IM- PROVEMENTS IN CANDLES AND CANDLE-LAMPS
Year: 1879

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to George Payne, of Lewisham, in the County of Kent,
Manufacturing Chemist, and Joseph William Freestone, of Victoria Park, in
the County of Middlesex, Manufacturing Chemist, for the Invention of "IM-
PROVEMENTS IN CANDLES AND CANDLE-LAMPS."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said George Payne and Joseph
William Freestone at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 26th
April 1879.
GEORGE PAYNE, of Lewisham, in the County of Kent, Manufacturing Chemist,
and JOSEPH WILLIAM FREESTONE, of Victoria Park, in the County of Middlesex,
Manufacturing Chemist. "IMPROVEMENTS IN CANDLES AND CANDLE-LAMPS."
Our Invention relates to candles made of materials which by reason of their
excess of carbon and smoky and generally offensive character have not heretofore
been considered suitable therefor; it also relates to lamps for holding these candles
in such a manner as to ensure the combustion of the same without offensive smell
or smoke.
There are many materials which in a crude or partly refined condition are very
cheap, but they are of such a character that candles made thereof could not be used
in the same manner as ordinary candles, therefore they have to undergo costly
purification to fit them for such use, and this preparation so increases their com-
mercial value that in many cases they no longer possess the quality of cheapness.
Now the object of this Invention is to effect for such cheap and impure materials
(which are solid hydro carbons or solids which contain such an excess of carbon as
to unfit them for use in the manufacture of ordinary candles) what has been effected
for the liquid hydro-carbons, that is to say, we provide means for burning these
solid hydro carbons in such a manner that sufficient oxygen will be supplied to
the flame to ensure the combustion of the excess of carbon, the result being that
this richness or excess of carbon which has heretofore rendered these materials
valueless for the manufacture of candles produces a brilliancy of light which could
not be given by materials less rich in carbon.
The refined materials which if made
into candles and used in the ordinary manner will not burn without giving off
large quantities of smoke, namely:-Crude or partly refined Yorkshire grease,

page_text: ozokerit, paraffin scales, curriers' grease, cotton-grease, scutch-grease; these and
others of a similar nature we use separately or mixed.
We also use mixtures of
ordinary candle-materials, that is to say, those materials which will burn without
smoke in ordinary candles with any of the materials above enumerated, and others
of a similar description, and which are so rich in carbon that when mixed in the
required proportions with such ordinary materials they give off an excess of smoke
if burnt as an ordinary candle. For instance, we may use mixtures of distilled
palm oil, Yorkshire grease, cotton grease, raw palm oil, tallows, and the like,
with oleic acid, resin, or crude highly carbonaceous or smoky materials, also
mixtures of Conubar wax, with other highly carbonaceous or smoky materials. We
make the said candles of any desired light giving power by the use of one wick or
two or more wicks in each candle. We mould or form the said carbon candles in a
form adapted to fit the candle lamp hereinafter described in such a manner that the
wicks and flames proceeding therefrom will retain exactly the required position
during the combustion of the candle. This object may be effected by making the
candle slightly oval, and making a part of the said lamp of corresponding shape.
Or we may form a recess along one side of the candle to fit a corresponding pro-
jection on the inside of the said candle-lamp; or we may employ other means for
preventing the turning around of the candle in the lamp. The object of this part
of the said Invention will be apparent when the construction of the carbon candle-
lamp is explained.
Our improved candle-lamp for holding the said carbon candles is constructed in
the form of a pillar or candlestick, and provided with a spring arranged and
operating as in an ordinary spring-candlestick to raise or force out the candle
during its combustion. We make the tube or pillar of a slightly oval form, or with
a longitudinal projection or rib for the purpose above specified.
We provide the said lamp with a stage-piece or carrier, which serves to support a
glass chimney, and a disc whose arrangement and purpose are hereinafter described.
