Machine for Producing Printing Surfaces.
Year: 1891

page_text: Date of Application, 9th Feb., 1891-Accepted, 9th May, 1891
Machine for Producing Printing Surfaces.
We, FRANK AMOS JOHNSON and WALTER ELIPHALET CRANE, Gentlemen,
residing at Minneapolis, in the County of Hennepin, State of Minnesota, one of
the States of the United States of America, do hereby declare the nature of this
invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed to be particularly
described, and ascertained in and by the following statement, reference being had
to the accompanying drawings:
:-
The machine has for its object to assemble a justified line of dies which may be
employed either for direct impression, the production of a matrix from which to
cast the stereotype plate, or the direct production of logotypes or lines of stereotype
plates, according to the kind of dies which are employed. Primarily, the machine
was designed for the use of dies either to make a matrix in a card-board or other
suitable material, or else to produce in connection with a suitable casting mechanism
what has become known as linotypes. If used to produce a matrix, male dies
are employed, but if used to produce linotypes, female dies are substituted
instead.
The great distinguishing features of invention in the machine are :-
First The use of multiple fonts of disconnected dies, the dies being neither
connected together nor to their supports, the fonts being movable to align the
selected dies and the selected dies being individually removable from the fonts to
enable the same to be compacted into a solid line.
Second Factoring the fonts to permit greater ease of manipulation to align the
selected dies. In other words, the dies are held in movable font-holders divided
into sections and each die is in a separate ward in the section. To align the selected
die, there is then required a movement to align the selected section and a further
movement to align the selected die in the section. For greater convenience, the
sections may be independently movable on the font holders at an angle thereto,
which brings the aligning movement in different directions. By this factoring
principle, comparatively few stopping places are required to align the selected dies.
To align any given section there only need be as many stopping places for the
font holders as there are sections in the font, and to align any die out of the
selected section, only as many stopping places are required, as there are dies or
wards in the section. For example, suppose the given fonts to contain say ninety-
six dies, including spacing quads, these may be conveniently held on eight sections,
of twelve wards each. Eight stopping places and corresponding stops for the
font holder would then enable the selection of any section, and twelve stopping
places and corresponding stops would enable the selection of any die from the
given section. Twenty stopping places are thereby made to do what would otherwise,
without the factoring principle, require ninety-six stopping places.
Third A factored setting mechanism for aligning the selected dies which does
not have its final effect, until after the selected line has been indicated, whereby
such parts of the same as are used to select the spacing dies or quads may be so
set as required to select quads of a size to justify the line. The setting mechanism
employed are two sets of stops or factors corresponding one set to the stopping
places of the font holders and the other to the stopping places of the sections, one
set of which do not take their final relative positions, until after the selected line
has been indicated.
Fourth An automatic justifier. This is made possible by the character of the
setting mechanism just above described, and consists of supplementary connections
from the key-board or other indicating devices controlled by the number of words

page_text: and the total line space required by the selected line to fix the final relative
positions of such parts of the setting mechanism, as are used to select the
spacing dies.
Firth The line carriage, composed of individual carriers movable together to
compact the selected dies into a solid line and separable to distribute the entire line
simultaneously.
Sixth-The setting carriage and key movement, the former consisting of sliding
crank-arms mounted on rock-shafts, passing under the keys, and the latter carrying
their own interposing stops for limiting the movements of said shafts as required to
effect the setting.
Seventh An intermediate power driven start and stop device controllable from
the keys to move said rock shafts for setting the stops by positive power, leaving
the key movement light to the touch.
In the accompanying drawings, a machine is shown organized on the above
principles, wherein, in addition, to the above enumerated great features of the
invention is involved many minor inventions, which will appear in the detailed
description and be particularly pointed out in the claims. Incidentally it may be
noted that those drawings were taken from a working machine in actual
use, having
a capacity of eight thousand ems per hour.
In the said drawings,
Figure 1 is a front elevation of the entire machine. The positions, right and
left are fixed by reference to this figure, as viewed by the observer. The observer's
right hand being taken as the right side of the figure.
Figure 2 is a left side elevation.
Figure 3 is a vertical sectional elevation on the line X X of Figure 1.
Figure 4 is a horizontal section on the line X'X' of Figure 2.
Figure 5 is a horizontal section on the line Y Y of Figure 2.
Figure 6 is a vertical section on the line Z Z of Figure 1, some of the parts being
omitted.
Figure 7 is a detail in perspective, showing one of the fonts and parts of the
setting mechanism.
Figure 8 is a plan view of the line carrier detached, showing the individual
carriers in their compacted position.
Figure 9 is a perspective view of one of the type.
Figure 10 is a perspective view, of one of the carriers.
Figure 11 is a detail showing a part of the line carriage-seat.
Figure 12 is a view partly in plan and partly in horizontal section on a plane just
above the bank of keys, some of the parts being removed.
Figure 13 is a transverse vertical section from front to rear of the key-board,
looking from the left-side of the machine.
Figure 14 is a detail of the same.
Figure 15 is a right end elevation of a part of the machine.
Figure 16 is a detail in left side elevation of the indicated line register and its
connected check-block.
Figure 17 is a view in rear elevation showing the justifying plates and their
immediately connected parts.
Figure 18 is a detail of the same looking from the front.
Figure 19 is a detail in perspective looking from the right, showing the justifying
stops, the angle pieces, and their supporting guides.
Figure 20 is a detail in front elevation showing the justifying stops, the angle
pieces, and the drop-yoke for moving and locating the same.
Figure 21 is a right hand end view of the drop yoke, justifying stops and
immediately connected parts.
Like notations refer to like parts throughout the several views; and, for

page_text: p to the line carriage-seat.
r to the line carriage, and die-drivers.
s to the impression devices.
t to the power shaft and primary movement or cam shaft.
v to the auxiliary movement or cam shaft.
w to the otherwise unclassified devices.
The principal feature of the frame is a horizontal table or bed-plate a, which may
be upheld in the desired position by any suitable support, not shown.
THE DIES AND THEIR HOLDERS.
The dies bare each provided with a flange or wing 6 on one edge, by which they
may be held in the carriers, as hereinafter described. The dies including the
spacing quads are all multiples of a common unit, being in this respect constructed
on the principle of the well-known self spacing type. The dies are held in wards 6*
of sections, which in turn are held in wards of holders 6. As many of these dies
are employed as are requisite to constitute a complete font or printer's case,
including the upper and lower case letters, punctuation marks, figures &c. The
fonts are factored as before described, as may be most convenient. In other words,
a certain number of dies are held on each section and enough sections are held in
each holder to include the complete font. The dies may be classified in the sections
and the sections arranged in the holder in any desired order. In the machine shown
in the drawings, the dies most frequently used, are held on the lowermost section.
For a purpose which will hereinafter appear, the spacing quads are all arranged on
one section, the normal or smaller size quad being in the rearmost ward, and the
others in the order of their sizes toward the front. For the purpose of reducing
the number of movements to the font and still permit the selected dies to be forced
from the aligned sections, without obstruction by the unused sections, the rearmost
ward of the lowermost section, is left vacant. As many of these fonts and holders
are employed, as might ever be required for the possible required dies in a line of a
pre-determined length. Ordinarily, from forty to fifty would be employed. In the
machine as illustrated, twenty are shown and the fonts contain ninety-five dies in
eight sections of twelve wards each, the rearmost ward of the lowermost section
being left vacant, as before stated. The font holders are arranged side by side
into a multiple set, within a suitable font case 66, which is arranged at right angles
to, and is supported by the table a, so that the font holders are under the action of
gravity. Each font holder is provided at its lower end with a piston 67, also with
a stepped tail 6. The pistons 6', work in cylinders 6, preferably formed by vertical
holes in a cylinder block 610. This cylinder block sets within a hollow cylinder
case 6, secured to the table a in any suitable way, as by the brackets 61 and 613.
The cylinders or holes 6º extend clear through the cylinder-block, and below the
same in suitable bearings is mounted with freedom for vertical movement, a block 614,
which serves as a common valve to all the cylinders, to which is attached connecting-
rods 6 for operating the same. The connecting-rods are pivotally united at their
upper ends to the crank-arms 616 of an idle shaft 6", mounted on the table. In the
cylinder case is placed some suitable liquid, such as oil, in which the cylinders are

