IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PREPARATION OR MANUFACTURE OF TEXTILE MATERIALS, AND IN THE MACHINERY OR APPARATUS USED THEREIN
Year: 1862

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to David Chalmers, of Dundee, in the County of Forfar,
North Britain, Machinist, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
PREPARATION OR MANUFACTURE OF TEXTILE MATERIALS, AND IN THE MACHINERY
OR APPARATUS USED THEREIN."
Sealed the 5th June 1863, and dated the 10th December 1862.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said David Chalmers at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
10th December 1862.
I, DAVID CHALMERS, of Dundee, in the County of Forfar, North Britain,
Machinist, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention of "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE PREPARATION OR MANUFACTURE OF TEXTILE MATERIALS, AND IN THE
MACHINERY OR APPARATUS USED THEREIN," to be as follows, that is to say:-
This Invention relates to the arrangement and construction of winding,
copping, or balling machines, such as are used in the manufacture of flax and
other textile materials, as well as to shuttles employed in weaving. In the
improved winding machine the winding or balling spindles are disposed in an
angular, diagonal, or horizontal position, or they are inverted for the purpose
of taking advantage of the weight of the spindle for hardening the cop or pirn.
The object of the diagonal or horizontal spindle arrangement is to enable the
attendant to doff or take off the cop with greater ease. The spindles each
work through a tube and stuffing box, so as to throw the desired friction or
weight upon the spindle, and thus dispense with the use of levers or weights.
This tube is fitted with a nut on its point to permit of tightening or slackening,

page_text: as required, and a metal shell and packing of india-rubber or other suitable
substance. At the other end of the tube there is fitted a bevil pinion, working
into a bevil wheel on a shaft running along the centre of the frame, and on
this bevil pinion there is fitted a clutch or frictional connection fitting another
clutch or frictional connection on the tube. On the back of the boss there is
also a pin passing through a slot in the tube, and this allows the clutch or
frictional connection to move off when the cop or pirn is filled or built up, or
when the thread is broken. The point of the spindle works up against a
washer on the pin which passes through the tube of the clutch or frictional
arrangement to shift off the clutch when the cop or pirn is full or built up.
A handle is also fitted for lifting off the clutch when required, and a spring or
weight is fitted to this handle to arrest the motion of the spindle when the
thread breaks, or when the thread is exhausted. The tube revolves in two
bushes on a carrying saddle or rail. The bevil pinion herein-before referred
to runs loose on the tube when the spindle is stopped, and the clutch, also
herein-before referred to, is the driver with the pin through the tube; and
there is also a pin through the spindle that works in a slot in the tube between
the bushes. The bevil wheel works two pinions, or in other words drives or
actuates two spindles, and the shaft carrying the bevil wheels has the driving
pulley on one end, whilst there is a crank motion at the opposite end to
work the rocking shaft for the traverse to build the cop or pirn. The cone
for shaping the cop or pirn works on a joint set upon a carrying rail. The
Invention also comprehends the use of the cones of glass, porcelain, or
earthenware to prevent rapid wear, and also for winding off the hauk; a spring
or lever is used to take the jerk off the reel when winding. The improved
shuttle which is used for weaving these cops or pirns is fitted with a spring
somewhat similar to the spring used in the shuttles for weaving cotton cops,
but the spring acts on the top to keep the cop or pirn firm; or a snib may be
used at the point of the plate, where it is turned down with an india-rubber
washer or spring on the snib.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said David Chalmers in the Great Seal Patent Office on the.
10th June 1863.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, DAVID
CHALMERS, of Dundee, in the County of Forfar, North Britain, Machinist,
send greeting.

