Improvements in the Process and the Arrangement of Apparatus for Heating by Means of an Intermittently Heated Medium.
Year: 1894

page_text: Date of Application, 19th July, 1894
Complete Specification Left, 19th Apr., 1895-Accepted, 1st June, 1895
Improvements in the Process and the Arrangement of Apparatus
for Heating by Means of an Intermittently Heated Medium.
I, HENRI PIRON of 50 Rue Bara, Brussels Belgium, Manufacturer, do hereby
declare the nature of this invention to be as follows:-
The process of heating by a medium intermittently heated has found its practical
application hitherto in the form of an ordinary hot water or acetate of soda heater,
or in the incandescent metal heater arranged more or less rationally. In all these
systems hitherto known, the emission of the heat takes place in a uniform manner
from all the surfaces of the apparatus and in all directions so that, notably in the
case of railway carriage compartments one half the heat serves to uselessly heat
the floor of the carriage, being then lost outside.
These difficulties are entirely obviated by the process and the heater serving to
give effect thereto, forming the object of this invention. The process consisting
first in the employment of a hot central part of a silicate base conserving the heat
much longer than the central parts hitherto known, and which is arranged in such
manner as not to lose its heat other than by its upper and side surfaces through
the moderating medium of a layer of air, the base of the heater not allowing the
passage of the heat, thus exclusively used inside the carriage.
In the accompanying sheet of illustrative drawings
Fig. 1 is a plan of the heater and Fig. 2 is an end view and Fig. 3 is a transverse
section and Figs. 4 and 5 partial longitudinal sections of the same.
Fig. 6 shews the arrangement of the closing screw at the bottom.
The inner compartment A receiving the calorific medium is eccentrically fitted
in the air compartment F in such manner that the layer of air above is thicker than
that below where it rests on the supports C, the whole being connected together
by bolts.
At about the central height of the compartment F is attached thereto
by screws or rivets the lower compartment or base E of the heater which is filled
with a non-conductible mass as for example a special calorific cement slightly
compressed. The surfaces of the compartments are in plates of suitable thickness
and they take preferably the form of oblong chambers as shown in the drawing, the
whole of the three compartments presenting outside the shape and aspect of an
ordinary heater.
The introduction and the removal of the calorific medium is effected at the head
of the heater. The central heating medium compartment A is closed at each end
by a cover D simply slipped in the compartiment F and butting against the com-
partment A. These covers are provided at the centre with an eye piece by means of
which they can be inserted and withdrawn by a hook and they are held in place by
the bottom G closing the compartments F and E. These bottoms are like the
stoppers D in malleable cast iron and also serve as handles in handling the heaters.
One of the bottom: G is constructed with a hinged door or trap which can be
turned up to enable the stopper D to be removed and it is held in place by the
inner lock screws I shown in Fig. 6. Furthermore each of the bottoms G is bored
with two air holes K with the object of preventing overheating of the metal.
As the bottoms G press strongly on the stoppers D which they force against the
heating medium compartment A, the latter can be filled with any heating medium
which will then emit its heat through the exterior radiating envelope and this
emission will take place gradually and in proportion to the transmission to the

page_text: outside, the heated layer of air imprisoned between the two compartments thus
serving to regulate and moderate the said emission of heat, assisted furthermore by
the properties of the corrugated shape of the upper surface of the compartment F,
giving up all the heat to the inside of the carriage without the slightest loss
through the bottom, which is prevented by the non-conducting base E, so that the
heater thus arranged gives the maximum output of which these apparatuses are
capable.
The heating medium is preferably one having a silicate base, such as silver
sand made incandescent in a special furnace for this purpose, the silver sand having
all the qualities for non-conductibility of heat and being a material easily obtained
at small cost.
The following comparative examination gives an exact notion of the advantages
resulting from the employment of sand.
The duration of emission of heat from hot water heaters raised to 90° and 95°
is about two hours whilst the heat emitted is about 600 calories, that is 300 calories
per hour.
The beat emitted by the acetate of soda heater is about 1800 calories. Admitting
the same radiation per hour the heating would last 6 hours.
Sand raised to incandescence disengages 600 calories per kilogram and as the
heater contains 5 kilograms, the amount stored is thus 3000 calories, the volumes
being about the same for the three systems.
Assuming an emission of heat equal to 300 calories per hour, a heating duration
of 10 hours is obtained, whilst still admitting that for the same volumes of different
mediums the emission curve is proportional to the time, in other terms that the
emission is regular and uniform for the given time, but that is not the case since
the emission of heat by liquids has not the same constancy as that of incandescent
sand which causes the heater to radiate heat at the tenth hour with the same
intensity as at the first, so that the sand heater gives results which have not been
able to be previously obtained.
Dated this 19th day of July 1894.
WHEATLEY & MACKENZIE,
40, Chancery Lane, London, W.C., Agents.
Improvements in the Process and the Arrangement of Apparatus
for Heating by Means of an Intermittently Heated Medium.
I HENRI l'IRON, of 50 Rue Bara, Brussels, Belgium, Manufacturer, do hereby
declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to be
performed to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement:--
The process of heating by a medium intermittently heated has found its practical
application hitherto in the form of an ordinary hot water or acetate of soda heater
or in the incandescent metal heater arranged more or less rationally. In all these
systems hitherto known, the emission of the heat takes place in a uniform manner
from all the surfaces of the apparatus and in all directions so that notably in the
case of railway carriage compartments one half the heat serves to uselessly heat the
floor of the carriage being then lost outside.
These difficulties are entirely obviated by the process and the heater serving to
give effect thereto forming the object of this invention the process consisting first
in the employment of a hot central part of a silicate base conserving the heat much
longer than the central parts hitherto known, and which is arranged in such manner
as not to lose its heat other than by its upper and side surfaces through the

