CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS TO BE EMPLOYED IN THE TRANSPORTION OF GOODS OR PASSENGERS, PARTS OF WHICH SAID IMPROVEMENTS ARE ALSO APPLICABLE TO THE ORDINARY PURPOSES OF STEAM ENGINES
Year: 1832

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM.
CHURCH, of Bordesley Green, near Birmingham, in the County of Warwick,
Esquire, send greeting.
WHEREAS His present most Excellent Majesty King William the Fourth,
by His Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at
Westminster, the Ninth day of February, in the second year of His reign,
did, for Himself, His heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
William Church, my executors, administrators, and assigns, His espescial
licence, full power, solc privilege and authority, that I, the said William
Church, my executors, administrators, and assigns, and no others, for the
term of fourteen years from the date thereof, should and lawfully might use,
exercise, and vend, within that part of His Majesty's United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland called England, His Principally of Wales, and
Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN
APPARATUS TO BE EMPLOYED IN THE TRANSPORTION OF GOODS OR PASSENGERS, PARTS
OF WHICH SAID IMPROVEMENTS ARE ALSO APPLICABLE TO THE ORDINARY PURPOSES OF
STEAM ENGINES;" and in which said Letters Patent there is contained a
proviso obliging me, the said William Church, by an instrument in writing
under my hand and seal, fully to describe and ascertain the nature of my said
Invention, and the manner in which the same is to be performed, and to cause

page_text: the same to be enrolled in His Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the above in part
recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being thereunto had,
will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
William Church, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention is
fully described and ascertained in and by the following description thereof,
reference being had to the Drawings hereunto annexed, and the letters and
figures marked thereon, that is to say :-
My improvements in apparatus to be employed in the transportion of goods
and passengers (parts of which are also applicable to steam engines), apply
particularly to the construction of locomotive carriages intended to convey
passengers and goods on ordinary roads by the agency of steam, and are
comprehended under the three following general heads :-
First, the construction of the framing of the carriage which is to support
the bodies of the vehicle, and enclose the machinery by which it is impelled,
and the manner of connecting the ribs or rails for the purpose of giving
great strength from a comparatively small weight of material:
Second, the peculiar construction of the boilers, furnaces, and flues, by
which a sufficient quantity of water may be converted into steam to work the
engine:
Third, the construction of the running wheels of the carriage, designed
particularly to prevent concussions as they pass over inequalities on the surface
of the road, which are made with elastic rims that bend into oblate figures or
flatted curves as they come in contact with the ground, thereby preventing the
wheels from sinking or sliding round.
In constructing the framing of the carriage for the purposes stated under
the first head, I have endeavoured to form, arrange, and connect the timbers,
ribs, rails, rods, tubes, or 'bars. of the same, so as to constitute a skeleton
framing, which shall be trussed and supported in every part and way that is
likely to be exposed to pressure, strain, or twist, occasioned by weight, unequal
force, or vibration, in order that each timber, rib, rail, rod, tube, or bar of the
framing may receive and sustain its due proportion of weight or strain, and
thereby relieve and support the part on which the force immediately acts, or,
in other words, that the strain or force may be as equally defused as possible
over all parts of the skeleton frame. And further, I so construct the said
skeleton framing that I am enabled to enclose within it the boilers, engines,
and machinery for propelling the carriage, and also to support by. it the
carriage bodies for the reception of passengers and luggage. In arranging

page_text: the parts of the skeleton framing, I form what may be called an engine room,
or space for the reception of the engines, boilers, and machinery, about equal
in hight to that of the bodies of the intended vehicle.
In the accompanying Drawings, Figure 1 represents a side elevation of a
complete skeleton framing for a carriage, constructed upon the principles
above set forth. Figure 2 is a horizontal view of the same, as seen on the top;
and Figure 3 is a section of the skeleton frame, taken horizontally near the
ground, shewing the framework for the flooring.
Figure 4 is a section of the frame, taken vertically looking towards the front of
the carriage; and Figure 5 is a similar section, looking thereverse way. When
the framing is constructed of wooden rails, as represented in the Drawing, I
connect or unite them together by slips or clamps of iron, or other metal, as
represented in the Figures. By these means I avoid the necessity of morticing
and tenoning the joints of timber, and retain the entire substance and strength
of the wood without having injured the fibres. The framing may be con-
structed by connecting rods, ribs, bars, or tubes of metal, upon the principles
here set out; the junctions being secured by socket joints fastened by cotters,
a specimen of which is shewn at A, A, in Figure 1, which are there adapted
for the convenience of more readily attaching and detaching the working
cylinders and their appendages.
In describing the peculiar construction of the boiler, furnace, and flues, it is
to be first observed that the boiler consists of a combination of tubes, filled
with water, arranged in vertical positions side by side in circular or polygonal
ranges, so as to form or constitute a furnace; the fire being in the middle of
the system or arrangement of tubes, and the flues are smaller tubes severally
passing through the interior of the water tubes. The construction of these
boilers will be seen by reference to the Figures of the accompanying Drawings,
from 6 to 17 inclusive.
Figure 6 is an external view in elevation of a system of tubes constituting
a boiler and furnace; the double casings which from the chimney or outer
fluc, and the air or blast passage, being removed, and partly shewn in section.
Figure 7 is a section of the same, taken vertically through the middle of the
boiler and furnace, for the purpose of exposing the water tubes a, a, a, a, a.
It will be perceived that these water tubes are arranged in pairs of dissimilar
lengths, and that each pair has a syphon tube b, b, passing through them,
which syphon tubes b, b, are the flues.
Figure 8 is a similar section of the boiler and furnace, but in which the
flues b, b, are laid open in section, and the tubes a, a, a, shewn filled with

page_text: Figure 9 is a horizontal section taken through the middle of the boiler,
shewing the arrangement of the water tubes a, a, a, and the situations of the
syphon flues b, b, within.
Figure 10 is a horizontal section taken through the cylindrical steam chamber c,
above the bends of the syphons b, shewing a top view of those syphons, by
which their connections with the several pairs of water tubes will be perceived.
Figure 11 is a horizontal section of the tubes taken below at about the
level of the fire bars in the furnace.
Figure 12 is a horizontal view of the top of the cylindrical steam chamber c,
the safety valve and steam pipe e, the outer casing being removed.
The particular construction of the several water tubes of the boiler, and
their connection in pairs with the syphon flues, are shewn at Figure 14, which
represents one pair of the water tubes and their connecting syphon detached
from the boiler, and drawn in section upon an enlarged scale. c, c, represents
a portion of the cylindrical steam chamber, the lower part of which is occupied
with water conveyed through a supply pipe d, the level of the water being
raised to the height of a few inches above the bends of the syphon tubes b, b,
as seen in Figure 8. From this cylindrical chamber the water descends into
the tubes a, a, a, a, and fills them completely, which tubes are secured to the
bottom plate of the steam chamber by screwing or otherwise, as shewn at j. j.
The flames and heated vapours from the fire play freely around the external
surfaces of those parts of the boilers which are formed by the ranges of short
tubes, and upon those parts of the surface of the range of long tubes which
are presented towards the fire; but, being confined by the close contiguity of
the latter range, the flame and vapours thence proceed up the shorter legs of
the syphon flues within the water tubes, and down the longer legs, as shewn by
the arrows; and baving imparted their heat to the water through the metallic
surfaces, pass into the dust box z, at the bottom of the longer legs of the
syphons, and from thence proceeds to the outer flues f to the chimney g. The
dust having been arrested in its course by a fine wire gauze sieve or screen h,
which is placed as a partition at bottom between the dust box and the lower
aperture of the outer flue f. The ends of the syplon flues are secured to the
lower extremnities of the water tubes by screwed caps i, as shewn in Figure 14,
and in the section of the boiler at Figure 13; or they may be otherwise con-
nected, so as to constitute the inner surfaces of the water vessels. The flues
are made in the forms of syphons or bent tubes, not having any attachment to
the water tubes at top, which arrangement allows of the metals expanding and
contracting under variations of temperature. without disturbing or straining.
the joints of the metal. The lower extremities of the water tubes may be

