IMPROVEMENTS IN SIRING PAPER, PAPER PULP, COTTON, LINEN, AND OTHER FABRICS AND MATE- BIALS, AND IN MATERIALS TO BE EMPLOYED THEREFOR.
Year: 1872

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Benjamin Joseph Barnard Mills, of the Firm of
Harris and Mills, of 85, Southampton Buildings, in the County of
Middlesex, Patent Agent, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
SIRING PAPER, PAPER PULP, COTTON, LINEN, AND OTHER FABRICS AND MATE-
BIALS, AND IN MATERIALS TO BE EMPLOYED THEREFOR. -A communication
from abroad by James M° Crosky Dorlan, of East Brandywine
Township. Pennsylvania, in the United States of America.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Benjamin Joseph
Barnard Mills at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with
his Petition, on the 4th July 1872.
I, BENJAMIN JOSEPH BARNARD MILLS, of the Firm of Harris and
Mills, of 85, Southampton Buildings, in the County of Middlesex,
Patent Agent, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN SIZING PAPER, PAPER PULP, COTTON, LINEN, AND OTHER
FABRICS AND MATERIALS, AND IN MATERIALS TO BE EMPLOYED THEREFOB," & com-
munication to me from abroad by James M° Crosky Dorlan, of East.

page_text: Brandywine Township, Pennsylvania, in the United States of America,
to be as follows:-
The Invention consists of new and useful ingredient (in compounds
or compositions of other ingredients) called chloride of lime, bleaching
powder, or bleaching salts or its equivalent, to be made use of in any
suitable quantity or quantities as and for an improvement in creating
and forming a poreless or waterproof gum sized in paper stock and paper
pulp for gum pulp sizing paper of any or all kinds, but more particularly
for gum sizing paper stock and paper pulp for making pulp-sized
hanging or house wall and other wall papers of all qualities, when one,
two, three, or more or all of the ingredients, such as the resins, soaps,
starches, oils, and alums, or any other sizing ingredients whatsoever, are
or shall be put in conjunction or combination with the said chloride of
lime or its equivalent in any place, at any time, or in any manner what-
ever for the aforesaid pulp sizing purposes, the Invention being equally
applicable as and for sizing any other article whatsoever that requires or
may require any degree of a waterproof character imparted thereto or
therein.
Again, the aforesaid ingredient may be compounded, combined, or
conjoined with certain other ingredients or materials for the purpose of
making pulp-sized papers of all kinds and qualities and of any and all
degrees of a gum sized or of a waterproof character whatsoever, whether
made from any kind of raw paper stock material whatsoever, or made
from rag fibre raw paper stock material alone, or a mixture of rags and
any kind of textile or fibrous material, or clay paper stock of any kind
combined or conjoined in any manner, or made from any kind of
prepared straw, wood, grass, barks, clays, vegetable fibre, or any mixture
or combination of said materials or any of them, or other like materials
for making paper.pulp.
By this Invention both bleached and unbleached paper stock material :

