MENTS IN LINING THE SIDES AND BOTTOMS OF PUDDLING FURNACES AND OTHER FURNACES EMPLOYED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF IRON OR STEEL, AND IN MENDING, REPAIRING, AND FETTLING THE SIDES AND BOTTOMS OF THE SAID PUDDLING AND OTHER SAID FURNACES
Year: 1865

page_text: MENTS IN LINING THE SIDES AND BOTTOMS OF PUDDLING FURNACES AND OTHER
FURNACES EMPLOYED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF IRON OR STEEL, AND IN MENDING,
REPAIRING, AND FETTLING THE SIDES AND BOTTOMS OF THE SAID PUDDLING
AND OTHER SAID FURNACES."
r
Sealed the 11th July 1865, and dated the 26th January 1865.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Robert Mushet at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 26th
January 1865.
I, ROBERT MUSHET, of Belgrave House, Cheltenham, in the County of
Gloucester, Metallurgist, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN LINING THE SIDES AND BOTTOMS OF PUDDLING FURNACES
AND OTHER FURNACES EMPLOYED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF IRON OR STEEL, AND IN
MENDING, REPAIRING, AND FETTLING THE SIDES AND BOTTOMS OF THE SAID PUDDLING
AND OTHER SAID FURNACES," to be as follows:-
My Invention consists, first, in employing that compound ore of titanium
and iron called ilmenite when crushed, stamped; or otherwise pulverized and
mixed with refractory substances, such, for instance, as lime, silica, kaolin,
calcined iron slags, magnetic iron ore, or hematite iron ore, for the purpose
Price 8d.1

page_text: of lining the sides or bottoms or the sides and bottoms of puddling furnaces
and other furnaces used in the manufacture of iron.
And, secondly, my Invention consists in employing the said crushed, stamped,
or otherwise pulverized ilmenite when mixed with refractory substances for
mending, repairing, or fettling the sides or bottoms, or the sides and bottoms
of puddling furnaces, balling furnaces, hollow fires, gas furnaces, and other
furnaces or converters employed in the manufacture of iron or steel. Ilmenite
is an ore of titanium and iron, containing, according to published analyses,
from fifteen to fifty-nine per centum of titanic acid. It is found in large
quantities in Norway, Sweden, and other places. prepare the ilmenite
for my process by stamping, crushing, or otherwise pulverizing it, and pass-
ing it through a riddle of ten meshes per linear inch, or one hundred
meshes per square inch; but I do not confine myself to this particular degree
of pulverization of the said ilmenite, for the ilmenite may be more
less pulverized without departing from the nature of my Invention. To
the pulverized ilmenite I add a quantity of some refractory substance, like-
wise pulverized, or existing in a comminuted state, such as quicklime, slaked
lime, silica, kaolin, calcined iron slag, magnetic iron ore, or hematite iron ore.
I sometimes also prefer to add a quantity of salt, or other alkaline matter,
in order to vitrify, and thereby consolidate, the refractory materials I employ.
I now proceed to illustrate by a few examples the nature of the mixtures
of ilmenite and other refractory substances which I find useful in practice.

page_text: Pulverized hematite iron ore
Refractory sand or pulverized quartz
4 cwt.
2 cwt.
In each of these examples I thoroughly mix the ingredients, and then add
as much water as will reduce the mixture to the state of mortar; and I
then proceed to incorporate the said substances, either by hand manipulation,
or by means of an ordinary pug mill, or in the usual manner practised in
making common mortar, so as to bring, the mass to the consistency of stiff
clay or mortar. The mixture may then be made up into lumps or pieces of
a size suitable for lining the sides and bottoms of puddling furnaces or other
furnaces employed in the manufacture of iron and steel; and the said lumps
or pieces may be dried and calcined if required, or the mixture of ilmenite and
other refractory substances may be used in the plastic state for making the
linings and bottoms of the said furnaces, or for repairing or fettling the sides
and bottoms of the said furnaces. I do not confine myself to the relative
proportions of pulverized ilmenite to the lime, clay, silica, calcined iron slag,
magnetic or hematite iron ore, or other refractory substances with which the
said ilmenite is mixed; nor to the precise proportion of salt or other alkaline
substances to be added, for these proportions may be varied without departing
from the nature of my Invention. The sides and bottoms of puddling fur-
naces, balling furnaces, and other furnaces employed in the manufacture of
iron may be likewise lined, or made, or mended, or repaired with lumps of
ilmenite, with the interstices between the lumps or pieces of the said ilmenite
cemented or grouted up by means of the mixture or mixtures of pulverized
ilmenite and other refractory substances, or similar mixtures brought into the
state of niortar.
In place of adding water to the mixture or mixtures of

page_text: pulverized ilmenite with other refractory substances, and in corporating the
said mixture or mixtures so as to form mortar, the said pulverized ilmenite,
and the said pulverized refractory substances may be simply mixed in the dry
state, with or without the addition of salt or other alkaline matter, and
employed for lining, making, mending, repairing, or fettling the sides or
bottoms, or the sides and bottoms, of puddling furnaces, re-heating furnaces,
or other furnaces used in the manufacture of iron or steel.
The essence of my Invention consists in employing the compound ore of
titanium and iron, called ilmenite, when pulverized and mixed with refractory
substances, such as lime, silica, kaolin, calcined iron slag, magnetic iron ore,
or hematite iron ore, with or without the addition of salt or other alkaline
matter, in making, lining, and repairing, or fettling the sides or bottoms, or
the sides and bottoms of puddling furnaces, reheating furnaces, or other fur-
naces employed in the manufacture of iron and steel in order thereby to obtain
linings and bottoms of an enduring nature to resist the destructive action of
the slag or cinder which is formed in the said furnaces when they are in
operation.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Robert Mushet in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
20th July 1865.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, ROBERT
MUSHET, of Belgrave House, Cheltenham, in the County of Gloucester,
Metallurgist, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-sixth day of January, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-five, in the twenty-eighth year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto
me, the said Robert Mushet, Her special licence that I, the said Robert
Mushet, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said
Robert Mushet, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time
agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter
during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,
the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN

page_text: LINING THE SIDES AND BOTTOMS OF PUDDLING FURNACES AND OTHER FURNACES
EMPLOYED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF IRON OR STEEL, AND IN MENDING, REPAIRING,
AND FETTLING THE SIDES AND BOTTOMS OF THE SAID PUDDLING AND OTHER SAID
FURNACES," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Robert
Mushet, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under
my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was
to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the
said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Robert Mushet, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement thereof, that is to say:-
My Invention consists, first, in employing that compound ore of titanium
and iron called ilmenite, when crushed, stamped, or otherwise pulverized and
mixed with refractory spbstances, such for instance as sand, silica, kaolin,
calcined iron slag, magnetic iron ore, or hematite iron ore, for the purpose of
lining the sides or bottoms, or the sides and bottoms, of puddling furnaces.
and other furnaces used in the manufacture of iron or steel.
And, secondly, my Invention consists in employing the said crushed, stamped,
or otherwise pulverised ilmenite when mixed with refractory substances, for
mending, repairing, or fettling the sides or bottoms, or the sides and bottoms,
of puddling furnaces, balling furnaces, hollow fires, gas furnaces, and other
furnaces or converters employed in the manufacture of iron or steel. Ilmenite
is an ore of titanium and iron containing, according to published analyses,
from fifteen to fifty-nine per centum of titanic acid. It is found in large
quantities in Norway, Sweden, and other places. I prepare the ilmenite
for my process by stamping, crushing, or otherwise pulverizing it. and passing
it through a riddle of ten meshes per linear inch, or one hundred meshes
per square inch; but I do not confine myself to this particular degree
of pulverization of the said ilmenite, for the ilmenite may be more or
less pulverised without departing from the nature of my Invention. To
the pulverised ilmenite I add a quantity of some refractory substance, like-
wise pulverised, or existing in a comminuted state, such as quicklime, slaked
lime, silica, kaolin, calcined iron slag, magnetic iron ore, or hematite iron ore.
I sometimes also prefer to add a quantity of salt, or other alkaline matter in
order to vitrify and thereby consolidate the refractory materials I employ.

page_text: I now proceed to illustrate by a few examples the nature of the mixtures
of ilmenite and other refractory substances which I find give good results in
practice.

page_text: mortar, so as to bring the mass to the consistency of stiff clay or mortar. The
mixture may then be made up into lumps or pieces of a size suitable for
lining the sides and bottoms of puddling furnaces or other furnaces employed
in the manufacture of iron and steel, and the said lumps or pieces may be dried
and calcined if required. The calcination may be performed in kilns or
clamps, and may be continued so as to vitrify the lumps or masses of the said
compound or mixture of ilmenite and other refractory substances; or the
mixture of ilmenite and other refractory substances may be used in the
plastic state for making the linings and bottoms of the said furnaces, or for
repairing or fettling the sides and bottoms of the said furnaces. I do not
confine myself to the relative proportions of pulverised ilmenite to the lime,
clay, silica, calcined iron slag, magnetic or hematite iron ore, or other re-
fractory substances with which the said ilmenite is mixed, nor to the precise
proportion of salt or other alkaline substances to be added, for these proportions
may be varied without departing from the nature of my Invention. The sides
and bottoms of puddling furnaces, balling furnaces, and other furnaces employed
in the manufacture of iron may likewise, be lined, or made, or mended, or
repaired with lumps of ilmenite with the interstices between the lumps or
pieces of the said ilmenite cemented or grouted up by means of the mixture
or mixtures of pulverised ilmenite and other refractory substances, or similar
mixtures brought into the state of mortar. In place of adding water to the
mixture or mixtures of pulverised ilmenite with other refractory substances,
and incorporating the said mixture or mixtures so as to form mortar, the said
pulverized ilmenite and the said pulverised refractory substances may be simply
mixed in the dry state with or without the addition of salt or other alkaline
matter, and employed for lining, making, mending, repairing, or fettling the
sides and bottoms of puddling furnaces, re-heating furnaces, or other furnaces
used in the manufacture of iron or steel. The lining of the sides and bottoms
of puddling and other furnaces employed in the manufacture of iron and steel
are liable, as ordinarily made, to rapid decay, and the maintenance of the
lining of the said sides and bottoms of the said furnaces, and the keeping of
the same in proper repair, are troublesome and costly. By lining and mending
repairing or fettling, the sides and bottoms of the said furnaces by the improved
method or processes herein-before described, and constituting my Invention, the
cost and trouble of keeping the sides and bottoms of the said furnaces in
proper repair are much reduced, and great economy of time and material
effected.
The essence of my Invention consists in employing the compound ore of

page_text: titanium and iron, called ilmenite, when. pulverized and mixed with refractory
substances, such as lime, silica, kaolin, calcined iron slag, magnetic iron ore,
or hematite. iron ore, with or. without the addition of. salt or other alkaline
matter, in making, lining, and repairing, or fettling the sides or bottoms, or the
sides and bottoms, of puddling furnaces, re-heating furnaces, or other furnaces
employed in the manufacture of iron and steel, in order thereby to obtain
linings and bottoms of an enduring nature to resist the destructive action
of the slag or cinder which is formed in the said furnaces when they are in
operation
Witness,
EDWP. M. MUSHET,
Belgrave House,
Cheltenham.
ROB. MUSHET. (L.S.)