IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR HATCHING EGGS, AND RAISING THE YOUNG, AND FOR HEATING HOTHOUSES AND OTHER. BUILDINGS
Year: 1846

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
JAMES CANTELO, of Paris Street, North Lambeth, in the County of Surrey,
Gentleman, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date
at Westminster, the Twenty-fifth day of February, in the Ninth year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto
me, the said William James Cantelo, my exors, adiñors, and assigns, Her
especial licence, full power, sole privilege and authority that I, the said
William James Cantelo, my exors, admors, and assigns, or such others as I,
the said William James Cantelo, my exors, adiñors, or assigns, should at
any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
during the term of years therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-
upon-Tweed, and in the Islands of Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney, Sark, and
Man, and also in all Her said Majesty's Colonies and Plantations abroad, my
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR HATCHING EGGS, AND RAISING
THE YOUNG, AND FOR HEATING HOTHOUSES AND OTHER. BUILDINGS;" in which
said Letters Patent is contained a proviso that I, the said William James
Cantelo, shall cause a particular description of the nature of my said Invention,.
and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be inrolled in Her
said Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next
and immediately after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as
in and by the same, reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at large
appear.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
William James Cantelo, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention,
and the manner in which the same is to be performed, are fully described
and ascertained in and by the following statement thereof, reference being
had to the Drawings hereunto annexed, and to the figures and letters marked
thereon, that is to say:
Heretofore, in arranging apparatus for hatching of eggs by artificial incu-
bation, it has been usual so to construct the same that the eggs are placed
in a heated atmosphere of a temperature which is thought the best for the
purpose, so that the whole surface of each egg as heretofore been subjected to
the same temperature, which I have discovered, after numerous experiments, is
highly injurious, and only a very low per centage of the egg submitted to
artificial incubation can by such means be hatched, and I attribute that result
to the evaporation of too much of the fluid of the egg. It will be found, and
it is a well-known fact, that the germ of the egg floats at the upper part of the
egg, and the bird therefore in natural incubation applies the direct heat of.
the body to that part of the egg, and the lower part of the egg is compara-
tively at a much lower temperature than the upper part where the germ is.
In addition to which, the bird often leaves the nest for a time, by which each
egg is more or less ventilated. Now the object of the first part of the Invention
is so to arrange apparatus for artificial incubation that the heat may be contact
heat from above, whilst the lower surfaces of the eggs are kept comparatively
at a low temperature, and by such means to imitate nature as nearly as
may be.
I would remark, that the arrangement of apparatus for obtaining
the requisite heat from above to eggs for carrying on the process of artificial
incubation according to my Invention may be varied, and therefore, although
I shall hereafter describe an arrangement of apparatus such as I have found
fully to answer, and is what I believe best for the purpose, I do not confine
myself thereto, so long as the peculiar mode of carrying on the process of
artificial incubation by top contact heat be retained.
The second part of my Invention relates to the arrangement of apparatus
to serve the purpose of the mother in imparting warmth to the young bird,
and consists of circulating heated fluids through flexible pipes, so that the
young birds can pass under and press themselves against such heated flexible
pipes or surfaces; and such an apparatus will be found to offer a like mode of
applying warmth to the young to that which is offered by the mother, and the
young, having a yielding warm surface above, against which they can press
themselves, they will not be found to huddle together, as has heretofore been
very commonly the case in bringing up young birds, and such huddling

page_text: together renders the young very weakly and tender, and very few are raised to
maturity.
The third part of my Invention consists of an arrangement of stove for
heating water for such purposes, and which will be found applicable for
heating water for circulation to heat greenhouses and other buildings; and
this part of the Invention also consists in forcing water to flow more quickly
when circulating for heating apparatus for artificial incubation, and when
heating greenhouses and other buildings, by employing pumps or other suitable
machinery for putting the water more quickly in motion than what results
from the natural circulation of water from and to the boiler. And in order
that the Invention may be most fully understood and readily carried into effect,
I will proceed to describe the means pursued by me.
Figure
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
shows a longitudinal elevation of an apparatus partly in section,
for carrying on the process of artificial incubation according to my Invention.
Figure 2 is a plan of the top surface thereof; Figure 3 is a transverse section
thereof; and Figure 4 shews an upper, an under, and a sectional view of one
of the trays used for receiving the eggs.
These trays have wire cloth or open surface at the bottom, so that air may
pass freely to the eggs placed thereon. The trays are placed on the shelves
a, a', as shewn, the parts a² of the shelves being hinged at a², a², to the fixed.
parts a, so that the parts a¹ may be either in a horizontal or a vertical position.
When they are in a vertical position the trays thereon are raised to the highest
position, and the eggs therein come in contact with the flexible surface b above;
and it is by this means that heat is applied to the upper surface of each egg.
c is the top or cover of the apparatus. Between the cover c´and the flexible
waterproof fabric water of about one hundred and eight degrees Fahrenheit is
caused to circulate. Care should, however, be observed that the water is
not so hot as to cause the surface in contact with the eggs to be more
than about one hundred and four degrees of Fahrenheit; and although
such circulation may be accomplished by the simple act of heating the
cistern or vessel with which the space between c and b communicates by
two pipes d, e, yet I prefer to use a pump or a wheel constantly propelling
the water through the pipe d, by which a more uniform temperature will be
maintained to all the surface 6 acting on the eggs below, as it is important
to the process of artificial incubation that the heat should be kept to each egg
about one hundred and two degrees to one hundred and four degrees of
Fahrenheit; and this mode of aiding the circulation of heated water will be

