IMPROVE- MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF TYPES, LOGOTYPES, AND PHRASOTYPES, AND IN APPARATUS THEREFOR.
Year: 1872

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Greene, of the Reform Club, Pall Mall,
in the County of Middlesex, Esquire, for the Invention of "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF TYPES, LOGOTYPES, AND PHRASOTYPES, AND
IN APPARATUS THEREFOR.
"
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Greene at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
10th April 1872.
I, JOHN GREENE, of the Reform Club, Pall Mall, in the County of
Middlesex, Esquire, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF TYPES, LOGOTYPES, AND PHRASO-
TYPES, AND IN APPARATUS THEREFOR," to be as follows:-
My said Invention consists of various improvements in the manu-

page_text: Logotypes are formed from the union of letters, and phrasotypes
from the union of words.
The first part of my Invention consists of improved moulds for
forming blocks for constructing by electrotypy matrices and markers
for casting both ordinary and legible types, logotypes, and phrasotypes.
In the most perfect moulds now known the process of forming blocks
for matrices and markers for casting such types are wanting in the
rapidity and simplicity, as well as the accuracy and permanence which
are so desirable, especially in the manufacture of logotypes and phraso-
types, which are themselves designed to economise both time and labor.
Thus according to the most approved plan now known it is necessary
first, to unite the types by means of injected metal, asphaltum, shellac,
or some other substance; secondly, to electrotype the face or letters of
the type or types before placing it or them in a first mould in order to
protect the letters from injury from the metal to be injected for sur-
rounding the types; thirdly, having obtained the matrice block from
this first mould and a matrice therefrom by electrotypy, it is necessary to
place the matrice so produced in a second mould for the purpose of
what is called backing it, in order to make all matrices so produced of
the same height; and fourthly, to place the matrice so backed in a third
mould for the purpose of what is called tailing it, or making it of the
required length and thickness. A matrice block is for casting types
with reversed letters on the face of them; and a marker block is for
casting upon the foot of them the same letters in the ordinary legible
form.
By the improved moulds which I have devised I obtain blocks for
both matrices and markers by a simple and speedy process, which
supersedes the necessity of uniting the types intended for logotypes
or phrasotypes, and of electrotyping the face or letters of them; and
having obtained a block of the required length and height, my process
also supersedes the necessity of backing and tailing the matrice or
marker produced from it according to the plan hitherto adopted. As
regards the matrice block I effect this by increasing the height of the
block and interior walls or plates of the mould to the proposed height
or length of the matrice block, and enlarging the area and depth of my
mould accordingly, and so arranging it that the face or letters of the
types shall lie against the raised side or interior wall or plate of the
lower half of the mould, and so be protected by its position from injury

page_text: from the injected metal. The matrice block thus produced is then put
into improved chases with brass bottoms screwed on, the matrice block
being separated or surrounded by improved insulators which constitute
a second part of my Invention for improvements, and are herein-after
particularly described. The face or letter of the type lies towards and
in immediate contact with the raised side or interior wall or plate of the
lower half of the mould, leaving the foot or end of the type free, and
where logotypes and phrasotypes are required the requisite number of
types is placed or locked up in the mould as already described. The
mould is then closed with the upper half, and then either by hand or by
means of a pump melted metal is thrown in or injected through the
channel or opening which is grooved out in the mould. The metal fills
the empty space which surrounds the type and unites with it, but no
metal can flow towards the face or letter, because it is protected by
being placed towards the raised side or interior wall or plate of the lower
half of the mould as before described.
My improved mould may be adapted for making matrice blocks with
overhanging shoulders, so as to prevent any undue or unsightly distance
between the ending of any letter, word, or phrase, and the beginning of
that which follows. This I do by substituting in the body of 'my mould
other plates of the same form and dimensions, but having their short
raised ledges in the upper and lower halves bevelled off like the tooth of
a saw, so as to let the shoulder of the block to overhang.
In like manner,
by means of my said mould and an improved backing
mould, I can obtain justified markers for casting legible types, logotypes,
and phraso-types. By "legible" is meant what is now understood by
that word in regard to typography, according to the plan hitherto known
or employed in the manufacture of legible types, that is to say, types
which in addition to the reversed letter on the face, have on the foot
the same letter not reversed in intaglio, and in the ordinary readable
form of the alphabet, and so greatly facilitating both the composition,
correction, and distribution of types in printing.
In order to obtain by my improved mould a marker for casting such
legible types, a lead of nearly the same size as the matrice block before
described, is cast by adding a slotted register to our backing mould,
which according to its adjustment by means of the block regulates the
size of the lead so cast. The lead of suitable hardness is then placed in
a regulating frame, the matrice block being placed underneath the lead

