IMPROVEMENTS IN REFRIGERATIVE AND OTHER VESSELS AND UTENSILS, AND THE MODE OF CONSTRUCTING AND PRODUCING THE SAME
Year: 1871

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to George Tomlinson Bousfield, of Loughborough
Park, Brixton, in the County of Surrey, for the Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN REFRIGERATIVE AND OTHER VESSELS AND UTENSILS, AND
THE MODE OF CONSTRUCTING AND PRODUCING THE SAME."-A communi-
cation from abroad by Kingston Goddard, residing at Richmond,
New York, and John Popkin Adams, residing at Brooklyn, New
York, both in the United States of America.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said George Tomlinson
Bousfield at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his
Petition, on the 4th August 1871.
I, GEORGE TOMLINSON BOUSFIELD, of Loughborough Park, Brixton,
in the County of Surrey, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN REFRIGERATIVE AND OTHER VESSELS AND
UTENSILS, AND THE MODE OF CONSTRUCTING AND PRODUCING THE SAME," to be as
follows:-
The said Invention relates to vessels or utensils for holding, keeping
cool, and preserving articles of drink and food, and for other purposes,

page_text: and consists of a combination of a form or body of wood, pasteboard,
papier maché, or other light and inexpensive non-conducting material,
with a covering and lining or a lining only of sheet metal, glass,
porcelain, or other suitable impervious material that will not affect the
purity of the vessel's contents. Such vessels and utensils may be made
by turning or otherwise shaping the said form or body of wood or other
material, and covering or lining the same by depositing a suitable
metallic coating thereon by the process of electroplating, or by spinning
sheet metal in to or on to the said wooden or other form or body or both,
and afterwards coating the metal with silver, tin, or other metal, by the
electroplating or other process for a finish and to preserve the spun
metal from corrosion and from affecting the contents of the vessel, or by
applying a coating of glass or other vitreous material or compound to
the said wooden or other form or body, or to its metallic coating or lining,
or both, as a finish and to render the lining non-corrosive, or by com-
bining with the said wooden or other form or body a separate lining or
vessel of porcelain, glass, or earthenware of a character suited to hold
and preserve articles of the nature for which the said vessels and utensils
are designed.
Refrigerative vessels known as "ice pitchers" and the like are made
with a straight or cylindrical body that is adapted to receive the ice in a
single lump as large as can be introduced at the top, which is not so
quickly melted as a number of smaller lumps or fragments.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said George Tomlinson Bousfield in the Great Seal 25
Patent Office on the 3rd February 1872.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, GEORGE
TOMLINSON BOUSFIELD, of Loughborough Park, Brixton, in the County
of Surrey, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her 3
Letters Patent, bearing date the Fourth day of August, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-one, in the thirty-
fifth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give
and grant unto me, the said George Tomlinson Bousfield, Her special
license that I, the said George Tomlinson Bousfield, my executors, 3

page_text: administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said George Tom-
linson Bousfield, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at
any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN REFRIGERATIVE AND OTHER VESSELS AND UTENSILS, AND
THE MODE OF CONSTRUCTING AND PRODUCING THE SAME," (a communication to
him from abroad by Kingston Goddard, residing at Richmond, New
York, and John Popkin Adams, residing at Brooklyn, New York, both
in the United States of America,) upon the condition (amongst others)
that I, the said George Tomlinson Bousfield, my executors or adminis-
trators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their
hands and scals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of
the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed,
and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within
six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said George Tomlinson Bousfield, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement thereof, that is to say :—
The said Invention relates to the fabrication or manufacture of various
kinds of vessels and utensils for holding, keeping cool, and preserving in
purity and freshness for use articles of food or drink, and including
vessels and utensils of the nature of table ware and others for household
and dairy purposes, together with vessels of the nature of vases, urns,
and other ornamental wares usually constructed wholly or in part of
wood, metal, glass, porcelain, earthenware, or paper mache, or like
material.
The said Invention consists in combining in a solid wall constituting
the shell or body of such vessels and utensils an interior form or sub-
stance of wood, cork, paper, pasteboard, papier mache, or other light,
inexpensive, and non-conducting material, with an external or internal
covering or lining, or both, of metal, or a lining of enamelled metal or
material.
And the said Invention also consists in making or constructing such
vessels and utensils by turning, moulding, or otherwise shaping the said

page_text: interior substance of wood or other material, and in enclosing, covering,
or lining the same by depositing a suitable metallic coating thereon by
the process of electroplating, or by spinning sheet metal in to or on to
the said wooden or other form or substance, or both, and afterwards
adding the trimmings and ornaments thereto, and coating the whole
with silver, tin, or other metal by the electroplating or other process for
a finish and to preserve the metal from corrosion and from affecting the
contents of the vessel, or by applying in proper form and manner a
coating of glass, porcelain, enamel, or other like material to the said
wooden or other form or substance, or to the metallic coating or lining,
or both, as a finish, and to render the lining non-corrosive, pure, and
innoxious, or by combining with the said wooden or other form or sub-
stance a separate lining or vessel of porcelain, glass, or earthenware of a
character suited to hold and preserve articles of the nature of which the
said vessels and utensils are chiefly designed.
The said Invention further consists in the employment in the class of
refrigerating vessels known as "ice pitchers" and the like of a body
that is cylindrically straight, or nearly so, and adapted in consequence
to receive the ice in single lumps as large as can be introduced at the
top, which are not so quickly melted as smaller lumps or fragments.
The said Invention is also applicable to the manufacture of articles
other than vessels and utensils of the character enumerated, wherein a
wooden or other form or body is enclosed and covered and finished with
metal as by the processes mentioned, as for instance knobs for doors,
handles for knives and forks, heads for canes and umbrellas, and like
uses and purposes.
In the said Drawings Figure 1 is an elevation of the straight bodied
ice pitcher; Figure 2 is a vertical section of the same; Figure 3 is a
vertical section of the interior wooden or other form, substance, or body
herein mentioned; Figure 4 is a similar view of the same, with the
sheet metal covering as applied by the operation of spinning; Figure 5
is a vertical section of a like pitcher body with a sheet metal covering
and a lining coated with porcelain, enamel, etc.; Figure 6 is a view of
a tapering wooden or other interior body of an ice pitcher; Figure 7 is
a view of a swelling tapering body of wood or other material for an ice
pitcher Figure 8 is an elevation of a water cooler; Figure 9 is an
elevation of a wine cooler; Figure 10 is a vertical section of the same;

page_text: Figure 11 is a vertical section of a butter cooler. Similar letters of
reference, where they occur, indicate like parts in all the said Figures.
In the said Drawings A is the interior substance, form, or body of the
proposed vessel or utensil, which is by preference made of wood on
account of the facility with which that material can be procured and
wrought by mechanism into the requisite shapes, its cheapness, and
ornamental effect, and because of its non-conducting properties. The
cylindrical or other forms for the side walls of such vessels may be
produced either by turning the form from a solid block of wood or by
setting it up in sections or staves glued together and afterwards turned
if necessary to the desired form.
The cover A¹ and the bottom A²
are turned from flat pieces of wood. The more fanciful or difficult
forms for the side walls, as, for instance, that of Figure 7, may be
made in two or more parts or sections separating, as at the line a, a, to
provide for the introduction of the rounded or lobe-shaped lining, or
at the line h, h, Figure 6, for the tapering lining, shewn by dotted
lines in both said Figures.
The interior substance of the solid walls may be of cork put into the
requisite form by bending a single sheet or slab of the material into a
cylindrical or tapering form and gluing its edges together in a suitable
manner, or by setting up the form in sections or staves of this material
and uniting their edges by gluing, or by laying a bottom and the form
for the side walls by sections within the external shell or metallic
covering, and afterwards forcing in the internal shell or lining of metal
or other material in a manner to compress the body of cork and unite
the whole in a solid wall of the character mentioned.
The interior form or substance of the solid wall may be of paper or
pasteboard rolled and pasted together, and dried and pressed by ironing
or otherwise upon a form, if necessary, or of macerated paper moulded
or wrought into form after the method practised in making forms or
bodies of papièr maché, or of a composition of sawdust and glue or
other suitable compound moulded or otherwise wrought into form
by well-known means.
In cases where the external metallic or other covering is dispensed
with, bodics or forms of wood set up in sections or staves, as shewn in
Figures 8 and 9, of alternate light and dark colors, if desirable, and
coated with oil, varnish, polish, or laquer to produce a finish, with the

page_text: grain of the wood or other well-known finish concealing the wood or
other material of the body in imitation of other material, or for producing
an ornamental effect, may be employed.
The interior form or substance of the solid wall body of the vessel or
utensil being produced in either of the ways mentioned, or otherwise,
the next step is to encase the same in an hermetically sealed covering of
metal over the entire inner and outer surface of wood or other material.
This may be accomplished by the electro-plating process by first coating
the body thoroughly with plumbago or other substance upon which the
after coating of metal may be deposited, after which it is placed in the
plating bath and a thick coating of copper or other suitable metal
deposited on the plumbago surface, and by the same means an after
thin coating of silver, nickel, or other metal may be deposited on the
copper for a finish, and to avoid corrosion; thus the interior form
A, A1, A2, is completely encased in metal f, which may afterwards be
finished or ornamented in any well-known way.
In cases where the form of the body will admit of it the interior
form or substance may be encased in metal and form a solid wall or
body by the operation of spinning sheet metal on or within a form
or body, by burnishing the metal snugly against the surface of the form
while both are revolving swiftly as in a turning lathe; and in such cases
by thus revolving the actual form or substance herein mentioned, and
burnishing the sheet metal closely to its surfaces to form the solid wall
body of the vessel or utensil described. This may be accomplished by
striking up or drawing up sheet metal into the approximate form (if it
will facilitate the operation), and afterwards reducing and adapting the
metal form thus produced to that of the interior form or substance A,
described as shewn in Figure 4, by burnishing the metal f snugly against
and into the depressions d or other conformations of the entire surface
of the form A, and against the more regular shape or conformation of
the inner surface of the same, and finally burnishing the inner metal or
lining over the edge of the form A and uniting it by soldering to
the edge of the outer metal covering, to close in and hermetically seal the
form or substance A in the metallic encasement f. The metal generally
used for this purpose is the composition known as Brittania or white
metal, though others of sufficient pliability may be employed, and the
solid wall body of the vessel or utensil after being produced as described

page_text: may receive its members, appliances, or ornaments that have been
separately made of the same or kindred metal and attached to the said
body by soldering or otherwise in the usual way, which being done, the
whole structure may be placed in the plating bath, and silver, nickel, or
other metal deposited uniformly on the entire metallic surface by the
electroplating process, or, if it be desirable, a double thick coating or
lining of pure silver or other suitable metal may be deposited on the
interior surface of the vessel or utensil, as an extra precaution against
corrosion or any noisome effect upon the contents of the same. The
wooden or other form or substance thus completely encased in metal by
either of the processes mentioned, besides being protected from decom-
position or decay and their effects, also performs the office of giving
material substance and form to the structure resisting indentation and
other effects of accidental thumps and blows from within or without on
the metal, and by its non-conducting properties protects the contents of
the vessel from the effects of the heat or cold of the external atmosphere.
Instead of the metallic lining with an extra thick coating of silver to
insure immunity from the noxious effect on articles of drink and food
arising from contact with metal, a lining of glass, porcelain, or enamel
may be employed within the vessel or utensil, as shewn in Figure 5, by
making the inner metalf of sheet or cast iron (to sustain the requisite
heat), coated with porcelain or enamel I as in well-known vessels for
culinary purposes, or by inserting a glass, porcelain, china, or earthen
vessel of the requisite form and size in the body as a lining for the same,
in place of the said enamelled metal lining. In the use of either of
which linings the shape of the bottom and adjoining portions of the
sides is better rounded and made without angles to avoid fracture by
the intense heat to which it is subjected in the baking and glazing
operations; and the wooden or other form or substance A of the vessel
is shaped in conformity thereto, as shewn in Figures 5 and 7.
In accordance with the means and processes described, solid wall ice
pitchers are made like that represented in Figure 1, and with different
shaped bodies, as of Figures 6 and 7, by clothing the wooden or other
form or substance A in an hermetically sealed metallic casing f, and
after soldering the cast metal handle H, spout S, knob K, and hinge E
to the encased body and cover, deposit a coating of silver on the whole
by the electroplating process, and an extra coating to the lining by con-

