IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PRE- PARATION OF FOOD, OF A SUBSTANCE TO BE EMPLOYED IN PLACE OF MALT, AND FOR THE MEDICATION OF FOOD FOR ANIMALS." PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION
Year: 1866

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Johnstone Napier, of Salisbury, in the County of
Wilts, Civil Engineer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PRE-
PARATION OF FOOD, OF A SUBSTANCE TO BE EMPLOYED IN PLACE OF MALT, AND
FOR THE MEDICATION OF FOOD FOR ANIMALS."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Johnstone Napier at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 29th
December 1866.
-1
I, JOHNSTONE NAPIER, of Salisbury, in the County of Wilts, Civil Engineer,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE PREPARATION OF FOOD, OF A SUBSTANCE TO BE EMPLOYED IN PLACE OF MALT,
AND FOR THE MEDICATION OF FOOD FOR ANIMALS," to be as follows:-
The improvements relate to treating wheat, barley, or other straw, bean or
pea.hulse, also bulbous and tuberous roots, as turnips, mangolds, beetroot,
potatoes, also vegetables, and also meat, "the flesh of animals," so as to
obtain a mucilagenous and farinaceous or preserved food for human use, and a
material for malting. The straw or hulse is to be cut into short lengths and

page_text: then saturated in water, with which is mixed a small quantity of soda or
alum in proportion, say, of about 1 oz. of soda or an ounce of alum to a
gallon of water, by which it is cleansed and softened, or soda and alum may be
used together; the chaff is then to be collected, steamed, and disintegrated
or pulped in a pulping machine, or between jagged or serrated rollers, and
placed on a board or other surface in a layer of, say, about one inch in thick-
ness, and upon this a layer of flour of a like nature to that of the straw or
hulse. If intended for cattle or other animals a small quantity of linseed, or
linseed meal, of wheat, or oaten or barley meal, bean or pea, Indian corn or
rice meal, or of all or any of these, either in the form of meal or whole and
entire grain, or simply bruised and mixed together, may be added; then
another layer of each, and so on until the desired thickness is obtained, when
the mass is to be pressed by hydraulic or other suitable pressure to remove
the surplus moisture and to create a certain amount of consistency in it or to
consolidate the substance; it is then to be cut into small blocks and removed
to earthenware or other suitable drying boxes or close ovens, heated by steam
or otherwise to be a temperature of, say, 220° degrees Fahrenheit. The blocks
when thoroughly dried and hardened are to be removed from these boxes, and
may be used or sold in this condition, or broken into small pieces and passed
between or under a succession of crushing rollers, or ground in a common
flour mill until reduced to a powder of the fineness desired. The roots of
turnips, mangolds, potatoes, or beet are washed and cleaned, cut small and
pulped, or they may be steamed in boilers and broken, after which they are
spread upon a board or other surface in a series of thin layers with a layer of
salt between each, or of pepper (if for the human use), or sugar, or allspice,
or other antiseptic; pressure is then applied to the mass to remove surplus
moisture, and the substance retained is to be cut into blocks and dried by steam
or otherwise in earthenware or other suitable boxes or ovens, in which con-
dition they may be used or offered for sale, or the caked blocks may be
broken small and ground to a fine powder; like processes are applicable to
the treatment of vegetables. Meat or the flesh of animals will be washed and
cleaned and steeped in pure water with nitre or saltpetre in proportion, say,
of about half an ounce to a gallon of water; sugar, one ounce; cinnamon,
cloves, allspice, or other spice added; the meat will then be cut, chopped,
or minced into small pieces and placed in layers upon a board or other surface
with a layer of salt, pepper, cinnamon, or other spice, and if desired a sprinkling
of wheat or oaten flour or of pearl barley between each; pressure is then
applied to the mass for the purpose of consolidation; it is then to be cut into

