matthewleechen/300YearsOfBritishPatents huggingface dataset:
A PNEUMATIC TELEGRAPH
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Jozé Luis at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 14th March 1860.-
A communication from abroad by Pierre Richarme, of Rive de Gier, in
the Empire of France.
I, Jozé Luis, of the British and Foreign Office for Patents, No. 1B,
Welbeck Street, Cavendish Square, in the County of Middlesex, Patent
Agent, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "A PNEUMATIC
TELEGRAPH," & that it has been communicated to me from abroad by Pierre
Richarme, of Rive de Gier, in the Empire of France, to be as follows:-
The apparatus is of extremely simple construction, and is composed as
follows:-Of a tube of small diameter connecting the two stations, and ter-
minated at each end by a glass tube about 20 inches in length, placed
perpendicular to it. At the two ends where the connecting tube is joined by
the glass one, two forcing and sucking pumps are adjusted. The two other
ends of the glass tubes end in two bulbs, or other receptacles, containing
mercury, or a colored liquid. The air contained in the body of the pumps
and the connecting tube is held enclosed between the two liquids, and thus
becomes conductor of the movement.
The apparatus works in the following manner :-When the two pistons are
at the bottom of the pump, if one is raised the air becomes dilated, and not
offering an equilibrum to the pressure of the outer atmosphere on the liquids
in the bulbs which are open the liquids rise in the two glass tubes; on
lowering the piston the liquids descend in the same degree.

page_text: Thus by lettering the glass tubes, or having a scale with the letters of the
alphabet and the numerals marked on them, adjusted to the glass tubes, so
that the liquids mark the same distance in each tube, a communication can be
carried on by working the pumps alternately.
To the above a whistle, or other signal, may be adapted for the purpose of
calling attention. Cylindrical bellows might be substituted for the pumps, and
by adjusting several glass tubes with letter scale to the connecting tube,
several stations may have the same signal or message communicated to them
at the same time.
A NEW OR IMPROVED PROCESS FOR THE ORNAMENTATION OF CERTAIN ARTICLES OF BED-ROOM FURNITURE
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Dyer, at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 20th April
1860.
I, JOHN DYER, junior, of Islington, in the County of Middlesex, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "A NEW OR IMPROVED PROCESS
FOR THE ORNAMENTATION OF CERTAIN ARTICLES OF BED-ROOM FURNITURE," to be as
follows (that is to say):
My Invention has reference to a new or improved process for the ornamen-
tation of certain articles of bed-room furniture, such as wardrobes, drawers,
washstands, dressing tables, chairs, towell horses, looking-glass frames, bidets,
wooden and iron bedsteads, or otherwise, whereby a more finished and elegant
appearance may be produced at less cost than hitherto, and consists in pre-
paring the surfaces of the said articles by first coating the same with a mixture
of whiting, starch, and size, and employing for the groundwork or enamelling
white lead, ultramarine, carmine, and driers (or the equivalent compound) in
proportionate quantities suitable for producing the colour mauve in any
requisite shade, the said groundwork or enamelling being subsequently lined or
ornamented in any suitable colour, gilt, and varnished.
AN IMPROVED METHOD OF MANUFACTURING PAPER FROM WOOD
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Armand Louis André Herbelot
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 8th September 1860.
I, ARMAND LOUIS ANDRÉ HERBELOT, of Paris, in the French Empire, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED METHOD
OF MANUFACTURING PAPER FROM WOOD," to be as follows:-
My Invention consists in manufacturing shavings, sawdust, and fragments
of wood into paper by subjecting them to the three following consecutive
operations:-
First, the causing them to imbibe water by immersion, or by pouring
water on them.
Second, the trituration of the moistened wood by mallets, hammers, or
rollers.
And third, the bleaching of the pulp obtained after trituration by chloride
of lime or other bleaching agent. The bleached pulp by itself or mixed with
rag pulp then undergoes the ordinary treatment for converting pulp into paper.
Im- PROVEMENTS IN THE PREPARATION OF MATERIALS FOR SIZEING, DRESSING, OR FINISH- ING WARPS, YARNS, TEXTILE FABRICS, OR PAPER
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Robert Blacklidge at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 29th October
1860.
I, ROBERT BLACKLIDGE, of Bolton-le-Moors, in the County of Lancaster,
Calico Printer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "Im-
PROVEMENTS IN THE PREPARATION OF MATERIALS FOR SIZEING, DRESSING, OR FINISH-
ING WARPS, YARNS, TEXTILE FABRICS, OR PAPER," to be as follows:-
My said Invention consists in treating flour of wheat or other cereal grain,
rice, sago, or other amylaceous substance or substances by the application, or
addition thereto, or admixture therewith, of nitric, sulphuric, or hydrochloric
acid (or other acid having a similar effect), any excess of acid in the mixture
being neutralised by the addition of caustic soda or of some other suitable
alkali. The relative quantity of acid employed will depend upon or be regu-
Jated by the ultimate effect which the size is intended to produce and the
quality or kind of the article to which it is to be applied.
IMPROVEMENTS IN LOOMS USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF RIBBONS AND OTHER FABRICS
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Charles Peters at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 22nd December
1860.
I, CHARLES PETERS, of the City of Coventry, Ribbon Manufacturer, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
LOOMS USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF RIBBONS AND OTHER FABRICS," to be.
as follows:
Whereas it is customary in connection with looms for the making of ribbons-
and other fabrics, to use a knee roll, tins, and jack or blocks, or bags, cogs,.
weights, and pulleys, for the purpose of winding up the ribbon when made,.
and regulating the number of shoots the woof shall lay across the warp of the
ribbon; under any of which methods, except that of bags, cogs, weights, and.
pulleys, the same number of shutes is necessarily made in the ribbon woven in
each space of the loom, or in other words, each breadth of ribbon in the loom.
receives the same number of shutes, and when bags, cogs, weights, or pulleys.
are used, the utmost variation possible in the number of the shutes is slight
and insufficient, and under any of the said methods special attention is required.
to be given to the apparatus or parts named, that is to say, the same are not
self-acting, and further, all the said methods impair the gloss, face, or figure
of the ribbon.
Now, my Invention consists in a machine self-acting, that is to say, worked
by the motion of the loom, and consisting of levers (the lower one balanced by

