IMPROVEMENTS CON- NECTED WITH MEANS AND APPARATUS FOR THE PRODUCTION, APPLICATION, AND REGULATION OF ELECTRIC CURRENTS
Year: 1878

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Isac Louis Pulvermacher, of 194, Regent Street, in the
County of Middlesex, Electrician, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS CON-
NECTED WITH MEANS AND APPARATUS FOR THE PRODUCTION, APPLICATION,
AND REGULATION OF ELECTRIC CURRENTS."
Sealed the 4th April 1879, and dated the 15th October 1878.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Isac Louis Pulvermacher at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 15th October 1878.
ISAC LOUIS PULVERMACHER, of 194, Regent Strect, in the County of Middlesex,
Electrician. "IMPROVEMENTS CONNECTED WITH MEANS AND APPARATUS FOR THE
PRODUCTION, APPLICATION, AND REGULATION OF ELECTRIC CURRENTS."
This Invention has reference,-
First. To improvements in the batterics described in the Specification of my
British Patent No. 3469 7, and shown in the Drawings thereunto annexed.
Secondly. To improvements connected with my automatic compensating galvano-
meter apparatus, as described in the same Specification, permitting my galvanometers
to be made compensating, and to use them either simply as galvanometers or as
compensating galvanometers.
Thirdly. My Invention has reference to the employment of my magnetic balance
and batteries in the manufacture of timekeepers.
Fourthly. To the manufacture of electro-motive engines, and
Fifthly. To the formation of metallic brushes containing miniature batteries inade
on the principle of the first part of this Invention, and on that of the batteries
described in the before-mentioned Specification.
According to the first part of my Invention the lower part of a battery formed
with elements similar to those described in the Specification above referred to is
composed of a basin or receiver with double bottom, or of two receivers hermetically
joined. The bottom of the upper receiver (when two are employed) is pierced with
holes intended to receive the central rods of plugs or stoppers furnished each with

page_text: an annular depending lip, for the purpose of providing an annular cavity remaining
always dry, as described in the said Specification, but with the difference that this
plug or stopper, instead of being at the top of the cylinder. is at the bottom.
The central rod is made fast to the bottom of the upper receiver by a nut, or in
any other convenient manner.
When the plug or stopper (preferably of india-rubber) with a central rod is in
position it is covered by a kind of little hood or envelope of supple or flexible india-
rubber to fit tight, and the plug is inserted into the porous tube or cylinder encircled
with the silver wire until the said cylinder rests on a little ledge terminating the
plug or stopper. This tube is then firmly fixed. The rod has a hole in its centre
running through its entire length.
Opposite the upper opening of this hole the little hood may be slit so as to form
a small valve, for which any other kind of valve may be substituted.
The elements thus placed, maintained in a fixed position at bottom by the plugs
or stoppers before referred to, are also maintained at top by a basin with holes,
mounted ou columns of a height corresponding with the length of the porous
cylinders, in the following manner :-
In the bottom of this basin are holes corresponding with the number of elements
fixed or mounted in the basin with double bottom. The upper ends of the cylinder
have passed over them another appendage of india-rabber or other inaterial, which
secures at the same time a waterproof lodgment for the upper end of the porous
cylinders.
The cylinders projecting above the appendage have each a hole in their side giving
access to the exciting liquid at the moment when the basin is filled to the level of
this hole. The extreme upper ends of these porous cylinders are mounted with
metallic arms or projection pieces for establishing the contact with the zine rods or
hollow cylinders placed in the elements.
The double bottom basin is provided with two taps or cocks, one at the bottom
for the exit of the liquid, and the other at the top for the exit of air when needed,
both of which are kept closed so long as the cylinders are to be kept filled with
liquid, the liquid not being able to run down into the double bottom basin by
reason of the imprisoned air. The element containing zinc is thus charged.
The filling of the porous cylinder is obtained in a similar way to that already
described in my former Specification herein-before referred to, but for emptying the
cylinders of the exciting liquid the bottom tap only need be opened, when the liquid
will run out by force of gravity.
