IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR COM. PRESSING METALLIC SPONGES AND OTHER SUBSTANCES
Year: 1856

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Alfred Louis Stanislas Chenot and Eugène Charles
Adrien Chenot, of Clichy-la-Garenne, near Paris (Empire of France),
Chemists, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR COM.
PRESSING METALLIC SPONGES AND OTHER SUBSTANCES,"
Sealed the 5th September 1856, and dated the 7th July 1856.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION filed by the said Alfred Louis Stanislas Chenot
and Eugène Charles Adrien Chenot at the Office of the Commissioners
of Patents, with their Petition and Declaration, on the 7th, July 1856,
pursuant to the 9th Section of the Patent Law Amendment Act, 1852.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, ALFRED
LOUIS STANISLAS CHENOT and EUGÈNE CHARLES ADRIEN CHENOT, of Clichy-la-
Garenne, near Paris (Empire of France), Chentists, send greeting.
WHEREAS we are in possession of an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
MACHINERY FOR COMPRESSING METALLIC SPONGES AND OTHER SUBSTANCES," and have
petitioned Her Majesty to grant unto us, our executors, administrators, and
assigns, Her Royal Letters Patent for the same, and have made solemn
declaration that we are the first and true Inventors thereof.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said Alfred Louis Stanislas Chenot and
Eugène Charles Adrien Chenot, do hereby declare that the following Complete
Specification, under our hand and seal, fully describes and ascertain's the nature
[Price 8d.]

page_text: of the said Juvention, and the manner in which the same is to be performed,
reference being had to the accompanying Drawings, & to the letters and
figures marked thereon, that is to say :--
Compressing machines in general vary in their mode of construction, as
each of their manifold organs are to answer special purposes. The machines
which are herein-after specified are chiefly intended for compressing metallic
sponges, dusts and other fragments, or such substances as can only be rendered
cohesive and useful by an utmost compression; the means and contrivances
used to attain this result constitute the characteristic feature of this Invention.
We shall only describe three sorts of these machines as sufficiently illus-
trative of the principle of our Invention, but these may be varied or modified
without deviating from the said principle. We shall add, moreover, that they
may be at will rendered self-acting. Supposing a socket, or metallic or other
block 1, Fig. 1, Sheet 8, into which a hole or tube T is cut out, either of
prismatic, pyramidal, cylindrical, or conical form, metallic sponges (here given
as an example) are thrown into the said hole or tube and compressed there,
either by violent shocks, or any suitable means. The said sponge placed in a
⚫tube sufficiently long or beveled is likely to oppose a considerable resistance to
the compressing puncheon or implement p, which, however, will force out a
certain part of the compressed column, hence a void space S in the tube after
the puncheon rises again, which must be filled up with a fresh supply of non-
compressed material, and the puncheon p coming down again will drive out
another portion of the column, and so forth. At every stroke of the puncheon
a portion of the compressed material will be forced out through the lower end
S', opposite to the feeding end S of the tube T. Whatever may be the con-
trivance used for operating the puncheon, this is to be worked in such a
manner as, first, to allow the feeding of the space left free at every stroke,
either by manual labour, or any suitable power; secondly, to act upon the
fresh charge at S, at the same time driving out through S a portion of the
material already acted upon, which, by its friction against the interior surface
of the tube T. will oppose a sufficient resistance for the last supply being com-
pressed at S; and, thirdly, to rise quickly. in order to free the space Sand
allow a fresh feeding. Let it be observed that these three points being once
settled, the transformation of the motion of p may be easily effected by any
known process in cenematics: thus. collision, slow compression by hammers,
stamps, crushing machines, screws. racks, gear, excentrics, may be applicable to
operate the puncheon p, the capital point being the socket D, and the hole or
tube T cut out in it, as above specified.
The bevelled hollow of the tube T cannot be precisely stated, but is only

