the purpose; secondly, this stock or handle
receives the elastic or brushing matter which I would term the "weft"
of the brush, and which constitutes the active portion of the brush; this
weft is selected from the following animal, vegetable, and mineral
matters, such as horsehair, gutta percha, sorgho, vulcanized india-rubber,
metallic wire, or any capillary or ductile, matter suited for the purpose;
thirdly, these matters which form, as it were, the weft, are fixed or
bound by means of a warp" or texture which is made up of thread,
twine, or wire, such as hemp, flax, cotton, silk, iron, copper, brass, or
other pliable matter.
The object of this Invention is therefore to weave or interlace together
the three parts afore-mentioned constituting a brush by means of self-
acting mechanical processes for effecting this texture. And I would
observe that the difference between this texture and the common weaving
process is, that in the latter the warp receives the pick or weft at cach
shedding motion, whereas in this process the warp and weft cross cach
other at every step or bunch, and are held or bound together by the form
or stock of the brush.
In order to carry this Invention into effect I have contrived certain
apparatus or machinery composed of various organs, which acting either
separately or in conjunction with each other do perform all the
I would here observe that
operations necessary to make a brush.
these divers operations may be performed by one and the same machine
by merely adding or dispensing with (as the case may be), or temporarily
throwing in or out of action or removing, such organs as may be required.
These operations relate to the preparing and drilling of the handle or
stock; to the forming of the pencils, locks, or bunches of bristle, that
is to say, in dividing the weft or, as it were, breaking its continuity;
to the fixing or attaching of the said bunches to the stock by means of
the warp thread which forms the binding or texture proper; and, lastly,
to the shearing or nipping of the projecting bristles, the offal therefrom
having to be used over again in manufacturing.
Each member or organ of the machine having a distinct and separate
function allotted to it it follows that in order to obtain a joint result the
motions of each of these organs must be timed so as to agree with the
periodical motions of the other members of the machine, as is the case
with other manufacturing machinery comprising several co-operative

page_text: motions. It will be obvious also that each of these organs may be used
alone and separate so as to form a distinct apparatus.
I now proceed to give a summary but characteristic description of the
principal acting organs of which this machine is made, the absolute and
relative arrangements of the machine and the form of the component
remaining, however, subject to various modifications to which I merely
allude without going into any further details. The machine derives its
motion from a shaft or axis carrying a fly wheel, which may be actuated
either by means of treadles or by a pulley and motive power. This
shaft carries a pinion which gears into a change wheel, the diameter of
which is dependent upon the numbered strength of the machine. This
wheel carries an excentric which acts intermittently, and will be again
referred to in the description herein-after. The aforesaid shaft carries
a crank which imparts a reciprocating motion to a sectorial rack,
and through the said sector to a lever which is composed of two
pieces joined together by means of a sleeve or coupling tappet right
and left. This lever is used for regulating the stroke of the needle, as
will be explained in the sequel; it is provided with a second rod
terminating with a needle or double-comb tooth which is forked out
in a longitudinal direction throughout its whole breadth. This needle
works in a double sheath, one part of which is fixed on the frame of the
machine, and the other has a wooden or metallic receptacle with double
and moveable sides of leather or metallic substance to contain the matter
necessary for forming the "weft." For effecting the separation or tho
solution of continuity of this matter, or dividing the same into locks or
bunches, the leather or metallic sides are rendered solidary by means
of a double heel, i.e., two heels which are hooked together and drag
the moveable sides along by the action of a weight. This portion of
the machine may also be used as a separate and distinct apparatus for
preparing the bunches or meshes of bristle, and for this purpose I employ
moveable forms into which the bunches are distributed ready for use.
The sectorial rack above described actuates a rocking shaft by means
of a pinion whose diameter depends on the kind of work to be turned
out. The said rocking shaft carries a driving pinion, a set of clicks
gearing into a rack which operates the transverse feed of the stock or
bandle of the brush from one hole to the next, whichever may be the
shape of the stock. A second set of clicks actuate a screw or a rack
which operates longitudinally with respect to the stock whatever may. be.

