IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PRODUCTION OF PAPER PULP, AND IN BLEACHING PAPER PULP AND CERTAIN FABRICS, ALSO AN APPARATUS FOR CUTTING WOOD APPLICABLE FOR CARRYING OUT PART OF THE INVENTION
Year: 1861

page_text: London, Patent Agent, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
PRODUCTION OF PAPER PULP, AND IN BLEACHING PAPER PULP AND CERTAIN
FABRICS, ALSO AN APPARATUS FOR CUTTING WOOD APPLICABLE FOR CARRYING OUT
PART OF THE INVENTION."-A communication from abroad by Marie Anne
Pelagie Veronique Cauzique, formerly Le Roux, of 33, Boulevard Saint
Martin, Paris, France.
ealed the 26th December 1861, and dated the 19th July 1861.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Michael Henry at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 19th
July 1861.
I, MICHAEL HENRY, of 84, Fleet Street, in the City of London, Patent
Agent, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN THE PRODUCTION OF PAPER PULP, AND IN BLEACHING PAPER PULP AND CERTAIN
FABRICS, ALSO AN APPARATUS FOR CUTTING WOOD APPLICABLE FOR CARRYING OUT
PART OF THE INVENTION," communicated to me from abroad by Marie Anne
Pelagie Veronique, Cauzique, formerly Le Roux, of 33, Boulevard Saint
Martin, Paris, France, to be as follows:-
According to this Invention paper pulp is manufactured of wood, divided,

page_text: cut, torn, crushed, or brought by suitable means into a state of splinter, splint,
shaving, thread, ravelling, chip, fillet, fragment, powder, or reduced condition.
The method is also applicable to the production of pulp from barks and other
portions of trees, shrubs, and plants. The Invention also relates to modes of
bleaching.
The Invention is particularly applicable to resinous woods; it is preferred
to operate on pine, fir, elm, linden, evergreen, holm oak, poplar, nut, chesnut,
mulberry, palm, cedar, cypress, and other woods, and generally on cheap woods.
Having first reduced the wood or material under treatment by planes, rollers,
splint-cutting apparatus, tearing or crushing machinery, beetles, grindstones,
or other means, it is then either bleached without first boiling, or, and this is
preferred, it is first boiled or subjected to hot treatment in closed or open
vessels containing alkaline liquids, such for example, as soda, potassa, or
ammonia solutions, alone or combined; it is well washed after each alkaline
boiling or treatment. Steam may be injected into the boilers or vessels to
effect or aid the boiling and disintegration; it is preferred to use about 10 per
cent. alkaline salt to each boiling, to keep up the boiling for 12 hours, and
to deprive wood of its resin before treating it as described. The material is
then bleached.
The bleacbing is performed in a bath of about 10 per cent. sulphuric
or hydrochloric acid for about 48 to 60 hours, washing well, and adding
liquid or gaseous chlorine; the chlorine may be added while the acid
is acting. Or in a preliminary sulphuric or hydrochloric acid bath, then
washing, and then using a salt of soda bath, an equal part of chlorine water
being added after 24 hours. Or leaving the material at rest in a carbonate
of soda bath for about six days (more or less), then adding chloride of lime
or chloride in a nascent state; or using a bath composed of two parts hydro-
chloric or muriatic acid, two parts water, one part binoxide of manganese; or
3 parts hydrochloric acid, 1 part binoxide of manganese; or 2 parts hydro-
chloric acid, 1 part manganese, sea salt; or 200 parts water, 100 acid,
100 manganese, 500 salt, adding a half part sulphuric acid. The pulp is
left 8 or 12 hours (more or less) in any one of these mixtures, or in any
similar bleaching compound, and is then removed to an alkaline carbonate
bath, whence it is again returned to the apparatus, and in about 12 hours the
bleaching is complete.
I do not restrict myself however to the precise duration, periods, or spaces
of time that I have herein-before mentioned, as they may be varied. Water
plants, osier, willow, sorgho, flax, hemp, tow, harl, sunflower, aloe, couch grass,

