Ix- PROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR WORKING WOOD
Year: 1868

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to James Thomas Ladyman, of Weland Works,
Rochdale, in the County of Lancaster, for the Invention of "Ix-
PROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR WORKING WOOD."
Sealed the Sth December 1868, and dated the 10th June 1868.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said James Thomas Ladyman
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 10th June 1868.
I, JAMES THOMAS LADYMAN, of Weland Works, Rochdale, in the
County of Lancaster, do hereby declare the nature of the said In-
vention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR WORKING WOOD,"
to be as follows:-.
My Invention consists mainly in an improved construction, com-
bination, and arrangement of various tools or cutting instruments for
working wood in one and the same machine, and refers more particularly
to that description of machine known as the "general joiner."
I construct the end of the saw shaft of such machines, firstly, with an
external screw thread for receiving a face plate for turning objects in
-

page_text: wood of large diameters and for receiving a tennoning cutter block of any
suitable known form, as also other cutter blocks of known form for
cutting mouldings, skirting boards, and other forms of wood; secondly,
the end of the shaft is constructed to receive a morticing cutter formed
as follows: A round bar of polished cast steel of a diameter equal to
the width of the hole to be cut has a sloping face formed on the cutting
end thereof, the edge of which face constitutes the cutting edge. From
such cutting edge a helical or screw-shaped groove. of a quick pitch is
formed along the body of the cutter, which groove serves to remove the
core" from the hole as it is cut by the cutting edge. The table for
holding the wood while it is being acted upon either by the tennoning
cutter or by the morticing cutter is arranged to swing round on a
pivotting column held by the frame into such a position that the socket
thereon which serves to hold the cramp for securing the wood while
tenuoning or morticing can be employed for holding an ordinary turning
rest for turning objects secured upon the face plate before mentioned.
This table is arranged in a similar manner to a compound slide rest.
The top slide thereof carries a fence for placing the wood against when
morticing. For cutting mouldings and skirtings the top slide is slided
off and is placed on again in the reversed position, so that the fence is
then situated behind the cutting tool. For tennoning a tennoning fence
is fixed upon the said table which is removed when used for morticing or
for cutting mouldings. On the saw table is formed a V-groove parallel
with the saw at a considerable distance to one side thereof, while on the
other side of the saw, at a still further distance from it, is arranged a bar
also parallel with the saw and supported at each end by projecting arms
formed on the frame. A cross-cutting table, by preference formed of
wood, rests with a V-rail in the aforesaid V-groove and with a saddle
upon the aforesaid bar, so that such table together with the wood that is
to be cross-cut, which is placed thereon, can travel in a direction parallel
with the saw, a saw gate being formed in the table for the saw to pass
through. In order to allow such cross-cutting table to be used the fence
for the ordinary saw table is carried by a fence spindle placed at the
feeding end of the machine so as to be capable of being turned down
out of the way in a similar manner to the fences of some ordinary saw
benches.
55
By preference I employ for such " general joiners a framing of the
following form:-I construct a hollow or box casting having two pro-

page_text: jections or pedestals in an upward direction for carrying the saw shaft
and saw table, the mechanism for raising and lowering which may con-
veniently be arranged inside the one pedestal so as to be out of the way
of the chippings, sawdust, or other particles of wood. At the sides of
the one pedestal are formed the before-mentioned arms for carrying the
bar upon which the cross-cutting table slides. At the back of the box
casting is a projecting arm carrying a vertical cylinder at its extremity
serving to receive the before-mentioned pivotting column of the morticing
and tennoning table.
In order to provide the various different speeds required for the
different operation in the "general joiner" with a minimum number of
speed pulleys in the machine itself, I arrange a countershaft in connection
with the machine, upon which are, firstly, speed pulleys corresponding
with those on the machine; and, secondly, two or more sets of different
sized fast and loose pulleys corresponding with two or more other sets of
different sized driving drums on the mill shafting.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said James Thomas Ladyman in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 9th December 1868.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME I, JAMES
THOMAS LADYMAN, of Weland Works, Rochdale, in the County of
Lancaster, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Tenth day of June, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight, in the thirty-
first year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give
and grant unto me, the said James Thomas Ladyman, Her special licence
that I, the said James Thomas Ladyman, my executors, administrators,
and assigns, or such others as I, the said James Thomas Ladyman, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with,
and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the
term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,
and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,
the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR WORKING WOOD," upon the condition

