matthewleechen/300YearsOfBritishPatents huggingface dataset:
IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR BREAKING STONES AND OTHER-HARD MATERIALS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Bermingham at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 13th May
1861.
I, JOHN BERMINGHAM, of Cork, in the County of Cork, Ireland, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR
APPARATUS FOR BREAKING STONES AND OTHER-HARD MATERIALS," to be as follows,
that is to say :-
This Invention relates to machinery or apparatus of an improved and
simplified kind for breaking stones or other hard materials for roads or other
purposes.
In the improved apparatus the stones or materials to be broken are placed
in a kind of trough, the bottom of which is closed or partly closed by a pair
of comparatively small rollers, driven continuously so as to pass the stones
down between them as they are broken. The breaking is effected by means
of one or more hammers lifted or thrown over by continuously rotating cams
or wipers. It is preferred to mount a number of hammers on a shaft placed
centrally between two troughs for stones, and two wiper shafts or equivalent
arrangements are provided for throwing the hammers over alternately "in
opposite directions. The hammers are made with two faces, which may be
armed with steel points. The rollers beneath are made by preference with
four or other convenient number of faces or ridges, and they are placed at
such distance asunder as to pass the stones through when broken down to
the required size. The rollers are by preference supported by bearings
between the spaces for the several hammers.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MODE OP AND APPARATUS USED IN THE PROCESS OF FERMENTATION
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION. left by George Hollands at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 7th March
1861.
I, GEORGE HOLLANDS, of Rochester, County of Kent, Brewer, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MODE
OP AND APPARATUS USED IN THE PROCESS OF FERMENTATION," to be as follows,
that is to say:-
The object of my Invention is by certain arrangements to cause the beer
in the tun or vat always to stand at such a level that the yeast during the
process of formation shall be deposited as it forms on the yeast back, without
the trouble of continually skimming, and at the same time obviate the
necessity of exposing the surface of the beer. To effect this I either arrange
my yeast-back within and at the top of the beer vat or in a separate vessel;
if the former, I keep the level of the beer always up to the lip of the back
by means of a float, called a compensator, placed upon the surface of the
beer in the tun, and which is caused to be more or less immersed within
the beer according as it is wished to raise or lower the level of the surface
of the beer; by means of another float laid upon the surface of the beer
the compensator may be made self-acting, that is, that its immersion shall
always be such as to cause the beer to stand at the same level, that is, at
the lip of the yeast back when the latter is within the vat or the lip yeast
discharge pipe when the back is placed within the tun. I prefer to make
use of water or other liquids for regulating the immersion of the compensator

page_text: in the vat, and when this arrangement is adopted, I place within the vat,
and also in the beer, a small hollow chimney having a light valve on its top.
the mouth of which stands a little above the level of the yeast vat, this
I call the attemperator, the yeast passes up the interior of this chimney
through the valve and is continually deposited upon the yeast back. The
level of the attemperator is obtained in the same way as that of the compen-
sator.
Instead of placing either the yeast back or the compensator within the
beer vat as before mentioned, I propose to place either one or both in
separate vessels connecting each with pipes and arranging that the level
of the compensator, its vessel, and that of the beer in its vessel which is
connected with the former shall always be the level of the yeast back, also
placed in a separate vessel, in the latter case, instead of using a valve in
the top of the attemperator, to allow the escape of the yeast to the yeast back
I make use of a domical cover, and carry up à tube to the level of the yeast
back having its mouth open. Into, this open mouth the yeast passes as it
is formed, and falling down is conducted through other tubes to the yeast
back, the condensed beer being allowed to filter into another reservoir,
from which it may be led back again into the beer vat. Instead of using
a tubular attemperator inside the vat in this case I propose to use a spiral
one.
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS OR MEANS FOR CLEANING CHIMNEYS OR FLUES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by James McKay at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 8th June
1861.
I, JAMES MCKAY, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North Britain,
Artist, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN APPARATUS OR MEANS FOR CLEANING CHIMNEYS OR FLUES," to be as follows,
that is to say:-
This Invention relates to a system or mode of sweeping chimneys or flues,
which can be easily and effectively accomplished as often as required by an
Under one
ordinary domestic or other person employed about a house.
modification as adapted for sweeping chimneys, a cross bar, hook, or other
attachment is fixed to the top of the chimney pot or can, to this cross bar or
hook is suspended an ordinary pulley. A length of wire rope or chain equal
to twice the height of the chimney is passed over the pulley and lowered down
the chimney; the ends of the wire rope or chain are provided with rings,
which are passed on to a hook or other convenient fastening at the side of the
fire-place, so that the ends may be easily got at. This arrangement of the
rope or chain remains permanently in the chimney, and this addition is made
to each chimney in the building, which it may be necessary to sweep from
time to time. A circular or other suitably shaped brush, which may be
formed of whalebone or bass, is provided; the central spindle or stem of this
brush is furnished with a hook at each end, so that it may be readily attached
to the ends of the wire rope or chain, which now forms an endless cord. To

page_text: cleanse a chimney nothing more is required. than to unhook the ends of the
wire rope or chain, attach the brush, and draw it to the top of the chimney,
by drawing upon one side a portion of the endless cord. As the brush
ascends the soot is removed from the sides of the chimney; the descent of the
brush is facilitated and rendered self-acting by attaching a weight to the lower
part of the stem. During the sweeping operation the fire-place is closed by
means of a cloth in the usual way, to prevent the emission of soot into the
room; this cloth is made with suitable openings to admit of the arms of the
operator passing through to work the rope or chain. In this way chimneys
may be cleaned by a servant with great ease and efficiency, and without the
annoyance or inconvenience that accompanies the present mode, at the same
time lessening the danger of fire arising from an accumulation of soot. A
generally similar arrangement may be used for sweeping horizontal or other
flues-where-their-position-admits_of_the_attachment_of_the_traversing_cord
or chain.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CARDS FOR JACQUARD WEAVING
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Stewart at the Offico
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 9th May
1861. A communication from abroad by Louis Joseph Fillion, of
Grongis Aisne, France.
I, JOHN STEWART, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North Britain,
Plumber, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CARDS FOR JACQUARD WEAVING," (the same being
a communication from abroad by Louis Joseph Fillion, of Grongis Aisne,
France, to be as follows, that is to say :-
This Invention relates to a system or mode of renewing the cards used in
jacquard weaving mechanism so as to avoid waste of material.
Under one modification two cards representing different colors are taken, and
the layers of paper which form the card are slightly separated at the corner to a
small extent by means of a knife or other suitable instrument. The layers of
paper are then completely separated, and the layer or half of one card is glued
or otherwise cemented to the half of the other card. The two remaining halves
of the cards are in like manner glued or cemented together, so that the four
parts again form two perfect cards, as the perforations in each half are covered
by the solid parts of the other half, and the parts, when joined in this manner,
are again ready for being punched. As the moistening of the cardboard bas
the effect of altering its length to some extent, the barrel or guide holes at one
end are made to correspond, and at the other they are filled up by interposing
a piece of paper between the layers of the card, and the barrel hole is afterwards

page_text: punched out. The cards thus prepared are subsequently submitted to pressure
in any convenient manner, so as to cause the layers of cardboard to blend or
adhere firmly together.
Another mode of making these renewed cards, where a greater degree of
stiffness is required, is to combine three layers of paper together by cementing
one layer of new card paper to the surface of two old or used cards, and
so forming two new cards, the new ones being re-punched in the ordinary
manner.
Another mode of process consists in cementing one layer of new card paper
on to each half of the old or used cards separately, as before described, so as
to make the renewed cards of the original weight.
Under another modification, which avoids the necessity of unlacing the
cards, the old or used cards have cemented to their faces two strips of card
paper, each piece extending from the end or guide holes to the central holes,
where the cards are united or laced together. The two pieces of card thus
glued to the surface of the cards then cover the old holes, so as to admit of
their being again punched to form a new set of cards. This mode of pro-
ceeding avoids the necessity of separating the series of cards, and thus effects
a considerable saving of time as well as of materials.
AN IMPROVEMENT IN INKSTANDS OR INK-HOLDERS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by George Betjemann, George William
Betjemann, and John Betjemann at the Office of the Commissioners of
Patents, with their Petition, on the 13th May 1861.
We, GEORGE BETJEMANN, GEORGE WILLIAM BETJEMANN, and JOHN BETJE-
MANN, of Pentonville, in the County of Middlesex, Desk and Dressing Case
Manufacturers, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN
IMPROVEMENT IN INKSTANDS OR INK-HOLDERS," to be as follows:-
Our Invention consists in constructing inkstands in such manner that the
depth of ink in the dipping cup can be regulated as required, and also in
such manner that when no ink is required the supply can be entirely shut off
from the dipping cup, and all escape of ink prevented.
We construct the cup into which the pen is to be dipped with a movable
bottom, and connect to this bottom a nut which takes into a screw which
works in an ink reservoir under the cup. By turning the reservoir through
a collar, or otherwise, the depth at which the bottom is caused to descend,
and thus expose or let ink into the cup, can be regulated. Instead of causing
to rise and fall by means of a screw, other contrivances may be adopted, but
we prefer a nut and screw as being simple and effective for the purpose.
AN IMPROVEMENT IN BLACK LEAD PENCILS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Richard Archibald Brooman at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
9th December 1861.-A communication from abroad by Humblot
Conté; of Paris, France.
I, RICHARD ARCHIBALD BROOMAN, of 166, Fleet Street, in the City of
London, Patent Agent, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "AN IMPROVEMENT IN BLACK LEAD PENCILS," (communicated to me from
abroad by Humblot Conté, of Paris, France,) to be as follows:-
In drawing with black lead pencils as now manufactured, restricted effects
only have been obtainable, owing to the small size of the lead encased in wood,
whereas with crayons and charcoal the requisite boldness, richness, and
fullness of line are due to the thickness of the material. Now, the present
Invention consists in forming the blacklead or composition used in making
blacklead pencils of any thickness and shape desired, and in dispensing
with the wooden or other casing, whereby effects hitherto unobtainable by lead
pencils may be produced.
