IMPROVE- MENTS IN UTILIZING AND DEODORIZING SEWAGE MATTERS OF DWELLING HOUSES LSINGS OFS AND OTHER PLACES, AND IN APPARATUS TO BE USED IN CONNEXION WITH THE SAME
Year: 1870

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Hughes. Lloyd, M.D., of Llangefni, in the
County of Anglesey, North Wales, for the Invention of "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN UTILIZING AND DEODORIZING SEWAGE MATTERS OF DWELLING HOUSES
LETTERS PATENT to John Hughes. Lloyd, M.D., of Llangefni, in the
County of Anglesey, North Wales, for the Invention of "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN UTILIZING AND DEODORIZING SEWAGE MATTERS OF DWELLING HOUSES
AND OTHER PLACES, AND IN APPARATUS TO BE USED IN CONNEXION WITH THE
SAME
"
Sealed the 17th January 1871, and dated the 20th July 1870.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Hughes. Lloyd
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 20th July 1870.
I, JOHN HUGHES LLOYD, M. D., of Llangefni, in the County of
Anglesey, North Wales, do hereby declare the nature of the said In-
vention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN UTILIZING AND DEODORIZING SEWAGE MATTERS
OF DWELLING HOUSES AND OTHER PLACES, AND IN APPARATUS TO BE USED IN
CONNEXION WITH THE SAME," to be as follows:-
.
This Invention consists in certain improvements upon an Invention
for which Letters Patent were granted to me entitled "Improvements
D
A

page_text: .
in Utilizing and Deodorizing Sewage Matters of Dwelling Houses and
other Places, and in Apparatus to be used in connection with the
same," dated the Twenty-sixth day of June 1857, No. 1793. That
Invention consisted in applying the waste or refuse of fire-places in
houses and other places, either alone or in combination with lime to
correct or remedy the nuisance produced by the sewage of houses
especially by human excretions, and thereby reduce them to a harmless
and inoffensive state, so as to be easily removable with such refuse and
so be used as manure or for other purposes. By the waste refuse was
meant what is generally called the sifted ashes or breeze, and more or
less the whole of the cinders at times to be used either as they usually
occur or more or less ground or pounded, and either alone on combined
with quicklime in certain proportions and assisted in certain circum-
stances by small quantities of the chloride of lime of commerce or burnt
sulphate of lime or burnt clay.
In the Specification of that Invention I stated that the useful action
of the substances above mentioned require changes in the closets,
middens, necessarics, and cesspools now in common use. Where water-
closets or night chairs or privies are now used it, will not be necessary to
use water at all according to this plan, the very principle of which is
to get rid of all the water contained naturally in the excretions and so
prevent the possibility of putrefaction. I proposed to use inside of
closets and night chairs, and beneath the seats of privies metallic or
other pans of sizes convenient to be introduced and removed therefrom,
the pans being generally of a square shape from a cubic foot upwards in
dimensions and divided by a curved or other shaped partition in such a
position with regard to the circular opening of the seat as effectually to
separate the fæces and urine as they fall for enabling them to be acted
upon separately.
One form of closet by which I proposed to carry out the principles
above described consisted of a metallic or other vessel with a curved
"partition so dividing the vessel and bisecting the circle of the seat that
all urine shall fall in front of the partition and all fæces behind, each to
be acted upon by the deodorizing materials. In this case the materials
were added each time after the closet had been used by means of a ladle
or other convenient instrument.
In another form of closet I placed the pan in a suitable case having
a seat and cover, and made the partition in the pan straight, bisecting

page_text: the circle of the seat, and rising up to a certain distance, when it was
met by a broad flat valve when the closet was not in use and covered
the hinder compartment. When the closet had to be used the valve
was opened by a handle like that of an ordinary watercloset, or by the
weight of the person using the closet acting upon springs in com-
munication with multiplying levers. In either case I made the
movement of the valve assist in introducing the deodorizing materials
spontaneously in the following manner :-Behind the axis of the valve
there was another axis carrying a cylinder with several pockets upon it,
and by means of two toothed wheels and a ratchet wheel the cylinder
was made to revolve in one direction, and that only during the closure
of the valve; behind and above the seat there was a box or feeder
filled at proper times with the deodorizing material and placed above
the cylinder with which it communicated by an opening, and as the
cylinder revolved the deodorizing material fell into the pan or receptacle
of the closet, first falling into a chamber or pocket behind the valve,
by the motion of which it was well carried forward into the closet.
The object of my present Invention is the same as my former one,
namely, to correct or remedy the nuisance produced by human excretions.
and thereby reduce them to a harmless and inoffensive state, but my
present improvements enable this object to be attained with greater
economy and efficiency than heretofore.
I employ the waste or refuse of fire-places before described either
alone or mixed with other disinfectants as herein-after described, and by
preference I adopt the system of having two compartments for the
excretions, one for the fæces and the other for the urine, and these
compartments are formed either of two separate vessels, or of one vessel
having a partition.
I construct a simple and efficient closet by placing in a case or box
three rectangular pans or vessels, two clasped together for receiving the
excretions and the third for containing the ashes. Above the two for
the excretions there is a seat, the circular opening of which is so placed
that the fæces can fall into the back compartment and the urine into
the front one, and above all there is a cover for covering the seat and
ash-pan when the closet is not in use. In most cases I partially fill both
compartments with the deodorizing ashes and other matters, and only
make small additions as required, but by preference after each entrance
of fæces into the back compartment they are covered with ashes or other

