NEW OR IMPROVED CONSTRUCTIONS OF SELF-GLAZING OR GLASS FIXING SHEET METAL BARS FOR WINDOW SASHES, ROOF AND FRAME LIGHTS FOR GREENHOUSES, GARDEN FRAMES, VINERIES, CONSERVATORIES, SHEDS, AND OTHER STRUCTURES WHERE GLASS IS REQUIRED FOR THE ADMISSION OF LIGHT
Year: 1879

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Charles Hill Pennycook, of Glasgow, in the County of
Lanark, North Britain, Heating, Ventilating, Sanitary, and Gas Engineer, for
the Invention of "NEW OR IMPROVED CONSTRUCTIONS OF SELF-GLAZING OR
GLASS FIXING SHEET METAL BARS FOR WINDOW SASHES, ROOF AND FRAME
LIGHTS FOR GREENHOUSES, GARDEN FRAMES, VINERIES, CONSERVATORIES,
SHEDS, AND OTHER STRUCTURES WHERE GLASS IS REQUIRED FOR THE
ADMISSION OF LIGHT.”
་
Sealed the 11th November 1879, and dated the 14th May 1879.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Charles Hill Pennycook at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 14th May 1879..
CHARLES HILL PENNYCOOK, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North
Britain, Heating, Ventilating, Sanitary, and Gas Engineer. "NEW OR IMPROVED
CONSTRUCTIONS OF SELF-GLAZING OR GLASS FIXING SHEET METAL BARS FOR
WINDOW SASHES, ROOF AND FRAME LIGHTS FOR GREENHOUSES, GARDEN FRAMES,
VINERIES, CONSERVATORIES, SHEDS, AND OTHER STRUCTURES WHERE GLASS IS
REQUIRED FOR THE ADMISSION OF LIGHT."
This Invention relates to the bending or doubling and drawing or shaping of
long strips of thin sheet zinc or other metal through shaping dies, or the rolling of
them through between shaping rollers, or it might be partly both, into the form
of astragals or glass retaining bars for the frames of windows or glass roofs or
structures for the admission of light, for self glazing these without the use of putty
or other plastic fixing, which sash bars secure the glass much more easily and
efficiently or tightly, and prevents the admission of water or moisture drops more
effectually than by the astragals or modes and means heretofore practiced for
fixing glass; at the same time they allow for the free expansion and contraction of
the glass and metal without risk of breakage. And the nature and novelty of the
Invention consists in forming the body of the astragal of two long strips of the
zinc or other firm sheet metal, one of which is doubled in the centre, and formed
thereinto a hollow edge head, the two thicknesses being drawn or pressed close
together below the head in the form of a double web with narrow wings at the
01

page_text: lower edges of the plate, spread out in the form of a curved or anchor shape in
section to form the outer lateral web or feather of the astragal between the plates
of glass by being drawn through a draw plate with its hole of the said required
shape; while the second strip which forms the inner web or feather of the astragal
is similarly bent, and drawn through a correspondingly shaped hole in the draw
plate, but having the side wings at the edges of this strip formed to the opposite or
convex curve and doubled in, so that the curved wings of the outer plate freely
enter the reverse curved lateral double wings of the inner plate, which duplex
outwardly curving wings form rests for the glass on each side of the central plate or
web, which have inserted or clasped into the lateral wings narrow knee strips of
lead or other ductile metal; after which the whole astragal or compound bar so put
together is drawn through a hole in the draw plate of the shape of the section of
the complete astragal, so as to compress the curved wings together and grip the
inner edges of the lead or other metal tightly between them, and make the whole
into the form of long rigid astragal bars ready for being cut into lengths to suit
the sashes or other frames of the window, roof light, or structure to which the
glass is to be fitted. When these bars or astragals are all properly fitted into their
frames at the desired distances apart to suit the widths of glass to be fitted into the
frame between them, and which when so fitted in, the upper vertical webs of the
strips of lead are then folded down laterally over the glass resting on the lateral
wings, so as to secure the glass firmly between these and the lead or other retaining
metal. The glass is overlapped at the cross junctions in the usual manner, the
lower edge of each upper plate being lapped outwardly over the upper edge of the
plate below it, so as to prevent the admission of water at these cross joints.
