Iм- PROVEMENTS IN THE PROCESSES OF BLEACHING, MORDANTING, AND DYEING YARN
Year: 1873

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to James Mallison, of Sharples, near Bolton, in
the County of Lancaster, Yarn Agent, for the Invention of "Iм-
PROVEMENTS IN THE PROCESSES OF BLEACHING, MORDANTING, AND DYEING
YARN."
Sealed the 20th March 1874, and dated the 4th December 1873.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said James Mallison at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
4th December 1873.
I, JAMES MALLISON, of Sharples, near Bolton, in the County of
Lancaster, Yarn Agent, do hereby declare the nature of the said In-
vention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PROCESSES OF BLEACHING, MORDANTING, AND
DYEING YARN," to be as follows:-
My Invention consists in winding the yarn to be bleached, mordanted,
or dyed on a perforated beam, or roller, or other equivalent, and then
forcing the bleaching, mordanting, or dyeing liquid or fluid through the

page_text: yarn either by force pumps, vacuum, steam, or otherwise in such wise
that the liquid or fluid, after having passed through the yarn, can flow
off from the outside if it has been forced through from the inside, or
vice versa, whereby a constant current of the bleaching, mordanting, or
dyeing liquid or fluid can be kept up until the process is complete.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said James Mallison in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 28th May 1874.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JAMES
Yarn
MALLISON, of Sharples, near Bolton, in the County of Lancaster,
Agent, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Fourth day of December, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-three, in the
thirty-seventh year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and suc-
cessors, give and grant unto me, the said James Mallison, Her special
licence that I, the said James Mallison, my executors, administrators,
and assigns, or such others as I, the said James Mallison, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with and no
others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term
thercin expressed, should and lawfully might make, exercise, use, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE PROCESSES OF BLEACHING, MORDANTING, AND DYEING YARN," upon the
condition (amongst others) that I, the said James Mallison, my
exccutors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or
their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the
same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great
Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately
after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said James Mallison, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the șamo is

page_text: to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement (that is to say) :-
My Invention consists in winding the yarn to be bleached, mor-
danted, or dyed on a perforated beam, or roller, or other equivalent, and
then forcing the bleaching, mordanting, or dyeing liquid or fluid
through the yarn either by force pumps, vacuum, steam, or otherwise
in such wise that the liquid or fluid after having passed through the
yarn can flow off from the outside if it has been forced through from
the inside, or vice versa, whereby a constant current of the bleaching,
mordanting, or dyeing liquid or fluid can be kept up until the process is
complete.
In performing my Invention I make use of a hollow beam or roller
made of perforated sheet metal, as shewn in the accompanying Drawing,
or the roller may consist of a barrel of rods or wires, or woven wire may
be used. The yarn to be operated upon is wound on the said hollow
perforated beam or roller, and the hole of this beam or roller is closed by
a flange and india-rubber or other packing at each end. Through this
flange passes a perforated pipe, which is screwed tight by nuts and
packing to the flanges, and which pipe acts at the same time as a stay
for the flanges and for introducing or discharging the bleaching, mor-
danting, or dyeing liquid or fluid. These liquids or fluids are forced
through the in the manner hereafter described.
yarn
The materials for bleaching, mordanting, and dyeing which I employ
are the same as those employed for bleaching, mordanting, and dyeing
yarn in the hank, warp, and cops, which of course vary according to the
nature of the yarn and the effects to be produced, and which are mostly
solutions or concoctions of vegetable and mineral substances, but which
in certain cases are also vapours or gases.
I make no claim to any special material, but as there seems to be
some difference of opinion whether astringent matters, such as sumac,
galls, and others, can be called mordants or not, although they are at all
events mordants for the metallic salts if not for the dye, I wish it to be
understood that by speaking of mordants I mean to include the astringent
matters and all other liquids employed for effecting an affinity to the
fibrous material and an attraction to the colouring matter..

page_text: When the liquid has been forced through the yarn from the inside of
the perforated beam to the outside by means of compressed air or steam,
or by suction or otherwise, the liquid is allowed to flow off from the
outside, but the liquid or fluid may in like manner be forced through
the yarn from the outside of the beam, and escape through the inside.
In certain cases, and particularly in saturating the yarn with the
astringent portions of the mordants, it is desirable to let the liquid
remain for some time in the yarn for thoroughly combining with it, and
this object is attained by simply leaving the beam full of the liquid or
fluid.
In order to force the liquid or fluid through the yarn I employ
different means, according to the nature of the material, the temperature
at which the liquids or fluids have to be used, and to the greater or less
facility with which the yarn absorbs them. In some cases I employ a
force pump acting on the liquids or fluids from the inside of the beam;
or I fill the inside with the bleaching, mordanting, or dyeing solution,
and force it through the yarn by steam pressure; or I place the beam in
the solution and exhaust the air from the inside of the beam, thereby
causing the solution to penetrate the yarn from the outside.
The operation may be assisted by steam pressure from the outside, if
desirable, or a combination of any of the above operations may be
employed.
When the yarn has been treated in the manner above described I
wind the yarn off one or more beams into a chain or warp, or on to one
or more other beams. In doing so I let the yarn in some cases pass
through one or more troughs containing water or bleaching, mordanting,
or dyeing liquids, sizing, stiffening, or any other solution or concoction
adapted for freeing the yarn from acids, superfluous dye, or impurities;
or for completing the bleaching, mordanting, or dyeing process, if only
partly done on the hollow beam or roller; or for sizing, stiffening,
dressing, and otherwise treating it; and in some cases I subject it to the
action of gas or vapour to attain this object.
If necessary I squeeze the yarn previously to entering and when
leaving each trough, and by preference I also attach a drying or dressing
apparatus behind the troughs.
Having now stated the nature of my Invention, and described a con-

page_text: venient mode of carrying it into operation, I wish it to be understood
that I do not limit myself to the details given, but what I claim as my
Invention is, applying bleaching, mordanting (as explained), and dyeing
liquids, fluids, gases, or vapours, either separately or combined, to yarn
wound on a perforated beam, roller, or other equivalent.
In witness whereof, I, the said James Mallison, have hereto set
my hand and seal, this Twenty-sixth day of May, One thousand
eight hundred and seventy-four.