IMPROVEMENTS IN THE METHOD OF SUPPLYING DWELLINGS AND BUILDINGS WITH STEAM, AND IN APPARATUS THEREFOR
Year: 1879

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LETTERS PATENT to Herbert John Haddan, of the Firm of Herbert and
Company, Solicitors of Patents, of 67, Strand, in the City of Westminster,
Civil Engineer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE METHOD OF
SUPPLYING DWELLINGS AND BUILDINGS WITH STEAM, AND IN APPARATUS
THEREFOR." A communication from abroad by Edward Jarvis Knapp, of the
City of New York, United States of America, Merchant.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Herbert John Haddan at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 11th January 1879.
HERBERT JOHN HADDAN, of the Firm of Herbert and Company, Solicitors of
Patents, of 67, Strand, in the City of Westminster, Civil Engineer. "IMPROVEMENTS
IN THE METHOD OF SUPPLYING DWELLINGS AND BUILDINGS WITH STEAM, AND IN
APPARATUS THEREFOR." A communication from abroad by Edward Jarvis Knapp,
of the City of New York, United States of America, Merchant.
The Invention consists, first, in a system of supplying large districts of buildings
and other places in cities and villages with steam, not only for heating, but also for
motive power, extinction of fire, removal of snow and ice, and in general for all
purposes where steam inay be used. The Invention embraces the application and
construction of metal junction service boxes, expansion joints, and saddles for the
purpose of keeping the mains stationary at the points where the service pipes are
branched off and allowing them to expand and contract between these points.
Also the use of beat radiators in buildings, steam meters for controlling the
pressure and recording the consumption of steam, steam traps, which
may answer
the double purpose of reheater and of steam trap; combination of steam pipes with
water hydrants; use of street steam hydrants, which may be placed near a water
hydrant for the extinction of fire; the connection of steam mains and of service
pipes with relicaters and with automatic steam regulators or governors under
ground, snow and ice, reservoirs provided with open ended or perforated steam
pipes; use of casings for the protection of service pipes; a reheater interposed
between radiators, heated by steam from the source of supply, and radiators which
are heated by water of condensation.
The second part of the Invention relates to the combination of steam generating
and feed water heating apparatus, from which the above system is supplied, and

page_text: consists in certain combinations of pipes, valves, flues, and dampers, with a
connected train or series of boilers in such a manner that at certain seasons of the
year the whole series of boilers may produce high pressure steam, and at other
seasons a portion may be used for beating the feed water which is supplied to the
other portion, or to as many of them as are in use for generating steam, in which
case the waste heat from the fire of the steam boilers may be utilized for heating
the feed water. One or more of the feed water heaters may also be used for
producing low pressure steam if required, while the high pressure boilers and the
remainder of the feed water heaters perform their proper functions. The boilers,
pipes, valves, flues, and dampers may in themselves be made as usual.
The last part of the Invention consists in a longitudinally adjustable valve plug
of conical or other shape, the position of which is uninfluenced by the pressure of
the steam working in a diaphragm, which divides the valve chamber into two
parts. One part, acting as a receiving chamber, is provided with a steam inlet for
high pressure steam, while the other part contains low pressure steam, and is
provided with a steam outlet. The valve chamber may be made of two pieces,
taking the diaphragm between them and joined together by a screw coupling, or by
other suitable devices and made of metal. The junction servico boxes are metal
chambers through which the street mains pass at the points where service pipes
are branched off, and which receive steam through perforations or openings of the
main pipe, in order to supply the service pipes which are screwed into the circum-
ference of the box, or attached to it by any known means; while the joint of main
pipes with junction service boxes may be made by using a short nickel plated pipe,
or in any known manner. For connecting the main pipes at points between the
junction boxes, expansion joints of ordinary construction are used, which allow the
pipes to expand and contract in the direction of their axis without the escape of
steam. The saddles are brackets or frames placed near the junction service boxes,
and supporting the mains so as to prevent longitudinal displacements of the
respective portions of the mains. Buildings can be heated by conducting the
steam to the various rooms through a number of small pipes, which may be called
heat radiators. The steam trap consists, mainly, of a cylindrical vessel with a float
in it controlling the position of a cock for letting off the water of condensation.
Its water space may contain a pipe coil which can be filled with steam. As steam
generators boilers may be used of any known construction, connected by pipes and
flues containing valves and dampers, which may be opened or shut separately so as
to produce the variations in the use of the different sections, which have been
described above. The conical valve plug works in a circular opening of a
diaphragm, thereby controlling the steam pressure in the pipes which are supplied
through the valve chamber, and is seated on a spindle carried through both ends of
the chamber. Tho spindle is provided with a screw thread at one end, and at the
other end with a hand wheel, so that by turning the latter the spindle, and with it
the valve plug, is moved in the axis of the cone, and can be placed in any desired
position.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said Herbert John Haddan in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
9th July 1879.
HERBERT JOHN HADDAN, of the Firm of Herbert and Company, Solicitors of
Patents, of 67, Strand, in the City of Westminster, Civil Engineer. "IMPROVEMENTS
IN THE METHOD OF SUPPLYING DWELLINGS AND BUILDINGS WITH STEAM, AND IN
APPARATUS THEREFOR." A communication from abroad by Edward Jarvis Knapp,
of the City of New York, United States of America, Merchant.
The first part of this Invention relates to a new and useful mode of supplying
large districts of dwellings and other buildings in cities or villages with steam, not
only for the purpose of warming but also to supply power for driving machinery
within buildings in such districts; also the means whereby the fire engines of a
city or town may at all times be utilized for the extinguishment of conflagrations,
although such engines may be constructed so as to dispense with steam boilers and
attendant mechanism for "getting up steam;" also the means whereby ordinary
hydrants of a city or town may at all times be economically and securely protected
against freezing; also a cheap and ready means for freeing the streets of cities of
accumulations of snow and ice; also the means whereby greenhouses, conservatories,
and other outhouses may be heated; and finally, the means whereby steam and
hot water may be supplied for culinary and other domestic purposes. The second
part of this Invention relates especially to the steam generating and feed water
heating boilers, which are to be used for supplying steam for the steam warming
apparatus above described, and it consists in certain combinations of pipes, flues,
and valves or dampers, with a connected train or series of boilers, which are
supplied as usual with feed water from a doctor or steam pump in such a manner
that the whole train or series of boilers may at certain seasons of the year be fired
and started for generating steam at high pressure; and at other seasons of the year
a portion only of the train or series may be used for heating the feed water which
is to be supplied to the other portion, or to as many of them as are in use for
generating high pressure steam; and while this use of a portion of the boilers for
heating feed water is going on the waste heat alone from the fire of the high
pressure boilers may be utilized for heating the feed water, and thus a great saving
effected in the consumption of fuel for heating the feed water to a proper temper-
ature for entering the high pressure boilers. Another result secured by one of the
combinations above referred to is that of utilizing one or more of that portion of
the boilers which are used for heating feed water for generating steam of a low
pressure at such times as necessity may require, while the high pressure steam
boilers and the feed water heating boiler or boilers are performing their proper
functions. The third part of this Invention consists in a new mode of construction
of and laying underground street steam mains and their service pipes, especially
for use in connection with the apparatus referred to in the first part of my In-.
vention, whereby the sections of such mains are kept stationary at points between
their two ends and near the points where the service pipes connect with them, and
are allowed perfect freedom to expand and slip steam tight one within the other at
points beyond where the service pipes extend out to the dwellings. The fourth
part of this Invention relates to the construction of a meter valve for use in con-
nection with the apparatus referred to in the first part of my Invention, and
consists in a conical valve plug arranged to move back and forth through an
annular diaphragm of a cylinder which has an inlet passage on one side of the
diaphragm and an outlet on the opposite side of the same, whereby the passage of
steam from one side of the diaphragm to the other can be controlled, so as to have
various pressures at will on the outlet side of the diaphragm, while the pressure on
the inlet side remains unchanged. It also consists in a meter valve, having its
chamber or cylinder in which the valve plug works made in two sections trans-

