Improvements in the Manufacture of Pipes or Tubes, and in Apparatus therefor.
Year: 1895

page_text: Date of Application, 27th Nov., 1895
Complete Specification Left, 26th Sept., 1896-Accepted, 21st Nov., 1896
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in the Manufacture of Pipes or Tubes, and in
Apparatus therefor.
We, HIRAM STEVENS MAXIM, Mechanical Engineer, of 18 Queen's Gate Place,
and HUDSON MAXIM, Chemist and Mechanical Engineer, of 55 Charing Cross
Mansions, both in the County of Middlesos, do hereby declare the nature of this
invention to be as follows:-
This invention relates to the officient and economical manufacture of pipes or
tubes or hollow cylinders of any required length and of any required thickness,
and from various metals or materials, such as iron, steel, or other metals, or glass
or other fusible substancos. We can also produce by this invention pipes or tubes
composed of both metal and a vitreous substance such as glass-lined iron pipes
or iron or steel pipes lined with a vitreous or non-oxydisable substance. We can
also manufacture pipes or tubes of two or more fusible substances or compounds
having different specific gravities and preferably having different melting tempera-
turos, and which will not form undesired alloys of or on each other during their
manufacture into pipes or tubes.
Our invention is mainly based upon the employment of a rotating bed of flused
or molten metal or material of high specific gravity and a low melting temperature,
which molten metal or material is maintained in tabular form by centrifugal
force developed by the rapid rotation of a cylinder or casing containing the said
molten material or metal.
The surfaco of the molton or fluid bed is kept from becoming oxidized by the
presence of a suitable reducing gas or gases introduced into the aforesaid cylinder.
Upon this fluid bed is fed the substance or motal or compound of which the pipo
or tube is to be composed, the substanco being one that has a less specific gravity
and preferably a higher melting temperature than the fluid bed and one that will
on cooling harden into a pipe or tube of solid form prior to or simultaneous with
its exit from the revolving cylinder. The fluid bed during the formation of tho
pipe or tube is kept in a molton condition and constitutes a mould face having a
perfectly smooth or frictionless surface on which the pipo or tube is formed, and
along which the said pipe or tube will simultaneously with its forination be passed
or caused to travel by contrifugal force towards the exit end of the rotary or
forming cylinder.
In carrying out our invention we may employ a horizontally or approximately
horizontally arranged cylinder which is heated to the requisite temperature and
revolved at a suitable speed, whereby the fusible substance such as lead for
composing the fluid bed is, as soon as the said substance is melted, distributed by
centrifugal force over the inner surface of the cylinder in such a manner as to
form a suitable mould upon which the iron or other pipe may be formed. The
fluid bed being perfectly smooth and frictionless, as already stated the exterior of
the iron or other pipe formed upon it will be very smooth and will pass or bo
uado to pass through the forming cylinder with a minimum of resistance. When
the fluid bed has thus been produced, the iron or other material of which the
pipes or tubes are to be made, is inserted into the aforesaid cylindor preferably
in a molten condition, and being likewise acted upon by centrifugal force, is
thereby formed and moulded into a hollow cylinder upon the fluid bed. When
-

page_text: the rotating cylinder containing the fluid bed is arranged horizontally or nearly
so, both ends of the said cylinder are provided with a dam or inwardly projecting
flange, the rearward dam or flange boing a little higher or deeper than the flange or
dam at the forward end in order to prevent the back flow and escape of the fluid bed
and the molten metal fed in upon its surface. The dam at the forward or exit end of
the cylinder has a height or depth approximating the thickness of the fluid bed in
order to prevent the latter from flowing out at that end and to prevent au excess of
waste of the fluid bed over the surface of the dam. The fluid bed may be replenished
or maintained as fast as it becomes deteriorated or wasted, by feeding into the
rearward end of the cylinder an additional quantity of the lead or other metal or
substance of which the fluid bed is composed. Tho lend owing to its low melting
point and high-specific gravity passes by centrifugal force immediately through the
interior lighter fused metal, which is in this case iron, and thereby supplies the flnid
hed with fresh material.
The iron or other pipe formed upon the fluid bed is preferably solidified by cooling
at a point considerably to the rear of the dam at the exit end of the cylinder, so that
it shall contruct sufficiently upon cooling to give it a clearance in order that it may
pass freely over the dam at the forward or exit end of the cylinder.
Tho rotary cylinder is advantageously arranged at a slight inclination to the
horizontal, so that its charging end will be somewhat lower than its exit end. This
arrangement causes the molten metal of the tubular fluid bed to be thickest at the
charging end, the thickness of the fluid bed gradually diminishing or tapering to a
knife edge towards the exit end of the rotary cylinder, and the walls of the fluid bed
are thus made to slightly flare towards the exit end. By arranging the rotary
cylinder in this slightly inclined position the tubular fluid bed is prevented from
escaping from the exit end of the cylinder and no dam or flange is, therefore,
required at that end. The aforesaid- inclination of the rotary cylinder, the depth of
the said dam or flange at the feeding end, the speed of the rotation of the cylinder
and the feeding of the pipe material into the cylinder are all relatively proportioned
so as to cause the body of pipe material nearest the said dum to flow along the fluid
bed towards the exit end of the cylinder and to simultaneously bear against the pipo
material in front of it and help to carry this and the solidified pipe forward and to
form a pipe of such thickness as may be desired.
The pipe material is solidified by cold water or other cooling medium, applied
either internally or externally or both internally and externally, and at any desired
position on the interior of the forming tube or on the exterior of the revolving
cylinder as may be best suited to the purpose and the speed at which the pipe or tube
is to be made.
It is obvious that in cooling or solidifying an iron or steel pipe in its passage
along or through the tubular fluid bed it may be done through the walls of the
tubular fluid bed without solidifying the fluid bed because the molting temperature of
lead is so much lower than that of iron or steel.
When manufacturing pipes of iron or steel we prefer to employ molten lead for the
fluid bed within the rotary cylinder as lend does not alloy with iron or steel and as it
is both heavier and has a lowor melting point than iron or steel. The surface of the
said molten lead is kept from oxidation by the introduction of a reducing gas, such
as carburetted hydrogen or hydro-carbon, or other suitable reducing agent. The
surface of the lead is thereby kept perfectly bright and smooth and the lead is
prevented from fuming off at high temperatures through oxidation.
We also provide means for drawing the pipe from the rotating cylinder as fast as
it is formed, that is, as fast as it becomes solidified these means preferably consist
of friction rollers set at a suitable angle. Given a constant speed of rotation, a
constant speed of charging with molten metal, and a constant means for cooling, the
thickness of the pipe or tube formed will be governed by the rapidity with which it is
drawn from the forming cylinder.
We furthermore provide means for severing the pipe after it leaves the rotating
cylinder.

page_text: When it is desired to produce pipes or tubes with an internal lining of some
substance that is not miscible with and which has a less specific gravity than the iron
or other substance composing the pipe, as for instance, glass, wo prefer to food such
material into the cylinder through its charging opening after the formation of the
fluid bed and after the insertion of the pipe material and its cylindrical formation
upon the rotating fluid bed. The said lining material then lies upon the heavier
molten material of the pipe which in its turn lies upon the still heavier material of the
fluid bed. Tho interior of the pipe is prevented from oxidation by the same means
as we employ for preventing the oxidation of the fluid bed, so that the vitreous or
other lining substunco will adhere to and form a close contact or union with the
interior surface of the iron pipe.
According to u modification of our invention, we may in some cases substitute for
the fluid bed a bed or lining composed of asbestos or other suitable refractory material.
When asbestos is employed the fibres thereof are preferably arranged in such manner
that they shall lie in a radial direction relative to tho axis of the rotating cylinder.
The spaces between the fibres may be filled with soap stone dust, fire brick dust,
plumbago, powdered asbestos, or a mixture of such and other suitable materials, the
whole heing formed by great pressure into a suitable dense condition and the interior
of the pipe thus constituted is afterwards bored and trued out for the purpose of
forming a suitable mould for the formation of pipes and tubes.
