SEVERAL KINDS OF CANDLESTICKS, SCONCES, AND LAMPS ON A NEW PRINCIPLE, WHICH I WAS HUMBLY OF OPINION WOULD BE OF THE GREATEST USE AND BENEFIT TO ALL HIS MAJESTY'S SUBJECTS, PARTICULARLY TO THOSE THAT STUDY, WRITE, DRAW, OR DO ANY KIND OF NEEDLEWORK BY NIGHT, FOR THIS CON CCK, AND IT MAY BE CARRIED ABOUT WITH ANY MOTION WITHOUT GUTTERING OR DROPPING THE WAX OR TALLOW, AND WILL BURN THE CANDLE TO THE THEREOF WITHOUT MAKING THE LEAST WASTE
Year: 1769

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOACHIM
SMITH, of the Parish of Saint Giles, in the County of Middlesex, Gentleman,
send greeting.
WHEREAS I, the said Joachim Smith, did, by my Petition, humbly
represent to His present most Excellent Majesty King George the Third,
that I had, after much application, long study, labour, and great expence,
invented and constructed "SEVERAL KINDS OF CANDLESTICKS, SCONCES, AND
LAMPS ON A NEW PRINCIPLE, WHICH I WAS HUMBLY OF OPINION WOULD BE OF THE
GREATEST USE AND BENEFIT TO ALL HIS MAJESTY'S SUBJECTS, PARTICULARLY TO
THOSE THAT STUDY, WRITE, DRAW, OR DO ANY KIND OF NEEDLEWORK BY NIGHT,
FOR BY THIS CONTRIVANCE THE CANDLE WILL BURN MORE STEADILY AND GIVE A MUCH
STRONGER LIGHT THAN WHEN USED IN A COMMON CANDLESTICK, AND IT MAY BE
CARRIED ABOUT WITH ANY MOTION WITHOUT GUTTERING OR DROPPING THE WAX OR
TALLOW, AND WILL BURN THE CANDLE TO THE LAST BIT THEREOF WITHOUT MAKING
THE LEAST WASTE;" wherefore, and in regard I was the first and sole Inventor
thereof, I most humbly prayed His said Majesty to grant unto me, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, His Royal Letters Patent for the sole
making and vending my said Invention, within that part of His said Majesty's
Kingdom of Great Britain called England, His Dominion of Wales, and
Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and in His Plantations in America, for the
term of fourteen years, pursuant to the Statute made and provided in cases
of this nature; His said Majesty, being willing to give encouragement to all
arts and inventions which might be for the publick good, was graciously

page_text: pleased to condescend to my request, and therefore, by His Royal Letters
Patent, bearing date at Westminster, the Sixth day of February, in the ninth
year of His reign, of His especial grace, certain knowledge, and meer motion,
for Himself, His heirs and successors, did give and grant unto me, the said
Joachim Smith, my executors, administrators, and assigns, His especial licence,
full power, sole priviledge and authority, that I, the said Joachim Smith, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, and every of us, by myself and them-
selves, or by mine and their deputy or deputys, servants or agents, or such
others as I, the said Joachim Smith, my executors, administrators, or assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all
times thenafter during the term of years therein expressed, should and
lawfully might make, use, exercise and vend my said Invention within that
part of His said Kingdom of Great Britain called England, His Dominion of
Wales, and Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and also in His Plantations in
America, in such manner as to me, the said Joachim Smith, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, or any of us, should in our discretions seem meet,
and that I, the said Joachim Smith, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, should and lawfully might have and enjoy the whole profit, benefit,
commodity, and advantage from time to time coming, growing, accrewing,
and arising by reason of the said Invention, for and during the term of
years therein mentioned, to have, hold, exercise, and enjoy the said licence,
powers, priviledges, and advantages therein-before granted or mentioned to
be granted unto me, the said Joachim Smith, my executors, administrators,
and assigns, for and during and unto the full end and term of fourteen years
from the date of the said Letters Patent next and immediately ensuing,
and fully to be compleat and ended, according to the Statute in such case
made and provided; in which said Letters Patent is contained a provisoe
that if I, the said Joachim Smith, should not particularly describe and ascer-
tain the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, and cause
the same to be inrolled in His said Majesty's High Court of Chancery within
four calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent, that then the said Letters Patent, and all liberties and advantages
whatsoever thereby granted, should utterly cease, determine, and become
void, anything therein-before contained to the contrary thereof in anywise
notwithstanding, as in and by the said Letters Patent (relation being there-
unto had, may more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Joachim Smith, in compliance with the
said provisoe, do hereby describe and ascertain the nature of my aforesaid

