Improvements in and relating to the Heating of Air for Heating. and Ventilating School-houses, Churches, and other Buildings, and in the Apparatus therefor.
Year: 1890

page_text: Date of Application, 6th Dec., 1890
Complete Specification Left, 5th Oct., 1891—Accepted, 6th Jan., 1892
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in and relating to the Heating of Air for Heating.
and Ventilating School-houses, Churches, and other Buildings,
and in the Apparatus therefor.
We, WILLIAM KEY, of Eildon Villas, Mount Florida, Renfrewshire, Gas
Engineer, and ROBERT TINDALL, of 79 Loch Street, in the Town and County
of Aberdeen, Heating Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of our invention to
be as follows:-
This invention has reference to and comprises a new or improved system, and
construction or arrangement and combination of furnace appliances for the heating
of coils of water circulating pipes, and of coils of air heating pipes and fittings
connected therewith for the heating and ventilation of school-houses, churches,
hotels, hospitals, and other buildings or apartments, and which will be more
efficient, safe and economical than the heating appliances heretofore in use.
The nature and novelty of the improvements consist all as follows:-One
construction of the furnace for burning the coals or other fuel, and of the coils of
hot water circulating pipes within it to be heated, consists of a lower furnace hearth
with bars in front through which the primary air would pass, and ash-pit or clinker
water trough below, with a fuel charging door in front of the firing hearth and
furnace bars, and preferably another charging furnace door immediately above this,
for charging when the incandescent fuel got deep over the hearth and for regu-
lating the secondary air supply. This furnace would be formed with a low side
and back walls over which three separate coils of the heating hot water pipes would
be mounted, two side sets and one back end set coiled nearly close over each other
with a wall in the centre supporting the inner ends of sole-plates and roofs of side
flues between these and the outside walls. Then another set of three similar coils
would be mounted over the first sets both at the sides and back end of the furnace
chamber the inner walls of which would support the inner ends of the roof blocks
of the upper side flues of these coils; and these six sets of coils would form the
side walls and back end wall of this deep furnace or gas producer over the tire
hearth, that is the coils would be arranged parallel to each other in plan and long-
tudinal side view and coil angularly upwards preferably at the ends, and the
furnace chamber would be arched over transversely between the side flues and
coils, and under which arch additional heating coils may be placed.
This deep furnace or gas producer would be formed with a high division back
flame wall and the gases and flames produced from the fuel in front over the fire-
grate would ascend and heat the inner surfaces of the side coils of the furnace, and
descend down between this back wall and the back coils of the furnace, so as to
Lighly heat these and descend and pass forward along the side flues of the lower
coils and highly heat these, and ascend up at their front ends and pass forward
along the two upper side flues and coils and heat the outer surface of these, and
back and up to heat the outer surface of the back end coils of the furnace, and
then pass to the main fiue leading to the chimney. End doors might be formed
through the front of the building leading into these lower and upper side flues for
cleaning. These six coils of water heating and circulating pipes may either be
kept with separate inlets and outlets as individual or separate circuits or any
number of them may be joined together as one circuit to make one continuous
circulation of the water, the water going off at the top of the coils and retning
to the bottom, to and from the air heating coils of the buildings as hereinafter
described. Other numbers of coils of these water heating pipes might be arranged
in a single furnace, and several furnaces may be arranged as a bench of heating

page_text: furnaces within one brickwork building; and the arrangement of heating flues
round the coils may be considerably varied from that described.
The air heating arrangements would consist of equivalent constructions of
parallel horizontal and longitudinal coils of hot water circulating tubes in sets
supported over each other angling upwards at their ends either in bends or by
couplings, and built within standards at suitable distances apart, each set resting
on cross-stays and inner notched plates bolted to these stays between the standards
which would thus bind them vertically and longitudinally in sets, at some little
distance apart for the air to pass through them to be heated. And these pipes
might extend down to near the floor of the heating chamber, and up to near the roof,
or they may be erected over wood partitions with doors, which would regulate the
admission of the cold air, or the circulation of the heated air from one division to.
another when these coils are arranged in vertical sets across the building at
distances apart; and similar doors might also be fitted at the top of these coils to
open up or fold down in front of the coils to regulate the admission of the air.
