IMPROVEMENTS' IN HYDRAULIC APPARATUS FOR RAISING: OR FORCING WATER AND OTHER LIQUIDS OR FOR FORCING OR EXHAUSTING AIR AND OTHER GASES to be as follows:
Year: 1885

page_text: I, HOWARD DEVENISH PEARSALL Civil Engineer of 3. Cursitor Street Chancery.
Lane London do hereby declare the nature of my invention for "IMPROVEMENTS'
IN HYDRAULIC APPARATUS FOR RAISING: OR FORCING WATER AND OTHER LIQUIDS
OR FOR FORCING OR EXHAUSTING AIR AND OTHER GASES to be as follows:-
"
"
My invention is called a Gravity Pump" and consists of improved means. of
utilising the energy of the fall, of fluids, principally for raising, water, but they,
may also be used for compressing air, and for other purposes.
"
The general form of my Gravity Pump is a closed pipe called the flow-pipe, in
which a fluid is allowed to flow for a brief time in order to acquire velocity under.
the influence of gravity, and is similar in this respect to the well-known machine
for raising water called the "Montgolfier Ram pump It has also a delivery
valve, and an air vessel, as in the ram, pump, but essentially differs from that
machine, First in the arrangement of waste-valve or in substitution of other
arrangements in place of waste-valve, and, Second, in its wider applicability, to
various purposes, and its applicability on a large scale; and Third, in its freedom.
from violence, both by reason of the action of its valve and of the method of action
of the machine (special to those forms of it which are preferred, and entirely novel)
of retarding instead of arresting, the energy of the water, and its only. deflecting,
and never reversing its motion.
My invention comprises three principal forms of the Gravity Pump:-The
Peripheral Gravity Pump, the Chambered Gravity Pump. and the Lift Gravity
Pump and certain forms of valves.
In the Peripheral Gravity Pump, the flow-pipe abuts against the air-vessel, or
against a pipe communicating therewith, the entrance to which is covered by a
valve opening inwards called the delivery valve, and, at a certain distance from
this valve there are orifices in the sides of the flow-pipe which are. alternately
closed and opened by a sliding valve which takes the place of the waste valve in
the ram.
This sliding valve is usually actuated by means: independent of the velocity of
the current in the flow-pipe,, as by a piston worked by the compressed air in the
air vessel or by a small turbine in the delivery stream, or otherwise, and one effect

page_text: a
Besides
of this, which is new and which constitutes an essential difference between this
machine and the ram is, that the said valve may be opened and escape of fluid
permitted while the stream of fluid is still flowing, the stream being only retarded,
and not arrested, whereas in all rams the water has first to come to rest and to
regurgitate in order to suck open the waste valve, from which regurgitation
violent action ensues which has given these machines the name of rams.
avoiding this violent action, another result of this arrangement is, that the mean
velocity of the flow can be inade to approximate to the maximum velocity to any
desired extent, and thereby, the size of the machine is very materially diminished.
It is also evident that the motion of the valve may be one of gradual acceleration
and retardation, and therefore without shock or jar, and that it may be still further
cushioned if desired, by springs or buffers which may be outside the pipe. This
applies also to other forms of the machine mentioned below.
Machines of the above form may also be made to act directly by the velocity of
flow, by attaching to the slide valve a disc of any desired form in the interior of
the pipe, so proportioned that the pressure due to the maximum velocity of flow
will push forward the slide and close the orifices, the returning motion of the slide
being accomplished by its weight or by a spring; or, instead of the return motion
being caused by a weight or spring, two such machines (which may deliver into
one receiver or air vessel) may work together, having their slide valves connected
together in such a way that when one opens the other closes. If the pressure in
receiver is just double that due to head of flow, this arrangement can be adjusted
to work with a high minimum velocity, whether the valves be worked by power
independent of the stream or automatically by the stream. The same principle
may be extended, and three or more machines worked together, so that the time
during which the slide valves are open is caused to be two-thirds or more of the
time of whole stroke, and thus at any required pressure the object of only retarding
instead of arresting the fluid may be attained automatically.
In some forms of this machine I insert a conical or curved body below the
delivery valve to assist in deflecting the course of the fluid towards the orifices.
In order that the pressure may not rise in the flow-pipe (by the partial closing
of the valve) until the valve is completely closed, I leave a small space between
the main valve and the delivery valve, which is filled with air at each stroke of
the machine through a small snift or inlet valve which is closed by the fluid or by
a tappet only when the fluid has filled the said space, unless it is desired to leave
a small quantity of air in this space in order to cushion the stroke, or to supply air
to the air vessel, either to make good the waste or in starting the machine.
When there is sufficient fall available, I sometimes attach a waste pipe to carry
away the waste fluid, and give the pipe a vertical length of about 35 feet, which
produces the effect of a vacuum in the space between the main valve and the
delivery valve, and in this case, I do not admit air into that space and the snift
valve is therefore dispensed with.
To adapt the Peripheral Gravity Pump to pump air or gas instead of water, it
is only necessary to increase the space between the slide and delivery valve, and
to make the orifices covered by the slide of larger size, a snift or inlet valve being
provided for the admission of air or gas below the delivery valve when the pressure
there is relieved by the opening of the slide valve.
In the chambered Gravity Pump there is a chamber in communication with the
flow-pipe, and preferably forming a continuation of it, between it and the delivery
valve, and the fluid during what is called the waste stroke flows into this chamber
instead of flowing to waste as above described, and is let out from said chamber
(after the delivery stroke is performed) by another valve. One result of all
machines on this plan is that the greater part of the energy of the column of water
which is lost in other machines is here saved, as the water flows away from the
chamber at any desired low velocity.
In one form of this inachine there is one chamber with a valve between it
and flow-pipe, and another valve to permit final escape of the fluid. The waste

page_text: valve in this arrangement may be small, and may open and shut as slowly as
desired without impairing the efficiency of the machine.
In another form of same machine, there is but one valve, which permits escape
of the fluid, but this valve and the course to it being made larger than the area of
flow-pipe, the fluid escapes from the chamber more rapidly than it enters it, and
therefore, a great part of the chamber is empty for the fluid to flow into. This
form of the pump partakes of the features of the Peripheral Gravity Pump, as well
as of the Chambered Gravity Pump and is as it were, a connecting form.
In a third form of same machine there are 2 chambers connected to the flow-pipe
by a breaches pipe (or otherwise) at head of which there is a two-way valve so
arranged that the fluid flows into either chamber alternately. Each chamber has
an escape valve for the fluid. In this arrangement and in the second, the object
attained in the Peripheral Gravity Pump is also attained, viz:--the utilisation
of the energy of the fluid by retardation.
In a fourth form, 3 or more chambers are used in the same way, the current of
fluid being diverted into them in succession.
When any of these forms of this machine is used for pumping water or other
liquid, the escape valves may either communicate with the atmosphere or with a
vacuum, or, if there is sufficient head of water, with an escape pipe having a
vertical depth of, 35 feet, in which case, the effect of a vacuum below the escape
valve will be produced. When the escape valve communicates with the atmosphere,
a snift or inlet valve is provided for admitting atmospheric air into the chamber or
chambers at each stroke, and this valve is arranged so that it is not allowed to
close until the chamber is full of water, or as nearly full as may be desired, if it is
desired to leave a small quantity of air in the chamber to cushion the stroke or to
supply air to the air vessel in order to make good the waste or in starting the
machine.
A feature of this construction is that it is the shutting of the air inlet valve
which really begins the delivery stroke, and as this valve is a very small one,
violent closing of valves is avoided.
To adapt the chambered Gravity Pump to pump air or gas instead of water, it is
only necessary to adjust differently the time of closing of the air inlet valve.
