IMPROVE- MAX. IN MOD MANTRACTURE OF COMBS
Year: 1869

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Joseph Hayward, of Eckland Bridge Works, near
Penistone, in the County of York, for the Invention of "IMPROVE-
MAX. IN MOD MANTRACTURE OF COMBS."
THE
Sealed the 14th September 1869, and dated the 22nd July 1869.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Joseph Hayward at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
22nd July 1869.
I, JOSEPH HAYWARD, of Eckland Bridge Works, near Penistone, in
the County of York, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF COMBS," to be as follows:-
In constructing combs according to this Invention, I form the teeth
of steel wire drawn to an elliptic or other suitable section, and cut into
suitable lengths for the length of teeth required. After the teeth have
been properly cleaned they are placed in holes in a frame in the position
they are intended to occupy in the comb, leaving the ends that are to be
fixed in the back of the comb projecting out from the frame. The pro-

page_text: jecting ends are then coated with solder, and are inserted between two
surfaces of sheet steel forming part of the back of the comb, these
surfaces having been previously tinned. The teeth are then by a
soldering iron soldered fast to the steel plates on either side of them.
When the back is to be formed entirely of sheet steel I prefer to form it.
of a single strip bent along its length to bring it to the following
section, and when I apply the teeth to a back so formed I prefer
that the ends of the teeth should only be inserted between the two flat
parallel surfaces, and that they should not enter into the cylindrical
portion of the back, which may be filled up by a filling piece whilst the
teeth are being fixed. By this means a hollow cylindrical back will be
formed along the comb, by which great lightness will be obtained. The
end teeth of the comb I make of sheet steel, and I form them in such
manner as to fit the inside of the comb back, so as to close its end.
When the comb teeth have been soldered to the back the frame is with-
drawn, the points of the teeth are then properly pointed by grinding,
and the combs are finished by japanning or electro-plating them or
otherwise to protect them from corrosion. In place of the whole of the
back being of sheet steel, as above described, the two surfaces between
which the teeth are fixed may be of sheet steel, whilst the other portion
of the back may be of ivory, wood, or other suitable substance. In place
of making the teeth and back of steel, they might be made of the alloy
known as aluminium bronze, or of other suitable metal or alloy, and be
similarly connected together by soldering.
Dressing combs, combs for horses and other animals, and other
combs may be manufactured in the manner above described
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Joseph Hayward in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 21st January 1870.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOSEPH 3
HAYWARD, of Eckland Bridge Works, near Penistone, in the County of
York, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twenty-second day of July, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine, in the thirty-

page_text: third year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give
and grant unto me, the said Joseph Hayward, Her special licence
that I, the said Joseph Hayward, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, or such others as I, the said Joseph Hayward, my executors,.
administrators, and assigus, should at any time agree with, and no.
others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the. term
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN,
THE MANUFACTURE OF COMBS," upon the condition (amongst others) that I.
the said Joseph Hayward, my executors or administrators, by an in-.
strument in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and
seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same was to be. performed, and
cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six
calendar monthis next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Joseph Hayward, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof, that is to say:-
a
In constructing combs according to this Invention I form the teeth
of steel wire drawn to an elliptic or other suitable section, and cut into
suitable lengths for the length of teeth required. After the teeth have
been properly cleaned they are placed in holes in a frame in the position
they are intended to occupy in the comb, leaving the ends that are to be
fixed in the back of the comb projecting out from the frame. The pro-
jecting ends are then coated with solder, and are inserted between two
surfaces of sheet steel forming part of the back of the comb, these
surfaces having been previously tinned. The teeth are then by
soldering iron soldered fast to the steel plates on either side of them.
When the back is to be formed entirely of sheet steel I prefer to form
it of a single strip bent along its length to bring it to the following
section, and when I-apply the teeth to a back so formed, I prefer
that the ends of the teeth should only be inserted between the two flat
parallel surfaces, and that they should not enter into the cylindrical
portion of the back which may be filled up by a filling piece. By this
means a hollow cylindrical back will be formed along the comb, by which

page_text: great lightness will be obtained. The end teeth of the comb I make
of sheet steel, and I form them in such manner as to fit the inside of
the comb back, so as to partially close its ends; the ends are finally
closed by forcing a plug into the bow of the end teeth after they are
soldered in the comb. When the comb teeth have been soldered to the
back the frame is withdrawn, the points of the teeth are then properly
pointed by grinding, and the combs are finished by japanning or electro-
plating them or otherwise to protect them from corrosion. In place of
the whole of the back being of sheet steel, as above described, the two
surfaces between which the teeth are affixed may be of sheet steel, whilst
the other portion of the back may be of ivory, wood, or other suitable
substance. In place of making the teeth and back of steel they might
be made of the alloy known as aluminium bronze, or of other suitable
metal or alloy, and be similarly connected together by soldering..
Dressing combs, combs for horses and other animals, and other combs
may be manufactured in the manner above described.
Having thus stated the nature of my Invention, I will proceed to
describe more fully the manner of performing the same.
At Figure 1 of the Drawings hereunto annexed I have shown a
dressing comb constructed in the manner I prefer for carrying out my
Invention.
Figures 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 shew views of the various parts
from which the comb is formed. The teeth a of the comb are formed
of wire, by preference of steel drawn to an elliptic form, such as shown
at Figure 2, and cut into suitable lengths. The back 6 of the comb is
formed from a strip of thin sheet steel, such as shown at Figures 3. This
strip is first bent by suitable tools into the form shown at Figures 4,
and is afterwards pressed into the shape represented at Figures 5, the
two side edges being brought nearly together, space only being left for
inserting the ends of the wire teeth between them; this is effected by
placing a circular steel wire in the angle of the bent plate, shown at
Figures 4, and then pressing the plate between suitable dies to mould
it to the form desired, as is well understood. The steel wire is afterwards
withdrawn from the back and a bent strip c of thin sheet steel, such as
shown at Figures 6, is slipped into the hollow of the back, in the manner
shown at Figure 6*; this bent strip c serves to support the ends of the
wire teeth a whilst they are being soldered into the back. The several
lengths of steel wire which are to form the teeth of the comb are after

page_text: being hardened, tempered, and scoured set up in a rack, in the manner
shown at Figure 7, so that they are held parallel with one another and
at the required distance apart, and whilst the teeth are thus held in the
rack their projecting ends are tinned by passing a soldering iron across
them. The sheet steel back with the strip c within it is then passed
over the ends of the wire teeth, in the manner shown at Figures 8, so
that the ends of the wire teeth shall bear against the bent strip c. The
two end teeth d are also slipped into the ends of the back, and the teeth
and back are then soldered together. When this has been effected the
rack is taken away from the teeth of the comb and the points or ends of
the teeth are rounded and made even by grinding them on a revolving
stone, the combs are then cleaned by scouring them with sand, and
they are subsequently browned in a similar manner to that employed
for browning the barrels of fire-arms. The way in which I prefer to
form the end teeth d of the comb is shown at Figures 9 and 10. The
two ends of a strip of metal of a suitable length for forming two teeth
are bent round in the manner shown at Figures 9. The strip of metal is
then cut across at an angle, as represented by the line d', and the two
teeth thus formed are then ground to shape on a grindstone and are
inserted into the back in the manner above described.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention, and the manner
of performing the same, I would have it understood that what I
claim is,
First. The manufacture of combs, substantially as herein described and
shewn by the Drawings.
Second. The manufacture of combs by soldering or similarly securing
lengths of wire which are to form the teeth of the comb between two
plates of metal which are to form the back or a part of the back of the
comb.
In witness whereof, I, the said Joseph Hayward, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this 20th day of January, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy.