Year: 1887

page_text: A communication from abroad by Louis SEPULCHRE, of Herstal, near Lèige, in the
Kingdom of Belgium, Manufacturer.
1 DANIEL COLEMAN DEFRIES, of the firm of J. Defries & Sons, of No. 147
Houndsditch, in the City of London, in the County of Middlesex, Manufacturer, do
hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows :-
This invention relates to contracted chimneys for circular burners, and consists in a
novel and methodical arrangement of the sides or surfaces acting directly on the
flame.
In the ordinary chimney, the contraction is abrupt and local and contracts the
currents which circulate within it almost at one point, above which point they move
between sides or walls abruptly and considerably widened and apart. It should first
be observed, that at this point, which is submitted to an intense heat, far from equally
experienced by the adjoining parts, the chimney, by reason of unequal heating, is
exposed to breakage by rupture of the equilibrium and the cohesion of the molecules,
and in fact nearly always does break. It should be further observed that this contrac
tion is above the orifice of the burner, at a height determined by experience so that the
lighting and the primary combustion take place below its level and that the real and
definitive combustion is accomplished in front and above. Now by reason of the
expansion produced immediately above the abrupt and decided enlargement of the
section of the chimney, this combustion really takes place only in front of the con-
traction, the only point where the sides act, and becomes imperfect a slight distance
above it.
By my modification in the sides or surfaces which affect the flame I avoid the
breakage of the chimney, while ensuring a complete and regular combustion to the
extremities of the flame.
As the firing of the gases, that is to say their first degree of combustion, can only
suitably take place and develop in a tranquil medium where the current of air is

page_text: little felt, I give to this zone of combustion, to this preparatory fire chamber, all the
breadth allowed by the base of the chimney. But, at a height above the orifice of
the burner, much less than in the ordinary chimney, this first combustion chamber is
terminated by a horizontal, or nearly horizontal, contraction of the sides which
greatly reduces the section of the passage, but at a level which by reason of the slight
heat developed by the kindling flame is permitted without fear of breakage.
From this point and up to a suitable height the contraction is slightly prominent,
to bring the currents of air and of gas into intimate contact of penetration, and
the sides or walls form between them a small intermediate fire chamber or zone, at the
base of which the combustion is still partial and at the top of which it becomes
definitive and complete.
It is at this point that begins the real zone of intense combustion, it is of narrow section
and comprised between sides first vertical for a slight height, where the contraction is
maximum, then slightly widened out up to the highest level that the flame can
practically reach. These sides or walls may be vertical in this entire height, but it is
preferable that, first vertical or nearly so, they then slightly widen out. This successive
enlargement of the section of the intermediate fire-chamber or zone all around the flame
permits the flame to spread or develop, deviates the currents and consequently promotes
their continuous mixing, as also the continuous regeneration of the layers of air which,
by their contact with the flame, are spent in combustion. It is further desirable that
as the intimate penetration of the burning air and gases is obtained by the cylindrical
contracted sides of the base of the intermediate fire chamber, the section of this latter
should then enlarge progressively in proportion to the intense heat and the dilatation
of the currents which go increasing from its base to its summit. Nevertheless the
result is, that starting from the chamber of primary combustion up to the top of the
chamber of definitive combustion, that is to say in the entire height of the quick
contraction, the section of the passage remains contracted in my arrangement, and
that it only varies insensibly and with very gentle curving from one point to another,
so that the sides of the chimney nowhere present any angle on their surface, are heated
equally at every point and are thus preserved from breakage.
Above the chamber of definitive combustion, that is to say, from the point up to
which the flame is susceptible of developement, the chimney takes again the breadth
and the shape suitable for the free and easy escape of the products of combustion.
Dated this Twenty ninth day of January 1887.

