Year: 1897

page_text: I, SIDNEY JAQUES, of The Ford Paper Works (Limited), Hylton, near Sunderland,
in the County of Durham, Chemist, do hereby declare the nature of this invention
to be as follows:-
My invention relates to the manufacture of paper and has for its object to
improve and so arrange the process of manufacture that the pulp is washed in a
more economical and efficient manner than with processes at present in use, at
the same time by my improved process there is practically no loss of fibre in the
washing, and I am able to effect a great saving in power and in quantity of water
used, and to reduce considerably the amount of bleaching liquor and reagent
necessary for the proper treatment of the pulp; also I present the pulp to the
paper machine in a much purer and more separated or finely divided form than is at
present possible, and without the presence of froth or air bubbles, resulting in a
greatly improved sheet of paper.
According to my invention, after the green pulp has passed the breakers and
cone filter or filters, or other equivalent washing and filtering apparatus, and before
it enters the bleaching potchers, and also after it has passed the potchers and before
passing to the press-pate, reagent tank or sand tables, I subject the pulp to treat-
ment in two or more squeezing or pressing rolls and cone filter or filters the
pulp being fed thereto and conveyed therefrom by suitably arranged travelling
belts, bands or the like. Also after passing the sand tables, and before entering
the press-pate wire and the paper machine wire I may subject the pulp to treatment
in a separator or refiner such as hereinafter described. Again according to my
invention the water from the first combination of filter cone or cones and press rolls,
may be recovered and after settling or treatment with chemicals by either of the
well known methods, can be used over and over again and in a similar manner the
water from the press-pate wire can be re-used with or without chemical treatment
and without the slightest deleterious effect on the green or white half-stuff. It
will thus be seen a great economy in water is effected only a small quantity being
required to make up the loss at the press rolls and cone filter or filters after
bleaching. And as it is almost an impossibility to use too much water in manu-
facturing the pulp the importance of recovering the water will be readily under-
stood.
I will now further describe the improvements in the process and the apparatus
employed.
The pulp or half stuff, as it passes the cone filter or filters or other filtering or
straining machine is conveyed by suitable means such as a travelling belt of cocoa
nut fibre, wire netting or such like porous material to two or more squeezing or
pressing rolls in which the greater part of the water contained in the pulp is
pressed out carrying with it a large percentage of impurities and passes into
a tank or reservoir arranged beneath the rolls, the latter or one of them is or are
provided with enlarged ends or a collar thereat for preventing squeezing out of the
pulp. From the tank the recovered water which contains a certain percentage
of fibre is again returned by means of an adjacently arranged centrifugal pump

page_text: to the cone filter or filters, this pump, besides serving to raise or deliver the water
to the cone filter or filters also acts to separate the fibres contained in the water.
It will thus be seen that between the cone filter or filters and the pressing rolls,
all fibre contained in the water and removed by the press rolls is recovered and at
the same time a very considerable amount of dirt and deleterious matter is removed
by the rolls, the pulp or green stuff proceeding therefrom being very clean in com-
parison with pulp or green stuff when passing to the potchers in the ordinary
process, whilst the drying in the rolls and the application of fresh or settled or
chemically treated water in the potchers or in an intermediate mixing tank does
away entirely with washing by means of the ordinary drum washers in the potchers
and further, the green stuff being more efficiently washed a less quantity of bleach
liquor is required.
After having passed through the potchers and the bleaching accomplished I
again pass the pulp through an arrangement of press rolls similar to those before
described and mounted and operating in a similar manner, they in this case
serving to remove a very large amount of spent bleaching liquid which is run away
to the drain after being filtered through the filter cones together with the filtrate
from the filter cone or cones, the remaining spent bleach liquor and free bleach in
the pulp after passing the rolls being very small indeed.
Further after the pulp has left the last squeezing rolls and before it passes to
the sand tables or after passing the sand tables and before going to the press-pate
machine wire I pass it through an apparatus which may be described as a separator
or refiner. This apparatus consists of a cylindrical vessel having a number of
suitably disposed perforated tranverse partitions with intervening blades or arms,
the latter being mounted upon a suitable shaft and driven in any convenient
manner so as to subject the contained pulp to a separating or beating action.
Suitable means are arranged for the adjustment of the blades or arms at the
proper or desired distance from the said perforated partitions and a number of
longitudinal ribs which may be conveniently formed by angle irons running the
length of the cylinder, are provided and arranged to come just beyond the ends of
the rotary blades or arms.
