IMPROVEMENTS IN COLOURING AND ORNAMENTING GLASS, PORCELAIN, EARTHENWARE, AND OTHER CERAMIC SUBSTANCES."
Year: 1857

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Jules Joseph Henri Brianchon, of Paris, in the
Empire of France, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN COLOURING
AND ORNAMENTING GLASS, PORCELAIN, EARTHENWARE, AND OTHER CERAMIC
SUBSTANCES."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Jules Joseph Henri
Brianchon at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his
Petition, on the 8th July 1857.
1, JULES JOSEPH HENRI BRIANCHON, of Paris, in the Empire of France,
do. hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN COLOURING, AND ORNAMENTING GLASS, PORCELAIN, EARTHENWARE, AND OTHER
CERAMIC SUBSTANCES," to be as follows:-
My Invention has for its object to impart to ceramic substances the colour
of gold & coloured mother-of-pearl, the variegated and changing reflections of
shells, of all kinds of minerals, and of the optical prism.
It consists in the preparation and use of chemical products, which par-
ticularly apply to English hard porcelain, crockery, and earthenware, glass
and crystal ware of all sorts. These products cause these ceramic substances,
when submitted (according to their nature), to the heat of a suitable furnace
or oven, to that of a mufile furnace, or to a less heat, to possess a splendour
and metallic brilliancy comparable to that of mirrors, and of such solidity
that the colours have the appearance of being under enamel. The chemical
products, composed principally of carburets of hydrogen and of metallic.
salts, are used to coat the ceramic substances on glazings, and serve to form
thereon the ground and decorations of all sorts.

page_text: The process, by the aid of which I obtain these results is divided into two
parts: Firstly, the preparation of the flux; secondly, the preparation of the
colouring matters. These latter, once obtained, are added in variable pro-
portions to the flux, and thus produce a great variety of tints. The fluxes
which serve to glaze metallic salts and oxides are the salts of bismuth and of
lead; the first is preferable, as it undergoes the high temperatures much
better than the other, and without altering their preparation to serve for fluxes,
is the same. I take 10 parts (by weight) of nitrate of bismuth powdered,
30 parts of rosin, and 75 parts of essence of lavender, or any other essence
which does not cause a precipitation in the mixture, with which I proceed as
follows I put the 30 parts of rosin into a capsule resting in a bath of sand,
heated gradually, and in proportion as it melts I pour in the 10 parts of
nitrate of bismuth a little at a time, and continually stirring it, in order to in-
corporate the two substances as soon as, and according as the mixture begins to
brown, I pour in 40 parts of the essence of lavender, and continue to agitate
the whole, in order to make these substances mix well together, and to obtain
a solution of them. The capsule is then withdrawn from its sand bath, and
gradually cooled, it is then that the remaining 35 parts of essence of lavender
are added, and after which allowed to cool for some hours. The metallic salts
and oxides which assist in forming the colouring matters, are salts of platina,
silver, palladium, rhodium, iridium, antimony, tin, uranium, zinc, cobalt,
chrome, copper, iron, nickel, manganese, &c., &c., and sometimes salts of gold
also, in order to produce in the latter case either the rich tints of shells, or the
reflections of the prism.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed 2
by the said Jules Joseph Henri Brianchon in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 6th January 1858.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JULES
JOSPEH JENRI BRIANCHON, of Paris, in the Empire of France, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters 3
l'atent, bearing date the Eighth day of July, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven, in the twenty-first year of Her reign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
Jules Joseph Henri Brianchon, Her special licence that I, the said Jules
Joseph Henri Brianchon, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such 3
others as I, the said Jules Joseph Henri Brianchon, my executors, adminis-

page_text: trators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to
time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and
lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN COLOURING AND ORNAMENTING GLASS, PORCELAIN,
EARTHENWARE, AND OTHER CERAMIC SUBSTANCES," upon the condition (amongst
others) that I, the said Jules Joseph Henri Brianchon, my executors or
administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of
their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature
of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed,
and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the late of the said Letters
Patent.
.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the sail Jules Joseph Henri Brianchon, do
hereby declare the nature of niy said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement (that is to say):-
My Invention has for its object, to impart to ceramic substances the colour
of gold, white and coloured mother-of-pearl, the variegated and changing
reflections of shells, of all kinds of minerals, and of the optical prism. It
consists in the preparation and use of chemical products, which particularly
apply to English chinaware, porcelain, earthenware, glass and crystal ware of
all sorts. These products cause these ceramic substances, when submitted
(according to their nature) to the heat of a suitable furnace or oven, to that
of a muflle furnace, or it may be to a less heat, to possess a splendour and
metallic brilliancy comparable to that of mirrors, and of such solidity that the
colours have the appearance of being under enamel. The chemical products
composed principally of carburets of hydrogen and of metallic salts, are used
to coat the ceramic substances on glazings or varnish, and serve to form
thereon the groundwork and the decorations of all sorts.
The process, by the aid of which I obtain these results, is divided into two
parts:-First, the preparation of the fluxes; secondly, the preparation of the
colouring matters. These latter once obtained are added in variable pro-
portions to the fluxes, and thus produce a great variety of tints. The fluxes
which serve to glaze metallic salts and oxides are salts of bismuth and of
lead; the first are preferable, as they undergo high temperatures much better
than the others, and without altering, their preparation to serve for fluxes is
the saine. I take ten parts (in weight) of nitrate of bismuth, thirty parts of
resin, and seventy-five parts of essence of lavender, or any other essence which

