IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF MANURE, OR A COMPOSITION TO BE USED ON LAND AS A MANURE
Year: 1841

page_text: DANIELLS
IFICATION.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOSEPH
CLISILD DANIELL, of Tiverton Mills, near Bath, in the County of Somerset,
Gentleman, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, bearing date at Westininster, the Seventh day of October, in the
fifth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and
grant unto me, the said Joseph Clisild Daniell, Her especial licence, full power,
sole privilege and authority, that I, the said Joseph Clisild Daniell, my exors,
adiñors, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Joseph Clisild Daniell, my
exors, adors, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from
time to time and at all times during the term of years therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within that part of the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland called England, Her Dominion
of Wales, and Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and also in all Her said Majesty's
Colonies and Plantations abroad, my Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF MANURE, OR A COMPOSITION TO BE USED ON LAND AS A MANURE;"
in which said Letters Patent is contained a proviso that I, the said Joseph
Clisild Daniell, shall cause a particular description of the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be inrolled in
Her Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent, as in and
by the same (reference being thereunto had) will more fully and at large
appear.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, 1, the said
Joseph Clisild Daniell, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention
is described and ascertained in manner following, and by the aid of the four
Sheets of Drawings hereunto annexed (that is to say):-
1
My said improvements consist in the various modes herein-after described of
preparing, treating, and applying certain substances herein-after set forth, in
order to render such substances fit for manure to be used on land, or in order to
render the same more beneficial as manure than the same substances would be
without so preparing, treating, and applying them. The said substances may
be described as of three classes; whereof one class (will for the purpose of
description in this Specification) be designated ligneous matter, because, from
whatever source it may be obtained, it is in all cases of the nature of the
fibrous part of wood; and this class of ligneous matter comprises all kinds of
wood, such as the bodies, stems, branches, or roots of trees of any kind,
whether large or small trees, or such as is commonly called underwood, also the
stems, branches, or roots of all shrubs or woody plants, whether called brush-
wood or hedgewood, brambles, furze, or gorse, or heath, likewise peat or turf,
or straw, or weeds, or any other vegetable substances which possess fibres more
or less of the nature of the fibrous part of wood; all or any. of which substances
may be used in the manufacture of manure when that manufacture is conducted
according to my said improvements or according to part thereof. The mode of
preparing and treating the ligneous matter aforesaid according to part of my
said improvements consists in reducing the same to a state of minute division
by any kind of machinery, or series of machines, which is adapted for cutting,
bruising, and grinding the ligneous matter to a state of minute division or fine
powder, and suitable machinery.for such purpose is herein-after described. The
second class of substances will (for the purpose of description in this Specifica-
tion) be designated bituminous matter, whether the same is obtained from mineral
or vegetable sources, and includes all substances containing bitumen and resin,
such as mineral-coal, asphaltum, or mineral pitch, also pitch which is made from
coal tar, and vegetable pitch, and vegetable and mineral resin, or other concrete or
hard bituminous and resinous matter, and likewise.tar, either vegetable tar or that
which is extracted from mineral coal, called coal tar, or other soft, semi-liquid, or
liquid bituminous matter, all or any of which substances may be used in the manu-
facture of manure when that manufacture is conducted according to my said
improvements, or according to part thereof. The mode of preparing and treating
such bituminous matter according to part of my said improvements consists in
reducing the same to a state of minute division, which; in case of the bituminous
and resinous matters being of a sufficiently hard and brittle nature, is to be done.

page_text: by reducing such matter to a fine powder by means of any kind of machinery
which is adapted for bruising or grinding it, and suitable machinery for such
purpose is herein-after described.. And in case the bituminous inatter is of an
adhesive. nature, such as asphaltum, pitch, or resin, then such small quantity of
dry quick lime (that is unslaked lime) may be put to the said bituminous matter
during the operation of bruising or grinding as may be requisite to keep it free
and loose; and prevent it from adhering to the machinery.
. The third class of substances will (for the purpose of description in this Specifica-
tion) be designated animal matter, and which class includes the substance usually
called graves, being the refuse of raw fat obtained during the process of melting
tallow for soap-making and candle-making, also all butchers or slaughter-
house offal and refuse flesh, the blood. and remains of animals, or carrion
flesh of any kind, also any such kind of fish as is sufficiently cheap and
plentiful, may be used, all or any of which substances may be more advan-
tageously used in the manufacture of manure when that manufacture is con-
ducted according to my said improvements or according to part thereof. The
mode of preparing and treating such animal matter according to part of my
said improvements consists in reducing the same to a state of minute division,
and at the same time incorporating it with other matter of either or both of
the classes of substances before mentioned by means of suitable machinery, as
herein-after described and set forth. The reducing of ligneous matter aforesaid
(in the manufacture of manure) to a state of minute division or fine powder
by means of machinery, as herein-before mentioned, constitutes one part of my
said improvements, and such reduced or powdered ligneous matter may be usel
by itself on land as manure, or else in mixture with other matter, as herein-
after mentioned. Also the reducing of hard and brittle bituminous and
resinous matters aforesaid (in the manufacture of manure) to fine powder by
means of machinery as herein-before mentioned, and the applying of such powder
as herein-after described along with lime and soda, together with fine carths or
fine ashes, as manure, constitutes another part of my said improvements; and
such powdered bituminous matter so mixed with other matter as herein-after
described may be used on land as manure; or otherwise, the reduced or
powdered ligneous matter aforesaid, and the powdered bituminous or resinous
matter aforesaid, may be mixed together, and the admixture may be used on
land as manure. And in case the bituminous matter which is employed is of
a soft or semi-liquid or liquid consistence, which does not admit of being ground
to fine powder by machinery with the aid of a small quantity of dry quick
lime in manner aforesaid, then one mode of preparing and treating such soft or
semi-liquid or liquid bituminous matter, in order that it may be reduced to a

page_text: a state of minute division, and that it may be (in that state) intermixed with
reduced or powdered ligneous matter aforesaid, is to convert the said soft or
semi-liquid or liquid bituminous matter into vapour by action of heat in the
manner of what is termed dry distillation (performed in a suitable retort), and
passing such vapour in manner herein-after described through the said
reduced or powdered ligneous matter, so as that the said reduced or pow-
dered ligneous matter shall become duly impregnated and intermixed with
bituminous matter by means of such vapour. But note, hard and brittle bitu-
minous and resinous matters may be converted into vapour in the manner and
for the purposes aforesaid, as well as (or instead of) soft semi-liquid or liquid
bituminous matter.
The impregnating and intermixing of reduced or powdered ligneous matter
with bituminous matter in the manufacture of manure by means of vapour as
aforesaid constitutes another part of my said improvements, and such reduced
or powdered ligneous matter so impregnated with bituminous matter may be
used by itself on land as manure, or else in mixture with other matter as
herein-after described. Or, instead of so subjecting reduced or powdered
ligneous matter to such vapour as aforesaid, tanners spent bark, or dyers spent
wood, (that is bark or wood which has been used in tanning or dyeing), or
sawdust or malt dust, or bran, chaff, or ashes, or fine earths, may be substi-
tuted; and any such substance or substances, being first reduced to a state
of minute division or fine powder, may be impregnated with bituminous
matter, by means of vapour of such matter, in the same manner and for
the same purpose as above described respecting the impregnating of re-
duced or powdered ligneous matter. And note, at gasworks and places
where combustible gas for producing artificial light is made from pit
coal by the distillation of such coal in retorts, the gas in its raw state
when first produced by such distillation always contains bituminous matter
in a state of vapour, intermixed with the raw gas, but that bituminous
matter is immediately afterwards separated from the gas in perform-
ance of part of the usual process whereby the raw gas is to be rendered fit
for use for the purpose of illumination. This is the ordinary course of
gas-making, and the bituminous matter when so separated from the gas
becomes what is commonly called coal tar. At such places where gas is so
made the last-mentioned mode of impregnating and intermixing reduced or
powdered ligneous matter (or such powdered substance or substances as may
le substituted therefor as aforesaid) with bituminous matter by means of
vapour of such matter may be performed during the ordinary course of gas-
making, for the reduced or powdered ligneous matter (or else in place thereof)

page_text: tanners spent bark or dyers spent wood, reduced as aforesaid, or sawdust or
malt dust, or bran, chaff, or ashes, or fine earths, may be impregnated with the
bituminous matter which (in a state of vapour) is contained in and intermixed
with such
gas, when the same is in its raw state as aforesaid, by passing the raw
gas so intermixed with vapour of bituminous matter through the reduced or
powdered ligneous matter, or through such reduced or powdered substance or
substances as may be substituted therefor as aforesaid, so that the said reduced
or powdered matter or substance shall become duly impregnated and inter-
mixed with the bituminous matter by means of such vapour in the same
manner and for the same purpose as above described in the case of soft semi-
liquid or liquid bituminous matter being converted into vapour expressly for so
impregnating and intermixing as aforesaid. But in case of the said impreg-
nating and intermixing being performed during the ordinary course of gas-
making, then the gas which is passed through the reduced or powdered matter
will become separated from part of the bituminous matter which it previously
contained intermixed with it whilst it was in the state of raw gas, and in con-
sequence of such separation the gas will be advanced so much forwards in the
process whereby the raw gas is to be rendered fit for use for the purpose of
illumination.
Another mode of preparing and treating soft or semi-liquid or liquid bituminous
matter aforesaid, in order to reduce the same to a state of minute division for the
purpose of intermixing with ligneous matter reduced to a state of minute division
or fine powder, is to render the said soft or semi-liquid bituminous matter miscible
or partly soluble in water by means of caustic alkali, in the manner herein-after
described, on the same principle and nearly in the same manner as grease is ren-
dered miscible or partly soluble in water, by converting the same into soap by
means of caustic alkali and water, which is by such means strongly charged with
miscible bituminous matter, being poured on and well mixed with reduced or
powdered ligneous matter, the same will become duly impregnated and inter-
mixed with the said miscible bituminous matter. Or, instead of so impregnating
reduced or powdered ligneous matter as aforesaid, tanners spent bark or dyers
spent wood, being first reduced as aforesaid, sawdust or malt dust, or bran,
chaff, or ashes, or fine earths, may be substituted, and any such substance or
substances may be impregnated with miscible bituminous matter in the same
manner and for the same purpose as above described respecting the impregnating
of reduced or powdered ligneous matter. The impregnating of such reduced or
powdered ligneous matter (or such substance or substances as may be substi-
tuted therefor) as aforesaid with bituminous matter, rendered miscible by such
means (in the manufacture of manure), constitutes another part of the said

page_text: improvements, and such reduced or powdered ligneous matter (or such other
substance or substances as may be substituted therefor) as aforesaid, so impreg-
nated with bituminous matter rendered miscible in water, may be used by
itself on land as manure, or else in mixture with powdered coal or other matter
as herein-after mentioned. Or the soft or semi-liquid or liquid bituminous
matter aforesaid, after being made miscible or partly soluble in water by means
of caustic alkali, in manner aforesaid, the solution may be so diluted with
boiling water as to render it fit for use on land as manure in a liquid state.
Another mode of treating soft or semi-liquid or liquid bituminous matter is
to mix the same with reduced or powdered ligneous matter aforesaid, or with
powdered coal, or with any kind of earth, also with lime and soda, to which
common salt may be added (such mixture being ground, bruised, and effectually
incorporated with suitable machinery), as herein-after described. The admixing
of powdered ligneous matter with bituminous matter by machinery, with the
aid of soda and lime (or soda, lime, and common salt) in manner aforesaid
(in the manufacture of manure), constitutes another part of my said improve-
ments, and such reduced or powdered ligneous matter so incorporated with
bituminous matter by machinery, with the aid of soda and lime (or of soda,
lime, and common salt), may be used on land as manure, or may be sɔ used in
mixture with other matter as herein-after mentioned. I have above set forth
the modes which I have found successful in using bituminous or resinous
matter in the manufacture of manure, the nature and object of my invention
as to this part being to use such matter as manure in a state of minute division
or separation of parts, and I employ therewith any substance which will serve
as a vehicle for conveying such matter in that state of minute division to its
place of destination on land as manure.
Another mode of preparing and treating bituminous and resinous substances,
whether hard or soft, semi-liquid or liquid, of any of the kinds herein-before
named, as constituting the class of bituminous matter, and also of preparing
and treating ligneous substances of any of the kinds herein-before named, as
constituting the class of ligneous matter, in order by so preparing and treating
those bituminous and ligneous matters, to reduce them to a state of minute
division, for the purpose of rendering them fit to be used on land as manure, is
by means of caustic lime, that is, recently burned lime, which is still in an
unslaked state. The lumps of such lime being crushed by action of suitable
machinery, and the bituminous matter, if hard, and the ligneous matter, being
reduced by action of suitable machinery into small pieces, then such pieces of
ligneous matter, or pieces of bituminous matter, or a mixture of such matters,
or else soft, semi-liquid, or liquid bituminous matter, either by itself or in mix-

page_text: ture with pieces of ligneous matter, are to be well mixed up with a suitable
quantity of caustic lime; and the mixture is to be put into a walled pit, and
the mixture being covered up with earth, may be left to itself, until. the
causticity of the lime will have had time to reduce the bituminous and ligneous
matter to a state of minute division, and intermixture-with the lime in a state
of fine powder, and such powder, in mixture with other substances as herein-
after explained, may be used on land as manure....And as to the mode of
preparing and treating the third class of substances hercin-before mentioned,.
and designated as animal matter, the same may be reduced to a state of minute.
division, and mixed and incorporated with any of the substances herein-before-
named as constituting the class of ligneous matter, or with any of the substances
herein-before named as constituting the class of bituminous matter, or with
any mixture of such ligneous and bituminous matters; the aforesaid reducing,.
mixing, and incorporating of the animal matter being. performed by grinding.
(with any suitable machinery) the animal matter-along with the ligneous
matter, and the bituminous matter, or with either of those last-mentioned-mat-.
ters, for the purpose of rendering such animal, ligneous, and bituminous. matter,
or animal and ligneous matter, or animal and bituminous-matter, more fit to be,
used on land as manure, then such matters would be without being so prepared.
and treated. And note, instead of ligneous or bituminous matter for so.
grinding, mixing, and incorporating with animal matter as aforesaid, marle, or
chalk, or fine earth, or the ashes of burnt wood or of burnt. weeds, or coal:
ashes, may be substituted for the whole or for part of the ligneous or-bitumi-
nous matter. The reducing of animal matter to a state of minute division, by-
grinding the same in mixture with either ligneous..or bituminous matter,. or.
with both ligneous and bituminous matter, (or with other substances: which.
may be substituted as aforesaid), in the manufacture of manure, constitutes
another part of my said improvements; and such animal matter so reduced,
mixed; and incorporated by aid of machinery with either ligneous and bitumi-
nous matter, or with both ligneous and bituminous matter, or with other
substances which may. be substituted as aforesaid, may be used on land as
manure, or may be so used in mixture with other matter, as herein-after set
forth.
"
The machinery which is most suitable for reducing wood to a state of minute
division or fine powder is represented in the Drawings hereunto annexed. Wood
which is in logs may be reduced to sawdust and small fragments by sawing
across the grain of the wood very near to the end of the log by means of a
revolving circular saw, which is a well known machine in common use for
sawing wood, see Figures and 2, Sheet I. The circular saw A is a circular

page_text: plate of steel fastened on an axis B, and having sharp cutting teeth like those
of a saw around its circumference. The axis B is mounted horizontally on
pivots in a frame beneath a work bench D, and a portion of the circular saw
projects up through a narrow crevice in that bench D. The saw A is turned
round very rapidly by means of fast and loose pullies F, G, on the axis B,
with an endless belt, which passes around one of those pullies, and which also
passes around a large drum turned by the power of millwork. Any piece of
wood which is to be sawn by the circular saw is laid on the bench D, and
slided along the surface thereof, being guided in such motion by being
kept in contact with a guide ruler G, which is fixed upon the bench, and
projects up above the surface thereof; and by so sliding along the bench the
wood is presented to the narrow edge of the revolving saw A at that portion
thereof which is above the bench D, and as fast as the wood is pushed forward
towards the saw A it will be sawn or divided by the teeth thereof. This is
the ordinary and well known action of a circular saw, and when the same is
used for the purpose of reducing logs of wood to small fragments as aforesaid,
then the log R, Figure 2, is to be laid on the bench D with the lengthway
of the grain of the wood parallel (or nearly parallel) to the axis B of the
circular saw A, and with one end of the log R in contact with the guiding
ruler G, which ruler is previously fixed on the bench D so as to be within
about one eighth of an inch from the flat surface of the circular saw A. The
log R is to be slided along the bench, keeping its length all the while parallel
to the axis B of the saw, and keeping the end of the log in contact with the
guiding ruler G, and thereby the end of the log will be presented to the edge
of the saw A in such manner that the teeth thereof will cut transversely across
the grain of the wood so very near to the end of the log that so much of the
end of the wood as is beyond the cut which is made by the saw will break
away into fragments. In this way the end of the log is to be cut across
repeatedly, and each successive cut will take away about a quarter of an inch
of wood (or somewhat less than that) from the length of the log, and so much
of that wood as is actually cut by the teeth of the saw in sawing across the
wood will be reduced into sawdust, whilst the rest of the wood which projected
beyond the cut made by the saw will be reduced into fragments. Such sawdust
and fragments may be passed through the grinding machine, Sheet II., in order
to reduce the fragments still smaller; or the said sawdust and fragments
may be sifted in order to separate the sawdust from the fragments, and the
fragments so separated may be put through the said machine, Sheet II., without
the sawdust, whereby such fragments will be reduced fine enough to be put
under the machine called runners on edge, Sheet III., herein-after described,

page_text: in order to be ground fine thereby, and the sawdust is to be treated in the
same manner. Respecting such brushwood, or hedgewood, or brambles as
consists chiefly of small stems or twigs of woody substance, also furze, gorse,
or heath, likewise straw or weeds, the same may be cut off or cut into short
lengths in the same manner and by aid of similar machinery to that
commonly used for cutting straw into chaff, but such machinery being made
with strength proportionate to that of the substance which is to be cut: see
Figures 3 and 4, Sheet I.
A, A, Figures 3 and 4, Sheet I., are two wheels whereon the cutting
knives a, a, are fastened; both the wheels A, A, are fastened upon the same
horizontal axis E, which is mounted in bearings on the framework X, X, and
is turned rapidly round by means of a spur pinion W on one end of the axis
E, the teeth whereof are turned by those of a spur wheel V (of double the size
and number of teeth) on an axis Z, and on that axis are the fast and loose
pulleys F, G, by which, and an endless belt from a drum turned by millwork,
the whole machine receives motion, that motion being regulated by a fly wheel
H fixed on the axis E. The four knives a, a, are fastened by their ends on
the rims of the wheels A, A, and are placed obliquely to the axis E, with their
cutting edges conforming to the circumference of an imaginary cylinder, which
is concentric to the axis E. As the wheels A, A, revolve the said cutting
edges are carried round, so as to pass very near to a fixed edge b, at the end of
the trough O, into which the stems of woody substance are laid, and each
knife a, in passing by the said fixed edge b, will cut so much off from the ends
of those stems as is at the time reaching over beyond the said fixed edge b,
the cutting action being performed by an oblique action of the cutting edge of
each knife across the stems as they lay supported on the fixed edge b. The
stems are advanced endways forwards in the trough O, by action of two revolv-
ing fluted rollers L, M, between which the stems pass. The lowermost of
these rollers L is turned slowly round by a train of wheelwork, deriving
motion from a small pinion k on the end of the axis Z, so as to advance the
stems endways forwards about a sixteenth or twelfth of an inch during the
time which elapses between the cutting action of one of the knives a, and the
cutting action of the next succeeding knife a. The uppermost roller M
is held forcibly down upon the stems, so as to compress and hold the same
firmly between the two rollers L, M, by means of a loaded lever N, with
a weight g acting on the midlength part of a horizontal cross bar or yoke x,
from the two ends whereof links f go up to the pivots at cach end of the
upper roller M. The train of wheelwork consists of a pinion k, on the end
of the axis Z, turning a spur wheel n, which is mounted on a horizontal

page_text: axis y, which extends across the machine, and the other end of that axis y has
a small pinion fixed upon it, and that pinion turns a large spur wheel K on
the axis of the lower roller L The upper roller M. may be turned from the
lower roller Li by means of equal spur wheels with long prominent teeth' on
the axis of each roller. The weight or force wherewith the upper roller N is
borne downwards upon the stems of woody substance, by action of the loaded
lever N; is such that the said stems will be very much pressed in passing through
between the rollers L, M, so as to be materially bruised or crushed in so passing,
and in consequence the chopping into chips or fragments will be facilitated.
Figures 1 and 2, Sheet:II., represent a machine for grinding the fragments
or chips of woody matter which comes from the circular saw, Figures 1 and 2,
Sheet I., or from the chopping machine, Figures 3 and 4, Sheet I. The
grinding machine, Sheet II., operates by a conical roller B, which is
mounted on an upright axis P, P, and is turned rapidly round with the
axis P, P, by means of small bevil wheel C, which is fastened on the
lower end of that axis P; P, and is turned round by a large bevil wheel.1)
fastened on a horizontal axis E. The motion of the machine is regulated by
a fly wheel M fastened on the 'upper end of the upright axis P, P. The
conical roller B is furnished with projecting teeth around its conical sides, and
it is enclosed within a hollow conical box R, R, which is fixed fast to the
framing of the machine, and has teeth projecting withinside of it for the teeth'
of the conical roller B to act against. The upper part of the hollow conical
box R, R, is surmounted by a large cone 0, 0, to serve as a hopper, and the
substance which is to be ground is thrown into that hopper O, O, in small
quantities at a time, or it may be regularly supplied into the hopper 0, 0, from
a shaking spout; in a similar manner to that whereby corn is supplied to mill-
stones from a shaking spout in order to be ground between such millstones, the
said shaking spout receiving the fragments from an upper hopper or box
wherein such fragments are lodged, and they descend therefrom to the shaking
spout, and are by the motion thereof let fall gradually into the hopper 0, 0,
of the machine. The substance so thrown in or supplied falling by its weight
into the space between the teeth around the interior of the fixed hollow conical
box R, R, and the teeth around the exterior of the revolving conical roller B,
the said matter becomes cut and divided between the moving teeth and the
fixed teeth. The teeth at the upper part of the box R, and at the upper part
of the roller B, are coarse and prominent, and the moving teeth at those upper
parts do not run very near to the fixed teeth, but the teeth are finer and less
prominent, and the moving teeth are nearer to the fixed teeth at the lower parts
of the box R, R, and of the roller B, and at the very lowest part of the box

page_text: R, R, and of the roller B, the teeth are very fine, and the fixed teeth are as
close as they can be to the moving teeth, so as to avoid actually touching, in
order that those fine teeth may cut and divide the substance into very fine
fragments, which come out from a spout Y at the lower part of the conical box
R, R, and the said fine fragments which come out at Y are afterwards to be
reduced to a state of fine powder by grinding those fragments under the
runners on edge or rolling stones, Figures 1, 2, and 3, Sheet III. The grinding
machine, Sheet II., above described, is of a very similar construction' to what
are called steel mills for grinding malt, but may be made on a large scale, and
it is also similar to mills commonly used by tanners for grinding bark.
Sheet III. of the Drawings, Figures 1, 2, and 3, represent the runners on
edge or rolling stones which are to be used for finally grinding 'to a state of
fine powder the fine fragments of wood which have been passed through
the grinding machine, Sheet II., or for grinding sawdust' to a fine powder.
A, A, Figure 1, Sheet III, is a circular iron pan with a flat bottom,' called
the bed; for the two runners or rolling stones B, B, to run round upon
when they are carried round about in a circle with their upright axis P.
The pan A is firmly supported upon a foundation of masonry, and the fine
fragments of wood or other matter are thrown into the pan A, and as the
runners B, B, roll round in a circular path they travel over the fragments, and
the great weight of the runners B; B, crushes the fragments, and by continu-
ances of that action reduces them to fine powder. Each runner B is a large
circular stone surrounded by a ring or hoop of iron, and the runner is mounted
on a horizontal axle b, b, which is common to both runners B, B, and the
middle part of the axle b; b, is inserted through a large mortice opening, which
is formed across a square part of the upright axis P, wherefore the said axis,
when turned round, must carry round the two runners with it in order to cause
them to roll round in a circular path in the pan A, so that they will travel over
the fragments which are lying on the bottom of that pan, but the axis b, b, of
the runners is at liberty to rise up within the mortice opening through the axis
P, or to descend therein in order to follow the greater or lesser thickness of
the bed of fragments over which the runners B, B. are at the time rolling.
The axis P is turned slowly round by a large bevil wheel C fastened 'on' the
upper end of it, the teeth of which are engaged by the teeth of a bevil pinion
D on one end of a horizontal axis E, which has a pair of pullies F, G, on the
other end of it, one of those pullies being loose and the other fast for turning
the machinery by means of an endless strap from a drum, which is turned by
the power of millwork in the manner already explained respecting the former
machines. The fragments of wood on the bottom of the pan-A are continually

