İN- PROVEMENTS IN FURNACES AND OTHER HEATING APPARATUS, AND IN THE METHODS OF APPLYING AND USING THEREWITH CERTAIN ELEMENTS OF COM- BUSTION, AND IN THE COMBINATIONS THEREWITH OF THE PROCESSES WITH MATERIALS TO BE USED IN THE MANUFACTURES OF METALS AND OTHER THINGS AND USES, AND IN THE MECHANICAL CONSTRUCTION NECESSARY THEREFOR
Year: 1869

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Henry Pinkus, of 62, Camden Road, Camden
Town, in the County of Middlesex, for the Invention of "İN-
PROVEMENTS IN FURNACES AND OTHER HEATING APPARATUS, AND IN THE
METHODS OF APPLYING AND USING THEREWITH CERTAIN ELEMENTS OF COM-
BUSTION, AND IN THE COMBINATIONS THEREWITH OF THE PROCESSES WITH
MATERIALS TO BE USED IN THE MANUFACTURES OF METALS AND OTHER THINGS
AND USES, AND IN THE MECHANICAL CONSTRUCTION NECESSARY THEREFOR."
Sealed the 19th November 1869, and dated the 16th August 1869.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Henry Pinkus at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
16th August 1869.
I, HENRY PINKUS, of 62, Camden Road, Camden Town, in the
County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the said In-
vention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN FURNACES AND OTHER HEATING APPARATUS, AND
IN THE METHODS OF APPLYING AND USING THERE WITH CERTAIN ELEMENTS OF
COMBUSTION, AND IN THE COMBINATIONS THEREWITH OF THE PROCESSES WITH
MATERIALS TO BE USED IN THE MANUFACTURES OF METALS AND OTHER THINGS

page_text: AND USES, AND IN THE MECHANICAL CONSTRUCTIONS NECESSARY THEREFOR,'
," to be
as follows:-
My Invention consists in further improvements of and in respect of
certain parts of the works, machinery, and apparatus, and in the
methods of applying materials and processes used for combustion and
heating purposes, and in the processes in combination with engines,
boilers, vapour generators, and their furnaces, and also other furnaces,
apparatus, and processes for the various manufacturing purposes and
metalurgical manipulations described in a Patent granted to me and
sealed the 6th day of December 1867, and dated the 4th day of October
1867, No. 2792, for "Improved Methods of Constructing Steam Gene-
rators for Engines, New Furnaces connected therewith, and the Mode
of Working them, with Machinery in Combination with the Uses to
to which they are applicable."
And I now combine any of the herein-after described works, engines,
furnaces, apparatus, materials for combustion or conversion of materials
in manufactures and process or processes with any of the methods,
mechanical constructions, materials, and processos described and exem-
plified in the Drawings in my said former Patent, No. 2792, for similar
or other objects in manner following, to wit:-
Having in certain of my foreign Patents, as in France in 1868, and in
the United States of America, 1867-8, in Italy 1868, and in Belgium,
sought to support other objects of economy in the applications of the
therein-described elements, and in the works, machinery, and processes
described in my Patent in England, 4th October 1867, when used for,
amongst the other application therein described, the manufactures of
metals, such iron or steel, and at the same time lessen the usual
deterioration of the lining of blast furnaces, steel converters, cupolas,
and other metallurgical or heating furnaces, and the effects on metals,
and as well when applied for glass, porcelain, or other manufacturing
processes. I therefore applied in all those foreign Patents at the backs
of linings of such furnaces a coil or coils of metal water tubes, through
which to circulate streams of cold water in order to take up and absorb
the radiating heat of furnaces, and applied the absorbed heat in the
said processes or other processes for vaporizing water or superheating
steam or vaporizing fluid hydrocarbon by the means described and shewn
in Drawings of my said former Specification, and as now improved and
shewn for Nos. 1, 7; and 9 A of this Specification. In said Nos. 1 and 7 of

page_text: the former the fire-box of the engine in absence of grate bars was sur-
rounded by a water belt N to absorb radient heat and protect the fire
face, beneath which is a superheated steam belt P, and under that a
hydrocarbon vapor or gas belt Q. Now in application for similar objects
I apply, as in said foreign Patents, within or back of the lining of both
the blast furnace of my Patent of October 1867, and rotatory convertor
therein, and now improved, as shown in Fig. 7, 7, No. 9A, in this
Specification, tubular fluid circulators, as at 10, 20, 30, 50, Drawing
No. 9 of this, in sectional elevation in tunnel shaft, and as seen in Fig. 7
and 7, No. 9A of this Specification, outside the refractory lining of
the iron case of the rotatory converter, and as before stated, through
the tubular drift 30, 50, of the tunnel shaft, streams of cold water from
a forcing pump or head of water passes, and becoming heated by the
radiating heat of the furnace protects the lining and may give hot
water feed to boilers, whilst the waste steam of the engine flows to the
described steam superheater to combine with the carbon vapor for
diffusion into ores or formation of carbonic oxyde by its oxygen or as
a supporter of combustion or for the production of carbonic acid; or
currents of atmospheric air may in some cases be blown through the
coil or the shell of the convertor to absorb radiated heat and feed hot air
or blast, and the coiled tube in Figure 7 and 7, No. 9A, either circulates
cold water to keep down the temperature of the refractory lining and
lifting cups of the convertor, or to pass into it superheated and highly
attenuated steam to combine with, as described, any suitable vapor
or gas, such as pure carbon, as described in my said former Specifi-
cations, or such other common and well-known materials for manipu-
lations, as described, such as fluoride of lime or nitrate of soda, or in
some application from one to two per cent. after decarbonization of
chromium when so combined and used in and with my said machinery
or rotatory convertor and processes; the new combination of the parts
of convertor being improvements on those shewn in Figs. 5, 6, 7, of said
former Patent, Drawings No. 9, and as in No. 9A, when combined with
a plant of works for the processes therewith, as herein-after described.
In charging the tunnel shaft, described in Drawing No. 9 of my
Patent of the 4th October 1867, with ore and supplying therewith the
usual flux and hydrocarbon, as, before described, either alone or in part
with coke or anthricite coal in regulated quantities, and in order to
effect a more rapid reduction of the ore and effect less massive agglome
2

page_text: ration of it, the ore should be broken into smaller bits than usual, and
instead of charging it as commonly done with massive layers of lime
the ore when so broken should while in a warm state be immersed in
a bath of thick cream of lime, and when taken from the bath dried, so
that the fragments may be covered with a coating of the flux. To the
bath any other like or suitable material may be added; as fluid hydro-
carbon, to cause better adhesion of the dried fluid flux, to which in
some application may be added when ores contain much of the phos-
phates a per-centage of the fluoride of lime, which will as the metal
reaches the heat of the boshes volatilize the phosphates and impurities,
or absorb them in slag, and such material may in some cases also be
added to the said convertors for steel to eliminate impurities of the
metal, and by the intensity of the compressed conjested heat produced
by the methods herein and in my former Specifications, No. 2792,
described volatilize and expel them in the form of slag.
In blast furnaces of great magnitude the deep masses of agglomerated
material causes the blast to find egress more easily between the circum-
ference of the mass and the lining of the shaft; the cutting draught,
whilst rapidly injuring the lining causes enhanced radiation, loss of heat,
and slow reduction. The absorbtion and utilization of such radiation
by the means formerly and herein described will it is believed cause
closer impact mass on the lining surface, and whilst protecting it force
concentration of combustion on the central part of the lower surface,
causing the material in melting to form a concave cone, better sup-
porting the mass and giving larger surface to the action of the blast from
the centre to the outer surface instead of the concave.
If to
In applying my automatic equivalent instrument described and shewn
in Drawing No. 8 of my Patent No. 2792 to the tunnel shaft of a blast
or other mentioned furnace the said pyrometric bars should be placed in
a recess below the belly or the shaft in any convenient manner.
a cupola, melting, puddling, reheating, converting, or cementing retort,
oven, or other furnace the recess should be covered by plate of malliable
cast iron protected with a refractory but heat transmitting material, such
as oxide of zirconia herein described. The pyrometric bars so situate
from direct contact with the heat transmitting surface as that when the
combustion of the furnace is, say, 2 to 4,000 degrees F. the pyrometric
bars shall be affected by only one or two thousand degrees F, and so
acting on the motion of the whole instrument as to regulate any

page_text: determined intermitting or continuing feed of materials, to throttle areas
of vents of combustion for the manipulation of metals in any of the
aforesaid furnaces in any of my formerly described processes or any heat
regulating works for any
manufacture.
When my Invention of the fluid hydrocarbon methods or processes by
said former or present Patents are applied for the conversion of malleable
wrought or pig iron into steel or steel-like metals, or in cementing or
manipulating in hermetically sealed chambers, retorts, or ovens, either
by the compressed congested heat of combustion in furnaces, as in my
said Patent of 4th October 1867 described or on or from the outside
thereof, for the conversion of metal for rolled bars, hammered iron blooms
or castings, I convey the converting materials to the interior by the
described means and in regulated equivalent quantities according to the
mass to be manipulated and either continuously or intermittingly, and
at the same time regulate by the means aforesaid the degrees of com-
pression, congestion, and equability of heat consequent on such gaseous
compression the degree or extent of evaporation of combustion or vapours
of cementing materials which by said equivalent instrument during
process by the methods of my former Patent No. 2792, and as in this
the congested or compressed combustion, and also in converting or
cementing by the compression of the aforesaid gaseous clements for
absorption and conversion in the interior of the said converting ovens,
retorts, or other hermetically sealed receptacles heated from the exterior
thereof of malleable, or wrought, or cast iron into steel and steel-like
qualities of metals by the transmitted and highly congested heat of com-
bustion by my process. In any of these manipulations I apply the fluid
hydrocarbon or mixture of coke or anthracite coal as herein and in my
former Specifications described, and use any of them in any form with hot
air highly superheated attenuated steam, gas or gases, pure hydrogen,
carbonic oxyde, recombined carbonic acid in some or any of the
applications or varied for different qualities or conditions of iron or other
metals for conversion of malleable or wrought metal into qualities or
steel, and when affected as described under high gaseous compression in
hermetically sealed receptacles from the exterior by the transmitted and
highly congested method and the acquired intensity of the heat of
compressed congested combustion by my said hydrocarbon processes the
denser qualities of purified hydrocarbons should be used after distillation
therefrom of the several kinds of gases or vapours usually combined

page_text: with the hydrocarbon vapor or if solid fluid it may be injected through
the injectors or tuyers in sprays as described in this as also in my said
former Specification and with fluid carbon, or in some cases pure hydrogen
freed as aforesaid from oxygen may be generated and united by the
means mentioned in my said former Specification, or pure hydrogen may
be used when conversion is effected in the common way with part solid
and fluid carbon and under highly congested gaseous, compression as
described for speedier diffusion and conversion, the pressure and heat
of the hydrogen fining or completely volatizing the carbon, and after
diffusing and depositing it evaporating through the said throttled porous
vent or pressure vent valve whilst intermitting supplies of carbon or
hydrogen may be given. The process should graduate to the highest
degree of gaseous compression and congested heat determined on, and
afterwards gradually lowered whilst the process proceeds towards com-
pletion and a highly compressed fuel feed regulated by the said automatic
instrument in Drawing No. 8 of the said former Patent for equal times
and degrees of intensity of the highly congested elements whether of
combustion or of cementation, and at this time whilst at red heat
graphite may be injected with pure hydrogen or hydrocarbon to face the
surface and preserve the metal from oxydation, or chromium may be
applied to harden the surface of the metal, and finally especially for
large ingots slowly cooled while in receptacles without contact with
atmospheric air, or the receptacles may be cooled by the said cold water
coils or by blowing through cold air, or after the graphite or chromium
has been applied the metals may be chilled by sudden immersion in a
bath of cold water as is commonly done. In such hermetically sealed
receptacles or rotating convertor granulated metals, such as titania or
iron granulates, or such known as black sand iron or scrap iron, may be
manipulated and solidified or balled and decarbonized or recarbonized in
said rotatory convertor, Drawing No. 9 of said former Patent, and as
improved in Drawing No. 9A of this Specification. The hydrocarbon
fluid or heated vapor thereof for diffusion into the mass of iron or other
metal if for carbonizing will have under the congested gaseous pressure
of from one to three atmospheres greatly exalted heat of the carbon and
the hydrogen whilst the pores of the metal will enlarge and absorb the
carbon, the hydrogen will become freed and evaporate but by its previous
pressure it will more speedily force the carbon into the pores of the
metal and congest it, whereby affinitive union it will be absorbed, whilst
the highly attenuated hydrogen and carbonic acid gas will find exit

page_text: through the said regulated throttled area of the high pressure expansion
valve, or through a vent cover of solid porous but refractory material
described.
It may
be observed that in the use of any fluid hydrocarbons when
burnt in open furnaces much of the hydrogen is quickly by heat set free
from the carbon, and from its high volatilisation and consequent velocity
through flues escapes without equivalent of oxygen unburnt, a properly
closed furnace, high gaseous compression and intermittingly opened and
closed damper or expansion vent valve is therefore essential for its
economy as a fuel, or in combination with solid carbon, or as a vehicle for
diffusion into metals or masses of other materials for reduction, conversion,
or heating, or reheating.
In the mechanical construction of the convertor, Figures 5, 6, 7,
Drawing No. 9 of my said Patent No. 2792, the arrangement of the parts
for the preservation of the refractory lining in that and the process
described in my said former Patents is more adapted to convertors for
smaller charges of metals. Now for first decarbonizing and then running
the metal into a second convertor placed on, as herein described, a lower
level for amalgamating or recarbonizing or hardening and strengthening
the steel when required for cutting tools, railway fittings, or other uses,
implements, or instruments, or when combining any suitable form of
materials, such as of the said chromium, metallic chromium, or other
metallic materials used with any of the materials and processes for
rendering malleable cast or wrought iron into steel by complete fusion
and climination of impurities; but when the said construction of convertors
is required for the conversion of crude iron or for malleable iron by
the intensity of the compressed congested combustion in my former
Patents described into steel, then the construction should be modified.
and varied in the following manner :-Referring to Figures 5, 6, 7,
Drawing No. 9 of said former Patent, and in long and cross sections,
Figures 7 and 7, Drawing No. 9A of this Specification, the water or air or
steam circulating coil of tube instead of being within the double-faced
refractory lining within the iron case of the convertor, the iron case
should now, as by the new combination, be constructed of malleable cast
iron in two equal parts, as in long section, Figure 7, and cross section,
Figure 7, with a flange to unite with bolts and nuts the two long or
cross sections. And in placing the coiled tube into the case of the
convertor it should be placed in first before the lining is placed, and the

page_text: coil placed on to the inner face of the iron case, so as to be behind and
between the back face of the refractory lining and the inner face of the
iron case, as shewn in Figures 7 and 7°, Drawing No. 9A of this
Specification. The refractory lining should be molded in sectional parts
to fit and form on the inner form of the case, and the edges or ends of
sections of the lining should be grooved and doweld, and made to fit on
alternate edges, and jointed by the said refractory compos in a semi-
fluid or plastic state. The sections or pieces of reparatory lining can be
passed through the spaces of the coiled tubes when in position in the
case, and be placed and joined before the other half section of the iron
case is put on and bolted together at their flanges. And instead of
forming the iron case in two parts longitudinally and flanged it may be
formed in two parts in cross section of the convertor, so that a half
section may be taken off and access may be had for examination and
repair of the sectional parts of the lining and tube coil when cool. The
sections of the coil are united by a right and left hand screws, by which
also the sections may be separated or lifted off for examination or repair;
such convertors so constructed and worked are as well applicable to the
solidifying fused granulates of scrap metal as to decarbonize, purify,
alloy, and harden them, whereby inferior pig iron or granulated ores may
be rendered solid or malleable or converted into steel by the double
process of the said two convertors so placed and worked, as described,
on a higher and lower. The coiled tube of the same convertor may be
used in these various processes for not only regulating the temperature
of and protecting the refractory linings by passing currents of cold water
or blowing currents of cold air through, but in getting up the heat of the
convertor before a charge of molten metal is put in. By blowing through
and maintaining under high pressure highly attenuated superheated
steam supplied as well for my processes to the molten metal for con-
version, stream or carbon vapour may be passed in due equivalents for
conversion from the coil into the charge of metal in the convertor or
carbon vapour into the said convertor so placed on a lower level for the
process of recarbonizing, according to my method, by the use of the
fluid hydrocarbon, thus the vapour of this material may be passed
through the coil, and becoming highly heated under maintained con-
gested pressure may be flashed in equivalent portions into the convertor
in a gaseous state, so that the streams of molten metal falling from said
cups of the convertor may continuously flow in and through maintained
compressed gaseous elements of carbon and pure hydrogen.

page_text: When manipulating fluid metal by the said rotatory steel convertor the
apparatus must be first heated by steam or burning fluid hydrocarbons,
or gas and air therein, and when the fluid metal is charged therein
through the charging and discharging tap q, Figs. 7 and 7, Drawings No. 9
and 94, the tap being of suitable area for the separation of the slag the
highly superheated and attenuated steam, or such steam in combination
with said gas or any suitable gaseous vapours or materials described in
this or my said former Specifications, may be supplied therein during
the rotation of the convertor. The attenuated steam will be decomposed
by the absorption of its oxygen by the incandescent carbon of the iron,
whilst, as before stated, the hydrogen of the vapour will be set free and
mingle with the carbonic acid resulting from the combustion of the
carbon of iron, whilst the supply of equivalent volumes of atmospheric
air or gas or gases in due equivalent proportions to the free hydrogen it
will under the aforesaid maintained compression of the gases in the
convertor attain a highly congested, exalted, and regulated heat,
volatilise phosphates and sulphurates, decarbonize and convert or partly
convert the said metal to any desirable extent, and whilst the pure
carbon vapour will afterwards recarbonise it either in the same con-
vertor or one of similarly constructed convertors so placed near to but
on a lower level than the other, as at 7, 7, Drawings No. 9, the molten
metal may after manipulation in the first operator be tapped off from the
side tap q, and run into the second convertor by the like receiving and
discharging tap as into first, being as before first, heated into the second
convertor for carbonizing, amalgamating, alloying, or otherwise mani-
pulating by any of the herein described means and processes. The
quantities of the aforesaid elements, the intermitting supplies, time of
retention, degrees of heat, and maintained pressure of the said gaseous
congestion may be regulated by connection with the automatic equi-
valent instrument and expansion vent valve described and shewn in
my said Patent of the 4th October 1867, No. 2792. When the rotatory
convertor is in revolving action and the converting elements are forced
into it and maintained under the pressure, the molten metal will be
lifted by the cups 8, 8, 8, 8, Fig. 7, 7, No. 94, and poured in multiplicity
of streams from different heights whilst being enveloped by and pouring
through the compressed gaseous elements, and the fluid metal will
continuously delve into and mix with the molten mass on the lower
side of the vessel, leading it and carrying into it and penetrating and
mixing with it the said vapourous elements under continuous changes of

page_text: the varying surfaces of the fluid metal, causing easier contact of the
oxygen with the carbon of the metal or speedy absorption of materials,
and when by similar manipulation in either a first or second convertor,
as herein described and shewn in Drawing No. 9, it is desired to
carbonise the metal or mix or amalgamate or to solidify granulates
of metals, the hydrogen of the fluid carbon under pressure and congested
licat acts as a vehicle, conveying the carbon by rapidly diffusing and
depositing it in the metal, and then evaporating through the expansion
valve vent or porous vent, described in my said former Patent of 4th
October 1867.
In the Drawings Nos. 1, 2, and 7 of my said Patent of 1867 the
combining clements forming into carbonic oxyde in the lower flues are
'met at the passage to the return flues B, B, B, by a further feed of hot
material and air or superheated steam out of the duplex pipe M, and
whilst being saturated and forming carbonic acid gas are met with a
further supply of hot air or of superheated steam from the duplex air
stcam pipe N whilst entering the smaller series of tubes from which the
now completed combustion is in part deflected to the higher and larger-
series of tubes, the feed of the materials to the furnaces made either
continuous or intermitting, as therein described, by the action of the
said equivalent instrument on the cocks by their spanners. The greater
heightened temperature that may be given in furnaces and flues by the
application of the gases of fluid hydrocarbons than with coal when the
elements supporting the combustion of the former are supplied in exact
equivalent proportions, and these forced in large areas into contact
by the degree of compression of the gases due to natural expansion
according to temperature, and confined and retained by properly closed
fire-box and damper, renders it important, more effective, and economical
to operate the feed of those materials to furnaces intermittingly, so as to
allow sufficient time. for the combination of the materials and their
reduction into congested active heat and longer contact with the heat
transmitting surfaces or heated materials before they are allowed to
escape to waste, and so carrying off not only much heat but unconsumed
material in the condition of carbonic oxide. The automatic instruments
described in my former and referred to in the Drawings of this Speci-
fication will govern these manipulations and render practical a regulated
current of draught at short intervals through furnace expansion valve
vent alternately before each fresh feed of and for renewed combustion.

