IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM EOILERS AND OTHER APPARATUS APPLICABLE TO THE HEATING AND EVAPORATION OF LIQUIDS, PARTS OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE APPLICABLE ALSO TO OTHER PURPOSES
Year: 1865

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Francis Wise, of Chandos Chambers, Adelphi, in
the City of Westminster, Consulting Engineer, Edward Field, of Chandos
Chambers, aforesaid, Consulting Engineer, and Enoch Harrison Aydon,
of Wandsworth, intheCounty of Surrey, Civil Engineer, for the Invention
of "IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM EOILERS AND OTHER APPARATUS APPLICABLE TO
THE HEATING AND EVAPORATION OF LIQUIDS, PARTS OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS
ARE APPLICABLE ALSO TO OTHER PURPOSES."
Sealed the 10th April 1866, and dated the 16th October 1865.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Francis Wise, Edward
Field, and Enoch Harrison Aydon at the Office of the Commissioners of
Patents, with their Petition, on the 16th October 1865.
We, FRANCIS WISE, of Chandos Chambers, Adelphi, in the City of West-
minster, Consulting Engineer, EDWARD FIELD, of Chandos Chambers, aforesaid,
Consulting Engineer, and ENOCH HARRISON AYDON, of Wandsworth, in the
County of Surrey, Civil Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM-BOILERS AND OTHER APPARATUS APPLI-
CABLE TO THE HEATING AND EVAPORATION OF LIQUIDS, PARTS OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS
ARE APPLICABLE ALSO TO OTHER PURPOSES," to be as follows:-
The objects of this invention are improvements in steam boilers and other
apparatus applicable to the heating and evaporation of liquids, parts of which
improvements are applicable also to other purposes.

page_text: It consists, firstly, in the use in locomotive and other boilers and apparatus
for the evaporation of liquids of a furnace or furnaces in which the grate is so
arranged as that the gases evolved by the greener or less perfectly ignited
part of the fire shall be caused to descend and to pass through another and
more perfectly ignited and heated part of the same fire into a combustion
chamber or chambers, into which a suitable proportion of heated atmospheric
air may be admitted to mix with the gases for the purpose of enabling their
combustion to be completely effected.
Secondly. In the use (in fire-boxes or furnaces for heating and evaporating
liquids) of partitions composed of vertical or pendantwater tubes whollyor par-
tially coated or covered with fire-brick, or fire-clay, or other suitable material,
and in the adaptation or use of such fire-brick or clay, or other suitable material,
by means of suitable passages or openings formed therein and communicating
with the atmosphere, to the admission of suitably heated air to the com-
bustion chamber or chambers for the purpose of effecting the combustion of
the gases as previously mentioned.
Thirdly. In the use in fire-boxes or furnaces, combustion chambers, flues,
and other like situations in steam boilers or apparatus applicable to the
heatingandevaporationof liquids, of vertical orpendanttaper water tubes open
at their upper ends to the space containing the water or other liquid to be
heated and closed at their lower ends, which are of smaller diameter than the
upper ends, so that the tubes taper gradually or otherwise from their upper
to their lower ends. Within these tubes are placed smaller ones open at both
ends (for the purpose of guiding the downward circulation), which inner
tubes may either be simply plain tubes tapered from the top downwards
similarly to the outer tubes, or may be twisted or curved spirally or otherwise,
or may consist of plain cylindrical tubes, and may in either case be formed
with curved, forked, or T-headed tops,so that each such inner tube may draw
its supply of liquid separately from a point or points outside of the area of the
currentsascending from thespacebetween itselfanditscorrespondingoutertube.
Fourthly. In some cases where the pendant tubes, whether tapered, curved,
or parallel are subjected more powerfully on the one side than on the other
to the action of the heat we dispense with the inner tubes before referred to,
and employ instead curved diaphragms which divide each such pendant tube
into two channels, the one channel (nearest to the more highly heated side of
the tube)serving for the ascending currents, and the other for thosedescending
to supply their place. These diaphragms are curved over at their upper ends so
as to deflect the ascending currents of mixed fluid and vapour and to prevent
their interfering with the downward currents. The diaphragmsare by pre-

