CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PROCESS AND MACH!- NERY FOR MAKING, UNITING, AND PRESERVING METALLIC AND NON-METALLIC PIPES.
Year: 1847

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, PIERRE
ARMAND le Comte de FONTAINE MOREAU, of 4, South Street, Finsbury, in the
County of Middlesex, English and Foreign Patent Agent for Inventions,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Eighteenth day of
November (One thousand eight hundred and forty-seven), in the eleventh
year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant
unto me, the said Pierre Armand le Comte de Fontaine Moreau, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, Her especial licence, full power, sole privilege
and authority, that I, the said Pierre Armand le Comte de Fontaine Moreau,
my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Pierre
Armand le Comte de Fontaincmoreau, my executors, administrators, or
assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time
and at all times thereafter during the term of years therein expressed, should
and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales,
and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and in the Islands of Guernsey, Jersey,
Alderney, Sark, and Man, and in all Her said Majesty's Colonies and Plantations.
abroad, the Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PROCESS AND MACH!-
NERY FOR MAKING, UNITING, AND PRESERVING METALLIC AND NON-METALLIC PIPES.";
communicated to nie from abroad; in which said Letters Patent there is

page_text: contained a proviso obliging me, the said Pierre Armand le Comte de Fontaine
Moreau, to particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention,
and in what manner the same is to be performed, by an instrument in writing
under my hand and seal, and to cause the same to be enrolled in Her
Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in
and by the same, reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at large
appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the
said Pierre Armand le Comte de Fontaine Moreau, do hereby declare that the
nature of the said Invention communicated to me, and the manner in which
the same is to be performed, are particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement thereof, reference being had to the several Drawings
hereunto annexed, and to the Figures therein contained, in which the same
letters of reference in the different machines and apparatus refer to similar
parts in Figures referring to the same machinery (that is to say) :-
The Invention communicated to me consists,--
=
Firstly, in a new and improved process for making and uniting metallic
pipes simultaneously, by acting over the top or head of the rivet.
Secondly, in a new and improved process for soldering laterally galvanized
iron, leaden, and tinned pipes (either rivetted or clasped) by means of a long
thread or fillet of solder.
Thirdly, in a new or improved process of uniting. metallic pipes by means of
a certain improved clasp.
Fourthly, in a new or improved process for uniting metallic pipes, by in-
serting in the clasps employed for that purpose certain compressible substances.
for preventing the escape of gas and fluids.
Fifthly, in a new or improved process of uniting metallic pipes, by using
an helix for elbowing the same, without flattening the leaden elbow.
Sixthly, in new or improved processes. for preserving metallic and non- s
metallic pipes by the application of resinous matters, fatty bodies, and
chalk.
Seventhly, in the process of preserving iron and cast iron pipes from oxida-
tion by means of a galvanic action.
I will now proceed to describe in detail the several processes comprising 8
the Invention communicated to me.
New machines for manufacturing pipes rivetted laterally.-The machine
which I am going in the first place to describe pierces. and rivets at the.
same time the two sides of the plate forming the pipe. The perfora-

