IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM BOILERS OR STEAM GENERATORS
Year: 1885

page_text: I THOMAS LISHMAN, of 1, Saint Nicholas Buildings, Newcastle-on-Tyne, in the
county of Northumberland, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said
invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM BOILERS OR STEAM GENERATORS," to. be
as follows:-
:-
:
My invention relates to improvements in the construction of apparatus for
generating steam to be employed for mechanical and other purposes, whereby the
steam can be supplied at a low cost; all the available space is utilized as heating
surface and a thorough combustion of fuel and consumption of smoke are effected.
The apparatus consists principally in an arrangement of combustion chamber or
chambers having specially constructed fire grate bars, bridge, and gas generator as
hereinafter described. When however, as may sometimes be the case, the apparatus
is heated by gases escaping from other furnaces, the arrangement of fire bars
hereinafter described will be dispensed with.
The apparatus is so arranged that it can be made suitable for supplying steam to
any ordinary land or marine engine, and can be either vertical or horizontal, the
apparatus in either case being by preference circular in form, and the plates thereof
are by preference corrugated.
The apparatus when constructed horizontally and of large dimensions may be a
compound apparatus and have an internal and an external shell which can be
rivetted in the ordinary way, but I prefer to weld the same; the space between
the two shells forms a water space. The fire chambers can be arranged at each
end, and a vertical portion be provided in the centre, which forms part of the
combustion chambers and steam receiver, the external portion of it being sur-
rounded by the outer casing or shell herein before described and the heating
surface; there is also a combustion chamber inside, communication with which can
be effected from the outer combustion chamber by means of tubes; to the said
vertical portion are attached two horizontal extensions to each of which the bridge
and gas generators are fixed.
The fire chambers are fitted with A-shaped perforated fire bars, deeper at one end
than at the other, and perforated at each side; when these bars are in position
they form a number of receptacles for the fuel; the inner ends rest upon the
bottom flange of the bridge which is provided with an air receiving space; the air
is heated as it travels through the bars and the space referred to, whence it is

page_text: delivered to a receiver attached to the back of the bridge divided into com-
partments and protected by water courses; from the top part of this receiver it
passes through a number of orifices and becomes mixed with the gases from the
fuel; the gas is here generated and utilized for the purpose for which it is required.
The herein before described arrangement is applicable for use in the horizontal
boiler, and are equally applicable to any ordinary existing boilers. For the vertical
arrangement of apparatus the bars only are used, the gases being burned in the
combustion chambers; the gas generator can be made of wrought or cast iron or of
fire brick or other heat resisting material. The whole is, or may be protected by
water channels when cast iron is used. The air supply can be obtained in the
ordinary manner, that is to say, by natural draught, but I prefer to effect it by an
induced draft by means of a steam jet or blast applied to an air regulating
pipe Underneath the bridge and gas generator is placed a partition, with a
perforated portion protected by doors or valves, for the admission and regulation
of air to the gas generator. Each of the fire chambers delivers into a combustion
chamber at the end, whence the escaping gases are conveyed to another chamber
or other chambers.
The water can be supplied to the outer section and conducted direct, or by a
connecting pipe, to the inner section, the water being heated to a high temperature
before entering the said inner section.
The said connecting pipe is placed between the outside section, which is all
water space and the inside section, which is partly water space, only the upper
portion being steam space. I prefer however to first supply the water to a vessel
which can be placed on the top of the apparatus like a dome or in any other
suitable position and provided with a number of circulating pipes communicating
therewith; the said vessel can be steam jacketted and have in connection
therewith, a self acting feed and injector, one or both of which may be operated
automatically by the generator.
The self acting feed and injector consist of a casting like a cylinder attached to
the apparatus at a level corresponding with the high and low water lines of the
boiler; a piston works inside this cylinder and rises and falls with the water in
the boiler; attached to this piston is a rod attached to a lever, connected with the
valve of the injector; when the water reaches a certain level, the fall of the piston
operates the lever, opens the steam valve of the injector, and causes it to work; as
the boiler is again filled the injector is stopped; this arrangement can also be used
in respect of water coming from an ordinary feed, whereby the feed is rendered
sure and self sustaining; the said feed is in communication with one or more pipes
or tubes, connected with the internal part of the generator, by means of which the
water is purified and supplied at a high temperature, and the apparatus is kept
free from internal accumulations.