page_text: (amongst other) that I, the said James Thomas Ladyman, my executors
or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their,
or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the
same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the
Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and imme-
diately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said James Thomas Ladyman, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same.
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement thereof, reference being had to the accom-
panying Sheet of Drawings, and to the figures and letters marked
thereon, that is to say:―
My Invention consists mainly in an improved construction, com-
bination, and arrangement of various tools or cutting instruments for
working wood in one and the same machine, and refers more particularly
to that description of machine known as the "general joiner."
I construct the end of the saw shaft of such machines, firstly, with an
external screw thread for receiving a face plate for turning objects in
wood of large diameters, and for receiving a tennoning cutter block of any
suitable known form, as also other cutter blocks of known form for
cutting mouldings, skirting boards, and other forms of wood; secondly,
the end of the shaft is constructed to receive a morticing cutter formed
as follows: A round bar of polished cast steel of a diameter equal to
the width of the hole to be cut has a sloping face formed on the cutting
end thereof, the edge of which face constitutes the cutting edge. From
the cutting edge a helical or screw-shaped groove of a quick pitch is
formed along the body of the cutter, which groove serves to remove the
core" from the hole as it is cut by the cutting edge. The table for
holding the wood while it is being acted upon either by the tennoning
cutter or by the morticing cutter is arranged to swing round on a
pivotting column held by the frame into such a position that the socket.
thereon which serves to hold the cramp for securing the wood while
tennoning or morticing can be employed for holding an ordinary turning
rest for turning objects secured upon the face plate before mentioned.
This table is arranged in a similar manner to a compound slide rest; the
top side thereof carries a fence for placing the wood against when mor-
ticing. For cutting mouldings and skirtings the top slide is slided off,
"

page_text: and is placed on again in the reversed position, so that the fence is then
situated behind the cutting tool. For tennoning a tennoning fence is fixed
upon the said table, which is removed when used for morticing or for
cutting mouldings. On the saw table is formed a V-groove parallel with
the saw at a considerable distance to one side thereof, while on the other
side of the saw at a still further distance from it is arranged a bar, also
parallel with the saw, and supported at each end by projecting arms
formed on the frame. A cross cutting table, by preference formed of
wood, rests with a V-rail in the aforesaid V-groove, and with a saddle
upon the aforesaid bar, so that such table together with the wood that is
to be cross cut, which is placed thereon, can travel in a direction parallel
with the saw, a saw gate being formed in the table for the saw to pass
through. In order to allow such cross-cutting table to be used the fence
for the ordinary saw table is carried by a fence spindle placed at the
feeding end of the machine, so as to be capable of being turned down out
of the way in a similar manner to the fences of some ordinary saw benches.
a framing of the
By preference I employ for such "general joiners
following form:-I construct a hollow or box casting, having two pro-
jections or pedestals in an upward direction for carrying the saw shaft
and saw table, the mechanism for raising and lowering which may con-
veniently be arranged inside the one pedestal so as to be out of the way
At the sides of the
of the chippings, sawdust, or other particles of wood.
one pedestal are formed the before-mentioned arms for carrying the bar
upon which the cross-cutting table slides. At the back of the box casting
is a projecting arm carrying a vertical cylinder at its extremity serving
to receive the before-mentioned pivotting column of the morticing and
tennoning table.
"
In order to provide the various different speed's required for the diffe-
rent operations in the " general joiner" with a minimum number of
speed pulleys in the machine itself, I arrange a countershaft in connection
with the machine, upon which äre, firstly, speed pulleys corresponding
with those on the machine; and secondly, two or more sets of different
sized fast and loose pulleys corresponding with two or more other sets of
different sized driving drums on the mill shafting.
On the accompanying Sheet of Drawings is shown a machine for
working wood or general joiner with my several before described
"
improvements applied thereto.
Figure 1 shows one side elevation of the machine arranged for mor-