page_text: erating medium of a layer of air, the base of the heater not allowing the passage.
of the heat thus exclusively used inside the carriage.
In the drawings filed with the Provisional Specification:-
Fig. 1 is a plan of the heater, Fig. 2 is an end view, and Fig. 3 a transverse
section and Figs. 4 and 5 partial longitudinal sections of the same.
Fig. 6 shows the arrangement of the closing screw at the bottom.
The inner compartment A receiving the calorific mediumn is eccentrically fitted
in the air compartment in such manner that the layer of air above is thicker
than that below where it rests on the supports C, the whole being connected
together by bolts. At about the central height of the compartment.F is attached
thereto by screws or rivets the lower compartment or base E of the heater
which is filled with a heat non-conductible mass as for example a special calorific
cement slightly compressed. The surfaces of the compartments are in plates of
suitable thickness and they take preferably the form of oblong chambers as shown
in the drawing, the whole of the three compartments presenting outside the shape
and aspect of an ordinary heater.
The introduction and the removal of the calorific medium is effected at the head
of the heater. The central compartment A is closed at each end by a cover D
simply slipped in the compartment F and butting against the compartment A.
These covers are provided at the centre with an eye piece by means of which they
can be inserted and withdrawn by a hook and they are held in place by the
bottom G closing the compartments F and E. These bottoms are like the
stoppers D in malleable cast iron and also serve as handles in handling the heaters.
One of the bottoms G is constructed with a hinged door or trap which can be
turned up to enable the stopper D to be removed and it is held in place by the
inner lock screws I shown in Fig. 6. Furthermore each of the bottoms G is bored
with two air holes K with the object of preventing overheating of the metal.
As the bottoms G press strongly on the stoppers D which they force against
the heating medium compartment A, the latter can be filled with any heating
medium which will then emit its heat through the exterior radiating envelope F
and this emission will take place gradually and in proportion to the transmission
to the outside, the heated layer of air imprisoned between the two compartments.
thus serving to regulate and moderate the said emission of heat assisted furthermore
by the properties of the corrugated shape of the upper surface of the compartment F
giving up all the heat to the inside of the carriage without the slightest loss
through the bottom, which is prevented by the non-conducting base E so that
the heater thus arranged gives the maximum output of which these apparatuses
are capable.
The heating medium is preferably one having a silicate base such as silver sand
made incandescent in a special furnace for this purpose the silver sand having all
the qualities for non-conductibility of heat and being a material easily obtained at
small cost.
The following comparative examination gives an exact notion of the advantages
resulting from the employment of sand.
The duration of emission of heat from hot water heaters raised to 90° and 95° is
about two hours whilst the heat emitted is about 600 calories that is 300 calories
per hour.
The heat emitted by the acetate of soda heater is about 1800 calories. Admitting
the same radiation per hour the heating would last 6 hours.
Sand raised to incandescence disengages 600 calories per kilogram and as the
heater contains 5 kilograms the amount stored is thus 3000 calories, the volumes
being about the same for the three systems.
Assuming an emission of heat equal to 300 calories per hour a heating duration
of 10 hours is obtained whilst still admitting that for the same volume of different
mediums the emission curve is proportional to the time in other terms that the
einission is regular and uniform for the given time, but that is not the case since
the emission of heat by liquids has not the same constancy as that of incandescent

page_text: sand which causes the heater to radiate heat at the tenth hour with the same
intensity as at the first, so that the sand heater gives results which have not been
able to be previously obtained.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said inven-
tion and in what manner the same is to be performed I declare that what I
claim is :
In the system of heating by a medium intermittently heated.
1st. The process consisting in effecting the emission of heat by the intermediation
of a layer of air above before its radiation into the space to be heated and to
interrupt it underneath by a non-conductible material for the purpose of making
the emission uniform and avoiding any loss of heat outside by conduction.
2nd. A construction of heater consisting of three compartments connected
together, the compartment for the calorific medium being surrounded by the air
compartment attached at half its height to the compartment for non-conducting
material the various compartments being provided with closing accessories
substantially as described.
3rd. As a heating medium, a solid material with a silicate base and particularly
silver sand as described.
4th. The improvements in heaters substantially às described with reference to
the drawing.
Dated this 19th day of April 1895.
WHEATLEY & MACKENZIE,
40, Chancery Lane, London, W.C., Agents.