IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BREAD, BISCUITS, AND LIKE ARTICLES, AND IN THE MACHINERY AND APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH
Year: 1859

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Thomas Vicars, senior, Thomas Vicars, junior, and
Thomas Ashmore, of Liverpool, Engineers, and James Smith, of the
same Place, in the County Palatine of Lancaster, Baker, for the Invention
of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BREAD, BISCUITS, AND LIKE
ARTICLES, AND IN THE MACHINERY AND APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH."
Sealed the 19th August 1859, and dated the 13th May 1859.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Thomas Vicars, senior,
Thomas Vicars, junior, Thomas Ashmore, and James Smith, at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with their Petition, on the 13th
May 1859.
We, THOMAS VICARS, senior, THOMAS VICARS, junior, and THOMAS ASHMORE,
of Liverpool, Engineers, and JAMES SMITH, of the same Place, in the County
Palatine of Lancaster, Baker, do hereby declare the nature of the said Inven-
tion for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BREAD, BISCUITS, AND LIKE
ARTICLES, AND IN THE MACHINERY AND APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH," to be
as follows:-
This Invention relates partly to certain novel apparatus and machinery not
previously employed in the manufacture of bread, &c., &., and partly to certain
improvements upon former Inventions, for which Letters Patent were granted

page_text: unto us the said Thomas Vicars, senior, Thomas Vicars, junior, Thomas
Ashmore and James Smith respectively, dated the 9th December, 1856,
No. 2915, and the 10th July 1857, No. 1918; and is designed, first, for the
purpose of preparing the "sponge" in an improved manner, and secondly, for
regulating to a certainty, the degree of heat necessary for the proper fermen-
tation of the "sponge."
With reference to the novel apparatus above mentioned, the Invention
consists of a machine of the following construction:-To a skeleton framework
an upright shaft is connected, so as to revolve. The top of said shaft is driven
by suitable gearing, and to the bottom of said shaft, prongs or rods are affixed
and rotate therewith in a vessel containing the necessary ingredients of which
to form the "sponge" or dough. The ingredients when sufficiently mixed
are to be removed to an apparatus of the following construction :-We form a
hollow water-tight vessel or reservoir of any suitable shape and material, and
in the top thereof we form four or more openings sufficiently large to receive
the before-mentioned vessels, in which the "sponge" is mixed, water is ad-
mitted into the said vessel or reservoir, and surrounds the several vessels
containing the "sponge" or dough, the precise and uniform temperature of the
water being maintained and determined for the required length of time for
fermentation, and this mode of conducting the fermenting process forms a very
important part of our said Invention.
"
We now proceed to describe the features of novelty constituting this part of
our present Invention with reference to the machinery previously described
and referred to in our above-mentioned former Patents of the 9th December
1856, and 10 July 1857, as follows:-
First, as regards the machine employed for rolling and shaping the dough
exhibited by the Drawings in our aforesaid Specification of the 9th December
1856, our present improvements consist in adapting to the former described
machine an additional pan of rollers at one end thereof, and another or third
roller over the other pair of rollers for the purpose of rolling the dough intended
to form the crust of the bread, biscuit, &, &; and further, in the use and
employment of certain novel travelling machinery for conducting the shaped
dough from the aforesaid shaping machine to the oven or ovens for charging
the same.
This machinery consists of a fixed framing, supporting at one end
a roller, and at the other end a fixed knife-shaped piece, over each of which an
endless band or web passes, and is employed for taking the shaped dough
from trays, and conducting same on to another endless web constructed,
arranged, and actuated in the following manner, that is to say, at the front of
the oven we construct a kind of travelling crane composed of two toothed racks

