Improvements in Machines for Manufacturing Mechanical Controllers for Matrix Making, Linotype, Type Casting, and other Composing Machines, and in the Method of Making the Controllers, Part of the In being applicable to Justifying Mechanism.
Year: 1895

page_text: Date of Application, 19th Mar., 1895-Accepted, 11th May, 1895
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Machines for Manufacturing Mechanical Controllers
for Matrix Making, Linotype, Type Casting, and other Composing
Machines, and in the Method of Making the Controllers, Part of
the Invention being applicable to Justifying Mechanism.
A communication from abroad by THE TACHYTYPE MANUFACTURING COMPANY
(Incorporated), of Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America.
I Philip Middleton Justice of 55 and 56 Chancery Lane in the County
of Middlesex Fellow of the Chartered Institute of Patent Agents do hereby
declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement :-
This invention relates to improvements in machines for manufacturing mechanical
controllers for matrix making, linotype, type casting and other composing machines ;
and to an improved method of making the controllers.
A controller for composing machines may consist of a strip of paper or card-
board in which impressions are made by puncturing, perforating or embossing, or
it may consist in a metal or wooden plate, strip roller or cylinder in which movable
pins or parts may be set to control the composing machine. The impressions in
the paper or card-board strip or the movable pins or parts in the other controllers
enumerated are so arranged, either singly or in groups, as to select in the composing
machine the various characters and spaces necessary to produce justified lines
of type.
In the following Specification, the invention will be described as applied in
producing a controller consisting of a strip of paper in which the various
impressions for controlling the composing machine are made by perforations or
groups of perforations. It is to be understood, however, that the several features
of the invention may, in general, be applied to various forms of controllers and
the invention is not to be limited to the particular form adopted for illustration.
Furthermore, there are mechanisms or elements in the machine which have a wider
application in the general art. Among such features may be mentioned the
justifying mechanism, which may be applied directly to matrix making, type
casting and other composing machines.
The controller illustrated as the product of the improved method and apparatus
consists in a strip of paper in which the characters and spaces are represented by
perforations or groups of perforations. Each character is represented by two
perforations arranged in a transverse line on the paper, and each word space is
represented by a single perforation, preferably arranged between the word groups
of transverse lines. There are other perforations in the strip, which, in a type
casting machine control the width of the mold, and in a matrix making machine
or typewriter control the feed of the matrix or paper, for characters of different
widths. The perforations representing characters are termned "character selecting
impressions," those representing the spaces which the characters occupy in the line
of print are termed "character-space selecting impressions" and those representing
the spaces between the words are termed "word-space selecting impressions."
The strip is also provided with an imprint of each character placed adjacent to
the impressions representing the character, whereby the subject-matter represented

page_text: upon the controller may be read at sight to determine its signification, and to aid
in making corrections, if necessary. The word-space selecting impressions are
such as will select proper spaces to justify the lines of print. The strip may
therefore be termed a justified and indexed controller.
The method of producing the controller consists in first consecutively forming
therein the character selecting impressions for the characters constituting words,
leaving out the word space selecting impressions and after the impressions for the
words to be included in a line are completed, adding such word space selecting
impressions as shall select spaces of proper size to perfectly justify the line. lu
going over the strip for the first time to form the character selecting impressions,
arbitrary impressions are inserted between the words to indicate the location of the
word spaces. These impressions are termed "trip" impressions for the reason
that they are useful to trip or control the second impression device which produces
the word space impressions. The trip impressions may be omitted in some instances
and the second impression device controlled in a negative manner by the absence
of any word space impressions. Character-space selecting impressions are also
inserted if the controller is to be used upon a type casting or matrix making
machine. If for a type setting machine, the character-spaces will be regulated by
the type bodies and these impressions may be omitted. In addition to the above
the end of each line is indicated by a "line" impression.
This improved machine for preparing controllers is provided with a series of
keys or character-selecting devices, means for feeding the strip of paper, and an
impression mechanism, controlled directly by the keys, for making the character-
selecting impressions and, if desired, the character space selecting impressions.
A type-writer to index the character-selecting impressions is preferably operated
simultaneously by mechanism controlled by the keys. An indicator to show when
the lines are full is also operated simultaneously and a justifying device is set at
the end of each line in accordance with the total amount of character space in the
line, and the number of word-spaces. The justifying device, in turn, sets or
controls a second impression device which produces word-space selecting
impressions suitable for justification. Each time a space key is struck a trip
impression is made to indicate the word space. This impression, may, if desired,
be omitted and the word-space simply indicated by a blank portion of the strip
between the word impressions. At the end of each line a "starting" key is
depressed which produces an impression indicating the division into lines, and at
the same time operates the justifier and starts the mechanism for making the word-
space impressions.
In the accompanying drawings,
Fig. 1 is a perspective view of a complete machine.
Fig. 2 is a plan view of the same.
Fig. 3 is a left side elevation showing key depressed and disks turned.
Fig. 4 is a section on the lines a-a of Figs. 2 and 3.
Fig. 5 is a large reverse view of the punches shown in the upper part of Fig. 3.
Fig. 6 is a detail plan view of the racks carrying the interponents.
Fig. 7 is a section on the lines b-b of Figs. 2 and 3.
Fig. 8 shows the device for locking the justifier key-piece.
Fig. 9 is a rear elevation of the machine, part of the frame being broken away.
Figs. 10 and 11 are details showing the connection between the dial and justifier
key-picce.
Fig. 12 is a sectional elevation on the line c-c of Fig. 3.
Fig. 13 is a detail showing the interponent for stopping the feeding device for
the second feed roll.
Fig. 14 is a sectional elevation on the line d-d of Figs. 2 and 3.
Fig. 15 shows the cam and lever for operating the striker frame.
Fig. 16 is a sectional elevation on the line e-e of Fig. 2.
Fig. 17 is a section through the key-board.
Figs. 18 and 19 are views of the controller strip, the latter view showing the

page_text: word-space selecting impressions, and the former being simply provided with the
character and character-space selecting impressions.
Figs. 20 and 21 are perspective views of portions of the mechanism separated
from the main frame.
Figs. 22 and 23 are views illustrating the stop mechanism for holding the feelers
of the word-space impression device out of action while said device is at rest.
Fig. 24 is a view of a modified form of mechanism for controlling the word-
space impression device.
Fig. 25 is an elevation of the type holder and the yokes and slides for moving
the same, and
Fig. 26 is a partial vertical section taken on the line of the shaft 126.
Referring first to Figs. 18 and 19 of the drawings X represents a longitudinal
section of the strip embracing nine lines in which word-selecting impressions & may
be made, and Y represents a longitudinal section embracing 11 lines, in which
character selecting impressions y may be made. There are therefore ninety-nine
possible combinations which may be formed by two impressions a-y arranged on
a transverse line of the strip-or in other words, the strip as shown, may be made
to select any one of the ninety-nine different characters. In a third longitudinal
section Z of the strip are six lines upon which space selecting impressions are
made. As illustrated a single perforation placed in a transverse line will select
a space, the position of the impression determining in the composing machine the
width of the space, which, as shown, may be from one to six units. In preparing
a controller for type casting or matrix making machines, a space selecting
impression is placed in the transverse line of each pair of character-selecting
impressions for the purpose of controlling the width of the mold to correspond
with the character in the former class of machines and for controlling the matrix
feed in the latter. In a controller for type setting machines, however, these
character space-selecting impressions may be omitted.
When the controller is intended for a type casting and composing machine, a
pair of impressions x-y are inserted at each word-space which will select and
place opposite the mold a blank die to close the mold in casting spaces. These
impressions, however, may be omitted and other devices substituted in the casting
machine which will normally hold the bank of dies with the blank one opposite
the mold.
In all cases character-selecting impressions are first produced consecutively for a
given line, omitting the word-space selecting impressions as shown in Fig. 18 of the
drawing. Next, and preferably by means of the justifying mechanism hereinafter
described, the proper widths of the word spaces which would justify the line are
determined, and then the word space selecting impressions are inserted between
the words represented on the controller, as shown in Fig. 19.
In going over the strip for the first time to produce the character-selecting
impressions, the usual feed holes a in the margin of the strip may be made, or the
strip may be previously prepared with such perforations. After each word a "trip"
hole is made, which as shown, is placed between transverse lines of holes
representing characters and spaces. The function of this trip hole or impression is
to indicate the word spaces and to bring into action the second impression mechanism
which inserts the word-space selecting impressions w. It will be evident that the
trip impressions may be omitted and blanks left in the strip made to control the
second impression device. Or ordinary space impressions of uniform value between
words, such as one unit or three unit impressions, may be made, which can be used
to control the second or justifying impression device. In preparing the strip, the
running space occupied by the characters is counted upon a dial, as in an ordinary
typewriter or matrix machine, and when sufficient matter has been run off to form
a line, a line hole c is made in the strip. This serves to indicate the lines on the
strip and it also controls the line shifting mechanism in matrix making and similar
machines, the mechanism for transferring completed lines to the galley in type
C