page_text: turned over during the operation of the machine by means of two oblique
stirrers, shown separately in Figure 2, which is a horizontal plan, and Figure 3
is a side elevation of them. The two stirrers a and 1, Figures 2 and 3, are fixed
to the two ends of a horizontal arm H, which is fastened on the upright axis P.
The two stirrers a, l, reach so far downwards from the arm H as to touch the
flat bottom of the pan A, as is shown in the elevation, Figure 3. One of the
stirrers a is fastened to the short end of the arm H, so as to be near to the
axis P, and by the direction of its obliquity when it is carried round in a circle
with the axis P, the stirrer a stirs up and turns the fragments of wood or other
matter over from the central part of the pan A outwards, so as to throw up the
said fragments in a circular ridge in the middle of the circular path whereon
the runners B, B, will roll as they are carried round by the axis P; and the
other stirrer (see also Figure 3) is fastened at the long end of the armi H, so
as to be at a distance from the axis P, and the direction of the obliquity of the
stirrer causes it to stir up the fragments of wood or other matter, and turn
the same over inwards from the circumference of the pan A towards the centre
thereof, so as to gather the fragments into a circular ridge in the middle of the
circular path whereon the runners B, B, roll round on the bottom of the
pan A. By the aforesaid action of the two stirrers a and 7, the fragments of
wood or other matter are stirred up and turned over after every time the runners
B, B, are passed over the fragments, which are thereby exposed anew to the
crushing action at every such time, and the operation is continued until they
are reduced to a state of fine powder. And note, if the wood which is used is
of small size, or if chips and small pieces of wood are used, it may be suffi-
cient to put the same through the grinding machine, Sheet II., and then under
the runners, Sheet III., without using the chopping machine, Sheet I.; or in
case of sawdust of wood being used, the same may be put through the grinding
machine, Sheet II., and then under the runners, Sheet III.; or if the saw-
dust is sifted, so as to remove all lumps and chips, it may be put under
the runners without passing through the grinding machine, Sheet II.
And note, in case the fragments of woody substance which are ready to be
ground fine by action of the runners on edge, Figures 1, 2, and 3, Sheet III.,
consist of intermixed fragments of very different sizes, such mixed fragments
may be sifted through sieves, so as to separate the coarser fragments from the
finer; then the coarser fragments may be ground by themselves under the
runners on edge, and the finer fragments may be ground by themselves under
the said runners.
The wood or ligneous substance which is used in the manufacture
of manure, according to part of my said improvements, should in most

page_text: cases be reduced, to fine fragments, nearly as small as sawdust, before it is
subjected to the runners on edge, Sheet III.; and the operation of grinding
under those runners must be continued until such fragments are effectually
broken and divided, and the woody fibres separated and broken to very short
lengths, so as to become reduced to a state of minute division or fine powder,
and that powder may be more or less fine according as the woody substance is
more or less disposed to break and become reduced by the crushing action of
the runners, and according as the operation of grinding under the runners is
prolonged. But it may not, in all cases, be expedient to prolong that operation
until the substance is reduced to as fine a powder as the runners are capable
of grinding, on account of the expence that would be incurred by too long
grinding under the runners. The grinding of sawdust, or fine fragments of
wood or ligneous matter, after the same have been reduced nearly as small as
sawdust, may be performed between a pair of horizontal millstones, such as are
commonly used for grinding corn into meal, and for grinding other dry sub-
stances into powder, instead of grinding such sawdust or fine fragments under
the runners on edge. The pair of millstones, consisting of an under millstone,
surface,
which is fixed in a horizontal position, and has furrows in its upper sur
and an upper millstone, which is situated over the lower one, and revolves in a
horizontal position, and has furrows in its under surface; that furrowed surface
applies very near to the furrowed surface of the lower stone, and the corn or
other matter which is to be ground is supplied continually in regular quantity
like a small stream poured through a hole at the centre of the upper or
revolving millstone, so as to be introduced into the very narrow space that is
left between the two furrowed surfaces, whereof the uppermost is revolving
rapidly, whilst the undermost is motionless, and by the mutual action of the
furrows of those surfaces the grains of corn or other matter are broken, cut,
and divided; and during that action (owing to a centrifugal force aided by
the directions of the furrows) the broken, cut, and divided matter is dispersed
and carried continually outwards in the narrow space between those furrowed
surfaces of the two millstones from the common centre of those surfaces towards
their circumference, and becomes more and more broken, cut, and divided,
whilst it is thus dispersed and carried outwards between the two furrowed
surfaces, so as to become reduced to meal or fine powder by the time that it
5 arrives at the circumference, and is thrown out therefrom by centrifugal force
into a space which is left around the millstones within a box wherein they are
inclosed, and from that space the meal or powder passes away by a spout.
That is the ordinary action of a pair of horizontal millstones, which, together
with the millwork for giving the requisite revolving motion to the upper mill-

page_text: stone, and for feeding the corn or other matter regularly thereto, being wel
known, requires no. further explanation. The fine fragments of wood o
woody matter, which are to be reduced or ground to fine powder. between such
a pair of horizontal, millstones must be in a dry state, and may, in some cases
require to be dried in preparation for being so ground; but being in a proper
state of dryness, the grinding of the fine fragments of, wood or woody matter
is to be performed in, the same manner as corn is ground into meal between
such millstones; or as fragments of calcined cement stone are ground between
such millstones into fine powder for, making what is commonly called Roman
cement. The sawdust or fine fragments of ligneous matter, may be slightly
ground under the runners on edge before, it is ground to powder between the
horizontal millstones, or after that the said powder may be submitted to the run-
mers to reduce it still finer: Chopped straw or weeds may be ground fine under the
-runners on edge, and turf or peat may be ground fine, under the runners on edge.
I have now set. forth, the modes which: I have found successful, and
which I recommend to be used in the manufacture of manure, for reducing
ligneous matter to a state of minute division or fine powder by machinery,
or a series of machines; but any other. kind of machinery which is adapted
for the purpose may be used, if preferred. For instance, sawdust might
be pounded: in a mortar-with a pestle, so as to reduce it to fine powder;
or logs of wood might be reduced to chips or to coarse dust, by the ordinary
machinery used by dry salters or dyers for chipping or for rasping logwood or
other dyeing woods, and the, chips or raspings afterwards ground fine under
runners, on edge, or between horizontal millstones. For my Invention docs
not depend upon or relate: to any particular kind of machinery for so reducing
ligneous matter; but the nature and object of my Invention, as to this part
thereof, is to use such matter as manure. in a state of minute division or
separation of parts, and likewise to intermix or compound such reduced or
powdered ligneous matter with bituminous or resinous matter reduced to a
state of minute division; and to use such mixture or composition as manure.
The use of sawdust and ligneous matter for manure in a gross state, without
minute division, but prepared by partial rotting, or by burning to ashes, has
been recommended and tried, but the same has not hitherto been reduced to a
state of minute division or fine powder by machinery to render such matter fit
to be used as manure... i
.
Respecting the treatment of bituminous and resinous matter.The same
kind of runners on edge, Figures 1, 2, and 3, Sheet III., are to be used for
grinding hard bituminous and resinous matter to powder in manner herein-
before set forth, as well as for grinding fine fragments of ligneous matter.

page_text: And in case the bituminous' matter which is to be: so ground under the said
runners is of an adhesive nature, such as asphaltum or pitch or resin, then
such a small quantity of dry quick lime is to be added during the grinding as
will keep the bituminous matter loose, and prevent it adhering to the machi
nery, and a small quantity of soda- of commerce, such as is used by soap
makers, may be also used along with that lime. The intermixing of powdered
ligneous matter with powdered-bituminous or resinous matter, as herein-before
mentioned, may be performed by aid of the runners on edge, in order to effec-
tually incorporate the two kinds of powdered matters together; for, after the
ligneous matter has been ground under the runners -until it is reduced to a
sufficiently fine powder, then, before removing the same from under the runners,
the powdered bituminous or resinous matter may be added, by throwing: it
under the runners as they go round; and the two stirrers. before-mentioned
belonging to the runners will intermix the two powdered substances together,
so as with the action of the runners effectually to incorporate them. Or. such
intermixing may be performed by throwing alternate shovels of each powdered
substance together in a heap, and afterwards incorporating the mixture by stirring
that heap, and 'turning it over, or by putting the mixture under runners on
edge, which, for such purpose; need not have the runners so massive and heavy
as represented at B; B, in Sheet' III., Figure 1, because the matters being
already reduced to a powdered state only require to be incorporated, and the
stirrers of the runners are the active agents for that purpose.i.-
Sheet IV., Figures 1 and 2, représent 'an apparatus for converting soft. or
liquid or semi-liquid bituminous matter, or other bituminous or resinous matter,
into vapour by action of heat, and for impregnating powdered ligneous matter,
or other powdered substances, with such vapour of bituminous matter in manner
herein-before mentioned. Figure 1, Sheet IV., is a vertical section, and
Figure 2 an elevation of the whole apparatus. A is an iron retort, which is
similar to the retorts used for making gas, and into which retort the bituminous
inatter is put, in order to be therein subjected to the requisite heat from a fire
which is made in a fireplace B on a grate beneath the retort, and the flame and
heat of that fire ascends, and spreads around the retort within flués, as is shown
in Figure 1, so as to give heat thereto, all which is in the same manner as for
the retorts commonly used for making gas; and in like manner there is a door
a, Figure 2, at the front end of the retort, which is shut close after the bitu-
minous or resinous matter has been put into the retort. Also a pipe D ascends
from the retort A to convey away the vapour into which the bituminous or
resinous matter in the retort is converted by the heat to which it is subjected;
and which heat need not be so strong as the heat to which the retorts-for-gas-

