Improvements in Pneumatic Tyres.
Year: 1894

page_text: The decision of the Comptroller-General of the 17th day of July 1894 allowed,
under Section 18 of the Patents, &c. Act, 1883, an Amendment of this
Specification.
Date of Application, 30th Jan., 1894-Accepted, 10th Mar., 1894
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION TAMEN
Improvements in Pneumatic Tyres.
I, JOSEPH GEORGE MOOMY, of 132 East 12th Street, Erie, Pennsylvania, in the
United States of America, Inventor, do hereby declare the nature of this invention
and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following statement, reference being had to the
accompanying drawings and to the letters and figures marked thereon, that is
to say :-
This invention relates to pneumatic tyres, and consists in certain improvements
in the construction thereof, as will be hereinafter fully described and pointed out in
the claims.
More specifically my invention has relation to the fastening of the tyre to the rim
of the wheel, and particularly to that class of tyres having flaps on their inner
peripheries on which a binder is placed, binding them to the rim of the wheel, and
other improvements hereinafter more fully set forth.
Fig. 1 is a cross-section of a tyre and rim made in accordance with my invention,
the tyre at the right of said figure being shown as deflated, and at the left as
inflated..
Fig. 2 is an enlarged sectional view of the tyre flap.
Fig. 3 shows a construction alternative with that shown in Figure 1.
Fig. 4 is a cross-section of one side of a deflated tyre, having features additional
to those shown in Figure 1.
Fig. 5 is a like view of the tyre, also having additional features to those shown in
Figure 1.
Fig. 6 is a similar view showing a construction that is alternative to that shown
in Figure 5.
Fig. 7 is a like view of the tyre showing a construction containing all the features
of the preceding figures.
Fig. 8 is a side elevation of the tyre and rim, half of which is cut away to show
the binder and its mode of fastening.
Fig. 9 is a like view showing an alternative binder.
Fig. 10 is also a like view, and also showing an alternative binder.
A marks the rim of the wheel; A¹, the flanges of the rim ; B, the tyre casing ;
C, the air tube; and D, the binder.
The rim is made laterally flat along the edges where the tyre rests, and the
flanges, A', are formed at an angle thereto, preferably a right angle, as shown in
Figure 1. The flap, b, is cast flat on the bottom so as to fit the flat surface of the
rim, the outer edge of the flap being at an angle to conform to the angle of the
flange to the rim. This flap is preferably so reinforced with duck, as shown by
lines, B', in Figure 2, and so vulcanized as to be as rigid as it can be conveniently
' D .

page_text: handled. The flap is also preferably made of considerable lateral thickness with
the binder recess, ³, of considerable depth, leaving only a thin stiff seat for the
binder near the inner edge of the flap. Where a round bottomed flap or bead is
used, it has a tendency to roll out from under the binder when the tyre is inflated.
By making the bottom of the flap flat and placing it on a like surface on the rim,
this tendency is, to a large extent, overcome, the action if any, being rather a
tipping action in which the binder must give enough to slip over the greatest
diagonal thickness of the flap between the binder and the outside corner of the flap.
And the leverage on the binder being less with this style of flap, a binder of less
strength may be used. This is advantageous with any binder, but is particularly
so with the binder hereinafter described and claimed.
The flaps are made of gradually increasing thickness from the seat of the binder
outward, so that when the flap is in place, the circumference of its upper side
increases from the seat toward the outer edge. This makes the flap triangularly
shaped, where the rim used is as shown in Figure 1, the sides being on the rim and
the flange, and the longest triangular side of the flap uppermost. With this
construction, the binder, as the tyre is inflated, slides or rolls up on this
increasing thickness or circumference of the flap so that whatever slack or
give there is to the binder is taken up, and the flap as a whole is held
tightly in place. This feature is clearly shown in Figure 1, the right side
showing the position of the binder when first put in place before the tyre is
inflated, and the left side of the figure showing the position assumed when the tyre
is inflated. This feature while operative to some extent with any binder, is
particularly adapted to the binder shown and hereinafter described. The annular
shoulder, on the upper side of the flap forms the upper wall of the binder
recess 6, and stops this slipping or rolling movement at the greatest diagonal
thickness of the Hap. Figure 3 shows an alternative construction of flap and rim
containing this feature. In this figure, A',-marks the rim; A³, the flange; b³, the
flap and 6, the shoulder at the upper side of the binder recess.
