IMPROVEMENTS IN PRODUCING AND APPLYING. HEAT, AND IN ENGINES TO BE WORKED BY STEAM OR OTHER ELASTIC FLUID, WHICH ENGINES ARE ALSO APPLICABLE AS PUMPS
Year: 1850

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, WILLIAM.
BOGGETT, of Saint Martin's Lane, in the County of Middlesex, Gentleman, and
WILLIAM SMITH, of Margaret Street, in the said County, Engineer, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Third day of October,
(One thousand eight hundred and fifty, in the fourteenth year of Her reign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto us, the said
William Boggett and William Smith, our exors, admors, and assigns, Her
especial licence, full power, sole privilege and authority, that we, the said
William Boggett and William Smith, our exors, admors, and assigns, and such
others as we, the said William Boggett and William Smith, our exors, adñors,
or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and
at all times during the term of years therein expressed, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-
upon-Tweed, our Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN PRODUCING AND APPLYING.
HEAT, AND IN ENGINES TO BE WORKED BY STEAM OR OTHER ELASTIC FLUID, WHICH
ENGINES ARE ALSO APPLICABLE AS PUMPS;" in which said Letters Patent is
contained a proviso that we, the said William Boggett and William Smith, or
one of us, shall cause a particular description of the nature of our said
Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, by an instrument.
in writing under our hands and seals, or under the hand and seal of one of us,

page_text: to be inrolled in Her Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said in part recited
Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being thereunto had, will
more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, we, the said
William Boggett and William Smith, hereby declare that the nature of the
said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, are fully
described and ascertained in and by the present.Specification thereof, reference
being had to the Drawings hereunto annexed, that is to say :-
Firstly, our improvements in producing and applying heat have relation to
heating chiefly by gas (such as is commonly used for lighting), and consist in
certain new arrangements and dispositions whereby the heating effect of the
gas is augmented, and those residual deposits prevented which have heretofore
impeded the application of gas heat to manufacturing and domestic purposes.
As coal gas is now ordinarily used for lighting, and in most cases in which it
has been applied to heating the gas has been brought into combination with
the atmospheric air at or near to the point of ignition, or, in other words, on its
emission from the burners, and any previous intermixture of the one with the
other is carefully avoided, but we have ascertained that a great encrease of
heating effect may be imparted to the gas by an intermixture of atmospheric
air with it before it's emission from the burners, and this not only without
incurring any additional expence, but with a considerable saving in the con-
sumption, and, by the adoption of suitable arrangements such as herein-after
described, without the least danger or inconvenience. The prevailing practice
also in burning coal gas for heating has been to bring it at a low temperature
into combination with the atmospheric air, whereas it appears that the carbon
of the coal gas does not combine with the oxygen of the atmosphere, and
become thereby capable of combustion, until it has reached a temperature of
about 700° Fahrenheit, and that consequently a large portion of the
gas must
escape unconsumed while that degree of heat is being attained (that is, after
the emission of the gas from the burners, and before its actual inflammation).
Our arrangements for heating with gas are therefore so made that the shall
be raised to a very high temperature before issuing from the burners, and
sometimes also we raise the atmospheric air to a like high temperature before
or during its intermixture with the gas. Again, the burners are commonly so
constructed as to project the gas in vertical streams, which facilitates the
escape of the particles of carbon in an unconsumed state (smoke or soot),
some falling back upon the burners and, clogging the same, and others settling
on the roof or walls of the apartment where the gas is used. We remedy this
gas