A modification of this same battery consists of a basin or receiver whose edges
are much higher, forming a kind of box. The appendages only are changed, one
being provided with a solid central rod forcibly penetrating into the bottom of the
receiver, while the others are provided at the centre with a little sheath receiving
the end of the rod fixed to the bottom of the receiver, and may form part of a
movable bottom capable of being taken out at will for the purpose of removing the
elements from the box without separating them from one another. These elements
are maintained at top by a circular plate with suitable holes, with which they are
level, and kept in position by little rods. Either of these two methods of mounting
the appendages may be employed as desired.
According to another modification I may form a battery producing the same
effects in the form of a flexible chain capable of being rolled up.
In this case the tubes or porous cylinders have each a cap of insulating material
pierced with a hole in its centre for the introduction of zinc and its replacement
when required.
All the caps of the elements have also a diametrical hole for the passage of a cord
uniting them together, thus permitting movement and flexibility of the elements,
which, although their caps are in contact, are yet insulated one from another.
The other end of the tubes is provided with a foot having the same object as the
caps with a central rod terminated by an enlarged head furnished with supple or
flexible india-rubber and penetrating into the tube for a certain distance from the

page_text: lower edge of the tube to act as a bottom to the latter, and at the same time to
form the annular cavity underneath, so that the air is imprisoned and the inner
walls of the cylinder and the stem kept perfectly dry, when, after having placed the
elements upright in a straight line, or rolled up and dipped in any kind of vessel,
the liquid has been free to surround them, entering by the hole in the upper part of
the porous cylinder provided for the purpose, and filling the said porous tubes.
The zinc is a rod or a wire bent double, which is placed astride the cord uniting
the elements.
This zinc is connected with a metallic wire lodged in the thickness of the cap of
each element, and in conduction with the silver wire of the neighbouring or nearest
element.
According to the second part of my Invention, an automatically compensating
galvanometer apparatus, whose bobbin carries the multiplying wire, is supported by
four little columns, so that in the axis and on the circular plate forming the base of
the galvanometer may be placed a trough intended to contain mercury, and which
constitutes the compensator, with the various parts connected with it, described in
the Specification of my former Patent, No. 3469 77, herein-before referred to.
On the base of the apparatus is placed an elongated trough with a resistance
blade mounted as a balance in a similar manner to that described in my previous
Specification.
The free end of this blade is connected by a thin silk wire with one end of the
magnetic galvanometer balance above it, so as to raise or lower the blade by the
movement obtained from the electric current passing through the multiplicator.
According to the direction of the current, it will raise or lower the blade, and thus
dip it gradually in the mercury, or withdraw it gradually therefrom; but when the
current is in the opposite direction, the deflection of the balance will not be pre-
vented, by reason of the thin silk thread offering no obstacle thereto.
According to the third part of my Invention, I produce a pendulum timekeeper
by fastening a pendulum in the centre of the magnetic balance above referred to,
and using two resistance blades instead of one, produced as described in my former
Specification, each resistance blade being connected with the battery in such a
nanner that the direction of the current when one blade is in the mercury is in the
opposite direction to that resulting when the other blade dips into the mercury.
The gradual increase and decrease of the current prevents any deterioration of con-
tacts as is usual with ordinary commutators, and keeps the apparatus in good order,
allowing the changing of the direction of the current at the moment when the
maximum intensity is brought about by this kind of automatically compensating
current-changing commutator.
According to the fourth part of my Invention, I construct an electro-motive
engine by using either the above-described method of gradually increasing and
decreasing the electric current in alternate directions by means of the resistance
blades described in my former and present Specifications, which changes the direc-
tion of the electric current without deteriorating the points of contact usual with
commutators hitherto employed for changing the direction of the currents, whereby
electric sparks were produced to the detriment of good conduction and neutraliza-
tion of secondary currents, or by carbon cominutators, by which the make and break
of the current produces an intense spark available for an electric light.
The supply of current to the electro-magnetic system in the gradual manner
above referred to produces induced secondary currents coeval with the primary
currents, and increases its dynamic power, whilst in the latter case the make and
break of the current is sudden.
The fifth part of my Invention consists of the application of miniature batteries
constructed as described above, and in my former Specification herein referred to,
either in connection with a metallic brush, as herein-after described, for momentary
application, or if for continuous application, in connection with a net, as an electro-
conducting under garment. On the external surface of the bottom of the box con-
taining the battery is placed a metallic brush connected with one pole of the battery;

page_text: whilst the other pole is connected with a metallic covering of a handle in union
with the box.
When the brush is used in connection with a conducting net it may be simply
carried in the pocket.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Isac Louis Pulverinacher in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 12th
April 1879.
ISAC LOUIS PULVERMACHER, of 194, Regent Street, in the County of Middlesex,
Electrician. "IMPROVEMENTS CONNECTED WITH MEANS AND APPARATUS FOR THE
PRODUCTION, APPLICATION, AND REGULATION OF ELECTRIC CURRENTS."
This Invention has reference, first, to improvements in the batteries described in
the Specification of my British Patent, No. 346977, and shown in the Drawings
thereunto annexed.
Secondly. To improvements connected with my automatic resistance compen-
sating galvanometer apparatus for regulating the uniformity of the electric current,
as described in the same Specification, permitting them to be used also simply as
galvanometers.
Thirdly. My Invention has reference to the employment of my magnetic balance
and batteries in the manufacture of timekeepers.
Fourthly. To the manufacture of electro-motive engines, and
Fifthly. To the formation of metallic brushes containing miniature batteries
made on the principle of the first part of this Invention, and on that of the batteries
described in the before-mentioned Specification.
According to the first part of my Invention, the lower part of a battery formed
with elements similar to those described in the Specification above referred to, is
composed (as seen in Figure 1, Sheet 1 of the annexed Drawings) of a bason or
receiver with double bottom, or of a receiver a and a tray a hermetically joined
beneath the said receiver, thereby forming a double bottom.
The bottom of the upper receiver a (when two are employed) is pierced with holes
intended to receive the central rods f¹ of plugs or stoppers f furnished each with an
annular depending lip for the purpose of providing an annular cavity remaining
always dry.
The central rod f¹ is made fast to the bottom of the upper receiver a by a nut, or
in any other convenient manner.
When the plug or stopper f (preferably of india-rubber) with a central rod is in
position, it is covered by a kind of little hood or envelope of supple or flexible india-
rubber to fit tight, and the porous tube or cylinder, c encircled with the silver wire
b takes over the plug until the said cylinder rests on a little ledge terminating the
plug or stopper f; this tube is then firmly fixed. The rod f¹ has a hole e in its
centre running through its entire length.

page_text: The elements thus placed, maintained in a fixed position at bottom by the plugs
or stoppers before referred to, are also maintained at top by a plate k with holes
mounted on the mouth of the receiver a.
The cylinders c have each holes n in their side giving access to the exciting liquid
at the moment when the basin or receiver is filled through the supply tube to the
level of these holes.
The extreme upper ends of these porous cylinders are mounted with metallic
arms or projection pieces g³ (see Figure 2) for establishing the contact with the
zine rods or hollow cylinders placed in the elements.
The tray a¹ forming the double bottom basin is provided with two taps or cocks,
one p at the bottom for the exit of the liquid, and tho other at the top for the
exit of air, when needed, both of which are kept closed so long as the cylinders are
to be kept filled with liquid, the liquid with the exception of a very small portion
not being able to run down into the double bottom basin by reason of the im-
prisoned air. The element containing zinc is thus charged.
The filling of the porous cylinders c is obtained through the supply pipe b, and
for emptying the cylinders of the exciting liquid the bottom tap p only need be
opened when the liquid will run out by force of gravity. To remove the liquid
surrounding the elements the tap o is opened when the liquid will run out and
isolate the elements from each other.
Another modification of my stationary batteries has reference to Figure 16 of my
previous Patent in which carbon in large surface surrounds the porous clay cylinders,
not being sufficiently depolarized by the atmospheric oxygen. I use liquid or
nascent oxygen, for instance chromic acid, as an exciting liquid which has at the
same time a depolarizing action on the carbon.
