matthewleechen/300YearsOfBritishPatents huggingface dataset:
IMPROVEMENTS IN EXPLOSIVE BULLETS AND IN THE APPARATUS FOR MAKING THEM
Year: 1869

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Edward Michael Reilly at the
Office of the Commissioners. of Patents, with his Petition, on the
23rd April 1869.
I, EDWARD MICHAEL REILLY, of the Firm of E. M. Reilly and Com-
pany, of New Oxford Street, in the County of Middlesex, Gun and
Pistol Manufacturers, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN EXPLOSIVE BULLETS AND IN THE APPARATUS FOR MAKING
THEM," to be as follows:-
The object of the first part of my Invention is the construction of
explosive bullets which will by the force of the explosion break into a
certain number of pieces according to the formation or shape of the
interior of the bullet.
The second part relates to an improved socket or ring on which the
percussion cap or other explosive medium is placed and held.
And the third part relates to an apparatus or appliances in or by which
the bullets are made.
The bullet is formed by moulding or casting in the ordinary manner,
or by compression, or otherwise. The interior portion is made of a square

page_text: or other analogous form, or of a circular or other form, having indents or
recesses at intervals therein, whereby some portions of the bullet are of
greater thickness than the others for the greater part of its length, thus
presenting strong and weak points of resistance, the remaining portion
being of a circular shape for a plug or disc to be inserted in order that
the powder or other explosive mixture may be retained therein.
The second part of the Invention consists of a socket of cylindrical
shape and having two, three, four, or any number of plates, rings, or
projections spread out or extended at one end thereof.
The third part consists in the construction and employment of a
former, die, or core for shaping the interior of the bullet, and which is to
be used either in the ordinary clip mould or otherwise. It is composed
of a rod with a square or other shaped end, and two, three, or other
number of prongs projecting from the shaped end, the other end being
furnished with a handle. There is a circular or other shaped ring or
collar on the shaped end and a hole in the end between the prongs for
a stud or pin on the end of the tool to pass into. The tool has a recess
in its shank for the reception of the cylindrical socket before referred to..
The plug or disc for closing the base of the bullet may be made in a
separate mould.
IM- PROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR GEOFFERING AND PLAITING TEXTILE FABRICS
Year: 1869

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by James Orson at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 19th
November 1869.
I, JAMES ORSON, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North
Britain, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention of "IM-
PROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR GEOFFERING AND PLAITING TEXTILE
FABRICS,'
," to be as follows, that is to say :-
This Invention, which relates to improvements in machinery or
apparatus for geoffering and plaiting textile fabrics, consists under one
head in heating the rolls by gas in place of hot metallic bars, as hitherto.
To effect the heating of the rolls by gas pipes are led to the interior of
the rolls (these being made hollow), and perforations or burners are
placed therein, through which the gas issues and burns.
Under another head the Invention consists in placing the rolls
between in place of projecting beyond the supporting or carrying
frames, and in forming the surfaces of such rolls with devices or patterns
on them, which devices or patterns are transmitted to the fabric as it is
passed through or between them.
IMPROVEMENTS IN DRAWING BOARDS
Year: 1869

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Cubley at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 8th
June 1869.
I, WILLIAM CUBLEY, of Newark, in the County of Nottingham, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
DRAWING BOARDS," to be as follows:-
My improvements in drawing boards relate to the mode of mounting
damped stretched paper thereon, for the purpose more especially of
forming a sketch block for the use of artists, by which improvements
considerable economy of the paper is effected.
Hitherto in constructing drawing boards to hold damp stretched paper
without the aid of glue or other adhesive substance the edge of the
paper has been retained in a recess formed at the back of the board at a
considerable distance from the edge, whereby a very large portion of the
paper which is turned over on the back of the board at each side is
rendered useless.
According to the first of my improvements I form a wedge-shaped
groove or recess in each edge of the board instead of at back as hitherto

page_text: for the purpose of retaining the edges of the paper therein. The paper
having been damped in the usual manner is laid on the board and then
turned over the edges of the board and into the V grooves in which
they are clipped or secured by means of corresponding or V-shaped strips
of wood or other material. These strips are bevilled at the ends, and
are retained in the grooves either by means of pins passed through them
from the back of the board, or by means of an elastic or other band
encircling said strips (which are grooved to receive the board). Instead
of the elastic band, or in addition thereto, small pins mounted in the apex
of each groove may be employed for the same purpose, the strips
fitting on to the pins, or the latter may be carried on the strips
themselves and take into corresponding holes in the board. Instead of
forming wedge or V-shaped grooves in the edges of the board as
described I may make a rectangular recess or undercut in the edge all
round at the back of the board. The edges of the paper are as before
turned over the edges of the board and secured in the recess so formed
on all four sides by rectangular strips fitting on to pins fixed in the
recess, which also assist in holding the paper, the strips being further
held in place if desired by means of an elastic band as before.
According to a further improvement I dispense entirely with the
recesses in the edges of the board which are left square as usual, and
provide each edge with a number of pins over which the edges of the
paper are passed and secured thereon by flat strips fitting on to the pins,
both the strips and pins assisting to hold the paper in place. In this
case also the pins may be carried in the strips and fit into corresponding
holes in the board if desired, said strips being retained by a band as
before.
In all these cases the strips are so arranged as not to interfere with
the free use of the T square when the paper in one or more sheets is
mounted on the board.
IMPROVEMENTS IN SHIPS' ANCHORS
Year: 1869