page_text: objection by projecting it in all cases from the point of ignition in lateral or
horizontal (instead of vertical) streams, or as nearly so as conveniently
may be.
By these several improvements, namely,-first, intermixing atmospheric air
with the gas previous to its emission from the burners; secondly, heating the
gas and air both or one or other of them previous to emission from the
burners; and, thirdly, giving a lateral or horizontal direction to the streams of
gas issuing from them,-the different elements are brought into such a state
of readiness for perfect combustion at the moment of inflammation that the
utmost amount of heat obtainable from them is realized without any deposit
whatever of smoke or soot taking place (unless in the case of the supply of
gas being in excess). Of the manner of carrying these improvements into
effect the following are exemplifications:-
Figure 1 is a sectional elevation of a gas burner constructed on our plan.
A is a tube which is closed at top and perforated at bottom with numerous
lateral apertures c, c. B is a gas supply tube which passes up the centre of A,
and is open at top. The action of this burner (after it has been once
lighted) is as follows: The gas entering by the tube B, ascends to the top
and flows over into the surrounding tube A, and issues out at bottom through
the apertures c, c, where it is ignited, having, in its progress to that part,
become heated by the external air forcing the flame against the outer sides of
the tube A.
Figure 2 is an elevation of a burner, in which the gas is heated and then
intermixed with atmospheric air previous to its emission from the burner. A
is an air tube; B is the gas supply tube which is inserted into A, carried to
near the top of that tube and then recurved downwards, terminating below in
a close end with numerous holes, through which the gas escapes into the sur-
rounding tube, and becomes there intermixed with atmospheric air. C, C,
apertures at the top of A, at which the mixture of gas and air is ignited.
The gas by being thus carried through the centre of the burner is in a heated
state when it combines with the atmospheric air.
A modification of the preceding arrangements for a burner is shewn in
Figure 1, of which Figure 2ª is a cross section on the line A, B. Here the
gas is introduced from the supply pipe a into an innermost central tube b,
which is closed at top and surrounded by an air tube f. The gas flows over
the top of 6 into the tube f, and unites there with the atmospheric air ascend-
ing from below, the combined gas and air then pass off through the side branch
pipes c and d to the burner, which has lateral jet apertures, both inside and out-
side. To guard against any chance of explosion at the first lighting of the
..

page_text: burners (Figure 1ª and Figure 2 and others similarly constructed), the gas
apertures should be covered either inside or outside, or both, with fine wire
gauze.
Figures 3 and 4 exhibit a second modification, in which the gas is
admitted at the top of a vertical tube A, descends that tube as far as a
(where a partition divides the tube into two compartments, an upper and
lower), then passes off by a two-way branch pipe A' into a hollow button B,
placed immediately over the chimney C of the burner, whence it returns
in a highly heated state into the under compartment of the shaft A, from
which it passes to the burner D. In this arrangement the gas is merely
heated previous to inflammation, without any preparatory admixture with
atmospheric air.
Figure 5 represents a blow pipe constructed on the same plan as the burner
represented in Figure 2. F is a chimney which encloses the burner, and is
open at bottom to admit of an external supply of atmospheric air to the side
jet apertures b, b. E is a slit in the top of the cylindrical burner B, through
which the accumulated flame from the jets b, b, ascends, and G the mouth of
the blow pipe by which the flame is directed on any object desired to be
subjected to it.
Figure 6 is a vertical section of what we term a "tubular burner," from its
consisting of a number of small tubes enclosed in one cylindrical casing, and
Figure 7 is a cross section of the same through the tubes. D, D, are the
small tubes which occupy the upper part of the casing E, and are there secured
by insertion at top and bottom into perforated plates a and b; each of these
tubes is perforated at its lower end with numerous side apertures d, d, and
the casing E is either left open at bottom or perforated with a circle of air
holes at or about c. The case E is surrounded by an outer air casing C,
which is open at bottom, and the gas supplied from a pipe B inserted into that
outer casing about midway from the top. The gas on entering at C unites
there with the ascending current of atmospheric air, the combined gas and air
pass through the holes e, e, into the chamber G (formed by the perforated
plates a and b), and from thence through the apertures d, d, where they are
ignited, being lighted from the top. The burner last described may be used
for gas only, without any admixture of atmospheric air, by omitting the outer
casing C, in which case the burner may be lighted from either the top or
.bottom.
Figure 8 is a longitudinal section, and Figure 9 a cross section of another
tubular burner, in which the gas is heated previous to its emission from the
burner. The burner consists of two deeply corrugated plates of metal joined