page_text: submerged. When the valve is in its uppermost position, the lower end of the
cylinders are closed, and they then serve as dash-pots to check or limit the down-
ward movement of the fonts under the action of gravity when released, avoiding
the bunt and back-lash which would otherwise be caused by their momentum. The
pistons may be given such clearance within the cylinders as to graduate the escape
of the fluid to the upperside of the same, and thus regulate the movement as
desired. Before the return of the fonts to their uppermost or normal position,
the valve is lowered opening the lower ends of the cylinders, leaving the liquid
free to enter the same from below and avoid the production of a vacuum therein by
the rising of the piston. The stepped-tails are provided at their lower ends with
backwardly extended fins 18, which move in grooves or between the lips of a vertical
guide-plate 6, supported in any suitable way as by the brackets 1 and the font
case 16
The font holders are held in their uppermost or normal position by
pivoted stops (soon to be described) having their free ends normally under the
lower end of the font tails and withdrawable to engage any of their steps for
aligning any desired sections.
The font holders, after use, are returned to their normal positions by a font
lifter 6 located under the font tails between the tail guide and the bracket 613,
and having its outer ends secured to vertically movable racks 62.
THE SETTING TABLE, SECTION TAILS AND SECTION DRIVERS.
At right angles to the font case in line with the lowermost sections of the founts,
when in their uppermost or normal position, and projecting from the font case on
its front side is a setting or section table c, which is divided by thin partitions c
into a series of vertical channels, corresponding in number to the fonts for
receiving the sections, as they are withdrawn from their holders. The rear or
inner ends of these partitions 2 project into the font case and co-operate with the
lips of a guide-plate 60, secured to the back wall of the font case to serve as end
guides for the font holders.
In the channels between the partitions c², are located the section tails c³ having
steps on their under surface corresponding in number to the wards in the sections.
These stepped section tails correspond in function with the stepped font tails, both
being part of the factoring devices, but for convenience, the section tails are detached
from the sections and are held on the setting table in readiness for co-operation
with any aligned sections.
On the opposite side of the font case are located a pair of section drivers of
which the outmoving driver c is located in the rear of the font case, and the
inmoving driver e in the front of the case and the two are connected outside the
opposite ends of the font case by side bars c and c'. The inmoving driver c
rests on the top of the setting table in position to engage with the outer ends of the
section tails. The outmoving driver c is supported in part by rods c8 which work
through perforations in a back cross-bar c, secured to and held at the proper
distance from the font case by brackets c¹º. In the outmoving section driver are
yieldingly held a series of push-rods c", secured in perforations of the driver by
friction clutches c¹. The forward ends of these push-rods are aligned with the
channels of the setting table, their front ends passing through perforations in the
back plate of the font case, or otherwise, in position to strike the rear ends of
the sections. The drivers are moved by a pair of crank-arms c¹³, attached by a slot
and pin at their upper ends to the side bars c and c, and rigidly secured at their
lower end to an idle shaft c¹, pivoted in a part of the frame. The forward motion
of the outmoving driver c is limited by a lug or lugs cl, fixed to the end plates
of the font case. The reason for having the push-rods c yieldingly held in the
outmoving section driver by the friction clutches, or otherwise, is that the sections
and the section-tails must be moved outwardly on the table different distances, in
order to align the selected dies. To do this, the driver has sufficient movement to
force the sections and their tails outward to their limit against the front plate of

page_text: the setting table, but the push-rods being yieldingly held in the driver will allow
the driver to move on the rods whenever they are brought to a positive stop
by the intercepted sections and section-tails. On the return of the driver the rods
are aligned by striking the front face of the back cross-bar c, which, with reference
to this function, is an aligning bar for the push-rods. The purpose of the limiting
lugs for the outmoving driver is to prevent the sections and their tails being
thrown past the positions in which they are set to align the selected dies by the
spring in the driving parts, after the section stops (soon to be described) are with-
drawn from the section-tails. The sections have an outward movement slightly
less than their length, so that they never entirely leave the font holders, and the
inmoving driver is limited before the sections are driven entirely home into their
wards. Hence the aligned sections are at all times except when all the fonts are
in their normal positions, partly within their holders and partly on the setting table,
and serve to hold up the fonts, allowing the font stops (about to be described)
to be set for the next line. At its junction with the setting table the front plate
of the font case is provided with an inclined surface c, which serves as a cam in
co-operation with the upper and outer corners of the sections to force the sections
home on the upward or return movement of the fonts.
THE FONT STOPS.
A set of font stops d, are pivotally mounted on a common rod d³, secured to the
brackets ¹³, one for each of the font holders, which are held under tension to
move toward their rearmost or normal position by springs d³, the upper ends of
which engage with the table a, the table being slotted or cut away to permit the
pivotal movement of the stops. A corresponding set of slides d³, are seated in
suitable channels in the table and have studs d³, projecting from their rear ends,
engaging behind the pivoted stops. On their upper faces these slides have a pair
of vertical lugs d and d' spaced apart for effecting the out and in movements of
the slides, as will hereinafter appear. When the font holders are in their
uppermost position these pivoted stops are in their rearmost position with
their upper ends under the lower ends of the font-tails, thus holding
the fonts in place. By withdrawing the pivoted stops outward different
distances, they may be made to engage with any desired steps on the tails, and
thus stop the fonts in any desired position to align the selected sections with the
setting table. The slides are provided with a cam surface inclined reversely to
the path of their forward movement with which is made to engage a friction
spring do, thus effecting a graduated brake or friction adapted to offset the slide's
acceleration and enable them to be brought to an exact position. For returning
the slides to their rearmost or normal position, after use, a blade do projects
from a shaft pivoted in the framework, so that its edge will engage with the
outer face of the lugs do.
THE SECTION STOPS.
The section stops fare mounted so as to be independently movable in a bodily
movable section-stop holder or box-like frame f located in a vertical position
between the underside of the setting-table and the upper side of the bed-plate and
suitably spaced apart from the font-case. The upper end of this box f' is guided
by a pair of depending brackets f³ fixed to the setting-table and its lower end by
downwardly extended legs (which will be called the box-legs) passing through
perforations in the bed-plate and terminating in rollers for co-operation with the
cam to move the box upward, as will be hereafter described. Each of these section-
stops is provided on its face, near its lower end with a pair of projecting lugs f³
and spaced apart on the opposite sides of the lower cross-bar of the box /
Each of the section stops f2 is also provided with an inclined cam surface f" on its
back-edge, inclined reversely to the path of its upward movement with which
engages a flat spring " for affording a graduated friction to offset acceleration, as
in the case before described of the slides d'. For holding the box f normally in

page_text: its lowermost position, coiled springs fare attached to the upper part of the box
at one end, and at its lower end to some relatively fixed part as posts f¹º, projecting
from the font case. For restoring the section-stops to their normal or lowermost
position, in their supporting box a cross-bar f¹¹ is located between the front faces
of the stops and the front plate of the box above the lugs f, which by links f¹³ is
connected to crank-arms 13 fixed to the blade shaft d¹º. The box f' does not have
its upward bodily movement until after the selected line has been indicated at the
key-board as will hereinafter appear. The channels in the setting table are open
on their under sides in line with the upper ends of the section stops, so as to permit
the latter to enter for the interception of the section tails.
THE SETTING CARRIAGE.
The setting carriage is located in the space just above the bed-plate between the
font case and the section stops; and it consists of a pair of crank-arms
and g³,
held between a pair of plates 9, mounted to slide on a pair of shafts g* and go. To
avoid the cranks turning independently of the shafts the parts of the shaft over
which the cranks slide, are preferably made rectangular passing through like
openings in the cranks. To assist in guiding the carriage a rib piece projects
from the bed-plate and co-operates with a notch g' of the under edges of the
plates 9. The forward ends of the plates 3 are extended outward beyond the
edge of the bed-plate for a purpose which will later appear. The crank g and its
shaft g move the slides by the lugs d' to set the font stops and may,
for con-
venience be called the font setting crank and shaft. The crank g and its shaft
operate directly against the lower end of the section stops to set the same in their
first or tentative relative positions in the box f, and may be called the section stop
setting crank and shaft. The shafts g¹ and 9³ extend to the right far enough to
allow the keys (about to be described) to be placed over the same, and their
extended parts are provided with bails g for limiting their rocking movements.
To the plates g³ is attached a propelling rack bar 9 having face teeth glo, to move
the carriage forward lengthwise of its guides. To the right hand end of the rack
is attached a weight by a cord or other flexible connection 9" passing over a
guiding sheave located at the outer right hand end of the frame, for returning
the rack and carriage after use. The forward motion of this rack to move the
carriage is imparted from a pawl g pivoted to the upper end of a driving lever 21,
which is pivoted to a part of the framework and the upper end of which is subject
to the impelling action of a flat spring 710, of greater tension when set than the
weight y" The way in which this propelling spring is set and the pawl lever is
retracted to make its throw will presently appear. The normal position of the
setting carriage, is at the extreme right in line with the first or right hand font
holder and font and section stops; and its forward movement is toward the left.
The feed rack 9 has in addition, to its top teeth 10 with which the feed pawl g
engages, a set of side notches g, with which engages a locking pawl 918 controlled
from the key-board to hold the rack and carriage whenever set by the
feed-pawl.
THE KEY-BOARD.
The key-board, is in some respects similar to that of an ordinary type-writer,
having in addition to the ordinary character keys one or more spacing keys h²,
and a starting key h³. All the character and spacing keys are pivoted at their
rear ends on a common rod /* mounted in the frame and are held in their uppermost
or normal position by springs h³ against the top plate of that part of the frame,
constituting the key-box a*. Each of the character and spacing keys carries sets
of interposing stop-lugs for engagement with the bails go to limit the movements
of the crank shafts of the setting carriage. These lugs or interposing bail stops
are placed in different positions on the keys, as may be required to permit move-
ments of different lengths necessary to set the font stops and the section stops in

