IMPROVEMENTS IN MEANS AND APPARATUS FOR COOLING, REFRIGERATING, AND ICE MAKING
Year: 1869

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Siddeley, of Liverpool, in the County of Lancaster,
Coppersmith, and Frederick Noel Mackay, of the same Placo, Engineer, for
the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MEANS AND APPARATUS FOR COOLING,
REFRIGERATING, AND ICE MAKING."
Sealed the 16th July 1869, and dated the 20th January 1869.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Siddeley and Frederick
Noel Mackay at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 20th
January 1800.
JOHN SIDDELEY, of Liverpool, in the County of Lancaster, Coppersmith, and
FREDERICK NOLL MACKAY, of the same Place, Engineer. "LMPROVEMENTS IN
MEANS AND APPARATUS FOR COOLING, REFRIGERATING, AND ICE MAKING."
My Invention relates principally to improvements in or in connection with that
class of apparatus for cooling, refrigerating, and ice making in which volatile
liquids are evaporated in vacuo, and has for its object (a) economy in the working
of the said apparatus, and (b) durability & certainty of action of several of the
operating parts. The said improvements consist,—
Fint. In the employment as the cooling agent, or incans for abstracting or carrying
off heat from frigerators, of a current of air in place of the salino or other liquid
solutions hitherto used. The said current of air is caused to pass through or over
the refrigerator by a fan or other machine, or other means by a forcing, exhausting,
or inducing action, and the speed at which it is made to travel is regulated according
to the lowness of temperature required.
Second. Of an improved construction of inlet and outlet pump valve. This is
mado of any ordinary form, and its spindles operates preferably in a horizontal
position in double stop guides. Between the said double stop guides a helical
spring is placed to return by its recoil the valve quickly and with certainty to its
seating.
Third. Of an other moter or regulator which serves also as a safety valve for the
condenser. Tho leading peculiarity of this part of my Invention is, that the valve
opens towards the vacuum. Within a closed vessel 1 place a balanced float; this is
G. 890. W. B. 19:

page_text: in communication with and acts so as to operate a valve. The ether from the con-
denser enters the said closed vessel, lifts or raises the float, & thereby opens the
valve. In this way a free passage to the vaporizing vessel is provided.
Fourth. Of a new construction of condenser. Flattened tubes, preferably placed
at a slight incline, are used, and each pair thereof is fitted in or provided with a t
cap. The ether vapour passes through the tubes. When a condensing liquid is
used it is drawn away at the lower end, and in this case we form at the top of the
condenser an air chamber or space, and connect a pipe from it to a pump leading
thence to a supplementary condenser. Of course the cooling liquid has given to it
a lengthy travel by division plates.
1
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said John Siddeley and Frederick Noel Mackay in the Great Seal
Patent Office on the 20th July 1869.
JOHN SIDDELEY, of Liverpool, in the County of Lancaster, Coppersmith, and
FREDERICK NOEL MACKAY, of the same Place, Engineer. "IMPROVEMENTS IN
MEANS AND APPARATUS FOR COOLING, REFRIGERATING, AND ICE MAKING."
Our Invention relates principally to improvements in connection with and in
that class of apparatus for cooling, refrigerating, and ico making, in which volatile
liquids are evaporated in vacuo, and has for its object (a) economy in the working
of such apparatus, and (b) durability and certainty of action of several of the
operating parts. The said improvements consist,-
First. In the employment, in connection with apparatus in which ether or other
volatile liquid is evaporated in vacuo, of currents of cold air as means for producing
certain new and beneficial results in cooling, refrigerating, and ice making. Wo
apply the said currents of cold air, (1), to carry off heat from troughs or vessels
containing puro water to be frozen into ico by passing the current of air through
the enclosed space or apartment containing the said troughs or vessels, or by passing
it through a passage or channel formed around the outer sides of the troughs; (2),
to carry off heat from water or other liquid passing through or in contact with a
tubular or other refrigerator, and thereby lowering such water or other liquid
sufficiently in temperature to render it suitable for cooling in another refrigerator
worts or other liquids which do not require a very low temperature, (3), to carry off
heat from worts or other liquids by surface contact, that is to say, passing the
current of cold air through a refrigorator formed with tubes or passages, the worts
or other liquid being either inside or outside the tubes, but separated from the air
by the thickness of metal; (4), to carry off heat from worts or other liquids by
impelling or drawing the current of cold air in immediate contact with the worts
or other liquids to be cooled through a closed vessel; and (5), to carry off heat from
ether condensers and effect condensation of the ether; this we accomplish by
passing such current of cold air either inside or outside of the pipes, or other parts
of or over the metallic surfaces in the ether condensers. And the manner in which
we obtain the said current of cold air for the purposes above mentioned consists in
employing a fan or other machine or other means to forco, draw, or induce air over

page_text: the outer metallic surfaces of the refrigerating vessel, that is to say, the vessel in
which the ethor is ovaporated in vacuo, the said refrigerating vessel being made
with a surface of extensivo area, preferably with tubes or flat leaves, so that the
air in passing through may become sufficiently lowered in temperature. Tho extent
of the cooling surface and tho speed at which the air would be caused to flow over
tho surface of tho said refrigerating vessel would lo proportioned to the degree of
cold required and the quantity or nature of the liquid or vapour to be cooled or
condensed.
We would have it understood that we do not confine ourselves to any particular
form or construction of freezing troughs or vessels, or of refrigerators, or of vessels
where the cooling is effected by immediate contact, or of ether condensers, or of
the refrigerating vessel itself, various suitable forms of these being now in use, but
in respect of ether condensers we prefer the forms hereafter described. We would
also have it understood that we are aware it has been proposed to pass air through
or over the refrigerating vessel for the purpose of cooling the atmosphero in hospitals
and apartments.
Second. Of an improved contruction of inlet and outlet pump valve suital lo for
pumps employed in volatile liquid and other cooling, refrigerating, or ice-making
apparatus. This is made of any ordinary form, and its spindle operates, preferably
in a horizontal position, in double stop guides. Between the said double stop
guides a helical spring is placed to return by its recoil the valve quickly and with
certainty to its seating.
Figs 1 and 2 are longitudinal sections respectively of inlet and outlet valves
constructed according to this part of our Invention. Liko letters denote equivalent
parts in both views. a, scating; b, valve; c, valve spindle; d, stop guides;
e, helical spring.
Third. Of an ether "meter" or regulator which ыrves also a safety valve for the
condenser. The leading peculiarity of this part of our Invention is that the valve
opens towards the vacuum. Within a closed vessel wo placo a balanced float; this
is in communication with and acts so as to operate a valve. The ether from the
condenser enters the said closed vessel, lifts or mises the float, and thereby opens
the valve more or less. In this way a free passage to the vapourizing or refrigerating
vessel is provided.
Fig. 3 is a vertical section of the said other "meter" or regulator, and Figs 4, 5,
6, and 7, sectional views of the valve. f, closed vessel; g, float connected by a pin
joint to the weighted lever h; i, fulcrum of the weighted lover; j, valve hinged at k
The form of the said valve j, as will be seen by the detail views Figs. 4, 5, 6, and 7,
is such that the further it moves from its scating at the larger becomes the
opening for the passage of other. m is a glass guage properly guarded to indicate
the level of the ether in the regulator; n, pipe for conveying tho return ether from
the condenser; and o, outlet pipe to convey the ether to the vaporizing or refrige-
rating vessel; p, is a pipe leading to the refrigerating vessel, whereby the pressure
can be equalized, any air blown through, and testing effected.
Fourth. Of a now construction of condenser for ether or volatile liquid. Flattened
tubes, preferably placed at a slight incline, are used, and each pair thereof is fitted
in or provided with a cap at one end, the other ends being accured in a tube plate.
The other vapour passes through the tubes. At the top of the condenser we form
an air chamber or space, and connect a pipo from it to a pump delivering into a
supplementary condenser. When a condensing saline or other liquid is used a
lengthy travel is given to it, and when cold air is used as, the condensing agent it
is forced or drawn through or over the tubes by any convenient moans.
This part of our Invention will be clearly understood by referring to Fig. 8, 9,
and 10 of the Drawings. Fig. 8 is a longitudinal section drawn to an enlarged
scale of part of a condenser; Fig. 9, a transverse section at the lino Z, Z; and
Fig. 10, a plan partly in section, the casing being removed. Like lettors denoto
the same parts.
a', outer casing; b', tubo plate; c', tubes connected by a cap d' at the ends

page_text: where each pair are joined together; e', ingress for ether vapour; ff", chambers
for ether vapour and ether; g', egress for ether The ether vapour enters at e¹
into the chamber f', passes thence through the tubes c', where it is condensed, and
flows into the chamber f, the course is indicated by the arrows, whence it is
conveyed by a pipe to the meter or regulator and the refrigerating vessel. The
passage between f' and f is just sufficiently large to allow any immediately
condensed ether to pass through. i, condensing liquid or cold air ingress opening,
and j, egress opening; k', division plate to cause the condensing liquid or air to
make a lengthened travel. The course which the condensing liquid or air follows
is indicated by the double arrows. ", pipe leading to a pump, thenco to a supple-
mentary condenser; this is used to draw off any air which may collect, and by
delivering into a supplementary condenser any vapour carried over in suspension is
saved.
Another modification of this condenser of larger size is shewn by Figs. 11 and 12.
Fig. 11 is a longitudinal section, and Fig. 12 a transverse section at the line S, S.
m is the outer casing; n', tube plate; o, tubes terminating in groups in the caps p²;
g', ether vapour ingress; 1, 3, chambers communicating by a dip pipe s¹; t¹, ingress
for water; u, egress for water; v¹, division plate; w³, pipe leading to a small pump
delivering into a supplementary condenser; this pipe is led downwards to the lower
chamber for the purpose of more effectually drawing off the air, and this is the
arrangement we prefer to adopt in all condensers constructed in accordance with
our improvements.
Having now described the nature of our said Invention and particularized the
same, we claim,-
First. The employment of currents of cold air obtained in the manner described
for the purposes herein set forth.
Second Constructing valves substantially in the manner herein described and
illustrated by the Drawings for the purposes set forth.
Third. The ether "meter" constructed as set forth, and shewn on the Drawings
or in any equivalent mannor, whereby the valve is caused to open towards the
vacuum for the purposes set forth.
And, fourth. Constructing condensers substantially as herein described and illus-
trated on the Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Siddeley, have hereunto set my hand
and seal, this Seventeenth day of July, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine.
In the presence of,
JOHN T. KING,
Patent Agent,
Liverpool.
JOHN SIDDELEY. (LS)