page_text: ascertained by dint of practice. as it may vary according to the speed. the
material to be compressed, the substance of which the socket is made. &c.&c.
In order to set the machine in motion.it is proper to fit into the tube T pieces
of lead, or rather of hard wood, and have them compressed by the puncheon
; these will oppose a sufficient resistance to allow the sponge fed at S to be
sufficiently compressed. The resistance to the uncheon or implement p may
be increased bythe admixture of dry matters, or be diminished by an addition
of oil to the material to be compressed. Round the socket D. heated by the
friction worked in T, a stream of cooling water may be made to circulate.
At the lower part of the socket D au obturator or closing apparatus may be
contrived.for the purpose of not allowing the materials to escape until theyare
thoroughly incorporated with each other, in order to facilitate the machine
being set at work. We have already suggested that the hole or tube T may
be cut out of any form or shape; we shall further observe that the material
out of which the hole or tube is cut ought to be very hard and smooth. Cast
iron and steel answer the purpose well. It has been above stated that the
material already compressed served as a support to that about to be com-
pressed, and that this was to acquire a certain degree of compactness before it
is driven ont; by this way of proceeding, both the feeding and clearing work
are rendered alike easy and simple. However, it may happen, that for pieces
of rather large size or diameter, having only their external surface acted upon,
compression may not be sufficiently strong; to obviate which, we have
contrived the following modifications to the apparatus above described,
substituting the moveable plan resulting from the charges alreadycompressed,.
for another, likewise moveable; but steel or other unyielding material plan
that constitutes a part of the apparatus. and imparting to the same such a
motion as may allow,as precedently, the charge, compression, and the driving
out of the compressed piece These three operations are effected in the upper
portion of the socket D, which actually becomes a perfect mould D, unflexible
in the line of the vectors. Supposing, again, as for the former example, an
implement or puncheon P, Fig. 2. Sheet S, intended to penetrate so far as C',
and to compress the material at C: a lower puncheon P'. resting upon any
suitable bearing, will perform the duty of the material actually compressed in
the first-described apparatus, and by the resistance it opposes to the material
compressed by P, will thus effect the reduction of the volume H into the
volume h. When the sponge is sufficiently compressed by P that has actually
reached its extreme run, the implement P' rises simultaneously with P, which
is, however, more speedy, in order to leave a sufficient space between its lower
part and the moulded article. When P' has reached the level A, C, of the

page_text: block, there will be a stoppage, if required, for taking out the moulded piece.
This being done, P' lowers again, fresh material is supplied, and the com-
pressing work is carried on as before. Any means, fulfilling the same
conditions as the implements P&P' working into the socket B, the former
as compresser, and the latter as anvil, and also as driver, any equivalent, in a
word, of the said implements may also be applicable, whatever may be the
mode of feeding the apparatus and taking out the ready products; this is but
accessory, and this mode of feeding we have only specified as being peculiarly
suitable for the withdrawal of the compressed pieces. Whatever may be the
mode of compression, whether the motion is imparted by means of screws,
racks, gear, cams, levers, by steam, water, or gas power, this is quite unim-
portant, and nowise prejudices the principle of our Invention. Any distance
may be left between the implements P & P at the moment they are nearest
to each other, according to the desired degree of compression. Besides, P &
P may have such form and section as will seem fittest; P may fit into P,
and vice versa. When nuts or female screws, for instance, are to be moulded,
some peculiar contrivances must be used for producing the cylindrical hole.
When any piece is to be moulded, the axis or any part of which is to be
hollow, we use certain processes that we shall specify as being good, but nowise
exclusive of such others as may be contrived hereafter, and applicable to the
principle of our Invention. The implement P is solid or hollow; when solid,
the central cavity (or cavities) will be reserved by means of a dowel or axis g;
Fig. 3. (Sheet S,) which, yielding to the progressive action of P, will suc-
cessively sink down into P', bored through for the purpose, as well as the bed
plate S.
The dowel will rise again as soon as P ceases to act upon it.
actuated by either a spring or a lever, a counterweight, a cam, &c., or any
other contrivance. At the same time P will raise its upper end level to the
upper end of the mould or block, when the compressed piece may be taken
away either by hand or by any power. may yet not rise immediately after
the withdrawing of P, but P' may still work alone and convey the moulded
piece out of y, carrying the latter to its extreme limit, or until that part a of
the dowel gis level to A. O, of the mould. In whatever manner the motion of
the dowel y is produced, its essential part is to be at the feeding time in the
position pointed out in the Figure 3, so as to reserve an empty space to sink
under the action of P, and reassume its former position in time for the fresh
supply.
Y
When P is hollow, the dowel y stands stationary, its upper plan a keeping
the same level, and fits into the cavity purposely contrived in P, P' again
fulfils the duties of anvil, block, and driver. In some particular cases a rotary