This stage-piece is fitted on the upper part of the pillar of the lamp, and is provided
with projections that fit in grooves in the said pillar, or with other means, which
prevent its turning on the pillar and changing its position in relation to the candle
in the lamp, but permit it to be raised or lowered by the aid of a screw nut or other
suitable device. This capability of vertical adjustment permits the distance of the
said chimney and disc from the top of the pillar to be varied, and affords the means
for regulating the flame of the candle. The said glass chimney is formed with its
lower portion of larger diameter than its upper portion, and of such a diameter and
shape that it will accomodate the said disc conveniently, and allow that portion of
the flame under the disc to shed its light effectively. The shoulder formed by the
enlarged part of the chimney should rest on the said disc, so that all the air passing
over the said disc. Moreover the said chimney permits the upper part of the
up the said chimney shall impinge upon the flame, and none of the air shall pass
pillar of the lamp to be kept cool by regulating the currents of cold air passing up
the chimney to the flame.
The aforesaid discs are made to correspond in diameter with the internal
diameter of the large part of the glass chimney, and they have a central aperture
of a form and size adapted to the number of wicks in the candles.
The disc when properly arranged permits the flame to rise unobstructedly through
its centre, but so contracts the space above the top of the candle as to cause the air
to impinge very effectively upon the wick or wicks.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said George Payne and Joseph William Freestone in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 24th October 1879.
GEORGE PAYNE, of Lewisham, in the County of Kent, Manufacturing Chemist,
and JOSEPH WILLIAM FREESTONE, of Victoria Park, in the County of Middlesex,
Manufacturing Chemist.
"IMPROVEMENTS IN CANDLES AND CANDLE-LAMPS."
Our Invention relates to candles made of materials which, by reason of their
excess of carbon and smoky and otherwise offensive properties, have been considered
unsuitable for this purpose; it also relates to lamps or apparatus for holding these
candles while burning in such a manner as to ensure the combustion of the same
without offensive smell or smoke.
There are many such materials, that is to say, solid hydro-carbons or solid matters
rich in carbon, which in a crude or partly refined condition are very cheap, but they
are of such a character that candles made thereof could not be used in the same
manner as ordinary candles; therefore they have to undergo costly processes of
purification to fit them for such use, and this preparation so increases their
commercial value that in many cases they no longer possess the quality of
cheapness.
Now the object of this Invention is to effect for such cheap and impure solid
hydro-carbons or solids which contain such an excess of carbon as to unfit them for
use in the manufacture of ordinary candles, what has been effected for the liquid
hydro-carbons, that is to say, the said Invention provides means for burning these
solid hydro-carbons in such a manner that sufficient oxygen will be supplied to the
flame to ensure the combustion of the excess of carbon, the result being that this
richness or excess of carbon which has heretofore rendered these materials valueless
for the manufacture of candles produces a brilliancy of light which cannot be
obtained from the comparatively pure or less highly carbonaceous materials ordinarily
used for making candles.
The following are a few of such crude or partly refined materials which if made
into candles and used in the ordinary manner will not burn without highly offensive
smell and smoke, namely:-Crude or partly refined Yorkshire grease, ozokerit,
paraffin-scales, curriers' grease, cotton-grease, and scutch-grease. These and other
materials of a similar nature separately or mixed are well adapted for the purpose
of our Invention. We also use mixtures of any of these substances with ordinary
candle materials, or such materials as will burn in the manner of ordinary
candles without offensive smoke; or we may mix or combine such ordinary candle
materials with any other suitable substance or substances so rich in carbon that
when mixed in the proper proportions with such ordinary materials the candles
formed of this mixture would give off an excess of smoke if burnt as an ordinary
candle. For instance, we may use mixtures of distilled palm oil or Yorkshire
grease, cotton grease, raw palm oil, tallow, and the like, with oleic acid, naphthaline,
of Carnauba wax with other highly carbonaceous or smoky materials.
We mould our improved carbon candles in such a shape that they will give
various
each candle, according to the desired light giving power or capacity of the same.
acer described, and we provide the same with one wick, or two or more wicks in
We mould or form the said candles in a form adapted to fit the candle lamp herein-
O will retain exactly the required position during the combustion of the candle. This
after described in such a manner that the wicks and flames proceeding therefrom
object may be effected by making the candle slightly oval, and making a part of
the said lamp of corresponding shape; or we may form a recess along one side of
the candle to fit a corresponding projection on the inside of the said candle lamp;
or we may employ other means for preventing the turning around of the candle in
the lamp. The object of this part of the said Invention will be apparent when

page_text: Our
the construction of the carbon candle lamp is understood. We also provide
improved candles with means for preventing the dropping of the wicks when the
candle is nearly burned out.
