IMPROVEMENTS IN ABSTRACTING HEAT FROM LIQUIDS AND AERIFORM FLUIDS, AND IN APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
Year: 1862

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to James Taylor, of No. 13, Fenchurch Buildings,
Fenchurch Street, in the City of London, in the County of Middlesex, for
the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN ABSTRACTING HEAT FROM LIQUIDS AND
AERIFORM FLUIDS, AND IN APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN, AND FOR OTHER
PURPOSES."
the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN ABSTRACTING HEAT FROM LIQUIDS AND
AERIFORM FLUIDS, AND IN APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN, AND FOR OTHER
PURPOSES."
Sealed the 14th November 1862, and dated the 20th May 1862.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said James Taylor at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 20th
May 1862.
I, JAMES TAYLOR, of No. 13, Fenchurch Buildings, Fenchurch Street,
in the City of London, in the County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN ABSTRACTING HEAT FROM
LIQUIDS AND AERIFORM FLUIDS, AND IN APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN, AND FOR
OTHER PURPOSES," to be as follows:-
This Invention consists of an apparatus composed of several parts, among
others an air pump, and one peculiar for its rotary or compound action;
and in the use of liquids of low boiling points, elastic fluids, acids, and
chemical compounds in vessels in combination therewith; for abstracting heat
from liquids, such as water, or liquids with solids, or other compounds dissolved
or mechanically suspended in them to be used in the preparation and manu
facture of solids, or from liquids to be used in the liquid state, or from aeriform
fluids, either in vacuo, under pressure, or in open vessels; and for the appli-
cation of one or more of the parts separately, or combined, or in combination with

page_text: rotary or compound action in conjunction with liquids of low boiling points
or elastic fluids, acids, and chemical compounds for abstracting heat from
liquids, such as water, or liquids with solids, or other compounds dissolved,
or mechanically suspended in them, or from aeriform fluids, either in vacuo,
under pressure, or in open vessels. And farther in the application of one or
more of the parts separately, or combined, or in combination with rotary,
or compound action for heating, stirring, or agitating liquids, semi-liquids,
or liquids containing mixtures or compounds, or aeriform fluids, or for heating,
or evaporating liquids, or liquids containing solids dissolved in them, requiring
to be concentrated or evaporated to dryness either in vacuo, under pressure,
or in open vessels, by the use of steam, heated air, or superheated steam, as
the heating medium. The liquids of low boiling points are obtained by mixing
or compounding one or more liquids of very low boiling points or elastic fluids
with one or more of higher boiling points in any proportions or in mixing
elastic fluids together. The motive power for working the apparatus may be
either hand or steam power according to the size of the machine.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said James Taylor in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 20th
November 1862.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JAMES
TAYLOR, of 13, Fenchurch Buildings, Fenchurch Street, in the City of
London, in the County of Middlesex, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date. the Twentieth day of May, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, in the twenty-fifth year of Her reign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
James Taylor, Her special license that I, the said James Taylor, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said James Taylor,
my executors, administrators, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and
no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend,
within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN ABSTRACTING
HEAT FROM LIQUIDS AND AERIFORM FLUIDS, AND IN APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN,
AND OTHER PURPOSES," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said
James Taylor, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing
under my hand and seal, or under the hand and seal of one of them, should

page_text: particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in
what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed
in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and imme-
diately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said James Taylor, do hereby declare the
nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed,
to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following state-
ment, reference being had to the accompanying Drawings, and to the letters
and figures marked thereon, that is to say :-
My said Invention consists of an apparatus composed of several parts,
amongst others an air pump or air pumps, and in the use of mixed liquids of
low boiling points in vacuo or under pressure, acids and chemical compounds
in combination with the combined apparatus above mentioned, for the purpose
of abstracting heat from liquids, the apparatus being worked by hand or by
steam power.
Before describing the Drawings, I will explain the several parts of my appar
ratus and the use of mixed liquids of low boiling points which I shall herein-after
call "mixed liquid " acids and chemical compounds herein-after referred to as
the "absorbent." The "mixed liquid" and the liquid to be cooled or congealed
are contained in a close double vessel of a peculiar construction, which I shall
herein-after term the "congelator." In charging the "congelator" with "mixed
liquid" tbis liquid is put inside the outside casing, at the same time, outside of
certain cylindrical vessels for holding the liquid or substance to be cooled or
congealed, so that these cylindrical vessels are directly surrounded with the
"mixed liquid." To that part of the "congelator" containing the liquid to be
cooled or congealed, a portable tight fitting cover is attached. The vessel used
for holding the "absorbent" I call the "absorbing vessel." The "congelator"
and "absorbing vessel" are connected together by a pipe which communicates
with that part of the former vessel used for holding the liquid to be cooled or
congealed. To the part of the "congelator" containing the "mixed liquid'
an air pump is connected by a pipe for pumping out the vapour as it is gene-
rated from the "mixed liquid, "and forcing it into a close vessel capable of
sustaining pressure, surrounded with cold water, which I call the "refrigerator,"
where, by compression, the heat is yielded up to the cooling medium, and the
vapour condensed into the liquid state. In pumping the vapour from the
"mixed liquid" the heat is abstracted from the liquid to be cooled or con-
gealed, and if this liquid be water the sensible heat is first dismissed and as the
latent heat is being withdrawn congelation or the formation of ice takes
place.
The condensed liquid in the "refrigerator" is conveyed at stated

