IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF NAILS HAVING BRASS COVERED HEADS, AND IN TOOLS TO BE USED IN THE SAID MANUFACTURE, WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE ALSO APPLICABLE TO RIVETS, BOLTS, DRUGGET PINS, TRUNK NAILS AND CLAMPS, SCREW HOOKS, AND CUP HOOKS OF LIKE MANUFACTURE
Year: 1879

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Henry Richards, of Birmingham, in the County
of Warwick, Manufacturer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF NAILS HAVING BRASS COVERED HEADS, AND IN TOOLS TO BE
USED IN THE SAID MANUFACTURE, WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE ALSO APPLICABLE
TO RIVETS, BOLTS, DRUGGET PINS, TRUNK NAILS AND CLAMPS, SCREW HOOKS,
AND CUP HOOKS OF LIKE MANUFACTURE.'
"
Sealed the 30th December 1879, and dated the 5th July 1879.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Henry Richards at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 5th July 1879.
WILLIAM HENRY RICHARDS, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, Manu-
facturer. "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF NAILS HAVING BRASS COVERED
HEADS, AND IN TOOLS TO BE USED IN THE SAID MANUFACTURE, WHICH IMPROVE-
MENTS ARE ALSO APPLICABLE TO RIVETS, BOLTS, DRUGGET PINS, TRUNK NAILS AND
CLAMPS, SCREW HOOKS, AND CUP HOOKS OF LIKE MANUFACTURE."
My Invention consists of the improvements hereinafter described in the manufac-
ture of nails having brass covered heads, and in tools to be used in the said
manufacture, which improvements are also applicable to rivets, bolts, drugget pins,
trunk nails, and clamps, screw hooks, and cup hooks of like manufacture.
By my Invention the manufacture of the said articles is much simplified and
economized.
For convenience of description I will describe my Invention as applied to the
manufacture of nails having brass covered heads. In the ordinary method of
manufacture the brass shell or covering of the head is closed upon an iron or zinc
washer placed on the underside of the head of the iron nail, and two processes and
two pairs of tools are required for closing the brass shell or covering upon the head
and washer, and giving the said brass covering the required figure.
By my Invention I dispense with the ordinary iron or zinc washer placed on the
underside of the head, and I effect the closing and fashioning of the brass shell or
covering of the head at one operation, and by the use of a single pair of tools
worked in a press.
I will describe my process of manufacture in conjunction with the tools, which
constitute part of my Invention. I take an ordinary headed wrought iron nail,

page_text: and I also take a shell or cup of brass raised from a disc of thin sheet brass in the
_ ordinary way, the said shell or cup having a diameter suitable to fit loosely over
the head of the nail to be covered. I-place-the-headed-nail-in-a-lower-die-or-tool,
_the_said die or tool being provided with a cylindrical recess of a depth somewhat
greater than the height of the brass shell or covering. The bottom of the said deep
-cylindrical recess is concave, an annular shoulder surrounding the hole in the die in
which the stem of the nail is situated. I use with the said lower fixed die or tool
-an-upper-moveable die or tool, the acting part of which is provided with a cylin-
drical peg of a size suitable to accurately fit in the deep cylindrical recess in the
lower die or tool. The middle of the face of the said peg is concave, corresponding
to the hemispherical or convex figure to be given to the middle part of the brass
covering of the head, and the said middle part of the peg is provided when required
with the ornamental pattern to, be impressed on the head. The marginal part of
the face of the peg is flat and in a lower plane than the central part, and constitutes
an annular closing shoulder.
"
The nail with the brass shell upon its head being placed in the lower die fixed on
the bed of a press, the upper die carried by the screw or bolt of the press is brought.
down upon the said lower die and the head of the nail is covered with brass, and
if desired ornamented at one operation by the said dies or tools; that is to say, on
the peg of the upper die entering the deep cylindrical recess in the lower die, the
edge of the brass shell is turned inwards and closed directly upon the underside of
the head of the nail by the action of the concave bottom of the lower die, and the
brass shell is at the same time closed upon the marginal part of the upper side of
'the head, and the brass shell or covering fashioned or ornamented in the required
manner by the action of the peg of the upper die or tool.
The closing of the brass shell upon the head and the fashioning of the said shell
at one operation by the use of the pair of tools described may be applied to the
manufacture of nails having brass covered heads in which a washer is used under
the head, but I prefer to carry this part of my Invention into effect without the
use of the said washer.
In applying my Invention to the manufacture of rivets, bolts, drugget-pins, trunk
nails and clamps, screw hooks and cup hooks, I proceed substantially in the manner
described with reference to the manufacture of nails, the tools being modified to
suit the particular shape of the article to be manufactured.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said William Henry Richards in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
1st January 1880.
"
WILLIAM HENRY RICHARDS, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, Manu-
facturer. IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF NAILS HAVING BRASS COVERED
HEADS, AND IN TOOLS TO BE USED IN THE SAID MANUFACTURE, WHICH IMPROVE-
MENTS ARE ALSO APPLICABLE TO RIVETS, BOLTS, DRUGGET PINS, TRUNK NAILS AND
[CLAMPS, SCREW HOOKS, AND CUP HOOKS OF LIKE MANUFACTURE."
My Invention consists of the improvements herein after described in the manu-
facture of nails having brass covered heads and in tools to be used in the said
manufacture, which improvements are also applicable to rivets, bolts, drugget pins,
trunk nails and clamps, screw hooks and cup hooks of like manufacture.
By my Invention the manufacture of the said articles is much simplified and
economized.
For convenience of description I will describe my Invention as applied to the
manufacture of nails having brass covered heads. In the ordinary method of
manufacture the brass shell or covering of the head is closed upon an iron or zinc
washer placed on the underside of the head of the iron nail, and two processes and
two pairs of tools are required for closing the brass shell or covering upon the head
and washer and giving the said brass covering the required figure.
By my Invention I dispense with the ordinary iron or zinc washer placed on the
underside of the head and I effect the closing and fashioning of the brass shell or
covering of the head at one operation and by the use of a single pair of tools worked
in a press.
I will describe my process of manufacture in conjunction with the tools which
constitute part of my Invention. I take an ordinary headed wrought iron nail and
I also take a shell or cup of brass raised from a disc of thin sheet brass in the
ordinary way, the said shell or cup of brass having a diameter suitable to fit loosely
over the head of the nail to be covered. place the headed nail in a lower die or
tool, the said die or tool being provided with a cylindrical recess of a depth some-
what greater than the height of the brass shell or covering. The bottom of the
said deep cylindrical recess is concave and with or without an annular shoulder
I use
surrounding the hole in the die in which the stem of the nail is situated.
with the said lower fixed die or tool an upper moveable die or tool, the acting part
of which is provided with a cylindrical peg of a size suitable to accurately fit in the
deep cylindrical recess in the lower die or tool. The middle of the face of the said
peg is concave, corresponding to the hemispherical or convex figure to be given to
the middle part of the brass covering of the head, and the said middle part of the
peg is provided, when required, with the ornamental pattern to be impressed on the
head. The marginal part of the face of the peg is flat and in a lower plane than
the central part, and constitutes an annular closing shoulder. The nail with the
brass shell upon its head being placed in the lower die fixed on the bed of a press
the upper die carried by the screw or bolt of the press is brought down upon the
said lower die and the head of the nail is covered with brass and, if desired, orna-
mented at one operation by the said dies or tools; that is to say, on the peg of the
upper die entering the deep cylindrical recess in the lower die the edge of the brass
shell is turned inwards and closed directly upon the underside of the head of the
nail by the action of the concave bottom of the lower die, and the brass shell is at
the same time closed upon the marginal part of the upper side of the head and the
brass shell or covering fashioned or ornamented in the required manner by the
action of the peg of the upper die or tool. The closing of the brass shell upon the
head and the fashioning of the said shell at one operation by the use of the pair of
tools described may be applied to the manufacture of nails having brass covered
-

page_text: heads in which a washer is used under the head, but I prefer to carry this part of
my Invention into effect without the use of the said washer.
In-applying-my-Invention to the manufacture of rivets, bolts, drugget pins,
trunk nails and clamps, screw hooks and cup hooks, I proceed substantially-in-the-
-manner described-with-reference to the manufacture of nails, the tools being modi-
=fied to suit to the particular shape of the article to be manufactured.
