IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PROCESS OF EXTRACTING OIL FROM OLIVES OR OLIVE CAKES, AND IN MACHINERY TO BE EMPLOYED THEREFOR." PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION
Year: 1870

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Giacomo Eduardo Marchisio, of Baker Street,
Portman Square, in the County of Middlesex, and Hugh Bulkeley
Price, and John Eliot Hodgkin, both of Liverpool, in the County of
Lancaster, for the Invention of “IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PROCESS OF
EXTRACTING OIL FROM OLIVES OR OLIVE CAKES, AND IN MACHINERY TO BE
EMPLOYED THEREFOR."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Giacomo Eduardo
Marchisio, Hugh Bulkeley Price, and John Eliot Hodgkin at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their Petition, on the
19th December 1870.
We, GIACOMO EDUARDO MARCHISIO, of Baker Street, Portman Square,
in the County of Middlesex, and HUGH BULKELEY PRICE, and JOHN
ELIOT HODGKIN, both of Liverpool, in the County of Lancaster, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN

page_text: THE PROCESS OF EXTRACTING OIL FROM OLIVES OR CLIVE CAKES, AND IN MACHINERY
TO BE EMPLOYED THEREFOR," to be as follows:-
:-
The olives or olive cakes are in the first instance taken and reduced to
a state of pulp or meal by means of a suitable mill. The pulp or meal
thus produced is then exposed in a kettle or other suitable receptacle
adapted for the purpose to the solvent action of dry and humid heat, the
same being used either together or separately, and in combination or not
with an acid vapour or liquid, as may be considered most suitable to the
state of maturity of the olives. The pulp or meal having been thus
treated, is placed in bags adapted for the purpose (as well known and
understood) and subjected to a graduated pressure by any suitable
press, the plates or slides of which can be so arranged in accordance with
part of the present Invention herein-after referred to and described as to
be capable of being heated gradually to 212° Fahrenheit or more, free
steam being also, when desired, brought into contact with the material
under compression. In commencing the operation the plates or slides
are slightly warmed, and then the pressure is gradually applied. As
soon as it is considered that the first or "virgin" oil has flowed the
pressure and heat are increased, and a small amount of free steam is also
allowed to act on the pulp or meal. By this treatment a second quality
of oil is obtained, and in completing the operation the heat, both dry
and humid, is still further increased, and a last quality of oil is obtained.
The different qualities of oil are collected in different receptacles, and by
modifying the relative proportion of pressure and dry and humid heat
three or two qualities or one only can be obtained.
The arrangement of steam kettles or receptacles which is preferred
is that of an open steam-jacketed cylinder, in which revolve a shaft
and stirrers of the ordinary kind, but in the interior are placed two or
more steam pipes running horizontally round the cylinder, the same
being perforated with small holes so arranged that the jets of steam
proceeding from them converge into the mass of pulp or meal under
treatment. When it is desired to introduce acid this may be added in a
liquid state by any convenient means to the mass of pulp, or may be
caused to pass into the same in a state of vapour by means of the
arrangement of pipes before referred to.
Several methods for accomplishing the pressing operations above.
described may be employed, but the use of the vertical press, which is

page_text: well known and understood, is preferred as being most easily managed.
In order to obtain the dry heat it is desirable in some cases to enclose
the whole press in a non-conducting receptacle or box with suitable
doors, heat being communicated to the interior thereof at pleasure by hot
water or hot air pipes or other suitable apparatus, as well understood;
but it is preferred to heat the pulp or meal in the press by means of
the following arrangement of plates, and which arrangement forms a
portion of this Invention:-That part of the plate of an ordinary
linseed press which has hitherto been constructed in a solid form is
made hollow, with a cover which is removeable at will. In the interior
of the hollow plate is fitted a pipe of any desired form, but by preference
of a serpentine or zig-zag form, through which steam or hot air deriyed
from any suitable source of supply is caused to flow as may be desired.
The steam passage may be made in the same casting as the plate
itself.
The arrangement last described is for the supply of dry heat. For
the supply of humid heat the plate is furnished at its upper and outer
portion with a steam pipe containing a number of small holes or
apertures pointing, by preference, in an upward direction, so as to touch
the edges of the compressed bag, and thus convert the fatty matter
which is expressed at the last stage of the pressing operation into oil.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Giacomo Eduardo Marchisio, Hugh Bulkeley Price,
and John Eliot Hodgkin in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
17th June 1871.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, wc, GIACOMO
EDUARDO MARCHISIO, of Baker Street, Portman Square, in the County
of Middlesex, and HUGH BULKELEY PRICE and JOHN ELIOT HODGKIN,
both of Liverpool, in the County of Lancaster, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Nineteenth day of December, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy, in the thirty-
fourth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto us, the said Giacomo Eduardo Marchisio, Hugh

page_text: Bulkeley Price, and John Eliot Hodgkin, Her special license that we,
the said Giacomo Eduardo Marchisio, Hugh Bulkeley Price, and John
Eliot Hodgkin, our executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others
as we, the said Giacomo Eduardo Marchisio, Hugh Bulkeley Price,
and John Eliot Hodgkin, our executors, administrators, or assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and
at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and
lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United King-
dom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of
Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PROCESS OF EXTRACTING OIL
PROM OLIVES OR OLIVE CAKES AND IN MACHINERY TO BE EMPLOYED THEREFOR,"
upon the condition (amongst others) that we, the said Giacomo Eduardo
Marchisio, Hugh Bulkeley Price, and John Eliot Hodgkin, our executors
or administrators, by an instrument in writing under our hands and
seals, or under the hand and seal of one of us, should particularly
describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed
in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said Giacomo Eduardo Marchisio,
Hugh Bulkeley Price, and John Eliot Hodgkin, do hereby declare the
nature of our said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement :—
Our said Invention relates to improvements in the process of
extracting oil from olives or olive cakes, and in machinery to be
employed therefor.
According to our Invention the olives or olive cakes are in the
first instance reduced to a state of pulp or meal by means of any of
the mills now used for that purpose. The pulp or meal thus produced
is then exposed in a steam-jacketted kettle or other suitable receptacle
adapted for the purpose to the solvent action of dry and humid heat in
the manner herein-after described, the same being used either together
or separately and in combination or not with an acidulated vapour or
liquid, as may be considered most suitable to the state of maturity of the
olives. The use of acid is not essential, but when employed vegetable
acids are preferred, such as acetic acid diluted with water to the extent

page_text: of about one hundred parts of water to five parts of acid. The pulp or
meal having been thus treated is placed in bags adapted for the purpose
(as is well known and understood) and is subjected to a graduated
pressure by any suitable press, the plates or slides of which can be so
arranged as to be capable of being heated gradually to 212° Fahrenheit
or more, free steam being also, when desired, brought into contact with
the edges of the bags containing the material under compression. In
commencing the pressing operation the plates or slides are slightly
warmed, and then the pressure is gradually applied. As soon as it
is considered that the first or "virgin" oil has flowed the pressure and
heat are increased, and a small amount of free steam is also allowed to
act on the edges of the bags containing the pulp or meal. By this treat-
ment a second quality of oil is obtained, and in completing the
operation the heat, both dry and humid, is still further increased, and
a last quality of oil is obtained. The different qualities of oil are
collected in different receptacles, and by modifying the relative
proportion of pressure and dry and humid heat three or two qualities
or one only can be obtained.
Having generally described the process of treatment, we shall now
proceed to describe the apparatus employed by us in carrying out our
process.
The arrangement of steam kettles or receptacles which we prefer is
that of an open steam-jacketted cylinder in which revolves a shaft
and stirrers of the ordinary kind, but in the interior of this kettle
there are placed two or more steam pipes running horizontally round
the cylinder, the same being perforated with small holes so arranged
that the jets of steam proceeding from them converge into the mass of
pulp or meal under treatment in the kettle. When it is desired to
introduce dilute acid this may be added in a liquid state by any
convenient means to the mass of pulp, or may be caused to pass into the
same in a state of vapour by means of the arrangement of perforated
pipes previously referred to.
Several arrangements for accomplishing the pressing operations before
referred to may be employed, but the use of the vertical press, which is
well known and understood, is preferred, as being most casily managed.
In order to obtain the dry heat we propose to enclose the whole press in
a nonconducting receptacle or box provided with suitable doors, heat

page_text: being communicated to the interior thereof at pleasure by means of hot
water or hot air pipes or other suitable apparatus, as is well understood.
The pulp or meal may be heated in the press by means of the following
arrangement of plates or slides. That part of the plate of an ordinary
hydraulic press which has hitherto usually been constructed in a solid
form is made hollow and provided with a cover, which is removeable at
will. In the interior of this hollow plate there is fitted a pipe of any
desired form, but by preference of a serpentine or zig-zag form, through
which steam, or hot air, or hot water derived from any suitable source of
supply is caused to flow as may be desired, suitable provision being
made, as will be well understood, for allowing the connecting pipes to
rise and fall with the plates or slides; or in lieu of using an enclosed
pipe a passage may be cast in the body of the plate itself.
The arrangement last described is for the supply of dry heat. For
the supply of humid heat the plate or slide is furnished (preferably at
its upper and outer portion) with a steam pipe containing a number of
small holes or apertures so arranged as to direct jets of steam on to or
against the edges of the compressed bags, thus more effectually
liquifying the fatty matter which is expressed at the last stage of the
pressing operation.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of our
said Invention, and the manner in which the same is or may be used or
carried into effect, we would observe in conclusion that what we consider
to be novel and original and therefore claim as the Invention secured to
us by the herein-before in part recited Letters Patent is,―
First. The application of a perforated pipe or pipes to the interior of a
steam-jacketted kettle for the purpose of applying humid heat to the
meal or paste contained in such kettle and from which olive oil is
intended to be expressed, as herein-before described.
Second. The enclosing of the pressing apparatus employed in 3
expressing olive oil within a box or chamber constructed by preference
of non-conducting material, so as to envelope the apparatus in a dry or
moist heated atmosphere, and for the purpose herein-before described.
Third. The combination with the pressing plates or slides employed in
expressing olive oil of a perforated steam pipe or pipes for the purpose of 3
applying humid heat to the edges of the bags whilst under pressure,
substantially as herein-before described.

page_text: Fourth. The application of free steam to the sides or edges of the
bags whilst under pressure for the purpose of liquefying the thicker or
more viscid portions of the oil and facilitating its flow from the bags.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Eliot Hodgkin, on behalf
of myself and the said Giacomo Eduardo Marchisio and Hugh
Bulkeley Price, have to this our Specification set my hand and
seal, the Fifteenth day of June, One thousand eight hundred and
seventy-one.
JOHN ELIOT HODGKIN. (L.S.)