AN INSTRUMENT OR APPARATUS FOR THE PURPOSE OF TEACHING OR INSTRUCTING IN MATHEMATICAL GEOGRAPHY, ASTRONOMY, AND OTHER SCIENCES FOR THE USE OF RESOLVING PROBLEMS IN NAVIGATION, SPHERICS, AND OTHER SCIENCES, WHICH HE DENOMINATES COSMO-SPHERE
Year: 1828

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
MULLER, of Doughty Street, Bedford Row, in the County of Middlesex,
Captain of Engineers of King's Gerinan Legion, send greeting.
WHEREAS His present most Excellent Majesty King George the Fourth,
did, by His Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date
at Westminster, the Tenth day of July, in the ninth year of His reign,
give and grant unto me, the said William Muller, His especial licence, that
I, the said William Muller, my executors, administrators, and assigns, and
such others as I, the said William Muller, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and
at all times during the term of years therein expressed, should and lawfully
might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and Town of
Berwick-upon-Tweed, my Invention of "AN INSTRUMENT OR APPARATUS FOR THE
PURPOSE OF TEACHING OR INSTRUCTING IN MATHEMATICAL GEOGRAPHY, ASTRONOMY,
AND OTHER SCIENCES FOR THE USE OF RESOLVING PROBLEMS IN NAVIGATION, SPHERICS,
AND OTHER SCIENCES, WHICH HE DENOMINATES COSMO-SPHERE;'" in which said
Letters Patent there is contained a proviso that I, the said William Muller, shall
cause a particular description of the nature of my said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be inrolled in the High Court of
Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately after the date
of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference
being thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
William Muller, do hereby describe the manner in which my said Invention
s to be performed by the following description thereof (that is to say):-

page_text: A cosmo-sphere is an apparatus or instrument which is to represent
the universe or parts of it, and by which or its appertaining parts, lines,
distances, positions, and angles may be traced or computed, and problems
in spherics, in geography, in astronomy, in navigation, and in other sciences
may be solved.
The appertaining parts or instruments belonging to a
complete apparatus of a cosmo-sphere are called cosmospherically mounted
globes, oreries, telluriums, lunariums, and armillary spheres. Cosmo-spheric
lamps, spherometer loxodromograph, and several treatises will be necessary to
explain the use of the apparatus. A simple cosmo-sphere consists of the
following parts represented on the annexed Drawing.-1st, a ball a of white
glass or any other transparent matter, for instance, glass paper, or wire gauze,
and which transparent ball or globe is composed of two hemispheres or of
more parts, and all of which are to form the surface of a complete ball or
globe. On the transparent matter which forms the surface of the globe, a
number of stars with or without open centres are to be represented, each in its
proper position, the transparent globes of the common sort have, besides the
stars, the equator, and the ecliptic in a proper place, with the necessary divisions
on them, next the colures, the polar and tropical circles, and the circles of
precession of the poles, with the necessary divisions. Such of the transparent
balls as are about eighteen inches or less in diameter may be made of two
hemispheres of glass, each has a round hole f at an equal distance from the
brim or from its large opening b. In the hole ffits a ring g with a flanch on
one end and a wire of a screw in the other, a nut fixes it to the hemisphere;
such two transparent hemispheres may be kept from sliding when put together
to form a ball by catches or hooks, or clamps or hinges, or in any other
manner, for instance by a ring b fitting under their large aperture with a brim
c inside of the hemispheres, and another ring d fixed to the outside of one of
them b; thus that the ring 6 of the other hemisphere fits in it and on it by taps.
On the outside of the ring d in its middle is the division for the equator to be
made. To each of the rings 6 of two hemispheres are to be fixed perpendicu
larly on them and at equal distances from each other the ends of two semi-
rings, so as to fit inside or outside of the transparent hemispheres, they are to
represent the colures, and to be fixed accordingly. To the colures a ring
representing the ecliptic under proper inclination on the equator, and with the
requisite divisions, and round the poles of the ecliptic the circles of the
precession are to be fixed in their proper places. In the poll of the ecliptic
the transparent globe and the colure arc to have a small hole, the latter to
have the wire of a screw in it. Other rings may represent the polar and
tropical circles, the colures meet near the poles of the circle 6 on a small ring

