IMPROVEMENTS IN THE APPARATUS FOR AND PROCESS OF PRINTING
Year: 1849

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, BARTHOLOMEW
BENIOWSKI, of Bow Street, Covent Garden, in the County of Middlesex,
Major in the late Polish Army, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by
Her Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing
date at Westminster, the Twenty-sixth day of April, in the twelfth year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto
me, the said Bartholomew Beniowski, Her especial license, full power, sole
privilege and authority, that I, the said Bartholomew Beniowski, my exors,
adñiors, and assigns, and such others as I, the said Bartholomew Beniowski,
my exors, admors, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from
time to time and at all times during the term of years therein mentioned,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England,
Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and in all Her Majesty's Colònies
and Plantations abroad, and in the Islands of Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney,
Sark, and Man, my Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE APPARATUS FOR AND
PROCESS OF PRINTING;" in which said Letters Patent is contained a proviso
obliging me, the said Bartholomew Beniowski, by an instrument in writing
under my hand and seal, particularly to describe and ascertain the nature of
my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, and

page_text: to cause the same to be inrolled in Her Majesty's High Court of Chancery
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
in part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being there-
unto had, will more fully and at large appear..
NO KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Bartholomew Beniowski, do hereby declare that the nature of my said
Invention, and the manner in which the same is to be performed, is parti-
cularly described and ascertained in and by the following description thereof,
reference being had to the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the letters and
figures marked thereon (that is to say) :-
I shall describe my improvements under the following heads :-
Firstly, improvements relating to types for letterpress printing.
Secondly, improvements in apparatus for "composing" type.
Thirdly, improvements in apparatus for inking printing surfaces, or supplying
them with coloring matter; and,
Fourthly, improvements in machinery for printing.
The improvements under the first head of my Invention, which relate, as
above stated, to types, consist, in the first place, in rendering the ordinary
shape of the body-part of types more suitable for printing from cylindrical
surfaces. It will be easily understood, that in composing with the ordinary
types on a cylindrical surface, a truly cylindrical surface of type cannot be
obtained. For this purpose it would be necessary to employ types of a slightly
tapering form, which must of course vary, however slightly, according to the
diameter of the cylinder upon which they are imposed, and for which reason it
would be necessary to have a special shape of type for each machine. I
obviate this by coating the ordinary types with different thicknesses of varnish
at different parts of the length of their back and nick surfaces, and thereby
produce the taper required. I do not confine myself to any particular mode of
doing this, as the object might be effected in various ways. I will, how-
ever, describe the method I prefer to employ for this purpose:-I lay the
types upon a flat surface, such as a type-founder's setting-up stick, with the
back side upwards, and lay on one coat of varnish over about half its surface
from the foot upwards, then a second, and, if necessary, a third coat over
about a quarter of its surface. When dry, I turn the type over by the ordinary
means practised by the type-founders when "dressing" type, and proceed in
the same manner on the nick side; and when this is dry I dress the type in
the ordinary manner, in order to clean off any asperities which may occur at
the edges of the type. Types will thus be produced tapering from the foot
upwards. The types, as above prepared, are intended to be used for printing

page_text: from my improved machine, for which I obtained Letters Patent, bearing date
the Fourteenth day of October, One thousand eight hundred and forty-seven,
in which the types are set up on the inside or concave surface of a cylinder;
but it will, of course, be understood, that if they be required to be used in a
machine in which the types are imposed on the outside or convex surface of
the cylinder, the upper portion of the type, or that nearest the face, must be
made the thickest. Types prepared in the above manner could not be cleaned
in the ordinary way, with a solution of potash, without destroying the varnish;
I therefore employ for this purpose a method somewhat similar to that usually
adopted for cleaning wood engravings. The substance I use for this purpose
is common turpentine, and in order to prevent this from entering the inter-
stices between the types, and acting upon the varnish, I proceed as follows:-
The inking rollers must first be thrown out of gear or taken out, and the types
cleaned as much as possible by passing a few sheets through the machine. I
then pour water over the types, and dry the faces with a sponge leaving the
water in the interstices; then with a brush dipped in turpentine I clean the
faces of the types, the turpentine being prevented by the water from acting
upon any other part of the type, I then again pass a few more sheets through
the machine, and the types will be as clean as when first cast.
My next improvement under this head consists in an improvement in the
construction of moulds for casting types. In Sheet I. Fig. 1 represents one
of my improved moulds complete. Figs. 2 and 3 shew the two halves of the
same separated. The peculiarity of this mould consists in its being so con-
structed as to receive the type metal at the side instead of at the top, as usual.
The orifice or channel for the reception of the melted metal is shewn at a.
By such construction of the mould I effect great economy, as I dispense with
the most expensive parts of the mould viz. the mouth-pieces, and a great
portion of the back plates. It will be understood, that the process of casting
is performed by means of the pump. Another advantage in casting from the
side instead of the top is, that the "blowing occurring at the "break," when
casting with the pump, being at the side instead of the foot of the types, is less
injurious. This advantage will be readily understood.
The second head of my Invention, which relates to improvements in
apparatus for "composing" types, consists,-Firstly, in an improvement in
the apparatus designated as the authoriton, and described in my former
Patents, severally bearing date the Seventeenth November, One thousand
eight hundred and forty-six, and Fourteenth October, One thousand eight
hundred and forty seven; and, Secondly, in an apparatus which I denominate
the "revolving composing stick."

