IMPROVEMENTS IN MEANS AND APPARATUS FOR WORKING, INTERLOCKING, AND CONTROLLING RAILWAY POINTS AND SIGNALS
Year: 1877

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Charles Hodgson, of Canterbury Road, Kilburn, in the
County of Middlesex, and John Imray, of Southampton Buildings, Chancery
Lane, also in the County of Middlesex, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS
IN MEANS AND APPARATUS FOR WORKING, INTERLOCKING, AND CONTROLLING
RAILWAY POINTS AND SIGNALS."
Sealed the 23rd March 1877, and dated the 16th January 1877.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Charles Hodgson and John
Imray at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 16th January
1877.
CHARLES HODGSON, of Canterbury Road, Kilburn, in the County of Middlesex,
and JOHN IMRAY, of Southampton Buildings, Chancery Lane, also in the County
of Middlesex. "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MEANS AND APPARATUS FOR WORKING,
INTERLOCKING AND CONTROLLING RAILWAY POINTS AND SIGNALS."
It has been proposed to employ fluid pressure for working railway points and
signals, and various forms of apparatus have been described and used for this
purpose.
Our Invention relates to improved means and apparatus for applying compressed
or rarefied air to the working and controlling of railway points and signals in such
a manner as to render their operation consistent with safety.
The modes in which we apply our improvements vary according to the methods
which are adopted in utilising air pressure as the moving agent. In some cases
each lever of a set of point and signal apparatus is applied to work a bellows pump
or vessel that can be distended and collapsed which communicates by a pipe with a
corresponding vessel connected to the point or signal, so that on moving the hand
lever and thereby condensing or rarefying the air a corresponding change of pressure
is communicated by the pipe, causing the point or signal to move.
In such cases,
for the purpose of interlocking the points and signals, we provide in the communi-
cating pipe belonging to each particular point or signal lever a cock or valve which
s connected with those other levers of the system to which the said lever should be
correlated. Thus, when it is necessary that the shifting of a point should lock a
signal, we connect the cock or valve of the signal pipe to the point lever, so that
when the latter is moved the cock or valve is closed, and consequently the passage

page_text: of air to work the signal is stopped; and in like manner we provide for the
locking of points by signals, and signals and points by each other, as may be
required for safe working. Where a communicating pipe has to be thus con-
trolled by several levers of the system, it may be provided with separate valves
or cocks in its course, each connected to one of the controlling levers, so that
if any one of them is closed the communication is stopped; or a single cock or
valve, kept usually open by a weight or spring, may be worked by rods con-
nected to the several levers, each rod being slotted, so that the movement of any
one of them in one direction suffices to close the cock or valve, and that it cannot be
opened except by the concurrent action of all the rods connected to it. We prefer
to make the connections of such controlling valves or cocks not directly to the
levers themselves but to the spring catches of the levers, so that the closing of the
cock or valve is effected by the raising of the spring catch of the lever before
the lever itself is moved, and the opening of the cock or valve is effected by the
lowering of the spring catch, that is to say, not until after the lever has completed
its stroke. When by this system of interlocking any communicating pipe is closed,
the operator on attempting to move the lever belonging to that pipe is apprised by
the resistance which he experiences that some other levers of the apparatus are not
in the position which they ought to occupy before moving the particular lever on
which he is engaged. In like manner when other means are employed for holding
and releasing the levers at either end of their stroke, such as treadles or the like,
we prefer to connect the valves or cocks above mentioned to such apparatus, so
that the closing of the cock or valve shall always be effected before a lever is moved,
and the opening shall not be effected till after the lever has completed its stroke.
When points are worked in this manner we prefer not to connect the moving part
of the bellows or other vessel near the points directly to the point rod, but to connect
it to a slide or vibrating arm having a cam path in which works a stud of the point
rod, this cam path being so formed that a part of the stroke suffices to shift the
points, and that the remainder of the stroke operates by a dwell so as to hold the
points in the position to which they have been shifted.
