IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR PUMPING, FORCING, AND EXHAUSTING OF STEAM, FLUIDS, AND GASES, AND IN THE ADAPTATION THEREOF TO PRODUCING MOTION, TO THE SATURATION, SEPARATION, AND DECOMPOSITION OF SUBSTANCES
Year: 1851

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
GWYNNE, of Lansdowne Lodge, Notting Hill, in the County of Middlesex,
Merchant, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
5Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Thirty-first day of
March, in the fourteenth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and
Successors, give and grant unto me, the said John Gwynne, Her especial
licence, full power, sole privilege and authority, that I, the said John Gwynne,
my exors, admiors, and assigns, and such others as I, the said John Gwynne,
by exors, admors, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others,
from time to time and at all times during the term of years therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England,
Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, in the Islands of Jersey,
5. Guernsey, Alderney, Sark, and Man, and also in all Her Majesty's Colonies
and Plantations abroad, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR
PUMPING, FORCING, AND EXHAUSTING OF STEAM, FLUIDS, AND GASES, AND IN THE
ADAPTATION THEREOF TO PRODUCING MOTION, TO THE SATURATION, SEPARATION, AND
DECOMPOSITION OF SUBSTANCES;" in which said Letters Patent is contained
(proviso requiring that I, the said John Gwynne, by an instrument in writing
under my hand and seal, shall particularly describe and ascertain the nature
of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed,
and shall cause the same to be enrolled in Her Majesty's High Court of

page_text: Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of
the said in part recited Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
John Gwynne, do hereby declare the nature of the Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascer-
tained in and by this present Instrument in writing as follows, reference being
had to the Drawings herein referred to, and forming part of this Specifica-
tion, and to the letters and figures marked thereon, that is to say :—
The said Invention consists of arrangements of machinery, apparatus, or
means relating to the application and employment of the principle of centri-
fugal force for various purposes to be herein-after described; and in order
that the said Invention may be readily understood, I shall now proceed to
describe the various Figures on the Sheets of Drawings hereunto annexed.
Fig. 1, on Sheet 1 of my Drawings, is a transverse vertical section of one
form or arrangement of machinery or apparatus, by the aid of which I employ
centrifugal force for pumping, raising, or forcing fluids, the section being taken
through the external case, pump,discs,suction or lift pipe, and foot valve case;
Fig. 2 is a corresponding vertical section at right angles to Fig. 1, through
the external case, and between the two revolving discs, and through the fan-
gential discharge or delivery pipe, the lift pipe being removed; Fig. 3 is an
external side elevation of the pump, with lift and discharge pipes complete;
Fig. 3 is a plan of the pump corresponding to Fig. 1; and Figures 4, 5,6,7,
and 8 are separate details of the mechanis:n on a larger scale. Fig. 4 is a
vertical section of the hollowsecondaryfoot valve of the suction pipe detached;
Fig. 5 is a longitudinal section of the short connecting pipe, with its internal
bearing forming the communication between the revolving disc and the suction
branch; Fig. 6 is a transverse section of the revolving duplex disc of the
pump; Fig. 7 is a longitudinal section of the balancing nut screwed into the
side of the external fixed case opposite to the admission aperture of the suction
pipe; and Figure 8 is a longitudinal section of the screwed gland for the stuff-
ing box of the balancing nut. The external case A, A, of the pump is formed
in two circular concave pieces, bolted together by circumferential flanges, and
furnished with base flanges for bolting down to the floor. It contains concen-
trically within in it the two hollow discs B, B, of a similar shape cast in one
piece, and held at a short distance asunder by slight transverse connections
and a long central boss, by which the whole, forming a duplex disc, is keyed
upon the driving shaft C. This shaft has on one end a driving pulley D, and
is supported at this point in a bearing on the top of the external pillar E,
whilst its opposite end' revolves in a bearing F' cast in the centre of the water-

page_text: formed
way of the short pipe communicating between the disc and the suction pipe.
This short pipe is entered into a central side aperture in the fixed external
case corresponding to the side opening in the revolving disc,and is secured to
the case by flanges. Its inner end projects through the external case, and is
formed with a V edge I to fit a corresponding annular V groove
round the central opening in the disc, to answer as a revolving water-tight
joint between the disc and lift pipe. On the opposite side of the pump are
corresponding openings in the fixed case and revolving disc, fitted up by the
hollow balancing nut G,which is screwed into the side of the case projecting
through it, and working in contact with the revolving disc by means of a
V-grooved bearing similar to that on the other side. In the outer end of
this nut is a stuffing box by which the driving shaft is passed through the
balancing nut. It is covered by the screwed gland H. The internal diameter
of this balancing nut is equal to the diameter of the openings in the disc, and
by screwing it up it is made to bear with any required pressure against the side
of the disc, and thus balance or neutralize the lateral fluid pressure on the
disc. The two sides of the revolving disc being placed with their concave
surfaces towards each other, are far enough asunder to leave a clear narrow
annular opening all round their peripheries of an area equal to that of the
admission aperture in the side of the disc, and between them is a radial arm
or impeller J extending from the box to the outer edge of the disc. This
impeller, which forms a division or filling-up piece between the sides of the
disc, is for the purpose of effectually imparting a circular motion to the water
when the pump is in action, and its breadth, and the consequent internal
transverse sectional area of the disc at different points, is such, that all annular
sectional areas at any radius shall be equal one to another, in order that the
fluid entering the disc, when revolving, may have a uniform uninterrupted
flow from the centre to the tangential discharge passage at the periphery. At
K, a fixed radial blade or stop is cast inside the external case on one side of
the base of the tangential discharge pipe L,and extending towards the centre
of revolution as far as the collar joints 1, being cut awa; in the centre to
admit of the clear revolution of the disc. This stop is for the purpose of
breaking the circular current of the fluid after it has left the revolving disc,
and to direct it upwards to escape by the pipe L. By forming the discharge
passage at a tangent to the disc, the fluid, when thrown off from the latter, is
at once directed to its point of escape, without the slightest interference with
the pumping momentum imparted to it by the revolution of the disc. Thus
the whole of the momentum generated in the pump is effectually applied to
discharge the fluid by the combined action of the fixed stop K and the tan-