page_text: small blocks and dried by steam or otherwise in earthenware or other suitable
boxes or ovens, in which dried condition the substance may be used or offered
for sale, or the caked blocks may be broken into fragments and ground to a
fine powder. Barley straw chaff being steeped, as in the first process detailed
in this Specification, and lightly steamed in proper boilers will be then dis-
integrated or pulped in a pulping machine, or between jagged or serrated rollers,
and spread in thin layers upon a board or other surface a layer of whole grain
barley with a proportion of, say, th in weight of barley meal between each
layer of softened chaff compressed by hydraulic or other suitable pressure;
it is then to be cut into blocks and dried by steam or otherwise in earthen-
ware or other suitable boxes or close ovens. The baked blocks will then be
in a condition for malting.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Johnstone Napier in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
27th June 1867.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHNSTONE
NAPIER, of Salisbury, in the County of Wilts, Civil Engineer, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-ninth day of December, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-six, in the thirtieth year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto
me, the said Johnstone Napier, Her special licence that I, the said Johnstone
Napier, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I,

page_text: the said Johnstone Napier, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should
at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all
times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully
might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PREPARATION OF FOOD, OF A SUBSTANCE TO BE EMPLOYED
IN PLACE OF MALT, AND FOR THE MEDICATION OF FOOD FOR ANIMALS," upon the
condition (amongst others) that I, the said Johnstone Napier, my executors or
administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of
their bands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature
of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed,
and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within
six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Johnstone Napier, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement thereof, that is to say :-
The improvements relate to treating wheat, barley, or other straw, bean
or pea hulse or haulm, also bulbous and tuberous roots, as turnips, mangolds,
beet root, potatoes, also vegetables, and also meat, the flesh of animals, so as
to obtain a mucilaginous, and farinaceous, nutritious, and preserved food for
cattle and other animals, and a similar wholesome preserved food for human
use, and a material for malting. The straw or hulse is to be cut into short
lengths and then saturated with water, with which is mixed a small quantity s
of soda or alum in proportion, say, of about 1 oz. of soda or an oz. of alum
to a gallon of water, by which it is cleansed and softened, or soda and alum
may be used together. So much of this process may if preferred be omitted
from "cut into short lengths" down to "the chaff is to be collected and
steamed" in the following paragraph. The chaff is then to be collected, steamed,
(or digested in water at boiling temperature), and then disintegrated or pulped
in a pulping machine or between revolving cylinders, cones, or flat plates
armed with spikes and counterspikes. (This disintegration or pulping of the
straw chaff is not however an essential part of the process.) The chaff will
then be placed on a pierced board or other filtering surface in a layer of, say,
about one inch in thickness, and upon this a layer of flour of a like (or
heterogeneous or mixed) nature to that of the straw, or hulse, or haulm. If
intended for cattle or other animals a small quantity of linseed or linseed

page_text: meal, of wheat, or oaten or barley meal, bean or pea, Indian corn or rice
meal, or of all or any of these, either in the form of meal (or of sago, arrow-
root, or tapioca, and similar nutritious comestibles) or whole and entire grain,
or simply bruised and mixed together with sugar, and salt, and spice, nutmeg,
allspice, cloves, cinnamon ginger, or any of these may be added, (or infused com-
pounds, decoctions, or confections of any of the above-mentioned substances), or
all or any of these without the straw chaff may be thus treated; then another
layer of each, and so on until the desired thickness is obtained, when the mass
is to be pressed by hydraulic or other suitable pressure (the sides being
supported by porous or pierced boards or plates) to remove the surplus
moisture and to establish a certain amount of consistency in the mass, or
sufficiently to consolidate its substance; it is then to be cut into small blocks,
cakes, cones, or other forms, and removed to earthenware or other suitable
drying boxes or close ovens, or placed upon metal or earthenware (tiled) floors,
beated by steam or otherwise to a temperature of, say, about 220° or upwards
Fabrenheit. The blocks when thoroughly dried and hardened are to be
removed from these boxes, ovens, or floors, and may be used or sold in this
condition, or broken into small pieces and passed between or under a succession
of crushing rollers, or ground in a common flour mill until reduced to a
powder of the fineness desired. The roots of turnips, mangolds, potatoes, or.
beet are washed and cleaned, cut small and pulped, or they may be steamed
in boilers and broken, after which they are spread upon a pierced board or
other porous surface in a series of thin layers with a layer of salt between.
each of pepper, sugar (according to taste) salted butter in case of potatoes),
and allspice, or other antiseptic; the flours, meals, compounds, and mixtures.
specified in the first process may also be added in this. A straining cloth if
necessary may be placed underneath and around the mass; pressure is then to
be applied to the mass to remove surplus moisture, and the substance retained
is to be cut into blocks, cakes, cones, or other forms, and dried by steam or
otherwise in earthenware or other suitable boxes or ovens, or upon metal-
plated or earthenware floors. When dried and hardened they will be in a
fit condition for use or sale, or the caked blocks may be broken small and
ground to a fine powder; like processes are applicable to the treatment of
vegetables. Meat, or the flesh of animals, will be washed, cleaned, and steeped
for some days in pure water with nitre or saltpetre, and common salt in
proportion, say, of about an ounce of the first and 1 lb. of the latter to
the gallon of water, sugar 4 ounces, pepper, cinnamon, cloves, ginger, nutmeg,
or other spices added; or this pickle may be applied to the meat in a dry.