But practice has shown that in such batteries the great resistance of the porous
clay cylinders can be disposed of altogether by giving the element the form repre-
sented in Figure 1, Sheet 2, whereby not only the resistance of the clay cylinders
is disposed of but also a small resistance of the exciting liquid between the conical
zinc and the carbon is insured. With this view I modify the shapes and arrange-
ment of the elements described in my former Patent in the manner to be presently
described, so as to obtain by means of a certain number of elements a constant and
depolarizing battery having an energetic current and very little resistance.
Figure 1, Sheet 2, of the annexed Drawings, shows two elements of a battery,
one seen exteriorly, and the other in section showing how it is constructed.
Each element is composed of a cylindrical tube a of highly compressed carbon
compactly surrounded with a cylinder of metal not liable to be attacked by the
acid, or the cylindrical tube may if preferred be composed of any suitable
unoxydizable negative metal. The interior of the carbon tube has the form of two
inverted cones b, c, with a small cylindrical part & separating them intended to
receive a tube e of glass or other insulating material, which serves as a bottom and
as a support to the carbon cylinder a.
This tube e has a small hole f running through it from one end to the other, and
is fixed on to a basin having a double bottom as above described, the shape of which
may be varied and will be referred to later on.
Before placing the carbon tube a on the insulating tube e, I apply narrow sepa-
rated strips of mica to the whole height of the upper cone 6 of the carbon tube
in such a manner that they are held tight or secured at the lower part between the
tube e and the cylindrical part d of the tube a, and I then fill up the space between
the strips h in this joint with parafine so as to form an impermeable joint.
The number and the extent of separation of the strips may vary and they act
as a support to a rod of zinc z, cone-shaped like the upper cone 6 of the tube a, the
said strips serving at the same time to prevent contact of the zinc with the carbon
and keep it separated a distance corresponding to the thickness of the strips forming
annular capillary spaces alternating with the mica strips around the zinc, thus
giving access to the chromic acid from top to bottom of the cone 6 between the zinc
and the carbon. The chromic acid is placed in the upper closed reservoir ¿'

page_text: surmounted by a cock j with a funnel for the introduction of the liquid, the bottom
of the reservoir being provided with channel-shaped openings or necks / to allow
the liquid to fall in drops into the annular cup or basin at the upper part of the
tube a.
Having placed a battery in position the cocks j and j' are opened to fill the
reservoir with the chromic acid or its equivalent.
When the reservoir is full the cock j is closed and the degree of opening the
cock regulatès the flow of the chromic acid or its equivalent through the openings
or necks filling up the annular spaces between the zinc and the carbon and putting
the battery in action. The liquid filtrates and enters by the hole f into the
lower portion m of the double bottomed basin g, g', the latter being provided with
an air-cock n which is regulated to permit the admission of the filtered liquid.
This cock n acts in unison with the cock j¹ so as to regulate the passage of the
liquid from the top to the bottom; o, o¹, are exit cocks.
If the feed of the liquid should be too great, resulting from opening the cock j¹ too
wide, the liquid flowing over the upper edges of the cylinder a would descend or
flow down the sides of these cylinders and fall into the bottom g of the basin or
trough. But it will be understood that wet conducting communication between the
elements is impossible, for however high the level of the liquid may be in the basin
or trough it cannot enter into the annular space of the cone c, which remains dry
and filled with air, it being closed by the liquid as soon as the level of the latter
touches the lower edge of the tube a; at this moment the emptying cock o is
opened.
According to another modification (see Figures 3 and 4, Sheet 1), I may form a
battery producing the same effects in the form of a flexible chain capable of being
rolled up without metallic contact between the elements injurious to the currents.
In this case the tubes or porous cylinders c have each a cap e of insulating material
pierced with a hole in its centre for the introduction of zinc z and its replacement
when required.
