IMPROVED MECHANISM FOR REDUCING, GRINDING, AND SIFTING BARK, SUGAR, COFFEE, SEEDS, AND OTHER SUBSTANCES
Year: 1848

page_text: HEBERT'S SPECIFICATION.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, LUKE
HEBERT, of Ryde, in the Isle of Wight, Civil Engineer, send greeting..
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria; by Hor
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Eighth day of
February, One thousand eight hundred and forty-eight, in the eleventh year
of Her reign, did, for Herself, Ier heirs and successors, give and grant
unto me, the said Luke Hebert, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
Her especial license, full power, sole privilege and authority, that I, the
said Luke Hebert, ny executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others
as I, the said Luke Hebert, my executors, administrators, or assigns, should
at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
during the term of years therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-
Tweed, my Invention of "IMPROVED MECHANISM FOR REDUCING, GRINDING,
AND SIFTING BARK, SUGAR, COFFEE, SEEDS, AND OTHER SUBSTANCES;" in which said
Letters, Patent is contained a proviso that I; the said Luke Herbert, shall cause
n particular description of the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner.
the same is to be performed, by an instrument in writing under my hand and
seal, to be enrolled in Her said Majesty's. High Court of Chancery within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said in part recited
Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being thereunto had, will
more fully and at large appear,

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, 1, the said
Luke Hebert, do hereby declare that the nature of my Invention, and
the manner in which the same is to be performed, are fully described and
ascertained in and by the following statement thereof, reference being had
to the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the figures and letters marked 5
thereon, that is to say :-
"
My improved grinders for comminuting coffee, seeds, &c. are represented on
Sheet A. Fig. 1 is the revolving grinder., a is a metallic "core," containing
only the coarser grooves, from about a sixteenth to a quarter of an inch in
depth; and b, a flat ring containing the fine grooves. Fig. 2 shews the sta- 1
c, with its ring d, provided with grooves
tionary grinder, consisting of a "case
like those on the revolving grinder, but crossing them at the proper angle
when in action. e is the feed hole. The grooves in both grinders may be
like those in ordinary mills. The core case and rings are made separately,
and joined into the forms represented by screwing or other means. Fig. 3 is 1
a short cylinder for holding the stationary grinder, and fixing it to the frame
of the mill. Fig. 4 is a diametrical section of the grinders in a working
position. is a screw; g, a nut fixing the ring to the core; and h, the axis.
a bolt passing
Fig. 5 shews the frame of the mill with the front removed.
through the nut, core, and axis, and after extracting which the revolving
The core and case
grinder may be withdrawn to the end of the frame.
may be cylindrical, conical, or parabolic, or partaking of those forms. The
grinders may be of wrought or cast iron, or both, and be hardened as usual.
My improvements in the ordinary "conical" mills consist,―
First, in making the core of such dimensions that when new and adjusted
in the case in a working position it shall project beyond the grinding surface
of the eduction end of the case in such a degree that after the mill shall have
been recut the core shall, when replaced in a working position, continue to
Thus a
project beyond the grinding surface of the eduction end of the case.
considerable space may be kept in reserve on the core for fine grooves, and
the mill may be repeatedly recut before the core shall have advanced so far
inwards as to have ceased to grind against the grinding surface of the eduction
end of the case. In the diametrical section, Fig. 6, a exemplifies a projecting
core, and 6 the case.
Secondly, in making the bearing or support of the smaller end of the core
not at the extremity of but within the core, thereby admitting the smaller
end of the core to be shortened, and preserve an ample space for the feed.
Examples of inside bearings are given at c in Figs. 6 and 7.
Thirdly, in making the core or case, or both, partly of wrought and part of