page_text: inserted by screwing or otherwise into the upper surfaces of annular chambers k,
and the ends of the syphons into the lower surfaces of the same, as represented
in the sectional Figures 7 and 8; and for the purpose of promoting a circu-
lation of the water, small connecting tubes 1, 1, are in that case made to lead
from one annular chamber to the other. In order to maintain a constant
supply of water at the lower parts of the boiler tubes a, small prependicular
conducting pipes are introduced within, as shewn at m, m, Figure 14. Both
ends of these pipes are open, but a small cap or shield n, n, is placed at a
short distance beneath the lower aperture. The object of this shield is to
prevent the globules of steam as they form at the bottom of the boiler from
rising up the small pipes, the consequence of which is, that the steam will
ascend freely up the water tube on the outside of the conducting pipes, and a
constant current of the water will descend through these small conducting
pipes m, and keep up a constant supply to the bottom of the boiler. Two of
these pipes and their caps are shewn detached at Figure 15, by the side of
Figure 14, one of them being in section, and a horizontal section of the water
tube and flue is shewn at Figure 16, with six of the conducting pipes m
inserted within. The effect of these internal conducting pipes will be clearly
perceived in the Diagram, Figure 17, where the ascending arrows indicate the
course of the steam, and the descending arrows that of the water. In order
to produce the greatest intensity of heat, and the most perfect combustion of
the smoke, I supply or inject into the furnace two currents of air; the one on
the top of the fuel, which passes downwards through an aperture in the steam
chamber, the other at the bottom, proceeding upwards between the fire
bars o, o, meeting the former, whence they pass through the syphon flues b, and
the outer fluef to the chimney g. These currents of air may be obtained by
any convenient mode of producing draft or blast, such as a rotary fan or
blowing machine, which may be placed above the boilers, as represented in
Figures 18; 19, and 20.
Figure 18 is a side view of the carriage, the framing and the working parts
of the machinery being exposed to view.
Figure 19 is a horizontal or plan view of the same.
Figures 20 and 21 are transverse sections of the carriage, taken vestically,
in opposite directions at the dotted line A, B, in the two preceding Figures,
Figure 20 exhibiting the two boilers B, B, and the blowing appartus C,
above, which stand toward the right hand; and Figure 21 shewing the working
cylinders D, D, to the left, and the mode of connecting the action of their
pistons to the running wheels F, F. The cylindrical case C at the top of the
carriage contains two horizontal fan wheels upon one axis, the case being

page_text: divided by a horizontal partition, shewn by dotted lines. In the upper
compartment the fan revolves for the purpose of injecting air into the
furnace, taking its supply from the atmosphere through an aperture and
channel p, and it forces the air into the casing of the boiler through an
opposite channel 7, seen also in Figures 6, 7, 8, 12, and 13. It is intended
that the air so injected shall be taken from between the engine room and the
carriage bodies, in order to keep the latter cool. One portion of the air so
injected passes through the apertures r, r, of the case, and through the central
passage of the steam chamber down into the furnace, producing the upper
blast; and the other portion of air proceeds down the outer channel's, s; of the
casing (taking up the caloric from the contiguous flue as it passes), and through
the aperture below between the fire bars into the furnace, and produces
the under blast. The other fan wheel in the lower compartment of the
cylindrical case, which is intended to act as an exhauster, brings the vapour
from the chimney g, and discharges it through apertures u, u, into the dome,
from whence it escapes to 'the atmosphere. The fuel is supplied to the fur-
nace through a cylindrical box or hopper vabove. A horizontal slider w inter-
sects the lower part of this hopper, closing the mouth of the furnace, and
forming a bottom to support the fuel; and a flap or cover at top shuts up the
hopper close when the fire requires replanishing, which is done by withdrawing
the slider w, when the fuel falls into the furnace. Under some circumstances
I find it convenient to embody the principles of the boiler above described
(that is, the syphon flues passing through pairs of water tubs), in different
forms and modes to those already shewn. Instead of constructing the outer
range of water vessels of cylindrical tubes, as in the previous instance, I form
them by two corrugated plates of metal, bolted or otherwise secured together,
as shewn in the sectional Figure 22. The manner of applying these corru-
gated plates in the construction of a boiler suited for steam navigation is shewn
in the horizontal section of a boiler of Figures 23.
Figure 24 is a similar section taken higher up through the steam chamber;
and Figure 25 is a vertical section of the same. a, a, a, are the water vessels
that constitute the boiler, the sides of which are held together by the
bolts x, x, .
The syphon flues 6 are constructed and united to the water
vessel by screws or otherwise; as before explained; and the steam vessel c
above is formed by continuing the outside corrugated plates of the water
vessels upwards to the required height, and adapting similar corrugated plates
for the inside surface of the steam vessel, by rivitting or otherwise securing
such plates to a flat plato forming the bottom of the steam chamber, and
bracing the sides together by transverse bolts y, y, y.

page_text: Another variation of the principle of constructing a boiler, with syphon flues
passed through the water vessel, is shewn in Figure 26, which represents
vertical section taken through a 'boiler, a, a, a, a, being the water vessel;
b, b, b, b, the syphon flues; c, c, the steam chamber at top.
The peculiar construction of the running wheels will be seen by Figure 27,
which represents the face of one of these wheels complete; and Figure 28 a
section of the same taken transversely. These wheels are of considerable breadth,
and also of large diameter. They are formed by the union of several hoops a, a, a,
of elastic wood, connected together and secured by clamps b, b, bound round
the hoops, as shewn in the two last-mentioned Figures, which constitute
the felly or rim. The outer periphery of the wheel is bound by a hoop of
iron c, c, c, forming a tire; and the spokes consist of elastic curved plates of
steel or springs' d, d, d, bending and moving upon joints. The outer ends of
all the elastic spokes & are attached to the felly by joints at the backs of the
several clamps, and the reverse ends of these elastic spokes are connected by
joints to a pair of metallic rings l, l, firmly fixed by radial and diagonal
rods fff, to the nave or metal 'box g of the wheel in the centre. These
running wheels are fixed upon short rotary axles h, and the weight of the
carriage bearing upon these axles causes the peripheries of the wheels to
bend into slightly oblate figures or flatted curves as they pass over the road.
This deviation from the circular figure of the wheel, by its increased surface,
causes the wheel to take more firm hold of the ground, and consequently to be
less liable to slip round or sink into the road. The springs thus introduced
into the wheels, it may be observed, serve as substitutes for the springs usually
employed in hanging carriage bodies. But in order to afford greater elasticity
and case of action to the carriage, I have recourse to the following means :-
A cylindrical box i containing air, and closed at the top, is attached firmly to
the framework, as shewn in Figures 18, 21, and 29. In this cylindrical box
a piston k, shewn by dots fixed on the top of a forked yoke l, l, plays freely,
and is made tight by a leather cap at its upper part, in the usual manner of
packing hydraulic presses; and the lower ends of the yoke have eyes or
bearings in which the short axles h turn freely. By injecting a sufficient
qantity of air into the vessel i an air spring is produced, upon which the
weight of the carriage and its burden bears, and through the medium of the
pistons and the yokes their weight is supported by the running wheels. As,
however, the axles of the wheels would be liable to lateral movement unless
restrained, I make use of the jointed rods m, m, and p. The rods m, m, are
connected at one end to the framework by hinge joints n, n, and at the reverse
end by rings o, o, to the axles. The rod p, it will be seen, is connected to the

