IM- PROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SHUTTERS, DOORS, AND PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION
Year: 1852

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Alexander Clark, of Gate Street, Lincoln's
Inn Fields, in the County of Middlesex, Engineer, and Patrick
Clark, of the same place, Engineer, for the Invention of "IM-
PROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SHUTTERS, DOORS, AND
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Alexander Clark
and Patrick Clark at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents,
with their Petition, on the 9th, October 1852.
I, ALEXANDER CLARK, and I, PATRICK CLARK. do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE
OF SHUTTERS. DOORS, AND WINDOWS " to be as follows:-
First, constructing the window frames of ordinary dwelling houses
with revolving shutters and necessary gearing fitted & forming a part
& parcel of the closure. whereby the whole may be fixed in its place
with equal facility & in the manner of an ordinary window frame, and
without separate fitting & fixing as now practised.

page_text: Secondly, the application of an endless strap to the winding up &
unwinding of revolving shutters.
Thirdly, a combination of laths or strips jointed together to form
a shutter, which rises & falls somewhat in the manner of a Venetian
blind, and represented in the annexed sketches.
Fig. 1, represents an end view of a portion of this shutter in a col-
lapsed state; Fig. 2, an elevation showing the back part of the shutter
extended; and Fig. 3, a transverse section of the same. The laths a, a,
are threaded on & supported by chains or wire or other cords b, b,
one at either end. The several laths are connected & jointed together
by hinges c, c, so as to collapse & fold upon each other, as represented
at Fig. 1, when elevated by the cords b, b, which are conducted over
pullics or rollers to a drum or suitable apparatus for winding them up.
Fourthly, an improved mode of uniting and jointing the laths or
strips of metal shutters, in which the one portion of the joint is pro-
duced in the solid on the edge of the lath, & the other portion of
the joint is secured to the next lath to which the foregoing is to be
connected, as represented in the annexed Figs. 4, 5, & 6. Instead of
forming the second part of the hinge detached, & securing it to thic
lath or strip, the knuckle or joint part may be produced in the solid
by the operation of drawing & cutting portions therefrom, so as to
join the two laths throughout their length in the manner of a hinge.
Fig. 4, represents a back view of a portion of this shutter, showing
two laths or strips; Fig. 5, a transverse section of the same at the
joint or hinge & Fig. 6, a like section of the parts detached. a, is
the lath, having a cylindrical portion turned on its lower edge; this
has portions cut therefrom to receive the knuckles of the hinge b,
which turns on a joint pin d, supported in the curled portion c.
This description of shutter will roll up in either direction, which
forms a particular feature of the Invention.
Fifthly, forming the laths of revolving shutters with a metal facing
drawn upon wood or other suitable material.
Sixthily, braizing or soldering the hinges or joints to the metal laths
of revolving shutters, in place of rivetting as usually done.

