matthewleechen/300YearsOfBritishPatents huggingface dataset:
AN IMPROVED APPARATUS OR LIQUOMETER FOR ASCERTAINING AND INDICATING THE STRENGTH OF LIQUIDS
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Richard Archibald Brooman at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
14th January 1865.-A communication from abroad by Claude Alphonse
Valson, of Grenoble, France.
I, RICHARD ARCHIBALD BROOMAN, of 166, Fleet Street, in the City of
London, Patent Agent, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "AN IMPROVED APPARATUS OR LIQUOMETER FOR ASCERTAINING AND INDICATING
THE STRENGTH OF LIQUIDS," to be as follows:-
This apparatus is intended for the testing of various liquids used in com-
merce, such as alcohols, wines, and generally all liquids of organic origin.
The apparatus is based on the action or principle of capillary tubes.
liquid rises in a capillary tube the height of the raised column depends on the
composition of the liquid; on the other hand, by means of tables or gauges
previously constructed, the measure of the height shows the composition of the
liquid.
The apparatus consists essentially of a capillary tube of about one-fiftieth of
an inch in diameter; it carries a double gauge or scale, one part in equal
divisions, the other in divisions corresponding to the different degrees of
the liquid under trial, alcohol for instance, if wine be the liquid experi-
mented on.
I do not limit myself to any particular arrangement of apparatus, but the
following is what I consider most convenient:-I close the vessel which
contains the liquid by a movable cover surmounted by a frame. A capillary
tube of about 3th of an inch in diameter, free to slide between holders formed

page_text: in the top of the frame and in the cover passes through the centre of the cover
and enters the liquid in the vessel; a gauge also passes through the cover, and
terminates at bottom in a point, to the level of which the liquid in the vessel
should be filled. The gauge is formed with a double scale, one scale being
divided into equal parts and the other into alcoholic degrees. A thermometer
also passes through the cover to indicate the temperature. I introduce a strip
of cardboard or other suitable material through a slot in the __top of the frame
to facilitate the reading off.
The action is as follows:-The liquid is poured into the vessel up to the
level indicated by the point of the gauge; it is drawn up into the capillary
tube, the height at which the liquid column stops is noted, and the gauge shows
the corresponding alcoholic degree.
A NEW OR IMPROVED COMPOSITION FOR COATING IRON OR WOODEN SHIPS' BOTTOMS
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Samuel Parry at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 16th August
1865.
I, SAMUEL PARRY, of No. 1, Leadenhall Street, in the City of London,
Master Mariner, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"A NEW OR IMPROVED COMPOSITION FOR COATING IRON OR WOODEN SHIPS' BOTTOMS,"
to be as follows:-
- Say, first paint over the bottom with zinc white mixed with oxide of iron'
and red lead; secondly, another coat of zinc white mixed with oxide of iron;
then mix and boil together the following ingredients, to be put on boiling
hot-20 galls. palm oil, 14 lbs. arsnic, 28 lbs. red lead, 2 galls. boiled oil,
3 lbs. black lead.
IMPROVEMENTS IN DRESSING LACE OR OTHER FABRICS
Year: 1865

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Ebenezer Dobson, of the Firm of Messieurs
W. and F. Dobson, of the Town and County of the Town of
Nottingham, Lace Dressers, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
DRESSING LACE OR OTHER FABRICS."
Sealed the 1st May 1866, and dated the 2nd November 1865.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Ebenezer Dobson at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 2nd
November 1865.
I, WILLIAM EBENEZER DOBSON, of the Firm of Messieurs W. and
F. Dobson, of the Town and County of the Town of Nottingham,
Lace Dressers, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN DRESSING LACE OR OTHER FABRICS," to be as follows:-
In dressing lace or other fabrics in lace-dressing machines it has been
usual heretofore to apply the dressing liquid or material on one side only of
the piece of lace or other fabric in the first instance, that side being the
upper side; and after this has been done the lace piece or other fabric has
been turned over and the dressing liquid or material applied to the other

page_text: side thereof. By this mode of dressing lace considerable waste of dressing
liquid or material is occasioned by the dropping of dressing liquid from the
roller (employed in laying it on) through the openings in the lace or fabric
to the floor underneath the dressing machine. Whereas, according to my
Invention, employ two or more rollers at the same time, one or more of
such rollers is, or are employed on the upper surface of the lace or other
fabric in course of being dressed, while one or more of such rollers is or
are employed on the under surface of the lace or other fabric in course of
being dressed. Thus a roller or rollers is or are employed at the same
time both on the upper and lower surfaces of the lace or other fabric. By
these means I greatly economise the dressing liquid or material, and I also
effect a saving of time and labour. I drive the rollers, used in this
Invention by hand or other power.
IMPROVEMENTS IN SAPETY APPARATUS FOR STEAM BOILERS
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by James Shepherd at, the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 2nd June 1865.
I, JAMES SHEPHERD, of Whitefield, in the County of Lancaster, Mechanic,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
SAPETY APPARATUS FOR STEAM BOILERS," to be as follows:-
I place a float of copper or other material inside the boiler and near to the
safety valve, I also secure to the shell of the boiler a tube projecting internally
and externally, and a rod secured to the said float passes up the said tube
and is attached to a small valve which opens downwards. With the chamber
above the valve a communication is made by means of a pipe or channel with
another vessel or chamber containing an elastic plate or sheet of india-rubber
or metal secured at its edge so as to be steam-tight or water-tight. A portion
of the before-named pipe or chamber immediately adjoining the said chamber
containing the elastic plate or sheet is enlarged so as to contain water, to
prevent the steam coming in contact with the plate or sheet if required. The
said plate or sheet acts on the safety valve either direct or by means of a
lever, and the safety valve may be weighted either inside or outside the boiler.
The rod attached to the float and valve is made of such a length that when
the water gets lower than is desirable or approaches a dangerous state the
float by its weight opens the valve and allows the steam to act on the before

page_text: named plate or sheet, and so lift 'the safety valve and liberate the steam from
the boiler and reduce the pressure. The object of the tube passing into the
interior of the boiler is to keep the float steady. I also place another small
valve in such a position that steam from underneath the first named small
valve may act upon it, and I weight the second named valve so that the same
or a few pounds greater pressure per square inch will be required to lift it
than will lift the safety valve, and the upper part of the second named valve
communicates with the pipe and chamber under the sheet or plate before
named. When the steam lifts the said small valve it passes to the chamber
under the sheet or plate and causes the safety valve to lift so that a greater
aperture is obtained for the escape of steam from the boiler than would be
available if the said safety valve was not lifted as described.
The object of my Invention is to prevent accidents to steam boilers by
the water getting too low or the steam getting higher than desirable. A
small hole is made in the pipe or channel before named for the purpose of
allowing the water to pass from under the elastic plate or sheet when the
float closes the small valve so that the safety valve may close when the
danger is passed. When the before named sheet or plate is made of india-
rubber a metal plate is placed over it which nearly fits the sides of the chamber
to prevent the india-rubber from bursting,
A NEW AND IMPROVED CEMENT
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Thomas Grason and James
O'Donoghue at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their
Petition, on the 7th November 1865.
We, THOMAS GRASON and JAMES O'DONOGHUE, both of Liverpool, in the
County of Lancaster, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"A NEW AND IMPROVED CEMENT," to be as follows:-
Our Invention is designed for the purpose of producing a new and improved
cement to be employed in the construction of buildings, and in ornamenting
the same externally and internally; also to be employed in the construction
of breakwaters, viaducts, railway bridges, and in the lining of iron vessels.
The component parts of the first portion of our Invention consist partly of
the refuse or waste discharged from the chemical works, and may be described
as follows:-Take of waste prussiate of potash three parts, waste potash four
parts, waste alkali four parts, soap or tanners' waste four parts, sulphate of
zine two parts, clay two parts. These when amalgamated into a pulp are
dried by artificial heat or exposure to the atmosphere, after which the amal-
gamation in its dried state is calcined in a furnace of ordinary construction
and then ground by edge runners or horizontal stones, it then becomes ready
for use, at which time it is "gauged" to about the consistency of mortar.
The second part of our Invention consists of a peculiar combination of
parts herein-after described, and constitutes in appearance a marble cement.
Take alabaster or sulphate of lime as a base, which must be saturated with
carbonate of ammonia four parts, baryta (a kind of lead) four parts, indigo one-

page_text: half part, tongstate of soda two parts; when the alabaster has been immersed
for two or three hours in this solution the whole is calcined and ground; it
then becomes ready for use, at which time it must be "gauged" to the
consistency of mortar.
The chief feature of the Invention consists in the composition and manu-
facture of a lasting and durable cement for the purpose herein-before
described out of the refuse thrown from chemical works.
IMPROVEMENTS IN SKATES
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Joseph Ingall Barber at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
25th August 1865.-A communication from abroad by James Green-
wood, residing at Halifax, Nova Scotia.
I, JOSEPH INGALL BARBER, of Sheffield, in the County of York, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN SKATES," to be
as follows, that is to say:-
The skates are rendered self-adapting to boots of different sizes by means
of expanding and contracting sole and heel clips or claws, which are
adjustable by screws. The sole clips or claws (which I prefer to make of
steel) slide laterally and the heel clips longitudinally.
IMPROVE-- MENTS IN PROPELLERS FOR SHIPS AND BOATS
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Richard Davies at the Office-
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 1st September
1865..
I, RICHARD DAVIES, of Green Neath, in the County of Glamorgan,..
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said: Invention for. ".IMPROVE--
MENTS IN PROPELLERS FOR SHIPS AND BOATS," to be as follows:-
My Invention relates to a new mode of propelling vessels, the propelling
power being produced by means of a force pump attached to the bottom of
the vessel, or at any other position more convenient.. The pump is made square-
at the bottom or under part, and it is there fitted with a square valve, which
is actuated by a lever and connecting rod. in such manner that whilst one-side
of the valve box is open the other is shut,.and vice versa. The sectional area.
of the opening of the valve box is much less than the sectional area of the plunger
of the pump.
The action of the apparatus is as follows:-Supposing the plunger. is
drawn and the valve closed on the left-hand side, the plunger in its upward
motion sucks water into the pump. If now the valve be reversed and the
right-hand side of the valve be closed, and the left be opened, the plunger in
going down presses or forces the water within the pump outwards with a
certain pressure against the water surrounding the vessel, which will return
the pressure in exactly the same degree, and cause the vessel to move.

