CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY, APPARATUS, OR IMPLE- WE HAD WRAVING
Year: 1853

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Vaughan, of Stockport, in the
County of Chester, Gentleman, and John Scattergood, of Heaton
Norris, in the County of Lancaster, Machinist, for the Invention
of "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY, APPARATUS, OR IMPLE-
WE HAD WRAVING"
Scaled the 30th January 1854, and dated the 20th August 1853.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Vaughan
and John Scattergood at the Office of the Commissioners of
Patents, with their Petition, on the 20th August 1853.
We, WILLIAM VAUGHAN, of Stockport, in the County of Chester,
Gentleman, and JOHN SCATTERGOOD, of Heaton Norris, in the County
of Lancaster, Machinist, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY, APPARATUS, OR
IMPLEMENTS FOR WEAVING" to be as follows, that is to say:-
#
It consists, firstly, in a mode of connecting the crank shaft of the
loon with the driving pulley and fly wheel by a peculiar coupling or
friction clutch. This clutch is keyed on the crank shaft, and its
A

page_text: extremities or marginal parts embrace corresponding portions of the
fly wheel or driving pulley, in such manner that their friction of
contact therewith or adhesion thereto is sufficient to effect the neces-
sary rotation of the crank shaft for the purpose of weaving, but in the
event of the loom being suddenly stopped they permit the fly wheel
and pulley to become partially disengaged, and to continue their
rotation for a short period independently of the crank shaft, thereby
mitigating the shock or concussion to which some of the parts of the
loom at such juncture are liable. Secondly, in a mode of commu-
nicating impulse to the picking apparatus by means of spurs or
wipers carried by the sley or sley swords. Thirdly, in imparting
motion to the healds in shedding by the partial rotation in alternate
directions of a shaft extending transversely beneath the healds,
and receiving an oscillating motion by toothed gear and a crank
connection from the crank shaft. Fourthly, in the use of elastic
bands or straps of caoutchouc or caoutchouc web for the purpose
of attaching the heald shafts to the bosses on the heald roller,
the transverse shaft before mentioned, or to the lamins ordinarily
used. Fifthly, in the use of apparatus attached to the loom for the
purpose of applying moisture to the materials in process of being
woven. The apparatus employed consists principally of a trough and
certain rollers, by the combined action whercof a regulated supply of
liquid is applied to the fell of the cloth as the weaving proceeds.
Sixthly, in suspending the cloth beam by clastic bands or straps
formed wholly or partially of caoutchouc. Seventhly, in an improved
arrangement and construction, of parts of the self-acting 'témple,
the principal features of which are that the rollers or cylinders
on which the cloth is received have, in addition to the usual
motion round their own axes, a motion outwards or towards the
selvage of the fabric, and parallel to their axes, for the purpose of
exerting a stretching action upon the cloth, and that the guiding
fingers or directors are furnished with pins, spikes, or protuberances
for retaining the cloth so stretched during the returning or inward
motion of the rollers or cylinders before mentioned.
or on

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said William Vaughan and John Scattergood in the
Great Seal Patent Office on the 18th February 1854.
"L
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we,
WILLIAM VAUGHAN, of Stockport, in the County of Chester, Gentleman,
and JOHN SCATTERGOOD, of Heaton Norris, in the County of Lancaster,
Machinist, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twentieth day of August, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight, hundred and fifty-three, in the seven-
teenth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto us, the said William Vaughan and John Scat-
tergood, Her special license that we, the said William Vaughan
and John Scattergood, our executors, administrators, and assigns, or
such others as we, the said William Vaughan and John Scattergood,
our executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during
the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
"CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY, APPARATUS, OR IMPLEMENTS FOR
WEAVING," upon the condition (amongst others) that we, the said
William Vaughan and John Scattergood, by an instrument in writing
under our hands and seals, or under the hand and seal of one of us,
should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Inven-
tion, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the
same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said William Vaughan and John
Scattergood, do hereby declare the nature of our said Invention, and the
manner in which the same is to be performed, to be particularly described
and ascertained in and by the following statement, in order to the
better understanding of which we have hereunto annexed two sheets
of illustrative Drawings, the figures or views on which, and the
9