page_text: making are commonly subjected. At the upper end of the pipe D is a safety
valve X, and from the pipe D branches with stopcocks d, d, e, e, proceed
laterally each way in order (when those cocks are opened) to convey that
vapour into one or other (or both) of the large chambers or vessels E and F,
which contain the powdered ligneous matter or other powdered substance which
is to be impregnated with bituminous or resinous matter by means of the said
vapour. The said powdered matter or substance is spread out in layers upon
horizontal shelves or partitions f. f, g, g, h, h, i, i, in the chambers E and F, all
which partitions are perforated with a number of small holes, which permit the
vapour to pass up from the space beneath each perforated partition, and then
to ascend through the powdered matter which is laid on the perforated par-
titions, in order that such powdered matter may partially absorb the vapour,
and become impregnated with the bituminous or resinous matter of the vapour
which is so absorbed. The lowermost cocks d, d, admit the vapour into the
spaces beneath the lowermost partitions f, f, of each chamber E and F, and
the vapour thus admitted, after passing up through the holes in the said lower-
most partitions f, f, ascends through the powdered matter which is lying on
those partitions, and the vapour is in part absorbed by that matter; but so
much of the vapour as is not so absorbed then passes up through the holes in
the next partition g, g, and ascends through the powdered matter lying on those
partitions, and a further absorption of the vapour takes place by that powdered
matter. The uppermost cocks c, e, admit the vapour into the spaces beneath
the partitions h, h, and the vapour so admitted (together with as much vapour
as may have passed up through the powdered matter on the partitions g, g,
with-
out being absorbed) passes up through the holes in the partitions h, h, and
ascends through the powdered matter lying on those partitions which matter
absorbs part of the said vapour, and the remainder which is not so absorbed
passes up through the holes in the uppermost partitions i, i, and ascends
through the powdered matter which is lying on those partitions, which matter
absorbs more of the vapour, and finally the remaining vapour which has not
been absorbed is conveyed away by any suitable pipe from the space at the
uppermost part of each chamber E, F, immediately beneath the top cover
thereof; such remaining vapour which will pass away through the said pipe
will commonly be more of the nature of gas than of vapour, and will be only
small in quantity so long as the absorption of the vapour is going on properly.
When the chambers E and F have been newly charged with powdered matter
the absorption of the vapour by such matter is rapid and complete; but as the
operation is prolonged, the powdered matter getting impregnated with the
bituminous or resinous matter which it has absorbed, becomes less and less

page_text: absorbent of more vapour, and ultimately becomes so fully charged or
saturated with bituminous or resinous matter as no longer to absorb the vapour,.
or only very little thereof. The approach towards such a state is known by the
vapour ascending through the powdered matter, and escaping copiously out
from the upper part of the chambers E, F, through the pipes before mentioned;
and when it is known by such escape (as well as by the time during which the
operation has been going on) that the charge of powdered matter contained in
either of the chambers E, F, is become sufficiently impregnated with bituminous
or resinous matter, then the said charge is to be removed from the several par-
titions of that chamber, and replaced by another charge of fresh powdered
matter, which is to be impregnated by vapour in its turn, and so on. As there
are two chambers E and F, one of them can be opened in order to change its
contents, whilst the operation is going on in the other chamber; and there might
be four chambers, such as E and F, connected by more branches and stop-
cocks from the same pipe D, so that the operation should be going on in three
of those chambers, whilst the other one is opened. In order to open either of
the chambers E or F, the uppermost cover of the chamber can be lifted up on
hinges in the manner of the lid of a chest, as is shown at the chamber E,
Figure 1. The stopcocks d and e, of the chamber which is so opened, are to
be previously closed in order to stop the flow of the vapour into that chamber,
and then the powdered matter which is lying upon the uppermost partition i
can be dislodged therefrom by lifting up that partition about a hinge joint w,
near to one end of it, as is explained by Figure 1; but so much of the said
partition as is beyond the said hinged joint w is previously allowed to fall
down as at x, by turning down about that hinged joint, by withdrawing a
spring catch n; and the corresponding portion of each of the other partitions
f, g, h, i, by withdrawing a like catch n for each partition, is allowed to fall
down in like manner, in order to allow of so much of the powdered matter as
is laying on each of the partitions at the portion which is beyond its said hinge
joint w, to pass down at one side of the chamber so as to fall out at the lower-
part thereof through a door or hinged flap at the bottom of the chamber, which
door or flap is let down and opened as is shown at W. A passage is thereby
opened, through which the powdered matter lying on each partition can be
thrown down when that partition is lifted up (as already described) about its
said hinged joint, w, and the several partitions i, h, g, and f, are lifted up in
that manner, one after the other in succession, beginning with the uppermost
partition i, and then lifting up the next partition h, as is shown in Figure 1,
whereby in a very short time all the impregnated powdered matter which was
contained in the chamber is dislodged therefrom, and the chamber becomes

page_text: empty in readiness to be charged anew with fresh powdered matter. To do
that the lowermost partition f, which had been lifted up, is to be let down again
into its horizontal position, and that portion of each partition which is
beyond its hinged joint w, and which portion had been let down as before men-
tioned, must be lifted up about that joint w, so as to replace each of the said por-
tions in its proper
horizontal position, and there it will be caught by its spring
catch (which catch is like that of a door) in order to hold it in its horizontal
position. The door or hinged flap W at the bottom of the chamber must also be
closed. A layer of powdered matter (which matter may be previously mixed
with about one third of its quantity of lime) is then to be filled in upon the
lowermost partition f, and spread thereon, so as to cover evenly over its whole
surface; then the next partition g is let down horizontally, and a like layer
of powdered matter laid and spread thereon; next the partition h is let down
and covered with powdered matter; and, lastly, the uppermost partition i is in
like manner let down and charged, after which the top cover of the chamber
is let down in order to close the chamber, which being thus charged the stop-
cocks d, e, belonging to it may be opened so as to admit vapour into the
chamber in order to commence the operation on the new charge of powdered
matter, and whilst that operation is going on another chamber, whereof the
charge of powdered matter has become impregnated with bituminous matter,
may have that impregnated charge dislodged from its several partitions as
above described, and a new charge of. fresh powdered matter introduced as
above described, in order that the operation may be continually going on. The
retort: A must be kept supplied with bituminous or resinous matter when it
becomes necessary to replace what has been carried off in vapour.
powdered matter which is discharged. at W is fully impregnated with bitu-
minous or resinous matter, so as to be in a state ready for use in the manner
herein-before mentioned. And note, the absorption of the bituminous or
resinous matter from the vapour will be accelerated if the chambers E, F,
wherein the operation is going on, are kept cool by exposure to a current of
cold air. And in case the aforesaid operation of impregnating powdered
matter with vapour of bituminous matter is to be carried on as a part of the
process of gas-making as herein-before mentioned, then the apparatus above
described will be nearly the same, and as far as relates to the chambers E, F,
will be exactly the same, as above described. The retort A will be the same as
usual for gas-making, and will be charged with pit coal, and worked in the
usual manner and with the usual' heat as is commonly practised for working
gas retorts. The raw gas proceeding from the retort through the pipe D will
be charged with bituminous matter in a state of vapour. That raw gas is to
C
The

page_text: be conducted into the chambers E and F so as to be passed upwards through
the several layers of powdered matter contained on the several perforated par-
titions therein, and the gas which afterwards passes away through the pipes
before mentioned from the upper part of each chamber E, F, will be conveyed
by those pipes so as to go forwards through the remainder of the usual course
of gas-working operations by which gas is rendered pure and fit for burning for
the purpose of giving artificial light. But inasmuch as the raw gas will (by
the absorption of the powdered matter in the chambers E, F,) have parted with
a great portion of the bituminous vapour which it had previously contained, the
gas will have become so much advanced forwards in the course of operations
by which it is to be rendered pure and fit for use. And in order to render soft
or semi-liquid or liquid bituminous matter miscible or partly soluble in water,
by means of caustic alkali, for the purpose of impregnating reduced or powdered
ligneous matter with such miscible bituminous matter as herein-before set forth,
about forty pounds weight of the soda of commerce, such as is commonly used by
soap makers, and about twenty pounds of quick lime, are to be dissolved toge-
ther with about ten gallons, or (one hundred pounds weight) of water, and
with the solution so obtained about one hundred pounds weight of tar or other
soft or semi-liquid or liquid bituminous matter is to be mixed, such mixing
being performed in a suitable boiling pan, like those used by soap makers, and
the mixture being afterwards boiled therein in the same manner and with the
same heat as soap is commonly boiled, and well stirred during such boiling, the
whole will become incorporated into a liquid or semi-liquid state, so as to form
a miscible bituminous matter, which is capable of being intermixed with reduced
or powdered ligneous matter, or in lieu thereof with tanners spent bark, or
dyers spent wood, after those substances have been reduced to a state of
minute division by first grinding the same in the grinding machine, Sheet II.,
and then grinding the same finely under the runners on edge, Sheet III. Or
the miscible bituminous matter aforesaid may be intermixed with fine earth or
fine coal ashes, or with the ashes of burnt weeds; such matters, and others of
a like nature will serve as a vehicle for conveying the miscible bituminous
matter which (in a minutely divided state) is contained in such liquid, and for
And note, the
distributing such bituminous matter on the land as manure.
liquid or semi-liquid bituminous matter which has been rendered miscible in
water by means of caustic alkali in manner aforesaid may be used on land as
a liquid manure instead of being intermixed with dry powdered matter, which
is to serve as a vehicle for conveying and distributing such bituminous matter
over the land as aforesaid. The miscible bituminous matter being mixed with
hot water may be so much diluted therewith as will render it for being spread:

