IMPROVE- MENTS IN VENTILATING AND IN APPLIANCES THEREFOR "
Year: 1883

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Paton Buchan of Glasgow in the County of
Lanark North Britain, Sanitary Engineer for an Invention of "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN VENTILATING AND IN APPLIANCES THEREFOR
"
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Paton, Buchan at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 22nd March 1883.
WILLIAM PATON BUCHAN of Glasgow in the County of Lanark, North Britain,
Sanitary Engineer "IMPROVEMENTS IN VENTILATING AND IN APPLIANCES
THEREFOR."
C
This Invention relates to improvements in ventilating buildings, ships, waste
water and other pipes, drains, sewers and other structures and to improvements in
appliances therefor some of which improved appliances are illustrated on the sheet
of drawings annexed hereto.
As shewn on the said drawings one improvement illustrated in side elevation at
figure 1 in vertical section at figure 2, and in horizontal section on the line a, b,
figures 1 and 2 at figure 3 consists of additions to or arrangements used in
combination with the induced current fixed ventilator described and claimed in the
Specification filed in pursuance of Letters Patent granted to the present applicant
No 2745 A. D. 1878 and whereby the said ventilator is rendere more applicable
for ventilating the saloons, cabins, stoke holes, engine rooms, holds and other parts
of ships or vessels by preventing the downward passage of water through the
ventilating pipe to the said parts of ships or vessels.
The up take pipe c, of the said ventilator is for such purposes extended at its
upper end into the chamber d, of the cowl whose sides are partially composed of
perforated zinc, wire gauze or other perforated material and from a point below
the upper end of the pipe c, four or other number of guards or plates e, extend
upwards to the crown or head of the cowl. The pipe c, at its upper end is
preferably partially flattened and the guards e, are formed of a corresponding shape
but with their ends curved outwards from the pipe as seen in horizontal section at
figure 3. Between the lower ends of the guards e, and the upper end of the pipe c,

page_text: an annular space may be left as shewn at x, or the guards may be close to the pipe
as at y, and spaces are left between the sides of the guards through which spaces
the foul or vitiated air is drawn outwards and thence through the perforated sides
of the chamber d, as indicated by the arrows, by the inducing action of the wind
currents on the ventilator. The guards e may be wholly or partially of perforated 5
metal or instead of the screens a pipe or pipes may be used. The effect of the
arrangement is, that in the event of a sea striking the ventilator and water passing
through the perforations into the interior of the chamber d, the said water is
prevented from finding access to the interior of the pipe c, and thence to the space
being ventilated by the guards c, against which the water strikes and by which it
is deflected away from the pipe so as to fall down on the inclined sole f, from
whence it flows harmlessly outwards again through the perforated sides of the
chamber d.
On the top of the cowl an access opening, closed by a screwed cover, may be
provided if desired.
As a further preventative of water passing into the space being ventilated
through the uptake pipe c, the arrangement shewn at figure 2 may be placed in the
said pipe and which consists of a series of conic frusta g the lower end of each
succeeding frustum projecting beyond the one immediately above towards the side
of the pipe or in lieu of a series one such cone only may be used of solid or
perforated material.
Below the lowermost edge of the cone or the lowermost frustum a pipe h, is
placed within the pipe c, so as to constitute a chamber therein the lower end of the
chamber having a water lock or seal as shewn. Any water which finds its way
into the pipe c, flows down into the chamber h, and thence over the lip on to the
deck or otherwise the water lock preventing the ingress of air to the pipe c, at that
point, or as shewn on the right hand side of figure 4, the water may pass off through
a pipe or pipes j, a valve being situated at the junction of the chamber h, and the
pipe to prevent the ingress of air therethrough, or as shewn at the left hand side of
figure 4 the chamber h, may be provided with a valve or valves merely at its lower
end. A valve may also be used in conjunction with the water lock figure 2.
At the part where the cone or conic frusta is or are inserted into the pipe c, the
said pipe may be widened into a chamber or a chamber may be placed on the pipe
as shewn at figures 5 6 and 11 and in lieu of the cone or sections of cones being
used as and for the purpose herein before set forth the pipe c may be made in two
sections with a chamber between them as seen at figure 6 and a balanced valve k,
placed on the upper end of the lower section which valve is maintained open by
the upward current. In the event of water trickling down the pipe the water
striking upon the gutter m is deflected or instead of the gutter m, a space may be
made between the chamber and the deflector n, for the passage of the water. Any
water which may find access to the pipe may also be prevented from passing into
the space being ventilated by placing the lower part of the pipe in the chamber out
of line with the upper part.
In figures 5 6, and 11 a small pipe y, is provided for the outward passage of
condensed vapours and a balanced or weighted valve x, figures 5 and 6 for the
outward passage of larger bodies of water from the chamber.
The arrangement figure 6 also prevents downdraft through the pipe c, by the
closing of the valve k.
A further improvement relates to downtake ventilators for conducting a current
of fresh air into the stoke holes, engine rooms, or other parts of ships and which
ventilators may also be used for admitting fresh air into other spaces and it consists
of a circular rectangular or other shaped cowl having an interior chamber composed
of perforated zinc, wire gauze or other perforated material into which the down-
take pipe of the ventilator projects upwards to about half the depth of the chamber
more or less. The pipe is covered with a conical or other shaped perforated hood
to assist in preventing the access of water to the pipe which may also have any of
the arrangements hereinbefore described and shewn at figures 2, 4 and 5 for

page_text: preventing the downward passage of any water through the ventilating pipe. The
cowl outside the perforated chamber is divided into segments one of which is
always turned to the wind.
The arrangements figures 2, 4 and 5, may also be adapted to the ordinary bell-
mouthed down-take ventilator and in the bell mouth a fixed or movable flat or
conical perforated zinc or equivalent plate may be placed to assist in preventing
the ingress of water and the said plate may be secured in a frame or held fast by
studs or otherwise.
