IM- PROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR HEATING AND COOLING LIQUIDS, WHICH APPARATUS IS APPLICABLE FOR GENERATING AND CONDENSING STEAM AND PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION
Year: 1872

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Thomas Ivory, of Edinburgh, in the County of
Mid Lothian, North Britain, Advocate, for the Invention of "IM-
PROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR HEATING AND COOLING LIQUIDS, WHICH
APPARATUS IS APPLICABLE FOR GENERATING AND CONDENSING STEAM AND
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Thomas Ivory at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
5th December 1872.
I, THOMAS IVORY, of Edinburgh, in the County of Mid Lothian,
North Britain, Advocate, do hereby declare the nature of my said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR HEATING AND COOLING
LIQUIDS, WHICH APPARATUS IS APPLICABLE FOR GENERATING AND CONDENSING
STEAM AND OTHER VAPOURS AND FOR DISTILLING LIQUIDS," to be as follows:-
This Invention as applied for generating steam consists in arranging
between the fire-box and chimney or smoke box and within the water
space or water and steam spaces of steam boilers one or more chambers
or boxes studded with conductor pins, bars, or plates, each chamber or

page_text: "
"
box consisting of a single vessel or tube which may or may not be
partially subdivided by means of plates of metal or by fire-brick partitions
into compartments or divisions communicating with each other. These
chambers or boxes together with the fire-box substantially constitute
the entire heating space or surface of the boiler or steam generator
Into these chambers or boxes the flues or passages leading from the
fire-box are conducted, each such flue or passage having one chamber
or box only between it and the outlet tube or passage for the products
of combustion from the boiler proper, and which tube or passage may
lead directly into the smoke box or chimney, or it may first lead into a
steam heating or drying compartment or into a feed water heating
compartment and thence to the smoke box or chimney.
Under another arrangement several flues or passages may be made to
communicate with a single chamber or box.. It is preferred where the
chambers or boxes are constructed with division plates or partitions to
arrange the greater number of the conductor pins or bars on the outer
surfaces of the chambers or boxes, and in cases where the chambers or
boxes are not divided into compartments it is preferred in employing
the conductor pins or bars to arrange them equally on the inner and
outer surfaces thereof. The conductor pins, bars, and partial division
plates or partitions when such are employed at the inner sides of the
chambers or boxes act as additional absorbents of the heat passing
through the said chambers or boxes, and which is given off to the water
or water and steam in the boiler from the pins or bars on the outer
surfaces of the chambers or boxes.
The apparatus herein-before described may be applied to the con-
densation of steam and other vapors in connection with steam or other
motive-power engines or in apparatus employed in distillation, or it may
be applied to cooling liquids, for which purposes one or more of the
chambers or boxes studded with conductor pins, bars, or plates, as
herein-before set forth, is or are enclosed within one or more water
spaces in such a manner that they constitute the entire condensing or
cooling surfaces.
Tubes lead from the steam engine or other apparatus into the
chambers or boxes, each such tube having one chamber or box only
between it and the discharge outlet for the liquid produced by con-
densation, or several tubes may be arranged to communicate with a
single chamber or box.

page_text: In employing the chambers or boxes to condense steam and other
vapours in connection with steam or other motive-power engines it is
preferred to dispense with the partition or division plates herein-before
referred to and to distribute conductor pins or bars equally on the inner
and outer surfaces of the chambers or boxes; but in apparatus used for
distillation and the cooling of liquids it is preferred to construct the
chambers or boxes with partial division plates or partitions, as herein-
before described.
Another system under which this Invention may be carried into
effect consists in arranging between the fire-box and chimney and in
the water or water and steam spaces of steam boilers one or more
winding or meandering flues or passages, each forming one continuous
passage of four or more courses, and having three or more bends or
elbows therein. The passage or passages communicates or communicate
at one extremity with the fire-box of the boiler, and at the other
extremity with the smoke box or chimney, so that the products of
combustion on their way to the chimney are made to give up their heat
to the water and steam contained in the boiler."
Under another arrangement the winding flues or passages may be so
situate as to ascend or partly ascend and partly descend above the crown
of the firc-box of the boiler.
The chambers or boxes or the winding flues may, in addition to
employing them for the purposes herein-before described, be adapted to
heating the feed water of steam boilers, by so arranging them that part
of the heat given up by the products of combustion or exhaust steam
passing through the chambers or boxes or through the winding flues
may be imparted to the water contained in the feed water tank, or
steam may be conducted direct from the boiler or through chambers or
boxes or through winding flues for the purpose of heating the feed
water, the single chamber or box system being for this purpose preferred
to that of the winding flues. In applying this arrangement to vertical
boilers it is preferred to place the feed water reservoir on the top of the
boiler; and in other boilers where practicable it is preferred to arrange
the feed water reservoir wholly or partially above the level of the crown
of the furnace in order that in both cases by opening a communication
between the reservoir and the boiler the water may descend into the
boiler by force of gravity.

page_text: With a view to still further utilize the heat of the products of
combustion when the air for promoting combustion of the fuel is made
to pass through the front, or any of the other sides of the fire-box, water
tubes may be arranged with spaces between them through which the
products of combustion pass,.the tubes constituting one or more of the
walls of the fire-box and being bent so that both of their ends are fixed
in the same tube plate, one end being situate higher than the other.
It is however to be here understood that the arrangement of boiler
last set forth constitutes no part of this Invention. A compact and
efficient steam boiler system may be arranged in three or four com-
partments under the system embraced by this Invention, the first
compartment being the steam generator or boiler proper, through which
the products of combustion pass into a second compartment constituting
a steam receiver and heater, thence the products of combustion pass
into the third chamber or compartment which constitutes the feed
water reservoir and heater; and in cases where a fourth compartment
is employed the side compartment constitutes a condenser in which the
exhaust steam from the engine or steam escaping directly from the
boiler is condensed, the water of condensation being collected in a vessel
from which it is intended to be discharged into the feed water reservoir
or directly into the boiler.
In the Drawings appended is represented in longitudinal section at
Figure 1, and in transverse section on the line x, x, Figure 1, at
Figure 2, an apparatus embodying and exhibiting the general character
and features of the apparatus, which with the exception herein-after
mentioned constitutes the entire Invention above described. It consists
of a box or chamber C studded on the exterior surface with conductor
rods or bars E, and on the interior surface with conductor rods or bars E,
and also with conductor plates D, which partially subdivide it into
compartments or divisions H, H, communicating with each other, as
shewn in the said 2 Figures, and it is delineated as situated at the
interior of a vessel or tank A, which may be taken to represent a partial
section, either of a steam generator or boiler, or of a steam reservoir,
or of a feed water reservoir, or of a vessel containing condensing water.
The letter B shews what may be either the inlet or the discharge passage
to or from said vessel or tank. The substance intended to be cooled or
condensed is made to part witli its heat is caused to pass through the
box or chamber C, and may either enter at F and after descending be

page_text: discharged at G, or enter at G and after descending be discharged at F.
Such substances may be either the products of combustion from gaseous
or liquid or solid fuel, or steam or vapor from a steam boiler or engine,
or from a still or a liquid of any kind.
In some cases it will be advantageous (depending partly on the size
of the apparatus) to provide more inlet and discharge passages than
one. In some cases also it will be more advantageous to diminish the
number or the size of the conductor plates D on the interior surface, or
to dispense with them entirely and to increase the number of conductor
rods or bars E, while in other cases again it will be more advantageous
to diminish the number of conductor rods or bars E on the interior and
increase the number of conductor plates D.
It will be observed that the box or chamber C constitutes substantially
the entire heating and cooling space or surface within the enclosing
vessel A.
It will bo further observed that the effect produced by the metal
plates D is to cause the products of combustion or other substance to
take a zig-zag or meandering course between the inlet and the outlet
passages; and the only part of my Invention which is not illustrated
by the Drawings hereunto appended as not requiring to be so is a mere
modification of this last-mentioned zig-zag or meanding flue, and
consists as herein-before described in arranging between the fire-box
and chimney and in the water (or water and steam spaces of stcam
boilers or in vessels containing the feed water one or more winding or
meandering flues or passages composed of tubes, each having three or
more bends or elbows and cach forming one continuous passage of four
or morc courses.