These arrangements are also applicable to the purpose of pumping another fluid
than that used as source of power; or for producing motive power by the intro-
duction of air piston, diaphragm or solid piston as in machines by Douglas and
other inventors.
In the Lift Gravity Pump a slide valve of one of the forms described below is
placed near the upper end of the flow-pipe. From the flowpipe, immediately below
this valve there branches another pipe, which descends to the water or other liquid
which it is desired to lift, and a suction valve opening upwards (of any known
form) is fixed in this pipe. When the slide valve is open, the power water or other
liquid flows down the flow-pipe. When the slide valve is closed the energy
acquired by the water in the flowpipe produces a suction in the branch pipe which
opens the suction valve and lifts water or other liquid into the flow pipe. This
machine may be worked automatically in the way described above, or two or more
machines may be worked together, as described above, the valves in each opening
and shutting alternately or successively.
The Lift Gravity Pump is equally adapted to exhausting air or other gas by
connecting the branch pipe with the place whence such gas is to be exhausted, and
the intensity of vacuum so produced can be varied by the intervals of time
between the motions of the slide valves.
My invention also embraces, as essential parts thereof, certain new forms of
valves which I use in the above, described machines, though I do not limit myself
to use no others. I also claim these forms of valves as new, and therefore the
right to exclusive use of thein in other machines.
They are--1st. The rigid collar slide valve; 2nd. The flexible collar slide
valve

page_text: The rigid collar slide valve consists of a rigid collar or ring of metal, vulcanite,
or other material, which slides easily and without friction inside a pipe in the sides
of which is an orifice or orifices of such a size that the ring or collar can a little
more than cover them. To close the valve the ring or collar is moved so as to
cover said orifices, and, in order to make it then a water tight cover the collar is
provided with a metal packing ring abutting against its inner end (and therefore,
always remaining on the inner side.of the orifices and never having to cross them)
and a similar ring is also provided in the pipe (where it may be retained in place
by a groove in the pipe) in such a position that when the collar covers the orifices,
its further end just touches, or nearly touches said ring. The result is that any
pressure in the pipe, when the collar covers the orifices, forces both of these
packing rings against the ends of the rigid collar, and also against the pipe, and so
makes the cover water-tight no matter how great the pressure. But the resistance
to movement of the valve is only that of the friction due to the pressure on the
inner packing ring.
This form of valve is used by preference for main valve in the peripheral
Gravity Pump, and the Lift Gravity Pump, and for escape valve in the Chambered
Gravity Pump.
Instead of metal packing rings, rings of gutta percha, leather, or other suitable
material may be substituted, fastened on, to the inner end of the collar and to the
pipe respectively.
Instead of the collar sliding inside of the pipe as there described, it may slide on
the outside when the pressure is on the outside.
This valve may be used as a two-way or many-way valve by using two or more
such valves, as for instance, in the Chambered Gravity Pump if there be two sets
of orifices and two valves in the flow pipe and from each set of orifices a pipe or
annular chamber, or the flow-pipe may connect with two or more pipes, each
furnished with its valve.
This construction of valve is also made in some cases as a segment of a circle, or
as a plane surface, the packing ring carried by the slide then forming the water-
tight packing on three sides of the valve, and the loose ring carried by the pipe
forming the watertight packing on the fourth side, or vice versa, but so always
.that the moving packing ring never has to cross the orifice.
The segmental or flat valve is also made as a two way or many way valve by
using two or more similar valves, one for each set of orifices, space being left
between each orifice equal to the length of one valve, and this form is by preference
used in the double chambered Gravity Pump. Where leather or similar flexible
packing is.used, the part of this packing between the two valves may be of one
piece.
The flexible collar slide valve consists of a collar or ring of metal, vulcanite, or
other suitable material cut through by a longitudinal slit at one point of its
periphery. It is of such a size as to slide easily and without friction inside or
outside a pipe in which are the orifices to be covered, and it is made of a certain
thinness proportional to the pressure expected within or without the pipe, so that
when that pressure comes on to the ring it will be held by such pressure tight
against the surface of the pipe, and so produce a watertight cover.