Attached to the herein before described lever is another lever communicating
with a cock attached to the boiler for the following purpose, videlicet, should the
supply of water become stopped, and the stoppage, through neglect or otherwise,
not be perceived, as soon as the level of the water in the boiler has fallen to a
certain point, the said cock will, by means of the said lever, be opened, and empty
the contents of the boiler into the fire, and an explosion will be thereby rendered
almost impossible. The said arrangements are also applicable to other boilers, but
for ordinary horizontal boilers, the cylinder may be dispensed with and the piston
placed inside the rod working through a gland attached to the boiler shell.
When the 'apparatus is required to be placed vertically, which is preferable for
general purposes, I employ an internal shell as hereinbefore described formed like
an ordinary cylindrical boiler which may be provided with a number of vertical
pipes or tubes extending from the steam space downwards, and which can also be
provided with a number of internal tubes in communication with an internal
combustion chamber. The whole is surrounded by external shells having open
spaces for the admission of water, the apparatus otherwise being arranged as before
described. The fuel or gas is introduced underneath the lower end of the inner

page_text: section or shell and is distributed over the entire surface of the different sections so
as to act upon all parts. The inner section can rest upon the outer one, the spaces
between forming combustion chambers and it may be provided or not with a casing
or a chimney.
The water is supplied to the lower portion of the outer section, which is attached
to a receiver at the base, which receiver forms a corresponding water space to the
outer section of the generator, the centre forming the ash pit; in the said receiver
all muddy accumulations are deposited and blown off; the outer sections are
provided with air inlets; communication may be effected between the outer and
inner sections by means of a circulating pipe and an auxiliary feed pipe.
The lower section also forms a mud collector and is situated on the bottom
blow off pipe.
All the principal parts of the apparatus can be made without being rivetted and
the surfaces thereof being plain and smooth and circular in section instead of being
formed by a number of plates and weakened by rivet holes, the apparatus will
withstand a much greater pressure than steam boilers of ordinary construction.
They can be constructed without internal stays, easy access can be had to all parts,
and the parts can be easily detached without injury for the purpose of examination
or repairs.
By the use of this apparatus, which is simple in construction and inexpensive,
a great economy is effected in the consumption of fuel, the water is purified and
heated, and steam is rapidly generated.

page_text: Improvements in Steam Boilers or Steam Generators.
I THOMAS LISHMAN, of 2 Saint Nicholas Buildings, Newcastle on Tyne in the
county of Northumberland, Engineer do hereby declare the nature of this
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed to be particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following statement:-
My invention relates to improvements in the construction of apparatus for
generating steam to be employed for mechanical and other purposes whereby the
steam can be supplied at a low cost; all the available space is utilized as heating
surface and a thorough combustion of the fuel and gases and consumption of smoke
are effected the combustible gases being supplied with the required quantity of
oxygen for this purpose; the feed water is supplied to the boiler automatically
and liability to explosions from a failure of supply of the feed water is effectually
prevented. Parts of the said improvements are applicable to existing steam
boilers.
The apparatus consists principally in an improved arrangement of combustion
chamber or chambers having specially constructed fire grate bars, bridge and gas
generator or air receiver as hereinafter described. When however, as may some-
times be the case, the apparatus is heated by gases escaping from other furnaces,
and in some other cases, the arrangement of fire bars hereinafter described will
be dispensed with. Any quality of fuel including liquid fuel can be employed
with the said fire grate and gas generator or air receiver.
The apparatus is so arranged that it can be made suitable for supplying steam
to any ordinary land or marine engine, and can be either vertical or horizontal,
the apparatus in either case being by preference circular in form, and the plates
thereof are by preference corrugated.