page_text: matters from the ash-pan by means of a ladle or other instrument, and
when required the seat is either raised or removed and the pans taken
up or taken out by a door in the front, side, or back for emptying their
contents.
Another variety of this closet has the box for the deodorant or deodorants
behind and above the closet having a small slit in the lower and front
part of the box from which the deodorant can be taken and used with a
ladle. In both these forms the seat is hinged to the back or side of
the closet so that it may be raised and the powder used without being
spilled upon it. In all moveable commodes like these the receptacles
are placed in a wooden or other case, and the distance or height of the
seat above the receptacles I find is best about six inches in order to
allow them to be filled fully and to prevent the partition (when used)
from interfering with the person when sat upon.
In another form I fix at the back of the seat a box, and place in
bearings near the. bottom a shaft carrying a valve and spreader worked
one way by a handle and their reverse way by their own gravity. In the
front pans of the closets for receiving the urine, and in pans used as
independent urinals, I now use for each pan a pipe passing from the
inside to the outside, the pipe being fixed at the inside near the bottom,
and at the outside a short distance from the top it comes out and its
outside end communicates by a pipe with a sewer or any other receptacle.
The pan is nearly filled with ashes or other deodorants at times and a
great part of the urine passed into it is at once absorbed, but the excess
filters upwards through the ashes to the pipes outside, and by so doing
becomes divested to a great extent of its salts and organic matters. But
when ashes alone are used the overflow is a nearly pure solution of
carbonate of ammonia and fit for many manufacturing purposes.
My next improvements relate to my former self-feeding closet before
described. I employ a pan with a straight partition as before for
forming two compartments, one for the fæces and the other for the urine,
and use a valve for covering the back compartment when the closet
is not in use, and this valve is worked one way by pressure on the seat
and the other way by a weight or springs. The valve causes the fæces
and other matters to be pushed back out of the closet.
This action may
also be performed by an archimedean screw or by the principle of con-
cussion herein-after described. I place at the back of the seat a supply
box or reservoir for containing the dry ashes or other deodorizing matter

page_text: there being near the bottom a semi-cylindrical valve or flap which can be
opened and closed by hand when moved to be replenished, but instead of
making the feeding cylinder with pockets I now make it plain, and place
above and in front of it an adjustable slotted spring plate to be elevated
or lowered as required for regulating the supply of ashes to the closet,
the slots enabling the plate to yield readily and allow the passage of ashes
or cinders larger than usual. I prefer that none of the cinders shall
be larger that about one half inch. The valve has flaps at the sides
and one where it meets the partition, and there are bands of india-rubber,
cloth, or other suitable material to keep the valve tight when being closed
and opened, in which latter position it is inclined about 60°.
Instead of making the pan portable as before, I now in many cases
make it stationary and open at the back, and in the top of the front
compartment I place sometimes an archimedean screw, on the shaft of
which there is a chain wheel connected by a chain with a chain wheel
on the shaft of the feeding cylinder, the wheels and chain being by
preference outside the pan or case. In bearings at the bottom of the
valve I place a shaft carrying a rake or hoe and fix at one end of the
shaft an arm and roller which can be acted upon by a stationary cam
at one side of the pan. At the back of the valve there is a pocket open
at the top and bottom, and another smaller pocket open at the top but
closed at the bottom by a small valve guarded by an india-rubber spring,
and the dry ashes fall into these pockets when the feeding cylinder is
turned forwards, the board or plate forming. the bottom of the pockets
being inclined about 40° when the valve is closed. The valve is worked
by multiplying levers and rods in connection with the seat, and the
cylinder is turned by means of one ratchet and two spur wheels in a
forward direction only when the valve is being brought forward for
closing and these parts are placed outside the pan or case. In the back
compartment there is always a layer of ashes or deodorizing materials
raised to the level of the inclined line of the backward movement of the
rake, and there is also a layer or ashes in the front compartment which
is renewed by the valves just described throwing fresh, matter into it
and removing a portion each time, and is made sometimes to pass it
forwards for the purpose described. When the closet is not in use the
valve is close to the partition and the back compartment is covered
but when the seat is depressed the multiplying levers turn back the
valve to uncover the back compartment for the reception of fæces, the

page_text: front compartment being always sufficiently open for the reception of the
urine. When pressure is taken off the seat the weight or spring brings
forward the valve and the feeding cylinder delivers a quantity of ashes
to the pockets behind the valve, from the larger of which the ashes are
thrown on the fæces, and from the smaller delivered through the open-
ing of the small valve to the urine compartment; and as the feeding
cylinder turns an archimedean screw (when used) is turned to push the
surplus ashes from the front compartment to the back one. When
the closet is next-used and the valve turned back the rake or hoe pushes
the covered fæces out of the compartment to a pipe or receptacle, and
when the valve is brought forward the rake or hoe is lifted up to prevent
any backward action by means of a cam fixed to the side of the pan.
When required a series of rakes may be used to push the covered fæces
any distance desired.
Another mode of removing the fæces from one part of the house to
another, or from the front to the back, is by having an air-tight tube
in connection with the closet passing through the space between the
joists which support the flooring. An endless band of india-rubber,
leather, or other suitable material travels through the tube and conveys
the fæces and deodorants to any placed required. To prevent dust
rising I cause the valve to work close to the sides of the pan and to shut
up accurately in front.
In another arrangement of self-feeding closets I employ a weight or
spring in front for opening the valve, and a handle jointed to a rod
connected by a cord to the valve for closing it, and the rod of the
handle being sometimes jointed, so that when the valve is closed the
handle is bent over the hole in the seat to prevent the valve
being open when not in use. Or I connect the cover of the seat
to a lever attached to the valve, so that when the cover is removed
the valve will be lowered, and when the cover is put on the valve
will be closed by the assistance of a weight or spring. The supply
boxes or reservoirs for containing the deodorizing ashes or materials may
be made of any required size and shape, and provided, when required,
with screws for assisting the descent or passage of the ashes to the
delivering cylinder. Or one large box is hoisted to the upper part
of the house and its contents let down by pipes to the different closets.
In another form of closet I dispense with the expensive mechanism
employed for distributing the deodorant on the fæces by the weight of

page_text: the person using the closet acting upon springs in communication with
multiplying levers, as also the cylinder and wheels in the handle closet,
as follows: To a straight rod horizontally passing through the bottom
of the box containing the deodorant I affix a lever having a jointed handle
so formed that it shall lay upon this seat of the closet when not in use.
When the closet is required to be used the person using it will first
have to lift up and remove this bent handle which will cause a movement
or oscillation of the horizontal rod, thereby causing the ashes or other
deodorants to fall from the inclined planes on which they were resting
on to the fæces, which movement takes place each time the handle is
moved. In some cases I employ an archimedean screw for removing
the fæces covered with ashes sideways or in any other direction from
the closet, the screw being worked by a chain from the shaft carrying
the wheels which actuate the levers and shafts for working the
mechanism before described.
My next improvement relates to the ordinary petty, and consists in
having an archimedean screw to work one way only running along the
whole depth of the petty underneath the seat so that the ashes from
the cinders which are thrown on to a screen shall fall down on to
the screw, which, being moved forward by a handle or other suitable
means, shall carry onwards the ashes and mix same with the fæces as
required, and carry the whole forward to a close receptacle on the other
side of the petty, the screw being so enclosed as to form an air-tight valve
by means of india-rubber.
My next improvement has reference to a midden and ash-pit combined.
The ashies and cinders are placed in a box hinged to the framework,
through an opening in which the box is tilted when full; the cinders
fall on a screen (fixed by india-rubber fastenings to the opposite side of
the framework, to which the aforesaid box is fixed, but not reaching quite
across the midden) and roll down to nearly the bottom. When the
screened cinders are required to be spread over the fæces a handle
attached to a lever, having fastened to it a chain or cord passing over
pulleys under the seat, and attached to the said screen at the opposite
end to which it is hinged, is pulled, when the india-rubber fastenings
yielding allow it to move a little, when it is suddenly let go again, and
the shock or vibration causes the ashes to fall as desired and are pro-
jected forward on the fæces and urine in their proper compartments.
The said box to receive the cinders is so hinged to the framework as to

page_text: leave a space or opening underneath it through which refuse not fit for
deodorizing purposes may be thrown, and so not mix with the ashes or
manure. I depend still mainly upon the breeze or ashes for use as
deodorants, kept quite dry, and sifted or screened through meshes of
about half an inch in diameter or less; or the whole of the ashes may be
used when the quantity is small and no substitute at hand.
To produce more instant deodorization of fæcal smell or in cases of
contagion or larvæ of insects and animalculi I prepare the ashes by a
slight admixture with one or both of the following deodorants: - First,
sulphurous acid, which I use strong and in small quantities mixed with
the ashes and other matters; secondly, the more or less bituminous
shales of the coal formation, and the rock oils separated from them,
or coal itself in various states of purity, artificially or by natural
process. The shale itself I use reduced to a rough powder when heated
or slightly roasted, and it is useful to sprinkle powdered sulphur or
brimstone upon it hot, which in burning produces sulphurous acid,
which unites in small quantities with the carbon and bitumen of the
shale, making it more powerfully deodorant. The ordinary ashes I also
sometimes treat with small quantities of sulphur when some of the
lumps are hot, or a few hot lumps are added to the cold mass and sulphur
sprinkled thereon, and the whole well mixed together, which renders them
more powerfully and instantly deodorant. The oils distilled or other-
wise separated from the shales or coal itself are also powerful deodorants
particularly when in combination with sulphurous acid gas, which
dissolves in them in large quantities. Or the compounds may be prepared
by shaking up a solution of sulphurous acid gas in water with the oils,
which absorbs the acid from the water in large quantities. These
compounds are particularly adapted for the front compartments where
filtration is going on, as they give off powerful deodorant vapours to
neutralize those of the urine and of the fæces in the back compartment.
.
The following combinations are very useful in the filtering chamber of
the new front compartment or in other places for filtration. Super-
phosphate of alumina and sulphate of magnesia, pure or impure, but in
a fused and ground state, sulphite of soda and phosphate of soda ground
and mixed into a paste with thick shale oil or paraffine. The result
produced by the gradual solution of the substance by the urine being the
complete deodorization of that liquid and the detention of nearly all its