The
All the caps of the elements have also a diametrical hole for the passage of a cord
g uniting them together, thus permitting movement and flexibility of the elements,
which although their caps are in contact are yet insulated one from another.
other end of the tubes is provided with a foot i, having the same object as the caps,
with a central rod terminated by an enlarged head i furnished with supple or
flexible india-rubber, and penetrating into the tube for a certain distance from the
lower edge of the tube to act as a bottom to the latter, and at the same time to
forin the annular cavity underneath so that the air is imprisoned and the inner
walls of the cylinder and the stem kept perfectly dry, when after having placed
the elements upright in a straight line or rolled up and dipped in any kind of vessel
the liquid has been free to surround them, entering by the hole & in the upper part
of the porous cylinder c provided for the purpose and filling the said porous
tubes.
The zinc z is a rod or wire bent double, which is placed astride the cord uniting
the elements. This zine is connected. with a metallic wire lodged in the thickness
of the cap of each element and in conduction with the silver wire of the neighbouring
or nearest element.
According to a further modification I have shown in elevation and in section in
Figure 2, Sheet 2 of the annexed Drawings, three elements (of which there may be
any number) for constituting a battery in the form of a flexible chain or band which
may be rolled up, and acting either in an upright or in a suspended position.
Figure 3 shows one end view of these elements, and Figure 4 shows a view of
the opposite end.
The tubes c are formed of moulded carbon or of various metals, according to the
nature of the exciting liquid to be employed for working the battery.
When
carbon tubes are employed they are exteriorly surrounded by a silver wire serving
to establish voltaic contact between the carbon cylinder and the zinc rod as before
described.

page_text: This tube c is provided at one end with a cap or plug e of insulating material
having a hole in its centre for introducing or replacing the zinc z.
E is a ring or disc of insulating material with central opening in which the end
of the tube c is held tightly. Each of the tubes c has a disc E so as to keep the
elements separated from one another, and they are united together to form a chain
by the two cords g, gl, which pass through their thickness, thus permitting movement
and flexibility of the elements forming the chain.
The opposite end of the tube c is provided with a foot i acting in the same way
as the discs E, having a central rod terminating in a head which may or may
not be covered with supple caoutchouc.
This head penetrates into the tube c'up to a certain distance from the lower edge
of the tube, serving as bottom to the latter and at the same time forming the annular
space underneath that the air may be imprisoned therein and the space kept per-
fectly dry when the elements are placed in an upright position, rolled up or not, in
a vessel of any kind and the liquid is allowed to surround them, entering and filling
the said tubes by the hole or aperture d. A second hole close to the first
hole on the tube c allows the air contained in the tube to escape as the liquid
enters.
All the holes d, d, may be on the same side, so that the chain may be suspended
or hung up without the liquid in the tubes coming out.
g" is a cord which passes through the diameters of the feet i of the elements;
one single cord is sufficient as there is no central piece to be allowed for as for
the preceding.
The upper part of the head i¹ has a little cavity into which the end of the zinc
rod z enters by which it is held concentrically in the element. The rod i' is pierced
with a longitudinal hole for the purpose of emptying each element when the zine
which acts as a stopper is withdrawn.
The voltaic connection of the elements between each other is effected as before,
the ziuc of one element being connected to a wire fastened to the carbon of the
neighbouring element.
In Figure 5 (Sheet 2) of the annexed Drawing I have shown another arrangement
having the same object, one element shown in section and the two others being
exterior views. Each element is composed of a tube a of silver or of copper lined
with silver having at each end a disc b, b', of hardened caoutchouc or other insulating
material pierced with holes for the cords g, g', which unite the elements, to pass
through. One of the ends of the tube a projects beyond the disc b and is closed by
a plug or stopper of zinc z, cap of porous material or other insulator being interposed
to prevent its contact with the cylinder. The other end is simply closed by a
stopper or plug c of caoutchouc or other insulator and may be withdrawn for the
introduction into the tube of a kind of perforated paper cartridge & containing
chloride of silver moistened for the purpose of putting the battery in action when
the voltaic connection of the tube of each element with the stopper or plug z of
the neighbouring element has been established.