page_text: setting or type casting machines, and the line casting mechanism in linotype
machines.
In or adjacent to the transverse lines the characters represented by the
perforations in said lines are printed as shown in the drawing. A strip thus
indexed is very much more convenient and valuable than a strip which is simply
perforated, as the indexed strip may be more readily corrected and its printed
record is intelligible to unskilled operatives who would have difficulty in translating
the impressions alone.
Fig. 18 represents an unjustified controller and Fig. 19 a justified controller.
In using the latter justifying mechanism may be omitted from the composing
machine and said machine greatly simplified. The character-spaces and word-spaces,
described in the present application, are arranged on the "unit" principle as it is
most convenient to arrange for justification under this principle.
The machine to be presently described which is illustrated in the accompanying
drawings, is the best embodiment of the invention at the present time known. It is
obvious, however, that numerous modifications may be made within the scope and
spirit of the invention. The various working parts of the machine are supported
upon a base 1. There is a bank of keys 2 at the front of the machine supported
in a box or casing 3 and at the rear of the machine, are vertical plates or
standards 4-5 between or on which most of the working parts are mounted.
The various parts of the machine are power-operated, the power being supplied
from a constantly driven shaft 6 (Figs. 9 and 16) which is termed the
$6 running
shaft." In line with this shaft is an escape shaft" 7 which is normally at rest.
A suitable clutch mechanism is provided for engaging the escape shaft with the
running shaft when a key is depressed, the clutch being automatically disengaged
after the escape shaft has made one complete revolution. As shown, this clutch
mechanism consists of a toothed wheel 8 upon the inner end of the running shaft
and a pawl 9 (Figs. 2, 12 and 16) upon the adjacent end of the escape shaft. The
pawl is normally held out of engagement with the wheel 8 by a lever 10 having a
stop or projection 11 and a cam surface 12. The lever 10 is raised periodically by
a lifter rod 13 and when it passes above the tail end of the pawl a spring 14 throws
the opposite end of the pawl into engagement with the wheel 8. As the escape
shaft is carried around the lifter 13 is thrown out of engagement with the stop
lever 10 by means of a cam 15, and the stop lever is immediately pressed down by
its spring 16 into position to engage the pawl 9 at the end of a single revolution.
Each time that a key is depressed, the lifter 13 is raised and the escape shaft is
permitted to make one revolution, as will be presently described.
Each of the keys 2 is connected to a short lever 20 Fig. 17 which has a shoulder
or arm engaging a shoulder 21 upon a slide 22. Each key thus operates a separate
slide 22 and each of the slides is provided with three projections 23 which engage
the upper edges of three series of rocking permutation bars 24. The bars 24 extend
the entire length of the casing 3, on which the keys are mounted, and to the upper
edge of each bar is connected by a swiveled joint, a rod or wire. These rods or
wires are arranged in three groups respectively marked 26, 27 and 28, (Figs. 1,
and 2). The rocking bars are arranged in similar groups, as shown in Fig. 17, and
one of the projections 23 engages a bar 24 of each group and thus carries forward a
single rod in each of the groups 26, 27 and 28.
A slide 29 has teeth or projections 23 which engage all of the permutation bars 24
so that when any one of said bars is rocked, the slide 29 will be thrown to the rear.
This slide operates through elbow lever 30, link 31, lever 32, and link 33 (Figs. 3,
12 and 17) to raise the lifter 13, which operates the clutch mechanism and engages
the escape shaft with the running shaft. The space key 34 also operates the
common slide 29 through the medium of an elbow lever 35 which engages a
shoulder 36 on the slide. The keys are returned by means of springs 37 and the
permutation bars and slides are returned by spring 38 (Fig. 17) which returns the
common slide 29. The space key is connected by means of link 39 and arm 40 with

page_text: a rock shaft 41 (Figs. 1, 3 and 17) the function of which will be hereinafter
mentioned.
In the rear of the bank of keys is a line or starting key 42 which is connected by
an arm 43 to a rock shaft 44 extending to the rear of the machine, which will also
be referred to hereinafter.
The controller strip as before described has three longitudinal sections, two in
which the character selecting impressions are made, and a third for space impressions.
There are in the machine punches arranged to make perforations in these different
sections of the strip (Figs. 3, 5, 6 and 14). As shown, there are three main groups
of punches 46, 47 and 48 corresponding with the groups of rods 26, 27, and 28 and
with the groups of permutation bars. The punches 46 and 47 make the character
selecting impressions and the punches 48 the space-selecting impressions. The
punches of the different sets are driven respectively by interponents 49, 50 and 51
carried by the upper bar 52 of a striker frame (Fig. 5). This frame has a bar 53
connected to it by uprights 54. The punches have square shoulders 55 which rest
upon the bar 53 and the punches which are driven down to perforate the paper are
returned by the bar 53 as the striker frame rises. The striker frame is quickly
depressed and raised again by means of a double cam 65 and forked lever 66 which
is connected to the striker frame by a link 67 (Figs. 12 and 15).
Each of the interponents has a sliding movement in guide grooves 56 in the inner
sides of the upper bars 52 of the striker frame, its range of movement extending
over the punches of its series. As shown the interponent 49 is provided with an
upwardly projecting pin 57 which is engaged by studs 58 upon a sliding rack bar 59
(Figs. 5, 6, 12 and 14). A second rack bar 60 has an arm 61 which engages a
pin 62 in the interponent 50; and a third rack bar 63 has a curved arm 64 which
engages the lower edge of the interponent 51. Each time a character key is
depressed, the interponents are placed over the punches corresponding to the
character and character-space and are then driven by the striker, making perforations
in the paper.
Next to be described is the mechanism for placing the interponents. As heretofore
stated, when a character key is depressed, a rod in each of the groups 26, 27 and 28
is pushed rearward. The rear ends of the rods in groups 26, 27 lie in diametrical
slots in discs 70 and 71 respectively (Figs. 4, 7 and 12). The rear ends of the rods
of group 28 lie in a radial slot of disc 72. These discs 71 and 72 are connected by
rods 73 and 74 and they are rocked a quarter revolution at each turn of the escape
shaft 7 by a connecting link 75. A crank pin 76 engages a slot in the link 75
which slot permits the discs to remain stationary a moment before being returned to
their normal positions with their grooves horizontal. In the rear of the discs 70, 71
and 72 are T-slides 77, 78 and 79 respectively which have horizontal slots in their
heads opposite the slots in the discs when the latter are in their normal or horizontal
positions. The T-slide 77 has a rack 80 at its upper end (Fig. 12) which com-
municates motion to the interponent rack 59 through the medium of shaft 81 and
pinions engaging the racks. The T-slide 78 has a rack 82 at its upper end which
communicates motion to the interponent rack 60 through pinions 83 and 84, and
the rack 85 at the upper end of the T-slide 79 communicates motion to the
interponent rack 63 through a shaft 86 and suitable pinions.
The strip of paper 87 to be perforated enters at the right of the machine, passes
around a guide roller 88 and over a platen 89 at which point the characters are
imprinted upon it by a typewriter (Fig. 12). It then passes over a die plate 90
having perforations corresponding with the punches, then under a feed roll 91 and
lastly under a feed roll 92 and through a second impression device which will be
hereinafter described. The operation of the mechanism thus far described is as
follows: When a key in the key board is depressed it operates through the medium
of the slides 22 and permutation bars 24 to move rearward a rod in each of the
groups 26, 27, 28. The rear ends of these rods lie normally in front of the
T-slides 77, 78 and 79 and when pushed rearward, the ends of the rods project in
the slots of these T-slides (Fig. 25). When the ends of the rods thus enter the