page_text: form without the water; the meat will then be cut, chopped, or minced
into small pieces, and placed in layers upon a pierced board or other surface,
with a layer of salt, pepper, cinnamon, or other spice between each, and if
desired a sprinkling of wheat meal, pearl barley, sago, or oaten or barley
meal; pressure is then applied to the mass for the purpose of consolidation;
the sides being supported by pierced boards or metal plates, it is then to be
cut into small blocks, cakes, cones, or other forms, and dried by steam or
otherwise in earthenware or other suitable boxes or ovens, or upon heated
earthenware or metal-plated floors. The drying may be hastened by a current
of air being made to circulate round them; when thoroughly hardened and
dried these blocks will be in a condition for use or sale, or they may be broken
into fragments and ground to a fine powder. Barley, straw, and chaff being
steeped, as in the first process detailed in this Specification (or otherwise
accordingly), and lightly steamed in proper boilers, disintegrated, or pulped
(note, this may be omitted if preferred) will then be spread in thin layers
upon a pierced board or other porous surface. A layer of whole grain, barley,
(with a proportion of, say, in weight of barley meal) which may be either
dry or have been previously steeped or simmered together in water below or
about the boiling temperature, will be added between each layer of softened
chaff, the mass supported at the sides by porous boards or metal plates will
then be compressed by bydraulic or other suitable pressure; it will then be
cut into blocks and dried by steam or otherwise in earthenware or other
suitable boxes or close ovens, or upon earthenware (tiled) or metal plated floors
with or without a current of air being made to circulate round them. When
fully and thoroughly baked and dried the caked blocks will be in a condition
to be employed as malt.
Note. Oaten straw with the grain may be also treated as detailed in this
process, and likewise other straws with their respective grain; sugar or other
saccharine substance may be added with the grain and meal.
MODIFICATIONS.
The straw or haulm may be combined with hay chaff or with the roots,
and treated as detailed in the above processes. The linseed meal flours, rices,
grain, or corn may be mixed with the chaff before it is steamsd in the first
detailed process, salt, sugar, treacle, or saccharine matters may be added
between the layers of softened chaff; or these, or decoctions, infusions, or
confections of any of the above-mentioned, with the spices detailed in the first
process, may be simply intermixed with the grains, meals, flours, bruised grain,

