IMPROVED MEANS AND APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING INTENSE WHITE LIGHT
Year: 1880

page_text: This Specification was, upon the 2nd day of March 1888, amended under
Sections 18 to 21 of the Patents, Designs, and Trade Marks Act, 1883.
[The Amendments are shown in erased and italic type.]
LETTERS PATENT to John Imray, of No. 28, Southampton Buildings, Chancery
Lane, in the County of Middlesex, for an Invention of "IMPROVED MEANS
AND APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING INTENSE WHITE LIGHT." A communication
from abroad by Charles Clamond, Engineer, of Paris, in the French Republic.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Imray at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 24th May 1880.
JOHN IMRAY of No. 28, Southampton Buildings Chancery Lane in the County
of Middlesex. "IMPROVED MEANS AND APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING INTENSE
WHITE LIGHT." [A communication from abroad by Charles Clamond Engineer of
Paris in the French Republic.]
When the combustion of a material rich in carbon is sustained by oxygen, an
intense white flame is produced, and when the material is of a kind like hydrogen
or carbonic oxide that does not burn with a luminous flame, great heat is produced
by its combination with the oxygen so that the flame directed on a refractory
substance such as lime renders it incandescent and causes it to evolve intense
light. These effects are not produced when the flame is supplied with atmospheric
air, a great portion of the heat being absorbed in heating the large volume of inert
nitrogen that accompanies the oxygen of the air.
This Invention relates to means and apparatus whereby a flame sustained by
atmospheric air is rendered capable of producing the luminous effects of flames
sustained by oxygen, this result being obtained by a preliminary heating to a high
temperature of the air that sustains the flame, so that little or none of the heat
evolved at the point of combustion is absorbed in heating the inert nitrogen. For
the combustion of gas in this manner the air on its way to the flame is caused to
pass through a tube of refractory material which is heated to a high temperature
by jets of the gas playing against its external surface, and, in order that the air may
be more thoroughly heated, the interior of the tube is divided by partitions having
apertures through which the air has to pass in a zig zag manner being sub-divided
into numerous streams directed against the heated sides of the tube. From the tube
the heated air issues through small apertures and mingles with the ignited gas
producing a flame of intense heat which directed on refractory material such as

page_text: lime causes incandescence thereof as in the lime light. A convenient arrangement
for this purpose is to place the air tube with its internal partitions vertically with
three, four or more heating tubes surrounding it. These heating tubes are divided
by partitions into a number of compartments supplied respectively with gas and
with air and having small apertures communicating with cavities from which jots
of mingled gas and air issue by lateral holes. These jets being ignited and directed
against the sides of the central air tube heat it to a high temperature. The air
and gas are supplied to the air tube and to the heating tubes from annular chambers
above the tubes, and the heated air issuing from the bottom of the central tube
mixes with gas supplied to an annular chamber surrounding the outlet, the ignited
mixture issuing as a flame of intense heat which is directed downwards on the
refractory material rendering it incandescent. For the combustion of solid
carbonaceous material such as coke dust or coal dust or pulverised charcoal the
apparatus is arranged as follows. The air tube is placed centrally within a funnel
shaped vessel of refractory material which is charged with the carbonaceous
powder. This vessel has formed at its side three, four or more pockets or cavities
that are supplied with air and have apertures by which the air can issue in numerous
small jets among the carbonaceous material in the funnel sustaining its combustion
and producing flames which are directed against the central air tube. The products
of combustion from these flames escape upwards by the annular space in a chimney
or tube of refractory material surrounding the upper part of the central air tube.
The lower air jets from the side pockets also cause combustion in the body of the
carbonaceous material below the chimney, and the products of this combustion find
their way downwards to a number of small apertures annularly surrounding the
outlet from the bottom of the air tube. These products, consisting chiefly of
incombustible carbonic anhydride, in passing through the heated carbonaceous
matter become converted into combustible carbonic oxide, and this gas mixing with
the hot air from the central tube produces a flame of intense heat which issuing
from the bottom of the funnel vessel is directed on the lime or other refractory
material rendering it incandescent. It is of advantage to subdivide the incandescent
material into a number of separate sticks or rods which are inserted in a block of
fire clay supported below the flame. Such a fire clay block with a number of rods
of lime or equivalent material projecting from it may, for safety of transport, be
encased in paste board or other combustible material, forming a sort of cartridge.
This cartridge being placed below the flame, its combustible casing is immediately
burnt off, and the rods are rendered incandescent.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said John Imray in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 23rd November
1880.
JOHN IMRAY of No. 28 Southampton Buildings Chancery Lane in the County
of Middlesex. "IMPROVED MEANS AND APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING INTENSE
WHITE LIGHT." A communication from abroad by Charles Claymond Engineer
of Paris in the French Republic.
When the combustion of a material rich in carbon is sustained by oxygen, an
intense white flame is produced, and when the material is of a kind like hydrogen
or carbonic oxide that does not burn with a luminous flame, great heat is produced
by its combination with the oxygen so that the flame directed on a refractory
substance such as lime renders it incandescent and causes it to evolve intense light.
These effects are not produced when the flame is supplied with atmospheric air, a
great portion of the heat being absorbed in heating the large volume of inert
nitrogen that accompanies the oxygen of the air.
This Invention relates to means and apparatus whereby a flame sustained by
atmospheric air is rendered capable of producing the luminous effects of flames
sustained by oxygen, this result being obtained by a preliminary heating to a high
temperature of the air that sustains the flame, so that little or none of the heat
evolved at the point of combustion is absorbed in heating the inert nitrogen. For
the combustion of gas in this manner the air on its way to the flame is caused to
pass through a tube of refractory material which is heated to a high temperature
by jets of the gas playing against its external surface, and, in order that the air
may be more thoroughly heated, the interior of the tube is divided by partitions
having apertures through which the air has to pass in a zig-zag manner being
subdivided into numerous streams directed against the heated sides of the tube.
From the tube the heated air issues through small apertures and mingles with the
ignited gas producing a flame of intense heat which directed on refractory material
such as lime causes incandescence thereof as in the lime light. A convenient
arrangement for this purpose is to place the air tube with its internal partitions
vertically with three, four or more heating tubes surrounding it. These heating
tubes are divided by partitions into a number of compartments supplied respectively
with gas and with air and having small apertures communicating with cavities
from which jets of mingled gas and air issue by lateral holes. These jets boing
ignited and directed against the sides of the central air tube heat it to high
temperature. The air and gas are supplied to the air tube and to the heating tubes
from annular chambers above the tubes, and the heated air issuing from the bottom
of the central tube mixes with gas supplied to an annular chamber surrounding the
outlet, the ignited mixture issuing as a flame of intense heat which is directed
downwards on the refractory material rendering it incandescent. For the com-
bustion of solid carbonaceous material such as coke dust or coal dust or pulverised
charcoal the apparatus is arranged as follows. The air tube is placed centrally
within a funnel shaped vessel of refractory material which is charged with the
carbonaceous powder. This vessel has formed at its side three, four, or
sockets or cavities that are supplied with air and have apertures by which the air
can issue in numerous small jets among the carbonaceous material in the funnel
sustaining its combustion and producing flames which are directed at the central
air tube. The products of combustion from these flames escape upwards by
the annular space in a chimney or tube of refractory material surrounding the
upper part of the central air tube. The lower air jets from the side pockets also
more

page_text: DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
",
Fig. 4 shews by vertical section partly in elevation and by sectional plan one
form of apparatus according to this Invention for producing intense white light.
