Improvements in the Manufacture and Utilisation of Cement and Plaster and in the Machinery and Appliances therefor.
Year: 1889

page_text: Date of Application, 3rd Jan., 1889
Complete Specification Left, 3rd Oct., 1889-Accepted, 3rd Jan., 1890
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in the Manufacture and Utilisation of Cement and
Plaster and in the Machinery and Appliances therefor.
I ROBERT STONE of 8 Talbot Court in the City of London, Engineer, do hereby
declare the nature of said invention to be as follows:-
My invention relates to the manufacture of cement and plaster, partly from raw
materials, such as chalk, Lime, river mud, flint, or such like materials or substances.
Instead of dealing with the materials in the ordinary tedious and expensive method
of mixing, washing, and drying, and loading, burning and grinding I adopt the
following methods:-
First. I crush the chalk Lime or mud or such like materials, and mix them with
peat, sawdust, or peat litter or any fibrous materials or substances. Prior to mixing
these fibrous materials with the aforesaid materials, such as chalk Lime &c. they are
saturated in petroleum, oil, spirit, vitriol, or other liquids of a heating or burning nature.
By this simple method the materials can be treated in a direct manner with great
rapidity producing a much higher quality of cement than by the ordinary method.
By this process all the sulphur is removed sulphur being very injurious to cement.
A second method is to mix the chalk Lime and mud, and wash or blend them
to a pulp or thick liquid substance, and then mix the beforementioned fibrous
materials and liquids, or any or either of them, with the slurry before loading into
the furnace or kiln, or I may burn the rough materials under this' process without
washing or grinding.
Thirdly. Another method is to dry or partly dry the chalk Lime or mud then
grind to a rough powder and mix with the before mentioned fibrous materials and
liquids before loading into furnaces or kiln. By this method a more rapid pro-
duction can be .secured. The method of mixing the fibrous materials and liquids
with the other materials, causes the flame to pass through rapidly. I sometimes use
coke or coals and dispense with any or all of the liquids. When making plaster
I use chalk or Lime alone or I sometimes use marble chips or spar.
Fourthly. In burning cement for use as a special fine concrete, suitable for
general purposes and ready to use direct; I burn a proper proportion of flints or
other part substances, and grind them together. By this method concrete for all
purposes will be evenly mixed, giving a lasting wear and fine surface. This material
can be compressed into moulds Blocks or dies of any shape before using. I prefer
for such or any purpose regrinding when wet which is far preferable to hand labour
mixing.
Fifthly. My improved crushing rolls consist of 2 heavy rolls with corrugations
round the rolls or drums working into each other, I prefer one roll to run quicker
than the other which secures fine crushing; or I may have one large roll, with
one ог more small rolls working round it thus securing several crushings by
the same action, or I may have fixed bed plates under the large roll to receive
the material after passing through the other rolls, to secure finer crushing or
grinding.
Sixthly. My improved extra fine grinding machine consists of a large plain roll
turned on the face. Round this roll I fit one or more rolls running at a higher.
speed in order to secure several grindings by the one operation.
Seventhly. I sometimes use a barrell shaped roll, working against a bed grinding
plate, either stationary, or worked by a cam; or I may work the barrell roll working
into a curved roll to meet the barrell shaped roll, to secure fine grinding. One
roll to run at a higher speed than the other. Or I may have one large curved