In the ventilation of dwelling houses and other buildings an improvement,
illustrated at figure 7 of the drawings consists. in placing a valve box n at the
bottom of the up take pipe c.
The said box is shewn resting on a seat o, placed on
the joists p, but it may be placed directly on the joists or in any other convenient
situation and it is. divided internally into two parts by a perforated sheet 7, of zinc
or other metal or by a division having holes or passages through it. Opposite the
said holes, perforatious or openings light flap or hinged valves w, of metal,
cloth, paper, mica or other suitable substance are placed which valves, whilst
the induced current is maintained, are kept open by the action of the current on
them but when down draft takes place the said valves close automatically thereby
preventing downdraft into the apartment or building.
The upper end of the part c¹, is preferably situated slightly above the bottom of
the box to prevent access of water or condensed .vapour into the apartments or
building through it whilst the lower end of the upper part c, is preferably bevelled
or inclined as shewn in order to afford greater facility for water dripping off at the
side of the pipe furthest from the valves w. Any water deposited either evaporates
or passes off from the valve box through the pipe x.
The valve box is or may also be furnished with doors to afford access for cleaning
or other purposes to its two sections or parts. When the valves w, are of metal or
other like material they are balanced by weights or otherwise, and to prevent noise
all the valves hereinbefore referred to may close against a soft material
To enable the ventilation to be stopped at pleasure a valve v, is or may be inserted
in the pipe c, the said valve being centred on a spindle or otherwise fixed and
furnished with a cord or chain for closing it.
When rectangular pipes are used a self closing loaded valve may be employed to
stop the ventilation as seen at x, figure 8 in which case the valve is opened when
desired to re-establish ventilation by pulling the cord or chain or in lieu of the
valves v, and x, other suitable arrangements of valves may be used
Instead of the valve box n, and valves w, a chamber may be made on the uptake
pipe c, and in the said chamber a balanced metal valve or a valve composed of
paper, cloth, leather or like material may be placed. This valve may be hinged at
or near its lower end and it is surrounded on the outside with a casing of per-
forated zinc or like perforated material and at its interior it has a conical seat also
of perforated zinc or like material. When the upward current is established the
valve is off its seat and the air passes upwards through the perforations but in the
event of a blow down the valve closes on its seat and stops the current.
:
Where an opening is made in the hearth for the admission of fresh air to assist.
the upward draft in the chimney as described in the Specification filed under the
application for provisional protection by the present applicant N° 4719 A.D. 1879.
it is now purposed to cover the said opening by a valve or cover which may or
may not be hinged at the side furthest from the fire and have an angular hinged
support at each end on which when open the valve or cover rests and which when
the valve is shut folds back in below it and in the case of tiled hearths the tiles
constituting or lying upon the valve or cover are or may be set in a frame formed
or hinged as before set forth.
When the fresh air admitted to the building is to be warmed or heated an
improvement on the arrangement for heating the air described in the Specification
filed in pursuance of the aforesaid Letters Patent N° 2745 A.D. 1878 and illustrated.
by figure 42 of the drawings annexed thereto consists in heating the air by gas, hot

page_text: water or steam conducted through a worm placed inside the fresh air inlet ventilating
pipe or duct
In the ventilating pipe for the sewer illustrated on figure 68 of the drawings
annexed to the Specification under the said patent' 2745 A.D. 1878. An improve-
ment consists in providing at the lower end of the said pipe and below the point
where it is connected to the sewer a well or dip into which the scales or rust
formed on the interior of the pipe by atmospheric or other influences and detached
therefrom as well as other matters descending the pipe shall fall and from whence
they may be cleaned out at pleasure. The pipe itself may also have access openings
closed by screwed or other covers for examination and cleansing.
To prevent the passage of disease germs, sewer gases or other noxious vapours
from the main sewer into the branch sewers from side streets or elsewhere and to
ventilate the said side or branch sewers separately or in section I. provide accessible
traps as shewn at figure 9 of the drawings which as seen at a, may either be of the
form patented to me under Letters Patent N° 2102. A.D. 1877 or as shewn at b, of
other construction.
Each section of the side sewer has an inlet for fresh air and an outlet for foul air
or gases.
As shewn at the left hand side of figure 9 the fresh air may pass into
the side sewer through one or more pipes c, which may be surmounted by fixed or
veering inlet cowls and after traversing throughout the section of the side sewer it
is drawn out again by one or more induced current fixed ventilators d, the pipes
for the inlet and outlet being conducted up the back or front elevation of the
houses to above the level thereof, or to other suitable point or points, or as shewn
at the right hand side of figure 9, the fresh air admitted to the sewer may pass in
through a grating e in which case a box f, may be situated in the manhole below
the grating the said box having valves in the sides of it opening inwards, by which
arrangement, in the event of the air current in the sewer being reversed, the valves
close and prevent the outward passage of foul air through the grating.
The manhole in which the trap a, is situated is divided into two chambers by a
division wall and in the event of the trap becoming choked to still provide a
passage for the sewage a hanging or balanced valve is placed in the division wall
as seen at g. which valve on the chamber h, filling with liquid sewage or rain opens
and allows the sewage or water to flow into the chamber i, from whence it passes
again into the sewer through the opening j in the trap. A similar valve is provided
for the like purpose in the wall constituting the seal of the trap b, or such valves,
instead of hanging, may be capable of being raised and lowered or the valves may
be fixed in a movable frame capable of being raised and lowered.
Another arrangement for ventilating side sewers is shewn at figure 10, in which
the grating for the admission of fresh air is shewn situated in a side chamber k,
with a frame filled with charcoal closing the side of it next the chamber h, of the
man-hole. The charcoal has no necessary action on the air so long as the currents
are in the proper direction but in the event of the currents being reversed, the foul
air in passing through the charcoal, is purified before being discharged into the
atmosphere. Valves may be used at 7, instead of charcoal.
