IMPROVEMENTS IN OPERATIONS AND APPARATUS FOR DRYING Down WARTH ALKALINE SOLUTIONS OF EXTRACTIVE MATTER OBTAINED IN PREPARING VEGETABLE FIBROUS MATERIAL FOR USE IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER, AND IN RECOVERING THEREFROM THE ALKALI FOR RE-USE, ALSO FOR UTILIZING THE VAPOURS GIVEN OFF DURING THE BOLLING OF THE VEGETABLE MATERIAL, OR THE DRYING DOWN OF THE SAID SOLUTIONS." PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION
Year: 1873

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Robert John Jones, of Ellerslie House, Walton,
near Liverpool, in the County of Lancaster, for the Invention of
“IMPROVEMENTS IN OPERATIONS AND APPARATUS FOR DRYING Down WARTH
ALKALINE SOLUTIONS OF EXTRACTIVE MATTER OBTAINED IN PREPARING
VEGETABLE FIBROUS MATERIAL FOR USE IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER,
AND IN RECOVERING THEREFROM THE ALKALI FOR RE-USE, ALSO FOR UTILIZING
THE VAPOURS GIVEN OFF DURING THE BOLLING OF THE VEGETABLE MATERIAL,
OR THE DRYING DOWN OF THE SAID SOLUTIONS."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by tho said Robert John Jones at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 12th March 1878.
I, ROBERT JOHN JONES, of Ellerslie House, Walton, near Liverpool,
5 in the County of Lancaster, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN OPERATIONS AND APPARATUS FOR DRYING
DOWN WASTE ALKALINE SOLUTIONS OF EXTRACTIVE MATTER OBTAINED IN PRE-
PARING VEGETABLE FIBROUS MATERIAL FOR USH IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER,

page_text: AND IN RECOVERING THEREFROM THE ALKALI FOR RE-USE, ALSO FOR UTILIZING THE
VAPOURS GIVEN OFF DURING THE BOILING OF THE VEGETABLE MATERIAL OR THE
DRYING DOWN OF THE BAID SOLUTIONS," to be as follows:—
The said improvements consist,―
First. In drying down the said solutions wholly or partially in a
vessel, in which a vacuum or partial vacuum has been created. The
solution or liquor in the said vessel can be heated by any convenient
means, but I find it economical to heat it wholly or partially in one or
more of the following ways, namely (a) by running the solution
or liquor whilst it is still hot into the vacuum vessel, thus utilizing all
the heat it contains over about 90° Fahrenheit (at which heat the liquor
boils in vacuo) for the purpose of its own concentration; (b) by running
the liquor whilst it is still hot into the pipes of casing used for heating
the vacuum vessel, thus utilizing a a deal of heat that might otherwise be
wasted; (c) by causing the hot air or gases named in my fourth head to
circulate in the pipes or casing used for heating the vacuum vessel; (d)
by using waste steam or hot liquor or waste gases for heating the said
vessel, the effect being when any of the means detailed under sub-
heads (a), (b), (c), and (d), or portions or combinations of them, are
used to obviate the necessity wholly or partially of using fuel for the
special purpose of drying down the said solutions. To facilitato tho
cleansing and emptying of the vacuum vessel 1 apply mechanical
scrapers in the interior of it.
Secondly. In drying down the said solutions wholly or partially by
allowing them to tricklo in thin films over a sorics of horizontal pipes
or cylinders placed ono above another in a vertical line, the liquor being
fed on the uppermost by any suitable means runs from it on to the next
lower, and so on; and the number of tiers of pipes or cylinders may be
regulated so as to arrive at the degree of concentration required. Under
some circumstances I use vertical pipes or cylinders in place of 5
horizontal ones. In this case the liquor is fed upon their upper end,
and trickles down their length instead of round their circumference, as
in the case of the horizontal ones. The pipes or cylinders may be
heated internally by any convenient means, or by those detailed under sub-
heads (b), (c), and (d) of my first head, whero a sufficient concentration {
of the liquors is not got by one passage over the pipes or cylinders. I
pump it up, and allow it to pass over them again, and so on, until the
desired condition is arrived at. The said pipes or cylinders may bo