page_text: tinuing the deposit within after the vessel itself has been removed from
the plating bath, and such vessels are made with tapering or swelling
walls and correspondingly shaped metal linings by making the form or
substance A in two or more sections or parts to admit of inserting the
lining, and after uniting the sections by gluing, encasing the whole in
metal, and coat the same and its members and ornaments with silver in
the usual way. Butter coolers, Figure 11, and similar articles of table
ware are made by turning or otherwise forming the body and cover
A and A¹ in form from wood or other material, electroplating or
spinning a complete encasement of metal ƒ thereon, attaching the
knob K and other members and ornaments, and then coating the whole
with silver for a finish, and as in the butter cooler supplying a
saucer I of metal, porcelain, or china ware to receive the article of
food, &c.
Water coolers, Figure 8, and wine coolers, Figures 9 and 10, are made
with a form or substance of wood set up in staves secured together by
tongues and grooves and surrounding hoops G, and sealed inside with
metal turned over and outside the top edge as at V, and with a cover L
to each similarly constructed. The external surface of the wood being
oiled, varnished, or otherwise finished as herein-before described, the
knob K, faucet F, handles H, and the inner frame or bottle holder D
of the wine cooler being of metal made separately and afterwards
attached thereto, and finally plated with the other metal parts in the
manner described.
Handles for table and other cutlery may be made by electroplating
the wooden or other handle as described, or by drawing a metallic tube
of corresponding shape on a wooden or other form or substance for the
handle by means of drawing dies or plates, and afterwards securing the
tube or encasement to the blade by soldering, and coat the whole with
silver, nickel, or other metal to give the finish, and I make dish cover
knobs, cane and umbrella heads, and ferules or tips by the same method,
or by spinning the metal into the form when the shape will admit of it,
and finally coating the whole with silver or other metal for a finish.
Now having thus fully described the said Invention, and the means
and processes of carrying the same into effect, I claim,―
First. The wooden or other non-conducting form or substance of a
solid wall body of a vessel or utensil substantially as described.

page_text: Second. I claim the solid wall or body composed of the said non-
conducting form or substance with an hermetically sealed metallic
encasement of the same, substantially as described.
Third. I claim the process of hermetically encasing a wooden or other
form or substance with metal by coating the same with plumbago or
other suitable substance, and afterwards depositing on this coatings of
other suitable metals by the electroplating process, substantially as
described.
Fourth. I claim the process of hermetically encasing a wooden or
other form or substance as described by spinning sheet metal or
approximate forms thereof otherwise produced into and on to the said
form and afterwards sealing the same by soldering the edges of the
separate parts together, substantially as described.
Fifth. I claim in a vessel or utensil the combination of the solid wall
of wood or other non-conducting material and an outer metallic covering
with a lining of enamelled metal, substantially as described.
Sixth. I claim in a vessel or utensil the solid wall of non-conducting
material and outer metal, and a glass, porcelain, china, earthen vessel
as a lining inserted therein, substantially as and for the purpose
described.
Seventh. I claim the combination in a vessel or utensil of a solid
wall of uncovered non-conducting material and an inner encasement or
lining of metal, substantially as and for the purpose described.
Eighth. I claim the combination in a vessel or utensil of a solid wall
of uncovered non-conducting material as described and an inner vessel
or lining of glass, porcelain, enamel, earthenware, or like material,
substantially as herein described.
Ninth. I claim the ice pitcher body made cylindrically straight or
nearly so substantially as shewn and described as a new article of
) manufacture.
Tenth. I claim in utensils of the nature of table cutlery, for handles
to the same, for knobs for doors, etc., heads and ends or ferules for canes
and umbrellas, the combination of a wooden or equivalent form or body
with a metallic covering substantially such as is described.

page_text: Eleventh. I claim the process of spinning on a metallic shell or casing
on a wooden or other suitable form which is left in to become the
substance or body of the structure, substantially as described.
In witness whereof, I, the said George Tomlinson Bousfield, have
hereunto set my hand and seal, this First day of February, in the 5
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-two.
GEO. T. BOUSFIELD. (L.S.)