page_text: The improved authoriton is shewn at Figs. 4, Sheet II. The improvement
consists in cutting notches a in the partitions which separate the types. The
object of this is to allow the tweezers to pick up any type which may lie close
to the partition, the notches easily admitting the leg of the tweezers.
The improved apparatus which I denominate the "revolving composing
stick," is shewn in Sheet II., at Figures 5, 6, and 7; Fig. 5, being a front
elevation; Fig. 6, an end elevation; and Fig. 7, a perspective view. It
consists of an angular piece'a, which may be of any suitable material, attached
to which piece a is a composing stick 6, of the ordinary construction. The
piece a is mounted on the top of a vertical rod c, which rod c passes through a
hole in the table d; the lower end of this rod turns in a socket, which socket
is supported by the bracket e screwed to the table d. The advantages of this
improved apparatus are,-First, that the compositor is enabled to handle the
composing stick with much greater facility, as he can turn it to any required
position; and, secondly, he is not obliged continually to bear the weight of the
composing stick charged with types, as is ordinarily the case, and, from which
cause compositors become deformed, the left shoulder being higher than the
right. This apparatus can only be conveniently used when composing from
my authoriton.
The improvement under the third head of my Invention consists in cover-
ing the composition usually employed for the manufacture of inking rollers
with some material which shall have the effect of protecting it from atmo-
spheric influences, and also allow of the inking cylinders being driven at an
increased speed without the risk of the composition being melted or otherwise
injured by the rapid motion. Various substances, such as gutta percha or
ordinary india rubber, may be employed for this purpose, but I prefer that
usually called vulcanized india rubber. These rollers are constructed by pour-
ing the melted composition into vulcanized india rubber tubes, in the centre of
which a rod is placed to serve as the axle. I also construct a very effective
roller by pouring water or any other liquid into a vulcanized india rubber
tube, one end of which has been stopped with a perforated stopper, having a
rod passed through its centre, which rod extends through the tube and projects
to any convenient distance beyond it. When the tube is filled with water, I
stop up the other end by passing another perforated stopper over the other
end of the rod and inserting it in the tube. It will of course be understood
that both ends of the roller thus formed must be rendered water-tight.
The improvements in machinery for printing which constitute the fourth
head of my Invention are represented in Sheets I., III., and IV., and relate

