Improvements in Apparatus for Reproducing Type Faces.
Year: 1898

page_text: Date of Application, 4th Oct., 1898
Complete Specification Left 4th July, 1899-Accepted. 30th Sept., 1899
Date of Application, I TOO
Complete Specification Left 4th July, 1899-Accepted. 30th Sept., 1899
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Apparatus for Reproducing Type Faces.
We, WILLIAM HENRY LOCK, Manager and Secretary of The Linotype Company
Limited, of No. 188, Fleet Street, in the City of London, and MARK BARR, of
The Linotype Works, Broadheath, in the County of Chester Electrician, do
hereby declare the nature of our invention to be as follows:-
The present invention relates to improvements in apparatus for reproducing
the face of a type on a larger scale, and the object of it is to provide for the
elimination of the sources of error which are present in the apparatus hitherto
used for that purpose.
Perhaps the most perfect apparatus of the kind is
the one described in the Specification of Letters Patent 23397 of 1896. In that,
the face of the type and the tracing surface on which it is to be projected, are
combined with a microscope, a camera lucida and two compound slides, the type
face being dealt with by fractional areas of it, the several areas being projected
in series. But there are several drawbacks to the process, and they appear to
be inherent. The position of the tracer's head is an important factor in the
result, and it is impossible for him to maintain that position constant.
each projection has been traced, both the compound slides must be moved and
there is a chance of error with each motion. The projection is often imperfectly
defined and consequently incorrectly traced. Those three causes tend to prevent
a perfect delincation of the face being obtained.
After
In carrying the present invention into effect, there is provided a compound
vertical slide which carries the projection surface in such a way that the latter
can be moved vertically and horizontally. This projection surface is preferably
a photographic plate or a roll of sensitised paper held in a suitable holder so
that it can be traversed past a given point. It is supported inside a pair of
gimbal rings at one end of the apparatus and the type is held in a vice inside
the inner one of a pair of gimbal rings at the opposite end. The type vice is
held to a vertical plate from which it projects towards the projection surface.
This plate is capable of sliding in a suitable guide in any direction in its own
plane. The outer gimbal rings of the two pairs are connected by horizontal
rods which pass through the inner gimbal ring of a third pair supported by a
frame capable of being adjusted on the base of the apparatus in any desired
position on a line between the first and second pair. The rods form a lever
and the third pair of gimbal rings an adjustable fulcrum for it, while the first
and second pair provide for the type face and the projection surface being main-
tained parallel with each other throughout the traversing motion described
further on.
The lens system consists of a compound microscope with a projection ocular
in combination with a secondary magnifying system aligned therewith and
capable of optical adjustment. Between the projection surface and the micro-
scope, there is a long funnel or a pair of suitable diaphragms adapted to cut a
large annulus off from the cone of rays, so that only the rays which pass through
the central portion of the lens system, get to the projection surface,

page_text: That surface is traversed past the type face with the same motion as the table
of a planing machine is moved. Any suitable and well known mechanism may
be adapted for the purpose. The one next described may be depended on.
The projection surface is made fast to a plate capable of sliding across an under
plate which is moved longitudinally along a base by means of a traversing screw
turning in bearings on the latter and gearing with a nut on the under plate.
This screw carries a worm wheel at its outer end and which is engaged by a
pair of worms on a rocking frame, alternately. The engagement of one of the
worms will traverse the under plate for a distance equal to the width of the
type face, when that worm is thrown out of gear and the other one thrown in
during the time that the top plate has been moved by a star wheel device, trans-
versely, so as to get a lower or higher portion or band of the type face on a
level with the lens axis.
The projection plate and the type face move past the lens system, but they
move in opposite directions, the plate being moved at right angles with that
direction at the ends of each motion. But the two plate and face-move in
opposite directions because they are at opposite end of the lever with the fulcrum
between them. If the optical system is such as to cast an inverted image, the
fulcrum of the lever is between the plate and the type face. If, on the other hand,
it is such as to cast an erect image, the fulcrum is placed beyond the type face
and the projection surface and type plate will then move in the same direction
along the bases of similar triangles.
'
Dated this 1st day of October 1898.
CHAS. S. WOODROFFE,
Agent for the Applicants."
уротасев.
We, WILLIAM HENRY LOCK, Manager and Secretary of The Linotype Company
Limited, of No. 188, Fleet Street, in the City of London, and MARK BARR, of
The Linotype Works, Broadheath, in the County of Chester, Engineer, do hereby
declare the nature of our invention and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement:-
The present invention relates to improvements in apparatus for reproducing
the face of a type on a larger scale, and the object of it is to provide for the
elimination of the sources of error which are present in the apparatus hitherto
used for that purpose. Perhaps the most perfect apparatus of the kind is the one
described in the Specification of British Letters Patent 23397 of 1896. In that
the face of the type and the tracing surface on which it is to be projected, are
combined with a microscope, a camera lucida and two compound slides, the type
face being dealt with by fractional areas of it, the several areas being projected
in series. But there are several drawbacks to the process, and they appear to
be inherent. The position of the tracer's head is an important factor in the
result, and it is impossible for him to maintain that position constant.
each projection has been traced, both the compound slides must be moved and
there is a chance of error with each motion. The projection is often imperfectly
defined and consequently incorrectly traced. These three causes tend to prevent
a perfect delineation of the face being obtained.
