A NEW OR IMPROVED METAL FOUNDERS' 'BLACKING.''
Year: 1870

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Frederick Pattison, of the City of Glasgow,
in the County of Lanark, North Britain, Merchant, for the
Invention of "A NEW OR IMPROVED METAL FOUNDERS' 'BLACKING.''
92
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Frederick Pattison at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 13th April 1870.
I, FREDERICK PATTISON, of the City of Glasgow, in the County of
Lanark, North Britain, Merchant, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention for "A NEW OR IMPROVED METAL FOUNDERS' 'BLACKING,'" to
be as follows, that is to say:-
This said Invention consists in the production and use of a new or
'improved moulders' and metal founders' " blacking," made from the
) charcoal or solid carbon produced from the refuse sawdust of woods
generally (from the sawmills), particularly that of the hard wood class
-and veneer, and also that from the refuse sawdust and ground or chipped

page_text: matters of various dye woods, as logwood, bar wood, Brazil wood, Lima
wood, camwood, fustic, and madder root, left after these have been used
in the operations of dyeing and printing or the making of dyes or
pigments for these purposes, either by producing the said charcoal
specially from these materials for the purpose, or by using their residuary
charcoal produced or left by distilling and carbonizing them in the
producing of pyroligucous acids, combustible oils and resins; in either
case by feeding the waste granulated or chipped wood materials into
and through close retorts, by preference of the feeding and moving screw
class, while being subjected to a strong heat gradually increasing to a dull
red heat, at which it is retained for several hours, until all the gases have
been distilled off and the residue quite carbonized, when it is discharged
regularly from the retort into a chamber from which it is withdrawn
at intervals into close air-tight vessels until quite cold, when it is
ground and sifted or "bolted" to a fine dust, as the carbons from other
materials have otherwise heretofore been treated for making founders'
"blacking."
"
"
The dust or blacking thus prepared in this new or improved
manner from the charcoal of wood sawdust and spent dyewoods may
either be used as a moulders' "blacking" by itself or be mixed with
other "blacking" produced from the coke or coal and other bituminous
minerals, or the refuse coke left in distilling and refining mineral oils,
or other “blacking" heretofore used for founders' purposes.
When refuse dye woods are to be used in a damp state they are
preferred to be dried before being fed into the retorts, by preference by
passing them through hollow revolving cylinders lying at an angle either
enclosed in or over a hot chamber or heated currents of 'air, or super-
heated steam, which may be made to pass through the cylinders direct
from their ends, or through the surface of their 'shell wlien perforated
or made of wire cloth, or otherwise; these angular hot drying surfaces
may be stationary, in the form of heating and drying troughs having
carrying screws revolving in them, all in any case so as to deliver
the woody material quite dry into the feeding hoppers of the retorts.
When these refuse dye woods are very wet the water is preferred to
be removed from them by centrifugal hydro-extractors (such as are used
for drying yarns a textile goods) before being treated by heat, as
hercin-before described.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Frederick Pattison in the Great Scal Patent Office
on the 12th October 1870.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, FREDERICK
PATTISON, of the City of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North
Britain, Merchant, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing dato the Thirteenth day of April, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy, in the thirty-third
year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and
grant unto me, the said Frederick Pattison, Her special licence that
I, the said Frederick Pattison, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, or such others as I, the said Frederick Pattison, my exe-
cutors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and
no others, from time to time and at all times thercafter during the
term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,
and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,
the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "A NEW OR
IMPROVED METAL FOUNDERS' 'BLACKING,' upon the condition (amongst
others) that I, the said Frederick Pattison, my exccutors or adminis-
trators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their
hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature
of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed,
and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
"
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Frederick Pattison, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement in writing, reference being had to the accom-
panying Sheet of Drawings, and to the several figures, letters, and
numerals marked thereon, all which I have hereunto appended for the
purpose of showing the best modes and means I am at present aware of
for carrying my said Invention into effect or practice, the same reference
letters being employed to indicate the same or like parts in all the figures,
that is to say :-
My said Invention consists in the production and use of a new or im-