And doors might be fitted to swivel out on and at right angles to the columns
supporting the several coils, so as to swivel on either horizontal or vertical hinges
and direct the current of air through any divisions of the different sets of coils over
each other as found desirable for the best regulation of the air passing between the
coils, the air to be heated being directed through any number of these by and
through the said doors. Two, three, four or more sets of these water circulating
and air heating coils might be mounted over each other between their supporting
standards erected parallel to each other, and any number of the complete coils and
standards may be placed in the said chamber or air heating building, the hot water in
each set or coil coming from the furnace coils to the upper tube of the set and
returning from the lower to their respective furnace heating coils. For the
purpose of washing and cleaning the air passing through the heating chamber, a
beam would be hung and stretched parallelly and longitudinally at the top
preferably in the space between the first and second set of air heating coils, and
have hung on this beam a vertical set or screen of cocoa-nut, or other rough surface
fibre such as horse-hair and hemp, or it might be yarn or fine thread fabric, such
as open gauze, hanging down to the bottom of the coil, and water would regularly
and intermittently be automatically let on from time to time from a tank through
a rose pipe over the beam supporting the screen, to saturate and wash it, so that it
will cleanse the air passing through this fibrous screen which might be of several
vertical layers, fine enough to allow the air to pass and yet cleanse it, and also
regulate the moistness or dryness of the air being heated. The air would be drawn
by fans or air propellers and conveyed from this heating chamber by main ducts
and supplied by service brauches fitted with valves to each division or apartment
of the building or institution for heating or ventilating purposes.
Dated the 5th December 1890.
W. R. M. THOMSON & Co.,
96, Buchanan Street, Glasgow, Agents.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in and relating to the Heating of Air for Heating
and Ventilating School-houses, Churches, and other Buildings,
and in the Apparatus therefor.
We, WILLIAM KEY, of Eildon Villas, Mount Florida, Renfrewshire, Gas
Engineer, and ROBERT TINDALL, of 79 Loch Street, in the Town and County of
Aberdeen, Heating Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of our invention and
in what manner the same is to be performed to be particularly described and
ascertained in and by the following statement in writing, reference being had to
the accompanying drawings, that is to say :-
This invention has reference to and comprises a new or improved system, and

page_text: construction or arrangement and combination of furnace appliances for the heating
of coils of water circulating pipes and of coils of air heating pipes and fittings
connected therewith for the heating and ventilation of school-houses, churches,
hotels, hospitals, and other buildings or apartments, and which will be more
efficient, safe, and economical than the heating appliances heretofore in use.
The nature and novelty of the improvements consist all as follows:-One
construction of the furnace for burning the coals or other fuel, and of the coils of
hot water circulating pipes within it to be heated, consists of a lower furnace
hearth with bars in front through which the primary air would pass, and ash-pit or
clinker water trough below, with a fuel charging door in front of the firing hearth
and furnace bars and preferably another charging furnace door immediately above
this, for charging when the incandescent fuel got deep over the hearth, and for
regulating the secondary air supply. This furnace would be formed with low side
and back walls over which three separate coils of the heating hot water pipes would
be mounted, two side sets and one back end set coiled nearly close over each other,
with a wall in the centre supporting the inner ends of sole plates and roofs of side
flues between these and the outside walls. Then another set of three similar coils
would be mounted over the first sets both at the sides and back ends of the furnace
chamber the inner walls of which would support the inner ends of the roof blocks
of the upper side flues of these coils; and these six sets of coils would form the
side walls and back end wall of this deep furnace or gas producer over the fire
hearth, that is the coils would be arranged parallel to each other in plan and
longitudinal side view and coil angularly upwards preferably at the ends, and the
furnace chamber would be arched over transversely between the side flues and coils,
and under which arch additional heating coils may be placed.
This deep furnace or gas producer would be formed with a high division back
flame wall and the gases and flames produced from the fuel in front over the fire-
grate would ascend and heat the inner surfaces of the side coils of the furnaces, and
descend down between this back wall and the back coils of the furnace, so as to
highly heat these and descend and pass forward along the side flues of the lower
coils and highly heat these, and ascend up at their front ends and pass forward
along the two upper side flues and coils and heat the outer surface of these and
back and up to heat the outer surface of the back end coils of the furnace, and then
pass to the main flue leading to the chimney. End doors might be formed through
the front of the building leading into these lower and upper side flues for cleaning.
These six coils of water heating and circulating pipes may either be kept with
separate inlets and outlets as individual or separate circuits or any number of them
may be joined together as one circuit to make one continuous circulation of the,
water, the water going off at the top of the coils and returning to the bottom, to
and from the air heating coils of the buildings as hereinafter described. Other
numbers of coils of these water heating pipes might be arranged in a single furnace,
and several furnaces may be arranged as a bench of heating furnaces within one
brickwork building; and the arrangement of heating flues round the coils may be
considerably varied from that described. The air heating arrangements would
consist of equivalent constructions of parallel horizontal and longitudinal coils of
hot water circulating tubes in sets supported over each other angling upwards at
their ends either in bends or by couplings, and built within standards at suitable
distances apart, each set resting on cross-stays and inner notched plates bolted to
these stays between the standards which would thus bind them vertically and
longitudinally in sets, at some little distance apart for the air to pass through them
to be heated. And these pipes might extend down to near the floor of the heating
chamber, and up to near the roof, or they may be erected over wood partitions with
doors, which would regulate the admission of the cold air, or the circulation of the
heated air from one division to another when these coils are arranged in vertical
sets across the building at distances apart; and similar doors might be also fitted
at the top of these coils to open up or fold down in front of the coils to regulate the
admission of the air. And doors might be fitted to swivel out on and at right

page_text: angles to the columns supporting the several coils, so as to swivel on either
horizontal or vertical hinges and direct the current of air through any divisions of
the different sets of coils over each other as found desirable for the best regulation
of the air passing between the coils, the air to be heated being directed through any
number of these by and through the said doors. Two, three, four, or more sets of
these water circulating and air heating coils might be mounted over each other
between their supporting standards erected parallel to each other, and any number
of the complete coils and standards may be placed in the said chamber or air
heating building, the hot water in each set or coil coming from the furnace coils to
the upper tube of the set and returning from the lower to their respective furnace
heating coils. For the purpose of washing and cleaning the air passing through
the heating chamber, a beam would be hung and stretched parallelly and
longitudinally at the top preferably in the space between the first and second set of
air heating coils, and have hung on this beam a vertical set of screen of cocoa-nut,
or other rough surface fibre such as horse-hair and hemp, or it might be yarn or
fine thread fabric, such as open gauze, hanging down to the bottom of the coil, and
water would regularly and intermittently be automatically let on from time to time
from a tank through a rose pipe over the beam supporting the screen, to saturate
and wash it, so that it will cleanse the air passing through this fibrous screen which
might be of several vertical layers fine enough to allow the air to pass and ret
cleanse it and also regulate the moistness or dryness of the air being heated. The
air would be drawn by fans or air propellers and conveyed from this heating
chamber by main ducts and supplied by service branches fitted with valves to each
division or apartment of the building or institution for heating or ventilating
purposes.
And in order that our said invention and the manner of performing or carrying
the same into effect or practice may be properly understood, we have hereunto
appended seven explanatory sheets of drawings in which the same reference letters
are used to indicate corresponding or equivalent parts in all the figures where
shown, the arrows indicating the direction flow of the currents of air. The
illustrations on Sheet 1 show detail sectional views of a coil water circulating and
heating furnace as constructed in accordance with one arrangement of our
improvements.
Figure 1 is a sectional plan view showing walls of furnace and arrangement of
coils above furnace.
Figure 2 is a vertical section as taken on the line 1-1 Figure 1.
Figure 3 is a vertical section at right angles to the view shown on Figure 2 and
as taken on the irregular line 2-2 Figure 1.
Figure 4 is a corresponding vertical section as taken on the line 3-3 Figure 1.
Figure 5 is a view of the seat for the three lower pipe coils, being a horizontal
section as taken over the line 4-4 in Figure 4.
Figure 6 is a vertical section at right angles to and as taken on the line 5-5 in
Figure 4.
Figure 7 is an elevation of the front of furnace with half of furnace frame
for doors.
The illustrations on Sheet 2 show detail views of our new or improved air
washing and purifying screens.
Figure 8 is an elevation of one arrangement of our screen in which vertical
cords or yarns h are hung vertically from a wooden beam * and secured to a
beam below, showing also an overhead water trough i.
Figure 9 is a view corresponding to Figure 8, but in which Hessian or
equivalent cloth ¹ is used for the screen instead of the yarns / shown in
Figure 8.
Figure 10 is a sectional edge view of a duplex screen, as if taken at right angles
to the lines 6-6 on Figures 8 and 9.
Figure 11 is a plan view of the water trough placed above the screens h, h¹,
and

page_text: CICTORY
Figure 11, while
Figure 13 is a transverse section corresponding to Figure 12 of another arrange-
ment of water trough i made of metal.
Figure 14 on Sheet 3 is a sectional plan view of the basement floor of a building
showing one general arrangement of the air-heating appliances and fittings
necessary to carry our improved system of heating and ventilating buildings into
practice.
Figure 15 on Sheet 1 shows a vertical section in front of the furnace and air
heating chamber as taken on the line 8-8 on Figure 14 Sheet 3.
Figure 16 on Sheet 4 is a sectional plan view corresponding to Figure 14, of the
ground floor of the building and as taken on the line 14-14 Figure 17, showing
the air ducts and passages as arranged in accordance with our improvements.
Figure 17 on Sheet 5 is a vertical section through the building, showing the
arrangement of air heating and purifying chambers and distributing ducts and
passages to put the building under air pressure, corresponding to and as mainly
taken over the irregular lines 9-9 and 10-10 through the uptake air ducts in the
two walls w, of Figure 14 Sheet 3; and
Figure 18 is a corresponding vertical section showing the arrangement of
pressure air distributing and eduction ducts and passages, as taken over the
irregular line 11-11 on Figures 14 and 16 on Sheets 3 and 4.
While
Figure 19 is a vertical section of an arrangement of chamber and fittings for
admitting and regulating the outer air to the heating chamber and coils, as taken
on the line 99 on Figure 14 Sheet 3.
Figure 20 on Sheet 6 is a sectional plan view of part of the first floor of the
building, as taken on the line 15-15 of Figure 17, showing the arrangement of
the pressure air inlet and exhaust air outlet flues or ducts.
Figure 21 is a sectional elevation of part of the building corresponding to and
as taken on the line 12-12 in Figures 16 and 20, showing the arrangement of the
exhaust air uptake vertical flues or ducts and outlet cowls or ventilators.
Figures 23 and 24 are sectional plan views showing two arrangements of ducts
and swing doors I for alternately admitting air to ventilate two buildings or
separate divisions of one building. And
Figure 22 on Sheet 7 is a diagram plan view of the roof of the building
corresponding to Figure 21 on Sheet 6 showing the arrangement of roof outlet
ducts for conveying exhaust or vitiated air from the vertical uptake flues k¹ to the
roof ventilating cowls k³.
Referring to these drawings and first to the arrangement of furnace shown in
Figures 1 to 7 on Sheet 1.-This construction of the furnace H for burning the
coke, coals or other fuel, and of the coils of hot water high pressure circulating
pipes within it to be heated, consists of a lower furnace hearth A with bars in
front, through which the primary air and steam would pass from the water in the
ashpit or clinker water trough B below, fitted with an airtight cover in which is
fixed a movable "hit and miss" valve b, b, to regulate the primary air supply to
the furnace or gas producer H. A door C with sliding or equivalent closing
cover C is placed in front of the hearth and furnace bars A for clinkering
purposes chiefly; and another furnace door D with corresponding closing door D
is placed immediately above this for charging the gas producer H or fire with
fuel, and when closed the cover D¹ is so set as to give the necessary secondary air
supply for the proper combustion of the furnace gases over the top of the furnace
and fuel H. This slow combustion furnace H is formed with two low side walls E,
over which three separate coils of high pressure hot water pipes are mounted, two
side sets F, F, and one back end set G. The tubes are coiled nearly close over
each other with a 4 inch wall in the centre a, a, a, supporting the inner ends of
sole plates e, c, and roofs of side flues N between the coils F F and the outside.
walls W. Then another set of three similar coils F, F, G¹, are mounted over the
first sets, both at the sides and back end of the furnace chamber, the inner walls a

page_text: of which support the inner ends of the roof blocks d d of the upper side flues P
of these upper coils, and these six sets of coils form the two side walls and back
end walls of this deep slow combustion chamber or gas producer H over the fire-
hearth A, that is the coils are arranged parallel to each other in plan and longi-
tudinal side view, and coil angularly upwards preferably at the ends from bottom
to top of each coil, and the furnace chamber is arched over at J, transversely
between the side flues and coils F, F, G, and under which arch additional heating
coils K may be placed, preferably of a conical shape widest at top. This deep slow
combustion furnace or gas producer H is formed with a high division back baffle
wall L a little beyond the fire grate A, and the gases and flames produced from the
fuel in front would ascend and heat the inner surfaces of the side coils F, F' of
the furnace, and descend down between the baffle wall L and the back coils G G¹
of the furnace at M, so as to highly heat these, and descend and pass forward
along the side flues N of the lower coils F, G, and highly heat these; and ascend
up at their front ends O and pass backward along the two upper side flues P and
coils and heat the outer surface of these, and back and round at R to heat the
outer surface of back or end coils G¹ of the furnace, and then pass up at S to the
main flue S¹ leading to the chimney S2 and regulated by a damper S. Cleaning
doors may be formed at T through the front of the building leading into these
lower and upper side flues N and P for cleaning purposes. These six
coils F F F F', G G¹, more or less, of high pressure water heating and
circulating tubes or pipes may either be kept with separate inlets and outlets as
individual or separate circuits as shown by the separate ends of the pipes ff', 9 g',
or otherwise any number of them may be joined together as one circuit to make
one continuous circulation of water. Each apparatus will be fitted with a com-
plete set of gun metal expansion and suction or vacuum valves, fitted into an
expansion cistern or tank, this allowing for all expansion in the body of water,
or excess of pressure in the pipes, and storing it, to go back into pipes when
cooling down. The hot water going off at the top ends of the coils F.F', G G¹;
returns by the bottom pipe, to and from the coils for heating the air of the
buildings as hereinafter described. Other numbers of coils of these water heating
pipes might be arranged in a single furnace, and several furnaces may be arranged
as a bench or stack of heating furnaces within one brickwork building and the
arrangement of heating flues round the coils may be considerably varied from
that described.
Referring to Sheets 2 to 5, the air heating arrangements consist of equivalent
constructions of parallel horizontal and longitudinal coils of high pressure hot
water circulating pipes in sets supported over each other, or in sets behind each
other as shown erected at F2 F3 and connected by their pipes ff1g g' as shown
at in the sectional plan Figure 144, to the coils FF, GG for the same
circulation of water to pass and return through them. These coils F³ as shown
in part sectional elevation and plan of a single coil in Figure 14B, would be
angled upwards at their ends or sides either by bends or by couplings at Fx
and built within standards s bolted together at sat suitable distances apart, each
set resting on notched plates or castings & bolted to these standards at " which
would thus bind them vertically and longitudinally in sets at some little distance
apart for the air to pass through them to be heated and these pipes might all
be erected within one air heating chamber I¹ or partly extended along the main
hot air duct, to maintain the temperature of the air given to it in the heating
chamber I and thus compensate for loss of heat by radiation to walls, floors,
and ceilings of the main air ducts. The air heating coils may have their pipes
extended down to near the floor as at F, and up to near the roof, or they may
be erected over wood platforms F1, as shown at F, or grouped together behind
each other thereon, so that the air would be drawn through the groups of coils
coming in contact with group after group before passing through the fan I', into
main air ducts.
Two or more doors F seen in Figures 14 and 17 and more particularly in

page_text: Figure 15, are fixed in front of the air heating coils F and between the coils and
the air inlet chamber I which would regulate the admission of the cold air to be
passed through the heating coils F to be heated, and when no air was required to
be heated, as during an hour or two some times at mid-day in winter, these doors F,
may close in the coils altogether from the outer air. A similar number of cold air
bye pass doors F³ are provided shown below the others to control and regulate
the volume of cold air allowed to pass under the platform F supporting the
heating coils F³, so that when one of the upper doors F, was closed, one of the
under doors F would be opened in order that the volume of air passing inwards
may not be lessened. The volume of air warmed by passing through the doors F
and coils F³, and the volume of cold air by passing through the doors F³ and under
the coil stand F" mix in going through the fan indicated at 13 in the chamber I¹,
and thus an equal temperature can be maintained without withdrawing the fire
from the furnace, or supply of hot water to the coils, or steam when they are steam
heated. Similar or equivalent doors might be hung from the ceiling over the front
of the coils for closing in the heating coils from contact with the incoming air; and
bye pass doors might be hung from platform to close in or open up the space for
passing cold air to the fan 1' and so bye passing the heating coils F³. These doors
might be hinged so as to fold down in front of the coils, or the cold air passages,
to regulate the admission of air to either the heating or cold air sections, or they
may be attached to the vertical bars supporting the coils, or to wooden standards
erected at each iron standard, so as to swivel on vertical hinges and direct the air
currents through any or as many of the divisions of hot or cold air supply as at
the time might be found desirable, the air being directed through any number for
the purpose of maintaining the desired temperature of the air within the ducts.
The arrows in Figure 17 show the directions of the currents of heated and
cold air.
Referring particularly to Figures 8 to 13 on Sheet 2.-For the
purpose of
washing and cleansing the air passing through the heating chamber I', a damp
fibrous screen or h¹ is erected, through which all the air drawn into the building
must pass; and is formed by passing a beam of wood across the full width of
the inlet air heating chambers as I Figure 17 and hung parallelly and horizontally
near to the ceiling and placed at a point between the outer heating coils F and the
air tempering doors F, F. A second beam of wood h" is fixed some few inches
off the floor Z, and immediately under the one near the ceiling, and on these two
beams are wound or secured cords of fibrous material h, the cords to be
placed closely so as to touch each other; and at a distance of every two feet or
thereby, a copper or brass wire is stretched across each of the two cord surfaces
so formed. The cords may be laced to these wires, so as to form a flat screen of
level surface and considerable strength and durability. The cords might be made
of cocoa-nut fibre or other fibrous material as horse hair, wool, or hemp or a mixture
of any of these materials. The screen might be formed by making the surface
nearest to the incoming air, of cords has shown in Figure 8, and the inner screen
surface may be made by fixing to the beams " jute Hessian cloth of 60 meshes
to the inch as shown in Figure 9; or a screen with double surface might be formed
by securing jute Hessian cloth of 30 to 36 meshes to the square inch on side of
beams nearest incoming air, and jute Hessian cloth of 60 meshes to the inch on the
inner side of the beams, the cloth to be stretched flat and securely fixed as indicated
in Figure 10..
When a screen of either a single or a double surface of cords is formed, water
would regularly and intermittently be automatically let on from time to time from
a tank through a discharge pipe into a trough i hung over the beam supporting
the top of screen. The trough is placed perfectly level, when the water will
overflow simultaneously along its entire length over the edge of trough i to saturate
and wash down the screen, so that it will cleanse the incoming air by frictional
contact with the moist and fibrous surfaces and at the same time regulate the
moistness or dryness of the entering air as indicated in Figure 10. Air saturated

page_text: with moisture on entering will be dried in passing through the wet cords by having
the moisture condensed out, and air too dry for respiration will have a natural
humidity restored to it. Fog will be entirely removed from the air by passing
through the screen, and dust, soot and other floating impurities will be extracted
from the air passed through the screen.
This fibrous screen h or h¹ might be of several vertical layers fine enough to
allow the volume of air required to pass through and yet cleanse it by frictional
contact with the moist surfaces. The screen h may be kept moist by water trickling
down the cords between the discharges of water from the automatic tank by
placing a piece of woollen cloth shown in Figure 12 over the edge of the trough
on an outer guide band so as to lift water from the trough and drop it on to the
cords by the capillary action of the cloth. When surfaces of jute Hessian cloth /¹
are employed they would be kept moist and scored free from any loose wetted dust
or soot by the simple intermittent and regular discharges of water from the tank
and preferably without the trickling over its surface during the intervals.
The screen h¹ is prevented from freezing during frosty weather by the air
being first drawn through an outer heating coil or coils of pipes indicated at Fin
Figures 14 and 17 supplied with a circulation of hot water from their respective
coils built into the furnace, or by having a supply of steam turned on to this outer
coil when steam is used for heating. The screen h h¹ is also prevented from freezing
during periods of frost when the building may not be occupied, and when the
furnaces are not in action and therefore no warmth in the water pipes, by the
erection of one or more closing-in doors at Q at the fresh air inlet whereby the outer
air is prevented from entering through the air-chamber I into the building. Thus
the walls, ceilings, and floors are kept warm, and would not be cooled as they
otherwise would be when air inlets to buildings are always open and consequently
immense volumes of cold damp air passing through the building unnecessarily, this
is exemplified by such a building as a school, which is only used say five hours per
day and five days per week, the heat given up to the walls and ceilings by the
warmed air propelled into it during five hours, would without these closing-in doors
be lost by radiation to the air passing through for the remaining 19 hours of each
day. They can also completely close the building from entering air from Friday
to Monday, great saving of fuel, of cleaning, and painter's work is the result.
But these
These doors Q are preferably hung vertically on vertical hinges, and made to
open, close, and be locked or bolted similarly to ordinary house doors.
doors Q or equivalent closing in doors may be hung horizontally on horizontal
hinges to open up and close down, or by a central swivel fixed in middle of horizontal
door, to be opened or closed by a cord working in a pulley as indicated at Qin
Figure 19.
The air after it is washed and heated is drawn by an air propeller or fan as
indicated at 12 in the chamber I' and may be driven by a gas engine as indicated
at 13, in Figure 14 preferably in a separate chamber through the air tempering
apparatus and chamber I' and impelled into the main air ducts j from which service
branch duets j,j", are systematically arranged so as to discharge through vertical
ducts,, washed and cooled or washed and warmed air into each apartment of
the building in such volume as to comfortably ventilate the whole apartments in
cold or hot weather as indicated by the arrows in Figures 14 and 17.
During hot weather blocks of ice with salt may be placed on trays in the current
of air passing under the coil stand For the coil pipes F³ for hot water circulation
may be so constructed as to pass cold water through them to cool the incoming
air; or special coils might be erected for the purpose of cooling the air by a current
of cold water passed through them.
The uptake air inlet or inlets j, j, for each apartment are placed within the
walls w and air openings made in wall of each apartment at a level of say five
feet to seven feet above their floor level to discharge the air current towards the
ceiling as indicated by the arrows in Figure 17. For halls and churches and similar
chambers the air inlets may be placed much higher up as at in Figure 18

page_text: where diffusion takes place at the higher levels near the ceiling, and although the
air enters the apartment with considerable velocity and under slight pressure there
is not the slightest draught perceptible within the apartment. The outlets by
which the air leaves the apartments are placed at the floor level, and for halls and
churches where many people congregate the outlets might preferably be placed
in the floor z of the passages fitted with grating at k such as shown at Figures 16
and 18 leading to uptake flues k'. These air outlets k from the different apartments
at the floor level as indicated in Figures 20 and 21, convey the exhaust or vitiated
air into vertical flues within the walls which discharge the exhaust air into
another set of roof outlet ducts A", .
The uptake flues within the walls for the exhaust air are formed of a less
internal area than the area of the inlets 3, 3, and the air of the apartments is
partly by this arrangement placed under a slight excess of pressure over that of
the outer atmosphere generally about one tenth of an inch of water column dis-
placement. That is if a glass tube bent U shaped and half full of water have one
of the legs exposed to the outer air and the inner leg to the air of the apartment
the surface of the water within the inner leg would be depressed 18th of an inch
under the level surface of water in the outer leg. No fixed rule for the relation of
area of inlet and outlet can be given as each building requires to be considered and
engineered according to its structural details, as some outlets might be perpendicular
and straight, others tortuous and partly slanting, partly level, and partly per-
pendicular. This slight pressure is of highest importance not only in the
preventing of draughts but also prevents any leakage of sewer gases mixing with
the air of the apartments from insufficient plumber work of soil pipes, and no
air from any undesirable quarter can enter the building. By this pressure pure air
would leak outwards through crevices in faulty drain joints in place of entering the
building.
The pressure maintained within the building ensures a constant and certain
removal of all vitiated air from the apartments by the outlets at the floor level in
all weathers whether hot or cold, as rapidly as the entering air is propelled
into them.
As indicated more particularly in Figures 21, and 22, the exhaust air is conducted
at the roof level from the uptake ducts k¹, k', through the wooden roof outlet
ducts to the roof ventilators k³, *. The roof outlet ducts 1, 2, have an
internal area not less than that of the combined area of the vertical outlet flues k¹, k¹,
and preferably larger and are made air tight. The air flows through these at
considerable velocity and sweeps them clean of any dust or woolly particles which
may have been removed by the exhaust air from the apartments, passing out through
the valves in the roof ventilators 43. They are thus continually being swept
clean by the air currents, where several roof ducts lead the air into a specially
constructed exhaust air chamber below each ventilator k³, k³. These exhaust
air chambers k* would be fitted with a door for access to allow of periodical cleaning
and washing of them.
The out-going air passes through valve frames 11, erected so as to form four
sides of a square, and placed within a louvre boarded roof ventilator ; or
frames with valves may be placed in the outer side walls of the building near the
floor level and the air passes through same and not through the uptake flues k¹
and have a louvre boarded frame placed on the outside of them to keep out wet
and snow.
=
The valves are formed of glazed "American" cloth or other equivalent and
of such a size as will give sufficient area for the passing outward of the volume of
air necessary to properly ventilate the building, and regulate the pressure within
and are fixed by the upper edge of each piece of cloth by fillets of wood nailed to a
lattice frame of wood, so as to prevent the valves being driven inwards during
a gale or high wind pressure. When the valves are closed by wind no air can pass
through them to interrupt the constant outward flow of air on the lee side of the
roof ventilator by the valve frame erected at that side; and in this way a free
B

page_text: exit is always open so that the air forced out of the building by the air current
propelled into it passes outward uninterruptedly in all states of the weather.
By the arrangements and mechanism described the air is propelled by a fan or
air propeller 12 driven by an engine I³ or electro motor and an installation of the
arrangements with the heating apparatus suitable for the heating and ventilating
of one building or suite of appartments, can be made to do duty for a second
building of similar cubic air space, such as a church and a school when combined
and it is desirable to ventilate and warm two such buildings or distinct sections of
one building by the one set of apparatus. As shown in Figures 23 and 24, two
main air ducts I', 1', are constructed and led to within a short distance of the air
propeller I between these ducts and the point where they terminate and become
one near the back of the fan I*. A swing door or air valve I is erected by which
one building can have the duct leading to it open to the air current, and so ventilate
and warm it, while the swing door is closed on the mouth of the duct I or I³
leading to the second building; and when it is desired to ventilate and heat the
second building, the swing door or valve I is swung round so as to close the
mouth of the duct to the first ventilated building and open the mouth of the duct to
the second building or section of building, thereby the air current is directed into
the main duct leading to the second building. By such an arrangement the expense
for a heating furnace and heating coils, washing screen air propeller and engine
which would be required for one of these buildings would be saved. Or the valve
may be used to freshen the air of both buildings by being fixed so as to allow
warmed air to be propelled up both ducts when the valve I was in its centre
position as indicated by dotted lines in Figures 23 and 24. The swing door or
valve I, may be hung on hinges fixed vertically and the door moved to right or
left, or the swing door may be hung horizontally on hinges fixed horizontally and
the door moved up or down vertically to close over mouth of one or other of the
two ducts I*, I', placed the one over the other.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of our said inven-
tion, and in what manner the same is to be performed, we declare that what we
claim is,-
First. The system or mode of, and arrangement and combination of furnace
heating and circulating coils and air heating coils, and purifying and air inlet and
distributing appliances and fittings, for the heating and ventilating of school-houses,
churches, and other buildings or apartments by pressure air, substantially as herein
described, in reference to and by way of application shown in the accompanying
drawings.
Second. In a system for the heating and ventilation of buildings or apartments,
the construction and use of a furnace with sets of heating and circulating coils in
combination with air heating coils, forming separate or any number of circuits, and
with air inlet and regulating doors and fittings, substantially as herein described, in
reference to and by way of application shown in the accompanying drawings.
Third. In a system for the heating and ventilation of buildings or apartments, the
arrangement and use of a vertical screen or screens formed of cocoa-nut, or other
fibrous yarns, meshes, cloth, or equivalent material through or over which water or
liquid falls or passes, in combination with air heating or cooling pipes or coils
placed within a close chamber, substantially as and for the purposes herein
described, in reference to and by way of application shown in the accompanying
drawings.
Fourth. In a system for the heating and ventilation of buildings or apartments
the construction and use of a vertical screen or screens formed of cocoa-nut or other
fibrous cords or yarns, jute Hessian cloth, or equivalent material, through or over
which water or liquid falls or passes for the purpose of washing or cleaning and
purifying currents of air, substantially as herein described in reference to and by
way of application shown in the accompanying drawings.
Fifth. In a system for the heating and ventilation of buildings or apartments,

page_text: the arrangement and use of an air heating or cooling chamber fitted with swivelling
or opening and closing doors for regulating the quantity and temperature of air to
any number of the heating or cooling coils or divisions within said chamber
according to the requirements of the apartments, substantially as herein described,
in reference to and by way of application shown in the accompanying drawings.
Sixth. In a system for the heating and ventilation of buildings or apartments,
with pressure air, the arrangement and use of an air heating or cooling chamber in
combination with a fan or air forcing apparatus and air distributing main ducts or
passages and service branches fitted with regulating doors or valves, and with
eduction fittings to regulate said air pressure, substantially as herein described in
reference to and by way of application shown in the accompanying drawings.
Dated the 3rd October 1891
W. R. M. THOMSON & Co.,
96, Buchanan Street, Glasgow, Agents.