Where a supply of condensed or rarefied air is given by an engine or other power
no levers are necessary for working the points or signals, but only cocks or valves in
the pipes leading to them, whereby the pressure is transmitted. In such cases we
arrange the handles or rods of the several cocks or valves compactly in a frame all
within convenient reach of the operator, and we provide a number of longitudinally
sliding plates or bars crossing the spindles or rods of the cocks or valves, these plates
or bars having suitable slots or notches. Some of these plates or bars are slid
longitudinally when certain of the cocks or valves are opened or closed, and by this
movement they are made to obstruct or to set free the spindles or rods of others of
the cocks or valves, according to the particular arrangement of the slots or notches
where they cross them. Thus, for example, when a cock or valve is opened in the
pipe leading to a pair of points, the movement of the rod or spindle for that pur-
pose causes one of the plates or bars to slide longitudinally and so to bring an
obstruction on it in the way of the rod or spindle which works the cock or valve in
a pipe communicating with a signal, which is thereby locked, or to remove an
obstruction from some other rod or spindle, which is thereby unlocked.
It is considered desirable to avoid simultaneous action of points and signals, that
is to say, it is preferred to shift a pair of points first and then to give the required
signal for passing a train.
In order to insure successive action of this kind, we provide in the main pipe
which connects the reservoir or compressed or rarefied air with the branch pipes
leading to the several points and signals loaded valves, so arranged that the point
apparatus must first have received sufficient pressure to work the points before the
loaded valve is raised, permitting the pressure to act for lowering the signal to
safety, and in like manner that the raising of the signal to danger must precede the
communication of the pressure for shifting the points.
Where engine or other power is not available for the condensation or rarefaction

page_text: of the air, we provide a pump or bellows to be worked for that purpose by the
signalman with suitable reservoirs, so that at times when his attention is not
required to the actual shifting of the points or signals he can store up the necessary
power, and then when the points or signals are to be shifted he has only to move
the necessary cocks or valves whereby the pressure is allowed to be transmitted to
them.
"
In all cases we prefer to provide cach point or signal pipe with a pressure gauge
shewing the attendant whether the working pressure is transmitted or not. Some-
times, in the case of distant signals where the substitution of an air pipe for the
wires or rods usually employed as pulls would be troublesome or expensive, but
where it is necessary to place the signal under the control of several persons at
distant points, so that any one of them can cause a signal to take its "danger'
attitude, and all of them must concur before the signal can be lowered to its
safety" attitude, we adopt the following arrangement:-On the signal post we fix
a double bellows or vessel that can be distended or collapsed, the one part of which
is connected to the ordinary wire or other pull, and the other part is connected to
the signal rod. The two parts communicate with each other by a pipe having an
outlet governed by a valve connected to the armature of an electro-magnet. The
coil of this electro-magnet is connected by a conducting wire to a battery or other
source of electricity, and ordinary means of making or breaking contact are pro-
vided at the several points whence the signal is to be controlled.
When contact is made at all these points the electro-magnet' is rendered active,
and its attractive force keeps the valve closed. The signalman then on working
the pull moves the one part of the bellows on the signal post, and the change of
pressure thus produced is communicated to the other part of the bellows, which is
thus caused to move, lowering the signal. But should the electric circuit be in-
terrupted at any part of its course, the magnet not being rendered active fails to
retain the armature, whereupon the outlet valve opens, and the pressure being thus
relieved the signal is raised by its counterweight to the danger attitude. Thus the
signalman who commands the signal pull is unable thereby to lower the signal
without the concurrence of the other operators, and if he has lowered the signal any
of these operators by breaking electric contact at his station can immediately cause
the signal to return to its danger attitude.
A similar arrangement applied to an inlet valve may be adopted where the work-
ing of the signal is effected by rarefaction of the air instead of compression.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Charles Hodgson and John Imray in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 12th July 1877.
CHARLES HODGSON, of Canterbury Road, Kilburn, in the County of Middlesex,
and JOHN IMRAY, of Southampton Buildings, Chancery Lane, in the County of
Middlesex. "IMPROVEMENTS IN MEANS AND APPARATUS FOR WORKING, INTER-
LOCKING, AND CONTROLLING RAILWAY POINTS AND SIGNALS."
It has been proposed to employ fluid pressure for working railway points and
signals, and various forms of apparatus have been described and used for this
purpose.
Our Invention relates to improved means and apparatus for applying compressed
or rarefied air to the working and controlling of railway points and signals in such
a manner as to render their operation consistent with safety.
