IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PURIFICATION, DISTILLATION, RECTIFICATION, EVAPORATION, CONDENSATION, CONCENTRATION, AND OXYGENATION OF SPIRITS AND SPIRITUOUS LIQUORS, AND IN THE APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN, AND IN RAISING AND FORCING THE SAME, PARTS OF WHICH ARE APPLICABLE TO THE MANUFACTURE OF VINEGAR, TO THE RAISING AND FORCING OF LIQUIDS, TO THE HEATING, COOLING, AND OXYGENATING OF BEERS AND LIQUIDS, AND TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF CHIMNEYS
Year: 1864

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Thomas James Smith, of Twickenham, in the
County of Middlesex, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
PURIFICATION, DISTILLATION, RECTIFICATION, EVAPORATION, CONDENSATION,
CONCENTRATION, AND OXYGENATION OF SPIRITS AND SPIRITUOUS LIQUORS, AND
IN THE APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN, AND IN RAISING AND FORCING THE
SAME, PARTS OF WHICH ARE APPLICABLE TO THE MANUFACTURE OF VINEGAR, TO
THE RAISING AND FORCING OF LIQUIDS, TO THE HEATING, COOLING, AND
OXYGENATING OF BEERS AND LIQUIDS, AND TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF CHIMNEYS."
A communication, from abroad by François Haeck, of Brussels,
Belgium
Sealed the 23rd September 1864, and dated the 30th March 1864.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Thomas James Smith
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
☐ the 80th March 1864.
I, THOMAS JAMES SMITH, of Twickenham, in the County of Middlesex,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE PURIFICATION, DISTILLATION, RECTIFICATION, EVAPORATION, CONDENSATION,
CONCENTRATION, AND OXYGENATION OF SPIRITS AND SPIRITUOUS LIQUORS, AND IN THE
APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN, AND IN RAISING AND FORCING THE SAME, PARTS OF
WHICH ARE APPLICABLE TO THE MANUFACTURE OF VINEGAR, TO THE RAISING AND
FORCING OF LIQUIDS, TO THE HEATING, COOLING, AND OXYGENATING OF BEERS AND
LIQUIDS, AND TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF CHIMNEYS," to be as follows:-
The fundamental feature of the present Invention is first to deprive, in
proceeding by the division of labor, the phlegms obtained from grain, maize,

page_text: beet, rice, molasses, wines, in fact, all bad flavored alcoholic liquids of their
injurious properties, and afterwards to raise the alcoholic degree of these
liquids by hygienic apparatuses cleansible by hand after each operation. By
injurious properties I mean every substance, such as ether, oil, and acid which
is found in phlegm or bad flavored liquid, and the presence of which it is
undesirable to retain, whether it be in brandy, properly so called, or in con-
centrated spirit arising from the phlegm or liquid. I therefore divide the
description of this Invention into two distinct parts, that is to say, the
description of the process for removing the injurious properties from phlegm
or bad flavored alcoholic liquid, and the description of the mode of construction
and operation of the apparatuses for the evaporation, concentration, conden-
sation, and refrigeration of this liquid to be raised to the degree of brandy or
concentrated spirit.
1ST PART. DESCRIPTION OF THE NEW PROCESS FOR DEPRIVING PHLEGMS
OR BAD FLAVORED ALCOHOLIC LIQUIDS OF THEIR INJURIOUS PRO-
PERTIES.
This process is composed of three successive operations, consisting, the first,
in decanting a part of the essential oils freed by a sufficient lowering of the
alcoholic degree of the phlegm; the second, in the removal of acids and a
fresh part of the essential oils by putting powdered plaster in the liquid mass,
or any other material which will absorb the acid properties and bad flavor;
the third, in heating slowly but continuously the liquid mass in order to
disengage in drops, or in an exceedingly thin stream, the ethers and other
elements more volatile than alcohol, and which have not been removed by the
two preceding operations.
Description of the 1st operation, consisting in decanting
a part of the
essential oils freed by lowering the alcoholic degree of the liquid.-This
operation is performed in a cylindrical receiver or vat, Fig. 1. This vat is by
preference of wood lined with a thin sheet of tinned copper. a is the body of
the vat; b is the cover thereof; c is a conical head placed on the top of the
cover; d is a pipe with cock r attached to the head c; e is an agitator with
vanes for agitating the liquor in the vat; g is a pipe for introducing liquid
into the vat; h, the outlet cock for the liquid, and i cock for cleansing the
vat. The cover is perfectly fitted to the vat a in such manner as to prevent
all alcoholic evaporation and all escape of liquid. After having introduced the
bad flavored alcoholic liquid into the vat a, I add sufficient water to effect.
the separation of the various injurious elements, oils, ethers, acids, and others
from the alcohol, and free them as much as possible.

page_text: The mixing of the water with the mass is effected by the motion of the
agitator. The more the disinfecting liquid contains elements of bad flavor
the more necessary is it to add water to obtain the separation of these elements
from the alcohol. When the mixture has been effected by the agitator, the
mass is left at perfect rest in order that the liberated oils which are less dense
than the liquid mass may rise to the surface. When the rising of the oils is
terminated, which requires a certain number of hours, water is introduced
into the vat by the pipe g.
As this introduction of water raises the level of
the liquid, the oils which are on the surface naturally pass into the conical
head c, from which they flow by the pipe d. The separation from the liquid
mass of the oils which rise to the surface is thus performed in the most simple
manner, and that is the object of the first operation.
Description of the 2nd operation, consisting in removing the remaining oils
and acids held in suspension in the liquid mass by means of plaster or other
absorbent material, such as vegetable or animal charcoal, lime, magnesia, and
others. When the oils which float on the surface of the phlegm or bad
flavored liquid of low alcoholic degree have been decanted, I mix with the
liquid mass powdered plaster or other material, as above mentioned, capable
of absorbing the oils and acids which have remained therein. The mixture of
the plaster should be performed by introducing small quantities at a time by
the head c, and by working the agitator. The advantage plaster possesses
over the other materials is, that it deprives the liquid mass of the oils and
acids without introducing therein any other cause of bad flavor. Instead of
mixing the plaster in the vat shown in Fig. 1, the liquid may be run into a
small vat, which it need only pass through in order to become charged with
as much plaster as it is capable of carrying with it; this small vat is fitted
with an agitator, the liquid flowing from a, Fig. 1, then enters continuously
at the bottom, and passes out continuously at the top of the vat, and enters
another vat similar to the vat a; after having been re-agitated a certain
number of times, the liquid mass containing the plaster is left at perfect rest,
the plaster precipitates by degrees to the bottom, carrying with it the oils,
ethers, acids, and vegetable and other matters. That is the object of the
second operation.
Description of the 3rd operation, consisting in the evaporation of the ethers
and essential oils more volatile than alcohol, by slowly but continuously
heating the liquid mass.-When the complete deposition of the plaster has
taken place in the vat a, Fig. 1, or in a separate vat, as before explained, the
liquid mass is made to pass into a cylindrical reservoir or apparatus with a
double bottom, called a heating reservoir (see Fig. 2.) This reservoir is of

page_text: thin copper, tinned inside, and covered all round by an insulating material, by
preference wood. The heating steam enters by the centre o into the double
bottom p, and penetrates thence into radial arms 7, which are pierced with
small holes on the same side in such manner as to impart, by the uniform
direction of the small jets of steam passing out of the holes, a circulatory
movement to the steam which is in the double bottom, which thus becomes
equally heated at every part. Fig. 3 illustrates the arrangement of the steam
distributor in the double bottom p; t is a pipe by which the water produced
by the condensed steam in the double bottom flows away; k is a small
refrigerating condenser in communication with the reservoir by the pipe i.
The disengagement of the ethers from the liquid mass takes place as follows:
The mass is first quickly heated to boiling point as soon as drops of ether
issue from the condenser k; the admission of heating steam is reduced to the
ninimum quantity necessary to keep the liquid mass.near boiling point. In
this manner the caloric of the steam introduced into the double bottom rises
slowly through the liquid mass, and in a manner vaporizes the ethers. The
evaporation or the disengagement of the ethers by the slow but sustained
heating is thus produced by vaporizing only the least possible quantity of
alcohol. The more the heating is moderated and sustained, and the liquid
mass kept a little below boiling point so that the ethers continue to pass in
drops or in a very thin stream to the refrigerator k, the more economical and
advantageous the operation will be; for as these odorous ethers form a very
small quantity of the liquid mass, the excess heat introduced into the double
bottom, and not absorbed by the ether, acts injuriously on the alcohol, and
causes it to vaporize in a sufficiently large quantity at the same time as the
ether. When the drops received in the refrigerator k contain only an
infinitesmal quantity of odorous ether, the liquid mass in the heating reservoir
contains really nothing but water, and alcohol. To obtain this result is the
object of the third operation.
When the nature of the last alcoholic product requires that it should pre-
serve a certain proportion either of the essential oils, or all or part of the
ethers, or both oils and ethers, it is easy to understand that the three operations,
before described, may be regulated accordingly. The distinctive feature of
the present Invention, in so far as it relates to these three operations, is there-
fore to adapt the principle of the division of labor, to prepare with the greatest
precision any alcoholic liquid to undergo the operation of being brought to
the degree of good flavored brandy or of neutral spirit approaching positive
alcohol.
Having now explained the object of the first part of this Invention, I

page_text: proceed to describe the second part, which relates to the apparatuses for
raising to the desired alcoholic degree, the phlegm previously rendered neutral,
or only deprived of its injurious elements.
2ND PART. DESCRIPTION OF A METHOD OF ARRANGING, CONSTRUCTING, AND
WORKING THE APPARATUSES FOR RAISING ALCOHOLIC LIQUIDS OF Low
DEGREE, DEPRIVED OF THEIR INJURIOUS ELEMENTS, TO THE DEGREE OF
BRANDY OR SPIRIT.
Fig. 4 represents a general plan of the arrangement of a distillery furnished
with these new apparatuses. A, A, are vats for depriving the phlegms of
their injurious elements; B is the boiler or distilling column for the fermented
materials; C is the condenser of the vapors from the phlegms issuing from B ;
D is a reservoir for the phlegms deprived of their injurious elements. The
phlegms received in D are heated therein to boiling point, but not beyond.
E is an evaporating pan, in which the phlegms coming from D in a regular
stream are submitted to evaporation at a low temperature. The alcoholic
vapors formed in E are concentrated and rectified in G, and condensed and
finally cooled in H. F is another evaporating or exhausting pan, in which
the nearly spent phlegm which comes from E. is submitted to evaporation at a
sufficiently high temperature to extract the last particles of alcohol. The
alcoholic vapors produced in F are condensed and cooled in I. The
reservoir D is provided with a float o, which allows the quantity of hot
phlegms which enters the pan E, per minute, to be regulated exactly in such
manner that the work of the pans E and F represents a constant amount of
work in relation to the evaporating surfaces of these apparatuses.. The
still B, or the column in which the fermented materials are distilled, is heated
either by a furnace or by steam from a generator V. The vapors from the
phlegms pass from B into C by the pipe t, the phlegms made liquid by C pass
into the disinfecting vessels A, thence into D, and by the pipe t" into E. The
phlegms almost deprived of alcohol pass from E into F by the pipe t, and
the residual liquids totally spent are allowed to pass away on their exit from
F. T is a pipe which leads into L the vapors produced in D; T¹ leads the
alcoholic vapours from E into G; T" is the return pipe from G to E; T is
the pipe which leads the alcoholic vapors from G to H.; Tv is the pipe which
leads them from F to I; U, U, U", are pipes which lead the heating vapor from
the reservoir V to the reservoir D, to the evaporating pan E, and to the pan F%;
Z, Z, Z, Z, are pipes which lead water from the cold water reservoir K to
the apparatuses L, C, G, H, and I. Fig. 5 is a section through the lines
a, b, c, d, e, f, of Fig. 4, of the combination of apparatuses such as are used in

page_text: the distillery, shown in Fig. 4. The apparatus C should be placed higher in
order that the liquids passing therefrom should go direct into the vessels A.
Z is the pipe through which the water arising from the condensation of the
steam which heats the reservoir D passes; S, S', are the furnaces of the
generator V and boiler B. Fig. 6 is a section through the lines g, h, i, j, of
Fig. 4. Fig. 7 is a plan view of the evaporating pans E and F shown in
Fig. 4. Fig. 8 is a longitudinal elevation of the same. 3, 8, are pressure
screws or joint fasteners to secure tightly the covers which close the chambers
in which the alcoholic liquid and the heating steam circulate. Fig. 9 is a
horizontal section through the line a, b, of Fig. 8. The phlegm or alcoholic
liquid a to be evaporated enters the pan E by the pipe t" coming from the
heating reservoir D, where it has been previously heated to boiling point.
The phlegm traverses successively the continuous shallow channels i of the
pan E, and during its' passage through these channels it is heated below by
steam from the generator V. The steam from V being at a higher tem-
perature than the boiling point of the alcoholic liquid a, alcoholic vapor is
constantly given off by this liquid from the time of its entrance into the pan
E by the pipe. until the time of it's exit by the pipe *"; but the formation
of vapor being more and more difficult in proportion as the liquid a becomes
deprived of alcohol, that is to say, in proportion as it advances in the
évaporating pan, the pan is a little more inclined at the entrance than at the
exit, in order that the current of liquid may leave it as much spent as possible
before passing by the pipe t into the pan F. Similarly to E the pan F is
divided into continuous channels, which the liquid traverses successively
from one end to the other; but the pan F is heated below by steam at a suffi-
ciently high temperature to evaporate the last particles of alcohol from the
liquid, so that it may pass out of the pan F, containing only water and other
foreign matters, to be separated from the alcohol. In the pan F, as in the
pan E, the current of liquid becomes shallower as it reaches the further end
of the pan.
It may be here mentioned that the pan F may be annexed to an
ordinary distilling column, and serve not only for the extraction of the last
alcoholic particles, but also as an indicator of the progress of the operation
much better than an alcohometer placed at the exit for the phlegm from the
refrigerator. Fig. 10 is a section through the line c, d, of Fig. 7. i, i, repre-
sent the height of the partitions which separate or form the channels by which
the liquid traverses the pan E from end to end: The pan F has similar
partitions, but arranged as shown in Fig. 9. e, e', are the two chambers of
the evaporating apparatus. The heating steam comes from the generator V
by the pipe U, enters by the distributor d' into the chamber e. The dis-

page_text: tributor d is in the form of a flattened pipe, pierced with holes its whole
length in such manner as to regularly introduce the steam in the form of a
sheet as broad as the chamber e. The water arising from the condensation of
steam in the chamber e issues therefrom by a pipe Z". The alcoholic vapor
formed in the chamber e' is carried off by the pipe T' into an analyzing con-
centrator; the alcoholic vapor is carried off in a similar manner from the
pan F by a pipe TV. A steam distributor d" similar to d', introduces steam
in the form of a continuous sheet into the chamber e of the pan F. Water
arising from the condensation of steam in this chamber e passes off by the
pipe Z. To the chamber e of each of the pans E, F, a valve o is fitted,.
which serves to maintain a uniform pressure therein, or to insure the constancy
of the degree of heat of the heating steam. The constant degree of heat is
respectively determined by the weight p on each valve. The surface of the
pans E, F, as well as the breadth of the channels, depend upon the quantity
of work which it is desired to perform, and the apparatus is constructed
accordingly. The same may be said of the inclination given to the pans.
The top and bottom of these pans can be immediately removed for cleaning
by hand. The inner surface of the pans is tinned all over. Fig. 11 is a
vertical section of the concentrating analyzing apparatus, marked G, in
Fig. 4. It is composed of two concentric cylinders n, n,, between which
analyzing water is made to circulate, entering at top in the distributor c,
which is constructed in the form of a gutter, and the water. circulates
therein rapidly all round. The gutter cis pierced all round with small
holes o, through which the water passes into a jacket b, the water descends
5 from the jacket 6 into the narrow space 7, and passes out by the pipe j..
The interior of the cylinder n is fitted with troughs m, superposed and
separated by circular plates or pans p, with apertures in the centre.
The troughs m form between themselves, chambers e, e³, e", 6, e, e.
The alcoholic or other vapor, the temperature of which is to be lowered,
O enters the chamber e by a pipe T, terminating in a rose spreader. To.
pass from the chamber e to the chamber e' the steam has no other passage than
the narrow space g formed by the sidef of the trough m and the cylinder n³.
The water z, between the two cylinders, being of a lower temperature than the
vapor which has entered the chamber e, it follows that during the passage of
5 the vapor into the space g part of the aqueous vapor, becomes condensed, and
the remainder which reaches the chamber e' is vapor of a more concentrated
degree. The same operation takes place from the chamber to the.
chamber e", and so on for all the chambers until the vapor passes off by the
pipe T. The number of troughs, and the height and breadth of the spaces g

