IM- PROVEMENTS IN MEANS AND APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING AND APPLYING GALVANIC CURRENTS
Year: 1866

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Isac Louis Pulvermacher, of Oxford Street, in the
County of Middlesex, Electrical Engineer, for the Invention of "IM-
PROVEMENTS IN MEANS AND APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING AND APPLYING GALVANIC
CURRENTS."
Sealed the 21st August 1866, and dated the 24th February 1866..
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Isac Louis Pulvermacher
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 24th February 1866.
I, ISAC LOUIS PULVERMACHER, of Oxford Street, in the County of Mid-
dlesex, Electrical Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Inven-
tion for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MEANS AND APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING AND APPLYING
GALVANIC CURRENTS," to be as follows:-
My Invention consists in making chain batteries as hereafter described, so
that the zinc may be securely held, and when consumed readily replaced with-
out detaching the chain. Each link or portion of the chain is formed from a
copper plate, one-fourth or thereabouts being of greater breadth than the
other three-fourths. This broader portion has a longitudinal slot therein, so
that it forms a kind of buckle, and the other portion has a series of narrow
slots at right angles to the first-named slot. The narrower portion is then
bent round cylindrically into the form of a tube. To connect the links thus
made in order to form a chain the buckle of one link is introduced into the

page_text: tube of the next link through the slit which exists in this other tube. This
slit except when the buckle is being introduced remains closed owing to the
elasticity of the tube. To convert the copper chain thus formed of links into
a volta-electric chain I introduce into each copper tube a zinc tube with a
longitudinal slit made as hereafter described. To maintain perfect insulation
and regular voltaic contact I make the zinc tubes as follows:-I take a per-
forated zinc plate a little wider than the narrower portion of the copper plate
from which the copper tube has been formed, and cover one side with any
suitable fabric, which extends beyond two opposite edges of the plate, and is
doubled over upon the opposite side. I then double over these edges so that
the fabric is pinched or held thereby. I next bend the zinc plate cylindrically
into the form of a tube, that side which is covered with fabric being outer-
most. The buckle of the link next adjoining that in which the zinc tube is
inserted is made to slide into the slit of the zinc tube, and the slits of the
copper and zinc tubes are then brought opposite each other, or nearly so.
After the zinc tube has been introduced into the copper tube I make it steady
therein in order to prevent false contacts by inserting a conical mandril or
tool, this tool expands both the tubes; but the zinc tube being non-elastic
retains its expanded form when the tool is withdrawn, while the copper tube
being elastic presses upon and steadies the zinc tube. The voltaic electric
chain thus formed is drawn through any dilute acid, which penetrates through
the slots of the copper tube and the perforations in the zinc tube, and by the
alternate contact of the copper buckle of one element or link with the bare
inside zinc tube of the next element or link electricity is produced of a tension
proportionate to the number of links in the chain. In the arrangement
before described magnesium may be conveniently substituted for the zinc.
A modification of the chain before described consists in connecting lengths
of copper spirals to each other by means of copper wire bent into rectangular
form, the two longer sides of the rectangle being passed through two adjoining
spirals; the ends of the wire from which the rectangle is formed are bent into
the form of hooks to enable them to be attached to each other. A zinc spiral
is introduced into each copper spiral, and to prevent metallic contact of the
copper and zinc spirals either of them has cotton or other thread wound
thereon. Open zinc cylinders as herein-before described may be employed
instead of the zinc spirals. In order to secure inoxidizable voltaic contact
between the zinc of one link and the copper of the next adjoining link I
solder one end of a thin flat copper wire placed inside the copper tube to one
end of the zinc tube, and I solder the other end to the opposite end of the
copper of the next adjoining link. Sometimes I employ two such wires