In order to enable my invention to be fully understood I will proceed to describe
the same by reference to the accompanying drawings in which figure 1 represents
a longitudinal section of a horizontal boiler constructed according to my invention
and having a fire chamber at each end and arranged to be worked at ordinary or
low pressures; figure 2 is a horizontal section of the same on line A, B, of
figure 1; figure 3 is a longitudinal section shewing the construction of my
improved fire bars and bridge and air receiver; figure 4, is a transverse vertical
section of the same on line C, D, of figure 3; figure 5, is a horizontal section of the
bridge and air receiver on line E, F of figure 3; figure 6, is a transverse vertical
section on line G H of figure 3; figure 7, is a plan and figure 8, a cross section of
one of the fire bars; figure 12 is a longitudinal section of an ordinary boiler
shewing my improved air receiver or chamber adapted thereto and arranged to
work at a high pressure; figure 13, is a front view of the same and figure 14, is a
back view of the air receiver and bridge; figure 15 is a sectional view of an
injector which can be used with this arrangement; figure 16, is a vertical section
of my improved apparatus for automatically supplying feed water to and
preventing explosions in my improved boilers, or boilers of ordinary construction
the apparatus being shewn in connection with the shell only of a boiler for the
sake of simplicity; figure 17 is a vertical section of a modified form of apparatus
for automatically feeding water to steam boilers adapted for use with and shewn

page_text: applied to an ordinary horizontal steam boiler; figure 17ª, is a longitudinal section
of part of an ordinary marine boiler provided with my improved bridge and
arrangement of air chamber and channels; figure 18 is a vertical section of a
vertical boiler constructed according to my invention and adapted for ordinary
pressures and provided with ordinary fire bars; figure 19, is a horizontal section
on line K, L, of figure 18; figure 20 is a vertical section shewing my improved
boilers adapted for marine. or sea going steamers; figure 21 is a horizontal section
on line M, N, of figure 20; figure 22, is a detached view drawn to a larger scale
of an air valve or cover for use with my improved boilers; figure 24, is a vertical
section of a boiler constructed according to my invention and suitable for use for
tramway engines, steam yachts and the like; figures 25 and 26, are horizontal
sections on lines O, P and Q, R, respectively of figure 24; figure 27, shews a
modification of the boiler represented in figures 24, 25 and 26 and adapted for use
for ordinary purposes.-Similar letters in all the figures represent similar or
corresponding parts.
The apparatus when constructed horizontally and of large dimensions as shewn
in figures 1 and 2, may be a compound apparatus and have an internal and an
external shell a and b, respectively which can be rivetted in the ordinary way,
but I prefer to weld the same; the space c, between the two shells forms a water
space and the space enclosed by the shell a, forms a flue in which the fire
chambers d, d, can be arranged at each end, and a vertical cylindrical portion e, is
provided in the centre which forms part of or a continuation of the combustion
chambers and the steam receiver or chamber the external portion of it being
surrounded by vertical extensions a¹ and b¹, of the internal and external casings or
shells a and b, herein before described and the former of which forms the heating
surface; there is also a combustion chamber f, inside the said central vertical
portion, communication with which can be effected from the outer combustion
chamber g, by means of horizontal tubes h; in each of the two horizontal
extensions are fixed the bridges and air receivers constructed as hereinafter
described.
The fire chambers d, are fitted with A-shaped perforated fire bars i, as shewn
in figures 3, 6, 7 and 8; the said bars may if required be made deeper at one end
than at the other, or they may be of equal depth at each end as shewn in the
drawing; the bars i, are provided with diagonal perforations ; at each side and
when these bars are in position as shewn in figure 6, they form a number of
receptacles for the fuel; their inner ends rest upon the bottom flange k, of the
bridge, which is provided with an air receiving space m; the air becomes heated
as it travels through and under the bars i, and into and through the air space m,
attached to the back of the bridge which may be divided into water compart-
ments n, o, and p the air receiver m, being also protected by water courses q, q, q,
the chambers n, o, p and q being in communication with each other and a constant
circulation being thereby kept up through the same; r, figure 6 is the inlet and 8,
the outlet for the water; from the top part of the receiver m, the air passes
through a number of orifices t, t, shewn in figures 3 and 4 (the arrows indicating
the direction of travel of the air) and becomes mixed with the gases coming from
the fuel in the fire chamber d; the gas is here enriched or perfected and passes up
into the space g, through the tubes h, and into the chamber f, (or is otherwise
utilized for the purpose for which it is required). The hereinbefore described
arrangement of bars and air receiver is equally applicable for use with ordinary
existing boilers and the bars i, may if required be arranged transversely instead
of longitudinally as shewn in the drawing. The air receiver m, can be made of
wrought or cast iron as shewn in the drawing or of fire brick or other heat
resisting material the whole being protected by water channels as described and
shewn when cast iron is used.-The air supply can be obtained in the ordinary
manner, that is to say, by natural draught in which case and for working at
ordinary pressures for which this arrangement is more particularly suitable no
doors are required at the front of the furnace but in some cases I prefer to effect

page_text: the air supply by an induced draft by means of a steam jet or blast applied to an
air regulating pipe the front of the furnace being in this case entirely closed in by
suitably constructed doors and the bottom of the fire chamber protected by a water
channel as hereinafter described.
