Liquids, more especially Aqua-ammonia, as a Motive Power.
Year: 1886

page_text: Liquids, more especially Aqua-ammonia, as a Motive Power.
I, JOSEPH HENDERSON CAMPBELL, residing at No. 158 Broadway, New York'
City, County and State of New York, in the United States of America, gentleman,
do hereby declare the nature of this invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement:-
My invention relates to improvements in vapor engines and particularly to that
class in which the fluid used as the elastic medium is composed of a gas and a
liquid, the gas being held in solution by physical absorption for example a fluid
such as aqua ammonia.
All the advantages of my method and apparatus' are available in the use of aqua
ammonia.
In this application, I will therefore give a full, clear and exact description of the
method and apparatus employed in working this particular fluid.
I do however not wish to be understood as limiting myself to the use of aqua
ammonia as a motive power in my process and apparatus for driving engines, but
include all fluids or combinations of fluids, wherein a gas is physically absorbed by
a liquid.
Before proceeding to set forth the several objects of this invention I will state
that this invention is based on the following well known physical laws of thermo-
dynamics.
First, that gas or vapor held in a liquid form by physical absorption may be
converted into the gaseous form and state by simply imparting to the fluid its
actual or sensible heat that is, no statical heat is required.
Second, that in a fluid, composed of a liquid and a gas,, if the gas is physically
absorbed, the tension, density and volume of the gas or the vapor of such fluids
does not depend directly on the temperature, as the tension, of the vapor of liquids
does, but depend on the quantity of the fluid and the amount of heat that is
imparted to it.
Third, that in the dynamical use of steam, vapor or gas generated from a liquid
or a fluid a liquid reservoir to receive the steam, vapor or gas as rapidly as
generated, and retain it in the gaseous state available for work is absolutely
necessary and in my invention I avail myself of the foregoing properties.
In order that those who are instructed in the art to which my invention is most
nearly allied may fully comprehend the method or construct engines of other styles

page_text: in conformity with this invention I deem essential that certain properties of water,
ammonia and aqua ammonia should be understood especially the property of
absorption.
Aqua-ammonia is a liquid and a gas, or a fluid.
The gas being physically and not chemically absorbed by the water, the tension,
density and volume of its vapor does not (as the tension of the vapor of all liquids)
depend directly on the temperature, but depends on the quantity of the fluid and
the amount of heat imparted to it, therefore, it makes it possible and this applicant
believes imperative, to regulate its tension by the relative quantity of fluid in the.
boiler and reservoir.
Second, it is unlike water in this respect, that with water, the higher the tem-
perature, the more vapor will be formed and remain in the water, while with equal
ammonia, the lower the temperature of the water, the more ammonia vapor the
water will absorb.
7
For example, at a temperature of, 0° C. (32 F.) 550, pounds of water will absorb
less than, 15, pounds of its own vapor at a temperature of, 100° C. (212° F.)
550, pounds of water will absorb more than 100, pounds of steam, while at a
temperature of, 150° C. (302° F.) water will absorb one-fourth its weight of steam.
In a steam boiler half full of water, if the temperature is, '230° the number of
pounds of steam held in the water by absorption will be more than, 200, times
greater than in the upper half of the boiler." This property of water to absorb so
great an amount of its own vapor is of first importance in its use as a motive
power, and since its absorptive power increases as the temperature increases the
boiler is itself at once a generator and dynamical reservoir.
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A steam boiler having its cubical contents; 100 times greater than the cylinder
and full of steam at, 60, pounds pressure could not supply the engine for, 2, minutes
if the engine was making, 100, revolutions per minute, but on account of this
property the same boiler, if charged in the usual manner (if all external heat were
withdrawn) would supply the engine for more than, 20, minutes.
※
Therefore the steam engineer has always on account of this wonderful physical
property of water an immense reservoir of generated steam which enables him not
only to drive his engine, but (independent of him and without even his knowledge)
regulates the power.
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The conditions and different circumstances under which water will absorb its
own vapor and the vapor of ammonia and the amount of each it will absorb at
different temperatures will be apparent by references to the following table.
121.
Column, A, represents the number of pounds of water vapor, or steam, 100, pounds
of water will absorb at the temperature indicated."
IT
Column, B, 'the number of pounds of ammonia vapor, 100, pounds of water will
absorb at the indicated temperature.
The pressure in either case being above the atmosphere.

page_text: Tratet
It will be observed from the foregoing table that at, 190° F. water will not absorb
ammoniacal vapor, practically at, 160° this property is destroyed, therefore the fluid
in the boiler as soon as this temperature is reached, ceases to be a reservoir for
ammoniacal vapor, but it is as important with an ammonia or vapor engine to have
a large supply of generated vapor stored as it is with the steam engine to have a
large amount of steam, and indeed more so for the specific volume of ammoniacal
vapor is at all working temperatures more than three times that of the specific
volume of steam..
1
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Aft
Therefore a liquid dynamical reservoir, the temperature of which will be
independent of or lower than that of the boiler must be constructed and
maintained.
The temperature of the reservoir should never be in excess of, 250° preferably
not above, 230° while that of the boiler may be, from, 250°
to, 300°
For the purpose of increasing the tension it is not necessary to raise the tem-
perature of either the boiler or the reservoir, if the tension or pressure is too high
a part of the liquid in the boiler should be transferred to the reservoir, if too low,
a part of the liquid in the reservoir should be transferred to the boiler. ri
My invention consists therefore in charging a boiler with a solution of ammonia
and driving the vapor therefrom at a temperature sufficiently high to disengage the
vapor from the water into a second chamber of vessel containing the same solution
as that in the boiler, and in which the fluid will become supersaturated and the
vapor will be superheated and available for use as a motivé power.
My invention consists further in uniting the liquid in the dynamical reservoir
with the liquid in the generator by means of a pipe so that the tension of the
ammoniacal vapor may be regulated by the amount of heat imparted; to the fluid
or that the amount of fluid in the generator or reservoir to receive the heat may be
at the will of the operator.
!
My invention consists further in, so manipulating the aqua ammonia that the
ammonia is always in the gaseous state being absorbed by and held in mechanical
suspension by the liquid.
My, invention consists further in drawing off from the generator through a pipe
a warm weak solution of aqua ammonia cooling, the same and bringing it in contact
with vapor that has done work in the cylinder, of the engine, the solution being
under boiler pressure, and so directed as to produce an induced, current either
toward the absorption chamber, the dynamical reservoir, the pump, or a jacketed
space of the cylinder and by this force mechanically mix the gas and liquid.
My invention consists further in the method hereinafter described of introducing
the vapor, generated in the boiler into the dynamical reservoir, below the surface of
the liquid in said reservoir, thereby secureing the absorption of the vapor and the
heat developed by the absorption to superheat the vapor in the reservoir.
My invention consists further in regulating the tension of the vapor in both
boiler and reservoir by the introduction of the binary liquid into either as the
pressure may require.
My invention consists further in the method of heating the cylinder so as to
superheat the working vapor therein, by means of the exhaust vapor from, the
cylinder, combined with a cool weak solution of aqua ammonia under pressure
which absorbs the vapor and thereby increases the temperature of the cylinder
when brought into a chamber. which surrounds the cylinder.
My invention consists further in the method of drawing off from the chamber
which surrounds the cylinder, the vapor which is in excess of saturation and thús
preventing back pressure.
My invention consists further in the method hereinafter described of dissemi-
nating the heat of absorption, by the neutralizing effect of the expanded vapor
within the cylinder of the engine.
My invention consists further in the method hereinafter described of forcing
a cool weak solution of aqua ammonia into the cylinder of the engine, bringing it
in contact with the expanded vapor within the cylinder, thereby condensing or

page_text: પ
absorbing the expanded vapor and by the act of absorption, restoring to the
cylinder the heat abstracted by the vapor in doing work by expansion, in order that
there may be no loss of heat from the incoming vapor to heat the cylinder.and
piston up to the proper working temperature and in this manner to also dissemi-
nate the heat of absorption and thus cause the cylinder to assist the absorber.
Referring to the drawings:-
Figure, 1, is a longitudinal sectional view of my improved apparatus in its
simplest form.
Figure, 2, is a similar view illustrating certain improvements in the construction
and operation of the apparatus shown in figure, 1, and devices for heating the
cylinder to preserve its proper working temperature.
