IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OR PRO- DUCTION OF CONFECTIONARY, AND IN THE MACHINERY, APPARATUS, OR MEANS EMPLOYED THEREIN
Year: 1852

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to James Wotherspoon, of Glasgow, in the
County of Lanark, North Britain, Wholesale Confectioner, for
the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OR PRO-
DUCTION OF CONFECTIONARY, AND IN THE MACHINERY, APPARATUS, OR
MEANS EMPLOYED THEREIN."
Sealed the 9th February 1858, and dated the 5th November 1852.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said James Wotherspoon
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 5th November 1852.
I, JAMES WOTHERSPOON, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark,
North Britain, Wholesale Confectioner, do hereby declare the nature
of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OR
PRODUCTION OF CONFECTIONARY, AND IN THE MACHINERY, APPARATUS, OR
MEANS EMPLOYED THEREIE," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to the manufacture of various kinds of con-
fectionary, such as comforts, lozenges, barley sugar, and other similar
articles. Instead of the ordinary modes of boiling the sugar, gas jets or

page_text: heated air is used as the heating medium. The pearling pans, arranged
to vibrate on a fixed centre, being actuated from an overhead crank to
give the required vibratry motion as used for pearling and otherwise
manufacturing the goods, the sugar being supplied from two or more
vessels suspended above it, and moved in the same way. Such pans, or
the rotatory pans known as "Duncan's Patent Steam Comfit Pans,"
are also made to act in a superior manner by forming a system of free
ventilation to carry off the vapour, the rotatory pan being supported on
each side, instead of overhanging on one side. The materials are
prepared for lozenges with the assistance of a series of tubs or mixing
mills, a squeezer and a cutting machine. The mixing apparatus
resembles a pug-mill as used for working clay, and from this mixing
apparatus the materials are passed to a piston squeezing box, like a
brick moulding machine. Here the matters under treatment are
forced out through a die, or passed between rollers, to produce a sheet,
in which state it passes to the cutting apparatus, being a series of
punches arranged in a frame, and made to cut downwards upon the
sheets of material as the latter are traversed forward upon the cutting
boards. The cutters, each revolve upon their axis, so that when they
descend they cut through the sheet, and carry up the severed lozenges on
rising. Then an oscillating board is made to work in at each cutting
stroke, beneath the elevated cutters, and the lozenges are pressed out of
these cutters or punches by the descent of small spindles. The lozenges
thus fall on the oscillating board, and are carried back free of the cut-
ters, and tipped over upon an endless traversing cloth for completion in
the usual way. To clean the cutters, steam jets are used, or brushes
are adapted to work over the outsides, whilst the interior surfaces are
scraped by the descending spindles, moisture or steam being introduced
into the interior of the internal spindles as a further cleanser.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said James Wotherspoon in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 5th May 1853.
}
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I;
JAMES WOTHERSPOON, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, Northŕ
Britain, Wholesale Confectioner, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Fifth day of November, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-two, in the sixteenth
year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and
grant, unto me, the said James Wotherspoon, Her special licence that
I, the said James Wotherspoon, my executors, administrators, and as-
signs, or such others as I, the said James Wotherspoon, my executors,
administrators, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE MANUFACTURE OR PRODUCTION OF CONFECTIONARY, AND IN THE MACHI-
NERY, APPARATUS, OR MEANS EMPLOYED THEREIN," upon the condition
(amongst others) that I, the said James Wotherspoon, by an instru-
ment in writing under my hand and seal, should particularly describe
and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner
the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the
Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and imme
diately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said James Wotherspoon, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the
same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement, reference being had to the accom-
panying Drawings-and-to the letters and figures marked thereon,
that is to say:
.
Figure 1, on Sheet 1, of my Drawings, is a front elevation of one
arrangement of my rotatory comfit pan, which is a modification of, and

