CERTAIN IMPROVE- MENTS IN VENTILATING
Year: 1853

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Palmer, of Brighton, in the County
of Sussex, Ironmonger, for the Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVE-
MENTS IN VENTILATING."
Sealed the 13th April 1854, and dated the 14th October 1853.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Palmer at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 14th October 1853.
I, WILLIAM PALMER, of Brighton, in the County of Sussex, Iron-
monger, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "CER-
TAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN VENTILATING" to be as follows:-
These improvements consist, firstly, in constructing the frames of
window sashes with a box or chamber in the upper part thereof to
receive a telescopic or other shaped ventilator, composed of either
single or double plates of perforated zinc or other metal, wire gauze,
or glass. The ventilator rests on a groove on the top rail of the outside
sash, and rises or falls with it, whereby the required amount of ven-
tilating surface can be accurately adjusted. When not required the
ventilator is shut up in the chamber in the sash head.
Secondly, in the construction of ventilators applicable to rooms,

page_text: buildings, conservatories, &c., consisting of a box or casing of metal,
wood, or other suitable material let into and passing through the wall or
the floor or the ceiling of the apartment to be ventilated, and having
one of its sides that is exposed to either the external or internal
atmosphere formed of a fixed plate of perforated metal or wire gauze.
The other or opposite side of the box is formed of a hinged solid plate
of metal or other, substance, and has a, curved piece of perforated
material attached to its inner side, and a segmental perforated piece at
each end, thus forming a moveable ventilating quadrant, which, while it
admits of-free-ventilation; effectually prevents the entrance of insects,
mice, or other vermin. The quadrant is provided with a counterpoise
weight to ensure the. opening or closing of the ventilator, according to
its position, either at top or bottom of the apartment.
Thirdly, in constructing a round or other shaped ventilator for doors
or wainscots of fooms, closets, &c. consisting of a cylindrical piece of
perforated material' or wire gauze, having one end solid or closed.
This ventilator fits into a second cylinder of metal or wood fixed in
the door or panel; and provided with a disc of, perforated, material at
its outer end. When ventilation is required the perforated cylinder
is drawn out from the other or fixed cylinder, thus allowing a free
passage of air.
Fourthly, in constructing a ventilator for railway or other vehicles,
vessels, or buildings of a rhumboidal or other-shaped casing of-perfo-
rated material or wire gauze, having enclosed within it, a piece of
corrugated perforated material running the entire length thereof. The
whole is fitted in any suitable frame...
Fifthly, in constructing a ventilator for the tops of railway or other
vehicles. It consists of two- cylinders, of, perforated material, placed
one within the other, allowing a space of about half an inch between
them. These cylinders have close top, and are attached to the
vehicle by means of a socket joint.
+
Sixthly, in constructing a ventilator applicable to railway and other
carriages, buildings, &c, consisting of a cup or vessel having a short
tube passing through its centre, open at top to the interior of the cup,
and fitted with an ordinary revolving, ventilator at bottom.

page_text: The mouth of the
cup
or vessel is closed with a disc of perforated
inaterial, have a bell or dome attached to its inner side, which bell
encloses the mouth of the central tube, thereby preventing the entrance
of wet, dust, &c. to the carriage or apartment.
The perforated disc may be protected by a cover supported above it!
SPECIFICATION in pursuance, of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said William Palmerain the Great, Seal- Patent Office
on the 13th April 1854.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I,
WILLIAM PALMER, of Brighton, in the County of Sussex, "Ironmonger,
send greeting
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Fourteenth day of October, in the year
of our Lord One thousand, eight hundred and fifty-three, in the seven-
teenth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Herfheirs and successors;
give and grant unto me, the said William Palmer, Her special licence
that "I, the said William Palmer, iny executors, -administrator's, and
assigns, or such others as the said-William Palmer, executors, ad
ministrators, and assigns, should" at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times thereafter, during the term
therein expressed; should and lawfully might make use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain, and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for: CERTAIN IMPROVE
MENTS IN VENTILATING," upon the 'condition (amongst others) that I; the
said William Palmer, by an instrument in writing under my hand and
seal, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and
cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months' next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said William Palmer, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement:

