Year: 1896

page_text: I, FAROSLAW SYKORA, engineer of Kiew, Kreszatyk, Stiffler's house, in the
empire of Russia do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
The invention relates to tubular or plate heaters or coolers for fluids, such as
are greatly used in the various industries e.g. as so-called "rechauffeurs" in sugar-
factories etc.
It is well known that in such apparatus, when the fluid that is to be heated
or cooled is kept in motion relative to the heating or cooling surface the effect
of the latter is essentially increased. Up to the present one has endeavoured
to obtain the necessary motion of the fluid either by a natural fall of the fluid
or by the assistance of means for agitating or mixing e.g. pumps, worms, wings
or rotating arms, which worked in the fluid, or the opposite course was taken.
riz. the fluid was allowed to remain quiet and the heating or cooling tubes were
turned in it.
My invention endeavours to obtain an increase of the capability of receiving.
or transmitting more heat by allowing the fluid which is to be heated or cooled
also to remain for a time without flowing away, in its reservoir, but at the same
time subjecting it to a quick motion, which periodically changes its direction.
Such a process becomes the more valuable for practice, the more it approaches
to the theoretical ideal of effecting the oscillating motion of the fluid without
using any exterior force, solely by inertia or the force of elasticity, while the
exterior force only serves to overcome the obstructing friction.
The exterior force may exercise its effect on the fluid in a variety of ways,
e.g. by the pressure of air, gas, steam or fluid produced by means of a pump,
air pump, compressor, or blast engine, ventilator etc. furthermore by.
the mechanical effect of spiral wings or agitators placed in an inclined position.
and caused by well-know means to change their motion periodically, lastly by the
motion of bodies dipped in the fluid or of pliable membranes.
A motion of the fluid of such a kind that as small a force as possible suffices
for its motion is obtained by dividing the fluid into two or more symmetrical
parts which keep each other in equilibrium or at least very nearly so, when at.
the same time the bedding becomes very pliable and elastic." An elastic bedding
of the fluid is obtained also by the use of an enclosed quantity of gas, air or
steam as a cushion, further more by springs or weights acting either directly,
or by means of pistons, membranes etc. on the fluid.
When the fluid is thus elastically bedded it always possesses in the state of
equilibrium a living force which strives to bring about a transfer of the
equilibrium to an opposite direction, which causes the oscillations to commence.
The exterior apparatus for producing motion may act on only one or in common
on all the heaters or coolers contained in my arrangement; furthermore the
exterior force may take effect at each change in the motion of the fluid or only
during particular changes, the remaining part of the motion being produced by
inertia or elasticity.

page_text: During the oscillating motions the fluid can flow in or flow off as desired by
means of an incline or a pump, the annexed drawings give a number of practical
examples of the various forms which my invention admits of
In figs. 1, 2, 3 and 4 the fluid is always divided into two symmetrical parts,
while in fig. 5 the parts are not symmetrical and the elastic bedding is obtained
by an air-cushion. Figs. 6 & 7 show details of fig. 5 and figs. 8 & 9 more elastic
cushions for the arrangement as in fig. 5.
Fig. 1 shows a standing tubular heater or cooler, in which the fluid to be
heated or to be cooled is contained inside the tubes. At the same time the space
containing the fluid is divided into two connected (communicating) parts to the
right and left of the central vertical line.
The space marked with a is open at the top, that marked with a tightly closed,
the layer of air however situated in the latter above the fluid being influenced
by a bellows c provided above te cover. This bellows is alternately drawn out
and compressed by a crank (or excentric) d, so- that alternately a diminished and
an increased pressure of the air is produced in b. Thereby the motions of the
bellows are transmitted as oscillations to the fluid. The latter flows in at c and
out at f, whereby, in order to prevent or changement of pressure in by the
escape of air at e, the inlet tube may be formed as a sink-tube or provided with
a return-valve.
The division of this apparatus into two fluid chambers could be made in some
other way as that shown in the drawing eg. concentrically, and if regard is not
had to the amount of force to be applied, the two divisions of fluid may be not
equal to each other.
According to fig. 2 the heater or cooler consists of two exactly equal apparatus A.
& B, containing the fluid, as in fig. 1, in vertical tubes, and whose fluid chambers
are connected (communicate) at the bottom with each other, and aro tightly
closed at the top, but are connected by the pipes y and with the cylinder C,
in which a piston D produces by its forward and backward motion vibrations of
the air, which are then transmitted to the surfaces of the fluid in a and b. The
fluid, as in fig. 1 flows in and out at e and f.
