Year: 1886

page_text: I, MORITZ IMMISCH, of 119 Torriano Avenue, Camden Town, London, in the
County of Middlesex, Electrician, do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be
as follows:-
This invention relates to the employment of the same form of commutator as that
described in my previous application for Letters Patent No. 6037 dated 16th May
1885, the object being to apply such form to dynamos and motors in which the arma-
ture coils are all in closed circuit instead of forming separate open circuits as in my
previous application above referred to.
In such system two series of commutator segments are employed, the two series
having such an angular displacement in relation to each other as to bring the division
between two segments in one series opposite the middle of a segment in the other series.
I may connect the armature coils to the segments either with the object, 1st, of
giving facility for placing the coils either in parallel or in series, by using single
brushes resting on the two series of segments, or dividing each brush into two and
connecting the brushes in series, and by so doing connect the coils themselves of which
the segments form the terminals either in series or in parallel; or, 2nd, with the object
of short circuiting part of the armature wire upon itself for a definite part of a circle
and for a given number of times per revolution depending upon the number of com-
mutator segments employed, for the purpose of doing away with sparking at the
commutator.
For object No. 1, the two ends of a coil are connected to consecutive segments in
the same series, like in the ordinary Gramme or Siemens machine, but as there are
two series of segments the whole of the coils form two distinct sets, and are wound in
such a manner that a coil of one set is placed on the top of a coil belonging to the
other set. This system may be looked upon as a duplicated form of ordinary machines,
each half having its own commutator. The two halves can be put either in series or in
parallel. The facilities which such an arrangement offers are described already in my
application for Letters Patent above referred to, and are the same in this case of closed
circuits.

page_text: For object No. 2, the coils are similarly wound one on top of another, but the ends
are connected to consecutive segments belonging to different series, and while the brush
say of sign rests simultaneously on these two segments, the portion of the armature
wire affected by these two segments is short circuited upon itself. The portion of
the armature wire connected to the opposite segments which are overbridged by
the brush is similarly short circuited upon itself.
As the principal object of winding one coil upon another is to do away with sparking
at the commutator by counteracting the effects of self-induction, it will be readily
understood that the same result may be obtained by winding two coils simultaneously
together into the same space, instead of winding them on the top of one another.

page_text: Improvements in Electro Motors and Dynamo Machines.
I, MORITZ IMMISCH, of 119 Torriano Avenue, Camden Town, London, in the
County of Middlesex, Électrician, do hereby declare the nature of this invention, and
in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following statement :-
This invention relates to the employment of a double commutator such as is described
in my previous Patent No. 6037 dated 16th May 1885, for purposes other than those
mentioned in such patent. Whereas in that patent the double commutator was applied
to a system of three open circuits, the present invention consists in applying such
double commutator to armatures with closed circuits, such as are commonly used in
the well known Gramme and Siemens' armatures, without reference to any special
number of coils.
The objects which I thereby attain are 1st. To form in an armature two separate and
distinct circuits, which circuits can be put either in series or in parallel. When in series
such an arrangement enables me to apply what is known as Edison's three-wire systęni to
a single dynamo machine. When the arrangement is applied to electro-motors it enables
me to vary the power of the machine by increasing or diminishing its internal resist-
ance in putting the two halves in series or in parallel with each other. The operation
can be performed by a suitable switch the construction of which at once suggests itself
to any practical electrician.
The second object which I attain by the employment of a double commutator, is the
cutting out of a certain portion of the armature wire by short circuiting that portion
upon itself. This part of my invention is only applicable to motors. The amount of
wire thus rendered non-effective depends upon the number of coils employed, and is
always the reciprocal of the number of armature coils, so that for instance when I use
four coils (eight commutator segments-four in each series) there is continually one-
fourth of the wire short circuited upon itself and rendered non-effective. When eight
coils are employed, one-eighth, and when twelve are employed, one-twelfth of the wire
is thus cut out.
There is in every armature a certain portion of wire which does not contribute to the
magnetization of the iron core, viz., that portion which surrounds the part of the iron
core where the poles are formed; this portion of the wire cannot possibly be contribu-
tory to the polarity, because considered by itself it would tend to form poles at right
angles to where they are actually formed by the rest of the wire. By cutting out that
portion of the wire I do not only diminish the resistance of the armature and the
heating effect, but also render the active wire more effective.
This short circuiting of a portion of the wire has another effect which in the ease of
motors becomes is of considerable importance. When the short circuiting takes place
exactly at the neutral points of the aruature the wire in question cannot generate any
electro motive force of its own, but when on account of any variation of the load of the
motor the neutral points shift, while the brushes remain in the same position, the por-
tion of wire short circuited upon itself becomes a generator of an electro motive force.

