IMPROVEMENTS IN AND CONNECTED WITH AUTOGRAPHIC OR COPYING TELEGRAPHS
Year: 1875

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Alexander Melville Clark, of 53, Chancery Lane,
in the County of Middlesex, Patent Agent, for the Invention
of "IMPROVEMENTS IN AND CONNECTED WITH AUTOGRAPHIC OR COPYING
TELEGRAPHS." -A communication from abroad by William Edward
Sawyer, of the City, County, and State of New York, United States
of America.
Sealed the 2nd June 1876, and dated the 21st December 1875.
:
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Alexander Melville
Clark at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his
Petition, on the 21st December 1875.
I, ALEXANDER MELVILLE CLARK, of 53, Chancery Lane, in the
County of Middlesex, Patent Agent, do hereby declare the nature of
the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN AND CONNECTED WITH AUTOGRAPHIC
OR COPYING TELEGRAPHS," to be as follows:-
.
This Invention relates to certain improvements in mechanism and
methods for the purpose of accomplishing autographic or facsimile

page_text: circuits therefor.
One of the principal features of the present Invention is found in
the method of obtaining a regular and steady motion of the required.
mechanism.
In nearly all existing systems of facsimile telegraphs the action is
obtained from the ultimate point in the mechanism, that is to say, the
transmitting and recording points, styles, or other similar devices are
actuated by a train of gear wheels, to the slowest moving of which
wheels is attached the driving weight. The inherent fault of this
mechanism is that any variation in the primary actuating medium is
exaggerated by every multiplication of the motion, so that what would
be a slight and inconsequential error in the revolution of the shaft to
which the power is applied is magnified in a marked degree at the
ultimate or transmitting and recording shafts, for reasons that do not
require explanation. One only instance in which the error has been
avoided is that of Caselli, who employs a pendulum as the driving power,
with the transmitting and recording mechanism situated at a point of
the pendulum where the exaggerations of the weighted lower extremity
are reduced, namely, near the pivot upon which the pendulum gravitates.
By means of this device Caselli has succeeded in securing an absolute
synchronism, but to the delicacy of this mechanism and the difficulty
of its management there are serious objections. Another objection is
that when the pendulum is at the lowest point of the arc it describes
its speed of motion as much greater than at the starting and inter-
mediate points.
.
The present Invention is designed to secure not only the simplest
mechanism, but to render the same so easily managed as to dispense
with operators of mechanical skill. In the attainment of this end it
has been necessary to avoid all mechanism which would tend to
exaggerate primary errors, and in place of the ordinary method I
employ for the actuating mechanism rapidly moving parts or revolving
wheels, which are so geared or move or revolve so rapidly that the much
more slowly moving or revolving parts comprising the transmitting and
recording mechanism are caused to attain any desired speed, thus for
instance, the shaft to which is applied the driving power would be made
to revolve at the rate of 1,000 revolutions per minute, in order to give.

page_text: the shaft, to which the transmitting and recording mechanism is
attached, a speed of 100 revolutions per minute, whereby an error of
one degree in the driving power is decreased at the actual working
point to an error of but th of one degree, instead of being magnified
as in other devices to an error of ten degrees at the transmitting or
recording parts where the least error is desirable. Such is the principal
or function of the present Invention, and I do not limit myself to the
application of any special power in its attainment.
I have preferred to apply to the mechanism the power generated by
an electro-motor, and have preferred to employ a train of gear wheels,
but it is obvious that I may make use of any other power, such as
compressed air, steam, heat, or other equivalent, or in place of a train
of gear wheels may make use of a lever or a series of levers, or a large
wheel with the transmitting and recording mechanism attached to a
point where the motion is less than at the point to which the power is
applied, or both. Numerous applicatious of this principle are readily
suggestive.
•
Further, to keep the mechanism at different stations in synchronous
motion, I prefer to regulate the same periodically by a line current, the
operation being to bring the instruments periodically to a complete or
nearly complete stop, and set them in motion together. This will be
understood by reference to the accompanying Drawings and the
descriptions.
The motion of the mechanism is regulated by a centrifugal governor
of a new design, the chief advantages of which are its simplicity
and the facility with which it may be adjusted. In addition to this the
speed of the motor is regulated by a rheostat, shown in the Drawings,
in the circuit of the motor, but which may with equal advantage be
placed in a secondary circuit from the motor battery so as to lessen the
force of the battery in the motor circuit by diverting a portion of the
battery into the circuit of the rheostat. A galvanometer should be used
for the purpose of noting the force of the battery, in order that the
battery may be kept in the motor circuit at a uniform strength.
Another point of the Invention is the avoiding of the writing of the
message upon a metallic surface as is done in other facsimile telegraphs,
by preparing the writing upon a special white or ordinary paper and
transferring the lines of writing to a metallic surface lithographically.
The message written in a prepared ink is transferred by pressure upon
A 2

page_text: a metallic surface and sprinkled with some resinous substance when
the plate is subjected to heat.
With this general reference to the nature of the Invention, I will
proceed to describe the construction of the mechanism in detail so far
as is necessary to an understanding of the same by persons skilled in
the art.

page_text: shown in the Drawings, any medium of connection may be carried to a
binding post.
The ordinary facsimile is so well known that it is unnecessary to
describe it in detail herein. A metallic point draws imaginary lines
over a metallic surface on which is an insulating writing, and the
interruptions of the circuit occasioned by the point coming upon the
lines of writing effect the record at a distant station, which record is a
facsimile of the insulating lines of the writing, owing to the fact that
the recording point moves over the received message blank in
synchronism with the transmitting point, travelling over the insulating
lines upon the metallic surface. The message plate or the chemical
receiving paper is placed upon the semi-cylinder, and retained by a
frame d, e, of corresponding shape, that is, hinged at e¹ to the edge of
the semi-cylinder.
For the purpose of transferring, the message is written upon prepared
or common paper, by an ink consisting of lithographic ink, water, and
glycerine properly coloured. This ink is transferred readily by pressure
to any metallic plate or metallic surface, especially to a zinc plate or
surface.
Fincly powdered asphalte adheres readily to the transferred lines of
writing, and upon being subjected to heat the whole combines and by
the melting of the asphalte a hard insulating writing is obtained.
I find that almost any ink containing glycerine or oily matter will so
transfer, and one of the best materials for the preparation of a plate in
this manner is the earth pitch of the West Indies. In preparing this
plate after the message written upon ordinary paper has been transferred
to the same, there may be sprinkled over it any of the gums finely
powdered, which require the addition of moisture before they will
readily melt with heat; gum arabic is one of these substances. These
gums readily adhere to the transferred lines of writing, and if the plato
thus prepared be held for an instant where the gums will collect
moisture, for instance in a jet or box of steam, the lines of writing upon
being subjected to heat acquire a firmness, solidity, smoothness, and
insulating character not attainable in the before described process.
I do not confine myself to the use of any particular writing ink
however, nor to any particular insulating material upon the transfer,
nor to subjecting the transfer to heat, as it is obvious that the transferred