page_text: various parts thereof herein-after referred to, are indicated by corre-
sponding letters and figures of reference (that is to say):
The object of this our Invention is the improvement of the power
loom and self-acting temple. Firstly, by a new and improved mode of
attaching the driving pulley and fly wheel to the crank shaft, to the
end that, in the event of the motion of the loom being suddenly
arrested, the fly wheel and driving pulley may be partially disengaged
from their connection with the shaft so as to continue their rotation
for a short interval independently of it, thereby relieving the machine
from the momentum of the fly wheel and driving pulley, and also from
the strain exerted thereon by the driving band. In ordinary power
'looms with fast reeds, if the shuttle from any accidental cause remains
in the shed beyond its allotted time, it is absolutely necessary that all
the movements of the loom should be promptly and suddenly stopped
in order to prevent the breakage and injury of the warp which would
otherwise ensue. This object is thus effected :-An apparatus called a
stop rod is attached to the sley, from which there projects a " tongue" or
finger," which becomes engaged with a stop piece upon the framing
'called the "frog" whenever the former is not lifted clear of the latter
by the pressure of the shuttle in entering the shuttle box. Thus
whenever the shuttle fails to reach the box before the "tongue" of
the stop rod encounters the "frog," the beat up of the sley is instantly
arrested, and at the same time a part of the frog is caused to strike the
spring handle of the loom, and throw the driving strap out of gear. It
is evident that under these conditions the loom is stopped under the
full influence of the momentum of its moving parts, as well as of the
forec applied by the driving strap, and that the latter force is continued
for some time after; that is to say, for an interval equal to about half
a revolution of the crank shaft. The great drawback to this arrange-
ment has been the frequent breakage of various parts of the machine
from the severity of the shock attending the collision between the
moving parts and fixed framing of the loom. The damage and danger
hence arising has had the effect of greatly restricting the speed at
which looms of this construction can be profitably worked, and it is to
remove this defect that the present improvement is designed. It con-

page_text: sists in the following arrangement:-The fly wheel and driving pulley
are placed loose on the crank shaft. They are either cast in one piece
or connected otherwise in such manner as always to revolve together.
The connection between them and the crank shaft is effected through
the medium of an additional piece which we call a "friction clutch."
It is composed of a boss keyed on the crank shaft, from which radiate
two or more arms properly accommodated for the reception of certain
adjustable pieces, the extremities of which are adapted to embrace the
rim or margin of the fly wheel or driving pulley, and are lined with
leather or some similar substance of a nature slightly yielding and
elastic, and easily made by a slight pressure to fit closely and adhere to
the smooth surface of the rim of the wheel: The degree of pressure
with which they are applied is to be so adjusted as to effect such an
amount, and such an amount only, of adhesion as is sufficient to work
the loom so long as its evolutions proceed with due regularity, but at
the same time, in case of the revolution of the crank shaft being sud-
denly arrested by the action of the stop rod, to permit the fly wheel and
pulley to be detached and revolve loosely on the crank shaft until
the driving strap has been shifted from the fast to the loose pulley.
An application of this arrangement is exemplified in Figs. 1, and 2,
on the first Sheet of the Drawings hereunto appended. Fig. 1,
is an elevation view of the fly wheel and pulleys with the fric-
tion clutch attached as they would appear from the side nearest to
the framing of the loom. Fig. 2, is a vertical sectional view through
the middle of the same. a, is a part of the crank shaft; b, b, the fly-
wheel; c, c, the fast or driving pulley, the rim of which is represented
as attached to the arms of the fly-wheel, one boss c', being common to
both; d, d, the loose pulley. The bosses of both these c', ', (Fig. 2)
are bored out to fit the crank shaft, but are not keyed thercon. e, is
the boss of the friction clutch, which is firmly keyed on the shaft by the
key f. From this boss radiate the arms 9, 9, 9, 9, slotted at g': 9', g', g',
and furnished with the projecting parts or lugs g, g, g, g. To these
arms are fitted the adjustable pieces h, k, (two only being shown in the
Drawing). The latter are secured to the arms g, g, by the bolts
k, k, passing through the slots g', g', and are prevented receding from

page_text: the centre by bolts or set screws k, l, attaching them to the lugs g³, g².
The outer extremities of the pieces k, k, are formed as shewn at m, m,
so as to overlap and closely embrace the rim of the fly-wheel b. Their
concave parts are lined, as indicated by the red color in the Drawing,
with some material as before mentioned, of such a nature as to adapt
itself and adhere to the smooth rini of the wheel. We prefer leather
for this purpose, and consider the best mode of inserting it to be as
follows: We perforate the recurved parts or laps m, m, of the pieces
k, k, with small holes, as shown in the Drawings. We then introduce
a lining of sheet gutta-percha which has previously been heated to such
a temperature as to allow a portion of its substance on compression to
penetrate and become embedded in the perforations previously made
for it, and having pressed it firmly into its seat allow it to become fixed
there by cooling. We then attach the inner or leather lining to the
gutta-percha foundation by means of a solution of gutta-percha in coal
naptha, which is commonly used as a cement for such purposes. Other
modes of attaching the leather lining may, however, be resorted to, such
as copper rivets, if preferred. The degree of pressure with which the
parts m, m, are applied to the rim of the wheel is regulated by tighten-
ing or relieving the nuts of the bolts, , the nuts of the bolts, k¹
being previously slackened, if necessary, to facilitate the operation.
This adjustment should be such as to cause the pieces k, k, to adhere
to the rim of the fly-wbeel b, b, with sufficient tenacity to turn the
crank shaft, and thereby to effect the requisite evolutions of the loom.
The application of the driving strap to the driving pulley c, will then
set the machine in operation in the usual manner. If, now, the shuttle
by any accident omit to reach its
"tongue" becomes engaged with the
loom are instantaneously arrested, but
mentum of the sley, fly-wheel, and driving pulley, and the impelling force
of the driving strap, haying to be sustained by the parts of the loom as
usual, the provisions made by this improvement allow the momentum of
the fly-wheel and pulley, and the force of the driving strap, to expend
themselves gradually after the other parts of the loom have been brought
to a state of rest, thus relieving the machine of a large proportion of the
box-in due time, the stop rod
frog," and all the motions of the
instead of the whole of the mo-

