Improvements in and relating to the Manufacture of Paints or Paint-stocks.
Year: 1891

page_text: Date of Application, 10th Feb., 1891-Accented, 6th Feb., 1892
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in and relating to the Manufacture of Paints or
Paint-stocks.
1, GEORGE WASHINGTON SCOLLAY, Chemist, a citizen of the United States of
America, residing at No. 100 Maiden Lane, in the City, County and State of
New York, United States of America, do hereby declare the nature of my
invention and in what manner the same is to be performed to be particularly
described and ascertained in and by the following statement:-
My present invention consists, among other things, in making a paint or paint-
stock of superior colors from the impurities removed from vegetable oils during
the process of refining them, by combining with said impurities or the paint or
paint stock derived therefrom at any suitable stage during the process, an acid
uncombined, or combined (as in the form of a salt) which acid combines with the
base of the paint or paint-stock, thereby forming a'paint or paint-stock in colors
of greater variety and brilliancy.
My present invention also consists, among other things, in saponifying an acid
of the fatty series by a solution of an alkali and then treating the resulting soap
with a metallic salt and an acid to form a coloring matter.
My invention, among other things, also consists in filling up the pores of ochre,
or other suitable pigments, which may be used in the manufacture of paint in any
suitable manner and with any suitable material, so that when such pigments are
subsequently mixed with oil to form a paste, less oil will be required to reduce
them to this condition, because a part of the oil which would otherwise be absorbed
into the pigment is excluded. While various fillers may be employed for this
purpose I at present prefer to employ the improved paint or paint-stock above
referred to, as thereby a paint or paint-stock of improved quality and increased
value may be made and the paint is endowed with more than ordinary drying
qualities.
The novel features of my invention and those which distinguish it from what
is old in the art, will be separately and specifically pointed out in the concluding
claims.
For the purpose of instructing others skilled in the art to which my invention
relates to practise it in forms at present preferred by me, I will now describe some
of the ways in which my invention may be worked; but it will be understood
that my invention may be worked in other ways and that it is not limited to the
precise processes or methods hereafter described, but that various modifications
may be employed, including among other things the use of equivalent agents and
of different proportions and manipulations, without departing from the spirit and
without exceeding the scope of the claims concluding this Specification.
Referring to that part of my invention which relates to the manufacture of an
improved paint from the impurities removed from vegetable oil during the process
of refining it or from a metallic soap obtained in any suitable way by combining
therewith an acid, I shall first describe some of the preferred ways by means of
which the paint or paint-stock thus to be treated may be obtained.
Paint or paint stock may be made from the impurities of vegetable oil, such,
for instance, as cotton-seed oil, linseed oil and poppy-seed oil, in various ways.
(1) It may be made by mixing with the yellow cotton-seed oil of commerce a
suitable quantity of ochre, or other pigment, which combines with the impurities
When the
forming a paint or paint-stock and at the same time refining the oil.
paint stock is obtained in this way I prefer to prepare the ochre by first evaporating
or removing all uncombined water and when yellow ochre is used to continue the
drying until the ochre assumes an orange color, and in the use of sienna and

page_text: umbers to continue the heat or drying until the umber assumes a deep brown color
and the sienna until it assumes a light red color. Care should be taken not to
continue the heat until all the constitutional water is removed as in that case it
will not so effectually remove the coloring matter of the oil. I then take the
cotton-seed oil of commerce and mix it with the aforesaid ochre made as fine as
possible, varying the proportions according to the character of the oil treated: I
have used with excellent results from four to twelve parts of oil to one part of
ochre. After brisk agitation for a sufficient time-say forty minutes-the oil and
ochre should be separated, either by a filter-press or by settling, or by any other
suitable means.
If preferred the oil and ochre may in the first instance be ground
together in an ordinary paint mill. In either case the result is a superior quality
of cotton-seed oil and a merchantable paint or paint stock. In the practice of
these processes the temperature of the oil should be kept at about summer heat.
In this connection it may be remarked that the yellow oil of commerce con-
tains more or less alkali or soap, which is removed from the oil by the treatment
with ochre. This fits it for the treatment with an acid hereinafter described to
change or intensify its color. More alkali may be added, if preferred, for this
purpose.
