IMPROVEMENTS IN HEATING CHURCHES AND OTHER PUBLIC AND PRIVATE BUILDINGS, GREENHOUSES, VINERIES, AND OTHER SIMILAR STRUCTURES, AND IN THE APPARATUS CON- NECTED THEREWITH.
Year: 1873

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Charles James Henderson, of the City of Edin-
burgh, North Britain, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN HEATING
CHURCHES AND OTHER PUBLIC AND PRIVATE BUILDINGS, GREENHOUSES,
VINERIES, AND OTHER SIMILAR STRUCTURES, AND IN THE APPARATUS CON-
NECTED THEREWITH.
"
Scaled the 6th March 1874, and dated the 13th December 1873.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Charles James Hen-
derson at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his
Petition, on the 13th December 1873.
I, CHARLES JAMES HENDERSON, of the City of Edinburgh, North
Britain, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention of “Im-
PROVEMENTS IN HEATING CHURCHES AND OTHER PUBLIC AND PRIVATE BUILDINGS,
GREENHOUSES, VINERIES, AND OTHER SIMILAR STRUCTURES, AND IN THE APPARATUS
CONNECTED THEREWITH," to be as follows, that is to say :—
This Invention has for its object to lessen the expense of heating
buildings or structures of all kinds and the simplification and improve-
ment of the method of heating.

page_text: The Invention consists in introducing heated air (preferably in a moist
state) at or about the roof of the apartment, building, or structure, and
from or near the doorway or other aperture, so that the heated air is
circulated throughout the apartment by means of the upper current,
while at the same time the heating apparatus being placed on a lower
level than the heat inlet attracts towards it the cold air on the lower
level of the apartment, the outward current of cold air being assisted by
the downward pressure of the upper strata of heated air, thus causing a
continuous circulation until the apartment is warmed.
The heating apparatus may be in the form of a stove with heating
surfaces immersed in water to moisten the heated air, and pipes or an
equivalent conducting medium may be employed for carrying the heat
up to the apper level of the apartment, building, or structure to be
heated, and the heat may be introduced through doorways or perforations
in the walls, ceilings, or partitions, or through perforations in the pipes
or conducting medium.
The heating apparatus is by preference enclosed in an ornamental
perforated casing, and may be fired by coal, oil, gas, or other heat-
producing agent.
So soon as the apartment, building, or structure is sufficiently warmed
the temperature thereof may be regulated by either allowing the hot air
to escape or by admitting the external air through suitable valves or
openings. By means of this the expense incurred in heating apartments,
buildings, or structures by the ordinary system of piping and con-
sumption of fuel is in a great measure avoided.

page_text: being assisted by the downward pressure of the upper strata of heated
air, thus creating a continuous circulation until the apartment is
thoroughly warmed, when the supply of heated air is shut off.
In the case of churches and other public buildings it is preferred that
the heating thereof should be accomplished before being occupied, and
that a supply of fresh air should be conducted into the building by
opening doors, windows, ventilators, or other apertures previous to com-
mencing the heating operations. When the supply of fresh air has been
so obtained the doors, windows, ventilators, or other apertures are closed
and communication is effected with the heating chamber, wherein a
suitably constructed store is placed by the passages and openings herein-
before referred to.
In the case of private or other houses wherein the apartments are
situate on two or more floors or flats the heating chamber is placed on
the lower floor level, and the heated air may be discharged at or near
the roof of a passage communicating with the several apartments, as for
example the staircase, from whence it may pass into the apartments at
or near the roofs by the doorways being opened.
My said Invention also relates to an improved arrangement or con-
struction of gas stove to be employed in heating buildings, as herein-
before described.
And in order that my said. Invention may be properly understood I
now proceed more particularly to set forth the system, mode, or manner
in or under which the same is or may be used or carried out in practice,
reference being had to the accompanying Drawings and to the letters
and figures marked thereon, that is to say :-
On the Sheet of Drawings hereunto appended Figure 1 is a transverse
section and Figure 2 a part horizontal section on the line a, b, Figure 1,
of a church shewing the improvements in heating as practised under
my said Invention applied thereto.
Figure 3 is a transverse section of the heating chamber A on the line
c, d, Figure 2.
As shewn by Figures 1 and 2 the heating chamber A is constructed
separate from the church, being placed outside at one end thereof, and 3