page_text: Another mode of obtaining economy in furnaces where fluid fuel is
applied consequent on its intensity of heat and the less rapid draught
current required is by an extra regulated feed of hot oil vapour, which
may be injected into the perforated fire-clay pipe M, Fig. 2, Drawing
No. 1, of my Patent of 4th October 1867, where the oil vapour will meet
and mingle with the products of imperfect combustion formed in the
fire-box and spiral flue E of that Patent, being carbonic acid gas, frec
hydrogen, and unconsumed carbon. The oil vapour ejected from the
tube M will on incandescent contact combine with the carbonic acid gas
in equivalents, reconverting it and the unconsumed carbon into enlarged
volumes of carbonic oxide gas in the flue space N₁, and passing thence
through the return B, B, into the full space N' meet with a further
supply of hot air and superheated steam or either in equivalent pro-
portions for the due supply of oxygen in support of the recombustion of
the said enlarged volumes of carbonic oxide and free hydrogen, whereby
an elevated heat will be effected in the upper tiers of boiler tubes without
the retarding influence of large mass nitrogen due to the otherwise.
required large volumes of atmospheric air. The supply cocks feeding
these elements to the duplex pipes M and N may be regulated by one of
the automatic instruments herein described and shown in Drawing
No. 8 of said former Patent, which so also regulates the degree of com-
pression of the incandescent gases in flues and furnaces by the areas of
the dampers; and these processes may also with modification of smoke
box and funnel and addition of a rotatory air pump in the latter be applied
to the locomotive engine and boiler shewn in Drawing No. 7 of my said
former Patent, and having in said former Patent described the smoke
vent p outside of the lantern and the closing plate o, o, and t, t, in order
to prevent at given intervals the expansion of the equivalent elements
of combustion and exalt the energy of a congested or compressed heat,
thus avoiding such cooling effect and loss as is common when coal or
coke only is used by the large excess of atmospheric air applied in blast
furnaces to effect reduction of ores, and in the blast furnace, Drawing
No. 9 of my Patent, 4th October 1867, as described, for the production of
carbonic oxide gas for the reduction of iron ore by mixing the oxide
with the partly consumed gas and carbonic acid gas in the tunnel shaft
the space P, q, and damper o is enclosed. By the action of the rods S, S,
reversing bevelled gear r, r, the flow of superheated steam may be
suspended, and the waste gas of the tunnel shaft A, Fig. 1, returned
through the duplex pipe R, R, 1, 1, to the generating retorts, in the

page_text: chamber C, Fig. 3, for the purpose of not only heating the generators,
but remixing with the carbonic oxide gas generated in them and passing
out of the heating furnace reservoir at a, c, a, c, b, at C, Fig. 3, and
thence again by the separate flue to other external heating purposes, or
to condensation or to waste; or instead of converting the duplex pipe
k, l, k, l, to such use another similar pipe is annexed to this tunnel shaft
for receiving and conveying such waste gases from the outer case of the
throat of the tunnel or lower down for like purposes, and the gases being
retained under compression will be forced to the said generators at C
or a, d.
The carbonaceous gas generated at C, Fig. 3, may be converted from
the aforesaid fluid hydrocarbon gas or gases in the form of simple vapour
thereof or a combination therewith of like equivalent hot atmospheric
air or superheated steam as suffices to convert this mixture into carbonic
oxide only, and in the latter condition it is passed into the furnace
reservoir a, c, a, c, where becoming highly heated it is passed through
the reservoir a and conduit e, g, g, either through k to the hearth at the
tuycres, or diverted by the valve k through the pipe x, x, in Fig. 1,
into the belly of the shaft at the higher heat zone below A, where the
number of gas inlets instead of four may be eight or more at different
elevations, acting as tuyeres, and whence the elements penetrating the
interstices of materials when mixing in contact with the carbon of iron,
and also the carbonic acid vapour of combustion, these elements will, as
in former Patents described, recombine in equivalents to form double
volumes of carbonic oxide, which by the penetration of the excess of hot
air blast from the hearth and boshes or supply of highly attenuated
steam from the pipe k, k, through x, y, Fig. 1, an equivalent of oxygen
may be given to the carbonic oxide and free hydrogen for conversion
into complete combustion and highly exalted heat as well at this higher
heat zone, thus accelerating the reduction of metal and more rapid
descent to the hearth of blast furnace. This general combination of
machinery and processes may also be used in cases where either coal or
coke may be partly used with fluid hydrocarbon, and rapid reduction
will ensue where intermitting supplies instead of full charges to smelting
shaft are given, whilst the reducing elements may be forced into shaft
and maintained under a compression of the gaseous products to any.
required degree of compression so as to produce the compressed con-
gested heat of combustion, as in my Specification 1867, No. 2792. The

page_text: object of the rotating convertor with its metal lifting cups therein shewn
was to raise the molten metal and let it descend in streams from the top
to the lower side of the apparatus whilst rotating, and at the same time
either continuously or intermittingly regulate and admit gases or vapours
intensively heated to envelope the descending streams of metal by the
method and in condition therein described.
My method of generating intense heat by the means described in my
Patent of 1867, and as herein improved and combined with the improved
apparatus and means, is to decarbonize or recarbonize iron, volatilize and
eject impurities, or absorb in or slag, or neutralize them and render the
metal into steel, or effect other metallurgical operations by application
of the aforesaid or any suitable gases, solids, or materials in combination
with highly superheated and attenuated steam and highly heated air, or
in some cases hydrocarbon vapours separately or combined in regulated
equivalent portions, feeding the apparatus either combinedly or separately
with the elements and under the said compressed congested heat in manner
therein described by throttling the vent area by an expansion vent valve
of apparatus and regulating it by connecting with the rotating appa-
ratus the said equivalent instrument by the excess of oxygen in given
volumes of highly attenuated steam greater than in the same volumes of
heated air, whereby a more perfect combustion of the carbon in the
same time be given than by atmospheric air alone, whilst the union of
the oxygen with the carbon would less retard reduction by the inter-
vening nitrogen of air.
In regard to the smelting, converting, manipulating, or manufacturing
any malleable or wrought iron or carburets of iron or other metals, or
shaping them into particular forms of manufactures, as iron into steel,
for tools, ornamental shapes, round, flat, or railway bars, I combine
other mechanical apparatus with the processes and the rotatory con-
ventor of said Patent of 1867, and is herein described and shewn in
Drawing No. 9A, I apply the elements for refining and converting iron
into steel as well by the process of gaseous compression or congestion
described in such former Patent under or equal to one, two, or more
atmospheres.
And having in the Specification for my Patent in France, 1867-8,
and in Italy, 1868, and in Belgium in March 1869, sought to support
other objects of economy in the application of the aforesaid element and

page_text: in the works and processes when used for the manufacture of metals
such as iron or steel, and at the same time lessen the usual deterioration
of the lining of blast furnaces and its effect in steel convertors, cupolas,
and other metallurgical or heating furnaces, as well for glass, porcelain,
or other manufacturing processes, I applied at the backs of linings of
such furnaces a coil or coils of metals water tubes through which to
circulate streams of cold water, in order to take up and absorb the
radiating heat of any such furnaces, and apply the absorbed heat in
the said processes of vaporizing water, superheating steam, and com-
bining it with fluid hydrocarbon by the means described and shewn in
Drawings Nos. 1, 7, and 9 of my former Specification in England, the
4th October 1867, wherein, in Fig. 1, No. 7, the hermetically sealed fire-
box of the engine, in the absence of grate bars, is surrounded by a water
belt N to absorb radiant heat and protect the fire face, and beneath
which is a superheated steam belt P, and under that is a hydrocarbon
vapour or gas O. Now in application for similar objects I apply
within or back of the lining of both the blast furnace and rotatory con-
vertor, as shewn in Fig. 1, Drawing No. 9, tubular fluid circulars, as
at 10, 20, 30, 50, in sectional elevation in tunnel shaft, or as scen at
. Fig. 7 and 7, No. 9A, within the refractory lining of the iron case of
the rotatory conventor of this Specification. Through the tubular
draft 10, 20, 30, 50, of the tunnel shaft cold water from a head or
forcing pump passes and becomes heated by the radiating heat of the
furnace, protects the lining, and gives hot water feed to boilers or other
uses, whilst the waste steam of the engine flows to the before-described
steam superheater to combine with the carbon vapor for diffusion into
ores or formation of carbonic oxide, or as a supporter of combustion, or
for the production of carbonic acid. Or currents of atmospheric air may
be blown through that or through the coil, Fig. 7 and 7, No. 9A, to
absorb radiated heat and feed hot air blast, and the coiled tube in Fig. 1,
No. 9 or No. 9A, either circulates cold water to keep down the tem-
perature of the refractory lining and lifting cups of the said converter,
or pass superheated and highly attenuated steam to combine therewith,
as described, or any suitable vapor or gas, such as pure carbon vapour,
as described in my said former Specification, or such other common or
well-known materials for manipulations described, such as fluoride of lime
or nitrate of soda, or in some application from 1 to 2 per cent. after
decarbonization of chromium when so combined and used with my said
machinery, rotatory converter, and process.

page_text: The parts of the converter shewn in Figs. 5, 6, 7, Drawing No. 9, of
former Patent, and the processes therewith, are the same in Drawing
No. 9A of this, but which is rendered portable by its combination and
suspension on a railway connected with a plant of works. Interchanging
the said tunnel shaft in Drawing No. 9 with orc, and supplying there-
with the usual flux and hydrocarbon before described, either alone or
with coke or anthracite coal in regulated quantities. In charging the
ore in order to effect a more rapid reduction of it with less massive
agglomeration should be broken into smaller bits than usual, and instead
of charging it as commonly done with massive layers of lime the ore
when so broken and roasted should while in a warm state be immersed
in a bath of thick cream of lime, and when taken from the bath dried,
so that the fragments may be covered with a coating of the flux. To
the bath any suitable material may be added, such as fluid hydro-
carbon, to cause better adhesion of the dried flux, and to which may
be added, when ores contain much of the sulphurates, phosphates, a
per-centage of the fluoride of lime, which will, as the metal reaches
the heat of the boshes, volatilize the phosphates or absorb them in slag,
and such material may also be added in the said converters for steel
to climinate impurities of the metal, and by the intensity of the heat
of compressed combustion produced by the methods herein and in
my former Specifications described votalize and expel or absorb them
in slag.
:
In blast furnaces of great magnitude the deep. masses of agglomerated
materials causes the blast to find egress more easily between the cir
cumference of the mass and the lining of shaft; the cutting draught
whilst injuring the lining causes enhanced radiation and lost heat. The
absorption and utilization of such radiation by the means herein described
will it is believed cause
Having in my said Specification of the 4th October 1867 described
and shewed in the Drawings hydrostatic storage tanks in connection
with high pressure main pipes, and also combined such tanks with closed
hermettically sealed hydrocarbon furnaces of boiler as of other furnaces,
so as to convey under hydrostatic force and pressure fluid fuel into the
fire-box, and mixing discharges of furnaces of land, marine, and loco-
motive engines as of other furnaces without the necessity of ordinary
pumping, and so to inject by force and maintain the flow under any
required pressure of the fluid or its evolved vapour under furnace com

page_text: pression, conjested and flue heat, varying the areas of the inlet valves
of fluid injection, the areas of expansion vents being regulated by the
said automatic equivalent instrument according to the laws governing
the flow of fluids or their vapours under force of head or pressure or of
thermal expansion and injection proportionally to the areas of aperatures
of inlets, the same instrument governing the varying area of the ejecting
furnace or flue vents, so as to confine intermittingly and to retain and
maintain under any required degrees of compression the conjested heat
elements of combustion, as described in said Patent in England,
4 October 1867, and shewn in the several Drawings, exhibiting in
connecting groups Nos. 1, 2, and 3, Nos. 3 and 8, Nos. 7 and 8, Nos. 9
and 8, and now further Nos. 9 and 8, exhibiting the intermittingly closed
and hermetically sealed furnaces by the action of the said automatic
equivalent instrument governing the inlet valve cocks, and connected
directly with the damper vents of furnaces and flues, and so as to
regulate the pressure of the confined burning and retained gases within
the furnaces, and so preventing their expansion due to the degrees of
heat, thus effecting what I in said former Specifications designated and
compressed, congested, and highly exalted temperature of combustion,
and as therein stated retained longer in contact with transmitting or
heat surfaces or absorbments, the mechanical application to closed fur-
naces permitting intermitting feed of fuel elements, and effecting and
regulating either any required, constant, or thermal variations in some
kinds of furnaces, such as calcining, blast, cupola, reverbatory, crucible,
cementing, reheating, or other furnace, either in the make of iron, steel,
or other metals, or the reductions or subsequent manipulations thereof,
and of necessity if the said fluid fuel or vapours be used, which by
required enclosed or hermetically sealed fire-boxes and flues therein.
described and shewn in the Drawings, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 7, 9, of said former
Patent.
The mechanical arrangements in my said former Specification of the
4th October 1867, with the further improvements combined with the
described processes in this Specification, combine the processes therein
described, and particularly in the application of the principles and
processes herein described and exemplified in the Drawings, as well for
the metallurgical manufactures; these also combined with the com-
monly used puddling, blast, and cupola, reverberatory, heating, reheating
furneses, as also with other common furnaces used in various manu-

page_text: factures, such as the generating of carburetted hydrogen gas or pure
hydrogen gas under the aforesaid means and processes for obtaining a
compressed congested combustion, and as well of heat and light for the
objects as well for lighting and heating railway carriages, lighting
underground works, such as railway tunnels, coal mines, or other mines,
with combinations of the means for the same object described in the
Specification of the Patents referred to in the Specification of my Patent
of 4th October 1867 and as herein described. For some of these
objects the compressed congested combustion may be applied as well
in combination with coal or peat coal as with fluid fuel, but in
the application of the principles of the said process, apparatus, and
machinery, when applied for the lighting of said underground works and
mines, to avoid danger of explosion, all the elements of combustion
must be generated on surface levels on the exterior of such underground
works, and the elements of combustion for yielding light must be passed
from the exterior to the interior unmixed with equivalents of combustion
for yielding light therewith. Any materials yielding oxygen for the
support of combustion should be transferred from storage receptacles on
surface level to the compartments or places for yielding light in and by
duplex pipes and dupex tubes for distribution of the elements, but without
contact of them, until they are discharged into lighting receptacles, as in
duplex glass globes with concentrating reflectors and in due equivalents
for compressed congested combustion and light, but free from contact
with the external atmosphere of such underground works or mines,
whilst the results of combustion find egress from the lighting receptacles
by the said expansion vent, valves, or porous vents, and with short
pendant tubes & gauze bulbs. The pressure of the feeding elements
from the exterior works and the evaporating results of combustion are
regulated by the aforesaid automate instrument or any other instrument
for these purposes. The supply is by pipes from the said or any storage
receptacles into underground tunnels or mines through shafts. The
areas of such pipes, whether in duplex forms or by single pipes, the areas
of them should be of such a capacity as that with the fixed regulated
proportions of the gas and atmospheric air from exterior works only
due equivalents of each, according to the desired purposes of congested
combustion, is permitted to discharge through the smaller fixed duplex
or single distributing tubes and through duplex flexible portable tubes
of any convenient length, one end of each of which is attached to the said
lighting apparatus and the other end to any fixed distributing tube, so
B

page_text: as to remove, place, or temporarily suspend each lighting receptacle for
concentrating light at or near to working places in mines or tunnels.
The fixed duplex main pipe descending through shafts, and leading
through and to working parts of mines or tunnels, should be laid under
the surface levels of such, and the fixed distributing tubes placed along
roofs or sides with which the lighting apparatus and reflectors and
herein-described works combine, with any of the storage pressure tanks,
engines, or machinery, and with any of the parts of lighting apparatus
described in my aforesaid Patents.
In the connecting parts of the rotatory convertor in Figures 6 and 7,
Number 9, there is a trough or gutter so arranged as to convey the molten
metal from the crucible of the blast furnaces to the convertor, and
pouring it through a refractory funnel into the convertor through the
hollow trunnion in Figures 5, 6, 7, in Number 9 of my said former Patent.
The said convertor revolves on its hollow trunnions, which are suspended
on roller bearing mounted on a frame fixed on a base plate, and con-
nected with driving strap and pully or by spur tangent gearing or other
convenient method. The hollow part of its trunnion is faced with a
refractory lining.
Having in my said foreign Patents modified and improved the
converter No. 9, I now herein further improve it in manner follow-
ing: Between the lining and shell of convertor I introduce a spirally
coiled metal tube, one end of it passing through the side of the trunnion
is fixed to a rotatory water joint, which communicates with the cold
water pipe "a." The water having traversed the coil is brought outside
the shell of the convertor at the opposite end, then returned to the
entrance end by the pipe "b, b," when it again enters the opposite side
of the entrance trunnion, and is then joined to a ring 6', 6'. This pipe
embraces and revolves freely with the conventor around the entrance
pipe a. It is perforated around its outer periphery with holes to allow
a free escape of water, and furnished with a fully shaped guard c, c, to
prevent the heated water falling into the cold entrance pipe a.
d is a
trough for catching the water and conducting it to waste. The refractory
lining is furnished with a series of cup-shaped projections 8, 8, 8, 8,
formed with and of the same material as the lining. These cups
by the rotatory action of the convertor dip into and lift the fluid
metal and discharged it in continuous showers or streams, and thereby
expose the continually flowing atoms or streams of molten metal

page_text: through the compressed, conjested, gaseous or other vapours to the
decarbonizing action of steam or other vapours in the metal. The
intensity of hydrocarbon temperature, when induced by my described
onjested heat of gaseous compression on ignition to any desired degree
of heat for special uses in hermetically closed furnaces, as shewn in the
constructions according to the Drawings Nos. 1, 2, 7, or of 9 of my
Patents of 1867, are more efficient and expeditious in manufactures of
steel from malleable wrought bar iron containing minimum portions of
carbon, or when fused in cupolo or said other heating furnaces and
regulated forced feed of combustion, retension, infusion, and final evapo-
ration of elements by the action of said automatic equivalents instrument
on feed valves and on said expansion valve vent arcas, combined with
any of said furnaces as hercin described, than by common practice.
It will be seen, as described in my said former Specification and by
said Drawings Nos. 2, 7, 9, that the feed is effected by compound jets of
oil and vapour and air or superheated steam through the injectors; some
of these, as at Z, Drawing No. 9, are of fire-clay, and these may be
multiplied at different elevations of the smelting shaft, cupola, or
licating furnaces for the injection or compression of the said gaseous
elements producing the aforesaid conjested combustion in any reducing,
converting, cementing, or high heat generating furnaces referred to and
exemplified by the said Drawings.
These improved convertors and metal mixing or alloying apparatus,
Fig. 7 and 7a, being portable may be brought from time to time into
connection with such blast, or cupola, or reverberating, or other furnaces
mentioned, or with moulds for pouring cast metal, for which purpose
the railway herein-after mentioned is combined with such reservoirs or
storage tanks for hydrostatic power, for force and flow of gaseous or
hydrocarbon fluid, and which may be connected or disconnected from
time to time with said furnaces or rotatory convertors, as improved in
Figs. 7 and 7 in Drawing 9* herein described.
In No. 9 and 9 the superheated steam coming in contact with molten
metal under maintained conjestion will yield oxygen, setting free the
hydrogen, which with hot air in equivalents will burn the carbon of
iron, or with other mentioned gaseous products fuse different kinds of
malleable wrought or cast iron, and when mixed with the metallic
materials herein-before mentioned make soft steel like cast iron."