page_text: motion is to be imparted to g. Any piece requiring a hollow part or any
perforation may be produce 1, as well as nuts or female screws,
which are only
pointed out as an example. Thus for gear wheels there should be as many
dowells as there are to be arms, and at need teeth in the wheel, as is done for
the central hole; thus for railway carriage wheels, tires, rings, &c. But this
apparatus is not evidently applicable to moulding purposes alone, but to all
compressions that are intended for the reduction of volumes. Again, the
implements P&P, may be made to move so as both to work the compres-
sion by their coming near to each other. In such a case P', instead of stand-
ing stationary, should move towards P to a desired distance for obtaining a
sufficient compression, and thus the two implements P & P would act the
alternate parts of compresser and driver; but then P & P should be made
to move horizontally (Fig. 4, Sheet 8), and be operated by a hydraulic press,
though any other position and any other power are alike applicable. We
shall further add, that the implement P' should ever be made to penetrate
into the space where compression is worked, thereby all leakage through the
bottom being prevented; B may be made multiple, but we sometimes use a
plate P with holes in it, which are successively brought by a rotary motion
of the said plate in the axis of the implements P & P (Sheet 3). In this
case it is not required that P' should rise up to the upper surface of the
plate; an insertion of a few lines will suffice to prevent any extravasation
through the bottom of the apparatus; P has only to rise and fit a few lines
into the plate K at the time P comes down, and then to withdraw so far as
the level of the lower surface of the same plate when P rises again. In this
manner the plate P'is allowed to rotate. and present another hole ready fed
to the action of the stamping implement; P'is always ready to move at will.
We may also here apply the processes used in the moulding of perforated
pieces, such as nuts, gear, wheels, &c., nothing of what has been described
being changed,and theonlymodificationconsistinginsubstitutingthestationary
mould B with a single hole for a moveable plate with a series of holes. It
has been also supposed that the dowel 1) or B were not made to rotate bnt
only move in their axes. A rotary motion may, as said before, be imparted to
them; they may be made to move either in their axis or parallel to the same.
Besides the rotary motion of D or B round the axis of the hole made through
them, if we consider the translating motion of the same we evidently see that
this is the same as has been said for the plate P" (Sheet 3), but if we
consider the back and fro motion of B in the axis of the hole made through
it, we directly perceive that B can by itself get clear of the moulded or
compressed piece; supposing C charged (Fig. 5. Sh. 8), the implement P is

page_text: going to act either alone or simultaneously with P. The compression being
effected (and during this compression the mould B should be moved, so as to
have the moulded piece brought out of C as soon as the compression is over);
the compression being effected, the mould B comes down or rises quickly,
pressing the moulded article on P' or P in order to drive it out of C. At
Fig. 6, (Sheet 8,) B is brought down at B', the article is driven out of the
mould, and ready to be removed either by manual or any power, and B¹ rising
again to B may be charged again by any suitable means. Supposing, now.
that the mould is moveable in its axis, l'' should be made stationary. In this
hypothesis the same arrangement may be used as above described for the
moulding of perforated pieces. Before describing the various Figures, we
must again observe that these are nowise exclusive in their forms and arrange-
ment, but are designed merely as explanatory examples, serving to make the
principle understood. Sheet I shows the various organs essential to the work-
ing of the machines (first sort). The mould 1 which we have described may
be set in any position, and describe any angle to the horizontal line. The
method of charging we adopt consists of a box R, with a hole Z, through
which the material to be compressed drops by its own weight, when the
implement P rises and unmasks the said hole Z. (The same box may be
applicable to the plate apparatus). One single mould and one stamping
implement pare represented, though any number may be admitted; an eccen-
tric cam C is supposed to operate the implement p, though this may be
operated by any other suitable means. At Sheet 1, Fig. 1 is a longitudinal
view; Fig. 2, a plan; & Fig. 3, a section A is the horizontal shaft with a
circular motion; C, cam, generally cast with the shaft; B, strong framework of
the machine; E, shoulder for the bearings to rest upon, and also to bear the
back pressure of the cam shaft; P, stamping implement or puncheon; p,
puncheon; D, mould where the compression is effected; R, distributing box;
Z, feeding hole or tube; S, part of the mould where the supply is effected ;
T, part where compression is worked, and also resistance to the insertion of
the puncheon p, owing to the friction of the compressed materials against the
inside surfaces of T; S', the exit hole of the compressed articles.
The apparatus we are now going to describe is as it were a transitionary
type, between the one first described and that with two opposite puncheons
or stamping implements. In this apparatus, the resistance, instead of being
opposed by the materials already stamped or compressed in the mould D), is
actually opposed by a plan F, of metal, or any unyielding substance, upon
which the mould or moulds D rest.
At Sheet 2, Fig. 1 is a front view, and Fig. 2 a side view; K, general

