IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CEMENTS, PLASTIC AND PULVERISED COMPOUNDS COMBINED WITH CHEMICAL AND OTHER MATERIALS SUITABLE FOR BEING EMPLOYED IN THE PRODUCTION OF PLAIN AND ORNAMENTAL SLABS, MOULDED AND OTHER OBJECTS AND SURFACES, ARCHITECTURAL CONCRETE, AND OTHER STRUCTURES TO WHICH SUCH CEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS ARE APPLICABLE, AND IN THE MEANS AND APPARATUS EMPLOYED IN SUCH MANU- FACTURE, ALSO IN TREATING SURPACES, OBJECTS AND STRUCTURES PREPARATORY TO APPLYING SUCH CEMENTS OR COMPOUNDS, OR OTHER CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS THERETO.
Year: 1873

page_text: ETTERS PATENT. to Edwin Robbins, of Figtree House, Wedmore Street,
Holloway, in the County of Middlesex, Designer and Modeller, for
the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CEMENTS, PLASTIC
AND PULVERISED COMPOUNDS COMBINED WITH CHEMICAL AND OTHER MATERIALS
SUITABLE FOR BEING EMPLOYED IN THE PRODUCTION OF PLAIN AND ORNAMENTAL
SLABS, MOULDED AND OTHER OBJECTS AND SURFACES, ARCHITECTURAL CONCRETE,
AND OTHER STRUCTURES TO WHICH SUCH CEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS ARE
APPLICABLE, AND IN THE MEANS AND APPARATUS EMPLOYED IN SUCH MANU-
FACTURE, ALSO IN TREATING SURPACES, OBJECTS, AND STRUCTURES PREPARATORY
TO APPLYING SUCH CEMENTS OR COMPOUNDS, OR OTHER CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS
THERETO.
"
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Edwin Robbins at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
16th June 1873.

page_text: nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF
CEMENTS, PLASTIC AND PULVERIZED COMPOUNDS COMBINED WITH CHEMICAL AND
OTHER MATERIALS SUITABLE FOR BEING EMPLOYED IN THE PRODUCTION OF PLAIN AND
ORNAMENTAL SLABS, MOULDED AND OTHER OBJECTS AND SURFACES, ARCHITECTURAL
CONCRETE, AND OTHER STRUCTURES TO WHICH SUCH CEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS ARE
APPLICABLE, AND IN THE MEANS AND APPARATUS EMPLOYED IN SUCH MANUFacture,
ALSO IN TREATING SURFACES, OBJECTS, AND STRUCTURES PREPARATORY TO APPLYING
SUCH CEMENTS OR COMPOUNDS OR OTHER CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS THERETO," to bo
as follows:-
―
According to one part of my improvements I form cements and com-
positions by pulverising crude half burnt or burnt (chalk), carbonate of
lime, or baryta, strontia, magnesia, zinc white, or any other suitable.
carbonate seperately or combined with each other, or combined with
other materials of any description calcarious or argillaceous. In com-
bination with the above I employ every description of material, animal,
vegetable, or mineral.
According to my Invention I adopt the following modes of operation
by first submitting all or part of the materials I employ to suitable
treatment or preparation as follows:―
First. By drying, concentrating, or firing any crude or natural sub-
stance or material, or by submitting them to some other element, active
agent, or ingredient of similar or kindred nature, or of a dissimilar or
foreign nature before or after drying or concentrating, as may be
necessary. For example, as one illustration, I give a complete and
simple process, viz., I submit sand, gravel, silex, stonedust, glass,
marl, clay, lime, or any other such material to a solution of silicato of
Boda, potash, pure soluble silicate, gum, glue, or any of the animal,
vegetable, or mineral gums in any convenient form, proportion, or
rotation separately or combined.
I do not restrict myself to any precise proportion, as the nature of
the process and material will admit of the most diverse proportions.
When sufficiently dry or concentrated it is then ready for use.
I guage
or mix the carbonate of lime with dilute muriatic acid; take one of acid
to three of water acts well, yet I vary them as may be necessary. After
standing a sufficient time for the chemicals to act upon the limes to
render in part a chloride, I mix this together with the above prepared
gritty or other materials in proportions varying from one part of lime to
four parts of sand or other grains, or one part of lime to forty or fifty

page_text: parts of sandstone or brickdust, according to the density, quantity, and
proportions relatively of the gums, glues, silicates, bitumen, or gelatine
with oils, litterage, flake white, or any such other adhesive, binding,
animal, vegetable, or mineral gums, which are applied in any convenient
form, according to the nature of the work or article to be manufactured.
As, for example, I take first a layer of silicate, then one of gum, then
any half-formed chloride, or the chlorides as chloride of zinc or
lime; this with layers of fibrous compound or colours between the gums
(or not) as required.
Sometimes I use in place of the chlorides limes or cements seperately
or combined, or in repeated coats or layers or applied with other
materials by the same modes as represented herein to form any article.
In the same manner I also treat, submit, charge, or cover any other
description of material fibrous or otherwise, as pulp, grass, cotton,
hemp, flax, jute, cocoa-nut fibre, straw, hay, silk, wire, sawdust,
shavings, turnings (metal or wood), chalk, bone, ivory, slag, lime,
cement, clay, marl, mud, or even chemicals alone, such as require con-
centration as sulphuric acid, nitric, ascetic, carbolic and muriatic, and
others enclosed with gums, glues, or silicates in all its various forms,
i.e., I make a vehicle or vessel of each particle, which I charge or coat
with any chemical or chemicals or other matter separately or in com-
pound, covering some portion or the whole with the gums, glues, or
silicates, as desired, to suit any particular purpose in its application.
This application is unlimited, being multifarious, and universal in mode
and material, as is also the foregoing system of layers.
I here give one application for example, I saturate or treat pulverised
biscuit pottery, ballast breese, or sawdust, to a lime or its chlorides or
chloride of zinc or magnesia, which I let dry or concentrate. Then I
coat these particles by giving them a solution of gum, glue, or some
other suitable neutral mucilage as a coat or ingredient, i.e., which is
neutral in its action with the chemical by being quickly dried, and
when sufficiently dried or concentrated it is ready to be mix'd with any
kind of pulverised material, as sand, marble, or glass, which has been
previously coated with silicate and dried in the same manner. The whole
of these materials in compounds has the character of sand in appearance,
and can be run into a mould or otherwise used in a dry state with or
without pressure, and indurated while under pressure by the natural
absorption of water or with the use of the air pump to withdraw the