After
The said invention consists in the combination of a photographic projection
surface; a device for carrying in a plané parallel with the said surface the type

page_text: face to be reproduced; means for moving them past each other gradually in
sections along a grid-iron line; and an adjustable optical system between the
said projection surface and the type face adapted to project the latter upon the
former gradually by sections of it.
Referring to the accompanying drawings which are to be taken as part of
this Specification and read therewith,
Figure 1 is a sectional side elevation of the complete apparatus :
Figure 2, a plan corresponding therewith:
Figure 3, a transverse vertical section on the line 3-3 of Figures 1 and 2,
looking from the left:
Figure 4, a detail side elevation on an enlarged scale, of the worm gear for
traversing the projection surface:
Figure 5, a transverse vertical section on the line 5-5 of Figures 1 and 2,
looking from the right:
Figure 6, an elevation of the left end of Figures 1 and 2;
Figure 7, a diagram of the optical system;
Figures 8 and 9, diagrams of the projection surface and the type face respec-
tively, and illustrate the process of projection;
Figure 10, a sectional side elevation of a modified form of apparatus, omitting
the camera:
Figure 11, a vertical section on the line 11-11 of Figure 10, looking to the
right:
1
Figure 12, a detail of the left hand ball joint of the lever:
Figure 13, a detail sectional side elevation on an enlarged scale of the right
hand ball joint of the lever and the type carrier; and
Figure 14, a side elevation of Figure 13, looking at it from the left hand.
1 is the bed plate of the apparatus. 2 is a standard capable of a transverse
motion across the bed plate 1 by the engagement of a dovetailed foot 4 in a
double V-groove 3 which extends across the said bed plate. 5 is the projection
surface. It is represented as a continuous band of paper carried on a pair of
Eastman's rollers 6, 6-see Figures 1 and 7. This paper must be sensitive to
the photographic action of light. These rollers have their bearings in pieces 7, 7,
projecting inwardly from a gimbal ring 8, the inner one of a pair. This ring 8
is fast to a block 9 capable of vertical motion up or down the standard 2 by
virtue of a dovetailed tenon 10 fast on its back and engaging in a double
V-groove 11 in the said standard. The mechanism by which both standard 2
and block 9 are moved is described further on. 12 is the outer gimbal ring of the
pair above mentioned. 13 is the type to be reproduced. It is held in a vice 14
supported by the inner ring 15 of a pair of gimbal rings. 16 is a vertical plate
having the vice 14 fast to it and projecting from it in the direction of the
projection surface 5. Obviously the type 13 is held in the said vice 14 with its
face looking towards and parallel with the said projection surface 5. The
plate 16 is capable of sliding in any direction in its own plane in a slot 17 in
a standard 18 fixed to the respective end of the bed plate 1. 19 is an opening
in the side of the standard 18 between the plate 16 and the type 13 for the
body of the vice 14. to pass through and move as required. 20 is the outer
gimbal ring of the last mentioned pair. 21, 21, 21, 21 are four symmetrically
placed lugs on the ring 20 and projecting radially therefrom. 22, 22, 22, 22
are four correspondingly positioned lugs on the gimbal ring 12, respectively
opposite to the four lugs 21. The two rings 12 and 20 are connected by four
rods 23, the opposite ends of which are respectively made fast to the lugs 21
and 22 as shewn in Figures 1, 2 and 6.
24 is a standard capable of a reciprocating longitudinal motion upon the
bed plate 1 by the engagement of a dovetailed foot 25 in a double V-groove 26.
This standard is provided with suitable means for adjusting its position at any
point along the groove 26. The figures illustrate the use of a screw 27 engaging
the standard 24 and turning with only a rotary motion in fixed bearings, one of

page_text: them in the standard 18 and the other in a standard 28 likewise fast upon
the bed plate 1. 29 is a hand wheel to turn the screw 27. 30 is the outer and
31 the inner of a third pair of gimbal rings which is supported in the top of the
standard 24 as shewn best in Figure 3. The rods 23 engage with the inner
ring 31 by being passed through lugs 32 projecting radially from its inner
face, as shewn in Figures 1 and 3. Operatively, the four rods 23 constitute a
lever and the pair of gimbal rings 30 and 31 with the standard 24, an adjustable
fulerum for it; while the first pair 8, 12, and the second pair 15, 20, allow of
the lever ends pivotting upon the block 9 and the vice 14 respectively.