page_text: tion is made from the inside, and the rivets are placed on the outside.
Description:Figure 1, Plate I., is a front view elevation of the machine.
Figure 2 is a vertical and longitudinal section. Figure 3 is a transverse
section. In these three Figures the same letters indicate the same parts.
A, A, A, is the fixed mandrel. It is of an oval form, in order to diminish the
surface exposed to friction with the pipe. The mandrel is kept in its place
by the tringle or rod B, B, which rests on the frame C, C, C, by means of the
moveable bolt-a. The saine rod B, B, being jointed in 6 may be adapted to
mandrels of different diameters. C, C, C, C, is a groove or mortice made
in the mandrel. It is in this groove that the machine that pieces the pipe
and rivets the nails plays. This machine is composed, firstly, of the piece d, d,
which has an horizontal movement at the bottom of the groove C¹. Secondly,
of the square piece e, e, in steel, which moves vertically and parallel with the
piece d, d. Thirdly, connecting rods f, f, f, which are jointed on the pieces
d and e. g is the punch which makes the holes in the pipes. The racked
rod D, D, commands the machine which I have just described: E, E, E, É; is
the pipe submitted to the action of the machine, to have the rivetting
effected. This pipe rests on the cast-iron anvil F, F. This anvil is moveable.
There must be a different one used for every different sized pipe. G, G, is
another cast iron anvil, on which the anvil F, F, is fixed. H, H, H; H, is a
block of wood which supports the anvil. I, I, I, I, is a frame fastened to
the block H, which supports the other parts of the machine: J, J, J, J, is thé
frame of a screw press. K, K, is the moveable bed or platform of the press;
it is made of iron or steel. L, L, is the moving screw. h; h, is a fly handle
(or volant) fixed on the screw, and by means of which it is moved. i; i, are
guides which pass into the grooves K, K, of the frame J, J, J, J. Thesė
guides serve to direct the vertical movement of the bed K, K. M, M, and
N, N, are two pullies or cylinders with grooves. It is the same with these
pullies as with the grooved anvil. They must be changed according to the
diameters of the pipes to be made, nevertheless pipes of different diameters
may be made with the same anvil and the same pullies, but to' do this the
grooves of the pullies must be made wide enough and not very deep. 0, 0, 0, 0,
is the frame on which the pullies M, M, and N, N, are mounted. P, P; are
two screws which serve to retain the pulley M, M, at a propër distance from
the pulley N, N. These screws may be replaced by weights or springs. Q, Q
(Figures 1 and 8) is a handle mounted on the axis of the pulley N, N. It
serves to push forward the pipe by degrees as the rivetting is made. If the
working of the pulley N, N, is not sufficient to move the pipe, the pulley
N, N, must be put in communication with the pulley M, by means of a chain'

page_text: crossed, or a la Vaucanson, and catching in the dentated wheels mounted on
the axis of the pullies. R, R., R, R, frame or trestle, nearly similar to that
C. On the frame R is mounted the dentated wheel S, S, which catches, the
racked rod t, t, and causes the tringle D to work. It is in acting on the
fly handle T, T, T, which is mounted on the axis of the wheel S, that the
rod D is set in motion, and which rod directs the working of the piercing and
rivetting machine.
Explanation of the working of this machine..
- After having cut the
plate or sheet iron in bands of suitable width, and having rolled, them
into the form of a pipe, by means which aro generally known, the edges
of the plate are fixed in such a manner as to retain the pipe in its form.
The pipe is then introduced on the mandrel A. To effect this the bolt
a, which coufines the tringle B, is removed, the tringle is raised, and
the imperfect pipe is passed on the mandrel A, and it is advanced as far
as under the bed of the press J, J, J, J. The screws P are afterwards
tightened, in order to bring the pullies M and N at a proper distance from
each other. This being done, the punching (or piercing) of the pipe and the
rivetting of the nails may be commenced. This is effected in the following
manner: Firstly, the bed K is lowered on the pipe E by acting on the
handle of screw L. Secondly, the flier T is acted on to bring the machine
into play, which by the action of the rod D impelled towards the mandrel
pierces from the inside to the outside the crossed edges of the material of the
pipe. Thirdly, the bed K is raised by means of the screw L, and afterwards
the rod D is drawn back by turning the flier or fly handle T in an opposite
direction to the first movement. The rod D in drawing back draws with it
the piercer and rivetter, and makes the end m of the piece e abut on the
obstacle n, which makes the piece e descend vertically, and withdraw the
punch or piercer from the hole it has just made. To facilitate the withdrawing
of the punch in a straight line, a spring may be employed, which may be
placed either on the piece e or one of the rods f. ff. Fourthly, the pipe is
pushed forward under the press by acting on the handle Q. The pipe is made
to advance a distance equal to that which it is wished to have between the
rivets. Fifthly, by means of the hand, or with a small pair of pincers, made
with a spring for the purpose, a rivet is placed in the hole which has just
been made. The bed K is again lowered, and the flier or fly handle T is again
moved as explained above. This action produces simultaneously the rivetting
of the nail which, has just been placed in the hole and a new hole ready to
receive a rivet. It will be seen that the square piece e, e, in supporting itself
by the end o on the mandrel, is forced to rise itself vertically, and in a paralle!