It will be understood that so far astragal bar only has been described with
bearing curved wings and strips of lead on both sides for securing the glass on
opposite sides; but when a side or edge astragal is required at the outer margin
of the frame or window only one curved wing and strip of lead is used, and the
draw plates made with their holes accordingly so as to form the central webs of
the inner and outer plates or parts of the one plate, whether made out of two strips
of metal or one strip, as it may when thus constructed with only one lateral curved
wing for carrying the glass on the one side. By another modification the lower
web or plate of the astragal instead of being made deep in the same line as the outer
plate could be spread out laterally as a basement flange, either kneed or not at the
edges, for the purpose of securing them to the wood frames of the sash by nails or
otherwise inside the glass. Another improvement consists in forming a ridge piece
substantially in a similar manner to that last described made out of one strip of
metal, with the lateral lower wings turned and doubled upwards, with the strip of
lead or other soft metal secured within the doubled up parts to fold over on the
glass, as before stated, on each side of the ridge; all without the under ridge or
flange piece before referred to in the former modifications, but the upper ridge piece
might when desired be made to project laterally over the top of the edge of the
glass, in which case the retaining lead strip might be dispensed with.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Charles Hill Pennycook in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 13th
November 1879.
66
CHARLES HILL PENNYCOOK, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North Britain,
Heating, Ventilating, Sanitary, and Gas Engineer. NEW OR IMPROVED CON-
STRUCTION OF SELF-GLAZING OR GLASS-FIXING SHEET-METAL BARS FOR WINDOW
SASHES, ROOF AND FRAME LIGHTS FOR GREENHOUSES, GARDEN FRAMES, VINERIES,
CONSERVATORIES, SHEDS, AND OTHER STRUCTURES WHERE GLASS IS REQUIRED FOR
THE ADMISSION OF LIGHT."
My said Invention relates to the bending or doubling and drawing or shaping of
long strips of thin sheet zinc or other metal through shaping dies, or the rolling
through between shaping rollers, or it might be partly both, into the form of.
"astragals" or glass retaining bars, for the frames of windows or glass roofs or like
structures for the admission of light, for self glazing these without the use of putty
or other plastic "fixing," which sash bars or astragals secure the glass much more
easily and efficiently or tightly, and prevent the admission of water or moisture
drops more effectually than by the astragals or modes and means heretofore practiced
for fixing the glass; at the same time they allow for the free expansion and con-
traction of the glass and metal without risk of breakage, and which are stronger
than astragals heretofore constructed.
Figures 1, 2, and 3 show a transverse section, a side elevation, and a plan
respectively of one simple construction of my new or improved sheet metal
astragal A, B, C, of the duplex form for intermediate position and use for carrying
and securing the adjacent edges of the sheets of glass, as z, z, without putty or other
plastic or cementing material; Figures 4, 5, and 6 are a transverse section, side
elevation, and plan respectively of a deeper and stronger astragal A, B, C, than
that shown in Figures 1 to 3, constructed in accordance with my said Invention or
improvements, with a sole B' for securing it to the upper surface of the bars Z of
the window direct, or by carrying and securing clips or brackets E, as seen in
Figures 4 A and 5 A in end section and side elevation, secured to knee iron bars
or frames Z'.
Figures 7, 8, and 9 are respectively an end section, side elevation, and a plan of
a still deeper and stronger form and construction of my improved sheet metal
astragal with a strengthening feather & hollow rib B" below the lateral curved
web for carrying the glass 2,2; and Figures 10, 11, and 12 are similarly corre-
sponding constructions of my improved astragal to that shown in the previous
Figures 7 to 9, but of the single form as used for the sides of the windows or frames,
and supporting one edge of the sheets of glass z only.
Figures 13 to 15 show end sections of three different modifications or constructions
of my said improved sheet metal astragals as suitable for being secured to the upper
outside wood frames or bars Z, Z.