The optical system for projecting the face of the type 13 upon the projection
surface 5 consists of a compound microscope 33 having a projection ocular 34
in combination with a secondary magnifying system 35 aligned there-
with and capable of optical adjustment by means of any suitable
device such as a screw 36 turning only in a bearing 37 on one
half of the secondary magnifying system and engaging in a screw
threaded lug 38 on the other half as shewn in Figures 1, 2 and 7. Between
the projection surface 5 and the secondary magnifying system 35, there is a
funnel 36 presenting its longer diameter to the said surface 5 and its smaller
diameter to the system 35. This funnel is axially aligned with the optical system
above described. 37 is an opaque disc across the smaller end of it and 38 is a
second opaque disc across the larger end of the same funnel. There is a hole 39
through the centre of the disc 37, and one 40, through the centre of the disc 38.
The function of the combination of funnel and perforated discs is to prevent the
outer rays that pass the system 35 reaching the projection surface. This is
effected by the disc 37 cutting off the annulus 41 from the cone of rays that-
proceeds from the system 35, and by the disc 38 cutting off an annulus 42 from
the cone of rays that passes through the hole 39 in the disc 37, the result being that
only those rays that pass through the central portion of the optical system, reach
the projection surface 5 through the hole 40; or, in other words, it is only
the last mentioned rays that effect the image of the face of the type 13 upon the
sensitized paper 5.
74 is a tube to admit light to the prism 75. The entire
optical system is supported by a standard bracket 66 carried by the bed plate 1.
The projection surface 5 must be moved past the face of the type 13.
direction of its motion past that face, must follow a gridiron line, as does the
motion of the table of a planing machine, in order that the said face of the type
may be projected in sections as more fully explained further on with reference to
Figures 7 and 8, instead of en bloc by one inclusive exposure. Any suitable and
well known mechanism may be adapted for the purpose, but the one illustrated in
Figures 1, 2, 4 and 6 may be depended on to give accurate results. 43 is a
traversing screw turning in bearings 44. 44, and gearing in a nut 45 on the
foot 4 of the standard 2. 46 is a worm wheel outside the bed plate 1 and fast on
one end of the screw 43. 48 is a shaft constantly rotated in one direction by any
suitable motor and 49 is a mitre wheel fast thereon. 47 is a block free to rock
The
upon the end of the shaft 48. 50 and 51 are shafts each carrying a worm 52
and 53, one one on each side of the worm wheel 46, and both of the same hand.
The bottom ends of the two shafts 50, 51 turn in bearings in the block 47, while
their outer ends turn in bearings in a bridge piece 54. The block 47, the
two shafts 50, 51, and the bridge piece 54, constitute a frame rocking
on the shaft 48. The angle at which the two shafts 50, 51, stand with reference
to each other, is such that when one of the worms, 52 or 53, is in gear with the
worm wheel 46, the other one is out of gear and vice versa, as illustrated in
Figure 4. 55, 56 are mitre pinions fast on the shafts 50, 51, respectively. They
are both driven by the wheel 49 to keep the two worms 52, 53 constantly rotating
in the same direction, but as the said worms are of the same hand, as already
explained, their engagements with the worm wheel 46 turn it in opposite direc-
tions. The rocking of the frame to engage first one worm and then the other with
the worm wheel 46, may be effected by any suitable means. The one illustrated

page_text: in Figure 4 consists of two magnets 57, 58, having their respective armatures 59,
60 fast on the block 47, and adapted to be alternately energised. No motor to
drive the shaft 48, nor electrical connections to energise the magnets 57, 58,
are shewn, because such devices are per se so well known. 61 is a vertical screw
turning in bearings 62, 63, the former in the foot 4 and the latter on the
standard 2, and therefore travelling with it. It engages in a nut 64 fast on the
tenon 10 of the block 9. The nut projects through a slot 65 in the standard 12.
67 is a star wheel fast on the screw 61. 68, 68 are a pair of fingers to respectively
turn the said star wheel 67 and consequently the screw 61, through the desired
are every other time that the said wheel passes either of them. Each finger 68,
68, is pivotted upon a screw 69, 69. 70, 70 are stop fingers fast to the respec-
tive fingers 68, 68; and 71, 71 are stop pins to stop the respective finger.
72, 72, are springs adapted to hold each finger 68 or 68* in the path of the next
tooth of the star wheel 67 to engage with either of them, and to allow the said
star wheel finger to trip the finger 6S or 68*. Thus, as the standard 2 moves
in the direction of the arrow in Figure 2, the outwardly projecting tooth of the
star wheel 67 will engage the finger 68 then standing in its path. The engage-
ment of the stop finger 70 with the stop pin 71, prevents the finger 68 being
turned on its pivot 69, consequently the star wheel 67 and the screw 61 are
turned accordingly. If the standard 2 had been moving in the opposite direction,
it would have turned the finger 68 upon its pivot 69 against the spring 72.