page_text: between the zinc tube of every link and the copper of the link next adjoining,
these two wires being soldered in opposite ways.
My Invention also consists in making galvanic elements in the form of
lockets, albums, and other articles, such articles being composed partly of
copper and partly of zinc insulated from each other by textile fabric, and
binged in an insulated manner, so that they can be opened and closed as
required to enable a sponge or other absorbent material moistened with acid
to be inserted or withdrawn. Such lockets or articles may be connected to
galvanic chains, the zine of one element being provided with a hook and the
copper of the next element with an eye, or any other convenient mode of
attachment may be adopted.
I also make galvanic elements in the form of buttons and similar articles,
provided with an ordinary pin or brooch fastening, or with one of the safety
pin fastenings described in the Specification of my Patent of 28th March 1865,
No. 881. In order that the pin may be attached to the inside of an under
garment, and the opposite side of the button thus be brought in contact with
the skin without the assistance of bandages or tapes as hitherto employed, I
take a plate of copper and stamp it with a raised portion in the middle, and
I stamp out of a zinc plate a hole of a little larger diameter than the raised
portion of the copper plate. I place a washer of textile fabric, and then the
zinc plate over the copper, so that an annular space is left all round the raised
portion between the copper and zinc; the fabric raises the zinc plate to the
level of the raised part of the copper plate; the outer edges of the plates are
then secured in place by turning one over the other or otherwise, the fabric
always keeping them insulated. This combination forms an element which
when brought in contact with the skin by means of a fastening as above men-
tioned fixed to the copper plate is excited thereby, or by an acid allowed to
pass through perforations in the parts of the copper below the zinc plate.
Several of the elements thus formed may be connected by hooks and eyes,
or otherwise, as before explained to form a voltaic chain. The positions of the
copper and zinc plates may be reversed.
The next part of my Invention cousists in fitting the piu or brooch or safety
pin fastenings above mentioned to polo conducting plates for the purpose of
conducting permanently electricity to and from the body when set in connection
with a battery.
For momentary medical application of elastic currents I further mako
galvanising frictional, brushes by rolling tapes of felt, india-rubber, or any
other suitable material in an oval or round spiral so as to fasten tightly
throughout its length a thin strip of tin, silver, or platinum, which is broader

page_text: than the tape, and thereby projects slightly on one side. A round or oval block
is thus formed, which I then fasten on a handle in the ordinary manner after
a thin plate of the same metal has been laid under the base of the block in
order to establish metallic contact between the projecting metal strip and the
plate. The latter is brought in connection with a metallic hook or other means
of fastening for establishing means of conducting electricity to the metallic strip
from a battery placed in the handle or separately. Instead of a metallic
strip I use handles of thin metal wires compactly tied together with fibrous
threads, or with an india-rubber envelope, so as to form a cord of metallic and
non-metallic soft materials. This cord I cut into pieces, which are fixed on a
handle and brought in metallic connection with a hook as before described.
For making and breaking an electric current I produce a vibrating current
interrupter on the system of the vibratory tongues in a harmonica, in order that
a current of air forced through an opening covered by a thin metallic tongue
may cause a rapid succession of interruptions of metallic contacts between the
tongue and a metallic point screwed opposite thereto in the frame, which I
make of insulating material. The tongue as well as the point being set in
contact with a hook or other means of fastening, this instrument can be
inserted in a galvanic circle; this apparatus with two tongues being adapted
to the mouth-piece of a hollow handle of thick vulcanized india-rubber. The
pressure of the latter will set one tongue in action, whilst the release of
pressure will cause the action of the other tongue by sucking in the air.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Isac Louis Pulvermacher in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 24th August 1866.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, ISAC
LOUIS PULVERMACHER, of Oxford Street, in the County of Middlesex, Electrical
Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-fourth day of February, in the year
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-six, in the twenty-ninth year of
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto
me, the said Isac Louis Pulvermacher, Her special licence that I, the said
Isac Louis Pulvermacher, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or
such others as I, the said Isac Louis Pulvermacher, my executors, admi.
nistrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from