I will now proceed to describe with reference to the accompanying Drawing the
manner in which my Invention may be performed.
In manufacturing according to my Invention nails having brass covered heads,
such as the nails commonly called picture or stucco nails, I take an ordinary
wrought iron headed nail of the kind represented in Figure 1, and I also take a
shell or cup of brass represented in elevation and section in Figure 4,-and-marked-a,
and I place the said shell or cup upon the head of the nail, as represented in
Figure 2, the shell or cup loosely fitting upon the head. The brass shell or cup a
is made by dies and pressure from a disc of thin sheet brass in the ordinary way.
For closing the brass shell or cup a upon the head of the nail I use the pair of dies
or tools represented in section in Figure 5. The lower die or tool b is provided
with a cylindrical recess c of a depth somewhat greater than the height of the brass
shell or cup a, and the bottom of the said cylindrical recess c is either made concave
or the junction of its side and bottom is curved or rounded. The upper die or
tool d has a cylindrical peg ƒ of a size suitable to accurately fit in the deep cylin-
drical recess c in the lower die or tool b. The middle of the face of the peg fis
concave, corresponding to the hemi-spherical or convex figure to be given to the
middle part of the brass covering of the head. The marginal part of the face of
the peg is flat, and constitutes an annular closing shoulder h. The lower die bis
fixed on the bed of the press, and the moveable upper die d is carried by the bolt
or screw of the press.
The nail with the brass shell or cup a upon it, as represented in Figure 2, being
placed in the lower die b, the shell or cup a nearly filling the recess c, the upper die
or tool d is brought down upon the lower die b, and the shell a is closed upon the
head of the nail, and the said head thereby covered with brass at one operation, as
represented in Figure 5; that is to say, as the peg fenters the recess c in the lower
die the edge a² of the shell a, Figure 2, is turned inwards and closed directly upon
the underside of the bead of the nail by the action of the rounded junction of the
side and bottom of the recess c in the die b, and the upper part of the brass shell
or cup a is at the same time closed upon the upper side of the head and the marginal
part of the brass covering fashioned by the shoulder of the peg f of the upper die
or tool. The nail after its head has been covered with brass by the action of the
dies b, d, is represented in elevation in Figure 3, and in section in the pair of dies,
Figure 5.
When an ornamental figure is to be given.to the covered head the peg f has the
required ornament-engraved-upon-it. In this case the head of the nail is covered
with brass and the covering ornamented at one operation. When a washer of iron
or zinc is used under the head of the wrought iron nail the said washer is placed in
the brass shell or cup a before the nail and shell are placed in the lower die b, the
operation of the pair of dies, Figure 5, closing the open end of the brass shell upon
the washer on the underside of the head instead of directly on the underside of the
head, as before described.
In making rivets, bolts, drugget pins, trunk nails, and clamps, having brass
covered heads, I proceed in the manner herein before described and illustrated with
respect to the manufacture of the brass headed picture or stucco nail, Figure 3,
excepting that the pair of tools is modified to suit the particular shape of the article
to be made.
In making screw hooks and cup hooks according to my Invention, I proceed as
follows:-
I take the screw represented in Figure 6 and the brass or other shell or cup

page_text: I
represented in Figure 7, the said shell or cup having an axial perforation in it.
also take the headed rod represented in Figure 8, from which rod the hook part is
to be made. I connect the screw i and headed rod k together by closing and
fashioning the shell or cup upon the heads 22, 2, of the said screw and rod.