page_text: WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Fifth day of December, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-two, in the
36th year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said Thomas Ivory, Her special license that
I, the said Thomas Ivory, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or
such others as I, the said Thomas Ivory, my executors, administrators,
or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to
time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should
and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle
of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR HEATING AND
COOLING LIQUIDS, WHICH APPARATUS IS APPLICABLE FOR GENERATING AND CON-
DENSING STEAM AND OTHER VAPOURS AND FOR DISTILLING LIQUIDS," upon the
condition (amongst others) that I, the said Thomas Ivory, by an instru-
ment in writing under my hand and seal, should particularly describe
and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the
same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great
Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately
after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Thomas Ivory, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement, reference being had to the accompanying Drawings
and to the letters and figures marked thereon, that is to say :—
My said Invention as applied for generating steam consists in
arranging between the fire-box and chimney or smoke box and within
the water space or water and steam spaces of steam boilers one or more
chambers or boxes studded outside and inside with conductor pins, bars,
or plates, each chamber or box consisting of a single vessel or tube,
which may or may not be partially subdivided by means of plates of
metal or by fire-brick partitions into compartments or divisions com-
municating with each other. These chambers or boxes together with
the fire-box substantially constitute the entire heating space or surface
of the boiler or steam generator. Into these chambers or boxes the
flues or passages leading from the fire-box are conducted, each such
flue or passage having one chamber or box only between it and the
outlet tube or passage for the products of combustion from the boiler

page_text: proper, and which tube or passage may lead directly into the smoke
box or chimney, or it may first lead into a steam heating or drying
compartment or into a feed water heating compartment and thence to
the smoke box or chimney.
Under another arrangement several flues or passages may be made
to communicate with a single chamber or box. It is preferred where
the chambers or boxes are constructed with division plates or partitions
to arrange the greater number of the conductor pins or bars on the
outer surfaces of the chambers or boxes; and in cases where the
chambers or boxes are not divided into compartments it is preferred
in employing the conductor pins or bars to arrange them equally on
the inner and outer surfaces thereof, and so that those on the outside
should be directly opposite and as it were in continuation of those on
the inside. The conductor pins, bars, and partial division plates or
partitions when such are employed at the inner sides of the chambers
or boxes act as additional absorbents of the heat passing through the
said chambers or boxes, and which is given off to the water or water
and steam in the boiler from the pins or bars or plates on the outer
surfaces of the chambers or boxes.
The apparatus herein-before described may be applied to the con-
densation of steam and other vapours in connection with steam or other
motive-power engines, or in apparatus employed in distillation, or it may
be applied to cooling liquids or æriform substances, for which purposes
one or more of the chambers or boxes studded with conductor pins, bars,
or plates as herein-before set forth is or are enclosed within one or more
water spaces in such a manner that they constitute substantially the
entire condensing or cooling surfaces.
Tubes lead from the steam engine or other apparatus into the
chambers or boxes, each such tube having one chamber or box only
between it and the discharge outlet for the liquid produced by con-
densation, or several tubes may be arranged to communicate with a
single chamber or box.
r
In employing the chambers or boxes to condense steam and other
vapours in connection with steam or other motive-power engines it is
preferred to dispense with the partition or division plates herein-before
referred to and to distribute conductor pins or bars equally on the
inner and outer surfaces of the chambers or boxes, and also to leave

page_text: immediately opposite the opening for admission of the steam or vapour
to be condensed a space not crossed by the pins or bars, so as to obviate
back pressure as much as possible, but in apparatus used for distillation
and the cooling of liquids it is preferred to construct the chambers or
boxes with partial division plates or partitions as herein-before
described.
Another system under which this Invention may be, carried into
effect consists in arranging between the fire-box and chimney and
wholly within the water or water and steam spaces of steam boilers one
or more winding or meandering flues or passages each forming one
continuous passage of four or more courses and having three or more
bends or elbows therein. The passage or passages communicates or
communicate at one extremity with the fire-box of the boiler, and at
the other extremity with the smoke box or chimney, so that the
products of combustion on their way to the chimney are made to give
up their heat to the water and steam contained in the boiler. These
winding flues or passages may be either horizontal, or ascending or
descending, or partly ascending and partly descending.
The chambers or boxes or the winding flues may in addition to
employing them for the purposes herein-before described be adapted to
hicating the feed water of steam boilers, by so arranging them that part
of the heat given up by the products of combustion or exhaust steam
passing through the chambers or boxes or through the winding flues.
may be imparted to the water contained in the feed water tank, or
steam may be conducted direct from the boiler through such chambers
or boxes or through winding flues for the purpose of heating the feed
water, the single chamber or box system being for this purpose preferred
to that of the winding flues. In applying this arrangement to vertical
boilers it is preferred to place the feed water reservoir on the top of the
boiler; and in other boilers where practicable it is preferred to arrange
the feed water reservoir wholly or partially above the level of the crown
of the furnace in order that in both cases by opening communications
between the reservoir and the boiler the water may descend into the
boiler by force of gravity.