page_text: For another quality of paper the chloride of lime or its equivalent may
be partly washed out by the washing engines, or elsewhere or otherwise
washed out, and a corresponding quantity of fresh chloride of lime be
added to the washed stock as the basis of the sizing process.
Again, for another quality of pulp-sized paper all of the chloride of
lime or its equivalent (after the bleaching is finished) must be allowed to
remain in the bleached stock material for the sizing basis, and if desired
or necessary some of the fresh chloride of lime may be added thereto.
I will here describe one of the processes for sizing paper stock and
paper pulp for making pulp-sized papers, but various processes or.com-
binations of some or all of the said ingredients will be necessary to work
the different kinds of raw paper stock material used, and to make the
different kinds of paper and other articles, and the different degrees of
size or waterproof character required in connection with the Invention.
For making one of the qualities or grades of the hard or strongly
pulp-sized papers of all kinds or descriptions, but more particularly
making the hanging or house wall and other wall papers, take, say, five
hundred pounds more or less of good rag fibre raw paper stock material,
or a mixture of a portion of the said rag paper stock material, with a
portion of any other kind of the commonly known and used raw paper
stock materials, and after the said rag fibre paper stock material shall have
been bleached with chloride of lime or its equivalent, or with any other
kind of bleaching ingredient or material, in any place, or at any time, or
in any manner whatsoever, and after the bleaching ingredient or material
made use of for bleaching the said paper stock material, together with
all of the dirty water therein, has been or shall be thoroughly washed
out of said bleached paper stock material by the paper stock washing
engines, or by the paper stock or pulp grinding engines, or elsewhere or
otherwise washed out of said bleached paper stock material, then add
to said bleached and washed paper stock material, say forty pounds more
or less or the chloride of lime or its equivalent, or any substitute for the
same that will produce its effect as a size or a sizing ingredient for the
aforesaid sizing purposes. The said chloride of lime is to remain in said
bleached and prepared paper stock in the engines or elsewhere, to
saturate said paper stock thoroughly with the chloride of lime, to form
there the basis or the principle of the new and improved process of sizing
throughout the entire new mode of sizing paper stock and paper pulp to

page_text: make pulp-sized papers the most insoluble or waterproof in character;
and if china or other kinds of clay is intended to be made use of as paper
stock material (it being old for such purpose), then two hours more or
less after adding the chloride of lime to the rag fibre or other fibrous
paper stock material, add, say, three hundred pounds more or less of the
clay paper stock material; then one hour more or less after adding the
clay, add to the mass of paper stock material and the chloride of lime,
say, eighteen pounds more or less of good hard soap or its equivalent for
sizing purposes, dissolved in boiling water or otherwise prepared for use
and applied in the engines, pulp tubs, or elsewhere; then one hour more
or less after adding the soap, add to the mass, say, thirty pounds more or
less of starch for sizing purposes, it being old for such purpose; then one
hour more or less after adding the starch, may be added to the mass five
pounds more or less of hyposulphite of soda to neutralize or render inert
the chlorine gas or the peculiar properties of the chloride of lime, it
being old for such purpose; then add to the mass within one hour more
or less, say, one pint more or less of sperm oil or its equivalent; and
then add, say, one half pound more or less of ultramarine blue to tint the
paper or impart the different colours to the same, it being old for such
purpose. Now dissolve slowly in cold or hot water, say, fifty pounds
more or less of lump alum or its equivalent for the purpose, and run the
said alum water gradually into the pulp dressers' machine vats, or else-
where, with the pulp and the other sizing ingredients therein, as or
immediately before the whole mass of sized paper stock and pulp and all
the said sizing ingredients are or shall be made or worked into pulp-sized
paper by the paper-making machine.
For making one kind of soft or mellow pulp-sized paper, or of the
medium pulp-sized paper, take, say, five hundred pounds more or less of
rags or other fibre or fibrous paper stock material in the engines or else-
where, add thereto, say, fifty pounds more or less of the chloride of lime
or its equivalent for sizing purposes, as aforesaid, which ingredient must
remain as or for the basis of the of the sizing process throughout, that is to
say, no part thereof is to be washed out of either the paper stock material
or out of the paper pulp at any time or place or in any manner before
adding the other sizing ingredients thereto, and then working the whole
mass into pulp-sized paper; then two hours more or less after adding the
chloride of lime to the paper stock matérial, as aforesaid, add to that
mass, say, three hundred pounds more or less of china or other kinds of

