AN IMPROVED BAKER'S OVEN
Year: 1885

page_text: I, WILLIAM COOK, of Oak Cottage, Corstorphine in the County of Midlothian,
North Britain, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said invention for
AN IMPROVED BAKER'S OVEN to be as follows:-
This Invention, which relates to an improved baker's oven, has for its object to
produce as nearly uniform a temperature as is practicable at all parts thereof.
The invention consists in fitting the sole of the oven with one, two, three, four
or more sets of thick metallic tubing in connection with a heating coil or coils or
similar tubing contained in a furnace or a heating chamber. Through this tubing,.
water is caused to circulate by the action of the heat of the fire.-When one set of
such thick metallic tubing is used, one end thereof is connected with the upper
terminal of the heating coil, and the other end thereof is connected with the lower
terminal of the heating coil. Generally, however, one such set of tubing and one
such heating coil, is insufficient for the purpose of this invention, and two, or three
of such sets of tubing, together with a corresponding number of heating coils are
used.
To make the invention more clearly understood, the construction of the heating
arrangements with three sets of thick metallic tubing laid in the sole of the
furnace and a corresponding number of heating coils, is now explained:-The
upper terminal of the first heating coil is connected to the out-flowing end of
the first set of thick metallic tubing, and the return end of the thick metallic
tubing is connected to the lower terminal of the second heating coil, whilst the
upper terminal of the second heating coil is connected to the out-flowing end of
the second set of thick metallic tubing whose return end is connected to the lower
terminal of the third heating coil, the upper terininal of the third heating coil
being connected to the outflowing end of the third set of thick metallic tubing;
the return end of the third set of thick metallic tubing being connected to the
lower terminal of the first heating coil.
For the purpose of regulating the draught in the flues, the heating apparatus
is provided with an expansion tube, piston or equivalent apparatus which, when
the temperature and pressure of the water in the apparatus gets too high, inoves

page_text: the short end of a lever, to the longer end of which a damper in the flue is
attached.
When the temperature in the furnace or combustion chamber becomes too
intense, the supply of air to the furnace is checked by means of a screen or its
equivalent, operated by a lever, by a mercury wheel, or by an expansion bar of
copper, or by the equivalent thereof acted upon by the temperature in the oven or
in the furnace itself.
1007
I, WILLIAM COOK, of Oak Cottage, Corstorphine, in the County of Midlothian,,
North Britain, Engineer do hereby declare the nature of my invention for AN
IMPROVED BAKER'S OVEN and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be
particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement :-
My Invention, which relates to an improved Baker's oven, has for its object to
produce as nearly uniform a temperature as is practicable at all parts thereof.
The Invention consists in fitting the sole of the oven with one, two, three, four
or more sets of thick metallic tubing in connection with a heating coil or coils of
similar tubing contained in a furnace or a heating chamber. Through this tubing,
water is caused to circulate by the action of the heat of the fire. When one set of
such thick metallic tubing is used, one end thereof is connected with the upper
terminal of the heating coil, and the other end thereof is connected with the lower
terminal of the heating coil. Generally, however, one such set of tubing and one
such heating coil is insufficient for the purpose of this Invention, and two or three
of such sets of tubing, together with a corresponding number of heating coils, are
used dependent upon the size of such ovens.
To make the Invention more clearly understood, the construction of the heating
arrangements with three sets of thick metallic tubing laid in the sole of the oven
and a corresponding number of heating coils, is now explained. The upper terminal
of the first heating coil is connected to the outflowing end of the first set of thick
metallic tubing, and the return end of the thick metallic tubing is connected
to the lower terminal of the second heating coil, whilst the upper terminal of the
second heating coil is connected to the outflowing end of the second set of thick

page_text: meaine coong whose return end is connected to the lower terminal of the third
heating coil, the upper terminal of the third heating coil being connected to the
outflowing end of the third set of thick metallic tubing; the return end of the third
set of thick metallic tubing being connected to the lower terminal of the first
heating coil.
For the purpose of regulating the draught in the flues, the heating apparatus is
or may be provided with an expansion tube, piston and cylinder or equivalent
apparatus which, when the temperature and pressure of the water in the apparatus
gets too high, moves the short end of a lever, to the longer end of which a damper
in the flue is attached.
When the temperature in the furnace or combustion chamber becomes too
intense, the supply of air to the furnace is checked by means of a screen or its
equivalent, operated by a lever, or by an expansion bar of copper, or by the
equivalent thereof acted upon by the temperature in the oven or in the furnace itself.
In order that my said Invention may be properly understood and readily carried
into effect, I will now proceed to describe the drawings hereunto annexed.
Figure 1, is a front elevation of a baker's oven constructed according to my
present Invention.
Figure 2, is a transverse section of the same..
Figure 3, is a longitudinal section of the same.
Figure 4, is a section of the same taken on the line A, B, Figure 1.
Figure 5, is a horizontal section taken on the line C. D. Figure 2.
Figure 6, is a horizontal section taken on the line E, F, Figure 2.
In fitting up an oven in accordance with my present Invention, and as represented
upon the annexed drawings, I arrange the furnace b, with the re-duplicated coils of
pipes r, o, and ƒ, respectively at the side of the said oven, but it is to be understood
that these parts may be arranged in any other convenient position. These
pipes r, o, and f, are charged with water under pressure by attaching a hydraulic
pump to the pipe a¹, fitted with a proper valve within the casing b¹, Figure 4.
At the time the tubing is being charged with water by such pump, the closing
plug c, is inserted so as to close the passage through the pipes at that point.
As the water is continuously forced in, it passes through the whole of the
tubing, and expels the air through the open end of the tubing at d, from which
the pressure gauge el, is for the time being removed. So soon as the tubing
is filled with water which is indicated by its overflow at d', the pressure gauge e¹,
is again screwed on, and the plug c', withdrawn so that the passage all through the
tubing is free for the circulation of the water therein. The pumping in of water is
then continued until the desired pressure, say, for example 112 lbs. per square inch
in the tubing, is reached, this pressure being indicated by the gauge e¹. At the
interior of the oven, the pipe f, passes beneath the sole h, backwards and forwards
as shewn inore particularly at Figure 5. In passing outwards from the oven
through and to the face of the wall i, as shewn more particularly at Figures 4 and 5,
the pipe f, passes back into the furnace b, where it is re-duplicated as shewn at o,
(Figures 2, and 4), the said pipe f, being provided with the pipes a¹, and d¹, valve b¹,
plug c, all as and for the purposes herein before described. The pipe which is
marked o, but which as herein before shewn is a continuation of the pipe f, then
passes from the furnace b, and enters the oven at the front left-hand corner. At
the interior thereof the said pipe o, stretches across above the mouth of the oven
and is re-duplicated in the manner shewn at Figure 6. The pipe o, then passes
outwards from the oven through the wall i, to the back of the chimney p, and as
shewn at Figure 5, enters the furnace b, where it is connected with the re-duplicated
pipe which is formed as a continuation of the pipe f, that is to say, in manner
similar to that herein before described with reference to the pipe o.
As a matter of convenience for easily supplying hot water in bakeries wherein my
improved ovens are employed, I connect the heating tubing with a coil contained
in a water tank from which it is drawn off at any convenient point in the bakery

page_text: as and when required. On the annexed drawings I have shewn such a water tank
at c, fitted with the heating coil r², the upper and lower ends of which are con-
nected with the upper and lower ends of the re-duplicated tubing r, within the
furnace b, as shewn more especially at Figures 4 and 5. The tank c, is connected
by the pipe e, with the cistern d, which is fitted with a ball-valve and overflow
pipe, as is well understood for regulating the level of water therein, as well as in
the tank c.
For the purpose of regulating the draught in the flues 8, the heating apparatus
is or may be provided with an expansion tube, piston and cylinder or an equivalent
apparatus, which, being well understood and in general use I have not shewn upon
the annexed drawings and need not be herein further referred to.
Such an
expansion apparatus as is well known may be connected with the short end of a
lever, to the longer end of which a damper in the flue 8, is attached; so that, as the
lever moves, the draught area in the flue or chimney is regulated accordingly; or
the said dampers may be operated by hand, by means of shafts t, similar to that
represented at Figure 3, and on the front ends of which shafts, the levers u,
(Figure 1) are secured.
When the temperature in the furnace, or combustion chamber b, becomes too
intense, the supply of air thereto is checked by means of the screen v.
This screen
is secured upon the lever w, which.is so pivoted at the front of the apparatus as to
permit of the screen moving downwards to and covering the opening . To this
opening x, is connected a pipe or flue x¹, the other end of which enters below the
furnace grate that is to say in the manner represented at Figure 4, and more
particularly in dotted lines at Figure 5, of the annexed drawings. The before-
mentioned lever w, is so connected, by the rod y, to an expansion bar or bars of
copper, or to any other equivalent thereof, that when the temperature in the oven
or, it may be, in the furnace itself, becomes too great, the screen v, is caused to
cover the opening 2, and vice versa, that is to say, when the temperature in the
apparatus is too low, the air supply to the furnace b, is re-established. Such an
arrangement of mechanism as that herein-last referred, is represented at Figure 3,
wherein the copper bar h¹, is supported at one end by the rigid stop i¹, the opposite
end of the said rod or bar h¹, being pivoted upon a crank pin secured in the
toothed wheel. This toothed wheel ji, gears with the toothed pinion k', upon the
shaft of which the bevil toothed wheel , is secured. The bevil wheel U¹, gears
with the bevil toothed pinion m², which is secured upon a shaft upon the outer
end of which the toothed pinion n¹, is secured. The toothed pinion n³, gears with
a toothed rack which is formed upon the upper end of the rod y, the lower end of
which, as hereinbefore described is pivoted to the lever w¹.
The lever w, is connected by a slotted link with the arm w¹, for the purpose of
adjusting the position of the screen v, in relation to the spring x, according to the
temperature at which it is desired the oven should work and which may be varied
from time to time.
I desire it to be understood, although I have hereinbefore described and shewn
upon the annexed drawings, one form of bakers' oven and its connections in which
are embodied my present improvements, that, without departing from the essential
features of my Invention, I may vary the same to suit particular requirements, as
these may be affected by dimensions, shape and position of such ovens.
In place of inserting the tubing in re-duplicated layers as shewn upon the
annexed drawings it is to be understood that such tubing may be inserted in the
form of spiral or volute coils, and it is further to be understood that two, three.
or more such ovens may be heated by continuous tubing passing through each of
the ovens connectedly.
Lastly. It is to be understood that in the case of ovens provided with a second
sole, that is to say, a sole situated at the requisite distance above the sole h, such
second sole is also heated by tubing in the manner hereinbefore described with
reference to the said sole h..

page_text: Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
Invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
I claim is:
First. The improved baker's oven heated by tubing fitted in the sole of the
same, and in connection with a furnace which heats the said tubing and causes the
circulation of water there-through substantially as and for the purpose herein-
before described, and whereby especially a practically uniform temperature is
obtained in all parts of the said oven as set forth.
Second. The means for automatically controlling the temperature in baker's.
ovens all substantially as and operating in the manner hereinbefore set forth with
reference to the annexed drawings.