page_text: gential passage, as whatever circular motion may be left in the fluid, on its
arrival at the stop K, is at once annihilated by the stop, and the momentum
which the fluid possesses,directed tangentially, is most beneficiallyapplied for
its effective discharge. The lower portion of this discharge pipe is cast tan-
gentially on the externally case, the upward continuation of the pipe being
bolted on above, where a side elbow branch is placed to receive a stop-cock
and receiver M, by which a small quantity of fluid is supplied to the pump as
a priming previous to commencing to pump. The suction pipe N has at its
lower extremity a foot valve O fitted to the face of the tubular cone P, and
beneath it is a secondary valve Q fitted on a seat in the chamber S directly
over the perforated supplying end R of the pipe. The upper valve O has a
tubular guide spindle working in a cross guide in the pipe above, and through
this spindle the spindle of the valve Q is passed from beneath, so that one
guide thus serves for both valves. The lower valve Q is made hollow, so as to
be considerably lighter than the upper one, the effect being that in case of a
tendency to accidental derangement from the presence of solid foreign matters
when the pump is to be stopped whilst the heavy valve will fall quickly into
its seat, the lighter one beneath will take a longer time to descend, and will
thus permit solid objects to fall through it at first, leaving the valve seat clear.
By this means the accidental lodging of foreign matters on the valve seat,
which in ordinary valves would effectually prevent the priming of the pump
on again starting, is prevented; and although I have herein described the
revolving disc as formed of two side pieces, with an annular circumferential
opening all round for the discharge of the fluid, I prefer to form the disc
according to one or other of the shapes represented in Figures 9 and 10,
or at a, b, c, d, and e.
Figure 9, Sheet 1 of my Drawings, is a side elevation of another form of
disc or pumping apparatus, and Figure 10 is a corresponding vertical trans-
verse section of the same. In this modification the disc, instead of being
formed of two hollow sides, is in one solid piece B, without an annular dis-
charging opening. The fluid is taken into the disc at the side by a central
aperture,and each side opening has a grooved collar bearing, as in my example
first described; but the discharge is effected by means of any convenient num-
ber of channels T. Discharge passages of this kind are most effective for
pumps which are lable to choke from the nature of the fluid or semi-fluid
upon which they act, as white lead or fluid mixed with solid matters. These
passages are represented in Figures 9 and 10 as having one side tangential
to the influx aperture, and the other radiating from the disc centre terminating
in a tangential opening at the periphery; but it is obvious that this detail

page_text: may be varied very considerably without injuring the effect. The diagram a
represents another modification of the same principle. It has a single radial
arm or impeller a¹,and one taugential discharge passage b',the circumference
of the disc being filled up or solid, except at the point of the tangential dis-
charge b. The diagram 6 has likewise a single impeller with four tangential
discharge passages, and the diagrams c, d, and e, are all varieties of the same
principle of construction, in as far as regards the formation of tangential dis-
charge passages. In all instances of the employment of impellers the breadth
of these surfaces is made narrowest at the periphery of the disc, gradually
widening until their edges intersect the inner surface of the opening in the
suction side of the disc, from which line to the boss the sides are parallel.
By another inodification a suction pipe is connected to each side of the disc,
thus dispensing with the necessity of a balancing nut, as the lateral fluid
pressure is in this arrangement equal on each side of the disc, and instead of
such a plan two discs may be placed on one shaft, but working in separate
external cases, and taking the water either from one common suction pipe or
from separate pipes, but on sides opposite to each other, in both cases doing
away with unbalanced lateral pressure.
Figures 1 and 2, on Sheet 2 of my Drawings, exhibit the application of my
improved centrifugal pump as an air pump, to work in connection with the
condenser of a marine steam engine. Figure 1 is a vertical section of the
condenser detached from the rest of the machinery,shewing the foot valve and
discharge pipe in section with an external side elevation of the pump.
Figure 2 is a corresponding external elevation of the pump and condenser
taken at right angles to Figure 1. The pump A, formed substantially as
described in reference to Sheet 1 of my Drawings, has its external case bolted
down by a bottom flange to a timber base by the side of the condenser. The
suction pipe B, cominunicating at one end with the lower part of the con-
denser, is attached at the other to the side of the fixed case, and opens into
the centre of the revolving disc within The horizontal driving shaftC,driven
by the end pulley D, carries the disc, being supported externally by the bear-
ing E, and inside the pump by a bearing in the short branch of the suction
pipe. The discharge pipe is at F, opening into the pump case by a vertical
tangential pipe in one piece with it. The internal lateral pressure is balanced
by the balancing nut and gland G and H, through which the driving shaft
passes to the pump. o disc. The foot valve J. guarding the entrance to the con-
denser K, works on a brass face in an enlarged portion at the end of the
suction pipe, and the water and vapour drawn through it by the rotation of

page_text: the disc is finally discharged through the wide vertical pipe L, bolted on the
top of the condenser.
Figure 3, on Sheet 2 of my Drawings, is a vertical section of a centrifugal
air-pump condenser and cistern for a stationary steam engine. The fixed case
A is bolted down to a timber base in the bottom of the cistern, and the
revolving disc B is keyed in the driving shaft C inside the fixed case. This
shaft, driven by the pulley D, is supported at its outer end in the bearing E,
and at its opposite extremity in the bearing F, in the branch leading to the
suction pipe. The pump is fitted with a balancing nut and gland G, H, and
the disc works on V-grooved side collars I round each side aperture. The
annular space for the centrifugal discharge of the fluid and vapour is at. J,
and K is the stop fixed in the interior of the case to direct the discharge.
The pump communicates with the condenser M by the suction pipe N bolted
at one end over an aperture in the side of the condenser corresponding with
the open end of the short central pipe for the inlet to the pump, and curved
downwards at the other, terminating in an expanded mouth to facilitate the
drawing off of the contents of the condenser. O is the rose injection pipe for
the cold water, and Q is the waste steam pipe communicating with the cylin-
der. To insure the presence of cool water round the condenser and pump in
the cistern Pa pipe is fitted at the top and bottom to allow a current to flow
through continuously, and pass off along with the heated steam delivered into
the cistern by the pump. By this arrangement of air pump great compact-
ness is secured,every thing being covered by the condenser cistern,except the
end of the driving shaft, which is passed through the side of the cistern by a
stuffing box to communicate with the driving power. According to another
modification of steam-engine air pump the disc may be driven by a small
rotatory emission steam engine worked by the waste steam on its passage
from the working cylinder to the condenser. A convenient arrangement of
this kind is to place the condenser beneath the steam cylinder, enclosing both
the emission engine and the pump disc in the condenser. For this purpose
the upper portion of the condenser is divided off from the lower part to con-
tain the emission arms fast on a vertical shaft passing directly through the
condenser, the waste steam from the cylinder being made to enter the upper
tubular end of the shaft, and issue at the extremity of the arms to give
them rotatory motion. The bottom partition of the engine chamber is
perforated with small apertures, through which theinjection water rises from a
second division beneath to cool the emitted steam.
The fluid and vapour
thence passdowna short central tube communicating between the top division

