IMPROVE- MENTS IN THE BRICKS AND THE INTERNAL WALLS OF FURNACES AND IN CONCRETE WALLS
Year: 1884

page_text: &num Concrete wals.
I, JAMES GILLESPIE, of Garnkirk Fireclay Works, in the county of Lanark,
Brick Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of my invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE BRICKS AND THE INTERNAL WALLS OF FURNACES AND IN CONCRETE
WALLS" to be as follows:-.
My said invention has reference to special improvements in the form and
construction of bricks which will make them more suitable for and also in the
building or forming of the inner walls or linings of the sides and tops of furnaces
with such bricks, all in a more durable manner than they have been heretofore.
The improvements consist in constructing the bricks (or their outer faces) which
are to form the inner surfaces or walls of furnaces, which require to withstand
intense heat, preferably of fireclay as usual, but by one improvement, with pins or
ledges or other projections on their outer ends or sides; or otherwise, with holes
or recesses through or partly through them, either for the purpose of inserting such
projections while making the bricks, or after they are made and baked, or for
retaining the building material. All for the purpose of and so that the whole
exposed surface between and over such projections, or the recesses when these are
employed, can be coated or lined with any desired thickness of "gannister,"
"dolomite," or other siliceous or fire-resisting loam, which would thus be securely
attached by the said projections or recesses to the bricks and walls so formed. Or
otherwise, these bricks may be made in the form of short, round, oval, or polygonal
tubes, or of any other ordinary form, with recesses between them, or holes through
or partly through them from their outer surface, into which the projecting pieces
may be built or cemented; or these tubes may be made the length of the bricks or
of a length equal to the thickness the wall is required to be, and parts of the tubes
may be made to project to receive the outer fire-resisting coating; or these bricks
may be formed with both projections and holes or either and have the holes or
recesses filled up with " 'dolomite," silica, or other fire-resisting substance, either
while or after being made, and also embedded in the same, or further coated outside
with the fire-resisting material when formed or fitted with the projections for this
purposes, all as before described, for binding the fire-resisting material contained
CP 1

page_text: within them and in which they are embedded together, and as a sustaining fibre or
framing within this composite wall, which in this case might be composed mainly
of the fire-resisting loam or material instead of the solid bricks as heretofore.
In some cases I make lateral holes through the walls or shells of these my
improved hollow or skeleton bricks, especially when used in building or making
concrete buildings or walls as the liquid or soft plastic cementing material would
thus fill all the recesses inside and outside of the bricks; and for which purpose
the improvements of my invention are quite as applicable as for the internal walls
of furnaces.
and in Concrete Walls.
I, JAMES GILLESPIE, of Garnkirk Fireclay Works, in the County of Lanark,
Brick Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of this Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed described and ascertained in and by the
following statement in writing, reference being had to the accompanying sheet of
Drawings, and to the figures and reference letters marked thereon; that is
to say :-
My said Invention has reference to special improvements in the form and
construction of bricks which will make them more suitable for, and also in the
building or forming of the inner walls or linings of the sides and tops of furnaces
with such bricks, and for the making of concrete walls, all in a more durable
manner than they have been heretofore.
And in order that the nature and novelty of my said Invention, and the mode
and means of putting the improvements thereof into effect or practice, may be
properly understood, I will now proceed to describe the same with reference to the
figures on the sheet of Drawings which I have hereunto appended for that purpose,
the same letters of reference indicating like parts in the several figures.
Referring to Figures 1 to 7 which show each a side and end view or section of
various constructions of bricks illustrative of different modifications of my
improvements. The improvements consist first in constructing these bricks A (or
their outer faces) which are to form the inner surfaces or walls of furnaces which
require to withstand intense heat, preferably of fireclay as usual, but by one
improvement of my Invention they are to be formed with pins a, or ledges, ridges,
or other projections a¹ on their outer ends or sides, as shown in detached side and