page_text: does not cause any precipitation in the mixture, with which I proceed as
follows:-
I put the thirty parts of resin into a capsulo resting in a bath of sand,
heated gradually, and in proportion as it melts I pour in the ten parts of nitrate
of bismuth a little at a time, and stir it continually, in order to incorporate
the two substances; as soon as, and according as the mixture begins to brown,
1 pour in forty parts of the essence of lavender, and continue to agitate the
whole, in order to make these substances mix well together, and to obtain a
solution of tliem. The capsule is then withdrawn from its sand bath and
gradually cooled, it is then that the remaining thirty-five parts of essence of
lavender are added, and after which the whole is allowed to cool for some
hours. The metallic salts and oxides which assist in forming the colouring
matters, are salts of platina, silver, palladium, rhodium, irridium, antimony,
tin, uranium, zinc, cobalt, chrome, copper, iron, nickel, manganese, &c., and
sometinies salts of gold also, in order to produce in the latter case either the
rich tints of shells, or the reflections of the prism.
The colouring matters are thus obtained:-
First colouring matter, yellow.-Thirty parts of common resin are dissolved
in a capsule heated by a bath of sand, when the common resin is on the point
of melting ten parts of nitrate of uranium are added, and while stirring, I
add from thirty-five to forty parts of essence of lavender. When the liquid
matter has been rendered suitably homogeneous by stirring, the capsule is
withdrawn from the fire, and from thirty to thirty-five parts of essence of
lavender are again added. This colouring matter mixed in equal parts with
the flux of bismuth, and applied on the object with a brush, furnishes a
preparation, which, after baking, gives a brilliant yellow tint.
Second colouring matter, orange red.-It is made by melting fifteen parts
of common resin, and adding, after fusion, fifteen parts of nitrate of iron, and
eighteen parts of essence of lavender at the same time. These additions are
made by a little at a time; taking care to stir it; on the mixture becoming
homogeneous, it is withdrawn from the fire, and as soon as it is a little cooled
twenty parts of essence of lavender are added. This colouring matter mixed
with the flux in proportions equal to two-fifths, or one-third, or other
intermediate proportions of its weight, furnishes a preparation, which, after
baking, gives a red, orange, or nankin colour, and all the intermediate tints
according to the proportion of flux employed.
Third colouring matter, imitation of gold. It is made by mixing the two
preparations indicated above, putting two or three parts of the preparation of
uranium for one part of preparation of iron. It is by mixing the two pre-

page_text: parations that a metallic colour is produced, which, after baking, imitates the
various tints of polished gold.
or
Fourth colouring matter, variegated colours of the prism.-Ammoniuret or
cyanuret of gold, and of mercury, or ioduret of gold, gold dye is added;
these auriferous compositions, mixed with essence of turpentine, are pounded
on a pallet, so as to form a paste, which is allowed to dry, in order to be
repounded when mixed with essence of lavender. This done, one, two, three,
and up to ten parts of flux prepared with bismuth are added to one part of the
auriferous product, by spreading it with a brush on the moulded and baked
paste, and by covering it with solution of uranium, darker or lighter, and more
or less variegated tints are obtained.
All these preparations mix well together; they can also be applied the one
above the other, and when so applied with a brush on the objects, they always
furnish, after baking, varied colours and shades.
Mother-of-pearl tints are more easily obtained on crystal and on glass than
on chinaware. For this purpose the flux of bismuth is mixed with flux of
lead, and sometimes chloride of antimony mixed in resin is added. The
essence of lavender employed in all the preparations may be replaced by any
other essence which does not precipitate substances with which it may be
mixed. In the same way the common resin may be replaced by colophany,
or any other resin. In the application of the preparations, which is done with
a brush, care should be taken to avoid laying them on in too thin or too thick
coats, which would produce too pale or too dark tints; it is important that
dust be prevented from accumulating on the coated objects.
Having described the nature of my Invention, and the manner of per-
forming the same, I declare that what 1 claim as the Invention to be
protected by the herein-before in part recited Letters Patent, is, the application
to all chinaware, earthenware, glass, and crystal ware, &c., of an unalterable
coating or coatings, giving coloured and variegated reflections, such coating or
coatings being prepared with metallic fluxes and colouring matters, as herein-
before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Jules Joseph Henri Brianchon, have
hereunto set my hand and seal, this Fourth day of January, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight.
DDHAGULONT
J. J. H. BRIANCHON. (..)