page_text: flange with any desired force by means of the set screw in the projecting
piece M, also attached to the gear wheel.
It is obvious that as the gear wheel turns the shaft w also turns when
unobstructed, but the instant that the projecting piece b on the arm a
comes into contact with the beveled detent of armature levere the revo-
lution of the shaft is stopped without the motion of the gear wheel or
the motor shaft ceasing; these points are so plain that it is unnecessary
to treat them in detail.
The motor I have shown in a single form. It is obvious that it may
be any one of a great many forms.
Referring to Figures 1 and 2, a¹ is the motor circuit establisher, by
means of which the motor battery is thrown into the magnët E. The
connections to binding posts may be of any form, and are not shown in
the Drawings, Figures 1 and 2. D is a spring bearing upon the circuit
establisher, and fastened to the standard C'. The spring may be made
adjustable by any of the well-known methods. I, I, I, are armatüres
fixed to flanges I¹ on the motor shaft a²; C is a standard, in which the
motor shaft has a bearing at one end, the other bearing being in the
piece Z (see Figure 2). One pole of the motor battery is connected to
the standard (metallic) C', the other pole being connected to one side of
the motor magnet E, the other side of the magnet being connected to
the framework or standard C; therefore when the spring D bears upon
the projections of a' the circuit of the motor battery is through standard
C¹, spring, D, circuit establisher a¹ to frame or standard; C, frame or
standard C to magnet, and from the magnet back to the battery ; B w, is
a balance wheel on the motor shaft.
The centrifugal governor corrects the variations of the motor shaft.
This device is best shown in Figure 3, where Z is a standard fastened to
end piece y of the frame. To this standard is fixed the flange H, the
flange being immovable. Through the flange passes loosely the motor
shaft a³. Fastened to the motor shaft is a piece U; through which slide
loosely two rods T, T, which again passes through or enter a sliding
weight S, which may be adjusted so as to be at any point on the rods T, T,
by means of a set screw. V is a shoe, in which the ends of the rod T, T,
are fixed. It is obvious that as the shaft a revolves the weight S will
be thrown out, and the shoe V will be brought against the flange H
with a degree of force. commensurate with the speed of revolution,

page_text: creating a friction, which, varying with the speed of
the same.
It will, from the foregoing, be understood that the motor, the pinion J,
and the gear wheel K are in constant motion, while the transmitting and
recording mechanisms w, d, and a may be at a stand still. Thus as the
arms a describe a revolution with the shaft w the semi-cylinder d is'
slowly advanced by means of its thread and the point f³, whereby
spiral lines of a degree of fineness, in accordance with the fineness of
the thread on shaft w, are drawn over the semi-cylinder until finally its
entire surface has been covered by these fine imaginary lines. A balance.
wheel or its equivalent may with advantage be fixed to the gear
wheel K.
It will now be assumed that one of the transmitting or recording
points p has been carried over the semi-cylindrical surface, and that
another is about to come upon the same. At this instant the motion of
the arm a is stopped by the projecting piece b and dentent armature
lever e.
At the same instant, or nearly so, the circuit of the main line
is changed by means of the circuit changers A, A, z, and better views of
which are obtained in Figures 9, 10, and 11, z being an insulating piece'
in the shape of a double conc. On the lesser periphery of this insulating
cone on shaft w is a continuous metallic rim , which is connected
electrically with two metallic pieces ³, set upon the greater periphery,
equidistant and insulated from the remainder of the greater periphery.
The greater periphery is thus divided into halves, excepting the slight
space occupied by the pieces 3. Upon the remaining space of this
periphery, and insulated from the pieces 3, are placed metallic half-
circles nearly, which are connected with the main shaft w, and conse-
quently with the framework of the instrument.
In Figure 10 is seen how the piece is fixed to the greater periphery
of the cone, so as to project between and divide the circular pieces i³..
A', A', are metallic rollers, or they may be springs, bearing upon tho
greater and lesser peripheries of the cone, and insulated from each other
by means of the insulating piece B, which by means of the bottom
piece B¹ is fastened to the cross rod of the framework (Figure 1), and
insulated from the same. The shape of the insulating piece B will
be understood from Figure 11. B', B', are metallic pieces insulated
from each other, and holding screws which regulate the tension or

page_text: pressure of the rollers A¹ upon the cone, the springs A. being pivoted
at B². The object of this circuit changer will be understood from.
Figure 14, in which the line wire is shown connected with the roller
bearing upon the larger periphery of the conc. The larger periphery,
being by means of the metallic half rims connected with the main
shaft w, the line, while the roller M is bearing upon a rim is connected
to the transmitting or recording point p through the medium of the right
angular arms a.
In Figure 14 Tris the transmitting, and Rg the receiving instru-
ment; his the stopping and releasing magnet; m b, the main battery;
1b, the local battery, by means of which the magnet is polarized.
Ro is a rheostat in the circuit of the local battery 16 and magnet h for
the purpose of regulating the polaric effect. The battery which acts to
depolarize the magnet h, and thereby release the arms a, is indicated
by r b.
Now it is obvious that as the upper roller is bearing upon the
rim the circuit is from the earth at the transmitting end of the line,
through the main battery mb to the semi-cylinder d, and thence to the
transmitting point and arm a, main shaft w, and rim, to the roller
connected with the line; and at the receiving end from the line to the
roller, and from the roller to rim, shaft w, arm a, and recording
point p, semi-cylinder d, and earth. Whenever in this case the trans-
mitting point p is bearing upon the metallic surface of the message, the
battery m b, with negative pole to the line, will by its flowing into the
line neutralize the local marking battery db at the receiving station, the
positive pole of which is put to the shaft w, and therefore to the arm a
and recording point' p, and the negative pole of which is put to the
semi-cylinder d. On the other hand whenever a transmitting point
comes in contact with an insulating line of writing the main battery.m b
will be taken from the line, and the local marking battery db at the
receiving station will effect a discoloration of the chemical paper. For
all these operations either induced or battery currents of great intensity
are preferred.
After the transmitting and recording points have traversed in unison.
the semicircle of the semi-cylinders, and just as they come to a stop, the
roller A', which is connected with the line wire, and which has been
bearing upon the rim, comes into contact with the metallic piece ³,
and the circuit is established as follows:-From the earth at the trans-
mitting end through the reversed battery "b, releasing magnet h,

page_text: roller A¹, bearing upon the lesser periphery of the cone ¹, thence to the
piece, and thence from the upper roller A¹ to the line; and from the
line at the receiving station, through the piece, to the rim i, roller A',
magnet h, and reversed battery ↑ 6¹ to earth.
The combined forces of the two reversed batteries rb, r b¹, at both
the transmitting and receiving stations overcome and neutralize the
polarization of the magnets h, polarized by the local batteries 1b
and 16, and the armature lever e, Figure 1, yields to the upward
pressure of the arm a, actuated by shaft w and friction spring L, the
armature lever e offering no resistance to the passage of the projection b,
when the arms a, thus set in motion, again carry the points p over the
surface of the semi-cylinders, which operation is repeated until finally
by the forward motion of the carriage d, the whole surface of the semi-
cylinder is covered by fine spiral imaginary lines.
It is obvious that an entire cylinder may be employed in place of the
semi-cylinder described when only one recording or transmitting point
would be required; or the metallic surface presented to the point may be
only the quarter of a circle, or any division of a circle, with recording
or transmitting points in number according. Both the batteries rb, r b',
at the transmitting and receiving ends are necessary to neutralize the
polarized magnets h, so that neither instrument can start until both are
at the starting point.
In transmitting in facsimile, when the message to be transmitted is
written upon a metallic surface, and thus placed in the instrument, it is
necessary that both the transmitting and receiving instruments shall
operate in the same direction, that is, that the semi-cylindrical carriages
of both instruments shall move in the same direction, and that the
transmitting and recording points shall be carried over the semi- .
cylindrical surfaces in the same direction. But this operation would be
fatal to the transmission of a message which has been transferred from
the paper upon which it is written to a metallic surface, because the
received message would then be the original message reversed, or as
though it were written backwards. To obviate this difficulty it is
necessary to run the instruments in opposite directions, i.e., if the
cylindrical carriages run in one direction the arms a run in opposite
directions, and if the arms a run in one and the same direction the
carriages run in opposite directions. In cither case, the transferred
message, which is a reverse of the original, is received correctly, that is,

page_text: as written. In order ot accomplish this opposite motion, however, it
is necessary that upon the shaft w of one instrument shall be a right-
hand thread for moving the carriage, and that upon the shaft of the
other instrument shall be a left-hand thread.
Where there are more than two stations on a line, from and to which
messages are to be sent and received, the shaft w of every instrument
should have a right and a left hand thread cut thereon, as indicated in
Figure 13, it being understood that the instrument transmitting shall
always work from one thread, and the instrument receiving shall always
work from the other thread.
In Figure 15 is shown a mere modification of the circuit indicated in
Figure 14. In this Figure a relay or sounder is employed to change the
circuit of the line from the instrument to the releasing magnet, the
circuit changer, Figures 9, 10, and 11, merely serving to operate the
relay or sounder.
I need not point out the ease with which many other forms of con-
nection for operating the relay or sounder may be employed.
In Figure 15 h m is a relay or an ordinary magnet, the armature of
which is connected with the line; hm³ is a spiral spring for retracting
the armature. When the magnet is not actuated the circuit is from line
to the contact point h m³, main shaft w and arm a, point p, to semi-
cylinder d, and thence to battery and earth at the transmitting station,
and thence to earth at the receiving station h m³ in the local battery, by
which the magnet h m is actuated, the circuit being through the magnet
to the two contact rollers A. (Figure 9), so that at where the one roller
touches the piece the magnet will act, and by drawing to its armature,
and thus bringing its lever h m' in contact with the point h m', will put
the circuit of the line wire through the releasing magnet h and reversed
batteries rb, r b6¹. In all other respects the circuit is the same as in
Figure 14.
In Figure 16 is shown the application of the new electrical; in the
operation of this circuit I greatly prefer an encased or or underground
wire. Deeming it unnecessary in view of the foregoing to present
every detail of the circuits; Figures 14 and 15 I have merely indicated
as follows:-The levers h m³ of magnets h m are connected to the line.
At the transmitting end the semi-cylinder d is connected to earth, and
the arms a through the shafts w are connected to the back contact piece

page_text: hm of the lever h m². At the receiving station the back contact piece
hms of the lever h m¹ is connected with the main battery mb, the
negative pole of which is put to earth, and beyond this connection with
the main battery is a heavy resistance, and the shaft w, arms a, recording
points p, and by way of semi-cylindrical d earth, through a reversed
battery r b³.
The operation of this circuit is as follows:-So long as the trans-
mitting point at the transmitting, station is bearing upon a metallic
surface, the battery mb is diverted into the line wire, and as this
battery is only enough stronger than the reversed battery r 6° to cause
all action upon the chemical paper by battery mb to cease when the
circuit at the transmitting station is completed, and a portion of battery
mb diverted into the line, or in other words the diverting of a portion
of battery mb into the line is sufficient to enable the reversed battery
rb² to neutralize and thus prevent action by such portion of the current
from the battery m b as continuous to flow in the artificial circuit at the
receiving station, there will be no mark while the transmitting point
is bearing upon the metallic surface; but as the transmitting point
comes upon an insulating line of writing, the battery m 6 no longer
diverted into the line, there being (then no line circuit for the battery)
will produce a discoloration of the chemical paper.
In Figure 17 is shown the same circuit that is shown in Fig. 15,
with the exception that double reversed batteries are dispensed with, the
releasing of the arms a by depolarization of magnets h being effected by
a single reversed battery, which may be placed at either end of a line,
but is shown at the receiving end. The releasing magnet at the
transmitting (or it may be the receiving) end is shown in a shunt with
the rheostat R o.
The operation is as follows:-As shown in the Drawing the trans-
mitting must run a little faster than the receiving instrument (it may
be vice versa), therefore it will come to a stop before the receiving
instrument, and as the receiving instrument comes to the point at
which it not only stops, but introduces into the line the reversed
battery rb, both instruments are released, and the operation is repeated
to another detention, and so on.
I would remark that it is not absolutely necessary that one instrument
shall run faster than the other.
'

page_text: :
In Figure 18 I have shown the application at the transmitting end of
a line of Varley's line clearing Invention, consisting of a single wire in-
duction coil in a shunt. This will be readily comprehended by reference
to the Drawings, m 6 being the main battery, and the semicircular
cylinder d being connected to the line. Whenever a transmitting point
is bearing upon the metallic surface, the battery divides a part flowing
into the line, and a part flowing through the induction coil I c, and
rheostat Ro, thus magnetizing the core, so that when the battery is
removed from the line, and coil Ic by the transmitting point coming
upon an insulating line of writing, the coil discharges into the line an
induced clearing current of great intensity which accelerates the action
of the local marking battery at the receiving station.
I do not claim this line clearing Invention as my own, or any part
of it as my own.
In Figure 19 is exhibited the connections for the motor already
explained. Rb is the motor battery; Gris a galvanometer; Ro, a
rheostat; and C¹, D, a¹ and a² are the various connections. One end of
the helix of magnet E is shown connected to the shaft, the other pole
being connected to the battery. But as this has been already explained
essentially, and as an electro-motor circuit is a well known circuit, I
need not dwell upon it.
I may remark that one of the arms a may be made half the length of
the other, so that instead of each transmitting or recording point
following in the track of the other, the different points shall come
upon different parts of the semi-cylinder.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letter Patent,
filed by the said Alexander Melville Clark in the Great Seal
Patent Office on the 6th June 1876.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, ALEXANDER
MELVILLE CLARK, of 53, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex,
Patent Agent, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Twenty-first day of December, in
the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-five, in

page_text: the thirty-ninth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and
successors, give and grant unto me, the said Alexander Melville Clark,
Her special license that I, the said Alexander Melville Clark, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said
Alexander Melville Clark, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and
at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and
lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and
Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN AND CONNECTED WITH AUTO-
GRAPHIC OR COPYING TELEGRAPHS," a communication to me from abroad by
William Edward Sawyer, of the City, County, and State of New York,
United States of America, upon the condition (amongst others) that I,
the said Alexander Melville Clark, my executors or administrators, by
an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and
seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and
cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six
calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Alexander Melville Clark, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is
to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by
the following statement, reference being had to the two accompanying
Sheets of Drawings, and to the letters and figures marked thereon,
that is to say :-
This Invention relates to certain improvements in mechanism and
methods for the purpose of accomplishing autographic or facsimile
transmission of messages over lines of telegraph, and to various electrical
circuits therefor.
One of the principal features of the present Invention is found in the
method of obtaining a regular and steady motion of the required
mechanism.
In nearly all existing systems of facsimile telegraphs the action is
obtained from the ultimate point in the mechanism, that is to say, the
transmitting and recording points, styles, or other similar devices are
actuated by a train of gear wheels, to the slowest moving of which

page_text: wheels is attached the driving weight. The inherent fault of this
mechanism is that any variation in the primary actuating medium is
exaggerated by every multiplication of the motion, so that what would
be a slight and inconsequential error in the revolution of the shaft to
which the power is applied is magnified in a marked degree at the
ultimate or transmitting and recording shafts, for reasons that do not
require explanation. One only instance in which the error has been
avoided is that of Caselli, who employs a pendulum as the driving
power, with the transmitting and recording mechanism situated at a
point of the pendulum where the exaggerations of the weighted lower
extremity are reduced, namely, near the pivot upon which the pendulum
gravitates. By means of this device Caselli has succeeded in securing
an absolute synchronism, but to the delicacy of his mechanism and the
difficulty of its management there are serious objections. Another
objection is that when the pendulum is at the lowest point of the arc it
describes, its speed of motion is much greater than at the starting and
intermediate points.
The present Invention is designed to secure not only the simplest
mechanism, but to render the same so easily managed as to dispense
with operators of mechanical skill. In the attainment of this end it has
been necessary to avoid all mechanism which would tend to exaggerate
primary errors, and in place of the ordinary method I employ for the
actuating mechanism rapidly moving parts or revolving wheels, which
are so geared or move or revolve so rapidly that the much more slowly
moving or revolving parts comprising the transmitting and recording
mechanism are caused to attain any desired speed; thus, for instance,
the shaft to which is applied the driving power would be made to
revolve at the rate of 1000 revolutions per minute in order to give the
shaft to which the transmitting and recording mechanism is attached a
speed of 100 revolutions per minute, whereby an error of one degree in
the driving power is decreased at the actual working point to an error
of but of one degree, instead of being magnified, as in other devices,
to an error of ten degrees at the transmitting or recording parts, where
the least error is desirable. Such is the principle or function of the
present Invention, and I do not limit myself to the application of any
special power in its attainment.
I have preferred to apply to the mechanism the power generated by