page_text: made to rotate for the purpose of more effectually keeping their surfaces
cleansed, in which case I use suitable scrapers or doctors either fixed or
moveable. In the case of the pipes or cylinders being fixed I use moveable
scrapers for the purpose of cleansing their outer surfaces, over which
the liquor passes, by making the pipes or cylinders air-tight, attaching
them at one end to the vacuum vessel under my first head, and at
the other end to a suitable pump or other contrivance they may be
made to answer the double purpose of drying down and condensing for
|the vacuum vessel.
WWW.SMIDI Scrapers or doctors either nxeu or
moveable. In the case of the pipes or cylinders being fixed I use moveable
scrapers for the purpose of cleansing their outer surfaces, over which
B the liquor passes, by making the pipes or cylinders air-tight, attaching
them at one end to the vacuum vessel under my first head, and at
the other end to a suitable pump or other contrivanco they may be
made to answer the double purpose of drying down and condensing for
|the vacuum vessel.
"
Thirdly. In adding limo to the said solutions during the time they are
being dried down, whatever be the means the drying down is being
effected by, whether those detailed in this Specification, or in any other
way.
Fourthly. When the material is sufficiently concentrated instead of
3 running it into an ordinary reverbatory furnace I proceed to finish its
desiccation and burning out of the extractive matter in one of the
following ways, namely (a) by placing it in an upright or horizontal
furnace having an artificial draught created by blowing or suction, or a
natural draught by being connected with a suitable chimney. The
material to be desiccated or burned being thrown on the top of that
already in at suitable intervals, and the finished product run out or
withdrawn at or near the bottom, the effect of this plan being that the self-
contained fuel of the hydrocarbonaceous matters supersede wholly or
partially according to the nature and quantity of the extractive matter
they contain. The necessity of using fuel, the heat of this furnace may
bo used for heating pipes, or a hot air chamber for heating purposes, and
the hot gases withdrawn or blown from it may be used for heating pur-
poses; also (6) by placing the material to be desiccated in either a horizontal
furnace or hot air chamber, in which is at work for the purpose of keeping
it constantly moved about or turned over suitable mechanical scrapers or
archimedean screws. In cases where the desiccation is completed in a
close furnace or hot air chamber I find it profitable to condense the
vapours given off, as they on analysis are found to contain valuable
products, as named in my fifth head.
Fifthly. In condensing the vapours given off during or at the end of
the boiling of the vegetable material, also those given off during the

page_text: obtained will on analysis be found to contain a large per-centage of
naphtha, acetic acid, and other products usually obtained by the
destructive distillation of vegetable matters. The condensed liquor can
be treated by any of the processes already well-known to chemists for
the purpose of obtaining therefrom the useful products.
obtained will on analysis be found to contain a large per-centage of
naphtha, acetic acid, and other products usually obtained by the
destructive distillation of vegetable matters. The condensed liquor can
be treated by any of the processes already well-known to chemists for
the purpose of obtaining therefrom the useful products.
And, sixthly. In combining together two or more of the processes
herein described, or such portions of them as circumstances may dictate
to be the most advantageous for attaining the end in view.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent
filed by the said Robert John Jones in the Great Seal Patent Office 1
on the 12th September 1878.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, ROBERT
JOHN JONES, of Ellerslie House, Walton, near Liverpool, in the County
of Lancaster, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters ]
Patent, bearing date the Twelfth day of March, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-three, in the thirty-
sixth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give
and grant unto me, the said Robert John Jones, Her special license that
I, the said Robert John Jones, my executors, administrators, and assigns, 2
or such others as I, the said Robert John Jones, my executors, adminis-
trators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from
time to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein
expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend,
within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel 2
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN OPERATIONS
AND APPARATUS FOR DRYING DOWN WASTE ALKALINE SOLUTIONS OF EXTRACTIVE
MATTER OBTAINED IN PREPARING VEGETABLE FIBROUS MATERIAL FOR USE IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF PAPER, AND IN RECOVERING THEREFROK THE ALKALI FOR RE-USE,
ALSO FOR UTILIZING THE VAPOURS GIVEN OFF DURING THE BOILING OF THE VEGETABLE
MATERIAL OR THE DRYING DOWN OF THE SAID SOLUTIONS," upon the condition
(amongst others) that I, the said Robert John Jones, my executors or
administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or
one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain

page_text: First. In drying down the said solutions wholly or partially in a vessel
in which a vacuum or partial vacuum has been created, the solution or
liquor in the said vessel can be heated by any convenient means; but I
find it coonomical to heat it wholly or partially in one or more of the
following ways, namely, (a) by running the solution or liquor whilst it is
still hot into the vacuum vessel, thus utilizing all the heat it contains
over about 90° Fahrenheit (at which heat the liquor boils in vacuo)
for the purpose of its own concentration; (6) by running the liquor whilst
it is still hot into the pipos or casing used for heating the vacuum vessel,
thus utilizing a deal of heat that might otherwise be wasted; (0) by
causing the hot air or gases named in my fourth head to circulate in the
pipes or casing used for heating the vacuum vessel; (d) by using wasto
steam or hot liquor or waste gases for heating the said vessel, the effect
being, when any of the means detailed under sub-heads (a), (b), (0), and
(d), or portions or combinations of thein are used to obviate the necessity
wholly or partially of using fuel for the special purpose of drying down
the said solutions. To facilitate the cleansing and emptying of the
vacuum vessel I apply mechanical scrapers in the interior of it.
•
Secondly. In drying down the said solutions wholly or partially by
allowing them to trickle in thin films over a series of horizontal pipes or
cylinders placed one above another in a vertical line, the liquor being fed
on the uppermost, by any suitable means runs from it on to the noxt

page_text: lower, and so on, and the number of tiers of pipes or cylinders may be
regulated so as to arrive at the degree of concentration required. Under
some circumstances I use vertical pipes or cylinders in place of horizontal
oncs; in this caso the liquor is fed upon their upper end, and trickles
down their length instead of round their circumference as in the case
of the horizontal ones; the pipes or cylinders may be heated internally
by any convenient means or by those detailed under sub-heads (b), (c),
and (d) of my first head. Where a sufficient concentration of the
liquors is not got by one passage over the pipes or cylinders I pump it
up and allow it to pass over them again, and so on until the desired
condition is arrived at. The said pipes or cylinders may be made to
rotato for the purpose of more effectually keeping their surfaces cleansed,
in which case I use suitable scrapers or doctors, cither fixed or movcable.
In the case of the pipes or cylinders being fixed I use moveable scrapers
for the purpose of cleansing their outer surfaces, over which the liquor
passes, by making the pipes or cylinders air-tight, attaching them at one
end to the vacuum vessel named under my first head, and at the other
end to a suitable pump or other contrivance; they may be made to
answer the double purpose of drying down and condensing for the
vacuum vessel.
Thirdly. In adding lime to the said solutions during the time they
are being dried down, whatever be the means the drying down is being
effected by, whether those detailed in this Specification or in any other
way.
Fourthly. When the material is sufficiently concentrated, instead of
running it into an ordinary reverberatory furnace, I proceed to finish its
desiccation and burning out of the extractive matter in one of tho
following ways, namely, (a) by placing it in an upright or horizontal
furnace having an artificial draught created by blowing or suction, or a
natural draught by being connected with a suitable chimney. The
material to be desiccated or burned being thrown on the top of that
already in at suitablo intervals, and the finished product run out or
withdrawn at or near the bottom, the effect of this plan being that the
self-contained fuel of the hydro-carbonaceous matters supersede wholly
or partially, according to the nature and quantity of the extractivo
matter they contain, the necessity of using fuel. The heat of this
furnace may be used for heating pipes or as hot air chambers for heating
purposes, and the hot gases withdrawn or blown from it may be used for
•

page_text: heating purposes also. (6) by placing the material to be desiccated in
either a horizontal furnace or hot air chamber, in which is at work for
the purpose of keeping it constantly moved about or turned over suitable
mechanical scrapers or archimedian screws. In cases where the desicca-
tion is completed in a close furnace or hot air chamber I find it profitable
to condense the vapours given off as they on analysis are found to contain
valuable products as named in my fifth head.
Fifthly. In condensing the vapours given off during or at the end of
the boiling of the vegetable material, also thoso given off during the
drying down or evaporation of the wasto solutions, the product thus
obtained will, on analysis, be found to contain a large per-centage of
naphtha, acetic acid, and other products usually obtained by the destructivo
distillation of vegetable matters, the condensed liquor can be treated by
any of the processes already well known to chemists for the purpose of
obtaining therefrom the useful products.
And sixthly. In combining together two or more of the processes
herein described or such portions of them as circumstances may dictato
to be the most advantageous for attaining the end in view.
Having thus recited the words of my Provisional Specification I notify
all whom it may concern that I desire those words to be interpreted with
duo restrictions, and not construed as general claims, purporting to
appropriato any matters already in the public domain or already rightfully
claimed or appropriated under Patents of prior date to my own. As the
best means that occur to nic of thus restricting their scope I will now
enumerato all tho matters I am aware of which my languago might bo
construed to include; but which on the contrary it is my wish and
intention expressly to disclaim. Theso matters fall for the most part
under the second, third, fourth, and fifth heads of my Provisional Specifi-
cation. The second head relates to the use of pipes and cylinders fixed
or rotary, the third head relates to the use of lime during the drying
down, the fourth head relates to the use of specially contrived furnaces,
and a fan, and the fifth head relates to the utilization of the vapours
given off either during boiling or evaporating.
In order to limit the scope of theso parts of my Specification I have
to state as follows,―
1. That I am aware that in Palser's Patent, No. 2729, 1862, it is pro-

page_text: heated boilers; the mode of procedure adopted under that Patent I
expressly disclaim.
2. I am also aware that in Hook's Patent, No. 1171, 1867, it is pro-
posed to evaporate thin films of liquor on rotating discs or sheets of
metal, alternately dipped in and lifted out of the liquor; this mode of 5
procedure I also expressly disclaim.
3. In Amos and Anderson's Patent, No. 863, 1866; also in Kruger's
Patent, No. 365, 1870, I find the use of lime is proposed; but the use of
it in the manner therein prescribed is totally different to my process, and
I entirely disclaim the mode of procedure therein set forth as having 1
nothing in common with my system.
4. In Hook's Patent, No. 1171, 1867, already referred to, and in
Swan's Provisional Specification, No. 2327, 1867, the use of a fan is
suggested; but I entirely disclaim the use of a fan as therein set forth.
5. I have also found that in Fry's Patent, No. 1790, 1869, a method of 1
boiling wood, and obtaining the chemical products therefrom is set forth;
but the mode of procedure theroin named has nothing in common with
my own method, and it is my wish to expressly disclaim the mode of
operation therein suggested:
The words liquor and solutions where occurring mean the waste 2
alkalino solutions referred to in the title and in these presents.
Having premised this much by way of interpretation and to do away
with any apparent interferences between my own and antecedent systems,
I now proceed to describe the means whereby the purposes of this In-
vention may be carried out, and from which description any competent 2
person will be able to carry it out.
In order that the main object of the Invention in its economical aspect
may be fully impressed upon the minds of those who may feel disposed
to test it, I will here say that what I principally aim at is to obviate the
necessity of using fuel for the purpose of recovering the alkali, et cetera, 8
for reuse, using as will be seen heat that might otherwise be useless for
any purpose, and certainly would be for this, at the same time I recover
a larger per-centage of the alkali first used, say 90 to 95 per cent. The
condensation of the vapours and the making from them of useful pro-
ducts is another object which will be a great source of profit together 3
with which the carrying out of the process will entirely obviate a

page_text: nuisance, which at the present timo is a source of complaint in a many
places.
The improvement under my first head is the drying down of the
solutions, wholly or partially, in a vessel in which a vacuum or partial
vacuum has been created, for this purposo any form of vessel may be
used, and it may be of any material or strength provided it is capable of
resisting an external pressure of 15 lbs. to the square inch.
I find in practice that the shallower the vessel is in the bottom part
which contains the liquor, the better; I also find that the top being of
a hemispherical form is the best, but I limit myself to no form what-.
ever, as it will be found in practice that almost any shape will answer
the purpose, and being so old boilers or otherwise useless vessels that
will stand the external pressure will answer the purpose; tho vacuum
necessary can be got by any of the well known means already in uso;.
the quantity of liquor for one charge may be run in at once or it may bo.
run in gradually as the evaporation is proceeding, and the vessel may
be heated by any convenient means, but it will be found economical to
heat it wholly or partially as follows:-(a) by running the liquor while
it is still hot from the pulp boilers or from a vessel used for storing it
on leaving the boilers into the vacuum vessel; this may be done either
at once as a full charge or gradually run in; by this means it will bo
found that all the heat contained in the liquor over about 90 degrees
Fahrenheit will be available and will go a long way towards the
evaporation of the whole; for this reason the heat of the liquor from
the pulp boilers should be kept as high as possible, and if run into a
storo vessel it should be kept as hot as it possibly can be, even where
practicable by using waste or other heat to assist it; further economy
is arrived at by running the pipes which lead to the vacuum vessel
through waste or other heat with a view of increasing the temperaturo
0 of the liquor before entering tho said vessel; (6) by running the liquor
whilst it is still hot into the pipes or casing used for heating the vacuum
vessel; the heat in this case is kept as high as possible in the samo
careful ways that I have detailed under sub-head “a.”
The ways of applying pipes and casings as a means of heating are
5 so numerous and well known that it is best to recommend no particular
plan, as the nature of the heat used and the local circumstances will bo
the best guide to act upon. (o), under this sub-head I use the hot air