page_text: positions.
ung under an the character and
spacing keys is a tripping bail 7 connected by a link with the feed-rack locking
pawl g, serving to release the latter from the notches g", as any keys is struck.
At its forward end, the tripping bail, is also provided with a pendent hanger h³,
which works through a slot in the under plate of the key-box for throwing into
action the stop and start device about to be described.
THE INTERMEDIATE START AND STOP DEVICE.
In hangers depending from the bed-plate under the key-box is pivoted an idle-
shaft, having a set of radially arranged friction plates having curved or
arc-shaped outer ends, each of which is provided with a laterally projecting stud k*.
The friction plates are segment of a common circle, the whole set being made up
by cutting away a part of the periphery of the disk, so that the periphery of the
disk is broken or discontinuous at regular intervals. Mounted at right angles to
the radial plates and supported in any suitable way as from the power shaft
hanger a³, are a pair of parallel shafts k³, having friction disks at their opposite
ends, one or both of which shafts are kept in a continuous or rapid motion, and the
rearmost pair of which friction disks are always in contact. The front pair of the
friction disks are held normally slightly out of contact in position for the ready
reception of any one of the radial plates, when tripped in from the key-board
through the hanger and the stud k*. In order to hold the outer pair of friction
disks slightly apart and equalize the strain when the radial plates are thrown in,
one of these shafts 4, the outermost as shown, has its bearing k pivoted to a
plate k, which is pivoted at its rearmost end to the shaft hanger a, and is held
at its front end by a coiled spring 4º against a fixed stop-rod ko, which, as shown,
projects through the coiled spring from a part of the frame to which one end of the
coiled spring is also secured as its base of resistance. The pivoted shaft is held to
keep the rear disks in contact and the outer disks out of contact by a pair of pro-
jecting lugs, one on the bearing and the other on the plate and an adjustable
set-screw. These pivots amount to an equalizer, so that when the radial plates
are thrown in between the outer disks, the strain is equally distributed upon both
pair of disks. As shown, the constant motion of the shafts is obtained directly
from the power shaft, the innermost one of the parallel shafts being formed integral
with the same. The friction-plate shaft 2 is provided with a set of cams k¹³, one
for each of the radial plates. On the outer face of the cams are a corresponding
set of laterally projecting studs k. At right angles to the cams k¹³ and in line
therewith pivoted to a post. al, depending from the outer edge of the under plate
of the key-box, is pivoted a lever k, having perforations at its rear end. The
cams have right angled shoulders at their terminals and the lever has a lug 16
projecting from its vertical face for co-operating with the cams.
It also has a pro-
jecting arm k curved forward at its upper end and provided with a projecting
lip for co-operation with the studs k, to stop the friction shaft. A coiled
spring connects the pivotal lever with the under plate of the key-box and serves
to normally hold it in its uppermost position against the pendent post A, which is
preferably provided with a rubber cushion or buffer at its lower end. Extending
through the perforations in the outer end of the lever are a pair of rods, pivotally
united at their upper ends to a pair of cranks 3, one on the end of the font stop
setting shaft g and the other on the end of the section stop setting shaft g². Coiled
springs, are connected at one end to the rods and at the other to the pivoted
lever. Passing through a perforation in the central part of the lever is a link k2
having a nut at its lower end. At its upper end the link is connected to a bell-
crank, pivoted to the lower plate of the key-box and having its upper arm
connected by a rod 28 with the rack driving pawl-lever gs. The rods k" have
lateral studs near their lower ends, but above the pivoted lever.
The action of this friction device may now be readily understood. As any key
is struck on the key-board, one of the radial friction plates is tripped by the

page_text: hanger and the stud into engagement with the outer pair of friction disks, by
which its margin is positively gripped and the plate with its shaft k' is carried
forward the length of the segment, to the broken place in the periphery, where it
is released. In the meantime one of the cams by its curved surface, acting on
the lug has forced downward the pivoted lever k, drawing with it through the
springs the rods 22 and rocking the setting shafts g and go to their limit
against the lugs he carried by the particular key depressed, the coiled springs
serving to make this a yielding contact. At or before the release of the radial
plate from the friction disks, the lip k¹8 came in advance of the stud k¹ thereby
interposing a positive stop becoming instantly effective to prevent the friction
shaft being carried forward by its accumulated momentum. Coincidently with
the release the curved surface of the cam passes by the top of the lug 1 and its
shoulder is instantly engaged by the back of the lug, preventing any back-lash,
the upward or return movement of the pivoted lever being effected by the large
retracting spring . On its upward movement the pivoted lever engaging with
the cross-studs on the rods 22 restored the setting shafts to their normal position.
On its downward movement, the pivoted lever carried with it, the link 2 and the
driving-pawl lever, setting the propelling spring g under tension; and on its
upward movement, at the time of the release of the friction plate, the link and
pawl are also released permitting the setting carriage to be carried forward by the
spring one step. Instead of two pair of friction disks on the parallel shafts, one
pair might be employed which, in that case, would be the gripping pair.
This friction device gives the requisite power to positively set the section and
font stops, leaving the key movement light to the touch, and is very sensitive and
quick in its action.
From this point, the operation of the setting mechanism for aligning the sections
and the selected dies, so as to produce an unjustified line might be described. With
the parts so far set forth the font stops are set in their final relative positions for
aligning the sections and the section stops are set within their supporting box in
their tentative relative positions. The tentative positions of such of the section
stops as are to secure the character dies of the selected line, as indicated on the
key-board is also their final positions; but such of said stops as are to be employed
for the spacing may have to take other positions, when finally set, in order
to justify the line. This change is effected by the justifier which will now be
described.
This change might be made by hand, so that the machine, without the automatic
justifier, could be made to produce a hand justified line.
THE JUSTIFIER.--THE LINE REGISTER & CHECK BLOCK.
Under the keys parallel with the shafts g and is a third shaft n, which for
distinction may be called the line register shaft. This shaft is provided with a
bail, n, similar to its parallel setting shafts g₁ and g, which co-operates with stop-
lugs n³ on the key-lever in the same way as do the lugs ho, with the bails on the
shaft g and . The lugs n³ are so set on the key-levers as to permit movements
of different lengths to the shaft n, corresponding to the different amounts of line
space required for the characters and spacing dies indicated by the respective keys.
The shaft n at its outer right hand end is provided with a crank arm n', which has
a rod n³ passing down through the pivoted lever k¹ of the start and stop device,
having a lateral lug n above the pivoted lever, and a coiled spring n' connecting
the rod with the pivoted lever; and is operated simultaneously with and in all
respects like the other parallel rock-shafts. At its inner or left hand end, this
line register-shaft is provided with a pawl driving arm n³, carrying a pivoted spring
pawl n³, which engages with the toothed rack n, constituting the indicated line
register. For the reading of its movements, the register may have a pointer n
moving over a scale plate n, fixed to any convenient support as the bracket n
projecting upward from the bed-plate a.

page_text: This line register has as many teeth as there are units in the standard
predetermined column line of, for example, one hundred and fifty units. To the
outer or forward end of the line register is attached a weight n", by cord n passing
over a sheave n¹ fixed to a supporting bracket 17 projecting from the bed-plate
which serves to return the rack to its outermost or normal position. Attached to
the projecting bracket n" by set-screws 18, working through horizontal slots is a
check-block inclined and provided with a series of steps on its outer end.
On
its top the check-block is cut away, so as to leave notches or projecting corners n
at its opposite ends, with which engages a lateral stud 2, projecting from the side
face of the line register. A. locking pawl 22 serves to hold the register in any
position in which it may be set by the driving-pawl-lever n³.
It is evident that as the characters and spaces are indicated on the keys that
this rack will be moved to the rear distances corresponding thereto. In other
words, it registers the line space as indicated. After it has moved toward the
rear a certain distance, the stud n" will engage with the rear corner 20 of the
check block and also thereafter carry the check block with it. On its return
the said stud engages with the forward corner of the check-block and carries the
same outward to its normal position to which it is limited by the set-screws 18 in
its horizontal slots. The number of steps on the forward end of the check-block
is equal to the total number of extra units of space which the machine may possibly
add to the possible total of the normal sized spaces, to effect justification. Forty
units or corresponding steps will afford a margin for the largest possible addition
that would ever be required in a line of the largest number of words, for example,
eleven words. This check-block might be made to move the entire distance which
the register moves, being for example, integral with the register; but as this is
unnecessary, it is given a range of movement equal to forty units or teeth of the
register. Theoretically, it moves with the line register.
It should now be noted, as a fact, that the spacing dies or quads employed are
ten in number and vary in sizes five units; and it may also be recalled that they
are placed in the second section of the font holders with the smallest or normal
sized quad in the rearmost ward of the section. Hence, instead of the normal
sized, any one of four other sizes may be employed between the indicated words.
The spaces between the words may be therefore varied, from normal to the extent
of four units each, the total variation then depending upon the product of this by
the number of spaces between the words in the indicated line. For example, if
there be eleven words, there would be ten spaces which might be carried in size
four units each making a total variation or addition of forty units.
If there were
five words and four spaces, the variation might be sixteen units. The variation
may be, of course, much less; and will be only and exactly as much as is required
to justify the line. If the line be filled by the indicated characters and normal
sized spacing quads no variation will take place, and the normal size spacing quads
will come into the line of assembly.
The additional devices for effecting the above noted variations in result will now
be described.
THE DROP YOKE, THE JUSTIFYING STOPS AND THE FACE PLATE.
Parallel to the guide for the setting carriage below and slightly in front of the
section stops is located a vertically movable yoke shaft 23, having on its outer end
pinions engaging with fixed vertical racks 2, by which the said shaft is guided
in its vertical motion. The bed-plate is cut away so as to give the necessary
clearance for the vertical movement of this shaft and the adjacent parts.
On this
shaft is mounted a sliding yoke n2 having a projecting collar n", which fits between
and is engaged by the forwardly projecting lips of the plates 93 of the setting
carriage, by which it is carried along lengthwise of said shaft with the movement
of the setting carriage. Parallel with and on the opposite sides of the yoke-shaft
and at a position above the same are located a pair of ledges 28, having grooves
R