page_text: but it is obvious that I may make use of any other power, such as
compressed air, steam, heat, or other equivalent, or in place of a train
of gear wheels may make use of a lever or a series of levers, or a large
wheel, with the transmitting and recording mechanism attached to a
point where the motion is less than at the point to which the power is
applied, or both. Numerous applications of this principle are readily
suggestive.
Further, to keep the mechanism at different stations in synchronous
motion I prefer to regulate the same periodically by a line current, the
operation being to bring the instruments periodically to a complete or
nearly complete stop, and set them in motion together. This will
be understood by reference to the accompanying Drawings and
descriptions.
The motion of the mechanism is regulated by a centrifugal governor
of a new design, the chief advantages of which are its simplicity and
the facility with which it may be adjusted. In addition to this the
speed of the motor is regulated by a rheostat shown in the Drawings in.
the circuit of the motor, but which may with equal advantage be placed
in a secondary circuit from the motor battery, so as to lessen the force
of the battery in the motor circuit by diverting a portion of the battery
into the circuit of the rheostat. A galvanometer should be used for the
purpose of noting the force of the battery, in order that the battery may...
be kept in the motor circuit at a uniform strength.
Another point of the Invention is the avoiding of the writing of the
message upon a metallic surface, as is done in other facsimile telegraphs,
by, preparing the writing upon a special white or ordinary paper, and
transferring the lines of writing to a metallic surface lithographically.
The message written in a prepared ink is transferred by pressure upon a
metallic surface, and sprinkled with some resinous substance when the
plate is subjected to heat..
With this general reference to the nature of the Invention I will
proceed to describe the construction of the mechanism in detail so far
as is necessary to an understanding of the same by persons skilled in
the art.
:
_ In the Drawings accompanying and forming a part of this Speci-
fication,―.
Figure 1 is a plan view of the instrument for transmission and.
י

page_text: reception of messages; Figure 2 is a vertical transverse section of the
same, showing interior parts.
Figure 3 is a perspective view of the centrifugal governor.
Figures 4, 5, and 6 are top, bottom, and end views of the semi-
cylinder, from and upon which messages are sent and received.
Figure 7 is a perspective view of the transmitting or recording point
and holder therefor.
Figure 8 is a perspective view of the arrangement for stopping and
releasing the mechanism.
Figures 9, 10, and 11 are different views of the circuit changer, con-
necting with the stopping and releasing mechanism.
Figure 12 is a side view, showing connection of point of traversing
carriage with the actuating screw shaft.
Figure 13 is a side view of the shaft with a right and left hand thread
cut thereon; and Figures 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, and 19 are diagrams repre- 1
senting the different circuits.
Similar letters of reference indicate corresponding parts.
In Figure 1 B, b, is the base; x, y, and v², a suitable metallic frame;
v, v, are two metallic ways of any desired form, which are insulated:
from the frame by the supports v³, and grooved for the trucks of ai
carriage travelling thereon: The carriage d is of semi-cylindrical shape,
as shown in Figures 4, 5, and 6. There are four trucks h¹ fastened to cross.
pieces ¹, thus forming an electrical connection between the surface of
the carriage & and the ways from which, although not shown in the.
Drawings, any medium of connection may be carried to a binding
post.
The ordinary facsimile principle is so well known that it is unnecessary
to describe it in detail herein. A metallic point draws imaginary lines
over a metallic surface, on which is an insulating writing, and the
interruptions of the circuit occasioned by the point coming upon the
lines of writing effect the record at a distant station, which record is a
facsimile of the insulating lines of the writing, owing to the fact that
the recording point moves over the received message blank in syn-
chronism with the transmitting point travelling over the insulating lines
upon the metallic surface. The message plate or the chemical receiving a

page_text: paper is placed upon the semi-cylinder, and retained by a frame d¹, eª,
of corresponding shape, that is, hinged at e¹ to the edge of the semi-
cylinder.
For the purpose of transferring the message is written upon prepared
or common paper, by an ink consisting of lithographic ink, water, and
glycerine properly coloured. This ink is transferred readily by pressure.
to any metallic plate or metallic surface, especially to a zinc plate or
surface.
Finely powdered asphalte adheres readily to the transferred lines of
writing, and upon being subjected to heat the whole combines, and by
the melting of the asphalte a hard insulating writing is obtained. I
find that almost any ink containing glycerine or oily matter will so
transfer, and one of the best materials for the preparation of a plate in
this manner is the earth pitch of the West Indies. In preparing this
plate after the message written upon ordinary paper has been transferred.
to the same; there may be sprinkled over it any of the gums, finely
powdered, which require the addition of moisture before they will
readily melt with heat. Gum arabic is one of these substances. These
gums readily adhere to the transferred lines of writing, and if the plate
thus prepared be held for an instant where the gums will collect
moisture, for instance in a jet or box of steam, the lines of writing,
upon being subjected to heat, acquire a firmness, solidity, smoothness,
and insulating character not attainable in the before described process.
I do not confine myself to the use of any particular writing ink
however, nor to any particular insulating material upon the transfer, nor
to subjecting the transfer to heat, as it is obvious that the transferred
lines of writing may be hardened in various ways, such as by chemical
action, by drying in a wind blast, by the action of light, etc. I give.
these illustrations merely to indicate the variety of ways in which the
principle may be carried out. After the message plate is so prepared
and the writing fixed thereon, and the same mounted on the semi-
cylindrical carriage, the carriage is moved along by means of the point
f3 which is caused to close into the thread cut upon the main shaft u,
better shown in Figure 12. This point forms the end of a spring piece.
f¹ pivoted at f³, and insulated from the carriage by means of the
insulating pieces g¹, f, which are fastened to cross pieces z¹. The
turned end of the spring piece f' closes over the insulating piece g',
thus holding the point f³ to a secure bearing in the thread on shaft W. >
1 2
:

page_text: When it is desired to stop the forward motion of the carriage this
end is thrown off the piece 9', allowing the point f³ to rise from the
thread.
Around the semi-cylinder the shaft wo carries two right augular arms
a fastened in hub c, which arms carry the transmitting or recording
points p. In this manner the impulses proceeding from the insulating
lines of writing upon the metallic surface which is placed on the semi-
cylinder are transmitted over the line, it being understood that so soon:
or nearly so soon as the point upon one of the arms a is leaving the
semi-cylinder upon one side the other point is coming upon the semi-
cylinder upon the other side, so that one or other of the points is always
bearing upon
the message.
The motion of the shaft w is brought to a stop at the instant or
nearly so that one of the points p is leaving the surface of the semi-
cylinder and the other point is coming up upon the opposite side of the
same by means of the adjustable projecting piece b, held in place by a
screw on arm a coming in contact with the bevelled detent of armature
lever e, better shown in Figure 8, in which is a polarized magnet;
m, the rest for the same; f, the armature; 9, the pivot; i and j, the
adjusting standard and set screw; 7, the rod, by means of which and
the nut the magnet is drawn back from the armature. This magnet
may be any form of polarized magnet, but I have shown it in the
Drawings in the Figures relating to the line circuits as polarized or
steadily magnetized by a local battery.
The magnet is depolarized by a reversed battery current flowing over
the line at the instant the arms a of both the transmitting and receiving
instruments have been brought to a stop, when the armature is released
and the projecting piece 6 is allowed to slide by the bevelled detent,
after which the polarized magnet again acts and the detent is ready to
intercept the next arm when the operation described is repeated.
In the framework y, y, will readily be understood as the end pieces,
and x, x, x, x, the cross rods for identifying and strengthening the
framework. There are cross rods v², mainly for the purpose of support-
ing the railways.
The transmitting and recording points involve a mechanism of their
own as follows:-q is a straight or curved spring carrying the holder o
of the transmitting or recording point p. This is best shown in Figure

page_text: 7, where n is a right angular piece sliding in a dovetailed groove in the
metallic piece u, and having a slot cut in its upper end for the screw 8,
by means of which the point is adjusted up or down, and therefore its
bearing upon the surface of the semi-cylinder regulated; r, r, are check
nuts, by means of which the piece u is held in position on the end of
the arm a. The object of this arrangement is to secure great adjust-
ability of the point, but I do not confine myself to this particular form,
as many readily suggestive devices may be employed to accomplish the.
same purpose. For instance, the right angular piece n may be grooved
for another right angular piece adjustable longitudinally with the
arm.
One of the chief features of the Invention consists in the mechanism
by means of which the recording points are brought to a standstill and
the forward motion of the semi-cylinder correspondingly checked or
stopped without disturbing the motion of the accompanying mechanism.
The main shaft w is actuated as follows:-Motion is imparted from
the motor shaft a² and its pinion J to the large gear wheel K, which is
loose upon the shaft w. R is a flange upon the shaft w, whose object
is to keep the gear wheel K in place; N is a flange, which like the
flange R is fastened to the shaft, and serves to keep the gear wheel in
place, and also operates to transfer the motion of the gear wheel to the
shaft through the medium of the friction spring L, better shown in
Figure 2, which pivoted on the gear wheel is set so as to bear upon the
flange with any desired force by means of the set screw in the projecting
piece M, also attached to the gear wheel.
It is obvious that as the gear wheel turns the shaft w also turns when
unobstructed, but the instant that the projecting piece b on the arm a
comes into contact with the bevelled detent of armature lever e the
revolution of the shaft is stopped, without the motion of the gear wheel.
or the motor shaft ceasing. These points are so plain that it is
unnecessary to treat them in detail.
The motor I have shown in a single form; it is obvious that it may be
any one of a great many forms.
;
Referring to Figures 1 and 2 a¹ is the motor circuit establisher, by
means of which the motor battery is thrown into the magnet. E.. The
connections to binding posts may be of any form, and are not shown in
-

page_text: •
the Drawings, Figures 1 and 2. D is a spring bearing upon the circuiț
establisher, and fastened to the standard C¹. The spring may be made
adjustable by any of the well-known methods.
I, I, I, are armatures
fixed to flanges. I' on the motor shaft a². C is a standard, in which the
motor shaft has a bearing at one end, the other bearing being in the
piece Z (see Figure 2). One pole of the motor battery is connected to
the standard (metallic) C¹, the other. pole being connected to one side
of the motor magnet E, the other side of the magnet being connected
to the framework or standard C; therefore when the spring D bears
upon the projections of at the circuit of the motor battery is through
standard C, spring D, circuit establisher a¹, to frame or standard C,
frame or standard C to magnet, and from the magnet back to the
battery. bw is a balance wheel on the motor shaft.
The centrifugal governor corrects the variations of the motor shaft.
This device is best shown in Figure 3, where Z is a standard fastened to
end piece y of the frame; to this standard is fixed the flange H, the
flange being immovable; through the flange passes loosely the motor
shaft a. Fastened to the motor shaft is a piece U, through which slide
loosely two rods T, T, which again pass through or enter a sliding
weight S, which may be adjusted so as to be at any point on the
rods T, T, by means of a set screw. V is a shoe, in which the ends of
the rods T, T; are fixed. It is obvious that as the shaft a² revolves the
weight S will be thrown out, and the shoe V will be brought against
the flange H with a degree of force commensurate with the speed of
revolution, creating a friction, which varying with the speed of revolution
corrects the same.
It will from the foregoing be understood that the motor, the pinion J,
and the gear wheel K are in constant motion, while the transmitting
and recording mechanisms wd and a may be at a standstill; thus as
the arms a describe a revolution with the shaft w the semi-cylinder d is
slowly advanced by means of its thread and the point f³, whereby spiral
lines of a degree of fineness in accordance with the fineness of the
thread on shaft w are drawn over the semi-cylinder until finally its
entire surface has been covered by these fine imaginary lines. A balance
wheel or its equivalent may with advantage be fixed to the gear
wheel K.
It will now be assumed that
ona of the tranamittio

page_text: points p has been carried over the semi-cylindrical surface, and that
another is about to come upon the same.
At this instant the motion of
the arm a is stopped by the projecting piece b and detent armature
levere; at the same instant or nearly so the circuit of the main line is
changed by means of the circuit changers A, A, and Z, and better views
of which are obtained in Figures 9, 10, and 11, z being an insulating
piece in the shape of a double cone. On the lesser periphery of this
insulating cone on shaft w is a continuous metallic rim 1, which is
connected electrically with to metallic pieces set upon the greater
periphery, equidistant and insulated from the remainder of the greater
periphery. The greater periphery is thus divided into halves, excepting
the slight space occupied by the pieces ³. Upon the remaining space
of this periphery and insulated from the pieces 2³ are placed metallic
half circles nearly 2, which are connected with the main shaft w, and
consequently with the framework of the instrument.
In Figure 10 is seen how the piece ³ is fixed to the greater periphery
of the cone, so as to project between and divide the circular pieces 2³.
A¹, A', are metallic rollers, or they may be springs, bearing upon the
greater and lesser peripheries of the cone, and insulated from each other
by means of the insulating piece B, which by means of the bottom
piece B' is fastened to the cross rod of the framework (Figure 1) and
insulated from the same. The shape of the insulating piece B will be
best understood from Figure: 11. B³, B³, are métallic pieces insulated
from each other and holding screws, which regulate the tension or
pressure of the rollers A¹ upon the cone, the springs A being pivoted at
B². The object of this circuit changer will be understood from Figure 14,
in which the line wire is shown connected with the roller bearing upon
the larger periphery of the cone, the larger periphery being by means
of the metallic half rims connected with the main shaft w, the line,
while the roller A is bearing upon a rim is connected to the trans-
mitting or recording point p through the medium of the right angular
arms a.
In Figure 14, Tr is the transmitting and Rg the receiving instru-
ment; is the stopping and releasing magnet; m b, the main battery;
1 b, the local battery by means of which the magnet h is polarized.
Ro is a rheostat in the circuit of the battery ? 6 and magnet h, for
the purpose of regulating the polaric effect. The battery which acts to
depolarize the magnet h, and thereby release the arms a, is indicated

