IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PREPARATION OF COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS FOR ILLUMINATING PURPOSES, AND IN. LAMPS FOR BURNING SUCH OR OTHER COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
Year: 1870

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to George Grainger Tandy, of Penge, in the
County of Surrey, Gentleman, John Andrews Dryden, of Stewart
Lane, in the County of Surrey, Lamp Maker, and William Perkins,
of Herne Hill Road, in the County of Surrey, Chemist, for the
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PREPARATION OF COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
FOR ILLUMINATING PURPOSES, AND IN. LAMPS FOR BURNING SUCH OR OTHER
COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS."
Sealed the 5th July 1870, and dated the 7th January 1870.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said George Grainger
Tandy, John Andrews Dryden, and William Perkins at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with their Petition, on the 7th
January 1870.
We, GEORGE GRAINGER TANDY, of Penge, in the County of Surrey,
Gentleman, JOHN ANDREWS DRYDEN, of Stewart Lane, in the County of
Surrey, Lamp Maker, and WILLIAM PERKINS, of Herne Hill Road, in
the County of Surrey, Chemist, do hereby declare the nature of the

page_text: ઃઃ
said Invention for IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PREPARATION OF COMBUSTIBLE
LIQUIDS FOR ILLUMINATING PURPOSES, AND IN LAMPS FOR BURNING SUCH OR OTHER
COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS," to be as follows:-
C
The first part of our Invention has for its object to prepare liquid
combustible compounds in such a manner that the liquid or oil can be
consumed in any ordinary lamp with or without a chimney. To this
end an oxygen yielding liquid such as hydrated oxide of amyl (fuscl oil)
or any of the oxides or hydrated oxides of the hydrocarbons or any
cheap essential oil containing oxygen or any compound thereof is added
to or mixed with any of the hydrocarbon vegetable or animal oils for
the purpose of adding such a supply of oxygen to the liquid that the
carbon contained in the oil may be effectually consumed and the
evolution of smoke prevented. The admixture of the liquids may be
effected by simple agitation and decantation or by distilling them
together or otherwise as may be deemed necessary. The proportions in
which the oxygen yielding liquid is added to the hydrocarbon or other
oil must depend entirely upon the nature of the oil, and as these oils
vary considerably in the quantity of carbon they contain the exact pro-
portions of the compound can only be determined by a few experimental
trials. The object achieved by such combinations is the supply of an
amount of oxygen sufficient either to render the bydrocarbon oils
smokeless with or without a chimney and the flame of great brilliancy,
or to render the vegetable and animal oils sufficiently limped that they
will ascend any ordinary wick, thus avoiding the necessity of using the
complicated mechanical arrangements now employed for raising or
forcing up the oil as in the case of the moderator lamp. In the roof lamps
we also employ sponge spirit lamps with a float or several round wicks.
In burning petroleum oil alone we prefer to use a double dome and dome
chimney holder so that the air passing upwards through these keeps the
oil holder and the bottom of the chimney cool. By using these double
domes no screws or spring clips are: required to hold the chimney
glass on.

page_text: reflector into the.
The reflectors are
slide easily on and,
required. This we effect by placing the oil holder at the bottom of the
lamp and then admitting a steady regulated quantity of air from the
upper part of the body of the lamp into the glass bowl through
perforations or holes in the reflector. By this arrangement we prevent
an undue amount of pressure of air which would make the light.
unsteady. In order to prevent any downward current or too great an
upward current we put a metallic cap on the glass chimney, if one be
used, and if not a funnel is made by prolonging the
form of a tube which is capped in the same manner.
made to rest on the edge of the glass bowl so as to
off two arms fixed to the oil holder so that they may be removed to be
cleaned when required. The reflectors are also so constructed that..
although the oil vessel is at the bottom of the lamp there will be no.
shadow beneath. In order to prevent any irregular supply of oil to the
wick pieces of wire gauze or perforated metal are placed in the oil holder..
The reflectors and also the chimney when used are kept steady by means
of small springs pressing against the body of the lamp. These burners
are so constructed that they can be fitted to any carriage roof lamps
without any alteration either to the body or top. By the above arrange-
ments we can burn petroleum in a gale (even where the upper part of,
the body of the lamp is freely exposed) without much if any unsteadiness.
in the flame. A small hole is made in the glass bowl so that the wick.
can be regulated from the inside of the carriage by means of a long
fine key which fits on to the button at the end of the pinion of the wick,
clevator.
0
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said George Grainger Tandy, John Andrews Dryden,
and William Perkins in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 7th'
July 1870.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, GEORGE.
GRAINGER TANDY, of Penge, in the County of Surrey, Gentleman,
JOHN ANDREWS DRYDEN, of Stewart Lane, in the County of Surrey,,
Lamp Maker, and WILLIAM PERKINS, of Herne Hill Road, in the,
County of Surrey, Chemist, send greeting.