Figure 6 is a modification of my automatic resistance compensating galvanometer
apparatus, which forms the second part of my Invention, and which is applicable
to any electric current whatever its tension or its intensity may be. The trough s
for the reception of mercury, which with its various parts attached constitutes the
compensator of the current for varying the resistance, is carried to the side, and the
very fine silk thread D fastened to the balance G of the galvanometer is close to
the centre of articulation or pivot of the said balance, so as to increase the power
for lifting the end of the lever B" of the compensating regulator to which the said
thread D is also attached, which lifting movement is constantly occuring as it
follows the deflections resulting from the passage of the current in the suitable
direction through the multiplicating wire F.
The balance G, when not a permanent magnet, is made as follows:-A biade of
soft iron has passed through its centre a block of insulating material a¹, as seen in
Figure 7, capable of carrying on each side an axis or pivot, both of which are

page_text: thereby isolated from each other and from the blade.
Each pivot is in conductable
connection with one end of the wire surrounding the soft iron in a suitable
direction. The two pivots rest in the two supports a, a, which are isolated from
each other and inserted in the circuit.
The lever B is formed of a strip of ebonite, glass, mica, or any other insulating
material and is surrounded with flat spirals of platinum wire E, one end of which
is in connection with the mercury in the trough 8, the other end being in con-
nection with an isolated conducting bar c communicating by 2 with the small
mercury trough y. The lever B¹¹ is pivoted at A, as shown in Figure 8, so as to
form another and shorter lever. The short naked lever plunges into the mercury,
the specific gravity of which causes it to rise and thus bring the end of the long
platinum wire covered lever on to the surface of the mercury.
y' is a movable counterweight by which the equilibrium necessary for the proper
working may be regulated with precision.
The action of the apparatus is as follows:-The current from any given source
passing to the multiplicator wire, thence to the electro-magnetic balance, and
thence to the mercury trough and the platinum wire, and afterwards to its original
source, causes the deflection of the electro-magnetic balance and the raising of the
resistance platinum wire lever in accordance with the degree of the deflection and
withdraws a proportionate length of the platinum wire from the mercury, thus
offering a varying resistance in accordance with the degree of the current and the
consequent deflection. If the current becomes weakened by some cause or other
the platinum covered lever is allowed to dip again more or less into the mercury,
thereby diminishing the resistance of the platinum wire to the passage of the
current, and a resultant establishes itself between the diminished resistance and the
strength of the current, thus keeping the current constant.
It will be easily understood that if there be a current of an opposite direction
bringing about a deflection of the needle in accordance, the resistance blade will
not be affected, the silk thread will relax, and a simple galvanometric deflection for
measuring any current will take place, which can be read on the index quadrant.
According to the intensity of the current to be regulated I use two or more
levers mounted on a common axis and covered with more or less thick platinum
wire, or I make levers of a compound of more or less resistance, giving con-
ducting materials, say, a mixture of clay baked with carbon, or I use platinized
glass strips.
According to the third part of my Invention I produce a pendulum timekeeper
by fastening a pendulum in the centre of the magnetic balance above referred to
and using two resistance blades instead of one produced, as described in my former
Specification, each resistance blade being connected with the battery in such a
manner that the direction of the current when one blade is in the mercury is in
the opposite direction to that resulting when the other blade dips into the
mercury.
The gradual increase and decrease of the current prevents any deterioration of
contacts as is usual with ordinary commutators, and keeps the apparatus in good
order, allowing the changing of the direction of the current at the moment when
the minimum intensity is brought about by this kind of automatically compensating
current-changing commutator.
According to the fourth part of my Invention I construct an electro-motive
engine by using either the above-described method of gradually increasing and
decreasing the electric current in alternate directions by means of the resistance
blades described in my former and present Specifications, which changes gradually
the direction of the electric current without deteriorating the points of contact
usual with commutators hitherto employed for changing the direction of the
currents, whereby electric sparks were produced to the detriment of good conduction
and neutralization of secondary currents; or by carbon commutators by which the
make and break of the current produces an intense spark available for an electric
light, whilst in the latter case the make and break of the current is sudden.

page_text: The supply of current to the electro-magnetic system in the gradual manner
above referred to produces induced secondary currents coeval with the primary
currents, and increases its dynamic power.
The fifth part of my Invention consists of the application of miniature batteries
constructed as described above and in my former Specification herein referred to,
either in connection with a metallic brush, as herein-after described, for momentary
application, or if for continuous application in connection with a net as an electro-
conducting under garment, as herein-after described.
On the external surface of the bottom of the box containing the battery is placed
a metallic brush connected with one pole of the battery, whilst the other pole is
connected with a metallic covering of a handle in union with the box.
When the battery is used in connection with a conducting net it may be simply
carried in the pocket.
Figure 9 shows a network of textile material of variable dimensions having meshes
a of greater or less size formed by the knots b. All the intervening space between
these knots is occupied by a small tube formed of two parts, one of copper c, the
other of zinc d. These two parts c, d, together forming an element, are soldered
together, and the insulation of the couples, which are always placed in the same
order, is effected naturally by the knots b formning the meshes of the net.
The tubes c, d, may be either cylindrical or more or less conical; they may be
placed on the net during its manufacture, but I prefer employing tubes split
longitudinally, as shown separately in Figure 10, so that they may be applied to
manufactured net, being simply placed on the meshes and tightened up by pincers
bringing their split edges together.
Voltaic appliances similar to my voltaic bands described in my previous Patent
may be used in connection with this network applied next the skin; they may
have zinc and copper couples over all the surface or only in certain parts; that is
to say, the couples may be fixed on the network material only at those parts of the
body on which the electricity is required to act, the other parts of the network
being without them. The polarity will depend on the order in which the zinc and
the copper is placed on the network.
And having now described the nature of my said Invention and in what manner
the same is to be performed, I declare that I claim,―
First. The improvements in stationary batteries herein-before described, and
substantially as shown in Figure 1, Sheet 1, of the annexed Drawings, whereby the
elements may be simultaneously charged with exciting liquid and emptied at will
without causing any wet conductible connection between one element and another,
and thus preventing a derived current and consequent loss of electricity.
Secondly. I claim the filtering battery herein-before described, and as shown in
Figure 1, Sheet 2, of the annexed Drawings, by which the degree of filtration can
be regulated at will, permitting the employment of a highly oxydizable exciting
liquid (as, for example, chromic acid) for producing in a small compass, and with
very little resistance, constant energetic currents.
Thirdly. I claim the improvements in flexible chain batteries, shown in Figures
3 and 4, Sheet 1, and Figures 2, 3, and 4, Sheet 2, of the annexed Drawings,
enabling them to be simultaneously charged with exciting liquid without estab-
lishing any injurious wet conductible connection among the elements themselves.
Fourthly. I claim the improvements in flexible chain batteries, shown in Figure
5, Sheet 2, enabling them to be charged with insoluble metallic salts (as, for
instance, chloride of silver) wetted with an exciting liquid, and protected against
evaporation by being hermetically closed, and capable of being rolled up into a
small bulk without fear of injurious metallic contacts.
Fifthly. I claim the improvements in automatic resistance compensating galvano-
meters or current regulators herein-before described, and substantially as shown in
Figure 6, 7, and S. Sheet 2, of the annexed Drawing, whereby the instrument
may be used for simple galvanometric measurement when the current passes in one
direction, and as a regulator by automatically inserting and withdrawing resistances

page_text: from the electric circuit in which the instrument is enclosed when the current
passes in the opposite direction.
Sixthly. I claim the utilization of my magnetic balance and batteries in the
manufacture of timekeepers, substantially as herein-before described.
Seventhly. The employment of my resistance blades for changing gradually the
direction of the currents in electro-motive engines, substantially as herein-before
described.
Eighthly. I claim the application of my portable flexible dry batteries to a
network of textile material in the manner herein-before described, and substantially
as shown in Figure 7, for producing physiological currents by its contact with the
human body.
In witness whereof, I, the said Isac Louis Pulvermacher, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Tenth day of April, One thousand eight hundred
and seventy-nine.
I. L. PULVERMACHER. (L.S.)