page_text: T-slides the escape shaft is set in motion through the common slide 29 and
the connections 30 to 33 inclusive (Figs. 3, 12 and 17). These connections raise
the lifter 13 and render the clutch operative thus producing one revolution of the
escape shaft. As the escape shaft revolves, the discs 70, 71 and 72 are given a
quarter of a revolution by means of the connections 73, 74 and 75 (Figs. 4 and 7),
and the slots into which the pins project are revolved into a vertical position, in
which position they remain for a moment stationary while the pin 76 moves along
the slot in the link 75. The discs are then returned to their normal positions with
their slots horizontal. It will be apparent that the ends of the rods projecting into
the slots in the T-slides constitute crank pins and that the slides will be moved
vertically as the discs are rocked a distance equal to the distance of the projected
rod from the center of the disc, or in other words, equal to the radius from the
center of the disc to the projected crank pin. The T-slides 77 and 78 are moved
upward or downward from their normal positions according as the projected rods
lie on the right or left of the centers of the disc. As shown in the drawings, there
are central rods and if these are projected, no movement will be given the T-slides.
As the rods of the group 28 all lie to the left of the center of the disc 72 the
T-slide 79 will in all cases be moved downward when the disc is rocked and then
returned to its normal position. As above stated, the various rods of the
groups 26, 27 and 28 have swivel connections with the permutation bars, and the
rear ends of each group may therefore be turned so as to lie in a vertical line while
the forward ends remain in a horizontal plane. The movements of the Ṭ-slides are
communicated through the pinions, shafts and racks described to the several
interponents 49, 50, 51, and at the extreme points of movement of the T-slides the
interponents stand over the punches corresponding to the character of the key
which was depressed. At this moment the striker frame is depressed by the cam 65
and the punches are driven into the paper, the character and its space being thus
represented by the three perforations produced.
<<
The perforations made by the groups of punches 46, 47 and 48 are indicated in
Figs. 18 and 19 respectively by the characters x, y and z.
The perforations bor trip" impressions are made by a special punch 93
(Figs. 14 and 21) which is at the left of one of the space punches 48. Over the punch
to the right of the punch 93 there stands normally an interponent 94 which is inter-
posed between said punch and the interponent 51 which drives the space punches.
When the space key is depressed the shalt 41 is rocked and through arm 95,
link 96 and elbow lever 97, the slide 98 which carries the interponent 94 is thrown
to the left and held over the punch 93 while the striker descends, thus producing a
trip hole in the strip instead of a space hole z. The position of the trip hole is
arbitrarily chosen, and it is not absolutely essential that it should go between the
transverse lines in which the other perforations are made. It might be located in
these lines if desired.
с
The line holes c which are shown in Figs. 18 and 19 are produced by a special
punch 99 operated by an interponent 100 which is shifted by an arm 101 upon a
vertical rock shaft 102 (Figs. 2, 5, 9 and 12). The rock shaft 102 has on its lower
end an arm 103 which is released each time the starting key 42 is depressed by a
cam 104 upon the starting shaft 105, and the shaft is rocked by a spring 106. The
return movement is given to the rock shaft by the cam 104.
The starting shaft 105 is normally at rest but is given one complete revolution at
the end of each line by the following mechanism. Upon the rear end of the starting
shaft is a gear wheel 107 which is loose on the shaft and rotates continuously by
virtue of its engagement with a pinion 108 upon the running shaft 6. A clutch
mechanism, which may be of any suitable construction engages the gear 107 with
the starting shaft and it is automatically disengaged when the shaft has made
a complete revolution. The construction of the clutch illustrated in the
drawings (Figs. 2, 9 and 16) is as follows. A spring arm 109 is fixed upon the
shaft 105 and a tooth 110 upon its outer end tends to spring into engagement with one
of a series of pins 111 upon the face of the gear 107. The arm is normally held

page_text: away from the pins upon the gear by a stop 112 upon a lever 113. When the
starting key is depressed, the shaft 44 is rocked as heretofore explained, and an
arm 114 at the rear end of the shaft draws down a hook 115, and the stop lever 113
thus releases the arm 109 which springs into engagement with the pin on the
revolving gear 107 thus carrying the arm 109 and the starting shaft around with
the gear.
As the arm 109 starts it throws the hook 115 out of engagement with
the stop lever 113, and said lever is immediately thrown up by its spring 116 into
position to intercept the arm 109 after a complete revolution. A cam 117 upon
the end of the stop lever draws the spring arin out of engagement with the
gear 107 and the starting shaft remains stationary until the starting key is again
depressed.
The devices for turning the feed roll 91 which feed the strip over the die 90 and
platen 89 are as follows:
Upon the shaft of the roll 91 is a star wheel 118 (Figs. 2 and 9). This wheel is
fed forward one tooth at a time by means of a spring pawl 119 and rigid pawl 120
upon a slide 121.
When the slide is vertically reciprocated, the spring pawl
engages a tooth and starts the star wheel forward and the rigid pawl immediately
afterwards engages the wheel and completes its movement and afterwards locks it."
A holding pawl 122 prevents any backward movement of the feed roll. The
slide 121 is reciprocated each time a key is depressed through the medium of
bell crank 123, connecting rod 124 and a crank 125 upon the rear end of
shaft 126 which is rocked by a crank 128 upon its forward end which is connected
by a crank pin 127 with the rocking disc 72 (Figs. 3, 4, 9, 12 and 25). The
pin 127 extends through a slot 129 in the plate or standard 4.
130 indicates the ink ribbon of the typewriter device which is alternately wound
onto bobbins 131 and 132. These bobbins are mounted on shafts provided with
worm gears 133 and 134 which are driven in opposite directions by worms upon a
shaft 135. This shaft is intermittently driven by a pawl 136 (Fig. 9) which
engages the ratchet wheel 137. This pawl 136 is connected with the elbow lever 123
which operates the slide 121.
The
The holding pawl 138 prevents backward movement of the shaft 135.
spools are loose upon the shafts 131 and 132 and they may be alternately clamped
to said shafts by thumb nuts 139. The details of this ribbon feeding mechanism
are not of this invention and need not be more fully described.
As shown in the drawings, the typewriter by means of which the strip is indexed
is constructed and operated in the following manner. The die carrier 140 is
mounted with freedom to slide back and forth in a yoke consisting of a pair of
arms 141 attached to the T-slide 78 (Figs. 2, 12 and 26). The type carrier is
moved horizontally in the yoke 141 by means of a second yoke 280 which embraces
the carrier and is connected with the rack 142 which latter is operated by a
pinion 143 upon a shaft 144 which is periodically rocked by a rack 145 upon the
T-slide 77. The type-carrier is provided with type 146 arranged in rows in two
directions. The type of each pair of rows are held in position by a bar 147 and a
spring 148 which extend through grooves in the type. It will be seen that the
type carrier is tied to the T-slides so that its vertical movements are the same as
those of the bar 78 and its horizontal movements correspond to the vertical
movements of the bar 77. When a key is depressed, therefore, the type carrier is
moved so as to bring the corresponding type opposite the printing point and in front
of a hammer 149 which is upon one end of an elbow lever 150. The opposite end
of this elbow lever engages à pin 151 upon the striker frame and each time that the
striker is depressed to perforate the paper strip, the type corresponding to the key
operated will be struck by the character and imprinted upon the paper. The
ink ribbon 130 passes between the type and paper strip in the usual manner.
The mechanism so far described will produce the unjustified strip shown in
Fig. 18 of the drawing. It now remains to produce word-space-selecting
impressions, such as are marked w in Fig. 19, adapted to select proper word spaces
to justify the line of print. This remaining operation is performed by a justifying