page_text: time to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of
Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MEANS AND APPARATUS POR PRODUCING
AND APPLYING GALVANIC CURRENTS," upon the condition (amongst others) that
I, the said Isac Louis Pulvermacher, my executors or administrators, by
an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals,
should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention,
and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to
be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Isac Louis Pulvermacher, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is
to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof, reference being had to the Drawings hereunto
annexed, that is to say :-
My Invention consists, first, in making chain batteries as hereafter described,
so that the zinc may be securely held, and when consumed readily replaced
without detaching the chain or injuring the elements composing the same.
Each link or portion of the chain is formed from a copper plate, as represented
at Figure 1 of the accompanying Drawings, one-fourth or thereabouts
marked a being of greater breadth than the other three-fourths marked b.
This broader portion a has a longitudinal slot c therein, so that it forms a
kind of buckle, and the other portion has a series of narrow slots d at right
angles to the slot c. The narrower portion 6 is then bent round cylindrically
into the form of a tube, as shown in Figures 2 and 3. To connect the links
thus made in order to form a chain the buckle a of one link is introduced into
the tube 6 of the next link, as shown in Figure 4, through the slit e which exists
in this other tube. This slit e, except when the buckle is being introduced,
remains closed owing to the elasticity of the tube. To convert the copper.
chain thus formed of links into a volta-electric chain I introduce into each
copper tube 6 a zinc tube f, as represented in Figure 5, with a longitudinal
slit g made as hereafter described. To maintain perfect insulation and
regular voltaic contact I make the zinc tubes as follows:-I make a per-.
forated zinc plate, as shewn in Figure 6, a little wider than the narrower
portion 6 of the copper plate from which the copper tube has been formed,
and I cover one side with any suitable fabric h, as shown in edge view in
Figure 7, which fabric extends beyond the opposite edges of the platef and
is doubled and pasted or gummed down over upon the opposite side. I then

page_text: double over these edges so that the fabric is pinched or held thereby. 1 next
bend the zine plate cylindrically into the form of a tube, that side which is
covered with fabric being outermost, as seen in Figure 5. The buckle a of the
link next adjoining that in which the zine tube f is inserted is inade to slide
into the slit g of the zine tube, and the slits of the copper and zinc tubes are
then brought opposite each other, or nearly so, as seen in Figures 8 and 8.
After the zine tube f has been introduced into the copper tube a I make it
steady therein, in order to prevent false contacts, by inserting a conical
mandril or tool, this tool expands both the tubes; but the zinc tube being
non-elastic retains its expanded form when the tool is withdrawn,, while the
copper tube being elastic presses upon and steadies the zinc tube. The
voltaic electric chain thus formed is drawn through any dilute acid, which
penetrates through the slots d of the copper tube 6 and the perforations
in the zinc tube f, and by the alternate contact of the copper buckle a of one
element or link with the bare inside zine tube f of the next element or link
electricity is produced of a tension proportionate to the number of links
in the chain. In the arrangement before described magnesium may be
conveniently substituted for the zinc.
Sometimes I dispense with the fabric h on the zinc tube and use instead
thereof thread, as represented at i, Figures 9 and 10; this thread is laced to
and between apertures in the copper tube b, and prevents contact of this tube
and the zinc tube f; this thread has the additional advantage of facilitating
the flow of the acid. Sometimes also, instead of bending the copper 6 into
the form of a tube, I bend it into the form represented in Figures 11 and 12,
and I bend the zinc plate finto a corresponding form, as shown in the same
Figures, one edge of this plate being less beut in than the other, in order that
it may come flush with the edge of the copper. To prevent the zinc f
becoming detached from the copper b I use a piece of ebonite or other hard
insulating material of the shape represented at j, Figure 13; this piece is
pushed down inside the zinc f, as shown in Figures 11 and 12, and the
enlarged ends of the piecej by fitting over the zinc and copper prevent the
zinc coming out.
A modification of the chain before described consists in connecting lengths
of copper spirals to each other by means of copper wire bent into rectan-
gular form, as shewn in Figure 14, in which k, k, are copper spirals connected
by a copper wire bent into rectangular form, the two longer sides of the
rectangle are passed through the spirals; the ends of the wire from which
the rectangle is formed are bent into the form of hooks, as shown, to enable
them to be attached to each other. A zine spiral m, Figure 15, is introduced

