IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR BURNING LIQUID HYDROCARBONS
Year: 1868

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Clinton Edgcumbe Brooman, of the Firm of
Robertson, Brooman, and Company, of 166, Fleet Street, in the
City of London, Patent Agents, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS
IN APPARATUS FOR BURNING LIQUID HYDROCARBONS."-A communication
from abroad by Pierre Emile Martin, of Paris, France.
Sealed the 2nd October 1869, and dated the 14th April 1869.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Clinton Edgcumbe
Brooman at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his
Petition, on the 14th April 1869.
I, CLINTON EDGCUMBE BROOMAN, of the Firm of Robertson, Brooman,
and Company, of 166, Fleet Street, in the City of London, Patent
Agents, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IM-
PROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR BURNING LIQUID HYDROCARBONS," to be as
follows:-
This Invention has for its object the spontaneous combustion of hydro-
carbons while in a state of suspension in a medium or current of
superheated air, steam, or gas, at a high temperature (say, from about

page_text: 3200° to 3600° Fahrenheit) in order to immediately decompose these oils
and to develop in this manner an immense heat of great service in many
industrial processes.
The Invention is chiefly founded on the following double combination,
viz., 1st, increasing the calorific power of the combustible gases pro-
ceeding from any furnace, gas generator, blast furnace, or other apparatus
by the injection of hydrocarbons inflaming in the vesicular state without
contact with any grate or slab, and, secondly, producing the spontaneous
combustion of the mixture of nitrogenized combustible gases and non-
nitrogenized hydrocarbons by means of air or steam superheated, either
without or within the apparatus itself.
I proceed to describe several applications of this Invention.
In one application there is a reverberatory regenerating furnace with a
concave sole plate, the combustion in which is caused by hydrocarbons
decomposed while in a state of suspension immediately upon coming
in contact with combustible gases and superheated air across the
chambers of the furnace. The combustible gases arrive through an air
opening, and are superheated while passing through the partitions of the
regenerating chambers. At each side of or above the furnace a reservoir
is placed containing the liquid hydrocarbon which falls drop by drop
through a cock into a bent pipe with a funnel-shaped mouth which
proceeds from a hole formed in each side of the furnace. The sole plate
of the furnace is concave. When the current of superheated air or
gas from the generators enter the furnace alternately through passages
formed through the brickwork at either end of the sole plate they
immediately inflame the hydrocarbon dropping from the reservoir, and
this decomposition in the superheated medium developes a very great
calorific power. The hydrocarbon does not fall upon any grate. A jet
of superheated steam may also be introduced at each side of the furnace
by means of pipes passing through the same holes as those by which the
hydrocarbon enters.
In another application there is a reverberatory furnace for high tempe-
ratures in which the heat is caused by the spontaneous combustion of a
liquid hydrocarbon in the presence of superheated steam and hot air.
The furnace is provided with a grate. The sole plate is concave, and at
the end of the sole plate is a steam generator. Above the furnace is the
reservoir for the hydrocarbon furnished with a cock which allows the

page_text: hydrocarbon to drop into the funnel-mouthed bent pipe proceeding
through the side orifice of the furnace as does also the pipe for the super-
heated steam. The hydrocarbon immediately upon its entrance into the
furnace is inflamed by contact with the superheated steam and hot air,
and the hot air rising through the grate gives rise to great heat to
the advantage of the sole plate of the furnace and the generator at
its end.
Another application consists of a reverberatory furnace with a gas
generator in which the heating is caused by liquid hydrocarbons also
burning in the state of suspension and without falling upon any grate or
slab. The gas generator is fed with fuel upon an inclined grate through
a hole at the upper part of the furnace, which is usually closed. Between
the gas generator and the sole plate is a fire upon a grate upon which
fuel is placed. Into the ash-pit of this grate air enters; its entrance is
regulated by a clack valve. The air is heated while passing through the
burning fuel upon the grate and inflames the gas from the gas generator
and the hydrocarbon in proportion to its arrival. The sole plate contains
the steel or other substance to be treated. Above the furnace is placed
the reservoir containing the hydrocarbon which falls drop by drop from
a cock into a funnel-mouthed pipe which is bent into the interior of the
furnace through the orifice. Immediately upon its arrival within the
furnace the hydrocarbon is inflamed by its contact with the combustible
gases from the gas generator and the hot air rising through the grate;
the hydrocarbon is decomposed while suspended in the vesicular state
developing a very great heat.
In another arrangement applicable to blast furnaces the hydrocarbon
falls drop by drop from the reservoir through tubes proceeding into
blast openings in the furnace so as to be introduced within the furnace
by the current of air. The hydrocarbon feeding pipe may communicate
in the interior with the nozzle of the air pipe, or the other pipe may have
its nozzle in advance of that of the other air pipe.
This system of heating with hydrocarbons may be applied to all kinds
of blast furnaces, its characteristic feature being the burning of the
hydrocarbons without a grate.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent
filed by the said Clinton Edgcumbe Brooman in the Great Sea
Patent Office on the 14th October 1869.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, CLINTON
EDGCUMBE BROOMAN, of the Firm of Robertson, Brooman, and Company
of 166, Fleet Street, in the City of London, Patent Agents, send greeting
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Fourteenth day of April, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine, in the thirty-second
year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and
grant unto me, the said Clinton Edgcumbe Brooman, Her special licence
that I, the said Clinton Edgcumbe Brooman, my executors, adminis
trators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Clinton Edgcumbe
Brooman, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time
agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter
during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR BURNING LIQUID HYDROCARBONS," (a com-
munication from abroad by Pierre Emile Martin, of Paris, France,)
upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Clinton Edgcumbe
Brooman, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing
under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly
describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be
filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next
and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Clinton Edgcumbe Brooman, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the
same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in
and by the following statement thereof, reference being had to the
Drawings hereunto annexed, that is to say :-
This Invention has for its object the spontaneous combustion of
hydrocarbons whilst in a state of suspension in a medium or current

page_text: of superheated air, steam, or gas at a high temperature (say from about
3200° to 3600° Fahrenheit), in order to immediately decompose these
oils and to develop in this manner an immense heat of great service
in many industrial processes.
The Invention is chiefly founded on the following double combination,
viz., 1st, increasing the calorific power of the combustible gases pro-
ceeding from any furnace, gas generator, blast furnace, or other appa-
ratus by the injection of hydrocarbons inflaming in the vesicular
state without contact with any grate or slab; 2nd, producing the
spontaneous combustion of the mixture of nitrogenized combustible
gases and non-nitrogenized hydrocarbons by means of air or steam
superheated either without or within the apparatus itself.
I proceed to describe several applications of this Invention with
reference to the annexed Drawings.
Figure 1 shows in longitudinal section a reverberatory regenerating
furnace with a concave sole plate, the combustion in which is caused
by hydrocarbons decomposed while in a state of suspension immediately
upon coming in contact with combustible gases and superheated air
across the chambers of the furnace. A is the furnace, and B, B, the
chambers of the regenerator. The combustible gases arrive through an
air opening C, and are superheated while passing through the partitions
of the regenerator chambers B, B. At each side of or above the
furnace A a reservoir D, D', is placed containing the liquid hydrocarbon,
which falls drop by drop through a cocks a, a, into bent pipes b, b', with
funnel-shaped mouths, which proceed from a hole formed in each side
of the furnace. E is the concave sole plate for the manufacture of steel
or any other metallurgical or ceramic operation. When the currents of
superheated air or gas from the generators enter the furnace alternately
through passages G, G, formed through the brickwork at either end of
the sole plate they immediately inflame the hydrocarbon dropping from
the reservoirs D, D', and this decomposition in the superheated medium
develops a very great calorific power. It will be perceived that the
hydrocarbon does not fall upon any grate. A jet of superheated steam
may also be introduced at each side of the furnace by means of
pipes e, e', Figure 1, passing through the same holes d, d', as those by
which the hydrocarbon enters.
Figure 2 shows in longitudinal section a reverberatory furnace for
high temperatures in which the heat is caused by the spontaneous

page_text: combustion of a liquid hydrocarbon in the presence of superheated steam
and hot air. A is the furnace, which is provided with a grate H; E is
the concave sole plate, and at the end of the plate is a steam generator I.
Above the furnace is the reservoir D for the hydrocarbon, furnished with
a cock a, which allows the hydrocarbon to drop into the funnel-mouthed
bent pipe b, proceeding through the side orifice d of the furnace, as does
also the pipe e for the superheated steam. The hydrocarbon imme-
diately upon its entrance into the furnace is inflamed by contact with
the superheated steam and hot air, and the hot air rising through the
grate H gives rise to great heat to the advantage of the sole plate of
the furnace and the generator at its end.
Figure 3 represents in longitudinal section a reverberatory furnace
with a gas generator, in which the heat is caused by liquid hydrocarbons,
also burning in the state of suspension and without fall upon any grate
or slab. At J is a gas generator fed with fuel upon an inclined grate L,
through a hole K at the upper part of the furnace, which is usually
closed. At H is a fire upon a grate upon which fuel is placed. Into
the ash-pit of this grate the air enters at f, its entrance is regulated by
a clack valve. The air is heated while passing through the burning
fuel upon the grate H, and inflames the gas from the gas generator and
the hydrocarbon in proportion to its arrival. The sole plate E contains
the steel or other substance to be treated. Above the furnace A is
placed the reservoir D containing the hydrocarbon, which falls drop by
drop from a cock a into a funnel-mouthed pipe b, which is bent into
the interior of the furnace through the orifice d. Immediately upon its
arrival within the furnace the hydrocarbon is inflamed by its contact
with the combustible gases from the gas generator, and the hot air
rising through the grate H and is decomposed while suspended in the
vesicular state developping a very great heat.
Figure 4 is a vertical section of a blast or high furnace A, the heating
of which is produced by hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbon falls drop
by drop from the reservoir through the tubes 6, 6', proceeding into the
blast openings d, d', in the furnace, so as to be introduced within the
furnace by the current of air by the pipes g, g'. The hydrocarbon feeding
pipe may communicate in the interior with the nozzle of the air pipe g,
or the other pipe 6' may have its nozzle in advance of that of the other
air pipe g¹.
b

page_text: This system of heating with hydrocarbons may be applied to all kinds
of blast furnaces, its characteristic feature being the burning of the
hydrocarbons without a grate.
And having now described the nature of the said Invention, and in
what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that I claim,-
Firstly. The construction or arrangement of apparatus, substantially
as herein-before described and represented in the accompanying
Drawings, whereby the combustion of hydrocarbons is effected whilst
they are suspended in a current or medium of air, steam, or gas,
at an elevated temperature.
And, secondly. The combustion of hydrocarbons whilst in a state of
suspension, in a medium or current of superheated air, steam, or
gas, substantially in the manner and for the purpose herein-before
described and represented in the accompanying Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said Clinton Edgcumbe Brooman, have
hereunto set my hand and seal, this Thirteenth day of October,
in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-
nine.

page_text: LETTERS FATENT to Henri Adolphe Archereau, of 13, Boulevart
St. Martin, Paris, France, Chemist, for the Invention of "A NEW
METHOD OF OBTAINING HEAT AND LIGHT AND ITS VARIOUS APPLICATIONS
AND IN APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH."
Sealed the 23rd March 1869, and dated the 9th October 1868.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Henri Adolphe Archereau
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 9th October 1868.
I, HENRI ADOLPHE ARCHEREAU, of 13, Boulevart St. Martin, Paris,
France, Chemist, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "A NEW METHOD OF OBTAINING HEAT AND LIGHT AND ITS VARIOUS
APPLICATIONS, AND IN APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH," to be as follows:-
My Invention relates to a new mode of producing and applying light
and heat from gases obtained by the mixture of inflammable gases and
atmospheric air or other aid to combustion supplied under pressure, the
combustion of said mixtures being effected under pressure in various
liquids or liquefiable pulverized or viscous matters. Many means
have been employed from time to time for producing the combustion of

page_text: inflammable gases, from which I will select the two following:-In a
small hollow cylinder of bronze, and of considerable thickness, mixtures
of pure hydrogen and oxygen have been compressed to 20 atmospheres
in the exact proportions for producing water for the purpose of proving
the heating power of hydrogen and the high temperature obtained.
The gases thus compressed might without danger to the operators be
ignited within the apparatus itself, which is constructed to resist
the great expansive force of the steam produced at the moment of the
explosion. By means of a long tube adapted to the above apparatus
and terminating in a platinum burner having several diaphragms of wire
gauze placed in the supply pipe of the explosive mixtures, it has been
found possible, although with some difficulty, to ignite and burn
continuously in the open air a portion of the mixed gases contained in
the cylinder. It was only possible, however, to burn in this manner
a portion of the explosive mixture of oxygen and hydrogen, for not-
withstanding the cooling properties of the wire gauze diaphragms when
the pressure
in the cylinder falls too low the flame at the platinum
burner travels in an inverse direction to the slower passage of the mixed
gases, and instantaneously produces an explosion in the cylinder, in
which nothing remains but the water produced by the condensation of the
steam. Hydrogen has also been replaced by oxide of carbon, and it is
evident that inflammable gases, such as protocarbonated hydrogen or
bi-carbonated hydrogen, may also be successfully employed in the same
apparatus either in combination with pure oxygen, atmospheric air, or
other aid to combustion.
According to a second process an arrangement of apparatus has been
employed by means of which very high temperatures have been obtained
by the combustion of lighting gas or other inflammable gas by means
of the oxygen of the air alone. It has been shown that when the said
gas has passed through a bent tube of about an inch in diameter and
about 12 or 15 inches in length, by means of a current of compressed
air at a pressure of 8 to 20 inches of water, so as to intimately mix the
air and the inflammable gas in such proportion that neither the oxygen
of the air nor the gas which combines therewith in combustion is in
excess, the heat produced is not only capable of melting the purest
wrought iron but also sufficient under favorable conditions to fuse
platinum wire. It has been ascertained that the rate of combustion of
these explosive mixtures of atmospheric air and combustible gas employed
is less than 20 feet per second, and it has hence been concluded that

page_text: it is possible to burn continuously at the burner of the apparatus the
above-mentioned mixtures, provided they circulate in the supply tubes
at a greater speed than 20 feet per second.
By a modification of the above apparatus considerable quantities of
platinum have been successfully melted, the improvement consisting in the
employment of a jet of compressed air at a pressure of one atmosphere
above that of the air to draw in a great portion of the air to be mixed
with the inflammable gas and also serving as a vehicle for the gas itself.
In both these apparatus however the pressure at the burner is always very
low and does not exceed 8 inches in height of water, as this pressure is
produced solely by the action of the incoming current of compressed air
on the inflammable gas, which may be obtained either from the mains or
from a gasometer or reservoir at a low pressure.
or more
My Invention, as will be seen, is somewhat similar to the above-
mentioned processes, but differs entirely from them in many respects,
and more especially in the manner of applying the flames, which are
rendered utilizable for various purposes under high pressures.
I
strongly compress, and constantly if necessary, to a great number of
atmospheres the mixed inflammable gases either in one
receivers, care being taken to maintain by means of pumps or other
apparatus working continuously an equal, regular, and sufficient
pressure in the cylinders or reservoirs, to produce in the pipes or
combustion apparatus a very rapid and constant flow of the explosive
mixed gases, which mixture, when separate receivers are employed for
the gaseous agent of combustion and inflammable gases, is produced by
introducing them simultaneously into tubes or sinuous form, where they
are mixed before passing to the burners for consumption in regulated
proportions, so that all the inflammable gas will be burnt, but without
any excess or deficiency of atmospheric air or other aid to combustion,
especially when the flame is required to be of the highest possible
temperature.
I have mentioned above that I produce a very rapid flow of the
mixture, which is necessary for the success of my operations.
The more
energetic acting aids to combustion, such as pure oxygen and the
protoxide of azote, require to flow at much higher rates of speed.
As my improved process is carried on at a high pressure the rate
of combustion will be much greater, and will necessitate a more rapid
flow of the explosive mixtures than that found sufficient when the

page_text: combustion took place at the atmospheric pressure. Instead of employing
the apparatus first described, which can only act for a few minutes and
with irregular and decreasing pressure, I substitute one or more receivers,
in which I maintain by means of pumps or other suitable apparatus
during the time necessary for the operation the pressure required to
produce a flow sufficiently rapid to feed the burners, which differ from
those before mentioned by the constant pressure always maintained at
the same point, and the multiplicity of the compressed mixtures as
well as in the nature of their applications, as will be herein-after
explained.
My improved process is distinguished by the high pressures constantly
maintained of the different kinds of inflammable gases and combustion
agents, which are compressed either separately or otherwise in receptacles
intended to regulate the action of the pumps, and it permits of the
production of a great variety of jets by the combined use of all kinds
of inflammable gases and vapors suitably mixed and afterwards ignited
and consumed in a continuous manner under pressure of thick layers
of liquid or liquefiable pulverized or viscous matters, which would have
more or less entirely prevented the emission of the jets by either of the
processes first herein described.
Thus by applying a sufficiently high
and constant pressure to all inflammable gases and aids to combustion
mixed in the proper proportions I obtain the desired result, which
consists in causing the jets of my improved apparatus to penetrate all
obstacles dependent on the nature of liquid, liquefiable, pulverulent, or
viscous matters. They may be employed to act with advantage in the
midst of the said matters at any depth in a continuous manner for a
length of time so as to produce either heat, chemical or mechanical
action, or light, according to the matters treated or employed and the
results desired, and also according to the position in which the jets are
employed and the heating, chemical, and mechanical power of the said
jets which may at any time be augmented or diminished and otherwise
modified or changed according to the exigencies of the operations and
the results to be obtained.
'As I wish to extend the use of my process as much as possible I
will proceed to point out its various applications in a general manner.
By my process I am enabled to produce flames generally of very high
temperatures in the midst of various substances, metallic or non-metallic,
compound or simple, and even under very high pressure; these flames are

page_text: capable of being maintained under the heaviest charges of material with
continuous action and great regularity of effect. The simplest mode of
applying these flames for the purpose of utilizing their heat and
mechanical action only, consists in employing them for the fusion of
those metals which by reason of their chemical nature will not combine
at any temperature with the chemical elements of the flames produced
by the mixtures of inflaminable gases, such as pure hydrogen, carbonated
hydrogen, or oxide of carbon, with either the oxygen of the atmosphere
or pure oxygen or with protoxide of azote. For this purpose I introduce
into an apparatus similar to that represented at Figure 1 of the Drawings
a certain quantity of melted platinum; as soon as this metal is poured
into the apparatus it ignites the explosive mixture or mixtures which are
suddenly introduced at the same moment by means of numerous vertical
tubes placed inside the bottom of the oscillating crucible represented in
the Drawing. The apparatus is made fireproof to withstand higher
temperatures than that of the melting point of platinum, and the jets
or flames from the orifices or tubes being of a much higher temperature
than the melting point of this metal it will remain in a liquid condition,
and will be continually penetrated by the jets, so as to greatly increase
its temperature. In this bath of melted platinum I may introduce solid
platinum, which will be very rapidly melted. As the apparatus is
mounted on trunnions the liquid metal may be readily poured out either
wholly or in part into moulds or other suitable receptacles. Care must
be taken to retain a certain quantity of the melted metal at the bottom
of the apparatus when it is desired to continue the melting of the
platinum after having poured out a portion of that contained, which pre-
caution is necessary to maintain the jets constantly ignited.
This process
is applicable to all metals the chemical nature of which does not allow
of their combination with the elements of the jets.
Description of the apparatus shown at Figures 1 and 2-a, crucible
of fire-clay of great thickness in which is placed the melted platinum
or other metal. This crucible is provided with two trunnions b, c, so
as to permit of its oscillation; one of these trunnions c is joined to
and communicates with the pipe d for introducing the mixture of
inflammable and other gases. e, chamber or false bottom of the
crucible a, from which lead up the small ducts or tubes f for bringing
the jets of mixed gases in contact with the under side of the metal in
the crucible; g, pipe communicating with the reservoir of compressed
inflammable gas furnished with a tap h; i, pipe communicating with

page_text: the reservoir containing the compressed gas serving to produce com-
bustion, also furnished with a tap j.
These two pipes g and i are
united at k, at which point the mixture of the inflammable and other
gases is effected.
In order to render this mixture more complete the
gases are passed through a zig-zag pipe before entering the crucible.
A tap m placed on pipe d opens or cuts off the supply of the mixed
gases to the crucible.
It is to be understood that this apparatus serves merely to describe
the mode of carrying out my Invention, and may be modified in form,
dimensions, and arrangement. I also employ this mode for effecting
the simple fusion of various refractory undecomposable and non-metallic
substances, such as alumina, either alone or combined with other sub-
stances, silica alone or combined with certain substances, and in general
all minerals or chemical substances capable of melting without being
decomposed by the jets.
UTILIZING THE HEAT COMBINED WITH THE CHEMICAL AND MECHANICAL
ACTION OF THE JETS.
The widest application of my process consists in the utilization
of the calorific chemical and mechanical action of the jets in com-
bination. In this case the effects produced vary according to the
substances operated upon. Suppose that in the apparatus represented
in Figure 1, with reference to which I have described the application of
the process to the fusion of platinum, I substitute wrought iron for the
inoxydizable metal melted so as to ignite the gaseous currents, the
flame would as before produce a temperature higher than the melting
point of the metal introduced, and solid metal of the same nature might
be added, such as scrap iron for example. Pigs taken from the puddling
furnace may be thus melted in the bath, or spongy iron produced by
the reduction of iron ores, and in fact all kinds of wrought or rolled
iron. In treating platinum the heat and mechanical action only of the
inflammable gases are utilised, their chemical elements not acting on
this metal, but in melting iron a chemical action which is useful for
refining metal takes place. At the same moment that the products of
combustion penetrate the iron, of which a small portion is burnt, the
sulphur, silicium, phosphates, and even the carbon, are attacked and
eliminated, leaving only the iron in an almost pure condition, which is
sufficiently heated to be after resting a moment run out into a ladle
or mould, or be transformed into steel in the apparatus itself, by the

page_text: addition of about one-tenth of its weight of solid or liquid cast iron, or
by any other mode of carburation preferred. I sometimes introduce
with the gaseous mixtures substances capable of producing useful
chemical reactions; thus I may introduce into the metallic bath with
the compressed gaseous mixtures oxides, acids, or salts, which will
furnish oxygen, chlorine, or other agents according to their nature,
assisting in the refinement of iron, for example, or to effect the decom-
position of the materials under treatment or other combinations desired.
By introducing ferrocyanide of potassium, together with the compressed
gases, into well purified iron in fusion excellent steel may be produced.
In this bath of iron in which the flames by their rapid dispersion con-
tinually supply fresh quantities of heat, as well as produce a powerful
chemical action, I introduce either steel or cast iron in a state of fusion,
which metals on leaving the apparatus are greatly modified in their
properties according to the time that they are subjected to the action of
the flames. The cast iron is very quickly refined in this bath, and is first
converted into steel, and if the action is continued forms an iron suitable
for all purposes. The metal is run out in the same manner as the platinum,
care being taken as before to retain a quantity of liquid metal in the
crucible.
It will be understood that although my improved process is applicable
for melting and heating all kinds of metals it will be impossible to explain
in detail every mode of its application.
It is evident that all the common as well as the precious metals may
be melted in the above manner, and that the inflammable gases will
produce effects depending entirely upon the variable nature of the metals
and of the gases employed.
It is also evident that my process is equally applicable for melting
metals, either separately or together, so as to produce alloys, which alloys
may be obtained by adding to melted iron either copper, manganese,
tungsten, chromium, or other metals.
It will be understood that I do not limit myself to the mode of
operation described in commencing the process with reference to the
platinum and the iron. Thus with regard to the mode of igniting the
gases, it may be effected in many other ways than as described; I
employ the mode which seems best suited to circumstances and the
matters treated, for example, the jets might be ignited by an electric
spark or otherwise. Oxides of iron or scoria in a melted state may

page_text: also be introduced in the place of the metals themselves, and in these
baths, as in those resulting from the fusion of bars of metal pre-
viously made red hot or otherwise, the cast or other iron, steel, or
any of the metals above mentioned may be added from time to time as
desired.
My improvements will be of especial advantage in metallurgical
and chemical operations, in the manufacture and treatment by heat
of all known metals, as well as in all chemical reactions in which
the action of heat is employed either alone or combined with other
substances.
Although I do not limit myself to the particular form, size, or kind
of apparatus for treating the substances used in metallurgical, chemical,
and other manufactures, I will, as an example, describe a receptacle made
of refractory material narrower at bottom than at top, at the lower part of
which are introduced the jets of compressed gas, in which I may treat
various substances, for example, to effect the decomposition of most of the
chemical, artificial, or natural salts.
I will here indicate as applications of great value the treatment by the
calorific and chemical action of the jets in my improved apparatus,
1st, of chlorides; 2ndly, of fluorides; 3rdly, of sulphurets; 4thly, of
phosphurets; 5thly, of sulphates, phosphates, azotates, and acid metallic
salts, such as chromates. I may also heat and decompose all kinds of
salts whatever may be their bases or acids, and apply my process to all
other oxidizable acid and neutral substances, which may be treated with
advantage by the ignited jets of gas, which are caused to act on the
vapors of the salts and other bodies vaporized by them, in order to
complete the desired decomposition or reaction or simply for the purpose
of superheating, and in some cases, in order to produce the desired reaction,
I introduce jets of steam from ordinary steam boilers, which jets serve in
mixing with the flames of the ignited jets to effect by their chemical
elements suitable combinations and decompositions, and form saline and
other vapors.
I will here indicate as an example the decomposition of sea salt (chloride
of sodium), which produces soda and hydrochloric acid by the sole action
of the aqueous vapor produced by the combustion of hydrogen gas, or by
the combined action of this vapor at a high temperature with that of
ordinary steam, which in being mixed therewith is superheated, and assists
in producing the result with economy.

page_text: Many other chlorides and salts may be treated in the same manner
with great success. I may employ several apparatus of this kind so as
to keep the different substances apart, and I discharge the contents of
the apparatus either by the arrangement shown in Figures 1 and 2 or
by the sudden introduction into the bottom of the apparatus of highly
compressed gas, which rises and throws out the contents.
I may also by the method herein-before described inject mixed gases
into a liquid, such as dross or melted oxide of manganese for example,
for the purpose of still further heating the same, which gases after
passing into the liquid are suitable for use in metallurgical and other
operations.
The above forms a further application of my method constituting a
superheater of an improved kind.
In the Drawing I have shown this mode of superheating applied to a
blast furnace used for producing soft iron sponge.
Figure 3 shows a vertical section on line 1, 2, Figure 4, of a blast
furnace provided with a superheater, pumps, and other adjuncts; Figure 4
is a plan of same; Figure 5, a section of the superheater on line 3, 4,
Figure 3; and Figure 6, an exterior view of same. The same reference
letters apply to these four Figures.
The superheater is composed of an apparatus A made of refractory
material similar to the crucible of a blast furnace, and so constructed
that the mixed inflammable gases and gaseous agents of combustion
intended to heat the liquid, and in ignition in its midst, shall never be
brought in immediate contact with the gases which also pass through
said liquid for the purpose of heating. The crucible is made preferably
of cylindrical or oval form with a vertical division a projecting into the
liquid, and dividing the crucible into two parts c, d. The mixed gases
are injected into chamber c, while the gases to be heated pass into
chamber d. Both these injections are ordinarily made at the bottom of
the crucible by means of pipes or nozzles e, f, in a tangential direction
so as to produce a gyratory motion of the liquid B, for the purpose of
passing that portion of the liquid mass in the chamber c into chamber d,
and vice versa, and so impart heat to all parts of the crucible A. C, pump
for supplying the gas serving to assist the combustion through pipe g
and passing out at pipe h; D, pump for taking in the inflammable gas,
which passes out at pipe j; k, junction of pipes h, j, at which the

page_text: mixture of the gases is effected, they being thence injected through the
nozzles e, e, into the mass of liquid contained in chamber c, which is
placed in communication with the chimney by space 1; F, pump for
supplying the heating gases through pipe m, placing it in communication
with the ordinary hot-air apparatus G; n, pipe communicating from
apparatus with nozzles f for injecting the heating gases into the
liquid mass contained in the chamber d; o, gazogene filled with
charcoal; 2, channel connecting the chamber d with the upper part of
gazogene o; q, channel connecting the lower part of gazogene o with
the lower part of the blast furnace; r, cone of fireproof material pro-
vided with perforations, and forming the bottom of the blast furnace;
s, pipe for connecting the channel with a gazometer, not shown;
t, pipe connecting the upper part of the furnace with pump F. The
piston rods of the three pumps C, D, F, are preferably connected by a
cross head so as to work simultaneously.
ACTION OF THE APPARATUS.
The whole being arranged as described the following is the action of
the apparatus: I take for example gaseous oxide of carbon, which is
heated by passing it through the superheater and then caused to act
in the blast furnace, which as usual is charged with alternate layers of
charcoal and ore. The two pumps C, D, supply as above mentioned the
mixed heating gases or flame producers to the liquid in the chamber c
for the purpose of heating the same (consisting of dross or pure oxide of
manganese) and so as to set it in motion. The pump F supplies the
gaseous oxide of carbon to be heated to the chamber d, before arriving
at which point it traverses the hot air apparatus G, heated by the waste
heat of chamber c, and is thereby raised to a temperature of from 300
to 400 degrees centigrade. The gas injected into the liquid which is
raised to a white heat becomes superheated by extracting from said
liquid a certain amount of heat, which is restored to it by that constantly
disengaging in chamber c from the heating mixture. The gaseous oxide
of carbon after being thus superheated passes through channel p to the
gazogene o containing charcoal, which it raises to a bright red heat,
afterwards passing through channel g to coner forming the bottom of
the blast furnace, and entering therein by means of the perforations to
act as a heating agent in the reduction of the ores. One portion of the
oxide of carbon is transformed into carbonic acid by the oxygen of the
ore and the mixture of carbonic acid, and the proportion of oxide of

page_text: carbon which is not acidified rises to the mouth of the furnace and is
returned to the pump F by means of pipe t. This mixture of carbonic
acid and oxide of carbon is again passed through the apparatus G by the
aid of the pump to the chamber d of the superheater, where it becomes
superheated and afterwards passes to the gazogene o, where the decom-
position of the carbonic acid takes place in contact with the charcoal
which is still at a red heat, thus producing oxide of carbon in volume
equal to double that of the carbonic acid. In this manner an increase of
pressure takes place in the apparatus which raises a valve on pipes,
allowing the gas produced in excess to pass away to a gazometer. The
remaining oxide of carbon returns to the blast furnace as before, and
the reaction already described takes place, viz., the formation of a
proportion of carbonic acid corresponding to a similar proportion of
spongy metal.
From the foregoing it will be readily understood that at each circu-
lation of the gases through the entire apparatus the carbonic acid formed
will be transformed into oxide of carbon in the gazogene o of double
volume, and the gas in excess will pass away to a gazometer at pipes.
If the mixture of carbonic acid and oxide of carbon should carry with it
any steam from the water contained in the ores, it also will be decom-
posed in gazogene o, and produce hydrogen mixed with the oxide of
carbon as a result of the union of the oxygen with the charcoal in the
gazogene.
The gazometer may also serve as the source of the heating gas
which would be supplied by pump D, then pumped out and mixed with
the gaseous aid to combustion, in order to heat the superheating liquid B
of the apparatus above described; or it might be supplied by another
pump and be afterwards injected into the cupola represented at Figure 1
of the Drawings.
I also employ a mixing apparatus suitably arranged, such as that shown
at Figure 7, in case I purpose heating sand or pulverulent matters, which
I introduce continuously at the upper part of the apparatus, and which
I discharge at the bottom by a door n. The axis o is furnished with
pallets p, which on being revolved prevent the formation of air spaces
and serve to distribute the heat of the flames or jets equally throughout
the mass, the action being continued for a longer or shorter time,
and the pulverulent or viscous matters treated being afterwards withdrawn
at the bottom.

page_text: The third part of my Invention relates to the production of luminous
and other effects by the method herein described. Profiting by the high
pressure at which I produce the flames I apply them for the production of
light below water, whether salt or otherwise.
Figures 8 and 9 show two simple arrangements of apparatus to be
used for the purpose.
In Figure 8 is seen a bell or receiver r, the
cylindrical part of which is formed of mica or other transparent
substance, while the hemispherical part may be of metal. A pipe s,
which reaches to the depth it is wished to illuminate, is attached to the
bell in which the flame is produced. As the flame would not give light
without the presence of a solid refractory body the ignited jet is received
on a surface of platinum wire, or on a magnesium wire, as indicated at t,
Figures 8 and 9. Figure 9 shows a similar disposition to the preceding,
with this difference, that the light instead of being produced in the
sea or at the bottom of a river is obtained in a glazed chamber u filled
with water.
The arrangement Figure 9 may be employed for the vaporization of
water by making the exterior chamber u and the bell in metal. In
this case a chamber of the necessary strength is employed, such as a
steam boiler, to resist the pressure. It will be seen that the products
of combustion cannot fail to communicate their heat to the liquid, and
that all the heat is utilized. I sometimes also employ the preceding
arrangement for heating certain matters in order to provide the necessary
space for the flame when the matters treated are not required to be made
red hot.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Henri Adolphe Archereau in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 2nd April 1869.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, HENRI
ADOLPHE ARCHEREAU, of 13, Boulevart St. Martin, Paris, France, Chemist,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Ninth day of October, in the year of

page_text: our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight, in the thirty-
second year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said Henri Adolphe Archereau, Her
special licence that 1, the said Henri Adolphe Archereau, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said
Henri Adolphe Archereau, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and
at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and
lawfully night make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle
of Man, an Invention for "A NEW METHOD OF OBTAINING HEAT AND LIGHT
AND ITS VARIOUS APPLICATIONS, AND IN APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH," upon
the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Henri Adolphe
Archereau, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in
writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should
particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention,
and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the
same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
"3
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Henri Adolphe Archereau, do
hereby declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement, reference being had to the two Sheets
of Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the letters and figures marked
thereon (that is to say):-
My Invention relates to a new mode of producing and applying light
and heat from gases obtained by the mixture of inflammable gases and
atmospheric air, or other aid to combustion, supplied under pressure,
the combustion of said mixtures being effected under pressure in various
liquids or liquefiable pulverized or viscous matters. Many means have
been employed from time to time for producing the combustion of
inflammable gases, from which I will select the two following:-In a
small hollow cylinder of bronze, and of considerable thickness, mixtures
of pure hydrogen and oxygen have been compressed to twenty atmo-
spheres in the exact proportions for producing water for the purpose of
proving the heating power of hydrogen, and the high temperature
obtained. The gases thus compressed might, without danger to the
operator, be ignited within the apparatus itself, which is constructed to

page_text: resist the great expansive force of the steam produced at the moment of
the explosion. By means of a long tube adapted to the above apparatus
and terminating in a platinum burner having several diaphragms of
wire gauze placed in the supply pipe of the explosive mixtures, it has
been found possible, although with some difficulty, to ignite and burn
continuously in the open air a portion of the mixed gases contained in
the cylinder. It was only possible, however, to burn in this manner a
portion of the explosive mixtures of oxygen and hydrogen, for notwith-
standing the cooling properties of the wire gauze diaphragms, when
the pressure in the cylinder falls too low the flame at the platinum
burner travels in an inverse direction to the slower passage, of the mixed
gases, and instantaneously produces an explosion in the cylinder, in
which nothing remains but the water produced by the condensation of
the steam. Hydrogen has also been replaced by oxide of carbon, and it is
evident that inflammable gases, such as protocarbonated hydrogen or
bi-carbonated hydrogen, may also be successfully employed in the same
apparatus, either in combination with pure oxygen, atmospheric air, or
other aid to combustion.
According to a second process an arrangement of apparatus has been
employed by means of which very high temperatures have been obtained
by the combustion of lighting gas or other inflammable gas by means
of the oxygen of the air alone. It has been shown that when the said
gas has passed through a bent tube of about half an inch in diameter
and about twelve or fifteen inches in length by means of a current of
compressed air at a pressure of eight to twenty inches of water, so as to
intimately mix the air and the inflammable gas in such proportion
that neither the oxygen of the air nor the gas which combines therewith
in combustion is in excess, the heat produced is not only capable of
melting the purest wrought iron, but also sufficient, under favorable
conditions, to fuse platinum wire. It has been ascertained that the rate
of combustion of these explosive mixtures of atmospheric air and
combustible gas employed is less than twenty feet per second, and it has
hence been concluded that it is possible to burn continuously at the
burner of the apparatus the above-mentioned mixtures provided they
circulate in the supply tubes at a greater speed than twenty feet per
second.
By a modification of the above apparatus considerable quantities of
platinum have been successfully melted, the improvement consisting in

page_text: the employment of a jet of compressed air at a pressure of one atmosphere
above that of the air to draw in a greater portion of the air to be mixed
with the inflammable gas, and also serving as a vehicle for the gas itself. In
both these apparatus however the pressure at the burner is always very
low, and does not exceed eight inches in height of water, as this pressure
is produced solely by the action of the incoming current of compressed air
on the inflammable gas, which may be obtained either from the mains or
from a gasometer or reservoir at a low pressure.
My Invention, as will be seen, is somewhat similar to the above-
mentioned processes, but differs entirely from them in many respects,
and more especially in the manner of applying the flames, which are
rendered utilizable for various purposes. Under high pressures I strongly
compress, and constantly if necessary, to a great number of atmospheres
the mixed inflammable gases either in one or more receivers, care being
taken to maintain, by means of pumps or other apparatus working
continuously, an equal, regular, and sufficient pressure in the cylinders
or reservoirs to produce in the pipes or combustion apparatus a very rapid
and constant flow of the explosive mixed gases, which mixture, when
separate receivers are employed for the gaseous agent of combustion and
inflammable gases, is produced by introducing them simultaneously into
tubes of sinuous form, where they are mixed before passing to the burners
for consumption in regulated proportions, so that all the inflammable gas
will be burnt, but without any excess or deficiency of atmospheric air or
other aid to combustion, especially when the flame is required to be of the
highest possible temperature.
As
I have mentioned above that I produce a very rapid flow of the
mixture, which is necessary for the success of my operations.
The
more energetic acting aids to combustion, such as pure oxygen and the
protoxide of azote, require to flow at much higher rates of speed.
my improved process is carried on at a high pressure the rate of com-
bustion will be much greater and will necessitate a more rapid flow of
the explosive mixtures than that found suflicient when the combustion
took place at the atmospheric pressure. Instead of employing the
apparatus first described, which can only act for al few minutes,
and with irregular and decreasing pressure, I substitute one or more
receivers, in which I maintain by means of pumps or other suitable
apparatus during the time necessary for the operation the pressure
required to produce a flow sufficiently rapid to feed the burners,

page_text: which differ from those before mentioned by the constant pressure always
maintained at the same point, and the multiplicity of the compressed mix-
tures, as well as in the nature of their applications, as will be herein-after
explained.
My improved process is distinguished by the high pressures constantly
maintained of the different kinds of inflammable gases and combustion
agents, which are compressed either separately or otherwise in receptacles
intended to regulate the action of the punips, and it permits of the
production of a great variety of jets by the combined use of all kinds
of inflammable gases and vapors suitably mixed and afterwards ignited
and consumed in a continuous manner under pressure of thick layers
of liquid or liquefiable pulverized or viscous matters, which would have
more or less entirely prevented the emission of the jets by either of the
processes first herein described. Thus by applying a sufficiently high
and constant pressure to all inflammable gases and aids to combustion
mixed in the proper proportions, I obtain the desired result, which
consists in causing the jets of my improved apparatus to penetrate all
obstacles dependent on the nature of the liquid, liquefiable, pulverulent,
or viscous matters. They may be employed to act with advantage in the
midst of the said matters at any depth in a continuous manner for a
length of time, so as to produce either heat, chemical or mechanical action,
or light, according to the matters treated or employed and the result
desired, and also according to the position in which the jets are employed,
and the heating, chemical, and mechanical power of the said jets, which
may at any time be augmented or diminished and otherwise modified or
changed according to the exigencies of the operations and the results to
be attained.
As I wish to extend the use of my process as much as possible, 1
will proceed to point out its various applications in a general manner.
By my process I am enabled to produce flames generally of very high
temperatures in the midst of various substances, metallic or non-metallic.
compound or simple, and even under very high pressure these flames
are capable of being maintained under the heaviest charges of material
with continuous action and great regularity of effect. The simplest
mode of applying these flames for the purpose of utilizing their heat
and mechanical action only, consists in employing them for the fusion
of those metals which by reason of their chemical nature will not
combine at any temperature with the chemical elements of the flames

page_text: produced by the mixtures of inflammable gases, such as pure hydrogen,
carbonated hydrogen, or oxide of carbon, with either the oxygen of
the atmosphere or pure oxygen or with protoxide of azote. For this
purpose I introduce into an apparatus similar to that represented at
Figure 1 of the Drawings a certain quantity of melted platinum; as
soon as this metal is poured into the apparatus it ignites the explosive
mixture or mixtures, which are suddenly introduced at the same moment
by means of numerous vertical tubes placed inside the bottom of the
oscillating crucible represented in the Drawing. The apparatus is made
fire-proof, to withstand higher temperatures than that of the melting
point of platinum, and the jets or flames from the orifices or tubes
being of a much higher temperature than the melting point of this
metal it will remain in a liquid condition and will be continually
penetrated by the jets so as to greatly increase its temperature. In this
bath of melted platinum I may introduce solid platinum, which will
be very rapidly melted. As the apparatus is mounted on trunnions the
liquid metal may be readily poured out either wholly or in part into
moulds or other suitable receptacles. Care must be taken to retain a
certain quantity of the melted metal at the bottom of the apparatus when
it is desired to continue the melting of the platinum after having poured
out a portion of that contained, this precaution is necessary to maintain
the jets constantly ignited. This process is applicable to all metals the
chemical nature of which does not allow of their combination with the
elements of the jets.
Description of the apparatus shown at Figures 1 and 2.-a, crucible
of fire-clay of great thickness in which is placed the melted platinum or
other metal. This crucible is provided with two trunnions b, c, so as
to permit of its oscillation; one of these trunnions c is joined to and
communicates with the pipe d for introducing the mixture of in-
flammable and other gases. e, chamber or false bottom of the crucible a
from which lead up the small ducts or tubes f for bringing the jets of
mixed gases in contact with the under side of the metal in the crucible;
g, pipe communicating with the reservoir of compressed inflammable
gas furnished with a tap k; i, pipe communicating with the reservoir
containing the compressed gas serving to produce combustion, also
furnished with a tap j. These two pipes g and i are united at k, at
which point the mixture of the inflammable and other gases is effected.
In order to render this mixture more complete the gases are passed
through a zig-zag pipe before entering the crucible.
A tap m placed

page_text: on pipe d opens or cuts off the supply of the mixed gases to the crucible.
It is to be understood that this apparatus serves merely to describe the
mode of carrying out my Invention and may be modified in form,
dimensions, and arrangement. I also employ this mode for effecting the
simple fusion of various refractory undecomposable and non-metallic
substances, such as alumina either alone or combined with other
substances, silica alone or combined with certain substances, and in
general all minerals or chemical substances capable of melting without
being decomposed by the jets.
UTILIZING THE HEAT COMBINED WITH THE CHEMICAL AND MECHANICAL
ACTION OF THE JETS.
The widest application of my process consists in the utilization of the
calorific, chemical, and mechanical action of the jets in combination. In
this case the effects produced vary according to the substances operated
upon. Suppose that in the apparatus represented in Figure 1 with
reference to which I have described the application of the process to the
fusion of platinum I substitute wrought iron for the inoxydizable metal
melted so as to ignite the gaseous currents, the flame would as before
produce a temperature higher than the melting point of the metal
introduced, and solid metal of the same nature might be added, such
as scrap iron for example; pigs taken from the puddling furnace may
be thus melted in the bark or spongy iron produced by the reduction of
iron ores, and in fact all kinds of wrought or roiled iron. In treating
platinum the heat and mechanical action only of the inflammable gases
are utilized, their chemical elements not acting on this metal, but in
melting iron a chemical action which is useful for refining metal takes
place. At the same moment that the products of combustion penetrate the
iron, of which a small portion is burnt, the sulphur, silicium, phosphates,
and even the carbon are attacked, and eliminated, leaving only the iron
in an almost pure condition, which is sufficiently heated to be after
resting a moment run out into a ladle or mould to be transformed into
steel in the apparatus itself by the addition of about one-tenth of its
weight of solid or liquid cast iron or by any other mode of carburation
preferred. I sometimes introduce with the gaseous mixtures substances
capable of producing useful chemical reactions, thus I
may introduce
into the metallic bath with the compressed gaseous mixtures oxides,
acids, or salts which will furnish oxygen, chlorine, or other agents
according to their nature, assisting in the refinement of iron for example,

page_text: or to effect the decomposition of the materials under treatment or other,
combinations desired. By introducing ferrocyanide of potassium, together
with the compressed gases, into well purified iron in fusion excellent
steel may be produced. In this bath of iron, in which the flames by
their rapid dispersion continually supply fresh quantities of heat as well
as producing a powerful chemical action, I introduce either steel or
cast iron in a state of fusion, which metals on leaving the apparatus
are greatly modified in their properties according to the time that they
are subjected to the action of the flames. The cast iron is very quickly
refined in this bath and is first converted into steel, and if the action is
continued forms an iron suitable for all purposes. The metal is run out
in the same manner as the platinum, care being taken as before to retain
a quantity of liquid metal in the crucible. It will be understood that
although my improved process is applicable for melting and heating all
kinds of metals, it will be impossible to explain in detail every mode of
its application.
It is evident that all the common as well as the precious metals may
be melted in the above manner and that the inflammable gases will
produce effects depending entirely upon the variable nature of the metals
and of the gases employed. It is also evident that my process is
equally applicable for melting metals either separately or together so
as to produce alloys, which alloys may be obtained by adding to melted
iron either copper, manganese, tungsten, chromium, or other metals.
It will be understood that I do not limit myself to the mode of
operation described in commencing the process with reference to the
platinum and the iron. Thus with regard to the mode of igniting the
gases it may be effected in many other ways than as described; I
employ the mode which seems best suited to circumstances and the
matters treated, for example the jets might be ignited by an electric
spark or otherwise. Oxides of iron or scoria in a melted state may also
be introduced in the place of the metals themselves; and in these baths
as in those resulting from the fusion of bars of metal previously made red
hot or otherwise the cast or other iron, steel, or any of the metals above
mentioned may be added from time to time as desired.
My improvements will be of especial advantage in metallurgical and
chemical operations in the manufacture and treatment by heat of all
known metals, as well as in all chemical reactions in which the action
of heat is employed either alone or combined with other substances.

page_text: Although I do not limit myself to the particular form, size, or kind of
apparatus for treating the substances used in metallurgical, chemical,
and other manufactures, I will as an example, describe a receptacle
made of refractory material, narrower at bottom than at top, at the lower
part of which are introduced the jets of compressed gas in which I may
treat various substances, for example, to effect the decomposition of most
of the chemical, artificial, or natural salts.
I will here indicate, as applications of great value, the treatment by
the calorific and chemical action of the jets in my improved apparatus,
1st, of chlorides; 2ndly, of fluorides; 3rdly, of sulphurets; 4thly, of
phosphurets; 5thly, of sulphates, phosphates, azotates, and acid metallic
salts, such as chromates. I may also heat and decompose all kinds of
salts, whatever may be their bases or acids, and apply my process to all
other oxidizable acids and neutral substances which may be treated
with advantage by the ignited jets of gas, which are caused to act on
the vapors of the salts and other bodies vaporized by them in order to
complete the desired decomposition or reaction, or simply for the purpose
of superheating, and in some cases in order to produce the desired reaction
I introduce jets of steam from ordinary steam boilers, which jets serve
in mixing with the flames of the ignited jets to effect by their chemical
elements suitable combinations and decompositions and form saline and
other vapors..
I will here indicate, as an example, the decomposition of sea salt
(chloride of sodium), which produces soda and hydrochloric acid by the
sole action of the aqueous vapor produced by the combustion of hydrogen
gas, or by the combined action of this vapor at a high temperature
with that of ordinary steam, which in being mixed therewith is super-
heated and assists in producing the result with economy.
Many other
chlorides and salts may be treated in the same manner with great success.
I may employ several apparatus of this kind so as to keep the different
substances apart, and I discharge the contents of the apparatus either
by the arrangement shown in Figures 1 and 2, or by the sudden intro-
duction at the bottom of the apparatus of highly compressed gas which
rises and throws out the contents.
1 may also, by the method herein-before described, inject mixed gases
into a liquid, such as dross or melted oxide of manganese for example,
for the purpose of still further heating the same, which gases after

page_text: passing into the liquid are suitable for use in metallurgical and other
operations.
The above forms a further application of my method constituting a
superheater of an improved kind.
In the Drawing I have shown this mode of superheating applied to a
blast furnace used for producing soft iron sponge.
Figure 3 shows a vertical section on line 1, 2, Figure 4, of a blast furnace
provided with a superheater, pumps, and other adjuncts; Figure 4 is a
plan of same; Figure 5 a section of the superheater on line 3, 4, Figure 3;
and Figure 6 an exterior view of same. The same reference letters apply
to these four Figures.
The superheater is composed of an apparatus A made of refractory
material similar to the crucible of a blast furnace, and so constructed
that the mixed inflammable gases and gaseous agents of combustion
intended to heat the liquid, and in ignition in its midst shall never be
brought in immediate contact with the gases which also pass through
said liquid for the purpose of being heated. The crucible is made
preferably of cylindrical or oval form with a vertical division a projecting
into the liquid and dividing the crucible into two parts c, d.
The mixed
gases are injected into chamber c, while the gases to be heated pass
into chamber d. Both these injections are ordinarily made at the bottom
of the crucible by means of pipes or nozzles e, f, in a tangential
direction, so as to produce a gyratory motion of the liquid B, for the
purpose of passing that portion of the liquid mass in the chamber c
into chamber d, and vice versa, and so impart heat to all parts of the
crucible A. C, pump for supplying the gas serving to assist the com-
bustion through pipe g and passing out at pipe h; D, pump for taking
in the inflammable gas which passes out at pipe j; k, junction of pipes
h, j, at which the mixture of the gases is effected, they being thence
injected through the nozzles e, e, into the mass of liquid contained in
chamber ce, which is placed in communication with the chimney by
space ; F, pump for supplying the heating gases through pipe m,
placing it in communication with the ordinary hot-air apparatus G;
n, pipe communicating from apparatus G, with nozzles f for injecting
the heating gases into the liquid mass contained in the chamber d; o,
gazogene filled with charcoal; p, channel connecting chamber d with
the upper part of gazogene o; q, channel connecting the lower part
of gazogene o with the lower part of the blast furnace; r, cone of fire-

page_text: proof material provided with perforations and forming the bottom of the
blast furnace; s, pipe for connecting the channel q with a gazometer not
shown; 7, pipe connecting the upper part of the furnace with pump F. The
piston rods of the three pumps C, D, F, are preferably connected by a cross
head so as to work simultaneously.
ACTION OF THE APPARATUS.
The whole being arranged as described, the following is the action of
the apparatus: I take for example gaseous oxide of carbon, which is
heated by passing it through the superheater and then caused to act
in the blast furnace, which as usual is charged with alternate layers of
charcoal and ore. The two pumps C, D, supply, as above mentioned,
the mixed heating gases
or flame producers to the liquid in the
chamber c for the purpose of heating the same (consisting of dross or
pure oxide of manganese) and so as to set it in motion.
The pump I
supplies the gaseous oxide of carbon to be heated to the chamber d,
before arriving at which point it traverses the hot-air apparatus G heated
by the waste heat of chamber c, and is thereby raised to a temperature
of from three hundred to four hundred degrees. The gas injected into
the liquid, which is raised to a white heat, becomes superheated by
extracting from said liquid a certain amount of heat which is restored
to it by that constantly disengaging in chamber c from the heating
mixture. The gaseous oxide of carbon after being thus superheated
passes through channel p to the gazogene o containing charcoal which
it raises to a bright red heat, afterwards passing through channel q to
coner forming the bottom of the blast furnace, and entering therein by
means of the perforations to act as a heating agent in the reduction of
the ores.
One portion of the oxide of carbon is transformed into carbonic
acid by the oxygen of the ore, and the mixture of carbonic acid and
the proportion of oxide of carbon which is not acidified rises to the
mouth of the furnace, and is returned to the pump F by means of pipe t.
This mixture of carbonic acid and oxide of carbon is again passed
through the apparatus G by the aid of the pump to the chamber d of
the superheater, where it becomes superheated and afterwards passes to
the gazogene o where the decomposition of the carbonic acid takes place
in contact with the charcoal, which is still at a red heat, thus producing
oxide of carbon in volume equal to double that of the carbonic acid.
In this manner an increase of pressure takes place in the apparatus
which raises a valve on pipe s, allowing the gas produced in excess to

page_text: pass away to a gazometer. The remaining oxide of carbon returns to
the blast furnace as before, and the reaction already described takes place,
viz., the formation of a proportion of carbonic acid corresponding to a
similar proportion of spongy metal.
From the foregoing it will be understood that at each circulation
of the gases through the entire apparatus the carbonic acid formed
will be transformed into oxide of carbon in the gazogene o of double
volume, and the gas in excess will pass away to the gazometer at pipe s.
If the mixture of carbonic acid and oxide of carbon should carry with it
any steam from the water contained in the ores it also will be decom-
posed in gazogene o, and produce hydrogen mixed with the oxide of
carbon as a result of the union of the oxygen with the charcoal in the
gazogene. The gazometer may also serve as the source of the heating
gas which would be supplied by pump D, then pumped out and mixed
with the gaseous aid to combustion in order to heat the superheating
liquid B of the apparatus above described, or it might be supplied by
another pump and be afterwards injected into the cupola represented in
Figure 1 of Drawings.
I also employ a mixing apparatus suitably arranged, such as that
shown at Figure 7, in case I propose heating sand or pulverized matters,
which I introduce continuously at the upper part of the apparatus and
which I discharge at the bottom by a door n. The axis is furnished
with pallets p, which on being revolved prevent the formation of air
spaces and serve to distribute the heat of the flames or jets equally,
throughout the mass, the action being continued for a longer or shorter
time, and the pulverulent or viscous matters treated being afterwards
withdrawn at the bottom.
The third part of my Invention relates to the production of luminous
and other effects by the method herein described. Profiting by the high
pressures at which I produce the flames I apply them for the production
of light below water, whether salt or otherwise.
Figures 8 and 9 show two simple arrangements of apparatus to be used
for the purpose.
In Figure S is seen a bell or receiver r, the cylindrical
part of which is formed of mica or other transparent substance, while the
hemispherical part may be of metal. A pipes which reaches to the depth
it is wished to illuminate is attached to the bell in which the flame is
produced. As the flame would not give light without the pressure of a

page_text: solid refractory body the ignited jet is received on a service of platinum
wire or on a magnesium wire, as indicated at t, Figures 8 and 9. Figure 9)
shows a similar disposition to the preceding, with this difference, that the
light instead of being produced in the sea or at the bottom of a river is
obtained in a glazed chamber u filled with water.
The arrangement Figure 9 may be employed for the vaporization of
water by making the exterior chamber and the bell 7 in metal. In this
case a chamber of the necessary strength is employed, such as a steam
boiler, to resist the pressure. It will be seen that the products of combus-
tion cannot fail to communicate their heat to the liquid and that all the
heat is utilized.
I sometimes also employ the preceding arrangement for heating certain
matters in order to provide the necessary space for the flame when the
matters treated are not required to be made red hot.
I will further proceed to describe an arrangement of cupola blast
furnace and superheater to be used in metallurgical operations in the
manner herein-before described. I will also give some examples of the mode
of decomposing salts according to my Invention.
Figure 10 of the Drawings shows a sectional elevation of the apparatus
taken on the line 1, 2, Figure 12; Figure 11 is an end view, and
Figure 12, a plan of same; while Figure 13 shows a transverse
section of the superheater on a larger scale taken on the line 3, 4,
Figure 12.
The cupola a used for effecting the fusion of iron, making steel, and
other uses, is constructed of considerable strength, its inner fire-proof
lining being capable of resisting a higher temperature than is
required for the fusion of the metals under treatment. The bottom of
the cupola is closed by a cone b of fire-clay having vertical perforations
to admit jets of flame, said cone being held firmly in position by a
binding screw as seen; this cupola is fitted to oscillate in bearings to
facilitate charging and running off the contents, and is surmounted by a
chimney c. The blast furnace d is constructed in the usual way, except
that the bottom e is formed of fire-clay and is also provided with a
number of perforations for admitting the gases after they have passed
through the superheater. The outlet is closed by a hinged door e',
which when opened in the dotted position shown forms an inclined plane
for conducting the matters into the cupola a. The superheater f

page_text: consists of a receiver, made of fire-clay enclosed in a strong metal casing
and constructed in such manner that the mixture of inflammable gases
and the gaseous aid to combustion serving to heat the liquid, and in
ignition in the same, shall never be in immediate contact with the gases
which are passed through the said liquid for the purpose of being heated.
The superheater is preferably made of the internal form shown by the
dotted lines in plan at Figure 12 with a vertical diaphragm g partially
immersed in the liquid and dividing the superheater into two compart-
ments h, i, compartment h receives the mixture of gases for heating
the liquid contained (which may be dross or melted oxide of manganese)
while the gases to be heated pass into compartment i. These two
injections are made at the bottom of the apparatus by means of tuyères
i, k, placed in the inclined position seen in Figure 13; these tuyères are
of flattened form and project the gases in a film, which by reason of the
internal form of the superheater tends to rise in each compartment and
produces a gyratory motion of the liquid, the effect of which is to cause
a portion of the liquid in compartment h to pass into compartment i and
vice versa, and so impart the heat to all parts of the superheater; l, pump
for supplying the gaseous aid to combustion to reservoir n, whence it
passes to pipe m; o, pump for supplying the inflammable gases from a
suitable receiver to reservoir q, and thence to pipe p; r, junction of
pipes m and p, at which point the mixture of the above gases is effected
before being injected through the perforated cone into the matters
contained in cupola a; s, pump for supplying the gaseous aid to com-
bustion to reservoir u, whence it passes to pipe t; v, pump for
supplying the inflammable gas from any suitable receiver to a reservoir y
provided with a pipe ; z, junction of pipes t, x, at which point the
mixture of the above gases is effected before being injected by means of
the tuyère j into the mass of liquid contained in compartment h of the
superheater. This compartment communicates with the chimney 1 by a
pipe 2 and chamber 3; 4, pump for supplying the gases to be heated to
an ordinary hot air apparatus 6 by a pipe 5; 7, pipe for connecting the
hot air apparatus 6 with the tuyère for injecting the gases to be
heated into the liquid contained in compartment i of the superheater;
S, gazogene filled with charcoal and provided with a valve 9; 10, channel
connecting compartment i with the upper part of the gazogene; 11, pipe
connecting the lower part of the gazogene with the lower part of the
blast furnace; 12, pipe represented in dotted lines in Figure 12, putting
the lower part of the gazogene in communication with a gazometer 13;

page_text: 14, 15, pipes connecting the gazometer 13 with pumps o and serving for
the supply of the inflammable gases.
The action of the apparatus is as follows:-The whole being arranged
as described, the gases supplied by the pumps and t become
combined at and enter the cupola through the perforations in cone b.
The action of the superheater is as follows:-To take for example the
gaseous oxide of carbon, which is required to be heated by passing it
through the superheater previous to its acting in the blast furnace
which is charged with alternate layers of charcoal and ore as usual,
the two pumps v, s, as above mentioned supply the mixture of heating
gases or compressed flame producers to the liquid in compartment h (con-
sisting of dross or pure oxide of manganese) so as to heat the liquid con-
tained in compartments h, i, and set it in motion. The pump 4 supplies
the gaseous oxide of carbon to be heated to the compartment i, which,
however, is first passed through the hot air apparatus 6 heated by the
waste heat of compartment h.. This apparatus 6 raises the temperature
of the gaseous oxide of carbon to from three hundred to four hundred
degrees Centigrade. The gas when injected into the liquid, which is
raised to a reddish white heat, becomes superheated by extracting a certain
amount of heat from the liquid, which is restored thereto by the heat
constantly evolved from the heating mixture in compartment h. Thus
superheated the gaseous oxide of carbon passes through channel 10 to
the gazogene S raising the charcoal contained to a light red heat, and i
afterwards conveyed by channel 11 underneath the bottom e of the
blast furnace passing therein through the perforations and forming the
heating agent for reducing the ores. One portion of the oxide of
carbon becomes transformed into carbonic acid by the oxygen of the
ore, and the mixture of this carbonic acid with that portion of the oxide
of carbon not converted into acid passes off through the pipe 16 at the
mouth of the furnace and is conducted to the pump 4. The mixture
of carbonic acid and oxide of carbon supplied by the pump 4 passes
through apparatus 6, where it becomes heated, and thence to com-
partment i where it becomes superheated, it then passes to the gazogene
8, where the decomposition of the carbonic acid is effected by contac
with the charcoal, which is already at a red heat. In this manner a
volume of oxide of carbon is produced equal to double that of the
carbonic acid, causing an increase of pressure in the apparatus, by the
aid of which the excess of gas produced passes to the gazometer 13 by
the pipe 12. The remaining oxide of carbon passes to the blast furnace

page_text: as before, and the reaction already explained takes place, viz., the
formation of a proportion of carbonic acid corresponding to an equal
proportion of metallic sponge. From the foregoing it will be understood
that at every circuit of the gases through the series of apparatus, the
carbonic acid formed becomes retransformed into oxide of carbon in
gazogene 8 of double the volume, the excess of gas passing to the
gazometer. If the mixture of carbonic acid and oxide of carbon should
contain any watery vapors disengaged from the ores, they would be
also decomposed in the gazogene 8 and produce hydrogen mixed with
oxide of carbon by the union of the oxygen it contains with the charcoal
in the gazometer. The gazometer 13 thus serves for storing the heating
gases, which by the aid of pump and pipe 15 are either supplied to
the pipe for mixing with the gaseous aid to combustion supplied by
pumps for heating the liquid in the superheater, or by the aid of
and pipe 14 are supplied to pipe p and mixed with the gaseous aid to
combustion from pump 7 for forming the mixed flame producer acting in
cupola a.
pump o
It will thus be seen that I have described my mode of operation afresh
simply in order to give a practical example of the improvements as
applied in metallurgical operations where a cupola blast furnace and super-
heater are combined.
I will now proceed to give some examples of my method as applied
to the decomposition of salts. By injecting flames produced in the
manner before described into various salts I obtain many important
results. By injecting the flames in sulphates, I am enabled to effect
their rapid decomposition, for example, in order to obtain the de-
composition of sulphate of lime in the production of sulphurous acid and
oxygen which are eliminated in a gaseous condition, the residue of lime
remaining in a solid condition in the apparatus (cupola). I obtain similar
results when treating other sulphates, thus by decomposing sulphate of
baryta a residue is obtained of caustic baryta and a gaseous mixture of
oxygen and sulphurous acid with the products of combustion of the gas
employed. Certain sulphates, such as those of soda and potash, may be
advantageously decomposed by mixing them with certain matters it is
desired to combine with the soda and potash resulting from such
decomposition. Thus by injecting the flames into a mixture of silica,
lime, and sulphate of soda I obtain the gaseous products before referred
to, the residue consisting of glass. Further by adding to the sulphate

page_text: under treatment a substance capable of acting as a fixed acid, such as
boracic acid, for example, a borate may be produced by moderating the
heat as if the action were continued for too long a time the borate would
itself be transformed into boracic acid and pass off, leaving only the fixed
base employed.
Nitrates and chlorates to a still greater degree may also be decomposed
by my improved method as well as chromates, manganates, and generally
all salts containing metallic acids, phosphates, phosphurets, sulphurets,
and fluorides, and I reserve the right of treating them either alone or
mixed with substances capable of assisting their decomposition or for regu-
lating such action.
I will here also mention the decomposition of various chlorides, which
may be effected by the action of heat produced in the midst of the
saline matters treated in connection with certain elements in the flames.
Thus if I subject chloride of magnesium to the action of a flame having
the same elements as steam, as is the case when burning hydrogen
gas with air or oxygen, I produce magnesia and hydrochloric acid, as
the oxygen first acts on the hydrogen to form water, and then on the
magnesium, while the hydrogen unites with the chlorine and forms
hydrochloric acid, which is carried off with the azote of the air out of
the apparatus, the latter containing only the magnesia after the
operation has been in progress a few minutes. The volatile chlorides,
such as those of soda and potash, may also be decomposed provided
they are mixed with solid matters, such as oxides of chromium, alumina
and magnesia, and that their vapors are forced to pass through suitable
refractory substances such as magnesia, for example, compressed in
small blocks and placed over the bath of chloride into which the flames
are injected. The blocks of magnesia are maintained at an exceedingly
high temperature by injecting flames produced for this special purpose
at the upper surface of the bath of chloride of sodium or potassium under
treatment.
I have before mentioned that my improved method is distinguished
by the high pressures constantly maintained of the various kinds of
mixed gases which are compressed either separately or otherwise in
recipients serving to regulate the action of the compressing pumps,
I am thus enabled to produce a great variety of flames by the com-
bined use of all kinds of gaseous aids to combustion and inflammable
gases and vapors, which are first mixed and then ignited and burnt

page_text: in a continuous manner under thick compressing layers of liquid or
liquefiable pulverulent or pasty matters. I will now describe some modi-
fications of the modes of producing and utilizing the flames.
1st. When it is desired to heat the inflammable gas or the air
employed for its combustion, or when heating the mixed gases which
are equally compressed, the mixture may be effected at or near the point
where the flame is to be produced. Thus when using an oscillating
cupola such as shown in the Drawings, for example, for the fusion of
iron or the production of steel, the compressed and heated inflammable
gas may be introduced through one of the pivots, and the compressed
gaseous aid to combustion at the other. In this manner by the aid
of pipes attached to the pivots the gases after being heated separately
may be mixed in a chamber made of refractory material placed below
the vertical tuyères of the cupola and as near as possible to the point
where the flames are required to penetrate the metal. Other means
may also be adopted for mixing the gases, varying according to the
form and arrangement of the apparatus, which may be either fixed or
oscillating.
2ndly. When an inflammable liquid such as petroleum oil is to be sub-
stituted for the gas under pressure, I introduce said liquid under pressure
into a fireproof chamber of suitable form and arrangement, situate just in
front of the point at which the flame is to be produced, the vaporized oil
being consumed in proportion to the rate of supply. The supply of
liquid is regulated so as to obtain a perfect combustion by the aid of the
air or other aid to combustion supplied under pressure and either heated
or not.
3rdly. When solid fuel such as coal, peat, lignite, charcoal, or wood
is used in lieu of the inflammable gases or liquids, the air or other aid
to combustion is supplied under pressure and heated or not in the
midst of said fuel, which is thus transformed into gaseous inflammable
matters.
In describing my Invention as applied to metallurgical operations
I have supposed the inflammable gas to be contained in the gazometer
and also throughout the series of apparatus. The apparatus may be
started in various ways, for example, by injecting air for a few moments
into the gazogene in order to assist the combustion of the charcoal
contained, and thus produce the necessary amount of gas and heat for
supplying the blast to the furnace or other apparatus containing the

page_text: ore to be reduced and also to the gazometer, so that after a certain time
a reserve is obtained in the gazometer, which although containing azote
yet permits of a circulation being commenced, the azote being shortly
eliminated by the generation of pure gaseous azote consisting of either
oxide of carbon or hydrogen. The operation may also be set in action by
injecting air into the blast furnace if it contains charcoal, this being the
ordinary mode of working such furnaces. Supposing I desire to start the
superheater in case of an insufficiency of gas in the gazometer, I may
employ for the purpose of heating the matters forming the bath to be
provided in the apparatus either solid and liquid fuel of the various kinds
above indicated. These heating agents will serve in lieu of the gas from
the gazometer, which however is available for a greater length of time. I
may also compensate for any deficiency of gas in the gazometer by
employing jets obtained by the combustion of coke, charcoal, or coal
to be contained in fire-proof chambers capable of withstanding pressure.
I may also for the same purpose, when there is an insufficient supply
of gas in the gazometer, employ jets produced by the combustion of
inflammable liquids such as petroleum, schist, or tar oils. I also
reserve the right (in order to produce steel from the iron in fusion con-
tained in the cupola) of injecting therein either carbonated hydrogen gas
and generally all gaseous hydrocarburets, by which means the carbon
produced by the decomposition of the hydrocarburet is caused to combine
with the purified iron in fusion by reason of its high temperature,
and afterwards to inject ferrocyanide of potassium or other base for
converting the iron into fine steel. I may also in order to purify the
metal when in a state of liquefaction in the cupola inject together with
the gaseous currents saline substances capable of producing by their
decomposition in contact with the metal chlorine, oxygen, hydrogen, or
other chemical elements. Oxides and acids may also be employed for the
purification of the metal which may or may not be introduced with the
heating current.
Instead of using coke or charcoal in the gazogene 8 near the blast
furnace I may employ wood, coal, anthracite, peat schist, and generally
all vegetable substances in a green or dried condition.
I would here observe that it is unnecessary to charge the blast
furnace in alternate layers of ore and charcoal, especially where the ore is
in lumps or stones, but the charcoal may be used for separating the ore
when in powder or grain. The blast furnace or other apparatus in

page_text: which the reduction is operated may thus be charged with rock ore alone,
which gives admission to the reducing gases, the charcoal or other fuel
being in sufficient quantity in the gazogene adjacent to the blast furnace
or other reducing apparatus. Instead of placing the gazogene between
the superheater and the blast furnace or other reducing apparatus, as
shown, it may be disposed between the hot aig apparatus and superheater
or between the two superheaters of
I also reserve the
Invention.
my
right of using the superheater with or without a circulation of the
gases, as before described, by conveying them from one blast furnace to
another.
When fuel other than coke and coal is used for reducing I may increase
the number of the superheaters and pass the products of the decomposition
or gas obtained from wood, coal, or peat, for example, to a second
superheater previous to its entering the blast furnace or reducing
apparatus. When the ores are not wet enough to furnish water for their
decomposition steam may be injected so as to obtain hydrogen for the
gazometer, which gas when supplied to the cupola serves for purifying
the metal, the steam at a high temperature producing the combustion of
the hydrogen.
I also reserve the right of introducing the flames from
above by means of metal pipes lined with fireproof material which
would dip into the metallic bath instead of introducing the flames from
below, as before explained. As the gases from the mouth of the blast
furnace passing through pipe 16 to pump 4 might carry some fine earthy
matters with them which would impede the action of the pump and
obstruct the pipes, I may dispose suitable chambers between the furnace
and pump for intercepting such matters. A liquid spray may also be
directed into these chambers for cooling the gases. The pumps also and
pipes may be cooled in any suitable manner.
Having described the nature of my Invention, and the manner of per-
forming the same, I declare that what I claim as my Invention to be
protected by the herein-before in part recited Letters Patent is,-
1st. The application of flames produced by the combustion (at or
near the point required) of solid liquid or gaseous inflammable matters in
combination with suitable aids to combustion by injecting the com-
bustible matters under pressure, and either previously heated or other-
wise in the midst of various liquid, liquefiable, pulverulent, or viscous
matters contained in suitable receivers for the purpose of heating or

page_text: acting chemically or mechanically on said matters, all as herein-before
described.
2ndly. I claim the several modes of producing the flames herein-before
described.
3rdly. I claim the various apparatus employed for carrying out my
improvements, arranged more particularly in the manner shown and
described.
4thly. I claim the application of my improvements, more particularly for
the manufacture of iron and steel in chemical operations for the production
of light and vapors and for heating gases and vapors, and for other
purposes, all as herein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Henri Adolphe Archereau, have
hereunto set my hand and seal, this Thirty-first day of March,
in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-
nine.
H. A. ARCHEREAU. (L.S.)