To utilize the branch from the gully to the sewer as an air inlet to the sewer
the gully is trapped, as all gullies are intended to be in this connection, and has
cloth or other air valves provided in conjunction with it or a branch from the gully
may lead to the pipe c, figure 9 to conduct air into the sewer or a special post or
pillar may be provided in connection with the branch to the gully which post or
pillar may be a lamp post with a special enlarged hollow base to admit fresh air
at or near the bottom and may have flap or hinged valves set inside the hollow
base to prevent outlet of air from the sewer. I prefer two air inlet openings in
the base one facing say the top and the other the bottom of the street and with a
division between them, the charcoal frame arrangement may also be used near the
gully for the admission of air to the sewer.
-
These arrangements for sewers which are an extension of the "isolation system'

page_text: of drainage shewn at figure 68 of the drawings under the before mentioned patent
No 2745 A D. 1878 are also suitable for applicatien to the main sewers.
The ventilation of sewers in sections by the simple means of a water trap and a
fresh air inlet at one end with a high level outlet pipe carried up above the house
chimneys and surmounted by a fixed exhaust cowl or ventilator at the other end
I have now had in practice in conjunction with my already patented appliances for
several years but not in conjunction with improvements now introduced and
herein before referred to.
Instead of providing a special ventilating branch and pipe for the sewer as
shewn at figure 9 the drain from the house at a point on the outer side of the main
disconnecting trap may be used as a ventilating branch for the sewer by having a
pipe connected to the outer side of the trap and led up the front, end, or back of
the building (or other convenient place.) as high as desired and surmounted by an
exhaust ventilator on the principle shewn at 6¹ figure 68 of the drawings under
the said patent N° 2745, A D. 1878.
If desired provision may be made to flush the sewers but if such is done with
the dirty or sewage water itself this as I have already publicly stated on page 244
of the fourth edition of my book on "Plumbing and House Drainage" may be a
source of danger. owing to the rise of the sewage contaminated water leaving
a dirty deposit on the sides of the sewer above the ordinary level of the water flow
which deposit when dry may allow disease charged gerins or particles to get into
the atmosphere of the sewer and so render it more dangerous. Hence if sewers are
to be flushed with their own water provision should be made to do it carefully
during rains which are not too heavy or by water which is as clean as possible.
The flushing water may be charged with disinfectants if desired.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said William Paton Buchan in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
21st September 1883.
WILLIAM PATON BUCHAN of Glasgow in the County of Lanark, North Britain,,
Sanitary Engineer,
IMPROVEMENTS IN VENTILATING AND IN APPLIANCES
THEREFOR.
My said Invention relates to improvements in ventilating buildings, ships, waste
water and other pipes, drains, sewers and other structures and to improvements in
appliances therefor.
And in order that my said Invention may be properly understood I have here-
unto appended two explanatory sheets of drawings illustrative of the systems or
modes in or under which it is or may be used or carried out in practice
On Sheet 1 of the said drawings one improvement shewn in side elevation at
figure 1 in vertical section at figure 2 and in horizontal section (on the line a b
figures 1 and 2) at figure 3 consists of additions to or arrangements used in com-
bination with the induced current fixed ventilators described and claimed in the
Specifications filed in pursuance of Letters Patent granted to me Numbers 2102
A.D. 1877 and 2745 A.D. 1878 and whereby the said ventilators are rendered
more applicable for ventilating the saloons, cabins, stoke holds, engine rooms,
holds and other parts of ships or vessels by more effectually preventing the
downward passage of water through the ventilating pipe to the said parts of the
ship or vessel.
The uptake pipe c, of the ventilator is, for the purposes of this Invention,
extended at its upper end into the chamber d, of the cowl whose sides are partially
composed of perforated zinc, wire gauze or other perforated, slit or openworked
material and from a point below or at the upper end of the pipe c, four or other
number of guards or plates e, extend upwards to the crown or head of the cowl.
The pipe c, at its upper end is preferably partially flattened and the guards e, are
formed of a corresponding shape but with their ends curved outwards from the
pipe as seen in horizontal section at figure 3. Between the lower ends of the
guards e, and the upper end of the pipe c, an annular space is or may be left as
shewn at x, or the guards may be close to the pipe as at y, and spaces are left
between the ends of the guards through which spaces the foul or vitiated air or
gases is drawn or passes outwards and thence through the perforated sides of the
chamber d, as indicated by the arrows, by the inducing action of the wind currents
on the ventilator.
The guards e, may when desired be wholly or partially made of perforated or
slit metal or of metal open worked in any other equivalent manner and instead of
such guards a pipe or pipes extending up to the head of the ventilator may
be used.
The effect of the arrangement is that in the event of a sea, waves or heavy rains
striking the ventilator and water passing in through the perforations to the interior
of the chamber d, the said water is more effectually prevented from finding access
to the interior of the pipe c, and thence to the space being ventilated by the guards e,
against which the water strikes and by which it is deflected away from the pipe
so as to fall down on the inclined sole f from whence it flows harmlessly outwards
again through the perforated sides of the chamber d. On the top of the cowl an
access opening 8, closed by a cover, screwed-or otherwise secured, may be provided
if desired.

page_text: As a further preventative of water passing into the space being ventilated
through the uptake pipe c, the arrangement shewn at figure 2 may be placed in
the said pipe and which consists of a series of conic frusta g, each frustum being of
greater diameter than that immediately above, that is to say the lower end of each
succeeding frustum projects towards the side of the pipe beyond the one immediately
above or in lieu of a series one such cone only may be used.
