Year: 1887

page_text: Date of Application, 17th Feb., 1887
Complete Left, 19th Oct., 1887
Complete Accepted, 6th Dec., 1887
Articles of Circular Transverse Section.
We, CHARLES FAIRBAIRN of May Bank, Clarendon Road, Sale in the County of
Chester, Engineer, and MATTHEW WELLS of 61 Hardman Street, Deansgate,
Manchester in the County of Lancaster, Oil Refiner, do hereby declare the nature of
this invention to be as follows: :-
Our invention relates to apparatus consisting of rollers mounted in pairs opposite
to one another and so shaped that as they revolve in the same direction they forge a
piece of metal introduced between them and caused to revolve by frictional contact
with them, to a conoidal or other form having circular transverse section. The
apparatus in its simplest form is of the following description. On each of two parallel
shafts caused by gearing to revolve in the same direction and at equal angular speed
are fixed two rollers, the front one of the two which is what may be termed a roughing
roller having its profile shaped approximately as a counterpart of the article to be
forged, and the hinder roller which may be termed a finishing roller, having its profile
shaped exactly as a counterpart of the finished article. The two shafts are at such
a distance apart that the forging in passing through between the pair of finishing
rollers receives its accurate size. On a frame which is mounted on a pivot or otherwise
so that it can be moved to or from the gap between the two sets of rollers, there are
other rollers, which may be termed feeding rollers, corresponding in profile with the
others but of smaller diameter. This frame with its rollers being retracted, a round
bar of metal to be forged is introduced between the peripheries of the three sets of
rollers, and then by the advance of the feeding rollers effected by a screw or by
hydraulic pressure or otherwise, the bar is gradually pressed in between those on the
two shafts first mentioned, and finally through the gap between them. The extreme
end part of the forging having been shaped accurately by the hinder rollers, whilst
the part behind it has been roughly shaped by the front rollers, the finished part may
be broken or cut off, and then the bar can be operated on again, the roughly shaped
end being now submitted to the finishing rollers, whilst a fresh hinder portion of the
bar is acted on by the roughing rollers. The separate feeding rollers can be set more
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page_text: or less obliquely to the axes of the others, as may be best suited to the shape of the
forging. According to a modified arrangement, instead of two, there are four parallel
shafts each having on it a roller. Two of these diametrically opposite are the roughing
rollers, and behind these are the two finishing rollers which have their axes in a plane
perpendicular to that of the axes of the other two. Two of the shafts carrying
respectively a roughing and a finishing roller are mounted in bearings in a stationary
frame, the other two are mounted in bearings in a frame which can be advanced
towards or retracted from the stationary frame, to which the moveable frame may be
hinged. The moveable frame with its rollers being retracted, the bar of metal to be
forged is introduced between the rollers, and then the moveable frame with its rollers
is gradually advanced by a screw or otherwise up to a fixed stop. Thus the bar
becomes forged as above described its front part finished to the required shape and a
part behind roughed. When the article to be forged is of conoidal shape, as for
example, a projectile, in order to secure soundness especially towards and at its point,
it is of advantage to form in the surfaces of the rollers shallow helical grooves with
intermediate lands, which being inclined to the plane of revolution tend to press the
metal of the forging forwards towards its point. Also, in order to relieve the roughing
rollers of a portion of their work, they are preferably made with bevel edged projecting
lips at their front ends, these lips acting as edges which cut into the metal of the
forging grooving it deeply at the place where afterwards there is to be the separation
of the finished from the roughed part of the forging. For properly adjusting the
length of the roughing rollers so that they shall act on a length of metal suitable for
the finished article, these rollers are made in two parts or lengths each part having a
prominence fitting into a hollow of the other or several such prominences and hollows
engaging like the teeth of a clutch. By setting the front part more or less forwards
along its shaft by suitable setting screws, the length of each roughing roller is adjusted
so as to take between its front and hinder edges the length of metal required to constitute
the finished forging. In front of these divided rollers are springs which yield as the
forging becomes oxtended in length by reduction of its diameter. It is also of
advantage to give some of the rollers a surface speed slightly different from that of
the others, by making them a little different in diameter. This causes a rubbing
action on the forged article smoothing its surface and clearing it of scale.
