IMPROVEMENTS IN REFRIGERATORS OR APPARATUS FOR COOLING THE INJECTION WATER OF MARINE STEAM ENGINES
Year: 1864

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Edward Newton, of the Office for Patents,
66, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, for
the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN REFRIGERATORS OR APPARATUS FOR
COOLING THE INJECTION WATER OF MARINE STEAM ENGINES."-A com-
munication from abroad by William Lighthall, of the City of New York,
in the United States of America
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Edward Newton.
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
2nd June 1864.
I, WILLIAM EDWARD NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery'
Lane, in the County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN REFRIGERATORS OR APPA-
RATUS FOR COOLING THE INJECTION WATER OF MARINE STEAM ENGINES," to be
as follows:-
The first part of the Invention relates to an improved arrangement
refrigerator for cooling the injection water of marine steam engines. The
water to be cooled or the injection water delivered to it from the "hot well"
or reservoir of the engine travels in all of the sections of the refrigerator in a

page_text: direction contrary to the current of cooling water which is drawn in from the
sea water outside the vessel. By this means the injection water is cooled
down to a proper degree to be used in the condenser of the engine for con-
densing the steam from the cylinders of the engine.
6:
The case or shell of the apparatus is made of plates of cast iron, bolted
together at the bottom, top, and head flanges, and tube sheets or heads into
which are secured the ends of the tubes of the apparatus by any required or
desired means. The method of securing the tubes as described under the
fourth head of the Invention being preferred for its security and economy.
These tube sheets are secured in place by casting apertures in the side plates
(or what may otherwise be termed depressions) of the case, somewhat wider
(say, one-half of an inch) than the thickness of the said sheets. After being
placed in position in the case the sheets are secured in their place and made
tight by casting into the space above named, between one side of the sheet and
the side of the depression in the case, a packing of lead or other soft metal or
composition, which can be caulked" or driven down to secure a tight joint
between the head and the sides of the case. The number of tubes must be
proportioned to the heating surfaces of the boiler or boilers, the amount of
cooling surface in the refrigerator being required to be about the same as the
beating surface in the boiler or boilers. These tubes are secured by any
desired means in the heads, the method before named being preferred.
Through these tubes the cooling or external sea water is passed, and is intro-
duced into and taken off from the apparatus by an arrangement of "shutes"
(in combination with the said apparatus), by which it is introduced into,
passed through the tubes, and taken out from the apparatus by the movement
only of the vessel through the water, and without the use of any pumping
apparatus. Two diaphragm plates, extending from one tube sheet to the
other, divide the apparatus into three distinct and separate sections, their
purpose being to make the injection water to be cooled travel over an extended
surface as compared with the travel of the cooling water. The purpose and
object of the "counter current" berein mentioned is to bring the injection
water, in each step of its movement through the apparatus, in contact with a
cooler portion of the tubes, a requirement that is found in practice to be
essential to the successful operation of the apparatus,
The operation of the refrigerator is as follows:-The engine being started,
and the current of cooling water being made to pass through the tubes, the
injection water from the condenser (after having performed its office) is raised
into the "hot well" (or reservoir attached to the air pump) in the usual
manner, and is from there taken into the refrigerator, and subjected to the

