Improvements in Systems for the Transmission of Electrical Energy and Apparatus for use therein.
Year: 1897

page_text: Date of Application, 21st Oct., 1897-Accepted, 26th Mar.,
1898
[Communicated from abroad by NIKOLA TESLA, of New York, in the County and
State of New York, United States of America, Electrician.]
Improvements in Systems for the Transmission of Electrical Energy
and Apparatus for use therein.
I, HENRY HARRIS LAKE, of the Firm of Haseltine, Lake & Co., Patent Agents,
45, Southampton Buildings, in the County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the
nature of this invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be
particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement:-
It has been well known, hertofore, that if the air enclosed in a vessel be rarefied,
its insulating properties are impaired to such extent that it becomes what may be
considered as a true conductor of electricity, although one of admittedly high
resistance. The practical information in this matter, however, has been derived
from observations manifestly subject to limitations imposed by the character of the
apparatus or means heretofore known, and the quality of the electrical effects
producible thereby.
It has also been known, particularly since the investigations of Heinrich Herz,
that certain transverse electrical waves or radiations may be transmitted through
the atmosphere, and these have been found capable of affecting certain delicate
receiving instruments at a limited distance from the source of the electrical
disturbance.
The invention which forms the subject of the present application comprises a
novel method or system for the transmission of electrical energy without the
employment of metallic line conductors, and is primarily designed for use in cases
where large amounts of electrical energy are to be transmitted to considerable
distances, but the results arrived at are of such character and magnitude, as com-
pared with any heretofore secured, as to render indispensable the employment of
means and the utilization of effects essentially different in their characteristics and
actions from those before used or investigated.
To be more explicit, the transmission of electrical energy, which forms a part of
my present invention, demands for the attainment of practically useful results,
the production and conversion of excessively high electrical pressures. Heretofore,
it has been possible, by means of the apparatus at command, to produce only
moderate effective electrical pressures, and even these not without some risks and
difficulties, but I have devised means whereby am enabled to generate with safety
and ease electrical pressures measured by hundreds of thousands, and even millions,
of volts, and in pursuing investigations with such apparatus I have discovered
certain highly important and useful facts which render practicable the method of
transmission of electrical energy hereinafter described.
Among these, and bearing directly upon the invention, are the following;
First, that with electrical pressures of the magnitude and character which I have
made it possible to produce, the ordinary atmosphere becomes, in a measure,
capable of serving as a true conductor for the transmission of the current. Second,
that the conductivity of the air increases so materially with the increase of elec-

page_text: trical pressure and degree of rarefaction, that it becomes possible to transmit
through even moderately rarefied strata of the atmosphere, electrical energy up to
practically any amount and to any distance.
The system of transmission comprised in my present invention and which, as
above stated, was rendered possible only by the production of apparatus of a
character radically new and different from any before known, and which is based
upon discoveries made in the investigation of the results produced thereby, consists
then in producing at a given point a very high electrical pressure, conducting the
current caused thereby to earth and to a terminal at an elevation at which the
atmosphere serves as a conductor therefor, and collecting the current by a second
elevated terminal at a distance from the first.
In order to attain this result it is necessary to employ an apparatus capable of
generating electrical pressures vastly in excess of any heretofore used, and to lead
the current to earth and to a terminal maintained at an elevation where the
rarefied atmosphere is capable of conducting freely the particular current pro-
duced; then, at a distant point, where the energy is to be utilized, to maintain a
terminal at or about the same elevation to receive the current and to convey it to
earth through suitable means for transforming and utilizing it.
The apparatus which I have invented, and by means of which this method of
transmission may be effected, is represented in the accompanying drawing, which is
a diagrammatic illustration of the system that is to say, each transformer is shown
as comprised of a spiral conductor in fine lines surrounded by a conductor in
heavy lines with a very few convolutions.
The transformers, as actually constructed are, in reality, nothing more than
this. For example, starting on a spool or roll of hard rubber which may contain a
central core of iron wires or strands, an insulated wire is wound until a cuil is built
up of the desired length. This coil is built up precisely as any other, the wire
being wound around the core or spool until its convolutions fill up the space and
form one complete layer. The winding is continued in the same way until another
layer is formed and so on.
When the desired length of secondary or high tension coil is thus obtained, the
primary or low tension coil is wound outside of it, but this latter coil is composed
of only a very few turns of wire or conductor, which is of much larger diameter
or cross-section than the secondary wire.
The transformer thus consists simply. of two concentric coils, the inner coil
having very many turns of fine wire, the outer coil a very few turns of coarse wire.
From this plan of construction it follows that one of the high tension terminals
is at the centre of secondary coil, and in the use of the coil the other terminal
whether it be connected to ground or not is electrically connected to the primary
in order that there may be no material difference of potential between the latter
and the adjacent convolutions of the secondary.
Assuming that it appears from the above that in the general plan of construction
of the coils, only common and well known methods have been pursued, it remains
then, to consider the length of the secondary coil. This should be approximately
one quarter of the wave length of the electrical disturbance in the circuit, and the
reason for it is that the highest possible electrical pressures may be secured at the
centre terminals of the secondary coils.
A is a coil, generally of many turns and of very large diameter, wound in spiral
form either about a magnetic core or not, as may be desired. C is a second coil
formed by a conductor of much larger size and smaller length wound around in
proximity to the coil A.
In the transmitting apparatus the coil A constitutes the high tension secondary,
and the coil C the primary of much lower tension of a transformer. In the circuit
of the primary C is included a suitable source of current G.
One terminal of the secondary A is at the center of the spiral coil, and from
this terminal the current is led by a conductor B to a terminal D preferably of
large surface formed of or maintained by such means as a balloon at an elevation

page_text: suitable for the purposes of transmission as before described. The other terminal of
the secondary A is connected to earth and, preferably, to the primary also, in order
that the latter may be approximately of the same potential as the adjacent portions
of the secondary, thus insuring safety.
At the receiving station a transformer of similar construction is employed, but
in this case the long coil A¹ constitutes the primary and the short coil C₁ the
secondary of the transformer. In the circuit of the latter are arranged lamps L,
motors M, or other devices for utilizing the current. The elevated terminal D
connects with the center of the coil A', and the other terminal of said coil is
connected to earth and preferably also to the coil C₁ for the reasons above stated.
The length of the high tension coil of each apparatus should be approximately
one-quarter of the wave length of the electrical disturbance in the circuit, .this
estimate being based on the velocity of propagation of the electrical disturbance
through the coil itself and the circuit with which it is designed to be used. To
illustrate, in accordance with accepted views, if the rate at which a current traverses
the circuit, including the two high tension coils, be 185,000 miles per second, then
a frequency of 925 per second would maintain 925 stationary waves in a circuit
185,000 miles long, and each wave would be 200 miles in length. For such a
frequency I should use in each high tension coil a conductor 50 miles in length,
or in general, with due allowance for the capacity of the leading wires and terminals,
such length of conductor as would secure the highest electrical pressures at the
terminals under the working conditions.
It will be observed that in coils of the character described, the potential gradually
increases with the number of turns and the difference of potential between adjacent
turns is comparatively small, and a very high potential, impracticable with ordinary
coils, may be successfully obtained.
As the main object of the invention is to produce a current of extremely high
potential, this object will be facilitated by using a primary current of very con-
siderable frequency, but the frequency of the current is, in large measure, arbitrary,
for if the potential be sufficiently high and the terminals of the coils be maintained
at a proper elevation there the atmosphere is comparatively rarefied, the intermediate
stratum of air will serve as a conductor for the current produced, and the latter
will be transmitted through the air with; it may be, even less resistance than
through an ordinary copper wire.
5 The apparatus described, it may be observed, is useful as a means for producing
currents of very high potential for other purposes than that of the present system,
as, for instance, the coils may be used singly for producing extremely high elec-
trical potentials for any purpose, or used generally in the same manner as other
electrical transformers, for the conversion and transmission of electrical energy..
It will be understood that either or both of the coils or transformers and terminals
may be movable, as, for instance, when carried by vessels floating in the air, or by
ships at sea. In the former case the connection of one terminal with the ground
might not be permanent, but might be intermittently or inductively established
without departing from the spirit of the invention.
5 As to the elevation of the terminals D, D¹, it is obvious that this is a matter
which will be determined not only by the condition of the atmosphere but also by
the character of the surrounding country.
Thus, if there be high mountains in the vicinity, the terminals should be at a
greater height, and, generally, they should always be at an altitude much greater
O than that of the highest objects near them in order to reduce the loss by leakage.
Since, by the means described, practically any potential that is desired may be
produced, the currents through the air strata may be very small, thus reducing the
loss in the air.
It will be observed that the phenomenon here involved in the transmission of
5 electrical energy is one of true conduction, and is not to be confounded with the phe-
nomena of induction or of electrical radiation which have heretofore been observed
and experimented with, and which, from their very nature and mode of propagation,

page_text: would render practically impossible the transmission of any considerable amount of
energy to such distances as would be of practical importance.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed, as communicated to me by my
foreign correspondent, I declare that what I claim is:
1. The method of transmitting electrical energy herein described, which consists
in producing at a given point a very high electrical pressure, conducting the
current caused thereby to earth and to a terminal at an elevation at which the
atmosphere serves as a conductor therefor, and collecting the current by a second
elevated terminal at a distance from the first, as set forth.
2. A system for the transmission of electrical energy comprising in combination
a source of current of very high pressure, connected respectively with earth and
with a terminal at an elevation where the atmosphere forms a conducting path for
the current produced, a second elevated terminal at a distance from the first for
receiving the current transmitted therefrom and means for utilizing the said
current, as set forth.
3. The transformer herein described for developing or converting currents of high
potential, comprising a low tension and a high tension coil, one terminal of the high
tension coil being electrically connected with the low tension coil and with earth
when the transformer is in use, as set forth.
4. The transformer herein described for developing or converting currents of
high potential, comprising a low tension coil and a high tension coil wound in the
form of a flat spiral, the end of the high tension coil adjacent to the low tension
coil being electrically connected therewith and with earth when the transformer
is in use.
5. The transformer herein described for developing or converting currents of
high potential in which the low tension coil and the high tension coil are wound
in the form of a spiral, the coil of high tension being inside of, and surrounded by
the convolutions of the other and having its adjacent terminal electrically connected
therewith and with earth when the transformer is in use, as set forth.
Dated this 21st don
1007
HASELTINE, LAKE & Co.,
45, Southampton Buildings, London, W.C., Agents for the Applicant.