Referring to Figures 1 to 6, the nature, novelty, and mode of performing my said
Invention consist as follows:-In forming the body A, B, of the astragal of two
long strips A, B, of the sheet zinc or other firm sheet metal, one of which A is
doubled down at the centre a, and there formed either without or with a strength-
ening hollow edge head, as shown in Figures 1 and 4 respectively, the two thick-
nesses being drawn or pressed close together below the head in the form of a double
vertical web A, A, with narrow lateral turned up wings a¹ at the lower edges of the
plate on each side, spread out in the form of a curved up or anchor like shape in

page_text: .
section, to form the outer lateral webs or feathers a', a', of the astragal, as seen
detached in Figures A1 and A4, and complete in Figures 1 and 4, that is, between
the plates 2, 2, of glass, by being drawn through a draw plate with its hole of the
said required shape, or of a set of rollers for the like purpose. While the second
strip of sheet metal B, which forms the inner web or feather of the astragal, is
.similarly bent and drawn through proper or correspondingly desired shaped holes in
a draw plate, or rolled in rollers, either without or with a fixing sole B¹, as seen in
Figures 1 and 4 respectively, but having the side wings b¹, b1, at the edges of this
strip B formed or curved up to the opposite or convex curve, and doubled in, as
shown at b, b, in the detached views, Figures B 1 and B 4, all so that the curved
wings a, a, of the upper plate A will freely enter the two reverse curved
lateral wings b, 61, of the lower or outer plate B. These duplex outwardly curving
wings a, b, form rests for the sheets of glass z, z, on each side of the central
feather or web A, and have inserted or clasped into the lateral wings a¹ and b
narrow knee strips C, C, of lead or other ductile metal, after which the whole
astragal or compound bar A, B, C, so put together, is drawn through a hole in the
draw plate of the shape of the section of the complete astragal, or it might be
through suitable shaped rollers, so as to compress the curved wings together and
grip the inner edges of the lead or other metal tightly between them, and make the
whole into the form of long rigid astragal bars A, B, C, ready for being cut into
lengths to suit the sashes or other frames of the window, roof light, or structure to
When these bars or astragals
which the sheet or plate glass z, z, is to be fitted.
are all properly fitted into their frames at the desired distances apart to suit the
widths of glass 2, z, to be fitted into the frame between them, and which, when so
laid or fitted on the curved lateral webs a¹, b1, between the upper vertical webs A, A,
the strips of lead C are then folded down laterally from the position shown in dotted
lines at Cover the sheets of glass z, z, resting on the lateral wings a¹, bl, so as to
secure the glass firmly between these and the lead C or other retaining sheet metal
used. The ends of the sheets of glass z are overlapped at the cross junctions in the
usual manner, and the lower edge of each upper plate is lapped outwardly over the
upper edge of the plate below it, so as to prevent the admission of water at these
cross joints. It will be seen that the construction shown in Figures 7 to 9 is formed
substantially as described in reference to Figures 1 to 6, only the draw plates or
rollers will be made of the shape and configuration to form the parts A and B of
the form there shown. It will be understood that so far the astragal bars A, B, C,
have only been described with bearing curved wings a¹, b', and strips of lead C on
both sides of the vertical feathers A, B, for securing the sheets of glass 2, 2, on
opposite sides. But when a side or edge astragal is required at the outer margin of
the frame or window, as shown in Figures 10 to 12, only one curved wing a¹, b₁, and
strip of lead C is used, and the draw plates in this case are made with their holes of
the proper shape accordingly, so as to form the vertical feather A, A¹, and the central
lateral curved up webs, or the inner and outer plates or parts a, b, in this case out
of the one plate A, although they could be made out of two strips of sheet metal
A, B, when preferred, with only one lateral curved wing for carrying the glass on
the one side, as shown in these Figures 10 to 12. By the modification shown in
Figures 4 to 6, and in Figures 4A, 5 A, the lower web or plate B of the astragal,
instead of being made deep in the same vertical line as the outer plate A, as seen at
B, in Figures 7 to 9, it is spread out laterally as a basement flange at B', below
the lateral curved bearing parts a, b, for supporting the glass z (either kneed down
or not at the edges), for the purpose of securing them to the wood frames (as Z) of
the sash, or window, or roof by nails or otherwise inside the glass when desired to
be fixed to iron windows, or roof rails, or other equivalent, as the knee or angle iron
rails or purlines in Figures 4 A, 5 A; grooved flange or clip brackets E might be
used, slipped on to the basement flanges B¹ of the astragal, and inserted and secured
on the vertical feather of the rails Z, Z¹ of the roof, fixed by a screw pin E¹ or

page_text: other equivalent, as seen in these Figures. Another improvement consists in forming
a ridge astragal piece, substantially in a similar manner to that described in refer-
ence to Figures 1 to 3, made out of one strip of metal A, with the lateral curved up
wings or rests a¹, a', for the glass; turned up and then doubled over, as shown in
Figure C, with the strip of lead C, C, or other soft metal secured within these
doubled over parts a¹, a¹, so as to fold over on the glass, as before stated and
shown otherwise, as in Figures 1 to 3 on each side of the ridge A, all without the
under ridge or flange piece B before referred to in the former modifications.
