IMPROVEMENTS IN MAGNETO ELECTRIC MACHINES AND ELECTRIC LIGHT APPARATUS
Year: 1879

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Henry Francis Joel, of 44, Lavender Grove, Dalston,
in the County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, for the Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN MAGNETO ELECTRIC MACHINES AND ELECTRIC LIGHT
APPARATUS."
Sealed the 5th March 1880, and dated the 16th December 1879.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Henry Francis Joel at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 16th December 1879.
HENRY FRANCIS JOEL, of 44, Lavender Grove, Dalston, in the County of
Middlesex, Civil Engineer. "IMPROVEMENTS IN MAGNETO ELECTRIC NACHINES
AND ELECTRIC LIGHT APPARATUS."
This Invention relates to dynamo magneto electric or electro magnetic machines
or apparatus for producing currents of electricity, the same being suitable for the
purposes of light, beat, or motive power, and also to new and improved forms of
electric light lamps or apparatus.
The improvements in magneto electric machines or apparatus for producing
electric currents consist essentially of a new and simple and convenient combination
and arrangement of inducing electro magnets or permanent magnets with induced
electro magnetic armatures, whereby great surface is brought into magnetic action,
and a special induction current is produced, and distinct and separate circuits are
formed for exciting the inducing electro magnets, and for feeding a light or motive
power engine at one and the same time from the one machine; also of a peculiar
form of inducing electro magnets which are powerful and occupy small space; also
of a special and new arrangement of electric circuits in such machine, whereby the
currents are made to go through the exterior circuits always in the same direction
by a special and simple management of commutator and connections; also the
method of so joining the coils of the before mentioned armature together that the
currents are of a constant strength, and can be speedily changed to tension or
quantity currents, or so as to make the currents alternating, or to enable a part
only of the power of the machine to be utilized, and also a peculiar arrangement
whereby the retention of magnetism in the induced cores is made to automatically
regulate by means of the commutator the change of direction of the currents.

page_text: I will now proceed to more particularly describe one arrangement of my magneto
machine.
On a frame consisting of two circular shaped uprights or standards of dia-
magnetic metal mounted on a base plate and braced together, and in the centre of
the circular standard and supported on insulated bearings is a compound axle
made up of a wood or other insulating material in the longitudinal centre with
two end prolongations of iron. On this axle is mounted the iron cores of the
inducing electro magnets, which are shaped like the outline of a quadrant or
segment of a circle. In the particular form I am now describing I use four of
such segments, the outside rims of which extend all round in a circle, so that it
appears like a wheel with eight spokes having intervals between the outside
connecting rims. The spokes and rims of these cores are wound lengthwise, that
is, parallel to the axle, with insulated metal wire or tape, which is connected, as
can easily be understood, in such a way that the four centres of the parts of the
rim form the pole terminals, the two opposite being of the same polarity; this can
be more easily understood when it is stated that the four and separate electro
magnets thus made are really each composed of two spokes, the neutral point
being at their junction on the wood axle, and the poles being at each half of the
rims outwards away from the spokes; this arrangement makes an electro magnet
of long length, and consequently of great power, whilst being built up in segments
it occupies small space, and is easily fixed on to the axle. A further improvement
consists of fixing hubs or tooth shaped projections on the outside face of these
rims projecting above the layers of insulated wire, and fixing on these hubs or
teeth a circular shaped and thin plate of soft iron, which then becomes magnetised
by connection with the cores and by electric currents in the outside of the coils,
and being so magnetised forms a very large surface without weakening the mag-
netism in contradistinction to extended poles of ordinary shaped electro magnets.
The wires from these electro magnets are all in one circuit, and the two end wires
aro connected to the aforesaid insulated iron prolongation of axle, and then taken
from one side and connected to a fixed terminal, whilst the other is connected to a
commutator mounted on one end of the axle. Supported on the circular rims of the
standards are four circular soft iron cores which thus embrace the electro magnets
fixed on the axle. On each of these cores are wound six or more separate coils
completely covering the cores; these coils, which are fixed as close as is practically
possible to the outside faces of the inducing electro magnets, are separately
connected across to the opposite sets, thus making two distinct sets of coils; they
are wound lengthwise parallel to the axle, and in a direction opposite to the
winding of the wire on the inducing electro magnets fixed on the axle. They are
also so connected across the end coils of one set to the first coils of the other set
that the currents are equalised and kept of a constant strength, or are so connected
that whilst the currents are still kept constant the circuits can be made of greater
or lesser resistance as desired. The aforesaid combination of inducing electro
magnets and induced armatures being made of exceptional breadth and width, and
with their surfaces covered with wire in the manner described, in close proximity
together, make up a large field for magnetic induction, further assisted by the
induction of the cements one on the other when the machine is in action.
one end of the wires of each of the double systems of coils are connected to each
other and to one end of the inducing electro magnets at the fixed terminal
previously mentioned, whilst the other ends of each of the double systems are
connected to two distinct and insulated brush-shaped contact pieces fixed by the
side of the commutator, making contact with same on opposite sides
The com-
mutator is made in two halves, each half being provided with two projections or
teeth which are arranged to lap or interlace with each other alternately, and with
spaces between them, on an insulated cylinder, as is usual in commutators attached
to magnetic machines. The inside half of this commutator is connected to the
insulated iron part of the axle at its end, and therefore to one end of the inducing
electro magnets, whilst a separate and distinct contact brush rubs on the end of the
The

page_text: outside balf of commutator, the exterior circuit being connected to this brush, and
the other end to the before mentioned fixed terminal, and consequently to one end
of the inducing electro magnets and to the two of the ends of the induced arma-
tures. The free end of axle has a pulley wheel fixed on same, by which the
inducing electro magnets may be revolved by steam engine or other suitable power.