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versely, and with an annular diaphragın confined between the coupled ends of tho
two sections by means of a screw ring or other equivalent device, whereby a
removable diaphragm may be employed; and said diaphragm may be of a different
material from that of which the cylinder is made, which different material may be
hard rubber, glass, or other durable substance, which will not be so readily cut
away by the steam, and less liable to cause a loud hissing noise, such as might be
produced when metal is used. Referring to Figures 1 to 24 inclusive of the
accompanying Drawing, Figure 1 illustrates in plan view a section or district of a
city or town having streets as at A, B, C, D, E, and A, B, C, D¹, E', intersecting
each other. It is intended that the distance from a central or nearly a central
point of such a section or district of a city or town to any given point of its
boundary shall be about one half of a mile in extent. At the central point, and
within a building designated as at A, are erected the necessary boiler works for
the generating of steam to be distributed throughout said district for the purposes
contemplated in carrying out this Invention. The steam in the building A³ is
conveyed by a proper pipe or pipes from the boilers therein to a short steam
"street main" pipe F, which connects with and through which steam is supplied
to all the other steam main pipes, as shown at F¹, within the district. All these
steam mains are laid underground on the lines of the several streets of the city or
town included in such district and about four feet below. The surface of the street
and service pipes, as at a, also in like manner laid underground, convey steam from
the said mains into the dwellings and buildings situate on said streets, as indicated
in the Drawing. The capacity of the steam boilers in the boiler house A should
bo sufficient to afford a steady supply of steam to the main pipes F, F¹, or such
other number of steam mains as might be laid down at a pressure within such
pipes of about from forty to sixty pounds to the square inch of interior surface,
which pressure it has been determined by experiment will be sufficient for the
various uses desired within a district of the dimensions heretofore stated.
rigorous climates, in fact in all climates, these mains, although embedded beneath
the streets at considerable depth, are more or less subject to longitudinal expansion
and contraction, due to changes of temperature. Hence it is necessary to
provide against such expansion and contraction in order to avoid either breakage
of the mains, leakage of steam, or other damage, which would make the use of
lengthy underground steam mains impracticable. To this end I provide said
mains at convenient points about one or two hundred feet apart with junction
service boxes F10, in which provision is made for the longitudinal movement of
the end of a section of a large main, which enters the expansion chamber of
such box, while the chamber itself is not moved by such movement of the
mains. In Figure 1, one of these junction service boxes F is indicated in the
underground main on the line of the stud C; Figure 2 showing an end elevation
of Figure 1; and Figure 3, a plan and partly sectional view of such a junction
service box placed in the ground along the line of the main pipe at intervals of
about one hundred or two hundred feet apart. Each junction service box is
made of sufficient size and with a trap door, so as to be accessible for repacking the
expansion joints and valves and repairing the parts within the box. The interior
of this box is at its bottom provided with metal frame work F7, for the proper
support of and to hold in position an expansion chamber F. This chamber is
made of metal and firmly seated upon the cross plates a¹ and between the cross
plates a² of the frame F, and is provided with a metal cover a³, which latter when
in place upon the expansion chamber F8 is held in position by screws S. Annular
bearings, as at a', which project from two sides of the expansion chamber seat
themselves in gains" a forined in the cross plate a², and as a portion of this
chamber on two sides thereof, as at a, has a flush bearing against the inside surface
of the cross plates a³, a², said chamber is thus firmly seated in a fixed position in
the metal frame F7. The inner surface of the bearings at, at, are screw threaded
and receive as indicated in Figure 3 the ends of service pipes a, a, which thus com-
municate with the expansion chamber F, into the interior of which chamber, indi-
"

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cated at F, steam is admitted from the steam main F' and thence is passed into
a building on either side of the street through said service pipes a, a.
expansion chamber Fa serves a double purpose, to wit, it receives the thrust of the
end of a section of the large main F', and permits such end to alternately move
forward and backward in accord with the longitudinal expansion and contraction
of the large main, and it also serves as a chamber from which the steam from tho
mains may be distributed through small service pipes to buildings, along a strect.
Cut off valves, as at f', f, are provided for the servico pipes in order to cut off by
a key rod f the flow of steam from the main to the buildings when desired. To
the inner threaded ends of the service pipes a hoods g and g' are screwed, which
hoods may be turned up or down more or less, in order to admit into their open
endi either dry or wet steam from the interior of the expansion chamber F⁹. In
Figure 3 the hood g is shewn as turned with its opening i toward the zenith, and
hence dry steam only will pass into its service pipe and thence into a building
which the service pipe enters, whilst the hood g is shown turned down to a hori-
zontal position, thus admitting the wet steam occupying the lower part of said
chamber, and if desired the hood may be turned with its opening i toward the
nadir, in which case the commingled wet steam and water of condensation which
may have accumulated in the bottom of the chamber will be forced through the
service pipe into the building connected therewith. One wall of the expansion
chamber F forward of its curved portion a², terininates in a tubular portion as with
inwardly projecting shoulders aº, which closely fit and receive one end ƒ of a
section of the steam main F. An annular space is thus formed between the
portion of a section of the main and the parts as and a of the expansion
chamber for the reception of a suitable steam packing j, so as to form a steam tight
joint around the end f' of a section of the main pipe F¹. A removable metal ring e
is made to seat itself upon this packing and thus prevent the escape of steam, as
will be hereinafter described. Projecting from the opposite wall of the expansion
chamber FB are two sets of lugs g which receive eyebolts g³, the bolts being retained
in position by pins . The forward ends of these bolts pass through doubly
bevelled bolt holes made in the rim of a sectional tube G, the interior of which is
flaring, as shewn at 6 and at the point b¹, where the inner end of the tube G
adjoins a convex ring g', said tube is bevelled so as to form a perfect fit to tho
convexity of the ring g'. A like fit is made between the opposite convex face of
the ring and an annular projection a¹ of the expansion chamber F8. The convex
ring it will be seen is scrowed upon the steam main F', and may be removed at
pleasure by disconnecting the eyebolts g³ from the sectional tube G, and thus allow
the substitution of a new section of main pipe when necessary. It will also be seen
that a section of the main F¹, which has just been referred to as having the metal
ring g screwed thereon, passes through the sectional tube G, and that when the
screw nuts shown upon the bolts are tightened up the convex ring g' will be
firmly seated against the annular projection a10 of the expansion chamber, thus
forming a steam tight joint between the parts and ao, so that in the passage of
the main supply of steam through the steam mains F' no steam will be lost or
wasted through such joint. And, further, it will be seen that owing to the con-
struction of this steam joint between the parts g' and a10, and the like joint
between and sectional tube G and the bevelled portions b' in said tube, and the
bevelled bolt holes in the rim of the tube G through which the bolts g³ pass; the
main pipe F on this side of the expansion chamber F8 is capable of deflection from
a right line to accommodate it to the grade or meet any other contingency of
position. In this manner provision is made against a strain falling upon the main
pipes at or near their connection with the junction service boxes, which would
ensue from a deflection of said mains from any cause from their
proper condition
as laid down, and also against leakage of steam by reason of such deflection. A
short section of a main pipe F' is shown at ƒ³ having a screw thread cut into its
outer surface, so that one end of said section may be screwed into a corresponding
opening in the wall of the expansion chamber, as shown. The opposito end of this