Fig. 3 shows an apparatus with horizontal pipes containing the fluid, and
running on each side into equally large vertical fluid chambers a and b closed
all round, in which the vibrations are obtained by the moving to and fro of
the bodies K which are dipped in. The bodies K may-as shown in the drawing-
be attached to a beam and be moved by means of a shaft i acting on the beam
or in other suitable manner. The fluid here also flows in and out at e and f.
Of course in the apparatus of the form shown in the drawing with
horizontal tubes one of the two means as applied according to figs. 1
and 2 for the production of the vibration of the fluid in vertical tubes,
may be used; and vice versa in the apparatus according to figs. 1 and 2-bodies
dipped in may be applied for producing vibration.
In figs. 1 to 3, the apparatus are of such a kind that the fluid to be cooled or
to be heated are contained inside the tubes, but fig. 4 shows an arrangement in
the case the fluid should be outside the tubes, while the latter contain the means
for heating or cooling. Here the vibrations are imparted to the fluid directly
by the quick motion to and fro in the free central space where there are no
tubes of the wing of a worm j, which receives its motion from an oscillating
crank which is driven by a smaller rotating crank 1, or in some other suitable,
manner eg. by the alternating action of two electromagnets.
It goes without saying that even when the tubes and fluids are arranged as
in fig. 4 the vibrations may be produced as shown in figs. 1, 2 and 3..
In contrast to the arrangement: treated in figs. 1 to 4, in which the two halves
of the fluid keep each other in equilibrium, fig. 5 shows an arrangement of the
heater or cooler, where the easily moveable and elastic bedding of the fluid is
solely obtained by a cushion of air or gas, air or gas heing present under such
pressure in the reservoir below the fluid, that the surface of the one fluid in

page_text: the rest lies at N-N that of the other fluid at N-N₁. The necessary pressure
in & is maintained by driving in compressed gas or air into the space b through
the cock m, until the fluid gauge n shows the level of the water at N-N, to
be at the right place.
The vibrations are imparted to the fluid by the sudden, intermittent effect of
compressed air in the space a on the surface of the fluid N-N The compressor
at the same time works in a large reservoir provided with a safety-valve for a
certain pressure, from where the compressed gas or air is conducted through a
pipe o first of all to a measuring-vessel E and from there to the upper-chamber a
of the heater or cooler. Besides with E the latter chamber must be capable of
being brought also into connection alternately with the exterior air or a special
reservoir for receiving the already used air or gas. Thus a contrivance is neces-
sary which alternately opens and shuts the connexion between E and a and while
performing the latter operation, will at the same time open the connexion from a
to the exterior air or the special collecting-reservoir and that between E and
the supply-pipe.o. These operations may be carried out either by cocks, slides,
valves or membranes which are actuated mechanically or by compressed air,
hydraulic pressure or electricity. For this purpose I have invented a kind of
turning-slide or cock opening several ways, which is represented on a somewhat
larger scale and in both the alternate positions in figs. 5 to 7.
In position I (fig. 6) the key F of the cock is so placed that of its front T-shaped
bore to on arm, is closed by the side of casing of the cock G, while the other
two arms P2 and 23 effect a connexion between o and E, the passage ₁ to a
being at the same time cut off by the side of the key opposite to P. The back
angle-shaped boring of the key in this position restores the connexion between
and the exterior air to the collecting-reservoir, the central boring r either passing
outwards or into a tube H leading to the collecting reservoir, while the slit-shaped
lateral openings in the key is situated above the second outlet of a, 4.
The position II (fig. 7 and fig. 5) is obtained by turning the key of the cock
in the direction of the arrow 900 towards position I, and then the arms p, and p
effect the connection between a and E in the front T-shaped boring of the key,
while arm is shut off by the side of the casing M and the approach to pipe
by the back of the casing opposite to 7 at the same time the connection with
at the hind lore outlet g, is interrupted being closed by the side of the key and
the slit & by the side of the casing.
