Engines or Machines.
Year: 1887

page_text: Date of Application, 22nd Nov., 1887
Complete Specification Left, 22nd Aug, 1888
Complete Specification Accepted, 28th Sept., 1888
Engines or Machines.
I, HERBERT JOHN HADDAN, of the firm of Herbert & Co., Patent Agents, of
18 Buckingham Street, Strand, London, in the County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer,
do hereby declare the nature of this invention, a communication to me from abroad by
Philippe Ferdinand Edouard Carré of 48 Rue de Malte, Paris, in the Republic of
France, Engineer, to be as follows:-
This invention relates to improvements in the packing improved steam or other
engines or machines and its purpose is chiefly to render the engines more durable
than heretofore by the improvement in the packing of the pistons, stuffing boxes slide
rods and the like, as follows:
Fig. 1 of the accompanying drawings represents a piston in which the ordinary
packing is replaced by bushings or sleeves of metal or extensible alloy a a', which are
pressed upon the walls of the cylinders by means of circular steel springs 6 b',
increasing in thickness towards their centre. The tubes are maintained on the piston
head C by rings co¹ screwed down along their circumference as shown at D. Where
the springs are too thick to be inserted into their grooves on distending them, the
grooves will attain to the edges of the bushings and movable circles d d¹º fill out the
interstices between the springs and the said edges.
Figs. 2 and 3 show divers modes of adapting the bushings. In Fig. 2 the
exterior circles c c¹ of Fig. 1 are replaced by the plate E, which, by means of the
screw of the piston rod or of bolts compresses the rims of the bushings on the piston
head C by aid of the annulus F. In Fig. 3 the bushings a a¹ are compressed by
an annular reinforce g on the plate G secured in a similar manner to the foregoing.
Both are if required provided with the rings d d' as in Fig. 1.
The aforementioned springs may be replaced by segments b Fig. 4 repelled by
springs placed between their inner sides and the body of the piston C, and held in
place by the projections b¹.

page_text: The bushings may be replaced by a cylinder A of soft alloy Fig. 5 conically
bevelled within and distended in compensation for wear by the conical sleeve B of
hard metal moved by means of three screws similar to C. In Fig. 6 the extensible
cylinder A is distended by cylindro-conical segments B four or five for the small
pistons, and multiplied in proportion to the increase of diameter. The segments are
pushed outward by the conical C sleeve moved by screws similar to those in
Fig. 5.
This manner of distension can be applied to the arrangement shown in Fig. 7.
A A¹ are cylindrical segments B B cylindro-conical segments pushed outward as
above by the cone sleeve C; the segments are connected together as shown in Fig. 8.
Here the segments A A¹ and B B' are cylindrical and pushed outward by the springs
placed between B and B and the body of the piston C. Projections ab prevent the
horizontal displacement of the springs and the circular rim b¹ prevents their vertical
displacement. The springs are simple steel plates interposed; pins e assemble with
the desired play, the upper segments with the lower; another pin e' completes the
assemblage.
Fig. 9 shows a bushing a applied to piston-or other rod, by a circular spring b,
and the upper edge of which is compressed by the plate C. This bushing may also be
placed into an ordinary stuffing box; it will then be compressed by the packing
which must be of amanthus or of very fine metal thread or the like to resist high
temperatures and must not descend to the bottom of the bushing, the latter extending
into a recess equal to its outer diameter.
The bushings and other packings are made of divers materials according to the
temperature and pressure they have to sustain. Up to 160°, an alloy may be employed
of 9 units of tin and one unit of antimony. An alloy of lead containing 5 per cent
of antimony can easily resist 180°. For higher temperatures, brass, an alloy of copper,
with 4 or 5 per cent of tin, or aluminium bronze may be employed as bushes, or for
very high temperatures even iron or steel, for instance for gas engines. The springs
must be so calculated as to be adapted to be compressed or distended without great
force. The effects of dilatation are obviated by giving the tubes at their rims a
slightly smaller diameter than that of the cylinder. By making the bushings small
enough and leaving an interstico of about 1/m between their inner walls and those of
the body of the piston, they can act by interior reaction of the pressure without
necessitating a spring.
They must in all cases be slightly widened within and strengthened towards their
inner edges with rounded angles; their thickness is in proportion to the pressure or
diameter and the resistance of the materials, for instance a bushing of an alloy of tin
and antimony may be 2 millimètres in mean thickness for a piston of 15 centimètres
in diameter, and 3 millimetres for a piston of 30 centimètres in diameter; they are
thinner for alloys of more resistant metals in proportion to such resistance, their rims
being thicker.
Dated this 22nd day of November 1887.