page_text: will vary according to the amount of work to be performed. The lateral
piece ƒ of each trough is fitted with projecting spirals k, as indicated in Fig. 12,
which compel the vapor coming from the chamber e to remain in contact more
or less long with the side of the cylinder.n' before passing into the chamber e'.
The same course for the vapor is adapted to all the troughs. The quantities
of vapor condensed in the spaces g fall on the pans p and troughs m, where
they are partly re-vaporized. The remainder descend from stage to stage by
the overflow pipes q, and finally issue from the apparatus by the return pipe T
to again enter the evaporating apparatus. The lower end of each pipe q dips
into a small cup u of sufficient depth, and which is filled by the first liquid
which falls on the bottom of the trough or pan which is on the same level as
the upper edge of the cup. In order to regulate the circulation of the liquid
on the bottoms of the troughs or pans, the troughs are fitted with spirals s,
Figs. 13 and 14, which form a continuous helicoidal channel; Fig. 18 refers to
the troughs m, and Fig., 14.to the pans p.
. Fig. 15 is a plan of the cover of the cylinder n'; this movable cover is.
fastened upon the cylinder n' by pressure screws.
Fig. 16 is a side view of one of the circular pans p. The whole apparatus,
consisting of the cylinders n, n³, troughs 'm, and pans p, admits of being
separated piece by piece to be cleaned by hand.
t
:
Fig. 17 is a vertical section of the refrigerating condenser H, shown in
Fig. 4. It is composed of four vessels a, b, c, d, fitted at a very slight distance
from each other. Between the sides of the vessel a, b, and those of the
vessels c, d, refrigerating water y circulates; it enters continuously through
the funnelse, e³, and issues continuously by pipes j", j. The vapor a to be a
condensed enters by a pipe T into a large jacket 6', from which it spreads
into the thin space contained between the sides of the vessels b, c, which give
it the form of an extremely thin cylindrical film in contact on both sides with
refrigerating water, which is incessantly renewed all in thin films. The
liquid arising from the condensation of the vapor falls into the space s
contained between the bottoms of b and c, and rises therein' up to the height
of the exit pipe j, in such manner, that the liquid remains in the bottom of the
apparatus sufficiently long to be reduced to the temperature of the adjoining
water, the stream of which surrounds it on both sides. In order to allow the air,
which the vapor may carry with it, to escape from the space in which the con- s
densation of the vapor takes place, there is immediately above the level of the
condensed liquid a number of pipes or passages o, which terminate at top in a
horizontal doubly circular pipe, ending in a vertical pipe of sufficient size,
communicating at the top of the level of the water with the external air. By

page_text: this method the air which the vapor carries with it passes off regularly from
the
space
b, c, of the apparatus without carrying off with it either vapor or
alcoholic liquid. The two vessels b, c, are joined at top by rings g, which are
fitted one on-the other; and which are made to adhere hermetically by means
of pressure screws. By loosening these screws the vessels b, c, become inde-
pendent, and the four vessels may be entirely separated in order that the sides
thereof may be cle (sed by hand. The interior surfaces of the two vessels b, c,
which are in contact with the alcohol are tinned. The breadth of the narrow
spaces for the water and the vapor is variable according to the work to be
performed, and the apparatus is constructed accordingly, retaining, however,
the capability of unfastening the vessels b, c, for cleansing. The alcoholic
liquid may also be allowed to flow out directly and immediately without
remaining in the reservoir by the exit pipe j'. In such case the air pipes o
are unnecessary, as the air escapes by the same pipe through which the alcoholic
liquid arising from condensation flows. The apparatus may be constructed
of any dimensions as regards breadth and height, according to the amount of
work to be performed. K is a cock for drawing off the liquid from b, c, at
the end of the operation.
Fig. 18 is a plan of the apparatus. This apparatus, composed of four
cylindrical vessels, possesses the following advantages over the refrigerating
condensing apparatus, composed of four cylindrical vessels, for which Letters
Patent were granted to François Haeck on the 30th day of July 1859, No. 1766:
-1st, instead of introducing the cooling water by one tube it enters by two
separate tubes, one of which supplies the outer, and the other the inner
cooling space. 2nd, the liquid arising from condensation of the vapor instead
of issuing immediately from the apparatus remains a certain time in the
bottom of the apparatus in order that it may be completely cooled, 3rd, the
new apparatus is fitted with an air escape pipe, which allows the air drawn in
with the vapor to escape at top outside without taking any vapor with it, and
without interfering with the regular flow by the exit pipe of the condensed
liquid. 4tb, instead of a system of pipes springing from a centre to distribute
the vapor into the condensing space of the apparatus, the new apparatus intro-
duces the vapor into the condensing space by means of. a large jacket placed
immediately above the condensing space. 5th, the joining nut which- was
situated in the centre and at the bottom of the four vessels in the old apparatus
is dispensed with in the present apparatus. 6th, the means of separating or
the independence of the vessels, as well as the manner of fitting them and
placing them in juxtaposition, are simpler and more certain in the new'
apparatus. The above description applies to the refrigerating condensers

page_text: .
marked C, L, and I in Fig. 4, as well as to the refrigerating condenser
marked H.
Fig. 19 is a vertical section of another analyzing concentrator of double
action for performing the work assigned to G in Fig. 4. It is composed of
two sets of double concentric cylinders n, n, fitted one in the other, and 5
between the sides of which water 2, at a temperature determined by the
nature of the operation to be performed, is allowed to circulate. The water
enters by gutters c, c, passes through small lateral openings into the jackets b, b,
descends into narrow spaces 1, 1, and makes its exit by a pipe. The interior
of the double concentric cylinder n is occupied by circular troughs m, with two
cylindrical sides f,f. The sides f, f, are at a slight distance from the sides
of the cylinder n', the troughs are superposed, and are separated by circular
pans p, with openings at 9'. The troughs form chambers e, e, e, e, ev, and
so on. Vapor from the evaporating apparatus enters the chamber e by the
pipe T, to pass from e to e; the vapor should flow in the form of thin currents
through the narrow spaces 9 comprised between the sides fand n', and f* and n*:
The entrance of the vapor into the space f, n, takes place by two openings o,
Fig. 20, formed in the side f, and after having made a semicircular turn, the
vapor passes out of the narrow space by two openings o³, and enters the
chamber e. The same circulation takes place round the side. In order to
compel the vapor to make a complete semicircular turn between the
openings o, o³, the upper and lower edges of the sides f, f, are arranged in
such manner as to prevent the vapor passing directly from the chamber e to
the chamber e³. Figs. 19 and 20 show that this arrangement consists in
constructing these sides hollow, and in causing the edges i to adhere to the s
sides of the surrounding cylinder. In order the better to ensure the lower
and upper closing of the sides of the troughs m, the upper edge of the trough
is covered with packing, while the lower edge dips in the liquid which remains
on the pan p, which supports all the trough. By means of these arrangements
the vapor has no entrance except the openings o, and no exit except the
openings o'. The openings o at the bottom of each side for the exit of vapor
from the chamber e are separated by vertical partitions, the same with the
openings o' at the top of the side of the same trough for the issue of the vapor
into the chamber e³. It is the same for all the troughs.
Fig. 21 is a horizontal section of the sides of a trough m, and of the
surrounding cylinders n'. k shows the situation of the vertical partitions,
which separate the openings o on one side, and the openings o' on the other.
There may, if desired, be only one opening at the bottom and one at the top
of each side of the trough. In this case the vapor should make a complete

page_text: turn round the side of the trough, to pass from e to e³, and one of the partitions
is suppressed (see Fig. 22). If instead of the two openings for the entrance
and for the exit three were formed, it would be necessary to have three par-
titions, and so on. The number of openings to each side, the breadth and
height of the narrow space which the vapor traverses to pass from one
chamber to another, the number of superposed troughs, the whole height of
the apparatus, and other details, depend upon the nature of the work to be
performed. The condensed vapors fall in a liquid state on the bottoms of the
troughs and intermediate pans, where they are partly re-vaporized; the
remaining portions fall by degrees through the overflow pipes q to the
evaporating apparatus, to which they are led by the pipe "T". The cup u is
filled by the first liquid which falls on the pan and upon the trough to which
it is fixed. The vapor, after having passed from chamber to chamber, makes
its exit by the pipe T". When the nature of the operation to be performed
requires no boiling of the liquids which have fallen on the bottoms of the
troughs and pans, it is of no consequence whether the vapor enters the appa-
ratus at bottom or at top, and passes out at the top or bottom respectively.
The bottoms of the troughs and pans may be supplied with substances which
have the property of absorbing or retaining the elements which it is desired to
separate. Fig. 23 is a plan of one of the pans p. Fig. 24, a plan of the:
cover of the double cylinder n'. Fig. 25, a vertical section of one of the
pans p. Eig. 26, a horizontal section through the middle of one of the
troughs m. Fig. 20 indicates the position of the openings ó and o* in the
sidef of the trough m.. Fig. 27 is a vertical section of one of the troughs'm
through the lines c, d, of Fig. 26, showing the position of the openings of
and of in the sides of the trough. The apparatus may be constructed of any
size. Fig. 28 is a vertical longitudinal section of an analyzing concentrator
with double analyzing surface,.but in the form of a rectangular parallelopipedon.
The developement of a cylinder being a rectangle, it is obvious that all that
has been before stated applies to this rectangular apparatus with double
surface, except some modifications hereafter mentioned of the details relative
to the circulation of the vapor. Fig. 29 is a horizontal section of this
apparatus through c, d, of Fig. 28. Fig. 30 is a cross section through a, b,
of Fig. 28. In this apparatus the openings o and o' are in the side of the
trough at the extremity of the lower and upper chamber' of each trough.
The vapor thus circulates from chamber to chamber by passing in a regular
manner by the narrow spaces 9 in a straight line formed by the sides / of the
outer case, and the rectangular sides of the trough. But in order to render
the circulation of the vapor easier, the spaces 9", Fig. 28, are much enlarged,

page_text: which allows the lateral spaces g, Fig. 29, to be greatly narrowed. The taking
to pieces of all the parts of this apparatus is effected in the manner already
described. If the nature of the work requires it, the vapor may in this
apparatus be made to enter at the top and pass out at the bottom. This
apparatus, like all the others, may be constructed of tinned copper of any size.
If it is desired to place the heating reservoir D, in Fig. 4, higher than the
concentrator G, the liquid may be made to pass from the reservoir to the
troughs m, and the lower part of the concentrator thus partly transformed into
a distilling column of continuous action. In this manner the phlegm on its
exit from D will rectify the alcoholic vapors from the evaporating pan E, into
which it passes on its exit from the concentrator G, and at the same time the
fuel and the analyzing water will be economized. We may go further, a
boiler working intermittently may be transformed into a kind of evaporating
pan working continuously. For this purpose it is sufficient to form on the
broad bottom of a flattened boiler channels similar to the channels of the
evaporating pan. Then the phlegm, heated and raised to boiling point on
the bottoms and lower troughs of the concentrator will pass on its descent
from the concentrator into the continuous channels formed on the bottom of
the still, the spirals of which it will traverse from one end to the other in
such manner that on its exit the phlegm will be entirely spent. To insure
the complete exhaustion of the phlegm the continuous channels may be
formed on the spirals of a serpentine coil, in the interior of which the heating
steam travels in a contrary direction to that of the phlegm, the most spent
phlegm being heated from below near the point of exit by the hottest steam
which enters the serpentine coil. In the same manner also a boiler for
exhausting the phlegm, and of continuous action, may be employed instead of
the evaporating pan of continuous action.
..
-
Rectifying and distilling apparatus. Figs. 31 and 32 represent the
arrangement of a complete rectifying and distilling apparatus composed of
a boiler, an analyzing concentrator, and a refrigerating condenser; this appa-
ratus is portable. a is a case of wrought iron, with masonry 6 at bottom
surrounding the furnace f, and serving as a support to the edge m of the
boiler c. The furnace f is of inverted conical form; the smoke and products
of combustion before issuing pass. all round the part d of the still. The
cap 9 is open on both sides of the door p of the furnace. The trough g, con-
structed as an ash-pit, is placed in the inclined position shown, in order to lead
the current of air up to the bottom of the furnace, and to compel the air to
pass through the burning fuel before passing by the two openings on the two
sides of the door p. The chimney is composed of a cylindrical case or drum k,

page_text: g
on the centre of which a conical pipe i is placed, narrow at bottom and very
broad at top. This arrangement of the pipe i gives the smoke an extra-
ordinary facility of expansion, the constant result of which is to aid the
draught in the fire. This chimney i, placed on the case or drum k, acts on
the firef with a similar effect to vacuum or suction; it has the advantage of
producing a strong draught with a very low chimney. The recourse to the
rarefaction of air to stimulate draught by constructing very lofty chimneys is
rendered unnecessary by the employment of the chimney i. It will be under-
stood that the object of the case or drum k is to allow the smoke first to pass
easily from the sides 9 of the furnace, and then to permit it to pass as easily
into the chimney i. It is owing to the drum k that the effect of vacuum
produced by the tube i acts so efficaciously on the draught. If it is desired
to increase the effect of vacuum to a very great proportion, a steam jet may
be introduced near the bottom of the pipe i at the point a. The expansion
of the steam in the upper part of the pipe acts strongly on the smoke in the
drum k, and consequently on the draught in the furnace. A steam jet may
be introduced by means of a circular tube pierced with holes at top in such
manner that the jet forms a cylindrical sheet of steam s, Fig. 33, all round
the inner surface of the chimney i. h is a concentrating analyzing apparatus
of rectangular form, already described. To the return pipe t' a cock ris
fitted, which is closed towards the end of the operation, that is to say, at the
moment when the liquid in the boiler is, so to speak, exhausted of alcohol.
The return liquid in then received in a small closed cylinder u, and is added
to the following charge to the boiler. At the moment of closing the cock r
care must be taken to supply more analyzing water to the apparatus h, which
is thus transformed into a simple refrigerator. In this manner no vapor of
inferior quality at the end of the operation can be introduced into the upper
chambers of h. There is strictly no necessity for the reservoir u, because the
bottom of the first chamber of the apparatus h may be used as a reservoir.
At the commencement of the following operation it is sufficient to open the
cock r, in order that the liquid may pass by the pipe t' into the still c; R is
a refrigerator already described. As the phlegm of the lowest degree, or the
wine introduced into the boiler c is a liquid already deprived of its injurious
elements, it is very easy to transform the rectifying apparatus of intermittent
action, shown in Figs. 31 and 32, into a rectifying apparatus of continuous
action. It is sufficient to annex a second boiler to the analyzing concentrator,.
and to regulate the working of the two boilers in such manner that one sends
vapor into the concentrator at the moment the other is almost exhausted.
The cock of the return pipe of the boiler about to become exhausted must

page_text: first be closed, in order that the return of the condensed liquid may take place
into the boiler which is coming into full action.. When the boiler about to
finish is entirely exhausted of alcohol, the cock for the passage of the vapor
must also be closed. The exhausted boiler will thus be separated from the
concentrator by the closing of the cocks of these two pipes, and the boiler
will be emptied, in order to be re-charged; this boiler must afterwards be
put in action when the other is almost exhausted, and so on. The following
are the advantages resulting from the previous deprivation of the phlegms of
their injurious elements before raising them to the degree required for good
flavored brandies and neutral spirits:-Not only are the injurious elements,
which the phlegm or wine contains separated with certainty by the above-
described processes, but the separation is performed in the most economical
and easy manner, since each of the injurious elements is removed from the
phlegm by a special process, particularly adapted to that element. By this
previous deprivation the product obtained by the rectifying apparatus from
the beginning of the operation to the end is good flavored brandy of the first
quality, or absolutely neutral alcohol. The brandy obtained by the systems of
rectification hitherto employed has generally had a flavor of copper, and a
bitter flavor due to the presence of oils, ethers, and other injurious substances,
which have 'necessitated the allowing of these brandies to age, as it is termed,
in casks in which they gradually and slowly lose their injurious properties.
There is a great loss arising, first, from the inevitable evaporation of the
alcohol, then the interest on the capital represented by the brandy, the casks,
and the buildings or cellars in which they are stored. The combination of these
losses is suppressed by the employment of these processes of purification and
rectification, since these processes have precisely for their object to com-
pletely and immediately deprive the phlegms or wines of the same injurious
properties which in the old systems were only imperfectly removed after a
prolonged lapse of time.. By this Invention the phlegms or wines being
previously deprived by sure processes of all injurious properties, may be imme-
diately sold and consumed as brandy of the first quality. If the brandy
obtained by the rectifying apparatus, shown in Fig. 31, were of too high a
degree for consumption, and it were necessary to reduce the degree by mixing
water with it, the intimate mixture of the water with the alcohol, and the
aromatic elements composing the brandy may be effected by the apparatus
shown in Fig. 34, and thus good flavored old brandy produced. Fig. 34.
represents a cylinder M of tinned copper nearly filled with brandy reduced by:
water to the degree required for consumption. This cylinder is hermetically
closed and surrounded by another cylinder N furnished with a jacket, and