In position I the compressed air previously lying in a above the fluid thus
escapes through g, or s and r, and the level of the fluid again goes to N--N
under the pressure of the cushion of air enclosed in b above N N, while at the
same time compressed air enters E from the reservoir fed by the, compressor,
until the necessary degree of filling is attainted. If the position is now reversed
to II the compressor is shut off from the measuring-vessel E and the space
from the atmospheric air, while on the contrary the connexion from E to a is
opened, causing the gas or air previously enclosed in E suddenly to strike the
fluid in so that the level at N N suddenly sinks and rises at N, N, when the
vibrations begin and in consequence of the vis inertiae and under the counter
effect of the cushion of air in 6 continue also in position I if the time that
position 11 lasts is proportionately short.
It goes without saying that the regular opening of the various connections
can be made in a variety of different ways e.g. by means of centrifugal regulators,
cataracts, clock-work, etc.
If it is considered necessary or desirable the fluid is allowed to continue to
flow from e to f during the time that the vibrations act on the fluid.
The cushion of air or gas in b (fig. 5) may be replaced by the contrivances
shown in figs. 8 and 9. In fig. 8 this is done by a piston t sliding upwards with
weights laid on pressing on the fluid and in fig. 9 by a pliable membrane w
which is acted upon by the pressure of the spring.
The arrangement for causing the vibrations as shown in figs. 5, and 8 and 9

page_text: may naturally also be applied to heaters or coolers with horizontal tubes; in the
same way it is immaterial whether the fluid flows outside or inside the tubes.
The whole apparatus made accordingly to my invention attain their purpose if,
as we have hitherto silently taken for granted on the other side of the heating-
surface which is in contact with the fluid, there are air, gases or steam for the
purpose of imparting heat to the fluid or abstracting it from. If instead of these
heating or cooling means a fluid is also taken and likewise subjected to vibrations,
then of course the capacity for transmitting heat is greatly increased.
Thus either only the fluid that is to be heated or cooled or only the fluid that
imparts heat or cold or both can be subjected to vibrations.
Dated this 10th day of December 1896.
For FAROSLAW SYKORA
Bernhard
Brockhues.
I, FAROSLAW SYкORA, engineer of Kiew, Kreszatyk, Stiffler's house, in the
empire of Russia do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement:--
The invention relates to tubular or plate heaters or coolers for fluids, such as
are greatly used in the various industries e.g. as so-called "rechauffeurs" in sugar
factories and the like.
It is well known that in such apparatus, when the fluid that is to be heated
or cooled is kept in a proportionate motion to the heating or cooling surface, the
effect of the latter is essentially increased. Up to the present one has endeavoured
to obtain the necessary motion of the fluid either by a natural fall of the fluid
or by the assistance of means for agitating or mixing e.g. pumps, worms, wings
or rotating arms, which worked in the fluid, or the opposite course was taken
viz. the fluid was allowed to remain quiet and the heating or cooling tubes were
turned in it.
My invention endeavours to obtain an increase of the capability of receiving
or transmitting more heat by allowing the fluid which is to be heated or cooled
also to remain for a time without flowing away, in its reservoir, but at the samo
time subjecting it to a quick motion, which periodically changes its direction.
Such a process becomes the more valuable for practice, the more it approaches
to the theoretical ideal of effecting the oscillating motion of the fluid without
using any exterior force, solely by inertia or the force of elasticity, while the
exterior force only serves to overcome the obstructing friction.
The exterior force may exercise its effect on the fluid in a variety of ways,
e.g. by the pressure of air, gas, steam or fluid produced by means of a pump,
air-pump, compressor, or blast engine, ventilator and the like, furthermore by
the mechanical effect of spiral wings or agitators placed in an inclined position
and caused by well-known means to change their motion periodically, lastly by the
motion of bodies dipped in the fluid or of pliable membranes.
A motion of the fluid of such a kind that as small a force as possible sufficies
for its motion is obtained by dividing the fluid into two or more symmetrical
parts which keep each other in equilibrium or at least very nearly so, whereby
at the same time the bedding is very pliable and elastic.
An elastic bedding of the fluid is obtained also by the use of a steam as a

page_text: cushion, furthermore by springs or weights acting either directly or by means
of pistons, membranes etc., on the fluid."
When the fluid is thus elastically bedded it always possesses in the state of
equilibrium a living force which strives to bring about a transfer of the
equilibrium to an opposite direction, which causes the oscillations to commence.
The exterior apparatus for producing motion may act on only one or in common
on all the heaters or coolers contained in my arrangement; furthermore the
exterior force may take effect at each change in the motion of the fiuid or only.
during particular changes, the remaining part of the motions being produced by
inertia or elasticity.