page_text: formed by projecting tongues. In these grooves, of which there are ten, are
mounted a corresponding set of angle pieces. On the upper faces of the ledges,
which are in line with each other are supported a set of ten pawl-like pieces, which
for distinction, are called the justifying stops n30, cach of which has a series of four
steps on its rear end and has an offset portion or angular projection at its front end
differing from each other in vertical face by equal units or steps increasing from
the right toward the left. Each of these stops is provided with a vertical slot n³¹
in which works the vertical part of the angle pieces n², the slot being longer than
the angle piece is wide. For the better securing and guiding of these stops on
their supporting ledges a fixed cross-bar n is located just above the same over
their stepped ends. A movable bar n³ also, passes over their tops in position to
engage the inner shoulders of the same, when it is in its forward or normal position.
This movable bar is supported from a bracket 34 fixed to the upper edge of a
vertical face-plate. This face plate is rigidly secured at its lower end to the
heads n of rods n which extend toward the rear of the machine and are supported
by hangers a depending from the bed-plate and are capable of a rearward and
forward movement therein.
The vertically projecting parts of the yoke 20 engage the ends of the angle
pieces, so that when the yoke is carried along the yoke-shaft by the setting carriage,
if the same be in its uppermost position, all the angle pieces will be engaged
thereby and be moved together carrying with them the justifying stops. In its
normal position this yoke is at the extreme right and at its uppermost limit, in
line with the setting carriage in its normal position. As it is carried along the
yoke may be dropped a step at a time whereby the angle pieces with their justifying
stops may be released one after the other and left along their supporting ledges
properly located for their work. This dropping motion is effected by means soon
to be described.
THE JUSTIFYING PLATES.
Back of the face-plate in a vertical position are located a set of four plates
having a compound movement, one a movement of the plates relatively to each
other, and the other a movement en masse, which for distinction are called the
justifying plates n³8.
,
These four plates are all pivotally connected at their lower ends to the correspond-
ing arms of bell-crank levers, the rearmost plate having its pivots nearest the
angles. The other arms of the bell cranks are united by a connecting-rod n
which has a laterally projecting stud ", which works through a slot in the left end
of an escapement bar n2. This escapement bar passes through a slot in a bracket a³,
and extends toward the right side of the machine and is under tension from a coiled
spring connecting it to a fixed part of the frame. It is held in its normal
position against the said spring by a differential escapement composed of a bank of
ten pivoted spring-pawls, carried by the escapement bar at its right end and
engaging with a notched plate fixed to the underside of the bed plate. The
rod n 46
on which the pawls are pivoted projects from a bail-like bracket "fixed to
the rear-face of the escapement-bar, the back bail of which bracket serves as a
base of resistance for the pawl-springs and a back stop to limit the downward
movement of the pawls. A tripping rod 18 extends upward through a perforation
in the bed-plate and is connected at its upper end to the spacing key . As this
spacing key is struck, one after the other of the spring-pawls is thrown down by
the tripping-rod permitting the escapement bar to move toward the right, the
breadth of one pawl. This movement of the escapement bar, acting through the
bell-cranks, separates the justifying plates proportionately so that their upper edges
will be stepped or separated corresponding uniform distances. In order to insure
this proportional movement, care must be taken to locate the pivotal connections of
the justifying plates at the right points on the crank arms. Further to prevent any
error which might otherwise arise from the circular movement of the crank arms,
the faces of the pawls may be of different widths, the smallest being in the centre

page_text: and the others increasing in both directions therefrom, the escapement being in this
respect differential. The escapement bar is provided on its under side with an
inclined cam surface n, which acts on a projection no, of a pivoted lever n". This
lever is pivoted to a bracket a°, depending from the bed-plate and is normally
held in its uppermost position by a coiled spring n", depending from another part
of the bed-plate and secured to the free end of the lever. A link 3 connects this
pivoted lever with the right-hand end of the vertically movable yoke-plate. Hence
as the escapement bar moves to the left when released as above described on striking
the space-key, the cam surface n forces down the pivoted lever n" and through the
link 3 carries down with it one step, the vertically movable yoke-shaft, releasing
the same from one of the angle pieces and dropping one of the justifying stops in
front of the corresponding section-stops set by the setting carriage on striking the
said space-key. For distinction, the pivoted lever n may be called the yoke
controller.
The justifying plates are suspended by a weight n held by a cord n" secured to
the top of the rear plate and extending to and wound about a sheaven", which is
rigid on a cross-shaft n", having pinions n, which engage in racks formed on the
face of angular brackets n³, rigidly secured to the rearmost one of the justifying
plates and embracing the ends of the face-plate. The weight shaft n" is mounted
in bearings n projecting from the face plate n which serves as the base of resist-
ance for the weight and a guide for the plates. This weight tends to move the
justifying plates, en masse, to their uppermost limit. It is normally prevented from
so doing by the check-block n with the stepped front end of which, the top edge
of the rearmost one of the justifying plates engages, the said plate being extended
to the right beyond the right-hand end of its mates for this purpose. Hence, the
justifying plates cannot move upward, en masse, except when so permitted and to
the extent permitted by the said check-block.
65
,67
The downward movement of the plates, en masse against the strain of the weight
is effected, after use, by a return strap n normally having sufficient slack, as shown
at n, to permit the upward movement which is attached at one end to the lower
front plate and at the other fixed to and wound about a sheave n³, on a shaft n°4
journalled at one end in a bearing n fixed to the lower edge of the face plate and
at the other in a hanger a depending from the bed-plate; and provided with a
pinion 66
engaging with a segmental rack on the end of a cam lever n68 pivoted
to the right end of the main frame, below the bed-plate and operated from a cam
on the auxiliary movement shaft, as will be hereinafter described. After the plates
have been returned or pulled down to their limit, the sheave shaft is unwound to
leave sufficient slack in the strap to permit their upward movement. The downward
movement of the plates, en masse, effected by the return strap applied to the front
member, acting through the bell crank levers, reversely to their opening movement,
also closes up the plates into their normal relative positions; and at the same time,
by the connecting rod and its stud throws the escapement bar to the extreme left
resetting the pawls of its escapement behind the shoulder of their notched retaining
plate. As this is done, the yoke controller is drawn up by its retracting spring
restoring the yoke shaft and yoke to their uppermost position.
It will be seen that the face plate n supported from the movable rods n³, mounted
in the hangers a constitutes à carriage for the justifying plates and the pair of
windlasses, which effect their movements en masse. This face plate or justifier
carriage is held in its outermost or normal position by coiled springs n", encircling,
the rods n on their part beyond the outer end of their supporting hangers. Its
rearward movement is imparted by levers 70 depending from an idle shaft n"
journalled in the hangers a', in co-operation with a stud n projecting from the
rods n, working through slots in the same. This shaft and levers take their
movements from the auxiliary movement shaft as will be hereinafter described.
Of the parts to the justifier above described, the material features to be
emphasized and carried in mind for understanding its operation are the line register
and check-block, the justifying stops and their drop-yoke, and the justifying-plates

page_text: having the compound movement, their opening up movement being controlled from
the space key and their movement en masse from the line register and check-block.
Certain facts as to the mathematical relations of certain parts must also be
carefully noted. These are as follows,-
1st. The teeth of the line register are spaced apart a distance equal to the
horizontal length of the steps on the check-block. In other words, both must
be equal.
2nd. The distance which the four justifying plates open up, on a single stroke of
the space key, is and must be equal to the vertical face of each one of the forty
steps on the check-block. In other words, one of the vertical steps on the check-
block is the unit applied to the opening up or relative movement of the justifying
plates. This unit multiplied by the number of strokes on the space key gives the
width of face or distance between any two adjacent plates, at any stage in the
progress of selecting the line.
This unit is also the unit of variation between the vertical faces on the front ends
of the ten justifying stops. In other words, the front ends of these stops differ in
vertical face in regular order equal amounts increasing (as shown) from right to
left, which step or difference is identical with the opening up unit of the justifying
plate and the vertical step of the check-block.
3rd. The horizontal length of each of the four steps on the rear ends of the
justifying stops must be identical with the thickness of each of the justifying
plates.
4th. The vertical faces of the four steps on the rear ends of the justifying stops
must be the same as that of the steps on the section tails.
5th. As has been before stated, the spacing dies or quads in each fount are of five
sizes, there being, besides the normal sized spacing quad, four other larger sizes
each differing from the other by one unit. The normal spacing die or quad is
located in the rearmost ward of the section, and the others in their order towards
the font.
With these facts in mind, the operation of the justifier may be readily understood.
As the keys are struck on the key-board, the font-stops are set in their final
position and the section stops in their tentative relative position within their
supporting box, and the line register is moved to the rear distances corresponding
to the line space required for the characters and normal spaces indicated. The
yoke and justifying stops are carried along with the setting carriage and whenever
the space key is struck one of the justifying stops is left in front of the correspond-
ing section stop set by the carriage for a spacing die. Such of the justifying stops
as are required are thus located for their work. Every time the space key is
struck, the justifying plates are opened up one step or unit. Hence, when the
full line is indicated, these plates will have been opened up so as to be separated
uniform distances equal to the total of the normal spaces multiplied by the unit,
and with reference to each other will form by their upper edges a series of uniform
steps, of which the highest is formed by the front plate. Any one of these steps
will therefore have sufficient face to strike the front ends of all the justifying stops
which may have been left by the drop-yoke. Hence when they are moved toward
the rear of the machine by the face plate, one or more of them may strike the said
stops, according to the position to which they may have been raised by their move-
ment en masse. This is fixed, as before stated, by the line register and the
check-block. At the beginning and until the check-block begins to move with the
line register, no bodily movement is permitted. When the check-block begins to
move, as it does on the one hundred and eleventh unit, or forty units before the end
of the line, the plates begin to move upward en masse one step at a time and so
continue to do to the end of the line register's movement. If the selected characters
and normal spaces, as indicated on the key-board fill up the entire line, the plates
will have moved en musse upward to their limit. Hence the face of the rearmost
plate will be in position to strike all of the dropped justifying stops and the
thickness of all four plates will become effective to force the said stops inward

page_text: to their limit, so that their undermost edges will retain the corresponding section
stops; and allow the section to be driven outward to their limit thereby aligning
with the selected character dies the normal space, which, as before stated, is
in the rear ward. If the line register does not, in a given case, move backward
to its limit, or in other words, of the indicated characters and normal spaces
would not fill the line, the upward movement en masse, would have been corre-
spondingly limited, and some other one or more of the steps, say for example, that
formed by the second plate from the rear would strike the stops, allowing the
thickness of three of the plates possibly to become effective to force backward the
dropped stops; so that their first step will catch and retain the section stops. In a
similar way, if the upward movement of the plates en masse be still less, the step
formed by the third plate might come into effect, or that formed by the fourth or
front plate. So far, the action of these plates has been described as if an entire
step or face formed by their separation came into effect against the dropped stops;
but this need not be the case and will not be the case unless required. Instead of
that the upward movement of the plates en masse, may have left them so that one,
for example, the lowermost of the number would strike the one of the dropped
stops having the widest vertical face leaving the next adjacent step come into
effect on all the others of the dropped stops in the same manner.
In other words,
they may be left standing in such position that more or less of their total width
may be brought into effect either against any one or all of the dropped stops.
This may be more readily seen by considering the front plate. As the others,
after the opening up occurs, all stand below this plate, it may, of course, happen
to come to such height that only its upper edge, for example, could strike that
one of the dropped stops having the widest vertical face; and, of course, it could
take any other position above that, and hence might strike them all. If only the
front plate is brought into effect the dropped-stops which it strikes will be moved
in the thickness of one plate only, thus effecting a variation of three units. If the
upward movement of the plates en masse stop in such a position that none of them
will strike the dropped stops, no movement of the said stops will take place and
the section stops set for spaces may move upward to their limit against the lower
edge of their supporting blocks, which will effect the maximum variation of four
units bringing the largest sized spacing quads into the line of assembly. To
illustrate by a concrete case. Suppose the indicated line contained five words
and is four units short. The plates in that event will have been opened up four
steps and the rear-plate raised to within four units of its limit and the second
plate be in position to strike all four of the dropped stops, when the face plate is
moved to the rear and move the same inward one notch, so that the section stops
would engage with the first steps thereof. Hence a variation of one unit will be
made on each, or in other words, the spacing quads one unit larger than normal,
will come into the line of assembly. The action is similar in all other cases which
might occur, the shortage being distributed equally among all the spaces between
the words of the selected line provided the shortage or number of units to be
distributed is an exact multiple of the number of spaces; but in case it is not an
exact multiple, part of the quads may be varied uniformly and other more or less
or not at all, as may be required. For example, in the case stated, i.e. a line of
five words or four spaces, the shortage should only be three units; then, the
rearmost plate will intercept and move backward only one of the dropped
justifying stops and the three others will be pushed backward by the second plate,
thus varying the three quads one unit each.
Again in the case stated, five words or four spaces suppose the shortage was
seven units; then, the second plate would intercept one only (the widest) dropped
stop, adding one unit to the corresponding quad; and the third plate would
intercept the three other dropped stops, thereby adding two units to each of the
three corresponding quads.
In the case assumed of a line of five words and four spaces, sixteen units
shortage would be the maximum which could be added, with the machine as

page_text: constructed, wherein only four quads larger than the normal and four corresponding
justifying plates are employed. Of course, more quads and more plates might be
used in a given machine.
From another point of view, in the machine as constructed, the rearmost justifying
plate corresponds to the smallest or normal quad; the second plate to the next
larger quad, &c.
It will be seen that the justifying devices constitute a set of connections con-
trolled by the total line space and the number of words as indicated on the
key-board to fix the final relative positions of such of the section-stops as are
used for spacing, in such positions that they will select spacing quads of a size to
justify the selected line.
The principle of the justifier is capable of a wide diversity of construction,
which, in some cases, might bring the parts in a reverse or otherwise different
order.
BOX-SEAT FOR THE LINE CARRIAGE.
Directly above the setting-table and adjacent to the font case is located three
plates p, p, p, constituting a box-like guide or seat for the line carriage. The
face of the box toward the font case being open. The lower plate of this box-
like scat also constitutes a top-plate of the section table, and is spaced apart from
the font case far enough to form a transverse slot for the passage of the dies
from the sections into the line of assembly. This plate on its vertical end facing
the line of assembly is provided with vertical slits for the passage of the wings of
the dies, and the proper guidance of the same into the seats of the die carriers.
The front plate of the box is provided with a longitudinal groove p², on its inner
face for a purpose which will presently appear; and the lower plate is provided
adjacent to the line of vertical slits with a projecting rib p³, which co-operates
with the shoulder on the die carriers to assist in holding the same.
The right
hand end of the box is extended beyond the font case and re-enforced on its under
side by an anvil block ps, rigidly secured to the main frame by a brace a pro-
jecting upward from the bed-plate. This extended part of the line carriage box
or seat, taken together with the anvil block constitute the impression bed upon
which the selected dies are compacted into a solid line, and the impression taken as
will presently appear.
LINE-CARRIAGE OR DISTRIBUTOR.
On this seat is mounted the line carriage composed of a set of individual
carriers, corresponding in number to the number of fonts. Each of the carriers
has on its front edge projecting lips, adapted to receive and hold the dies b, by
their wings 2. Each of the carriers is shouldered on its lower edge as shown
at 3, for co-operation with the rib p, as before described. The carriers each have
a perforated body and a projecting-rod terminating in a head by which they are
manipulated. The rods from all the intermediate carriers of the carriage pass
outward through certain others of the carriers, the perforations in their bodies
being for this purpose, so their heads may reach the outside of the end-carriers.
They are preferably arranged in two groups, one set of which pass toward one end
and the other toward the other end, and terminate between a pair of gathering-
plates and, one of which is relatively fixed and the other movable with
reference to the fixed member. The relatively fixed plate being at the outside on
the left-end and on the inside at the right end. With this construction, the
gathering plates serve in co-operation with a rack, attached to the relatively
movable plates, both to condense the carriers and any dies which they may con-
tain into a solid line, and also to separate the same and restore then to their
normal positions. When the carriers are being condensed or compacted together,
the rods move outward through their respective perforated gathering-plates, one
of the perforated plates being the relatively fixed member with reference to the

page_text: right-hand movable plate, and the other perforated plate being the movable
member, with reference to the left end gathering plate. On their return or opening
up movement, the right-hand movable member comes into effect against the heads
of the right-hand rods and the fixed member on the left is struck by the left-hand
rods, thus forcing the carriers apart and into their normal positions by the
requisite differential movements. The rack which does the compacting has at
its extreme left inside the plate, a vertical lug 7, for engaging the body of the
left-end die and forcing the carriers along thereby, so that the dies and the
carriers are moved by pressure applied to the bodies of the dies, and when in
the compacted or solid line, the vertical lug serves as an end-clamp for the
same. The right-hand end-clamp is formed by the gathering plater, which while
relatively fixed with reference to is movable in a widened groove 3 on the
inner face of the box plate p². The right hand-end of this groove together
with an angular projection from the bottom plate serves as a stop to the said
plate enabling it to act as a base of resistance to the clamping action of the
lug For the better guidance and support of the rack and the movable
gathering plates, a back-bar is attached to the said rack by the said movable
plates and works in the groove p of the box-plate p'. Motion is given to the
condensing-rack from a gear wheel 10, on a vertical shaft supported
from the bed-plate having a pinion 12 driven by a rack 3, as will be hereafter
described.
The carriers of the line-carriage when in their normal position stand as before
stated, with their die-seats over the vertical slots in the plate p³, directly over the
dies in the aligned sections on the setting table. On the opposite sides of the
setting table, one below and the other above, are a pair of bars and 15
coupled together outside the setting box, which for distinction are called the die-
drivers. The lower member of these drivers, is provided in the same planes
as the section-channels with a set of projecting-fingers 710, and may be called the
finger-bar. These drivers are normally held in their lowermost position by coiled
springs, attached at their lower end to the posts 10, projecting from the font
case. The finger-bar is in the same plane as the line of assembly, and the setting
table, has its channels opened over the fingers, so as to permit the passage of the
same, to force the dies out of their sections into the carriers. The upper member
has a straight edge which strikes the tops of all of the dies to return them after
use, into the sections. These drivers are operated by connecting rods, united
at their lower ends to crank levers 7, rigidly secured to a cam driven shaft 20.
On a level with the bed of the line seat back of the plane of the line of assembly
is located a movable shelf, having an inclined or shear edge adapted to engage
under the lower end of the dies, before the finger bar is withdrawn, as a support.
The shelf is attached at its ends to cranks on a shaft 23, journalled in the font
case and held normally under tension by coiled spring, to throw the shelf to its
forward limit. It is normally held in its rearmost position out of the plane of
assembly by a pivoted pawl attached to the setting table and engaging with the
stud 20
on one of the cranks. The left hand crank lever 2 is provided on its
front face with a cam surface 27, with which a cam 728 on the finger bar is made
to engage on its downward movement. As the finger bar goes up, it lifts the
pawl from the stud 2, permitting the shelf to fly under the dies and hold the
same. As the finger bar goes down it forces the crank lever back and allows
the pawl to engage with its stud for holding it there.
'
THE IMPRESSION DEVICES.

page_text: The primary cam or movement shaft t¹ extends lengthwise of the machine from
right to left under the bed-plate behind the font case and is supported by
hangers a8. On this shaft are a series of cams for effecting certain of the automatic
movements. These cams will be regarded in their order, beginning at the right
hand number. The first cam te co-operates with the pivoted levers, pivoted to
bracket a", and the retracting spring t" for operating the impression device. The
second cam t¹³ co-operates with a lever pivoted to bracket a" and a retracting
spring 2 to reciprocate a rack 20, by which motion is given to the auxiliary
movement shaft as will presently appear. The third cam t, is a double cam
co-operating with a pair of rollers located on the pivoted bell-crank lever (2³,
mounted on a post 2, projecting from the hanger as, the upper end of which lever
is in a position to strike the rear end of the driving-rack13, which operates the
condensing rack. It is yieldingly connected to 13 by a spring 125. This cam with
its connecting devices compacts the carriers of the line carriage and returns them
to their normal position. The fourth cam 27 is a double cam and co-operates with
a pair of rollers t28 on a bell-crank 29 fixed to the shaft c¹ to operate through its
upwardly projecting levers e, the section drivers. The fifth cam 30 co-operates
with the roller t on the idle shaft 20 to operate through 19 and 18 the die drivers.
The sixth cam 32, which is at the extreme left, co-operates with the pivoted
lever ³, carrying a segment rack 4, engaging with multiplying gear-wheels (35

page_text: and, the large member of which engages with the font lifting-rack 6", to
restore the fonts to their uppermost or normal position.
THE AUXILIARY CAM SHAFT.
In hangers a depending from the front part of the bed-plate is mounted parallel
with the primary cam or movement shaft t, an auxiliary cam shaft v. Motion is
imparted to the shaft by the reciprocating rack to driven from the second cam on
the primary movement shaft as before stated. To obtain this motion from the
rack, the auxiliary shaft is provided with a loose pinion ³, with which the rack is
held in engagement by a hanger v³, also pivoted on the shaft. The shaft is also
provided with a rigid crank-arm having a spring-pawl », located to the right
of the pinion; and the pinion is provided on its right-hand hub with a disk vs,
having a stud 7, engageable with the pawl v. As the rack is drawn to the rear,
it will revolve the pinion and disk, which will in turn, through the crank-arm v
revolve the auxiliary shaft. On this auxiliary shaft are located a series of five
cams for assisting in the automatic movements. Beginning at its extreme right
the first cam co-operates with the lower member of a three-armed bell-crank
lever, pivoted in the bracket a projecting upward from the bed-plate, adjacent
to the line register, to release the setting carriage and the line register from their
driving pawls, so as to permit their return to normal position. The upper arms of
the lever project at right angles from each other into the proper positions to
effect this release, by depressing the heels of the respective pawls, when the lower
member is thrown by the cam toward the front. The third cam v co-operates
with the lever 70 to move the face-plate or justifier carriage toward the rear.
second and fourth cams 10 are spaced apart a considerable distance and co-operate
with the rollers on the box-legs f* fixed to the section stop-box f, to effect the
upward movement of the said box and section-stops taken collectively. The fifth
cam co-operates with a lug on the pivoted lever nas, and a link ls, connecting
the said lever with the crank-arm f¹³ to do three things, viz.; through the pinion n
to lower the justifying plates into their normal position, draw down the section-
stops to their normal relative positions in their supporting box and restore the
fount-stop slides d through the blade do to their rearmost or normal position.
The lever n68 is connected to the underside of the bed-plate by a coiled-spring v14,
which serves the double purpose of holding the said lever against its driving cam
and to raise the said lever after it has passed over the cam surface, thereby
unwinding the return strap n, sufficient to give its requisite slack, and raising f
and its connected parts do and f" into their normal positions, so as not to interfere
with the setting of the stops.
UNCLASSIFIED DEVICES.
68
The
In the section driving lever c¹³, is located a projection w, in position to strike
the crank-arm 6" of the valve operating-shaft 6, to open the valve when the said
driving lever is moved to the front. The font returning rack is provided on its
inner face with a projecting angular cam-surface w², in a position to strike the
crank as the rack and the fonts reach their uppermost positions, thus rocking
the shaft backward and closing the valve. The crank 61 being back of the
dead center will then hold the valve in its closed position.
OPERATION OF THE MACHINE.
The operation of the machine as an entirety may now be traced :-
As the keys are struck on the key-board, the friction device is tripped into action
rocking the setting shafts and the line register shaft, and propelling the setting
carriage and line-register. As the shafts are rocked the font stops are withdrawn
permitting the font holders to drop for the alignment of the sections containing
0

page_text: the selected dies, the section stops are set in their tentative or relative positions,
the line space required for the indicated dies is shown by the line register, the
justifier escapement is released opening up the justifying plates, and the drop-yoke
is lowered locating the justifying stops on their supporting ledges in position for
their work in front of the corresponding section-stops set for spaces. During the
last forty steps of the line register's movement, the check block was also carried
along, allowing the weight to raise the justifying plates en masse leaving them in
the proper position to do their work.
The line having been selected the starting key is struck. The movement shafts
are thereby thrown into gear with the power shaft.
The auxiliary cam-shaft takes its motion, as has been seen, from the primary
cam-shaft and is run at a relatively high rate of speed. During the first half
revolution of the auxiliary shaft the justifier carriage or face plate with the
justifying plates is carried backward bringing the said plates into action, if
necessary, against the justifying stops; the section stop-box is raised placing the
section-stops within the channels on the setting-table in the proper positions for
stopping the sections to align the selected character dies together with such
spacing dies as will justify the line. As the auxiliary shaft completed the first
half of its revolution, the face-plate was released permitting the springs to force
the same forward together with the justifying plates to its normal position;
and the release lever was brought into effect, releasing the line register and the
setting carriage permitting the same to be returned by their respective weights
to their normal position, the setting-carriage carrying with it the drop-yoke and
the justifying-stops. Simultaneously with the releases, the sections were forced
out on to the setting table against the section stops by the primary movement
shaft. At the beginning of the second half of the auxiliary's shaft movement,
the section-stops are drawn down into their normal position, the justifying plates
are lowered en masse and closed up into their normal positions, and their escape-
ment is drawn to the left and re-set and the yoke-shaft is released and permitted to
be returned upward into its normal position by the retracting spring on the yoke-
controller. At the same time therewith, the font stops were returned to their
normal position, the font-holders being held by the sections.
All the parts of the setting mechanism are now back in their normal positions.
Hence, the operator can now begin on the next line. The movements so far
described, have involved a delay to the operator of less than one second.
Just before the section stops were lowered, the finger-bar was moved upward
by the primary cam-shaft forcing the dies into the carriers of the line-carriage and
the shelf was thrown forward under the dies. The condensing-rack next comes
into effect compacting the selected dies into a solid line on to the impression bed.
The platen is then forced down and the impression taken and on its upward
movement, the line feed of the matrix material is made. Then the condensing
rack returns the line-carriage so that the carriers stand over the channels in the
sections to distribute the dies, the finger-bar lowers withdrawing the shelf and
the upper member of the die-drivers comes into effect on the tops of the dies,
forcing the same downward into their respective wards in the sections. The section-
drivers now move backward forcing the sections nearly but not quite into their
respective wards of the font holders. The font-lifter is now raised from the
primary cam-shaft, first forcing the sections home into their wards and then lifting
the fonts into their normal or uppermost position. At this time, the primary
cam-shaft has completed its revolution and been automatically thrown out of
gear with the power-shaft. During all these latter movements, since the completion
of the auxiliary's shaft revolution, the operator may have been at work on the
key-board setting the stops for the next line; and ought to have had the same, at
least two thirds done. Those of the fonts for which the stops of the second line
have been now set all come to position at once.
The machine therefore does not
limit the operator. The operation is practically continuous.

page_text: It will of course be understood, that many of the details of the machine
described might be changed without departing from the spirit or principles of the
inventions.
The justifier, for example, might be made to take effect on the fount-stops instead
of on the section stops, the spacing quads being placed in different sections of the
font-holders and other corresponding changes made.
All
It should be especially noted that the automatic justifier is applicable to other
classes of machines than the multiple font machine with which it is herein shown
as organized. It would be quite capable of use, for example, in that class of matrix
making machines, wherein the dies are impressed one at a time in succession.
that would be necessary, in such a case, would be to make the stops controlled from
the key-board to control the bringing of the said individual dies under their
impression device in succession. In other words, a justified set of stops would first
be set which would then, after the line had been indicated, select the individual dies
and effect the proper spacing between the words.
It should be noted that the line carriage composed of the individual carriers of
differential movements, viewed with reference to one of its most important functions,
is a die distributer which distributes the entire line of selected dies at once.
Is should be further noted, that what has been called the propelling spring for
actuating the setting carriage, is, when taken in connection with the locking dog and
the pivoted lever of the start and stop device, practically one form of an escapement.
Finally, it should be especially noted that the factoring principle runs all through
this machine. The fonts are factored into sections; the setting mechanism is
composed of two corresponding factors, i.e. font stops and section stops; and
between the key-board and that particular factor of the setting mechanism, which
does not have its final effect until after the line has been indicated, is placed the
justifier, which, in one point of view, is an automatic factoring device which
distributes the shortage of the indicated line uniformly among the spaces between
the words of the selected line.
The working machine from which the accompanying drawings were taken has
demonstrated the successful operation of all the mechanism herein described and all
the facts herein stated. The automatic justifier works with great precision.
The nature of the said inventions and the manner in which the same are to be
performed having been particularly described and ascertained, what is claimed and
desired to be secured by Patent is as follows
1. In a machine for assembling a line of dies the combination with suitable guides
of movable fonts of disconnected dies, the said fonts being movable bodily to
assemble the selected dies into a transverse line.
2. In a machine for assembling a line of dies the combination with movable fonts
of disconnected dies, of devices for stopping the fonts at different points to bring
the same in the proper relative positions to assemble the selected dies into their
transverse line.
3. The combination with movable fonts of disconnected dies, of means for moving
the selected dies out of their original paths of motion for condensation into a
compact line.
4. The combination with movable fonts of disconnected dies, of means for moving
the selected dies out of their original paths of motion for condensation into a compact
line and means for returning the same directly to their original positions in their
respective fonts after use.
5. In a machine for assembling a line of dies, a factored font of dies comprising
movable font holders having the dies arranged thereon in sections.
6. In a machine for assembling a line of dies, a factored font of dies comprising
movable font holders having the dies arranged thereon in independently movable
sections.
7. In a machine for assembling a line of dies, a factored font of dies comprising