page_text: together at the edges, and perforated along their lower ends at C, C, as shewn.
A is the gas supply pipe, which is carried along the top of the burner, and
introduced into the burner at B.
Figure 10 shews a modification of the burner last described, in which the.
gas, after being carried over the top of the burner, and so heated, is carried.
downwards on the opposite side and introduced into the middle of an air tube
(C), so that the heated gas may mingle with the ascending atmospheric air.
before admission to the burners.
Figure 11 shews the application of our system of heating by gas to an
Italian iron. A is a pedestal supporting a hollow pillar A', which has a circle,
of air holes a, near to the bottom, and opens at top into the iron R, which is
divided in the interior into six compartments E and F, as shewn in Figure 12,
which is a cross section of Figure 11 on the line H, I. Gas is introduced by.
means of a flexible tube B, or otherwise, into a tube C, in the centre of the,
hollow pillar A', flows over the top of that tube and descends a second tube.
D, which surrounds or is inverted upon the other; from the bottom of D it
issues through a number of lateral jets, which being ignited (through an.
aperture in the side of the pillar A', not shewn in the Drawing) heat the,
column of atmospheric air ascending the hollow pillar from below. The air so
heated enters the under compartments E, E, E, of the iron, and returns thence.
along the upper compartments F, F, F, from whence it passes off into the
cap G, and thence into the atmosphere.
Figure 13 represents an apparatus on the same principle as the preceding:
for heating curling tongs by gas. B is a hollow pillar or shaft, which has
near to the bottom a circle of air holes a, and terminates at top in a burner C,.
over which is dropped a box D of a T form, for holding the tongs. The gas
is introduced from à pipe or tube A, into the hollow pillar B, near to the part.
B, and becomes there intermixed with atmospheric air before ascending into
the burner. The box for holding the irons is constructed in the manner
separately shewn in Figure 14 (an end view), and Figure 15 (a side view)..
The vertical portion F consists of a single tube with a side opening at E,
through which the burner is lighted, but the cross part at top consists of two
tubes one within the other, the inner one being for holding the tongs and the
outer for containing the air by which the tongs are heated. The same appa-
ratus may be also used for heating Italian or gauffering irons, the Italian irons
being made of solid or hollow. metal, which may be coated with enamel to fit.
the inner cross tube.
Figure 16 represents a burner for heating by gas, of a construction different.
from any of those before described. A is the gas supply pipe, and B the

page_text: burner, which consists of a tube (which may be either flat or round), and is
perforated at the sides below the axial line, and enveloped in a covering of wire
gauze. The interposition of the wire gauze produces a considerable encrease
of heating effect, which we suppose to arise from its causing an intermixture of
more or less atmospheric air with the gas previous to ignition. When the gas
is mixed with atmospheric air previous to ignition, and it is desirable to have
á means of regulating the respective supplies of each, a regulating apparatus,
such as shown in Figure 17, may be adopted. G is the tube which conveys
the mingled gas and air to the burner; F the gas supply pipe from an aperture
(E), in which the gas passes into the tube G, and A' is the air pipe; B is a
flat plate of metal, which is centred on a spring hinge C, and when down
exactly covers the air tube A'; D is a wing which projects from the top of
the plate B, and when the plate is thrown up, works across the face of the gas
aperture E, so as either to close or open the same. As long:
as the
gas remains:
at a right working pressure the plate B remains up, and the wing D removed
from over the orifice E, but as soon as the pressure of the gas becomes in.
excess it shuts down the plate B, which causes the wing D to close the
orifice E.
Figures 18, 19, 20, and 21 exhibit the parts of an apparatus for heating by
gas, constructed on the same principle as that shewn in Figure 16.. A is an air
tube; B a gas supply tube, which is inserted at A, at about the middle of it, so
that the gas may intermix with the atmospheric air in its ascent; and D the
burner, which is mounted on the top of A, and consists of two flat plates of
metal (with a small space between them for the gas) perforated with several
rows of holes at their lower ends, and covered with sheets of wire gauze, one,
two, or more, as exemplified in Figures 19 and 20 (we find three sheets to
answer best, each a little wider in the meshes than that beneath it). The
plates and gauze sheets are secured together by rivets r, r, as shewn in
Figure 20. The jets of gas when lighted produce one entire sheet of intense
flame on the outside of the gauze. Burners such as that just described may
used with great convenience and economy for roasting, toasting, and grilling.
Instead of intermixing atmospheric air with the gas. by any of the modes
before described, the same effect may be obtained, though perhaps with less
certainty, by the following method:-The burners may be perforated with rows
of holes encreasing in diameter by a regular gradation from a size too large to a
size just sufficient for the supply of gas; the effect of which arrangement will
be that the gas will, from its superior levity, rise to the top and be consumed at
the smaller apertures, while the atmospheric air will rush in through the larger
holes below, and furnish a constant succession of oxygen to assist the com-
be