page_text: cooling process above described, and is then taken off through the injection
pipe back to the condenser to be reused.
The second part of the Invention consists of a combination of the refrige-
rator (described above) with an arrangement of means called "shutes" by
which the requisite supply of cooling water is taken to, passed through, and
taken from the refrigerator simply by the movement of the vessel through the
water, dispensing with pumps or other means operated by power to produce
the same effect. These shutes may be described as chambers attached to the
sides of the vessel, and into which the sea water rushes as the vessel proceeds,
and is conveyed into and through the refrigerator.
The action and operation of the shutes is as follows:-The vessel moving
through the water a-head collects and gathers within the forward shute the
amount of water due to its area and to the movement of the vessel. This water
passes through the tubes of the refrigerator, and is taken off by the delivery
shute on the other side. The movement of the vessel through the water
creates a partial vacuum behind it, and increases in degree with the increased
speed which accelerates the passage of the cooling water through the tubes of
the refrigerator, and increases the velocity and therefore the quantity of the
same. In case the vessel is "backed," the operation of the "shutes" is, of
course, reversed, the delivery shute then becoming the receiving one, and the
receiving shute the delivery one, the effect being about the same as though
the vessel was moving a-head.
The third part of the Invention relates to an arrangement of means for
supplying the boiler or boilers of the engine at each. revolution of the engine
with the exact amount of water (as feed water), which is produced by the
condensation of the steam used in making the revolution of the engine, and
consists in arranging the delivery pipe from the "hot well" or reservoir of
the engine to the refrigerator and the "feed pipe" from the "hot well" to
the feed pump, in such relation to each other that the injection water which
has been used in the condenser to condense the steam exhausted into the
condenser during the last made revolution of the engine, and raised into the
"hot well" by the "air pump," shall first be returned to the refrigerator to
be cooled or be reused, and the balance of the water raised by the air-pump,
being the amount of water produced by the condensation of the steam used in
making the last revolution of the engine, shall be carried off by the feed pipe
to the feed pump to be returned to the boiler to be there reused.
The fourth part of the Invention consists of a means of securing the tubes
of the refrigerator in the "tube sheets" or "head sheets" of the apparatus by
the use of a metallic packing, secured around the ends of the tubes within a

page_text: cavity formed in the "tube sheet." The ordinary method of securing these,
tubes in place is to secure them fixedly and permanently in the tube sheet,
within an aperture of the same size (as nearly as possible) of the tube. This
method does not allow the tubes to move in the heads, as they are expanded
and contracted by the changes of temperature to which they-may be subjected,
a condition that must be provided for, for although the temperature of the
tubes is constant after the apparatus has worked sufficiently long to raise the
tubes and the refrigerator case to their maximum temperature, yet, at the first
starting of the apparatus the influx of hot water from the hot well to the
refrigerator expands the tubes in a slight degree until the apparatus gets
"warmed through," when they resume their normal condition in relation
to the case and its tube sheets. Unless provision be made for this ex-
pansion (and the subsequent contraction when the apparatus is stopped) of the
tubes, they will either be broken or bent in the operation. Many attempts
have been made to provide for the effects of this expansion and contraction of
the tubes of such apparatus (such, for instance, as surface condensers for
steam condensing engines), but they have either proved inefficient or else so
expensive that they have not been brought into general use.
The head or
tube sheet is made by casting it of iron or other desired metal or composition,
and forming in it in the operation of casting the aperture for the tubes, and
also the cavities to receive the packing rings. This method of making
the sheet effects a considerable economy, and also admits of enlarging. the
cavities for the reception of the packing rings at the bottom ends thereof so
as to hold more securely the rings in place. The packing rings are inade
of soft lead or other suitable ductile metal or composition of which two are
employed to secure and tighten each end of each tube. They are made of an
internal diameter equal to the diameter of the exterior of the tube, and of an
external diameter equal to the diameter of the opening or cavity in which they
are placed, and of such length that the two together, when placed in and driven
down to position in the cavity, shall be equal to (or even a little more than)
the depth of the cavity. The tube is placed in position in the head sheet, the
first one of the packing rings is then "set" to place in the cavity around the
exterior of the tube, the second packing ring is then "set" to place on top
of the first one, thereby completing the fastening of the tube in the head sheet,
rendering the tube perfectly tight in the sheet, while it affords it its required
movement back and forth in the sheet to provide for the expansion and con-
traction in the cases before named.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said William Edward Newton in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 2nd December 1864.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
EDWARD NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery Lane, in the
County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Second day of June, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-four, in the twenty-seventh year
of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant
unto me, the said William Edward Newton, Her special license that I, the
said William Edward Newton, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or
such others as I, the said William Edward Newton; my executors, adminis-
trators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from
time to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man,
an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN REFRIGERATORS OR APPARATUS FOR COOLING
THE INJECTION WATER OF MARINE STEAM ENGINES," being a communication to me
from abroad, upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said William
Edward Newton, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal,
should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention,
and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to
be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next
and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said William Edward Newton, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is
to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement, reference being had to the Drawings bereunto annexed,
and to the letters and figures marked thereon (that is to say):-
The first part of the Invention relates to an improved arrangement of
refrigerator in which the water to be cooled, or the injection water delivered
to it from the "hot well" or reservoir of the engine, travels in all of its
sections if desired (but in two of the sections in any event) in a direction
contrary to the current of cooling water which is drawn in from the outside,
or from the sea water. By. this means the injection water is cooled down to