page_text: direction to the surface of the pipe, and that in rising the punch 9 makes a hole
in the two edges of the plate, and the piece e (made of steel), which carries
'the punch, flattens a rivet. If more length be given to the piece e, it might
carry two punches or piercers, which would allow it to make two holes,
and to rivet two nails by the same blow. There will be seen in the stop n
a small groove intended to allow the inner heads of the rivets to pass and to
guide the movement of the pipe. The handle or flier T has in this machine
the advantage of acquiring or accumulating much force, which permits it to
rivet and to pierce very thick plates by a single blow; nevertheless, in order to
avoid the use of a great force in a very short time sufficient length may be
given to the piercing punch in order that the hole may be made before the
rivetting; for the same reason the holes for the rivets may be made in the
plate before hand. Instead of employing a dentated wheel and a rack rod to
cause the piercing and rivetting machine to work, an exentric may be used,
directed by the continual movement of the handle or flyer T, but for that
purpose it is necessary that the connecting rods f,f. f, may in both ways go
beyond the vertical position, which is easily effected by slightly grooving the
mandrel A.
With this arrangement, and by means of the dentated wheels,
and the Vaucanson chains, the flier T may direct all the movements of the
machine and of the pipe. In order to support the pipe when only one end of
it is resting on the bed K, a support (galet) may be placed, on which the pipe
may be supported between the framework C and the frame I, and a similar
support may be placed between the frame B and the block H. Figure 4 and
5 represent a longitudinal and transversal section, an arrangement which
may replace in the machine which I have just described the jointed machis
nery with a paralled and vertical movement, which serves to effect the pinching
and rivetting. Figure 4, longitudinal section; Figure 5, transversal section:
In these Figures the same parts are indicated by the same letters. This
arrangement, like the preceding, one, has for object to communicate a.
vertical movement, parallel to the side of the pipe, to the piece which operates,
simultaneously from the inside to the outside of the pipe, the punching and
the rivetting. In order to obtain this important result I employ two wedges
(or coins) sliding the one upon the other; that is to say, a wedge sliding upon
an inclined plane. This arrangement has, like the first, in addition to the
advantage of parallel movement, that of solidely supporting on a wide basis
the long piece which carries the punch or piercer, and which makes the rivet.
This twofold advantage cannot be obtained with a single (coin) or wedge placed
in the pipe, particularly is the slanting part of the wedge is uppermost (as in
the machine of Mr. Lemaitre). A, A, is the moveable wedge. It is directed

page_text: by the rod B, which is similar to the rod D in the other machine, except. that
the rod B is jointed in a. C, C, is the fixed inclined plane; it forms part of
the mandrel D, D. 6, 6, is the piece which pierces and rivets at. the same
time. This piece is directed in its course, and maintained in its. place by the
small lateral projections c, c, which are, on, each side; and which play in the
grooves d, d. e is the piercing punch. is a spring, which should be as wide
as possible, in order to be strong enough to. withdraw the punch from its
hole after the wedge A has effected its backward movement. E, E, E, E, is
the pipe submitted to the action of the machine. to effect the nailing, The
other parts of the machine. are, précisely similar to those of the machine
for rivetting, described above, and its functions are also the same. The
machine for rivetting the pipes,, which I have above described, may also be used
to rivet other articles, as for instance, flat pieces of even boilers, of a square
form; but in the latter case the cylindrical mandrel is. to, be. replaced. by
a quadrangular mandrel, and the grooved anvil F by anvils without groove,
more or less high.
The machine. Figure 6, Drawing. II., is; a modification of, the machine for
rivetting which I have just described. The same letters indicate the samo
parts (see Figure 2), Drawing I. This machine, like the first, pierces and
rivets by the same blows; but; instead of punching from the inner. part out;
wards it pierces the reverse way, and instead of placing the rivets outside
they are placed inside.
The following changes, which, I have made in the first machine, in order to
make it produce the effects of which I have just spoken, are:-Firstly, I have
changed the position of the punch g; it is fixed in. the bed K instead of being
in the piece e, consequently the hole or matrix or matrice corresponding to the
punch 9 is in the piece e instead of being on the bed K. Secondly, above the
hole or matrix I have. fixed a small pincers or spring fork to hold the rivets,
in order to introduce them, into their holes by the interior of the pipe (see
Figure 7, Drawing II., a design on a large scale of this spring, seen in place
and holding a rivet, and Figure 8 the plan of this spring). Thirdly, the rod. D
is dentated; in its whole length, and the wheel S is considerably increased, in
diameter. In order to increase the relative quickness of the rod D,. several
cog wheels and pinions catching in each other may be used as usual in, the
same case. It. is necessary to mount the flier or friction flyer on its axis, or
to fit a click or springwork on that axis, in order that the velocity, acquired
from the flier may not produce a great shock to the jointed machinery when it
strikes against the bottom of the, groove of the mandrel A. Fourthly, the
flier T, which directs the wheel S, is lighter than that of the other machine.