page_text: valuable fertilizing matters in the solid or semi-solid state in the front
compartment.
'
When a number of closets are employed on the same or different floors
I employ the hoisting gear mentioned in my former Specification to raise
the ashes, whether treated with the aforesaid chemical compounds or
not, to a suitable box or reservoir at the upper part of the house which
communicates by pipes or tubes with each of the closets, and so keeps
the box or boxes supplied with the ashes or deodorants.
The pans containing the fæces and ashes or the deodorants in the
front compartments or in the urinals may be taken away and used at
once as manure; or they may be covered by any suitable cover and
placed in an oven or heated room to dry. When treated in the latter
manner and reduced to powder the fæces and other matters may be
placed in bags or any other suitable receptacle and carried to any place
required, it being then quite or nearly free from any offensive smell.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said John Hughes Lloyd, in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 19th January 1871.
- TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
HUGHES LLOYD, M.D., of Llangefni, in the County of Anglesey, North
Wales, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twentieth day of July, One thousand.
eight hundred and seventy, in the thirty-fourth year of Her reign, did,.
for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
John Hughes Lloyd, Her special license that I, the said John Hughes
Lloyd, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I,
the said John Hughes Lloyd, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and
at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and
lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN UTILIZING AND DEODORIZING SEWAGE MATTERS
OF DWELLING HOUSES AND OTHER PLACES, AND IN APPARATUS TO BE USED IN CON-
NEXION WITH THE SAME," upon the condition, amongst others, that I,

page_text: -
the said John Hughes Lloyd, my executors or administrators, by an
instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and
seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the
said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed,
and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within
six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said John Hughes Lloyd, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement thereof, reference being had to the accom-
panying eight Sheets of Drawings, and to the letters of reference marked
thereon (that is to say) :-
This Invention consists in certain improvements upon an Invention
for which Letters Patent were granted to me entitled "improvements in
utilizing and deodorizing sewage matters of dwelling houses and other
places, and in apparatus to be used in connection with the same, dated
the Twenty-sixth day of June One thousand eight hundred and fifty-
seven, No. 1793.
That Invention consisted in applying the waste or refuse of fire-
places in houses and other places, either alone or in combination with
lime, to correct or remedy the nuisance produced by the sewage of
houses, especially by human excretions, and thereby reduce them to a
harmless and inoffensive state so as to be easily removable with such
refuse, and so be used as manure or for other purposes. By the waste
refuse was meant what is generally called the sifted ashes or breeze, and
more or less or the whole of the cinders at times to be used either as
they usually occur or more or less ground or pounded, and either alone
or combined with quicklime in certain proportions, and assisted in
certain circumstances by small quantities of the chloride of lime of
commerce, or burnt sulphate of lime or burnt clay.
In the Specification of that Invention I stated that the useful action
of the substances above mentioned required changes in the closets,
middens, necessaries, and cesspools now in common use. Where water-
closets or night chairs or privies are now used it will not be necessary to
use water at all according to this plan the very principle of which is to
get rid of all the water contained naturally in the excretions, and so
prevent the possibility of putrefaction. I proposed to use inside of

page_text: closets and night chairs and beneath the seats of privies metallic or
other pans
of sizes convenient to be produced and removed therefrom,
the pans being generally of a square shape, from a cubic foot upwards
in dimensions, and divided by a curved or other shaped partition in such
a position with regard to the circular opening of the seat as effectually to
separate the faeces and urine as they fall for enabling them to be acted
upon separately.
One form of closet by which I proposed to carry out the principles
above described consisted of a metallic or other vessel with a curved
partition so dividing the vessel and bisecting the circle of the seat that
all urine shall in falling fall in front of the partition, and all faeces
behind, each to be acted upon by the deodorizing materials. In this case
the materials were added each time after the closet had been used by
means of a ladle or other convenient instrument.
In another form of closet I placed the pan in a suitable case having a
scat and cover, and made the partition in the pan straight, bisecting the
circle of the seat and rising up to a certain distance where it was met by
a broad flat valve when the closet was not in use, and covered the
hinder compartment. When the closet had to be used the valve was
opened and shut by a handle like that of an ordinary watercloset or
by the weight of the person using the closet acting upon springs in
communication with multiplying levers. In either case I made the
movement of the valve assist in introducing the deodorizing materials
spontaneously in the following manner :-Behind the axis of the valve
there was another axis carrying a cylinder with several pockets upon it,
and by means of two toothed wheels and a ratchet wheel the cylinder
was made to revolve in one direction, and that only during the closure
of the valve. Behind and above the seat there was a box or feeder
filled at proper times with the deodorizing material and placed
above the cylinder with which it communicated by an opening, and
as the cylinder revolved the deodorizing material fell into the pan or
receptacle of the closet, first falling into a chamber or pocket behind
the valve, by the motion of which it was well carried forward into
the closet.
The object of my present Invention is the same as my former one,
namely, to correct or remedy the nuisance produced by human excretions
alacate nattios middens or at the ends of COTRATI On at

