IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CASKS, BARRELS, AND OTHER LIKE ARTI- CLES, AND THE MACHINERY EMPLOYED THEREIN
Year: 1851

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, FREDERICK
ROSENBORG, of the Albany, in the County of Middlesex, Esquire, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Fifth day of July, One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-one, in the fifteenth year of Her reign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said Frederick Rosenborg, my exors, adñiors, and assigns, Her especial
licence, full power, sole privilege and authority, that I, the said Frederick
Rosenborg, my exors, admors, and assigns, or such others as I, the said
Frederick Rosenborg, my exors, adñiors, or assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times during the term
of years therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,
and vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of 'Berwick-upon-Tweed, and
in the Islands of Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney, Sark, and Man, and also in
all Her said Majesty's Colonies and Plantations abroad, my Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CASKS, BARRELS, AND OTHER LIKE ARTI-
CLES, AND THE MACHINERY EMPLOYED THEREIN;" in which said Letters Patent is
contained a proviso that I, the said Frederick Rosenborg, shall cause a parti-
cular description of the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the
same is to be performed, by an instrument in writing under my hand and
seal, to be inrolled in Her said Majesty's High Court of Chancery within

page_text: six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said in
part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being there-
unto had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Frederick Rosenborg, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Inven-
tion, and in what manner the same is to be performed, are fully described and
ascertained in and by the present Specification thereof, reference being had to
the Drawings hereunto annexed, that is to say:
Firstly, my Invention has relation to the cross cutting of the blanks or
unshaped staves into the requisite lengths suitable for making into casks,
barrels, and other like articles, and consists in the improved machinery for
the purpose represented in Sheet A of the Drawings hereunto annexed,
Figure 1 being a plan and Figure 2 an end elevation of the same. A, A,
represents the framework of the machine; B is a revolving shaft mounted in
plummer blocks, and provided at one end with riggers R, R; C, C, are
circular saws, which are mounted on independent bosses, which are capable
of being shifted along the shaft B to any point desired, and there made fast;
D is a sliding frame, which moves upon the guides E mounted on the frame-
work A, the sliding frame being provided with V-edges working through the
guides; F, F, are moveable bars placed across the machine near to the saws,
in order to give additional support to the blank while it is being cross cut.
The operation of the machine is as follows:-The workman adjusts his
circular saws by moving them on the shaft B, so that the distance between
them shall correspond exactly with the length required to be given to the
staves; he then throws the circular saws into motion, and having placed the
blank across the sliding frame D within the stops a, a, he pushes the sliding
frame forward, whereby the ends, of the blank are brought in contact with the
circular saws, and by continuing the motion of the slide the saws run through
the whole width of the blank, and cut the ends off. The workman now draws
back the slide to its first position and changes his blanks.
Secondly, my Invention has relation to the jointing and backing of staves,
and consists of the improvements in machinery for that purpose, represented
in Sheets, B', B2, B3, B; and B, Figure 1 being a side elevation, Figure 2 a
plan, Figure 3 an end elevation, and Figure 4 a cross' section on the line a, b;
of Figure 2, and Figure 5 a longitudinal section on the line c, d, of Figure 1.
A, A, represent the general framework; B is a feed plate supported on
columns C; D, D, are a series of rollers mounted on shafts D', D'; E, E,
are a similar set of rollers centred in moveable arms F, F, keyed upon the
shafts G, G, which also carry weighted levers H, H, which tend to maintain a

page_text: pressure upon the rollers E, E; I, I, are rollers of a smaller diameter than
E, E, which are also mounted in the framework A; K, K, are rollers centred
on the arms L, L, and weighted in a similar way to the rollers E, E. The
shafts D', D', which carry the rollers D, D, have mounted upon their outer
ends worm wheels M, M, which gear into endless screws N, N, on the main
driving shaft O, which extends the whole length of the machine, and has a
fast and loose strap pulley P, P, attached to it. These shafts D¹, D', carry,
other toothed wheels, which gear into intermediate wheels Q, Q; which take
into the toothed wheels R, R, which revolve loosely on the shaft G, and gear
into similar wheels keyed on to the shafts carrying the rollers E, E. These
toothed wheels are all of the same diameter, in order that the rollers E, E,.
and D, D, may revolve at the same speed, but they are so arranged that the
rollers shall rotate in contrary directions. S, S, Figures 1 and 3, are frames
firmly secured to the base plate of the inachine. These frames have V-edges
upon which the vertical plates T and T' slide in an up and down direction, and
have similar V-grooves in which the plates U and U slide horizontally across
the machine. To these plates U and U are bolted other plates V and V',
which carry plummer blocks, in which are mounted the spindles W and W',
carrying the cutters X and X', and driving pulleys Y and Y. The plates
T and T are slotted out so as to allow of nuts which are fastened to the back's
of the plates U and U¹ working on the slots when actuated by a right and
left-handed screw Z and Z, mounted on the ends of plates T and T'. The
screw Z has keyed upon it at one end a hand wheel e, while at its opposite
end it carries the toothed pinion f, which gears into a toothed segment g,
working upon a stud pin h (Figure 5), attached to the plate T. The segment
has connected to it a bent lever i, which has a slot formed in it, in which a
friction roller. (Figure 6, Sheet B³) works. This roller works upon a stud
pin or centre projecting from a rod k with square ends, which pass through
plummer blocks or guides 7, 1, the upper one being bolted to the frame A, and..
the lower one bolted to a bracket on the base plate. The upper end of this rod
carries a friction roller m, shewn in dotted lines in Figure 4, but more clearly in
the detached view in Figure 6. This roller m¸works in the cam n, which is fixed
to a circular face plate o, which has slots cut in it so as to admit of the cam
being shifted to any requisite degree of eccentricity. On the rim of the face
plate there is cast in one piece with it a lever carrying a regulating weight p.
The face plate o is mounted on one end of a shaft q, which revolves in the
plummer blocks 7 and 7, bolted to the frameworks, which is screwed on to the
general framework A. Concentric with the shaft q, and working upon it, is a
hollow shaft or boss t, which is formed on one side of the plummer block

page_text: r into one half of a clutch box u, the other half working by means of a feather
in a groove cut in the shaft q, and thrown into and out of gear with one
another by the forked rod v, which is mounted on a pin in the framework s.
The other end of the rod has an oblique slot cut in it, into which a pin works
which projects from a boss w upon the shaft X, having its bearings at one end
in a plummer block attached to the frame s, and, at the other end in a bracket
on the framework A. The shaft X has a boss fixed on it which carries a lever y
that terminates in a fork in which a friction roller z is mounted, and counter-
balanced by the weight a attached to the other end of the shaft. Upon the
boss t is fixed a toothed wheel A2, which gears into a pinion B2 centred upon
a boss. C², which also carries another toothed wheel D. This boss C is free
to revolve upon the stud or pin E attached to the framework A. The toothed
wheel D² gears into and is worked by the pinion F', keyed on to the shaft D¹.
On to each of the sliding plates U, U, are bolted the frames G2, G3, which
have fixed, upon their top edges the curved guide pieces H³, H2, which have
slots cut in them to render them capable of being shifted nearer to or farther
from each other, and then made fast by screws. To the top part of the
framework A, and bolted to it, is a plate I (Figure 5), which supports two
parallel straight edges or guides K2, K, having on their under sides nuts through
which work right and left handed screws L, L², mounted in plummer blocks
under the plate 12, and carrying worm wheels Me, Me, which are geared into
by the worms N2, N2, on the shaft O, turning in plummer blocks bolted to
the framework A. The shaft 0%, and with it the worms N, are made to turn
by the circular head piece P2, with holes through it, and worked in a similar
way to the ordinary capstan, by which means the parallel guides K2 are made
to approach to or recede from each other, always preserving the same relative
distance from the centre line of the plate I², according to the direction in which
the head P² is turned. These parts are best shewn in Figure 5, being there
shewn detached from the other parts of the machinery. On the under side
of the plate I, and running crosswise of the machine, there is a shaft Q which
carries a shank to which cutters Q3, Q³, are bolted. This shaft Q2 is mounted
at each end in brasses which slide in guides attached to the framework. At
the lower end of the brasses are secured T-pieces R³, the shafts S2 of which
have screws cut upon them, and work through nuts in the bosses of the bevil
wheels T. These bevil wheels are retained in their position in the framework
by their bosses being secured by caps U2 screwed into the framework A, and
their corresponding bevil wheels V', which gear into them, and are keyed to
a shaft W, which extends across the machine, and turns in plummer blocks
bolted to the framework A. On the end of the shaft Q, and on the outside