page_text: e, outside, or on a small ring i inside of the glass or transparent matter. To the
ring i ore another one g is fitted perpendicularly on it, and so as to fit in the
small hole of each hemisphere. This ring 9 has the wires of a screw inside,
and is fixed by a nut i ore to each hemisphere. In the wire of the screw
inside of the ring 9 fits another one o, o, with a shoulder, a flanch, and a
pan, and a shoulder for the axis of the terrestrial globe, through the ring o, o,
is a hole for the loose prolongation of the axis r; to this ring o fits one p,
and
round it a ring y may be turned; this last mentioned part may however be
constructed in a more simple manner if required, and so that the upper part of
p comes only to the outside of the meridian. The rings y of two corresponding
hemispheres are fixed to two arcs of a ring n, each forming nearly half á circle,
and so as that if fixed, the rings y and arcs n of two hemispheres form a
complete circle, while the axis of the ring y forms a straight line in the plain
of one of the sides of the arcs n. On this side of the ring n is to be made
a division for the meridian. This ring y, n, is called the general meridian,
and may have a joint in n', and be opened or be screwed together near n".
The rings p and o may have shoulders; round the upper part of p moves a
ring q, to be divided into twenty-four hours and smaller parts. This ring q
may be a circle of glass paper, and be applied between the circle n and the
transparent globe, as shewn by the dotted line q. To the axis of the
terrestrial globe may be applied a loose prolongation r by a tap and notch, or in
any other manner, so as to turn it by a handle s, while a hand tor the divided
side of the meridiau 2, if the ring '' lays inside the meridian, shews the hour; the
Fing y, n, is to be sufficiently strong to keep two hemispheres together. Such
of the transparent globes or balls which are about ten inches and upwards in
diameter may be constructed of two hemispherical skeletons made of ribs or
rings; if these ribs or rings are flat, their flat sides are best to lay in a direction
from the centre of the globe to its surface, so that the exterior part of them lays
in the surface of a globe. The rings 6 may be kept by taps and holes, and a
ring d fixed to one of them from moving on each other. If two hemispheres of
this construction are to be used, the middle of the ring d is to contain the
division for the ecliptic.
b
The flat ribs of the skeleton may represent any division of the sky, for
instance, the boundaries of the constellations. In the open spaces of the
skeleton or between the ribs or rings are to be placed globular pieces of glass;
or frames with pieces of transparent matter in a globular. shape, or the surface
of the skeleton or frame of rings, or of ribs to be covered by such transparent
matter to form with its surface the surface of a complete' globe within or
outside of the skeleton. Every skeleton of a ball is to have a circlo for the

page_text: ecliptic in the proper place, and divided accordingly. In the poles of the
ecliptic is to be fixed on the skeleton of ribs a strong ringe with an aperture.
Round the poll of the ecliptic of the skeleton of ribs are-to-be represented
in the proper positions the circles of precession f, with proper divisions in
centuries or smaller parts; such a skeleton of a ball is, however, to be made
so as to be opened or shut with ease. In the ring moves a tap, and with
an arm h round the centre of e. The part fis fixed to another arm k
ending in a ring ; the arm.h has a pan for the axis of the terrestial globe l;
the ring moves round a ring 1, 1; to the lower part of 711 fixes; another
ring t, and to this a nut with a cross wire in its centre, to point out the
precession of the pole on the ring f. To the ring is to be screwed another
one s, to keep a bevel wheel u in its position, and again to the latter ringis
to be screwed another one p, to allow the rings y of a meridian, as above
described, to turn round them. The centre of the nut is to represent the
poll of the equator; the equator lays 90 degrees from it, and is represented
by a ring with proper divisions on it. This ring is kept in its proper position
from the pole and around the nut by four quadrants standing perpendicularly
and at equal distances from each other on it, and representing one-half of the
colures, the other. half of them is represented. by, four other quadrants on the
ring of the equator, to be turned on it as may be requisite. Two opposite
quadrants, each of them lying with one end. round the nut c, are to lay
likewise round, and are to have proper apertures for it to form the colures
of the solstitials; two small screws through. the equinoctial and solstitial
points of the equator.will. keep it firm in its position: The opening. m. through
the different rings is to be large enough to permit a view of the point on the
ring f, to which the pole, according to its precession, is to be settled; an
opening in the ring t will give more light to see the cross wire in a. These
last-mentioned parts may be constructed more simple if required. (I, .I.)
The pedestal or stand consists of a ring with or without casters.under it, and
with three or more arms a supporting a plate; on this plate stands a-cylinder,
round this cylinder moves a ring R with a top plate-T, on this plate is a piece
of metal M, serving to keep the two lipps A firm by a screw of pressure: Q to
the ring n,.y; this. ring rests in the rollers B. Instead of the part of this
stand below the plate. T, this plate may be screwed to ia cylinder and a piece
of board of the diameter of the ring L. Another stand particularly useful for
sea; consists of a round board, M; on. it stands a cylinder C, with an opening
through its middle, sufficiently. large. that the part shewn in p;p, a, a, may
pass through...: On the sides of this cylinder. are to be screwed plates, each
with two pieces.of metal and with two clips pheld with a screws of pressure;