page_text: an improvement upon, what is known in the trade as "Duncan's Patent
Steam Comfit Pan;" Figure 2, is a side elevation of the same pan,
taken at right angles to the view Figure 1; and Figure 3, is a plan of
the main actuating mechanism for causing the pan's rotation. Figure
4, is a vertical sectional elevation of the rotatory pan; and Figure 5, is
a similar transverse section through the pan. Figure 6, is a vertical
section of the steam heated receiver for holding the syrup prior to its
deposit in the pan. It consists of a main rectangular cast iron framing
A, the central portion of which is surmounted by the large rotatory
steam heated pan B. This pan is supported on both sides, so as to run
steadily without any objectionable overhang. The pan is a circular
flattened chamber of copper, formed with an annular circumferental
steam heated division or casing C, and having a wide central opening
on each side, so as to furnish a clear direct passage through from side
to side. On one side this opening has a collar piece D, formed upon
it, to fit into a corresponding projecting collar, cast on a large spur
wheel E. This wheel has a long tubular collar F, cast upon it, to
answer as one journal bearing for the chamber B, being fitted into a
stuffing box bearing G, in a small bracket bolted at H, to the main
framing. The opposite opening in the chamber has also a collar piece
I, fitting into the interior of a cast iron collar carrying a spur wheel J,
somewhat larger than the one on the other side. It is this collar I,
which forms the journal or support on that side of the pan, the bearing
being obtained from the two pulleys K, running freely on studs in the
brackets L, bolted to the framing. The steam for keeping the pan
hot is supplied through the pipe M, which enters a lateral stuffing box
N, in the main stuffing box bearing G, and conducts the steam to a
ring of apertures O, in the tubular journal F. From this point the
steam passes along the hollow of the journal F, and finally enters the
casing C, by the laterally diverging pipe P. The water of condensa-
tion is carried off' from the casing by the small pipe Q, which enters a
stuffing box R, on the outside of the main bearing. This opens up a
fluid discharge passage from the casing through the pipe S, which
passes right through the tubular piece F, and then diverges inside the
chamber to the steain chamber; and to assist the discharge of the water

page_text: a few inclined collecting strips of metal T, are fastened along the steam
chamber, so that they may catch and collect the fluid, and direct it well
to the open inner end of the pipe S. Or, by a simpler contrivance, the
water may be allowed to flow directly off from the steam division through
the small pipe S', into the fixed catch trough S", beneath. The main
steam pipe for the heating supply is at U, overhead, this pipe being run
along a range of machines with descending pipes M, at the necessary
intervals. The regulation of the steam supply is effected by the handle
V, on the end of a notched lever, which may thus be set back and for-
ward, and held by a stop in any required position, the other end of
this lever being jointed to the lever arm W, of the stop cock X, on
the steam pipe M. The whole of the movements of the apparatus are
derived from the fast and loose driving pulleys Y, on the first motion
shaft Z, which is carried in the two end bracket bearings a. This shaft
carries a bevil pinion b, in gear with a bevil wheel c, on the second
motion transverse shaft d, which runs in end bearings in the two oppo-
site standards of the framing. The same shaft also carries too loose
spur wheels e, f, corresponding in their relative diameters with the
wheels E, J, on the pan. These wheels e, f, are provided with long
bosses with inside clutch surfaces g, h, corresponding to opposite half
clutches i, j. The latter are carried round with the shaft on a feather,
but are free to slide along the shaft when impelled by the levers k, l,
which are forked to embrace the ring grooves of the moveable balf
clutches. These levers are set on stud centres m, n, and their opposite
ends are jointed at o, to a link piece p, the opposite end of which again
is connected at q, to the lower end of the hand lever r, set on a fixed
centre at s. In this way the workman can set either the quick or the
slow train of wheels into gear, to suit the speed he wishes to obtain, one
clutch being always put into gear just as the other one goes out. The
syrup to be employed in the manufacture of comfits or other articles to
be made in this machine is placed in the double bottomed steam heated
chamber t, set in the open rectangular top of the detached frame u.
This range of chambers is supplied with the heating steam by the main
horizontal pipe v, carried in the brackets u, standing up from the
floor, diverging branches a, passing from this main to the pans. When
the apparatus is set to work the necessary quantity of seeds are placed