IMPROVEMENTS IN PROJECTILES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Stephen Barrett at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 10th May
1861.
I, STEPHEN BARRETT, of Clifton Street, in the County of Middlesex,
Machinist, do hereby declare the nature of the Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN PROJECTILES," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in projectiles. In con-
structing projectiles according to my Invention in order to obtain great pene-
trating power where the projectile is opposed to iron or other hard substance,
I form the projectile of cast steel, and square or flat at the end; the end of
the steel bolt is somewhat smaller in diameter than the bore, and it decreases
in size towards its rear end. Around the steel bolt a coating of lead is
applied, so as to bring it up to a cylindrical form, and a series of rings or
shoulders are formed in the steel to keep the lead in its place when the
shot is fired. The rear end of the steel bolt is hollowed out in order to
lighten it, and throw the centre of gravity of the shot forward.
If the projectiles are required for use against woodwork, they may be
formed of cast iron in place of cast steel.
IMPROVEMENTS IN FIRE-ARMS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Arthur Lowry Cole at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 22nd February
1861.
I, ARTHUR LOWRY COLE, of the United Service Club, Pall Mall, in the
County of Middlesex, Colonel (late 17th Regt. Inf.), do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN FIRE-ARMS," to be as
follows:-
One object of my Invention is to obtain a truer sight in regard to the range
of fire-arms of any calibre, the other is to lessen or avoid the scaling, which
from continuous discharges ordinarily takes place within the barrels of fire-
To effect these objects, I propose to make the twist of the barrels of
fire-arms progressive, say, starting from nothing up to any length, and twisting
progressively, which operation may be termed a gaining twist. As example,
I propose to twist commencing with one turn in six feet, ending with one turn
in three feet three inches, the latter turn commencing, say, seven inches from
the muzzle of the barrel; but I do not propose to confine myself to any
defined twist, my principle including any twist of the barrel that may be
progressive.
AN IMPROVEMENT IN COATING PILLS FOR RENDERING THEM TASTELESS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Robert Charles Furley at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 12th October
1861.
I, ROBERT CHARLES FURLEY, of Edinburgh, in the County of Mid-Lothian,
5 do hereby declare the nature of the Invention for "AN IMPROVEMENT IN
COATING PILLS FOR RENDERING THEM TASTELESS," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in rendering pills tasteless,
and consists in covering them with albumen. For this purpose I prefer to
cover the pills after they have been made, in the usual way, with white of
egg; but albumen obtained in any way may be employed in place thereof.
A NEW OR IMPROVED TAP OR STOP-COCK FOR LIQUIDS, STEAM, AND GAS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Charles Maschwitz at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 21st February
1861. A communication from abroad by Joseph Berger, of Biala, in
Austrian Galicia.
I, CHARLES MASCHWITZ, the younger, of Birmingham, in the County of
Warwick, Merchant, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"A NEW OR IMPROVED TAP OR STOP-COCK FOR LIQUIDS, STEAM, AND GAS," to
be as follows:-
The said Invention consists of a tap or stop-cock constructed as follows:-
For convenience of description I will describe the Invention as constructed
for drawing off liquid from a barrel. On the under side of the horizontal
body of the tap is an opening to which the following partsare affixed :-To the
said opening is screwed a vertical cylindrical piece, having in its axis a small
cylindrical hole, and on one side of the said hole and parallel therewith is a
nearly semi-cylindrical passage. On the top of the said cylindrical piece is a cap
or plate fixed on an axis, which said axis passes through the small hole in the
cylindrical piece. The said cap or plate has a semi-cylindrical opening of the
same size as that in the cylindrical piece, and the said cap or plate may be
turned so as either to make the two openings coincide, or to bring that part
of the cap or plate having no opening over the opening in the cylindrical.
piece.

page_text: The plate and the top of the cylindrical piece are made to fit accurately,
and a circular rim or projection on the top of the cylindrical piece works in a
corresponding groove in the cap or plate. The lower end of the axis of the
cap or plate is fixed in a rotating piece working on the lower part of the
cylindrical piece. The lower part of the said rotating piece constitutes the
delivery pipe of the tap or stop-cock, and the axis of the cap or plate is fixed
in a diaphragm extending across the interior of the said rotating piece. The
said diaphragm is perforated with an opening of the same size and shape as
that in the cap or plate, and when the said rotating piece is turned so as to
bring the openings in the cap or plate and in the cylindrical piece, and in the
diaphragm of the rotating piece into the same line, liquid can pass through
the tap when the rotating piece is turned, so as to bring the openings in the
cap or plate, and in the diaphragm, opposite the solid part of the cylindrical
piece the liquid is shut off. The rotating piece is provided with thumb
plates with which to turn it, and is secured to the cylindrical piece by
pins on the latter engaging in a groove on the inside of the said rotating
piece.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF COLOUR ADAPTED FOR DYEING, PAINTING, AND OTHER USES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Frederick Versmann at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 25th
March 1861.