page_text: its shape.
The said rocking sun is com
a pinion driving a second shaft which is tubular at one end and carries
a winding drum or tightening apparatus, which by reason of its inter-
mittent and reciprocating rotation is designed for both taking up and
slackening the binding thread in accordance with the length of the
needle as compared with the length of the quantity of binding thread
employed.
The machine also contains a needle bar which works. vertically
and is actuated by a jointed rod, this rod being set in motion by a.
crank carrying a bowl which works in a slot, the curvature whereof is
determined by the periods and intermittencies of the needle motion,
which may be described as follows:-The entering or penetration of the
needle; the drawing in of the bunch of bristle or weft between the
binding thread and needle; the sudden descent of the thread; the
sudden stoppage and standstill of the needle during the time required
for rewinding the thread on the tightening drum; the drawing in of
the bunch or lock into the stock or handle; and, finally, the time of
immobility necessary for moving the stock to the next hole following..
There is also a slide rest or carriage receiving its motion from a cam on
the rack before mentioned, the said carriage sliding in a grooved bed
so as to allow giving to the stock a longitudinal motion at the same
time as the transverse one. This carriage holding the stock can be
inclined obliquely so as to let the needle pass and act vertically. The
machine is also provided with a tappet apparatus for enabling the
operator to read off any design or pattern of brush required. There is
also a drill holder which I place where the needle generally is for
drilling the stock, and this drill is set in motion by a cord and pulleys
or wharves. The wooden or other handles or stocks are shaped by means
of revolving cutters of various shapes made of wood, in which I imbed
blades of steel in the manner of the old-fashioned tool called rasp
(ecouenne). The same tool may also be used for nipping or equalizing
the ends of the bristles: For the same operation I may also use a
kind of shears, the lower jaw of which is recessed or notched for
receiving and holding the bunches of bristles whilst the operator brings
the cutting blade to bear upon them. This apparatus is placed over
and against the stock holder of the machine. For stretching and
holding the binding thread still at the moment required I have contrived
an apparatus which is composed of a rod on which the thread coils and

page_text: a lever recessed so as to embrace about one-half the periphery of the
said rod and press on it. I use needles of different forms, e.g., onc of
them is tubular and has its eye in the point or its equivalent. Another
needle which I make use of has the form of a double T in cross section.
In some forms the eye is near the point or its equivalent; but
whatever may be the form of needle employed traction in all of
them is effected at or through the extremity representing the needle
point.
In order to fully explain the way in which this Invention is or may
be realized I have annexed to this Specification six Sheets of Drawings
shewing various views of the machinery or apparatus which I usc, the
scale being half size.
Sheet 1, Fig. 1 is an elevation of the machine complete, as seen from
the reading apparatus; Fig. 3, change piece to the bobbin or drum J",
to be used for metallic textures; Fig. 4, 5, and 6 shew both in
elevation and cross section cach the various kinds of needles which
I employ.
Sheet 2, Fig. 7 shews in plan the forms for receiving and holding
the bunches or bristles, when they are not bound in directly, so as to
keep them safe.
.
Fig. 8 is an elevation of the machine as seen from the bunching
apparatus.
Sheet 3 is a total end elevation of the machine from the fly wheel
end.
Sheet 4 is a vertical cross section of the machine between the winding
bobbin or drum and the end of the shaft or axis J.
Sheet 5, vertical cross section of the same passing through the needle
holder M¹¹¹.
Sheet 6, general plan or top view of the machine and shearing
apparatus. The same or kinds of letters of reference are used to denote
the same parts in the various Figures, both as regards printed and round-
hand writing (E and E' for instance).
A, stand and frame of the machine; B, fly wheel (Pl. 1); C, driving
wheel; D, gearing, the diameter of which depends on the amount of
force to exerted; E, sectorial rack which is actuated by the wheel D
through the connecting rod c; this sector drives a shaft H by means of
the pinion E. The diameter of this pinion may vary according to the.

