IMPROVEMENTS BEARINGS, SHAFTS, OR PIVOTS APPLICABLE ΤΟ MACHINERY, APPARATUS, INSTRUMENTS. AND OTHER USEFUL PURPOSES
Year: 1868

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Richard Angell Green, of 82, Strand, in the
IN
County of Middlesex, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS
BEARINGS, SHAFTS, OR PIVOTS APPLICABLE ΤΟ MACHINERY, APPARATUS,
INSTRUMENTS. AND OTHER USEFUL PURPOSES."
Sealed the 6th November 1868, and dated the 7th May 1868
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Richard Angell Green
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 7th May 1868.
I, RICHARD ANGELL GREEN, of 82, Strand, in the County of Middle-
sex, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN BEARINGS, SHAFTS, OR PIVOTS APPLICABLE TO MACHINERY, APPARATUS,
INSTRUMENTS, AND OTHER USEFUL PURPOSES." to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to certain improvements in the construction
of bearings, shafts or pivots to be used in various kinds of machinery
apparatus, instruments, and other useful purposes, the object of the
ED/1

page_text: Invention being to provide a greater extent of bearing surface so as
to distribute the friction and strengthen the bearing, thereby causing
the parts to wear evenly and to last for a much longer period than
the ordinary bearings.
I propose, in lieu of a shaft or pivot on which a piece of machinery 5
or apparatus or instrument turns, as constructed hitherto, and working
in a bearing or socket cut through the moving picce equal to the
diameter of the pivot or shaft, to enlarge the head of the pivot, and to
recess the moveable or turning piece with a corresponding countersunk
space into which the enlarged head is fitted. I then apply to the 1
external side or surface of such moving or turning piece a cap or
screw stem, which clamps the moving picce to the pivot and stationary
part, and the joint is completed.
1 also cut an annular space or groove around the periphery of the
enlarged head, in which oil or other lubricating matèrial is applied, so 1
that the joint is lubricated and kept free from dust for a long time,
thus materially aiding its durability. A joint of this construction is
well adapted for small articles, such as scissors or shears.
As an example, for driving pullies or turntables 1 propose to form
the nave or centre of a large diameter, and to cut out a circular recess 2
on cach side thereof, into which 1 apply discs of such thickness as to
project beyond the surfaces of the solid nave; the inner sides of these
discs, which gear against the surfaces of the recesses, are also recessed
slightly, leaving only annular rings to bear on the sides of the recesses,
but the peripheries of the discs fit the inner peripheries of the recesses. 2
The central portion of the discs is left raised to gear against the central
surfaces of the recesses, and thereby increase the bearing area of the two
parts. The channels cut in the discs serve to contain oil or other
lubricant. When the discs are adjusted in the recesses, the pulley
may be placed between the bearing brackets suspended from a beam or 3
in standards in any other situation and secured by means of screws
passing through the bracket arms or standards into the discs, thereby
securing the whole in position; or, if desired, the bracketted arms or
standards may be recessed so as to receive the projecting dises, the
screws being also used.
By these arrangements a strong and durable pulley bearing will be
effected capable of working with a steady and easy motion. When this
3

page_text: description of bearing is applied to turntables or other large descriptions
of machinery where a horizontal rotating motion is required, the effect
will be much superior to the ordinary pivoted bearings, and moreover
the necessity of supports and rollers to the circumference of the moving
parts will be in most cases dispensed with.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters l'atent,
filed by the said Richard Angell Green in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 7th November 1868.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, RICHARD
ANGELL GREEN, of 82, Strand, in the County of Middlesex, send
greeting.
!
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
of
Letters Patent, bearing date the Seventh day of May, in the year
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight, in the thirty-
first year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give
and grant unto me, the said Richard Angell Green, Her special licence
that I, the said Richard Angell Green, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, or such others as I, the said Richard Angell Green, my execu-
tors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and all times thereafter during the term
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for 'IMPROVEMENTS IN
BEARINGS, SHAFTS, OR PIVOTS APPLICABLE TO MACHINERY, APPARATUS. INSTRU-
MENTS, AND OTHER USEFUL PURPOSES," upon the condition (amongst others)
that I, the said Richard Angell Green, my executors or administrators,
by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands
and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the
said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed,
and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the
said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Richard Angell Green, do hereby
1 Lozantion and in what manner the
e