page_text: of the framework, a strap pulley Q is keyed for the purpose of driving cutters
mounted upon it.
66
The mode of working this machine is as follows:-The main shaft O, the
cross shaft Q, and the spindles Y and Y are first put each into their respec-
tive speeds. The workman then places a blank (intended to be shaped into a
stave) upon the top of the feed table B, and moves it forward between the first
pair of rollers D and E. These rollers, as they revolve, carry the stave on-
wards between the first pair of vertical cutters X', X', which have been previously
adjusted to the width required by turning the hand wheel e', which causes the
right and left handed screw to revolve, and thereby to move the sliding plates
U¹, and with them the plates V¹, carrying the spindles W₁ and cutters X' into
the required position to suit the width into which the blank is to be cut. The
office of the cutters X' is to cut away the rough edges, and to better prépare
the blanks for the next succeeding process, ordinarily called by coopers
'backing." From these cutters the blank passes on to the plate I³, and,
between the parallel straight edges K2, K2, which have been previously set to
the exact width by turning the shaft 02 in the manner already explained.
The use of these straight edges is to keep the blank perfectly steady between
themi, and to insure its travelling in the exact centre line of the plate 1. The
blank is now steadily carried forward by the respective rollers D and E, and,
passing over the cutters Q3 on the shaft Q, the under side is cut to the
shape proper for the exterior of the intended cask; the cutters being curved to
suit such form. This part of the operation is what the coopers call "backing."
The blank next passes between the cutters X, X, where it is jointed or formed
into a complete stave. This is performed by the following operation:-
Having ascertained the different diameters of the head, and the bulge of the
intended cask, the cutters X, X, are first adjusted by the band wheel e¹ to
suit the exact width of the ends of each stave. In order to impart to the
edges of the stave during its onward progress the proper curvilineal shape,
corresponding with the bulge of the cask, the cutters are gradually made to
recede from each other to a distance equal to the width of the stave at the
bulge, and then again -as gradually to advance towards each other until they
assume the first position. This motion must be so 'regulated as to exactly
correspond with the length of the intended stave, so that the instant the stave
has passed between the cutters they shall be again in their primitive position.
Just previously to the entrance of the end of the blank between the cutters
X, X, it comes in contact with the friction roller z, the periphery of which
projects to a certain extent above the level of the plate I, whereby it is
depressed, and with it the lever y, which causes the shaft x particularly to

page_text: rotate, carrying with it the pin on the boss. w, which, through its action in the
oblique slot in the lever v, causes that lever to move, and throw the clutch
into gear.. The series of toothed wheels F3, D2, B2, and A2 are always running
when the machine is at work, and consequently the shaft q is caused to
revolve, and with it the face plate o and the cam n, which last, as it revolves,
imparts, through the medium of the friction roller m, am up and down motion
to the rod ; and as the friction roller ; (Figures 6 and 7), which the rod k
carries, works in the slot in the lever i, it causes the tooth segment g to oscil-
late, and thereby impart a partially alternating motion to the pinion f, keyed
to the right and left handed screw Z, which works through the corresponding
nuts on the back of the sliding plates U, which carry the plates V and spindles
W and cutters X, giving to these cutters, through the motion of the screw, the
requisite receding and advancing motion before described. These latter
arrangements are more clearly shewn in Figure 8, Sheet B³. As the blank
passes further onwards from the cutters ✗ it comes between the points of
the guides H2, H2, which, being .attached to the same plates that carry
the cutters, necessarily partake of the same receding and advancing
motion, and so adapt themselves to the curve of the stave, and consequently
keep it perfectly firm during its progress. To further insure the steadiness
of the stave, and to cause it to travel in the straight line, the surfaces of
the two next lower rollers D and I are made of a concave form, for the
"backed" side of the stave to travel in. When the stave has passed
from over the roller the counterbalance
its first position, which throws the clutch box u out of gear, and thereby
stops the retrograde motion of the cutters until the next blank comes in
contact with the roller z, when the receding and advancing motion of the
cutters is again repeated. Should it so happen that the cam n (Figure 6)
has not quite completed its revolution by the time the stave leaves the
friction roller, the counterbalance p, attached to the face plate o, which
counterbalance is, then near its. downward perpendicular position, will, by
its weight, restore the cam n to its first position, so as to be ready to com-
mence its revolution as soon as the first end of the next blank comes in
contact with the roller z. The toothed wheels A and B are what are tech-
nically called "change" wheels, that is, their respective diameters are calcu-
lated in accordance with the different lengths of the staves to be jointed, and
they must therefore be changed from time to time to suit the different lengths
of the staves. In order to cut the edges, of the staves to the proper bevil,
the position of the spindles on which the cutters, are bolted may either be ver-
tical, as shown separately in Figure 9, in which case the cutting edges of the
on the shaft x restores it to

page_text: cutters must be inclined to the requisite bevil, or the spindles may be placed
in the inclined position, and the cutting edges parallel with them, as shewn in
the other detached view, Figure 8. During the operation of backing the
blank, the shaft Q3, which carries the cutters Q, is made to move slightly up
and down by means of a slotted lever similar to i, and herein-before described,
attached to the end of the shaft W2, and actuated by a combination of move-
ments similar to that employed for producing the alternating motions of the
cutters X (as shewn in Figure 6, Sheet B5,) with this difference, that, instead
of the friction roller being placed beneath the blank, the friction roller, which
is connected to a similar clutch box as u, is placed above the blank. The
object of this peculiar motion is to cause the cutters, the edges of which are
curved to the circumference of the cask at the head, to fall gradually towards
that part of the blank which will form the bulge, and again as gradually to
rise towards the latter end of the blank, the effect of which is, that the blank
is left gradually flatter at the bulge.
Thirdly, my Invention has relation to that branch of the manufacture of
casks called "chiming or crensing," or shaping the ends, and cutting the
grooves in the two ends of the staves, in order that the "heads" may be
fitted thereto, and consists of the improved machinery for the purpose repre-
sented in Sheet C of the Drawings.
Figure 1 is a side elevation thereof, partly shewn in section, and Figure 2
an end elevation. A, A, represent the general framework; B, 'B', are two
sliding plates, which move to and fro in V-grooves upon the upper edges of
the framework A, A; C, C, are circular frames in which spaces are left for
the circular pieces D, D, to revolve in; E, E, are two metal rims having
teeth cut upon their peripheries, which, together with the face plates F, F, are
securely bolted to the circular pieces D, D. The inner circumference of these
pieces D, D, is of sufficient diameter to admit of the ends of the largest class
of casks being placed therein. To the under side of the sliding plates B, B²,
there are cast lugs G, G, into which are secured the nuts a, b, one of which
a has tapped through it a right-handed thread, while the other has a left-
handed thread. H is a rod which passes from end to end of the framework
A, and has cut upon it right and left handed screws to correspond with the
threads in the nuts a, b, and furnished at one end with a hand wheel I, which,
upon motion being given to it by the workman, causes the sliding frames
B, B', to approach to or recede from each other according to the direction in
which it is turned. Gearing into the under part of the toothed rims E, E,
there are pinions H' (one only of which is seen in the Figures), supported 'on
the shaft L, passing through the plummer blocks c, c, bolted to the sliding.