page_text: found desirable and useful wherever a more uniform heat is desired than can
be obtained by the natural circulation resulting from heating water at one
part of the apparatus. The pipes d and e communicate with a cistern or
vessel in which the water is kept, slightly above that which it is desired
should pervade the surface 6; and although various means of heating the
water may be resorted to, I prefer to use the boiler hereafter described.
From the above description it will be seen that the process as carried on
according to my Invention more nearly resembles the act performed by the
bird than when the egg is placed in an atmosphere of heat, for by my
Invention the heat applied is top contact heat, whilst the lower part of the
egg is comparatively out of the influence of the heat, and is ventilated below.
The egg should be lowered from contact with the heated surface from time
to time. I have found that this should be done every day after the first two,
and I leave them down for thirty minutes, and I from time to time examine
the eggs by allowing light to pass through them, by placing them before a
hole in a shutter. After the first two days, if there is a germ, it will readily
be seen; if not, the egg should be rejected. Towards the end of the process,
room should be given between the eggs endwise, to give room for the young
as they leave the egg shell. The apparatus should be in a well-ventilated
room, kept to a temperature of from sixty degrees to seventy degrees of
Fahrenheit.
I will now describe the second part of my Invention.
Figure 5 shows a transverse section; Figure 6 is a plan; and Figure 7 a
longitudinal section of apparatus constituting the artificial mother for the young
birds to nestle under. It consists of a series of flexible pipes f.f, made of
waterproof fabric suspended on bars g,g. These flexible pipes communicate
by pipes h and i, with a cistern of water kept at a temperature of one hundred
and ten degrees Fahrenheit, so that the water flows through one pipe f from
the cistern and back through the other into the cistern. j is a board or
platform on which the chickens or young birds stand, and which from time to
time can be drawn out to be cleansed when the young birds are away.
k, k, are strips of woollen cloth running from end to end of the pipes. This
apparatus will be found highly useful in bringing up chickens or other young
birds.
I will now describe the apparatus for heating water for the purposes
above mentioned, or other uses where a circulation of water is desired to be
kept up.
Figure 8 is a section of a boiler, with the fire place and compartment for
fuel combined within the water space of the boiler, according to the third

page_text: part of my Invention. is the boiler. m is the compartment for the fuel,
consisting of an inverted vessel suspended within the flue n of the boiler,
the compartment m having a cover to prevent draft through the fuel.
Figure 9 shows a plan of the top of the boiler with the hood o removed.
Figure 10 shows another similar plan, but the cover of the flue n is
removed.
Figure 11 shows a section taken at 1, 2, in Figure 8; and Figure 12 is an
under side view, shewing the closed bottom of the apparatus, which can readily
be removed to clear out the ashes and dust. The fuel is kept ignited by air
passing in through the tubes p, p, to the fuel, at the lower part of the
apparatus surrounding the conical part of the boiler, which communicates with
the outer part of the boiler by the pipes q, q, r, r, the water circulating to
and from the boiler and cistern through the pipes s and t. The speed of the
draft is regulated by the valve v, which is caused to cover more or less of the
slit in the cover of the flue n. The hood or chimney shown by dotted lines
can be put on or removed at pleasure.
In witness whereof, I, the said William James Cantelo, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Twenty-second day of May, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and forty-six.
WILLIAM JAMES (L.s.) CANTELO.
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Twenty-second day of May,
in the year of our Lord 1846, the aforesaid William James Cantelo came
before our said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the
Specification aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and specified,
in form above written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped
according to the tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Enrolled the Twenty-fifth day of August, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and forty-six.