IMPROVEMENTS IN CLOSETS AND APPARATUS FOR COLLECTING AND DISINFECTING FECAL MATTERS AND CONVERTING THE SAME INTO MANURE OR HUMAN GUANO
Year: 1872

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Leos Antoine Badin, of New Ormond Street, in
the County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, for the Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN CLOSETS AND APPARATUS FOR COLLECTING AND DISINFECTING
FECAL MATTERS AND CONVERTING THE SAME INTO MANURE OR HUMAN
GUANO."
Sealed the 4th March 1873, and dated the 24th December 1872.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Leos Antoine Badin at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 24th December 1872.
I, LEOS ANTOINE BADIN, of New Ormond Street, in the County of
5 Middlesex, Civil Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN CLOSETS AND APPARATUS FOR COLLECTING AND
DISINFECTING FECAL MATTERS AND CONVERTING THE SAME INTO MANURE OR
Human Guano,” to be as follows :-
-
The first part of this Invention relates to improvements in the
0 arrangement and construction of waterclosets for the purpose of pre-

page_text: venting the water (used for washing the pan) from mixing with the
urine and focal or solid matters.
The second part of this Invention relates to improved apparatus for
receiving, treating, and filtering the urine and focal matters as they are
discharged from the watercloset or other source.
Thirdly. In the application of a new chemical solution for the direct
chemical treatment of urine in order to extract the salts (ammoniacal)
which may bo mixed with the solid matters in order to increase the
agricultural value of the manures thus obtained.
Fourthly. In improved arrangements and chemical disposition of 1
apparatus for the purpose of applying this improved system to urinals in
order to treat the urine chemically.
Fifthly. In improved means of preserving the manure when dried
and pulverized, together with improved chemical combinations for fixing
the fertilizing principles which the organic matters contain in order to 1
avoid their destruction, which generally follows by decomposition (caused
by fermentation).
According to my improvements I treat the liquid and solid matters of
human excrements chemically in order at once to precipitate the
ammonia which the liquid portion produces in a moveable or portable ?
cistern or chamber where they are collected, and my Invention also
relates to the further transformation of those two liquid and solid
elements after desiccation into phosphate of lime and salts of ammonia,
results which I obtain by absorbent chemical reaction, thereby imparting
to the manure thus obtained the qualities of farm manure and Peruvian
guano.
In order to obtain this result I employ two special arrangements of
apparatus, together with a third simple apparatus. The first consists of
a chamber provided with water arranged in combination with a night
stool or watercloset where the focal matters are introduced. The second
is a moveable vessel or chamber acting as an absorbent and precipitating
dividing apparatus placed or arranged in a pit or chamber below the
discharge pipe of the closet or apparatus for collecting the matters. The
third apparatus is placed below the second, and receives the liquid
* portion or urine, which filters through by means of a pipe which unites
the two vessels or chambers.

page_text: My improved watercloset or collecting apparatus consists of a vessel
or chamber having a valve actuated by an ordinary rocking lever, the
valve entirely closing the opening of the first upper vessel or chamber
in order to retain the water which is used to wash the pan or upper
3 vessel, which water flows away by a tube or pipe. The joint or connec-
tion of the valve is secured by means of an intermediate plate of lead
in which it is fitted. A second vessel or pan for receiving the foccal
matters and urine is connected below to the first, and its valve is actuated
by similar means to an ordinary watercloset.
The dividing, absorbent, and precipitating apparatus is composed first
of a box, chamber, or vessel by preference of galvanized iron or of lead,
the interior being coated or covered with mineral tar, and capable of
containing from about 12 to 25 gallons. The bottom of this vessel I
prefer to be of a cylindrical form, the top being closed with a lid having
an opening in the centre for the pipe which conducts the focal matters
and urine from the closet above into this vessel below. At the bottom
of the vessel a pipe is fixed for conducting the liquid matter or urine
into a separate vessel or receiver.
A. series of perforated filtering cylinders, tubes, or plates are placed or
arranged in the principal receiving vessel, forming partitions inside of
the said vessel, and a false bottom is combined with the filtering
apparatus; or perforated sheet metal or other material may be fixed
against the partitions facing the lower inlet of the apparatus for the
outlet of the liquids after being filtered, the vessel being arranged so
that the filter may slide in case it should be necessary to withdraw it for
cleaning; or the filtering apparatus may consist of several small perfo-
rated metal or other cylinders, mounted on a metal or other plate, over
an opening at a suitable hight from the base, and connected at the upper
part by a small circle or band of metal; or it may consist of a cylinder
perforated on the surface like the previous ones of thin boards of wood
or metal plates, leaving an opening between the interior partitions of
the vessel, this hollow cylinder being open at both ends; or a cylinder
open at both ends may be employed perforated on the entire surface
with holes similar to the filters previously described, and made of thin
boards of wood or metal plates, leaving an opening between the interior
partitions of the vessel.
These different arrangements of the filtering apparatus may be
amalawod in combination with the nonnising rossal accordino to th