Below the lowermost edge of the cone or below the lowermost frustum a pipe h,
is placed within the pipe c, so as to constitute a chamber therein the lower end of
the chamber having a water lock or seal either as shewn at or at h², figures 2
and 4 the latter figure being a horizontal section on the line 1, 1, figure 2. Any
water which may find its way into the pipe flows down into the chamber h, and
thence over the lip i, on to the deck or otherwise the water lock preventing the
ingress of air to the pipe c, at that point or as shewn on the right hand side of
figure 5 the water may pass off through a pipe or pipes j, in which case a valve is
or may be situated at the junction of the chamber h, and the pipe to prevent
the ingress of air therethrough or as shewn at the left hand side of the said
figure the chamber h, may be provided with a valve or valves merely at its
lower end.
A valve may also be used in conjunction with either of the arrangements of the
water lock figures 2 and 4.
At the point where the cone or conic frusta is or are inserted into the pipe c,
the said pipe may be widened into a chamber or a chamber may be placed on the
pipe as shewn at figure 6 and in lieu of the cone or sections of cones being used
as and for the purpose hereinbefore set forth the pipe c, may be made in two
sections with a chamber between them as seen at figures 7 and 8 and as in figure 7
a balanced valve k, may be placed on the upper end of the lower section which
valve is maintained open by the upward current. In the upper section c¹, of the
pipe an inclined plate m, is inserted and in the event of water trickling or falling
down the pipe the water coming upon the plate m is deflected out of line, with the
lower section of the said pipe or instead of the plate m, constituting a gutter a
space may be made between the said plate and the side of the chamber for the
passage of the water into the lower part of the chamber. The arrangement at m,
figure 7 also prevents down draft through the pipe c, by closing the valve.k.
In figures 6 and 7 a small pipe y, is provided for the outward. passage of
condensed vapours and a balanced or weighted valve x, for the outward passage of
larger bodies of water from the chamber. In figure 8 the water passes off by the
pipe y'.
kr
Any water which may find access into the upper part c³, of the pipe may also be
prevented from passing into the space being ventilated by placing the lower part of
the pipe in a chamber out of line with the upper part as indicated at figure 9
sheet 1 of the drawings. This arrangement consists of a box A, which is placed
on or secured to the deck B, in such a manner that the upper extremity or
cooming" of the lower section c, of the ventilating pipe projects into one end of
the box whilst the part c¹ of the ventilating pipe on which the ventilator is fixed
is formed on or secured to the upper side of the box at or near its other end that
is to say out of line with the part c. The box A, has a valve D, at its lower part
for the egress of any water which may find access to its interior or it may have a
pipe or valve as at figures 5, 6, 7 and 8 or a water lock as at figure 2 at the said
part and for the like purpose.
In calm weather this arrangement permits the ventilator being placed on the
part c, of the ventilating pipe in the ordinary manner, but in stormy weather the
ventilator is removed from the said pipe the box A placed and secured in position
over the pipe and the ventilator is then secured or placed on the pipe c'.
A further improvement relates to down-take ventilators for conducting a current
of fresh air into the stoke-holds, engine rooms or other parts of ships and which
ventilators may also be used for admitting fresh air into other spaces and it
consists as seen in side elevation at figure 10, in vertical section at figure 11, and
'

page_text: in horizontal section at figure 12 sheet 1; of a cowl a, having an interior chamber h,
the sides of which may be composed of perforated or slit zinc, wire gauze or other
perforated or slit material as seen at b, or of solid metal plates as seen at c,
figure 12.
The downtake pipe D of the ventilator projects upwards into the said
chamber h, which in lieu of being rectangular as at figure 12 may be circular as at
figures 13, 14 and 15 or of other form in plan and the cowl a, is divided into four
segments by plates arranged either as seen at e, figure 12 or at f figure 13 or into
three segments as at g, figure 14 or into two as at 1, figure 15 or into any other
desired number The plates dividing the cowl into segments also similarly divide
the upper part of the down take pipe D, and one or more of these segments is or
are always in a position to guide the air current into the down-take pipe. In
some cases the chamber h, may be dispensed with.
As shewn at figures 14 and 15 a cross piece m, may be made on the plates g, l,
to confine the wind currents and direct them into the down take pipe.
To assist in preventing as much as possible the access of water to the down-take
pipe D, it may be covered with a conical or other shaped perforated, slit or other
open worked hood as seen at i, figure 16 and it may also have any of the
arrangements hereinbefore described and shewn at figures 2, 5, 6 and 9 for
preventing the downward passage of any water through the ventilating pipe In
figures 10 and 11 the base k, of the cowl is so arranged that water striking the
ventilator is deflected outwards and downwards but it may be constructed with
the opposite inclination as seen at figure 16 in which case a pipe m, is provided
to carry off any water lodging around the junction of the cowl with the pipe D,
which latter pipe may be carried higher up into the chamber if desired as indicated
by the dotted lines. The arrangements for 'preventing the downflow of water
through the ventilating pipe herein before described with reference to figures 2, 5, 6
and 9 may also be adapted to the ordinary bell mouthed downtake ventilator as
indicated at figure 5 and in the bell mouth a fixed or movable flat or conical
perforated zinc or equivalent plate X, may be placed to assist in preventing the
ingress of water and the said plate may be secured in a frame or hold fast by studs
or otherwise.
In the ventilation of dwelling houses and other buildings an improvement
illustrated at figure 17 sheet 1 of the drawings consists in placing a valve box n,
at the bottom of the uptake pipe c The said box is shown resting on a seat o,
placed, on the joists p, but it may be placed directly on the joists or in any other
convenient situation and it is divided internally into two parts by a perforated or
slit sheet of zinc or other metal or by a division having holes or passages through
it. Opposite the said holes, perforations or openings light flap or hinged valves w,
of metal, cloth, paper, mica or other suitable substance are placed which valves
whilst the induced current is maintained are kept open by the action of the current
on them but should a back current attempt to set in the said valves close
automatically thereby preventing downdraft into the apartment or building.