page_text: a weight), and rollers under one and round the other, of which the ribbon
passes, and the number of shutes of the woof is regulated by the levers and a
ratchet, checked by two catches, one of which is in connection with the levers,
whereby the ribbon at the different spaces of the loom can be made at different
rates of speed; for example, at 120 shutes per inch, more or less, at one space,
and at the same time at 50 shutes, more or less, in another space, and whereby,
without any attention from the weaver, the ribbon makes at less shutes in pro-
portion as the woof becomes coarser, and at more shutes in proportion as the
woof becomes finer; also the warp can be worked without strain, there being
little more than half the usual weight required upon the warp roller. The
gloss, face, or figure of the ribbon is much improved by means of my
Invention.
IMPROVEMENTS IN OPEN AIR COOKING APPARATUS
Year: 1860

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Samuel Terrill, of Redruth, in the County of Cornwall,
Oven and Stove Manufacturer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
OPEN AIR COOKING APPARATUS."
Sealed the 22nd January 1861, and dated the 27th July 1860.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Samuel Terrill at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 27th
July 1860.
I, SAMUEL TERRILL, of Redruth, in the County of Cornwall, Oven and
Stove Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN OPEN AIR COOKING APPARATUS," to be as follows:-
My Invention consists in constructing cooking apparatus in the following
manner: I place the fire at the lower and front part, and the oven at the
upper and back part of the apparatus. I form a flue over the oven by means
of a plate of sheet iron, and I protect the bottom of the oven by means of
another sheet of iron. A set of hot plates is placed over the fire, and others
over the oven. I also form a flue between the fire-place and the oven by
means of a partition plate, and another flue between the oven and the back of
the
apparatus; these two flues communicate with each other, both above and
below the oven. I place a boiler or fountain at each side of the fire-place, in

page_text: such manner that it may be drawn out from the fire when the water is not
required to boil. I form compartments. for lime round the lower part of the
oven flues, and also at the back of the apparatus, and at the side opposite the
oven door; and I place a hot closet beneath the bottom flue. A ventilator
and a hinge blower occupy the upper part of the apparatus above the fire-place.
A door is provided for cleansing the flues. The products of combustion pass
from the fire partly into the flue formed between the oven and the partition plate,
and partly beneath the iron plate which protects the bottom of the oven, into
the flue at the back of the apparatus, and they meet in the flue formed by the
top of the oven and the sheet-iron plate, and pass thence through an opening
in said sheet-iron plate to the chimney. A boiler or cooking vessel is inserted
in the hot plate over this opening, so that as the heated gases rush through
the said opening they may impinge upon the bottom of the boiler or cooking
apparatus. I place dampers in the upper oven flue and the chimney. There
are doors to the flies, which should only be kept open when an open fire is
required... In some cases I prefer to place the chimney, on the side of the
apparatus, thereby affording additional space for cooking on the top..
IMPROVE- MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF A PEROXIDE OF LEAD, HAVING PECULIAR OXIDIZING PROPERTIES
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Edward Chambers Nicholson at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
2nd July 1860.
I, EDWARD CHAMBERS NICHOLSON, of the Firm of Simpson, Maule, and
Nicholson, of Kennington Road, in the County of Surrey, Manufacturing
Chemists, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF A PEROXIDE OF LEAD, HAVING PECULIAR OXIDIZING
PROPERTIES," to be as follows:-
My Invention consists in submitting commercial oxides of lead, such as
litharge or red lead, in a fine state of division to the combined action of atmo-
speric air and steam in a suitable apparatus. The oxides are to be kept exposed
to a temperature of from 575° to 600° Fahrenheit for a space of from forty-
eight to sixty hours, or longer if necessary, and are to be stirred during such
exposure by suitable apparatus. The mixture of air and steam must be heated
to a similar temperature before admission to the oxides. The product is a
brown powder having very energetic oxidizing properties.
IMPROVEMENTS IN MINERS' SAFETY LAMPS
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Mathieu Blacet at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 4th January
1860..
I, MATHIEU BLACET, of St. Etienne, Department of the Loire, Empire of
France, Ironfounder, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MINERS' SAFETY LAMPS," to be as follows:-
My improvements in safety lamps, commonly called Davy lamps, relate to
two principal points.
First, as to the closing of the lamp, it is so constructed that it cannot
possibly be opened without a screw key, and thus all undue interference by
unwary miners is in a great measure prevented; and further I effect a better
closing of the lamp by means of a method for screwing the frame home tight
on the body of the lamp by the aid of a set screw, which works in a lug that
is soldered to the body or cistern of the lamp and by grooves on the frame
holder;
this set screw works in a nut fast to the body or cistern of the lamp,
and pressing against or into grooves on the flanged ring of the frame, allows
it to be screwed fast at any point of the circumference where there are said
grooves; thus, if the screw thread in the-frame, and also that in the body of
the cistern, are loose or in bad order, one of the grooves will always be nearly
opposite the set screw, so that it may enter the groove and ensure a proper
fastening or closing of the lamp.
Second, I construct the body of my lamp, that is to say, the upper part,
which is fixed inside the metallic interceptor much higher than in the ordinary