The action of this machine is as follows:-When the inducing system of electro
magnets is revolved, the residual magnetism in the cores acts by magnetic
induction on the iron cores of the inducing systems or surrounding circular
armatures, and as the magnetism travels round currents are induced in the
surrounding coils. The currents from one half or one system of these inducing coils
are by means of the commutator sent through the wire of the inducing electro
magnets; thus increasing their strength they re-act again, as is well understood,
and thus rapidly attain their full power; the currents from the other half or system
of induced coils is taken away by means of the commutator to the exterior circuit
to feed a light or to work a magnetic engine. This action and division of the
current, by the peculiar arrangement of the commutator and circuits travels round
with the inducing electro magnets in such a way that each half or system of
induced coils in its turn sends its current alternatively through the inducing electro
magnets, and through the exterior circuit to feed the light, and by thus changing
the circuits with the change of position of the poles of the revolving inducing
electro magnets the current is kept constant in one direction through cach
circuit.
It is obvious without such an arrangement of changing the circuits the current
passing through the exterior circuit would be alternating. The advantages and
economy of keeping the currents in one direction are well understood, obviating
the difficulty of changing the poles of the inducing electro magnets, which may
with this arrangement, if so desired, be made of steel, and thus always retain their
magnetism ready for a rapid magnetic action.
My further improvements in inagneto machines consist in a peculiar arrange-
ment for automatically regulating the changing of the circuits by magnetic action.
The commutator in this special arrangement is free to move on the iron axle, but is
attached thereto by a coiled spring, one end of the spring being fastened to the com-
mutator, whilst the other end is fastened to the axle. In this commutator at the
end next to the machine and on a rim or flange is a ring of soft iron, whilst there
are two or more arms or pieces of soft iron projecting from the end of one or more
of the cores of the induced electro magnet systems. These projections are arranged
to come in close proximity to the aforesaid ring. The action of this arrangement
is as follows:-Whilst the inducing magnet is revolving this particular outside core
is alternately magnetized with contrary polarity, and there is a moment of change
when there is no magnetism in that core. Whilst the core is magnetised and the
currents generated in the coils the movement of the cominutatator is retarded
through the magnetic action of these projecting pieces on the iron ring and the
spring is slightly wound up, but the moment there is no magnetism in the core and
projections the ring and commutator is free to move, and the spring unwinds and
moves the commutator more quickly forward. The change of the circuits takes
place by the action of the spring in a shorter time than otherwise, and the current
is kept in one direction only through the circuits. Without this commutator it is
obvious that slight reversing currents might be sent into the circuits, and when the
machine was being used for electro plating these reversing currents would be
detrimental. The plan of fixing the commutator as above described is useful in
any magneto machine, not only from the magnetic action described above but also
by the centrifugal action, which the more quickly the machine is rotated acts the
more strongly against the springs and retards the commutator, and this retardation
can be so adjusted as to correspond with the retention of the magnetism in the
cores when the inducing magnets have passed by them, which is a phenomenon
common to all magnetic machines, particularly those in which masses of solid iron
are used; (I refer more especially to its use in the Paccinotti magneto machine),

page_text: such a commutator would probably remedy the defects in that form of solid core
machine. I wish it to be understood that the currents from such a machine as
described above can easily be made alternating either by winding the coils in
reverse directions by using permanent steel magnets or by magnetizing the inducing
electro magnets from an independant source. In these two latter instances the
currents can be taken for the exterior or light circuits from all the outside coils.
My improved electric light apparatus consists essentially of an arrangement for
making good electrical contact on the electrodes, whilst the movement of the
electrode is rendered certain, and the lateral pressure on the electrode and the
upward pressure on the same have a definable and adjustable ratio one to the other.
I further arrange a short circuiting contact in combination with the above. Also
of an arrangement of contact and supports for electric lights, whether on the
incandescent or the voltaic arc systems. Also improvements in the details of such
lamps whereby they are made more lasting and of a more practical form. Also of
an improved system and arrangement for regulating the length & steadiness of a
voltaic are light and keeping it constant. Also of a new electrode whereby the arc
light may be formed by the electrodes being kept touching each other. Also of the
special use of carbon as a convenient resistance for electric light circuits.
I will now proceed to more particularly describe my arrangement for making
good contact with the electrodes and regulating the movement of same. Two
jaws or contact clips of a bell crank form are employed, the lower arms being
horizontal whilst the upper arms are inclined together and meet in the centre.