page_text: Owing to the small resistance the current thus generated becomes a comparatively large
one, and its influence on the magnetic axis is such as to restore the inagnetic field to
the original normal condition which it had before it became distorted by variation of
load. As this coil is always ready to act in this way it checks any tendency to distor-
tion and fixes the neutral points. The distortion of the magnetic field or shifting of
the magnetic axis is always accompanied by sparking and loss of efficiency, both of
which are avoided by the use of this regulating device.
In order that my invention should be better understood I will now proceed to explain
the same by means of the annexed drawings.
The commutator is the same as that described in my former Patent. The segments
are divided into two series which have an angular diplacement in relation to each
other such that the line of division between two segments in one series is opposite
the middle of a segment in the other series.
For object No. 1, the ends of each coil are connected to consecutive segments, in
the same series, like in the ordinary Gramme or Siemens machines, but as there are two
series of segments the whole of the coils form two distinct sets, the coils of which sets
may be wound either one on the top of the other or side by side. Fig. 1 shows the mode
of connecting the ends of the two sets of coils to the commutator as applied to an
armature having four coils. Fig. 2 shows the connection as applied to an armature
having six coils. These Figs. show that the ends of each coil are connected to con-
secutive segments in the same series. The lettering of the coils and segments will
enable the connections to be readily followed.
The system may be looked upon as a duplicated form of ordinary machines, each
half having its own commutator. To place the two sets of coils in parallel I employ
only two single brushes, overbridging the two series of commutator segments. To
put the two sets of coils in series with each other I divide cach brush into two as illus-
trated in Fig. 3, so that each set of coils has its own pair of brushes, A, A¹, being the
pair for one set, and B, B', the pair for the other set. By connecting the brushes A
and B', or B and A¹, the two sets of coils will be put in series with each other, while
the brushes not connected form the terminals of the machine.
When applying Edison's three-wire system to a machine of this kind, the
wires C and D connected to the terminals form the main leads, while the third or
compensating wire E is connected to either of the brushes not forming terminals or to
the metallic connection between such brushes.
After having thus described the mode of carrying out the first object I attain by the
use of the double commutator, I shall now proceed to describe the mode of carrying
ont the second object above referred to.
In this case I employ only two brushes each of which overbridges the two series of
commutator segments. Referring to Fig. 4, in which an armature having four coils
is illustrated, it will be seen that whereas in carrying out the first object I connected
the ends of each coil to consecutive segments in the same series, here I connect the
ends of each coil to consecutive segments belonging to different series. It will further
be seen that half of the wire belonging to a section of the armature is connected to
a+brush and has no connection with the brush, and through which consequently
no current can pass, while the other half of the wire belonging to this section is con-
nected to the brush and has no connection with the + brush, so that the whole
wire belonging to this section is short circuited upon itself, while the rest of the
armature wire is active and produces poles in the armature core at the very points.
surrounded by the wire cut out and rendered inactive.
-
-
Fig. 5 illustrates the same arrangement as applied to an armature having six coils.
After the foregoing explanation it will be easily understood that the system is equally
applicable to any other number of armature coils.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said Invention,
and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I claim is :-
1. In dynamos and electro-motors the employment of a double commutator the
'segments of which have an angular displacement in relation to each other such that the

page_text: line of division between two segments in one series is opposite the middle of a segment
in the other series, the ends of the armature coils being connected to consecutive
segments in the same series, for the object of enabling one half of the armature to be
placed either in parallel or in series with the other half, substantially as and for the
purposes described and shown in Figs. 1, 2 and 3 of the accompanying drawings.
2. In dynames and electro-motors the employment of a double commutator the
segments of which have an angular displacement in relation to each other such that
the line of division between two segments in one series is opposite the middle of a
segment in the other series, the ends of the armature coils being connected to consecu-
tive segments, belonging to different series, for the object of short circuiting upon
itself a portion of the armature wire which surrounds that part of the core where the
poles are formed by the active part of the wire, substantially as and for the purposes
described and illustrated in Figs. 4 and 5 of the accompanying drawings.
ALLISON BROS.,
Agents for the Applicant.