page_text: Fifthly, the screw L has but one thread, and the flier h is heavier. The screw
may be replaced either by a striking machinery with a lever, similar to that
of the cutting machines, or by an exeentric machine; like that of the rivetting
machine of Fairbairne: Sixthly, Figure 9 represents a support destined to
sustain' the rod D when it is in a great measure out of the pipe. Seventlily;
it is necessary to fit a spring on the rods f; or on the piece d of the jointed
machinery, in other that the upper part of it may fall when' it is withdrawn
from the pipe.
.
:
Functions of the machine:-The following is a brief description of the
manner of setting the machine at work:-Firstly, after having bent the plate
into the form of a pipe, and fixed it with two or three rivets, the imperfect
pipe is introduced on the machine by passing over the rod B; and thence on
the mandrel A. Secondly, the flier T is set in motion in order to act on the
rod D, and thus make the bar e'come in contact with the upper and inner
part of the pipe. Thirdly, the bed K, which bears the punch (9), is then
lowered. Fourthly, the bed K is again raised. Fifthly, the flier T is again'
moved, but in a reverse way from the first movement, in order to draw back
from the pipe the jointed machinery. That being done, a rivét is placed under
the spring P, and the flier is again' moved in the opposite way in order to cause
the jointed machine to return into the pipe. This operation will then place
the rivets in the hole which has just been made in the pipe. Sixthly, the
jointed machinery is maintained for a moment in the position in which it is after
having placed the rivet in the hole. During this time the pipe is advanced'
by moving the handle or flier. This movement carries along the rivet by
making it slide on the piece e, and carries it to some distance from the hole or
matrice of the piece e. Seventhly, the bed K is again lowered, and in this
time produces a double effect; it makes at the same blow a hole and a rivet.
In order to complete the nailing of the pipe, the same series of opérations
which I have just indicated' must be repeated for each rivet. In order that'
the jointed machinery may offer a resisting point of support when the pinch-
ing and rivetting is made, the mandrel at the part g must be slightly grooved,
in order that the connecting rod f may go a little beyond the vertical line*
when the picce e forms a point of support.
The machine which I have just described may be used to rivet pipes, tlio*
holes of which have been made beforehand. In order to effect the rivetting
in this case the operation will be perforined precisely as described above;
except that there must be placed on the bed' K an index; or it may be placed
at the bottom of the piece J to point out where each hole is to be found, in

page_text: order that it may correspond with the rivet which will be introduced into the
inner part.
The machine above described will be very good to rivet pipes in leather,
because in that case it is necessary that the rivets should form a large head on
both sides. This machine will allow of a small pierced disk of metal being
placed on each side of the rivet before the rivetting takes place, as is usually
done, in order to have large heads both on the inside and on the outside of the
pipe. The leather may be bored beforehand, or it may be done by the
machinery, but in the latter case it will be necessary to employ another kind of
punch or piercer. One similar to those used in making holes in leather may
be used. In order to impel forward the leather pipe on the machine, it is
necessary to adopt means different from those indicated for metal pipes; the
pipe must be drawn forward instead of being pushed. This result may be
obtained by making the pipe proceed from left to right, instead of from right
to left, as for metal pipes; but in that case the punch 9 must be placed to the
left of the bed K. In order that the leather pipes may preserve their cylin-
drical forms, it will be desirable to place in the inside of them an helix or
spiral made of galvanized iron wire.
The following is a simplification, which may be applied to this ma-
chine, but which cannot be adopted but for the fabrication of metal pipes.
This improvement consists in the suppression of the trestle R of the
wheels, and the flier S and T of the rack, and of the jointed machinery
which is at the end of the rack. The mandrel A shall be grooved on the
side opposite to the rod which holds it fixed, and will be slightly flattened
on the upper part. It will have in front of the punch 9 a hole lined
with steel to receive the punch when it makes the hole. With this arrange-
ment the rivets are placed on the outside, and the rivetting is made on the
mandrel by the action of the bed K, which at first drives the rivet into the
hole, and afterwards acts upon the metal of the pipe sufficiently for the
rivetting to be effected on the mandrel.
The following is an improvement connected with the rivetting machine,
whether that operation of rivetting is performed in the inside or on the outside.
The object of this improvement is to make the same mandrel and the same
jointed machinery available in the making of pipes of different sizes. This result
will be obtained by employing a mandrel of a minimum size, under which will
be placed, opposite the part on which the rivet is made, spare pieces in the form
of a crescent, which will fill up the vacancy which may exist below between
the mandrel and the pipe.