These jaws are pivotted to the frame or nipple of the lamp on the lower or horizontal
jaws; the motor weight is suspended by means of a flanged tube, the flange or ring
itself being pivotted to the top of the tube. Fixed to this tube and below the
nipple is a metal collar, and on this collar are two rollers or pulley wheels on which the
weight is suspended, thus the weight acts through the collar and tube on the
flange and on the lower arms of contact jaws whereby the contact jaws are pressed
together. The cord supporting the weight is passed through a roller on the end of
a rod of metal about twelve inches in length. The other end of this rod is provided
with a socket and the carbon pencil or other electrode is inserted therein, the other
end of the carbon pencil being guided into the tube is by the weight pressed
upwards through the contact jaws, so that the weight whilst pressing the contact
jaws together also forces the pencil electrode through these jaws, and by making
the length of the inclined contact arins to be greater than the length of the horizontal
arms the upward pressure on the electrode can be made to exceed in any
required degree the lateral pressure of the restraining contact. Moreover the sup-
porting flange being pivotted any inequality in the carbon pencil, and consequent
difference of pressure of the two jaws, causes the flange to tilt up & one half of the
pressure to be then supported on the fixed nipple whilst the other half only of the
pressure comes on the pencil electrode, & the weight acting entirely upon this
electrode against only half the lateral contact pressure at once frees it from obstruc-
tion. When the carbon electrode is burnt away to its end the before mentioned
end of the socket rod, which is shaped to be larger than the carbon pencil, presses
a small contact lever and so short circuits the lamp. I prefer the contact jaws
above described to be made of copper with an insertion of graphite, which latter I
find keeps the contacts clean and free from oxidation. In applying the above
arrangement of pencil electrode and contact jaws to an incandescent light I simply
provide in addition an electrode of copper or other metal, or of copper with a graphite
insertion, the said electrode being either round, flat, or of any convenient size and
shape, and I so arrange it that it may come directly over the centre of the contact
jaws & a little distance from them, so that when the carbon pencil electrode is
passed through the jaws it butts against and its further motion is stopped by the
top electrode. The current now being sent through the circuit thus completed, the
small piece of carbon pencil between the contact jaws and top electrode is made
incandescent &, as is well known as a physical phenomenon, the electric current points
it at its end in contact with the top large electrode, & makes it of a conical shape

page_text: from the point to about half an inch down. The pencil slowly burns away at its
point, and as it consumes it is continually pressed forwards by the weight. The
top electrode may be either fixed or pivotted at one end and arranged to help the
carbon pencil if by any chance it should be obstructed in its movement. The
special advantages of this application of the incandescent light are the better
contact and consequently decreased resistance in the circuit, the heat of the electrode
being also thereby taken off through the metallic jaws, whilst the pressure of the
carbon pencil being adjusted so as to be very slight the point of the pencil is not
broken off, and there is a consequent saving of about one inch per hour in this
application of the incandescent light over others. I am aware the incandescent
system of light is well known. I lay no claim therefore to such, but simply to the
improved method of application.
In adapting my improved contact jaws to clectric arc lights I sometimes arrange
it as for the incandescent light described above, but with the contact jaws prolonged
and the ends fitted with platinum, iridium, or graphite, and so shaped that they
press together against the lower part of the conical point of incandescent carbon
pencil so as to restrain its movement upwards, and just prevents it form touching
the top electrode, an are being formed between its point and the top electrode; or
I fix two insulated projections on the underside of the top electrode to answer the
same purpose, or I arrange an electro magnet in the circuit under the contact jaws,
and make the lower arm of these jaws of soft iron which forms the armature of the
electro magnet. When the circuit is completed by the contact of the carbon pencil
with the top electrode the electro magnet attracts the contact jaws and thus puts
extra pressure on the carbon pencil sufficient to stop its forward movement, it then
burns away and soon an arc is formed; the space between the two electrodes and
consequent length of the are is increased as the carbon continues to burn away and
the resistance of the circuit also increased, the electric current is thus weakoned,
the attraction on the armature and the consequent pressure on the contact jaws
lessened, thus allowing the carbon pencil to move forward. The arinature may be
provided with an adjustable spring if desired, and the whole so arranged that the
arc is kept very nearly of the same length, and is therefore very steady. I some-
times make the top electrode in the above arrangement in the form of a disc fixed
on an axle with its edge presented to the point of the electrode, and provide
mechanism so that the said disc may be revolved by the opening and closing of the
jaws, thus presenting fresh surfaces in the arc. It is obvious that these contact
jaws and parts connected therewith may be applied in various ways, some of which
I have already described as examples; or I apply two contact jaws in connection
with a regulator lamp, such as Serrins'; or I arrange a system of electro magnet
and electrodes moved together by a weight with a cord connected to the electrodes
and weight passing between the armature and electro magnet in such a manner
that it can be gripped against a stop, the action of gripping also separating the
two electrodes and thus forming the arc, the current action upon electro magnet
and armature being the saine as previously described. I support and mount any
of the foregoing electric light lamps in such a way that the act of fixing them in
their support also makes the contacts between the two electrodes and the con-
ducting wires. This is done by means of a hollow clamp in which the lamp is placed,
one side of the inside of the clamp forming one contact insulated from the clamp
with a similar insulated contact on one side of the lamp, whilst the metal of the
clamp forms the other contact with the main part of lamp. The act of fixing and
tightening the clamp and securing the lamp makes the contacts firm. The wire
connected to the inside of the clump is passed through a tube in a bracket support
and in other obvious ways in suspended and standard lamps. I also arrange a
commutator with the lamp, together with a rod or stick of carbon as a resistance
equal in resistance to the lamp when burning, and by turning a tap or key at the
commutator I arrange that the lamp can be lit up or put out at will without
disturbing any other lights in the same circuit, and also without interfering with

page_text: the action of the machine. The act of turning the lamp out puts the carbon
resistance in circuit.
My new compound electrodes I sometimes make with hollow carbon pencils with
the hollow space filled in with refractory and nonconducting material or a mixture
of refractory with conducting material in such a manner that the two electrodes
may be placed end to end in contact, the insulation necessary to form the arc light
being made by the refractory insertion with refractory material, such as asbestos
or fireclay mixed with a conductor, such as graphite, and inserted in the carbon as
above. The circuit is always complete through the high resistance of this substance,
and the arc is formed by the current passing or bridging across this high resistance,
the resistance of the arc being arranged to be much less than the resistance of the
refractory material. This system of lighting can be applied in a variety of ways,
the essential features being the formation of a voltaic arc in contact by a difference
of electrical resistance as described.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Henry Francis Joal in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 16th
June 1880.