page_text: inside of the wheel axle by a ball and socket joint, and therefore, while it holds
the axle firmly endwise, will not impede its requisite motion. By means of
these rods the carriage will be allowed to vibrate in vertical directions. For
the purpose of preventing the escape of air past the piston in box the i, I inject
a small quantity of oil, water or other liquid by means of a small force pump.
This force pump may be occasionally employed to inject air, and consequently
the clasticity of the spring may be accommodated to the weight of the burthen
it may have to sustain. Although I have described air boxes and pistons I
wish it to be understood that I do not intend to confine myself to air springs,
as under some circumstances it may be found desirable to employ metallic
springs. The power exerted by the working cylinders and pistons of the
engines is communicated through the piston rods to the crank shafts, in the
usual way, and a chain pully t, fixed upon the crank shaft, drives the running
wheels by means of the endless chain u carried over a similar pully v on each
of the running wheel's axles, shewn particularly in Figures 29, 30, and 31;
but as it is necessary to vary the propelling power, I have also introduced two
chain pullies w and c, of dissimilar diameters, upon the said crank shaft and
wheel axle, with an endless chain passed over them; both the pullies upon the
wheel axles turn loosely, and either of them may be locked into gear by means
of the sliding clutch boxes y, y, with the leaves and rods z, z.
In Figures 18, 19, 20, and 21, A, A, A, A, is the skeleton or framework
of the carriage constructed as described under Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5; B, B,
are the two boilers within their casings as also before described; D, D, are the
engines, which are of a similar construction to that described in the Specifica-
tion of a Patent granted to me by His present Majesty on the Twenty-ninth
day of November, One thousand eight hundred and thirty, but these engines are
reversed in their positions, hanging pendant from their induction and eduction
steam pipes. E is the crank shaft turning in bearings upon the framework,
and kept in its proper place by the screw bolts a, a, on the end of the upright
piece b; the crank shaft gives motion through the chain pulley c, and endless
chains d, to the chain pulleys or riggers e, mounted upon the axle of the
running wheels F, F; upon their axles also are mounted the other chain
pulleys f, f, connected by the endless chains h, h, to the other pullies i, i; upon
the crank shaft k, k, are the clutch boxes keyed to the axles of the running
wheels with their levers 7, 7, connected by the rods m, m, to the lever n, by
which the clutch boxes may be sliden from one pulley to the other, so as to alter
the speed of the running wheels as described under Figures 29, 30, and 31.
G, G, are the cylinders of the air springs with the piston rod and tube m, m,
supporting the carriage; n is the fuel feeder or hopper; o is the safety valve

page_text: and steam pipes leading to the engines; r, r, the pipe for conveying the eduction
steam from the engines to the chimney g.
C is the hood or dome containing
the blast and exausting fans or blowers as before described. Upon the under
side of the lower fan is fixed the pulley t, communicating rotatory motion to
both of them from the endless band u, u, which is passed over pullies v, the
larger pulley w upon the crank shaft E; H, H, are the bodies of the carriages
for the conveyance of passengers; K, K, are spaces which may be used for the
depositing of luggage; the reservoir for water to supply the boilers may be
placed under the chain riggers on each side of the engine room, and those for
fuel above them, so as to leave a clear open space for the engineer in the
middle, or they may be placed in any other convenient part of the carriage;
L is the pilot wheel under the controul of the conductor, stationed on the front
seat of the carriage; this pilot wheel is mounted in a circular frame 1, 1, and
turning in bearing in the ends of the vertical pipes or rods 2, strongly braced
to the circular frame 1, 1. The upper ends of these rods or tubes are con-
nected together on the ends of the shaft 3; this shaft has a collar with a strong
metal spring contained n the box 4 resting upon it; this spring box is firmly
fixed on to the end of the stein or pole 5 of the carriage; 6 is a toothed
quadrant fixed upon the shaft 3, into which the pinion 7, having only two teeth,
gears; this pinion is fixed on to the vertical rod 8, having a horizontal whynch
handle 9 upor it; and on the conductor turning this handle round, the pinion will
move the quadrant 6, and that through the shaft 3 the wheel L & its circular
frame turning round within the outer circular rim or frame 10, firmly attached
to the framework of the carriage; 11, 11, is a speaking pipe or tube through
which the conductor can communicate any directions to the engineer; 12 is an
angular-shaped piece of metal suspended to the under side of the framework
just before the running wheels, and nearly touching the ground, and is there
placed for the purpose of removing any loose stones out of the track or way of
the wheels by which one cause of jolting or shaking may be avoided, and in
case it comes in contact with any fixed obstruction the chains will allow it to
rise up out of the way. In order to prevent the rapid destruction of the fire
bars by the heat of the furnace, I make them of a trough-like form, as shewn
in the sectional Diagram, Figure 32; the hollow of the bar I fill with fire clay,
blacklead, or other proper materials which will resist the action of heat.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Church, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Eighth day of August, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and thirty-two.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Eighth day of August, in the third
year of the reign of His Majesty King William the Fourth, the said William
Church came before our Lord the King in His Chancery, and acknowledged
the Instrument aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and
specified, in form above written. And also the Instrument aforesaid was
stamped according to the tenor of the Statute made in the fifty-fifth year of
the reign of His late Majesty King George the Third.
Inrolled the Ninth. day of August, One thousand eight hundred and

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
CHURCH, of Bordesley Green, near Birmingham, in the County of Warwick,
Esquire, send greeting.
WHEREAS His present most Excellent Majesty King William the Fourth,
by His Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing. date at
Westminster, the Ninth day of February, in the second year of His reign;
did, for Himself, His heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
William Church, my executors, administrators, and assigns, His: espescial
licence, full power, sole privilege and authority; that I, the said William
Church, my executors, administrators, and assigns; and no others, for the
term of fourteen years from the date thereof, should and lawfully might use,
exercise, and vend, within that part of His Majesty's. United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland called England, His Principally of Wales, and
Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN-
APPARATUS TO BE EMPLOYED IN THE TRANSPORTION OF GOODS OR PASSENGERS, PARTS
OF WHICH SAID IMPROVEMENTS ARE ALSO APPLICABLE TO THE ORDINARY-PURPOSES OF
STEAM ENGINES;" and in which said Letters Patent there is contained a
proviso obliging me, the said William Church, by an instrument in writing.
under my hand and seal, fully to describe and ascertain the nature of my said
Invention, and the manner in which the same is to be performed, and to cause

page_text: the same to be enrolled in His Majesty's High
calendar months next and immediately after the art of Chancery within six
date of the above in part
recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being thereunto, had,,
will more fully and at large appear..
E!
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso,. I, the said
William Church, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention is
fully described and ascertained in and by the following description thereof,
reference being had to the Drawings hereunto annexed and the letters and
figures marked thereon, that is to say
My improvements in apparatus to be employed in the transportion of goods
and passengers (parts of which are also applicable to steam engines), apply
particularly to the construction of locomotive carriages intended to convey
passengers and goods on ordinary roads by the agency of steam, and are
comprehended under the three following general beads :-
First, the construction of the framing of the carriage which is to support
the bodies of the vehicle, and enclose the machinery by which it is impelled,
and the manner of connecting the ribs or rails for the purpose of giving
great strength from a comparatively small weight of material:
Second, the peculiar construction of the boilers, furnaces, and flues, by
which a sufficient quantity of water may be converted into steam to work the
engine:
Third, the construction of the running wheels of the carriage, designed
particularly to prevent concussions as they pass over inequalities on the surface
of the road, which are made with elastic-rims that bend into oblate figures or
flatted curves as they come in contact with the ground, thereby preventing the
wheels from sinking or sliding round.
In constructing the framing of the carriage for the purposes stated under
the first head, I have endeavoured to form, arrange, and connect the timbers,
ribs, rails, rods, tubes, or bars of the same, so as to constitute a skeleton
framing, which shall be trussed and supported in every part and way that is
likely to be exposed to pressure, strain, or twist, occasioned by weight, unequal
force, or vibration, in order that each timber, rib, rail, rod, tube, or bar of the
framing may receive and sustain its due proportion of weight or strain, and
thereby relieve and support the part on which the force immediately acts, or,
in other words, that the strain or force may be. as equally defused as possible {
over all parts of the skeleton frame. And further, I so construct the said
skeleton framing that I am enabled to enclose within it the boilers, engines,
and machinery for propelling the carriage, and also to support by. it the
carriage bodies for the reception of passengers and luggage. In arranging