page_text: change pieces used or the kind of work to be turned out. The shaft H
carries in addition to the pinion E', by which it is actuated, a first set
of clicks or pawls h, h³, which drive the rack n for shifting the brush
block from one perforation or hole to the next, whichever may be the
shape of said block. The said shaft H also carries a second set of
clicks ",, for shifting the block transversely. There is further
shipped on it a wheel T driving the pinion J on the shaft J which is
tubular part of its length, for the purpose of actuating the rewinding or
tightening bobbin or drum J" which takes up the thread by its circular
reciprocating motion and then slackens it by its return stroke in
accordance with the length of the needle as compared with the length of
the quantity of binding thread employed. K is a lever carrying a
bowl K which works in a fluted lever L, the curvature of which is
determined by the periods and intermittencies of the needle motion N,
which may be described as follows:-The entering or penetration of the
needle; the formation of a loop between the thread and the needle; the
sudden descent of the needle independent of the descent of the thread;
the drawing in of the lock or bunch of bristle or weft; the sudden
stoppage and standstill of the needle during the time required for
rewinding the thread on the tightening drum, and for the drawing in
of the bunch or lock into the stock or handle; and, finally, the time of
immobility necessary for moving the stock to the next hole following.
M, M', M", rod, stud, and needle bar; M", fluted lever which covers
the tension apparatus q and bears upon the thread or twine so as to
prevent it from slipping whilst it is wound on the drum J"; P, bobbin
which is swinging on two centro pins, and contains two wharves on
which the thread taken up is wound. a, slide block for regulating the
amplitude of the reciprocating motion of the sector. To the sector E
(Sh. 3) I attach at A by means of a rod B, a lever C which centers
by means of a boss on the sector shaft F. This lever actuates by
means of a jointed lever a needle E pronged or forked out as at v,
which operates in a sheathe F, G, half round frames in which the
moving sides H are working through the action of the rollers I.
J, J", carriers screwed unto the moveable sides H; these carriers may
also be dispensed with and a piston used instead of them, in which
case the sides shall be stationary. K is a bit or holder for maintaining
the bristle or other matter in the frame G during the ascent of the
needle E, by means of the lever L which rests on the eccentric M.;
K', fork for holding the bristle whilst it is being deposited in the prong

page_text: of the locking needle working in conjunction with the same; N, columns
supporting the frame G, and constructed so as to regulate its elevation.
b, rod for working the reading (jacquard or tappet) apparatus; c, indicator
or counter; d, rack of the same; e, spindle of the same; f, eccentric
division of the indicator, which renders the motions of the click gearing
of the reading apparatus 9, 9', g", g, h, h¹. ", ", reciprocating and
intermittent, both the said click gearing being at the same time actuated
from the shaft e by the click c. i, 1, 2, 1, dividing pieces (or
division picces) or ratchets arranged according to the shape of the brush
stock, both as regards transverse, horizontal, and oblique directions;
these act together or separately upon the racks n and 1; m, slide
rest or carriage to which motion is imparted by the said two racks
n and 1; p, hold fasts or jaws, the form of which may be varied in
a multiplicity of ways, according to the kind of brush handle to be
operated upon; o (Sh. 6), sliding lock carrier which moves, on the
slide P; W, W', (Sh. 2 and 6) hooks for forming and holding the
loop in the early part of its bulging in the radical direction of the
working; R (Sh. 6), shaft or spindle carrying the hooks W, W',
which have a reciprocating and intermittent rotary motion; y, y, teeth
by which the lock carrier o receives a rotary motion so as to turn the
lock or bunch upside down; (Sh. 6) shews the knife or cutting or
shcaring arrangement.
Sheet 5 shews the whole frame as in the other views, but here the
lever L carries a branch a which actuates a rod ffor working the lever c.
The carriage or slide rest motions are the same as in the other Figures
herein-before described, but this Sheet only shews the drilling apparatus,
drill holder, and so forth, the wharve e of which is driven by a band at right
angles to and from the fly wheel, by means of suitable guide pulleys.
The machine is worked in the following manner :-Any motive power
may be employed for that purpose, but animal motors being more
economical and handier will be generally preferred for machines of
a medium size. The fly wheel B (Sh. 3) receives its motion from a
treadle Q and the rod R or from the pulley M', shewn in red lines, by
means of the strap N'; this strap passes over the pulley S mounted in
the flooring of the workshop. The tightening bowl T, T', is made to
bear against the strap N¹ by means of the pedal u so as to set the
pulley M in motion. The fly wheel B being set to rotate imparts
motion to the gearing C and to the crank D which communicates a