Figs. 1, 2 and 3 shew to an enlarged scale the portions of the aparatus employed
for heating the air which supplies the flame. This consists of a tube C of refractory
material into which are inserted pieces A also of refractory material of the form
shewn in perspective in Fig. 2. Each of these pieces rests by legs K on the
flange D of the piece below it, and has a central cavity with lateral apertures so
that air in descending the tube is subdivided into small streams which are several
times caused to impinge against the hot wall of the tube C, the air thus highly
heated finally issuing by orifices R at the bottom of the tube. Fig. 3 shews a
modified construction according to which the tube itself is built up of a number of
pieces fitting one upon another. Referring now to Fig. 4, C is the heating tube
around which are arranged several chambers M each of which is divided by
horizontal partitions into a number of compartments N having a gas tube L and
an air-tube K passing through them. Both these tubes are closed at the bottom
and are supplied at the top, the one L with gas from an annular chamber E, supplied
by the pipe F, and the other K with air from an annular chamber B supplied by a
and
branch D from a pipe D. The tubes L and K have lateral perforations p
those for the gas p being of small area, and those for the air o of larger area
directed towards apertures s at the side of the chamber, from which apertures issue
flames m of mingled gas and air that play upon and highly heat the tube C. By
another branch D' from the pipe D air is supplied to the heating tube C and the
heated air issuing from its bottom meets and mingles with gas supplied to an
annular chamber by a pipe G from the upper gas chamber E. The refractory
mouth piece P containing the gas chamber t and receiving the heated air from C
has an aperture S through its bottom by which issues a jet producing intense heat
directed on the lime or other substance I which is rendered brilliantly incandescent
as in the lime-light. Instead of lime other highly refractory substances may be
employed such as some metallic oxides, magnesia or zircon. And instead of
employing a single block it is of advantage to subdivide it so as to present an
extended surface. Fig. 5 shews by vertical section, plan and elevation in perspective
an arrangement of the material for this purpose. P is a cylindrical refractory piece
having underneath a hole by which it can be mounted on the supporting rod K
Small rods T of the lime or other material which is to be rendered incandescent,
are inserted into holes in the upper face of P. The whole may be enclosed in a
strong paper case forming as it were a cartridge within which the rods T are
protected. Immediately on subjecting the cartridge to the flame the paper casing
is burnt away exposing the rods T. In employing the apparatus described with
reference to Fig. 4 the gas and air should be supplied at sufficient pressure to

page_text: determine their flow through the passages and then issue as jets from the several
orifices. The proportion in which the air is supplied may be regulated by screw
plugs dd varying the area of its, passage by each branch. The apparatus may
obviously be inverted, the light in that case being produced at the top. When the
gas or combustible vapours einployed is rich in carbon the block of lime or other
material receiving the jet may be dispensed with the flame itself giving a brilliant
light. Fig. 6 is a vertical section on X CZ of Fig. 7 which is a sectional plan of
apparatus in which solid powdered fuel is employed. M is a vessel of refractory
material having several pockets or compartiments N formed at its sides. These
pockets are supplied with air from an annular chamber B supplied by a branch D¹
from the air pipe D which also supplies a central heating tube C like that already
described. The amount of air supplied is regulated by the screw plugs d d¹. The
vessel M is surmounted by a funnel T which is charged with the powdered fuel.
In its centre is a tube K which at its lower part has orifices through which flame
jets pass to play upon the tube C. The pockets N have lateral apertures o
supplying the jets s and other similar orifices below for generating the combustible
gas which issuing by apertures t mixes with the heated air from the nozzle H of
the heating tube C producing the intensely hot flame S that is directed on the
material I rendering it incandescent. This form of apparatus might be modified by
supplying gas from an extraneous source to the flame S as in the apparatus
described with reference to Fig. 4, the gas generated from the powdered fuel being
in that case employed solely for heating the tubes C.
Having thus described the nature of this Invention and in what manner the
same is to be performed as communicated to me by my foreign correspondent, I
claim
First. The method substantially as herein described of producing-intense-white
light by supplying a gas flame with air highly heated by separate flames applied to
the air-conduit, and directing the intense flame thus produced on lime or other
suitable material so as to render it incandescent.
Second. First. The construction of the conduit for the supply of heated air as herein
described with reference to Figs. 1, 2 and 3.
Third Second. The construction of apparatus for producing intense white light
herein described with reference to Fig. 4.
Fourth. The construction-of subdivided refractory cartridge herein described
with reference to Fig. 5.
Fifth Third. The construction of apparatus wherein powdered fuel is employed as
herein described with reference to Figs. 6 and 7.
In witness whereof I the said John Imray have hereunto set my hand
and seal this Twenty third day of November in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and eighty.
JOHN IMRAY. (L.S.)

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Imray, of No. 28, Southampton Buildings, Chancery
Lane, in the County of Middlesex, for an Invention of "IMPROVED MEANS
AND APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING INTENSE WHITE LIGHT." A communication
from abroad by Charles Clamond, Engineer, of Paris, in the French Republic.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Imray at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 24th May 1880.