I, FREDERICK VERSMANN, of Bury Court, St. Mary Axe, in the City of
London, Consulting & Analytical Chemist, do hereby declare the nature
of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF COLOUR
ADAPTED FOR DYEING, PAINTING, AND OTHER USES," to be as follows:-
The improvements relate to the employment of titanium or its compounds
with other matters in the production of colouring matter or material. I first
obtain titanic acid, or a salt of titanium, and this I do by subjecting titanium
ore, such as rutile, iserine, and others, in combination with soda ash or bisul-
phate of soda or potash to a melting heat, by preference in a reverberatory
furnace.
The result obtained when a green colour is desired, I mix in solution
with a solution of the yellow prussiate of potash, the resulting precipi-
tate of which will be a fine green colour, which may be varied in shade by
admixture with other matters or materials. Or the desired colour may be
obtained upon a surface by first passing the surface through a solution of
titanic acid, or a salt of titanium, and then through a solution of the yellow
prussiate of potash. I also take titanic acid, or a salt of titanium, and after
mixing it with a deoxidizing agent, such as borax, microcosmic salt, charcoal,
or tin, I dissolve it by fusion with glass or other flux. The mixture obtained,
when ground or reduced to powder, may be used as a coloring matter or
material.
A METHOD OF UTILIZING OLD OR SMOOTH BORE CANNON BY STRENGTHENING AND RIPLING THEM SO AS TO RENDER THEM EFFICIENT TO FIRE ELONGATED OR CYLINDRO- CONOIDAL PROJECTILES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Jacob Snider at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 8th July
1861.
I, JACOB SNIDER, junior, of the United States of America, residing in Paris,
No. 13, Rue Gaillon, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"A METHOD OF UTILIZING OLD OR SMOOTH BORE CANNON BY STRENGTHENING AND
RIPLING THEM SO AS TO RENDER THEM EFFICIENT TO FIRE ELONGATED OR CYLINDRO-
CONOIDAL PROJECTILES," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to the conversion of ordinary smooth bore or old
cannon into the modern rifled system, in order to give them sufficient strength
for throwing cylindro-conoidal projectiles, instead of the old spherical shots.
This I effect by first reboring the cannon to be converted to a sufficient.
extent to rectify any inaccuracies arising from wear and tear, or long exposure,
and I then insert in the said cannon a hollow close-fitting metallic cylinder,
preferably of steel, whereby greater strength is given to the piece, and the
diameter or calibre of its bore proportionally reduced; I secure the said
cylinder in the gun by any adequate mechanical means, such as shrinking,
or by employing screws or pins passed at intervals through the body of the
cannon, their extremities penetrating the circumference of the said cylinder,
or by means of a plate or disc let in the face of the muzzle, and secured by
screws, or by causing the metal screw of the touch-hole to penetrate partially
or entirely through the thickness of the said internal lining, or when the said
lining or cylinder is made of bronze or other comparatively yielding metal, by

page_text: slightly enlarging the bore of the cannon towards the breach end, after having
inserted the lining turned to the requisite size externally, by charging and
firing the cannon, thereby causing the extremity of the lining to expand per-
manently into the said enlarged part, after which the bore can be completed
and the piece rifled, or by causing the breech end to be closed, and provided
with a projecting screw penetrating in the solid cannon, or by an independent
screw run in from the breach end, and tapped into the said solid breech of
the lining, or by combining several of these plans, and in order to make a well
secured joint below the breach seat, I propose that the inner extremity of the
said cylindrical lining be partially sunk into the breach of the cannon.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF STEAM ENGINES, AIR ENGINES AND PUMPS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Andrew William Harnett at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 17th
July 1861.
I, ANDREW WILLIAM HARNETT, of Number 97, Guildford Street, Russell
Square, London, Barrister-at-law (of the Irish Bar), do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF
STEAM ENGINES, AIR ENGINES, AND PUMPS," to be as follows:--
The inner surface of the cylinder, and the outer surface of the piston and
piston rod, all or either to be so formed by any mode of rifling, as to cause to
be imparted to the piston a spiral movement when in motion.
IMPROVEMENTS IN TOWING VESSELS OR BOATS ON RIVERS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Adolphe Lebaudy at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 15th August
1861. A communication from abroad by Jean François Cail, residing
in Paris, in the Empire of France.