page_text: principally to the operations of feeding, conducting, and delivering the paper
during the operation of printing.
Fig. 8, Sheet III., is a front elevation of my concave cylindrical printing
machine described in the Specification of my Patent, bearing date the Four-
teenth day of October, One thousand eight hundred and forty-seven, with my
present improvements adapted thereto. Fig. 9 is a vertical side projection of
a portion of the cylinder and framework. Fig. 10 is a partial horizontal pro-
jection of the same. Similar letters denote corresponding parts in all these
Figures. A, A, is the framework of the machine. B, B, is the main cylinder,
in the interior of which the form or forms of types are imposed. This cylinder
is mounted on antifriction rollers C, and driven as described in the Specifi-
cation of my above-mentioned Patent. D, D, are the printing rollers mounted
in brackets attached to the framework. E, E, are the distributing rollers.
F is one of the inking rollers. G is the ink fountain. H is the vibrating
roller for supplying the inking table with ink. This inking apparatus is driven
as described in my former Patent. The position of the form of type is repre-
'sented at I. a, a, are the feeding boards upon which the paper to be fed into
the machine is placed. b, b, are the delivery boards which receive the paper
after it has been printed upon. These boards move in slides in order to
allow of their being taken out separately when required. c, c, are rollers
mounted in a vibrating frame K, which extends accross the machine. Around
these rollers an endless blanket d, is passed. This blanket is furnished with
stripes of a sticky substance (which I will presently describe) for picking up
the paper and feeding it into the machine. These stripes are shewn by the
red color at 3, s, in Figures 9, 11, and 12, Sheets III. and IV. e, e, are
pinions mounted on the ends of one of the rollers c; into these pinions fixed
vertical racks f, f, gear, as shewn in the Drawing. At each end of the
frame K, in which the feeding rollers c are mounted, is fixed a lever g, which
oscillates vertically on a fulcrum h, projecting from the framing A, A. i is
a strong spring fixed to the framework, which raises the lever g by pressing
upon its short arm. This spring is furnished with a roller i*, which is acted
upon by a cam j (shewn by dots in Fig. 8) fixed to the interior of the main
cylinder. To the longitudinal stationary piece k are affixed hooked guide
springs 1, which partly surround the printing cylinder D. m are delivering
bands which are passed round rollers n, supported by brackets attached to the
feeding board a immediately above. The delivering bands m are severally
furnished with looped pieces of india rubber, leather, or other elastic sub-
stance m*, which I denominate "skating pieces." These "skating pieces"

page_text: are intended, as the paper delivered from the printing roller, to press it upon
and slide it up a rail o, o, which I call a "skating rail.". To the chase con-
taining the form of type are affixed pieces p, which I call margin pieces, as
shewn in Figures 11, 13, and 14, Sheets I. and IV. These pieces project
above the printing surface of the types about one sixteenth of an inch, and are
made of india rubber, leather, or some other elastic substance.
The operation of this machine is as follows:-Paper having been placed
upon the feeding board a (as at z), motion is communicated to the main
cylinder B, as described in my former Specification, when the cam j (shewn
by dots. in Fig. 8) will raise the spring i from the lever g (as shewn also by
dots, in Fig. 8); and the vibrating frame K, with the feeding rollers c, will
be allowed to fall upon the paper z, on the delivery board a, by which the top
sheet of paper will be caused to adhere to the sticky stripes s (as shewn at
Fig. 8). The cam j, having passed the spring i, allows that spring to fall and
press upon the lever g, by which the said lever is made to raise the frame K,
and rollers c, c, which rollers in rising are caused to revolve by means of the
toothed pinion working in the fixed rack f, and the sticky stripes which are
attached to the endless blanket d, by which the rollers are surrounded, will
lift up a sheet of paper from the board a (as shewn by the green line, Fig. 11,
Sheet IV.), and the rollers c, c, revolving within the blanket d, and stripes 8 (by
the rack and pinion as before mentioned) will cause that sheet to be moved forward
until its advancing margin comes in contact with the hooked springs 1, 1. Simul-
taneously with this just described progress of the sheet, it is progressively detached
from the sticky stripes s by means of the wires g. These wires stretch across
the oscillating frame K in the intervals which are between the sticky stripes;
the ends of these wires are fixed to the frame K. The paper is now in a
position to be carried forward by the margin pieces p, and printing cylinder D,
and next between the printing surface and printing cylinder D. Simulta-
neously with this last progressive motion of the paper, the sheet slides upon
the hooked wires I, and also becomes detached from the printing surface and
progressively guided round the printing cylinder D, until it is caught between
the shaking piece m* (attached to the band m), and the polished skating
rail o, o (as shewn in Fig. 11, Sheet IV.). These skating pieces continue
to cause the advancing corners of the paper to slide forward until they leave
the rail and allow the sheet to fall down. By this time the feeding rollers
will have fed another sheet beneath the printing roller D, ready to be
operated upon by the margin pieces p, hooked wires 1, and second skating
pieces m, m**