page_text: strain and concussion to which it would otherwise be subjected,; and:
consequently permitting the adoption of a higher rate. of speed in.
working it with diminished risk of breakage.
.
Secondly, by obtaining the impulse or projectile force necessary?
to effect the throw of the shuttle from the backward, motion of the:
sley, by causing spurs or friction bowls affixed to the sley or:
sley swords to strike arms projecting from and connected to tlie
picking shafts. Ordinarily the movements of the picking shafts, are.
actuated by cams or wipers, placed on one of the principal shafts of the
loom, and brought by the revolution of such shaft to bear upon &
friction roller or swell, carried on an arm projecting laterally from the
picking shaft, and presented towards the cam. This arm being forced:
back by the impact of the cam or wiper causes a partial revolution. or.
vibration of the shaft round its own axis which effects the pick. In
our arrangement spurs or friction bowls, as before mentioned, are
placed on the sley or sley swords, one at each side of the loom; and'
consequently, in default of some provision to prevent it, each picking
shaft would be acted upon at each recession of the sley. This pro-
vision we make either by causing the arms carried by the picking
shafts to be alternately removed out of the way of their several cor-
responding spurs or friction bowls, or otherwise the spurs or friction
bowls themselves to be alternately presented to the arms by connecting
the movements of the respective parts mentioned, as the case may bc,
with those of an oscillating shaft, to be hereafter described, and which
shaft, having a semi-rotatory motion on its own axis in alternate
directions for the purpose of producing the sheds of the warp, is made
by the same movements to throw the picking apparatus on either side
in and out of gear alternately, changing the parts in action to cor-
respond with the sheds opened.. The application of this part of our
improvements will be more perspicuously explained if described with
reference to the Drawings. In Sheet 2, Fig. 10, represents so much
of the taking-up side of a loom as is necessary to illustrate the present
description. Fig. 11, is a view taken sectionally through the middle
of the loom, looking from the pulley side towards the taking-up side.
The arrangement to which present reference is made is best seen

page_text: in Fig. 11, the opposite view of some of the parts appearing also in
Fig. 10. Premising that m, is a shaft which oscillates or rotates
partially in alternate directions, so as to open one of the sheds of the
warp in each of its extreme positions, as will be herein-after explained,
it is only requisite to shew the mode by which we avail ourselves of its
motion for the purpose now contemplated. b, is the picking shaft,
which by its vibrations effects the jerking radial motion of the picking
stick carried on its upper extremity. On the shaft b, is firmly keyed
or otherwise secured an arın c, carrying a stud c', for the reception of
the boss of the arm d, the two parts being thus connected by a joint on
which the arm d, can play horizontally. The arm d, has also a joint
at d', to allow of its vertical movement, so that it has play in this
direction also.. Its anterior extremity is presented towards the bowl or
spur a, upon the slay sword, and rests on the lower edge of a slot or
opening in the upright bearer e, which slides vertically in the bracket f.
The upright piece e, carries a friction roller or bowl at its foot, which
rests on the periphery of the cam g, carried on the oscillating shaft m.
The form of the cam g, is such that its swell raises the bearer e, when
the shaft m, approaches one of its extreme positions, and keeps it
elevated whilst the pick is being made from the contrary side of the
loom. There is one of these cams near each end of the shaft m; but
they are placed diametrically opposite to each other, so that one of the
armis d, will be raised out of and the other restored to its working
position contemporaneously with the opening of each of the sheds.
In the position of the parts represented in the Drawing the sley is
supposed to have completed its backward motion, in the course of
which it has struck and forced back the arm d, thereby imparting a
short and sharp rotatory movement to the picking shaft b, which has
effected the tlirow of the shuttle from that side of the loom, and it will
be seen that upon the shaft m, making the partial rotation necessary
to change the sheds, the cam g, acting on the bearer e, will raise the
arm d, out of the way of the picking bowl a; while the cam on the
opposite side being in a reverse position will allow the apparatus on that
side to be acted upon in its turn, so as to project the shuttle through
the next shed in the contrary direction. In the last-described arrange-

