Iй- PROVEMENTS IN OBTAINING AND APPLYING MOTIVE POWER, AND IN APPARATUS FOR THE SAME
Year: 1863

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Clark, of 53, Chancery Lane, in the County
of Middlesex, Engineer and Patent Agent, for the Invention of "Iй-
PROVEMENTS IN OBTAINING AND APPLYING MOTIVE POWER, AND IN APPARATUS
FOR THE SAME." -Acommunication from abroad by Antoine Merlanchon,
Director of the French Transatlantic Pascal Engine Company; of 29,
Boulevart St. Martin, Paris.
Sealed the 1st December 1863, and dated the 11th June 1863.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Clark, at the.
Office of the Commissioners of Patents; with his Petition, on the 11th
. June 1863.
I, WILLIAM CLARK, of 53, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex,
Engineer and Patent Agent, do hereby declare the nature of the said Inven
tion for "IMPROVEMENTS IN OBTAINING AND APPLYING MOTIVE POWER, AND IN
APPARATUS FOR THE SAME," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object the transformation of heat into motivé
power, employing water as a medium. It consists, first, in producing heat by
combustion under pressure in a closed chamber of suitable combustible mate-
rials introduced at the back on the incandescent fire, which combustion is
quickened by the application of a forced air current supplied in suitable
proportions to the furnace.

page_text: Further, instead of the heat produced, vaporizing the water and superheating
the steam by direct contact, I cause it to act on the water in a subdivided
state by projecting the latter against suitable surfaces in a contrary direction
to thatin which the current of heated gases passes. I introduce this mixture of
heated gases and superheated steam; which is renewed at each stroke of the
piston, into a cylinder or receiver similar to those of ordinary steam engines,
but specially arranged according to this Invention. The apparatus is com-
posed of two principal parts, 1st, the generator or furnace; 2ndly, the receiver
or engine. The generator is formed of two tight compartments communi-
cating at the lower part, one contains the fuel, and the other is that in which
combustion, vaporization, and the superheating processes are effected. This
generator also receives air from the receiver, which is supplied to the furnace
by means of cocks. These cocks regulate the temperature, which is indicated
by an instrument acting by the difference of expansion between a tube placed
in the generator and a non dilatable body contained in said tube. This
generator receives water from the pressure reservoir, the supply of which is
regulated by means of suitable stop-cocks. Air-tight doors closing with screw
plugs are applied for the introduction of the fuel and removal of scoria. The
heated gases and steam are supplied to the receiver by means of cocks. The
receiver consists of two engines coupled together, each having two cylinders,
the steam passing from the first to the second cylinder, in which expansion
takes place. Each engine is furnished with a feed pump for supplying air to
the generator and a pump for supplying water to the reservoir. The engines
are specially arranged for the employment of high temperatures, having blow-
off cocks with continuous action; the packings of the rods have metal
friction surfaces applied, lubricated in a peculiar manner, out of reach of
the action of the currents, all as herein-after described. The pumps supply
a compressed air reservoir kept constantly at a higher pressure than that
of the generator, which is effected by means of a self-acting regulator acting
of the reservoir on the suction of the water feed pumps.
by the pressure
The pipes conveying the water from the reservoir to the generator are
furnished with a suitable arrangement of cocks.
This Invention is illustrated in the Drawings annexed. Sheet 1, Fig. 1,
represents a horizontal view of two generators coupled together for supplying
a single receiver; and Fig. 2 shows the application of two concentric cylinders
of a receiver employing Woolf's expansion system with a single piston for the
two cylinders
Sheet 2 represents a vertical section of two generators connected together.
Sheet 3 represents a horizontal view of apparatus, on Woolf's system of

page_text: expansion, formed of two receivers connected at right angles in order to act
direct on a horizontal axis transmitting motion to a screw propeller.
Fig.1,Sheet 4, represents a vertical elevation of said apparatus in a plane
perpendicular to the propeller axis, while Fig. 2 represents a vertical section
of same in a plane perpendicular to the axis.
Sheet 5, Fig.1, represents a transverse section in a plane parallel with the
propeller axis and passing through the centre of the cylinders; Fig. 2 also
represents a transverse section in a plane parallel to the propeller axis
passing through the centre of the water reservoir, on line 1, 2, 3, Sheet 3.
Sheet 6, Fig. 1, represents a vertical section of the air feed pump; Fig. 2
shows a section of a double-action cock and its method of action; Figs. 3and
4 show the peculiar and variable arrangements of the distributing slides, and
for changing the direction of motion; Figs. 5, 6, and 7 show plan, section,
and partial elevation of apparatus for regulating the pressure of water in
the reservoir; Figs.8,9,and 10 show plan and sections of double-action guage
and cut-off cocks with their working parts; Figs. 11 and 12 show an eleva-
tion and section of one of the doors of a generator; while Figs. 13 and 14
show elevation and section of the cover at the top of the generating cham-
ber furnished with the apparatus for subdividing the water. The same letters
of reference indicate like parts in all these Figures, seen in different positions.
Generators, Sheets 1 and 2.-A, feed chamber; B, generating chamber,
communicating with each other at the lower part or furnace C, which receives
air from the feed pipes at two points, both in the interior of the fuel and on
its incandescent surface; D,brick lining to the generating chamber and fur-
nace; D, sheet iron lining to the fuel chamber; E. door for removing the
scoria.communicating with the furnace; F.door for introducing the fuel and
affording access to chamber A; G, general air feed pip e, having as many
branches as there are generators, each branch being furnished with an obtur-
ator; G¹, branch of air feed pipe communicating with each generator; Gu,
double-action cock for opening or cutting off communication between
branches Gland pipe G; H, passage for the air introduced into the fuel; H¹
orifices for introducing air into the fuel; H,regulating valves for introduc-
ing into the fuel; I, passages for the air introduced above the inc indescent
surface of the fuel; I', orifices for introducing air above the incandescent
surface of the fuel; [11, valve for regulating the admission of the same. The
whole supply of air is regulated on the outside by means of the cocks, or
valves G,H",and 1'. J,door at which the fuel is introduced, communicat-
ing with the fuel chamber only; K, hand wheels for regulating the door of
communication between the generating chamber and the chimney; L,educ-

page_text: tion passage leading from the generating chamber to the chimney; LA,
double-action cocks for opening or cutting off communication between the
chamber B and passage L; M, safety valve on chamber B; M', passages for
conveying the steam to safety valve M, opening into chimney N¹; N, smoke
box forming the base to the chimney, and traversed by the escape tube from
the receiver; this tube is concentric with the chimney; N', chimney, fixed to
box N,and containing the escape tube, which is concentric with it; O, cap in-
closing the upper end of the generating chamber B,represented at Figs.13and
14,Sheet 6; P, serrated surface fixed to cap O, against which surface the water
is projected with great force, so as to subdivide it and cause it to fall like rain
on the heated gases; Q, pipe for introducing the water into the centre of sur -
face P,the orifice of which is arranged vertically; Q',conical regulating rod,
placed in the centre of the orifice of tube Q, for causing the water to dis-
perse itself; R, pipe for conveying water into tube Q furnished with a
double-action cock R' (represented in detail at Figs .8, 9, and 10, Sheet 6),
similar to the guage and cut-off cock on the general water-supply pipe S con-
veying the water from the reservoir to the generators; T, tube of the air-feed
pump, which is connected at T¹ to pipe G; T', junction of the two pipes T and
G,at which point is placed the valve of the forced air current; U,pipe convey-
ing the superheated steam from the generators to the receiver; V, pipe for
conveying the escape steam from the receiver to tube V₁, which is concentric
with the chimney N₁.
Sheets 3, 4, and 5,receiver. a,balance cock for cutting off or supplying the
superheated steam from the generators to the receivers; b,general compart-
ment, in which the superheated steam is admitted, containing the slide valves
for supplying it to the cylinders; c, c, slide valves, one for each pair of
cylinders supplying steam either to the prime moving cylinder, to the ex-
pansion cylinder, or to the escape d cylinders; e, e, expansion cylinders; d'
pistons and rods of first cylinders; e, pistons and rods of the expansion cylinder,
f,cross heads uniting rods d'; g,cross heads uniting rods e'; f, guides of cross
heads; g',guides of cross heads; g,h,slide or guides for the rectilinear motion
of piston rods; i, piston rods of the air feed pumps; j,piston rods of the water
feed pumps; k, coupled rods, transmitting to the principal crank shaft the
power at disposal, or difference between the power and resistance exerted on
said rods; l, principal crank shaft, furnished with a double eccentric for each
motion of the slide valve turning in bearings ; m, double eccentrics,keyed
at different angles, and actuating a distributing slide known as
'Stephenson's,'
," which is represented at Figs. 3 and 4, Sheet 6; n, levers
receiving movement from the distributing slide, and transmitting it by means