page_text: These improvements have reference to the methods of supplying pure
Jair to apartments, buildings, carriages, vessels, or other places, and
withdrawing the vitiated air from the same, without incurring strong
draughts, or admitting wet, dust, insects, or vermin. The first apparatus
for effecting these purposes consists of a ventilator to be applied to
window sashes of every description. The upper part of the frame or
head of the sash is formed with a box or chamber running the whole
length thereof to receive a telescopic or other ventilator, as shewn in
eleva-
'the annexed Drawings, where Figure 1, represents an external e
tion, and Figure 2, a vertical section of a window and sash fitted in
accordance with this Invention. a, is the sash frame; b; the box: or
chamber; and c, the telescopic ventilator, which is composed.of, either
single or double plates of perforated zinc or other metal, wire, gauze,
glass. The sides. of the sash frame have mortices cut in them above
the pulley wheels of the outside sash to admit of the descent of the
ventilator on the' downward movement of the sash. The ventilator
rests in a groove in the top rail d, of the outside sash, and rises or falls
with it to a depth equal to its own breadth, thus allowing of an
accurate adjustment of the required amount of ventilating surface.
The ventilator, being made telescopic, can be removed and applied to
any other sash of greater or smaller width. When it is desired to close
the window altogether the ventilator is raised up into the box or
chamber b, as shewn in section in Figure 3. In order to facilitate the
opening or closing of the ventilator two or more brass lifts are let into
the styles of the sash: C
or
.:
Secondly, my Invention, relates to the construction of ventilators
applicable to buildings, rooms; conservatories, &c., which may be used
in conjunction with the sash ventilator, before described. Figure 4, is
a longitudinal section of this ventilator when open; and Figure 5, a
section of the same when closed. This ventilator consists of a-box or
casing a, composed of metal, wood, or other suitable material, let into
and passing through the wall or the floor or the ceiling of the apart-
ment to be ventilated; the end b, of the casing, which is exposed either
to the external or internal atmosphere, as may be desired, is formed
of a fixed plate of perforated material or wire gauze; the other or

page_text: opposite end.. of. the box consists of. a hinged solid plate of metal or
other. substance, c, which has a curved piece of perforated material
d, attached to its inner side, and a segmental perforated piece e, at
each end, thus forming a moveable ventilating quadrant, which, while
it admits of free ventilation, effectually prevents the entrance of insects,
micé, or other vermin. Figure 5, shews the ventilator closed, in
which position it is secureil by a bolt or latch or other known means.
The quadrant is provided with a counterpoise f. to ensure the open-
ing or closing of the ventilator, according to its position either at 'top
or bottom of the apartment. The extent to which the quadrant is
allowed to protrude from the box a, is regulated by the tappet g, and
stop h; when this ventilator is placed in the cornice or other part of the.
apartment the quadrant is inverted, so that the 'current of air entering
by it will be deflected against the ceiling, and thus all objectionable
downward. draughts will be avoided. In like manier the air entering
at the bottom of the apartment when this ventilator is there placed
will be caused to impinge upon the floor, and be distributed generally.
throughout the room without any draughts or currents of air being
perceptible.. When fixed near the ceiling the ventilator can be opened
By means of cords, wires, or other known methods; and when it is
used in coinbination with the sash ventilator first described it is placed
in the upper part of the wall or cornice of the apartment with the
quadrant opening upwards, whereby a gentle current of air is allowed
to flow across the the chamber, and carry off all vitiated air, gases, &c.
that may. be contained therein. Figure 6, represents a perspective view
of the ventilator when open and placed near the floor of the apartment;
and Figure 7, is an elevation of the end b, of the ventilator opposite to
the quadrant. Or, instead of the perforated quadrant being moveable,
it may be fixed in the interior of the chamber. a, and the solid plate c,
allowed to vibrate within the quadrant without projecting beyond the
face of the skirting or wall. The movement of the plate c, can be
effected by screws or bolts or any of the known means.
Thirdly, my Invention has reference to a circular or other shaped
ventilator applicable, to doors, wainscots, closets, &c. Figure 8, is a
side elevation of one of these ventilators when, closed, and Figure 9,

page_text: a section. of the same when opened. a, is a cylinder of, metal or other
suitable materiál, which is fixed in and passes through the door or
wainscot, and has a plate of perforated material b, attached at one end
flush with the panel. is a cylindrical piece of perforated material,
which works..or: slides within the fixed cylinder a, and has a solid
plate d, fixed at one end, which, when the cylinder c, is pushed into
the cylinder a, prevents the admission of air to the apartment;, when
ventilation is required the cylinder c, is drawn out from the other
or fixed cylinder to the extent required, when a current of fresh air is
admitted, which is prevented from blowing straight into the apartment
by the solid plate d; the: fresh air is therefore gently disemminated in
all directions round the-ventilator...
Fourthly, my Invention refers to a ventilator for railway: and other
carriages, vessels, or buildings;' this ventilator consists of a rhomboidal
or other shaped casing of perforated zinc or metal or wire gauze fixed
in the upper part of. the carriage or room to be ventilated.. Figure 10,
shews it applied to railway carriages in place of the ordinary.louvrés or
perforated plates usually employed. Figure 12, is a cross section, and
Figure 11, a longitudinal section. of. the ventilator. , is a casing of
perforated material, and.b, a.corrugated or indented piece of perforated
material inserted. within the casing, and running the entire length
thereof. This curved or bent piece. b, has the effect of preventing
objectionable. draughts and the entrance of wet or dust; and at the
same time allows of the free passage of air through it.
Fifthly, my. Invention has .réference: to. a ventilator to be applied to.
the tops of railway or other carriages, or buildings of every description.
Figure 13, represents. a vertical section of one of these ventilators.
a, is an outer casing.or chamber, which has a number of holes or per
forations near its upper end. b, is an inner perforated chamber or
casing, which may be made either cylindrical. or iconical, as shewn in
the Drawing. d, is a solid plate of nietal or other substance at the
bottom of the two chambers; in which is fixed a revolving regulator,
or a piece of perforated:material may be inserted where constant venti-
lation is. required. e, is a cap of cover supported over and a little above
the top of the inner chamber. b, for the purpose of intercepting the