Steel or iron forming tubes or linings may he used when making pipes or tubes
of a substance or metal whose melting temperature is sufficiently below iron or
steel.
When employing this modified form of our invention no fluid bed would be used.
Prior to the introduction of the molten metal, or other material the interior of
the rotary forming cylinder is preferably heated to a temperature at or above
that of the fusing point of the metal of which the pipe or tube is to be formed;
or the metal may be fed into the cylinder in solid form and the cylinder be
provided with means for melting the metal after its introduction therein. This
modified form of the invention is particularly adapted to the manufacture of pipes
or tubes of copper or such other motals as it may be desired to employ and
which would form undesired alloys with lead and for which no known suitable
Hnid bed can be employed.
When not employing a fluid bed the interior of the forming tube boing previously
heated at or near its charging end, the pipe material will flow quickly and evenly
over its surface, under the action of centrifugal force and as it passes along towards
the oxit ond means are provided for cooling or solidifying the pipe in its transit
through the cylinder as fast as it is withdrawn from the cylinder by suitable
apparatus provided for that purpose. When employing this modified form of our
invention in order to facilitate the action of the apparatus, a very high velocity of
rolation may be employed, and we prefer to use a high velocity of rotation in some
instancos.
When it is desired to produce pipes or hollow cylinders of great diameter compared
with their length and of such diameter as would make their manufacture "by_a
continuous procoss cumbersome, we construct the rotary cylindor with a temporarily
closed oxit end so that the pipe or hollow cylinder under formation cannot escapo
until such exit end is uncovered. When employing this last modified form of our
invention, the employment of a fluid bed or of a solid forming bed will depend upon
the character of the metal or material which it is desired to make into pipes or hollow
cylinders.

page_text: Improvements in the Manufacture of Pipes or Tubes, and in
Apparatus therefor.
We, HIRAM STEVENS MAXIM, Mechanical Engineer, of 18 Queen's Gate Place,
and HUDSON MAXIM, Chemist and Mechanical Engineer, of 55 Charing Cross
Mansions, both in the County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of this
invention and in what mannor the same is to be performed, to be particularly described
and ascertained in and by the following statement :-
This invention relates to the efficient and economical manufacture of pipes tubes
or hollow cylinders of any required length and thickness, and from various motals
or materials, such as iron, steel, glass or other fusible substance. We can also
produce by this invention pipes or tubos composed of both a metal and a vitreous
or non-oxidizable substance, such as glass-lined iron pipes. We can also manufacture
pipes or tubes of two or more fusible substances or compounds having different
specific gravities and different melting temperatures, which substances or compounds
will not form undesired alloys of or on each other during their manufacture into pipes
or tubes.
Our invention consists essentially in the employment of a forming bed or mould
composed of molten or liquid metal or other suitable material of high specific
gravity and low melting temperature, which is caused to assume a tumlar form by
centrifugal force developed by the rapid roration of a cylinder or casing containing
the said molten or liquid metal or material, and upon this rotating fluid bed the pipes
tubes or cylinders are formed or cast.
The surface of the molton or fluid bed is kopt from becoming oxidized by the
presence of a suitable reducing gas or gases introduced into the aforesaid cylinder.
The substance of which the pipe or tube is to be composod is fed on to this fluid
bed, such substance being one that bas a less specific gravity and preferably a higher
melting temperature than the substance composing the fluid bed and one that will
on cooling harden into a pipe or tube of solid form prior to or simultaneous with
its exit from the revolving cylinder. The fluid bod as before stated constitutos a
mould having a perfectly smooth or frictionless surface on which the pipe or tube is
formed and along which it will, simultaneously with its formation, pass or travel by
centrifugal force towards the exit end of the cylinder.
In order that our said invention may be more clearly understood and readily carried
into effect we will proceed to describe the same more fully with reference to the
accompanying drawings in which:
Figure 1 is a longitudinal section of one form of the apparatus, in which the axis
of the rotary cylinder is arranged horizontally.
Figure 2 is an elevation of the charging ond of the aforesaid rotary cylinder.