page_text: ference placed within the tubes so as to divide them unequally, allowing a
This may
greater space for the ascending than for the descending currents.
be conveniently done in some cases by curving the diaphragms horizontally.so
that they constitute arcs of circles or similar figures touching the inner tubes at
the extremities of the arcs, and thus enclosing a space, double convex in
horizontal section, and both leaving a larger area of tube surface exposed
externally to the action of the heat upon the channels intended for the
Fascending currents, and a larger area for their passage than is accorded to the
downward flow currents. Otherwise each diaphragm may consist of three
wings or feathers, and be so placed in the tube as to allow say, one-third the
total horizontal area of the tube for the descending current, and the remaining
two-thirds for the ascending current, curved or deflecting ends to the
diaphragms being in all cases employed for the purpose of preventing the
interference of the upward and downward flows with each other. It is
obvious that the same system of diaphragms, having curved ends and dividing
the pendant tubes into channels of unequal size, may be modified and carried
out in other forms to suit circumstances.
Fifthly. In the generation of steam by the use of superheated steam, heated
air, or other gases (either separately or in combination with each other) by
injecting, forcing, or otherwise intermingling it or them into or with water in
a fine state of subdivision, as in the shape of rain or spray.
Sixthly. In mixing or intermingling superheated steam, heated air, or other
heated gases, or a combination thereof with the water in a state of minute
subdivision as described, by means of a suitable injector working by means
of such superheated steam, heated air, or other heated gases.
Seventhly. In extracting the salts and other matters from water in con-
nection with or preparatory to its use iu steam boilers or elsewhere by passing
it into a highly heated metal coil, provided with a suitable safety valve or
valves, which upon the attainment by the water in the coil of the pressure
required is or are lifted, thus allowing a certain quantity of such water to
escape,
,which thereupon immediately flashes into steam and deposits the salts
or other matters (previously held in solution) in the form of a fine powder
upon trays, diaphragms, or other suitable arrangements formed to receive
them.
Eighthly. Ina method of using or employing petroleum or other liquid fuel
in connection with the purposes herein referred to, by injecting or forcing it
by means of superheated steam into the furnace or combustion chamber or
chambers in such manner as that it may be vapourised and dispersed over
the surface of the fire, and its combustion thereby completely effected.

page_text: Ninthly. In cases where baffle blocks or cylinders are employed for
deflecting the flames and heated gases issuing from the furnace or furnaces of
steam boilers or other apparatus for heating and evaporating fluids, and of or
similar to the class commonly known as the "Field boiler," in attaching such
baffle blocks or cylinders to an adjustable rod, whereby the same may be
raised or lowered for the purpose of regulating the draught to suit variations
in the steam pressure or quantity of fluid evaporated, and also in making
such baffle blocks or cylinders hollow, and passing the steam issuing from
the boiler into and through them for the purpose of superheating the same.
Tenthly. To meet those cases in which great strength, increased divisibility
of parts for the convenience of transport, or other circumstances render it
desirable, we construct boilers formed with pendant tubes (either having inner
tubes or diaphragms formed as herein described, or otherwise formed with
deflectors at their upper ends, as described in the Specification of the Patent
No. 2956, dated the First day of November 1862,) in the form of a number
of vertical or nearly vertical pipes or cells, which are connected together at
their lower ends, so that the water or liquid to be heated or evaporated may
maintain the same level in all of them; their upper ends being similarly con-
nected for the purpose of carrying off the steam or vapour generated as
required. One or more pendant tubes, as described, may be used to each of
the various pipes or cells, with the exception of those pipes or cells which by
their position answer to the water spaces or casings in the fire-boxes and
other parts of boilers as ordinarily constructed, and which are continued
down to the usual level of such casings.
Eleventhly. In the preservation of metallic vessels employed for the
heating and evaporation of liquids from corrosion by means of an arrange-
ment of metallic slab or piece of metal suspended therein, and so connected
by means of a metallic band, wire, or other connection or connections with
the metal or metals forming such vessels as to produce galvanic currents
throughout the same, and to divert the action of any acid or acids contained
in the water or other liquid contained in such vessels from the metal or
metals of which such vessels are composed.
The several improvements in steam boilers and apparatus applicable to
the heating and evaporation of liquids herein-before referred to may be used
either separately or in conjunction of two or more with each other. They are
also in some cases applicable to uses other than those herein-before especially
referred to, as for example, the construction of furnace in which the products
of combustiou passing off from one part of the fire are passed through another
and hotter part of the same fire, and thence into a combustion chamber, may

