In- PROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SUGAR FROM SUGAR CANES AND IN APPARATUS TO BE EMPLOYED THEREIN, WHICH APPARATUS IS ALSO APPLICABLE TO OTHER LIKE PURPOSES
Year: 1875

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Bristow Hunt, of Serle Street, Lincoln's Inn,
in the County of Middlesex, Gentleman, for the Invention of "In-
PROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SUGAR FROM SUGAR CANES AND IN
APPARATUS TO BE EMPLOYED THEREIN, WHICH APPARATUS IS ALSO APPLICABLE
TO OTHER LIKE PURPOSES.”—A communication from abroad by Alvaro
1
Sealed the 16th October 1875, and dated the 28th April 1875.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Bristow Hunt at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on tho
28th April 1875.
I, BRISTOW HUNT, of Serle Street, Lincoln's Inn, in the County of
Middlesex, Gontleman, do hereby declare the nature of the said Inven-
tion for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SUGAR FROM SUGAR CANES AND
IN APPARATUS TO BE EMPLOYED THEREIN, WHICH APPARATUS IS ALSO APPLICABLE TO
OTHER LIKE PURPOSES," (a communication to me from abroad by Alvaro
Francisco Carlos Reynoso, of Paris, France, Chemist,) to be as
follows:-

page_text: now employed, and consists in the complete extraction of the juice from
the sugar cane or sorghum. For this purpose, instead of rolling the
canes or sorghum in a mill, the Inventor commences by cutting them in
picces by means of cutters or knives suitably arranged. These pieces are
then reduced into a pulp by means of rasps, millstones, revolving
cylinders or plates, or other mechanism or apparatus adapted to lacerato
the cellules, in order to obtain by the complete crushing thereof a homo-
gencous pasto. The pulp thus obtained is submitted to the action of the
ordinary prosses, or hydraulic or other presses, or any other process
employed to separate the juice therefrom. Or instead of pressing it
immediately the pulp may bo previously mixed with lime acid, phos-
phate of limo, or other matter employed to effect its defecation. Or the
pulp may be boiled before extracting the juice without the addition of
the defecant.

page_text: This apparatus may also be employed for the extraction of starch from
tapioca and other roots, and for the reduction to pulp of cocoa-nuts and
other fruits, or for the treatment of sorghum or maize either for the
extraction of sugar or the preparation of food for animals.
VIEW
the 28th October 1875.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, BRISTOW
HUNT, of Scrlc Street, Lincoln's Inn, in the County of Middlesex,
Gentleman, send grecting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twenty-eighth day of April, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-five, in
the thirty-eighth year of Ier reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and
successors, give and grant unto me, the said Bristow Hunt, Her
special licence that I, the said Bristow Hunt, my exccutors, admini-
strators, and assigns, or such others as I, tho said Bristow Hunt, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with
and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during
the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ircland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SUGAR FROM SUGAR CANES AND IN
APPARATUS TO BE EMPLOYED THEREIN, WHICH APPARATUS IS ALSO APPLICABLE TO
OTHER LIKE PURPOSES," (a communication to me from abroad by Alvaro
Francisco Carlos Reynoso, of Paris, France, Chemist,) upon the con-
dition (amongst others) that I, the said Bristow Hunt, my executors or
administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one
of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to
be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Scal Patent
Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date
of the said Letters Patent.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that, I, the said Bristow Hunt, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement in writing, and on reference being had to the accom-
panying Sheet of Drawings, that is to say :-
This improved process is essentially different from all those which are
now employed, and consists in the completo extraction of the juice from
the sugar cane or sorghum. For this purpose, instead of rolling the
cancs or sorghum in a mill, the Inventor commences by cutting them
in pieces by means of cutters or knives suitably arranged. These pieces
are then reduced into a pulp by means of rasps, millstones, revolving
cylinders or plates, or other mechanism or apparatus adapted to lacerate
the cellules, in order to obtain by the complete crushing thereof a homo-
geneous paste. The pulp thus obtained is submitted to the action of the
ordinary presses, or hydraulic or other presses, or any other process
employed to separate the juice therefrom. Or instead of pressing it
immediately the pulp may be previously mixed with lime acid, phos-
phate of lime, or other matter employed to effect its defecation. Or the
pulp may be boiled before extracting the juice without the addition of