The upper end of the part c', of the ventilating pipe is preferably situated slightly
above the bottom of the box to prevent access of water or condensed vapour into
the building or apartment through it whilst the lower end of the upper part c, is
preferably bevilled or inclined as shewn in order to afford greater facility for water
dripping off at the side of the pipe furthest from the valves w, and to assist in
directing the water to the said point a small gutter may be made round the lower
end of the pipe c, terminating near that point. Any water deposited either
evaporates or passes off from the valve box through the pipe x.
The valve box is or may also be furnished with doors v, to afford access for
cleaning or other purposes to its two sections or parts and windows or glass panes v¹,
may also be provided in the sides of the box for the purpose of inspecting the
action of the valves which, when in a dark place, may easily be done by holding a
light at one pane and looking into the box from the pane in the opposite side.
When the valves w, are of metal or other like material they are balanced by

page_text: weights or otherwise and to prevent noise all the valves hereinbefore referred to
may close against a soft material.
To enable the ventilation to be stopped at pleasure a valve y, may be inserted in
the pipe c, the said valve being centred on a spindle or otherwise supported and
furnished with a cord or chain for closing it as indicated, or a valve v2, hinged
inside the box and actuated by a cord or chain to close the upper end of the
pipe c', may be used.
When rectangular ventilating pipes are employed a self closing loaded valve may
be provided to stop the ventilation as seen at x, figure 18 in which case the valve
is opened when desired to re-establish ventilation by pulling the cord or chain or
in lieu of the valves w, v², and x, other suitable arrangements of valves may be
used.
.
Instead of the valve box n, and valves w, a chamber may be made on the up-
take pipe c, as seen at a, figure 19 and in the said chamber a balanced metal valve
or valves b, or a valve or valves composed of paper cloth. leather or like material
may be placed. The valve may be hinged at or near its lower end and it is
surrounded on the outside with a casing e, of perforated zinc or like perforated or
slit material and at its interior it has a conical seat d, also of perforated zinc or
like material. When the upward current is established the valve or valves.b,
is or are off its or their seat or seats and the air passes upwards through the
perforations, but in the event of a blow-down the valves close and stop the
current.
Instead of being hinged at their lower ends the valves may be hinged at their
upper ends as shewn at figure 19ª sheet 1 in which case a perforated hood x, is
placed over them.
Figure 20 sheet 1 illustrates another arrangement which may also be used in
lieu of the valve box n figure 17 and in which the valves w are dispensed with a
valve a being used instead thereof which valve is made of a light material and
hinged at its upper end so that when the upper or outward current is established
it is off its seat but when it is desired to shut off the ventilation the valve a is
closed by another and heavier valve bactuated by a cord or chain being lowered
against it. Instead of one valve two or more valves may be used at a
Figure 22 shows horizontal sections of two forms of my patent ventilators which
may be used in conjunction with figure 17.
When an opening is made in the hearth for the admission of fresh air to assist
the upward draft in the chimney as described in the specification filed under my
application for Provisional Protection N° 4719 A.D. 1879 an improvement under this
invention consists as seen in transverse section at figure l'and in end elevation at the
end A figure 1 at figure 2 sheet 2 of the drawings in covering the said opening D in
the hearth by a valve or cover B. which may or may not be hinged at the side furthest
from the fire and has an angular hinged support C at each end, on which, when
open as on figures 1 and 2 the valve or cover B rests but which when the valve is
shut folds back in below it. In the case of tiled hearths the tiles may be set in or
on the valve or cover B or the tiles may constitute the valve or cover in which case
they may be set in a frame formed or hinged as before set forth.
When the fresh air admitted to the building is to be warmed or heated_an
improvement on the arrangement for heating the air described in the specification
filed in pursuance of my aforesaid Letters Patent N° 2745 A.D. 1878 and
illustrated by figure 42 of the drawings annexed thereto consists as seen at.
figure 3 sheet 2 of the appended drawings in heating the air by gas in a chamber a
from whence the heated air and products of combustion pass through a worm b,
to the end 6' where they are discharged into the atmosphere the. said end being
turned either upwards or downwards and furnished either with a cowl or one of
my Patent ventilators.
Surrounding the chamber a and worm 6 is another chamber c.. which constitutes
the fresh air inlet pipe or duct and draws air from the atmosphere outside the
building through the grating or opening & which air after being warmed by the
•

page_text: heat radiated from the worm b is discharged into the building or apartments.
The air to support combustion in the chamber a is also drawn from the outer
atmosphere at or near the grating or opening d and passes into the said chamber
through a pipe e that is to say the chamber a and worm b have no connection
with the atmosphere of the apartment or building but are quite cut off therefrom.
To enable the gas to be lighted a passage g is made through the side of the air
chamber c and any condensed vapours are drawn off from the chamber a by a
pipe h. A valve or tap k is or may be inserted in the worm to regulate the
passage therethrough. In lieu of employing gas to heat the incoming air a
current of hot water or steam may be directed through the worm b the con-
struction of which would in that case be modified to suit the special arrangement
In the ventilating pipe for the sewer illustrated on figure 68 of the drawings
annexed to the specification under my patent No 2745 A.D. 1878 showing the
principle of my isolation or sectional system of house drainage an improvement
illustrated under one modification at figure sheet 2 of the drawings consists in
providing at the lower end of the said pipe b¹ and below the point where it is
connected to the sewer a well or dip a into which the scales or rust formed on the
interior of the pipe by atmospheric or other influences and detached therefrom as
well as other matters descending the pipe b' shall fall and from whence they may
be cleaned out at pleasure through the access opening 62 or as illustrated at
figure 5 sheet 2 the lower end of the ventilating pipe b¹ may be connected to a
box c having an access opening d for cleaning and other purposes or as seen at
figure 7 the pipe b¹ itself may have an access opening closed by a screwed or
other cover. for examination and cleansing.
The well or dip a the box c or the access opening & on the pipe may be below or
above ground and when the dip is exposed a small hole is made in it to allow
any water to pass off and so prevent the pipe from being ruptured during frosty
weather.