page_text: clay as an additional and unbleached paper stock material, it being old
for that purpose; and one hour more or less after the clay has been
added, add fifteen pounds more or less of hard soap or its equivalent for
sizing purposes (it being old therefor), said soap to be dissolved in
boiling water or otherwise prepared for use, and applied in the engines
or elsewhere; when the pulp is ready to brush, then add one pint more
or less of sperm oil or its equivalent; and then to the whole mass add,
say, fifty pounds more or less of porous or pulverized alum in the engines
or elsewhere for sizing purposes, the alums being old for that purpose.
It will be found that the aforesaid pulp-sized papers, especially the
house wall and other wall papers, having had in their sizing composition
of ingredients a large quantity of the chloride of lime or its equivalent
for said sizing purpose, become sanitary in character, inasmuch as they
are made disinfectants by passing through the said sizing process. These
papers become poorless soon after being made, and will not allow
dampness to penetrate them, therefore they neither swell nor shrink
when placed on the walls. They preserve the paste and keep it pure,
dry, and wholesome, and make both the paste and paper stick and
adhere firmly to the walls for a long time without exhibing signs of
becoming loose. No vermin will breed, harbor, or live in the paste
between these papers and the walls to create disease, which is prevented
by poreless pulp-sized papers.
The Invention is equally applicable for sizing or imparting a water-
proof character to cotton, linen, hemp, flax, and other raw textile or
fibrous substances; to muslin, linen, silk, and other fabrics; and to
mineral, vegetable, and animal substances generally.
0
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, BENJAMIN
JOSEPH BARNARD MILLS, of the Firm of Harris and Mills, of 35,
Southampton Buildings, in the County of Middlesex, Patent Agent,
send greeting.

page_text: WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Fourth day of July, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-two, in the thirty-sixth
year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and
grant unto me, the said Benjamin Joseph Barnard Mills, Her special
license that I, the said Benjamin Joseph Barnard Mills, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Benjamin
Joseph Barnard Mills, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should
at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all
times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully
might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN SIZING PAPER, PAPER PULP, COTTON, LINEN,
AND OTHER FABRICS AND MATERIALS, AND IN MATERIALS TO BE EMPLOYED THERE-
FOB, a communication to me from abroad by James Mc Crosky Dorlan,
of East Brandywine Township, Pennsylvania, in the United States of
America, upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Benjamin
Joseph Barnard Mills, my executors or administrators, by an instrument
in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should
particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and
in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be
filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next-and
immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
"
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Benjamin Joseph Barnard Mills, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement thereof, that is to say :-
This Invention consists of a new and useful ingredient (in compounds
or compositions of other ingredients) called chloride of lime, bleaching
powder, or bleaching salts or its equivalent, to be made use of in any
suitable quantity or quantities as and for an improvement in creating
or forming a poreless or waterproof gum size in paper stock and paper
pulp for gum pulp sizing paper of any or all kinds, but more particularly
for gum sizing paper stock and paper pulp for making pulp-sized
hanging or house wall and other wall papers of all qualities, when one,
two, three, or more or all of the ingredients, such as the resins, soaps,
starches, oils, and alums, or any other sizing ingredients whatsoever, are

page_text: -
or shall be put in conjunction or combination with the said chloride of
lime or its equivalent in any place, at any time, or in any manner what-
ever for the aforesaid pulp sizing purposes, the Invention being equally
applicable as and for sizing any other article whatsoever that requires
or may require any degree of a waterproof character imparted thereto
or therein.
Again, the aforesaid ingredient may be compounded, combined, or
conjoined with certain other ingredients or materials for the purpose of
making pulp-sized papers of all kinds and qualities and of any and all
degrees of a gum sized or of a waterproof character whatsoever, whether
made from any kind of raw paper stock material whatsoever, or made
from rag fibre raw paper stock material alone, or a mixture of rags and
any kind of textile or fibrous material, or clay paper stock of any kind
combined or conjoined in any manner, or made from any kind of
prepared straw, wood, grass, barks, clays, vegetable fibre, or any mixture
or combination of said materials or any of them, or other like materials
for making paper pulp.
By this Invention both bleached and unbleached paper stock material
may be treated.
If it is applied to bleached paper stock, the stock may have been
previously bleached with chloride of lime or its equivalent. Then for
one quality of paper the chloride of lime must be entirely washed out
of said stock, and a full quantity of fresh chloride of lime or its equi-
valent must be added to the bleached and washed paper stock.
For another quality of paper the chloride of lime or its equivalent may
be partly washed out by the washing engines, or elsewhere or otherwise
washed out, and a corresponding quantity of fresh chloride of lime be
added to the washed stock as the basis of the sizing process.
Again, for another quality of pulp-sized paper all of the chloride of
lime or its equivalent (after the bleaching is finished) must be allowed to
remain in the bleached stock material for the sizing basis, and if desired
or necessary some of the fresh chloride of lime may be added thereto.
I will here describe one of the processes for sizing paper stock and
paper pulp for making pulp-sized papers, but various processes or com-
binations of some or all of the said ingredients will be necessary to work
the different kinds of raw paper-stock material used, and to make the

