Year: 1889

page_text: Date of Application, 19th Feb., 1889
Specification Accepted, 27th Apr., 1889
I, HENRY HARRIS LAKE, of the firm of Haseltine Lake & Co., Patent Agents,
Southampton Buildings, in the County of Middlesex do hereby declare the nature
of this invention and in what manner tho.same is to be performed, to be particularly
described and ascertained in and by, the following statement :-
This invention relates to the art of transmitting electro-magnetic impulses for
telegraphic and other purposes, notably for long distances, as in the case of ocean
telegraphy through sub-marine cables.
The object of this invention is to utilize the weakest electric currents possible (only
weak currents, for well known reasons, being desirable or permissible for passage
through sub-ocean cables), and at the same time to largely increase the speed of
transmitting signals, or any kind of messages capable of being sent through wires
by means of electric energy, beyond any speed of transmission heretofore attained in
occan telegraphy.
The said invention has also for its object to utilize electric energy, not only in
telegraphy proper, but in relay-circuits in telephony also, whether said energy be
intermittent, undulatory or of varying strength, as the message transmitted may be
graphic, vocal or articulate speech."
The invention consists, first, in the combination of a galvanometer, placed in the
main electric circuit, and a recording, or message-receiving, instrument placed in
another, or relay, circuit opened and closed by, or otherwise affected in accord with,
the operation of the galvanometer with which said receiving instrument is so
combined second, of a galvanometer-instrument for making and breaking,. or. closing
and opening, or otherwise sympathetically affecting the relay-circuit, the details of
which instrument will be hereinafter particularly described.

page_text: In the accompanying drawings
Figure 1 is a front elevation of the galvanometer-instrument forming the said
second part of this invention.
Figure 2 is a plan of said instrument, showing one of the spools, or electro-
magnetic helices, in horizontal section.
Figure 3 illustrates, in plan, on an enlarged scale, detached, the compound,
laminated, permanent needle-magnets of my said galvanometer-instrument.
Figure 4 shows said needle-magnets mounted on a central, vertical rocker-shaft, or
spindle, journalled at top and bottom in anti-friction bearings.
Figure 5 is a sketch illustrating any registering or recording instrument, or sounder,
with its relay-battery, as the saine may be connected to its controlling or trans-
mitting galvanometer-instrument.
Figures 6º, 6, 7ª, 7b, and Figure 8 show details and modifications hereinafter
described.
In said Figures, the several parts are indicated by numbers and letters as follows:-
The number 1 indicates the table, or wooden base, of the instrument; 2, levelling
screws therefor; 3 a central, vertical shaft, shown partly in dotted lines in Figure 1.
provided with a bottom flange 4, shown in dotted lines, and a screw-threaded end
through the base 1, to which the shaft is secured by a circular nut 4", under the base.
Said shaft terminates at top in a neatly filleted T-head, or bar 5. Over said shaft
and below said bar is fitted a sleeve 6; over said sleeve a tight-fitting split socket 7,
and over said socket, body-bound in the eye of its hub, a permanent magnet 8. The
base of said sleeve is fitted with a worm-wheel 9, and gearing therewith is a worm
on the worm-shaft 10, journalled, at one end only, in a ball joint, and the worm held
in contact with the worm-wheel by the pressure of the spring t. Said worm-gearing
is bedded and secured in the table 1, hollowed out for its reception. By means,
therefore, of said gearing, operated by the thumb-screw 11, the magnet 8, acting as
an artificial magnetic meridian, is adjusted radially in a circular path, within desired
limits, independently of the vertical shaft 3.
To the T-head 5 of said shaft is secured a bar, 12, by the screws 13, and said
bar 12 is provided at each end with dove-tail recesses, whithin which are set the
dove-tails 14 of the spools or helices 15. Said spools are firmly secured upon said
bar by the set screws 16, which passing through the angle-ends of the bar 12, bite
into the dovetails 14, firmly secured, by glue or otherwise, to the insulated coils of
the spools 15, or to any covering with which said coils may be provided, such as
velvet or other material commonly used for such coverings. Said spools may be
turned and bored out of hard rubber, wood or other suitable insulating material.