page_text: ment the arms carried by the picking shafts are caused alternately to
be removed beyond the sphere of action of the spurs or friction rollers
intended to act upon them. Fig. 8, on Sheet 1, represents a modified
arrangement, in which the same purpose is effected by causing the
spurs or friction bowls to be alternately presented to and withdrawn
from the arms upon the picking shafts on which they are intended
to act. In this representation, a, a, are the friction bowls or spurs,
which in this case are carried on the ends of the bar b. This bar
is supported by and slides endwise in slotted bearing brackets c, c,
bolted to the sley swords. When the bar is in the position shewn
in the Drawing the bowl a, at the extremity of it, towards the
right of the spectator, is in a position to strike the arm on the pick-
ing shaft at that side of the loom as the sley falls back, while the
bowl on the contrary end of the bar will pass on the inner side of
its corresponding arm. On the bar being moved into its reverse
position, shewn by the dotted lines, these conditions will be reversed,
and the pick made from the contrary side of the loom in its turn.
The bar b, is actuated in its movements by a three-armed lever c,
suspended on a fulcrum f, carried by the sley beam, the forked arm
of which lever embraces the pin d, fixed about the middle of the bar b.
The radial movements of the three-armed lever e, are effected by the
action of the straps g, g, which connect its horizontal arms with the
bosses, , on the oscillating shaft m, which effects the shedding
motions, as before described. It will be seen by inspection, that as the
straps 9, 9, are in turns wound on the bosses h, h, in accordance with
the oscillating motion of the shaft m, they elevate and depress alter-
nately the horizontal arms of the lever e, causing the forked arm of that
lever to move through a small angle from one extremity of its range to
the other, and compelling the bar to slide endwise also in alternate
directions so as to bring by turns each of the bowls on its extremities
into an acting position simultaneously with the opening of its corre-
sponding shed. Under either of the above arrangements it will appear
that we obtain an impulse or motive force from the spurs or bowls
carried by the sley, which is transferred through the arms d, to the
picking shafts for the purpose of effecting the pick, and that this motion

page_text: is rendered alternate so as to effect the pick from cach side of the loom
in its turn by the mechanical agency of the oscillating shedding
shaft m.
.
Thirdly, by a new and improved method of elevating and depressing
the heald shafts for the purpose of forming the shed in plain weaving,
effected by means of a reciprocating motion round its own axis
imparted to a shaft extending transversely across the loom beneath the
healds, and which shaft derives the necessary rotatory movenient from
the crank shaft of the loom by means of a peculiar crank connection
operating upon it through the medium of toothed gear. A wheel or
pinion is carried by the crank shaft working in gear with another wheel
of double the number of teeth carried by a stud in the loom side.
This second wheel carries a crank pin, which works in the opening of a
frame, to which is affixed a rack, which rack gears with a pinion on the
end of the transverse shaft which works the healds. The details of this
arrangement are more particularly explained by the Drawings. Figs. 10,
and 11, Sheet 2, as has been before stated; represent respectively
a view of the taking-up side of the loom, and a view towards that side
obtained by a section through the middle of the loom. n, is the crank
shaft, and n, a wheel keyed upon it. A stud o, in the side of the
loom carries another wheel o¹, of twice the diameter and number of
teeth of the former. This wheel has radial slots at 0, 0, and in one of
them is inserted a stud or crank pin p, the distance of which from the
centre of the wheel can be varied by moving it in the slot. The pin p,
carries a friction roller p', which works in the vertical opening of the
frame q, against the sides of, which it acts as the wheel o, revolves:
The frame , under the influence of this action of the roller 21, receives
an alternating rectilineal motion, being confined in its track by the
friction rollers 7, by which it is supported. The rack 9, on the
under side of the frame q, gears with the pinion m³, on the shaft m, which
extends across the loom; and as the frame 7, is moved backwards and
forwards it imparts to the shaft m, a rotatory motion, first in one
direction, and then in the other. The heald bosses, ¹, being fixed
on the shaft m, and partaking of this motion, wind or unwind, accord-
ing to the direction of the motion, the lower heald bands 4, t, which are

page_text: fastened to them by set screws; and these, being connected through the
healds with the upper heald bands t, t, actuate the upper heald
bosses s', s, which are fixed on the heald roller s, above. A reciproca-
ting motion is thus imparted to the healds, by which they are alter-
It should.be
nately raised and depressed so as to form the shed.
remarked, however, that the motion thus produced is not continuous,
but subject to pauses or "dwells," which take place so soon as each full
shed is formed, and retain it in a stationary position during an interval
of time sufficient to allow the passage of the shuttle. This "dwell"
takes place by virtue of the form given to the oblong vertical opening
in the frame 7, in which the crank pin p, works. It will be perceived
un inspection of the Drawing that the middle portions of the sides of
this opening deviate from straight lines, and assume the form of circular
ares, these ares coinciding or nearly coinciding with the circle de-
scribed by the point in the circumference of the friction roller p², which
is furthest removed from the centre of the wheel. The effect of
giving this contour to the opening in the frame is, that when the fric-
tion roller p', has arrived at that part of its orbit which coincides with the
circular portion of the side of the opening, it ceases to impart motion
to the frame 7, which therefore becomes stationary until the bowl p',
in its onward course once more encounters the perpendicular part
of the opposite side of the opening, when the frame and rack aré
again set in motion in the contrary direction so as to cross the
warps and change. the sheds. It will be seen that this "dwell"
commences as soon as a full shed is obtained; and it may be further
pointed out that its relative duration, as compared with that of the
revolution of the crank shaft, may be prolonged or curtailed within
certain limits by adjusting the crank pin p, to a less or greater
distance from the centre of the wheel o¹. The advantages which we
consider to be derived from the adoption of this mode of shedding are,
that it is effected by a less amount of -mechanism than is employed to
accomplish the same purpose in the ordinary mode; that the duration
of the "dwell" can be varied at pleasure within certain limits, which
cannot be done in cases where it is obtained by the employment of
tappets; and that the vertical motions of the healds are constantly in the
same planes, which prevents the injurious-fretting of the warp threads