page_text: Date of Application, 2nd Mar., 1886.
Complete Left, 2nd Dec., 1886.
Complete Accepted, 11th Jan., 1887.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Electro Motors and Dynamo Machines.
I, MORITZ IMMISCH, of 119 Torriano Avenue, Camden Town, London, in the.
County of Middlesex, Electrician, do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be
as follows:-
This invention relates to the employment of the same form of commutator as that
described in my previous application for Letters Patent No. 6037 dated 16th May
1885, the object being to apply such form to dynamos and motors in which the arma-
ture coils are all in closed circuit instead of forming separate open circuits as in my
previous application above referred to.
In such system two series of commutator segments are employed, the two series
having such an angular displacement in relation to each other as to bring the division
between two segments in one series opposite the middle of a segment in the other series.
I may connect the armature coils to the segments either with the object, 1st, of
giving facility for placing the coils either in parallel or in series, by using single
Brushes resting on the two series of segments, or dividing each brush into two and
connecting the brushes in series, and by so doing connect the coils themselves of which
the segments form the terminals either in series or in parallel; or, 2nd, with the object
of short circuiting part of the armature wire upon itself for a definite part of a circle
and for a given number of times per revolution depending upon the number of com-
mutator segments employed, for the purpose of doing away with sparking at the
commutator.
For object No. 1, the two ends of a coil are connected to consecutive segments in
the same series, like in the ordinary Gramme or Siemens machine, but as there are
two series of segments the whole of the coils form two distinct sets, and are wound in
such a manner that a coil of one set is placed on the top of a coil belonging to the
other set. This system may be looked upon as a duplicated form of ordinary machines,
each half having its own commutator. The two halves can be put either in series or in
parallel. The facilities which such an arrangement offers are described already in my
application for Letters Patent above referred to, and are the same in this case of closed
circuits.

page_text: For object No. 2, the coils are similarly wound one on top of another, but the ends
are connected to consecutive segments belonging to different series, and while the brush
say of sign rests simultaneously on these two segments, the portion of the armature
wire affected by these two segments is short circuited upon itself. The portion of
the armature wire connected to the opposite segments which are overbridged by
brush is similarly short circuited upon itself."
the
-
As the principal object of winding one coil upon another is to do away with sparking
at the commutator by counteracting the effects of self-induction, it will be readily
understood that the same result may be obtained by winding two coils simultaneously
together into the same space, instead of winding them on the top of one another.

page_text: COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Electro Motors and Dynamo Machines.
I, MORITZ IMMISCH, of 119 Torriano Avenue, Camden Town, London, in the
County of Middlesex, Electrician, do hereby declare the nature of this invention, and
in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following statement:
This invention relates to the employment of a double commutator such as is described
in my previous Patent No. 6037 dated 16th May 1885, for purposes other than those
mentioned in such patent. Whereas in that patent the double commutator was applied
to a system of three open circuits, the present invention consists in applying such
double commutator to armatures with closed circuits, such as are commonly used in
the well known Gramme and Siemens' armatures, without reference to any special
number of coils.
The objects which I thereby attain are 1st. To form in an armature two separate and
distinct circuits, which circuits can be put either in series or in parallel. When in series
such an arrangement enables me to apply what is known as Edison's three-wire system to
a single dynamo machine. When the arrangement is applied to electro-motors it enables
me to vary the power of the machine by increasing or diminishing its internal resist-
ance in putting the two halves in series or in parallel with each other. The operation
can be performed by a suitable switch the construction of which at once suggests itself
to any practical electrician.
The second object which I attain by the employment of a double commutator, is the
cutting out of a certain portion of the armature wire by short circuiting that portion
upon itself. The amount of wire thus rendered non-effective depends upon the number
of coils employed, and is always the reciprocal of the number of armature coils, so that
for instance when I use four coils (eight commutator segments-four in each series)
there is continually one-fourth of the wire short circuited upon itself and rendered
non-effective. When eight coils are employed, one-eighth, and when twelve are
employed, one-twelfth of the wire is thus cut out.
There is in every armature a certain portion of wire which does not contribute to the
magnetization of the iron core, viz., that portion which surrounds the part of the iron
core where the poles are formed; this portion of the wire cannot possibly be contribu-
tory to the polarity, because considered by itself it would tend to form poles at right
angles to where they are actually formed by the rest of the wire. By cutting out that
portion of the wire I do not only diminish the resistance of the armature and the
heating effect, but also render the active wire more effective.
This short circuiting of a portion of the wire has another effect which in the case of
motors becomes of considerable importance. When the short circuiting takes place
exactly at the neutral points of the armature the wire in question cannot generate any
electro motive force of its own, but when on account of any variation of the load of the
motor the neutral points shift, while the brushes remain in the same position, the por-
tion of wire short circuited upon itself becomes a generator of an electro motive force.