The modes in which we apply our improvements vary according to the methods
which are adopted in utilising air pressure as the moving agent. In some cases
each lever of a set of point and signal apparatus is applied to work a bellows, pump,

page_text: In
or vessel that can be distended and collapsed, which communicates by a pipe with
a corresponding vessel connected to the point or signal, so that on moving the hand
lever, and thereby condensing or rarefying the air, a corresponding change of
pressure is communicated by the pipe, causing the point or signal to move.
such cases for the purpose of interlocking the points and signals we provide in the
communicating pipe belonging to each particular point or signal lever a cock or
valve, which is connected with those other levers of the system to which the said
lever should be correlated. Thus, when it is necessary that the shifting of a point
should lock a signal we connect the cock or valve of the signal pipe to the point
lever, so that when the latter is moved the cock or valve is closed, and consequently
the passage of air to work the signal is stopped; and in like manner we provide
for the locking of points by signals, and signals and points by each other, as may be
required for safe working. Where a communicating pipe has to be thus controlled
by several levers of the system, it may be provided with separate valves or cocks
in its course, each connected to one of the controlling levers, so that if any one of
them is closed the communication is stopped; or a single cock or valve, kept
usually open by a weight or spring, may be worked by rods connected to the
several levers, each rod being slotted, so that the movement of any one of them in
one direction suffices to close the cock or valve, and that it cannot be opened
except by the concurrent action of all the rods connected to it. We prefer to make
the connections of such controlling valves or cocks not directly to the levers them-
selves but to the spring catches of the levers, so that the closing of the cock or
valve is effected by the raising of the spring catch of the lever before the lever
itself is moved, and the opening of the cock or valve is effected by the lowering of
the spring catch, that is to say, not until after the lever has completed its stroke.
When by this system of interlocking any communicating pipe is closed, the operator
on attempting to move the lever belonging to that pipe is apprised by the resistance
which he experiences that some other levers of the apparatus are not in the position
which they ought to occupy before moving the particular lever on which he is
engaged. In like manner when other means are employed for holding and releasing
the levers at either end of their stroke, such as treadles or the like, we prefer to
connect the valves or cocks above mentioned to such apparatus, so that the closing
of the cock or valve shall always be effected before a lever is moved, and the
opening shall not be effected till after the lever has completed its stroke. When
points are worked in this manner we prefer not to connect the moving part of the
bellows or other vessel near the points directly to the point rod, but to connect it
to a slide or vibrating arm, having a cam path, in which works a stud of the point
rod, this cam path being so formed that a part of the stroke suffices, to shift the
.a dwell so as to hold the
points, and that the remainder of the stroke operates by.
points in the position to which they have been shifted.
Where a supply of condensed or rarefied air is given by an engine or other power
no levers are necessary for working the points or signals, but only cocks or valves
in the pipes leading to them, whereby the pressure is transmitted. In such cases
we arrange the handles or rods of the several cocks or valves compactly in a frame,
all within convenient reach of the operator, and we provide a number of longi-
tudinally sliding plates or bars crossing the spindles or rods of the cocks or valves,
these plates or bars having suitable slots or notches. Some of these plates or bars
are slid longitudinally when certain of the cocks or valves are opened or closed, and
by this movement they are made to obstruct or to set free the spindles or rods of
others of the cocks or valves, according to the particular arrangement of the slots
or notches where they cross them. Thus, for example, when a cock or valve is
opened in the pipe leading to a pair of points the movement of the rod or spindle
for that purpose causes one of the plates or bars to slide longitudinally, and so to
bring an obstruction on it in the way of the rod or spindle which works the cock
or valve in a pipe communicating with a signal, which is thereby locked, or to
remove an obstruction from some other rod or spindle, which is thereby unlocked.

page_text: It is considered desirable to avoid simultaneous action of points and signals,
that is to say, it is preferred to shift a pair of points first and then to give the
required signal for passing a train.
In order to ensure successive action of this kind, we provide in the main pipe
which connects the reservoir of compressed or rarefied air with the branch pipes
leading to the several points and signals loaded valves, so arranged that the point
apparatus must first have received sufficient pressure to work the points before the
loaded valve is raised, permitting the pressure to act for lowering the signal to
safety, and in like manner that the raising of the signal to danger must precede the
communication of the pressure for shifting the points.