page_text: lamps, so that the flame being placed higher also, the projected shadow cast
by the body of the lamp shall be less in diameter, the lamp thus throwing a
better light for working purposes. In all other respects my improved lamp
resembles the ordinary ones, and I will now briefly point out the details of
construction so far as they relate to my improvements. The frame holder
or bottom ring that carries the frame is the same as in the ordinary lamp; the
five vertical pillars holding the top cap are mounted on it; this ring has a
screw thread inside instead of having it outside as usual; the upper part of this
frame holder or ring has a projecting rim inside, and screws on the top of the
cistern, and when screwed home is fixed tight by screwing up with a key a
set screw having a triangular head; this set screw, as above described, works
in a lug which contains it entirely, so that as above stated tho point of the set
screw may enter into and take hold of the grooves that are cut on the outside
of the frame holder. I thus do away with vacillating or wavering light, at the
same time ensuring a perfect and tight fastening. Although the said set
screw is entirely sunk in the lug, yet to put further difficulties in the way of
unscrewing said safety screw, I screw into the lug another little screw having
the same triangular head and worked with the same socket key as the safety
screw. This little screw is at right angles to the safety screw, and has its end
cut in such manner as to fit on the head of the safety screw, and prevent it
from turning or being turned.
IMPROVEMENTS IN CHRONOMETERS
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Henry Johnson at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 29th March
1860. A communication from abroad by Louis François Clément
Bréguet, of Paris, in the Empire of France, Clockmaker.
I, JOHN HENRY JOHNSON, of 47, Lincoln's Inn Fields, in the County of
Middlesex, and of 166, Buchanan Street, in the City of Glasgow, North
Britain, Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN CHRONOMETERS," a communication from abroad by Louis
François Clément Bréguet, of Paris, in the Empire of France, Clockmaker,
to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to a mode of regulating chronometers, and to certain
peculiar self-acting compensating arrangements. According to this Invention
the regulation or adjustment of chronometers is effected without touching or
interfering in any way with any of the working parts of the mechanism, and
this it is proposed to accomplish by enclosing the balance in a close metal
chamber or bell provided with suitable air holes, which are capable of being
more or less opened or closed, or otherwise so arranged as to render the air
contained therein, and in which the balance oscillates, more or less free, it
having been discovered that the less freedom imparted to the air in the bell,
the slower the chronometer goes, and therefore it is simply requisite, in regu-
lating such chronometer, to open more or less the communication with the
external atmosphere. This may be effected either by adjusting screws or
levers, or in a self-acting manner by the action of the varying temperature of
.