D1 L
1
1007

page_text: Articles of Circular Transverse Section.
We, CHARLES FAIRBAIRN of May Bank, Clarendon Road, Sale, in the County of
Chester, Engineer, and MATTHEW WELLS of 61 Hardman Street, Deansgate,
Manchester, in the County of Lancaster, Oil Refiner, do hereby declare the nature
of this invention and in what manner the same is to be performed to be particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following statement :-
Our invention relates to apparatus consisting of rollers mounted in pairs opposite
to one another and so shaped that as they revolve in the same direction they forge a
piece of metal introduced between them and caused to revolve by frictional contact
with them to a conoidal or other form having circular transverse section. The
apparatus in its simplest form is represented in front view by Fig. 1 of the accom-
panying drawings in plan by Fig. 2 and in section by Fig. 3. On each of two parallel
shafts A. A caused by gearing G to revolve in the same direction and at equal angular
speed are fixed two rollers Rand F, the front one R of the two which is what may be
termed a roughing roller having its profile shaped approximately as a counterpart of
the article to be forged, and the hinder roller F, which may be termed a finishing
roller, having its profile shaped exactly as a counterpart of the finished article. The
two shafts A A are at such a distance apart that the forging in passing through
between the pair of finishing rollers F F receives its accurate size. On a frame B
which is mounted on a pivot or otherwise so that it can be moved to or from the gap
between the two sets of rollers R F there are other rollers CD which may be termed
feeding rollers corresponding in profile with the others RF but of smaller diameter.
This frame B with its rollers CD being retracted, a round bar of metal to be forged is
introduced between the peripheries of the three sets of rollers, and then by the advance
of the feeding rollers effected by a screw S or by hydraulic pressure or otherwise, the
bar is gradually pressed in between the rollers RF and finally through the gap
between them. The extreme end part P of the forging having been shaped accurately
by the hinder rollers FF whilst the part Q behind it has been roughly shaped by the
front rollers R R, the finished part P may be broken or cut off, and then the bar can
be operated on again, the roughly shaped end Q being now submitted to the finishing
rollers F F, whilst a fresh hinder portion of the bar is acted on by the roughing
rollers RR. Instead of thus operating on a continuous bar, separate blanks may be
roughed and finished as described. The roughing rollers R being made with cutters,
as we will presently explain, may separate the blank from the bar and roughly shape
it, and it can then be transferred to the finishing rollers to be completed. The separate
feeding rollers can be set more or less obliquely to the axes of the others, as may be
best suited to the shape of the forging.
It is of advantage, particularly when the article to be forged is of conoidal form as
for a projectile, in order to secure soundness especially towards and at the point, to form

page_text: as shewn, in the surfaces of the rollers, shallow helical grooves, with intermediate lands.
These being inclined to the plane of revolution tend to press the metal of the forging
lengthwise. By providing the machine with means of reversal, such as straight and
crossed driving bands, either of which can be shifted as desired on to the driving
pulley, the effect of the helical grooves in pressing the metal longitudinally along the
blank can be varied according as the rollers are made to revolve in the one direction
or the other. It is often advantageous to alternate the direction of their revolution
during a forging operation so as to equalise the longitudinal distribution of the material
of the forging. In order to relieve the roughing rollers R of a portion of their work,
they are preferably made with bevil edged projecting lips r at their front ends. These
lips act as edges cutting into the metal and grooving it deeply where afterwards the
roughed part of the forging has to be separated from the finished part. The breadth
of the cutters r may be greater or less according to the form of the forging required.