The water can be supplied to the outer section, a, b, a', b¹, at any suitable point
not shewn in the drawing and conducted direct or (as shown in figure 1) by a
connecting pipe y, to the inner section e, the water being heated to a high
temperature before entering the said inner section.
The connecting pipe y, forms a communication between the outside section a, b,.
a¹, b¹, which is all water space and the inside section e, which is partly water space,
only the upper portion being steam space; the pipe y, in this manner serves as a
circulating pipe for keeping up a constant circulation in the boiler thereby tending
to produce an equilibrium of temperature and preventing accumulation on the
surface of the plates.
The vertical cylindrical vessel e, can be attached to the bottom of the horizontal
portion as shown at u, and to the vertical extension a¹ and b¹, by a ring v, bolted
on the top of the water space as shewn by which means it can be easily detached
for repairs; w, is a mud collector, in which the matters precipitated by the water
are collected and from there blown off by means of a blow off cock x.
Figures 12, 13, and 14 illustrate my improved arrangement of air receiver or
chamber adapted for use with an ordinary boiler having ordinary shaped fire bars
but I prefer to place some of the fire bars transversely as shewn in figure 12 with
very small openings between the bars. The ash-pit and fire chamber are closed in
and supplied with air by a blast or steam jet as before described, or the said blast
may be forced in from the back end of the flue. Figure 15 shows in section a form
of injector which I have found to give good results; q', is the steam pipe; s¹, the
air pipe or case and r¹, the injector; the said case may be placed alongside the
boiler and connected to an air inlet box h', as shewn in figure 13.
To the air inlet box h¹, I attach a pipe u¹, by means of a joint at v¹, so that the
said pipe (to which is fixed the cover w¹, of the opening to the fuel chamber) can
be rotated on the said joint when access is required to the fuel chamber.
Instead of employing an injector I can force the air in by means of a suitable
fan connected with the air inlet box h¹. The construction of the air receiver m, is
substantially the same as that herein before described and the air passage j, leading
to the same will be easily understood and therefore needs no further description.
I prefer to first supply the feed water of the boilers to a vessel shewn in
figure 16 constructed similarly to the feed water heater described in the specifi-
eation of former Letters Patent granted to me and dated the 28th October 1884
No 14,256 and which can be placed on the top of the boiler like a dome or in any
other suitable position such as that shown; in connection there with I employ a
Belf acting feed and injector, one or both of which may be operated automatically
by the generator.
The self acting feed and injector when applied to the side of a boiler as shewn
consists of a casting a³, like a cylinder attached to the boiler at a level between the
high and low water lines of the boiler which are here represented by dotted lines
the cylinder communicating with the interior of the boiler by two openings z¹
and 62; a piston or float y¹, works inside the cylinder x¹ and rises and falls with
the water in the boiler; attached to the float y', is a rod c², working through a
gland e, at the bottom of the cylinder x, and attached or jointed at f, to a
lever d², connected with the valve gå, of the injector; the lever d", has its fulcrum
at 2, on the vessel h³, of the purifier and is connected to rods ³, for operating the
slide valve g².
The slide of the valve g², is provided with a tapered orifice or passage as shewn
at an angle of about 45° by preference so that when the steam commences to pass
through the same it will assist in further opening the valve; 2, is a nut for regu-
lating the length of the rod c³; 1, is the injector and m³, the water inlet ; n², water
inlet to the purifier. The steam inlet to the jacketed piece o³, and steam pipe p²

page_text: may be by two or more orifices q³, as shown at the point of connection with the
boiler shell; part of the steam pipe p³, is connected to the self acting steam
valve g², of the injector and part to the jacket of the purifying vessel by pipes ³,
and 8, respectively; these pipes may be provided with valves or cocks not shewn.
in the drawing for regulating the pressure of steam to the injector and purifier.