page_text: WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Tenth day of December, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, in the twenty-sixth
year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and
grant unto me, the said David Chalmers, Her special license, that I, the
said David Chalmers, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such
others as I, the said David Chalmers, my executors, administrators, or
assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and
at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully
might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great'
Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PREPARATION OR MANUFACTURE OF TEXTILE MATERIALS,
AND IN THE MACHINERY OR APPARATUS USED THEREIN," upon the condition
(amongst others) that I, the said David Chalmers, my executors or adminis-
trators, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, or under the hand
and seal of one of them, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature.
of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed,
and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said David Chalmers, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement, reference being had to the accompanying Drawings, and to the
letters and figures marked thereon, that is to say:-
My said Invention relates to the arrangement and construction of winding,
copping, or balling machines, such as are used in the manufacture of flax and
other textile materials, as well as to shuttles employed in weaving. In the
improved winding machine, the winding or balling spindles are disposed in an
angular, diagonal, or horizontal position, or they are inverted for the purpose
of taking advantage of the weight of the spindle for hardening the cop or
pirn. The object of the diagonal or horizontal spindle arrangement is to
enable the attendant to doff or take off the cop with greater ease. The
spindles each work through a tube and stuffing box, so as to throw the desired
friction or weight upon the spindle, and thus dispense with the use of levers
or weights. This tube is fitted with a nut on its point to permit of tightening
or slackening, as required, and a metal shell or packing of india-rubber.or other
suitable substance. At the other end of the tube there is fitted a bevil pinion
working into a bevil wheel on a shaft running along the centre of the frame,.

page_text: and on this bevil pinion there is fitted a clutch or frictional connection
fitting another clutch or frictional connection on the tube. On the back of
the boss there is also a pin passing through a slot in the tube, and this allows
the clutch or frictional connection to move off when the cop or pirn is filled
or built up, or when the thread is broken. The point of the spindle works up
against a washer on the pin, which passes through the tube of the clutch or
frictional arrangement to shift off the clutch when the cop or pirn is full or
built up.
A handle is also fitted for lifting off the clutch when required, and
a spring or weight is fitted to this handle to arrest the motion of the spindle
when the thread breaks, or when the thread is exhausted. The tube revolves
in two bushes on a carrying saddle or rail. The bevil pinion, herein-before
referred to, runs loose on the tube when the spindle is stopped, and the clutch,
also, herein-before referred to, is the driver with the pin through the tube,
and there is also a pin through the spindle that works in a slot in the tube
between the bushes. The bevil wheel works two pinions, or, in other words,
drives or actuates two spindles, and the shaft carrying the bevil wheels has
the driving pulley on one end, whilst there is a crank motion at the opposite
end to work the rocking shaft for the traverse to build the cop or pirn. The
cone for shaping the cop or pirn works on a joint set upon a carrying rail.
The Invention also comprehends the manufacture of the cones of glass, por-
celain, or earthenware to prevent rapid wear, and also for winding off the
hank; a spring or lever is used to take the jerk off the reel when winding.
The improved shuttle which is used for weaving these cops or pirns is fitted
with a spring somewhat similar to the spring used in shuttles for weaving
cotton cops, but the spring acts on the top to keep the cop or pirn firm, or a
snib may be used at the point of the plate where it is turned down with an
india-rubber washer or spring on the snib.
And in order that my said Invention of "Improvements in the Preparation
or Manufacture of Textile Materials, and in the Machinery or Apparatus
used therein," may be properly understood, I shall now proceed to describe
the several Figures on the explanatory Sheet of Drawings which I have here-
unto appended for the purpose of showing certain modifications under
which my improvements may be judiciously carried out in practice, that is
to say,-
Figure 1 on the accompanying Sheet of Drawings is a transverse vertical
section of a winding machine, showing two modifications of my improvements
therein; Figure 2 is an elevation of one of the spindles and its connected
parts which are shown partly in section; Figure 3. is a vertical section of a
portion of a machine arranged for winding from the bobbin; Figure 4 is a