Where engine or other power is not available for the condensation or rarefaction
of the air, we provide a pump or bellows to be worked for that purpose by the
signalman with suitable reservoirs, so that at times when his attention is not
required to the actual shifting of the points or signals he can store up the necessary
power, and then when the points or signals are to be shifted he has only to move
the necessary cocks or valves, whereby the pressure is allowed to be transmitted to
them.
"
In all cases we prefer to provide each point or signal pipe with a pressure gauge,
shewing the attendant whether the working pressure is transmitted or not. Some-
times, in the case of distant signals where the substitution of an air pipe for the
wires or rods usually employed as pulls would be troublesome or expensive, but
where it is necessary to place the signal under the control of several persons at
distant points, so that any one of them can cause the signal to take its "danger'
attitude, and all of them must concur before the signal can be lowered to its
"safety" attitude, we adopt the following arrangement:-On the signal post we
fix a double bellows or vessel that can be distended or collapsed, the one part of
which is connected to the ordinary wire or other pull, and the other part is con-
nected to the signal rod. The two parts communicate with each other by a pipe,
having an outlet governed by a valve connected to the armature of an electro-
magnet. The coil of this electro-magnet is connected by a conducting wire to a
battery or other source of electricity, and ordinary means of breaking and making
contact are provided at the several points whence the signal is to be controlled.
When contact is made at all these points the electro-magnet is rendered active,
and its attractive force keeps the valve closed. The signalman then on working
the pull moves the one part of the bellows on the signal post, and the change of
pressure thus produced is communicated to the other part of the bellows, which is
thus caused to move, lowering the signal. But should the electric circuit be
interrupted at any part of its course, the magnet not being rendered active fails to
retain the armature, whereupon the outlet valve opens, and the pressure being thus
relieved the signal is raised by its counterweight to the "danger" attitude. Thus,
the signalman who commands the signal pull is unable thereby to lower the signal
without the concurrence of the other operators, and if he has lowered the signal any
of these operators by breaking electric contact at his station can immediately cause
the signal to return to its "danger" attitude.
A similar arrangement applied to an inlet valve may be adopted when the
working of the signal is effected by rarefaction of the air instead of compression.
Fig. 1 represents diagrammatically a junction of a double line of railway, the points
and signals at which are worked pneumatically by wire levers in the manner which
we will now describe; Fig. 2 represents a transverse section through the lever frame;
and Fig. 3, a plan of part of the pneumatic apparatus and pipes connected
therewith.
Fig. 4 is an end view of part of the interlocking gear.
Each of the hand levers A works in the usual manner a collapsible vessel B,
from which a pipe C leads to a corresponding vessel connected to the point or

page_text: signal which the lever A is intended to work. In the course of the pipe C there
is introduced a cock, or in some cases there are several cocks D, the handles of
which are connected by rods E to arms on rocking shafts S, which have other arms
connected by rods E¹ to the rockers F worked by the spring catches G of such of
the levers A as should control the working of the point or signal to which the
pipe C leads. Thus before the lever A can be moved, its spring catch rod G has
to be raised to clear the notch in the quadrant by which the lever is held at each
end of its stroke; by this movement of the spring catch the rocker F is raised at
one end, and the rocking shaft S connected to it is caused partly to turn, closing
such of the cocks D as should be closed when the lever A is moved and partly
turning, but not opening such others of the cocks as may be safely opened when
the lever A is moved over its whole stroke. On moving fully over the lever A and
letting go its spring catch, so as to engage in the further notch of the quadrant,
the rocker F by the descent of the spring catch is moved farther in the same
direction as before, the rocking shaft S is farther turned, the cocks already closed
by its previous movement are turned farther in the closing direction, and those
which had been partly turned in the opening direction are completely opened.
When all the cocks D in the course of any one of the pipes C are opened the lever
commanding that pipe may be moved, compressing or dilating the vessel B con-
nected to it, the movement being transmitted by the air in the said pipe C to the
point or signal. But when any one of the cocks D on any pipe C is closed, stopping
the passage of air, the vessel B resists the effort to collapse or distend it, and no
motion is conveyed to the point or signal. The shafts S instead of being connected
to the spring catch apparatus of the hand levers A, as above described, may be
connected to arms on the levers themselves, as indicated by the dotted lines E²; the
operation being similar to that described above, except that in this case the opening
and closing of the cocks are effected by the movements of the levers A themselves
instead of being effected by the movements of their spring catches G. Instead of
providing several cocks on one pipe, each cock worked by one of the levers A, a
single cock or valve worked by several of the levers A may be employed.