page_text: A funnel containing sulphate of iron is or may be placed under the
apparatus in its use or application to urinals.
The application of the apparatus to waterclosets with water supply is
as follows:-When the user sits down upon the moveable seat of the
watercloset it descends a short distance and opens the valve of the pan,
so that the focal matters and urine fall into a pan or chamber below.
On the user rising the valve closes, and then by lifting a lever or other
contrivance the valve of the vessel below is opened so as to empty the
apparatus and open the supply tap and outlet for water to wash out the
pan above.
The collection of the matters common to waterclosets with or without
water supply is as follows:-When the liquid and solid matters descend
into the vessel or cistern the solid part remains in the centre in a
compact mass, but owing to the atmospheric pressure the liquids pass
(as the solid matters are collecting) through the vertical body or filtering
apparatus containing absorbent chemicals, from which a thick liquid is
discharged, which may be afterwards converted into fertilizing ammonia-
cal salts by evaporation.
In the application of the apparatus to urinals, when the urine falls on
to the sulphate of iron in the central vessel or chamber of the apparatus,
it is decomposed by being saturated by the chemicals, and passes direct
through the mass or body of absorbent chemicals, where it combines
with the acids, and then flows out through the discharge pipe, and passes
into the vessel or recipient below.
By means of my improvements two sorts or qualities of manure may
be obtained, the ammoniacal salts resulting from or produced by the
evaporation of the thick liquids may if required be made (by adding
water) into a liquid manure from 25 to 40 times its original volume,
according to the degree of strength required.
The following is the method of treating or manufacturing manure
from matters collected in the apparatus, as previously described :- _The
thick liquids are first run into a large vessel, then evaporated by means
of steam or otherwise, in order to obtain the fertilizing ammoniacal salts
resulting therefrom. The solid matters are deposited in a mixing
machine, and in order to prevent the fermentation of the organic matters
a quantity of disinfecting powder is added in the proportion of 8 to 16
pints of sulphate of iron and 1 pint of chloride of lime for every 100

page_text: pints of solid matters. The ammoniacal salts resulting by evaporation
of the liquids are submitted to the same operation in the proportion of
16 to 20 pints, or more if required, for every 100 pints of solid matters.
The matters when well mixed up are put in layers, the top of the body of.
manure being tapered, in order that the liquid may drain out if any remains &
therein. Each layer is covered over with 1 pint of chloride of lime or
thereabouts for every 100 pints of solid matter. As soon as the solid
matters are well drained they are made up into the form of bricks, and
piled up similar to ordinary bricks before burning, and when dry they
are crushed and made into powder.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Leos Antoine Badin in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 24th June 1873.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, LEOS
ANTOINE BADIN, of New Ormond Street, in the County of Middlesex,
Civil Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent bearing date the Twenty-fourth day of December, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-two, in the thirty-sixth
year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant
unto me, the said Leos Antoine Badin, Her special license that I, the said
Leos Antoine Badin, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such
others as I, the said Leos Antoine Badin, my executors, administrators,
and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to
time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should
and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of
Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN CLOSETS AND APPARATUS FOR
COLLECTING AND DISINFECTING FOCAL MATTERS AND CONVERTING THE SAME INTO
MANURE OR HUMan Guano," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the
said Leos Antoine Badin, my executors or administrators, by an instrument
in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should

page_text: particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and
in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same.
to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months
next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Leos. Antoine Badin, do hereby..
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same.
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement thereof, that is to say :—
The first part of this Invention relates to improvements in the
arrangement and construction of waterclosets for the purpose of
preventing the water (used for washing the pan) from mixing with the
urine and fœcal or solid matters.
The second part of this Invention relates to improved apparatus for
receiving, treating, and filtering the urine and focal matters as they
are discharged from the watercloset or other source.
Thirdly. In the application of a new chemical solution for the direct
chemical treatment of urine in order to extract the salts (ammoniacal)
which may be mixed with the solid matters in order to increase the
agricultural value of the manures thus obtained.
Fourthly. In improved arrangements and chemical disposition of
apparatus for the purpose of applying this improved system to urinals in
order to treat the urine chemically.
Fifthly. In improved means of preserving the manure when dried
and pulverized, together with improved chemical combinations for
fixing the fertilizing principles which the organic matters contain, in
order to avoid their destruction which generally follows by decomposition.
(caused by fermentation).
According to my improvements I treat the liquid and solid matters
of human excrements chemically in order at once to precipitate the
ammonia (which the liquid portion produces) in a moveable or portable
cistern or chamber, where they are collected, and my Invention also
relates to the further transformation of those two liquid and solid.
elements after desiccation into phosphate of lime and salts of ammonia,”
and potash results, which I obtain by absorbent chemical reaction,
thereby imparting to the manure thus obtained the qualities of farm*
manure and Peruvian guano.
:

page_text: position by means of two iron cramps on each side. On the top of the
second body or apparatus an ordinary rocking lever V and apparatus
is arranged to shut off the first valve when a user sits upon the
moveable seat Y, which when pressed upon puts the rocking lever V
in motion. A second vessel or pan N for receiving the fœecal matters
and urine is connected below to the first, and its valve is actuated by
similar means to an ordinary watercloset. Z is a guide opening and
closing the special pipe for discharging wash water from the upper
pan P.
The dividing, absorbent, and precipitating apparatus is composed, first,
of a box, chamber, or vessel A, by preference of galvanized iron or of
lead, the interior being coated or covered with mineral tar, and capable
of containing from about 12 to 25 gallons. The bottom of this vessel
(which is of a cylindrical form) I prefer to be larger than the top, being
closed with a lid having an opening in the centre for receiving the pipe
which conducts the focal matters and urine from the closet above into
this vessel below. At the bottom of the vessel a pipe is fixed for
conducting the liquid matter or urine into a separate vessel or receiver.
B are a series of perforated filtering cylinders, tubes, or plates of
metal, which are placed or arranged in the principal receiving vessel,
forming partitions with spaces between them inside of the vessel A, a
false bottom being arranged and combined with the filtering apparatus.
Or cylinders perforated as shown at B', B³, or perforated sheet metal or
other material may be fixed or arranged against the partitions facing
the lower inlet of the apparatus for the outlet of the liquids after being
filtered, the vessel being arranged so that the filter may slide in case it
should be necessary to withdraw it for cleaning. Or the filtering
apparatus may consist of several small perforated metal or other
cylinders B mounted on a metal or other plate over an opening at a
suitable height from the base, and connected at the upper part by a
small circle or band of metal. Or it may consist of a cylinder B*
perforated on the surface like the previous ones, composed of thin
boards of wood or metal plates leaving an opening between the interior
partitions of the vessel, this hollow cylinder being open at both ends.
Or a cylinder B³ open at both ends may be employed, perforated on
the entire surface with small holes similar to the filters previously
described, and made of thin boards of wood or metal plates, leaving an
opening between the interior partitions of the vessel.