page_text: air, to render the mass of cement more absorbent, or to draw the water
into the mass direct. For example, again I treat or submit any kind of
material, chemical or otherwise, to that of any other, i.e., I mix, charge,
coat, immerse, or otherwise impregnate any one material with that of
another or others, in any desired form or relation, then I dry, concen-
trate, or temporarily fix such materials as colours to any degree as may
be desired for the working with other additional mixtures for further or
subsequent operations or application.
As for another example, I take silicate of soda or potash or pure
soluble silicate, with or without colour, mixed with any transparent or
translucent material, as pure silicate, precipitate and magnesia, or
· sulphate of baryta, sulphate of alumina with a small per centage of
sulphate of lime (as from one to five per cent.), or any white oxide
with other white material of a suitable translucent or transparent or
binding nature with the silicate, will form good cements or compound,
separately or in combination, of the several powders when treated as
above represented. Or I mix them again with the carbonate of lime, as
before treated, or otherwise, i.e., as by grinding or firing them when
mixed and guaging them with the acids muriatic in solution, thus to
form several good translucent waterproof cements. Again, by reducing
these mixtures to a kind of sand in process of manufacture, or mixing
any given colour, which I again employ as a sand in the above cements,
with such other particles containing chemicals in suspension (or other-
wise), more or less firmly, and in proportion, according to its nature or
volume; and so in accordance I use the various other materials or
mixtures prepared ready for application, as limes, cements, and with
these in some cases I use oil, mastio, varnish, paraffin, benzine, borax,
glycerine, or any other suitable material, as glass, or mica in ether, or
alcohol to give a translucent or transparent effect. I do not mean
that it is necessary to employ the whole of these to form one cement,
but by employing the various materials to obtain the various cements
with the carbonate of lime, and by varying the materials and the pro-
portions to obtain various effects (in colour or cast, density, transpa-
rency, durability, weather-proof, and other qualities, as toughness or as
may be required for the various purposes to which it can be employ'd.
As for example, the more or less the lime is rendered a chloride or in
proportion to the density or quality or kind of silicate used, so will
depend its transparency; this also depends upon the amount of grinding,

page_text: firing, rotation of mixing or applying. For example, I take one of
magnesia, two chloride of lime, four carbonate of lime; this will form
a good cement, but opaque; take the same materials or proportions, if
well ground, when guag'd it becomes more transparent in itself or with
the silicates; but by applying the oils or gums before applying the
silicate it becomes still more transparent by impeding or obstructing
the chemical action of the lime upon the silicates.
According to another example I take carbonate of lime with a five
per cent. of sulphate of lime, and ten or twenty per cent. chloride of
lime (one or both), baryta and zinc with magnesia, or any suitable oxide
or sulphide, or alumina, as alum, potter's, chinese (or other clays), or
any other such suitable materials in a crude state, half burnt or burnt,
which I mix together in grinding, or burnt together, or in any other
desired form, as by guaging, or simply by mixing in a revolving chamber
with hydrochloric acid (dilute muriatic), this will form a translucent
cement in accordance with my improvements; this can also be guaged
or mixed in any desired form or proportion with other acids and alkalies,
separately or combined one with the other in any desired form, or in
compound with other materials, including silicate, glues or gums, in.
either case forming hydraulic cements, white or any other colour.
I do not use the sulphate of lime or the acids in the manner described
in the Specification of a Patent granted to Major-General Scott, dated
the 26th of April 1870, No. 1205, in the selenetic limes, but only as
applied in the process herein described, and in combination with limes and
other materials. As for example chlorides and silicates and others to
produce other effects than that of the selenetic limes purely. I can also
use the selenitic lime with the above represented materials, compounds,
& processes to great advantage, much improving the hydraulic and
several other qualities of that most excellent cement.
According to another example I take any of the materials above
referred to so prepared to form cement as previously described in a dry
or concentrated form; then I take some porous interstitial absorbent
material, as brickdust, stonedust, pottery biscuit, or sawdust, which I
saturate with water or mix with other ingredients, chemical or other
solutions, as may be required, which I mix in proper proportions with
the dry or concentrated preparation previously described, when it is
fit for use, but being of a loose character it will require hand or other

page_text: pressure to bring it within the reach of the power of affinity, creating a
quick or slow, double or manifold action, chemical or physical, to
indurate while under such pressure. By this process and that of coating
the chemically charged particles I can facilitate or impede indefinitely
by chemical contact or impulse the induration, petrifaction (or reaction)
by the relative quantity of water or other solutions, kind of chemicals,
manner of combination, amount of pressure, heat or vapour, or by the
use (short or prolonged, or by a proper mixer, such as a barrel, cylinder,
or revolving chamber herein-after described, such barrel or cylinder, and
by the above means of commingling the materials, it becomes more
thoroughly incorporating, and thus insures its most complete success
in every particular concretion, induration, and petrifaction. As the
chemicals are thus evenly and thoroughly divided and mixed this,
coupled with the natural penetrative quality of water, renders it more
certain of all parts being more equally treated, consequently more
warrantable and substantial by the absorbent quality of the article in
itself; by using water alone it is thorough even in moderate sized articles,
but by the use of the air pump it is sure in a mass of almost any
dimension, being quicker in penetrating, the water will pervade the
whole mass before the gums, glues, or silicates have time to dissolve or
impede the course of the water through the work. Thus I produce a
work of the most insoluble kind (impossible to such a degree by other
than this or some dry process of mixing), as aluminated silicate of potash
and soda, lime, and other substances.
Here again I am not confined to one proportion, but varying, as
its petrifaction may be required, quick or slow, if required to set slow,
as for example, I use one of alum or lime to one hundred of silicate,
this again being divided by four of sand to one of silicate to further
impede its setting.
By the above means I obtain the power of fixing colours in juxta-
position within the separate particles, relays, or separate layers, and thus
protecting them from the destructive caustic properties of the limes or
the power to cause re-action with the use of suitable ingredients, as sul-
phuric acid, glycerine, oils, and gums, and such systems also enable me
to use some of the most volatile or megrative colours by being so
enclosed, encased, and protected.
I also coat or otherwise treat fibres, wirework, netting, webbing, iron,
ironwork, wood, woodwork, brick, tiles, stone, cement-work, paper, or

page_text: any other description of surface or body with a solution of the gums,
glues, silicates, & oils, or any kind of paint, bitumen, tar, asphalte, or
any other kind of glutinous or adhesive binding substance, as linseed,
jelly, oil, and litterage, or flake white. With any of the above I use
sand, fibres, and other materials, worked, thrown, or scattered, or by any
means charged or deposited into, on, or about such surfaces or body,
allowing such materials to become fixed temporarily or set before applying
the above described or other cements or compositions, thus rendering the
whole work or structure more homogeneous and completely monolithic
by continous lamanating tension bond by complete, entire, incor-
porated amalgamation, and thorough indurating petrifaction.
example, I take a piece of ironwork or other surface clean from the
forge, or even polished or galvanised. This I coat with gums, glues, or
silicate, so to become temporarily fixed by drying. This being charged
with the fibres, sand, or other materials, which has been previously
treated with the gums, glues, or silicates, as above, or not, as required
before rough casting the same to the ironwork, then when temporarily
set by drying it is received or cast with the cement, concrete, or compo-
sition, or compound, as before represented, thus the iron becomes
protected from oxidation, and thereby retains the original strength of
the iron, or a maximum strength of the iron & cement combined; but
in some cases I first oxidise the iron by means of any suitable salt
solution, as muriatic, nitric, or other acids, as muriate ammonia. Upon
or over this I apply the gums, glues, and silicates with oil, literage, flake
white, or other binders or pulverised ingredients and fibres. I use in
this case also any other suitable adhesive binding material, as bitumen,
tar, or pitch, charged as above with sand, fibres, canvas, paper, cements,
or otherwise roughened to form a key for a body or finishing cements.
I form many various kinds of cements from the materials prepared by
the methods above (represented) described, which I apply in thin coats
or layers of the most dissimilar or opposite character, or otherwise that
of the greatest affinity to form any architectural or other object. Or I
use any cement or composition in general use separately or in combina-
tion with the cements and compositions as above (described) by any
suitable or appropriate means of compounding or combining them. As,
for example, I take a sheet of paper a fine or coarse fibrous, or other
slab, plain or ornamental pattern, deep or shallow, filleted, grooved, cor-
rugated, zig-zag, perforated, tubular, cast, or otherwise shaped, as may

page_text: be desired, to give strength and lightness, or for other purposes, the paper
and other slabs to be of my own special manufacture by preference (or
otherwise), i.e., slabs, plates, or sheets composed of pulp or any of the
above materials combined, or wire, paper, canvas, wood, or other fibrous
materials, soft and pliable, or even plastic, or when set and rigid as slabs,
which I saturate or coat with silicate, gum, or glue, and other materials
as before represented, and roughened with sand and fibrous rough cast,
to be before or afterwards cemented and finished, laid, or otherwise
worked in any desired form to house building or other structures, tiling,
slabing, flooring, roofing, paving, or covering for roads, for making doors,
furniture, fittings, wall surfaces, plain, flat tints, marbled, or otherwise
decorated at the works or building in permanent position to walls,
ceilings, or otherwise. Also, by the use of floss silk, and other fibres, as
described in the Specification of Letters Patent granted to me dated 6th
of January 1869, No. 41, and which I now claim in combination with
the special applications, system, and materials herein previously
described.
According to my present improvements I claim the application of the
fibrous or floss silk process of veining, decorating, or otherwis covering
the common walls or other surfaces of ordinary buildings, fittings, and
furniture, and with the above materials, with or without first indurating
or otherwise preparing such surface with the same or other materials, and
drawing such decoration into the surface of the slab or article by means
of the air exhaust.
I also protect wood, stone, iron, and other similar surfaces by indu-
rating, covering, working, and finishing in the same or a similar manner.
But, in case of its application to wood, I sometimes exhaust the sap,
high dry, or even fire the outsides, then impregnate the same with some
indurating or preserving ingredient, a salt or acid, as alum, a chloride,
or otherwise, then to proceed in covering and finishing, as in the case of
iron, as represented above, so to manufacture (or form) any object.
I also claim the use and application of enamels, fixed or not in position
on walls, ceilings, or floors, the aluminate cement being of a quality to
withstand the heat of firing for dissolving or vitrifing the enamels.
I also claim the use and application of varnishes, oil, paint, distemper
and dyes with the above described cements, compositions, and the floss
silk system.

page_text: According to another part of my improvements I employ a revolving
double chamber for mixing the cements and concretes or compositions,
which shall be of any size, varying as required for large or small
quantities, by forming one chamber within another. The central
chamber within the larger chamber is formed with revolving staves or or
any suitable opening and closing apparatus as a double perforated small
barrel or other chamber revolving one within the other, or one chamber
working by a sliding action with another as a central chamber, or by
other suitable mechanism arranged to hold, release, or discharge the
materials at will or pleasure by a centrefugal action into the larger
chamber. The weight being thus at first centred upon the spindle it will
not require much power to set and keep it in motion, hand-power being
sufficient in the ordinary use of the machine, steam or other power only
being required when much mixing or grinding may be required or where
necessary, or a cartload at the time.
This machine may be made of wood and iron, combined with the
cements, and lined with either of the same or with pottery or other
suitable materials bedded in or otherwise fixed. For example, the outer
or larger chamber may be formed with staves adjusted by slots or screws
or otherwise fixed or refixed in suitable framing with blocks or other

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Edwin Robbins in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 16th December 1873.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, EDWIN
ROBBINS, of Figtree House, Wedmore Street, Holloway, in the County
of Middlesex, Designer and Modeller, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Sixteenth day of June, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-three, in the thirty-
sixth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said Edwin Robbins, Her special
license that I, the said Edward Robbins, my executors, administrators,
and assigns, or such others as I, the said Edwin Robbins, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with
and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during
the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "Iμ-
PROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CEMENTS, PLASTIC AND PULVERIZED COM-
POUNDS COMBINED WITH CHEMICAL AND OTHER MATERIALS SUITABLE FOR BEING
EMPLOYED IN THE PRODUCTION OF PLAIN AND ORNAMENTAL SLABS, MOULDED AND
OTHER OBJECTS AND SURFACES, ARCHITECTURAL CONCRETE AND OTHER STRUCTURES TO
WHICH SUCH CEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS ARE APPLICABLE, AND IN THE MEANS AND
APPARATUS EMPLOYED IN SUCH MANUFACTURE, ALSO IN TREATING SURFACES,
OBJECTS, AND STRUCTURES PREPARATORY TO APPLYING SUCH CEMENTS OR COMPOUNDS
OR OTHER CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS THERETO," upon the condition (amongst
others) that I, the said Edwin Robbins, my executors or adminis-
trators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of
their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be
performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of
the said Letters Patent.

page_text: is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement thereof, that is to say :-
According to one part of my improvements I form cements and
compositions by pulverizing crude half burnt or burnt chalk or other
carbonate of lime, baryta, strontia, zinc white or any suitable carbonate
separately or combined with each other or combined with other materials
of any description, calcareous or argillaceous; in combination with the
above I employ every description of material, animal, vegetable, or
mineral. The half formed chlorides, that is, one part chloride and one
part carbonate of lime with a per-centage of sulphuric acid, borax, sulphate
of lime, sulphate or carbonate of baryta, and boracic acid will form a
strong binding material suitable for some kinds of inside work only, not
being hydraulic, but by the addition of an oxide or an aluminato as zinc,
magnesia, clay, or any argillaceous earth or other materials and cements,
it becomes an hydraulic composition by the chemical change or com-
bination of the chlorides and carbonates through these, and the medium
of the following system of compounding, applying, and compressing, and
in the concentrated pulverized and pulverescent forms of mixing and
after indurating, fixing, or partially fixing as herein described, the
chemical change will only take place with the calcareous and argillaceous
limes, the sulphates or other materials when required.
The above described combination may also be employed with the
addition of gums, glues, and silicates as herein-after described. In
proof that no decided proportions are absolutely required is that a
complete chemical change does not take place immediately in many,
instances by reason of the materials not being liquid or even plastic,
thereby not coming in contact before the mass becomes fixed or set,
thus precluding the possibility of correctly ascertaining the process of
the definite chemical action, yet many materials wrought into an article
by these methods will produce good hydraulic and other compounds at
once. Most of these improved cements improve with time by the slow
natural chemical action of the caustic lime alkalies and acids upon the
sand, silica, and other materials by after saturation in water or by the
action of the damp atmosphere.
In the case of the hydraulic compounds most of the salts which are
not taken up by the other ingredients and remain in a free state are
insoluble in water alone, thus forming a dense netrified hydraulie mass.