page_text: proved moulders' and metal founders' "blacking," made from the charcoal
or solid carbon produced from the refuse sawdust of woods generally (as
that from saw mills), and particularly that of the hard wood class, and
vencer, as well as that from the refuse sawdust, and refuse ground or
chipped matters of the various dye woods, of logwood, bar wood, Lima |
wood, camwood, Brazil wood, fustic and madder root, left after theso
have been used in the operations of dyeing and printing, or the making
of dyes or pigments for these purposes, either by producing the said
charcoal from these materials specially for the said new or improved
purpose of my said Invention of making moulders' "blacking," or by
using their residuary charcoal produced or left by their ordinary
destructive distillation or carbonization in the producing of pyroligncous
neids, combustible oils and resins; in either case by feeding the waste
sawdust, or granulated or chipped wood materials into and through
close retorts, by preference of the feeding and moving screw class,
while being subjected to a strong heat, gradually increasing to a dull
red heat, at which it is retained for several hours, or until all the gases
have been distilled off, and the residue quite carbonized or left in the
form of solid carbon or charcoal, when it is discharged regularly from the
retort into a close chamber, as free from air as possible, and from which
it is withdrawn at intervals into close air-tight vessels until quite cold.
These solid carbons or charcoals, thus prepared and cooled as stated as,
by preference, in accordance with and by any of the new or improved
modes and means described in the Final Specification of the Invention
for which Royal Letters Patent were granted to me, numbered 757,
dated 15th March 1870, are then ground and sifted or bolted to a
fiue dust, all otherwise as the carbons from other materials have here-
tofore been treated for making founders' "blacking."
The said dust or "blacking" thus prepared in this new or improved
manner, or from the new or improved materials of the charcoal of wood
sawdust and spent dyewoods as a moulders' blacking, may either
be used as a moulders' "blacking" by itself or be mixed with other
blackings heretofore produced from the coke of coal and other bituminous
minerals, or the refuse coke left in the distilling and refining of mineral
oils, or other "blacking" heretofore used for founders' purposes.
Having so far described the nature of my said Invention, I shall
now proceed to describe the several illustrative Figures on the Sheet of
Drawings.

page_text: Figure 1 is a longitudinal section of an arrangement of screw retorts
and their fittings, all made as self-acting as possible, and worked by
motive power, for the destructive distillation and treatment, or car-
bonizing and cooling of the said sawdust of wood or refuse dye woods,
specially for and in accordance with this my said Invention, Figures 2
and 3 are end elevations of the same corresponding to the left and right
hand sides of Figure 1 respectively, and Figure 4 is a transverse section
taken on the line 1-1, in Figure 1.
This arrangement consists of a stack of three retorts A, A', A",
formed by preference of fire-clay, and built into a hollow arched oven
of brickwork B, B¹, B", B³, with the furnace fire-place C below; with
the fuel-supplying doors C at the one end, the general arrangement
of which and the heating flues and seating of the retorts are much
as in coal gas making retorts generally, having their under side protected
by fire-clay supporting bricks or blocks A², but leaving their whole sides
and upper surfaces fully exposed and acted on by the direct flame and
heated gascous currents in their heating arched flues b, b', b", the arrows
indicating the direction of the heated currents from the furnace C on to
the main outlet flue D on top of the main brickwork B. Each retort A
has a shaft E with screw conducting and agitating blades e fast on it,
the ends of which shaft revolve in bushed stuffing box bearings ſ, in the
cast-iron ends F, G, of the retorts screwed to the latter by T headed bolts.
These screw shafts E are actuated by the transverse shaft H and small
screws I, I, I, working into worm wheels J, J, J, keyed fast on their
front end; the shaft H is driven at a slow speed by motive power, and
revolves in bearing brackets j secured to the outlet ends F', F", of
the two lower retorts A', A".
When these refuse dye woods and wood sawdust are obtained, or
require to be used in a very wet state, the water is preferred to be
removed from them by centrifugal hydro-extractors (such as used for
drying yarns and textile goods) before being treated by heat, as herein-
before described, and to thoroughly dry all damp out of them before
being fed into the retorts, they may be passed through hollow revolving
cylinders lying at an angle, either inclosed in or over a hot flue or
chamber heated by radiation or currents of hot air or superheated steam,
which may be made to pass through the cylinders direct from their ends,
or through the surface of their shell when perforated or made of wire cloth
H

page_text: or otherwise; these angular hot drying surfaces inay bo stationary in the
form of heating and drying troughs, having carrying screws revolving in
them, all in any case so as to deliver the said granular refuse woody
materials quite dry into the feeding hoppers or hopper K of the retort A.
The unused heat and heated gaseous currents from the retorts and the
outlet flue D may be used in any of the said ways either to dry the damp
granulated wood while being conveyed to the hopper of the retort or to
heat an iron or tile kiln floor, with the said material spread on it until dry,
when it could be conveyed by ordinary chain and bucket elevators or screw
troughs, as desired, to the hopper D of the top retort A. The dry granu-
lated refuse woods thus fed into the hopper K is fed down the cutering
duct k, into the front iron end F of the retort A, by the feeding wheel L
on the spindle L', driven automatically from the first motion screw shaft H
by their respective chain wheels and h, and pitch chain / passed over
them, when it is then carried along through the body of the retort A
(kept at a bright red heat by the flames and heat in its flue 6 from the
furnace) by the screw and blades E, e, to the back end G where it falls
down through the two ducts g', g", in equal quantities, regulated by the
vane or shutter valve g, into the back ends G₁, G", of the two retorts
A', A", through which it is similarly traversed by the long screws and
blades E, e, in them to the front discharge mouth F, F, being similarly
acted upon by the great heat of this second set of retorts while passing
through them, so as to be quite carbonized before reaching their discharge
ends, as stated. The screw E, e, of the first retort A is driven twice as
fast as that of the other two A', A", or at such relative speed or angle
of the screw eas will insure the retorts being always two-thirds full
or so, and the first motion shaft H is driven at such a slow speed as to
give the woody material being treated sufficient time for the heat of
the retorts to completely drive off all the volatile gases, which can be
removed at the bright red or low white heat while passing through the
retorts. Stand and dip pipes M, N, are fitted at the upper parts of the
ends G, G', G", of all the retorts, all in a usual manner for conducting
away these gases, which may be allowed to escape to wasto after passing
through water luting discharge main O, or bo otherwise utilized by
condensation, and the whole of the lighter escaping gases not condensed
might be conveyed to be burned for heating the retort furnace C, or in
a flue or oven by the admission of air, for the purpose of drying the wet
dye woods before being fed into the retorts, as before described. The