page_text: gene-
of rods n' to the rods of the slide valves; n', rods for transmitting the move-
ment as above described; o, shaft for changing the direction of motion by
raising the slides through rods o¹, o¹, being furnished with a wheel with an
endless screw o! turning in bearings o; p, axis, having an endless screw
worked by means of a hand wheel, which acts on the slides; q, lever, trans-
mitting motion from the stems of the purge cocks to those of the slide valves;
r, stems and casing of the purge cocks, having their supply in connection with
that of the cylinders, in order to get rid of all condensed steam or lubricating
matters without loss of steam; s, escape compartment, forming part of the
frame or foundation plate and communicating with the chimney of the
rators by means of the passage; VI, the waste steam escapes by means of this
chimney to the atmosphere; t, reservoir of water enclosed by the frame or
foundation plate, it also contains the air reservoir t¹, constructed as before
described, in order to form a cushion of compressed air, which acts on the
water, in order to cause it to flow at a great speed on being introduced into
the generator; u, water feed pumps, which are similar to those ordinarily
used, thei pistons being actuated as above mentioned by the pistons of the
expansion cylinders; u¹, hand pumps, the suction pipes of which are common
with those of pumps u. These pumps serve for filling the water reservoir
when about to start the apparatus, and for producing suitable pressure; v, air
feed pumps, represented in section at Fig. 1, Sheet 6; 1, passage for the air,
forced by the pump into the generators.
Peculiar arrangements of the parts suitable for the employment of steam
generated and superheated in a close furnace, on the principle herein described
and represented at Fig. 2, Sheet 1. 1, hollow distributing slide valve; 2,
passages to the first cylinder; 3, passage from the first cylinder to the expau-
sion cylinder, regulated by means of slide valves 1; 4, escape passage; 5, body
of the first cylinder carried at one end of the expansion cylinder 6; 7, 7, piston
common to both cylinders; 8, 8, friction packing for the piston of the first
cylinder; 9, similar packing for the piston of the expansion cylinder;
10, frictional packing placed at the end opposite the first cylinder in the
casing of the piston above mentioned; 11, 11, trunk.
Double-action balance cocks, Fig, 2, Sheet 6. 12, double seat; turned so as
to present a sufficiently small contact surface to prevent any obstruction, and
also to close perfectly tight; 13, double disc, having perfectly smooth surfaces
filling in the double seat 12, the difference in the dilatation of the two parts
will not cause any obstacle, as the two surfaces slide one on the other; 14,
stem, to which are fixed the disc 13, and extended so as to form a guide
tube furnished with a packing and screwed at its extremity, which, by means

page_text: of a fixed rotating nut, separates or applies the double disc on seat 12;
15, guide tube for the packing fixed to the double seat, it also carries the
fixed nut 16 for actuating stem 14.
Packings for the rods, Fig. 2, Sheet 4. 17, rings or semi rings with joints
at opposite sides bearing on the end of the stuffing box, which prevents their
being drawn into the cylinder by the friction of the rod; 18, fixed stuffing box,
for securing rings 17 and preventing their being drawn by the rod out of said
stuffing box; 19, movable stufling box, for fixing the packing, which forces the
rings to bear on the rods, and so prevent their acting injuriously on the
packing by friction; 20, lubricating space between the packing and cylinder.
Air feed pumps, Fig. 1, Sheet 6. 21, cylinder or body of the pump;
22, piston of the ordinary kind, except that it is made of such form as to work
as near the bottom as possible, in order to leave only a very small space
between it and the piston; 23, seat or grating of valves, the outer circle
of orifices serves for the forcing, and the others for the suction; 24, flat
circular valves or plates for the suction; 25, similar valves applied to the
forcing, which latter are of india-rubber; 26, seat of suction valve; 27, seat
of the force valve.
Regulator of water pressure, Figs. 5, 6, and 7, Sheet 6. 28, general suction
pipe; 29,obturator, having numerous narrow openings, which permits of the
valve being opened or closed with a very slight movement, in order to open or
shut off communication with pipe 28 and valve box; 30, 31, valves on the
suction pipe common to the pumps, the motion of which valves is limited by
screws; 32, 33, cranked stem of obturator 29; 34, cylinder receiving the
pressure of water in the receiver below the piston, in order to overcome the
antagonistic spring; 35, 36, piston rod, the length of which may be regulated
as desired, and which acts on a cranked arm 33; 37, nut or stop for limiting
the opening of same; 38, passage communicating with the reservoir.
General guage and cut off cocks, Figs. 8, 9, and 10, Sheet 6. 39, inlet
pipe for the water; 40, conical stem of the obturator sliding in pipe 39; 41,
hand wheel having a fixed nut the movement of which imparts a sliding
motion to stem 40; 42, ordinary three-way cock; 43, hand wheel for
regulating the cock 42 from a distance by means of rod; 44, 45, flanges for
fixing the apparatus; 46, pipe leading to the generators; 47, emptying pipe;
the distributing and stop cocks for each generator are similar one to the other.
Doors of the generators Figs. 11 and 12, Sheet 6. 48, turned and polished
seat: 49, door, also having turned edges; 50, jointed cross bar sliding
freely in the stop pieces 51 of the door; 52, handle for acting on the forked
end of the cross bar; 53, screw for fastening the door.

page_text: Cap for vaporizing the water, Figs. 13 and 14, Sheet 6; 54, bolts for fixing
the plate to the cap in order to change it when desired.
I will now describe an arrangement of pyrometer for indicating the tempe-
rature, whichapparatusisindispensably necessary for regulating the action of the
generatorsbeforedescribed. Thisimproved thermometer or pyrometer indicates
the temperature by the expansion or contraction of a certain body as compared
withanotherbatslightlydilatablebody,asin glass thermometers, where the body
expands and contracts in order to furnish indications on the glass, which is but
little sensitive to the changes of temperature. The difference between this and
ordinary thermometers is, however, very great,as the dilatable body is in contact
with the temperature to be measured,by which means all variation is instantly
shown as it has only to traverse a but slightly conducting casing, the disadvan-
tages of a metallic thermometer disappears at once, as the comparing body
does not expand or contract in the least degree by the temperature, and so
furnishes an invariable point of comparison. The apparatus consists of a
dilatable tube, by preference of metal, the nature of which is determined by
the requirements of each case in this tube, which is closed at one end is placed
without requiring to be absolutely in contact a rod of glass,porcelain,or other
material little susceptible of contracting or expanding. This rod bears con-
stantly on the closed end of the metal tube, either by its own weight or by an
additional weight or spring at its open end; the metal tube carries the fulcrum
of an index lever and graduated arc; this index lever is kept invariably in
contact with the end of the rod, and so furnishes indications every time
the metal tube becomes lengthened or shortened under the action of the
temperature.
Sheet 7 of the accompanying Drawing represents one application of this
principle to thermometers with the indicating gear at a distance. Fig. 1
represents a central vertical section of the apparatus, and Fig. 2 detail of
the method of conveying indications of this thermometer a distance away.
The same letters of reference indicate similar parts in the two Figures seen
in different positions. a, dilatable metal tube forming the exterior casing of
the apparatus; at its upper part is placed, 1st, the lever carrying the graduated
are e for indicating the temperature; 2ndly, the index hand d which is fixed
to lever b, or an axis e, and intended to indicate the temperature; f, rod of
glass, porcelain, or other but slightly dilatable material, this rod is placed in
tube a, and rests on its end; the upper part of rod fis in orout of contact with
a plate or steel spring 9 acting on index hand d, the lower end of which is
terminated of a suitable form for the purpose; h opening made in the appa