page_text: Perishable materials may be employed with the imperishable by this
process to a greater extent than by any other method yet employed,
the perishable being protected by the imperishable by this system of
indurating and covering wood and other bodies. Also by using such
and similar kinds of perishable materials in particles, grains, or in other
forms as ingredients, in mixing for the above reasons it is unnecessary to
symbolize these compounds or to give their equivalents, thus avoiding
an immense amount of labour in compiling an extensive chemical work
which the whole process would involve, and to describe every kind of
material, and the compounds thus obtained is in reality the labour of a
generation.
According to my Invention I adopt the following mode of operation
by first submitting all or part (or in divisions) of the materials (or
subdivisions). I employ suitable modes of treatment or preparatory
processes as follows:-
First. By drying, concentrating, or firing any crude or natural
substances or materials, or by submitting them to some other element,
active agent, or ingredient of similar or kindred or of dissimalar
or foreign nature before or after drying or concentrating as may be
necessary. For example, as one illustration I give a complete and
simple process (viz.), I submit sand, gravel, silex, stone, stonedust, glass,
marl, clay, lime, or any other material to a solution of silicate of soda or
potash, pure soluble silicate, gum, glue, or any of the animal, vegetable,
or mineral gums in any convenient form, proportion, or rotation
I do not restrict myself to any precise
separately or combined.
proportion as the nature of the process and material will admit of the
most indefinite and diverse proportions; the various kinds of materials
that can be employed in one composition are multifarious, therefore it is
also unnecessary to prescribe a limit in all instances, the system admitting
of so much diversion, therefore admitting of or suited to much display
and almost any requirement, but for simplicity and cheapness, in most
instances, I confine them to as few materials as possible as herein-after
described, yet forming good hydraulic compositions. For example, I
guage or mix the carbonate of lime with diluted muriatic acid, I take
one part acid and three parts water, this acts well, yet I vary them as
may be necessary after standing a sufficient time for the chemicals to
act upon the lime to render it in part a chloride, or in some cases I use
the chlorinated lime, in some cases also I mix either of these together

page_text: or separately with the above prepared gritty or other materials in
proportions varying from one part of lime to four parts of sand or other
grains, or one part of lime to 40 or 50 parts more or less of sand-
stone or brick dust, and other grains, according to the density, quality,
and proportions relatively of the gums, glues, silicates, bitumen, or
gelatine with or without oils, litharge, or other pigments, as india red,
chalk, sienna, bister, plumbago, black oxide of manganese, flake white,
or any such other adhesive binding ingredients, animal, vegetable, or
mineral gums, according to color or other effects required, which
can be applied in any convenient form according to the nature of the
work or article to be manufactured. As for example I take first a layer
of silicate, then one of gum, then any half formed chloride or the
chlorides (as chlorides of zinc or lime), this with layers of fibrous
compounds or colors between the layers of gum (or not) as required.
Sometimes I use in place of the chloride, limes, or cements separately or
combined or in repeated coats or layers, or applied with other materials
by the same mode as herein described to form any article in the same
manner. I also treat, submit, charge, or cover any other description of
material, fibrous or otherwise, as pulp, cotton, hemp, flax, jute, cocoa nut
fibre, straw, hay, silk, wire, sawdust, shavings, turnings (metal or wood),
granite, marble (fired or not), chalk, bone, ivory, slag, lime, cement,
clay, marl, mud, debris, or even chemicals alone, such as require
concentration, as sulphuric acid, nitric, acetic, carbonic, muriatic and
others coated or combined with gum, glue, or silicates in all its various
forms (i.e.), I make a vehicle or vessel of each particle which I charge
or coat with any chemical or chemicals, or other matter separately or in
compound, covering some portion or the whole of such particles with
the gums, glues, or silicates as desired to suit any particular purpose in
its composition or application. This application is unlimited being
multifarious and universal in mode and material, as is also the foregoing
system of layers, or the two systems in any form of union.
I here give one mode of application, for example, I saturate or
treat pulverized "biscuit pottery," ballast breeze, or sawdust to a
solution of lime or its chlorides, or chloride of zinc or magnesia,
which I leave to dry or concentrate. Then I coat these particles
by giving them a solution of gum, glue, or some other suitable neutral
mucilage as a coat or ingredient (i.e.) which is neutral in its action
with the chemicals by being quickly dried, and when sufficiently dried

page_text: or concentrated it is ready to be mixed with any kind of pulverized
material, as sand, marble, or glass, which has been previously coated
with silicate, or with gums, and dried in the same manner. The whole
of these materials in compounds have the character of sand in
appearance, and can be run, forced, or drawn with or without cements {
or other ingredients into a mould or other form by means of an air
pump or otherwise, and used in a dry, plastic, semi-plastic, or other
state with or without pressure, and indurated while under pressure
by the natural absorption of water, or with the use of an air pump
to withdraw the air to render the mass of cement more absorbent,
or to draw the water into the mass direct. For example, again, I
heat or submit any kind of material chemical or otherwise to that
of any other (i.e.), I mix, charge, coat, immerse, or otherwise
impregnate any one material with that of any other or others in any
desired form or relation. Then I dry, concentrate, or temporarily fix :
such materials or colours to any degree, as may be desired, for the
working with other additional mixtures for further or subsequent
operation or application.
In any of my present improved processes I do not employ the water
in any form as a solution of silicate of soda with the indurating or 2
petrifying materials in the process of guaging, I use it only in the
many preparations previous to guaging, and applying, as the mode
of applying the silicates in solution is not a proper system to success-
fully incorporate or compound such ingredients practically, therefore
I use it only in its many preparations for finally guaging or applying a
either in a dry pulverescent or stiff plastic form. I employ particles
of silica in a dry or concentrated form with other ingredients, as the
natural or artificial silicates, as silicate of soda, silicate of potash,
Farnham earth, silicate precipitate, pure, soluble, silicate silex, or
siliceous material, as quartz, mica, and others with cements, limes, a
or other materials of a caustic or alkaline quality or nature, or other
materials that possess the property of creating a chemical action to
indurate or petrify upon the application of water alone or combined
with other solutions, and with heat or vapour (thus the silicate) for
incorporation with the above particles of silicates and other ingredients
which can be afterwards submitted to heat or vapour, or not, as
required. I use the solution of silicates to incorporate in particles
the compounds of many various neutral materials, or such that are