page_text: frames B, B. The pinions H', though turning with the shaft, are yet free to
slide laterally upon it, by means of a feather working in a longitudinal groove
cut in the shaft, so that when the sliding plates are moved in either direction
the pinions are always in gear with the toothed rims E, E. M, M', are fast
and loose pullies for driving the shaft L. N, N, are base plates which slide
in V-grooves on the upper surface of the plates B, B¹, and are actuated by
means of the hand wheels and screws U. These base plates N, N, have cast
upon them the uprights' O, O, on the faces of which the plates P, P, are
caused to move up and down in V-guides d, d, by means of the.screws Q, Q,
and hand wheels R, R. These frames P, P, carry shafts S, S, on the inner
ends of which are securely fixed square spindles T, T, to which the cutters
are bolted. V, V, are driving pullies for giving a rapid motion to the shafts
S, S, and cutters.' The cutters are of the particular forms separately shewn
in Figures 3, 4, and '5.
Figure 6, which is a view of the end of a stave after having the chimes
and groove cut, will better illustrate the forms given to the cutters, the one,
Figure 3, being used for cutting the incline or bevil e, and the other;
Figure 4, for shaping the concave or hollow f, while Figure 5 forms the
notch or groove q.
The mode of operation with this machine is as follows:-Having accurately
determineil the size of the casks to be chimed, corresponding face plates
(F, F) are bolted to the toothed rims E, E. The workman then causes the
sliding plates B, B', together with their attachments, to recede from one
another by turning the hand wheel I in the proper direction until there is
sufficient space between the uprights C, C, to admit of the cask being placed
therein. He then reverses the motion of the hand wheel, which causes the
uprights C to approach one another until the cask is gripped firmly between
thein, and the edges of it protrude a little beyond the face plates F, F. Then,
upon turning the land wheels and screws U, the sliding plates N, N, which
carry the cutters, are brought into their proper position. The driving straps
are next thrown on to the fast pullies, which cause the cutters rapidly..to
revolve, whereupon they are speedily adapted to their work by turning the
hand wheels R and screws Q, which serve to lower them according to the
size of the cask and required depth of the chiming. The driving belt is now
thrown on to the fast pulley M, on the shaft L, which causes it to revolve,
and with it the pinions H', which, gearing into the toothed rims E, E, cause
them, and the circular pieces D, D, to rotate, carrying with them the cask,
which is completely chimed and grooved by one revolution. When the cask
has been thus chimed and grooved, it is liberated by turning the hand wheel

page_text: I, so as to cause the uprights C, C, to recede from each other. The cutters
and their frames are also withdrawn, and the machine is then ready to receive
another cask to undergo the like operation.
Fourth, my Invention consists of a modification of the machinery lastly
before described, whereby the same is adapted to "trussing" the cask as well
to the "chiming" or "crensing."
Figure 8, Sheet C, is a longitudinal section of this modification. The inner
portion of the circular pieces D, D, are in this case made of a funnel or
trumpet shape, and the staves are arranged around the interior circumference
of a broad hoop or belt shewn in the Figure 9, so that when placed in the
machine, and the sliding plates B, B', are caused to approach one another in
the manner already described, the trumpet pieces, as they approach, pass over
the ends of the staves, and gradually cause them to assume the curved form
shewn in Figure 8. The sliding pieces are allowed to approach to each other
until the edges of the cask project a sufficient extent to admit of a chime
hoop being placed thereon, in order to retain the cask in its proper form..
Fifthly, my Invention has relation to the trussing of casks, and consists of
the several improved machines for the purpose represented in Sheets D', D²,
of the Drawings.
Figure 1, Sheet D', represents a longitudinal section, and Figure 2,
Sheet D, a plan of one machine. For this purpose A is a circular plate,
which is mounted upon columns B, B, supported on blocks of stone C, set in
a foundation of brickwork. The circular plate A is open in the middle.
D, D, are a series of screws converging to the centre of the plate A, which
are acted upon by nut wheels E, which are mounted in brackets F, attached to
the circular plate A. On the circular plate A there are also fixed a set of
intermediate wheels G, which are mounted on and work loose upon stud pins,
which are fastened in brackets H, also fixed on the circular plate A. The
ends of the screws D are provided with vibrating joints I, which are mounted
on pins, which pass through the ends of a series of bent levers K, the lower
ends of which levers K are mounted in joints L (see Figure 1), on a circular
bed M at the bottom of the machine. This circular bed M is attached to
cross rails N, which are screwed fast to the base of the columns B. One of
the intermediate wheels G is keyed on to a shaft O, the other end of which is
5 mounted in a plummer. block in the wall box P. This shaft O carries a spur
wheel Q, which works into a pinion R, working on the shaft S, which shaft is
supported by plummer blocks in the wall box P, and on the column B. The
pinion R is screwed on to the strap pulley T, which works loose on the shaft
S. On the same shaft S is another strap pulley U, which also works loose on
:

page_text: the shaft. A clutch box V, attached to a friction cone W, works on a longi-
tudinal key between the strap pulleys T and U on the shaft S. This clutch
box is acted upon by a forked lever X, which is attached by the connecting
rod Y to the hand lever Z (see Figure 1). a, a, are a series of smaller
columns mounted upon the cross rails N, the upper ends of which columns
are fastened to the bottom of the plate A. These columns are provided with
V-guides b, which are pointed towards the centre of the machine. c is a
circular table, which is mounted upon the end of the screw d. This circular
plate has a series of guides e screwed to its outer circumference, which guides
are working on the V-guides b. For the centre of the cross rails N is a
socket, in which is mounted a brass nut through which the screw d works.
On this brass nut is keyed a bevil wheel f. g is a horizontal shaft, which has
its bearings at one end in the plummer block i in the wall box k. This shaft g
carries at one end a bevil pinion 2, which takes into the bevil wheel f, and the
same shaft also carries two strap pullies m and n, which work loose on the
shaft. The clutch box o is mounted on the shaft g, working in a longitudinal
key on the same, and it is worked by a forked lever p, which through the
rod q is connected with the hand lever 1. To the bent levers K brasses s aré
attached, which brasses work the rod t, on one end of which are mounted
blocks u provided with packings V. The edges of these packings are rounded
to suit the circumference of the cask. The springs W are fixed between the
blocks u and the brasses s. The brasses s are capable of being moved in
slots in the levers K, so as to be adjustable to the height of different casks.
In the upper ends of the levers K are also mounted packings x, the edges of
which are likewise rounded to suit the circumference of the cask. These
packings vand x are changed as often as is requisite in the trussing of different
sized casks. The mode of operating with this machine is as follows:-The
strap pullies U and T on the shaft S, and m and n on shaft g, being always in
motion, that is to say, U and T in opposite motion to each other, and m and
n also revolving in opposite directions to each other, the workman takes hold
of the handle of the lever Z; and throws into gear the clutch box V with the
strap pulley T, which causes the intermediate wheel G mounted on the
shaft O to revolve, and thereby to put in niotion the whole of the series of
wheels mounted on the top of the plate A. Through this operation all the
screws D, and at the same time all the levers K, are caused to recede
from the centre of the plate A. This operation is continued until a sufficient
space is obtained to allow room for the diverging staves of the cask to be
placed within the levers K. The workman then moves the handle of the
lever in the opposite direction, and thereby disengages the clutch box V

