Process and Apparatus for Dehydrating and Refrigerating Air for the Transportation of Meat and other Perishable Artioles.
Year: 1885

page_text: Process and Apparatus for Dehydrating and Refrigerating Air
for the Transportation of Meat and other Perishable Artioles.
'
I HENRY CLAY JOHNSON of Meadville in the County of Crawford State of
Pennsylvania United States of America do hereby declare the nature of said
Invention to be as follows:-
:
This Invention relates to a refrigerating process and apparatus for the trans-
portation of meat and other perishable articles, in which a refrigerating or cooling
coil is employed within a car, boat or other means of conveyance compressed
aminonia or carbonic acid gas being supplied to the said refrigerating coil from
portable gas holders through regulating valves and the spent gas being taken up
by a water tank for re-use under control of a check valve to prevent the influx
of water to the cooling coil.
In applying the Invention to Railway transportation the cooling conduit is
preferably so arranged that it may be connected by couplings from car to car so as
to make a continuous conduit or circuit from end to end of a train having any
desirable number of cars or vans.
In order to adapt the Invention to the more successful and economical trans-
portation of meat and other perishable articles by rail cold storage or gas
compressing appliances are employed at the shipping point and at intermediate
stations where it is desirable, in which refrigeration is carried on by a compressing
ammonia gas into a receiver and radiator by means of power appliances, and
allowing it to expand when cooled in the manner commonly practised in manu-
facturing ice-To effect the refrigeration of the meat or other perishable
merchandise and the interior of cars or boats, in which it is contained and
which are furnished with the refrigerating coils and detachable gas holders and
water tanks, such gas holders and tanks are detached from the refrigerating
coil in the car or boat and the ends of the coil from which they are removed
connected with the expansion pipe and air pump inlet, respectively of the power
refrigerating apparatus so as to make the coil in the car or boat or the con-
nected coils of a whole train of cars a part of the coil of the power refrigerating
apparatus, and when the refrigeration of the interior of the cars or boat is
completed and the meat completely frozen if desired, the portable gas holder
(suitably charged) and the water tank are replaced to maintain this refrigerated con-
dition in transit, which can thus be effected with a small expenditure of compressed
בד.

page_text: gas, a single gas holder at one end and water tank at the other serving for the
connected and continuous refrigerating coil of a whole train of cars-The freight
compartments of the cars or boats are of course properly and sufficiently insulated
or protected from heat conduction to adapt them for transportation of this
character.
.
My system combines in a novel and very effective and economical manner
a power apparatus for the refrigeration of boats or cars or trains of cars, and
a mode of refrigerating trains or boats en route: the refrigeration en route being
maintained more economically and successfully by the aid of the preliminary
refrigeration effected by the power apparatus.
The same power apparatus which is used for the preliminary refrigeration of the
cars and cargo is of course available for extracting the gas from the water tanks
in which it is taken up in transit and packing the same for re-use.
The power of refrigeration in this way is so great that a dry atmosphere can
be established and a temperature so much lower than the possibilities of ice
maintained and with an economy so much greater than the cost of ice, that the
cars themselves can be loaded and closed and used successfully for cold storage
within themselves, thus saving the packing into and repacking from cold storage
warehouses-This system of cooling the freight compartments and cargo makes
entirely practicable the shipping of meats from the most distant feeding grounds
to the most remote markets, with a cheapness and effectiveness hitherto unknown
by any process.
It is well known that in order to prevent the decomposition of animal or other
matter in atmospheric air, it is important that the air, beside being reduced to a
very low temperature, shall be deprived of moisture as far as practicable-To
effect this latter object under the present invention any necessary number of
removable dehydrating jackets are applied to the cooling coil-The said de-
bydrating jackets consist of cylindrical annular boxes or receptacles for containing
common salt or other deliquescent material-These annular boxes are made of
wire gauze or perforated metal to permit the air to circulate freely through the
material contained therein and are divided longitudinally and provided with
hinges and clasps to adapt them to be readily applied around the cooling pipe
or removed therefrom for filling.