page_text: This propelling arrangement may be placed in the vessel vertically, hori-
zontally, or at any other angle. The vertical propeller can be so arranged
that water may be sucked in through the same opening that it is forced out;
in this case the valve is dispensed with. The pumps may be made either
double or single acting, and in some cases I provide in the vessel channels
leading to the mouths or external openings of the pumps. The propellers
may be worked either by hand or by steam or other motive power machinery.
Iм- PROVEMENTS IN REAPING AND MOWING MACHINES
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Mark Audinwood at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 20th June
1865.
I, MARK AUDINWOOD, the younger, of Weston-upon-Trent, in the County of
Derby, Farmer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "Iм-
PROVEMENTS IN REAPING AND MOWING MACHINES," to be as follows:-
My Invention consists in the employment in front of the driving wheels of
reaping and mowing machines of a bracket or bar, or equivalent contrivance,
carrying at or near its lower end a small wheel, which runs along the ground
in advance of the driving wheels of the machine. The stem of the bracket or
bar slides vertically in one or more bearings secured to the draw pole or to
one of the shafts of the machines (where shafts are used), and at or near the
upper end of the bracket or bar, or equivalent contrivance, or to a projection
from the upper end, I hook the chain which suspends the knife or cutter
frame of the machine. The bracket bar or equivalent contrivance is
strengthened by a rod (capable of adjustment), and attached to or near the
lower end of the bracket bar or equivalent contrivance, and at or near the
fore end of the draw pole or shaft; the bracket or bar can be raised up and
held so raised by a set screw when the machine is not in use, or is being
drawn from place to place. When the machine is in use, and the chain is
adjusted, the wheel will raise or lower the knife or cutter frame so that the

page_text: machine will cut across ridges and furrows closer to the earth than heretofore,
and there will be no necessity for repeatedly stopping it to adjust the knives
or cutters to ridges or furrows, for when once set to the height required it will
cut down into the furrows and clear the ridges without tearing up or sticking
into them.
MENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF SIDE PROPELLERS FOR NAVIGABLE VESSELS
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Benedict Burchall at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 29th December
1865.
I, BENEDICT BURCHALL, of St. Helen's, in the County of Lancaster, Wine
Merchant, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF SIDE PROPELLERS FOR NAVIGABLE VESSELS," to be
as follows:-
The class of side propellers to which my improvements have reference is
that in which the axial line of the rotating driving shaft runs at or about
right angles to the keel of the ship or vessel, and in which the paddles or
floats at the circumference of the propellers or wheels are set to act at such
an angle in the water as shall throw or give a direction to it outwards and
away from or inwards and towards the sides of the ship, according as the
ship is being propelled ahead or astern. Such propellers may be placed at
any part of the sides of a ship or vessel. In war ships a convenient position
is close to the "dead wood" aft, for here they could be protected by over-
hanging shields or armour.
In constructing propellers according to my Invention I secure on the outer
ends of the driving shaft or shafts, by keys or otherwise, large bosses or centre
pieces of metal or other suitable material, the peripheries of which are formed
with grooves, recesses, or spaces, or the sides are formed with spaces of
suitable form to receive the ends of the paddles or floats. These paddles or
floats each as a whole resembles the lade of a screw propeller; by preference,-