page_text: certain parts in their course, and thereby reduce them to a harmless and
inoffensive state, but my present improvements enable this object to be
attained with greater economy and efficiency than heretofore.
I employ the waste or refuse of fire-places before described either
alone or mixed with other disinfectants as herein-after described, and by
preference I adopt the system of having for each commode, closet, or
petty two copartments of improved forms for the excretions, one for
the faeces and the other for the urine, and these compartments are
formed either of two separate vessels or of one vessel having a partition.
with many new arrangements in connection with it.
I construct a simple and efficient closet or commode by placing in a
case or box three rectangular pans or vessels, two clasped together
for receiving the excretions, and the third for containing the ashes or
other deodorizing matters.
Fig. 1, Sheet 1, of the accompanying Sheets of Drawings is a trans-
verse section, and Fig. 2-a-plan of this arrangement. a, representing the
box or case; b, the pan for the faeces; c, the pan for the urine; and d, the
pan-for the ashes or other matters. Above the two pans b, c, for the
excretions there is a seat e, the circular opening fof which is so placed
that the faeces can fall into the back compartment, and the urine into:
the front one, and above all there is a cover g for covering the seat and
ash pan d, when the closet is not in use. In most cases I partially fill
both compartments with the deodorizing ashes or other matters, and only
make small additions as required, but by preference after each entrance
of faeces into the back compartment they are covered with ashes or
other matters from the ash pan by means of a ladle or other instrument,
and when required the seat is either raised or removed, and the pans
taken up or taken out by a door in the front side or back for emptying
their contents.
Another variety of this closet has the box for the deodorant or
deodorants behind and above the closet having a small slit in the lower
and front part of the box, from which the deodorant can be taken and
used with a ladle. In both these forms the seat is hinged to the back
or side of the closet so that it may be raised and the powder used
without being spilled upon it. In all moveable commodes of this
description the receptacles are placed in a wooden or other case, and the
best distance or height of the scat above the receptacles I find to

page_text: be about 6 inches, in order to allow them to be filled fully and to
prevent the partition (when used) from interfering with the person when
sat upon.
In another form I fix at the back of the seat a box, and place in
bearings near the bottom a shaft carrying a valve and spreader worked
one way by a handle, and the reverse way by their own gravity. In the
front pans
of the closets for receiving the urine and in pans used as
independent urinals I now use for each pan a pipe marked h, Fig. 1,
pássing from the inside to the outside, the pipe being fixed at the inside
near the bottom, and at the outside a short distance from the top it
comes out, and its outside end communicates by a pipe with a sewer or
any other receptacle. The ash pan is nearly filled with ashes or other
deodorants, and a great part of the urine passed into it is at once
absorbed, but the excess filters upwards through the ashes to the pipes
outside, and by so doing becomes divested to a great extent of its salts
and organic matters, but when desired the filtration up and down may
be frequently repeated to take up matter. When ashes alone are used
the overflow is a nearly pure solution of carbonate of ammonia and fit
for many manufacturing purposes, or it may be absorbed as afterwards
described.
'
My next improvements shewn in the sections and plans, Figs. 3 and 4,
Sheet 2, 5 and 6, Sheet 3, and 7 and 8, Sheet 4, relate to self-feeding
closets in which I employ a pan k with a straight partition 7 for forming
two compartments, one for the faeces and the other for the urine, and use a
valve m for covering the back compartment when the closet is not in use
and this valve is worked one way by a handle n, Figs. 3, 4, 7, and 8, or
by pressure on the seat o, Figs. 5 and 6, and the other way by springs, or
by a weight p, when required, there being at the bottom of the valve a
knuckle-jointed rake q, Figs. 3 and 5, to scrape the ashes off the urine
compartment, ment at the bottom of a pocket r underneath the valve
another knuckle-jointed rake or hoe s, Fig. 3, for causing the faeces,
and other matters to be pushed back outside, or they may be removed
by an archimedean screw. I place at the back of the seat of each closet
a supply box or reservoir t for containing the dry ashes or other deodo-.
rizing matter, there being in one arrangement a valve or flap u, Figs. 3
and 5, near the bottom, which can be closed by hand when moved to be
replenished. Instead of making the feeding cylinder with pockets, as
in my former Patent, I now make it plain, as shewn at v, Figs. 3, 4,

page_text: and 5, and place above and in front of it an adjustable slotted spring.
plate w, Figs. 3 and 5, to be elevated or lowered, as required for regu-
lating the supply of ashes to the closet, the slots enabling the plate to.
yield readily and allow the passage of ashes or cinders larger than usual,
but at the same time I prefer that none of the cinders shall be larger
than about half an inch.. I now make the valve with flaps at the sides
and in some cases form a flap where it meets the partition 7, but in other
cases I cause the front of the valve to pass over the partition, as shewn
in Figs. 3 and 5, and where required there are bands of india-rubber
cloth, or other suitable material to keep the valves tight when
being closed and opened, in which latter position they are inclined
about 60°.
Instead of making the pan always portable, as before, I now in many
cases make it stationary and open at the back as in Fig. 3, or at the side
as in Figs. 5 and 6, and in the top of the front compartment I some-
times place an archimedean screw, on the shaft of which there is a chain
wheel connected by a chain with a chain wheel on the shaft of the
feeding cylinder, the wheels and chain being by preference outside tho
pan or case, but I prefer the mode of shifting the ashes concentrated.
with urine by the rake q, Figs. 3 and 5.
In another arrangement in bearings at the bottom of the valve I place
a shaft carrying a rake or hoe, and fix at one end of the shaft. an arm
and roller which can be acted upon by a stationary cam at one side of
the pan.
The pocket at the back of the valve is open at the top and
bottom, and the dry ashes fall into this pocket when the feeding cylinder
is turned forwards, the board or plate forming the bottom of the pocket
being inclined about 40° when the valve is closed. The valve m, Figs. 5
and 6, is closed by the weight p and opened by multiplying levers x and
rods y in connection with the seat o, and the cylinder v is turned by
means of one ratchet wheel a³, and two spur wheels 6' in the forward
direction only when the valve is being brought forward for closing, and
these parts are placed outside the pan or case. In the back compartment
there is always a layer of ashes or deodorizing materials raised to the
inclined surface of the backward movement of the rake when one is used
as shewn in Fig. 3, and there is also a layer of ashes in the front
compartment, which is renewed by the upward movement of the valve
throwing fresh matter into it, and a portion is removed by the rake at
cach backward movement of the valve. For removing the covered faeces

