Year: 1885

page_text: I, GEORG RUNG Subdirector of the Meteorological Institute Store Kongensgade
85, Copenhagen do hereby declare the nature of this Invention to be as follows:-
By the speed indicator to be described the indication of speed of rotation of a
shaft at any one time is obtained in a particularly easy and sure manner. The
apparatus is therefore of special importance for very quickly rotating shafts. It
consists mainly of a so called rotator and an indicator. The rotator is essentially
made as a centrifugal exhauster or a centrifugal blower, the object being according
to circumstances to produce either a suction or compression of air. It is actuated
either directly or indirectly by the shaft whose speed of rotation is to be measured.
The indicator serves to measure the amount of air exhaustion or compression
produced by the rotator. As the amount of this varies with the speed of revolu-
tion of the shaft, the indicator is thereby caused to indicate a measure for the
speed of revolution; from which this latter can be found either by calculation or
imperically or in both ways combined.
As indicator I use respectively either a vacuum gauge or a pressure gauge, which
parts may be of any suitable construction whatever, if they be only arranged to
work with sufficient accuracy between the limits caused by the circumstances under
consideration which of course may vary considerably..
According to a specially simple and for many purposes suitable construction of
the apparatus the rotator consists of a pipe which I call the exhausting pipe and
which is mounted in the middle of its length in a socket having a stud at right
angles thereto on each side. One stud forms a socket for fitting on to the shaft
whose speed of revolution is to be measured, while the other stud forms a gudgeon
having its bearing in a standard and is made hollow communicating at one end
with the interior of the aforesaid pipe and at the other end with a cap which fits
air tight against the standard and is connected by a pipe with a vacuum gauge.
As the aforesaid pipe is caused to revolve quickly (like the arms of a windmill)
being coupled by its socket to the shaft whose speed of rotation is to be measured,
a suction is produced in the cap and will be indicated by the gauge. The
apparatus may be varied greatly in form. Thus the bearing for the gudgeon in
the standard may be provided with a stuffing box for making air tight joint round
the gudgeon. The pipe to the vacuum gauge may be arranged in the standard
itself instead of in the cap and form a ground hollow conical "centre" fitting into
Price RI

page_text: the end of the gudgeon which must then be similarly ground, so that the gudgeon
finds its bearing on the centre instead of in the standard. For the exhausting pipe
I may also substitute two discs kept at a certain distance apart by means of more
or less radial straight or curved partitions or vanes, which cause the air between
the two discs to follow round with them for producing a suction through the
gudgeon. As the apparatus may thus be varied indefinitely the form described
must only be taken as an example.
When the rotator is constructed more or less like a blower the indication of the
speed of rotation of the shaft may be effected by air compression, and has a
number of vanes proceeding from the nave or socket fitted on to the shaft to be
indicated, and of an enclosing casing having suitable lateral suction openings round
the shaft or its prolongation either on one or on both sides. The indicator consists
of a pressure gauge which by a pipe conduit or directly is connected to the interior
of the casing at its circumference. By the revolution of the vanes with the shaft
air pressure is produced in the casing increasing from the central suction openings
to the circumference, and the amount of which is indicated by the pressure gauge.
This form of apparatus is especially applicable to centrifugal hydro extractors and
separators, the centrifugal receptacle or drum working within the outer casing in
the same manner as the aforesaid vanes within their casing because the air between
the drum and the casing is put into rotation by the rotation of the drum and
the air draught thus produced is a measure for the speed of rotation of the extractor.
This may be effected in many ways but by preference by inserting the ends of
pipes in the space between the centrifugal drum and its casing, the openings of
these pipes being directed either against or away from the air draught and thus
compressing or rarefying the air in the pipe or conduit leading to the pressure
gauge or vacuum gauge. A combination of both actions is very suitable and in
that case the two conduits are carried each to its branch on a common pressure
gauge formed by a U shaped pipe.
In the blower construction described the speed of rotation of the shaft may also
be measured by suction. The lateral suction openings in the casing are then
united by preference as air-tight as possible with a vacuum gauge, which of course
may be done in many ways. To prevent mistakes in measuring owing to leakages
in the joints I form suitable outlet openings in the casing in its circumference or
close to it.

page_text: I GEORG RUNG Subdirector of the Meteorological Institute, Store Kongensgade
85, Copenhagen, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner
the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by
the following statement:-
By the speed-indicator to be described the indication of speed of rotation of a
shaft at any one time is obtained in a particularly easy and sure manner. The
apparatus is therefore of special importance for very quickly rotating shafts. It
consists mainly of a so called rotator and an indicator. The rotator is essentially
made as a centrifugal exhaustor or a centrifugal blower, the object being according
to circumstances to produce either a suction or compression of air. It is actuated
either directly or indirectly by the shaft whose speed of rotation is to be measured.
The indication serves to measure the amount of air exhaustion or compression
produced by the rotator. As the amount of this varies with the speed of revolu-
tion of the shaft, the indicator is thereby caused to indicate a measure for the
speed of revolution, from which this latter can be found either by calculation or
imperically or in both ways combined.
As indicator I use respectively either a vacuum gauge or a pressure gauge, which
parts may be of any suitable construction whatever, if they be only arranged to
work with sufficient accuracy between the limits caused by the circumstances
under consideration which of course may vary considerably.
The accompanying drawings show two specially simple and for many purposes
suitable constructions of the apparatus.
In Fig. I, sheet I, the rotator consists of a pipe R which I call the exhausting
pipe, here shown open at both ends, and which is mounted on a spindle S having
its bearings in two standards G and G₁. One part of spindle S carries a pulley P
while the other part of the spindle is made hollow communicating at one end with
the interior of the pipe R and at the other end with a cap C which fits airtight
against the standard G₁ and is connected by a pipe L with one or more vacuum
gauges I, I₁
As the pipe R is caused to revolve quickly (like the arms of a windmill) by a
belt-connection over pulley P and a pulley ou the shaft whose speed of rotation is
to be measured a suction is produced in the cap C and the amount of which will
be indicated by the gauges I, I---、
The apparatus may be varied greatly in form. Thus the bearing for the hollow
part of spindle S may be provided with a stuffing-box for making airtight joint
round this part of the spindle.
VI
I may close the one end a of the exhausting pipe R and only keep the other
open or I may employ any number of pipes R on the same spindle S or I may
vary the shape and sectional area of the pipe R, in every case the same vacuum
will be produced in cap C for the same speed of rotation if only all the open ends a
are kept in the same radial distance from the axis of spindle S.
The pipe L to the vacuum gauge I or vacuum gauges I, I,
in the standard G₁ itself instead of in the cap
.
, may be arranged
and form a ground hollow conical

page_text: "centre" fitting into the end of the hollow end of spindle S which must then be
similarly ground, so that the spindle S finds its bearing on the centre instead of
in the standard. I may also connect the spindle S direct to the shaft whose speed
of rotation is to be measured and thus do away with pulley P and if convenient
also do away with standard G.
The vacuum produced in cap C varies as already described with the speed of
rotation of pipe R but will also vary with the density of the atmosphere. The
density of the atmosphere varies with its temperature and the barometric pressure.
It is however necessary that the indication shown by the vacuum gauges should be
the same for the same speed of rotation of pipe R independent of the density of
the atmosphere, this is done by providing the open end or open ends a of pipe or
pipes R with a sliding tube T, Fig. 2 sheet I, which I move more or less from
or towards the axis of spindle S according to the density of the atmosphere being
lower or higher than the normal density. In this manner I practically prolong or
shorten the exhausting pipe R according to the variation of the density of the
atmosphere and thereby produce the same vacuum in cap C for the same speed of
rotation of pipe R whatever the density of the atmosphere may be.
For the exhausting pipe I may also substitute two discs kept at a certain
distance apart by means of more or less radial straight or curved partitions or
vanes, which cause the air between the two discs to follow round with them for
producing a vacuum in cap C. As the apparatus may thus be varied indefinitely,
the form described must only be taken as an example.
The apparatus described in Fig. 1 and 2, sheet I, will only indicate the speed of
rotation, but not the direction of rotation.
In Fig. 3, sheet II, the rotator consists of the rotating pipes R and R, which are
mounted on spindle S S₁ the two parts S and S₁ of this spindle are hollow and
separated, one from the other, by a diaphragm as shown in the drawing. The
standards G and G₁ and the caps Ŏ and O₁ are constructed in the same manner as
described in Fig. 1, sheet I. The pipe R communicates by S and cap C_with
pipes L, and pipe R₁ in a similar way communicates by S, and C, with pipes L.
The pipes L and L, are connected with one or more indicators K and M.
The ends of the pipes R and R, are closed, but each of these pipes has a lateral
hole, h and has shown in the drawing, one of which therefore must always turn
against and the other in the direction of the motion.
The indication at K is done by a pointer V₁ of which the other end forms a vane V
moving in a box whose sides are formed by partitions m¹ m
The indicator M Fig. 3 will easily be understood by looking at Fig. 4, sheet II.
It is constructed of three glass-tubes 1, 2 and 4 which are partly filled with a fluid
as glycerine or the like.
The indication takes place in tube 4 where the fluid as will be explained later on
will according to the direction of rotation of the rotator move up or down from
its zero-position. This indicator is especially suitable on board a ship because the
motion of the ship will not affect that part of the fluid which is contained in the
indicating tube 4, but will only bring the fluid contained in tubes 1 and 2 to move
up and down. The figures and letters contained in Fig. 4 correspond with the
same figures and letters contained in M Fig. 3.
The indicators K and M are each provided with a lantern in order to illuminate
the indicating parts at night.
As the pipes R and R₁ are caused to revolve quickly, for example in a direction
which causes the hole h to move against the motion, a vacuum will be produced in
caps C and C₁, but the vacuum in C will be lower than that produced in C₁ because
of the resistance of the atmosphere in hole h.
As the vacuum in C, is higher than that in C the vane V on indicator K will
be caused to move towards m¹ and the pointer V₁ will point on B, and on
indicator M the fluid will sink below its zero.
If the direction of rotation of the pipes R and R₁ be reversed the vacuum
produced in cap O will be higher than that produced in C₁ and thus cause the

page_text: vane V and the pointer V₁ to move towards m and F respectively, and also cause
the fluid to rise in indicator M above its zero position.
The apparatus thus described in Fig. 3 will therefore be suitable for indicating
the direction of rotation of a shaft. Moreover the indicator M will also show the
speed of revolution of the shaft because the fluid in tube 4 Fig. 4 will fall or rise
from the zero position, according to the difference of vacuum produced in the
caps C and C₁.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
I claim is:
1. The application of rotating tubes in connection with vacuum or pressure
gauges of various constructions for thereby to obtain the speed and direction of
rotation of a shaft, either separately or together substantially as described and
shown.
2. The construction of fluid indicator M, Fig. 3 substantially as described and
shown.