To prevent the passage of dirt or other matters into the trap a through the air
grating c" the said grating may be made with a solid portion c at its centre as
indicated in plan at figure 6 sheet 2 and in the box or casing d underneath the
grating and above the trap a short length e of pipe may project upwards from the
bottom of the box so as to form a ledge around the entrance to the trap and retain
the dirt in the bottom of the box or as seen at figure 8 an inclined piece finay.be
secured to the underside of the grating c¹¹ so as to project over the entrance to the
trap and deflect dirt away from it or as seen at figure 9 sheet 2 the upper end of
the trap may be furnished with a dome or cover g-having perforated sides for the
inlet of air.
To prevent the passage of disease germs, sewer gases or other noxious vapours
from the main sewer into the branch sewers from side streets or elsewhere and to
ventilate the said side or branch sewers separately I provide accessible traps as
shewn at figure 10 sheet 2 of the drawings.
Each section of the side sewer has an inlet for fresh air and a outlet for foul air
or gases as shewn at the left hand side of figure 9 of the sheet of drawings annexed
to the provisional specification filed in pursuance of the application for these present
Letters Patent the fresh air may pass into the side sewer through one or more
pipes c which may or may not be surmounted by fixed or vearing inlet cowls.
After traversing throughout the section of the side sewer the air is drawn out
again by one or more induced current fixed ventilators & the pipes for the inlet
and outlet being conducted up the back or front elevation of the houses to above
the level thereof or the pipes may be led into special flues or chimneys at a point
above the roof, in which case these flues or chimneys may be made in the same
stalk as the other chimneys of the house but they are closed at a point above the
roof and below that at which the pipes are led into them, or the pipes for the inlet
and outlet of the air may be conducted to any other suitable point or points or as
shewn at the right hand side of the said figure 9 the fresh air admitted to the
sewer may. pass in through a grating e In the arrangements illustrated by the

page_text: said figure the air current and the sewage current travel in opposite directions.
The two currents may however be made to travel in the same direction by arranging
the inlets for fresh air and the outlets for foul air or gases as indicated at figure 10
sheet 2 of the drawings appended hereto which shows one section or length of the
side sewer, a being the inlet pipe for fresh air and b the outlet pipe for foul air or
gases surmounted by an induced current ventilator c. The pipe d ventilates the
main sewer through the branch f. Instead of passing in through a pipe a the fresh
air may pass in through a grating gat the side of the man-hole h of the trap in
which case a valve or valves ¹ is situated in the man-hole side of the box of the
grating which valve or valves in the event of the air current in the sewer being
reversed closes or close and prevent the outward passage of foul air through the
grating or instead of the valve or valves h¹ the box k may as seen at figure 11 sheet 2
be closed on the man-hole side with a frame filled with charcoal. The charcoal has
no necessary action on the air so long as the currents are in the proper direction
but in the event of the currents being reversed the foul air in passing through the
charcoal is purified before being discharged into the atmosphere. To assist or
promote the inward current through the air pipe a a water or steam jet may be
inserted into the pipe as indicated at n figure 12 sheet 2 the said pipe being shown
with a rose on its discharging end but a nozzle may be substituted for the rose.
When such apparatus, which is a further development of the nozzle system
described with reference to figures 63 to 67 of the drawings under my Patent
N° 2745 A D. 1878 is provided. the pipe a may be widened at the part where the
pipe n is inserted as indicated by the dotted lines figure 12 and the stream of
water or jet of steam flowing down the pipe draws a current of air after it both
passing into the sewer through the air inlet of the trap. As shown at figure 13 a
like arrangement may be provided in conjunction with the outlet pipe b for foul
air or gases in which case a bend bis made upon the said pipe and the pipe or
nozzle there inserted, the water or steam issuing from which after causing an
upward current through the pipe b being led off by the branch pipe o to the drain
or sewer. The pipe o is preferably trapped as at p to prevent the upward passage
of foul air or gases therethrough. Instead of employing water or steam gas may
be burned in the outlet pipe b for the purpose set forth or inward and outward
currents may be promoted by the employment of fanners, exhausters or other like
apparatus actuated by steam, water, air, gas, electric, wind or other motive power
engines
Figure 14 illustrates another method of conducting fresh air into house drain
pipes or sewers under which arrangement a box or casing a is inserted in the wall
of the house or where the house is surrounded by a wall the box or casing may be
placed in that wall or a special post or pillar may be erected to contain the said
box or the said box may constitute the base of street or footpath Letter pillars.
The front or outer side of the box a constitutes a grating and it is furnished with
a valve b opening inwards for the passage of air into the pipe c leading from the
box a to the air inlet of the trap d from whence the fresh air may pass along the
drain or sewer either in the same direction as or in the contrary direction to the
sewage current. In the event of a back current the valve b closes on its seat
and prevents the outward passage of foul air or gases through the grating of the
box a.
The man-holes in which the traps figure 10 are situated are each divided into
two chambers by a division wall and in the event of any of the traps becoming
choked to still provide a passage for the sewage a hanging or balanced valve or
valves is or are placed in the division wall as seen at r which valves on the
chambers 8 of the man-holes filling with liquid sewage or rain open and allow the
sewage water to flow into the chamber t from whence it passes again into the
sewer. The valves instead of hanging, may be capable of being raised and
lowered or they may be actuated so as to open when necessary by a hollow ball
and lover or chain.
The traps employed in the side sewer may either be built, in traps as indicated

page_text: at or traps of the construction patented to me under Letters Patent N° 2102 A.D.