page_text: bustion. But in adopting this arrangement care must be taken to cover the
holes either inside or outside, or both, with wire gauze, to prevent the gas from
issuing too copiously from the upper holes.
Figures 22, 28, 23, and 24, represent an apparatus for heating and cooking.
B is an air tube, and A a gas supply tube, both as in the preceding apparatus ;
Ca circular burner with perforated cross bars D; D (as shewn in Figure 23*),
into which the mixture of gas and air ascends, where it is ignited; E an
opening through which the products of combustion, after playing round the
kettle G or saucepan H (both made of a conical form, in order that they may
fit the opening in F, and get the benefit of as much of the heat as may be),
pass under a hot plate F towards the chimney.
Figure 25 represents a stove for cooking or baking. A is a burner; B air
passage; C chamber where the gas and air combine before passing into the
burner; F a hot plate; E a sliding cover, which opens and closes an opening D
in the hot plate; and G the oven. The volume of flame and heat produced
by the burner circulates first under the hot plate, and then around and under
the oven in the direction of the arrows, and finally passes off into the chim-
ney H.
A gridiron may be inserted through the air passage B below the
burner, where the heat will be found sufficient for boiling or other similar
purposes.
.
Figure 26 is a sechonal elevation, Figure 27 a plan, and Figure 28 a side
view, partly in section, of an apparatus for heating beer and other liquors. A is
a gas supply pipe, which opens into an air tube B; c, c, are the burners where
the mixture of gas and air is ignited; D, D, tubes, which are placed imme-
diately over the burners, and carry off the products of combustion through the
pipe D (Fig. 26); E, E, vessels for holding the liquors to be heated, which
are kept surrounded by water; and F; F, F, cocks by which the heated
liquors are drawn off.
Figure 29 is an elevation, partly in section, of an apparatus for warming
conservatories, libraries, galleries, halls, and other like apartments, by hot
water. A is a flat, rectangular vessel, which contains the water; B the burner,
which is constructed in the manner represented in Figure 45 and 46, and
afterwards particularly described; B', a tube which conveys the column of
heated air from the burner through the vessel A; and C, a small tube which is
carried back from A through the hot air tube B, and conveys the colder
portions of the water which are continually descending to the bottom towards
the source of heat. D, D, are stays for strengthening the tube A against any
pressure which miay arise from the head of water in the cistern from which it is
supplied. E represents (in dotted lines) an escape flue for the products of com-

page_text: bustion that may be made either at that or any other convenient part of the
apparatus.
Figures 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, and 36 shew the application of the improved
system of heating to a cooking apparatus on a large scale. In this case two
burners are used of the same construction as those represented in Figures 18,
19, 20, and 21, and before described, and these are placed one on each side of
the roasting apparatus, as shewn at A, A, in Figure 30 (while the roasting is
going on the burners may be protected by a screen shewn in Figure 34, or by
doors, as shewn in Figure 35). The volume of heated air ascending from
.these burners is made to circulate under the hot plate and round the oven B, as
represented in Figure 31. In the hot plate there is an opening O on one side
(Fig. 33) for holding a stewing pan or other vessel (see Figure 32). The
way in which the two volumes of heated air arising from the burners are led
off in different directions is shewn in Figure 36. D is a partition plate, and
Fa flue or chimney, in which the two currents terminate.
Figure 37 is a vertical section of a tubular boiler; Figure 38 a cross plan
and section of the same through the lower part of the tubes. A, A, are tubes
by which water is conveyed from a tap G to the bottom of the boiler B, which
is of a cylindrical form, but has a convex top and concave bottom, both of
which are made double. C, C, are a series of vertical conical tubes which
"connect the top and bottom of the vessel B, and are open below to the volumes
of heat ascending from the burner N, and surrounded on all sides by the water
in B. E is a tap for drawing off the water thus heated.
Figures 39, 40, and 41 shew the application of our system of heating to a
horse-singeing apparatus. Figure 39 is a side view of the apparatus. A is a
union joint with flexible tube for attaching to a gas main or other source of
gas supply. B is a tube within which the gas tube is inserted, having a space
between through which the atmospheric air flows up into the handle E, which
is made hollow. The gas is let on by means of the cocks D, mixes with the
atmospheric air in the handle, and passes out at the edge F, where it is
ignited.
Figure 40 is a section of the cock D at the handle end; and Figure 41 a
front view of the singer with currycomb attached.
Figures 42, 43, 44, 45, and 46 shew how a bath may be heated on the
same plan. Figure 42 is a side elevation of the bath; Figure 43 a front
view in perspective of the heating apparatus, which is made separate from the
bath, but attachable to it at pleasure; Figure 44 a longitudinal section (on
an enlarged scale), and Figure 45 a transverse section of the heating apparatus;
and Figure 46 a perspective view of a set of burners suitable for the same.
P