page_text: The manner in which this mechanism is arranged for feeding, printing, and
delivering the paper at the left-hand side of the machine, is shewn on the
left-hand side of Fig. 8, Sheet III.
From what I have hitherto described it will be evident that the operations
of feeding and receiving are performed automatically, or, what is the same
thing, the usual feeding and receiving boys are dispensed with altogether.
It will also be evident that, instead of causing the oscillating motion of the
feeding apparatus by the cam piece j and spring i, I may cause it to be done
by a boy; and in this case I connect two or more such feeding apparatuses by
a vertical bar jointed to two or more feeding frames, in a manner more or
less similar to that seen in Fig. 15, Sheet III., so that one and the same boy
moving the bar up and down periodically performs the operations necessary
for the feeding of two or more printing cylinders.
From the above description and Drawings it appears that the printing
cylinders are driven by the cam M, by simple rolling contact; but in reality
it ought to be done by the whole concave surface of the cam M being toothed
and gearing with a toothed wheel fixed on the end of the printing cylinder.
I will now describe the nature of the sticky substance which I employ, as
above mentioned. Various substances might be employed for this purpose
more or less advantageously, such as simple wax, cobbler's wax, various
plaisters, in particular the diaculum of the Pharmacopia Londoniensis, &c.,
provided they possess the property of sticking easily to paper and being
detached therefrom without soiling it. The substance which I prefer to use
is prepared as follows:-I immerse india rubber in olive oil or other fixed oil
for a few days until it becomes of a clammy nature; I then dry off the
superflous oil by means of a cotton or linen cloth, and the substance is ready
for use.
Should this substance lose its sticky properties, they will be restored
by rubbing into it a small quantity of oil. I would here observe that the
advantages attending the employment of the sticky substance for the feeding
operation are principally as follows:-
.
First, it enables the paper to be raised and carried forward in confined and
narrow spaces.
Secondly, sheets of larger dimensions than usual may be raised and fed
with ease and precision. And,
Thirdly, it enables me to perform the operation of feeding automatically,
which has not hitherto been even attempted.
Having now described my Invention, and the best means with which I am
acquainted for carrying the same into operation, I would observe in conclusion
that I do not intend to confine myself rigidly to the precise details above given,

page_text: as they may doubtless be varied to some extent without departing from the
nature of my Invention. But that which I claim as new, and desire to secure
under the herein-before in part recited Letters Patent, is,-
First, the method above described of manufacturing tapering types.
Secondly, the novel construction of mould for casting types above shewn and
described, in which the channel through which the metal is forced to form the
type is formed in the body and "carriage" of the mould, the ordinary mouth-
pieces being dispensed with.
Thirdly, I claim forming the notches in the partitions of the authoriton
to admit the leg of the tweezers, as shewn at Fig. 4, Sheet II.
Fourthly, I claim the peculiar construction of apparatus represented at
Figures 5, 6, and 7, Sheet II, which I call the "revolving composing stick."
Fifthly, I claim protecting the ordinary composition of which inking rollers
are made from atmospheric influences, and injury caused by rapid motion, by
covering it with any suitable material, such as vulcanized india rubber.
I also claim the manufacture of inking rollers by filling tubes of any suitable
material with water or other fluid.
Sixthly, I claim the employment of a sticky substance for lifting up and
moving the paper forward.
Seventhly, I claim the mode employed for detaching the paper from the
sticky substance.
Eighthly, the peculiar mechanism by which I carry the sheets forward.
Ninthly, the peculiar mode of guiding (in the act of printing) the sheet, by
sliding contact, instead of rolling contact, by which I at once get rid of the
expensive and troublesome mode of employing endless bands and all their
necessary appendages.
Tenthly, the mode described of carrying forward the printed sheet and
depositing it on the delivery board.
Eleventhly, the mode above described of carrying the paper by means of
the "margin pieces," which motion is entirely different from the usual mode of
effecting the same by "dropping bars," grippers," &c.
Twelfthly, I claim the adaptation to printing machinery in general of the
above described methods of feeding the paper, carrying it between the
printing cylinder and printing surface, and delivering it from the machine.
In witness whereof, I, the said Bartholomew Beniowski, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Twenty-sixth day of October, One thousand
eight hundred and forty-nine.
BARTHOLOMEW (L.S.) BENIOWSKI.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Twenty-sixth day of October, in
the year of our Lord 1849, the aforesaid Bartholomew Beniowski came before
our said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Specifica-
tion aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and specified, in form
above written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according
to the tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Enrolled the Twenty-sixth day of October, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and forty-nine.