page_text: on land as a liquid manure.
And in order to reduce bituminous or resinous
matter and ligneous matter, or either of those matters, to a state of minute
division by action of caustic lime, as herein-before mentioned, that lime being
fresh from the kiln wherein it was burned, and in an unslaked state, is to
have all lumps crushed by subjecting the lime to the runners on edge, Sheet III.
In case of the bituminous matter which is used being hard, such as coal, the
same is to be broken into what may be called small coal of such size as is
used by blacksmiths, and that small coal may then be broken smaller by means
of the said runners on edge, but it is not necessary to be reduced to a fine
powder. And in case of the ligneous matter which is used being wood, the
same may either be sawn into fragments by the machine, Figures 1 and 2,
Sheet I., or else chopped into chips by the machine, Figures 3 and 4, Sheet I.,
in which latter case those chips may be put through the grinding machine,
Sheet II., in order to reduce the wood to small fragments; or else the chips may
be subjected to the runners on edge, Sheet III., for so long time as to break
the chips into fragments, but it is not necessary to reduce them to fine powder.
Or in case of bituminous or resinous matter being used which is of an adhesive
consistency, which would require dry lime to be added to it during the opera-
tion of grinding, as herein-before stated, then such adhesive bituminous or
resinous matter may be subjected to the runners on edge at the same time when
the lime is subjected thereto for the purpose of crushing the lumps of lime, as
aforesaid. Or in any case when the bituminous or ligneous matter, or both
these matters, are subjected to the runners on edge, it may be done at the same
time when the line is subjected thereto, and by that means the lime and other
matter or matters will become intermixed together, although the operation of
the runners need not be continued until the mixture is reduced to fine powder,
but only until the matter is broken into small fragments, and the causticity of
the lime will afterwards complete the reduction. The smaller the said
fragments are reduced the more effectually the lime will operate. The broken
caustic lime may be mixed either by action of the runners as aforesaid, or else
mixed after the operation of those runners with the ligneous or bituminous
matter, or the mixture of both those matters, the quantity of such matter (or
of such mixture of matters) that is put to the lime being about equal in weight
to the weight of lime, and the mixture of lime and other matter or matters is
to be put into a pit, which is sunk in the ground and lined with walling, and
the mixture being covered over with earth and left by itself for a day or two,
the causticity of lime will reduce the bituminous and ligneous matters to a
state of minute division and intermixture with the lime in a state of fine
powder, and such powder in mixture with other substances may be used on

page_text: And
land as manure; and in case of the bituminous matter which is to be treated
with caustic lime as aforesaid being of a soft or liquid or semi-liquid consis-
tency, (such, for instance, as coal tar or other tar,) the lumps of quick or
unslacked lime being broken as already mentioned by operation of the runners
on edge, Sheet III., the tar is mixed with the lime by pouring the tar on the
lime a small quantity at a time, and stirring up the lime, and pouring on more
tar, and stirring again, and so on until a quantity of tar nearly equal by weight
to the weight of the lime is become well intermixed with the lime, and then the
mixture of lime and tar is then put into a walled pit, such as before mentioned,
pouring a little water upon the mixture as it is so put in, and the mixture
being covered up close with earth and left to itself for twenty-four hours or
more, by which time the whole mixture will become reduced to a fine powder,
which, when it is well mixed together, is fit for use on land as manure.
when ligneous and bituminous matter, or either of those matters, is treated
with caustic lime in order to reduce such matters to a state of minute division
in the manner herein-before described, if the ligneous matter which is used is
wood, then twenty hundredweight of wood in the state of sawdust or small
fragments or in chips is to be put to an equal weight of quick unslaked lime,
and the resulting powder will be a proper quantity to be used upon an acre of
land as manure in preparation for each crop. But note, if dyers spent wood
or tanners spent bark is used instead of wood, then thirty hundredweight
thereof should be used with twenty hundredweight of lime. If the bituminous
matter which is used is coal, then twelve hundredweight of coal is to be put to
an equal weight of lime, or in case of asphaltum, pitch, or resin, three
hundredweight is to be put to an equal weight of lime, and the resulting powder
will, in each case, be a proper quantity to be used upon an acre of land
as manure in preparation for each crop; and if the bituminous matter
is coal tar, then such tar being mixed with an equal weight of lime, and the
mixture being left covered up in the walled pit before mentioned for twenty-
four hours, or more, the resulting powder may be used at the rate of four
bushels thereof for an acre of land, mixed up. with twenty bushels (or more)
of fine earth or other material, and two hundredweight of salt may be added.
But note, in all the above cases a less quantity of the quick or unslaked lime
than has been above stated will suffice if the mixture of lime and other matter
is allowed to remain a longer time in the walled pit, in order to allow the lime
to operate with its full efficacy. And in all the above cases one or two hundred-
weight of common salt may be added to the quantity of powder before men-
tioned which is allotted for an acre of land, the salt being mixed up with the
powder previous to applying the manure on the land, or, instead of common

page_text: salt, one hundredweight of the soda of commerce reduced 'to powder may be
used;
and in cases when admixture of ligneous and bituminous matters is
wished to be used, the relative quantities of each matter which should.be mixed
with the quick lime in order to prepare the quantity of manure allotted to an
acre of land, should be in the proportions which the quantity of each matter
bears to the other when used separately; that is to say, in case wood and coal
are to be mixed, then one fourth part of the quantity of wood and lime herein-
before mentioned as being proper for an acre of land should be mixed with three
fourths of the quantity of coal and lime (or coal tar and lime) herein-before
mentioned as proper for an acre of land, or if one half of the one then one
half of the other.
i
Respecting the treatment of the class of substances herein-before designated
animal matter, one bushel of dry powdered wood and half a bushel of dry
powdered coal may be ground under the runners on edge, Sheet III., together
with twenty-four pounds of graves (that is, the refuse of raw fat which bas
been separated in the melting or preparing of tallow), to which may be added
one pound of finely powdered soda or potash, and the grinding under the
runners is to be continued until the matters are thoroughly incorporated, so
that the adhesive consistency of the animal matter or graves is overcome by its
mixture with and equal diffusion throughout the greater quantity of ligneous and
bituminous matter, and until the 'animal matter as well as the ligneous' and
bituminous matter is reduced to a state of minute division. Or, instead of
twenty-four pounds of graves, there may be only twelve pounds thereof to the
above-mentioned quantity of ligneous and bituminous matter; and eighteen
pounds of butchers or slaughterhouse refuse flesh, or carrion flesh of any kind,
or fifteen pounds of graves and twenty-one pounds of blood, of fifteen pounds of
graves and twenty-one pounds of the uncleansed intestines of animals in the
moist state, or fifteen pounds of graves and twenty-four pounds of fish of any
kind. Any of the above mixtures are to be ground under the runners,
Sheet III., until they are effectually incorporated, and the adhesive consis
tence of the animal matter is overcome, and the same is reduced to a state of
minute division, and disseminated throughout the ligneous and bituminous
matter, wherewith the said animal matter is mixed, ground, and incorporated as
aforesaid; and any animal matter of a dry nature may be used instead of
graves, but animal matter of a moist consistence can only be used in such
quantity as that its moisture can be absorbed by the powdered bituminous or
ligneous matter with which it is ground and incorporated. Note, instead of
one bushel of dry powdered wood, and half a bushel of dry powdered coal, as
above mentioned, one and a half bushels of dry powdered wood may be used,

