Improvements in Structural Arrangements for Combining Strength with Rigidity in a Manner applicable to Flooring, Walling, and the like Structural Purposes.
Year: 1895

page_text: Date of Application, 31st May, 1895
Complete Specification Left, 29th Feb., 1896-Accepted, 30th May, 1896
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Structural Arrangements for Combining Strength
with Rigidity in a Manner applicable to Flooring, Walling, and
the like Structural Purposes.
I, EDWARD LLOYD PEASE, of Ashmore Benson Pease and Company, Limited,
of Stockton-on-Tees, in the County of Durham, Engineer, do hereby declare the
nature of this invention to be as follows:-
This invention comprises certain improvements which are applicable with
advantage to various kinds of structural arrangements in which tubular vessels
of the kind described in my application for Letters Patent No. 10637 of 1894 and
illustrated in the drawing accompanying the Complete Specification thereof are
employed in combination with cement and the like hard setting material or with
other means for securing the said tubular vessels in their several positions as
members of one structure such as a floor, wall or the like.
By the improvements constituting my present invention the features and
principles of the above cited invention are modified and adapted for use in cases
in which the continuous interlocking of tubes may be advantageously dispensed
with whether on the score of economy and simplicity of construction or otherwise.
The nature of my invention is to be understood from the description of the
following modifications. A series of tubular vessels are formed by slitting and
bending up parallel strips in one sheet of iron or steel the several strips being con-
nected together by a marginal strip at each end of the plate, which is left uncut and
encloses between the series of tuhular vessels so formed an alternate series of open
spaces. I take a second and third sheet similarly formed into a series of tubular
vessels alternating with open spaces and corresponding with the first series of
alternating tubular vessels and spaces so that the three series can be fitted together
with the tubular vessels or troughs of the one series occupying the spaces
between the tubular vessels or troughs of the other series. It will now be seen
that if the marginal end strips are rivetted or otherwise secured together,
the combination constitutes a structural arrangement combining strength with
rigidity.
In the place of a series of tubular vessels connected together end wise by the
marginal strips of the plates out of which they are cut and formed; in some cases
I take separate or detached tubular vessels and unite them together transversely by
through bolts or bars suitably serrated and attached or by a series of clips.
The spaces within and between the tubular vessels connected together by any of
the above described means are in some cases charged to their full capacity with
cement or the like hard setting material especially where great strength is required
and into which floor tiles or wall tiles of suitable form may be embedded as
desired. In other cases a floor may be formed by simply laying boards upon them
as upon joists and equivalent means may be employed when the structural
arrangement in question is to be used as a wall.
Doted this 30th day of Mo 1805
G. J. CLARKSON,
Chartered Patent Agent,
Stockton-on-Tees, Agent for the Applicant.

page_text: Improvements in Structural Arrangements for Combining Strength
with Rigidity in a Manner applicable to Flooring, Walling, and
the like Structural Purposes.
I, EDWARD LLOYD PEASE, Engineer, of the Firm of Ashmore Benson Pease
and Company, Limited, of Stockton-on-Tees, in the County of Durham, do
hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement:
This invention comprises certain improvements which are applicable with
advantage to various kinds of structural arrangements in which tubular vessels of
the kind described in the Specification of Letters Patent granted to me, bearing.
date 1st June 1894 and numbered 10637, and illustrated in the drawing annexed
thereto are employed in combination with cement and the like hard-setting material
or with other means for securing the said tubular vessels in their several positions
as members of one structure such as a floor, wall or the like.
By the improvements constituting my present invention the features and
principle of the above cited invention are modified and adapted for use in cases in
which the continuous interlocking of tubes may be advantageously dispensed with
whether on the score of economy and simplicity or otherwise.
The nature of my invention and the means for carrying it into effect, are to
be understood from the description of the following modifications taken with
reference to the drawings hereto annexed.
Fig. 1 illustrates a sheet of strain resisting material such as iron or steel which is
formed into a series of tubular vessels by slitting the plate along the parallel lines
of division shown in dotted lines a a and bending up the parallel strips so formed
for which purpose the marginal strips 66 are only partly cut away as shown by
dotted lines c c.
Fig. 2 is a transverse section along line x x of Fig. 1after this has taken
place, the tubular vessels so formed being attached end wise to the parts of
the marginal strips 66 which are left uncut, which marginal strips connect them
together, and enclose between the series of tubular vessels so formed an alternate
series of open spaces. I then take a second and if necessary. a third sheet similarly
formed into a series of tubular vessels alternating with open spaces and adapted to
correspond with the first series of alternating tubular vessels and spaces so that
when the two or three series are fitted together the tubular vessels or troughs of
the one series occupy the spaces between the tubular vessels or troughs of the other
series; as for instance, taking Fig. 3 as showing in transverse section a second
series of tubular vessels arranged to adapt themselves to fit in between the
tubular vessels of the first series shown in Fig. 2.
Fig. 4 represents in transverse sectional view.and Fig. 5 in plan view two series
thus formed combined together as one structure with the edges or margins of the
plates over-laying each other so that they can be rivetted or otherwise secured
together, the combination constituting a structural arrangement combining
strength with rigidity, with or without the use of cement, boards or the equivalents
of these.
This particular detail of structural arrangement is more especially adapted to
doors, shutters or the like structures or parts of structures of limited dimensions
which can be constructed in this way to be in keeping with the general structural
arrangement of which they form part both in respect of appearance and strength
and for such purposes the frame or border bb constitutes a feature of practical
utility.