I, ADOLPHE LEBAUDY, of 12, Rue de Douai, in Paris, in the Empire of
France, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN TOWING VESSELS OR BOATS ON RIVERS," to be as follows:-
This Invention consists in laying an iron chain along the bed of a river to
the extent to which it is required to tow vessels, which chain is made to pass
up on board a vessel acting as a tug boat at one end of the same, where it is
wound several times round a drum fixed on a shaft connected by suitable
gearing to a steam engine fixed in the boat. After leaving the drum the chain
is made to pass along the deck to the other end of the boat, whence it again
descends to the bed of the river. As the before-mentioned drum is caused to
revolve by the motion of the steam engine, it winds up the chain in front of
the tug boat, and lets it out again behind the boat, being thus caused to
proceed in the direction in which the chain is being wound up. As the boat
proceeds, the chain is gradually raised up from the bed of the river in front of
the same, and then drops down again on to the bed of the river after having
traversed the length of the boat. To the stern of the tug boat are attached
the vessels or boats which it is required to tow up or down the river by means
of ropes in the ordinary manner. By the before described arrangement, a very

page_text: powerful traction is obtained, by which vessels may be towed along against a
very strong current with considerable speed. By simply reversing the motion
of the drum the tug boat may be made to proceed in one direction or the
other. If found requisite two or more chains may be laid parallel along the
bed of the river, and the tug boat may be provided with a corresponding
number of drums. The chain does not cause any damage to the bed of the
river, as it simply lies upon it without having any other motion than being
raised up from and lowered down again on to the bed. It is made of such a
weight that with even the most powerful pull upon it from the tug boat, it
rises very suddenly from the bed of the river in front of the boat, and thus
does not at all impede the navigation of the river.
IMPROVEMENTS IN RAILWAY AND OTHER PASSENGERS' TICKETS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Parsons, John Dowling,
and John Dowling the younger, at the Office of the Commissioners
of Patents, with their Petition, on the 10th May 1861.
We, WILLIAM PARSONS, of 28, Scotland Street, Brighton, JOHN DOWLING,
of Gloucester Lane, Brighton, and JOHN DOWLING, the younger, of Gloucester
Cottages, Brighton, in the County of Sussex, do hereby declare the nature of
the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN RAILWAY AND OTHER PASSENGERS'
TICKETS," to be as follows:-
This Invention is designed to prevent the resale of return tickets, for which
purpose it is proposed to print one half of the ticket with ordinary printers' ink
and the other half with any chemical composition that will not discolour the
card on which it is printed, so that to all appearance one half of the ticket
is a blank piece of card, or in other words, the printing is invisible, but can be
rendered visible instantaneously by the application thereto of another chemical.
For example, suppose the invisible printing to consist of a diluted solution of
bismuth, by applying a solution of sulphuret of potash to the surface thus
printed the printing will be quickly rendered visible. It is proposed therefore
that the visibly printed half of the ticket should be given up at the end of an
outward journey, so that the other half of the ticket for the return journey
would be the apparently blank piece of card, which, when delivered up at the
end of the return journey, would be pinched by the ticket collector with an
instrument something resembling a small pair of flat ended curling tongs, the
bottom of which would be plain and the upper part would hold a sponge

page_text: saturated with a solution of sulphuret of potash which would instantly develop
the printing.
Now it is a well known and common practice for persons to sell return
tickets, but then they see what they are paying for, whereas by this Invention
there would be nothing but an apparently blank piece of card, which, of course,
no stranger would purchase, and should persons succeed in developing the
printing thereon the railway company would not be defrauded, because, when
the return portion of the ticket was delivered to the collector, he would insist
on payment thereof.
Various chemicals or even mechanical means might be employed for
rendering the printing invisible, and for developing same or making it visible;
we desire it therefore to be understood that this Invention consists essentially
in printing railway passengers' return tickets or double ticket in such manner
as that the printing on one half of the ticket shall be visible at all times, and
that the printing on the other half of the ticket shall be invisible until
operated upon by the railway official or ticket collector as above stated.
A CERTAIN COMPOUND OR CERTAIN COMPOUNDS TO BE USED AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR GUNPOWDER
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Edward Harrison and Thomas
Shuttleworth Yates, at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with
their Petition, on the 6th September 1861.
We, EDWARD HARRISON, of Oldham, in the County of Lancaster, School-
master, and THOMAS SHUTTLEWORTH YATES, of the same Place, Reporter, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "A CERTAIN COMPOUND OR
CERTAIN COMPOUNDS TO BE USED AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR GUNPOWDER," to be as
follows:-
This Invention consists in an admixture of chlorate of potash, prussiate or
per-prussiate of potash, sulphur, charcoal, anthracite, phosphorus, potato, or
an extract therefrom. Some of these or all of them when combined in certain
proportions or quantities, which will be detailed in our Complete Specification
to be filed hereafter, form an explosive compound, which is to be used as the
substitute for gunpowder for which Letters Patent are sought, as for example,
for general purposes:

page_text: Take of chlorate of potash
"
"
"
"
-
yellow prussiate of potash
starch
sulphur
coal or cannel
1 '
1
-
56 parts.
28
4
"
"
-
7
10
"
=
AN IMPROVEMENT IN WINDOW FASTENINGS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Henry Weaber at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 14th
January 1861.