page_text: or gases named in my fourth head for the purpose of heating or assisting
to heat the vacuum vessel. (d), under this sub-head I use waste
stcam or hot liquor or waste gases for the purpose of heating the
vacuum vessel, and in order to indicate the importance of this Invention
I will here name some matters that fall under this head (though by no
mcans limiting myself to those mentioned, as all heat of whatever
description over 90 degrees Fahrenheit is of service); they are as
follows:-Waste gases from the furnaces, wasto steam from engines or
cylinders, waste hot water or other liquor, having a heat over 90 degrees,
the measure of their value for this purpose being whatever heat they :
contain over 90 degrees, the effect being when any of the means detailed
under sub-heads (a), (b), (c), and (d), or portions or combinations of
them are used to obviate the necessity, wholly or partially, of using fuel
for the special purpose of drying down the said solutions. In order to
facilitate the emptying and cleansing of the vacuum vessel I uso 1
mechanical scrapers (which may be of any convenient form) in the
interior of it; their motion at the same time prevents frothing over into
the condenser.
The improvements which come under my second head are set forth so
clearly in my Provisional Specification that I simply repeat them, feeling 2
assured that no description can make them more clear. They consist in
drying down the said solutions wholly or partially by allowing them to
trickle in thin films over a series of horizontal pipes or cylinders placed
one above another in a vertical line, the liquor being fed on the upper-
most by any suitable means runs from it on to the next lower, and so 2
on, and the number of tiers of pipes or cylinders may be regulated so as
to arrive at the degree of concentration required. Under some circum-
stances I use vertical pipes or cylinders in place of horizontal ones. In
this case the liquor is fed upon their upper end and trickles down their
length instead of round their circumference, as in the case of the hori- 30
zontal ones. The pipes or cylinders may bo licated internally by any
convenient means, or by those detailed under sub-heads (b), (c), and (d)
of my first head. Where a sufficient concentration of the liquor is not
got by one passage over the pipes or cylinders I pump it up and allow
it to pass over them again, and so on until the desired condition is 38
arrived at. The said pipes or cylinders may be made to rotate for the
purpose of more effectually keeping their surfaces cleansed, in which
caso I uso suitable scrapers or doctors, either fixed or movcable. In the

page_text: case of the pipes or cylinders being fixed I use moveable scrapers for
the purpose of cleansing their outer surfaces, over which the liquor passes.
By making the pipes or cylinders air-tight, and capable of resisting
an external pressure of fifteen pounds per square inch, attaching them
at one end to the vacuum vessel name in my first head, and at the
other end to a suitable pump or other contrivance, and they will form
a condenser for the vacuum vessel, thus answering the double purpose
of drying down and condensing. The heat in this case circulating in
the interior of the pipes or cylinders is that evolved from the vacuum
vessel alone. They may also be used for condensing, for any other
apparatus or engine requiring a condenser. This combination is par-
ticularly useful whero the vegetable material that has been boiled has
had the first liquor run from it, and a second or oven a third liquor is
run into it for the purpose of washing out the alkaline solution. This
5 second or third liquor may bo used with advantage as the condensing
medium, at the same time it is gradually becoming concentrated by
passing over the pipes or cylinders, thus answering a double purposo
and securing a return for reuse of whatever alkali, &c. it does contain
without special heat being used for the purpose. Practically, I find that
ninety to ninty-five per cent. of the alkali used can be recovered by
adopting this process in conjunction with the others.
Under my third head I propose to add lime to the solutions during
the time they are being dried down, whatever be the means the drying
down is being effected by, whether those detailed in this Specification
or in any other way. The advantage of using lime during tlio drying
down will be found to be twofold; first, the chemical union of the lime
and liquor will cause a great heat to be generated, which will be of
service; secondly, lime will be saved to a considerable extent by the
carbonate that is produced in the first stage being again converted into
quicklime by the second or burning out process. In order to illustrato
its usefulness in some of the processes now in use for drying down tho
solutions I will take the case of an ordinary roverbatory furnace, where
the liquor is run on to the bed or beds to a depth of several inches, and
the flamo or heat plays over the upper surface of the liquor. In this
caso I throw into the liquor, either at onco or by degrees, a sufficient
quantity of limo to ultimately convert the carbonate of soda it contains
into caustic soda. When the lime is thrown into the hot liquor chemical
union takes place, a deal of heat is generated, and a considerable quantity

page_text: of carbonic acid gas and vapour is liberated. The liberation of the gas
and vapour causes the surface of the liquor to be covered with thin films
of liquor of a hemispherical form; the heat plays upon these thin films,
which being hemispherical present double the surface of liquor to the
heat that the flat surface of their base would; thus several results arisc, 5
namely, the heat of the lime assists evaporation, the surface upon which
the heat impinges becomes doubled in extent, the liquor is exposed in
thin films raised from the horizontal or liquor surface; thus being more
exposed to contact with the heat, which heat also travels slower over
the rough surface thus presented to it, a great saving of time and fuel 1
is the result. The liquor is partially causticised, and the lime being
thus formed into carbonato becomes quicklime again by the subsequent
roasting or burning out; thus a good portion of it is used twice over. I
have pointed this out merely as an illustration of the advantage of using
lime in one of the processes already in uso, but by no means limit 1
myself to it, as the addition of lime with the object there named during
the drying down by whatever means is what I distinctly claim to be
novel.
With respect to my fourth head I would say that the form of furnaces
and hot air chambers, also the mode of drawing off the vapours for 2
condensation, may be almost indefinitely varied without in any degree
departing from the main principle, and as the local circumstances will to
a great extent control the peculiar mode of proceeding, and the form to
be adopted, I will content myself with laying down the principle which
is to guide the operation for carrying out the end I have in view, and in 2
doing so I cannot make it more clear than by using the words in my
Provisional Specification as to this head.
When the material is sufficiently concentrated instead of running it
into an ordinary reverberatory furnace I proceed to its desiccation and
burning out of the extractive matter in one of the following ways, 3
namely:-(a) by placing it in an upright or horizontal furnace having
an artificial draught created by blowing or suction, or a natural draught,
by being connected with a suitable chimney. The material to be
desiccated or burned is thrown on the top of that already in at suitable
intervals, and the finished product is withdrawn at or near the bottom, 3
the effect of this plan being that the self-contained fuel of the hydro-
carbonaceous matters supersedo wholly or partially, according to the
nature and quantity of the extractive matter they contain, the necessity

page_text: the various points where they severally become condensed, thus avoiding
dilution as much as possible, and saving time in subsequent distillation.
Having stated thus much by way of illustrating the process, I desiro
it to be understood that I limit myself to no particular mode of procedure,
but claim the utilization of the vapours given off during the processes
named in the fifth head of my Provisional Specification. The subsequent
treatment of the products can be by any of the well known means at
present in use, or that may come into use.
Referring lastly to the sixth head of my Provisional Specification I
wish that to be understood and construed as limiting my claims through-
out these Presents to the novel combinations of means by which the
improved results are obtained, my desiro being to guard against being
supposed to claim any matters or things for which I have no ground for
a valid claim.
I have endeavoured to set forth clearly the nature of my said Inven-
tion, and the means of carrying it out, so that any competent person may
readily carry it out, and work the process according to these improve-
ments. Further, I have mentioned the restrictions with which I wish
my language to be interpreted, and have illustrated this limitation by
quoting claims of my predecessors which I might be supposed to trespass 2
upon, but which on the other hand I expressly wish my languago to bo
construed to exclude.
In like manner as to all my points I desire to be understood as
claiming only what the contrasted descriptions above set forth shew to
be clearly my own, and I as distinctly disclaim all matters shown to be 2
legitimately claimed by my predecessors or which belong by previous
user to the public,
The substantial features of my Invention I claim irrespective of any
non-essential modifications, which modifications it is well known can bo
almost indefinitely varied in this as in all other Inventions without in 3
the least departing from the substantial features of the system.
.
For instance, I claim under my first head the use of a vacuum vessel
and mechanical scrapers; also, the utilization of licat for the purposes
and in manner substantially as therein described.
Under my second head I claim the use of heated pipes and cylinders 3
fixed or rotary in a horizontal tier or tiers; also the use of vertical pipos

page_text: Signed, scaled, and delivered by the
within-named Robert John Jones,
in the presence of
HENRY ALBRIGHT,
Chemist,
Bootle, near Liverpool.
ROBERT J. JONES. (L.S.)