A further improvement which may be employed to avoid the necessity of
renewing the compressed gas holders on long trips consists in the use of a
compressing pump and radiator in the caboose or in one car of the train and
a pair of gas holders with cocks and connections so arranged that the "gas may
be compressed into the said holders alternately (being allowed to cool by radiation
between the pump and the holder) while the holder which for the time being
is not receiving compressed and cooled gas is connected with the inlet port of the
air pump and thus furnishes an exhaust from the cooling coil.-The current of
cooling gas is thus passed through the coil in opposite directions alternately as the
holders are alternately depleted.

page_text: Process and apparatus for Допущанца Qua
for the Transportation of Meat and other Perishable Articles.
I HENRY CLAY JOHNSON of Meadville in the County of Crawford and State of
Pennsylvania United States of America do hereby, declare the nature of this
Invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following statement:-
This Invention relates to a refrigerating process and apparatus for the trans-
portation of meat and other perishable articles, in which a refrigerating or cooling
coil is employed within a car, van, boat or others means of conveyance, compressed
ammonia or carbonic acid gas being supplied to the said refrigerating coil from
portable gas holders through regulating valves, and the spent gas being taken up
by a water tank for re-use, under control of a check valve to prevent the influx of
water to the cooling coil.
In applying the invention to railway transportation the cooling conduit is
preferably so arranged that it may be connected by couplings from car to car so as
to make a continuous conduit or circuit from end to end of a train consisting of
any desirable number of cars or vans.
In order to adapt the invention to the more successful and economical trans-
portation of meat and other perishable articles by rail, cold storage or gas
compressing appliances are employed at the starting point and at intermediate
stations where it is desirable, in which refrigeration is carried on by compressing
ammonia gas into a receiver and radiator, by means of power appliances and
allowing it to expand when cooled in the manner commonly practised in manu-
facturing ice. To effect the refrigeration of the meat or other perishable
merchandise and the interior of cars, vans or boats in which it is contained and
which are furnished with the refrigerating coils and detachable gas holders and
water tanks such gas holders and tanks, are detached from the refrigerating coil in
the car or boat and the ends of the coil from which they are removed connected
with the expansion pipe and air pump inlet respectively of the power refrigerating
apparatus so as to make the coil in the car or boat or the connected coils of a
whole train of cars a part of the coil of the power refrigerating apparatus, and
when the refrigeration of the interior of the cars, vans or boat is completed,
and the meat completely frozen if desired, the portable gas holder (suitably
charged) and the water tank are replaced to maintain this refrigerated condition in
transit which can thus be effected with a small expenditure of compressed gas,
a single gas holder at one end and water tank at the other end serving for the
connected and continuous refrigerating coil of a whole train of cars.
The freight
compartments of the cars vans or boats are of course properly and sufficiently
insulated or protected from heat conduction to adapt them for transportation of
this character.
The system combines in a novel and very effective and economical manner
a power apparatus for the refrigeration of boats or cars or trains of cars, and a
mode of refrigerating trains or boats en route; the refrigeration en route being.

page_text: maintained more economically and successfully by the aid of the preliminary
refrigeration effected by the power apparatus.
The same power apparatus which is used for the preliminary refrigeration of
the cars and cargo is of course available for extracting the gas from the water
tanks in which it is taken up in transit, and packing the saine for re-use.
The power of refrigeration in this way is so great that a dry atmosphere can be
established, and a temperature so much lower than the possibilities of ice main-
tained, and with an economy so much greater than the cost of ice, that the cars
themselves can be loaded and closed, and used successfully for cold storage within
themselves, or suitable vans or boxes can be so loaded and closed and conveyed
on flat cars, trucks or bogies and if necessary shifted therefrom to boats or vessels
and subsequently retransferred to land conveyances as often as may be desirable;
thus saving the packing into and repacking from cold storage warehouses, or
shifting from one conveyance to another as is now done, for example, in changing
from land to water transportation and vice versa. This system of cooling the
freight compartments and cargo makes entirely practicable the transportation of
meats by land and water from the most distant feeding grounds to the most
remote markets, with a cheapness and effectiveness hitherto unknown by any
process.
It is well known that in order to prevent the decomposition of animal or other
matter in atmospheric air, it is important that the air, beside being reduced to a
very low temperature, shall be deprived of moisture as far as practicable. To
effect this latter object under the present invention any necessary number of
removable dehydrating jackets are supplied to the cooling coil. The said dehydra-
ting jackets consist of cylindrical annular boxes or receptacles for containing
common salt or other deliquescent material. These annular boxes are made of wire
gauze or perforated metal to permit the air to circulate freely through the material
contained therein and are divided longitudinally and provided with hinges and
clasps to adapt them to be readily applied around the cooling pipe or removed
therefrom for filling.