page_text: the parts of the skeleton framing, I form what may be called an engine room,
or space for the reception of the engines, boilers, and machinery, about equal
in hight to that of the bodies of the intended vehicle.
3.
...
In the accompanying Drawings, Figure 1 represents a side élevation of a
complete skeleton framing for a carriage, constructed upon the principles
above set forth. Figure 2-is a horizontal view of the same, as seen on the top;
and Figure 3: is a section of the skeleton frame, taken horizontally, near the
ground, shewing the framework for the flooring.
..
When
Figure 4 is a section of the frame, taken vertically looking towards the front of
the carriage; and Figure 5. is a similar section, looking thereverse way. Whe
the framing is constructed of wooden rails, as represented in the Drawing
connect or unite them together by slips or clamps of iron, or other metal, as
represented in the Figures. By these means I avoid the necessity of morticing
and tenoning the joints of timber, and retain the entire substance and strength
of the wood without having injured the fibres. The framing may be con-
structed: by connecting rods, ribs, bars, or tubes of metal, upon the principles
here set out; the junctions being secured by socket joints fastened by cotters,
a specimen of which is shewn at A, A, in Figure 1, which are there adapted
for the convenience of more readily attaching and detaching the working
cylinders and their appendages.
.
In describing the peculiar construction of the boiler, furnace, and flues, it is
to be first observed that the boiler consists of a combination of tubes, filled
with water, arranged in vertical positions side by side in circular or polygonal
ranges, so as to form or constitute a furnace; the fire being in the middle of
the system-or arrangement of tubes, and the flues are smaller tubes severally
passing through the interior of the water tubes. The construction of these
boilers will be seen by reference to the Figures of the accompanying Drawings,
from 6 to 17 inclusive.
Figure 6 is an external view in elevation of a system of tubes constituting
a boiler and furnace; the double casings which from the chimney or outer
flue, and the air or blast passage, being removed, and partly shewn in section.
Figure 7 is a section of the same, taken vertically through the middle of the
boiler and furnace, for the purpose of exposing the water tubes a, a, a, a, a.
It will be perceived that these water tubes are arranged in pairs of dissimilar
lengths, and that each pair has a syphon tube b, b, passing through them,
which syphon tubes b, b, are the flues.
Figure 8 is a similar section of the boiler and furnace, but in which the
flues b, b, are laid open in section, and the tubes a, a, a, shewn filled with
water.

page_text: Figure 9 is a horizontal section taken through the middle of the boiler,
shewing the arrangement of the water tubes a, a, a, and the situations of the
syphon flues b, b, within.
:
:
Figure 10 is a horizontal section taken through the cylindrical steam.chamber c,
above the bends of the syphons b, shewing a top view of those syphons, by:
which their connections with the several pairs of water tubes will be perceived:
Figure 11 is a horizontal section of the tubes: taken below at: about the
level of the fire bars in the furnace.
+
d
Figure 12 is a horizontal view of the top of the cylindrical steam chamber c,
the safety valve and steam pipe e, the outer casing being removed.
The particular construction of the several water tubes of the boiler, and
their connection in pairs with the syphon flues, are shewn at Figure 14, which
represents one pair of the water tubes and their connecting syphon detached
from the boiler, and drawn in section upon an enlarged scale. c, c, represents
a portion of the cylindrical steam chamber, the lower part of which is occupied
with water conveyed through a supply pipe d, the level of the water being
raised to the height of a few inches above the bends of the syphon tubes b, b,
as seen in Figure 8. From this cylindrical chamber the water descends into
the tubes a, a, a, a, and fills them completely, which tubes are secured to the
bottom plate of the steam chamber by screwing or otherwise, as shewn at j. j.
The flames and heated vapours from the fire play freely around the external
surfaces of those parts of the boilers which are formed by the ranges of short
tubes, and upon those parts of the surface of the range of long tubes which.
are presented towards the fire; but, being confined by the close contiguity of
the latter range, the flame and vapours thence proceed up the shorter legs of
the syphon flues within the water tubes, and down the longer legs, as shewn by
the arrows; and having imparted their heat to the water through the metallic
surfaces, pass into the dust box z, at the bottom of the longer legs of the
syphons, and from thence proceeds to the outer flues f to the chimney g. The
dust having been arrested in its course by a fine wire gauze sieve or screen h,
which is placed as a partition at bottom between the dust box and the lower
aperture of the outer flue f. The ends of the syplon flues are secured to the
lower extremities of the water tubes by screwed caps i, as shewn in Figure 14,
and in the section of the boiler at Figure 18; or they may be otherwise con-
nected, so as to constitute the inner surfaces of the water vessels. The flues
are made in the forms of syphons or bent tubes, not having any attachment to
the water tubes at top, which arrangement allows of the metals expanding and
contracting under variations of temperature without disturbing or straining.
the joints of the metal. The lower extremities of the water tubes may be

page_text: inserted by screwing or otherwise into the upper surfaces of annular chambers k,
and the ends of the syphons into the lower surfaces of the same, as represented.
in the sectional Figures 7 and 8; and for the purpose of promoting a circu-)
lation of the water; small.connecting tubes, are in that case made to lead"
from one annular chamber to the other. In order to maintain a constant
supply of water at the lower parts of the boiler tubes a small prependicular
conducting pipes are introduced within, as shown atm, m, Figure 14. Both
ends of these pipes are open, but a small cap or shield, is placed at a
short distance beneath the lower aperture. The object of this shield is toi
prevent the globules of steam as they form at the bottom of the boiler from
rising up the small pipes, the consequence of which is, that the steam willin
ascend freely up the water tube on the outside of the conducting pipes, and a
constant current of the water will descend through these small conducting
pipes m, and keep up a constant supply to the bottom of the boiler. Two of
these pipes and their caps are shewn detached at Figure 15, by the side of
Figure 14, one of them being in section, and a horizontal section of the water
tube and flue is shewn at Figure 16, with six of the conducting pipes m
inserted within. The effect of these internal conducting pipes will be clearly
perceived in the Diagram, Figure 17, where the ascending arrows indicate the
course of the steam, and the descending arrows that of the water. In order
to produce the greatest intensity of heat, and the most perfect combustion of
the smoke, I supply or inject into the furnace two currents of air; the one on
the top of the fuel, which passes downwards through an aperture in the steam
chamber, the other at the bottom, proceeding upwards between the fire
bars o, o, meeting the former, whence they pass through the syphon flues b, and
the outer fluef to the chimney g. These currents of air may be obtained by.
any convenient mode of producing draft or blast, such as a rotary fan or
blowing machine, which may be placed above the boilers, as represented in
Figures 18, 19, and 20.
Figure 18 is a side view of the carriage, the framing and the working parts
of the machinery being exposed to view.
Figure 19 is a horizontal or plan view of the same.
Figures 20 and 21 are transverse sections of the carriage, taken vestically,
in opposite directions at the dotted line A, B, in the two preceding Figures,
Figure 20 exhibiting the two boilers B, B, and the blowing appartus C,
above, which stand toward the right hand; and Figure 21 shewing the working
cylinders D, D, to the left, and the mode of connecting the action of their
pistons to the running wheels F, F. The cylindrical case C at the top of the
carriage contains two horizontal fan wheels upon one axis, the case being