page_text: they serve to maintain the 'meridian in any position requisite. The top of the
cylinder C is hollow in the shape of the transparent globe, and serves to
support it if the instrument is not in use; instead of a stand a meridian y, n'
(may be held free by suspending it by a hook) fitting on it, or in any similar
manner; which will be particularly useful for sea, as the meridian and the
transparent ball in it may be steadied by another hook and line from the
meridian to any part of a floor or table below; while suspended above (I, I, I)
a terrestial globe, of the best construction, it may have a plate P round the
axis; further off from the globe is the wire of a scrow round the axis 7, on
this fits a nut n to press a catch to a ring P, K, P, this ring stands per-
pendicularly upon another H, I, M, called the horizon, and having the
compass, the amplitude, and the azimuth marked on it or on transparent
paper, or on any other substance fixed on it. The one side of this ring P, K, P
stands so much as half the diameter of the axis towards one side of H, I, M'
so that the axis l'may pass freely along it, and that it may be fixed by the
catch and nut 2 to any part of the ring P, K, P. This ring is kept in its
perpendicular position by an arc K, N, which forms almost a semi-ring, and
which is fixed to it in two places, so that the notch of the catch can slide over
it, near Ka small tube is to be put so that the axis of the tube is at a
distance of half the diameter of the axis l. From the side P, P, of the ring
in the small tube K a pin marking a spot on the surface of the globe, and the
zenith on the transparent globe, may be put; the same contrivance is to be
applied on the corresponding part of the nadir IV., a tube x to slide on the
general meridian, whilst the axis of the tube moves along the divided surface
of this meridian by a ring f" fitting on the tube, and an angle c¹ with a screw.
d. The tube x may be maintained in any position on the nieridian, so that
a needle, the point of which is situated in tlie axis of the tube, will always
point to a part on the division of the meridian which may be seen from above
through a small hole y' in the centre of the upper bottom are from the open
side e' of the tube x'; round the lower part of the tube two quadrants a may
be turned by two rings q, a shoulder above these rings fixed to the tube x',
and a nut below to screw to the tube keeps the rings in their situation.
The quadrants a¹ have divisions along b', d", and are thus fixed to the rings
q, that the centre of them and the point 90 of the division along 6, 61, falls
together, and lays in the axis of the tube a, which tube is called the tube of
the axis of altitudes; the quadrants are called the quadrants of altitude; and
have each at their farthest end from the ring q or the point nod a screw to
fix a circular transparent or opaque horizon under them, thus that they can
niove along it and round the tube a', to indicate by their division. any áltitudes