page_text: end view in Figures 1, 2, and 3 respectively; Or otherwise with holes or recesses a
through or partly through such bricks A from their front face, as shown in detached
Bide and end view in Figures 4 and 5 and 6 and 7, for the purpose of inserting
such pins a³ or projections at while making the bricks, or after they are made and
baked or built into the walls, with the pins and projecting ribs in them, as shown
in side and end views in Figures 5 and 7; All for the purpose of retaining the
clay or loam material forming the whole exposed surface, and filled in between and
over or around these pins and projections as, at, and within the recesses or hollows A¹
left between them in an equivalent manner.
By these improvements the whole inner walls of the furnaces may be formed or
lined with any desired thickness of "gannister" "dolomite " or other silicious
or fire resisting loams or clays, as indicated by dotted lines at A' in all the figures,
and which would thus be securely attached by the said projections a, a¹, a³, a*,,
within the recesses A¹ when such are used, in the bricks and walls so formed.
Figure 8 is an isometrical elevation of a modification of the improvements
analogous to that shown in Figures 6 and 7 in which back bricks or blocks A, A,
have the long narrow recesses a" formed in the joint between them sunk half in
each face, to receive and carry the front projecting ribs or tile plates a* for securing
and supporting the fire-resisting loam in the spaces A¹ between them. But these
plates a might be made broad enough to lie quite up to the back of the
blocks A, A, and so be built in between them without requiring cheeks a¹ in these
for the plates a*.
In some other cases or modifications of these improvements, the bricks may be
made in the form of short hollow round, oval, square, or other polygonal tubes or
blocks. Figures 9 and 10 illustrate square and rectangular hollow fire-clay bricks
or blocks A of this description cored out with one, two and more round holes A*
right through them, or it might be oval or other shaped holes for being filled with
the fire resisting loam, and leaving only a shell frame A for securely building them
over each other and forming the lining of a furnace. In some cases the blocks A
might be made shorter and have round fire-clay tubes a³, analogous to the pins in
Figure 5, inserted into their holes a projecting out in front sufficient to have the
thickness of fire resisting loam desired filled into these tubes a³ and the spaces A¹
around them. Or otherwise as shown in Figure 11 these tubes a³ might be formed
on the outer end of square bricks A, which, when built over each other, would
allow the tube parts a³ to project out to carry the lining of the fire-resisting loam
in hollow spaces A', A' within and around them.
Figure 12 illustrates an arrangement of the round hollow fire-clay tubes a³ built
over each other with flat tiles B laid between; and Figure 13 shows blocks of
three round tubes a but there might be other numbers, formed or joined together
by narrow intermediate webs b which enables them to be built over each other
without flat blocks B between them. In all these arrangements Figures 9 to 13
the fire resisting loam or clay material may be filled into the internal hollow
parts A² of the blocks or tubes A a, a, a while or after being made and before
they are built in, while this material is filled into the spaces A' around the hollow
blocks, when building and embedding them, and after they are built up.
By other arrangements these improved blocks A for the lining of furnaces might
be of any other ordinary flat or web forms which could be built over each other,
or on thin clay blocks or tiles B placed between each layer of the blocks A.
Figure 14 shows a modification of this construction and arrangement, in which the
blocks A are formed of a horizontal web A³, and one, two or more vertical feathers
or webs A* the full length of the thickness of the furnace wall or lining, this
arrangement leaving the long open spaces or channels between the vertical webs A*
to be filled with the fire resisting material as before described. And of a much
similar character are the three arrangements shown in Figures 15, 16, and 17 in
which the blocks A are respectively formed of vertical webs A* of an L, a T, and an I,
form in horizontal section, and built on thin tiles B of the full length of the
webs A or any narrower width desired between each layer of the web blocks A

page_text: leaving large rectangular spaces A¹ between the webs A' to be filled in with the
fire-resisting material while being built up all as hereinbefore described. These
fire-clay bricks or blocks of the various skeleton shapes forming a frame for
sustaining the dolomite or other fire-resisting silicious clays or substances thus
made to form the whole front face or walls of the furnace exposed to the intense
heat.
This improved system of making hollow shell or skeleton bricks is also applicable
to the building of concrete walls and buildings, in which case I build the walls
with the bricks all hollow, and make lateral openings at their end joints or through
their shells, to allow the semi-fluid or soft plastic concrete cement materials to run
in and fill up all hollow parts within, and also around outside the bricks and their
supporting tiles when these are used, the concrete cement material being filled in
after the skeleton wall is built up of any of these hollow forms of the bricks
described in reference to and shown in Figures 9 to 17.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
I claim is
1
')
First. The making of fire-clay or other clay bricks or blocks with projections,
or of a hollow or web partitioned form as a skeleton frame for filling in all the
open spaces left around and within the blocks, with dolomite, gannister, or other
silicious fire resisting loam or clay or substance for or in the building of the internal
walls or linings of furnaces, all substantially as and for the purposes and advantages
herein described in reference to and shown in the accompanying Drawings.
Second. The making of open or hollow clay bricks or blocks for and in the
building of these in open skeleton form for making concrete walls, foundations, or
other concrete work, all substantially as herein described in reference to and shown
in the Drawings.