CERTAIN IMPROVE- MENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR COOLING LIQUIDS AND CONDENSING VAPOURS
Year: 1858

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Daniel Gallafent, of Stepney Causeway, in the
County of Middlesex, Engineer, for the Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVE-
MENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR COOLING LIQUIDS AND CONDENSING
VAPOURS"
Sealed the 10th September 1858, and dated the 16th March 1858.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Daniel Gallafent at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
16th March 1858.
I, DANIEL GALLAFENT, of Stepney Causway, in the County of Middlesex,
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "CERTAIN
IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR COOLING LIQUIDS AND CONDENSING
VAPOURS," to be as follows, that is to say:-
I take a thin copper cylinder or pipe, say 12 inches in diameter, and place
it within a vertical iron cylinder or pipe, say 15 inches in diameter, so as to
leave an annular space between the two cylinders or pipes of one inch and half.
In the centre of the copper pipe (which as well as the iron pipe) is closed at
top and bottom with a blank flange, there is a vertical spindle having a vane
or blade extending the whole length or nearly so of the copper tube. The
object of this spindle and blade, to which a quick rotary motion is given, is to
impart a like motion to the hot liquid passing through the tube as well as a
centrifugal motion, for by the action or rotary motion of the vane the liquid
to be cooled will be continually thrown from the centre of the vessel to the

page_text: side thereof, and a rapid change of the particles of such liquid will take
place against the sides of the copper vessel. During the motion of the hot
liquid within and through the copper vessel a constant stream of cold water
is caused to flow through the annular space of the two vessels, and in order to
produce a change in the particles of water forming the cooling medium, I
propose to give to them a helical notion round the copper tube by casting or
otherwise fixing on the interior of the external cylinder, or exterior of the
copper cylinder, the thread of a screw, say 12 inches or 18 inches pitch, sc
that the cold water which flows in at the bottom of the annular space is
carried round and round the exterior of the copper cylinder, and finally
escapes at the top, the vertical direction of the flow being the reverse of the
hot liquid, which is caused to enter at the top of the copper cylinder, the
discharge being at the bottom. It will be manifest that any number of
apparatus as herein-before described may be connected in such manner that
the hot and cold liquids pass from one apparatus to the other, until the
required temperature is obtained, which can be regulated to some extent
by the discharge cocks.
In applying the apparatus herein-before described as a condenser for steam
engines, I propose to admit the steam from the cylinder or cylinders of the
engine to the annular space formed by the two vessels, where the steam will
be condensed by being brought in contact with the exterior of the copper
vessel, on the inner surface of which a constant supply of cold water is made
to impinge by the rotary action of the vane, as already described. By this
mode of condensing, namely, by contact with cool surfaces, and without a
jet, the boilers of marine and other engines can be supplied and constantly
fed with pure water, thereby avoiding incrustation by deposit.
The mode of construction and general arrangements of parts will be
more particularly described in the Final Specification of the Patent.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Daniel Gallafent in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 16th September 1858.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, DANIEL
GALLAFENT, of Stepney Causeway, in the County of Middlesex, Engineer,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Sixteenth day of March, in the year of our Lord

page_text: One thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight, in the twenty-first year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said Daniel Gallafent, Her special licence that I, the said Daniel Gallafent,
my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said
Daniel Gallafent, my executors, adininistrators, and assigns, should at any
time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter
during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,
the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "CERTAIN IMPROVE.
MENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR COOLING LIQUIDS AND CONDENSING VAPOURS,"
upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Daniel Gallafent, my
executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their,
or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be
perforined, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Daniel Gallifent, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed
to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement
thereof, that is to say :-
I take a thin copper cylinder or pipe, say twelve inches in diameter, and
place it within a vertical iron cylinder or pipe, say fifteen inches in diameter,
so as to leave an annular space between the two cylinders or pipes of one inch
and a half. In the centre of the copper pipe (which as well as the iron pipe)
is closed at top and bottom with a blank flange, there is a vertical spindle
having a vane or blade extending the whole length or nearly so of the copper
tube. The object of this spindle and blade, to which a quick rotary motion
is given, is to impart a like motion to the hot liquid passing through the tube,
as well as a centrifugal motion, for by the action or rotary motion of the vane
the liquid to be cooled will be continually thrown from the centre of the vessel
to the side thereof, and a rapid change of the particles of such liquid will take
place against the sides of the copper vessel. During the motion of the hot
liquid within and through the copper vessel a constant stream of cold water
s caused to flow through the annular space of the two vessels. And in order
to produce a change in the particles of water forming the cooling medium, I.
propose to give to them a helical motion round the copper tube, by casting
or otherwise fixing on the interior of the external cylinder, or exterior of the
copper cylinder, the thread of a screw, say twelve inches or eighteen inches