page_text: above the horizon. This
may be done more distinctly by the help of a
sliding piece p' on the quadrants a', and a bar q', q", fixed perpendicularly to
it; this bar has a point of a pin near q', and a small plate with a hole q".
The part pl may be kept in any situation by a screw of pressure =; perpendicu-
larly along cach of the quadrants slides a small bar w¹ in a knotch, which by
a screw may be kept on either of them over any part. These bars may be
verniers to the division of the azimuth or equator, and serve to point out any
altitude of a celestial body supposed to be exactly in the direction of the axis
of the tube x. To the tube a¹ and the meridian 2, y, on which it slides, as
well as to the plate p', the bar w¹, and to the quadrants of altitude, and to the
meridian and equator, properly made verniers and micrometer screws with
globular motion and magnifying glasses may be applied, if more accuracy is
required. (V), a ring to fit so as to be moved with ease round the trans-
parent ball a, it has a division of a circle round its upper side, and perpendicu-
larly on it, and diametrically opposite stands a semi-ring, this semi-ring has in
the pole of the division of the ring a small hole, and under proper distances
or proper inclination of the orbits of the moon and the planets from the hole
in the pole of the ring, others in the semi-ring to point out the respective
orbits of the moon or plancts on the transparent globe, by bringing the
corresponding holes to the pole of the ecliptic. A properly (on the semicircle)
vertically turning angle to move the ring and semi-ring round the pole of the
ecliptic is to be fitted on the semi-ring, so that this instrument, called an
orbograph, without being obstructed by the axis or any parts in the pole of
the globe, may be applied to every part of the surface of the transparent
globe, improved glass paper may be applied to trace the said orbits, which,
however, may likewiso be traced in a different manuer. (VI), an iron wire to
be screwed with one end in the pole of the ecliptic or the pole there, and
to reach with the other end to the centre of the transparent globe. On
this part is a small ball representing the sun, to this ball the ecliptic,
represented by improved glass paper, or any other substance, with the divisions
of the zodiac; on it is fixed in the solstitial and equinoctial points near
the outside of the ecliptic, four small globes representing the earth with
a proper direction or inclination of its axis are fixed, and to these small
globes again the orbit of the noon with small balls representing the
moon are to be fixed, and all this arranged that the seasons, phases of
the moon, eclipses, &c. may be explained by it, as is generally known.
(VII.) a planetarium of proportionate dimensions in regard to distance
and to size of the bodies to be moved by hand, or with first, or with
first and second motions, and the planets to be held by arms forming their

page_text: respective mean orbits; it is to be made so as to fix in the centre of the trans-
parent globe, that the planets may move in their mean orbits round the centre
formed by the sun. Cosmospherically mounted globes are such which shew
the proper position of a true horizon of any given point on the globe, and with
which it is to correspond while the globe is turned. A terrestial globe may
have a transparent or an opaque horizon fixed to a ring and a semi-ring, as
mentioned in I, I, I. The globe to be fixed similarly, as mentioned in I, I, I,
to the horizon, and besides it is to be fixed and to turn within a meridian as
commonly practised, which meridian, however, is to be about three times the
breadth of the horizon from the globe. A dial plate, either transparent or
opaque, and a hand to show the hour are likewise to be applied. The meridian
is to be supported by a pedestal, or suspended as mentioned in (I, I.) A
celestial globe is to be mounted without such a horizon of a terrestrial globe,
but it is to have a meridian at the same distance as the terrestrial globe, and
to be fixed to it in the common manner with a transparent or opaque dial
plate; the meridian is to be supported like that of a terrestrial globe. On
the meridian of both kinds of globes is to move a tube of the axis of altitudes
with the appertaining quadrants, as described in IV., and thus the horizon of
the celestial globe, or the first horizon corresponding to a point in a first meri-
dian round a terrestial globe is to be represented. To both globes the loxodro-
mograph is applicable. Cosmospherically mounted orreries, lunariums and
telluriums are such as are placed within transparent balls, mentioned in (I),
and which transparent balls are to be within a meridian and suspended, as
mentioned in (II). Cosmospherical lamps are formed by a tube, to the end
of which a hollow metal ball is fixed; this ball is perforated with small holes,
thus, that gas may stream through them to be ignited, to make the ball appear
as if in fire; round the tube, revolve in proper orbits with the first, or first and
second motions, the earth and moon, or the planets and satellites round the
planetarium, and supposing the ball with the small holes in the center, is
placed at a greater distance, a skeleton of ribs representing the surface of a
ball, and the surface of these ribs is to be covered with globular parts of glass
or improved glass paper, on which the stars are represented by openings or in
any other manner. A loxodromograph serves to trace the loxodromic line on
a celestial or terrestial globe, it consists of a small plate of brass a¹¹, to it is
fixed a part of a ring a, a, forming two quadrants and a quarter, but the
part a, a, a, is to be exactly one hundred and eighty degrees, whilst
al, gl, al, forms a strait line, and the point of g, the centre of the arc
all, a a A ringa is to be fixed on a", a", so that its centre falls in g",
while a bar g, ", may move round the centre 9", by being fixed to the ring

page_text: , kept by another ring w" on a", so that the side g", ", of the bar lays in
the direction of the radius. Another contrivance may likewise be applied
for the same purpose, it moves with the point g" of the bar 9", hu, round g",
and by the part 1, with the knotch fitting on the semi-ring a¹, a. The
distance of the centre g" from the line w¹¹¹, is, however, always to be equal to
one half of the diameter of the axis of the globe; the hooks u', or the notch in
the hooks u¹, are to fit over the circle P, P, of tho globe, if mounted as
mentioned. A spherometic serving to verify the solutions given by a cos-
mosphere or cosmospherically mounted globes, consists of a ring t¹ t', with
proper divisions in degrees, and smaller parts from 0 to 180, and from there
again, considering this point as 0 to 180 degrees on the middle of the plane of
the ring t. This ring t¹ is fixed by spikes to a centre s'; two semi-rings, one of
them, having a division near the inside edge and the other semi-ring all having
the division near the outside edge, are to fit exactly in each other, while the
divisions of both correspond with that ou the middle of the ring t. The outside
semi-ring is to be fixed with its divided side in the point nod, and 180 on the
ring so that the points nod and 180 of the semi-ring fall in the same points of
the division on the ring, and that it may turn round the points of a diameter
between nod and 180 of the ring. The other semi-ring is to be fixed like-
wise by two points on a ruler 7, moving round the centre s', in the same
manner that its points of nod and 180 fall 180 degrees opposite to each other
of the divisions of the ring t¹, and that this semi-ring may likewise be turned
round a diameter between nod and 180. Two other parts of similarly divided
rings like them, and r", serve to find out the spherical angles. The two
semi-rings and may be fixed together in any part of them and in any posi-
tion by a clamp and a screw of pressure, but likewise receive the slow motion
by a micrometic screw, and indicato smaller parts of a division by a vernier
and a magnifying glass. The division on the ring & may be on either of the
edges; then the semi-rings and are to be fixed accordingly, and as
described. A spherometer may likewise be constructed by two semi-rings
m, m; to the ends of each semi-ring 'm a ring 61, 61, is to be fixed, that
the center of these rings 611 falls in the points 180, and nod of the division on
one side of each semi-ring m" Two and two semi-rings m" are to turn round
c', by a box with a nut like d", which are not to project above the outer and
inner side of the semi-rings m¹; on each of the semi-rings m¹, which are
divided towards the outer edge, is a sliding piece fil, with a screw of pres
sure h¹ to keep it in any position on the semi-rings. On this piece f is a
ring and a nut g, h, fitting in it to keep a ring ", which may turn round it.
This ring is to be fixed to a semicircle m, that its center is the point nod

page_text: of the division along the one side of the semi-ring m¹, and that it lays in the
plain of the division on the semi-ring m". The divisions on the last-mentioned
semi-rings mare to be towards the inner edge, while those on the two first
mentioned semi-rings are to be done towards the outer edge, and the centre
of the rings g', k, is always to move in the plain of the divided side of the
rings m". The two semi-rings m", m", if fixed together are to form with the
rings a complete circle. Clumps, micrometer, screws, verniers, and magni-
fying glasses may be applied to such a spherometer to measure
minute parts. The springing of two semi-rings m" is prevented by applying a
tube or bar of a proper length between the said nuts 61, 61.
I claim as my Invention the representation of a terrestrial globe within a
transparent globe, which transparent globe is to be suspended as described;
next the cosmospherical representation of an orrery or planetarium, of a tellu-
rium, of a lunarium, and of a terrestrial and celestial globe, and suspended as
described; next the apparatus described in IV, called the tube of the axis
of altitude, with the appertaining parts; next the representation of a trans-
parent horizon and of a transparent dial plate; next the making of the
terrestrial or cellestial globes of glass paper on a skeleton or under a skeleton;
next a spherometer; next a loxodromograph; next the representation of the
orbits of the moon or planets on glass paper stuck to a globe or ball.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Muller, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Thirteenth day of December, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and twenty-eight.
WILLIAM (L.S.)
MULLER.
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Thirteenth day of December, in
the year of our Lord 1828, the aforesaid William Muller came before our said
Lord the King in His Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification afore-
said, and all and every thing therein contained and specified, in form above
written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according to the
tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.