page_text: a proper degree to be used in the condenser of the engine to condense the
steam exhausted therein from the cylinder of the engine.
This arrangement is shewn in the accompanying Drawings, in which Fig. 1,
Sheet I., is a plan view, shewing the refrigerator connected with the con-
denser of the engine, and properly placed in a vessel; Fig. 2 is a detached
plan view of the refrigerator with the top cover removed; Fig. 3 is a
longitudinal and vertical section taken through the line X, X, of Fig. 1;
Figs. 4 is a transverse section taken through the line X, X, X, X, of Fig. 2.
A is the case or shell of the apparatus, which is made of plates of cast iron
bolted together at the bottom with top and head flanges; B, B', are tube
sheets or heads, into which are secured the ends of the tubes of the apparatus
in any convenient manner, but the method I prefer of securing the tubes is
described and shown under the fourth head of the Invention. This plan is
preferable to others for its security and economy. These tube sheets are
secured in place by casting apertures in the side plates (or what may other-
wise be termed depressions) of the case somewhat wider (say, one-half of an
inch,) than the thickness of the sheets. After being placed in position in the
case these sheets are secured in their place and made tight by casting into the
space above named between one side of the sheet and the side of the depression
in the case a packing of lead or other soft metal or composition, which can
be caulked" or driven down to secure a tight joint between the head and
the sides of the case C, C, C, on the tubes in numbers proportioned. to the
heating surfaces of the boiler or boilers, the amount of cooling surface in the
refrigerator being required to be about the same as the heating surface in
the boiler or boilers. In practice it is found that a tube of ten feet in length
and three-quarters of an inch outside diameter answers this purpose better
than any other size of tube. This size gives about two feet of cooling surface
to each tube, so that the heating surface of the boiler or boilers being
ascertained, it requires one-half the number of tubes in the refrigerator that
there are feet of heating surface in the boiler or boilers to produce the best
practical result. These tubes are secured in any convenient manner in the
heads B, B', the method before named being preferred by me. Through these
tubes the cooling water or the external sea water is passed, and is brought
to the apparatus by the pipe D, and is taken off from it by the pipe D¹. This
external water is introduced into and taken off from the apparatus by an
arrangement of shutes. (in combination with the apparatus), by which it is
introduced into, passed through the tubes, and taken out from the apparatus
by the movement of the vessel (to which they are attached) through the

page_text: water, as is more fully explained in the second part of this Invention.
E, F, are two diaphragm plates extending from one tube sheet to the other,
and dividing the apparatus into three distinct and separate sections, their
purpose being to make the injection water (the water to be cooled) travel
over an extended distance as compared with the travel of the external (that is
to say) the cooling water; G is the nozzle, to which is attached the delivery
pipe from the "hot well" of the engine, and through which the injection
water from the condenser (after having performed its office of condensing the
steam exhausted into the condenser from the cylinder of the engine) is passed
into the refrigerator to be cooled down to a proper temperature, so as to be
re-used, and to re-perform its office when passed back from the refrigerator to
the condenser; H, H, H", are sets of division plates located and arranged as
shown, the first one is so placed that the current of water from the nozzle G
(after passing downwards, over, and across the portion of the series of tubes
embraced in the space between the plate and the head or tube sheet,) is
passed upward in the space between the first and second plates, and so on
until it reaches the further end of the first section of the refrigerator. From
this plate it passes into the middle section of the refrigerator (formed by the
space left between the two diaphragm plates), through which it passes in the
same manner as through the first section until it reaches the front end of
the section. From this it passes to the third section, where it is taken into
and through as before until it reaches the further end, from whence it is
taken by the injection pipe I back to the condenser, in order to be re-used for
the purpose of condensing the steam exhausted into the condenser from the
cylinder of the engine. The object of these division plates is to cause the
injection water to travel an extended distance over, across, and by the surfaces
of the tubes of the refrigerator, in order that it may be cooled down to the
required degree to perform its office when re-used in the condenser. To effect
the same result without the use of the division plates would involve the use of
tubes of such length that the apparatus would be inconvenient on account of
the space it would occupy in the vessel. As shewn in the Drawings, the
current of injection water in the first and last section of the apparatus travels
in a contrary direction to the current of cooling water, the water in the middle
section travelling in the same direction as the current of cooling water, but if
preferred the injection water in all the sections may be passed in a counter
direction to the current of cooling water by allowing the water (received from
the hot well into the apparatus through the nozzle G) to pass first into the
first division of the middle section, from thence into the first section of the

