IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANU- FACTURE OF CEMENT, AND IN THE MANUFACTURE OF A COMPOSITION SURFACING FOR ROADWAYS AND OTHER ANALOGOUS PURPOSES, AND IN THE APPARATUS THEREFOR.
Year: 1879

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Thomas Corry Stone, of Bishopsgate Street, in the City
of London, Civil Engineer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANU-
FACTURE OF CEMENT, AND IN THE MANUFACTURE OF A COMPOSITION SURFACING
FOR ROADWAYS AND OTHER ANALOGOUS PURPOSES, AND IN THE APPARATUS
THEREFOR.*
"
Sealed the 19th December 1879, and dated the 24th June 1879.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Thomas Corry Stone at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 24th June 1879.
THOMAS CORRY STONE, of Bishopsgate Street, in the City of London, Civil
Engineer. "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CEMENT, AND IN THE MANU-
FACTURE OF A COMPOSITION SURFACING FOR ROADWAYS AND OTHER ANALOGOUS
PURPOSES, AND IN THE APPARATUS THEREFOR."
This Invention consists of:-Firstly. A novel method of manufacturing cement
to be used for the concrete foundations of the roadway hereinafter referred to, and
for all purposes for which Portland cement is now used. This cement is manu-
factured of chalk or lime and clay, and in such proportions as may be found
necessary for the production of a high class cement and for the particular use it is
to be applied.
Secondly. My Invention rolates to the manufacture of a composition for surfacing
for roadways, and consists of a novel method of drying by the natural air or by
ovens heated with hot dry air by a blast, or its equivalent, peat taken from the
peat lands.
After drying, the peat is ground to a very fine powder by machinery, as herein-
after described. The dry ground peat or peat dust is then mixed with rosin, rosin
oil, tar, pitch, or any other liquid or substance of a sticky hardening nature; and
while hot, or partially so, is laid over the foundation or roadway made of com-
pressed concrete rolled or otherwiso surfaced, and then while the peat dust and
rosin, tar, pitch, or rosin oil are well amalgamated with the road surface or con-
creto the surfacing made under this process will set quickly and become very hard
and durable, more durable than wood and not so slippery, and are less expensive
than wood or asphalte, and will always produce a clean oven surface.
5

page_text: The peat is ground into dust by a machine consisting of a pair of corrugated
rollers fitting into each other and running at a high speed.
The peat dust, mixed as before described, can be applied to various purposes,
such as casting slabs, setts, blocks, ornaments, and like purposes, also for all general
purposes for which stone, iron, and wood is now used; and in some cases the peat
may when ground be mixed with cement without the aid of the foregoing
ingredients..
Thirdly. Instead of building kilns in the ordinary way I erect by stone or brick
walls a series of oblong spaces, say, about twenty to fifty feet long, more or less,
and six to twelve feet wide, more or less, and, say, six to nine feet high, more or
less; under these oblong spaces I provide an empty space to allow of the hot or
cold blast air to be forced under the kilns or oblong spaces to assist the blast
getting through the body of the compo when put in to burn. Besides this bottom
blast, which may only in some instances be used, I drive a blast direct from the end
of the kiln or oblong space or spaces; this blast is forced direct to the drying series
of ovens or floors, which ovens or floors are placed against the extreme end of the
kilns or oblong spaces or on the sides of such oblong spaces. And in some instances
I may build ordinary square kilus and take the hot blast under the floors or ovens
very soon after the blast is put on, this method being far preferable to that now
in use. As soon as the blast is put in on the kiln I make immediate use of it by
having holes placed up and along the side of the kiln, which allows the current of
blast to run under the drying ovens or floors, the ordinary way being to wait till
the heat gets to, the top of the kiln and run it all from the top.
I also purpose making use of the top of the oblong spaces or kilns for drying
floors. Sometimes I may build the oblong kilns apart and put drying doors
between, and force the blast out from the sides.
This blast is applicable to burning bricks, and the blast can be started in different
points of these kilns in order to expedite the burning, or the blast can be put in
from outside the kilns by means of pipes; drying floors can be put by preference
between the kilns, and in that case the blast is run into the ovens or floors from
the sides. The bottoms of my kilns are made of iron bars or slabs of terra cotta
on edge, to allow of the free current of blast; up through these bars or slabs I drivo
by a fan or otherwise a blast of cold or hot air.
By this blast after the kilns have been ignited at intervals I force simultaneously
the whole body of the beat direct on or over the drying floors or ovens, and
instantaneous ignition takes place throughout the body of the kilns; I wash the
chalk, clay, or lime, and receive the liquor in boxes laid in pits. The boxes are
provided with spikes, bars, or rods, to cause perforations in the blocks moulded in
the boxes, which when sufficiently dry can be turned out to dry in manner similar
to bricks; and when dry, or partially so, they may he piled in layers in the before 4
described kiln, and each layer as laid filled in and packed with breeze or coke. The
blast is then applied to the kiln, the breeze or coke ignited, and the cement thus
burnt. The kiln is then drawn and the clinker is ground by rollers of the corru-
gated type before mentioned, which may be in duplicate if required for fine grinding,
the first pair of rollers grinding coarsely, and the second pair reducing to dust, or s
I may grind by means of revolving steel rollers against a cylinder.
In soine instances to save the expense of washing the chalk, lime, and clay, I
propose laying in large deep tanks a layer of chalk and lime and a layer of clay in
proper proportions, and then flooding the materials with water and letting the
whole of the materials remain in the tank until well dissolved; I then run the
compost between the corrugated rollers, so as to thoroughly amalgamate it. As the
material is discharged from the rollers it passes into revolving seives or gratings
and remains in a settling tank sufficient time to allow of the water rising to be run
off, and the material is then run in over the drying floors or received into boxes on
wheels, into which it is pressed. The compost being pressed into these boxes is
then dried by taking the buckets out of the boxes and storing them. They can

page_text: be dried by a blast of hot or cold air, or they can be dried in ovens by means of a
forced blast and suitable fuel of breeze or coke.
One construction of oven according to my Invention consists of a series of
drying floors arranged one over the other from six to twelve inches apart, more or
less, the blast being driven thro' each floor.
I also dry the peat as described under the second head of this Invention by
similar ovens and blast arrangement.
The great advantage gained in using the blast is that I get a much larger
quantity of compost burnt in a small compass with less fuel and very rapidly.
Arrangements can be made to keep up the hot blast from the kilns as long as
any heat remains in the kiln, besides the heating power of the forced hot blast
intensifies the heat in the kiln as well as the floors.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
tho said Thomas Corry Stone in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 20th
December 1879.
THOMAS CORRY STONE, of Bishopsgate Street, in the City of London, Civil
Engineer. "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CEMENT AND IN THE MANU-
FACTURE OF A COMPOSITION SURFACING FOR ROADWAYS AND OTHER ANALOGOUS
PURPOSES, AND IN THE APPARATUS THEREFOR."
This Invention consists of,-
Firstly. A novel method of manufacturing cement to be used for the concrete
foundations of the roadway hereinafter referred to, and for all purposes for which
Portland cement is now used. This cement is manufactured of chalk or lime and
clay, and in such proportions as may be found necessary for the production of a
high class cement, and for the particular use to which it is to be applied.
Secondly. My Invention consists in the manufacture of a composition for surfacing
roadways, and a novel method of drying by the natural air, or by ovens heated
through hot dry air, or by a blast, or its equivalent, peat taken from the peat lands.
After drying the peat is ground to a very fine powder by machinery, as hereinafter
described. The dry ground peat or peat dust is then mixed with rosin, rosin oil,
tar, pitch, or any other liquid or substance of a sticky hardening nature, and while
hot, or partially so, is laid over the foundation or roadway, which is made of com-
pressed concrete rolled or otherwise surfaced, and then while the peat dust and
rosin, tar, pitch, or rosin oil are well amalgamated with the road surface or concrete
the surfacing made under this process will set quickly and become very hard and
durable, more durable than wood and not so slippery, and less expensive than wood
or asphalte, and will always produce a clean even surface. The peat is ground to
dust by a machine consisting of a pair of corrugated rollers fitting into each other
and running at a high speed. The peat dust mixed as before described can be
applied to various purposes, such as casting slabs, setts, ornaments, blocks, and other

page_text: like purposes, and for all general purposes for which stone, iron, and wood are now
used. In some cases the peat may, when ground, be mixed with cement without
the aid of the rosin, oil, or other ingredients.
Thirdly. In the manufacture of the cement instead of building kilns in the
ordinary way I erect by stone, brick, or concrete walls a series of oblong spaces,
say, about twenty to fifty feet long, more or less, and six to twelve feet wide, more
or less, and six to nine feet high, more or less. Under these oblong spaces I provide
another space, being an empty space to allow of a hot or cold blast of air to be
forced under the kilns or oblong spaces to assist the blast in getting through the
body of the composition when put in the oblong spaces or kilns to burn. Besides this
bottom blast I drive a blast from the end of the kiln or oblong spaces. This blast is
forced direct to a drying series of ovens or floors, which ovens or floors are placed
against the extremo end of the kilns or oblong spaces, or on the sides of suchi oblong
spaces. In some instances I build ordinary square kilns and take the hot blast
under the floors or ovens very soon after the blast is put on. This method is far
preferable to that now in use, for as soon as the blast is put in on the kiln I make
immediate use of it by having holes placed up and along the sides of the kiln, which
allows the current of the blast to run under the ovens or floors, the ordinary way
being to wait until the heat gets to the top of the kiln and then run it all from the
top. I also purpose making use of the top of the oblong spaces or kilns for drying
floors. Sometimes I build the oblong kilns apart and put the drying floors between,
and force the blast out from the side.
This blast is applicable to burning bricks and other materials. The blast can be
started at different points of the kilns in order to expedite the burning, or the blast
can be put in from outside of the kilns by means of pipes. Drying floors can be
placed between the kilns, and in that case the blast is run in to the ovens or floors
from the sides. The bottoms of kilns constructed according to my Inventien aro
constructed of iron bars or slabs of terra cotta on edge to allow of a free current of
the blast. Up through these bars or slabs I drive by a fan or otherwise a blast of
cold or hot air. By this blast after the kiln has been ignited at intervals I force
simultaneously the whole body of the heat direct on or over the drying floors or
ovens, and instantaneous ignition takes place throughout the body of the kilns.
In the manufacture of the cement I wash the chalk, clay, or lime and receive the
liquor in boxes laid in pits. These boxes are provided with spikes, bars, or rods to
cause perforations in the blocks moulded in the boxes, which when sufficiently dry
are turned out in manner similar to bricks, and when dry, or partially so, they are
piled in layers in the before described kiln, and each layer as laid is filled in and
packed with breeze or coke. The blast is then applied to the kiln, the breeze or
coke ignited, and the cement thus burnt. The kiln is then drawn and the clinker
is ground by rollers of the corrugated type before mentioned, which may be in
duplicate if required for fine grinding. The first pair of rollers grind the inaterial
coarsely, and the second pair reduce it to dust; or I grind the material by means
of a revolving steel roller, which revolves against a cylinder, and when the material
is required specially fine I use a revolving guaze sieve, and if any residue arises I
return it to the machine for regrinding.
In some instances, to save the expense of washing the chalk, lime, and clay, I
propose laying in large deep tanks a layer of chalk and lime and a layer of clay in
proper proportions, and then flooding the materials with water and letting the whole
of the materials remain in the tank until well dissolved. I then run the compost
between the corrugated rollers, so as to thoroughly amalgamate it. As the material
is discharged from the rollers it passes into revolving sieves or revolving gratings,
and remains in a settling tank for a sufficient time to allow of the water rising to
be run off, and the material is then run in over the drying floors, or received into.
boxes on wheels, into which it is pressed. The compost being pressed into these
boxes is then dried by taking the brickets out of the boxes and storing them. They
can be dried by a blast of hot or cold air, or they can be dried in ovens by means
of a forced blast and suitable fuel, or breeze, or coke.
4

page_text: which operation expedites the drying. I put all into the kiln together for burning.
The coke may be mixed hot or cold with the compost.
Referring to Figures 7 and 8, the dried peat is ground to be used as a surfacing
for roadways and for other purposes, as before stated, by passing the dried peat
between the corrugated rollers a, b. The rollers run at a high speed and grind the
peat to dust; c, c, are steel bars, which may be let into the corrugations of the
rollers to render the rollers more durable.
Referring to Figures 9, 94, 10, and 11 and 12, the cement or other material to be
ground is led into the revolving cylinder d at e, and is ground by the rollers f, which
revolve at a high speed against the concave g.
A modification consists in substituting steel bars for the rollers f, as shown at
Figure 12. One portion of the cylinder d is cut away at h, so as to enable the
material to be taken in against the concave g as the cylinder d revolves. A cylinder
may be substituted for the concave G, and made to revolve in an opposite direction
to the cylinder d, the material being ground between the cylinders (for example, see
Figure 94).
Having now described the nature, object, and purposes of my Invention, and
shown how the same may be put into practical operation, what I claim as my
Invention and secured to me by the hereinbefore in part recited Letters Patent
is,
Firstly. In kilns such as hereinbefore described, the use of a blast of air such as
heroin before described, acting upon the fuel and materials in the manner and for the
purposes berein before set forth.
Secondly. The arrangement and construction of kilns and drying floors, as herein-
before described and illustrated in Figures 1 to 6 and 6ª of the accompanying
Drawings.
Thirdly. The arrangement and construction of rollers, as shown at Figures 7 and
8 of the accompanying Drawings, substantially in the manner and for the purposes
hereinbefore described and set forth.
Fourthly. The arrangement and construction of machinery for grinding cement,
clinkers, and for like purposes as illustrated in Figures 9, 94, to 12 of the accom-
panying Drawings, substantially in the manner as herein before described and set
forth.
Fifthly. The method of manufacturing and drying cement, as hereinbefore
described and set forth.
Sixthly. A peat composition concrete manufactured and used as herein before
specified.
In witness whereof, I, the said Thomas Corry Stone, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Eighteenth day of December, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and seventy nine.
ΜΠΟΥΓΑ
CORDV
TONE
THOMAS CORRY (L.S.) STONE,