Improvements in Apparatus for Heating, Evaporating, Distilling, and Condensing.
Year: 1895

page_text: Date of Application, 7th Feb., 1895
Complete Specification Left, 7th Nov., 1895-Accepted, 21st Dec., 1895
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Apparatus for Heating, Evaporating, Distilling,
and Condensing.
I, FRANCISCUS HENDRICUS EYDMAN of 161 Rotterdamsche Weg Delft,
Holland Chemical Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention to
be as follows:-
:-
The principal objects of my invention are to maintain the efficiency of the inner
and the outer surfaces of the tubes used in heating evaporating distilling and
condensing apparatus. In such apparatus as heretofore made wherein tubes are
arranged and where for instance the sugar juice is passed through vertical tubes
and the steam for boiling it is outside the same it has been found on the one
hand that solid deposits are formed in the tubes which detract from the heating
efficiency of the tube walls so that the latter require frequent cleaning out, and
on the other hand the steam which condenses on the outside of the tubes runs down
the same and covers what should be clean efficient heating surface with a film of
water increasing in thickness towards the lower end of the tubes and thus inter-
posing a nonconductor between the steam and the outer surface of the tube. The
same takes place in surface condensers where rows of tubes are superposed and
where the film of water formed on the outside of the tubes goes on increasing in
thickness on the tubes towards the bottom of the apparatus.
Then again in apparatus such as that of Jelinck manufactured by Skoda in Pilsen
where the steam passes inside the tubes and the liquid to be evaporated is on the
outside the outer surfaces become coated with a solid deposit and the needed
frequent cleaning is a difficult operation.
More recently in the so-called Yaryan apparatus described in Patent Specifi-
cation 14162 of 1886 the juice to be evaporated is squirted into tubes in such
manner that the juice forms a film inside the tube leaving a central space for
vapour escaping from the juice; as a thin film of juice is thus operated upon, a
more concentrated action takes place but in consequence the solid deposit on the
interior of the tube also takes place in a stronger degree; the juice and the
vapours then pass together out of the tubes into a separating chamber. The
formation of a watery film of increasing thickness on the outside of the tubes
constitutes also in this case a serious defect as it detracts from the efficiency of the
heating surface.
Lastly in surface condensers for steam engines and for other purposes the same
accumulation of water takes place on the outside of the tubes.
Now according to my invention I prevent the clogging or deposit of sedimentary
matter in the inner surfaces of the tubes by imparting to the juice or other liquid
so great a velocity as to prevent nearly or wholly (according to the speed adopted)
such clogging or deposit while the evaporation is not allowed to take place in the
tubes but on the exit therefrom in an evaporating chamber. Further I provide
troughs, gutters or channels underneath each row of tubes for the purpose of
catching the condense water running off from the outer surface of same; and by
preference I provide means for guiding, collecting or directing the drops of water
from the tubes into the troughs. In one form I use loopshaped wires passed over
the tubes and with their ends hanging down in the troughs. Each set of troughs
thus collects the condense water of one row, and prevents the water from dropping

page_text: upon the next lower row or rows. The troughs may be made separate or a number
of them formed out of one corrugated strip of sheet metal.
The aforesaid evaporating chamber may be of various forms, according to the
purpose in view.
With brine and other liquids which form crystals while evaporating the apparatus
may be made with sides sloping downwards and inwards and be provided with a
rotating helix in the bottom for collecting and conveying the crystals to the front
where a slowly working rotary or other pumping apparatus is provided for
taking it off. The circulation of the brine may be produced for instance by a
centrifugal pump.
In order to apply the apparatus to a very extended multiple effect utilization of
the steam I produce the highest possible vacuum in the last boiler or element by
the use of a powerful surface condenser constructed as described, in combination
with a dry air pump.
To prevent loss of juice and priming I employ a safety apparatus consisting of
layers of corrugated or coiled wire cloth with meshes of different sizes, the
corrugations in the various layers being arranged crosswise to each other; this
wire cloth takes up the whole space above the boiling liquid up to the outlet for
the vapours.
