Improvements in the Mode of Working Injectors and Turbines or other Motors, and in Apparatus therefor.
Year: 1894

page_text: Date of Application, 18th May, 1894-Accepted, 18th May, 1895
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in the Mode of Working Injectors and Turbines or
other Motors, and in Apparatus therefor.
I HERBERT JOHN HADDAN of the Firm of Herbert Haddan & Co., of
18 Buckingham Street, Strand, W.C., London, Patent Agent, do hereby declare
the nature of this invention, a communication to me from abroad by the Firm of
Piguet and Company, of 25 Rue de St. Cyr Lyons, in the Republic of France,
Engineers, and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following statement :—
In the present turbines, driven by steam or gas under pressure, the speed of the
direct jet of elastic fluid is considerable on its impingement on the turbine floats
and if it is required to impart to the floats of the turbine a speed corresponding to
the utmost utilization of the vis-vira of the jet, it would necessarily attain an
absolutely dangerous limit bordering on molecular deflagration. For safety's sake
it is necessary to keep well beneath this limit, thus sacrificing a considerable portion
of the theoretical out-put of the turbine. In addition to this loss the number of
revolutions of turbines driven by direct jets of considerable velocity being still too
many in a given time for most requirements, reducing gear has to be used with the
result that there is an additional loss in friction. There is also a loss of power in
the rapid vibrations set up by high speeds though the same may be imperceptible
to the ordinary senses.
In such turbines also regulation has been generally attained exclusively by
varying the pressure of the driving jet or flow, thus modifying the total effective
force of the working fluid, and decreasing the velocity of the jet while maintaining
a constant speed in the movement of the float, the difference in power being met
by a corresponding decrease in the work done by the floats.
Since the speed of the turbine varies according to the velocity of the jet and the
amount of the resisting load, its output is not constant for any speed of jet, but
varies according to the load as in expansion piston engines. The present invention
consists in a method of reducing the velocity of the driving jet by communicating
the motion of said jet to a body of liquid denser than said jet whose volume can be
regulated so as to diminish to any desired amount in practice the velocity of the
secondary jet which operates directly upon the turbine.
Where the primary jet is gas or water in the form of steam the reducing body
most suitable is water in the state of liquid if by using a compressed gas at a
comparatively low temperature, compressed air for instance, its effect is to freeze
the water supplied to it, the gas may either be heated beforehand or a warmer
liquid may be used or one requiring a lower temperature or a greater abstraction
of latent heat to reduce it to the solid state such as oils or essences, alcohol, ether
mercury, or other fluids which, solidify at temperatures below that to which they
are liable to be reduced by the primary jet.
The contact of the colder liquid with the primary jet provides not only for
reduction, of the velocity of the jet but also for its condensation if it is of a
condensible fluid without aid of further apparatus.
The method I employ for reducing the speed of the primary jet and producing a
secondary jet consists in directing the primary jet into a chamber M in the line of
the axis of said chamber which is illustrated diagramatically in the annexed
5 drawings in Fig. 2. This chamber, is of the general shape shown and it contains

page_text: conical or flaring plates bbb with their larger orifices directed to the primary jet
entiance E and their smaller orifices towards the other end of the chamber M
where the latter is narrowed and then widened to form a nozzle for the secondary
jet at A similar to an injector nozzle. With the chamber M there communicates
two pipes R and S, hereinafter referred to each one being provided with a hand
valve for controlling the communication.
These pipes R and S may enter the chamber M from different sides as in Fig. 1
or at the same side at a junction V as in Fig. 2.
The nozzle E is connected to a pipe I for furnishing the steam or other fluid for
the primary jet. The said pipe I is provided with a throttle valve P and a
pressure gauge is fitted between the throttle valve P, and the orifice of the jet E
as shown at .. A pressure gauge is also fitted at y to the chamber M.
The energy of the primary fluid jet of steam or gas at the jet E is communicated
to the body of the liquid in the region of the wings b.
This mixture of which either constituent can be regulated at will passes from
the chamber M through the nozzle A against the pallets of the turbine T to which
latter it communicates its energy.
The output at E does not vary perceptibly with regard to the speed of the fluid
jet, but the output of the pallets undergoes considerable fluctuation under the
variations of speed of the body acting upon the same, whilst it remains constant in
my process of employing a primary and secondary jet.
The apparatus arranged as described can be worked at varying pressures or
temperatures either under forced pressure or under atmospheric pressure, or
under vacuum, by condensation of the vapour in the same way as in expansion
piston engines.
If the apparatus is to operate under vacuum or condensation of the vapours, that
is to say under a pressure of the jet at E inferior to the atmosphere or at a
temperature under 100° C. of steam for instance, the valve u is opened by which
the supplies of liquid from the chamber z in which the turbine is situated runs off,
and the chamber z, is allowed to freely communicate with the atmosphere by the
pipe d. The weight of the injected liquid, is regulated by adjustment of the
cocks R and S so that the temperature of the secondary jet or discharge liquid
may attain the degree which corresponds to the pressure of the vapour and so that
the turbine may rotate at the desired speed.
For this action under low pressure or temperature which is the same for gas as
for vapour there is a great thermo-dynamic interest in increasing the fall of
temperature at the primary jet that is to say to work at as low a temperature as
possible so that in case of scarcity of the supply of cold liquid to the cock R the
residual or discharge liquid should not return to cock S until it has passed through
a refrigerator.
To work at atmospheric pressure with gases or vapours, the valve u is left fully
open and pipe d also in open relation with the atmosphere. The injected liquid is
regulated by cocks R and S in such a manner that the temperature of the discharge
liquid rises to that corresponding to this pressure, say 100° C. for water, of which
a portion becomes vaporized and passes into the atmosphere by the pipe das in
piston engines with free escape of steam.
Lastly to work under forced escape of gas or steam say at a pressure in E higher
than the atmosphere, for example with a view to utilize or recover the latent heat
of the elastic fluid at this pressure as in sugar and other refineries distilleries etc.
The pipe is put in communication with the receiver of the forced escape so as to 5
raise the pressure in the chamber and so raise the temperature therein; the
cocks R and S, are then regulated so that the residual liquid may have this
temperature. In this case the cock u must be regulated so as to remain covered
with water without the latter rising to the turbine; which can be done by hand
or by an automatic float whilst the level is seen through a lateral tube or glass 5
window g.
In any of the various methods of working with the vapour of a liquid it is
i