page_text: COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in or relating to the Packing in Steam or other
Engines or Machines.
I, HERBERT JOHN HADDAN, of the firm of Herbert & Co. Patent Agents, of
18 Buckingham Street, Strand, London, in the County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer,
do hereby declare the nature of this invention, a communication to me from
abroad by Philippe Ferdinand Edouard Carré of 48 Rue de Malte, Paris, in the
Republic of France, Engineer, and in what manner the same is to be performed to
be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement :-
This invention relates to the packing in steam engines or other machines and its
purpose is chiefly to render the engines more durable than heretofore by the
improvement in the packing of pistons, stuffing boxes, slide-rods etc. hereinafter
described.
In the accompanying drawings Fig. 1 represents an elevation and plan of the
piston A A¹, in which the ordinary packing is replaced by bushings or sleeves of
metal or extensible alloy a a¹ against the interior side of which the segments bare
pressed by steel-springs c, an intermediate annulus D separates the adjacent flanges a¹
of the bushings fastened down by the plate A'. The bushings prepared of metal more
ductile than that of the piston, have a reduced diameter towards their flanges a¹ in
order to prevent the jamming which would result from the expansion of these non-
elastic parts, the outlying edges are thin; between the segments b are placed plates b¹
which may be rivetted on one of their ends so as to prevent the shifting of the
springs, or the segments may have on the interior faces projections 611 for the same
purpose.
Fig. 2 & 3 show other modes of adapting the bushings. In Fig. 2 the flanges a¹
are pressed directly on the piston head A by the plate A'. For pistons of a certain
diameter the bushings are pressed by the annulus A¹ on the piston head A either
through an intermediate annulus D as in Fig. 3 or directly as in Fig. 2.
When the pistons cannot work concentrically as for instance in beam engines, the
bushing may be made capable of lateral displacement by means of the arrangements
shown in Fig. 4. The flanges a¹ are not fastened down between the piston heads A A
and the rings D and D¹; but the ring d is provided with numerous cells e, in which
are placed spiral springs thrusting the flange al on the circular flange A': the
segments B B and their double springs c are confined in the circular cavity of an
annular holder f freely moving in a groove in the ring D. The ring D' is provided
with an annular groove receiving the segments B₁ and their spring c¹ and a circular
groove g containing flat springs having the same function as the spiral springs in the
cells e: between the bushings, the rings D d D' and the piston head the space h is left
for the lateral movement. In case it is desired to prevent the displacement of the
bushings on expanding them, their flanges are provided with annular projections a
fitted in corresponding grooves in the piston head A A¹ Fig. 5.

