or other Buildings.
Year: 1885

page_text: Houses or other Buildings.
I, WILLIAM FOULIS of 42 Virginia Street, Glasgow, in the County of Lanark,
North Britain, Civil Engineer do hereby declare the nature of this invention for
IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR HEATING THE COMPARTMENTS OF RAILWAY CARRIAGES,
SHIPS' CABINS OR SALOONS OR OTHER APARTMENTS IN HOUSES OR OTHER BUILDINGS
to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to improved apparatus for heating the compartments of
railway carriages, ships' cabins or saloons or other apartments in houses or other
buildings and it consists of a shallow heating vessel containing water. At the
centre of the upper part of this vessel is an upright pipe provided with a valve
which opens and closes when the apparatus is in action. A source of heat such
as a gas jet, a lamp burner or other suitable source of heat is applied at the centre
of the underside of the said vessel, that is to say immediately below the aforesaid
upright pipe. The shallow vessel is preferably surrounded with a casing which,
whilst in the first place directing the heat to the centre of the underside of the
vessel, causes the residue of the heat to flow off over the whole of the rest of the
underside of the said vessel and thence over the upper side thereof into an annular
chimney in the centre of which the upright pipe and valve before mentioned are
situated. This pipe and valve are preferably enclosed within an annular water-
tight casing of sufficient size to allow the valve to work. From the last mentioned
annular casing a descending pipe leads to the upper part of an air heating
apparatus below. From the lowest point of the shallow vessel another pipe leads
to the lowest point of the air heating vessel. The air heating vessel consists of an
annular water casing with an ascending discharge orifice at the centre of the upper
part thereof and it is constructed with an interior and exterior annular casing so
that air entering through the lower parts of the annular spaces formed by such
casings and passing in thin layers up through such spaces, becomes gradually heated
until it is discharged at the point where the water from which it receives its heat
is at the highest temperature.
By means of the apparatus herein before described the circulation of the water
in the apparatus is made the reverse of that in ordinary water heaters, that is to

page_text: .
say the heated water in place of ascending is caused to descend and the cold water
in place of descending is caused to ascend.
In place of using water in the apparatus any suitable liquid may be substituted
for it.
In the apparatus as herein before described it is assumed that the shallow heater
and its attachments are placed at a level above that of the air heater, but it is to
be understood that the water heater and the air heater may be placed in any other
position relative to each other and in some of which positions the valve may be
dispensed with, also that the water heating apparatus may be used in connection
with other forms of air heater such for example as a coil of pipes. It is further
to be understood that the air heater hereinbefore described may be used in
connection with other forms of water heater, or that the air heater hereinbefore
described may be heated directly from a flame or other source of heat or fuel.
In place of the valve herein before described, or in combination with the said
valve situated on the pipe at the centre of the water heater, a nozzle may be
employed which acting after the well-known manner of an injector facilitates the
movement of the water in the hot-water pipe.
Lastly it is to be understood that by means of the apparatus constituting this
Invention a constant supply of heated fresh air into compartments, apartments,
rooms or other places is obtained and such supply is or may be regulated in quantity
by dampers or valves or the mechanical equivalents thereof.
J. H. JOHNSON, DAY & JOHNSON,
Petitioner's Agents,
.
115, St. Vincent Street, Glasgow.

page_text: Carriages, Ships' Cabins, or Saloons or other Apartments in
Houses or other Buildings.
I, WILLIAM FOULIS of 42 Virginia Street, Glasgow, in the County of Lanark,
North Britain, Civil Engineer do hereby declare the nature of my invention for
IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR HEATING THE COMPARTMENTS OF RAILWAY CARRIAGES,
SHIPS CABINS OR SALOONS OR OTHER APARTMENTS IN HOUSES OR OTHER BUILDINGS
and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following statement:-
My Invention relates to improved apparatus for heating the compartments of
railway carriages, ships cabins or saloons or other apartments in houses or other
buildings and it consists of a shallow heating vessel containing water. At the
centre of the upper part of this vessel is an upright pipe provided with a valve
which opens and closes when the apparatus is in action. A source of heat such as
a gas jet, or a lamp burner or other suitable source of heat is applied at the centre
of the underside of the said vessel, that is to say, immediately below the aforesaid
upright pipe. The shallow vessel is preferably surrounded with, or enclosed by a
casing which, whilst in the first place directing the heat to the centre of the
underside of the vessel causes the residue of the heat to flow off over the whole of
the rest of the underside of the said vessel and thence over the upper side thereof
into an annular chimney in the centre of which the upright pipe and valve herein-
before mentioned are situated. This pipe and valve are also enclosed within an
annular watertight casing of sufficient size to allow the valve to work. From the
last mentioned annular casing a descending pipe leads to the upper part of an air
heating apparatus. From the lowest point of the shallow vessel another pipe leads
to the lowest point of, the said air heating vessel. The air heating apparatus
consists of an annular water casing with an ascending discharge orifice at the
centre of the upper part thereof and it is constructed with an interior and exterior
annular casing so that air entering through the lower parts of the annular spaces
formed by such casings and passing in thin layers up through such spaces, becomes
gradually heated until it is discharged at the point where the water from which it
receives its heat is at the highest temperature.
By means of the apparatus herein before described the circulation of the water in
the apparatus is made the reverse of that in ordinary water heaters, that is to say,
the heated water in place of ascending is caused to descend and the cold water in
place of descending is caused to ascend.
In place of using water in the apparatus any other suitable liquid may be
substituted for it, such for example, as glycerine or glycerine and water, or
solutions of salts, or other liquids which either do not freeze or form non-freezing
solutions.
In the apparatus as herein before described it is assumed that the water heater
and its attachments are placed at a level above that of the air heater, but it is to
be understood that the water heater and the air heater may be placed in
any other