page_text: from the strap pulley T, thus arresting the retrograde motion of the screws D
and the levers K. The workman now takes hold of the handle on the lever r,
and by moving it causes the clutch box o on the shaft g to come in contact
with the strap pulley n on the shaft g. That shaft will then turn round, and
through the.medium of the bevil pinion 2, and the bevil wheel f, will cause
the brass nut on which the bevil wheel f is mounted to work round on the
screw.d, and thereby cause the table c to ascend towards the plate A. When
the table c has risen nearly to the top of the V-guides 6 on the columns a, the
workman stops the motion by moving the handle of the lever r. The raised
staves intended to be formed into a cask are now wheeled into the machine,
and the small end of the same being placed over the centre of the plate c, that
plate is again lowered down towards the bottom, which is effected by the
workman moving the handle of the lever r, and thereby causing the clutchi
box o to come in contact. with the strap pulley m on the shaft g. A contrary
motion is now given to the bevil pinion and bevil. wheel f, and consequently
also to the nut on which the bevil wheel f is mounted, the nut actuating the
screw d.. The lowering of the plate c is continued until the upper ends of the
raised staves of the intended cask are in a position nearly opposite to the
packings at the ends of the levers K. The workman now stops the motion
of the plate c by moving the lever r, and then, by moving the handle of the
lever Z, he again throws all the wheels into motion, causing the screws D to
move towards the centre of the machine. This motion being continued, the
packings at the ends of the levers K soon come in contact with the ends of
the raised staves, and thereby bend and force them together into a close circle.
As soon as the staves come close together, the workman stops the motion of
the screws, and having a hoop already prepared for the purpose, he places it
over the ends of the staves, in order to secure them in their position. The
workman'now again, through the lever Z, causes a retrograde motion of the
screws, and also the levers K, for the purpose of liberating the now trussed
cask. As soon as the levers K are sufficiently withdrawn, the motion of the
screws is stopped, and the plate c again raised nearly to the top of the
columns a. The operation of trussing being now finished, the cask is then
wheeled out of the machine. It is here important to observe, that during
the bending of the staves into the shape of the cask, support must be
given to the middle or bulge of the staves, that is, at the point where the
bend of the staves is greatest. For this purpose the brasses s carrying the
rods t, the springs w, the blocks u, and the packings v, are fastened on the
lever K by means of screws, and adjusted so as to be opposite to the bulge
of the cask. The effect of the springs w upon the packings u will be found

page_text: during the operation to give sufficient support at the point of the bulge,
in order to force the staves cach into its place, and prevent them from
breaking:
Another mode of trussing which I use, especially for slight casks, is shewn
in Sheet D. A; Figure 1, is a cast-iron plate, which is mounted over a pit
upon brickwork or other foundation. This plate is furnished with slotted
holes a. Upon this plate a 'frame is mounted carrying brackets b, for the
centres of a series of levers B. These levers are attached to curved arms
C, C, which work on the same centre as the levers B. The ends of the levers
B are connected by the rods D, which run through the slots a in plate A, with
a nut E, in which works a screw F. This machine is worked as follows:-
The levers B being in a horizontal position while the arms C, C, are vertical,
the staves a², intended to be trussed into a cask, are placed within the
brackets b, and close together, so as to form a circle. The lower ends of the
staves a² are at the same time' placed within an iron hoop c (shown in dotted
lines at the foot of the staves a²). This being done, the screw F is brought
into operation either by hand or by machinery, whereby the nut E is caused
to travel upwards. By doing so the ends of the levers B, which are con-
nected by rods to the nut E, are forced upwards, and the upper ends of
the curved arms C, C, are thereby brought to act upon the upper ends of the
staves a², thus bending them, and forcing them together towards the centre.
The motion of the screw F is now stopped, and a hoop, previously prepared, is
put over the ends of the staves, in order to secure them in this position. The
screw F is now again put into motion, but in the contrary direction, thereby
causing the nut E to descend. The ends of the levers B will now be worked
downwards, causing the lower ends of the curved arms c to act against the
opposite ends of the staves; thereby bending them, and forcing the ends
towards the middle. In this position a hoop is put on, by which the staves
are kept closely together, and the trussing of the cask completed. The cask is
then removed from the machine.
Figures 1 and 2, Sheet D4, represent a section of a cask the ends of which
are trussed by two partially different methods. First method. A, A,
Figure 1, are the staves, B, B, is one of two face plates, similar to the
universal chucks of a lathe, which turn on the shafts B, B. In the slots
C, C, of the plate B, work the dogs D, which have at their outer ends jaws
E, E, in which the ends of the staves are placed. At the backs of the
dogs D, D', are fixed tail pieces F. The ends of the tails F have threads
cut in them through which the screwed rods G, G, work. These rods have
keyed upon them the toothed wheels H, H. I is a crown wheel, the boss of

page_text: which is square on the outside, so as not to rotate with the shaft B², and is
supported on the other standard J. When the crown wheel I gears into the
pinions H, H, and the face plate is made to rotate, the screws G, G, cause the
dogs to converge towards the centre, and bring the ends of the staves along with
them, so as to form the cask. Second method, Figure 2.-K is a standard,
which has a circular rim K' cast in the same piece with it, which rim sup-
ports round its outer edge the bent levers L, the long arms L' of which levers
rest upon the ends of the staves, the other and short arms Le carrying friction
rollers which run upon the cone M. This cone has cut in it threads into
which the screw on the shaft B2, B3, takes. The action of this machine is
as follows: The ends of the staves are first placed between the jaws E, E,.
which corresponding in number to the staves composing a cask, it follows
that when the number is completed the cask is arranged ready for trussing.
When the cone N is made to revolve so as to advance towards the face plate
it causes the levers L, L, to press on the staves, and bring them into the
form of the cask.
Sheet D of the Drawings, exhibits a sectional elevation of another trussing
machine.
A is a foundation plate. B, B, are pillars for supporting the
machinery. C is a cask trussed in the machine. D, D, are levers working
on pins passed through lugs on the foundation plate, which levers are furnished
with balance weights. E, E, is a plate carrying friction rollers F, F, which
act on the levers D, D, and which plate is guided by a feather b, cast on the
pillars B, B. G is a top plate through which passes the rods H, H, which
guide and steady the levers D, D. I, I, are screws for raising or lowering
the plate E, E. K, K, are bevilled wheels fixed to the driving shaft, and
gearing into other bevil wheels L, L, which are fixed on the screws I, I.
M, M, are pillars for supporting the foundation plate A, to which is fixed
the brackets N, N, for carrying or supporting the screws I, I. The operation..
of this machine is as follows:-The staves C are placed in the machine, the
plate E being then at the bottom, and the arms D inclined outwards; the
bevil wheels K, K, are then put in motion by the main shaft, which causes
the screws I, I, to raise the plate E, E, and makes the friction pulleys F, F,
press against the back of the levers D, D, and thereby compress the staves
into the required form. By reversing the motion the levers D, D, recede
from the cask, which is thereby liberated. I, II, are packings attached to
the levers D, D.
Figure 1, Sheet Do, is a section of another trussing machine. A, A, are
the staves of the cask placed in their proper position within a head hoop or
belt B. C, C, are a series of eccentric compressers arranged radially round