In this construction the gradually increasing circumference toward the outer edge
of the flap is given to the flap by the shape of the rim. From this it will be seen
that the essential property of this feature is that the upper side of the flap should
gradually increase in circumference from the seat on which the binder is placed
while the tyre is deflated, toward the outer edge of the flap, so that the binder
can roll or slip up on the flaring surface of the flap so as to take up the give or
slack.
In order that the tyre may sustain a greater air pressure, when inflated, the
annular rib a, (shown in Figure 4) may be placed on the rim outside of the binder D,
and a groove, b, placed in the bottom of the flap to fit over the rib. It will readily
be seen that this rib prevents the flap from tipping by keeping the bottom close
against the flange, and so before the tyre can become loose, the binder will have to
be rolled up to the upper edge of the flap and the flap pulled off the rib.
Independent of the rib, as shown in Figures 5 and 6 or in a combination with it, as
shown in Figure 7, a clincher annulus may be formed in the flange as an auxiliary
to the binder in holding on the tyre. Figure 5 shows this annulus as a¹ on the upper
edge of the flange, and Figure 6 shows it as a rib, a², in the flange.
Figure 7 shows a flap containing all the herein before described features, each
operating as before stated.
These flaps come from the mold folded back in close proximity to the casing (as
shown in Figure 2) the normal position leaving a space, 66, between then only
sufficient to allow the binder to be inserted readily into the binder recess, . By
so molding the flap, it can be vulcanized much stiffer than would be practical were
the flaps cast open and then turned into position as the binder is placed. This
permits the use of a much lighter binder without danger of the flap pulling out from
under it; and as the natural shape of the flap is the position desired when bound,
the binder can be put in place much more readily. The binder is also pinched,
when the tyre is inflated, between the flap and the casing much tighter than would

page_text: be the case with the open flap, as the elasticity of the material of the flap would
have to be overcome. This makes it particularly desirable with the binder herein-
after described. The method or process of so molding the flap is not here shown or
described, as it may form the subject matter of a separate application.
Any suitable binder and method of fastening it may be used, but I prefer the one
shown, in which the binder is drawn tight upon its seat with any desirable hitch,
and the ends tucked into the binder recess held in place by the frictional
contact of the parts. In Figures 8, 9 and 10, three common hitches are shown,
Figure 8 showing a binder that is wound around the flap a plurality of times, and
Figures 9 and 10 binders of one wrap with a sufficient lap at the ends to maintain
the fastening. In all of them, the binder is drawn tight with the hitch and the
ends tucked in. The lap at the ends should be of such length, that the initial
friction between them and the flap will be sufficient to hold the binder tight on
the deflated tyre. As the tyre is inflated the lap is pinched in the recess with the
binder, and as the strain on the binder increases with the inflation of the tyre, this
pinching action also increases so that the lap, and consequently the binder, is
securely held against slipping. This pinching action is so great with the flap shown,
that if the laps are tucked in, and held tight until the inflation is fairly started,
no hitch at all is required, the fastening being accomplished entirely by the pinching
action of the walls of the recess upon the binder and laps.
While the above method of fastening can be accomplished with a binder wholly of
wire, I prefer binders in which string forms at least the fastening ends, as wire will
not stand, for any considerable time, the bending and twisting incident to the
frequent unbinding and rebinding of the tyre, while this can be done with a
properly constructed string repeatedly without injury; and the laps at the ends
will hold much better, as the frictional quality of the string is much greater than
that of wire. A string binder is much more pliable than the wire binder or metal
band, and can be wound on much tighter than a wire binder on which there is no
special mechanical means for tightening it. This is especially true of a binder that
is wound several times around the flap as shown in Figure 8; and a string binder
of sufficient strength and durability can be made with much less weight than the
wire binder or metal band; its initial cost it much less; and when used in
connection with a flap with gradually outwardly increasing circumference from the
binder seat, there being no torsional strength to the string, it rolls rather than
slides, consequently finds more nearly its true position on the flap as the tyre is
inflated than would a wire or metal band. This ability to roll is also advantageous
with the open flap, as when the binder is wound or placed on the flap unevenly, it
allows the uneven part to roll to its true position, and the tendency of the wire or
metal band is to wear or cut the flap as it is drawn to its true position by the
inflation of the tyre is absent.