The action of this part of the apparatus is as follows: The boiler is first
supplied with the required quantity of water and then set to work. When the
water as it decreases in quantity has fallen to a certain level, the float yl, falling
with it will operate the rod c³, and lever d², thereby moving the steam valve g³, of
the injector 2. When the float y¹, has descended sufficiently far the passage in the
valve g, will be brought in a line with the interior of the steam pipe 72, and the
injector will be caused to work and water will be supplied to the boiler; as
the boiler is again filled the float y', will rise with the level of the water and steam
will be shut off and the injector stopped and so on; this arrangement can also be
used in respect of water coming from an ordinary feed, whereby the feed is
rendered sure and self sustaining. At the feed water inlet m³, I can place a back
pressure valve (not shewn in the drawing) to prevent escape of water when the
apparatus is not in operation.
Attached to the lever d², (by means of a rod u², having a slot w³, working over a
pin 2, on the lever d²) is another lever t³, operating a cock v², attached to the boiler
for the following purpose, videlicet, should the supply of water become stopped,
and the stoppage, through neglect or otherwise, not be perceived, as soon as the
level of the water in the boiler has fallen below a certain point, the cock v2, will by
means of the lever t², be opened and the contents of the boiler will be emptied or
blown through a pipe (not shewn in the drawing) attached to the valve v³, into the
fire chamber and an explosion will be thereby rendered almost impossible.
The cylinder, instead of being fixed to the shell of the boiler can if required
be placed at a distance therefrom and be connected therewith by pipes.
The said arrangements are also applicable to other boilers, but for ordinary
horizontal boilers, the cylinder of the automatic regulator may be dispensed with
and the piston placed inside, the rod working through a gland attached to the
boiler shell. This arrangement is shewn in figure 17. The general action of the
apparatus is similar to that of the automatic feed arrangement herein before
described and shewn in figure 16; p³, is the steam pipe connected to the top of the
boiler as shewn at 62. The float y¹, is fixed to the rod c², passing through the
vertical portion y², of the pipe p³, fitted with the gland e³, at the top; the rod c²,
operates the lever d² working on the fulcrum ; a sliding balance weight 22,
placed at the outer end of the lever d; 12, is the injector; n³, the feed water inlet
to the purifier and q³, the steam inlet to the jacket of the purifier; m³, is the water
inlet to the injector. The float is actuated by the rise and fall of the water in a
similar manner to that shewn in figure 16. It will be obvious that in cases where
the water is pumped or supplied in the ordinary way, the injector arrangement can
be dispensed with, and the valve arrangement adapted to regulate the water inlet
instead of the steam as shewn.
is
The arrangement shewn in figure 17° is the same as that hereinbefore described
when referring to figures 12 and 13 except that it is shewn applied to a marine
boiler flue, in which case the channel j¹ is carried through as far as possible towards
the uptake and a return channel k, is placed immediately above it, delivering the
air into the bridge; the air is thus heated to a high temperature, the arrows
indicate the course of the air; I force in or inject the air at the front, both under
the bars i, and into the channel j¹, as shewn by the drawing.
For the vertical arrangement of apparatus the hereinbefore described improved
bars only may be used in the furnace, or I may use ordinary fire bars, but I prefer
to employ the arrangement hereinafter described and I provide the boiler with a
double combustion chamber as hereinbefore described the gases being burned in the
combustion chambers.

page_text: The vertical steam boiler shewn in figures 18 and 19 is similar in construction
to the vertical portion of the boiler shewn in figures 1 and 2 and is intended for
ordinary purposes, that is to say, for low pressure as it is provided with ordinary
fire bars and ash pit arrangements and has its air supplied by natural draught; if
however required to work at extraordinary pressures I fit it with the fuel chamber
arrangement hereinafter described and shewn in figures 20 and 21. It will be
easily understood that a working pressure of from three hundred to five hundred
lbs per square inch, which my improved boilers are fully capable of withstanding
can only be produced by means of a forced draught as hereinbefore described
thereby necessitating an arrangement of fuel chamber protected by a constant
supply of circulating water or its equivalent, ordinary fire bars not being generally
equal to the heat required. I wish it to be understood that the arrangements are
equally adapted for the use of liquid fuel as for pulverulent or ordinary coal or
coke fuel; tubular inlets a³, a³, are provided in the outer section a¹; b¹, having
removable air-inlet regulating-doors 63, 6; The tubes h, communicating between
the two combustion chambers g and f, are by preference made larger at one end
than at the other as shewn, by which greater freedom for the required mixture of
the gases is obtained. The circulating pipe y, connects the lower portions of each
section of the boiler and is provided with three valves or cocks as shewn (one of
which is a double way cock) or their equivalents, for blowing out from either
section as desired and for assisting the circulation, another circulating pipe o¹,
forming a communication between the upper portion of the inner section, and
centre of the outer section. These pipes are of different area and altitude for the
purpose of creating a constant communication between each section.
supports v, v, are rivetted or bolted to each section; the inner section is shown in
the drawing as being rivetted in the ordinary way but I prefer for small boilers to
weld it.