page_text: 66
intervals by a tube provided with a stop-cock back to the "congelator" to be
again vaporised and to carry off further quantities of heat. The air pump is
also connected to that part of the "congelator" containing the liquid to be
cooled or congealed with proper connections for disconnecting it at pleasure.
In working the apparatus the cylindrical vessels in the "congelator" for holding
the liquid to be cooled or congealed are first charged, the cover put on, the air
pump connected to this part of the " congelator," and the air withdrawn from the
congelator" and "absorbing vessel." When the air has been pumped out
I disconnect the air pump and connect it to the other part of the "congelator"
containing the "mixed liquid" and employ it in pumping out the vapour and
forcing it into the "refrigerator" till the operation is completed. When the
desired quantity of heat has been abstracted a stop-cock in the cover of the
"congelator" is opened, the air admitted into the part containing the liquid to
be congealed the cover removed, the charge taken out, a fresh charge put in,
the cover put on, the air pump re-connected, and the air pumped out as before
described. So soon as the air is extracted the air pump is disconnected and
insed for pumping the vapour from the "mixed liquid" and forcing it into the
refrigerator" as above described. By withdrawing the air from the
congelator" and "absorbing vessel" the "absorbent" is rendered more
effective in absorbing the vapour generated from the liquid to be cooled
or congealed. But I prefer employing two air pumps, as shewn in the
Drawings, one to be used constantly for pumping vapoar from the
"mixed liquid" and forcing it into the "refrigerator," and the other to be used
alternately for pumping the air from the "congelator" and "absorbing vessel "
and the vapour from the "mixed liquid" in the way above described, and
when employed for the latter purpose it is to be used in conjunction with the
other air pump. On every fresh charge of the liquid to be cooled or congealed
the second air pump is used to pump out the air as above described. But
when less intense cooling powers are applicable, the "absorbing vessel" and
"absorbent" may be dispensed with, and the 'second air pump used exclusively
to withdraw the vapour from the liquid to be cooled or congealed. When
making confectionery ices I use a rotatory agitator revolving inside the vessel
containing the ingredients to be congealed for the purpose of subdividing the
The "absorbents" which I prefer to employ are chloride of calcium,
oxide of calcium, sulphuric acid, and phosphoric acid, or a mixture of sulphuric
and phosphoric acids. When the absorptive powers of the acids employed
become non-effective, they are concentrated anew by distillation, and used over
and over again. And when the absorptive power of the chloride of calcium
er oxide of calcium, become diminished they are calcined and used over again.
same.

page_text: I manufacture the "mixed liquid "by mixing one or more of the liquified
elastic fluids herein-after mentioned, with one or more of the liquids also
herein-after mentioned, or by mixing two or more of the liquids herein-after
mentioned together. The elastic fluids I employ are carbonic acid, ammonia;
and methyl-ether. In preparing a "mixed liquid" containing an elastic fluid,
I in the first place liquify the elastic fluid about to be used by any well known
means. This liquid so obtained I mix with the following liquids of low
boiling points, videlicit, ether, alcohol, wood spirit, bi-sulphide of carbon,
chloride of ethyl, bromide of ethyl, chloride of methyl, bromide of methyl,
nitrate of ethyl, aldehyd or benzole, or only with one or more. Or I mix
ammonia and methyl-ether, or carbonic acid and methyl-ether together, and
take the mixture and mix it with one or more of the liquids of low boiling
points above mentioned, in such proportion as is necessary according to the
degree of cold required. But when less cooling intensity will suffice, I prefer
a "mixed liquid" made by mixing two or more of the above mentioned liquids
of low boiling points together. Before charging the "congelator" with
"mixed liquid" the air is always completely extracted, and when necessary the
"mixed liquid " is forced in by means of a force pump. The "congelator"
is surrounded with any good non-conductor of heat, whilst the air pumps are
surrounded with water. In manufacturing ice from sea water or water
charged with alkaline salts or alkaline earths, I prefer a "congelator" egg-
shaped inside like a boiler, with an outside casing or jacket, and a tight fitting
cover with an agitator and a "mixed liquid" of intense cooling effect. Outside
the jacket is a casing of non-conducting material. The air pump or air
pumps and "absorbing vessel" are all connected to the "congelator" in the
way above described. The charge of sea water to be congealed is either
put into the "congelator" before the cover is put on as above described, or
kept in a vessel outside and run in gradually by means of a tube, while the
apparatus is at work, and agitated all the time congelation is going on. When
the charge is about half or three quarters congealed, the operation is stopped,
the air admitted, the cover removed, the ice taken out, and the liquid portion
containing the alkaline salts and other impurities removed. The "congelator"
is again charged with salt water as described, and the process repeated. When
the object is to make ice from sea water for domestic purposes, it is desirable
to employ a "mixed liquid " containing a liquified elastic fluid, so as to insure
intense cold, as the freezing point of sea water is lower than that of fresh. In
charging the egg-shaped "congelator" with "mixed liquid" the air is com-
pletely extracted from the space to be occupied by the "mixed liquid
previous to its introduction therein.