page_text: the outside of the staves. D is a plate on which the cask is placed in the
first instance. The mode of operating with this machine is as follows:-
The staves being placed together within the hoop B are passed between the
eccentric compressers C, C, which are then in the position shewn in section
Figure 1 and plan Figure 2. Then, upon the compressers C, C, being put
in motion in the direction of the arrows by any suitable arrangements of
machinery, they cause from their gradually increasing pitch the cask to rise
from off the plate D, and at the same time compress the staves so as to com-
plète that end of the cask when they arrive at the position represented in
Figure 3. Before the cask quite leaves the compressors C, a chime hoop is
placed upon the end of it, which retains it in its proper form. The cask is
then reversed, and again placed between the cams, when they arrive at their
fast position, and the operation again repeated. One of the great advantages
in the use of this arrangement is, that the eccentrics always tend to maintain
an uniform pressure on the backs of the staves while subjected to their
action.
Sixthly, my Invention consists of an improved arrangement of machinery,
represented in Sheet E' of the Drawings, whereby the bulged and bevilled
edges in the jointing of staves may be produced. Figure 1 is a front elevation
and Figure 2 an end view of this machine. A, A, represents the ground
framework. B is an elevated frame bolted firmly to the back of A. C is a
rail fastened by a stud screwed to the frame B. This rail C is capable of
being shifted by means of the groove a further from or nearer to the frame A.
Both ends of the rail C are shaped into forks or double joints, in order to
admit the connecting rods D, D, to work on stud pins within them. These
connecting rods D, D, have also slots b, b, made in them, to enable them to
be adjusted by means of the stud pins and forks at the ends of the rail C, to
a corresponding length with the distance of the rail C from the frame A.
The other ends of the connecting rods D are attached by means of double
joints and pins c, c, to a plate E. To one end of this plate E another
connecting rod F is attached by means of the joint a, while the opposite'
end is connected to the crank arm G, which is mounted upon a shaft H,
having its brackets and plummer blocks I screwed on to one end of the
frame A. To the front of the elevated frame B is bolted a guide plate K,
which has a longitudinal slot e cut in it, through which slot the connecting
rods D, D, work, and by which they are guided. L, L, are supplementary
frames screwed on to the framework A. Upon these frames L, L, are
mounted other frames M, M, which slide on V-guides on the top of frames
L, L, by the screws i, i, which are mounted in the frames L, L, and work

page_text: through nuts fastened to frames M, M. The frames M, M, are capable of
being moved further from or nearer to the longitudinal centre of the frame A.
The screws i, i, also carry hand wheels k, k. In the frames M, M, are
mounted the spindles N, N, to which are screwed the cutters O, O, the cutting
edges of which are.inclined to suit the bevil required to be given to the edges
of the staves. On the lower parts of the spindles N, N, strap pullies P, P,
are keyed, by which rotary motion is given to the cutters O, O. The shaft H
is supposed to be put in motion either by a strap or gearing, or otherwise
from a main shaft. The workman, having ascertained the diameter of the
head and bulge of the cask to be made, adjusts the rail C in a groove a, so
as to give to the connecting rods D, D, the proper lengths to suit the curves
and bevil to be given to the edges of the staves, and having fixed a blank on
to the top of the plate E, he throws the shaft H and the spindles carrying
the cutters O into gear. The crank lever G will now more slowly round, and
will, through the connecting rod F, give motion to the plate E. The length
of this motion depends of course on the length of the crank lever G, and
may be regulated according to the different lengths of staves; but the length
of the lever G must at all times be at least sufficient to cause the stave to
pass some distance beyond the cutters, in order to enable the jointed stave
to be removed, and a fresh blank secured to the plate E, while the motion is
being reversed, and before the plate again enters between the cutters O, O.
In addition to the longitudinal motion given to the plate E; and at the same
time to the blank, the plate E has also an ascending and descending motion
given to it by means of the connecting rods D, D, which work in centres at
the ends of the rail C and on the plate E. The motion just described forms
a most essential part of the arrangement of this machine, as by means of it,
in conjunction with the inclined position given to the cutters O, O, that shape
is given to the stave by which the desired bulge to the cask will be produced,
and because the falling and rising motion of the blank resulting from the
length and action of the connecting rods D cause it to enter between the
bevelled cutters at such point as will give to the end of each blank the desir-
able width, and by the continued longitudinal motion during which the blank"
is gradually lowered into the wider space between the cutters, and again raised,
the necessary curve and bevil will be given to its edges, and the formation or
jointing of the stave will be complete.
In Figure 2, Sheet D³, I have shewn another mode which I use for giving
to the stave the curved and bevilled edges, by causing the blank to move to
and from the cutter at the same time as it moves longitudinally. A, A, are
the radius rods; B, the rod by which A. A, are actuated; C is the blank,

page_text: which is made fast to the free ends of the. radius rods A, A, by means
of a cross link D; E is the revolving cutter, the position of which is
stationary.
Seventhly, my Invention consists of an arrangement of machinery whereby
the cutters used for jointing the staves have an up and down motion given to
them, as exemplified' in Figure 9, Sheet B³. In this case the curves and
bevils of the staves are produced by the cutters (previously set to the required
angle), being made to rise and fall (that is to say):-The staves are caused to
enter between the cutters X, X, at a certain point corresponding with the
width of the end of the stave, so that in rising they will gradually increase
the width of the stave, and, vice versa, will by falling diminish the width until
the other end of the stave has passed through, the cutters being also made
to rise sufficiently to produce the required bulge of the cask. The edges of
the staves are bevilled, in consequence of the cutters being placed in an
oblique position towards each other. The slide plate T being made to slide
up and down on guides on the edges of the frame S will impart to the
cutters the up and down motion, and this motion is created by an upright
screw (not seen in the Figure) mounted in the framework S, working in
a nut in the sliding plate T. The motion is given to this screw in a similar
manner to what has already been described for causing the cutters to advance
and recede horizontally.
Another mode which I adopt for jointing staves is shewn in Figures 1
and 2, Sheet E². A, A, is a framework which is made to oscillate upon the
centres B, B, and has mounted upon it the spindles C, C, which carry the
cutters D, D, which are driven by the strap pullies E, E. The spindles
C, C, are mounted in adjustable plummer blocks in the framework A, A, so
as to. be capable of being shifted nearer to or farther from each other,
according to the intended width of the stave to be cut. The cutters D, D,
are inclined to suit the bevil to be given to the edges of the stave. To the
lower end of the centre or shaft-B¹ there is attached a lever (not seen in the
Drawing), by means of which the oscillating motion is imparted to the frame-
work.A, A. F is the blank which is fastened to and made to move with
the frame G longitudinally between the cutters. The oscillation of the frame
A is so regulated as to cause the cutters to approach nearer to the centre line
of the blank at its ends, and recede farthest from it at the bulge.
In Figure 3 a plán, and Figure 4 an elevation (Sheet E²), I have shewn
another method of jointing staves, in which the blank is kept stationary while
the cutters are moveable. A, A, is a plate mounted upon columns B, B,
and C a ridge raised upon the plate A. The, blank (D) to be operated on is

page_text: fixed to the ridge C, which is furnished with grips at its end for the purpose
of securing the blank to it. E, E, are the cutters adjusted to the required
bevil on a spindle d, which spindle works in plummer blocks e, e, at the
forked ends of the arms G, G. F, F, are strap pullies mounted between the
plummer blocks e, e, for the purpose of working the cutters E, E. The levers
G, G, are centred on studs H, H, which are firmly screwed on to the plate A,
but capable of being adjusted so as to be nearer to or farther from the ridge
C, according to the radius to be given to the curved edges of the stave D.
The arms or levers G, G, have also slots made in them for the purpose of
admitting the studs H, H, to be fixed nearer to or farther from the stave D.
On the upper part of the studs H are working strap pullies I, I, and J, J,
the pulleys I and J being bolted together, and. running loosely on the studs
H, H. Underneath the levers G, G, are fixed the brackets K, K, in which
are mounted friction pullies k, k, working on the top of the plate A. To the
levers G, G, are also attached connecting rods L, L, which work through
joint pins on the levers G, G. This machine is worked in the following
manner-The size of the head, the degree of bulge of the cask, and the
width of the staves having all been determined. upon, the studs H, H, are
moved in the slots of the plate A, and fixed on to it; and also in the slots in
the arms G, G, at such a distance from the cutters E, E, that the cutters
shall move in a path corresponding with the curves required to be given to
the edges of the staves, and so to produce the intended bulge of the cask.
This being done, and the cutters being placed beyond one end of the ridge C
(as indicated by the dotted lines x, x, in Figure 3), the blank to be jointed
is fixed to the ridge C. The workman now puts the machine in motion, and
causes thereby the cutters E, E, to revolve, through the action of the straps,
between the pullies F and I, and also through the straps between pulley's
J, J, and the main shaft or moving power (not shewn in the Drawings). At
the same time the arms G, G, through the connecting rods L, L (the other
ends of which connecting rods are attached to a crank or eccentric on the
main shaft, not shewn in the Drawing) will be moved forward against the
blank D, at the same time cutting both its edges into the required curves,
and giving to them the proper bevils. The arms G, G, continue their motion
a sufficient distance beyond the stave to give time for detaching the stave now
jointed from the ridge C, and to fix another blank on it before the cutters
E, E, come back.. The motion of the arms G, G, and cutters E, E, is then
reversed, and they are made to travel back to their first position, in doing
which the next stave is jointed. The forward and backward motion of the
arms G, G, and cutters E, E, is then repeated without intermission as long