page_text: roll with one or more small barrell sliaped rolls, working round it at a high speed,
thus securing several grindings by the one operation.
Eighthly. The furnace or kiln in which I burn the materials consists of a large
iron cylinder 24 ft. x 12 ft., more or less, lined. inside with fire brick or fire proof
material. In this furnace I fit 2 sliding doors in order to dry the material when
burned. To secure
an equitable Blast in the furnace of hot or cold air, 1 fit
2 blast holes in each furnace; or I may use one blast hole only if thought proper.
The Blast is forced in by a Blower or any other suitable machine. I sometimes use
the furnace without the Blast.
Ninthly. Another method of burning the cement or materials is to erect kilns or
furnaces under or partly under the ground and feed the same by an endless
Band made of iron bars or chains or both combined. This construction of kiln or
furnace secures a continuous loading, burning, and drawing. These kilns or furnaces
can be constructed from fifty to one hundred feet long, more or less. They can also
be made so as to allow the Bars to drop and let the contents of the kiln or furnace fall
into a receptacle underneath, and reload. By this construction of kiln or furnace the
materials can be loaded in by trucks or wagons, thus securing a great saving in
manual labor.
Dated 2nd January 1990
GEO. DOWNING,
Agent for Applicant.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in the Manufacture and Utilisation of Cement and
Plaster and in the Machinery and Appliances therefor.
I ROBERT STONE of 8 Talbot Court in the City of London Engineer, do hereby
declare the nature of my said invention and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement
My invention relates to the manufacture of Cement and plaster from raw materials,
such as chalk, lime, river mud, flint, or analogous materials and substances; and the
object of my invention is to supersede the ordinary tedious and expensive methods
of mixing, washing, drying, loading, burning and grinding, by improved methods of
treatment.
And in order that my said invention may be particularly described and ascertained,
reference is hereby made to the accompanying drawings, in which similar letters of
reference indicate corresponding parts.
In carrying out my invention, I first crush the chalk, lime, or mud, mixed in the
proportions of 25 per cent. (more or less) of river mud, or such like matèrial, and
75 per cent. (more or less) of chalk. I then add to such mixture 10 per cent. (more
or less) of saw dust, or other suitable fibrous material; such last mentioned materials:
being previously saturated in petroleum, petroleum spirit, sulphuric acid; oils, fish oils,
or other liquids of a like nature, in the proportion of 6 gallons of liquid (more or less)
to one ton of such last mentioned materials. The materials are then burnt, and a very
superior quality of cement is thereby produced, with greater rapidity than by the
ordinary method. By this process also all the sulphur is removed, sulphur being very
injurious to cement.
Secondly. In burning cement for use as a specially fine concrete, suitable for
general purposes and ready to use direct: I burn 25 per cent. of flints; 25 per cent. of
river mud, and 50 per cent. of chalk (severally more or less) and grind them together.
By this method concrete for all purposes will be evenly mixed, producing material.
capable of great endurance and of receiving a superior surface.. This material may be
compressed into moulds, blocks, or dies, by means of grooved or plain rolls worked by:
by a to and fro' action, as shown in Figs. 1 and 2, in which figure is a plan and
Fig. 2 an elevation. is a trough in which the material is placed. k is a heavy.

page_text: roller which is drawn to and fro' from end to end of the trough by the endless
chains nn and the wheels mm; the motion being reversed as required. I prefer for
such or any other purpose, to regrind the cement while wet; which method is far
preferable to hand labour mixing.
Thirdly. My improved crushing rolls consist of two heavy rolls, with annular
corrugations working into each other, as shown in Figs. 3 and 4-Fig. 3 being a
sectional elevation and Fig. 4 an end view. I prefer running the rolls at different
speeds to ensure fine grinding.
In some cases I use one large roll, with one or more roll or rolls of smaller
diameters, as shown in Fig. 5: in which figure a' is the large roll, and e e are smaller
rolls. is a hopper for feeding the materials to the rolls. By this arrangement the
materials are gradually re luced to any degree of fineness required.
Fourthly. I sometimes use a barrel shaped roll working against a curvel roll, as
shown in Fig. 6, one roll being driven at a higher speed than the other.
Figs. 10 and 11 show another form of grinding apparatus. a is a barrel shaped
roll, is a trough, pivotted at c, and d is an eccentric by which the position of the
trough relatively to the roll a can be regulated as desired.
The furnace or kiln in which I burn the materials, consists of a large iron cylinder
preferably 12 feet in diameter and 24 feet in height (more or less) lined inside with
firebrick, or other fireproof material. Fig. 7 is an elevation of this furnace.
In some
In this furnace I fit two sliding doors, one on each side, as shown at o, in order to
draw the materials when burned. To secure an equable and steady blast, of hot or
cold air in the Furnace, I fit two tuyeres or blast holes in each furnace.
cases one blast only is used. The blast is forced in by a blower or other suitable
means, but in other cases I dispense with the blast and work the furnace without it.
For loading the furnace I fit an inclined railway p and run trucks to the top of the
furnace, by means of an endless or other chain which carries the loaded truck to the
top, the truck being closed at the top and open in front. The empty truck is returned
by reversing the motion of the chain.
Another method consists in erecting kilns or furnaces below the level of the
ground, or partially under such level, as shown in Figs. 8 and 9-Fig. 8 being a
sectional elevation and Fig. 9 a plan-The materials are fed to and withdrawn from
the furnace by means of endless longitudinal chains fitted with transverse iron
bars rr mounted on suitable rollers in a manner well understood-This construction
of kiln or furnace secures a continuous loading, burning and withdrawing. These
kilns or furnaces may be constructed from 50 to 100 feet in length more or less.
They can also be made without the chains and moving system of bars, and with bars
constructed so as to drop, and let the contents of the kiln or furnace fall into a
receptacle underneath. By this construction of kiln or furnace the materials can be
loaded in by trucks or wagons thus securing a great saving in manual labour.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what 1
claim is :-
1. The manufacture of cement and plaster by the mixture of chalk lime or river
mud, and fibrous material saturated with liquids, in the proportions and manner
substantially as hereinbefore described.
2. The manufacture of cement as aforesaid, by the mixture of fluits, river mud, and
chalk, substantially as and in manner hereinbefore described.
3. In the manufacture of cement and plaster as aforesaid the application and
utilisation of the machinery and appliances substantially as hereinbefore described
and shown on the drawings.
10 1
1000