JOHN IMRAY, of No. 28, Southampton Buildings, Chancery Lane, in the County
of Middlesex. "IMPROVED MEANS AND APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING INTENSE
WHITE LIGHT." [A communication from abroad by Charles Clamond, Engineer, of
Paris, in the French Republic.]
When the combustion of a material rich in carbon is sustained by oxygen an
intense white flame is produced, and when the material is of a kind like hydrogen
or carbonic oxide, that does not burn with a luminous flame, great heat is produced
by its combination with the oxygen, so that the flame directed on a refractory
substance, such as lime, renders it incandescent and causes it to evolve intense
light. These effects are not produced when the flame is supplied with atmospheric
air, a great portion of the heat being absorbed in heating the large volume of inert
nitrogen that accompanies the oxygen of the air.
This Invention relates to means and apparatus whereby a flame sustained by
atmospheric air is rendered capable of producing the luminous effects of flames
sustained by oxygen, this result being obtained by a preliminary heating to a high
temperature of the air that sustains the flame, so that little or none of the heat
evolved at the point of combustion is absorbed in heating the inert nitrogen. For
the combustion of gas in this manner the air on its way to the flame is caused to
pass through a tube of refractory material, which is heated to a high temperature
by jets of the gas playing against its external surface, and in order that the air may
be more thoroughly heated the interior of the tube is divided by partitions, having
apertures through which the air bas to pass in a zig zag manner, being sub-divided
into numerous streams directed against the heated sides of the tube. From the tube
the heated air issues through small apertures and mingles with the ignited gas,
producing a flame of intense heat, which directed on refractory material, such as
[Price 6d7

page_text: lime, causes incandescence thereof, as in the lime light. A convenient arrangement
for this purpose is to place the air tube with its internal partitions vertically with
three, four, or more heating tubes surrounding it. These heating tubes are divided
by partitions into a number of compartments, supplied respectively with gas and
with air, and having small apertures communicating with cavities, from which jets
of mingled gas and air issue by lateral holes. These jets being ignited and directed
against the sides of the central air tube heat it to a high temperature. The air
and gas are supplied to the air tube and to the heating tubes from annular chambers
above the tubes, and the heated air issuing from the bottom of the central tube
mixes with gas supplied to an annular chamber surrounding the outlet, the ignited
mixture issuing as a flame of intense heat, which is directed downwards on the
refractory material, rendering it incandescent. For the combustion of solid
carbonaceous material, such as coke dust or coal dust or pulverised charcoal, the
apparatus is arranged as follows:-The air tube is placed centrally within a funnel
shaped vessel of refractory material, which is charged with the carbonaceous
powder. This vessel has formed at its side three, four, or more pockets or cavities
that are supplied with air, and have apertures by which the air can issue in numerous
small jets among the carbonaceous material in the funnel, sustaining its combustion,
and producing flames which are directed against the central air tube. The products
of combustion from these flames escape upwards by the annular space in a chimney
or tube of refractory material surrounding the upper part of the central air tube.
The lower air jets from the side pockets also cause combustion in the body of the
carbonaceous material below the chimney, and the products of this combustion find
their way downwards to a number of small apertures annularly surrounding the
outlet from the bottom of the air tube. These products, consisting chiefly of
incombustible carbonic anhydride, in passing through the heated carbonaceous
matter become converted into combustible carbonic oxide, and this gas mixing with
the hot air from the central tube produces a flame of intense heat, which issuing
from the bottom of the funnel vessel is directed on the lime or other refractory
material, rendering it incandescent. It is of advantage to subdivide the incandescent
material into a number of separate sticks or rods, which are inserted in a block of
fire clay supported below the flame. Such a fire clay block with a number of rods
of lime or equivalent material projecting from it may, for safety of transport, be
encased in paste board or other combustible material, forming a sort of cartridge.
This cartridge being placed below the frame, its combustible casing is immediately
burnt off and the rods are rendered incandescent.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said John Imray in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 23rd November
1880.
JOHN IMRAY, of No. 28, Southampton Buildings, Chancery Lane, in the County
of Middlesex. "IMPROVED MEANS AND APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING INTENSE
WHITE LIGHT." A communication from abroad by Charles Claymond, Engineer,
of Paris, in the French Republic.