Where a binder having but a single turn is used it is difficult without special
mechanical means, to wind and fasten it sufficiently tight on the Haps to keep the
flap from drawing from under it. For that reason nearly all binders having but
one turn are supplied with some mechanical means for tightening them; usually by
threading the ends and securing them with nuts; and to operate these mechanical
means some sort of tool is usually required, which must be carried, if it is desired to
be able to remove the covering of the tyre at any time and place.
Moreover, the strain on the fastening end of the binder, must be sufficient not
only to give it the proper force to retain the flap, but it must be sufficient to
overcome the friction between it and the opposite side of the binder and to give to
the opposite side of the binder sufficient force to maintain the flap at that point.
For this reason the fasteners for such binders are usually cumbersome or the binders
themselves much heavier than is necessary throughout the circumference.
By placing the flap on the rim and then winding a binder around several
times, a mechanical power is acquired by reason of which the binder can be readily
wound tight enough by hand. This mechanical power may be stated to be as
follows: The binding force of the binder is the pressure it exerts upon the flap.

page_text: If the binder has but one turn it exerts the pressure applied in winding it.
If it is
composed of two turns on different parts of the flap the total pressure on the whole
flap is doubled, and if the second wrap is applied directly over the first, then the
binding force upon the seat of the first is equal to the concentrative binding force of
the first plus the binding force of the second. It will readily be seen that by
multiplying the number of turns applying the same force to each one upon the
other, the contractive binding force is so multiplied that a binder of sufficient
tightness can be readily wound on with the hands alone.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my invention and
in what manner the same may be performed, I declare that what I claim is
1. In a pneumatic tyre, the combination with the rim having a substantially
laterally flat binding surface for the tyre; of said tyre having an outwardly turned
triangularly-shaped-flap-on its inner-periphery, the base of the triangle resting
on the flut binding surface of said rim; and a binder on said flap and over
said-base.
2. In a pneumatic tyre, the combination with the rim of the wheel having a flange
on each side, and a substantially laterally flat binding surface for the tyre-next-to
the-flange which forms an angle with said binding surface; of the tyre having an
outwardly turned flap on its inner-periphery provided with an angulur shoulder-on
its-outer-edge-in-conformity with the angle of the flange-to the-rim; and a
binder-on-suid-flap back of said shoulder which is interposed between said binder
and-flange.
3. In a pneumatic tyre, the combination with the-rim of the wheel; of the tyre
on-which is-an-outwardly turned flap having a binding surface thereon which, when
the flap is-in-place on the rim, normally extends outwardly with a gradually
increasing cireumference from an initial binder sent; and a binder initially placed
en said binder sent.
4. In a pneumatic tyre, the combination with the rim of the wheel; of the tyre
on-which-is-an-outwardly turned flap having a binding surface thereon-which, when
the flap is in place on the rim, normally-extends outwardly with a gradually
increasing--circumference from an initial binder seat; and a binder wound a
plurality of times around said binder-seat.
5. In-a-pneumatic tyre,-the-combination with the rim of the wheel, having-a
flange and a substantially laterally flat binding curface thereon-next the flange,
said flange-forming an angle to said curface; of the tyre having an outwardly
turned-flap-on-its inner periphery that is triangularly-shaped, the base of the
triangle-resting on the rim and one side against the flange; and a binder on
said flap
6. In-a pneumatic-tyre,-the-combination-with the rim of the wheel-having-a
substantially laterally flat binding surface thereon next the flange; un annular rib
on said surface; and the flange forming an angle to said surface; of the tyre
having an outwardly-turned-Hut bottomed flap that rests on said surface-und
against said flange, and having a groove therein to receive the annular rib on the
rim and a binder on said flap back of said rib.