page_text: as the machine is at work, jointing a stave at each stroke, while the workman
is only required each time to detach from the ridge C the stave when cut, and
to replace another blank on it in time to be jointed by the next stroke of the
arms G, G.
Eighthly, my Invention consists of the improved machine for shaping the
heads of casks and other like articles, represented in Sheets F1 and F2 of the
Drawings annexed. Figure 1 is a side elevation; Figure 2 a plan, and
Figure 3 a front elevation of this machine. A, A, is a foundation or base
plate, having firmly bolted to it on each side the upright frames or standards
B, B, connected together by the cross rails C¹, C2, C3. D is a vertical shaft, which
is stepped into the foundation plate A, passes up through the cross rails C¹,
and supports at top a plate E. D¹ is another shaft, which passes through the
rails C, Cs, and is placed in the same vertical line as the shaft D, and has
keyed to it at it's lower end the plate E¹. The upper end of this shaft D' has
working into it a screw a, which passes through a threaded boss in the cross
head C, and is worked by the balanced levers C³. F is a hollow shaft, which
turns freely, and slides up and down upon the shaft D' when acted upon in the
manner afterwards to be explained, having a screw cut upon its outer circum-
ference, which works through a nut F in the boss of the rail C. The lower
part of this screwed shaft. F terminates in a plain part, upon which a circular
hoop saw G, bolted to the plate G¹, works. H is a driving pulley, firmly
attached to the boss of the plate G¹, by which a rapid. rotary motion is commu-
nicated to the saw G. (These parts are more clearly shewn in the section,
Figure 3.) On to the nut F', through which the saw passes, there is keyed à
bevil wheel I into which a pinion J gears, the spindle J of which is supported
by the plummer block. J. and standart B, and terminates in a hand wheel J³,
which, according to the direction in which it is turnéd, raises or lowers the
saw G. K, K, is a framework bolted to the plate A, A,. on which slides in
V-grooves the carriage L, which has brackets L', L', cast upon it, to support
the pluminer blocks L, Ls, which carry the shafts M, M', on the ends of which
are mounted the shanks carrying the cutters N, N. The shafts M, M', 'are
driven by the strap pulleys O, O. The plummer blocks L³, L, carrying the
shafts M and M', have nuts on their under sides, which work in grooves cut in
the face of the brackets, through which screws are tapped, terminating in thumb
nuts b, b, and square heads c, c. The nuts b, b, are for raising or lowering the
shaft M, and the square ends c, 'c, for: acting similarly upon the shaft M', when
it is necessary to move the cutters nearer to, or, further from each other. The
carriage L is caused to move to and fro upon the frame K, K, by means of the
hand lever P. The lower end of this lever has a boss formed upon it, through

page_text: which a small shaft passes supported in plummer blocks, bolted to the foundation
plate A, and to this last shaft is fixed a rod P¹, with a screw cut upon one end
of it, which passes through a nut attached to the carriage L, so that the cutters
are capable of being pulled forward or pushed backwards, according as they are
required to be brought into or thrown out of action. The carriage L has a
projection L cast in the same piece with it, through which the screwed end
of a rod is passed, having nuts upon it on each side of the projection (L'), in
order to adjust it as required. This rod has jointed to it a flat piece or bar L,
which terminates in a handle, and has a slot L' cut in it, so that it' may be
adjusted to the size of the head intended for a cask. Upon the lower part
of the shaft D there is keyed a worm wheel Q, into which gears a worm R,
keyed to the shaft S, which turns in the plummer blocks S1, S2, and has turn-
ing loosely upon it a grooved pulley T, one side of the boss of which forms the
one half of the clutch box U, the other half sliding by means of a feather in a
groove cut in the shaft S.
A view of these parts, detached from the machine, is
given in Figure 3b. The clutches are thrown into and out of gear by the forked
léver V, centred in the pin d, and worked by the rod V₁, attached to the upright
lever V, which turns upon the same centre as the lever P. W is a toothed
wheel keyed on to the shaft D, and gearing into the pinion W', which is cen-
tred upon a stud pin on the rail C', on the top side of which is bolted a plate e,
which carries the pin f. This pin f takes into the slot L in the flat bar Es
attached to the carriage L, and is also placed eccentrically in respect of the
toothed wheel W¹. This degree of eccentricity is capable of being increased
or diminished by means of the bolts, according to the elliptical form to be
given to the head."
The mode of operating with this machine is as follows:-The saw G is first
raised into the position shewn in Figure 1 by turning the hand wheel J; the
rough head is then inserted between the plates E, E, and the plate E' brought
down tight upon it, by turning the balanced levers C. To the under side of
the plate E are attached a number of springs, having pins passing through the
plate, which tend to securely fix the bead in its place, which, owing to the
varying thickness of the centre and outside pieces, would otherwise be loose
between the plates. The saw G is then lowered upon the head by turning the.
hand wheel Js, which causes the bevil pinion J to revolve, and carry round with
it the wheel I and nut F, the threads in which cause the screw F to be
lowered, carrying with it the saw (as shewn in Figure 3), which, just before
it comes upon the head, is set rapidly into motion through the medium of the
pulley H, the consequence of which is, that the motion of the hand wheel being
continued, the rough edges are cut off, and the head assumes a complete circle.

page_text: The saw is now raised out of the way by reversing the motion of the hand
wheel Jo, and the cutters having been previously put in motion, the frame
which carries them is brought forward by pulling the hand lever P, until the
slot Lº in the lever L³ embraces the pin f on the toothed pinion W₁. The
lever Vis then pushed forward, which throws the clutch box U into gear,
which, as the pulley T was previously in motion, causes the shaft S to revolve,
and with it the worm R and worm wheel Q. keyed on the shaft D, which,
as it revolves, carries with it the toothed wheel W, which in its turn
causes the pinion W₁ and eccentric pin f to move, which last, working
in the slot, gives to the carriage an advancing and retiring motion, which,
together with the circular motion of the head, causes the cutters (now
in rapid revolution) to shape the head into the required elliptical form.
Care must be taken that in setting the rough head between the plates
E, E¹, the cross way of the joints must correspond with the longest
diameter of the ellipse. The cutters N, N, are of the peculiar form repre-
sented in the detached views, Figures 4, 5, and 6, Figure 4 being one of the
two employed for cutting the bevils on each side of the rim of the head, and
Figure 5 being a plan and Figure 6 an end view of the cutter which is
employed for giving the ellipse to the head. Only one of this last class of
cutters is necessary, in order to admit of their shrinking, so that when
fitted into the cask they may always remain perfectly tight. Instead of
employing the circular saw G, a framework and carriage similar to K
and L may be substituted at the side of the machine, the carriage carrying
a spindle with cutters attached to it similar to that shewn in the plan,
Figure 7, and edge view, Figure 8. These cutters are put into motion before
bringing them to work upon the head.
Figure 9, Sheet F2, represents a method in which I employ vertical
spindles having inclined cutters a, a, mounted upon them. The inclination of
these cutters must correspond with the bevil of the edges of the head. The
same spindles also carry parallel cutters b; b, for cutting off the sharp edges of
the ellipse to the head. Figure 10 is an end view of the shank and cutters ;
Figure 11, à view of one of the inclined cutters a; and Figure 12, a view of
the parallel cutters b. Figure 13 shews an arrangement which may be
adopted instead of the wheels W and W. It consists of two elliptical plates
A and B, having slots a, a, cut in each of them, through which the vortical
shaft D passes. These plates A and B are securely bolted together on to a
plate indicated in dotted lines upon the shaft, but are capable of being
adjusted to any requisite degree of eccentricity by means of the slots c, c.
The rod L is attached to the sliding carriage L', and is kept up to the