The pulp at this stage being in a finely separated or divided state is very liable to
froth owing to the presence of air in the water and the beating action of the arms and
to prevent this I provide at the upper part of the cylindrical vessel between each
partition an air relief pipe the whole of which are joined into one main pipe which
is adapted to convey the air water and pulp passing into same back into the mixing
chamber or box from which the refiner is fed, the extremity of the pipe being
arranged below the level of the pulp therein. The pulp is fed from the mixing
box to the refiner through the medium of a tank arranged at a higher level thereby
keeping the refiner constantly full of pulp at a constant head of pressure. A con-
veniently arranged centrifugal pump serves to raise the pulp to the tank which
has an overflow communicating with the base of the mixing box. From the tank
the pulp is syphoned down to the refiner and fed thereinto through a hollow bearing
or suitable pipe or pipes arranged at the end of the cylinder. The pulp passes
through the perforated partitions in the refiner the blades being suitably curved or
inclined to assist the action and force the pulp through the perforations. After
leaving the refiner the pulp enters a regulating feed box or chamber through a
suitably arranged cock or valve whose position is controlled by a float moving with
the level of the pulp in the regulating box the said float being adapted for adjust-
ment; the pulp passes from the said regulating box to the sand tables of the press-
pate and finally to the press-pate wire. The bleached half-stuff is then by ordinary
means conveyed to the beater where the usual ingredients and chemicals are added
and where the fibre (if necessary) is shortened or crushed to the length required,
finally the pulp or paper stock is passed through another refiner and separator of
the kind herein described after which the pulp passes from the said regulating box
to the sand tables or wire of the paper machine.
The extensive wet separation of the fibres and removal of all air contained in the

page_text: pulp by the refiner secures immunity from frothing and the presence of bubbles
and consequently holes in the paper is prevented, and lastly fibre from an inferior
material may be employed with results only inferior to those where the best material
is used, moreover a considerable amount of power is saved in beating and milling,
and a greatly improved sheet of paper is produced.
Improvements in the Manufacture of Paper.
I, SIDNEY JAQUES, of The Ford Paper Works (Limited), Hylton, near Sunderland,
in the County of Durham, Chemist, do hereby declare the nature of this invention
and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following statement:-
My invention relates to the manufacture of paper and has for its object to
improve and so arrange the process of manufacture that the pulp is washed in a
more economical and efficient manner than with processes at present in use, at the
same time by my improved process there is practically no loss of fibre in the
washing, and I am able to effect a great saving in power and in the quantity of
water used and to reduce considerably the amount of bleaching liquor and reagent
necessary for the proper treatment of the pulp; also I present the pulp to the paper
machine in a much purer and more separated or finely divided form than is at
present possible, and without the presence of froth or air bubbles, resulting in a
greatly improved sheet of paper free from all deleterious chemicals.
According to my invention, after the green pulp has passed the retting tanks
and breakers and green knotters or strainers and before it enters the bleaching
potchers, and also after it has passed the potchers and before passing to the press-
pate, reagent tank or sand tables, I subject the pulp to treatment in two or more
squeezing or pressing rolls and cone filter or filters the pulp being fed from the
filter or filters to the rolls and conveyed therefrom by suitably arranged travelling
belts, bands or the like. Also after passing the sand tables and before entering the
press-pate wire and the paper machine wire I subject or may subject the pulp to
treatment in a separator or refiner made as hereinafter described. Again according
to my invention the water from the first combination of filter cone or cones and
press rolls before the potchers may be recovered, and after settling or treatment
with chemicals (by either of the well known methods) it can be used over and over
again. Further by the use of this combination of filter cone or cones or other filter
and press rolls, I am able to use a portion of the said chemically treated and purified
water at the fibre boilers as the last cooling water instead of fresh chemically or
unchemically treated water; the said fresh chemically or unchemically treated
water to be used to make up the loss of the softened and purified water from the
green wash water recovery process and which is used at the grass or fibre boilers
for the cooling water. By these means softened and purified water will be used for
the fibre boilers, and which not only keeps the green wash water recovery process
clean, but further brings about a saving of soda required to cook or boil the fibre
in the boilers.
Again in a similar manner owing to the combination of filter cone or cones
and press rolls after bleaching, which sain combination removes all the by-products
of the hypochlorite of calcium or bleaching powder and antichlor, and which
allows the water from the press-pate wire to be re-used, for instance, in the treatment
of the green stuff before the potchers without the slightest deleterious effect on the

page_text: green or white half stuff. Again owing to the combination of filter cone or cones
and press rolls after bleaching, the back water from the machine or machines
paper
may be used on the press-pate (where the bleached half stuff is to be manufactured
immediately into paper) without any deleterious effect on the half stuff; the back
water from the press-pate after passing through a revolving filter or filters to be
run to the drain. It will thus be seen a great economy in water is effected only a
small quantity being required to make up the loss at the press rolls and cone filter
or filters after bleaching. And as it is almost an impossibility to use too much
water in manufacturing the pulp the importance of recovering the water will be
readily understood.