page_text: be employed with advantage for puddling furnaces and numerous other
purposes. It is farther obvious that the mode herein referred to of employing
petroleum and other liquid fuels may be employed in connection with furnaces
made use of in various processes, as also that the arrangement, described for
preventing corrosion in metallic vessels is applicable to ships and others
metallic vessels liable to the action of fluids either more or less acidulated.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Francis Wise, Edward Field, and Enoch Harrison Aydon
in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 14th April 1866.,
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, FRANCIS
WISE, of Chandos Chambers, Adelphi, in the City of Westminster, Con-
sulting Engineer, EDWARD FIELD, of Chandos Chambers, aforesaid,Consulting
Engineer, and ENOCH HARRISON AYDON, of Wandsworth, in the County of
Surrey, Civil Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Sixteenth day of October, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-five, in the twenty-ninth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto us,
the said Francis Wise, Edward Field, and Enoch Harrison Aydon, Her
special licence that we, the said Francis Wise, Edward Field, and Enoch
Harrison Aydon, our executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others
as we, the said Francis Wise, Edward Field, and Enoch Harrison Aydon, our
executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein
expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and
Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM BOILERS AND OTHER
APPARATUS APPLICABLE TO THE HEATING AND EVAPORATION OF LIQUIDS, PARTS OF
WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE APPLICABLE ALSO TO OTHER PURPOSES," upon the con-
dition (amongst others) that we, the said Francis Wise, Edward Field, and
Enoch Harrison Aydon, our executors or administrators, by an instrumentin
writing under our, or their, or one of their hands and seals,should particularly
describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner
the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great
Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately after
the date of the said Letters Patent.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said Francis Wise, Edward Field, and
Enoch Harrison Aydon, do hereby declare the nature of our said Invention,
and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described
and ascertained in and by the following statement :-
The objects of this Invention are improvements in steam boilers and other
apparatus applicable to the heating and evaporation of liquids, parts of
which improvements are applicable also to other purposes.
It consists, firstly, in the use in locomotive and other boilers and apparatus
for the evaporation of liquids of a furnace or furnaces in which the grate is so
arranged as that the gases evolved by the greener or less perfectly ignited
part of the fire shall be caused to descend and to pass through another and
more perfectly ignited and heated part of the same fire into a combustion
chamber or chambers, into which a suitable proportion of heated atmospheric
air may be admitted to mix with the gases for the purpose of enabling their
combustion to be completely effected.
Secondly. In the use (in fire-boxes or furnaces for heating and evaporating
liquids) of partitions composed of vertical or pendant water tubes wholly or
partially coated or covered with fire-brick or fire-clay, or other suitable
material, and in the adaptation or use of such fire-brick or clay, or other
suitable material, by means of suitable passages or openings formed therein,
and communicating with the atmosphere, to the admission of suitably heated
air to the combustion chamber or chambers for the purpose of effecting the
combustion of the gases as previously mentioned.
Thirdly. In the use in fire-boxes or furnaces, combustion chambers, flues,
and other like situations in steam boilers or apparatus applicable to the
heating and evaporation of liquids, of vertical or pendant taper water tubes
open at their upper ends to the space containing the water or other liquid to
be heated, and closed at their lower ends, which are of smaller diameter than
the upper ends, so that the tubes taper gradually or otherwise from their
upper to their lower ends. Within these tubes are placed smaller ones, open
at both ends (for the purpose of guiding the downward circulation), which
inner tubes may either be simply plain tubes tapered from the top downwards
:similarly to the outer tubes, or may be twisted or curved spirally or otherwise,
or may consist of plain cylindrical tubes, and may in either case be formed
with curved, forked, or T-headed tops, so that each such inner tube may draw
its supply of liquid separately from a point or points outside of the area of the
currents ascending from the space between itself and its corresponding outer
tube.
Fourthly. In some cases where the pendant tubes, whether tapered, curved