page_text: motion of the eccentrics A and B a strong spring placed at the back of it.
I am aware that different modes may be adopted for cutting the heads of an
elliptical form; as, for instance, the wood may be caused to move to and
from the cutters, and so form the ellipse, or, during half of each revolution of
the plates, the centre of the head may be shifted from the centre of the
plates to an extent equal to half of the intended ellipse; but I prefer the
machine above described, as being one best calculated to perform the
operation.
Ninthly, my Invention has relation to the planing of the heads for casks
and other like articles, which I effect by means of the improved machinery in
Figures 3, 4, and 5, Sheet A; Figure 3 being a front elevation of the machine;
Figure 4 a plan. A, A, represents the framework of the machine; B is a
plate mounted on the top of the framework; C, C, are choppers or cutters
which are attached to the rotating shaft D, as separately shewn in Figure 5.
The shaft is mounted in brasses E, E (Figure 3), which work up and down
by means of screws F working through nuts in sockets G, which screws are
turned round by hand wheel H, H (Figure 3). At one end of the shaft D
there are two driving riggers a, a, and at the other end a small strap pulley e.
I is a shaft which is mounted in plummer blocks at the top of the frame, and
carries a chain pulley J having projections which work into a pitch chain K.
One end of the shaft I also carries a strap pulley i. L is another shaft which
is mounted in plummer blocks at the opposite end of the machine, but does
not rotate. On this shaft L a similar chain pulley M is placed, which revolves
loosely on the shaft, over which the endless pitch chain K also passes. One end
of this shaft L carries a large strap pulley 7 and a small strap pulley k. These
strap pullies are both bolted together, and revolve loosely upon the shaft L.
The endless chain K is furnished at certain distances with stop hooks N, N.
Across the middle of the machine another shaft O is mounted, also on plummer
blocks, on the frame A. This shaft O, which is not revolving, carries a
friction pulley P, which works loose on the shaft, and supports the chain K.
The same shaft O also carries a series of levers Q, Q, which are provided
with weights R, and also with forks S, on which are mounted friction pullies
T working round on pins through the forks S. U, Figure 4, represents the
head of a cask in the rough when placed in the machine, and Figure 3
exhibits it also in another position. The plate B has a slot immediately above
the shaft D and the cutters C for the purpose of enabling the cutters C to
project above the level of the plate B.
The mode of operating with this machine is as follows:-The workman
having put the shaft D in motion, he thereby. causes the cutters C to

page_text: revolve; and the motion being communicated by the strap pulley e, on the
other end of the shaft D, to the strap pulleys and, which again com-
municate the motion to the strap pulley i on the shaft I; that shaft is thereby
put in motion, which causes the chain pulley J to travel along and above the
plate B. The head U is now placed upon the plate B at one end of the
machine, as shewn in Figure 4, when one of the hooks N, on the chain K,
will take hold of the end of the head U, and so carry it forward, passing over
the cutters C. Immediately before reaching these cutters the friction
pulleys T, which are pressed down against the plate B by the action of the
weights R, will act upon the different parts of the head U, and press the head
down steadily upon the plate, causing thereby the necessary resistance against
the action of the cutters. The cutters C, which are revolving at a great speed,
are then acting upon the wood, which is thereby planed to a smooth surface.
I also make use occasionally of cutters mounted upon square blocks, as shewn
in Figure 5, for the purpose of planing the edges of the several pieces by
which the head is formed.
Tenthly, my Invention has relation to the hooping of casks and other like
articles, and consists of the improved machinery for the purpose represented in
Sheet G of the Drawings. A is a circular foundation plate resting upon stone
blocks B, B, inclosed in brickwork C, C. D. is a wooden flooring. E, E, are
cast-iron columns, provided on their inner faces with V-guides a, a. F and Fi
are strongly-ribbed circular cast-iron tables, which move up and down on the
V-guides a, a. To the under side of the table F is screwed the ram G of a
hydraulic apparatus, the cylinder H of which occupies a hollow space left for
the purpose in the centre of the foundation plate A. I is a screw which is
keyed to the top of the table or plate F³, and is worked through a nut K in
the framework E. On this nut is keyed a bevil wheel L, into which works a
bevil pinion M, mounted on the end of a horizontal shaft N, which works in
plummer blocks O, O. On the other end of the shaft N is keyed a bevil
wheel P. Qis an upright shaft which works in plummer blocks R, R,
supported partly by the framework E' and partly by one of the columns E.
The upper end of the shaft Q carries a pinion S, and the lower end a hand
wheel T. From the under surface of the table there hang a series of
weighted levers or grippers U, centred in brackets V, with grippers may be
moved either nearer to or further from the centre of the plate F', according to
the diameter of the cask to be hooped. The lower ends of the grippers U are
notched or roughened, for the purpose of preventing them from entering into the
wood of the staves, and from slipping off outside the hoop during the operation.
a, a, are weights for the purpose of keeping the notched or roughened ends of the

page_text: levers U pressed towards the hoops. When a cask is to be hooped (temporary
chime hoops having been previously put on), it is placed over the centre of the
plate F, as exemplified in the Drawing, the top plate F¹ having been previously
raised by means of the hand wheel T to near framework E' at the top. The hoops
having been previously prepared, one of them is now slipped over the head of
the cask. The workınan, by means of the hand wheel T, then lowers the plate
F, and therewith the grippers U, until the notched or roughened ends of them
(the levers being now opened sufficiently to admit of the end of the cask to
come within their grasp) are coming over the hoop just slipped on. The
workman continues to turn the band wheel by means of which the hoop will
to a certain degree be driven on to the cask. In cases when the power thus
applied is not sufficient to drive the hoop tightly home, the workman, by
means of hydraulic pumps connected with great power, towards the top plate
F', and against the notched or roughened grippers U, by means of which the
hoop acted on will be forced down on the cask very tightly to the place
where it is intended to remain. As soon as this is done the workman stops
the hydraulic pumps, and baving raised the top plate F and the levers U
sufficiently to enable the next hoop to be slipped over the end of the cask,
the operation is repeated until all the hoops are put on. The cask is then
wheeled off from the plate F to give room for another to be hooped..
I may here observe that, though I have now shewn how the operation of
raising and lowering the top plate F¹ and grippers U is done by hand, this
may be easily and advantageously performed by driving straps working on
riggers mounted on the shaft N (which in that case should be made longer),
and that the working of the hydraulic pumps for raising the lower plate F
may also be done by steam power.
Eleventhly, my Invention consists of certain improvements in the stave-
cutting machinery, for which former Letters Patent were granted to me and
Conrad Montgomery, bearing date March Seventh, One thousand eight
hundred and fifty.
Figure 1, Sheet H, is a cross section of that machinery, as altered according
to my present improvements. A, A, is the framework, to top edges of which
are formed of V-shapes, in order that a moveable frame B, which serves to
carry the wood, may slide freely thereon. A plan of this frame is shewn sepa-
rately in Figure 2, and a side elevation of it in Figure 3. This frame is
caused to move from end to end of the machine by means of a screwed rod C,
which turns in the two ends of the framework, and passes through a nut D
fastened to the under side of the moveable frame B. E, E, are two supple-