73 is a spring detent adapted to prevent the star wheel 67 and screw 61 being
turned in the wrong direction.
The projection surface 5 and face of the type 13 move past the optical system,
but they move in opposite directions because they are at the opposite ends of a
lever having its fulcrum between them. Thus, when the process of projection
begins, the bottom right hand corner of the type face is projected upon the top
left hand corner of the projection surface, or the point p upon the point P,-see
Figures 8 and 9 those being oppositely homologous points. One of the worms, 52
or 53, revolves the screw 43 to traverse the projection surface 5 from one side to
the other in order that the bottom portion a of the face of the type 13 shall
be gradually projected and photographed upon the homologous portion A of
the surface 5. When that has been accomplished, the outwardly projecting tooth
of the star wheel 67 engages the respective finger 68 or 684, as the case may be,
and the screw 61 is turned so as to bring the portions and B into focus, and
so on.
76 is a handwheel upon the top of the screw 61 to raise the block 9 to its
original position after a type face has been photographed.
If the optical system is such as to cast an inverted image, the fulcrum of the
lever 23, 23, 23, 23, is between the projection surface 5 and the face of the type 13,
as above described with reference to the accompanying drawings. If, on the other
hand, it is such as to cast an erect image, the said fulcrum is beyond the type;
and the projection surface 5 and plate 16 will then move in the same direction
along the bases of similar triangles.
The modified form of apparatus illustrated in Figures 10 to 14 illustrates this
amongst other things. The four-rod lever 23 of Figures 1 to 9 is replaced by
a single rod lever 23. The left hand end of it is connected to the block 9 of the
standard 2, by a ball and socket joint 77, as shewn in Figures 10 and 12, while
the right hand end of it is connected to the plate 16 by a ball 78 turning in two
cups 79 adjusted in a piece 80 fast to and standing up from the plate 16 as
shewn best in Figures 13 and 14. The fulcrum of the lever 23" is provided by a
ball 81 carried by a bracket 82 fast to and standing up from the standard 18
and fitting within a socket 83 in the lever end between a pair of cones 84, as
shewn best in Figure 13.
The plate 16 has its horizontal motion in either direction in a second plate 85
with which it engages by a projection 86 in its back, a slot 87 in the said
plate 85, and balls and races 87 between the said projection and second plate; and

page_text: its vertical motion in either direction by the engagement of the back of the
plate 85 in a suitable slot 88 in the standard 18, there being likewise balls and
races 89 between the said plate 85 and the standard 18.
The standard 18 is adjustable to and from the standard 2 for the purpose of
adjusting the leverage of the lever 23, by any suitable means, such for instance,
as those described with reference to the standard 24 in Figures 1 to 10; the
left hand end of the said lever being capable of moving freely through the ball
of the ball and socket joint 77, accordingly.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of our said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, we declare that what
we claim is: -
1. The combination of photographic projection surface; vice adapted to carry
a type face in a plane parallel with that of the said projection surface; means
for moving them past each other by sections and an optical system adjustable
between them.
2. The combination of photographic projection surface; pair of gimbal rings
supporting it; standard upon which the said pair of gimbal rings and projection
surface can be moved in either direction vertically; vice adapted to carry a
type face in a plane parallel with that of the said projection surface; a pair
of gimbal rings connected by its inner ring to the vice; a guide for the motion
of the vice; rods constituting a lever fast by their ends to the outer rings of the
two pairs of gimbals above mentioned; a third pair of gimbals serving as a
fulcrum for the said lever by reason of the said rods passing through the inner
ring of it; an adjustable optical system between the said projection surface and
the type face; means for adjusting the position of that fulcrum on the said
lever; means for traversing the said projection surface and type face gradually
past each other horizontally by sections; and automatic means for moving them
past each other vertically for the width of a section when the photographing of
à horizontal section has been completed.
3. The combination of photographic projection surface; vice adapted to carry
a type face in a plane parallel with that of the said projection surface; guide
for the motion of the said vice; an adjustable optical system between the said
projection surface and the type face; lever connected by ball and socket joints
at its ends to the standards of the projection surface and the type vice; ball
and socket connection between the lever and vice; means for adjusting the
leverage of the said lever; means for traversing the said projection surface and
type faces gradually past each other horizontally by sections; and automatic
means for moving them past each other vertically for the width of a section
when the photographing of a horizontal section has been completed.
· ו
411 1
Ր T 1
1000
CHAS. S. WOODROFFE, Fel.Ch. Inst.P.A.,
188, Fleet Street, E.C., Agent for the Applicants.