page_text: year
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent bearing date the Seventh day of January, in the of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy, in the thirty-third
year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and
grant unto us, the said George Grainger Tandy, John Andrews Dryden,
and William Perkins, Her special licence that we, the said George
Grainger Tandy, John Andrews Dryden, and William Perkins, our
executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as we, the said
George Grainger Tandy, John Andrews Dryden, and William Perkins,
our executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree
with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during
the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exeroise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PREPARATION OF COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS FOR ILLUMINATING
PURPOSES, AND IN LAMPS FOR BURNING SUCH OR OTHER COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS,"
upon the condition (amongst others) that we, the said George Grainger
Tandy, John Andrews Dryden, and William Perkins, our executors or
administrators, by an instrument in writing under our, or their, or one
of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be
performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date
of the said Letters Patent,
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said George Grainger Tandy, on behalf of
myself and of the said John Andrews Dryden, and William Perkins, do
hereby declare the nature of our said Invention, and.in what manner the
same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement, reference being had to the Drawings here-
unto annexed and to the letters and figures marked thercon (that is to
say) :-
The first part of our Invention has for its object to prepare liquid
combustible compounds in such a manner that the liquid or oil can be
consumed in any ordinary lamp with or without a chimney. To this
end an oxygen yielding liquid, such as hydrated oxide of amyl (fusel oil),
or any of the oxides or hydrated oxides of the hydrocarbons, or any
cheap essential oil containing oxygen or any compound thereof, is added

page_text: to or mixed with any of the hydrocarbon, vegetable, or animal oils for
the purpose of adding such a supply of oxygen to the liquid that the
carbon contained in the oil may be effectually consumed, and the
evolution of smoke prevented. The admixture of the liquid may be
effected by simple agitation and decantation, or by distilling them
together or otherwise, as may be deemed necessary. The proportions
in which the oxygen yielding liquid is to be added to the hydrocarbon
or other oil must depend entirely upon the nature of the oil to be used,
and as these oils vary considerably in the quantity of carbon they
contain the exact proportions of the compound can only be determined
by a few experimental trials. The object to be achieved by the com-
bination of the hydrated oxide with the liquid hydrocarbon is the supply
of an amount of oxygen sufficient to render the hydrocarbon oils
smokeless while burning with or without a chimney, and to produce a
flame of great brilliancy. In the case of vegetable and animal oils,
which are usually less limpid than the liquid hydrocarbons, the addition
of the fusel oil or other hydrated oxide will render them sufficiently
limpid to cause them to ascend any ordinary wick by capillary attrac-
tion, thus avoiding the necessity of using the complicated mechanical
arrangements now employed for raising or forcing up such oils to the
wick, as in the case of the moderator lamp. From what has just been
said it will be evident that it would be impossible to give the proportions
in which the fusel oil or other hydrated oxide should be added in all
cases, as the quantity of hydrated oxide to be added to the liquid
hydrocarbon will depend almost entirely upon the proportion of carbon
contained in the oil. As examples we may however say that for
hydrocarbon oils so rich in carbon that they can only with difficulty
and with great care be burned in the ordinary lamps, we add as much
as from fifty to sixty per cent. of the fusel oil or other hydrated oxide,
while for other hydrocarbons, such as kerosene a. much smaller pro-
portion of fusel oil, say not more than fifteen per cent., would be found
sufficient. As a rule we may say that, from our experience, the only
safe course is to add the fusel oil until the hydrocarbon oil when
being burned experimentally under ordinary circumstances in properly
5 constructed lamps ceases to give out smoke. As regards animal and
vegetable oils, which are of too thick a consistence to burn in a
satisfactory manner in ordinary lamps in their natural state, one of the
main objects of the addition of the fusel oil is to increase their limpidity
as well as to furnish them with a supply of oxygen. It has been found

page_text: that for rape oil or fish oil a convenient, suitable, and economical
proportion will be to add to every gallon of fish or vegetable oil one
gallon of fusel oil, and to well agitate the two oils until the mixture has
been completely effected. The mixture is then allowed to remain at rest
to allow of the separation from the oil of the water that is usually found
therein. When this has been effected the mixed hydrocarbons are drawn
off or decanted and are then fit for use. The proportion of fusel oil may
however be increased with advantage to sixty per cent. in cold countries,
such as Russia, and reduced to from thirty to forty per cent. in more
temperate and warmer climates, such as France or Italy.
The second part of the Invention relates to the manufacture of lamps
used chiefly in situations which are exposed or liable to motion, such
as in ships, floating landing stations, railway signals, or carriages,
omnibuses, and other vehicles where economy, brilliancy, and steadiness
of light are required.
In the accompanying Drawings we have shewn views of two lamps
applicable for use as railway carriage roof lamps, but the same principles.
of construction are equally applicable for use in such other situations as
those above referred to.
Fig. 1, Sheet I., is a vertical section, and Fig. 2, a horizontal section
of a lamp constructed to burn liquid hydrocarbon oil or petroleum.
This we effect by placing the oil holder a at the bottom of the lamp,
and then admitting a steady regulated quantity of air from the upper
part of the body of the lamp into the glass bowl 6 through perforations
or holes made near the outer edge of the reflector c. By this arrange-
ment we prevent an undue amount of pressure of air in the bowl b,
which would make the light unsteady. In order to prevent any.
downward current or too great an upward current we sometimes put
a metallic cap on the glass chimney, if one be used, but we usually
prefer to put the cap on the funnel e, as shewn in Fig. 1. The funnel d
is made by prolonging the reflector c into the form of a tube, which is
surrounded by the outer tube or funnel e. The reflectors c are made to
rest on the edge of the glass bowl b, so as to slide casily on and off two
arms f, f, fixed to the oil holder, so that they may be removed to be
cleaned when required. The reflectors c are also so constructed that a
although the oil vessel a is at the bottom of the lamp there will be no
shadow beneath. In order to prevent any irregular supply of oil to the
wick picces of wire gauze or perforated metal a', a', are placed in the

page_text: oil holder. A small hole i (see Fig. 2) is made in the glass bowl, so
that the wick can be regulated from the inside of the carriage by means
of a long fine key h, which fits into or on to the button; at the end of
the pinion of the wick elevator. The reflectors and also the chimney
5 when used are kept steady by means of small springs pressing against
the body or casing g of the lamp. When burning petroleum oil we
prefer to use a double dome and double dome chimney holder, as shewn
in the Drawing, so that the air in passing upwards between these double
parts keeps the oil holder and the bottom of the chimney cool.
These burners are so constructed that they can be fitted to any
carriage roof lamps without any alteration either to the body or top
except to perforate the body, as shewn at k, Fig. 1. They are also
applicable for signal lamps, for the head and tails of trains, or for
telegraph signals, or other puposes.
:.
Fig. 3, Sheet II., is a vertical section of a lamp constructed to burn
animal or vegetable oils, or a mixture of these oils with fusel oil or
hydrated oxide. The casing or body of the lamp is very similar to that
of the petroleum lamp shewn in Sheet I., and just described, the"
principal difference being that in this instance we use an Argand burner,.
and the oil reservoir is of an annular form and is placed above the
reflector c.
L
By constructing lamps in the manner shewn and described in reference.
to the Figures 1 and 2 in Sheet I., we can burn petroleum in a gale
(even where the upper part of the body of the lamp is freely exposed)
without much if any unsteadiness in the flame.
66
Having now described our Invention of Improvements in the
Preparation of Combustible Liquids for Illuminating Purposes, and in
Lamps for Burning such or other Combustible Liquids," and having
explained the manner of carrying the same into effect, we claim as the
Invention secured to us by Letters Patent as aforesaid, mixing or com-
bining with combustible liquids suitable for burning in lamps for
illuminating purposes fusel oil or other hydrated oxide of the hydro-
carbons or any suitable essential oil containing oxygen, as herein set
forth.
We also claim the construction and arrangement of parts herein set
forth constituting the lamps suitable for burning the combustible liquids
for illuminating purposes.

page_text: We claim particularly the reflectors constructed and applied in the
manner and for the purposes herein set forth.
In witness whereof, I, the said George Grainger Tandy, have here-
unto set my hand and seal, the Seventh day of July, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy.
GRAINGER TANDY. (L.s.)