Fig. 5 represents a longitudinal section, and Fig. 6 a transverse section, of a
valve operated in this manner. In the course of the pipe C is fitted the valve c,
which may be a caoutchouc ball, as shewn. On the stem of this valve is mounted
a roller 7, over which there are a number of bars H, each of which is caused so slide
longitudinally by the movement of one of the levers A, or preferably by the move-
ment of the spring catch of that lever. The bars H are formed with projecting
parts, any one of which bearing on the roller r causes the valve c to remain closed.
But when all the bars H are moved in the direction of the arrow, so that their
projecting edges are clear of the roller r, then the valve c is opened by a spring h,
for which a counterweight might be substituted. In addition to the means above
described of interlocking the levers A by the movement of the cocks or valves on
the air pipes belonging to them, ordinary interlocking gear may be employed, such
as vibrating stop bars I, a plan of part of which is shewn in Fig. 7.
The Figures on Sheet II. represent apparatus according to our Invention
employed for working and interlocking points and signals when a supply of con-
densed or rarefied air is furnished by an engine, or by manual or other power.
Fig. 8 is a front view; Fig. 9, a plan; and Fig. 10, a transverse section of part
of such apparatus, Fig. 11 shewing two of the locking slide bars forming part
thereof, as will presently be described.
B is a pipe communicating with the reservoir of compressed or rarefied air, and
having branches C, each provided with a cock D, and each communicating with the
apparatus at a distance for working pneumatically a point or signal as the case
may be. Each of the cocks D has a spindle d of oblong section which extends
through suitable slots in sliding bars E, some of these slots being of such form as
to permit the spindle d to turn within them in whatever position the sliding bar
may be, and some of thein being so shaped that the spindle can be turned when
the sliding bar is in one position but not when it is in the other position. Some

page_text: of the spindles d'have arms F, which take on studs attached to the sliding bars E;
and each spindle has a handle A, by turning which in the one direction or the
other the cock can be opened or closed.
The apparatus shewn in Sheet II. is intended to operate on 9 points and signals
such as would be employed at the junction shewn in Fig. 1, Sheet I. There are
therefore 9 cock handles A, each working a cock D that governs the branch pipe C
leading to the pneumatic gear of one of these points or signals. There are two
sliding bars E with holes through them for the passage of the cock spindles d, as
shewn in Fig. 11. It will be seen that the bars E being in the position shewn some
of the cock spindles d can be turned, namely, those numbered 1, 3, 4, 8, and 9;
but the others numbered 2, 5, 6, and 7, cannot be turned. On turning the spindle 4
so as to open the cock belonging to it the sliding bar E connected to it is moved in
the direction of the arrow, thereby bringing the holes in it in such a position in
relation to the spindles 2, 3, and 5, that 2 and 5 can be turned, but 3 cannot be
turned. If then either 2 or 5 wero turned the bar E would itself be held so that
it could not be moved back, and consequently the spindle of the cock H could not
be turned back again. The other of the bars E acts in a similar manner, being
moved by the spindle 5.
Instead of working the cocks D, by turning handles A they may be worked by
pulling and pushing handles F interlocked with each other, as shewn by the trans-
verse section Fig. 12, and the part plans Figs. 13 and 14. In this case the lever of
each cock D is worked by a rod d terminating in a handle F. The rod d is made
with notches or projections on its edges, which cross corresponding projections or
notches on sliding bars E. Each of these bars is caused to slide to and fro by the
action of an inclined piece on one of the rods d passing through an inclined notch
in the bar E. When one of the projections on the bar E enters a notch in one of
the rods d, then that rod d cannot be moved, and conversely when one of the rods d
is moved so as to bring one of its projections into a notch of one of the bars E,
then that bar E cannot be moved; and thus by suitably arranging the projections
and notches on the several bars E and rods & the latter are locked or unlocked, as
may be required.