page_text: by the eyes of the healds, caused by the slight divarication of the
planes in which the healds move when the lower heald shafts are
worked by the common treadles.
Fourthly, by the use of elastic bands or straps, formed of india-rubber
or caoutchouc, or of elastic webs composed of strips or strands of india-
rubber interwoven with some textile material, for the purpose of sus-
pending the heald shafts from the bosses of the heald roller, and also of
connecting them with the bosses upon the transverse shaft herein-before
described, as employed to effect the elevation and depression of the
healds in shedding. In Figs. 10, and 11, Sheet 2, of the Drawings,
these bands or straps are shewn at t, t, t, t, and are distinguished by
being colored red. Where the shedding is not effected according to
the mode herein-before described, by means of the oscillating shaft m,
the lower clastic bands t, t, may be used to attach the lower heald
shafts to the lammis. The beneficial effect of their use is to mitigate
the sudden strain inflicted on the warp threads by the eyes of the
healls at the moment when the latter, after the crossing of the warps,
begin to draw the warp threads out of their rectilinear position into
the angular form necessary for shedding.
Fifthly, by the arrangement and use of certain apparatus to be
attached to the loom for the purpose of applying moisture to thic
materials in process of being woven. In the manufacture of certain
fabrics, especially those of very close texture, it is usual to wet the
weft before placing it in the shuttle, because, when in that state, the
picks can be put in more closely and with greater facility. It is,
however, a practice attended with many disadvantages. Independently
of the trouble and expense involved in the process of wetting the weft,
which are considerable, the operation of weaving is materially impeded,
and the motions of the loom restricted to a very low rate of speed.
The augmentation in the weight of the cops when saturated with water
is very great, and their consequently increased inertia causes them to
be very easily shaken off the skewers, or broken, by the vibration of the
shuttles in leaving or entering the boxes; for this reason it is necessary
to drive looms weaving such materials at a very moderate rate of speed,
in order that the vibration of the shuttles may be as little as possible.
Even under these circumstances many cops are broken, and partly or

page_text: altogether shaken off the skewers, whereby not only is enormous waste
of material caused, but much trouble and loss of time frequently accrue
to the weaver from a portion of the ravelled yarn becoming interwoven
with the cloth or entangled in the shed. The wetted yarn is also
subject to more "drag" in leaving the shuttle, so that it is more
extended in the shed, and when beaten up exerts a more powerful
action in contracting the width of the cloth. With a view to retain
the advantage of moisture in facilitating the compression of the weft
without the disadvantages inherent in the ordinary mode of applying it.
we insert the weft in a dry state, and cause a supply of the liquid
employed, which is commonly a solution of soap in water, to be applied
to the fell of the clothi as the weaving proceeds, when a portion of it is
transferred to and absorbed by the weft as the latter is beaten up. The
supply of water or other liquid employed is contained in a reservoir
conveniently placed for the purpose under or behind the breast beam
of the loom. A portion of the water is constantly raised by some
absorbent material, and transferred to the surface of a roller carried in
front of the sley, at such an elevation, and in such a position, that when
the sley is at the beat up, this roller shall take up a supply of fluid; and
when the sley has retired to its extreme back position, the wet surface
of the same roller shall touch the fell of the cloth and deposit there-
upon a portion of the moisture adhering to its own surface. One
arrangement of apparatus for this purpose is represented in section in
Fig. 11, and parts of it are seen in end view in Fig. 10, of the 2nd
Sheet of the Drawings. w, is a trough suspended from the breast beam,
and containing the water or other fluid to be used; v, is a roller
carried in bearings above the trough, and turned by a connection with
the taking up wheels through the mitre bevil wheels v¹, v². The
roller v, may however be turned by any other convenient means. a, is
an endless web of calico, flannel, or such other absorbent fabric or
material as may be considered best adapted to raise such a supply of
water from the trough as is requisite for the particular kind of
fabric to be woven, the amplitude of such supply varying for different
fabrics. The endless web x, is suspended on the roller v, and its
dependant part is kept down in the water by means of the loose