Between said spools, set in a step in the bar 12 and concentric with the shaft 3,
and secured in said step by the bite of the set screw 17, rises the slotted frame.18.
At bottom and top said frame is provided with adjusting screws 19, 20, the upper
screw 20 passing through a jam-screw-nut 21.
Antifriction bearings, hereinafter described, are inserted in the ends of both
adjusting screws 19 and 20, and journalled or pivoted within said bearings on fine
pointed ends or pins of hardened steel is a vertical shaft 22. Said shaft is provided
with screw-threads, preferably on a brass sleeve, soldered thereon, located opposite
to and extending somewhat above and below a horizontal plane passing through the
axes of the spools 15. Between the jam-screws 23, 24, on said threaded part of the
shaft 22, is fixed a double radial arm.25, the eye in the bars of said arm tightly
fitting upon the body and against a shoulder turned on the upper jam-screw 23, said
bars being securely held in place by sitting-up on the jam screw 24; each arm of
said double arm 25-forms a tubular split-socket for the rods 26, 27, fast in the
frames 28, 29, holding the compound permanent magnets 30, 31, of spring steel tied
together at their poles by wires, or soldered or otherwise secured together as may
be desired. The poles of said magnets are thus adjusted within the hollow cores of
the spools 15, by simply sliding the rods 26, 27 (Figure 3) in or out of their
sockets 25, the leverage of said magnets being thus increased or diminished by this
simple adjustment.

page_text: Above the double arm 25, and secured like it by jam-screws 32, 33, to the
shaft 22, is a double arm 34, preferably of brass, and provided with platinum
strips 35, 36. To one side of the centre of the arm 34 is hooked a coiled wire
spring 37, whose other end is hooked fast in an adjustable cross-head 38, operated
by the thumb-screw 39, and guided by the bolt 40, said thumb screw and bolt
securing said cross-head to the slotted frame 18, said frame being cut away at one
side for the location of and to clear said spring. Opposite to the platinum strips 35, 36,
of the arm 34, are located two contact screws 41, 42, which may be made laterally
adjustable, to set opposite different points on the surface of the platinum strips, in
case said surface should become defective at any particular point. Said contact
screws pass, each, through brass studs 43, 44, set in an insulating block of hard
rubber, or other suitable insulating material. To the contact screw 41, is connected.
the binding post 45, only. The stud 44, terminates in a binding post 46 (Figure 2)
for the contact screw 42. The contact screw 42, is tipped with ivory or other
non conducting material, except when the instrument is to be operated to transmit
by each oscillation of the galvanometer, or the ivory point may be changed to the
other contact screw, if the direction of the electric currents be reversed.
To each end of each spool 15 is secured a binding post 47, in which is set a rod 48,
having bars on its end, into which bars is tapped a small screw 49. Over each of
said screws 49 is secured, by an eye, or loop, in its end, a small aluminium wire 50.
Instead of said wires, bars of the laminae of mica may be used, or any other suitably
light material, or any other friction apparatus in the nature of a brake may be
employed. Said wires 50 rest in angular directions, crossing (as shown in Figure 1,
at the front) on each side of the centre of the double arm 25, and by their friction
steady the vibrations or oscillations of the vertical shaft 22, and thus prevent it from
trembling, or "chattering," under the impulses imparted to the galvanometer needle
or magnet. The friction of said aluminium-wires may be increased by elevating the
rods 48 in their binding-posts, which operation brings the wires at such an angle
on the arm 25 as to increase the angle of their elevation, and hence bring more
work on said arm 25. The lower bearing for the shaft 22 is composed of a diamond,
capped by a ruby having a hole drilled through it, so that the lower pivoted end of
the shaft 22 rests on top of the diamond within the ruby-walled hole, the two jewels
forming the step-bearing for the shaft. In Figure 4, the letter d indicates the
diamond;, the drilled ruby, and p the pivot, or pin, at the bottom of the shaft 22.
The top bearing is similarly made, except that the ruby or other suitable jewel, or
some vitreous material, may take the place of the diamond, the weight of the shaft 22
not being imposed upon its upper bearing.
If desired, the weight upon the step of the shaft 22 may be diminished by using
suspension-wires, or, a thread preferably of gold secured to the arms 34, as shown in
dotted lines,, Figure 4. Said wires are also secured to any suitable part of the
frame 18, as shown at o, and will thus further act as a contact-breaker, by resisting
the twist given them by the arms 34, in making contact, between the terminals 36, 41,
and said wires will also act, like the spring 37, as conductors in the relay-circuit.
They may therefore be used either in conjunction with said spring 37, or may be
substituted therefor.
Instead of the horse-shoe magnet 8, or in addition thereto, a spring, as shown in
dotted lines 37 (Figure 3) may be used, and attached to the needle-magnet opposite
spring 37, to pull in light opposition to it, the pull of the magnetic field upon the
needle-magnet only thus overcoming the difference in pull between said springs; or
either or both of the terminals 41, 42, may be fixed in spring-supports, instead of
being set in rigid supports.
The proper connections being now made to the several binding-posts, as hereinafter
distinguished, the operation of the machine above described is as follows:-
In the binding-posts A (Figure 2), the cable is connected by the wire a, the
glass shade 51, placed over the instrument, being let into the groove indicated by
the circle 52 on the table.1 intervening between the two posts A, A; the wire a,
connecting said posts, passing beneath the said groove. From the binding-posts B, B,

page_text: the wires b, b, similarly lead under the glass shade to the ground wires for the
return or earth-currents. From the binding-post 45, near the top of the instrument,
a wire ċ, leads down within the glass shade 51 to the binding-posts C, whence said
wire c, or a connecting link, leads under the glass shade to the outer binding-post (),
whence said wire connects with the spools or helices of a relay-instrument R, operated
by a battery T, as shown at Figure 5. To the binding-post D is connected a wire e,
which, passing from the frame of the instrument at 4°, for convenience under the
base 1, thence leads from said binding-post D to the relay-battery T, thus completing
the circuit between said battery, the galvanometer and the relay-instrument R.
The spool 15 on the left (Figure 2) is connected to the binding-post A by a
conducting wire V, said spool, with its fellow spool 15 to the right by the wire W
and said latter spool to the binding-post B by the wire a, by the several binding-
posts on said spools P1, P2, P3, P4.
All the connections being thus made, messages or signals are transmitted as now
to bo described, the current traversing through the instrument, and operating it, as
follows:-
The operator's key (or other actuating device for affecting the current) being
placed at any suitable point between the wires a and b, so as to make and break
the circuit in the usual manner (or otherwise affect the electric energy) (see the
arrangement of key K and main line battery G, Figure 5) and the circuit being
closed by said key, the current passes through the wires a, v (Figure 2), through
both spools 15, connected as above described by the wire w and back, through the
wires a and b, to the ground. The effect of said current is to cause the needle-
magnets 30, 31, constituting a galvonometer-needle, to rotate to the right (as shown
by the arrow Figure 3) which closes the circuit between the platinum strip 36 and
the contact-screw 41. It will be observed that said compound galvanometer needle,
composed of the magnets 30, 31, must move in the path indicated by the arrows
Figure 3, because its poles are north and south, as respectively marked with the
letters N an S, the respective poles of the spools 15 being also marked, according
to their polarity, N and S, as shown on Figure 2. The polarity of the permanent
niagnet 8, which also assists the electro-helices 15, is also indicated by the letters N
and S respectively, as shown on Figures 1, 2 and 3.
The poles N, S, of the permanent magnet 8 are elevated above the horizontal
plane passing through the compound needle magnets 30, 31; thus the force of its
attraction tends to elevate said magnets and diminish their weight upon their lower
bearing 19, thus increasing the sensitiveness of said magnets and, correspondingly,
the usual effect of their field actuating current. The energy of the horseshoe
magnet 8 also directly assists the field energy of the helices 15, for the following
reasons:
Referring to Figure 3, it will be observed that the North pole N of said magnet 8 is
on the right hand side of the galvanometer needle 30, 31, which needle has, on said side,
its South poles S S, and on its left hand side its North poles N N, opposite which
poles NN, is the S pole of the magnet 8. Hence, this opposite and attractive polarity of
said magnet acts to turn said needle in the direction indicated by the arrows in Figure 3,
said direction being also that in which said needle turns under the influence of the
field force of the helices 15, as already explained. Hence, the attractive forces of
said magnet 8 and said helices 15 act in conjunction upon the galvanometer-
needle 30, 31.
The poles of the magnet 8 are somewhat advanced beyond a vertical plane passing
through the centre of the galvanometer-needle at right angles to the axes of the helices. 15,
in order to keep a constant attractive pull on the said needle against the pull on it
of the spring 37 in the opposite direction; and this the magnet 8 effects, even when
no current is passing through the helices 15 though the attractive energy of said
magnet be less than that of said helices when excited. The spring 37, while thus
acting its part as a spring, also performs the office of conducting the current, when
contact is made between the points 36 and 41, from the relay-battery which froin said
battery entered the instrument at C, thence, through the contact-screw 41, to the

page_text: platinum-strip 36, and back through the spring 37 and frame 18, shaft 3 and nut 4°,
and the binding post D, to the relay-battery again. The jeweled bearings of the
shaft 22 are non-conductors, hence, so long as the galvanometer-needle is so mounted.
it is insulated from the relay-battery. This insulation, however, is not essential
as such.
It is obvious that the circuit thus closed will make contact between the electro-
magnet m of the relay-instrument (Figure 5) and its armature n, thus actuating, by
means of said instrument, any registering, receiving or recording apparatus, or any
sounder, that may be employed. In said Figure 5 the other parts are indicated by
letters, as follows:-E the ground connections of the main line battery G and Kits
operating key I, my transmitting instrument, or galvanometer, and a roll of paper,
or any sounding substance to be struck by the armature n. It is obvious that there
is no necessary limit to the strength of the relay-battery that may be employed to
accomplish the work demanded of it, so far as the invention herein described is
concerned, as it cannot be injured by such battery, the usual precaution being
observed of introducing a resistance-coil, as at t¹ (Figure 5) in the circuit between the
relay-battery and the instrument, to prevent a spark between the platinum strips 35, 36
and the contact-screws 41, 42 as either or both of said screws may be used to close
the circuit.
A binding post F (Figures 2 and 5) is shown, to which is connected the wire f
which is so led as to be put in circuit with the relay-battery T by the contact with
said wire, of the armature n of the relay-instrument R, whenever said armature is
held in contact with its magnets m. Said wire may be provided with an adjustably
variable resistance-coil as at f1 (Figure 5) to change or diminish the force of the
current from the relay-battery T for the following reason:-From the binding post F
a wire leads to a binding post F at the back of the helices 15 (Figure 7) opposite
and similar to the binding-post P in front (Figure 7). Hence an insulated wire
is wound in several coils, as shown at L Figures 2 and 6" 6b on the outside of one
helix 15, in the opposite direction to its main coils, already described, terminating in
another binding post opposite to post P³. Thence the same connection is continued, as
at L Figures 6 and 7 to a binding post opposite binding post P2, thence, in reverse,
over, in coils around the exterior of the other helix or spool 15, to a binding-post, as at D¹
opposite P, and thence to the frame 18 of the instrument, whence the circuit is
complete, back through the binding post D to the relay-battery T. Said relay-
battery is thus utilized to generate an outer and reverse field-current which, while
the nearer and stronger interposed cable-current is closed, has no effect upon the
galvanometer, but when the cable-current is broken, the outer reverse relay-field-
current will act in the opposite direction upon the galvanometer and prevent the
possible sticking of its contact points 36, 41 after the field-current has been broken
by the operator. Said relay-reverse-current can always be sufficiently reduced in
strength, by means of the interposed resistance-coil 1 on the wire f (Figure 5)
herein before described. The exterior reverse coils, on the spools 15, are indicated
by a black line of separation, marked L in the right hand spool of Figure 2, and by
the letter Figures 6", 6b, each set of inner and outer coils being therein shown in
cross-section. Instead of reversing said outer coils on the spools 15, said coils may
be employed by winding them upon separate spools, as shown in Figures 6b, 7ª, 76.