I, HENRY WEABER, of New Maldon, in the County of Surrey, Licensed
Victualler, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN
IMPROVEMENT IN WINDOW FASTENINGS," to be as follows:-
In the majority of window fastenings as now generally constructed, the
fastening can be opened from the outside by passing a knife or blade between
the upper and lower sash, and pressing back the spring bar which has been
engaged under the catch. My Invention is intended to prevent the fastening
from being opened from the outside, and consists in fitting in the bed of the
catch a spring having on it a projection inclined on one side, and on the
further side of the catch a knob or pin. On bringing forward the bar it rises
over the inclined projection, which as soon as the bar has passed, rises and
prevents the bar being forced back, and the fastening opened until the spring
on which the projection is fixed has been depressed by the pin or knob at the
further side of the catch.
AN IMPROVEMENT IN TIGHTENERS FOR THE CORDS OF CURTAINS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Richard Bush Burchell at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 19th
February 1861.
I, RICHARD BUSH BURCHELL, of Brooklyn, in the County of Kings, and
5 State of New York, United States of America, do hereby declare the nature of
the said Invention for "AN IMPROVEMENT IN TIGHTENERS FOR THE CORDS OF
CURTAINS," to be as follows:-
The cords that pass over the rollers upon which curtains or shades are rolled,
and the cords that are employed under other circumstances for spreading or
contracting curtains, require in most instances a pulley for the cord to pass
around in an accessible position, and this pulley should be moveable so as to
allow of the cords being tightened.
My Invention is to accomplish the object before mentioned, and consists in
the employment of a rod, at one end of which the pulley for the cord is affixed,
and this rod passes through an eye that is attached by a screw or screws to
the window casing or in any required place. The rod is confined within the
eye by any desired means, so that when said rod has been drawn through said
eye sufficiently to tighten the cord the eye and rod are held together; for
this purpose I make use of a pawl or pawls fitted between the two parts that
constitute the aforesaid eye, and said pawl or pawls take notches or ratchet
teeth in said rod to retain the same in position. By turning the rod partially
around in said eye a smooth part is presented to said pawl or pawls, hence the
said rod can be moved in the opposite direction to slacken up the cord to the
curtain.
CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PILED FABRICS
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Thomas Jones and George
Mallinson at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their
Petition, on the 17th April 1861.
We, THOMAS JONES, of the firm of Messrs. Barlow, Gooddy, and Jones,
of Bolton-le-Moors, in the County of Lancaster, Manufacturers, and GEORGE
MALLINSON, of Salford, in the same County, Pattern Designer, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE MANUFACTURE OF PILED FABRICS," to be as follows:-
The nature of our Invention consists in producing piled fabrics possessing
a more ornamental appearance and at less cost than those produced by the
known methods. In performing our Invention the fabric is woven in a
loom of the ordinary construction, with the weft floating over the warp, or the
warp floating over the weft, so as to form diagonal races, which races when
cut form the pile. Our improved woven fabrics are particularly adapted to
make ladies' mantles and other articles of wearing apparel.
A NEW MODE OF MANUFACTURING GAS FOR ILLUMINATING PURPOSES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Hermann Brambach at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,. on the 27th
November 1861.
I, HERMANN BRAMBACH, of No. 11, Lungengasse, in the City of Cologne,
Merchant, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "A NEW
MODE OF MANUFACTURING GAS FOR ILLUMINATING PURPOSES," to be as follows:-
This Invention consists in passing hydrogen gas prepared in the usual
manner from sulphuric acid diluted with four or five times its bulk of water
and fragments of zinc or iron through a vessel containing some easily vola-
tilized hydrocarburet such as benzine or the essence of turpentine. The
hydrogen combines with,a portion of the carbon of the hydrocarburet and
thus forms a gas suitable for illuminating purposes, which gas may either
be passed into a receiver or direct to the place where it is required for
illuminating.
IMPROVEMENTS IN VELOCIPEDES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Edouard Marsily at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with bis Petition, on the
20th June 1861.
I, WILLIAM EDOUARD MARSILY, of Antwerp, Merchant, do hereby declare
the nature of the Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN VELOCIPEDES," to be as
follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in the construction of velo-
cipedes, by which greater speed may be obtained by a smaller consumption of
power, the mechanical arrangement also affording a better application of the
force expended in working the same.