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Warren at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 22nd July
1869.
I, WILLIAM WARREN, of Jersey, Channel Islands, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN SHIPS' ANCHORS,"
to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to certain improvements in the construction of
anchors, whereby the penetration of the flukes is rendered certain, and
their holding power increased, and whereby the danger of damage to a
ship or vessel from fouling her anchor is entirely obviated.
The anchor consists of a shank tapering from the flukes to the cable
end and furnished with a head in which a space is cut through from side
to side, or cavities or recesses are cut one on each side for receiving the
flukes, which are secured by pivoted joints, and are capable of extending
outwards to the required angle, at which they are held by contact of the
flukes with the edges of the recesses, and are also capable of lying flat
on the shank; by which arrangement, according to the position of the
anchor, the holding fluke will be fully extended while the fluke not in
use will lie close on the shank instead of projecting upwards and

page_text: forming a dangerous impediment liable to penetrate the bottom of a
vessel striking thereon. Each fluke is provided with a projection on its
outer surface, in which an aperture is formed for the purpose of attaching
a chain or cable for tripping the anchor. The other extremity of the
shank is furnished with au enlarged boss bored through and through and
serving to hold a shaft at right angles to the shank; this shaft is
secured by shoulders on each side of the shauk, which are cut with
clutches gearing in corresponding clutches cut in the boss so as to
enable the rod to turn for a degree of an arc sufficient to enable the
curved ends of the rod furnished with points to enter the ground
whichever way the anchor falls,, and the rod serves to invariably place
the anchor in such a position that one of the flukes is ready to enter the
ground immediately a stress is given to the shank. A ring bolt is then
applied to the shank beyond the boss for the attachment of the cable,
and the anchor is complete. By these arrangements the anchor never
fails to hold, and therefore the tendency to drag is almost entirely
obviated; each fluke is independent, and damage to one does not interfere
with the free working of the other; it can be easily taken to pieces and
put together, thus affording great facility for transport; and when on
deck the flukes lie close to the shank and are not in the way like other
anchors, where one of the flukes always projects.
NEW OR IMPROVED APPARATUS TO ENABLE THE DRIVER OF A LOCOMOTIVE ENGINE TO ASCERTAIN THE CONDITION OF THE TRAIN DRAWN BY THE SAID ENGINE
Year: 1869

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said George Hall Adam
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 30th January 1869.
I, GEORGE HALL ADAM, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick,
Accountant, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"NEW OR IMPROVED APPARATUS TO ENABLE THE DRIVER OF A LOCOMOTIVE ENGINE
TO ASCERTAIN THE CONDITION OF THE TRAIN DRAWN BY THE SAID ENGINE," to be
as follows:-
My Invention consists in attaching to the locomotive engine a plane
mirror on one side or on each side of the said locomotive, the said mirror
or mirrors being fixed at or about the height of an ordinary man, and so
inclined that in looking into the said mirror or mirrors the engine driver
may be able to see by reflection from the said mirror or mirrors thu
several carriages of the railway train. He can in this way without
turning round or inclining over the side of the engine learn the state of
the train and observe any signal that may be displayed from any of the
carriages, or whether the door of any carriage is open, or whether any
of the carriages have become detached from the train. I prefer to make

page_text: the said mirrors of glass silvered in the ordinary way, and supported on
rods and fixed by set screws in such a manner that their height and
inclination can be varied to suit the convenience of the engine driver.
But I do not limit myself to any particular method of making the said
mirrors, or of supporting and adjusting them.
IMPROVEMENTS IN CARTRIDGES FOR FIRE-ARMS AND ORDNANCE, AND IN TORPEDOES AND SIMILAR EXPLOSIVE ENGINES
Year: 1869