page_text: the air upon the plate to which the bell is attached, the latter arrangement
serving as a compensator.
Another mode of compensation consists in making the balance on the same
principle as the compensating pendulum; or a cheaper and more simple
arrangement may be adopted, consisting of a number of radial arms made
of steel, iron, glass, or other suitable material, each arm being provided at its
extremity with a second arm extending inwards or back towards the centre,
and composed of some other substance of different expansive powers, such as
zinc, for example. Thus, whilst the radial arms will lengthen by heat from
the centre, the converging arms carried thereby, which are more easily
acted upon by heat, will also expand or lengthen in a direction towards the
centre.
It is also proposed to regulate chronometers by a self-acting apparatus
operating upon the spring balance, so as to shorten the same, which apparatus
consists of a blade composed of two metal plates, say, of copper and steel
respectively, and provided with a point or stop at the extremity, placed in
such a position as to bear upon the balance spring when the blade is deflected
by the unequal expansion of its metals.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANU- FACTURE OF TUBES, HOLLOW AXLES, SHAFTS, GUN BARRELS, MASTS, AND OTHER TUBULAR METAL ARTICLES
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by François Joseph Edouard Duclos
de Boussois at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his
Petition, on the 23rd May 1860.
I, FRANÇOIS JOSEPH EDOUARD DUCLOS DE BOUSSOIs, of 16, Place Vendome,
Paris, in the Empire of France, Civil and Mining Engineer, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANU-
FACTURE OF TUBES, HOLLOW AXLES, SHAFTS, GUN BARRELS, MASTS, AND OTHER
TUBULAR METAL ARTICLES," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to an improved system or mode of manufacturing
tubular metal articles, such, for example, as hollow axles, shafts, gun barrels,
and masts, and consists essentially in the substitution of cast steel for wrought
iron in such manufacture. In making a hollow axle or tube according to this
Invention, it is proposed to prepare a block of cast steel of an annular form,
the weight and dimensions of which are proportioned to the weight and
dimensions of the hollow cast steel axle or other article to be produced. This
cast-steel ring having been heated to a welding heat, is placed on a mandril,
and rolled thereon between a pair of rolls according to the manner described
in the Specifications of Mr. James Edward McConnell's Letters Patent,
of the 28th August, 1851, No. 13,729, and the 24th June, 1852, No.
14,182.
AN IMPROVEMENT IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ANCHORS, AND AN IMPROVED APPARATUS TO BE EMPLOYED THEREIN
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Scott at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 10th October
1860.
I, JOHN SCOTT, of Sunderland, in the County of Durham, Anchor Smith,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVEMENT IN
THE MANUFACTURE OF ANCHORS, AND AN IMPROVED APPARATUS TO BE EMPLOYED
THEREIN," to be as follows:-
By the method of making the common or Admiralty anchor at present in
use, the two palms are welded on to the two arms, and then the two arms with
the two palms so welded on to them are both welded to the butt end of the
shank.
Now, my Invention consists, first, in forging the two arms with the two
palms and the shank in one piece without any weld being required in the
anchor shop. To accomplish this I have invented a new trough, which forms
part of the bed plate of the steam hammer, and which I claim as my Inven-
tion also. Instead of a flat bed for the hammer to work upon, as in ordinary
steam hammers, I employ a trough or bed formed with an open space, so that
the shaft and arms not being hammered on under the hammer, but going down
below it in the open space, by turning and moving the anchor every part can
be brought under the hammer, whereas if the bed was flat, as in the ordinary
steam hammers, this could not be done.
AN IMPROVEMENT IN SPINNING, APPLICABLE TO VARIOUS KINDS OF YARNS
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Clapham and John Henry
Clapham at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their
Petition, on the 31st March 1860.
We, WILLIAM CLAPHAM and JOHN HENRY CLAPHAM, both of Wilsden, in the
Parish of Bradford, Yorkshire, Manufacturers, do hereby declare the nature
of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVEMENT IN SPINNING, APPLICABLE TO VARIOUS
KINDS OF YARNS," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to improvements in spinning on the cap frame,
especially adapted to yarns the fibres of which are long, and consists of a
method for laying the fibres of such said yarns during the operations of spin-
ning. By the methods at present practised the bobbin is uncovered whilst
being filled or wound round with yarn, the effect of which is, that the fibres of
the yarn by the whirling of the bobbin are thrown outwards by centrifugal
force, and the surface of the yarn is consequently rough. It is proposed by
this Invention to obviate this objection by causing the bobbin to be covered as
it fills by which the fibres of the yarn are laid close together, thereby making
the surface of the yarn compact and smooth.
The means by which I propose to effect this improvement in spinning are
as follows, that is to say, instead of begining to wind the yarn from the
bottom of the bobbin, and filling it upwards, as now practised, and by which
the yarn is exposed to the atmosphere during the rapid revolutions of the
spindle on which the bobbin is placed, whereby the fibres of the yarn are
thrown outwards, and the surface of the yarn consequently becomes rough;