page_text: Invention, and declare that the same is to be performed in manner following
(that is to say)-
The manner of making those candlesticks, &c. I shall particularly describe
after having divided them into seperate classes, namely, of candlesticks,
sconces, and lamps :-
First, of candlesticks, under which I include such as are generally used at
supper, being much higher than those which are commonly carried about in
the hand, and may properly be called a table candlestick.
Second, the hand or flat candlestick, used to go about the house, or to light
persons to bed, I shall distinguish by the name of chamber candlestick.
Third, and those which I have designed to be of service to persons that
read, write, draw, or do any kind of needle or other sorts of work, by night,
I shall call lens candlesticks, on account of the lens glasses which are occa-
sionally fix'd to them.
Fourth and fifth, another sort, is my ornamental vause or branch candle-
stick.
First, of Table Candlesticks.-The manner of making them after my
Invention is, to take tin, iron, copper, or any other metal, and make two tubes
of any height or size you chusc, as that is a matter of fancy; but to make this
appear as intelligible and clear as possible, I will suppose these candlesticks to
be made for the burning of such size candles as are commonly called mould
fours. In this case, a mould four being about fifteen inches long, more or
less, it will be necessary that one of the two, which is the inside tube, should
be near two feet in height, and big enough for the candle to drop in easy.
Having made this long tube, proceed to make another about half the length,
which must slip easy over the long tube, and must have a little capping on the
top, with a hole about half an inch diameter, through which the wick of the
candle burns. On the bottom end of this outer tube should be brazed or soldered.
a small flat rim, in order to strengthen the end of the tube. That the rest or
other part of the tube may be very thin, on which must be brazed or soldered
a small nob or pin of iron, or other metal, which is by way of ketch, for the
candlestick may be in the shape of a pillar, and big enough to receive the
inside tube, which tube may be fix'd to the candlestick or not, as it will
answer a double purpose by not fixing it, in such case not to fix it to the
candlestick. The candlestick must be made something stronger than common,
and there must be a plate on the top of the pillar part that must be made
just big enough to receive the bottom of the outside tube, in which must be
made a small cavity or notch to admit the nob to slip in, and by giving it a
little turn fastens under this plate. This plate should be about the thickness

page_text: of a shilling.
Having explained it thus far, there must be made a spring of
steel or steel wire, which must be fastened in a short barrel or tube of about
six or seven inches long, the top part of which, that receives the end of the
candle, must be made somewhat like the concavity of a button, which holds
the wax or tallow when burnt to the very end. Now the steel spring being
fixed or fastened in this short barrel or tube, it is then put into the long tube
that goes down the pillar of the candlestick; it must be made strong enough
to force itself up two or three inches above this long tube, that is to say, if the
inside long tube or barrel be made two foot long, that it will be necessary that
the spring should expand itself twenty-six inches, in order to have sufficient
force to keep the candle to the same height; but the intent of this Invention
is not only to save and make a considerable difference in the expence of
candle, but also to make the appearance of an artificial candle by means of
this outer tube, that being made to resemble a fine candle by means of paint,
japan, varnish, or enamel, either being extremely beautiful, and may be done
of any colour besides the common hue of candles, such as blue, green, &c.
Here it will be proper to observe that I have said the long tube might be
made to take out of the candlestick or pillar at pleasure; in such case, by
having a nossel in the common way to put into the said pillar, it becomes a
candlestick like any other modern candlestick, without any other difference
than having a hollow down the pillar or inside of it that goes from top to
bottom. This manner of making them may be agreeable to some, tho' I think
it best to fix the inside tube to that part commonly called the pillar or candle-
stick, and fill up between the pillar and tube with such materials as is usual in
such cases.
Observe, that the inside tube which receives both the spring and
the candle reaches near to the top of the outside tube, that is to say, within
about a quarter of an inch, or such a matter. I mention these minute par-
ticulars, having experienced that this method is best, and in like manner these
spring tubes may be used and fixed in any fancy or shape whatever.
Second, to make my Chamber Candlesticks.-It is exactly the same in
point of principle with the other, that is to say, there must be two tubes, one
longer than the other; but suppose the longest be eight or nine inches, and
the outside tube, which is to imitate a candle, be about five or six inches in
length, with a spring in like manner as the other, only that the inside tube or
barrel to which the spring is fastned need not be above three inches,
observing it as a general rule for the spring to expand itself about two inches
higher than the longest tube before it is confined by the outer one.
Third, to make my Lens Candlesticks.-Prepare the tubes in like manner
as to principle with the first, tho' not as to dimensions; as these candlesticks