page_text: movable font holders arranged thereon in sections bodily movable at an angle to
the line of movement of the font holders.
8. In a machine for assembling a line of dies, a factored font of dies comprising
movable font holders having individually removable dies mounted thereon in
sections bodily movable at an angle to the line of movement of the font
holders.
9. In a machine for assembling a line of dies, the combination with movable font
holders having the dies arranged thereon in sections, of two sets of stops, for
selecting the desired die, one set corresponding to the sections of the font and the
other to the dies in the section.
10. In a machine for assembling a line of dies, the combination with movable
font holders having the dies arranged thereon in sections of two sets of stops for
selecting the desired dies, one set corresponding to the sections of the font and the
other to the dies in the section and stop setting devices for controlling the same to
select the dies.
11. The combination with movable font holders having the dies arranged
thereon in sections of sets of stops corresponding respectively to the sections and
the dies in the same, keys and connections from the same to the stops for controlling
the stops to select the dies.
12. The combination with movable fonts of dies, of dash pots for controlling
their rate of movement.
13. The combination with the movable fonts provided with pistons of open
cylinders adapted to hold a suitable liquid, and a common valve for opening and
closing said cylinders, substantially as described.
14. The combination with movable fonts of disconnected dies, of a line carriage
adapted to receive the selected dies, permit their condensation and their distribution
after use.
15. The combination with movable fonts of disconnected dies of a die distributer
adapted to restore the entire line of selected dies simultaneously to their respective
fonts after use.
16. The combination with movable fonts of disconnected dies of a line carriage
adapted to receive the selected dies in an open line and permit their condensation
into a solid line and condensing and distributing devices adapted to condense the
selected dies into a solid line and then to restore the same after use directly to their
original positions in their respective fonts.
17. In a line assembling machine employing disconnected dies, a series of movable
die carriers for receiving the selected dies, condensing the same into a solid line
and distributing the same after use.
18. The combination with movable fonts of disconnected dies, of a die distributer
comprising a series of independent carriers, one for each of the selected dies having
differential movements for permitting the same to be compacted into a solid line
and then to be restored after use to their respective points.
19. The combination with fonts of disconnected dies of a line carriage seat
and a line carriage composed of a series of die carriers movable towards and from
each other on said seat for the condensation of the dies into a solid line and
their distribution after use.
20. The combination with a line carriage seat of a series of independent die
carriers moveable thereon, each having a seat for receiving a die, and means for
moving said carriers together to compact the said dies into a solid line and then to
separate the said carriers and return them to their normal position for distributing
the dies.
21. A line carriage composed of a series of die carriers each consisting of a body
having a seat for the reception of the die and a projecting rod or wire for
manipulating the same.
22. A line carriage composed of a series of die carriers each consisting of a
perforated body provided with a seat for receiving the dies and a projecting rod

page_text: for mamputating the carrier, the rods from part of the carriers passing through
perforations in others of the carriers.
23. The combination with the series of independent carriers having projecting
rods terminating in heads, of gathering plates adapted to act upon the heads of
said rods, for compacting and separating the carriers, substantially as described.
24. A line carriage composed of a series of compactible and separable die carriers
each consisting of a perforated body having a die seat and all intermediate carriers
having projecting rods which pass through the perforations in certain others of the
carriers and terminate in heads outside of the extreme carriers.
25. The combination with the line carriage seat of a series of independent die
carriers movable thereon, each consisting of a perforated body provided with a seat
for receiving a die and with a projecting rod passing through the perforations in
certain others of the carriers and gathering plates adapted to act upon the rods for
compacting and separating the carriers.
26. The combination with a pair of relatively fixed and a movable perforated
plate of a series of die carriers located between the movable and one of the relatively
fixed plates each consisting of a perforated body having a die seat and a projecting
rod passing through the perforations in certain others of the carriers and the
movable plate and terminating in a head outside of the same, substantially as
described.
27. The combination with two pairs of relatively fixed and movable plates, one
fixed plate and one movable plate being perforated, of a series of perforated die
carriers located between the perforated plates each having a laterally projecting
rod passing through others of the carriage and one of the perforated plates
terminating in a head on the outside of the same, the said carriers being divided
into two sets having their rods extending in opposite directions to the respective
perforated plates.
28. The combination with dies having extended wings of a series of movable die
carriers each having a seat on one of its edges adapted to receive and hold a die by
its wing, substantially as described.
29. The combination with dies having wings of a line holder a series of die
carriers movable on said holder each having a seat on one edge for receiving and
holding a die by its wing, and a condensing device adapted to act on the bodies of
the dies for compacting the carriers with the selected dies into a solid line.
30. A series of die carriers each provided with a die seat on its vertical face
consisting of alternately arranged wings projecting from the carrier, substantially
as described.
31. The combination with a movable stop pin or slide of a graduated friction
applicable thereto, to avoid the effects of acceleration.
32. The combination with the movable stop pins having cam surfaces increasing
reversely to their lines of movement of flat springs secured to some relatively fixed
support and having their free ends bearing against said cam surfaces, substantially
as and for the purposes specified..
33. The combination with movable fonts of disconnected dies and a series of
stops to arrest the same, of a stop setting carriage and mechanism for operating the
same, substantially as described.
34. A stop setting mechanism comprising rock-shafts having sliding crank arms
and devices for controlling the crank arms to set the proper stops.
35. A stop setting mechanism comprising a key-board, rock shafts having sliding
crank arms mounted thereon, and connections from the key-board for controlling the
rock-shaft, substantially as described.
36. The combination with a series of movable founts of dies of corresponding
series of stops for selecting the dies, rock-shafts having sliding crank-arms for
setting the stops, a propelling device for effecting the sliding movement of the
crank-arms, a key-board and mechanical connections from the same for controlling
the propelling device and said rock-shafts to set the proper stop.

page_text: 37. The combination with a rock-shaft of a bank of keys and interposing stops
carried by the keys to limit the movement of said shaft.
38. The combination with a rock-shaft of a bank of keys provided with inter-
posing stops differently located on different keys for permitting movements of
different lengths to said shaft.
39. A stop setting mechanism comprising rock-shafts sliding crank-arms on said
shafts for setting the stops, a bank of keys and interposing stops carried by the
keys to limit the movements of the shafts as required to set the corresponding stops.
40. The combination with a bank of keys, of a rock-shaft variably limited in its
movement in one direction by said keys and a movable body for returning the shaft
to its normal position.
41. The combination with a rock shaft provided with a bail of a bank of keys
carrying stop lugs differently located for variably limiting the movement of the
shaft, as may be required.
42. A controllable start and stop device comprising a pair of parallel rotary
disks opposing each other, at least one of which is in constant motion, and a shaft
located at right angles to the parallel disks having a projecting friction plate or
plates having peripheral margins less than a complete circle interposable at will
between said disks and engageable thereby to obtain a controllable start and
stop motion.
43. The combination with a pair of parallel and adjacent shafts provided with
opposing friction surfaces adapted to have yielding contact with each other and
an interposable friction plate adapted to be engaged at will by said opposing
surfaces.
44. The combination with a pair of parallel and adjacent shafts provided with
opposing friction surfaces one of which shafts is automatically adjustable to and
from the other, and an interposable friction plate adapted to be engaged by said
opposing surfaces.
45. The combination with two parallel and adjacent shafts provided with sets of
friction surfaces opposing each other in pairs, at least one of which shafts is in
constant motion, of an interposable friction plate engageable by one pair of said
friction surfaces at will and an equalizer for supporting said shafts relatively to
each other, whereby the strain from the interposed friction plate is distributed onto
all of the said surfaces.
46. The combination with a pair of parallel shafts having opposing friction
surfaces, at least one of which shafts is in constant motion, of a pivoted friction
plate mounted at right angles to said parallel shafts adapted to be interposed and
engaged by said surfaces, at will, and an automatically controlled stop for preventing
the movement of said plate from the momentum gathered from said surfaces.
47. The combination with a primary shaft in constant motion provided with a
set of friction surfaces of a secondary shaft provided with corresponding friction
surfaces, arranged parallel and adjacent to the primary shaft, a bearing for the
secondary shaft pivotally mounted on a bed plate pivoted to a fixed support, stops
for limiting the pivotal movement of the bearing, and the bed plate, and a tension
spring applied to the free end of the bed plate, whereby one pair of the friction
surfaces are held normally in contact and the other pair out of contact, substan-
tially as described.
48. A stop setting mechanism comprising a bank of keys movable pieces for
setting the stops and a power driven start and stop device controllable from the
keys to move said pieces.
49. The combination with the bank of keys of the rock-shafts having sliding
crank-arms for setting the stops and the power driven start and stop device
controllable from the keys to rock the shafts.
50. The combination with the bank of keys of the rock-shafts having sliding
crank-arms for setting the stops, a power driven start and stop device controllable
from the keys to rock the shafts and a propelling device set under tension by the