page_text: As in the modification shown in Fig. 6, the segments and springs may be replaced
by circular springs c in one piece c slit in the side opposite to their greatest thickness;
the movable rings i enable said springs to be inserted in the rings D and also compress
the bushings on the plate A¹ of the piston head.
The bushings may be replaced by a metal-cylinder A of soft alloy Fig. 7, conically
bevelled within and distended in compensation for wear by the conical annulus B of
hard metal moved by means of three screws more or less similar to C, preferably a
larger number for larger pistons.
In Fig. 8 the ductile cylinder A is distended by cylindro-conical segments B BI
each occupying on small pistons an arc of about 50 to 60 degrees overlapping each
other and increased in number in proportion to the increase of the diameter of the
piston. The segments are pushed outward by the conical sleeve C moved by screws
similar to those in Fig. 7. This manner of distension can also be applied to the
arrangement shown in Fig. 9 in which A A¹ are overlapping cylindrical segments,
B cylindro-conical segments overlapping the joints of the former and pushed outward
as above by the conical annulus C; the segments are suitably connected together in
order to prevent their falling apart. In Fig. 10 the segments A A¹ and B B¹ are
cylindrical and pushed outwards by the springs placed between B & B and the piston
head. Projections similar to those in Fig. 1 prevent the horizontal displacement of
the springs and the ring C prevents their vertical displacement; pins connect with
the desired play, the segments A and A' and these also with the segments B & B¹.
Fig. 11 shows the application of the improved bushing as applied to piston or a
stuffing box or other rod with a circular spring b for compressing the ring a, the
upper edge of which is held by the plate C. This bushing may be placed in an
ordinary stuffing-box; it will then be compressed by the packing, which must be of
asbestos or the like or of very fine metal wire to resist high temperature and must not
descend to the bottom of the bushing, the latter extending into a recess equal to its
outer diameter.
Fig. 12 is a similar bushing but very short and permitting of lateral movement ;
it is held on the plate C by springs placed in the annular groove c. The bushings
and packings are made of divers materials according to the temperature and pressure
they have to sustain. Up to 150° an alloy may be employed of 9 parts of tin and
one part of antimony; an alloy of lead with 5 per cent. of antimony can easily
resist 170°. For higher temperatures, brass, pure copper or copper alloyed with
4 or 5 per cent. of tin; ordinary bronzes, phosphor-bronze, aluminium-bronze, nickel
bronze or very soft iron or steel for very high temperatures as these of gas engines ;
the two latter metals have the advantage of having the same expansion as cast iron;
the nickel and its bronze with 7 or per cent. of copper have the same advantage.
There should always be a small interval of at least to of a millimetre between
the cylindrical sides of the bushings and the piston-head.
The thickness of the bushings varies according to the metals or alloys employed ;
with the alloys of tin and antimony or lead and antimony the thickness of one
millimetre and a half will do very well; for the alloys of iron or steel, nickel and its
bronze it may be reduced to or of a millimetre: the latter being prepared
very thin they may be applied on the sides of the cylinders by interior reaction of the
pressure without needing segments or springs. For this case they must have an
initial diameter a little larger than that of the cylinders without forcing too much;
near to their interior edges the diameter may be a little smaller than that of the
cylinders as shown in the drawings (Fig. 1 & 4) and so much the more according to
the ductility of the material of which they are composed.
The springs are prepared of tempered steel: they must be so calculated as to press
the bushings without too great force and to distend them in proportion to their wear;
they will be proportioned to the resistance of the sides of the latter; for example, a
bushing with a diameter of 16m and 6 segments, of alloy of tin and zinc, driven by
6 segments may be combined with springs formed by two superposed plates of 10
or thickness; a bushing of ordinary bronze of the same diameter with the
sime number of segments; of one " thickness and with the same driving segments

page_text: will require behind the segments two springs of 16" thickness. If after running
several months the bushings should not work so well, supplementary springs may be
added. The extensible ring of Fig. 7 will be of very ductile metal or alloy, tin and
antimony, lead and 5% antimony or even pure copper or alloy with 3 to 4 per cent.
tin, soft brass. That of Fig. 8 may be of nickel, nickel bronze or soft iron or steel.
The bushings of Fig. 11 & 12 must be thin enough to yield to the pressure of their
compressing springs they may be either of 3 to 16" thickness and of nickel or
nickel bronze of 4 or 5 per cent. copper in order to avoid the difference of expansion.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what I
claim is :
As a packing for pistons, stuffing boxes, slide rods and other parts for which it is
suitable
1) The combination of a ring or rings of ductile metal or alloy, in segment or as
a whole, with springs for expanding the same directly or through intermediate annular
segments.
2) An extensible ring of ductile metal or alloy set at an interval from its support
and expanded by steam or other pressure operating in the engine.
3) An extensible ring of ductile metal or alloy as a whole or in one or more layers
of segmental parts, and having an interior conical surface, in combination with a cone
or conical annulus of hard metal adapted to expand the same and screws or equivalent
means for driving said cone or conical annulus.
4) To permit of lateral play to pistons, which shall not move concentrically the
packings arranged substantially as described with reference to Fig. 4.
5) The combination with a stuffing box or the like; of a compressible sleeve of
metal or alloy fastened therein as set forth and a spring or metallic or other packing
for compression of said sleeve substantially as described.
Doted this 92nd date of A 1000
HERBERT & Co.,
18, Buckingham Street, Strand, London, W.C.,
Agents to Applicant.
HERBERT & Co.,
18, Buckingham Street, Strand, London, W.C.,
Agents to Applicant.