IMPROVE- MENTS IN APPARATUSES FOR EVAPORATING AND CONCENTRATING, SPECIALLY APPLICABLE TO THE MANUFACTURE OF SUGAR
Year: 1860

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Richard Archibald Brooman, of 166, Fleet Street,
in the City of London, Patent Agent, for the Invention of "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN APPARATUSES FOR EVAPORATING AND CONCENTRATING, SPECIALLY
APPLICABLE TO THE MANUFACTURE OF SUGAR."-A communication from
abroad by Jean Baptiste Dureau, of Arras, France.
Sealed the 19th April 1861, and dated the 22nd October 1860.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Richard Archibald
Brooman at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 22nd October 1860.
I, RICHARD ARCHIBALD BROOMAN, of 166, Fleet Street, in the City of
London, Patent Agent, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUSES FOR EVAPORATING AND CONCENTRATING,
SPECIALLY APPLICABLE TO THE MANUFACTURE OF SUGAR," (communicated to me
from abroad by Jean Baptiste Dureau, of Arras, France,) to be as
follows:-
This Invention is intended to effect the evaporation and concentration of
sugar, saline solutions, extracts, and other substances more or less liquid
in a column to which the supply of "liquor" or material is continuous, at a
low or high temperature, and in vacuo or not.
The apparatus consists of a cylindrical or other shaped column formed of

page_text: iron, copper, or other suitable metal placed on a boiler or pan, and containing
double plates or shelves one above the other, the whole or nearly the whole
height of the column; communication is maintained between the double
plates by pipes extending somewhat above the plates; pipes are provided for
leading steam to each of the double plates. A tube or pipe leading from the
pan runs through the centre of the column. The top of the column is dome-
shaped, and is placed in cominunication with a reservoir, from which liquors
to be evaporated and concentrated are led to the plates in the column. The
dome is provided with water and acid valves, and draw-off taps, and the boiler
with the requisite appliances for evaporating and concentrating apparatuses.
Liquor from the reservoir falls or is forced on to the first plate, where it rises
to a level with the top of the overflow pipe, by which it descends to the second
plate, and so on from stage to stage until it arrives at the bottom of the
column, where pipes lead it to the bottom of the pan. The steam escaping
from the plates and pan enters the central tube there to be conveyed to any
desired spot for use or to a condenser. Two, three, or more apparatuses can
be employed for increasing the effect.
In some cases a double pipe is employed in the central part of the column,
so as to leave an annular space closed at its upper part between the plates and
the steam pipe.
For raw or refined crystalized sugar the Inventor makes use of two ser-
pentine coils, one above the other, and introduces slowly and gradually a liquor
or syrup already reduced and sufficiently dense not to dissolve the crystals
which form in the apparatus.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said Richard Archibald Brooman in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 22nd April 1861.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, 1, RICHARD
ARCHIBALD BROOMAN, of 166, Fleet Street, in the City of London, Patent
Agent, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-second day of October, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty, in the twenty-fourth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said Richard Archibald Brooman, Her special licence that I, the said Richard
Archibald Brooman, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others

page_text: as I, the said Richard Archibald Brooman, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and
at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully
might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUSES FOR EVAPORATING AND CONCENTRATING, SPECIALLY
APPLICABLE TO THE MANUFACTURE OF SUGAR," (a communication from abroad by
Jean Baptiste Dureau, of Arras, France,) upon the condition (amongst
others) that I, the said Richard Archibald Brooman, my, executors or admi-
nistrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their
hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the
said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and
cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Richard Archibald Brooman, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof, reference being had to the Drawings hereunto-
annexed, that is to say:-
This Invention is intended to effect the evaporation and concentration of
sugar, saline solutions, extracts, and other substances more or less liquid in a
column to which the supply of "liquor" or material is continuous at a low
or high temperature, and in vacuo or not.
The apparatus consists of a cylindrical or other shaped column or tube
formed of iron, copper, or other suitable metal placed on a boiler or pan, and
containing double plates or shelves, one above the other, the whole or nearly
the whole height of the column; communication is maintained between the
double plates by pipes extending somewhat above the plates; pipes are pro-
vided for leading steam to each of the double plates. A tube or pipe leading
from the pan runs through the centre of the column. The top of the column
is dome-shaped, and is placed in communication with a reservoir, from
which liquors to be evaporated and concentrated are led to the plates in the
column. The dome is provided with water and acid valves, and draw-off taps,
and the boiler with the requisite appliances for evaporating and concentrating
apparatuses. Liquor from the reservoir falls or is forced on to the first plate,
where it rises to a level with the top of the overflow pipes, by which it
descends to the second plate, and so on from stage to stage until it arrives
at the bottom of the column, where pipes lead it to the bottom of the pan.
The steam escaping from the plates and pan enters the central tube, there to