page_text: The following is another improvement connected solely with the machine
for piercing and rivetting on the inside. It consists in placing a heavy weight
on the point of the circle of the flier in order to make the piercing and
rivetting machinery. retrograde as soon as it has performed its work.
Another very simple arrangement of a machine for making rivetted pipes
with this machine, represented by Plate 8, Figures 2 and 3. The rivetting is
effected by blows of a hammer. The rivets are introduced from the outer part
of the pipe, and the rivetting is made on the inside. In order to obtain this
result it is necessary that the rivets should be sunk up to the head in their
holes, and that the heads of the rivets on which the blow is struck do not
move from the side of the pipe during the time that the rivetting is being
effected.
The following is the machine which fulfils these conditions:-Figure 1,
Plate 3, is a front view elevation of the machine; Figure 2 is a transversal
section. In these two Figures the same letters indicate the same parts.
A, A, is the principal piece of the machine; it is a long mandrel in iron or in
steel, a little flattened on one side of its circumference, and of a diameter more"
or less inferior to that of the pipe which it is wished to rivet. a, a, is a
small groove cut in the whole length of the mandrel; b, b, is a pulley fixed
in the mandrel. On this pulley are attached the two cords c, c, and d, d,
which are directed by the pedals e, e, and f, f. B, B, B, B, is the framework
which supports the mandrel A in two coussinets (bearings). C, C, C, is the
pipe submitted to the action of the machine. D, D, D, is a hook suspended
to the cord g, 9, 9, which passes in the pullies h, h. The book D serves to
balance the pipe C by means of the weights placed in the bed E, E, which is
attached to one of the extremities of the cord g. F, F, is a plank to support
the bed E when there is no pipe on the hook D.
Explanation of the working of this machine. The pipe which it is wished
to rivet being previously pierced to receive the rivets, and prepared as I have
pointed out for the other machine, that is to say, rounded and fixed with
two or three rivets, it is introduced on the mandrel A by rising the
latter by the end G. After this the hook D is passed under the pipe,
and it is balanced with the weights which are placed on the bed E. That
being done, the operation is performed in the following manner:-Firstly,
the pedal e, e, is pressed with the foot which raises the groove a of the
mandrel, which is kept in that position by keeping the foot on the pedal,
the holes of the pipe should then correspond with the groove a, a. Secondly,
a rivet is introduced into one of the holes of the pipe, and a blow of a
hammer is given on the rivet in order to drive it in and to tighten one against