page_text: But where larger areas are to be dealt with such as floors or ceilings or roofs of
great span or walls of great height and breadth, I take separate or detached tubular
vessels d d and connect them together transversely by through bolts e as shown in
transverse sectional view in Fig. 6, or bars suitably serrated and attached in the
manner shown also in transverse sectional view in Fig. 7; in which f is the
transverse or interlocking bar with serrations, disc or hoop shaped extensions f¹
which are inserted endwise into the loose or detached tubular vessels'd d.
The ironwork or tension resisting material as arranged in these several Figs. 1
to 7 inclusive is easily filled with concrete or the like hard setting material which
is united with the enveloping material constituting the floor or other structure, thus
forming a solid mass through the entire thickness of the said floor or the like
structure.
But inasmuch as the concrete maintains the iron work or tension resisting
material in its tubular and beam like form it being understood that the said tubular
vessels interlock the cement or concrete within their converging sides as shown
more especially in Fig. 6, the tubular vessels d are sometimes simply, set apart as
shown in transverse sectional view in Fig. 8, being secured in their several positions
and practically all interlocked together by the hard setting material in which they
are embedded. Arranged in this way they serve as substitutes for solid bars or
complete tubes securing the same, or greater tensile strength for the same weight
of material in the former case and at less expense than tubes can be provided for
in the latter case. Floor tiles or wall tiles of suitable form may be embedded into
the cement or concrete charged into the tubular vessels.
Figs. 9 and 10 illustrate a combination of upper tubular vessels with lower ones.
In this case the upper tubes which are complete and therefore very strong tubes
are bolted or rivetted to the lower tubes, the tubes or tubular vessels being wedged
apart to form the connection, and the construction is useful for large roof.work.
In Fig. 9, e is a tie bar extending transversely through the whole system.
Figs. 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 and 16 illustrate another practical advantage derived
from the use of open tubular vessels inasmuch as lugs or ears d¹ can be formed as
shown in Figs. 11 and 12 for securing to the tubular vessels a coat or wrapper of
felt, whether also fixed by a mastic or not or be formed along the edges of either
side of each tubular vessel d as shown in detail and to an enlarged scale in Fig. 13
by which tie rods or laths can be secured or lodged as shown in Fig. 14, or joists of
timber can be secured in position by nails as shown in Fig. 15, or the floor boards
be similarly connected directly to the tubular vessels as shown in Fig. 16.
Fig. 17 illustrates in transverse sectional area the tubular vessels d with the
underside flattened which form can obviously be generally substituted for the more
cylindrical form shown in the other figures of the drawings annexed to this
Specification with the advantage of increasing the power of each such vessel to
resist tensile strains through the underside thereof approximating more nearly to
the form of a bottom flange.
Fig. 18 illustrates the tubular vessels d with their edges turned inwards so as to
fit into the grooves of the boards, and an iron tongue / can be used to unite two
flooring or walling boards together, at the same time interlocking the turned in
edges of the tubular vessels, the whole when suitably packed forming a strong
light fire-proof floor. But where there are no boards the said edges of the tubular
vessels may be interlocked by being turned into the concrete or hard setting
material; and holes gare provided for uniting the concrete in one tube with that
of another or giving a better hold to the concrete on the iron. Where weight is
to be saved the bottom part 2 of the tubes is suitably packed with straw or
the like fibrous material, or left vacant; millboard being used to support the
concrete whilst setting.
Fig. 19 is a longitudinal sectional view of a similar tube, the ends of the tube d
being turned up and nailed to the struts ; which abut against a central post j.
Fige. 20 and 21 illustrate other forms of tubular vessels in which each tube is
provided with a means of longitudinal engagement with the tube on either side.