page_text: convenient for regaining the heat of this liquid to feed the vapour generator with
the residual discharge liquid from the chamber by the aid of a pump or of a feed
injector in the ordinary way. The chamber at the bottom of which the residual
liquid collects can be separate from the chamber or case of the turbine, and it may
be above the injector or not, as desired. If it is above, the liquid will be raised
thereto by a pump or injector or by pressure.
A thermometer t allows of controlling the temperature of the discharge liquid so
as to verify the economical temperature of function.
The turbine may be of any kind having axial, centrifugal, centripetal, or lateral
propulsion, also the number of jets in each turbine may vary according to the
combined rotary force to be obtained or the work to be developed.
Several turbines may be arranged on the same shaft with floats and jets placed
and worked in one direction; they may also be arranged to work in a contrary
direction towards each other if reversing is ever required.
A governor acting upon the rotary or throttle valve P automatically regulates
pressure in E, and gives a value to the speed of the primary jet, but this automatic
regulation by the governor may also be applied in a compound manner simul-
taneously with the cocks R and S according to the weight, and the temperature of
the liquid to be passed through for obtaining the best possible action or economical
output, that is to say the maximum of utilization of the energy or total work the
elastic fluid to be expanded according to different resistant loads, a considerable
advantage which does not exist in the. turbines with direct gas or steam jet, nor in
piston engines with expansion. This compound regulation may also be effected by
simply modifying the section of the orifice E of the injector of the primary jet
instead of diminishing the pressure through the throttle valve P.
Lastly this regulation may be applied to one or more jets distributed around the
periphery of the turbine. While on the one hand in turbines with direct jet the
regulation is effected exclusively by the variation of pressure of the flowing body
it results that the speed of flowing varies, but as the speed of the turbine must
remain constant, the output of the turbine and consequently the economical output
of the whole apparatus is considerably diminished in the range of possible loads.
On the other hand with piston machines with expansion, whether the regulation is
effected by varying the pressure or by varying the expansion, the economical
output or utilization of the total outer energy diminishes rapidly as one departs
from the region of the load under which the pressure or the degree of expansion'
realizes the maximum of utilization.
But with the present method of action with compound regulation according to
the resistant load or work the governor effects by the throttle valve P. a variation
in pressure and, therefore a variation in the speed and the body of the primary jet,
that is to say a variation of the total energy or vis-viva of this jet, it simultaneously
effects without any appreciable modification of the output of the injector, such a
variation of the injected liquid body in R and S which receives this vis-viva that
the secondary jet arrives on the floats with a speed as constant as is desired after
having passed through the jet A which can be also subjected to automatic
regulation of its cross-sectional area by the governor. It consequently follows that
the output of the floats remain constant under the variations of the load with
constant speed, which is the principal matter and forms a notable advantage in the
system of motive action with compound regulation such as described.
To better conceive the importance of the effects of the motion of the injected
secondary mass or body, I have explained in the description of the motive process
with secondary jet, that this mass or body is liquid and denser than the primary
jet, but no inconvenience would result if this secondary mass be a gas or a liquid
of a greater or less density if of sufficient volume.
Moreover I have indicated that the recipient of the vis-miva of the secondary jet
is the pallet of a turbine but this recipient may be of any kind and may be for
instance a liquid mass on which floats a boat or gaseous mass carrying aerostatic
apparatus the said boat or aerostatic apparatus being supplied with my secondary

page_text: jet motor, which will allow of realizing directly by reaction the propulsion and the
direction necessary for such kinds of locomotion.
It will thus be apparent that the motive work of the secondary jet on a recipient
of any sort can be transmitted in two different manners first directly by fixing the
cones of the secondary jet and leaving the recipient of any kind movable, and
secondly inversely by fixing the recipient of any kind and leaving movable the
nozzle of the secondary jet.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of this inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what I
claim is :-
1. An improved injector device in or by which a mass of liquid denser than the
primary jet of vapours or gas and derived from an original or residual source or
both is driven in the form of a secondary jet on the pallets of turbines or on other
recipients at a certain temperature in a quantity capable of regulation by hand or
automatically by a governor thus allowing
---
(a) The speed of the turbine or motor to be reduced with better output and
safety than in gas or steam turbines or motors actuated by direct jet.
(b) Special vapour condensing apparatus to be dispensed with.
(c) The action to be carried on a desired under condensation, under
atmospheric, or under a forced pressure.
(d) By compound regulation to preserve the speed of arrival on the pallets,
and consequently economical output at varying loads.
2. The construction in similar apparatus with or without reversing action of any
number of turbines on the same rotary shaft with injectors of any dimensions,
number, forms, and kinds.
3. The method of effecting the injection of the secondary mass by using a gas or
a liquid of any density of sufficient volume.
4. The method of transmitting the work of a fixed secondary jet upon any
movable recipient or inversely by reaction the work of the movable secondary jet
upon any fixed recipient.
5. The application of this mode of obtaining motion to the propulsion and
direction of vessels floating in a liquid, or in a gas, by reaction of the secondary jet
against the mass of said liquid or gas.
Dated this 18th day of May 1894.
H. J. HADDAN.