page_text: bearing of the lever L (or multiple levers) and of the guides G; G,
guides of the cylinders C. These guides are to maintain the position and
direction of the cylinders o, and also of the punchholder P, O, and the
puncheons or implements attached thereto. The same arrangement will
hold good when a single puncheon is used. C, cylinders guided by G; L,
lever (or set of levers) which lower the punchholder P, O, and driving
puncheons P when required; P, O, punchholder. (Here twenty puncheons
are held or carried). p, fastening clamps of the cylin 'ers C; P, any number of
stamping puncheons; D, moulds in which the compressing action is made;
R, distributing box; F, unyielding plan upon which the moulds D rest;
N, hole or series of holes to admit the compressed lumps; S, bed plate upon
which the plate Frests; B, ring s rving to impart the motion to the plate F.
Supposing, now, the set of moulds charged with sponges to be compressed,
supposing, likewise, the bed plate S and the plate F brought near to the
puncheons P, as would occur if S were the bed place of a vertical hydraulic
press, for instance, and K secured to the cap of the said press. the puncheons
P will penetrate into the mould by compressing the material placed therein;
but compression soon being sufficient, the plate of the press will comedown. If,
then, F is suddenly made to slide till N falls in the axis of the moulds D. the
lumps will drop into N by means of a rapid pressure of the lever L, which will
cause the set of puncheons Pto come down, thereby the driving out is effected.
The press plate still continuing down. E will in the mean time be brought to
its former position; the lumps will drop from N into any recipient; moreover,
the mould-carrying plate D will be driven onwards till the moulds are beneath
the bottom of the box R, which, being partly are completely bored, will allow
the dropping of a sufficient quantity of material for the feeding of the moulds.
When these are brought again to their former position the worki g of the
machine begins again as before. Let it be observed, that instead of a hydraulic
press any other contrivance will effect the drawing of S near to P. P. O. & S
may, besides, come near to each other simultaneously, or P, O, alone be made
moveable, the plan of the moulds being stationary in the vertical direction,
and only moving in the horizontal line, in order to allow the feeding and the
taking out. In this last hypothesis the lever L becomes useless; finally, in
all cases the machine may be made self-acting; the mode of feeding by means
of a distributing box, as described, Sh. 4, may be preferably used. When the
machine is operated by an hydraulic press, the following contrivance for the
working of the plates, moulds, and also of F, is advisable to use: -At the plate
of the press, hydraulic or steam cylinders should be secured upon a bearing,
and in the direction of the plates to be moved. The pistons of these cylinders

page_text: being connected by their rods to the plates D & F, could cause the same to
move forwards and backwards in due time; the punch carrier P, O, might
also be worked by the rod of one or several pistons. These hydraulic or steam
cylinders might be fed by hand; but, preferably, by adjusting the piston rods
in such a manner as they may be worked by the power itself of the press,
which can easily be done, whether electric wires are used, which should com-
municate with electro-magnets in connexion with the cylinder boxes, or whether
the maximum and minimum pressure of the hydraulic press are made use of
by the application of suitable means.
In Sheet 2 the mould-carrying plate D is so disposed, as the moulds may be
in a straight line, and the motion of the plate be alternately rectilinear. This
motion might have been continuously circular, for that the different pieces
were only to be arranged as in Sheet 3. the counter puncheon P' being
either preserved or suppressed. In this Sheet the machine is supposed to be
self-acting.
At Sheet 3, Fig. 1 is a front view. and Fig. 2 a plan; B, beam oscillating
at T; T, oscillation axis of the beam B; P, O, punch carrier (carrying one
or more puncheons); P, puncheon; Pcounter puncheon; P" mould-car-
rying plate; R, distributing box, with perforated bottom, resting on P"; 1)
perforated moulds in the plate P". These moulds are cylindrical, or prismatic,
or conical, or pyramidal holes, intended to give the moulded articles their lateral
external form. C, cam raising the beam B. This beam might as well be
raised by any other agent; a connecting rod, piston rod, &c. C, cam for
operating P"; M, connecting rod setting Pin motion. (It is led by the
cam C', or any other equivalent contrivance). V. regulating fly wheel; E,
driving gear (pinion); E', wheel driving the cam shaft. The plate P// rests
upon a bearing S, upon which it slides, and turns round an axis leading through
its center A. This plate has holes D in it, and being moved by a ratchet
wheel K, comes up and down successively, presenting each hole under the
puncheon P.
a
Suppose the said puncheon P is raised and about to come down, the ratchet
wheel K will have caused the plate P" to turn one degree, and bring a
hole (or series of holes) under the puncheon (or set of puncheons) before
the latter has reached the upper plan of the plate P"; the puncheon P will
then come down, actuated by the fore part of the beam B. The puncheon
P may be actuated by any other suitable contrivance, by a pinion and rack.
by a cam set in such manner as to act directly upon the punchholder P, O,
either pressing on the said punchholder, which would be raised again by
another cam, a spring, a counterweight, &c., or raising the punchholder P, O,

