A CEMENT OR COMBI- NATION OF MATERIALS APPLICABLE TO THE DIFFERENT PURPOSES FOR WHICH CEMENT, STONE. BRICK. OR OTHER SIMILAR SUBSTANCES MAY OR CAN BE USED
Year: 1834

page_text: WHEREAS is present most Excellent Majesty King William the Fourth.
by His Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain. bearing
date at Westminster, the Nineteenth day of April. in the fourth year of
His reign, did. for Himself. His heirs and successors. give and grant unto
me, the said John Henry Cassell. His especial licence, full power, sole privilege
and authority, that 1. the said John Henry Cassell, my exors, admors. and
assigns, or such others as 1. the said John Henry Cassell. my exors, admors,
or assigns, should at any time agree with. and no others, from time to time
and at all times during the term of years therein expressed. should and
lawfully might make. use. exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and
the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, my Invention of "A CEMENT OR COMBI-
NATION OF MATERIALS APPLICABLE TO THE DIFFERENT PURPOSES FOR WHICH CEMENT,
STONE. BRICK. OR OTHER SIMILAR SUBSTANCES MAY OR CAN BE USED" in which
said Letters Patent is contained a proviso that I, the said John Henry
Cassell, shall cause a particular description of the nature of my said Inven-
tion, and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be inrolled in
His said Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar months
next and immediately after the date of the said in part recited Letters
Patent, as in and by the same, reference being thereunto had, will more fully
and at large appear.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, 1, the said
John Henry Cassell, do hereby declare that the nature of my Invention,
and the manner in which the same is to be performed, are fully described
and ascertained in and by the following description thereof (that is to say):-
My Invention consists in cementing or combining the materials for road
making, and for constructing docks, watercourses, foundations, and such like
works, by the aid of coal or other mineral tar, wood tar, and resinous matters,
or the products of tar, in the manner hereafter described, and thus producing
a concrete mass, which may be formed or moulded into the desired figure,
which, when cold, will be exceedingly hard. and be suitable for the purposes
of ment, stone, or brick in constructing such works or buildings, as before
mentioned. But in order that my lavention may be fully understood and
carried into effect. I will describe the methods I pursue for combining such
materials together, and applying them to the purposes aforesaid. I take a
quantity of tar, such as is produced by the distillation of coal, shale, or wood,
and by further distillation I separate the aqueous part therefrom. and thus
reduce the tar or resinous substance to the consistency of treacle; and this 1
call the first product, the tar or resinous substance being in a thick and
adhesive condition when cold. In order to produce the second product I carry
on the distillation still further, and by this means I obtain the essential oil;
and for the third product carry on the process of distillation till the substance
becomes so adhesive that a small portion being removed from the still, will
draw out into threads. and when cold becomes brittle. This will be soon
judged of by practice. And for the fourth product carry on the distillation
still further, till the substance becomes extremely hard, and which will not
soften by the heat of the sun. The apparatus or still which I use for this
purpose is similar to what is called a pitch still, which is well known, and
forms no part of my Invention; nor does the process of distillation for
separating the tar into three products; that is to say:-
First, lar deprived of the aqueous parts, and reduced to a thick and adhesive
condition when cold.
Secondly, the essential oil.
Thirdly, the adhesive tar (or product thereof), which, when cold, is
hard; and,
Fourthly, the substance not acted on by the heat of the sun.
It will be desirable here to remark. that I prefer coal tar. in consequence
of the low cost at which it can be obtained.
I will now proceed to describe the combining of these products with other
materials in forming a cement or combination in the making of roads, docks.
watercourses, and such like works.

page_text: I will first. describe the method I pursue in applying by Invention to the
making of roads, or in repairing them. Having laid out the road, and made
the necessary drains for preventing the lodgement of water below the road, I
prepare the surface by beating or rolling, in order to compress the earth.
particularly when such surface is composed of loose earth, and by raking bring
the surface to the figure desired, that is, with such slopes as I have deter-
mined on, and make the same as even as possible.
I then saturate such
surface with the essential oil (the second product), in thin layers, allowing
time to subside. The oil thus laid on will quickly penetrate the earth. I
then proceed with the second operation, which consists of laying over the
surface of the earth so prepared a thin coating of the first product, say, one
fourth of an inch thick, and set fire to the same. and permit it to burn a few
seconds. Dry sand. or fine dry earth, or slag, or cinder, or a combination
of these, are to be sifted on the tar and oil, to the depth of about half an
inch, which will put out the flame. I then beat or roll the same. in order to
blend or cement them together, and in order to facilitate the operation I find
it desirable to have a frame of iron or other material, about three feet square.
which I successively place over the surface of the road, and thus complete
portions of the surface at each operation. By this means it will be evident
that I produce a thin cemented layer or surface on the road. In some
instances make one, two, or more layers of this description on the road,
depending on the extent of traffic to which it is to be subjected; but it
will be desirable to remark, that I only use the essential oil previous to the
first layer. Having thus prepared the under surface of the road. I proceed to
finish the same, and the finishing materially depends on the description of
materials which may readily be obtained at the place where the road is
making, broken granite, or flint, or slag, or gravel, or hard material suitable
for the surface of a road; and I mean in the present instance that the same
should be broken somewhat small, say not larger than three inches and I
take by weight one of the third product to two of sand. and boil and mix them
well together. I lay over such broken materials to the desired depth, and
then pour in such sand and third product, which, running into the space
between the stones forms a solid mass when cold.
When the said fourth
product is in a melted state I mix in an open vessel any of the materials.
sandstone. &c., in the proportion of one of the fourth product to three of the
stone. sand, &c.. by weight, and combine them well together. and when so
combined I lay them over the surface of the road from one to four inches or
more, if desired. The 'road being prepared as before described, this is to be
beaten down, and as even a surface as possible produced, by which means a

page_text: hard surface will be formed, and will wear exceedingly well, and produce a
cheap and lasting road; or, where it is desired that the upper surface should
be formed of larger stones or other material, such as broken granite, flints,
slag, or other substances, of a size such as is used in making what are called
macadamized roads, or larger. I have frames or moulds, from twelve to
forty-eight inches square, open at top and bottom like a brick mould, and pack
in a number of such broken pieces of material, and then run in a quantity of
the fourth product in a melted state, and thus fill up the interstices between
the stones or other materials, and making the upper surface as even as
possible. These materials are left in the moulds till they are cold: they will
then be strongly cemented together, and he ready to form the upper surface or
road, and they are to be put on in the following manner:-Having prepared
the road, as above described. by the essential oil and the first product, and the
sand or fine earth, or other material. I lay over a coal, sny one inch of the
third product of the tar, then cover the surface whilst the third product is hot
with the moulded materials, placing that part which was uppermost in the
act of moulding on the surface of the road prepared as above, and by benting
or pressing canse the moulded parts to adhere firmly by this means a rather
rough surface for the tread of a horse will be produced to the road. I also
use the first preparation to cover good mackadamized or other roads, which
firmly cements every stone into its place. prevents the wheels from ploughing
up the roads, the water from softening the substrata, and preventing mud and
dust rising. also use the third preparation of tar when in a melted state to
pour between the joints of street pavement, in the manner that grouting is
now performed; this will cement every stone together, and prevent the water
from getting to the subsoil, or rising therefrom, which causes the present
pavement to sink in different parts. If the street is required to be very
durable, or the substrata is of a soft substance. I first prepare the ground, as
described in the first process. then saturate the paving stones with
essential oil, and run the third product between the joints of the stones or
bricks that are required for foundations. I saturate with essential oil, and sett
them with the third product. The resin of wood I use for making stone and
cast figures that are required to be of a yellow colour. I add sand of the
required colour, as in the fourth process. In some instances, in place of
moulding such larger pieces of stone or other material. I mix sand or fine
earth or other material with the fourth product when in a hot and melted state.
and mould the same, as above described, such materials being very suitable for
foot paths, water cisterns, pipes, and a variety of other useful purposes.
laving thus described the nature of my Invention as applied to roads, 1

page_text: will proceed to describe its application to canals, docks. watercourses, and
such like works. Having excavated the earth, and made the slopes of the
banks to the intended figure. I proceed to beat the surface of the earth, in
order to render the same as compact as possible. I saturate it with the
essential oil, as before described, then lay over a thin coat of the first product
of the tar, and set fire to the same, then sift prer sand or other dry earth or
material, as above described. Three lays of these cemented materials when
applied to the usual slopes for canals and watercourses will be sufficient, and
will offer a compact and close surface to the water. which will protect the
banks from the prejudicial washing thereof, and consequently be of great
utility when quick transit is desired, or when the canal boats are propelled by
machinery.
In forming the embankments of docks or quays requiring steep
or perpendicular walls a much stronger facing is required. depending on the
depth of the water they are to sustain, and also the description of ground
behind and usually construct a framing of wood to the desired thickness,
and having previously made a good base or foundation of a combination of the
fourth product of the tar and broken stones or other rough hard materials, and
sand or earth. I continue melting and mixing quantities of the said fourth
product of tar and broken stones and sand, in the proportions of about one of
the fourth product to three of the stones and sand or other material. and
successively throw them into the frame, and level and beat such concrete
mixture till the frame is full to the surface of the intended finish of the wall,
which usually make to lay on the surface of the earth.
I would here
remark, that between each quantity of the material thus put into the frame I
lind it desirable to lay over a thin coat of the first product of the tar, and light
the same, in order that the surface of the last quantity should be in a melted
state to receive the next quantity of the materials. It will be evident from the
above description that piles, and also land ties, may be built in the walls, in
order to give additional strength to them. And would remark, that where
frames or moulds are used, I wash the same over with a covering of white-
wash or of clay, by which means the moulds or frames separate readily from
the substances.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention, and the manner of
carrying the same into effect. I would have it understood that I lay no claim
to any of the materials separately, and it will be evident that the means of
carrying the same into effect may be varied to suit the particular object to
which the Invention is to be applied: but I would have it understood that
what claim as my Invention is the cementing or combining the materials for
mating daals
water

page_text: my hand and seal, this Seventeenth day of October. in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and thirty-four.
JOHN HENRY CASSELL. (...)
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Seventeenth day of October, in
the year of our Lord 1831, the aforesaid John Henry Cassell came before
our said Lord the King in His Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification
aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and specified, in form
above written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according
to the tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Inrolled the Seventeenth day of October, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and thirty-four.

page_text: of Millwall. Poplar. Merchant. deceased. for his Invention of a "A
CEMENT OR COMBINATION OF MATERIALS APPLICABLE TO THE DIFFERENT
PURPOSES FOR WHICH CEMENT. STONE, BRICK, OR OTHER SIMILAR SUB-
STANCES MAY OR CAN BE USED," bearing date at Westminster, the
Fourth day of April, One thousand eight hundred and thirty-four.
DISCLAIMER
AND
MEMORANDUM
OF ALTERATION entered
by Sophia Cassell (widow and executrix of the said John Henry Cassell)
and Edwin Edward Cassell (son and sole surviving partner of the said
John Henry Cassell) with the Clerk of the Patents of England, pursuant
to an Act passed in the fifth and sixth year of the reign of His late
Majesty. intituled An Act to amend the Law touching Letters Patents
for Inventions."
We, the said Sophia Cassell and Edwin Edward Cassell, do hereby declare
at since the death of the said John Henry Cassell, we have been informed
at, previous to the date of the said Patent. other persons had used tar in
arious ways, with or without artificial heat, for cementing materials for pur-
oses similar to those set forth in the Specification of the said Invention. such
r remaining fluid at low temperatures, and consequently requiring either a
onsiderable waste of fuel or a waste of time for the atmosphere to evaporate
uch parts as had kept the resinous material in a state of fluidity: and that
uch attempts were no more successful than some of those which the said
ohn Henry Cassell made with materials liquid at a temperature below sixty
egrees of Fahrenheit; whereas the successful work of the said John Henry
assell deceased, and subsequently of us, the said Sophia Cassell and Edwin
dward Cassell, has been by mixing, forming, or applying. by means of arti-
cial heat, pitch and resinous substances, which are not fluid at a temperature
wer than sixty degrees of Fahrenheit. And further, on a careful considera-
on of the Specification of the said John Henry Cassell, we have discovered
at the following words, viz., "as in the fourth process," in the sentence, "The

page_text: resin of wood use for making stone and cast figures that are required to
be of a yellow color. I add sand of the required color. as in the fourth
process," which words appearing to have been introduced in crror, as they
do not relate to anything in the previous part of the Specification. this
part of the description would be more clear and intelligible without such
words. We therefore disclaim so much of the Specification of the said
Patent as includes or may be construed to include the using or applying any
tar or products of tar or resin which is or is made at all fluid at a tempera-
ture below sixty degrees of Fahrenheit, (excepting always the essential oil of
coal tar, which has been of great benefit for saturation of the stones or earthy
matter previous to blending the said earthy matters with the pitch or resinous
substances for roads and footways.) and also so much of the Specification or
wording thereof as relates to the words "as in the fourth process," by striking
out those words, or reading the Specification as if they were not inserted.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Eleventh day of December. in
the year of our Lord 1838. the aforesaid Sophia Cassell and Edwin Edward
Cassell came before our said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknow-
ledged the Disclaimer aforesaid, and all and every thing therein con-
tained and specified. in torm above written. And also the Disclaimet
aforesaid was stamped according to the tenor of the Statute made for that
purpose.