IMPROVEMENTS IN DYNAMO-ELECTRIC AND ELECTRO-DYNAMIC MACHINES
Year: 1882

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Jules Albert Berly, Civil and Electrical Engineer, of
10, New Bridge Street, London, E.C., for an Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS
IN DYNAMO-ELECTRIC AND ELECTRO-DYNAMIC MACHINES." A communication
from abroad by Mr. Frédéric Victor Maquaire, Engineer, of No 8, Rue
St. Didier, Paris.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION filed by the said Jules Albert Berly at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 19th June 1882.
JULES ALBERT BERLY Civil and Electrical Engineer of No 16 New Bridge
Street London E.C. IMPROVEMENTS IN DYNAMO-ELECTRIC AND ELECTRO-DYNAMIC
MACHINES A communication from abroad by Frédéric Victor Maquaire, Engineer
of No 8 Rue St Didier Paris.
This Invention relates to improvement in dynamo-electric and electro dynamic
machines and is carried into practice as hereinafter described.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
1° In Fig. 1 two series of magnets or electro magnets are arranged in such a
manner that their contrary poles are facing each other, as shown in a and a',
b and b, c and c' etc, the consecutive poles a, b, c etc and a b¹ c¹ etc in each
particular series, being also of contrary names successively. Between these two
series of electro magnets, are placed two iron bars or two bundles of bands of iron
or of iron wire or other magnetic material. If the diagram of the magnetic field
produced by this arrangement is taken, it will be found that the lines of force so
developed are identical to those shown in Fig 1. From each polar face of the
electro-inductors start lines of force directed towards the bars or cores directly
opposite, and between the said cores, magnetic lines of force may also be observed.
These diagrams show that the two interposed bars or cores are through the
influence of the field magnets possessed of a polarity, invested to that of the opposite
inductors, and that these bars or bundles also have, towards each other an inverted
polarity for each plane passing through a pair of the inductors of the field
magnets a a, b, c c', etc, illustrating therefore the fact that the space situate
between two bars or cores of magnetic material interposed between two magnets or
electro-magnets of inverted polarities, as well as the spaces existing between these
Daire 21

page_text: bars or cores and the two inductors are filled by the lines of forces of three
magnetic fields. Fig 2, shows that in a plane perpendicular to that of the
longitudinal axis of Fig 1 and which plane is a section across one pair of opposite
inductors, all the spaces surrounding the two interposed magnetic bodies are
converted into magnetic fields as illustrated by the diagrams indicating the
disposition of the lines of forces.
This being the case if one or more electric conductors c and e¹ are wound round
each bar or core in a proper manner and caused to move within these so formed
magnetic fields, an electric current will be generated into these conductors and
Fig 2 indicates the respective directions of the inducted currents in the two
conductors.
For the same reason and invertedly a machine of this system will be set in
motion, under the action of an electric current being caused to circulate through
the conductors of the inducted (and of the electro magnets should the inductors
not be permanent magnets.)
The motion of the moveable portion may be a to and fro rectilinear or circular
one or what would be preferable a continuously circular one, the inductory or the
inducted organs being made to rotate.
Fig 2 shows that the currents circulating through the conductors situate between
the two inducted rings and crossing the same magnetic field, are running in the
same direction; this would be the cause of an unfavourable reaction taking place
between the contiguous cores of the two rings, an effect of reciprocal induction
taking place in that instance. In order to avoid this effect the sections or parts of
the inductors and inducted are distributed as shown in Fig 3 & 4.
2° We assumed in principle that the inductors of inverse polarities, were placed
facing each other so as to constitute three useful magnetic fields, if on the contrary
we place the inductors of the same polarity facing each other as is illustrated in
Fig 5 we will only obtain two magnetic fields situate respectively between each of
these inductors and the outside face of each inducted disc. The magnetic cores of
the two dises will therefore be possessed of polarities of the same name and inverse
to that of the inductors. The space situate between the two cores of the inducted
happening to be between two parts possessed of a similar polarity will be mag-
netically neutral. The conductors a a and b b not meeting any line of force in
that central region will not be submitted to any action resulting therefrom. But
in this case a reciprocal inductory effect will take place between the two contiguous
portions of the cores of conductors a and b which are situate very near each other,
parallel and through which currents of contrary directions are simultaneously
circulating, the reaction between the said cores will therefore be favorable.
In these particular conditions the result obtained is a series of concurring actions
as represented in Fig 5. A and B are the two inductors possessed of the same
polarity; A and B are the discs or rings or magnetic cores intervening between
the two inductors. The cores A' and B' being possessed of the same polarity inverse
to that of the inductors, the lines a a and b b indicate the two currents produced
under the direct action of the respective magnetic fields of the inductors A and B.-
As a and b are of opposite directions, parallel and in the immediate vicinity of ench
other, two new currents are generated by the reciprocate inductory effect which they
have on each each other, these two currents are represented by a' a" and b¹b".
The following sum of effects is therefore obtained.

page_text: This arrangement offers the advantage of utilizing two kinds of induction
concurring in their action and of affording a probable economy in the power
absorbed as regards the currents resulting from the galvanic induction these being
directly produced without depending upon any intermediary transmutation.
3° Our system of machine also allows of disposing the inductors in circular series
presenting on each of them and in the circumference of motion poles of the same
names and poles of contrary names either facing each other in planes radiating from
the axis of rotation or alternating in such a manner that the polar surfaces of one
of the inducting discs are facing the interpolar intervals of the other inducting disc
as shewn in Figs 3 and 4.
4° We can also arrange our system of machine so that the inductors are at the
same time of similar polarity on the circular series of each inductory disc and also
of a polarity of the same name, on the circular series of the disc facing it. In this
case it is not to be feared that the inducted rings should have their magnetic cores
uniformly polarized, totally and permanently owing to the preventive adopted
measure of fractioning of the soft iron of the cores as will hereafter be explained.
And in order to avoid the formation of abnormal consequent points" in the inasse3
of magnetic bodies constituting the inductor, it will be sufficient to construct the
machine in a double or twin form, that is to say with a double pair of inducted
rings as shown in Fig 6.-In that arrangement the central inductor disc T is
constituted by rectilinear magnets or electro magnets having on their poles facing
the first pair and the other pole facing the second pair of inducted rings.
The extreme inductor discs uu being magnetically connected through the iron
axle V constitute a kind of electro magnet of a peculiar shape and having its poles
looking towards each other like a double cog wheel the teeth of which should be
formed by the inducting coils. The advantage of this arrangement is to operate
two inducted systems with only three inducting discs and generally n inducted
with n x 1 inductors.
The
arrangements described in paragraphs 3° and 4° by which the circular series
of the inducting poles is entirely of the same name on each inducting disc, presents,
besides, a very important general feature as regards to the absolute utilization of
the magnetic action of the inductors as contrarily to what exists in all the machines
for producing electric currents which have been manufactured until now, no
magnetic line of force, whatever can be formed in the lateral spaces situate between
the inductors, since all the inducting poles placed on each disc are of the same
polarity. The magnetic action of this system is therefore all utilized in front of
and normally to the series of inductors or otherwise exclusively directed towards
the inducted and in these conditions a maximum yield of inductive effect is secured
for each unit of magnetic energy transmitted to the inducting masses.
If we suppose that the inductors are permanent magnets or that the polarity of
the electro-magnets which constitute them does not change, it is evident that the
result from the various arrangements which we have described will be such that if
some electric conductors are wound round the magnetic cores of the inducted and
set in motion relatively to the inductors, these conductors will be the seat of
induced currents alternately of contrary direction. These currents will therefore
be alternating.
In order to obtain commuted or continuous currents it will be sufficient to
subdivide the inducted in sufficiently numerous elementary sections and to connect
them in the usual fashion with a collector, commutator, similar to those which have
been in use since the origin of induction machines such as Pixi's, Clarke, Paccinotti,
Gramme, Siemens, etc, so as to collect by means of appropriate organs of contact
the currents converging towards the neutral regions of the magnetic fields.
These organs of contact may be adapted on the collector or collectors of currents
in equal number to that of the inductors of the series of one disc, so as to form as
many circuits as there is pairs of inductors, or they may be joined together in order
to enable combinations of circuits to be formed. The fractional sections of the
inducted can also be joined together whatever may be the number of couples of

page_text: inductors so as to form either one single circuit or combination of circuits and this
on the condition that the said grouping either in a single circuit or in a combination
of some circuits, only takes place between similar and equal fractional sections, that
is to say symmetrically situated as regards their positions towards the inductors,
see Fig 7.
The machine may be made self exciting in utilising for the purpose, the totality
or a portion only of its inducted current, and this result can be secured by the
following arrangement:
The wire wound round the electro-inductors, is made into as many isolated
circuits or distinct conductors, that there is sections or fractional circuits of the
inducted in an interpolary interval from axle to axle. In this manner, a inaximumn
of excitation of the inducteur will correspond to each of the positions of maximum
induction of each fractional inducted section.
In Fig 7 we have the case of two circuits only, being situate in each interpolary
space. The inductors are indicated by the arcs e N, e S, e' N e' S, This Figure
represents two series and ', joined so as to conduct the currents of all the
fractional sections of these series to their particular collector, as shown in Figures
8 and 9.
The organs, intended for the collection of the current are in this case disposed
on two consecutive sections of the particular collector of that series. Each of
the circuits or group of homologous circuits of the inducted, acting as a source
of inducting current will terminate at a special invertor-collector and from thence
travel to its particular circuit in the inductors. In this case the moment of the
actions exerted by the totality of the inducting currents will be represented by a
sinusoide indicating for the general region of the system a number of maxima of
magnetic intensity equal to the number of the sections of the inducted comprised
into an interpolary space from axle to axle.
In
The following arrangement could also be adopted: The inducted conductors
being divided into a number of elementary groups, equal to that of the inducting
elements are joined into one or many circuits according to the totality or a portion
only of the inducted current being used for exciting the inductors. The inducted
exciting current is collected by two insulated rings in order to be from thence
directed into the conductors. These latter then change their polarity for every
passage of one inducted section from one polar region to the following one.
that manner the actions in the inducted all take place in the same direction. It is
only necessary to have in this case two similar systems twinned on the same axle
and to use the inducted of one for exciting the inductor of the other, and vice
versa so that the moment of the maximum of excitation of each inducting system
can be regulated so as to correct a possible discrepancy and to coincide with the
position of each inducted system giving the maximum of effect.
In order to render the machine self-exciting the inductor could also be placed in
shunt or derivation on the inducted circuit adding a commutator on the inducting
circuit and a greater or lesser resistance could also be introduced in the inducted
circuit without altering the working of the machine.
Having now exposed the principles, on which are based, in our system of
duo-magnetic inducted generation, the production of currents, we will now now
describe some other essential dispositions of their construction, and the observance
of which will give for results an increased per centage of useful work, the better
preservation of the working parts of the machine and an easy and reliable
working.
In the current generators in which the inducted possess a core of soft iron, there
exists a cause of reduction in the yield or loss of work which we have avoided.
The current inducted in each elementary circuit acts on its core of soft iron
having a tendency to give it a polarity the reverse of that which it takes under the
influence of the inductor. There results from this in those cores a permanent
tendency to the formation of "consequent points" at each extremity of the circuits
or elementary sections. This counter polarization which is the greater as the

page_text: cores,
inducted current is more intense, reacts on the inductor, reducing its power. The
consequence of these unfavorable reactions, is a very incomplete utilization of the
magnetic forces brought into play and under the action of which the currents must
be generated. Besides, in the majority of cases, this counter polarization of the cores
is facilitated by their very form as their greater lengths present themselves in tho
direction of the movement, that is to say in the direction in which the alternating
polarities of the inductor succeed to each other. The magnetic core being without
any interruption in that direction the "consequent points" are formed without
obstacle. For the same reasons, the numerous depolarizations which must take
place in the core are subject to an unfavorable delay which adds itself to others.
In other words a notable proportion of the power employed is gratuitously lost.
We have remedied these defects by adopting the following arrangements. Instead
of making the magnetic cores of the inducted with continuous solid pieces, bands
or bundles of wire, or in such a manner that the direction of the greatest length be
parallel to the relative motion of the electric organs of the machine, we have
divided the soft iron cores into sections perfectly insulated, magnetically from each
other taking particular care that such sections present the shortest possible
dimension in the direction of the plane of motion. Experience has led us to
adopt for the dimension in that direction, a width of section of the core equal to an
interpolary space of the inductor, but the said width can also be of any other size.
These arrangements offer the advantages of facilitating a rapid depolarization of the
of leaving them consequently the greatest amount of neutrality during the
working of the machine and of reducing the perturbations of magnetism in
the inducted and by reaction in the inductor. We therefore construct the
generators of our system in the following manner: In Figures 10 and 11 A is
a copper or brass ring, A¹ are spokes fixed at one of their extremities into the
ring A and branching fork wise at the other extremity and to the two branches
of the said fork are attached the two large brass rings B, B1, the said rings being
made to support the whole of the inducted system and to secure it to the frame
of the machine, by means of the stays P. C. C. (Fig. 10) are illustrating two of
the inducted cores; they are mere pieces of soft sheet iron and are shewn in
profile in C. C. (Fig. 11). The attachment of these cores are made by means of
non-inagnetic materials, and the said cores terminate against some pieces of sheet
iron E, E, E E', by ineans of which they are secured at their extremities to the
circles A and B. Two of these elements of magnetic cores are shown in F (Fig. 10)
covered with the inducted wire, the mode of winding the said wire being illustrated
in F (Fig. 11). This winding is such that on each elementary coil the number of
layers of wire is the same for the smaller as well as for the larger radius, this result
being obtained by leaving inside the coil a space or cavity calculated so as to coin-
pensate the spaces in width with the spaces in depth obtaining therefore at the last
layer of wire of the coil, two parallel surfaces without any space being left
unoccupied between the wires. In the case of machines of large dimensions the
elementary coils of the inducted would be given the shape of a rectangle instead of
a trapez and would then be wound in the customary manner with an equal
number of layers of wires on all their parts; an interior space or cavity being
however provided round the core and at equal distances from it. These arrange-
ments of the inducted in our machines are possessed of a very important special
property all metallic pieces, crossing magnetic fields successively of contrary
directions, are liable to become heated when they do not constitute an open
circuit, formed of conductors of feeble section or a closed circuit formed by a
sufficiently external resistance, the magnetic core becoming in this case heated
in a particular manner, communicating their heat to the conductors of the inducted
of which they increase the resistance at the same time offering a source of danger
to the insulation and rendering uncertain and dangerous the working of the
machine when dealing with intensities of a certain importance. The space or
cavity reserved in each of our elementary inducted, suppress these inconvenients,
giving to the cores and inducted wires, the surfaces of which are continually bathed

page_text: in the current of air impelled by the motion of the machine, a very great amount
of cooling surface. In order not to uselessly absorb power in this ventilating
process, we wrap the movable inductors so as to regulate at will the quantity of air
set in motion taking care at the same time to shape the movable organs in such a
manner that their profile are figures of revolution, the axles of which coincide with
that of the machine.
The heating of the magnetic cores might still be further reduced by causing them
to act as conductors. The inducted bobbins I of elliptic sections presented enlarged
poles M. N. O. terminating laterally according to radia of the disc, so as to more
definitely actuating the inducted conductors when approaching them as receding
from them. The inducting wire is generally constituted by several conductors,
insulated individually, wound up simultaneously and allowing of an easy joining
in series or quantity, in one or several distinct circuits which can be fed by par-
ticular currents, generated either by the induction of the machine, or by independent
sources.
Besides the working qualities which we have succeeded in giving the generation
of electric currents, there remained for solution a few points connected with the
practical uses of these machines, such as facilitating the independent working of the
various organs; reducing the chances of accidents and rendering the repairs easy
and cheap. The division of the inducted and their movability, which is obtained
by a very simple arrangement allow of these said few points to be solved, without
in any way affecting the capability of the machine, or at all interfering with its
strength or the condition of ventilation and permanent control, which it is necessary
to exert on these machines, all the parts of which are interchangable with the
greatest ease.