page_text: section f engages with a metallic steam discharge ring G, which has apertures h
through it to admit of the free passage of steam from the main Fì into the
interior F of the expansion chamber. By turning this discharge ring in one
direction it will be screwed along upon the section f³ a sufficient distance to allow
of the removal of the metal ring or stuffing box follower e, and thus give access to
the packing should such packing need replacing, and after the ring e is thus
removed the steam discharge ring G² can itself be removed either for repair or the
substitution of a new one, its removal also giving access to the main F¹. By
turning said ring G in an opposite direction to that just named, it will force the
metal ring e upon the steam packing ;, as shewn in Figure 3, thereby packing the
joint and preventing the escape of steam from the main as well as from the interior of
the expansion chamber at the end f of a section of the main F¹ which enters said
chamber. The outer surface of the end fs of the last named section is intended to slido
forward and backward in contact with the packing j, and the forward end of such
section will be projected into the expansion chamber FB, more or less, according to
the longitudinal expansion or contraction of the main pipe F', which is between the
source of the supply of steam to such pipe and the junction service box F. This
iron section of the main F' has its end f nickel plated on that portion of its exterior
surface which comes in contact with the steam packing j. This is done in order to
avoid rust and the great expansion of brass, in case this section were to be made of
brass, and besides this a smooth anti-frictional surface is thus secured which is not
subject to great expansion. In this manner expansion joints may be applied at
intervals, where required, throughout the whole system of the steain street mains,
thus rendering the use of such mains practicable notwithstanding the very consi-
derable longitudinal expansion and contraction to which long lines of such pipo are
subjected by reason of varying temperature. The steam mains F' throughout their
entiro extent, up to and slightly within the junction service boxes, are surrounded
by a wrapper of asbestos, hair cloth, or any other nonconducting substance, or with
both asbestos and hair cloth, thus confining and as it were insulating the steam
within the mains, and so preventing its condensation. The mains with their
wrappings are then inclosed in a water tight outside pipe, either of wood or of iron
lined with wood, and this pipe is then embedded in and covered, as in Figure 24, first
with sheet zinc or tile, and thereafter with some porous substance, like tan bark or
saw dust, to retain confined air, while underneath, such outside pipe tiles X (Figures 6
and 24) are properly laid to carry off water which would otherwise settle around it
in the trenches in which the mains are laid. In Figure 3 the asbestos wrapping is
designated at m, the hair cloth at m', and the water tight pipe at m³, this pipo
being carried into and connected with the parts of the junction service box Fio, as
shown, and the fitting of the pipe with the box being a loose one. At any con-
venient point within each junction service-box and between its steam and expansion
chamber and the source of supply of steain to the mains F¹, a main stop valve, indi-
cated at V in Figuro 4, will be applied to the mains in order that steam may be cut
off from the expansion chamber F during the act of repairs or an adjustment of the
mechanism therein. From these mains the service pipes a conduct the steam to tho
buildings on either side of the street along which said mains may be laid, in which
buildings the steam may be used for either or all of the purposes heretofore nained
to which this Invention relates. The mains F¹ are described as having a longitudinal
movement by reason of their contraction and expansion; and now, in order to show
that provision is made also against undue straining of the service pipes a, whether
they pass at right angles from the mains to a building, indicated at A4, or around
corners before reaching a building, making themselves a right angle either to the
right or left or both to the right and left, I will proceed to describe the plan shown
by Figures 19, 20, and 21, and the plans shewn by Figures 22 and 23. F¹ in
Figures 19, 20, and 21 designates the main, which in all respects is constructed, laid
down, and protected as before described, and a is a service pipe leading out at right
angles from said main to the curb line or to the back yard of a building. In plan
19 the connection of the service pipe a with the main F¹ is made by cutting an

page_text: oblong hole A³ of about two inches length through the wooden pipe or covering m❜
of the main. To close this hole, which is made in order to allow the service pipe
when expansion and contraction takes place to vibrate between its inner end m* and
its connection with the main F', a wooden tube m³ having an internal flaring expan-
sion chamber m² is placed around the service pipe from its said inner end to its
connection with the main F1, and firmly strapped in place, as illustrated at A' and
A, Figure 20. The joint around the oblong hole A5 and between the wood pipe m³
and the wood pipe m³ is made water tight in any suitable manner. It is ovident
that the service pipe a if made fast or impacted by earth at its end m' will still
have freedom, by means of the flaring chamber of the wooden tube m³ and the
oblong hole A, to vibrate when the steam street main F' contracts and expands,
and this without much strain upon it, as the great length of pipe between the fixed
point m' and the point of connection with the main will cause the movement of the
service pipo at its fixed point m' to be exceedingly slight. Now if the service pipe a
is to be bent so as to form an elbow, as shewn in Figure 22, or is to be united to two
elbows, as shewn in Figure 23, for the purpose of leading the steam into buildings not
situated for a service pipe, such as is shown in Figure 19, I inclose it in a water tight
wooden casing, such as is shown at m³ in Figure 23, or as shown at me in Figure 22,
according as the case may require. The interior of these casings forms a flaring
chamber m², and the service pipe a is impinged upon, and that loosely only at the
points mo, mo, in thé plan shewn in Figure 22, and at the points m", ms, mis, in
the plan shown in Figure 23. With either of the constructions shown by Figures
22 and 23, the elbowed portion of the pipe a and all other portions thereof between
the points which are impinged upon loosely and the elbows, will have freedom to
vibrute in the flaring chamber of the casings me and me to any extent that tho
expansion and contraction of the service pipe a may render necessary. I will now
describe one practical plan for utilizing the steam from said mains in a dwelling
within the district of buildings shown in Figure 1, such description having reference
to Figures 5, 6, 7, and 8 of the Drawing. In Figures 5, 6, and 8, the roadway of
the street is indicated at HI, and the sido walk at I. In Figuro 5 a junction service
box Fo is shown beneath the street roadway H, from which box, through one of
its sevico pipes a, steam is conveyed into a conducting pipe n, which leads into a
steam hydrant P situated upon the sidewalk. In this Figure an ordinary "water-
main" is indicated at R, from which, through a pipe r, water is supplied to a street
hydrant P', from which water can be furnished to a city fire-engine; and in order
to prevent the water in the hydrant P¹ from freezing during the winter season, the
conducting pipe n is made to impinge against such hydrant, as signified in Figures
5 and 7. At Q, in Figures 5 and 8, a fire-engine is represented which has no boiler
or fire, and which takes its steam from the steam hydrant P through a steam pipe
or hose y simultaneously with its supply of water from the hydrant P', through a
water hose y. The water in the hydrant P' is thus never frozen, whilst the steam
in the hydrant P is always "up" and ready for the engine. Besides, the cost and
weight of a steam fire engine may be reduced about one half that of any other, and
at the same time the alarming appearance caused by the fire, smoke, and noise, while
running to and working at a fire, as well as attendant casualties, are avoided. I
will here state that the steam admitted to the steam-hydrant P will be at high
pressure, and that proper cocks for letting on and cutting off steam to and from the
same are to be provided. In case there should be no city hydrant adjacent to a
building to which steam is to be supplied, the conducting pipe leading steam into
such building will connect directly with tho service pipe a, but in this instance a
conducting pipe n³ receives its steam from the conducting pipe n, and thence passing
into the building, as indicated in Figures 5 and 7, may supply steam directly to a
heater or radiator L, and so warm an upper room, as shewn in the latter Figure,
whilst a branch conducting pipe n³, connecting with the pipe n', may lead into
another heater, as at L' in the same or another apartment. It is desirable however
not only to regulate the supply of heat to a given building, but also to ascertain
the amount of steam supplied under a given pressure, as well as record such supply,