(2) Still another process of obtaining the paint or paint stock from the impurities
removed from vegetable oil during the process of refining them, may be thus
described. Take a barrel of cotton-seed oil at a temperature preferably at about
eighty to one hundred degrees F., or at summer heat, and to this add, say, from
two and one-half to four pounds of caustic soda or other suitable alkali solution.
The combined oil and alkali is then agitated, say, from fifteen to forty minutes
and is then left to settle at about the same temperature. The refined oil is then
drawn off down to the residuum or foots or the oils and foots are otherwise
separated. This residuum or foots is now in the form of a soluble soap or soap
stock. In order to make of it a paint or paint stock, I treat it with a metallic
salt, such for instance as chloride of calcium, or other equivalent substance,
slightly in excess of the alkali previously employed, thereby converting the soluble
soap into an insoluble plaster, which is paint or paint stock out of which the
soluble chloride formed or used in excess may be washed or pressed.
The residuum when it is separated from the oil as above described is of a dark
or black color. Before subjecting the same to the treatment of a metallic salt as
described I prefer to let this residuum stand in a suitable receptacle until it
assumes, when not in contact with the air, a lighter or yellow color. Then it is
treated with the chloride as above set forth after which its yellowish color is
retained, and is not changed by subsequent contact with air.
(3) When it is desired to obtain as large a quantity of refined cotton-seed oil
as possible from a given quantity of crude oif I modify the treatment above
described by employing only enough alkali to but partially refine the oil into the
condition known as the yellow oil of commerce and complete the refining process
by means of treating the oil with ochre. In this case I take a given quantity of
oil maintained at about summer heat and add thereto alkali such as caustic soda
Iye or caustic potassa lye in quantities sufficient to only partially refine the oil.
The quantity of alkali employed as well as its specific gravity depends upon the
character of the oil, but the amount I have used is from about one-half to one-
eighth less than is necessary to completely refine the oil as standard yellow
cotton-seed oil of commerce. Then agitate the oil from, say, thirty to sixty
minutes and with a rising temperature allow separation and settling of the
impurities to take place. The oil is now but partially refined but the grosser
impurities have been largely eliminated. To take out the less gross impurities
which remain without unnecessary loss of oil I have pumped after it has settled
the partially refined oil into another tank and have added to the oil from, say,
two to five per cent. of a suitably prepared ochre (dried if necessary) according to
the character of the oil: I then agitate it from, say fifteen to thirty minutes
with the oil at a temperature of from, say, one hundred and twenty to one hundred

page_text: and thirty-five degrees Farbenheit when the refining will be complete. The
products are then separated in any suitable manner, being refined cotton-seed oil
and paint or paint stock. The grosser impurities removed from the oil by the
use of an alkali may also be converted into paint or paint stock as herein
described.
The advantage of this process consists in the fact that a larger amount of refined
oil is produced from a given quantity of crude oil, because the grosser impurities
cannot be so easily or economically taken out by ochre alone, as a very large
quantity of ochre would have to be employed and a large quantity of oil would
be absorbed by and would remain with the ochre. These grosser impurities with
the free fatty acids are readily attacked and removed by alkali and with a
minimum loss of oil. With the less gross impurities the reverse is true. To
remove them by alkali involves the loss of considerable oil, whereas they readily
yield to treatment with ochre and but a comparatively small amount of oil is
absorbed by the ochre. Fullers earth may be employed as a substitute for ochre,
but in that case no paint or paint stock is made during this step of the process.
(4) Various modifications and combinations of these processes may be practised.
For example, the oil itself may be treated with the metallic salt as well as with
the alkali the treatment with both being conducted simultaneously or either one
after the other; or the oil may be treated simultaneously or in any suitable
succession of steps with ochre, alkali and metallic salt; or the oil may be treated
with ochre and alkali, and the residuum after separation treated with the metallic
salt; or when very gross the oil may advantageously be subjected to a preliminary
treatment, as for instance, by biborate of soda or boracic acid, by which a large
part of the mucilage is separated from, and may be skimmed off the oil.
All these processes are alike in that they produce a metallic soap, which is paint
or paint stock from the impurities removed from the oil during the process of
refining it. In describing them 1 have referred only to cotton-seed oil but I wish it
distinctly to be understood that other vegetable oils, such, for instance, as linseed oil
and poppy-seed oil may be treated in substantially the same way and the residuum
converted into a paint or paint stock. In the refining of cotton-seed oil it is
generally desirable that it be converted into a food product and hence only such
substances can be used in separating the residuum therefrom as are not ultimately
injurious to the oil as an article of food. In the above described processes I have
referred to ouly such materials as refining agents as would not be ultimately
injurious to an article of food. But as this limitation does not exist with reference
to linseed and other oils which are not to be used as articles of food, materials
may be used in treating them which would destroy the commercial valve of cotton-
seed oil.
Metallic soap may be obtained in other ways than in the process of refining oils.
For instance, it may be obtained by saponifying any acid of the fatty series by the
solution of an alkali and by treating the resulting soluble soap with a metallic salt,
which will convert it into paint or paint stock.
The several processes above described will be sufficient to enable those skilled in
the art to obtain paint or paint stock in several different ways; but it will be under-
stood that as far as the subsequent matter herein contained is concerned the paint
or paint stock may be obtained not only in the manner above described but by any
suitable process.
Having obtained paint or paint stock by either process above described, or by
any other suitable process, partially or wholly from the impurities of vegetable oils,
or, generally speaking from soap or soap stock solution of any character I combine
with it at any suitable stage of the process, either before or after it is separated
from the wholly or partially refined oil, and either before or after the said impurities
are converted into paint or paint stock, an acid uncombined, or combined (as the
form of a salt) in any suitable form or combination which will unite with the base
thereby ultimately forming a superior paint or paint stock in colors of greater
variety and brilliancy.

page_text: The practice of this feature of my invention by either process hereinafter
described not only produces a superior paint which may be used alone or in com-
bination with other suitable pigments and oils, but also confers upon the oil
superior drying qualities.
I will now describe different processes in which this feature of my invention is
practised. This description will be understood to be merely a statement of the
manner in which 1 at present prefer to practise my invention when making yellow
blue and green paint.
Take, for example, the ordinary soap-stock made by saponifying the fatty acids
by the solution of an alkali during the process of refining vegetable oils, and
separated from the refined oil in any suitable way. In many instances this is
discolored by exposure to the air, and I prefer in such cases to remove the dark
color by exposing such soap-stock to the action of sulphurous acid, either in solution
with water or as a dry gas.
To make yellow paint of the soap-stock above described after removing the dark
color, I may proceed as follows:
•
Add a sufficient quantity of acetate of lead, or other suitable salts of lead, to
completely decompose the soluble soap, and make it an insoluble soap or plaster,
which is paint or paint-stock. The acetate of soda which is formed at the same time
is soluble. I may then add to this paint or paint-stock, an equivalent of bi-chromate
of potassium or sodium, or chromic acid to form chromate of lead. If bi-chromate
of potassium or sodium be used, potash or soda soaps, will be formed during the
operation. In either case the acid combines with the metallic base of the paint-
stock and forms chromate of lead, which is a brilliant yellow color, mixed with oil.
During the above operation the oil is made an excellent drying oil.
The potash or soda soap resulting from the reaction of bi-chromate of potassium
or sodium on the lead paint-stock may be decomposed by the addition of more
soluble salts of lead, if necessary. The compound is then washed and dried and is
ready for use. By washing the solubles-acetate of soda and potash, for example-
are removed from the mixture and chromate of lead and oil with paint-stock which
are insoluble, are left.
To produce blue paint of the soap stock above described, I may proceed as
follows:
After the soap-stock has been, if desired, treated with sulphurous acid, add a
solution of sulphate of iron, or chloride of iron in sufficient quantities to decompose
the soluble soap-stock. Then add potassium or sodium ferrocyanide-say, from
one-half ounce to one ounce. Then wash and dry, and a brilliant blue color mixed
with oil is the result.
To produce green paint of the soap-stock described I may proceed as follows:
Take, for example, one pound of soap-stock, one half pound of water, and add
one ounce of arsenious acid, and boil one hour. Then add sulphate of copper until
the soap stock is completely decomposed, forming in the presence of arsenious
acid, arsenate of copper, which is a vivid green color. Then wash and dry.
In making the above paints, a moderate heat, ranging from 100 to 212 degrees
Fahrenheit very greatly hastens and improves the operation.
The paints may be washed with water, and dried at a moderate heat.
It is not at all essential that the use of the steps above described should be main-
tained in the order described, as, for instance, in making blue paint as above
described, the ferrocyanide of potassium or sodium may be dissolved in the soap-
stock, and the solution of iron added last; and in making green paint, the copper
soap may be made first, and the solution of arsenious acid added last.
In making soap-stock into paint-stock, a metallic salt in suitable form to unite
with the oily residuum, and make paint-stock should be used. Chlorides, acetates,
sulphates, etc., of the metals, or, in other words, metallic salts, both oxygen and
haloid, operate, of course, in substantially the same way to produce the desired
result and are therefore equivalents. Any other forms of the metals operating in
substantially the same way will be equivalent for those specified, In this treatment

page_text: of soap-stock, soda or potash, which is soluble is formed, which may be immediately
washed out; but I prefer to defer the washing process until all the chemical com-
binations are completed.
In making paint-stock into a superior quality of mixed color and oil, any suitable
acid uncombined or in the form of a salt may be employed which will unite with
the metallic base of the paint-stock and form a desired color. The acid is the
agent by which the desired result is accomplished and hence it may be introduced
as such, or it may be introduced in combination with other substances, as in the
form of a salt, as, for instance, bi-chromate of potassium or sodium ferrocyanide,
above described, in which case potash or soda salts will be formed, and these being
soluble can be washed out; but if an uncombined acid be used, as, for instance,
arsenious or chromic acid, above described, the action is the same but no
secondary product is formed.
I have not endeavoured to describe all the equivalent substances which may be
employed in the practice of my invention, but by pointing out what I understand
to be the essential operation of the substances described, I have clearly indicated
to those skilled in the art the class of materials which are suitable for the purpose.
I have only specifically described the treatment of paint-stock made from soap-
stock, and this is the manner which I prefer to practise my invention; but it
will be understood that paint-stock formed of the union of a metallic base in a
suitable form and the residuum or refuse of vegetable oils separated therefrom in
the process of refining them may be made in other ways or a soap solution may be
made from any suitable kind of soap. All these may be subjected to the above
described treatment with acid either uncombined or in the form of a salt to form an
improved color as will be readily understood.
If iron or copper salts, for example, be used to convert the soap-stock into paint-
stock the paint will be of a color characteristic of the metal used. Thus a paint of
the requisite color can be made by using these or other metals having this quality.
The color so produced, may, however, be intensified or changed by the use of a
suitable acid.
The general methods of refining different kinds of oils and the treatment of the
residuum or impurities of such oils, is substantially the same, although care must be
taken in refining cotton-seed oil that no materials are employed which will injure
the refined oil as an article of food. The same is not necessarily true of other oils,
such as linseed oil.
The paints above described may be used in the condition in which they are made
as the result of these processes, or they may be used as oils and colors with ochre or
other suitable pigments.
The improved paint or paint-stock made as above described forms an excellent
material with which to treat pigments, by which they are rendered not only less
absorbent but they are greatly improved in quality and value.
By the use of this filling material, I not only satisfy to a certain extent the
absorbing property of the pigment but, at the same time, I produce a pigment of
superior color and of increased value on that account.
Cotton-seed oil is not a good drying oil but when it has been subjected to treat-
ment with an alkali to form soap-stock and the soap-stock has been treated with a
metallic salt to form paint-stock, it is made an excellent drier and may be used for
the same purpose as ordinary driers.
Instead of using such a filler, I may employ some other filler which has not all
these desirable or advantageous qualities and which will still have the function of
satisfying more or less the absorbing properties of the pigment. If this filling
material be cheaper than linseed oil, an economy will result because pigments (such
as ochre, for example,) require a certain amount of oil (such as linseed oil, for
example,) to be mixed with them in order to form a paint-paste or fluid. If, therefore,
the absorbing properties of the pigment be satisfied to a greater or less degree, it
will require the addition of only a smaller quantity of oil to make it into a paint-
paste or fluid, Ochre treated in the manner hereinafter described by me requires

page_text: only about one-half of the quantity of oil to wet it up that it requires before said
treatment. Any suitable oil or oleagenous matter, paint-stock, gum, resin and
insoluble soap or plaster, or any substance which is capable of being used to fill the
pores of the pigment or to satisfy, partially or wholly, its absorbent properties may
be employed for this purpose. Some of these filling materials dry very slowly, but
when a filler which is not a good drier, such as cotton-seel oil, for example, has
been finely subdivided by entry into a pigment as ochre, it oxidizes more rapidly;
but no matter how slowly it dries, if the ochre and oil be permitted to thoroughly
dry before it is mixed with a drying oil, as linseed oil, the resulting paint when applied
will dry with substantially the same rapidity, as if only linseed oil were used with
the ochre. This results from the fact that poorer drying oil is mixed with the
pigment first and dried before the better drying oil is added. If oil or oleagenous
matter, neither treated with an alkali and metallic salt, nor dried before the drying
oil is added, be used, a sticky slow drying paint will result.
Oils, oleagenous matter, paint-stock, gum, resin and plaster are not in a condition
in which they can be readily combined with the ochre to permeate and fill its pores
and I therefore prefer to treat those materials with a suitable solvent, or solvents,
by which they are rendered fluid enough to enter and fill the pores of the
pigment.
Take, for example of the working of my invention, a given quantity of ochre and
mix with it, say, twenty per cent. in weight of the paint or paint-stock above
referred to, and say, ten per cent. of naphtha. Then agitate the mixture where it is
subjected to heat. The naphtha will dissolve the paint-stock and enable it to
readily penetrate and saturate the ochre. The effect of the heat will be to
volatilize the naphtha and drive it off. After this has been driven off by distillation,
the substance remaining will be such matter as is not volatile at the temperature
employed (that is, ochre, oil and color) in a dry and powdered condition or which
will readily dry when further exposed to air or oxidation the oil and color being
distributed throughout the mass, or contained in the pores of the ochre and, in the
example under consideration, constituting twenty per cent. of the weight of the
resulting pigment. At the same time the pigment is improved in color, brightness
and lustre, and is, for that reason, per pound more valuable than the ochre before
treatment. Furthermore, its value is increased because the absorbing properties of
the pigment have been to a certain degree satisfied and, therefore, a given quantity
of linseed oil will wet up into a paste about twice as much of this ochre as of the
untreated ochre, and the gloss, elasticity and drying qualities of the resulting paint
are improved. Pigment thus prepared will improve rather than deteriorate with
age and it may be kept an indefinite time before the additional oil required to make
of it a paste or fluid, is added.
This operation may be conducted in a suitable jacketed cylindrical vessel
containing paddles suitable for agitating the mixture and provided with means for
maintaining uniform heat throughout the mass sufficient to volatilize the naphtha,
which is then conducted from the covered air-tight vessel through a pipe terminating
in a worm surrounded by cold water, to condense the naphtha, after which it is
received into a suitable vessel and can be used again and again.
In this way, it will be seen, that I effect a saving of the linseed oil it would
require to fill the pores of the pigment without reducing the adhesiveness or
durability of the paint by the substitution of a less costly oil or substance which,
at the same time, enhances the value of the pigment by making it a better drier,
adding color and rendering it capable of being made into a paint paste with the
addition of one-half the linseed oil necessary to accomplish the object without my
treatment. The proportions stated are quite arbitrary. Generally speaking, it is
advantageous to add to the ochre as much paint stock as it will readily absorb and
take up in the form of a dry powder, as this is the form in which I prefer to make
it, but less or even more may be used if desired. Besides, the absorbing capacities
of various pigments differ and the amount of filling which may be employed to
obtain given results correspondingly vary.

page_text: Not only ochre, but white-lead or any suitable pigment may be subjected to
treatment as above described, or to any equivalent treatment with a filler, to obtain
substantially the same results.
The object of employing naphtha in the process above described is to finely
divide the oil and color and make it into a thinner fluid which will more readily
penetrate into the pores and interstices of the ochre. Its office is, therefore,
mechanical, carrying the oil into the interstices of the ochre. Instead of naphtha,
other solvents may, therefore, be employed, or any material which will have the
same function.
For an example of the manner in which my present invention may be carried
out by the use of some other material as a filler than the pigment or color
herein before described, take ochre mixed with enough crude or refined cotton-
seed oil or other suitable oil, to satisfy more or less its absorbent qualities. It
is then thoroughly dried. In this operation a solvent may or may not be
employed. It is then in condition to be mixed with linseed oil.
In this way a
paint containing a portion of cotton-seed oil will be made which will dry rapidly
and which is elastic yet hard after drying.
The examples which I have given read in connection with these explanations
will indicate to any skilled person the nature of the several elements of my present
invention.
Having thus described my invention what I claim as new and desire to secure by
Letters Patent is :
1. The method of making paint, which consists of treating with an acid a
pigment formed by the combination of a metallic base with the residuum or soap-
stock of vegetable oil, which combines with the metallic base of said pigment,
forming a color of superior quality.
2. The method of making paint, which consists of treating soap-stock with a
metallic salt, which combines with said soap-stock and forms an insoluble metallic
paint and of treating said paint with an acid, which combines with the metallic base
of said paint forming a color of superior quality.
3. The method of making paint, which consists of treating soap-stock with a
metallic salt, which combines with said soap-stock and forms an insoluble metallic
paint, and of treating said paint with an acid, which combines with the metallic base
of said paint forming a color of superior quality and of treating said color with
a metallic salt to render insoluble the soluble soap formed thereby.
4. The method of making paint, which consists of treating soap-stock with a
bleaching agent, such as sulphurous acid, then treating the same with a metallic
salt, which combines with said soap-stock and forms an insoluble metallic paint, and
treating said paint with an acid, which combines with the metallic base forming a
color and removing the solubles by washing.
5. A new or improved paint or color obtained by saponifying an acid of the
fatty series by a solution of an alkali, and treating the resulting soap with a
metallic salt, which imparts to the soap a characteristic color; or, by treating said
resulting soap with a metallic salt and an acid substantially as set forth.
:
6. The method of making paint, which consists in saponifying an acid of the
fatty series by a solution of an alkali, treating the resulting soap with a solution of
a salt of a metal and adding to the insoluble soap thus formed an acid to combine
with the base of the soap and form a coloring matter, substantially as described.
7. The method of making an improved paint, which consists of treating vegetable
oil with alkali and a metallic salt and an acid to form fluid paint and of sub-
sequently mixing said fluid paint with a solvent and a pigment and of subsequently
removing said solvent and drying said pigment and filler, and subsequently adding
oil to dry after the paint is applied.
8. The method of making an improved paint, which consists of treating vegetable
oil with alkali and a metallic salt to form paint; then mixing said paint with a

page_text: pigment; then drying said mixture; then making a fluid paint by adding oil
thereto to dry after the paint is applied.
9. The method of making an improved paint which consists of treating vegetable
oil with an alkali and a metallic salt and an acid to form paint; then mixing said
paint with a pigment; then drying said mixture; then making a fluid paint by
adding oil thereto to dry after the paint is applied.
10. The method of making an improved paint, which consists of mixing with a
suitable pigment a filling material and a solvent of said filling material and of
subsequently removing said solvent.
11. The method of making an improved dry paint, which consists of mixing with
a suitable pigment a filling material and a solvent of said filling material and
subsequently removing said solvent and drying said pigment and filling material.
12. The method of making an improved paint, which consists of mixing with a
suitable pigment a filling material and a solvent of said filling material more
volatile than said filling material, and then removing said solvent by distillation.
13. The method of making an improved paint, which consists of mixing with a
suitable pigment a fluid filling material; then drying said pigment and filler; then
making a fluid paint by adding oil thereto to dry after the paint is applied.
14. A new or improved pigment (from which a fluid paint may be made by
grinding with oil), consisting of a dry paint stock or pigment to which has been
added and mixed a filling material and with which its pores are wholly or partially
filled substantially as set forth.
Dated this 10th 1
LL
1001
CHEESBROUGH & ROYSTON,
15, Water Street, Liverpool, Applicant's Patent Agents.