page_text: third division, and from thence into the second section of the same division,
and across through all the sections of all the divisions, until it reaches the
further end of the apparatus, and is; delivered to: the condenser as before by
the injection pipe I. The purpose and object of the "counter current," herein.
mentioned is to bring the injection water in each step of its movement through
the apparatus in contact with a cooler portion of the tubes, a requirement that
is found in practice to be essential to the successful operation of the apparatus.
By the use of the refrigerator in connection with a condensing steam engine.
fresh water can be used in the boiler or boilers of the engine, either at sea or
in rivers, or in localities on land when the water is so highly impregnated with.
mineral, earthy, or other matter as to be injurious to the boiler, an; advantage
that is too well known and appreciated by the engineering community to
require argument or comment to prove it.
The operation of the refrigerator is as follows:-The engine being started,
and the current of cooling water being made to pass through the tubes C, C, C",
the injection water from the condenser (after having performed its office) is
raised into the "hot well" (or reservoir attached to the air pump) in the
usual manner, and is from thence taken into the refrigerator through the
nozzle G, so as to be subjected to the cooling process above described, and is
then taken off through the injection pipe I back to the condenser to be
re-used.
What 1 claim as new in this part of the Invention is the combination of
the diaphragm plates E, F, with the tubes C, C¹, C, and division plates
H, H, H", for the purpose set forth.
The second part of the Invention consists of a combination of the refrige-
rator (described above) with an arrangement of means called "shutes, by
which the requisite supply of cooling water is taken to, passed through, and
taken from the refrigerator by the movement of the vessel (to which they are
attached) through the water, thereby dispensing with pumps or other means
operated by power to produce the same effect. These shutes may be
described as chambers attached to the sides of the vessel, and into which the
sea water rushes as the vessel proceeds, and is conveyed into and through the
refrigerator.
Fig. 5 being part of Fig. 1, Sheet I., is a plan view of the receiving shute
(the one by and through which the cooling water is forced into the refrige-
rator); and Fig. 6, being also part of Fig. 1, is a similar view of the delivery
"shute" (the one through which the cooling water passes from the refrigerator
to the outside.)

page_text: In Figures 7 and 8 (Sheet II.), being part of the transverse sectional
view of the vessel, the relative positions of these shutes are reversed in their
relation to the refrigerator, and to the hull of the vessel for the purpose of
more clearly showing their construction.
In the transverse section A is the refrigerator constructed as described in
the first part of this Specification, and applied in proper position in the vessel
so as to be connected to the condenser and hot well of the engine of the vessel;
2 is the forward or receiving "shute" constructed of a composition of proper
materials to resist corrosion or decay when used in salt water, and made of
cast or wrought iron. When used in water simply impregnated or mixed
with earthy or mineral matters, this "shute" is secured to the side of the
vessel over the aperture in the vessel leading to the receiving pipe D, through
which the external (cooling) water passes to the refrigerator; 3 is a "shut
"off" valve, to be closed in case the flow of cooling water to the refrigerator
for any cause requires to be shut off; 4 is the delivery "shute placed on
the opposite side of the vessel, and with its mouth or opening in an opposite
direction to that of the receiving shute, and connected to the side of the
vessel and to the refrigerator, the same as the receiving "shute," except that
the former has a grating or shield over its entrance to prevent the admission
of grass, fish, or other substances, while the latter has not; 5 and 6 are
blockings of wood secured to the sides of the vessel, and extending over tlie
top and bottom edge of the two shutes (one being placed behind the receiving
shute, and the other placed ahead of the delivery "shute") for the purpose of
rendering the passage of the shutes through the water as little detrimental.
as possible to the velocity of the vessel.
The action and operation of the shutes is as follows:-The vessel on moving
through the water ahead collects and gathers within the forward shute the
amount of water due to its area and to the movement of the vessel, (the said
area being so proportioned in relation to the area of the receiving pipe D as
to keep the latter filled with water.) This water passes through the tubes of
the refrigerator, and is taken off by the delivery shute on the other side, the
movement of the vessel through the water creating a partial vacuum behind
it, increasing in degree with the increased speed of the vessel, which accelerates
the passage of the cooling water through the tubes of the refrigerator, and
increases the velocity and therefore the quantity of the same. In case the
vessel is backed" the operation of the "shutes
"
is of course reversed, the
delivery shute then becoming the receiving one, and the receiving shute the
delivery one, the effect being about the same as though the vessel was moving.
ahead.