page_text: be conveyed to any desired spot for use or to a condenser. Two, three, or
more apparatuses can be employed for increasing the effect.
In some cases a double pipe is employed in the central part of the column,
so as to leave an annular space closed at its upper part between the plates and
the steam pipe.
For raw or refined crystalized sugar the Inventor makes use of two ser-
pentine coils, one above the other, and introduces slowly and gradually a
liquor or syrup already reduced and sufficiently dense not to dissolve the
crystals which form in the apparatus.
66
"
In the Drawings hereunto annexed I have shown different arrangements of
apparatuses by which my Invention may be carried into effect. Figure 1
shows in external elevation one of these apparatuses. A. is a cylindrical or
other shaped closed boiler or pan made of cast-iron or copper, provided with
a serpentine coil for heating, a man-hole, a gauge sight-hole, inlet for steam,
together with all the requisite appliances for evaporating pans; B is a
cylindrical column or tube made of cast-iron or copper, provided with plates
and double bottoms, and entrances and exits for steam, and with an inner
tube; the whole being fitted on and forming part of the pan. The column B
terminates at top in a dome, through which the evaporated matters escape.
This dome is in communication by means of a pipe d fitted with a tape with the
reservoir c, supplied with the syrup or other material to be evaporated. Thero
is also a water and an acid tap in the dome, as well as stoppers to the small
emptying taps which communicate with a pipe for emptying all the plates.
Figure 2 is a vertical section of the apparatus given at Figure 1, showing
the series of internal plates F with double bottoms, overflow pipes G, tube H
for the passage of the steam, &c.
Figure 3 is a horizontal section of the pan forming the base of the tube B,
showing the serpentine coil I.
Figure 4, horizontal and vertical sections of one of the compartments
of the column shewing the heating coil, but not the double bottom. This
method of heating is preferred when the evaporation is not carried on
under a vacuum, and when the steam that escapes is not required to be
utilized. It answers also for the first column when the apparatus is con-
structed to produce a triple effect in order to obtain a great volume of steam
and keep up ebulition in the syrup pan. The concentrating apparatus
(appareil de cuite) which should always work in vacuo, even when the juice
is evaporated in free air does not require a coil; that in the pan, with the
'steam at 1'atmospheres, is sufficient.
Figure 5, horizontal and vertical sections of one of the compartments of the

page_text: column, with a double bottom, the lower of which is of cast or sheet iron, and
the upper of copper. Each plate is provided with, say, four run-over pipes or
supply tubes, which also act as stays. There are an inlet and an outlet for
steam for each compartment. The upper part of each compartment, that is,'
that part above the liquid, communicates with the internal tube by holes or
apertures pierced or otherwise formed in the tube.
Figure 6 is an external view of the apparatus for concentrating in vacuo.
B is the evaporating or concentrating column; J, supply tank; K is a feed tap.
The apparatus when fitted for use is provided with man-holes, sight-holes,"
gauges, and the other usual accessories. The condenser and air-pump, which
may be of any approved form or kind, are not shown in Drawing.
Apparatus for producing a double or triple effect.-The same colume fitted
with coils and plates will answer for the first in the series. The second is
similar in its general arrangements, and receives through a large vertical tube
in communication with each of the double bottom plates the steam evaporated
from the syrup, the return of which is effected by the air-pump. The third is
similar to the second, receives through a similar tube steam from the second,
or from the first if the apparatus is only to produce a double effect; the
return is effected in the same manner by the air-pump. The steam evaporated
from the last column passes directly into the condenser. The first column is
heated by the escape steam which returns to the generators. The syrup from
the first is raised by a pump into the second, unless the vacuum is sufficiently
strong to draw it directly. The arrangements equally apply to evaporating
and concentrating in vacuo, and to working from one column into another. In
all the arrangements the pan which supports the column is fitted with a coil,
which is heated in the same way as the plates, viz., by steam at high or low
pressure.
In the concentrating apparatus, for example, in the manufacture of sugar,
raw or refined, in grain, a second coil may be placed above the first, as in all
apparatuses of this kind. The action of the apparatus is as follows:-The
juice or syrup coming from the reservoir c being drawn or driven by its own
weight according to whether the column is worked in a vacuum or not, falls
on the first plate, which it fills up to a level with the overflow tubes through
which it passes to the second, on which it rises in a similar manner, and so
on from compartment to compartment until it reaches the last, from whence
the pipe G¹ leads it to the bottom of the pan. When all the plates are
covered and the pan itself has received sufficient juice, steam is introduced by
the tube I. and the supply of juice is continued, regulating it by the density
that it acquires in the pan. The steam proceeding from the ebulition escapes

page_text: at the same time from the plates and pan into the inner tube II, and is after-
wards disposed of according to the form and arrangement of the apparatus.
If the column is worked in free air, the internal tube should be prolonged in
order to create a draught. In some cases a copper insulator or a circular
plate fixed by bolts or otherwise is employed, and to prevent radiation the
compartments should be coated with wood, felt, or other non-conducting
material in order to prevent loss of heat by radiation.
And having now described the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, I declare that I do not limit myself to
the precise arrangements herein-before given, for the same may be considerably
varied to suit, for example, the material to be treated, and the position and
circumstances under which the operations are performed; but what I claim
is, the apparatuses for evaporating and concentrating, constructed and acting
substantially in manner and for the purposes herein-before described and
illustrated in the accompanying Drawings..
In witness whereof, I, the said Richard Archibald Brooman, have here-
unto set my hand and seal, this Twenty-second day of April, One
thousand eight hundred and sixty-one.