page_text: in order that a uniform proper price may be charged to the occupant of the building
for the steam used to heat the same, and for other purposes. To this end a cut off
cock d is applied to the conducting pipe n¹ to compel the steam to pass into and
through a stenm meter, by means of which the pressure and supply of the steam is
primarily regulated within the building, and the consumption recorded. The steam
pipes and n (shown in Figures 7 and 9) connect such meter with the pipe n', and
cocks, as at c and d are applied to such pipes, so that when the cock d is closed,
and the cocks d' and d², are open, the steam will pass into the meter through the
pipe n³, and out of the meter through the pipe n, back to and within the pipe n³,
and so on to the radiators L and L', as well as to other parts hereinafter described.
This meter is more clearly shown by Figure 9 than in the other Figures, and is
preferably constructed mainly as shown, though other constructions might be used
to effect the same results for which it is intended. In this Figure c is a metal
cylinder, having a steam chamber c' to receive steam through the pipe n³ before
described. The ends of this cylinder are closed steam tight, with a properly fitting
stuffing box at one end, and with a steam tight tubular valve-stem bearing c³ at
its other end. Within this cylinder is a cone valve c', connected at one of its ends
with a valve stem c³, and at the other end with a screw-threaded stem co, which
takes into a nut of the valve steam bearing . This cone valve c', which admits
the steam from the valve chamber c' into the pipes leading to the different rooms
and radiators, passes through an annular diaphragm c. The area of the opening c³
in the diaphragm, when it surrounds the small end of the cone valve, must be of a
sufficient size to supply all the radiators required in a given dwelling, or have about
an area of three fourths of a square inch for every hundred thousand cubic fect of
space to be warmed. The large end of this cone valve c should fill the diaphragm
opening c³, so as to form a close joint. The amount of steam passing through the
diaphragm c will depend on the position of the cone valve as it moves forward and
back through the diaphragm opening. The letter M, in Figures 9 and 10, designates
clock work regulated to keep good time, which gives movement to a ribbon of
paper M'. This ribbon passes over, and is moved forward by a roller r fastened
upon an extension of the arbor, which in ordinary clock work gives motion to the
hour hand of a clock. The ribbon in its forward movement is hield down upon the
roller by a loosely revolving roller, the ribbon passing between them, as shewn
as the roller r¹ is slowly revolved by the clock work. The ribbon M', as in Figure
11, is ruled lengthwise with eight or ten black parallel lines, and with a red line on
one edge, indicated at 8-8, which is termed the zero line of the ribbon, and on
which zero line the pointer i will rest when the valve c is closed. It is also ruled
with black cross-lines, as at 24-24, to represent days, and with lines, as at c', to
represent half days, and with lines e to represent hours. Any number of these
ribbons may be provided in advance of their use, as the same style of ribbon will
answer for all the different sizes of meters within the district of buildings to which the
steam is supplied, as well as for all pressures of the steam. As before stated, the amount
of steam passing through the diaphragm c' depends on the position of the cone
valve c; and its position is accurately recorded upon the ribbon M' by a pencil finger
23 secured to a sliding bar i, which latter is supported in a horizontal position by
the frame of the clock work, and in such manner as to allow of a sidewise move-
ment either to the right or left. This bar has a clutch attached to one of its
ends, which clutch travels in a circular groove 25 cut around the valve stem c³, as
shewn, and at the opposite end of said bar a flat spring, as indicated as iº, is
secured thereto. The spring moves with the bar to the right and left, according
as the bar is moved, and upon the plane surface of a metal frame L³ (see Figures 7
and 8) which incloses the cylinder c of the meter, and also supports its clock
work M. The pointer is is so adjusted in position upon the bar is that its pencil
will always press upon the ribbon M¹ at a point where the ribbon is in firm contact
with the periphery of the roller r, while at the same time the clutch ** is so
adjusted on said bar as to travel in the groove of the valve stem, and in theso
positions said bar and clutch are always held by the tension of the spring upon

page_text: the cover L' during the forward and backward movements of tho valve stem and
cone valve.
In other words, the pencil finger is automatically held to its work
by the spring 0, and as the pencil is moved crosswise of the ribbon through the
connection of the bar with the valve stem the slightest movement of the cone
valve as it is adjusted for different pressures will be felt by the pencil, and such
movement recorded upon the ribbon M, as indicated by the zig zag line on said
ribbon in Figure 9. The cone valve ct, as will be seen from the Figures, is moved
backward or forward through the diaphragm c' by means of a screw movement, as
indicated at and c (Figure 9), but it is also practicable to effect the movement
of the cone valve by a lever without revolving the valve. It will be here stated
that while the steam in the mains, as well as in the valve chamber c', is always at
high pressure, yet by being "wire-drawn " around the cone valve through tho
diaphragm the steam is reduced to low pressure, and in this condition can be safely
used for warming the building. My object in using high pressure in the mains F¹
and a low pressure in the dwellings is to keep the said mains as small as possible,
on account of expense and loss by condensation, while low pressure in the buildings
is not as liable to cause leakage in the joints, valves, and packing, besides being
considered safer. Each different size of meter should have its number, and each
ribbon of paper placed on a meter should be numbered to correspond with the
number of the meter on which it is to be used. This being done the value of the
steam between the longitudinal lines will be known by its number. This value
may be computed with considerable accuracy by the area of the diaphragm aper-
ture c' and the velocity of steam at given pressures. But when greater accuracy
is required a company or producer supplying a city or town with these works
should be provided with an apparatus for that purpose, consisting simply of a
surface condenser or coil of pipe submerged in cold water, of sufficient size and
length to condense all the steam that will pass through the largest meters within a
given time.
Then the value is obtained as follows:-Supposing the meter is to be
used with a pressure of forty pounds above the cone valve c, and at or near the
pressure of the atmosphere below the cone valve, as at nt, Figure 9, first close the
cone valve c, and thus station tho pencil * on the zero or red lines 8-8 of the
ribbon, then open the cone valve until the pencil reaches the first black line 7,
which runs lengthwise of the ribbon, and there stop. This will allow a small
quantity of steam to pass into the condenser (the condenser being attached to the
outlet pipe n or another pipe communicating therewith) where it will be con-
densed. Let the valve remain open one hour, then close it and weigh the water
resulting from the condensation of the steam, multiply the weight in pounds by
27-7, which will give the number of cubic inches of water. Each cubic inch of
water was a cubic foot of steam at the pressure of the atmosphere before entering
the condenser. Then multiply the cubic feet of steam by 24 (the number of hours
in a day), and the result by 30, or a figure indicating the days in the month, and
this will give the number of cubic feet of steam for one month. Then again move
or open the valve till the pencil ² reaches the second black line C running
lengthwise of the ribbon, and repeat the process at each of such lines until the cono
valve c is wide open, the movement of the valve during this process being effected
by a hand key K, Figure 8, applied to the valve stem at . If the result of the
above test should show an increase of one hundred cubic feet of steam for every
successive longitudinal line reached by the pencil over the number of cubic feet
shown for the immediately preceding longitudinal line, then the meter would be of
proper size for a dwelling or other building containing fifteen thousand cubic feet of
space to be warmed. Suppose this meter to be in operation in a dwelling, and at
the end of a month the amount recorded averaged five full spaces, and each of such
spaces between e, e², and between 8 to 7, and so on, represents the consumption of
one hundred cubic feet of steam for one hour. To obtain the cost for one month or
one year is as follows:-Example: One hundred cubic feet per hour multiplied by
the number of hours in a day shows the consumption of twenty four hundred cubic
feet each day, which multiplied by the number of days in a month shows the con-

