IM- PROVEMENTS IN CUTTING AND SHAPING
Year: 1852

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, GEORGE
PEARSON RENSHAW, of the Park, Nottingham, in the County of Nottingham,
Civil Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Westminster, the Twenty-fourth day of
June, in the sixteenth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and
successors, give and grant unto me, the said George Pearson Renshaw, Her
especial license, full power, sole privilege and authority, that I, the said
George Pearson Renshaw, my exors, adñors, and assigns, and such others as
I, the said George Pearson Renshaw, my exors, admors, or assigns, should at
any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times during
the term of years therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-upon-
Tweed, in the Islands of Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney, Sark, and Man, and in
all Her Majesty's Colonies and Plantations abroad, my Invention of "IM-
PROVEMENTS IN CUTTING AND SHAPING;" in which said Letters Patent is
contained a proviso, requiring that I, the said George Pearson Renshaw, by an
instrument in writing under my hand and seal, shall particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, and shall cause the same to be enrolled in Her said Majesty's
High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately
after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said

page_text: George Pearson Renshaw, do hereby declare the nature of my Invention,
and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described
and ascertained in and by this present instrument in writing as follows,
reference being had to the Drawings hereunto attached, and to the letters and
figures marked thereon, that is to say :—
My said Invention relates to various arrangements and combinations of
machinery, apparatus, or means whereby many or most of the cutting and
shaping operations of the engineer and machinist, hitherto executed by the aid
of distinct isolated machines and tools, may be executed by a single tool, so as
to effect very considerable economy in the cost of production of mechanical
work, together with superior accuracy in such execution.
And in order that my said Invention may be properly understood, I shall now
proceed to describe the several Figures on the Sheets of Drawings hereunto
attached.
Figure 1 on Sheet 1 of my Drawings is a front longitudinal elevation of
an ordinary back geared lathe, to which a portion of my improvements are
applied; and Figure 2 is a corresponding end elevation of the lathe, but with
the following headstock removed. In addition to its ordinary functions as a
simple turning, boring, and facing lathe, this tool is turned into a general
shaping machine by means of the additional details which I shall now
describe; of the ordinary portions, A is the bed of the lathe, carrying the fast
headstock B, with its core speed pulley C and mandril D, and at the opposite
end of the bed is the shifting or following headstock E. The shaping action is
given to the slide rest F by the revolution of the crank disc G, the adjustable
connecting rod H of which is jointed at one end by a stud bolt in the radial
slot I, and at the other to the end of a vertical slide piece fitted to a dove-
tailed slide on the front of the lathe bed, this slide piece having the slide rest
bolted to it. The length of the rod H is adjustable by means of a long slot
and the two stud bolts K, and the slide rest besides its usual movements has a
vertical adjusting slide M. To obtain the necessary rotatory motion for the
mandril carrying the work during the action of the cutter N, an endless screw
or worm spindle O is set transversely to gear with a worm wheel P on the
mandril. The Drawings exhibit this compound tool (which I term a
composite lathe) in the act of shaping the boss of a crank Q, whilst it is
bolted to the face chuck on which it was carried during the boring and turning
actions, the shaping action being similar to that of the common shaper or
slotting machine. As the disc G revolves the cutting tool N is traversed back-
ward and forward, so as to pare off the superfluous metal of the crank boss,
which is set concentrically with the axial line of the mandril, so that the

page_text: periodical turning of the worm O by its projecting hand wheel carries round
the boss as the cutting proceeds. The cutting tool is set into its work by
the top transverse slide R, fitted with a screw and hand wheel in the usual
manner, but if necessary and convenient, both this horizontal traverse of the
cutting tool and the continuous or intermittent rotatory movement of the
mandril carrying the work may be made automatic, by suitably connecting
them with any convenient mover, as at present adopted in planing and shaping
machines. When the large boss is pared down, the opposite smaller one may
be similarly shaped by reversing the crank upon its face plate, whilst the
rectilinear surfaces of the crank arm may be planed down by adjusting the
surfaces to be reduced, so as to agree with the periodical shifting action of the
tool by the vertical slide M; or this right line shaping may be similarly
effected by the horizontal traverse of the tool by means of the slide R, if the
tool is shaped to suit, such slide being made automatic when advisable. The
figures represent one mode in which the vertical slide M is made self-acting
by the traverse movement of the longitudinal slide in working an adjustable
incline and a spring on a tripping lever with a face wheel and click. The
same tool is applicable for great varieties of work, as, for example, for cutting
any solid metal to leave key pieces standing up from shafts and other work.
Figures 3, 4, 5, and 6, on the same Sheet of Drawings exhibit various views
of modes of attaching the longitudinal traverse slide F to the lathe bed.
Figure 7 shows the slide piece attached to the connecting rod by a slotted
bar, so that the slide piece may be affixed in various positions in the length
of such bar, or detached at will for turning and screw-cutting by the usual
modes. In this arrangement the connecting rod is obviously independent of
any provision for adjustment of length, as the slotted bar carrying the rest
furnishes an easy mode of shifting, whilst if the slide rest is slackened
from its bar, it is at once available for turning and screw-cutting in the
ordinary way. Figure 8 is a plan of a mechanical arrangement which may
be used as a substitute for the slotting action G for actuating the cutting
slide, the racks T, T, being fixed to the lathe bed, whilst the pinions V, V,
travel over them, the reverse action being given by any of the modes now
in use or by that shewn in Figure 8, in which a triple pulley arrangement with
open and crossed belts is used. Here U is the main horizontal driving shaft,
carrying the three pullies W, X, W, on its extreme end, the two outside
pullies W being loose on the shaft, whilst the centre one X is fast. This
pulley system is actuated by an open and crossed belt Y, Y; the reversing bar
Z has a pair of adjustable catches a', and two springs 61; on its end d³ is a
tumbler set on a cross stud, so that when thrown to either side of its vertical

