IMPROVEMENTS IN DISTILLING SHALES, COALS, PEAT, AND OTHER BITUMINOUS SUBSTANCES, AND IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PEAT FUEL AND PEAT CHARCOAL IN CONNECTION THERE- WITH, AND IN THE APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN
Year: 1873

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to David Joseph Kennelly, of the Inner Temple,
London, Barrister-at-Law, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
DISTILLING SHALES, COALS, PEAT, AND OTHER BITUMINOUS SUBSTANCES, AND IN
THE MANUFACTURE OF PEAT FUEL AND PEAT CHARCOAL IN CONNECTION THERE-
WITH, AND IN THE APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN.”
"
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said David Joseph Kennelly
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 26th August 1873.
I, DAVID JOSEPH KENNELLY, of the Inner Temple, London, Barrister-
at-Law, do hereby declare the nature of my said Invention for "IM-
PROVEMENTS IN DISTILLING SHALES, COALS, PEAT, AND OTHER BITUMINOUS SUB-
STANCES, AND IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PEAT FUEL AND PEAT CHARCOAL IN
CONNECTION THEREWITH, AND IN THE APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN," to be as
follows:-
My Invention consists in constructing.a cylindrical or conical retort of
'

page_text: through which the shale or other substance to be distilled is "tipped
from the pit nutches. The retort is also provided with apertures, through
which the admission of the atmosphere is regulated and admitted, and
apertures for the admission of waste gas.
At the base of and within the retort an inclined metal grating or !
platform is placed above the outlet pipe or branch main, through which
during the process of distillation the oil and vapours, assisted by a steam
jet or fan, are discharged, and above the lower end of the metal grating
or platform a door or doors, through which, on the completion of the
distillation of the charge, the ashes are discharged by gravitation into
trucks for conveyance to the "heap" or other place of deposit. Where
peat is manufactured into fuel and charcoal under my process, the ashes
are conveyed to the bog from whence the peat has been removed, and
into cut trenches to form roads, preparatory to the removal of the peat.
For the purpose of assisting in the equable combustion of the charge
I place within the retort a boiler of iron, and where a bench of retorts
is erected I place an iron or brickwork retort, varying the application of
the boilers and inside retorts according to the requirements of my
apparatus for the production of peat fuel and charcoal.
The inner boiler is intended to contain water, steam, or heated air, the
inner iron or brickwork retort peat.
These inner boilers and retorts are to be fitted with air, water, and
steam pipes when boilers, and with condensers when used as retorts.
The inner retort is provided with a door at the top for charging with
peat, and a door for delivering through the bottom its contents into a
cooling room or vault beneath.
'
On the larger retort being charged its contents are ignited from the
top, and when fairly in combustion the doors are closed and luted, the
fan or steam jet is set in action, and the vapours drawn down through
the charge, and off into the condenser, the effect being that the heated
vapours in their descent set free the lighter vapours of the portion of the
charge unignited, and the same are saved and carried off in a state most
effective for the production of crude oil, in addition to which the charge
thus becomes thoroughly exhausted of its contents.
The inner chamber or boiler contained within the retort, if charged
with air, is heating the same for a purpose to be hereafter described, and

page_text: The
if with water, is producing steam for the like and other purposes.
inner retort, if charged with peat, the vapours thereof would be distilled
in the usual manner, the tar therefrom be applied for patent fuel, and
the peat converted into charcoal.
For the purpose of drying peat, whether compressed or otherwise, for
fuel, I erect within a building I call the peat house a series of retorts as
herein-before described. These are placed in position down and close to
one side of the peat house, through the wall of which issue shoots from
the retorts for the purpose of carrying off the ashes to trucks outside..
The iron or glazed delivery pipes from the retorts conveying the
vapours are led over the lower surface of the peat house with the object
of commanding the available heat thrown off therefrom. A shaft is
erected at one end of the building having a bell mouth through which
the vapour or steam arising from the moist peat is sucked out by a fan.
Inlets are provided for the necessary admission of air from without the
building.
The peat is dried by means of an endless wire rope worked over pulleys
set in motion by endless bands or chains without the building, and
worked to any speed required. To the wire rope at short intervals is
attached what I call a "traveller," herein-after described, carrying one
peat on each side.
In a peat house of 300 feet by 60 feet the endless rope may be made
by a series of connected pulleys over and under, upon and below which
it passes to travel about 7 miles, travelling this distance unceasingly, and
bearing with it the before mentioned travellers, which are composed
of a light iron bar so made as to meet in two segments around the
endless wire rope. At each end of this bar the traveller is suspended,
and turns freely on its axis, the part thereon being thus open on all sides
to the drying action of the peat house. The peat is introduced from a
machine which delivers at one end on the cool side of the peat house, .
and passing from stage to stage, across the peat house, & finally, at the
end of twenty-four hours, or sooner, emerges from the heated or retort
side, and the traveller being tipped by a slot, discharges the dried fuel
through a shoot which conveys it to the truck below for carriage to
destination.
The hot air or steam from the iron boilers within the retorts
may ha

page_text: used in the peat house and for other purposes in connection with the
preparation of the fuel.
For the purpose of extracting from the oils distilled over from the
shale and peat, the,tar and other products, whether for application to the
purposes of patent fuel or otherwise, is collected into a large receptacle
containing ten thousand gallons or upwards, and by an air blowing
apparatus affixed thereto the oil is agitated with a weak alkali solution,
which is followed with a similar agitation with about two to three per
cent. of sulphuric acid, and having allowed the contents to settle I
withdraw the tar through a pipe at the bottom. I then again agitate
with a like quantity of sulphuric acid, and again settle and withdraw
the tar, after which, finally, I repeat the alkali solution so as to render
the oil neutral, and having allowed the whole to settle run it off into a
receiver for delivery into a refinery.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said David Joseph Kennelly in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 26th February 1874.
•
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, DAVID
JOSEPH KENNELLY, of the Inner Temple, London, Barrister-at-Law,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twenty-sixth day of August, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-three, in the
thirty-seventh year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and
successors, give and grant unto me, the said David Joseph Kennelly, Her
special license that I, the said David Joseph Kennelly, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said David Joseph
Kennelly, my executors, administrators, or assigns, should at any time
agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter
during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
** IMPROVEMENTS IN DISTILLING SHALES, COALS, PEAT, AND OTHER BITUMINOUS

page_text: SUBSTANCES, AND IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PEAT FUEL AND PEAT CHARCOAL IN
CONNECTION THEREWITH, AND IN THE APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN,” upon the
condition (amongst others) that I, the said David Joseph Kennelly, my
executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my hand
and seal, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the
said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and
cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said David Joseph Kennelly, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the
same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in
and by the following statement, reference being had to the accompany-
ing Drawings, and to tlie letters and figures marked thereon, that is to
say :-
My Invention consists in constructing a cylindrical or conical retort
of brickwork or iron closed at the top having one or more luted doors
through which the shale or other substance to be distilled is tipped"
from the pit nutches, the retort is also provided with apertures through
which the admission of the atmosphere is regulated and admitted, and
apertures for the admission of waste gas- between them and the ignited
shale.
At the base of and within the retort an inclined metal grating or
platform is placed above the outlet pipe or branch main, through which
during the process of distillation the oil and vapours assisted by a
steam jet or fan are discharged, and above the lower end of the metal
grating or platform a door or doors through which on the completion of
the distillation of the charge, the ashes are discharged by gravitation
into trucks for conveyance to the "heap" or other place of deposit
where peat is manufactured into fuel and charcoal under my process,
the ashes of the shale are conveyed to the bog from whence the peat has
been removed and into cut trenches to form roads preparatory to the
removal of the peat.
"
For the purpose of assisting in the equable combustion of the
charge" I place within one retort a boiler of iron, and where a bench
of retorts is erected I place an iron or brickwork retort varying the
1

page_text: application of the boilers and inside retorts according to the require-
ments of my apparatus for the production of peat fuel and charcoal.
The inner boiler is intended to contain water, steam, or heated air, the
inner iron retort peat.
These inner boilers and retorts are to be fitted with air, water, and
steam pipes when boilers, and with condensers when used as retorts.
The inner retort is provided with a door at the top for charging with
peat and a door for delivery through the bottom its contents into a
cooling room or vault beneath.
On the larger retort being charged its contents are ignited from the 1
top, and when fairly in combustion the doors are closed and luted, the
fan or stcam jet is set in action and the vapours drawn down through
the charge and off into the condenser, the effect being that the heated
vapours in their descent set free the lighter vapours of the portion of the
charge unignited, and the same are saved and carried off in a state 1
most effective for the production of crude oil, in addition to which the
charge thus becomes thoroughly exhausted of its contents.
The inner chamber or boiler contained within the retort if charged
with air is heating the same for a purpose hereafter to be described, and
if with water is producing steam for the like and other purposes.
The 2
inner retort if charged with peat the vapours thereof would be distilled
in the usual manner, the tar therefrom trapped for patent fuel and the
peat converted into charcoal.
For the purpose of drying peat whether compressed or otherwise for
fuel, I erect within a building I call the peat house a series of retorts as 2
herein-before described. These are placed in position down and close to
one side of the peat house, through the wall of which issue shoots
from the retorts for the purpose of carrying off the ashes to trucks
outside.
The iron or glazed delivery pipes from the retorts conveying the 3
vapours are led over the lower surface of the peat house with the object
of commanding the available heat thrown off therefrom. A shaft is
erected at one end of the building having a bill mouth, through which
the vapour or steam arising from the moist peat is sucked out by a fan
or exhauster. Inlets are provided for the necessary admission of air 3
from without the building.

page_text: The peat is dried by means of an endless wire rope worked over
pulleys set in motion by endless bands or chains without the building,
and worked to any speed required. To the wire rope at short intervals
is attached what I call a "traveller," herein-after described, carrying one
peat block on each side.
In a peat house of three hundred feet by sixty feet the endless rope may
be made by a series of connected pulleys over and under, upon and below
which it passes to travel about seven miles, travelling this distance unceas-
ingly, and bearing with it the before-mentioned "travellers," which are
composed of a light iron bar connected in any suitable manner to the
endless wire rope. At each end of this bar the traveller is suspended
and turns freely on its axis, the peat thereon being thus open on all sides
to the drying action of the peat house. The peat is introduced from a
machine which delivers at one end on the cool side of the peat house, and
passing from stage to stage across the peat house, and finally at the end
of twenty-four hours or sooner emerges from the heated or retort side, and
the traveller being tipped by a slot discharges the dried fuel through a
shoot which conveys it to the truck below for carriage to its destination.
The hot air or steam from the iron boilers within the retorts may be
used in the peat house, and for other purposes in common with the
preparation of the fuel.
And in order that my said Invention may be fully understood I shall
now proceed more particularly to describe the same, and for that purpose
shall refer to the several Figures on the annexed Sheet. of Drawings,
the same letters of reference indicating corresponding parts in all the
Figures.
Figure 1 on the Drawing represents a sectional elevation of a retort
constructed on the principle of my Invention, and Figure 2, a sectional
plan of same.
A represents the retort made of brickwork in a cylindrical form, sur-
rounded by an air space a and closed at the top and bottom (or tho
retort A may be made of iron, fire-clay, or any other suitable material);
B. is a luted door, the opening for which is formed in the circular top of
the retort A, and through it the shale or other bituminous substance is
tipped from the pit hatches into the retort A. The door B is closed by
a screw C acting upon it through a cross bar D inserted between cars or

page_text: lugs b, b, or by any other suitable contrivance; c, c, are apertures
through the circular top of the retort A fitted with regulators for
admitting the atmosphere in proper quantities to the interior of the
retort A; d, d, d, are also apertures for the admission of waste gases
into the retort A between the apertures c, c, c, and the upper surface of
the shale placed therein; E is an inclined metal grating or platform
placed inside and near the bottom of the retort A and across the same on
bearers F, F, F, F. Below the highest point of the inclined metal
grating E is fixed the outlet pipe or branch main G which commu-
nicates with the various separators and condensers without the retort A,
and below its lowest point is a man-hole H, through which passes a
pipe I extending across the retort A into the outlet pipe or branch
main G and supplying steam to the same, for the purpose hereafter
described. K, K, are luted doors (similar in construction to the luted
door B) fixed at any suitable angle to each other, immediately above the
lowest point of the inclined metal grating E; L is a cylindrical chamber
of iron fixed within the retort A, and used in modified forms for any one
of three separate and distinct purposes, videlicet, as a retort, as a boiler
or heater, and as a superlicater.
'
When used as a retort the inner chamber L is constructed as shown
in black, its upper end projecting through the circular top of the
retort A, and provided with a door M (similar in construction to the
luted door B); at its lower end is a sliding door N communicating
with a cooling room or vault underneath the retort A (not shewn on
the Drawing), for the purpose hereafter described.
When used as a boiler or heater the inner chamber L (as shewn in
red) is closed at its upper and lower ends and fitted at the bottom with
an inlet.pipe 1 for admitting air or water to its interior, and with- an
exit pipo 2 at the top for conveying the same therefrom, either in a
heated condition or in the form of steam, to be used for any available
purpose.
When used as a superheater the inner chamber L (as shewn in dotted
lines) is also closed at both ends (as in the case when used as a boiler or
heater, and shewn in red), and fitted with inlet pipes 3 and 4, through
which steam is admitted to its interior. A number of small holes or
perforations are made, as shewn, in parallel rows or rings around the
shell of the inner chamber L, about six inches apart between those

page_text: indicated on the Drawing), through which perforations the steam from
the interior of the latter passes in the manner and for the purpose here-
after described.
In order to effect the thorough distillation of the shale or other bitu-
minous substance by means of the apparatus here described, the
doors K, K, are tightly closed and luted and the door B opened (by
means of the screw C and cross bar D). Shale or other bituminous
substance is now tipped from the pit hatches through the opening of the
door B into the retort A, which being fully charged is ignited at the top,
and when fairly in combustion the door B is closed, and luted; at the
same time steam is admitted to the pipe or jet I, and passing through
the same into the outlet pipe or branch main G is there condensed, and
a vacuum thereby formed in the space between the inclined metal
grating E and the bottom of the retort A, in consequence of which the
heated vapours evolved from the ignited shale or other bituminous
substance are drawn or sucked down through the same and through the
space between the inclined metal grating E and the bottom of the
retort A, and along the outlet pipe or branch main G into the con-
densers without the retort A, where they become condensed and
separated into their various products, according to their relative specific
gravities. By this means also the whole charge becomes thoroughly
exhausted of its contents, and the heated vapours in their descent set
free the lighter vapours evolved (at the commencement of combustion).
from the unignited portion of the shale or other bituminous substances,
the same being, carried off in. a state most effective for the production of
crude oil.
In the case when the inner chamber L is used as a superheater (for
the purpose of assisting in the more equable combustion of the charge
in the retort A) steam is admitted to its interior through the pipes 3
and 4, and coming in contact with its shell (the same being more or less
heated) becomes by the surrounding ignited shale or other bituminous
substance highly superheated, and passes in this condition through the
small holes in the shell of the inner chamber L (see Figure 1) into and
amongst the ignited shale or other bituminous substance, and is drawn
down with the other vapours into the outlet pipe or branch main G,
where it is condensed.
On the completion of the distillation of the charge in the retort A,
the steam is shut off from the pipe or jet I, and the doors K. K. being

