Improvements in Photograpпic Apparatus.
Year: 1893

page_text: Date of Application, 20th July, 1893
Complete Specification Left, 21st May, 1894-Accepted, 23rd June, 1894
Improvements in Photograpпic Apparatus.
I, BENJAMIN JOSEPH EDWARDS, of The Grove, Hackney, in the County of
Middlesex, Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of this apparatus to be as
follows:
My invention relates to apparatus for taking photographs on sensitive films or
plates.
The principal objects of my invention are to facilitate the taking of photographic
pictures on thin plates of celluloid or other suitable material and to enable tourists
and travellers and others to produce such photographs with less risk of failure,
and less inconvenience to themselves, than has been heretofore possible.
I accomplish these objects by improving the construction of the necessary
apparatus, and by lessening the weight and bulk thereof, and at the same time
increasing the efficiency of the same.
Some portions of my invention are equally applicable for taking photographs
on glass plates.
In carrying my invention into practice I provide a camera of improved con-
struction which is lighter, more portable, and at the same time more rigid than
those of the ordinary constructions heretofore in use. I also provide improved
dark-slides which will hold a greater number of films or plates in less space than
heretofore, and an improved folding case to hold the camera during transport, also
a very light and portable stand for the camera, and an improved exposure shutter
therefor. My invention also comprises improvements in magazine cameras for
thin films enclosed in suitable sheaths, means for changing and exposing such films
and removing them when exposed, and improved apparatus for developing the
films, and for printing from the negatives so obtained."
My improved portable camera has a hinged or folding base-board or leaf
preferably in front, and hinged or folding side wings adapted when open to be
firmly secured to the base-board. The side wings are preferably constructed of
light metal, of aluminium for example, and are furnished with sliding frames
capable of moving to and fro in grooves, or their equivalents, formed in the sides,
to lengthen and shorten the same. To each said sliding frame is fixed a toothed
rack which is adapted when the wing is open to engage with a pinion or pinions
mounted in bearings on the base-board. Two pinions connected by a common
spindle or one long pinion may be provided to engage the said racks. Provision is
made at the end of the pinion spindle to admit of turning said pinion or pinions
whereby the frames in the side wings can be moved in and out, and the focus of the
lens thereby adjusted. Since the racks are carried by the side wings, and the
pinion by the base-board, these parts only gear with each other when the wings
and base-board are open. The front board of the collapsable or bellows part of
the camera which carries the lens is constructed to engage with fixed or movable
supports, furnished with notches, grooves, catches, projections or equivalent devices.
These supports are attached to the sliding frames in the side wings and are moved
in and out with them when the sliding frames are adjusted. The sliding frames
in the two side wings are quite independent of each other until they become
engaged with the common driving pinion, and hence either frame can be moved in
or out independently of the other prior to securing the side wings to the base-board.
By this means the front board carrying the lens can be adjusted to any desired
angle, and can be moved in and out to adjust the lens while so inclined, thus
forming a swing front. In some cases the front board is made to engage with

page_text: different sets of notches or with adjustable notches so as to incline the lens about
a horizontal axis, thus providing a double swing front.
The dark-slides which I use with this camera are of the kind described in the
Specification of prior Letters Patent granted to me No. 6278 dated 31st March
A.D. 1892.
In the said Specification the description and drawings had reference to a single
dark-slide, that is to say, a dark-slide to hold only one plate or film, but it is
obvious that a double dark-slide to hold two plates or films can be constructed
according to that invention, and dark-slides so constructed have been made by me.
In carrying the said invention into practice, however, I have found that it is con-
venient when constructing double dark-slides to make certain modifications which
I will now proceed to describe. In constructing a double dark-slide according to
my improved method I form the outer case preferably of two pieces of thin metal
stamped or pressed to the required shape. Each of these pieces of metal forms one
side of the dark-slide and has an aperture or exposure opening of the required
size and of the shape described in my aforementioned former Specification, that is
to say, with the lower edge thereof formed of a V-shape or inclined to the sides so
as to permit of the easy insertion of the shutter. The two sides of the case are
secured together by folding one portion over the other or by rivetting or by other
convenient means. One end or edge of the case is open to allow of the insertion
thereinto of the double sliding carrier and shutters. Near the said open end I
stamp or press in each piece of metal forming the side of the case a recess or
groove adapted to receive the edge of the light-tight cut-off which is attached to
the sliding carrier. I form the said carrier by fastening together back to back two
of my single sliding carriers as described in my aforesaid Specification. I some-
times, however, in order to lessen the weight, cut an aperture in the back of each
carrier thus removing a large portion of the metal. The opening so formed may
be filled with a piece of opaque paper or thin card, or other suitable material. To
prevent the light entering the dark-slide when the shutter is withdrawn I provide
on each side of the double sliding carrier a flap which is fixed to the carrier and
so arranged that when in position and the shutter withdrawn the edge of the flap
will fall into the beforementioned recess or groove in the metal which forms the
outer case. By this means I effectually prevent all access of light to the sensitive
plate or film in the dark-slide. I prefer to form the two flaps one on each side of
the carrier of a single strip of stiffened cloth or velvet folded along each of its
outer edges, and also folded over the top edge of the double carrier to which
it is secured preferably by a narrow U-shaped clip of thin metal placed
over the central fold and attached by rivets or by simply punching holes
through the whole thickness. To allow of the easy insertion and withdrawal
of the sensitive plates or films I leave the lower end of the groove in the
inner carrier open, but I preferably provide on one or both sides a hinged
flap or stop, to keep the plates or films in position and to prevent their
accidentally falling out when the carrier is withdrawn from the case; this stop
being hinged to the end of the carrier can be turned back when the plates or films
are to be inserted or removed. The flap may be so constructed that its edge
projects over and rests upon the extreme edge of the sensitive film which is thus
held flat at the lower end. The other end next to the light-tight cut-off is
held down in its place by the folded edge of the cut-off or by the turned
In order to
over end of the thin metal which forms the sliding carrier.
keep the inner sliding carrier central within the outer case, and thus keep the
sensitive plate in the focal plane of the lens when the shutter is withdrawn, I form,
on the lower end of the sliding carrier, ridges or projecting guides equal to the
thickness of the material used for the shutter. These projections which may be
formed on the carrier or on the hinged flaps or stops at the lower end thereof
preferably extend right across the extreme end of the carrier and also form stops
to limit the travel of the end of the shutter. The hinge of the stop conveniently
forins such projection on one side the carrier. I sometimes form the stops by