Figure 3 is a transverse section of the rotary cylinder taken on the line 1. 1 of
Figure 1.
Figuro 4 is an elevation and Figure 5 a cross section of a device for severing the
pipe into lengths as it leaves the apparatus.
Figure 6 is a longitudinal section of another form of the apparatus in which the
axis of tho rotary cylinder is at a slight inclination to the horizontal for the purpose
of giving to the fluid bed a greater thickness at the charging end of the rotary cylinder
than at the oxit end.
Figure 7 is a longitudinal section of a modified construction of the apparatus for
forming short cylinders or tubes of large diametor.
Figure 8 is a side elevation of a further modified construction of the apparatus
shown in Figure 7.
Like letters of reference indicate similar parts in all the figures.

page_text: A is the rotary cylinder; B the molten or fluid bed; and C the meial or other pipe
in process of formation.
The rotary cylinder A may be made of steel and may have an internal lining of
refractory material. The wall of this cylinder is at its charging end thickened to
form an internal shoulder a which constitutes a dam for proventing back flow of
the fluid bed and molten pipe-material through the charging opening a¹. The metal
or other material of which the tube or pipo is to bo composed is contained, in a
molten condition, within a melting pot or crucible D heated to the requisite tempera-
ture by means of a furnace D. The melting pot or crucible is provided with a
nozzle or spout which projects through the charging opening a so as to conduct
the molten metal or other material into the rotary cylinder A. This nozzle or spout
is proferably inclined laterally in such a manner as to direct the molten metal or
other material upon the fluid bed B in a direction approximating that of tho rointion
of the cylinder A, so as to avoid as much as possible the disturbance of the
centrifugally maintained fluid bed by the impact of the incoming molten metal or
other material. is a valve for regulating the flow of the molten material from
the melting pot or crucible D into the said rotary cylinder. The outlet end of
the rotary cylinder is formed with an internal shoulder or dam a³ which servos
to prevent the escape of the molten load or other substance composing the fluid bed.
The rotary cylinder A is supported and revolved in any suitable manner.
the drawings we have shewn it supported at its opposite ends by anti-friction
rollers having shoulders a' which prevent the cylinder from shifting longi-
tudinally. Its rotation is effected by a toothed whee! a gearing with teeth a
formed around the exterior of the cylinder the said wheel a being mounted on a
shaft a which is revolved by a belt pulley a keyed thereto.
In
The interior of the said cylinder is formed near its charging end with longitudinal
ribs a which as the cylinder rapidly revolves, impart a whirling or rotary movement
to the pipe-material, as it is fed into the cylinder through the spout d, and to the lead
or other substance composing the fluid bed.
E, E are gas jets situated beneath the cylinder A near its charging ond. By
means of these gas jets the said cylinder may he heated to the requisite temporaturo
for keeping the contents in a molten condition.
F is an annular cooling chamber surrounding the rotary cylinder near its contral
portion and containing a quantity of water or other suitable cooling liquid which
flowa into the said chamber through the pipe and escapes by the pipe. By
this means the molton material composing the pipe under formation is solidified
as it travels towards the outlet end of the rotary cylinder A.
As the solidified and finished pipe Cescapes from the outlet end of the rotary
cylinder it is supported by anti-friction rollors H and the said pipe is assisted
in its longitudinal movement from the cylinder by suitable devices such as
gripping rollers H acting on the exterior of the pipo and by their revolution
drawing the pipe gradually from the cylinder. The speed at which those gripping
rollers revolve will be adjusted in accordanco with the nature of the material
composing the pipe and the desired thickness of the wall thereof.
G is a pipe which enters the cylinder A through its charging opening a' and
extends some distance into the solidified pipe C under formation. The inner end
of this pipe has a loose supporting rotary disc which bears upon a solidified
part of the pipo C and rovolves "therewith. The said pipe G is formed with
perforations through which sprays of steam or air and hydrocarbon oil or other
reducing agent are injected under pressure into the cylinder for cooling and
solidifying the pipe material from the interior and for proventing oxidation thereof.
By thus cooling the pipe matorial from the inside after the manner of cooling gun
barrels, the finished pipe is able to withstand great pressure from within.