page_text: tubes may be arranged with spaces between them, through which the
products of combustion pass, the tubes constituting one or more of the
walls of the fire-box, and being bent so that both of their ends are fixed
on the same tube plate, one end being situate higher than the other.
It is however to be here understood that the arrangement of boiler
last set forth constitutes no part of this Invention. A compact and
efficient steam boiler system may be arranged in three or four com-
partments under the system embraced by this Invention, each containing
one or more chambers or boxes of the kind above described, the first
compartment being the steam generator or boiler proper, through the
box contained in which the products of combustion pass into the box
contained in a second compartment constituting a steam receiver and
heater, thence the products of combustion pass into the box contained
in the third chamber or compartment, which constitutes a feed water
reservoir and heater, and thence into a smoke box or chimney. In cases
where a surface condenser is used a fourth compartment is employed,
the box contained in which compartment constitutes a surface condenser
in which the exhaust steam from the engine or steam escaping directly
from the boiler is condensed, the products of condensation being collected
in a vessel from which they are intended to be discharged either into an
intermediate reservoir or directly into the boiler,
And in order that my said Invention may be properly understood, I
now proceed more particularly to set forth the system, mode, or manner
in or under which the same is or may be used or practically carried into
effect, that is to say :—
On the Sheet of Drawings hereunto appended Figuro'l is a vertical
longitudinal section of my improved apparatus for heating and cooling
liquids, which apparatus is applicable for generating and condensing
steam and other vapours and for distilling liquids; Figure 2 is a
transverse section of the same on the line x, x, Figure 1. As shewn
by these and all the other Figures referred to in this Specification the
apparatus consists of a box or chamber C studded on the exterior surface
with conductor rods or bars E, and on the interior surface with conductor
rods or bars E, and also with conductor plates D, which partially
subdivide it into compartments or divisions H communicating with
each other, as shewn. The box´or chamber C is situated within a vessel
or tank A, which may be taken to represent a partial section, cither of

page_text: a steam generator or boiler, or of a steam reservoir, or of a feed water
reservoir, or of a vessel containing condensing water. An inlet or
discharge passage B, to or from the vessel or tank A, is situated at the
lower part thereof, as shewn. The substance intended to be cooled or
condensed or made to part with its heat is caused to pass through the
box or chamber C, and may either enter at an inlet F and after
descending be discharged at an outlet G, or it may enter at G and
after ascending be discharged at F. Such substances may be either
the products of combustion from gaseous liquid or solid fuel, or steam
or vapour from a steam boiler or engine, or from a still or a liquid or
æriform fluid of any kind.
In some cases it will be advantageous (depending partly on the size
of the apparatus) to provide more inlet and discharge passages than
onc, and in some cases also it will be more advantageous to diminish
the number or the size of the conductor plates D on the interior surface
of the box or chamber C, or to dispense with them entirely and to
increase the number of conductor rods or bars E, whilst in other cases
again it will be more advantageous to diminish the number of conductor
rods or bars E in the interior and increase the number of conductor
plates D.
It is preferred that conductor pins or rods, and not conductor plates,
should be used on the outside of my apparatus in all cases, but the
use of conductor plates outside as well as inside is included in my
Invention.
It will be observed that the box or chamber C constitutes sub-
stantially the entire heating and cooling space or surface within the
enclosing vessel A.
It will be further observed that the effect produced by the metal
plates D is to cause the products of combustion or other substance to
take a zig-zag or meandering course between the inlet and the outlċt
passages.
Another arrangement or modification of the apparatus is shewn in
transverse section at Figure 3 of the Drawings, and at Figure 4 in
partial horizontal section on the line y, y, Figure 3; and at Figure 5 in
partial longitudinal section on the line x, x, Figure 3. Under this
arrangement the box or chamber C, which is shewn as situated within
a horizontal boiler M, is studded on both sides of the exterior surface