page_text: turning outwards small portions of the extreme ends of the metal forming the
carriers. In any case the projections are so arranged that they bear against and
slide upon the inner surface of the outer case maintaining the carrier central, and
leaving a space for receiving the shutter. The hinges of the flap are preferably
stamped or pressed out in one piece with the plate forming the inner carrier. The
upper end of the sliding carrier is held approximately in the centre of the outer
case by the outward pressure of the cloth or velvet which forms the cut-off.
addition I sometimes form guides, grooves or notches in the internal edges of the
outer case to assist in keeping the inner sliding carrier central when either shutter
is withdrawn.
In
Instead of forming the double inner carrier with two separate grooves I
sometimes make it in the form of an open frame with one single groove of
sufficient width to receive two plates or films separated by a loose piece of opaque
paper or card placed between them. In this case only one bottom flap or stop is
required which may be hinged to either side of the open frame which forms the
inner carrier. This construction is very convenient for the smaller sizes of plates,
for which the open frame is sufficiently rigid. It also has the advantage that it
can be used as a single slide for extra thick plates. The shutters are preferably
made of celluloid, and are shaped at the top so that either can be readily seized by
the finger and thumb and drawn out. For example one of said shutters may be
formed with a central extension at the top end and the other shutter with
two extensions at the top, one near each side. Both shutters are symmetrical so
that whichever way they are inserted the projections above referred to remain in
the same relative positions. I moreover make each shutter of a different colour
on one side than on the other; for example one side can be made black and the
other red. This is for the purpose of enabling the user to indicate readily when
the film or plate has been exposed, the shutter being put in the reverse side when
the exposure has been made.
The shutter I prefer to use with the above described camera is of the kind
known as Edwards' roller-blind shutter which works immediately in front of the
sensitive plate or film, and is preferably built in the body of the camera or may
be made detachable.
I provide means for expeditiously and easily varying or adjusting the duration
of very brief exposures. In carrying this part of my invention into practice,
that is to say, for the purpose of regulating or adjusting the duration of very brief
exposures obtained by means of such shutter, I so construct and arrange the said
shutter that the width of the slit or opening in the same through which the light
passes to the sensitised film may be varied to suit any requirement. By this means,
without altering the speed at which the shutter travels, or without changing the
shutter I am able to vary the degree of duration of exposure, it being obvious that,
the speed of the shutter remaining the same, the duration of exposure is proportional
to the width of the opening of the shutter. I make one of the rollers of the shutter
(preferably that one which does not contain the spring and on which the flexible
blind is wound when the shutter is set ready for action) in two parts one part
consisting of a tube or casing and the other part of a roller or rod mounted within
the said tubular portion. The axle or pin of the inner roller or rod passes through
the axle or bearing of the outer tubular roller which axle or bearing is made
hollow for this purpose and the outer end of the said pin or axle of the rod is
furnished with an index or finger by means of which it can be rotated, or if desired
the said rod may have a handle or knob for rotating the same, independent of the
said finger. The hollow bearing of the outer tube may be furnished with a disc
or dial graduated or provided with stops, points or notches with which is constructed
to engage the aforesaid index or pointer so that the inner rod may be placed and
The
retained in any desired position in relation to the outer tubular roller.
compound roller is free to revolve as a whole in the same manner as the solid or
single roller which has beretofore been used.
In utilizing this compound roller for my improved blind shutter, I attach

page_text: one end of the flexible blind which forms one portion of the dark or opaque part
of the shutter, to the outer or tubular roller, and at the other end of this portion of
the blind I attach by means of small loops or rings or otherwise one or more thin
cords or laces. The said cords or laces are passed through other loops or rings
fixed to the adjacent end of that portion of the dark or opaque flexible blind which
is attached to the spring-roller of the shutter, and the ends of the cords are then
passed through holes in the outer tubular roller above described and secured to the
inner rod or roller. It is obvious from this arrangement that when the said inner
rod is rotated the said cords are drawn through the holes in the outer tubular
roller and coiled round the inner rod, which rod may be made at the parts required
somewhat smaller than the internal diameter of the tubular roller to allow room
for the coils of the cords, and the effect of thus winding up the cords is to draw
the two opaque parts of the flexible blind or shutter nearer together and so decrease
the width of the slit which forms the aperture of the shutter through which the light
passes to the sensitised film. On the other hand by turning the inner rod in the
opposite direction, the cords are paid out and the slack taken up by the spring
roller, the width of the slit being thus increased. By these means I can regulate
the width of the opening and consequently the time of exposure from the outside
of the case or camera before or after the shutter is set or wound up.
My improved folding case to hold the above described camera when it is to be
used as a hand camera is so constructed that it will fold into about half its extended
size to admit of being packed into a convenient compass for transport. It is
constructed of two rectangular parts of approximately equal size each open at
one side and hinged or joined together along one edge adjacent to said open side,
each part forming half of the complete folding case. The top of one of said
halves is moreover hinged so that it can be raised or lowered to allow of the two
halves being folded together and packed the one within the other. The said folding
case is provided with suitable openings, to admit of inserting and removing the
dark slides, to admit of adjusting the lens, to allow the light to pass through to
the lens, or for any other required purpose. It may also be fitted with a finder to
indicate the objects within the field of view. I in some instances utilize the folding
case as the body of the camera. In such instances I dispense with the side wings
and base board above described, and provide the required fittings within the case
for retaining and adjusting the front board carrying the lens.
My improved stand for the camera will fold up into much smaller space than is
possible with stands as heretofore made. Each leg of the said stand is jointed at
one two or more places so as to fold into a half, a third, or smaller fraction of its
full extended length. Each articulated segment, except in some cases the bottom
segment, is made of metal of a U-section, and the said segments are joined together
in such manner that they fold one within the other.
In the case of a leg having three segments, the lower segment is sometimes made
solid preferably of wood, and the upper and middle segments of metal of U-section
made to fold the one within the other and both outside the solid lower segment.
The space thus occupied by the three members when folded is very little more than
that occupied by the bottom member alone. I can also construct a leg having four
segments, the third from the top being made hollow and adapted to receive
the lower segments which can slide up and down therein and be secured at any
desired position by suitable means. This allows of varying the height of the stand
or the length of any one of the legs.
My improved camera or apparatus for exposing and changing cut films comprises
a box for receiving the cut films, a device for sliding out of said box the first or
exposed film, another box for receiving the exposed films, and in some instances a
counter to indicate how many films have been removed. Each film is contained in
a sheath of thin flexible metal or other suitable material having grooves or recesses
to hold the film formed by turning over the edges on two opposite sides of the
sheath, the other two sides or ends being left open or only turned up in small
sections to allow of the sheath being bent or curved to a semi-cylindrical shape.

page_text: Said films when in the sheaths and properly packed within the box are maintained
pressed against the front or exposure end of said box by a spring-controlled plate
in rear of said films so that the front film for the time being is always in proper
register. I provide a slit or narrow opening at the front end of the box through
which slit the films in their sheaths can be withdrawn one at a time. For
withdrawing the sheaths I provide a segmental roller or a pair of segmental discs
one at each side of the sheath which can be rotated by hand from the outside of the
camera or box, suitable provision being made for the purpose. The said segmental
roller or discs is or are so arranged that when turned it or they will engage with
the turned over edge of the first sheath and will operate to withdraw said sheath
as the roller or discs is or are rotated. The edge or edges of the roller or discs is
or are covered with rubber to ensure a secure hold being obtained of the sheath.
The flexible sheaths are maintained in contact with the roller or discs during the
whole period of their withdrawal by one or more friction rollers or rubber-covered
pulleys in combination in some cases with a curved guide. Upon leaving the roller
or discs, the sheaths are delivered into a light-tight receptacle provided to receive
them. I prefer to make the segmental discs or roller of such diameter that each
sheath with its film shall be retained in suspension projecting through the mouth of
the receptacle until the next film is about to be delivered, whereupon the next turn
of the roller or discs discharges the film into the receptacle. This is advantageous
in that each partially discharged sheath operates to hold down the films in the
receptacle.
I provide a counter so constructed that it exhibits at a glance how many times
the disc has been turned and consequently how many films have been removed from
the box; therefore if the number of films originally stored in the box are known the
operator can always tell by glancing at the counter or indicator how many are left
for use.
As I cannot use the above described roller-blind shutter with this form of
magazine camera, I provide an exposure shutter, having double or multiple plates
that secure an exposure which begins near the centre of the lens and expands
outwards. According to this part of my invention I combine with said double or
multiple plates or shutters a covering plate attached to or operated by the setting
key or lever and so constructed and arranged that the exposure opening is thereby
automatically closed by said covering plate while the shutters are being set. The
covering plate is immediately returned to its initial position by a spring or otherwise
as soon as the shutters are set and thus does not interfere with the exposure.
By this means there is no risk of fogging the plate or film which is in position in the
camera while setting the shutters. I may combine with this apparatus a hand or
pneumatic device to open and close the shutters for time exposures.
In order to indicate the time of exposure I provide a simple form of actinometer.
combined with an exposure table in a very portable and convenient form. I make
said exposure meter in the form of a small pocket book provided with a light-tight
pocket to carry strips of sensitive paper. When in use a small portion of one of
these sensitive strips is exposed to light in juxtaposition to a standard tint, and the
number of seconds is noted which is required for the paper to darken to the same
tint. I provide a slide one side or edge of which is then set to this number on the
scale; on the opposite side is a table showing the exposure required with different
diaphragms and for various subjects.
My improved appliance for developing plates or films after exposure in the
camera comprises a novel construction of developing dishes, according to which
I construct such dishes with an outer frame or case and an inner dish or lining
made of thin transparent celluloid which is removable and may be discarded when
soiled and replaced at a trifling cost by a new sheet of celluloid. I am by this
apparatus enabled to judge of the progress of development by transmitted light
without removing the plate or film from the dish. The frame or case is made of
thin metal or celluloid or other suitable material having an opening in the bottom
to admit of examination of the picture by transmitted light. The corners of said

page_text: frame or case are also removed to admit of the projection therethrough of the
corners of the celluloid in order to form spouts thereat to facilitate the pouring of
the chemicals and water therefrom. The celluloid sheet is cut to the proper size
and shape to fit the metal frame or case and when pressed therein is held down by
suitable means, as for example by portions of the sides of the frame which are
turned over to form hooks or ledges to engage with the celluloid film or sheet.
If desired the celluloid sheet may be formed with a well to admit of the dish
being tipped up for examination purposes without spilling the liquid. The same
frame serves for both descriptions of lining.
For holding the films while they are being developed I provide a light frame
made of celluloid or thin non-corrodible metal or other suitable material in which
the films can be placed and then retained by a suitably shaped rim which fits the
frame, the film being held around its border between the frame and the retaining
rim. The parts of the frame and rim that come in contact with the film are
corrugated or otherwise formed with raised points that support the film while
allowing the chemicals and washing liquid to freely circulate over all parts of the
border of the film except just at the points of contact. By this frame thin films
can be manipulated with the same ease and certainty as glass plates during the
processes of developing, fixing and washing. This holder is also advantageous
by reason that it keeps the films flat and prevents them from buckling while
drying.
My improved printing-frame is provided with spring retaining-devices for
holding the negative, and one end of the paper on which the photograph is to be
printed, in such a manner that the said paper can be raised to allow of examination
and can be replaced with certainty and without difficulty in exactly the same
position on the negative. The paper is held down while printing is proceeding by a
bent wire spring hinged at one side of the frame and adapted to engage when
lowered a retaining-hook at the other side of the frame.
This 20th dow of July 1893
HASELTINE, LAKE & Co.,
45, Southampton Buildings, London, W.C., Agents for the Applicant.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Photographic Apparatus.
I, BENJAMIN JOSEPH EDWARDS, of The Grove, Hackney, in the County of
Middlesex, Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in
what manner the same is to be performed to be particularly described and ascer-
tained in and by the following statement :-
My invention relates to apparatus for taking photographs on sensitive films or
plates.
The principal objects of my invention are to facilitate the taking of photographic
pictures on thin plates of celluloid or other suitable material and to enable tourists
and travellers to produce such photographs with less risk of failure and less
inconvenience to themselves than has been heretofore possible.
I accomplish these objects by improving the construction of the necessary
apparatus, and by lessening the weight and bulk thereof, and at the same time
increasing the efficiency of the same.
Some portions of my invention are equally applicable for taking photographs on
glass plates.
In carrying my invention into practice I provide a camera of improved con-
struction which is lighter, more portable, and at the same time more rigid than
those of the ordinary constructions heretofore in use. I also provide improved
dark-slides which will hold a greater number of films or plates in less space than

page_text: heretofore; improved folding-cases to hold the camera during transport; very
light and portable stands for the camera; and improved exposure shutters
therefor. My invention also comprises improvements in magazine cameras for
thin cut films enclosed in suitable sheaths; means for changing and exposing such
films and removing them when exposed; apparatus for indicating the times of
exposure; and improved apparatus for developing the films, and for printing from
the negatives so obtained.
The accompanying drawings illustrate my invention,
Figure is a plan of my improved camera.
Figure 2 is a side elevation of the same with one side wing removed.
Figure 3 shows a slight modification hereinafter described.
Figure 4 is a front view of the outer case of my improved dark slide.
Figure 5 is an edge view thereof, and
Figure 6 is a central section of the same.
Figure 7 is a front view of the inner sliding carrier.
Figure 7 is a section of one side of the carrier.
Figure 8 is a side view of the carrier.
Figures 9 and 10 are views of the sliding shutters.
Figure 11 is a view of my improved roller blind shutter.
Figure 12 is an end view of the tubular roller hereinafter described.
Figure 13 is a view of my improved case for the camera.
Figure 14 shows the same case closed for transport.
Figure 15 is a view of a modified form of case.
Figure 16 is a view of my improved stand erected ready for use.
Figure 17 is an enlarged section showing the spring locking device for the
joints.
Figure 17 shows side view of one of the joints bent.
Figure 18 is a transverse section of one of the legs.
Figure 19 is a section of the head of the said stand.
Figure 20 is a plan view of the head without the upper cup hereinafter
described.
Figure 21 is an elevation of a stronger stand with compound legs.
Figure 22 is an enlarged plan view of the head of said stand.
Figure 23 is a longitudinal section of my improved magazine camera for cut
films.
Figure 24 is a plan thereof.
Figure 24 is a face view of a flexible sheath and film, and
Figure 24B is an edge view thereof.
Figure 25 is a view of the mechanism of my improved exposure shutter.
Figure 26 is another view showing the same set ready for an exposure.
Figure 27 is an outside front view of the apparatus.
Figure 28 is an inside view of the front plate showing the rotary diaphragm
plate.
Figure 29 is a view of my improved exposure meter.
Figure 30 is a rear view of the pocket hereinafter described which contains the
sensitive paper.
Figure 31 is a plan of my improved developing dish.
Figure 32 is a section of the tray, and
Figure 33 is a view of the celluloid sheet which forms the lining of the same.
Figure 34 is a plan partly broken of my holder for the films during.
development.
Figure 34 is a section of the film holder.
Figure 35 shows a plan of a modified form of holder, and
Figure 36 is a side view thereof.
Figure 37 is a rear view of my improved printing frame.
Figure 38 is a front view thereof.
Figure 39 is an edge view of the same, and

page_text: Figure 40 is a section of the same showing the pressure board and spring
raised.
Like letters denote corresponding parts in all the figures.
any
My improved portable camera Figures 1 to 3 has a hinged or folding base board
or leaf A preferably in front and hinged or folding side wings A', A' adapted
when open to be firmly secured to the base board Å in
for
suitable manner,
example by notched pins A2, A2 on the base board engaging in holes or eyes in the
side wings, and by catches A³, A' which lock the parts together when the pins are
so engaged. The side wings are preferably constructed of light metal, of aluminium
for example, and are furnished with sliding frames A', A' capable of moving to and
fro in grooves or their equivalents, formed in the wings by turning over and
inwards the top and bottom edges of the said metal wings. To each said sliding
frame A is fixed a toothed rack A which is adapted when the wing is open to
engage with a pinion A' or pinions mounted in bearings on the base board. Two
pinions connected by a common spindle or one long pinion as shown may be
provided to engage the said racks. A knob A8 or other means is provided at one
end of the pinion spindle to admit of turning said pinion or pinions whereby the
frames A, A can be moved in and out, and the focus of the lens thereby adjusted
as will be hereinafter explained. Since the racks are carried by the side wings,
and the pinion by the base board, these parts only gear with each other when the
wings and base board are open. The front board B of the collapsable or bellows
part B of the camera which carries the lens is constructed to engage with fixed or
movable supports A', A' furnished with notches, grooves, catches, projections or
equivalent devices. These supports are attached to the sliding frames A, A* in
the side wings aforesaid and are moved in and out with them when the sliding
frames are adjusted. The sliding frames in the two side wings are quite
independent of each other until they become engaged with the common driving
pinion A and hence either can be moved in or out independently of the other
prior to securing the side wings to the base-board. By this means the front
board B carrying the lens can be placed at any desired angle and then be engaged
with the pinion and moved in and out to adjust the lens while so inclined. This
construction thus forms a lateral swing front. In some cases the front board is
also made to engage with different sets of notches or with adjustable notches so as
to incline the lens about a horizontal axis, thus providing a double swing front.
One such construction is shown in Figure 3 in which the notches a, a are formed
with or attached to a bar a' the upper end of which is adjustable and which can be
fixed in any position to which it may be set.
The dark slides which I use with this camera are of the kind described in the
Specification of prior Letters Patent granted to me No. 6278 dated 31st March
A.D. 1892.
In the said Specification the description and drawings had reference to a single
dark slide, that is to say, a dark slide to hold only one plate or film, but it is
obvious that a double dark-slide to hold two plates or films can be constructed
according to that invention and dark-slides so constructed have been made by me.
In carrying said invention into practice, however, I have found that it is
convenient when constructing double dark-slides to make certain modifications
which will now proceed to describe. In constructing a double dark-slide
according to my improved method form the outer case preferably of two pieces
of thin metal CC Figures 4 to 6 stamped or pressed to the required shape.
Each of these pieces of metal forms one side of the dark-slide and has an
aperture or exposure opening C2 of the required size and of the shape described
in my aforementioned former Specification, that is to say, with the lower edge
thereof formed of a V-shape or inclined to the sides so as to permit of the easy
insertion of the shutter. The pieces C C¹ forming the outer case are secured
together by folding portions C³ C³ of one of the pieces over the other and by
rivets C, C+ at the lower ends or by other convenient means. One end or in
some instances one edge of the case is open to allow of the insertion thereinto of

page_text: the sliding carrier and shutters. The drawing shows the case open at the top. I
may form the sliding carrier D by fastening together back to back two of my
single sliding carriers as described in my aforesaid Specification, and in order to
lessen the weight, I may cut an aperture in the back of each carrier thus removing
a large portion of the metal. The opening formed may be filled with a piece of
opaque paper or thin card, or other suitable material. In lieu however of this
construction of carrier I prefer to provide a single open carrier D as shown in
Figures 7 and 8 having grooves or guides D¹ see Figure 7 (which shows a section
of the side of the carrier) at the sides to receive two sensitive films and one or
more opaque cards of the required thickness between said films or two plates with
opaque paper between them. To prevent the light entering the dark-slide when
either shutter is withdrawn I provide on each side of the sliding carrier a flap D'
which is fixed to the carrier and so arranged that when in position and the shutter
withdrawn the edge of the flap will fall into a recess or groove C³ provided in each
piece of metal which together form the outer case. By this means 1 effectually
prevent all access of light to the sensitive plate or film in the dark slide. I prefer
to form the two flaps one on each side of the carrier of a single strip of stiffened
cloth or velvet folded along each of its outer edges and also folded over the top
edge of the carrier to which it is secured preferably by a clip of thin metal D'
placed over the central fold and attached by pressure or by rivets or by simply
punching holes through the whole thickness. To secure the outward spring of
the velvet flap, I insert under it or fold within it, a thin strip D³ of spring brass
or other metal which tends to press the flap into the recess C³ in the outer case.
The thin flexible brass or other metal strip accommodates itself to the shape of the
shutter and presses outward thereagainst and ensures light-tightness while the
shutter is being withdrawn or inserted which has not been hitherto the case with a
cut-off having a straight rigid edge. To provide for the easy insertion and
withdrawal of the sensitive plates or films I may leave the lower end of the groove
or grooves D' in the inner carrier open but I prefer to provide a hinged flap or
stop D, to keep the plates or films in position and to prevent their accidentally
falling out when the carrier is withdrawn from the case. This stop being hinged
to the end of the carrier can be turned back to the position indicated by the dotted
lines Figure 8 when the plates or films are to be inserted or removed. The flap
is so constructed that when closed its edge projects over and lies upon the extreme
edge of the sensitive film which is thus held flat at the lower end. The other end
of the film next to the light tight cut-off is held down in its place by the turned
over end of the thin metal which forms the sliding carrier. Part of such metal
is cut away to facilitate the removal of the plate or film after its exposure.
order to keep the inner sliding carrier central within the outer case, and thus keep
the sensitive plate or film in the focal plane of the lens when the shutter is with-
drawn, I form on the lower end of the sliding carrier projecting guides D', D8
equal to the thickness of the material used for the shutter. The projection D' is
conveniently formed by the hinge of the flap. The projections Ds on the other
side are formed by turning outwards small portions of the extreme ends of the
metal forming the flap, such turned up ends of the flap pass against the inside of
the outer case and ensure that the flap shall be held down so that the shutter shall
always pass over the top of the same. The turned-up pieces are so made that
their highest points are near the edge of the flap and away from the hinge. The
ends of the shutters E Figures 9 and 10 are slightly cut away at E' to clear the
aforesaid turned up ends D of the flap.
In
In all cases the projections are so arranged that they hear against and slide upon
the inner surface of the outer case maintaining the carrier central, and leaving a
space for receiving the shutter. The hinge D' of the flap is preferably stamped or
pressed out in one piece with the plate forming the inner carrier. The upper end
of the sliding carrier is held approximately in the centre of the outer case by the
outward pressure of the cloth, or velvet which forms the cut-off. In addition I
sometimes form guides, grooves or notches d, Figure 6, in the internal edges of
B
.

page_text: the outer case to assist in keeping the inner sliding carrier central when either
shutter is withdrawn. The above described inner carrier in the form of an open.
frame with one single groove of sufficient width to receive two plates or films
separated by a loose division of opaque paper or card, and having a bottom flap or
stop hinged to either side of the open frame is very convenient for the smaller
sizes of plates, for which such open frame is sufficiently rigid. It also has the
advantage that it can be used as a single slide for extra thick plates. When using
films it is sometimes convenient to utilize the space in the groove between the two
films which are ready for exposure for storing therein extra films enclosed in one
or more opaque envelopes. Such envelopes and their contents take the place of
the opaque cards aforesaid, which serve to keep the films pressed against the
inner sides of the openings in the frame. The shutters E, Figures 9 and 10 which
are made to be completely withdrawn from the case are preferably made of
celluloid, and are shaped at the top so that either can be readily seized by the
finger and thumb and drawn out. For example one of said shutters may be
formed with a central extension E2 at the top end, and the other shutter with two
extensions E³, E³ at the top one near each side.
I make the two sides of each shutter of a different colour; for example one side
can be made black and the reverse side red. This is for the purpose of enabling the
user to indicate readily when the film or plate has been exposed, the shutter being
put in the reverse side when the exposure has been made. Both sliding shutters
are symmetrical about a longitudinal centre line so that whichever way they are
inserted the projections above referred to remain in the same relative positions.
The exposure shutter I prefer to use with the above described camera is of the
kind known as Edwards' roller blind shutter which works immediately in front of
the sensitive plate or film, that is to say, nearly in the focal plane of the lens. This
shutter is preferably built in the body of the camera or may be made detachable.
In order to increase the utility of this shutter I provide the same with means as
hereinafter described whereby the duration of very brief exposures may be
expeditiously and easily varied or adjusted. In carrying this part of my invention
into practice, I so construct and arrange the said shutter that the width of the slit
or opening F Figure 11 in the same through which the light passes to the sensitive
film may be varied to suit any requirement. By this means, without changing the
speed at which the shutter travels I am able to vary the duration of exposure, it
being obvious that, the speed of the shutter remaining the same, the length of
I make one of
exposure is proportional to the width of the opening of the shutter.
the rollers of the shutter (preferably that one which does not contain the spring and
on which the flexible blind fis wound when the shutter is set ready for action) in
two parts, one part F2 consisting of a tube or casing and the other part F3 of a
roller or rod mounted within the said tubular portion. The axle or pin F of the
inner roller or rod passes through the axle or bearing F of the outer tubular roller
which axle or bearing is inade hollow for this purpose and the outer end of the said
pin or axle of the rod is furnished with an index or finger F by means of which
it can be rotated; or if desired the said rod may have a handle or knob for
rotating the same. The hollow bearing of the outer tube is furnished with a disc or
dial F graduated or provided with stops, points or notches F" with which the
aforesaid index or pointer is adapted to engage so that the inner rod F³ may be
placed and retained in any desired position in relation to the outer tubular roller.
The compound roller is free to revolve as a whole in the same manner as the solid
or single roller which has heretofore been used. The shutter is wound up or set by
means of the knob F.
In utilizing this compound roller for my improved blind shutter, I attach one end
of the flexible blind f which forms one portion of the dark or opaque part of the
shutter, to the outer or tubular roller, and at the other end of this portion of the
blind I attach by means of small loops or rings f¹ or otherwise one or more thin
cords or laces f¹. The said cords or laces are passed through other loops or rings ƒ³
fixed to the adjacent end of that portion of the dark or opaque flexible blind which

page_text: is attached to the other or spring-roller F¹ of the shutter, and the ends of the cords
are then passed through holes in the outer tubular roller above described and
secured to the inner rod or roller at f. It is obvious from this arrangement that
when the said inner rod F³ is rotated relatively to the roller, the said cords are drawn
through the holes in the outer tubular roller and coiled round the inner rod (which
rod may be made at the parts required somewhat smaller than the internal diameter
of the tubular roller to allow room for the coils of the cords), and the effect of thus
winding up the cords is to draw the two opaque parts of the flexible blind or shutter
nearer together and so decrease the width of the slit F which forms the aperture
of the shutter through which the light passes to the sensitive film. On the other
hand by turning the inner rod in the opposite direction, the cords are paid out and
the slack is taken up by the spring roller, the width of the slit F being thus increased.
By these means I can regulate the width of the opening and consequently the time
of exposure from the outside of the case or camera before or after the shutter is set
or wound up, and can thereby obtain extremely brief exposures as well as those of
longer duration.
My improved folding case to hold the above described camera when it is to be
used as a hand camera is so constructed that it will fold into about half its
extended size to admit of being packed into a convenient compass for transport. It
is constructed of two rectangular parts G1, G2 of approximately equal size each
open at one side and hinged or joined together along one edge G₁ adjacent to said
The side G' of one
open side, each part forming half of the complete folding case.
of said halves is moreover hinged at G so that it can after passing its outer flap
within the part G2 be lowered to allow of the two halves being folded together and
packed the one within the other. The said folding case is provided with suitable
openings, G, G', G8 to admit of inserting and removing the dark slides, to admit of
adjusting the lens to allow the light to pass through to the lens, or for any other
required purpose.
It may also be fitted with a finder g (which may be made
I in some instances
detachable) to indicate the objects within the field of view.
In such instances I dispense
utilize the folding case as the body of the camera.
with the side wings and base board above described, and provide the required
fittings within the case for retaining and adjusting the front board carrying the
lens.
According to a modification of this part of my invention I provide a collapsable
cover adapted to fit the camera and to enclose the bellows part thereof together
with the lens and side wings. Said cover consists of a top piece H Figure 15, two
side pieces H' hinged thereto, and a front piece H 2 also hinged thereto and which
may be made to carry the finder g and has an aperture to allow the light to pass
through to the lens. The side pieces may be secured to the base-board by clasps,
or the whole may be held in position by straps g' as shown.
My improved stand for the camera will fold up into much smaller space than is
possible with stands as heretofore made. Each leg of the said stand is provided
with one two or more joints so as to fold into a half, a third, or smaller fraction of
its full extended length. Figure 16 shows a stand having each leg K composed of
four sections, that is to say, having three joints K'. Each articulated segment k,
is made of metal of a U-section, and the said segments are joined together in such
manner that they will fold one within the other. The space thus occupied by the
segments when folded is no more than that occupied by the top member alone.
Each section k is formed of metal bent to a U-shape and prepared at the joints to
receive pins or rivets k¹ Fig. 17 which serve as the hinges. preferably make each
section as follows, that is to say, a thin strip of metal of the required length and
width is folded on itself at one end for a sufficient distance indicated by the dotted
line, Figure 17ª to include the pivot or joint. It is then folded along each edge
to form a double thickness said folded part being about the width of the leg. Then
the strip is formed to the U section by stamping or folding at right angles. In this
way the sides are made of two thicknesses and one end through which the joint pin
passes consists of four thicknesses. The other end is furnished with a shoe k³ formed.

page_text: of a separate piece of thin metal folded round the outside thereof, the section k
together with the piece of metal forming the shoe being cut to the required shape
to form a semi-circular end leaving a projecting tongue Figure 17 which is
subsequently turned over the pivot pin and forms a stretcher between the two sides
of the section keeping the said sides the proper distance apart.
By this construction four thicknesses of metal are obtained at each joint through
which the pivot pin passes; moreover the thickness of metal provided by the shoe
serves the purpose of allowing the sections to fold easily one within the other
although riveted up tight.
To keep the joints rigid and to prevent the possibility of the stand collapsing
when in use I provide a locking spring at each joint. Said springs are hooked
at one end underneath the hinge pins k' and are provided at their free ends with
hooks which pass through slots or openings k' in their corresponding members
of the stand and engage the ends of the adjacent members. To disengage the
said hooks to allow the stand to be folded and also to re-engage the same when the
members are extended it is only necessary to press upon the bowed part of
the springs thereby extending the same sufficiently to allow them to pass over the
ends . The slots or opening k' through which the ends of the springs pass are
preferably made D shaped.
I provide the legs with rubber feet K2 secured thereto in lieu of the metal
spikes. Such feet are very advantageous and prevent slipping especially when
the stand is to be used on a smooth floor or pavement.
A stand for light cameras is built up of three legs such as above described
which are hinged or pivoted at their upper ends to a head piece M as shown in
Figure 16. An enlarged view of this head piece is shown in Figures 19 and 20.
M, M are lugs formed in the said head piece to which the legs are secured by
pivot pins.
To allow of the angular adjustment of the camera on the stand where such is
required I provide a modified ball and socket joint in the head as follows:-that is
to say, the head M is made cup-shaped or hollow at the top and is furnished on the
rim with three inner projections M³.
M² is another cup-like piece the lower convex face of which rests on the
three bearing points M³ aforesaid. Said cup M has a large central opening. The
cup M² has a screw-threaded central opening. M₁ is the screw for securing
the camera on the head. M³ the screw plate screwed to the camera with which
plate the screw M engages. M' is a saucer-shaped washer also having a screw-
threaded central opening. The screw M is made with a plain neck M' for a
purpose that will presently be seen.
The parts are put together for use as follows, the screw M is screwed through
the central opening in the washer M until the latter passes on to the neck M.
Then the screw is passed through the large central opening in the head M. Next,
the screw is screwed through the central opening in the cup M² until the said cup
also passes into the neck M'. In this position the cup M² and washer M® are
quite loose on the screw but are in no danger of leaving the same. The screw is
also loose in the cup M. The screw when in use is screwed into the bottom
plate M³ of the camera and screwed up tight, the shoulder M8 of the screw bearing
against the washer M which in its turn beds against the head M. By slacking
back the screw Mo the camera can be tilted or adjusted through a sufficiently large
angle in any direction, and can be instantly fixed in a new position by simply
tightening the screw.
In some cases 1 dispense with the adjusting head above described, in such
instances the opening in the cup M is made smaller and is screw threaded to fit
the screw which when in position is loose but is retained without fear of loss and
need not be detached from the stand.
In some instances the lower member of each leg may with advantage be made
telescopic though this is not usually needed.
For heavy cameras I modify the aforesaid stand by providing that such leg shall

page_text: be double as shown in Figure 21. The lower members of each half of the leg
which in this case are the largest are hinged together at K* and the upper meinbers
are furnished with holes which engage with pins K³, Figure 22 on the head piece K®.
Distance pieces or stretchers K' are provided to press the two halves of the legs
outward and thereby prevent the legs from becoming detached from the head.
Said stretchers K' are made U-shaped and are pivoted to one part of the leg and
bear against the other part. They fold for packing outside the member of the leg
to which they are attached. The head may be fitted with the adjusting device
above described. In this construction of stand owing to the stretchers the locking
joint springs are not required.
My improved camera or apparatus O, Figures 23 and 24 for exposing and
changing cut films comprises a box or compartment O₁ for receiving the cut films,
a device for sliding out of said box the first or exposed film, another box or
compartment 03 for receiving the exposed films and in some instances a counter to
indicate how many films have been removed. Each film P is contained in a
sheath P of thin flexible metal or celluloid or other suitable material having
grooves or recesses to hold the film formed by turning over the edges P° on two
opposite sides of the sheath, as shown in Figures 24 and 24B, the other two sides
or ends being left open or only turned up in small sections to allow of the sheath
being bent or curved while being delivered. Said films when in the sheaths and
properly packed within the compartment O₁ are maintained pressed against the
front or exposure end of said compartment by a spiral spring Os which presses on
a board Qin rear of said films so that the front film for the time being is always
in proper register. I provide a slit or narrow opening O' at the front end of the
chamber or compartment O', through which slit the films in their sheaths can be
withdrawn one at a time. For withdrawing the sheaths I provide a segmental
roller or a pair of segmental discs one at each side of the box which can be
rotated by hand from the outside of the camera or box, by means of the handle Q¹
or by other means provided for the purpose. The said segmental roller or discs is
or are so arranged that when turned it or they will engage with the turned over
edge of the first sheath and will operate to withdraw said sheath as the roller or
discs is or are rotated. The face of the roller or edges of the discs is or are
covered with rubber Q to ensure a secure hold being obtained of the sheath.
The flexible sheaths are maintained in contact with the roller or discs during the
whole period of their withdrawal by one or more friction rollers Q3, Q³ or rubber-
covered pulleys in combination with a curved guide Q. Upon leaving the roller
or discs, the sheaths are delivered into the light-tight compartment O³ provided
to receive them. I prefer to make the segmental discs or roller of such diameter
that each sheath with its film shall be retained projecting into the compartment O
while the next film is being exposed; the next turn of the roller or discs discharges
the film into said compartment O2 and withdraws the last exposed film into the
same projecting position. This is advantageous in that each partially discharged
sheath operates to hold down the films in the receptacle 02. Qis a pivoted stop
which arrests the handle Q' after each revolution. When another turn of the
handle is required, the said stop is raised by hand sufficiently far to clear the
handle.
I provide a counter so constructed that it exhibits at a glance how many times
the discharging roller has been turned and consequently how many films have been
removed from the box. Said counter may consist of a toothed or notched disc Q'
having numbers on its upper surface which can be seen through the opening Q8 in
the top of the box and actuated by a spring pawl q³ connected with the stop Q
when the latter is moved to allow the handle to pass. If the number of films
originally stored in the box are known, the operator can always tell by glancing at
the counter or indicator how many are left for use. Q, Qrepresent the two
elements of the double combination lens between which the exposure shutter
hereinafter described works. q represents the opening in the box to allow the
light to pass to the lens.

page_text: As I cannot conveniently use the above described roller-blind shutter with this
form of magazine camera, I provide an exposure shutter, which will now be
described and which is very convenient for use in this magazine camera and which
may be used in other cameras.
This shutter, see Figures 25 to 28, has double or multiple plates T T' that
secure an exposure which begins near the centre of the lens and expands outwards.
The plates are pivoted so to turn on centres t t' and are provided with an exposure
aperture 2. According to this part of my invention I combine with said double or
multiple plates or shutters T T₁ a pivoted covering plate T2 attached to or operated
by the setting key or lever T³ and so constructed and arranged that the exposure
opening is thereby automatically closed by said covering plate while the shutters
are being set. The covering plate is immediately returned to its initial position
by a wire spring T* or otherwise as soon as the shutters are set and thus does not
interfere with the exposure. The plates T T' are connected by a rod T5 which
ensures the simultaneous turning of both plates in opposite directions about their
respective pivots. Secured to the plate T is a pin or stud T against which the
side of the covering plate bears when the latter is turned by its setting lever T³.
Te is a spring-operated catch pivoted at T' and adapted to engage a notch To in
the shutter plate T and to retain the shutters in the set position when so engaged,
against the pull of the spring which tends to return the plates T, T' to their
initial position. To set the shutter for instantaneous or brief exposures, the lever T³
is turned in the direction of the arrow Figure 25 thus bringing the edge of the
covering plate T2 against the stud T in the plate T. On further turning the said
lever, the plate T is rotated about its pivot and, through the rod T³, operates to
turn the other plate T¹ in the opposite direction about its pivot. The apertures t²
in the plates T, T¹ completely pass each other during the aforesaid turning move-
ment, but the light is prevented from passing through the apertures during this
operation by the covering plate T2 which plate is returned by its spring to its
initial position as soon as the lever is released. At the completion of the setting of
the shutter, the spring-operated catch T engages the notch T8 in the side of the
plate T and retains the plate in the set position. To release the shutter, all that
is necessary to do is to press downwards upon the operating finger or lever t³
attached to the catch Te so as to withdraw the catch from the notch T whereupon
the shutter plates are rapidly drawn back by the spring to and during the transit of
the apertures in the two plates the exposure is made. By this means exposures of
extremely brief duration may be made.
To enable the duration of the exposure to be extended or altered or regulated
within limits I provide a friction brake operating on the edge of one of the shutter
plates. Said friction brake consists of a spring t covered with leather to at the
point of contact with the shutter. I prefer not to attach this leather to the spring
but rather to pivot it to the framework of the shutter as shown at te so as to allow
the leather to slide on the spring for a limited distance. ', ' are stops to limit
this sliding movement. The friction is greatest during the period when the aperture
is fully open.
This construction therefore allows the shutter to open rapidly and
to move comparatively slowly when the aperture is about fully open, and to close
rapidly, and consequently ensures great efficiency of the shutter. I provide for
varying the pressure of the spring to give shorter or longer durations of exposure.
This I do by means of a cam or eccentric 8 which bears upon the spring and can
be turned from outside the shutter by its lever or handle to to give greater or less
pressure.
For time exposures of longer duration than can be secured by the friction brake
I operate the shutter by means of a finger U which is attached to, or forms a part
of the lever . This finger is adapted to bear against a projection on the plate T¹
so that when the lever is depressed the shutter plates are turned about their
pivots and the aperture is fully opened and the plate can be retained in the open
position for any desired length of time. I also provide a pivoted catch U¹ Fig. 27

page_text: to hold down the lever t³ for very long exposures or for focussing so as to liberate -
the operator.
In order to ensure that the finger U shall not prevent the proper operation of
the shutter when the latter is set and used for instantaneous or very brief exposures.
I provide a stop U2 pivoted at U³ to the framework of the shutter in combination..
with a projection U of the plate T¹. The stop is controlled by a spring U³. The
finger U is hooked as shown at its free end and is adapted to engage the recess
shown in the stop U2. When the shutter is set for instantaneous exposures the-
projection U pushes the stop U2 into the path of the finger U in which position it
acts as a stop for said finger to prevent the same rising more than is just necessary
to allow the catch Te to liberate the shutter. When the shutter is used for time
exposures and operated by the lever t³ as above described, the shutter plates do not
turn as far as they do when operated by the setting lever T3 and consequently the
stop U2 is not pushed far enough to lock the finger U and the said finger is free to .
work the shutter plates.
This shutter, the mechanism of which is preferably enclosed between two plates
or covers, may be placed in front of or behind the lens but in practice I prefer to
place it between the two elements of a double combination lens in the place usually
occupied by the diaphragm or stop. In such case I mount in a recess or inside one
of the covering plates of the shutter a circular rotating plate V having apertures
corresponding to the different sized stops required to be used. I rotate this plate
when required to change the stop by means of the lever V₁ which is outside the
cover. This rotary stop works quite independently of the shutter. Stops or their
equivalent are provided for the lever V₁ to ensure that the diaphragm openings.
shall rest opposite the centre of the lens. I may combine with this apparatus a
pneumatic device to open and close the shutters for time exposures as follows, that
is to say, the device comprises a bellows V2 Figure 27 which operates between a
fixed plate V³ on the front of the shutter and a projection V on a pivoted lever V³
which lever engages the hand lever t³. Said bellows are furnished with a tube and
pressure ball as is well understood for operating the same.
The bellows may be
made to act directly on the lever t³.
In order to indicate the time of exposure I provide a simple form of actinometer
combined with an exposure table in a very portable and convenient form. I make
said exposure meter in the form of a small pocket book (shown open in Figure 29).
provided with a light tight pocket W to carry strips of sensitive paper. Said
pocket has on its front face an opening W₁ through which a portion W³ of one of
the sensitive strips of paper can be exposed to the light, and in juxtaposition to
said opening is a tinted surface W³. to correspond with the tint assumed by the
sensitive paper when exposed to light. The paper which I use is extremely
sensitive so that very few seconds exposure in a good light is sufficient to change
the colour of the same to that of the standard tint. The time required to assume
this tint varies according to the intensity of the light. On the front face of the
pocket I provide a divided scale or numbers representing seconds. This pocket is
made to slide in a groove so that it may be adjusted with reference to a fixed
scale W representing the speed or rapidity of the various plates which may be
used. An indicating line is marked on the face of the sliding pocket for a purpose
hereinafter specified. On the other side of the sliding pocket I provide a second
sliding scale W marked with divisions representing the subjects to be photographed
which may vary greatly in luminosity. Adjacent to the scale of subjects I provide
an exposure table W having a column for each diaphragm of lens that may be
used. Said columns contain figures indicating the times of exposure required for
each subject.
This exposure meter is used as follows, a small portion of the sensitive paper is
drawn out through a slit in one end of the pocket so that a fresh portion of the
same is exposed at the opening W₁. The time in seconds required for this strip
to darken to the standard tint which adjoins the opening is noted and the aforesaid
indicating line or mark on the sliding pocket being set to the kind of plate

page_text: which is in use, the sliding scale of subjects is then adjusted until an indicating
mark or line thereon is brought opposite the number representing the said number
of seconds. This being done the figures on the exposure table opposite the
respective subjects and in line therewith will indicate at a glance the time of
exposure required for each subject and any particular diaphragm.
My improved appliance for developing plates or films after exposure in the
camera comprises a novel construction of developing dish according to which I
construct such dish with an outer frame or tray J and an inner dish or lining J¹
made of thin transparent celluloid which is removable and may be discarded when
soiled and replaced at a trifling cost by a new sheet of celluloid. The frame or
tray is made of thin metal or other suitable material having an opening J³ in the
bottom. The corners of said frame or tray are also removed to admit of the
projection therethrough of the corners of the celluloid which form spouts and
facilitate the pouring of the chemicals and water therefrom. The celluloid sheet
is cut to the proper size and shape to fit the metal frame or tray and when
pressed therein is held down by suitable means, as for example by portions J³ of
the sides of the frame which are turned over to form hooks or ledges on the inner
side of the tray to engage with the edges of the celluloid lining. If desired the
celluloid lining may be formed with a well to admit of the dish being tipped up
for examination purposes without pouring out the liquid. The same frame serves
for both descriptions of lining.
This construction forms a very light and convenient developing dish which
enables the operator to judge the progress of the development by transmitted light
of the plate or film without removing the same from the dish.
For holding the films while they are being developed I provide a light frame S,
Figure 34, made of celluloid or thin non-corrodible metal or other suitable material
in which the films can be placed and then retained by a suitably shaped rim S'
which fits the frame, the film being held around its border between the frame
and the retaining rim. The part of the frame and rim that come in contact with
the film are corrugated or otherwise formed with raised points as shown that
support the film while allowing the chemicals and washing liquid to freely
circulate over all parts of the border of the film except just at the points of contact.
By this frame thin films can be manipulated with the same ease and certainty as
glass plates during the process of developing, fixing and washing. This holder is
also advantageous by reason that it keeps the films flat and prevents them from
buckling while drying.
I sometimes make the holder of a simple sheet or piece of celluloid or non-
corrodible metal S2, Figure 35, turned over at its edges to form grooves S³,
Figure 36 to hold the film during the operation of developing and washing and
having an aperture S therein to allow of the examination of the films by trans-
mitted light. Said holder has also retaining pieces S³ at the ends to prevent the
film from sliding out.
My improved printing frame consists of a rectangular frame Y Figures 37
and 38 of thin metal provided with a spring-retaining device consisting of a
movable bar or strip preferably of wood Y' and a spring Y' behind same and
between it and the turned-up edge of the frame. The bar and spring are prevented
from falling out by turned over pieces Y3 of the metal forming the frame. This
retaining device presses against one end of the negative glass plate Y* and forces
the other end thereof against the other end of the frame or against another bar Y'
fixed in that end of the frame. This bar may be held in position in the same
manner as the bar at the other end. When in use one edge of the paper on
which the photograph is to be printed is inserted and gripped between one end of
the negative or glass plate and the spring bar Y' aforesaid in such a manner that
the same paper can be raised to allow of examination and returned with certainty
to exactly the same position on the negative. The paper is held down while
printing is proceeding by a pressure board Y" which is pressed against the back
of the paper by a looved wire spring Y'. The ends of the said spring are bent

page_text: outwards or inwards and enter holes or eye pieces Ys formed by turning over the
edges of the thin metal frame thus forming a hinge on which the springs may turn
to allow the pressure to be removed. The spring is held down by slipping the
looped end under retaining catches Y' formed by or attached to the edge of the
frame opposite the hinge as shown in Figure 39. I may use a hinged back
board in connection with two or more of my improved springs and the metal frame
above described.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I
claim is :-
1. A camera provided with hinged side wings containing sliding extending
frames in combination with a hinged folding base board, for the purpose specified.
2. In such a camera the provision of racks on the sliding frames and a pinion
or pinions carried by the base board and adapted to gear with the said racks
when the wings and base board are open, substantially as, and for the purpose,
specified.
3. A camera constructed substantially as described with reference to Figures 1
and 2 or to the modification illustrated by Figure 3.
4. In a dark slide an outer metal case open at one end or side and adapted to
receive an inner slide or carrier which holds the films or plates, said case having
an exposure opening at each side and furnished with a recess to receive a light-
tight cut-off, substantially as, and for the purpose, specified.
5. In a double dark slide an outer case formed of thin metal and constructed as
shown and described with reference to Figures 4 to 6.
6. In a dark slide, an inner carrier furnished with a hinged flap at the lower or
open end and having projections on each side thereof to keep the said carrier
central within the outer case.
7. For the inner carrier of a dark slide, a cut-off consisting of velvet or cloth
enclosing or supported by a thin flexible strip of spring metal adapted to press the
velvet or cloth outwards to ensure that the light shall not enter the slide when
the shutter is out and when the said shutter is being inserted or withdrawn,
substantially as described.
8. The inner carrier constructed substantially as shown and described with
reference to Figures 7 and 8 and operating as specified.
9. For a double dark-slide a pair of reversible shutters each coloured differently
on its opposite sides and so shaped at their ends that either can be readily grasped
and withdrawn whichever side is outermost.
10. The combination of the outer case, the inner sliding carrier, and the pair of
reversible shutters substantially as shown and described.
11. A roller blind shutter having a compound roller consisting of an outer
cylinder, and an inner rod with means for turning the said rod within the cylinder
and for fixing the rod to the cylinder, and having cords or the like attached to the
said rod and to the edges of the blind in such manner that when the rod is
rotated the width of the exposure opening is thereby regulated, substantially as
described.
12. A folding camera case consisting of two halves hinged together and adapted
to fold one within the other, substantially as, and for the purpose described with
reference to Figures 13 and 14.
13. The modified folding camera case or cover consisting of the top piece and
hinged side flaps and front the latter carrying a finder, substantially as shown and
described.
14. A camera stand, each leg of which is formed of two or more pieces of metal
of section jointed or pivoted together so as to be capable of folding the one
within the other.
15. A camera stand the legs of which are formed of pieces of sheet metal shaped
or bent to a U section and constructed and jointed or pivoted together substantially

page_text: . as described with reference to Figure 16 or with reference to the modification
illustrated in Figure 21.
16. The combination, with such a stand as is indicated in Claim 14, of the springs
for locking the joints, substantially as shown and described.
17. Providing such a stand with rubber feet substantially as described, for the
purpose specified.
18. The recessed head having the three bearing points in combination with the
movable cup shaped piece and the clamping screw, substantially as shown and
--described.
19. The stand as shown and described with reference to Figures 16 to 20, or with
reference to Figures 21 and 22.
20. In a magazine camera having two compartments, the means substantially as
'herein described for transferring the films from one compartment to the other, with
-or without the counter for indicating the number of transfers made.
21. In an exposure shutter the combination, with two pivoted reversely operating
plates having exposure openings and connected together by a rod, of a covering
plate substantially as, and for the purpose, specified.
22. In an exposure shutter, a pivoted lever having two arms so arranged that
one serves as the retaining catch for the shutter when set for very brief exposures,
and the other as a means for opening the shutter for exposures of longer duration.
23. The combination, with the said pivoted lever, of a pivoted stop for limiting
the movement of the said lever when the shutter is set for very brief exposures,
said stop being adjusted to the locking position in the act of setting the shutter,
substantially as, and for the purpose, specified.
24. In an exposure shutter having a pivoted exposure plate or plates, a leather
covered adjustable spring brake which presses upon the edge of the plate or of one
of the plates to control the duration of the exposure.
25. The combination, with the leathered covered spring, of the cam or eccentric
for adjusting the pressure of spring, substantially as herein described.
26. The exposure shutter constructed substantially as described with reference to
Figures 25 and 26 and operating as specified.
27. An exposure meter arranged in the form of a small pocket book or on a
card, and comprising an actinometer, sliding scales for time and subjects, and an
exposure table, substantially as herein described and shown.
28. The metal frame J cut away at the corners, and having an opening in the
bottom, substantially as described with reference to Figure 31 of the drawings, for
the purpose specified.
29. The developing dish formed by the said frame, and a celluloid lining with or
without a well, substantially as described.
30. The film holder, consisting of a corrugated rim and corrugated frame, between
which the film is held during the operation of developing, washing and drying,
substantially as shewn and described.
31. The combination with a printing frame of a bent wire spring arranged and
operating substantially as herein described.
32. A printing frame constructed substantially as herein shewn and described
with reference to Figures 37 to 40.
Dated this 21st den of Mov 1901
HASELTINE, LAKE & Co.,
45, Southampton Buildings, London, W.C., Agents for the Applicant.