In apneumatic tire, the combination-with-the rim of the wheel having a
substantially laterally flat binding surface thereon-next the flange on which is un
annular-rib; and the flange forming an angle with suid surface; of the tyre
having an outwardly turned flat bottomed triangularly shaped flup on its inner
periphery, the base of which rests on the rim and one-side-of which against the
Hunge, and having an annular groove therein to receive the annular rib on the
rim;-and-a-binder on said flap that is placed back-of-said-rib-
8. In a pneumatic-tyre;-the-combination of the rim having a flange-with-a
elincher-annulus thereon; the tyre having an outwardly turned flap that enters
said elineher annulus; and a binder between the body of the-tyre-and-the-flap
and and on the-flap.
0. In-a-pneumatic tyre, the combination of the rim having a substantially laterally

page_text: flat binding surface thereon and a flange having a clincher annulus thereon; the
tyre having an outwardly turned flat bottomed flap on its inner periphery that
enters the clincher annulus when in position; and a binder between the body of the
tyre and the flap-and-on said flap.
10. In a pneumatic tyre, the combination of the rim having a substantially
laterally flat-binding surface thereon on which-is-an-annular rib; the dange
formed with a elineher annulus therein;-the-tyre-having-an-outwardly turned flat
bottomed flap thereon that enters-the-elineher-annulus on the flange and in which
is a groove-to-receive the annular rib on the rim ; and a binder on said flap back
of said rib.
11. In a pneumatic tyre, the combination with the rim of the wheel-having-a
substantially laterally flat binding surface thereon next the flange; and the-flange
forming an angle to said surface; of the tyre having an outwardly turned
triangularly shaped flap on its inner periphery, the base of the triangle-resting-on
said binding surface of the rim and having an annular rib, 6', on the upper
side thereof opposite the greatest diagonal thickness of the flap; and a binder
on said flap below said rib.
12 1. In a pneumatic tyre, the combination with the casing thereof; of a stiffened
binder flap that normally turns back in close proximity to said casing to
substantially the same position when off said rim as assumed by said flap when in
place upon said rim.
13 2. In a pneumatic tyre, the combination with the rim of the wheel having a
substantially laterally flat binding surface thereon; of the tyre having a stiffened
normally flat bottomed flap that normally turns back outwardly in close proximity
to the tyre and which rests upon said binding surface in substantially its normal
condition; and a binder on the inner edge of said flap.
14. 3. In a pneumatic tyre, the combination with the rim of the wheel having a
substantially laterally flat binding surface thereon next the flange; and the flange
forming an angle to said surface; of the tyre having a stiffened flap on the side
thereof that contacts the binding surface of the rim, normally turns back in close
proximity to the tyre, and which has an angular shoulder on its outer edge in
conformity with the angle of the flange to the rim ; and a binder on said flap back
of said shoulder.
15 4. In a pneumatic tyre, the combination with the rim of the wheel having a
substantially laterally flat binding surface next the flange; and the flange forming
an angle with said surface; of the tyre having a stiffened triangularly shaped flap
at its side that contacts said binding surface of the rim with its triangular base,
and normally turns back in close proximity to the tyre; and a binder on the inner
edge of said flap.
16. 5. In a pneumatic tyre, the combination with the rim of the wheel having a
substantially laterally flat binding surface thereon next the flange; and the flange
forming an angle with said surface; of the tyre having a stiffened triangularly
shaped flap at its side that contacts the binding surface of the rim with its
triangular base, and normally turns back in close proximity to the tyre; and a
binder wound around the wheel upon said flap a plurality of times.
17. 6. In a pneumatic tyre, the combination with the rim of the wheel having a
substantially laterally flat binding surface thereon next the flange, and also an
annular rib on said surface; and the flange forming an angle to said surface;
of the tyre having a stiffened flat bottomed flap that contacts said binding surface
and the flange, and that normally turns back in close proximity to the tyre, and
which has an annular groove that fits over the annular rib on the rim; and a
binder on said flap that is back of said rib and on said flap wben in place.