The tubes used in my apparatus are by preference of relatively small diameter.
The troughs or gutters and the guide appliances for the condense water may be
applied to existing heating, evaporating, distilling and condensing apparatus.
Dated this 7th day of February 1895.
JENSEN & SON,
77 Chancery Lane, London, W.C., Patent Agents.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Apparatus for Heating, Evaporating, Distilling
and Condensing.
I, FRANCISCUS HENDRICUS EYDMAN of 161 Rotterdamsche Weg, Delft,
Holland, Chemical Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention
and in what manner the same is to be performed to be particularly described
and ascertained in and by the following statement :-
The principal objects of my invention are to maintain the efficiency of the inner
and the outer surfaces of the tubes used in heating, evaporating, distilling and
condensing apparatus. In such apparatus as heretofore made, wherein tubes are
arranged and where for instance sugar juice is passed through vertical tubes, and
the steam for boiling it is outside the same, it has been found on the one hand that
solid deposits are formed in the tubes which detract from the heating efficiency of
the tube walls so that the latter require frequent cleaning out, and on the other
hand the steam which condenses on the outside of the tubes runs down the same
and covers what should be clean efficient heating surface with a film of water
increasing in thickness towards the lower end of the tubes and thus interposing a
non-conductor between the steam and the outer surface of the tube. The same
takes place in surface condensers where many rows of tubes are superposed and
where the film of water formed on the outside of the tubes goes on increasing in
thickness on the tube towards the bottom of the apparatus.
Then again in apparatus such as that of Jelinek manufactured by Skoda in
Pilsen where the steam passes inside the tubes and the liquid to be evaporated is on
the outside, the outer surfaces become coated with a solid deposit, and the needed
frequent cleaning is a difficult operation.
More recently in the so-called Yaryan apparatus described in Patent Speci-
fication 14162 of 1886, the juice to be evaporated is squirted into tubes in such

page_text: manner that the juice forms a film inside the tube, leaving a central space for
vapour escaping from the juice; as a thin film of juice is thus operated upon, a
more concentrated action takes place, but in consequence the solid deposit on the
interior of the tube also takes place in a stronger degree, the juice and the vapours
then pass together out of the tube into a separating chamber. The formation of
a watery film of increasing thickness on the outside of the tubes constitutes
also in this case a serious defect as it detracts from the efficiency of the heating
surface.
Lastly in surface condensers for steam engines and for other purposes the same
accumulation of water takes place on the outside of the tubes.
Now according to my invention I prevent the clogging or deposit of sedimentary
matter on the inner surfaces of the tubes by imparting to the juice or other liquid
a velocity so largely in excess of what has heretofore been usual as to prevent
nearly or wholly (according to the degree of high speed adopted) such clogging or
deposit while the evaporation is not allowed to take place in the tubes which always
run full, the liquid being under some pressure but on the exit therefrom in an
evaporating chamber. A convenient speed for the juice or other liquid is from
5 to 10 feet per second. Further I provide troughs, gutters, flat sheets or channels
underneath each row of tubes for the purpose of catching the water of condensation
running off from the outer surface of same; and by preference I provide means
for gathering the film of water into drops and for guiding collecting or directing
the drops of water from the tubes into the troughs.
In one form shewn in the side view Fig. 1 and the vertical cross section Fig. 2
I use loop shaped wires a passed over the tubes band with their ends hanging down
in the troughs c.
Each set of troughs c thus collects the water of condensation of
one row of tubes and prevents the water from dropping upon the next lower row
or rows. The troughs may be made separate or as shewn a number of them
formed out of one corrugated strip of sheet metal.
Fig. 3 shews another form where the tubes are provided with thin flanges a
that extend down into the troughs c.
Fig. 4 shews yet another form in which the tubes bare provided with helical
flanges a.
The aforesaid evaporating chamber may be of various forms according to the
purpose in view.
Fig. 5 is a part sectional end elevation and Fig. 6 a part sectional side elevation
of a boiling and evaporating apparatus constructed according to my invention and
suitable for brine and other liquids which form deposits or crystals while evaporating.
A and A' are the heaters provided with tubes and water of condensation collecting
troughs as already described. The body or shell of the evaporating chamber B is
as an example made with sides sloping downwards and inwards and provided with
a rotating helix d in the bottom for collecting and conveying the crystals or
sediments to the front where a slowly working rotary or other pumping apparatus e
is provided for taking it off continuously. The circulation of the brine may be
produced for instance by circulating pipes f° and a centrifugal pump f. The
vapour passes off at k, it may be to another part of a multiple effect apparatus. In
order to apply the apparatus to a very extended multiple effect utilization of the
steam I produce the highest possible vacuum in the last boiler or element by the
use of a powerful surface condenser constructed as described, in combination with
a dry air pump. To prevent priming and loss of juice 1 employ a safety apparatus
consisting of layers g of corrugated or coiled wire cloth with meshes of different sizes,
the corrugations in the various layers being arranged crosswise to each other as
shewn; this wire cloth takes up.
the whole space above the boiling liquid up to the
outlet h for the vapour. Atf is provided a self acting valve which maintains the
required pressure to prevent evaporation in the tubes. The pipe A* conveys steam
to the heater A from a steam generator, or vapour from a previous multiple effect
boiling and evaporating apparatus.
Fig. 7 is a vertical longitudinal and Fig. 8 a vertical transverse section through

page_text: a form of boiling and evaporating apparatus for liquids which do not deposit
anything during evaporation the apparatus being in one structure and of rectangular
plan section. A. is the heater part provided with three sets of tubes (or other
suitable number) with troughs or sheets for water of condensation as described.
Steam from a steam generator, or vapour from a previous multiple effect apparatus
enters the space round the tubes in the said heater_part A, the brine or other
liquid being passed through the tubes by the pump f. The water which is formed
by condensation of the steam (or vapour) upon the tubes and falling into the
troughs previously described is collected into the trap or collector D. The juice
or other liquid after having passed through the tubes to be superheated therein
without evaporating therein is then through the pipe f¹ and the self acting valve f
conveyed into the evaporator C which is provided with layers of corrugated wire g
along its four inner sides as shewn in the lower part and filled with such layers in
its upper part. k is the outlet for the juices, it may be to another part of a
multiple effect apparatus.
As incrustation of the interior tube surface is impossible in my apparatus because
no evaporation is allowed to take place in the tubes, the tubes in my apparatus are
by preference made of relatively small diameter so that I am enabled to obtain a
large heating surface with a small cubic contents of the tubes. The troughs or
sheets or gutters and the guide appliances for the water of condensation may be
applied to existing heating evaporating distilling and condensing apparatus.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what
I claim is :-
1. Apparatus for boiling or heating juice or other liquids consisting of tubes
through which the juice is passed, the outside of said tubes being exposed to the
action of steam or vapour, at a speed at least so high as to completely fill the tubes
and to prevent clogging or solid deposits on the inner surface of the tubes and a
chamber for receiving the juice and where evaporation is allowed to take place as
regulated by a self acting valve and which as required may or may not be provided
with layers of corrugated wire netting or equivalent means for preventing priming,
substantially as set forth.
2. The application and use in connection with tubes, in heating evaporating
distilling and condensing apparatus of troughs or sheets for collecting and carrying
off the water formed by condensation of the steam or vapour on the outer surface
of the tubes and thus improve the efficiency of said outer surface.
3. The application and use in connection with tubes and troughs or sheets as
thirdly claimed of means for gathering the film of water forming on the tubes and
for guiding collecting or directing the drops of water from the tubes into the
trough.
4. The constructions of troughs and drop guides described with reference to
Figs. 1 to 4.
5. The construction of boiling or heating apparatus described with reference to
Figs. 5 and 6.
6. The construction of boiling or heating apparatus described with reference to
Figs. 7 and 8.
Dated this 7th day of November 1895.
JENSEN & SON,
77 Chancery Lane, London, W.C., Patent Agents.