page_text: I also use an archimedean screw c¹, Figs. 5 and 6, leading through an
open side to a pipe or receptacle, the screw being worked by a chain
and chain wheels from the shaft of the ratchet wheel a¹. When the
closet is not in use the valve extends over the partition, and the back
compartment is covered, but when the seat is depressed the multiplying
levers turn back the valve to uncover the back compartment for the
reception of faeces, the front compartment being always sufficiently
open for the reception of the urine. When pressure is taken off the seat
the weight or spring brings forward the valve, and the feeding cylinder
delivers a quantity of ashes to the pocket behind the valve, from which
the ashes are thrown on the faeces, and into the urine compartment.
When the closet is next used, and the valve turned back, the rake q
pushes the ashes from the front compartment into the back one, and the
archimedean screw pushes the covered faeces out of the back compart-
ment to a pipe or receptacle, and when the valve is brought forward the
rake q gives way by means of the knuckle joints to prevent any backward
action, and where rakes are used instead of the screw for removing the
covered facces their knuckle joints give way in the same manner.
When required a series of rakes may be used to push the covered facces
any distance desired, and dust is prevented from rising by causing the
valve to work close to the sides of the pan by means of the flanges and
india-rubber sheets before mentioned.
In the arrangement of self-feeding closet, shewn in Figs. 3 and 4,
I employ springs, or the weight p in front for opening the valve, and
the handle n jointed to the rod e¹ connected by the cord f¹ to the
lever g¹ for closing it, and the rod of the handle is sometimes jointed,
so that when the valve is closed the handle is bent over the hole in the
seat to prevent the valve being open when not in use, as seen in Fig. 4;
or I connect the cover of the seat to a lever attached to the valve, so
that when the cover is removed the valve will be lowered, and when the
cover is put on the valve will be closed by the assistance of a weight or
spring. In the closet shewn in Figs. 7 and 8 the valve m fits close to
the partition 1, and the pocket for the ashes is above the valve. Above
the front compartment there is a grid or railing to allow the ashes. to
5 pass, and to the shaft of the valve is connected a lever h¹ attached by a
cord to the rods connected with the handle n. The supply boxes or
reservoirs for containing the deodorizing ashes or materials may be made
of any required size and shape, and provided when required with screws

page_text: for assisting the descent or passage of the ashes to the delivering
cylinder; or one large box is hoisted to the upper part of the house,
and its contents let down by pipes to the different closets. In the
handle closet, shewn in Figs. 7 and 8, I dispense with the cylinder and
wheels employed for distributing the deodorant on the faeces, and
employ the following arrangement:-To a shaft k passing horizontally
through the bottom of the box l¹ containing the deodorant I affix the
Iever ¹ connected by the cord j" and rod e¹ to the jointed handlen,
which is so formed that it shall lay upon the seat of the closet when not
in use, there being in the box inclined planes p', q'; and to the shaft k¹
are fixed small levers or wires connected by cords s¹ to india-rubber
bands. When the closet is required to be used the person using it
will first have to lift up and remove this bent handle, which will cause
a movement of the horizontal shaft and oscillation of the small levers or
wires, thereby causing the ashes or other deodorants to fall from the
inclined planes on which they were resting on to the faeces, which
movement takes place each time the handle is moved, so as to close
the valve. I not only employ an archimedean screw for removing the
faeces covered with ashes sideways from the closet, but also in any other
direction, the screw being worked by a chain from the shaft carrying
the wheels which actuate levers and shafts for working the mechanism
before described.
My next improvement relates to an ordinary petty and midden or
ash-pit, shewn in the transverse section Fig. 9, Sheet 6, and consists in
having an archimedean screw v¹ to work one way only, running along
the whole depth of the petty underneath the seat, so that the ashes
from the cinders which are thrown on to a screen w¹ shall fall down on
one end of the screw, which being moved forward by a handle a¹ working
a catch for turning a ratchet wheel y¹ or other suitable means shall
carry onward the ashes and mix the same with the faeces as required,
and carry the whole forward or sideways to a close receptacle on the
other side of the petty, the screw being so enclosed as to form an air-
tight valve by means of india-rubber, and when all urinous smell is
to be removed another screw works in the front compartment-jointed
mechanically with the one just described.
My next improvement has reference to another petty and ash-pit
combined, shewn in Fig. 10, Sheet 5, and Fig. 11, Sheet 6, and partly
described in my first Specification. The ashes and cinders are placed in