page_text: or parallel, are subjected more powerfully on the one side than on the other
to the action of the heat, we dispense with the inner tubes before referred to,
and employ instead curved diaphragms, which divide each such pendant tube
into two channels, the one channel (nearest to the more highly heated side
of the tube) serving for the ascending currents, and the other for those
descending to supply their place. These diaphragms are curved over at their
upper ends, so as to deflect the ascending currents of mixed fluid and vapour,
and to prevent their interfering with the downward currents. The diaphragms
are, by preference, placed within the tubes, so as to divide them unequally,
allowing a greater space for the ascending than for the descending currents.
This may be conveniently done in some cases by curving the diaphragms
horizontally,so that they constitute arcs of circles or similar figures touching
the inner surfaces of the tubes at the extremities of the arcs, and thus
enclosing a space double convex in horizontal section, and both leaving a
larger area of tube surface exposed externally to the action of the heat upon
the channels intended for the ascending currents and a larger area for their
passage than is accorded to the downward flow currents.. Otherwise each
diaphragm may consist of two wings or feathers, and be so placed in the tube
as to allow,say, one-third the total horizontal area of the tube for the descending
current, and the remaining two thirds for the ascending current, curved or
deflecting ends to the diaphragms being in all cases employed for the
purpose of preventing the interference of the upward and downward flows
with each other.
It is obvious that the same system of diaphragms, having curved ends
and dividing the pendant tubes into chanuels of unequal size, may be
modified and carried out in other forms to suit circumstances.
Fifthly. In the generation of steam by the use of superheated steam,
beated air, or other gases (either separately or in combination with each
other) by injecting, forcing, or otherwise intermingling it or them into or
with water in a fine state of subdivision, as in the shape of rain or spray.
Sixthly. Inmixing or intermingling superheated steam, heated air, or other
heated gases, or a combination thereof, with the water in a state of minute
subdivision as described, by means of a suitable injector working by means
of such superheated steam, heated air, or other heated gases.
Seventhly. In extracting the salts and other matters from water in con-
ection with or preparatory to its use in steam boilers or elsewhere, bypassing
t into a highly heated metal coil provided with a suitable safety valve or
valves, which upon the attainment by the water in the coil of the pressure;
equired is or are lifted, thus allowing a certain quantity of such water to

page_text: escape which thereupon immediately flashes into steam and deposits the
salts or other matters (previously held in solution) in the form of a fine
powder upon trays, diaphragms, or other suitable arrangements, formed to
receive them.
Eighthly. In a method of using or employing petroleum or other liquid
fuel in connection with the purposes herein referred to, by injecting or
forcing it by means of superheated or other steam into the furnace or
combustion chamber or chambers in such manner as that it may be
vapourised and dispersed over the surface of the fire, and its combustion
thereby, completely effected.
Ninthly. In cases where baffle blocks or cylinders are employed for deflecting
the flames and heated gases issuing from the furnace or furnaces of steam
boilers or other apparatus for heating and evaporating fluids,and of or similar
to the class commonly known as the "Field " boiler, in attaching such baffle
blocks or cylinders to an adjustable rod, whereby the same may be raised or
lowered for the purpose of regulating the draught to suit variations in the
steam pressure or quantity of fluid evaporated, and also in making such baffle
blocks or cylinders hollow, and passing the steam issuing from the boiler into
and through them for the purpose of superheating the same.
Tenthly. To meet those cases in which great strength, increased devisibility
of parts for the convenience of transport, or other circumstances render it
desirable, we construct boilers formed with pendant tubes (either havingainner
tubes or diaphragms formed as herein described, or otherwise formed with
deflectors at their upper ends, as described in the Specification of the Patent,
No. 2956, dated the First day of November, 1862,) in the form of a number of
vertical or nearly vertical pipes or cells, which are connected together at their
lower ends so that the water or liquid to be heated or evaporated may main-
tain the same level in ali of them, their upper ends being similarly connected
for the purpose of carrying off the steam or vapour generated as required.
One or more pendant tubes as described may be used to each of the various
pipes or cells with the exception of those pipes or cells which by their
position answer to the water spaces or casings in the fire-boxes and other
parts of boilers as ordinarily constructed, and which are continued down
to the usual level of such casings.
Eleventhly. In the preservation of metallic vessels employed for the heating
and evaporation of liquids from corrosion, by means of an arrangement of
metallic slab or piece of metal suspended therein, and so connected by means
of a metallic baud, wire, or other connection or connections with the metal or
metals forming such vessels as to produce galvanic currents throughout the