page_text: vertical section of a machine, showing two other modes of arranging the
winding apparatus, and adapted for winding either from the reel or bobbin.
In the modification delineated in Figures 1 and 2, the framing A of the
machine consists of two or other suitable number of cast-iron standards, which
are united by longitudinal rails. In this modification the upper part of the
standards on each side slope from the front in a backward direction, forming
an A-shaped figure to admit of the spindles being arranged in an angular
position. At the lower part of the machine are arranged the two series of
reels B, from which. the yarn is supplied to the spindles for the formation of
the cop. The yarn C from each reel is carried through a curved wire which
forms an eye, and is fitted in the upper end of the blade spring D, which is
fixed to a rail extending along the front part of the framing. The arrange-
ment of these blade springs regulates the uniformity with which the yarn is
drawn off the reels B, for if the yarn is wound tighter in one part than
another the spring is drawn inwards, and consequently a greater amount of
drag is exerted upon it; on the other hand, if the yarn is unwound easily,.
and in proportion to the take-up of the spindle, the spring no longer exerts
any action upon the yarn. From the guide in the spring D the yarn is
carried up to an eye or guide E, wbich is fixed by a pinching screw to a
small lever arm F fitted to the longitudinal rocking shaft G; this shaft
imparts the necessary amount of traverse to the yarn to build up the conical
part of the cop in the shaping cone, and it derives its motion from the main
driving shaft H, which extends along the upper part of the machine, and
gives motion to the other moving parts. The shaft H is carried in pedestal
bearings arranged on the standards of the framing, and on the overhanging
extremity at one end of the shaft is keyed pinion which is indicated by
dotted lines in Figure 1; this pinion gives motion to a spur wheel I, carried
on a stud projecting from the framing. This wheel is formed with a face
plate in which is a slot to admit of the adjustment therein of a crank pin; to
this crank is attached the connecting rods L, which diverge from the wheel I
on either side, and are connected at the lower ends to the levers K on the
shafts G; thus when the wheel I is in motion a reciprocatory movement is
imparted to the shafts G and the levers F, which causes the yarn guides E to
traverse up and down in front of the slot formed in each of the shaping
cones M. By means of this arrangement a differential movement of the
yarn guides is obtained which causes the yarn to be laid with perfect
uniformity on the cop. From the yarn guides E the yarn passes into the slot
of the contiguous cone M, which may be made either of metal, glass, porcelain,
or earthenware.

page_text: One of the cones is shown in vertical section in Figure 2; its internal
capacity is equal to the size of the conical portion of the cop, and there is an
aperture through the lower part, through which the lower end of the spindle
passes. Each cone is hinged to the longitudinal rail on which it is carried, to
admit of the cop being readily removed or doffed, and when in the working
position it is upheld by a spring catch N, which is attached to the longitudinal
rail. This spring catch is formed with a notch near the front end, which
catches the stem of the cone and retains it in position, but it may be readily
raised or held aside to release the cone when required. The cone or cop-
shaper M is in another arrangement hinged to a stud in the top rail of the
framing, and it has a projection at the opposite end into which a side spring
catches and holds it in position. The spindles are arranged in two diagonal
rows, corresponding to the angles of the A-shaped part of the framing. To
the upper longitudinal rail of this part are bolted the series of bracket pieces O,
which carry the bearings of the several spindles. These brackets are each
fastened to the rail by a bolt and nut, and in the outwardly extending parts at
the top and bottom is formed an eye to receive the bearings P of the tube or
hollow spindle Q, on the upper part of which is fitted to run loosely the bevel
pinion R. The spindle S, on which the yarn is wound, is passed down through
the hollow spindle Q, and its lower extremity projects out through the opening
in the cone M. A flange T is formed on the spindle, and below this part the
spindle is shaped to the pirn-like figure shown by the dotted lines within the
cop, and as the yarn accumulates on the spindle its pressure against the cone
causes the spindle to be forced up gradually as the cop is formed. In this
arrangement the weight of the spindle is thrown on to the cop under forma-
tion, and this extra resistance to its upward motion causes the yarn to be
wound on in a compact and firm state, and with greater simplicity than can be
obtained by the ordinary means. The firmness and solidity thus obtained in
winding either pirns or cops is of great advantage in drawing off the yarn,
particularly in cops which unwind from the interior, for when used in this way
in the shuttle, the yarn comes away regularly to the last of the cop. The
winding of the yarn may be further regulated as regards solidity, by the
stuffing box U, which is shown applied to the lower part of the hollow spindle
Q. This consists of a metal box screwed on to the lower end of the hollow
spindle Q. In the lower part of the box U is arranged a split ring V, and outside
this is an india-rubber or other elastic ring W; upon this elastic material is
placed the metallic ring or washer X. When the box. U is screwed up the
washer X compresses the elastic material W, which presses the split ring V
forcibly against the spindle S, and by this frictional contact increases the force