page_text: a box a² hinged to the framework through an opening c³, in which the
box is tilted when full. The ashes and cinders fall on an inclined
screen d³ suspended by chains e², and held by india-rubber springs f² to
the wall g, but not reaching quite across the midden, and the large
cinders and clinkers roll down the inclined screen to the compartment h²,
Fig. 11, from which they are removed through an opening. To cause
the fine ashes on the screen to be spread over the faeces I employ a
handle attached to a lever j², having fastened to it a chain or cord k
passing over pulleys 12, and attached to the screen at the part m², so that
when the handle i is pulled the india-rubber springs f2 are stretched
and the screen moved back from the wall g², and when the handle is
suddenly let go the shock or vibration arising from the screen striking
the wall 2 causes the ashes to fall down the inclined plane n² and be
projected forward on the facces in the compartment o² and the urine in
the compartment p², there being a flap q² to prevent dust from rising,
or I employ the moveable seat for working the screen. The box a¹
which receives the cinders is hinged to the framework, so as to leave a
space or opening underneath it, through which refuse not fit for deodo-
rizing purposes may be thrown, and so not mix with the ashes or
manure.
In Fig. 12, Sheet 6, I shew a combination of two petties with ash-pits
or middens having my improved moveable screens, the cinders being
passed through openings closed by ordinary doors ², the petty s² being
similar to that shewn in Fig. 10, and the petty 2 to that shewn in Fig. 1,
Sheet 1.
Fig. 13, Sheet 7, is a transverse section, Fig. 14 a back view, and
Fig. 15 a plan representing the application of my improved closets and
ash-pits to a house. On the upper floor there is a closet, in which
covered urine and faeces are removed by rakes, shewn in Fig. 3, to a
pipe u² descending to a receptacle, and above the room there is a box v²
containing the ashes. In the next floor below there is a closet in
which an archimedean screw is employed for removing the covered
faecal matters to the pipe u². In the yard there is a combined petty
and ash-pit, the ashes being passed through the hole w², or in any other
required manner, and for purifying bed room messes, dirty or soapy,
water, or other liquids there is a box a² with two or more compartments
containing ashes or filtering media, and the clean water passes off
through the pipe y³. I depend still mainly upon the breeze or ashes
B

page_text: ashes may be used' when the quantity is small and no substitute
at hand.
To produce more instant deodorization of faecal smell, or in cases of
contagion or larvæ of insects, germs, and animalculi, I prepare the ashes
by a slight admixture with one or both the following deodorants:
First, sulphurous acid, which I use strong and in small quantities mixed
with the ashes and other matters; secondly, the more or less bituminous
shales of the coal formation and the rock oils separated from them, or
coal itself in various states of purity, artificially or by natural process.
The shale itself I use reduced to a rough powder when heated or slightly
roasted, and it is useful to sprinkle powdered sulphur or brimstone upon
it, which in burning produces sulphurous acid gas or dioxide of sulphur,
which unites in small quantities with the carbon and bitumen of the
shale, making it more powerfully deodorant. The ordinary ashes I also
sometimes treat with small quantities of sulphur when some of the
lumps are hot or a few hot lumps are added to the cold mass and sulphur
sprinkled thereon, and the whole well mixed together, which renders
them more powerfully and instantly deodorant. The oils, distilled or
otherwise separated from the shales or coal itself, are also powerful
deodorants, particularly when in combination with sulphurous acid gas
or dioxide of sulphur, which dissolves in them in large quantities; or
the compounds may be prepared by shaking up a solution of sulphurous
acid gas in water with the oils, which absorbs the acid from the water in
large quantities. These compounds are particularly adapted for the
front compartments, where filtration is going on, as they give off deodorant
vapours to neutralize those of the urine and of the faeces in the back
compartment. The following combinations are very useful in the
filtering chamber of the new front compartment or in other places :—
Supersulphate of alumina and sulphate of magnesia, pure or impure, but
in a fused and ground state, sulphite of soda or silicate of soda, and
sometimes phosphate of soda, ground and mixed into a paste with thick
shale oil or paraffin oil. The result produced by the gradual solution
of the substance by the urine being the complete deodorization of that
liquid and the detention of nearly all its valuable fertilizing matters in
the solid or semi-solid state in the front compartment of the closet, and,
if necessary, a second or third filtering compartment is used; and I also

page_text: still sometimes use quicklime in the back compartments to assist in
solidifying and fossilizing the excreta.
'
When a number of closets are employed on the same or different
floors I employ the hoisting gear mentioned in my former Specification
to raise the ashes, whether treated with the aforesaid chemical com-
pounds or not, to a suitable box or reservoir at the upper part of the
house, which communicate by pipes or tubes with each of the closets,
and so keeps the box or boxes supplied with the ashes or deodorants for
a long period. The pans containing the faeces and ashes or the
deodorants in the front compartments or in the urinals may be taken
away and used at once as manure, or they may be covered by any
suitable cover, and placed in any heated room to dry.
the latter manner and reduced to powder, it may be placed in bags or
any other suitable receptacles, and carried to any place required; it
being then quite free or nearly from any offensive smell.
When treated in
I desire it to be understood that in my various improved closets,
commodes, petties, and ash-pits I vary and transpose the several
mechanisms according to the requirements, and also use the ashes
alone or combined with the deodorants before mentioned, as circum-
stances may demand. And I now mention some modification of some
of the details.
For preventing dust rising from closets with flaps where concussion is
used I place in the side of each flap a slide running forwards above the
dust, and moved one way by the concussion movement and the other
way by india-rubber or other springs; or the slide may be worked by
pressure on the seat, or there may be a continuation of the upper part of
the sifting or concussion parts long enough to come forwards so far as to
reach to the anterior border of the hole of the seat when not in use,
the levers being sufficiently multiplying to clear it away behind when
self-acting. In the closets with the broad valve flaps this object is
effected by making the flap overlap the front compartment and close it,
so that its anterior margin shall reach below and before the front edge
of the seat hole. For avoiding the bad results of liquids thrown im-
properly or casually into dry closets, those acting with flaps and slides,
when self-acting, are sufficiently protected if there are waste pipes from
the front compartment, the liquids when in excess finding their way to
sewers, but in closets with handles or those acting by archimedean
screws without being protected by flaps or self-acting slides openings