page_text: position relatively to each other and in some of which positions the valve may be
dispensed with, also that the water heating apparatus may be used in connection
with other forms of air heaters, such for example as a coil of pipes.
It is further to be understood that the air heater herein before described may be
used in connection with other forms of water-heater, also, that the air heater herein-
before described may be heated directly from a flame or other source of heat
or fuel.
In combination with the valve situated on the pipe at the centre of the water
heater, a nozzle may be employed which, acting after the well-known manner of
Giffard's Injector facilitates the movement of the water in the hot water pipe.
Lastly, it is to be understood that by means of the apparatus constituting this
Invention a supply of heated fresh air into compartments, apartments, rooms or
other spaces or chambers is obtained and such supply is or may be regulated in
quantity by dampers or valves or the mechanical equivalent thereof.
In order that my said Invention may be properly understood and readily carried
into effect I will now proceed to describe the drawings hereunto annexed which
illustrate the application thereof for certain specific purposes and which it is to be
understood are applicable to other instances where heating is required.
Figure 1, is a vertical section of a water heater applicable for heating the com-
partments of a railway carriage, and wherein the heat escaping from the flame of
the lamp or burner which illuminates the railway carriage is employed as the
heating medium.
:
Figures 2 and 3, are respectively a horizontal section and a plan of different
attachments of the same.
Figure 4, is a vertical section of one form of air-heating apparatus constructed
according to my present Invention.
Figure 5, is a longitudinal section of another form of such air-heating apparatus
also constructed according to my present Invention.
Figures 6 and 7 are respectively elevations of the same, that is to say, end
elevations each corresponding to one of the ends of Figure 5.
Figure 8, is an elevation of a pillar lamp the waste heat of which is utilized for
heating water and air as hereinafter more particularly described.
Figure 9, is an enlarged sectional view of the upper part of the same.
Figures 10 and 11, are respectively a transverse and a longitudinal section
through the compartment of a railway carriage arranged to be heated by apparatus
constructed according to my present Invention.
The water heater A which I prefer to employ under my present Invention,
consists of a shallow vessel, the water space in which is but of narrow width and
thus permitting of but a comparatively small quantity of water being contained
therein. Such water becomes rapidly raised in temperature by the heat escaping
from a gas flame, oil lamp flame, or its equivalent. This shallow heating vessel, as
shewn at Figure 1, of the annexed drawings, is constructed of two metallic
casings a, and b, one fitting within the other and connected together at their edges
by the annular plate or ring c, to and upon which they are secured by the screwed
bolts d; (or, these two casings, may obviously be secured together in many different
ways). In place of constructing the shallow heating vessel A, in the manner
herein before described, it may be formed of copper or other wrought metal in the
manner shewn at Figure 9, and hereinbefore referred to. At the centre of the
upper part of the heater A, is secured the vertical pipe e, the upper end of
which is formed in part with or secured into the vessel f. Into the lower of the
pipe e, the lower end of the tube g, is secured. To the upper end of the tube g,
the valve seat h, is attached having the valve i, opening upwards. The vessel f, is
closed in by the box or chamber j, perforated, as shewn at k, and provided at its
upper part with the lid or cover . This lid or cover l, is hinged at m, to the box
chamber j, or it, or any equivalent stopper for properly closing the said chamber,
may be substituted; care being taken when necessary that a minute passage or hole
is formed in the cover 1, for the escape of any air or steam, and consequent pressure,