During the oscillating motions the fluid can flow in or flow off according to
need by means of an incline or a pump.
The drawings, consisting of three sheets, filed with the provisional specifica-
tion, give a number of practical examples of the various forms of my invention.
In figs. 1, 2, 3 (sheet I) and fig. 4 (sheet II) the fluid is always divided into
two symmetrical parts, while in fig. 5 (sheet II) the parts of the fluid are not
symmetrical and the elastic bedding is obtained by an air cushion. Figs 6 and 7
(sheet III) show details of fig. 5, and figs. 8 and 9 (sheet II) more elastic cushions
for the arrangement as in fig. 5.
Fig. 1 shows a standing tubular heater or cooler, in which the fluid to be
heated or to be cooled is contained inside the tubes. At the same time the space
containing the fluid is divided into two connected (communicating) parts to the
right and left of the central vertical line.
The space marked with a is open at the top, that marked with tightly closed,
while the layer of air, situated in the space b above the fluid, is connected with
a bellows c provided above the cover. This bellows is alternately drawn out. and
compressed by a crank d, so that alternately a diminished and an increased
pressure of the air is produced in b. Thereby the motions of the bellows are
transmitted as oscillations to the fluid. The latter flows in at e and out at f.
For the purpose to prevent the reduction of the pressure in 6 by the escape of air
at e, the inlet tube may be formed as a low-tube or provided with a return-
valve.
The division of this apparatus into two fluid chambers could be made in some
other way as that shown in the drawing, exempli gratia concentrically, and if
regard is not had to the amount of force to be applied, the two divisions of the
fluid may be make of unequal weight.
According to fig. 2 the heater or cooler consists of two exactly equal apparatus A
and B, containing the fluid, as in fig. 1, in vertical tubes; the fluid chambers
of A and B communicate together at the bottom, and are tightly closed at the
top, but are connected by the pipes g and h with the cylinder C, in which a
piston D produces by its forward and backward motion vibrations of the air, which
are then transmitted to the surfaces of the fluid in a and b. The fluid, as in
fig. 1, flows in and out at e and f.
Fig. 3 shows an apparatus with horizontal pipes containing the fluid, and
running on each side into equally large vertical fluid chambers a and b closed
all round, in which the vibrations are obtained by the moving to and fro of
the bodies K which are dipped in.
The bodies K may-as shown in the drawing-be attached to a beam and be
moved by means of a shaft i acting on the beam or in some other suitable
manner.
The fluid here also flows in and out at c and f.
Of course in the apparatus of the form shown in the drawing with
horizontal tubes one of the two means as applied according to figs. 1
and 2 for the production of the vibration of the fluid in vertical tubes,
may be used, and vice versa in the apparatus according to figs. 1 and 2 bodies
dipped in may be applied for producing vibration.
In figs. 1 to 3 the apparatus are of such a kind that the fluid to be cooled or

page_text: to be heated is contained inside the tubes, but fig. 4 shows an arrangement, at
which the fluid should be outside the tubes, while the latter contain the means
for heating or cooling.
Here the vibrations are imparted to the fluid directly by the quick motion to
and fro in the free central space where there are no tubes of the wing of a worm j,
which receives its motion from an oscillating crank k, which is driven by a
smaller rotating crank 1, or in some other suitable manner e.g. by the alternating
action of two electro magnets.
It goes without saying that even when the tubes and fluid are arranged as in
fig. 4 the vibrations may be produced as shown in figs. 1, 2 and 3. In contrast
to the, arrangement treated in figs. 1 to 4, in which the two halves of the fluid
keep each other in equilibrium, fig. 5 shows an arrangement of the heater or
cooler, where the easily moveable and elastic bedding of the fluid is solely obtained
by a cushion of air or gas, being present under such pressure in the reservoir b
below the fluid, that the surface of the one fluid in a state of rest lies at N-N
that of the other fluid at N-N
The necessary pressure in 6 is maintained by driving in compressed gas or air
into the space through the cock m, until the fluid gauge n shows the level of
the water at N-N, to be at the right place.
The vibrations are imparted to the fluid by the sudden, intermittent effect of
compressed air in the space a on the surface of the fluid N-N. The compressor
at the same time works in a large reservoir provided with a safety-valve for a
certain pressure, from where the compressed gas or air is conducted through
a pipe o first of all to a measuring vessel E and from there to the upper chamber a
of the heater or cooler. Besides with E the latter chamber must be capable of
being brought also into connexion alternately with the exterior air or a special
reservoir for receiving the already used air or gas.