page_text: cast iron, which is exemplified at Fig. 7. The portions a, a, containing the
coarser grooves are of cast iron, and the portions b, b, containing the finer
grooves are wrought-iron rings, fitted to the cast iron by turning and
screwing.
Fourthly, in fixing wrought-iron conical grinders a, a, into and over cast.
iron forms, as exemplified in the section, Fig 3.
Fig. 9 represents a machine combining a conical mill and a sifting machine
on one horizontal axis. a, a, are the grinders; b, the axis; c, c, adjustable
brushes; d, a balf cylinder of wire gauze, shewn on a reduced scale inside the
drawer at e, to save space. The brushes have their tufts placed in oblique rows,
as shown by the plan of a stock at a, which sweep the ground material obliquely
over the wire gauze into the compartments of the drawer e, f, g.
Figure 10 explains an improved mode of mounting grinders. a is a box
or frame; b, a bar across it; d, an adjusting step supporting the axis e; f, the
running grinder; ġ, the hopper; h, the stationary grinder; i, à bearing to
the axis; and j, a winch; k, k, are fly nuts fastening the hopper to the box.
Thus the hopper and stationary grinder are removeable in one piece by
undoing the fastenings k, k, leaving the running grinder perfectly detached.
Fig. 11 exemplifies the mode of mounting applied to a mill with flat grinders.
By prolonging the axis several inches below the running grinder, and fixing
the bar o suitably low, a horizontal wire gauze disc may be fixed above the
bar, and brushes be attached to the axis or revolving grinder.
Fig. 12 represents a machine for sifting and reducing tea and other
substances. B is a hopper; b, a feeding worm; c, a conical sieve of wire
gauze, revolving on an axis d; and supported by arms at è, e; f, g, are knives,
one projecting inside, and the other outside, and parallel with the sieve, which
is at this part of coarse texture (for instance, three holes to the lineal inch):
The knives are made in pairs, as separately shown, and are fixed to a piece of
wood h, represented in Fig. 18, and attached to the frame i, i. As the sifter
revolves the fine tea is sifted away, and at length the coarse leaves arrive
opposite to the knives by which they are broken, and enter the drawer. j. In
the place of knives, pieces of coarse wire gauze may be used, to break the
leaves, and a stiff brush may be employed at k to keep the sifter free from
adhering leaves:
Fig. 14 shews another machine for sifting and reducing tea. a, a, iş a
wooden frame; b, a hopper; c, an inclined flat sieve, suspended at each side
to the top of the frame by pieces of canvas, and hanging loosely over a pin d
at the upper end. To the lower end of the sieve is fixed a bar 6, the two ends
of which are curved, as shewn in the separate Figure above. On the shelf f

page_text: is one of my patent tea mills 9, (consisting of a system of cavities, as described
in the Specification of my English Patent, dated 19th January, 1843,) and on.
its axis, at each side of the mill, is fixed a cam h, having each four arms.
The arms are not placed opposite to each other, but so as to cause their whole
number, eight, to act in regular succession at every revolution of the axis, and
give an alternating action to the bar e, striking it upwards and sideways
simultaneously, and at each end alternately. This agitation causes the tea to
run over the sieve, the small passing through it, and the large to be thrown
into the mill and broken.
:
Figs. 15 to 25 explain the construction of some improved sieves revolving or
vibrating on horizontal or inclined axis. Figs. 15 to 18 represent transverso
sections of sieves with flat sides. They may be prisms, frustrated pyramids,
parallopipeds, &c.
Figure 15 is a hexagonal sieve in a box a a, which divides at b, either
portion receiving the product. c is the axis. The aperture for charging and dis-
charging may be at one end or side of the sieve. Fig. 19 represents a section
of an elliptical sieve. The ends may be equal or unequal. Fig. 20 is a
longitudinal section of a cylindrical sieve a. b, b, are slips or blades of metal
or rather suitable material, fastened edgewise against the internal surface of the
sieve, and inclined at an acute angle to its axis. The slips may form either a
continuous helical blade (see Fig. 21), or they may be arranged in detached
portions. In either case they cause the material, as the cylinder revolves to bo
propelled along it. Fig. 22 exemplifies a mode of attaching slips. d is
a thin slip of (for instance): lead, fastened on one side to the inside of the sieve,
and having on the other side direction slips soldered to it.
Sheet B is explanatory of my improved mortars and pestles. Fig. 1 exhibits
a longitudinal section; Fig. 2, a transverse section; and Fig. 3, a plan of a
crushing mortar for reducing spice, meat, and other substances. à, a, are
sides to contain the material under operation. 6 is a curved bottom, composed
of parallel grooves. c is the pestle, with teeth or edges entering into the
grooves. Pestles may have grooves cut, across their teeth. The form of the
teeth may also differ (see Fig. 4). from the grooves in the mortar. Figs. 5 to
10 exemplify some different forms of grooves. In Fig. 11 a bar a serves as a
fulcrum when placed at b. The handle of the pestle passes through the hole e.
Fig. 12 exemplifies a mortar and pestle, with grooves on a portion of their
working surfaces. One end of a mortar may be curved, as exemplified at a,
and a fulcrum may be placed at b. Fig. 13 exemplifies a mortar and rolling
pestle, shewn in plan at Figs. 14 and 15. Figs. 16, 17, 18 are.-similar views.
of another example. Mortars may have moveable or shifting bottoms or sides.

