Improvements in Velocipedes and other Wheeled Vehicles
Year: 1891

page_text: Date of Application, 9th Apr., 1891
Complete Specification Left, 11th Jan., 1892-Accepted, 19th Mar., 1892
Improvements in Velocipedes and other Wheeled Vehicles
I, FRANK PULLEN CANDY, of 56, Nightingale Lane, Balham, in the County of
Surrey, Sanitary Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as
follows:
My said invention relates to the application of different forms of pneumatic
appliances to and in connection with the wheels, saddles, bearings and other parts
ot velocipedes such as bicycles, tricycles and the like and to other wheeled
vehicles. In applying my invention to the rim of a wheel I adopt a simple and
efficacious mode of securing and at the same time protecting the inflated pneu-
matic tyre now commonly used in bicycles and tricycles. As is well known such
pneumatic tyres of the ordinary construction are made and applied with great
labour and are also subject to be very easily injured by objects on the road.
According to my invention the pneumatic tyre consists of an annular hollow ring
er bag of any suitable material which is placed in the groove of the wheel. I
then apply an annular split cover or envelope provided at the joint with eyeletted
holes or with hooks and eyes or with fasteners so that the applied cover or
envelope can be attached to studs on the wheel rim or to the spokes, or be con-
nected by the fasteners so that when the enclosed pneumatic tube or bag is
inflated, the said cover is strained tight over the pneumatic tyre. The cover
keeps the pneumatic tyre safely in position and being made of leather, rubber or
other strong material thickened at the tread or point of contact with the rod,
it acts as a protector to the pneumatic tyre and preserves it from injury and con-
sequent collapse. The mode of securing the outer cover to the rim ciz. by means
ef studs, hooks and eyes, fasteners and the like enables the cover to be applied
and removed easily and quickly and the points of attachment being all equal and
unyielding the strain on the cover is equal all round the tyre. In some cases
instead of bringing the cover round the back of the wheel rim as described, I
might bring the cover round within the rim and secure it to the rim by inner
fastenings or by expansion against the overhanging sides of the metallic rim. I
also extend the pneumatic principle by applying it practically to the support of
the saddles or velocipedes. Such saddles are at present supported upon metallic
springs but according to my invention I support the saddle upon an upright,
sliding in a cylinder and bedded upon an air cushion contained in the said
cylinder. Stops are or may be provided to limit the rise and fall of the saddle.
Instead of poising the saddle upon an upright I might place the saddle directly
upon the air cushion.
Air cushions might also be placed at or near the bearings
or at the head of the fork in bicycles and tricycles or in any suitable position

page_text: interposed between the body of the rider and the bearings so as to absorb or
minimise shocks and vibration. Parts of my invention as for example the
improvements relating to pneumatic tyres and those relating to the means for
absorbing vibration are applicable also to vehicles" other than velocipedes.
Dated this 8th day of April 1891
crocipedes and other wheeled vehicles.
I, FRANK PULLEN CANDY, of 56, Nightingale Lane, Balham, in the County of
Surrey, Sanitary Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in
what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following statement and accompanying drawings:-
My said invention relates to the application of different forms of pneumatic
appliances to and in connection with the wheels, saddles, bearings, and other
parts of velocipedes, such as bicycles, and tricycles, and the like and to other
wheeled vehicles.
In applying my invention to the rim of a wheel I adopt a method of attaching
ihereto the inflated pneumatic tyre now used on bicycles and tricycles, which
method shall enable the said tyre to be quickly and easily attached to and
removed from the rim whereby repairs can be easily and rapidly accomplished.
The aforesaid pneumatic tyre consists of two main parts; firstly an air tight
tube generally composed of rubber having attached a pipe for inflation this tube
lying in the rim of the wheel; and secondly an outer covering or jacket generally
composed of rubber and canvas which envelopes and protects the air tight tube
and is fastened to the rim of the wheel. This covering or jacket is in the
form of an annular split tube or band, the pipe for inflating the air tight
tube passing through a hole in the jacket when necessary and through a hole in
the rim and having attached a valve or its equivalent to retain the air in the
tube.
On inflating the inner tube the jacket being attached to the rim as hereinafter
mentioned the tyre is held in its position on the rim. I make provision for pro-
tecting the inner tube or the jacket from damage against the rim by suitable
padding placed where necessary, and form the tyre generally so as to obtain as
much resiliency as possible.
To render my invention more easily understood I have attached hereunto four
sheets of drawings to which I will refer in the course of the following description.
Referring to the said drawings.
Fig. 1 shows a section of rim and tyre, is the rim of the wheel, d studs in
the rim formed of one piece of metal these studs hooking into the jacket f behind
the ring which runs along the edges of the jacket. One of the edges b is shown
hooked and the other free; c is the canvas cemented over the whole of the inside
of the jacket and brought over the rings b which it thus firmly secures; e is a
strip of rubber, leather or other material cemented or otherwise fastened on
the rim to protect the inflation tube h from injury, are the spokes of the
wheel.
Figure 2 shows the rim a with one row of studs d the stud being bolted to
the rim by a nut n.

page_text: Figure 4 is a perspective view showing a punched and raised up stud d, a
being the rim; the aperture left in the rim by cutting out the stud is not shown
filled up.
Figure 5 shows the rim a with continuous studs & formed by bending down the
rim a, hooks on the jacket engage in and hold the jacket in position.
Figure 6 shows an under view of the tyre placed on a rim as at Figure 2 the
tyre however is not shown hooked on to the studs; a is the rim of the wheel f
the jacket, the position of the ring in the edges of the tyre, d the studs on the
rim and the spokes.
Figure 7 shows the rim with the openings m in which studs, with heads on
the jacket fasten.
Figure 8 shows an under view of the tyre attached to the rim, is the rim
of the wheel, the jacket, 6 the position of the ring in the edges of the tyre,
hooks attached to the ring 6 and engaging in the opposite edge of the jacket
and the spokes.
Figure 9 shows an under view of the tyre attached to the rim, the same as
the fast, being a loop attached to the ring b on one side of the jacket and
engaging in the eye or stud 6 which is attached to the ring b on the other side
of the jacket.
Figure 10 shows the rim a and jacket f which is fastened to the rim by
means of the studs which engage in apertures at intervals cut in the rim; the
edge of one side of the jacket overlaps the other.
Figure 1 shows the rim a with studs dat intervals, f is the jacket to which
loops are attached these loops engage in d as shown on one side.
Figure 12 shows the rim with continuous studs & the jacket f engaging in
these studs d by curved studs or hooks on the jacket.
Figure 13 shows the rim a, and the stud fastened to the edge of the jacket †,
the stud engaging in an aperture in the rim, a nut n is shown screwed on to the
stud the edge of the jacket being placed under the edge f' which is attached
to the rim by the stud.
Figure 14 shows the rim a and the jacket f the edges of the jacket fitting into
the rim and overlapping.
Figure 15 shows the rim in which is a grooved band the edges of the jacket
having beads or rings thereon which engage in the groove in the band p the
edges of the jacket being also overlapped.
In applying the split cover which is placed over the inflation tube, which cover
i term the jacket, by my improved means of attachment I fasten it to the wheel
rim in the following manner.
On the outside of the rim that is the part towards the hub of the wheel, I place
projecting studs or their equivalents, in practice I have these studs about one
eighth of an inch in diameter and projecting about three eighths of an inch and
so arranged that the jacket when hooked over them will not be pulled off by the
flation of the tyre. These studs extend at intervals along the whole circumfer-
ence of the rim. I find that intervals of about two inches are suitable. The
studs it will be evident may be obtained and applied in a variety of ways. I may
form two rows of studs one on each side of the spokes as in d Figs. 1 and 3 pre-
ferably as near or nearer the spokes than the edges of the rim so as to give a
broad bearing of the jacket against the rim in order to prevent the entrance
inside the tyre of water, mud or other objectionable matter, or I may have one
row of studs preferably in the centre of the rim and preferably at right angles
thereto as in d Fig 2 the studs being bolted screwed riveted brazed or fastened to
the rim in any convenient manner. When I use two rows of studs I form them
cf one piece of wire. I use steel or brass the said wire passing through a hole in
one side of the rim following the shape of the rim and passing out at a similar
hole in the opposite side of the rim, as at d. Fig. 1; these studs project at right
angles to the rim or are bent inwards towards each other in order to prevent any
tendency of the jacket to pull off when the tyre is inflated, or I may also form
"

page_text: the studs from a part of the rim itself by cutting or punching and raising up tho
metal in a well known manner as at Fig. 3.