page_text: by causing it to press against a spring, which, being once released, would cause
it to fall violently; or again, as represented at Sheet 4, by actuating it in the
manner of a crushing, stamping implement, &c. The essential point consists
in the arrangement of the implement P, and in that of the plate P", present-
ing successively a hole fed at P and conveying to the doffer T; the moulded
articles, in order to receive a fresh supply on another point of the circum-
ference. The puncheon P on coming down compresses the materialslaidatD;
this being done, P rises again, the plate turns one degree, and another hole
comes up under the action of P. The compressed articles are conveyed to a
point where S is bored. There, whilst P is compressing, another puncheon
drives out the compressed articles as they come up under its action. The
empty moulds D, carried by the plate P" under R, are fed again.
The counter-puncheon P' is intended to prevent any leakage through the
lower part of the plate, and fits a few lines into the holes D as they come up
under P. When the compression is effected, P' again goes down in order
to release the plate P", and allow it to turn till another hole (or series of
holes) comes up in the axis of P & P', and then, whilst P comes down, P'
goes up, in order to prevent any extravasation of the materials, as already
specified.
At Fig. 7 (Sheet 8) P" is a plate, cut out circular in the axis of the moulds.
D, mould; V, a screw, cast with the puncheon P', intended to illustrate one
of the numerous means that may be applicable to move P' up and down at
time required; m, a crank, moved by a connecting rod b, which is itself set in
motion by one of the working parts of the machine, the beam or cam shaft,
&c. At Fig. 8 (Sheet 8) it is supposed that the moveable puncheon P'is not
used.
The bed plate S is grooved over the whole circumference,corresponding to
that described by the moulds, save that part which lies in the axis of P, which
part is reserved at the lower level of P" to serve as an anvil block P, E.
Part of the bed plate S only may be grooved from the feeding point to the
auvil or puncheon P',E; this groove being designed to admit the dusts with-
out it being requisite to lift the plate P", though the said plate might well
and unyieldingly rest upon S, which is to be avoided on account of the strong
friction it may occasion.
In some particular cases the plate P" 'may be made merely to rest and slide
upon a bed plate S, actuated by a gear or ratched wheel, by electro-magnets,
piston rods, or even by manual labour, in which latter case the various stations
should be notched well, in order that the moulds or holes might correspond
exactly with the axis of P.

