New and Improved System for Liquefying Gases in Portable and like Receptacles for the Storage of Power for Cooling and other Purposes.
Year: 1899

page_text: Date of Application, 1st Nov., 1899
Complete Specification Left, 18th July, 1900-Accepted, 29th Sept., 1900
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
New and Improved System for Liquefying Gases in Portable and like
Receptacles for the Storage of Power for Cooling and other Purposes.
CÉLESTE JOLY, 24, Lawrence Lane, London, E.C., Inventor-Engineer, do hereby
declare the nature of this invention to be as follows;-
Air is the cheapest of all substances and liquid air is slowly but surely coming
to the front for the storage and production of mechanical energy as well as for
many other useful purposes. Air is liquefied by the application of a pressure
exceeding the critical pressure of 50 atmospheres and by cold whose intensity
must be equal or lower than the critical temperature of -124 degrees Centigrade.
Up to now liquid air has successfully been used for driving machinery and even
for refrigerating purposes owing to the great cold it produces by its expansion.
Several other substances such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, nitric oxide, nitrous
oxide, acetylene, coal gas, carbon dioxide and others have also to a certain extent
been used for the same and a few more purposes.
It has however been found either unpractical or unprofitable to liquefy such
gases in very large quantities. Liquid air is undoubtedly the best substance
for storing power, transforming energy into cold and cold storage purposes.
Yet, costly plants are necessary for its manufacture, over and above that plant
of which the coolers and liquefvers are very costly parts, preservation cases or
receptacles must be found for keeping the liquid once made and if the liquid
is intended for the production of power or cold the necessary apparatuses must be
provided.
My invention is a new and improved system for liquefying gases and it com-
prises all kinds of portable cases or receptacles in which any low-critical-tem-
perature gas can be liquefied, the liquid being available at all times for the pro-
duction of power, cold or other purpose. In short, these combined manufacturing,
preserving and utilizing receptacles are portable liquefyers and once they are
filled with the liquid, they can be transported anywhere and the liquid they con-
tain can be used for any 'desired purpose.
My portable receptacles for the manufacture of very volatile liquids are com-
posed of a cylinder able to stand a pressure greater than the critical pressure of
the substance to be liquefied and provided with a suitable aperture for the
passage of the gas, of a pressure maintenance valve which allows the gases to
escape from the cylinder when the pressure exceeds the required point, of a coil
or suitable arrangements for allowing the compressed gas escaping through the
valve to expand in producing a quantity of cold by that expansion, of a vessel
containing an unfreezable brine or any other kind of substance in which the cold
produced is stored, of an outer insulating case and any accessories according to
requirements. By compressing the gas to the required extent with the engine at
the factory. allowing the compressed gas to pass through a coil of sufficient length
so as to allow the atmosphere or a current of cold water to absorb the heat pro-
duced by the compression and connecting the portable liquefyer, case or receptacle

page_text: with the end of that coil, the compressed gas enters the cylinder and if it does
not liquefy, a part of it will escape through the valve on account of the augmenta-
tion of pressure and it will expand around the cylinder in the brine or other
substance producing a great quantity of cold, equal in quantity to the quantity
of heat absorbed from the compressed gas in the cooling coil. The cold forces
the gas under pressure in the cylinder to liquefy. The liquefaction is therefore
automatic and self effected.
For the storage of power and of cold it is unnecessary to think of any other
substance than air. By this method, not only can the whole power of the acting
energy be stored but by providing the receptacles with a removable part in the
cover or a removable bottom so as to allow the heat of the atmosphere to warm
the liquid and hindering the gases from escaping from the cylinder as long as
their tension has not reached the maximum point, by a suitable valve, the power
given by the expansion can be much greater than the quantity of power stored
in manufacturing the liquid. It is certainly an excellent method of storing
power as out of two quantities by weight of air compressed to 100 atmospheres,
at least one will liquefy and the liquid, by the heat of the atmosphere will produce
one quantity of air compressed to 700 atmospheres whose expansive energy is
about three and a half times greater than that which has been stored. In fact
this invention is a small addition to my greater invention of the perpetual pro-
duction of mechanical energy the Provisional Specification for which has been
numbered 17.692/1899 and I find that these portable apparatuses are most valuable
for storing the power of my perpetual motion engines, the cold of my perpetual
freezing machines and other purposes. The cold produced by the expansion of
a quantity of liquid air is always equal, in quantity to the quantity of heat
absorbed by the atmosphere or the water from the gases after their compression.
I use that cold for any cooling, freezing or preserving purpose. The compressed
gas formed by liquid air can, for any of these purposes, be allowed to expand
in a coil contained in the case vessel, car, ship or any other place where the cold
is required.
My invention will be found very useful for numberless purposes. The cheap,
easy and absolutely safe manufacture of liquid hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, coal
gas, acetylene and others will be of great value in many arts and industries.
My portable liquefyers are not limited to any particular shape, I construct
them so as to suit the requirements and tastes of the persons who want them or
according to my own tastes and requirements but the drawing shows how such
portable apparatuses can be devised and constructed so as to be efficient.
1 is a cap that screws on the top of the cylinder 2 and which is rendered gas
tight by a rubber or leather disc which it presses against the bottle when it
is screwed down. 3 is the pressure maintenance valve which can be adjusted
to any pressure, 4 a tube conveying the gas that escapes through the valve to
the coil 5 contained in the vessel 6 which is filled with unfreezable brine or
any suitable substance. The gases escape from the coil and from the case through
the pipe 7. The whole is well insulated by S which can consist of slag wool
and 9 are handles for transporting the apparatus. When a quantity of liquid
air or any volatile liquid is required, the top of the cylinder 2 is connected with
the end of the coil in which the gas is compressed at the works. The cylinder 2
is at once filled with compressed gas, the pressure augmenting a part of it escapes
through 3 and expands in 4 and 5 in cooling the contents of 6 and of 2. A
part of the compressed gas contained in 2iquefies and this is continued until
2 is full, a quantity of liquid being formed for every part of gas escaping through
the valve. It is of course indispensable that the engine should go on compressing
the gas all the time and that the compressed gas should be cooled down to the
ordinary temperature of the air before being allowed in 2. The pipe 7 can be
connected with the gas compressor so that the gas that escapes through 3 is
conveved back to it without loss. Once 2 is full, the cap 1 is put on again and
the liquid is preserved in the receptacle because the external heat cannot enter.

