IMPROVEMENTS I THE MANUFACTURE OF A GLUTINOUS AND VISCOUS SUBSTANCE OR DEXTRINE TO BE USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER, AND IN DRESSING TEXTILE FABRICS. BY WHICH GREATER TENACIOUSNESS, SMOOTHNESS OF SURFACE, AND BODY IS OBTAINED
Year: 1858

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Stephens Hayward, of Wittenham House.
Abingdon, in the County of Berkshire, Gentleman, for the Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS I THE MANUFACTURE OF A GLUTINOUS AND VISCOUS SUBSTANCE
OR DEXTRINE TO BE USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER, AND IN DRESSING
TEXTILE FABRICS. BY WHICH GREATER TENACIOUSNESS, SMOOTHNESS OF SURFACE,
AND BODY IS OBTAINED."
Sealed the 14th May 1859, and dated the 19th November 1858.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Stephens Hayward
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
19th November 1858.
I, WILLIAM STEPHENS HAYWARD, of Wittenham House, Abingdon, in the
County of Berkshire. Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF A GLUTINOUS AND VISCOUS
SUBSTANCE OR DEXTRINE TO BE USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER, AND IN
DRESSING TEXTILE FABRICS, BY WHICH GREATER TENACIOUSNESS, SMOOTHNESS OF
SURFACE. AND BODY IS OBTAINED," to be as follows:-
My Invention refers to a mode of preparing starch or such-like vegitable
compositions in such a manner that it shall become completely dissolved in
water, and more readily and thoroughly amalgamate and mix with any
description of pulp to be converted into paper, and as a body dressing for

page_text: textile fabrics, to be used in the ordinary manner. I prepare my starch made
from any description of meal or such like vegitable composition in the follow-
ing way, that is to say :-
I reduce the starch or such like mass to a fine powder by means of crushing
rollers or otherwise. I mix thoroughly with every one hundred parts of the
powder, two parts of nitric acid, one half part of sulphuric acid, and twenty-
five parts of water; and having thoroughly amalgamated and mixed them
When the com-
together in an earthen vessel, I expose it to dry in the air.
position is thoroughly dried, it is transferred to a sand bath or oven varing
from 150° to 200° F. heat; in the course of about two hours the whole of the
nitric and sulphuric acids are expelled, leaving a white powder, which powder
I mix in a sufficient quantity of water, heated to 160° F., which entirely
dissolves it, and it will then be found to consist of a transparent mucilaginous
Should the dextrine, from
gummy substance or dextrine of great strength.
either impurities of the starch composition or other causes, be not of a
sufficient whiteness, I add to it a small quantity of 'clorine water.
•
The proportion of the liquid starch or dextrine to be mixed with the pulp
must of course depend and be regulated by the quality of the paper to be
manufactured or the textile fabric to be dressed. By this method it will be
found that the starch compound is completely dissolved, leaving no sediment
thereby creating a great saving, and a mucilaginous liquid of a viscous nature,
purer coloure, greater strength, and quality than hitherto used fer these purposes,
producing a great change in the paper, giving it strength and smoothness and
a body and facing in dressing of textile fabrics.
I do not limit myself to the precise details herein described, as they may
be modified to suit the different kinds and qualities of the articles to be
manufactured
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said William Stephens Hayward in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 17th May 1859.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
STEPHENS HAYWARD, of Wittenham House, Abingdon, in the County of
Berkshire, Gentleman, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Nineteenth day of November, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight, in the twenty-second year of Her

page_text: reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors. give and grant unto me, the
said William Stephens Hayward, Her special licence that. I, the said William.
Stephens Hayward, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others
as I, the said William Stephens Hayward. my executors, administrators, and
assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others. from time to time and
at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully
might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF A GLUTINOUS AND VISCOUS SUBSTANCE OR
DEXTRINE TO BE USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER, AND IN DRESSING TEXTILE
FABRICS, BY WHICH GREATER TENACIOUSNESS, SMOOTHNESS OF SURFACE, AND BODY
IS OBTAINED," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said William
Stephens Hayward, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in
writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should par-
ticularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in
what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed
in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and imme-
diately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, theid William Stephens Hayward, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invè, on, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement, that is to say :-
It consists in the preparation and manufacture of a viscous or gummy
substance or dextrine, which I propose to make use of in the manufacture of
paper, and in some cases for dressing textile fabrics. The substance I make
use of to produce this is starch or starchy matters, obtained either from
potatoes, grain, or any of the leguminous plants, and the method by which I
operate upon or prepare this starch is as follows:-
I may here as well premise, however. that the great object to be attained by
the subsequently described process is to obtain a product from the starch or
starchy matters which will be partially soluable in water and possesses viscous
or gummy properties. First then I subject the starch to the action, of a weak
solution of nitric or nitro-sulphuric acid, sprinkling the latter over it; the
strength of this solution will vary and depend upon the quality of the starch
used; generally a useful preparation will be one of acid to twenty-five of
water, and the quantity of solution used may be about an eight or a tenth
of the mass of starch operated on. I then subject the whole mass to the
action of heat, and this preferably by an arrangement so that an equable
temperature may be maintained, as by a sand, air, or steam bath; I continue

page_text: the action of the heat until the liquor is evaporated, and so long as no change
takes place in the colour of the resulting product. I then remove it, and by
suitable means grind it down to a powder. In some cases when the color of
the powder is dark, I bleach it by any of the well-known means. It is now
in a state ready to be applied to the purposes before specified.
The mode of using it when it has to be applied to the manufacture of
paper is as follows:-I mix the powder last mentioned, which now resembles
in appearance and possesses the properties of a gum with two, three, or four
times its weight of water, so as partially to dissolve it, forming a clear viscous
or gummy mixture. If it is to be used in the manufacture of the finest and
whitest kinds of paper, I strain carefully this mixture so as to remove any
impurities which may remain, or any large undissolved mass. If this mixture
is to be used for coarser or darker papers less nicety is required. In this
state it may now be mixed with the paper pulp in the pulp chest in such
proportions as may be deemed advisable; this will generally be one part of
gummy substance to three or four or more of the pulp.
Having now described my Invention and the mode of obtaining, preparing,
applying, and using the same, I wish it understood that I do not claim as my
Invention the use and application of starch in the manufacture of paper, as I
am aware a peculiar preparation of the same article has been proposed to be
so used; but what I do claim and wish secured by the before in part recited
Letters Patent is, the peculiar mode of preparing or operating on starch so as
to produce a clear and light coloured viscous or gummy substance or dextrine,.
and the application of the said substance to the manufacture of paper and as
a dressing for textile fabrics, substantially as set forth in this Specification.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Stephens Hayward, have here-
unto set my hand and scal, this Sixteenth day of May, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine.
WILLIAM STEPHENS HAYWARD. (L.S.)
Witness,
JAMES WRIGHT,
21, Bridge Street, Blackfriars,
London.