Referring to Figure 13, this shows a modification or construction of my improved
sheet metal astragal A, B, C, of the single or one sided form, somewhat analogous
to Figures 10 to 12, but made in two body parts A and B with their lower edges
kneed to the right and left at A', B', to form a sole to secure this astragal by nails
to the wood frame Z, the strip of lead C being caught between the curved and bent
over lateral wings a¹ and 61, as in Figures 1 to 9. Figure 14 shows a double
modification or construction of an analogous astragal to that indicated in Figure 13
for being placed intermediate between two rows or plates of glass 2, 2, to carry
them. In this case the upper parts are constructed of one piece of sheet metal
made in the form of two double vertical feathers A and A, at a little distance apart,
with a U gutter like groove A" between them, the lower flauged parts B and B
being made separately and then drawn or rolled by their turned up side wings bl
over those a¹ of the upper ridges A with the strips of lead C'between them for
securing the glass when bent down, as in all the other modifications described.
Figure 15 shows a double or intermediate form of astragal made of two single
ones, analogous to that seen at Figure 13, but with the flange B₁ below only on one
side for securing it to the wood frame Z, at a greater distance apart than in Figure 14,
and with a rib or feather Z, the wood frame Z projecting up between the two single
astragals A, A, which when finished are protected by an inverted channel cover G
of lead or other sheet metal to prevent water getting through at the joints between
the wood Z and the vertical feathers A, A, of this construction of astragal.
In all these my new or improved constructions of zinc or other sheet metal
astragals A, B, C, the lateral bearing wings a¹, 61, are turned up to form a groove or
small gutter at the lower kneed parts of the lead C below the edge of the glass so
as to receive any or all water which might find its way over the edges of the
glass and the lead C holding it, and conduct this water down to the gutter or
rone of the house without allowing it to pass into the interior surface of the
glass roof.
"
Having thus described the nature of my said Invention, and the manner of per-
forming the same, I have to state that I do not confine myself to the precise details
herein described or delineated, but what I consider novel and original and therefore
claim as the Invention secured to me by the herein before in part recited Letters
Patent is,
First. The general construction or shaping and putting together of the parts of
zine or other sheet metal sash bars or "astragals" for securing the sheet glass of
windows, roofs, conservatories, and other such like structures, all substantially as
herein described in reference to and shown in the accompanying Drawings, or any
mere modifications thereof.
Second. The construction of sheet-metal sash bars or "astragals" with doubled
over thicknesses of the sheet-metal for gripping strips of sheet-lead, copper, or other
like ductile metal for securing or glazing the sheets of glass on these "astragals,"
all substantially as herein described in reference to and shown in the accompanying
Drawings, or any mere modification thereof.
Third. The construction and use of sheet-metal sash bars or "astragals" with
strips of sheet-lead, copper, or other like soft or ductile metal, for folding down,
over and securing or glazing the sheet glass to such "astragals" without putty or
other cement for windows, roofs, conservatories, or other such like structures for the

page_text: transmission of light, all substantially as herein described in reference to and shown
in the accompanying Drawings, or any mere modification thereof.
In witness whereof, I, the said Charles Hill Pennycook, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Twelfth day of November, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and seventy-nine.
Witness,
W. R. M. THOMSON,
Patent Agent,
Glasgow.
C. H. PENNYCOOK.
(L.S.)