page_text: and the central aperture of the pump disc keyed on the emission engine shaft,
and revolving with it in a third division at the bottom of the tier. In this
way, after the steam has communicated its motion to the pump, it is imme-
diately condensed by the influx of cold water, the product being drawn off by
the pump disc beneath, and thrown into its case, whence it flows off by a side
discharge valve. The arrangement is susceptible of many modifications, but
it is obvious that the waste steam may in this manner be judiciously employed
in giving an effective continuous exhaustive action for the condenser.
Fig. 4, on Sheet 2 of my Drawings, is a vertical sectional elevation of a
vacuum sugar-boiling apparatus as fitted with my centrifugal pump for main-
taining the vacuum therein, the pump and pipes being represented in external
side elevation.
Fig. 5 is a corresponding plan of the vacuum pan and pump complete.
The pump A is bolted down to the bottom of the water cistern F, in which it
is immersed, and the suction pipe B passes from its central admission
aperture to the dome L on the top of the vacuum pan K The driving shaft
C carrying the pump disc is driven by the pully D and carried in the
external bearing E, being passed through the side of the cistern F by a
stuffing box. The balancing nut and gland are fitted at G, H, in the manner
which I have herein-before described. As the revolution of the
pump drains
off the air and vapour by the suction pipe B a jet of cold water entering this
pipe by the vertical pipe M meets the current and condenses it, when the
combined fluid and vapour is carried forward into the pump, and finally
discharged into the cistern. Hence the fluid flows away by a side pipe near
the top,cold water being constantly supplied by a similar pipe near the bottom,
Lo keep up a cool current inside the cistern to surround the pump. The
result of this application of the pump is that a uniform vacuum generating
power is constantly kept up, thus avoiding the objectionable effect of the
ordinary intermittent pumping action.
Fig. 1, on Sheet 3 of my Drawings, is a vertical longitudinal section of the
compound centrifugal apparatus which I employ for raising fluids from great
depths or to great heights, as in mining operations, also for obtaining a
powerful blast or exhausting power for pumping air or gases, or for any other
purposes where considerable pressure is to be obtained with a low rate of
revolution of the pump. The modification delineated in Fig.1 is intended as a
mine ventilator, and, when working with the air vessels shewn in dotted lines
above it, auswers as a mine pump for raising water. The diagrain, Fig. 1",
beneath, is a transverse section of the external case A of the pump. In this
arrangement the external cylindrical caseA is set horizontally, and has within

page_text: it four duplex centrifugal pump discs B, constructed in the manner herein-
before described in reference to Sheets 1 and 2 of my Drawings. These discs
are keyed near each other in a row upon the main horizontal driving shaft C,
supported at one end in the stuffing box of the balancing nut and gland
G, H, and at the other in a stuffing box formed in the bend of the descending
suction or air supply pipe L, outside which is the driving pully D. The
external case is divided internally by transverse partitions F, forming separate
compartments for the reception of each disc, so that the discs are all isolated,
and work quite free and independent of each other. Each compartment is
again divided transversely by radial arms or blades E cut through transversely
to the centre of the discs, so that the latter may revolve freely through and in
near contact with them, the effect of such blades being to break the circular
current of the air after leaving each disc, and to cause it to pass on from one
compartment to the other. The rotation of the shaft and discs tending to
produce a vacuum in the pipe L, the air from the mine or other place to be
ventilated enters the first disc of the series by its centraliulet being discharged
ns the disc revolves by the annular opening K into the compartment in which
the disc revolves. The air being thus compressed in this compartment by the
continuance of the centrifugal force arising from the revolutionof the first disc
is forced onwards by a central aperture in the fixed division separating this
from the next compartment. This apertures corresponds with or is opposite to
a similar opening in the next revolving disc of the series by which the air
enters this disc, and is again discharged from it into the second compartment,
as before. This action continues throughout the entire line of discs, which
may be extended to any suitable number to suit the pressure or ventilating
power required. In this arrangement the two external discs only have
V-grooved ring joints I, the intermediate discs simplyhaving central apertures
surrounded by annular projections to form joints on one side for the passage of
the air from one to the other, the final discharge being by the pipe J. The
effect of thus working a set of discs in concert is to gain a high compressing or
exhausting power with a moderately low rate of revolution of the driving shaft
and discs. The first or entering disc of the series acts just as an ordinary
isolated pump, giving a certain amount of compression to the air passing
through it. The second disc then repeats this effect; but, as it acts on air
already compressed, it bestows its own power to increase such compression.
The succeeding disc then adds still further to the compression arising from the
two first, until, when the air is finally discharged, the compressing or exhaust-
ing effect is increased just in proportion to the number of pumps combined
together, without involving an objectionably high rate of working. This