page_text: course of the said woody matter through the retort, which is indicated
by darts, is of so long a traverse and has such a consequent long
exposure to the heat in passing through the upper and lower retorts in
succession, that it is quite burned to a rich solid carbon charcoal
by the time it reaches the ends F, F", of the retort. The hot carbon or
charcoal thus formed falls into the discharge spouts F³, fitted with a very
close slide or swivel valveƒ³," or ƒ", to regulate its outlet at intervals
without the admission of air (which must not be admitted to the carbon
while it is red hot, or it would burn away to an ash), cither into a close
receiving box P, or into a movable close-fitting spout Q, from either of
which it can be removed into portable close boxes or close box carriages
by the spouts Q' or Q, the former being fitted with a discharge valve Q'
opened when the valve f" is shut, for the discharge of the contents
of the box P at once into the portable close air-tight boxes or carriages
which as filled would be closed and removed to be cooled therein,
either with or without the use of a little cold water to damp out the
bright red heat of the charcoal within the box or duct P, Q, Q', or
the portable close boxes referred to, taking care not to saturate it
and to admit as little air as possible thereto, all substantially by the
modes and means described for treating and cooling the coke of coal
and shale minerals (for the like purpose of this Invention), in the
Final Specification hercin-before referred to, namely, Number 757, dated
15 March 1870.
Although gas making retorts only have been shown and referred to
for treating the wood sawdust and spent dyo woods for producing the
charcoal or solid carbon therefrom, it is to be understood that the
charcoal might be produced in other forms of close stoves, kilns or ovens
cither in quantity, as coke is made from small coal, or in small nearly
close metal or fire-clay boxes or vessels placed in such ovens or passed
through them at a slow rate in either case for such a time as to drive
off all the free gases therefrom and then be completely closed up, free
from all air, as much as possible, until the said charcoal produced from
wood sawdust and spent dye woods was quite cold (all as described
in reference to Figures 10 and 11 of the said Final Specification and
Drawings before referred to, numbered 757, dated 15th March 1870)
when it would be ready for subsequent grinding and treatment. This

page_text: thus specially prepared and cooled by any of these new or improved
modes and means herein described and shown in the Drawings, or by other
modes and means heretofore known and used for the destructive dis-
tillation of wood, or the making of charcoal, is then, as before stated,
ground and sifted or bolted to a fine dust or powder in edge running
or face grinding mills or stones and preparing machinery, all otherwise
as other carbons and substances have been heretofore prepared for
founders' "blacking," and well known to the manufacturers of such
blacking."
66
The dust or "blacking" thus prepared in this new or improved
manner from the charcoal of wood sawdust and spent dye woods is either
used as a new or improved moulders' blacking" by itself, or is mixed
with other "
blacking" or "blackings" produced from the coke of coal
and other bituminous minerals, or the refuse coko left in the distillation
and refining of mineral oils or other "blacking " heretofore used for
founders' purposes, and which whether thus used by itself or mixed,
makes a proportionally superior and cheaper founders' “blacking,” more
casily ground and prepared, all in many respects than most of those
heretofore used.
Having thus described and particularly ascertained the nature of my :
said Invention, and the manner in which the same is or may be used or
carried into effect, I may observe in conclusion that I do not confine or
restrict myself to the precise details or arrangements which I have had
occasion to delineate, describe, or refer to, as many variations may be
made therefrom without deviating from the principles or main features
of my Invention, but what I consider to be novel and original, and
therefore claim as the Invention secured to me by the herein-before in
part recited Letters Patent is,-
First. The manufacture, and its use, of a new or improved metal
founders' "blacking " from wood sawdust and refuse or spent dye woods,
substantially as herein described and shown in the accompanying
Drawings.
Second. The construction and arrangement of retorts and their parts
or fittings for the destructive distillation of wood sawdust and refuse or
spent dye woods, and for the making of charcoal and metal founders'

page_text: "blacking "therefrom, all substantially as herein described and shown
in the accompanying Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said Frederick Pattison, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Eleventh day of October, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy.
Witness,
W. R. M. THOMSON,
Patent Agent,
FREDERICK PATTISON. (L.S.)
20, Buchanan Street,
Glasgow.