page_text: P,
divided by a horizontal partition, shewn by dotted lines. In the upper
compartment the fan revolves for the purpose of injecting air into the
furnace, taking its supply from the atmosphere through an aperture and
channel and it forces the air into the casing of the boiler.. through an
opposite channel'q, seen also in Figures 6, 7, 8, 12, and 13. It is intended
that the air so injected shall be taken from between the engine room and the
carriage bodies; in order to keep the latter cool. One portion of the air so
injected passes through the apertures r, r, of the case, and through the central
passage of the steam chamber down into the furnace, producing, the upper
blast; and the other portion of air proceeds down the outer channels, s, of the
casing (taking up the caloric from the contiguous flue as it passes), and through
the aperture below between the fire bars into the furnace, and produces
the under blast. The other fan wheel in the lower compartment of the
cylindrical case, which is intended to act as an exhauster, brings the vapour
from the chimney g, and discharges it through apertures u, u, into the dome,
from whence it escapes to the atmosphere. The fuel is supplied to the fur-
nace through a cylindrical box or hopper v above. A horizontal slider w inter-
sects the lower part of this hopper, closing the mouth of the furnace, and
forming a bottom to support the fuel; and a flap or cover at top shuts up the
hopper close when the fire requires replanishing, which is done by withdrawing
the slider w, when the fuel falls into the furnace. Under some circumstances
I find it convenient to embody the principles of the boiler above described
(that is, the syphon flues passing through pairs of water tubs), in different
forms and modes to those already shewn. Instead of constructing the outer
range of water vessels of cylindrical tubes, as in the previous instance, I form
them by two corrugated plates of metal, bolted or otherwise secured together,
as shewn in the sectional Figure 22. The manner of applying these corru-
gated plates in the construction of a boiler suited for steam navigation is shewn
in the horizontal section of a boiler of Figures 23.
Figure 24 is a similar section taken bigher up through the steam chamber;
and Figure 25 is a vertical section of the same. a, a, a, are the water vessels
that constitute the boiler, the sides of which are held together by the
bolts x, x, x. The syphon flues 6 are constructed and united to the water
vessel by screws or otherwise, as before explained; and the steam vessel c
above is formed by continuing the outside corrugated plates of the water
vessels upwards to the required height, and adapting similar corrugated plates
for the inside surface of the steam vessel; by rivitting or otherwise securing
such plates to a flat plate forming the bottom of the steam chamber, and
bracing the sides together by transverse bolts y, y, Y.

page_text: Another variation of the principle of constructing a boiler, with syphon flues
passed through the water vessel, is shewn in Figure 26, which represents.
vertical section taken through a boiler, a, a, a, a, being the water vessel;
b, b, b, b,
the syphon flues; c, c, the steam chamber at top.
The peculiar construction of the running wheels will be seen by Figure 27,
which represents the face of one of these wheels complete; and Figure 28 a
section of the same taken transversely. These wheels are of considerable breadth,
and also of large diameter.. "They are formed by the union of several hoops a, a, a,
of elastic wood, connected together and secured by clamps 6, 6, bound round
the hoops, as shewn in the two last-mentioned Figures, which constitute
the felly or rim. The outer periphery of the wheel is bound by a hoop of
iron c, c, c, forming a tire; and the spokes consist of elastic curved plates of
steel or springs d, d, d, bending and moving upon joints. The outer ends of
all the elastic spokes d are attached to the felly by joints at the backs of the
several clamps, and the reverse ends of these elastic spokes are connected by
joints to a pair of metallic rings l, l, firmly fixed by radial and diagonal
rods fff, to the nave or metal box g of the wheel in the centre. These
running wheels are fixed upon short rotary axles h, and the weight of the
carriage bearing upon these axles causes the peripheries of the wheels to
bend into slightly oblate figures or flatted curves as they pass over the road
This deviation from the circular figure of the wheel; by its increased surface,
causes the wheel to take more firm hold of the ground, and consequently to be
less liable to slip round or sink into the road. The springs thus introduced
into the wheels, it may be observed, serve as substitutes for the springs usually
employed in hanging carriage bodies. But in order to afford greater elasticity
and ease of action to the carriage, I have recourse to the following means
A cylindrical box i containing air, and closed at the top, is attached firmly to
the framework, as shewn in Figures 18, 21, and 29. In this cylindrical box
a piston k, shewn by dots fixed on the top of a forked yoke l, l, play's freely,
and is made tight by a leather cap at its upper part, in the usual manner of
packing hydraulic presses; and the lower ends of the yoke 'have eyes "or
bearings in which the short axles h turn freely. By injecting a sufficient
qantity of air into the vessel i an air spring is produced, upon which the
weight of the carriage and its burden bears, and through the medium of the
pistons and the yokes their weight is supported by the running wheels: As,
however, the axles of the wheels would be liable to lateral movement unless
restrained, I make use of the jointed rods m, m, and p. The rods m, m, are
connected at one end to the framework by hinge joints n, n, and at the reverse
end by rings o, o, to the axles. The rod p, it will be seen, is connected to the

page_text: inside of the wheel axle by a ball and socket joint, and therefore, while it holds
the axle firmly endwise, will not impede its requisite motion. By means of
these rods the carriage will be allowed to vibrate in vertical directions. For
the purpose of preventing the escape of air past the piston in box the i, I inject
a small quantity of oil, water or other liquid by means of a small force pump.
This force pump may be occasionally employed to inject air, and consequently
the elasticity of the spring may be accommodated to the weight of the burthen
it may have to sustain. Although I have described air boxes and pistons I
wish it to be understood that I do not intend to confine myself to air springs,
as under some circumstances it may be found desirable to employ metallic
springs. The power exerted by the working cylinders and pistons of the
engines is communicated through the piston rods to the crank shafts, in the
usual way, and a chain pully t, fixed upon the crank shaft, drives the running
wheels by means of the endless chain u carried over a similar pully v on each
of the running wheel's axles, shewn particularly in Figures 29, 30, and 31;
but as it is necessary to vary the propelling power, I have also introduced two
chain pullies w and x, of dissimilar diameters, upon the said crank shaft and
wheel axle, with an endless chain passed over them; both the pullies upon the
wheel axles turn loosely, and either of them may be locked into gear by means
of the sliding clutch boxes y, y, with the leaves and rods z, z.
In Figures 18, 19, 20, and 21, A, A, A, A, is the skeleton or framework
of the carriage constructed as described under Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5; B, B,
are the two boilers within their casings as also before described; D, D, are the
engines, which are of a similar construction to that described in the Specifica-
tion of a Patent granted to me by His present Majesty on the Twenty-ninth
day of November, One thousand eight hundred and thirty, but these engines are
reversed in their positions, hanging pendant from their induction and eduction
steam pipes. E is the crank shaft turning in bearings upon the framework,
and kept in its proper place by the screw bolts a, a, on the end of the upright
piece b; the crank shaft gives motion through the chain pulley c, and endless
chains d, to the chain pulleys or riggers e, mounted upon the axle of the
running wheels F, F; upon their axles also are mounted the other chain
pulleys f, f, connected by the endless chains h, h, to the other pullies i, i; upon
the crank shaft k, k, are the clutch boxes keyed to the axles of the running
wheels with their levers 7, 7, connected by the rods m, m, to the lever n, by
which the clutch boxes may be sliden from one pulley to the other, so as to alter
the speed of the running wheels as described under Figures 29, 30, and 31.
G, G, are the cylinders of the air springs with the piston rod and tube m, m,
supporting the carriage; n is the fuel feeder or hopper; o is the safety valve