page_text: ticing and cross-cutting; Figure 2 shows the opposite side elevation of
the machine arranged for turning objects; Figure 3 shows a plan of the
same arranged for tennoning and cross cutting; Figure 4 shows an end
elevation of the machine arranged for cutting mouldings and cross
cutting; Figure 5 shows a part side elevation for indicating the manner
in which the table and cutting tool are arranged for cutting mouldings:
and Figure 6 shows an enlarged view of the before-described morticing
tool. Similar letters of reference indicate similar parts in each of
the Figures.
The framing A is formed of a hollow or box casting, carrying the saw
shaft B with circular saw B' by means of the two pedestals A', A³, of
which A also carries the saw table C, the mechanism for raising and
lowering which is contained inside the pedestal and is actuated by the
hand wheel D. The one end of the saw shaft B projects beyond the
pedestal A, and is there provided with an external screw thread b, and
has also a shoulder 6' formed on it, as shown at Figure 1, for receiving the
face plate H for turning, as at Figure 2; or the tennoning block I, as at
Figure 3, or the moulding block J for cutting mouldings, as at Figures 4
and 5. The end of the shaft B has furthermore an internal screw thread
for receiving the morticing cutter K, as at Figure 1. The framing A
has a projecting arm A³ at one end terminating in the cylindrical
socket A' in which is held the pivotting column E¹ of the table E for
tennoning, morticing, turning, and cutting mouldings. This table carries
a double slide F, F, of which F is adjustable in the direction to and
from the screwed end of the saw spindle B by means of a screw spindle
worked by the handle f, while F¹ can be made to slide upon F in a
direction at right angles to the motion of the latter by means of the
hand lever M turning on a pin m carried by the slide F¹ and connected
to F by means of a link m'. The table E is also adjustable in the vertical
direction by means of gearing inside the socket A* acting on the pillar E
and worked by the hand wheel G, the pillar E¹ being secured in position
by the set screw L. The slide F¹ has at one side a fence f' serving to
rest the timber against when the morticing or moulding cutters are in
operation, which fence has a gap in it, as shown at Figures 3 and 4, to
enable the tennoning fence Q to be fixed on F¹, as shown at Figure 3, as
also to allow the morticing cutter K to pass right through the wood.
On the fence f¹ is formed a socket for receiving either the rest N,
Figure 2, for turning purposes, or the pillar O carrying the screw P for

page_text: The
holding down the timber when under operation for tennoning or morticing,
as at Figures 1 and 3. For cutting mouldings the slide F' is reversed
upon F so as to assume the position shown in Figure 5, while for
turning objects the entire table is swung round into the position shown
in Figure 2, the handle f being applied to the opposite side of E.
saw table C has a V-groove at c in which rests the V-rail 7 of the cross
cutting table R, the other end of which rests with saddles 7, upon
the bar S carried by the arms S', S', projecting from each side of the
standard A' of the framing. The cross-cutting table R can thus travel
together with the piece of wood T to be cut in a direction parallel with
the saw B', the table R having a saw gate through which the saw passes;
it is supported on each side of the saw by the slide U fixed to the under
side of the table R and sliding with the same on the table C. A stop s
is fixed on the bar S to prevent the table R travelling too far so as to
cause the saw to cut the fence R' of the table. It is evident that by
removing the cramp O and P the timber to be cut on the cross-cutting
To enable the
table R may extend to any length over the machine.
cross-cutting table to be used the fence V for the saw table C is carried
by a sleeve V loose on the fence spindle W held by the screw W' between
the lugs a, a, on the table C, so that when the table R is to be placed on
the table C the fence V is turned upon the spindle W into the position
shown in Figures 3 and 4. When in position on the table C the fence is
secured on the spindle W by the set screw v. The speed pulleys X of
the saw shaft B are driven from the speed pulleys Y on the counter
shaft Z, which is provided with two sets of fast and loose pulleys Z', 73,
of different diameters, corresponding with two sets of different sized
driving drums on the mill shafting, whereby it will be seen four different
speeds may be imparted to the saw shaft with only two pullies of different
diameters on the saw shaft B, thus economizing the space that would be
required for a greater number of speed pullies as also reducing the
diameters of the driving speed pulley X on the saw shaft.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention and in what
manner the same is to be performed, I wish it to be understood that
I do not claim the before-described construction of morticing cutter as
part of my present Invention, nor do I limit myself to the precise
combination of my several improvements as shown on the accompanying
Drawing, but what I claim under the herein-before in part recited
Letters Patent is,-

page_text: First. Providing the one end of the saw shaft with an external screw
thread for receiving a face plate, moulding block or tennoning block.
substantially as herein-before set forth.
Second. Arranging the tennoning, morticing, turning, and moulding
table upon a pivotting column, substantially as herein-before set forth.
Third. The employment of a cross cutting table arranged and
operating substantially as described with reference to Figures 1, 3, and 4
on the accompanying Drawing.
Fourth. The peculiar construction of hollow or box framing with
pedestals A', A³, and projecting arm A, A', herein-before described
for containing the lifting gearings of the two tables, and thus keeping
the same out of the way of chippings and shavings, and for allowing
large objects to be turned on the face plate.
Fifth. Driving the machine from a countershaft provided with
speed pullies and with two or more sets of different sized fast and
loose pullies, so as to obtain a maximum number of changes of speed
with a minimum number of speed pullies on the machine.
Sixth. I claim in combination the improved arrangement of machinery
for working wood herein-before described with reference to the accom-
panying Drawing.
In witness whereof, I, the said James Thomas Ladyman, have
hereunto set my hand and seal, this Ninth day of December,
in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-
eight
JAS. T. LADYMAN. (L.S.)