A NEW PREPARATION OF FATTY SUBSTANCES AND THE APPLICATION THEREOF TO THE PURPOSES OF AFFORDING LIGHT
Year: 1826

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, NICHOLAS
HEGESIPPE MANICLER, of No. 102, Great Guildford Street, Southwark, in the
County of Surrey, Chemist, send greeting.
WHEREAS His present most Excellent Majesty King George the Fourth,
by His Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date nt
Westminster, the Twentieth day of March, One thousand eight hundred and
twenty-six, in the seventh year of His reign, did, for Himself, His heirs and
successors, give and grant unto me, the said Nicholas Hegesippe Manicler,
His especial licence that I, the said Nicholas Hegesippe Manicler, my exors,
aditiors, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Nicholas Hegesippe
Manicler, my exors, adñors, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times during the term of years therein
expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within
England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my Invention of
"A NEW PREPARATION OF FATTY SUBSTANCES AND THE APPLICATION THEREOF TO THE
PURPOSES OF AFFORDING LIGHT;" in which said Letters Patent is contained a
proviso, obliging me, the said Nicholas Hegesippe Manicler, by an instrument
in writing under my hand and seal, particularly to describe and ascertain the
nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed,
and to cause the same to be inrolled in His Majesty's High Court of Chancery
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said in
part recited Letters Patent, as in any by the same, reference being thereunto
had, will more fully and at large appear.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Nicholas Hegesippe Manicler, do hereby declare that my said Invention is
described and ascertained in manner following, that is to say :-
My new preparation of fatty substances consists of the most concrete and solid
matter of the fat of animals, or of tallow, when the oily and more liquid
matters are separated therefrom, by the following process:-Take four hundred
pounds of tallow or raw fat, bruised and washed clean with water, put this four
hundred pounds of tallow or raw fat, together with ten or fifteen gallons of
water into a digester or strong boiler of a suitable capacity, and which is fitted
with a close cover capable of retaining steam, the cover being also provided
with a safety valve loaded with a weight acting to press the valve down, and
keep it shut so long as the pressure is not greater than one atmosphere in
addition to the natural pressure of the atmosphere; apply fire to this digester
to melt and digest the contained tallow or fat and water, and keep up a rapid
ebulition during about six hours, then remove the fire and pour out the digested
tallow or fat from the digester, and when it is cooled to the temperature of
ninety or one hundred degress of Fahrenheit's thermometer spread out the said
tallow or fat in layers of about half an inch thick upon the middles of pieces of
close and thick woollen cloth or of felt, and then turn up all the edges or
borders of the cloths on every side over the tallow or fat, so as to wrap up and
i inclose the same in small parcels within the cloths, in the same manner as is
practiced with almonds, in order to express oil therefrom.
Having thus
wrapped up a suitable number of these parcels of tallow or fat in cloths, place
those parcels one upon another in a pile with flat plates of iron between them,
and load the pile with a weight of one thousand pounds; at the expiration of
an hour increase that weight to two thousand pounds; at the expiration of two
hours increase the weight again to three thousand pounds, and then leave the
pile of packets under that pressure for four hours. Note.-The temperature
of the air in the place where this pressing is performed must be kept up
continually to eighty or ninety degrees of Fahrenheit's thermometer, and a
part of the most oily and liquid matter of the tallow or fat will be squeezed
and pressed out through the pores of the woollen cloths in which the same is
wrapped up, leaving the more solid and concrete parts of the fatty substance
in cakes within the cloths. When the pressing with weights has continued for
six hours in the manner above stated, remove the packets from the pile and
unfold the cloths, and because the edges or borders of each cake of tallow or
fat will be found to have in a great measure escaped the pressure, cut away
the tallow or fat at those edges and spread out the same over the middles of
the flat surfaces of the cakes, and then fold them up again in the cloth