page_text: roller weight y. As the roller v, turns round, it carries with it the
endless web a, saturated with water from the trough in the direction
of the arrows. Along the front of the sloy beam extends a small
roller, carried by swan-necked brackets . This.roller is also covered
with materials of a nature calculated to absorb and re-distribute
inoisture. The best mode we have hitherto discovered of covering this
roller is with a layer of thick flannel overlaid again with one of calico.
The roller, at each beat up of the sley comes in contact, with the part
of the endless web c, which is on the upper' surface of the roller v, and
receives from it a slight accession of moisture at each beat up, being at
the same time turned partially round on its own axis, in the direction of
the arrow. As the sley recedes to its back position its motion brings
the roller, into contact with the under side of the fabric near the fell,
and upon that it deposits a part of its superfluous moisture, receiving at
the same time, by its contact with the cloth, a little further impulse. to
its motion round its own axis in the same direction, as before, namely,
that of the adjacent arrow. The rollerz, will thus bc. kept constantly
revolving and presenting fresh portions of its wet surface to the cloth;
and as it passes between the endless web, and the cloth, many times
in a minute, the small increments of moisture transferred by it will be
found abundantly sufficient for the purpose.. The sectional view, Fig. 9,
on Sheet 1, shews a modification of this arrangement which we have
found to answer well for some fabrics. a, is the trough and water;
b, is the feeding roller covered with flannel, and in this case partially
immersed in the water; its points turning in bearings provided for
them in the ends of the trough. This roller b; is kept constantly
revolving by a connection with the taking-up apparatus, as in the
former example, and consequently the layers of flannel with which it is
covered are constantly wet from recent immersión. c, is a straight edge
or "doctor," applied to the roller b, for the purpose of regulating the
quantity of moisture to be supplied, and also to remove any dirt or
sediment from the surface of the flannel. This straight edge or
"doctor" is pressed down upon the flannel roller by the regulating
screws e. d, are small cushions of india-rubber, which re-act against
the screws e, to raise the straight edge when the screws are relieved.

page_text: The trough a; is kept supplied with water from a vessel g, placed at a
higher elevation, through the pipe g', in which is a stop cock by which
the rate of its admission can be regulated, so as to give at all times a
little more water than is requisite to replace that which is consumed.
An overflow pipe k, communicates with the trough a, at a point which
corresponds with the height at which it is intended to maintain the
water in the trough, and this pipe leading downwards carries off the
surplus water into a lower vessel m,. suspended from any convenient
part of the framing. The water collected in the vessel m, is intended
occasionally to be returned into the higher vessel g. By this means, so
long as the upper vessel g, is. periodically supplied with a sufficient
quantity of fluid, the trough a, will always contain a certain. and
uniform quantity, and the feeding roller b, be wetted at all times alike.
If too much water be taken up by the roller b, the straight edge or
"doctor" c, can be applied with increased pressure so as to force back
a portion of it, and in this manner the quantity of water supplied to
the cloth can be regulated with the greatest nicety. The roller n, in
the front of the sloy, operates as described in the former example,
being alternately brought into contact with the upper surface of the
roller b, and the fell of the cloth. It is obvious that in these modes of
proceeding, the weft is inserted in the shed in a dry state, and that it
subsequently receives moisture by its contact with the wetted warp and
cloth when beaten up. All the disadvantages, therefore, attending the
use of wetted weft are avoided; no more. waste is made than in
ordinary dry weaving; and the loom can be driven at the same speed
without danger of broken cops. The weft is also laid less tightly
through the shed than when wet, which causes it to have rather less
tendency to contract the fabric in width.
The advantages to be derived from this improvement may therefore
be briefly summed up as follows:That the cloth produced by the
process is equal to any for closeness and evenness of texture; that it
can be woven with greater expedition, and therefore more economi-
cally; that the waste is much less, and that the wear and tear of reeds
from the strain of the selvages is diminished; and, lastly, that the
operation of saturating the cops with water by placing them in a close

page_text: vessel, which has to be exhausted of air and filled with water by
pumping, is entirely dispensed with.
Sixthly, by suspending the cloth beam in an improved manner by clastic
bands or straps formed of caoutchouc or india-rubber or of strands or
slips of that substance interwoven with some textile material into an
elastic web. In looms wherein the cloth is taken up by two beams,
the under or cloth beam is generally pressed against the emery beam
by the short arms of two levers, the opposite or longer arms of which
are depressed by weights. These levers and weights we dispense with,
and suspend the bushes which carry the pivots of the roller by india-
rubber bands either from the pivots of the emery beam or from sturls
in the framing provided for the purpose. In Fig. 10, Sheet 2, one of
these suspenders partly appears at k, colored red. It consists simply
of a hoop cut from a cylinder of india-rubber, and made to embrace
two flanched barrels or bushes through which pass the pivots of the
emery and cloth beams. The hoops being so narrow in diameter that
they have to be distended in order to enable them to enclose the
bushes, their contractile force tends to draw the beams closely together.
As the diameter of the roll or cloth on the lower beam increases, the
india-rubber bands become more elongated, and thereby afford the
additional space required. We consider that description of india-
rubber commonly known as vulcanized to be best adapted for this pur-
pose, as being more retentive of its elasticity. The advantages attending
the use of these suspenders consists in dispensing with the levers and
weights generally used, and which are very inconvenient and cummbrous
in their application.
Seventhly, by improved arrangements and modes of construction in
certain parts of those self-acting temples commonly known as roller
or barrel temples, the objects of which arc, firstly, to enable such
temples to exert an expanding or stretching action upon the cloth
tending to draw the selvages further apart; secondly, to secure the
cloth from slipping along the edges of the guiding fingers, and per-
mitting the selvages to approach each other in the intervals during
which the expansive action above mentioned is interrupted. When
this temple is to be applied in weaving wet cloth, we further modify