Our improved lamp is constructed in the form of a pillar or candlestick, and
provided with a spring arranged and operating as in an ordinary spring candlestick
to raise or force out the candle during its combustion.
The said lamp is illustrated in the accompanying Drawing, which we will now
proceed to describe.
Figure 1 is an elevation of the said lamp.
Figure 2 is a vertical section of the upper portion of the same.
Figure 3 is an elevation of the top of the pillar.
Figure 4 is a horizontal section on the line x, x, Figure 1.
Figures 5 to 14 shew portions of our apparatus hereinafter described.
Like letters indicate the same parts throughout the Drawing.
The tube or pillar a is shewn provided with a projection or rib a² for the purpose
above specified. We provide the said lamp with a stage piece or carrier b, which
serves to support a glass-chimney c, and one of the discs d, shewn in Figures 6 to
14, the said disc being placed on the top of the small rods d', which are fixed
immovably in the said stage piece. This stage piece b is fitted on the upper part
of the pillar a, and has in it a vertical groove for the reception of a stud e, which
projects from the side of the said pillar; or the stage piece is provided with pro-
jections that fit in grooves in the said pillar, or with other means which prevent its
turning on the pillar and changing its position in relation to the candle in the lamp,
but permit it to be raised or lowered by the aid of a screw nut or other suitable
device. This capability of vertical adjustment permits the distance of the said
chimney and disc from the top of the pillar to be varied, and affords the means for
regulating the flame of the candle. The nut f, by which this adjustment is effected
in the lamp shewn, is fitted to a screw-thread cut on the pillar a, and may be
readily turned in either direction by applying the thumb and finger to its flange
or collar f¹. The glass-chimney c is formed with its lower portion c¹ of larger
diameter than its upper portion, and of such a size and shape that it will accom-
odate the said disc conveniently, and allow that portion of the flame under the
disc to shed its light effectively. The shoulder formed by the enlarged part of the
chimney should rest on the said disc, so that all the air passing up the said chimney
sball impinge upon the flame, and none of the air shall pass over the said disc.
Moreover the said chimney permits the upper part of the pillar of the lamp to be
kept cool by regulating the currents of cold air passing up the chimney to the
flame. The lower part 1 of the stage piece is suitably perforated to ensure the
admission of air.
The aforesaid discs, which are shewn drawn to an enlarged scale in Figures 6 to
14, are made to correspond in diameter with the internal diameter of the large
part c¹ of the glass chimney c, and they have a central aperture or number of
apertures of a form and size adapted to the number of wicks in the candles. The
Drawing shews various forms and arrangements of these apertures, but others may
be used if necessary. The disc, when properly arranged, permits the flame to rise
unobstructedly through its centre, but so contracts the space above the top of the
candle as to cause the air to impinge very effectively upon the wick or wicks.
The means for preventing the dropping of the wicks when the candle is burned
out are shewn in Figure 5, which is a vertical section on an enlarged scale of the
top of the tube or pillar a, shewing the cup or piece g, whereon the end of the candle
rests while burning. The lower end of the candle is provided with a sustainer or
sustainers formed of clay or other suitable material that will not burn, and the
end of the wick is enclosed in the same. The result is that when the candle is so
far consumed that the wicks are no longer properly supplied with grease, instead
down to or nearly to the top of the said sustainer, and are then suddenly extin-
of burning slowly and dropping down, as would ordinarily be the case, they burn
guished without dropping.

page_text: These sustainers are inserted in the candles in the manufacture of the same by
first attaching the pieces of clay or other material to the wicks, and then placing
the latter in tho moulds.
It will be observed that in the lamps shewn we utilize the ordinary stud or
button that holds down the cap i for preventing the turning of the stage piece, but
this arrangement may be modified if desired.
The pillar of our improved candle lamp may be made of any desired form or
dimensions, according to the size of the candles to be burned therein. This pillar,
the arrangement of the spring, the means for holding down the candle, and other
ordinary parts of the lamp being well understood need not be particularly herein
described.
In witness whereof, we, the said George Payne and Joseph William Freestone,
have hereunto set our hands and seals, this Twenty-first day of October, in
the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-nine.