page_text: same, and to divert the action of any acid or acids contained in the water, ör
other liquid contained in such vessels, from the metal or metals of which such
vessels are composed. The several improvements in steam boilersand apparatus
applicable to the heating and evaporation of liquids herein-before referred to
may be used either separately or in conjunction of two or more with each
other. They are also in some cases applicable to uses other than those herein-
before especially referred to, as for example, the construction of furnace in
which the products of combustion passing off from one part of the fire, are
passed through another and hotter part of the same fire, and thence into a
combustion chamber, may be employed with advantage for puddling furnaces
and numerous other purposes. It is farther obvious that the mode herein
referred to of employing petroleum and other liquid fuels may be employed in
connection with furnaces made use of it various processes, as also that the
arrangement described for preventing corrosion in metallic vessels is appli-
cable to ships and other metallic vessels liable to the action of fluids either
more or less acidulated.
The inanner in which the several parts of our said Invention may be
conveniently carried into effect will be fully understood by reference to the
accompanying Sheets of Drawings, whereof,-
Fig. 1 of Sheet 1 represents a longitudinal section of the fire-box of a
locomotive or other similar type of boiler, fitted with an arrangement or
construction of grate whereby the products of combustion emanating from
the forward or less perfectly ignited part of the fire are caused to descend
and pass through the backward and more thoroughly ignited and heated part
of the same fire into a combustion chamber supplied with atmospheric air for
assisting and completing the combustion. The grate in this case is formed
of two portions a and a¹, the latter (the bars of which are by preference formed
of fire-clay or other material, capable of withstanding intense heat) being
placed at an angle with the former, so that the more heated fuel may lie upon
and against it, and be impinged upon by the gases proceeding from the fire of
the more forward portion a of the grate. The back of the portion a¹ of the
grate is supported by a water space 6¹ pendant from the roof b of the fire-box,
its forward end resting upon a bar 63, which carries also the backward end of
the portion a of the grate, the forward end of which is carried by the bar 63,
or in other usual or convenient manner. Beneath the portion a¹ of the grate
is the combustion chamber c, supplied with air as required by means of the
pipé c', and provided with a sloping bottom c² for receiving the ashes from
the part at of the fire-grate, and terminating in a flap door c³ in the ordinary

page_text: manner. In working air is admitted beneath the portion a of the fire-grate,
and (being prevented by the partition a' from entering the combustion chamber
c in that direction) passes upward through the fuel, the products of com-
bustion from which pass backward and downward through the fuel on the
portion a¹ to the combustion chamber c, where their combustion is completed;
the heated products being carried off by flue tubes d passing through the
boiler in the usual manner.
Fig. 2 (Sheet 1) is a corresponding longitudinal section of part of a Cornish
or similar boiler fitted with a grate in two parts, similar to the foregoing, and
provided with a flap valve a² answering to the partition a² of the previous
Figure, but admitting of being more or less raised for the passage of air to
the combustion chamber c. The draught in this case, as before, passes
firstly upward through the portion a, and then downward through the
portion a¹ as previously described.
Fig. 3 of the same Sheet is another arrangement adapted to the Cornish
class of boiler, and somewhat modified from the foregoing, as in this case the
two portions a and a' of the grate are situated nearly on the same level, the
latter consisting of a fire-clay or other lump or slab provided with a channel
or chanuels or passage or passages c', whereby air is admitted from beneath
the portion of the grate to pass into the space or combustion chamber c
(so as to mix with the gases passing through the two portions of the fire)
immediately behind the pendant water space b¹.
Fig. 4 is a longitudinal section of the fire-box end of a boiler, the furnace
of which is adapted for the consumption of solid fuel and petroleum. In this
case the forward part a of the grate (being that upon which the solid fuel is
more especially intended to be burnt) is composed of bars in the ordinary
manner, the after parta¹ being in the form of steps slightly dished or recessed,
and surmounted by a pipe e for the supply of petroleum (injected or forced
by means of superheated or other steam, as hereafter described) to the fire.
Petroleum is also injected from the forward end of the furnace in such
manner as to be dispersed and diffused as indicated by the dotted lines, and is
met by and mixed with similar jets proceeding from the pipe e. From the
roof of the fire-box, leaving an interval between itself and the most backward
part of the portion a' of the grate, is pendant the inverted bridge or parti-
tion b¹, composed of double water tubes partially covered with fire brick b',
so as as to prevent the rush of the products of combustion from the furnace
through the intervals or spaces between the tubes, except by first passing into
the combustion chamber c, andbeing mixed with such additional air, supplied