page_text: mechanism and a second impression or perforating mechanism which is set or
controlled by the justifying mechanism. So far as the mechanism heretofore
described and the improved controller strip and the method of making it are
concerned, it is immaterial what form of justifier is employed for making or
controlling the positions of the word-space impressions in the strip. It is
preferred however, to use the novel justifying mechanism illustrated in the
drawings on account of its simplicity and the uniformity of the results obtained.
This justifier operates upon what is termed the " quotient and remainder
principle.
66
"
One or two illustrations will perhaps best define the meaning of the term
quotient and remainder" which it is believed is herein applied for the first time to
a method of justification. The total word space is equal to the length of a line
minus the space occupied by the characters in the line. If in a given line the
total word space is twenty units and there are five word spaces in the line, the
individual word-spaces will be the quotient of twenty divided by five, or four units
each, in which case there would be no remainder. If, however, the total word
space were twenty units and there were six individual word spaces in the line the
quotient would be three units with a remainder of two units. In this latter case
there would be four three units or quotient word spaces and two four units or
quotient-plus-remainder word-spaces. In all cases when there is a remainder it is
distributed over as many word spaces as there are units of remainder, increasing
each of said word spaces by one unit. In this manner any line of print may be
perfectly justified with a difference of not more than one unit between any two of
the word spaces and this difference is immaterial so far as the appearance of the
composed matter is concerned. In operating the key-board, care should be taken
to allow for normal word-spaces, but even if the total word-space is insufficient to
make all the individual spaces of normal size the justification will be effected by
this improved mechanism in the manner above stated. Suppose for instance, the
total word space is only four units and there are five word spaces.
In this case,
the quotient would be zero and the remainder would be distributed as usual in the
proportion of one unit to each of four of the word-spaces while the fifth word-space
would be the quotient space or zero. In all cases, the total word-space will be
distributed throughout the several word-spaces evenly if there be no remainder,
and with but a single unit difference between any two of the spaces if there be a
remainder.
Next will be described, first, the mechanism by which the character and space-
keys operate or set the justifier, secondly, the justifier proper, and thirdly, the
manner in which the word-space impression device is controlled by the justifier.
The character spaces and normal word spaces are registered upon a fixed
dial 160 by a pointer 161. The pointer is upon the shaft of a ratchet wheel 162
(Figs. 2, and 7) which is preferably provided with teeth corresponding in number to
the total number of units in a line of print. This ratchet wheel is fed forward by
a pawl 163 connected with the T-slide 79 which operates the space interponent.
A holding pawl 164 prevents backward movement of the ratchet wheel. A pin 165
upon the rear of the ratchet wheel engages a sector gear 166 which is mounted on
the shaft 167 independently of the ratchet wheel. The gear is engaged by the pin
during the latter part of the movement of the ratchet wheel, that is, when the line
is nearly filled, and the sector is carried forward more or less according to the
amount of matter in the line. The sector gear is in mesh with a rack 168 upon a
slide 169. At the lower end and in the rear of slide 169 is a second rack 170
(Figs. 10 and 11) which imparts movement to a horizontal rack 171 through a
train of gears 172. The rack 171 is upon the rear end of a slide 173 which runs
in a groove 174 in the bed of the machine. The pawls 163 and 164 are disengaged
from the ratchet wheel at the end of each line by a lever 260 as will be described
hereinafter.
A feature of the quotient and remainder justifier is what is termed a "key-piece."
As shown, the body of the key-piece consists of a movable plate or block 175

page_text: embraced, and free to slide laterally, in a yoke 176 attached to the slide 173
(Figs. 10 and 16). The key-piece is also embraced in a yoke 177 attached to a
rack 178 which is movable transversely on the bed-plate of the machine (Fig. 7).
The rack 178 is normally held stationary by a pawl 179 and it is moved one step
each time the space key 34 is depressed by means of a pawl 180 which is connected
to the disc 72 (Figs. 4 and 7). The pawl 180 moves back and forth each time the
escape shaft operates but it is normally held above and free from the rack 178 by
an arm 181 which slides between two pins 182 upon the pawl. The arm 181 is
attached to the rock-shaft 41 of the space-key and each time the space key is
depressed and the shaft rocked the pawl 180 is lowered into engagement with the
rack 178 and simultaneously it is moved forward and the rack 178 is carried one
step to the right and retained there by the holding pawl 179 (Fig. 7).
The key-piece is provided with a series of keys 183 arranged in rows upon the
plate 175, which keys in the present case each consists of a pair of pins fixed in and
projecting upward from the plate or base of the key-piece. There are as many
keys or pairs of pins 183 as there are possible variations in the spacing of different
lines. One pin of each key indicates in the present instance the quotient spaces of
a given line, and the other pin represents the quotient-plus-remainder spaces.. Or
in other words, one part of each key controls the distribution of the quotients and
the other key controls the distribution of the remainder through the word spaces of
a line. The keys, are preferably arranged as shown in the drawings, in a series of
parallel lines upon the base of the key-piece. The key-piece is moved in one
direction a number of steps equal to the number of word spaces in a line by the
connections with the word space key above described and it is moved in the other
direction, or at right angles, an amount equal to the space occupied by the
characters in a line, or, if desired, to an amount equal to a space occupied by the
characters plus normal word spaces, this movement being effected from the indicator
ratchet wheel by the connections described.
The key-piece is used to set a pair of slides 184, 185, which have feet 186 which
are lowered, at the end of each line, to be set by the key corresponding to that line
(Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 16). As above stated, there is a separate key in the key-
piece for each different combination of total word-space and number of word-
spaces and at the end of each line the key piece is positioned so that the particular
key corresponding to the total word-space and number word-spaces of that line is
under the slides 184, 185. The starting key is then depressed and during the
rotation of the starting shaft, the feet 186 of these slides descend into contact with
the key and the slides are tbus set from the key, as will be hereinafter more fully
explained.
It will
The term "key" is applied to each of the pairs of pins in the key-piece because
of the analogy between these pins and the keys which operate locks.
Each key
represents a combination adapted for a particular line, and in this respect the key-
piece represents a bunch of keys, each adapted to open a particular lock.
be evident that the ouly essential feature of a key is that it shall present two
surfaces to set the slides above the key-piece. The keys may therefore, be
formed of sheet metal and an entire row of keys may be formed in a single
piece, or, for that matter, all of the keys might be formed in a block. The
bodily movement of the key-piece may be in two directions in a plane, as i
shown in the accompanying drawing, or the key-piece may be cylindrical with the
keys arranged on its exterior surface, in which case it would have a longitudinal
sliding movement upon its axis and a rotary movement, one of these movements
being governed by the number of word spaces and the other movement by the
amount of matter in the line or by the total character space. The key-piece is
susceptible of many variations both as to its construction and its movements, and
the individual keys may be varied in construction. In some instances, each key
may consist of a single pin or surface. This modification would be adapted to
form part of a justifying mechanism operating upon a percentage basis such as
that shown in the Specification of Letters Patent No. 1503 of 1880. In the
R

