CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR PREPARING, SPINNING, AND DOUBLING COTTON, WOOL, FLAX, AND SIMILAR FIBROUS MATERIALS
Year: 1849

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, JAMES
HIGGINS, of Salford, in the County of Lancaster, Machine Maker, THOMAS
SCHOFIELD WHITWORTH, of Salford, in the same County, Mechanic,- send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Twenty-fourth
day of September, in the Thirteenth year of Her reign, and in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and forty-nine, did, for Herself, Her
heirs and successors, give and grant unto us, the said James Higgins and
Thomas Schofield Whitworth, our exors, admors, and assigns, Her especial
licence, full power, sole privilege and authority, that we, the said James
Higgins and Thomas Schofield Whitworth, our exors, adññiors, and assigns,
or such others as we, the said James Higgins and Thomas Schofield Whit-
worth, our exors, adiñiors, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times during the term of years therein
expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within
England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, our Invention of
"CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR PREPARING, SPINNING, AND DOUBLING
COTTON, WOOL, FLAX, AND SIMILAR FIBROUS MATERIALS;" in which said Letters
Patent is contained a proviso that we, the said James Higgins and Thomas
Schofield Whitworth, shall cause a particular description of the nature of
our said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, by an

page_text: instrument in writing, under our hands and seals, to be inrolled in Her
said Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in
and by the same, reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at large
appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, we, the said
James Higgins and Thomas Schofield Whitworth, do hereby declare that the
nature of our said Invention, and in what manner the same is performed, to be
particularly described and ascertained in and by these Presents, reference
being also had to the Drawings hereto annexed, and to letters or figures of
reference marked thereon, that is to say :—
Our Invention relates,―
Firstly, to certain novel mechanical arrangements and combinations to be used
as substitutes for, or improvements upon, the arrangements relating to the double
self-acting mule, set forth and described in the Specification of Letters Patent
granted to us on the Second day of April; One thousand eight hundred and.
forty-five, for our Invention of Improvements in Machinery for Preparing,
Spinning, and Doubling Cotton, Wool, Flax, Silk; and similar Fibrous Mate-
rials. Some of the improvements. which we shall describe are also applicable
to ordinary self-acting mules.
Secondly, to certain improvements in drawing frames and roving frames, and
in the mechanism to be used in connection therewith.
Referring to the first series of our improvements which relate to the double
self-acting mule, or which Letters Patent were granted us as aforesaid, we
wish to be understood that this mule is different, both in principle and
arrangement, from other self-acting mules of every kind, and that our present
improvements thereon will render its characteristic features still more distinct.
In ordinary self-acting mules the roller beam is placed upon standards, to and
from which, upon one side thereof only, the carriage carrying the spindles
advances and recedes on a horizontal plane. In the Specification of the
Patent granted to us on the Second day of April, One thousand eight hundred
and forty-five, the ordinary mule carriage, with its horizontal traverse, was
dispensed with, the roller beams were placed upon standards, the creel being
fixed between them, beneath which, upon a shaft or drum, running in the
direction of the length of the beam, were placed radial arms supporting the
spindles by rails at right angles to such arms, and intended as substitutes for
the ordinary carriages. By suitable mechanism in the headstock these radial
arms traversed the spindles to and from the roller beams (on each side the
central shaft) in segmental lines, by which means a traverse in alternate

page_text: directions, answering the purpose of the going out and putting up. of the ordi-
nary mule carriage was obtained. These radial arms were counterpoised by
weights which materially assisted their working. In our present Invention-we
dispense with the counter weight upon the radial arms and poise them by
means of the roller beams, the radial arms upon one side the frame being: con-
nected with the roller beams upon the opposite side, and vice versa. When
the radial arms descend the roller beams rise or recede from them, and as.tliè
radial arms ascend, the spindles and roller beams mutually approach each
other. By using this arrangement also a longer stretch is more conve-
niently obtained in the same space, taken transversely of the headstock...In
the Specification of our former Patent we described a modified arrange
ment of the apparatus of our mule, which consisted in making the roller beam
upon one side of the mule and the spindle rails upon the other side thereof
stationary. To the stationary roller beam the spindles on the same side of the
machine advanced and receded, while to the stationary spindle rails on the
other side of the machine the moving roller beam advanced and receded. "The
frame carrying the moving spindles and moving roller beam was a double
lever vibrating upon a central axis, and the line traversed by the roller beam
and spindles was the segment of a circle on either side, the spindles upon the
one side balancing the rollers on the other side. In our present improved
arrangement, in which one set of spindles counterpoise the opposite set of
rollers, the spindles move in segmental and the roller beams move in perpen-
dicular lines; the characteristic feature of novelty in this part of our Inven-
tion being, that the spindles and roller beams upon each side of this double-
mule advance and recede from each other respectively, the roller beams upon
one side counterpoising the spindles on the opposite side of the frame.
Another feature of novelty in this part of our Invention consists of an
improved mode of communicating motion to the spindles of the double self-
acting mule, in which the spindles work in the segment of a circle while form-
ing the stretch. In the Specification of our said former Patent, motion was
conveyed to the spindles, when traversing the segment of a circle, by means of
bands from a roller or drum upon the main shaft forming the axis of vibration
of the radial arms on which the spindles were supported. In our improved
arrangement the spindles are made to rotate in the same direction as formerly,.
but are driven by bands from drums working upon supports attached to the
radial arms and parallel to the line of spindles, and which drums receive
motion from pulleys or wheels revolving upon the axis of the radial arms.
These pulleys or wheels, which rotate on the axis of the radial arms, move in
opposite directions to each other, the drum driving the spindles on one side

page_text: of the machine receiving its motion from one wheel or pulley, and the other
drum driving the spindles on the other side of the machine. receiving its
motion from the other wheel or pulley:
:
An improved, mode of communicating motion to the fallers. constitutes
another novelty in the arrangements of the double self-acting.mule. In our
former Patent the shaper was placed upon one of the radial arms before, men-
tioned, and motion was communicated, from thence to the fallers, which were
placed upon the same side of the machine as the shaper, in a direct manner;
but to the fallers on the other side of the machine motion was conveyed by
geering through the axis of the radial arm.. Our present improvement consists
in placing the shaper in, the headstock,, and giving motion therefrom to two
wheels or pulleys on the centre of vibration of the radial arms and driving in
opposite directions, one ofwhich is made to act, upon the fallers on one side,
and the other wheel or pulley to act, upon the fallers on the opposite side of
the machine. Another improvement on the double self-acting mule consists in
varying the angles formed. by the thread with the spindle during, the operation
of twisting and winding on, inisuch a manner that, with the changing position
of the spindles and rollers relatively to each other, the angle at which it is
necessary the thread should be delivered to the spindles is maintained through-
out the stretch.
"
A further improvement in the double mule consists in an improved mode
of winding on the yarn during the approach of the spindles to the rollers. In
our former Specification the apparatus for, winding on the yarn varied only
whilst the cop was obtaining its greatest diameter, and afterwards remained
uniform in its action until the cop was completed. Our present improvement
consists in causing the shaper to bring an additional variable motion into
action, which commences its operations when the cop has attained its full
diameter, and remains in action until the cop is completed, a novel mode of
winding on being employed until this additional motion, comes into action.
I
Another improvement in the double self-acting mule consists, in, the appa-
ratus which we employ to prevent the torsion of the shafts which effect the
segmental traverse of the radial arms and the perpendicular movement of the
roller beams on either side of the machine respectively, and, thus to ensure a
more certain sinultaneous approach of the spindles and roller beams to each
other in their respective parts of the mule.
it
This first series of our improvements relates more especially to the double
self-acting mule described in the Specification of our former Patent, and con-
stitutes the groundwork of our present Invention in relation thereto. The
mechanical arrangements which we make use of for effecting the several ope-

page_text: ration of spinning with this mule we shall proceed. to describe, first enume-
rating the nature and uses of those operations which are required to be
performed with all mules, whether self-acting or otherwise. .
First, the movement of the delivery rollers, by which slivers of cotton or
other fibrous materials are delivered to the spindles.
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1. G
Second, the movements. of the carriage or frame. carrying the spindles
receding from the rollers while putting in twist, and approaching..them while
winding on.
1. 2
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1.
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Third, the spindle movement, by which the spindles are made to rotate while
spinning and winding on.
Fourth, the backing. off, or. causing the spindles to rotate momentarily
in a contrary direction on the completion of the stretch, for the purpose of
removing the coils of yarn which remain on the spindle above the cop
preparatory to winding on.
1.
"
Fifth, the faller motion, by which the putting down of the faller wire,is
effected preparatory to the winding of the twisted yarn upon the spindles,
and by which, upon. the completion of the winding on, the faller wird. is
lifted up.
...
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Sixth, the winding, on, by which the speed at which the spindles rotate is
varied proportionably with the varying size of the cop, and by which the
winding of the yarn at a uniform tension is maintained.
:
Seventh, the copping movement, by which any determined shape is given to
the successive layers of yarn wound upon the spindle......
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ti.
The second series of our improvements which apply to roving frames relate-
to certain improved arrangements for obtaining greater: steadiness in the
working of the spindles and flyers used in such machines, which we accomplish
by a novel mode of attaching the flyers to the spindles, by a new formation
and arrangement of the pressers when attached to such flyers, and, by causing
the boss of the wheel driving the bobbins to revolve within the bolster or bearing
supporting the spindles, so as to diminish the length of that part of the spindle
which has ordinarily been left above the bolster to admit of the traverse of the
bobbin; and also by a novel description of support or bearing for the upper
part of the flyer to run in, which can be conveniently removed when required
for the purpose of, doffing or otherwise, any of which improvements can. be
used singly or collectively.
'
Another novel feature in our improvements in roving frames consists
in dispensing with that support usually.. given to the spindle by bolsters
or bearings attached to the lifting rail, and running the spindles in bearings
at each end only, and also in certain contrivances for the purpose of

page_text: doffing the bobbins, and for connecting and disconnecting the spindles from the
flyers:
Another feature of novelty in this series of our Invention consists in an
improved method of winding on slivers of cotton, wool, or other fibrous materials,
as they proceed from the delivering rollers of drawing frames or roving frames.
We would remark, that the improvement here alluded to relates more
especially to the roving frame usually known as the tube frame, the charac-
teristic fenture of such machine being, that no permanent twist is put into the
slivers of roving wound upon the bobbin. In such frames, where the tube is
employed, the rovings have been usually wound upon the bobbin when in a
horizontal position, by force of adhesion to a roller, the outer surface of which
is made to correspond in its speed of rotation to the speed of the periphery of
the roller by which the slivers of roving are delivered, or the slivers have been
wound by a positive motion (corresponding to the speed of the delivering roller),
in a series of coils placed in successive spiral layers on barrels or spools, the
base of which have been cones. Where the bobbin has been wound by
adhesion. to the surface of .a roller, great inconvenience has been found to arise
from the slipping of the bobbin upon such roller, and the space which such
machines occupy has been found to be very considerable. In the machines
where the slivers have been wound in spiral layers upon bobbins, the base of
which have been cones, the expense of making such bobbins or spools has
prevented such machines from coming into general operation.
In our
improved mode of winding on slivers of cotton or other fibrous material,
where no permanent. twist is put in, we employ bobbins or spools of the
tordinary description used, in 'roving frames where permanent twist is put into
the slivers. In the Drawing Number 6, annexed to this Specification, we exhibit
our mode of winding on barrels or spools, such are employed in the ordinary
"presser roving frame or the tube frame. It will be observed, we wind the
slivers on to the spool in layers placed in a similar position to bobbins made in
the ordinary roving or'tube frame, but we dispense with the surface roller used
rin the. latter machine, and employ either the differential motion used in the
common roving frame or any suitable motion by which a varying movement
can be given to the bobbin, to correspond with its gradually increasing diameter,
:such bobbins being placed in or about a vertical position. By this improved
arrangement the inconveniences alluded to in the ordinary tube frame are
remedied, and a simpler description of bobbin or spool is employed than
when the slivers are coiled upon.cones in successive spiral layers.
Another of our improvements consists in a novel mode of driving the
rollers roft the machine used in the preparing, drawing, or roving of flax or

page_text: worsted. Owing to the very considerable weight or pressure required to be
put upon these rollers for the purpose of elongating the slivers of flax or
worsted, it has been found difficult to make these rollers resist the torsion to
which they are subjected when driven at the end, as has been heretofore the
practice. Our improvement consists in driving the delivery roller and holding
rollers as well as the back shaft, giving motion to the bars upon which are
placed the gill stocks, or any of them, at or near the middle of such rollers or
shafts, thereby facilitating their powers of resistance to torsion; the whole of
which improvements, their peculiar construction, novel arrangements, and
practical application, are illustrated and set forth in and by the following
description of the Drawings.
Drawing Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4, with the Figures thereon, refer to our
improvements in spinning and doubling machinery. A, A, is the framing of
the headstock of a double self-acting mule. A¹, the driving strap; A³, the
fast pulley; A, self-acting pulley. A is the main or central shaft, passing
longitudinally through the machine beneath the roller beams. As is a pinion
on the fast pulley A, driving the carrier A°. A is a second carrier on the
axis of A; but placed upon the other side of the middle frame. A is a wheel
upon the shaft Aº, driven by the carrier A³. The wheel A³, upon shaft Aº, is
furnished with a long bush which protrudes through to the other side of the
middle frame. The shaft A and its appendages are shewn detached in
Figure, Drawing No. 1. A is a catch box on the bush of the wheel A".
When the driving strap is on the fast pulley, and the spindles are twisting, the
catch box A10 is in geer with the catch box A", also on the shaft A°. When
these catch boxes are in geer, the pinion A" on the bush of catch box A"
drives the carrier wheel A", and the pinion A on the axis of A imparts
motion to the cam shaft B through the wheel A¹³. On the cam shaft B are
placed the going-out cam B and the taking-in cam B³. Bs is a bowl
on the crank B*, acted upon by the going-out cam B. B is a bowl
on the vertical double side B. The bowl B works in a groove or slot
in the crank B, and as the crank is operated upon by the going-out cam
the action of the crank upon the bowl B6 causes the vertical slide B' to
ascend, which acts upon the radial arms carrying the spindles in manner fol-
lowing:-B, B', are shafts running parallel with the main shaft A', and upon
these shafts the quadrants B, B", are placed. B", B, B, and B, are
chains attached to the top and bottom of the internal surfaces of the vertical
slide B'; the chains B and B are further secured to the quadrants B, and
the chains B, B, to the quadrant B", in the manner shewn in the Drawings
at Fig... When the vertical slide is acted upon by the cam, as before
;t

page_text: described, motion is communicated through the chains and quadrants to the
shafts B, B, upon which shafts the levers B, B17, are placed. These levers
receive an amount of traverse proportioned to the amount of motion com-
municated to the shafts B³, B, and as they descend cause the radial arms c, c,
carrying the spindles upon the frames c¹, c, to descend with them. Upon the
shafts B, B', are also placed the levers B1, B, and when motion is com-
municated to these shafts, acting by means of the connecting rods B, B,
upon the roller beams D¹, D², carrying the delivery rollers d, d, and moving
upon the sliding frame D, which also carries the creels; the roller beams ascend,
and the radial arms carrying the spindles descend; by which means the spindles
and rollers are made to recede from each other during the going out. The levers
B18, B1, may be regarded as tail levers to the levers B, B", acting upon the
radial arms. When the levers B1, B₁, are depressed, the lovers B¹³, B¹, are
elevated, and vice versa, the weight of the radial arms carrying the spindles
counterbalancing the roller beams, and the ascent and descent of the roller
beams respectively equipoising the ascent and descent of the spindle rails,
motion being first given to each from the levers on the shafts B, B, and tho
cams B, B, governing their motions, both in going out and coming in. The
motion of the delivery rollers is effected as follows:-Upon the shaft A' is
fixed the catch box A", geering into the catch A, by means of which motion
is imparted to the pinion A. This pinion drives the carrier J, driving the
pinion J on the auxiliary shaft J. Ja is a bevil on the shaft Ja, geering into
another bevil J, working in a groove on the vertical shaft J, to which it
imparts motion. The shaft J' is attached to the roller beam, and rises and
falls with it. Upon the top of the shaft J³, but not shewn in the Drawings,
are another set of bevils driving the delivery rollers on the side of the machine
on which the vertical shaft is placed, from which, by the system of geering j,j,
and another set of bevils, motion is communicated to the rollers on the
opposite side of the machine. When the spindles have arrived at the head,
the motion of the delivery rollers is arrested by the incline G on the disc G,
upon the cam shaft B, acting upon the lever J, which throws the catch box A
out of geer with the catch box A10, and suspends the motions of the train of
geering acted upon by the pinion A18. The pulley E, for driving one set of
spindles, is fast upon the main shaft A, and the pulley E, for driving the other
set of spindles, is loose upon the shaft, the direction of motion being
changed by the system of bevils E', E, E³. Upon the radial arms C, C, the
the carrier pulleys E', E', E', E are placed, driven by bands from the
pullies E, E. These bands are colored red and blue respectively, and their
direction of motion is indicated by arrows of corresponding colours. The

page_text: pulleys E, E, E", E, attached to the framing, are used.to maintain the
tension and direction of the driving bands. The spindles are driven by endless
cords from the tin rollers D', D³, running the whole length of the machine,
and placed upon the, axis of the pulleys E³, E, contained in the radial
arms C, C. When the stretch is completed, that is when the spindles and
rollers have receded to their greatest distance from each other, we put in twist
at the head in the following manner :-G is a disc on the cam shaft B, fur-
nished with the stud G', which, when the spindles have arrived at the head,
acts upon the lever G³, and through the short lever G³, connecting rod G6,
and lever G upon the rocking shaft G³, causes the lever G, also upon the
rocking shaft, to be removed from under the projection 9, on the escape
wheel G on the shaft G. On the escape wheel shaft G is also fixed the
cam G"; and when the lever G is withdrawn from beneath the projection g
in the escape wheel, the escape wheel, with the cam G", make a quarter
revolution when the lever Go comes in contact with the projection g³,
which causes the cam G" to act upon the upright shaft G, and through
the cranked lever G1, to put the catch box A" out of gear with the catch box
A10. This causes the motions of the cam shaft to cease, and the double vertical
slide B to remain stationary; but as the driving strap still continues upon
the fast pulley, the spindle motion continues in operation, and the putting in
of twist at the head is performed as required. Upon the shaft A' is fixed the
bevil wheel A, which, while the spindles are twisting, drives the bevil
pinion H', on the small shaft H, the worm wheel H upon which drives
the pinion upon the stud H. Upon the stud H, but upon the opposite side of
the frame to the pinion H¹, the small disc wheel H is attached. When
the pinion H' has nearly completed a revolution, and has almost wound
the chain H", supporting the weight H upon the periphery of its boss,
the stud H, on the disc H³, acts upon the upright lever H', on the
shaft H, and through the short lever H° and connecting rod H₁, causes
the lever G¹³, upon the rocking shaft G³, to remove the lever G₁ from
beneath the support on the escape wheel, which wheel makes another
partial revolution until the lever G₁ is again arrested by contact with the
projection g'. This partial rotation of the escape wheel carries the grooved
cam G, which is fixed upon the same shaft as the escape wheel, through
a corresponding portion of a revolution, and causes the lever H¹³, travelling
in the grooves of the cam G₁, to act upon the strap shifter H, and
traverse the driving strap A¹ from the fast pulley A to the self-acting
pulley A, which brings the backing-off faller movement and winding on into
operation. The self-acting pulley A runs loose upon the main shaft A', and is

page_text: broader than the fast pulley A³, so much so, that the driving strap A¹
is never entirely removed from it, and its rotation consequently is never
arrested, unless the driving strap is traversed on to the usual loose pulley
attached to the ceiling;. but when the driving strap is removed from off the
fast pulley wholly on to the self-acting pulley, the movement of the spindles
ceases, and the second grooved cam G", also upon the shaft of the escape
wheel, acts upon the brake lever F1, and causes that lever to bring the conical
brake H, moving upon a feather on the main shaft, into connection with the
backing-off wheel I', loose upon the main shaft, and perform the backing off
as follows:-I is a pinion upon the boss of the self-acting pulley A³, driving a
carrier wheel I¹, a pinion 12 on the axis of which, drives the wheel 1³ fast upon
the shaft A°. Upon the other end of the shaft A' is fixed the wheel I*, driving
the backing-off wheel I, which latter wheel always revolves in a direction
contrary to that of the driving pulleys, but only effectively so when brought
into connection with the conical brake wheel H, sliding upon a feather on
the main shaft. When this takes place, the main shaft A revolves in the
same direction as the backing-off wheel 1º, sufficiently long to admit of the
reverse direction of rotation inparted to the spindles, backing off or unwinding
the coils of yarn from the stalks or stems of the spindles, preparatory to the
fäller movement coming into operation in the following manner. While the
central shaft A revolves in a contrary direction to effect the backing off, the
face plate and clicks F act upon the ratchet wheel F, round the boss of
which the chain F is wound. To one end of this chain the weight Fis
'suspended, while the other end is secured to the boss of the bevil wheel F
The motion of the ratchet wheel F, acting through the chain F, effects the
partial rotation of the bevil F¼ upon the shaft F", so much as to cause the
pins F, upon the disc F³, also upon the shaft F", to come opposite to the
holes F, in the disc F, on the shaft F, the shaft F forming a bearing
for one end of the shaft F". The bevil F", receiving motion through the
chain F, acts through the bevils F1, F", and vertical shaft F, upon the
bevil pinions F1, F1, cast on or respectively attached to the spur wheels
F, F, loose upon the central shaft A. By the action of the bevil F the
spur wheels F, F", move in opposite directions. The wheel F drives the
wheel F, and the wheel F the wheel F, and these wheels act upon the
fallers f, f, on each side of the machine, by means of the chains f¹, f³, and
bring the fallers down into the position required to commence the winding on,
when the pins F, on the disc F, are, as described, brought opposite to the.
holes F, on the disc Fº. The spring Fis, acting upon the lever F¹, causes
the pins to enter the holes F', in the disc F which causes the further

page_text: downward motion of the fallers to cease, and the shaper to come into opera-
tion, as afterwards described. The lever F12 maintains the weighted end of
the lever D' in the position shewn in the Drawings until acted upon by the
spring F When this takes place the weighted end of the lever D' loses its
support, and the other end of that lever, falling inwards, causes the chain F**
to slacken, and the bowl D, depressing the inclined lever D, acts by the
connecting rod D', upon the lever Ds upon the rocking shaft G³, and causes
the lever Go, also on the rocking shaft, to be removed from beneath the
support g', upon the escape wheel G This throws the brake wheel H10 out of
contact with the backing-off wheel I", by means of the grooved cam G", upon
the axis of the escape wheel, acting through the brake lever H; the backing
off consequently ceases, and the spindles revolve for winding on in the same
direction as for twisting by the catch box I° slipping into geer with the catch
box 17, attached to the winding-on motion, the action of which is hereafter
described. The escape wheel G° now travels through another period of a
revolution, until the lever G¹ rests upon the projection g', in doing which the
cam G", upon the shaft of the escape wheel, has acted upon the upright shaft
G, and, through the cranked lever G¹³, has put the catch box A¹ into geer
with the catch box As on the bush of the wheel I' on shaft A, which wheel;
acting through the pinion A, carrier A, and pinion A", drives the large
wheel A. On the cam shaft B is fixed the taking-in crank B³, which acting
upon the bowl B³, on the carriage crank B, and the carriage crank B' acting
on the bowl B on the large double slide B', causes the slide B' to descend,
and, through the system of quadrants and shafts, lever, &c., before described,
to reverse the motion of the shafts B, B, and cause the radial arms C, C,
carrying the spindles and roller beams D1, D2, to approach towards each other.
The action of the shaper upon the fallers governing the delivery of yarn to the
spindles during their return to the roller beams is as follows:-F is the
shaper contained in the headstock, and attached to the vertical slide B. F' is
a bowl on the horizontal slide F³, acted upon by the shaper, and causing the
rack Fe to give motion to the pinion F³, through the quadrant F. The pinion
F is mounted upon the short shaft F, which, as before stated, forms a
bearing for one end of the shaft Fu. When the disc F is in geer with the
disc F, the shaft F is made to move in the same direction as the shaft F10,
and imparts a slow progressive motion to the pinion F, and through the
pinion F, F, shaft F1, and train of wheels before described, governs the
action of the fallers during the process of winding on. The method by which
the angle formed by the spindles with the thread is changed, both in twisting
and winding on, consists in carrying the spindles upon frames C, C, vibrating

page_text: upon the radial arms C, C. To the tails of the frames C², C, carrying the
spindles, the bowls C³, C, are respectively attached. The bowls C, C, travel
in the grooves C7, C³, severally attached to the levers B1, B1, these grooves
being curved in such a manner as to act upon the frames C¹, C, carrying the
spindles, and cause them to vary the position of the spindles to the thread
throughout the stretch, and return so that the angle required for the spindles to
work at while spinning and winding on is always maintained.
The apparatus
by which we prevent the torsion of the shafts B³, B°, which effect the seg-
mental traverse of the radial arms c, c, carrying the spindles, is brought into
action by the double slide B', a projection upon which takes hold of the chain
K. The chain K₁ passes over the carrier K³, and is secured to the roller K¹º,
on the traverse shaft K, the shaft K' thereby receiving an amount of vibration
proportioned. to the alternate ascent and descent of the double slide B'.. The
shafts B³, Bo, as before explained, run the whole length of the machine; and to
relieve them from the torsion to which they would be subject were motion
imparted to them from the quadrants B, B", only, we cause the vibrations
imparted, to the shaft K to be imparted to the shafts B³, B, at the farthest
distance of these shafts from the headstock, which not only relieves them from
undue strains, but causes the spindles throughout the length of the machine
to approach the roller beams simultaneously. This we accomplish by the
system of chains and rods K, K³, the ends of which are attached to the rollers
K, K", on the transverse shaft K° at one end of the machine, and after passing
beneath the carriers K³, K, are attached to the wheel or pulley K, loose upon
the central shaft K+, at the other end of the machine, the pulley K receiving a
corresponding amount of vibration with the shaft K, which it communicates
to the shafts B, B, by means of the wheels K', K2, and chains K³, K*. The
wheels K², K³, are respectively placed on the shafts B³, B°; to these wheels
the chains K³, K, are severally attached, these chains being also secured to
the pulley K, which, acted upon.in the manner described, causes the shafts
B8, B, to receive at both ends thereof simultaneously an equal amount of
vibration, imparted from the quadrants B, B", at the one end, and from the
wheels K¹, K, acted upon through the described system of chain geering at
the other ends of these shafts, thereby relieving the shafts from torsion, and
maintaining the uniform traverse of the spindles. The catch box I being in
geer with the catch box on the boss of the winding-on roller I', the chain L,
which had been unwound from the pulley L' on the cam shaft B and wound
upon the roller 1' during the going out of the spindles, now commences to
unwind from the roller I', and governs the speed at which the yarn is wound
upon the spindles in the following manner :-Affixed to the double slide B' is

page_text: he rack L, geering into the quadrant L, loose upon the central shaft A.
The quadrant L" is provided with the long bush, cast with which or attached
hereto is the double swing lever L, carrying the regulating screws L', L".
This lever Lo vibrates through about the quarter of a circle with each vibration
of the quadrant L". The rapidity with which the chain, L is unwound from
he roller I is regulated by the position of the nut Is on the bottom screw L'
contained in the lever L, the nut L³ being attached to one end of the chain L³,
which chain, after passing over the surface of the swing sector L* (afterwards
lescribed) is connected to the pulley L fast upon the boss of the pulley L' on
the cam shaft B. The chains I, L³, are wound on the pulleys L, L³, in
opposite directions respectively; and the chain L³, varying its action on the
pulley L proportionably with its varying point of attachment to the lever L.
by the action of the screw L, imparts a variable speed to the pulley L', which
through the chain L and roller 17, is transmitted through the central shaft to
the spindles. The manner in which the regulator screws of the double lever
L' are made to operate upon and vary the leverage of the chains L and L
during the formation of the cop bottom is as follows:-To the counter faller
fis attached a tail lever M³, resting upon one arm of the cranked lever M³,
the shorter arm of which supports the lever L". The usual weight or spring
for maintaining the faller in position prevents the lever L" from coming into
action, unless the yarn winds on too tight, in which case the faller is depressed,
and the tail lever M³, ceasing to act upon the cranked lever M², supporting the
lever L, the spring L acts upon and depresses the lever L", causing the
inclined arm L of that lever to put the friction cone M¹ into geer with the
rim pulley M, on the shaft M. The shaft M is supported at one end by one
of the radial arms C, and at the other end by the radial lever L", which
vibrates loosely upon the central shaft A. The pinion L18 revolves loose upon
the shaft M, and unless the friction conc M' is in geer with the pulley Mº, in
manner before described, travels on the quadrant M' attached to the framing,
without producing any effect on the winding-on motion. The friction cone
M' is placed on the bush of the pinion L, and when in geer with the rim
pulley M (which, as before described, takes place only for a few moments
when the yarn is too tight), motion is imparted to the rim pulley M, and
through the cord M³ to a second rim pulley on the periphery of the bevil
wheel L, moving with the bevil L, loose upon the bush L of the quadrant
L. The bevil wheel L geers into the bevil pinion L on the axis of the
upper screw Lio, to which it imparts motion, and, by means of the spur pinion
L", motion is also imparted to the bottom screw L', which causes the nut L³,
connected to the chain L³, to advance nearer to the centre of the shaft A, and

page_text: reducing the leverage of the chain L³ upon the pulley L³, causes the chain L
to be unwound from the roller I', at a reduced speed, which diminished velocity
is imparted to the spindle, and the yarn is from time to time relieved from
undue tension. The bowl L" on the nut of the upper regulator screw. Lo is
raised progressively with the nut on the lower regulator screw, and as the arm
L of the swing sector L constantly bears against the bowl L, the ascent of
the bowl, by the action of the screw, causes the swing sector L, vibrating on
the stud L, on the swing lever L³, on the bush L of the quadrant L, to
approach nearer continually to the centre line of the headstock, its motion on
the stud L3 being sufficiently eccentric to give the required scroll to the chain
I, and cause the yarn to be wound upon the nose of the cop at the increased
speed required. When the cop bottom is formed, the additional motion for
regulating the winding on comes into operation as follows.-Upon the double
slide B is fixed the click wheel N. N is a stud upon the framing, which, as
the slide B descends, acts upon the lever N¹, and causes the catch to advance
a tooth upon the click wheel N. Upon the axis of the click wheel is fixed a
worm wheel, geering into and imparting a corresponding amount of motion to
the vertical screw N. Upon this screw is fixed the stud N³, acting upon the
vibrating incline No, swivelling upon the axis of the bowl B on the double slide
B. N' is a sector on the tail of the slide No, which, when the slide is acted
upon as described, causes the cam N, into which it geers gradually, to depress
the slide N° upon the double slide B. Upon the slide N° is fixed, the pulley
Nis, and while the cop bottom is building the slide N° gets gradually lower
down, until, upon the cop bottom being formed, the pulley N18 will be brought
into effective contact with the chain N10. One end of this chain is attached
to the swing lever I', and the other end to the short arm of the bell-crank
lever N upon the auxiliary shaft N. Upon the taking-in crank B2 is
affixed the bowl N", which, with every return of the spindles to the rollers,
acts upon the long arm of the bell crank N". When the chain N≫ hangs
loose beneath the pulley N¹³, before the pulley N1 is in contact with it, that is
until the cop bottom is formed, the action of the bowl N¹ upon the bell crank
N" will not affect the winding on, but when the cop bottom is formed, the
bowl N, acting upon the bell crank N, causes the chain N₁ to snatch, or
suddenly pull the swing lever L' outwards, by which means the swing sector
carried by the lever L' becomes more eccentric to its axis with every return of
the spindles; the click wheel N acting with every return in the manner beforc
described, and maintaining the proper tension of the chain N10. The bowl
N1 is arranged to act at such a time as to cause the spindles actuated by
the sudden uncoiling of the chain L from the boss 1' to wind the yarn upon

page_text: the nose of the cop at an increased velocity, preventing the yarn from becoming
slack at this point, and obviating the creating of "snarls" by slackened yarn,
as will be evident to all persons conversant with spinning machinery. Upon
the shaper F is affixed the additional shaper N". This shaper vibrates upon a
small stud N1, and is curved at the upper part, so that the stud N5 may act
upon and regulate its motions. As the stud No descends upon the screw No,
its action upon the curved arm of the additional shaper N. alters the position
of the tail of that shaper, and its action upon the bowl F' is reduced with
every return until the cop bottom is formed, when it goes out of action, and
the apparatus just before described governs the formation of the cop till its
completion. During the process of winding on, the spindles and roller beams
are approaching towards each other, and when the return is completed, the
incline G, on the periphery of the cam G, on the cam shaft B acts on the
arm G' of the double lever, and causes the lever G on the same axis to act,
through the connecting rod G, upon the lever F, and throw the faller
motion out of action by disengaging the discs F, F, and the weight Fes, acting
through the chain F, prevents the clicks F from slipping on the click wheel
F, and governs the ascent of the fallers in such a manner that the yarn
remaining unwound on the cop is deposited in a series of coils on the blades or
stalks of the spindles. Simultaneous with this operation the lever G10 is
withdrawn from beneath the projection g' on the escape wheel, which completes
a revolution, and in so doing acts by the cam G upon the lever H", and by
means of the strap shifter H, traverses the driving strap A¹ from off the sclf-
acting pulley A³ on to the fast pulley A². This motion of the escape wheel
throws the catch box I' on the brake wheel out of geer with the winding-on
roller I', and the cam G" on the escape wheel acting through the apparatus
before described, causes the catch box A' to be thrown out of geer with the
catch box A, and the catch box A" to be put in geer with the double catch
box A, and the lever I', dropping off the incline G18 on the disc G, puts the
catch box A also in geer with the double catch box A1, by which means the
rollers deliver slivers for twisting, and another stretch is commenced. In
order to check the velocity of the spindles when arrived at the rollers, the
bowl O, upon the wheel A1 on the can shaft B, acts upon the lever P, and
through the connecting rod Q causes the brake R to press upon the pulley E,
from which the spindles are driven, and by the friction exerted gradually
to reduce the momentum of the spindles before reaching the rollers. The
motion of the escape wheel is effected by means of the pinion I on the
bush of the self-acting pulley A, which drives the carrier wheel S, attached to
which is a roller S¹ covered with leather, and in contact with the escape wheel.

page_text: When the escape wheel is stopped by the projections g¹, g, g³ g', resting upo
the lever Go, the roller S¹ revolves without acting upon the escape wheel; bu
when the lever G is removed, the friction of the leather-covered roller S¹ o
periphery of the escape wheel, advances the escape wheel through the spac
necessary for it to travel before it is again arrested. The worm H, for putting
in twist at the head, is operated upon by the bevil A by the geering befor
described, as soon as the strap is put on the fast pulley and winds the chai
Hon the bush of the pinion H¹ preparatory to its discharge, when the
necessary amount of twist has been put in, as before explained. To maintain
the due action of the fallers on each side of the machine simultaneously, it is
necessary that they should be acted upon by one weight. The manner of
effecting this shewn in Fig. 8, consists in suspending the weight T by the
chain U; the ends of this chain are attached to the fallers on each side of the
machine respectively, the weight T being suspended in the centre of the frame,
between them; the action of the weight T is consequently the same upon the
fullers on each side of the machine, and the motions of the fallers are regulated
with uniform precision.
In Drawing No. 5, Fig. 1 is a side elevation of part of a roving frame,
shewing certain of our improvements in the spindles used in such machines,
the spindles being shewn as mounted for work.
Fig. 2 is a view of a similar spindle in the position for doffing, and the
remaining Figures from 2 to 10, which are detached views of these improve-
ments, are referred to in order. a, a, are the spindles; b, b, the bobbins;
;
e, e, the bobbin shafts and wheels driving the braids c, c, by which motion is
imparted to the bobbins. The bobbin shaft for the front line of bobbins is placed
behind, instead of before, the line of spindles, as usually practised, the object of
which is to obtain additional facilities to the swivelling of the spindle on its
bottom bearing, when required so to do, as hereafter described; d, d, are the spin-
dle pinions driven by the wheels f. f, on the spindle shafts; g, g, are the swivel
steps or bottom bearings of the spindles moving upon the spindle shaft f,f',
when doffing is required; j,j, is the middle or copping rail carrying the bobbin
braids, but not supporting the spindles, and slotted, as seen at Fig. 3, to admit
of the spindle coming out sufficiently to effect the doffing of the bobbin. k, k,
are the top bearings; p, p, are the legs of the flyer, and h¹ the flyer socket
upon the top of the spindles a, a. The peculiar construction and arrange-
ment in connexion with these spindles are best exhibited in Fig. 4, which
is a section of the spindle and flyer. The top of the spindle enters the socket
of the flyer h', the top of the spindle being hollowed out, as shewn at m, Figs.
5 and 6, to admit of the roving passing down the tube in the leg of the flyer

page_text: . through the ordinary roving hole m³; n is a groove on the top of the spindle
at the back of the orifice m. When the top. of the spindle is placed in: the
socket of the flyer, the stud n' in the socket of the flyer enters the groove in
in the top of the spindle, and secures the flyer and the spindlė together. I is
a conical socket in which the top of the flyer works. The socket shown
detached in Figures 7 and 8 is fitted in a circular opening in the top bearings
k, and is prevented from moving with the flyer and spindle by the pin l', which
is caught and holds the socket in position by 'hooking under the projection k¹
on the top. bearings k. When it is required to doff the bobbins 6, the 'conical
socket is relieved from the action of the projection by raising the flyer,
which brings the pinion into the opening, and admits the socket being
raised from the top bearings with the flyer, which is thus detached from the
top of the spindle, see Figure 4; and the spindle moving upon the swivel steps.
9.9, and through the slots in the bolster bearings j, j, is brought into the posi-
tion shewn at Fig. 2, and the bobbin is doffed or removed from the spindle.
The escape of the conical socket 7 from the top of the flyer is prevented by
the, screw cap n. By the use of this arrangement, and by bending the arm of
presser r, we are enabled materially to reduce the length of the legs of the
flyer h, h. o is a bracket on the tube leg of the flyer h. To this bracket the
spring rod p is. affixed, the other extremity of which is confined in the groove.
p' on the bottom of the leg. The action of the spring p upon the presser 1
is as follows:-On the socket of the presser r, see Fig. 9, is attached a curved
incline 7, upon which the spring p acts during the formation of the bobbin ;
the spring p and incline q mutually act against each other, the result of which
is, that the action of the presser upon the bobbin is maintained till the bobbin
is completed. When it is required to doff the bobbin, the presser is pulled back
into the position shewn at Fig. 10, the tail of the incline 9 preventing the
further action of the spring rod p. The object of this incline is to retain the
presser in the extended position until it is again put down upon the bobbin.
the
Fig. 11 shews another description of swivel foot, in which the step 9 is
made to support the spindle by a bearing just above the spindle pinion d.
This arrangement swivels with the spinelle, and is so constructed as to give
additional steadiness to the foot of the spindle.
Fig. 12 shews another arrangement for disconnecting the spindle and flyer,
for the purpose of doffing by lowering the spindle from out of the top of the
flyer. This we accomplish by means of the treadles, whose fulcrum is at s¹. The
weighted end of the treadle s is made sufficiently heavy to cause the step piece
of the treadle, supporting the foot of the spindle, to keep the top of the spindle
inserted in the top of the flyer while the spindle and flyer are working, the

page_text: foot of the spindle a being made to swivel at right angles on the treadle.
Upon the foot pressing down the step piece of the treadle the spindle pinion d
is thrown out of geer with the wheel f, and the spindle is brought sufficiently
low to admit of the top of the spindle leaving the top piece of the flyer, and
when doffing the spindle is brought into the position shewn at Fig. 2.
Another of our improvements, shewn in Fig. 12, consists in the manner in
which we attach the presser r to the leg of the flyer h. The ordinary presser
swivels on the leg of the flyer horizontally, as seen at Fig. 13, the leg of the
flyer forming a vertical axis for the presser. We attach the presser to a
horizontal axis on the leg of the flyer h, and the presser, swivelling in a vertical
direction, is operated upon by the spring p acting upon a projection on the
socket of the presser.
Figs. 13 and 14 relate to an improvement in the ordinary spindle and flyer,
where no top bearing is used. Instead of the spindles fitting into the top of the
flyer, the top of the flyer is fitted into the top of the spindle, the spindle being
connected to the flyer, and causing the flyer to revolve with it, by means of a pint
passing through the top of the spindle, and also through a slit in the projecting
stem of the flyer h², as shewn at Fig. 14. The object of this arrangement is, to
remove the obstruction which the socket of the flyer ordinarily presents to the
bobbin being brought close to the arch of the flyer, doffing being performed in
the usual manner.
Figure 13 shews a further improvement in spindles, which consists in
causing the sockets of the bobbin braids c to run in the bolster bearings,³,
insted of above them, as ordinarily practised, in order to diminish the length
of the spindle above the bolster bearing, required for the traverse of the
bobbin.
Figs. 15 and 16 exhibit another mode of connecting a spindle with a flyer.
Upon the internal stem of the flyer h³, fitting into the top of the spindle a, a
projection is attached. When the stem of the flyer h² is placed in the top
of the spindle a, and the projection ³ enters the slit a in the spindle a, the
projection is slightly inclined on its upper surface, and catches under a
corresponding incline in the slit a, which locks the flyer to the spindle, and
when working serves to hold them closer together. It will be observed, that
in Fig. 15 the flyer is exhibited working in a top bearing where no bush is
employed, the space between the top of the flyer legs and the top bearing
being such as to allow of the flyer being raised sufficiently to disconnect it
from the spindle. When doffing is required, this form of construction is
applicable to the arrangements shewn in Fig. 1.
Figs. 17 and 18 shew an improved form of top bearing where middle

page_text: bearings are used. h is a flyer top, conically formed, and upon which the cap u
rests. This cap consists of a lever, moving upon a joint u¹, and acted upon by
the spring . When it is required to doff, the cap u is raised into the position
shewn at Fig. 18, which admits of the removal of the flyer without changing
the vertical position of the spindle.
Figs. 19, 20, and 21 shew another arrangement in connexion with our
improvements in spindles, when top bearings are used. a is the spindle, the
top of which is constructed with a hollow socket. ¹ is the top of the flyer
placed upon the top of the spindle and flyer, being connected to each other by
the hollow pin V passing through the flyer top, and fitting in the socket in
the top of the spindle, a longitudinal slot upon the pin V severally taking hold
of projections in the sockets of the flyer and spindle. When it is required
to doff the bobbin the pin V is raised out of the socket in the spindle, and the
spindle vibrating on the bobbin bearing is brought into the position shewn at
Fig. 2. The slit V₁, and the pin V is for the purpose of allowing the pin to be
lifted for doffing without moving the flyer in its bearings or depressing the spindle.
Fig. 22 shews another arrangement of spindles and flyer, where no top
bearing is used. The top of the spindle a is hollowed out internally, as.
described in reference to the spindle shewn in Fig. 1. On the top of the spindle
the socket of the flyer 2 is placed, the top of the flyer resting upon the top of
the spindle. This spindle and Hyer are connected together by the method
described in relation to Fig. 1. The object of this arrangement. is to allow
that part of the flyer above the roving hole to form the socket for the spindle -
by which the flyer is supported.
Our improvements in the tube roving frame are shewn in Fig. 23, Drawing
No. 5. a is the bobbin consisting of slivers of cotton wound upon the cylin-
drical barrel or spool h. The sliver or roving to be wound upon the spool h is
delivered by the roller c, and through the ordinary tube b; the spool h is
mounted upon a traversing or copping rail i, and is driven by the bevils d, e,
in the manner of ordinary roving bobbins by the usual differential motion, or
any motion adapted to the purpose, and varying with the increased size of the
bobbin. The rack f, attached to the copping rail i, is driven by the pinion g.
The amount of traverse of tlie rail being regulated by the length of the spool, the
rotation of the spool / causes the slivers of roving to be bound on the barrel in
successive coils, and form the bobbin a. As the formation of the bobbin proceeds,
its increasing diameter acts upon and moves the tube in a slide upon the
frame of the machine in the direction of the arrow, the weight and cord j
affording a resistance to the action of the bobbin upon the tube; sufficient to
maintain the tube in constant and direct contact with the surface of the bobbin.

page_text: Figures 24, 25, and 26, Drawing No. 5, exhibit our- improved method of
driving the rollers of the machines used for drawing and roving flax and
worsted. In the ordinary manner, the rollers of such machines are driven
from one end of the frame, and our present improvement consists in adapting
suitable mechanism and arrangements to drive them at or about midway in the
direction of the length of machine. a is the main driving shaft. b is the
twist wheel, upon the shaft a, imparting motion to the train of geering c, c,
and through them to the front roller e, by means of the wheel d. Motion is
imparted to the back shaft g, driving the screws which move the bars upon
which the gill stocks are placed, by the train of geering f,f,f. We are
enabled to drive the rollers from the wheels placed in this position as regards.
the machine, by dividing a stand, ordinarily carrying the screws for heads of
drawing on each side of it, into two separate stands, one on each side of the
wheels, sufficient room being left between the stands to admit of the action of the
wheels, as described. The holding rollers (though not shewn in 'the Drawings)
are driven by suitable geering, actuated from the pinion 6 on the shaft a. It
will be obvious that, by substituting the rollers ordinarily used in doubling
machines for the delivering rollers shewn in the Drawings. exhibiting our
double self-acting mule, the arrangements herein-before described will be
applicable for doubling machines.
Having now described the nature of our said Invention, and in what manner
the same may be performed, we wish it to be understood that we do not claim
the exclusive use of the several parts of the preparing, spinning, and doubling
machinery herein-before described and referred to, except when such parts are
constructed and combined for the purposes of our said improvements; and
we hereby declare that we claim as our Invention as follows:--
Firstly, we claim a double self-acting mule, in which the roller beams
and spindle rails are constructed and arranged, so as to counterbalance and
mutually recede from and approach to each other during each stretch and
return.
Secondly, we claim the giving rotation to the spindles of a double self-acting
mule, in which the spindles move in the segment of a circle (whether the roller
beam be stationary or moveable), by communicating motion to the spindles on
one side of the machine from a wheel or pulley fast on the axis of the radial
arms supporting such spindle rails, and to the spindles on the opposite side of
the machine from a second wheel or pulley loose upon the same central axis
but revolving in the opposite direction.
Thirdly, we claim the communicating motion in a double self-acting mule,
in which the stretch is performed by the spindle's movement, the segment of a

page_text: circle to the fallers on one side of the machine, from a wheel or pulley loose on
the axis of the radial arms, and to the fallers on the other side of the machine
from a second wheel or pulley, also loose upon the same central axis, but
revolving in the contrary direction.
..
Fourthly, we claim the varying the angle formed by the spindles with the
thread by varying the position of the spindles to the thread whilst spinning.
and winding on, in the manner described.
.
f.....
1
Fifthly, we claim the rendering the winding on self-adjusting and.continuous
after the cop has attained its full diameter, by means of a second motion,
brought into and remaining in operation until the cop is completed.
Sixthly, we claim the causing the shaft of a mule to reciprocate by
motion transmitted to and applied at different points by means of the tension
of chains and rods acting on pulleys affixed to such shaft, as above described.
Seventhly, we claim the attaching the flyer to roving spindles, by making
the socket of the flyer (which has hitherto been made hollow or tubular on the
outside of the spindle) solid, and inserting this solid stem of the flyer in a
a hole drilled or otherwise made in the centre of the spindle top.
Eighthly, we claim the combining the presser with the flyer used in roving
frames in such manner that it may move vertically instead of horizontally.
Ninthly, we claim the bending the arm of the presser of a roving frame
flyer, which is supported on a vertical axis, from a line at right angles to the
axis on which it is placed, whereby, the leg of the flyers may be shortene<l..
Tenthly, we claim the placing the boss of the braid or wheel driving the
bobbins within the bolster or bearing supporting the spindles, as described.
Eleventhly, we claim the constructing the top bearing of spindles in slubbing
and roving frames in such manner that the same may be lifted up or moved
aside to admit of the bobbin being doffed or removed whilst the spindle is
retained in a vertical position.
"
Twelfthly, we claim the supporting spindles by top and bottom bearings
only, without intermediate supports in roving frames in which the bobbins are
driven by geering.
Thirteenthly, we claim the connecting and disconnecting the spindles and
flyers of roving frames in the manners described and represented, and the
causing the spindles to swivel on their bottom bearings for the purpose of
doffing the bobbins.
Fourteenthly, we claim the winding slivers or rovings of colton or other
fibrous materials (where no permanent twist, or twist in alternate directions, is
put in) upon ordinary cylindrical bobbins or spools, in successive layers or
coils, by a positive motion, in place of a surface motion, as ordinarily practised.

page_text: Lastly, we claim the driving the rollers of drawing and roving frames used
in the manufacture of flax and worsted, by placing the driving apparatus in or
about midway of the machine, taken in the direction of its length, so that
slivers of such materials are delivered on each side of the driving geer. The
whole of which being, to the best of our knowledge, new, and never before
practised in that part of Her said Majesty's United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland called England, Her Dominion of Wales, and Town of Berwick-
upon-Tweed, we deliver this as our true and faithful Specification of the
same.
In witness whereof, we, the said James Higgins and Thomas Schofield
Whitworth, have hereunto set our hands and seals, this Twenty-
*second day of March, One thousand eight hundred and fifty.
purpose.
Enrolled the Twenty-third day of March, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and fifty.