page_text: into each copper spiral k, and to prevent metallic contact of the copper and
zine spirals either of them has cotton or other thread wound thereon; the
zine spiral m, Figure 15, is shewn with thread wound thereon. Open zinc
cylinders as herein-before described may be employed instead of the zinc spirals.
In Figure 16, n, n, represent two zinc cylinders, and o a copper cylinder
placed between them, or instead of the copper being in the form of a
cylinder it may be spiral. The zine cylinders n and copper cylinders o are
kept apart by tape p placed between them as shewn, and the current from
one element to another in a flexible chain formed in this manner is trans-
mitted by copper wires bent into a rectangular form, as in Figure 14. In
order to secure inoxidizable voltaic contact between the zinc of one link
and the copper of the next adjoining link I solder one end of a thin flat
copper wire g, Figure 17, placed inside the copper tube 6 to one end of the
zinc tube f, and I solder the other end to the opposite end of the copper a
of the next adjoining link, as shown. Sometimes I employ two such wires
between the zinc tube of every link and the copper of the link next adjoining,
these two wires being soldered in opposite ways.
My Invention also consists in making galvanic elements in the form of lockets,
albums, and other articles, such articles being composed partly of copper and
partly of zinc insulated from each other by textile fabric, and hinged in an
insulated manner, so that they can be opened and closed as required to enable
a sponge or other absorbent material moistened with acid to be inserted or
withdrawn. Such lockets or articles may be connected to galvanic chains, the
zinc of one element being provided with a hook and the copper of the next
element with an eye, or any other convenient mode of attachment may be
adopted.
Figure 18 is a face view, and Figure 19 a transverse section of two galvanic
elements in the form of lockets; r is the copper and s the zinc of each
element, and t is a piece of textile fabric insulating the copper and zinc. The
copper r in the element to the left of the Figures forms a locket or receptacle,
in which I place a sponge or other absorbent material moistened with acid;
this sponge or absorbent material may easily be inserted or withdrawn by
opening the zinc plates, which forms the lid of the locket or receptacle, and
is binged to a frame u composed of ebonite or other insulating material. The
two lockets or elements are connected by a copper ring or wire connected
to the pintles w of the hinges u. In the element to the right of the Figures
the positions of the copper and zine s are reversed, that is to say, the zinc s
forms the locket or receptacle, and the copper r the lid of the same. Any
number of elements thus formed in an alternate manner, negative being con-

page_text: nected with positive and positive with negative, may be attached to each other
to form a chain, bracelet, or other article. In Figure 20 I show what may
be termed a double locket, in which both the copper r and zine s are hinged
to the frame u of insulating material; In Figure 21 I show a locket without
the insulating frame u, and in which the copper r and zine s alternately form
a frame to receive the corresponding plate (zine or copper) to form an element;
the insulation of the copper and zinc is effected by an ebonite or other insu-
lating tube forced into the binge like rings of the plates forming the hinge as
shown, a space being left between each two adjoining rings, into which the
insulating material fits or bulges; the ends of the pintle are held in gudgeons &
alternately on the copper and zinc plates.
Figure 22 shows the different leaves of an album composed of copper
plates' r, the inner edges of which are formed with rings, as shown, the rings
of the various leaves being placed in such relative positions that when formed
into an album they occupy the position shown in Figures 23 and 24, and
form a tube; Figure 23 being an edge view of an album, and Figure 24 a
side view. On one face of each copper plater I solder a zinc plate s throughout
its whole surface. To keep the rings of the copper plates r in their proper
positions I insert two rods y semicircular in section into the tube of rings; one
of these rods is shown separately in Figure 25; they are formed with ribs to fit
in between and divide and isolate the copper rings forming the tube. These
rods y are secured by a wedge z driven in between them. The exiting acid is
applied to the leaves by pieces of textile fabric placed between every two
adjoining leaves or elements, and the electric action obtained by keeping the
album closed. I also make album batteries so that each leaf constitutes an
element by itself, thus allowing electric action when the leaves of the album
are kept apart from each other for giving access of the depolarising atmo-
spheric air, and also when kept closed. To accomplish this I attach to each
copper leaf
a perforated zinc plate (or zinc wire may be wound spirally round
the copper) in such a manner as to isolate the zinc from the copper. I further
connect the zinc with the ring of the next adjoining copper leaf, by which a
voltaic contact is established. This album battery is set in action by wetting
the leaves with an exiting fluid and by laying thin isolating sheets between the
leaves. I also make galvanic elements in the form of buttons and similar articles,
provided with an ordinary pin or brooch fastening or with one of the safety pin
fastenings described in the Specification of my Patent of Twenty-eighth March,
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-five, No. 881. In order that the pin may
be attached to the inside of an under garment, and the opposite side of the
button thus be brought in contact with the skin without the assistance of

