A NEW AND IMPROVED METHOD OF RAISING WATER AND WORKING MACHINERY BY MEANS OF STEAM
Year: 1805

page_text: TO ALL AND SUNDRY TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME,
JAMES BOAZ, of the City of Glasgow, in Scotland, Civil Engineer, sends
giecting
WHEREAS the King's most Excellent Majesty, by Tetters Patent under
the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, bearing
date the Second day of July, in the forty-fifth year of IIis reign, gave and
granted unto the said James Boaz, his executors. administrators, and assigns,
His Majesty's special licence, full power. sole privilege and authority, that he,
the said James Boaz, his executors, administrators, and assigns, and every of
them, by himself on themselves, or by his and then deputy and deputies,
servants or agents, or such others as he, the said James Boaz, his executors,
administrators, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, fiom
time to time and at all times thereafter during the term of years therein
expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend his In-
vention of A NEW AND IMPROVED METHOD OF RAISING WATER AND WORKING
MACHINERY BY MEANS OF STEAM," within that part of the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland called England, the Dominion of Wales, and Town
of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and also in all the Colonies and Plantations abioad
thereunto belonging, such inanue as to him, the said James Boaz, his
executois, administiatois, and assigns, should, in his and then discretion, seem
meet; and that the sand James Boaz, his executors, administrators, and
assigns, should and lawfully might have and enjoy the whole proft,
benefit, commodity, and advantage from time to time coming, glowing,
accruing, and arising, by reason of the said Invention, for and during the

page_text: term of years therein mentioned, to have, hold, exercise, and enjoy the said
licence, powers, privileges, and advantages therein granted or mentioned to
be granted to the said James Boaz, his executors, administrators, and assigns,
for and during and unto the full end and term of fourteen years from the date
of the said Letters Patent and immediately ensuing, and fully to be complete
and ended. according to the Statute in such case made and provided, in
which said Letters Patent is contained a proviso, that if the said James Boaz
should not particularly describe and ascertain the nature of his said Invention,
and in what manner the same is to be performed, by an instrument in writing
under his hand and seal, and cause the same to be inrolled in His Majesty's
High Court of Chancery within four calendar months next and immediately
after date of the said Letters Patent, that then the said Letters Patent, and
all liberties and advantages whatsoever thereby granted, should utterly cease
and determine, and become void, as by the said Letters Patent, relation being
theicunto had, will more fully and at laige appeal.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
James Boaz, do hereby declare that my said Invention is described in manner
following, that is to say
-
My method consists in the constructing and using of a certain engine or
instrument, which in this my Specification I do designate or denote by the
name or denomination of a pump, which sad pump consists of parts capable of
being vaned as to then clative dimensions, materials, forms or shapes, situa-
tions, and in some respects then uses or applications, still preserving the
distinctive character of the engine or instrument itself, and I do hereby fully
describe the same by reference to the Diawings or Figures hereunto annexed,
with several of the most obvious and direct methods of varying its structure,
sufficient to enable any workman of competent skill for works of this nature
to carry my said Invention into effect and practice
A, Figure 1, is the tube through which the steam passes from the boiler to
this pump or engine; B is the upper compartment of the pump, C, the lower
compartment. These are divided honzontally by d, d, a partition, into which is
fixed e a tube, open at both ends ff, is a floating piston, which 11ses and falls
with the surface of the water in C, and is perforated throughout in the middle
so as that it may use and fall in C without being stopped by the tube e
To the bottom of the
Figure Second is a perspective section of the piston
piston is fixed g, g, a rod, which, passing through the centies of e and B, works
through h, a stuffing box The upper end of g is employed to work the hand
gear, which is not heic drawn, as it may be variously consti ucted like that of
other steam engines. I is the hot water cistern, J is the cold water cistern,

