IMPROVEMENTS IN CHURNE
Year: 1856

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Peter Armand le Comte de Fontaine Moreau, of 39,
Rue de l'Echiquier, Paris, in the Empire of France, and of 4, South
Street, Finsbury, London, for the Invention of
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
CHURNE." A communication.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Peter Armand le Comte
de Fontaine Moreau at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with
his Petition, on the 18th March 1856.
I, PETER ARMAND le Comte de FONTAINE MOREAU, of 39, Rue de l'Echi-
quier, Paris, in the Empire of France, and of 4, South Street, Finsbury,
London, do hereby declare the nature of the Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
CHURNS," to be as follows, that is to say:-
The Invention consists in the novel arrangement and construction of churns
for the manufacture of butter.
Figure is an elevation of the churn and wooden framework for supporting
it. Figure 2 vertical section through the axis of the churn, shewn by the
red line a, a'. Figure 3, horizontal section of the turbine. Figure 4, hori-
zontal section of the churn through the line n, n'. Figures 5 & 6, plan and
section of the apparatus for receiving and decanting the milk to be used in
Price 8d.]

page_text: the churning operation. It is placed in the vessel A, which contains water
of a suitable temperature.
The churn consists of two vertical tin or tinned iron cylinders A, A¹, firmly
fixed one within the other. On the internal sides of the cylinder A' &
throughout its height rectangular partitions b. perforated with holes s, are
fixed parallel to its axis. In the centre of the cylinder A' a hollow axis is
placed vertically, which turns on a pivot P. fixed to the bottom of the cylinder;
the beaters S¹ fixed to the axis are also perforated with a number of holes.
At the foot of the axis a turbine or centrifugal bellows T is divided into small
compartments C, seen in Figure 3, which communicate with the interior of
the axis Q. The upper extremity of the axis Q works freely in the wooden
framework, and is provided with a bevelled toothed pinion P¹, which gears
with a bevelled toothed wheel R at right angles. The wheel R is fixed on
a horizontal axis X, working in bearings on the wooden framework D, in the
centre of which the whole of the mechanism is set. The external cylinder A
serves to regulate the temperature of the milk or cream, for which purpose
it is filled with hot or cold water, according to the degree of temperature
required. The water is allowed to run out through the stop cock r¹. The
milk is drawn off from the butter at the bottom of the apparatus by the stop
cock r
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Peter Armand le Comte de Fontaine Moreau in the Great
Seal Patent Office on the 18th September 1856.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, PETER
ARMAND le Comte de FONTAINE MOREAU, of 39, Rue de l'Echiquier, Paris,
in the Empire of France, and of 4, South Street, Finsbury, London, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Eighteenth day of March, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-six, in the nineteenth year of Her reign,
did for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
Peter Armand le Comte de Fontaine Moreau, Her special license that I, the
said Peter Armand le Comte de Fontaine Moreau, my executors, admi-
nistrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said. Peter Armand le Comte
de Fontaine Moreau, my executors, axiministrators, and assigns, should at any
time agree with, and no other, from time to time and at all times thereafter

page_text: during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,
the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
CHURNS," communicated to me from a foreigner residing abroad, upon the
condition (amongst others) that I, the said Peter Armand le Cointe de
Fontaine Moreau, by an instrument in writing under my hand and seal,
should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention,
and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be
filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent..
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Peter Armand le Comte de Fontaine
Moreau, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascer-
tained in and by the following statement thereof, reference being had to the
Sheet of Drawings hereto annexed, and to the figures and letters marked
thereon, that is to say :--
My Invention consists, first, in substituting sheet or tinned iron for wood
and zinc in the construction of churns; and, secondly, the mechanical arrange-
ments, hereafter described, for employing the influence of the atmosphere so as
to obtain butter more expeditiously and of a better quality.
Most of the apparatus hitherto employed for this purpose are constructed
of wood or zinc, although it is well-known that milk being put in contact with
these materials gives rise to lactic acid and an acid of zinc, rendering it
indigestible and injurious to health. Wood, besides being porous, soon
imbibes humidity, which greatly deteriorates the quality of the butter.
obviate these defects by employing tin, or tinned sheet or wrought-iron,
in their construction.
I
In the annexed Sheet of Drawings, Figure 1 represents an elevation of the
apparatus; Figure 2, a vertical section through the line a, a'. Figure 3 is a
horizontal section of the turbine, Figure 4 is a horizontal section through
the line n, n. Figures 5 and 6, section and plan of the apparatus for
receiving and decanting the milk, provided with an edged table. Figure 7 is
an elevation, and Figure 8 a plan, of a tin or tinned iron colander or strainer.
Figure 1 shews the churn, composed of two tinned, or tinned sheet or
wrought-iron vertical cylinders A, A', firmly fixed one within the other. On
the internal sides of the cylinders A', and in the whole of its height, beaters
S, Figure 2, provided with holes, are fixed parallel to the axis Q; from
three to six of these beaters are employed, according to the dimensions of the
apparatus. A hollow vertical axis Q is placed in the centre of the cylinder

page_text: A, and turns on a pivot p, fixed on the bottom of the cylinder A¹. This axis
Qis provided with two vertical revolving beaters S', S¹, also pierced with
holes, and at its base is adapted a centrifugal turbine T, having small recesses
or chambers C communicating with the interior of the hollow axis Q, repre-
sented in Figure 4. The upper extremity of the axis Q works in the wooden
frame, Figure 1, by means of its upper pivot supporting the bevel pinion P,
which gears with the bevel wheel R. The wheel R is keyed on the hori-
zontal shaft X, working in suitable bearings bolted to the two uprights D.
The temperature of the milk or cream is regulated by the cylinder A..and for
that purpose it is filled with hot or cold water, the degree of which should
be about 61° Fahrenheit for the cream and 65° Fahrenheit for the milk.
When the proper temperature is obtained, the waiter in the cylinder A is
allowed to run off through the stop cock r. The other stop cock r¹ serving for
drawing off the butter-milk which remains at the bottom of the cylinder.
A modification of the above churn of a simpler description and on a smaller
scale may be employed, in which the rotatory movement is obtained by a
rope or band passing round a pulley on the hollow axis, from thence on
a fixed pulley to the periphery of a large wheel. The outer cylinder is
removed, and to obtain the required temperafure it is placed in a vessel of hot
water.
The brackets D¹, Figure 1, serve to support the churn and to keep it fixed
in a level during the operation. The tinned sheet or wrought-iron vessel,
Figures 5 and 6, is employed to receive and decant the milk, and which may
have an oblique or rectangular form, as shewn by the dotted line V. A is
a spout provided with a slide, which serves to skim the milk during the
decanting. The form of the skimmer is peculiarly adapted for its intended
application. The milk is poured into the cylinder A', and the temperature
being regulated, the cylinder is closed with the lid C, formed of two parts, with
a hole in the centre, and connected together by a clamp or staple, or other
means. A rotatory motion is then given to the vertical axis Q by means
of the two winch handles M; this vertical axis being open at its lower
extremity allows the passage of the atmosphere through its interior to the
turbine T, by which it is thrown constantly into the milk by centrifugal force.
A very rapid current of air is thus formed, which traverses the milk from
bottom to top, at the same time that the milk is agitated by the beaters S¹
against the fixed beaters S, whereby the globules in the milk which contain
the butter are broken, as the butter is gathered as soon as it is formed by the
influence of the air. When the butter is made, the hollow axis Q is taken
down, the butter is removed, and the stop cock r¹ is opened for the discharge

page_text: of the butter-milk. The operation being ended, the churn should be well
washed with hot water, introduced into the apparatus through the hollow
axis.
And having now described the nature of the said Invention, I wish it to be
understood that I do not confine myself to the precise details of construction -
or dimension herein laid down; but what I claim is,-
First, the general arrangement and construction of churns, as herein-before
described, and represented in the annexed Sheet of Drawings.
Secondly, the application of tinned sheet or wrought-iron as a substitute for
wood or zinc in the construction of churns, as herein-before described.
Thirdly, the construction of churns with a hollow axis connected to a
turbine, also with fixed and stationary perforated beaters, as herein-before
described, and represented in the annexed Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said Peter Armand le Comte de Fontaine
Moreau, have hereunto set my hand and seal, this Sixteenth day of
September, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and
fifty-six.
L' DE FONTAINE MOREAU. (L.S.)