Improvements in Supports for Plaster and the like, also applicable for Palisades, Aviaries, and other Structures, and for other purposes.
Year: 1891

page_text: Date of Application, 13th July, 1891
.
Complete Specification Left, 8th Apr., 1892-Accepted, 18th June, 1892
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Supports for Plaster and the like, also applicable
for Palisades, Aviaries, and other Structures, and for other
purposes.
I, REMI JEAN PAUL COTTANCIN of 15 Rue des Halles Paris, France, Engineer,
do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
This invention relates to the manufacture of walls of plastic materials of any
kind, in which are enclosed one or more metallic skeletons formed of lattice or
trellis work woven material or perforated plates of any forms or dimensions.
These skeletons may have various forms, the principal of which are shewn in
the figures of the annexed drawing, and are characterised by the combination
of a warp and of a continuous weft, both being metallic and forming a continuous
net-work. The warp is formed of strips of any metal and of any section, bent in
the form of a U, and joined together and constituting parts such as A. B, B'A'',
B' A, A" B", Fig. 1.
The parts A B, A¹ B¹, AB¹¹... etc. instead of being in the same plane may
be inclined to said plane in such a manner as to form a skewed or curved surface.
The bent parts B B', B" B, may be of circular, square, rectangular, triangular
or of other form.
The weft illustrated in Fig. 2 is formed of a rod or wire of any suitable metal
and of any convenient section arranged transversely to the warp, and it comprises
like the latter, consecutive parts CD, C' D', C" D" etc.... connected by curved
portions. These parts are arranged to overlap the elements A B, A' B¹ of the
warp and cross the same.
The direction of the parts of the weft may, as in the case of the warp, be varied
with relation to the direction C, C, C and also with relation to the direction of
the parts of the warp. The section of the weft may be different from the warp
as regards profile and dimensions. The portion of weft may be arranged to overlap
several times in the same manner above and below the elements of the warp. The
spacing of the warp elements and of the weft may be uniformly variable, or not,
according to requirements.
This system finds its use in the construction of plain or curved surfaces, closed
or not, in metallic trellis work or in plastic materials of any kind, as also in the
manufacture of grilles or gratings and trellis work employed without plastic
material, palisades, bowers, aviaries, various tubes etc., as also for large reservoirs
of cement with metallic skeleton by series of panels constructed as described, and
of which the warp and the weft are of the desired section for withstanding the
pressure of the water for drains, tunnels, vaults, floors, roofs, paving etc. These
panels are connected, as shewn in Fig. 2 by the crossing of the portions of chain
with a portion of weft common to them.
My invention is to the best of my knowledge characterized with relation to
previous applications by the dispensing with fastenings and by the continuity of
the wire or rod forming the parts constituting the meshes in two opposite direc-
tions, that is to say, capable of forming at the same time the warp and the weft by
bending over at the end of the panels as shewn at A at the left and at the bottom
of Fig. 2.
It will be seen from Fig. 3, how easy-it is with my invention to connect together
a number of panels constructed according to my system, because it is sufficient to
allow the loops of the weft of each panel to project, to bring them nearer together,
and to pass through said loops a skewer or a rod as shewn in Fig. 2 at the top of the
net work. It is to be understood that in the construction of these panels I combine

page_text: if necessary a number of skeletons so as to obtain the desired section of metal.
This mode of connection of the panels may be also readily applied to tubes having
metallic skeletons.
Instead of bars, solids of any form may be employed, which may or may not be
provided with appendages of the same materials or of different materials, so as to
impart, in both cases to the wall of plastic materials enclosing the skeletons,
special physical or chemical properties.
In the domain of the applications resulting from the physical characteristics,
whatever may be the forms and the dimensions of the auxiliary bars, enclosed or
only connected with the skeleton, lattice or trellis work, tissues, woven stuffs,
perforated plates etc., the resisting properties will be such that projectiles will not
be able to disorganise the same, because the effect of the shock is neutralized,
whilst at the same time preserving the resisting material enveloped by a plastic
material affording a certain amount of union with its skeleton capable of being
easily manipulated and allowing of the construction of a net work, whereas the
bars alone in resisting materials could be manipulated only with great difficulty.