page_text: in the rotatory pan, and the latter is heated up to the required tempera-
ture and set in motion, whilst the attendant from time to time supplies
small quantities of the heated syrup to the pan through the aperture on
the side I. The syrup is sprinkled over the moving seeds, which roll
continuously over each other as the pan goes round, and thus cach seed
becomes uniformly coated with the solidifying syrup, the aqueous
portion of the mass being driven off by the heat in the pan. This
rolling working effect is aided by the curved inclined pieces y, set in the
inside of the pan for the treated articles to fall over as each comes
round. The clear thoroughfare through the pan greatly aids the opera-
tion by carrying off the generated vapour, and if it is arranged so that
the air current in the workroom shall be in the direction of the arrow,
the vapour and surplus heat will pass off' in that direction, clear of the
workman. To prevent the chance entrance into the pan of dust or
other objectionable matters, as well as to prevent the goods from being
thrown out of the pan, a disc of wire gauze or other permeable
material, is covered over the opening on the side D. Owing to the
regular uniform action of this machine, it produces high class goods at
a quick rate, and with superior comfort to the attendant. It answers
for making all smooth goods of the comfit class, and is either to be
used for producing finished articles of this kind, or as a preparatory
machine for my improved "pearling" apparatus, which I shall now
proceed to describe.
Figure 1, on Sheet 2, of my Drawings, is a side elevation of one
modification of my improved "pearling" machine, or vibrating or
oscillating pan apparatus, for manufacturing what are known in
the confectionery trade as pearled and pan goods. Figure 2, is a
front view of the same machine corresponding. Its main framing
consists of the two vertical side standards A, each cast with two feet
and an extended base to carry the lower gearing, but tapered upwards
to a single narrow pillar. These standards are bolted to the foundation
by base flanges, and they are connected together by a transverse beam
or late B, an: an overheal cross piece C, at the top. Each standard
is in two pieces, bolte 1 together by flanges at D, an'l the wide bottom
portion has a cross bar F, to support the two pedestals for the journals
of the first motion shaft F. This shaft carries the fast and loose pulleys

page_text: G, on its projecting end, and it extends across the machine to the other
side, where it has upon it a spur pinion H, in gear with the spur
wheel I, fast on the end of the second motion shaft J; carried in
bearings cast on the edges of the standards. Each extreme end of
this shaft has upon it a crank arm K, with an adjustable pin at L, to
which is jointed the lower end of a connecting rod M, which two rods
respectively pass up to joint studs N, fast in the two opposite sides of
the vibrating pearling pan O. By this means, as the first motion shaft
revolves, the consequent revolution of the cranks J, causes the con-
tinual vibratory or oscillatory traverse of the pan O, upon its fixed
centre P, in the framing. This fixed centre is formed by a tubular
neck Q, set on each side of the pan and turned to work accurately in
suitable bearings on the frame, the outer ends of these tubular journals
being fitted with stuffing boxes or steam-tight junction apparatus for
connection with fixed steam and water piping. The pan is a shallow
segmentally shaped receiver, with an open top and a false bottom, to
form a steam heating chamber or division R. The central part of its
bottom is also made with a ridge piece S, so that the seeds or other
matters under treatment may be effectually turned over as the vibration
goes on. The heating steam is supplied to the chamber R, by the
pipe T, which opens into the tubular journal by the stuffing box junc-
tion; and to carry off the water of condensation in the division the outer
bottom of the pan is made with a sunk recess U, into which the end of
the curved pipe V, is made to open, whilst the other end of this pipe
passes to the tubular journal Q, on the other side, so that the water
collecting at U, may be forced out by the internal steam pressure. Or,
instead of this plan, the water may simply be allowed to drip away by the
stop-cock W, into the catch vessel X, on the floor beneath. A curved
pipe V, is carried down from the tubular journal to the under side of the
pan, to take the steam into its division or heating space. The syrup or
liquid matter employed in the pearling operation is placed in the
swinging discharge vessel. Y, having at its lower end a small tapered
discharging spout Z. This vessel is linked to the lower end a, of a
swinging lever set on a fixed stud centre b, which is carried between
the upper curved ends of a pair of pillar pieces bolted down to
the framing at c. This lever has a vertical joint link at d, which is

