IMPROVEMENTS IN EARTHENWARE PIPES FOR DRAINS AND SEWERS
Year: 1854

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Allan Livingston, junior, of Portobello, in the County
of Mid Lothian, Scotland, Brick Manufacturer, for the Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN EARTHENWARE PIPES FOR DRAINS AND SEWERS."
Sealed the 21st July 1854, and dated the 26th May 1854.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Allan Livingston at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 26th
May 1854.
I, ALLAN LIVINGSTON, junior, of Portobello, in the County of Mid Lothian,
Scotland, Brick Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN EARTHENWARE PIPES FOR DRAINS & SEWERS"
to be as follows:-
My Invention consists in the construction of earthenware pipes for such
purposes, with an aperture formed in each length of pipe, in such a manner as
to afford access to the interior thereof on the removal of the cover belonging
to such aperture.
I prefer that the aperture should be formed at the junction of two lengths
of pipe, that is to say, half in one length and half in the end of that length
which meets it, the whole aperture thus formed by the two ends being covered

page_text: by the ordinary junction cover; but I do not confine myself to the formation
of the aperture at the ends of the pipes, nor to any particular shape of the
aperture..
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Allan Livingston in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
25th November 1854.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, ALLAN
LIVINGSTON, junior, of Portobello, in the County of Mid Lothian, Scotland,
Brick Manufacturer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her I.etters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-sixth day of May, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-four, in the seventeenth year of Her reign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said Allan Livingston, Her special license that I, the said Allan Livingston,
my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said
Allan Livingston, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any
timė agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter
during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,
the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
EARTHENWARE PIPES FOR DRAINS AND SEWERS," upon the condition (amongst
others) that I, the said Allan Livingston, by an instrument in writing under my
hand and seal, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the
said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and
cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
....
::...
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Allan Livingston, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement, reference being had to the Drawing hereunto annexed, and to the
letters and figures marked thereon (that is to say):-
My Invention of Improvements in Earthenware Pipes for Drains and
Sewers" is intended to supply the means of access to the interior of a pipe,
drain, conduit, or sewer, so as to obviate the necessity of taking up or breaking
into a considerable length of such drain or sewer; and this object is

page_text: accomplished by constructing earthenware pipes for such purposes, with an
aperture formed in each length of pipe, in such a manner as to afford access
to the interior thereof on the removal of the cover which overlays such
aperture. I prefer that the aperture should be formed at each joining of
two lengths of pipe (that is to say), half in one length. and half in the end
of that length which meets it, the whole aperture thus formed at the two
ends being covered by the joining cover; but I do not confine myself to
the formation of the aperture at the ends of the pipes, nor to any particular
shape of the aperture.
In order, however, that my Invention may be fully understood, I will
proceed to describe the accompanying Drawing, in which Fig. 1 is a plan or
horizontal view, shewing two lengths of pipe joined together; Fig. 2 is a
similar view of the same, with the cover removed; and Fig. 3 is a transverso
section of the same. In all these Figures the same letters of reference indi-
cate corresponding parts. and a are the ends of two lengths of pipe; b is
a kind of hollow cradle or rest, into which the ends of the pipes join or
meet each other, and on which they are supported, the continuity of pipe
being maintained by the joining of the two lengths of pipe therein. c' and
are apertures formed in their respective pipes a' and a², which apertures are
covered by the covering piece d. It will be obvious, that on removing the
cover d, access may be had to the interior of the drain, conduit, or sewer
through the apertures c' and c. These apertures, which may be varied in
shape and size from those represented, may, if preferred, be formed in other
parts of the pipe, instead of at the joinings of two lengths of pipe.
I would here remark, that I am aware of a mode of effecting the object
of getting access to the interior of the drain or sewer, by means of short
junction or coupling pipes, made in halves, and formed with suitable sockets
at each end, to receive the plain ends of two lengths of pipe. But my Inven-
tion is to be distinguished from this mode by its effecting the object without
the necessity of using junction or coupling pipes, and by its admitting of access
to the interior of the pipe, drain, or sewer in other parts of a length of pipe,
besides at the joining of two lengths thereof.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention, and in what manner the
same is to be performed, I would have it understood that I do not mean or
intend to confine myself to the precise form of the parts represented and
described; neither do I claim as part of my present Invention the mode of
effecting the junction of the lengths of pipe represented and described; but
what I do claim as of my Invention, and desire to have secured under my

page_text: present Patent, is the construction of earthenware pipes for drains and sewers,
with apertures for giving any required access to the interior thereof, as
described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Allan Livingston, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, the Twenty-third day of November, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-four.
JAMES SMEATON,
Witness.
ALLAN (L.s.) LIVINGSTON, JUNIOR.