page_text: nettle, heath, broom, alpha, esparto, artichoke, thistle, beanstalk, peas, and
rushes are among the plants that may be treated by this method. Fabrics
manufactured of fibrous material, may be treated by the modes of bleaching
described, and also paper pulps produced otherwise than herein described.
Hydrogen gas may also be used for bleaching.
For reducing wood an improved machine may be employed, in which a
carriage or frame to which blades or cutters are hinged or connected is caused
to travel to and fro or longitudinally by a connecting arm or equivalent, and
carries a roller composed of a series of discs or plates, each alternate one of
which is of rather smaller diameter than the others. The wood is held in a
carriage or frame moved transversely or across the machine by screws worked
by a pinion gearing into toothed wheels or otherwise, whereby the wood is
kept pressed up to the disc roller, which acts thereon so as to mark out
furrows therein, the part so traced out being removed or cut away by the
blades or cutters.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Michael Henry in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
18th January 1862.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, MICHAEL
HENRY, of 84, Fleet Street, in the City of London, Patent Agent, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Nineteenth day of July, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-one, in the twenty-fifth year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her bheirs and successors, give and grant unto
mie, the said Michael Henry, Her special licence that I, the said Michael
Henry, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the
said Michael Henry, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at
any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,.
use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN THE PRODUCTION OF PAPER PULP, AND IN BLEACHING PAPER PULP AND CERTAIN
FABRICS, ALSO AN APPARATUS FOR CUTTING WOOD APPLICABLE FOR CARRYING OUT
PART OF THE INVENTION," communicated to me from abroad by Marie Anne

page_text: Pélagie Véronique Cauzique, formerly Le Roux, of 33, Boulevard Saint
Martin, Paris, France, upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said
Michael Henry, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing
under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe
and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of
the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Michael Henry, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement thereof, as communicated to me, reference being had to the accom-
panying Drawings, and to the letters and figures marked thereon, that is to
say:
The principal object of this Invention is the manufacture of paper pulp,
the pulp being obtained from wood, divided, cut, torn, crushed, or brought by
suitable means into a state of splinter, chip, shaving, thread, strip, sliver, or
shred, or of sawdust, or powder, or similar reduced condition. The processes
are also applicable to the treatment of pulp from barks and portions of trees,
shrubs, and plants. The Invention also relates to improved modes of
bleaching.
The Invention is particularly useful from its applicability to resinous woods;
it is preferred to operate on pine, fir, elm, lime or linden, evergreen, holly or
holm oak, poplar, nut, chesnut, mulberry, palm, cedar, cypress, and other
goods; it is of course especially preferred to apply the Invention to cheap woods.
Having first reduced the wood into sawdust, shavings, strips or slivers, threads,
chips, or thin pieces by planes, rollers, tearing or crushing machinery, beetles,
or other means, (but preferring to use for such reduction the "disc roller
machine" herein-after particularly described), the wood so reduced is then
either bleached without first boiling it, or else it is first boiled, "cooked," or
subjected to hot treatment in closed or open vessels containing alkaline liquids,
such for example, as soda, potassa, or ammonia solutions; it is preferred to use
the materials combined. The wood is well washed after each such alkaline
boiling or treatment. Steam may be injected into the boilers or vessels to
effect or aid the boiling and disintegration. It is recommended to use about
10 per cent. alkaline salt to each boiling, and to keep up the said alkaline
boiling for 12 hours. It is also advisable to deprive the wood of its resin
before treating it as above described. The wood is then bleached.

