IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION AND APPLICATION OF CARBON OR CARBONACEOUS ELECTRODES CALLED "HOSE ELECTRODES" FOR PRIMARY AND SECONDARY ELEMENTS
Year: 1884

page_text: Moon WOOD
Elements.
I, RICHARD HEBER RADFORD of. High Court Chambers, 35 High Street,
Sheffield, in the County of York, Consulting Engineer of the London and
Provincial Patent Agency do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION AND APPLICATION OF CARBON OR
CARBONACEOUS ELECTRODES CALLED "HOSE ELECTRODES" FOR PRIMARY AND
SECONDARY ELEMENTS," communicated to me from abroad by Hermann Friedrich
Bonté Schaefer of the City of Berlin, Capital of the German Empire, to be as
follows
This Invention relates to the construction and application of Carbon or Carbon-
aceous Electrodes for primary and secondary galvanic elements. The present use
of Carbon for this purpose whether natural or artificial of whatever form is
limited, because the natural Carbon (called Retort Carbon) can only be obtained in
small pieces from the Retorts of Gas Works and artificial carbon is only obtainable
under Hydraulic pressure, when the dimensions of the press table or piston limit
its size. This obstacle in the smallness of the particles or form of the Carbons is
completely obviated by my improved process which enables me to produce Carbon
or Carbonaceous Conductors of gigantic dimensions.
CONSTRUCTION OF HOSE ELECTRODES IN A GENERAL WAY.
A Hose (id est, a flexible tubular case or envelope) is produced by the ordinary
mechanical appliances of a hose loom, knitting, crotchetting or lace machine. This
hose is filled during its production with small particles of carbon or carbonaceous
material which are pressed in firmly, so that the production of the hose progresses
in the same ratio as the filling thereof which is also accomplished by mechanical

page_text: means. Thus the formation of the hose can be made continuous and endless.
The carbon for filling this hose I only use in a crushed or pulverized state and for
this purpose I apply the following material either separately or mixed in certain
proportions-
(A) CONSTRUCTION OF HOSE ELECTRODES WHICH ARE TO BE SUBJECTED
TO A RED HEAT AFTERWARDS.
When making Hose Electrodes which after having received their proper form
have to be made red hot, I make the Hose (that is the exterior skin case or cover)
of an infusible acid resisting material by using either Asbestos or spun glass or
their equivalent for its manufacture. The filling in of the Carbon, takes place as
previously indicated by mechanical, means, thereby using either Retort Carbon,
Sugar Carbon, Coke or Graphite mixed with a binding or intermediate material
such as pitch, asphalt, molasses or other similar equivalent materials, including
finely powdered and sieved sugar, which are introduced at the same time and by
the same means. After making the filled hose of the required length and capacity,
it is wrapped around a core or spindle in close coils so as to form around the core a
spiral like the thread of a screw, or I take two or more such filled hose placed
parallel to each other and wrap them spirally around a core or spindle thus pro-
ducing a double triple or multiplex threaded screw Electrode.
The shape of the spindle or core, whether cylindrical, oval or otherwise is all the
same for the production of my hose Electrode. The spindle or core around which
the filled hose is wound or coiled may either be withdrawn afterwards, or it may
be made of some combustible material and after being subjected to the required
heat together with the coil of hose, it may then be removed as ashes. These
cores or spindles may also be made of glass, clay, or any other fire "resisting'
material and may thus remain permanently within the coil of hose électrode.
the manufacture and filling of the hose is a continuous process it is evident that
Electrodes can thus be produced of any length, thereby materially diminishing the
inner resistance.
(B) MANUFACTURE OF HOSE ELECTRODES FOR SUCH ELEMENTS WHERE
A HEATING PROCESS, AFTERWARDS IS NOT REQUIRED.
"
As
For such elements I make the Hose besides from Asbestos or glass from threads
of ordinary fibres, such as are used in textile fabrics and fill in the powdered
materials without the binding materials referred to under A.; besides the previously
specified carbon Conductors. I also employ animal charcoal and soot, where the
nature of the galvanic element requires it. The grains or particles of carbon are
pressed in tightly and compactly-so that the Hose like envelopes forms a
porous diaphragm similar to clay cells or parchment used in other elements.
The use of such hose as Electrodes, offers no difficulties, as here also one or more
hose may be coiled around a core as already described under A, for Electrodes
which have to be subjected to a red heat-If the core is to remain within the coil;
care must be taken that it will not be affected by any of the liquids used in the
elements to be formed-Glass, Clay, Gutta percha or other equivalent material may 5
be used, or the core or spindle may consist of a carbonaceous conductor and take
part in the effect of the element.

page_text: (C) MANUFACTURE OF HOSE ELECTRODES FOR "LECLANCHE" BATTERIES.
The production of Electrodes for the above system is in its general features the
same as described under A and B, but differs from it by adding to the mixture of
the carbonaceous conductors from forty to fifty per cent of manganese.
I
(D) MANUFACTURE OF HOSE ELECTRODES FOR SECONDARY ELEMENTS.
Electrodes for such Elements are formed by coating the powdered carbonaceous
conductors either by a galvanic or chemical process with a metallic covering and
afterwards filling the same into the hose; .or by charging.or saturating the
powdered Carbon with a metallic salt or oxide before filling them into the hose, or
by combining both processes. In all Hose Electrodes destined for use in secondary
Elements an inside core of a metallic substance, either in the shape of a metallic.
strip or band woven like gauze or solid, or a metallic pipe, or a metallic chain, or
one or more metallic wires is introduced and inserted into the carbon and worked
along with it into the Hose or the Hose itself is made of wire instead of textile
fibre. By these means namely the introduction of an endless metallic core or the
forming of metallic covering the capability or power of the carbon Electrodes is
considerably increased. It is of course understood that either core or metallic
covering must correspond with the composition of the secondary element for the
construction of which it is applied.
The contact between the metallic substance and the carbonaceous conductor thus
becomes closer and more general. In the application of such hose electrodes for.
secondary elements it is not necessary that both Electrodes are composed of the
same materials. The system of coiling (like the thread of a screw,) the hose
electrode thus constructed around a core or spindle is here also preferable to any
other means of application it being quite indifferent whether the core around
which the Hose Electrode is coiled is composed of a substance indifferent to
electricity or assisting its action in the liquid of the secondary Element.
The most useful form of the core is always a flat oval, or a circle, but any
suitable forin may be given to it.
.
It is also immaterial whether such a Hose Electrode is coiled spirally like the
thread of a screw around a core or spindle or attached in a like shape inside a
covering of an outer mantle.
It is thus possible to arrange two four or more of such Hose Electrodes around a
fixed central point and thus to produce secondary elements either a few inches in
beight but with a large base, or in using a long core of great height but with a
small base. The flat arrangement of such secondary elements will be of importance
principally for Railway or other Vehicles where they may be easily fixed underneath
the bottom, whilst those of column shape of any desired height with small diameter,
may be applied for suitable spaces of a limited area.
D. 10th
f November 1004
:

page_text: Improvements in the Construction and Application of Carbon
Carbonaceous Electrodes for Primary and Secondary
or
Elements.
"
I RICHARD HEBER RADFORD of 15 Saint James' Row Sheffield in the County of
York, Consulting Engineer of the London and Provincial Patent Agency, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUC-
TION AND APPLICATION OF CARBON OR CARBONACEOUS ELECTRODES CALLED HOSE
ELECTRODES FOR PRIMARY AND SECONDARY ELEMENTS " communicated to me from
abroad by Hermann Friedrich Bonté Schaefer of the City of Berlin, Capital of the
German Empire, and in what manner the same is to be performed to be particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following statement :-
This Invention relates to the construction and application of Carbon or Carbon-
aceous Electrodes for primary and secondary galvanic elements. The present use
of Carbon for this purpose whether natural or artificial of whatever form is limited,
because the natural carbon (called Retort Carbon) can only be obtained in small
pieces from the Retorts of Gas Works, and artificial carbon is only obtainable under
Hydraulic pressure, when the dimensions of the press table or piston limit its size.
This obstacle in the smallness of the particles or form of the Carbons is completely
obviated by my improved process which enables me to produce Carbon or Carbon:
aceous Conductors of gigantic dimensions.
CONSTRUCTION OF HOSE ELECTRODES IN A GENERAL WAY.
A Hose (id est a flexible tubular case or envelope) is produced by the ordinary
mechanical appliances of a hose loom, knitting, crotchetting, or lace machine.
This hose is filled during its production with small particles of Carbon or
Carbonaceous material which are pressed in firmly, so that the production of the
hose progresses in the same ratio as the filling thereof, which is also accomplished
by mechanical means. Thus the formation of the hose can be made continuous
and endless. The carbon for filling this hose I only use in a crushed or pulverized
state, and for this purpose I apply the following material either separately or mixed
in certain proportions.
(1) Powdered Retort Carbon from Gas Coal.
(2) Powdered Coke.
(3) Powdered Carbon from Sugar or Molasses.
(4) Powdered wood or Vegetable Charcoal.
(5) Powdered Graphite.
(6) Powdered Animal Charcoal.
Soot.
Or any other suitable equivalent material reduced to small pieces or powder.
(A) CONSTRUCTION OF HOSE ELECTRODES WHICH ARE TO BE SUBJECTED

page_text: their equivalent for its manufacture. The filling in of the Carbon takes place as
previously indicated by mechanical means, thereby using either Retort Carbon,
Sugar. Carbon, Coke or Graphite mixed with a binding or intermediate material;
such as pitch, Asphalt, Molasses, or other similar equivalent materials including.
finely powdered and sieved sugar, which are introduced at the same time and by
the same means. After making the filled hose of the required length and capacity,
it is wrapped around a core or spindle in close coils so as to form around the core
a spiral-like the thread of a screw, or I take two or more such filled hose placed
parallel to each other and wrap them spirally around a core or spindle thus pro-
ducing a double triple or multiplex threaded screw, Electrode.
The shape of the spindle or core whether Cylindrical, oval or otherwise is all the
same for the production of my hose Electrode.
The spindle or core around which the filled hose is wound or coiled may either
be withdrawn afterwards, or it may be made of some combustible material and
after being subjected to the required heat together with the coil of hose, it may
then be removed as ashes. These cores or spindles may also he made of glass, clay,
or any other fire "resisting" material and may thus remain permanently within
the coil of hose electrode.
As the manufacture and filling of the hose is a continuous process it is evident
that Electrodes can thus be produced of any lengths thereby materially diminishing
the inner resistance.
(B) MANUFACTURE OF HOSE ELECTRODES FOR SUCH ELEMENTS WHERE
A HEATING PROCESS AFTERWARDS IS NOT REQUIRED.
:
For such elements I make the Hose, besides from Asbestos or glass, from threads
of ordinary fibres, such as are used in textile fabrics, and fill in the powdered
materials without the binding materials referred to under A; besides the previously
specified carbon conductors I also employ animal charcoal and soot, where the
nature of the galvanic Element requires it. The grains or particles of carbon are
pressed in tightly and compactly so that the hose like envelope forms a porous
diaphragm similar to clay cells or parchment used in other Elements.
The use of such hose as Electrodes, offers no difficulties; as here also, one or more
hose may be coiled around a .core as already described under A, for Electrodes
which have to be subjected to a red heat. If the core is to remain within the coil, .
care must be taken that it will not be affected by any of the liquids used in the
elements to be formed; Glass, Clay, Gutta percha or other equivalent material may
be used, or the core or spindle may consist of a carbonaceous conductor and take
part in the effect of the element.
(C) MANUFACTURE OF HOSE ELECTRODES FOR
"
LECLANCHE" BATTERIES.
The production of Electrodes for the above system is in its general features the
same as described under A and B, but differs from it by adding to the mixture of
the carbonaceous Conductors from forty to fifty per cent of Manganese.
(D) MANUFACTURE OF HOSE ELECTRODES FOR SECONDARY ELEMENTS.
Electrodes for such elements are formed by coating the powdered carbonaceous
conductors either by a galvanic or chemical process with a metallic covering and
afterwards filling the same into the hose; or by charging or saturating the powdered
carbon with a metallic salt or oxide before filling them into the hose, or by com-
bining both processes. In all Hose Electrodes destined for use in secondary
elements an inside core of a metallic substance, either in the shape of a metallic
strip or band, woven like gauze, or solid, or a metallic pipe, or a metallic chain, or
one or more metallic wires is introduced and inserted into the carbon and worked
along with it into the Hose, or the Hose itself is made of wire instead of textile
fibre By these means namely the intenduation

page_text: forming of metallic covering the capability or power of the Carbon Electrodes is
considerably increased. It is of course understood that either core or metallic
covering must correspond with the composition of the secondary element for the
construction of which it is applied.
·
The contact between the metallic substance and the carbonaceous conductor
thus becomes closer and more general. In the application of such. hose electrodes
for secondary elements it is not necessary that both Electrodes are composed of the
same materials. The system of coiling (like the thread of a screw) the hose elec-
trode thus constructed around a core or spindle is here also preferable to any other
means of application it being quite indifferent whether the core around which the
Hose Electrode is coiled is composed of a substance indifferent to electricity or
assisting its action in the liquid of the secondary element.
The most useful form of the core is always a flat oval, or a circle, but any suit-
able form may be given to it.
It is also immaterial whether such a Hose Electrode is coiled spirally like the
thread of a screw around a core or spindle or attached in a like shape inside
a covering of an outer mantle.
It is thus possible to arrange two four or more of such Hose Electrodes around
a fixed central point and thus to produce secondary elements either a few inches in
height but with a large base, or in using a long core of great height but with a
small base.
The flat arrangement of such secondary elements will be of importance principally
for Railway or other vehicles where they may be easily fixed underneath the bottom,
whilst those of column shape of any desired height with small diameter, may be
applied for suitable spaces of a limited area.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my Inven-
tion, and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
I claim is
(1) The construction and application of Hose Tissues filled with powdered
carbon, which afterwards may be, coiled spirally like the thread of a screw for the
formation of electro Galvanic Elements.
(2.) The construction and application of Hose Tissues filled with powdered
Carbon which previous to being filled in, are either coated by galvanic or chemical
means with a metallic covering or are charged or saturated with a metallic salt or
Oxide.
(3.) The construction and application of Hose Tissues made from Asbestos, Glass
or Textile threads as a covering for Electrodes of Electro Galvanic Elements.
(4.) The construction and application of Hose Tissues from metallic threads or
wires as a covering for Electrodes for primary or secondary Elements.
(5.) The construction and application of Hose Tissues filled with prepared
mixtures carbonaceous substances acting as agents or Conductors and arranged
around a metallic core inside.
(6.) The arrangement in a spiral coil, like the thread of a screw of such Hose
Electrodes as are described and specified under 2, 3, 4 and 5, for the construction of
primary and secondary elements.
(7.) The construction and application of carbon or carbonaceous Electrodes for
primary and secondary elements, substantially as hereinbefore described and set
forth.
D
י
1005