page_text: same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in
and by the following statement:-
My Invention relates to certain improvements in the construction of
bearings, shafts, or pivots to be used in various kinds of machinery,
apparatus, instruments, and other useful purposes, the object of the
Invention being to provide a greater extent of bearing surface, so as to
distribute the friction and strengthen the bearing, thereby causing the
parts to wear evenly and to last for a much longer period than the
ordinary bearings.
I propose, in lieu of a shaft or pivot on which a piece of machinery
or apparatus or instrument turns, as constructed hitherto, and working
in a bearing or socket cut through the moving piece equal to the
diameter of the pivot or shaft, to enlarge the head and stem of the
pivot, and to recess the moveable or turning piece with a corresponding
countersunk space into which the enlarged head is fitted. I then
apply to the external side or surface of such moving or turning piece
a cap or screw stem, which clamps the moving piece to the pivot and
stationary part, and the joint is completed.
I also cut an annular space or groove around the periphery of the
enlarged head, on which oil or other lubricating material is applied, so
that the joint is lubricated and kept free from dust for a long time,
thus materially aiding its durability. A joint of this construction is
well adapted for small articles, such as scissors or shears, compasses,
newspaper clips, or fasteners for periodicals when cut for reading in
order to keep the sheets together.
As an example, for driving pullies or turntables I propose to form
the nave or centre of a large diameter, and to cut out a circular recess
on each side thereof, into which I apply dises of such thickness as to
project beyond the surfaces of the solid nave; the inner sides of these
discs, which gear against the surfaces of the recesses, are also recessed
slightly, leaving only annular rings to bear on the sides of the recesses,
but the peripheries of the discs fit the inner peripheries of the recesses.
The central portion of the discs is left raised to gear against the
central surfaces of the recesses, and thereby increase the bearing area
of the two parts.
The channels cut in the discs serve to contain oil or
other lubricant. But other forms of bearings hereafter described may

page_text: be used for turntables.
When the discs are adjusted in the recesses
the pulley may be placed between the bearing brackets suspended from
a beam or in standards in any other situation, and secured by means of
screws passing through the bracket arms or standards into the discs,
thereby securing the whole in position; or, if desired, the bracketed
arms or standards may be recessed so as to receive the projecting discs,
the screws being also used.
By these arrangements a strong and durable pulley bearing will be
effected capable of working with a steady and easy motion. When this
description of bearing is applied to turntables or other large descriptions
of machinery where a horizontal rotating motion is required the effect
will be much superior to the ordinary pivoted bearings, and moreover the
necessity of supports and rollers to the circumference of the moving parts
will in most cases be dispensed with.
The annexed Drawings represent some examples of the more perfect
application of the prinicple of my Invention, from which others will be
casily understood.
Fig. 1 represents the improvement in its application to a turntable for
railways, being a plan view; and Fig. 2, a vertical section. a, a, shews
the well or cavity formed for the reception of the working parts, and
b, b, the masonry enclosing the same; c is the central circular support of
stone or masonry on which the table turns, and e is the enlarged
circular bearing on which the table rests; /, f, are the rails. The
central position of the table is maintained by means of the vertical
brackets g, g, within which the wheels h, h, are set on axles and
travel around the circular railway i, i, at the bottom of the well or
cavity a. Friction balls of metal may be applied between the table d
and the masonry c and within the circular bearing e; these balls serve
to relieve the moving parts from undue friction, and to aid the motion of
the table, which may be moved by hand by any suitable attachments
or gearing. But I prefer to apply four friction rollers or wheels/'
running on a circular rail instead of friction wheels.
Fig. 3 is a side view of a railway or tram wheel, and Fig. 4 is a
transverse vertical section of the same. a represents the body of the
wheel, and b, b, are shoulders or steps cut on each side of the boss c,
within and against which the circular discs or plates e, e, are inserted,