The
The boilers shewn in figures 20 and 21 are designed for marine or sea going
steamers.
The outer and inner shells are similar to those herein before described when
referring to figures 18 and 19, and are connected together at the upper end in the
manner shewn; t¹, t, are circulating cross tubes connecting the water spaces of the
inner and outer sections; I may however place these tubes t¹, in the manner indicated
by dotted lines connecting them to the outer section by one end only; the furnace
bottom is constructed flat as shewn and provided with sides pieces, water inlet
and outlet pipes, not shewn on the drawings being connected to the same. An
entrance door c³, is provided underneath the furnace bottom; w, is a receiver
for the collection of impurities in the water. The air channel h¹, passes round the
boiler, the air being forced into this as before described when referring to
figures 12 and 13; d³, d³, are sight holes; e³, e³, are blast pipes, which may be
passed through stay tubes communicating air under pressure into the fuel above,
Should it be
and to the bottom through the orifices, as indicated by the arrows.
necessary to use ordinary bars in the case of the boiler being worked at low
pressure water can be supplied to the ash pit for keeping the bars cool; x, blow
off pipe; stays f³ may be applied between the two shells a¹ and b¹; g³, is an
enlarged tube covered by a door (not shown) for giving access to the internal
chamber f; a³, a³, are stay tubes, screwed in and provided with rotating air inlet
covers (as shown in full sized elevation at figure 22,) made to open or shut;
a blast pipe for driving air when required into the combustion chambers g and f;
i³, steam injector pipe for use in case of natural draught only being attainable in
order to produce an increased draught in the combustion chamber; o¹, circulating
pipe, a number being employed as required and suspended in any suitable way;
,, steam receivers, k³, steam valves and connections. Two of these boilers are
here shewn connected in such a way, that they may be worked separately or
combined; any number may be grouped together and so connected that in case of
any one or more being stopped, the remainder can be worked. By this construction
h³ is

page_text: great strength is obtained. The heated gases travel over the whole area of three
large circular surfaces in addition to the horizontal tubes, by which means the
whole of the water is acted upon, imparting thereto an equality of temperature not
hitherto obtained, whilst the interior of the heating surfaces is always kept clean
by the scouring action of the current of water in contact with it, all danger from
unequal expansion and contraction thus being avoided. By the compact and
circular form of all the parts in combination with the arrangements for obtaining
the great amount of heat required rapidity of combustion and equal distribution
of the gases, with good material and workmanship I can with safety maintain a
working pressure of four hundred lbs per square inch.
When the apparatus is required for use for tramcar engines, steam yachts and
the like it is arranged vertically as shewn in figures 24, 25, and 26; I employ an
internal shell a¹, as herein before described formed like an ordinary cylindrical
boiler which may be provided with a number of vertical or curved pipes or
tubes m³, m³, forming stays and it is also provided with a number of internal
vertical tubes h, in communication with an internal combustion chamber f. The
whole is surrounded by an external shell 6¹, and open spaces or tubes t¹, t¹, are
provided for the admission of water from the outer section a¹, b¹, to the inner
section e, the apparatus otherwise being arranged as before described. The fuel or
gas is introduced underneath the lower end of the inner section e, and the gases
are distributed over the entire surface of the sections a¹, and e, so as to act upon
all parts. The boiler may be provided or not with a casing or smoke box (not
shewn in the drawing) and with a chimney.
The water is supplied to the outer section a¹, 61, which is attached to a receiver w,
at the base which receiver forms a water space communicating with the outer
section a¹, 6', of the generator, the centre forming the ash pit as shewn; in the
receiver w, all muddy accumulations are deposited and blown off through the blow
off cock x; communication may be effected between the outer and inner sections by
means of horizontal tubes t¹, as hereinbefore described and a circulating pipe y,
which also forms an auxiliary feed pipe.