page_text: sumption of seventy two thousand cubic feet for one month, which multiplied by
two, the number of cents (or their equivalent) charged for a thousand cubic feet,
will amount to one dollar and forty four cents per mouth for each full space, and
such sum being multiplied by five, the number of spaces will make a total sum of
seven dollars and twenty cents per month, or a grand total of fifty seven dollars
and sixty cents per year, if the said valuo per month be multiplied by eight, which
is the estimated number of months in a year in which steam will be used for
warming the building. The ribbons Mf' may be collected once a month, and any
broken spaces indicated by the pencil arranged before they go to a book keeper,
who having a table with the price per month of each of said full spaces of the
ribbons for the different size meters will know at once how to make out his
bills. This meter will work practically correct, even if the mean pressure of
steam should vary five pounds either way from forty pounds pressure, in which
case the loss or gain to the consumer would not exceed two per cent. The
meter shown by Figures 9, 10, and 11 has been described as a meter for steam
but it is equally as good for measuring various other fluids, either hot or cold,
where the pressure below the cone valve is less than above it. Said valve may be
opened or closed by hand, and after having been opened, it may be opened and
closed more or less automatically by the pressure of the steam below the cone valve,
and the steam in the house thus kept at a uniform pressure, as will be hereinafter
shown. It has also been spoken of to transmit steam through long lines of pipe.
The same apparatus is equally good for hot fluids, either water, air, or oil; as the
steain passes out of the meter Figure 9 through the pipe nt back into the pipe n',
it will be under low pressure, and it passes thence directly into the radiators L, L',
the cocks of the radiators being open, and it also passes through a pipo n³ into a
pressure gauge G³, to indicate the pressure in the building; also through a pipe no
into a diaphragm regulator K (see Figure 7) attached to the key of the meter to
regulate the pressure in the building. In Figures 7, 12, 13, and 14 is shown a
steam trap which has been constructed expressly for use in connection with the
warming apparatus herein described. This trap answers a double purpose, namely,
that of a reheater and a steam trap. In many places it can be used as follows:-
For instance, in order to warm a large dwelling or store as indicated in Figure 7,
where there are a number of radiators in the rooms above ground, the steam will
come into the basement through the meter, and then up through all the radiators
as above described. The condensed steam is returned to the basement through
pipes n³, n, and a juuction pipe n10, and into the trap I' which contains a balanced
Hoat open at the upper end as shewn. This float receives the water from the
return pipo n10, and reinains full up to the top of a centro tube t arranged therein.
The top of the tube and the water in the float f being about eight inches higher
than the water surrounding the float, gives the water in the centre tube that much
head," and forms a current of hot water down through the bottom of the float.
The descending water being hotter than that in the trap below increases the
temperature of this body of water, and causes it to ascend in the space t¹ between
the float and the side of the trap, a little above a pipe n" through which it will
leave the trap, and circulate through a radiator L³ in the basement, then back
through a pipe n into the bottom of the trap, when it ascends and is reheated by
the hot water descending through the centre tube t. If the temperature of the
circulating water is too low to warm the basement radiator L³, live steam by
opening a valve d in the pipe n can be admitted to a coil A' formed in this pipe
in the bottom of the trap, so as to reheat the water and raise its temperature as
high as required. The steam condensed in the coil ' will be forced up through
the pipe n' into the top of the trap 1', and serve to increase the temperature of the
water descending through the centre tube t. When the water rises too high in the
trap, tho float f^ (which is connected by a rod n and cord u¹ to a balance lever W)
will ascend and lower the weighted end of the lever W, which by means of a rod w
and lever w will open the cock w³ in a waste pipo w³ communicating with the
trap, so that the surplus water is allowed to pass off into a hot well Z; and if at

page_text: the same time it should be desirable to heat a greenhouse with the water of con-
densation returned to the trap, a hot water pipe may be used as at n¹³, Figures
6 and 7, to lead such water from the pipe n¹ connecting with the trap to a green
house H. The hot water circulates through heating pipes in the greenhouse H¹,
and is thence returned through a pipe n to the pipe n", which leads the
same into the trap, where it is reheated for repeated circulation, while all
surplus water will be discharged into the reservoir Z as before described. A way
cock as at d is provided for the pipe n't, and the pipes n will be provided with
similar cocks. It is manifest that the hot water from the trap I may be carried
through the pipe n" to a tank in the kitchen of the building, there to be used for
culinary and other domestic purposes, a return pipe being provided to return the
water from such tank to the trap 1' in a like manner as provided by the pipe n¹¹
for returning the hot water from the heater L³ to said trap, and in like manner hot
water can be supplied for use throughout the building wherever needed. In this
manner one is enabled to utilize either in the condition of steain or in the con-
dition of hot water, nearly all the heat let into the building. It may be here
stated that whilst the trap above described is preferable, still a trap of ordinary
construction might with good results be substituted therefor for the purpose of
heating by steam only. In the foregoing description the trap I¹ is referred to as a
reheater for warming either the basements of buildings or green houses by
circulating hot water. But this combined trap and reheater need not be used
simply to heat such localities. If desired the trap proper may for instance be
located in the top story of a building, and warm all parts of the building as well as
a greenhouse by circulating hot water from such upper story as signified by Figures
15 and 16, and there being no danger of fire from its use, the trap proper may be
located in any back hall or closet. In Figure 7 I have shewn the outer shell or
cylinder of the trap made in two sections or main parts, an upper one of in which
the float operates, and a lower one in which the coil h¹ is located, the two
sections freely communicating through an opening 6. There is thus practically a
float chamber for the upper section, and a coil chamber for the lower section. Wo
will now suppose that it is desirable to locate the trap proper in the third story of
a dwelling as in Figure 15. In this case the coil chamber or lower section will
be located in the basement, and thus act partially as a heater for such room, while
the upper section will be located in the third story of the house, so as to
act partially as a heater for such story; and from this latter section e³ the hot
water will circulate through all the radiators on that floor, then descend to
the next and so on till it reaches the basement, from whence it may circulate
through a greenhouse H', and finally be returned to the bottom e³ of the trap
and so be reheated for repeated circulation, while all surplus water will be dis-
charged into a hot water reservoir as signified in Figure 7. In this supposed
case the live steam after having passed through the meter is taken from
the pipe n', Figure 7, into an "upright" V₁, Figure 15, from which the steain
passes through the pipe n' and its coil in the trap section e³ along up said
pipe, and discharges into the upper trap section e² in the third story.
corresponding parts of the trap shown in Figures 7 and 15 perform the same
functions and are designated by like letters.
It will thus be seen that any one or
more of the buildings situated within tho district signified in Figure 1 can at option
be heated either by steain or by circulating hot water, as may be desired, or parts
of the same building may be heated by steam while other parts may be heated by
circulating hot water, the agent for doing all this being the steam generated in the
building A located at or near the centre of said district and passed through the
mains F under high pressure. In Figures 17 and 18 is shown a pressure guage to
indicate the pressure of the steam let into the radiators and other steam fixtures of
a dwelling. This guage may be indicated in the basement of a building, as indicated
in Figure 7, and receives steam through the pipe n when the steam leaves the
meter. It consists of a cylindrical frame et having an oxtension e³ which is provided
with a scale indicating pounds and half pounds, as at b. It is provided with an
The