The punched out spaces may be closed or filled up in any suitable manner.
I may form the studs by bending down the edges of the rim as at d Fig. 5.
In this case the studs are combined into one continuous stud on each side of
the rim. I prefer to manufacture these elongated studs slightly curved in section
as shown at a Fig. 5 so as to reduce the possibility of damage to the jacket.
The jacket is fastened to the rim as shewn in Figs. 1, 2, 3, by means of the
studs which are passed through loops or rings attached to the edges of the jacket
or through openings preferably eyeletted in the edges of the jacket. The inner
tube is then inflated and the pressure on the jacket keeps the whole tyre firmly in
position. In order to prevent the edge of the jacket tearing when the tyre is
inflated I place a ring of metal or of strong cord of a diameter of about one eighth
of an inch, in the edges of the jacket throughout its length as at 6 Fig. 1, this
ring I attach to the jacket by cementing canvas by preference over it the canvas
layer usually cemented to the inside of the jacket as shewn in Fig. 1, or I attach
the ring by sewing or in any other convenient manner. This ring when the
jacket is attached to the outside of the rim I usually make as an endless band.
When I do not insert this ring in the edges of the jacket I strengthen the edges
by cementing a piece or pieces of canvas about three inches wide over their sides.
When I fasten the jacket to the rim with one row only of studs as in Fig. 2 I
serrate or recess the edges of the jacket so as to prevent the spokes obstructing
the fastening of the jacket to the rim, as shewn in Fig. 6. When I use a rim
as in Fig. 51 attach to the edges of the jacket, hooks about two inches apart
preferably attached to or formed from the before mentioned rings in the edges of
the tyre and these hooks engage in the continuous studs as at a Fig. 5 and hold.
the tyre in position when inflated. I also place on or form from the continuous
studs stops projecting about of an inch or of an inch.
"
These stops engage against the hooks that attach the jacket to the rim, or
engage in the jacket in order to prevent it "creeping" round the rim and con-
sequent loss in power when for example the tyre is in use on a bicycle or tricycle
wheel, or I may accomplish the same object by projections on the jacket engag-
ing with openings in the continuous stud. The number of stops is not very
material four 1 find convenient. I sometimes use a modified form of Fig. 5 as
shown at Fig. 5* in which the studs are brought back close to the rim leaving
just space between them and the rim to insert the edges of the jacket, these said
edges being strengthened and stiffened with canvas, or with pieces of steel or vul-
canite of about two inches long and placed at intervals of about six inches I
find suitable, or the edges are stiffened by other suitable means. Or I attach
the jacket to the rim by means of studs with heads on the jacket the studs being
about two inches apart preferably attached to or formed from the ring placed in
the edges of the jacket as beforementioned these studs engage in openings cut
in the rim the openings being tapering or as shewn in Fig. 7 the jacket is thus
held firmly in position when the inner tube is inflated. Or I attach hooks to
the edges of the jacket as beforementioned and engage these hooks in the spokes
Or I attach to one side of the jacket studs at right angles thereto or bent back-
wards or with heads and preferably attached to or formed from the metal ring
before mentioned in the edges of the jacket, and in or attached to the other edge
of the jacket, I form openings in which these studs engage, the rim of the wheel
being inside the jacket. When I use studs with heads I usually make the metal
ring with loops and engage the studs in these loops see Fig. 9. In the cases
where one edge of the jacket is attached to the other edge of the jacket I serrate
the edges in order to avoid the spokes as shown at Fig. 6 or I sometimes lengthen
the studs as shown at Fig. S or lengthen the loops as shown at Fig. 9 in order
to obtain the same results. I may attach the jacket to the inside of the rim by
methods very similar to those herein before mentioned for attaching the jacket
.to the outside of the rim. I sometimes attach studs to the two edges of the
معدة
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page_text: jacket the studs being preferably attached to or formed from the ring placed in
the said edges as beforementioned, these studs engage in holes in the rim as in
Fig. 10 and might be a considerable distance apart, for example as much as
twelve inches.
This said ring when I employ it on the edge or edges of the jacket going within
the rim I divide in one or more places or form with one end telescoping into the
other so as to allow of the jacket being easily put in and taken away from the rim.