page_text: S
'
:
•
byr b. Now, it is obvious that as the upper roller is bearing upon tho
rim; the circuit is from the earth at the transmitting end of the line,
through the main battery m b to the semi-cylinder d, and thence to the
transmitting point and arm a, main shaft w, and rim, to the roller
connected with the line; and at the receiving end from the line to the
roller, and from the roller to. rim 3, shaft w, arm a, and recording
point p, semi-cylinder d, and earth. Whenever, in this case, the trans-
mitting point p is bearing upon the metallic surface of the message, the
battery m b, with negative pole to the line, will by its flowing into the
line neutralize the local marking battery db at the receiving station,
the positive pole of which is put to the shaft w, and therefore to the
arm a and recording point p, and the negative pole of which is put to
the semi-cylinder d. On the other band, whenever a transmitting
point comes in contact with an insulating line of writing, the main
battery mb will be taken from the line, and the local marking
battery db at the receiving station will effect a discoloration of the
chemical paper. For all these operations cither induced or battery
currents of great intensity are preferred.
After the transmitting and recording points have traversed in unison
the semicircle of the semi-cylinders, and just, as they come to a stop,
the roller A¹ which is connected with the line wire and which has been
bearing upon the rim comes into contact with the metallic piece (2³
and the circuit is established as follows:-From the earth at the trans-
mitting end, through the reversed battery rb, releasing magnet h,
roller A', bearing upon the rim of the lesser periphery of the cone
thence to the piece ³, and thence from the upper roller A¹ to the line;
and from the line at the receiving station through the piece to the
rim ¹, roller A³, magnet h, and reversed battery rb, to earth.
The combined forces of the two reversed batteries rb, rb, at both
the transmitting and receiving stations, overcome and neutralize the
polarization of the magnets h, polarized by the local batteries 16 and 16',
and the armature lever e, Figure 1, yields to the upward pressure of the
arm a actuated by shaft w. and friction spring L, the armature lever e
offering no resistance to the passage of the projection 6%; when the
arms a, thus set in motion, again carry the points p over the surface of
the semi-cylinders, which operation is repeated until finally by the
forward motion of the carriage d, the whole surface of the semi-cylinder
is covered by fine spiral imaginary lines.
:

page_text: '
It is obvious that an entire cylinder may be employed in place of the
semi-cylinder described, when only one recording or transmitting point
would be required, or the metallic surface presented to the pointmay
be only the quarter of a circle, or any division of a circle, with
recording or transmitting points, in number according. Both the
batteries rb, rb, at the transmitting and receiving ends are necessary
to neutralize the polarized magnets h, so that neither instrument can
start until both are at the starting point.
In transmitting in facsimile, when the message to be transmitted is
written upon a metallic surface, and thus placed in the instrument, it is
necessary that both the transmitting and receiving instruments shall
operate in the same direction; that is, that the semi-cylindrical carriages
of both instruments shall move in the same direction, and that the
transmitting and recording points shall be carried over the semi-
cylindrical surfaces in the same direction. But this operation would bo
fatal to the transmission of a message which has been transferred from
the paper upon which it is written to a metallic surface, because the
received message would then be the original message reversed or as
though it were written backwards. To obviate this difficulty it is
necessary to run the instruments in opposite directions, i.c., if tite
cylindrical carriages run in one direction the arms a run in opposite
directions; and if the arms a run in one and the same direction the
carriages run in opposite directions. In eitlier case the transferred
message, which is a reverse of the original, is received correctly, that is,
as written. In order to accomplish this opposite motion, however, it is
necessary that upon the shaft w of one instrument shall be a right-hand
thread for moving the carriage, and that upon the shaft of the other
instrument shall be a left-hand thread.
Where there are more than two stations on a line, from and to which
) messages are to be sent and received, the shaft w of every instrument
should have a right and a left hand thread, cut thereon, as indicated in
Figure-13, it being understood that the instrument transmitting shall
always work from one thread, and the instrument receiving shall always
work from the other thread.
i'
In Figure 15 is shown a mere modification of the circuit indicated in
Figure 14. In this Figure. a relay or sounder is employed to change
the circuit of the line from the instrument to the releasing magnet, the

page_text: 3
circuit changer, Figures 9, 10, and 11, merely serving to operate the
relay or sounder.
I need not point out the ease with which many other forms of con-
nection for operating the relay or sounder may be employed.
.
In Figure 15 hm is a relay or an ordinary magnet, the armature of
which is connected with the line; hm² is a spiral spring for retracting
the armature. When the magnet is not actuated the circuit is from line
to the contact point h m³, main shaft w, and arm a, point p, to semi-
cylinder d, and thence to battery and earth at the transmitting station,
and thence to earth at the receiving station. h m³ is the local battery,
by which the magnet hm is actuated, the circuit being through the
magnet to the two contact rollers A (Figure 9), so that when the one
roller touches the pieces the magnet will act, and by drawing to its
armature, and thus bringing its lever hm' in contact with the point h m*,
will put the circuit of the line wire through the releasing magnet h and
reversed batteries r b, r b'. In all other respects the circuit is the same
as in Figure 14.
In Figure 16 is shown the application of the new electrical circuit.
In the operation of this circuit I greatly prefer an encased or under-
ground wire. Deeming it unnecessary in view of the foregoing to
present every detail of the circuits, Figures 14 and 15, I have merely
indicated as follows:-The levers h m³ of magnets h m are connected to
the line. At the transmitting end the semi-cylinder d is connected to
`earth, and the arms a through the shafts w are connected to the back
contact piece h m³ of the lever h m'. At the receiving station the back
contact piece hm³ of the lever hm¹ is connected with the. main
battery m b, the negative pole of which is put to earth, and beyond this
connection with the main battery is a heavy resistance, and the shaft w,
arms a, recording points p, and by way of semi-cylinder d, earth,
through a reversed battery r b².
The operation of this circuit is as follows:-So long as the transmitting
point at the transmitting station is bearing upon a metallic surface the
battery m b is diverted into the line wire, and as this battery is only
enough stronger than the reversed battery r b² to cause all action upon
the chemical paper by battery m 6 to cease when the circuit at the
transmitting station is completed, and a portion of battery mb diverted
into the line, or in other words, the diverting of a portion of battery m b