Thus in a lattice or trellis work of iron or of tissues of wool, cotton, hemp,
asbestos, etc. according to my system there can be incorporated bars of chrome
steel or other product in order that the wall with the plastic material shall not be
perforated through and through by the impact of bullets.
All these combinations having for object to oppose the impact of projectiles, arc
also applicable for imparting to lattice or trellis work, tissues, woven stuffs,
perforated plates etc., a greater resistance to bending, tensile, compressing etc.,
strains, or for rendering the walls conductors of physical agents such as heat,
electricity etc., without the passage of these physical agents becoming 'felt or
apparent on the facings thereof.
Advantage may be taken of the insulation of certain materials which do not
allow of constructing thin solid walls, by arming them with a skeleton of conducting
material to allow of the passage of electric currents for lighting, power, telephony
or telegraphy, and furthermore it is also possible to provide a circulation in suitable
channels either of air or gases or of liquids for maintaining the wall at a desired
temperature.
My arrangement and construction of compound skeleton may be applied to con-
structions in cement or other material with metallic skeleton without fastenings and
in the manner of a continuous-net work. in order to impart a greater resistance to
walls or to buttresses employed in this system to break the surfaces up into
U shapes joined together and having a greater moment of inertia than the walls
without buttresses. In this manner buttresses of any form may be constructed
and the metal may be distributed at a desired point both in constructions with
a single metallic skeleton as also in those with a skeleton of tissues, woven
stuffs, perforated plates and lattice or trellis work of any kind. This arrangement
is shown in Fig. 4 in section shewing the mode of joining the panels which are then
connected together by a thread or wire of weft or of a warp.
I may also employ bars, either separately or together, of solids of any form what-
ever, and of any dimensions and nature of the materials incorporated in the lattice
or trellis work, tissues, woven stuffs, perforated plates, etc. in order to acquire the
properties above stated at the desired points.
The tubes connected to the skeletou may be of any material, either insulating, or
conductive etc., and also serve to form empty spaces in the walls for the circulation
at the interior of gases and of liquids either for the transmission through the walls
of physical agents, such as heat, electricity etc., or to allow of the action of chemical
agents or to allow of the passage of electric, telegraphic, telephonic etc. wires, or to
allow of the circulation of liot air gases, steam, hot water etc.
These tubes may if desired be filled with antiseptic substances for disinfecting
purposes, with odoriferous or non-odoriferous substances, with solid or pasty
materials, impregnated or not impregnated with liquids of any kind for the filtration
of liquids, of air, or of gases, etc., or for clarifying liquids, or for arresting organisms

page_text: by means of animal charcoal, metal clippings, charcoal, cotton, sponges, asbestos, etc.
or for any other purpose. They may also be filled with liquids, for precipitating
or not precipitating solid matters directly or by the action of physical or chemical
agents etc., in receptacles or tubular vessels in the interior of the walls forming
tanks, basins, chambers etc. There can be made to pass air or uncongealable
liquids brought to a low temperature, or merely liquids at normal temperature in
order to avoid putrefaction or fermentation or to effect the freezing of materials
contained therein etc. In this manner there may be constructed vats for wines, or
cold chambers, for articles of food; in a word I reserve the right of employing this
formation of tubes in the walls for all purposes.
Instead of placing a material into the solids, with or without partitions, by
leaving them empty, they may be utilized for making dwellings with circulation
of the hot gases of a heating stove, through the outer or inner walls, the floors, the
coverings etc. without the necessity of the hot air circulating in the rooms for heating
them, and for allowing of the discharge of the vitiated air by a conduit located between
two conduits of circulation of the gases of the heating stove. Similarly these conduits
may also carry off the products of combustion of kitchen ranges, waste waters of the
household, flushing and other waters; and also for forming ventilating pipes and
fall pipes of w.c.'s, and for serving as reservoirs for water obtained from rain,
springs, rivers, wells ete. by allowing it to filter through a.mass of sand or oxidising
bodies for purifying the same.
There may also be constructed walls of receivers, reservoirs, basins, etc. whose
walls may have a greater solidity, as in the case of large dams,, by filling the empty
spaces with water, sand or any other material, or by employing the same for
decanting or for filtration of water.
My construction differs from all others previously known, so far as I am at
present aware, by the introduction (for the first time in constructions of plastic
materials, or of any other material reinforced by a skeleton of tissues, lattico or
trellis work, woven stuffs, perforated plates of all kinds and enclosed in the interior),
into the formation of the skeleton of bars or solid olements of any shape or size,
which without interforing with the ground work of the arrangement of the tissues,
woven stuffs, lattice or trellis work, or perforated plates, impart a greater resistance
to the plates for supporting the impact of the projectiles. or more considerable
strains of bending, tensile force, compression, torsion etc. If use is made of ordinary
tissues, woven stuffe, trellis or lattice work, my process, by the use of bars of
tubular form, provides channels which are capable of serving either for the con-
nection of the various elements of the construction, or for allowing of the passage
of physical or chemical agents, such as electricity, heat, gascous vapors, water,
liquids, whilst having insulating or conducting walls for allowing of the conveyance
of these agents or for transmitting their action to certain points or for having
surfaces whose physical or chemical properties are different or merely modified in
whole or in part, in comparison with the original ones.
Dated this 13th day of July 1891.
P. COTTANCIN,
By L. W., per F. B.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Supports for Plaster and the like, also applicable
for Palisades, Aviaries, and other Structures, and for other
purposes.
1, REMI JEAN PAUL COTTANCIN, of 15 Rue des Halles, Paris, France, Engineer,
do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to
be performed to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement
This invention relates to the manufacture of walls of plastic and other materials

page_text: in which are enclosed one or more metallic skeletons resembling lattice or trellis
work.
These skeletons may be constructed in various forms some of the more important
of which are shown in the drawings left with my Provisional Specification and are
characterised by the combination of a continuous warp and of a continuous weft,
both being metallic and forming a net-work. The warp and weft being either in
one continuous length of wire or rod, or in separate lengths. The warp is formed
of a metal wire or rod of any suitable section, bent into an undulated or sinuous form
so as to constitute parts such as A B, B' A', BA, A" B" etc. Fig. 1 that are
joined together by the bent parts B B, B B which may be of circular, square,
rectangular, triangular or of other form. The parts A B, A B', A" B
instead of being all in the same plane, may be in planes inclined to each other in
such a manner as to form a skewed or curved surface.
etc.
The weft, illustrated in Fig. 2, is formed of a metal wire or rod of any convenient
section, arranged transversely to the warp and comprising, like the latter, con-
secutive parts CD, C' D', C D¹¹ etc. connected by curved or bent portions.
These parts are arranged to overlap and cross the parts. A B, A' B' of the warp
with which they are interlaced or woven.
The direction of the several parts of the weft may, as in the case of the
be
warp,
varied with relation to each other and also with relation to the direction of the
parts of the warp. The section of the weft may differ from that of the warp both
as regards profile and dimensions. The parts of the weft may be arranged to
overlap several times in the same manner above and below the parts of the warp.
The spacing of the respective parts of the warp and of the weft may be uniform or
variable according to requirements.
By the construction described it will be seen that the use of fastening devices
Buch as heretofore employed for connecting the various parts of metal skeletons or
frames together can be dispensed with, and that the various parts of the warp and
weft constituting a complete skeleton can by bending as shown at the left and at
the bottom of Fig. 2 at A be formed of one continuous length of metal wire
or rod.
Skeletons made as described can be employed in the construction of plain or
curved surfaces to be used either alone as trellis work for various purposes as for
example in the manufacture of grilles or gratings, palisades, howers and aviaries,
or in conjunction with material such as plaster or cement, for use in the construction
of walls, partitions, floors, roofs, paving, arches, reservoirs, tubes, drain-pipes,
tunnels, and vaults, the section of the wire or rod of which the skeleton is built up
being in each case such as to impart sufficient strength to the structure of which
the skeleton forins part, to enable it to successfully withstand the strains or forces
to which it is liable to be subjected. The skeletous may be connected together as
shewn in Fig. 2, by the crossing of portions of the warp with portions of the weft
common to them.