page_text: compound or combined pump is obviously applicable for exhausting air or
gases in all situations, or for compressing air or blowing furnaces, the pumping
discs being made either with annular circumferential discharge apertures, or
with tangential passages, as hereinbefore described. When applied as a
mine pump for raising water from great depths, its action is nearly similar,
with the addition only of the effect of an air vessel for each disc compartment,
as represented by the dotted lines in Fig. 1. When the internal fluid
pressure commences in the first compartment by the centrifugal action
of the water from the first disc, this pressure acts upon and condenses
the air contained in its corresponding air vessel above. This air pressure
of reaction I may for example suppose to be equal to that of a fluid
column of thirty feet high. By it the water is urged from the first
compartment through the central aperture of its division picce into the
second disc, the pressure arising from the combined effect of the two discs
being equal to a column of sixty feet of water; and the fluid is finally dis-
charged by the pipeJ at a pressure corresponding to the aggregate accessions
of force generated by the action of each individual disc. When pumping
water each disc has a V-grooved ring joint round its central inlet, as at I in
Figure 1. The pump may also be worked on a vertical shaft, the air cham-
bers being annular, and surrounding the external case, each communicating
with its disc compartment by an aperture in the external case.
For pumps
intended to transmit strong acids or matters injurious to metal I propose to
use gutta percha, or a composition thereof, or of caoutchouc instead of metal
in the construction of such pumps, in order to prevent injury from the matters
transmitted. I also propose to adopt my improved centrifugal pump, whether
single or compound, for the ejection of a stream of water for the propulsion of
vessels, and when so adapted I arrange a bilge valve in connection with the
pump, so that leakage water, or water flooded into the ship for the extinction
of fire, or for other purposes, may be withdrawn from the hold, and dis-
charged by the pump for propulsion.
Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4, on Sheet 4 of my Drawings, represent various views
and details of what I term my variable pressure centrifugal separator as applied
for the cleansing washing, and separation of raw or unrefined sugar, and the
matters therein containe.l, as well as for the treatment of various other matters
to which centrifugal force is applicable. Fig. 1 is a vertical sectional elevation
of the apparatus. Fig. 2 is a plan of the same, corresponding with a portion
of the cover broken away to show the interior. Fig. 3 is a transverse section
of a portion of the conical separating vesse!; and Figure 4 is a detail of the
same, shewing the adjustable scraper working in its interior. A is a conical
copper vessel for containing the sugar during the process of separation. Its

page_text: sides are perforated with conical or angular slots set closely together, the
narrower sides of the apertures being on the inner side of the vessel, as indi-
cated in Figure 3, where the arrows shew the direction of the passage of the
matters to be discharged through these openings, the object being to secure a
clear passage through for the molasses and fluids without the aid of steam or
water jets, as whatever particles can pass from the inside by the narrow slot
will make their way out by the outer wide side. The vessel A is keyed on the
vertical shaft B, which revolves in the adjustable footstep C, capable of being
elevated or depressed by the lever D, and having a rack E formed in the ex-
ternal fixed cylindrical case F to retain the handle in any desired position. The
driving shaft B has attached to it a screw or helical coil G, fitting closely to the
interior of the cylinder H, which has a funnel top I for the supply of the
matters to be treaded in the machine, the revolution of the screw with the shaft
having the effect of retarding the supply of matters to the case or vessel A.
The cylinder H is bolted over an aperture in the centre of the bottom of the
inner smaller conical vessel J, to the lower or interior surface of which is
attached a curved scraper K working in contact with the interior of the
vessel A. As this scraper traverses over the surface of the vessel A it is made
to adjust itself to any inequalities on such surface by a set of helical springs L.
One end of these springs bears against the small bracket M, and the other
against a collar on the short pin N connected to the scraper, so that the latter
Above the
may rise and fall to adapt it to the surface on which it acts.
revolving vessels an adjustable annular cover O is bolted to a ring flange near
the periphery of the inner vessel J, for the purpose of regulating the amount of
discharge of the cleaned sugar over the periphery of the vessel A, the adjust-
ment being effected by the screws P. At Q is a fixed or similar trough
hanging down inside the vessel J, being suspended from the cover of the case
F by the hangers R. This trough is for holding a supply of syrup or washing
fluid to be sprinkled over the sugar or other matters in the revolving vessel A,
through the perforations in the lower angular side of the trough, fitting close
over the surface of the vessel J, which is correspondingly perforated at this
point, the fluid so supplied being prevented from running down the interior
of the vessel J by a lip at S on this vessel beneath. The supply of fluid to
the trough is effected by the panel T, with a vertical pipe descending into
the trough. In working this separator separate and distinct movements are
communicated to the vessels A and J in the same direction of revolution. For
example: If the external vessel A revolves three hundred times minute,
then the inner one J may revolve at the rate of three hundred and ten times
per minute; and this differential velocity causes the scraper K to traverse
slowly over the surface of the matters in the vessel A, gently agitating them
per

page_text: and preventing their setting in lumps or clogging up the perforations in the
vessel A, whilst the curve of the scraper tends to keep the matters well in
towards the centre of the vessel.
A rotatory motion is given to both vessels
by the two pairs of bevil buff or surface wheels U, V, working in connection
with the horizontal driving shaft W over head. The main shaft B is actuated
by the smaller pair of wheels U, whilst the larger pair V similarly drive the
short tubular shaft X, fitting loosely over a collar at the upper end of the
shaft B, and connected by arms Y to the cylinder H, which thus carries round
with it the vessel J. A conical drum Z on the horizontal driving shaft W
gives motion to the shaft a by means ofthe corresponding conical drum b and
strap c. The shaft a again communicates motion through the bevil wheels a
to the feed regulating screw e working inside the inclined feeding channel f.
The arrangement of the cone drums thus enables the attendant to adjust the
rate of the screw feeder in such manner as to regulate or vary the supply of
matters to be operated upon, whilst the vessels A and J revolve at an
invariable rate. The semi-fluid matters separated from the substances treated
and the washing fluid are received into the iron vessel g, whence they are run
off by the pipe h. When in action the matters to be operated upon are
generally supplied to the hopper I by the screw feeder, and are gradually
drawn down the vertical cylinder H by the action of the revolving screw G
fast on the main shaft B until it is deposited in the bottom of the vessel A
at its centre. When the sugar or other matter reaches this point it is imme-
diately subjected to the action of centrifugal force generated by the rotation of
the vessel A, and, as this force increases in the ratio of the square of the velo-
cityof any given surface, the sugar or other matter to be operated upon is carried
up the side of the vessel A in its tendency to fly off from the centre of motion
The conical form of the vessel A causes the sugar or other substance to be
worked gradually up it to its greatest diameter at the top, receiving a rapidly
increasing centrifugal pressure as it rises up the inclined sides.
As, for
example, if the pressure at the flat bottom of the vessel A is five pounds per
square inch, the diameter being two feet, this pressure at a point halfway up
the side of the vessel would be increased to twenty pounds, and at its greatest
diameter would amount to eighty pounds, the velocity of revolution remaining
constant. When the matter under treatment has been divested of a portion
of its semi-fluid particles by discharge through the perforations in the vessel A,
and as risen up the iucline of the vessel opposite to the trough Q, a portion of
the cleansing fluid (if washing or cleansing is required in the operation) from
this trough is projected through the treated matter by the centrifugal force
acting on the liquid dropping from the trough. By this secondary action any.