A further improvement which may be employed to avoid the necessity of
renewing the compressed gas holders on long trips, consists in the use of a com-
pressing pump and radiator in the caboose or in one car of the train, and a pair of
gas bolders with cocks and connections so arranged that the gas may be compressed
into the said holders alternately (being allowed to cool by radiation between the
pump and the holder) while the holder which for the time being is not receiving
compressed and cooled gas is connected with the inlet port of the air pump and
thus furnishes an exhaust from the cooling coil. The current of cooling gas is
thus passed through the coil in opposite directions alternately as the holders are
alternately exhausted.
The accompanying drawings illustrate various modes of carrying the invention
into effect.
:
Figure 1 represents a longitudinal vertical section of a portion of a cold storage
warehouse and a freight car, with the invention applied.
Figure 2 is an end elevation, partly in transverse section, of a van or box with
the refrigerating coil applied and with the gas holder and water tank in position.
Such van or box may constitute the body of a freight car such as shown in
Figure 1 or it may be separate and adapted for transportation by any suitable
means on land or water.
Figure 3 is a diagram in plan or top view, on a smaller scale, illustrating the
application of the system to a train of cars, showing the refrigerating pipes
connected in a circuit.
Figure 4 is a plan partly in horizontal section illustrating the mode of passing
the gas alternately in opposite directions through the refrigerating coil.
Figures 5 and 6 are respectively a horizontal section and a vertical longitudinal
section of the operating parts of this apparatus on a larger scale, showing means
for compressing the gas into the two gas holders alternately.

page_text: In Figures 4, 5 and 6 the coil is represented on the sides instead of at the top
of the freight chamber the arrangement of the parts in this regard being
optional.
Figure 7, is a plan partly in section illustrating the application of the refrigerating
coil and other appliances to a boat.
Figure 8 is a longitudinal vertical section of the same.
Figure 9 is an elevation partly in section on a larger scale of a thermal regulator
employed to control the temperature in the refrigerating chambers or freight com-
partments and maintain the same at any degree desired.
Figure 10 is a longitudinal section of a portion of the said regulator.
Figure 11 is a detail sectional view, on a larger scale representing the discharge
end of the refrigerating coil or conduit within the water tank, showing a check-
valve employed to prevent the influx of water or reflux of gas or air to the
refrigerating pipe.
Figure 12 is a perspective view also on a larger scale of one of the removable
annular dehydrating jackets divided, hinged and provided with suitable clasps to
facilitate its application to the cooling pipe.
Figure 13 is a transverse section also on a larger scale, of the dehydrating jacket
and the cooling pipe to which it is applied.
Figure 14 illustrates the application of the invention to corpse preservers.
In Figure 1, 1 represents a cold storage warehouse, 2 represents an air pump
driven by steam, water, or any suitable power, so as to compress the ammoniacal
gas into a radiator, 3, which may be of any usual form, for example, a coil of the
requisite length of radiating surface to cause the compressed, gas to be cooled to
atmospheric temperature with sufficient expedition. Fans and water evaporation
or other means may be applied to the external surface of this radiating coil to
assist the cooling of the compressed gas. From the radiator or compressed gas
receiver 3 the gas is delivered under control of a stop-cock, 4, to a pipe 5, of any
length, which may take the form of a refrigerating coil in the warehous. The
pipe or refrigerating coil 5 communicates with the induction 6 of the air-pump 2,
by which the gas is repacked or compressed for re-use.
To any convenient part of the pipe or coil 5 a branch pipe or nozzle, 7, is
connected, provided with a stop-cock, 8, and flexible hose, 9, adapted to be placed
in communication with the end 10 of the refrigerating coil in the car, van or
box 21, or a boat, as the case may be, from which the portable gas holder 12 has
been removed for the purpose. The water tank 13 is in like manner removed
from the other end 11 of the coil, and this is connected by a similar hose 14 with
a branch pipe or nozzle 15 having a cock 16 and connected with the induction 6
of the air pump.
3.