page_text: must be made in the sides OT the closets above the rever occupied by the
excreta, through which the excess of liquids will fall to a false bottom
below, and from that to a waste pipe to the sewers.
The following are modifications of some of the various parts of my
Invention:-
In the front compartments of the closets I cause the filtration to
be not only upwards but also downwards or sideways in addition, and
'use a chamber for chemicals. I also, when required, pass an archi-
medean screw on the moistened ashes or deodorants in a contrary
direction to the flow of the urine to the waste pipe, or to the receptacle
of solids and faeces. I also, when desired, form slots in the edge of the
front compartment, through which wires or rakes attached to the flaps or
slide valves will scrape back the moistened material in the front com-
partment, which was renewed by the flap slides or archimedean screw.
In some cases I place a pan for faeces, enclosed in a larger pan, con-
taining my improved deodorants and filtering arrangement for urine
with waste pipe. To prevent regurgitation of gases or fluids from the
receptacles containing the excreta I use flaps and inclines, and in screw
closets I employ conical india-rubber valves attached to the end of the
casing of the screw, the valves closing by elasticity when not in use, but
opening by the action of the screw which forces the excreta to the
general receptacle. In screw dry closets, to secure the complete mixture
or nearly so of the excreta, paper and other matters with the deodorant
powder, so that on their removal they may not be easily recognisable
by their appearance no more than by their smell. I arm the end of the
archimedean screw with projecting wires or spikes working into and
between others fixed inside the metallic casing of the end of the screw
and before the point of attachment of the conical india-rubber valve, by
which means when the teeth or spikes are turned they will break up the
solid excreta, paper, and other matters, and mix them sufficiently with
the deodorant to disguise them. In the flap closet the same object is
obtained by making the teeth of the rake attached to the flap for pushing
'the excreta backwards to work between fixed teeth attached to the
inclined plane or channel through which the covered excreta passes to
the general reservoir. As to the materials to be employed I adhere to
those before mentioned, the dry ashes of the fires being the chief
foundation when obtainable and of proper chemical constitution, and
assisted by or supplemented when required by the different substances
•

page_text: already mentioned, in various proportions and forms of combination, and
the whole assisted or worked by the various mechanical contrivances
and principles before mentioned, so as best to suit the various exigencies,
localities, and necessities of different towns, villages, houses, or popu-
already mentioned, in various proportions and forms of combination, and
the whole assisted or worked by the various mechanical contrivances
and principles before mentioned, so as best to suit the various exigencies,
localities, and necessities of different towns, villages, houses, or popu-
iations.
The next part of my Invention relates to sewers, and consists in
improved arrangements for purifying and filtering the sewage.
Fig. 16, Sheet 8, is a plan of parts of some sewers to which my
improvements are applied; and Figs. 17 and 18, sections of parts of the
same. The sewage passes through the branch and main sewers to a
number of filtering compartments, there being a flood gate or moveable
weir for allowing the excess to escape in case of floods. At one end of the
compartments there is a depôt for purified ashes or other deodorants, and
at the other end a depôt for the reception of the ashes charged with the
deodorized faecal matters, the ashes being supplied to the compartments
by the archimedean screw a³, Figs. 17 and 18, and removed to a
receiving depôt by the screw 63, both screws being worked by turbines,
water wheels, or other hydraulic machinery, or by a gas engine. These
arrangements are intended to work silently and without smell or
nuisance, and also to occupy small space, mostly underground. I
propose to have one or more of these in the course of long sewers to
lessen the mass of filth, and to prevent a long and large surface for
evaporation, and to relieve many other evils. I quicken the passage of
semi-solid matters where the incline is small by using archimedean
screws joined together at corners or different levels by universal joints,
and worked by preference by hydraulic machinery or gas engines to
prevent smoke; or I use a number of flaps or valves like the one used in
one description of the dry closets, to which a rake is attached to push
back the dry sewage, the motions being at times regulated by a cam. A
number of these flaps I join together at such distances apart as to work
or pass the sewage from one to the other, the whole being moved by a
wire rope or rods connecting each together, and worked in one direction
only by mechanical contrivances put in motion by gas engines or
hydraulic machinery. The substance extracted from the sewage is
intended to be rendered more or less dry by pressure in filters, or by the
addition of solidifying matters to suit the use to be made of it, and
means and distance of transit.

page_text: To prevent the infiltration of sewage from the sewers to the
surrounding earth and subsoil I propose to make them watertight by
carefully cementing or caulking the masonry or by lining them with
sheet metal.
And, lastly, to remedy the evils generally associated with small branch 5
sewers from houses I propose to use screws in them moved either by
mechanism similar to that used in the closets, or by doors, or worked
occasionally by hand.
And these improvements in sewers and deodorizing and utilizing the
sewage I mean rather as temporary means to relieve the present 1
pressing evils until a more perfect system is generally adopted, such as
the universal use of closets, commodes, petties, and ash-pits in which
the faecal and offensive matters are first. deodorized and afterwards
´removed in a dry or nearly dry state.
I also propose to deodorize and purify the vapours in large sewers by 1
placing in them lamps burning my new deodorizing compound of
paraffin oil and sulphur, or by the slow combustion in them of sulphur
itself, or the exposure of the said compound in open vessels in the sewers
or ventilating shafts.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Hughes Lloyd, have hereunto 2
set my hand and seal, this Seventeenth day of January, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-one.
Witness to signature,
JNO. E. GRIFFITHS.
J. H. LLOYD, M.D. (L.S.)