Figure, 3, is also a longitudinal view partly in section the boiler being omitted
illustrating further improvements in the apparatus..
A, indicates the boiler in which the vapor is generated; and, B, an intermediate
chamber between the cylinder of the engine and the boiler, the office of which is
that of a superheater, a dynamical reservoir, and regulator, said chamber, B, being
connected to the boiler, A, by means of a pipe, b, connected with both, A, and, B,
at a point below the water line for the purpose of transferring the fluid or liquid
from the boiler to the reservoir or from the reservoir to the boiler, thereby
regulating the pressure, said pipe, b, being provided with a suitable valve, b¹, for
controlling the flow of the fluid,
a, is a pipe which connects the upper portion or dome of the boiler, A, with the
reservoir, B, at a point above the line of the fluid, said pipe being provided with a
check valve, a', which prevents the flow of the vapor. from the reservoir to the
boiler, but permits the vapor to pass from the boiler to the reservoir when the
pressure in the boiler is in excess of that in the reservoir.
The lower portion of the boiler is connected with the lower portion of the
reservoir by means of the pipe, d, which extends up into the vapor space of the
reservoir and returns by a series of coils to the water line and then straight through
the liquid and the bottom of the reservoir, B.
The object of coiling the pipe, d, in the vapor space of the reservoir, B, is to
increase its heating surface to superheat the vapor so that the tension of the vapor
therein contained can be raised to the proper working pressure without materially
changing the temperature of the fluid in the reservoir, and furthermore the liquid
in its passage through the coil gives off a certain amount of its heat to the liquid
and vapor in the reservoir thereby becoming partially cooled before entering the
cooler, C.
The pipe, d, after passing through the bottom of the reservoir, B, is coiled as
shown at, f, said coil being enclosed in a chamber, C, which is supplied with cold
water by means of the pipe, h.
The object of cooling the weak solution of aqua ammonia which passes through
this pipe is to increase its absorptive power before it is brought into contact with
the exhaust vapor.
The pipe, d, is provided with a valve, d', of the well known type of safety
valves, the head of said valve being provided with an elbow lever, d², having a
weight, d', on its horizontal arm, said weight being adapted to be adjusted on said
arm so as to hold the valve open and allow of the free passage of the hot liquid
from the boiler to the coils of the pipe, d, in reservoir, B.
The vertical arm of the lever passes up into a stuffing box, d, which is connected
with the reservoir, B, by a pipe, d³, so that when the pressure in the reservoir
rises above the desired point it causes the valve, d', to close and shuts off the flow
of the hot liquid from the boiler, A, to the reservoir, B, through that portion of the
pipe, d, until the vapour pressure in the latter is reduced to the proper working
point.
M, is a pipe provided with a throttle valve, m³, which connects the reservoir, B,
with the cylinder, D, through which pipe the proper amount of vapor is admitted
to work the piston of the cylinder,

page_text: o, is a pipe which conducts the exhaust vapor from the cylinder to the absorbing
chamber, E, said chamber being supplied with cold water through the pipe, h, from
any suitable source.
The pipe, d, after leaving the cooler, C, extends upward and enters the enlarged
portions, o¹, this end of the pipe being turned down and terminating in a nozzle
within the axis of pipe, o, and fills the office of a steam jet to form an induced
current in the direction of the absorber, thus mechanically mixing the liquid with
the vapor, and forming a partial vacuum on the piston and corresponding pressure
in the absorber, and by said pressure increasing the absorptive power of the
Bolution.
I
In order to maintain under boiler pressure a constant supply of the weak
solution sufficient to absorb the exhaust vapor from the engine, a pipe, p, is con-
nected to that part of the pipe, d, which is between the valve, d', and the boiler so
that when the valve, d, closes and cuts off the supply of hot liquid through the
pipe and coil within the reservoir, the valve, pl, opened and the liquid allowed to
flow uninterruptedly from the boiler through the coil, f, in the cooler, C, by way
of the pipe, p.
The fluid from the pipe, d, and exhaust vapor from the cylinder are brought
together in the chamber, o¹, at which point the fluid absorbs the vapor and holds
the same in solution until it is pumped back into the boiler, A, where the vapor is
again disengaged or driven off by the application of heat.