1877 as shewn at m figure 10 or any of the modifications of that trap illustrated
by figures 15 to 21 inclusive, sheet 2 of the annexed drawings, but in any case the
traps are for the purposes of this invention accessible. As shewn by figure 15 the
air inlet branch a of the trap is made wider or larger than hitherto for the purpose
of enabling the head of a workman to be inserted into the trap so as to let him
look along the drain or sewer and to afford greater facilities for cleaning. The
enlarged branch a may be circular oval or of any other desired shape in plan and
it, together with the sewage branch b may be made in a separate piece from and
inserted in a socket c in the body of the trap as illustrated at figure 16, and as
shown at figure 17 the enlargement of the opening a instead of being projected
towards the body of the trap as at figures 15 and 16 may be projected in the
opposite direction in which case the sewage branch bis somewhat longer than in
the other arrangements, or instead of being projected in either of these directions,
the enlarged branch a when oval in plan, may have its longer axis at right angles
to the direction shewn on the drawings. In some cases the square or sharp edge
of the sewage branch instead of being vertical with the side of the trap, may be
carried towards the centre as indicated at e figure 18 for the purpose of directing
the flow into the centre of the trap and thereby producing the effect explained at
lines 44 to 55 page 6 of the Queens Printers Copy of the Specification filed in
pursuance of my patent N° 1499 A.D. 1875. For traps of about six inches or
under in diameter in the well, the projecting edge c would be useless but for
larger sizes it may sometimes be useful where the volume of water or sewage
running in is generally small. Figure 19 shows one of the forms of traps
patented to me under the Letters Patent N° 1499 A.D. 1875, but made with the
cleaning opening a and sewage inlet bin a separate piece and with the addition
of one or more air or sewage inlets x as also indicated at figure 21. By the
employment of the extra opening or openings x the upper part of the trap
may be turned at pleasure, so as the more readily to connect with both sewage
and air pipes. The additional opening or openings x may also be made in any
of the other traps as indicated.
Figure 22 sheet 2 shows the utilization of such a branch for the outward
passage of foul air or gas from the house drain.
The traps figures 15, 16 and 17 may in some circumstances be terminated at
the dotted line y y that is to say the part above the said line may be dispensed
with, as for example in manholes. When desired the traps at the part where
the vertical portion joins the curved portion, that is to say, at the point
be widened to provide a freer outlet and have the passage
at figure 20.
may
shaped as
Figure 23 is a modification of the trap shown at figure 68°, sheet 4 of the
drawings annexed to the specification under my patent No 2745 A.D. 1878.
In this arrangement a is the cleaning opening the fresh air inlet, which has
a well or dip c to retain stones or other foreign matters and prevent them
from choking up the trap. d is the sewage branch. All the traps figures 15
to 23 have or may have an opening w for affording access, to their outer sides
for cleansing or for ventilation, and the said opening may be elongated
similarly to the air opening a figures 15, 16 and 17
The side sewer figure 10 sheet 2 may be constructed of pipes formed with
feet or supports and with an access opening as shewn at figures 14 to 22 of the
drawings annexed to the Specification filed in pursuance of the Letters Patent
No 5272 A.D. 1879 granted to me, or of pipes which, or some of which, have such
access openings without feet or supports, as shewn at figure 24 sheet 2 of the
drawings annexed hereto.
Figure 25 sheet 2 is a vertical section and figure 26 a plan of a modification of
the grease box for sinks or jaw-boxes illustrated at figures 23 and 24 of the
drawings annexed to the specification under my said patent No 5272 A.D. 1879

page_text: and in which three openings are provided for access to the box namely one
opening covered by a lid a which affords access to the whole interior and an
opening covered by a lid b which affords access to the part of the box coinmuni-
cating with the branch c from the jaw-box or sink and an opening covered by a
lid d which affords access to the part of the box communicating with the branch e
leading to the drain. The parts of the box communicating with the branches c
and d are enclosed and their lower ends are carried down below the level of the
entrance e to the drain the lower part of the inlet to the drain being nearer the
bottom of the box, than the lower end of the part communicating with the sink or
jaw-box. This is for the purpose of preventing the grease passing off with the.
water and of ensuring that it shall rise to the surface in the part f. As a further
means of directing the grease into the centre portion f a horizontal deflector or
lip g may be placed under the part communicating with the branch c or the said
lip may be placed vertically as shewn in dotted lines.
To utilize the branch from the surface water gully, to the sewer as an air inlet
to the sewer, the gully is water trapped as all gullies are intended to be in this
connection as shown at a figure 27 sheet 2, and in the kerb immediately behind
the gully, a grating b is placed leading into a box c which has an interior chamber &
furnished with a metal, leather, cloth, mica or other air valve or valves for the
passage inward of fresh air to the said chamber d.
A pipe e is connected to the
branch leading from the gully to the sewer and the said pipe opens into the
chamber d preferably passing around the side of the gully for that purpose.. By
this means the fresh air is conducted into the sewer and in the event of the air
current being reversed, the valve or valves in the chamber d close and prevent
the egress of foul air or gasses through the grating b. Under another arrangement
the air pipe e may be connected to the pipe a or to the grating g figure 10, or to
the pipe c figure 9 of the drawings annexed to the provisional specification filed
under the application for this patent, or as shown in dotted lines at figure 27
the pipe e may lead into a wall-box substantially as hereinbefore described with
reference to figure 14 sheet 2, or as indicated at figure 28 the said pipe e may lead
to a special post or pillar h which may be a lamp post with an enlarged hollow
base at or near the bottom as shewn in vertical section at figure 29, the fresh air
being admitted preferably through two inlet openings in the base, one facing
say the top and the other the bottom of the street and having a division. between
them. The openings are or may be gratings and they are provided with hanging
valves opening inwards and which close to prevent the egress of foul air or gases,
in the event of the air currents in the sewer being reversed. In any of the
arrangements instead of the air pipe e being connected to the branch from the
gully, it may constitute a separate branch or pipe to the sewer as at x figure 28.
The charcoal frame arrangement figure 11 sheet 2 may also be used near the gully
for the admission of fresh air to the sewer.