page_text: which may arise therefrom. Into the lower part of the pipe e, the outlet pipe p, is
secured, and this pipe connects with the water inlet of the air heater hereinafter
described. The outlet or return pipe from which is secured. into the lower part of.
the water heater A, as shewn at q, Figure 1.
When applied to the heating of a Railway carriage, by the heat escaping from
the gas or lamp flame used for the illumination thereof as shewn at Figure 1, and to
enable the heater A, and its connections to be moved and thereby give access to
the interior of the lamp casing for cleaning and igniting the wick or gas burner, the
beforementioned pipes p, and q, are connected to a hinged-joint. As shewn more
particularly in horizontal section at Figure 2, .of the annexed drawings: Tho
barrel r, into which the two pipes p, and q, are secured, is mounted, in a manner
similar to that of an ordinary cock, upon the fixed plug 8. This plug 8, is formed.
with the two passages t, and u, which extend outwards towards the ends of the
said plug and are each connected with the pipes p¹, and q', which respectively
constitute continuations of the afore mentioned pipes p, and q. The plug 8, is
rigidly secured in and by the bracket v, and the joint between it and the barrel r,
is maintained water-tight by the spiral spring w, which, by exerting its pressure
against a shoulder formed on the plug and against the innerside of the screwed
cap x, tends always to force or draw the barrel r, and the plug 8, into proper
working contact. The pipes p¹, and q¹, are respectively and directly connected
with the inlet and outlet of the air heater, as would be the pipes p, and q, in cases
where the beforedescribed hinged connection is not required.
The herein before described water-heater and its connections are so arranged
relatively with the gas or equivalent jet z, which is employed for giving light to
the interior of the carriage, that the hottest products of combustion escaping from
such jet, act at once upon the water at the part at which it leaves the heater A,
which is therefore the hottest part. The lower part of the casing c, is fitted with
the tube which extends upwards nearly to the underside of the heater A, at its
centre. From this part, the hot products of combustion in passing outwards in the
direction indicated by the arrows, are, by the surrounding casing e' caused to
impinge upon the outer surfaces of the heater A, and they are conducted thence up
through the vertical chimney d, from which they escape through the openings e¹;
and over and under the edges of the outer casing or screen f¹. The outer surface
of the upper part of the heater A, as also of the pipe e, is covered with a
coating g, of non-conducting material to conserve the heat of the water at this, its
hottest part.
To ensure the efficient action of the water heater tube g is provided at its top
with the valve i, whose action is as follows:-
The water being heated at the top of the vessel a, rapidly ascends the pipe g,
and by the momentum thus acquired opens the valve 2, and flows in to the
chamber f, the cold water entering at the bottom of the heater supplying the place
of the water thus driven upwards, momentarily checks the rapid flow of water up
the pipe g, and during this reduced flow the valve i, shuts, thus preventing the
return of the hot water to the heater.
In order to increment the momentum of the water passing up the tube 9, there
may be placed within that tube and of course below the valve i, a discharge nozzle
which working after the well-known manner of "Giffards Injector" increases the
action of the water on the valve.
The general details of the water-heater represented at Figure 9, of the annexed
drawings, are similar to those hereinbefore described with reference to Figure 1;
and corresponding parts being indicated by similar letters of reference, no special
description of such beater is necessary. It is however explained that the vessel f,
in place of being closed in by the casting j, shewn at Figure 1, is or may be closed
in directly by the lid or cover f¹, from whose central part the rod 2, projects down
nearly to the valve, the range of motion of which is thereby limited.
Having now explained the manner in which I effect the heating of the water
under my present Invention, I. shall proceed to describe the arrangements. by which