HENRY FRANCIS JOEL, of 44, Lavender Grove, Dalston, in the County of
Middlesex, Civil Engineer. "IMPROVEMENTS IN MAGNETO ELECTRIC MACHINES
AND ELECTRIC LIGHT APPARATUS."
My said Invention relates to certain peculiar constructions and arrangements of
dynamo magneto electric or electro magnetic machines or apparatus for producing
currents of electricity, the same being suitable for the purpose of light, heat, or
motive power, also to certain peculiar constructions and arrangements of electric
light lamps or apparatus. The improvements in magneto electric machines or
apparatus for producing electric currents consist essentially of a new, simple, and
convenient combination of inducing electro-magnets or permanent magnets with
induced electro magnetic armatures or coils, whereby great surface is brought into
magnetic action, and a special and additional induction current is produced by the
re-action of the aforesaid armaturo coils upon the wire of the inducing electro
magnets or upon separate coils, tho armature coils thus becoming in their turn
inducing magnets. Also, of special arrangements of inducing and inducod magnets
and coils, whereby constant currents are produced without the aid of a commutator,
and whereby distinct and separate circuits and currents are formed for exciting the
inducing electro magnets, and for feeding a light or motive power engine at one
and the same time from one machine. Also, of a peculiar construction and arrange-
ment of inducing electro magnets, and also of a peculiar arrangement whereby the
retention of magnetism in the induced cores is made to automatically regulate by
means of a commutator the change of direction of the currents.
And in order that my said Invention may be fully understood I shall now proceed
more particularly to describe the same, and for that purpose shall refer to the several
Figures on the explanatory Sheets of Drawings hereunto annexed, the same letters
of reference indicating corresponding parts in all the corresponding Figures.
Figures 1 to 9, Sheet 1 of my Drawings, show the various forms of magneto
electric machines containing the before mentioned improvements. Fig. 1 shows n
transverse section, and Fig. 2 a longitudinal section of one form of my improved
machines. On a frame S, consisting of two circular shaped uprights or standards
of dia-magnetic metal mounted on a base plate, is supported on insulated bearings
a compound axle A made up of wood or other insulating material, with two end
prolongations of iron. On this axle A and on the left top half are mounted the
iron cores C of the inducing electro magnets M, which are shaped like the outline
of a quadrant or segment of a circle, the spokes and rims being wound with insulated
wire or tape, and so connected as that the centres of the rims shall form the pole
terminals, the adjoining poles being reversed. On the rims of these electro magnets
are fixed bubs or tooth shaped projections T, the wire, shown by dotted sectional
lines, being wound lengthwise between them. Supported on the circular rims of
the standards are circular shaped electro magnets E, which also have toothed
shaped projections T, as shown, and have the ends of their iron cores turned up &
prolonged for a special reason hereinafter mentioned. These electro magnetic coils
surround and enclose the inducing magnets fixed on the axle, and are wound
lengthwise with insulated wire laid between the iron projecting teeth or hubs in a
direction opposite to the winding of the wire on the inducing magnets. They are
also so connected across the end coils of one set to the first coils of the other set
that the currents are equalized and kept of a constant strength, and the circuits can
be made of greater or lesser resistance as desired. A commutator B is fixed at one
end of the machine in order to change the alternate current induced in the outside
coils into currents of the same direction. The free end of the axle has a pulley P

page_text: fixed on the same, by which the inducing magnets may be rotated. The action of
this machine is as follows:-When the inducing system of electro magnets M, M,
is rotated the residual magnetism in the cores Ċ induces currents in the sur-
rounding coils, and the wire of the inducing electro magnets rotating in close
proximity to the induced coils extra & additional currents are in turn induced in
the rotating electro-magnets, assisted by the close proximity of the cores through
the toothed shaped projections. The currents from one half or a part of the
armature or surrounding coils are directed by means of the commutator through
the inducing electro magnets, thus increasing their strength, and they re-act again,
as is well understood, the current from the other half or part of the coils being
directed through the exterior circuit. This action and division of the current
travels round in such a way that each half of the surrounding coils sends its currents
alternately through each of the circuits, which thus have always a current of the
same direction passing through them. I have discovered that the currents gene-
rated in the outside or surrounding electro magnetic coils, shown in the previously
described machine, are very much stronger whilst the inducing magnets are passing
across the centres of these coils than they aro when passing from their ends to the
centres, and I have on this account prolonged and turned up the ends of the cores
C, C, of these coils, as shown in the Drawings, in order to bring the centres of the
said coils only under the influence of the inducing electro magnets.
On the bottom right hand side of Fig 1 I have shown another arrangement of
inducing electro magnets M¹, the outside coils being more divided; Fig. 2 shows a
side view of coils so constructed. I sometimes divide these long coils into separate
smaller coils, all however having the same polarity. I also fit the outside coils E
with the toothed shaped projections T, and with their ends C, C, prolonged, as
shown.