When forming pipes or tubes of iron or steel we prefer to uso lead for the
production of the fluid bed, the said lead being inserted into the cylinder A through
the charging opening a' and theroin melted by the burners E, the fluid bed
assuming a tubular form within the said cylinder as the latter rapidly revolves.

page_text: The molten iron in the crucible D is then allowed to flow into the rotary cylinder
through the nozzle d, and the internal blades or ribs a' on the rotating cylinder give
immediate rotation to the pipe material thus aiding centrifugal force due to the
rapidly rotating cylinder A. The difference in specific gravities of the molten iron
and lead causes them to remain unmixed, and the molten lead being heavier than 1
the iron, it lies against the interior surface of the cylinder A, thereby producing a
perfectly smooth internal fluid lining of bright molten lead which sorvos as the
bed upon which the iron tuho is cast or formed under the action of centrifugal
force, the said pipe during its formation, gradually advancing towards and out of
the outlet opening of the cylinder A where it meets the gripping rollers H.
The water or other cooling medium in the chamber F, by acting through the
cylinder A, has a certain amount of cooling effect upon the centrifugally inaintained
tubular body of pipe-material, but the main cooling offect is obtained by the internal
sprays or jets escaping from the pipe G. As the pipe-material gradually cools and
solidifies the diameter of the pipe formed thereby, decreases owing to the contraction
resulting from the cooling, and therefore the said pipe is of reduced dinuctor near
the exit end of the cylinder A. Ample clearance is thus obtained between the uxtorior
of the pipe and the oxit opening of the rotary cylinder; consequently the said pipe
does not come into contact with tho said exit opening and can readily escape from
the rotary cylinder and be drawn forward by the gripping rollers H'.
As the cooled or solidified pipe is drawn from the rotating cylinder, the centrifugal
action will secure the continuous formation of the pipe within the rotary cylinder so
as to prevent breaks or imperfections at the point where tho solidification
of the pipe material takes place and thus a continuous length of pipo, of uniform
diameter and thickness is produced. This effect is due to the low specific
gravity and high melting temperature of the iron as compared with the high
specific gravity and low melting temperature of the lead. As the lead and iron do
not form an alloy with each other, the lead remains practically pure and fused and
in a centrifugally maintained tubular form around the hardening iron pipe; hence in
effect we have a perfect iron pipe or tube being continuously drawn or floated along
the interior true cylindrical surface of a molten pipe of lead.
Simultaneously with the drawing of the pipe from the rotary cylinder it may be
severed into desired lengths by any convenient form of cutter.
In Figures and 5 wo have shewn a severing device that may be used for this
purpose, although we wish it to be understood that any other severing device that is
capable of travelling longitudinally with the pipe while performing the cutting
operation will answer our purpose. I is a revolving saw carried by an oscillating
arm . This arm is mounted loosely on a long sleeve which surrounds a shaft. I
and is revolved by the latter through the intervention of a groove and feather.
The outer end of the said sleeve carries an arm 1 having a tail 1 which works in
a cam path 1', and against this arm 14 the end of the pipo under formation presses
as it leaves the rotary cylinder A and thereby imparts a longitudinal movement to
the aforesaid sleeve I carrying the revolving saw. The said arm I' is situated at
some considerable distance from the exit end of the rotary cylinder A, depending
upon the length of the pipes to be produced, so that the end of the pipe does not
reach the arm I until just before the severing operation is to be performed. Tho
oscillatory arm is furnished with a weighted arm 1' which normally tends to keep
the revolving saw out of contact with the pipe under formation. The said oscillating
arm is also provided with a radial pin f' which is adapted to work in conjunction
with a switch I forming part of a groove 1º in a fixed block 10. The said switch
is kopt in its raised position, that is to say the position in which it is represented
in Figuro 4, by a spring I" acting on a prolongation I" of the switch. The said
shaft is revolved by suitable gearing and by means of the gear wheels 1" transmits
rapid rotary movement to the saw 1. When the end of the pipo under formation
reaches the arm 1 it acts thereon und canses tho radial pin 1' to travel along the
incliued underside of the switch J whereby the said oscillatory arm 1' and rotary

page_text: saw aro gradually caused to turn inwardly against the action of the weight I and
perform the severing operation. By the time the saw has complotod its severing
operation, the radial pin I has reached the end of the switch and being no longer
acted upon thereby, the weight 1° operates to turn the oscillatory arm l' on its
sleeve and to instantly remove the rotary saw from the pipe, the radial pin at the
samo timo asconding the vertical part of the groove 1° and reaching the upper part
thereof. Simultaneously with this movement of the oscillatory arm the tail 1 on the
arm I has arrived at the end of the cum path I whereby this arm I has been
shifted out of the way of the pipe by the inclined portion of the said cam path..