page_text: partly so, or those that are slow in their chemical action with the
silicates, as the oxides of zinc, magnesia, iron, and others of this
kind; also with sand, chalk, flake white, litharge clay, and others,
as biscuit, ballast breeze, pottery, or any burnt material of this kind;
or I employ sawdust, turnings of wood, cocoa nut or other fibres,
or any natural or artificial material of a neutral quality, animal,
vegetable, or mineral, choosing those of a porous nature by preference
of the above class to form a better combination, and for the same
purpose.
As neutral ingredients I use paraffine, or the gums, glues, oils, and
other glutinous or mucilaginous materials. For example, again, I
take ballast debris, breeze, shingle, sand, or any kind of grit or
particles (or the surface of any object or material) which I heat or
mix with lime, Portland cement, or others, and materials of a similar
kind with or without blood, cowdung, or other binding refuse, gums,
glues, or silicates with sulphate of baryta, or any matters that will
become fixed and set to these particles or surfaces forming an insoluble
key, so as to assist in holding or binding hereafter in the last process
of mixing, guaging, using, or applying other materials thereto or
therewith. Thus, by allowing the particles of cement to set upon
the grains of grit (as would be the case with the Portland cement
and others) cowdung, silicate, and sulphate of baryta, oxide of zinc,
silicate and chloride of lime, and the acids, by exposure to the atmo-
sphere in proportions for which it has a natural affinity, thus forming
partially or wholly an insoluble granulated incrustation, binding the
particles in small clusters, leaving in some cases when required some
free salts (as salts of lime) which if submitted to the silicates again
where the Portland and lime, as lias lime, is only used it forms an
insoluble silicate of lime and alumina.
By the process herein described for compounding the cements with
the silicates a greater per-centage of the cements, limes, aluminates,
sulphate of alumina, or other sulphates can be employed, or even other
oxides, salts, alkalies, and earths in the most indefinite proportions
than is possible by the ordinary process of working those siliceous
materials, also a greater quantity of the acids and other salts can be
employed with the cements, as Portland cement, selenotic limes, and
other compounds; these acids and alkalies can be applied in a dry
state or otherwise in the progress of mixing or guaging in any desired

page_text: quantity so to fix or neutralize each other, or to solidify, petrify, and
prevent efflorescence; or I grind the above prepared silicated materials
with any of the above, as Portland cement, selenetic and other limes,
as plaster of Paris; or I grind the prepared silicated materials with
any of the earths or other materials, fired or otherwise.
I employ silica, artificial and natural, combined with other materials,
as above described, in their many various preparations, holding the silica
in suspension as a slow soluble silicate, the rapid chemical action with
the caustic or alkaline earths or other petrifying ingredients, as the
aluminates or sulphate of alumina and potash, or any form of potash,
soda, or soda ash, as carbonates, sulphates, or otherwise, with the Farnham
earths, as above combined or concentrated, thus to enable any practical
mechanic to apply it to general purposes, as plain, ornamental, or
decorative plastering, constructing of houses, or other manufacture, as
herein described, with chalk, sand, ballast, and other grains of its kind
with cements or lime and materials of its kind, which I use with the
greatest variation in kind and proportions; and what I claim in relation
to the above is, that I hold the caustic or alkaline earths, or caustic and
alkaline ingredients, carbonate, or acids, or alkalies, as above described,
or other indurating chemicals in suspension with silica or materials of
a neutral quality or other nature, natural or artificial, and of a porous
nature, by preference where "key" or holding is required, and those
even combined or enclosed with the soluble gums and glues or not as
required for plastering, as above referred to.
For finishing and polishing metal, wood, stone, cement, and other
surfaces I first treat such surfaces to some indurating ingredient, as
paraffine, petroleum, silicate, pure or in compound with gums, petroleum
or other oils, as boiled oil, with or without oxide of zinc, black oxide of
manganese, and others, as before described, which I leave to dry by
preference when I give it a coat of silicate and oxide of zinc and
magnesia sulphate, carbonate of baryta, precipitated or other chalks or
limes, or similar materials, separately or combined with the chlorides
or others, as may be required for indurating stone, cements for
weatherproof, and other purposes. When set I stone it down and polish
it or otherwise work or finish it off. Buhl work, in wood, metal, stone,
or cements, I treat in the same or in a similar manner, and fill in with
the cements and compositions.

page_text: I sometimes amalgamate with silica any of the cements, limes, or
other materials of a caustic alkaline property of an indurating quality,
with or without colouring pigments or other colouring matter; this I
form into grains or particles, globular, angular, or other shape, by sifting,
grinding, or otherwise working, to form various characters or kinds of
sand; this I again amalgamate with other grains of silicate, as silica
pure and in compound with materials of a non-petrifying nature, and
when thoroughly mixed, either in a dry pulverescent or plastic state, I
apply it to plastering or other purposes with or without further addition
of water if for tombs, tablets, and other articles that are worked,
moulded, or pressed in composition, and such that are intended to be
decorated with incised work, and if this should be any wise porous it
must be stopped with a material the same colour of the ground work
first, and faced, or partially faced at least, when required to produce
pure or clean colours, or as black and white. For example, if the
ground is white all parts should be well stopped with the same kind
of white and nicely faced for polishing, and before filling in the black
incisions the whole surface should be covered with a light grey tint of
the same as the surface, silicious or otherwise, as the case may be, to
keep the black out of the face when this coat is set, the black is then
filled in, and when that is set it is ready to stone down to the grey coat;
it is then stopped with black and when set it is stoned again until the
black incised work has a good surface, when the whole surface is carefully
stoned with fine stones until the coat of grey is removed, when it is all
ready for polishing together. But for rough purposes as may be required
to be fixed at a distance from the eye I press or work the sinkings or
other forms in the surface of any article; for example, if black, before
it is set I give the whole surface a solution of silicate and black oxide of
manganese or other black, scattering the manganese evenly over the
surface in sufficient quantity to take up with the whole of the silicate,
then repeat the pressure in force, then immediately set the surface only
with a slight quantity of a dilute solution of a chloride or other materials
that will set the face slightly in depth, or otherwise, as may be required
to keep other colours out of the surface. To prevent discoloration of
the ground the chloride can be applied with a saturated cloth and pressed
to the work covering the whole, only leaving the sinkings still in a
plastic state, which I fill in with a similar material, white or any other
color, when the whole is set together and all stoned down at once. I
face it and polish it with the colourless silicate gums, glues, oils, or other