page_text: K, the hot water tube, I, the cold water tube, at the upper end of which and
within J is m, the delivering valve, 1. and Kare Joined together at n, uniting
into OO, one tube, the lower end of which is immersed in the water to be
aised, and is furnished with 1', the receiving valve in the well; 7 is the exit
spout, for the discharge of the water raised, 1 is the valve through which
steam passes from the boiler into C. S, the eduction valve communicating
with B and C t, the breathing valve, U, the returning cock, V, the float of
U, W, the height of the ascent of cold water, X, an additional pipe In all
the Figures steam is represented orange, waters blue
Operation The first thing to be done before working is to fill B, C, L, K,
0, 0, IJ, with water The steam is then admitted through into C, this in
the next place heats the water. When it has approached the boiling point, its
sui face in C being pressed by the steam, and the water not being allowed to
escape elsewhere, is forced up the tube e into B, which, being still full of water.
a part passes down K, and the valve P being shut, the water ascends in Land
opening the valve m, spreads itself in J, whence it finally escapes through the
spout g When the steain has displaced the water in C as represented in the
Figure, the piston (always descending with the surface of the water in C) then
acts by its rod upon the hand gear which shuts the steam valve and opens
the eduction valve S the consequence of this is, the water in B by its own
gravity runs down e, and forces the steam in the lower compartment C to pass
through S to the upper compartiment B, wherem, ascending by its own levity,
at comes into contact with the bottom of the cold water cistern I, and is con-
densed, a vacuum being thereby formed, the atmosphere, to restore the equ
librium, forces cold water from the well up through P, O, O, K, as far as the
dotted line at W By this time the piston will have risen to d. d when it will
cause the hand gear to instantly shut S and open r, through this latter fresh
steam from the boiler will enter C for another stroke, as before Should any
an have been injected along with the steam of last stroke or otherwise, it will
have ascended to and be lodged at the top of B In order to get 1 of this
air, which if allowed to remain will affect the vacuum next stroke, the very
small breathing valve is placed in the top of B, opening upwards into 1,
where it is always covered with water Whenever, therefore, fresh steam passes
to C. the pressure opens t, allowing the air to escape. A small quantity of
hot water always passes out of B along with it This hot water would accu-
mulate in I and run over but the cock U is opened by its float V whenever
the hot water in I exceeds a certain height, and the superabundance is taken
again into B
By this mode of operating, no cold water from the well is
ever allowed to enter B or C. for all that ascends into K at each stroke by its

page_text: greater gravity than hot water keeps undermost, and rising no higher up that
pipe than to W, descends again and ultimately passes away by the spout q
The vacuum produced is always very perfect, for the pump is most completely
purged of air through the breathing valve every stroke The strength of
steam necessary to force the water down K and L
up every stroke is not great,
for the columns of fluid in these pipes nearly balance each other, and there is
little more power required than what is necessary to overcome the friction of
the water on the sides of the pipes When it is required to force water above
the pump, after it has been so raised by the atmosphcic, the spout q is closed
up, and the additional tube X for the water to pass up through is fixed upon
the top of the cold water cistern The pump then works as before, only the
steam must be strong in proportion to the height the water is requned to be
raised. In both cases the boiler should be fed out of the hot wateı cistern
When water is to be raised a small height only, say, fifteen feet, the pump
may be wrought with very weak steam, in exactly the same way as Figuie
Fust, with this difference the delivering valve is placed at m, Figure Thid,
from whence the water raised rums off through the spout q. J is the cold water
Cisten, I is the hot water cistein, in which there is neither breathing valve,
returning cock, nor float, as in Figure Fust Instead thereof, however, there
Is Y, an an chest, furnished with two cocks Z and X; the upper end of Z
opens into the cistein I, and is always covered with water, its lowest end opens
into Y, the upper end of X opens into Y, and its lower into B
Operation When steam enters C, cock Z is shut, and cock X is open,
the consequence is, that whatever air may have been in B will by its levity
ascend up though X into Y, and displace its bulk of water. (The air in Y is
coloured red) When the vacuum takes place, X is shut, and Z is open, the
consequence is, all the air that had so ansen into Y will ascend though Z
and escape, as its place will be occupied by as much water. The opening and
shutting of cocks Z and X may be performed by the motions of the piston
1od, and will allow an escape of an from the pump every stroke. It is
perhaps, unneccssary to add that the cisteins I and J will require a continual
supply of water, which may either be raised into a reseivou, by shutting m
and working for a time, as Figure First, or otherwise, as found most convenient
When a quantity of oil or fat matter is allowed to float on the water in B
and C. Figures Fust and Thud, it more completely prevents the water therein
from Leing coolled, by being in contact with the bottom of the cold water
Cistern Instead of forming the body B, C, of the pump, Figures Tust and
Thud, as there drawn, one vessel placed above another and communicating by
cocks or valves might answer the same purpose, though perhaps not so well