page_text: bandages or tapes as hitherto employed, I take a plate of copper a; see the
sectional view, Figure 26, and stamp it with a raised portion 6 in the middle,
and I stamp out of a zinc plate ca hole of a little larger diameter than the
raised portion 6 of the copper plate. I place a washer d of textile fabric, and
then the zinc plate c over the copper, so that an annular space is left.all round
the raised portion 6 between the copper and zinc, as shown; the fabric d raises
the zinc plate c to the level of the raised part 6 of the copper plate. The outer
elges of the plates are then secured in place by turning one over the other,
as shown, or otherwise, the fabric always keeping them insulated. This com-
bination forms an element which, when brought in contact with the skin by
means of a fastening e, Figure 27, as above mentioned fixed to the copper
plate a, is excited thereby, or by an acid allowed to pass through perfo-
rations in the parts of the copper below the zinc plate. The fastening e is one
of those patented by me as aforesaid, but any other desirable fastening may be
employed. Several of the elements thus formed may be connected by hooks
and eyes or otherwise, as before explained, to form a voltaic chain. The
positions of the copper and zinc plates may be reversed.
i
The next part of my Invention consists in fitting the pin, or brooch, or
safety pin fastenings above mentioned to pole conducting plates for the purpose
of conducting permanently electricity to and from the body when set in con-
nection with a battery.
Sometimes I form galvanic elements into a chain as follows:-I take, a
zinc plate of the form represented at f, Figure 28, with an aperture g. I p.'ss
the narrow end through a slot c in the buckle v, Figure 29, and then double
over this narrow end upon the broader end, and with the fabric with which
the larger portion is wrapped up, and rivet them together; the central nar-
rowest portion of the plate f forms a loop for the buckle a to work in. The
doubled or folded zinc plate f is placed upon the plate b, as seen in Figure 30,
and the portions j, j, of the copper plate are then doubled over upon larger
portions of the zinc plate, so that the doubled over portions j, j, are flush with
the doubled over portion of the zinc. Any number of these plates may be
thus connected to form a galvanic chain. In Figure 31 I show one element
of a modified form, in which the copper plate is bent down in the middle, as
at, for the insertion of a locally perforated india-rubber tube in connection
with a reservoir by which acid can be conveyed to the element.
Figure 32 shows another modified form of link composed of copper plates b,
which may be similar to that shown in Figure 1, and are bent into the form
shown. I bend them in a press or otherwise into the form shown at b. The
narrower portion (as in Figure 1) is passed through the slot in the wider portion

page_text: or buckle of the next plate, then turned round until the inner shoulder of the
buckle of the inserted plate comes against the outer side of the buckle slot of
the other plate, as shown; the zinc tube c, which is bent to correspond to the
inside of the copper plate, is then inserted, and the buckle of the copper plate
is passed through the slit of the zinc tube, as herein-before described with
reference to Figure 5, so that the zinc is held in place. The zinc may be
covered with fabric as before explained, or the zinc and copper may be insu-
lated by thread lacing, as in Figure 9. To excite a chain made up in this
manner I prefer to dip it into a bath suspended on the axle of the roller, as
shown in Figure 33, by passing it round the roller Y in such manner that
only the projecting portion of each element euters the acid in the bath, leaving
the connecting portions or buckles dry.
\ For momentary medical application of electric currents I further make
galvanizing frictional brushes by rolling tapes of felt, india-rubber, or any
other suitable material in a round spiral, as shown at a in plan in Figure 34,
and in section in Figure 35, or in an oval spiral, so as to fasten tightly
throughout its length a thin strip 6 of tin, silver, or platinum, which is broader
than the tape, and thereby projects slightly on one side; this strip 6 is flattened
down over the tape. A round or oval block is thus formed, which I then
fasten on a handle c in the ordinary manner after a thin plate d of the same
metal has been laid under the base of the block in order to establish metallic
contact between the projecting metal strip and the plate d. The latter is
brought in connection with a metallic hook e and wire or other means of
fastening for establishing means of conducting electricity to the metallic strip b
from a battery placed in the handle or separately. Instead of a metallic strip
I use bundles of thin metal wires compactly tied together with fibrous threads
or with an india-rubber envelope, so as to form a cord of metallic and non-
metallic soft materials, as shewn in Figures 36 and 37. This cord I cut into
pieces f, which are fixed on a handle c, and brought in metallic connection
with a hook e and wire by a plate d, as before described.
For making and breaking an electric current I produce a vibrating current
interruptor on the system of the vibratory tongues in a harmonica, in order
that a current of air forced through an opening covered by a thin metallic
tongue may cause a rapid succession of interruptions of metallic contacts
between the tongue and a metallic point screwed opposite thereto in the frame,
which I make of insulating material. The tongue as well as the point being
set in contact with a hook or other means of fastening, this instrument can be
inserted in a galvanic circle. This apparatus with two tongues being adapted
to the mouth-piece of a hollow handle of thick vulcanized india-rubber, the