This valve or the rigid collar valve is sometimes used as delivery valve in the
above described machines by connecting the slide or collar with a piston open to
the water in the flow pipe in such a manner that when the pressure in the flow
pipe becomes equal to that in the air vessel, the piston opens the slide.
Dated this 3rd day of July 1885.

page_text: Water and other Liquids or for Forcing or Exhausting Air
and other Gases.
I HOWARD DEVENISH PEARSALL of 3 Cursitor Street, Chancery Lane, in the
county of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention
and in what manner the same is to be performed to be particularly described
and ascertained in and by the following statement:―
This invention relates to improvements in hydraulic apparatus principally of the
hydraulic ram class the improvements mainly consisting in the employment of
improved arrangements and construction of valves for allowing the water to flow
to waste and in providing the said apparatus between the said valve and the air
vessel with a space or chamber communicating with the air vessel by a suitable
valve or valves and having a valve communicating with the atmosphere arranged
and operating in the manner and for the purposes hereinafter more particularly
described.
By my improvements this class of apparatus can be applied to more varied uses
and on a larger scale than hitherto as it is practically free from violent shocks as
the force is capable of exact regulation and the form of the parts admit of any
desired strength being given to them.
In order to enable my invention to be fully understood I will proceed to describe
the same by the aid of the accompanying drawings which illustrate various
arrangements of apparatus for carrying out my invention, similar letters in all the
figures being used to represent similar or corresponding parts. Figure 1 is a
general view shewing one arrangement of my improved apparatus in which the
main valve is worked by a separate motor the apparatus being adapted for raising
or forcing part of the power water or for compressing air, and figure 2 is a part
sectional view of the same on a larger scale. Figure 3 shews the apparatus in
which the main valve is operated directly by the velocity of the water. Figure 4
shews an apparatus adapted for raising or forcing other liquid than the power
water. Figure 5, is a section of a modification of the arrangement shewn in
figure 4. Figure 6 shews an apparatus similar to that shown in figure 2 except
that the flow of the power water is in a downward instead of an upward direction.
Figure 7 shews an apparatus provided with an additional valve. Figure 8 shews
the arrangement I find is advantageous to employ when the apparatus is to be
used for raising water by suction instead of by pressure; Figure 9 is a modifi-
cation of figure 2, adapted to discharge water from the waste orifices under
pressure. In all the arrangements illustrated in the drawings except figure 3, the
main valve is operated by a separate motor, and in figures 3 to 9 only so much of
the apparatus is shown as is sufficient to illustrate my improvements. Figures 10
to 25 shew enlarged detached views of my improved valve.
I will first describe the arrangement shewn in figures 1 and 2 in which f
represents the flow or supply pipe of the apparatus which is substantially the same
as that in an ordinary hydraulic ram; o, o, are orifices at the end of the flow pipe
for the discharge of the waste water; c, is a chamber which I adapt between the
end of the flow pipe f, and the usual air vessel a the said chamber c, communi-
cating with the air vessel a, the entrance being, closed or covered by any suitable
i

page_text: valve such as d (or valves) opening from the said chamber c, outwardly; m is the
main valve, which is a cylindrical slide valve, for alternately opening and closing
the orifices o, the said valve being a balanced valve and acting as a combined main
valve and waste valve as hereinafter described; h, is a passage forming a communi-
cation between the chamber c, and the atmosphere; i, is a valve (carrying an
adjustable float' b) for closing and opening as required the said passage h, as
hereinafter described. 1, is the spindle of the valve m, working fluid-tight in the
sleeve n; the said spindle 1, and its valve m, are operated by the motor A through
the medium of suitable gearing such as by means of an eccentric. It will also be
obvious that by my arrangement the motion of the valve m, may be one of
gradual acceleration and retardation, and therefore without shock or jar, and that
it may be still further cushioned if desired, by springs or buffers which may be
outside the pipe.