page_text: with conductor pins or bars E, whilst on the interior surface rows of
conductor pins or bars E and conductor plates D are arranged on each
side alternately, the extremities of the pins or bars E meeting or nearly
meeting the edges of the plates D at the centre part of the box or
chamber C. Instead of the conductor plates D rows of conductor pins
or bars may be used, and it is preferred that the extremities of each of
the pins or bars in these rows should meet the ends of the conductor
pins or bars projecting from the opposite side of the box or chamber C.
An inlet F and an outlet G are respectively situated at the upper and
lower part of the box or chamber C, but they may be otherwise situated
according to convenience.
At Figure 6 of the Drawings is shewn in vertical section another
arrangement or modification of my apparatus as applied to a vertical
boiler, but it may be easily adapted to a horizontal boiler. The best
arrangement however of my apparatus for a vertical boiler is to have
the interior of the boxes or chambers C¹, C³, (which are respectively
situated within the boiler and feed water reservoir) studded only with
conductor pins or bars on both sides, and with their extremities meeting
or nearly meeting one another, as shewn at Figure 3. As shewn by
this arrangement the exterior surfaces of the sides of the boxes or
chambers C¹ and C are studded with conductor pins or bars E in a
similar manner to the arrangement illustrated at Figures 3 and 4 of
the Drawings, whilst the interior surfaces are provided at one side with
the conductor pins or bars E, and on the opposite side with conductor
plates D. Instead of or in addition to the use of the products of
combustion for heating the feed water of boilers the feed water may be
heated by means of my apparatus, by so arranging and causing to pass
through it the exhaust steam, part of the heat of which is imparted to
the feed water, or steam may be conducted direct from the boiler for the
purpose of heating the feed water.
In ordinary boilers the following dimensions of the pins or bars and
plates will be found on the whole to combine the most advantages, namely,
a diameter or thickness of about an inch, and a length of projection
from the walls of the box or chamber of about 3 inches, but any other
dimensions may be used. In the Figures herein described and referred
to the pins or bars, and plates on the opposite sides of the interior of
the box, are shewn in contact with one another at their extremities, but
though this is preferred as being the strongest and best arrangement

page_text: it is not essential, and any distance that is desired may be made to
intervene between their extremities. This apparatus as applied to steam
boilers is specially adapted and primarily intended to be used with a
forced draught and with non-bituminous solid fuel, such as cokc, or
with gaseous fuel, but when the combustion is completed in the fire-box
or furnace it may be used with ordinary raw coal.
In lieu of employing a forced draught the apparatus may be used
with a natural draught.
In place of using the boxes or chambers C studded with conductor
pins or rods E and plates D, as herein-before described and shewn on
the annexed Sheet of Drawings another system (not illustrated on the
Sheet of Drawings) under which this Invention may be carried into
effect consists in arranging between the fire-box and chimney and
wholly within the water or water and steam spaces of steam boilers one
or more winding or meandering flues or passages, each forming one
continuous passage of four or more courses, and having three or more
bends or elbows therein. The passage or passages communicates or
communicate at one extremity with the fire-box of the boiler, and at
the other extremity with the smoke box or chimney, so that the products
of combustion on their way to the chimney give up their heat to the
water and steam contained in the boiler.
At Figure 7 of the Drawings is shewn in vertical section an arrange-
ment in which a compact and efficient steam boiler system may be
obtained in three or four compartments under the system embraced by
this Invention, each compartment containing one or more chambers or
boxes of the kind above described. As shewn by the Drawing the first
compartment C' is the steam generator or boiler proper, through the box
contained in which the products of combustion pass by means of the
passage a into the box contained in a second compartment C* constituting
a steam receiver and heater, thence the products of combustion pass by
means of the passage 6 into the box contained in the third compart-
ment Cs, which constitutes a feed water reservoir and heater, and from
thence they escape to the smoke box or chimney by means of tho
outlet C. The steam generated in the boiler C¹ is passed into the steam
receiver and heater C by means of the passage d. In cases where a
surface condenser is used a fourth compartment is employed, the box
contained in which compartment constitutes a surface condenser, in

page_text: which the exhaust steam from the engine or steam from the engine, or
steam escaping directly from the boiler is condensed, the products of
condensation being collected in a vessel from which it is intended to be
discharged either into an intermediate reservoir or directly into the
boiler.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of my
said Invention, and the system, mode, or manner in or under which
the same is or may be used or practically carried into effect, I would
observe in conclusion that what I consider to be novel and original,
and therefore claim as the Invention secured to me by the herein-before
in part recited Letters Patent is,—
First. The use of chambers or boxes studded inside and outside with
conductor pins or bars or plates and otherwise arranged as above
described, so as to constitute substantially the entire heating or cooling
surfaces employed for heating or cooling liquids or vapours or other
æriform substances, including the generation of steam and the con-
densation of steam and other vapours, either in connection with steam
or other motive-power engines or in processes of distillation.
Second. The use in steam boilers of zig-zag or meandering, flues of
four or more courses, as above described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Thomas Ivory, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Twenty-eighth day of May One thousand
eight hundred and seventy-three.