page_text: into which gears or takes toothed wheels fixed on a cross shaft, and driven by
suitable gearing from below.
This second endless web works over a roller and knife edge, same as the
former described web; but a peculiar feature in this web consists in its being
suspended from the before-mentioned travelling racks, so that when this said web
has been filled with shaped dough, the web and dough are bodily moved forward
(by the wheels at top rolling on the before-mentioned fixed racks) and brought
over a carriage placed at right angles thereto, and used for charging the oven.
The operations of this part of our present improvements are as follows:-As
the web with the shaped dough thereon is brought over the aforesaid charging
carriage, during this time the web is prevented from moveing round by a
ratchet wheel and pall, and the shaped dough is deposited upon the charging
carriage by the combined movements of drawing back the suspended endless
web, and at same time imparting motion to the endless web, whereby the
shaped dough will be deposited on to the aforesaid charging carriage, which,
when filled, may be run into the oven and the dough baked.
In combination with the above-mentioned machinery and apparatus, we
propose to employ a portable furnace; but when this is the case, we construct
several distinct and separate ovens in tiers, in one mass of brickwork; the
intention of this part of our said improvements being to economize fuel by
removeing said furnace from one oven to the other, as desired, for the purpose
of heating the same. If desirable, we propose also to employ a travelling oven
of the construction described and referred to in the Specification of a Patent
granted to James Smith, and dated 9th March 1854, No. 562, under the title
of "Improvements in Baking Ovens."
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said Thomas Vicars, senior, Thomas Vicars, junior, Thomas
Ashmore, and James Smith in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 12th
November 1859.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, THOMAS
VICARS, senior, THOMAS VICARS, junior, and THOMAS ASHMORE, of Liverpool,
Engineers, and JAMES SMITH, of the same Place, in the County Palatine of
Lancaster, Baker, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the. Thirteenth day of May, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine, in the twenty-second year of Her

page_text: reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto us,
the said Thomas Vicars, senior, Thomas Vicars, junior, Thomas Ashmore, and
James Smith, Her special licence that we, the said Thomas Vicars, senior,
Thomas Vicars, junior, Thomas Ashmore, and James Smith, our executors,
administrators, and assigns, or such others as we, the said Thomas Vicars,
senior, Thomas Vicars, junior, Thomas Ashmore, and James Smith, our
executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and
no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend,
within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE
OF BREAD, BISCUITS, AND LIKE ARTICLES, AND IN THE MACHINERY AND APPARATUS
CONNECTED THEREWITH," upon the condition (amongst others) that we, the said
Thomas Vicars, senior, Thomas Vicars, junior, Thomas Ashmore, and James
Smith, our executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under our
or their hands and seals, or under the hand and seal of one of us or them,
should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention,
and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to
be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next
and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said Thomas Vicars, senior, Thomas
Vicars, junior, Thomas Ashmore, and James Smith, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be per-
formed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement thereof, that is to say :-
This Invention relates partly to certain novel apparatus and machinery not
previously employed in the manufacture of bread, &c., &c., and partly to
certain improvements upon former Inventions, for which Letters Patent were
granted unto us, the said Thomas Vicars, senior, Thomas Vicars, junior,
Thomas Ashmore, and James Smith, respectively dated the 9th December,
1856, No. 2915, and the 10th July, 1857, No. 1918, and is designed, first,
for the purpose of preparing the "sponge" in an improved manner; and,
secondly, for regulating to a certainty the degree of heat necessary for the
proper fermentation of the "sponge." With reference to the novel apparatus
above mentioned, the Invention consists of a machine of the following con-
struction: To a skeleton framework an upright shaft is connected so as to
revolve; the top of said shaft is driven by suitable gearing, and to the bottom
of said shaft prongs or rods are affixed and rotate therewith in a vessel con-
taining the necessary ingredients of which to form the "sponge "or dough.