Said Figures 7, 7b represent front and rear views respectively of the same spool 1,
set within a circumscribing outer spool of coiled wire L, said inner and outer spools
being secured together by metal strips 1, thereto fastened by screws, as shown in said
Figures. It is obvious, however, that other means may be adopted in place of said
strips l.
I do not confine myself to the precise details of construction of the several parts,
nor to their respective relative arrangements, or juxta-positions; herein described and
shown, as it is evident to those skilled in the art that many mechanical details may
be varied without in any wise departing from the principles underlying and controlling
the operation of my invention.
By a sounder, or recording, registering, signalling. or receiving instrument, 'I

page_text: include any known "receiver" capable of operation by electric energy;. and by the
term "
operator's key" I include any transmitter capable of affecting the electric
current for the battery-current utilized in this invention may be either intermittent,
undulatory, or of varying resistance, according as it may be desired to vary the
character of signal or message transmitted, whether graphic, vocal or articulate
speech.
The advantage obtained by making the needles or magnets 30, 31 lamellar is an
increase of their strength as magnets the aggregate magnetic strength of their several
plates being much greater than if said magnets were solid and of equal weight. The
desired weight of the magnets can also, by reason of their lamellar structure, be
conveniently adjusted so as to obtain only the necessary inertia and momentum to
effect sufficiently strong contact of terminals, without at the same time adding too
much friction to the bearing parts. If desired, but one coil instead of two coils such
as 15 may be employed, thus reducing the magnetic force one-half, when, if desired,
the poles of the opposite arcs on one side of the magnets may be united, as shown at u
Figure 8, or by any interposed magnetic conductor; or said opposite arcs on one
side may be entirely dispensed with, and either one or both coils be used with a
single arc.
The line battery for supplying the field current through the coils 15, need not
consist of more than one gravity-cell, as my said galvanometer will, with but one
such cell, even against a resistance of more than one hundred thousand Ohms, open
and close, or otherwise affect, or operate, the circuit of a relay-battery regardless of
the strength of said battery or of the work which it may be required to perform, while
it is well known that, in practice, the resistance of the longest submarine cables is far
below the resistance above named.
It is obvious that my said galvanometer may be duplicated, or added in series as
relay-instruments one to the other, or others, to any extent deemed desirable, and
with electric currents of any suitable feebleness or strength.
I do not confine myself to the, use, only of a permanent-magnetized needle, as said
part may be made electro-magnetic, if preferred.
Neither do I confine myself to the use of a permanent horse-shoe-magnet, as 8 as
such may also be made electro-magnetic, if preferred, by any well known arrangement
for the purpose.
I herein disclaim the use of a filament, such as silk, or animal hair, for imparting
spring-tension to the galvanometer-magnet or needle 30, 31.
The galvanometer or needle-detector in its various modifications, is so delicately
organized an instrument that its chief excellence has heretofore lain in its ability to
indicate or detect comparatively feeble currents of electricity, by vibrations of its delicate
and delicately balanced magnetic needle. Hence, when used as a receiving signal
instrument, in the early days of telegraphy, the galvanometer gave their names to the
so-called "
'dial-telegraphs" or needle instruments" its indications given being the
mere disturbances of its needle's polarity, caused by the passage of the line current
through the coils of the instrument in proximity to the needle, said current being
reversed to reverse the direction of the needle's departure from its magnetic meridian
or zero line.
"
for
To such a receiving galvanometer the addition of a resonator or sounding apparatus
has been proposed in which the vibrating needle, by striking directly said apparatus,
gives its signals by loud sounds, so that the needle need not be watched by the eye.
Another form of receiving galvanometer is the "reflecting galvanometer
submarine cables in which greater sensitiveness is secured than in either of those
above mentioned, by suspending a very delicate magnet or ( needle" carrying a
mirror, by a fine filament of silk, a non-conductor of electricity; the reflections of a
ray of light from a powerful lamp, cast by said mirror into a darkened room, enabling
the signals, thus made, to be read by any conventional or pre-arranged code.