page_text: start and stop device and released to effect the sliding of the cranks, substantially
as described.
51. The combination with the bank of keys and the rock-shafts having sliding
crank-arms for setting the stops of the frictional start and stop device controllable
from the keys to move said shafts, substantially as described.
52. In a machine for producing printing surfaces, an automatic justifier adapted
to control the spacing dies (quads) as required to justify the line.
53. The combination with the key board or other indicating devices of supple-
mentary devices automatically controlled from the indicating devices to effect such
spacing as is required to bring the selected characters into a justified line.
54. The combination with a key board or other indicating devices of supple-
mentary die selecting devices automatically controlled from the indicating devices
to select with the character, dies spacing dies (quads) of the requisite size to justify
the line.
55. A setting mechanism for producing a justified line comprising a set of movable
stops whose relative positions are not finally fixed until after the line has been
indicated whereby such of the stops as are used for spacing may be changed in
position as required to justify the line.
56. The combination with character and spacing dies (quads) of a setting
mechanism for selecting the same which does not have its final effect until after the
line has been indicated, whereby spacing dies of such size as is required may be
selected to justify the line.
57. The combination with character and spacing dies of a setting mechanism for
selecting the dies comprising a set of movable stops whose final positions are not
fixed until after the selected line has been indicated whereby such of the stops as
are used for selecting the spacing dies may be manipulated to select such as are
required to justify the line."
58. The combination with character and spacing dies and a bank of keys or other
indicating devices of a set of movable stops for selecting the dies whose final
relative positions are not fixed until after the line has been indicated and con-
nections controlled by the total line space and number of words indicated to set
such of the said stops as are used for the spacing dies in their final relative positions,
whereby spacing dies of the proper size are selected to justify the line.
59. In a machine for assembling a line of dies, an automatic justifier comprising
a series of parts having a compound movement, the one a movement of the parts
with reference to each other for separating the same variable uniform distances
corresponding to the number of spaces between the words of the selected line, and
the other a movement en masse corresponding to the line space required by the
indicated dies for bringing one or more of said parts into effect to select the required
spacing dies (quads) to justify the line.
60. The combination with character and spacing dies a bank of keys a set of
movable stops whose final relative positions are not fixed until after the line
has been indicated and a justifier controlled from the keys, composed of parts
having a compound movement, one a separating movement of the parts corre-
sponding to the number of spaces between the words of the line and the other
a movement en masse corresponding to the total line space required by the
selected dies to set such of said stops as are used for the spacing dies in the
proper final relative positions to select such spacing dies as will justify the line.
61. The combination with movable fonts of disconnected dies having the dies
arranged in sections a set of font stops and a set of section stops, whose relative
positions are not finally fixed until after the line has been indicated, a bank of keys,
and a justifier controlled from the keys comprising movable parts separable uniform
distances corresponding to the total of the spaces between the words and movable
en masse corresponding to the total line space required by the indicated line to
set such of said section stops as are used for the spacing dies in the proper
final relative positions to select spacing dies of the proper size to justify the line.

page_text: 62. The combination with the section tails and the setting carriage of the section
stops independently movable in a bodily movable support, substantially as and for
the purpose set forth.
63. The combination with the setting carriage of the section stops independently
movable in a bodily movable support adapted to be set in initial or tentative
relative positions by the carriage as the characters and normal spaces are indicated
and the justifying plates having a compound movement controllable by the number
of spaces and the total line space indicated to set such of said stops as are used
for selecting the spacing dies in their final relative positions, substantially as
described.
64. The combination with the section stops of a set of justifying stops, a setting
carriage for setting said stops in their tentative relative positions, and locating said
justifying stops in line therewith, as the characters and normal spaces are indicated,
a bank of keys and a set of justifying plates controllable therefrom according to
the total line space and the number of spaces between words in the selected line to
move said justifying stops to set said pins as required to justify the line, substan-
tially as described.
65. The combination with a bank of keys of the justifying stops, the setting
carriage and the drop yoke controllable from the keys to locate said justifying stops.
66. The combination with the bank of keys of the justifying plates, an escape-
ment releasable from the keys to separate said plates uniform distances equal to
the total of the spaces between the words of the selected line and a line space
register movable from the keys a distance equal to the total of the line space
required for the selected line adapted to control the movement of said plates
en masse for setting the justifying stops.
67. The combination with the bank of keys and the line register having a
movement controlled from said keys equal to the total line space indicated by the
selected line of a set of justifying plates having a movement en masse controlled
by said register.
68. The combination with the bank of keys of the line register, the justifying
plates having the compound movement, the section stops, the justifying stops, the
setting carriage, the drop yoke and the escapements, one for moving said setting
carriage and the other to separate said plates and drop said yoke.
69. The combination with a bank of keys and the line register of the justifying
plates having the movement en masse and a check block controllable by the line
register adapted to withhold the said plates until a predetermined amount of line
space has been used, and then to be moved with the line register to permit and
control the said movement of the said plates.
70. The combination with the slotted justifying stops of the movable angle
pieces working in said slots, suitable supporting guides for the stops and the angle
pieces, the setting carriage, and a drop yoke propelled by the carriage to carry
the stops forward therewith and movable transversely to the path of the carriage
to release one after the other of said angle pieces in succession to locate the
stops.
71. The combination with the bank of keys, of the slotted justifying stops, the
angle pieces working in said slots, the guiding supports for the said stops and pieces,
the setting carriage and a drop yoke engaging said angle pieces, propelled by the
carriage and dropped from the keys to release said stops one after the other as the
spaces are struck.
72. The combination with a series of justifying plates (or parts) of devices for
moving the same proportionately from a common source to separate the same
variable uniform distances.
73. The combination with the key-board of a series of justifying plates devices
for moving the same proportionately to separate them variable uniform distances
and an escapement releasable from said keys to effect said movement as the spaces
are struck.

page_text: 74. The combination with movable fonts of disconnected dies of a line carriage
for receiving the selected dies to permit their condensation and distribution and a
finger bar movable to force selected dies on to the line carriage.
75. The combination with the movable fonts having the dies in movable sections
of a setting table onto which the aligned sections are moved to align the selected
dies and a pair of die drivers one of which has fingers, the said drivers being
located on opposite sides of the table for moving the selected dies out of and back
into the sections.
76. The combination with the movable font holders having the dies in movable
sections of an outmoving section driver having push rods for forcing the sections
outward from their holders.
77. The outmoving section driver having push fingers yieldingly held therein.
78. The outmoving section driver having the push rods yieldingly held therein
by friction clutches.
79. The combination with the outmoving section driver friction clutches and
push rods of a back cross bar for re-aligning the rods after use.
.80. The combination with the movable font holders having the dies on movable
sections of the setting table and the outmoving and inmoving section drivers
located on the opposite sides of the font case.
81. The combination with the font holders having the movable section of the
setting table, the outmoving section driver having the yielding push rods, the line
carriage and the finger bar.
82. The combination with the movable font holders having the movable sections
of the setting table the section drivers and the die drivers.
83. The combination with the font case and the setting table of the movable
font holders having the independently movable sections adapted to engage with
the setting table at all times, except when the font holders are in their uppermost
or normal position whereby the fonts are held up by the sections when the font stops
are withdrawn for setting the next line.
84. The combination with the setting table and the finger bar of the movable
font holders having the dies in movable sections alignable with said table, the
lowermost or normally aligned section having one empty ward, whereby the finger
bar may not be impeded by those of the sections which are not used for the selected
line.
85. The combination with the movable fonts having the movable sections of the
font case and the setting table provided with an inclined or cam surface at their
junction, whereby the sections will be forced back home into their wards by the
return movement of the font.
86. The combination with the outmoving section driver of a positive stop for
the same to prevent the spring in the movable parts from throwing the selected
dies out of alignment upon the withdrawal of the section stops.
87. The combination with the line carriage and finger bar of a movable shelf
movable under the line of dies when seated in the carriage, to uphold the same
when the finger bar is withdrawn.
88. The combination with the pair of crank-arms of the set of justifying plates
pivotally connected thereto at different points and a differential escapement for
effecting uniform movements of said plates as they are separated by the crank-
arms.
89. The combination with the factored fonts of the setting table and the section-
tails separated from the sections and located on the table for use with any aligned
sections, substantially as described.
90. The method of organizing a machine for assembling a justified line of dies
which consists in the employment of factored fonts of dies, a corresponding
factored setting mechanism one part of which does not have its final effect until
the line has been indicated, and a factoring device or devices controlled from
D

page_text: the key-board to distribute the shortage of the indicated line uniformly among the
spaces between the words of the selected line, substantially as described..
Dated at Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.A., January 12th, 1891.
FRANK AMOS JOHNSON.
WALTER ELIPHALET CRANE.
Abel & Imray,
Agents for Applicants.