page_text: ed
and steam pipes leading to the engines; r, r, the pipe for conveying the eduction
steam from the engines to the chimney g. C is the hood or dome containing
the blast and exausting fans or blowers as before described. Upon the under
side of the lower fan is fixed the pulley t, communicating rotatory motion to
both of them from the endless band u, u, which is passed over "pullies v, "the
larger pulley, w upon the crank shaft E; H, H, are the bodies of the carriages
for the conveyance of passengers.;. K, K, are spaces which may be used for the
depositing of luggage; the reservoir for water to supply the boilers may be
placed under the chain riggers on each side of the engine room, and those for
fuel above them, so as to leave a clear open space for the engineer in the
middle, or they may be placed in any other convenient part of the carriage;
L is the pilot wheel under the controul of the conductor, stationed on the front
seat of the carriage; this pilot wheel is mounted in a circular frame 1, 1, and
turning in bearing in the ends of the vertical pipes or rods 2, strongly braced
to the circular frame 1, 1. The upper ends of these rods or tubes are con-
nected together on the ends of the shaft 3; this shaft has a collar with a strong
metal spring contained n the box 4 resting upon it; this spring box is firmly
fixed on to the end of the stem or pole 5 of the carriage; 6 is a toothed
quadrant fixed upon the shaft 3, into which the pinion 7, having only two teeth,
gears; this pinion is fixed on to the vertical rod 8, having a horizontal whynch
handle 9 upor it; and on the conductor turning this handle round, the pinion will
move the quadrant 6, and that through the shaft 3 the wheel L & its circular
frame turning round within the outer circular rim or frame 10, firmly attached
to the framework of the carriage; 11, 11, is a speaking pipe or tube through
which the conductor can communicate any directions to the engineer; 12 is an
angular-shaped piece of metal suspended to the under side of the framework
just before the running wheels, and nearly touching the ground, and is there
placed for the purpose of removing any loose stones out of the track or way of
the wheels by which one cause of jolting or shaking may be avoided, and in
case it comes in contact with any fixed obstruction the chains will allow it to
rise up out of the way. In order to prevent the rapid destruction of the fire
bars by the heat of the furnace, I make them of a trough-like form, as shewn
in the sectional Diagram, Figure 32; the hollow of the bar I fill with fire clay,
blacklead, or other proper materials which will resist the action of heat.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Church, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Eighth day of August, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and thirty-two.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Eighth day of August, in the third
year of the reign of His Majesty King William the Fourth, the said William
Church came before our Lord the King in His Chancery, and acknowledged
the Instrument aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and
specified, in form above written. And also the Instrument aforesaid was
stamped according to the tenor of the Statute made in the fifty-fifth year of
the reign of His late Majesty King George the Third.
Inrolled the Ninth day of August, One thousand eight hundred and
thirty-two.

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM..
CHURCH, of Bordesley Green, near Birmingham, in the County of Warwick,
Esquire, send greeting.
WHEREAS His present most Excellent Majesty King William the Fourth,
by His Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at
Westminster, the Ninth day of February, in the second year of His reign,
did, for Himself, His heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
William Church, my executors, administrators, and assigns, His espescial
licence, full power, sole privilege and authority, that I, the said William
Church, my executors, administrators, and assigns, and no others, for the
term of fourteen years from the date thereof, should and lawfully might use,
exercise, and vend, within that part of His Majesty's United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland called England, His Principally of Wales, and
Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN
APPARATUS TO BE EMPLOYED IN THE TRANSPORTION OF GOODS OR PASSENGERS, PARTS
OF WHICH SAID IMPROVEMENTS ARE ALSO APPLICABLE TO THE ORDINARY PURPOSES OF
STEAM ENGINES;" and in which said Letters Patent there is contained a
proviso obliging me, the said William Church, by an instrument in writing.
under my hand and seal, fully to describe and ascertain the nature of my said
Invention, and the manner in which the same is to be performed, and to cause

page_text: the same to be enrolled in His Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the above in part
recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being thereunto had,,
will more fully and at. large appear...
܂
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
William Church, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention is
fully described and ascertained in and by the following: description thereof,
reference being had to the Drawings hereunto annexed and the, letters and
figures marked thereon, that is to say:
41
My improvements in apparatus to be employed in the transportion of goods
and passengers (parts of which are also applicable to steam engines), apply
particularly to the construction of locomotive carriages intended to convey
passengers and goods on ordinary roads by the agency of steam, and are
comprehended under the three following general heads :-
First, the construction of the framing of the carriage which is to support
the bodies of the vehicle, and enclose the machinery by which it is impelled,
and the manner of connecting the ribs or rails for the purpose of giving
great strength from a comparatively small weight of material:
Second, the peculiar construction of the boilers, furnaces, and flues, by
which a sufficient quantity of water may be converted into steam to work thes
engine:
"
Third, the construction of the running wheels of the carriage, designed
particularly to prevent concussions as they pass over inequalities on the surface
of the road, which are made with elastic rims that bend into oblate figures or
flatted curves as they come in contact with the ground, thereby preventing the
wheels from sinking or sliding round.
In constructing the framing of the carriage for the purposes stated under
the first head, I have endeavoured to form, arrange, and connect the timbers,
ribs, rails, rods, tubes, or bars of the same, so as to constitute a skeleton
framing, which shall be trussed and supported in every part and way that is s
likely to be exposed to pressure, strain, or twist, occasioned by weight, unequal
force, or vibration, in order that each timber, rib, rail, rod, tube, or bar of the
framing may receive and sustain its due proportion of weight or strain, and
thereby relieve and support the part on which the force immediately acts, or,
in other words, that the strain or force may be as equally defused as possible 3
over all parts of the skeleton frame. And further, I so construct the said
skeleton framing that I am enabled to enclose within it the boilers, engines,
and machinery for propelling the carriage, and also to support by. it the
carriage bodies for the reception of passengers and luggage. In arranging

page_text: .
the parts of the skeleton framing, I form what may be called an engine-room,
or space for the reception of the engines, boilers, and machinery, about "equal
in bight to that of the bodies of the intended vehicle..
In the accompanying Drawings, Figure 1 represents a side elevation of
complete skeleton framing for a carriage, constructed' upon the principles
above set forth. Figure 2-is a horizontal view of the same, as seen on, the top. ; .
and Figure 8 is a' section of the skeleton frame, taken horizontally, near the
ground, shewing the framework for the flooring.
Figure 4 is a section of the frame, taken vertically looking towards the front of..
the carriage; and Figure 5 is a similar section, looking thereverse way. When
the framing is constructed of wooden rails, as represented in the Drawing,
connect or unite them together by slips or clamps of iron, or other metal, as
represented in the Figures. By these means I avoid the necessity of morticing
and tenoning the joints of timber, and retain the entire substance and strength
of the wood without having injured the fibres. The framing may be con-
structed by connecting rods, ribs, bars, or tubes of metal, upon the principles
here set out; the junctions being secured by socket joints fastened by cotters,
a specimen of which is shewn at A, A, in Figure 1, which are there adapted
for the convenience of more readily attaching and detaching the working
cylinders and their appendages.
In describing the. peculiar construction of the boiler, furnace, and flues, it is
to be first. observed that the boiler consists of a combination of tubes, filled
with water, arranged in vertical positions side by side in circular or polygonal
ranges, so as to form or constitute a furnace; the fire being in the middle of
the system or arrangement of tubes, and the flues are smaller tubes severally
passing through the interior of the water tubes. The construction of these
boilers will be seen by reference to the Figures of the accompanying Drawings,
from 6 to 17 inclusive.
Figure 6 is an external view in elevation of a system of tubes constituting
a boiler and furnace; the double casings which from the chimney or outer
flue, and the air or blast passage, being removed, and partly shewn in section.
Figure 7 is a section of the same, taken vertically through the middle of the
boiler and furnace, for the purpose of exposing the water tubes a, a, a, a, a.
It will be perceived that these water tubes are arranged in pairs of dissimilar
lengths, and that each pair has a syphon tube b, b, passing through them,
which syphon tubes b, b, are the flues.
Figure 8 is a similar section of the boiler and furnace, but in which the
flues b, b, are laid open in section, and the tubes a, a, a, shewn filled with
water.