page_text: covered at the top h. A heating medium liquid or vapor is introduced into
this jacket. This heating medium raises the temperature of the brandy.
immediately in contact with the heated side of the cylinder M. The brandy
thus heated rises and is replaced by cold brandy, which being heated in its
turn also rises, and so on, until the whole mass is sufficiently heated. Tho
action of the heating medium produces in the mass an ascending and descend-
ing movement, as indicated by the arrows. The intimate admixture of the
elements composing the liquid mass is the consequence. After the heating
has lasted several hours the mass is allowed to cool. The brandy thus
obtained will be a good flavored old brandy, especially if care has been taken
not to fill the cylinder M entirely, in order to allow certain effluvia the means
of becoming disengaged. I have hitherto spoken of the apparatus shown in
Figs. 31 and 32, as an apparatus intended to raise the degree of an alcoholic
liquid already deprived of its injurious properties before being put into the
boiler; but it is evident that the same apparatus composed of the boiler,
the analyzing concentrator, and the refrigerating condenser may be employed
for the manufacture of phlegms. For this purpose it is sufficient to charge
the boiler with fermented materials obtained from grain, maize, rice, or any
other fermented substance, the distillation of which produces phlegms. The
working and action of the apparatus are exactly the same as for the rec-
tifying; and it will be understood that by this process phlegms may be
obtained of as high a degree as those obtained by.a Blumenthal or Derusne
column of continuous action. By enploying two boilers, one of which finishes
when the other commences, the manufacture of phlegms by continuous work,
may be carried on in the apparatus shown at Fig. 81. The manner of
working two boilers has already been explained in the description of the rec-
tification. Another, no less important advantage of the apparatus, shown at
Fig. 31, is that it is most easily made, and is never in the largest apparatuses
more than about 7 feet high, it may be constructed of, any dimensions to
satisfy the requirements of the smallest as well as of the largest distilleries,
-it only requires one attendant to watch. it,-it may be worked with a jet of
vapor, or a bain marie or water bath. Not only has distillation hitherto
not been provided with certain and easily applied means for separating the
injurious elements from phlegmis or alcoholic liquids of bad flavor, but the
foulness of the inside of uncleansable and untinned apparatuses, although
constructed of copper, has also contributed in a great measure to increase the
bad qualities of the products obtained as brandy or alcohol. The-processes
and. apparatuses, before described, do away with these objections, and will
allow distilling operations to be hereafter carried on with mathematical

page_text: precision; but when the products obtained are of the first quality and of
irreproachable purity, it is important not to destroy this superiority during the
decanting from the cistern into casks. The brass pumps with lead pipes,
heretofore employed, are far from fulfilling the conditions of neutrality required
of an apparatus for mechanically decanting such delicate liquids. I therefore
employ for this purpose the pump represented in vertical section in Fig. 35,
and in horizontal section in Fig. 36. This pump, for which Letters Patent
were granted to François Haeck, on the 25th day of March, 1858, No. 631,
except the further improvements hereafter stated, fulfils all necessary sanitary
conditions. a is the body of the pump, which is of porcelain, and in com-
munication with the reservoir 6 of the alcoholic liquid to be raised by means
of a pipe formed of short tubes c of glass or other inoxidizable material
connected by india-rubber or other flexible and neutral joints d. The piston e,
Fig. 37, is composed of a leather cap f, thinned off at its circumference, in
order to render it sensible to pressure, and hardened near its centre to give it
firmness and consistency. This cap bears against another cap 9 of inoxidizable
material. There are valves in the joints m and m³. The liquid, which is led
from the reservoir by the pipe c euters the pump above the piston; when
the piston rises the liquid passes between the circumference thereof and the
body of the pump; when the piston descends, the liquid which is in the
bottom of the pump is forced out, while the upper part is filled afresh with
liquid from the reservoir b. The valve, Fig. 88, is constructed in the form of
a small basket i, with a handle k above; the interior of the basket is provided
with a soft seat of india-rubber or other suitable material, on this seat is
placed a ball of glass or other suitable material, which acts as the valve.
Fig. 89 is a longitudinal section of the joint, which connects the ends of the
tubes c.
It is composed of two superposed sheets of india-rubber or other
suitable material. To prevent the joint getting out of place by the bending of
the pipe a metal spiral o is placed in the centre thereof between the two
superposed sheets in such manner as to prevent contact of the spiral with the
liquid which passes through the joint. The two ends p of the joint are left
free of the spiral, in order that they may easily be adapted to the tubes which
they connect. Fig 40 represents a spigot, in the form of a bent tube, with a
valve placed on the cask or reservoir 6; this valve is constructed similarly
to that fitted to the pump; both ends of this bent tube are open, one
end q' communicates with the reservoir b, and the other end 9 with the atmo-
sphere. At each stroke of the pump, which draws the liquid from the
reservoir 6, the ball is raised on its seat by the pressure of the external air,
which enters the reservoir in proportion to the quantity of liquid pumped, but

page_text: not beyond. This amount of air having entered, the ball of the valve falls by
its own weight on its elastic seat, and closes all communication between the
air and the interior of the reservoir. As it is for the most part to be placed in
casks, and at some distance that alcoholic liquid is drawn from the reser-
voir 6, it is important to cool it as much as possible. This is effected by a
refrigerator A fitted to the exit pipe C of the pump; this refrigerator is
that shown at Fig. 41. The hygienic and cooling conditions necessary for the
proper drawing of alcoholic liquids intended for drinking being the same for
all drinks, the pump above described with all its accessories, may be employed
in hotels, taverns, public-houses, and other places for drawing beer, wine,
cider, and other liquids, which it is desired to drink at a fixed temperature,
and with all their natural aromas. A small aerating apparatus constructed
on the principle of the oxygenating apparatus, shown at Fig. 42, may be fitted
to the exit orifice of the pump, or on the principle of that described in the
Specification of Haeck's Patent of 80 July, 1859, No. 1766. The pump
just described possesses the following advantages over the pump described in
the Specification of Haeck's Patent of 25 March, 1858, before mentioned :-
1st, the manner of fitting the joint, which is adapted to all possible cases,―it
prevents the pipe becoming closed by the folds, and is easily applied to all
pipes, it renders contact of the liquid with the metal spiral impossible, and
it allows liquids to be drawn submitted to strong pressure in the reservoir.
2nd, the employment of a small aérating tube at the exit orifice of the liquid,
which allows of the liquid being aerated in proportion as it issues from the
pump. 3rd, the spigot placed on the reservoir, which spigot intercepts com-
munication between the external air and the liquid, except when the liquid is
being drawn from the reservoir. 4th, the addition of a refrigerator, which
allows of the liquid being 'cooled as it is drawn by the pump. 5th, the
employment of pipes of inoxidizable material.
DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS, SEPARATE OR COMBINED, OF THE APPARATUSES AND
PROCESSES WHICH FORM THE SUBJECT OF THIS INVENTION.
"
I. It is evident that the chimney with its drum represented in Figs. 32
and 33, may be applied to the furnaces of locomotive engines, and steam
engines of boats and factories, and generally to all fire-places which require
a strong draught. The drawing power of this chimney, with its drum,
stimulated or not by the introduction of a circular steam jet, may advan-
tageously take the place of a fan or ventilator.
II. By placing a diaphragm above the boiler of a distillery in order to

page_text: prevent the vapor of the ethers and volatile oils passing into the column and
large serpentine coils of the old apparatuses, the old boiler may be employed
directly to perform the work of the heating reservoir; it is obvious that it
would then be necessary to receive the odoriferous vapors in a small re-
frigerating condenser in communication with the boiler. When the liquid
product in the boiler is neutralized, the diaphragm is suppressed, and com-
munication with the small condenser intercepted. The rectifying apparatus
works in the same manner. This process of extracting the ethers. may be
applied to the oils produced at the end of the operation.
III. Fig. 43 represents a heating reservoir a with double bottom b,
furnished with an analyzing concentrator c and a refrigerator r. The heating
vapor enters the double bottom at the centre o and penetrates into the arms r¹,
which are pierced with small holes all on the same side, in such manner as to
impart by the uniform direction of the jets of vapor a circulatory motion to.
the vapor in the double bottom, which is thus equally heated at every part.
The analyzing concentrator is employed when it is desired to raise the degree
of the ether evaporated in a; this concentrator is very small. Fig. 44 shows
the arrangement of the centre of the arms ¹, and of the holes o¹ for
distributing vapor in the double bottom 6 of the heating reservoir. Fig. 45
shows the special arrangement of an analyzing concentrator into which the
alcoholic vapor enters at the top and issues at the bottom, and in which
moistened air is employed as the analyzing agent. The introduction of
moistened air into the spaces a and b is effected by a steam jet k placed in the
mouth. The air enters at the point m into a flat tube t. p is a trough
containing water which passes therefrom into the tube t; the water is
carried by the current of air which becomes moistened, and thereby prepared
for the analyzing operation in the spaces a, b. Instead of a steam jet a fan
may be employed at the entrance of the pipe t. Fig. 46 is a plan view of
the apparatus shown in Fig. 45.
IV. Instead of the cylindrical form of the refrigerating condenser, Fig. 17,
a refrigerating condenser may be constructed in the form represented in
elevation in Fig. 47, in vertical section in Fig. 48, in horizontal section in
Fig. 49, and in plan in Fig. 50. The outlets and inlets for the refrigerated
element, and the refrigerating element at top and bottom of the apparatus, are
formed according to the arrangement shown in Fig. 17. It is evident that
the aerating pipes o and the exit pipe for the liquid arising from the
condensed vapor may be fitted to the apparatus, Fig. 47, as easily as to the
apparatus, Fig. 17.
The construction of the refrigerating condensing appa-

page_text: ratus of flat rectangular form may be such that the four parts, two together in
juxtaposition, which form the apparatus, may be entirely separated for
cleansing. The parts may be united by screwed bolts p, or otherwise.
V. Very often it is necessary to reduce to a very low température, and at
the same time to oxygenate considerable quantities of liquid intended to
afterwards undergo alcoholic fermentation. To attain this double end it is
usual to spread these liquids on large shallow troughs, similar to the cooling
troughs used in breweries for the cooling and oxygenation of worts; the
operation of cooling in these troughs is accelerated. by fans. But as the tem-
perature and the amount of oxygenation which should be imparted to these
liquids constitute a fixed state necessary and indispensable to good fermentation,
while the temperature of the air, and consequently the length of time the
liquids are allowed to remain in the troughs, are variable, the operation of
cooling and oxygenating the 'quids is not performed for the most part under
conditions favorable to the best alcoholic fermentation. Now it is exceedingly
easy by the employment of the apparatus, represented in Figs. 51 to 53, to
perform the cooling and oxygenation of the liquids with mathematical
precision. Fig. 51 is a plan of the apparatus, and Fig. 52 a vertical section.
The open jacket b', Fig. 52, is constructed in the form of a gutter. The
inner side c of the jacket is pierced with vertical, rectangular, or other shaped
holes at a small distance from each other. The liquid a to be cooled coming
from the reservoir, placed sufficiently high, enters the narrow gutter b, c, in a
double stream by pipes o, o³, Fig. 51, in such manner as to produce in the
gutter a circulatory motion as rapid as possible; this circulatory-motion of
the liquid causes it to pass into the space a by the lateral holes n from the
gutter. By the motion imparted to the liquid the portions which pass through
the holes n descend with a uniform motion into the space a to the widened
bottom d thereof; j' is a pipe by which the cooled liquid makes its exit from d;
this pipe rises to the height necessary for the level of the liquid in the
gutter b, c; it is fitted with a cock R to empty the space a at the end of the
operation. The refrigerating water enters by two pipes e, e¹. They extend
horizontally the whole length of the interior of the space, as indicated in
Fig. 58, which is a view of the pipe e; they are pierced with holes at top by
which the water is divided, and projected towards the top of the apparatus, so
that the whole breadth of the refrigerating space is made to act. One of
these pipes leads the water to the bottom of the narrow space at the right of
the apparatus, while the other pipe leads it to the bottom of the narrow space
at the left of the apparatus. By this method of introducing the water the
liquid which descends in the space a is surrounded on both sides by refriger-

page_text: ating water which is renewed according to the quantity of liquid which passes
through the space a. The refrigerating water having become heated runs off
by the pipe . The apparatus, Fig. 51, is constructed like the apparatus
Fig. 47, so that the four parts, two together in juxtaposition, which form the,
apparatus may be entirely separated to be cleansed by hand. The two parts
which form the space a are of tinned copper, and the two parts which form
the vessel surrounding the water are of iron, wood, or other suitable material.
It is easy to understand that by introducing cold water proportionate in
quantity to the quantity of liquid & introduced, the liquid may always be
reduced to the exact temperature required for the fermentation. I now
proceed to explain the manner in which the exact amount of oxygen indis-
· pensable to good fermentation is introduced into the liquid. For this purpose
I place at the orifice of the pipe . a cylindrical trough or vessel; q is a
division plate in this trough, in which are fitted a number of small tubes s
open at their two ends, see the vertical section, Fig. 42, and plan, Fig. 54;
these tubes are all of the same diameter. Immediately above the division
plate q they have an opening o, through which the liquid passes from the
trough and flows through the lower ends of the tubes. This flowing produces
in the bottom of each tube a continuous suction which draws air through the
upper opening m of each tube. The current of air mixes with the current of
liquid which passes through the tubes; it mixes with it also by the falling of
the liquid on the division plate of a second trough cr vessel placed imme-
diately under the first, and constructed in every respect the same. It is
obvious that the liquid will be more oxygenated the more tubes and super-
posed troughs or vessels it passes through. As all the liquid mass is actuated
by the same conditions of oxygenation, the oxygenation will be homogeneous
and will ensure an equal and -regular fermentation of the liquid. The
operation just described for the cooling and oxygenation of the liquid & applies
also to the cooling and oxygenation of worts of beer.-The process above
described for regulating at a fixed temperature, and oxygenating to an exact
amount, is also applicable to the manufacture of vinegar, since the production
of vinegar is only an oxygenation of the liquid by means of air introduced
in suitable quantity.
VI. In many instances it is necessary in distilleries to be able to ascertain
at a moment's notice the alcoholic degree of a hot liquid, and it is useful in
such cases to be able to cool the liquid instantaneously, in order to be able to
dip an areometer therein. This object may be immediately attained by the
employment of the small portable apparatus about to be described.
- Fig. 55 is a vertical section of a small portable apparatus for instantaneously

page_text: cooling or heating a liquid. A is an exterior case of wood or other bad con-
ductor of heat to protect the temperature of the cooling or heating medium
from all external influence; A' is the movable cover of the apparatus; B, B,
are spaces occupied by the cooling or heating -medium on both sides of the
liquid to be cooled or heated. The liquid x is introduced into the apparatus
by the funnel C and enters the narrow space D contained between two parallel
surfaces a, b, of circular, elliptical, or other form; these two surfaces are at
a very small distance apart, in order that the liquid which comes from the
funnel and traverses the narrow space D may be necessarily in contact with
the cooling or heating medium. The liquid issues from the space D by the
cock E. Fig. 56 is a horizontal section of the apparatus through the line e, f,
of Fig. 55. The apparatus, with the surface b, is placed in the apparatus
with the surface a, so that it may easily be taken out for cleaning by hand;
the upper part of a, b, closed by a cover, is higher than the upper part of
the funnel C in order to prevent the liquid poured into the funnel running
over into the part B which contains the cooling or heating medium. Tho
portable apparatus just described may be of cylindrical or other form, and
may be employed in hotels, restaurants, and other places to instantaneously
cool or heat water, wine, beer, and other liquids as they are required.
VII. When it is desired to cool liquid very rapidly, without its having
previously come into the slightest contact with the external air, the apparatus
just described may be advantageously replaced by the apparatus shown at
Fig. 41, which is a vertical section, and Fig. 57, a horizontal section thereof;
c, d, is a double refrigerating cylinder having a slight enlargement or dis-
tributor 6 at top and bottom of the narrow space c, d, traversed by the liquid a
to be cooled, which enters by the pipe k and issues by the pipe a. The
enlargements 6 insure the regular entrance and exit of the liquid into the
space c, d, and allow of there being only an exceedingly slight distance between
the concentric cylinders c, d. f is the exit pipe for the cooling liquid from the
vessel o, it is furnished with a cock r. I is the exit pipe of the cooling liquid
from the outer vessel o¹, it is also furnished with a cock r'. In order to
prevent the cooling surface d yielding to the pressure of the
cylinders c and d are fixed to each other by rivets q, Fig. 58, which is a view
of the cylinder c. Instead of being cylindrical the apparatus may be of any
other form if the features of the construction are retained; the flat rectan-
gular form described with reference to Fig. 47 will answer.
This apparatus
may be attached to a boiler to instantaneously cool a small quantity of the
liquid, the alcoholic degree of which it is desired to ascertain. g is the
movable cover of the apparatus. This cooling apparatus may also be applied
liquid a the