The difficulty however, heretofore experienced in endeavours to adapt the galvano-
meter as an instrument to either, by means of its delicate needle, directly transcribe
or indirectly transmit, through a relay-battery circuit, graphic messages, is not due

page_text: to any inability to impart mere motion to said needle, certain voltaic currents can
effect this result. But in attempting to adapt said needle to perform said offices,
under the influence of very weak voltaic currents, in a long primary circuit exciting
its galvanometer coils, certain difficulties are at once met. If the needle is to do
the work of, or operate, a pencil or stylus, solely by the energy of the primary
circuit, it is manifest that said energy must be derived from sufficient battery power
to directly accomplish such work. On the other hand, if the needle is to perform
only the office of a circuit-closer in a relay-circuit, a primary circuit of battery
power sufficient to such purpose is all that is required. But with a voltaic current
only sufficient for the latter purpose, great difficulty has been experienced in adapting
the needle to act its part in affecting the relay-circuit in the desired manner; that
is, synchronously and sympathetically with the movements imparted to the needle
by the current of the primary or line-circuit acting upon it within, and by the
influence of, the field-energy of the galvanometer-coils. This difficulty, I have
discovered, is largely, if not entirely, caused by the inability of the needles, as
heretofore constructed and combined, to act sufficiently and efficiently the part of
relay-circuit-closers, both in failing to make good contact and failing to present
sufficient area of conducting material to conduct a strong enough relay-current to do
the work required of operating "sounders," or printing, writing, or other signal or
receiving devices.
Electro-magnets are not suited to take the place of either the galvanometer coils
or of the spring-power used by me. There is no elasticity, bending, or spring-like
action in the action of an electro-magnet, and while, for many purposes, an electro-
magnet can be demagnetized quickly enough by breaking the circuit, yet, compared
with the galvanometer-coil, "residual magnetism" remains in the electro-magnet and
its demagnetization is too slow. Neither can the electro-magnet, an instrument of
greater potential energy, be energized by so weak a current as can the galvanometer-
coil, to accomplish the same necessary deflection of the magnetic needle.
In the invention herein described, a galvanometer instrument is so constructed,
arranged and adopted as to be capable of receiving and transmitting electric
impulses, started by any known means, over a primary voltaic circuit of great length
and of single-cell-power, whether by ordinary telegraphic instruments or by telephonic
instruments, and of also transmitting such impulses through a second, or relay,
circuit, to a receiving instrument, whether a telegraphic or telephonic receiver; and
the relay-battery sufficient to work a Morse sounder, or dot and dash key-instrument,
can be operated by a battery of less than ten gravity cells. So that, even leaving
out of consideration any question of saving in expense of total battery power, the
durability of sub-marine cables, a matter of great importance, can be not only much
prolonged by the use of so weak a battery current through it (that of a single gravity
cell), but a cable, of any given diameter, in such case, is rendered practically of much
larger area of cross-section, proportionally to the difference in strength of the current
passing over it; hence, there must be less resistance to the current's passage, and
what is of still more importance-less internal inductive disturbance and interference
from following, or successive, signal currents, and hence greater speed of word
transmission; and the message will be received, as may be desired, either in printed
words or in the Morse or other alphabet, this work being done by the relay-battery
power only.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said inven-
tion, and in what manner the same is to be performed as communicated to me by
my foreign Correspondent, I declare that what I claim is :-
First. In an electric system for the transmission of sign or sound communications,
whether graphic, vocal or articulate, in combination with a primary voltaic battery,
a second or relay-voltaic battery, and a receiving instrument operated by said relay-
battery, a galvanometer consisting of a coil, or coils, of insulated wire, and a
magnetic needle, pivoted to oscillate between the terminals of said relay-battery, and
provided with a spring, or springs, forming the conducting element between said

page_text: needle and one terminal of the relay-battery, when the needle closes circuit with the
other terminal of said battery, whereby said needle is caused to transmit said com-
munications through the circuit of said relay-battery, substantially as and for the
purposes set forth.
Second. In an electric system for the transmission of sign or sound communications,
whether graphic, vocal, or articulate, in combination with a transmitting instrument
for controlling its operation, a galvanometer consisting of a coil or coils of insulated
wire, and a magnetic needle, provided with a torsional spring secured to said needle,
and with a spring radially secured to said needle, and a receiving instrument in a
relay-circuit, whereby said needle is caused to transmit the signals or sounds affecting
it to said receiving instrument, through the relay-circuit, substantially as and for the
purposes set forth.