page_text: We have specified this mode of feeding as very simple, though any other
mode may also be applicable, that, for instance, illustrated at Sheet 4.
When the beam is employed, and the substance to be compressed is fed,
either by hand or otherwise, we may use the well-known punching machine of
coppersmiths, fitted so far from the beamas to keep stationary, notwithstanding
the motion of the latter. It suffices to put a wedge between the beam and
the head of the punchholder for this, and consequently the puncheon itself
being operated by the beam, the bigger the wedge the longer the run of the
puncheon is, and thereby any compression may be obtained. Thus, conveying
of the moulds by a plate which brings them successively to theirproperposition,
previous feeding, compression, and at the same time on another point driving
out of the compressed articles; such a succession of operations constitute the
whole improved system, the rest being liable to be infinitely modified.
In the machines with two opposite puncheons that we are about to describe,
either of the two implements is the compresser, and the other drives the
moulded materials out (Sheet 4), which constitutes the chief feature of the
Invention. For this sort of machines we shall give as specimen, a percussion
machine, yet a slow compression machine may answer the purpose as well.
P, at Sheet 4, is a compressing puncheon, set upon a sledge M; P', driving
puncheon; M, sledge hammer, intended to strike violently against the
material to be compressed; D, mould(stationary, though a plate is applicable,
as in Sheet 3); S, bed plate supporting the puncheon P'; L, lever for raising
or lowering the puncheon P; R, box containing the materials to be com-
pressed; T,distributing box and hammer or lump-driver; f,hole for admitting
the supply at D; d, head, cast with T, for driving the moulded article out of
the mould; X,stop contrivance; B,rod for raising the compressing hammer;
C, cam for raising the same; n, cam for working the distributing box T; Z,
working rods of the same; 2, working cam of the lever L, which is supposed
to come down again by its own weight, (the cam may, if requisite, force it
down.) The cam G having raised sufficiently the rod B, and consequently the
hammer M, the latter will go down and strike by its puncheon P, the material
dropped from the distributing box, which material will be compressed; the
cam C will raise B; in the meantime the cam q will raise the lever L, .which
itself will lift the lower puncheon P', and the latter drives out of D the
moulded article. At the time the upper part of P is level to the upper
surface of D, the box T, actuated by the cam n, will drive the moulded article
out of the hole D, and then advance near enough for its hole f filled with
materials passing over D; but at the same instant L will rapidly descend and
clear the space of the hole D, where the materials brought by f will drop.

page_text: The box Tafter performing its office withdraws itself back, and the puncheon P
lowers down and compresses, and so forth. To stop the machine, the rope is
pulled, and the stop-piece X, meeting a groove cut out into B, prevents the
lowering of the rod B and also of M.
It is evident that any other arrangements of the cams, levers, &c. is
applicable, that the sledge hammer above described might well be substituted
for any other suitable contrivance. The chief and essential parts are the two
puncheons working into D, and also the distributing box T made to answer
two purposes. We shall yet describe some more Figures to state the diversity
of forms and of the accessory parts that may be congruous to the same
principle.
In Sheet 5, a piston K imparts the steam pressure to a beam B that
imparts the same to P; P compresses at D, and is raised up again by K,
whilst P¹ drives the compressed material out. This apparatus, which we have
represented operated by manual labour for great compressing works, may be
made self-acting, as those above described. The beam B or the piston rod
may carry a heavy weight which the piston will lift, and this weight, added
or not to the traction of the piston, will increase the compressing power of P.
At Sheet 6, P & P¹ are acting the same part; the steam piston carries through
the punch-carrying rack Ca gear wheel E, which sets in motion a fly wheel V.
Hence it ensues, that at the time P is going down, the fly wheel V shall, by
a great emission of steam from the distribution box of the cylinder, be set in
a rapid rotatory motion, which will increase very much the compressing
power of P. The piston and its appendage should be made very heavy, in
order to partly compensate the rapid rotation of the fly wheel at the rising of
P. The distribution is to be controled so as the piston may work slowly
during its ascending stroke and very quickly towards the end of its descent;
the gear wheels too and the rotation axes should be very strong.
We have
described this application of the fly wheel to compression machines, as being
a very fit substitute for the beam with spherical ends. We wish it to be
understood that we do not confine ourselves to the mere application of our
system to the compression and moulding of metallic sponges,dusts, filings, &c.,
but intend to apply it to the compression of any metals, and any other
substances, viz., the reduction of ores, the moulding of clays, &c.; and
specially we claim the application of our machines to the stamping of railway
carriage wheels, tires, &c.
At Sheet 7. A is a cylinder for admitting steam; B, a piston; C, a piston
rod; D, racks, the length of which is equal to that of the piston stroke; E, E,