page_text: The ingredients when sufficiently mixed are to be removed to an apparatus of
the following construction :-We form a hollow watertight vessel or reservoir
of any suitable shape and material, and in the top thereof we form four or
more openings sufficiently large to receive the before-mentioned vessels in
which the sponge is mixed; water is admitted into the said vessel or reservoir,
and surrounds the several vessels containing the sponge or dough, the precise
and uniform temperature of the water being maintained and determined for
the required length of time for fermentation. And this mode of conducting
the fermenting process forms a very important part of our said Invention.
We now proceed to describe the features of novelty constituting this part
of our present Invention, with reference to the machinery previously described
and referred to in our above-mentioned former Patents of the 9th December,
1856, and 10th July, 1857, as follows:-First, as regards the machine
employed for rolling and shaping the dough exhibited by the Drawings in our
aforesaid Specification of the 9th December, 1856, our present improvements
consist in adapting to the former described machine an additional pair of
rollers at one end thereof, and another or third roller over the other pair of
rollers, for the purpose of rolling the dough intended to form the crust of the
bread, biscuit, &c., and further in the use and employment of certain novel
travelling machinery for conducting the shaped dough from the aforesaid
shaping machine to the oven or ovens for charging the same. This machinery
consists of a fixed framing, supporting at one end a roller, and at the other
end a fixed knifed shaped piece, over each of which an endless band or web
passes, and is employed for taking the shaped dough from trays, and con-
ducting same on to another endless web constructed, arranged, and actuated
in the following manner, that is to say:-At the front of the oven we construct
a kind of travelling crane composed of two toothed racks, into which gears or
takes toothed wheels fixed on a cross shaft, and driven by suitable gearing
from below. This second endless web works over a roller and knife edge same
as the former described web, but a peculiar feature in this web consists in its
being suspended from the before-nientioned travelling racks, so that when
this said web has been filled with shaped dough, the web and dough are
bodily moved forward (by the wheels at top rolling on the before-mentioned
fixed racks) and brought over the carriage used for charging the oven. The
operations of this part of our present improvements are as follows:-As the
web with the shaped dough thereon is brought over the aforesaid charging
carriage, during this time the web is prevented from moving round by a
ratchet wheel and pall, and the shaped dough is deposited upon the charging
carriage by the combined movements of drawing back the suspended endless

page_text: web, at the same time imparting motion to the endless web, whereby the
shaped dough will be deposited on to the aforesaid charging carriage, which
when filled may be run into the oven and baked.
In combination with the above-mentioned machinery and apparatus, we
propose to employ a portable furnace, but when this is the case we construct
several distinct and separate ovens in tiers in one mass of brickwork, the
intention of this part of our said improvements being to economize fuel by
removing said furnace from one oven to the other as desired, for the purpose
of heating the same. If desirable we propose also to employ a travelling oven
of the construction described and referred to in the Specification of a Patent
granted to James Smith, and dated 9th March, 1854, No. 562, under the
title of "Improvements in Baking Ovens."
In order to explain our said Invention as completely as possible, we now
proceed to describe the best means we are acquainted with for carrying the
same into practical effect, and have annexed to these Presents five Sheets of
Drawings illustrative of our said improvements, on which are marked numeral
Figures and letters of reference, similar letters being employed to denote cor-
responding parts in so far as such parts appear or can be seen at each of such
said Figures and Sheets of Drawings respectively.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
At Sheet 1, Figure 1 represents a side elevation of a soft dough mixing
machine constructed according to our said Invention; Figure 2 a front
elevation; and Figure 3 a ground plan of said machine. At Sheet 2, Figure 5
is a side elevation of a machine which we call a breaking machine, same being
employed for preparing the dough for moulding machine; Figure 6 is a
sectional elevation through the line A, B, at Figure 7, this last-mentioned
Figure representing a top plan view of this machine; Figure 8 is an end
elevation thereof. At Sheet 3, Figure 9 is a front elevation of a machine
which we employ for moulding or shaping the dough into loaves or biscuits;
Figure 10 is a ground plan of this machine; Figure 11 a sectional elevation
through the line C, D, at Figure 10; Figure 12 is an end elevation at C,
Figure 10; and Figure 13 an end elevation at D, Figure 10. At Sheets 4
and 5, Figures 19 to 23 inclusive, exhibit several views of the mechanism
herein-before referred to, which we propose to employ in connection with an
oven for performing the several operations of taking the shaped dough from
trays as they come from the moulding or shaping machine, and depositing such
said shaped dough on to a carriage, and also placing such shaped dough in
the oven for baking the same; Figure 19 is a front elevation of an oven, and

page_text: the mechanism lastly above mentioned; Figure 20 is a sectional elevation of
the same; Figure 21 is a side elevation of the mechanism in connection with
the oven, which is represented in section; Figure 22 is a ground plan of the
said mechanism, and also of the bottom of the oven; Figure 23 is a detached
portion of the mechanical arrangement to be employed for taking the shaped
dough from the trays.
We now proceed to describe the soft dough mixing machine, exhibited at
the several Figures of Sheet 1 of the annexed Drawing, as follows:-A, A,
is a tank or reservoir capable of holding water; B, B, is a framework affixed
thereto, to which are connected the following parts; C a hollow shaft working
in bearings in the castings D, fixed to the framing B; E is a shaft capable.
of sliding in the shaft C, and of rotating therewith near the lower part of the
shaft E; a crosshead G is connected and slides on guide rods H. I
I is a
skeleton framing mounted loosely upon the shaft E, and connected thereto by
a nut at a (Figure 2); K, K, are spindles, the upper parts whereof work in
bearings in the framing I. The lower part of said spindles are formed with
prongs b, for the purpose herein-after described. c, d, e, are wheels gearing
into each other, that marked c is fixed on the shaft E, and those marked d
and e are respectively fixed on the spindles K, K; L, L, is bevil gearing for
imparting rotary motion to the shaft C; M, a counterbalance weight con-
nected by a chain f to the lower end of the shaft E, to facilitate the raising of
the same when required; N is a vessel to contain water to mix with the
flour; 0, 0, are tubs or vessels in which the dough is mixed.
The operations of this machine are as follows:-The operator takes the
ferment or yeast commonly used, and instead of mixing it in a trough by
hand, as commonly practised, he places the yeast or ferment and flour in one
or other of the tubs or vessels O, and, placing same under the machine, lowers
the prongs b thereinto, and proceeds to impart rotary motion thereto, the effect
of which is to cause the wheels c to rotate the wheels d and e, and also the
axes K, on which the prongs 6 are fixed, thus producing three distinct rotatory
movements simultaneously, namely, one rotation of the framing I, which
carries the wheels d, e, and the axes of the prongs b, and another rotation of
each of the said wheels and axes and prongs, thereby effectually mixing and
incorporating the aforesaid ingredients together into a "sponge ;" and when
this operation has been continued a sufficient length of time, according to the
judgment of the operator, he removes the tub O from under the machine, and
places it in another part of the vessel, and taking another tub charges it with
yeast and flour as before, and proceeds in this manner with each tub in suc-
cession. When the sponge is sufficiently risen or fermented, the tub is again

page_text: 66
brought under the machine, and the required flour and water added to the
sponge, and made by the machine into dough. The dough is then left to
prove," and when sufficiently proved is removed to the machine exhibited
at Sheet 2, there to be operated upon by the break rollers of said machine for
the purpose of taking the proof out of the dough. As regards this said
machine we desire it to be distinctly understood that its construction forms no
part of our present Invention, said machine having already been protected by
our former Patent of the 18th December 1857, No 1918, and we have only
here referred to and exhibited a Drawing of such said machine, for the
purpose of completing the description of the machinery necessary to be used
in manufacturing bread, biscuits, and like articles according to our present
improvements. When the dough has been sufficiently operated upon by the
aforesaid break rollers it is removed from this machine to the moulding or
shaping machine, exhibited at Sheet 3, and operated upon thereby in the
manner presently described.
We would here remark, that the means above described which we propose
to employ, and have found to answer well in practice for ensuring the proper
amount of fermentation forms a very important feature in our said Invention,
as by the use of cold water in hot weather we are enabled to prevent excess
of fermentation, and by employing warm water in cold weather we can induce
fermentation, the temperature of the water being regulated according to cir-
cumstances and the judgment of the operator.
We now proceed to describe the operations of the above-mentioned moulding
or shaping machine, observing that they are very similar to the operations of
the moulding machine described and represented at Figures 1 and 2 of the
Specification of our aforesaid Patent of the 9th December 1856, the material
points of difference between the machine there exhibited and that exhibited
at Sheet 3 of the Drawings of our present Specification consisting in adapting
thereto three additional rollers, marked A, B, C; that marked A is employed
to form the upper crust, and those marked B and C to form the lower crust,
the soft dough being placed upon the table D, so as to pass with the two
aforesaid crusts between the rollers E and F, by which the whole is compressed
as the machine rotates, the endless travelling belt or web G advancing the
dough under the moulding or shaping mechanism at H, where it is momenta-
rily held still by the mechanism until the knives I descend and ascend by the
action of the side rods K. The dough thus scored or shaped now passes
onward by the action of the belt G, and when it comes under the stamps at L
receives the impress therefrom of words, such as, for example, "Patent
machine-made bread," this movement being simultaneous with the shaping