page_text: pitch, so that the cold water which flows in at the bottom of the annular
space is carried round and round the exterior of the copper cylinder and
finally escapes at the top, the vertical direction of the flow being the reverse
of the hot liquid, which is caused to enter at the top of the copper cylinder,
the discharge being at the bottom. It will be manifest that any number
of apparatus, as herein-before described, may be connected in such manner
that the hot and cold liquids pass from one apparatus to the other until
the required temperature is obtained, which can be regulated to some
extent by the discharge cocks.
In applying the apparatus herein-before described as a condenser for steam
engines, I propose to admit the steam from the cylinder or cylinders of the
engine to the annular space formed by the two vessels, where the steam will
be condensed by being brought in contact with the exterior of the copper
vessel, on the inner surface of which a constant supply of cold water is
made to impinge by the rotary action of the vane, as already described.
By this mode of condensing, namely, by contact with cool surfaces and
without a jet, the boilers of marine and other engines can be supplied and
constantly fed with pure water, thereby avoiding incrustation by deposit.
The construction and action of my improved refrigerator, and the
adaptation of such apparatus or modification thereof to condensers of
steam engines, will be more clearly understood from the following descrip-
tion, reference being had to the Drawings hereunto annexed, in which
similar letters denote corresponding parts in all the Figures.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING..,
Fig. 1 represents an elevation of a series of three refrigerators and their
connections, so as to form a compound refrigerator for a brewery; Fig. 2
is a sectional plan taken through the liue A, B, of Fig. 1; and Fig. 3, an
end elevation or view of Figs. 1 and 2, as seen in the direction of the
arrows a, a¹.
b, b, No. 1, Fig. 1, is a thin copper cylinder or tube, which I prefer to
make slightly taper, or of less diameter at the lower than the upper end, or
the same may be cylindrical; c, c, is an iron cylinder, with the thread of a
screw or worm cast on its inner surface, as shewn in section, No. 1, Fig. 1,
or the thread may be of wrought iron or other suitable material. The lower
end of the copper vessel is attached in any convenient manner to the circular
plated which forms a bottom to the iron vessel. The upper ends of the two
vessels are attached by flanges to the cover e, which is provided with a stuffing
box and gland for receiving the upper end of a vertical spindle or shaft f, f,

page_text: the lower end of which is carried by a footstep in the plate d. To the
spindle fis attached a blade g, g, as shewn at Figs. 1 and 2; or the spindle
may be provided with two or more blades in the form of a screw propeller,
the screws being right or left handed, or both, as shewn at Fig. 4, the
object being to cause the fluid particles in the copper vessel to move about,
so as to produce a rapid change against the sides thereof, and this is effected
by giving a quick rotary motion to the spindles by a strap or band from
some prime mover passing round the pullies h, h, h.
. The refrigerators Nos. 2 and 3 being in all respects similar to No. 1, it
only remains to describe their action. The cold " liquor" (water) is admitted
to the refrigerator No. 1 by the pipe i from a tank placed a few feet above
the apparatus; the "liquor" having circulated around the copper vessel by
reason of the helix or screw thread, escapes at the top of the iron vessel
through the pipe to the bottom of vessel or refrigerator No. 2, and so on
with Ne. 3. The cold "liquor," which has now become heated by contact
with the copper vessels through which the hot "wort" is flowing, finally
escapes by the pipe:m.
The direction of the flow of the hot wort is directly opposite that of the
cold "liquor." o, o, Figs. 1 and 2, is the inlet, or pipe through which the hot
wort enters the copper vessel of No. 3, refrigerator at the upper end thereof.
The wort having passed through the copper vessel escapes at the lower end by
the pipep to the upper end of No. 2,and so on from No. 2 through the pipe y to
the upper end of No. 1, having passed through which the wort finally escapes
through the piper (see Figs. 2 and 3) which is at the lower end of No. 1.
It will therefore be seen that the hot wort and cold liquor flow in opposite
directions, the wort being the coldest at that point where it meets the cold
liquor which enters at i, and hottest at that point where it meets with the
hottest liquor, or at the exit pipe m. The hot wort which enters at o and
takes the directio indicated by dotted arrows is gradually coming in contact
with colder surfaces when it finally escapes at r at a temperature little greater
than the cold liquor entering at i. The flow of hot wort and also of cold
liquor can be regulated by stop-cocks or valves, as will be understood. The
pipes 8, s, s, and t, t, t, are for emptying the vessels of wort when required.
For condensers of steam engines, I propose, as described in the Provisional
Specification, to admit the steam from the engine to the annular space, and
keep upacirculation of cold water through the copper vessel, thereby forming
a surface condenser, or the steam from the engine may be admitted to and
condensed in the copper vessel with a circulation of cold water through the
annular space, as shewn at Fig. 5, in which v is the exhaust pipe from the

page_text: engine communicating with the copper vessel b, b. w is the suction pipe o
the feed
pump,
the orifice of which is above the lowest part of the vessel b, b
so as to leave, in all cases, a portion of water within the copper vessel
which is kept in violent agitation by the rotary action of the vane g; x is the
induction pipe for cold water to the annular space surrounding the copper
vessel; and y, the eduction pipe for the same. It is therefore proposed to
keep up a constant flow of cold water through the annular space, which
may be plain, as shewn at Fig. 5, or with a thread in the form of a helix,
as shewn at No. 1, Fig. 1. Condensation is therefore effected by the steam
coming in contact with the sides of the copper vessel, and being intimately
mixed with that portion of water which cannot escape from the copper
vessel. The steam is therefore no sooner condensed than the water is forced
back to the boiler to be regenerated into steam.
Having thus described the nature of my said Invention, and the manner
in which the same is to be performed, I would have it understood that I
do not confine myself to the precise nature of the details herein-before
described, so long as the peculiar character of my Invention be retained;
but that which I do claim as my Invention is, the rotary vane, blade, or
blades, for producing a change in the particles of fluid, and bringing them
in rapid succession in contact with the sides of a vessel for the purpose of
cooling. I also claim the general arrangement and combination of parts
forming the apparatus herein-before described for cooling liquids and con-
densing vapours, whether such apparatus be vertical, horizontal, or inclined.
In witness whereof, I, the said Daniel Gallafent, have hereunto set
iny hand and seal, this Eleventh day of August, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight.
DANIEL GALLAFENT. (L.S.)