page_text: or otherwise one and a half bushels of dry powdered coal may be used in each
of the aforesaid cases of animal matters being used. Note,, respecting the
treatment of wood:-In case the same should be green wood containing much
sap or juice, or should be wet from rain or other water, then it will be advan-
tageous to put a small quantity of quick or unslaked-lime to the sawdust and
fragments into which such wood is cut and reduced by the circular saw,
Figures 1 and 2, Sheet I., or to the chips into which such wood will be cut
by the chopping machine, Figures 3 and 4, Sheet I., such admixture of dry
quick lime to the sawdust and fragments and chips of wood being made before
the same is ground in the machine, Sheet II., or by the millstones, which are
like those of a corn mill, as herein-before described, and by such lime the
grinding will be facilitated; as also: the grinding under the runners on edge,
Sheet III. And the same in case of tanners spent bark or dyers spent wood
being used in a damp state, an admixture of dry quick lime will, facilitate the
grinding under the runners, Sheet III., and the lime, which is so intermixed
will have a useful effect if the matter, after being reduced by such grinding,
is put into a heap and made damp by sprinkling with water, and left some
time for the lime to act on the ligneous matter, care being taken that the
quantity of lime will not be so great as to cause combustion. And note; in
the reducing of soft, liquid, or semi-liquid bituminous matter to a state of
minute division, the same may be performed by grinding under the runners
on edge, Sheet III., provided that such bituminous matter is mixed with a
sufficient quantity of dry earthy matter, such as chalk, road dust, marl, fine
earth, or ashes, which earthy matter is to be added during the grinding in
sufficient quantity to absorb the moisture of the bituminous matter, and permit
of the same becoming diffused by the grinding throughout the ground mixture,
so as to effect the reduction of the bituminous matter to a state of minute
division, and thereby render the said matter fit to be used on land as manure;
and although it will be preferable to use powdered ligneous matter in place of
carthy matters aforesaid (because the ligneous matter is of efficacy as manure),
nevertheless the earthy matters aforesaid will effect the purpose of reducing
the bituminous matter to a state of minute division. And the same may be
said of the treatment of moist animal matter; it must be mixed with some
substance of a dry and absorbent nature during the grinding, which will
overcome the adhesive nature of the animal matter, and though powdered
ligneous and bituminous matter is to be preferred, because those matters are
of efficacy as manure, nevertheless dry earthy matters may be used for grinding
with animal matter under the runner on edge, Sheet III. and will effect the
purpose of reducing the animal matter to a state of minute division. And

page_text: note, although soda of commerce has been herein-before and is herein-after
mentioned to be used in some cases, nevertheless potash of commerce may be
in all cases used instead of soda.
Respecting the manner of using manure whereof the manufacture has been
conducted according to my said improvements.-In case of reduced or pow-
dered ligneous matter being used by itself on land as manure, or else in
mixture with powdered sulphur, but without admixture of bituminous or resinous
matter, then about fifty imperial bushels (measured by striking off evenly with
the top of the bushel, as corn is measured according to law,) of reduced or
powdered ligneous matter with thirty pounds of powdered sulphur (in case
sulphur is used), will be a proper quantity to be used upon an acre of land as
manure in preparation to each crop. In case of powdered bituminous or
resinous matter being used on land as manure without admixture of reduced
or powdered ligneous matter, then about twenty bushels of powdered mineral
coal (in case of coal being the bituminous substance which is used), or other-
wise three hundredweight of powdered asphaltum, pitch, or resin (in case of
asphaltum, pitch, or resin being the bituminous or resinous substance which is
used), together in either such case with from fifty pounds to sixty pounds
weight of soda of commerce, and, about one imperial bushel of quick or un-
slaked lime, which soda and lime are to be added to the bituminous or resinous
matter during the grinding thereof, under the runners on edge, Sheet III., and
the powder so obtained will be a proper quantity to be used upon an acre of
land as manure in preparation for each crop. But note, after the said grinding
under the runners, the ground matter aforesaid may be moistened or made
damp with water and put into a beap, where it should lay for eight or ten days,
and will then be more fit for use on land as manure mixed with about twenty
bushels of fine earth or fine coal ashes. And note, the above-mentioned
quantity of quick lime may be increased, and the soda may be omitted, but
the quantity of lime must not be so great as that it will by its causticity and
heat cause a dissipation of the volatile parts of the bituminous and resinous
matter which is used.
In case of reduced or powdered ligneous matter being used in mixture with
powdered bituminous or resinous matter, that mixture being used as manure,
then about fifteen bushels of powdered coal (in case of coal being the bitu-
minous substance which is used), together with from forty pounds to fifty pounds
of soda of commerce, and about one bushel of quick lime, such soda and lime
being first finely powdered by the runners on edge, Sheet III., and the mixture
so obtained will be a proper quantity to be used upon an acre of land as
manure in preparation for each crop. Or else about thirty bushels of reduced

page_text: or powdered ligneous matter, mixed with two hundredweight of powdered
asphaltum, pitch, or resin (in case of either of those substances being the bitu-
minous or resinous substance which is used), and mixed with about fifty pounds
of soda of commerce, and about a bushel of unslaked lime finely powdered,
will be a proper quantity to be used upon an acre of land as manure in pre-
paration for each crop. And when reduced or powdered ligneous matter is to
be impregnated with vapour of soft, or semi-liquid, or liquid, or other bituminous
or resinous matter, for the purpose of obtaining a mixture of reduced or
powdered ligneous matter with minutely divided bituminous or resinous matter,
as herein-before explained, then about thirty bushels of reduced or powdered
ligneous matter, after being fully impregnated, as herein-before described,
with vapour of bituminous or resinous matter, will be a proper quantity to
be used upon an acre of land as manure in preparation for each crop. Or,
instead of the thirty bushels aforesaid, about twenty bushels of the same
manure may be mixed with about ten bushels of finely powdered coal, thirty
pounds of soda, and half a bushel of unslaked lime, such soda and lime being
first reduced to a state of powder, and such mixture will be a proper quantity
to be used upon an acre of land as manure in preparation for each crop. And
note, lime may be mixed with the reduced or powdered ligneous matter before
it is put into the apparatus, Sheet IV., in order to be there impregnated with
the vapour of bituminous or resinous matter; the quantity of lime to be so
previously mixed may be as much as one third of the quantity by measure of
the reduced or powdered ligneous matter. And when reduced or powdered
ligneous matter is to be impregnated with soft, or semi-liquid, or liquid bituminous
matter, rendered miscible or partly soluble in water by means of caustic alkali,
for the purpose of obtaining a mixture of powdered ligneous matter with
minutely divided bituminous matter, as herein-before explained, then about
thirty bushels of reduced or powdered ligneous matter being mixed with the
liquid or semi-liquid resulting from one and a half hundredweight of soft or
semi-liquid bituminous matter (that one and a half hundredweight having been
previously rendered miscible in a due quantity of water, by means of a due pro-
portion of caustic alkali, in the manner and according to the proportions of
bituminous matter, water, and alkali herein-before described,) will be a proper
quantity to be used upon an acre of land as manure in preparation for each
crop. Or the aforesaid quantity of thirty bushels of impregnated ligneous
matter, as last mentioned, may otherwise be used, with six bushels of powdered
coal; but in case of so using powdered coal then only one and a quarter hun-
dredweight of soft or semi-liquid bituminous matter, rendered miscible as
aforesaid, should be used along with the thirty bushels above mentioned (instead

page_text: of the one and a half hundredweight aforesaid) is to be employed; and when
animal matter is ground and incorporated with ligneous or bituminous matter,
in, the manner herein-before described, and in the quantities and proportions
herein before stated, then twenty-four bushels of the ground compound of
ligneous, bituminous, and animal matter will be a proper quantity to be used
upon an acre of land as manure in preparation for each crop. Note, whenever
tanners spent bark or dyers spent wood, reduced to a state of minute division
or fine powder, are substituted for powdered ligneous matter, in all such cases,
whether such bark or wood is mixed with powdered bituminous-or resinous
matter, or whether the bark or wood is impregnated with soft, semi-liquid, or liquid
bituminous matter, either reduced to a state of vapour or, rendered miscible by
means of caustic alkali, or else incorporated with the bark or wood by grinding
together with soda and quick or unslacked lime, or soda, lime, and common
salt, in any of these cases the quantity of reduced spent bark or dyers spent
wood and, of bituminous matter which are to be used for an acre of land, should
be one quarter more than the quantities of reduced or powdered ligneous matter
and bituminous matter which has been directed to be used in the several cases
herein-before stated of using reduced or powdered, ligneous matter. And when
soft or liquid or semi-liquid bituminous matter (which has not been-reduced to
vapour nor rendered miscible in water) is to be mixed and incorporated with
reduced or powdered ligneous matter, together with powdered coal,-lime,
and soda, or powdered coal, lime, soda, and common salt, as herein-before
mentioned, then twenty-four bushels of powdered ligneous matter to one
hundred and twelve pounds of soft, liquid, or semi-liquid bituminous matter,
and ten bushels of powdered coal, with forty pounds of soda, and one
bushel of quick or unslacked lime, and if common salt, is used fifty pounds
weight thereof, the whole being effectually incorporated by grinding under the
runners on edge, Sheet III., will be a proper quantity to be used upon an acre
of land as manure in preparation for each crop, and may be used by itself or
mixed, with fine earth or fine, coal ashes. And note, the above-mentioned
quantity of quick lime may be increased,.and the soda may be omitted, but
the quantity of lime must not be so great as that it will by its causticity and
heat.cause a dissipation of the volatile parts of the bituminous and resinous
matter which is used. The quantities above stated are proper to be used as
manure.on land whereon grain is to be cultivated; but for the cultivation of
turnips, swedish turnips, mangle wurzel, potatoes, or other green crops, sulphur
at the.. rate of fifteen pounds to an acre of land may always be used with
advantage in every case where sulphur has been herein-before mentioned; but
in all cases of land whereon grain is to be cultivated, sulphur.may..be omitted.