page_text: Seventhly, attaching the webbing or leather by which the laths of
revolving wood shutters are secured & hinged together by means of
staules driven from the back & clenched in front.
Seventhly, attaching the webbing or leather by which the laths of
revolving wood shutters are secured & hinged together by means of
staules driven from the back & clenched in front.
Eighthly constructing revolving shutters of a metallic woven or
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent.
filed by the said Alexander Clark and Patrick Clark in the
Great Seal Patent Office. on the 9th April 1853.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we,
ALEXANDER CLARK, of Gate Street, Lincoln's Inn Fields, in the County
of Middlesex, Engineer, and PATRICK CLARK, of the same place.
Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Iler most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Iler
Letters Patent, bearing date the Ninth day of October, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-three, in the six-
teenth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Iler heirs and successors,
give and grant unto us, the said Alexander Clark and Patrick Clark,
Her special licence that we, the said Alexander Clark and Patrick
Clark, our executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as
we, the said Alexander Clark and Patrick Clark, our executors,
administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SHUTTERS, DOORS, AND WINDOWS," upon the
condition (amongst others) that we, the said Alexander Clark and
Patrick Clark, by an instrument in writing under our hand and seal,
should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and
cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said Alexander Clark and Patrick
Clark, do hereby declare the nature of our said Invention, and in
what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described
and ascertained in and by the following statement thereof, reference
being had to the three Sheets of Drawings hereunto annexed, and to
the letters and figures of reference marked thereon (that is to say):
.Our Invention of improvements in the manufacture of shutters,
doors, and windows has for the most part reference to shutters known
as revolving shutters or doors, which are wound up on a drum or
roller, and applicable for closing doorways or windows, and are as
follows:-
Our first improvement consists of the application and arrangement
of revolving shutters in connection with the framework of ordinary
dwelling house windows, in which the shutter and its appliances is
fitted thereto before fixing in its permenant position; the window frame
with a little addition and modification being adapted for the purpose
Sheet A, represents the general arrangement of revolving shutters
and doors with the detail of the saune, while B, and C, illustrate more
particularly our improvements therein. Fig. 1, Sheet B, represents a
front elevation, partly in section, of an ordinary house window, con-
structed according to the first part of our Invention. «, «, is the sash
frame and sashes b. b, fitted in the usual way; Fig. 2, a vertical section;
Fig. 3, a horizontal section through the lower sash b¹; and Fig. 4, a top
plan; and Fig. 5, a side clevation of the same, with upper rail removed.
In carrying out our improvements where the sashes are hung or
counterbalanced by weights, we prefer to place both on one side the
window by conducting their several sash lines over suitable pullies, as
shown one weight only is used for each sash, both lines being
attached thereto, or it may be slung by a pulley over the double of
the line. The uprights a, a, are extended above the frame of the
sush at c, c, for the support of the roller d, which carries the shutter,
and on which it winds. This roller d, d, is fitted in bearing so as to
rotate in the usual manner. c, e, is the shutter, which may be
of wood, iron, or other suitable material, formed in laths or narrow
strips, and jointed together in a substantial manner for the purpose.

page_text: The shutter e, e, is raised and lowered by the winding and unwinding
on or off the roller d; by its motion of rotation when lowered, it is
received in suitable grooves f,f, formed in either side of the window
framing, as seen in plan, Fig. 3, and when down forms the closure or
shutter required, and in elevation is wound on the roller d, as partially
shewn in Fig. 2.
:
In order to raise or lower the shutter we employ and have repre-
sented an endless belt g, for that purpose, which also constitutes
another of our improvements. The belt g, passes over a rigger h,
fixed .to the axis of roller d, and over a small pulley i, fixed-on a
short shaft k, adapted for the application of the power; this is suitably
supported in bracket 1, and is fitted with winch handle m, for the
purpose. On motion being communicated to the shaft k, it will be
transmitted by the strap or belt g, to the shutter roller d, and. so raise
or lower the shutter. A ratchet wheel n, and pall p, is used to prevent
the shutter running down. The pall p, is lifted out of gear by finger
p', when the winch handle m, is inserted. The arrangement may be
such that the shutter can wind on the roller placed below the
window, or at the side, as ordinarily practised in revolving shutters.
Window frames and shutters being thus constructed as part and
parcel of the same may be prepared in stock, and, moreover, afford
much greater facilities for fixing than when separately fitted and fixed,
as practised heretofore, it being simply necessary to build them in the
ordinary manner of fixing window frames.
The third part of our Invention relates to a collapsible shutter, which
is formed of laths or strips of wood or other material jointed or hinged
together by metal hinges. Figure 6, in Sheet B, is a front elevation of
this collapsible shutter complete, fitted to framing as for an ordinary
window; Figure 7, a transverse vertical section; Figure 8, a side
view, with part in section; and Figure 9, a horizontal section of the
same. Figure 10, shows a back view of the shutter, and Figures 11,
and 12, a transverse section of the same on an enlarged scale; Figure
11. shewing it collapsed, and Figure 12, the shutter expanded as when
closed. This shutter is formed of strips or laths of wood similar to
revolving shutters, and like them is received in grooves on either side