page_text: ratus in order to regulate or rectify it when necessary; which is effected by
means of a nut i.
This Invention thus consists in a method of transforming heatinto motive
power by the aid of superheated steam: The chief features of the Invention
may be summed us as follows:
1st. It consists in the combination of oxygen with the fuel, whatever may
bé its nature, in a closed chamber under pressure, and in presence of the steam
produced, in order to create a source of heat and power; also in producing
this combination or combustion by the introduction of a forced current of air
containing oxygen, which is required in a furnace not using fire bars, and
connecting the lower parts of two adjoining capacities, the one furnishing the
fuel, and the other receiving the heat produced in such manner that the air,
which is supplied as required from the outside, effects the most perfect com-
bustion possible, either by placing it simultaneously with the solid or gaseous
particles of the bodies in combustion on the incandescent surface of the fire,
or by contact with said particles above this surface, in order to prevent any
from escaping complete combustion; and so obtain, under the conditions of
temperature necessary for this combination, the greatest possible amount
of heat.
.
2ndly. The Invention consists in the introduction of water in an extreme
state of subdivision (whatever may be the means of producing siich sub-
division), into the chamber receiving the heat, and burning gases in such
manner that the heat and water starting from two opposite points on coming
in contact becomes so penetrated as to multiply the points of contact to the
greatest possible extent, which thus vaporizes the water, and superheats the
steam by absorbing the caloric, until the temperature has attained a certain
height; a gaseous mixture is thus obtained, the temperature and pressure of
which varies at the will of the person managing the generator.
3rdly. The Invention consists in the employment of the gaseous mixture
above-mentioned in a receiver furnished with a piston, in order to transform
the heat into power; part of which is employed for furnishing water for the
combustion, and water for vaporization, the disposable power remaining
serving as motive power applicable in all cases.
4thly. In the relation established between the power and resistance of the
receiver by effecting the expansion in two cylinders, arranged in the manner
peculiar to this system as herein described,the two cylinders being either con
nected end to end, or arranged coucentrically, as also in the employment of
the arrangement of single piston herein described.

page_text: 5thly. The Invention consists in the peculiar arrangement of the valves of
the air feed pump, so as to avoid having any vacant spaces; also in the em-
ployment of one or several valves in the air passages to the furnace.
6thly. In the previous forcing of the water to be vaporized into an elastic
air reservoir, with a self-acting pressure regulator of the suction of the pumps.
guage,and supply cocks of the generators, which measures the amount of water
introduced with a speed sufficient for effecting its subdivision in the form of
mist, by projecting the film against a surface studded with points, from
which it is deflected.
7thly. In the arrangements of parts herein described and represented for
producing superheated steam by direct contactatany temperature or pressure.
8thly. The construction and arrangement of the improved thermometer
before described, for indicating all degrees of temperature, which indications
Temain permanent,and maybe transmitted to a distance from the instrument,
the peculiar feature of such indications being that they are furnishedbya per-
imanent comparison between an unchangeable body and a metal or other body
which dilates or contra ts in direct contact with the heat, the temperature
of which is to be ascertained.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said William Clark in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
11th December 1863.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
CLARK, of 53, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex, Engineer and
Patent Agent, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Eleventh day of June,in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, in the twenty-sixth year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant
unto me, the said William Clark, Her special licence that I, the said
William Clark, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others
as I, the said William Clark, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at
all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully
might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
IMPROVEMENTS IN OBTAINING AND APPLYING MOTIVE POWER. AND IN APPARATUS
B

page_text: FOR THE SAME," a com" to me from abroad by Antoine Merlanchon,
Director of the French Transatlantic Pascal Engine Company, of 29, Bou-
levart St. Martin, Paris, upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said
William (lark, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing
under my, or their, or oneof their hands and seals, should particularly describe
and ascertain thenature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of
the said Letters Patent.
that I, the said William Clark, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement, reference being had to the Sheet of Drawings hereunto annexed.
and to the letters and figures marked thereon (that is to say):-
of
The progress of science at the present day has proved that the production
power requires an equivalent expenditure of fuel, and that the expenditure
of power is equal to the heat produced; in other terms, heat is a source of
power and power a source of heat.
The most practical and economical means hitherto employed for the pro-
duction of heat is the combination of air or of its oxygen with combustibles
of various kinds, which combination develops a certain temperature termed
combustion.
The most practical means employed for transforming heat into power
consists in vaporizing water in a closed vessel, and storing up the heat by
raising its pressure, which is then expended by allowing a portion of the heat
to act in alternate directions on a piston in a chamber, which compensates by
the power produced by this piston for the expenditure of heat. In order to
obtain this result, two principal parts are necessary, viz., the generator and
receiver. The generator is divided into two parts, 1st, the apparatus for
producing combustion or furnace which is in free communication with the
atmosphere, and in which the introduction of oxygen necessary for producing
combustion is obtained by the natural draught of the chimney which intro-
duces through the fuel placed on the fire-bars a much larger amount of air
than is absolutely necessary; one portion of this air escapes during com-
bustion, and produces a draught by the heat which it carries away into the
atmosphere. 2ndly, the vaporizing apparatus enclosing the water containing
the heat consists of a closed vessel in contact with the burning fuel, as its
sides, which are of sufficient thickness to resist pressure, separate the source of
heat, that is, the fuel in ignition, from the water which is to transform the

page_text: heat into power. The other part, or receiver, consists of one or more
pistons or obturators working either continuously to and fro, or in circular
or rectilinear directions, in a chamber of similar form, to which pistons are
connected the gearing for transmitting the movement in any desired direction
from the chamber in which they move by the action of heat.
All the efforts that have been made to improve the action of heat as a
motive power have been directed with a view, first, to extract the greatest
amount of heat from the furnace, and to impart as much heat as possible to
the water, as also to expend this reserve heat in such manner as to allow only
a small quantity of it to escape. Certain results-have been obtained, which,
without entering into details, may be summed up as follows:-As regards
combustion, for example, the combination of the oxygen with a fuel by a
natural or artificial draught draws in an excessive and invariable volume
of air which becoming heated carries away with it to the chimney a quantity
of heat which is lost both to the water and receiver.
In the vaporization the interposition between the source of heat and the
water to be heated of a body which is more or less a conductor of heat, pre-
sents great resistance to its passage. It is true that the steam produced that
is charged with caloric is in permanent contact with water at the same tem-
perature, but the latent caloric is not fully developed. This situation, which is
recognized as a fault in practice, causes a quantity of water to be heated which
is not immediately utilizable, and so loses heat; it has besides the further
objection of keeping under pressure a large quantity of steam in a liquid state,
which is liable to cause explesions. In order to prevent the contact of the steam
with its producing water, it has been proposed to convey it before reaching the
receiver into a special chamber, where it is superheated out of contact with
the water, but the steam is thus but rarely superheated regularly and effectually,
as at a high temperature it forms a kind of gas, but a slight conductor of heat,
and large superheating surfaces are necessary in order to obtain a satisfactory
result. This Invention has for its object the transformation of heat into
motive power by means of water, and consists in effecting the combination of
fuel and oxygen under pressure in a closed chamber without furnace bars, by
the introduction of a limited supply of air from a receiver, in order to produce
the greatest possible amount of heat. It also consists in imparting this heat
to the water by introducing it in a state of extreme subdivision into the gaseous
products of combustion at a high temperature. It also consists in multiplying
the points of contact of the said water with the heated gases by projecting it
in a contrary direction to the gaseous current leaving the furnace, which causes
it to meet successively with zones of greater heat, and so absorb the greatest