I will now further describe the improvements in the process and the apparatus
employed in reference to the accompanying drawings in which Fig. 1 shows the
squeezing and pressing rolls and their arrangement in regard to the cone filters and
Fig. 2 shows the construction and arrangement of separator or refiner and connec-
tions. Fig. 3 is a section of the separator on line A-B.
P
Referring to Fig. 1 the pulp or half stuff, as it passes the cone filter or filters
or other filtering or straining machine such as A which is of the usual construction,
is conveyed by suitable means such as a travelling belt B of cocoa nut fibre, wire
netting or such like porous material to two or more squeezing or pressing rolls RR
driven in any convenient manner. In passing between these rolls the greater part
of the water contained in the pulp is pressed out carrying with it a very large
percentage of intercellular matter and other impurities and passes into a tank or
reservoir T arranged beneath the rolls RR, the latter or one of them is or are
provided with enlarged ends or a collar thereat for preventing squeezing out of
the pulp, such an enlarged end is shown at r. The pulp after passing the rolls is
fed by the band B to a stuff chest or the like for the subsequent process of treatment.
From the tank T the recovered water which contains a certain percentage of fibre
is again returned by means of an adjacently arranged centrifugal pump P and
connecting pipest and p to the intake end a of the cone filter or filters A. The pump
besides serving to raise or deliver the water to the cone filter or filters A also acts
to separate the fibres contained in the water by the beating and stirring action of
its vanes. The filtrate from the filter cones A which is practically free from any
trace of fibre but contains a very large quantity of intercellular matter and other
impurities is caught in the tank X and is delivered by suitable pipe or pipes ¹ to
the water softening and purifying apparatus or where desired. It will thus be seen
that between the cone filter or filters A and the pressing rolls R R all fibre contained
in the water and removed by the press rolls is recovered and re-used, and at the same
time a very considerable amount of intercellular and deletrious matter is removed
by the rolls, the pulp or green stuff proceeding therefrom to the potchers being
perfectly clean which can only be attained in ordinary processes at this stage by
the use of very large quantities of water resulting in a great loss of fibre and
increased cost. Again the drying in the rolls RR and the application of fresh,
or settled or chemically treated water in the potchers or in an intermediate mixing
tank does away entirely with washing by means of the ordinary drum washers
in the potchers, and further, the green stuff being efficiently washed a less quantity
of bleach liquor is required.
After having passed through the potchers, and the bleaching accomplished
again pass the pulp through an arrangement of one or more batteries of filter cone
or cones and press rolls similar to those before described and mounted and operating
in a similar manner they in this case serving to remove a very large amount of
spent bleaching liquid which is run away to the drain after being filtered through
the filter cones together with the filtrate from the filter cone or cones, the remaining
spent bleach liquor and free bleach in the pulp after passing the rolls being
entirely removed or very small indeed.
Further after the pulp has left the last squeezing rolls and before it passes to the
sand tables or after passing the sand tables and before going to the press-pate
machine wire I pass it together with all the water usually added before passing

page_text: to the press-pate, through an apparatus which may be described as a separator or
refiner. This apparatus and its connections which are shown in Figs. 2 and 3
consist of a cylindrical vessel C of suitable material and which for ease of inspec-
tion and repair may be made in two halves and secured together by bolts or
otherwise suitably. This vessel C has a number of suitably disposed perforated
transverse partitions D with intervening blades or arms E, the latter being mounted
upon a suitable shaft S and driven in any convenient manner such as by pulley S¹
so as to subject the contained pulp to a separating or beating action. The blades or
arms E may be omitted from the first chamber in the refiner C so that any foreign
substance introduced by the pulp will not result in damage to the apparatus.
The refiner is mounted in a suitable frame such as c and bearings BB are pro-
vided for the shaft S. The boss carrying the arms E is or may be formed in
halves ee and keyed to the shaft as at e¹ and suitable means are provided for the
adjustment of the blades or arms E to the proper or desired distance from the
perforated partitions D, this may be accomplished by making the shaft S adjustable
longitudinally in its bearings B by collars such as H having a locking stud h
engaging the shaft S or depressions therein. A number of longitudinal ribs
which may be conveniently formed by angle irons G running the length of the
cylinder C, are provided and arranged to, come just beyond the ends of the rotary
blades or arms E. It is obvious that the apparatus may be arranged in such manner
that the arms and shaft are fixed while the cylindrical vessel may be revolved by
suitable means.