page_text: and the hand gear made to work by a floating piston on the outside buoyed up
every stroke by the water emitted from the delivering valve m
When water is to be raised from where the pump is placed, as, say fioni A, B,
Figure Fourth, it may may be constructed as follows -B, B, is the body of
the pump, r is the steam valve, f. f, the piston, which is double, the more
effectually to prevent any cold water ascending fai up in B, indeed it may
consist of more pieces than two, or a quantity of oil or fat matter in B will
serve as a banner between the hot and cold water g, g, the piston rod working
through the stuffing box h to duect the hand gear, p is the receiving valve,
m the delivering valve; X, the pipe for the water to be raised through, t, the
steam escape cock
open r,
the steam
The
Operation The whole being filled with water shut t and
enters B, and after heating the water therein it presses upon its surface This
pressure shuts the valve p, and opens m, forcing the water up the tube X
When the piston has descended sufficiently far, is shut and t opened
consequence is, the water from A, B. presses down the valve p and as it cannot
(for want of height or head) raise the valve m, it ascends into B, say, as far as
to W, presses up the piston f, f, and discharges the waste steam through the
cock t The steam cock t is then shut and opened The pressure of the
fresh steam shuts p, opens m, and forces up the water through X, as before
By this mode of operating, no cold water ever ascends higher into B than
to W, and it is again pressed down to be ultimately forced away
In place
of allowing the steam to escape at t, it may be condensed or used for other
purposes
Figure Fifth is another construction of this pump, by wluch water can be
raised without condensing the steani B is the steam cylinder, 2, the steam
feed cock, S, the waste steam cock, f. the floating piston, 9, 9, the piston rod
which works the hand gear, K, the hot water pipe, L. the cold water pipe,
p, the receiving valve immersed in the well, m, the delivering valve. I. the exit
spout, t, the breathing valve, u, the cock which regulates the size of the
aperture through which the bi cathing is made, J the cold water cistern,
A, the aufving vessel or exhauster Dark blue represents mercury or any
metallic composition fluid in boiling water
Operation The whole being filled with water and mercury, per Figure,
shut S and open 1 The steam from boiler rushes into B, and after heating
the water therein. it presses on its surface, forcing the mercury out of B
up into A (where it now is). The mercury in A forces the water above
it down the pipe K, up L, and delivers the water through m into the
cistein J, whence it runs off by the spout q. When the piston has been

page_text: sufficiently far pressed down (in which state it is seen in the Figure), its
1od shuts and opens S, consequently, the mercury which had been forced
up into A, being now allowed to act by its gravity in its descent again into B,
performs three operations at the same time; first, it raises the floating piston,
second, it presses out the old steam through the waste steam cock S, third, by
its gravity it produces a vacuum in A, which the atmosphere fills with water
from the well through p Fresh steam is then admitted as before. Any
globules of air that may have reached the top of the bend of the hot water pipe
collect themselves together, and are emitted through the breathing valve t
every time the steam enters B In case it is seen that too much water passes
thought along with the air, the cock u must be turned to diminish the passage
An additional pipe, as X, Figure First, may be fixed here on the top of J, for
iaising water still higher It is advisable (in all cases or constructions), when
convenient in other respects, to place the body of the pump or as much of it as
possible within the boiler, as this pievents waste of steam, and saves casing,
which the pump ought to be surrounded with. When it is required to raise
water several hundred feet, the pump is constructed as follows, and the water
1s 1aised by stages of twenty feet, less or more, by a series of vessels and pipes
in the putt, similar to a method invented by Mr Peter Kier, and long ago
published by him, and to which series I claim no exclusive privilege, but only
describe the same as a suitable addition to be used along with my said
Invention
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Description of the steam pump adaped to raise water by two or more
stages The dark space A is the pit; B, B, is the surface of the earth; C, a
cavity below the sui face for the steam pump, G is the anfying vessel, H is
the main an pipe into which no water ever enters
The other pipes are all
for water. This Drawing is taken at the moment when the steam is seen
11sing up from I into J to its own destruction. The water is represented as
returning back from G into I, to fill up the vacuum occasioned by the conden-
sation of the steam At the same instant the water appears rising up through
the water pipes, as will be explained.
Statement of the process-When by the admission of steam from the
boiler into I, the 1arifying vessel G has been filled with water forced out
of I. and if that steam be afterwards condensed, the water in G will
return back into I, from whence it came, hence the air then in H and G,
as well as in the au-tight vessels K, L, M, N, will be theicby very con-
siderably and in all alike equally rarified O is a foot valve at the bottom
of the pit; P, Q, R, are three open tubs placed below L, M, N, S is the
cold water cistein placed below K. Now, it is obvious that in consequence