page_text: for the marker block, then by an adjusted fly press I obtain upon the
marker block an exact impression from the matrice block with a sunken
direct letter, word, or phrase of the proper depth.
The mould for legible types is so altered and improved as to be now,
for the first time, adapted to machinery, by shortening the "break" and
reversing the upper for the lower half, and by a delicate handling of
the mould. It has two separate bodies, one for casting kerned commas,
full stops, &c., and the other for casting a spaced letter, word, or phrase,
as may be required.
The marker block for legible types is, like the matrice block, placed
in the battery, from which are obtained by electrotypy markers of
entirely solid copper of the required length and height, and of greater
hardness and permanence than would be afforded by copper backed and
tailed with lead, or other metal according to the plan now known.
By these simplified and improved processes almost perfectly justified
matrices and markers for both ordinary and legible types, logotypes, and
phrasotypes are produced of the exact size required, both being of solid
copper as already described, or of copper backed with lead or some other
metal to the required depth, as may be found expedient. These matrices
and markers will require very little justification, being almost even in
line and face, and where the deposit has been irregular and the back
surface of the copper matrice comes out with rough edges, I get rid of
the time and labor of filing according to the present mode of justifying
by means of a newly arranged brass frame with a ledge or sheet regulated
to the size of the matrice, and a circular saw worked by the foot or by 2
steam, while the frame is guided by the hand, so that the rought edges
are speedily cut away and a perfectly even surface of the required
thickness is produced.
Thus by my improved moulds I simplify the production of both
ordinary and legible types, logotypes, and phrasotypes, by dispensing
with several processes employed in their manufacture, upon the most
approved plan now known, as I have already intimated, and thereby
effecting a considerable saving of time, expense, and labor.
The second part of my Invention consists of an improvement in the

page_text: The separators, insulators, and other accessories hitherto used in the
process of producing matrices by electrotypy, cause the copper to grow
so irregularly in the battery as to necessitate a considerable amount
of justification, and a corresponding amount of extra time, labor, and
expense.
By the improvement in the separators or insulators which I have
devised, the current of electricity is conducted with much greater
accuracy, and the matrices are obtained from the battery very nearly
justified.
The substances which I use for forming the said separators or insu-
lators, consist of combinations of glass and gutta percha, cast, cut, or
prepared with great accuracy; or vulcanite or ebonite, which I prefer,
as the latter can be more accurately cast, and cut, and filed to the exact
size required. I claim this part of my Invention as an improvement
upon the modes now known of forming insulators, and as securing
greater accuracy, and so diminishing the time and labor of justifying
the matrices.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said John Greene in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 10th October 1872.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
GREENE, of the Reform Club, Pall Mall, in the County of Middlesex,
Esquire, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Tenth day of April, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-two, in the thirty-
fifth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give
and grant unto me, the said John Greene, Her special licence that I,
the said John Greene, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or
such others as I, the said John Greene, my executors, administrators,
and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time
to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands,

page_text: "
and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE
OF TYPES, LOGOTYPES, AND PHRASOTYPES, AND IN APPARATUS THEREFOR," upon
the condition (amongst others) that I, the said John Greene, my
executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or
their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the
same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the
Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and imme-
diately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said John Greene, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement, reference being had to the Drawings hereunto
annexed, and to the letters and figures marked thereon (that is to
say) :-
My Invention consists of various improvements in the manufacture
of both ordinary and legible types, logotypes, and phrasotypes, as herein-
after explained.
Logotypes are formed from the union of letters, and phrasotypes from
the union of words.
The first part of my Invention consists of an improved mould for
forming blocks for the purpose of making by electrotypy matrices and
markers for casting both ordinary and legible types, logotypes, and
phrasotypes. In the most perfect mould or moulds now known, the
process of forming blocks for matrices and markers for casting such
types, is or are wanting in the rapidity and simplicity as well as the
accuracy and permanence which are so desirable, especially in the manu-
facture of logotypes and phrasotypes, which are themselves designed to
economise both time and labor. Thus according to the most approved
plan now known it is necessary first, to unite the types by means of
injected metal, asphaltum, shellac, or some other substance; secondly,
to electrotype the face or letters of the type or types before placing it
or them in a first mould in order to protect the letters from injury
from the metal to be injected for surrounding the types; thirdly,
having obtained the matrice block from this first mould and a matrice
therefrom by electrotypy, it is necessary to place the matrice so
produced in a second mould for the purpose of what is called backing

page_text: it in order to make all matrices so produced of the same height;
and fourthly, to place the matrice so backed in a third mould for
the purpose of what is called tailing it, or making it of the required
length and thickness. A matrice block is for casting types with
reversed letters on the face of them, and a marker block is for
casting upon the foot of them the same letters in the ordinary legible
form.
By the improved mould which I have devised I obtain blocks for
both matrices and markers by a simple and speedy process, which
supersedes the necessity of uniting the types intended for logotypes
or phrasotypes, and of electrotyping the face or letters of them, and
having obtained a block of the required length and height, my process
also supersedes the necessity of backing and tailing the matrice or
marker produced from it according to the plan hitherto adopted. As
regards the matrice block I effect this by increasing the height of the
block and interior walls or plates of the mould to the proposed height
or length of the matrice block, and enlarging the area and depth of my
mould accordingly, and so arranging it that the face or letters of the
types shall lie against the raised side or interior wall or plate of the
lower half of the mould, and so be protected by its position from injury
from the injected metal. The matrice block thus produced is then put
into improved chases with brass bottoms screwed on the matrice block,
being separated or surrounded by improved insulators which constitute
a second part of my Invention for improvements, and are herein-after
particularly described. The face or letter of the type lies towards and
in immediate contact with the raised side or interior wall or plate of
the lower half of the mould, leaving the foot or end of the type free,
and where logotypes and phrasotypes are required the requisite number
of types is placed or locked up in the mould, as already described. The
mould is then closed with the upper half and then either by hand or by
means of a pump melted metal is thrown in or injected through the
channel or opening which is grooved out in the mould. The metal
fills the empty space which surrounds the type and unites with it, but
no metal can flow towards the face or letter because it is protected by
being placed towards the raised side or interior wall or plate of the lower
half of the mould, as before described.
Fig 1 and 2 on Drawings represent the lower and upper halves
Ld for matnice Wooks and markong

page_text: type or types with the faces or letters lying against the interior side b
of the lower half of the mould; c represents the block for regulating
the height of the matrice block and marker; and d, d, the mouth channel
or opening grooved out in both halves of the mould through which the
metal is injected or thrown in.
It will be seen that my improved mould for casting matrice blocks
and markers differs from the most approved mould now known in the
following particulars. First. The height and length of my mould are
made to correspond with the height and length of the proposed matrice
block, and thus by one process to dispense with the use of the two other
moulds now used for backing and tailing the matrice or marker.
Secondly. The face or letters of the type or types are made to lie against
the raised side or interior wall or plate of the lower half of the mould, as
seen at a, and so to dispense with the process of electrotyping the face
of the type to protect it from injury from the injected metal. Thirdly.
The area and depth of my mould are made to correspond with the size
or body of the proposed matrice or marker for types, logotypes, or
phrasotypes as may be required.
My improved mould may be adapted for making matrice blocks with
overhanging shoulders so as to prevent any undue or unsightly distance
between the ending of any letter, word or phrase, and the beginning of
that which follows. This I do by substituting in the body of my mould
other plates of the same form and dimensions but having their short
raised ledges in the upper and lower halves bevelled off like the tooth
of a saw so as to let the shoulder of the block overhang.
By means of my said mould and an improved backing mould I can
obtain justified markers for casting legible types, logotypes, and phraso-
types. By "legible" is meant what is now understood by that word in
regard to typography according to the plan hitherto known or employed
in the manufacture of legible types, that is to say, types which in
addition to the reversed letter on the face have on the foot the same
letter not reversed in intaglio, and in the ordinary readable form of the
alphabet, and so greatly facilitating both the composition, correction, and
distribution of types in printing. Fig. 2ª represents in perspective a
legible type as above described.
In order to obtain by my improved mould a marker for casting such
legible types, a lead of nearly the same size as the matrice block before
described is cast by adding a slotted register to my backing mould

page_text: which according to its adjustment by means of the block regulates the
size of the lead so cast. The lead of suitable hardness is then placed in
a regulating frame, the matrice block being placed underneath the lead
for the marker block, then by an adjusted fly press I obtain upon the
marker block an exact impression from the matrice block with a sunken
direct letter, word, or phrase of the proper depth.
"
The mould for casting legible types is so altered and improved as to be
now for the first time adapted to machinery by shortening the "break
and reversing the upper for the lower half, and by a delicate handling of
the mould. It has two separate bodies, one for casting kerned commas,
full stops, &c., and the other for casting a spaced letter, word, or phrase,
as may be required.
Fig. 3 and 4 on Drawings represent the inner faces of the upper
and lower halves of my improved mould for casting legible types, &c., as
above described, x shewing the portion called the "break."
The marker block for legible types like the matrice block is placed in
the battery from which are obtained by electrotypy markers of entirely
solid copper of the required length and height, and of greater hardness
and permanence than would be afforded by copper backed and tailed with
lead, or other metal according to the plan now known.
By these simplified and improved processes almost perfectly justified
matrices and markers for both ordinary and legible types, logotypes, and
phrasotypes are produced of the exact size required, both being of solid
copper as already described, or of copper backed with lead or some other
metal to the required depth, as may be found expedient. These matrices
and markers will require very little justification, being almost even in
line and face, and where the deposit has been irregular and the back
surface of the copper matrice comes out with rough edges, I get rid of
the time and labor of filing according to the present mode of justifying
by means of a newly arranged brass frame with a ledge or cleat regulated
to the size of the matrice, and a circular saw worked by the foot or by
steam while the frame is is guided by the hand so that the rough edges
are speedily cut away and a perfectly even surface of the required
thickness is produced.
Fig. 5 and 6 represent in perspective a perfected matrice block
with raised letters, and marker block with letters in intaglio, both ready
for use

page_text: It will be seen that by my improved moulds I simplify the production
of both ordinary and legible types, logotypes, and phrasotypes by dis-
pensing with several processes employed in their manufacture upon
the most approved plan now known, as I have already intimated, and
thereby effecting a considerable saving of time, expense, and labor.
The second part of my Invention consists of an improvement in the
separators or insulators, by which the matrice and marker blocks are
enclosed and locked up in the chases already referred to.
The separators, insulators, and other accessories hitherto used in the
process of producing matrices by electrotypy cause the copper to grow
so irregularly in the battery as to necessitate a considerable amount of
justification and a corresponding amount of extra time, labor, and expense.
By the improvement in the separators or insulators which I have
devised, the current of electricity is conducted with much greater
accuracy, and the matrices are obtained from the battery very nearly
justified.
The substances which I use for forming these separators or insulators
consist of combinations of glass and gutta percha, cast, cut, or prepared
with great accuracy, or vulcanite, or ebonite, which I prefer, as the
latter can be more accurately cast, and cut, and filed to the exact size
required. I claim this part of my Invention as an improvement upon
the modes now known of forming insulators, and as securing greater
accuracy and so diminishing the time and labor of justifying the
matrices.
Having now described my Invention of improvements in the manu-
facture of ordinary and legible types, logotypes, and phrasotypes, and in
apparatus therefor, and explained the manner of carrying the same into
effect, I claim as the several improvements secured to me by Letters
Patent as aforesaid,--
First. The mode herein set forth of constructing moulds for casting
matrice blocks for ordinary types, logotypes, and phrasotypes.
Second. The mode herein set forth of constructing moulds for casting
marker blocks for legible types, logotypes, and phrasotypes.
Third. The mode herein set forth of forming matrices and markers
for casting ordinary and legible types, logotypes, and phrasotypes.

page_text: .
Fourth. The mode and use of the substances herein set forth for
forming separators, insulators, and other accessories, in casting types,
logotypes, and phrasotypes by electrotypy.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Greene, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Tenth day of October, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-
two.