page_text: specially made so with sulphuric acid and other suitable petrifying
ingredients or solutions so as to leave a clean surface showing up the
colours, or as may be required for other purposes, or to give a thin
varnish, enamel, or coat in casting from a surface or when otherwise
applied.
I sometimes coat those particles as above referred to as when required
to set in a similar manner with sulphur, resin, petroleum, shellac,
asphalte, bitumen, with sulphate of lime, and similar other materials,
which require to be dissolved by heat, spirits, or other solvents, and
when so treated I gauge, mix, or use in the same or similar manner or
by any other appropriate means. Or I submit in a similar manner these
particles or surfaces to the finished coaguline or isinglass, or other glues in
diluted acetic acid, flake white, litharge, or other temporary binder. Also
I treat or compound the gums in a similar manner with calomel, chloride
of zinc, or other materials which have a similar action in temporarily
binding, as do also the silicates with the oxide of zinc, baryta, whitning,
and similar ingredients, which become fixed with the silicates, but not
to set, or at least will take much time in its petrification the whole of
these three last compounds, as, for instance, the gums, glues, and
silicates can be worked separately or in combination for the same
purpose of forming a slow dissolving material in order to give time for
working the same, and in proportion as time is required for its use so
must its various proportions be regulated both in the coating in finished
mixing for application to form any object. For example, if the cement
is required to set quick, I increase in quantity or strength the chloride of
zinc, lime, or its chlorides, but if desired to prolong the chemical change
or impede its setting properties or qualities I take the chloride of
magnesia and similar materials that will effect the same object, or I
apply them wholly in a semi-plastic pulverescent form, as before
described in reference to gritty and other particles and surfaces treated
simply with the gums, glues, and silicates, only here I use to great
advantage the oxide of zinc and other similar materials incorporated
with the silicates, glues, and gums as before, or even in a loose, free, or
separate condition intermingled with the concentrated caustic chlorides,
limes, cements, or other similar indurating ingredients as alum. Or I
use alum and other materials in a free and separate condition in the
same manner as the zinc and others of a similar indurating action.

page_text: As for another example, I take silicate of soda, or potash, or pure
soluble silicate, with or without colour, mixed with any transparent or
translucent material or others which become translucent when com-
pounded with the silicates as pure silicate precipitate and magnesia
sulphate, or carbonate of baryta, or sulphate of alumina, with a small
percentage of sulphate of lime, as, for instance, from one to five per
cent., or any white oxide with other white material of a suitable
translucent or transparent, or binding nature, which with the silicate
will form good cements or compound separately or in combination of the
several powders when treated as above described. Or I mix them again
with the carbonate of lime as before treated, or otherwise (i.e.) by
grinding or firing them when mixed and gauging them with the acids,
sulphuric, muriatic, or boracic in solution, so as to form several good
translucent waterproof cements.
Again, by reducing these mixtures to a kind of sand in process of
manufacture, or by mixing any given colour which I again employ as a
sand in the above cement with such other particles containing chemicals
in suspension (or otherwise) more or less firmly and in proportions
according to its nature or volume, and so in accordance I use also
various other materials or mixtures prepared ready for application as
limes, cements, and with these, in some cases, I use oil petroleum,
mastic varnish, paraffin, benzine, borax, glycerine, and starch, or any
other suitable material as glass or as mica, in ether or alcohol, or other
medium to give a translucent or transparent effect. I do not assert that
it is necessary to employ the whole of these ingredients to form one
cement, but by employing the various materials with my improved
systems of concentrating and compounding to obtain the many various
cements with the carbonate of lime, and by varying the materials and
the proportions to obtain various effects in colour and caste, density,
transparency, durability, weatherproof, and other qualities as toughness,
or as may be required for the various purposes to which such cements
can be applied and finished. As, for example, the more or less the lime
is rendered a chloride or in proportion to the density, quality, or kind of
silicate used, so will depend its transparency. This latter quality also
depends upon the amount of grinding, firing, rotation of mixing, and
applying. For example, I take one part of oxide of magnesia, two
parts of chloride of lime, four parts carbonate of lime or magnesia,
these will form a good cement but opaque, but if I take the same
B 2

page_text: materials and proportions when well ground and gauged it becomes
more transparent in itself or with the silicate, but by applying the oils
or gums or similar materials before applying the silicate it becomes still
more transparent by impeding or partially obstructing the immediate
chemical action of the lime upon the silicate.
According to another example I take carbonate of lime with five per
cent. of sulphate of lime and ten or even twenty per cent. of chloride of
lime (one or both), baryta, and zinc, with magnesia or any suitable
oxide or sulphate, as, for instance, sulphate of alumina, potters', chinese,
or other clays, or sulphate of alumina and potass, or any other such
suitable material in a crude state, half burnt or burnt, which I mix
together in grinding or burnt together, or in any other desired form as
by gauging or simply by mixing in a revolving chamber with diluted
muriatic acid. This combination will form a translucent cement in
accordance with my improvements, and can also be gauged or mixed in
any form or proportion with other acids and alkalis separately or
combined one with another in any other desired form or in compound
with other materials, including glues or gums, in either case forming
hydraulic cements, white or any other color.
I would remark that I do not use the sulphate of lime or the acids in
the manner described in the Specification of a Patent granted to Major-
General Scott, dated the 26th of April 1870, No. 1205, in the selenetic
limes, but only as applied in the process herein described, and in com-
bination with limes and the many other various materials and change of
intervals of intermingling with the other systems and machinery for
compounding, as also its application to any kind of manufacture. As
for example with chlorides and silicates and others to produce other
effects than that of the selenetic limes purely.
According to my improvements I can also use the selenetic limes
with the above described materials, compounds, and processes to great
advantage, thereby much improving the hydraulic and several other
qualities of that most excellent cement.
According to another example I take any of the materials above
referred to prepared to form cement as previously described in a dry or
concentrated form%3 then I take some porous interstitial absorbent
material, such as brickdust, stonedust, "pottery biscuit," or sawdust,
which I saturate with water or mix with other ingredients, chemical or

page_text: other solutions, as may be required, which I mix in proper proportions
with the dry or concentrated preparation previously described, when it is
fit for use, but being of a loose character it will require hand or other
pressure to bring it within the reach of the power of affinity, creating a
rapid or slow, double or manifold action, chemical or physical, and so to
indurate when under such pressure by heat, vapour, water, or other
medium. By this improved process and that of coating the chemically
charged particles I can facilitate or impede indefinitely by chemical
contact or impulse the induration, petrifaction (or reaction) by the
relative quantity of water or other solution, kind of chemicals, manner
of combination, amount of pressure, heat or vapour, or by a suitable
mixing machine or apparatus for shortening or prolonging the operation,
such as a revolving barrel, cylinder, or revolving chamber herein-after
described (such barrel or cylinder), and by the above means of com-
mingling the materials it becomes more thoroughly incorporated, and
thus ensures its most complete success in every particular of concretion,
induration, and petrifaction; as the chemicals are thus evenly and
thoroughly divided and mixed together with the natural penetrative
quality of water renders it more certain of all parts being equally
treated, consequently more warrantable and substantial. By using
water alone the compound is thoroughly indurated, even in moderate
sized articles, but by the use of an air pump it is effective in a mass of
almost any dimensions, being quicker in penetrating, as the water will
pervade the whole mass before the gums, glues, or silicates have time to
dissolve or expand to impede the course of the water through the work
or object so compounded and constructed. In this manner in accordance
with my improvements I can produce a work or compound of the most
insoluble kind, which it is impossible to effect to such a degree by any
other than this or some dry process of mixing, such as aluminated
silicate, silicate of potash, and soda lime and other substances combined
in one.