page_text: And in order that my said Invention may be fully understood, I shall now
proceed more particularly to describe the same, and for that purpose I shall
refer to the Figures on the Sheet of Drawings hereunto annexed, the same
letters of reference indicating corresponding parts in both the Figures.
Figure 1 of my Drawings represents a side elevation of the apparatus I
propose to adopt in carrying out my Invention. Figure 2 is a corresponding
plan of the same with the mechanism for actuating the air pumps removed.
A, represents the " congelator;" B, the "absorbing vessel;" C, C, the air
pumps; and D, the "refrigerator." The "congelator," which is represented
in vertical section in Figure 1, and with its cover removed in Figure 2,
consists of an outer vessel a, a, composed of wrought-iron, and surrounded by
a jacket or casing 6, 6, filled in with sawdust or other good non-conducting
material; c is a metal plate secured at its edges to the flanges d, d, on the
upper rim of the vessel a, and in this plate c are secured a series of cylindrical
or other shaped vessels e, c. Over the plate c, and covering the mouths of the
vessel e, is placed a curved lid or cover f, which fits air-tight down upon the
flanges d, d, of the vessel a. The cylindrical vessels e, e, extend down to
nearly the bottom of the vessel a, and contain the water or other liquid to be
cooled or congealed, whilst the interior of the vessel a is nearly filled with
"mixed liquid," such liquid being thus made to surround the bottoms and
sides of the cylindrical vessels e, e. When it is desired to make what
are known as ice creams, I propose to introduce into the vessel containing
the ingredients to be congealed a suitable rotatory agitator, as shown
at g (Figure 1), such agitator being driven by a band or otherwise
from the main actuating shaft h of the machine; i is a pipe which connects
the upper part of the "congelator," with the "absorbing vessel" B. This
vessel is so disposed in any well known manner as to present the largest amount
of absorbing surface to the vapours as they are evolved from the liquids to be
congealed. The part h of the "congelator" is further connected by means
of the pipe with an air pump m, a corresponding air pump m², being
also connected by means of a separate pipe with the upper part of that
portion of the "congelator" which contains the "mixed liquid." Both
these air pumps are connected with the refrigerator D by the single pipe n.
This refrigerator may be of any well known construction, which shall
ensure the existence of a large area of cooling surface, its object being to
condense or liquify the vapours arising from the mixed liquid, and which
vapours are pumped therein by the pump m², through the pipes and n.
The air pump in is employed for exhausting the air from the part k of
congelator," such air being expelled into the atmosphere through
the "

page_text: the nozzle o. The air having been exhausted the three-way stop-cock p, is
so turned as to close the communication with the part k, and establish a com-
munication with the pipe l, whereupon both the pumps are used for extracting
the vapours from the "mixed liquid," the three-way stop-cock at p¹ having
been previously turned so as to cut off the communication with the atmosphere,
and establish a connection with the pipe n leading to the "refrigerator."
The vapours arising from the liquid to be congealed pass off through the pipe
i, to the "absorbing vessel," and are absorbed by the "absorbent" contained
therein. It is obvious that the single pump m, might be used by simply
closing up one side of the elbows at q, thus dispensing with the pipe, and
the pump m. The vapours of the "mixed liquid," when condensed inside
the "refrigerator" fall to the bottom in their original liquid state, and are
conveyed back again at suitable intervals to the "congelator," by the pipe 1,
the stop-cock s being opened for that purpose. The air pump or pumps are
worked through connecting rods t from the crank u, on the main shaft h,
which is provided with a fly wheel v. When intended to be actuated by
hand a winch handle w is employed, but when steam power is used the
ordinary fast and loose driving pulley will be used.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of my said
Invention, and the manner in which the same is or may be used or carried
into effect I would observe in conclusion that what I consider to be novel
and original, and therefore claim as the Invention secured to me by the
berein-before in part recited Letters Patent, is.
First, the general system or mode of abstracting heat from liquids to be
cooled or congealed by the use of liquified elastic fluids mixed with liquids of
low boiling points, or by the use of a mixture obtained by mixing two or more
of the liquids of low boiling points together as herein-before described.
Second, the removal of the air from the liquid to be cooled or congealed,
and the application and use of suitable absorbents or of an air pump in lieu
of such absorbents in conjunction with the use of the mixed liquids herein-
before referred to in the manner and for the purpose herein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said James Taylor, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this 19th day of November, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-two.
JAS. TAYLOR. (L.S.)