page_text: These different arrangements of the filtering apparatus may be
employed in combination with the receiving vessel, according to the
particular circumstances of the case where the foecal matters are being
collected, certain cases requiring more or less rapidity of action or
filtration.
The filtering apparatuses are either lined with lead, galvanized iron,
or coated with tar when they are constructed of metal, and the part
which is attached to the vessel A is also lined with lead or coated
with tar.
The filtering apparatus G is charged with layers of waste vegetable
or other matters, and chemical absorbents composed of alternate layers
of such matters, and sulphate of iron or other chemical salts up to the
top of the filtering vessels B¹ to B³.
The vegetable waste or other matters for waterclosets are first
saturated with a chemical solution in the following proportions or
thereabouts, viz., sulphuric acid 4 to 8 pints, sulphate of iron 24 pints,
water from 68 to 70 pints.
When the quantity of acid is increased beyond 4 pints then the water
is diminished in the same proportion to the addition of acid in order to
bring the solution to the same relative proportion of 100 parts.
The chemical solution employed in carrying out my improvements
when applied to urinals consists of sulphuric acid 15 pints, water
85. pints.
I also employ other chemical agents, such as hydrochloric acid and
nitric acid for some purposes, if required.
The proportions of the solutions above named is governed according to
their specific gravity and the sulphuric acid employed in order to
correspond to sulphuric acid 53°.
A central, conical, or cylindrical vessel or chamber D constructed of
metal or thin wood is placed in the filtering apparatus to retain the
absorbent chemical matters, the conical or cylindrical part being used
for receiving the solid fœecal matters when the apparatus is applied to
waterclosets, or a vessel containing sulphate of iron or powdered
chemical salts when the system is applied to urinals.
The central conical or cylindrical vessel is perforated on its surface
with small holes, and is about one half the capacity of the outer vessel.
The solid fecal matters are thus retained in the centre of the apparatus.

page_text: When the apparatus is applied to urinals the part or space E is
reserved for the solid matters, and is lined with sulphate of iron. F is a
pipe to conduct the filtered liquid to vessel j below.
A funnel L containing sulphate of iron is or may be placed under the
apparatus in its use or application to urinals.
G is the cover of the vessel A for closing the apparatus; H, being a
slide in the outlet pipe of the apparatus. The end of the moveable pipe
is so arranged as to enable the apparatus to be withdrawn with ease
when full, and to ascertain when it is full during the time the matters
are being collected.
The pipe I conveys the focal matters downwards from the closet into
the apparatus A. The moveable vessel J contains an acid solution of
about 12 to 16 pints, into which the filtered liquid runs in order to form
uric acid.
K is a vault constructed so as to hold the whole system of apparatus ;
the spout or funnel L containing sulphate of. iron salts is placed under
the apparatus A. in its use or application to urinals.
The application of the apparatus to waterclosets with water supply is
as follows:-When the user sits down upon the moveable seat of the
watercloset it descends a short distance, and opens the valve of the pan,
so that the focal matters and urine fall into a pan or chamber below.
On the user rising the valve closes, and then by lifting a lever or other
contrivance the valve of the vessel below is opened so as to empty the
apparatus, and open the supply tap and outlet for water to wash out the
pan above.
The collection of the matters common to waterclosets with or without
water supply is as follows:-When the liquid and solid matters descend
into the vessel or cistern the solid part remains in the centre in a com-
pact mass, but owing to the atmospheric pressure the liquids pass
gradually (as the solid matters are collecting) through the vertical body
or filtering apparatus containing absorbent chemicals, from which a
thick liquid is discharged which may be afterwards converted into
fertilizing ammoniacal salts by evaporation.
In the application of the apparatus to urinals when the urine falls on to
the sulphate of iron in the central vessel or chamber of the apparatus it
is decomposed by being saturated by the chemicals, and passes direct

page_text: through the mass or body of absorbent chemicals where it combines with
the acids, and then flows out through the discharge pipe, and passes into
the vessel or recipient below to form uric acid, as in the arrangement
previously described as applied to waterclosets.
The vessel containing sulphate of iron is replaced by a fresh one when
its chemical action is exhausted.
By means of my improvements two sorts or qualities of manure may
be obtained, the ammoniacal salts resulting from or produced by the
evaporation of the thick liquids, or uric acid may if required be made
(by adding water) into a liquid manure from 25 to 40 times its original
volume, according to the degree of strength required.
The following is the method of treating or manufacturing manure
in accordance with my Invention from the matters collected in the
apparatus as previously described:-The thick liquids are first run into
a large vessel, then evaporated by means of steam or other convenient
means employed in the manufacture of salt or of sulphate of ammonia,
in order to obtain the fertilizing and ammoniacal salts resulting there-
from. The solid matters are introduced into a mixing or grinding
machine, and in order to prevent the fermentation of the organic
matters a quantity of disinfecting powder or salts is added in the pro-
portion of 8 to 16 pints of sulphate of iron and 1 pint of chloride of lime
for every 100 piuts of solid matters. The ammoniacal salts resulting
from the evaporation of the liquids are submitted to the same operation
in the proportion of 16 to 20 pints or more if required for every 100
pints of solid matters. The focal matters when well mixed are put up in
layers in a heap, the top of the heap of manure being tapered in order that
the liquid may drain out if any remains therein. Each layer is covered
over with 1 pint of chloride of lime or thereabouts for every 100 pints
of solid matter. As soon as the solid matters are well drained they are
made up into the form of bricks, and piled up similar to ordinary
bricks before burning, and when dry they are broken up, crushed, and
pulverized, or made into powder by any suitable mechanical means, as is
well understood.
After the last operation the manufactured manure is by preference put
into sacks of about one hundredweight for sale or use.
Having thus fully described the nature of my Invention, and the
manner of performing or carrying the same into practice, I would have

page_text: 1
it understood that I do not confine myself to the exact details herein-
before described and represented in the Drawing, as the same may be
considerably varied without departing from the spirit of my Invention;
but what I claim is,―
First. The improved combination, arrangement, and construction of
waterclosets and apparatus whereby the water employed for washing out
the pan is prevented from mixing with the urine and focal or solid
matter deposited therein, substantially in the manner and for the
purpose herein-before described and shown in the Drawing hereunto
annexed.
Secondly. I claim the improved method of converting the focal
matters obtained by filtration of urine and chemical reaction or treatment
combined with absorbent materials into manure, substantially in the
manner herein-before described, whereby I am able to treat the fluid
sewage matters direct by separating the same completely from the solid
matters.
Thirdly. I claim the application of my improvements to public or
private urinals, substantially as herein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Leos Antoine Badin, have here-
unto set my hand and seal, this Eighteenth day of June, in
the year of our Lord One thousand cight hundred and seventy-
three
matters.
Thirdly. I claim the application of my improvements to public or
private urinals, substantially as herein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Leos Antoine Badin, have here-
unto set my hand and seal, this Eighteenth day of June, in
the year of our Lord One thousand cight hundred and seventy-
throo
Witness,
EDWARD C. T. BLAKE,
34, Southampton Buildings,
Chancery Lane,
W.C.
L. A. BADIN. (L.S.)

page_text: First receptacle of water closet
Second ditto
Plate in which valve is fixed
Pan for wash water.
Filter or perforations for water to flow away throug
Outlet pipe for wash water
Valve to retain and prevent wash. water from
mixing with urine and faecal matters
Cock to admit water for washing the pan
Cock to cut off noxious gases from sewer
Frame to support rocking lever of valve
Rocking lever
Moveable seat to put rocking lever in motion