page_text: quantity of caloric by its direct contact with the heat without the interposition
of a resisting heating surface, the extent of which contact is only limited
by the maximum degree of subdivision of the water practicable.
The Invention also consists in the employment of any tension or practicable.
temperature of said superheated steam conjointly with the gases (which have
given up their heat by equalizing their temperature) with that of the steam
in a receiver similar to those ordinarily in transforming into power in the
receiver the greatest quantity of heat, thus forming a caloric engine, using
water as a medium, which produces each time in the receiver an amount of
heat due to the volume of air admitted and also to the fuel, combined with the
oxygen of said air, which transmits by direct contract, and in given quantities
to the water in a state of subdivision a portion of the heat developed, in order
to vaporize and superheat it until its temperature is equalized with that of the
gaseous products of combustion, and superheated steam is introduced into a
receiver or ordinary steam engine, which furnishes to the generators each
time the air necessary for the combustion and the water for the vaporization.
DESCRIPTION OF GENERATOR OF THIS INVENTION.
The generator consists of a chamber which is preferably of cylindrical form
to resist strain; this chamber is divided into two vertical contiguous compart-
ments, which communicate at the lower part; one of these, which is termed the
combustion chamber, is lined internally with sheet iron, to permit of the easy
introduction of the fuel without grazing the sides. The other, which I term
the generating chamber, is lined internally with refractory bricks, to prevent
contact of the water and air at a high te:aperature with the metal, which is too
liable to absorb the oxygen. The base plate uniting the two compartments is
also covered with refractory bricks, and forms the sole of the furnace, properly
so called. Access is had to the interior of the furnace by means of a door,
which is screwed tightly so as to resist pressure; this door, which is a little
below the sole of the furnace, enables scoria and other solid products of com-
bustion to be readily removed. The air necessary for combustion is introduced
into the furnace partly at the base of the combustion chamber and partly at
base of the generating chamber, that is, a part on the fuel and a part on its
surface in ignition; this distribution in the two directions is effected by means
of cocks. The fuel chamber has also communication with the exterior by
means of an air-tight door at the upper part, which serves for introducing the
fuel with which the furnaces is first fitted, the remainder accumulating in the
chamber. The fuel descends slowly and constantly into the furnace to replace
that which is consumed; combustion is thus effected in the most suitable

page_text: |manner, and the products of distillation, if any, are forced to traverse the
incandescent surface, which in passing into the generating chamber meets with
the current of air passing in different direction; it thus cannot escape com-
plete combustion, as both the oxygen and the temperature fabours the com-
bination. The generating chamber communicates at its upper part with the
chimney by a door closed air-tight, and regulated by means of a screw; this
door furnishes a draught, both when lighting the furnace and for the escape of
thegases when the generator is notworking. Thegeneratingchamberinvariably
communicates at the upper part with the pipe ieading to the receiver, which
communication may be cut off when desired by a screw cock; the generating
chamber is also furnished with a safety valve. The top of this chamber is en.
closed by a cap, under which is fixed the apparatus for introducing and pro-
jecting the water. This apparatus is formed in two parts, one consisting of
the pipe for the introduction of the water to be projected, and the other the
projecting surface, which is placed across the inlet pipe in a nearly horizontal
position; the upper cap of the generating chamber presents a vertical orifice
to the centre of the projecting surface, the latter presents its under side which
is striated to the orifice. A conical rod passes through the centre of the cap
and projecting plate,and through the orifice, to a sufficient depth to divide the
water, which is forced in at a great speed in a circular film, which rises ver-
tically on to the projecting plate, is broken on meeting with it, and then falls
like rain; the striated plate assists the subdivision of the water and destroys
any tendency of the particles to re-unite by passing over a smooth surface.
The three elements of production and transmission of heat and power are
thus united in one apparatus or generator, the several actions being realized
at the same place and pressure without the aid of any intermediate parts.
The air and water are introduced in determined proportions according to the
rate of consumption in the receiver, which requires a fresh supply at each
stroke; the fuel only is introduced beforehand in the manner above described,
or it may be supplied from time to time as it is required. There is also a
generator furnished with a regulating safety valve discharging into the
chimney, together with a pressure guage and thermo-pyrometer for indicating
the temperature. The number of generators is independent of the number of
receivers, as one or more generators may be used for the surface of each one,
and vice versa, although their action is dependent one on the other; these
apparatus may also be removed singly, if required, and replaced by others.
The following is the method of setting a generator in action:-The fuel in the
furnace is first lighted in the ordinary manner according to the nature of the
fuel employed, the products of combustion escaping at the chimney through

page_text: the temporary port, the ash-pit door is also opened to furnish the necessary
draught for lig..ting the fuel. This being done the fuel is introduced into the
fuel chamber and the door then closed,as also the door of the ash-pit, and in
the chimney the safety valve is also shut, when the generator will contain an
incandescent fire shut off from all communication with the exterior. The
supply cock of the water is then turned on, near which is placed a cock for
measuring the supply, the water in its forcibly coming in contact with the
projecting plate,becomes subdivided and falls in a kind of mist in the furnace,
where it meets with the heat or heated gas, on permeating which it becomes
vaporized, and the pressure produced is indicated by the guage; when this is
sufficiently high the communication is opened with the generating chamber or
receiver, as also between the furnace and air feed. These conditions being
established the generator will be in full, action, the air passing into the fuel
causes its combustion, while the gases produced becoming heated by tra-
versing the incandescent part of the fuel where they become completely
heated by the raised temperature at said part, where they meet with the hot
air introduced above the furnace, and in order to pass into the receiver they
rise in the generating chamber, meeting with the subdivided water, the first
contact of which produces vaporization, and then superheats the steam. The
temperature in the generating chamber thus decreases from the base to upper
part and increases from the upper partdownwards; the maximum temperature
is above the incandescent surface of the fire which constitutes the temperature
at which combustion of the gases takes place, while the minimum temperature
is at the top at the point of communication with the receiver, which latter is
the temperature at which the gaseous mixture should act in said receiver, the
pyrometer for indicating the temperature to the person in charge is thus
placed at the mouth of the communication with the receiver. The temperature
being determined by the quantity of water injected the power of the generator
may thus be easily regulated by the water cock. As each stroke of the
receiver furnishes, by means of the air feed pumps, a certain quantity of air
the latter should combine the whole of its oxygen with a corresponding
quantity of fuel to produce the heat. The volume of fuel consumed and
amount of heat produced are thus regulated by the air which may be
introduced to any desired extent. The heat produced vaporizes and
superheats the water at certain degrees of temperature which may be
varied at will and determined by the temperature at which it is to be
admitted into the receiver, thus the pressure may be increased and the
temperature lowered by increasing the amount of water introduced, or by
admitting a less quantity the pressure may be lowered and the tempe-

page_text: gase.us
rature raised. With this method of generation the combustion, vaporization,
and superheating are completely at the disposition of the person in charge,
Ist, by the volume of air introduced which determines the amount of heat;
2udly, by distributing this air among the fuel the most appropriate means is
employed for producing a combination of all the parts with the oxygen; 3rdly,
by the body of water introduced the pressure and temperature of the
mixture is at once determined before it passes into the receiver. Lastly, all
these results are obtained without difficulty by means of cocks simply; the
engineer is thus the entire master of the motive power produced by the
generator without danger, which he can reduce, increase, produce, or suppress
instantly. This is the contrary to what takes place in ordinary steam
generators which produce more or less motive power and regulate the supply
to the receiver, while it is impossible to stop the production when the demand
ceases, or to increase or decrease it as quickly or slowly as circumstances
require. When one generator is employed for one or more receivers with
an intermittent supply of air, the receiver ceases its action during the feed,.
as in the case of stationary engines, the fuel chamber being made of such
dimensions as to render it necessary to supply it with fuel only when at rest,
such as during the workmen's meal times. When several generators are
employed for one or more receivers working without intermission the inter-
mittent supply of the fuel is effected by isolating the generator to be fed from
the rest and also from the receivers, I then introduce the fuel and reconnect
the generator with the other apparatus. This action is effected in the
following manner :-First, the water supply to the generator to be isolated
is cut off and then the air supply, after which vaporization and com
bustion ceases in this generator but is augmented in the others which
receive the air and water cut off; the cock on the pipe communicating with
the receiver is next closed, when the generator will be deprived of all com-
munication with the other parts of the apparatus. There still remains to
get rid of the pressure, which is effected by opening the communication
with the chimney. The generator will now be completely isolated, and the
In order to re
fuel chamber may now be filled and the scoria removed.
connect the generator the whole of the issues are closed, and water injected
until it attains a pressure equal to the other generators; communication is
then opened with the receiver, and the operation proceeds as before.
Receiver. The receiver is precisely the same with regard to its chief
arrangements as those of ordinarysteam engines furnished with pistons working
in a chamber having the same means of distributing the steam. The receiver
employed for the purposes of this Invention consist of an enginewith horizontal

page_text: cylinders, intended to act direct on the axis of a screw propeller, effecting the ex-
pansion in a second cylinder known as Woolf's system. This class of engine solves
the greater number of difficulties of action, and contains all the ordinary parts.
In this receiver the steam generated is introduced as required by means of a
cock and distributed by means of a slide valve acting on a piston, which I will
term the prime mover, contained in a cylinder, after which the steam passes
into the second cylinderand there acts on a piston, which I term the expansion
cylinder, whence it escapes into the atmosphere. Each piston is furnished
with a rod actuating a slide running in guides and acting end to end direct.
The 1st piston works the piston of the air feed pump and the second piston
that of the water feed; the slide for each cylinder serves to unite the rods
of the pumps. It also acts on two parallel rods of the pumps, and transmits,
through the interinediation of the crank shaft to the connecting rods of
the first cylinder, the power exerted by the steam on said piston & to the
rods of the expansion cylinder the power exerted by the expansion of the
steam on the piston, less the resistance created by the water feed pump.
This peculiar arrangement is of great importance, inasmuch as it avoids
a complication of parts and considerable loss of power due to friction
and inertia, which is the case when the whole power is transmitted direct
to the principal shaft, to be then distributed in partial efforts intended to
overcome resistance in driving machinery. The method of utilizing the
expansion may differ from Woolf's system, which I, however, prefer in the
majority of cases, more especially as it offers peculiar advantages in connection
with this improved apparatus. This may be stated as follows:-The power
exerted by the steam on the first piston tends to impel it forward with a
certain force, but it meets with the resistance due to the steam from the
preceding cylinder, which is introduced into the second; it thus serves as a
movable fulcrum for the steam, which expands and acts on the second piston
at the commencement of the stroke. These two forces are nearly equal, but
in proportion as these two pistons work together the large dimensions of the
expansion cylinder causes the space between the two pistons to increase, and
per contra the pressure decreases; hence it follows that this piston is animated
by an increased power during that portion of its course where it is in commu-
nication with the generator. The power exerted remains the same, but the
resistance is lessened, so that the disposable power of the first piston is
increased. The piston or prime mover acts direct on the piston of the air
feed pump. Its action consists in pumping the air from the atmosphere into
the cylinder while it returns to the generator the air pumped into the pre-
ceding cylinder. The suction is obtained by means of a valve in the cylinder

page_text: opening inwards and the forcing by a valve opening outwards from the cylinder
on the air feed pipe. Said valve is kept closed by pressure existing in the gene-
rator, it being raised only when the piston approaches one side of the cylinderin
order to compress the air pumped in by diminishing its volume and so raise it
to a sufficient pressure to overcome the resistance which the pressure of the
generator exerts on this valve. The resistance on this piston of the air feel
pump is almost nil at the commencement of its course and increases in pro-
portion as the space occupied by the air aspirated diminishes until when the
valve for the supply opens.
It is placed in communication with the constant
pressure of the generator. From the point until the termination of its
course the resistance is constant, in fact the resistance increases during the
first and largest part of its course and is constant during the second and
smaller portion of the same course.
There results from this connection between the power and resistance that
the arrangement of this Invention, which consists in working the aspirating and
forcing piston of the air feed pump by the direct action of a piston receiving
power from a gaseous fluid at same time that it serves as a fulcrum for the ex-
pansion of the fluid in a second cylinder, may be adapted either to this or other
similar means of obtaining motive power employing air under pressure; I thus
reserve the right of applying this system above described which permits, of
an almost exact relation being obtained between the power and resistance of
the two actions This arrangement necessitates the employment of two guides,
two sets of rods, and consequently of two points of attachment of these rods to
the motive shaft; the parts are thus doubled in number and require increased
space from the relative position of the cylinders which are connected one to
the other; to obviate this I connect the two cylinders concentrically together
with the two pistons in a single piece; this arrangement occupies less space,
diminishes the number of parts, and the prime mover cylinder will thus be
contained within the expansion cylinder, so that the lesser heat enclosing the
greater allows of greater economy being obtained. The marine engine chosen
as an illustration of this improved system is composed of two receivers con-
nected together at right angles to a common axis; all the parts rest on a
foundation plate and are connected firmly together; the interior of this frame
forms a tight compartment containing water under pressure for the service of
the generators, which are two in number. Although in appearance these
receivers resemble those of ordinary steam engines, certain differences exist
between them necessitated by the conditions of pressure or differences of
Lanessavatura

page_text: Cocks and Obturators.-The cocks are furnished with double seats and
present a very narrow bearing surface; on this seat is supplied a double disc
having a perfectly smooth surface, which permits of one of the seats or discs
becoming eccentric under the effects of dilatation without however ceasing to
be applied on the other face.
Packing and Lubricating Heating Rods.-The packings of the piston rods
require to resist the elevated temperature of the superheated steam which
added to that produced by the friction of the rod hardens and even burns the
material employed for this kind of packing, hence it has been attempted to use
springs in lieu of the hemp bearing on metallic segments placed round the
rods. I howevergive the preference after a sufficiently lengthened experience
to a mixed packing formed of half rings of soft metal, a suitable number of
which are pressed against the rods by the ordinary packing; this method
possesses all the advantages of hemp while it does not harden like this material
or become carbonized by immediate contact with the heated rod or by friction,
the metal rings being interposed to prevent it. In experiments made with
this engine the interposed rings were maintained in the direction of the motion
of the rod by the simple pressure of the packing, and tendency to escape from
the stuffing box, but this may be obviated by the addition of a supplemental
stuffing box for permanently containing the semi rings. A special precaution
against the elevated temperature of these packings and to ensure their lubri-
cation is taken as follows:-It consists in separating the packing from the
heated metal by means of a tube in which the rod slides loosely, thus forming a
space round the rod between the packing and the cylinder, for example. The
lubrication is effected in this space, the lubricating matter penetrating the
packing from within the pressure in the interior, also aiding it in the ordinary
packingsofrods; this penetrationcommences from the outside which is opposed
by the pressure causing it to be but rarely perfect.
Lubricating Slide Valves.- Another method of lubrication is applied to slide
valves and other friction surfaces always created when using superheated steam
at a high temperature, which may injure the fatty bodies or destroy their
fluidity. This consists in making a number of channels on the face of the
slide valveor other part, which are constantly covered by the friction surface;
these channels communicate by a passage with a reservoir of the fatty body
above said channels, the lubrication of the two surfaces is thus effected by the
natural flow of the liquid, without loss.
Air Feed Pump.-This is composed of a cylinder closed by a cover at each
end, between which covers and the cylinder is interposed a grating, serving as

page_text: a seat for the aspirating and forcing valves. The aspirating valve is placed
and opens into the cylinder, while the force valve is mounted and opens in the
hollow cover and communicates with the pipe for conveying the forced air;
these two valves are in the form of flat concentric rings fixed on the inner
edge of the ring; they are made of india-rubber, and open on the external
edge being deflected and raised, which closes by applying it to the seat; stops
are placed so as to limit the opening. This arrangement lessens in a great
measure the number of void spaces bydispensing with the passagestothe valves,
and permits of the covers being brought almost close to the pistons, while the
valves also open in a normal direction with regard to the motion of the air
pumped up or forced. The quantity of air may be varied as desired by retarding
the closing of the aspirating valvewhen thepistonreturns for the forcing action;
in this manner the volume of air forced out is that which is produced by the
stroke which is already diminished by the space traversed by the forcing piston
when the aspirating valve closes. If free it closes at the commencement of
its course until the piston returns and furnishes a fresh supply to the cylinder.
If they are prevented from closing by any cause, the piston forces outavolume
which is so much smaller as the closing is retarded. In this manner the
piston only acts in accordance to the quantity of air supplied. The supply of
air to the generators present no special features with the exception that a
self-acting valve is applied opening next the generators, the purpose of which
is to prevent during stoppages the return of the superheated steam on the
force valves of the air feed pump.
Water Pump. These are similar to ordinary lift and force pumps, and
force the water into the reservoir under pressure, their communication with
which may be regulated by means of a cock.
Reservoir of Water under Pressure. This reservoir contains the water
intended to feed the generators, which in order to produce a proper flow is
subjected to a higher pressure than the normal pressure of the steam in the
generators, but as water is not compressible, and at the least flow the pressure.
ceases, I obviate this by employing an air reservoir enclosed in the reservoir
of water. This reservoir, which is air-tight, has an opening at the lower part
only, so that in proportion as the water reservoir fills the water closes the
opening and imprisons the air in its reservoir, which serves as a spring
kept in tension by the pressure, which, in expanding, forces the water to
introduce itself into the generators. The quantity of water which the gene-
rators receive is determined as follows:-1st, by the section of the supply
orifice; 2ndly, by the increased pressure on this orifice for obtaining a con-

page_text: stant feed, thus it requires an opening of invariable dimensions, which is easily
obtained, but it also requires a constant pressure, which is more difficult to
obtain, as it varies with an equal demand with the greater or less quantity
furnished by the pumps. In order to regulate this pressure when desired, and
assure it always remaining the same, I employ a self-acting apparatus, which
I term a pressure regulator. This apparatus is self-acting, being regulated by
the pressure itself, by the aspirating action of the pumps; if the pressure rises
the aspiration ceases; the pumps then work in a vacuum, and supply less
water until equilibrium is established between the water furnished and water
used; the aspiration is then again established and the exact quantity deter-
mined by the pressure. The apparatus consists of a siınall cylinder containing
a piston furnished with a rod, which passes through the cylinder cover;
between the cover and the piston is interposed a spring of calculated strength;
the other side of the piston is in communication with the water in the reservoir.
which acts on it by pressure and tends to overcome the antagonistic spring;
if the spring is acted on by a certain pressure greater than the compressed
water the piston will be impelled, while the contrary takes place if the pressure
of the water is greater. The piston rod is attached to an obturator placed on
the suction pipe in such manner that the antagonistic spring tends to produce
aspiration, and consequently the inverse effect of the water causes it to cease;
if the spring is strongestthe pressure in the reservoir will be insufficient, the
aspiration commences, and the pump will furnish more than is required, and
the pressure also rises in the reservoir, which would continue but that the
antagonistic spring, becoming deflected by the increased pressure, causes the
aspirating action to be reduced; it ceases both to be reduced or augmented
when by means of the pressure equilibrium is restored between the supply of
water and its demand. The commencement or close of the aspiration is pro-
duced by means of a slight movement; the rod of the regulator may be
lengthened or shortened in its traverse in order to compress or expand the
antagonistic spring, the point at which it ceases to act being determined by
a stop regulating the maximum orifice for the expansion.
General Guage Cock and Cut-off Cocks.-On the pipe connecting the reser-
voir with thegenerators is placed a double-action cock, serving both to regulate
the dimensions of the supply orifice and also to cut off the whole circulation of
water. The part for regulating the dimensions of the supply orifice consists of
a conical rod received in a circular orifice, with which it is perfectly concentric
having a diameter smaller than the base of the cone, which completely closes
the orifice by bearing against its sides. The stem of the cock is moved on

page_text: the exterior by a graduated rod, the direction of its motion being perpendicular
to the plaue of the orifice, in which the conical part advances more or less, an
opening of annular form is thus obtained, which decreases in proportion as
the cone enters the orifice.; the stem of the cone is moved back and forth.
by screwing it in a fixed nut; this slow motion, and the elongated conical
stem, permits of the extent of the supply being regulated without any
sudden variations. The second key or stop consists of an ordinary three-
way cock connecting the guage cock to the generator, or for connecting.
the generator to a purge pipe, which acts after the feed is completed, and
lastly cuts off all communication.
Distributing and Stop Cocks.-The water supplied by the general cock
above mentioned meets at each generator, whatever may be their number,
aud a double-action cock, exactly similar to the one above described, the
object of which is to distribute by means of the guage cock the necessary
quantity of water to each of the generators, and also by means of the cut-
off to perform all the necessary services in cutting off or admitting the
water as required.
General Arrangements.-All parts of the generator liable to become
heated are carefully enclosed; for this purpose I employ a double sheet-iron
coating leaving a small space between, which is either left empty or filled with
non-conducting materials, the casing being also rivetted or bolted to a frame.
The connection between the generators and receivers permits of the direct
escape of the steam after it has acted in or to the chimney. This escape
takes place immediately after the steam leaves the expansion cylinder in a
hollow part or chamber made in the casing; the purge pipes also open into
this chamber, which are operated by the slide valves and constructed in similar
manner, their object being to put the lower parts of the cylinders in com-
munication with the outlets in the same way as the slide valve does for the
upper parts of said cylinders; the upper outlet, which is sufficient for the
steam, always leaves behind the liquid and other heavy matters which in
rising are apt to encumber the vacant spaces. This Invention is illustrated
by means of the accompanying Drawings, which are classed as follows:-
Sheet 1, Fig. 1, represents a horizontal view of two generators coupled
together for supplying a single receiver, and Fig. 2 shows the application
of two concentric cylinders for a receiver employing Woolf's expansion
system with a single piston for the two cylinders.
Sheet 2 represents a vertical section of two generators connected together.
Sheet 3 represents a horizontal view of apparatus on Woolf's system of