page_text: to pumping and other apparatuses for drawing or supplying beer, wine, cider,
and other liquids in small quantities in hotels and other establishments. It
allows of the liquids being cooled, and even refrigerated instantaneously in
proportion to their being required. In this case the interior sides are tinned,
and if desired the apparatus may be constructed so that the cylinders c and d
can be easily separated for cleaning. When it is desired to employ ice as the
cooling medium the apparatus shown at Fig. 7 should be surrounded with.
some insulating body.
I desire that it should be understood, from what I have herein-before stated,
that this Invention consists,―
Firstly, in a process the object of which is to deprive phlegms and alcoholic,
liquids of bad flavor of their injurious properties, and that before the operation
of bringing them to the degree of brandy or very concentrated alcohol, the
process consisting in three successive operations, viz., 1st, in decanting,. or.
removing the oils which float on the surface of the alcoholic liquids or phlegms
of low degree; 2nd, in mixing powdered plaster or other substance which will
absorb or disinfect some of the injurious elements from the liquid mass, which
is then allowed to settle; and, 3rd, in removing ethers and oils more volatile
than alcohol by means of the slow heating for several hours of the liquid mass;
this slow heating producing an evaporation manifested to the refrigerating
condenser by the rapid flowing of drops of ether or by a very thin film of
liquid ether. It is fully understood that by injurious elements is meant the
elements which are mixed with alcoholic liquid of bad flavor, and the presence
of which is disagreeable either in good flavored brandy or in concentrated
alcohol.―I reserve to myself the right of employing, according to the desired
result, either the three operations successively in whole or in part, or two only
of the operations, or even one, or part only of one of the operations, according
as it is desired to obtain brandy or concentrated alcohol deprived wholly or.
only partially of its odoriferous and tastable elements which are contained in
phlegm or alcoholic liquid of bad flavor and low degree.
Secondly, in a system of hygienic apparatuses, of great power and small
capacity, all cleansable by hand after each operation, intended, some to faci-
litate the removal of the injurious elements from bad flavored alcoholic liquids,
others to evaporate, concentrate, condense, refrigerate, oxygenate, and other-
wise act upon fermented or unfermented liquids, which are the object of the
work performed in distilleries, breweries, and otherwise. This system of
apparatuses is composed as follows:-
.
A. Of a reservoir or vat, Fig. 1, provided with a conical cap, to decant or
remove the oils which float on the surface of an alcoholic liquid of bad flavor

page_text: and low degree, and with an agitator to mix plaster or other substance with
the alcoholic liquid in order to deprive it of the acids, oils, or other injurious
elements which are held in suspension in the mass.
B. Of a reservoir, called a heating reservoir, Fig. 2, for depriving an alcoholic
liquid mass of low degree, wholly or partly, of ethers and essential oils more
volatile than alcohol, by employing the process of slow but sustained heating
to evaporate these oils in drops or in a very thin stream. The slow heating
of the mass is performed by a jet of vapor entering the centre of a double
bottom and "becoming distributed in such manner as to heat equally all the
lower surface of the liquid in the reservoir, or the heating may be effected by
an open fire or otherwise.
C. Of an apparatus called an evaporating pan, Figs. 7 to 10, of continuous
action, in which the alcoholic liquid to be evaporated circulates in continuous
shallow channels from one end to the other of the pan, which is heated below
by a continuous stream of steam at 100° Gay Lussac, and of a second eva-
porating or exhausting pan, Figs. 7 to 10; of continuous action, of smaller
dimensions than the first-named pan, but constructed and acted on in the
same manner except that the heating steam therein is at a higher temperature
than 100°, in order to be enabled to extract the last alcoholic particles from
the residuary liquids which come continuously from the first and enter the
second pan. The two pans may be of rectangular, circular, or other form, as
long as the conditions herein-before mentioned are fulfilled. The channels in
the pans may be formed on the spirals of a serpentine coil, in which the
heating vapor is made to circulate in an opposite direction to the liquid to be
evaporated. The pans are closed by covers, which may be removed when
desired in order that the apparatus may be cleansed by hand.
D. Of an apparatus called an analyzing concentrator, composed partly of a
receiver completely surrounded by hot water maintained at a constant tempe-
rature by the regulated introduction of cold water distributed in the body of
hot water by means of a rapid circulation of water entering a narrow gutter.
pierced all round with small lateral holes, and partly of a series of troughs
superposed in the interior of the receiver above mentioned as being surrounded
with water at a constant temperature, each of these troughs performing a
triple operation, viz.: 1st., the operation of evaporating the alcoholic liquid
contained upon their large bottoms; 2nd., the operation of analyzing the
vapor while it traverses the narrow space formed by the side of the trough and
the side of the receiver; and, 3rd, the operation of precipitating or depositing
on the bottoms of the troughs matters mechanically drawn, and particles of
water or alcohol arising from condensed vapors, this precipitation on the.

page_text: bottoms being aided by the considerable capacity of the chambers of each
trough, and which are on that account traversed by the vapor very slowly in
respect to the speed with which it traverses before and afterwards the same
narrow spaces in which it undergoes the analyzing operation. This analyzing
concentrator may be of cylindrical.form with single-analyzing side as shown at
Figs. 11 to 16, or with double analyzing side, as shown at Figs. 19 to 27, or
of the rectangular form shown at Figs. 28 to 30, or oblique, provided there
are at least as many repeated operations of evaporating the alcoholic liquid,
analyzing the vapor, and precipitating aqueous or alcoholic particles as
there are superposed troughs in the interior of the receiver. These conditions
are however not absolutely necessary for all purposes. For large applications
the rectangular form is preferred, not only for the facility of its construction,
but also because it allows of having at the same time the largest boiling
surfaces for the alcoholic liquid,-the thinnest and most extended spaces for
the analyzing of the vapor,-the most capacious chambers for the deposit or
precipitation of the particles of vapor or drops of liquid arising from conden-
sation, and lastly, because it permits of the circulation of the vapor without
any pressure from one extremity of the apparatus to the other. Instead of
employing water as the cooling medium for analyzing the vapors, moistened
air may be employed, as described with reference to Figs. 45 and 46, the
circulation of which is aided by the regulated drawing power of a steam jet in
a funnel placed on the top of the apparatus, or by a fan which forces the
moistened air through the analyzing chamber.
E. Of a refrigerating condensing apparatus, Figs. 17 and 18, formed of four
cylindrical vessels, and embracing improvements on the refrigerating condenser
formed of four cylindrical vessels, patented by François Haeck, as before
stated, on the 30th July 1859. These improvements are as follows:- 1st.,
instead of the cooling water entering by one tube it enters by two separate
tubes, one of which supplies the outer and the other the inner cooling space ;
2nd, the liquid arising from condensation of the vapor instead of issuing
immediately from the apparatus remains a certain time in the bottom of the
apparatus in order that it may be completely cooled; 8rd., the new apparatus
is fitted with an air escape pipe which allows the air drawn in with the vapor
to escape at top outside without taking any vapor with it, and without inter-
fering with the regular flow by the exit pipe of the condensed liquid; 4th.,
instead of a system of pipes springing from a centre to distribute the vapor
into the condensing space of the apparatus the new apparatus introduces the
vapor into the condensing space by means of a large jacket placed imme-
diately above the condensing space; 5th., the joining nut which in the

page_text: old apparatus was situated in the centre and at the bottom of the four vessels
is suppressed in the present apparatus; 6th, the means of separating, or the
independence of the vessels, as well as the manner of fitting them are simplér
and more certain in the new apparatus.
:
F. Of a refrigerating and oxygenating apparatus, Figs. 51, 52, 53, and 54, of
flat rectangular form, which allows of imparting rapidly the exact degree of
temperature and the precise amount of oxygenation necessary for the best
alcoholic fermentation of a liquid. This apparatus performs the refrigerating
of the liquid by the processes of reducing it into thin layers or films as above
mentioned in reference to the refrigerating condenser. The liquid to be
cooled is equally distributed in the central narrow space of the apparatus by
causing it to enter, first, as forcibly as possible, a narrow gutter, which it rapidly
traverses all round the apparatus, escaping by equidistant lateral orifices
formed in the inner side of the gutter. The cooling medium enters below on
both sides, and is distributed the whole length of the apparatus, and the
oxygenation of the liquid is effected by means of a vessel or trough into which
the liquid is carried on coming out of the refrigerator, from which vessel the
liquid cannot escape except by flowing through a number of tubes open at
both ends, and traversed by a quick current of air drawn into the tubes by the
flowing of the liquid, which air enters the tubes by holes formed at the level
of the bottom of the vessel.-I claim the application of the oxygenating appa-
ratus above described, and all other apparatuses based on the same principles,
for the oxygenation of liquids, for the manufacture of vinegar, as well as to all
other liquids into which it is required to introduce a regulated quantity of gas.
And I claim the application of the refrigerating apparatus, furnished with
its oxygenator, to the operation of cooling and oxygenating beer in breweries
and other liquids.
G. Of a boiler with portable furnace, Figs. 31 and 32, constructed of iron,
the furnace being furnished with a chimney (Fig. 33), producing a great
draught with a very small height by means of a broad drum on which a pipe is
placed vertically, of conical or other form, sufficiently narrow at bottom and
very broad at top. The draught may be aided by a jet of steam distributed all
round the interior of the chimney.-I claim the application of the chimney
thus composed or modified on the same principles to locomotive engines and
generally to all industrial purposes to which it is applicable.
H. Of a small portable refrigerating apparatus, Figs. 54 and 56, which allows
of a certain quantity of alcoholic liquid being brought to such a degree of
temperature that an ordinary areometer may be dipped therein. This portable
refrigerating apparatus is composed like the other apparatuses of two vessels of

page_text: any form, one of the vessels being loosely fitted in the other at a slight distance
therefrom, so that the liquid to be cooled takes the form of a thin film in contact
all round or on one side with the cooling medium.-I claim the application of
the portable refrigerator, thus formed or modified on the same principles, to
cooling drinks and liquids in hotels, taverns, and other establishments.
I. Of a refrigerating apparatus, Figs. 41 and 58, capable of being attached
to a boiler or other apparatus in which the alcoholic liquid to be cooled is
submitted to a pressure as strong as desired. This apparatus is in its turn
formed of cylindrical, elliptical, or other shaped vessels fitted one inside
another, and placed at a very small distance apart, between the sides of which
the liquid to be cooled circulates. At the two ends of the narrow space are
enlargements which allow of the easy entrance and exit of the liquid into
the apparatus, as well as a regular circulation through the narrow space in
which it is to be cooled. The cooling liquid may entirely or partially surround
the liquid to be cooled.-I claim the appplication of this refrigerator to beer
engines and other apparatuses in use in hotels, public houses, and other places
for the sale of drinks and liquids.
K. Of an apparatus called a brandy ageing apparatus allowing of the
intimate admixture in a very short time of water, alcohol, and the aromotic,
tastable, and odoriferous elements, the combination of which forms a good
flavored old brandy. This apparatus is nothing but a receiver three-fourths
filled with the brandy to be aged, and which is heated laterally so as to
produce in the liquid an ascending movement to the circumference and a
descending movement towards the centre of the liquid mass. The bottom of
the reservoir is not heated, and the-lateral heat communicated to the apparatus
should be much below boiling point. After the heating has lasted a certain
number of hours the water, the alcohol, and aromatic and other elements are
intimitely mixed. The brandy, when cooled, will possess all the qualities of
good flavored old brandy.
L. Of improvements on the pump for which Letters Patent were granted
to François Haeck on the 25th March 1858, No. 631. These improvements
consist, 1st, in the manner of fitting the joint which is adapted to all possible
cases, it prevents the pipe becoming closed by the folds, and is easily applied
to all pipes, it renders contact of the liquid with the metal impossible, and it
allows liquids to be drawn submitted to strong pressure in the reservoir.
2nd, in the employment of a small aerating, tube at the exit orifice of the
liquid, which allows of the liquid being aerated in proportion as it issues from
the pump. 3rd, in a spigot placed on the reservoir, which spigot intercepts
communication between the external air and the liquid, except when the liquid

page_text: is being drawn from the reservoir. 4th, in the addition of a refrigerator
which allows of the liquid being cooled or refrigerated as it is drawn by
the pump. 5th, in the employment of short pipes made of inoxidizable
material.
Thirdly, the Invention comprises all the separate, combined, or multiplied
applications to other manufacturing purposes than distillation, of the appa-
ratuses herein-before enumerated under the letters A to L, as well as the three
operations for depriving liquors of their injurious elements, whether they be
applied in these other manufactures to alcoholic liquids or to non-alcoholic
liquids to be treated for the separation of their elements or for their heating,
evaporation, condensation, concentration, refrigeration, oxygenation, or their
decantation by the same operations as those which are herein-before described
in relation to liquids treated in distilleries.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Thomas James Smith in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
30th September 1864.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, THOMAS
JAMES SMITH, of Twickenham, in the County of Middlesex, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Thirtieth day of March, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-four, in the twenty-seventh year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said Thomas James Smith, Her special licence that I, the said Thomas James
Smith, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the
said Thomas James Smith, my executors; administrators, and assigns, should
at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PURIFICATION, DISTILLATION, RECTIFICATION, EVAPORATION,
CONDENSATION, CONCENTRATION, AND OXYGENATION OF SPIRITS AND SPIRITUOUS
LIQUORS, AND IN THE APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN, AND IN RAISING AND FORCING
THE SAME, PARTS OF WHICH ARE APPLICABLE TO THE MANUFACTURE OF VINEGAR, TO
THE RAISING AND FORCING OF LIQUIDS, TO THE HEATING, COOLING, AND OXYGENATING
OF BEERS AND LIQUIDS, AND TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF CHIMNEYS," (communicated to
me from abroad by François Haeck, of Brussels, Belgium,) upon the condition

page_text: (amongst others) that I, the said Thomas James Smith, my executors or
administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of
their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature
of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed,
and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Thomas James Smith, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement thereof, reference being had to the Drawings hereunto annexed,
that is to say:
The fundamental feature of the present Invention is, first, to deprive in
proceeding by the division of labor the impaired feints, viscous, or ropy
vinous liquids obtained by distilling. grain, maize, beet, rice, molasses, wines,
and in fact all bad flavored alcoholic liquids of their obnoxious ingredients,
and afterwards to raise the alcoholic degree of these liquids by bygienic
apparatuses, cleansable by hand after each operation. By obnoxious ingre-
dients I mean every substance, such as ether, oil, and acid, which is found in
impaired viscous or ropy vinous liquids, or bad flavored liquids, and the
presence of which it is undesirable to retain, whether it be in brandy, properly
so called, or in concentrated spirit produced from the liquids mentioned. I
therefore divide the description of this Invention into two distinct parts, that
is to say, firstly, the description of the process for removing the injurious
properties from impaired viscous or ropy liquids, or bad flavored alcoholic
liquids; and, secondly, the description of the construction and operation of
the apparatuses, for the evaporation, concentration, condensation, and
refrigeration of this liquid to be raised to the degree of brandy or concen-

page_text: order to disengage in drops, or in an exceedingly thin stream the ethers and
other compounds which are more volatile than alcohol, and which have not
been removed by the two preceding operations.
Description of the first operation, that is, decanting a part of the essential
oils freed by lowering the alcoholic degree of the liquid.-This operation is
performed in a cylindrical receiver or vat, Figure 4, Sheet 1. This vat is
by preference of wood, lined with a thin sheet of tinned copper. a is the
body of the vat; b is the cover thereof; c is a conical head placed on the
top of the cover; d is a pipe with cock rattached to the head c; e is an
agitator, with vanes f for agitating the liquor, in the vat; g is a pipe for
introducing liquids into the vat; h the outlet cock for the liquid. The
cover 6 is perfectly fitted to the vat a in such manner as to prevent the loss
of any alcohol, and the escape of any liquid. After having introduced the
bad flavored alcoholic liquids into the vat a, I add sufficient water to dilute
the liquids, and effect the separation of the various obnoxious ingredients,
oils, ethers, acids, et cetera, from the alcoholic fluids, and free them as much
as possible in this step from these contaminations. The mixing of the water
with the mass is effected by the motion of the agitator. The larger the
proportion of obnoxious ingredients contained in the infusion or alcoholic
liquids, the more necessary is it to add water to obtain their separation.
When the mixture has been effected by the agitator, the mass is left at
perfect rest, in order that the liberated oils, which are less dense than the
liquid mass, may rise to the surface. When the rising of the oils is terminated,
which requires a certain number of hours, water is introduced into the vat
by the pipe g.
As this introduction of water raises the level of the liquid,
the oils, which are on the surface naturally pass into the conical head c, from
which they pass off by the pipe d. The separation from the liquid mass of
the oils which rise to the surface is thus performed in the most simple
manner. This accomplishes the object of the first operation.
Description of the second operation, which consists of removing the
remaining oils and acids held in suspension in the liquids by means of
plaster or any other absorbant or fitting material, such as vegetable or
animal charcoal, lime, magnesia, and others.-When the oils which float
on the surface of the impaired viscous, ropy, or bad flavored liquid of low
alcoholic degree have been decanted, I mix with the liquid mass powdered
plaster, or some of the other materials above mentioned, capable of combining
with or absorbing the oils, acids, et cetera, which remain. The plaster or
material, or substance selected for this purpose should be added to the liquids
in small quantities at a time by the head c, and thoroughly mixed therewith