page_text: through the pipe c³, or otherwise, as may be necessary. A pipe e situated
behind the fire-brick covered portion of the inverted bridge or partition 61
may also be used for supplying petroleum in conjunction with the others
previously mentioned; or otherwise one such pipe only may be employed, or
the number may be increased as found most desirable. The flame and products
of combustion after passing from the chamber c and space behind the bridge
or partition 6', pass along a tube or flued fitted with pendant water tubes
(either conical or otherwise in form) to the chimney.
Fig. 5 is a section, and Fig. 6 a plan of the fire-box end of a boiler in
which the arrangements are somewhat modified from the foregoing, the two
portions a and a¹ of the grate both being of the step form, the one becoming
lower as it recedes from the front and the other similarly becoming lower in a
contrary direction, as shown. At the back end of the portion a¹ of the grate
is situated a row of pendant water tubes, the upper part of which is uncovered,
leaving spaces or intervals between the several tubes of the row, the lower
portion being covered or cased with fire-brick 6' formed with tubes or passages
communicating at their lowerends with the atmosphere, and capable of being
more or less closed by a flap or other valve, so as to admit any desired
quantity of air to pass upward into the furnace, which is also farther supplied
with air by flap valves opening beneath the grate, as shown. Petroleum is
in this case injected and diffused through the furnace from pipes e, the com-
bustion chamber c being similarly supplied from the pipe e¹.
Fig. 7 is a longitudinal section of the furnace end of a boiler of the Cornish
class fitted with a grate consisting of two parts similar to those represented in
Fig. 4, provided with a flap a² (as described with reference to Fig. 2), and
having its flue tube fitted with pendant water tubes, as shown.
Fig. 8 represents another modification of the step grate adapted for burning
petroleum and solid fuel in a boiler of similar class to the foregoing.
Fig. 9 also shows a modification of the same class of grate applied to a
boiler of similar type to the foregoing.
Figs. 10 and 11 are respectively cross and longitudinal sections of another
modification of step grate fitted into a Cornish boiler, and adapted for burning
both petroleum and solid fuel, as will be readily understood from the expla-
nations of previous Figures.
Figs. 12 and 13 are corresponding views shewing a grate in which the
arrangement of step bars is inverted, petroleum being supplied from the
summit of the grate, and the flue tube of the boiler fitted with pendant water
tubes....
.....
三

page_text: Figs. 14 and 15 are similar views shewing another adaptation of the step.
grate for the purposes named, and which will readily explain themselves.
Figs. 16 and 17, Sheet 2, represent vertical sections of double, conical, or
tapered water tubes with corresponding cross sections shewing the manner in
which the inner tubes may be formed; as, for example, hexagonally with sides
passing straight from top to bottom, or spirally in any one of the several
forms shown, the upper end of the inner tube being in all cases sufficiently
large to guide away or deflect the ascending currents, and to prevent their
interference with the downward flow taking place through the inner tube.
Figs. 18, 19, and 20 represent double tubes, the inner tubes of which are
formed with curved or T-headed tops, so as to draw their supply of liquid
from points outside of the area of the currents ascending from the spaces
between the inner and outer tubes.
.
Figs. 21, 22, and 23 are similar views of tubes, in which the inner tubes
last mentioned are dispensed with, and diaphragms having curved or over-
hanging tops for the purpose of deflecting and preventing the interference
of the upward currents with those which are descending are employed in their
stead; and with reference to this part of our Invention we would remark that
we are fully aware that diaphragms not having deflector tops, as described,
have previously been used, and we do not therefore lay claim to the use of
diaphragms irrespective of tops formed or attached thereto, substantially as
and for the purposes described. It will be obvious that diaphragms with
curved or deflector tops may be used in connection with parallel instead of
tapered tubes, as also in other tubes varying more or less in form from those
represented.
Fig. 24 (Sheet 3) is a side elevation, partly in section, of a Cornish boiler
fitted with apparatus for injecting and burning petroleum, as also with an
additional steam generator acting by means of superheated steam according
to the fourth part of our Invention.
"
Fig. 25 is an end view of the furnace end of the boiler.
Fig. 26, a plan, partly in section; and
Fig. 27, a view, partly in section, of the apparatus for generating steam by
means of superheated steam. In this case petroleum supplied by the pipes e
is injected into the furnace by means of injectors f supplied with steam either
superheated or otherwise, by the pipef! communicating with convenient
part of the boiler, and having openings whereby a suitable amount of air may
be admitted to mix and pass into the furnace with the petroleum, as hereafter
described. The grate employed in this case is of the step form previously.
any