page_text: centre line it carries one or other of the two straps on to the fast centre pulley.
The tumbler has also a detent e¹ for working in connection with the stop c¹.
The action is as follows:-One of the straps being passed upon the pulley X,
the consequent revolution of the shaft U causes the revolution, and transverse
of the pinion V along its fixed rack through the bevil wheel and pinion
arrangement, the driving pinion being carried along the shaft by means of a
groove and feather. By this means the longitudinal slide, which is connected
to the travelling pinions V, is carried forward into cut until it comes in contact
with one of the catches a¹, thus pressing one of the springs against one side
of the tumbler a¹, and the detent el against the stop c¹, until it passes the same,
when the tumbler at once brings the other strap upon the fast pulley, and
reverses the motion. In the return stroke of the slide, the opposite catch a¹
is similarly pressed by the slide, and the tumbler is passed over to the opposite
side of its centre to bring the other strap again upon the fast pulley. A worm
wheel and endless screw, or other gearing, may be used, instead of the bevil
wheels, where more convenient, and a chain or other moving detail may be
substituted for the rack. Figure 9 exhibits a perspective view of the action of
the cutting tool N, in slotting out the key way in a wheel or other boss f", as
carried on the face chuck of the lathe, Figure I., a screw clamp 9 being adapted
for fixing the mandril and face plate in the proper position for cutting the slot
by any of the right line modes herein-before described; or instead of the
clamp, the worm O may be used, either in conjunction or not with a second
worm for holding the mandril in the required position. Figure 10 exhibits
a portion of my improvements as used in planing the slide valve face of a
cylinder, whilst the work is still in the lathe, and on the supports employed in
the boring and turning operations, so as to insure the parallelism of the face
with the axis of the cylinder. In this case the mandril or boring bar is con
nected with the lathe mandril. Figures 11 and 12 on the second Sheet of my
Drawings represent a contrivance which I term a bed chuck, intended for
affixing to the lathe bed, so as to hold various objects whilst being planed or
slotted. Que or more such chucks may be used either for parallel, or oblique,
or taper works, any angle being obtained by setting the chuck by a graduated
index. Figure 13 is an end view of a complete slide rest, having a slotted
disc h', with clamping screws for setting the cutting tool to any angle; as, for
example, in cutting V's, Figure 14 is an end view of a portion of my improve-
ments adapted for planing polygonal work, as a hexagonal nut , the planing
action being performed whilst the nut is adjusted on the lathe mandril for facing,
six equally distant divisions k being formed upon the worm wheel P or speed
pulley C for clamping by means of the screw g¹. But in cutting articles with

