IMPROVED MACHINERY AND PROCESS FOR MAKING PULP FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER AND OTHER PURPOSES
Year: 1862

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Florimond Datichy and Eugene Sabatier, of Mor-
_timer Street, Cavendish Square, London, for the Invention of "IMPROVED
MACHINERY AND PROCESS FOR MAKING PULP FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER
AND OTHER PURPOSES."
Sealed the 31st October 1862, and dated the 30th May 1862.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Florimond Datichy and
Eugene Sabatier at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with
their Petition, on the 30th May 1862.
We, FLORIMOND DATICHY and EUGENE SABATIER, of Mortimer Street,
Cavendish Square, London, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVED MACHINERY AND PROCESS FOR MAKING PULP FOR THE MANUFacture
OP PAPER, AND OTHER PURPOSES," to be as follows, that is to say:-
Our Invention consists of new and improved machinery and apparatus for.
converting rags, and all kinds of textile and fibrous matters suitable for the
purpose into pulp, stuff, or pile for the manufacture of paper, "papier mache,”.
and other purposes, and also consists of a new and improved process which is
therein applied, and which we denominate the desiccated process. The new.
and improved machinery or system of apparatus comprises a stove or enclosed.
chamber, in which the raw material is subjected to a regulated heat. A new.
dry-action cylinder machine which consists of a large fluted cylinder rotating.
upon its axis, and giving motion to a number of smaller cylinders or rollers,

page_text: also fluted, and by which the large cylinder is partially surrounded: between
the large and small cylinders the materials are subjected to a peculiar semi-
crushing and semi-grinding process. A mill furnished with a suitable hopper
for receiving the materials from, and partially prepared by, the cylinders. By
this mill the materials are reduced to a fine, lint-like, fibrous or pile state; this
completes the first stage, or desiccated process. The material thus prepared
is then further treated as follows:-From the mill last-mentioned the stuff
falls into a cistern or vessel containing a suitable dilute or chloriated water,
in which it is steeped for a short time, and is thence drawn, through an air-
tight pipe, into an exhausted cylinder by pneumatic action. In this cylinder,
which is fitted internally with disc agitators, and is also in connection with a
boiler or steaming apparatus, the materials in the state of pulp are now sub-
jected to a rapid motion and the action of a volume of steam simultaneously.
An exhausted bleacher completes the second part of the apparatus. In this
vessel, which is connected with the steaming cylinder by a second pipe, through
which the stuff is again drawn by pneumatic action, the pulp is rendered per-
fectly white or colourless, is again desiccated by pneumatic action, and the
stuff comes away in a perfectly dry or pile state ready for the trade; the
entire operation requiring about one hour only for its completion.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Florimond Datichy and Eugene Sabatier in the Great Seal
Patent Office on the 29th November 1862.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, FLORIMOND
DATICHY and EUGENE SABATIER, of Mortimer Street, Cavendish Square,
London, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-ninth day of May, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, in the twenty-fifth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto us, the
said Florimond Daticby and Eugene Sabatier, Her special licence that we, the
said Florimond Datichy and Eugene Sabatier, our executors, administrators,
and assigns, or such others as we, the said Florimond Datichy and Eugene
Sabatier, our executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the
term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel

page_text: Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVED MACHINERY AND PROCESS
FOR MAKING PULP FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER, AND OTHER PURPOSES," upon
the condition (amongst others) that we, the said Florimond Datichy and Eugene
Sabatier, our executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under
our or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and
'ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal
Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date
of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Eugene Sabatier, do hereby declare the
-nature of our said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement:-
This Invention consists of new and improved machinery and apparatus for
converting rags, and all kinds of textile and fibrous matters suitable for the
purpose, into pulp, stuff, or pile for the manufacture of paper, papièr mache,
and other purposes, and also consists of a new and improved process which is
therein applied, and which we denominate the desiccated process. The new
and improved machinery comprises a stove or enclosed chamber in which the
raw material is subjected to a regulated heat. A new (dry action) cylinder
machine, which consists of a large fluted cylinder rotating upon its axis, and
giving motion to a number of smaller cylinders or rollers (also fluted), and by
which the large cylinder is partially surrounded: between the large and small
cylinders the materials are subjected to a peculiar semi-crushing and semi-
grinding process. A mill with a suitable hoppe for receiving the materials
from (and partly prepared by) the cylinders; by this mill the materials are
reduced to a fine lint-like fibrous or pile state; this completes the first stage or
desiccated process. The material thus prepared is then further treated as
follows:-From the mill last mentioned the stuff falls into a cistern or vessel
containing a suitable dilute or chloriated water, in which it is steeped for a
short time, and is thence drawn through an air-tight conduit into an exhausted
steaming cylinder, which is fitted internally with disk agitators; and is also
in connection with a boiler or steaming apparatus. In certain cases, however,
the steeping cistern may be dispensed with, and the materials from the mill
may be run directly into the cylinder, in which the chloriated or other liquid
may be placed, and the first bleaching operation performed. The materials in
the state of pulp are now subjected to a rapid motion and a voluine of steam
simultaneously, and are then removed into a second bleaching or washing and
cleansing cylinder, in which they are finally dried exhaustion and pneu-