page_text: their outer surfaces being flush or level with the surface or side of
the boss; these discs have a square hole cut through their centres,
through which the corresponding square head d of the axle d' is passed
and finally secured by the screw nut f. It will thus be obvious
that the axle and discs will be kept in one position relatively to each
other, while the bearing of the wheel will not be on the axle but on
the enlarged bearing afforded by the periphery of the discs within the
shoulders b, b. This method is particularly applicable to wheels of
carriages on common roads. If, however, as would be required generally
in railway rolling stock, the wheel and axle should be made to turn
as in one piece, the discs and shoulders would be transferred to a
separate boss contained in a bracket attached beneath the carriage,
and the axle would pass through the square head and thence to the
wheel, to which it would be keyed in the ordinary manner. On this
latter principle pulleys can be constructed for driving machinery by
endless leather bands; the wheel instead of having one flange as in
the railway wheel is to be formed either with a flat periphery or a
groove to take a flat or circular band: the bracket may then be
bolted to the roof, ceiling, or upper floor, and secured to the discs
by screws, and the pulley wheel allowed to rotate on the fixed discs;
or if the pulley is placed on the floor it may be supported in bearings
on the same principle. In all these cases the intervening space
between the discs may be supplied with oil or other lubricating
substance, and if desired the periphery of each disc may have a groove
cut all round or at intervals, and lubricating material may be applied
within such groove or grooves.
Figs. 5 and 6 represent a plan view and a section of a pair of scissors
constructed on the principle of this Invention. a, a, shew the handle
and blades secured together by the central axes b, b, and the screw c,
the axes being made in two parts cut horizontally, their outer surfaces
being flanged at d, d, to fit into channels cut around the bearing
surfaces of the bore formed through each blade, as shewn at e, e
The two divisions of the axis fit each other when in contact, and are
prevented from shifting by means of a square head cut in one
section, as shewn at f, Fig. 7, and
the other, as shewn at g, Fig. 8;
channels e, e, and thus the pivot or
by a corresponding cavity cut in
the flanges d, d, sink into the
axis of the scissors is flush with

page_text: the surface of the blade or handle, and the tightening screw being
also turned into a countersunk cavity in the axis the whole joint is
flush, and the blades are secured in contact by the flanges.
Fig. 9 represents another example of the application of the Invention
to the purpose of a newspaper clip, to be used for keeping the sheets
of a cut newspaper or periodical or other papers in proper position
for being read. The joint consists of two ring bearings a, a'; a having
a step or shoulder cut around it to receive the upper ring a', so that
the two form flush internal and external surfaces, and are kept together
by tapping or slightly burring the upper edges of the joint, which
allows of the two legs b, b, being opened and closed; c, c, are two steel
or other metal points which enter corresponding cavities cut in the
opposite leg when the instrument is closed to clip the papers, and a
projection may be formed at the extremity of one leg, as shewn at d,
for the purpose of tightening the opposite leg by friction when closed,
but a snap or other equivalent may be applied for the same object; so
also instead of the points small projecting blades and corresponding
cavities may be used. These various forms of joints may respectively
be applied to surgical instruments, mathematical drawing instruments,
carpenters' tools, and a variety of purposes where pivoted joints or
bearings are used.
Fig. 10 shows the sections of Fig. 9 separately, with an upper and
lower disc for clamping them with a screw if desired.
Having now described the nature of my said Invention, and in
what manner the same is to be carried into practical effect, I would
remark in conclusion that I do not restrict myself to the precise
details, or to the exact configuration and arrangement of parts which
I have expressed and partly shewn, as the same may evidently be
modified or varied without in any degree departing from its prin-
ciples; but what I claim and desire to be secured to me by the herein
in part recited Letters Patent are, the general improvements in bearings
shafts, axles or pivots, and such like joints, whereby an extended
bearing surface is obtained, strengthening the joint, diminishing friction,
aiding the means of lubrication, and causing all working parts to
wear evenly and to last for a long period of time, applicable to turntables
of railways, to railway wheels or wheels of vehicles on common roads,
to various instruments, such as scissors, tools, drawing instruments,

page_text: and jointed clips, and various other such like useful purposes, sub-
stantially as herein specified.
In witness whereof, I, the said Richard Angell Green, have here-
unto set my hand and seal, this Fifth day of November, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight.
Witness,
ALEX. PRINCE,
Office for Patents,
4, Trafalgar Square,
Charing Cross.
RICHARD A. GREEN. (L.S.)