In the arrangement shewn in the drawing the motor is driven by compressed air
or water under pressure from the vessel a through the pipe t, but it will be
obvious that the motive power may be obtained in any other suitable manner such
as by means of a turbine wheel u, in the flow pipe f, or by means of a steam
engine or otherwise; p, is the usual delivery pipe from the air vessel a.
The operation of the apparatus is as follows:-
The pipe f, being full of water, the valve m, is opened and allows water to flow
away by a channel v. After a certain period (determined with regard to the
velocity of flow which it is desired to use) the valve m is closed into the position
shewn in figure of the drawing and the momentum acquired by the column of
water in the flow pipe f causes it to continue to flow and fill the chamber c, the air
in the chamber c being thereby driven out through the passage h. When the
water has risen to a certain height in the chamber c, it presses on the float 6 and
closes the valve i, either driving out all the air from the chamber c, or confining
a certain portion therein according to the position in which the float b, is adjusted.
The timing of closure of the valve may otherwise be accomplished by a tappet on
the main spindle or from the shaft of the motor. As soon as the said valve i, is
closed the momentum of the water causes the pressure in the chamber c to rise
(thereby opening the valve d) and a portion of the water and the air (if any
confined) to enter the air vessel a. In one way of operating this apparatus the
water is permitted to be thus brought to rest by the resistance within the vessel a,
whereupon the valves d, close; the main valve m, is then opened by its motor and
water is again allowed to flow away through the orifices o, and the valve i opening
under the pressure of the atmosphere (assisted if required by a tappet or otherwise
from the motor) the water remaining in the chamber c, also flows away through
the waste orifices o. The same cycle of operations being repeated it will be
obvious that the air in the air vessel a being compressed will cause a continuous
flow of water through the delivery pipe p, at any desired pressure as in the ordinary
hydraulic ram.
In the preceding description I have described the water as being brought to rest
but I sometimes arrange the gear for operating the said valve so that it is opened
and the escape of water permitted while the water is still in motion by which
arrangement it will be obvious the stream will only be retarded by the resistance
and not arrested whereas in all rams as hitherto constructed the water has first to
come to rest and even to regurgitate in order to suck open the waste valve from
which regurgitation the violent action ensues which has given these machines the
name of rams. Besides avoiding this violent action, another result of my improved
arrangement is, that the mean velocity of the flow can be made to approximate to
the maximum velocity to any desired extent, and thereby the size of the machine
is very materially diminished.
By providing the valve i, with an adjustable float, or varying the time of its
shutting in the other ways described it is obvious that the proportion of air and
water injected into the air vessel a, may be varied to any degree so that in the
extreme position of the float only air and no water is injected, which converts the

page_text: -machine into an air compressor. A further advantage of this arrangement is that
in starting the machine for forcing water the float being adjusted as just herein-
before described I am enabled to fill the air vessel with air at the pressure I desire
to use, thus enabling me to employ a much smaller air vessel than in the ordinary
ram. The air vessel having been charged with the required quantity of air 'the
float b, is readjusted for the apparatus to force water.
By arranging my apparatus in the manner shewn in figure 2, I accomplish two
desirable objects besides those before mentioned when using it for air compression.
First, by surrounding the upper part of the chamber c (in which the air is com-
pressed) by water I cool the air during compression and Secondly by placing the
valves in this reservoir of water I prevent the accumulation of the water in the
vessel a above the level of these valves, as some of the water above this level falls
by its own gravity out of the vessel a, as air passes into the said vessel. To attain
more completely the object of cooling the air during compression I also employ a
valve E, opening outwards from the chamber c, into the lower part of the vessel a,
,which admits some water at each stroke and so produces a circulation or constant
.change of water in a.
