IMPROVEMENTS IN FIXING COLORS PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION ON WOVEN FABRICS OR FIBROUS MATERIALS
Year: 1864

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Thomas Lightfoot, of Accrington, in the County of
Lancaster, Calico Printer, George Powell Barnes, of Manchester, in the
said County, Manufacturing Chemist, and John Lightfoot, of Accrington
aforesaid, Chemist, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN FIXING COLORS
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Thomas Lightfoot, George
Powell Barnes, and John Lightfoot, at the Office of the Commis-
sioners of Patents, with their Petition, on the 20th January 1864.
We, THOMAS LIGHTFOOT, of Accrington, in the County of Lancaster, Calico
Printer, GEORGE POWELL BARNES, of Manchester, in the said County, Manu-
facturing Chemist, and JOHN LIGHTFOOT, of Accrington aforesaid, Chemist, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
FIXING COLORS ON WOVEN FABRICS OR FIBROUS MATERIALS," to be as follows:-
This Invention consists in the use as a substitute for cowdung in fixing
mordants on woven fabrics or fibrous materials of stale urine, either human or
animal, and coal gas water, either separately or combined, neutralized with
arsenic acid or phosphoric acid, separately or combined.
We use of stale urine, when neutralized as described, about one gallon to
one hundred gallons of water for ordinary purposes. When we use gas water

page_text: neutralized, we take about one-third part of a gallon in place of one gallon
urine, the gas water standing at 4° to 5° Twaddell before being neutralized.
Gas water of this strength requiring three times the quantity of acid to that
of urine for neutralizing.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Thomas Lightfoot, George, Powell Barnes, and John Light-
foot in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 20th July 1864.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, THOMAS
LIGHTFOOT, of Accrington, in the County of Lancaster, Calico Printer, GEORGE
POWELL BARNES, of Manchester, in the said County, Manufacturing Chemist,
and JOHN LIGHTFOOT, of Accrington aforesaid, Chemist, send greeting..
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twentieth day of January, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-four, in the twenty-seventh year
of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant
unto us, the said Thomas Lightfoot, George Powell Barnes, and John
Lightfoot, Her special license that we, the said Thomas Lightfoot, George
Powell Barnes, and John Lightfoot, our executors, administrators, and
assigns, or such others as we, the said Thomas Lightfoot, George Powell
Barnes, and John Lightfoot, our executors, administrators, and assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all
times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully
might make, use exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN FIXING COLORS ON WOVEN FABRICS OR FIBROUS MATERIALS,'
upon the condition (amongst others) that we, the said Thomas Lightfoot,
George Powell Barnes, and John Lightfoot, our executors or administrators,
by an instrument in writing under our, or their, or one of our, or their
hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain. the nature of
the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed,
and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
"
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said Thomas Lightfoot, George Powell
Barnes, and John Lightfoot, do hereby declare the nature of our said Inven-
tion, and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly

page_text: described and ascertained in and by the following statement (that is to
say):
This Invention consists in the use as a substitute for cowdung in fixing
mordants on woven fabrics or fibrous materials of stale urine, either human or
animal, and coal gas water either separately or combined, neutralized with
arsenic acid or phosphoric acid, separately or combined.
We use of stale urine, when neutralized as described, about one gallon to
one hundred gallons of water for ordinary purposes. When we use gas water
neutralized, we take about one-third part of a gallon in place of one gallon of
urine, the gas water standing at four to 5 degrees Twaddell before being
neutralized. Gas water of this strength requiring three times the quantity of
acid to that of urine for neutralizing.
In reducing our said improvements to practical operation' we proceed as
follows: We allow the urine when collected to stand for about a week, or
until it becomes quite stale, when a quantity of ammonia is formed. We then
add arsenic acid or phosphoric acid in solution, until the mixture turns blue
litmus paper slightly red, thereby indicating a small excess of the acid
employed. We then add to this mixture a small quantity of chalk (carbonate
of lime) to neutralize the excess of acid, say, about one ounce of chalk for
each gallon of urine. When we take the liquor for use we stir it up to make
it uniform, so that equal quantities of the muddy settling may be used with
the clear liquor.
In neutralizing coal gas water, we take the water at four to five degrees
Twaddell's hydrometer, and neutralize in the same manner as already described.
Gas water of the strength of four to five degrees Twaddell will require about
three times the quantity of acid as is used for neutralizing stale urine, and
when it is used only one-third the quantity must be taken. We prefer to
dilute the neutralized gas water by adding two measures of common water to
one measure of gas water, calling this the same strength as neutralized urine,
and using the same quantity in all cases. We prefer a mixture of these two
liquors in any suitable proportion to the use of neutralized gas water alone.
In using the liquor so prepared, we proceed as follows:-To a fly-dung
vessel containing one thousand gallons of water at the temperature required
for the style of work to be done, we add ten gallons of the liquor for madder
work and light guarancine work; for dark guarancine work (chocolate or
red blotches) we add fifteen gallons. In mending up (replenishing) we add
for every ten pieces of nine-eighths, twenty-six yards of madder work, two
quarts of the liquor; for every ten pieces of light guarancine work, three
quarts; for every ten pieces of dark guarancine work, four quarts. We do

page_text: not reset the fly-dung vessel more than once a day, except to change from
dark to light work, which can be achieved by proper arrangements well known:
to the practical workman.
For second or after dunging, we set the vessel heated to the proper tempe-
rature (according to style) with six quarts of the liquor and sixteen quarts of
cowdung to three hundred gallons of water, and replenish with one-and-.
a-half quarts of liquor, and two quarts of dung for every twenty pieces when
for madder work.
For dark and light guarancine work, we set with six quarts of liquor and
twenty-four quarts of cowdung to three hundred gallons of water, and reple-
nish with one quart of liquor and four quarts of dung for every twenty
pieces.
Having thus fully described the nature and particulars of our said Inven-
tion, and the manner in which the same is to be carried into practical effect,
we desire it to be understood that we claim as our Invention, and which to
the best of our knowledge and belief has not been hitherto used within the
realm, the use of stale urine, human or animal, but by preference human, and
coal gas water neutralized, by adding arsenic acid or phosphoric acid as herein
described, either separately or combined for fixing mordants on cotton or
other textile fabrics or yarns.
In witness whereof, I, the said George Powell Barnes, for and on behalf
of myself and the said Thomas Lightfoot and John Lightfoot, have
hereunto set my hand and seal, this Nineteenth day of July, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-four.
GEO. POWELL BARNES. (LS.)
Signed, sealed, and delivered by the
within-named George Powell Barnes,
in the presence of
E. J. HUGHES,
Patent Agent,
Manchester.