l
I effect the closing of the shell or cup upon the heads 2, ², by means of the
pair of dies or tools represented in Figures 9 and 10. The lower die m is furnished
with a concave seat n and also with a recess p of larger diameter for receiving the
peg of the upper tool r. The tool is hollow and is furnished with a closing
upper
shoulder at 7. The shell or cup and headed rod k and screw i having been placed
l
in the lower die m in the respective positions represented in Figure 9, the upper
dier is brought down. By the operation of the pair of dies m, r, the shell is closed
upon the head 2 of the rod k and also upon the head 2 of the screw i, as repre-
sented in Figure 10, and the said screw and headed rod are thereby connected
together. The connected parts are represented in the dies, Figure 10, and in eleva-
tion in Figure 11. The shell thus closed upon the heads 2, k², is next fashioned
by the operation of the pair of dies represented in Figure 12. By the action of
these dies the metal of the shell is so fashioned as to form a shoulder 8 at the head
of the screw, as shown in the dies, Figure 12, and in the finished screw books in
Figures 13, 14, and 15. After the fashioning operation last described, the upper
part of the rod k is bent at right angles to form the hook, or the hook part is curved
as represented in Figure 16 to form the kind of screw hook commonly called a cup
hook. I do not confine myself to any particular shape of the connecting piece made
from the cup or shell as it may be variously shaped. In making wardrobe hooks
I expand the shoulder part at the head of the screw so as to form a screw plate for
fixing the hook to the wardrobe in addition to screwing it thereto by the screw of
the hook. Figure 17 represents a part of a wardrobe hook made according to my
Invention having a screw plate t made from the cup or shell by which the hook
and screw are connected together.
When instead of bending the rod k into a hook form it is required to affix a ring
to the said rod, the rod is inade shorter than when hooks of the kind described
are made, and the said rod is pierced or drilled with a hole through which the ring
is passed; this modification of my Invention is shown in Figure 18. Screw hooks
of the kind called harness rings or terrets may also be made according to my In-
vention in the manner last described.
Instead of making the cup or shell by which the hook or stem part and screw
part are connected together separately from the headed rod as described, the cup or
shell may be made in one piece with the said headed rod. For this purpose I make
a disc at the end of the rod represented in Figure 19, and by dies give to the said
A rod with a
disc the cupped figure represented in Figure 20, and marked u.
hollow or tubular head is thus formed. In the said hollow head u of the rod I
place the head of the screw as represented in Figure 20, and by a closing process
effected in the dies, Figures 9 and 10, I close the said hollow head upon the head
of the screw, so as to connect the two parts together and finally shape the connecting
piece by the use of a pair of dies of the kind represented in Figure 12; Figure 21
represents a screw hook made as last described; or instead of making a cupped head
in one piece with the rod a cylindrical hole may be made in the head part of the rod
to receive the headless shank of the screw. Figure 22 represents the rod part and
Figure 23 the screw part of the hook. The stem of the screw is notched or recessed
on opposite sides, and after the screw part has been placed in the cylindrical hole vin
the rod part, the upper or head part of the rod is closed or compressed upon the stem
of the screw by dies and pressure. The metal of the said rod is thereby forced into
the notches or recesses in the screw stem, and the screw is thus fixed very tightly to
the rod, as represented in Figure 24. The rod is shaped into a hook or pierced to
receive a ring as herein before described.
Having now described the nature of my Invention and the manner in which
the same is to be performed, I wish it to be understood that I do not limit myself

page_text: to the precise details herein described and illustrated, as the same may be varied
without departing from the nature of my Invention.
But I claim as my Invention, First. The improvements in the manufacture of
nails, rivets, bolts, drugget pins, -trunk-nails, and clamps having brass covered-
heads, and in tools to be used in the said manufacture, hereinbefore described with
reference to Figures 1, 2,-3, 4, and 5 of the accompanying Drawing, that is to say,
closing the brass shell or covering upon the heads of the said articles and orna-
menting the said covering, when required, at one operation, in the manner and by
the use of a single pair of tools of the construction described and illustrated.
Secondly. The improvements in the manufacture of screw hooks and cup hooks
herein before described and illustrated in Figures 6 to 24, both inclusive, of the
accompanying Drawing, that is to say, making the said screw hooks or cup-hooks-of
a headed rod and a separate screw, and connecting them together by a sheet metal
shell or cup which is closed and shaped upon the beads of the said rod and screw,
substantially as described and illustrated in Figures 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16,
17, and 18; also the modification described and illustrated in Figures 19, 20, and
21, in which the closing shell or cup is made in one piece with the rod; also the
modification described and illustrated in Figures 22, 23, and 24, in which the head
end of the rod is made tubular and closed upon the headless shank of the screw;
also the construction of the pair of closing tools represented in Figures 9 and 10,
and the pair of shaping or finishing tools represented in Figure 12 of the
Drawing.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Henry Richards, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Thirty-first day of December, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy nine.
Witness,
GEORGE SHAW.
WILLIAM HENRY RICHARDS (L.S.)