Thus a contrivance is necessary which alternately opens and shuts the con-
nexion between E and a and while performing the latter operation, will at the
same time open the connexion from a to the special exterior air or the special
collecting-reservoir and that between E and the supply-pipe o. These operations
may be carried out either by cocks, slides, valves or membranes which are
actuated mechanically or by compressed air, hydraulic pressure or electricity.
For this purpose I have invented a kind of turning-slide or cock opening several
ways, which is represented on a somewhat larger scale and in both the alternate
positions in figs. 5 to 7.
In position I (fig. 6) the plug F of the cock is so placed that of its front T-shaped
bere the one arm p, is closed by the side of the casing of the cock G, while the
other two arms P2 and P3 effect a connexion between o and E, the passage q, to a
being at the same time cut off by the side of the plug opposite to P3. The back
angle-shaped boring of the plug in this position restores the connexion between a
and the exterior air or the collecting reservoir, the central boring either passing
outwards or into a tube H leading to the collecting reservoir, while the slit-
shaped lateral opening in the plug is situated above the second outlet of a q
The position II (fig. 7 and fig. 5) is obtained by turning the plug of the cock
in the direction of the arrow 90° towards position I, and then the arms p, and p
effect the connexion between a and E in the front T-shaped boring of the plug,
while arm p, is shut off by the side of the casing M and 'the approach to pipe o
by the back of the casing opposite to ; at the same time the connexion with a
is interrupted in the hinder boring, 2 being closed by the side of the plug and
the slit by the side of the casing.
In position I the compressed air previously lying in a above the fluid thus
escapes through 7, or s and r, and the level of the fluid drops to N N under
the pressure of the cushion of air enclosed in b above N,N,, while at the
same time compressed air enters E from the reservoir fed' by the compressor,
until the necessary degree of filling is attained.
If the position is now reversed to II the compressor is shut off from the

page_text: measuring-vessel E and the space a from the atmospheric air, while on the con-
trary the connexion from E to a is opened, causing the gas or air previously
enclosed in E suddenly to strike the fluid in a so that the level at N-N suddenly
sinks and rises at N,N, when the vibrations begin and in consequence of the
vis inertiae and under the countereffect of the cushion of air in continue also
in position I if the time that position II lasts is proportionately short.
It goes without saying that the regular opening of the various connections
can be made in a variety of different ways c.g. by means of centrifugal regulators,
cataracts, clock-work, and the like.
If it is considered necessary or desirable the fluid is allowed to continue to
flow from to f during the time that the vibrations act on the fluid.
The cushion of air or gas in b (fig. 5.) may be replaced by the contrivances
shown in figs. 8 and 9. In fig. 8 this is done by a piston t-sliding upwards with
weights u laid on-pressing on the fluid and in fig. 9 by a pliable membrane w
which is acted upon by the pressure of the spring v.
The arrangement for causing the vibrations as shown in figs. 5 and 8 and 9
may naturally also be applied to heaters or coolers with horizontal tubes. In the
same way it is immaterial whether the fluid flows outside or inside the tubes..
The whole apparatus made according to my invention attain their purpose if,
as we have hitherto silently taken for granted on the other side of the heating-
surface which is in contact with the fluid, there are air, gases or steam for the
purpose of imparting heat to the fluid or abstracting it from. If instead of these
heating or cooling means a fluid is also taken and likewise subjected to vibrations,
then of course the capacity for transmitting heat is greatly increased.
Thus either only the fluid that is to be heated or cooled or only the fluid that
imparts heat or cold or both can be subjected by vibrations.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what I
claim is:
1.) Tubular or plate heater or cooler, in which for the purpose to increase
the heat-transmitting capacity one or two fluids flowing through the apparatus
are by means of exterior forces put into motion which continually changes its
direction and become in this manner an oscillating or vibrating nature.
2.) A form of the apparatus, characterized under 1 in which the fluid is either
divided into two parts mostly of nearly the same weight or is subjected on one
side to the pressure of elastic cushions, in order thus to make them easily moved,
and to require as small an exterior force as possible to produce the vibrations.
Dated this 10th day of September 1897
Bernh. Brockhues.
VOOTS ATSLY JOT