IMPROVEMENTS IN ROASTING, CALCINING, OXYDISING, AND SUBLIMING METALLIC AND MINERAL SUBSTANCES, AND IN THE APPARATUS AND MEANS TO EFFECT THE SAME
Year: 1855

page_text: Sealed the 4th March 1856, and dated the 5th September 1855.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Joseph Gilbert Martien
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
5th September 1855.
I, JOSEPH GILBERT MARTIEN, of Newark, New Jersey, in the United States
of America, but now resident in London, do hereby declare the nature
of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN ROASTING, CALCINING, OXYDISING,
AND SUBLIMING METALLIC AND MINERAL SUBSTANCES, AND IN THE APPARATUS AND
MEANS TO EFFECT THE SAME," to be as follows; and consists in an improved
mode of applying water or vapours of water by evaporation, also atmospheric
air and steam in their natural or heated state, by means of perforated sides,
bottoms, channels, and tubes, in such manner as to be able to impregnate
the material subjected to roasting, calcination, oxydation, or sublimation, in,
through, and amongst all its parts, or any part thereof. The steam and air
being under the control of the operator, as much of both, or one without the
other, can be admitted as may be desired. In roasting, calcining, oxydising, or
subliming in open heaps or rows, I form channels below the surface of the said

page_text: heaps or rows; the channels to be covered with perforated material, or so
arranged as to cause frequent openings in the surface of the said channels, for
the free volitation therefrom of watery vapour, also for the free escape of the
air if admitted therein; or, instead thereof, perforated pipes, which may be
made of any desired material, and into these channels or pipes may be admitted
water, with free admission of air, or otherwise, as may be desired; also ver-
tical perforated tubes set intermediately, one end thereof forming a conjunction
or partly so with the channels before named. Instead of water being admitted,
as stated, in said channels or tubes, steam may be admitted therein. The steam
may be made and also heated by the superabundant heat in roasting, calcining,
oxydizing, or subliming the said heaps or rows; or the steam may be supplied
by any other convenient and desired source. Seperate channels or tubes may
be formed for admitting steam and air, with provision made for to regulate
the admission of air or steam in such quantities as may be desired.
In applying my Invention to vertical kilns or furnaces, which are known by
some as continuous kilns (though bearing various names and forms), I build
the internal lining with perforated material, or so arranged as to cause frequent
openings therein, and between the said lining and external part of the kiln I
leave a space or vacuum, which may be formed in divisions, or instead thereof
perforated channels or tubes, and into the said vacuum, channels, or tubes may
be admitted atmospheric air, watery vapours, and steam, with provision to
regulate the quantity, so that the air and steam may be intermediately mixed,
or otherwise, as may be desired. The superabundant heat of this kind of kiln
or furnace may be conveniently applied to make the steam, and also heat
it and the atmospheric air. In what is known as flat ground or horizontal
kilns, and also ovens, I make the same provisions as above stated for vertical
kilns, and also leaving the bottom perforated, and in some cases similar to the
description given below relative to reverberatory furnaces; or I may use per-
forated channels or tubes for the admision of water, air, and steam; as may be
desired. The steam may be made & the air and steam heated in the manner
as before stated.
For reverberatory furnaces, I arrange a perforated bottom or sole, and
beneath the said perforated bottom or sole a close bottom, with a space or
vacuum between the two bottoms, so arranged as to allow the steam and
atmospheric air to be admitted therein; or, if preferred, perforated channels or
tubes may be used, to be about level with the upper part of the sole or bed of
the furnace, so that the air or steam, or both, may penetrate upwards through
the material being subjected to roasting, calcination, oxydation, or sublimation,
the perforated channels or tubes to be arranged transversely, diagonally, or

page_text: parallelly with the furnace, or any other way so as to distribute air or steam,
or both, below the surface of the material being subjected to roasting; calcina-
tion, oxydation, or sublimation. The steam may be made and the air and
steam heated in a like manner as before stated.
In case any small matter may get in the sides, bottoms, 'channels, and tubes
through the perforations, or otherwise, provision is made to clear out the said
tubes, &c. Safety or guage valves are provided to indicate the pressure of air
or steam, and to prevent any undue pressure of air and especially steam in the
said sides, bottoms, channels, and tubes.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Joseph Gilbert Martien in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 5th March 1856.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOSEPH
GILBERT MARTIEN, of Newark, New Jersey, in the United States of America,
but now resident in London, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Hei Letter's
Patent, bearing date the Fifth day of September, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and fifty-five, in the nineteenth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me,
the said Joseph Gilbert Martien, Her special licence that I, the said Joseph
Gilbert Martien, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as
I, the said Joseph Gilbert Martien, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at
all times thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully
might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN ROASTING, CALCINING, OXYDIZING, AND SUBLIMING METALLIC AND
MINERAL SUBSTANCES, AND IN THE APPARATUS AND MEANS TO EFFECT THE SAME,"
upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Joseph Gilbert Martien,
my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my or
their hand and seal, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature
of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be per-
formed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within
six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent

page_text: NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Joseph Gilbert Martien, do hereby
declare the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is
to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement, that is to say:―
This Invention consists in applying steam or the vapour of water through
and amongst metallic and mineral substances when being roasted, calcined,
oxydised, or sublimed; it also consists in means of applying streams of air to
and amongst metallic and mineral substances when being roasted, calcined,
oxidized, and sublimed; and also in the apparatus employed to effect the
same.
In the annexed Drawings, Fig. 1 is a side elevation of an upright kiln or
apparatus suitable for roasting or calcining iron ore; Fig. 2 is a longitudinal
section, Fig. 3 is an end elevation, Fig. 4 is a transverse section, and Fig. 5
shows a plan, in section, of the kiln.
a, a, are the side and end walls; b, b, are the internal linings, which are
built with numerous steam and air passages, in order that when steam or air is
admitted, or when both are introduced to the space between the outer wall
and the inner lining, the same will be divided into numerous streams, and will
pass amongst the iron ore which is being calcined. The orc is to be intro-
duced into the kiln with coal or carbonaceous matters, as when roasting and
calcining in heaps. c is a steam pipe, perforated, so as to introduce steam into
the space between the outer wall and the lining; or, in place of steam, water
might be similarly admitted and converted into vapour or steam by the heat of
the kiln. [Air is admitted into the space between the outer wall and the lining
at the openings d. The steam may be heated between the boiler which sup-
plies it and the kiln, but I do not usually do so; and the air introduced may
be heated, as is well understood, when for hot blast, but it may also be used at
the natural temperature of the atmosphere. I would state that I do not claim
to introduce streams of air to iron ores when roasting or calcining generally,
but only in divided streams or jets, through a lining of a kiln, or similar internal
channels or passages. The use of steam or vapour of water in divided streams
or jets will be found very advantageous in the roasting and calcining iron ores,
and the arrangement of apparatus for its introduction may be greatly varied.
Fig. 6 shows a section of a square kiln, of less height in proportion to its size
as compared with the previous kiln, and in place for introducing the steam or
vapour with the air at the sides, the bottom of the kiln is made with numerous
passages e, and water is placed below the arch or bottom, by which arrange-
ment the heat of the kiln will vaporize the water, and the steam or vapour will

page_text: pass up through the bottom, and streams of air may be supplied through the
lining, as before described. Fig. 7 shows a longitudinal section of a rever-
beratory furnace; Fig. 8,.a transverse section; Fig. 9, a plan; and Fig. 10, a
portion of a longitudinal section, on a larger scale, of the means for forming
the bottom with perforations, suitable for the passage of steam or vapour of
water to the charge above the bottom of the furnace. I prefer to employ
reverberatory furnaces for roasting and calcining copper, zinc, tin, lead, and
other ores requiring a like process, but they may be calcined in kilns similar
to those above described. In constructing reverberatory furnaces for carrying
out my Invention, I arrange them suitably for admitting streams of steam or
vapour of water to and amongst the ores or mineral substances under process
of roasting, calcining, or oxidizing in such furnaces, and although I prefer to
construct and use reverberatory furnaces, such as are now shown, when apply-
ing steam or vapour of water according to my Invention, the form of the
furnace and means of supplying steam or vapours of water may be varied from
those shown. The bottom of the furnace on which the ores are placed to be
roasted or calcined is constructed of numerous blocks f,f, supported on iron
bearers or beams g, g; each of the blocks is made with two or more inclined
holes or passages h, by which steam or vapour of water introduced below such
bottom or vapourized from water placed below will flow up in streams to and
amongst the ores on the bottom of the furnace. Streams of air may also be
introduced by suitable blowing apparatus below the bottom, and rise up in
streams with the steam or vapour of water; or air may be admitted to the
spaces between the outer wall and the lining, or both.
spective view of parts of an oven for subliming zinc from zinc ores. This oven
is to be built as shown, and heated externally by a suitable furnace below and
flues, as is well understood when heating other ovens. i is a bottom, perfo-
rated in a similar manner to that of the furnace above described; and ; is a
chamber or compartment below, to admit steam or air, or both, the air being
forced in by suitable blowing apparatus. The oven is to be provided with a
suitable outlet communicating with a suitable chamber or receiver, as is well
understood when manufacturing oxide of zinc. When working, the calcined
or roasted ore of zinc is placed on the perforated bottom of the oven, and
streams of air or steam, or both, introduced below the perforated bottom, are
allowed to flow up to and amongst the ore, and the subliming process will thus
be more advantageously carried on.
Fig. 11 shows a per-
Having thus described the nature of my said Invention, and the manner of
performing the same, I would have it understood that what I claim is, the

page_text: application of steam or vapour of water, as herein described, to iron, copper,
zinc, lead; tin, and other ores and metallic substances when calcining, roasting,
or oxidising the same..
I also claim the application of streams of air in the manner heréin described
to such ores: and metallic substances when roasting, calcining, or oxidising
them:
And I also claim the modes herein described of constructing kilns, furnaces,
and ovens for roasting, calcining, oxidising, and subliming ores, and mineral
and metallic substances, so far as they are arranged to admit of supplying
streams or jets of air and steam.
n witness whereof, I, the said Josephi Gilbert Martien, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Fourth day of March, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-six.
Witness,
JOHN AVERY, Patent Agent,
32, Essex Street, Strand, London.
.5-
J. G. MARTIEN. (L.S.)