page_text: What 1 claim as new under this head of the Invention is the combination
of the shutes arranged as described with the refrigerator A as set forth.
The third part of the Invention relates to an arrangement of means for
supplying the boiler or boilers of the engine (to which the refrigerator is
attached) at cach, revolution of the engine with the amount of water (as feed
water), which is produced by the condensation of the steam used in making
the revolution of the engine (and of course the exact amount of water
evaporated to produce the required amount of steam.) This part of the
Invention consists in arranging the delivery pipe from the "hot well" or re-
servoir of the engine to the refrigerator, and the feed pipe from the hot well
to the feed pump in such relation to each other that the injection water which
has been used in the condenser to condense the steam exhausted into the
condenser during the last made revolution of the engine, and raised into the
"hot well" by the "air pump," shall first be returned to the refrigerator to
be cooled, so as to be re-used (as described in the first part of the Specifica-
tion), and the balance of the water raised by the air pump (being the
amount of water produced by the condensation of the steam used in making
the last revolution of the engine) shall be carried off by the feed pipe to the
feed pump to be returned to the boiler to be then re-used.
Fig. 9 (Sheet II.) is a side elevation of the cylinder condenser, bed plate,
air pump, and hot well of a condensing steam engine with the improvement
attached; Fig. 10 is an end view of the same with a portion of the "hot well"
removed; 8 is the cylinder, 9 the condenser, 10 the bed plate, 11 the air
pump, and 12 the "hot. well" of a condensing steam engine, 13 is the injection
pipe to the condenser through which the requisite supply of water to produce
condensation in the condenser 9 is passed from the refrigerator described in
the first part of this Specification. The water is cooled in the refrigerator
and re-used in the condenser, as therein set forth; 14 is the delivery pipe
from the hot well to the refrigerator, and through which the water last
used in the condenser is returned to the refrigerator to be cooled so as
to be re-used. 15 is the feed pump which supplies the boiler with water;
16 is the feed pipe connecting the hot well to the feed pump through which
the latter is supplied with water to feed the boiler. This pipe is placed ·
in and attached to the hot well just above the point of the attachment of
the delivery pipe 14, in order that the delivery pipe shall first receive its
supply sufficient to fill up the space in the refrigerator left vacant by the
delivery of the injection water into the condenser during the time of the last
made revolution of the engine, and that the balance of the water in the "hot
well" (being the amount of water produced by the condensation of the steam