page_text: The
connected by a horizontal joint link at e, to one end of a link f.
other end of this link f, is formed with a universal joint at g, fitting to
an adjustable stud pin set in the horizontally revolving crank arm h,
fast on the top of the vertical spindle i. This spindle is supported in
the footstep and collar bearings j, and carries a bevil wheel k, in gear
with a bevil pinion 1, fast in the outer face of the loosely revolving
pulley m. This pulley runs loose on a fixed stud n, and it is driven
from below by the endless belt o, passing up from the smaller pulleys p
fast on the first motion shaft. The action of the machine is this:-
The comfits, seeds, or other materials to be pearled, confected, smooth
finished, or otherwise operated upon, are deposited in the pan O, and
steam is supplied thereto to bring up the necessary heat. Then the
apparatus being set in motion by the pulleys G, the pan receives the
necessary vibrating motion back and forward, as indicated by the dotted
lines in Figure 1, so that the deposited contents are continually rolled
back and forward, and cach individual article is made to roll well over
at each traverse by the action of the ridge S; at the same time the
rotation of the spindle i, causes the syrup supplier Y, to traverse con-
tinually over the pan, whilst the syrup trickles down upon the moving
articles. In this way small portions of syrup are continually and
evenly supplied to the articles in the pan, whilst the articles therein are
rolling over and over with an unceasing and uniform motion. As
the syrup falls in minute supplies it partially solidifies during its
descent, so that on arriving at the mass of moving comfits or other
articles it is just of the right solidity and tenacity to adhere to the
articles, and form the intended "pearly" or roughened external coating,
the watery particles being dissipated by the steam heat. And although
I have described this machine as specially adapted for giving the
pearling finish to comfits or other articles already so far manufactured
or sized in the comfit machine, yet I wish it to be understood that the
same machine may be used as well in all the stages of making comfits
and finishing them smooth; the syrup in this latter case being supplied
in a manner similar to that employed in making goods in the comfit
machine, as I have already described.
Figure 1, on Sheet 3, of my Drawings, is an external elevation of
my mixing mill for commingling and working up the materials used

page_text: for the manufacture of lozenges or other materials which require to
be mixed or kneaded. Figure 2, is a corresponding sectional eleva-
tion of the machine at right angles to Figure 1; and Figure 3, is a
plan of the actual operating details. It consists of a primary amalga-
mating tub A, and a secondary one B, both carried on the timber
framing C, and fitted up with the necessary agitating mechanism
driven from the vertical shaft D. This shaft drives the horizontal
shaft E, by means of the pair of bevil wheels F; and a drum G, on
the shaft E, carries an open and a crossed band H, I, descending to
the actual gearing of the apparatus. The open band passes to the fast
and loose pulleys J, on the horizontal shaft K.; and this shaft carries
a bevil pinion L, in gear with a bevil pinion M, fast on the vertical
mixing spindle N, which passes up through a joint at O, into the
primary mixing tub or receiver A, where it carries arms and mixing
blades P, for working up the mass. In manufacturing lozenges and
other articles in which gum is an ingredient, the gun in its muci-
laginous state is placed in the working tub A, and the necessary
quantity of sugar is added to the mass. The spindle N, is then set in
motion; and the arms and mixing blades P, revolving like the move-
ment of a pug mill, mix up the mass until thoroughly commingled,
thickened, and brought to a uniform smoothness and consistency. The
bottom slide Q, of the working chamber is then withdrawn, and the mass
is allowed to descend into the secondary chamber B, for further working.
The crossed band I, works this chamber by means of the fast and loose
pulleys R, on the horizontal shaft S, which also carries a bevil pinion
T, in gear with the bevil wheel U, fast on the vertical mixing spindle V.
This spindle passes up into the mixing vessel B, by a tight joint, as in
the first movement, and it carries the sets of inclined flattened arms or
mixing blades W, which in working round still further mix up the mass
brought from the first chamber. When this mixing operation has been
continued for a sufficient length of time the handle X, is turned to
screw back the bottom slide or discharge valve Y, when the mass may
be removed for further treatment, as is well understood by practical
men. Although I have herein-before described this machine in reference
to the preparation of materials intended to be converted into lozenges
by a subsequent process, such machine may be used for the purpose of