page_text: remaining foreign matter is carried clear off, leaving the substance inside the
vessel A perfectly or nearly pure. When it is necessary to apply the effect of
steam, air, or gases, as in drying, the trough Q is used for this purpose, by
connecting the funnel T with the source of supply of such steam, air, or gases.
After this treatment the continued ascent of the substance brings it up to the
level of the periphery of the vessel A, over the lipped edge of which it is
thrown so as to fall into the outside fixed case F, furnished with openings for
its removal in the cleansed or finished state. The lid O may be adjusted in
height so as to permit of the escape of just so much of it as enters by the centre
below. The semi-fluid or other matter passed through the perforations falls
into the fixed conical case g immediately surrounding the vessel A, and is
thence drawn off by the pipe h at the bottom.
Figure 1, on Sheet 5 of my Drawings, is a vertical sectional elevation of my
centrifugal apparatus for moulding refined sugar; Figure 2 is an external
elevation corresponding; and Figure 3 is a plan or horizontal section of the
same, shewing one of the moulds in elevation. The vertical driving shaft A
works in a footstep B at its lower end, and is supported above by a collar
bearing C attached to the bottom of the external fixed case surrounding the
moulding apparatus. This shaft is driven by the fast and loose pulleys
arrangement D, E, beneath which is keyed on it a friction disc F. Imme-
diately above the collar bearing, and on the extremity of the shaft, is keyed a
malleable iron chamber G, round the circumference of which are a set of
circular or other apertures to receive the inner ends of the conical sugar
moulds H, each of which is fitted with an elastic band, to form a tight joint
with the chamber G, and prevent the waste of sugar.
The moulds in this
example, seven in number, are disposed of in a radial direction round the
chamber G, with their apices outwards, being held up at their outer ends by the
straps I, bolted to the top and bottom of the chamber. These straps are passed
over the ends of the moulds, being bored out to admit the apices through.
The elevated plate J supports the fixed external case K, formed of thin boiler
plate, and strengthened at intervals by four vertical cast-iron pillars L. This
plate J is carried on the top of the standards M, disposed round its periphery,
and springing from the base or floor. The friction disc F is worked by the
horizontal lever N, set on a fixed centre pin at O, its outer end resting on the
hanging bracket P, its opposite end having a flexible friction strap passed
round the disc F. The syrup to be moulded is fed into the central chamber G
by its open top, and the shaft A being set in rapid rotatory motion, either
by the fast pulley D, or by surface wheels, the centrifugal force so generated
causes the syrup or molasses to be driven out of the chamber into the set of

page_text: surrounding moulds with considerable pressure, leaving the sugar dryandfree
frommolasses,the fluid particles being discharged by the aperture in the apex
of each mould. To catch the discharged syrup and molasses an annular
channel Q is formed round the bottom of the case K, whence they may be
run off by a pipe. Although in this modification I have represented the
machine as actuated from below, may remark that I prefer to form
the connection with the prime mover above by continuing the main vertical
sha't right up through the whole apparatus. In producing sugar loaves by
the aid of this apparatus, each mould is separately filled with the partially
crystallized sugar as it comes from the coolers, and the hole in the apex of the
mould being filled up by a stopper of paper or other material, it is placed with
its apex downwards to permit the mass to solidify. It is then placed on a pot
or jar to drain of a a portion of the uncrystallized mass or partly solidified
sugar. After remaining some time for this purpose the mould is removed, and
the base of the loaf is scraped or made uniform. The moulds in this state are
placed in the centrifugal machine with their apices outwards, either in one or
more rows or stories, and the machine is made to rotate at a high speed, so that
the centrifugal force shall discharge the molasses or foreign fluid, or partially
fluid matter, from the moulds. The complete washing or discharge of the
molasses is effected by a supply of decolorized syrup by the centralchamberG
of the machine, which is set in motion to force the syrup so supplied through
the sugar in the moulds from the base outwards to the apex, driving before it
whatever molasses may be present, and discharging it at the apices of the
moulds. This washing fluid is brought down from an overhead reservoir by a
flexible tube, the discharge valve of which is held close to the revolving bases
of the moulds. In this way the fluid is forced through the moulds in the first
tier, and the second tier is then similarly treated by lowering the fluid dis-
charge valve, and the drip from these two operations generally supplies
sufficient fluid for the washing of the third tier. When the washing fluid
has been duly discharged from the moulds, the latter are removed from
the machine and the loaves are taken out of the moulds, in order that their
apices may be dressed or finished in the usual way.
this process the centrifugal force is made to clear the
molasses and the cleansing syrup in the most effectual manuer, and with
great economy of time and materia's.
By the adoption of
loaves both of the
Figure 2, on Sheet 3 of my Drawings, is a vertical section of the centrifugal
apparatus which I employ for the separation of the watery or fluid particles
from solid bituminous matters, and from solid fatty and other substances, asin
the separation of water and fluid, oily and other matters, from stearine, in the

page_text: manufacture of candles, and in the separation of water from peat in its manu-
facture and drying. Figure 3 is a plan of the apparatus, corresponding, with
one half of the cover removed. The fatty or other matters to be treated by
this machine are fed into it by the small funnel A, fast on the top of a fixed
narrow vertical cylinder containing a screw or helical coil B, fast on, and
revolving with, the vertical shaft C. The cylinder is open at the top and
bottom, and the screw within it revolves just clear of its interior surface, its
shafts being supported by a footstep and collar bearing inthe cylinder; motion
is communicated to this shaft by the pair of bevil buff or surface wheels D, D,
one of which is keyed on the shaft C, and the other is fast on the end of the
shaft carrying the conical drum E. This drain is driven by the band F from
the upper corresponding cone drum G, and by regulating the position of the
band on these drums the rate of the revolution of the shaft Cisadjusted faster
or slower, as is well understood by practical men. H is a revolving conical
vessel of perforated metal,within which is a fixed conical coil of metal I of the
section represented at H, H, and acting as a spiral trough or channel for the
fluid mass under operation. The vessel H and conical coil I are both
contained in the fixed conical vessel J, into the bottom of which a pipe K
opens to draw off the fluid passing through the sides of the revolving vessel
during the separating action. The bottom of the conical vessel H has a
central aperture,over which is attached the perforated cylinderL,havingfixed
within it a close-fitting screw or helical coil M, fast on the main vertical
shaft N, which is supported in a footstep in the bottom of the fixed ex-
ternal cylindrical vessel P, and passes upwards through the cover of this
vessel by a stuffing box, for connection with the motive power. 0, 0, are
horizontal pipes joining the centre of the machine, where they open into the
bottom of the cylinder L by a metallic joint, admitting of the free revolution
of the cylinder. The conical spiral coil or channel I is suspended from the
cover of the outer vessel by the hangers Q. It fits accurately to the inner
surface of the revolving vessel H, which thus acts for each coil as one support-
ing side for the matters which may be contained therein. The funnel
cylinder A, by which the fatty or other matters to be treated are supplied to
the machine, is fixed in the cover of the vessel P, hanging down inside the
coils I sufficiently far and at such a distance from the centre as to direct what-
ever matters are passed through it into the open top of the lowest coils of the
channel, the supply downwards being regulated by adjusting the rate of revolu-
tion of the feed-regulating spiralB, which tends to screw the matters upwards.
Whilst this feed is going on, the shaft N, carrying the conical vessel H, is
rapidly revolving in the direction of the arrow, and the centrifugal force thus