page_text: passage of rain or wet to the carriage or apartment; and f; is a hinged
close cover to..the outer casing.a, which can be thrown back when
necessary to increase the ventilating effect of the apparatus. Figure 14,
is a vertical section, Figure 15, an external elevation, and Figure .16,.a.
sectional plan of another variety of this description of ventilator, in
which the current of air caused by the heat of the ordinary oil lamp.
employed in railway or other carriages is made to assist in carrying
off the impure or vitiated air from the carriage. a, is the perforated
casing, with a moveable cover b, usually employed for: the protection of
the oil lamp c, which is dropt into and rests úpon an inner flange at the
bottom of the casing a. d, is a ring of metalor other substance which.
surrounds the top of the lamp, and has a number of circular or other
shaped openings e, through which the impure air from the carriage passes
into the casing a, and escapes through the perforations of the same, or
out at the top when the cover is raised or removed. Instead of the
ring d, being eniployed, an annular piece of perforated material may
be substituted for the same purposes, or the lamp may be carried by
a ring supported by ribs or arms from the inside of the casing a,
and the annular space between the lamp: and the casing a;. be 'left'
open for the passage of the impure air. 9, is an outer perforated casing
surrounding the inner casing a, for the purpose of excluding wet or
rain, or preventing too strong a current of air through the inner
casing a, as well as any downward draught into the interior of the
carriage.or apartment. The arrows indicate thes.direction of the
currents of air through the ventilator. A cover or a regulator may be
fitted to the ring d, for the purpose of preventing the passage, of air
from the carriage through the ventilator, or of regulating the amount
of ventilating surface, as circumstances may require.
Sixthly, my Invention has reference to another ventilator for railway
or other carriages, to be applied at the top thereof. Figure 17,
represents a vertical section, and Figure 18, a sectional plan of this
ventilator. a, is à cylinder or chamber which passes through the roof
of the carriage, and has a close cover at top. The lower end or
bottom of the cylinder is formed of a plate of metal b, flush with the.
top of the carriage. c, is an ordinary revolving ventilator with radial:
openings, and a tube of perforated metal or wire gauze supported

page_text: vertically in the centre of the cylinder a, and immediately over the
ventilator.c. e, is a conical covering fixed a little above the tuberd;
and f, is a frustum of a cone attached to the inside of the cylinder a,
for the purpose of excluding all wet or rain from the interior of the
ventilator and the carriage. g; g, are. holes around the upper part of the
cylinder a, for the egress of the air from the ventilator. The passage of
the current of air is indicated by arrows, and can be regulated by
opening more or less the revolving ventilator c. Figure 19, represents
a vertical section of another variety of this description of ventilator.
a, is the outer casing, and b, the central tube, which is made without
perforations, and has at its lower end a revolving regulator c. d, is a
plate of perforated material, and e, a bell or donic which covers the
mouth of the tube b, and prevents wet or rain from entering the
carriage or apartments to which this ventilator is applied.
!
Claims. And having now described the nature of my Invention, and
in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
claim is as follows:
Firstly, the method of constructing the frames of window sashes
with boxes or chambers in the heads or upper parts thereof, and
mortices in the sides of the same, for the reception of telescopic or other
ventilators in the manner described.
Secondly, the peculiar construction of ventilators with moveable
quadrants of perforated material, as above described.
Thirdly, the method of forming, ventilators by means of a cylindrical
or other shaped piece of perforated material sliding or moving within a
fixed cylinder or other shaped chamber for the purposes and in the
manner above described.
Fourthly, the method of constructing ventilators of a casing of per-
forated material or wire 'gauze, with a corrugated or indented or other
shaped piece of perforated material or wire gauze inserted therein, for
the purposes and applications above described.
Fifthly, the method of constructing ventilators, for the purposes
above described, of two perforated cylinders or chambers, the one
enclosed within the other, with a space between them, and covered by a
moveable close top, in the manner above described.
Sixthly, the method of constructing a ventilator consisting of an
.

page_text: outer casing, perforated or not, with a cover either moveable or perfo-
rated, and an inner tube or chamber, above which is supported a
close bell or dome, and at the lower end of which is fixed a revolving
regulator, in the manner above described.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Palmer, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Twelfth day of April, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-four.
Witness,
H. ARNOLD,
9, St. Peter's Place,
Brighton.
WILLIAM PALMER. (L.S.)