page_text: however, I make the part which enters the water with both sides slightly
convex. After they are fitted into the grooves (where they may butt against
and support each other) or into the recesses or spaces they are secured by
through bolts and nuts or other means. The sides of the bosses or centre
pieces above mentioned are formed with or there are attached thereto two
saucer-like plates, having their convex surfaces on the outside
these project
a distance outwards from the shaft, and from their form come close together
at their peripheries on opposite sides of the blades, which they strengthen and
secure, and this is of great importance when the paddles or floats are not
provided with a strengthening ring at their extremities.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBONATE OF AMMONIA, AND IN THE UTILIZATION OF THE PRODUCT OBTAINED IN SUCH MANUFACTURE
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Astley Paston Price at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 25th
July 1865. A communication from abroad by Dr. Hugo Kunheim,
Chemical Manufacturer, of Berlin, in the Kingdom of Prussia.
I, ASTLEY PASTON PRICE, of 47, Lincoln's Inn Fields, in the County of
Middlesex, Consulting Chemist, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBONATE OF AMMONIA,
AND IN THE UTILIZATION OF THE PRODUCT OBTAINED IN SUCH MANUFACTURE," a
communication to me from abroad by Dr. Hugo Kunheim, Chemical Manu-
facturer, of Berlin, in the Kingdom of Prussia, to be as follows:-
The said improvements consist in the employment of carbonate of baryta
as a substitute for carbonate of lime now generally employed in conjunction
with muriate of ammonia for the production of carbonate of ammonia. The
residual chloride of barium resulting from this decomposition by the application
of heat may be employed for the production of sulphate of baryta or other
pigments, or may be employed for other useful purposes in the arts.
The foregoing decomposition with the production of carbonate of ammonia
and of chloride of barium may be effected in apparatus similar to that
now generally employed in the manufacture of carbonate of ammonia, as is
well understood.
AN IMPROVED METHOD OF TREATING FATTY MATTERS
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Samuel Childs at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 29th March
1865.
I, SAMUEL CHILDS, junior," of Malcolm Villa, Putney, in the County of
Surrey, Candle Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "AN IMPROVED METHOD OF TREATING FATTY MATTERS," to be as
follows:-
The object of this Invention is to obtain a more complete combination of
the lime and fats in the process known as lime saponification than has
heretofore been attained by the usual method. The advantages of this more
complete combination are, that the acid fats and glycerine are more com-
pletely developed, and that rancid neutral fats, such as palm oil, bone grease,.
or any other description of fat that combines too rapidly with the lime in the
usual process, and thereby gives a dark-colored and imperfect result, can be
so combined as to produce acid fats completely formed of nearly the same.
colors as the neutral fats used, so that bleaching processes may be perfectly
applied to them after "separation" of the lime from the fats by acids, and in
the case of palm oil and some other kindred fats the heat assists the operation
of bleaching agents introduced in the saponification.
In carrying out the above-named object I submit the solid or semi-solid
compounds of fats and lime produced in the saponification process to a high
temperature after the usual boiling is completed and the water drawn off,
which temperature may be made to reach any desired point short of decom-

page_text: position, namely, 400 degrees Fahrenheit. This I may effect in various
ways, viz., first, by driving a current of superheated steam through the mass
of lime soap when the saponification has been effected in an iron or other
suitable vessel baving a closed lid or cover, and when the water used in the
saponification has been withdrawn. Second, by placing the lime soap in one
or a set of iron or clay retorts properly set in a furnace, and there subjecting
it to the furnace heat. The pressure produced by the vapour of water set free
from the compound by the heat may be regulated by a proper safety valve in
connection with all the retorts in operation. Third, by placing the lime soap
in an oven or reverberatory furnace properly constructed, and there heating it
to the temperature desired.
IMPROVEMENTS IN STOVES FOR HEATING AIR SUPPLIED TO BLAST FURNACES
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Richard Howson at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 8th March.
1865.
I, RICHARD HOWSON, of Preston, in the County of Lancaster, Engineer, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN STOVES
FOR HEATING AIR SUPPLIED TO BLAST FURNACES," to be as follows:-
My improvements relate to the stoves which are used for heating the blast
before it enters the smelting furnace. In stoves hitherto used for this purpose
the air to be heated has been made to pass through pipes or chambers of
various forms; and it has been introduced and made to traverse through such
pipes or chambers for the most part in a direction parallel to the heated
surfaces thereof, so that a portion of the passing air might go through without
coming in actual contact with the heating surfaces. My improvements
consist in so arranging the pipes or chambers of stoves that the air to be
heated will impinge upon and come in forcible contact with the heated surface
or surfaces of the stove at about a right angle thereto, so that by this means
every portion of the air is brought in direct contact with the heating surface
or surfaces of the stove. I prefer to carry this into effect by introducing the
cold air into an inner chamber, which has a series of perforations so as to
direct it against the heated sides of an outer chamber at that part exposed to
the most intense heat of the fire.
AN IMPROVEMENT IN ENVELOPES
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Frederic Jenner at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 23rd December
1865.
I, FREDERIO JENNER, of the Firm of Jenner and Knewstub, of Saint James'
Street, in the City of Westminster, Manufacturers, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVEMENT IN ENVELOPES," to be as
follows:-
My Invention is intended to allow of the easy opening of envelopes, and
consists in forming perforations in any convenient part of the envelope, so that
it may be readily torn or divided. These perforations may be formed across
the gummed flap, or on one side, or across the top or bottom of the envelope,
and at both the back and front, or either, or they may be formed near one
corner of the envelope, or in fact in any desired position. The perforations
may be round, oval, diamond-shaped slits, or of any other suitable form.
IMPROVEMENTS IN DISINFECTING STABLES. AND CATTLE SHEDS, AND IN THE APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Gamgee at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 30th November
1865.
I, JOHN GAMGEE, of the Albert Veterinary College, Bayswater, in the
County of Middlesex, Professor of Veterinary Surgery, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN DISINFECTING STABLES.
AND CATTLE SHEDS, AND IN THE APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN," to be as
follows:-
This Invention relates to a simple and effective mode of disinfecting or
purifying the air of stables, cow-houses, or cattle sheds, and consists in the
employment for that purpose of any convenient form of receptacle com-
posed of perforated metal or other open or reticulated material for con-
taining any of the well-known or other disinfectants; this receptacle is
to be suspended inside the stable or cow-house near the ceiling or roof
thereof, and in some cases a series of gas jets or other burners may be
placed below or in contiguity with the receptacle with a view to increas-
ing the upward current of air, which will tend to draw the foul air through
the disinfecting material.
In order to expose the largest surface possible of disinfecting material to
the air, it is proposed to employ a number of perforated trays or shelves
arranged in tiers inside the receptacle, upon which trays or shelves the
disinfecting materials are placed.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN ARTIFICIAL FUEL
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Daniel Gallafent and Frederick
Pontifex at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their
Petition, on the 10th January 1865.
We, DANIEL GALLAFENT, of Stepney Causeway, in the County of Middlesex,
Engineer, and FREDERICK PONTIFEX, of Shoe Lane, in the City of London,
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN ARTIFICIAL FUEL," to be as follows:-
In the manufacture of artificial fuel heretofore no attention has been paid
to the shape of the blocks or forms into which it has been made, except in so
far as being in square blocks it will stow well and take up little room, but this
facility for packing so far from being to its advantage as a fuel, is, on the contrary,
a disadvantage as it is apt to lie too close in a fire or furnace for combustion,
and produces a large amount of smoke; whereas our Invention consists in so
making the pieces of artificial fuel that they will not pack or lie close together,
but will at all times preserve numerous and regular interstices between the
pieces or blocks, in whatever manner they may be thrown together. For this
purpose we find that a spherical form is the best adapted, but other forms may
be adopted, as as, for instance, the oblate spheroid or egg shape, or it may be
generally of such forms, but may be many sided. We make these pieces of
artificial fuel of a size adapted for the fire or furnace in which they are to be
consumed, spheres of one and a half inches diameter may be convenient for
the common house fire, while two and a half or three inches would be suitable

page_text: for furnaces. We compound this artificial fuel somewhat in the ordinary
manner, that is to say, by the agglomeration of small coal, either by hydraulic
other pressure, alone or in combination with tar, bitumen, peat, clay, or
other material that will tend to lengthen the duration of the coals in the
fire and assist in consuming the smoke; the principal cause of the con-
sumption of the smoke, however, being the regular interstices provided in the
burning mass, by reason of the form of the pieces of fuel beforo mentioned,
whereby air is intimately and freely admitted throughout the mass. Holes
may be made through the fuel balls if desired.
IMPROVE- KENTS IN SHEATHING IRON SHIPS
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Robinson Mulley at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 14th
June 1865.
I, WILLIAM ROBINSON MULLEY, Surveyor to Lloyd's Register of Shipping,
Plymouth, do hereby declare the nature of the said 'Invention for "IMPROVE-
KENTS IN SHEATHING IRON SHIPS," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in sheathing iron ships.
For this purpose I first sheath the bottom of the ship with wood, the wooden
planking being secured by rivets or screws or in other convenient manner.
Over the wooden sheathing I place a sheathing of sheet iron (either entire,
perforated, or in bands), and over this again I place a sheathing of zinc.
The iron and zinc sheets may be punched through together, and nailed at
the same time on to the wooden sheathing beneath.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MEANS OR METHOD OP SECURING OR FASTENING THE STIFFENERS OR SUPPORTS OF STAYS, CORSETS, AND OTHER SUCH LIKE ARTICLES OF DRESS
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Richard Langridge at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 13th May
1865.
I, RICHARD LANGRIDGE, of the Firm of George Langridge and Company, of
Temple Street, in the City and County of Bristol, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MEANS OR METHOD OP
SECURING OR FASTENING THE STIFFENERS OR SUPPORTS OF STAYS, CORSETS, AND
OTHER SUCH LIKE ARTICLES OF DRESS," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to certain improved methods of securing or fastening
the stiffeners or supports of stays, corsets, ladies' dresses, and other such like
articles of dress, whether such stiffeners or supports consist of steel, whale-
bone, or any other suitable material.
I propose to pierce a hole through the upper part of the stiffeners, and
when the same are inserted in the bone or other spaces of the stay, corset, or
other garment to fasten or secure them in position by metallic clips, consisting
of a thin ornamental or plain face plate, the upper and lower extremities of
which are provided with tabs; the lower tab is to be passed through the pocket
and stiffener, and is secured by bending pressure to the inside of the stay
or corset; the upper tab passing through the pocket, but over the top
of the stiffener, and being bent downwards behind the same. By these
means the stiffeners are prevented from rising and wearing through the
pockets as is usually the case. When it is required to wash or clean the stay

page_text: or corset, the tabs can be turned back and taken out in order to remove the
stiffeners. The Invention may also be applied as an ornament of articles of
dress.
AN IMPROVED ROAD SCRAPER
Year: 1865

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Smith, of Barnard Castle, in the County of
Durham, for the Invention of "AN IMPROVED ROAD SCRAPER."
Sealed the 17th November 1865, and dated the 30th May 1865.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Smith at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 30th
May 1865.
I, WILLIAM SMITH, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"AN IMPROVED ROAD SCRAPER," to be as follows:-
C, C, are the supporting wheels, and D, D, the axle; A, A, are the
scrapers which remove the mud from the road; P is a lever which raises the
scrapers (A) when necessary; N, N, is a movable bar attached to the
lever (P), by means of which the lever is enabled to raise the scrapers (A, A);
H, H, is the frame which keeps the scrapers in their position; and E, E, is
the hauling frame, by means of which the machine is drawn along the road.
I claim as new and original the shape of the frame H, H, which enables
the scrapers (A, A,) to strike the ground obliquely, and by that means allows
the mud to slide off and be delivered in the direction
Z, so that the
machine may be drawn directly along the road, delivering the mud on one

page_text: side as it passes along, enabling it by that means to scrape a much greater
surface in a given time than can be done by the usual method of crossing and
recrossing the road.
IMPROVEMENTS IN IRON SAFES
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Arthur Edwin Taylor at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 8th March
1865.
J, ARTHUR EDWIN TAYLOR, of Barnes, in the County of Surrey, Engineer,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
IRON SAFES," to be as follows:-
My improvements in safes consist in so constructing and applying the door
that it shall present no available crevice for the introduction of wedges or
instruments for forcing or bulging the sides, whereby the door or other part
may be opened. For this purpose instead of hinging. the door as usual, I
mount and fit it behind a front framing which laps over the edge of the door
all round, and is formed with a rebate, so that wedges or other sharp instru-
ments if forced in at the junction cannot penetrate to more than a very slight
depth, and which will be quite ineffectual in attempting to force the safe.
The door is fitted somewhat in the manner of a drawer (but in a vertical
position), and moves to and fro in an opening formed through the side of the
safe across the front, so as to enclose it. I mount the door on wheels for the
convenience of moving its weight, which being strong, must of course be
heavy. The framing of the door, especially on the exposed edge (when
closed), is made very strong, and although wedges might be inserted between
it and the safe frame at that part (the exposed edge) when closed, it would
have the effect of springing or rupturing the safe frame at that point only, but
would still leave the door of the safe intact; wedges introduced behind the

page_text: door by reason of the strength of its frame would have little or no influence
thereon, and would not conduce to the violation of the safe. I make the
rebated frame surrounding the door of sufficient strength, and in one piece
with the sides or body of the safe, whose parts I so unite and secure together
as to be inviolable, which is indeed generally the case in the present iron
safes, the door being the only vulnerable part. I prefer to dispose the lock at
the side of the safe, especially if it be built into a wall, and I apply a hollow
shield or channel covering the keybole. In order to insert the key, I mount
axes one on either end of a long frame, these axes carry chain wheels, and
the one axis is adapted to receive the key, while the other is furnished with
a winch handle; chain pullies are fitted on each axis, which communicate
with each other by an endless chain. The end of the frame and chain
pulley carrying the key is inserted and passed along the channel of the shield
till opposite the keyhole, and inserted, when the key may be turned by giving
motion to the winch handle and corresponding chain pulley; the frame is of
sufficient length for this to remain exposed, while the other part is inserted in
the shield, and held in position for the key to enter the lock, as described.
THE CONVERSION OF THE REFUSE OF STARCH AND GUMALINE INTO USEFUL GUMALINE
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Ebenezer Dobson at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
18th December 1865.
I, WILLIAM EBENEZER DOBSON, of the Firm of Messieurs W. and F.
Dobson, of the Town and County of the Town of Nottingham, Lace Dressers,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "THE CONVERSION OF
THE REFUSE OF STARCH AND GUMALINE INTO USEFUL GUMALINE," to be as
follows:-
My Invention consists in the conversion of the refuse of starch and gumalinė
into useful gumaline. For this purpose I take the refuse of starch and
gumaline which has been boiled and used for dressing and finishing lace and
other fabrics, and I pass it carefully through a sieve and grind it by any
desirable means. I then dress it by passing it through a fine dressing
machine; after which I add a quantity of oxalic, nitric, or muriatic acid, or
other acid producing similar effects, and I evaporate by drying, which I'effect
either by placing it in a stove or by other mode. By these means I pro-
duce a useful and valuable gumaline, an article of much utility. I find the
following proportions suitable in certain cases, but I do not restrict myself
thereto, 2 lbs. acid to 112 lbs. refuse starch.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN MAKING AND MANUFACTURING PUMPS FOR USE IN SHIPS, AND OTHER PURPOSES
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Abel Mills at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 15th August
1865.
I, ABEL MILLS, Cordwainer, of Sunderland, in the County Palatine of
Durham, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN MAKING AND MANUFACTURING PUMPS FOR USE IN SHIPS, AND OTHER
PURPOSES," to be as follows:-
My Invention consists in applying from a triangular to an octagon sheave
to ship's and other pumps, by which I purpose to raise thes spear box three,.
four, five, six, seven, or eight times in one revolution of the axle.
In constructing rotary pumps according to my Invention I form a triangular
or octagon groove in the side of the said sheave, in which I also purpose
placing a roller, the said roller being fixed to a guide at one end and the spear
box to the other, the said guide working in a guide rod, which I fix parallel
from the axle to the pump, which is so constructed as to enable me to draw
the spear box and replace the same without difficulty.
IMPROVEMENTS IN DRAGS FOR CARRIAGES
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Archibald Edward Dobbs at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the.
23rd June 1865.
I, ARCHIBALD EDWARD DOBBS, B.A., of Lincoln's Inn, in the County of
Middlesex, Barrister-at-Law, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN DRAGS FOR CARRIAGES," to be as follows:-
A skid is fastened by means of a bar to a collar playing freely on the stock
or nave of the wheel intended to be retarded. When the drag is not in use
the skid is held up by a catch in front of the wheel, which is then free in
revolving; and when the drag is to be used the catch being moved allows
the skid to clip the wheel and to be carried down by it until it is between the
wheel and the ground; a projecting piece attached to the skid then comes
in contact with the catch, and the drag is thus fixed. When the skid is to
be released the catch is again moved, and the skid is carried by the wheel
until arriving at its first position it is caught by the catch and held till again
required, and at the same time is caused no longer to clip the wheel, which
then can revolve freely as before.
IMPROVE. MENTS IN APPARATUS APPLIED TO RAILWAY CARRIAGES TO ENABLE THE PASSENGERS IN A TRAIN TO COMMUNICATE WITH THE GUARD AND ENGINE DRIVER THEREOF
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Henson at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 20th June
1865.
I, WILLIAM HENSON, of Truman Street, Great Alfred Street, Nottingham,
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE.
MENTS IN APPARATUS APPLIED TO RAILWAY CARRIAGES TO ENABLE THE PASSENGERS
IN A TRAIN TO COMMUNICATE WITH THE GUARD AND ENGINE DRIVER THEREOF,"
to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in apparatus applied to
railway carriages to enable the pasengers in a train to communicate with the
guard and engine driver thereof. For this purpose I apply to each carriage a
light axis running lengthways of the carriage, and by preference underneath
the body thereof, where it is carried in suitable bearings. These axes on the
several carriages are coupled together when a train is made up by connecting
links which are attached to the axes by universal joints, and the connecting
links are also telescopic, so that they in no way interfere with the free move-
ment of the carriages independently the one of the other within the limits
that the coupling and connections impose. Thus there is formed a jointed
and telescopic shaft running from end to end. When the passengers wish to
call the attention of the guard and engine driver they cause this jointed shaft
partly to revolve, and in so doing they cause cams on the longitudinal axes of
the two end carriages of the train, or in other convenient positions, to raise
strikers, which immediately afterwards are brought back by springs and then

page_text: strike bells placed in front of them and within hearing of the guard and
engine driver. To enable any passenger to give an alarm when necessary
there is in each carriage or compartment a pull or pulls connected with a
short cross axis which may thus be caused to rock, and an arm on this cross
axis is, by a rod, connected with an arm on the longitudinal axis under the
body of the carriage, which forms a portion of the jointed shaft running from
end to end of the train. In order that the guard may be able at once to
ascertain from which of the carriages or compartments the signal has been
made, each pull when acted on is caused to move a catch, which frees a
corresponding slide, and this is then, by means of a spring, thrown out so as
to project from the side of the carriage or compartment. Two such slides,
one on each side of the carriage, may conveniently be employed in connection
with each pull.
AN IMPROVED MODE OF AND APPARATUS FOR COMMUNICATING OR SIGNALLING BETWEEN THE GUARDS, PAS- BENGERS, AND DRIVERS OF RAILWAY TRAINS
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Herbert John Walduck at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 27th
March 1865.
I, HERBERT JOHN WALDUCK, of the City of Manchester, Engineer, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED MODE OF
AND APPARATUS FOR COMMUNICATING OR SIGNALLING BETWEEN THE GUARDS, PAS-
BENGERS, AND DRIVERS OF RAILWAY TRAINS," to be as follows:-
The nature of my Invention consists in the use of a mirror or mirrors of plate
glass or other suitable material affixed to the railway engine or tender, and so
made and placed at such an angle that it or they will reflect the sides of the
train, so that the engine driver and fireman may without turning, observe any
signal made either by the passengers in the carriages or from the guards in
their vans.
It is obvious, that a handkerchief, arm, or lamp, violently waved from the
windows of the carriages or from the guard's van, would at once attract the
attention of the driver or men in charge of the engine. At night the ordinat
white lights, burning on the sides of the guard's van, would be reflected in the
mirror or mirrors mentioned, and the change from white to green or red
would be immediately observed by the men in charge of the engine.
I also propose to provide each carriage with a signal arm, so arranged that
it can be depressed at will in case of danger by the passengers in each compart
ment of the carriage, by means of levers or other mechanical equivalents.

page_text: Each signal arm I propose to provide with a red glass, arranged to intervene
between the guard's white light and the mirror on the engine, which would at
once indicate danger to the men in charge of the train. As an additional
precaution in foggy weather, the depression of the signal arm is made to act
upon a detonating or explosive signal.
It will be seen at once that the advantages of these arrangements are
instantaneous communication between the passengers, guards, and drivers, and
in many cases, as for instance, when a carriage gets off the rails or becomes
ignited, the men in charge of the train are at once aware of the nature of the
danger. A similar mirror attached to the guard's van completes the arrange-
ment, and makes the communication in both directions from end to end of
the train.
IMPROVEMENTS IN SECURING THE DOORS OF SAFES AND OTHER DOORS
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by George Curr Thompson at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 4th
April 1865.
I, GEORGE CURR THOMPSON, of Sheffield, in the County of York, Manu-
facturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN SECURING THE DOORS OF SAFES AND OTHER DOORS," to be as follows:-
My Invention consists in setting a number of screws upon the back or
inside of the door, and in tapping as many corresponding threads as there are
screws in the sides or frame of the safe or other structure, and in the employ-
ment of a master wheel with teeth or worms on the periphery to take into a
worm on each of the shafts of the screws, so that on the door being closed and
the master wheel being turned by a key, the whole of the screws are driven
into the frame or sides of the safe, whereby the door will defy all wrenching
to separate it from the sides of the structure to which it is applied. I do not
limit myself to any precise mechanism for imparting motion to the shafts of
the screws, as, for instance, racks and endless belts may be substituted for the
master wheel, the main feature of my Invention consisting in causing a
number of screws to be driven into the sides or frame of the structure to
which the door is fitted. I move the master wheel or main agent acting on
all the screws by means of a key and secure it by an ordinary lock.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CAST STEEL
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Richard Archibald Brooman at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
8th July 1865. A communication from abroad by Charles Pauvert, of
Tarbé, France.
I, RICHARD ARCHIBALD BROOMAN, of 166, Fleet Street, in the City of
London, Patent Agent, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CAST STEEL," to be as follows:-
The object of the 'process herein-after set forth is,-1st to dispense with
cementation in a furnace, it cements the iron in the crucible; 2nd, to dis-
tribute the carbon uniformly throughout the whole mass of the cast steel;
3rd, to eliminate the sulphur, phosphorus, and arsenic which after refining
may have remained in the iron.
The new cement is composed of finely divided coal, clay, oxide of manganese,
carbonate of lime, and carbonate of potass.
The following proportions, to which, however, I do not limit myself, yield
excellent results:-50 parts of coal, 20 parts of carbonate of lime, 10 parts
of carbonate of potass, 12 parts of clay, 4 parts of sea salt, and 4 parts of
oxide of manganese. I damp this cement with water in order to spread it
uniformly over the iron reduced to pieces or fragments. The pieces of iron
are well stirred in some vessel with the cement in order to their being all well
covered before being poured or placed in a crucible, the result from fusion is
cast steel. Fusion is effected in the crucible in the ordinary manner.
quantity of cement with which the pieces of iron are to be coated varies from
The

page_text: four to seven per cent. of the weight of iron, according to the nature of
the steel to be obtained. The first fusion in the crucible lasts about 7 hours,
the second fusion 5 hours, and the third, if the crucible will stand it, about
3 hours. The first fusion is longest because the furnace is less hot, and
because the crucible will at first absorb much heat before communicating it
to its contents. The action of the carbon upon the carbonates places the
carbon in a nascent state and prepares it for combining chemically with the
iron. The earthy and alkaline bases placed also in the nascent state combine
with the sulphur, phosphorus, and arsenic, and pass into the scoriæ.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN CUPOLAS AND BLAST FURNACES
Year: 1865

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Henry Houldsworth Grierson and
John Macvicar Rigby at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents,
with their Petition, on the 11th February 1865.
We, HENRY HOULDSWORTH GRIERSON, of Manchester, in the County of
Lancaster, Engineer, and JOHN MACVICAR RIGBY, of the same Place,
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN CUPOLAS AND BLAST FURNACES," to be as follows:-
Our Invention consists in a method of working cupolas and blast furnaces
without the aid of a fan or other such apparatus. For this purpose we close
the upper end of the cupola or blast furnace either by a moveable or perma-
nent cover, and apply a flue thereto leading to a steam engine or other
chimney. Where several cupolas or blast furnaces are employed, separate
flues from each may pass to one chimney; or by another plan, instead of
discontinuing the top of the cupola or blast furnace at the height required
for the charge, we erect a chimney thereon of suitable dimensions for the
necessary draught.