page_text: Drawing No. 1.
Fig. 1 is a sectional elevation of the drying oven or desicator. a,. the
chamber in which the materials are placed; b, hollow or eccentric cylindrical
jacket, and intended to be heated by steam from the engine or boiler; or other.
part of the apparatus; c, steam port;. d, outlet port for escape of water from
condensation of steam; e, outlet for escape of vapors generated from the raw
material in the hot chamber; ff, pedestals upon which the desiccator is
mounted; g, shaft traversing the axis of the desiccator, carrying and rotating.
with arms and blades for turning the materials therein; h, h, said arms, and
blades.
Fig. 2 is an end view of the drying oven or desiccator. a, upper door for
charging; b, lower door for withdrawing the charge; c, c, centre frame and
binges; d, d, d, d, cranked lever latches for closing the peripheries of the
upper and lower doors.
Fig. 3 is a plan of the desiccator at the line A, B, Figures 1 and 2.
a, jacket of drying chamber; b, shaft passing through the axis thereof; c, spur
or level wheel, or pulley, by which the shaft is turned; 'd, d, collar and bearing
shaft; e, e, arms and blades by which the materials are turned.
An ordinary drying chamber heated by any suitable means, so that the
temperature thereof can be regulated and kept at about 200 degrees Fahren-
heit, may be substituted in the process for the desiccator above described, the
form here shewn, however, is that proposed to be adopted, the waste steam
from the cylinder or other parts of the apparatus being capable of being utilized
thereby, while this mode of heating the desiccator ensures the temperature
being always below a scorching heat, by which the materials could be dis-
colored, or otherwise injured. Where, heated by flues, the chamber of the
desiccator is intended. to be fitted with suitable valves balanced by a counter-
weight for admitting the air from the exterior, and allowing the heated vapor
from within to escape at any given temperature, the difference between the
external and internal pressures being balanced by adjusting the weights on the
regulator valves. A desiccator formed in the manner shewn upon the Draw-
ing, and the interstice between the inner and outer cylinders and coverts being
filled with water, heated therein or by a suitable boiler connected therewith,
may be also used..

page_text: Fig. 4 shews the feeding apparatus to the cylinder machine and the
crushing cylinders, and also shews the grinding mill, the whole being partly
drawn in sectional elevation.
Fig. 5 also shews this part of the machinery in plan, and in both Figures
similar letters are used where the same parts of the machinery are shewn in
each Figure, to both of which the following reference applies.
.a, the hopper in which the desiccated materials are placed. In the bottom
of this hopper there is an opening, under which two rollers b, b, are placed,
mounted in suitable bearings and turned in the direction shewn by the arrow
heads by the action of these rollers the materials in the hopper are discharged
and delivered upon a running canvass or fine wire-gauze feeder, which is
also mounted upon two rollers c and c, which are turned in the direction
shewn by the arrows thereon; and as the canvass or gauze or other runner
receives the materials from the hopper and rollers before described, under
which it is placed, the motion of the rollers c, c, cause the same to deliver
the materials between the main crushing cylinder and the smaller cylinders by
-which it is surrounded; two of these small cylinders are used under the hopper,
and as the materials leave the hopper they pass between these cylinders and
are partially broken thereby; d, an adjusting screw for regulating the dis-
tance between the hopper rollers; e, a shaft carrying a spur wheel and
giving motion to the two pinions on shafts of the rollers b, b; f the spur
wheel by which the shaft e is driven; 9 a level wheel or pulley giving motion
to the wheel or pulley on the shaft of the desiccator; h the main crushing
cylinder; i, i, the small cylinders, two being here shewn, but a number of
which are placed round the upper half of the main cylinder, between which
'the materials are crushed. Both the large and small cylinders of the machine
are fluted or grooved laterally, the small or outer cylinders are adjustable at
any required distance from the periphery of the main cylinder, so that the
material passing through the crushing mill can be thereby reduced to
particles of any required degree of fineness. j, the shaft upon which the main
cylinder is mounted; k the driving pulley, receiving its motion from a steam
engine or other power; la loose runner for throwing out a gear; m, a main
spur gearing with smaller spur wheels on the mill and feeding apparatus
shafts; n side frames in which the small crushing cylinders are mounted in
rising and falling bearings o, o; p, p, spiral or other springs under which the
rising and falling bearings o, o, are placed. These bearings and springs are
adjustable by screws; 9, 9, the adjusting screws. The material from the feeder
passes into the crushing mill at C, and is discharged at D, where a runner