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, BARTHOLOMEW
BENIOWSKI, of Bow Street, Covent Garden, in the County of Middlesex,
Major in the late Polish Army, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by
Her Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing
date at Westminster, the Twenty-sixth day of April, in the twelfth year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto
me, the said Bartholomew Beniowski, Her especial license, full power, sole
privilege and authority, that I, the said Bartholomew Beniowski, my exors,
admiors, and assigns, and such others as I, the said Bartholomew Beniowski,
my exors, admors, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from
time to time and at all times during the term of years therein mentioned,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England,
Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and in all Her Majesty's Colònies
and Plantations abroad, and in the Islands of Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney,
Sark, and Man, my Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE APPARATUS POR AND
PROCESS OF PRINTING;" in which said Letters Patent is contained a proviso
obliging me, the said Bartholomew Beniowski, by an instrument in writing
under my hand and seal, particularly to describe and ascertain the nature of
my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, and

page_text: to cause the same to be inrolled in Her Majesty's High Court of Chancery
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
in part recited Letters Patent, as.in and by the same, reference being there-
unto had, will more fully and at large appear.
NO KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Bartholomew Beniowski, do hereby declare that the nature of my said
Invention, and the manner in which the same is to be performed, is parti-
cularly described and ascertained in and by the following description thereof,
reference being had to the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the letters and
figures marked thereon (that is to say) :-
I shall describe my improvements under the following heads:-
Firstly, improvements relating to types for letterpress printing.
Secondly, improvements in apparatus for." composing" type.
Thirdly, improvements in apparatus for inking printing surfaces, or supplying
them with coloring matter; and,
Fourthly, improvements in machinery for printing.
The improvements under the first head of my Invention, which relate, as
above stated, to types, consist, in the first place, in rendering the ordinary
shape of the body-part of types more suitable for printing from cylindrical
surfaces. It will be easily understood, that in composing with the ordinary
types on a cylindrical surface, a truly cylindrical surface of type cannot be
obtained. For this purpose it would be necessary to employ types of a slightly
tapering form, which must of course vary, however slightly, according to the
diameter of the cylinder upon which they are imposed, and for which reason it
would be necessary to have a special shape of type for each machine. I
obviate this by coating the ordinary types with different thicknesses of varnish
at different parts of the length of their back and nick surfaces, and thereby
produce the taper required. I do not confine myself to any particular mode of
doing this, as the object might be effected in various ways. I will, how-.
ever, describe the method I prefer to employ for this purpose:-I lay the
types upon a flat surface, such as a type-founder's setting-up stick, with the
back side upwards, and lay on one coat of varnish over about half its surface
from the foot upwards, then a second, and, if necessary, a third coat over
about a quarter of its surface. When dry, I turn the type over by the ordinary
means practised by the type-founders when "dressing" type, and proceed in.
the same manner on the nick side; and when this is dry I dress the type in
the ordinary manner, in order to clean off any asperities, which may occur at.
the edges of the type. Types. will thus be produced tapering from the foot
upwards. The types, as above. prepared, are intended to be used for printing

page_text: rt of
Chancery
ate of the said
e being there-
so, I, the said
e of my said
med, is parti-
ription thereof,
the letters and
from my improved machine, for which I obtained Letters Patent, bearing date
the Fourteenth day of October, One thousand eight hundred and forty-seven;
in which the types are set up on the inside or concave surface of a cylinder ;
but it will, of course, be understood, that if they be required. to be used in a
machine in which the types are imposed on the outside or convex surface of
the cylinder, the upper portion of the type, or that nearest the face, must be
made the thickest. Types prepared in the above manner could not be cleaned
in the ordinary way, with a solution of potash, without destroying the varnish;
I therefore employ for this purpose a method somewhat similar to that usually
adopted for cleaning wood engravings. The substance I use for this purpose
is common turpentine, and in order to prevent this from entering the inter-
stices between the types, and acting upon the varnish, I proceed as follows:-
The inking rollers must first be thrown out of gear or taken out, and the types
cleaned as much as possible by passing a few sheets through the machine. I
then pour water over the types, and dry the faces with a sponge leaving the
water in the interstices; then with a brush dipped in turpentine I clean the
faces of the types, the turpentine being prevented by the water from acting
upon any other part of the type, I then again pass a few more sheets through
the machine, and the types will be as clean as when first cast.
My next improvement under this head consists in an improvement in the
construction of moulds for casting types. In Sheet I. Fig. 1 represents one
of my improved moulds complete. Figs. 2 and 3 shew the two halves of the
same separated. The peculiarity of this mould consists in its being so con-
structed as to receive the type metal at the side instead of at the top, as usual.
The orifice or channel for the reception of the melted metal is shewn at a.
By such construction of the mould I effect great economy, as I dispense with
the most expensive parts of the mould viz. the mouth-pieces, and a great
portion of the back plates. It will be understood, that the process of casting
is performed by means of the pump. Another advantage in casting from the
side instead of the top is, that the "blowing occurring at the "break," when
casting with the pump, being at the side instead of the foot of the types, is less
injurious. This advantage will be readily understood.
The second head of my Invention, which relates to improvements in
apparatus for "composing" types, consists,-Firstly, in an improvement in
the apparatus designated as the authoriton, and described in my former
Patents, severally bearing date the Seventeenth November, One thousand
eight hundred and forty-six, and Fourteenth October, One thousand eight
hundred and forty seven; and, Secondly, in an apparatus which I denominate
the "revolving composing stick."