The refrigerating coil 10, 11 in the freight chamber and the coil 5 in the cold
storage warehouse may be of any suitable form as for example, connected flat
chambers or boxes instead of simple pipes as shewn.
:
A sufficient number of detachable dehydrating jackets 17, constructed as herein-
after described are filled with a deliquescent salt and applied to the refrigerating
coil 10, 11 to thoroughly dry the air in the compartments, boxes or vans'in which
the meat or other freight is contained Similar dehydrating jackets, 17, may also
4
3.
be used on the refrigerating coil 5. in the cold-storage house.
The cargo being thus effectually refrigerated before starting and inclosed in a
dry cold atmosphere, the same condition may be maintained en route "by a slight
flow of ammonia when required and this is supplied from the portable gas
holder 12 and taken up by the detachable water tank 13 which are connected
with the respective ends 10, 11 of the refrigerating coil of the car or train.
The flow of gas to maintain the required low temperature may be regulated
automatically by a thermostat, 18 in each car, or it may be regulated or turned on
or off, as required, by means of a dial-cock, 19, on the gas holder 12.
The coils 10, 11, are preferably arranged in top of the cars, underneath the roof,
and connected through pipes down the ends, with hose: 20 for coupling the pipes

page_text: from car to car in one continuous coil throughout the train, as described, and at
that end of the train where the gas holder and tank are not located the hose are
connected together to complete the circuit.
.
The pipes for cold compressed gas from the cold storage house may be run
underground or in any convenient manner and may be provided with branch pipes
or nozzles in different places for connection with the cars.
Figures 4, 5 and 6 illustrate apparatus by which my Invention may be applied
to the refrigeration and preservation of meat and other perishable articles during
transportation over long distances by land or water, without the necessity of
frequent recourse to the cold storage houses already described.
The cooling conduit is here shown in separate coils 23, 23ª at the sides of the
compartment van or box 21 in which the meat is contained. They can readily be
arranged to avoid any obstruction of the doors, or if preferred they are placed
beneath the roof as shown at 10, 11 in Figures 1, 2 and 3. The holder or
condenser 24 from which the cooling agent is supplied may be contained in the
same carriage or in a separate compartment or carriage 25, as shown and be
provided with a valve 27 (see Figure 5) the opening of which is regulated with
accuracy by means of a dial-indicator 28. Couplings 26 are provided between the
gas holder 24 and the cooling conduit 23 of the first car and between this and the
cooling conduits of the following cars as shewn in Figure 4 on one side of the train
similar couplings 29 being provided between the cooling conduits 23" on the other
side for the flow of the gas in the opposite direction. The coupling 29 at the
forward end of the front car connects the cooling conduit 23" and a second holder
or condenser 24ª through the medium of an air pump 34 driven by a belt 35 from
the car axle or from any suitable motor so as to produce an exhaust in the return
conduit 23* and condense the gas in the second holder 24* where it is cooled for
subsequent use by radiation assisted artificially, if desired.
The conduits 23, 23 are provided at their extremities with simple cocks 30
and 31 by which the cooling medium may be imprisoned between the cooling
conduits of any particular car or of any number of cars when uncoupled from the
gas holders.
It will be apparent from the above description a complete circulation of cooling
medium from end to end of the train may be produced aided by the exhaust
action of the air pump 34 by which the gas is condensed in the holder 24 for
future use; and in order to permit the repeated use of the gas as many times as
desired, the action is reversed returning it from the holder 24ª to the holder 24
and vice versa, as the holders are successively depleted. In order that a single air
pump may be used for the purpose of producing the exhaust in the required
direction a five way cock 32 is provided which is turned in either direction to
cause the air pump to exhaust the gas from the conduit 23 and force it into the
holder 24 each of the gas holders 24 24 being provided with a valve 27 and dial
indicator 28 to accurately regulate the discharge of gas from the holder from which.
the supply is furnished for the time being.
Each car is supplied with a separate portable gas holder 24b which may be
coupled to one or both of the cooling conduits, as illustrated in Figure 5 in the
event of the car being derailed or switched off for any reason and the cargo in this
way preserved. These separate gas holders 24° are not required to be used in the
proper operation of the apparatus throughout an entire rain; but may be provided
for any emergency which may arise in any one or more of the cars in the event
of accident to the machine, car, or caboose or any other car of the train.