page_text: similar to that before described in the feeding apparatus conducts the said
material and delivers it. into the mill shewn at the left hand of the Drawing,
Figs. 4 and 5. This mill consists of a truncated frustrum of. a cone grooved
or chased internally, having a solid or male cone similarly chased on
the periphery, turning therein. r the vertical shaft upon which the latter is
keyed, working in the steps; t, the hollow cone before described; u, u, wheels
or pulleys by which the necessary motion is given to the shaft r, the power
being taken by the spur wheel v in gear with the drawing wheel m; wan
adjusting screw, by. which the brass or other step in which the shaft v turns
is supported is adjusted to the required height: by this adjustment, and the
conical form of the mill, the material passing therethrough can be effectually
ground or reduced to minute particles of any required degree of.fineness:
:
It is also proposed to use a crushing mill in which: the peripheries of the
main and outer cylinders are corrugated, so that the projections on the former
work into the indentations on the latter, and vice versa, the distances, being
regulated as before described.
. It is also proposed to form ridge-and-valley or angular projections or inden-
tations upon the peripheries of these cylinders for the crushing process..
:
Another form of mill which is also intended to be used for performing both
the crushing and grinding operations consists of a number of disks mounted
upon shafts either parallel with or inclined to each other. These. disks are
made narrowest at their peripheries, where they are formed like a circular
wedge. These disks are mounted side by side along and upon their respective
shafts so that the disks on one shaft rotate between the disks on the other.
These disk shafts may be.either geared together or have independent motions
in the same or contrary directions; in the latter case their operation is that
of grinding, while in the former their action will be semi-grinding and semi-
crushing. By chasing or grooving the sides of these disks and adjusting the
distance of their respective shafts to each other a mill reducing the material
therein, first by crushing, then by, grinding, to particles of any degree of fineness
may be obtained; the shafts being brought closer together, and these disks and
insterstices being wedged shaped, the reducing power of the machine, which
is regulated by the spaces between the disks, is thereby increased to any extent
required..
The material having been reduced as above described is then placed and
steeped in a bath of chloriated water, dilute of chloride of lime, or other bleech
in which it remains in steep for a sufficient period, when it is pumped into the
steaming cylinders berein-after described. .

page_text: aterial proposed to be as admit, t
steeping process may be dispensed with in the bleaching vat last described, in
which case the materials from the mill are passed directly into the steaming
cylinder.
DRAWING No. 2.
Fig. 6 is an hermetically closed or air-tight steam chamber; into this
chamber the materials are deposited from the grinding mill through the main
hole door shewn at Fig. 7. The bleaching liquid is then allowed to enter by
the pipe b, and high-pressure steam from the boilers by the pipe c. d, e, are
beaters or agitators, which will be seen at Fig. 8 in the Drawing. These are
made to revolve rapidly by the shaft f, which is acted on by the bevil wheels g
and h receiving motion from the main shafting. In charging the steam chamber
it may at all times, as, for instance, when a separate bleaching vat is used,
be found necessary to draw up the wet stuff from a low level; this may be
accomplished by admitting the steam and opening the air-cock i; and when
these cocks are closed and the steam condensed a vacumen will be formed,
which, on opening the main cock j, will draw the stuff into the steam
chamber to be operated upon. k is the pipe through which the pulp, after
being violently agitated in the bleach liquid and under the action of the
steam, is driven by the pressure of the steam into the washing and drying
machine shewn at Fig. 8. The pulp being driven into the chamber or
through the pipe b, is again agitated by the beater or blades, of which there
are several, as shewn at c, d; these blades are screw pitched, so that they
constantly. work the pulp upwards during its washing in the clean water
admitted at cock f; by the proper admission of this water the proper level is
attained, and the motion of the blades or beaters being stopped the frothy
impurities are allowed to run off through the cock g. This cock is provided
internally with an india-rubber or other flexible joint, so that the float / may
always retain the orifice of the pipe on the top of the water, thus skimming
its surface. When the pulp has been sufficiently washed, (the cock being
opened the water is drawn off from it by the pump (shewn at Fig. 10). The
lower chamber or space at the bottom of the washing and drying cylinder is
supposed to be filled with water; now, on the pump being set to work, a
portion of the water is removed, and its place supplied from that which was
with the pulp in the upper chamber, its passage being through strainers k
and 2, with others similar thereto, as shewn at Fig. 13. On the water being
drawn through these strainers (which may be multiplied as found necessary)
a deposit of pulp takes place on the surface, which deposit is removed by the
scraper n, n, and others of a similar form, aided also by the injection. of the