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Charles Maw at the Office
of the Commissioners of 'Patents, with his Petition, on the 27th
February 1869.
I, CHARLES MAW, of Aldersgate Street, in the City of London,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN CARTRIDGES FOR FIRE-ARMS AND ORDNANCE, AND IN TORPEDOES AND SIMILAR
EXPLOSIVE ENGINES," to be as follows:-
In manufacturing cartridges for fire-arms and ordnance according to
my Invention in place of employing gunpowder or gun cotton as the
explosive material I employ gaseous explosive compounds. For this
purpose I form the case of my cartridge either of metal, paper rendered
impervious to the gaseous compound, or any other suitable substance,
and to explode the cartridge I employ a cap or percussion arrangement
fitted to it similar to those now in use with many kinds of cartridges
used for breech-loading weapons, or possibly some arrangement similar
to the Prussian needle gun might be used with advantage. The mouth
of the cartridge when filled with the gaseous compound (which may be.
compressed so as to increase its explosive power without increasing its
bulk) is closed in a suitable air-tight manner; it may also have a bullet

page_text: or projectile attached to it, or the bullet or projectile might be separate
from the cartridge case.
Torpedoes and other fixed engines of destruction for the defence of
harbours and for like purposes may also advantageously be similarly
charged with explosive compounds. Torpedoes so charged may be
exploded by electricity or otherwise.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN HYDRAULIC OR STEAM CRANES OR OTHER SIMILAR HOISTING OR HAULING MACHINERY
Year: 1869

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Percy Graham Buchanan Westmacott, of New-
castle-upon-Tyne, Civil Engineer, for the Invention of "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN HYDRAULIC OR STEAM CRANES OR OTHER SIMILAR HOISTING OR
HAULING MACHINERY."
Scaled the 30th November 1869, and dated the 21st June 1869.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Percy Graham
Buchanan Westmacott at the Office of the Commissioners of
Patents, with his Petition, on the 21st June 1869.
I, PERCY GRAHAM BUCHANAN WESTMACOTT, of Newcastle-upon-Tyne,
5 Civil Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN HYDRAULIC OR STEAM CRANES OR OTHER SIMILAR HOISTING
OR HAULING MACHINERY," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in hydraulic or steam
cranes or other similar hoisting or hauling machinery. It is more

page_text: In this
especially applicable in pillar cranes, and is a convenient mode of
obtaining long travel of the lifting or hauling chain or rope.
arrangement pulleys are placed round the cross head of the ram or piston
rod, and the end of the cylinder in such a manner on separate axes at
angles the one to the other, so that the chain or rope can be wound
round on all sides, and in order to obtain proper clearance for the chain
or rope, pulleys of different diameters are employed. The number of
pulleys to be placed will accord to the conditions of the stroke of the
ram or piston, and the travel to be given to the end of the rope or
chain. The arrangement also tends to distribute the strain more equally
round the ram cylinder.
AN IMPROVED CONSTRUCTION OF PRINTING PRESS
Year: 1869

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Charles Maule Waddie at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
17th September 1869.
I, CHARLES MAULE WADDIE, of Edinburgh, North Britain, Wholesale
Stationer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN
IMPROVED CONSTRUCTION OF PRINTING PRESS," to be as follows:-
The object of this Invention is to throw off job work with great
rapidity. The machine is designed chiefly for printing from lithographic
stones, but it may be also employed for working off impressions from
type and stereotyped plates. The machine I propose to drive by means
of a treadle, but a winch handle may be used if desired. Motion is
transmitted by gearing from the first or driving shaft to a crank shaft
above, situated immediately below the bed of the press. The bed is pro-
vided with guides, in or on which runs a carriage_containing the stone or
other printing surface and also an inking table. The vertical standards
of the press form guides for the platten, which receives a vertical up-and-
down motion through supporting rods connected to opposite ends of the
crank shaft. A third and larger crank on the same shaft is connected
by a rod to a lever, having its fulcrum at the foot of the press, and jointed

page_text: at its upper end to the carriage, and serves to impart a traverse motion
to the carriage so as to pass it under the damping and the printing
rollers, and then bring it back to receive the paper and carry it under
the platten preparatory to the descent of the latter to produce the im-
pression. The movements are so adjusted that the carriage carrying the
printing surface will pause under the platten to receive its pressure, and
will resume its journey immediately the platten rises. Brackets attached
to the side frame serve to carry a set of damping and inking rollers,
which are lifted out of action during the return motion of the carriage.
In its advance the stone is damped and the ink applied by the pressure
of the rollers on its face. Water is supplied to the stone by a hollow
pierced roller, and it is distributed over the surface by other rollers
covered with felt or scrim cloth. At the front of the machine a gauge
is fixed with movable slides for feeding in the work like an ordinary
embossing press. A guard is also attached to the gauge to prevent the
sheet falling beneath the surface of the stone. The guard is movable,
so that when the stone comes into its position for printing the guard
recedes and leaves the paper on the surface of the stone and returns to
its old position as the carriage retires.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PRODUCTION OF SUBSTANCES TO BE USED IN THE PURI- FICATION OF ILLUMINATING GAS, AND IN THE RECOVERY OF A WASTE PRODUCT ARISING THEREPROM
Year: 1869