The facility of removing the inducted bobbins in the magnetic field allows,
besides the convenience which it offers, to arrange them either separately or in
groups or series, to be moved in the direction of the radius so as to be made to
approach to or recede from the centre at will, and this motion, can be obtained,
either at the machine or from a distance, the distance of the coils from the centre,
that is to say their position into the magnetic fields being regulated in those cases
either by hand or by means of an electric motor automatically under the action of
a regulator of intensity of current. This motion of the inducted coil which can be
effected during the working of the machine, causes the said inducted coils to more
or less penetrate into the inductive magnetic field. The work of clectric induction
can therefore be indefinitely varied from zero to the maximum of power of the
machine, either with only elementary inducted coil or with one or more series or
the totality of them.
This arrangement allowing of the partial or total withdrawal of the inducted
bobbins outside of the magnetic field has for its consequence to do away not only
with the work resulting from the induction on the conductors of the open circuits
of the inducted, but also to suppress the important unnecessary work resulting
from the reaction which took place, between the inductive poles and the magnetic
cores of the inducted coils when the circuits of these latter are open and con-
sequently not in operation. The result is that with the said arrangement there is
a possibility of regulating the motive power expended in exact proportions to the
electric work which the machine is required to do. This is a point of capital
importance when it is connected with the large generators which will be constructed
in future.
Having thus fully described the said Invention as communicated to me by my
foreign correspondent, and the manner in which the said is performed, I wish
it understood, that I claim the principles and dispositions which characterize our
system of generators of electric currents and electro-motors and which are as
follows:
1° An inducted, fixed or moveable, formed of two cylindrical or disc shape rings
juxtaposited, between two series of inductors, permanent or electro-magnets.
These two rings constitute the inducted and are essentially formed each by a core of

page_text: soft iron or of any other magnetic material round which the wire to be inducted is
wound, a free space being maintained between this inducted conductor and the
magnetic core to insure its cooling by means of the circulation of air.
2° The construction of the magnetic core of these inducted in sections which can
be magnetically insulated from each other; the spaces between the sections being
normal to the direction of movement and as numerous as desirable.
3° Besides the generally adopted plan of placing the inductors in series
presenting alternately poles of contrary names in the direction of the movement
and also of contrary names if taken facing each other; we advocate the special
following dispositions: a the inductors in series presenting alternately poles of
opposite names in the direction of movement and poles of similar names facing
each other; the inductors in series consecutively presenting poles of similar
names in the direction of movement and poles of opposite names facing each other;
c the inductors in series presenting consecutively poles of similar names in
the direction of movement, and also poles of similar names facing each other,
the inductive and inducted systems having in this latter case, normally 'to be
duplicated.
4° Exciting of the electro-inductors by means of series of distinct current
acting simultaneously or not, by means of several conductors insulated from each
other.
5° The production by means of our duo-magnetic system, of two kinds of
induction, 1° a cinamo-magnetic induction, resulting from the relative motion,
between conductors and lines of force of magnetic fields: 2° single galvanic
induction, resulting from the vicinity of the series of conductors situate between the
two rings, conductors which are parallel and in which circulate simultaneously
currents of contrary directions, that is to say direct induction without intermediate
transmutation between the inductive cause and the effect of induction.
6° The integral utilization of the magnetic action developed by the inductors, the
lines of magnetic force being all made to be produced in the only utilizable region,
that in which the inducted system is moving.
7 The arrangement by means of which the sections of the inducted can be
removed independently from each other, being constructed in view of the said
removal, being rendered possible at any time even during the working of the
machine.
8° The regulation of the electric production of the generator of currents not
only by means of the variation of the inductive action generally but, and this is
particular to our system, by means of a variation in the quantity of inducted wire
submitted to the general inductive action this result being obtained by the sections
or elements of the inducted being made to more or less completely penetrate into
the inductive magnetic field and this either isolately or by series, automatically, or
at will.
In witness whereof I the said Jules Albert Berly have hereunto set my
band and seal this Nineteenth day of June in the year of our Lord,
11
J. A. BERLY. (L.S.)