page_text: mentary frames for carrying the cutters F, F. These frames E, E, are free
to slide laterally upon base plates G, G, when acted upon in the manner herein-
after to be described. On each side of the frame B, and at the lower part,
are bolted other plates H, H, which project at right angles from it, and have
curvilineal slots a, a, cut in them, as shown in the plan, Figure 2. The curve
of the slot between the dotted lines b, b, exactly corresponds with the curved
sides of the stave intended to be formed in this machine. Into these slots
there work pins c, c, attached to one end of the screws I, I, which are secured
one to each of the frames E, E, so that when the frame B is caused to travel
backwards or forwards, the pins c, c, working in the slots a, a, cause the
frames E, E, to have a gradual receding and advancing motion equal to the
curve of the slot. K is the blank supported in the frame B, and retained in
its position by the clamps d, d, and screws e, e. The action of this machine is
as follows: The frame B is brought first to either end of the framework
A, A, when a blank is fixed in its proper place by withdrawing to a slight
extent one of the clamps d, and screwing it up again, which then firmly hold
the blank between them. The screw C is then caused to revolve by throwing
the driving strap on to the fast pulley keyed to one end of it, which screw,
working through the nut D, causes it, and the frame B to which it is attached,
to be gradually moved forward; at the same time the cutters are thrown rapidly
into motion by straps on the driving pulleys L, L, keyed to their shafts. As
the blank comes into contact with the cutters, the curved slot causes the
pins c, c, and with them the frames E, E, and cutters, to recede gradually from
each other, and again advance, after passing the centre, whereby the curved
sides of the staves are formed. The slots a, a, in the plates H, H, are continued
beyond the dotted lines b, b, in order that the blank K may completely pass
from the cutters, and a sufficient time elapse before the return of the frame B
to the same point, to allow another blank to be placed in position to be cut,
so that the machinery need not be stopped, but a continuous to and fro motion
effected. In this machine the blank does not require to be bent, but is placed
in a straight position in the frame B, the slots a, a, causing the frames E, E,
and cutters, to move in correspondence with the curve of the stave. The bevil
to the edges of the staves is produced by giving to the frames E, E, an angular
position, by means of the screws M, M, working in the under sides of them,
and turned by a hand wheel N.
Figure 4 represents another method of performing this part of the operation
of forming the stave. Here spindles carrying the cutters are placed in a vertical
position, as shown, and the cutting edges of the cutters are inclined to suit

page_text: the bevil of the edge of the stave. And in order to adapt the width between
the cutters to that of the intended stave, the screws I, I, are turned in the
required direction.
Figure 1, Sheet H2, exhibits a further improvement in the machinery
which formed the subject of the herein-before recited former Letters Patent.
In this case the curve to the sides of the stave is given by bending it during
its progress through the machine, which is effected by the following arrange-
ment A, A, is the framework; B, the sliding frame, which is worked
backwards and forwards by a screwed rod C and driving pullies D, D; E, E,
are two upright frames, which are bolted firmly to the back of the framework,
and support at top a rail F, the ends of which rail are curved in an upward
direction. G is one of two circular saws placed on each side of the machine,
and set by the hand screw H to a width apart equal to that of the intended
stave, and driven by pullies and belts as usual. These saws are also set in an
stave to the requisite bevil..
inclined position, so as to cut the edges of the
When this machine is set in motion, after a blank I has been adjusted in its
place, the screw C causes the frame B and blank I to move forward, when the
friction wheel a on the rod 6 attached to the pressing bar c comes in contact
with one of the inclined ends of the rail F, and causes it to be depressed in a
downward direction, and so bends the blank to the proper degree of curvature.
The part of the rail F between the points d and e is quite straight on its
under side, and also perfectly parallel with the edge of the framework A, so
that when the friction roller a arrives at either of these points the blank is for-
cibly bent, and must travel in that position between the circular saws by which
it is cut. After passing the point opposite to that where the blank was bent,
the upper inclination of the end of the rail F allows the helical spring F,
which abuts against a collar on the upper part of the rod 6 and top rail of the
frame B, to raise the pressing bar c, and liberate the stave, upon which the
machine is ready to repeat the operation. Beneath the stave I, and supporting
it, is a long flat spring g, which has slots cut in each end of it, and works on
studs h, h, in the frame B, which allow of its adapting itself to the curve of the
stave when bent. The spring g preserves an equal pressure along the whole
length of the stave, and serves, not only to keep it steady during the operation
of forming, but to prevent it from breaking. Instead of the circular saws G,
I sometimes employ cutters mounted on similar framework.
And having now described the nature of my said Invention in the several
parts thereof, and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that
the improvements which I claim are as follows:-
First, I claim the machinery for cross-cutting the blanks into staves of

page_text: suitable lengths, represented in Sliect A, Figures 1 and 2, and before
described, in so far as regards the means therein adopted of adjusting
the distance between the saws on the rotating shaft to the length of the
stave..
..Second, I 'claim the improved means or method of bending the blanks and
keeping them bent while in the course of being shaped, represented in Slicet
H of the Drawings, and before described...
Third, I claim the improved arrangement represented in Sheets-B², B²;
B, B, B, and Figures 1 and 2, 'Sheet E, whereby the bending of the
blanks is altogether dispensed with, and the requisite width and curviture is
given to them by means of cutters having an alternately receding and
advancing motion given to them. as described (either vertically, obliquely, or
Horizontally).
Fourth, I claim the modification of the machinery. last herein before
claimed, represented in Figures 3 and 4, "Sheet E" of the Drawings, and
before described, in which the blanks are fixed on the bed, and the tools work up
to 'the blanks, and also the other modification represented in Figures 1 and 2,
Sheet E, and Figure 2, Sheet Ds, in which the tools are fixed and the blanks
brought up to the tools.
..Fifth, I claim the improved "chining" or crensing machine, repre-
sented in Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, of Sheet C, and before described in
the general arrangement, combination, and adaption of the parts of which the
same consists.-
Sixth, 'I claim the modification of the machinery last herein-before claimed,
represented in Figures 8 and 9 of Sheet C, whereby the same is adapted to
the trussing as well as to the "chining "or "crensing "of casks."
.
Seventh, I claim the improved trussing machine represented in 'Sheets D¹
and D, and before described (the same being an improvement on the analo-
gous machine formerly patented by me and Conrad Montgomery; that is to
say, in so far as regards the employment of the intermediate wheels, the
rising and falling bottoni plate, and the levers actuated by the screws).
Eighth, I claim the four other trussing machines, represented in Figure 1,
Sheet D, Figure 1, Sheet D, Figure 2, Sheet D, and Sheet D, and respec-
tively before described, each in the peculiar arrangement, combination, and
adaptation of parts of which the same consists.
Ninth, I claim the trussing machine represented in Sheet D, and before
described, in so far as respects the the employment of the eccentric com-
pressors to bring the staves together.
Tenth, I claim the head-shaping machine represented in Sheet F' and F²,

page_text: and before described, and also the modifications thereof shewn in Sheet F2,
and before described.
Eleventh, I claim the machinery for planing the. heads of casks repre-
sented in Figures 3, 4, and 5, Sheet A, of the Drawings, and before described
in the general arrangement and combination of parts of which the same
consists.
Twelfth, I claim the improved hooping machine represented in Sheet G,
and before described in its general arrangement and combination of parts.
Thirteenth, I claim the improved machine for jointing staves, represented
in Sheet H, and before described in the general arrangement and combi-
nation of parts of which the same consists.
Fourteenth and lastly, I claim the improved machine represented in
Sheet H, and before described, in which the blanks both bent and shaped,
that is to say, the blanks are passed continuously through the machine, and
have the requisite bend given to them by the machine before coming between
the cutters.
In witness whereof, I, the said Frederick Rosenborg, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Fifth day of January, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-two.
FREDERICK (L.S.) ROSENBORG.