page_text: arising acting on the matters contained in and constantly supplied to the space
between the spirals I and the surface of the vessel H, causes the fluid or
minute particles of such matters to pass through the perforated sides of this
vessel, falling into the space J, whence they are drawn off by the pipe K. The
object of the fixed spirals I is to prevent the too rapid passage of the matters
under treatment to the widest portion of the conical vessel H, and gettingdis-
charged over its upper edge before the desired separation has taken place by
discharging the fluids through the perforation. As the vessel H revolves, the
matters to be separated are compelled to pass round and along the whole
length of the spiral channel,so that they are in this way made to pass at a slow
rate from the bottom of the cone to the top, being forcibly pressed meanwhile
against the interior surface of the cone through which the fluids have thus
time to be discharged. The solid matters not passing through the perforations
then gradually find their way to the upper edge of the vessel H,over the lipped
periphery of which they are thrown into the fixed external case P. The air,
steam, or gases supplied by the pipes O ascend up the perforated cylinder L,
being retarded as they pass upwards by the action of the screw M, so as to
cause them to pass through the perforations in the cylinder, and exert their
proper effect on the matters in the spiral channel; one or more of these pipes
may be used for the supply; and in cases where two different gases or fluids
are to be mingled with or thrown over the matter, as in the manufacture of
white lead, then the two pipes answer for separate supplies of each constituent.
The conical form of the revolving vessel H produces a gradually increasing
pressure upon the matters under treatment, in the way I have herein-before
described in reference to the variable pressure centrifugalseparator delineated
on Sheet 4 of the Drawings. When a ranged to operate on fatty matters, this
form of machine answers most effectually in retaining such substances which,
from their greasy nature, have so strong a tendency to fly off and leave the
revolving vessel. If, under such circumstances, the fixed spiral channel has
not a sufficiently powerful retarding effect, I cause the spiral to revolve at a
greater or less speed, as the necessities of the case may require, in the same
direction as the vessel H, thus retarding the stearine or other s lid matter still
more,and giving more time for the due separation of the fluid particles. The
same apparatus may also be applied for washingvarious substances, asmetallic
ores, the washing fluid being supplied to the cylinder L by a stop-cock over-
head, as delineated in Figure 2.
Figure 5,on Sheet 4 of my Drawings, is a vertical sectional elevation of my
improved centrifugal apparatus as adapted for drying, filtering, washing,
separating, and pressing various substances, such as peat or charcoal; Figure6

page_text: is a plan of the same,corresponding; and Figure 7 is a separate detail of the
duplex perforated case. The main vertical driving shaft G, supported by a
footstep in one of the branch pipes of the machine, and au-overhead collar set
in a curved bracket I, on the top of the main supporting pillars I,has upon its
upper end a small conical pulley H, by which it is driven. A perforated
vertical pipe D is attached to the driving shaft by a collar Gat its upper end,
its lower end being faced true, to work ou a corresponding face on an upright
branch of the horizontal pipe E. The pipe is also further secured by angle
iron collars to the cylindrical case A,in which are fitted the moveable cagesB,
which may be either of wire gauze, as herein delineated, or of perforated
metal as represented in Figure 1 on the same Sheet. Figure 7 is a perspec-
tive view of one of those cages detached, such cages being intended to hold the
filtering medium when the machine is to be used for fitering, or when used for
drying, washing, separating, or pressing, to hold the substances to be dried
or otherwise acted upon. All these cages being detached, and removable at
pleasure, it is evident that by making their sides or radial divisions imper-
meable various substances may be operated upon at one time and in the same
machine. A small horizontal pipe F, fitted with a stop-cock, opens into the
bottom vertical branch of the pipeE,andisintended for supplying the machine
with cleansing fluid, or with the fluid to be filtered. The larger pipe E,on the
opposite side, opening into the foot of the cylinder D, is fitted with a sluice
valve J, and is for supplying steam, air, or gases, as may be required, heat
being added when intended for drying. When in operation for filtering, the
liquid to be acted on is supplied by the pipe F, and as it rises within the
cylinder Dit rushes out through the perforations therein into the central: space
enclosed by the inner sides of the series of cages B, which, with the shaft G,
being madetorevolve ata highvelocity,theliquid is force dcentrifugally through
the filtering medium within the cages, after passing through which it falls into
a circular reservoir beneath, in readiness for use. The peculiar value of this
machine is, that by it the materials to be treated may be washed, pressed,and
dried, without any intervening removal from their containing cages. To do
this, the materials to be so treated are placed in the cages, and duly arranged
in the case A. The sluice valve J is then closed, and the stop-cock on the
pipe F is opened, and the machine being set in motion the fluid used for the
first process of washing is forced through the material into the surrounding
cages. The constant pressure of the fluid behind the material tends, by the
centrifugal pressure developed, to render the latter more and more compact
until it is finally compressed into a solid mass, depending of course on the
nature of the material treated. The stop-cock of the pipe F is now closed,