18. 7. In a pneumatic tyre, the combination with the rim of the wheel; of the tyre
having an outwardly turned flap on its inner periphery; and a binder in the
space between said tyre and said flap and held circumferentially by a frictional
fastener.

page_text: :
10. 8. In a pneumatic tyre, the combination with the rim of the wheel; of the tyre
having outwardly turned flaps on its inner periphery; and a string binder on said
flap in the space between said tyre and said flap that is held circumferentially by a
frictional fastener.
20. 9. In a pneumatic tyre, the combination with the rim of the wheel; of the tyre
having outwardly turned flaps on its inner periphery; and binders in the spaces
between the tyre and said flaps that are wound around said wheel upon said flaps
a plurality of times and which are held circumferentially by frictional fasteners.
21. 10. In a pneumatic tyre, the combination with the rim of the wheel; of the tyre
having outwardly turned flaps on its inner periphery; and binders in the spaces
between the tyre and said flaps and that are held circumferentially by frictional
fasteners, the grip of which is increased by the inflation of the tyre.
22 11. In a pneumatic tyre, the combination with the rim of the wheel; of the tyre
having an outwardly turned flap on its inner periphery; and a binder in the space
between the tyre and the flap that is wound around the wheel upon said flap a
plurality of times, and which is held circumferentially by a frictional fastener the
grip of which is increased by the inflation of the tyre.
23. 12. In a pneumatic tyre, the combination with the rim of the wheel; of the tyre
having an outwardly turned flap on its inner periphery; and a binder in the space
between the tyre and the flap of greater length than the circumference of the
wheel that is held circumferentially by the frictional contact of the ends of the
.binder upon its seat.
24. 13. In a pneumatic tyre, the combination with the rim of the wheel; of the tire
having an outwardly turned flap on its inner periphery in which is a binder recess;
and a binder on said flap in said recess of greater length than the circumference of
the wheel that is held circumferentially by frictional contact of the ends of said
binder with the walls of 'said recess.
25. 14. In a pneumatic tyre, the combination with the rim of the wheel; of the tyre
having an outwardly turned flap on its inner periphery in which is a binder recess;
and a binder wound around the wheel in said recess a plurality of times, and which
is held circumferentially by the frictional contact of its wraps with the walls of
said recess.
26 15. In a pneumatic tyre, the combination with the rim of the wheel; of the tyre
having a flap on its inner periphery in which is a binder recess; and a string
binder on said flap in said recess of greater length that the circumference of the
wheel that is held circumferentially by the frictional contact of the ends of said
binder with the walls of said recess.
27. 16. In a pneumatic tyre, the combination with the rim of the wheel; of the tyre
having a flap on its inner periphery in which is a binder recess, the walls of which
are drawn together by the inflation of the tyre, whereby the pinching of the
inclosed binder is increased; and the binder on said flap in said recess of greater
.length than the circumference of the wheel that is held circumferentially by the
frictional contact of the ends of said binder with the walls of said recess.
28 17. In a pneumatic tyre, the combination with the rim of the wheel; of the tyre
having a flap on its inner periphery in which is a binder recess, the walls of which
are drawn together by the inflation of the tyre, whereby the pinching of the
inclosed binder is increased; and a binder wound around said wheel upon said flap
in said recess a plurality of times, and which is held circumferentially by the
frictional contact of its wraps with the walls of said recess.
29. In a pneumatic tyre, the combination with the rim ; of the tyre; an
outwardly-turned-flap-on said- tyre; and a string binder coiled or wound around
said rim within the space between the flap-and the tire.
30. 18. In a pneumatic tyre, the combination with the rim of the wheel; of the
tyre; an outwardly turned flap on said tyre; and a binder wound or coiled several
times around said rim within the space between the flap and the tyre.
31+ 19. In a pneumatic tyre, the combination with the rim of the wheel; of the

page_text: tyre; an outwardly turned flap on said tyre; and a string binder wound or coiled
several times around said rim within the space between the flap and the tire.
Dated this 30th day of January 1894.
ERNEST DE PASS,
Chartered Patent Agent,
78, Fleet Street, London, and 6, Victoria Street, Nottingham,.
Agent for the Applicant.