page_text: by working the agitator. The advantage plaster possesses over the other
materials is, that it deprives the liquid mass of the oils and acids without
introducing therein any other cause of bad flavor. Instead of mixing the
plaster in the vat, shown in Figure 4, Sheet 1, the liquid may be run into a
small vat, so prepared that the liquid need only pass through in order to
become charged with as much of the plaster as it is capable of carrying with
it. This small vat is also fitted with an agitator, the liquid flowing from a,
Figure 4, then enters continuously at the bottom, and passes out continuously
at the top of the vat, and enters another vat similar to the vat a. After
having been re-agitated a certain number of times, the liquid mass holding
the suspended plaster is left at perfect rest, the suspended plaster precipitate by
degrees to the bottom, carrying with it the oils, ethers, acids, and vegetable and
other substances. Thus is accomplished the object of the second operation.
The drawing off of the liquid mass from this vessel is performed by the syphon g.
. Description of the third operation, consisting in the evaporation of the
ethers and essential oils more volatile than alcohol, by slowly but con-
tinuously heating the liquid mass.-When the complete deposition of the
plaster or selected material has taken place in the vat a, Figure 4, or in a
separate vat, as before explained, the liquid mass is made to pass into a
cylindrical reservoir or apparatus, with a double bottom called a beating
reservoir (see Figure 5, Sheet 1). This reservoir is of thin copper, tinned
inside, and covered all round by an insulating material, by preference wood.
The heating steam enters by the centre o, into the double bottom p, and
penetrates thence into radial arms r¹, which are pierced with small holes
on the same side, in such manner as to impart by the uniform direction
of the small jets of steam, passing out of the holes, a circulatory movement to
the steam, which is in the double bottom, which thus becomes equally heated
at every part; Figure 6, Sheet 1, illustrates the arrangement of the steam
distributor in the double bottom p; t is a pipe by which the water produced
by the condensed steam in the double bottom flows away; k is a small refri-
gerating condenser, in communication with the reservoir by the pipe i. The
disengagement of the ethers and other obnoxious ingredients more volatile
than alcohol, from the liquid mass, takes place as follows:-The mass is
first quickly heated to boiling point, as soon as drops of ether issue from
the condenser k the admission of heating steam is reduced to the minimum
quantity necessary to keep the liquid mass near boiling point. In this
manner the caloric of the steam introduced into the double bottom rises
slowly through the liquid mass, and in a manner vaporizes the ethers. The
evaporation or the disengagement of the ethers by the slow but sustained heating

page_text: is thus produced without vaporizing more than the least possible quantity of
alcohol. The more perfectly the heating is moderated, and yet sustained so
as to keep the liquid mass a little below boiling point, and so as to continue
to pass the ethers in drops, or in a very thin stream to the refrigerator k, the
more economical, and advantageous, and perfect will be the operation, for
as these odorous ethers form a very small quantity of the liquid mass, the
excess heat introduced into the double bottom, and not absorbed by the ether,
acts injuriously, causing the alcohol to vaporize at the same time as the
ether. When the drops received in the refrigerator k contain only an
infinitesimal quantity of odorous ether, the liquid mass in the heating
reservoir contains really nothing but water and alcohol. Thus is accomplished
the object of the third operation. When the nature of the last alcoholic
product requires that it should preserve a certain proportion either of the
essential oils, or all or part of the ethers, or both oils and ethers, it is easy
to understand that the operations before described may be regulated
accordingly. The distinctive feature of the present Invention, in so far as
it relates to these operations is therefore to adapt the principle of the division
of labor, so as to prepare with the greatest precision any alcoholic liquid to
undergo the operation of being brought to the degree of good flavored brandy
or of neutral spirit approaching positive alcohol.
Having now explained the object of the first part of this Invention, I:
proceed to describe the second part, which relates to the apparatuses for
raising to the desired alcoholic degree, the impaired viscous or ropy vinous
fluid, previously rendered neutral or only deprived of its injurious elements..
SECOND PART. DESCRIPTION OF A METHOD OF ARRANGING, CONSTRUCTING,
AND WORKING THE APPARATUSES FOR RAISING ALCOHOLIC LIQUIDS OF
Low DEGREE, DEPRIVED OF THEIR OBNOXIOUS INGREDIENTS, TO THE
DEGREE OF BRANDY OR SPIRIT.
Figure 1, Sheet 1, represents a general plan of the arrangement of a
distillery furnished with these new apparatuses. A, A, are vats for depriving
the impaired viscous or ropy vinous fluid and badly flavored liquids of their.
obnoxious ingredients; B is the boiler or distilling column for the fermented.
materials; C is the condenser for condensing the vapours of the liquids
which issue from B; D is a reservoir for the impaired vinous liquids
deprived of their obnoxious ingredients. The impaired vinous liquids
received in D are heated therein to boiling point, but not beyond; E is an
evaporator in which the vineous liquids coming from D in a regular stream
are submitted to evaporation at a low temperature. The alcoholic vapours

page_text: formed in E are concentrated and rectified in G and condensed and finally
cooled in H; F is another evaporator in which the nearly spent vinous liquid
which comes from E is submitted to evaporation at a sufficiently high tem-
perature to extract the last portions of alcohol. The alcoholic vapors produced
in F are condensed and cooled in I. The reservoir D is provided with a
float (o) which allows the quantity of hot vinous liquid which enters the pan E,
per minute, to be exactly regulated, and in such manner that the work of the
evaporators E and F represents a constant amount in relation to their
evaporating surfaces. The still B, or the column in which the fermented
materials are distilled, is heated either by a furnace or by steam from a
generator V. The vapours from the vinous liquids pass from B into C by the
pipe t; the vapours made liquid by C pass into the disenfecting vessels A,
thence into D, and by the pipe t" into E. The vinous liquids. now almost
"deprived of alcohol pass from E into F by the pipe t, and the residual liquids
totally spent are allowed to pass away on their exit from F; T is a pipe which
conducts into L the vapours produced in D; T' conducts the alcoholic vapors
from E-into G; T" is the return pipe from G to E; T is the pipe which
conducts the alcoholic vapors from G to H; Tv is the pipe which conducts
them from F to I; U, U, U", are pipes which conduct the heating vapor from
the generator V to the reservoir D, to the evaporator E, and to the other evapo-
rator F; Z, Z, Z", Z, are pipes which conducts water from the cold water
reservoir K to the apparatuses L; C, G, H, and I, Figure 2, is a section
through the lines a, b, c, d, e, f, of Figure 1, of the arrangement of apparatuses
such as are used in the distillery shown in Figure 1. The apparatus C should
be placed higher in order that the liquids passing therefrom should go direct
into the vessels A. Z is the pipe through which the water passes produced
by the condensation of the steam which heats the reservoir D; S, S', are the
furnaces of the generator V and boiler B. Figure 3 is a section through the
lines g, h, i, j, of Figure 1.
Figure 1, Sheet 2, is a plan view of the evaporators E and F shown in Sheet 1.
Figure 2 is a longitudinal elevation of the same. 3, 3, are pressure screws or
joint fasteners to secure tightly the covers which close the chambers, in which
the alcoholic liquid and the heating steam circulate. Figure 3 is a horizontal
section through the line a, b, of Figure 2. The vinous liquid or alcoholic
liquid from to be evaporated enters the evaporator E by the pipe t" coming
from the heating reservoir D, where it has been previously heated to boiling
point. The vinous liquid traverses successively the continuous shallow
channels i of the evaporator E and during its passage through these channels
it is heated below by steam from the generator V. The steam from V being

page_text: "
at a higher temperature than the boiling point of the alcoholic liquid x,
alcoholic vapour is constantly given off by this liquid from the time of its
entrance into the evaporator E by the pipe t until the time of its exit by the
pipe ; but the formation of vapor being more and more difficult in pro-
portion as the liquid a becomes.deprived of alcohol, that is to say, in proportion.
as it advances in the evaporator, the evaporator is a little more inclined at the
entrance than at the exit, in order that the current of liquid may leave it as
much spent as possible before passing by the pipe t into the evaporator F..
Similarly to E the evaporator F is divided into continuous channels which the
liquid traverses successively from one end to the other, but the evaporator F
is heated below by steam at a sufficiently high temperature to evaporate the
last portions of alcohol from the liquid, so that when it passes from the
evaporator, it consists of water and some other foreign matters from which
the alcohol has been separated. In the evaporator F, as in the evaporator E,
the current. of liquid, a, becomes shallower as it passes from the entrance to
the outflow of the pan. It may here be mentioned that the evaporator F
may be annexed to an ordinary distilling column, and serve not only for the
extraction of the last alcoholic particles, but also as an indicator of the
progress of the operation much better than an alcohometer. Figure 4 is a
section through the line c, d, of Figure 1. i, i, represent the height of the
partitions, which separate or form the channels by which the liquid a traverses
the
pan E from end to end. The evaporator F has similar partitions, but
arranged as shewn in Figure 3. e, e', are the two chambers of the evaporating
apparatus., The heating steam comes from the generator V by the pipe U*,
enters by the distributor d' into the chamber e. The distributor d' is in the
form of a flattened pipe pierced with holes its whole length, in such manner
as to regularly introduce the steam in the form of a sheet as broad as the
chamber e. The water arising from the condensation of steam in the chamber e
issues therefrom by a pipe Z. The alcoholic vapor formed in the chamber e*
is carried off by the pipe T', the alcoholic vapor is carried off. in a similar
manner from the evaporator F by a pipe TV. A steam distributor d", similar
to d, introduces steam in the form of a continuous sheet into the chamber e of
the evaporator F. Water arising from the condensation of steam in this
chamber e passes off by the pipe Z. To the chamber.e of each of the
evaporator E, F, a valve o is fitted, which serves to maintain a uniform pressure
therein, or to insure the constancy of the degree of heat of the heating steam.
The constant degree of heat is respectively determined by the weight p on each
valve. The surface of the evaporators E, F, as well as the breadth of the
channels depend upon the quantity of work which it is desired to perform, and

page_text: the apparatus is constructed accordingly, the same may be said of the
inclination given to the evaporators. The top and bottom of these evaporators
can be immediately removed for cleaning by hand. The inner surface of the
evaporators is tinned all over. As the object of the evaporator is to produce
alcoholic and aromatic vapors in all their purity without any mixture of sub-
stances mechanically drawn into them on their exit from the liquid submitted
to evaporation the chamber E ought in practice to be as large as possible;
or there may be formed immediately over the evaporation, and under the
same cover several spacious chambers e", e, e, superposed and separated by
plates, each pierced with a hole, which put these chambers in communication
with each other, so that the vapor before arriving at the refrigerator, or at the
analizing concentrator traverses these chambers horizontally and very slowly
by passing from one chamber to another through the opening formed in each
plate. This arrangement of evaporator is shewn in vertical section in Figure 5,
Sheet 2. Similar chambers may be placed over the second evaporator or
exhauster before described. It will be well to explain shortly the special
function of these chambers e", e, e. During the very slow and horizontal
movement of the steam through the first chamber e", the material particles
mechanically suspended in the vapor fall by the effect of gravity towards the
bottom of the chamber, while the globules of vapor, fine essences, alcohol, and
water, owing to their lightness rise in the same chamber when the slow
horizontal stream arrives at the end of the chamber e", the lightest and
consequently the purest vapor passes through the hole into the chamber "", in
which same slow horizontal movement of the steam produces a further
separation of heavy and light constituent parts, and so on. I call the part of
the apparatus formed by the chambers ", e, e, a purifier. Instead of
forming this purifier immediately above the evaporator, as shewn in Figure 5,
Sheet 2, it may be placed at the side thereof. In this case the apparatus
takes the form as shewn in vertical section in Figure 6, and in plan in Figure 7,
Sheet 2. The pipe T' leads the vapor from the evaporator into the purifier;
and Q is the exit pipe of the vapor when purified; V is the pipe for returning
the vapor towards the evaporator. The purifier, Figures 6 and 7, may be
entirely or partly surrounded with water a, it may, if required, be employed as
a concentrator or apparatus for raising the alcoholic degree of the vapor while
passing through the chambers; it may also be used without analizing water,
as Figure 5. The purifying of the particles mechanically drawn by the vapor
may be performed in one or several chambers of rectangular, cylindrical, or
other form, surrounded entirely or partly with water, as soon as the condition
of slow horizontal movement of the vapor in a large space is fulfilled.

page_text: .
Figure 1, Sheet 3, is a vertical section of the concentrating analizing
apparatus marked G in Figure 1, Sheet It is composed of two concentric
cylinders n, n', between which circulates the water for analizing, which enters'
at the top of the distributor c, which is constructed in the form of a gutter,'
and the water circulates therein rapidly all round. The gutter c is pierced
all round with small holes, through which the water presses into a jacket b,
the water descends from the jacket 6 into the narrow space l, and passes out
by the pipe j. The interior of the cylinder n³ is fitted with troughs m
superposed and separated by circular plates or pans p with apertures in the
centre. The troughs m form between themselves chambers e, e, e", e, ev, ev.
The alcoholic or other vapor, the temperature of which is to be lowered, enters
the chamber e by a pipe T* terminating in a rose spreader. To pass from the
chamber e to the chamber e', the steam has no other passage than the narrow
space g formed by the sidef of the trough m and the cylinder n'. The water =
between the two cylinders being of a lower temperature than the vapor which
has entered the chamber e, it follows, that during the passage of the vapor
into the space g, part of the aqueous vapor becomes condensed, and the
remainder, which reaches the chamber e' is vapor of a more concentrated
degree. The same operation takes place from the chamber e' to the chamber e",
and so on from all the chambers until the vapor passes off by the pipe T". The
number of troughs and the height and breadth of the spaces g, will vary
according to the work to be performed. The lateral piece f of each trough is
fitted with projecting spirals k, as indicated in Figure 4, which compel the
vapor coming from the chamber to remain in-contact more or less long with
the side of the cylinder n before passing into the chamber e. The same
course for the vapor is adapted to all the troughs. The quantities of vapor con-
densed in the spaces 9 fall on the pans p and troughs m, where they are partly
re-vaporized; the remainder descend from stage to stage by the overflow pipes q,
and finally issue from the apparatus by the return pipe T", to again enter the
evaporating apparatus. The lower end of each pipe q dips into a small cup u
of sufficient depth, and which is filled by the first liquid which forms on the-
bottom of the trough or pan which is on the same level as the upper edge of
the cup. In order to regulate the circulation of the liquid on the bottoms of
the troughs or pans, the bottoms are fitted with spirals s, Figures 3 and 5,
which form a continuous helicoidal channe, Figure 3, returns to the troughs
m, and Figure 5 to the pans p. Figure 2 is a plan of the cover of the
cylinder n; this movable cover is fastened upon the cylinder n' by pressure
screws; Figure 6 is a side view of one of the circular pans p. The whole
apparatus consisting of the cylinders n, n², troughs m, and pans p, admits of

page_text: being separated piece by piece to be cleaned by hand. Figure 7 is a vertical
section of the refrigerating condenser H, shewn in Figure 1, Sheet 1. It is
composed of four vessels a, b, c, d, fitted at a very slight distance from each
other. Between the sides of the vessels a; b, and those of the vessels.c; .d,
refrigerating water y circulates; it enters continuously through the funnels
ee, and issues continuously by pipes j", j". The vapor x to be condensed
enters by a pipe T into a large jacket 6, from which it spreads into the thin
space contained between the sides of the vessel b, c, which give it the form
of an extremely thin cylindrical film in contact on both sides with refri-
gerating water which is incessantly renewed. The liquid a³ arising from the
condensation of the vapor falls into the space contained between the bottoms
of, b and c, and rises therein up to the height of the exit pipe, in such
manner that the liquid remains in the bottom of the apparatus sufficiently
long to be reduced to the temperature of the adjoining water; the stream of
which surrounds it on both sides. In order to allow the air which the vapor:
may carry with it to escape from the space in which the condensation of
the vapor takes place, there is immediately. above the level of the condensed
liquid a number of pipes or passages o which terminate at top in a horizontal
circulatory pipe, ending in a vertical chimney of sufficient size, commu-.
nicating at the top of the level of the water with the external air. By. this...
method the air which the vapor carries with it passes off regularly from the
space b, c, of the apparatus without carrying off with it either vapor or
alcoholic liquid. The two vessels b, c, are joined at top by rings 9, which are
fitted one on the other, and which are made to adhere hermetically by means
of pressure screws. By loosening these screws the vessels b, c, become
independent, and the four vessels may be entirely separated in order that the
sides thereof may be cleansed by hand. The interior surfaces of the two
vessels b, c, which are in contact with the alcohol are tinned. The breadth..
of the narrow spaces for the water and the vapor is variable according to the
work to be performed, and the apparatus is constructed accordingly, retaining,
however, the capability of unfastening the vessels b, c, for cleansing. The
alcoholic liquid may also be allowed to flow out directly and immediately with-
out remaining in the reservoir by the exit pipe j; in such case the air pipes o
are unnecessary, as the air escapes by the same pipe through which flows the
alcoholic liquid arising from condensation. The apparatus may be constructed
of any dimensions, as regards breadth and height, according to the amount of
work to be performed. R is a cock for drawing off the liquid from b, c, at.
the end of the operation. Figure 8 is a plan of the apparatus. This apparatus,
composed of four cylindrical vessels, possesses the following advantages over