page_text: used in making the last revolution of the engine) shall be delivered through
the feed pipe to the feed pump to be returned to the boiler. It will be noted
that the amount of injection water and of feed water are constaut quantities,
the first being that quantity which has been taken away from the refrigerator
to produce condensation in the condenser and requiring to be replaced in the
refrigerator, and the second being the quantity produced by the condensation
of the steam exhausted into the condenser and requiring to be restored to the
boiler to keep up the proper supply of water in the boiler. Should the feed
pipe be placed below the delivery pipe in the hot well the supply of water to
the feed pump would be in excess of the amount required, filling up the boiler
with too great a quantity of water and robbing the refrigerator (and there-
fore the condenser) of its proper supply, rendering it and the condenser partially
or wholly inoperative. The advantages of this arrangement will be apparent
to the practical engineer, as by it the quantities of water required for couden-.
sation and evaporation are distributed and supplied to the condenser and to
the boiler in the exact proportion required by each, a result impossible to be
effected by any arrangement by which these quantities and supplies are
regulated and governed by hand.
What I claim as new in this part of the Invention is the arrangement of
the delivery pipe 14 and the feed pipe 16 in their relation to each other and
to the hot well 12, as and for the purpose described.
The fourth part of the Invention consists of a means of securing the tubes of
the refrigerator in the "tube sheets" or "head sheets" of the apparatus by
the use of a metallic packing secured around the ends of the tubes within
a cavity formed in the "tube sheet." The ordinary method of securing these
tubes in place is to secure them fixedly and permanently in the tube sheet
within an aperture of the same size (as nearly as possible) of the tube. This
method does not allow the tubes to move in the heads, as they are expanded
and contracted by the changes of temperature to which they may be subjected
(a condition that must be provided for) for although the temperature of the
tubes is constant after the apparatus has worked sufficiently long to raise the
tubes and the refrigerator case to their maximum temperature, yet at the first
starting of the apparatus the influx of hot water from the hot well to the
refrigerator expands the tubes in a slight degree until the apparatus gets
warmed through, when they resume their normal condition in relation to the
case and its tube sheets. Unless provision is made for this expansion and the
subsequent contraction of the tubes when the apparatus is stopped they will
either be broken or bent in the operation. Many attempts have been made
"

page_text: to provide for the effect of this expansion and contraction of the tubes of
apparatus which are subjected to the same difficulty as above named (for
instance surface condensers for steam condensing engines) but they have
either proved inefficient or else so expensive that they have not being brought
into general use.
This part of the Invention is shewn in Sheet I. Fig. 11 is a perspective
view of one of the packing rings; Fig 12 is a transverse section of a portion
of a "head sheet" of the refrigerator shewing one of the tubes in place and
the cavity in which the packing rings are to be placed and secured; Fig. 13
is a similar view shewing the first section of the packing ring driven and
secured in place; and Fig. 14 is a similar view shewing both sections of the
packing secured in place and the fastening of the tube completed.
The head or tube sheet A is made by casting it of iron or other desired
metal or composition, and forming in it in the operation of casting the aperture
for the tubes and also the cavities to receive the packing rings. This method
of making the sheet effects a considerable economy in the cost of making the
same by drilling the cavities and apertures out of a solid sheet of metal or
composition, and also admits of enlarging the cavities for the reception of the
packing rings at the bottom ends thereof, so as to hold the rings in place more
securely; B is one of the packing rings, which are made of soft lead or other
suitable ductile metal or composition, of which two are employed to secure and
tighten each end of each tube as shewn. They are made of an internal
diameter equal to the diameter of the exterior of the tube D, and of an ex-
ternal diameter equal to the diameter of the opening or cavity C in which
they are placed, and of such length that the two together when placed in and
driven down to position in the cavity shall be equal to (or even a little more
than) the depth of the cavity, as shewn in Fig. 14. The tube D is placed in
position in the head sheet A, (as shewn in Fig. 12; the first one of the packing
rings B is then "set" to place in the cavity C around the exterior of the tube,
as shewn in Fig. 13; the second packing ring is then "set" to place on top
of the first one (as shewn in Fig. 14), completing the fastening of the tube in
the head sheet, rendering the tube perfectly tight in the sheet while it affords.
it its required movement back and forth in the sheet to provide for the ex-
pansion and contraction in the cases before named. The packing rings
described are cheap in themselves, and are also cheaply, readily, and easily
applied, and subserve the purpose for which they are designed in a superior"
manner to any other device or arrangement for the same purpose yet presented
or known.

page_text: What I claim as new in this part of the Invention as above described is
the packing ring B in combination with the head sheet A and tube D, as and
for the purpose herein set forth.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Edward Newton, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, the Second day of December, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-four.
Witness,
J. W. MOFFATT,
66, Chancery Lane.
W. E. NEWTON. (L.S.)