After the union of exhaust vapor with the fluid in the absorber, E, it is drawn
off through the pipe, s, to a pump-F, by which means the fluid is returned to the
boiler through the pipe, r, said pipe being provided with a check valve, ¹, the
pipe, s, being also provided with a valve, s¹, to regulate the flow of the fluid from
the absorber to the pump.
As shown in figure, 1, the vapors from the boiler pass into the reservoir, B, at a
point above the surface of the fluid therein, but since water will not transmit
radiant heat and the diathermancy of ammoniacal vapor is only, 1.1195, (air
being, 1,) an athermanous diaphragm would be formed by the heated surface of
the fluid, which would prevent the heat from passing into the fluid of the reservoir,
and thus prevent the resolution of the expelled vapor by the liquid in the
reservoir.
To avoid this I discharge the vapors from the boiler into the fluid of the
reservoir as will hereinafter appear.
I. have also shown and described a cylinder unprovided with a heating jacket or
space; but in operation the temperature of the cylinder would fall very low if not
protected, on account of the low boiling point of ammonia.
The great depression of temperature within the cylinder consequent upon the
expansion of the vapor, cools the body of the cylinder to such an extent that a
great portion of the heat carried into the cylinder by the vapor would be required
to restore the cylinder to the proper working temperature.
But by the process of supplying heat to the cylinder the body thereof can
always be maintained at a temperature of, 150, however low the temperature of
the exhaust may be, and these improvements together with the necessary arrange-
ment of parts are shown in figure, 2, and will now be described.
Referring to said figure, 2, a, is the pipe leading from the dome, or vapor space
of the boiler, A, to the dynamical reservoir, B, said pipe, a, entering through the
bottom of the reservoir and extending up into the same where it is bent into a
return curve so as to discharge the vapor below the surface of the fluid contained
in the reservoir.
The pipe, a, is also provided with a check valve, c, to prevent the liquid in the
reservoir from being forced back into the boiler in cases where the pressure in the
reservoir is in excess of that in the boiler.
:
This valve c opens upward so as to allow the free passage of the vapor from.the.
boiler to the dynamical reservoir.

page_text: The object of discharging the vapor from the boiler, into the reservoir below the
surface of the liquid is to comply with this condition of absorption, viz: the
bringing of the liquid and vapor in contact as hereinabove referred to.
As before stated, M, is a pipe leading from the vapor space of the reservoir to
the cylinder, the exhaust vapor from the cylinder being carried up through the
pipe, P, where it meets with the cooled weak solution from the boiler, as will now
be described.
The pipe, d, after leaving the cooler, C, extends upward some distance above the
cylinder where, by means of a T joint, it is connected to the pipe, Q, in a nozzle
or contracted portion, i.
.
The exhaust pipe, P, is also connected to the upper end of the pipe, Q, by means
of the elbow joint k, so that the exhausted vapor from the cylinder is brought
into contact with the cooled weak solution from the pipe, d, which solution is
sprayed into the upper end of the pipe, Q, under. boiler pressure, and carries with
it the exhaust vapor from the pipe, P.
This vapor
is readily absorbed in the liquid by reason of its reduced temperature
and by reason of its being sprayed or forced into mechanical union with the vapor
* by the pressure from the boiler.
The fluid and vapor are conducted to the jacketed space, R, of the cylinder and
the heat resulting from the absorption maintains the cylinder at the proper working
temperature.
S, is a pipe of smaller diameter than the pipe, d, and communicates therewith
by means of the "T" joint, the lower end of said pipe, S, being connected to a
pipe, T, leading to the absorber, E.
W, is a pipe leading from the jacketed space of the cylinder to the absorber, E,
through which the liquid is passed to the absorber after having done its work in
heating the cylinder.
As before stated the exhaust vapor from the cylinder which has passed up
through the pipe, P, and been mingled with the cooled weak solution coming over
from the boiler through the pipe, d, is forced down under pressure through the
pipe, Q, into the jacketed space of the cylinder, where the heat of absorption is
given off to keep the cylinder at the proper working temperature.
If in operation this heat of absorption should be so great as to revaporize the
absorbed vapor then in order to prevent the back pressure of the vapor from
interfering with the proper working of the piston, I connect the jacketed space of
the cylinder with the pipe, S, leading to the absorber, by means of the pipe, A¹.