page_text: expansion formed of two receivers, connected at right angles in order to
act direct on a horizontal axis, transmitting motion to a screw propeller.
Sheet 4, Fig. 1, represents a vertical elevation of said apparatus in a plane
perpendicular to the propeller axis, while Fig. 2 represents a vertical section
of same in a plane perpendicular to the axis.
Sheet 5, Fig. 1, represents a vertical section of the a'r feed pump; Fig. 2
shows a section of a double-action cock,and its method of action; Figs. 3 and 4
show the peculiar and variable arrangements of the distributing slides, and for
changing the direction of motion; Figs. 5, 6, and 7, show plan, section, and
partial elevation of the apparatus for regulating the pressure of the water in the
reservoir; Figs. 8, 9, and 10 show plan and section of the double-action guage
and cut-off cocks with their working parts; Figs. 11 and 12 show an elevation
and section of one of the doors of a generator; Figs. 13 and 14 elevation and
section of the cover at the top of the generating chamber furnished with the
apparatus for subdividing the water. The same letters of reference indicate
like parts in all these Figures seen in different positions.
Generators, Sheets 1 and 2.-A, feed chamber; B, generating chamber,
communicating with each other at the lower part or furnace C, which receives
air from the feed pipe at two points both in the interior of the fuel and on its
incandescent surface; D, brick lining to the generating chamber & furnace;
D', sheet iron lining to the fuel chamber; E, door for removing the scoria
communicating with the furnace; F, door for introducing the fuel, and
affording access to chamber A; G, general air feed pipe, having as many
branches as there are generators, each branch being furnished with an
obturator; G1, branch of air feed pipe communicating with each generator;
G", double-action cock for opening or cutting off communication between
branches G¹ and pipe G; H, passage for the air introduced into the fuel;
H', orifices for introducing air into the fuel; H", regulating valve for intro-
ducing air into the fuel; I, passage, & l', orifices for the air introduced above
the incandescent surface of the fuel; I", valve for regulating the admission of
same. The whole supply of air is regulated on the outside by means of the
cocks.or valves G", H", and I"; J, door at which the fuel is introduced,
communicating with the full chamber only; K, hand wheel for regulating the
door of communication between the generating chamber and the chimney;
L, passage leading from the generating chamber to the chimney; L', double-
action cocks for opening or cutting off communication between the chamber B
and passage L; M, safety valve on chamber B; M', passages for conveying
the steam to safety valve M, opening into chimney 'N'; N, smoke box, forming

page_text: the base to the chimney, and traversed by the escape tube from the receiver;
this tube is concentric with the chimney N', the doors J are also fitted
in this box; N', chimney fixed to box N, an 1 containing the escape tube,
which is concentric with it; O, cap enclosing the upperend of the generating
chamber B,represented at Figs. 13 and 14, Sheet 6; P, striated surface fixed
to cap O, against which surface the water is projected with great force, so
as to subdivide it and cause it to fall like rain on the heated gases; Q, pipe
for introducing the water into the centre of surface P, the surface of which
is arranged vertically; Q, conical regulating rod placed at the centre of
the orifice of tube Q, for causing the water to disperse itself; R, pipe for
conveying water into tube Q, furnished with a double action cock R', repre-
sented in detail at Figs. 8, 9 and 10, Sheet 6, similar to the gauge and cut-off
cock on the general water supply pipe S, conveying the water from the
reservoir to the generators; T, tube of the air feed pump, which is connected
at T to pipe G; T, junction of the two pipes T and G, at which point is
placed the valve of the forced air current; U. pipe conveying the superheated
steam from the generators to the receiver; V, pipe for conducting the escape
from the receiver to tube VI, which is concentric with chimney N₁.
Receiver. a, balance cock for cutting off or supplying the superheated
steam from the generators to the receivers; b, general compartment,in which
the superheated steam is admitted, containing the slide valves for supplying
it to the cylinders; c,c, slide valves, one for each pair of cylinders supplying
steam either to the prime moving cylinder, to the expansion cylinder, or to
the escaped cylinder; e, e, expansion cylinders; d, piston and rods of first
cylinders; e, pistons and rods of the expansion cylinder; f, parts uniting the
two rods d'; g, similar rods uniting rods el; f, guides of part f; g', guides of
part g; h, slides or guides for the rectilinear motion of piston rods; i, piston
rods of the air feed pump, and j' piston rods of the water feed pumps;
k, coupled rods, transmitting to the principal crank shaft the power and
resistance exerted on said rods; 1, principal crank shaft, furnished with a
double eccentric for each motion of the slide valve, turning in bearings ;
m, double eccentric keyed at different angles and actuating a distributing
slide, known as Stevenson's, which is represented at Figs. 3 and 4, Sheet 6;
n, levers receiving movement from the distributing slide, and transmitting it
by means of rods n' to the stems of the slide valves; n', rods for transmitting
the movement as above described; o,shaft for changing the direction ofmotion
by raising the slides through rods o',o', being furnished with a wheelwith an
endless screw o" turning in bearings 03; p, axis having an endless screw
worked by means of a hand-wheel which acts on the slides; 1, lever for

page_text: transmitting motion from the stems of the purge cocks to those of the slide
valves; 7, stems and casing of the purge cocks, having their supply in
connection with that of the cylinders,in order to get rid of all condensed steam
or lubricating bodies without loss of steam; s, escape compartment, forming
part of the frame or foundation plate, and communicating with the chimney
of the generators by means of the passage VI, the waste steam escapes by
means of this chimney to the atmosphere; t, reservoir of water, enclosed by
the frame or foundation plate; it also contains the air reservoir t', constructed
as before described, in order to form a cushion of compressed air, which acts
on the water in order to cause it to flow at a great speed on being introduced
into the generator; u, feed water pumps, which are similar to those ordinarily
used, their pistons being actuated as above mentioned by the pistons of the
expansion system; u, hand pumps, the suction pipes of which are common
with those of pumps ". These pumps serve for filling the water reservoir
when about to start the apparatus, and for producing suitable pressure v, air
feed pumps, represented in section at Fig. 1, Sheet 6; 1, passage for the air
forced by the pumps into the generators.
Peculiar arrangements of the parts suitable for the employment of steam
generator, and superheated by a closed furnace on the principle herein
described, represented at Fig 2, Sheet 1.---1, hollow distributing slide valve;
2, passages of the first cylinder; 3, passages from the first cylinder to the
expansion cylinder by means of slide valve 1; 4, escape passage; 5, body of
the first cylinder carried at one end of the expansion cylinder 6; 7,7, piston
common to both cylinders; 8, 8, friction packing for the piston in first
cylinder; 9, 9, similar packing for the piston of expansion cylinder; 10,
frictional packing placed at the end opposite the first cylinder in the casing
of the piston above mentioned; 11, 11, fillings.
Double-action Balance Cocks, Fig. 2, Sheet 6.-12, double seat, turned so
as to present a sufficiently small contact surface to prevent any obstruction,
and so as to be closed perfectly tight; 13, double disc, having a perfectlysmooth
surface, fitting in the double seat 12,the difference in the dilatation of the two
parts will not cause any obstacle, as the two surfaces slide one on the other;
14, stem, to which is fixed the double disc 13, and extended so as to form a
guide tube furnished with a packing, and secured at its extremity, which by
means of a fixed rotating nut separates or applies the double disc or seat 12;
15, guide tube for the packing fixed to the double seat; it also carries the
fixed nut 16 for actuating stem 14.
Packings of the Rods.-17,rings or semi-rings, with joints at opposite sides
bearing on the end of the stuffing box, which prevents their being drawn into

page_text: the cylinder by the friction of the rod; 18, fixed stuffing box for securing
rings 17,and prevent their being drawn by the rod out of stuffing box; 19,
movable stuffing box for fixing the packing which forces the rings to bear on
the rods,and so prevent their acting injuriously on the packing by friction;
20, lubricating matter between the packing and cylinder.
Air Feed Pump, Fig.1,Sheet 6.-21, cylinder or body of the pump; 22,piston
of the ordinary kind, except that it is made of such form as to work as near
the bottom as possible, in order to prevent the formation of vacant spaces;
23, seat or grating of the valves, the outer circle of orifices serves for the
forcing, and the others for the suction; 24, flat circular valves or plates for the
suction; 25, similar valves applied to the forcing, which latter are of india-
rubber; 26, stop of suction valves; 27, stop of force valves.
Regulator of Water Pressure, Figs. 5,6,& 7, Sheet 6.-28, general suction
pipe; 29,obturators, having numerous narrow openings, which permit of the
valve being opened or closed with a very slight angular movement in order
to open or cut off communication with pipe 28 and valve box; 30,31, valves
on the suction pipe common to the pumps, the motion of which valve is
limited by a screw 32; 33, crank of obturator 29; 34, cylinder receiving the
pressure of water in the reservoir below the piston, in order to overcome the
antagonistic spring 35; 36,piston rod,the length of which may be regulated
as desired, and which acts on the crank 33; 37, nut or stop for limiting the
opening of same; 38, pipe communicating with the reservoir.
General Guage or Cut-off Cock, Figs. 8,9,&.0,Sheet 6.-39,inlet pipe for
the water; 40, conical stem of the obturator sliding on pipe 39; 41, hand
wheel having a fixed nut the movement of which imparts a sliding motion
to stein 40; 42,ordinary three-way cock; 43, hand wheel for regulating the
cock 42 from a distance by means of rod 44; 45,strap for fixing the appara-
tus; 46,pipe leading to the generators; 47, emptying pipe. The distributing
and stop cocks for each generator are similar one to the other.
Doors of the Generators, Figs. 11 and 12,Sheet 6.-48,turned and polished
seat; 49, door, also having turned edges; 50, jointed cross barsliding freely
in the stop pieces 51 of the door; 52, turned handle for acting on the forked
end of the cross bar; 53, screw for fastening the door.
Cap for Vaporizing the Water, Figs. 13 & 14, Sheet 6.--54, bolts for fixing
the plate to the cap, in order to change it when desired.
I will now describe the arrangement of pyrometer for indicating the tem_
perature, which apparatus is indispensably necessary for regulating the
action of the generators before described.
Thermometers, pyrometers, and other indicators of temperature are based
с