page_text: different kinds of paper and other articles, and the different degrees of
size or waterproof character required in connection with this Invention.
For making one of the qualities or grades of the hard or strongly
pulp-sized papers of all kinds or descriptions, but more particularly
making the hanging or house wall and other wall papers, take, say, five
hundred (500) pounds more or less of good rag fibre raw paper stock
material, or a mixture of a portion of the said rag paper stock material
with a portion of any other kind of the commonly known and used raw
paper stock materials, and after the said rag fibre paper stock material
shall have been bleached with chloride of lime or its equivalent, or with
any other kind of bleaching ingredient or material, in any place, or at
any time, or in any manner whatsoever, and after the bleaching ingre.
dient or material made use of for bleaching the said paper stock material,
together with all of the dirty water therein, has been or shall be
thoroughly washed out of said bleached paper stock material by the paper
stock washing engines, or by the paper stock or pulp grinding engines,
or elsewhere or otherwise washed out of said bleached paper stock
material, then add to said bleached and washed paper stock material,
say, forty (40) pounds more or less of the chloride of lime or its equi-
valent, or any substitute for the same that will produce its effect, as a
size or a sizing ingredient for the aforesaid sizing purposes. The said
chloride of lime is to remain in said bleached and prepared paper stock
in the engines or elsewhere, to saturate said paper stock thoroughly with
the chloride of lime, to form there the basis or the principle of the new
and improved process of sizing throughout the entire new mode of sizing
paper stock and paper pulp to make pulp-sized papers the most insoluble
or waterproof in character; and if china or other kinds of clay is
intended to be made use of as paper stock material (it being old for such
purpose), then two hours more or less after adding the chloride of lime
to the rag fibre or other fibrous paper stock material, add, say, three
hundred (300) pounds more or less of the clay paper stock material;
then one hour more or less after adding the clay, add to the mass of
paper stock material and the chloride of lime, say, eighteen (18) pounds
more or less of good hard soap or its equivalent for sizing purposes
dissolved in boiling water or otherwise prepared for use and applied in
the engines, pulp tubs, or elsewhere; then one hour more or less after
adding the soap, add to the mass, say, thirty (30) pounds more or less of
starch for sizing purposes, it being old for such purpose; then one hour