This arrangement enables the vapor formed in the jacketed space to pass out
and be brought into contact with the cooled weak solution in the pipe, S, when
the vapor is absorbed and passed down into the absorbing chamber, E.
In case a greater amount of cold solution than can pass through the pipe, S, is
required to absorb the vapor from the cylinder, I connect the pipe, d, with the
pipe, T, by means of the pipe, B¹, this enables me to bring the requisite amount of
cold solution into contact with the vapor from the jacketed space, to effect a
complete absorption of the vapor.
: The absorber, E, is-supplied with the requisite amount of water to cool the
liquid by means of the pipe, h, which also supplies the cooler, C.
The solution after leaving the absorber, E, is forced back into the boiler, A, or
reservoir, B, through the pipes, C, D¹, by means of the pump, F, the pipes, C, D,
being provided with valves, f, fƒ³, respectively, which enables the operator to
admit the solution into either the boiler or the reservoir.
This is an important feature in my invention as it enables the operator to
increase or decrease the tension in both boiler and reservoir as occasion may
require.
It will be noticed that if the vapor enters the cylinder at a temperature of
230. F. and is cut off at an early point in the stroke, (as is the case in working
steam expansively,) and expanded down through the remaining portion of the

page_text: stroke on account of the high pressure at this low temperature, 230. F. the vapor,
will be exhausted at an exceedingly low temperature.
To prevent the body of the cylinder from having the same temperature, the
exhaust vapor and the weak cooled solution are united in the jacket of the
cylinder in order that the heat of absorption generated by this union may maintain
the cylinder at a high temperature, and thus disseminate heat that would otherwise
be carried over to the absorber and to this extent it assists or is auxiliary to the
absorber.
In figure, 3, I have shown further improvements over those already described;
the cooled weak solution being here also sprayed into the cylinder, as will now be
described.
.
H, and, I, are branch pipes leading from the pipe, d, which enter each end of
the cylinder, said pipes being provided with valves, K, and, L, connected by a
rod, m, and operated by an eccentric, N, and rod, N', from the main driving shaft
in such a manner as to alternately cut off and supply the cooled weak solution to
each end of the cylinder.
The throttle valve, m', being open the vapor is admitted from the reservoir, B,
through the pipe, M, to the cylinder, D, which drives the piston forward by full
boiler pressure to the point of "cut off" the remaining portion or balance of the
stroke being effected by expansion.
As soon as the piston completes the stroke and has moved on the return stroke
the valve, L, is opened and admits a spray of the cooled weak solution from the
pipe, I.
The cooled weak solution coming in contact with the cold expanded vapor within
the cylinder instantaneously absorbs it making a partial vacuum on that side of
the piston, and heating the piston and working surface of the cylinder by the heat
of absorption to the proper working temperature, so that the vapor which is
admitted to make the return stroke, will not be chilled or its working power
impaired.
When this heat, either by continuous working or by an excess of the weak
solution is so high as to revaporize any portion of the absorbed vapor, this vapor is
exhausted through the exhaust pipe, P, into the pipe, S, where it meets with the
cooled weak solution from the pipe, d, under boiler pressure and is absorbed and
forced into the jacketed space, R, of the cylinder and passes thence to the
absorber, E.
That portion of the vapor within the cylinder which has been absorbed and held
in solution, is driven forward to the end of the cylinder by the piston and passes
out through the pipe or pipes, h¹, h¹, said pipes being provided with an ordinary
steam trap (not shown) which prevents the vapor from passing out while being
used to operate the piston.
The outlet of the steam traps are connected with the absorber by the pipe, W.
It will of course be understood that the piston is worked in both directions by
the vapor, the valve, K, being brought into requisition by the return stroke of the
piston.
V, is a pipe leading from the upper portion or jacketed space, R, of the cylinder
to the absorber, E, through which the surplus vapor is conveyed from the space, R,
to the absorber and by which means any back pressure on the piston is prevented.
The operation of my device is as follows:-
The boiler, A, and the reservoir, B, are partially filled with the aqua ammonia,
as above set forth, and heat is applied to the boiler, A.