When the combustion of a material rich in carbon is sustained by oxygen an
intense white flame is produced, and when the material is of a kind like hydrogen
or carbonic oxide, that does not burn with a luminous flame, great heat is produced
by its combination with the oxygen, so that the flame directed on a refractory
substance, such as lime, renders it incandescent and causes it to evolve intense light.
These effects are not produced when the flame is supplied with atmospheric air, a
great portion of the heat being absorbed in heating the large volume of inert
nitrogen that accompanies the oxygen of the air.
This Invention relates to means and apparatus whereby a flame sustained by
atmospheric air is rendered capable of producing the luminous effects of flames
sustained by oxygen, this result being obtained by a preliminary heating to a high
temperature of the air that sustains the flame, so that little or none of the heat
evolved at the point of combustion is absorbed in heating the inert nitrogen. For
the combustion of gas in this manner the air on its way to the flame is caused to
pass through a tube of refractory material, which is heated to a high temperature
by jets of the gas playing against its external surface, and in order that the air
may be more thoroughly heated, the interior of the tube is divided by partitions,
having apertures through which the air has to pass in a zig-zag manner, being
subdivided into numerous streams directed against the heated sides of the tube.
From the tube the heated air issues through small apertures and mingles with the
ignited gas, producing a flame of intense heat, which directed on refractory material,
such as lime, causes incandescence thereof, as in the lime light. A convenient
arrangement for this purpose is to place the air tube with its internal partitions
vertically with three, four, or more heating tubes surrounding it. These heating
tubes are divided by partitions into a number of compartments supplied respectively
with gas and with air, and having small apertures communicating with cavities
from which jets of mingled gas and air issue by lateral holes. These jets being
ignited and directed against the sides of the central air tube heat it to a high
temperature. The air and gas are supplied to the air tube and to the heating tubes
from annular chambers above the tubes, and the heated air issuing from the bottom
of the central tube mixes with gas supplied to an annular chamber surrounding the
outlet, the ignited mixture issuing as a flame of intense heat, which is directed
downwards on the refractory material, rendering it incandescent. For the com-
bustion of solid carbonaceous material, such as coke dust or coal dust, or pulverised
charcoal, the apparatus is arranged as follows:-The air tube is placed centrally
within a funnel shaped vessel of refractory material, which is charged with the
carbonaceous powder. This vessel has formed at its side three, four, or more
sockets or cavities that are supplied with air, and have apertures by which the air
can issue in numerous small jets among the carbonaceous material in the funnel,
sustaining its combustion, and producing flames which are directed at the central
air tube. The products of combustion from these flames escape upwards by
the annular space in a chimney or tube of refractory material surrounding the
upper part of the central air tube. The lower air jets from the side pockets also
cause combustion in the body of the carbonaceous material below the chimney, and
the products of this combustion find their way downwards to a number of small

page_text: apertures annularly surrounding the outlet from the bottom of the air tube. These
products, consisting chiefly of incombustible carbonic anhydride, in passing through
the heated carbonaceous matter become converted into combustible carbonic oxide,
and this gas mixing with the hot air from the central tube produces a flame of
intense heat, which, issuing from the bottom of the funnel vessel, is directed on the
lime or other refractory material, rendering it incandescent. It is of advantage to
sub-divide the incandescent material into a number of separate sticks or rods,
which are inserted in a block of fire clay supported below the flame. Such a fire
clay block, with a number of rods of lime or equivalent material projecting from it,
may, for safety of transport, be encased in paste board or other combustiblo
material, forming a sort of cartridge. This cartridge being placed below the flame,
its combustible casing is immediately burnt off and the rods are rendered
donnent
Fig. 4 shews by vertical section, partly in elevation, and by sectional plan one
form of apparatus according to this Invention for producing intense white light.