The arrangements herein before described for ventilating the side sewers, and
which are an extension of the isolation or sectional system of drainage shewn
at figure 68 of the drawings annexed to the specification, filed in pursuance
of my before mentioned patent are also suitable for application to the main
sewers. Figure 30 shows a street arrangement with the side sewer trapped as
herein before described.
Figure 31 sheet 2 shows an arrangement which I have employed for connecting
the house drain to the sewer, when the ground around the house is terraced, and
figure 32 sheet 2 is an enlarged view of the fan for producing a cascade action
in water closets, by means of a short adjustable lead pipe, attached to the fan as
shown in dotted lines at x figures 2 and 7 of the drawings annexed to the
specification under my patent N° 5272 A.D. 1879.
The ventilation of sewers in sections by the simple means or combination of
a Water Trap and a Fresh Air Inlet at one end with a high level outlet pipe
carried up above the house chimney and surmounted by a Fixed Exhaust, Cowl or
Ventilator at the other end. I have now had in practice in conjunction with my

page_text: already patented appliances, for several years, but not in conjunction with
improvements now introduced and hereinbefore referred to. Instead of providing
a special ventilating branch and pipe for the sewer as shown at figure 9 of the
provisional specification drawings, the drain from the house, at a point on the
outer side of the main disconnecting trap may be used as a ventilating branch
for the sewer by having a pipe connected to the outer side of the trap, and led
up the front end or back of the building or other convenient place as high as
desired and surmounted by an exhaust ventilator on the principle shown at b¹
figure 68 of the drawings under the said patent N° 2745 A.D. 1878.
If wished provision may be made to flush the sewers, but if such is done with
the dirty or sewage water itself, this as I have already publicly stated on page 244
of the Fourth Edition of my book on Plumbing and House Drainage, may be a
source of danger owing to the rise of the sewage contaminated water leaving a
dirty deposit on the sides of the sewer, above the ordinary level of the water-flow,
which deposit when dry may allow disease charged germs to get into the atmosphere
of the sewer, and so render it more dangerous. Hence if sewers are to be flushed
with their own water, provision should be made to do it carefully during rains
which are not too heavy. To prevent infection from the sewers, especially in
prolonged dry weather the air and sides above the water may be disinfected by
blowing in, disinfecting fumes or gases, by means of fanners, pumps or other
suitable apparatus or materials, to raise such fumes may be placed inside the
sewer.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of my said
Invention and the systems or modes in or under which it is or may be used or
carried out in practice, I would observe in conclusion, that what I consider to be
novel and original, and therefore claim as the invention secured to me by the
herein before in part recited Letters Patent is.
First. The addition to the induced current fixed ventilators described and claimed
in the specifications filed under my aforesaid Letters Patent Numbers 2102
A.D. 1877 and 2745 A.D. 1878 of solid perforated or otherwise open-worked
guards or plates e or of a pipe or pipes in lieu of the said guards or plates
substantially as herein before described with reference to figures 1, 2 and 3, sheet 1
of the appended drawings.
Second. The addition to or combination with the uptake pipes of my aforesaid
patent ventilators and with uptake pipes of ventilators generally wherein such
apparatus is applicable, of arrangements for better preventing the access of water
through the said pipes to the place being ventilated, substantially as herein before
described with reference to figures 2. 4. 5. 6, 7, 8 and 9 sheet 1 of the appended
drawings.
Third. The arrangement and combination of parts constituting the down take
ventilators substantially as herein before discribed with reference to figures 10 to 16
inclusive, and the combination with the down take pipe D of such ventilators,
whether constructed as set forth or otherwise, of apparatus for better preventing
the down flow of water through the said pipes substantially as herein before
described with reference to figures 2. 5. 6 and 9 sheet 1 of the drawings.
Fourth. In the ventilation of dwelling houses and other buildings the valve
box n figure 17 sheet 1 or its equivalents illustrated by figures 19, 19" and 20
sheet 1 arranged and operating substantially as herein before described.
Fifth. In combination with openings in hearths, the valve arrangement
substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to figures 1 and 2, sheet 2 of
the appended drawings.
Sixth. In combination with an inlet for fresh air to buildings or apartments
thereof, the arrangement of apparatus for heating the incoming air, before it
is discharged into the building or apartment, by gas, hot water, or steam
substantially as described with reference to figure 3 sheet 2 of the accompanying
drawings.
Seventh. In combination with ventilating pipes for sewers, the accessible well

page_text: or dip illustrated at a figure 4 the accessible box c figure 5, and the bend with
accessible opening x figure 7, sheet 2 substantially as, and for the purposes
hereinbefore set forth.
Eighth. In the trapping and ventilation of street sewers in sections, by means
of accessible traps, the fresh air inlet made at the side of the man-hole of the
trap, substantially as described with reference to figures 9 and 10 of the provisional
specification drawings, and to figures 10 and 11 sheet 2. of the drawings annexed
hereto.
Ninth. In the trapping and ventilation of street sewers in sections, by means of
accessible traps, the safety valves made in the division wall of the man-hole or
trap, substantially as and for the purposes herein before described with reference
to figures 9 and 10 of the provisional specification drawings and to figures 10 and 11
sheet 2, of the drawings annexed hereto.
Tenth. The traps with access openings a enlarged lengthened or widened,
substantially as described with reference to figures 15, 16 and 17 sheet 2.
Eleventh. The lengthened access opening was and for the purposes hereinbefore
described with reference to figures 15 and 18 sheet 2.
Twelfth. The movable top branch of the trap with one or more additional air or
sewage openings in the side or sides, substantially as described with reference to.
figures 16. 19 and 21 sheet 2.
Thirteenth. The enlarged and
shaped construction of the water passage
at the bottom of the trap, substantially as described with reference to figure 20
sheet 2.
In Witness Whereof I the said William Paton Buchan have hereunto set my
hand and seal this twentieth day of September in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and eighty-three
WILLIAM PATON DUCHAN
(LATS.)