page_text: Owing to the small resistance the current thus generated becomes a comparatively large
one, and its influence on the magnetic axis is such as to restore the magnetic field to
the original normal condition which it had before it became distorted by variation of
load. As this coil is always ready to act in this way it checks any tendency to distor-
tion and fixes the neutral points. The distortion of the magnetic field or shifting of
the magnetic axis is always accompanied by sparking and loss of efficiency, both of
which are avoided by the use of this regulating device.
In order that my invention should be better understood I will now proceed to explain
the same by means of the annexed drawings.
The commutator is the same as that described in my former Patent. The segments
are divided into two series which have an angular displacement in relation to each
other such that the line of division between two segments in one series is opposite
the middle of a segment in the other series.
For object No. 1, the ends of each coil are connected to consecutive segments, in
the same series, like in the ordinary Gramme or Siemens machines, but as there are two
series of segments the whole of the coils form two distinct sets, the coils of which sets
may be wound either one on the top of the other or side by side. Fig. 1 shows the mode
of connecting the ends of the two sets of coils to the commutator as applied to an
armature having four coils. Fig. 2 shows the connection as applied to an armature
having six coils. These Figs. show that the ends of each coil are connected to con-
secutive segments in the same series. The lettering of the coils and segments will
enable the connections to be readily followed.
The system may be looked upon as a duplicated form of ordinary machines, each
half having its own commutator. To place the two sets of coils in parallel I employ
only two single brushes, overbridging the two series of commutator segments. To
put the two sets of coils in series with each other I divide cach brush into two as illus-
trated in Fig. 3, so that each set of coils has its own pair of brushes, A, A¹, being the
pair for one set, and B, B', the pair for the other set. By connecting the brushes A
and B', or B and A', the two sets of coils will be put in series with each other, while
the brushes not connected form the terminals of the machine.
When applying Edison's three-wire system to a machine of this kind, the
wires C and D connected to the terminals form the main leads, while the third or
compensating wire E is connected to either of the brushes not forming terminals, or to
the metallic connection between such brushes.
After having thus described the mode of carrying out the first object I attain by the
use of the double commutator, I shall now proceed to describe the mode of carrying
out the second object above referred to.
In this case I employ only two brushes each of which overbridges the two series of
commutator segments. Referring to Fig. 4, in which an armature having four coils
is illustrated, it will be seen that whereas in carrying out the first object I connected
the ends of each coil to consecutive segments in the same series, here I connect the
ends of each coil to consecutive segments belonging to different series. It will further
be seen that half of the wire belonging to a section of the armature is connected to
a brush and has no connection with the brush, and through which consequently
no current can pass, while the other half of the wire belonging to this section is con-
nected to the - brush and has no connection with the brush, so that the whole
wire belonging to this section is short circuited upon itself, while the rest of the
armature wire is active and produces poles in the armature core at the very points
surrounded by the wire cut out and rendered inactive.
-
-
Fig. 5 illustrates the same arrangement as applied to an armature having six coils.
After the foregoing explanation it will be easily understood that the system is equally
applicable to any other number of armature coils.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said Invention,
and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I claim is :-
1. In dynamos and electro-motors the employment of a double commutator the
segments of which have an angular displacement in relation to each other such that the

page_text: line of division between two segments in one series is opposite the middle of a segment
in the other series, the ends of the armature coils being connected to consecutive
segments in the same series, for the object of enabling one half of the armature to be
placed either in parallel or in series with the other half, substantially as and for the
purposes described and shown in Figs. 1, 2 and 3 of the accompanying drawings.
2. In dynamos and electro-motors the employment of a double commutator the
segments of which have au angular displacement in relation to each other such that
the line of division between two segments in one series is opposite the middle of a
segment in the other series, the ends of the armature coils being connected to consecu-
tive segments, belonging to different series, for the object of short circuiting upon
itself a portion of the armature wire which surrounds that part of the core where the
poles are formed by the active part of the wire, substantially as and for the purposes
described and illustrated in Figs. 4 and 5 of the accompanying drawings.
ALLISON BROS.,
Agents for the Applicant.