page_text: Should any rise of temperature occur, the tension augments in 2 and a quantity
of gas simply escapes through the valve and expands in the coil producing such
a quantity of cold that the temperature required is maintained. In the case of
liquid air being used as a means of storing power, a part of the cover or the
bottom of the liquefier is removed and the heat of the atmosphere gasifies the
liquid and transforms it into compressed air whose expansive power can be
availed of in the usual ways. The valve is adjusted to the pressure required and
a pressure gauge can, if necessary be used, to show what pressure is maintained.
For the production of cold, the pipe duly insulated conveys the compressed
gases where the cold is wanted and their expansion produces it.
· Dated this 1st day of November 1899
New and Improved System for Liquefying Gases in Portable and like
Receptacles for the Storage of Power for Cooling and other Purposes.
CÉLESTE JOLY, Inventor Engineer, 22, Laurence Pountney Lane, London, E.C.,
late of 24, Lawrence Lane, Cheapside, London, do hereby declare the nature of
this invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particu-
larly described and ascertained in and by the following statement:-
Air which is the cheapest of all substances is liquefied by the combined action
of a pressure exceeding its critical pressure of 50 atmospheres and of a tem-
perature exceeding in intensity of cold the critical point of about -124 degrees
Centigrade. Liquid air has already to a certain extent been successfully used
for the storage and the production of mechanical energy as well as for refrigerat-
ing and several other useful purposes. Several other substances such as hydrogen,
Oxygen, nitrogen, acetylene, coal gas, carbon dioxide and others can also be used
for the same and several other purposes owing to their ability to assume the liquid
condition when subjected to the required temperature and pressure.
The advantages obtainable from such liquefied gases are in the majority of
cases required at places distant from that of their liquefaction so that over and
above the gas compressing plant, large and costly liquefyers are required together
with receptacles for preserving the liquid once it has been made and for trans-
porting it to the place where it is wanted. Accessories have also to be found
according to the purpose for which the liquid is intended. That liquid has
therefore to be transferred from the liquefyer into such cases and as the liquid
will not preserve its liquid form unless the critical temperature, which in the
case of air and several others is intensely low, be present, the inside of the cases
has to be cooled to the required extent which can be done only through the
evaporation of a large portion of 'the liquid made or by using other very costly
systems of intense refrigeration. This is why it has hitherto not been found
practical to store cold or power by means of liquid air or other highly volatile
substances.
This invention is a new and improved system for liquefying gases in portable
receptacles for the storage of power, for cooling and other purposes. It com-
prises all kinds of portable cases or apparati in which all gases can be liquefied
by the combined effects of pressure and temperature and the liquid transported
to any place where its advantages are required. These apparati are, therefore.
combined manufacturing, preserving and utilizing ireceptacles for liquid air and
cther liquified gases which are transported in the very vessels in which they have