Third. A magnetic galvanometer-needle mounted in insulated bearings and provided
with an electric terminal; in combination with an electric-conductor-spring opposed
to said needle's movement from its neutral position, and electric terminals in a relay-
battery-circuit; whereby, when the circuit is closed between said terminals, said,
spring-conductor forms part of the circuit between the poles of the relay-battery,
substantially as and for the purposes set forth.
Fourth. A curved magnetic galvanometer-needle, provided with an electrical
terminal, in combination with an electric terminal in a relay-circuit, and a spring
opposed to said needle's movement from its neutral position, substantially as and for
the purposes set forth.
Fifth. In combination with a galvanometer consisting of a coil, or coils, of insulated
wire, devoid of magnet-cores, and a magnetic needle provided with a spring opposed
to said needle's movement from its neutral position, a horse-shoe magnet; all com-
bined and arranged so that the resistance of said spring to said needle's movement is
diminished by the field-energy of said magnet and the field energy of said coil or coils
augmented by the field-energy of said magnet, substantially as and for the purposes
set forth.
Sixth. The combination of a magnetized galvanometer-needle, provided with an
electric terminal; a positive field-energy coil and a negative field-energy coil, said
coils devoid of magnet cores and energized, the one by a main circuit and the other
by a different circuit; and an electrical terminal in a relay-circuit whereby should
said terminals in the relay-circuit stick, or adhere, after the main circuit is broken,
one of said coils is thereby energized to break said contact by its opposing field-force,
substantially as and for the purposes set forth.
Seventh. The combination of a magnetized galvanometer-needle; a positive field-
energy coil, or coils; and a negative field-energy coil, or coils; said needle pivoted
to oscillate within the magnetic fields of said coils, and said coils devoid of magnet
cores and energized by different voltaic circuits and annularly located, one within the
other, substantially as and for the purposes set forth.
Eighth. A magnetized galvanometer-needle, provided with a spring of conducting
material and with one or more contact-terminals in a relay circuit; in combination
with one or more field-coils positively energized; and one or more field-coils,
negatively energized, all of said coils devoid of magnet cores; whereby said needle is,
adapted to operate in the magnetic fields of said coils, substantially as and for the
purposes set forth.
Ninth. A laminated galvanometer-needle, built up of separate magnetized laminae,
of like polarity, superposed upon each other and secured together as, and for the
purposes set forth.
Tenth. In combination with galvanometer-coils, a curved magnetized galvanometer-
needle, composed of two laminated arcs built up of magnetized laminae, superposed
upon each other and secured together with their poles facing each other, and said
coils between said facing poles, whereby a galvanometer-needle of increased magnetic
power is obtained for deflection by the united field-force of said coils, substantially as
and for the purposes set forth.
Eleventh. A magnetized galvanometer-needle, composed of curved arcs adjustably

page_text: connected to the arms of an oscillatory shaft, whereby the leverage of said arcs and
the equilibrium of the needle is accurately adjusted, substantially as and for the
purposes set forth.
Twelfth. In combination with a magnetized galvanometer-needle, a friction apparatus,
whereby said needle is prevented from moving by the brake-action of said apparatus,
until the force of the field-energy acting upon the needle exceeds such brake-action,
substantially as and for the purposes set forth.
Thirteenth. In combination with the oscillatory shaft of a magnetized galvanometer-
needle, one or more friction rods or bars, whereby the oscillations of said needle are
steadied and controlled, substantially as and for the purposes set forth.
Fourteenth. In a machine for transmitting electric energy, one or more adjustable
galvanometer-coils of insulated wire, provided each, on its periphery, with a dove-tail
piece; in combination with a magnetized needle composed of two curved ares; and a
supporting frame, or frames, dovetailed to receive said piece or pieces; whereby said
coil or coils are adjustably set in position relative to the opposite poles of said arcs,
substantially as and for the purposes set forth.
101
1
T
1000
HASELTINE, LAKE & Co.,
45, Southampton Buildings, London,
Agents for the Applicant.