page_text: described, terminating in a bridge or partition formed of pendant tubes par-
tially covered with fire-brick 64 (as explained with reference to previous
Figures). The heated products of combustion pass away from the furnace
through the flue tube (d) into the chamber d¹, containing a length or series
of pipes g for superheating steam which is admitted from the steam chest g¹
of the boiler. The steam after passing through the pipes g and becoming
superheated passes through the pipes g² into generators 93, where it is met by
and mingled with water in a fine state of subdivision or spray converting the
water into steam, which then passes by the pipe g' to the steam pipe g5 for
use either in a steam engine or otherwise, as required.
part
Figs. 28 and 29 are respectively an elevation, partly in section, and a plan,
also partly in section, of one method of carrying into effect the seventh
of our Invention, having reference to the extraction of salts and other matters
from water and its generation into steam. The apparatus in this case consists.
of a double coil of pipes / situated above a fire-grate or furnace h¹, and con-
tained within a water casing h², surmounted by a steam or steam and water
chamber h³, provided with flue tubes d (passing through it) communicating
with a flue or chimney for the purpose of conducting away the products
of combustion proceeding from the grate or furnace h¹. The water casing h³
communicates by a pipe h with the upper end of the outer part of the coil h,
the upper end of the inner part of the coil communicating by a pipe he
leading into a cross pipeh' communicating with the generators or purifiers g³,.
made by preference, circular in form, provided with perforated diaphragms h³,
and surrounded by an annular space for conducting away the steam formed
in the generator. In working water is pumped or otherwise forced into the
lower part of the casing h³, filling the same and finding its way through the"
pipe h into the coil h, passing through its entire length until it reaches
the pipe he to the cross pipe h7, whence it passes in a highly heated state"
through the valves 10 to the generators or purifiers g³, so that whenever the
pressure in the coil and pipes overcomes the resistance of the valves a certain
quantity of water passes into the generators, where it at once flashes into
steam and deposits its salts and other matters upon the trays or diaphragms,
steam leaving the generators by pipes communicating with the annular spaces
or chambers h, from which it passes by pipes h¹¹ to the chamber h³ for use.
Any water which may collect in the generators g³ may be removed by pipes 1,
as convenient.
. Figs. 30 and 31 (Sheet 4) are respectively vertical and horizontal sections
of a steam generator, as described with reference to Figs. 24, 25, 26, and 27:"

page_text: The generator consists of a cylindrical or other casing containing a series of
perforated diaphragms h³, and surmounted by a pipe go, through which water
is forced or injected into the generator, where falling upon the perforated
diaphragms it is divided into drops or spray, and falling from one tray or
diaphragm to another is met by and mixed with a stream or current of super-
beated steam passing upward through the generator from the pipe'g², and is
thereby converted into saturatedsteam, which passesfromthe generator by the
pipe g' for use as required. Otherwise, in some cases, heated air or other
heated gas or combination of gases may be employed, insteadoforinconjunction
with superbeated steam, for effecting the required evaporation.
Figs. 35, 36, and 37 of Sheet 5 represent sections of injectors or apparatus
for forcing or injecting petroleum into furnaces according to our Invention.
In these arrangements a pipe i is employed for admitting superheated or
other steam.to the injector, the amount so admitted being capable of regu-
lation by a plug it passing the adjustable nozzle i³. The petroleum is admitted
to the injector by an adjustable pipej. Provision is also made by openings k
for admitting a suitable quantity of air to mix with the steam and petroleum
in their passage through the pipe k² to the furnace. The amount of air
admitted by the openings k, in the cases of Figs. 35 and 36, is adjustable
by means of discs ; the corresponding openings k in Fig. 37 being similarly
adjustable by means of a ring k¹, which may be more or less revolved so as
to open or close them as required. Other forms of injector may be used for
injecting the petroleum if preferred.
Fig. 32 (Sheet 4) shows a modification suitable for the purpose of injecting
water into the generators, g³ (Sheets, 3 and 4), but unprovided with openings
for the inlet of air.
Figs. 33 and 34 are respectively an end view, partly in section, and a. side
elevation,also partly in section, of a steam boiler constructed according to the
tenth part of our Invention. In this case a series of vertical pipes / connected
together at their lower ends by pipes l,so that the water or other liquid to be
evaporated may stand atthe same levelin allofthem, theirupperends being simi-
larly connected by pipes /2 for the purpose of carrying off the steam or vapour
generated intothe pipes or steam chests n. The pipes are fitted with pendant
double tubes, and communicate with each other by longitudinal pipes m
fitted with vertical tubes m³, passing downward at each side of the grate a,
and connected together at their lower ends by pipes m² provided with cocks
for blowing off and cleansing as required. Boilers in the tubular or cellular
form described may either be constructed for use with petroleum, or petroleum