page_text: present instance, in which the justifier operates upon the quotient and remainder
principle, it is essential that each key should have two planes or setting surfaces,
and also that the key-piece should have two movements, one controlled by the
space-key and the other by the character-spacing mechanism.
At each revolution of the starting shaft 105, a slide or carriage 187 which stands
normally in a middle position is carried first upward to its upper position, then
downward to its lowest position and then upward to the middle or normal position.
This slide or carriage carries the setting transfer-slides 184 and 185 and it is
connected to the starting shaft by means of a link 188 and crank 189 (Figs. 4
& 16).
Upon the carriage 187 is a broad pawl 190 which engages the teeth
upon the front edges of the setting transfer-slides 184 and 185. As the carriage 187
descends, a pin 191 upon the pawl 190 engages a switch 192 and the pawl is thus
thrown out of engagement with the slides 184 and 185, permitting said slides to
drop until their feet 186 are in contact with the key below. At this moment the
pin 191 comes opposite a notch 193 in the switch 192 and the spring 194 of the
pawl again carries it into engagement with the teeth of the slides 184 and 185 so
that as the starting shaft continues to revolve, the slides 184 and 185 will be carried
upward and will remain set in the relation to each other in which they were placed
by the key 183 of the key-piece.
The slide 185 takes its setting from that portion of the key which may be said
to represent the quotient spaces. As this slide rises, it operates an elbow
lever 196 (Figs. 3 and 16), the upper arm of which engages and moves a slide 197
and also pin 280 upon the rear of a slide 270. The latter slide carries a ratchet
wheel 198, and a stepped sector 199 upon the shaft of the ratchet wheel. Upon the
forward end of this sector is a pin 200 in the path of an arm 201 of the slide 184.
As the slide rises the arm engages the pin and turns the sector 199 more or less
according to the setting of the slide 184. The sector 199 is carried around
frictionally with the ratchet wheel 198 and it is provided on its rear end with a
step 202. As the slides 184 and 185 are returned by carriage 187 after setting the
sector 199 and slide 270, these parts are prevented from moving backward, the slide
being held by the pawl 203, and the stepped sector by friction with the ratchet
wheel. The slide 270 is connected to an interponent 205 by a link 206 which has a
pin and slot connection 207 with the slide (Fig. 16). The link is drawn backward
constantly against the stepped sector 199 by a spring 208, and the slide 270 and its
operating elbow lever 196 are drawn backward constantly by springs 209 and 210
respectively (Fig. 3). As the slide 197 is thrown forward it strikes the end of
link 206 and presses it forward thus permitting the stepped end of sector 199 to
descend. The interponent 205 slides on an arm 211 upon a vertically moving
slide 212 and it moves back and forth under a series of word-space punches 213
which operate upon the strip 87 as it is drawn over a die 214 by the feed roll 92.
Beneath the slide 212 is a slide 215 which moves up and down constantly, being
operated by a forked lever 216 and a double cam 217 upon the running shaft 6
(Figs. 14 and 20). A rock shaft 218 is provided with a short arm 219 which is
connected to the lever 216 by a rod 220. Loose upon the rock shaft 218 is an
elbow lever 221 which has pivoted to its upper end a feeler wire 222 and to its
lower end an interponent 223. The feeler is drawn downward positively by
the T-piecc upon the rod 220 and is yieldingly drawn upward by a spring 224
during each revolution of the running shaft. The feeler 222 is in line with the
trip holes shown in Fig. 18 which indicates the word-spaces and whenever one of
said trip holes comes opposite the feeler the latter is drawn into it by the spring 224,
the elbowlever 221 is rocked, the interponent 223 passes in between the constantly
moving slide 215 and the slide 212 and the latter is raised thus driving the
interponent 205 against one of the word-space punches 213 and punching a word-
space hole w in the strip. A pawl 225 engages the teeth of the ratchet wheel 198
(Fig. 16). The lower end of this pawl is connected to one end of a lever 226 and
the opposite end is connected with the slide 212 by a link 227. Each time a word-
space impression is made in the strip, the slide 212 operates the lever 226 and

page_text: through the pawl 225 moves the ratchet wheel 198 one tooth. As the ratchet
wheel 198 moves, it carries with it the stepped sector 199, and as soon as the
step 202 passes the link 206 the latter is drawn forward by its spring 208, thus
shifting the interponent 205 from one bunch to the next, which corresponds to a
difference of one unit in the spaces which are selected by the perforations made by
the punches.
The mechanism for shifting the interponent 205, above outlined, illustrates one
way in which justification, according to the quotient and remainder principle, may
be effected. Broadly stated, all that is necessary to effect justification on this
principle is a device adapted to be set so as to insert or control the insertion in
each line of a number of word spaces of quotient value, and means for shifting said
device so as to effect the insertion of as many spaces of quotient plus one unit value
as there are units in the remainder, if there be one. The quotient plus one unit
spaces may be inserted either before or after the quotient spaces. In either case
the word spaces are inserted consecutively from one end of the line to the other, the
larger spaces differing from the smaller ones by a single unit. In the present
instance the justifying mechanism simply places word space selecting impressions,
and produces a justified controller; but by the same method and with slightly
modified mechanism, justification may be effected in matrix making, linotype, type
setting and other composing machines without the use of a controller.
"
The term "word space' as used in the preceding paragraphs and in the claims
relating to justification is to be understood and construed as referring to the
distance or space between words, and not to the concrete spaces or quods which are
used in setting up type. In its broad sense, the term." word space," as herein used,
applies to any and all classes of composing machines.
In the justifying mechanism hereinbefore described, the quotient word spaces are
determined by the position of the stepped part or sector 199 and the link 206 which
co-operates with it. These parts may be set to determine word spaces of any given
value and during the operation of justifying a line, after the quotient spaces have
been provided for, the parts will be reset to determine the quotient plus remainder
spaces. This, as above described, is accomplished by the pawl and ratchet wheel
moving the stepped sector relatively to the link 206, and, as shown, its effect is to
shift the interponent from one punch to the next as the link passes the step of the
sector, if there be a remainder.
The stepped part, instead of being a sector, might be a slide or any other
mechanical movement capable of shifting the interponent or word space selecting
device one step or unit. The stepped part is set for each line by two movements,
one movement such as that imparted by the slide 270 corresponding with the value
or size of the quotient spaces, and a second movement corresponding with the
number of quotient spaces, such as the movement of the sector upon its axis. The
latter movement is termed a forward movement, and in the operation of justifying
a line each time a quotient space is inserted, the stepped part is moved backward
one notch or such an amount as will bring the step into operation after the
last quotient space has been inserted. The step then shifts the space inserting
device (the interponent) one unit, and during the remainder of the line quotient
plus one unit spaces are inserted.
The
In Fig. 24 is shown a modification of the mechanisin for shifting the word space
inserting device so as to insert spaces one unit larger or smaller. In this instance
the "stepped part" consists of a rack 290 which is provided with a number of
teeth. A spring 291 tends to give the rack a backward movement and it is held
against such movement by an escape pawl 292. The rack 290 carries an inter-
ponent 293 which is operated as heretofore described by the slide 212.
pawl 292 is tripped to permit the rack 290 to move backward one step by a
lever 294 which is carried frictionally by a ratchet wheel 295. The ratchet wheel
is moved backward one notch for each word space inserted by means of the
pawl 225, lever 226, and link 227 connected with the slide 212. The devices
above described are set at the beginning of each line by moving the rack 290 to