Fig. 3 shews how a number of the skeletons constructed as described can be
connected together. For this purpose the loops of the weft of each section are
caused to project between the loops of the next adjacent section and a rod (herein-
after called the connecting rod) as shewn in Fig. 2 is passed through the said loops
at the top of the net work. It is to be understood that in the construction of these
sections I may combine, if necessary, a number of skeletons so as to obtain the
desired cross section of metal. This mode of connection of the sections may be also
readily applied in the construction of tubes having metallic skeletons.
Instead of using a connecting rod as shown, other solid materials of any suitable
form may be employed, which may or may not be provided with appendages of the
same or of different materials, so as to impart to the wall formed by the application
to the skeletons of plastic or other material, special physical or chemical properties.
The arrangement is such that whatever may be the forms and dimensions of the
auxiliary bars which may be either enclosed or not, the skeletons will be of such
strength and elasticity that projectiles will not be able to easily disorganise them.

page_text: At the same time the skeletons will remain enveloped by the cement, or other
plastic covering material which can be easily applied and will strengthen the
skeletons thereby enabling them to be made of metal capable of being easily
manipulated and allows having a section such as will permit of its being easily
manipulated for forming it into skeletons.
Again a lattice or trellis work of iron or of woven material such as wool, cotton,
hemp and asbestos may according to this invention have incorporated therewith
bars of material such as chrome steel in order that the wall thus formed shall not
be easily perforated by the impact of bullets.
Although the above arrangements have for object to impart to walls sufficient
strength to resist the impact of projectiles, they also serve to impart to lattice or
trellis work, tissues, woven stuffs, perforated plates etc., a great resistance to
bending, tensile, compressing and other strains.
Similar arrangements may be employed for rendering walls conductors of physical
agents such as heat, and electricity, without the passage of these physical agents
becoming apparent on the faces of the walls. Insulating materials which do not
admit of being made into thin solid walls, can be armed or strengthened with a
skeleton of conducting material that can be used for the passage of electric currents
for various purposes such as lighting, power, telephony or telegraphy.
Skeletons such as described inay be applied to walls made of cement or other
material in order to impart a great resistance thereto, or to buttresses of various
forms employed to divide the surfaces of walls into U-shaped parts joined together
and having a greater moment of inertia than walls without buttresses. The metal
may be distributed to suit requireinent both in constructious with a single metallic
skeleton as also in those having a skeleton of tissues, woven stuffe, perforated plates,
and lattice.or trellis work of any kind. Fig. 4 is a section of such an arrangement
shewing the mode of joining the sections which are connected together either by a
weft or warp-wire or thread.
In some cases solid bars of any suitable form dimensions and material are
incorporated either separately or together, in the lattice or trollis work, tissues,
woven stuffs, perforated plates, etc., in order to impart the above mentioned
properties to the walls at the desired points.
Sometimes tubes of any suitable material, either insulating, or conductive, are
connected to or placed in the skeleton. These tubes serve for the circulation of
hot or cold fluids whereby the compartment or receptacle formed by the walls in
which the skeletons are embedded can be maintained at any desired temperature.
The tubes may also be used as flues, ventilating pipes, waste water or flushing
pipes, or as reservoirs for water. They may also be used for the passage of
electric, telegraphic, telephonic and other wires; or when of metal, may be used as
conductors of heat or electricity. Suoh tubes may also if desired be used for other
purposes.
Thus it will be seen that by introducing metal skeletons into walls constructed of
plastic woven or other materials, such walls are rendered very strong, and that
when tubes are connected with the skeletons, such tubes can be utilized for various
useful purposes.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what I
claim is :-
1. For supporting plastic or other material forming walls or the like, and for
other purposes, a metallic skeleton consisting of lattice or trellis work composed of
a continuous warp formed of a wire or rod bent backwards and forwards in a more
or less sinuous manner and a similarly, formed continuous weft and which is or may
be formed in one with the warp, that is to say without interrupting the continuity
of the wire or rod of which both warp and weft are formed, substantially as
described.
2. Connecting mictallic skeletons of the kind referred to in the preceding claim

page_text: by a rod M arranged to pass through the loops of the warp or of the weft of the
adjacent skeletons substantially as described.
3. The construction and connection of walls with enclosed metallic skeletons of
the kind referred to in such a manner as to form buttresses having a large moment
of inertia substantially as described.
Dated L: OL
R
R. J. P. COTTANCIN,
By L. W., per F. B.