page_text: The water is first introduced from a supply pipe C into an outer casing of the
heating apparatus or boiler, as it may be called, descending which it enters
through two lateral converging tubes E, E, into a bottom chamber G, whence
it ascends through a number of vertical tubes B, B, into a chamber H at top,
from which it flows over through the tube I into the bath J. The burners by
which the water is heated in its progress consist of rectangular flat tubes
similar to those represented in Figures 18, 19, 20, and 21, and before described,
and they are placed between the water tubes B, B. K is a waste water tap,
M a pipe by which the heating apparatus and bath communicate, and L is a
cock by which that pipe is shut or closed. By shutting off the water tap (K)
and opening the tap L, a continuous circulation of the water from the bath and
through the boiler may be kept up till any degree of heat required is attained.
The handle N (Figure 43) communicates with the tap C; and on the opposite
side (but not, shewn in the Drawing) there is another similar handle connected
with the tap L. When it is desired to detach the heating apparatus from the
boiler, all that is necessary is to unscrew the nut O and union R (Figure 44).
Figure 47 is a front elevation, Figure 48 a vertical section, and Figure 49
a transverse vertical section, of another form of apparatus for heating water,
&c., either for baths or domestic use. The water enters from a supply pipe B
into a receiving cistern C, whence it descends through an outer casing D, D,
and converging tubes O, O, into a bottom chamber E, from which it rises
through a series of round tubes F, F, and flat tubes H, H, into an upper
chamber H, from which it is drawn off for the bath or other service. The
round tubes F and flat tubes H are placed in alternating order, as shewn in
Figure 50. The latter are inserted at the upper and lower ends into the
curved chamber a, a, and they are divided internally by diagonal wires, b, b,
(Figure 52) in order that the current of water may be divided in its progress
upwards, G, G, G, are the burners, of which there is one placed between
every two tubes; L the gas supply pipe, and K an air pipe, into which the gas
pipe is inserted, and where the gas obtains an intermixture of atmospheric air
before passing to the burners.
Figure 50 is a section of the above apparatus on the line c, d. M is a pan
for the reception of any water which may condense from the gas.
:
Figure 51, a section of it on the line a, b, and Figure 52 a vertical section
of one of the water spaces H, through which the water ascends from the
bottom chamber E to the top chamber H¹.
Figure 53 is a horizontal cross section, and Figure 54 a vertical section, of
a burner suitable for heating purposes generally. It consists of three double

page_text: burners and two single burners, F, F, of the same construction as those
represented in Figures 18, 19, 20, and 21, and before described, that is to
say, of three interior burners which are perforated with gas jet holes on both
sides, and two outer ones which are perforated on one side only. A is a gas
tube, and B an air tube, the mixed supplies from which ascend through an
opening C, and pass round the space D until they reach E, where they enter
in a highly heated state into the burners through the end apertures 9, 9,
(Figure 53). G is a tube for the supply of atmospheric air to the burners
through the openings H, H.
Figure 55 is a vertical section, and Figure 56 a front elevation, of an
apparatus for heating soldering irons or copper bits by means of gas, or a
mixture of gas and atmospheric air. A, A, are the burners, which are supplied
with gas and air by an arrangement of tubes similar to that used in the last
apparatus and others before described. B, B, are two hollow cases placed
immediately over the burners for holding the irons or bits, and which may be
composed either of perforated tubes or of strips of metal wound spirally into
a tubular form, with open spaces between the convolutions, or of a series of
rings, with open spaces between them, connected by longitudinal rods.
Figure 57 is a vertical section, Figure 58 a horizontal section, on the line
A, B, and Figure 59 a horizontal section on the line C, D, of a boiler for
ordinary purposes. The cold water enters by a pipe E, passes down the
middle of the boiler and through the centre of the burner F into a chamber
G at the bottom, whence it is returned by tubes H, H, into the body of the
boiler, which is divided by radial partitions into a number of hot air spaces
J, J, and water spaces J, J', after circulating through the bottom of which
the water ascends into a chamber K at top, from which it is drawn off
at L. The burner F is made of a construction corresponding to the radial
form of the boiler, so that it may furnish supplies of heated air to each of the
spaces J, J, between the radial partitions of the body of the boiler. M is the
gas supply pipe, and N the escape flue.
Figure 60 represents a portable apparatus suitable for roasting or boiling,
which is formed by the union in one apparatus C, of two flat rectangular
burners (A, B), of the kind represented in Figures 18, 19, 20, and 21, and
before described. Each burner turns upon a hinge as shewn at D and E. The
gas is supplied through the tube F, passes through the joint E, rises up the tubes
indicated by dotted lines, on escaping from which it mixes with atmospheric
air and then enters the burner. The meat to be roasted or broiled is placed
opposite the burner or burners, and by bringing the two burners parallel to