page_text: two pinions gearing into the rack; F, F, two fly wheels, keyed upon the
same shaft as the pinions and operated by them; G, guide of the rod; H, a
puncheon for stamping railway carriage wheels; I, anvil; J, J, framework;
K, L, M, N, O, P, successive forms and shapes that a tire assumes after
being repeatedly submitted to the action of the stamping apparatus. We
shall describe, as specimen, the stamping of an iron band to be converted
into a tire for railway carriage wheels. The bar or band, previously cut to
a suitable length, is so welded as to present a determinate diameter, and
being afterwards heated to a suitable temperature, is submitted to one or
more compressions till it has attained the desired shape. This operation is
evidently distinct from all others till now specified, which consist in rolling or
stamping by percussion, and we trust that a slow strong compression may
successfully be substituted for them; thereby also such cracks are prevented
which are often produced by percussion. Here, again, we do not confine
ourselves to the exclusive use of such or such an apparatus, only depending
upon the principle which consists in the compression itself without any motion
of the piece, of which the Figure shows sufficiently the various successive
forms.
Amongst the means that we deem fittest we shall specify an hydraulic
press, represented at Fig. 9 (Sheet 8). A is a cylinder, the piston P of
which is worked at its upper part by the induction of a stream of steam
or compressed gas. The extension of the rod B forms the piston of a
forcing pump C, which at the starting time forces into the press D) the water
it contained. The descending stroke of the piston F is effected by its own
weight after the expansive fluid that had been sent into the cylinder A is
evolved. The water press, with compressed air chamber, as represented at
Fig. 10, Sheet S, serves to explain the whole system. Water or any liquid
is forced into the air chamber R, for the purpose of storing up into the said
chamber, provided with one or more tubes, a considerable quantity of motive
power; thus by any suitable means we inject into the recipient R any liquid
for the purpose of compressing violently the air or gas contained in its upper
part. When the desired pressure is attained, we open a cock Z, in connexion
with the press chamber P; the liquid compressed by the air contained in the
recipient will pass into P, and raise the piston P' of the press in a regular
way, and with a speed proportionate to the issue left by the cock z. When
this pressure is effected, the cock (valve,screw, &c.) is closed, and an eduction
hole is opened, so that the liquid injected into l' drops into a tank B, from
hence returning into the forcing pump P, F,; this pump may, at will, be

page_text: continuous or intermittent. Our system consists, then, in storing up into a
recipient a considerable quantity of motive power, to be made use of at will,
in order to produce regular and rapid motion. One single air chamber,
simple, or consisting of several recipients, may suffice to feed all the presses
in the works, each press baving, if desired, its particular recipient. When
the means of generating gases are more perfect, these may be employed for
compressing the liquid and force it under the press pistons. Supposing a last
pressure of 200 atmospheres is required, a gas may be compressed into the
chamber R-to-such a degree, that the liquid being once-injected-into P the
pressure may be at R of 200 atmospheres at least. But as resistance ever
is in the beginning far inferior to that met in the end of the operation, several
recipients might be used, into which tension should be established on a
progressive scale; the first recipient having, for instance, the power to lift
the press piston and appendage; the second, having the necessary power to
effect the quarter of the desired pressure; the third, half; the fourth, three-
quarters; and the last, which is supposed to be under no less pressure than
200 atmospheres, would effect the rest, or the whole pressure. The number
of these recipients thus progressively charged is unlimited. They may be
provided with safety valves and pressure gauges. These recipients or accu-
mulators of motive power may be used as mere regulators. In hydraulic
presses, commonly used, water is directly injected from the barrel or chamber
into the presses, but the tossings that result from this method are the chief
cause of many accidents and breakings. We arrange between the pump
barrel and the body of the press a chamber quite similar to the air regulators
of the forcing pumps commonly used for conveying water in towns and
cities. This intermediate recipient R', Fig. 11, (Sheet 8,) is purposed to
regulate the action of the pump,and prevent the tossings that result from the
alternate motion of the injection pumps. We intend to apply these contrivances
to all water presses.
Having thus described the nature of our Invention, and the manner in
which the same is or may be carried into effect, we wish it to be distinctly
understood that we do not confine ourselves to the precise details herein
described, as such may be varied or modified without departing from the
principle of action thereof; likewise we do not confine ourselves to the strict
figure or form of any apparatus or portions of apparatus herein described; but
we claim as new and of our Invention,―
First, the compression of ores, metallic sponges, and other bodies, for the
purpose of obtaining a considerable reduction in their bulk, thereby-prè--

page_text: serving the products; and causing them to assume determined.forms, as herein
specified.
Second, the means, above-specified, of obtaining the said compression.
In witness whereof, we, the said Alfred Louis Stanislas Chenot and
Eugène Charles Adrien Chenot, have hereunto set our hand and
seal, this Fourth day of July, in the year of our Lord One thousand
eight hundred and fifty-six.
A. L. S. CHENOT. (L.S.)
E. C. A. CHENOT. (L.S.)