IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PECKS, HOES, ADZES, AND OTHER EDGE TOOLS, AND IN TOOLS TO BE USED IN THE SAID MANU- FACTURE
Year: 1863

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Joseph Vaughan, of the Firm of Vaughan, Brothers,
of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, Manufacturers, for the
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PECKS, HOES,
ADZES, AND OTHER EDGE TOOLS, AND IN TOOLS TO BE USED IN THE SAID MANU-
FACTURE
وو
Sealed the 8th April 1864, and dated the 20th October 1863.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Joseph Vaughan at the
Office of the Commissiouers of Patents, with his Petition, on the
20th October 1863.
I, JOSEPH VAUGHAN, of the Firm of Vaughan Brothers, of Birmingham,
in the County of Warwick, Manufacturers, do hereby declare the nature
of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PECKS,
HOES, ADZES, AND OTHER EDGE TOOLS, AND IN TOOLS TO BE USED IN THE SAID
MANUFACTURE,.to be as follows:-
My Invention consists of the following improvements in the manufacture of
those parts of pecks, hoes, adzes, and other edge tools called the eyes of the
said tools, that is, the holes or openings in which the wooden or other
handles of the tools are inserted, and in tools to be used in the said manu-
facture.
In making the said eyes according to my Invention I form when necessary
a lump or mass of iron at the place where the eye is to be made, the said
lump being of sufficient size to form the eye. This lump may be formed by

page_text: forging, welding, or otherwise. While the said lump or mass of iron is still hot
it is operated upon by the tools herein-after described, by the action of which
the metal is brought into a cup-like form. By afterwards piercing out the
bottom of the cup the eye is produced. In converting the lump or mass of
iron into an eye the metal is supported in a die, and is compressed by means
of a punch in the direction of the axis of the eye, by which compression the
metal is made to rise around the compressing punch into the cup-like form
described. I make the die in which 'the eye is formed, either of the depth of
the lump from which the eye is to be formed, or of the depth of the eye to be
formed or of any intermediate depth. The die is fixed on the bed of a stamp
or press, and a punch of the shape and size of. the interior of the eye to be
made is fixed to the ram or hammer of the stamp or press. The said punch
is made to press or to give a series of blows on the middle of the lump to be
made into an eye. As the punch acts upon the iron, and thereby makes a
depression or hollow in its middle, the iron rises around the punch filling up
the die, when the die is of the same height as the eye to be made, or rising
above the top of the die when the die is of less height than the eye to be
made. The die and punch are made respectively of the figure to be given to
the exterior and interior of the eye. The punching out of the bottom of the
eye is performed by the ordinary punching processes. When there is
sufficient metal to form the eye without the lump described it is dispensed
with.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Joseph Vaughan in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
16th April 1864.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOSEPH
VAUGHAN, of the Firm of Vaughan Brothers, of Birmingham, in the County
of Warwick, Manufacturers, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twentieth day of October, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, in the twenty-seventh year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said Joseph Vaughan, Her special licence that I, the said Joseph Vaughan,
my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Joseph.
Vaughan, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree

page_text: with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the
term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANU-
FACTURE OF PECKS, HOES, ADZES, AND OTHER EDGE TOOLS, AND IN TOOLS TO BE
USED IN THE SAID MANUFACTURE," upon the condition (amongst others) that I,
the said Joseph Vaughan, my executors or administrators, by an instru-
ment in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should
particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and
in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to
be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next
and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Joseph Vaughan, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement thereof, that is to say:-
My Invention consists of the following improvements in the manufacture of
those parts of pecks, hoes, adzes, and other edge tools, called the eyes of the
said tools; that is, the holes or openings in which the wooden or other
handles of the tools are inserted, and in tools to be used in the said manu-
facture.
In making the said eyes according to my Invention I form when necessary
a lump or mass of iron at the place where the eye is to be made, the said lump
being of sufficient size to form the eye.. This lump may be formed by forging,
welding, or otherwise. The said lump or mass of iron being heated is operated
upon by the tools herein-after described, by the action of which the metal
is brought into a cup-like form. By afterwards piercing out the bottom of the
cup the eye is produced. In converting the lump or mass of iron into an.eye
the metal is.supported in a die and is compressed by means of a punch in the
direction of the axis of the eye by which compression the metal is made to rise
around the compressing punch into the cup-like form described. I make the
die in which the eye is formed either of the depth of the lump from which the
eye is to be formed, or of the depth of the eye to be formed, or of any inter-
mediate depth.. The die is fixed on the bed of a stamp or press, and a punch
of the shape and size of the interior of the eye to be made is fixed to the ram
or hammer of the stamp or press. The said punch is made to press or to
give a blow or series of blows on the middle of the lump to be made into an
eye. As the punch acts upon the iron and thereby makes a depression or
hollow in its middle, the iron rises around the punch filling up the die, when