page_text: rice, or other similar substance which may be thus prepared for use either
with or without the chaff as may be preferred, or they may for like purpose be
simply mixed without the confections, &c.
In the first-detailed processes the mucilagenous layers, or the supplementary
admixtures therein specified, may be medicated if desired by the suffusion or
by the intermixture of infusion, decoction, compound, or confection of a
moderate quantity of alcoholic or ethereal spirits, as brandy, rum, whisky,
or druggists' rectified spirit, or chlorinated ether as stimulants, and of sulphur
and nitre and other diaretics of iron and other metallic preparations or tinctures
of cinchona or gentian astringents, of aloes and other pharmacopeian medicines
all of which may be compounded and intermixed with the foods prepared
cording to this Specification.
1. Balm or yeast, or aerating compounds, may be employed to raise or
lighten the baked cakes.
2. The rice or linseed or any of the meals or grain and corn may be specially
prepared for admixture with the other substances described in the processes
by previous boiling or confectioning with sugar, spice, &c., or by digestion or
decoction, infusion, or compounding; thus an infusion of linseed simply
mixed with a proportion, say one-half by weight, of meal or flour of corn, or
steeped linseed, or linseed meal similarly mixed with wheat, flour, or barley
meal and sugar, say r by weight, or boiled rice sugared and spiced and
mixed with an equal weight of wheat, flour, or barley meal might be so
employed. The special preparations which will be required for the pro-
cesses may be themselves formed into cake, as by the first process, and used
or presented for sale in that form or in that of ground farina.
3. Malt or brewers' grains may be subordinately employed in the various
cake mixtures.
4. The cakes may be formed by simply casting in moulds, if preferred,
and without the condensing pressure, being dried and hardened in the moulds
as described for the cut blocks or cones in the 1st process.
5. All the various cakes preferred according to any of the processes described
in this Specification may be powdered over, covered, or hermetically closed with
paste of flour and sugar and white of egg, or other suitable composition, as
flour of starch with cream of tartar, gum arabic, and gum tragacanth, which
will be applied with a brush in a moist form when the cakes are nearly dried.
I find it useful for preserving more securely to wrap my preserved meat and

page_text: vegetable cakes in chemically prepared paper previously steeped in a solution
of chloride of sodium (or common salt) with nitre and alum in proportions of
about, salt lb., nitrate of potash oz., alum oz. to 1 gallon of water, and
then subsequently dried.
By means of this Invention the following advantages are obtained,―
Firstly, a useful and highly nutritious "preserved compressed cake" from
cut chaff of the straw of cereals bean, haulm, hay, &c., enriched with an
admixture of grains, meals, and saccharine substances in variable degrees
and quantities.
Secondly, the construction of similar "preserved compressed cake" of
grains, meals, &c., without the chaff. The reduction of such preserved cakes
to the form of preserved "farina," in which the straws, haulm, and hay, &c.
are exhibited, it is believed, for the first time in such a condition.
Thirdly, a useful and highly nutritious "antiseptically" preserved" compressed
cake" for the use of animals and for human use of bulbous and tuberous
roots and vegetables, whereby turnips and mangolds may be simply and
inexpensively preserved in large quantities for cattle feeding at any time of
the year, and potatoes and other vegetables similarly preserved for human
use. The reduction of such roots and vegetables to the form of "preserved
fecula" or "farina."
Fourthly, the combination of the roots with the substances described in the
1st process, thereby introducing the novelty of a most useful and nutritious
"preserved" "compressed" "composite cake."
Fifthly, the preservation of meat by a previous preparation of salting,
pickling, and spicing, and its subsequent conversion to the form of antiseptically
preserved compressed cake," partially combined with flour, pearl barley,
and other substances described in variable quantities according to taste.
61
Sixthly, the employment of the various straws in combination with a certain
enrichment of the grain and meal to form a "preserved compressed cake,"
which may be beneficially and economically made use of as malt.
Seventhly, the use of decoctions and infusions, as of linseed, hops, broom
herbage, and vegetable substances in the formation of "the preserved cakes."
Eighthly, the similar employment of prepared "confections" of sugar and
saccharine substances.
Ninthly, the preparation by simple skilful intermixture of the chaffs, grains,
meals, flours, &c. described, or of the last-mentioned without the chaffs, as a
useful prepared food for marketable service.
Tenthly, the preparation of the same likewise in a "highly preserved" and

page_text: "enriched "condition with spice, sugar, and so on, and confectioned with
preparations of cooked linseed or of "cooked rice," and so on.
Eleventhly, the formation of preserved compound cake of these detailed
mixtures specified in the foregoing 9th and 10th paragraphs, and likewise of
the cooked preparations alluded to in the 10th.
Twelfthly, the preparation of a useful series of "stimulating, strengthening,
and "medicated foods."
In witness whereof, I, the said Johnstone Napier, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Twenty-fourth day of June, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven.
JOHNSTONE NAPIER. (L.S.)