For the purpose of carrying out my improvements, I place the crank axle
of the velocipede at the back end of it, and I fix on it the main travelling
wheels, which by preference I make of a large size, say, about 5 feet diameter,
more or less. The crank axle with the travelling wheels revolves in suitable
bearings, formed one on each side of each crank, which bearings are adjusted
into the main framings of the machine; these framings pass from the back to
the front of the machine, and carry the "fore carriage," at the front end of
which the guiding wheel or wheels are fixed. About midway in the main
framings (which framings I place by preference about twelve inches from the
ground) bearings are placed, in which the centres of the treadle levers work;
one end of each of the treadle levers is attached by a connecting rod to the
cranked driving axle, while the other end is placed so as to receive the foot of
the person using it, and it is actuated by the weight of the operator pressing

page_text: down the treadle, and thus driving the crank upwards; this operation is per-
formed alternately by each foot of the operator. The operator in using this
machine can, if desired, stand or lean against a seat or bar of wood properly
adjusted for the purpose, by which steadiness of motion is gained. The fore
carriage may be made with one or more wheels, and is supported on suitable
springs; it is guided by a lever and rod, or handle, which is under the control
of the operator. The upper part of the carriage is tied together with suitable
rods and stays. The treadle ends of the levers may have springs of india-
rubber under them working against a part of the framing. The driving axle
may be formed, if desired, with additional cranks to be worked by hand suit-
ably arranged, or velocipedes on this principle may be constructed with two or
more crank axles coupled together, to be worked by two or more persons.
In place of springs used in the ordinary manner for the purpose of easing
the jar of the carriage arising from passing over rough or uneven roads, I
make (if desired) the naves of the wheels hollow, and between the inside of
the nave and the axle box I place three or more spirally-shaped or other
description of spring connected to the axle box, and to the inside of the nave
of such wheel. These springs can be applied as may be found most con-
venient to one or more of the wheels of the velocipede.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF HORSE-SHOES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Edward Ede at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 24th December
1861.
I, EDWARD EDE, of 17, Abercorn Mews, Violet Hill, St. John's Wood, in
the County of Middlesex, Smith and Farrier, do hereby declare the nature
of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF HORSE-SHOES,"
to be as follows:-
"
This Invention relates to the construction of horse-shoes of an improved
form, and by the use of which greater security of footing is attained than with
shoes of the ordinary kind. The iron employed consists of a flat bar, having
a ridge along the centre of the upper side thereof, such ridge being of any
desired height suitable for the purposes of this Invention. The bars may be
manufactured by the process of rolling, or by any other suitable process, and
are cut into the requisite lengths for the different descriptions of shoes which
are formed thereof, by being simply turned and made into the proper shape
and size by the means and processes well known to persons acquainted with
the manufacture of horse-shoes. The flat portion of the shoe is of course
placed next the horse's hoof, the tread being upon the before-mentioned
ridge.
Im- PROVEMENTS IN TILLS OR RECEPTACLES FOR MONEY
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Thomas Webb at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 14th: September
1861.
I, THOMAS WEBB, of Artillery Terrace, Victoria Street, in the City of
Westminster, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "Im-
PROVEMENTS IN TILLS OR RECEPTACLES FOR MONEY," to be as follows:-
The object of this Invention is to prevent persons unlawfully taking money
from the tills of shops' counters. I propose arranging the till in such a manner
that it shall represent a double drawer, one sliding within the other. The
inner till is provided at its extreme end with a catch lock, so that when the
till is closed the inner receptacle becomes fastened. It is thus evident that
any person now attempting to open the till will merely withdraw the outer
casing, leaving the money in the inner one. A treadle is employed for
unlocking the inner till, to which is attached a rod actuating a spring, which
releases the catch of the lock, and thus allows the inner till to be withdrawn
simultaneously with the outer one. The treadle may be removed by unhooking
it from the spring in order to elude observation.
IMPROVED MEANS OF COLORING ENAMELLED LEATHER, LEATHER CLOTH, ENAMELLED METAL, AND OTHER ENAMELLED SURFACES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Richard Archibald Brooman at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 22nd
March 1861.-A communication from abroad by Adrien Jacques Basset,
of Paris, France.
I, RICHARD ARCHIBALD BROOMAN, of 166, Fleet Street, in the City of
London, Patent Agent, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVED MEANS OF COLORING ENAMELLED LEATHER, LEATHER CLOTH, ENAMELLED
METAL, AND OTHER ENAMELLED SURFACES," (communicated to me from abroad
by Adrien Jacques Basset, of Paris, France,) to be as follows:-
This Invention consists in coloring enamelled leather and other enamelled
surfaces in manner hereafter described. 1st, spread over the surface with a
sponge or soft rubber a mordant, such as benzole, or preferably pure acetic
acid; 2nd, apply a mixture of aniline, red or violet, and acetic acid, in
the proportion of about one quarter or one half of the acid to three quarters to
one half of aniline. This preparation will impart a greenish color or tint to
the enamelled surface, and to increase the brilliancy of the color spread a
coating of linseed oil over it. In order to change the greenish tint into the
color of gilt bronze (bronze doré) apply one, two, or more coats of acetic acid.
Or the oil may be applied after the coats of acetic acid last directed to be
laid on.
A COMBINED APPARATUS FOR COMBING AND CUTTING THE HAIR OF THE HUMAN HEAD
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Thomas Bromwich at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 11th January
1861.