page_text: or magnesia with or without limes for fresco painting and other purposes
so as to enable a painter to complete a whole picture of any dimensions
or kind occupying much time, and when that or any other work, such
as "sgraffite," bas-relief, or other model; when complete it can be
indurated in a few hours more or less at pleasure.
By the means above described I obtain the power of fixing colours in
juxtaposition within the separate particles, relays, or separate layers, and
thus protect them from the destructive caustic properties of the limes or
the power to cause reaction with the use of suitable ingredients, as for
instance, sulphuric acid with or without glycerine oils or gums, and
such systems also enable me to use some of the most volatile or
migrative colours by being first fixed on or in cements so enclosed,
encased, and protected, or I use colours that have been fired. I also
coat or otherwise treat in the same or similar manner fibres, wirework,
netting, webbing, iron, ironwork, wood, woodwork, brick, tiles, stone,
cement-work, paper, or any other description of surface or body with a
cement and colour or a solution of the gums, glues, silicates, and oils, or
any kind of paint, bitumen, tar, asphalte, or any other kind of glutinous
or otherwise binding substances, as for instance linseed, jelly, oil, and
litharge, or flake white; with any of the above I use sand, fibres, and
any other materials worked, thrown, or scattered, or by any means
charged or deposited as by pressure to force the coarse shingle or other
materials partially or bodily into or about such surfaces or body, allowing
such materials to become fixed temporarily or set before applying the
above described or other cements or compositions, thus rendering as by
a continuous number of dowels the whole work or structure more homo-
geneous and completely monolithic by continuous laminating tension
bond, by complete, entire, incorporated amalgamation, and thorough
indurating petrifaction. For example, I take a piece of ironwork or other
surface clean from the forge, or even polished or galvanized, this I coat
with gums, glues, or silicates, so as to become temporarily fixed by drying,
this surface being then treated or coated with the fibres, sand, or other
materials, which have been previously treated with the gums, glues, or
silicates, as above described or not, as required, before rough casting
the same to the ironwork; then, when temporarily set by drying, it is
ready to receive the cement or to cast with the cement, concrete, or
composition, or compound, as before described, thus the iron becomes.
protected from oxidation, and thereby retains its original strength or the

page_text: maximum strength of the iron and cement combined. But in some
cases I first oxidise the iron by some salt solution, such as muriate of
ammonia or other acid, as for instance muriatic or nitric. Upon this
I apply the gums, glues, and silicates with oil, litharge, flake white, or
other binders such as cements or pulverized ingredients and fibres as
required for fireproof or other purposes. In this case I also use any
suitable adhesive binding material such as bitumen, tar, or pitch,
charged as above described with sand, fibres, canvas, paper, cements, or
otherwise roughened as by pressing the gritty particles into the surfaces
to form a key or holding granulated surface for a body or finishing

page_text: Or I apply the same to a portion of the surfaces as may be required
for convenience. Or I apply that of a close texture to give a different
finish, plain, decorated, or polished. This system of applying the cement
in channels perforated or otherwise broken up, is a convenient method of
application of some of my compositions to avoid cost in material and
other purposes, to give strength and lightness, and to ensure its setting,
as for example where the fibres or silicates are used with some of the
chlorides and other materials as for instance by after saturation.
The paper and other slabs which I employ I prefer to be of my own
special manufacture; but slabs, plates, or sheets composed of pulp or
any of the above, or wire, paper, canvas, wood, or any other fibrous
materials soft and pliable, or even plastic, or when set and rigid as slabs,
may be employed, which I immerse, saturate, or coat with silicate, gum,
or glue, and other materials, as above described, and roughened with
sand and fibrous rough cast, to be before or afterwards cemented and
finished, laid, or otherwise worked in any desired form applied to house
building or other structures, tiling, slabing, flooring, roofing, paving, or
covering for roads, for making of doors, furniture, fittings, wall surfaces,
plain flat tints, marbled or otherwise decorated at the works or building
in permanent position to walls, ceilings, or otherwise.
The blocks I use for roads or other purposes I fix in a mould or frame
with a layer of shingle or other gritty or hard materials surrounding it,
with or without cement, limes, or other binding materials. For example,
I take a block or blocks of wood and stone or granite, or a block or
blocks of stone or granite so treated, and afterwards cast into a square or
bonded with iron or other ties or beds, all treated in the same or a
similar manner. Before casting or fixing for roads, paving, or other
purposes I compress the moulds, forcing the gritty matters and other
materials into the blocks, thus to form a key or holding surface when
laid or applied to the finished work or any other description of work
which it may be desirable to cover.
Also by the use of floss silk and other fibres, as described in the
Specification of Letters Patent granted to me, dated 6th of January,
1869, No. 41, and which I now claim in combination with the special
application, system, and materials herein previously described. For
example, I treat any suitable surfaces, such as glass, with a solution
(colored or not) of gamboge, picric acid, a soluble blue, or any other

page_text: transparent colour or dye, over which I apply a coat of cement, plaster,
or composition, white or other colour, over which again I apply floss
silk or other fibrous material, charged with various blending colored
material according to taste or requirement, by means of transferring
such fibrous materials into or through various colours, over which again
I cast other liquid colored plaster, cement, or compositions referred to.
The surface being so far prepared with the above materials I introduce
additional coloring matters of the same or similar kind, chemical or
other ingredients, in a pulverescent or other state, so as to impregnate
and absorb the moisture and air from the first layers for colouring,
endurating, waterproofing, or other purposes as may be required, to
which in some cases heat may be applied, according to the nature of the
composition. I use in this process my improved or other cements or
compositions, or plaster of Paris or other limes, separately or in com-
bination, with the whole or part of which I incorporate petroleum (or
afterwards apply it to the work when finished) to render the same
weatherproof; where plaster is used in this process in a pulverescent
form I also use glue, acetic and other acids or ingredients with heat or
vapour, with or without pressure, applied before, while setting, or after-
wards, as required. The surface thus prepared forms a coat, varnish, or
enamel in casting from a surface, or such varnish or enamel can be
afterwards applied. I also use paper, such as blotting or filtering, com-
bined with canvas or other fabric to impart strength for repeated use;
or I use dead plaster of Paris or other absorbent material that will not
set, such as pottery biscuit, which I afterwards remove for repeated use.
By these means I avoid waste of materials that will set. This is a cheap
process of fireproof construction in a kind of scagliola combination with
my improved systems of working, using, and applying plaster, cements,
and compositions, combined in any manner with fibrous materials, wire-
work, or woodwork, one or both, in any form of bond, tic, or shape for
supporting the work, combining lightness and strength, by the systems
before described of channelling, perforating, sinking, or otherwise
forming the structure.
According to my present improvements I claim, the application of the
fibrous or floss silk process of finishing, decorating, or otherwise covering
common walls or other surfaces of ordinary buildings, fittings, and
furniture, and with the above materials, with or without first indurating
or otherwise preparing such surfaces with the same or other materials,