The pulp at this stage being in a finely separated or divided state is liable to
froth owing to the presence of air in the water and the beating action of the
rotating arms E, to prevent this I provide at the upper part of the cylindrical
vessel C between each partition an air relief pipe i with cleaning caps ¹ the whole
being joined into one main pipe I which has a cock and is adapted to convey the
air water and pulp passing into same back into the mixing chamber or box M
from which the refiner is fed, the extremity of the pipe I is arranged just below the
level of the pulp therein as at 3. The pulp and added water are fed from the mixing
box M to the refiner C through the medium of a tank N arranged at a higher
level thereby keeping the refiner constantly full of pulp at a constant head of
pressure. A conveniently arranged centrifugal pump P¹ connected to the mixing
box M by a pipe m serves to raise the diluted pulp to the tank N by a pipe n, the
tank N has an overflow 0 communicating with the base of the mixing box M.
To provide against overflow an electrical pulp level indicator or the like may be
arranged in the tank N. From the tank N the diluted pulp is syphoned down by
pipe to the refiner and fed thereinto through a hollow bearing or a suitable
pipe or pipes U arranged at the end of the casing C. The diluted pulp passes
through the perforated partitions D in the refiner the blades E being suitably
curved or inclined as shown at e² Fig. 2 to assist the action and force the pulp
through the perforations in the partitions D. After leaving the refiner C the
diluted pulp enters a regulating feed box or chamber K through a suitably arranged
cock or valve V whose position is controlled by a float F moving with the level of
the pulp in the regulating box and connected to the valve by levers 1, and v,
the said float F is adapted for adjustment by weights as at L or otherwise con-
veniently, the diluted pulp passes from the regulating box K to the usual sand
tables of the press-pate or to the press-pate wire. The bleached half stuff is then
by ordinary means conveyed to the beater where the usual ingredients and chemicals
are added and where the fibre (when necessary) is shortened or crushed to the
length required, finally the pulp or paper stock from the paper machine stuff chests
is passed together with all the necessary water (added as usual in the ordinary
mixing box of the paper machine) through another refiner and separator of the
kind and having similar connections to those above described after which the pulp
passes from the said regulating box K to the sand tables or wire of the paper
machine proper. The pulp may in some cases be pumped direct into the

page_text: separator or refiner and out of the same without the intervention of the high level
tank, mixing and regulating boxes described.
The extensive wet separation of the fibre and removal of practically all air
contained in the pulp by the refiner secures immunity from frothing and the
presence of bubbles and consequent holes in the paper is prevented, and lastly fibre
from an inferior material may be employed with results only inferior to those
where the best material is used, moreover a considerable amount of power is saved
in beating and milling, and a greatly improved sheet of paper is produced and
free from all deleterious chemicals.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion, and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
claim is:
-
1. The improved process for the manufacture of paper conducted substantially
as herein before described in connection with the treatment of the pulp previous
to it passing to the paper machine proper.
2. The combination with the ordinary process of paper making of the process
which consists in treating the pulp at the stage or stages mentioned in apparatus
consisting of squeezing or pressing rolls with waste collecting tanks and pump for
returning the residual water and fibre for re-use.
3. The combination with the ordinary process of paper making of the process
which consists in treating the pulp at the stage or stages mentioned in a combina-
tion of cone filter or filters or other equivalent filtering apparatus and squeezing
or pressing rolls substantially as described.
4. The use in the treatment of paper pulp in the manufacture of paper of the
combination of a pair or more of squeezing or pressing rolls R having feeding
bands, residual collecting tank, a centrifugal pump in connection with the latter
and the cone filters or equivalent pulp treating apparatus all arranged and
operating substantially as herein described.
5. The combination with the ordinary process of paper making of the process
which consists in passing the pulp at the stage or stages mentioned through
a separating or refining apparatus consisting of a casing having transverse per-
forated partitions, revolving arms and longitudinal ribs and air and froth relief
pipes.
6. The use in the treatment of paper pulp in the manufacture of paper of a
separating or refining apparatus consisting of a casing having transverse perforated
partitions, revolving arms and longitudinal ribs and air and froth relief pipes
substantially as described.
7. In apparatus for the treatment of paper pulp the combination of the refiner C
having perforated partitions and revolving arms, with mixing tank M, air relief
pipes and I, pump P¹, high level tank N, overflow pipe 0 and syphon or feeding
pipe , outlet pipe, tank K with float and levers and valve V all arranged and
operating substantially as hereinbefore described.
8. In combination with apparatus for the manufacture of paper the use of
apparatus arranged and operating substantially as hereindescribed for the purposes
specified.
Dated the 14th 1
T
1000