page_text: index pointer 7 pivoted at p, and with a short lever arm pl which receives a rod p³
that is connected to a vertical lever p³. The extremity of the curved rear portion
of this lever på Beats itself loosely beneath a projecting part of a ring t, whilst a
spur thereon rests upon a boss secured centrally upon a flexible diaphragm t³
which covers and is secured over the steam chamber c¹0 of the guage, as shewn in
Figure 17. A rod p* connects the lever p³ with a flat spring p³ secured to the
case or frame c'. This spring when not tension by the action of the steam in the
chamber co has the effect of retaining the pointer at the zero point of the scale bs,
so the pointer will always return to this normal position after the steam has ceased
to act within the chamber c¹o. Suppose the pointer to be at zero, and the
diaphragm at rest, if steam is now let into the chamber c¹o through the pipe n³
the flexible diaphragm tº will be forced outward from the steam chamber, and the
forward part of the lever p³ displaced whilst the rod p² will bo drawn down, in
turn drawing down the short arm p¹ so that the pointer is caused to move forward
upon the scale b
This act puts the spring p under tension, and it will remain
under any given tension corresponding to a given pressure of the steam so long as
such pressure is maintained, and as the pressure varies the pointer will indicate tho
varying pressures upon the scale. The steain after passing through the meter before
referred to, also passes by means of a pipe no into a diaphragin regulator K. (see
Figures 5 and 7). This regulator is connected with a key k which is fitted to the
end of the valve stem c³, as seen in Figure 8, and by acting on the valve regulates
the pressure of the steam within the building. The regulator is of simple con-
struction, the same having a steam chamber c¹ (see Figure 5) to receive steam from
the pipo no, and a flexible diaphragm t' which is held in place by ring to. To an
upright projection of this ring is pivoted a lever l as at j', and a spur l' on this
lever rests on a boss secured to the flexible diaphragm #. The lever I carries a
moveable weight w which may be adjusted as desired. To the forward end of the
lever is secured one end of a cord u which carries a weight w at the other end,
and which is passod over a sheave y on the key k when the regulator is to come into
nction. Suppose the cone valve c* to be closed, and that the operator desires to let
a quantity of steam into the radiator L sufficient to heat it, and that such quantity
will be furnished at a pressure of two pounds, to this end the key is turned by
hand so as to open the valve, the forward movement of the key being continued
until the pressure guago G³ indicates two pounds pressure; this done, the operator
raises the cord u over the sheave y and adjusts the weight u along the lever &
until the same assumes a horizontal position as indicated in Figure 5, care being
taken during such act not to further open the cone valve c*. This being done a
steady heat at two pounds pressure of steam will be furnished to said heater. When
it becomes desirable to set the heater L' in operation, the inlet valve d' is properly
turned and steam is admitted. This act at once reduces the two pound pressure in
the chamber c of the regulator, whereupon the weighted lever will fall below a
horizontal plane and so draw upon the cord us, at the same time elevating the
weight and thereby opening the cone valve until the given pressure is re-established
for both heaters the same as it previously had been for only one. After another
interval of time it may be found desirable to use only one of the heaters L and L',
accordingly the steam is cut off from the radiator L, and this act increases the
steam pressure in the regulator so that the diaphragm, and with it the lever, is
raised, and the cono valve is closed sufficiently to keep the right supply of heat in
the radiator L, practically under the original two pounds pressure. In large cities
many narrow streets during the winter season become at times so much obstructed
by snow and ice as to impede travel, as well as to entail a heavy expense for the
removal of the same. In carrying out this improved mode of heating buildings in
cities and other large towns provision is made for a ready and inexpensive removal
of such snow and ice, as represented in Figures 6 and 8 of the Drawing. In the
latter Figure, at one side of the street H. an opening f' is made along the side walk
curb, a cover f being provided for such opening when not in use. This opening f
leads into a large underground tank or box B³ provided with an exit pipe n' which

page_text: is made to communicate with an underground sewer of the city or town. This box
may be located near one of the steam hydrants P, or if deemed best a special steam
hydrant, as at P in Figures 6 and 8 may be stationed at convenient points on the
side walk I. This hydrant P is made to take steam from one of the street inains F¹
through a pipe n, and it is provided with proper valves to let on and cut off the
steam when desired. A pipe n", Figure 8, situated near the steam hydrant P
passes from a point near the surface of the side walk down into the box B³ and is
coiled upon the bottom of said box. This coil may be perforated, or it may be left
solid, but it is open at its terminus so that a heavy flow of high pressure steam may
be let into the box. The opening f' is of such width and length as to admit of
one, two, or more cart loads of ice and snow gathered from the street to be dumped
through it at one time, and with steam let on during such dumping, the snow and
ice will melt and run off into the sewer of the city with very great rapidity.
At 18, Figure 8, a short connection pipe is shown between the hydrunt P³
and the pipe n leading into the box B³. This connecting pipe need only be
used when steam is let into the box B³, and when not wanted for such purpose it
can be removed and a cover g adjusted over the pipe n. By this means provision
is made for a ready and inexpensive means for freecing streets from accumulations of
snow and ice. If needed, an auxiliary steam pipe n connecting with the bydrant P³
can also be brought into action either to melt the snow in the box or for clearing
the side walk and street of snow by throwing hot steam thereon. The foregoing
description illustrates a practical way of distributing steam, and the condensation of
steam throughout buildings within a district of buildings signified in Figures 1 and 2,
but the relative location of the several devices employed for such purpose may be
varied according to the locality and surrounding circumstances without departure
from this Invention. It is manifest that in some cases where the steam is to be used
as a motor for propelling machinery, and under a higher pressure than is necessary for
simply warming a building, the steam may be conducted directly to an engine in a
building in the said district of buildings by a steam pipe connecting with an outlet
pipe of a meter, as the pipe n', Figures 7 and 9, and in that case a meter might be
used of a size large enough to pass such a volume of steam, and under such pressure
as would suffice to furnish the power required, and thus preserve a record of the
amount of steam used; or a rubber hose might be connected with the pipe n' or
the pipe n, Figure 7, so as to receive high pressure steam before the steam enters
the meter, and the end of such hoso made inovable, so that the steam could be
taken to any part of the house to extinguish small fires, or for the purpose of
boiling clothes, running washing machines, sewing machines, or other machines
requiring power to work them. In case any bissing noise is communicated
through the steam pipes leading from the meter to radiators in rooms above
the same may be remedied by having such pipes made with a short section of
rubber tube at some convenient point of their length in the basement. It may be
desirable under some circumstances to take steam from the mains at other points
than the junction service boxes; as for instance, at a four way branch, where one
street connects with another, but does not cross; and in that case a service pipe
could be taken out from the fourth or unoccupied side of the four way branch.
And the Invention is not to be limited to an expansion chamber to receive the
longitudinally expansive thrust of the main F¹, which shall also serve as a chamber
from which to distribute steam to the service pipe a, as it may, in some instances,
be desirable to use an expansion chamber to receive the longitudinally expansive
thrust of the main without having a service pipe connected therewith. Referring
to Figure 25, which illustrates the second part of my Invention, the letters A, A³,
A³, A³, designate four steam boilers. There may be any greater number than two
of these boilers, as the necessities of the case may require. These boilers are con-
nected together by a feed water pipe B and branch pipes a, provided with cocks a³,
a², a, a, and c¹, and this pipe B is connected to a small steam pump C by a branch
pipe a³. The smoke pipe D of the boilers runs all along these boilers, and connects
with a stalk D', the same being connected to the boilers by branch pipes b, b', bº, b³.

page_text: A steam conveying pipe E passes along the steam domes of all the boilers, and
connects therewith by branch pipes c, e', c², e³, cocks f, ƒ ƒ³, ƒ³, being arranged in
the pipe E for letting steam pass into this pipe, or stopping the escape of steam
from the respective boilers into said pipe. This steam conveying pipe E is con-
nected with a two, three, or four way branch F, which is arranged underground,
and each branch of which may connect with one of the steam mains before referred
to, or be arranged in other ways. The train or series of boilers thus far described,
aside from the pump C, pipe a³, and cock C, does not differ in construction and
operation from any other train or series of upright boilers which may be used at a given
point for generating a great quantity of steam for driving large works. Now, in
order to make the said train or series of boilers capable of use for generating high
pressure steam, and heating its own feed water by waste heat passing to stack D',
two auxiliary smoke pipes D³, D³, are connected with the main smoke pipe D, and
carried down into the combustion chamber or flue-space of the boilers A, A¹, above
the fire grate thereof, and another auxiliary smoke flue D is connected with the
combustion or flue space of the boiler A¹, and with the smoke stack D¹. In the main
smoke pipe D and its branches b, 61, dampers c, c', c³, c³, are provided, and in the
auxiliary smoke pipes dampers c', c, c, are provided as shown. The feed water
pipe B is provided with an auxiliary pipe B', which is connected with an auxiliary
pipe B leading from the steam pump C into the water space of the boiler A', and
by another auxiliary pipe B³ into the water space of the boiler A. The pipes B¹,
B2, B3, are provided with cocks aº, a³, a³. With this addition of auxiliary smoke
flues and feed water pipes the water from the pipe B can, firstly, be passed into the
boilers A, A', through cocks a¹, a², and there heated by the waste heat from the
boilers A2, A3, and then caused to pass into the boilers A, A, as will be set forth
in describing the operation of the boilers. In order to make use of one or more of
the boilers for generating steam at low pressure, as occasion may require, a
supplemental steam conveying pipe G with branch pipes a and a10, and with
cocks a, a, is connected with the steam domes of the boilers A, A', the damper c
being kept open, but cock a closed in using this part of the apparatus.
Operation. If the boilers are all fired and making steam at a high pressure,
the feed water will enter pipe B at B, the cock c¹ being open, and cocks aº, a², aª,
closed. The pressure in the pipe B will be kept above that in the boilers, so that
the water can be forced into any or all the boilers through the cocks a', a², a³, a*,
accordingly as these cocks are adjusted. If the boilers a³, as, are fired, and making
steam at, say, sixty pounds, and the boilers A, A', are making steam at only five or
ten pounds, the water will still enter the boilers the same as just described, but if
the boilers A, A', are used merely to heat the feed water the feed water will enter
the pipe B at B³, as above, cocks C', a, a, as, being closed, but cocks a', a², being
still open. The pressures in pipe B and boilers A, A', will be kept above the
pressures in the boilers Aº, A³, so that when the cocks a, a, as, are open, and
cocks a', a, closed, hot water can be drawn into boilers A2, A3, through cocks a³, a',
froin boilers A, A', or instead of keeping the pressure in pipe B and boilers A, A',
abovo that in boilers A, A³, the water may be kept at the usual height for
making steam, and without pressure, and the water taken out through pipes B², P³,
and pumped into boilers A2, A3, through the pipe B, the cocks C, a, and a², being
closed, and cocks a³, a, a, a, a, being open, and the small pump C being used for
that purpose. When the boilers A, A¹, are used as just described the water is
made hot by the heat that would otherwise pass off into the smoke stack, such
heat being turned down through the boilers A, A', by closing the dampers c¹, c*,
and opening the dampers c, c, c, c³, and c. The spent heat escapes into the
stack D' after passing through the boilers through pipes b and D'. If steam is
made at a low pressure in boilers A and A' the cocks f; fƒ³, and aº, a³, a8, will be
closed, and the steam will pass out into pipe G through cocks a", a, and be
conveyed where wanted. If low pressure steam is made in the boiler A', and feed
water heated in the boiler A then only the cock a will be opened to the pipe G,
and the cock a closed at all times. All the steam made at high pressure will

page_text: pass out through the pipe E, which is turned down and terminates in the four
way branch Funderground, and in proper connection with the street mains.
The branch smoke pipes D° and D³ are shown as entering the boilers above the
grates. This will answer with or without fire on the grates; but if the boilers A, A',
are to be used only to heat feed water these pipes may enter the boilers below
the grates. In that case the boilers will not have to be constructed specially
for that purpose as the flues can enter the ash pits. The pressure of steam in the
boilers A and A' may be increased by combining the heat of a fire on the grate of
the fire boxes with the waste heat, but this cannot as well be done if the waste
heat pipes enter below the grates of the boilers. Referring to Figures 26 and 27,
which illustrate the third part of this Invention, let A be supposed to represent a
foundation for sustaining the parts now to be described; B is a saddle firmnly
sustained by projecting its lateral portions out into the earth, and made secure by
the use of water, lime, cement, and pounded stone. C, C', are sections of a street
steam-main, having service pipes a, a, near the saddle. The section C of the main
is firmly supported and bolted to the saddle B as indicated at b. Each section C of
the main being, say, about one hundred feet long, there will be about 50 feet of
main on each side of the saddle, and as the longitudinal expansion and consequent
movement of these fifty feet of metal pipe must not be restrained on either side of
the saddle to provide for this movement without any leakage taking place, the
respective ends of the section of pipe which is bolted to the saddle are inserted for
some considerable distance into enlarged ends c of the other sections C¹ of the
main, and made steam-tight by a ring of packing pressed upon by a screw follower
or in any other proper manner. Under this mode of construction of and laying
main pipes and their service pipes for steam warming apparatus, the expansion
near the saddle will be so slight that the service pipes a, a, will not be materially
deflected from a right angle with the main, and the aggregated expansion on ench
side of the saddle will lengthen the pipe, say, about one or two inches, and this
increased length will be received in the enlarged packed ends of the section C', and
thus the expansion is permitted and bodily movement of the main pipes and their
service pipes prevented by the strong and permanently seated saddle. In laying
down the street steam mains C, C, the same mode is followed as herein before
described of covering the mains for the purpose of preventing undue condensation
and loss of steam after it leaves the boiler and in its travel to the dwellings to be
heated. And at necessary and convenient points accessible junction boxes will be
provided for the purpose of getting at such valves or cocks of the service pipes as
may be used.
Referring to Figures 28 and 29 which illustrate the fourth part of
this Invention, the letters A, A', represent a metal valve cylinder with an inlet B,
and an outlet C for steam or other substance to pass through. D is a diaphragm
with a flaring passage a through its centre, and E is a cone valve plug arranged to
work longitudinally through the passage a of the diaphragm. The largest diameter
of this cone valve plug just closes the passage a, and the smallest diameter just
opens it to its full capacity of discharge. The cone valve plug has a screw threaded
stem bon one end, and a plain stein on the other end, and these stems are
respectively supported in the cylinder A, A', by means of a tubular extension d, and
a stuffing box d', whilst a hand-wheel F or other similar device is applied to the
outer part of the stem. The construction and operation of this cone valve is
substantially like that of the valve shewn in Figure 9 and herein before described,
and a detailed description of its operation is therefore deemed unnecessary. The
parts A, A, of the valve cylinder are made separate from each other, and the
diaphragm D is made of a separate piece confined between the coupled ends of the
parts by means of a scrow-ring coupling G, which is fitted to scrow threads cnt
upon the ends of the parts as shown. By this manner of constructing the valve
chamber the diaphragin D can be made of a material such as hard rubber or glass,
which will not readily cut out, and also will not produce a hissing uoise when stean
is flowing through it, and when repairs are necessary the parts of the chamber can
be separated and the worn diaphragm replaced by a new one. This Invention

page_text: having now been fully described, what is claimed as now, and desired to be secured
by Letters Patent is,-1. An underground steam street-main, in combination with
steam-supplying apparatus, and with a meter constructed to control the pressure
of steam in a building, and aiso record the consumption of steam from such
main, substy as described. 2. Underground street mains connected with steam-
supplying apparatus and with junction-boxes, which permit expansion and
contraction of the mains longitudinally, and with heat radiators in buildings
contiguous to streets where the mains are laid, substantially as and for the purposes
described. 3. In combination with steam-conveying pipes of a building for
conveying steam to heat the building and for other purposes, a steam meter
constructed to control the pressure of steam in such pipes, and also record the
consumption of steam in the building, substantially as described. 4. An under-
ground steam strect main in combination with steam supplying apparatus, and
with a heat radiator of a building, and with a meter, substantially as described.
5. Underground street mains connected with steam supplying apparatus, and with a
heat radiator, and with a steam-trap, substantially as described. 6. Underground
street-mains connected with steam supplying apparatus, and with a heat radiator,
and with a steam trap which answers the double purpose of a re-heater and a steam
trap, substantially as described. 7. An underground steam street-main in con-
nection with steam-supplying apparatus, and with a heater of a building, and with
a water hydrant, substantially as and for the purposes described. 8. An under-
ground steam street main connected with steam-supplying apparatus, and with a
heater of a building, and with a street steam hydrant, substantially as and for the
purpose described. 9. Underground street-mains connected with steam-supplying
apparatus, and with a heat radiator, and with an automatic steam regulator or
governor, substantially as and for the purpose described. 10. Underground steam
street mains connected with steam-supplying apparatus, and with a heat radiator of
a building, and with underground snow and ice reservoir having open-ended or
perforated steam pipes in said reservoirs for the escape of steam therein, substan-
tially as and for the purposes described. 11. A steam street main expansion
chamber F8, substy as described. 12. An adjustable hood g in combination
with the service pipe a, street main E¹, and an expansion chamber which serves
as a steam chamber, substantially as described. 13. The combination of the
expansion chamber Fs, the street main F¹, screw threaded as at f³, the adjust-
able ring G, and the follower e, substantially as and for the purpose described.
14. The wall of the expansion chamber F3 of the junction box F10, made to support
the inner end of a section of the steam main, and the outer covering m² of the
steam main, substantially as described. 15. The section F of the steam main
made of nickel plated metal, substantially as and for the purpose described.
16. The combination of the convex ring of the steam main F, the wall of the
expansion chamber tube G, and eyebolts g, substantially as and for the purpose des-
cribed. 17. Steam street mains, insulated as described, drained by tiles, as at sub-
stantially as and for the purpose described. 18. The meter cylinder c, having inlet n³,
on outlet n, and an annular diaphragm c7, in combination with a longitudinally-
adjustable cone-valve c', a laterally travelling pencil finger i, clock movement M, and
ribbon M, substantially as and for the purpose described. 19. One or more than one
radiator heated by steam supplied through the passage of the cone-valve c', in com-
bination with the regulator K, whereby the same determined pressure of the steam
is practically maintained either in one radiator or in more than one radiator,
whether only one radiator or more than one radiator is in use at the same time,
substantially as described. 20. The spring 2 in combination with the bar 2³, the
pencil finger i, clutch , and valvo stem c, substantially as and for the purpose
described. 21. The combination of the conducting pipe n¹ and steam pipe n',
having a coil h, and the trap I' having connected chambers c and and pipe n",
substantially as and for the purpose described. 22. The suspended trap-float f',
provided with a tube t, of less height than the depth of the chamber of the float, in
combination with the pipe n¹¹, pipe n', cock w², and pipe w³, substantially as and
x,

page_text: for the purpose described. 23. A reheater interposed between radiators, which
are heated by steam from the source of supply, and radiators which are heated by
water of condensation from the same steam, substantially as and for the purpose
described. 24. The reheater pipe n' in combination with the trap I', substantially
as and for the purpose described. 25. A street steam-hydrant connected with
the street-main F¹, and located in close contiguity to a water-hydrant which is
warmed by a pipe n, connected to said main, whereby steam and water may at all
times be simultaneously supplied from the same locality to an engine for
extinguishing fires, substantially as described. 26. The casings m³ and me for the
service pipes, serving to prevent the major portion of such pipes from becoming
impacted by earth and to permit them to expand and contract freely, substantially
as described. 27. A contrivance or contrivances for supplying steam for warming
districts of dwellings in cities and towns, and for driving machinery, and for other
purposes consisting of steam supplying apparatus, street mains having expansion
junction service-boxes, service pipes having connecting pipes and meters, substan-
tially as described. 28. A train or series of steain boilers connected together and
to a feed water supplying apparatus and to a draft flue by means of pipes and
flues furnished with cocks or valves and dampers, substantially as described,
whereby at the will of the engineer all of the boilers can be used for generating
high pressure steam, or a portion of the train or series be used for generating high
pressure steam, and the other portion for heating and supplying feed water for
those generating high-pressure steam, as set forth. 29. A train or series of steam
boilers connected together and to a feed water supplying apparatus and to a draft flue
by means of pipes and flues furnished with cocks or valves and dampers, sub-
stantially as described, whereby at the will of the engineer all of the boilers can be
used for generating high-pressure steam, or a portion of them be used for generating
high pressure steam, and the other portion for generating low pressure steam as set
forth. 30. A train or series of steam boilers connected together and to a feed water
supplying apparatus and to a draft flue by means of pipes and flues furnished with
cocks or valves and dampers, substantially as described, whereby at the will of the
engineer all of the boilers can be used for generating high pressure steam, or a
portion of them be used for generating high pressure steam, a portion for generating
low pressure steam, and a portion for heating and supplying feed-water for the
high and low pressure boilers as set forth. 31. The combination of the smoke-
flue D, b, b, waste heat pipes D³, D', and the dampers c', c³, c, c, and co, with two
or more boilers A', A³, and stack D', substantially as described and shown in
Figure 25.
32. The combination of the smoke flue D, b, be, having dampers c, c',
waste heat pipe D', and its damper c', two or more boilers A, A, and stack D',
substantially as described and shown in Figure 25. 33. The combination of tho
boilers A, A1, A2, smcke fluo D, b, b1, b², waste flues D³, D³, D', and the dampers
c, c², c², c³, c², c³, c, and the stack D', substantially as described and shown in
Figure 25. 34. The combination of the pump c, pipe B, train or series of boilers,
and the feed water pipes and cocks belonging to the boiler A', substantially as
described and shown in Figure 25. 35. The combination of the pump C, pipe B,
train or series of boilers, and the feed water pipes and cocks belonging to boiler A,
substantially as described and shown in Figure 25. 36. The combination with a
train series or battery of boilers of the high and low pressure steam conveying
pipes F and G, and their cocks, substantially as and for the purpose set forth and
as shown in Figure 25. 37. In combination with steam-tight slip-jointed sections
of a street main, saddles placed near the middle of their lengths for confining the
respective sections from longitudinal displacement at or near the points where the
service pipes leading from the mains are located, and thereby preventing very
great lateral deficction of said service pipes, substantially as herein set forth. 38. Å
longitudinally adjustable valve-plug, of cone-form, which is applied so as to be
uninfluenced by the direct pressure of the steam upon it within its chamber in
combination with a valve chamber having a perforated diaphragm across it for the
valve plug to work in back and forth, and an inlet passage between one end or

page_text: head of the chamber, and the said diaphragm, and an outlet passage between the
other end or head of the chamber, and said diaphragm whereby a suitable receivable
chamber for high pressure steam is provided on one side of the diaphragm, and a
like chamber for low pressure steam is also provided on the other side of the
diaphragm, and the passage of the steam which is at high pressure into pipes
which are to conduct the same at variant pressures or at low pressure is controlled
substantially as herein set forth. 39. A valve plug chamber made in two parts,
and with its diaphragm confined between the ends of these parts by a coupling
devico, substantially as described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Herbert John Haddan, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Ninth day of July, A.D. 1879.
H. J HADDAN. (L.S.)