For convenience of description reference has been made to the gas holders and
their accessories as located at the forward end of the train. It is evident that this
is not material to the invention. The said appliances may if preferred be located
at the rear of the train or in any intermediate position with like effect.
In applying the invention to boats and vessels the hold may be divided as
shown in Figures 7 and 8 into any desirable number of compartments 41, 42, 43

page_text: for example the central compartment 42 being here represented as open at top for
the reception of the hatch for loading and unloading. A removable receiver 44
contains anhydrous ammonia condensed into liquid form by pressure and confined
therein by a stop-cock 45. This removable receiver 44 communicates through
a hose 46 with one end of a cooling conduit 47 which is preferably formed of a
coiled pipe extending in any number of convolutions directly underneath the
deck 48 of the compartment 41; then extending by a conducting pipe or section 47ª
across the compartment 42 to the compartment 43 where it is formed in another
series of convolutions 47 beneath the deck at top of the said compartment 43.
The cooling conduit 47, 47° 47b is provided with stop-cocks 49, 50 at its respective
ends, by which the cooling gas may be imprisoned in said conduit when desired
or its flow therethrough regulated. It is also provided with a thermal regulator 18
consisting of a dial-cock 51 Figure 9 operated by a pinion 52 and segment gear 53,
the latter mounted on the long arm of a lever 54 fulcrumed at 55 and actuated
through its shorter arm by a piston-rod 56 adjustable in length and pressed
upward by the expansion of mercury in the cylinder 57. The lower member 56a
of the piston rod is made hollow and provided with an internal screw head to
receive an external thread on the rod 56 which is rotated by a thumb collar 58,
to lengthen or shorten the rod thus causing it to act with a greater or less effect
upon the valve 51 under à given expansion of mercury in the cylinder 57.
A strong spring 59 moves the lever 54 in the opposite direction as the mercury in
the cylinder 57 contracts. By these means I am enabled to set the regulating
apparatus so as to maintain a flow of cooling gas through the conduit, regulated
by the temperature of the apartment to be cooled. The pipe 47b terminates in a
tank 60 containing water into which the ammonia is passed as it flows through
the cooling conduit.
In order to prevent the influx of water into the cooling pipe, I provide at the
discharge end of said pipe an automatic check-valve 61 (shown in detail in
Figure 11) and also an aperture 62 in the pipe 47b above the level of the water
in the tank 60. The effect of the aperture 62 permitting a slight influx, of air into
the cooling conduit 47b is to somewhat modify the force of the exhaust produced
in the cooling conduit by the condensation of the gas from contact with the water,
and also to lessen the liability of even a slight influx of water into the conduit
from the tank 60 before the check valve has time to act. A pointer 63 swiveled
to the extremity of the adjustable piston rod, enables the thermal regulator to be
set to any temperature desired.
The annular dehydrating jacket is constructed with an outer shell 63° Figure 13
preferably of cylindrical form divided longitudinally into two parts, connected at
one side by hinges 64 and fastened together on the opposite side by suitable
clasps 65. Concentric with this outer tube 63 is an inner tube 66 also made in
two parts which are either permanently connected to the respective parts of the
outer tube 63 or adapted to be set into the same and removed at will., If the
two parts of the inner tube 66 are made detachable this affords convenient means
of charging the outer tube with chloride of sodium or other deliquescents. The
ends of the space formed between the concentric tubes 63, 66 are closed by, semi-
annular plates 67 in which stoppers 68 may be used. The tubes 63, 66 and end
plates 67 may be made of perforated sheet metal or any or all of them may be
made of wire gauze if preferred.
The mode of using the invention will be clearly understood from the above
description. The inner tube or cylinder 66 tightly clasping the cooling conduit 47,
47 provides for the contact therewith, of the deliquescent salt so that it is
effectually cooled throughout its body, while the perforated or reticulated outer
shell or tube 63 permits the air to be cooled and dehydrated to penetrate
throughout the body of deliquiscent salt contained therein. The heat and
moisture in the said air are rapidly taken up and it is reduced to a dry state
at a very low temperature bringing it into the best possible condition for
preserving any perishable articles contained within the chamber; –

page_text: ine mode of applying parts of the invention to the preservation of corpse is
illustrated in Figure 14 where similar reference numbers indicate corresponding
parts with those in Figures 7 and 8.