page_text: This tongue and groove arrangement would prevent the passage of any filling
material from the upper side of the floor and would cause the tubular vessels to
mutually support each other.
Fig. 22 illustrates an arrangement of tubular vessels for staircases, in which the
tubes themselves form the treads of the stairs in combination with concrete or the
like hard setting material which is charged into them. Each tube d is bolted to a
suitably arranged support k on the bearer but is otherwise secured in position, and
the tubes are all interlocked together in the manner described with reference
to Fig. 8.
In the construction of a spiral staircase, the tubes would be tapered, the larger
ends being on the outside; and the bearers and tubes would be suitably
proportioned.
The interlocking of the concrete within the tubular vessels d is obviously more
effectual when the said tubular vessels exceed the half circle as shown in several of
the figures, including Figs. 6, 7 and 22, but the shallower forms shown in Fig. 23
are adapted to the purpose of flooring inasmuch as they provide an underside or
ceiling presenting a finished appearance and combining therewith to a certain
extent the essential features of strength and rigidity as when used in the form
illustrated in Fig. 6 and some of the other figures.
Each tubular vessel d is secured in position by any convenient means such as by
being bolted to a bearer as described with reference to Fig. 22 or by other
equivalent means, but the said tubular vessels are all locked in their several
positions as members of a structural arrangement by the contour which they
impart to the cement embedded into them; all transverse movement being
obviously impossible in this combination.
It will be observed from the foregoing description taken in conjunction with the
several figures of the drawings hereto annexed that the essential feature throughout
the modifications of my invention, is the use of open tubular vessels as beam like
elements of strength in various structural arrangements and the several constructions
described and shown are to be taken as illustrating how readily such tubular
vessels are combined with other elements of construction for the purpose of forming
easily constructed fire-proof and durable structural arrangements.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
slaim is :-
Firstly In the system of construction of floors, walls, roofs or the like structural
parts as covered by my Patent No. 10637 of 1894, the modification that instead of
single slotted tubes interlocking with each other are used a series of tubular vessels,
substantially of the form illustrated in the drawings hereto annexed, which tubular
vessels are connected together in rows or are otherwise arranged to be used as
beam like elements of strength in combination with cement, concrete or the
equivalents of these, substantially in the manner and for the purpose as
herein before described and illustrated by way of example in the several figures
of the accompanying drawings.
Secondly: A construction more especially applicable to large roofs, characterised
by an upper and under series of tubular vessels of the forms illustrated in the
drawings hereto annexed, which tubular vessels are connected together in
the manner as hereinbefore described and illustrated in Figs. 9 and 10 of the
accompanying drawings.
Thirdly A construction of floors, walls, roofs or the like structural parts,
characterised by a series of tubular vessels of the forms illustrated in the drawings
hereto annexed, which tubular vessels are furnished with lugs or ears as shown
in Figs. 14 to 16 and are thereby secured to joists, beams, or flooring boards,
substantially as hereinbefore specified and illustrated by way of example
in Figs. 14, 15 and 16 of the accompanying drawings.
Fourthly-A construction of floors, walls, roofs, or the like structural parts

page_text: characterised by a series of tubular vessels of the forms illustrated in Figs. 18 to 21
inclusive, or other equivalent forms, which tubes are interlocked tongue and
groove fashion with flooring boards, cement or with one another as hereinbefore
described.
Fifthly -The use of tubular vessels for the construction of staircases,
substantially in the manner hereinbefore described and illustrated by way of
example in Fig. 22.
D
L 1000
G. J. CLARKSON,
Chartered Patent Agent,
Stockton-on-Tees, Agent for the Applicant.
G. J. CLARKSON,
Chartered Patent Agent,
Stockton-on-Tees, Agent for the Applicant.