page_text: been made and utilized direct from the receptacles in which they have been
transported, for any purpose, at any place and at any time as required.
These apparati can be coniposed of an inner cylinder (or a coil) able to stand
the pressure at which it is desired to work, of a vessel surrounding this cylinder
for containing an unfreezable liquid such as a solution of chloride of calcium
in alcohol or any substance in which cold can successfully be stored and a coil
or some pipe arrangement in which gas escaping through an automatic pressure
maintenance valve expands for the production of the necessary cold, of an outer
vessel surrounding the whole and filled with a suitable heat insulating material,
a pressure gauge, delivery valves and other accessories according to require-
ments.
For the liquefaction, the machine whose power is to be stored is made to com-
press the gas to the necessary pressure, the heat of compression is removed by
causing the gas to pass through coils or pipes cooled by running water or any
cooling medium and the portable apparatus which can be fixed upon, or con-
nected with, a motor car, an omnibus, a tramway, a locomotive, a ship, a cold
store any motor or any construction is joined to the end of these pipes or coils.
By opening a suitable delivery valve, the inner cylinder of the apparatus will
at once he filled with compressed gas and the engine continuing to compress
more gas the pressure will augment until it has reached that point at which
the pressure maintenance valve opens. A portion of that compressed gas will
escape through the valve and expand in the coil surrounding the cylinder and
contained in the unfreezable liquid vessel. That expansion produces an intense
cold, equal in quantity to the quantity of heat absorbed from the gas after its
compression, which forces the gas inside the cylinder to liquefy. The gas con-
tained in the cylinder remains continually under a pressure equal to that which
the pressure valve maintains. The liquefaction of the gas compressed by the
engine is self effected and it is allowed to proceed as long as necessary for the
purpose of filling the cylinder with liquid.
When the quantity of liquid thus made is sufficient, the apparatus is discon-
nected from the gas compressing engine and the heat insulating material preserves
the cold stored in the unfreezable liquid. This cold keeps the substance in its
liquid condition. Should a quantity of heat leak from the atmosphere into the
apparatus, the pressure augments in the cylinder and a certain quantity of com-
pressed gas simply escapes through the valve and expands in the coil. The cold
thus produced preserves the liquid which, therefore, preserves itself through
the automatic working of the valve.
The heat of the atmosphere can at any time cause the liquid to evaporate at
the desired pressure which is maintained by the valve which can be adjusted
at any pressure. For the storage of power and cold, air is by far the best sub-
stance and these apparati are therefore the means of storing a very large quantity
of compressed air within a small volume, the expansive power being obtained
by means of ordinary air expansion engines or engines constructed according
to the same system but able to stand a very high pressure owing to the fact that
the greater the pressure the greater the quantity of power obtainable from the
same quantity of liquid. The cold produced by the expansion can be used for
any cooling or freezing purpose.
The drawing shows how such portable apparati can be constructed. The
portable case represented is connected with the compressing engine by pipe 1
and when delivery valve 2 is open, the compressed gas passes through connection 3
ond fills cylinder 4. Pressure maintenance valve 5 opens as soon as the pressure
in 4 is greater than that which it maintains and the quantity of compressed gas
which escapes expands in pipe 6 and coil 7 producing an intense cold stored
in the unfreezable liquid of which vessel 9 is filled. The expanded gas escapes
in the atmosphere through pipe S. Vessel 10 is filled with insulating material.
An insulating cover 11 can be removed at will and any portion of the insulating
case can also be made removable more especially if the liquid is to be evaporated

page_text: in a short time. 12 are handles for transporting the apparatus and a pressure
gauge 13 shows the pressure maintained in 4 and allows of regulating valve 5.
For the storage of power or of cold, 4 is first filled with liquid, the apparatus
is then transported where it is wanted and the liquid is preserved by simply
closing valve 2. When the power or the cold are wanted, valve 5 is adjusted at
a pressure higher than that at which one intends to work, but such a pressure
however, that it will be able to act as a safety valve in case of a too rapid
gasification and valve 2 is opened and connected with the machine to be moved
or the construction and the like to be cooled and the compressed gas produces
both by its expansion so that either can be used at will. The same apparatus
can be re-charged any number of times.
The size, shape and construction of these combined manufacturing, preserving
and utilizing receptacles vary according to requirements.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said
invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what
I claim is:
1.
2
Portable apparati for the liquefaction of gases.
Portable apparati for the storage and production of power by the lique-
faction of air and other gases
3.
Portable apparati for the storage and production of cold by condensing
air and other gases.
4.
The liquefaction of gases in portable and like receptacles
5. The preservation of liquid air and other liquefied gases in portable
liquefyers.
6. Portable combined liquefyers and liquefied gases preserving apparati
whose contents can at any time be caused to gasify at any desired pressure by
the heat of the atmosphere.
7. Combined manufacturing, preserving and utilizing receptacles pro-
vided with the necessary accessories for the liquefaction of air and other gases,
the preservation of such volatile liquids and their utilization for the production
of power, for cooling and other purposes, substantially as described.
Dated this 18th day of July 1000