page_text: the refrigerating condensing apparatus composed of four cylindrical vessels,
for which Letters Patent were granted to François Haeck, on the 30th day
of July 1859, No. 1766:-1st, instead of introducing the cooling water by
one tube, it enters by two separate tubes, one of which supplies the outer and
the other the inner cooling space. 2nd, the liquid arising from condensation
of the vapor instead of issuing immediately from the apparatus remains a
certain time in the bottom of the apparatus in order that it may be completely
cooled: 8rd, the new apparatus is fitted with an air-escape pipe, which
allows the air drawn in with the vapor to escape at top outside without taking
any vapor with it, and without interfering with the regular flow by the exit
pipe of the condensed liquid. 4th, instead of a system of pipes springing from
a centre to distribute the vapor into the condensing space of the apparatus,
the new apparatus introduces the vapor into the condensing space by means
of a large jacket placed immediately above the condensing space. 5th, the
joining nut, which was situated in the centre and at the bottom of the four
vessels in the old apparatus is dispensed with in the present apparatus.
6th, the means of separating, or the independence of the vessels, as well as
the manner of fitting them and placing them in juxtaposition are simpler and
more certain in the new apparatus. The above description applies to the
refrigerating condensers marked C, L, and I, in Figure 1, Sheet 1, as well
as to the refrigerating condenser marked H.
Figure 1, Sheet 4, is a vertical section of another analyzing concentrator of
double action for performing the work assigned to G, in Figure 1, Sheet 1.
It is composed of two sets of double concentric cylinders n, n³, fitted one in
the other, and between the sides of which water z, at a temperature deter-
mined by the nature of the operation to be performed, is allowed to circulate.
The water enters by gutters c, c', passes through small lateral openings into
the jackets b, b, descends into narrow spaces 1, 1, and maks its exit by a
pipe j. The interior of the double concentric cylinder n' is occupied by cir-
cular troughs m, with two cylindrical sides f, f*; the sides f, fr, are at a slight
distance from the sides of the cylinder n', the troughs are superposed, and
are separated by circular pans p, with openings at g'. The troughs form
chambers e, e, e, e,e", and so on. Vapor from the evaporating apparatus
enters the chamber by the pipe T to pass from e to e'; the vapor should
flow in the form of thin currents through the narrow spaces 9 comprised
between the sides fand'n, and f and n³. The entrance of the vapor into
the space f, n', takes place by two openings o, Figure 6, formed in the side f
and after having a semicircular turn the vapor passes out of the narrow space
by two openings o¹, and enters the chamber e'. The same circulation takes

page_text: place round the side ft. In order to compel the vapor to make a complete
semicircular turn between the openings o, o', the upper and lower edges of the
sides ff, are arranged in such manner as to prevent the vapor passing
directly from the chamber to the chamber e*. Figures 1 and 6 shews that
this arrangement consists in constructing these sides hollow, and in causing
the edges i to adhere to the sides of the surrounding cylinder. In order the
better to insure the lower and upper closing of the sides of the troughs m,
the upper edge of the trough is covered with packing, while the lower edge
dips in the liquid which remains on the pan p which supports all the trough.
By means of these arrangements the vapor has no entrance except the openings o,
and no exits except the openings o. The openings o at the bottom of each
side for the exit of vapor from the chamber e are separated by vertical par-
tititions, the same with the openings o' at the top of the side of the same.
trough for the issue of the vapor into the chamber e*. It is the same for all the
troughs. Figure 8 is a horizontal section of the sides of a trough m and of
the surrounding cylinders n'. k shews the situation of the vertical partitions
which separate the openings o on one side and the openings o' on the other.
There may, if desired, be only one opening at the bottom and one at the top
of each side of the trough. In this case the vapor should make a complete
turn round the side of the trough to pass from e to e¹, and one of the
partitions is suppressed (see Figure 9). If instead of the two openings for.
the entrance and for the exit three were formed, it would be necessary to have
three partitions, and so on. The number of openings to each side, the
breadth and height of the narrow space which the vapor traverses to pass
from one chamber to another, the number of superposed troughs, the whole
height of the apparatus, and other details depend upon the nature of the work
to be performed. The condensed vapors full in a liquid state on the bottoms
of the troughs and intermediate pans, where they are partly re-vaporized.
The remaining portion fall by degrees through the overflow pipes q to the
evaporating apparatus, to which they are led by the pipe T". The cup u is
filled by the first liquid which falls on the pan and upon the trough to which
it is fixed. The vapor after having passed from chamber to chamber makes its
exit by the pipe T. When the nature of the operation to be performed
requires no boiling of the liquids which have fallen on the bottoms of the
troughs and pans, it is of no consequence whether the vapor enters the
apparatus at bottom or at top, and passes out at the top or bottom respec-
tively. The bottoms of the troughs and pans may be supplied with substances
which have the property of absorbing or retaining the ingredients which it is
desired to separate. Figure 3 is a plan of one of the pans p. Figure 2, a

page_text: plan of the cover of the double cylinder n'. Figure 4, a vertical section of
one of the pans p. Figure 5 a horizontal section through the middle of one
of the troughs m. Figure 6 indicates the position of the openings o and o' in
the side of the trough m: Figure 7 is a vertical section of one of the
troughs m through the line c, d, of Figure 5, shewing the position of the
openings o and o' in the sides of the trough. The apparatus may be constructed
of
any size.
Figure 1, Sheet 5, is a vertical longitudinal section of an analyzing con-
centrator with double analyzing surface, but in the form of a rectangular
parallelopipedon. The developement of a cylinder being a rectangle, it is
obvious that all that has been before stated applies to this rectangular
apparatus with double surface, except some modifications, hereafter mentioned,
of the details relative to the circulation of the vapor. Figure 2 is a horizontal
section of this apparatus through c, d, of Figure 1; Figure 3 is a cross section
through a, b, of Figure 1. In this apparatus the openings o and o' are in the
side of the trough at the extremity of the lower and upper chamber of each
trough ; the vapor thus circulates from chamber to chamber by passing in a
regular manner by the narrow spaces g in a straight line formed by the sides
of the outer case and the rectangular sides of the trough But in order to
render the circulation of the vapor easier, the spaces 9", Figure 1, are much
enlarged, which allows the lateral spaces g, Figure 2, to be greatly narrowed.
The taking to pieces of all the parts of this apparatus is effected in the manner
already described. If the nature of the work requires it, the vapor may in
this apparatus be made to enter at the top and pass out at the bottom. This
apparatus, like all the others, may be constructed of tinned copper of any size.
If it is desired to place the heating reservoir D in Figure 1, Sheet 1,-higher
than the concentrator G, the liquid may be made to pass from the reservoir
to the troughs m, and the lower part of the concentrator thus partly trans-
formed into a distilling column of continuous action. In this manner the
vinous liquid on its exit from D will recify the alcoholic vapors from the
evaporator E, into which it passes on its exit from the concentrator G, and at
the same time the fuel and the analyzing water will be economised. We
may go further. A boiler working intermittently may be transformed into a
kind of evaporator working continuously. For this purpose it is sufficient to-
form on the broad bottom of a flattened boiler, Figure 6, channels i similar
to the channels of the evaporator. The heating vapor circulates under these
channels in the spirals k; then the vinous liquid heated and raised to boiling
point on the bottoms and lower troughs of the concentrator will pass on its
descent from the concentrator into the continuous channels formed on the'

page_text: bottom of the still, the spirals of which it will traverse from one end to the
other. To insure the complete exhaustion of the viscous liquid, the con-
tinuous channels may be formed on the spirals of a serpentine coil, in the
'interior of which the heating steam travels in a contrary direction to that of
the vinous liquid, the most spent vinous liquid being heated from below near
the point of exit by the hottest steam which enters the serpentine coil. In the
same manner also a boiler for exhausting the vinous liquid and of continuous
action may be employed instead of the evaporator of continuous action.
Figures 1 and 2, Sheet 6, represent a. vertical section and a plan of a
brandy rectifying and distilling apparatus composed of a boiler A, a purifier B,
and a refrigerating 'conderser R; this apparatus may be made portable.
z, Figure 3, Sheet 6, is a case of wrought iron with masonry 6 at bottom
⚫ surrounding the furnace f..and serving as a support to the edge'm of the
boiler A. The furnace f is of inverted conical form; the smoke and products
of combustion before issuing pass all round the part d of the still. The cap g
is open on both sides of the door p of the furnace. The trough 9, constructed
as an ash-pit, is placed in the inclined position shewn in order to lead the
current of air up to the bottom of the furnace, and to compel the air to pass
through the burning fuel before passing by the two openings on the two sides
of the door p. The chimney is composed of a cylindrical case or drum k, on
the centre of which a conical pipe i is placed, narrow at bottom and very
broad at top; this arrangement of the pipe i gives the smoke an extra-
ordinary facility of expansion, the constant result of which is to aid the draught
in the fire; this chimney i, placed on the case or drum k, acts on the fire f
with a similar effect to vacuum or suction, it has the advantage of producing
a strong draught with a very low chimney. The recourse to the rarefaction
of the air to stimulate draught by constructing very lofty chimneys is rendered
unnecessary by the employment of the chimney i. It will be understood that
the object of the case or drum k is to allow the smoke first to pass easily from
the sides g of the furnace, and then to permit it to pass as easily into the
chimney i. It is owing to the drum k that the effect of vacuum produced by
the tube i acts so efficaciously on the draught. If it is desired to increase the
effect of vacuum to a very great proportion, a steam jet may be introduced
near the bottom of the pipe i. The expansion of the steam in the upper part
of the pipe acts strongly on the smoke in the drunk, and consequently on
the draught in the furnace. A steam jet may be introduced by means of a
circular tube pierced with holes at top in such manner that the jet forms a
cylindrical sheet of steam s all round the inner surface of the chimney i, see
Figure 4, Sheet 6. B is a purifying apparatus of rectangular form, already

page_text: described; to the return pipe t¹ a cock is fitted, which is closed towards the
end of the operation, that is to say, 'at the moment when the liquid in the boiler
is, so to speak, exhausted of alcohol. At the moment of closing the cock r
care must be taken to supply more analyzing water to the apparatus B, which
is thus transformed into a simple refrigerator.. The first chamber of the
apparatus B may be used as a reservoir for the products from the still worm.
At the commencement of the following operation it is sufficient to open the
cock ŕ in order that these products may pass by the pipe t' into the still A;
R is a refrigerator, already described. As the vinous liquid of the lowest.
degree, or the wine introduced into the boiler. A, is a liquid already deprived of
its most obnoxious ingredients by the processes carried on in the apparatuses,
Figures 4 and 5, Sheet 1, it is very easy to transform the rectifying apparatus
of intermittent action, shewn in Figures 1 and 2, Sheet 6, in a rectifying
apparatus of continuous action. It is sufficient to annex a second boiler to
the purifier, and to regulate the working of the two boilers in such manner
that one sends vapor into the concentrator at the moment the other is almost
exhausted. The cock of the return pipe of the boiler about to become.
exhausted must first be closed in order that the return of the condensed
liquid may take place into the boiler which is coming into full action. When
the boiler about to finish is entirely exhausted of alcohol the cock for the
passage of the vapor must also be closed. The exhausted boiler will thus be
separated from the concentrator by the closing of the cocks of these two
pipes, and the boiler will be emptied in order to be recharged; this boiler
must afterwards be put in action when the other is almost exhausted, and so
on. This arrangement of apparatus with two boilers for the continuous
manufacture of brandy is represented in plan in Figure 5, Sheet 6. A, A,
are the two boilers; B is the purifier, and R, the refrigerator. I have stated
that the continuous action of the evaporation of the feints may be performed
by means of a boiler similar to that seen in Figure 6, Sheet 5. It is very
easy to combine the continuous action of this boiler with a system or arrange-
ment embracing purifiers and refrigerators, so as to allow of producing con-
tinuously considerable quantities of good flavored brandy of the best quality.
Figure 6, Sheet 6, represents a vertical section through the line e, f, of the
apparatus A, B, R, placed in the centre of Figure 7. Figure 7 is a plan of a
brandy distillery arranged for continuous working according to this method.
✗ are fermenting vats or vessels; F is the column for the production of feints,
that is to say, the apparatus for distilling fermented matters; R is the
refrigerator; Y are vessels for disinfecting by decanting, and by introducing.

page_text: plaster; Z are apparatuses for purifying the products of the still head by slow
continuous heating. A is the boiler of continuous work for evaporating feints
already deprived of the greater part of their obnoxious ingredients in Y
and Z; B are purifiers of the vapors formed in the boiler A; and R are
refrigerators of the vapors issuing from the purifiers B; E is a reservoir for
refrigerating water necessary for use in the several apparatuses. The complete
apparatus A, B, R, placed in the centre fulfils in the most perfect manner the
several conditions required of a good apparatus for the continuous production
of good flavored brandy of the best quality. For 1st, the brandy which it pro-
duces is never injured nor infected by bad flavored ingredients from the
still head, these ingredients being, if necessary, previously purified by the
apparatuses Y and Z. 2nd, the brandy produced is likewise not injuriously
affected by bad flavored ingredients from the still worm, mechanically drawn
or attracted by the steam, the separation of these ingredients or material
particles from the aromatic, aqueous, and alcoholic vapors being performed in
the large chambers of the purifier. 3rd, as each purifier and its refrigerator
may be isolated or separated from the boiler A by the simple closing of two
cocks, each purifier and its refrigerator may in turn be cleansed by hand
without interfering with the work of the other purifiers and refrigerators.
4tb, the continuous production of good flavored brandy is obtained without
interfering with the maintenance of the apparatus in perfect order. And, 5th,
admitting that each purifier B, and its corresponding refrigerator R, produce
one quart of good flavored brandy of the best quality per minute, it will be
seen that by the system of continuous apparatus A, B, R, there may be pro-
duced as desired one, two, three, four, or any required number of quarts of
good flavored brandy per minute. In general the producing power of this
system of apparatus will depend on the number of purifiers and refrigerators
put into work around the boiler A, as well as on the evaporating power of the
boiler. With regard to the best mode of arranging the several apparatuses
in order to facilitate in the distillery the decanting or running off of the liquids
by their simple and natural flow, I wish to remark that the boiler A ought to
be placed the lowest, as the feints to be evaporated should arrive therein in
the last place on their exit from the apparatuses Z for purifying the products
of the still head; for the same reason the apparatuses Z should be placed
lower than the vessels Y, and the refrigerator R of the column F higher
than the vessels Y. What I have herein-before stated in reference to the
apparatuses represented in Figures 1 to 7, Sheet 6, for the production of good
flavored brandy applies in every way to the apparatuses shewn in Figures 8

page_text: to 12, Sheet 6, for the production of concentrated neutral alcohol. It will be
observed that these apparatuses are similar, excepting the addition of the
analyzing concentrator C, shewn in Figures 1 and 3, Sheet 5.
It is not necessary to describe the apparatuses shewn in Figures 8 to 12 in
detail, it will be sufficient to set forth the simple and compound application
of the apparatuses for producing concentrated neutral alcohol in reference to
the analogous apparatuses for the production of good flavored brandy. Figure
8 & 9, Sheet 6, are a vertical section and a plan of a complete apparatus of
intermittent work for concentrated neutral alcohol. Figure 10 is a plan of a
complete apparatus also for concentrated neutral alcohol, but worked con-
tinuously by means of two boilers. Figure 11 is a vertical section on the
line e, f, through the boiler A, the purifier B, the analyzing concentrator G,
and refrigerator R of the complete apparatus, shewn in plan in the middle of
Figure 12. The same five conditions herein-before enumerated in reference
to the apparatus Figures 6 and 7, are fulfilled by the apparatus Figures 11
and 12, and what I have before stated in reference to Figure 7 as to the best
mode of arranging and the respective positions of the several apparatuses
refers equally to Figure 12.
The following are the advantages resulting from the previous deprivation of
the vinous liquids of their obnoxious ingredients before raising them to the
degree required for good flavored brandies and neutral spirits. Not only are
the obnoxious ingredients which the vinous liquids or wine contains separated
with certainty by the above-described processes, but the separation is per-
formed in the most economical and easy manner, since each of the obnoxious
ingredients is removed from the vinous liquid by a special process particularly
adapted to that ingredient. By this previous deprivation the product obtained
by the recifying apparatus from the beginning of the operation to the end is
good flavored brandy of the first quality, or absolutely neutral alcohol. The
brandy obtained by the systems of rectification hitherto employed has generally
had a flavor of copper, and a bitter flavor, due to the presence of oils, ethers,
and other obnoxious substances, which have necessitated the allowing of these
brandies to age, as it is termed, in casks, in which they gradually and slowly
lose their obnoxious ingredients. There is a great loss arising, first, from the
enevitable evaporation of the alcohol, then the interest on the capital repre-
sented by the brandy, the casks, and the buildings or cellars in which they are
stored. The combination of these losses is suppressed by the employment of
these processes of purification and rectification, since these processes have
precisely for their object to completely and immediately deprive the vinous
liquids or wines of the same injurious properties which in the whole systems

page_text: were only imperfectly removed after, a prolonged lapse of time. By this
Invention the vinous liquid or wines being previously deprived by sure
processes of all obnoxious ingredients, may be immediately sold and consumed
as brandy of the first quality. If the brandy obtained by the recitifying
apparatus shewn in Sheet 6 were at too high a degree for consumption, and
it were necessary to reduce the degree by mixing water with it, the intimate
mixture of the water with the alcohol and the aromatic elements composing
the brandy may be effected by the apparatus shown in Figure 8, Sheet 7, and
thus good flavored old brandy produced. This Figure represents a cylinder M
of tinned copper nearly filled with brandy, reduced by water to the degree
required for consumption; this.cylinder is hermetically closed, and surrounded.
by another, cylinder N furnished with a jacket,. and covered at the top h. A.
heating medium liquid or vapor, is. introduced into this jacket; this heating
medium raises the temperature of the brandy immediately in contact with the
heated side of the cylinder M. . The brandy thus heated rises, and is replaced.
by cold brandy, which being heated in its turn also rises, and so on until the.
whole map is sufficiently. heated. The action of the heating medium produces:
in the mass an ascending and descending movement, as indicated by the.
arrows. The intimate admixture of the elements composing the liquid.mass
is the consequence. After the heating has lasted several hours, the..mass.is.
allowed to cool. . The brandy thus obtained will be a good flavored old brandy;.
especially if care has been taken not to fill the cylinder M entirely, in order to.
allow certain effluvia the means of becoming disengaged. I have hitherto
spoken of the apparatuses shewn in Sheet 6 as intended to raise the degree of
an alcoholic liquid already deprived of its obnoxious ingredients before being
put into the boiler, but it is evident that the same apparatuses composed of
the boiler, the purifier, the analyzing concentrator, and the refrigerating con-
denser may be employed for the manufacture of vinous fluids. For this purpose
it is sufficient to charge the boiler with fermented materials obtained from
grain, maize, rice, or any other fermented substance, the distillation of which
produces vinous fluids. The working and action of the apparatus are exactly
the same as for the rectifying, and it will be understood that by this process
vinous fluids may be obtained of as high a degree as those obtained by a
Blumenthal or Derosne column of continuous, action. For example, by
employing two boilers, one of which finishes when the other commences, the
manufacture of vinous fluids by continuous work may be carried on in the
apparatus shewn at Figures 5 and 10, Sheet 6. The manner of working two
boilers has already been explained in the description of the rectification.
Another no less important advantage of the apparatus shewn at Figures 5

page_text: and 10, Sheet 6, is, that it is most easily made, and is never in the largest
apparatuses more than about seven feet high, it may be constructed of any
dimensions to satisfy the requirements of the smallest as well as of the
largest distilleries, it only requires one attendant to watch it. Not only
has distillation hitherto not been provided with certain and easily applied
means for separating the obnoxious ingredients from vinous or alcoholic
liquids of bad flavor, but the foulness of the inside of uncleansable and
untinned apparatuses, although constructed of copper, has also contributed in
a great measure to increase the bad qualities of the products obtained' as
brandy or alcohol. The processes and apparatuses before described do away
with these objections, and will allow distilling operations to be hereafter
carried on with mathematical precision; but when the products obtained are
of the first quality, and of irreproachable purity, it is important not to destroy
this superiority during the decanting from the cistern into casks. The brass
pumps with lead pipes heretofore employed are far from fulfilling the con--
ditions of neutrality required, of an apparatus for mechanically decanting such
delicate liquids intended for drinking. I therefore, employ for this. purpose
the pump represented in vertical section in Figure 9, Sheet 3, and in hori-
zontal section in Figure 9. This pump, for which Letters Patent were
granted to François Haeck, on the 25th day of March, 1858, No. 631,
except the further improvements hereafter stated, fulfils all necessary sanitary
conditions. a is the body of the pump, which is of porcelain, and in commu--
nication with the reservoir 6, of. the alcoholic liquid to be raised' by means
of a pipe formed of short tubes c of glass, or other inoxidizable material con-
nected by india-rubber or other flexible' and neutral joints d. The piston e,
Figure 10, is composed of a leather cap f, thinned off at its circumference in
order to render it sensible to pressure, and hardened near its centre to give it
firmness and consistency. This cap bears against another cap g of inoxidizable
material. There are valves in the joints m and m³, the liquid which is led
from the reservoir by the pipe c enters the pump above the piston. When
the piston rises, the liquid passes between the circumference thereof and
the body of the pump. When the piston descends, the liquid which is in the
bottom of the pump is forced out, while the upper part is filled afresh with
liquid from the reservoir-b. The valve, Figure 11, is constructed in the form-
of a small basket-i, with a handle k, above the interior of the basket is provided'
with a soft seat v of india-rubber or other suitable material. On this seat
is placed a ball of glass, or other suitable material, which acts as the valve.
Figure 12 is a longitudinal section of the joint, which connects the ends of
the tubes c. It is composed of two superposed sheets of-india-rubber, or
די

page_text: other suitable material. To prevent the joint getting out of place. by the
bending of the pipe, a metal spiral o is placed in the centre thereof between
the two superposed sheets, in such manner as to prevent contact of the spiral
with the liquid which passes through the joint; the two ends p of the joint
are left free of the spiral in order that they may be easily adapted to the tubes,
which they connect. The spiral placed in the centre of the joint also allows
the joint to resist the internal pressure of the liquid. For the same reason
I sometimes replace the conical rubber tube t, t¹, by an elastic spiral tube..
If in order to allow the tube t, t¹, to resist pressure, it is not desired to fit
a metal spiral therein, the tube may be surrounded by another tube of cloth
fitted with metal rings, in this manner the tube t, t, cannot expand by
internal pressure beyond the diameter of the cloth tube which surrounds and
protects it. Figure 13 represents a spigot in the form of a bent tube, with
a valve placed on the cask or reservoir 6, this valve is constructed similarly
to that fitted to the pump; both ends of this bent tube are open, one end, q³,
communicates with the reservoir 6, and the other end, q, with the atmospher
at each stroke of the pump which draws the liquid from the reservoir b, the
ball is raised on its seat by the pressure of the external air, which enters the
reservoir in proportion to the quantity of liquid pumped, but not beyond.
This amount of air having entered, the ball of the valve falls by its own
weight on its elastic seat, and closes all communication between the
air and the interior of the reservoir. As it is for the most part to be placed in
casks, and at some distance that alcoholic liquid. is drawn from the reservoir b,
it is important to cool it as much as possible. This is effected by a refrige-
rator A fitted to the exit pipe c' of the pump; this refrigerator is that
shewn at Figure 5, Sheet 7. The hygienie and cooling conditions necessary
for the proper drawing of alcoholic liquids intended for drinking being the
same for all drinks, the pump above described with all its accessories may be
employed in hotels, taverns, public houses, and other places, for drawing beer,
wine, cyder, and other liquids, which it is desired to drink at a fixed tempera-
ture, and with all their natural aromas. A small aerating apparatus con-
structed on the principal of the oxygenating apparatus, shewn at Figures 7,
D, g, Sheet 7, may be fitted to the exit orifice of the pump, or on the
principle of that described in the Specification of Haeck's Patent of 30th
July, 1859, No. 1766. The pump just described possesses the following
advantages over the pump described in the Specification of Haeck's Patent
of 25th March, 1858, before mentioned.. 1st, the manner of fitting the joint,
which is adapted to all possible cases, it prevents the pipe becoming closed
by the folds, and is easily applied to all pipes,-it renders contact of the liquid

page_text: with the metal spiral impossible, and it allows liquids to be drawn submitted
to strong pressure in the reservoir. 2nd, the employment of a small aerating
tube at the exit orifice of the liquid, which allows of the liquid being aerated
in proportion as it issues from the pump. 3rd, the spigot placed on the
reservoir, which spigot intercepts communication between the external air and
the liquid, except when the liquid is being drawn from the reservoir. 4th, the
addition of a refrigerator which allows of the liquid being cooled, as it is
drawn by the pump. 5th, the employment of pipes of inoxidizable material.
DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS, SEPARATE OR COMBINED, OF THE APPARATUSES AND
PROCESSES WHICH FORM THE SUBJECT OF THIS INVENTION.
I. It is evident that the chimney with its drum represented in Figure 1,.
Sheet 6, may be applied to the furnaces of locomotive engines, and steam
engines of boats and factories, and generally to all fire-places which require a
strong draught. The drawing power of this chimney with its drum, stimulated
or not by the introduction of a circular steam jet may advantageously take
the place of a fan or ventilator.
II. By placing a diaphragm above the boiler of a distillery in order to
prevent the vapor of the ethers and volatile oils passing into the column and
large serpentine coils of the old apparatuses, the old boiler may be employed
directly to perform the work of the heating reservoir. It is obvious that it.
would then be necessary to receive the odoriferous vapors in a small refri-
gerating condenser in communication with the boiler. When the liquid
product in the boiler is neutralized the diaphragm is suppressed, and com-
munication with the small condenser intercepted. The rectifying apparatus
works in the same manner. This process of extracting the ethers may be
applied to the oils produced at the end of the operation.
III. Figure 1, Sheet 7, represents a heating reservoir a with double
bottom 6 furnished with an analyzing concentrator c, and a refrigerator r. The
heating vapor enters the double bottom at the centre o, and penetrates into
the arms r¹, which are pierced with small holes all on the same side, in such
manner as to impart by the uniform direction of the jets of vapor a circu-
latory motion to the vapor in the double bottom, which is thus equally heated
at every part. The analyzing concentrator is employed when it is desired to
raise the degree of the ether evaporated in a; this concentrator is very small.
Figure 2, Sheet 7, shews the arrangement of the centre o of the arms r¹, and
of the holes for distributing vapor in the double bottom 6 of the heating.
reservoir. Figure 8, Sheet 7, shews the special arrangement of an analyzing.
concentrator into which the alcoholic vapor enters at the top s, and issues at
•

page_text: the bottom v, and in which moistened air is employed as the analyzing
agent. The introduction of moistened air into the spaces a and b is effected
by a steam jet k placed in the mouth 7. The air enters at the point m into
a flat tube t. p is a trough containing water, which passes therefrom into
the tube t; the water is carried by the current of air, which becomes
moistened, and thereby prepared for the analyzing operation in the spaces a, b.
Instead of a steam jet a fan may be employed at the entrance of the pipe t.
Figure 4 is a plan view of the apparatus shewn in Figure 3.
.
IV. Instead of the cylindrical form of the refrigerating condenser, Figure 7,
Sheet 3, a refrigerating condenser may be constructed in the form represented
in elevation in Figure 64, Sheet 7, in vertical section in Figure 65, in hori-
zontal section in Figure 6º, and in plan in Figure 6º. The outlets and inlets
for the refrigerating or cooling body, and for the refrigerated or condensed
substances at top and bottom of the apparatus, are formed according to the
arrangement shewn in Figure 7, Sheet 3. It is evident that the aerating
pipes o and the exit pipe j¹ for the liquid arising from the condensed vapor
may be fitted to the apparatus Figure 6, Sheet 7, as easily as to the appa-
ratus Figure 7, Sheet 3. The construction of the refrigerating condensing
apparatus of flat rectangular form may be such that the four parts, two
together in juxtaposition, which form the apparatus, may be entirely separated
for cleansing. The parts may be united by screwed bolts p, or otherwise.
⚫ V. Very often in distilleries it is necessary to reduce to a very low tem-
perature, and at the same time to oxygenate considerable quantities of liquid
intended to afterwards undergo alcoholic fermentation. To attain this double
end it is usual to spread these liquids on large shallow troughs, similar to the
cooling troughs used in breweries for the cooling and oxygenation of worts;
the operation of cooling in these troughs is accelerated by fans; but as the
temperature and the amount of oxygenation which should be imparted to
these liquids constitute a fixed state necessary and indispensable to good
fermentation, while the temperature of the air and consequently the length of
time the liquids are allowed to remain in the troughs are variable, the
operation of cooling and oxygenating the liquids is not performed for the most
part under conditions favorable to the best alcoholic fermentation. Now it is
exceedingly easy by the employment of the apparatus represented in Figure 7*,
Sheet 7, to perform the cooling and oxygenation of the liquids with mathe-
matical precision. Figure 7 is a plan of the apparatus; and Figure 7", a vertical
section; and Figure 7°, a horizontal section. The open jacket 6, Figure 7",
is constructed in the form of a gutter. The inner side c of the jacket is
pierced with vertical, rectangular, or other shaped holes at a small distance

page_text: from each other. The liquid to be cooled coming from the reservoir placed
sufficiently, high, enters the narrow gutter b, c, in a double stream by
pipes o, o², Figure 74, in such manner as to produce in the gutter a circulatory
motion as rapid as possible; this circulatory motion of the liquid a causes it
to pass everywhere equally in the space a by the lateral holes ǹ from the
gutter. By the motion imparted to the liquid the portions which pass through
the holes n descend with a uniform motion into the space a to the widened
bottom d thereof. is a pipe by which the cooled liquid makes its exit
from d; this pipe rises to the height necessary for the level of the liquid in
the gutter b, c; it is fitted with a cock R to empty the space a at the end of
ά
the operation. The refrigerating water y enters by two pipes e, e'. They
extend horizontally the whole length of the interior of the
space; as indicated
in Figure 7, which is a view of the pipe e; they are pierced with holes at top
by which the water is divided, and projected towards the top of the apparatus
so that the whole breadth of the refrigerating space is made to act. One of
these pipes leads the water to the bottom of the narrow space at the right of
the apparatus, while the other pipe leads it to the bottom of the narrow space
at the left of the apparatus. By this method of introducing the water the
liquid which descends in the space a is surrounded on both sides by refri-
gerating water, which is renewed according to the quantity of liquid which passes
through the space a. The refrigerating water, having become heated runs off
by the pipe This apparatus is constructed like the apparatus Figure 6,
so that the four parts, two together in juxtaposition, which form the appa-
be entirely separated to be cleansed by hand.. The two parts which
form the space a are of tinned copper, and the two parts which form the
vessel surrounding the water are of iron, wood, or other suitable material.
It is easy to understand that by introducing cold water proportionate in.
quantity to the quantity of liquid introduced, the liquid may always be
reduced to the exact temperature required for the fermentation.. I, now.
proceed to explain. the manner in which the exact amount of oxygen indis-
pensable to good fermentation is introduced into the liquid. For this purpose.
I place at the orifice of the pipe ja cylindrical trough or vessel; q is' a
division plate in this trough, in which is fitted a number of small tubes s open
at their two ends, see the vertical section Figure 7, D, g, and plan Figure 7";
these tubes are all of the same diameter.. Immediately above the division
plate o they have an opening o, through which the liquid passes. from the
trough and flows through the lower ends of the tubes; this flowing produces
in the bottom of each tube a continuous suction which drives air through the
upper opening m of each tube. The current of air mixes with the current of
ratus may

page_text: applies also to the
liquid which passes through the tubes; it mixes with it also by the falling of
the liquid on the division plate of a second trough or vessel placed immediately
under the first, and constructed in every respect the same. It is obvious that
the liquid will be more oxygenated the more tubes and superposed troughs or
vessels it passes through. As all the liquid mass is actuated by the same
conditions of oxygenation, the oxygenation, will be homogeneous, and will
ensure an equal and regular fermentation of the liquid. The operation just
- described for the cooling and, oxygenation the liquid
cooling and oxygenation of worts of beer. The process above described for
regulating at a fixed temperature, and oxygenating to an exact amount, is also
applicable to the manufacture of vinegar, since the production of vinegar is
only an oxygenation of the liquid by means of air introduced in suitable
quantity. The apparatus shewn in Figure 64, Sheet 7, being. only the
developement of the apparatus shewn in Figure 7, Sheet 3, all that has just
been said in reference to the application of the apparatus, Figure 6+, Sheet 7,
to liquids to be cooled, or heated, or oxygenated, applies to the apparatus
Figure 7, Sheet 3, when the jacket is transformed into a gutter, furnished
with a distributor, and the exit tube fitted with an oxygenating apparatus.
VI. In many instances it is necessary in distilleries to be able to ascertain
at a moment's notice the alcoholic degree of a hot liquid, and it is useful in
such cases to be able to cool the liquid instantaneously in order to be able to
dip an areometer therein. This object may be immediately attained by the
employment of the small portable apparatus about to be described. Figure 4,
Sheet 5, is a vertical section of a small portable apparatus for instantaneously
cooling or heating a liquid. A is an exterior case of wood or other bad
conductor of heat to protect the temperature of the cooling or heating medium
from all external influence; A is the movable cover of the apparatus; B, B, are
spaces occupied by the cooling or heating medium on both sides of the liquid.
to be cooled or heated. The liquid a is introduced into the apparatus by the
funnel C, and enters the narrow space D contained between two parallel
surfaces a, b, of circular, elliptical, or other form; these two surfaces are at a
very small distance apart in order that the liquid which comes from the funnel
and traverses the narrow space D may be necessarily in contact with the
cooling or heating medium. The liquid issues from the space 1 by the cock E.
A reservoir for the liquid to be cooled may be formed above this apparatus;
this reservoir may be formed with a distributor, with small lateral holes
similar to that of the refrigerator shewn in Figure 7, Sheet 7.. This arrange-
ment of portable refrigerator is represented in Figure 4b, Sheet 5. Figure 5
is a horizontal section of the apparatus through the line e, f, of Figure 4. Part
.
1.
4

page_text: of the apparatus with the surface b'is placed in the apparatus with the
surface a, so that it may easily be taken out for cleaning by hand. The upper
part of a, b, closed by a cover is higher than the upper part of the funnel C in
order to prevent the liquid poured into the funnel running over into the part B
which contains the cooling or heating medium. The portable apparatus just
described may be of cylindrical or other form, and may be employed in hotels,
restaurants, and other places to instantaneously cool or heat water, wine, beer,
and other liquids as they are required.
VII. When it is desired to cool liquid may rapidly without its having
previously come into the slightest contact with the external air, the apparatus
Figure 4, Sheet 5, just described, may be advantageously replaced by the
apparatus shewn at Figure 5*, Sheet 7, about to be described; Figure 5ª is a
vertical section, and Figure 53 a horizontal section thereof.. c, d, is a double
refrigerating cylinder, having a slight enlargement or distributor 6 at top and
bottom of the narrow space c, d, traversed by the liquid to be cooled, which
enters by the pipek, and issues by the pipe a. The enlargements 6 insure
the regular entrance and exit of the liquid into the space c, d, and allow of
their being only an exceedingly slight distance between the concentric
cylinders c, d; fis the exit pipe for the cooling liquid from the vessel o, it is
furnished with a cock r; l is the exit pipe of the cooling liquid from the outer
vessel o'; it is also furnished with a cock . In order to prevent the cooling
surface d yielding to the pressure of the liquid a, the cylinders c and d are
fixed to each other by rivets 9, Figure 5c, which is a view of the cylinder c.
Instead of being cylindrical the apparatus may be of any other form if the
features of the construction are retained; the flat rectangular form described
with reference to Figure 64, Sheet 7, will answer. This apparatus may be
attached to a boiler to instantaneously cool a small quantity of the liquid, the
alcoholic degree of which it is desired to ascertain. 9 is the movable cover of
the apparatus, the outer vessel o' may be dispensed with, and the cover g
placed immediately on the upper enlargement b, and then the refrigerating
element is placed only in the vessel o. This cooling apparatus may also be
applied to pumping and other apparatuses for drawing or supplying beer,
wine, cider, and other liquids in small quantities in hotels and other establish-
ments. It allows of the liquids being cooled and even refrigerated instan-
taneously in proportion to their being required. In this case, the interior
sides are tinned, and if desired the apparatus may be constructed so that the
cylinders c and d can be easily separated for cleaning. When it is desired to
employ ice as the cooling medium, the apparatus shewn at Figure 54 should
be surrounded with some insulating body.