page_text: mixing, thickening, and equalizing any substanco of a pasty or moist
character, which are to be mixed and reduced to a uniform smoothness
and consistency.
.
Figure 1, on Sheet 4, of my Drawings, is a side elevation of my
cutting out machine for cutting out lozenges from sheets of prepared
material; Figure 2, is an end clevation of the machine at right
angles to Figure 1; Figure 3, is a plan of the same; Figure 4, is
an enlarged detail of one of the cutters or punches with the cleansing
apparatus detached; Figure 5, is a side elevation of the feed traverse
table, carrying the sheets of lozenge dough or material beneath
the cutters; and Figure 6, is a plan of the table reversed. The
framing of the machine consists of a pair of parallel standards A,
properly secured together transversely. The first motion driving shaft B,
carrying the fast and loose driving pulleys C, is placed across the centre
of the framing, being supported in bearings D, in the standards. Near
the centre of this shaft is a spur pinion E, in gear with a spur wheel F,
fust on the upper parallel shaft G. The latter shaft G, carries a pair
of reversed bevil wheels H, for actuating the rotatory movement of the
cutters, whilst it projects outside the framing to carry the two crank
dises I, J, respectively fitted with a crank pin K, for working the direct
vertical traverse of the cutting action. The cutters in the present
instance, sixteen in number, are carried in a horizontal slide piece L
fitted at each end to traverse in the two upper standards M, bolted
down on the main frame, the slide piece L, having end stud pins N,
fitted to eyes on the upper ends of the connecting rods O, from the
crank pins K, beneath the two connecting rods, being linked together
overhead by the frame piece P, for convenience in disengaging. Each
cutter consists of a tubular piece Q, capable of moving freely in upper
and lower bearings in L, and having a small spindle R, passing down
its centre, carrying a clearing piston S, at its lower end, to work inside
the cutting punch T. The rod R, is encircled by a lelex U', to give
the required elevating movement to the clearing piston at each stroke;
and the tube Q, has also a helex V, to allow for chance inequalities in
the carrying board of the material to be cut, the pressure of the slide L
upon the cutters being through these springs V, in descending. Each
tube Q, has also a small toothed pinion W, of fine pitch, and the

page_text: punches are set so close together that all the contiguous pinions gear
together, so as to be capable of simultaneous revolution when driven by
the two larger outside wheels X. The wheels X, are set in between
the upper and lower bars of the slide L, being entered upon the grooved
upper ends Y of the spindles carrying the bevil wheels Z, at their
lower ends, where also they revolve in collar bearing a. The feed
motion for traversing the material beneath the cutters is entirely
actuated by the crank disc J, in which is fitted an adjustable cam. piece
b, working against the tail of the lever c, keyed on the outer end of the
cross shaft d. This shaft also carries a short lever e, keyed fast, and
having hinged to it a weighed catch lever e', gearing with the inclined
notches f, beneath the carriage g, for the sheets of material. Thus at
each revolution of the cam b, the carriage is traversed a tooth or more
forward, and the weighted detent f' then falls into gear, and holds the
carriage until the next movement. The first motion shaft B, also carries
a bevil wheel i, in gear with a corresponding wheel j, fast on the lower
end of the inclined shaft . The upper end of this shaft, which is carried
in bearing brackets l, outside the main frame, has upon it a worm m,
in gear with a worm wheel n, on the spindle of the roller o, driving the
endless carrying cloth p, passed at the other end over a second stationary
roller q. On one side of the vertical traversing slide L, is a stud pin 2",
projecting into the slot of the short lever a, keyed on a cross shaft
carrying two end levers t. These levers are again connected trans-
versely by a rod u, passing beneath and connected to the under side of
the discharging leaf v, the opposite edge of which is attached to a rod
running across between the upper ends w, of a pair of levers oscillating
on fixed studs at . The operation of this machine is as follows:-The
sheet of material y, to be cut up is laid upon a flat wooden board z,.and
this board is then laid down on the carringe g, and connected to it by
pins at the corners. The apparatus is then put in motion, and tlie
carriage conveying the material to be operated upon is traversed forward,
as already described, the carriage itself sliding along the guides 1.. In
way the material is brought beneath the series of cutters. The crank
pins K, then in their revolution bring down the cutters, each of which
is also made to revolve upon its axis at the same time by the action of
the bevil wheels H. This gives an effective cut; and on the elevation
this