page_text: In Drawing 9, Fig. 7 is a longitudinal sectional elevation of the
improved rotatory convertor; Fig. 7 is a cross sectional elevation and view
of the same, wherein a, a, a, a, Fig. 7a, is the refractory sectional lining
within the sectional iron case x1, x2, with lifting cups 8, 8, 8, 8, and
b, b, b, b, the coiled tube outside of the lining, the case having flanged
bolted joints ³, x³, x³; 9, 9, are the charging and tapping holes and
plugs. This convertor is also suspended on its trunnions on the rotatory
pullies, and on a portable trunnion carriage 3, 4, 3, 4, also suspended on
a railway; b, b, b, b, are the coiled cold water or in some cases steam
or hot gas vapour coil at b; a is the entrance water; b¹, b¹; b, b, is the
revolving ring; c, c, the pulley-shaped guard; d, d, is the waste water
trough.
It need hardly be observed that as described in the applications of the
said gaseous materials under compression to attain and retain the highly
conjested exalted heat from this combustion, the compression, congestion,
and expansive force may range from a quarter of one to several atmo-
spheres, whether for the mechanical constructions in Nos. 1, 2, 7, or 9,
and 9*, as well as for the referred to cupola reverbatory, cementing, as all
other highly heating furnaces or ovens should be so made in manner as
to bear the congested and expansive force of combustion of strengths
proportional to the degrees of congestion best suited and required for
each of the different kinds of processes herein-before described, whether
for said closed hearth fire-boxes and flues, or for steam generators, as
Nos. 1, 2, and 7, or 9 or 94, or for iron or steel, or other metallurgical
applications of the systems herein referred to, whether by the com-
pressing force of said compound jets in open furnaces or closed hearth
under compression.
The operation of all these are the same or similar to or as described
in respect to similar parts in Figs. 5, 6, 7, Drawing No. 9, of said former
Patent.
In order to economise capital, labour, and expense in manufacturing
pig into malleable or wrought iron, or these into steel for railway bars
and fittings or other purposes, I combine with a plant of works of blast,
cupola, puddling, smelting, melting, or other heating furnaces and out-
building of works a system of railway with the usual crossing points,
and further combine the said rotatory convertors therewith, so as to
charge the convertor with molten metal at the melting places, and then
remove it for the aforesaid processes to any arranged outbuildings or

page_text: places for casting or pouring into molds or manipulating, and thus
economize the usually large outlay for fixed plant of works, and as well
by the facilities of this convertor economise the cost for labor, since the
mall cost and expense of working the convertor admits of multiplicity
of them commensurate with the fixed plant of works and the power of.
smelting, melting, or other furnaces.
When manipulating fluid metal by the said rotatary steel convertor
the apparatus must be first heated by steam or burning fluid hydro-
carbons, or its gas and air therein, and when the fluid metal is charged
therein through the charging and discharging tap q, Figs. 7 and 7*,
Drawing No. 94, the highly superheated and attenuated steam, or such
steam in combination with any suitable gases or vapours or the materials
described in this or my said former Specifications, may be supplied
therein, during the rotation of the convertor the attenuated steam will
be decomposed by the absorption of oxygen of the steam by the carbon
of the iron, whilst, as before stated, the hydrogen of the vapor will be
set free, and mingle with the carbonic acid resulting from the com-
bustion of the carbon of iron, whilst the supply of equivalent volumes
of atmospheric air or manganate, or fluoride, or gas or gases in due
equivalent proportions to the free hydrogen, it will under the aforesaid
maintained compression of the gases in the convertor attain a highly
congested, exalted, and regulated heat, will volatilise phosphates and
sulphurates, decarbonise and convert or partly convert the said metal
to a desirable extent, and afterwards recarbonise it either in the same
convertor or one of the two of similarly constructed convertors, one
placed near to but on a lower level than the other, and the molten metal
may after manipulation in the first operator be tapped of from the said
tap q, Fig. 7, and run a receptacle to separate the slag, and through
a refractory trough into the second convertor by the like receiving and
discharging tap q as into the first, being as before heated into second
convertor for recarbonising, amalgamating, alloying, or otherwise mani-
pulating by any of the herein-described means and processes.
quantities of the aforesaid elements, and their intermitting supplies,
time of retention, degrees of heat, and maintained pressure may be
regulated by connection with the said automatic equivalent instrument
and expansion vent valve connected with the convertors. When the
rotatory convertor is in revolving action, and the converting elements
are forced into it and under the pressure the molten metal will be lifted
The

page_text: by the cups 8, 8, 8, 8 (Figs. 7 and 7", No. 94, and poured in multiplicity of
streams from different heights, and whilst being enveloped by and pouring
through the compressed gaseous elements the fluid metal will con
tinuously delve into the molten mass on the lower side of the converters
Heading it and carrying it into and penetrating it and mixing with it
the said vaporous elements under continuous changes of the varying
surfaces of the fluid metal, causing easier contact of the oxygen with
the carbon of the metal or speedier absorption by it of materials. And
when by similar manipulations in either a first or second convertor, as
described, it is desired to carbonise the metal or mix or amalgamate
metals, the hydrogen of the fluid carbon under pressure and congested
heat acts as a vehicle, conveying the carbon by more rapidly diffusing
and depositing it in the metal, and then evaporating throught the
expansion valve vent or porous vent.
In the mechanical construction of the convertor, Fig. 5, 6, 7, and,
Drawing No. 9 of my Specification of 1867, the arrangement of the
parts for the preservation of the refractory lining, by the said compos
and the process described is more adapted to convertors for smaller charges
of metals for first decarbonising and then running the metal into a
second convertor placed on as before said a lower level for amalgamating
and recarbonising or hardening and strengthening the steel when
required for cutting implements or instruments, tools, railway fittings,
or other uses by combining any suitable form of materials, such as of
the said chromium, metallic chromium, or other metallic materials
used with any of the aforesaid materials and processes, or after my
hydrocarbon methods in open furnaces combined with compound jets,
of such materials for remitting pig iron, and rendering it into malleable
cast iron or into steel by complete fusion elimination of impurities, as
described. But when the construction of corvertors is required for
the conversion of crude iron or mixture by the intensity of the congested
combustion into steel, then the construction should be modified and
varied in the following manner :-Referring to Figs. 7 and 7 in Drawing
No. 9 of this Specification, wherein as in long section Fig. 7 the water
or air or steam circulating coil of tube is shewn outside of the double
faced refractory lining within the iron case of the convertor, the iron
case should be constructed of cast or malleable iron in two equal
half sections, as in long section Fig. 7, and with a flange to unite
with bolts and nuts the two long sections, and in placing the coiled

page_text: tube into the convertor it should be placed in first before the lining
is put in and laid on to the inner face of the iron case so as to be
behind and between the back face of the refractory lining and the
inner face of the iron case, as shewn in Figures 7 and 7a, Drawing
No. 9A. This refractory lining should be moulded in sectional parts
to fit and form on the inner form of the ribs of the coiled tube, and the
edges or ends of sections of the lining should be by grooves and dowels
on their edges made to fit on alternate ends and jointed by the said
refractory compost in a semi-fluid or plastic state. The sections or pieces
of refractory lining can be passed through the spaces or ribs of the
coiled tube when in position in the case, and be placed and joined
before the other half section of the iron case is put on and bolted
together at their flanges.
And instead of forming the iron case in two parts longitudinally
and flanged, it may be formed in two parts, as in cross section Fig. 7a,
so that a half section may be taken off and access may be had for
examination and repairs of the sectional parts of the lining and tube
coil when cool such convertors so constructed and worked are as
well applicable to the heating and fusing solid carbonized metal by the
injection of the said gaseous elements under compost and combustion,
as also to decarbonize and purify alloy and harden, whereby inferior
pig or scrap iron or granulated ores may by the aforesaid methods be
rendered solid or malleable or converted into steel by the double process
of the said two convertors so placed and worked as described on a
higher and lower level. Access may be made for examination and
repair of the lining and coil by taking off the sectional parts of the
iron case when cool. The ends of the tubes of the coil are connected
by right and left handed screws, and the coil may be separated into two
The coiled tube of
or more parts at these connecting screw joints.
the convertor may be used in these varied processes for not only
regulating the temperature of and protecting the refractory linings by
passing currents of cold water or blowing currents of cold air through
but in getting up the heat of the convertor before a charge of molten
metal is put in by blowing through under high pressure highly
attenuated superheated steam, and when such steam is supplied by my
processes to the molten metal for decarbonizing the metal the steam may
be passed in due equivalents for conversion from the coil into the
charge of metal in the convertors so placed on a higher or lower level

page_text: for the process of recarbonizing according to my method by the use of
the fluid hydrocarbon or its gas, then this material or its vapour may
be passed through the coil and becoming highly heated under main-
tained compression and congested heat may be flashed in equivalent
portions from time to time into the convertor in a gaseous state and
maintained under pressure of feed supply and vent evaporation, so that the
streams of molten metal falling from the said cups during rotation of
the convertor may continuously flow in and through the compressed
gaseous elements of carbon or other vapours, whilst the resulting
carbonic acid and impurities find egress at the pressure vent valves.
In applying my hydrocarbon system of generating and maintaining
a compressed congested combustion and heat, as described in my said
Specifications of 4th October 1867, and as herein, whether forming the
gases into carbonic oxide or into carburetted hydrogen, and intensely
heating either of them and then conveying them to within the interior
of the tunnel shaft for the purpose of either direct combustion with
the hot air blast between the boshes and closed hearth, or to the belly
of the shaft, firstly to mix partly with the gases of the compressed
congested combustion, and thus reconvert them into increased volumes
of carbonic oxide and then to complete combustion, the method of
generating the gases was described and shewn in the furnace retorts
at C, Fig. 3, Drawing No. 9 of said former Patent, and in the heating
oven chambers, a, a, a, of Fig. 3, the reservoir chamber of heated gases
enclosed at d, and the others by the valves h, x, y, to regulate equi-
valents of feed supply to the boshes and belly at z, zl, whilst the
enclosing smoke vent at p and closed hearth subjected the elements
to the compressed congested heat of combustion therein described.
Now in order to reheat and convert carburets of iron, malleable
wrought iron, railway or other bars, crossing points, or other fittings,
ingots, guns, axles, railway wheels, metal plates, apparatus, implements,
or fittings into homogeneous steel or or steel-like qualities of metals, or
to strengthen or harden them I construct and apply a similar generating
hermetically sealed oven chamber and furnace of the gaseous elements
aforesaid, as shewn at C, Fig. 3, Drawing 9, of the Specification of my
Patent of the 4th October 1867, and I now combine therewith other
methods, mechanical arrangements, uses of elements, and processes, the
similar arrangements and processes described in this Specification but
constructed on a ground surface level and with similar enclosing

page_text: chambers and throttled feeding valves, as at N, X, Y, Figs. 3 & 1,
in No. 9 of said former Patent, and with the extra hermetically sealed
chamber at X, X, Fig. 3, for enclosing the said railway bars, ingots, and
other mentioned metal things, and I enclose and seal them within the
enclosed chamber free from contact with atmospheric air, and into
which I convey on to and immerse the said bars or other metals therein
with and by volumes of pure carbonaceous, condensible, gascous vapours,
so as by the said compressed congestion of the materials cause more
complete cementation, affinitive union, or combination of the cementing
matters into the body of the metals and after generating and supplying
such gases in regulated quantities and conveying due quantity of fluid
carbon to the masses of metal by such or similar apparatus, as at E,
Fig. 3, and after intensely heating the carbon vapour in the heating
reservoir b, d, as carbonic oxide it may be transferred to the converting
oven chamber X, X, Fig. 3 of said former Patent and forced and com-
pressed and retained therein for any desired time by any of the means
for force of fluid or gaseous flow and compression as described in my
said former Specification, or by any other means. The oven chamber
will by the combustion chamber a, a, and reservoir d cause endosmotic
conduction of caloric into the chamber x, x, to a red or more heightened
temperature and also heat the carbon vapour therein to high temperature
and compressed congested heat which will cause equal heat, porous
expansion of the metal immersed therein, and effect congestion of the
metal by carbon vapour with equable heat, and will by these means
accelerate affinitive union of carbon and iron, absorb the feeding
equivalents of hydrocarbon, whilst the regulated areas of the aforesaid
expansion vent valve or porous vent will permit rapid evaporation of
the freed attenuated hydrogen of the carbonaceous vapour, the feed and
vents being regulated by the said automatic instrument.
I prefer
to effect the above manipulations in a separate hermetically sealed
cementing converting oven chamber, but closely connected with such
or a similar apparatus as at e, Fig. 3, in connection with a smelting
shaft or melting capula, and constructed on a ground surface level. To
this end I construct a heating, cementing, or converting oven, round,
oval, or D-shaped case of malleable cast or wrought iron, if for use in
a large way, say 7 feet 6 inches wide by 7 feet high, and of a length
suited for the reception therein of railway bars, ingots, beams, or large
metals. It may be found in sections of malleable cast iron, the ends
of sections having socket joints closed with iron cement, or wrought

page_text: rivetted sheet metal. If of wrought iron it may be made as a duplex
case, through which to pass currents of cold air or circulation of water,
or on the principle of the coiled tubes Figs. 7, 7a, in Drawing
No. 9A; the back ends flanged the closing ends or heads made oval
to fit and jointed with iron cement. The inner surface of this case
should be lined with refractory tiles or bricks of any desirable thickness.
.On the interior of this case is found a series of malleable, cast, or
wrought iron round retorts or ovens, say 24 in. diameter, and of the
length of the oven case, and this enclosed with fire-clay sections of
tubular envelopes. These, so enveloped, should be laid in layers within
the case, one series over the other, not in the curved spaces between the
layers, but resting on their upper central diameters so as that between
the the outsides of the retorts and envelopes a series of flues will be formed
each reaching nearly through the length of retort ovens and which may
be so united at the ends of the oven case as to form ascending or descending
return flues, leading to a funnel or shaft, the draft through which should be
regulated by the described throttled expansion vent valve for waste vapours
of combustion. The front end of the oven case is a flat surface surface,
formed with a series of apertures with which to connect mouth pieces
to project in front of case, and with each of these a stand pipe connecting
cach retort over with a horizontal pipe leading to and connected with
a funnel or shaft, to which the said expansion valve or porous vent and
automatic instrument should be connected, or to each horizontal pipe
or stand pipe to govern the areas of vents or injectors. The mouth
pieces are similar to those in Drawings Nos. 1 & 2 of my said former
Patent for opening, charging, and withdrawing charges of metal. They
are in preference made round, so as better to receive smooth ground
faced covers which are put on with an enclosing cross bar and screw
bolts to hold and make a joint that will sustain the congested gaseous
pressure from within the retorts. The feed of the aforesaid hydrocarbon-
accous materials for combustion and heating the oven on the exterior
thereof is as from the said or similar generations at e, Fig. 3, Drawing
No. 9 of my Patent of October 1867 connected by a feeding pipe or flue
with it, and with a with a regulated supply pipe for forced and main-
tained compression of the materials of combustion in the flues of the
case under the said compressed congested heat of combustion, whilst
the converting materials of the said pure carbon vapor is fed to the
interior of the said retort ovens through the aforesaid injecting tubes
on the sides of the mouth pieces, as in Drawings Nos. 1, 2, and 9 of my

page_text: Patent of 1867, and forced in by any of the means before described,
and maintained therein under the expansive force of the congested
elements to any desired degree of compression, and with regulated
equivalents of pure carbon vapor for congesting and duly carbonising
and cementing and converting the metal on the interior of the retort
ovens. When the determined time, has elasped for cementing and con-
verting said bars or other metals, the supply of combustion feed is
cut off, and the gaseous cementing material is by degrees permitted to
evaporate and a slow cooling process is allowed without contact with
atmospheric air before the metals are discharged from the receptacles or
unless a surface sheathing of said graphite or chromium should be
applied whilst the metals are at red heat.
Having in this Specification referred to the described Figures and
Drawings Nos. 1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, of former Patent and to No. 9A of this
the nature of my aforesaid Invention and the further improvements as
now herein described, and the means by which such application of the
same principle is improved and combined with the said former Patent
and its mechanical and chemical appliances, processes, arrangements, or
varied modes of manipulations to effect the processes and objects of my
present improved Invention, yet each of these may be modified to effect
with the same elements of materials, either separately or combinedly, or
varied in proportional quantities of materials to effect substantially the
same ends or objects herein described as improvements of parts of my
Invention described in the Specification of my Patent of 4th October
1867, 2792.
The feed of the aforesaid hydrocarbonaceous materials for com-
bustion and heating the oven on the exterior thereof, is as from the
said or similar generators as at C, Fig. 3, Drawing No. 9, connected by a
feeding pipe or flue with it, with a regulated supply forced and.
maintained in the flues of the case under the said compressed congested
heat of combustion whilst the converting materials of the said pure carbon
vapor is fed to the interior of the said retort ovens through the aforesaid
injecting tubes on the sides of the mouth pieces and forced in by any
of the means before described and maintained therein under the ex-
pansive force of the congested elements to any desired degree of
compression and with regulated equivalents of pure carbon vapor for
congesting and duly carbonising and converting the metal on the
interior of the retort ovens. When the determined time has clapsed