The vapor of ammonia generated in the boiler, A, by the heat is expelled there-
from through the pipe, a, to the reservoir, B, where a great portion of it will be
absorbed by the liquid contained therein on account of the increased pressure in
the reservoir and the low temperature of the liquid, and a heat corresponding
with such absorption will be produced, tending to superheat the vapor in this
part of the reservoir, which will be further increased by the actual heat of the
expelled vapor, when this does not produce the desired pressure, the valve, d', will

page_text: automatically open and permit a quantity of the fluid to pass to the coil sufficient
to give the desired pressure.
When a pressure of from, 5, to, 6, atmosphere is obtained in the above manner,
if that is the desired working pressure, the throttle valve in pipe, m, is opened,
which admits the vapor to the cylinder to operate the piston.
The vapor after performing its office in the cylinder is exhausted through the
pipe, o, into the chamber, o¹, and, E, where it is mingled with and absorbed by
the partially cooled liquid from the boiler and after passing through the absorber, E;
is pumped back into the boiler.
Whether the boiler pressure be exerted throughout the length of the pipe, d, or
through the pipe, p, and portion of the pipe, d, the liquid is injected with great
velocity and force and in the same measure or degree assists the exhaust from the
engine.
و
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
I claim is
1. The method herein described of utilizing in a vapor engine a fluid the absorp-
tive power of which decreases as the temperature increases, the same consisting in
storing the vapor as it is generated therefrom in a liquid reservoir, the temperature
of which is lower than the temperature of the boiler.
2. In a vapor engine the method herein described of utilizing the vapor of aqua
'ammonia, the same consisting in vaporizing the liquid at a comparatively high
temperature conveying the vapor into a storage chamber containing the same fluid
as contained in the boiler at a lower temperature and in which the vapor is super-
heated and then conveying said superheated vapor to the cylinder of the engine
where it is used and the exhaust vapor returned to the boiler by being absorbed in
a current of the liquid at a low temperature under pressure from the boiler.
3. In a vapor engine the method herein described of regulating the pressure in
the generator and reservoir, the same consisting in transferring the fluid from the
boiler to the reservoir or from the reservoir to the boiler as occasion may require.
4. In a vapor engine the method herein described of preparing and applying the
liquid used for absorbing the exhaust vapor from the engine; the same consisting
in heating the liquid thereby reducing its, absorptive power then without breaking
its continuity but having it at all times under the pressure of the vapor in the
boiler cooling the same thereby restoring its absorptive power and bringing it under
boiler pressure in contact with the vapor exhausted from the cylinder so as to
produce an induced current in the direction of the absorber, the pump, or the
dynamical reservoir.
5. In a vapor engine the method herein described of recovering and using the
exhaust vapor from the engine, the same consisting in spraying under boiler
pressure a stream of the cold solution from which the vapor is generated into a
chamber receiving the exhaust vapor from the engine, whereby the vapor is absorbed
by the solution without surrendering its statical heat and is mechanically mixed by
the force of the spray.
6. In a vapor engine the method herein described of securing the absorption of
the vapor and the heat developed by the absorption to superheat the vapor in the
reservoir, the same consisting in introducing the vapor generated in the, boiler,
into the storage reservoir below the surface of the liquid contained in said
reservoir.
7. In a vapor engine the method herein described of regulating the tension of
vapor in both the boiler and reservoir, the same consisting in introducing the
binary liquid into either by the pump as set forth.
8. In a vapor engine the method herein described of heating the cylinder of the
engine so as to superheat the working vapor therein, the same consisting in com-
bining the exhaust vapor from the cylinder with a cold weak solution of aqua
"ammonia under pressure, in a chamber which surrounds the cylinder as set forth.

page_text: 9. In a vapor engine the method herein described of preventing back pressure
on the piston of the engine, the 'same consisting in drawing from the chamber
which surrounds the cylinder the vapor which is in excess of saturation by means
of'ä'stream or current of the cool weak solution under pressure from the boiler, as
set forth.
.
"1
10. A vapor engine in which the vapor is worked expansively in the cylinder
the method heroin described of disseminating the heat of absorption produced by
the union of the cold weak solution and the exhaust vapor within the jacket
of the cylinder, the same consisting in joining or combining the exhaust vapor
from the cylinder with a weak solution under boiler pressure in the jacket of the
cylinder thus neutralizing the effect of the expanded vapor within the cylinder,
and the consequent fall of temperature resulting from such expansion.
