IMPROVE- MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PULP OF WHICH PAPER AND OTHER FABRICS ARE COMPOSED
Year: 1857

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to David Lichtenstadt, of Castle Street, in the County
of Middlesex, Chemist, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
Sealed the 16th March 1858, and dated the 18th September 1857.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said David Lichtenstadt at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
18th September 1857.
I, DAVID LICHTENSTADT, of Castle Street, in the County of Middlesex,
Chemist, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PULP OF WHICH PAPER AND OTHER FABRICS ARE
COMPOSED," to be as follows:-
For manufacturing paper, &c., I use leather or any kind of animal fibrine,
whether in large or small pieces, shavings, or shreds. With regard to the
tanned leather I treat it with caustic lime, or limy matter mixed with.
ammonia or ammonical compounds, so as to extract the tannin from the
leather or animal fibrine. After this the fibrine must be well washed with
water, then after being well dried made into pulp in the usual way; and it
may be used alone or mixed with any quantity or any quality of rags or other
material for making paper, &c.
With regard to animal fibrine not tanned, it must be cleaned with caustic
lime or limy matter alone, and caustic potash the cold way, and then mixed

page_text: up with gypsum, and used with old rags and other paper-making materials, or
alone. I can adopt known processes for making paper, or fabrics composed
of paper pulp.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said David Lichtenstadt in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
18th March 1858.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, DAVID
LICHTENSTADT, of Castle St., in the County of Middlesex, Chemist, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the 18th day of September, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight, in the 21st year of Her reign, did, for
Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said David
Lichtenstadt, Her special licence that I, the said David Lichtenstadt, my execu-
tors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said David Lichtenstadt,
my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time, and at all times thereafter during the term therein
expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands,
and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF
PULP OF WHICH PAPER AND OTHER FABRICS ARE COMPOSED," upon the condition
(amongst others) that I, the said David Lichtenstadt, my executors or admi-
nistrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their
hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the
said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause
the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said David Lichtenstadt, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement:
(I.) The nature of the said Invention, as hath been already set forth by
the Provisional Specification, left and recorded on application for Letters
Patent, may be thus stated:-To make pulp for manufacturing paper, I take
leather or any kind of animal fibrine, whether in large or small pieces,
shavings, or shreds.

page_text: With regard to leather or tanned animal fibrine, in order to extract the
tannin, which is necessary to be done in order to render the animal fibrine
suitable for paper pulp, I treat it with caustic lime or limy matter mixed with
salammoniac, ammonia, or ammoniacal compounds. After this, in order to
remove the caustic liquor, the animal fibrine so treated should be washed in
an acid liquid hereafter described, and must then be well washed in clean
water, when after being well pressed and dried it can be made into pulp in the
usual way; and it may be used alone or mixed with any quality of rags or
other material for making paper, and other fabrics composed of what is termed
paper pulp, such as millboard, cardboard, pasteboard, papier maché, and the
like.
With regard to animal fibrine not tanned, it must be first cleaned with
caustic lime or limy matter alone, and cold caustic potash, and then mixed up
with gypsum (for which alumina might be substituted), and used with old
rags or other paper-making materials, or alone.
(II.) Having thus described the nature of the said Invention, I now
describe in what manner the same is to be performed, or put in practice. I
make a mixture composed of one hundred pounds of water five pounds of
caustic lime, five pounds of crystallized soda, one pound and a half of sal-
ammoniac or muriate of ammonia, and into this liquid compound I put so
much leather shavings, shreds, or pieces, as they come from the tanners or
curriers, or other workers in leather, as will be covered by the said liquid,
and stir and mix the whole up together for an hour and a half to two hours
or thereabouts.
After which time I take out the leather, and put it into the acid liquor
first above referred to, which is composed of one hundred pounds water and
five pounds muriatic acid, and mix the whole well together for one hour or
thereabouts, after which I draw off the liquid and let in clean water once,
twice, or more times, until the material appears sufficiently cleansed, which
will be seen by the water coming off clean. After this we take the material
so prepared, and submit it to the common hydraulic press used in the ordinary
paper-making process, and it can then be at once used to make paper pulp
by being treated in the ordinary paper mill just as other paper materials are
and it may be used alone or mixed with rags or otherwise, as aforesaid.
If not to be used the same day, then, in order to prevent decomposition, the
material, after having been washed and pressed as aforesaid, must be dried in
the open air, or in a drying place until it is perfectly dry, and it can then be
kept for a long time and used at pleasure.
In cases where the leather to be used is dyed leather, in the liquid com-

page_text: pound first herein-before described, instead of salammoniac I use five per
cent. of chloride of lime, when the whole material parts with its dye, and can
be used in the same manner as before mentioned.
To make material for pulp from pieces, shavings, or shreds of animal
fibrine not tanned, I first clean the same by mixing them up in a cold liquid
composition composed of one hundred pounds water, five cold caustic lime,
five pounds potash, which is to be mixed up for two hours or thereabouts, and
then this liquid composition is drawn off and clean water let on, and again
drawn off till it washes it, so that the water comes off clean. After this, and
before the material is taken to the pulping engine, it is mixed up with from
ten to fifteen per cent. of gypsum, for which alumina may be substituted
(white precipitate from sulphate of alumina and soda), and it is then passed
into the pulping engine.
(III.) Having now described the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manuer the same is to be performed, I declare that I claim the Invention as
described in the outset (marked I.), of this Specification thereof.
In witness whereof, I, the said David Lichtenstadt, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Seventeenth day of March, One thousand
eight hundred and fifty-eight.
Signed and sealed in my presence,
DAVID LICHTENSTADT. (L.B.)
F. W. CAMPIN,
Patent Agent.