page_text: and fixed on a solid cast-iron framing H, which is strengthened by cross
bars H. The shaft should be of sufficient diameter to resist deflection
when the pressure of the canes take place during the working, so that it
shall not produce any shaking or vibratory movement. This shaft carries
a certain number of saws, varying according to the size and power of the
apparatus. Only four are shown upon the Drawing, represented in
Figure 3 by the lines cd, c² d¹, c" d¹¹, c¹ld. They possess this
peculiar characteristic feature, that they are not perpendicular to their
axis but oblique, their contour or circumference is not a circle but an
cllipse, so that when they revolve the extremities of their teeth describe
a circle or cylinder, the centre of which is the axis of the shaft. To
prevent vibration of these saws during the rapid rotation of the shaft
which carries them, oblique cylindrical discs CC', d'd, c' c", d" d³, coll,
dd, Figure 3, and by the parts de c, d¹¹¹e¹¢¹¹¹, Figure 3, so that the
whole forms as it were a solid cylinder with only the teeth of tho saws
projecting from the circumference. Further solidity is given to tho
whole system by two annular plates M and M', Figure 2. The first
bears against the collar or boss o of the shaft A, B, and the second is
pressed by the nut E screwed on to a threaded portion of the shaft, so
that on turning this nut all the saws are fixed at one time.
Let us suppose now that the axle is turning, and let us examine the
effect produced by the rotation of the saws. Let us take one only,
shown by the double blue line c, c', Figure 2, and supposing that a plane
surface like the square extremity of a plank is submitted to its action in
the horizontal plane passing through the axis of the shaft, and that the
advancing movement thereof is regular and equal, say, for example, one
"millimetre" for each complote revolution of c, c³, the plank would
commence to be attacked by the tooth c, then by the following tooth,
and so on to the half revolution of the blade, when the latter would
occupy the symmetrical position shown by the full red line c³, c, and
would have taken off a breadth of the plank equal to c, c'. But it will
be evident that the thicknoss of the particles removed would increase
from zero at c to half a "millimetre" at c'. During the other half revo-
lution of the axis the contrary effect is produced, and the particles
thicker and thicker will be removed still in the contrary direction
from c', where their thicknesses will be zero to c, where it will be
half a “millimetre," and then the saw blade will occupy its original
position c, c, as shown by the double blue line. In fact, cach turn of

page_text: the saw will remove from the plank a breadth c, c¹, and a thickness of
one "millimetre," and since the apparatus makes 1,200 turns.per minute
it will have consumed 1 metre.
It will be evident that the amount of work performed will depend
upon two conditions,―
First. The inclination of the saw upon the axis, which will determine
the breadth removed.
Second. The rate of feed or the speed with which the object is pre-
sented to the apparatus, which will determine the depth or thickness
removed.
E
1
The fineness of the pulp for a saw already fixed on the shaft will
depend not only upon the rate of feed, but also on the number of teeth
in action, which will be determined by the speed of the shaft and the
number of teeth with which cach saw is provided. Thus the quicker
the feed is the coarser the pulp will be, but the quicker the shaft 1
revolves and the more teeth there are to the saw the finer the product
will be.
Referring still to Figure 2 of the Drawing, it will be scon that if the
second saw d, d³, occupied the position indicated by the red line c¹, d', at
each revolution there would be removed a breadth c, d, wider than 2
that c, c¹, which the saws removed when placed as they are shown in
blue lines, that is, crossing or overlapping though parallel to cach other.
They must however be crossed or overlaid thus, and for this reason:
when the saws become worn the point o tends to move to the left and
the point c¹ to the right of the line c¹, c³, so that if the saws do not cross 2
there would be a portion at about the point c¹ which would not be
attacked, and the breadth of this would increase in proportion as the
diameter of the saws diminished.
It is scarcely necessary to state that as the saws become worn by
reason of their being sharpened (which should be effected by mechanical a
means), the diameter of the wooden cylindrical part is also reduced by
turning, so that the teeth of the saws only project the desired distance.
Finally, with regard to this. reducing apparatus, there is only two
more observations to be made,
First. If from the point r, Figure 2, midway between the distance P 3
which sanatos the same ALL the avis Bandiaulas ba

page_text: .
On referring to the side view, Figure 1, it will be seen that the ellip-
tical saws are covered by a semi-cylindrical cap P, Q, turning like a
O hinge on the axis G fixed to the framing. To this cap is fitted a
hopper T, working in a slide thercon so as to vary the inclination of tho
canes, and consequently the pressure which they exert on the saws, and
which causes their advancement. By the aid of bolts (not shown upon
the Drawing) the hopper can be fixed to the cap in the position desired.
The part T is hollow; this is only the hopper carrier. The hopper
itself T¹ fits into T, and can be made to approach to or recede from the
axis A as may be required. This is necessary in order to enable it to
follow the retreating movement occasioned by the wearing away of tho
teeth. The interior of the hopper is partitioned or not, as may be pre-
ferred. As to its extreme end, which is next the saws, it is made of
bronze, so that if the saws should accidentally touch it they will not be
much damaged.
Lastly. A great portion of the hopper is made of wood for the sake of
lightness. On the Drawing it is shewn as unsupported, but in reality it
would be supported by the canc flooring.
A wagon U receives the pulp, which can then be removed as desired.
This apparatus may also be advantageously employed for the extrac-
tion of starch from tapioca and other roots, and for the reduction to pulp
of cocoa-nuts and other fruits, or for the treatment of sorghum or maize
either for the extraction of sugar or for the preparation of food for
animals.
Having now described the nature and object of the said Invention,
together with the manner in which the same is to be or may be per-
formed or carried into practical effect, I would remark in conclusion

page_text: that what I claim as the Invention communicated to me by the said
Alvaro Francisco Carlos Reynoso is,―
Firstly. The improved manufacture of sugar from sugar canes in con-
nection with the apparatus used therein, substantially as herein described
and as shown on the accompanying Sheet of Drawings.
And, Secondly. The application of the apparatus for the extraction of
starch from tapioca and other roots, and for reducing to pulp cocoa-nuts
and other fruits, or for the treatment of sorghum or maize for the
extraction of sugar or for the preparation of food for animals.
In witness whereof, I, the said Bristow Hunt, have hereunto set
my hand and scal, this Twenty-seventh day of October, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-five.