page_text: such hot water is employed for heating, say for example, a compartment of a rail-
way carriage. This, as is obvious may be effected by a coil of pipes arranged in
any of the well-known forms and to which the inlet and outlet pipes of the said
heater are so connected to ensure the water in the heating apparatus constituting
my Invention to flow in a direction the reverse of that in which the water flows in
heating apparatus hitherto in use. One of the arrangements I employ is a vessel
into which a supply of fresh air is admitted and before escaping from which into
the compartment of the railway carriage or other apartment or chamber the air is
heated to a considerable extent.
An air-heating apparatus such as I have hereinlast referred to, is represented in
vertical section at Figure 4, and consists of the water casing n¹. The water outlet o¹,
.to this casing n¹, as shewn, is at the upper part thereof, and the water outlet 1,
from the said casing is at the lower part thereof. The water casing n¹, is enclosed
within an outer covering or casing s¹, constructed of wood or other equivalent
non-conducting material and provided at its upper or outlet end with outlet
tubes s³, the said covering or casing 81, being so arranged relatively to the water
casing n¹, that an annular space is provided for the upward passage of air there-
through. At the interior of the water casing n¹, is arranged the lining t¹, of
non-conducting material in such manner that an annular passage is provided
between its outer surface and the inner surface of the water casing n¹. Below the
water casing n¹, and the outer casing s¹, and lining t¹, of non-conducting material
there is provided the chamber u¹, which is constructed with the inlet vl, and the
outlet w, respectively at its upper and lower sides. In this chamber u, there is
provided the diaphragm x¹, of wire gauze, and below this, the valve y', is mounted
on the rod z¹, and is capable of being moved nearer to or further from is seat
which is constituted by the upper end of the inlet pipe v¹. The rod z¹, near its
upper end is formed with a screw threaded portion which engages with the fixed
nut a², and at its upper end, the said rod 2, is secured in the knob or milled
head b, to enable the rod 2¹, to be readily rotated and the valve y¹, to be raised off
or lowered to its seat as required.
The air-heater as berein last described is secured in the floor (a portion of which
is shewn at c²) of the railway carriage in the manner shewn at Figures 10 and 11,
so that the lower portion thereof projects down below such floor while the upper
part projects up into the said carriage. The water inlet o¹, of this apparatus is
connected with the pipe p, or p¹, hereinbefore referred to and the outlet 7, is con-
nected to the return pipe q, or q¹, of the water-heater. When the valve y¹, is raised
off its seat in the manner hereinbefore explained; air is admitted around the
inlet v¹, and passes through the wire gauze x¹, and by way of the tube w¹, to
the interior of the casing t. From the interior of this casing the air then passes
in the direction indicated by the arrows under the edge of the casing t¹, between
the supporting or distances pieces d, under the edge of the casing t, and thence
upwards over the inner and outer surfaces of the water casing n¹, by contact with
which the temperature of such air is greatly raised. The air, thus heated then
escapes into the carriage from the upper part of the heater in the manner repre-
sented by the arrows shewn at Figure 4.
Another forin of heater wherein the air, admitted to an apartment or compart-
ment such as that of a railway carriage, may be heated, is shewn at Figures 5, 6
and 7, of the annexed drawings.
In this heater, the water casing B, is constructed of the two tubes e, and f³,
which are by preference slightly conical secured one within the other with suitable
water-tight joints at the ends thereof. The outer tube e, is formed with the
socket g³, for securing the pipe p, or p¹, (Figure 2) and the inner tube f2, is formed
with the socket 2, which is connected to the pipe q, or q', Figure 2. The heater,
thus constructed, is surrounded by the casing 2, which fits over or is provided,
with distance pieces so as to retain the said heater centrally within it and allow
sufficient space around the same to admit of the air passing freely between the
outer surface of such heater and the inner surface of the casing i

page_text: The hereinlast described heater is preferably employed in duplicate, and as shewn
at Figure 11, and in dotted lines at Figure 10, the said heaters are supported
obliquely beneath one of the seats of the railway carriage.
It is to be understood that the shallow vessel a, shewn in Figures 1, 8 and 9 of
the annexed Drawings may be constructed in various ways and of varying degrees
of shallowness or depth. A convenient alternative arrangement for the vessel
shewn in the aforesaid Figures being that of a coil of pipe arranged in the form of
a dome and connected to the vertical pipe g, at its stop and to the pipe q, at its
lower end.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
Invention and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what
I claim is:-
First. The construction of water-heater hereinbefore described and shewn at
Figures 1, 8 and 9 of the annexed drawings, whereby the water escaping from such
heater or its equivalent, is caused to descend and treat a coil of pipes or other air
heating apparatus, situated a a level below that of the source of heat substantially
as herein before described.
Second. The application of the aforesaid heating apparatus to a railway carriage
lamp or other lamp or burner for the purpose of utilizing the heat of the flame of
such lamp or burner for supplying heated air to the compartments of railway
carriages ship's cabins or saloons, or other apartments in houses or buildings.
Third. The adapting of the heater to a railway carriage lamp in the manner
shewn at Figures 1 and 2, of the annexed drawings so that the heater may be
turned up on its hinged joint for the purpose of giving access to the interior. of the
said lamp and its fittings as hereinbefore described.
Fourth. The valve i, fitted to a seat on the top of the pipe g, and contained
within a chamber surrounding the said pipe, as and for the purposes herein before
set forth.
Fifth. The application of a nozzle within the tube g, in combination with the
valve i, for increasing the effect of the water striking upon the valve as herein-.
before described.
Sixth. The two forms or arrangements of air-heater shewn at Figures 4 to 7
(inclusive) of the annexed drawings and hereinbefore described.
1
2
1
+000
ST JOHN V. DAY,
Applicant's Agent.