I, THOMAS BROMWICH, of Bridgnorth, in the County of Salop, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention for "A COMBINED APPARATUS FOR
COMBING AND CUTTING THE HAIR OF THE HUMAN HEAD," to be as follows:-
The object of this Invention is to comb and cut the hair of the human head
at one operation, and is effected by placing on the side of an ordinary comb a
steel blade made very sharp at its edge, and extending the entire length of the
row of teeth of the comb; the steel blade may be attached to the comb by
screws, eyes, or other suitable fastening, and made adjustable, for the purpose
of cutting or trimming the hair to the required length, the cutting edge of the
blade being in all cases near the points of the teeth of the comb.
AN IMPROVEMENT OR IMPROVEMENTS IN SEWING MACHINES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Robertson at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 29th January
1861.
I, JOHN ROBERTSON, of Upper Newington, Mount Pleasant, Liverpool, in
the County of Lancaster, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "AN IMPROVEMENT OR IMPROVEMENTS IN SEWING MACHINES," to be as
follows:-
My said Invention relates to that part of a sewing machine called the "presser,"
which I construct to contain three or more smooth surface rollers so placed as
to hold down the material being sewn and to assist the operations of the
feeder. The said rollers are thus arranged, two occupying about half the
breadth of the presser are placed on its side, one in advance of the other, and
a third occupying the whole breadth of the presser is placed in their rear and
also in rear of the needle, and has a groove round it near one of its ends, or
two rollers may be used, the one being placed on the right hand and the
other on the left hand side of the needle, and each to revolve on a separate
axis. In one case the needle will pass up and down through the said groove,
or in the other through the space between the ends of the said rollers. By
these arrangements the material will be held firm at the point perforated
by the needle, and its edges kept from turning up.-
AN IMPROVEMENT OR IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF THE MIDDLE JOINTS OF MEASURING RULES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Frederick Brampton at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 13th December 1861.
I, FREDERICK BRAMPTON, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick,
Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "AN
IMPROVEMENT OR IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF THE MIDDLE JOINTS OF
MEASURING RULES," to be as follows:-
In the middle joints of measuring rules, as ordinarily constructed, one side
of the joint consists of a circular disc of brass and a flap or plate of about
one-half the thickness of the said disc. The whole of the said side is made
from one piece of sheet metal of the thickness of the disc, the thickness of
the side being reduced by turning or cutting away the metal at that part.
My Invention consists in making the said side of sheet metal of the thickness
of the flap or plate, and making the disc in the following manner:-The blank
is cut out in the usual way excepting that the disc part is a little larger than
the finished disc is required to be. By means of raising tools the edge of
the disc is raised into a plane at right angles to the other part, and there is
thus formed a rim of a depth somewhat greater than the thickness required
in the finished disc. A disc of zinc or iron or other hard and cheap metal
or alloy is placed within the said rim, and fixed therein by means of closing
tools. The side is finished in the ordinary way, and the joint made therewith
has the appearance in the finished rule of a joint made wholly of brass. Joints
made according to my Invention are less costly than joints made in the ordinary
The tools which I employ resemble those ordinarily employed for
like purposes.
Iж- PROVEMENTS IN EXTINGUISHING FIRES IN BUILDINGS AND IN APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREIN
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Charles Cheyne at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 9th September
1861.
I, CHARLES CHEYNE, of Great George Street, in the City of Westminster,
Civil Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "Iж-
PROVEMENTS IN EXTINGUISHING FIRES IN BUILDINGS AND IN APPARATUS EMPLOYED
THEREIN," to be as follows:-
My Invention consists in extinguishing fire in warehouses, store rooms, and
other buildings and apartments by filling the apartment where the fire exists
with carbonic acid or other gas, which is known to extinguish or prevent
flame, by admitting such gas through a pipe or pipes provided with slide
or other valves, which pipe is in communication with a bell or other reservoir
containing a supply, or in which a supply can be readily generated and emitted
under pressure or otherwise.
My Invention also consists in preventing the influx of air into any apart-
ment in which fire may exist by simultaneously closing, by means of slides
or shutters, all windows, chimneys and other apertures communicating with
the atmosphere.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PREPARATION OF RED DYES
Year: 1861

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by James Martin at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 23rd February
1861.
I, JAMES MARTIN, of 10, Church Row, Limehouse, in the County of
Middlesex, Chemist, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PREPARATION OF RED DYES," to be as follows:-
The dyes which form the subject of this Invention are prepared by mixing
aniline, nitrite of lead, and mono-hydrated glacial acetic acid, and heating the
same together. This mixture is afterwards poured into water, and the whole
having been heated is then filtered, the residuum being again treated in a like
manner. Any undecomposed nitrite of lead, or new organic compounds of
lead which may remain in the filtrate may be removed by the use of oxalic
acid or other organic acid, and a still greater degree of purity may be obtained
by the addition of common salt. Although the nitrite of lead only has been
mentioned as being mixed with aniline and acetic acid, this Invention includes
the production of red dyes by combining aniline with other nitrites yielding
oxygen on the application of heat.