Improvements in the Manufacture of Reversible Ingrain Carpets.
Year: 1891

page_text: Date of Application, 3rd Sept., 1891
Complete Specification Left, 1st June, 1892-Accepted, 2nd July, 1892
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in the Manufacture of Reversible Ingrain Carpets.
We HENDERSON & CO. LIMITED of the City of Durham in the County of
Durham, Carpet Manufacturers, and ROBERT BRITTON of 3 Wanlass Terrace
in the same City of Durham, Loom Tuner, do hereby declare the nature of this
invention to be as follows:-
The object of our invention is to manufacture a reversible four ply carpet in an
ordinary two ply ingrain loom.
In weaving an ordinary two ply ingrain carpet, four sets of warp threads and
four sets of weft threads are usually employed, two of each set to form the figure,
the remaining two to form the ground.
In manufacturing a reversible four ply carpet according to our present invention,
we form the pattern by means of the weft threads only, using one half of the warp
threads to raise the figure on pattern, and the other half to act as a binder; a
double ply of weft is formed in the middle and a single ply on either side of the
carpet.
Dated the 2nd of condomtur 1001
WM. BROOKES & SON,
55 & 56, Chancery Lane, London, Agents for the Applicants.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in the Manufacture of Reversible Ingrain Carpets.
We HENDERSON AND CO. LIMITED of the City of Durham, in the County
of Durham Carpet Manufacturers, and ROBERT BRITTON of 3 Wanlass Terrace
in the same City of Durham, Loom Tuner do hereby declare the nature of this
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following statement :-
In manufacturing an ordinary 2 ply ingrain carpet fabric four warp threads and
four weft threads are usually employed, two of the weft threads are to form the
figure the remaining two to form the ground; each of the said weft threads has a
corresponding warp thread which covers or acts as a binder to it.
There are in the ordinary two ply ingrain carpet loom two lifter boards; one is
termed the ground lifter board the other the figure lifter board; these boards lift
alternately to each other, that is when the ground lifter board is risen up the figure
lifter board is down and vice versa.
There are also four journal boards employed; each of these boards governs or
Four warp
lifts one quarter of the warp threads for every pick of the loom.
threads comprise one set and are usually coloured white on the first journal,
oak on the second journal, red on the third journal and black on the fourth
journal.
To operate on these warp threads perforated cards are employed; one card is
used for every two insertions of the weft, one insertion of weft to form the ground
and the other to form the figure. When the card cylinder which carries the
perforated cards is drawn in and presses against the jacquard needles, which said
needles have each two loops or eyes formed in them, the parts of the card which
are not perforated will press the jacquard needles backward and so press the cords
which are governed by these needles out of the slot of the ground lifter board;
the parts of the card which are perforated allow the needles to remain in their
original position.

page_text: This operation takes place for the insertion of the weft threads which are to
form the ground of the pattern. The slots of the figure lifter board are cut in the
reverse way to those in the ground lifter board and the needles which were pressed
backward by the unperforated parts of the card act or press the cords which are
governed by these needles into the slot of the figure lifter boards; this operation
takes place for the insertion of the weft thread which is to form the figure part of
the pattern.
Figure 1 is a sectional drawing of a piece of ordinary two ply ingrain carpet;
the letters W: R. O. B are here employed to denote what may be in practice,
.white, red, oak and black weft threads and the letters W' R' O and B' are
employed to denote what may be white, red, oak and black threads.
warp
In manufacturing a reversible four ply ingrain carpet fabric according to our
present invention we discard the alternate operation of the jacquard needles and
use one card for each insertion of the weft and we also discard the ground lifter
board and the two journals which are operated by the said ground lifter board.
The warp threads which act as a stuffer are entirely operated upon by the figure
lifter board and the warp threads which act as binders by the two journal boards
which are in turn operated upon by the single or figure lifter board. We form the
figure or pattern by means of the weft threads only and to do this we employ two
suitable ingrain warps: one of these warps is operated by half of the jacquard
harness or may be so operated by two heddles so that when one half of the last
mentioned warp is lifted up to receive the first set of weft threads on the face, the
other half of the said warp remains down, to bind the weft threads on the under-
side of the fabric. Four weft threads are inserted before the said warp threads
close and cross to bind the first set of weft threads together. After the warp
threads have crossed they are then ready to receive another set of weft threads
which are inserted in the same order as the first set, but the warp threads which
were acting as binders for the top layers of weft are on the underside in the second
set to act as binders for the under layers of weft. This operation of the binding
warp takes place alternately so that each set of weft threads is bound together
throughout the carpet, and in no case can the layers of weft be separated, as in an
ordinary ingrain carpet. The other of the two warps which is entirely operated
by the jacquard cards and single lifter board raises the warp threads into position
to form the figure or pattern of the carpet. We employ two of the said warp
threads in each reed of the slay and they can be so operated that either one or the
other or even both of the said threads can be lifted up at one and the same time at
will. When the single or figure lifter board raises the whole of the warp threads,
which are so operated by the jacquard cards, and the first weft thread is thrown
through the opening, and the opening becomes closed by the lathe or slay, it will
then be observed that the said weft thread will be exposed in some parts of the
line to form the figure or pattern on the face of the fabric, and in other parts of
the same line the weft thread will lie between the said two warp threads which are
so operated by the jacquard cards, and is not exposed on either side of the carpet
intentionally, in other parts of the same line the weft will be exposed on the under
side of the carpet and forms part of the figure or pattern of the same; this same
operation takes place with each line of weft where the figure has to be formed:
any of the weft threads can be put either on the face or in the middle or on the
underside of the carpet at will.
Figure 2 is a sectional drawing of our improved carpet fabric, and shews distinct
layers of weft cut in section and also both the warps. The letters W. R. O. B.
denote white, red, oak, and black weft threads which are inserted as in an ordinary
two ply four coloured ingrain carpet. C. C. denote the thin ingrain warp threads
which act as binders to the weft threads and are operated upon by half of the
jacquard harness or may be so operated upon by two journals or heddles. These
journals or heddles work alternately to each other. D. D. denote thick ingrain
warp threads entirely operated upon by the jacquard cards and single lifter board
but in no case do the said warp threads appear on either side of the carpet

page_text: intentionally. They are simply so operated to raise the weft threads into position
to form the figure or pattern of the carpet, and also to act as binders for the two
middle or inner layers of weft.
Figure 3 is a section of a modification in the production of our improved carpet,
W. R. O. B herein are made to serve to denote the weft threads, C. C. the thin
It will be
ingrain warp threads and D. D. the thick ingrain warp threads.
observed that the warp threads D. D. are operated upon somewhat differently to
Figure 2 instead of the said warp threads going straight through the carpet as in
Figure 2 they are crossed in a similar manner to the thin ingrain warp threads at
the close of each set, and so bind the two inner layers of weft together..
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of our said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, we declare that what
we claim is :-
1. The improvements in the manufacture of a reversible four ply ingrain carpet
fabric, wherein four ingrain warp threads are employed two of the said warp
threads serving as binders and the remaining two serving to raise the weft threads
into position in the figure or pattern of the carpet, and capable of being so
operated as to produce novel effects as herein described and shewn in the
drawings.
2. The method of manufacturing reversible ingrain carpets so as to secure the
production of the novel effects indicated herein, as set forth.
Dated the 21st day of Mov 1892
WM. BROOKES & SON,
55 & 56, Chancery Lane, London, Agents for the Applicants.