IMPROVEMENTS IN TREATING, WORKING, OR MANIPULATING CAST STEEL FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF WHEEL TIRES, ARMOUR PLATES, OR OTHER ARTICLES REQUIRING GREAT HARDNESS AND TENSILE STRENGTH
Year: 1865

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Julien Grand, of Oullins, Department of the
Rhone, France, Iron Master, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
TREATING, WORKING, OR MANIPULATING CAST STEEL FOR THE MANUFACTURE
OF WHEEL TIRES, ARMOUR PLATES, OR OTHER ARTICLES REQUIRING GREAT
HARDNESS AND TENSILE STRENGTH."
Sealed the 2nd March 1866, and dated the 5th September 1865.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Julien Grand at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 5th September
1865.
I, JULIEN GRAND, of Oullins, Department of the Rhone, France, Iron Master,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
TREATING, WORKING, OR MANIPULATING 'CAST STEEL FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF
WHEEL TIRES, ARMOUR PLATES, OR OTHER ARTICLES REQUIRING GREAT HARDNESS
AND TENSILE STRENGTH," to be as follows:-
The Invention relates to improvements in treating, working, or manipulating
cast steel for the manufacture of locomotive or other wheel tires, armour plates,
axles, shafts, cranks, or other articles requiring great hardness and tensile
strength; and the same relates as well to ordinary cast-steel as to that
description of cast steel commonly known as Bessemer steel. 'When cast steel
is brought to a white or welding, heat in immediate contact with atmospheric
air it loses for the greater part its hardness and strength, and will neither

page_text: weld nor allow of being forged, hammered, rolled, or stretched. I have found
on the contrary that cast steel heated to the said degree of white or welding
heat in a suitably protected state, viz., in a state which prevents the
atmospheric air from coming in contact with the steel, this latter does not
lose any of its peculiar qualities, and that in this protected state the steel may
be welded, forged, hammered, rolled, or stretched. My Invention consequently
consists in preventing as much as practically possible the access of atmospherio
air to cast steel whilst heated to the required degree of heat for undergoing
any of the above-mentioned manufacturing processes. For this purpose I
provide the outside of the bar or bars, piles, lumps, fagots, or other articles of
cast steel to be acted upon with a coating or sheathing of wrought iron, so as
as much as possible prevent the atmospheric air from coming in contact with
the steel; the entire mass may in this state be submitted to a white heat and
be hammered, forged, rolled, stretched, or submitted to other similar manipu-
lations without losing its strength and hardness, but on the contrary acquire
additional strength and toughness. In this manner one or more bars of cast
steel, or one or more bars of cast steel, and one or more of other steel or of
wrought iron may be piled or fagotted and welded together, and the entire mass
provided all over its outer surface with a coating or sheath of wrought-iron
plates, and then be submitted to hammering, forging, rolling, stretching, or
other similar operations, and thus manufactured into tires, armour plates, axles,
shafts, or other articles requiring great hardness and tensile strength.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Julien Grand, in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 5th
March 1866.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JULIEN
GRAND, of Oullins, Department of the Rhone, France, Iron Master, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Fifth day of September, in the year of our Lord 3
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-five, in the twenty-ninth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the
said Julien Grand, Her special licence that I, the said Julien Grand, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Julien
Grand, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree s
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during

page_text: the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,
and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and. Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
TREATING, WORKING, OR MANIPULATING CAST STEEL FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF
WHEEL TIRES, ARMOUR PLATES, OR OTHER ARTICLES REQUIRING GREAT HARDNESS
AND TENSILE STRENGTH," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said
Julien Grand, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing
under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe
and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the
said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Julien Grand, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed,
to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement
thereof, that is to say:-
The Invention relates to improvements in treating, working, or manipulating
cast steel for the manufacture of locomotive or other wheel tires, armour
plates,, axles, shafts, or other articles requiring great hardness and tensile
strength; and the same relates as well to ordinary cast steel as to that
description of cast steel called Bessemer steel.
The Invention consists in a novel mode or process of operating on cast steel,
by means of which mode the same may be heated to white or welding heat,
and submitted to welding, forging, hammering, squeezing, rolling, stretching,
or other similar operations without injuring the cast steel or impairing
its characteristic features of hardness and strength; the Invention also
allowing of working cast steel either separately or in combination with
blistered, shear, or other steel, or with wrought iron, which makes the Inven
tion particularly useful for the manufacture of wheel tires, armour plates, rails,
hoops for ordnance, axles, shafts, or other articles requiring great hardnes
and tensile strength, and which by my Invention may be made either entirely
of cast or Bessemer steel, or partly of these latter and partly of blistered, shear,
or other steel, or of wrought iron. When cast or Bessemer steel is brought
to a white or welding heat in immediate contact with atmospheric air the said
steel loses for the greater part its hardness and strength, and will neither weld
nor allow of being forged, hammered, squeezed, rolled, or stretched. I have
found that by beating cast steel to a white or welding heat in a suitably pro-
tected state, viz., in such manner that the atmospheric air and the fire are
prevented from coming in immediate contact with the said steel, this latter'

page_text: may be brought to a white or welding heat and submitted to welding, forging,
hammering, rolling, or other similar operations without losing its characteristic.
qualities, and allow of being worked either for itself or in combination with
blistered, shear, or other steel, or with wrought iron.
Various modes may be resorted to for carrying the Invention into effect,
that is to say, for protecting cast steel as much as practically required from
direct contact with the atmosphere and with the fire whilst in the heated state,.
and keep the said steel as it were in the same condition as when submitted to
melting in a crucible. The method which has given the most satisfactory
results consists in providing either the entire or the greater portion of the
outside of the bar or bars, hoops, piles, lumps, fagots, or other articles of cast
or Bessemer steel to be acted upon with a coating or sheathing of wrought
iron, so as effectually to prevent the atmospheric air, and the fire from coming
in direct contact with either the entire or at least the greater portion of the
cast steel, in which protected or sheathed state the entire mass may, without
injuring its qualities, be brought to a white or welding, heat, and be hammered,
forged, rolled, or submitted to other similar operations without losing its
strength and hardness, but on the contrary it will acquire additional strength
and toughness. In this manner one or more bars, hoops, or other articles of cast
or Bessemer steel, or one or more of such steel, and one or more of blistered or
other steel, or of wrought iron, may be piled up or fagotted together, the iron or
the blistered or other steel serving as a protecting coat or sheathing for the cast
steel, and preventing as much as practically required the atmospheric air and
the fire from coming in contact therewith, in which state the entire mass,
having been brought to a white or welding heat may be submitted to welding,
hammering, forging, rolling, or other similar operations, and thus manufac-
tured into wheel tires, armour plates, rails, hoops for ordnance axles, shafts,
or other articles, the inner part of which will consist of cast or Bessemer
steel and the outer part of wrought iron, blistered or other steel, the inner
part thus presenting the hardness of cast steel and the outer part the ductility
or elasticity of wrought iron, of blistered or other steel; or if the protecting
sheath of wrought iron was comparatively thin, the greater portion of this
latter may be combined with the cast steel during the operations, and thus
the outside of the article have the hardness of cast steel.
In the annexed Drawing Figure 1 represents a vertical sectional view of a
hoop formed of several rings or layers a, a, a, a, a, a³, of cast steel, the
mass or bundle being provided on the outside with a protecting sheath
b, b, c, c¹, of wrought iron; Figure 2 represents a similar view of a bundle
or fagot formed of three rings or hoops a of cast steel, with two intermediate

page_text: ones a', as, of wrought iron, and with an upper hoop 6 and a lower hoop. 6',
and two side plates, c and c¹ of; wrought iron;. Figure 3. represents, a similar
view of one hoop a of cast steel protected by the hoops 6 and 6' and plates
c and c¹ of wrought iron, and forming a fagot to be rolled out into a wheel
tire, as represented in sectional view in Figure 4; Figure 5 represents a
transverse sectional view of a fagot, intended for being. forged into an axle,
and composed of an inner bar a of wrought iron, an intermediate ring or, tube
a of cast steel, and an outer one a of, wrought iron; Figure 6 shows a
longitudinal sectional view of a bundle or fagot intended to be manufactured
into an armour plate, and consisting of an inner bar a of cast steel and the
protecting or outer bars 6, 6, and c, c¹; Figure 7 shows a similar view of a
fagot, consisting of two inner bars a and a¹ of cast steel, an intermediate one a
of wrought iron, and the outer or protecting bars b and b, c and c, d and d;
the Figures 8 and 9 show vertical sectional views of a bar of cast steel, which
having been protected on the outside with a thin coating of wrought iron, has
been rolled into a spiral shape in the manner as shown in Figure 8, and after-
wards forged or squeezed into a spiral tube, as shown in Figure 9, the thin
coating having during the operations become fully combined or imbedded in
the cast steel..
'
Another mode of carrying the Invention into effect consists in laying the bar,
bars, or other articles of cast or Bessemer steel to be acted upon on the hearth
of a reverberatory or other suitable furnace, and piling on them the bars or
other articles of blistered or other steel or wrought iron which are wished to
be welded or combined with the cast steel, and then, after, having heaped a
suitable quantity of quartz, sand, or other suitable air and fire protecting
medium against the sides of the mass or fagot of metal, so as well to protect
this latter from immediate contact with the atmosphere and the fire, bring
the metal to white or welding-heat,-when-the-same-is-to-be-withdrawn from
the furnace and submitted to a tilt, steam, or other hammer, or passed
between rollers, when the cast steel, and the blistered or other steel, or the
wrought iron, will become thoroughly welded and partly combined or imbedded
into each other. Figure 10 shows a longitudinal sectional view of a rever-
beratory furnace, on the hearth of which is laying the fagot or mass of metal;
the cast steel a may either form the lower or an intermediate layer, but in
5 every case the same must be well protected from direct contact with the
atmosphere and the fire by one or more layers b of wrought iron, or of
blistered or other steel, and by the quartz sand c or other suitable protecting
medium.
It will be readily understood that my Invention allows of advantageously

page_text: working up again old or waste steel articles, such as old or refuse steel
springs, steel wheel tires, or others, which articles were hitherto to be
remelted in crucibles.
Having thus described and particularly ascertained the nature of my Inven-
tion, and the manner in which the same is or may be carried into effect, I
wish to add that I do not intend to restrict myself to the precise details of the
Invention as above described, as many variations may be made in the modes
of operating without departing from the main features of the Invention;
but what I consider to be novel and original, and consequently claim as
the Invention secured to me by the herein-before recited Letters Patent is,-
Firstly, providing the outside of the bar or bars, piles, lumps, fagots, or
other articles of cast steel to be acted upon with a coating or sheathing of
wrought iron, so as as much as possible to prevent the atmospheric air from
coming in contact with the steel, for the purpose of allowing the bars or other
articles to be heated to a white or welding heat, and to be welded, forged, ham-
mered, rolled, or submitted to other similar operations, or to be combined
with wrought iron, or with blistered or other steel.
Secondly, applying the said process for welding or combining together
cast or Bessemer steel and wrought iron, or blistered or other steel, for the
manufacture of wheel tires, armour plates, rails, hoops for ordnance, axles,
shafts, or other articles requiring to possess great hardness and tensile
strength.
In witness whereof, I, the said Julien Grand, have hereunto set my hand
and seal, this Twenty-eighth day of February, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-six.