page_text: as before. Having prepared a sufficient number of such packets, pile them
up
in a strong hydrostatic press and interpose iron plates between the layers
in the same manner as is practised for expressing oil from almonds; then
subject the pile to a sufficient pressure to force and squeeze out all the re-
maining oily and liquid matter through the pores of the woollen cloth or felt in
which the parcels of tallow or fat are wrapped up. The temperature of the
air in which the second pressing is performed must always be kept up to
eighty or ninety degrees of Fabrenheit's thermometer. Note.-This second!
operation of pressing with the hydrostatic press, as well as the first pressing by.
weights, must be conducted with precaution to moderate the pressure at first,
so that the oily and liquid matter alone may pass out through the cloths and
separate itself from the concrete matter; but by degrees, as more and more of
the oily and liquid matter becomes separated, the pressure must be increased
from time to time, leaving the packets at rest for suitable intervals under each
degree of pressure, in order that the oily and liquid matter may have time to
exude through the pores of the cloths. If the pressure were applied with too
much force at first the greater part (or the whole) of the fatty substance would
squeeze through the cloths; whenever this is observed to take place the
pressing must be suspended, the packets removed from the press, and the tallow
folded up anew in the cloths, in the same manner as at first, in order to subject
it again to the pressure, which must be applied more gradually, and encreased
by degrees, as is found requisite. In this manner the liquid oily matter may
be very completely separated from the solid concrete matter; but when a very
strong pressure has been employed in order to obtain a very concrete matter,
it will also become too granular and friable in its texture to be fit for making
candles; and in order to give it the requisite tenacity and ductility, take one
hundred pounds of such fatty substance in the state in which it is unfolded
from the pressing cloths of the hydrostatic press, and melt the same with
twenty pounds of fine white bees-wax, or else instead of bees-wax take a
sufficient quantity of the purest and most colourless lintseed oil previously
boiled, and concentrated, to render it: thick and tenacious, to the consistency of
turpentine, by heating it in a suitable open vessel. over a rapid fire until an
inflammable vapour rises from the hot oil, and then the vessel being removed.
from the fire, this vapour is to be set on fire and allowed to burn with flame-
until the quantity of oil is diminished to about three-fourths of the original
quantity; the flame is, then to be extinguished by covering up the vessel, and
the oil thus concentrated being exposed for a month to the action of the air,
will become of a proper consistency to be used instead of bees-wax to give
cohesion and ductility to the concrete fatty substance. The quantity of the

page_text: said prepared lintseed oil may be at the rate of about ten pounds to every
hundred pounds of concreto fatty substance, but more or less of the said oil
(or of bees-wax) must be used, according as the fatty substance is more or
less concrete and friable, and that depends upon the kind of tallow or fat from
which it is prepared, as well as upon the degree of pressure to which it has
been subjected. After melting the concrete fatty substance with bees-wax,
or with thickened lintseed oil, as aforesaid, subject the melted mixture during
three or four days to the action of chlorine in the gazeous state (heretofore
called oxymuriatic acid gas or bleaching gas), the said gas being applied upon
the surface of the melted matter by means of a close vessel or dome cover,
which is fitted upon the vessel or boiler in which the melting is performed.
As much of the said gas should be allowed as will be equal to double the
volume of the melted matter on which it is to operate, and which must be kept
melted all the time with a gentle heat by means of steam applied in a suitable
manner to the outside of the vessel or boiler at the lower part, and the melted
matter must be stirred up from time to time in order to expose every part in
turn to the action of the gas. The said close vessel or dome cover which
contains the gas must be provided with glass windows at the upper part, and
must be so situated as to receive the day-light and admit it upon the surface
of the melted matter. And after the aforesaid operation of the gas, all odour
thereof may be removed from the fatty substance by boiling it in nearly twice
its volume of very clear water, and then add about one-tenth of the weight of
the fatty substance of newly prepared animal charcoal, and keep the mixturo
in fusion for about six hours. And, lastly, after this digestion the fatty
substance is to be filtred through woollen cloths in a place where the tempera-
turo of the air is kept up to one hundred and fifty degrees of Fahrenheit's
thermometer. The matter thus obtained is my new preparation of fatty
substances, which I call circine, and which is applicable to the purposes of
affording light when it is moulded into candles in the same manner as
tallow candles are moulded. The candle moulds should be kept at a tempera-
ture of about seventy-eight degrees of Fahrenheit's thermometer, and when the
fatty substance is melted in order to be poured into the moulds, it should first
be incorporated by pouring it out of one vessel into another and back again
several times, allowing it to fall through a height of two or three feet; and
when it appears to be ready to become set, or to begin to pass from the liquid
to the concrete state, it may be poured into the moulds. Instead of preparing
fatty substance from tallow by digesting it with water, as herein-before de-
scribed, the same results may be obtained by melting tallow in an ordinary
boiler, and adding oil of turpentine thereto, in the proportion of one part by

page_text: weight of oil of turpentine to about seven parts by weight of tallow, the
subsequent treatment of the tallow after being so melted with oil of turpentine
being the same is if it had been digested by water in the manner herein-before
described. The oil of turpentine may be recovered from the liquid oily matter
which is squeezed out during the operation of pressing by distilling the said
liquid oily matter with a gentle heat. The oily and liquid matter which is
separated from my new preparation of fatty substances may be used to burn
in lamps for common purposes, or for making of soap, and for oiling machinery,
or for other purposes for which animal oil is or may be used.
In witness whereof, I, the said Nicholas Hegesippe Manicler, have here-
unto set iny hand and seal, this Nineteenth day of September, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and twenty-six.