The dehydrating jackets represented in Figures 12 and 13 are shown in position
at 17 in Figures 1, 7, 8 and 14.
It is evident that parts of this invention may be carried into effect by forcing
brine or other non freezing liquid through the cooling coil instead of gas.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of this Inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what
I claim is
First. A cold storage warehouse provided with power appliances for compressing
gas and detachable connections for conveying the cooling medium to cars, boats, or
other conveyances by which perishable articles are to be transported substantially
as herein before described and illustrated by the accompanying drawings.
Second. The combination of power apparatus for condensing or packing gas for
cooling purposes and a car, boat, or other vehicle for transporting perishable
articles, provided with cooling pipes and means of connection with the aforesaid
power cooling apparatus substantially as hereinbefore described.
Third. A cold-storage warehouse provided with gas-compressing apparatus, a
holder for the compressed gas and a conduit leading therefrom in combination with
a car or boat for transporting perishable merchandise provided with a cooling coil
and dehydrating appliances and a coupling for connecting and disconnecting the
Baid cooling coil with the compressed gas holder in the storage warehouse as
hereinbefore described and illustrated.
Fourth. A cold-storage warehouse provided with means for compressing gas
for refrigerating purposes, cooling conduits for the utilization of such compressed
gas, and detachable couplings for connecting and disconnecting such conduits with
cooling conduits on cars or boats for the transportation of perishable articles
substantially as herein before described and illustrated.
Fifth. The combination of a gas-compressing apparatus, a holder for com-
pressed gas a conduit leading therefrom a cooling conduit in a car or boat for
the transportation of meat or other perishable merchandise and detachable
couplings for connecting or disconnecting the said gas holder and the cooling
conduit in the car or boat, substantially as and for the purposes set forth.
Sixth. The apparatus for the cooling and transportation of perishable sub-
stances, consisting of a cold storage house, gas-compressing appliances cars or
boats having non conducting walls and circulating pipes and couplings for
connecting said pipes with the stationary gas-condensing appliances, and receivers
for the compressed and spent gas on said cars or boats also having couplings
for connecting with said gas compressing apparatus.
Seventh. The mode or process herein described of refrigerating meat and other
perishable merchandise for and during transportation, the same consisting in the
production or storage of compressed refrigerated gas in a suitable receiver or coil
by power appliances in a cold storage house, connecting such receiver or coil with
refrigerating coils in the freight compartments of the car or boat, and subsequently
applying a portable gas-holder to maintain the refrigerated condition during transit
as explained.
Eighth. A refrigerating apparatus consisting of cooling conduits, couplings and
gas holders adapted to produce a continuous circulation throughout a train of cars
as and for the purpose herein described.
Ninth. The combination of gas holders, cooling conduits couplings, and an
air pump for producing a cooling circulation throughout a train as shown and
described.
Tenth. The combination of cooling conduits gas holders, regulating valves
reversing cock, and air pump for producing an exhaust in either conduit and
recondensing the gas substantially as herein before described,

page_text: Eleventh. A cooling and dehydrating apparatus consisting of a cooling conduit,
connecting at one end with a holder for ammoniacal gas and at the other end with
a water tank and one or more removable jackets, for holding dehydrating material
as hereinbefore explained.
Twelfth. The combination of a gas holder, cooling conduit, water tank, and
dehydrating jackets, as and for the purposes set forth.
Thirteenth. The combination of a gas holder, cooling conduit, stop cocks, and
removable dehydrating jackets, as and for the purposes described.
Fourteenth. The dehydrating jacket consisting, as herein described, of two
semi cylindrical shells, with hinges and clasps, substantially as and for the
purposes set forth.
Fifteenth. The combination, with a cooling conduit for refrigerating air, of
a removable dehydrating jacket for containing deliquescent material, divided
longitudinally and hinged, as described to permit its ready application to and
removal from the cooling conduit, as hereinbefore described.
Sixteenth. A dehydrating jacket for refrigerating pipes constructed as herein
described of concentric semi-cylindrical shells of gauze or perforated material to
permit the passage of air, connected by longitudinal plates so as to form two semi-
annular chambers adapted to be clasped around the refrigerating pipe, and provided
with stoppered apertures for the introduction and removal of deliquescent material
substantially as hereinbefore described.