page_text: for cementing and converting said bars or other metals the supply of
combustion feed is cut off, and the gaseous cementing material is by
degrees permitted to evaporate, and in some cases a slow cooling pro-
cess is allowed with or without contact with atmospheric air, before the
metals are discharged from the receptacles, or employ a surface sheeting
of such graphite or chromium should be applied whilst the
a red heat.
are at
By a varied combination of my machinery with parts of my said
processes for improving and converting railway bars or other malleable
metals, and particularly old or used railway bars, especially such as
are made of inferior quality or of imperfectly puddled iron, and
contain an excess of carbon, I by reheating such made bars and further
decarbonizing and purifying and then recarbonizing them to the proper
limit under my said process by the intense congested heat of compressed
gaseous combustion in form and compressed congested cementation
in gaseous and liquid or gaseous and solid form of elements by the
aforesaid methods in another form, so as to improve, strengthen, harden,
and render the metal into steel or steel-like qualities. To this end I
construct the hermetically sealed retort ovens or stationary convertors
in another and following manner, and make a cylindrical receptacle of
malleable cast iron or wrought iron of a strength to bear an internal
pressure of say from one to three atmospheres and of a length to contain
railway bars and ingots of seven feet diameter.
The cylinder is flanged at the ends and enclosed by detachable head
plates on to the flanged ends and held by bolts or braces and cross bars
on ends. The cylinders may also be made duplex as with an outer case
with six inch space so as at first to pass materials to be first heated for
combustion in one part of the process or for reheating, decarbonizing, or
heating elements for recarbonizing or cementing by passing gaseous
materials therefor through the duplex space to be there heated and
passed thence to the interior of the converting oven.
The inner surface
of the duplex cylinder should be faced with refractory brick lining on
the inner fire face of the case and lining. The cylinder is divided by a
series of, say, three arched floors of refractory bricks reaching to the
ends of the cylinder and with apertures through many places over the
faces of the floors. The front end of the duplex cylinder is enclosed
by a permanently attached malleable cast iron and refractory lined
plate on its flange, and having two suitably formed mouth pieces for

page_text: access to each floor or compartment. The mouth pieces may be enclosed
by lids laying on smooth surface or luted joints and held by cross bars
in the common way and capable of sustaining an internal gaseous
pressure of, say, one to three atmospheres. The compressed combustion
for heating the retorts in the oven case, whether by carbonic oxide or
equivalent of hot air, is generated in separate furnace connected with
this cylindrical case by a lined malleable cast-iron flue at its back end
with lined branch flue pipes to each of said perforated floors and
having a valve damper regulated by said equivalent instrument. A funnel
is connected with the top side or end of the cylindrical iron case with
similar expansion valve vent hercin described, whose area is regulated
by the said automatic instrument.
On the floors of the oven cylinder the railway bars or other metals
are laid through the mouth pieces in parallel lines side by side, with a
space between each bar or metal. The covers are attached and the
gaseous combustion if for reheating and decarbonizing is forced into the
cylinder between its perforated floors, immersing the metals and
maintaining any desired degree of compression for any limited period
depending on the qualities and condition of the metals, and if for re-
heating and carbonizing the combustion is shut off, and the metals being
in an intensely heated state the said cementing or converting material's
are injected under compression. Thus whilst in their former case the com-
bustion was generated and applied within the oven case, but on the
exterior of the cementing retorts, in the latter processes they are
generated in a separate connected furnace and applied direct into the
body of the convertor.
When the bars or metals have been so submitted a sufficient time to the
compressed congestion, and the interior of the oven and its contents is in a
highly incandescent state, the supply of the combustion may be cut of and
the second process for cementation and conversion and by recarbonizing
may be applied for this object. The pure carbon fluid highly heated in
generators or in such duplex case under compression, according to my
former Patent may be flashed into various places above the floors of the
oven or the pure gaseous carbon vapor generated in a separate and
highly heated oven or tubular furnace, or described and shewn in
said Drawing No. 9 may be forced in and compressed and maintained
under any desired degree of compression, and so enveloping the intensely
heated metals effect congestion, gaseous heat, and more rapid penetration

page_text: and absorbtion of the carbon of the vapor by the congestion of the
expanded porous metals, whilst the hydrogen of the vapor will evaporate
through the expansion vent, and this condition of pressure and congestion
maintained until there is an affinitive union or amalgamation of say,
about one per cent. of carbon with the metal, or according to the
ascertained quality of or condition of the bars or other metals, and
when the temperature of the bars is lowered to a proper degree they
may be withdrawn and straightened or re-rolled.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Henry Pinkus in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 16th February 1870.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, HENRY
PINKUS, of No. 62, Camden Road, Camden Town, in the County of
Middlesex, Civil Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Sixteenth day of August, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine, in the thirty-
third year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give
and grant unto me, the said Henry Pinkus, Her special licence, that I,
the said Henry Pinkus, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such
others as I, the said Henry Henry Pinkus, my executors, administrators,
and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time
to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands,
and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN FURNACES AND OTHER
HEATING APPARATUS, AND IN THE METHODS OF APPLYING AND USING THEREWITH
CERTAIN ELEMENTS OF COMBUSTION, AND IN THE COMBINATIONS THEREWITH OF THE
PROCESSES WITH MATERIALS TO BE USED IN THE MANUFACTURES OF METALS AND
OTHER THINGS AND USES, AND IN THE MECHANICAL CONSTRUCTIONS NECESSARY
THEREFOR," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Henry
Pinkus, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing
under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly
describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed

page_text: in the Great Scal Patent Office within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Henry Pinkus, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by
the following statement, reference being had to the Drawings hereunto
annexed, and to the letters and figures marked thercon (that is to
say):
--
My Invention consists in further improvements of and in respect
of certain parts of the works, machinery, and apparatus, and in the
methods of applying materials and processos used for combustion and
licating purposes, and in the processes in combination with engines,
boilers, vapour generators, and their furnaces, and also other furnaces,
apparatus, and processes for the various manufacturing purposes and.
metallurgical manipulations described in a Patent granted to me and
sealed the Sixth day of December One thousand eight hundred and
sixty-seven, and dated the Fourth day of October One thousand eight
hundred and sixty-seven, Numbered 2792, for "Improved Methods of
Constructing Steam Generators for Engines, New Furnaces connected
therewith, and the Mode of Working them, with Machinery in Com-
bination with the Uses to which they are applicable. And I now combine
any of the herein-after described works, engines, furnaces, apparatus,
materials in manufactures, and process or processes with any of the
methods, mechanical constructions, materials, or processes. described and
exemplified in the Drawings in my said former Patent, numbered 2792,
for similar or other objects in manner following, to wit :-
Having in certain of my foreign Patents as in France in One thousand
eight hundred and sixty-eight, and in the United States of America
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, and One thousand eight
hundred and sixty-eight, in Italy One thousand eight hundred and
sixty-eight, and in Belgium, sought to support other objects of economy
in the application of the therein described elements, and on the works,
machinery, and processes described in my Patent in England, October
the Fourth, One thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, when used
for, amongst other applications herein described, the manufactures of
metals, such as iron or steel, and at the same time lessen the usual
deterioration of the lining of blast furnaces, steel convertors, cupolas, and
other metallurgical or beating furnaces, and the effects on metals and

page_text: as well when applied for glass, porcelain, and other manufacturing
processes, I therefore applied in all the foreign Patents at the backs of
linings of such furnaces a coil or coils of metal water tubes through
which to circulate streams of cold water in order to take up and absorb
the radiating heat of furnaces, and applied the absorbed heat in the said
processes or other processes for evaporizing water or superheating steam
or vaporizing fluid hydrocarbons by the means described and shewn in
the Drawings of my said former Specification, and as now further im-
proved and shewn in Drawings numbered to Seven and Seven A of this
Specification. In said Numbers One and Seven of the former Patent,
numbered 2792, the fire-box of the engine in absence of grate bars was
surrounded by a water belt N to absorb radiant heat and protect the
fire face, beneath which is a superheated steam belt P, and under that
a hydrocarbon vapour or gas belt Q, these constituting an hermetically
sealed fire chamber in order to obtain a compressed congested combustion
and sealed heat.
Now in application for similar objects and to maintain intensity of heat,
I apply as in said foreign Patents in some such application within or
back of lining of both the smelting blast furnace of my Patent of October
Fourth One thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, and rotating con-
vertor such as therein and herein improved, as shewn in Figure Seven
and Seven A; Figure One or cupola cementing or converting furnace or
apparatus in this Specification, tubular fluid circulators of said former
Specification, in sectional elevation in tunnel shaft, as seen in Figure Seven
and Seven A, Number One of this Specification, within the refractory
lining of the iron case of the rotatory convertor, and as before stated
through a tubular drift of the said tunnel shaft streams of cold water from
a forcing pump or head of water passes, and becoming heated by the
radiating heat of the furnace protects the lining and may give hot
water feed to boilers, whilst the waste steam of the engine flows to the
described steam superheater to combine with the carbon vapor for
diffusion into ores or formation of carbonic acid by its oxygen, or as a
supporter of combustion, or for the production of complete combustion
carbonic acid gas or currents of atmospheric air may in some cases be
blown through the coil or the shell of the convertor or cupolas Figure
Drawing, Number Four, to absorb radiated heat, and feed hot air or blast
of gaseous matter, and the coiled tube, as in Figures Seven to Seven A,
Number One, either circulates cold water to keep down the temperature

page_text: of the refractory lining and lifting cups or corrugations of the lining of
the convertor, or to pass into it superheated and highly attenuated steam
to combine with, as described,, any suitable vapour or gas such as pure
carbon vapour as described in my said former Specifications, or such other
common and well known materials for manipulations, as herein described,
such as nitrate of soda, or in some application from one to two per cent,
after decarbonization of chromium when so combined and used in and
with my said apparatus, machinery, or rotatory convertor and processes.
The new combination of the parts of convertor being improvements
of those shown in Figures Five; Six, and Seven of said former Patent,
Drawing Number Nine, and as in Number One, when combined with a
plant of works for the processes therewith, as herein-after described, I now
in this Specification combine any of the improvements or parts thereof
or process or processes with any of the parts or process or processes con-
tained in the Specifications of my said Patent of October the Fourth One
thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, Number 2792, as also sum of
the parts and process or processes contained in some of my said foreign
Patents when combined with my new constructions of works and apparatus
herein described.
In charging the tunnel shaft described in Drawing Number Nine of my
Patent of October the Fourth, One thousand eight hundred and sixty-
seven, with ore, and supplying therewith the usual flux and hydrocarbon
or solid fuel, or as before described, either alone or in parts with coke or
anthracite coal or other solid fuel in regulated quantities, and in order to
effect a more rapid reduction of the ore and effect less massive agglo-
meration of it the ore should be broken into smaller bits than usual, say
into inch cubes or less, and instead of charging it as commonly done
with massive layers of lime the ore when so broken should while in a
warm state be immersed in a bath of thick cream of lime, and when
taken from the bath dried, so that the fragments may be covered with a
coating of the flux. To the bath any other or like or similar material
may be added, such as fluid hydrocarbon, to cause better adhesion of the
dried fluid flux, to which in some applications may be added when ores
contain much of the phosphates a per-centage of the fluoride of lime,
which will as the metal reaches the heat of the boshes volatilize sul-
phurets, phosphates, and other impurities, or cause absorption of them
in slag, and such material may in some cases also be added to the said
convertors when tapped from crucible of smelting shaft or cupola, or-
2

page_text: reverberatory furnace for steel to eliminate impurities of the metal, and
when in said rotatory convertor by the intensity of the compressed
elements of combustion, and consequent congested heat produced by the
methods, as in my said formered Specification, Numbered 2792, and as
herein described, more completely volatilize and expel them in the form
of vapour or slag.
In blast furnaces of great magnitude the deep masses of agglomerated
material cause the blast to find egress more easily between the circum-
ference of the mass to the lining of the shaft; the cutting draught whilst
rapidly injuring the lining also causes enhanced radiation, loss of heat,
and slower reduction, whilst the absorption and utilization of such
radiated heat by the means formerly and herein described will, it is
believed, cause closer impact of masses on the lining surface, and whilst
protecting it force concentration of combustion more on the central part
of the lower surface, causing the material in reduction to form a more
concave cone, better supporting the mass, and giving larger surface
to the action of the blast from the centre to the outer surface instead as
usual of the converse.
In combining my automatic equivalent instrument described and
shewn in Drawing Number Eight of my Patent, Number 2792, as also in
this, to tunnel shaft of a blast, cupola, or other mentioned furnace the
said pyrometic bars should be placed in a recess below the belly of the
shaft in any convenient manner. If to a cupola, melting, puddling,
reheating, converting, or cementing retort oven herein described or other
furnace, the recess should be covered by a plate of malleable cast iron,
protected with a refractory but heat transmitting material, such as oride
of zirconia, herein described. The pyrometic bars so situate from direct
contract with the heat transmitting surface so as that when the com-
bustion of the furnace is, say, two to four thousand degrees F., the
pyrometic bars shall be affected by only one or two thousand degrees F.,
and so acting on the motion of the whole instrument as to regulate any
determined or intermitting or continuing feed of materials of combustion,
as also to throttle areas of vents of combustion for the manipulation of
metals in any of the aforesaid furnaces or any of my formerly described
processes, or any heat regulating works for any manufacture in manner
shown and herein described.
When my Invention of the fluid hydrocarbón or mixed fuel methods
with processes by said former or present Patents are applied for the con-

page_text: version of malleable cast or wrought or molten crude pig iron or other
carburets of iron into steel or steel-like metals, or in cementing or manu-
facturing in hermetically sealed chambers, retorts, or ovens, either by the
compressed combustion of cementation under the concentrated or con-
gested heat of cementing combustion in hermetically closed chamber
furnaces, as in Drawing Number Nine of my said Patent of October Fourth,
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, described from the outside
thereof for the cementation and conversion of metals, for rolled bars,
hammered irom blooms or castings under such compressed combustion
and cementation, I convey the converting materials into the interior by
the described means in my said former and present Specifications, and
in regulated equivalent quantities according to the mass to be mani-
pulated, and either continuously or intermittently, and at the same time
to regulate by the means aforesaid the degrees of compression of the
converting elements to accelerate their absorption under congestion and
equability of temperature consequent on such gaseous, or fluid, or solid
compression of these combined elements, the degree or extent of evapora-
tion of combustion from vapours, or of solid cementing materials as herein,
which by said equivalent instrument during process with the methods of
my former Patent, Numbered 2792, and as in this the congested or
compressed combustion for the described uses, and also in converting
and cementing by the compression of the aforesaid gaseous or solid or
mixed elements for absorption and conversion in the interior of the said
converting ovens, retorts, or closed and hemetically sealed receptacles from
the exterior thereof of malleable, wrought, or crude pig or cast iron
into steel or steel-like quality of metals by the transmitted and highly
compressed congested heat of combustion by my combined process.
In any of these manipulations I apply the fluid hydrocarbon or
mixture of coke or anthacite coal or peat charcoal, as herein and in my
said former Specifications described, and use any of them in any form
with hot air or highly superheated attenuated steam, or gas or gasses, or
to form pure hydrogen, carbonic oride, recombined carbonic acid, or
some or any of the applications, or any of them varied for different
qualities or conditions of iron or other metals, or for conversion of
malleable, cast, or wrought metal into quantities of steel, and when
affected as described under high gaseous or atmospheric compression in
hermetically scaled receptacles from the exterior by the transmitted
highly congested method described in my Specification of October the
2

page_text: Fourth, One thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, and the acquired
intensity of the heat consequent on compressed congested combustion
by my said hydrocarbon processes or mixed solid fuel, the denser
qualities of purified hydrocarbon should be used after distillation there-
from of the several rinds of gas or vapours usually combined with the
hydrocarbon vapours, or if fluid it may be mixed with impalpable powder
of peat or coal or coke and fluid oil may be ejected through the injectors
or forced in sprays, as described in this as also in one of my said
former Specifications, and with fluid carbon, or in some cases pure
hydrogen freed as aforesaid from oxygen may be generated and united
by the means mentioned in my said former Specification, or pure hydro-
gen may be used when conversion is effected in the common way with
part solid and fluid carbon, and under highly congested gaseous or cerc-
form compression as so formerly described for speedier diffusion, absorp-
tion, and conversion. The pressure and heat of the hydrogen fixing or
completely volatilizing the carbon, and after diffusing and depositing it,
evaporating through the said throttled vent or pressure vent valve,
whilst intermitting supplies of fluid carbon or hydrocarbon vapour may
be given and after the length of time found necessary for the degree of
cementation, which will vary with the rinds and qualities of metals.
The process should graduate to the highest degree of gaseous com-
pression and congested diffused heat determined on, and afterwards
gradually lowered whilst the process proceeds towards completion, and
a highly compressed fuel feed regulated by the said automatic instrument
in Drawing Number Eight of the said former Patent for regulating areas
of the vents or evaporating apertures for results of combustion for equal
time and degrees of intensity of the highly congested clements of
whether for fusion and cementation or combustion, and at this time
whilst at a bright red heat finely granulated graphite may be injected
with pure hydrogen or fluid hydrocarbon or its vapour to face its surface
and preserve the metal from oxydation, or chromium may be applied to
harden the surface of the metal in cementation, and finally, especially for
large ingots, cooled whilst in receptacles without in some cases contract
with atmospheric air, except when nitrogen of air is desired, or the
receptacles may be coolod by the said cold water coils, or by blowing
through cold air, or after chromium has been applied the metal may be
chilled by cold bath. In such hermetically sealed receptacles or rotating
convertor granulated metals, such as titania or iron granulates or such

page_text: known as black sand iron or scrap iron may be manipulated and
solidified or balled and decarbonized or recarbonized in said rotatory
convertor Drawing Number Nine of said former Patent, and as improved
in Drawing Number One of this Specification. The hydrocarbon fluid or
heated vapour thereof or when mixed with solid fuel for diffusion into
the mass of iron or other metal if for carbonizing will have under the
congested and atmospheric pressure of from one to three atmospheres
greatly exalted heat of the carbon and the hydrogen whilst the
expanding pores of the metal will absorb the carbon the hydrogen will
become freed and evaporate, but by its previous pressure it will have
more speedily forced the carbon into the pores of the metal and con-
gested it where by affinitive union it will be permanently absorbed, whilst
the highly attenuated hydrogen or carbonic oxide or acid gas will find
exit through the said regulated throttled area of the pressure expansion
valve or through a perforated vent cover of solid and porous but refractory
material described.
It may be observed that in the use of any fluid hydrocarbon when
burnt in open furnaces much of the hydrogen is quickly by heat set free
from the carbon, and from its high volatilization and consequent velocity
through flues or vent escapes without equibalent of oxygen unburnt or
properly closed furnace, high gaseous compression, and intermittingly
opened and closed or throttled expansion vent valve is therefore essential
for its economy as a fuel or when in combination with solid carbon or as
a vehicle for diffusion into metals or masses of other materials for
reduction, conversion, heating, and reheating.
In the mechanical construction of the convertor, Figures Five, Six, and
Seven, Drawing Number Nine of my said former Patent Numbered 2792,
the arrangement of the parts for the preservation of the refractory lining,
as in my said foreign Patents in One thousand eight hundred and sixty-
eight and as improved herein, and the process described in my said former
Patents was more adapted for smaller charges of metals, but now as im-
proved for first decarbonizing and then running the metal into a second
convertor placed as herein described on a lower level for amalgamating or
decarbonizing or hardening and strengthening the steel when required for
cutting tool, railway fittings, or other uses, implements, or instruments, or
when combining any suitable form of materials, such as of the said chro-
mium or metallic materials used with any of the materials and processes for
rendering malleable or molten pig or other carburets of iron, wrought iron