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Berger Spence at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
6th March 1869.
I, JOHN BERGER SPENCE, of Manchester, in the County of Lancaster,
Merchant, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PRODUCTION OF SUBSTANCES TO BE USED IN THE PURI-
FICATION OF ILLUMINATING GAS, AND IN THE RECOVERY OF A WASTE PRODUCT
ARISING THEREPROM," to be as follows:-
My Invention relates, firstly, to the production of muriate of iron
suitable for the extraction of sulphur and ammonia from gas. To effect
this I take the spent oxide of the purifiers and drive off the sulphur by
any method now practised. Or I take pyrites from which the sulphur
has been driven off in the ordinary manufacture of sulphuric acid and
treat them with muriatic acid, preferably with heat, by which means I
obtain muriate of iron, which may be used in the purifiers for extracting
sulphur and ammonia, which being driven off oxide of iron remains to
be again used as above described. In burning the spent materials in

page_text: order to remove the sulphur I find that muriate of ammonia distils over
and then separates from the sulphurous acid before it reaches the vitriol
chamber; this I collect in suitable vessels of ordinary construction and
apply it to any known purpose.
Im- PROVEMENTS IN THE VENTILATION OF HATS OR OTHER COVERINGS FOR THE HEAD
Year: 1869

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Isaac Jacob Jordan Lewis at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
28th April 1869.
I, ISAAC JACOв JORDAN LEWIS, of Manchester, in the County of
Lancaster, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "Im-
PROVEMENTS IN THE VENTILATION OF HATS OR OTHER COVERINGS FOR THE
HEAD," to be as follows:-
This Invention consists principally in applying the system of a single
shaft or tube divided by a partition or "brattice" into up-cast and down-
cast shafts (such as is frequently used for ventilating mines) to the
ventilation of hats or other coverings for the head. I employ a short
tube of any convenient form and size made of metal or other suitable
material, the upper end being provided with a rim and protected by a
piece of wire gauze, and I insert this into a hole cut or formed (by
preference) in the centre of the crown of the hat, and attach it thereto
by small projecting nibs or otherwise. The interior of this tube I divide
longitudinally (that is perpendicularly) by a partition of metal or other
impernicable material which acts as a "brattice," in a coal pit shaft

page_text: and divides the two currents. By this means as the air in the upper
part of the hat or covering becomes heated it ascends and passes out on
one side of the partition, whilst a supply of cool air is thereby induced
to descend on the other or down-cast side of the partition to supply the
place thereof, and thus an efficient means of ventilation is secured.
IMPROVEMENTS IN GIRDERS USED IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF ARCHES OR OTHERWISE. COMBINED WITH IRON, TIMBER, STONE, OR BRICKWORK
Year: 1869

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Constantine Henderson at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
27th July 1869..
I, CONSTANTINE, HENDERSON, of Gracechurch Street, in the City of
London, Architect, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN GIRDERS USED IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF ARCHES OR OTHERWISE.
COMBINED WITH IRON, TIMBER, STONE, OR BRICKWORK," to be as follows:-
In the manufacture of girders herein referred to be it understood that
the Invention for which I now seek to obtain Letters Patent is an
improvement on the several forms and modes of constructing the said
girders for which Letters Patent have already been granted to me, viz.,
No. 335, 1865, and No. 1544, 1866.
My principal object is to obtain the simplest formation in wrought
iron, steel, or cast iron, to combine with iron, brick, stone, or timber, so
as to give firmness and stability to the structures in which they are used
by causing the girder to sustain in a tensile direction the whole strain
which comes upon the abutments or skewbacks of the arch or arches.
I make the webb of the girder in one strip of iron or steel. On the ends

page_text: of the webb I form or attach thereto pieces, which I call the abutments
or skewbacks, the inner sides of which are formed to the proper angle to
suit the radius of the arch or arches, or the formation of any other kind
of structure that may be built over the span or space between the
abutments or skewbacks. The said pieces when attached to the webb
may be solid or hollow, and filled up with concrete or cement. Or I
form the ends of the girder into a circular dovetail by increasing the
thickness beyond that of the other part of the webb, and fit them into
corresponding slots formed in the abutments or skewbacks, which are
then made separate from the girder, and may be solid or hollow and
filled up with concrete or cement. In using the girder with the arch it
is placed in position, and the arch is built up from the abutments or
skewbacks. As the tendency of the arch is to force the abutments apart
it will be obvious that this tendency will be counteracted by the girder
in a tensile direction, that is to say, longitudinally in the strongest form,
and not transversely as in the weakest form of girder construction.
These girders are of almost universal application, and can be applied to
the construction of roadways, bridges, viaducts, tunnels, subways,
fireproof floors and roofs, as well as railway construction generally.
IMPROVEMENTS IN MEANS OR APPARATUS FOR PUMPING
Year: 1869

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by George Newsum at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 20th
December 1869.
I, GEORGE NEWSUM, of Hunslet, Leeds, in the County of York,
Machinist, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN MEANS OR APPARATUS FOR PUMPING," to be as follows:-
The Invention relates to improvements in means or apparatus for
pumping, whereby facility is afforded for lifting and forcing water and
other liquids from great depths to great heights. For this purpose I
employ two pistons and cylinders, each of the cylinders being in com-
munication at the lower end with a separate pipe or way, whilst at the
upper end each cylinder is in communication with the pipe or way com-
municating with the lower end of the other cylinder. Valves are employed
at the lower ends of the cylinders as is well understood, but the upper
ends of the cylinders have no valves, but the top of each cylinder is
always in communication with the pipe or way connected to the bottom
of the other cylinder. By these means the liquid in each pipe or way
always acts on the top of the descending piston to assist in forcing
the water up the pipe or way communicating with the lower end thereof.

page_text: I place a valve in each pipe or way, so that if required I can shut off
communication between them and the cylinders.
I would here remark that although I have described the apparatus
to work in a vertical direction, it may be arranged to work in any other
desired position.
IMPROVEMENTS IN MAKING, HARDENING, AND PRESERVING ARTIFICIAL STONE, AND IN PRESERVING THE SURFACES OF WALLS AND OTHER SURFACES
Year: 1869

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Henry Highton at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 5th May
1869.
I, HENRY HIGHTON, of Sussex Square, Brighton, in the County of
Sussex, Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MAKING, HARDENING, AND PRESERVING ARTIFICIAL STONE,
AND IN PRESERVING THE SURFACES OF WALLS AND OTHER SURFACES," to be as
follows:-
In making artificial stone according to the Patent granted to me, and
bearing date June 25th, 1868 (No. 2048), I find that all natural sand
and gravel is more or less rounded and made smooth by attrition, and as
it is important that the edges and surfaces of the sand and gravel used
should be as angular and rough as possible, I use for the purpose of
making artificial stone, sand and gravel made artificially by crusing
granite or other hard stone by Blake's or other suitable mechanical stone
crushers, by which the surfaces of the sand and gravel are left rough and
the edges sharp and angular. Also in steeping the artificial stone in the
method described in the aforesaid Patent I find that the silicate when

page_text: deprived of its silica by the action of the cement becomes specifically
lighter and rises upwards. I therefore place above every layer of blocks
in the bath, and especially above the uppermost layer, soluble silica, in
order that as the partially exhausted silicate rises upwards it may meet
with the soluble silica, dissolve it, and then sink again, so that there
may be kept up in the bath a continual circulation of the fluid as it
becomes alternately exhausted of and replenished with the silica.
In the case of artificial grindstones made according to the aforesaid
Patent, as the fully silicated surface of the stone is worn off by attrition
I supply from time to time the water with which the grindstone is
moistened when in action with a portion of soluble silicate in order to
preserve the surface of the stone constantly fully silicated.
Also in carrying out the operations described in the Specification of
the Patent granted to me, and dated October 1st, 1868 (No. 3006), I find
it an improvement to mix with the solution of paraffine there described a
solution of gum copal or other similar gum in bi-sulphide of carbon or
other suitable solvent.
THE CONSTRUCTION OF IMPROVEMENTS IN THE RAIL: EMPLOYED WITH GRIP WHEELS FOR FACILITATING THE WORKING. OF TRACTION ENGINES
Year: 1869

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by George Mill Frederick Moles
worth at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with hi:
Petition, on the 24th December 1869.
I,. GEORGE: MILL. FREDERIOK MOLESWORTH, of Northdown. Hall.
> Bideford, in the County of Devon, Esquire, do hereby declare the nature
of the said Invention for "THE CONSTRUCTION OF IMPROVEMENTS IN THE RAIL:
EMPLOYED WITH GRIP WHEELS FOR FACILITATING THE WORKING. OF TRACTION
ENGINES," to be as follows:-
My Invention relates to the use of a rail of wedge-shaped sectiona
form, composed of cast iron and wood, or of iron or other metals, cast or
wrought, combined with wood or other substances. The rail may be
laid between lines of rails upon railways continuously, or on ascents, or
at stations, or in other positions, where it may be found advisable to
facilitate traction by providing an efficient fulcrum or base for the
adhesion of the driving power.
My improved rail may also be laid upon roads, or quays, or piers, or
at mines or quarries, and the like, either singly or with or without
other rails, or in other places where great traction power is required

page_text: I employ a grip wheel having flanges forming an internal sectional area
corresponding with the wedge-shaped form of rail. The grip wheel may
be attached to and be driven by the machinery of any locomotive; it may
be carried by a suitable frame movable or fixed in such a way as to be
connected with any propelling engine driven drectly or indirectly by
steam or other power. The grip wheel is brought into action by putting
it in contact with and causing it to grip the rail, so as by adhesion to
afford the required resistance, enabling the propelling power to be fully
exerted, and preventing any or undue loss from slip.
My improved rail also serves in connexion with the grip wheel as a
break for arresting motion, and it may also be used as a guide rail.
AN IMPROVEMENT OR IMPROVE MENTS IN SPORTING CARTRIDGES FOR BREECH-LOADING FIRE-ARMS
Year: 1869

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Edwin Ludlow at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 2nd October
1869.
I, EDWIN LUDLOW, of the Firm of Edwin and Alfred Ludlow, of
Birmingham, in the County, of Warwick, Manufacturers, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVEMENT OR IMPROVE
MENTS IN SPORTING CARTRIDGES FOR BREECH-LOADING FIRE-ARMS," to be as
follows:-
My Invention consists of the improvement or improvements herein-
after described in sporting cartridges for breech-loading fire-arms.
Sporting cartridges as ordinarily made generally consist of a metallic
head or base, to which head or base a paper case or tube is connected for
holding the charge, the open end of the said paper case or tube being
turned or cupped inwards for the purpose of retaining the charge in the
said case or tube; or the head and case are both made of separate
pieces of metal and are afterwards soldered together, the open end of the
case being slit and turned or cupped inwards.
My Invention consists in making sporting cartridges for breech-
loading fire-arms from solid drawn metallic cases cupped or turned

page_text: inwards at the open end to retain the charge, that is to say, I use a
metallic case made by dies and pressure from a single blank or piece of
metal, the head of the cartridge case in which the percussion cap is
inserted and the tube or case in which the charge is placed being made
solid or in one piece. I take a solid draw metallic case of the kind
described, and after having charged the same with the powder and shot
and covering wad in the usual manner I turn or cup inwards the open
end of the case or tube, and thereby retain the charge in the said tube or
case. The turning or cupping inwards of the open end of the tube or
case may be effected by dies, or in a lathe, or in any other convenient
I make the open end of the case or tube so thin that its
cupping inwards is performed with great facility, or the said open end of
the tube or case may be nearly of the same thickness as the other part,
and short longitudinal slits be made at the said end for facilitating its
cupping inwards. On the discharge of the cartridge the cupped end is
expanded outwards to the original figure of the case; the empty case is
thereby ready to be recharged and its end again cupped inwards.
By making sporting cartridges according to my Invention the solid
drawn metallic cases are not injured by the discharge, and hence may
be recharged several times.
IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR PROPELLING SHIPS
Year: 1869

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Robert Lake at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
25th November 1869.-A communication from abroad by Hugo
Dullens, of Biebrich-on-Rhine, in the Kingdom of Prussia.
I, WILLIAM ROBERT LAKE, of the "International Patent Office,"
Southampton Buildings, London, Consulting Engineer, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY
FOR PROPELLING SHIPS," a communication, to be as follows:-
This novel propelling machinery consists in a long steam cylinder,
a piston rod, and a two-winged wheel. The part of the piston rod
extending from the ship is divided into two arms; between these arms
the wheel is fastened in such manner that it can turn around on its axis.
The said wheel works in the following manner:-On the stern of the
ship is a lever arrangement which presses the wing of the wheel down,
so that it slides along the ship surface during the back stroke. During
this passage the wheel takes a nearly horizontal position, this movement
being continued till the end of the stroke, when it is brought into an
inclined position. During the next stroke the lower wing is pushed
against the water, and the higher wing slides along the ship's surface.

page_text: Two or more of these wheels with wings can be arranged at the stern
of the ship; if two are employed, one wheel pushes when the other moves
back. These wheels can also be arranged to work at the sides of the
ship.
This propelling apparatus can work under water. For this purpose
a rim is connected with two cranks by means of the piston rods, the rim
makes an oscillating movement and the wing is pushed around; at the
end of its stroke the wing is conducted through the rim by suitable
mechanism connected with the rod and with levers; during the back
stroke the wing on the other side of the ship is' operated. The wing
works under the water level.
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF BEVE- RAGES FROM COCOA NIBS, COCOA POWDER, PASTE, OR OTHER SIMILAR SUBSTANCES
Year: 1869

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Holloway at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
21st April 1869.
I, WILLIAM HOLLOWAY, of Portland Place North, Lower Clapton,
in the County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF BEVE-
RAGES FROM COCOA NIBS, COCOA POWDER, PASTE, OR OTHER SIMILAR SUBSTANCES,'
to be as follows:-
"
I form a vessel of metal or any suitable material similar in form to an
ordinary coffee pot to which I attach a lid. On the bottom of the vessel
I fix a spindle which extends nearly to the top of the said vessel. Fitted
to the spindle and free to move thereon is a tube, which also extends
nearly to the top of the vessel. On the lower part of the said tube I fix
two, three, or more blades slightly curved and perforated; the bottom
edges are flanged and fit close to the bottom of the vessel. Through the
top of the lid of the vessel I pass a tubular spindle, the lower end of
which is square, so that when the lid of the vessel is closed this spindle

page_text: fits on to a square end formed on the top of the tube to which the blades
are attached. On the upper end of the spindle which passes through
the lid I fix a lever or spring for turning it, or instead of the lever I
attach a toothed wheel to the spindle into which I gear a second toothed
wheel, and by turning the second wheel motion is given. The proper
proportion of ingredients for the beverage having been put into the
vessel the lever or wheels are turned, by which a rapid rotatory move-
ment is given to the blades aforesaid and continued until the beverage is
prepared.
IMPROVEMENTS IN FURNACES FOR EFFECTING THE CONSUMPTION OF SMOKE
Year: 1869

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Yates at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 15th
June 1869.
I, WILLIAM YATES, of the City of Manchester, in the County of
Lancaster, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN FURNACES FOR EFFECTING THE CONSUMPTION OF SMOKE," to
be as follows:-
This Invention consists in placing in each of the furnaces of steam
boilers and all other descriptions of furnaces a perforated or ventilated
metallic or earthen chamber formed as a frame containing a number of
plates with spaces between them, or formed as a chamber with a number
of holes at all sides, so that the air shall pass from the ash-pit or from
the exterior of the furnace through the spaces or holes and be divided
into thin layers, or divisions, or jets, and be thereby capable of imme-
diately mixing with the smoke and gases in the furnace, and cause
their complete ignition, and thus prevent smoke issuing from the
chimney, and also effect great economy of fuel.
A NEW OR IMPROVED COMBINED POCKET CORKSCREW AND follows:- CARRIAGE KEY
Year: 1869

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Edward Lawley Parker at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
14th October 1869.
I, EDWARD LAWLEY PARKER, trading under the Firm of Bent and
Parker, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, Manufacturers,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "A NEW OR
IMPROVED COMBINED POCKET CORKSCREW AND
follows:-
CARRIAGE KEY," to be as
My Invention consists of new or improved combined pocket corkscrew
and carriage key, the parts of which are constructed and arranged
substantially in the following manner:-In constructing the said com-
bined pocket corkscrew and carriage key according to my Invention
I provide the corkscrew at top with an eye for the purpose of receiving
a cross handle, and I make the greater part of the carriage key hollow
or tubular, the said hollow or tubular key being fitted to receive the
acting part of the said corkscrew. When the corkscrew is introduced into
the tubular key the eye at its top is situated above the open end of tho
said key. The corkscrew and carriage key are fastened together in the
following manner:-Below the eye of the corkscrew is a stem, in which
slots opening into one another are made similar to those of an ordinary

page_text: bayonet-joint fastening, and on the outside of the key and near the open
end thereof is a rotating collar, a stud on which passes through a slot
and projects into the interior of the key. Pins are also made on the
stem of the corkscrew, and corresponding shaped depressions aro mado
in the top of the carriage key. On introducing the corkscrew into the
tubular key the pins last described are brought opposite and made to
take into the said depressions in the key; the stud of the rotating
collar also takes into the longitudinal slot in the stem of the corkscrew;
by then turning the rotating collar its stud enters the cross slot in the
stem of the corkscrew, and thereby locks the said corkscrew and carriage
key together. A close fitting tube or case is placed on the tubular key
to conceal the square acting end, and for the purpose next described.
When it is wished to use the carriage key the tube or case is drawn off
it and introduced into the eyo at the top of the corkscrew; a cross
handle is thus formed, by which the key is held while being used;
after use the tube is replaced on the key. When it is wished to uso
the corkscrew the rotating collar described is turned so as to withdraw its
stud from the cross slot in which it was engaged, and bring it opposito
the longitudinal slot. The corkscrew is thereby unfastened, and may be
withdrawn from the tubular key, and the latter be introduced into the
eye of the corkscrew to form a cross handle for holding the said cork-
scrow while in use. After use it the tubular key is withdrawn from the
eye of the corkscrew, and the latter is again introduced into the said
key and fastened thereto, as before described.
By my Invention a pocket combined corkscrew and carriage key is
produced, the parts of which are readily separated for use, and re-
connected and fastened after use.
IMPROVEMENTS IN VELOCIPEDES
Year: 1869

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Joseph Needham at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 6th
May 1869.
I, JOSEPH NEEDHAM, of Chiswick, in the County of Middlesex, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
VELOCIPEDES," to be as follows:-
My Invention consists in an improved arrangement of mechanism
for rotating the wheels of velocipedes, whereby such motion is effected
jointly by the action of the feet upon cranks or treadles and by the
action of the saddle or seat upon which the operator rests upon the
same cranks or treadles. For this purpose I carry the seat upon a
fulcrum so as to constitute a lever, and I connect thereto, either in front
or behind, two rods passing down and connected at the lower ends
to the cranks or treadles, so that by pressing upon the cranks with the
feet when the cranks are performing the downward part of their
revolution, and by pressing upon the seat or saddle so as to cause
the cranks to perform their upward motion, the rotation of the wheel
or wheels will be effected.