page_text: ->
place the interponent 293 under the proper punch for the word spaces to be first
inserted and also moving the tripping lever 294 forward to such an extent that the
backward movement given to it by the pawl 295 will bring it at the proper time
into contact with the pawl 292 and thus permit the rack 290 and the inter-
ponent 293 to be shifted one step. It will be seen that it requires two movements,
one according to quotient and the other according to remainder to set this modified
mechanism. This mechanism illustrates one of the many modifications which are
adapted to shift the word space inserting device so as to increase or decrease the
word spaces by a single unit.
The word space inserting mechanism and the justifier proper may be in a separate
and independent, machine if desired, in which case the justifier might be set by
hand, or by means of suitable keys, in accordance with a record of a total word
space and number of word spaces in cach line which might be printed or
marked upon the strip as it leaves the first perforating machine. It is preferred,
however, to arrange the second perforator in a common machine with the first and
10 use a mechanical agent, such as the key-piece, to communicate the values of
the quotient and remainder for each line to the justifier of the second perforating
device.
The feed roll 92 is operated with a star wheel 228 (Figs. 9 and 20) which is
operated by a spring pawl 229 and a fixed pawl 230 upon a slide 231. The
operations of these parts are exactly similar to the parts 118 to 121 inclusive for
operating the other feed roll. There is also a holding pawl 232 to prevent
backward movement of the feed roll. The slide 231 is normally drawn down by a
spring 233 and its lower end is connected by a link 234 to a cam lever 235 which
rests upon a cam 236 on the running shaft 6.
.
cam 236.
As shown in Figs. 9 and 20, the slide 231 is locked in its uppermost position by
a bolt 237, one end of which lies under a spring piece 238 which is fixed to the
slide; and the bolt 237 is locked in this position by the hooked end of a locking
lever 239. These parts hold the lever 235 up so that it is not affected by the
When the starting shaft 105 revolves a cam 240 on said shaft moves the
lever 239, which releases the bolt 237 and the latter is thrown back by a
spring 241 (Fig. 9). The slide 231 then drops and is reciprocated, thus moving
forward the star wheel 228 and feed roll 92, until the bolt 237 is again thrown
forward to intercept it.
Upon the feeler shaft 218 is an arm 242 carrying a stop feeler 243 (Fig. 20).
After a portion of the strip included between two of the line stop holes c, c,
(Figs. 18 and 19) has passed the feed roll 92 and the word space perforations for
that line have been inserted, the stop feeler 243 drops into a stop hole c and rocks
the shaft 218 (Figs. 12, 13, 16 and 20). The arm 242 is constantly drawn upward
by a spring 244. When the shaft 218 is rocked as above described, an arm 245
throws an interpouent 246 in between the slide 215 and the lever 247 upon a stop
shaft 248. On the rear end of the shaft 248 is an arm 249 (Figs. 9 and 20) which
engages a pin upon the bolt 237 and throws the bolt forward under the stop 238
of the slide 231 thus stopping the movement of the star wheel 228. When the
bolt is thrown forward, it is immediately locked by the locking lever 239 and it
remains locked until the starting key is again depressed.
Upon the forward end of the stop shaft 248 is an arm 250 which engages the
tail end of the pawl 203 and releases the slide 270. The spring 209 then returns
the slide 270 and the ratchet wheel 198 and sector 199 mounted thereon to their
forward positions ready to be set by the key-piece when the starting key is again
operated.
During the first portion of the revolution of the starting shaft, a cam 152 (Fig. 8)
releases a lever 153 which is thrown down by a spring 154. The lever 153 is
connected by a link 155 to a bolt 156 which is thus thrown downward and passes
into one of a series of perforations 157 in a plate carried by the rack 178.
bolt also passes between the teeth of the rack 173 and it thus locks the key piece
from movement in either direction during the time that the setting is being taken
The

page_text: by the slides 184 and 185 from the key. During the latter part of the revolution
of the starting shaft, the bolt 156 is raised by the cam and it is held up until the
starting key is again depressed.
The pawls 163, 164 which operate the ratchet wheel 162 (Fig. 7) are thrown out
of engagement with said wheel to permit the pointer to return to zero on the dial
by means of a lever 260, which lever is normally locked by a latch 261 as shown
in Fig. 7. During the revolution of the starting shaft 105 the latch is thrown
back by a pin 262 and the lever 260 is afterwards rocked by a cam 263, thus
disengaging the pawls 163, 164 and permitting the indicator 161 and the slide 169
and connected parts to be returned to their normal positions by the springs 264
(Fig. 2) and 265 (Figs. 10 and 11). A link 266 connects the lever 260 with the
holding pawl 179 and effects the raising of said pawl and the release of the rack 178
when the lever 260 is rocked.
The word-space impression device works more rapidly than the device for
making the character depressions and the feed roll 92 usually has a period of rest.
at the end of each line between the time that the feeler enters a line hole c and the
operation of the starting key to justify the succeeding line. During this period
of rest, the feelers 222 and 243, if constantly operated might pierce holes in the
stationary strip. To prevent this shoulders are provided upon the arms or levers
carrying the feelers and upon the stop shaft 248 spring arms adapted to engage
these shoulders when the stop shaft is operated, and thus lock the feelers out of
As shown in
contact with the paper until the starting shaft is again rocked.
Fig. 22 there is a spring arm 298 in contact with the shoulder 297 thus preventing
the feeler 222 from entering the paper. In Fig. 23 the spring arm 298 is shown
in its inoperative position which permits the feeler 222 to operate upon the paper
strip. When the feeler 243 finds a line stop hole e the stop shaft 248 is rocked, as
herein before described. This will throw the spring arm down upon the upper
face 296 of the shoulder 297 and upon the withdrawal of the feeler by the rod 220
the elbow lever 221 will be rocked and the arm 298 will spring into engagement
with the shoulder 297, as shown in Fig. 22, and thus render the feeler inoperative.
Similar stops are used for each of the feelers 222 and 243.
In Fig. 1 and elsewhere the character keys are shown as mounted on a movable
carriage 309 provided with guides 308. This illustrates one means by which a
single set of character keys may be made to operate to select upper and lower case
letters. The carriage 309 is shifted by means of a key 310 on a lever 311, said
lever operating an elbow lever 312 pivoted to the back of the carriage. The
depending arm of the elbow lever 312 is in engagement with the base and when
the horizontal arm is elevated by the shift key 310, the key carriage 309 is thrown
to the right. When the shift key is released, the carriage is returned to its
normal position by means of the spring 313. In the two positions of the carriage,
the keys stand over different slides, one set of slides representing upper case and the
other representing lower case characters.
The operation of many parts of the machine has been recited in connection with
the description of the mechanism. The operation of the entire machine will now
be described as nearly as possible in the order in which the movements take place.
The paper strip 87 is passed through the machine in the manner shown in Fig. 12.
It may be here stated that needle points or prickers may be used on the first feed
roll 91 which will draw a blank strip over the die 90, thus avoiding any trouble in
starting the machine due to the absence of feed holes in the strip. After the
machine is started the feed holes are punched regularly along with the other
perforations.
In commencing a line the key for the first character is depressed, its
corresponding slide 22 is moved, and three of the permutation bars 24 are
rocked. The three rods connected to these three bars will be projected rearwardly
through the discs 70, 71, and 72 respectively into the slots of the T-slides in the
rear of these discs. At the same time the common slide 29 through the
connections 30 to 33 inclusive will operate the clutch and engage the escape shaft