་།
11. The method herein described of heating the cylinder and piston of a vapor
engine, which consists in bringing a cold weak solution in contact with the cold
expanded vapor within the cylinder of the engine, as set forth, whereby the
cylinder and piston are heated to the proper working temperature by the heat of
absorption.
..
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12. The method herein described of heating the cylinder and piston of a vapor
engine, the same consisting in injecting a cold weak solution of aqua ammonia
alternately at each end of the cylinder, said cold weak solution being delivered
under boiler pressure as set forth.
18. The method herein described of disseminating the heat of absorption, the
same consisting in bringing the liquid and expanded vapor when in the act of
solution in contact with the piston and working surface of the cylinder and
imparting its heat thereto.
14. In an aqua ammonia engine a boiler for generating the vapor, and a dynamical
reservoir such as described for receiving the vapor from the boiler and supplying it
to the cylinder, said reservoir being partially filled with the solution or aqua
ammonia as set forth.
15. In an aqua ammonia engine, a liquid reservoir, such as described adapted to
receive the vapor from the boiler, said vapor being injected into the reservoir below
the surface of the liquid contained therein as set forth.
16. In an aqua ammonia engine a boiler for generating the vapor, a dynamical
reservoir such as described for receiving the vapor, said reservoir being partly filled
with aqua ammonia, the boiler and reservoir being connected by a pipe, b, whereby
the quantity of liquid in either the boiler or reservoir is regulated.
17. In an aqua ammonia engine a boiler for generating the vapor, a dynamical
reservoir such as described, for receiving the vapor from the boiler, said reservoir
being provided with a coiled pipe leading from the boiler, whereby the vapor in
the reservoir is superheated as set forth.
18. In an aqua ammonia engine a boiler for generating the vapor, a dynamical
reservoir for receiving the vapor from the boiler, said reservoir being provided with
a coiled pipe leading from the boiler for superheating the vapor in the reservoir,
and a valve located in the path of the pipe leading to the boiler and connecting
with the reservoir whereby the supply of liquid passing through said pipe and the
heat in the reservoir is automatically regulated as set forth.
19. In an ammonia engine a boiler for generating the vapor a dynamical reservoir
for receiving the vapor from the boiler, a pipe leading from the boiler through the
reservoir to the exhaust from the cylinder, whereby the exhaust vapor from the
cylinder is absorbed by the weak solution from the boiler under boiler pressure.
20. In an ammonia engine, the cylinder of which is jacketed, the exhaust vapor
from the cylinder being brought into contact with and absorbed by a weak solution
from the boiler and introduced into the jacketed space of the cylinder as described,
whereby a proper working temperature is at all times maintained in the cylinder.
21. In an ammonia engine the cylinder of which is jacketed as described to
receive the exhaust from the cylinder, a pipe leading from the top of the jacketed
space, to, and communicating with the liquid pipe from the boiler, whereby an

page_text: induced current is maintained to free the jacketed space of vapor and to prevent
back pressure on the piston.
22. In an ammonia engine, a boiler for generating the vapor, a dynamical
reservoir such as described, partially filled with aqua ammonia for receiving and
.superheating the vapor from the boiler, in combination with the pipe, M, and
cylinder, D, as set forth.
23. In an ammonia engine the pipe, d, having a branch or switch pipe, p, con-
necting the bent.portions of the pipe, d, outside of the reservoir, in combination
with the valve, di, whereby a constant boiler pressure is maintained on the liquid
which absorbs the exhaust vapor from the cylinder, when said valve, d', closes to
cut off the passage of the liquid through the reservoir, substantially as set forth.
24. The pipes, C, and, D', provided with the valves, f1, and, f, in combination
with the pump, F, whereby the liquid can be directed into the boiler or reservoir
as set forth.
25. The pipes, H, and, I, leading into each end of the cylinder from the pipe, d,
said pipes, H, and, I, being controlled by the valves, K, and, L, by means of the
rods, m, and, N¹, and eccentric,, N, whereby the weak cooled solution is automatically
injected into the cylinder as set forth.