page_text: in the chamber A a stove B is situated,
which may be of any suitable
construction, but a stove formed with "gills" dipping into trays of
water is by preference employed so as to moisten the heated air before it
passes into the building by the evaporation of the water.
The stove pipe or flue C by which the products of combustion are
conveyed away is at that part thereof situate within the heating chamber
A, made serpentine, as shewn at Figure 3, and it is provided with a
damper and with gills or flanches D, the latter of which are particularly
seen in detailed, vertical, and horizontal sections at Figures 4 and 5
respectively so as to expose a greater heat radiating surface to the air
passing through the chamber A.
The pipe or flue C is made in sections, as shewn at Figure 4, and
bolted together at the flanches D, and it is so formed at the serpentine
portion that a ball may run down through it for the purpose of
cleansing.
:
A hot air flue E, Figure 1, is formed in the wall of the building which
communicates at its lower end with the air heating chamber A. and at´
its upper extremities with an aperture G formed in the wall of the
building at or near the roof, as shewn. The smoke pipe or flue C passes.
upwards within the flue E, thereby communicating additional heat to it,
and the upper end of the flue C is carried to the top of the building,
whereat the products of combustion escape into the atmosphere.
Communication is effected between the church and the heating
chamber A by means of doorways H leading into passages I, with which
the doorways J of the heating chamber also communicate, and folding
doors K and L respectively, Figure 2, are placed in the wall of the
church and in the front of the chamber A, the inner one L of which is
preferably made of iron. The panels M and N under cach side of the
pulpit staircase are made moveable, by which means air currents can be
directed under the staircase and into the heating chamber, as indicated
by the dotted arrows on Figure 2 of the Drawings.
When it is desired to beat the church communication with the outer
atmosphere is shut off, and the doors at H, J, K, and L, and the passages
closed by the panels M and N are opened, whereby the cold air from the
church is allowed to pass into the chamber A, and is therein warmed by

page_text: the heat given off from the stove B and serpentine stove pipe C, after
which the heated air passes up through the flue E, and is discharged
into the church through the opening G, from whence it circulates down-
wards, and by pressure assists in promoting the circulation of the cold
air in the lower part of the church through the heating chamber A.
When the temperature inside the building has been raised as high as
desired the doors at H, J, K, and L, and panels at M and N, are closed,
as is also the aperture G, and the supply of fuel to the stove B is
stopped.
It is to be here understood that I do not confine myself precisely to
the arrangement of details herein-before described and shewn at Figures
1 and 2 of the Drawings, whereby the heating of the building is effected,
as in lieu of arranging the heating chamber at the end it may be
arranged at one side of the building, and in large buildings two or more
such heating apparatuses placed at different situations may be employed,
and in lieu of having doorways at H and K and passages at M and N
one such passage only to the heating chamber may be provided.
Figure 6 is a side elevation, Figure 7 a vertical section, and Figure 8
a horizontal section on the line a, b, Figures 6 and 7, of an arrangement
of gas stove which may be employed in heating conservatories, green-
houses, vineries, small churches, and other buildings or structures in the
manner practised under my said Invention.
The stove consists of an outer casing A supported on pillars or columns
B, at the interior of which winding passages or flues C, the transverse
sections of which are seen at Figure 8, are arranged. At the lower outer 2
ends of the flues C Bunsen, Argand, or other suitable gas burners are
placed at x, the heat generated by the flames at which passes in the
direction of the dotted arrows through the flues C, thence up a central
flue D, from the upper end of which the products of combustion are
discharged into the atmosphere. The air to support combustion enters 3
aty, and the air to be heated passes to the interior of the stove through
openings E and through the open space F, Figure 7, from whence it
circulates upwards through the passages or spaces G between the bends
of the gas flues C, and thence up the flue H, from whence it passes into
the building heated by the radiation of heat from the flues C and D 3
through apertures I. Under this arrangement the air and the fumes

page_text: .
arising from the combustion of gas at the burners x are kept separate,
and the air is moistened previous to passing into the building to be
heated by a spray of water descending on it from the perforated pipe J,
beneath which a small cistern or pan K is placed to catch the water not
evaporated by the heated air as it descends.
It is preferred to form the outer casing A of the stove and the flue H
of fire-clay, but these may also be made of iron or other suitable
material.
The stove illustrated at Figures 6, 7, and 8 may be arranged in a
separate heating chamber with communications at or near the floor and
the roof with the building to be heated, or it may in some cases be
placed at the interior of the building itself and arranged as a pillar, as
for example in conservatories, vineries, greenhouses, and other similar
structures, but it is to be understood that such buildings may also be
heated by any other suitable arrangement of stove, whether gas or
otherwise, placed in a heating chamber and supplied with accessories,
substantially similar to those herein-before set forth in reference to
Figures 1 and 2.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of my
said Invention, and the system, mode, or manner in or under which the
same is or may be used or carried out in practice, I would observe in
conclusion that what I consider novel and original, and therefore claim
as the Invention secured to me by the herein-before in part recited
Letters Patent is,―
First. The system or mode of heating buildings illustrated at Figures
1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 of the Drawings by means of a heating apparatus
situate in a chamber separate from the building to be heated, from
whence the heated air is discharged into the building to be heated
through an aperture at or near the roof, substantially as herein-before
described.
Second. Constructing the stove pipe or smoke flue serpentine, and
providing it with radiating "gills" throughout a portion of its length,
the remainder of the said pipe or flue being carried up to the top of the
building within the flue, through which the heated air passes into the
building, substantially as hercin-before described.

page_text: Third. The arrangement and construction of gas stove illustrated at
Figures 6, 7, and 8 of the Drawings, and the employment thereof, as
and for the purpose herein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Charles James Henderson, have
hereunto set my hand and seal, this Ninth day of June, One
thousand eight hundred and seventy-four.
CHARLES JAMES HENDERSON. (L.s.)