Fig. 3 shews a transverse sectional view of a modification of the foregoing. In
this arrangement the action and re-action of the concentric inducing and induced
magnets is more particularly shown and utilized. E, E, are the outside electro
magnetic coils, which may be prolonged at their ends for the purpose previously
described. N, S, N, S, are permanent horse shoe shaped magnets, which are
mounted upon an axle. Framed to the ends of these permanent magnets are the
rotating electro magnetic coils e, e, these coils being provided with toothed shaped
projections T, and curved to pass as close as possible to the outside surrounding
coils, which are also provided with toothed shaped projections T. Upon rotating
the magnets N, S, N, S, the coils E are magnetized, & currents are induced in the
wire due to the magnetising and demagnetization to the passing the wire through
The electro
a magnetic field and to the making and breaking at their ends.
magnetic coils E in turn re-act upon the rotating coils e, e, and with the assistance
of the toothed shaped projections T currents are induced in those coils; thus a
double accumulative action goes on. The permanent magnets N, S, N, S, also
when passing in proximity to the ends and projections T of the outside coils E,
which form armatures for them, do not act in the same degree upon the coils e, e, e
This causes a change in the magnetism of the coils, and is made to assist the
current; moreover the cores of e, e, being magnetised by the poles N, S, N, S, act
as extended poles to them.
When straight electro magnets, such as are shown at M', M', in Fig. 1, are used in
place of the permanent magnets N, S, N, S, the circular coils c, e, connecting their
poles are made about as strong as the coils M, M, and their cores are connected
with the cores of M³, M. The action described as above in this case assists the
magnetism of the inducing coils, and the currents induced in the coils e, e, aro
made to pass through and assist the magnetization of the inducing electro
magnets M², M. The essential features of the part of my Invention hereinbefore
described are the combination of inducing magnets and induced armature coils of
great surface, and constructed with the toothed shaped projections and also with
the ends of the induced electro magnets prolonged as shown, and also the duplex
and additional action and re-action of the concentric coils upon cach other.

page_text: My further improvements in magneto machines, whereby constant currents are
produced without the aid of a commutator, and alternating currents are also
generated from the one machine, are shewn in Figs. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, & 9.
Fig. 4 is a plan, and Fig. 5 a side view showing details of the parts of this
arrangement; N,N, S, S, are double inducing permanent magnets fixed with like
poles on one side, and on each side of the induced coils E, E; the coils are connected
across at D and thus form one electro magnet, the wire on each limb being wound
in opposite directions, and their inside ends connected together. The centre or cross
piece D of this electro magnet is made of thicker iron than the limbs, and has its
ends extended beyond the coiling on those limbs, and has also a coil of wire wound
upon it separate from the other coils. The above electro magnet constitutes one
element of the induced system; any number of these can be placed round the rim
of a wheel R, or otherwise, and connected together as desired, the current being
taken off from the two end wires. The wires from the intermediate coils may be
kept separate or connected by means of a simple commutator to the main wires on
the electro magnets E, E. The action of this machine is as follows:-Upon rotating
the electro magnet coils E, E, in close proximity to the magnets N,N, S, S, electric
currents are induced in them, which currents are from tho special construction of
the coils in the same direction, and are assisted by the magnetizing action which
the currents have upon the electro magnets E, E. The limbs being arranged as
shown are each magnetized by the current with one polarity only, and thus assist
the inductive action, and moreover this current is kept of a constant strength from
the inductive magnetizing action taking effect alternately at each end, that is to
say, the N pole commences at the end of the limb and finishes at the centre of the
electro magnet E, whilst the S pole commences at the centre and terminates its
action at the end of the particular electro magnet. The cross connecting pieces D
of these electro magnet elements act as keepers to the permanent magnets when
they come opposite to them, as shown in the Figures; and these cross pieces D
being sufficiently large neutralize, or all but neutralize, the action of N,N, S, S, upon
the limbs of E, and thus magnetize those limbs and leave them ready for further
action, whilst from the making and breaking of the magnetic attraction of these
armatures centres D, alternating currents are induced in the coils of D independent
of the currents in E. Figs. 6 and 7 show plans of other arrangements of electro
magnets for carrying out this Invention. In Fig. 6 the electro magnet E is shown
in its usual form, but with this element the currents are strongest at the ends of the
limbs, the other actions however being the same as the preceding. In Fig. 7 the
magnet action is obtained without contact by magnetic induction through the
armature or cross piece D, which is separated from the coils E. The current
generated with this arrangement is more uniform than from the arrangement shown
in Fig. 6. I sometimes arrange so as to generate the currents by using electro
magnets for inducers in place of the permanent magnets N, N, S, S, and by
magnetizing the electro magnets from the currents induced from the residual
magnetism of their cores the machine then becomes a dynamo magnetic machine;
or I utilize the alternating currents to magnetize the inducing electro magnets.
Fig. 8 shows a front view, and Fig. 9 a side sectional view of a complete machine
constructed according to my foregoing Invention with the magnets and coils placed
round the frame. The essential features of the Invention hereinbefore last
described are the generating of currents of electricity of constant direction without
the aid of a commutator in the manner specified; the combining of the
magnetizing action of those currents with the wire induction across the coils, and
providing a period of rest or of demagnetization, and also the generating of
alternate currents as described with the same elementa.
In none of the previously described machines or apparatus do I limit myself to
the precise arrangements of parts as shown. I sometimes rotate the outside coils or
place them inside and rotate them, or I fix the coils on edge as shown in Fig. 9, and
otherwise combine or alter and make other forms of machines for substantially
carrying out the essential features of my Invention as specified.

page_text: The peculiar construction of improved automatic commutator which I employ
according to my Invention is as follows:-I arrange soft iron prolongations to the
ends of the surrounding and induced electro magnets E, so as to project down and
in front of a rim of soft iron attached to the commutator, the coinmutator itself
being made free to move on the axle, and attached thereto by a strong spiral spring.
Whilst the induced electro magnet coils are magnetized, the movement of the
commutator is retarded, but when the currents are changing and there is no
magnetism in those coils, the spiral spring exerts itself forward and assists the
changing of the commutator. The mode of fixing the commutator as above
described is useful in any magneto machine, not only by reason of the magnetic
action described above, but also by the centrifugal action which may be made to
retard the commutator so as to correspond with the retention of magnetism in the
cores; I refer more especially to its use in the Paccinotti machine.
My improved electric light apparatus consists essentially of an arrangement for
making good electrical contact on electrodes, whilst the movement of the electrode
is rendered more certain, and the lateral and forward pressures thereon have a
definable and adjustable ratio the one to the other. I further arrange a short
circuiting contact in combination with the above. Also of an arrangement of
contacts and supports for electric lights, whether on the incandescent or arc system.
Also of improvements in the details of such lamps. Also of an improved system &
arrangement for regulating the length and steadiness of a voltaic arc light, and
keeping it constant. Also of a new electrode, whereby the arc light may be formed
by the electrodes being kept touching each other; also of the special use of carbon
as a convenient resistance for electric light circuits.
I will now proceed more particularly to describe the above improvements.
Figs. 10 to 14, Sheet 2, show the applications of contact jaws to incandescent
electric lights, and Figs. 22 and 23 an arrangement for clamping the lamp and
making good electrical contact.
Figs. 15 to 21, Sheet 3, show various applications of the contact jaws to arc
lamps, and also special constructions of such lamps.
Fig. 10 is a front sectional view of my application of contact jaws to an
incandescent lamp, as well as an improved construction of such a lamp, and Fig. 11
is a side view of the same.
Two jaws J or contact clips of a bell crank form are pivotted to the guide or
nipple N, the lower arms of these jaws being horizontal, and the upper arms inclined
so as to meet together. Passing through the nipple N there is a tube T with a
pivotted flange F at the top, and with a collar C and rollers R near the bottom end,
shown separately in Fig. 12. A weight W is suspended from the rollers by means
of a cord, and through the medium of the flanged tube presses upon the bottom
arms of the jaws, and pressing the top arms of the jaws together The cord also
passes through a roller fixed to the underside of the pencil electrode holder H,
shown separately in Fig. 13. The pencil electrode E is inserted in the socket S at
its end, and is guided into the guide nipple N, passes through the jaws J and
impinges upon the terminal electrode E', so that the weight acts in a double
manner by pressing the pencil electrode E upwards, and also at the same time
restraining it and making good contact by the pressure it exerts on the jaws J.
By making the length of the inclined arm of the cranked contact jaws J greater or
less than the horizontal arm, the upward pressure of the electrode can be
regulated to any nicety, and inorever the supporting flange F being pivotted, any
inequality in the pencil electrode E causes the flange to tilt up, and one half of the
pressure of the Jaws J to be supported on the fixed holder or nipple N, thus
relieving the pencil electrode E. When the electrode E has completely burned
away to its end, the end S of the socket rod H, which is shaped to be larger than
the pencil electrode, presses a small contact bell crank arm L, shown separately in
Fig. 14, and so short circuits the lamp. I prefer the contact jaws above described
to be made of copper, or of copper with an insertion of graphite, which latter I
find keeps the contact clean and free from oxidation. I also prefer the terminal

page_text: electrode E', which may be of any convenient shape, to bo of copper with an
insertion of graphite. I also arrange such a lamp to work in an inverted or any
other position. I am aware that the incandescent system of electric lighting is
well known, & therefore I lay no claim thereto, the essential features of this
part of my Invention being the application to incandescent electric lights of the
peculiar construction and arrangement of contact jaws, whereof the pressure of
the pencil electrode on the terminal electrode can be made very slight,
whilst good electrical contact is maintained on the pencil. Also the peculiar
arrangement of the lamp, and especially the method of feeding the carbons and
short circuiting the lanp, and also the peculiar contact jaws above described
for the purpose of regulating the movement of the electrodes in arc lamps.
In adapting my contact jaws to electric arc lights I sometimes fix two insulated
projections on the underside of the terminal electrode, so that as the electrode
consumes the upward movement is regulated by the coning of the electrode at or
near its point; or I sometimes make the top electrode in the above arrangements in
the form of a disc fixed with its edge presented to the point of the pencil electrodes,
and provide mechanism so that the said disc may be rotated by the opening and
closing of the jaws, thus presenting fresh surfaces to the electric action. I arrange
an electro magnet M, see Fig. 15, Sheet 3, in the circuit under the soft iron contact
jaws J, J, which are hung or supported on two links L, L, and form an armature to
the electro magnet M, M. When the circuit is completed by the contact of the
electrodes E, E', and the current is sent through it, the electro magnet M attracts
the contact jaws J and presses out the adjustable springs S, S, and by the parallel
movement allowed by the links forces the electrode down, and by means of the
cords and pulleys R attached thereto lifts the top electrode E¹ up and forms the
As the electrodes E, E', burn away and the length of the arc increases the
resistance also increases, and the current weakening to a corresponding extent the
attraction upon the armature Jaws J, J, decreases until the weight W assisted by
the springs S, S, opens the jaws J, J, and allows the electrodes E, E¹, to meet
together. This action may be aided if desired by coiling a part of the electro
In combination with
magnets with wire forming a shunt circuit to the arc.
electrodes moved together by a cord and weight, as in the lamp just described, I
arrange the peculiar check or controlling apparatus shown in detail Fig 16
pulley R is free to turn on the end of an arm a pivotted at a¹, the edge of the
pulley R being milled. Above the pulley is an adjustable screw K; the cord is
passed round the pulley, and should the cord be jerked by the weight W falling
abruptly the pulley R is carried upwards against the screw K, and its movement
is stopped, thus checking the fall of the weight W and the movement of the
electrodes E, E', and giving the electro magnet M time to act; the pulley R falls
immediately afterwards by its own weight into a position of rest.
arc.
A
Another application of contact jaws is shown in Figs 17 to 19, of which Fig. 17
is a front view, and Fig. 18 a plan. The electro-magnet M with its wire in the
main circuit has its top end connected by soft iron to the foot plate p and armature m,
which armature is pivotted at a'. To this armature m at the end of an extended
piece a there is loosely jointed a link 2, to the lower end of which are jointed two
other cross links c, c, these again being jointed to two contact jaws J, J, which are
pivotted at ',, to a cross piece O, as shown in detail at Fig. 19. On the other
side of the lamp there is an electro magnet M¹ similar in form to M, but with wire
of considerable resistance connected to a distinct and auxiliary circuit wire leading
from the machine. The armature m³ of this electro magnet is connected to the
cross piece O by means of the intervening lever T, and connecting piece t. The
carbon electrode or electrode holder E' passes through a guide tube G, and between
the contact jaws J, J, and then butts against the lower electrode E, which is fixed
in an adjustable holder H suspended by the frame.
The action of this lamp is as follows:-When the main current passes through
the coil M the armature m is attracted; this lifts up the link L, and through the
two links c, c, tightens the jaws J, J, upon the carbon rod E¹, the jaws J, J, being

page_text: weighted just sufficiently to clamp the carbon rod E¹, which after being clamped is
lifted to any extent adjustable by the screws 8, 8, and so forms the arc. At
intervals currents are sent from the machine through the coils of M¹ by means of a
make and break contact; these currents momentarily attract and release the
armature m¹, and move the connecting pieces T, t, to an extent adjustable by the
screws 8, 8, and through them the cross piece 0 This movement is then com-
municated to the jaws J, J, and causes them to oscillate or rock the cross piece o
moving upon the centre of the lower ends of the jaws which hold the electrode
This movement of the jaws momentarily frees the carbon electrode or holder E',
which falls to a very small extent by its own weight, the rocking movement of the
jaws taking off the frictional grip of the jaws one after the other, whilst the jaws
always maintain a good hold of the electrode; thus a feeding movement is given to
the carbon electrodes, which can be accurately adjusted to correspond with the con-
sumption of the carbons, and being regulated from the machine any increase or
decrease of speed increases or decreases the rate of feed in proportion.
I arrange the before described jaws J, J, if desired, so as to give an up and down
sliding parallel movement of greater amplitude than can be obtained from the
rocking movement; this is effected by pivotting the cross piece O at its centre onto
the tube, but I do not limit myself to the method of rocking the jaws above
described, which may be rocked or moved by clockwork, by the action of an electro
magnet in a circuit forming a thumb to the arc, or in a variety of convenient ways.
I also arrange in combination with this lamp a short circuiting or switch contact C
actuated by the weight of the carbon holders E'. When the carbon is nearly
consumed the holder E releases the weight w, which falls upon and changes the
contacts C. The essential features in this application of the contact jaws consist in
arranging those jaws so as to clamp and lift the carbon; also in giving those jaws
a shifting movement in order to release or slide the friction grip, and allow the
electrode to progress forward.
Fig. 20 shows an arrangement of contact jaws J, J, in connection with an electro
magnet M, whereby by means of the prolonged pole pieces or armatures m, m, of
soft iron with rollers r at their ends, supported and kept in contact by the
adjustable springs S, S, the rollers r having a slot and a free movement alternately
up or down, the movement of the electrode is regulated by the increase or decrease
of the attraction of the electro magnet upon the armature m, m, according as the
current increases or decreases, owing to the increase or decrease of the length of the
arc, whilst contact is always maintained on the electrodes. A shunted coil may
be also arranged with the coil M so as to assist demagnetization for the above
purpose.
Fig. 21 shows another arrangement of contact jaws J, J, with an electro
magnet M. In this form the contact is maintained upon the carbon rod by
means of the weighted crank arms w, w, which have rollers r, r, at their ends.
The upward movement of the core m, m, of the electro magnet which is caused by
the current causes the pins p, p, attached to the end of the core to move to the top
of the double and peculiar shaped slots in J, thereby tending to straighten the
contact jaws J, J, and rollers r, r, and thus to tighten them upon the electrode E¹,
the descent of the core allowing the rollers to open out, the action of the current
upon the electro magnet M being as before described.
I support and mount any of the foregoing electric light lamps in such a way
that the act of fixing them in their supports also makes the contacts between the
two electrodes and the conducting wires; this I effect, as shown in the application
to the incandescent lamps in side view and sectional plan at Figs. 22 & 23, Sheet 2,
by means of a hollow clamp C in which the lamp is placed, one side c of the inside
of the clamp forming one contact insulated by I from the clamp C, a similar
insulated contact I, c¹, being on one side of the lamp (Figs. 10 and 11), whilst the
metal of the clamp forms the other contact with the main part of the lamp. The
act of fixing and tightening the clamp, and securing the lamp, makes the contacts
film. The wire w connected to the inside of the clamp is passed through a tube T

page_text: in a bracket support, and in other obvious ways in suspended and standard
lamps.
I also employ (see Fig. 24, Sheet 3) a system or parallelogram of links or rods L, L,
and so pivot them that the movement of two electrodes together may be regulated
to any exact extent, and the arc light maintained in a constant focus. This I
accomplish by simply shifting the terminal or fixed centres F, F, of the parallelogram
along a slotted groove G. In the position shown the top carbon El would move
downwards at twice the rate of the upward movement of the bottom carbon E, by
suitably adjusting or unscrewing the centres F, F, this can be altered more or less
as desired, and by bringing the two centres F, F, exactly together the movement of
both electrodes may be made equal; thus provision is made for any sized carbon,
and any variation in the rate of burning.
I also arrange a commutator or switch S with the lamp (see Fig. 25, Sheet 2),
together with a rod or stick of carbon R as a resistance equal in resistance to the
lamp when burning, and by turning a tap or key at the coinmutator I arrange that
the lamp may be lit up or put out at will without disturbing any other lights in
the same circuit, and also without interfering with the action of the machine, the
uct of turning the lamp out putting the carbon resistance in circuit.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of my said
Invention, and the manner in which the same is or may be used or carried into
effect, I would observe in conclusion that I do not confine or restrict myself to the
precise details or arrangements which I have had occasion to describe or refer to,
as many variations may be made therefrom without deviating from the essential
features of my said Invention; but what I consider to be novel and original, and
therefore claim as the Invention secured to me by the herein before in part recited
Letters Patent is,-
First. The generating of currents of electricity in magneto electric and electro
magnetic machines by combining the centres of induced electio magnetic coils with
inducing magnets, substantially in the manner and for the purpose hereinbefore
described.
Secondly. The peculiar combinations and arrangements of magneto electric and
electro magnetic apparatus, and their application and use, substantially in the
manner and for the purpose herein before described and illustrated by Figs. 1, 2,
and 3 of my Drawings.
Thirdly. The generating of currents of electricity in magneto machines by the
accumulative action and re-action of two concentric systems of electro magnetic
coils and inducing magnets, substantially as hereinbefore described.
Fourthly. The peculiar arrangements of magneto electric and electro magnetic
apparatus and their application and use, substantially in the manner & for
the purpose herein before described and illustrated by Figs. 1, 2, and 3 of my
Drawings.
Fifthly. The generating of currents of electricity of constant direction in magneto
electric and electro magnetic machines by the inductive action of magnets upon
electro magnetic coils, whereby the magnetizing action of the current is added to
the action of the inducing magnets, substantially as herein before described with
reference to Figs. 4 to 9 of my Drawings.
Sixthly. The so arranging of electro magnetic and magneto electric machines as
that there shall be a period of rest or demagnetization, substantially as hereinbefore
described in reference to Figs. 4 to 9 of my Drawings.
Seventhly. In magneto electric and electro magnetic machines the generating of
alternating currents of electricity together with currents of constant strength from
one and the same magneto machine, substantially as hereinbefore described and
illustrated by Figs. 4 to 9 of my Drawings.
Eighthly. The peculiar combinations and arrangements of magneto electric and
electro magnetic machines and apparatus connected therewith, and their application
and use, substantially in the manner and for the purpose herein before described and
illustrated by Figs. 4 to 9 of my Drawings.

page_text: Ninthly. The system or mode of regulating automatically the change in the
circuits of magneto machines by the magnetizing action of the commutator,
substantially as hereinbefore described.
Tenthly. In electric light lamps the so arranging the contact jaws as that the
lateral pressure on the electrodes and the forward movement of the same is
regulated, and a better electrical contact maintained, substantially as herein before
described and illustrated by Figs. 10 to 14 of my Drawings.
Eleventhly. The peculiar arrangement of incandescent electric light lamp, sub-
stantially as hereinbefore described and illustrated by Figs. 10 to 14 of my
Drawings.
Twelfthly. The peculiar combination and arrangement of electric light lamp and
contact jaws, substantially as herein before described and illustrated by Fig. 15 of
my Drawings.
Thirteenthly. The peculiar check and controlling movement, substantially as
and for the purpose herein before described and illustrated by Fig. 16 of my
Drawings.
Fourteenthly. In electric light lamps the peculiar arrangement and mode of
actuating the contact and clamping jaws, whereby the arc is formed and the feed
of the electrodes is regulated by the slip or moving of the contact jaws, substantially
as hereinbefore described and illustrated by Figs. 17 to 19 of my Drawings.
Fifteenthly. The peculiar combination and arrangement of electric light lamp and
contact jaws, substantially as herein before described and illustrated by Figs. 17 to 19
of my Drawings.
Sixteenthly. The peculiar combinations and arrangements of contact jaws for
controlling the feed of the electrodes of electric light lamps, substantially as herein-
before described and illustrated by Figs. 20 and 21 of my Drawings.
Seventeenthly. The peculiar arrangement of clamping device for making a double
electric contact, substantially as hereinbefore described and illustrated by Figs. 22
and 23 of my Drawings.
Eighteenthly. The peculiar mechanical arrangement for regulating the rate of
movement of electrodes one to the other in electric light lamps, substantially as
herein before described and illustrated by Fig. 24 of my Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said Henry Francis Joel, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Sixteenth day of June, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and eighty.
HENRY FRANCIS JOEL. (L.S)
Witness,
EDWIN P. ALEXANDER,
Consulting Engineer and Patent Agent,
14, Southampton Buildings,
Chancery Lane,
W.C.