page_text: of the ranfaction having taken place in K, L. M. N, the atmosphere will
endeavour to restore an equilibrium, and will force water from O up into N,
fiom R into M, from Q into L, and from P into K Fresh steam from the
boiler is then admitted into I, it displaces the water therein, forcing up
again into G hence the air contained in G, as well as in the air pipe,
and in K, L, M, N, (which is nearly of the same density of the atmosphere,)
15 endeavoured to be compressed The consequence is, the water from K, L,
M, N, by its own gravity descends through the respective foot valves of
these vessels into S, P, Q, R That which falls into Suns of by a declivity on
the surface of the caith, but what falls into P, Q, R, remains there ready to
be forced up another stage when the next rarification takes place
It might,
perhaps, be found a saving, if each of the water pipes had a foot valve to pre-
vent the reflux of a portion of the water at each stroke; but these are not
drawn in the sketch The air is represented red
Calculation Suppose the four close vessels K. L, M, N, contain each ten
gallons, the arifying vessel forty gallons, the contents of the air pipe and its
branches being trifling, are, to avoid confusion, not taken into account If the
rarifying vessel be filled with water, and that water withdrawn from it, the air
contained therein and in the four small vessels will be ranfied exactly one half,
so that if a barometer tube was interposed between any of these vessels and
the atmosphere, the latter would raise the mercury therein just about fourteen
inches, that is, with a pressure equal to seven and a half pounds per square
inch, hence water would necessarily use into these vessels from a depth of
sixteen feet, and ten gallons would be delivered on the surface of the earth
every stroke If the ranfying vessel was made larger, the degree of iarifaction
would of course increase in a reciprocal ratio, and water would rise from a
greater depth, but in every case water is raised bulk for bulk of the steam
that enters into I
To make these Diawings more clear, several parts are shewn in profile,
which in practice will answer better if turned in other directions, whilst other
parts are not in just proportions to the rest, it being here meant only
to shew the general effect and connection of the whole The close vessels
K, L, M, N, need be but small. The open vessels P, Q. R, may be stout
wooden tubes, and will cost but a trifle each The valves are few, and if
made of metal will last long, there is no fiction elsewhere that need be taken
notice of
When I have occasion for blowing air into a furnace, or for other purposes,
I cause the pump to produce a blast at the same time that it is raising
water, thus p, Figure Seventh, is the receiving valve of the pump through