page_text: will vary much as to their height, therefore I will suppose the longest
tube to be nine inches and the outer one to be two inches and three
quarters. The spring, &c., as in the second article of chamber candlesticks,
the pillar, or what is commonly called the candlestick part of this, pro-
vided the longest tube be but nine inches, need not be more than six inches
and an half, leaving the outer tube to shew but two inches and an half, like a
candle. But on the top of the pillar or candlestick part must be made a
strong top or capping, in which must be made from one to two, three, or four
holes, to receive as many lenses or double convex glasses, of about three inches
diameter cach, more or less. The convex glasses must be fixed in rims that
have a part to return something like two parts of a square, the one part of
which is to go in the top or cap part of the pillar or candlestick. The
glasses should be fixed according to their focus, or about two inches and an
half each from the flame of the candle, and should stand upon a bevel, so as to
throw the light downwards, tho' they may be made to move with a joint any
way. These candlesticks may be made in great variety of shapes, but that
is no part of its utility. Those for compting-houses or studies may be made
with all the necessary convenience both for drawing, writing, or working, by
fixing the usual apparatus to the bottom of them.
Fourth, my double tubes may be put into vauses, or other ornaments, as
well as into branch candlesticks, and must be made longer or shorter, according
to the design and use that they are intended for.
Fifth, another sort of candlestick is a joint candlestick, which may have a
circular or flat back, and likewise a shade to it. The tubes, as I have observed
before, are in fact the same, the only variation is in the length of them. What
I mean by joints are joints made to extend or be contracted within the
compass of one joint, to which is fixed a lens, in the same manner as to the
lens candlestick, tho' this jointed piece of work may be used with a lamp
instead of a candle, by taking out the tubes and fixing a lamp in the nossel,
or by making it on purpose for to burn oyl without the tubes. Yet I cannot
help remarking that many inconveniences may attend oyl, therefore should
rather recommend those with tubes to burn candle.
Having as near as possible given a proper description for making my tube
candlesticks, I shall next proceed to give a description for making my sconces,
which may be considered still to exist in the several names of girandole and
chandelier.
First, the manner of making these is to make two holes nearly of one
length; the outside must in some be made like what I have described before,
only with this difference, that it must fasten itself on the bottom of the inside

page_text: tube by means of a small nob or nobs being brazed thereon for that purpose,
and to the bottom of the inside tube there must be brazed or soldered a picce
of tinn, copper, brass, or any other metal, something like a nossel, which is to fix
into a sconce, girandole, or chandelier, and the outer tube being like a candle,
they will always have the appearance of whole candles, even when the real
candle is burnt to the very end. The springs the same as in the others.
Second, in the next place, I come to my new-invented lamps, which is by
adapting the lens glasses to them, either in a square or in length, that is to
say, side by side of each other. The rule for fixing the lens is the same,
as to distance from the flame, as in the lens candlestick.
Third, the next is my philosophical lamp or candlestick, as it may be made
either way, to burn oyl or candle. These must afford great entertainment to
the curious, as it will supply the place of the solar microscope. It may be
made of any height, observing the afore-mentioned rules respecting the tubes.
The microscopic part may be made in a case, in the following manner-The
case or box being made of about six inches square, a common microscope must
be fixed in or near the middle of it; to the back part there must be a large round
sheath or case, somewhat like the manner of an opera glass, to draw out or in,
big enough to take a lens glass of the same dimensions with those fixed on the
candlestick. The lens in this case should be parallel with that on the
candlestick, and fixed to such a degree of height as to throw the rays of
light on the proper part of the microscope; this, with the addition of another
refracting glass placed in that part on which the objects are placed, only near
to the upright part which supports the magnifiers or spy glass; this refractor
must be made to move in like manner as that which is commonly placed
underneath. Many conveniences may be made to this, both to hold its
different subjects as well as its apparatus.
In witness whereof, I, the said Joachim Smith, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Second day of June, in the year of our Lord
One thousand seven hundred and sixty-nine, and in the ninth year of
the reign of our said Sovereign Lord George the Third, by the grace
of God of Great Britain, France, and Ireland King, Defender of the
Faith. and so forth.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBRED, that on the Second day of June, in the year
last above said, the aforesaid Joachim Smith came before our said Lord the
King in His Chancery, and acknowledged the Instrument aforesaid, and all
and every thing therein contained and specified, in form above written. And
also the Instrument aforesaid was stampt according to the tenor of the Statute
made in the sixth year of the reign of the late King and Queen William and
Mary of England, and so forth.
Inrolled the Second day of June, in the year last above written.