page_text: one another it may be cooked on both sides at one and the same time. The
process in either way is much more rapid and more cleanly than when the
meat is cooked in the usual way in front of or over an open coal fire.
Figure 61 is a vertical section of a tubular boiler, differing in some material
respects from all those before described. A is the boiler, which is made of a
conical form; B a circular burner, and C, C, C, a set of concentric spiral
tubes which are placed over the burner, and communicate at their lower ends
with the bottom of the boiler, and at their upper ends with the top, whereby a
complete circulation of the water is maintained throughout. The water is
supplied cold by the tube D, and drawn off when heated by the tap E. The
products of combustion pass off through the flue F.
:
Figure 62 is a vertical section of a baking and cooking apparatus of a
very simple and compact construction. A is an outer casing, C the oven, B a
circular burner, the heat ascending from which between A and C impinges
against and heats the sides of the oven. The outer casing is closed in at top;
but there are openings in the covering in or over which saucepans and other
like vessels may be placed; the saucepans may be heated by a separate burner
if necessary. The heated air, after circulating under the top covering, escapes
up the chimney D. E is a box for the reception of any dripping which may
fall from the ovens.
Figures 63, 64, and 65 are intended to shew how our new system of heating
may be applied in dwelling houses where open fires are now used, and where
it may be desired to substitute gas for coal, but without materially altering the
appearance of the fireplace in other respects. Figure 63 is an elevation, and
Figures 64 and 65 sectional elevations of an arrangement suitable for the
purpose. The burner is made flat, like those represented in Figures 18, 19;
20, and 21, but of a semicircular form, and in one or more divisions (like the
bars of a grate), and behind the burner there is a chamber C filled with
pieces of pumice stone, broken china, or other materials of great heat-absorbing
properties. The top. A projects a little beyond the front of the burner, so as
to conceal from view a flue through which the products of combustion pass off
into a number of radial passages (indicated by the dotted lines) which termi-
nate in the chimney.. Atmospheric air is admitted by perforations at D,
ascends through the heat-absorbing materials in the brick chamber C; and
5 enters the chamber in a warm state through the apertures at E, E.
Figure 66 is an elevation partly in section of a gas stove suitable for halls,
churches, lecture rooms, &c.; A is the gas supply pipe, and B the burner. The
products of. combustion ascend through the central chamber C, are returned
downwards through an outer casing H, which is divided by partition plates