The machine shown in figure 3 is made to act directly by the velocity of the
flow by attaching to the main valve m, a disc of suitable form such as x, in the
interior of the pipe f the said disc being so proportioned that the pressure due to
the maximum velocity of flow will push forward the main valve m and close the
orifices o, the returning motion of the main valve being accomplished by its weight
or by a spring s; or instead of the return motion being caused by a weight or
spring, two such machines (which may deliver into one receiver or air vessel) may
work together, having their main valves connected together in such a way that
when one opens the other closes. If the pressure in the air vessel a does not much
exceed double that due to the head of the flow, this arrangement can be adjusted
to work with a high minimum velocity as before described that is to say, with
retardation instead of arrest of the flowing water. The same principle may be
extended, and three or more machines worked together, so that the time during
which each of the main valves is open is caused to be two-thirds or more of the
time of whole stroke, and thus with any required pressure in the air vessel the
object of only retarding instead of arresting the flow may be attained.
In some forms of this machine I insert a conical or curved body below the
delivery valve to assist in deflecting the course of the fluid towards the orifices.
In other respects this apparatus is constructed and acts in substantially the same
manner as herein before described with reference to figures 1 and 2.
The machine shewn in figure 4, is adapted to force other liquid than the power
water by introducing a sliding diaphragm g, into the chamber c, and providing an
intake k, with a valve N, to admit the liquid to be forced. When the main valvem,
is opened the water from that part of the chamber below the diaphragm flows
away through the orifices o, as in figure 2, and the diaphragm descends and the
liquid to be forced flows by the intake , into the part of the-chamber c, above the
diaphragm g. On the closing of the valve m, the action beneath the diaphragm g,
is the same as that herein before described but it is obvious that only the liquid
above the diaphragm is forced into the air vessel a. The piper, however, serves
to supply air when desired from below the diaphragm g, to the air vessel.
valve covering the orifice of the pipe r. In other respects this apparatus is con-
structed and acts in substantially the same manner as hereinbefore described with
reference to figures 1 and 2.
z, is a
In the arrangement shewn in figure 5, I employ in place of the diaphragm g, a
volume of air acting as a diaphragm; in this arrangement the chamber c, is formed
in two parts connected by the pipe c¹, the diaphragm of air passing alternately
from one part of the chamber to the other through the pipe c². I sometimes use a
solid diaphragm in conjunction with air, as for instance two boards floating on the
surface of the liquid in each chamber c. The operation of this form of apparatus
will be understood without further description. The air valve may be very small

page_text: or even dispensed with altogether. Where the flow of the power water is down-
.ward instead of upward I employ the arrangement shewn in figure 6, the operation
of the apparatus being otherwise the same as that described in referring to figures 1
and 2.
Where it is advantageous further to reduce the loss which arises from the
velocity of the waste water I employ the arrangement shewn in figure 7, which is
substantially the same as that shewn in figures 1 and 2 except that I interpose
between the main valve m, and the flow pipe f, a slide valve m¹. This arrange-
ment permits of shutting off the power water during the efflux of water from the
chamber c, and the valve m, may remain closed during the whole or part of the
flow of water through the flow pipe f. If closed during only a part of the flow it
acts in the same manner as before described, but if it is closed during the whole of
the time of flow through the flow pipe it acts only as a waste valve. If the said
valve m¹, be kept open the operation of the apparatus is identical with that shewn
in figures 1 and 2, Where I employ a slide valve such as m¹, the said valve may
be a two-way or many-way valve so as to work two or more apparatus alternately,
the air vessels of each apparatus being connected or not as may be convenient.
By this arrangement the principle of retarding the flow may be attained as before
described. In this figure I have shewn the air chamber enlarged, not that this
enlargement is special to this form of the machine but to shew that this and other
forms of the machine are sometimes constructed in this way. The advantage is a
saving of the height of the column of water contained in the said vessel yet
without producing eddies, which in some cases is important.