page_text: into steel by complete fusion, and as well elimination of impurities; but
when the said construction of convertors is required for the conversion
of crude molten pig iron or for malleable scrap iron by the intensity of
the compressed congested combustion in my former Patents described
into steel, then or when used in combination with smelting or melting
furnaces herein described then the construction should be modified and
varied in the following manner, and rendered portable, as shown in
Drawing Number One of this Specification, and moveable from the
enclosed arched chamber in Number Nine of my said Patent October
Fourth, One thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, Numbered 2792.
Referring to Figures Five, Six, and Seven, Drawing Number Nine, of
said former Patent, and in long and cross sections Figures Seven and
Seven A, Drawing Number One of this Specification, the water, or air
or gas, or steam circulating coiled tube instead of being within the
double faced refractory lining within the iron case of the convertor
should now, as improved by the new combination, be constructed of
malleable cast iron in two or more equal parts, as in long sections
Figure Seven and cross section Figure Seven A, Drawing Number One,
and with a flange to unite with bolts and nuts the two long or cross
sections, and in placing the coiled tube into the care of the convertor
it should be placed in first, before the lining is placed, and be placed
on to the inner face of the iron case, so as to be behind and between
the back face of the refractory lining and the inner face of the iron case,
as shown in Figures Seven and Seven A, Drawing Number One of this
Specification. The refractory lining, which may be made of burnt fire-
clay and gånister or crucible plumbago to bear compressed combustion,
should be moulded in sectional parts to fit and form on the inner form
of the case, and the edges or ends of sections of the lining should be
grooved and rabbited or dowelled and made to fit on alternate edges and
jointed by a refractory compos in a semi-fluid or plastic state. The
sections or pieces of refractory lining can be passed through the spaces
of the coiled tubes when in position in the case and be placed and
joined before the other half section of the iron case is put on and bolted
together at their flanges. And instead of forming the iron case in two
parts longitudinally and flanged it may be formed in two or more parts
in cross sections of the convertor, so that a half section may be taken
off and access may be had for examination and repair of the sectional
parts of the lining and the tube coil when cool. The ends of the sections.
of the coil are united by right and left hand screws by which also the

page_text: to
sections may be separated or lifted off for examination or repair; such
convertors so constructed and worked with my said processes are as well
applicable to the fusing of solid granulates or scrap metals as
decarbonize, purify, alloy, and harden them and prepare the fused metal,
whereby inferior pig iron or granulated ores may be mixed, rendered
malleable, or converted into steel by the double process of the said two
convertors so placed and worked as described on a higher and lower
level, as also when in combination with the said smelting or melting
furnaces herein described, or when used with the other apparatus for
manipulation of molten metals herein-after described. The coiled tube
of the same convertor may be used in these various processes for not
only regulating the temperature of and protecting the refractory linings
by passing currents of cold water or blowing currents of cold air through,
but in getting up the heat of the convertor before a charge of molten
metal is put in by blowing through and maintaining under and re-
taining under my compressed gaseous or fluid or solid fuel and air
in manner of my Patent of October Fourth, One thousand eight hun-
dred and sixty-seven, Numbered 2792, or high pressure and highly
attenuated superheated steam supplied as well in some cases for my
process as to the molten metal for conversion steam or carbon vapour
or atmospheric air may be passed in due equivalents for conversion
from the coil into the charge of metal in the convertor or carbon
a lower level for the
vapour into the said convertor so placed on
purpose of recarbonizing according to one of my methods by the
use of the fluid hydrocarbon, thus the vapour of this material may
be passed through the coil, and becoming highly heated under main-
tained congesting pressure may be flashed in equivalent portions into
the convertor in a gaseous state so that the throttled retained gases
are so prevented from expansion at that the streams of molten metal
falling from the said cups or corrugations of the lining of the con-
vertor may continuously flow in and through the retained maintained
compressed gaseous elements of carbon and pure hydrogen and be thus
congested with their intense heat and decarbonized and better freed
from impurities.
.
When so manipulating fluid metal by the said rotatory steel con:
vertor, the apparatus must be first heated by steam or burning flu d,
hydrocarbon or its gas and air therein, and when the fluid metal is
charged therein through the charging and discharging mouth, Figures

page_text: Seven and Seven, Drawing Number One, the mouth or tap being of
suitable area for pouring steam in equivalent combination with said
gas, or any other suitable gaseous vapours or material described in this
or my said former Specifications, may be supplied therein during the
rotation of the convertor, the attenuated steam will be decomposed
by the absorption of its oxygen by the incandescent carbon of the
iron, whilst as before stated the hydrogen of the vapour will be set free
and mingle with the carbonic acid resulting from the combustion of the
carbon of iron, whilst the supply of equivalent volumes of atmospheric
gas or gases in due equivalent proportions to the free hydrogen it
will under the aforesaid maintained and retained compression of the
gases in the convertor attain a highly congested, exalted, and regulated
heat, as described in my said Patent of October Fourth, One thousand
eight hundred and sixty-seven, Numbered 2792, volatilize and eject
phosphates and sulphates, decarbonize and convert or partly convert, as
may be desired, the said metal to any desirable extent, and whilst the
pure carbon vapour will afterwards recarburize it either in the same
convertor or one of similarly constructed convertors, so placed near
to but on a lower level than the other as at Seven and Seven A, Drawing
Number One, may after manipulation in the first operator be tapped off
from the side mouth and run into the second convertor by a like receiv-
ing and discharging mouth aperture as into first, being as before first
heated for carburizing, amalgamating, alloying, combining, manganese
spigleisen or otherwise manipulating by any of the herein described
means and processes, or as in said former Patients mentioned.
The quantities of the aforesaid elements, the intermitting or continuous
supplies, time of retention, degrees of heat, and maintained pressure of
the said gaseous congestion may be regulated by connection with the
automatic equivalent instrument and expansion vent valve described
and shown in my said Patent of October Fourth, One thousand eight
hundred and sixty-seven, Numbered 2792.
When the rotatory convertor is in revolving action and the converting
elements are forced into it and maintained under the diffusing pressure the
molten metal will be lifted by the cups of or lining corrugations, Figures
Seven and Seven A, Drawing Number One, and poured in muluplicity of
streams from different heights. Whilst being enveloped by and pouring.
through the compressed gaseous clements and the fluid metal will con-

page_text: tinuously delve into and mix with the molten mass on the lower side
of the vessel, leading it and carrying into it and penetrating and mix-
ing it with the said decarburizing and purifying vapours elements
under continuous changes of the varying surfaces of the fluid metal,
causing easier contract of the oxygen with the carbon of the metal,
and speedy reaction with materials, and when by similar manipulation
in either first or second convertor, as herein described and shown in
Drawing Number One, it is desired to recarburize the metal or mix or
amalgamate or to use with manganese spigleisen or granulates of metals
the hydrogen of the fluid carbon under pressure and congested com-
bustion and exalted heat acts as a vehicle, conveying the carbon to
contact, rapidly diffusing and depositing it in the metal and then eva-
porating through the throttled expansion vent valve or porous vent
described in my said former Patent of October Fourth, One thousand
eight hundred and sixty-seven, and as herein.
In the Drawings Numbered One, Two, and Seven of my said former
Patent of One thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven the combining
elements forming into carbonic oxide in the lower flues as now varied met
at the passage to the former flues B, B, B, by a further feed of hot material
and air or superheated steam out of the duplex pipe M, and whilst
being saturated and forming carbonic acid gas are met with a further
supply of hot air or superheated steam from the duplex steam air
pipe N whilst entering the smaller series of tubes, from which the
now completed combustion is in part reflected to the higher and larger
series of tubes. The feed of the materials to the closed sealed furnaces
made either continuous or intermittingly as therein described by the
action of the said equivalent instrument on the feed and vent valve
areas by their spanners or crank levers. The greater heightened tempera-
ture that may be given in furnaces and heating flues by the application
of the gas, or of fluid hydrocarbon vapours than with coal or coke
alone, or when mixed with them when the elements supporting the
combustion of the former are supplied, in exact equivalent proportions
and retained, and these forced in closed areas into contract with fuel
by the degree of the compressed congestion of the gases due to their
prevented expansion and consequent heightened temperature and con-
fined and retained by properly closed furnaces and throttled vents,
renders it important, more effective, and economical to operate the feed
of those materials to furnaces intermittingly, as in my said Patent of

page_text: October Fourth, One thousand eight hundred and' sixty-seven, so as to
allow sufficient time for the combination of elements, diffusion of
materials, and their reduction by congested active heat, and in other
cases longer contact with the heat transmitting surfaces or heated
materials before they are allowed to escape to waste, and so carrying
off not only much heat but unconsumed material in the condition of
carbonic oxide and freed hydrogen, which more rapidly escapes. The
automatic instruments described in the Specification of my former
Patent, October Fourth, One thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven,
and shown in the Drawings of Number Eight, of that Specification,
and which I now combine with the improvements of this will govern
these manipulations and render practical a regulated feed of fuel
current of draught at short intervals through furnace expansion valve
vent alternately before each fresh feed and for renewed and retained
combustion.
Another mode of obtaining economy in furnaces where fluid or solid
fluid is applied, or when mixed with solid consequent on its intensity
of heat under suitable degrees of regulated pressure and the less rapid
draught current required by my said former and herein improved
processes, is by an extra regulated feed of hot oil vapour, which may be
injected into and flashed from heating tubes under compression into the
perforated fire-clay pipe M, Figure One, Drawing Number One, of my
Patent of October Fourth, One thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven,
where the hot oil vapour or gaseous products from mixed and solid fluid
fuel will meet and mingle with the products of incomplete combustion
formed in the fire-box and spiral flue E of that Patent, being carbonic
acid gas, free hydrogen, and unconsumed carbon. The oil vapour ejected
from the tube M will on incandescent contact combine with the carbonic
acid gas in equivalents, reconverting it and the unconsumed carbon into
enlarged volumes of carbonic oxide gas in the space N', and passing
thence through the return tubes B, B, into the flue space N¹ meet with
a further supply of hot air and superheated steam in equivalent pro-
portions for the due supply of oxygen in support of the recombustion of
the said enlarged volumes of carbonic oxide and freed hydrogen, whereby
an elevated heat will be effected in the upper tiers of boiler tubes without
the retarding influence of large masses of nitrogen due to the otherwise
required large volumes of atmospheric air. The injectors feeding these
elements to the duplex pipes M and N may be regulated by one of the

page_text: automatic instruments herein described and shown in Figure Number
Eight of the said former Patent, October Fourth, One thousand eight hun-
dred and sixty-seven, which also regulates the degree of compression of
the incandescent gases in flues and furnaces by throttling the areas of
expansion vents. These processes may also with modification of smoke
box and funnel and addition of rotatory air blowers in the case of the
latter be applied to the locomotive engine and boiler shown in Drawing
Number Seven of my aforesaid former Patent, Numbered 2792; and having
in said former Patent described and shown in Drawing Number Nine the
smoke vent P outside the lantern and the moveable closing plate p,
and in order to prevent the expansion of the equivalent elements of
combustion, and so exalt the energy of a congesting compressed heat of
combustion, thus avoiding such cooling effects and loss of heat as is
common when coal or coke only is used with open vents by the large
excess of atmospheric air applied in blast furnaces or cupolas, as in
reverberating or puddling furnaces, to effect reduction or smelting of
ores or other manipulations of metals; and in the blast furnace, Drawing
Number Nine of my Patent, October Fourth, One thousand eight hundred
and sixty-seven, as therein described, by the production of carbonic
oxide gas for the reduction of iron ore by mixing the oxide with the
partly consumed gas and carbonic acid gas in the tunnel shaft of the
space p and mouth piece is enclosed and held by the action of the
rods S, S, and reversing bevelled gear r, r, the flow to the superheated
steam in the lantern of throat of shaft may be suspended, and the waste
gas of the tunnel shaft A, R 1, returned through the duplex pipe R, R,
for not only heating the vapour in the generating retorts in the enclosed
chamber at C, Figure 3, for the purpose of not only heating the
generators but remixing with the carbonic oxide gas generated in them,
and passing out of the heating furnace reservoir a, c, a, c, b, at C, Figure 3,
and thence again by the separate flue to the other external heating
purposes, or to condensation, or to waste, and instead of converting the
duplex pipe R, C, R., C, to such use another similar pipe, as now annexed
to this tunnel shaft for receiving and conveying such waste gases from
the outer case of the throat of the tunnel or lower down for like pur-
poses, and the gases being retained under suitable degrees of compression
will be forced to the said generators at C or a, d. The carbonaceous gas
generated at C, Figure 3, from the aforesaid fluid hydrocarbon or its
vapour, or coke or coal, may be in part used with it in the form of simple
vapour or a permanent gas thereof for a combination therewith of liko

page_text: equivalent hot atmospheric air or superheated steam of a temperature of
one thousand degrees F. with less atmospheric air to convert this mixture
in carbonic oxide only, and in the latter condition only it is passed
into the furnace reservoir a, c, a, c, where becoming again highly heated
it is passed through the reservoir « and conduit e, g, g, either through R
to the hearth at the boshes, or diverted by the valve R through the pipe
x, x, z, in Figure One, into the belly of the shaft at the higher heat one
below A, where the number of air or gas injectors described in my said
Patent, Numbered 2792, instead of four may be eight or more and dif-
ferent elevations acting as tuyeres, whence the elements penetrating the
interstices of materials when in contact with the oxide of iron and also
the carbonic acid gas of combustion these elements will, as in my said
former Patents mentioned, recombine in equivalents to form double
volumes of carbonic oxide, which by the penetration of the access of hot
air blast from the hearth and boshes, or in some cases a supply of highly
attenuated steam of one thousand degrees F, from the pipe R, R, through
G, Figure One, an equivalent of oxygen may be given to the carbonic
oxide and free hydrogen for conversion into complete combustion and
highly exalted heat as well at this higher heat zone, thus accelerating
the reduction of metal with more rapid descent to the hearth of the blast
furnace, and thence to the enclosed chamber under the shaft to the
rotating apparatus for the decarburization of the molten metal therein,
and thence removed by the railway shown to moulds or for any mani-
pulation. This general combination of machinery and processes may also
be used with fluid hydrocarbon and rapid reduction will ensuc, and
where in cases where either coal or coke may be used intermitting
supplies instead of full charges to smelting shaft are given, whilst the
reducing element may be forced into the shaft and maintained under a
compression of the gaseous, solid, or mixed fuel to any required degree of
compression, so as to produce the compressed congested heat of com-
bustion described in my Specification of Patent of October Fourth,
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, Numbered 2792. The
object of the rotating convertor with its metal lifting cups or corru-
gations therein was to raise the molten metal and let it descend in
streams from the top to the lower side of the apparatus whilst rotating,
and at the same time either continuously or intermittingly regulate and
admit atmospheric air, gases, or vapours intensely heated to envelope
the descending streams of metal by the method and in condition therein
described, and effect the same objects by the improved means and

page_text: processes crein described and further combined with the said formOL
means.
My method of generating intense heat by the means described in my
Patent of One thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, and as herein
improved and combined with the improved apparatus and means, is to
decarburize molten pig or other kinds of iron, volatilize and eject impu-
rities, or neutralize by recarburization in the second convertor therein,
and render the metal into or effect other metallurgical operations by the
application of the aforesaid or any other suitable gases, solids, or other
materials in combination with highly superheated and attenuated steam
or air; in some cases recarburization by hydrocarbon vapours separately
or combined in regulated equivalent portions, feeding the apparatus
either combinedly or separately with the elements and under the said
compressed congested vent valve of the apparatus and regulating it by
connecting it with the rotating apparatus with fixed apparatus and flues
at stations, the said equivalent instruments also fixed at said stations, so
that by the excess of oxygen or given volumes of highly attenuated steam,
say at one thousand degrees F. greater than in the said volumes of heated
atmospheric air, a more perfect combustion of the carbon in the same
time may be given than by atmospheric air alone, whilst the union of the
oxygen with the carbon of metal will less retard recarburization by the
great excess of intervening nitrogen of air, which also intervenes between
the reagent and the impurities of the metal and renders difficult to
completely eradicate sulphur.
In recarburizing, carburizing, manipulating, or manufacturing any
molten, wrought or crude pig or other carburets of iron or other metals
as iron into steel for tools, ornamental shapes, round, flat, or railway
hars, I combine other mechanical appliances with the processes in the
said rotatory convertor of said Patent of October Fourth, One thousand
eight hundred and sixty-seven, and as herein-after described and shown.
in Drawing Number One. I apply the elements for refining and con-
verting iron into steel as well by the process of gaseous compression or
congestion of fuels in furnaces as exalted heat for diffusion into masses
of metals, described in such former Patent under or equal to one,
two, or more atmospheres in excess of common air, but in respect to
which there can be no fixed rule, since the process must vary according
to application of heat or varying qualities of materials into which to
diffuse heat or surfaces through which to transmit it.