page_text: reciprocating motion to the sectorial rack E, the object of which is to
produce the various rotary, reciprocating, and intermittent motions. The
excentrics or tappets h¹, ", ", (Sh. 1) when the sector has reached
the end of its stroke, and during the passage of the dead point of the
crank D, allow the four clicks J, J, J", J", to escape, and as these
motions would necessarily counteract each other by reason of the back
draught of the reading or jacquard apparatus said apparatus causes
those motions to remain negative (as it were) that must not take place
which is effected by means of the rods No. 1, 2, and 3, No. 4 working
alone, untel the eccentrics or tappets ff, are drawing in or back; at
this very point of the stroke the needle e of the lock or bunching
apparatus reaches its culminating point, and holds the bristle or other
matter in its fork v, whence it is taken hold of by the lock carrier o,
which is drawn along the slide P into the vicinity of the needle N.
At the other end of the stroke all these motions have ceased, and the
roller K having caused the needle to rise, by running along the
groove or flute of the lever L, carries along with it the necessary
length of binding thread, after having previously lifted the lever M¹¹¹.
At this stage of the operation the needle e has come down again, the
jaw K has closed the frame G, waiting the return of the needle e, and
only retires at the moment when the tooth of the needle has com-
pletely taken hold of and separated the required quantity of bristle.
This bristle or other matter is pushed back by the drivers or lugs J, J,
which are drawn along by the moveable sides before mentioned by
means of weights or any other contrevance, such as the take-up motion
of weaving looms. This portion of the stroke having been completely
effected the needle recedes a little, the thread slackens, and the books
W, W, catch it, so as to form the loop, and the lock carrier o effects
part of a turn, so as to place the bunch or lock under the thread.
Thereupon the needle N by reason of the return stroke of the sectorial
rack E (sce the arrow, Sh. 3) descends by itself, the lock carrier or
grif o continues holding the bunch, along whith which it is tripped
down on the form by thread or twine, which is then taken up by the
tightening apparatus J". The lock carrier or grip o leaves the bunch or
lock after the latter has partly entered the brush back, and the needle Na
reaches the end of its stroke before one-half of the thread's length has
been drawn tight, the latter portion of this tightening taking place
whilst the needle is at a perfect standstill. Each row of bristles or
bunches for brushes that are bound across the wood may be cut immc-.

page_text: diately by means of the shears or knife z, which works in a slide F
(Sh. 6). In order to effect this the stationary blade is passed between
the two last rows of bristles out, and by turning the moveable blade the
offal is readily nipped of. When the bristles or bunches are bound
lengthwise the shearing has to be effected after the brush has been
completely finished; this can be done either by means of the shearing
apparatus just described, or by means of a revolving cutter or rasp,
shewn at Fig. 2, Sh. 1. In case the binding is effected by means of
metallic wire the piece or implement represented at Fig. 3, Sh. 1, has
to be placed and used instead of the bobbin J". The different kinds of
needles I use for passing the thread into the form or brush back are
fully shewn in elevation and in cross section, Figs. 4, 5, and 6, Sh. 1.
Fig. 6 shews a needle shaped like a double T in cross section. This
ncedle has an eyelet near which it terminates in a point, and it is
grooved on both sides so as to protect the thread or twine. The needle
represented at Fig. 5 is somewhat similar to the preceding one, but
it has no point and only the half of an eyelet. The needle shewn at
Fig. 4 is grooved on one side only, and its point or cnd forms into a
tube which allows the thread or twine to take any direction.

page_text: merely necessary to avoid tension or tightness whilst the needle passes
through the hole to form a loop.
Sixthly. The use of tubular or forked needles N, Figs. 4, 5, and 6,
allowing the binding thread to pass in any direction required.
Seventhly. The method of stopping or fixing the binding twine at the
proper point by means of pressure exerted by a piece having one or
several flutes on cylindrical, cylindroidal, or round pieces, on which the
said binding twine is made to pass.
Eighthly. The use of the sector E for producing the various
círcular, reciprocating, and intermittent motions, and imparting to
the transmitting wheels more or less than one revolution as may be
found requisite.
Ninthly. The method of cutting the nips of the bristles by means of
shears F,, r, Sh. 6, the movcable blade of which is serrated, and the
fixed one straight or plain.
Tenthly. The use of the brush-making machine as described in com-
bination with a drilling apparatus and drill holder, Sh. 5, the needle
and bristle-picking apparatus being simultaneously removed or thrown
out of action.
Eleventhly. The various combinations differing from that described
and represented which may be contrived for the purpose of producing
the same mechanical results, as set forth.
In witness whereof, I, the said Frederick Tolhausen, have hereunto