page_text: .
and solid fuel, or otherwise may be made with ordinary furnaces, as desired;
and the tubes or cells may either be arranged as shown, or circularly, or
otherwise, as most convenient, the, pendant tubes being fitted either, with
internal tubes or deflector diaphragms as most convenient..
Fig. 38 is a vertical section of an ordinary marine boiler, fitted with a step
grate for the consumption of petroleum and solid fuel, as explained with
reference to other Figures. Fig. 39 is a similar section of a marine boiler
fitted with a step grate, and arranged for burning both petroleum and solid
fuel, pendant tubes being employed behind the grate in the flue or passage
leading to the uptake: A piece or slab of zinc or other suitable metal o is in
this case suspended in the water space, and is connected by a metallic band p
with the further end of the boiler, so as to cause a galvanic current to pass
through as nearly as possible the whole of the metal of the boiler and pro-
tect it from corrosion. The same method of establishing a galvanic circuit
by connecting a suitable metallic slab or slabs by means of a metallic band-or
bands, or wire or wires, to the farthest available point from that at which the
slab or slabs is or are suspended or situated is applicable also to the preserva-
tion of iron ships and other metallic vessels from corrosion. It being observed
that the bands or wires employed for forming the circuit must be insulated
from the metal to be protected throughout the entire distance, between the
slab or slabs and the point or points at which it or they is or are attached to
that metal.
Having now fully described and ascertained the nature of oursaid Invention,
and various modes in which the same may be conveniently performed, we
would have it understood that we do not confine or limit ourselves to the
precise forms ordetails represented, so long as the distinguishing features of
our Invention are maintained. It is also to be observed that one or more of
the several parts of our Invention may be used either alone or in combination
with others of them, and that with reference thereto we claim,—
Firstly. The construction of boiler and other furnaces or grates in such
manner as that the gases evolved by the greener or less perfectly ignited part
of the fire shall be caused to pass through another and more perfectly heated
and ignited part of the same fire into a combustion chamber, substantially as
described.
Secondly. The use (in fire-boxes or furnaces for heating and evaporating
liquids) of partitions composed of pendant water tubes coated or covered with
fire-brick, fire-clay, or other suitable material for resisting the action of intense
heat, and the adaptation of such covering orcoating by means of passages or

page_text: thoroughfares formed therein to the admission of air to such fire-boxes or
furnaces, substantially as described.
.
Thirdly. The use or employment in conical or tapered outer tubes, as
described of conical or tapered inner tubes projecting at their upper ends
above the upper ends of the outer tubes and as large or larger in diameter at
their upper ends as or than the inner diameters of the upper ends of the outer
tubes. Also in the use or employment in parallel outer tubes of conical
inner tubes projecting above the upper ends of the outer tubes, and as large
or larger in diameter as or than the inner diameters of such outer tubes.
Fourthly. The use in pendant water tubes of diaphragms or divisions for
'separating and guiding the ascending and descending currents having their
upper ends formed or constructed to deflect or turn aside the ascending
currents, and prevent their interference with the descending currents.
Fifthly. The employment in pendant water tubes of inner tubes formed
with curved, forked, or T-headed tops extending beyond the openings or inner
diameters of the outer tubes.
Sixthly. The generation of steam by the use of superheated steam, heated air
or other gas or gases (either separately or in combination with each other)
by injecting, forcing, or otherwise intermingling it or them with water in a fine
state of subdivision,as in the shape of rain or spray,substantially as described.
Seventhly. The generation of steam and extraction of salts and other matters
from water byforcing such water through highly heated metal coils permitting
it to flash into steam (at a higher pressure than is required to be produced or
generated therefrom)and todeposit such salts and other matters,substantially
as described.
Eighthly. The use or employment of petroleum or other liquid fuels in
boiler and other furnaces byinjecting or forcing it by means of superheated or
other steam into such furnaces or combustion chambers in such manner as
that it may be vapourised and diffused therein, and consumed, substantially as
described.
Ninthly. The use of an adjustable baffle block or cylinder in vertical pendant
tube boilers, substantially as described.
Tenthly. The construction of pendant water tube boilers in the form of
tubes or cells, having their respective water and steam spaces connected
together by tubes or pipes, substantially as described.
Eleventh. The construction of injectors, as described with reference to
Figs: 35, 36, and 37, for the purpose of injecting petroleum or other liquid
fuel:
!

page_text: Twelfthly. The method described of protecting boilers or other iron vessels
from corrosion, by passing a galvanic current through them substantially as
described.
In witness whereof, we the said Francis Wise, Edward Field, and
Enoch Harrison Aydon, have hereunto set our hands and seals, this
Fourteenth day of April, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight
hundred and sixty-six.
FRANCIS WISE.
EDWARD FIELD
E. HARRISON AYDON.
Witness,
W. LLOYD WISE,
Office for Patents,
Chandos Chambers, W.C.
(L.B.)
(L.S.)
(L.S.)