page_text: The improved authoriton is shewn at Figs. 4, Sheet II. The improvement
consists in cutting notches a in the partitions which separate the types. The
object of this is to allow the tweezers to pick up any type which may lie close
to the partition, the notches easily admitting the leg of the tweezers.
The improved apparatus which I denominate the "revolving composing
stick," is shewn in Sheet II., at Figures 5, 6, and 7.; Fig. 5, being a front
elevation; Fig. 6, an end elevation; and Fig. 7, a perspective view. It
consists of an angular piece'a, which may be of any suitable material, attached
to which piece a is a composing stick 6, of the ordinary construction. The
piece a is mounted on the top of a vertical rod c, which rod c passes through a
hole in the table d; the lower end of this rod turns in a socket, which socket
is supported by the bracket e screwed to the table d. The advantages of this
improved apparatus are,-First, that the compositor is enabled to handle the
composing stick with much greater facility, as he can turn it to any required
position; and, secondly, he is not obliged continually to bear the weight of the
composing stick charged with types, as is ordinarily the case, and, from which
cause compositors become deformed, the left shoulder being higher than the
right. This apparatus can only be conveniently used when composing from
my authoriton.
The improvement under the third head of my Invention consists in cover-
ing the composition usually employed for the manufacture of inking rollers
with some material which shall have the effect of protecting it from atmo-
spheric influences, and also allow of the inking cylinders being driven at an
increased speed without the risk of the composition being melted or otherwise
injured by the rapid motion. Various substances, such as gutta percha or
ordinary india rubber, may be employed for this purpose, but I prefer that
usually called vulcanized india rubber. These rollers are constructed by pour-
ing the melted composition into vulcanized india rubber tubes, in the centre of
which a rod is placed to serve as the axle. I also construct a very effective
roller by pouring water or any other liquid into a vulcanized iudia rubber
tube, one end of which has been stopped with a perforated stopper, having a
rod passed through its centre, which rod extends through the tube and projects
to any convenient distance beyond it. When the tube is filled with water, I
stop up the other end by passing another perforated stopper over the other
end of the rod and inserting it in the tube. It will of course be understood
that both ends of the roller thus formed must be rendered water-tight.
The improvements in machinery for printing which constitute the fourth
head of my Invention are represented in Sheets I., III., and IV., and relate

page_text: principally to the operations of feeding, conducting, and delivering the paper
during the operation of printing.
Fig. 8, Sheet III., is a front elevation of my concave cylindrical printing
machine described in the Specification of my Patent, bearing date the Four-
teenth day of October, One thousand eight hundred and forty-seven, with my
present improvements adapted thereto. Fig. 9 is a vertical side projection of
a portion of the cylinder and framework. Fig. 10 is a partial horizontal pro-
jection of the same. Similar letters denote corresponding parts in all these
Figures. A, A, is the framework of the machine. B, B, is the main cylinder,
in the interior of which the form or forms of types are imposed. This cylinder
is mounted on antifriction rollers C, and driven as described in the Specifi-
cation of my above-mentioned Patent. D, D, are the printing rollers mounted
in brackets attached to the framework. E, E, are the distributing rollers.
F is one of the inking rollers. G is the ink fountain. H is the vibrating
roller for supplying the inking table with ink. This inking apparatus is driven
as described in my former Patent. The position of the form of type is repre-
sented at I. a, a, are the feeding boards upon which the paper to be fed into
the machine is placed. b, b, are the delivery boards which receive the paper
after it has been printed upon. These boards move in slides in order to
allow of their being taken out separately when required. c, c, are rollers
mounted in a vibrating frame K, which extends accross the machine. Around
these rollers an endless blanket d, is passed. This blanket is furnished with
stripes of a sticky substance (which I will presently describe) for picking up
the paper and feeding it into the machine. These stripes are shewn by the
red color at s, s, in Figures 9, 11, and 12, Sheets III. and IV. e, e, are
pinions mounted on the ends of one of the rollers c; into these pinions fixed
vertical racks f, f, gear, as shewn in the Drawing. At each end of the
frame K, in which the feeding rollers c are mounted, is fixed a lever g, which
oscillates vertically on a fulcrum h, projecting from the framing A, A. i is
a strong spring fixed to the framework, which raises the lever g by pressing
upon its short arm. This spring is furnished with a roller *, which is acted
upon by a cam j (shewn by dots in Fig. 8) fixed to the interior of the main
cylinder. To the longitudinal stationary piece are affixed hooked guide
springs 7, which partly surround the printing cylinder D. m are delivering
bands which are passed round rollers n, supported by brackets attached to the
feeding board a immediately above. The delivering bands m are severally
furnished with looped pieces of india rubber, leather, or other elastic sub-
stance m, which I denominate "skating pieces." These "skating pieces"