page_text: COMI DEIN DI DUIFICATION.
Improvements in Chimneys for Lamps Burning Mineral Oil.
A communication from abroad by LOUIS SEPULCHRE, of Herstal, near Liège, in the
Kingdom of Belgium, Manufacturer.
I, DANIEL COLEMAN DEFRIES of the firm of J. Defries and Sons of No. 147
Houndsditch in the City of London in the County of Middlesex Manufacturer, do
hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement:
This Invention relates to contracted chimneys for circular burners, and consists in
a novel and methodical arrangment of the sides or surfaces acting directly on the
flame.
In the ordinary Chimney, the contraction is abrupt and local and contracts the
currents which circulate within it almost at one point, above which point they move
between sides or walls abruptly and considerably widened and apart. It should first
be observed, that at this point, which is submitted to an intense heat, far from equally
experienced by the adjoining parts, the Chimney, by reason of unequal beating, is
exposed to breakage by rupture of the equilibrium and the cohesion of the molecules,
and in fact nearly always does break. It should be further observed that this contrac-
tion is above the orifice of the burner, at a height determined by experience, so that
the lighting and the primary combustion take place below its level and that the real
and definitive combustion is accomplished in front and above. Now by reason of the
expansion produced immediately above the abrupt and decided enlargement of the
section of the Chimney, this combustion really takes place only in front of the contrac-
tion, the only point where the sides act, and becomes imperfect a slight distance
above it.
By my modification in the sides or surfaces which affect the flame I avoid the
breakage of the Chimney, while ensuring a complete and regular combustion to the
extremities of the flame, as I will now proceed to explain reference being had to
the accompanying drawing representing in vertical section a chimney embodying my
invention, drawn ordinary size.
As the firing of the gases, that is to say their first degree of combustion, can only
suitably take place and develop in a tranquil medium where the current of air is little
felt, I give to this zone of combustion to this preparatory fire chamber (A) all the
breadth allowed by the base of the Chimney. But, at a height above the orifice of
the burner, much less than in the ordinary chimney, this first combustion chamber
is terminated by a horizontal or nearly horizontal, contraction (R) of the sides which
greatly reduces the section of the passage but at a level which by reason of the slight
heat developed by the kindling flame is permitted without fear of breakage.
From this point and up to a suitable height the contraction is slightly prominent,
to bring the currents of air and of gas into intimate contact of penetration, and the

page_text: 4
sides or walls form between them a small intermediate fire chamber or zone (B) at
the base of which the combustion is still partial and at the top of which it becomes
definitive and complete.
It is at this point that begins the real zone of intense combustion (C), it is of
narrow section and comprised between sides first vertical for a slight height, where
the contraction is maximum (C) then slightly widened out up to the highest level (D)
that the flame can practically reach. These sides or walls may be vertical in this
entire height, but it is preferable that, first vertical or nearly so, they then slightly
widen out. This successive enlargement of the section of the intermediate fire
chamber or zone all around the flame permits the flame to spread or develop, deviates
the currents and consequently promotes their continuous mixing, as also the continuous
regeneration of the layers of air which, by their contact with the flame, are spent in
combustion. It is further desirable that as the intimate penetration of the burning
air and gases is obtained by the cylindrical contracted sides of the base of the inter-
mediate fire chamber, the section of this latter should then enlarge progressively in
proportion to the intense heat and the dilatation of the currents which go increasing
from its base to its summit. Nevertheless the result is, that starting from the chamber
of primary combustion up to the top of the chamber of definitive combustion, that is
to say in the entire height of the quick contraction, the section of the passage remains
contracted in my arrangement, and that it only varies insensibly and with very gentle
curving from one point to another, so that the sides of the Chimney nowhere present
any angle on their surface, are heated equally at every point and are thus preserved
from breakage.
Above the chamber of definitive combustion, that is to say, from the point (D), up
to which the flame is susceptible of developement, the chimney takes again the breadth
and the shape suitable for the free and easy escape of the products of combustion.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
Invention and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what 1
claim is
In lamp chimneys contracted above the flame and for circular burners, the herein-
before described novel and methodical modification of the arrangement of the sides
or surfaces within which the flame is developed, and consisting
Firstly, as regards combustion: in the establishment of three distinct and con-
secutive chambers or zones of combustion, as described, namely the lower zone formed
by the vertical sides of the base of the glass and by an upper side, horizontal or
nearly so, determining a contraction of section a little above the origin of the flame,
the intermediate zone of slight elevation, the base of which rests upon the horizontal
side of the first zone, and the sides of which go on narrowing upward to a suitable
minimum of contraction, and the zone of complete combustion at the base of which
the contraction terminating the intermediate zone is maintained for a slight height,
and then constitutes by sides either vertical or preferably slightly widening, and
extending preferably to the highest level that the flame is capable of attaining in its
development, the whole terminated by an evacuation or escape zone of suitable height,
breadth of section and shape.
Secondly, as regards prevention from breakage; in the absence of any angle, or
even prominent curving, in the sides or surfaces facing the points where the flame is
brisk and intense.