The severing devico thoreforo then comes to rest. By pushing the sleeve 1' back to its
original position the device will be ready to perform another sovering operation
when the end of the next pipe acts upon the arm 1.
Sometimes it may bo desired to produce pipes lined internally with some lighter
metal or material not miscible with the material composing the pipo, as for instance,
iron pipos lined with glass.
This can he accomplished by feeding the lining material into the rotary cylinder
through a spout J so that the said lining material will fall upon the hoavior
material composing the pipe which lies on the still heavier fluid bed. To provide a
glass lining, silicious material is fed into the rotary cylinder and fases upon the
pipe-material, and by the centrifugal and cooling actions already mentioned such
silicious material will be caused to line the iron pipe under formation in an unbroken
strata of uniform thickness which may be either thinner or thicker than the iron
envelope, as may bo desired.
At the oxit end of the said rotary cylinder we prefer to arrange a jacket A³ to
which a suitable hydrocarbon gas such as illuminating gas can be admitted by a
pipe A so as to prevent the passage of air through the exit opening of the rotary
cylinder and the oxidizing effect thereof on the surface of the molten lead bed and
on tho exterior of the motal pipe under formation. Tho inlet end of the rotary
cylinder is preferably provided with a closed cover A having an outlet pipe A
through which the gaseous products of combustion within the tube under formation
can escape.
The apparatus illustrated in Figure 6 is similar to that above described, but instead
of occupying a truly horizontal position its axis is slightly inclined; that is to say
the charging end of the rotary cylinder is set somewhat lower than the oxit end.
The fluid bed therefore has a larger volume or body at tho charging end of the
rotary cylinder than at its oxit end, so that the centrifugal force developed by the
rotating cylinder will cause the thickness of the said fluid bed to gradually diminish
or taper to a knife edge towards the exit end of the rotary cylinder. By arranging
the rotary cylinder in this slightly inclined position the tubular fluid bed is prevented
from escaping from the exit end of the cylinder and no dain or flange such as a
(Figure 1) is required at that end. The aforesaid inclination of the rotary cylinder,.
the depth of the dam or flango a at the charging end, the speed of rotation of the
cylinder and the feeding of the pipe material into the cylinder are all relatively pro-
portioned so as to cause the body of the pipe material nearest the said dam a to flow
along the fluid bod towards the exit end of the cylinder and to simultaneously bear
against the pipo matorial in front of it and help to carry this and the solidified
pipe forward and to form a pipe of the desired thickness.
The pipe G is in Figure 6 provided with a rose g' at its inner ond to direct.
the steam and oil in the form of a spray upon the inner surface of the pipe under
formmation.
Instead of employing a series of gas jets E as in the previous construction we
have shewn the rotary cylinder passing through a furnace K and in place of the
ordinary furnace D' for heating the crucible D we have shewn an electric furnace L
having peripheral and axial electrodes 12, the axial electrode also sorving as a valvo
to regulate the flow of the molten metal from the cruciblo to the rotary cylinder.
The spout d of this crucible may be further heated by a suitable burner in order to

page_text: maintain the high temperature of the molten pipe-material until it passes from the
spout into the rotary cylinder,
In other respects the apparatus shewn in Figure 6 is similar in construction and
operation to that already described with respect to Figure 1.