page_text: are intended, as the paper delivered from the printing roller, to press it upon
and slide it up a rail o, o, which I call a "skating rail.". To the chase con-
taining the form of type are affixed pieces p, which I call margin pieces, as
shewn in Figures 11, 13, and 14, Sheets I. and IV. These pieces project
above the printing surface of the types about one sixteenth of an inch, and are
made of india rubber, leather, or some other elastic substance.
.
The operation of this machine is as follows:-Paper having been placed
upon the feeding board a (as at z),. motion is communicated to the main
cylinder B, as described in my former Specification, when the camj (shewn
by dots. in Fig. 8) will raise the spring i from the lever g (as shewn also by
dots, in Fig. 8); and the vibrating frame K, with the feeding rollers c, will
be allowed to fall upon the paper z, on the delivery board a, by which the top
sheet of paper will be caused to adhere to the sticky stripes s (as shewn at
Fig. 8). The cam j, having passed the spring i, allows that spring to fall and
press upon the lever g, by which the said lever is made to raise the frame K,
and rollers c, c, which rollers in rising are caused to revolve by means of the
toothed pinion working in the fixed rack f, and the sticky stripes which are
attached to the endless blanket d, by which the rollers are surrounded, will
lift up a sheet of paper from the board a (as shewn by the green line, Fig. 11,
Sheet IV.), and the rollers c, c, revolving within the blanket d, and stripes s (by
the rack and pinion as before mentioned) will cause that sheet to be moved forward
until its advancing margin comes in contact with the hooked springs l, l. Simul-
taneously with this just described progress of the sheet, it is progressively detached
from the sticky stripes s by means of the wires g. These wires stretch across
the oscillating frame K in the intervals which are between the sticky stripes;
the ends of these wires are fixed to the frame K. The paper is now in a
position to be carried forward by the margin pieces p, and printing cylinder D,
and next between the printing surface and printing cylinder D. Simulta-
neously with this last progressive motion of the paper, the sheet slides upon
the hooked wires 7, and also becomes detached from the printing surface and
progressively guided round the printing cylinder D, until it is caught between
the shaking piece m (attached to the band m), and the polished skating
rail o, o (as shewn in Fig. 11, Sheet IV.). These skating pieces continue
to cause the advancing corners of the paper to slide forward until they leave
the rail and allow the sheet to fall down. By this time the feeding rollers
will have fed another sheet beneath the printing roller D, ready to be
operated upon by the margin pieces p, hooked wires l, and second skating
pieces m, m**