page_text: My Invention is applicable both to the three-wheeled and the two-
wheeled velocipede. In connecting the rods directly to cranks on the
front wheel I prefer to continue the lower ends of such rods beyond
the crank pins and to form the treadles for the feet on the ends of
such rods. As the cranks cannot be arranged at right angles the
getting past the dead centres may be facilitated by attaching to or
forming on one or both connecting rods a spring arm projecting there-
from, which, when the cranks are on the dead centres, in coming against
fixed stops on the framing effect a side pressure on the rods so as to carry
the cranks over the centres.
IMPROVEMENTS IN TREATING OR PURIFYING MINERAL OILS
Year: 1869

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Smith at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 15th June
1869.
I, WILLIAM SMITH, of Bathgate, in the County of Linlithgow, North
Britain, Chemist, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN TREATING OR PURIFYING MINERAL OILS," to be as
follows, that is to say:-
This Invention has for its object the reduction of the expences con-
nected with the treating or purifying of mineral oils and the obtainment
of products of superior quality, and it relates to that part of the process
at which it has hitherto been the practice to mix strong commercial
sulphuric acid with crude or partially purified mineral oil.
The Invention consists principally in employing the acid in a state.
diluted with from one-half to twice its volume of water, the acid and
water being mixed with the oil whilst in the heated state produced by
their combination, so as to avail of the heat thus developed. It is also
preferred to heat the oil to about 100 degrees Fahrenheit prior to adding
the acid and water.

page_text: In carrying out the Invention the oil is thoroughly agitated whilst
the acid and water are being added to it, after which it is dealt with in
the ordinary way. The improved treatment with acid and water may
be repeated twice or oftener as may be found desirable. The oils thus
treated are purer and of better quality, and the tar separated by the
acid is different from that ordinarily obtained, being more liquid, lighter
in color, and more suitable for manufacture into grease or lubricating
oil.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF WIRE CLOTH FOR PAPER-MAKING MACHINES
Year: 1869

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Barnouin Rowcliffe at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
8th March 1869.
I, JOHN BARNOUIN ROWCLIFFE, of the City of Manchester, in the
County of Lancaster, Wire Cloth Manufacturer, do hereby declare thic
nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE
OF WIRE CLOTH FOR PAPER-MAKING MACHINES," to be as follows:-
The wire cloth hitherto used in paper-making machines has been
woven in the same way as plain cloth, that is to say, the warp and the
weft threads crossed each other alternately in regular succession, and
the wire cloth so produced, although suitable for the purpose, soon
became injured and worn out, thereby causing a great expense and loss
of time in labor and production of paper.
Now my Invention consists in weaving wire cloth so as to produce
a twilled or fancy surface, and in order to make the wire cloth run
more evenly on the paper-making machine I reverse the direction of
the twill in the warp at intervals as often as may be required. The
wire cloth so produced is much stronger and more durable than that now
in use.

page_text: In manufacturing my improved wire cloth I make use of an ordinary
wire loom, but having three or more triggers which are raised and
lowered by treadles or tappets in the succession required to weave the
twill.
IMPROVEMENTS IN VENT PLUGS
Year: 1869

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Edwin Oades at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 29th November
1869.
I, EDWIN OADES, of Egham, in the County of Surrey, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN VENT PLUGS," to be
as follows:-
The improvements relate to vent plugs generally as used for beer or
wine casks or such like, and consist in rendering vent plugs self-acting
by means of a spring or springs furnished with a suitable plug working
in a chamber, which spring when the fluid is drawn from the cask and
thereby creates a partial vacuum is intended to be pressed or drawn
down by the pressure of the external atmosphere, and thus allow the
necessary quantity of air to enter and vent the cask, but directly
the flow of liquid is allowed to cease the hole which admitted the
air is by the action of this spring closed. The improvements may
conveniently be carried into effect by constructing vent plugs of a
hollow cylinder with a cover removeable or not as desired, but pre-
ferably removeable, which cover is furnished with a holes or holes

page_text: for the admission of air when the vent plug is in use.. The lower end
of the cylinder, which is also furnished with a hole or holes may taper
to a point and may for convenience in fastening it into the cask or
receptacle be screwed. The cylinder is furnished with a spring or
springs, at the top of which may be attached a piece of india-rubber,
cork, leather, or other similar substance, which by the action of the
spring is kept pressing against the hole in the cover of the cylinder,
so that when the vent plug is not in use the entrance of external air
into the cask is prevented, but directly the partial vacuum is made by
the drawing off of the liquid the external air pressing against the piece
of india-rubber, cork, leather, or similar substance forces down the
spring or springs, and passing through the hole at the bottom of the
cylinder enters the cask or receptacle. The vent plug may be made
of metal, wood, glass, or other suitable material.