Figs. 1, 2, and 3 shew to an enlarged scale the portions of the aparatus employed
for heating the air which supplies the flame. This consists of a tube C of refractory
material, into which are inserted pieces A, also of refractory material, of the form
shewn in perspective in Fig. 2. Each of these pieces rests by legs K on the
flange D of the piece below it, and has a central cavity with lateral apertures, so
that air in descending the tube is subdivided into small streams, which are several
times caused to impinge against the hot wall of the tube C, the air thus highly
heated finally issuing by orifices R at the bottom of the tube. Fig. 3 shews a
modified construction, according to which the tube itself is built up of a number of
pieces titting one upon another. Referring now to Fig. 4, C is the heating tube
around which are arranged several chambers M, each of which is divided by
horizontal partitions into a number of compartments N, having a gas tube L and
an air-tube K passing through them. Both these tubes are closed at the bottom
and are supplied at the top, the one L with gas from an annular chamber E supplied
by the pipe F, and the other K with air from an annular chamber B supplied by a
branch D from a pipe D. The tubes L and K have lateral perforations p and o,
those for the gas p being of small area, and those for the air o of larger area,
directed towards apertures s at the side of the chamber, from which apertures issue
flames m of mingled gas and air that play upon and highly heat the tube C. By
another branch D¹ from the pipe D air is supplied to the heating tube C, and the
heated air issuing from its bottom meets and mingles with gas supplied to an
annular chamber t by a pipe G from the upper gas chamber E. The refractory
mouth piece P containing the gas chamber t and receiving the heated air from C
has an aperture S through its bottom, by which issues a jet producing instense heat,
directed on the lime or other substance I, which is rendered brilliantly incandescent,
as in the lime-light. Instead of lime other highly refractory substances may be
employed, such as some metallic oxides, magnesia, or zircon. And instead of
employing a single block it is of advantage to subdivide it so as to present an
extended surface. Fig. 5 shews by vertical section, plan, and clevation in perspective,
an arrangement of the material for this purpose. Pis a cylindrical refractory piece,
having underneath a hole by which it can be mounted on the supporting rod K.
Small rods T of the lime or other material which is to be rendered incandescent,
are inserted into holes in the upper face of P. The whole may be enclosed in a
strong paper case, forming as it were a cartridge, within which the rods T are
protected. Immediately on subjecting the cartridge to the flame the paper casing
is burnt away exposing the rods T. In employing the apparatus described with
reference to Fig. 4, the gas and air should be supplied at sufficient pressure to
determine their flow through the passages, and then issue as jets from the several
orifices. The proportion in which the air is supplied may be regulated by screw

page_text: plugs d, d, varying the area of its passage by each branch. The apparatus may
obviously be inverted, the light in that case being produced at the top. When the
gas or combustible vapours employed is rich in carbon, the block of lime or other
material receiving the jet may be dispensed with, the flame itself giving a brilliant
light. Fig. 6 is a vertical section on X, C, Z, of Fig. 7, which is a sectional plan of
apparatus in which solid powdered fuel is employed. M is a vessel of refractory
material, having several pockets or compartments N formed at its sides. These
pockets are supplied with air from an annular chamber B, supplied by a branch D¹
from the air pipe D, which also supplies a central heating tube C like that already
described. The amount of air supplied is regulated by the screw plugs d, d. The
vessel M is surmounted by a funnel T, which is charged with the powdered fuel.
In its centre is a tube K, which at its lower part has orifices through which flame
jets & pass to play upon the tube C. The pockets N have lateral apertures o
supplying the jets s, and other similar orifices below for generating the combustible
gas, which, issuing by apertures t, mixes with the heated air from the nozzle H of
the heating tube C, producing the intensely hot flame S that is directed on the
material I, rendering it incandescent. This form of apparatus might be modified by
supplying gas from an extraneous source to the flame S, as in the apparatus
described with reference to Fig. 4, the gas generated from the powdered fuel being
in that case employed solely for heating the tubes C.
Having thus described the nature of this Invention and in what manner the
same is to be performed, as communicated to me by my foreign correspondent, I
claim,
First. The method, substantially as herein described, of producing intense white
light by supplying a gas flame with air highly heated by separate flames applied to
the air conduit, and directing the intense flame thus produced on lime or other
suitable material so as to render it incandescent.
Second. The construction of the conduit for the supply of heated air, as herein
described with reference to Figs. 1, 2, and 3.
Third. The construction of apparatus for producing intense white light, herein
described with reference to Fig. 4.
Fourth. The construction of subdivided refractory cartridge, herein described
with reference to Fig. 5.
Fifth. The construction of apparatus wherein powdered fuel is employed, as herein
described with reference to Figs. 6 and 7.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Imray, have hereunto set my hand
and seal, this Twenty third day of November, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and eighty.