In Sheet III. Fig. 15 represents a side elevation; Fig. 16, a plan; and Fig. 17, a
part end elevation of the apparatus, whereby a collapsible vessel acts upon a point
so as to move it, and at the same time control the working of a signal. K is the
vessel which is distended or collapsed according as the pressure of air is varied in
the pipe C by means of the apparatus worked by the signalman. One end of this
vessel K is connected to a slide L having in it a cam slot in which works a roller
mounted on the point rod M. A portion of the cam slot at each end having no
obliquity, part of the movement of the vessel K has no effect in shifting the point,
only the oblique part of the slot being effective for this purpose. On the rod M is
a projection m which acts on one arm of a counterweighted lever N, another arm of
which bears upon a valve n covering an opening in the air pipe C which leads to a
signal. When by the movement of the slide L the point has been shifted to the
one side, then the projection m bearing against the arm of the lever N keeps the
valve n down on its seating, preventing escape of air from the pipe C, in which
case the signal can be worked. When the point is shifted to the other side, the
projection m being moved away from the arm of the lever N the valve n is no
longer held to its seat, and therefore air can escape freely from the pipe C, and the
signal cannot be worked.
A modified form of apparatus whereby the movement of the point is made to
control that of a signal worked pneumatically is shewn in elevation at Fig. 18, and
in plan at Fig. 19. In this case the point rod M has a slotted hole taking on a
stud on the lever of a cock in the air pipe C which leads to the signal. When the
point rod is moved in the one direction the cock is opened, and when it is moved in
the opposite direction the cock is closed, the slotted hole permitting the major portion
of the movement of the points to take place before the cock is affected, the opening
or closing of the cock being done during the last part of either stroke.
•

page_text: Fig. 20 represents an elevation; and Fig. 21 a plan of the pneumatic apparatus
for working a signal under electrical control from a distance. O is the counter-
weighted lever such as is usually mounted on a signal post and worked by the
pull P. The lever O is connected to a collapsible vessel made in two parts Q¹
and Q2, the latter of which is connected to the signal rod R. Between Q¹ and Q³ is
a fixed chamber 7 having an escape valve V on which bears a lever T; this lever
carries at its end an armature t under which is fixed an electro-magnet U. When
this electro-magnet is rendered active by a current of electricity transmitted through
its coils, then the armature t being attracted causes the valve V to be held down on
its seat, in which case the movement of the lever O compressing Q¹ causes the
top Q2 and the signal rod R to rise, thus lowering the signal to its "safety" attitude.
If however the electrical circuit to the electro-magnet U be anywhere interrupted,
then the valve V being free to rise and allow escape of air the top of Q and the
rod R are caused to descend by a counterweight raising the signal to its "danger"
attitude, and so long as the armature t is not attracted by the electro-magnet the
movement of the lever O has no effect in lowering the signal to "safety."
Having thus described the nature of our Invention, and in what manner the
same is to be performed, we hereby declare that we make no general claim to the
pneumatic working of points and signals, or to the use of collapsible vessels with
communicating pipes for that purpose; but we claim,―
First. Interlocking pneumatically worked points and signals by making the
movement which produces the pressure for working one of a set of points and
signals, open or close cocks or valves in the pipes which communicate pressure for
working others of these points and signals, substantially as herein described with
reference to the Figures on Sheet I. of the accompanying Drawings.
Second. Interlocking points and signals worked pneumatically from a pressure
reservoir by making the opening or closing of a cock or valve in the pipe commu-
nicating the pressure for working one of a set of points and signals, lock or unlock
cocks or valves in pipes communicating the pressure for working others of these
points or signals, substantially as herein described with reference to the Figures in
Sheet II. of the accompanying Drawings.
Third. Controlling pneumatically worked signals by the movement of points
opening or closing valves in the in the pipes communicating pressure for working the
signals, substantially as herein described with reference to Figs. 15 to 19 inclusive,
on Sheet III. of the accompanying Drawings.
Fourth. In the connection of a signal pull to a signal introducing a collapsible
vessel with a valve controlled by an electro-magnet, so arranged that the movement
of the pull is rendered effective or ineffective on the signal according as the valve is
held closed or allowed to open by the action of the electro-magnet, substantially as
herein described, with reference to Figs. 20 and 21 on Sheet III. of the accom-
panying Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Imray, have hereunto set my hand and
seal, this Ninth day of July, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight