IMPROVEMENTS IN OBTAINING PURIFIED OR REFINING OILS, AND IN OBTAINING OIL CAKES FOR CATTLE FOOD, AND FOOTS USEFUL FOR SOAP- MAKING
Year: 1864

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Anthony Pols, of Nye's Wharf, Surrey Canal,
Old Kent Road, in the County of Surrey, Oil Refiner, for the Invention
of "IMPROVEMENTS IN OBTAINING PURIFIED OR REFINING OILS, AND IN
OBTAINING OIL CAKES FOR CATTLE FOOD, AND FOOTS USEFUL FOR SOAP-
MAKING."
Sealed the 13th June 1865, and dated the 15th December 1864:
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Anthony Pols, at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 15th December 1864.
I, JOHN ANTHONY POLS, of Nye's Wharf, Surrey Canal, Old Kent Road,
in the County of Surrey, Oil Refiner, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN OBTAINING PURIFIED OR REFINED OILS
IN OBTAINING OIL CAKES FOR CATTLE FOOD, AND FOOTS USEFUL FOR SOAP-MAKING,
to be as follows:-
My Invention refers, in the first place, to an improved cleansing machine,
whereby, when cotton seed is the substance to be operated upon, it is entirely
freed from cotton, and the oil cakes produced are better adapted for cattle
food.

page_text: My cleansing mche consists of two rotating cylinders naving spikes, say
of an inch and a half in length, made of steel or iron, stuck into their
surfaces, which thereby tear out the cotton from the seed, and so cleanse it
for the purposes of cattle food. The seed so prepared I crush by passing it
between rollers, but one feature of my Invention is, that in this process the
seed is not ground to meal but merely bruised. This process is conducted
cold. I then take the seed so bruised, and having heated it by steam, say
to 80° Fahrenheit, in hemispherical receivers made of copper, iron. or other
suitable material, I press it in a press of ordinary construction, actuated by
hand or steam power, by which means a rough dark oil is obtained, and also
a cake fit for cattle food entirely free from cotton.
My Invention also refers to refining any such oil obtained by the afore-
mentioned process, which I propose to do in the following manner: I take
of the rough cotton seed oil, say about one hundred parts, and mix the same
with sny twelve parts of a solution of Montreal potash, salts of tartar, and
lime water, which solution may be composed as follows:-Montreal potash
dissolved in boiling water (say one hundred gallons) to the strength of
42 degrees Beaume, five gallons salts of tartar of the strength of 42 degrees
Beaume, and a solution of lime water of the strength of 10 degrees
Beaume, so as to form a mixture or mixed solution of the strength of
36 degrees Beaume. This solution I mix with the oil, which I heat by steam
pipes passing round the vats to a temperature of about 120° Fahrenheit. so
that the oil will become liquid. I stir the same up for two hours, and then
let it stand for 24 heurs, when the oil will be free from its dark colour, and
a pale oil will be obtained ready for filtering. After I have drawn off nearly
all the oil, a foot and some oil is obtained; this I mix with a strong solution
of salt water, say 10 gallons salt water to every 100 gallons of foots and oil.
I then boil it for two hours, and the oil will rise to the surface and separate
from the foots. and by exposing the foots to a cold temperature it becomes
solid and free from the salt water; this foots can be made into a good soap
by mixing tallow therewith. My filters are made of galvanised iron or wood,
about of a tun capacity. I place in each filter a false bottom perforated
with holes, say three inches from the bottom, upon which I place first some
dry straw, then a piece of cotton or muslin, and cover this with 6 inches deep
of good dry coarse salt, which is again covered with a piece of cotton or
muslin; the filters are kept in a warm room at a temperature from 100 to
120 degrees Fahrenheit. The tap for drawing off the oil is placed between
the false and real bottom of the filter one inch from the true bottom. The oil

page_text: filtered off by these means will be bright, having a good taste and smell, and
will do for mixing with colga oil, or for preserving purposes. I remove the
smell and laste from the refined cotton seed oil, first by washing it, and then
by mixing a small quantity of glacial acetic acid, and to make it a good table
oil I mix the refined cotton seed oil first mentioned as follows:-100 gallons
of oil with 6 gallons of the mixture first mentioned; stir it up for one hour,
and then let it stand for 24 hours, then filter it and mix with it a few drops of
essence of bitter almonds; it will be then a fine salad oil, as the essence takes
off the smell and taste completely. After the oil is drawn off, a white foots
will be obtained, which can be sold as a soft soap, or can be made into a solid
soap, as the dark foots before mentioned. I refine cod-liver oil by a solution
of the above mixture, 100 parts oil and 5 parts of the first-mentioned mixture;
stir it up during one hour, let it stand for 24 hours, then filter it; 2 ounces
of essence of bitter almonds added to every 100 gallons of oil will take off
completely the disagreeable smell and taste without destroying the purity of
the oil.
After I have crushed the castor oil seed by the same process as the cotton
seed, I mix with 100 gallons of oil two ounces of essence of bitter almonds (as
before), and the oil so produced will be tasteless and free from smell.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said John Anthony Pols, in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
15th June 1865.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
ANTHONY POLS, of Nye's Wharf, Surrey Canal, Old Kent Road, in the County
of Surrey, Oil Refiner, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Fifteenth day of December, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-four, in the twenty-eighth year
of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant
unto me, the said John Anthony Pols, Her special licence that I, the said
John Anthony Pols, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others
as I, the said John Anthony Pols, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and
at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and law-

page_text: fully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN OBTAINING PURIFIED OR REFINING OILS, AND
IN OBTAINING OIL CAKES FOR CATTLE FOOD, AND FOOTS USEFUL FOR SOAP-MAKING,"
upon the condition (amongst others) that 1, the said John Anthony Pols,
my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my. or
their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be
performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that 1, the said John Anthony Pols, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement: -
My Invention refers, in the first place, to an improved cleansing machine,
whereby, when cotton seed is the substance to be operated upon, it is entirely
freed from cotton, and the oil cakes produced are better adapted for cattle
food.
My cleansing machine consists of two rotating cylinders having spikes, say
of an inch and a half in length, made of steel or iron, stuck into their surfaces,
which thereby tear out the cotton from the seed, and so cleanse it for the
purpose of cattle food. The seed so prepared I crush by passing it between
rollers, but one feature of my Invention is, that in this process the seed is not
ground to meal but merely bruised. This process is conducted cold. I then
take the seed so bruised. and having heated it by steam, say to 80° Fahrenheit,
in hemispherical receivers made of copper, iron, or other suitable material,
I press it in a press of ordinary construction, driven by hand or steam power,
by which means a rough dark oil is obtained, and also a cake fit for cattle
food entirely free from cotton.
My Invention also refers to refining any such oil obtained by the afore-
mentioned process, which I propose to do in the following manner:-I take
of the rough cotton seed oil, say about one hundred parts, and mix the same
with say twelve parts of a solution of Montreal potash, salts of tartar, and lime
water, which solution may be composed as follows:-Montreal potash dissolved
in boiling water (say one hundred gallons) to the strength of 42 degrees
Beaume, 5 gallons salts of tartar of the strength of 42 degrees Beaume, and a
solution of lime water of the strength of 10 degrees Beaume, so as to form a

page_text: mixture or mixed solution of the strength of 36 degrees Beaume. This solution
I mix with the oil, which I heat by steam pipes passing round the vats to a
temperature of about 120° Fahrenheit, so that the oil will become liquid. I
stir the same up for two hours, and then let it stand for 24 hours, when the
oil will be free from its dark colour and a pale oil will be obtained ready for
filtering. After I have drawn off nearly all the oil, a foot and some oil is
obtained, this I mix with a strong solution of salt water, say 10 gallons salt
water to every 100 gallons of foots and oil. I then boil it for two hours and
the oil will rise to the surface and separate from the foots, and by exposing
the foots to a cold temperature it becomes solid and free from salt water:
this foots can be made into a good soap by mixing tallow therewith. My
filters are made of galvanised iron or wood about of a tun capacity. I place
in each filter a false bottom perforated with holes, say three inches from the
bottom, upon which I place first some dry straw, then a piece of cotton or
muslin, and cover this with 6 inches deep of good dry coarse salt, which is
again covered with a piece of cotton or muslin. The filters are kept in a warm
room at a temperature from 100 to 120 degrees Fahrenheit. The tap for
drawing off the oil is placed between the false and real bottom. The oil
filtered off by these means will be bright, having a good taste and smell, and
will do for mixing with colga oil or for preserving purposes. I remove the
smell and taste from the refined cotton seed oil, first by washing it, and then
by mixing a small quantity of glacial acetic acid; and to make it a good table
oil, I mix the refined cotton seed oil first mentioned as follows:-100 gallons
of oil with 6 gallons of the mixture first mentioned; stir it up for one hour.
and then let it stand for 24 hours, then filter it, and mix with it a few drops
of essence of bitter almonds, it will be then a fine salad oil, as the essence takes
off the smell and taste completely. After the oil is drawn off a white foots
will be obtained, which can be sold as a soft soap, or can be made into a solid
soap, as the dark foots before mentioned. I refine cod-liver oil by a solution
of the above mixture, 100 parts oil and 5 parts of the first-mentioned mixture;
stir it up during one hour, let it stand for 24 hours, then filter it; 2 ounces
of essence of bitter almonds added to every 100 gallons of oil will take off
completely the disagreeable smell and taste without destroying the purity of
the oil.
After I have crushed the castor oil seed by the same process as the cotton
seed, I mix with 100 gallons of oil two ounces of essence of bitter almonds
(as before), and the oil so produced will be tasteless and free from smell.
I have thus far fully explained my Invention, but for the more complete

page_text: illustration of the cleaning and crushing machinery whereby the seed is freed
from cotton and afterwards bruised so as to prepare it for the press, as herein-
before explained, I will refer to the accompanying Sheets of Drawings, and to
the letters and figures of reference marked thereon.
Sheet No. 1 shows in Fig. 1 an end elevation of my improved cleaning
mill; Fig. 2 a section, and Fig. 3 a plan of the same. In all these Figures
the same letters of reference denote similar parts.
A, A, are two rotating cylinders furnished with rows of teeth or spikes of
steel or iron, as represented at a, a, &c., the spikes being denoted by the
figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, &c. The said spikes may be of any length that may be
found suitable. B, B. are the spindles on which these aforesaid rotating
cylinders A, A, revolve; they are turned by the crank C, which may be
driven either by steam or hand power. The spindles B. B, are supported in
the plummer blocks G, G; which are bolted to the main framing of the
machine F, F. D is the hopper where the seed is thrown into the mill, and
it is ejected at the aperture E. By being passed through this machinery the
seed is almost completely freed from cotton and fibre, and so becomes better
adapted for cattle food when pressed into cakes for that purpose. After it has
been cleansed it is placed in the machinery represented in Sheet No. 2. in
which it is not ground to meal but merely bruised or crushed. Fig. I is an
end elevation, Fig. 2 a side view, and Fig. 3 a plan of the same. B, B, are
two rollers with roughened surfaces, as shewn in Fig. 1. Though they are
represented as grooved, I prefer to have their surfaces roughened by points or
buttons placed irregularly over the surface, by which arrangement they are not
so liable to become choked with seed. They are caused to rotate by means of
the pulleys D, D', on the spindle F, and work simultaneously by means of the
toothed wheels C. C. which work in plummer blocks bolted to the framing
A, A. His a receiver to collect the seed when crushed and transfer it to the
outside of the machine. G is the aperture at which the seed is thrown into
the machine.
Having now completely explained and illustrated the nature and object of
my said Invention, I wish it to be understood that I do not confine myself to
the precise forms, dimensions, and proportions herein-before described and
illustrated, as many of the details may be considerably altered without depart-
ing from the principle of my Invention; but what I claim is,--
First, the general arrangement and construction of the machinery hercin-
before described and illustrated for the purpose of cleaning and crushing seed
before being pressed to extract the oil.

page_text: And, secondly, the process of extracting and purifying oils and obtaining
oil cakes for cattle food, and foots useful for soap-making, as herein-before
described.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Anthony Pols, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Fifteenth day of June, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-five.
JOHN ANTHONY POLS. (L.S.)
Witness.
CHARLES S. BAKER,
General Patent Company, Limited,
71, Fleet Street.