page_text: and the sluice valve J is opened, allowing a current of air, steam, or gas, hot
or cold, to be thrown upon the material, so as to dry it thoroughly. When used
for filtration, the cages are filled with sponge, felt,animalcharcoal, or other filter-
ing medium, as may be best suited for the specific purpose intended, and the
fluid to be filtered rising through the cylinder D from the pipe F, emerges by
the perforations, and is made to impinge by the centrifugal force against the
inside of the filtering cages, and being driven through the layers of material
therein, is filtered or decolorised as may be intended.
Figure 4, on Sheet 3 of the Drawings, represents a diagram of a vertical
series of a centrifugal apparatus adapted for washing and separating metals
from their ores and foreign matters. The raw uncleansed metallic matter is
supplied from the spout A into the open top of the vessel B, in the bottom
of which is a central aperture communicating with the central ingress opening
in the centrifugal pump C, in a separate pump chamber beneath. This
chamber communicates bythe bottom passage Dwith the additional chamberE,
which, together with the pump chamber, contains a quantity of mercury. The
pumpC being driven at a rapid rate bythe vertical shaft F,whilst the material
to be separated is supplied by the channelA into the interior of the pump
disc,
the centrifugal force so developed effectually intermingles the metallic mass
with the mercury. Under these circumstances the contained metal, as gold
for example, is at once held in solution by the mercury, whilst the crude or
foreign matters intermingled therewith at once rise to the surface of the
mercury, as at G, in the vessel E, when they are floated off by the channel H,
whilst the pure gold is retained by the mercury for separation therefrom bythe
ordinary well-known methods.
Figure 1, on Sheet 6 of the Drawings, is a front elevation, with portions in
vertical section, of a machine wherein centrifugal force is employed to obtain
pressure,or to perpetuate a vacuum,or partial vacuum, for the production of a
motive power. A spherical chamber A is cast or formed on the top of a long
narrow cylinder A¹, bored out to receive a piston B, fast on the rod C, passing
up through the sphere A,and out by a stuffing box on its top to a cross head D.
From this cross head a connecting rodE passes to the overhead crank F,which
it puts in motion. The spherical chamber is supported, with its cylinder, by
the framing M; and directly beneath the lower end of the cylinder, and in a
line with the axis thereof, is a short vertical shaft, having fast upon it a drum
or grooved pulley H; on the top or upper end of this shaft is a shallow cylin-
drical chamber G, formed with a short open cylinder N projecting from its
upper surface nearly to its bottom. This cylinder is closed at its lower side by
a flat disc O, of a diameter slightly less than the internal diameter of the

page_text: chamber G,and the centre of the disc has an opening through it, with a conical
seat fitting to the conical face of the open lower end of the cylinder A¹, thus
forming a joint of communication between the cylinder A' and the chamber G.
The chamber G is partially filled with mercury or any other suitable fluid, and
air is forced in by the valve K, until a density is produced in the interior equal
to five hundred pounds per square inch, more or less, as may be arranged.
The apparatus is set in motion by the band J driving a pulley on the horizontal
shaft I, which is made to give a reciprocatory circular motion to the chamber G
by means of the pair of bevil wheels. The pulley H has upon it two ropes L,
each attached to the pulley by both ends, and arranged to wind upon the
grooves in opposite directions, as will be more clearly illustrated in Fig. 2,
which is a plan or horizontal section of a portion of the machinery. A, A', are
two spherical chambers with cylinders bored out to receive the pistons B,each
attached to a separate rod C, both rods having eyes on their outer ends for
attachment to the loose loop ends of the cords L. Both cylinders are supposed
to have an internal air pressure of five hundred pounds. When in operation,
the chamber G being made to rotate for a few turns, the centrifugal force so
generated causes the contained fluid to rise up the sides of the chamber, as is
well understood; and the centrifugal fluid depression thus produced lowering
the fluid column in the open end of the cylinder A', leaves a partial vacuum
beneath the piston B, in Fig. 1. As this takes place the compressed air above
the piston forces the latter downwards, by which time the revolutions of the
chamber G have ceased, owing to the action of the cords L and air cylin-
ders A, A¹, in Fig. 2, the air in one or other of which becoming so intensely
compressed by the motion of the piston in the cylinder A',effectually stops the
piston's traverse. This stoppage then has the effect of annihilating the centri-
fugual force previously imparted to the fluid in the chamber G,and this fluid is
now again forced up into the cylinder A¹ by the reaction of the internal air
pressure on the fluid surface in the chamber G. As, under the present circum-
stances, this pressure is equal to five hundred pounds per square inch, the
piston B which has an initial pressure above it of onlytwo hundred pounds per
square inch,gradually increasing, however, as the piston rises, is forced up the
cylinder, thus turning the crank another half round, and completing a whole
revolution of its shaft overhead. At this stage of the movement, the proper
reversing action having been effected in the gearing below, the chamber G
againrevolves, but inthe reverse direction, allowingthe piston again to descend.
Thismovement unwinds the cord just beforewound on the pulley H,and winds
on the opposite one along the compressed air in one spherical chamber, to
expand and aid in compressing the air in the opposite one, which, in its turn,

page_text: stops the motion as before. As this movement is continuously repeated, the
alternate vacuum and reacting air pressure arising from the centrifugal force
developed in the fluid in the chamber G, gives a continuous movement to the
crank F, whence the power is taken for whatever purposes it may be required.
Figure 3, on the same Sheet of Drawings, is a vertical section of another
form of centrifugal apparatus for the production of motive power. A is a
centrifugal pump fast on the top of the vertical pipe B, within which is a
screw fitting closely to the interior of the pipe, the whole being fast to and
revolving with the vertical shaft D, which may be set in motion by a winch
handle at the top where the shaft passes through the top of the external pump
case E. This case opens into the top of the vertical cylindrical case G, in
which the pipe Brevolves, and which is filled with quicksilver, whilst the upper
chamber E is filled with air of a considerable density. The pump A then being
made to revolve, the mercury passing up from the case G through the open
bottom end of the pipe B is thrown out from the pump at the periphery H by
centrifugal force. This action tends to form a vacuum in the pipe B at its
upper end, and the mercury thrown from the pump dropping into the case E
again falls into the lower case G, to be again elevated as before. The direction
of the arrows points out the fluid's course, and the mercury, in its constant
ascent up the pipe B, presses against the threads of the screw C, and thus
imparts power to keep up the revolution of the shaft and pump.
Figure 4 is a vertical section of another arrangement of a similar nature,
wherein the mercurial flow is made to actuate a piston working in a horizontal
cylinder beneath. Here the vertical shaft A has keyed upon it the centrifugal
pump B, opening by a central apertureon its lower side into the open upper
end of the pipe C by a face joint, which permits thepump to revolve whilst the
pipe C is stationary. This pipe opens at its lower end into the horizontal
cylinder 1, fitted with a piston E, having a rod passing out of the cylinder by
a stuffing box, in the usual way, to the machinery to be actuated. The whole
of this apparatus is contained in the chamber F, which is partially filled with
mercury, and having air of great density compressed within it. As the pump
is made to revolve, the mercury ascending the pipe C is thrown out at the
periphery G by the centrifugal force. The four valves H, I, J, and K, are so
arranged as to regulate the communication between the upper part of the
chamber Fand the pipe C, and the two ends of the cylinder D; as the valves
are now set the flow of mercury occurs as indicated by the arrows, the mercury
falling from the pump above descends through the open valve H into the
bottom end of the cylinder,whilst from the opposite end the current passes the