In the apparatus for raising water by suction illustrated in figure 8, I employ an
intake pipe k, branching from the flow pipe f, to the water to be lifted or raised
and provided with valves B, N, opening upwards and the valve C, opening outwards
and air valve D; m, is the main valve which is similar to and operated in the
same way as that described when referring to figure 2 or it may be operated in
the way described in figure 3.
When the main valve is opened the power water flows down the flow pipe f,
and when the valve is closed the energy acquired by the water produces a suction
in the intake pipe k, thereby opening the suction valves and lifting the water or
other liquid. On the main valve m, again opening, the valves B, N, close and the
valves D, C, open and discharge the water raised.
This arrangement of apparatus admits of a diaphragm being employed in place
of the valves B and D in a manner similar to that described in figure 4;. or if the
water to be pumped is to be allowed to mix with the power water, the valves N, C,
and D, are omitted. It will be obvious that the various arrangements of apparatus
herein before described may be employed for exhausting air or gas by connecting
the passage h, in case of figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 7, and the pipe k in case of
figures 4, 5 and 8, with the compartment to be exhausted.
Figure 9 shews one modification of figure 2, which I employ when it is desired
to discharge water from orifices o, under pressure. In this case a pipe G, is
substituted for the open channel r, and an additional chamber H is provided in
communication with c. The air in c, and H, is therefore always under pressure
not less than that in the pipe G; K, is a well known arrangement (having
4 cocks L, L, L, L,) for replenishing air in H, by the alternate filling of the
chamber M, with water and air, or the air in H, may be replenished otherwise.
Although described for sake of clearness as a modification of figure 2, it will be
obvious that this device is applicable to the other forms of my machine also, but
in the form shewn in figure 5, the object can be attained without the additional
chamber H.
When there is sufficient fall available I also sometimes use a waste pipe such
as G and give it a vertical length of about 35 feet in order to produce the effect of
a vacuum in the space between the main valve and the delivery valve d, and in
this case, I do not admit air into that space and the air inlet valve is therefore
dispensed with..

page_text: All the arrangements hereinbefore described and illustrated are vertical as being
the most advantageous; they may also be arranged inclined or horizontally. In
this case a separate air valve is sometimes dispensed with, the main valve acting
also as an air valve.
In the above description where water is mentioned any other liquid may also
be used such as petroleum or sewage and where air is mentioned any other gas
may be used.
The main object of the chamber c, is to receive some of the waste water for the
following three purposes. 1. To allow the main valve or waste valve to close
without sensible rise of pressure, the chamber affording a second water way during
the closing of the valve. 2. Regulation of the velocity of the water in those cases
in which the water is retarded and not completely arrested; which (regulation) it
secures by making the velocity of the water partly a function of the capacity of.
the chamber instead of wholly a function of the time during which the valve is
open-3, Saving part of the energy of the waste water as the part of the water
which flows into the chamber is that part which has the maximum velocity and .
instead of flowing away with that velocity it flows away at a later part of the
cycle of operation with a less velocity.
In the drawings I have shewn the chamber c, as being placed between the flow
pipe and the air vessel a; it will however be obvious that it may be placed around
or at one side of the flow pipe, but in all cases (except when the waste water is
carried away under pressure) the chamber c must be above the level of the waste
water.
In the preceding description the main valve may be of any suitable form of
balanced slide valve (or a double beat valve may be employed) but I find it
advantageous to construct the main valve m, and also the second valve m¹,
(Figure 7) with a moveable or flexible seat which is pressed against the valve by
the fluid pressure, and so shocks and other inconveniences of bringing the valve
home against an immoveable seat are avoided-I will now proceed to describe
various ways of constructing the said valve on this principle, the valves being
also applicable for other like purposes than for use with my improved hydraulic
apparatus.
In figure 10, m, is the valve which consists of a hollow cylinder fitting easily in
the pipe or case f, and capable of moving up and down so as to cover and uncover
the orifices o.