page_text: press it upon
he chase con-
gin pieces, as
bieces project
inch, and are
g been placed
to the main
cam j (shewn
hewn also by
rollers c, will
hich the top
(as shewn at
g to fall and
he frame K,
neans of the
es which are
rounded, will
ine, Fig. 11,
stripes s (by
oved forward
sl, l. Simul-
ely detached
tretch across
icky stripes;
is now in a
cylinder D,
Simulta-
slides upon
surface and
ght between
hed. skating
es continue
1 they leave
ding rollers
eady to be
ond skating
The manner in which this mechanism is arranged for feeding, printing, and
delivering the paper at the left-hand side of the machine, is shewn on the
left-hand side of Fig. 8, Sheet III.
From what I have hitherto described it will be evident that the operations
of feeding and receiving are performed automatically, or, what is the same
thing, the usual feeding and receiving boys are dispensed with altogether.
It will also be evident that, instead of causing the oscillating motion of the
feeding apparatus by the cam piece j and spring i, I may cause it to be done
by a boy; and in this case I connect two or more such feeding apparatuses by
a vertical bar jointed to two or more. feeding frames, in a manner more or
less similar to that seen in Fig. 15, Sheet III., so that one and the same boy
moving the bar up and down periodically performs the operations necessary
for the feeding of two or more printing cylinders.
From the above description and Drawings it appears that the printing
cylinders are driven by the cam M, by simple rolling contact; but in reality
it ought to be done by the whole concave surface of the cam M being toothed
and gearing with a toothed wheel fixed on the end of the printing cylinder.
I will now describe the nature of the sticky substance which I employ, as
above mentioned. Various substances might be employed for this purpose
more or less advantageously, such as simple wax, cobbler's wax, various
plaisters, in particular the diaculum of the Pharmacopia Londoniensis, &c.,
provided they possess the property of sticking easily to paper and being
detached therefrom without soiling it. The substance which I prefer to use
is prepared as follows:-I immerse india rubber in olive oil or other fixed oil
for a few days until it becomes of a clammy nature; I then dry off the
superflous oil by means of a cotton or linen cloth, and the substance is ready
for use.
Should this substance lose its sticky properties, they will be restored
by rubbing into it a small quantity of oil. I would here observe that the
advantages attending the employment of the sticky substance for the feeding
operation are principally as follows:-
First, it enables the paper to be raised and carried forward in confined and
narrow spaces.
Secondly, sheets of larger dimensions than usual may be raised and fed
with ease and precision. And,
Thirdly, it enables me to perform the operation of feeding automatically,
which has not hitherto been even attempted.
Having now described my Invention, and the best means with which I am
acquainted for carrying the same into operation, I would observe in conclusion
that I do not intend to confine myself rigidly to the precise details above given,

page_text: as they may doubtless be varied to some extent without departing from the
nature of my Invention. But that which I claim as new, and desire to secure
under the herein-before in part recited Letters Patent, is,―
First, the method above described of manufacturing tapering types.
Secondly, the novel construction of mould for casting types above shewn and
described, in which the channel through which the metal is forced to form the
type is formed in the body and "carriage" of the mould, the ordinary mouth-
pieces being dispensed with.
Thirdly, I claim forming the notches in the partitions of the authoriton
to admit the leg of the tweezers, as shewn at Fig. 4, Sheet II.
Fourthly, I claim the peculiar construction of apparatus represented at
Figures 5, 6, and 7, Sheet II, which I call the "revolving composing stick."
Fifthly, I claim protecting the ordinary composition of which inking rollers
are made from atmospheric influences, and injury caused by rapid motion, by
covering it with any suitable material, such as vulcanized india rubber.
I also claim the manufacture of inking rollers by filling tubes of any suitable
material with water or other fluid.
Sixthly, I claim the employment of a sticky substance for lifting up and
moving the paper forward.
Seventhly, I claim the mode employed for detaching the paper from the
sticky substance.
Eighthly, the peculiar mechanism by which I carry the sheets forward.
Ninthly, the peculiar mode of guiding (in the act of printing) the sheet, by
sliding contact, instead of rolling contact, by which I at once get rid of the
expensive and troublesome mode of employing endless bands and all their
necessary appendages.
Tenthly, the mode described of carrying forward the printed sheet and
depositing it on the delivery board.
Eleventhly, the mode above described of carrying the paper by means of
the "margin pieces," which motion is entirely different from the usual mode of
effecting the same by "dropping bars," "grippers," &c.
Twelfthly, I claim the adaptation to printing machinery in general of the
above described methods of feeding the paper, carrying it between the
printing cylinder and printing surface, and delivering it from the machine.
In witness whereof, I, the said Bartholomew Beniowski, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Twenty-sixth day of October, One thousand
eight hundred and forty-nine.
BARTHOLOMEW (L.8.) BENIOWSKL.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Twenty-sixth day of October, in
the year of our Lord 1849, the aforesaid Bartholomew Beniowski came before
our said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Specifica
tion aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and specified, in form
above written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according
to the tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Enrolled the Twenty-sixth day of October, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and forty-nine.
Enrolled the Twenty-sixth day of October, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and forty-nine.