page_text: opened the ashes and other refuse from the shale or other bituminous
substance are discharged through the same by gravitation or otherwise
into trucks for conveyance to the heap or other place of deposit) or in
the case where peat is manufactured into fuel to the bog whence the
peat has been removed, and into cut roads preparatory to the removal of
the peat..
When the inner chamber L is used as a retort, it is charged with peat
through the opening of the door M at its upper end, which being then
closed the vapours evolved from the peat (by the heat communicated
thereto from the ignited shale or other bituminous substance surrounding
the inner chamber L) are distilled in the usual manner, the tar therefrom
being converted into patent fuel. This done, the contents of the inner
chamber L are discharged through the sliding door N into the cooling
room or vault beneath, where the charcoal is 'extracted, and the ashes (if
any) conveyed to the usual place of deposit.
Figure 3 represents a sectional elevation, shewing a modified form of
my Invention for the distillation of shale or other bituminous substance,
and Figure 4 a plan of the same.
In this arrangement A, A, represent retorts made of iron, brick, fire-
clay, or any other suitable material grouped in an enclosed brick
chamber or oven B, and provided with luted doors at their upper ends
for charging the retorts A, A, with the shale or other bituminous
substance, and with luted doors at their lower ends for discharging the
burning spent shale or other bituminous substance into a truck C lined
with fire-brick, and mounted on flanged wheels (it is also provided with
an iron cover); D and E are furnaces built at one end of the enclosed
brick chamber or oven B; and F is a regenerator built (between and
communicating with the brick chamber or oven B and the furnaces D
and E; G, G, represent fans fixed at the sides of the furnaces D and E;
and L, L, steam jets when the fans G, G, are not used; H, H, are pipes
leading from the several retorts A, A, to the various separators and
condensers without the same; and x, x, are apertures in the wall of the
brick chamber or oven B, through which the heated gases pass by means
of flues or pipes to the building or peat house before described. Proper
apertures are also made at the upper end of the retorts A, A, for the
introduction of perforated pipes admitting superheated steam to the
interiors of the retorts A, A. y, y, are pipes returning the waste gases
from the condensers into the furnaces D and E.

page_text: The retorts A; A, having been charged through the openings of the
doors at their upper ends with shale or other bituminous substance, the
latter is ignited at the top, and when fairly in combustion the luted
doors at their upper ends are closed, and the heated vapors in the
retorts A, A, pass through the pipes H, H, to the separators and
condensers, where they are treated in the same manner as previously
described.
When the several charges have been thoroughly exhausted of their
contents the luted doors at the bottoms of the retorts A, A, are opened,
and the burning spent shale or other bituminous substance falls into the
track C, which is then run over a suitable arrangement of railways to
the upper level of the furnaces D and E, and its contents tipped into the
same. The retorts A, A, are then again charged with a fresh supply of
shale or other bituminous substance, and the luted doors at their upper
and lower ends closed as before; at the same time waste gases aro
directed by means of the pipes y, y, upon and into the spent shale or
other bituminous substance in the furnaces D and E, and the fans G, G,
(or steam jets I, I, as the case may be, being set in motion, the air
beneath the furnaces D and E is driven through the regenerator F into
the brick chamber or oven B, thereby forming a partial vacuum beneath
the furnaces D and E, which causes the heated gases from the burning
spent shale or other bituminous substance in the furnaces D and E to
be drawn down through the same and driven by the fans G, G, (or steam
jets I, I, through the regenerator F into the brick chamber or oven B,
where they impinge upon the retorts A, A, and by the heat produced
distil the shale or other bituminous substance therein without the
necessity of igniting the same from the top, as before described.
Figure 5 represents a part sectional elevation of a building for the
purpose of drying peat for fuel according to my Invention.
.
A, A, A, A, A, represent a bench of retorts (constructed on a similar
principle to that described in Figure 1) arranged in position close to and
along one of the longitudinal sides of the building or peat house O
through the wall of which issue shoots leading from the doors of the
retorts A, A, (corresponding to the doors K, K, in Figure 1) for the
purpose of carrying off the ashes from the retorts A, A, into trucks
outside. G, G, are the iron (or glazed earthenware) outlet pipes, or
branch mains laid from the retorts A, A, over the lower surface of the
.

page_text: building or peat house for the purpose of commanding the available
heat radiated therefrom to be used inside the building or peat house O.
P is a shaft or pipe fixed at the upper part of one end of the building or
peat house O, having a bell mouth through which the vapour arising
from the moist peat (inside the building or peat house O) is sucked out
by a fan or exhauster. Q, Q, are apertures at the bottom of the building
or peat house O for admitting the necessary supply of air from without.
R, R, K, R, &c., are pulleys mounted in brackets S, S, S, S, shewn to
an enlarged scale in Figures 6 and 7 fixed alternately at the top and
bottom of the building or peat house ○ over and under these pulleys
(which are arranged in a series of longitudinal rows inside the building
or peat house O); an endless wire rope T passes first over and under one
row of pulleys R, R, then across to the second row of pullies R, R, and
so on, over and under all the series of pullies to the outside of the
building or peat house O, where it is connected and driven at any
desired speed by suitable power. To the endless wire rope T at short
intervals are attached what are called travellers V, V, V, V,' &c., (shewn
to an enlarged scale in Figures 6 and 7), each composed of a light iron
bar, so made as to meet in two segments around and tightly embracing
the endless wire rope T; at each end of this bar a carrier of iron is
suspended, terminating at its lower end with a fork or prongs on which
the peat (cut to a suitable size) is laid, and exposed on all sides by
this arrangement to the drying action of the building or peat house O.
The carrier of iron is also free to revolve at its point of suspension to the
light iron bar of the traveller for the purpose of enabling the peat resting
thereon to retain its normal horizontal position whilst passing over and
under the pullies R, R.
The mode of drying the peat (whether compressed or otherwise) for
fuel by this arrangement is as follows:-The wet peat is introduced in
cut blocks of suitable size from a machine to the inside of the building
or peat house O at one end of the same on the cool side or the side
furthest from the retorts A, A, and on to the travellers V., V, V, by
which in conjunction with the endless wire rope T it is carried from
stage to stage across the building or peat house O, until finally after a
proper interval of time it immerges from the heated side (or that side
nearest the retorts A, A,) of the building or peat house O, when the
travellers V, V, V, are successively tipped by a slot (or other mechanical
contrivance) so as to discharge the peat or fuel in a dried state through
a shoot which conveys it to the truck below for carriage to destination.

page_text: The building or peat house O may be heated by the air or steam
coming from the inner chambers of the retorts A, A (when the latter are
used as boilers or heaters, as shown in red on Figure 1), or from the brick
chamber or oven B as well as by the heat radiated from the outlet pipes
or branch mains G, G, leading from the retorts A, A, across the building
or peat house O.
For the purpose of extracting from the oil distilled over from the
shale or other bituminous substance and peat. the tar and other
products (whether for application to the purposes of patent fuel or other-
wise), the said oil is collected into a large receptacle containing ten
thousand gallons or upwards, and by an air blowing apparatus affixed
thereto the oil is agitated with a weak alkali solution which is followed
with a similar agitation with about two to three per cent. of sulphuric
acid, and the contents having been allowed to settle the tar is withdrawn
through a pipe at the bottom; the oil is then again agitated with a
like quantity of sulphuric acid and again settled and the tar withdrawn,
after which finally the alkali solution is repeated so as to render the oil
neutral, and the whole being allowed to settle is run off into a receiver
for delivery into a refinery, and for converting the same into illuminating
and lubricating oil and the extraction of crude paraffin wax.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of my
said Invention, and the manner in which the same is or may be used or
carried into effect, I would observe in conclusion that what I consider to
be novel and original and therefore claim as the Invention secured to me
by the herein-before in part recited Letters Patent is,―
.
First. The application of an inner chamber of iron used in a modified
form for any one of three distinct purposes, vidclicit, as a retort, as a
boiler or heater, or as a superheater in combination with a fan or steam
jet to closed retorts for the more effectual distillation of shale or other
bituminous substance, and for the manufacture of peat fuel, and peat
charcoal, substantially as described.
Second. The application and use of the heated vapors evolved from
the burning spent shale or other bituminous substance discharged from
the retorts grouped in a brick chamber or oven in combination with
waste or uncondensed gases to the distillation of fresh charges of shale
or other bituminous substance in the said retorts, substantially as herein-
before described.

page_text: Third. The treatment of the oil distilled from the shale or other
bituminous substance by an air blowing apparatus in combination with
an alkali solution and sulphuric acid, substantially as and for the
purposes herein-before described.
Fourth. The application and use of the waste heat radiated from the
retorts containing the ignited shale or other bituminous substance, or
derived from the chambers or oven containing the same for the drying
of peat, substantially as and for the purposes herein-before described.
Fifth. The peculiar combination and arrangement of carriers and
travellers attached to an endless chain or wire rope worked over pulleys :
inside a heated building or peat house, substantially as and for the
purpose herein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said David Joseph Kennelly, have to
this my Specification, set my hand and seal, the Twenty-fifth
day of February, One thousand eight hundred and seventy- 1
four.