page_text: this improvement consists in inverting the bobbin, and filling it from the top
downwards, so that as the bobbin proceeds to fill it rises into the cap, and
is thus covered and protected from the atmosphere, and by these means the
fibres are laid close together, and the surface of the yarn thus rendered smooth,
compact, and strong.
Another part of this Invention consists of a method of adjusting the
spinning rail, so as to slide the same either nearer to or farther from the
drawing rollers, by which the "drag "is rendered uniform, whatever be the
rate of speed the spindle or tube on which the bobbin is placed. By thus
maintaining the drag or tension of the yarn it is wound sufficiently tight or
close on to the bobbin to prevent the same from "sloughing" or coming off
prematurely, or all at once. By these means either fine or coarse yarns may
be spun on the same frame, according to the variations of the yarns in strength
or thickness.
IMPROVEMENTS IN FLOORING AND BENCH CRAMPS
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Charles Henderson at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 16th June
1860.
I, CHARLES HENDERSON, of Leicester, Clock and Watch Maker, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN FLOORING AND
BENCH CRAMPS," to be as follows:-
My Invention consists, firstly, of the following method of working the ram
or bolt of flooring and bench cramps :-The said ram or bolt slides in guides
on the base of the cramp, the friction being diminished by means of rollers.
The said ram or bolt is urged forward by means of a wedge, which is propelled
across the base plate by means of a screw. The said wedge acts against a
roller on the end of the ram or bolt and urges it forward when the screw is
turned in the proper direction by means of a winch. The return motion of
the ram or bolt may be effected by a link connecting it with the wedge.
My Invention consists further in the following method of fixing the cramp
to the joist or other support. Underneath the base of the cramp are two fixed
plates, which, when the cramp is placed on the joist, lie one on each side of the
said joist, one of the said plates is inclined to the other, and the inclined plate
carries a wedge which slides on the said plate. By means of a rack carried by
the said wedge it may be made to travel on the inclined plate, and thus
secure the cramp to the joist by wedging between the joist and the inclined
plate. The motion of the wedge rack is effected by means of a pinion on the
end of an arm or lever, which may be temporarily applied to the said rack.
AN IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR CARBURATING OR NAPHTHALIZING LIGHTING GAS
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Alexander Louis Lévêque at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 17th
November 1860.
I ALEXANDER LOUIS LEVEQUE, of Paris, France, Gentleman, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR
CARBURATING OR NAPHTHALIZING LIGHTING GAS," to be as follows:-
The working of this improved apparatus for carburating or napthalizing
lighting gas is based on the principle of keeping the carburating or naphtha-
lizing hydrocarbon liquid at a constant level in the apparatus. The apparatus
consists of a box of metal or other suitable material hermetically sealed, and
provided with proper pipes for allowing the gas to be naphthalized on being
introduced in the box, and afterwards take its exit therefrom, and also with
openings for feeding the apparatus with naphtha or other liquid, which
openings are to be closed by proper plugs. In the interior of this box is
situated a reservoir for containing the naphtha or other suitable liquid hydro-
carbon, which reservoir, open at the top, is either supported on three or more
spiral or other suitable springs or floats on water or other suitable liquid
contained in the interior of the box up to the required level, in such manner
that in the same measure, as in consequence of the absorption of the naphtha-
lizing liquid by the gas the reservoir becomes lighter, the same will rise, and
thus keep the surface of the naphthalizing liquid contained therein at the
same level. Cotton or other suitable wicks are suspended from the top of
the box, and pass through the perforations of a perforated plate situated on

page_text: the top of the reservoir, while the lower ends of the wicks dip into the
naphthalizing liquid contained in the reservoir, the just-mentioned perforated
plate preventing the gas from coming in direct contact with the naphthalizing
liquid in the reservoir, but only allows the gas to saturate itself with the
naphthalizing liquid while passing between the wicks, the capillarity of which
latter causes the naphthalizing liquid to rise in them.
IMPROVED APPARATUS TO BE USED IN THE PROCESS OF FERMENTATION
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by George Hollands at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 1st September
1860.
I, GEORGE HOLLANDS, of Rochester, County of Kent, Brewer, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVED APPARATUS TO BE USED
IN THE PROCESS OF FERMENTATION," to be as follows, that is to say :-
The chief object of my Invention consists in keeping the beer always to the
lip or surface of the yeast back during the fermentative process, and I effect
this by the following arrangements and contrivances:-The yeast back is
formed in a tun or vat of the usual shape, and having a case raised up to the
level of the mouth, through this back a compensator passes and rests on the
beer in the tun, which is filled up to the bottom of the back; the pressure of
this compensator forces the beer up to the top of a small jacket chimney with
a valve which is placed in the centre of the yeast back, and forms an attem-
perator as it passes, both above and below the level of the back, thus allowing
the yeast to pass through and settle on the back. The compensator is formed
so as to contain sufficient water to compensate for the loss of beer during the
fermentation; and in order to make the compensation self-regulating the lever
which opens and shuts the cock which supplys the water is connected with a
float on the beer, so that a difference in the level of the beer adjusts the
compensator, and through the latter its own level is kept always at the proper
point. The compensator can be emptied by means of hose or pipes passing

page_text: through the tun or into the tun when the beer is drawn off.
When the level
of the beer is raised by means of the condensed beer flowing back into the tun
the compensator is then lightened by means of a plug through which the
water is allowed to run off. An overflow waste pipe in the compensator
prevents the water through any accident or negligence from running over into 5
the beer.
A NEW OR IMPROVED METHOD OF MANU- FACTURING WIRE FOR ELECTRIC TELEGRAPHS, AND FOR SUCH OTHER USES AS THE SAME IS OR MAY BE APPLICABLE TO
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Wilkes, Thomas Wilkes,
and Gilbert Wilkes at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents,
with their Petition, on the 28th January 1860.
We, JOHN WILKES, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, Manu-
facturer, and THOMAS WILKES, of Birmingham, aforesaid, Manufacturer, and
GILBERT WILKES, of Birmingham, aforesaid, Manufacturer, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention for "A NEW OR IMPROVED METHOD OF MANU-
FACTURING WIRE FOR ELECTRIC TELEGRAPHS, AND FOR SUCH OTHER USES AS THE
SAME IS OR MAY BE APPLICABLE TO," to be as follows:-
Our Invention consists of the method herein-after explained of manufac-
turing wire from copper or other suitable metal or alloy for electric telegraphs
and for other purposes. Wire made according to our Invention is stronger
than ordinary wire and less liable to injuries which affect its conducting.
power. We carry our Invention into effect in the following manner-We.
take a hollow cylinder or tube of copper or other metal or alloy of which the-
wire is to be made, and we fill the said tube with three, four, or more wires.
of the same metal or alloy. We then roll or draw down the said tube and
wires until the mass has acquired the requisite diameter; the wires with
which we fill the tube may either be cylindrical in figure or be wedge-shaped
so as the better to fill up the tube. The figure of the wires is, however, of:
little importance, as in the rolling or drawing process the said wires and the
tube become consolidated into a compact mass.. Wire made according to
our Invention is not so liable to loss of conducting, power when used for..

page_text: electric telegraphs as ordinary wire, for a defect in or injury to one of the
wires does not extend across the compound wire, and little loss of conducting
power results from such defect or injury. In ordinary wire a defect or
injury may extend across the wire and result in a total loss of conducting
power.
IMPROVEMENTS IN LOOMS FOR WEAVING
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Sharp, at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 24th May
1860.
I, JOHN SHARP, of Bradford, in the County of York, Machine Maker, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
LOOMS FOR WEAVING," to be as follows:-
The improvements relate to means or apparatus used for giving motion to
rotary shuttle-boxes in looms for weaving, so that these rotary shuttle-boxes
may be more readily and effectually turned, and every compartment therein
successively or otherwise be presented to the picker, and to allow a greater
variety of patterns to be woven on the same loom. I effect this by fixing
upon the outer end of the shuttle-box a round plate with as many notches in
its circumference, and correspondingly as many pins on its outer surface as the
shuttle-box contains compartments. These pins are acted upon by two catches
one on each side respectively, which catches communicate with levers on the
bottom connected at the other end with pendant rods which are raised and
lowered by a small jacquard cylinder and pattern cards in the usual way.
The jacquard cylinder being moved up and down by a crank and turned
by a four-sided plate, called a lantern, fixed on one end coming in contact
with a protruding spring catch. To fix the shuttle-box in each attained
position, with the respective compartment exactly opposite the shuttle-
race, a catch slips into the notches of the round plate afore-mentioned,
which catch is acted upon and moved out of the notches to allow the box
to turn by a lever raised and lowered for longer and shorter periods by a

page_text: tappet with elevations of different length with which it is brought in contact
respectively by one or more pendant rods moved by the jacquard cylinder
afore described. By fixing the above apparatus on each end of the loom a
pick-and-pick motion may be obtained.
IMPROVEMENTS IN PROPELLING VESSELS BY THE BUOYANT POWER OF STEAM, HOT AIR, AND VAPOUR IN COMBINATION IN RISING THROUGH WATER
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by James Parker at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 2nd October
1860.
I, JAMES PARKER, of No. 6, Lilford Road, Camberwell, Surrey, Solicitor's
Managing Clerk, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN PROPELLING VESSELS BY THE BUOYANT POWER OF STEAM,
HOT AIR, AND VAPOUR IN COMBINATION IN RISING THROUGH WATER," to be as
follows:-
My Invention consists in the use of high-pressure steam which is discharged
into an open pipe, by means of which the steam becomes combined or mixed,
and carries along with it large quantities of atmospheric air, which by reason
of the heat of the steam becomes considerably rarified and increased in bulk
or pressure during its passage along the pipe to the bottom or stern, or other
part of the vessel, or some apparatus connected therewith, where the com-
bined product of steam, hot air, and vapour issues forth into the water, and by
its rising against the vessel or apparatus at an angle it propels the vessel by
its buoyant force or power, which is in proportion to the amount of displace-
ment of water produced by the rising bulk of steam, air, and vapor. The
steam and hot air are protected from rapid condensation by covering the pipe
with a non-conducting substance, such as gutta percha or charcoal powder, or
by other well known means of protecting steam pipes. I prefer that the
steam, air, and vapour should rise against the vessel or apparatus at an angle

page_text: of about 45 degrees, that is to say, that the vessel, or channels, or other appa-
ratus against which the steam, air, and vapour rises is to present that angle
when it receives the pressure of the steam, air, and vapour as it rises through
the water. As the propelling power by this Invention increases with the
depth of water at which the steam, air, and vapor begins to rise against the
vessel, it is particularly well adapted for propelling heavy vessels. The steam
pipe may be either passed through the vessel's bottom or stern, or down outside
the vessel, in which latter case it becomes the more important to protect it in
the manner before mentioned.
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR HEATING STOVES BY GAS
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Francis Xavier Kukla at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 17th
October 1860.
I, FRANCIS XAVIER KUKLA, of Pentonville Road, in the County of Middle-
sex, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
APPARATUS FOR HEATING STOVES BY GAS," to be as follows:-
My Invention is applicable for the purpose of heating stoves by gas. It is
constructed thus:-The top of the supply pipe is covered by a hollow conical
or cylindrical vessel, the aperture of which is placed downwards. The said
vessel is surrounded by a second larger covered vessel, conical or cylindrical,
the upper part of which is perforated by numerous small holes for the gas to
pass through. The gas from the supply pipe on entering interior of the said
hollow vessel will become greatly expanded in volume by the heat of the same,
and will be forced into the space between the two vessels, and through the
said perforation, and is then exposed for combustion to a large surface of
surrounding atmosphere; by this arrangement perfect combustion of the gas is
insured, and the air which rapidly passes through the stove becomes heated to a
very high degree. When the said apparatus is used with gas obtained from
volatile liquids a wick must be substituted in place of the supply pipe herein-
before mentioned.
A NEW PROPELLER
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Pierre André Beddat at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 14th September
1860.
I, PIERRE ANDRÉ BEDDAT, of No. 53, Place Imperiale, in the City of Lyons,
in the Empire of France, Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention for "A NEW PROPELLER," to be as follows:-
Of all the propellers hitherto invented for steam boats, the screw and the
paddle wheel are the only ones which have been employed with good effect;
and if the screw is sometimes preferable at sea and for ships of war, the paddle
wheel is much superior as a propelling power, although this latter is far from
turning to account all the power of the engine; and it is known that the
enormous loss of power results from the obliquity of the paddles on entering
and quitting the water, to correct which several systems have been tried but
with little success. My improved propeller remedies these defects; it is
simple in construction, and the paddles always preserve a vertical position.
In the accompanying Drawing A indicates the main shaft set in motion by
the engine; B, B, B, crank arms mounted on the main shaft and forming a
regular triangle between their ends; C, supporting shaft placed behind the
main shaft and as far from it as the length of the rods E; D, D, D, crank
arms on the supporting shaft, which are of the same dimensions as the crank
arms B, B, B, and form as they do a triangle; E, E, E, rods connecting or
tying the crank arms B, B, B, and those D, D, D; i, i, i, i, paddles mounted
on the rods E, E, E; P, P, pieces placed at the end of the shafts (and

page_text: between the crank arms similar ones are placed) to keep them in position.
The whole is fixed on a strong wooden framing clamped with iron. The
pieces P, P, at the end of the shafts and between the crank arms rest upon
wood forming brackets so as not to interfere with the play of the crank arms.
The Drawing shews one side of the apparatus on one side of the vessel, but
the opposite side is, of course, similar. The circles dotted in red indicate the
up and down movement of the paddles, and those in black that of the crank
arms. One rod instead of three may be used for canal boats and other
vessels where great speed is not required.
A SYSTEM OF CHROMATO-TOPO-CHRONO-GRAPHIC CHARTS, INTENDED TO FACILITATE THE STUDY OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY AND CHRONOLOGY
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by George Davies at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 17th May
1860. A communication from abroad by Charles Rikli-Valet, of Wangen,
Switzerland.
I, GEORGE DAVIES, of No. 1, Serlo Street, Lincoln's Inn, in tho County
of Middlesex, and No. 28, St. Enoch Square, in the City of Glasgow, Civil
Engineer and Patent Agent, do hereby declare the nature of the said Inven-
tion for "A SYSTEM OF CHROMATO-TOPO-CHRONO-GRAPHIC CHARTS, INTENDED TO
FACILITATE THE STUDY OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY AND CHRONOLOGY," a communica-
tion from. abroad by Charles Rikli-Valet, of Wangen, Switzerland,) to be as
follows:-
The object of these charts is to facilitate the committing to memory of facts
and dates of history on the principles of intuition and mathematics, by sub-
stituting mental logic for the mere effort of the memory, and the Inventor
believes that he has discovered a means of attaining this object by the union
(in this system) of chronological and geographical intuition. This union, as
conceived by the Inventor, rests on the two following principles:-
Firstly, the relation of facts is given on the chart, as it were, geometrically,
exactly in the proportion implied by the dates themselves. In other words,
the duration of time is divided regularly, and always proportionally, as is the
case with distance or space in an ordinary map. Centuries, decennaries,
years, and so forth, in which there is nothing to report, have, nevertheless,
their place assigned, although it is void, and those in which, on the contrary,

page_text: there is, much to recount, have, in proportion, no more space than the
former.
Secondly, as regards the chronology (properly so called) the first ten
numbers, from one to ten, are (in the corresponding decimal divisions of time)
represented one by one in a symbolical manner by colours, according to a
basis or hypothesis primarily determined on. Consequently time (✓ povos) is
represented in the same graphic (ypapixwr) manner as the earth is on a map,
being identified with or connected by means of colours (dia xpaμaтav), to place
(TOTO), that is to say, on the chart, and for this reason the Inventor has given
to his charts the compound denomination of "Chromato-topo-chrono-grapic,
although in practice they may be called simply "chrongraphic' charts, or by
any other convenient name.
The first of these principles above defined is not in itself altogether new; it
has been already employed in literature, although in a form entirely distinct
from that here put in practice; but it is especially in the second of these
principles (which, the Inventor believes to be entirely new) and in its com
bination with the former that the essential novelty of this Invention consists.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN MAGNETO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
Year: 1860

page_text: 5
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Henry Johnson at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 21st Decem-
ber 1860. A communication from abroad by Hypolite Worms, of Paris,
in the Empire of France, Banker.
1, JOHN HENRY JOHNSON, of 47, Lincoln's Inn Fields, in the County of
Middlesex, and of 166, Buchanan Street, in the City of Glasgow, North Britain,
Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN MAGNETO-ELECTRIC MACHINES," a communication from abroad by
Hypolite Worms, of Paris, in the Empire of France, Banker, to be as
follows:-
This Invention relates to a peculiar construction and arrangement of mag-
neto-electric machines, and consists in grouping the helices in fours, or in pairs,
and connecting their opposite poles to one common conductor, which commu-
nicates with the commutator. The commutator consists of a number of divided
rings, to each half of which is connected a wire or conductor leading to a
corresponding circle of helices. Upon these rings bear the electrodes, which
are either made to run thereon or provided with antifriction rollers and springs,
so as to reduce the friction. The cores of the helices are made of tubular
sheet metal, but are slid down one side, by which means the development of
induced currents is obviated; these cores may be made of several thicknesses,
or a number of cores of different diameters may be inserted one within the
other, by which means the power of the coil will be increased. The wire, in
place of being wound singly, is wound in the form of a flat band or riband of

page_text: several wires. By this means a current of greater quantity in proportion to
the number of the wires in the band is obtained and of increased tension in
proportion to the fineness of such wires, which is of great advantage in many
cases. In order to collect the currents without the aid of a commutator, it is
proposed to connect one end of the wire of the helices to an insulated conduct-
ing rod or spindle contained inside the main shaft of the machine. The outer
end of this conductor is in electric contact with a screw, also insulated from
the framing which supports it, and to this screw is connected a wire, which
conducts the current to any desired point. The other end of the coil wire is
simply connected to the surface of the main shaft of the machine, and a binding
screw on the plummer block serves for the attachment of a second wire, which
is also carried to the point where the current is to operate.
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR SUPPORTING OR CARRYING ELECTRICAL CON- DUCTORS FOR TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
Year: 1860

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Sacheverell Gisborne at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 8th
August 1860.
I, JOHN SACHEVERELL GISBORNE, of Birkenhead, in the County of Chester,
Telegraphic Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR SUPPORTING OR CARRYING ELECTRICAL CON-
DUCTORS FOR TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to improvements in the construction of insulators or
apparatus for carrying electric, magnetic, or other telegraphic lines, and
consists of a bell or dome-shaped cup, with a hollow projection downwards
from the inside, and two or more studs or projections on the top, with one or
more cross holes or apertures in the same. The hollow projection downwards
receives the usual bracket fixed in, or to a post or wall, and when both the
bracket and wire supporter are of metal (which I prefer), I coat the end of
the bracket or inside of the downward projection with india-rubber, gutta
percha, glass, porcelain, or other non-conducting material. The lines or
conducting mediums are passed betwixt the studs or projections on the top, and
when stretched a key, cotter, screw, or like binder of steel, iron, wood, bone,
or other substance is placed in the cross holes, and made fast, thereby pre-
venting the line from moving out of its place, and this security is further
augmented by slightly curving the top of the dome or bell downwards, so that
the cotter, screw, or other arrangement may depress that part of the line
acted on.
IMPROVEMENTS IN KNITTING. MACHINERY
Year: 1860

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Shipley, of Elton Street, Leicester, James
Taylor, of Asylum Street, Leicester, and Joseph Shuttlewood, of Thorpe
Street, Leicester, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN KNITTING.
MACHINERY."
Sealed the 19th September 1860, and dated the 4th July 1860.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Shipley, James
Taylor, and Joseph Shuttleworth at the Office of the Commissioners of
Patents, with his Petition, on the 4th July 1860.
We, JOHN SHIPLEY, of Elton Street, Leicester, JAMES TAYLOR, of Asylum
Street, Leicester, and JOSEPH SHUTTLEWOOD, of Thorpe Street, Leicester, do
hereby declare the nature of the Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN KNITTING
MACHINERY," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in knitting machinery.
For these purposes each sinker is by its lower end attached to a lever jack,
which moves on a suitable axis below the needle bar. The sinkers are formed
with bent upper ends, the lower parts of such bends are formed with angular
notches under which the thread is laid, and by which the thread. is sunk into
loops between the needles. The bent or curved upper parts of the sinkers
work between the needles in like manner to what has been proposed before

page_text: when using sinkers with like bent or curved upper ends without lever jacks.
The sinkers work in a comb bar, and there is a straight bar in front to pre-
vent their coming too forward. It is preferred to combine these sinkers having
lever jacks at their lower ends with needles, which have beards or hooks at
both ends, but we also combine them with ordinary fixed needles with beards
or hooks only at one end. By thus employing lever jacks below the needles
in combination with sinkers with curved or bent upper ends, a considerable
advantage is obtained, as the lever jacks will be out of the way, and the upper
parts of a knitting frame will be all clear above the noodles.