page_text: Having in my said Specification of October Fourth, One thousand eight
hundred and sixty-seven, referring also to that of One thousand eight
hundred and sixty-five, described and shown in the Drawing. hydrostatic
storage tanks in connection with high pressure main pipes, and also
combine such tanks with closed hermetically sealed hydrocarbon fur-
naces, so as to convey under hydrostatic force and pressure fluid or vapour
fuel into the fire-box and mining discharges of furnaces, of land, marine,
and locomotive engines, as of other furnaces without the necessity of
ordinary pumping, and so to inject by force and maintain the force under
any required or reacting pressure of the fluid or its evolved vapour under
retained furnace compression and congestion, varying the areas of the
inlet valves of injection as of the areas of expansion vent valves, these
being regulated by the said automatic equivalent instrument according
to the laws governing the flow of fluids or aereform vapours under the force
of combined retained combustion heat and pressure of thermal expansion
proportionally to the areas of apertures of inlets, the same instrument
governing the varying areas of the ejecting furnace or flue vents, so as to
confine continuously or intermittingly and to retain and maintain under
any required degree of compression the congested heat elements of com-
bustion, as described in said Specification of combined Patents in England
October Fourth, One thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven and One
thousand eight hundred and sixty-five, shown in the several Drawings
exhibiting the intermittingly closed and hermetically sealed furnaces by
the action of the said automatic equivalent instrument governing the
inlet valve cocks, and connected directly with the valve vents of furnaces
and flues so as to regulate the pressure of the confined burning and re-
tained gases within the furnaces, and so preventing the expansion due to
the degrees of heat, thus effecting what I, in said former Specifications,
designated the compressed, congested, and highly exalted temperature
of combustion and as therein stated retained longer in contact with
transmitting or heat surfaces or absorbents the mechanical applica-
tions to closed furnaces permitting intermitting feed of fuel elements
and effecting and regulating either any required constant or thermal
variations in some kinds of furnaces, such as calcining, blast, cupola,
reverberating, crucible, cementing, reheating, or other furnaces either
in the manipulations of iron, steel, or other metals, or the reduction
and subsequent manipulations thereof, and of necessity if the said fluid
fuel or vapours be used which by required enclosed or hermetically

page_text: of said former Patent are indispensible, not only for the economy of
fuel, its more effective action, as for rapidity of process and economy
of time and labour.
.
The mechanical arrangements in my said former Specification of
October Fourth, One thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, with the
further improvements in continued mechanical construction with the
desired processes in this Specification, combine with the processes
herein and therein described and particularly in the application of the
principles and processes herein described and exemplified in the Drawings
herein-after described and shown as well for the mettallurgical opera-
tions these also combined with the commonly used or improved puddling,
blast, and cupola, reverberatory, heating, reheating, as also with other
common furnaces used in various manufactures, as also for such as the
generation of carburetted hydrogen gas or pure hydrogen gas under the
aforesaid means and processes for obtaining a compressed congested
combustion, an intensity of heat or light for the objects as well as for
lighting and heating railway carriages, lighting underground works,
such as railway tunnels, coal mines, or other mines, with combinations
of the means for; the same object described in the Specification of my
Patent of October Fourth, One thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven and
as herein described. In respect to said convertors, Drawing Number One,
in which for some of these objects the compressed, congesting, com-
bustion, may be applied as well in combination with solid coal or peat
coal, as with fluid fuel, but in the connecting parts of the rotatory
convertor in Figures Six and Seven, Number Nine of my Specification
of October Fourth, One thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, there
is a trough or gutter so arranged as to convey the molten metal from
the crucible of the blast furnace directly to the convertor, and pouring
it through a refractory funnel into the convertor through the hollow
trunnion in Figures Five, Six, and Seven, Number Nine of my said
former Patent. The intensity of heat of metals in this convertor is
capable of completely fusing Sweedish or charcoal pig metal, inferior, grey,
while ore, hematite, and similar kinds difficult of fusion leaving no
solid metal as is common. The said convertor revolves on its hollow
trunnions, which are suspended on roller bearings mounted on a frame
fixed on a base plate and connected with driving straps, and by pulley
or spur tangent gearing, or other convenient method. The hollow

page_text: part of its trunnion is as well as is its combustion vent valves, faced with
said refractory lining of crucible plumbago..
Having in my said foreign Patents modified and improved the con-
vertor Five, Six, and Seven, Drawing Number Nine of my Patent of One
thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven,. I now, as herein, further
improve it in the manner following:- Between the lining and shel of
convertor I introduce a spirally coiled metal tube; one end of it passing
through the side of the trunnions is fixed to a rotatory water joint
which communicates with the cold water pipe a.. The water having
traversed the coil is brought outside of the shell of the convertor at the
opposite end, and then returned to the entrance end by the pipe b, b,
when it again enters the opposite side of the entrance trunnion and is
then joined to a ring b, b. This pipe embraces and revolves freely with
the convertor round the entrance pipe a. It is perferated round its outer
periphery with holes to allow a free escape of water and furnished with
a pulley-shaped guard c, c, to prevent the heated water falling into
entrance pipe. a, a, is a trough for catching the water and conducting
it to waste. The refractory lining which may be composed of the afore-
said materials, is furnished with a series of cup-shaped projectors
8, 8, 8, 8, formed with and of the same material as the lining or made
and placed seperately, or may be corrugations in the lining these cups
or corrugations by the rotatory action of the convertor dip into and
lift the fluid metal, and discharge it in continuous streams or showers
and thereby repose the continually flowing atoms of streams of molten
metal through the compressed atmosphere air or gascous or other
vapours to the decarburizing action of the oxygen of air, steam,
or other vapours on the carbon of the metal. The intensity of
temperature when induced by my described congested heat of gaseous
or solid fuel compression in ignition to any desired degree of heat for
special uses in hermetically closed furnaces as shown in the construc-
tions of furnaces according to the Drawings of my Patents of October
Fourth, One thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, and also the
several Drawings filed with the Specification, are more efficient and
expeditious. In manufactures of steel from crude, pig, cast, or malleable
wrought iron, containing minimum proportions of carbon when fused in
my herein described cupola or my other heating furnaces with regulated
forced feed of combustion, retention of combustion, infusion, and final
evaporation of elements by the action of said automatic equivalent.

page_text: instrument on feed valves, and on said expansion vent valve areas
combining with any of said furnaces herein described than by common
practice.
It will be seen, as described in my said former Specification and by
said Drawings, that the feed is effected by compound jets of oil and
vapour and air or superheated heated steam through the injectors; some
of these, as in z, Drawing Number Nine, are of refractory material, as
fire-clay, plumbago, and other kinds, and these multiplied at different
elevations of the smelting shaft, as in this Patient, or cupola or heating
furnace for the injection and compression of the said fuel elements,
producing the aforesaid congested combustion in any reducing, con-
verting, cementing, or high heat generating furnaces referred to or
exemplified by the said Drawings herein-after described for this
Specification. These improved convertors and metal mixing or alloying.
apparatus, Figures Seven and Seven a, being portable may be brought
from time to time into connection with such blast or cupola or rever-
beratory or other furnaces or with moulds for pouring cast metal, for
which purpose the railway herein-after described is combined with such
first stations and reservoirs or storage tanks for hydrostatic power for
force and flow of gaseous or hydrocarbon fluid, and which may be
connected or disconnected from time to time with said furnaces or
rotatory convertors, as improved in Figures Seven and Seven a, in
Drawing Number One, herein described.
In Figure Seven and Seven a, Number One, the superheated steam,
the temperature of which should be about one thousand degrees F.,
coming in contact with shower of molten metal under retained conges-
tion of combustion will yield its oxygen to the carbon, setting free its
hydrogen, which with hot air in due equivalents will induce exalted
heat, recarburize the iron, or with the other herein-after mentioned
gaseous products fuse different kinds of fluid, malleable or cast pig,
or other carburets of iron, and when mixed with the metallic materials
herein-before mentioned make soft steel like cast iron or steel, as effected
by the two convertors on high and lower level.
In Drawing Number One, Figure Seven and Seven a is a longitudinal
sectional elevation of the improved rotatory convertor; Figure Seven a
is a cross sectional elevation and view of the same, wherein a, a, a, a,
Figure Seven a, is the refractory sectional lining, wherein the sectional
iron case X', X', with lifting cups 8, 8, 8, 8, and b, b, b, b, or said cor.

page_text: rugations; the coiled tube is outside of the lining, the case having
flanged bolted joints x3, x, x³; g, g, are the charging and tapping
mouths and closing apertures. This convertor is also suspended by
hollow trunnions on the rotating pullies, and on a portable trunnion
carriages 3, 4, 3, 4, and which is also suspended on a railway; b, b, b, b,
are the coiled cold water, or in some cases steam or hot gas vapour coil
at b, as in the entrance water b, b; b, b, is the revolving ring; c, c, the
.pulley-shaped guard; d, d, is the waste water trough or covered pipe.
It need hardly be observed that, as described in the applications of the
said gaseous or other aereform materials under congesting compression
to attain and retain the consequent highly exalted heat from their
combustion, the compressive congestion and expansive reacting force
may range from a quarter of one to several atmospheres above the
common atmosphere, whether for the mechanical constructions and pro-
cesses of Drawing of my Patent of One thousand eight hundred and sixty-
seven, in Numbers One, Two, Seven, or Nine and Nine a, as well as for the
referred to cupola reverberating cementing, as all other highly heating
furnaces or ovens for various kinds of manipulations should be so made
in manner as to bear the congested expansive force of combustion, of
strengths proportioned to the degrees of retained congestion required in
various applications best suited and required for each of the different
kinds of processes herein-before and after described, whether for said
closed hearth, fire-boxes, and flews, or for steam generators, as Numbers 1
and Seven, or Nine of my Specification One thousand eight hundred and
sixty-seven, or for iron or steel, or other metallurgical applications of
the systems therein and herein described, whether by the compressing
force of said compound jets or occasional open furnaces, or when the
same are rendered by the action of said valve vents closed hearths under
congested combustion. The opertions of all these are the same or similar
to those described in respect to similar parts in Drawings of said former
Patent.
In order to economise capital, labour, and expence in manufacturing
crude pig or other carburets into malleable cast iron, or these into steel
I now
for manufacturing into railway bars and fittings or other purposes,
combine with my improvements and a plant of works with blast, cupola,
reverberatory, puddling, smelting, heating, or other furnaces, and out-
buildings of works a system of railway with the usual crossing points,
and further-combine the said portable rotatory convertors, therewith, so

page_text: as to charge the convertor with molten metal at the smelting or melting
places, and then remove them for each of the aforesaid processes to any
arranged outbuildings or places for manipulation, casting into ingot or
other moulds, or manipulating with the stationary apparatus to be con-
nected with the said convertors, and thus economize the usually large
outlay for fixed plant of works, and as well by the facilities of this
convertor and its connected apparatus economize the cost for labour, sinco
the comparatively small cost of constructing and expence of working the
portable convertors admits of multiplicity of them readily available
commensurate with the fixed plant of works the power of smelting,
cupola, melting, or other furnaces.
When manipulating fluid metal by the said rotatory steel convertor
the apparatus must be first heated by steam or burning fluid hydro-
carbons, oils, or gas, air therein, and when the fluid metal is charged
therein through the charging and discharging taps or mouth, Figures
Seven and Nine a, Drawing Number One, the highly superheated and
attenuated steam, when such is used, or such steam in combination with
any suitable gases or vapours, or the other materials herein-after described
in this or my said former Specifications, may be supplied therein during
the rotation of the convertor of the attenuated steam, it will be decom-
posed by the contact and affinitive absorption of its oxygen union with
the carbon of the iron, whilst, as before stated, the hydrogen of the
steam will be set free and mingle with the carbonic acid gas resulting
from the combustion of the carbon of the iron, whilst the supply of
equivalent volumes of atmospheric air or manganate, or fluoride, or
oxygen gas or gases in the equivalent proportions to the free hydrogen,
it will under the aforesaid maintained compression and congestion of
materials the gases in the convertor attain a highly exalted and regulated:
heat that rapidly and more effectually volatilize and eject phosphates.
and sulphurates, decarburize, and convert or partly convert the said.
metal to a desirable extent, and afterwards recarburize it either in the
same convertor or one of the two of similarly constructed convertors, one-
placed near to but on a lower level than the other, as in Figures Seven-
and Seven a, Drawing Number One, and the molten metal may after
manipulation in the first operator be tapped off from the said mouth-
One Figure Seven, and run into a receptacle to separate or slag, and
through a refractory lined trough into the second convertor by the liko
receiving and discharging mouth or tap as into the first, being first as
before heated for recarburization with different quality, amalgamating,
D2

page_text: alloying, or otherwise manipulating by any of the herein described
means and processes. The quantities of the aforesaid elements and their
intermitting supplies, time of throttled retention, degrees of heat, and
maintained congested pressure may be regulated by connection with the
said automatic equivalent instrument and expansion vent valve con-
When the
nected at the manipulating station with the convertors.
rotatory convertor is in revolving action, and the converting elements
are forced into it and under the regulated pressure the molten metal will
be lifted by the cups 8, 8, 8, 8, Figures Seven and Seven a, Number Onc,
on corrugated linings, and poured in multiplicity of streams from different
heights. Whilst being enveloped by and pouring through the compressed
gaseous elements the enveloped showers of fluid metal will continuously
delve into the molten mass always on the lower side of the convertors
leading the converting elements, and carrying it therein into and
penetrating and mixing with the metal the said vapours elements under
continuous changes of the varying surfaces of the fluid metal, causing
more complete contact of the oxygen with the carbon of the metal and
speedier absorption by it of improving or reacting agents. And when
by similar manipulations in either a first or second convertor it is
desired to recarburize or mix or amalgamate metals, the hydrogen of
the fluid carbon under pressure and congested heat acts as a vehicle
conveying the carbon, more rapidly diffusing and depositing it in the
metal, and then evaporating through the expansion valve vent connected
Such
at the said stationary apparatus with one of the trunnions.
convertors so constructed and worked are as well applicable to the
heating and fusing of solid carburized metal by the injection of the
said gaseous elements under my compressed congested combustion, as
also to decarburize and purify, alloy, and harden, whereby inferior pig or
scrap iron or granulated ores may by the aforesaid methods be rendered
solid or malleable, or converted into steel by the double process of the
said two convertors so placed and worked, as described, on a higher and
lower level. Access may be made for examination and repair of lining
and coil by taking off the sectional parts of the iron case when cool, the
ends of the tubes of the coil are connected by right and left handed
screws, and the coil may be separated into two or more parts at these
connecting screw joints.
The coiled tube of the convertor may be used in these varied processes
for not only regulating the temperature of and protecting the refractory
lining by passing currents of cold water or blowing currents of cold air

page_text: through, but in getting up the heat of the convertor before a charge of
molten metal is put in by blowing through under high pressure highly
attenuated superheated steam, and when such steam in combination
with highly heated atmospheric air is supplied by my process to the
molten metal for decarburizing the metal, the steam and air may be
passed in due equivalents for conversion from the coil into the charge
of metal in the convertors so placed on a higher and lower level for the
process of recarburizing, according to my method, by the use of the
fluid hydrocarbons or its vapours, then this material or its vapour may
be passed through the coil, and becoming highly heated under main-
tained compression and congested heat may be flashed in equivalent
portions from time to time into the convertor and maintained under
pressure of feed supply, or retain under prevented expansion from
evaporation by the throttled vents, so that the streams of molten metal
falling from the said cups or lifting corrugations during rotation of the
convertor which may be at, say, one foot per second, may continuously
flow in and through the compressed gaseous clements of carbon or other
vapours, whilst the resulting carbonic acid and impurities find egress at
the pressure sont valves at the stationary flue and gearing annaratus

page_text: the combustion cementation to said enclosed oven chamber, or to the
boshes and belly of tunnel shaft at z, z, whilst the throttled enclosing
smoke vent at p, and closed hearth subjected the charged metal to the
compressed congested heat of combustion therein.
Now in order to apply the same principle of my said Invention of
compressed congested heat of combustion described in my Patent of
October, One thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, and to modify
malleable iron into steel or steel-like qualities, as railway or other bars,
crossing points or other fittings, ingots, guns, axles, railway wheels,
metal plates, apparatus, implements, or fittings into homogeneous metal
or steel or steel-like qualities of metals, or to strengthen or harden
any of them, I construct and apply as similar generating hermetically
sealed oven, chamber, and furnace for the gaseous elements aforesaid,
or these combined with solid fuel, as herein shewn, or similar to the
oven case at C, Figure Three, Drawing Number Nine of the Specification
of my Patent of October Fourth, One thousand eight hundred and sixty-
seven, and I now combine therewith improved methods, mechanical
arrangements, uses of elements, and processes with the similar arrange-
ments and processes described in this Specification, but constructed on a
ground surface level, and with, in some cases, similar enclosing chamber
and throttled feeding and vent valves, as at N, X, Y, Figures Three and
Four, Number Nine of my said former Patent, and with an extra her-
metically sealed chamber, as at x, x, Figure Three, enclosing the said
railway bars, ingots, and other mentioned metal things, and I enclose and
seal them within the enclosed chamber, in some cases free from ingress
of atmospheric air, and under internal compression, and into which I
convey on to and immerse the said bars or other metals therein, with and
by volumes of pure carbonaceous condensible gaseous vapours or mixed
permanent gas or converting materials, or with mixed fluid and solid
carbon, so as by the said compressed congestion of the materials cause
more quickly complete penetration, affinitive union, or combination of
the cementing matters into the body of the metals; and after generating
such gases, mixed fluids, with solids, as herein-after described, in
regulated quantities, and either conveying the due quantity of fluid
carbon or its vapour into the oven chamber on to the masses of metal by
such or similar apparatus as at E, Figure Three, or as herein described,
and after intensely heating the carbon vapour in the heating reservoir
b, d, as carbonic oxide, or as herein described, it may be transferred to

page_text: the converting oven chamber X, X, Figure Three, of said former Patent,
or as herein, and forced and compressed and retained compression therein
for any desired time according to the qualities of metals by the means
for force of fluid or gaseous flow and compression described in my said
former Specification, or as herein or by any other means. The oven or
retort chamber will on one of the forms by the combustion of cementation
conduction of caloric into the chamber to red or more heightened
temperature heat the carbon vapour therein to a high temperature and
compressed congested heat, which will cause equal heat porous expansion
of the metal immersed therein, and effect congestion of the metal by
carbon vapour with equable heat, and will by these means accelerative
union of carbon and iron absorb the feeding equivalents of hydrocarbon
or any combined material, such as nitrogen if desired, whilst the re-
gulated areas of the aforesaid expansion or throttled vent valve will
permit rapid evaporation of the freed attenuated hydrogen of the car-
bonaceous vapour of the feed valves and retarding vents being regulated
by the said automatic instrument.
For these objects I construct a reheating, decarburizing, cementing,
carburizing, converting oven, round, oval, or D-shaped case of malleable
cast or wrought iron, as shown in Drawing Number Two, and the
Figures thereon as annexed to this Specification. If for use in a large
way, say, diameter seven feet six, and of a length suited for the re-
ception of railway bars, ingots, beams, or light metals, it may be framed
in malleable cast iron, the ends of sections having joints closed with
bolts and nuts, or with rings of flat metal, and caulked joints or
wrought and riveted plate metal of wrought iron of suitable thickness,
and strengthening hoops, rings, capable of bearing the pressure of several
atmospheres. It may be made as a duplex case, through which to pass
currents of cold air or circulation of water, or on the principle of the
coiled tubes, Figures Seven, Seven a, in Drawing Number One, the per-
manent back ends flanged, the front closing ends or heads made oval to
fit, and jointed, as hercin-after described and shown in the Figures of
Drawing Numbers Two and Three of this Specification. The inner surface
of these cases should be lined with refractory bricks or formed lumps of
any desirable thickness, say, twelve inches of refractory materials. The
inner surface of the cylinder being faced with said refractory lining, on
the fire face is divided by a series of, say, three arched floors of moulded
refractory lumps reaching to the ends of the cylinder, and through these

page_text: floors apertures are made in many places. The front end of cylinder is
closed by a lined detachable malleable cast-iron closing plate on its
flange, thus forming a mouth piece for access and charging or dis-
charging at each floor hermetically sealed cylinders, which when
removed gives access to all the compartments. Malleable cast iron
flue at its back end with branch feed pipe to perforated floas, as in
Drawing Number Two, and having a valve damper throttled and regu-
lated by said equivalent statement. On the floors of the oven cylinder
the railway bars or other metals are laid, the mouth having been removed
and suspended by an overhead crane, the pieces in parallel lines side by
side with a space between each bar or metal, or layers of metals may be
placed over each other, refractory flat tiles being placed between the
layers at intervals, and so on each floor a tramway is placed in a line
with the cylinder, so as to bring up and charge into each of the floors
the metals, or to receive the charge and convey it away to a cold water
bath, when such is desired. The bars may place in by similar long
metal bars now used for charging and discharging gas retorts, the
covers are attached, and the gaseous combustion, if for reheating and
decarburizing, is forced into the cylinder between its perforated floors,
immersing the metals and maintaining and retaining any desired degree
of compression and reducing combustion for any limited period, depend-
ing on the qualities and carbonized conditions of the metals; and if for
reheating and decarburizing, the combustion after a fixed period is shut
off, and the metals being in an intensely heated state, the said cementing
and converting materials are injected under compression and retained
congestion. In both these processes the degrees of heat, of combustion,
and time of it, as also of cementation, can only be determined by
chalysis of metals and experiment; thus, whilst in one case the com-
bustion is applied with the oven case, in another case, herein-after
described, the processes they are generated in a separate connected
furnace and applied in the oven case, but on the outside of the reducing
and cementing retorts. For this object the pure carbon fluid highly
heated in generators, or in such case under compression, according to
my former Patent, may be flushed into various places above the floors of
the oven, or the pure gaseous carbon vapour generated in a seperate and
highly heated oven or tubular furnace; or as described and shewn in
said Drawing Number Nine, may be forced in and compressed and
maintained in any desired degree of compression, and so enveloping
the intensely heated metals effect congestion of gaseous elements and

page_text: of the vapour, which acts as a vehicle depositing the carbon, will
seperate and evaporate through the expansion vent valve, this con-
dition of pressure and congestion maintained until there is an affinitive
union or amalgamation of, say, one per cent. of carbon with the metal, or
according to the ascertained quality of or condition of the bars or other
metals, and when the temperature of the bars is lowered to a proper
degree they may be withdrawn and straightened or rolled or immersed
) in cold fluid.
Drawing Number Two is a sectional longitudinal elevation and cross
section of the converting cementing cylinder, wherein A, A, Figure One,
and Two is the outer cast-iron casing; B, B, Figure Three, is the front
end cover, and C, C, Figure Four, the back end cover, having the said
throttling valve vent box and flue D, F, Figures One and Two, is the
refractory lining and G, G, the same to the front cover, and G¹, G¹, the
same to the back cover, H, H, H, Figures One and Two, are the
refractory lined walls and arches forming the cementing boxes of the
oven; I, I, the outside pipe to convey hydrocarbon fluid or its vapour
or other materials to the interior of the oven case as above, I, I', as in
Figures One and Three, and J, J, is a swivel joint pipe I, for that
purpose; K, Figure Three, is a hydrocarbon fluid or gas pipes from a
generator; L, L, Figures One and Three, stand at bearing the apparatus;
C and J, shackles on front and back covers, to hook on to travelling.
overhead crane d, Figure One, a Wedgewood or other refractory spindle
throttling valve to govern exit vent and retain or retard flow of gaseous
elements from furnace; e, Figure One, a hand wheel to run on the screw
of the spindle of the valve d similar to the valve vent at the station of
the said rotary stell convertor, Figure Seven in Drawing Number One;
Of, Figure One of Drawing Number Two, is the screw spindle of the
valve d; g, Figure Three, Drawing Number Two, is a disconnecting joint
between the pipes H, h, h, h, the apertures in the vertical walls of the
oven case and its arches to promote circulation of ignited fluid or gases;
i, i, Figure Two, holes in front cover and lining to admit gas or other
material, and K is a crutch key on the valve 1, and is a stop valve on
hydrocarbon or gas pipe I; m, m, Figures One and Two, the inlet pipe
to the cooling water coil m, m, m; an n is the exit pipe of m, and I' are
branch gas pipe to the holes i, i.

page_text: The processes before described may be varied for decarburization in
these cementing apparatus, pure hydrogon generated by well known
methods in passing steam over incandescent charcoal may be applied
under compression to immurse and congest the metal under. red heat,
when the hydrogen will take up the carbon of the metal, and in some
cases pure hydrogen may be conveyed into and amongst the fluid metal
in the rotatory convertor. In some cases I pass the evaporing vapour
of cementation from the furnace chamber in Drawing Number Two into
the heating flues of the Drawing Number Three, and vary the method
by passing both the results of combustion in the flues of Drawing
Number Three into the oven chamber of Drawing Number Two for
getting up the heat before the charges of metals are put in or the
cementing carbonic oxide of the retorts in Number Three may be trans-
fered into the chamber in Number Two when not to engine boiler or
to reverberatory or puddling furnace, and when the heat is too much
reduced, and it is necessary to reheat bars of metals in furnace chamber
in the carbonic oxide, the results of combustion of Number Three may
be turned, and after red heat is got up again cementing vapours may be
let in.
For charging the convertors of Drawings Numbers Two and Three a
railway is made in a line with the line of cementing cylinder, on which
a raising and lowering track may be placed to charge the chambers or
discharge them at the different elevations of the arched floors or retorts.
And I further modify the cementing ovens in method of construction
and in the details thereof in the following manner, as now described and
shewn in the Figures of Drawing Number Three. On the interior of
the case in one form in a series of fire-clay or malleable cast-iron retorts
or ovens, say thirty inches in diameter and of the length of the oven
case, and these enclosed with fire-clay sections, tubular envelopes, or as
in manner shewn in Figures of the Specification, so as that between
the sides of the retorts and envelopes, if any, a series of flues are
formed, cach reacting nearly through the length of the retort ovens,
and which are united at the ends of the oven case as to form ascending
or descending return flues leading to a funnel or shaft, the draught
through which is regulated by the described throttled expansion vent
valve for waste vapours of combustion, or leading them to heat steam
boiler or other uses. The first end of the oven case is formed with a series
of apertures with which to connect mouth pieces, and with each of these

page_text: a pipe connecting each retort oven with a pipe leading to and connected
with a gaseous or fluid supply pipe to which the said expansion valve and
automatic instrument should be connected to govern the areas of injectors
for fluid or gaseous materials. The feed of the aforesaid hydro-carbon-
aceous materials for combustion and first heating the oven on the interior
thereof is as from the said or similar generators at e, Figure Three,
Drawing Number Nine of my Patent of October One thousand eight
hundred and sixty-seven, connected by a feeding pipe or flue with it
with a regulated supply pipe for forced and maintained compression of
the materials of primary combustion in the flues of the furnace case
under the said compressed congested heat of combustion, whilst the
converting materials of the said pure carbon vapour or any of the said
combined materials is fed to the interior of said retorts through the
aforesaid injecting tubes or sides of the mouth picces, as in Drawings
Numbers One, Two, and Nine of my Patent of One thousand eight
hundred and sixty-seven, or as in Drawings and Figures of this Speci-
fication, and forced in by any of the means described, maintained
therein, and retained expansive force of the congested elements to and
desired degree of compression and with regulated equivalents of pure
carbon vapour or mixed materials for combustion for congesting and
duly carbonizing, and cementing, and converting the metal on the
interior of the retort oven. When the determined time has elapsed for
reheating, decarburizing, and then cementing and converting said bars
or other metals the supply of combustion feed is cut off, and the gaseous
cemented material is by degrees permitted to evaporate and a cooling
process is allowed with or without contact with air unless in a case
where contact with nitrogen of air is desired before the metals are dis-
charged from the receptacles or unless a surface sheeting of said graphite
or chromium be applied whilst the metals after long cementation are at
a red heat. If such be applied it may be injected in the form of mixed
fluid hydrocarbon with graphite or chromium, ore reduced to an im-
palpable power and injected by air blast.
In Drawing Number Six of my said Patent of Fourth October One
thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, the tanks for the safe storage
and hydrostatic force for supplying fluid or their vapours under pressure
to the closed furnaces is therein shewn to be through the medium of an
expanding and contracting diaphragm. I now in some cases use the
said tanks for the supply of fluid fuel to the furnaces, or some of them,
and for other uses, without the connection of said diaphragm, that is,

page_text: in cases where the hydrocarbons are of low specific gravity, and not
except under high temperature so likely to yield vapours that are
dangerous when in contact with atmospheric air for the purpose of
modifying this part of the tank apparatus. I now, instead of the
flexible diaphragm in Number Six of my said former Patent, use a
flexible cylindrical fluid tube packing; this is made, if for a fifty feet
diameter tank, of a flexible material, such as combined leather, and
vulcanized cauchoux, or india-rubber, six inches diameter; this tube
is laid on the ledges of the following head in Drawing Number Six of
that Patent; the ledges are a half circle to hold the flexible tube; when
filled with water or oil fluid it is so laid as to press on the inner sides
of the tank when filled or partly filled with water or petroleum. On
one part of this tube, which is made to fit the of the said floating
head, is a two-inch tube made of flexible material, it is attached by a
metal union joint, and is, say, thirty feet in length; the head not attached
to the floating head is raised and suspended and fixed in a convenient
manner at a height of, say, twenty feet above the top of the oil tanks,
passing through the roof of the tank; through this tube the six-inch
ring tube resting on the perephery of the floating head is filled with
water or hydrocarbon oil, so as to press it against the inner sides of
the tank, and thus make a water or oil packing sliding air-tight socket
for the floating head by the hydrostatic pressure of the column in the
smaller suspended tubes. When such tanks for safe storage of hydro-
carbon oils are required for the conveyance of that material by railway,
with means for condensing vapours of the oil that so constantly occurs
by common changes of temperature, as is provided in my said former
Patents for sea-going vessels, the means of recondensation of the vapours
must be modified, and in railway tanks for safety annular spaces must
be formed either at the bottom or tops of the tanks, through cold air
must be blown by an attached rotatory blowing machine, for action of
which it may be connected with the running wheels of a train.
at
In my improved rotatory conventor described in this Specification
the retarding vent is connected with a stationery fluc, as
Drawing Numbers Two and Three, which communicates with chimney
stalk at this station, to which the convertors are, after being charged
at the smelting shaft, on the cupolas, in improved reverberatory, con-
veyed by the combined railway for manipulation of the metal at this
station, suspended. tangent (. ), which giving motion to a hori
zontal shaft, pully, and strap, or by any other convenient means are

page_text: provided to give rotation to the said convertor. This rotation will vary
in required speed; probably a rotation of one foot per second or more
may be required.
In my processes and combined apparatus for reheating and more
completely decarbonizing and then cementing puddled bars or other.
like metals in manner described, I in some cases vary the methods, and
when fluid hydrocarbon is injected into the stationary convertors, and
in some cases mixed with solid charcoal dust to the extent of one-fourth
part, and to be retained under high gaseous compression, as aforesaid, I
combine with the feeding materials pure hydrogen gas and with due
equivalents of atmospheric air for supporting combustion by its oxygen,
and also due equivalents for the completion of the permanent hydrogen
gas. This may be generated by passing superheated steam over incan-
descent solid carbon in the common way, and the gas may be stored in
usual gas holder for use. When pulverized coal or pure charcoal is mixed
with fluid hydrocarbon for combustion to the extent of one-fourth part
it may be injected into the cementing or other furnaces by my said
injectors shewn and described in the Specification of my Patent of
Fourth October One thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, any my
prior Patents combined with said last-mentioned Patent, and in the
Specifications of my said Patents in France, Italy in One thousand
eight hundred and sixty, and Belgium, I made annulas spaces or oblong
or square iron tubes behind the lining of the boshes for the circulating
of cold water from a head of fluid to protect the lining. I now further
improve the method of my blast smelting furnace, Drawing Number
Nine of my Patent of Fourth October One thousand eight hundred
and sixty-seven, by combining therewith similar water coils, or through
which the gases from the top of the smelting shaft may be heated.
By the combinations of my said rotating convertor with the herein
described cupolas or the said reverbatory furnace and its hearth and
central pool, or any of them combined with the process or processes
herein described for melting malleable or wrought iron, to. the elimi-
nation of carbon and impurities, of condensing iron or other carburets of
metal, and the recarbonizing will it is believed be more complete and
much accelerated by the intensity of heat produced by these processes
and with more effectual action of reagents by facility of lengthened
contact under my highly compressed congestion method of retained
caloric, whereby the pro-oxide and peroxide of iron produced are climi-

page_text: nated from wrought or crude pig irons of different or inferior, qualities,
the more especially when operating with white pig or Sweedish charcoal,
or less grey or white, or Sweedish. Thus whilst in the central cupolas
the metal after fusion in the outside cupolas are run into it (except when
the method is reversed and the middle cupola is the smaller), and whilst
kept from loss by too long standing in the hearth burning, the fluidity
of the metal is kept up by the more regulated heat in the central
cupola, when, as before said, the central one is the mixing cupola,
wherein the contact of flame is prevented from direct contact with the
surface of the fluid metal by a floating. surface of slag thereon; in this
central cupola when so applied the alloying by spigleisz or oxide of
manganese can be effectually regulated by measured quantities of these
materials where the metal is rendered to an casy running fluid, which
can be run direct into moulds for said objects or ingots without further
heating or manipulations with the said rotatory convertor, as also with
it when therein the nitrate of soda process is combined with it and
injected therein by jets of highly attenuated superheated steam or heated
air. The disintegrating streams of metal passing through its vapours
under compression is brought into more minute or automic contact
with the resting agents, thus more completely eliminating under the
oxidation the sulphoroas or other impurities, and rendering the metal
more pure, and so also if instead of the said cupola or said rotatory
apparatus the said reverbatory apparatus with its central pool of hearth
for manipulations by the processes herein described, and especially when
the well-known process of Sir Francis Knowles of the application of
the intrate of soda or potash are, as I combine them, used with any of
my apparatus and processes, wherein in either of the processes the action
of the reagents under such intense heat in the oxidizing state may be
suddenly by action on the generators of combustion or for suspended
action at the proper intervals of operations for the addition of oxide of
manganese in the refining furnace without reheating, but these special
methods can be determined only by the ascertained qualities or com-
ponents of metals by analysis.

page_text: 0, 0, extra nues from furnaces r&r to flame chamber.
d', d, are the refractory dampers.
e, e, iron handles and cotters for working dampers.
f, the main blast pipe passing through fluc B and C¹.
C is the working sole or hearth and pool of furnace.
But when the. nitrate of soda or potash process or other oridating
material is combined with the pool of the hearth of my herein described
reverbatory apparatus in a state of vapour then the pressure of the
combustion furnace is cut off, and the said materials are applied and
injected into the mass of the fluid metal into the pool of the hearth
by the use of my improved tubular rabble herein described, which is
connected either with a hot-air blast or with a steam receptacle for
vaporizing the nitrates, and by pressure thereof and injecting it hori-
zontally into the mass of the metal similarly to the process of Joseph
Gilbert Martien's Patent of One thousand eight hundred and fifty-five,
Numbered 2082, thus rendering the structure of the metal homogeneous
and malleable, and having been previously retained under my cóm-
pressed and retained congested heat is in an easily running state, or
where, if desired, carburized by passing through the said tubular rabble
dense carburizing vapour or fluid, and then the fluid metal may be run
into moulds, castings, or ingots, or the metal may be allowed to granu-
late, and when in a plastic or pasty state passed under squeezing rollers
as in the said apparatus as now herein improved and desired for the
manufacture of bars, plates, sheets, or other mentioned things with the
improved qualities of metals for special uses in the arts, and thus by
the processes of my Patents of the Fourth October One thousand eight
hundred and sixty-seven and Sixteenth August One thousand eight
hundred and sixty-nine more competely converts as well malleable
metal into steel on the hearth and pool of my improved revertatory
apparatus in one way whilst similar effects in metals also obtain by
the applications in my system of cupolas and rotating convertor in the
other, whereby much greater certainty in the results, as economy in
fuel and labour in these manipulations will obtain when my methods of
compressed congestion combustion is applied if in a fluid state or vapors
of hydrocarbon by my compressed injectors, or these combined with
mixed solid and fluid fuel in manner herein described. In all these
cases I apply the said automatic instruments of my said Patent of One
thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven for regulating areas, speed of

page_text: currents, and as retention of cementing materials the quantities and
times of retarding or stopping processes and so effect degrees of oxyda-.
tion, decarburization, or carburation from mild steel to higher grades..
In this improved reverbatory furnace I first heat the scrap or con-.
densing or carburates of metal by the common grate bar furnace shewn
in Figure
, During Number Five, and then I hermetically close the
furnace doors and apply both a compressed air and gaseous feed for
combustion, or having previously charged the furnace with coke or coal
I inject into it, by the means shewn in my said Patent Numbered 2792,
fluid hydrocarbon such as creosote or petroleum or like oils either
cold or previously heated under retained pressure in the tubular gene-.
rators, according to one of my said former Patents, Number 5926, and
in the latter case allow it to flash off into the furnace in sprays or
vapours, as therein described, or as now described and shewn by my
improved process forced in and retained under congesting pressure
through my said injectors by the pressure of the air blast, or in some
cases by combined jets of highly attenuated superheated steam according
to my said Patent of the Fourth October One thousand eight hundred
and sixty-seven, on and through the top of the dome or through the
sides of the oven case expansion pressure tubes should be connected with
safety valves on the roof or sides for regulating desired pressure and per-
mitting vent of undue combustion pressure, but when it is necessary to
recharge the furnace with solid fuel or recharge with metal and let off
the pressure for these purposes and afterwards resume it for continuous
process. The degree of pressure will of necessity vary according to not
only the qualities of the fuel but the nature or quality of the metals,
whether of less grey or white or Sweedish charcoal metal be operated
upon, and the degrees may vary from a forced pressure equal to from ten
to twenty inches more or less of mercury for more or less rapid fusion,
and to sustain such pressure the sectional roof or dome of the apparatus
is so braced and connected with the case, bed plate, or foundation as is
commensurate with the highest degree of pressure that may be intended
for the apparatus, and the method of forming the component and com-
plete structure is shewn in the Figures and Drawings partly in Number
Four and in Number Five. The bed plate upon which the outside
cylinder of the apparatus is erected and connected by strong ribbed
flanges, as also where the upper half of the cylinder is inserted to the
depth of one foot in the lower cylinder and jointed with it by strong

page_text: ribbed flanges, the upper end of the lower cylinder thus forming a ring
or hoop to the upper cylinder and thereby adding much to its strength,
whilst the upper edge of the top part of the cylinder holds by its strong
ribbed flanges the sectional ribbed flat arch and refractorily lined roof or
dome may be further sustained for required internal pressure of the
elements. I either by radiating cross beams connected with underground
stays, or since a circular traversing crane should be constructed over and
around the roof or dome, the columns supporting the elevated crane may
be further connected with underground stays so that the several part of
the dome may be connected by columns attached and bearing upon the
frame of the circular crane. The hearth and pool of the reverbatory furnace
should be covered with perforated slabs of refractory material forming a
flat arch over the pool, so as to prevent the cutting current of the com-
pressed combustion or flame from acting on the surface of the molten
metal in the pool to carburize or burn it, nevertheless keeping it under
the congesting heat in a thoroughly fluid state,. and without scales or
solid bits, or the slabs of the flat arch may not be perforated but may
be made in short sections of one foot, the ends of arcs resting on a
raised surface of, say, six inches at the edges of the pool at the low
parts of the two inclines; the slabs being thus moveable may be shifted
back or forward so as to form apertures by their sides when the fluid
metal in the pool is to be operated upon by either air blast, hydrocarbon
vapour injections, or the nitrate of soda process, or the vapours of any
.other materials, the vapours of which may find vent through the spaces
of the flat arch to the flues, shewn in Drawing Number Five, nearest
the end of the hearth or pool. The fluid metal in the pool will, if
malleable, become to an extent carbonized from the carbonaceous fuel,
but afterwards refined by the aforesaid process.
The improved combined reverbatory by the intensity of the com-
pressed congesting heat of combustion according to the method of my
said Patent of the Fourth October One thousand eight hundred and
sixty-seven, is capable of more rapidly fusing metals known to be
difficult of reduction, such as the white, hematite, Sweedish, or other
like metals, and retaining them in a sufficiently fluid state longer than
by common methods.
This reverbatory apparatus, as in one form shewn in Figures and
Drawings in Part Number Four, and in Number Five, is a compound
reverbatory puddling and crucible furnace of, say, twenty-five feet or

page_text: other desired diameter, and about seven feet six inches in height, but
it may be constructed with two reverbatorys only without puddling
ovens, the flues of one communicating with the other for a long
curveliner sweep of flame over the metals contained in both, the flues.
being properly arranged. The length of incandescent flame, especially.
when the intensity of compressed congesting ignition of hydrocarbon
vapour is applied cither alone or in combination with solid coal or coke,
it will effect great economy, not only in fuel but in labour, and of a.
consequence with much less waste of metal from long manipulation and.
burning. When the reverbatory is thus constructed without puddlers.
there will be two crucibles or pools, but the reverbatory apparatus.
may be formed into three or four independent melting ovens, the.
cerebastion flues communicating with any two or more of the areas.
of the communicating flue apertures; being regulated from the outside
automatic.
or top side of the dome or roof by my said
apparatus described and shewn in Drawing Number Eight of my
Patent of Fourth October One thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven
for regulating feed or vent of compressed retained combustion
and
Covered
troughs or gutters communicating with each hearth pool may
be applied to the tap holes to run the fluid metal in measured quantities.
in any direction. The vents of the fire-boxes and flues of the puddling
furnaces may be made to communicate with the fire-boxes or melting
ovens of the reverbatory by overhead lined funnels. from aperture
flues through the roofs or domes of puddling furnaces. When the said
nitrate of soda or like well-known materials may be applied with this
melting and refining reverbatory furnace any suitable apparatus for
volatilizing the salts may be constructed and combined and placed on the
roof of the reverbatory, and in order to convey the gases or vapours of
such materials and inject atmospheric air or hydroncarbon vapour for the
objects herein-before described to the said hearth or crucible pools I con-
struct and apply on improved duplex tubular rabble partly of wrought
iron and of refractory material combined, and of required length and
tubular bore, say, ten feet long. The wrought-iron handle end of the
tube is closed, but with a perforated end through which cold water may
pass to keep it cold, the lower half length of the tube only being duplex
and made of crucible plumbago and the lower end of it for one foot in
length to be inserted in the molten metal is faced with a compos mixture
of crucible plumbago and zirconia. The outer tube may be three inches.
internal diameter, the inner tube one inch bore. These refractory tubes.