On one or both edges of the jacket I prefer to bring the studs sufficiently far back
from the edge or edges of the jacket for the said edges to come up or to overlap
each other as shewn at Fig. 10 or I may use a flap or flaps attached to the edge or
edges of the jacket. The object being to give a broad bearing of the jacket
against the rim which greatly aids in holding the tyre in position and enables
fewer studs or fasteners to be used, and also prevents the inner and inflation
tube from being damaged against the rim. I may attach the jacket to the inside
of the rim by studs, placed inside the ring obtained as mentioned for Figs. 1,
2 & 3 but projecting only about one eight or three sixteenths of an inch, these
studs engage in corresponding apertures in the jacket, the studs being about
12 inches apart similarly as mentioned for Figs. 12 & 3. I prevent any possi-
bility of these studs damaging the inflation tube by cementing to the said tube
where it comes in contact with the studs a piece of rubber or leather or by other
equivalent means. I also in this case bring back the apertures from the edge or
edges of the jacket and overlap or bring together the edges as mentioned in
Fig. 10. Where I employ studs obtained by turning over the edges of the rim
inwards at intervals I prefer to form them as shewn at Fig. 11, and also to engage
these studs in loops attached to the jacket, as also shewn in Fig. 11 instead of
engaging them in openings in the jacket, these studs or loops I also use about 12
inches apart and overlap or bring together the edges of the jacket in the manner
shown in Fig. 10.
When I use a continuous stud obtained by turning over the edges of the rim
inside I may vary the arrangement in detail, for instance I may fasten the
jacket to the rim as shown in Fig. 12 by studs on the jacket engaging in the stud
formed by the turned over edges of the rim the edges of the jacket overlapping or
coming up to each other in the manner shown in Fig. 10.
I sometimes fasten the jacket to the inside of the rim by a similar arrange-
ment as shewn in Figures 8 & 9 but with the hooks or its equivalent preferably
on the inside of the jacket instead of on the outside as beforementioned and with
one side preferably the hook side cemented to the inside of the rim in its proper
position the "eye" being then passed over the "hook" and the tyre inflated. I
also sometimes attach one side of the jacket to the inside of the rim by any of
the beforementioned modes of attachment for the inside of the rim and on this
said side of the jacket place a flap or its equivalent as beforementioned for Fig. 10
this flap or its equivalent I have sufficiently long to reach to the opposite edge
of the rim, and underneath this flap or its equivalent I place the other edge of the
jacket, which has no hooks openings or similar fastenings for attachment to the
rim but is kept in position by the pressure of the other edge or flap of jacket
upon it when the tyre is inflated, this plain edge or its equivalent being brought
under the other edge for as great a distance as possible in order to give it a broad
hearing see Figure 13. I sometimes cement the one side of the jacket to the rim
instead of attaching it by fasteners.
By a modification I attach the jacket to the rim as follows: inside the rim
I place a band, this band is as wide as the rim or nearly so and about a quarter
of an inch thick and has two longitudinal grooves, about one eighth of an inch
wide and one eighth of an inch deep in its under side, the band is formed of
rubber or rubber and canvas or of other suitable similarly flexible and elastic
material and is made in an endless band or with an attachment or attachments
by which it can be kept together. This band when placed in the inside of the
rim and the attachments if any made good remains therein, when I form the

page_text: band as an endless ring its inside diameter is not greater than the outer diameter
of the rim, it can be of any smaller diameter provided the materials of which
the band is made allow it to be stretched on and over the rim, the edges of the
jacket are placed under this grooved band and have on their inside a longitudinal
projecting ring of bead of rubber or other flexible material which corresponds and
engages in the beforementioned groove in the band, the edges of the jacket
referably overlapping each other (see Fig. 15) the inflation of the inner tube
keeps the whole tyre firmly in position. Instead of a ring or bead on the jacket I
sometimes use studs which engage in the groove in the band or in corresponding
openings in the band.