It carries on its lower end a metallic packing ring P, and its upper edge when
the valve is closed abuts against another metallic packing ring y, such as a
Ramsbottom ring which acts as an equivalent for a seat and which is retained in
its place by a groove in the pipe or casing f, but so as to allow some freedom of.
movement in the direction of movement of the valve m.
The valve m, being moved up very near to the ring y, if there is any pressure in
the pipe f, the ring y, is forced against the end of the valve m, and also against
the casing f, so as to make a water tight joint.
Figure 11 shews a similar valve but fitted on the outside of the pipe or casing.
Figure 12 shews a similar arrangement but in place of the packing ring y being
metallic it is of flexible material such as leather which is attached to the pipe or
casing f-The action of the valve in both cases is the same as before.
When it is desirable that the seating should have more movement I prefer to
make the moveable seat a short length of cylinder y packed with rings or leather
as shewn in figure 13 or in any other suitable way. It is obvious that the lower
packing ring P, may be of any suitable form, such as a cup leather, hemp
packing etc.
Figures 14, 15, 16, and 17 shew two-way valves constructed in a similar
manner and adapted to be used in the machine having two chambers hereinbefore
described.
Figure 18 is a two-way valve for the same purpose, y, being the moveable
seating, the other part of the perimeter of the valve being made tight in any

page_text: ordinary way the sign + denotes on which side of the valve is the fluid
pressure.
Figure 19 is a plane slide valve constructed on the same principle, the slide m,
turned by a shaft Q and the ring y, being pressed against it by the fluid pressure.
Where a balanced form of the valve is required such for example as I prefer to
use for the slide valve m¹, in the. modification of my machine shewn in figure 7
I employ the arrangement shewn in figures 20, 21, and 22 consisting of a plane
slide valve in which the flexible ring y, fixed to the casing of the valve covers half
of the circumference of the slide and is pressed against its edge when in place,
covering the orifice; the other half of the circumference of the slide is made tight
by a similar flexible ring carried by the slide.
Figures 23 and 24 shew the same principle adapted to valves known as throttle-
valves. I also prefer to construct the delivery valve on the same principle when
of a large size. Figure 25 shews the arrangement preferred.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
Invention and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what
I claim is
1.. In apparatus of the hydraulic ram class for raising or forcing water or other
liquid or for compressing or exhausting air or other gas, the use of a balanced
valve, such as is herein before described, operating as a combined main valve and
waste valve and actuated by a motor substantially as described and illustrated in
the annexed drawings.
2. In apparatus of the hydraulic ram class for raising or forcing water or other
liquid or for compressing or exhausting air or other gas the use of a balanced valve
such as is herein before described acting as a combined main valve and waste valve
in combination with a chamber above it and actuated by a disc all substantially as
herein before described and illustrated in figure 3 of the accompanying drawings.
3. In apparatus of the hydraulic ram class for raising or forcing water or other
liquid or for compressing or exhausting air or other gas the method of regulating
the escape of the waste water by opening the waste valve by motive power while
the water in the flow pipe is still in motion substantially as described.
4. In apparatus of the hydraulic ram class for raising or forcing water or other
liquid or for exhausting air or other gas the use of a chamber substantially as
described adapted to receive a part of the waste water for the three following
purposes videlicit:-1. To allow the main valve or the waste valve to close
without sensible rise of pressure. 2. Regulation of the velocity of the water.
3. Saving a part of the energy of the water.
5. In hydraulic apparatus for raising or forcing water or other liquid or for
compressing or exhausting air or other gas constructing the seats of the valves in
such a manner that the said seats are pressed against the valves by the fluid
pressure when the valves are moved to a position near to the seat instead of the
valves being forced against their seats by the said pressure substantially as herein-
before described.
6. The modifications of my improved hydraulic apparatus as hereinbefore
described and illustrated in figures 1 to 9 of the accompanying drawings.
7. The improved valves hereinbefore described and illustrated, in figures 10 to 25
of the accompanying drawings.