page_text: of the window frame. These laths q, q, are jointed together by a chain
of hinges », r, with the joints s, s, disposed so that the laths will
alternately fold in opposite directions in order to collapse and lie close
together. The form of the hinge chain will in some measure depend on
the lath and its thickness, as the one joint is required to be at or near
the face of the lath, and the other at the back. The laths q, q, are
separately secured. by screws or other suitable means to the hinge
chain. In these shutters the grooves v, u, for their reception at either
side of the window require to be equal to the breadth of the lath or
nearly so, the shutter occupying that space or nearly so when rising or
lowering. This space when closed are filled up by piecoś t. t, which
may be placed inside or outside of the shutter according to circum-
stances. This pieces t, t. are shown as hinged outside the window, and
with the shutter down or up may be folded into and to fill up the grooves
v, v. This piece t, throughout, and by projections thereon, bears upon
the shutter when down, and prevent its being removed from its position.
These pieces t, t, must be held in the groove by a spring catch bolt or
other means accessible only from the inside; a chamber is formed in
the upper part of the framework of the window for the reception of the
shutter when drawn up, which chamber may or may not show on the
outside. The several laths 7. 7, of the shutter are suspended at either
end by wire, cord, chains, or other flexible material t, u, and are
threaded thereon according to the arrangement of the hinges. These
cords are carried over pullies in the upper part of frame work, and
descend thence to a small winch u, fitted with handle for the purpose
of winding the shutter up. The cords being wound upon the winch
barrel elevate the shutter, the reverse lowering or closing the same.
In either raising or lowering the shutter the filling pieces t, t, are
thrown back, as shown dotted in the section Figure 9, and when raised
or lowered are returned to the grooves; these pieces t, t, also hold the
shutter up when it is in the elevated position shown dotted in Figure 7.
The strain on the cords w, w, when the shutter is relieved from
pressure of pieces t, t, tend to and cause the laths to collapse or be
drawn together somewhat in the manner of a Venetian blind, with this
clifference, that the individual laths are always held securely, and in

page_text: close contact with each other. It will be observed that the cords w, w,
are placed at either side of the shutter, and at all times enclosed within
grooves, and in which there are suitable cavities cut for their reception
and free working.
The fourth part of our Invention refers to improvements in non-
revolving shutters, which consist in forming the shutter without separate
and independent hinges, as ordinarily used to connect the several laths or
strips of metal together. According to this part of our Invention we
form the laths or strips V, V, of metal with a joint or curl throughout
one of its edges, which forms in part the joint or hinge whereby it is
connected to the next lath These improvements are represented in
Drawing. Sheet C. in which Fig. 13, represents in front elevation part of
a shop front fitted with a shutter illustrating this part of our Invention;
and Fig 14, a transverse vertical section of the same; Fig. 15, represents
on a large scale the back view of four laths united; and Fig. 16, a trans-
verse section of the same on line 1, 1, while D, E, F, G, H, I, K, and L,
represent the parts in detail. As before mentioned the several laths are
cach prepared by producing a curl on one throughout its length. This
is effected by drawing through a die in a suitable draw bench at first
in the form shown in the cross section G. This curl b, constitutes one
portion of the joint or attachment, the other portion of the joint being
separately produced of a narrow strip of metal doubled and rivited or
otherwise secured to the lath as seen at D, D. Joint pines I, are
introduced as a falcrum, which we form of stout wire or rod, placing
and riveting pieces of tube'a, à, on either end, which fill and are held
firmly in the curl b. The joint piece D, having been separately formed,
is placed on the joint pin I, between tubes (as seen at K), and is there
securely held, but at the same time free to move on pin I.
When the laths are prepared with the curl b, notches or recesses c, c,
are cut therein at suitable intervals for the reception of the joint pieces
D, which are placed at distances of about a foot. These notches will
require to be of greater or lesser extent, according to the purpose for
which they are required, as will be liereafter explained.
The laths having been previously prepared, as shewn at G. the joint