Figure 27 shews a modified form of the improved vertical steam boiler shewn
in figures 24, 25 and 26 and adapted for ordinary purposes, the vertical tubes h,
being dispensed with and the construction otherwise being similar to those before
described, will be readily understood without further description; I may however
in some cases make the internal part e, conical or tapered towards the bottom end
and I wish it to be understood that by preference whenever practicable I form the
shells of each section of corrugated plates of steel.
All the principal parts of the hereinbefore described apparatuses are preferably
made of steel or malleable iron plates without being rivetted and the apparatuses
will withstand a much greater pressure than steam boilers of ordinary construction.
They can if required be constructed without internal stays easy access can be had
to all parts, and the parts can be easily detached without injury for the purpose of
examination or repairs.
By the use of my improved apparatuses which are simple in construction and
inexpensive, a great economy is effected in the consumption of fuel as any quality
of fuel including liquid fuel can be employed with my improved fuel chainber and
air receiver the water is purified and heated and steam is rapidly generated. By
my improvements I am also able with a generator of small size to obtain better
results than with one of much larger size as hitherto generally constructed.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my invention
and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what I claim is:
1. The general arrangement and construction of steam generator substantially
as hereinbefore described and represented in figures 1 and 2 of the accompanying
drawings.
2. A horizontal steam boiler having a vertical cylindrical portion such as e,
surrounded by and suitably connected with vertical extensions of the internal and

page_text: external casings or shells of the boiler, a combustion chamber being placed in the
interior and communicating by means of tubes with the exterior of the said
cylindrical portion substantially as hereinbefore described and represented in
figures 1 and 2 of the accompanying drawings.
3. In a horizontal steam boiler the combination with a vertical cylindrical portion
and vertical extensions of the inner and outer casings or shells of the boiler as
herein described and claimed in claim 1 of a pipe such as y, connecting the inner
and outer sections of the boiler and arranged so as to serve as a circulating pipe for
keeping up a constant circulation in the boiler substantially as herein before
described and represented in figure 1 of the accompanying drawings.
4. The improved arrangement and construction of fire bars herein before described
and represented in figures 1, 2, 3, 6, 7 and 8 of the accompanying drawings.
5. The herein described construction of fire bridge provided with air and water
spaces or chambers substantially as and for the purposes set forth and illustrated
in figures 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 of the accompanying drawings.
6. In a steam boiler the arrangement of air receiver or chamber m, in combination
with the air passages j', and the air pipe u¹, arranged so that it can be rotated on
its joint, substantially as and for the purpose hereinbefore described and
represented in figures 12, 13 and 14 of the accompanying drawings.
7. The combination of parts forming the improved self acting feed water heater
and injector substantially as hereinbefore described and represented in figure 16 of
the accompanying drawings.
8. The modified arrangement of self acting feed water heater and injector
adapted for use with horizontal boilers substantially as hereinbefore described and
represented in figure 17 of the accompanying drawings.
9. In a steam boiler the arrangement of air receiver and air channels substantially
as hereinbefore described and represented in figure 17ª of the accompanying
drawings.
. 10. In a vertical steam boiler the combination with an inner and an outer
combustion chamber connected by tubes of an external shell such as b', and
circulating pipes of and y, substantially as hereinbefore described and represented
in figures 18 and 19 of the accompanying drawings.
11. The modified arrangement of the vertical boiler claimed in claim 13 in
combination with the herein described construction of fire chamber and air inlets
substantially as set forth and shewn in figures 20 and 21 of the accompanying
drawings.
12. In a vertical steam boiler the combination with an inner and an outer shell a'
and 6', of the inner section e, communicating tubes t², fire tubes h, curved pipes or
tubes m³, internal combustion chamber f, circulating pipe y, and mud receiver w,
the whole arranged and operating substantially as hereinbefore described and
represented in figures 24, 25, and 26 of the accompanying drawings.
13. The modified construction of the vertical boiler claimed in claim 16, by which
modification the boiler is adapted for ordinary purposes, the vertical fire tubes being
dispensed with substantially as herein before described and represented in figure 27
of the accompanying drawings.
14. The improved steam boilers herein before described and represented in the
various figures of the accompanying drawings.
A
1
c
100

page_text: Machine for Cleaning and Preparing Grain and other Cereals.
1.