page_text: numerous sides, as fine pitched flutes, it is more convenient to arrive at the
required divisions by means of change wheels in connection with the worm O;
by such means a series of nuts or wheels on one mandril may be rapidly and
accurately cut. For cutting segments, joints, brasses, and other work em-
bracing arcs of circles, where the circular cutting action of the tool is only
through a portion of the circle, I communicate a rocking motion to the lathe
mandril by the crank motion delineated in Figure 15; knuckle or other joints
may be completed in the lathe by this apparatus being bored, turned, faced,
and slotted whilst held in a suitable chuck, which, if necessary, has a radial
slide for setting the work eccentrically or not; I term this rocking motion the
segment motion. If the lathe has a geared head, the segment motion may be
actuated from the shaft of such gearing, the pinion of such shaft being tem-
porarily disconnected from the large wheel. In the various operations of
shaping, slotting, planing, fluting, or other species of cutting, I employ either
a fixed or a revolving cutter, according to the peculiar nature of the work in
hand. At l', Figure 1, on Sheet 1 of my Drawings, I have delineated the
usual arrangement employed for traversing the following headstock of lathes
in the execution of conical work, and I employ this mode of adjustment in
conjunction with other apparatus for executing taper polygons or pyramidal
figures held between the lathe centres, or otherwise I give the fast head an
angular adjustment on the lathe bed. Such an arrangement is delineated in the
plan, Figure 16, which is capable of producing cones, tapered key ways,
conical screws, and other work, and in certain cases, as, for example, in cutting
radial grooves in the face of the works, I adjust the lathe head (Figure 16)
at a great angle or at right angles with the normal centre line and to the line
of traverse of the cutting slide, the slide being then made capable of motion
across the face of the work. In such cases I partially support the lathe head
upon a bracket m³, and this mode may be substituted in any case where it is
desirable for the bed chuck herein-before described. Figure 17 is a vertical
cutting or shaping machine, designed specially for heavy work, supported by
the mandril only; its general features resemble those of a lathe set on end,
and divested of its following head; it differs from the common slotting machine
in having a revolving mandril n', as well as in the details of other portions;
it is adapted alike for boring and turning, in addition to its rectilinear actions,
so that when a crank, for example, is once properly adjusted upon the face
chuck o', it may remain unmoved until completed. The vertical slide p¹ is
worked by a slotted disc, as is usual in slotting machines; this action as well as
that of the worm q' and wheel r¹ being disengaged or set at rest during turning

page_text: or boring. In Figure 17 is also shewn the system of actuating the leading
screws of the slides of the slide rest, by means of the two pairs of travelling
wheels s, s³, fitted to move along with the traversing slides on a pair of grooved
spindles, such gearing being adjusted either by hand, or, as I prefer, by auto-
matic machinery. The requisite angular adjustment of the mandril n' with
its corresponding framing is also easily effected in this case, as in Figure 16,
for cutting tapered key ways and other inclined surfaces; such an adjustment,
for example, is attainable by the worm t¹ gearing with a worm wheel or seg-
ment attached to the framing or fixed head of the mandril n', and working in a
vertical plane, the frame or head having suitable bolts and slides for shifting
and clamping the table at any required angle with the horizon; any or all of
these several modifications or improvements may be applied to lathes of any
description, and to ordinary slotting and shaping machines, as well as to various
other constructive tools, as will be obvious to the practical man.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of my
Invention, and the manner in which the same is or may be used or carried
into effect, I may observe, in conclusion, that I do not confine or restrict
myself to the precise details or arrangements which I have had occasion to
describe or refer to, as many variations may be made therefrom without
deviating from the principles or main features of my Invention; but what I
consider to be novel and original, and therefore claim as the Invention secured
to me by the herein-before in part recited Letters Patent, is,―
First, the systems or modes of combining the movements and effects of two
or more of the ordinary constructive tools of the workshop in one tool or
machine, as herein-before described.
Second, the communicating a reciprocatory traverse action to the slide
rest or other tool-carrying apparatus of lathes, or other tools ordinarily exe-
cuting work by circular cutting, for the purposes herein-before described.
Third, the adaptation of shaping, slotting, and other constructive tools ordi-
narily acting by rectilinear cuts, for turning, boring, and other circular or
compound or differential work, as herein-before described.
Fourth, the system or mode of cutting or shaping angular or inclined
surfaces by the adjustment of the mandril or chuck at an angle with the
longitudinal line of traverse of the slide rest or tool holder.
Fifth, the communicating a rocking or reciprocating circular motion of the
mandril or chuck of a lathe or other apparatus ordinarily adapted for circular
work, as turning and boring, as herein-before described.
Sixth, the system or mode of reversing or adjusting the traverse action of

page_text: cutting slides or apparatus by means of a detent stop movement, as more
particularly described in reference to Figure 8 on Sheet 1 of my Drawing.
In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal, the Ninth
day of December, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred
and fifty-two.
GEORGE PEARSON (L.s.) RENSHAW.
GEORGE PEARSON (L.s.) RENSHAW.
Signed, sealed, and delivered in the
BRIS HUNT, his Clerk.
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Ninth day of December, in
the year of our Lord 1852, the aforesaid George Pearson Renshaw came
before our said Lady the Queen in Her Chancery, and acknowledged the
Specification aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and specified,
in form above written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped
according to the tenor of the Statute made for that
purpose.
Enrolled the Twenty-third day of December, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-two.