page_text: Flat or other surfaces, grooved, and without sides, may be used, with pestles or
instruments containing edges. The grooves in the receptacles or surfaces
may cross each other, sometimes with advantage. It is also proposed to
work pestles, &c. by machinery, and to attach them to horizontal or other
levers. These machines may be made of iron, Wedgwood ware, or any other
suitable material.
:
:
Fig. 19 explains a mode of making compound mortars of metal and alloys.
Inside an iron mortar or form a I fix by solder or other means another
mortar or shell b, made of alloy (gun metal for instance); and as strength is.
afforded by the cast iron, a considerable saving is effected in the weight of the
gun metal employed. The internal mortar should, if intended to be fixed by
solder, be cast so much smaller than the external one as to leave a space
between them for sufficient solder to be run in between their surfaces, as
indicated by the white or uncolored space between the yellow and the blue
colors. Attention should be paid to prepare the surfaces for receiving the
solder, and to permit the escape of the air.
Fig. 20 exhibits a section of a circular, mortar for pounding and levigating
substances. The bottom, instead of being concave, or nearly flat, has in 'the'
centre at a a peak or prominence, forming, with the sides b, b, a circular raco
or hollow path, to which the pestle c nearly conforms, and wherein it rotates..
I propose to make mortars of this and of the ordinary kind, and pestles with
fine grooves or indentations on their working surfaces, to produce increased
attrition.
:
Fig. 21 illustrates a mode of increasing the efficacy of edge stones. à, a;
are the edge stones, turning on their axis b, which is secured to the vertical
shaft c, the lower end of which passes through the bed d of the mill, and has
appended to it a series of weights e, e, by which the pressure upon the material
may be increased and varied; or a steel-yard, as shewn in dotted lines, may be
used. This improvement is applicable to rollers, balls, or other bodies turning
on axes, and used for grinding different substances..
Fig. 22 represents a transverse section, and Fig. 23 a plan, of a spice
grater.a is.a metallic cylinder, preferred of sheet steel. or tinned iron, and
suitably punched or otherwise prepared for grating... 6 is its axis; c, a winch ;
d, a plate of any suitable form connected with the plate, e by the ends f, f. A
handle is fixed at g, or in any other convenient situation.. The material is
introduced at h, and reduced by turning the cylinder.
Sheet C. Fig. 1 represents a section of a machine for reducing roots and
other substances.. a, a, is a cylindrical chamber secured to a frame or stand.
bbc, an, aperture;, and d, an axis, to which is fixed a circular.gratere,.. and

page_text: a fly wheel and winch f; 9, a screw turning in the nut h; i, a winch; and
j, a flat disc. The disc being at æ, the material is introduced through the
door a', which is then fastened. The grater is then caused to revolve, and the
flat disc is propelled towards it by turning the screw. The material is thus
continually pressed against the grater, and as it is reduced falls through the !
aperture c into a receptacle. The grater may be formed of punched iron
plate, fixed to a disc of wood. A modification of this machine consists in
fixing the grater in the place of the disc j, and thereby causing it to simulta-
neously revolve and advance against the material. The grater should in this
case have openings right through it, to allow the material to pass, and cutting
edges on each side, so as to operate both in advancing and returning. The
lower half of the cylinder should have sufficient apertures to let the material
pass freely.
.
In Fig. 2 the screw a and the rasper 6 alone revolve, thereby causing
the cylinder to advance and recede from the revolving rasper by means of the
fixed nut g. The cylinder is supported by and slides upon two rods c, which
form the ties to the upper part of the frame d, d. e is one of two tie rods
which support the receptacle f.
a, a, is a case or
Fig. 8 represents a raw-sugar mill in vertical section.
frame; b, b, are two iron sides of a hopper connected by the ends c, and the
lower parts. of which have a series of apertures d, d, through which a series of
breaking arms e, a, pass; f is their axis, supported in bearings at each end;
g is a semicylindrical coarse wire gauze sieve on a frame h; i is an axis;
having at each end a cross carrier j; k, k, are bars of wood, carrying through-
out their length a row of steel wires 1, l. A bar and wire are shewn on a
larger scale in section at Fig. 4, and elevation at Fig. 5. Each wire is bent,
as represented, so as to form two. They are fastened at the bends by pins, and
by the angular plate m, the front of which is removed in Fig. 5. The bars k
are rounded, to prevent the wires from being bent at an angle, and taking a
"set." The axes fand i may be actuated by cog wheels, or a band and
riggers. The sugar is broken up by the arms e, e, and falls on to the sieve,
whence it is combed or brushed through into the drawer n. The entire machine
may be taken off the drawer frame, and placed over another recipient, after
withdrawing the pins o, o.
- Fig. 6 represents another sugar mill in vertical section. a is a hopper;
b, a cylindrical case; c, c, rings fixed thereto, and having projecting arms d, d;
as shewn in Fig. 7, in plan; not arranged, however, under each other in
vertical lines, but so as all to occupy intermediate equidistant positions in plan.
is a frame carrying a wire gauze sieve; i, i, are whalebone or wire brushes;