page_text: the die is of the same height as the eye to be made, or rising above the top
of the die when the die is of less height than the eye to be made. The die
and punch are made respectively of the figure to be given to the exterior
and interior of the eye. The punching out of the bottom of the eye is
When there is sufficient
performed by the ordinary punching processes.
metal to form the eye without the lump described the said lump is dispensed
with.
Having explained the nature of my Invention, I will proceed to describe,
with reference to the accompanying Drawing, the manner in which the same is
to be performed.
I will describe and illustrate the manner in which my Invention is to be
performed with reference to the manufacture of an eye of a peck, from which
description and illustration the manufacture of the eyes of hoes, adzes, and
other edge tools will, I believe, be readily understood.
In making an eye of a peck according to my Iuvention I form (when necessary)
on the metal of the intended peck at the place where the eye is to be made
a lump or mass of iron of sufficient size to form the eye. The said lump is
formed by forging, welding, or otherwise. When the metal itself from which
the peck is to be made is of sufficient thickness and breadth to form the eye
the additional lump or mass of iron described is dispensed with.
Figure 1 represents in plan, and Figure 2 in vertical section, a portion of a
bar of iron from which a peck is to be made, the lump in the middle of the
said bar from which the eye is to be made being marked a. The shape given
to the said lump a is of no importance. I heat the said lump a and place it
upon the lower die b of the pair of dies represented in Figures 3, 4, 5, and 6.
Figure 3 representing the upper die in front elevation and end elevation;
Figures 4 and 5 vertical sections of the lower die taken at right angles to one
another; and Figure 6 a plan of the upper side of the lower die. The top of
the lower die 6 has recesses c made in it in which the parts d, d, of the peck
rest while the lump a is being operated upon by the short punch e of the upper
die f, as represented in Figure 4, where the bar is shewn in section. The punch e
and concavity in the die 6 have a nearly elliptical figure. The lower die b is
fixed on the bed of a stamp or press, and the upper or moveable die f is fixed
to the ram or hammer of the stamp or press. The heated lump a having been
placed in the lower die so that the axis of the said lump coincides with the
axis of the said die, the upper die f is brought down upon the middle of the
said lump. A depression is thereby made in the said lump and the displaced
metal of the lump forced into and made to take the figure of the die b. The
lump a, when it has been operated upon by the dies b and f, assumes the form

page_text: represented in section in Figure 7. While the lump a, Figure 7, is still hot, or
after reheating the said lump, I place it in the concavity in the lower die g of
the pair of dies g, h, represented in vertical section in Figure 8, the parts d, d,
of the peck occupying the recesses c, c, in the lower die g. The upper die h
of the pair of dies, Figure 8, is represented separately in elevation in Figure 9,
and the lower die g of the said pair of dies is represented separately in vertical
section in Figure 10, the said section Figure 10 being taken in a direction at
right angles to that in which the section Figure 8 is taken. These dies are
worked in a stamp or press as described with. respect to the dies Figures 3, 4,
5, and 6. The central hole or concavity in the lower die g is made of the figure
to be given to the exterior of the lower part of the eye, and the punch i of the upper
die h is made of the figure to be given to the interior of the eye. The heated
lump a, Figure 7, having been placed in the lower die g, Figure 8, the parts d, d,
occupying the recesses c, c, the upper die h is brought down and the punch i
made to enter the depression a in the lump a, the said punch being made either
to press upon the said lump or to give it a blow or a series of blows. As the
punch i comprises the lump a the metal of the said lump is made to fill up the
concavity in the die g and to rise around the punch i and form the eye k in the
manner represented in Figures 8 and 10. During the formation of the eye k
by the action of the punch i, the parts d, d, are nearly lifted from out the
recesses c, c, in which they are placed as represented in Figure 8.
The
Figure 11 represents in side elevation, Figure 12 in plan, and Figure 13
in end elevation, the eye k made by the operation of the dies, Figure 8.
eye k is finished by punching out the bottom 1 by the ordinary punching
process.
Although when the eye to be made is deep it is necessary or desirable to pre-
pare the lump (or the metal of the peck) from which the eye is to be made in
the manner represented in Figure 7 before it is subjected to the action of the
dies, Figure 8, 9, and 10, yet this preparation may be dispensed with when the
eye to be made is not deep and the heated bar may be placed in the lower
die g, Figures 8 and 10, and operated upon by the upper die h so as to form
the eye. In this case, that is when only one pair of dies is employed, a plain
bar or a bar having a lump or projection on one side only may be used.
Instead of making the central hole or concavity in the lower die g of the
depth of the lump, as illustrated in Figure 8, the said central hole may
be made nearly of the depth of the eye to be made, or of any intermediate
depth.
In making the eyes of articles other than pecks, the lower die has recesses
made in it proper to receive the bodies or metal to form the bodies of the

page_text: articles during the formation of the eyes, the shape and size of the said lower
die and the punch of the upper die being varied to suit the shape and size of
the eyes to be made.
Having now described the nature of my Invention, and the manner in which
the same is to be performed, I wish it to be understood that I do not limit
myself to the precise details herein described and illustrated in the accom-
panying Drawing, as the same may be varied without departing from the
nature of my Invention.
But I claim as my Invention, firstly, the improvements in the manufacture of
pecks, hoes, adzes, and other edge tools, herein-before described and illustrated in
the accompanying Drawing, that is to say, making the eyes of the said articles
by subjecting the iron to be made into the eye supported in a properly shaped
die to the action of a compressing punch, whereby the iron is compressed between
the bottom of the die and punch, and made to rise around the said punch so as
to form the eye:
Secondly, the tools herein-before described and illustrated in the accompany-
ing Drawing to be used in the manufacture of the eyes of pecks, hoes, adzes,
and other edge tools.
In witness whereof, I, the said Joseph Vaughan, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Fifteenth day of April, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and sixty-four.
Witness,
GEORGE SHAW.
JOSEPH VAUGHAN. (L.s.)