DA D. — LAINTS AND & ULVERIZER THERETUR
Year: 1870

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to James Johnson, of East Place, West Hartle-
pool, in the County of Durham, Yeoman, for the Invention of
"
DA
D. —
LAINTS AND & ULVERIZER THERETUR.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION filed by the said James Johnson at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition and
Declaration, on the 6th August 1870, pursuant to the 9th Section
of the Patent Law Amendment Act, 1852.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JAMES
JOHNSON, of East Place, West Hartlepool, in the County of Durham,
Yeoman, send greeting.
WHEREAS I am in possession of an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN PAINTS AND PULVERIZER THEREFOR," and have petitioned Her Majesty
to grant unto me, my executors, administrators, and assigns, Her Royal
Letters Patent for the same, and have made solemn Declaration that I
am the true and first Inventor thereof.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said James Johnson, do hereby declare
that the following Complete Specification, under my hand and seal,

page_text: fully describes and ascertains the nature of the said Invention, and
in what manner the same is to be performed, in and by the following
statement: :-
This Invention has for its object the more economical manufacture
of paints and colors, and consists in calcining and pulverizing shale by
the methods hereafter to be described, and in mixing in divers propor-
tions the shale so prepared, with various other ingredients to be used
either as paint or for cleaning and polishing plated and metallic goods
and other substances. I take shale and reduce it to an impalpable
powder by means of rollers, grindstones, and the machine hereafter
described, which on being mixed with linseed oil or other vehicle can
be ground in the ordinary manner adopted by paint grinders. This
makes a pigment of various tints of umber. To make different shades
of color I calcine the shale in either of the following ways:-By
exposing in an oven or furnace from one to three hours thereby making
black, or from three to eight hours making dark and light umber colors.
By firing the shale, which readily ignites in its natural bed in the earth,
when yellow and different shades of red are produced. Or by mixing
the powdered shale with water, moulding it into bricks, drying and after-
wards burning them in an oven or kiln in the usual manner employed
for bricks and tiles, from eight to eighty hours. The different shades
of color are produced by a variation in the duration of the calcining
process, beginning with black, umber, and yellow, and eventually when
the period of calcining is lengthened, reaching light and dark reds of
an orange tint.
The shale thus prepared, after again being passed
through rollers, millstones, and sieve if required, but always through
the pulverizer or mixing and refining mill hereafter described, may be
mixed with any ingredient in ordinary use by paint grinders, and incor-
porated and ground in linseed oil, or other suitable vehicle in the
manner usually adopted by paint grinders. A mixture of calcined red
shale and calcined Hanoverian ochre in the following proportions pro-
duces various shades of red; but I do not confine myself to these pro-
portions.

page_text: The first-mentioned or equal admixture of these substances produces
colors similar to raw and burnt sienna. I also produce paints or colors
from lias stone or slate, treated in a manner similar to that which I
have described for the shale. The following ingredients intimately
mixed in my improved mill in the subjoined proportions, I use for:
cleaning and polishing plated and metallic goods and other substances,
but I would have it understood that I do not restrict myself to these.
proportions
use of lapidaries :-
-
3 lbs. of calcined shale,
1 to 2 lbs. of oxide of iron,
2 to 3 lbs. of calcined slate,
2 to 3 lbs. of Paris white.
The compositions to be used and applied in the ordinary manner.
I prefer to construct the pulverizer or mixing and refining mill of
wood or iron in the form of a cylinder, but of polygonal shape, fitted with
suitable covers or ends, the interior being, if necessary, lined wholly or
partially with iron, steel, porcelain, glass, or other material specially
adapted to the ingredient to be ground, mixed; and refined. The
covers are provided with journals or bearings on which the machine
revolves. An opening is provided in the periphery of the mill for the
introduction and withdrawal of the ingredients to be operated upon
and the pulverizers, which opening is fitted with a grating or sieve for
the purpose of parting the ingredients and pulverizers when the mill'
is being emptied, an external lid or cover, which while thè pulverizing
is being carried on covers the grating or sieve, being removed. The
sieve in the periphery of the mill may if preferred be removed, and a
receptacle fitted with a sieve provided under the mill, the contents of
the mill to be emptied thereon when the process of pulverization is
complete. The pulverizers, rubbers, or grinders I make of chilled cast-
iron, steel, porcelain, glass, or other suitable substance, of an oval or

page_text: Figure 1 is a longitudinal, and Figure 2 a transverse section of my
improved mill, similar letters of reference being employed at each of
the foregoing Figures to denote corresponding parts.
To the polygonal cylinder A are affixed the ends or covers B, B, to
which are adapted the bearings or axles C, C, which are supported on
suitable framework, rotary motion being communicated to one of these
axles (adequately lengthened) by a rigger or handle, or other convenient
An opening D is provided in the periphery of the mill fitted
with the removable sieve or grating E which is covered by the lid F
while the pulverizing is being carried on. The pieces G, G, are fitted
at various intervals in the angles formed by the junction of the cylinder
with its covers.
means.
Figures 3, 4, 5, and 6, respectively shew the relative sizes and shapes
of my pulverizers, and Figure 7 is a pulverizer milled, grooved, or
corrugated.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention and the manner
in which the same is to be performed, I would have it understood that
I do not claim the principle of pulverizing by means of rolling weights,
but what I do claim as my Invention is, the shapes of these weights or
pulverizing bullets, the corrugating these pulverizers, the polygonal
form of pulverizing cylinder and adaptation of angle pieces thereto,

page_text: calcining shale in the various methods herein described, and the several
compositions for the purposes herein-before mentioned.
In witness whereof, I, the said James Johnson, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Twenty-first day of July, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy.
Witness,
THOMAS MAUGHAM,
West Hartlepool.
JAMES JOHNSON. (L.S.)