I, HERBERT JOHN HADDAN, of "67, Strand, in the City of Westminster, Civil
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of said' invention for MACHINE FOR
CLEANING AND PREPARING GRAIN AND OTHER CEREALS, a communication to me
from abroad by Emil Fritsch," of 18, Katharineustrasse, Leipzig, in the Kingdom
of Saxony, to be as follows:
This invention relates to machinery for cleaning grain and for breaking off the
points or germs.
The improved machine chiefly comprises an upright shaft to which is secured a
millstone or burr of porcelain, emery, cast iron or other suitable material, hollowed
out concentrically so that the upper surface forms an inverted cone; a conical brush
suspended above the burr and fitting into the hollow upper surface of the same, the
burr being adapted to turn with the shaft, while the brush is held stationary and
provided in the centre with an opening through which the grain is allowed to fall
upon the burr or lower stone. The bristles are placed sufficiently close together to
prevent any grain from passing between them. If grain is fed through the eye
of the brush or upper stone, the centrifugal force will cause it to travel upward and
outward over the conical surface of the lower stone until it falls over the outer edge
of the latter. Two or more sets of stones and, brushes may be mounted on the
same shaft one over the other, and, treat the grain consecutively. To prevent the
dust, germs and husks detached from the grain by the upper set from falling upon
the lower set and mixing with the grain, a ventilation is provided, which sucks the
dust into radial channels leading from the centre of the stone to the circumference
and delivering the dust into one or more flues placed outside the casing which
surrounds the machine. The ventilating channel is formed between a pair of flat
horizontal
zontal plates placed underneath the burr, and delivering the" product equally
on the whole circumference. The stones are surrounded by a cylindrical 'jacket
077
'

page_text: of sheet iron provided with adjustable slots or perforations situated opposite the
ventilating channels, so that the suction current entering at the circumference
passes through the grain falling from the top and carries away the light particles.
The distance between the stone and the brush may be regulated by lifting or
lowering the shaft in the well known manner.
Machine for Cleaning and Preparing Grain and other Cereals.
I, HERBERT JOHN HADDAN, of 67 Strand, in the County of Middlesex, Civil
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of this Invention, a communication to me
from abroad by Emil Fritsch of 18 Katharinenstrasse, Leipzig, in the Kingdom of
Saxony, and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following statement:—
This invention relates to machinery for cleaning grain and for breaking off the
points or germs.
Fig. 1 shows the principal part of the invention.
Fig. 2 a machine embodying the same, partly in section.
Fig. 3 a plan view of the same.
The improved machine chiefly comprises au upright shaft, to which is secured a
millstone or burr of stone, porcelain, emery, cast iron or other suitable material, A¹,
Fig. 1 and A Fig. 2, hollowed out concentrically, so that the upper surface forms
an inverted cone, a conical brush B, suspended above the burr and fitting into the
hollow upper surface of the same, the burr being adapted to turn with the shaft,
while the brush is held stationary and is provided in the centre with an opening D,
through which the grain is allowed to fall upon the burr or lower stone. The
bristles are placed sufficiently close together to prevent any grain from passing
between them. When grain is fed through the eye or centre of the brush, the
centrifugal force will cause it to travel upward and outward over the conical
surface of the stone or burr, until it falls over the outer edge of the latter. Two
or more sets of stones and brushes may be mounted on the same shaft, one above
the other, and the grain treated consecutively by each set (Fig. 2). To prevent
the dust germs and husks detached from the grain by the upper set from falling.
upon the lower set and mixing with the grain, a system of ventilation is provided,
which sucks the dust into radial channels leading from the centre of the stone
to the circumference and delivers the same into one or more flues, placed outside

page_text: the casing, which surrounds the machine. The ventilating channel F is formed
between a pair of flat horizontal plates E placed underneath the burr and
delivering the product equally on the whole circumference. The stones are
surrounded by a cylindrical jacket of sheet iron provided with adjustable slots
or perforations G, situated opposite the ventilating channels, so that the air
current entering at the circumference passes through the grain falling from the
top and carries away the light particles.
The distance between the stones and the brushes may be regulated by lifting
or lowering the shaft in the well known manner.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of this invention
and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I claim is:
In machines for cleaning grain :
1.) The application of a burr or stone A or A¹, the upper surface of which forms
an inverted cone and above which a correspondingly shaped conical brush B is
suspended.
2.) The application of a central ventilating channel F formed between a pair
of flat horizontal plates E and fed with air by adjustable slots or perforations G,
this ventilation serving to deliver the dust into one or more flues the whole
substantially as described.