page_text: movement with which it is connected, and in this manner the machine con-
tinues to mould and shape the dough into the form of loaves, which, as they
are advanced forward by the endless belt or web G, are deposited on to trays,
the said trays being placed upon another endless belt or web N, the operation
and construction of this part of the machinery and implements employed being
as follows:-First, as regards the trays; they consist of flat pieces of wood,
about 3 feet by 2 feet, with ledges at the sides only thereof. Upon each of
these trays we place a piece of coarsely woven cloth, and to each end thereof
we affix loops of tape about 6 inches asunder, and so as to project beyond the
ends of the said cloth about 2 or 3 inches, said loops being used for the pur-
pose herein-after described. These trays, each with their respective cloth, are
separately placed on the part M of the endless belt or web N, so that as this
belt advances and comes under the part 1 of the belt or web G the shaped
dough will be deposited on each of such said cloths and trays in succession,
the operator dividing the dough when the tray is filled therewith, and in this
manner several trays may be filled in succession. Each tray as it is filled is
then removed by an assistant to another machine, of the construction exhibited
at Sheets 4 and 5, for the purpose of depositing the aforesaid shaped dough
on to another tray of sheet metal, and finally depositing the aforesaid shaped
dough thereon in an oven to be baked. In order to insure the movement of
the several travelling, belts above described, we propose to affix to the edges or
selvages thereof flat linked chains working over notched or toothed wheels.
We now proceed to describe the operations and construction of this last-
mentioned mechanism, as follows:-At Sheets 4 and 5, A, A, is a framing, to
the upper part of which toothed metal racks and rails B, B, are fixed, on which
run the wheels C; same being mounted in pairs upon axles D, as at Figures 21
and 23. From these axles a framing E is suspended, and supports by its
lower ends a roller G and framework H, hinged to the axes of said roller at
or near its ends. To the opposite end of the framework H is fixed a bar with
a knife-shaped edge I, over which, as also over the roller G, an endless belt or
web K is passed and stretched by adjusting screws connected to the piece I,
as at Figure 19. The roller G is loose upon the axle a, and only revolves
with said axle when the bevil wheel b is thrown out of gear with the wheel c,
the back of the bevil wheel 6 having ratchet or clutch teeth formed thereon,
which take into a corresponding shaped piece of metal fixed on the end of
the roller G, as at Figure 21. L, L, are small rollers mounted on studs at
the end of the piece I; said rollers run upon the charging carriage or tray M
in the act of placing the shaped dough thereon, as presently described; N, N,
are antifriction rollers revolving in bearing pieces fixed to the front of the

page_text: oven, as exhibited at Figure 21. Upon these said rollers one end of the metal
tray M rests when out of the oven, the other end of said tray being supported
by and temporarily connected to a carriage O, mounted on wheels P, running
on rails Q, Q, fixed to the floor or ground. R is another endless belt, working
over a roller S, and knife edge connected to the part A¹ of the framing A, as
at Figure 20; b, b, are loops of tape fixed on said belt, and employed for the
purpose herein-after described; T is a table, on which the trays of shaped
dough are placed as they are brought from the shaping machine, exhibited at
Sheet 3, before described; U, V, W, f, g, are toothed wheels and pinions,
employed for imparting motion to the endless belts K and R, also for imparting
motion to the wheels C, C, for advancing and withdrawing the endless web K
across the charging carriage or tray M through the medium of the bevil
gearing b, c, d, e, shewn at Figure 21, as hereafter described; Y is a chain
for supporting the framing H and web K, when not supported by the charging
carriage M; Z is a clutch for throwing the bevil gearing X into and out of
gear; Zare winch handles, one of which is fixed to the axis of the pinion f,
and the other to the axis of the pinion G, for imparting rotary motion thereto,
and to the wheels U, V, W.
The above described mechanism and framing we adapt, as exhibited, to the
front of the oven to be charged, and operate therewith for that purpose in the
following manner, that is to say, each tray of shaped dough as it comes from
the shaping machine is placed upon the table T; the operator then proceeds
to connect the loops of the cloth on which the shaped dough rests to the
loops on the belt R, by passing a wire or long skewer k through same, as
at Figure 23, the bevil wheel b is then thrown out of gear with the wheel c
and by so doing the back of the wheel 6 locks into the casting fixed on the end
of the roller G, the operator then imparts motion to the winch handle Z in the
direction of the arrow's flight, and produces rotary motion of the roller G,
thereby advancing the endless belts K and R, in the direction of the arrow's
flight at Figure 20, by which the cloth with the shaped dough thereon will be
drawn off the tray by the belt R, and when the dough arrives at the belt K,
the cloth being carried round over the knife edge at X, will cause the shaped
dough to be now deposited on to the belt K, the cloth dropping down at the
under side of the belt R, the operator continuing to supply the belt R with
shaped dough until the belt K is filled therewith; during this time the belts
are in the position exhibited at Figure 20, as also the charging carriage and
trays M and P, which is to receive the shaped dough therefrom. To effect
this part of the operation, namely, depositing the shaped dough on to the tray
M, the operator proceeds as follows:-He first throws the bevil wheel into

page_text: gear with the bevil wheel c by the clutch z, and then imparts motion to the
winch handle Z, on the axis of which a pinion f is fixed, which gearing into
the wheel U imparts motion thereto, and transmits the same to the running
wheels C through the medium of the bevil gearing c, d, e, and the operator
continues to turn the handle Z until the belt K has been advanced across the
tray M during this time. The web is at rest, as the pall only gears into the
ratchet when the motion is reversed the operator now reverses the direction of
motion of the winch handle Z¹ by which the endless belt K will be drawn
back and simultaneously with such retrograde movement the endless belt K
will be caused to revolve forward, and thus deposit the shaped dough on to
the tray of the charging carriage, which when filled is run into the oven by
the wheels C running on the rails B; the operator then disconnects the
charging tray from the carriage, and runs such said carriage back, and finally
forces the projecting part of the charging tray into the oven, and closes the
door thereof, and, if desirable, lutes it with any suitable material to keep the
steam in. When the batch is sufficiently baked the carriage P is again con-
nected to the tray M and the tray drawn out, and in this manner and by these
means the several operations of manufacturing bread according to our said
improvements may be effected as also biscuits, it being only necessary to
employ suitable shaping tools for that purpose, and to use a top crust only on
the soft dough.
Having now fully described and set forth the nature and object of our said
Invention of improvements in the manufacture of bread, biscuits, and like
articles, and in the machinery and apparatus connected therewith, together
with the best means we are acquainted with for carrying the same into
practical effect, we would remark in conclusion that we hereby declare our
Invention to consist in and we claim,―
First, the general arrangement and construction of the machine exhibited
at Sheet 1 of the annexed Drawings for mixing soft dough; and especially
we claim the means which we employ for regulating the heat necessary
for effecting proper fermentation of the sponge at all seasons, as above
described.
Secondly, we claim the general arrangement of the parts constituting the
moulding or shaping machine, as exhibited at Sheet 3; and especially we
claim the rollers A, B, C, for the purposes set forth.
Thirdly, we claim the mechanical arrangements above described with
reference to Sheets 4 and 5, for the purpose of depositing the shaped dough
on to the charging carriage, as above particularly described and represented.
Lastly, we claim the combined operations of the several machines above

page_text: particularly described, set forth, and represented by the accompanying
Drawings for manufacturing bread, biscuits, and like articles, in the manner
above stated, as constituting improvements in this branch of manufacture.
In witness whereof, we, the said Thomas Vicars, senior, Thomas Vicars,
junior, Thomas Ashmore, and James Smith, have hereunto set our
hands and seals, this Second day of November, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine.
THOMAS VICARS, SEN³. (L.S.)
THOMAS VICARS, JUNIOR. (L.S.)
THOMAS ASHMORE.
JAMES SMITH.
(L.S.)
(L.S.)