page_text: pins I, and pieces D, in the state shewn at, K, are placed in connection
with the lath to which they are to be affixed in the position seen at L.
The lath is now again drawn through a die for the purpose, and the
curl b, closed down upon it, as shewn in the section Fig. 16. The
tubes a, a, being rather larger than the knuckle of D, the curl b, grips
them securely without interfering with the freedom of motion requisite
for the knuckle piece D.
Each lath having been prepared and fitted with the proper joint
pieces D, D, are now ready for connecting them together by riveting or
otherwise attaching the joint pieces of oue lath to the next adjoining
lath in the manner represented at Figures 15, and 16, a number
together producing the shutter required..
From the foregoing it will be understood that the joint piece D,
fixed on one lath turns freely on the pin 1, held by the next adjoining
lath, which not only admits of winding up in one direction, but it
admits of winding up in either direction, as exemplified in the Figures
14, 17, and 18. The reception grooves on either side, window gearing,
and other fittings of this shutter, are the same as for revolving shutters
of the ordinary construction, and which it will therefore be unnecessary
to <lescribe.
It is above mentioned that this shutter may be wound up in either
direction. In order to this the only difference we make is to cut the
notch C, a little deeper in the laths of shutters to wind up as at Figure
14, than such as wind in the direction represented at Figure 17, which
is exemplified by the difference seen in the lath, sections E, and F.
E. is such as wind in accordance with Figure 17; and F, that adapted
for winding in the reverse direction.
Figure 18, is an illustration of advantage derived in this construction
of shutter; this Figure exhibits a shutter winding on a vertical roller,
which is placed behind a story post, thereby saving room in the window,
ór other advantageous position: It is simply necessary to conduct the
shutter by suitable turing rollers in any direction, taking care it is not
caused to describe a curve for which its jointing has not been properly
prepared, is by removing the proper proportion of the curl b, as

page_text: shewn, E. Figure 14, is also another position. in which its application
is advantageous as affording facilities for winding within the facia or
cornice, with obstacles to the winding in an opposite direction.
The fifth part of our Invention has reference to revolving metal
shutters, and consists in the peculiar method of attaching the chains or
jointed connections of the laths or strip. The improvement in this
consists in the braizing or soldering such parts together, instead of
riveting as hitherto practised. For this purpose it is simply necessary
to clean or remove oxide from the surfaces to be connected, which are
subsequently turned preparatory for soldering, or braized in the ordinary
manner. both of which operations are simple, and of so ordinary occur-
rence as to require no further description.
In
The sixth part of our Invention has reference to an improved manu-
facture of revolving shutter, which consists of a combination of two
different materials in the several laths of which such shutter.
carrying out this part of our Invention, we combine a inetal covering
with wood as a core for the lath. This is represented in Sheet C. at
Fig. 19, in front, and Fig. 20, in back view, four laths or strips at
such combination connected together as for the purposes of a shutter.
Fig. 21, and 22, are transverse sections of the same.
In constructing this shutter we first prepare the wood cores f, f, of a
suitable form, and cut strips g, y, of sheet iron or other metal of a
suitable width. One end of the metal g, is now roughly hammered
round one end of the wood core, and both placed in the grip of the
tongs or nippers of a draw bench for the purpose of compressing thic
metal in close contact, and to the form of the wood. This is effected
by drawing the metal and the wood core together through a suitable
die or dies, which combine the two bodies and connect them firmly
together, as represented in Figures 19, and 20. and more particularly
in the sections Fig. 21. and 22, the latter being about full size of the
ordinary lath which we use. The process of drawing and "connecting
the metal to the material used as a core, being similar to that
ordinary practised for other purposes, will not require more particular
description.