page_text: into the line is sufficient to enable the reversed battery Us to neutralize,
and thus prevent action by such portion of the current from the
battery mb as continues to flow in the artificial circuit at the receiving
station; there will be no mark while the transmitting point is bearing
upon the metallic surface, but as the transmitting point comes upon an
insulating line of writing the battery m b, no longer diverted into the
line (there being then no linc circuit for the battery), will produce a
discoloration of the chemical paper.
h
In Figure 17 is shown the same circuit that is shown in Figure 15,
with the exception that double reversed batteries are dispensed with, the
releasing of the arms a by depolarization of magnets / being effected by
a single reversed battery, which may be placed at either end of a line,
but is shown at the receiving end. The releasing magnet at the
transmitting (or it may be the receiving) end is shown in a shunt with
the rheostat Ro.
The operation is as follows:-As shown in the Drawing the trans-
mitting must run a little faster than the receiving instrument (it may
be vice versa), therefore it will come to a stop before the receiving
instrument, and as the receiving instrument comes to the point at
which it not only stops, but introduces into the line the reversed
battery, both instruments are released, and the operation is repeated
to another detention, and so on.
I would remark that it is not absolutely necessary that one instrument
shall run faster than the other.
In Figure 18 I have shown the application at the transmitting end of
a line of Varley's line clearing Invention, consisting of a single wire
induction coil in a shunt. This will be readily comprehended by
reference to the Drawings, mb being the main battery, and the semi-
cylinder & being connected to the line. Whenever a transmitting point
is bearing upon the metallic surface the battery divides, apart flowing
into the line, and a part flowing through the induction coil I c and
rheostat Ro, thus magnetizing the core, so that when the battery is
removed from the line and coil Ic by the transmitting point coming
upon an insulating line of writing, the coil discharges into the line an
[_induced clearing current of great intensity which accelerates the action
of the local marking battery at the receiving, station.

page_text: I do not claim this arrangement as my own, or any part of it.
In Figure 19 is exhibited the connections for the motor already
explained. Rb is the motor battery; Gr is a galvanometer; Ro, a
rheostat; and C, D, a¹ and a² are the various connections. One end of
-the helix of magnet E is shown connected to the shaft, the other pole
being connected to the battery; but as this has been already explained
essentially, and as an electro-motor circuit is a well-known circuit, I
need not dwell upon it.
I may remark that one of the arms a may be made half the length of
the other, so that instead of each transmitting or recording point
following in the track of the other the two points shall come upon
different parts of the semi-cylinder.
Having described the nature of the said Invention, and the manner of
performing the same, I declare that what I claim as the Invention to be
secured by the herein-before in part recited Letters Patent is,-
1st. In a copying telegraph the method of preparing a message for
transmission, consisting in transferring by pressure the lines of writing
first written upon ordinary or special paper to a metallic plate or surface,
substantially as set forth.
2nd. In a copying telegraph the combination with transmitting and
recording mechanism having a less speed of motion than the operating
mechanism of an electro-magnetic magnetic regulator operated by a
line current, as set forth.
3rd. In a copying telegraph the combination with transmitting or
recording mechanism, operated by friction, of driving mechanism having
a greater speed of motion than the transmitting or recording mechanism,
substantially as described.
4th. The method of operating a copying telegraph, consisting in
carrying the contact style or styles transversely over or around a
cylindrical surface, each style moving in one continuous direction
instead of moving back and forth, as described.
5th. In a copying telegraph, the combination with a longitudinally
advancing carriage of a transversely moving transmitting or recording
style or styles, as set forth._

page_text: 6th. In a copying telegraph, a recording or transmitting style or
styles carried over and under a cylindrical surface, as described..
7th. In a copying telegraph, the combination with a threaded shaft
of a transmitting or recording style or styles, and a cylindrical surface
so arranged that the revolutions of the shaft shall both advance the
cylindrical surface longitudinally, and give the style or. styles a
transverse circular motion in respect to the cylindrical surface, as
described.
8th. In a copying telegraph, a cylindrical carriage moving upon
grooved ways, as set forth.
9th. In a copying telegraph a cylindrical transmitting or receiving
carriage, as described.
10th. In a copying telegraph the method of keeping the instruments
at different stations in synchronism, and maintaining the steadiness of
their motion, consisting in the employment of friction, to actuate the
transmitting or recording mechanism in combination with an electro-
magnetic regulator, so that the motion of the transmitting or recording
mechanism may be arrested without arresting the motion of the motive
or driving mechanism, substantially as described.
11th. In a copying telegraph, the combination with a transmitting or
recording style or styles of friction to actuate the same, as set forth.
12th. In a copying telegraph instrument an actuating shaft having a
right and left hand thread, substantially as set forth.
13th. In a copying telegraph the combination with transmitting
mechanism, in part actuated by a right-hand thread, of revolving
mechanism in part actuated by a left-hand thread, substantially as
described.
14th. In a copying telegraph the combination with transmitting
mechanism, operating in one direction, of recording mechanism operating
in the opposite direction, as set forth.
15th. In a copying telegraph a transmitting or recording style whose
length is adjustable by a set screw, substantially as shown.
16th. In a copying telegraph the combination with a cylindrical
carriage of a hinged binding frame for holding the message blank in
place, as described.

page_text: 17th. The combination with the carriage d of the point f³ to engage
in the thread of the shaft, as set forth.
In witness whereof, I, the said Alexander Melville Clark, have
hereunto set my hand and seal, this First day of June, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy- 5
six.