page_text: necessary to raise, the spindle, and consequently the yarn is wound with greater.
solidity and compactness, thus giving the power of regulating the pressure or
weight upon the conical surface of the cop or pirn in the operation of winding;
The hollow spindle Q has a slot Y formed in it, and a pin Z is passed through
the spindle S at such a point that the pin rests at the bottom of the slot when
the spindle is about to be filled. As the spindle rises, the pin Z also
traverses up the slot; to make this clearer, the slot is also shown in dotted
lines in the centre of the hollow spindle Q, and with the pin in three
positions, namely, at the bottom of the slot, midway, and at the extremity of
its upward traverse. On the upper end of the hollow spindle. Q is fixed the
driving coupling a, which on the right side of Figure 1 is shown as an ordinary
four-catch coupling, and on the left side of the same, also in the enlarged view
Figure 2, it is shown of the conical form; the latter fitting a corresponding
cavity formed in the bevel pinion R. The groove formed in the upper part of
the coupling a is partly encircled by the forked end of the hand lever b, which
is centred on a stud carried in a projecting part of the bracket piece O. The
lower portion or prolongation of the lever b extends towards the front of the
machine, within convenient reach of the attendant. In commencing to wind
the yarn on to the spindle S, the rotatory motion is derived from the main
shaft H, on which is arranged a series of bevel wheels c, and each of these
wheels gears with its contiguous pinion R. When the frictional coupling a is
in gear with the pinion R the hollow spindle Q and the spindle S are driven
round, which winds the yarn on to the spindle. As the yarn accumulates the
spindle gradually rises, and when the cop has been formed to the prede-
termined length the pressure of the yarn against the cone lifts the coupling a
by the top end of the spindle S coming in contact with the pin or key passing
through and the hollow spindle Q out of contact with the pinion R, and
the motion of the spindle is arrested. The attendant then releases the cone M
from the spring catch N, doffs or takes off the cop, replaces the cone, and
the spindle is again ready to be filled. When the yarn breaks during the
winding, the hand lever b affords a ready means of stopping the rotatory motion
of the spindle, the attendant raises the handle of the lever, the elasticity of
which presses it laterally into a notch formed in the pendent catch guide d,
by which it is upheld, as shown on the right of Figure 1. This movement of
the lever b raises the coupling a out of the pinion R, and the motion of the
spindle is stopped; the attendant then pushes the spindle upwards by the
flange T, so as to get at the end of the yarn to piece it. The spindle is then
returned to its former position, the hand lever b is liberated from the catch d,
and the winding goes on as before. In the arrangement shown
on.
the right-

page_text: hand side of Figure 1, in red lines, the hand lever b is made self-acting so as to
operate when a breakage of the yarn occurs. The lever b is connected by means
of a link e, which projects up through a guide f fixed to the longitudinal rail
of the framing, and has jointed to it the small bell crank catch lever g. The
upper end of this lever forms a hook and the lower part extends out in front
of the machine, having a lateral prolongation which rests against the yarn C
as it passes up from the guide eye in the end of the spring D, or its equivalent
the weighted lever D¹ to the guide E; or otherwise it may be made to rest on
a light flat surface or wire h fixed to the lever D¹, the bent part of which
extends inwards, so that the end of the lever g is held up by it or by the yarn
passing below the lever. Upon the yarn breaking, or if the strain on the
spring D or the lever D' allows either of them to fly back, the tail of the lever g
falls, so that the hooked part is thrown forward to the position shown by the
dotted lines, and it is caught by a lateral stud in the arm i fitted to the rocking
shaft G by a pinching screw, the laterally projecting stud being fixed in a slot
at the free end of the arm. The vibratory motion of the arm i raises the
lever g to the position shown by the dotted lines; this motion also lifts the
lever b, so that it is caught by the notch in the pendent catch d; this releases
the coupling a from the wheel R, as is shown in the Figure, and the spindle is
immediately stopped. The same object may also be accomplished by means
of a prolongation of the spring D, shown on the left side of Figure 1, as that
of the weighted lever D'; this part h may be in the form of a light flat blade
or wire, the end of the lever g resting upon the inwardly projecting part at h.
When the spring D or the lever D₁ is released from the tension of the
yarn it
recoils and draws the end of the part h from beneath the lever g, and the
spindle is stopped, as before described.
Another modification of my improvements in winding machinery is deli-
neated in Figure 3 of the accompanying Drawings; the parts corresponding
in their action to those shown in Figures 1 and 2 are marked with similar
letters of reference. The main shaft H, in this instance there is one for each
row of spindles, carries the series of bevel wheels c, each of which gears with
a pinion R keyed on the lower part of the hollow spindle Q that is carried in
the bracket piece O. The winding spindle S passes down through the hollow
spindle, as shown by the dotted lines, and it has formed in it a longitudinal
groove, the greater portion of which is shown extending above the upper
bearing of the hollow spindle Q. At the lower part of this groove the spindle
is indented or made of smaller diameter than the other portion. A pinching
screw passes through the hollow spindle Q, and the end of this screw
enters the longitudinal groove, so that the spindle S turns with the motion of

page_text: the hollow spindle Q so long as the point of the screw is in the groove. But
when the spindle is raised by the yarn so that the screw enters the indented
or grooved part the rotatory motion of the spindle ceases, consequently this
transverse indentation is made to agree with the predetermined length of the
cop. The spindle passes through the cone M, which is fixed in the upper rail
of the framing and terminates at the upper part in a nut S¹, the under side of
which is of a conical figure, like that on the spindle in Figure 2. The is
carried, either from the bobbins; or from the reel, arranged in convenient
proximity, up over the tension bar k to the guide E, which is fixed in a
lever F, carried by the rocking shaft G, these parts being arranged and
actuated as described in reference to Figure 1, except that the shafts G are
arranged to work inside of the row of spindles.
#
yarn
This
Figure 4 shows two other modifications of my improvements applicable for
winding yarn either from the reel or bobbin. In this arrangement the rotatory
motion of the spindles is derived from the cylinder or drum 7 and the driving
belt m, which passes round the fast and loose pulley n on the spindle o.
spindle is carried in footstep and collar bearings arranged in the longitudinal
rails of the framing A, and it extends a little beyond the top of the cop. The
spindle o is fitted at the upper part with a tube spindle p which extends down
below the rail of the framing to where a small pin q is fixed in the spindle o.
This tube spindle is formed of very thin metal, and it has a longitudinal slot
formed in it, so that it is flexible and can be made to hold the spindle o with
any degree of tightness desired when placed on it, the slot at the same time
causing it to be driven by working or sliding on the pin q fixed in the spindle o,
the length of the slot regulating the length of cop. The driving of the
cop tube may also be modified by forming the top of the spindle o with a
groove or a flat surface, or of a square or polygonal figure in its transverse
section. The whole or part of the inner surface of the hollow cop spindle
being formed to fit and slide up and down upon it, and having a spring or
other elastic packing arranged inside so as to regulate by its means the hard-
ness of the cop as well as that obtained by the weight of the spindle. The
upper part of the tube spindle p has fixed to it the weight r, which tends to
prevent the tube spindle from rising too freely, and thus ensures a firm and
well wound cop. The tube spindle p is put over the spindle o so that the
pin q enters the slot, and so long as it remains therein the tube will be kept
in motion with the spindle o; but as soon as the cop is built up to the pre-
determined height the tube spindle rises clear of the pin q and it necessarily
ceases to rotate. The arrangement for guiding the yarn from the reel B or
the bobbin, and the mode of obtaining the reciprocatory, traverse of the guide E

page_text: up and down the cone M from the pinion R on the shaft H, being the same
as herein-before described in reference to Figure 1, it is unnecessary to repea
the particulars. In Figure 1 the proportion of the pinion to the wheel is as
three to one, and in Figure 4 it is as four to one, these proportions may
however, be varied, according to the nature of the yarn, so as to produce
either "balling" or winding. A hand levers is arranged above the belt m
and is fixed in the required position by placing it in the notches of a segmental
plate arranged at the side of the lever. The end of the lever is connected to
a vertical bar t which slides up and down in guides. This bar has two
laterally projecting studs carrying the two rollers u, which are made with
flanges at the ends; these flanges overlap the edges of the belt m as it runs
on to the pulley. Thus, when the hand lever s is depressed it lifts the bar t
and rollers u, so that the belt m is shifted from the fast to the loose pulley,
and vice versa. In the modification shown on the right-hand side of Figure 4
the spindle o is a long steel rod, to which is fitted the driving pulley n; the
spindle moves up and down in its bearings, and the pulley n is made suffi-
ciently deep to admit of this traverse as the cop is being formed or removed.
The upper part of the spindle o has fitted to it the nut r, below which is the
conical part that rests in the shaping cone M at the commencement of the
formation of the cop, and as the spindle o gradually rises, the belt m is shifted
by degrees from the upper part of the pulley n to the lower flange, where a
portion of the pulley is made loose, and the winding is then stopped. When
the cop is fully formed the attendant removes the nut r and pushes down the
spindle to its normal position, so as to remove the cop and prepare the spindle
for rewinding. An arrangement is also provided for slackening the belt m
and quickly stopping the rotation of the spindle. A vertical spindle vis fitted
in brackets bolted to the framing, or in any other convenient manner; the.
upper part of this spindle is squared and carries the hand lever w. . The lower
end of the spindle vis extended outwards on each side so as to form a broad
forked end sufficiently wide to extend downwards on both sides of the belt m.
On each of the prolongations of the spindle v is fitted a pulley x, the flanges
of which project over the edges of the belt m. When the hand lever is set so
that the pulleys are square or at right angles with the belt it is then sufficiently
slack to run loosely on the pulley and without turning it. A simple movement
of the hand lever w in a lateral direction sets the pulleys askew, so that the
belt is tightened upon the pulley n and the spindle is put in motion. In
addition to, this arrangement the forked end of the spindle may be fitted
with a block of wood or other suitable material, the face of which is caused
to press against the periphery of the pulley n when the hand lever w is placed

page_text: in position to slacken. the belt. In this way the spindle is instantly stopped
by simply liberating the hand lever w, which allows the attendant to piece the
yarn or to attend to any other duty connected with the particular spindle,
referred to. The modes of obtaining the necessary amount of drag or fric-.
tional resistance to the building of the cop or pirn on the conical surface of
the shaper in winding spindles which I have herein-before described are also
applicable to winding machinery with the spindles arranged in the horizontal.
position, or in an inverted position to that described and shown in the Drawings,
that is to say, these spindles may be fitted with the stuffing box arrangement,
as delineated in Figures 1 and 2 of the accompanying Drawings; or with a
spring or its equivalent pressing upon a flat surface formed on the winding
spindle without taking advantage of the weight of the spindles themselves for.
the firm building of the cop. In some cases I prefer to make the spindle S,.
shown in Figures 1 and 2, in two parts, that is to say, with a supplementary:
end piece which enters the cone under the flange T at the part marked y.
When the cop is doffed this end piece may be removed if the yarn is to be
used from the interior of the cop; or if used in the other way, the end piece.
then forms a metal pirn, as shown at y', which fits into the "pad" of the:
shuttle, and the yarn is wound off from the outside in the ordinary manner;
or the pirn may fit on to a pin or other projection on the pad.
The last part of my present Invention has reference to improvements in
shuttles for weaving with cops as produced by the winding machinery herein-
before described, in which the yarn is drawn off from the interior of the cop.
The improved shuttle is formed with indentations made like the teeth of a
rasp or a ratchet wheel; these teeth are formed on the inside of the shuttle in
a vertical direction, and they are cut so as to have the sharp sides of the teeth;
opposed to the course which the yarn takes in unwinding from the cop; in
other words, when the cop is pressed into the shuttle these teeth or grooves.
hold the cop and prevent the yarn from coming off in lumps. The upper part,
of the shuttle has fitted to it a blade or flat piece of metal that extends from the
spring plate or pad to which it is fixed along to the front end of the opening
through which the cop is passed. This blade, which is circled to fit the cop,
is formed either in one solid piece or of two longitudinal parts extending along.
the sides of the opening, and united at the front end, where it is fastened down.
by a snib or catch, but cannot fly up, although this catch gets loose or is dis-
pensed with, as it is firmly held down by the strong spring of the pad. The under.
side of the blade or plate is serrated like the inside of the shuttle, so that when the.
cop is put into it the yarn is surrounded or nearly so with these toothed surfaces,
which hold the cop firmly and prevent the yarn from coming off irregularly.

page_text: In another arrangement the shuttle is fitted with needle points on its inner
surface, so as to hold the cop from breaking down and allowing it to be drawn
off in a regular and uniform manner to the end. In lieu of the serrated
surfaces I prefer in some cases to line the shuttle and upper blade with india-
rubber, buckskin leather, or other similar material, for the
purpose of pro-
ducing a frictional surface suitable for holding the cop firmly until the whole
of the yarn is exhausted.
1
Another mode of effecting this object is by fitting to the interior of the
shuttle a cone formed of thin sheet iron or other suitable metal; this cone is
perforated in numerous places, and so as to leave a burr or roughness round
each hole on the inside of the cone. The conical end of the cop is pressed
into the cone, which is then fixed down by the spring plate and pad at the end
of the shuttle. With this arrangement the rough surface of the cone holds
the conical end of the cop firmly to the last, and serves to sustain the thin
shell of yarn which is formed when the cop is nearly run out, or the thin
perforated conical-end may be made in two parts, the lower half being fixed in
the shuttle, and the upper half fixed to the under side of the roughened blade,
and pressed or held down by it and the pad spring.
In another arrangement a thin piece of perforated sheet iron or other
equivalent therefor is fitted into the cone at the front end of the shuttle. This
diaphragm is caused to follow up the cop as the yarn is used by attaching it to
india-rubber or other springs extended along the sides of the shuttle, and fastened
thereto. The yarn is carried through the aperture in the perforated diaphragm
and out by the usual lateral opening, the diaphragm serving to prevent the
yarn from coming off in an irregular manner. When the yarn is wound on to
the metal pirn I have berein-before referred to as forming the end piece of
the spindle S, the end of the pirn when removed from the spindle is simply
slipped into a corresponding opening made for it in the pad of the shuttle,
and the yarn is unwound from the exterior of the pirn in the usual way.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of my said
Invention, and the manner in which the same is or may be used or carried
into effect, I would observe, in conclusion, that what I consider novel and
original, and therefore claim as the Invention secured to me by the herein-
before in part recited Letters Patent is,-
First, the general arrangement, construction, and combination of parts
forming the machinery or apparatus for "balling" or winding yarn, as herein-
before described and shown in the accompanying Drawings.
.
Second, the system or mode of arranging and constructing winding machinery
in which the weight of the spindle is thrown on to the yarn as it is wound on,

page_text: also the addition of a weight to the upper part of the spindle, so as to produce
compactly wound cops without the use of additional weights or levers, as
herein-before described and shown in the accompanying Drawings, or any
mere modification of or equivalent for the said arrangements.
Third, the system or mode of obtaining the necessary amount of drag or
frictional pressure on the spindles of winding machinery, by means of an
adjustable stuffing box or clip arranged on the hollow spindle, or by means of
a spring or its equivalent acting upon the surface of the winding spindle, so as
to dispense with the use of weights or levers, as herein-before described and
shown in the accompanying Drawings.
Fourth, the use and application of the conical coupling as applied to the
driving of spindles of balling and winding machinery, together with the general
driving arrangement of the hollow and winding spindles, as herein-before
described and shown more particularly in Figure 2 of the accompanying
Drawings, or any mere variation of the said arrangement.
Fifth, the system or mode of arranging the .cones or cop shapers, in which
they are hinged or otherwise to the machine, so as to be readily removed out
of the way to allow of the cops being doffed, as herein-before described and
shown in the accompanying Drawings, or any mere modification of the said
arrangements.
Sixth, the system or mode of constructing shuttles for weaving, with serrated
internal surfaces, or lined with a material suitable for holding the cop on the
exterior, and allow of the yarn being drawn off from the inside with uniform
regularity; also the use of a perforated metal diaphragm through which the
yarn passes, and the making of the moveable end pieces of the spindles to
form pirns, which fit into the pad of the shuttle, as herein-before described, or
any mere modification of the said arrangements.
In witness whereof, I, the said David Chalmers, bave hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Fifth day of June, One thousand eight hundred
and sixty-three.
DAVID CHALMERS. (L.S.)