page_text: with the constantly running shaft, thereby imparting to the escape shaft one
complete revolution. One effect of the revolution of the escape shaft is to rock
the discs 70, 71 aud 72 a quarter revolution or until their slots in which the rods
are carried assume a vertical position. This movement always depresses the
space-key slide 79 as its operating bars are on one side of the center of its disc 72.
The slides 77 and 78 may be either raised or depressed depending upon whether
the bars which operate them are at the right or left of the centers of their discs.
The T-lides operating through pinions and connecting shafts move the racks
carrying the interponents and place the interponents over three punches, one in each
o. the groups of punches (Figs. 5, 6 and 14). The T-slides and interponents have
a moment of rest before being returned to their normal positions while the crank
pin 76 moves in the slot in the connecting rod 75 (Fig. 4) and during this moment
the striker frame which carries the interponents is drawn downward thus producing
one space selecting and two die selecting perforations in the paper corresponding
to the key which was operated. At the same time two feed holes are punched in
the margins of the paper by punches attached to the striker frame.
striker frame is drawn down quickly and returned by the cam 65 upon the escape
shaft.
The
Connected with the T-slides 77 and 78 is the bank of type which prints the
record upon the strip, and the movements of the slides are communicated to the
type-carrier and bring the particular type corresponding to the key depressed
under the hammer 149. As the striker descends to perforate the paper it operates
the hammer 149 which drives the type against the ink ribbon and impresses the
character upon the strip. The space T-slide 79 always descends during the first
movement of its disc 72 and carries down the pawl 163. As the slide rises, this
pawl feeds the ratchet wheel 162 and the pointer of the dial forward a distance
corresponding to the width of the letter.
The rocking movement of the disc 72 is also utilized to operate through
connections 124 to 129 inclusive (Figs. 9 and 12) the elbow lever 123 which
through the slide 121 and its pawls feeds the star wheel 118 and the feed roll 91.
This operation takes place during the last half of the revolution of the escape
shaft and while the T-slides are returning to their normal positions. At the same
time the lever 123 operates the pawl 136 and feeds the ribbon forward a step.
For each character key depressed the same cycle of operations takes place, the
perforations are made in the paper strip corresponding with the character and its
space, the character is printed on the strip and the pointer moves forward upon the
dial an amount corresponding with the width of the type.
At the end of each word the space key is operated. This key through its
lever 35, operates the slide 29 and starts the escape shaft. It also rocks the
shaft 41 which through connections shown in Fig. 14 throws the interponent 94 off
of the regular space punch onto the trip punch 93 and as the striker descends a trip
hole is punched instead of a space hole. Two punches in the character selecting
series which the interponents stand normally over driven down and
perforations -y made in the strip which will select a blank matrix or die in
the final composing machine. These perforations, however, may be omitted in
which case the interponents would be arranged to stand normally at one side of the
punches.
are
The shaft 41 through its arm 181 also depresses the pawl 182 and the slide or
rack 178 carrying with it the key piece which is moved one step. In this mauner
the key piece is moved one step to the right each time the space-key is operated
and its position in that direction at the end of the line depends on the number of
spaces in the line. The operation of the key in the direction at right angles to
slide 178 is determined by the amount of inatter in the line corresponding to that
indicated upon the dial. Instead of transmitting the entire dial movement to the
key, only the latter part of this movement is transmitted, a fixed part comprising
most of the movement, being deducted each time. This movement is transmitted
to the key space through the slide 169 and the pinions 172. The movement of the

page_text: key pieces in this direction therefore depends upon the total width of the characters
in the line.
At the end of each line, the line or starting key 42 is depressed which rocks the
shaft 44 and engages the starting shaft 105 with the constantly moving gear 107
by means of the clutch mechanism shown in Fig. 9. The starting shaft makes a
complete revolution and then stops, during which time the following operations
take place. A crank 189 upon the forward end of the starting shaft raises the
slide 187 (Fig. 4) and carries with it the setting slides 184 and 185 which have
been previously set by the key piece for the line previously written (not the line
just finished). It may here be explained that there is a portion of the strip
intervening between the character perforating mechanism and the feed roll 92 ol
the space perforating mechanism varying from one to two lines in exten: so that
the character perforating mechanism is always at least one line in advance of the
space punches and at the time the starting key is operated it is just tw, lines in
advance. The slide 185 through the elbow lever 196 sets the slide 270 which is
locked in position by the pawl 203. At the same time an arm 201 sets the stepped
sector 199 which is carried by the slide 270. The slide 270 also carries a link 206
to which the interponent 205 is attached, and this interponent is set beneath one
of the punches 213 corresponding to the quotient space plus one unit if there be
any remainder in the line. The interponent 205 is carried by a slide 212 the
operation of which will be explained later, and as each space hole is punched by
the interponent, the ratchet wheel 198 is moved one notch carrying with it
frictionally the stepped sector 199. If the spaces in the line are not of uniform
width, then the stepped sector will be so set that the movement of the ratchet
wheel 198 as the space holes are punched for the larger spaces, will carry the
sector 199 around so that the interponent link 206 will pass over the step after
the hole for the last large space has been punched and the interponent will be
moved so as to punch holes for a space one unit smaller. The operation of this
mechanism may be reversed so that the smaller holes may be panched first and the
larger holes afterwards.
The slide 270 and lever 199 are set during the first quarter of the revolution
of the starting shaft. During the next half revolution the slide 187 is carried down
to its lowest position and the feet 186 of the slides 184 and 185 are dropped upon
a key of the key-piece and then locked in position, as set by this key, by the
pawl 191.
While the slides are being set by the key, the key piece is locked
against movement in either direction by the bolt 156 (Fig. 8). During the
final quarter revolution of the starting shaft the slide 187 is raised and the
slides 184 and 185 retain their setting, which is imparted to the interponent 205 of
the space punches at the next movement of the starting shaft.
During the revolution of the starting shaft, the cam 104 through the rock
shaft 102 sets an interponent 100 over the special punch 99, and the cam 18
through the lever 17 and lifter 13 (Fig. 12) operates the clutch which starts the
escape shaft and the striker descends punching the line hole c with the special
punch (Fig. 18).
The slide 212 which carries the interponent 205 is only moved when a space.
between word perforations comes opposite to the space punches. It will be
remembered that these spaces are indicated by trip holes made by the special
punch 93. The feeler 222 is drawn up against the paper strip at each revolution
of the running shaft by its spring 224 as shown in Fig. 14. When a trip hole is.
presented to a feeler, it passes through the hole and the elbow lever which carries
it is rocked, thus throwing the interponent 223 between the constantly moving
slide 215 and the slide 212. The latter is carried up by the slide 215 and punches
a space hole adjacent to the trip hole. At the next revolution of the running shaft,
the feeler is withdrawn and no more space holes are punched until the trip hole at
the end of the succeeding word is presented to the feeler.
The feed roll 92 which feeds the paper strip to the space punches is rotated step
by step by the star wheel and pawls 228, 229 and 230 (Fig. 9). The slide carrying:

page_text: the pawls is connected with the cam lever 235 which rests on the cam 236 of the
running shaft. This cam tends to give the slide a constant movement, but it is
normally locked in its upper position by the bolt 237 which renders the cam
inoperative. During the rotation of the starting shaft the bolt 237 is withdrawn
and the star wheel and pawls are then continuously operated until the bolt is again
thrown forward to intercept the movements of the pawls. This operation is
interrupted when the feeler 243 (Fig. 12) enters the next stop hole c.
When the
feeler enters this hole, the shaft 218 is rocked and the interponent 246 thrown in
between the constantly moving slide 215 and a rock arm 247 (Figs. 13 and 16).
The slide 215 on rising rocks the arm 247 and its shaft 248 and an arm 249 (Fig. 9)
on one end of the shaft 248 throws the bolt 237 under the stop piece 238 of
slide 231, thus locking the slide against any further movement until the starting
shaft is again operated. An arm 250 on the opposite end of the shaft 248 releases
the slide 270 from its holding pawl 203 (Fig. 16). The stop 238 is a spring plate
which permits the bolt to be thrown over while the slide is rising and springs over
the bolt when the slide reaches its highest position.
During the revolution of the starting shaft, the latch 261 is thrown back by
a pin 262 on the face of cam 263 and the cam thereupon operates the lever 260,
which lifts the pawls 163, 164 from the ratchet wheel 162 permitting the pointer
to be returned to zero on the dial by its spring 264 (Fig. 2) and permitting the
slides 169 and 173 to be returned to their initial positions by the spring 265
operating through gearing 172 (Figs. 10 and 11). The elbow lever 260 through
a connection 266 (Fig. 7) raises the holding pawl 179 and permits the spring 267
to return the word space rack 178 to its initial position. By the return of the
racks 173 and 178 to their initial positions the key-piece is brought to its initial
or starting position with the key on its forward right hand corner under the feet 186.
These return movements of the various parts leave the machine ready to begin
a new line of print.
The
The starting shaft revolves rapidly and does not delay the operator.
mechanism for making the word space or justifying perforations ruus and stops
automatically. Being operated directly from the running shaft its movement is
quite rapid and being independent of the escape shaft it may continue running if
necessary while the operator is manipulating the keys for another line of matter.
Briefly, the operation of the entire machine, so far as the manual labour employed
is concerned, is exactly like the operation of a typewriter, with this exception, that
instead of returning the platen and attending to the line spacing, as in operating
a typewriter, the operator simply depresses the line space key at the end of each
line.
As above stated, many of the parts shown and described in this application may
be utilized in various kinds of composing machines. On the other hand mechanical
equivalents may be substituted for many of the elements of the present machine.
For instance a single punch may be substituted for each of the interponents and be
made to do the work of the interponents and their groups of punches, the single
punches being shifted by the interponent slides.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said inven-
tion, and in what manner the same is to be performed, as communicated to me by
my foreign correspondents I declare that what I claim is:
1. In a machine of the class described, the combination with devices for producing
character-selecting impressions, of a justifying device and a second impression
device controlled by the justifying device and arranged to insert word-space
impressions adapted to select justifying word-spaces, substantially as described.
2. In a machine of the class described, the combination of a primary impression
device constructed to make character selecting impressions, and trip impressions to
indicate the intervals between the words, with a second impression device arranged
to be brought into action by the trip impressions and constructed to produce
justifying word-space selecting impressions, substantially as described.