page_text: the other the edges of the plates. Thirdly, the pipe is then slightly raised
with the hand which does not hold the hammer, and with the foot the pedal ff.
is pressed, in order to raise the flat part of the mandrel; 'the' mandrel is
retained in that position by keeping the foot on the pedal, or by putting the
bolt in the place where it is seen. Fourthly, in fine, the rivetting. is
effected by striking on the head of the rivet;: but in such a manner that it
never quits the side of the pipe; to do this it is necessary to support the pipe a
little with one hand while the blow is given with the other. The small handle
K may replace the pedals e and f, in order to set the mandrel in play. If it
is desired to have the heads of the rivets of a rounded form the rivetting must
be made by using a bouterolle puncheon instead of striking immediately on
the head of the rivets. In order to rivet pipes which are very long. and of
small diameter, the mandrel should be as large as possible, and there should
only be between the pipe and the mandrel a distance sufficient to place the
stem of the rivets. There may be also used a grooved support similar to that
before described'; in this case there will be required spare supports and
different mandrels for each sized pipe: In order to rivet pipes with this
machine by using only one support; it is necessary to employ very thin-plate;
because it is requisite that the pipe should-bend in order for the rivetting to be
effected. The pipes rivetted by the processes I have described in this memoir
may be made in all kinds of metal in their natural state, or covered with any
kind of preservative coating. To prevent the escape of liquid or of gas
without being compelled to solder, the joints, some compressible body, such as
lead, caoutchoux, gutta percha, greased cotton, or any other similar materials'
may be placed between the two nailed edges. The following is a very simple'
plan for soldering the lateral junction of pipes when they are made of sheet
iron, galvanised, leaded, or tinned; this plan consists in tying on the joint a
thread of the common solder used by tinmen, placing on the joint, by means
of a small brush, some solution of chlorate of zinc (chlorure de zinc) or of
salt of ammonia, and then warming the pipe by passing it into a furnace, or
in any other manner by which the solder may be melted.
Pipes fastened. by means of clasps (agrafes), which will not allow liquids or
gas to escape, and for which sheet iron of inferior quality may be used:-The
principle of these new clasps consists in the use of a band of some compressible
substance, such as lead, caoutchoux, gutta percha, leather, tared or waxed
cords, &c. placed tightly between the edges of the pipe. The Figures
3 and 4, Plate 3, represent the transversal section of two pipes hooked by
the new method; the one is hooked within and the other without: a, a,.
Figures 3 and 4, is the princer hook; it will be seen that it is very strong.

page_text: and more so in the middle than on the edges. It is also seen that the edges
of the material for the pipes forms a groove, in which the compressible sub-
stance is fastened. The compressible band should be made of a metal not easily
fusible. In cases where it is wished to solder the joint of the pipe, lead or zinc
may be employed; a wire-drawing pincers may be used to prepare the pipes;
and to adapt the pincers to it, one or two turns will suffice to round a pipe
and to prepare the edges, and as many turns to tighten the pincers. Other means
may be used besides the wire-drawing pincers to round the pipes, to prepare
the edges of the plate, and to tighten the pincers; for instance, to execute the
pipes, Figure 4, the edges. of the plate may be prepared by a machine which
the tinmen and iron-plate workers call a "guillotine" (stock), and which they
are to stamp; the moulds and the pipe may be afterwards rounded: by means of
a machine with two or three cylinders, which are used by the trade to give the
form to the pipe, and, in fine, the clasps. may be tightened by means of the
guillotine (stock), or by blows from a hammer; as to the pipe, Figure 8, the
clasps of it can. only. be tightened by means of the wire-drawing. pincers, or
by a machine with grooved cylinders, like that used in making pipes which are
soldered by the application of heat. The system of clasps which I have just
described has the inconvenience, when the pincer is not very strong, of coming
unloosed by the pressure within the pipe; to obviate this inconvenience, a
certain number of hoops may be placed round the pipes. The pipe, Figure 3,
is much more easily hooped than that in. Figure 4. Figure 5. is a pipe
rivetted and without pincers, which is rendered water-tight by the process'
which I have just described, that is to say, by means of a band, in substance
more or less compressible, which is fastened in a groove made on the edges of
the plate: Figure 6, 7, and 8 represent pipes also made water-tight by
means of the compressible bands, but they have not the pincers to tighten the
compressible material. Figure 6.is a pipe having its clasp on the outside; it'
may be seen that the two edges of the plate cross each other when it results.
that the pincers may be dispensed with. Figure 7' is a pipe hooked or clasped.
in the same manner, with the only difference that the hook is within instead.
of being without. Figure 81 represents another modification; the pipe is
clasped by. a clasp similar to that used by tinmen, in which I introduce the
compressible matter; this kind of clasp offers more resistance than the pre-
ceding ones, and does not require the use of iron plates superior in quality.
In order to execute this clasp, the edges of the plate are prepared; as seen in
Figure 9, either by means of the wire-drawing pincers, or between two
rollers, or by. stamping, &c.; the plate is afterwards rounded to the form of the
pipe by the ordinary means, and after having introduced the compressible body:
.

page_text: in the clasps it is tightened by means of a wire-drawing iron, fixed or moveable,
taking care to place a mandrel with a handle in the inside of the pipe.
New wire-drawing iron to make pipes clasped with the ordinary hook used by
tinmen. Figures 10, 11, 12, and 13 represent four cousinets bearings of wire-
drawing irons, which may be united together and form only one.. Figures
14, 15, 16, and 17 represent the transversal section of four mandrels, or of
one mandrel cut on different parts and surrounded with the pipe; the form of
the mandrel in each cut is that which the pipe which surrounds it is to take in
passing in the wire-drawing iron. Each (coussinet bearing), or each part of
the same if only one is used, is placed in the Drawing immediately below
the section of the mandrel which is to correspond with it; that is to say,
that during the work the part Figure 14 of the mandrel is in the (coussinet
bearing) Figure 10; that the part Figure 15 is the coussinet bearing 11; that
the part (Figure 16) is the coussinet bearing 12; and that the part (Figure
17) is in the coussinet bearing 12. The sheet iron enters by Figure 10, and
comes out by Figure 13. On the mandrel, Figure 14, is seen the primitive form
of the plate; Figure 15 represents it after its passage in the wire-drawing
iron 10; Figure 16 represents it after its passage in 11; and Figure 17
represents it after its passage in 12 and 13. It is thus seen that the plate
becomes, from a single crossing over, Figure 14, perfectly clasped or hooked
(Figure 17). To clasp a pipe a single turn only may be made, and only one
coussinet bearing and one mandrel employed, representing in their lengths the
different forms which is seen in Drawing, but I think it will be preferable to
make several turns, in which case several mandrels and several (coussinets
bearings) must be employed.
Joining together of the pipes.-My Invention is to employ in most cases
for uniting my pipes at the end of each other the ordinary process. I
will only here point out a plan of junction which has been communicated
to me, and which allows the easy binding of the pipes to any degree that
may be wished. Figures 18 and 19 represent a section of this junction.
A, A, and B, B, are the two pipes which are to be united. C, C, C, C,
is a cylinder composed of a short piece of leaden pipe solvered on the
two pipes, the extremities of which should be previously tinned that the.
soldering may readily be effected. D, D, is an helix or spiral made of iron
wire, or some other very stiff material; the rings of the helix should be a
little wide one from the other. It may be seen that the pipes A and B are a
little removed one from the other, and that the space between them is occupied
by the helix. The object of the helix is to prevent the cylinder in lead from:
flattening when the elbow is made, which permits the pipes being bent to any:

page_text: angle that may be desired; for instance, the junction Figure 18 may be easily
bent like Figure 19, and even much more.
:.
Some processes for preserving iron pipes from oxydation.-The process which
I am about to point out is only applicable to iron on cast iron.pipes exposed to the
action of damp or of non-acid liquids, and to preserve the outer parts of con-
ducting pipes for gas, which are placed underground, or in damp places. In order
to preserve iron pipes from oxidation, I put them into an electro-negative state
by the process which Davy discovered and employed to preserve the copper
sheathing on ships' bottoms; it is not therefore the principal of the junction which
I claim, it is a new application of the principal on iron, and in particular cases.
In fact Davy employed this process to ships copper bottomed; I propose to apply
it to iron pipes. I am moreover about to point out means which are peculiar
to myself for the application of the principal of Davy. In order to place the
pipes in a state of negative electrecity, and consequently to preserve them
from oxidation, there is to be fixed on the surface of the pipes, on the side
which is to come in contact with the liquids or with a damp air, a certain
number of pieces of zinc, or of galvanised iron; these preservative metals will
be applied either in the form of. blades, or in hoops, or rings, in helices, or in
small masses of greater or less thickness, &c.; the surfaces on which these
preservative metals are applied should be perfectly scraped. If the pipes- are
to be rivetted, rivets in zinc or in galvanised iron should be used; if they are
to be clasped with grooved pincers, as those in Figures 3 and 4, the pincers
are to be made of galvanised iron, and if hoops are placed on the pipes they
are to be made of the same metal. The means of preventions which I have
just described are applicable to iron boats, to water tanks for the navy, and
to all other objects in iron or cast iron intended to be placed, in the water or
in damp places.
'
The following is another procceding applicable to pipes based on the same
preservative principal, and producing the same results as the preceding, but
which will have the additional advantage of preventing the leakage in pipes
simply rivetted or clasped and not soldered, and which may be employed
to pipes destined to convey liquids or gas. This process consist of the
application as lining of a pipe made of a very thin plate of zinc, or in thin
galvanised sheet iron, which will be placed in the inside of iron or cast
iron pipes. In certain cases the lining of zinc or in galvanised sheet iron
may be replaced by a pipe in lead. or pewter; for instance, when the only
object is to prevent leakage, or when the pipes are intended to convey sub-
stances susciptible of acting on the zinc, to prevent leakage between the two,
pipes, they are soldered or cemented together at the two extremities. As to

page_text: ".
the outer part, it may be protected by the means above indicated for pipe
which are to be placed in a damp place; in a contrary case they may b
painted or covered with a calcareous, earthy, or bituminous coating, afte
rolling round the pipe and helix or spiral formed of a blade of zinc or o
twisted galvanized iron plate.
The following is another process; it consists in the use of lime or of resinous
bituminous, or fatty materials. And in order to apply to the pipes one o
several of these substances, the following plan is adopted. Firstly, the pipes
are to be plunged into heated coal tar or pitch. Secondly, they may be
rolled round with ropes of straw, junck, or hemp, covered with tar, &c. &c
Thirdly, in fine, the pipes thus prepared are to be plunged into hot bitumen
mixed with calcareous or earthy substances. If much thickness is wished to
be given to the preservative coating, the bitumen is allowed to cool on the
pipe, and then it is again plunged into the heated bitumen; instead of bitumen
lime or hydraulic cement may be applied on the pipes; a coating of bitumen and
tar may be afterwards applied in the lime, in order to give it more solidity.
And having now described the Invention communicated to me, and the
manner of carrying the same into effect, I would wish it to be understood
that I do not confine myself rigidly to the precise details, dispositions, and
modi operandi herein-before described, so long as its general feature bo
retained; nor do I claim in the Invention the apparatus or machinery, or all
the portions or pieces of the same taken separately and singly, or the materials
composing them, nor the processes herein laid down, beyond their applications
for the carrying out the said Invention. But what I claim as the Invention
communicated to me, and intended to be protected by Letters Patent, is,
.
Firstly, the new and improved process for making and uniting metallic pipes
or non-metallic pipes simultaneously, by acting over the top or head of the rivet,
as herein-before described in reference to Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, of Drawing I.,
and Figures 6, 7, 8 and 9, Drawing II., and Figure 1 and 2, Drawing III.
Secondly, the new and improved process for soldering laterally galvanised
iron, leaden, or tinned pipes (either rivetted or clasped), by means of a long
thread or fillet of solder, as herein-before described.
Thirdly, the mode of uniting metallic pipes, by means of a certain improved
clasp, as herein-before described in reference to Figures 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,
16, and 17, Drawing III.
Fourthly, the new and improved process for uniting pipes, by inserting
within the riveted edges, or the clasps employed for that purpose, certain
compressible substances to prevent the escape of gas and fluids, as herein-
before described in reference to Figures 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8, Drawing III.

page_text: Fifthly, the new and improved mode or process of uniting pipes by means
of a helix, for elbowing them without flattening the leaden elbows, as herein-
before described in reference to Figures 18 and 19 of Drawing III.
Sixthly, the application of a galvanic action to the preservation of iron and
cast iron pipes.
Seventhly, the application of resinous substances, fatty bodies, and lime or
other similar substances, either alone combined with suitable bodies, for
preserving metallic and no-metallic pipes, as herein-before described.
And this the said Invention communicated to me being, to the best of my
knowledge and belief, entirely new, and never before used within England,
Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed. or in the Islands of Guernsey,
Jersey, Alderney, Sark, and Man, or in any of Her Majesty's Colonies and
Plantations abroad, I hereby declare this to be my Specification of the same,
and that it does comply in all respects with the proviso in the herein-
before in part recited Letters Patent; therefore I do hereby maintain to claim
exclusive right and sole privilege to the said Invention.
In witness whereof, I, the said Pierre Armand le Comte de Fontaine
Moreau, have hereunto set my hand and seal, this Eighteenth day of
May, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and forty-