page_text: The compound wood and metal lath may be connected by metallic
hinge or other connection, as represented at Fig. 20.
In manufacturing this shutter we find a difficulty in obtaining the
iron, which is the material we usually employ, of a suflicient length for
some shutter. To obviate this difficulty we have recourse to uniting
two or more pieces together. which we accomplish by setting down the
end of one piece to receive the end of the other, and at the same time
present a flush joint outside, as represented in plan at Fig. 23, and in
section at Fig. 24, Sheet C. The points of contact and union we tin
and solder together, which is found to hold them securely together in
drawing and subsequently in the shutter Instead of setting down the
end we form a butt joint of the two pieces to be united, and apply a
separate piece of metal at the back, to which both are soldered.
The seventh part of our Invention relates to a method or methods of
uniting the joint chain or connecting pieces to wood or covered laths of
revolving shutters.
First, with reference to webbing, leather, or analogous material, such
as represented at i, Fig. 20, and 21, Sheet C, we use staples h, k, sepa-
rately represented at P, R, S, Sheet C. These staples are formed of
brass or other suitable wire or material, flattened in the bar or top part
to enibrace the leather or other material, while the prongs are formed so
as to curl inwards when clenched in the act of drawing through, and as
readily seen in the Figures. These staples are equally applicable for
wood laths uncovered, and also for the compound lath last herein
described. In the case of an uncovered lath it should be placed on a
piece of metal, upon which the staple is driven through, which clenches
it as required, and produces a permanent fixture.
In covered laths the metal covering serves to obstruct the passage of
the staple prongs and to clench the same, but it should be placed on a
hard surface for the purpose, to prevent bulging out the face.
Metal hinge chains or pieces may also be similarly attached by
staples to wood laths or compound laths, or instead of staple sharp
pointed rivets 1, 1, may be used, as represented at 7, Fig. 20, which
clench against a metal or other obstruction, as represented at Fig. 22.

page_text: The eighth and låst part of our Invention consists of the construction
and application of a metallic woven or interlace surface. This is re-
presented in front view at Fig. 25, Sheet, and in end view at Fig. 26.
The shutter in this case is formed of a strong woven or interlaced
surface of iron wire or other metal, which winds up and down in
the ordinary manner of revolving shutters. It is permitted to be quite
flexible in the direction of its depth, and in which it rolls; but in order
to distend it in its breadth, and give the necessary stiffness, we we
introduce tubes or rods p, p, of metal or other suitable material.
These stiffeners are interlaced or otherwise firmly secured to the woven
material of wire work g, g. This shutter fits into side grooves, and is
otherwise fitted and furnished with gearing and appliances usual in
evolving shutters.
Taving described the nature of our Invention, and in the manner in
which it is performed, we wish it to be understood that we claim under
the before in part recited Letters Patent is,-
First, constructing dwelling-house window frames with revolving
shutters fitted and fixed thereto as a whole prior to fixing them in their
permanent position.
Secondly, we claim the application of an endless belt or web to the
raising and lowering of revolving shutters, substantially as described.
Thirdly, the arrangement and construction of collapsible lath shutter
described and represented in Figs. 6. 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12, Sheet B.
Fourthly, we claim constructing metal lath shutters with one portion
of joint or connection formed on the edge of the one lath, with the other
portion riveted or otherwise secured to the next lath, as shewn at Figs.
13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18. We also claim forming shutters so as to
wind up in either direction.
Fifthly, we claim covering wood laths of revolving shutters or doors
with a sheathing of iron or other suitable metal, as described with
reference to Figs. 19, 20, 21, and 22.
Sixthly, we claim soldering or braizing the joint chains or joints
of metal lath shutters to the laths, in place of rivetting as heretofore
practised.

page_text: Seventhly, we claim securing the webbing, leather, or joint chains
of wood lath shutters by means of staples or sharp pointed rivets driven
from the back and clenched in front, as.herein set forth.
Lastly, we claim constructing revolving shutters of a metal strip or
wire, woven or interlaced, and stiffened by suitable rols at intervals in
the direction shown, all as herein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Alexander Clark, have here-
unto set my hand and scal, this Ninth day of April, One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-three.
ALEX* CLARK. (L.S.)
(L.S.)