page_text: into a number of radial spaces D, D, and collect at bottom in a chamber
formed by the plates E and F, whence they pass off through the pipe G into
the chimney.
Figure 67 is a section on the line H, I, of this apparatus, and Figure 68
a plan of the lower plate E, in recesses in which the partition plates of the air
spaces D, D, rest, being well packed there with sand.
Figure 69 is an elevation of a gas stove formed in the shape of a vase,
which may be placed in the centre of a room, and Figure 70 a vertical
section of the same. A is the gas supply pipe; B, B, the burners which
surround the bottom part of the vase in the form of a circlet of leaves. C, a
space left between the burners and the upper part of the vase, which receives
the products of combustion, and from which they are carried off through a
central descending tube F, continued into the chimney. The upper and under
portions of the vase D, D, are filled with pumice stone or some other heat-
absorbing materials, which become speedily heated by the gas and retain
for a long time the heat imparted to them. E, E, are openings in the sides of
the vase through which a supply of atmospheric air enters from the room, and
G, G, apertures through which that air, after being warmed by the absorbent
materials in D, is again returned into the apartment. In a large room this gas
vase may be placed in the focus of a reflector, as indicated by the dotted lines
H; I, which will serve the reflect the rays of heat to the opposite sides of the
apartment, and by elongating the tube K. sufficiently downwards the gas may
be readily mixed with atmospheric air previous to ignition, and a further
increase of heating effect be thus obtained.
In all the preceding exemplifications we have supposed coal gas to be that
employed, but it will be readily understood that we do not limit ourselves to
the use of that gas alone, since our improvements in the application of gas
to heating purposes are equally applicable whatever be the description of gas
made use of. Where the burners are much confined, as in Figures 45 and 48:
it is sometimes difficult to light them; in such instances, therefore, it is desir-
*able so to construct them as to draw out partially before lighting. We prefer
using as a material for the burners (where practicable) an artificial stone, com
posed of the silicates of potash, or alumina and sand, or, of other like suitable
materials.
'
The improvements which we claim in respect of this first branch of our
Invention are as follows:-
First, we claim the encreasing of the heat obtainable from gas (from whatever
substance or substances such gas may be derived, by intermixing atmospheric air
with the gas previous to its emission from the burners, and by heating the gas

page_text: and air both or either of them also previous to such emission, and by passing
the same through lateral apertures only in the said burners. And we claini
also each of the said methods by itself independently of the others.
Second, we claim the applying of heat from gas by means of burners con-
structed as represented in Figures 1, 2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 16, 18, 19,
20, 21, 53, 54, and respectively before described.
Third, we claim the construction of gas burners for heating purposes of a
mixture composed of the silicates of potash, or alumina and sand, or other like
suitable materials.
Fourth, we claim the blow pipe of the improved description represented in
Figure 5, and before described.
Fifth, we claim the constructing of Italian irons in the manner represented
in Figures 11 and 12, and before described.
Sixth, we claim the construction of apparatus for heating curling irons in
the manner represented in Figures 13, 14, and 15, and before described.
Seventh, we claim the construction of gas and air regulators in the manner
represented in Figure 17, and before described.
Eighth, we claim the construction of apparatuses for heating, cooking, and
warming in any of the modes represented in Figures 22, 23, 23, 24, 25, 26,
27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 60, 62, 63, 64,
65, 66, 67, 68, 69, and 70, before described.
Ninth, we claim the construction of boilers of any of the forms represented
in Figures 37, 38, 57, 58, 59, 61, and respectively before described.
Tenth, we claim the horse-singeing apparatus represented in Figures 39,
40, and 41, and before described.
Eleventh, we claim the bath-heating apparatus represented in Figures 42,
43, 44, 45, and 46, and before described.
And, twelfth, we claim the apparatus for heating soldering irons and
copper bits, represented in Figures 55 and 56, and before described.
Secondly, our Invention has relation to the application of heat to the air
furnaces used for smelting purposes, and consists in the introduction into the
stream of atmospheric air and intermixture therewith previous to its emission
from the tuyere of a portion of carburetted hydrogen gas, whereby the heat
generated in the furnace will be greatly encreased in amount and intensity.
The gas pipe should be introduced into the blowing cylinder, and should be
provided with a stopcock to enable the gas to be let on or shut off at pleasure;
and it should be of such diameter in relation to the atmospheric air pipes as
at no time to admit of an intermixture of more than twenty per cent. of
carburretted bydrogen gas.

page_text: .
And in respect of this second branch of our Invention, what we claim is,-
The employment in smelting air furnaces of an intermixture of carburetted
hydrogen gas with the column of atmospheric air.
Thirdly, our Invention, in so far as it relates to engines to be worked by
steam or other elastic fluid, has reference to what are commonly called rotary
engines, and consists in a new and improved arrangement and combination of
parts, whereby the excessive friction and inequality of wear common to such
engines are wholly obviated, or nearly so, and all the advantages of direct
action are obtained from them without any material abatement.
Figure 71 is a longitudinal section, and Figure 72 a cross section, of an
engine of this improved construction. A is a cylinder, which is mounted
on a central shaft E. This cylinder is closed at its two ends by flanged
plates B, B, to which are attached two stuffing boxes C, C, through which the
shaft is passed. D, D, are glands for tightening the packing of the stuffing
boxes. I is a cylindrical ring of considerably smaller diameter than the
.cylinder A, which moves excentrically, within it in manner to be presently
explained. J is a guide arm or leaf which projects from the ring I, and works
to and fro (as the ring describes its excentric movements) in a-recess M on
one side of the cylinder A. F is a steam stop blade which projects from the
central shaft E, and is enclosed in the ring I, with the interior surface of
which it is kept in close contact by means of a packing W. G, G, are two
flanged plates, which are attached to the stop blade F, and are enclosed within
the ring I, one on each side. N is a port by which steam is admitted into
the main cylinder A. La passage in the end of the guide arm J, by which
the used steam passes off into the eduction port T. P, Q, R (Figure 1),
passages on one side of the ring I and arm J, by which a portion of steam is
conveyed from the main cylinder A, and through the central shaft into the
interior of the excentric ring I; and T, V, passages on the opposite side of the
arm J, by which the steam may flow freely out again from the excentric ring I
as occasion may require. The action of the engine is as follows:-The steam
being admitted through the induction port N, into the cylinder A, on one side of
the arm J, (say into the space O as represented in Figure 72), presses on that
side against the exterior of the excentric ring I, and carries it round along
with the shaft E and steam stop F in the direction of the arrows, pressing the
excentric ring at the same time into close contact at the furthest opposite
point with the inner face of the cylinder A. The rotary movement thus
imparted to the excentric cylinder and shaft continues till they have completed
one revolution, and the other end of the stop F comes opposite the eduction
port T, when on the slightest farther angular movement the used steam

page_text: escapes through the passage L to the port T, and room is made for a fresh
supply through the induction pipe N to produce another like revolution of the
shaft, and so on continuously. The only dead point which occurs in each
revolution is while the steam stop F is passing the recess M, but the effect of
this in a great measure, if not entirely, counteracted by the steam, which is
constantly flowing into and from the interior of the ring I, through the
passages P, Q, R, and T, V. A small fly-wheel may be added to equalize
still more effectively the action of the engine.
Figures 73, 74, 75, and 76 are separate representations of different parts of
this engine. Figure 73 is a side elevation of the central shaft E with its
steam stop blade F. Figure 74, a section on the line A, B; of Figure 73,
shewing the blade packing W and steam passage R. Figure 75, an end
elevation, and Figure 76 a part elevation, of the cylinder I and guide arm J.
A method of packing the guide,arm J, which may be adopted instead of that
shewn in Figures 75 and 76, is represented in Figure 77 (cross section), and,
Figure 78 (plan). B is a block in which the arm terminates. A, a passage
cut out of one side of the block for the escape of the steam, and d, metallic
packing on, the opposite, side, which works against the inside of the recess M.
Or, instead of either of the modes before described of packing the guide arm;
F, the following may be substituted :-Between the flange plates G, G, and the
inside of the ring I, there may be introduced, as represented in Figure 79 (an
end elevation) and Figure 80 (a front elevation), a conical ring a (either slit
or not), provided with a feather 6 to take into a groove in the cylindrical ring.
This feather will prevent the conical ring from turning round on the end plates
G, G, and yet allow of its being pressed up tight into its place by means of
screws c, c, c, whose heads are countersunk in the ring, and reached (when
required to be turned), by means of a key passed through corresponding holes
in the end cover B of the cylinder A, which holes are at other times kept
closed by screws, plugs, or caps. To reverse an engine of this description all
that is necessary is to use the induction as eduction passages, and vice versa.
It may be worked too either as a low or high pressure engine, or as a high
pressure expansive and condensing one. And it may also be readily adapted
to use as a pump for raising or forcing water, or exhausting and condensing air.
What we claim in respect of this third branch of our Invention is as
follows:
First, we claim the peculiar arrangement and combination of parts of
which the rotary engine before described consists; that is to say, the combi-
nation of a cylinder and cylindrical ring, one working excentrically within the
other, the latter carrying round with it the working shaft and steam stop blade