page_text: in principle on the expansion of bodies, as in air or mercury thermometers are
on their contraction as in Wedgwood's pyrometer, the expansion or contrac-
tion being compared with another graduated body for giving the value desired.
The precision of these means of ascertaining any temperature is sufficient
in the majority of cases, but the indications cannot be made permanent,
especially in high temperatures; the expanding body (such as air or mercury
thermometers and others) is enclosed in a glass chamber, which seldom resists
any sudden variation in even average temperatures, while mercury itself boils
at a temperature of 581 degrees Fahrenheit, and nearly always breaks its case.
The pyrometer requires much aptitude in reading it, while its indications are
never permanent. Other thermometers have been constructed based on the
difference of expansion between two metals, by employing two metal tubes
enclosed one within the other, the one carrying the centre of oscillation of a
lever, while the other acts on said lever, the ends of which is caused to traverse
a graduated scale. This thermometer affords permanent indications, and may
be used for limiting temperatures only by utilizing the varying expansion of
the metals of which it is constituted; but its indications become unexact at
each variation of temperature; in fact, the outer metal tube expands or con-
tracts before being acted on by the temperature in which it is placed, while
the metal enclosed is only subjected to this action at a later period; the in-
dex during the time furnishing an indication due to two metals at different
temperatures, while it is graduated to indicate the differential expansion of
the two metals at the same temperature; the indication really results from a
comparison of two different degrees of expansion, which, however, do not vary
when combined in such manner that each fall in the temperature the ther-
mometer indicates a rise until equilibrium is established between the two
metals,and vice versa. This improved thermometer or pyrometer indicates
the temperature by the expansion or contraction of a body as compared with
another but slightly dilatable body,as in glass thermometers, where the body
contained expands and contracts in order to furnish indications on the glass.
which is but little sensative to the changes of temperature. The difference
between this and ordinary thermometers is, however, very great, as the dilatable
body is in contact with the temperature to be measured, by which means all
variation is instantly shown, as it has only to traverse a but slightly con-
ducting casing, the disadvantages of a metallic thermometer disappear at once
as the comparing body does not expand or contract in the least degree by the
temperature, and so furnishes an invariable point of comparison. The appar-
atus consists of a dilatable tube, by preference of metal, the nature of which
is determined by the requirements of each case; in this tube, which is closed

page_text: at one end, is placed, without requiring to be absolutely in contact, a rod of
glass, porcelain, or other material little susceptible of contracting or expanding.
This rod bears constantly on the closed end of the metal tube, either by its
own weight or by an additional weight or spring at its open end; the metal
tube carries the fulcrum of an index lever and graduated dial; the index lever
is kept invariably in contact with the end of the rod, and so furnishes indi-
cations every time the metal tube becomes lengthened or shortened under the
action of the temperature.
Sheet 7 of the accompanying Drawings represents one application of the
principle to thermometers with the indicating gear at a distance apart.
Fig. 1 represents a central vertical section of the apparatus. Fig. 2 detail
of the method of conveying indications of this thermometer a distance away.
The same letters of reference indicate similar parts in the two Figures seen
in different positions.
a, dilatable metal tube forming the exterior casing of the apparatus; at its
upper part t is placed, 1st, the lever carrying the graduated dial c for indicating
the temperature; 2ndly, the index hand d which is fixed to lever bon an
áxis e, and intended to indicate the temperature; f, rod of glass, porcelain, or
other but slightly dilatable material; this rod is placed in tube a and rests on
its ends, the upper part of rod fis in or out of contact with a plate or steel
spring acting on index hand d, the lower end of which is terminated of a
suitable form for the purpose; h opening made in the apparatus in order to
niake or rectify it when necessary, which is effected by means of a nut i.
This Invention thus consists in a method of transforming heat into motive
power by the aid of superheated steam.
Having described the nature of this Invention, and the manner of perform-
ing the same, I declare that what I claim as the Invention to be protected by
the herein-before in part recited Letters Patents is,―
First, the combination of oxygen with the fuel, whatever may be the nature,
in a closed chamber under pressure and in presence of the steam produced, in
order to create a source of heat and power, also in producing this combination
or combustion by the introduction of a forced current of air containing
oxygen which is required in a furnace not using fire bars, and connecting the
lower parts of two adjoining capacities, the one furnishing the fuel and the
other receiving the heat, produced in such manner that the air which is
supplied as required from the outside effects the most perfect combustion
possible, either by passing it simultaneously with the solid or gaseous particles
above this surface in order to prevent any from escaping complete com-

page_text: bustion and so obtain under the conditions of temperature necessary for this
combination the greatest possible amount of heat.
Secondly, I claim the introduction of water in an extreme state of sub-
division (whatever may be the means of producing such subdivision) into the
chamber receiving the heat and burning gases in such manner that the heat
and water starting from two opposite points on coming in contact becomes so
penetrated as to multiply their points of contact to the greatest possible extent,
which thus vaporizes the water and superheats the steam by absorbing the
caloric until the temperature has attained a certain height. A gaseous mixture
is thus obtained, the temperature and pressure of which varies at the will of
the person managing the generator.
Thirdly, I claim the employment of the gaseous mixture above mentioned
and a receiver furnished with a piston in order to transform the heat into power,
part of which is employed for furnishing water for the combustion and water
for vaporization, the disposable power remaining serving as motive power
applicable in all cases.
Fourthly, establishing a relation between the power and resistance of the
receiver by effecting the expansion in two cylinders arranged in a manner
peculiar to this system as herein described, the two cylinders being eithe
connected end to end or arranged concentrically, as also the employment of
the arrangement of single piston herein described.
Fifthly, I claim the peculiar arrangement of the valves of the air feed pump
so as to avoid having any vacant spaces, also in the employment of one or
several valves in the air passages to the furnaces.
Sixthly, I claim the method of previous by forcing the water to be vaporized
into an elastic air reservoir with a self-acting pressure regulator of the suction
of the pumps, guage, and supply cocks of the generators, which measure the
amount of water introduced with a speed sufficient for effecting its subdivision
in the form of mist by projecting the film against the striated surface from
which it is deflected.
Seventhly, I claim the arrangements of parts herein described and repre-
sented for producing superheated steam by direct contact at any temperature
or pressure.
Eighthly, I claim the construction and arrangement of the improved thermo-
meterherein-before described for indicating all degrees of temperature, which
indications remain permanent and may be transmitted to a distance from the
instrument, the peculiar features of such indications being that they are
furnished by a permanent comparison between an unchangeable body and a

page_text: metal or other body which dilates or contracts in direct contact with the heat,
the temperature of which is to be ascertained.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Clark, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Eighth day of December, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-three.
Witness,
JAMES DAISH,
53, Chancery Lane,
London.