page_text: more or less after adding the starch, may be added to the mass five (5)
pounds more or less of hyposulphite of soda to neutralize or render inert
the chlorine gas or the peculiar properties of the chloride of lime, it
being old for such purpose; then add to the mass within one hour more
or less, say, one (1) pint more or less of sperm oil or its equivalent; and
then add, say, one half () pound more or less of ultramarine blue to tint
the paper or impart the different colors to the same, it being old for
such purpose. Now dissolve slowly in hot or cold water, say, fifty (50)
pounds more or less of lump alum or its equivalent for the purpose,
and run the said alum water gradually into the pulp dressers' machine
vats, or elsewhere, with the pulp and the other sizing ingredients therein,
as or immediately before the whole mass of sized paper stock and pulp
and all the said sizing ingredients are or shall be made or worked into
pulp-sized paper by the paper-making machine.
For making one kind of soft or mellow pulp-sized paper, or of the
medium pulp-sized paper, take, say, five hundred (500) pounds more or
less of rags or other fibre or fibrous paper stock material in the engines
or elsewhere; add thereto, say, fifty (50) pounds more or less of the
chloride of lime or its equivalent for sizing purposes, as aforesaid, which
ingredient must remain as for the basis of the sizing process throughout,
that is to say, no part thereof is to be washed out of either the paper
stock material or out of the paper pulp at any time or place or in any
manner before adding the other sizing ingredients thereto, and then
working the whole mass into pulp-sized paper; then two hours more or
less after adding the cloride of lime to the paper stock material, as afore-
said, add to that mass, say, three hundred (300) pounds more or less of
china or other kinds of clay as an additional and unbleached paper stock
material, it being old for that purpose; and one hour more or less after
the clay has been added, add fifteen (15) pounds more or less of hard soap
or its equivalent for sizing purposes (it being old therefor), said soap to
be dissolved in boiling water or otherwise prepared for use, and applied
in the engines or elsewhere. When the pulp is ready to brush, then add
one (1) pint more or less of sperm oil or its equivalent; and then to the
whole mass add, say, fifty (50) pounds more or less of porous or pul-
verised alum in the engines or elsewhere for sizing purposes, the alums
being old for that purpose.
It will be found that the aforesaid nuln-sized paners, especially the

page_text: of ingredients a large quantity of the chloride of lime or its equivalent
for said sizing purpose, become sanitary in character, inasmuch as they
are made disinfectants by passing through the said sizing process.
These papers become poreless soon after being made, and will not allow
dampness to penetrate them, therefore they neither swell nor shrink
when placed on the walls. They preserve the paste and keep it pure,
dry, and wholesome, and make both the paste and paper stick and
adhere firmly to the walls for a long time without exhibiting signs of
becoming loose. No vermin will breed, harbor, or live in the paste
between these papers and the walls to create disease, which is prevented
by poreless pulp-sized papers.
I do not confine myself in any way whatsoever to any particular
process of or for said sizing purposes, nor to the proportions, con-
junctions, or combinations of either the paper stock materials or the
sizing ingredients separately or collectively as to quantity, quality, time,
place, use, mode of preparation, or application for use for the aforesaid
sizing purposes, since these may be greatly varied without departing
from the principle and nature of the Invention.
The Invention is equally applicable for sizing or imparting a water-
proof character to cotton, linen, hemp, flax, and other raw textile or
fibrous substances; to muslin, linen, silk, and other fabrics; and to
mineral, vegetable, and animal substances generally.
I do not claim the exclusive use of the chloride of lime or its equi-
valent for bleaching the raw paper stock materials or any other articles,
it being old for such purpose; neither do I claim the exclusive use of
the china or other clays as paper stock material; nor the hyposulphite
of soda to neutralize or render inert the chlorine gas or the peculiar
properties of the chloride of lime; nor the ultramarine blue to impart
the different tints or colours to the papers, they being old for their
respective purposes, as above mentioned; but what I do claim is,―.
First. As a sizing ingredient chloride of lime or its equivalent, sub-
stantially as and for the purpose set forth.
Second. Chloride of lime or its equivalent in quantities large or small
as a new and essential sizing ingredient or material, and as a basis or
principle in any composition of other sizing ingredients in and for sizing
paper stock materials or paper pulps to make pulp-sized papers, and for
sizing any other article that has required or may require any degree of a

page_text: poreless gum size or of a waterproof character imparted thereto or
therein, substantially as and for the purpose described.
Third. The process of sizing paper stock materials and paper pulps to
make pulp-sized papers when chloride of lime or its equivalent shall
compose a constituent part of the composition or mass of other sizing
ingredients or materials, substantially as and for the purpose described.
Fourth. Chloride of lime as a sizing ingredient in combination with
the resins, soaps, starches, oils, tallows, and alums separately or col-
lectively, substantially as and for the purpose set forth,
In witness whereof, I, the said Benjamin Joseph Barnard Mills,
have hereunto set my hand and seal, this Third day of January,
in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-
three.