page_text: I desire that it should be understood from what I have herein-before stated,
that this this Invention consists.in, and that I claim,―
Firstly, a process, the object of which is to deprive impaired feints, low;
vinous, viscous, or ropy liquids and alcoholic liquids of bad flavor of their
injurious properties, and that before the operation of bringing them to the
degree of brandy or very concentrated alcohol, the process consisting in three
successive operations, viz. :-1st, in decanting or removing the oils which float
on the surface of the alcoholic liquids, impaired feints, or vinous liquids of low
degree; 2nd, in mixing powdered plaster or other substance which will absorb
or disinfect some of the obnoxious ingredients of the liquid mass, which is then
allowed to settle, and, 3rd, in removing ethers and oils more volatile than
alcohol, by means of the slow heating for several hours of the liquid mass, this
slow heating producing their evaporation to the refrigerating condenser, where
they are condensed and appear in the rapid flowing of drops, or of a very thin
film of liquid. It is fully understood, that by obnoxious ingredients is meant
the compounds which are mixed with alcoholic liquid of bad flavor, and the
presence of which is disagreeable either in: good flavored brandy or in con-
centrated alcohol.-I reserve to myself the 'right of employing according to
the desired result, either the three operations successively, in whole or in part,
or two only of the operations, or even one or part only of one of the
operations, according as it is desired to obtain brandy or concentrated alcohol
deprived wholly or only partially of its odoriferous and obnoxious ingredients
which are contained in impaired, viscous, ropy, or vinous fluids or alcoholic
liquids of bad flavor and low degree.
Secondly, a system of hygienic apparatuses intended, some to facilitate the
removal of the injurious elements from bad flavored alcoholic liquids, others to
evaporate, concentrate, condense, refrigerate, oxygenate, and otherwise act
upon fermented or unfermented liquids, which are the object of the work
performed in distilleries, breweries, and otherwise. This system of apparatuses
is composed as follows:-
A. Of a reservoir or vat for disinfecting. the oils and acids provided with
a conical cap to decant or remove the oils which float on the surface
of an alcoholic liquid of bad. flavor and low degree, and with an agitator to
mix plaster or other substance with the alcoholic liquid, in order to dedrive it
of the acids, or other obnoxious ingredients which are held in suspension in
the mass:
B. Of a reservoir, called a heating reservoir, for depriving: an alcoholic
liquid mass of low degree, wholly or partly, of ethers and essential oils more
volatile, than alcohol, by employing the process of slow but sustained heating to

page_text: evaporate these in drops or in a very thin stream. The slow heating of the
mass is performed by a jet of vapor entering the centre of a double bottom
and becoming distributed in such manner as to heat equally all the lower
surface of the liquid in the reservoir, or the heating may be effected by an
open fire or otherwise.
C. Of an apparatus called an evaporator, of continuous action, in which the
alcoholic liquid to be evaporated circulates in continuous shallow channels
from one end to the other of the evaporator, which is heated below by a con-
tinuous stream of steam at 100° Gay Lussac, and of a second evaporator or
exhaustor, of continuous action, of smaller dimensions than the first-named
evaporator, but constructed and acted on in the same manner, except that the
heating steam therein is at a higher temperature, in order to be enabled to
extract the last alcoholic particles from the residuary liquids, which come con-
tinuously from the first and enter the second evaporator. The two evaporators
may be of rectangular, circular, or other form, as long as the conditions
herein-before mentioned are fulfilled. The channels in the evaporators may
be formed at the bottom of a boiler on the spirals of a serpentine coil in
which the heating vapor is made to circulate in an opposite direction to the
liquid to be evaporated. The evaporators are closed by covers which may be
removed when desired in order that the apparatus may be cleansed by hand.
D. Of an apparatus called a purifier. This apparatus is surrounded or not
with water, and is composed of one spacious chamber or several spacious
chambers of rectangular, cylindrical, or other suitable form, arranged in the
same apparatus or in different apparatuses, connected so that the vapors, on
their exit from the boiler or the evaporator, traverse them slowly and horizontally
in order that the globules of vapors of water, aromas, and alcohol, shall, by
reason of their lightness, rise towards the upper part of the chamber, and that
the material particles or heavier constituents mechanically mixed with the
vapors shall, on the other hand, descend towards the bottom of the chamber
and be deposited owing to their weight.-I claim the employment of this
method of separation, based on the principle of the different density of con-
stituent parts, and on the slow horizontal course or stream of these gaseous or
other constituents through one or more spacious chambers, in all manufactures
or processes where it is required, to separate certain matters from other
heavier matters issuing at the same time from the same apparatus.
E. Of an apparatus called an analysing concentrator. This apparatus is
composed partly of a receiver completely surrounded by hot water maintained
at a constant temperature by the regulated introduction of cold water distri-
buted in the body of hot water by means of a rapid circulation. of water

page_text: 'entering a narrow gutter pierced all round with small lateral koles, and partly
of a series of troughs superposed in the interior of the receiver above-
mentioned as being surrounded with water at a constant temperature, each of
these troughs performing a triple operation, videlicit, first, the operation of
evaporating the alcoholic liquid they contain by the large bottom surface;
second, the operation of analyzing or parting the vapor while it traverses the
-narrow space formed by the side of the trough and the side of the receiver;
and, third, the operation of precipitating or depositing on the bottoms of the
'troughs matters mechanically drawn, and particles of water or alcohol arising
from condensed vapours, this precipitation on the bottoms being aided by the
considerable capacity of the chambers of each trough, and which are traversed
by the vapor horizontally and very slowly in respect to the speed with which
it traverses, before and afterwards the narrow spaces in which it undergoes
the analyzing operation. This analyzing concentrator may be of cylindrical
form with single analyzing side, or with double analyzing side, or of rectangular
form, or oblique, provided there are at least as many repeated operations of
evaporating the alcoholic liquid, analyzing the vapor, and precipitating aqueous
or alcoholic particles as there are superposed troughs in the interior of the
receiver. These conditions are, however, not absolutely necessary for all
purposes. By removing all the troughs of the apparatus, leaving only the
bottoms, & purifier or purifying apparatus composed of large chambers is
formed; by removing the lower troughs, leaving only one or several in the
upper part of the apparatus, I obtain at the same time both a purifier and a
concentrator of the vapours. For large applications the rectangular form is
preferred, not only for the facility of its construction, but also because it allows
of having at the same time the largest boiling surfaces for the alcoholic liquid,
the thinnest and most extended spaces for the analyzing of the vapor, the most
capacious chambers for the deposit or precipitation of the particles of vapor
or drops of liquid arising from condensation, and, lastly, because it permits of
the circulation of the vapor without any pressure from one extremity of the
apparatus to the other. Instead of employing water as the cooling medium
for analyzing the vapors, moistened air may be employed, the circulation of
which is aided by the regulated drawing power of a steam jet in a funnel
placed on the top of the apparatus, or by a fan which forces the moistened air
through the analyzing chamber.
F. Of a refrigerating condensing apparatus formed of four cylindrical
vessels, and embracing improvements on the refrigerating condenser formed
of four cylindrical vessels, patented by François Haeck, as before stated, on
the Thirtieth July, One thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine. These improve-

page_text: ments are as follows:-First, instead of the cooling water entering by one
tube, it enters by two separate tubes, one of which supplies the outer, and
the other the inner cooling space. Second, the liquid arising from conden-
sation of the vapor, instead of issuing immediately from the apparatus remains
a certain time in the bottom of the apparatus, in order that it may be
completely cooled. Third, the new apparatus is fitted. with an air escape
pipe, which allows the air drawn in with the vapour to escape at top outside
without taking any vapor with it, and without interfering with the regular
flow by the exit pipe of the condensed liquid. Fourth, instead of a system of
pipes springing from a centre, to distribute the vapor into the condensing space
of the apparatus, the new apparatus introduces the vapour into the condensing
space by means of a large jacket placed immediately above the condensing
space. Fifth, the joining nut, which, in the old apparatus was situated in the
centre and at the bottom of the four vessels, is suppressed in the present
apparatus. Sixth, the means of separating, or the independence of the vessels,
as well as the manner of fitting them, are simpler and more certain in the
new apparatus.-I also claim the flat rectangular form, which may be given
to the apparatus, preserving at the same time all the industrial qualities before
described.
G. Of a distilling apparatus of intermittent action for the manufacture of
good flavoured brandy composed of a boiler, a purifier, and a refrigerater, as
herein-before described.
H. Of a distilling apparatus of continuous action for the manufacture of
good flavoured brandy, composed either of two boilers worked intermittently,
and provided with a purifier and a refrigerater, or of one boiler worked con-
tinuously, and supplying vapor to one or several purifiers and refrigerators
arranged round the boiler, all as herein-before described.
I. Of a distilling apparatus of intermittent action for the manufacture of
concentrated alcohol, composed of a boiler, a purifier, an analyzing concen-
trator, and a refrigerator, as herein-before described.
⚫ K. Of a distilling apparatus of continuous action; also for the manu-
facture of concentrated alcohol, composed either of two boilers worked
intermittently, and provided with a purifier, an analyzing concentrator, and
refrigerator, or of one boiler worked continuously, around which are arranged
one or several purifiers, analyzing concentrators, and refrigerators, representing
an amount of work in relation to the quantity of vapor supplied by the boiler,
all as herein-before described.
L. Of a refrigerating and oxygenating apparatus, which allows of im-
parting rapidly the exact degree of temperature, and the precise amount of

page_text: oxygenation necessary for the best 'alcoholic fermentation of a liquid. This
apparatus performs the refrigerating of the liquid by the processes of reducing
it into thin layers or films, as above mentioned in reference to the refrigerating
condenser. The liquid to be cooled is equally distributed in the central narrow
space of the.apparatus, by causing it to enter first, as forcibly as possible, a
narrow gutter, which it rapidly. traverses all round the apparatus, escaping by
equidistant lateral orifices formed in the inner side of the gutter. The cooling
medium enters below on both sides, and is distributed the whole length of the
apparatus; and the oxygenation of the liquid is effected by means of a vessel
or trough, into which the liquid is carried on coming out of the refrigerator,
from which vessel the liquid. cannot escape, except by flowing through a
number of tubes open at both ends, and traversed by a quick current of air
drawn into, the tubes by the flowing of the liquid, which air enters the tubes
by holes formed at the level of the bottom of the vessel.-I claim the
application of the oxygenating' apparatus above described, and all other appa-
ratuses based on the same principles for the oxygenation of liquids for the
manufacture of vinegar, as well as to all other liquids into which it is required
to introduce a regulated quantity of gas. And I claim the application of the
refrigerating apparatus furnished with its oxygenator to the operation of
cooling and oxygenating beer in breweries and other liquids.
M. Of a boiler with portable furnace constructed of iron, the furnace being
furnished with a chimney producing a great draught with a very small height
by means of a broad drum, on which a pipe is placed vertically, of conical or
other form, sufficiently narrow at bottom, and very broad at top. The draught
may be aided by a jet of steam distributed all round the interior of the
chimney. I claim the application of the chimney thus composed or modified
on the same principles to locomotive engines, and generally to all industrial.
purposes to which it is applicable.
-
N. Of a small portable refrigerating apparatus which allows of a certain
quantity of alcoholic liquid being brought to such a degree of temperature
that an ordinary areométer may be dipped therein. This portable refri-
gerating apparatus is composed, like the other apparatuses, of two vessels of
any form, one of the vessels being. loosely fitted in the other at a slight dis-
tance therefrom, so that the liquid to be cooled takes the form of a thin film-
in contact all round or on one side with the cooling medium. When the
Liquid to be refrigerated is very thick or only slightly fluid, vertical rods may.
be fitted to the internal surfaces of the apparatus to agitate the liquid, and.
thereby hasten its cooling; in this case the apparatus should be cylindrical.-
I claim the application of the portable refrigerator, thus formed or modified on

page_text: the same principles, to cooling drinks and liquids in hotels, taverns, and other
establishments.
:
O. Of a refrigerating apparatus capable of being attached to a boiler or
other apparatus in which the alcoholic liquid to be. cooled is submitted to a
pressure as strong as desired. This apparatus is in its turn formed of cylin-
drical, elliptical, or other shaped vessels, fitted one inside another, and placed
at a very small distance apart, between the sides of which the liquid to be
cooled circulates. At the two ends of the narrow space are enlargements
which allow of the easy entrance and exit of the liquid into the apparatus, aś
well as a regular circulation through the narrow space in which it is to be
cooled. The cooling liquid may entirely or partially. surround the liquid to be
cooled. I claim the application of this refrigerator to beer engines and other
apparatuses in use in hotels, public houses, and other places for the sale of
drinks and liquids.
P. Of an apparatus called a brandy ageing apparatus, allowing of the
intimate admixture in a very short time of water, alcohol, and the aromatic,
palatable, and odoriferous elements, the combination of which forms a good
flavored old brandy. This apparatus is nothing but a receiver three-fourths
filled with the brandy to be aged, and which is heated laterally so as to
produce in the liquid an ascending movement to the circumference and a
descending movement towards the centre of the liquid mass... The bottom of
the reservoir is not heated, and the lateral heat communicated to the appa-
ratus should be much below boiling point. After the heating has lasted a
certain number of hours the water, the alcohol, and aromatic and other
elements are intimately mixed. The brandy, when cooled, will possess all the
qualities of good flavored old brandy.
Q. Of improvements on the pump for which Letters Patent were granted
to François Haeck on the Twenty-fifth March One thousand eight hundred
and fifty-eight, Number 631. These improvements consist, first, in the
manner of fitting the joint which is adopted to all possible cases, it prevents
the pipe becoming closed by the folds, and is easily applied to all pipes,―it
renders contact of the liquid with the metal impossible, and it allows liquids
to be drawn submitted to strong pressure in the reservoir. Second, in the
elastic conical tube fitted with a spiral, and in the cloth or other tube fur-
nished with metal rings, and which surrounds the elastic tube, both tubes
having for object to allow the pump to draw liquids submitted to pressure in
their reservoir. Third, in a spigot placed on the reservoir, which spigot
intercepts communication between the external air and the liquid, except
when the liquid is being drawn from the reservoir. Fourth, in the addition

page_text: of the refrigerator which allows of the liquid being cooled or refrigerated as it
is drawn by the pump. Fifth, in the employment of short pipes made of
inoxidizable material.
Thirdly, the Invention comprises, and I claim all the separate, combined,
or multiplied applications to other manufacturing purposes than distillation of
the apparatuses herein-before enumerated under the letters A to Q, and all
other separate, combined, or multiplied applications of the processes and
apparatuses; before described, as well as the three operations for depriving
liquors of their obnoxious ingredients, whether they be applied to the manu-
facture of alcoholic liquids or to non-alcoholic liquids treated for the separation
of their components, or for their heating, evaporation, condensation, concen-
tration, refrigeration, oxygenation, or to their decantation, by the same
operations as. those which are herein-before described in relation to liquids
treated in distilleries.
'In witness whereof, I, the said Thomas James Smith, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Thirtieth day of September, One thousand eight
hundred and sixty-four.