To stop the pipe forming operation in either of the apparatus above described,
the feed of the pipe-material is stopped and the pipe-drawing operation of the rollers H¹
will continue until all the pipe-material remaining in the cylinder is utilized and
withdrawn in the form of a finished pipe or tube. In commoncing the pipe-forming
operation, the lead bed may be supplied in a molten condition through the charging
opening a, or solid lend may be supplied and he afterwards melted by the heat of
the gas jets or furunce K. During the pipe-forming operation, the lead hed is
kept fused by the heat of the pipe-material which after solidification into a pipo is
still hot enough to keep the lead bed in a fluid condition.
The modified construction of the apparatus shewn in Figure 7 is intended for
use when cylinders or tubes of large diameter and short length are to be produced.
In this caso the said rotary cylinder is provided with closed ends or covers AA'
the forner of which is made detachable to permit of the removal of the finished
cylinder or tube from the apparatus. In this arrangement the requisite quantity of
iron or other material to compose the tube is admitted to the rotary cylinder_A
through an opening in the cover A which is afterwards closed by a plug A". The
revolution of the said cylinder is continued for a sufficient length of time to produce
the tube and to insure its solidifying. The detachable cover is then removed and
the rotary cylinder is tilted by means of suitable tackle attached to lateral projec-
tions A' on the rotary cylinder and thus the solidified tube is discharged from the
apparatus. In some cases the said rotary cylinder is provided with a water or other
jacket to enable it to be cooled more or less quickly according to requirements.
In Figure 8 we have shewn a modification of the apparatus illustrated in Figure 7.
In this case the said rotary cylinder A is provided with a trunnion ring M within
which said cylinder can freely revolve. The charging end of the rotary cylinder is
furnished with a detachable cover A as in Figure 7 and the opposite end of said
cylinder is formed with a mass of metal constituting a weight M which acts to
counterbalance the other part of the cylinder that projects through the trunnion
ring. The rear end of the said rotary cylinder is provided with a short axle M*
which is received in a standard MS when the rotary cylinder is in its horizontal
position, the front end of said cylinder being supported by rollers m'. The said
standard M³ can he shifted toward and away from the rotary cylinder by means of
a screw and crank handle M. By shifting the standard M out of engagement with
the short axle M³ the rotary cylinder is rendered free to be turned in a vertical plane
about its trunnions m so as to assume an upright position and the finished tubo
within the rotary cylinder can then be removed by any suitable tackle, the lend
remaining behind in the cylinder. On returning the cylinder to its horizontal
position and bringing the standard M³ again into its supporting position the apparatus
will be ready for another tube-forming operation.
In forming pipos or tubes of clay or other inaterial that can be caused, without
the assistance of heat energy, to assume a condition of sufficient plasticity or fluidity
to become tubular under centrifugal force, we can entirely dispense with the heating
of the rotary cylinder by employing a fluid bed of mercury or other suitable
substance of high specific gravity that is in a fluid condition at ordinary tem-
.peratures.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the unture of our said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed, wo declare that what we
claim is :-
1. The manufacture of a lined or unlined pipe or tube by casting or forming it
-
A..

page_text: 2. Apparatus for manufacturing pipes or tubes, comprising a rotary cylinder, a
tubular fluid bed therein, and means for feeding the pipo imaterial upon the fluid bed.
8. The combination with the aforesaid rotary cylinder and its fluid bed of means
for drawing the formod pipe from the cylinder and of means for sovering the said
pipe into lengths as it issues therefrom.
4. The combination with the aforesaid rotary cylinder and its fluid bed of molten
material, of means for internally or externally or both internally and externally
cooling the pipe under formation for the purposes specified.
5. Apparatus for making pipes or tubes substantially as described with referenco
to Figures 1 to 5 of the accompanying drawings.
6. The modification of the apparatus in which the longitudinal axis of the rotary
cylinder is arranged at an inclination substantially as described with reference to..
Figure 6 and for the purpose specified.
7. The modification of the apparatus substantially as described with reference to.
Figures 7 and 8 and for the purpose specified.
HASELTINE, LAKE & Co.
45 Southampton Buildings, London, W.C., Agents for the Applicants.
03102