page_text: which, with the arms h, h, which radiate so as to show the 20 arms in plan, are
fixed to the axis 9, and may be actuated by mitre geer at f.
Having now given a particular description of the nature of my said Inven❤
tion, and in what manner the same is to be performed, I desire it. to be'
distinctly understood that my improved mechanism may be considerably
varied without departing from the principles of my Invention; but my claims
to originality do especially consist in the following points, namely:-
"
1. The construction of grinders of the form explained by Figs. 1 and 2 on
Sheet A, with the variations in form mentioned, or any others maintaining the
characteristic configurations of a "core" and "case," each having at one
end a flat grinding ring projecting from its periphery at right angles to and
concentric with its axis.
2. The making of "projecting cores" and "inside bearings" to "conical
mills, as explained.
3. The application of wrought-iron rings for the fine grooves to cast-iron
conical mills.
4. The fixing wrought-iron conical grinders into and over cast-iron forms. -
5. The combination of any conical mill, or of the grinders referred to in
the first claim or point above mentioned, and a sifting machine on the same
horizontal axis.
6. The mode of mounting grinders of any kind in a vertical mill, explained
by Figs. 10 and 11 on Sheet A, and with or without a horizontal sifting
machine on the same axis.
7. The machine explained by Figs. 12 and 13, Sheet A.
.:
8. The combination of a shaking sieve with my tea mill patented in 1843.
9. The mode of agitating a sieve vertically and laterally, explained in the
description of Fig. 14, Sheet A.
10. The construction of sieves with flat sides, and of elliptical sieves revolv
ing or vibrating on horizontal or inclined axes.
11. The application of "direction slips or blades" to the internal surface
of any sieve revolving on a horizontal or inclined axis.
12. The construction of any mortar or recipient containing grooves, and any
pestle or instrument containing edges entering the said grooves, and operating
by percussion and rubbing, for reducing any substance.
13. The making of compound metallic mortars of any kind, explained with
reference to Fig. 19, Sheet B.
14. The making of a prominence or peak in the centre of any mortar in
which a pestle is used for pounding and levigating.
15. The mode exemplified of increasing and varying the pressure of edge
'stones. &c.

page_text: 16. The making of hand graters of the kind explained with reference to
Figs. 22 and 23, Sheet B; also the making of graters in sheet steel.
17. The pressing of succulent roots and other substances against a revolving
grater or cutter, or the grater or cutter against the substances, by means of a
screw or screws, exemplified in Figs. 1 and 2, Sheet C.
18. The helical arrangement of breaking arms working through racks, and
the use of iron or steel wire brushes, in the mode explained by Figures 3 and
4 in a raw sugar mill. See Sheet C.
19. The combination of breakers and of a sifting machine on a vertical
axis for reducing raw sugar.
In witness that this is a true Specification of my Invention, I,.the said
Luke Hebert, have. hereunto set my hand and seal, this Fifth day
of August, in the year One thousand eight hundred and forty-eight..
LUKE (L.s.) HEBERT.
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the same Fifth day of August, in
the year above mentioned, the aforesaid, Luke Hebert came before our
Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification
aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained, in form above written.
And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according to the tenor of
the Statute in that case made and provided.
Inrolled the Seventh day of August, in the year above written.