Or I may use a plain endless flexible band kept in the rim by its own elasticity,
the inside diameter of the said band being not greater than the outer diameter
of the rim, and plain edges to the jacket, passing the edges of the jacket under
the band & preferably over-lapping them I rough or form rough the under side
of the band & the edges of the jacket as far as they come within the rim in order
to give them a good grip & for the same purpose I also preferably cement a thin
strip of rough rubber on the inside of the metal rim. Or I mould or form the
jacket so that its edges for the width of the rim or nearly so just fit into the. rim
when the edges being preferably lapped over each other, & the inflation tube inside
the jacket being inflated, the whole tyre is held firmly to the rim see Fig. 4; the
circumference of the edges of the jacket I mould or form greater than the circum-
ference around the groove of the rim & less than the circumference of the extreme
outside of the rim, a circumference about the.length of thecircumference around the
groove of the rim plus half of the difference between that & and the circumference
around the extreme outside of the rim I find most suitable: the result being that
although the tyre can be slipped into its position in the rim by hand yet when
the air tube is inflated & the pressure all around the tyre is equal it cannot come
cff. I prefer to use a rim having a deep groove. When I mould the jacket so
that its edges are the necessary length I strengthen them by cementing thereto
a layer or layers of canvas or other non-elastic material; it being understood that
the edges of the jacket must be practically non-stretching; when I do not mould
the jacket so that its edges are the exact length I form them the necessary size
by inserting or attaching, preferably about half an inch from the edge, an endless
band of wire or cord or other suitable material, this band being the necessary
length, or I sometimes sever the said band & provide the two ends thereof with
hooks or other attaching arrangement or arrangements such as the well known
one with a right & left hand screw; the ends of the band being connected by a
tool similar to a pair of pincers or by a spanner or other suitable means when
the jacket is in its position in the rim or I may mould or form one of the edges
of the jacket to fit just into the rim for the width of the rim or nearly 50,
fastening, the other other edge of the jacket to the rim by any means.
In any of the before mentioned modes of attachment when studs are used I
sometimes cut a thread on one or more of the studs & screw a nut on this stud or
studs when the jacket is in its place thereby facilitating the manipulation of the
tyre. It must be evident nat. I can use any one of the before mentioned modes
of attachment combined with any other mentioned mode of attachment or that
I may cement one side of the jacket to the rim attaching the other by any of the
before mentioned modes.
Having now particularly described & ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion & in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that I am aware that
pneumatic tyre fastenings in which the tyre and wheel rim are formed with
interlocking parts held in mutual engagement by the agency of the internal air
pressure have been previously proposed and I make no general claim to such
fastenings. I would also have it understood that I make no claim to the
strengthening of the edges of the jackets by metal rings or cords as described
with reference to Figures 1, 6, 8 and 9 of the drawings, but what I claim is:-
1) As means for securing the envelopes or jackets of pneumatic tyres in position

page_text: the employment of studs placed at intervals upon the outside of the rim which
studs engage with apertures in the jacket or in hooks or loops thereon sub-
stantially as described & illustrated in Figs. 1, 2 and 3.
2) As a means for securing the envelopes or jackets of pneumatic tyres the
use of annular projections from the outsides of the rim which engage with hooks
on the jacket or which hold the stiffened edges of the jacket between themselves
and the rim, substantially as described and shown in Figs. 5 & 5.
3) For the aforesaid purposes-studs with heads placed on the jacket engaging
from the outside with apertures in the rim substantially as described and
illustrated.
4) Hooks on the jacket engaging with the spokes of the wheel substantially as
described.
5) Hooks on one side of the edge of the jacket engaging in eyes on the other
side of the edge of the jacket, the rim being either on the inside or outside of
the jacket substantially as described and illustrated.
6) Studs attached to the jacket engaging in openings on the inside of the rim
these openings being either continuous or alternate, substantially as described.
7) Studs on the inside of the rim attaching in openings or hooks on the jacket
substantially as described.
8) The attachment of the jacket to the rim by means of placing one side of the
jacket under the other side of the jacket, this other side of the jacket being
fastened to the rim substantially as described.
9) The attachment of the jacket to the rim by means of placing one side of the
jacket under the other side of the jacket, this other side of the jacket being
attached to the rim by any means.
10) The attachment of the jacket to the rim by placing the edges of the jacket
under a band in the rim substantially as described.
11) The attachment of the jacket to the rim by means of the said jacket being
moulded, or formed so that the edge or edges of the jacket may just fit into the rim
substantially as described.
Dated this 8th day of January 1892.
FRANK PULLEN CANDY,
56, Nightingale Lane, Balham, Surrey.