page_text: pump, which, at its return stroke, injects such quantity of water as shall lift
.layer or deposit formed by the previous exhaustion and the removal of the
larger body of water. This pulp becoming of greater' density as the pumping
proceeds, is, by the action of the screw blades, kept away from the bottom of
the chamber, the liquid and lighter particles being then more easily acted on;
by this means the larger portion of the water, and that also which is the
most difficult of removal, is drawn off. Fig. 9 shews the man-hole to
Fig. 8, as also the driving gear, which is analagous to that of Figure 6
and 7. Figure.10, the pump; A, the barrel; b, the bracket or lift, to which
ris attached the plunger or injector, which passes through the seating or bed of
valves c, d. An ordinary gear may be used for the working of the pump, as
scén at i, k. Fig. 11, ground plan of the pump. Figure 12 is a side view
of a pump barrel which only carries the extreme width for the passages of the
cross.head in one direction. Fig. 13 is an enlarged transverse section
shewing the details of the interior of this exhausting pump; a is the piston
rod; b, the piston; c, a rising valve therein; d, rod to valve c, rising and falling
therewith in the small cylinder pipe e, working through a double stuffing-box
at f, and carrying the cross-head 9. The inner cylinder e works air-tight
through a double stuffing-box in the valve seating i, i. j, j, are valves which
rise and fall by the action of the pump, opening as the bucket ascends, and
closing upon the return stroke of the bucket. At the commencement of the
down stroke of the bucket the water in the barrel of the pump lifts the
valves c, and with it the cross-head 9. This cross-head then slightly raises
the valves j, j, when a small quantity of the water in the barrel is driven
backwards until the valve c clears the seating. The small portion of the
water in the pump thus driven back into the cylinder slightly raises the
stratum of pulp deposited upon the openings k, l, Fig. 8, and thus admits of
its being more readily removed by the action of the scrapers m and n, Fig. 8.
Fig. 14 shews the intermediate plate in which the openings last mentioned are
formed, and by which plate the under chamber of the washing cylinder, Fig. 8,
is divided from the main chamber above. By the action of this pump the
whole of the water in the upper chamber of this cylinder is first exhausted,
leaving the pulp therein more or less moist; when, by the continued motion of
the pump, a pneumatic action ensues, the under chamber being partially
exhausted at each up stroke of the bucket; the air passing through the
tapi, (Fig. 8,) is intercepted by the partially dried pulp, carries with it the
remaining moisture, and thereby leaves it finally in a dry state, when it is
removed" en masse," through a suitable man-hole in the side of the cylinder,
ready for being manufactured into paper, papièr mache, or otherwise applied

page_text: as the nature of the trade may require. By placing a stop-cock upon the
connecting pipe between the pump and the under chamber of the washing
and drying cylinder, and opening a pipe in connection with an exhausted
vessel in which a vacumen has been created by the condensation of steam
or by an air pump, the pneumatic action may be effected independtly of
the hydraulic pump; and both operations may also be performed by using
an ordinary force pump in connection with the lower chamber of the
cylinder, and by placing a similar pipe connexion between the pipe K¹,
(Fig. 6,) and an air pump or vacumen chamber; both cylinders may be
thus exhausted by pneumatic action, and tho pulp be traversed and dried
thereby.
Having thus described and ascertained the nature of our said Invention,
and illustrated the apparatus and mechanism by which we propose to give
practical effect to the said improvements and process, we hereby further
declare that we do not thereby restrict ourselves to the precise forms and
dimensions of the said apparatus and mechanism (as shewn upon the
Drawing, but include, as forming part of our said Invention, all such
reasonable modifications in the form and dimensions of the parts thereof
as may be, so long as the principal upon which the said improvements and
process are founded is identical with that herein described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Eugene Sabatier, on behalf of myself
and the said Florimond Datichy, have hereunto set my hand and
seal, this Twenty-ninth day of November, in the the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-two.
EUGENE SABATIER. (L.s.)