page_text: and drawing such decorations into the surface of the slab or article by
means of an air pump. I also use an air pump to exhaust or charge the
moulds or other forms. I also protect wood, stone, cements, iron, and
other similar surfaces by indurating, covering, working, and finishing in
the same or in a similar manner. But in case of its application to wood
I sometimes exhaust the sap, high dry or even fire the outside, then
impregnate the same with some indurating or preserving ingredient, a
salt, such as alum, or a chloride, or an acid, or otherwise, then to proceed
in covering and finishing, as in the case of iron, as before described, so
as to manufacture (or form) any object. In this case I also press grit
or other hard granulated material into the surface of the rough wood.
I also claim the use and application of enamels fired or not in position
on walls, ceilings or floors, and other surfaces wherein the above systems
of working and compounding materials is applied, the aluminate cement
being of a quality to withstand the heat of firing for dissolving or
vitrifying and fixing them and which I name terra cotta composition,
construction plain, decorated, enamelled, and fired in progress of building
a house or other structure by compounding "kaolin" biscuit pottery,
sand, and other pottery materials with magnesia, oxide of zinc, silicate
of soda, gums, and the chlorides and cementitious combustible and
non-combustible, animal, vegetable, or mineral, compounded with the
above systems any structure may be erected, finished, enamelled, and
fired, thus forming a house with a kind of compound pottery ware, which
can be thus formed of a porous body perforated, channelled, and other-
wise arranged to facilitate the firing and to admit of any kind of ties
or bonding, charging, and indurating, or otherwise secured to withstand
vibration or for other purposes of utility or convenience.
To prevent discoloration from the fumes of the fire the surface mould
is formed of a material which becomes friable in the process of firing,
but that will remain upon the surface of the house or other article
until complete, when it is easily removed with a kind of brush or other
tool revealing the finished plain or decorative surface.
The success in this process lies in the principles of compounding and
the compound cementitious materials which prevents construction in
drying and firing as do also the cumbustible or fibrous materials.
I also claim the use and application of varnishes, oil, paint, distemper
and dyes, with the above described cements, compositions, and the floss
silk and other systems.

page_text: According to another part of my improvements I employ a revolving
double chamber for mixing the cements and concretes or compositions
which shall be of any size, varying as required for large or small quan-
tities by forming one chamber within another'%; the central chamber
within the larger chamber is formed with revolving staves or any other
suitable opening and closing apparatus, as a double perforated small
barrel or other chamber revolving one within the other, or one chamber
working by a sliding action with another as a central chamber, or by
other suitable mechanism arranged to hold, release, or discharge the
materials at will or pleasure by a centrifugal action into the larger
chamber; this and other chambers which can if desired render a
vacuum during the progress of compounding, and occasionally so
arranged as to enable the operator to work articles of manufacture by
charging moulds or otherwise working by throwing or charging for
decorative and other purposes within such chamber either when in
motion or not.
Having thus fully described the nature of my Invention and the
manner in which it is or may be carried into practice, what I claim in
addition to the claims herein-before set forth is,-
First. The manufacture of improved hydraulic and non-hydraulic
cements composed of chlorides, carbonates, sulphuric acid, borax and
other ingredients, treated and combined substantially in the manner and
for the purposes herein-before described.
I also claim the manufacture of improved hydraulic and other cements
by combining the carbonates and chlorides of lime with other de-
scriptions of lime and other materials together with the improved means
of rendering such cements transparent and translucent, substantially in
the manner and for the purposes herein-before fully described and set
forth.
Secondly. I claim the improved system of subjecting any one material
(animal, vegetable, or mineral) to the chemical action or otherwise of
any other material or materials by drying, concentrating, or otherwise,
before, after, or simultaneously, and coating the granulated materials
with gums, glues, silicates, or animal, vegetable, or mineral glutinous
substances, substantially in the manner and for the purposes herein-
before particularly described, together with the improved processes for
treating the chemical coats, grains, layers, surfaces, or bodies, as and for
the purposes herein described.

page_text: Thirdly. I claim the manufacture of improved hydraulic and other
cements by the use and application of an air pump for exhausting air
or water from moulds containing cementitious materials, substantially
in the manner and for the purposes herein-before particularly de-
scribed.
I also claim the use and application of an air pump for drawing dyes
or colors into the surfaces of slabs or bodies of stone, cement, or other
materials, for decorative or other purposes, substantially in the manner
herein-before described.
Fourthly. I claim the application of my improved cements and com- 10
positions for treating and combining the same with buhl or other open,
perforated, or incised work, substantially in the manner and for the pur-
poses herein-before particularly described.
Fifthly. I claim the means herein described for fixing colors in
juxtaposition within the separate layers, grains, or particles, composing 15
my improved cements to protect such colors from the caustic action of
the limes combined therewith, substantially in the manner and for the
purposes herein-before particularly described.
Sixthly. I claim the improved methods of preparing the surfaces of
blocks, slabs, bricks, and other articles or surfaces, and in fixing or 20
pressing the gritty or other hard materials into or about such slabs,
blocks, articles, or surfaces, to act as dowels or holdings, substantially in
the manner and for the purposes herein-before described.
Seventhly. I claim the application of continuous tubular and per-
forated hollows and projections within the walls or body and in the 25
formation of a structure combined with iron, wood, or fibrous bonding
materials therewith, substantially in the manner and for the purposes
herein-before particularly described.
Eighthly. I claim the improved methods of covering the walls, ceiling,
floors, and other surfaces of articles and objects with the improved 30
cements, plaster, and compositions combined with the veining process,
and with or without first preserving or indurating the same or com-
pounding the indurating materials in the progress of working, mixing,
or finishing processes, substantially in the manner herein-before particu-
larly described, whereby this kind of scagliola process together with the 35
improved cements, compounds, and system of working previously

page_text: described, produces a cheap, lasting, and superior, and substantial manu-
facture, having the character of an improved scagliola paper, terra cotta
pottery, concrete combination, or finished construction, capable of being
worked in position.
Ninthly. I claim the use and application of plaster of Paris in the
manufacture of improved cements and imitation marble, substantially in
the manner and for the purposes herein-before fully described.
Tenthly. I claim the improved manufacture of terra cotta pottery,
concrete construction, enamelling, firing, and finishing the work in the
progress of a building or other structure, substantially in the manner
hercin-before described.
Lastly. I claim the improved rotating and other apparatus for mixing
and compounding my improved cements, substantially in the manner
and for the purposes herein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Edwin Robbins, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Sixteenth day of December, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-
three.