page_text: open valve K and again enters the pipe C. In this way pressure is communi-
cated to the piston E, driving it to the end of the cylinder, and the rotation of
the pump being still continued the valves H, K, are closed, and the opposite
ones I, J, opened, when a corresponding pressure arises on the opposite side of
the piston, and the latter is thus driven back. The repetition of this action
thus constantly actuates the piston, whence the motion may be conveyed as
required.
In all modifications of apparatus of this nature, the denser the fluid the
better effect is produced, and it is therefore proposed to use any fluid made
dense by artificial means, by solutions of alkaline or other matters, to avoid the
expense of mercury.
Having now described and particularly ascertained thenature of the Inven-
tion, and the manner in which the same is or may be used or carried into
effect, I may observe, in conclusion, that I do not confine or restrict myself to
the precise details or arrangements which I have had occasion to describe
or refer to, as many variations may be made therefrom without deviatingfrom
the principles or main features of the Invention. But what I consider to be
novel and original, and therefore claim as the Invention secured to me by the
herein-before in part recited Letters Patent, is,―
First, the general arrangement of the centrifugalapparatus as delineated in
the several Figures on Sheets 1 and 2 of my Drawings.
Second, the systems or modes of balancing or rendering null the side or
lateral pressure arising from the inlet pipes ofcentrifugalapparatus,as herein-
before described.
Third, the application and use of radial orother impellers orblades,orradial
passages in combination with tangential discharge passages, as herein-before
described in reference to Sheet 1 of my Drawings.
Fourth, the peculiarformorconstruction of centrifugal pumps or exhausting
apparatus, wherein the combined sectional areas of the tangential discharge
passages shall be equal to the area of the inlet.
Fifth, the employment and use of centrifugal pumps formed ofguttapercha,
or of a composition thereof, or of caoutchouc.
Sixth, the application and use of a duplex section lift or inlet valve, for the
purpose herein-before described.
Seventh, the system or mode ofdirectingthefluiddischarge from centrifugal
pumps, either by a fixed guard or stcp in combination with the tangential
discharge passage, from the fixed case, or by setting the revolving disc eccen-
trically within the fixed case, to form a stop.

page_text: Eighth, the combination or connection of centrifugal apparatus with the
bilge valve of steam ships, for the purposes herein-before described.
Ninth, the adaptation and use of centrifugal apparatus for producing a con-
tinuous exhaustion in the condensers of steam engines and vacuum pans,
whether such apparatus is driven by external machinery or by the waste steam
in passing to the condenser.
Tenth, the application and use of the waste steam for actuating the centri-
fugal air
pump in condensing engines.
Eleventh, the application and use of two or more pumps combined, to work
on one line of shaft, for the purposes herein-before described.
Twelfth, the application and use of conical or expanding centrifugal
separating vessels, for the purposes herein-before described.
Thirteenth, the peculiar arrangement and construction of variable
centrifugal apparatus, as herein-before described.
pressure
Fourteenth, the combination, in one machine or apparatus, of the processes
of separation of crystals from their syrup or mother liquor, and the washing
and drying the same.
Fifteenth, the system or mode of washing or cleansing the crystals, or other
solid matters treated in centrifugal machines, as herein-before described.
Sixteenth, the construction and arrangement of a cover or scraper, with a
differential motion or action in reference to the motion of the centrifugal
vessel.
Seventeenth, the arrangement or construction of centrifugal separating
vessels, with discharging apertures expanding outwards.
Eighteenth, the application and use of a retarding feed or supplying screw,
as herein-before described.
Nineteenth, the system or mode of regulating the discharge of the solid
separated or cleansed matters from centrifugal vessels, by an adjustablecover
over the lipped discharging periphery.
Twentieth, the application and use in centrifugal apparatus of a sprinkling,
washing, or heating trough, as herein-before described.
Twenty-first, the adaptation and use of an adjustable feed regulating screw,
as herein-before described.
Twenty-second, the general arrangement and construction of the sugar-
moulding machine, as herein-before described.
Twenty-third, the system or mode of separating or discharging the molasses
and washing fluid from sugar loaves, in one machine, as herein-before
described.

page_text: Twenty-fourth, the system or mode of separating fluid or foreign matters
from solid, fatty, bituminous, or other substances, in centrifugal machinery,
wherein the centrifugal force is made to press upon the treated matters
through an intervening fluid or solid medium.
Twenty-fifth, the application and use of a spiral retarding or regulating
channel, to prevent the too quick discharge of the materials from the revolving
case of centrifugal machines.
Twenty-sixth, the application and use of a central perforated desseminating
cylinder and regulating screw, for the application of fluid or gaseous matters to
the materials under centrifugal treatment.
Twenty-seventh, the application and use of separate or detached cages or
receivers for centrifugal drying and separating apparatus, as herein-before
described.
Twenty-eighth, the arrangement and construction of centrifugal apparatus
for separating, washing, and drying various substances in one machine.
Twenty-ninth, the system or mode of separating or cleansing metals by
the application of centrifugal force to produce amalgamation with mercury.
Thirtieth, the application and use of centrifugal force for the production of
a partial vacuum, or direct motive pressure by means of an intervening
non-elastic fluid, as herein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Gwynne, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, the Thirtieth day of September, One thousand eight
hundred and fifty-one.
by the
e, in the
I, HENRY JOHNSON,
Sol',
Office for Patents,
47, Lincoln's Inn Fields;
166, Buchanan S', Glasgow;

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Thirtieth day of September
in the year of our Lord 1851, the aforesaid John Gwynne came before our said
Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification afore
said, and all and every thing therein contained and specified, in form above
written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according to the
tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Enrolled the Thirtieth day of September, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-one.