page_text: 3. In a machine of the class described, the combination with a primary
impression device arranged to make character-selecting impressions, a bank
of keys and connections between said keys and said impression device, of a
justifying device, and a second impression device controlled by the justifying
device and adapted to insert justifying word-space selecting impressions,
substantially as described.
4. In a machine of the class described, the combination with slides and rocking
disks arranged adjacent to said slides, a series of rods having parts normally
carried by said disks, a bank of character keys and connections between said keys
and rods whereby the latter may be projected into engagement with the slides,
substantially as described.
5. The combination with the character-keys, the groups of rols operated thereby,
the rocking disks and the T-slides, of two sets of punches for making character-
selecting impressions upon a controller strip, a striker for operating the punches,
and interponents for selecting the punches, said interponents being connected with
the T-slides, substantially as described.
6. In a machine of the class described, the combination with a group of punches,
of a common striker for the punches, an interponent movable between the striker
and the punches, a bank of character keys and connections between said keys and
the interponent for moving the latter, substantially as described.
7. The combination with one or more groups of punches, a striker, interponents
between the striker and the punches, T-slides connected with the interponents,
rocking disks and rods arranged transversely of the disks and adapted to be projected
into engagement with the T-slides, substantially as described.
8. The combination with a group of punches or impression devices, of character
keys, a common interponent for selecting the punches, a running shaft, au escape
shaft, a striker operated by the escape shaft for driving the punches, and means
for starting said escape shaft when a key is operated, substantially as described. .
9. In a machine of the class described, the combination with a character key, of
two impression devices arranged to make character selecting impressions upon
a controller corresponding to said key, a bank of type movable in two directions to
center selected type, mechanism controlled by the key for making one of said
impressions and moving the bank of type in one direction, and different mechanis:n,
also controlled by the key, for making the second impression and imparting the
other movement to the bank of type, substantially as described.
10. The combination with the character keys, of a series of punches, interponents
controlled by the character keys, a bank of type connected with the interponents, a
striker for the interponents and a hammer or impression device for the type,
substantially as described.
11. In a machine of the class described, the combination with a common striker
of two sets of punches for making character-selecting impressions in a controller
strip, a set of punches for making character space impressions, and a special
trip impression punch arranged to make word space indicating impressions,
substantially as described.
12. In a justifying mechanism a key-piece provided with a series of setting
surfaces, substantially as described.
13. In a justifying mechanism a key-piece provided with a series of individual
keys, each having two setting surfaces, substantially as described.
14. In justifying mechanism, a movable key-piece provided with a series of kes,
and means for moving the key-piece in accordance with the amount of character
space and the number of word spaces in a line, substantially as described.
15. In mechanism adapted to effect justification upon the quotient and remainder
principle, a key-piece movable in two directions and provided with a series of keys,
each key being constructed to govern the introduction of word-spaces in a line
according to the quotient and remainder obtained for said line by dividing the
total word-space by the number of word-spaces, substantially as described.
16. The combination with a bank of character-keys and a word-space key, of a

page_text: Key-piece Daving two movements, one movement being controlled according to th
character spaces and the other according to the number of word-spaces, said key
piece being provided with a series of keys arranged in rows and constructed t
control justifying operations, substantially as described.
17. In justifying mechanism, a word-space determining device adapted to be se
for word spaces of any given value, in combination with automatic mechanism for
resetting said device, if necessary, after a portion of the word-spaces of a line have
been determined to effect justification by uniformly increasing or decreasing the
remaining word spaces, substantially as described.
18. In justifying mechanism, a word space determining device adapted to be set
for word spaces of any given value, embracing a stepped part having two move
ments for setting said device, one movement according to quotient and the other
according to remainder, in combination with means for feeding said stepped part
backward during the operation of said device, substantially as described.
19. In justifying mechanism, a word space determining device adapted to be set
to determine word spaces, a key-piece, and intermediate mechanism whereby said
device may be set and controlled from the key-piece, substantially as described.
20. In justifying mechanism, in combination with a word space determining
device, embracing a stepped part arranged to be set by two movements, a key-piece
provided with keys, each having two setting surfaces, and means for setting the
stepped part by the key-piece, substantially as described.
21. In justifying mechanism, a word-space determining device adapted to be set
to determine word-spaces, a key-piece, a transfer carriage and devices carried
thereby for transferring a setting from the key-piece to the space determining
device, and mechanism constructed to move said carriage from an intermediate
position to the space determining device to impart its previous setting, then to the
key-piece to receive a new setting, and then to the intermediate position, whereby
the transfer of a setting may be delayed, substantially as described.
22. The combination with the key-piece and the stepped part capable of two
movements, of the transfer carriage, and the setting transfer slides mounted in said
carriage, said slides being adapted to be set by the key-piece and to transfer their
setting to the stepped part, substantially as described.
23. The combination with a word space impression device consisting of a series
of punches, of an interponent movable to select punches, a stepped part capable of
two movements, and connections intermediate of the interponent and the stepped
part whereby the former is controlled by the latter, substantially as described.
24. In justifying mechanism, the combination with the key-piece movable in two
directions and provided with a series of individual keys, of the starting shaft and
means operated by said shaft and constructed to lock the key-piece to prevent
movement while its setting is being transferred, substantially as described.
25. In a machine of the class described, an impression device constructed to
insert word space impressions, means for feeding a controller to said device, and
means controlled by trip impressions upon the controller, for bringing said
impression device into action, substantially as described.
26. In a machine of the class described, the combination with means for producing
trip impressions to indicate word-spaces, of a feeler in the line of said impressions,
a word-space impression device and means whereby said device is brought into
action each time the feeler finds a trip impression, whereby justifying word-spaces
may be inserted, substantially as described.
27. The combination with means for making impressions in a controller to
indicate the division into lines, of an impression device arranged to make justifying
word-space selecting impressions, a feeler arranged in the path of the line
impressions, mechanism for feeding the controller to the word-space impression
device, and a stopping device for said mechanism arranged to be brought into
action each time the feeler finds a line impression, substantially as described.
28. The method of making a justified controller for composing machines which
consists, first, in making character-selecting impressions therein in sequence to form

page_text: the words of a line, "trip" impressions to indicate the word-spaces, and line
impressions to indicate the ends of the line, then determining the widths of the
word-spaces necessary to justify the line, and finally inserting word-space selecting
impressions adjacent to the "trip" impressions and adapted to select such spaces in
the composing machine as will perfectly justify the line of type, substantially as
described.
29. A machine for manufacturing mechanical controllers for matrix making,
linotype, type casting and other composing machines, constructed and operating
substantially as described and illustrated.
Dated the 19th day of March 1805
PHILIP M. JUSTICE.