page_text: are let into an enlarged part of the wrought iron, on which there is a
union screw joint to the large part of the wrought or handle part, a two-
inch flexible tube is attached to the union screw joint below a common
air cock. The duplex tube so formed is suspended on a fixed overhead
traversing bar in a line with the hearth to a small moveable back
and forward by a chain thereon, so as to ease the weight of the rabble
when inserted through a lifting and lowering door to the pool into
which it dips for operation; another half inch union at the end of a
flexible tube on one end is attached to the handle part of the tube for
the flow of a stream of cold water through the tap perforated end of the
flexible tube is connected to a water tank.
Now when the manipulation in the said crucible bearth or
pool is to be effected, whether by passing the salts of nitrate of soda,
potash, or other like material, or atmospheric air for one kind of
operation, or the said carbonaceous condensible vapours for another
under suitable compression or blast of either of these, the pressure of the
compressed combustion from the fire-boxes being either moderated or
wholly cut off, the workmen holding the tubular rabble in hand inserts
the lower end into the molten metal, the cock of the said union joint
being previously opened a blast of any of the said materials or vapours
will by the blast pressure pass out of the lower duplex end of the rabble
with a force of flow greater than the back or reacting pressure of the
fluid metal, whilst the workmen will move the inserted end of the rabble
to and fro through the length and bredth of the hearth pool, injecting
into the fluid metal horizontal streams of the vapours or materials,
which will further agitate and change the contact surfaces of the metal
with the blast, whilst the vapour or air coming in contact with the
carbon of the metal will effect oxydation, reaction, and illimuniation of
deleterous matters in the metal.
In respect of the aforesaid manipulations of refining and manufacturing
metals, whether by the methods of said rotatory convertor, cupola, or
reverbatory machinery, and the processes therewith combined, the metals
when so prepared may be further improved in and during the operation
of mechanical constructions therewith for these further objects in this
Specification.
I have to observe that I made further improvements on the methods
of my
said Patent of the Fourth October One thousand eight hundred
and sixty-seven, and in some of my said foreign Patents, as in France and

page_text: Italy in One thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight, and Belgium, I
applied these further improvements, and I now herein further improve
them in this Specification. In the said foreign Patents in converting
and manufacturing metals and shaping them into particular manu-
factures, such as for tools, ornamental shapes, round, flat, or shaped
bars, I combine other apparatus and processes with the processes of my
said Patent of One thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, and with
the rotating convertors shewn in Drawing Number Nine of the Speci-
fication therewith. To that end the metal refined and while under the
said process of compression and transferred from the convertor directly
into moulds placed in receptacles in vacuo, or froin which atmospheric
air was subtracted to the extent, say, of ten or twenty inches of mercury
for the purpose of abstracting any aeriform matters, as excess of nitrogen
or exuding scorid. The rarifaction was effected either by air pump or
boiler-like receptacle, into which steam was let to drive out the air and
then to condence the vapour. The metal in a fluid state was allowed to
granulate, and when in a plastic or pasty state was run into a refractory
lined balanced cylinder, having a twelve-inch ball, and about nine feet
in length, open at one end and closed at the other, and fitted with a
detachable refractory lined conical perforated mouth piece. This cylinder
poised on an elevated standard, say, three feet high, so that on the mouth
end being depressed the plastic metal might reach the lips of fixed rollers.
Into the other end of this cylinder a refractory disc was placed on the top
of the plastic metal, and then this end of the cylinder was closed by a
steam-tight lid, and through a cock high pressure steam of, say, three
atmospheres was let in, which squeezed and compressed the metal
through the perforated apertures under the shaped rollers in compressed
flat overlapped wire to the rollers to make bars or plates or sheets of
metal useful for many purposes in the arts.
And I now further improve this part of my processes by so far
combining similar squeezing and compressing semi-fluid granulated
plastic metals with either the said cupola reverbrating or rotating
apparatus herein described and shewn in Drawings Numbers One and
Four. For these purposes I further combine with the said former
squeezing and compressing apparatus whose lower end and conical
mouth piece pierced with apertures say half an inch and of equal
distances apart, and one row of holes over the other, so that the pro-
jecting metal may take the lip or lips of rollers. These rollers are in

page_text: some cases fixed in the common way, but in another form they are
connected with a moveable metal table constructed to move in a plane
forward and backward by the means and after the manner of a common
planing machine, who metal feeding end meets fixed raising and
depressing feed rollers to regulate the thickness and bredth of the
granulated metal passing on to the bed plates of the moving machine
and so causing the metal to be spread and squeezed by degrees into
plates or sheets, or pressed into open steel moulds, whose surfaces are
covered with loam or like material or when moulds for forming tools,
implements, shaft bearings, wheel tyres, railway points, compressed
railway chairs, or other metal things of malleable cast or wrought
metals are used. The said traversing bed plate has annular spaces
under the top surface of head, through which to circulate cold water
or to blow cold air to regulate the temperature of the surface of the
bed plates during the squeezing and rolling process, and the temperature
of the pressing rollers may also be regulated by being made hollow, and
placing a coiled tube therein for circulation of cold water, in manner of
the cooled tube of the convertor Seven and Seven a, Drawing Number
One. The granulated metal may be as well run from the hearth or
pool of the reverbatory or cupola to a receptacle and then to a balanced
cylinder for casting or rolling, or to squeezing moulds.
For the process let the metal from the convertor or cupola, or poof of
reverbatory, be transferred either to a preliminary receptacle rarified
from the common air, and after the temperature of the metal has been
sufficiently lowered so as to form a pasty mass a presure of steam may
be let on to the refractory disc, or the head of the column of metal so as
to force the metal through the apertures of the conical mouth piece in
the form of wire-like projections which will then agglomorate at the
instant of its passing into the grooves of the shaping or flat rollers
through the said cool or attached near thereto, and the metal may
be then rolled and re-rolled until it has become if desired sufficiently
lominated for final shaping.
When my system of the methods of compressed congested combustion
in ignition described, claimed, and shewn in the Drawing accompying
the Specification of my Patent of the Fourth October One thousand
eight hundred and sixty-seven, and referring therein to my other
Patents, and the parts thereof combined with the improved constructions
and processes of my said Patent of October One thousand eight hundred

page_text: and sixty-seven, is applied with the further improvements in constructions
improved processes for the said generations and applications of the hydro-
carbon gaseous elements for effecting illumination, and especially for
safe lighting of public works such as railway tunnels, or other under-
ground works such as mines, and particularly coal mines, wherein
danger to life is at all times imminent by reason of the unceasing flow
during excavations of gaseous elements in the form of hydrocarbon
vapours, or permanent gas of it, or of much free permanent hydrogen
gas, that it is at all times dangerous to have within such mines in-
candescent flame, whose support of combustion is dependant on the
atmosphere of the mine.
<
"
"
"
I here observe that at a former period I had made Invention of a
method of lighting coal mines by means independent of the atmosphere
of the mine for support of combustion, in effecting illumination, and
constructed works and apparatus to illustrate the same, and I caused to
be erected on a high building a revolving light to shew gas illumination
for marine lighthouses, and publication was made at that time in respect
of only a part of my Invention for those purposes, as will appear by the
following quotation from the London Journal of Arts and Sciences,
Lighting Mines with Gas, Mr. Pinkus, of Philadilphia, has been
engaged for some time in maturing a method of lighting mines with
gas, and hopes by his improved plans to prevent the possibility of
explosion from the presence of what is called firedamp in foul mines.
"He has an improved safety lamp adapted to this species of light in
"which he supports combustion by means wholly independant of the
atmosphere of the mine." It affords a brilliant light whose rays are
"unobstructed by wire gauze." Mr. Pinkus has promised to furnish us
"with drawings of the lamp, and details of the modus operandi, which
we shall have pleasure in laying before our readers at an early
period." And recently since the enrollment of my said Patent of the
Fourth of October One thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, other
persons have proposed to light coal mines with gas, and to use therewith
my Invention of the processes of compressed congesting ignition, but
without my further improved method for safely supplying the same.
I now herein combine and apply with the processes of my said Patent
of the Fourth October One thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven,
the herein further improved works, apparatus, and processes of this
Patent.
"
"

page_text: To that end I construct my aforesaid gas generators and gas holders
on the surface level above and outside the mines, and I use either niy
safe storage hydrocarbon and hydrostatic tanks for one kind of applica-
tion, or common gas holders with air and separate gas pumps for
compressing and forcing and transferring gas and atmospheric air
through mains and services, into and through the workings of the
mine, and I construct and erect gas mains and service pipes made in the
following manner for economy of space in shafts, either I form them or
some of them into duplex mains, one pipe within the other, if for
transferring main pipes so as to convey both gas and atmospheric air,
but without contact of these in the mains the area of the air mains are
four times the areas of the gas pipes, or I construct the air main for
the convenience of suspending in shafts D-shaped and place therein
cylindrical gas pipe, and I join both the air and gas pipes by movable
adjusting joint sections, and render each properly to bear an internal
pressure equal to say of one atmosphere. The D-shaped main is erected
in the uptake shaft and attached and hung by brackets on each section
from the top to the bottom of the shaft, and I pass these mains through
the drifts or workings of the mines where convenient under the surface
or floors of the mine within the mine. The mains of air or gas may be
duplex or single cylindrical, I prefer them to be of wrought iron pipes,
and the wrought iron service iron tubes may be single or duplex; for
gas or air these are placed as most convenient under the roofs or other-
wise, and such service, and may be with branch or continuous means
and extended from time to time as excavations advance the ends of
mains advanced, and services, to former to within the distance of say
three hundred feet, but the service pipes made to follow gettings to
within say fifty feet. The service pipes following the workings are
connected and joined by T pieces and closed at times with screw caps..
Now for the purpose of carrying gas and obtaining equivalents of
oxygen from common air so comprised, say, to the extent of seven to ten
inches of mercury, I construct a flexible duplex tube former of vulcanized
cauchouc such as is known as Goodyear's hard india-rubber, combined
with a steel spiral wire, whose rings are nearly parallel and in contact
and forming a spiral cylinder of, say, half inch bore this spiral cylinder
is formed over and on the outside of a thin cauchouc to be while in a
more or less plastic state, so that it may form somewhat in and between
the wires of a spiral, and become when cold a corrugated inner tube, then

page_text: over or on the outside of the spiral wire tube another like cauchouc tube
rather thicker in substance is laid, and thus form the inner or gas tube
of the duplex tube; it is made in sectious of thirty feet long and con-
nected with a right and left handed metal screw. Then another similarly
formed tube with the same materials is formed in sections of thirty feet
in length and one and a half inch diameter, but of greater strength equal
to bear an atmospheric pressure equal to twenty inches of mercury, and
into this outer tube the smaller gas tube is laid and carefully jointed
with right and left handed metal screw joints. This duplex tube is
further connected both with the air and gas parts of service pipes, so as
to transfer compressed gas and air from the surface level outside of the
main to an hermetically sealed lamp wherein the gas and air are under
equal pressure with my compressed congesting process consumed for
lighting. The ignition for lighting the lamp is by the well known
method of igniting by electrical process by the poles in zirconia points
through the sealed lamp. The lamp may in one form be constructed
of a suitable metal case circular and oval, say nine inches diameter
and three inches wide between the walls of the case; it may be formed
in two half parts of stamped metal a flange around the large diameter to
rivit together the two. On one side there is a circular aperture say
three inches and a half diameter with ring lip, into which is fixed a
circular well baked glass lens or bull's-eye so fixed in the flexible
metal outside ring of the aperture as so fixed in the flexible metal
outside ring of the aperture as to hold the bull's-eye under gaseous
compression and expansion, and the dilation by heat of the glass
bull's-eye, the interior or packing for which may be made of plastic
asbestos and zarconia in the form of an inconsumable paper. On the
back part of the lamp is a circular aperture, four and a half inches
wide, covered by a closing plate permanently riveted on, but which
may be detached by displacing some of the rivits for examination
and repair of the lamp. Around on the outside and by the flaugls of
the case are two metal tubes three-eighths of an inch diameter for
conveying compressed gas and air to the burner of the lamp; the supply
tube has a regulating valve or cock which can only be turned by a
particularly formed instruments and by an appointed superintendent
of lamps; the sufficiency of supply being once regulated can only be
enlarged by him, whilst the means of lessening the area of supply may
be moved by the workman, who has no means of access to the interior
of the lamp. On the back inner surface of the lamp opposite to the

page_text: bull's-eye the metal case is lined with a plaistic compound of plumbago
and ziiconia faced with a thin coating of an inconsumable paste of white
or light color to serve as a reflector, whilst on the outside of and around
the bull's-eye is a circular expanded reflector. And around on the wide
diameter of the case is placed the ejecting combustion tube com-
municating with the interior of the lamp by a ball and socket valve
with several small apertures covered by the ball valve, which is of
zaiconia. The combustion vent tube terminates under the lower edge of
the lamp case by a metal tube suspended on a socket joint,, the lower end
of which has a spherical bulb filled with loose broken bits, the object
of which is to prevent the results of combustion from suddenly meeting
the atmosphere of the mine, which would be dangerous under com-
pressed and highly heated particles of carbon, but by passing results
of combustion through a tube and larger surface of broken bits is
cooled below ignition. The gas burner in the lamp, is placed opposite
to the centre of the bull's-eye, but nearer to the back face of the lamp.
The burner is formed by a perforated piece of zerconia embedded in a
small eliptical cap of platina, under which is attached the end of the
gas supply tube whilst the air tube is connected with the platina cup
as to inject around a bat's-wing gas jet the compressed air for support-
ing combustion. The duplex tube, the end of which connecting the
lamp, may be in two single parts to attach. The inlet areas being as
described by an attachment on the lamp, the mining workman has no
access to the interior of the lamp, the superintendant only has. When
the flexible tube is connected by one end to the nearest fixed service
pipe and the other end attached to the lamp the workman can suspend
it as he pleases near to his work to give light without throwing his
shadow thereon; for this purpose a metal telescopical rod reaching
from the surface of ground to the roof of the working is placed and
moved from time to time to suit his work, the lamp by its ring is
suspended thereon, and is thus both a portable and fixed lamp. The
lamp has an outer case with perforated holes for ingress and circulation
of the air of the minc, which will have a tendency to cool the heat of
Now having in this Specification described the nature of my improved
methods of constructing and using furnaces and other heating apparatus,
and the methods of applying and using therewith certain elements

page_text: of combustion, and in the combinations therewith of the processes for
each of the herein described applications, with different materials and
combined or seperate elements to be used in each of the different
processes according to the special applications not only in the manu-
facture of metals, and various other things and uses, and in the
several mechanical constructions necessary therefore, whether in appli-
cations of the several Drawings herein described, and numbered from
Number 1 to 6 of this Specification, but as well to those herein further
improved and referred to as of my said Patent of the 4th October
1867, and in the processes of that as in the processes of this combined
or seperately applied; and in reference to these I claim,-
Firstly. The further improved rotating convertor herein described,
and shown in Drawing Number One, and I claim the herein described
processes in my Specification and the manipulations of the materials
and elements used therewith for the decarburization or recarburization
and the fining of iron, according to the methods herein described, and
which are applicable to other metalurgical operations and uses as to
other manufactures..
Secondly. I claim the combinations of the mechanical constructions
with the processes described in this Specification, and as also described
in the Specification of my said Patent of the 4th of October 1867, when
as combined with the processes herein for now effecting the combustion
of cementation by reheating, decarburizing, and recarburizing the said
bars or other metals described by the means of the compressed congested
combustion therein and herein described, and shewn in the Figures in
Drawing Number 2.
Thirdly. I claim the combination of the methods of construction and
the herein described processes of this Specification, and these further
combined with any of the processes and means described in the Specifi-
cation of my Patent of the 4th October 1867, for effecting the com-
bustion of cementation by the compressed congested combustion of the
fluid hydrocarbons or the vapours thereof, or either of these mixed or
combined with the solid fuels herein described, in applications with the
cementing and converting apperatus and machinery described and shewn
in the Figures in Drawing Number 3 and 3* of this Specification.
Fourthly. I claim the combination of method and apperatus herein
described, and these further combined with the processes described in
the Specification of my Patent of the 4th October 1867, and the

page_text: improved processes described in this Specification and exemplied in
the Figures of Drawing Number 4 and any of these further combined
with the rotating convertor Drawing' Number 1, and it described.
processes.
Fifthly. I claim the combinations of the compound reverberatory
furnaces and apparatus with its crucible hearth or pool and puddling
furnaces and fire-boxes, as exemplied in the Figures referred to in
Drawings Numbered 4 and 5, and the herein described processes or
these further combined with any of the processes described in the
Specification of my Patent of the 4th October 1867 for my system of
compressed congesting combusting, which is as well applicable to various
heating and manufacturing purposes.
Sixthly, I claim the combinations and methods of construction of
works, machinery and apparatus, herein and in my said former Speci-
fications referred to and described for the purposes of generating, storing,
and transferring and compressing gas and atmospheric air for the
purposes of illumination for railway tunnels, coal mines, or other mines,
and public works.
In witness whereof, I, the said Henry Pinkus, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Sixteenth day of February, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy.
Signed and sealed in the presence of
B. E. WESTLEY,
62, Camden Road,
London.
J. E. MURRAY,
6 Austin Friars,
London.
H. PINKUS. (L.S.)