page_text: pressure on the latter will set one tongue in action, whilst the release of pressure
will cause the action of the other tongue by sucking in the air. This vibrating
current interruptor with two tongues is represented in section in Figure 38.
a is a handle or bag of vulcanized india-rubber, closed except to an opening b
5 leading through a portion of the handle c, which portion may be composed of
ebonite or other insulating material; d, d', are two tongues suspended freely
at their upper end; e is a copper wire terminating at the lower end in two
points for communicating respectively with the two tongues d, d¹. By com-
pressing the handle or bag a the air therein is forced through the opening 6 of
the portion c, and drives the tongue d'against its seat, closing communication
with the outer air through the opening of this tongue; the other tongue d¹ is
simultaneously forced outwards, allowing the air to pass out, comes in contact
while it vibrates with the corresponding point of the copper wire e, and
produces an interrupted galvanic current in the voltaic circle in which it is
inserted. When the pressure upon the handle a is removed the bag expands
to its normal position, sucks in air through the opening of the tongue d, and
brings this tongue in contact with the point e" of the wire e, so that an
interrupted current is produced on that side, while the current on the opposite
side is broken by the tongue d¹ being drawn or sucked in against its seat and
closing its opening, and thus a series of vibratory currents are produced, which
is conducted by the wires f, f', and cup g to the person in contact with the
handle. In any of the arrangements herein-before described magnesium may
be conveniently substituted for zinc, and brass or other negative metal may be
employed instead of copper.
And having now described the nature of my said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, I declare that I claim as my "Im-
provements in Means and Apparatus for Producing and Applying Galvanic
Currents,"
First, making chain batteries substantially in the manner herein-before
described with reference to Figures 1 to 13 of the accompanying Drawings,
so that the zinc or magnesiuni may be securely held in an insulated state, and
when consumed readily may be replaced without detaching the chain or
injuring the elements composing it.
Second, connecting elements of voltaic chains formed of spirals or of
cylinders by means of a copper wire bent into a rectangular form, having the
ends of the wires bent into the form of hooks to enable them to be attached
to each other, as herein-before described, and represented in Figures 15 and
16 of the accompanying Drawings.
Third, the employment for securing inoxidizable voltaic contact between the

page_text: zinc or magnesium of one link and the copper of the next adjoining link of a
thin flat copper wire, as represented in Fig. 17, (or of two such wires) placed
inside the element, one end of the wire being soldered to one end of the zinc
or magnesium tube, and the other end of the wire to the opposite end of the
buckle or rectangular wire of the next adjoining link, substantially as
described.
Fourth, making galvanic elements and voltaic combinations in the form of
lockets, albums, and other articles, substantially as herein-before described,
and represented in Figures 18 to 25, such articles being composed partly of
copper and partly of zinc or magnesium insulated from each other, and
hinged in an insulated manner, so that they may be opened and closed as
required to allow a sponge or other absorbent material moistened with acid
to be inserted or withdrawn,, all substantially as described.
Fifth, making galvanic elements in the form of buttons-and-similar articles
provided with a pin or brooch fastening, substantially as herein-before described,
and represented in Figures 26 and 27.
.Sixth, the several methods herein-before described, and represented in
Figures 28 to 32, of forming galvanic elements into a chain.
Seventh, making galvanizing frictional brushes substantially as herein-before
described, and represented in Figures 34 to 37.
And, eighth, making and breaking electric currents by means of tongues
actuated he admission and expulsion of air, substantially as herein-before
and represented in Figure 38 of the accompanying Drawings.
descri'
In witness whereof, I, the said Isac Louis Pulvermacher, have here-
unto set my hand and seal, the Twenty-fourth day of August, One
thousand eight hundred and sixty-six.
I. L. PULVERMACHER. (L.s.)