page_text: Figure 9 is a horizontal section taken through the middle of the boiler,
shewing the arrangement of the water tubes a, a, a, and the situations of the
syphon flues b, b, within..,
::
:
Figure 10 is a horizontal section taken through the cylindrical.steam.chamber c,
above the bends of the syphons.b, shewing a top view of those syphons, by
which their connections, with the several: pairs of water tubes will be perceived.
Figure 11 is a horizontal section of the tubes: taken below at about the
level of the fire bars in the furnace..
and ...
Figure 12 is a horizontal view of the top of the cylindrical steam chamber c,
the safety valve and steam pipe e, the outer casing being removed.
The particular construction of the several water tubes of the boiler, and
their connection in pairs with the syphon flues, are shewn at Figure 14, which
represents one pair of the water tubes and their connecting syphon detached
from the boiler, and drawn in section upon an enlarged scale. c, c, represents
a portion of the cylindrical steam chamber, the lower part of which is occupied
with water conveyed through a supply pipe d, the level of the water being
raised to the height of a few inches above the bends of the syphon tubes b, b,
as seen in Figure 8. From this cylindrical chamber the water descends into
the tubes a, a, a, a, and fills them completely, which tubes are secured to the
bottom plate of the steam chamber by screwing or otherwise, as shewn at j. j.
The flames and heated vapours from the fire play freely around the external
surfaces of those parts of the boilers which are formed by the ranges of short
tubes, and upon those parts of the surface of the range of long tubes which
are presented towards the fire; but, being confined by the close contiguity of
the latter range, the flame and vapours thence proceed up the shorter legs of
the syphon flues within the water tubes, and down the longer legs, as shewn by
the arrows; and having imparted their heat to the water through the metallic
surfaces, pass into the dust box z, at the bottom of the longer legs of the
syphons, and from thence proceeds to the outer flues f to the chimney g. The
dust having been arrested in its course by a fine wire gauze sieve or screen h,
which is placed as a partition at bottom between the dust box and the lower
aperture of the outer flue f. The ends of the syplon flues are secured to the
lower extreinities of the water tubes by screwed caps i, as shewn in Figuro 14,
and in the section of the boiler at Figure 13; or they may be otherwise con-
nected, so as to constitute the inner surfaces of the water vessels. The flues
are made in the forms of syphons or bent tubes, not having any attachment to
the water tubes at top, which arrangement allows of the metals expanding and
contracting under variations of temperature without disturbing or straining.
the joints of the metal. The lower extremities of the water tubes may be

page_text: inserted by screwing or otherwise into the upper surfaces of annular chambers k,
and the ends of the syphons into the lower surfaces of the same, as represented
in the sectional Figures 7 and 8; and for the purpose of promoting a circu->
lation of the water; small.connecting tubes l; l, are in that case-made to lead"
from one annular chamber to the other.. In order to maintain a constant.
supply of water at the lower parts of the boiler tubes ä, small prependicular
conducting pipes. are. introduced. within,' as shown at 'm, m, Figure 14 Both
ends of these pipes are open, but a small cap or shield n, n, is placed at 'a'
short distance beneath the lower aperture. The object of this--shield' is to i
prevent the globules of steam as they form at the bottom of the boiler from
rising up the small pipes, the consequence of which is, that the steam willi
ascend freely up the water tube on the outside of the conducting pipes, and a
constant current of the water will descend through these small conducting
pipes m, and keep up a constant supply to the bottom of the boiler. Two of
these pipes and their caps are shewn detached at Figure 15, by the side of
Figure 14, one of them being in section, and a horizontal section of the water
tube and flue is shewn at Figure 16, with six of the conducting pipes m
inserted within. The effect of these internal conducting pipes will be clearly
perceived in the Diagram, Figure 17, where the ascending arrows indicate the
course of the steam, and the descending arrows that of the water. In order
to produce the greatest intensity of heat, and the most perfect combustion of
the smoke, I supply or inject into the furnace two currents of air; the one on
the top of the fuel, which passes downwards through an aperture in the steam
chamber, the other at the bottom, proceeding upwards between the fire
bars o, o, meeting the former, whence they pass through the syphon flues b, and
the outer fluef to the chimney g. These currents of air may be obtained by
any convenient mode of producing draft or blast, such as a rotary fan or
blowing machine, which may be placed above the boilers, as represented in
Figures 18, 19, and 20.
Figure 18 is a side view of the carriage, the framing and the working parts
of the machinery being exposed to view.
Figure 19 is a horizontal or plan view of the same.
Figures 20 and 21 are transverse sections of the carriage, taken vestically,
in opposite directions at the dotted line A, B, in the two preceding Figures,
Figure 20 exhibiting the two boilers B, B, and the blowing appartus C,
above, which stand toward the right hand; and Figure 21 shewing the working
cylinders D, D, to the left, and the mode of connecting the action of their
pistons to the running wheels F, F. The cylindrical case C at the top of the
carriage contains two horizontal fan wheels upon one axis, the case being

page_text: divided by a horizontal partition, shewn by dotted lines. In the upper
compartment the fan revolves for the purpose of injecting air into the
furnace, taking its supply from the atmosphere through an aperture and
channel p, and it forces the air into the casing of the boiler. through an
opposite channel g; seen also in Figures 6, 7, 8, 12, and 13. It is intended
that the air so injected shall be taken from between the engine room and the
carriage bodies; in order to keep the latter cool. Oné portion of the air so
injected passes through the apertures r, r, of the case, and through the central
passage of the steam chamber down into the furnace, producing the upper
blast; and the other portion of air proceeds down the outer channel s, s, of the
casing (taking up the caloric from the contiguous flue as it passes), and through
the aperture t below between the fire bars into the furnace, and produces
the under blast. The other fan wheel in the lower compartment of the
cylindrical case, which is intended to act as an exhauster, brings the vapour
from the chimney g, and discharges it through apertures u, u, into the dome,
from whence it escapes to the atmosphere. The fuel is supplied to the fur-
nace through a cylindrical box or hopper v above. A horizontal slider w inter-
sects the lower part of this hopper, closing the mouth of the furnace, and
forming a bottom to support the fuel; and a flap or cover at top shuts up the
hopper close when the fire requires replanishing, which is done by withdrawing
the slider w, when the fuel falls into the furnace. Under some circumstances
I find it convenient to embody the principles of the boiler above described
(that is, the syphon flues passing through pairs of water tubs), in different
forms and modes to those already shewn. Instead of constructing the outer
range of water vessels of cylindrical tubes, as in the previous instance, I form
them by two corrugated plates of metal, bolted or otherwise secured together,
as shewn in the sectional Figure 22. The manner of applying these corru-
gated plates in the construction of a boiler suited for steam navigation is shewn
in the horizontal section of a boiler of Figures 23.
Figure 24 is a similar section taken higher up through the steam chamber;
and Figure 25 is a vertical section of the same. a, a, a, are the water vessels
that constitute the boiler, the sides of which are held together by the
bolts x, x, x.
The syphon flues 6 are constructed and united to the water
vessel by screws or otherwise, as before explained; and the steam vessel c
above is formed by continuing the outside corrugated plates of the water
vessels upwards to the required height, and adapting similar corrugated plates
for the inside surface of the steam vessel, by rivitting or otherwise securing
such plates to a flat plate forming the bottom of the steam chamber, and
bracing the sides together by transverse bolts y, Y, Y.