page_text: The bleaching, whether after or without boiling or "cooking" the materials, is
performed by one of the following methods:-First method, here the material
is first subjected to a bath of about 10 per cent. of sulphuric or hydrochloric
acid for about 48 to 60 hours, washing well and adding liquid or gaseous
chlorine (the chlorine may be added while the acid is acting). Or, second
method, the material is first treated in a preliminary sulphuric or hydrochloric
acid bath, then washed plentifully, and next subjected to a salt of soda bath,
an equal part of chlorine water being added after 24 hours. Or, third method,
here the material is left at rest in a carbonate of soda bath for about 6 days,
afterwards adding chloride of lime or chlorine in a nascent state. Or, fourth
method, the material is placed in an apparatus filled with the gas produced
from a bath composed of 2 parts hydrochloric or muriatic acid, 2 parts water,
1 part binoxide of manganese; or of 3 parts hydrochloric acid, 1 part binoxide
I manganese; or of 2 parts hydrochloric acid, 1 part manganese, 1 part sea
salt; or of 200 parts water, 100 parts acid, 100 parts manganese, 500 parts
salt, adding one half part sulphuric acid. The pulp is left generally 8 or 12
hours in any one of these mixtures, or in any bleaching compound composed
in a very similar manner and of nearly the same proportions, and is then
removed to a carbonate of soda or alkali bath, whence it is again returned to
the apparatus, and in about 12 hours the bleaching is complete.
of
I do not restrict myself, however, to the precise durations or periods of time
that I have herein-before mentioned, as they may be varied. Water plants,
osier, willow, sorgho, flax, hemp, tow, harl, sunflower, aloe, couch grass, nettle,
heath, broom, alpha, espȧrto, artichoke, thistles, beanstalks, beans, peas, and
rushes are among the plants that may be treated by this method. Fabrics
manufactured of fibrous materials may be treated by the modes of bleaching
described, which are also applicable to paper pulp produced otherwise than
as herein described. Hydrogen gas may also be used for bleaching.
The Invention next relates to an improved machine which I call the "disc
roller machine," and which I now proceed to describe, that is to say:-For
reducing the wood for the foregoing and other purposes, a machine may be
employed, in which a carriage or frame to which blades or cutters are hinged
or connected is caused to travel to and fro or longitudinally by means of a
connecting arm or equivalent contrivance, and carries a roller composed of a
series' of discs or plates, each alternate one of which is of rather smaller
diameter than the others. The wood is held in a carriage or frame moved
transversely or across the machine by screws worked by a pinion gearing into
toothed wheels or otherwise, whereby the wood is kept pressed up to the disc

page_text: roller, which acts thereon so as to mark out furrows therein, the parts so scored
or traced out being removed or cut away by the blades or cutters.
The accompanying Drawings exemplify this "disc roller" machine constructed
according to the Invention.
Figure 1 is an elevation, Figure 2 a plan, and Figure 3 a side view of the
same.
A is the framework; C is a carriage or frame to which motion is imparted
by means of a cranked shaft or by a crank disc which actuates the carriage C
through the forked frame or arms G connected to it; the carriage C thus
receives a longitudinal to-and-fro motion on the framework, sliding between a
pair of guides B, B', and it has hinged or jointed to it a pair of cutter carriers
or stocks E, E, which are held in place by means of two springs P, P, and
are fitted with cutters F, F. Between these cutter carriers is placed a roller D,
composed of a number of steel dises or round plates like the cutters of circular
saws, but with smooth or toothless edges. These discs are connected together,
and each alternate one is of rather smaller diameter than the others. O is a
log of wood to be reduced; it is placed on a carriage or cradle J which travels
across or transversely of the framework on guide ways M, and is actuated
for that purpose by two endless screws L, L, worked by wheels H, H, into
which gears a pinion I driven by a driving pulley K or otherwise. The
carriage J in its travel across the machine presses the log of wood against
the disc roller D, which in its longitudinal travel scores into the wood, tracing
longitudinal furrows therein, and so divides it into strips, which are afterwards
raised, detached, and wholly removed by the cutters F, F.; the wood and the
cutters thus continuing their travel and the disc roller its action, the wood is
rapidly reduced into very fine (narrow and slender) shavings or strips, which
are well suited for the treatment to which they are subjected to be converted
into paper pulp.
Having now described the nature of the said Invention and in what manner
the same may be performed, I declare that I claim,-
First, the production of paper pulp from wood reduced to sawdust or
powder, or to shavings, strips, slivers, threads, or chips by mechanical means,
and afterwards bleached by one of the chemical modes of bleaching herein-
before described.
Second, the particular methods of bleaching herein-before described, in so
far as regards the exact proportions and composition thereof, as respectively
set forth.
Third, the general arrangement and combination of parts constituting the

page_text: machine for reducing wood, herein-before described and represented in the
accompanying Drawings, and called by me the "disc roller machine."
In witness whereof, I, the said Michael Henry, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Eighteenth day of January, in the year One thousand
eight hundred and sixty-two.
Witness,
S. E. A. NEWSOME,
Patent Office,
84, Fleet Street.
M. HENRY. (L.S.)