page_text: of the cutters the severed lozenges are taken up inside the punches until
the rods U, come against the fixed cross piece 2, above them. This
causes the pistons S, to descend and strike out the lozenges or other
severed articles, which therefore fall down upon the leaf or traverse
flop v. At this stage of the movement, the leaf has been brought
back beneath the line of traverse of the cutters by the upward action of
the pin, so that all the articles are caught by the leaf. Then when
the pin r, again descends, the leaf is moved forward in the direction
of the arrow, and finally throws the articles off' upon the endless
carrying cloth ; and this cloth being slowly taken forward then
transfers the articles over its end o, into the receiver 3, whence they
are removed, finished. This completes the action of the machine;
the cutters being now brought down to cut, as before described, after
the sheet of material has been carried forward a distance equal to the
"pitch" or cutting area of the cutters, so as to present a fresh blank
space to the cutting action.
The detail Figure 4, shows the plan adopte.l for cleaning the cutters,
and preventing the treated material from cohering and impeding the
cutting operation. A stationary bar of wood 4, is passed across the
machine, having on one side a fringe of bristles or a brush 5,
arranged to bear against the exterior of the punches, a narrow strip
of sponge 6, being added beneath as a further cleansing medium.
Thus, as the punches descend and revolve, their outer surfaces
become well rubbed by the bristles and sponge; and this cleansing
effect may be heightened either by a slight moistening, or the addi-
tion of a minute portion of spermaceti. The interior of the punch
is cleared by the traverse therein of the piston S, wrapped round with
some frictional substance, as thread or flaunel; or, instead of this,
the piston may be formed of radiating bristles like a rotatory brush, so
that the bristle ends will rub hard on the interior tube surface. And
to prevent the outside rubbers from being cut away by the punches, I
propose to give the rubbers a short traversing motion, so as to keep
them always clear of the cutting edges; and in addition to a mere
rubber on the outside of the punches, a stationary metal scraper or
"doctor" may be fitted to bear against each punch, and clear off the
hard deposit. The inside of the punch may also be more effectually

page_text: cleansed by producing a self-acting vertical motion between the piston
S, and the punch. This is effected by holding the rod R, so that
it may not descend along with the punch; hence, when the latter
traverses, the piston rubs longitudinally. The system of working this
machine is to keep up a constant supply or stream of boards or trays of
the material to be cut; and the supports 7, at each end of the framing
answer for carrying the relays of material to be cut. As each tray or
board is worked out, or has all its sheet punched away, a fresh board is
put in from behind, by hand, the empty board being similarly carried off
at the other end.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of my.
Invention, and the manner in which the same is or may be used or
carried into effect, I may observe, in conclusion, that I do not confine
or restrict myself to the precise details or arrangements which I have
had occasion to describe or refer to, as many variations may be made
therefrom without deviating from the principles or main features of my
Invention; but what I consider to be novel and original, and therefore
claim as the Invention secured to me by the herein-before in part recited
Letters Patent, is,―
First, the general arrangement and construction of machinery, appa-
ratus, or means for the manufacture of lozenges and confectionery, as
herein-before described.
Second, the system or mode of actuating or working rotatory pans
by means of toothed gearing.
Third, the application and use of engaging and disengaging clutches
for varying the rate of movement of rotatory pans.
Fourth, the application and use of revolving pans or heated cham-
bers, supported on both sides, so as to revolve without any overhang.
Fifth, the system or mode of arranging and constructing revolving
pans with an air passage through them, for the purposes herein-before
described.
Sixth, the application and use of a ventilating current thoroughfare
through the revolving pans for manufacturing confectionery.
Seventh, the application and use of a wire gauze or other permeable
diaphragm cover to the orifices of confectionery pans, for the purposes
herein-before described.

page_text: Eighth, the system or mode of pearling or manufacturing confectionery
pas by means of a vibrating or oscillating pan, as more especially
described in reference to Sheet 2, of my Drawings.
Ninth, the system or mode of pearling by means of a vibrating
or oscillating pan, in combination with an automatic syrup supplier, as
moro particularly described in reference to Sheet 2, of my Drawings.
Tenth, the adaptation and use of the pug-mill movement for the
commingling and working up the dough or the soft material of
lozenges and confectionery.
Eleventh, the system or mode of cutting out lozenges and other
articles by means of cutters having a combined longitudinal and rotatory
inovement.
Twelfth, the system or mode of arranging and working cutting out
machines, wherein the cutters act from above, and carry up with them
the severed articles for discharge by the same upward movement.
Thirteenth, the application and use of a self-acting leaf or tray to
receive and convey the severed articles, as described in reference to
Sheet 4, of my Drawings.
Fourteenth, the system or mode of discharging the severed articles
by means of an internal spindle or scraping piston.
Fifteenth, the application and use of a doctor or scraper, and a
brush, or any other soft detersive surface, for cleansing the cutters
outside and inside, with or without the aid of a lubricating medium.
Sixteenth, the system or mode of working cutting out machines,
wherein the material to be cut is supplied in a continuous stream, as
herein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said James Wotherspoon, have here-
unto set my hand and seal, this Fourth day of May, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-three.
JAMES WOTHERSPOON. (L.B.)