page_text: Another variation of the principle of constructing a boiler, with syphon flues
passed through the water vessel, is shewn in Figure 26, which represents.
vertical section taken through a boiler, 'a, a, a, a, being the water vessel;
b, b, b, b, the syphon flues; c, c, the steam chamber at top.
The peculiar construction of the running wheels will be seen by Figure 27,
which represents the face of one of these wheels complete; and Figure 28 a
section of the same taken transversely. These wheels are of considerable breadth,
and also of large diameter.. They are formed by the union of several hoops a, a, a,
of elastic wood, connected together and secured by clamps b, b, bound round
the hoops, as shewn in the two last-mentioned Figures, which constitute
the felly or rim. The outer periphery of the wheel is bound by a hoop of
iron c, c, c, forming a tire; and the spokes consist of elastic curved plates of
steel or springs d, d, d, bending and moving upon joints. The outer ends of
all the elastic spokes & are attached to the felly by joints at the backs of the
several clamps, and the reverse ends of these elastic spokes are connected by
joints to a pair of metallic rings l, l, firmly fixed by radial and diagonal
rods fff, to the nave or metal box g of the wheel in the centre. These
running wheels are fixed upon short rotary axles h, and the weight of the
carriage bearing upon these axles causes the peripheries of the wheels to
bend into slightly oblate figures or flatted curves as they pass over the road.
This deviation from the circular figure of the wheel, by its increased surface,
causes the wheel to take more firm hold of the ground, and consequently to be
less liable to slip round or sink into the road. The springs thus introduced
into the wheels, it may be observed, serve as substitutes for the springs usually
employed in hanging carriage bodies. But in order to afford greater elasticity
and ease of action to the carriage, I have recourse to the following means :-
A cylindrical box i containing air, and closed at the top, is attached firmly to
the framework, as shewn in Figures 18, 21, and 29. In this cylindrical box
a piston k, shewn by dots fixed on the top of a forked yoke l, l, plays freely,
and is made tight by a leather cap at its upper part, in the usual manner of
packing hydraulic presses; and the lower ends of the yoke have eyes or
bearings in which the short axles h turn freely. By injecting a sufficient
qantity of air into the vessel i an air spring is produced, upon which the
weight of the carriage and its burden bears, and through the medium of the
pistons and the yokes their weight is supported by the running wheels. As,
however, the axles of the wheels would be liable to lateral movement unless
restrained, I make use of the jointed rods m, m, and p. The rods m, m, are
connected at one end to the framework by hinge joints n, n, and at the reverse
end by rings o, o, to the axles. The rod p, it will be seen, is connected to the

page_text: inside of the wheel axle by a ball and socket joint, and therefore, while it holds
the axle firmly endwise, will not impede its requisite motion. By means of
these rods the carriage will be allowed to vibrate in vertical directions. For
the purpose of preventing the escape of air past the piston in box the i, I inject
a small quantity of oil, water or other liquid by means of a small force pump.
This force pump may be occasionally employed to inject air, and consequently
the elasticity of the spring may be accommodated to the weight of the burthen
it may have to sustain, Although I have described air boxes and pistons I
wish it to be understood that I do not intend to confine myself to air springs,
as under some circumstances it may be found desirable to employ metallic
springs. The power exerted by the working cylinders and pistons of the
engines is communicated through the piston rods to the crank shaft s, in the
usual way, and a chain pully t, fixed upon the crank shaft, drives the running
wheels by means of the endless chain u carried over a similar pully v on each
of the running wheel's axles, shewn particularly in Figures 29, 30, and 31;
but as it is necessary to vary the propelling power, I have also introduced two
chain pullies w and x, of dissimilar diameters, upon the said crank shaft and
wheel axle, with an endless chain passed over them; both the pullies upon the
wheel axles turn loosely, and either of them may be locked into gear by means
of the sliding clutch boxes y, y, with the leaves and rods z, z.
In Figures 18, 19, 20, and 21, A, A, A, A, is the skeleton or framework
of the carriage constructed as described under Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5; B, B,
are the two boilers within their casings as also before described; D, D, are the
engines, which are of a similar construction to that described in the Specifica-
tion of a Patent granted to me by His present Majesty on the Twenty-ninth
day of November, One thousand eight hundred and thirty, but these engines are
reversed in their positions, hanging pendant from their induction and eduction
steam pipes. E is the crank shaft turning in bearings upon the framework,
and kept in its proper place by the screw bolts a, a, on the end of the upright
piece b; the crank shaft gives motion through the chain pulley c, and endless
chains d, to the chain pulleys or riggers e, mounted upon the axle of the
running wheels F, F; upon their axles also are mounted the other chain
pulleys f,f, connected by the endless chains h, h, to the other pullies i, i; upon
the crank shaft k, k, are the clutch boxes keyed to the axles of the running
wheels with their levers 7, 7, connected by the rods m, m, to the lever n, by
which the clutch boxes may be sliden from one pulley to the other, so as to alter
the speed of the running wheels as described under Figures 29, 30, and 31.
G, G, are the cylinders of the air springs with the piston rod and tube m, m,
supporting the carriage; n is the fuel feeder or hopper; o is the safety valve

page_text: and steam pipes leading to the engines; r, r, the pipe for conveying the eduction
steam from the engines to the chimney g. C is the hood or dome containing
the blast and exausting fans or blowers as before described. Upon the under
side of the lower fan is fixed the pulley t, communicating rotatory motion to
both of them from the endless band u, u, which is passed over pullies v, the'
larger pulley w upon the crank, shaft, E.; H, H, ȧre the bodies of the carriages
for the conveyance of passengers.;. K, K, are spaces which may be used for the
depositing of luggage; the reservoir, for water to supply the boilers may be
placed under the chain riggers on each side of the engine room, and those for
fuel above them, so as to leave a clear open space for the engineer in the
middle, or they may be placed in any other convenient part of the carriage;
L is the pilot wheel under the controul of the conductor, stationed on the front
seat of the carriage; this pilot wheel is mounted in a circular frame 1, 1, and
turning in bearing in the ends of the vertical pipes or rods 2, strongly braced
to the circular frame 1, 1. The upper ends of these rods or tubes are con-
nected together on the ends of the shaft 3; this shaft has a collar with a strong
metal spring contained n the box 4 resting upon it; this spring box is firmly
fixed on to the end of the stem or pole 5 of the carriage; 6 is a toothed
quadrant fixed upon the shaft 3, into which the pinion 7, having only two teeth,
gears; this pinion is fixed on to the vertical rod 8, having a horizontal whynch
handle 9 upor it; and on the conductor turning this handle round, the pinion will
move the quadrant 6, and that through the shaft 3 the wheel L & its circular
frame turning round within the outer circular rim or frame 10, firmly attached
to the framework of the carriage; 11, 11, is a speaking pipe or tube through
which the conductor can communicate any directions to the engineer; 12 is an
angular-shaped piece of metal suspended to the under side of the framework
just before the running wheels, and nearly touching the ground, and is there
placed for the purpose of removing any loose stones out of the track or way of
the wheels by which one cause of jolting or shaking may be avoided, and in
case it comes in contact with any fixed obstruction the chains will allow it to
rise up out of the way. In order to prevent the rapid destruction of the fire
bars by the heat of the furnace, I make them of a trough-like form, as shewn
in the sectional Diagram, Figure 32; the hollow of the bar I fill with fire clay,
blacklead, or other proper materials which will resist the action of heat.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Church, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Eighth day of August, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and thirty-two.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Eighth day of August, in the third
year of the reign of His Majesty King William the Fourth, the said William
Church came before our Lord the King in His Chancery, and acknowledged
the Instrument aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and
specified, in form above written. And also the Instrument aforesaid was
stamped according to the tenor of the Statute made in the fifty-fifth year of
the reign of His late Majesty King George the Third.
Inrolled the Ninth day of August, One thousand eight hundred and
thirty-two.