page_text: which the water raised passes up through the pipe O, D is the air vessel,
placed below the surface of the water in the well, having a pipe 1, 2, leading
therefrom to the furnace.
Operation When the vacuum takes place in the pump the double valve p
ises, shuts the lower passage 2, while the atmosphere forces air through the
an valve 3 down the pipe 7, 1, and the pump is supplied through the pipe O
with water out of D, and not out of the well, consequently the surface of the
water in D is depressed in proportion to the quantity of water taken thereout.
When fiesh steam enters the pump the double valve p falls, consequently the
water in the well seeking to find its level passes through the aperture 2, now
open, fills Dicady for the next stroke, and forces the air out of it through the
other air valve 4 to blow the furnace The blast may be made constant by
any of the usual modes Instead of placing D at the bottom of the well, I
sometimes place it at or near the mouth of it, and by alternately filling and
emptying D. I produce a similar blast, after which the water raised is applied
to other purposes.
When I have occasion to raise but little water, I cause the whole power
of the pump to be excited in producing a very strong blast; thus J, Figure
Eighth, is the cold water cistern of the pump, Figure First, having the
spout closed up, 1, 2, 3, 4, are air vessels, 5, 5, 5, aic air pipes leading
from 1, 3, 6, 6, 6, aie air pipes leading from 2, 4. The air confined in the
pipes and vessels is coloured ied
Operation. When a vacuum takes place in the pump (in which situation
the Figure is represented), the hand gear by the connecting rods 7, 7, shuts
the valves of J, 2, 4, and opens them of 1, 3. The consequence is, the water
descending from 1, 3, into 2, 4, forces the au out of the latter up through the
air pipes 6, 6, 6, at the same time that 1, 3. are replenished with air through
the au pipes 5, 5, 5 When fiesh steam enters the pump, the hand gear opens
the valves of J, 2, 4, and shuts those of 1, 3. The water then falls out of
J. 2, 4, into 1, 3, and the well, and so on alternately. Hence, each portion of
water performs four operations from the time it leaves the cold water cistern
till it reaches the well, and it may be made to do more or less, in proportion to
the strength of the blast wanted. But by four stages a blast of upwards
of three pounds pressure upon the square inch may be in general easily
obtained.
As from the different situations in which I use my pumps or engines
the water to feed my boilers sometimes requires to be raised a considerable
distance through the feed pipe 2, 2, Figure Ninth, and as I have often
occasion to work with steam of a high degree of expansibility, I feed my

page_text: boilers in the following manner.-A is the boiler, B, a vessel, in which and
in the boiler the water is common It is connected with the boiler at the top
by an open tube C, through which the steam has constant access to B, and at
the bottom with another tube, having a register cock in it d E is a vessel
connected with the boiler by a tube f, in which is a cock g, wrought by
the tumbler h, h, which consists of two levers fixed in a nave that runs on a
stud on the centre of g. A pipe 2, 2, reaches from the bottom of E, and
terminates in a valve J, which opens upwards, a branch K leads from 2, 1,
into B, ending in a valve opening upwards into B
opens it
Operation. When the water in the boiler gets low, the float in B falls, the
uppermost pin on the float 1od then presses upon that arm of the tumble on
which there is no weight and bungs it down, till the weight fixed on the other
arm of the tumbler passing the vertical position falls down on the other side
towards the boiler, and, striking against one of the pins in the round plate
which forms the head of the cock g (and is coloured red), by a sudden jerk
The steam then rushes into E, which is previously full of water,
and pressing on the surface thereof forces it all through the branch K
into B.
This sudden accession of water Bases the float, and in
11Sing, the lower most pin on the float rod raises up the tumbler, by which
the cock g is instantly shut The steam in E being thus insulated, soon
becomes condensed, and feed water rushes up the feed pipe 2, 2. and fills E
again, ready for delivery into the boiler whenever the fall of the float solicits
another supply. In order to keep g shut till the vacuum takes place, the
register cock d is shut just so much as to allow the contents of B to pass
the eout leisurely into the boiler. For this purpose the waterway of the
register cock may be more or less contracted by its handle as found necessary
Z is a weight suspended to a lever, which counterpoises the float in 13
The
Drawing, Figure Ninth, represents the cock g having been newly opened and
the steam forcing the water out of E into B, which has already produced a
temporary se of the float in B Various modifications of this punciple of
feeding may be adopted, though different from this Thus A. in Figure Tenth,
15 a boiler, b, c, are two cocks on a pipe leading into A fiom d, the feed cistein
If by the hand gear, b and c were opened alternately (one of them being
always shut), the feeding would go iegularly on, but whenever the surface of
the water in the boiler was higher than the end of the pipe next b, although
the cocks opened as usual, no water would go into A, because no steam could
get into the pipe to displace the water. Instead of the cock C, a valve
opening towards the boiler may be used, which will work itself so that only
the cock 6 will need turning at intervals.

page_text: General Observations-Either cocks or valves may be used in all these
operations, and any fluid may be raised as well as water, or water, whether
pure or mixed with any other substance; and the alternate motion of the
water by any of those modes may be made to work machinery by means of a
piston or otherwise instead of raising other water, or otherwise, the raised
water may be made to operate as a first mover
In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal, the Twenty-
fifth day of October, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight
Signed, sealed, and delivered by the within-named
James Boaz (being first duly stamped), in the
presence of
JAMES (LS.) BOAZ.