Thus, for instance, if the front end of the forging is to be a bluff conoid, the cutters ?
may be narrow. If, on the other hand, it is to be a long cone the cutters may be made
of greater width, an additional roller being provided on the feeding frame B to give
the necessary pressure where the cutters act on the blank. For properly adjusting the
length of the roughing rollers R so that they shall act on a length of metal suitable
for the finished article, these rollers are made in two parts or lengths R and R', each
part having a prominence fitting into a hollow of the other, or several such prominences
and hollows engaging like the teeth of a clutch. By moving the front part R¹ more or
less forwards along its shaft and holding it by a setting screw K bearing against the
face of the hinder part R, the length of the roughing roller is adjusted so as to take
between its front and hinder ends the length of metal required for the finished forging.
In front of the divided roughing rollers are springs T which yield as the blank becomes
elongated by the action of the roughing rollers, allowing the front parts of these rollers
to advance forwards as the length of the blank extends. One of each pair of the rollers,
particularly of the finishing rollers F, should be slightly larger in diameter than the other
so that the surface speed of the one somewhat exceeds that of the other. This causes a
certain rubbing action on the forging which smooths its surface and clears it of scale.
In many cases it is of advantage to make flat places on the surfaces of the rollers,
which facilitate the feed of the blank between them. Thus as the blank is pressed
into the gap between the rollers it is permitted to advance a little when a flat place
presents itself, and having thus advanced, it becomes more firmly gripped between the
rollers when the flat place has passed. Instead of mounting the frame B with its
feeding rollers CD under the shaping rollers as shewn in Figs. 1, 2 and 3, it may bo
arranged above them so as to feed the blank downwards. In some cases, when the
rollers are made with flat places as above described, the feeding frame and its rollers
may be dispensed with, the blank being fed from above by its own weight.
According to a modified arrangement shewn in front view by Fig. 4 and in plan by
Fig. 5, instead of two, there are four parallel shafts A A A¹A¹ each having on it a
roller. Two of these R R diametrically opposite are the roughing rollers, and behind
these are two finishing rollers FF which have their axes in a plane perpendicular to
that of the axes of the other two R R. Two of the shafts A A¹ carrying respectively
a roughing and a finishing roller are mounted in bearings in a stationary frame H the
other two AA are mounted in bearings in a frame B which can be advanced towards
or retracted from the stationary frame H to which the moveable frame B may be hinged
as shewn. The moveable frame B with its rollers being retracted the bar of metal
to be forged is introduced between the rollers and then the moveable frame B with its
rollers is gradually advanced by a screw S or otherwise, up to a fixed stop. Thus the
bar becomes forged as above described its front part finished to the required shape and
a part behind roughed.
The rollers in this modified machine are formed as described with reference to
Figs. 1, 2 and 3 that is to say they are helically grooved, they may have flat places on
them, one of the pair is with advantage made a little larger than the other, and the
roughing rollers are made divided in length with cutting edges in front which may
be more or less wide according to the form of forging to be manufactured.

page_text: We are aware that it has been proposed to forge articles of circular transverse
section by subjecting them to rolling pressure between suitably shaped rollers revolving
in the same direction, and therefore we make no general claim to this method of
forging such articles, nor generally to rollers arranged to act in this manner, but
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of this invention and
in what manner the same is to be performed, we declare that what we claim is :-
1. In apparatus for forging by rollers conoidal projectiles and other articles of
circular transverse section, the combination of a pair of roughing rollers with and in
front of a pair of finishing rollers, arranged and operating substantially as herein
described.
2. In apparatus for forging by rollers articles of circular transverse section,
rollers having helical grooves with intervening lands, as and for the purpose set
forth.
3. In apparatus for forging by rollers articles of circular section, roughing rollers
made in two parts in length, the front parts having front cutting edges being free to
slide along their shafts, being clutched to the hinder parts and being pressed towards
them by springs, substantially as and for the purpose set forth.
Dated this 19th day of October 1887.
ABEL & IMRAY,
Agents for the Applicants.
ABEL & IMRAY,
Agents for the Applicants.