page_text: the form and arrangement of its parts so as to leave the under side of
the cloth clear of any impediments or obstruction to the action of the
wetting apparatus herein-before described. The expanding or outward
action of the rollers or cylinders on which the cloth is received from the
reed is obtained by forming the inner ends of the rollers into a series of
inclined planes or faces of equal length, and making equal angles with
a ring circumscribing the cylinder at their bases. These inclined planes
or faces abut upon and slide against similar inclined planes or faces
opposed to them on the ends of counter pieces fixed stationary on the
same rod as the revolving, or holding cylinders. The guiding fingers
of the temples, whose office is to confine the cloth to the surface of the
holding roller or cylinder, are made to assist in retaining it at its
proper width, and prevent it from contracting, by being furnished on
tlieir lower edges with teeth, pins, or protuberances, pointed enough to
indent the cloth, but not to perforate it. In adapting this temple to
wet weaving practised in the mode herein-before described, it is neces-
sary to modify its form by inverting the relative positions of the cloth
and rollers which receive it from the reed, in order that the cloth may
be presented downwards to the wetting roller. It is also necessary
that no obstruction should be interposed between the wetting roller
aid the cloth; hence after the inversion of the relative positions of the
cloth and roller: the guiding finger becomes inadmissible, and as a.
substitute for it we apply a second roller or set of rollers placed behind
the first and constructed on the same principle, but so adjusted that in
working they shall reach the middle point in the range of their expan-
sion at the same time that the first pair of rollers is returning from, its
highest to its lowest position, and vice versa, so that the expanding
action of one of the pairs of rollers is always being exerted on the
cloth. In order to make, this part of our improvements more easily
intelligible, we have inserted Figures 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7, on the first
Sheet of Drawings, by reference to which we shall endeavour to explain
it fürther and more fully. Figure 4, is a bird's eye view of one half of
a temple made according to our improved plan. «, is a bearing bracket,
of which one is affixed to the breast beam at each side of the loom
by a flanch a. b, is a round bar of metal extending between the
brackets a, but not free to turn round. It carries the rollers or cylin-.
R

page_text: ⚫ders, which receive and hold the cloth, and one of which is represented
at c, as composed of a metal tube or cylinder, the surface of which is
prepared to retain the cloth by having sharp protuberances or points
raised upon it with a diamond pointed punch in a manner similar to
that resorted to in forming the teeth of a joiner's rasp. Pins may: how
ever, be inserted if preferred, or the barrels may be chased and fluted,
the mode of effecting the adherence of the cloth to the temple form-
ing no part of this our Invention. The inner end of the roller
or cylinder, is not cut off by a plane at right angles to its axis, but
terminates in a serrated or indented section, in which one face of each
projecting tooth is an inclined plane, forming a considerable angle with
a plane intersecting the cylinder at right angles to its axis, whilst the
other face or side of the tooth is perpendicular to that plane, or parallel
with the axis of the cylinder. The character of the conformation will
be readily understood by an inspection of the Drawing, in which one of
the projecting parts or teeth, bounded by the surfaces described, is seen
at c', and its opposing and corresponding face at d. The piece d
fixed by the set screw d', on the rod b, has its outer end of a similar
form with the inner end of the roller or cylinder c, the inclined planes
or faces, upon it lieing in a reverse position, and presenting fixed
abutments against which the inclined faces presented by the end of the
revolving cylinder c, slide. The action of these inclined faces against
each other causes the cylinder c, as it revolves, to be gradually forced
outwards, or towards the selvage of the cloth, in the direction of its
own axis. This is the expanding or extending motion before spoken
of, and which constitutes one of the features in our present improve-
ments. c, is the guiding finger fixed firmly on the bearing bracket a
by the screw f, or in any other convenient manner. Its office is to
apply the cloth to the surface of the barrel or cylinder c, so as to enable
the teeth on the latter to lay hold of and retain it. Our improvement
in this part consists in making the lower edge serrated or toothed, so
as to enable it to retain the cloth in its extreme width without piercing
it, when the roller or cylinder c, having reached the utmost limit of its
range in the course of its revolution, returns to its initial position
previous to recommencing its expansive action. This guiding finger is
shewn detached in Figure 5, which is a view of the inner side of it,

page_text: or that which is presented towards the roller or cylinder c, when in its
working position. Figures 6, and 7, on Sheet 1, represent views of this
temple as modified and adapted for weaving wet materials according
to the mode herein-before described. It also appears in its working
position in Figures 10, and 11, on the Second Sheet. In this case it is
necessary that the cloth should pass under the roller which takes it
from the reed, in order that it may be accessible to the wetting roller.
The usual relative positions of the cloth and temple roller are, therefore,
in this case reversed; and as the guiding finger, if retained, would now
present an impediment to the approach of the wetting roller it is
removed, and its office performed by a second roller or cylinder behind
and nearly in contact with the first, and over which the cloth is carried
after having passed under the first. In these Figures, a, is one of the
brackets, as before; b, b, are the rols which carry the rollers or cylin-
ders; c, c, the rollers or cylinders, which in this caso are best made of
brass;
d, d, the fixed cylinders, against the ends of which the revolving
cylinders abut; e, is a cap confining the ends of the rods b, b, and
fastened by screws ff. The manner in which the cloth is carried
under the first roller and over the second and thence to the breast
beam, appears in Figures 10, and 11, Sheet 2, where the course of the
cloth and warp are shewn in red lines. The remaining particulars and
application of this temple, with the above exceptions, being the same
as in the temple before described, need not be further enlarged upon.
We have now by the present statement particularly described the
the nature of our said Invention, and the manner wherein the same is
to be performed, but in doing so have been unavoidably compelled
from the nature of the subject to introduce the mention of various
parts and things well known and in common use, but only for the
purpose of elucidating our statement, and not with any desire or intent
that they should be deemed or taken as parts of our Invention. In
order that the extent of such Invention may be more precisely defined
and ascertained, we therefore desire to have it understood that what we
claim as new and of our Invention is as follows:-
Firstly, we claim the mode herein-before described of attaching the
driving pulley and fly wheel, or either of them, to the crank shaft of the
loom by the mechanism or apparatus which we have herein designated
no

page_text: as a "friction clutch" and also the particular formi, arrangement of parts
and construction of the said "friction clutch," or any modification thereof.
Secondly, the mode of obtaining the projectile force necessary to
effect the pick from the motion of the sley or sley swords, as also the
methods described of alternately throwing out of gear the picking
apparatus on each side of the loom, so as to obtain a pick from alter-
nate sides of the loom, as herein described and explained, or any
modification thereof.
Thirdly, the method of forming the shed in plain weaving by means of
the reciprocating motion of a transverse shaft placed beneath the healds,
and actuated by a rack and pinion movement derived from the crank
shaft in the mode pointed out; but we do not claim separately and
distinctly-either the mode of elevating and depressing the hoald shafts
by means of the reciprocating motion of the transverse shaft, or the
mode of actuating such shaft by means of a crank motion derived
mediately or immediately from the crank shaft, but only the special
combination of the same with the rack- and pinion and moving frame
in the arrangement herein-before described.
Fourthly, we claim the method of producing the variable "dwell"
in the shed, as herein-before mentioned.
Fifthly, the use of elastic bands or straps of india-rubber or
caoutchouc, or of elastic webs partly composed thereof, for the purpose
of attaching the heald shafts to the bosses or lamins with which they
require to be connected.
Sixthly, we do not claim as of our Invention the mode of weaving
with wet weft by wetting the weft after its introduction into the shed,
and by moisture transferred to it through the medium of the cloth
and warp; but we do claim the arrangement and application of the
apparatus herein-before described for the purpose of applying moisture
to the materials in process of being woven.
Seventhly, we claim the mode of applying moisture to the fell of the
cloth by means of a roller or rod carried in front of the sley, and
applied to the fell of the cloth by the motion of the sley itself.
Eighthly, we claim the mode herein-before described of raising
water for the above purpose from the trough or reservoir used by
means of an endless web passing over a revolving roller; and,

page_text: Ninthly, the mode of maintaining an equable supply of water in the
trough or reservoir by means of a constant regulated influx from a
separate vessel and an overflow pipe, as described.
Tenthly, we claim the use and application of clastic bands or hoops
of india-rubber or of india-rubber web for suspending or pressing
down the cloth beam of loons, as herein-before explained.
Eleventhly, in connection with self-acting temples, we claim only the
mode herein pointed out of giving to the cylinders or rollers of such
self-acting temples a motion outwards or towards the selvage of the
fabric, and parallel to their own axis when working; and,
Twelfthly, the addition of teeth or protuberances to the lower side of
the guiding fingers of self-acting temples, for the purpose of restraining
the cloth from slipping inwards along their edges.
Thirteenthly and lastly, we claim the modifications herein pointed
out, whereby the self-acting temples before mentioned are adapted to
the weaving of wet materials by enabling the cloth to be passed under
instead of over the front roller or cylinder, and removing the guiding
finger and all other impediments to the access of the wetting roller.
In witness whereof, we, the said William Vaughan and John
Scattergood, have hereunto set our hands and scals, this
Seventeenth day of February, in the year of our Lord Onc
thousand eight hundred and fifty-four.
WM. VAUGHAN.
(L.S.)
JOHN SCATTERGOOD. (L.S.)
Signed, sealed, and delivered by the
above-named William Vaughan
and John Scattergood in the
presence of
JOHN TAYLER,
Patent Agent,
Manchester.