page_text: For the cultivation of potatoes, about forty bushels of reduced or powdered
ligneous matter, mixed with half the quantity of bituminous matter, as herein-
before mentioned to be used in case of the cultivation of grain, will be a
proper quantity to be used upon an acre of land as manure in preparation for
each crop. Manure, manufactured in any of the several ways herein-before set
forth, is to be used upon the land at the same time when the seed is sown
thereon, and the sowing of the seed may be performed by what is commonly
termed drilling; that is, placing the seed in rows in the ground by any kind of
machine, which is called a drilling machine,, and depositing the manure thinly
in those rows in the ground wherein the drilling machine operates, so as to
deposit the manure about or in the vicinity of the seed before the same is
covered up in the ground. The manure may be so deposited in the vicinity of
the seed either by hand or by a drilling machine; and in case the manure
which is used be powdered ligneous or other matter impregnated with soft,
semi-liquid, or liquid, bituminous matter, that manure must be very thinly laid
about the seed, in order to avoid too much contact of the manure with the seed;
the manure should therefore be spread laterally to a considerable breadth in the
rows which are made by the drilling machine. Or the seed may be sown by
broad casting, or scattering it over the land, in which case the manure is to be
scattered evenly over the land, and then ploughed in previous to sowing the
seed by so broad casting. Or the manure may be scattered over the land by
broad casting, whether the seed is sown in that manner, or whether it is sown
in rows. But in case of broad casting the manure, then a larger quantity of
the manure than the quantity recommended for drilling should be used, because
the said quantities herein-before-described to be used are intended for crops,
(whether grain or green crops,) wherein the plants are disposed in rows in the
ground, and care should be taken, as herein-before mentioned, to spread the
manure laterally much wider on each side of each row than the seed is spread
therein, so as to avoid too much contact of the manure with the seed in the
rows. And where the manure is used on pasture and grass land, the manure
is to be applied by scattering the same about over the land in the latter
end of January or the beginning of February, using for each acre a larger
quantity of the manure than the quantities herein-before directed to be used
in the several cases of each kind, of manure) for an acre of land in the culti-
vation of grain (and which said quantities as already mentioned are intended
for cases when the seed is to be sown by drilling), and the manure which is to
be scattered over grass land may be previously, mixed with about an equal
quantity of fine earth, or road dirt, or fine coal ashes. And note, different
lands will require different quantities of the manure which is, manufactured

page_text: in any of the several ways aforesaid; and although the quantities herein-before
stated are such as I believe to be proper to be used in ordinary circumstances
on land of an average quality and condition, it is not intended to confine the
application of the manures to those quantities, but the quantities must be
varied to suit the nature and condition of the land on which the manures are
used in different cases.
Note, it has been herein-before stated that the ligneous matters and bituminous
and resinous matters are to be reduced to a state of minute division or fine
powder. It may be remarked that the more minute the division is, and the
finer the powder, the better the manure will be. In all cases the powder is
to be rendered finer than saw-dust, and if the powder is rendered as fine as to
be impalpable it will be more efficacious; but in case of using very tough wood
or other fibrous matter, which would occasion too much trouble and cost of
grinding in order to reduce the same to a fine powder, the grinding thereof
need not be carried farther than will effectually reduce, bruise, and crush the
fibres of the wood, and reduce the same to a state of minute division.
Note, the machines represented in Sheet I. are of a somewhat similar nature
to machinery heretofore used for different purposes; videlicet, the circular saw
represented at Figures 1 and 2 in Sheet I. is the same as is commonly used for
sawing wood; and the chopping machine represented at Figures 3 and 4 in
Sheet I. is a similar machine to that commonly used for cutting straw into
chaff. Also the runners on edge, Sheet III., are the same as are commonly used
for grinding wood and other substances to powder for the use of dyers, and for
grinding, bruising, mixing, and incorporating various substances for different
purposes. Also the apparatus represented in Sheet IV. is, in some respects,
similar to apparatus used at gasworks in the making and purifying of gas.
No claim is made to the exclusive use of the machinery or apparatus herein-
before described; neither is any claim made to the use of the following sub-
stances as manure, although the same have been herein-before named, (that is
to say,) the ashes of coal, lime, sulphur, soda, bran, chaff, malt dust, common
salt, sawdust, and tanners spent bark, and dyers spent wood.
But note,
respecting the use of sawdust, and tanners spent bark, or dyers spent wood,
when those substances have been reduced to a state of minute division by aid
of machinery, and are in that state either used alone or else mixed with or
impregnated with bituminous or resinous matter by any of the modes bercin-
before described, such reducing of these substances, as well as the mixing and
impregnating of these substances in order to render them fit to be used (or
more beneficial) on land as manure, constitute part of my said improvements.
Neither is any claim made to the use of what has been herein-before designated

page_text: ligneous matter, nor to sawdust, or tanners spent bark or dyers spent wood,
when such matter is prepared by rotting or by burning to ashes by fire.
The claim of new Invention now made is, for the improvements herein-before
described in the manufacture of manure to be used on land, which improve-
ments consist,―
First, in reducing the substances herein-before designated ligneous matter to
a state of minute division or fine powder (or sufficiently minute for the pur-
pose of manure) by means of machinery, as herein-before described (or by
means of any other machinery adapted to the purpose), in order, by so reducing,
to render such matter fit to be used on land as manure.
Secondly, in reducing the substances herein-before designated bituminous and
resinous matters to a state of fine powder (or sufficiently minute for the pur-
pose of manure) by means of machinery, as herein-before described, and with
the aid of dry quick lime or other earthy matter, as herein-before described (or
by means of any other machinery adapted for the purpose), in order, by so
reducing, to render such matters fit to be used on land as manure.
Thirdly, in reducing soft, or semi-liquid, or liquid bituminous matter (or
other bituminous matter) to a state of minute division by means of dry distil-
lation, so as to convert such matter into vapour, and impregnating reduced or
powdered ligneous matter (or such other powdered substance as may, as
herein-before mentioned, be substituted therefor,) with bituminous matter by
means of such vapour in the manner herein-before described, in order to render
such bituminous and ligneous or other matters fit to be used on land as
manure.
..
Fourthly, in reducing soft, or semi-liquid, or liquid bituminous matter to a
state of minute division, by rendering the same miscible or partly soluble in
water by the aid of caustic alkali, in manner herein-before described, and also
for impregnating reduced or powdered ligneous matter, (or such other powdered
substance as may (as herein-before mentioned) be substituted in the place
thereof, with miscible bituminous matter by means of such partial solution in
water in manner herein-before described, in order to render bituminous and
ligneous or other matters fit to be used (or more advantageous) on land as
manure.
Fifthly, in preparing and treating ligneous and bituminous matters, or either
of such matters, by means of caustic line, in the manner herein-before described,
so as to reduce such matters or matter to a state of minute division or fine
powder fit to be used on land as manure.
Sixthly, in preparing and treating animal matter by grinding the same in
mixture with powdered ligneous matter or bituminous matter, or with both of

page_text: such matters, or with other matter which may be substituted therefor, as
herein-before described, in order to reduce such animal matter to a state of
minute division or fine powder fit to be used on land as manure.
In witness whereof I, 'the said Joseph Clisild Daniell; have hereunto set
my hand an seal, this Seventh day of April, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and forty-two.
J. C. (L.s.) DANIELL.
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Seventh day of April, in the year
of our Lord 1842, the aforesaid Joseph Clisild Daniell came before our said
Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification afore-
said, and all and, every thing therein contained; and specified, in form above
written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according to the
tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Inrolled the Seventh day of April, in the year of our Lord One thousand
eight hundred and forty-two: