IMPROVE- MENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION AND ARRANGEMENT OF ENGINES AND APPARATUS FOR AND IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OF STEAM, VAPOURS, AIR, CARBONIC PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION
Year: 1874

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Richard Waller, of Charlotte Street, Fitzroy
Square, in the County of Middlesex, for the Invention of "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION AND ARRANGEMENT OF ENGINES AND APPARATUS
FOR AND IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OF STEAM, VAPOURS, AIR, CARBONIC
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Richard Waller at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents with his Petition,
on the 3rd September 1874.
I, RICHARD WALLER, of Charlotte Street, Fitzroy Square, in the
County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION AND ARRANGEMENT OF ENGINES AND
APPARATUS FOR AND IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OF STEAM, VAPOURS, AIR,
CARBONIC ACID GAS, AND OTHER GASEOUS MATTERS AS A SOURCE OF MOTIVE
POWER," to be as follows:-
-
This Invention relates to the construction and arrangement of appa-
ratus for the use of steam, vapours, air, carbonic acid gas, and other
A

page_text: gases as a motive power, but for the sake of convenience the term "gas
will be herein-after employed.
"
It should be mentioned that this Invention is based upon and consists
of certain improvements upon an Invention for which Letters Parent
were granted to me for "Improvements in Engines and Apparatus and
Means of Obtaining Motive Power from Liquids, Vapours, and Gases or
Air, Parts of which Invention may be Applied also to Ordinary
Steam or other Engines," bearing date the 6th day of May, 1854,
No. 1019.
For the purposes of this Invention cylinders are employed, in which
are worked pistons, rams, or plungers with motions which are well
known and understood, one of such motions being the finger motion and
the other the loop or link motion. These agents work inside the said
cylinders at the end or in the centre thereof, and shafts are provided
which are actuated by the said finger or link motions. Long glands or
barrels are provided with cavities, through which the crank shaft works.
These cavities are for the purpose of containing liquid, which is forced
in and out of the same in all the working parts of the apparatus. The
said glands or barrels are fixed into the wells at the outside of the metal
of which the said wells are composed. The said barrels, as they will
herein-after be called, and the cavities therein are arranged for the pur-
pose of preventing escape of the gas and to act as lubricators, or to be
used as long glands, through which the shaft works, on which the finger
motion is placed both inside and outside the well. The said shaft can
also be actuated by the loop or link motion, which may be substituted
for the finger motion. The said barrels should be properly ground and
fitted, so as to prevent as much as possible the escape of the gas or fluids
from the wells by the sides of the working shaft, and all interior working
parts should be provided with proper packing and means for the pre-
servation of escape of any of the aforesaid motive-power bodies.
In the application of this Invention to large engines and the con-
struction of cylinders connected therewith it is proposed that the piston
and cylinders shall be made of wrought iron of any dimensions required.
in thickness and diameter; and it is also proposed to line the same with
gun metal, and to use water between the two, namely, the outer and the
inner cylinders as a shell, and to provide proper means so that any
amount of the water that may be found to escape can be replaced by

page_text: means of force pumps. Glass guages are provided so as to indicate the
said loss, the same being connected with water in the shell, and also with
the gas operating on the piston in the cylinder.
Jackets or shells are used round the apparatus, whether for heating or
for cooling purposes, and glass guages are provided upon reservoirs,
receivers, or chargers containing liquid carbonic acid or other substances
in order to ascertain the quantity of liquid in such vessels.
Glass guages are also provided to indicate the quantity of gas, which
guages are attached or fixed to pipes in the apparatus for the purpose of
ascertaining the amount of gas contained therein. Pressure guages are
also attached to or fixed to vessels or to tubes which form the surface
condensers. A vessel is also provided which receives the perforated or
sieve formed ends of pipes, through which the gas from the cylinders
rushes into the same, to be there condensed.
The arrangements above referred to are equally applicable to steam,
the same as to carbonic acid gas or other vapours and gaseous bodies.
When water is used as, a medium for condensation a rectifier is attached
to this form of vessel, and towards the lower part of one end thereof is
a boss, which is connected by a similar boss to the condenser by means
of a gland and pipe, which should be packed either by lead or copper.
There is also another outlet at the upper part of the condenser connected
with the rectifier, and as condensation of the gas goes on, the water being
heavier than the gas, a distinct stratum is formed and the liquid carbonic
acid flows into the rectifier, from which the gas is conveyed by means
of a force pump to the generator, and the water out of the generator is
caused to pass through the circulating pump into the condensing water
refrigator. When refrigerated it is forced through the sieve end or per-
forated pipe into the condenser, where it constantly meets with the
continuous flow of the gas, and so on is worked over and over
again.
It is well known that in order to condense steam a jet is formed of
water in the usual condensing engine, the process now described being
similar, except that in the one a vacuum is caused and in the other the
gas is reduced to a lower state of temperature and into a liquid form.
Pressure guages are provided for the generator or that portion of the
apparatus in which the gas is worked in tension or pressure, and with
glass guages to indicate the same and in the manner above alluded to.

page_text: It should be here mentioned that this Invention is applicable to
engines and machinery, whether stationary or for any purposes of pro-
pulsion or locomotion, and is capable of such modifications and adap-
tations as are necessary for such purposes, as will be well known and
understood by persons conversant with machinery and mechanical
appliances.
In order to accelerate refrigeration a charger especially provided, or
chargers or reservoirs, are attached to apparatus connected with pipes or
tubes which are perforated and arranged in a tank or tanks containing
water for the purposes of refrigeration, and taps are fixed to such
charger or chargers, reservoir or reservoirs, which will be made to
turn off and on as necessity may require, or they may be actuated by
machinery for the purpose of letting out carbonic acid gas of high
tension, either, in its aëriform state or in its liquified condition, into the
same tanks in quantity sufficient to produce ice or otherwise to refrigerate
the water, reducing the temperature of it to the lowest possible degree
not being ice. And it must be understood that proper arrangements
for the suitability of producing ice are especially necessary for the
carrying out of these improvements. An air pump or air pumps, and
cylinders or tubes forming the vessel or vessels into which air is com-
pressed to a high state of tension, are provided, and the said vessels
containing the air will be exposed to the action of the atmosphere and
the wind, and the tubes applied to refrigerative appliances are arranged so
that water shall be made to flow through them in order to refrigerate the
said air vessel and reduce the temperature thereof, which reduction of
temperature is produced by the compression of the air within the said
cylinder. The air is employed for the purpose of being let off into the
tanks, and by these means lowering the temperature of the water
therein.

page_text: will be made to move backwards and forwards, all such motions being
obtained by means of suitable machinery.
Reservoirs or tanks are also arranged under this Invention so as to
receive large quantities of water to be covered up or as convenience and
cost of arrangements will permit, so as to receive the water from the
roofs of buildings or otherwise to supply the apparatus with the means
of refrigeration, and water may be supplied from any source to facilitate
refrigeration; or wells or shafts are sunk and pumps used, as also the
means alluded to in creating a vacuum to lift water for the same
refrigerative purposes, and to be deposited into tanks or reservoirs to be
used as required in case of accident or otherwise as may be required
where the water supply will be cut off.
It is also proposed to refrigerate directly or otherwise condense the
gas after it leaves the working cylinders in separate condensers, either
with the liquid gas or such other suitable medium as may be thought.
fit.
It is preferred to use carbonic acid gas where it can be heated in
suitable vessels to resist great pressure. It is then passed from the
vessels through the working cylinders and from those cylinders into the
condenser, and from the condenser by means of force pumps or other
instruments; the gas is returned to the vessels in which it was heated
and the pressure increased, and so used over and over again, ad
infinitum.
'
Another mode proposed is to provide vessels so that each stroke of the
cylinder, and the revolution of the fly wheel or crank, the gas being
condensed and expanded between the piston and the vessels which
contain the gas, the motion will be slackened; but these vessels so
containing the gas will have condensers and expanders outside or
approximately or otherwise attached. In connection with this modifi-
cation heaters or generators and refrigerators are arranged alternately
to apply the heat, and expand the gas and to contract, or otherwise con-
dense it on the same side of the cylinder on which the piston moves.
In applying refrigeration to what might be termed the rolling portion
of this machinery, that is to say, for propulsion or locomotion, it is
proposed to carry an "addendum" which supplies the place of the
tender usually attached to the locomotives. But for the smaller kind of

page_text: engines and apparatus adopted for private use they can be added when
required to give additional refrigerative effect, which greatly adds to the
effective force.
In connection with the "addendum" I propose to have vessels as
before referred to charged with carbonic acid gas, and so arranged and
constructed as to manufacture ice in accordance with methods which are
well known and understood, and which ice can be applied to the purposes
of this Invention, although such manufacture of ice forms no part
thereof. Pumps are also arranged for charging vessels with compressed
air, as will be well understood, for refrigerative uses in connexion with
these improvements. All necessary connexions necessary for uniting
the engine with the addendum, so as to use the water so refrigerated in
the same, are of course employed.
In the method of heating by which pressure is given to the gas many
modifications are admissible.
:
no
Jackets or shells of water are provided in which are placed pipes of a
suitable section containing the gas, and which pipes are called tube
racks. The shells of water are constructed by placing two sheets of
metal of suitable strength, and of the size required at a distance of cach
other from about an inch upwards less or more, and they are made water-
tight on all their sides, four of which can be placed, and form a square
fire-box; it will be seen that these will generate steam, segments of
circles of sheets of metal are also used to form shells in which water is
placed aforesaid. One tube is also placed within another or one cylinder
within another so as to form fire-boxes or to surround any system of
apparatus, such boxes being constructed of tubes or corrugated sheets
containing gas.
The steam generated from these arrangements becomes useful in the
prevention of great radiation of heat, from the apparatus as well as for
the signal or alarm whistles, and for applying the same for creating the
vacuum in the condenser already referred to and become applicable
to small engines, such as donkey engines in connexion with these
improvements.
W
When shells of water are not used tubes are provided containing
either carbonic acid gas or other bodies in connexion with the apparatus
to form the fire-box, and otherwise to define the limit of the form of the
apparatus, whether round, square, or otherwise.

page_text: .A generator for steam being placed in the chimney to use the waste
heat, and there to generate steam for the purpose alluded to..
When heat direct is not employed to generate the pressure in the
apparatus, oil is used open to the pressure of the atmosphere and sur-
rounding tubes to give heat to the same.
The vessal for this purposes
may be a simple cauldron or pan, only that tubes descend from it
arranged in the form of a coil round the fire-box to accelerate more
rapidly. the heating of the oil; when necessary this oil is used under
pressure.
Another mode of heating from steam at high tension is by passing the
same into jackets surrounding the working cylinders, and the generatus
in which the gas is raised to a high state of tension, and pressure of water
being also employed to heat and increase the pressure of the gas. The
water is placed in the boiler which is constructed to resist great pressure
and extends to the fire, a great amount of heating surface of any of the
known forms of tubular or cylindrical construction, and the same being
circulated by meams of pumps to the generator and working cylinders
round the same, that is to say, to and from the boiler; heated air is also
used, the same being propelled by means of fans or bellows made of
metal in the form of round cylinders, the sides of which are not touched
by the moveable piston which acts as the blower, and the same is placed
in a convenient place in the fire-box.
It is also proposed to employ heat by any illuminating known system
forming jets of flame so as to be used by passing the same through
pumicestone, or otherwise through perforations in pipes or jets or may be
required; and portable metal bottles are provided to be charged with
any gas which can be used to give out flame, the same being furnished
with valves and taps, so as to retain it or otherwise allow it to pass
in any given quantity to suit the amount of heat required to generate
pressure.
Vessels are provided out of which the fluid is conveyed by means of
pumps into the cavities alluded to in the barrels or the long glands
already referred to. The said fluid being heavier than the gas that may
from time to time escape into the said cavities will ascend with the
current direction of the fluid in globules, and will be deposited in the
vessels from which the fluid is taken and returned. These vessels are
connected by pipes to that (portion of the apparatus with which the

page_text: glands are also more or less connected, so that the pressure is equalised
in the said vessels, whether the same are connected with the generator
or heater of the gas or with the condenser.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Richard Waller in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 3rd March 1875.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, RICHARD
WALLER, of Charlotte Street, Fitzroy Square, in the County of Middle-
sex, Gentleman, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Third day of September, in the
year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-four, in the
thirty-eighth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and suc-
cessors, give and grant unto me, the said Richard Waller, Her special
license that I, the said Richard Waller, my executors, administrators,
and assigns, or such others as I, the said Richard Waller, my executors,
administrators, or assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN THE CONSTRUCTION AND ARRANGEMENT OF ENGINES AND APPARATUS FOR AND IN
CONNECTION WITH THE USE OF STEAN, VAPOURS, AIR, CARBONIC ACID GAS, AND OTHER
GASEOUS MATTERS AS A SOURCE OF MOTIVE POWER," upon the condition
(amongst others) that I, the said Richard Waller, by an instrument in
writing under my hand and seal, should particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the
same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great
Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately
after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Richard Waller, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and-ascertained in and by the

page_text: following statement, reference being.had to the annexed Drawings,
and to the figures and letters marked thereon, that is to say :-
This Invention relates to the construction and arrangement of
apparatus for the use of steam, vapours, air, carbonic acid gas, naphtha,
petroleum, and other gases or liquids as a motive power. For the sake
of convenience however the term gas will be herein-after generally
employed, and must be understood to include where necessary any or all
of the above-mentioned liquids, vapours, or gases.
It should be mentioned that this Invention is based upon
and con-
sists of certain improvements upon an Invention for which Letters
Patent were granted to me for Improvements in Engines and Apparatus
and Means of Obtaining Motive Power from Liquids, Vapours, Gases, or
Air, Parts of which Invention may be Applied also to Ordinary Steam
or other Engines, bearing date the Sixth day of May One thousand cight
hundred and fifty-four, No. 1019.
This Invention is applicable to engines and machinery, whether sta-
tionary or for any purposes of propulsion or locomotion, and is capable"
of such modifications and adaptations as are necessary for such purposes.
For the purposes of this Invention cylinders are employed, in which
are worked pistons, rams, or plungers, arranged to transmit motion by
various means.
One of these methods is the finger motion A, another
the loop or link motion B, and in the Drawings I give illustrations of
various others, all of them being well known and understood by persons
conversant with machinery and mechanical appliances. At the ends or
in the centre of these cylinders the gas or other agents, by means of one
or other of the aforesaid motions, acts upon, and gives movement to
shafts, piston rods, or other appliances, which work through long glands
or barrels provided with annular cavities. These cavities are for the
purpose of containing liquid, which is forced in and out of the same in
all the working parts of the apparatus. An interior well is provided in
the centre of the cylinder, with glands and covers packed as herein-after
described, to prevent all external communication, in which well the above
mentioned motions work. The glands or long barrels before alluded to
with their cavities, through which the shafts work, are attached to and
in communication with the said wells and cylinders, and are arranged
for the purpose of preventing escape of the gas or other agent, and to
act as lubricators, and to be used as long bearances, through which any

page_text: shaft or rod works. The finger motion, link motion, or any of the other
motions is placed inside the well, where it is acted upon by the piston,
ram, or plunger, and thus conveys the power outside the cylinder by
means of the shaft through the long barrel, and then can be made to
transmit the power in any convenient method. The said barrels are
properly ground and fitted, so as to prevent as far as possible any escape
of gas or liquid from the wells, and all the interior working parts are
provided with proper packing and means for the prevention of escape of
any of the aforesaid motive-power bodies, as herein-after illustrated and
explained.
In the application of this Invention to large engines, and the con-
struction of cylinders connected therewith, it is proposed that the piston
and cylinders or any other required portion shall be made of wrought
iron or steel, or a combination of both, or malleable iron, or glass, of
any dimensions required in thickness and diameter; and it is also
proposed to line the same with gun or any other suitable metal or glass,
and to use water between the two outer and inner cylinders as a shell,
and to provide proper means so that any amount of the water that may
be found to escape can be replaced by means of force pumps. Glass
gauges are provided so as to indicate the said loss, the same being
connected with the water in the aforesaid shell or shells, and also with
the gas operating on the piston in the cylinder, so as cause an equilibrium.
pressure.
Jackets are used round the apparatus, whether for heating or cooling
purposes, to be referred to hereafter. Glass guages are also provided
upon reservoirs, receivers, or chargers, which contain the liquid carbonic
acid gas or other agent, in order to ascertain the quantity in such
vessels.
Glass guages are also provided and fixed to other parts of the apparatus
in order to shew, where desirable or necessary, the quantity therein.
Pressure guages are also fixed to various parts of the apparatus where
necessary or desirable.
The gas or other agent is admitted into the working cylinder from a
heater or generator, various forms of which will be herein-after alluded
to and described. After it passes from the working cylinder through
'the exhaust it is brought in contact with the condenser or with the
surface condenser, as afterwards described and illustrated.

page_text: I provide a vessel called the condenser, inside of which is placed a
perforated pipe or sieve for the purpose of discharging into the condenser
the condensing medium, water or otherwise. By means of the exhaust
pipe the gas from the working cylinder rushes into the said vessel, there
to be condensed, the result being the formation in the condenser of
distinct strata. The condensing medium being the heavier will be at
the bottom, and the gas or other agent condensed being at the top.
When water or any other suitable agent is used as a direct condensing
medium through the above mentioned sieve or pipe there are attached
to or connected with the condenser one or more vessels which I call
rectifiers. At suitable heights openings or communications are mado
between the condenser and the rectifier, and from one rectifier to the
next. These communications are for the purpose of allowing the water
or other condensing medium, which from its density will always form
the lowest stratum, to flow into the same level in the rectifier, and the
gas or other motive agent condensed to flow into its higher level in the
same manner, this process being repeated in additional rectifiers as often
as may be necessary for the purpose of obtaining the gas or other con-
densed agent as free as possible from any mixture of particles of water
which the agitation of the action of the condenser might cause.
water is then conveyed through a circulating pump to a series of cooling
pipes or tubes of such a capacity and number as will cool the water or
other condensing medium to the proper temperature for condensing again,
when it is again forced through the perforated pipe or sieve into the
condenser, there meeting with a continuous supply of gas from the
exhaust of the working cylinder, and so on, is worked over and over
again, any small quantity of gas or other agent that might still be
mixed with it being thus prevented from wasting. The gas or other
agent being the lighter stratum is drawn from the rectifiers by means of
a pipe, whose mouth is placed sufficiently high above the level of the
water or other condensing medium to prevent anything but the gas
passing through it, and returned to the heater or generator.
The
. This arrangement for condensing is similar in principle to that used
in the ordinary condensing engine, except that in this case a vacuum is
formed, whilst in the process just described the gas or other agent is
reduced to a lower state of temperature and pressure and into a liquid
form when arrangements for that end are made.
When the arrangement, which I call the surface condenser, is used

page_text: the gas or other agent is passed from the exhaust side of the cylinder to
a series of pipes through which it passes, and by the application of cold
to these pipes externally the gas or other agent is cooled and condensed,
and then forced back into the generator to be reheated. By this arrange-
ment the gas or other agent is never brought into contact with the
external atmosphere, an advantage which will be obvious when used in
the case of traction engines or tram engines, as no noise can take
place from the escape of the gas or other agent such as steam by its
escaping into the atmosphere. In cases however where there is no
objection to discharging the agent, whether steam, air, or gas into the
open air, these arrangements for condensers and surface condensers are
dispensed with, and the agent discharged at once from the exhaust.
As before mentioned the gas or other agent when required to be
returned to the heater or generator is forced there by means of suitable
pumps. These pumps are arranged so that their length of stroke can be
altered to suit certain requirements, so that instead of a small area and
quick motion a larger area and slower motion are produced. The liquid
carbonic acid gas when it comes from the surface condensers is in a state
of pressure, according to the amount of cooling it has undergone. When
the inlet valve of the force pump barrel opens it allows the liquid to
enter and fill the barrel. When the plunger returns to force the liquid
into the heater it must force out all the liquid possible, and for this
reason must be made to fill the barrel to the very end, the valves being
arranged accordingly out of its way. Some small quantity of the liquid
might however remain and be at such a pressure as would prevent
the rising of the inlet valve; the stroke of the force pump therefore
must be made so long as to allow this remaining portion of the liquid to
expand itself in the barrel till its pressure is less than that of the gas
waiting to enter from the condensers, otherwise the valve could not lift.
In a short and quick stroke this might not always be accomplished, I
therefore arrange the pump to be actuated by a rod connected with a
wheel; this wheel is moved with a pinion on the crank shaft of the
engine of, say, one-fourth its size, and the rod is made moveable on the
wheel to give a longer or shorter stroke similar to contrivances for the
same purpose in shaping and similar machines, it being understood in
all cases where liquid carbonic gas or aeriform gas or air issues the pump
barrel must also be adjustible to suit the length of stroke.
Another method of forcing the liquid gas from the surface condensers

page_text: to the heaters consists in having a slide valve (similar in form to that of
an ordinary steam engine) working in an enclosed chamber containing
the liquid as it flows from the surface condensers which are placed
above it. Communications are made between the inlet part of this slide
and the aeriform part of the surface condenser. When the inlet part is
opened the liquid flows into a chamber formed by the under side of the
valve. The action of the valve then closes this inlet and opens a port
connected with the heater which is placed below. A communication by
a pipe also made between this part and the aeriform part of the heater,
and the pipe conveying the liquid is continued to the bottom of heater,
thereby allowing the liquid to fall by its own gravity to that portion of
the heater arranged to receive it.
Another method is by having a tap valve with suitable openings com-
municating with the interior of the plug and with the surface condensers
above, and the heaters below the inlet and outlet openings being in pairs,
the larger opening being for the passage of the liquid, and the small one
to form a connection with the acriform portion of the condenser or
heater, as before described. This tap can be turned a portion of its
revolution, thus alternately opening and closing the respective com-
munications, or it may be made to move backwards and forwards in
equilibrium pressure for the same purpose; or the liquid may be
received in a hollow valve working on a scat and having a chamber of
water above it for the prevention of escape, the hollow part of the
valve to have openings in pairs for inlets and outlets, as before described.
On reference to the Drawings these different modifications will be better
understood:
In order to accelerate the process of cooling the liquid gas or other
agent the water used is subjected to various additional processes of
refrigeration. A vessel is provided which is charged with carbonic acid
gas under great pressure by means of an outlet tap which can be opened
from time to time or actuated by suitable self-acting machinery, a small
quantity of the carbonic acid gas is allowed to escape into a tank of the
water required for cooling the tube racks or series of tubes forming the
surface condensers. The tube conveying the carbonic acid gas from the
above-mentioned vessel enters the tank at any convenient place as a
main pipe, and then terminates inside the tank in a number of perforated
branch pipes or coils so as to distribute the carbonic acid gas amongst the
water. The discharge of the carbonic acid gas in this manner is arranged

page_text: so as to convert the water into ice or any other temperature short of
this. In some cases I mix with the carbonic acid gas in the vessel
naptha, or instead of the vessel containing carbonic acid gas a vessel
charged with compressed air by means of suitable pumps actuated by
self acting or other machinery may be used, and the air passed into the
tanks through pipes in a similar manner as described above.
Both the vessels alluded to above can have their temperature lowered
by allowing water or other medium to trickle down their outsides, they
being covered with textile material for the purpose of assisting
refrigeration.
The following are other modes of creating artificial draft or wind
necessary for stationary purposes in connexion with these improvements.
Fans are used of a peculiar construction which will work in cases or
sails, being moveable pieces of canvas fixed in frames which may be
called by the name of punkahs, the use of which in hot climates is well
known. The fan revolves and is constructed of light material and
arranged similar to a paddle wheel. The sails are fixed also in frames in
like manner without being cased up like that of the fan, and the
punkahs will be made to move backwards and forwards, all such motions
being obtained by means of suitable machinery.
Reservoirs or tanks are also arranged under this Invention so as to
receive large quantities of water to be covered up, or as convenience and
costs of arrangements will permit, so as to receive the rain water from
the roofs of buildings, or otherwise to supply the apparatus with the
means of refrigeration, and water may be supplied from any source to
facilitate refrigeration. Wells and shafts are sunk and pumps used to
lift water for the same refrigerative purposes, and to be deposited into
tanks or reservoirs to be used as required in case of accident, or other-
wise as may be required, where the water supply will be cut off.
Means are also used for creating a vacuum for lifting this water in a
similar manner or on a similar principle to what will be afterwards
explained in reference to the method employed for lifting and distributing
the water in locomotive and other engines.
With regard to the series of pipes referred to as cooling pipes from the
. condenser or surface condenser, each set I call a tube rack. I have
various forms of these which are herein-after illustrated and explained,
but cach tube rack consists of a main or mains with one or more tubes

page_text: inserted, the mains forming a continuous channel and communication
from each tube in the rack. The ends of the mains are variously
arranged to receive glands to admit and carry off the gas or other agent
passing through the tube racks. I wrap the tubes of the tube racks
with fibrous or textile material for the purpose of retaining moisture to
accelerate the cooling process. I make the tubes of various materials
suitable for the various processes they are intended for. Where the
tube racks are intended for passing water to refrigrate the tubes con-
taining gas or other agent from the working cylinders and condensers
they need not be made of strong metal but may be of thin metal or of
fibrous or textile material, or of textile material and wire woven together,
or of textile material with wire coils lining the same so as to be in
section round, flat, or other shapes. Where tube racks can be arranged
for currents of air to pass through them, as for instance in a locomotive
engine, and where such current would have the effect of displacing or
blowing away the water intended to run down them for cooling purposes,
or to condense the gas or other agent inside the tubes I cover a row of
the tubes in pairs with fibrous or textile material so that it forms a
medium by which the water is conveyed along the pipes; the current of
air passing through each line of pipes then accellerates the cooling
process by absorbing the moisture as it trickles down these coverings.
These details will be better understood on reference to the Drawings.
I also arrange for the sides of such portion of the apparatus when
used for locomotive, traction, and similar purposes, as contains the
refrigerating and cooling arrangements, to be provided with moveable
buffer boards which can be opened or closed like a Venetian blind. I
prefer to place these vertically and make them so as to be within control
of the driver.
The generators or heaters are vessels specially constructed to resist
great pressure. The gas or other agent is here subjected to heat in
order to raise its temperature and pressure, the gas or other agent is
then passed into the working cylinder to act on the piston or ram, thence,
as before described, by the exhaust into the condenser or surface con-
denser, and from these by means of force pumps or other appliances
into the heater or generator, there to be used over and over again.
Pressure gauges are fixed to the generators to indicate the pressure of
the contents, and glass gauges are also fixed to them to shew the
quantity therein.

page_text: 1
In addition to the arrangement so far described of heaters and
condensers I have also an arrangement which is a modification of the
original adaptation by Isambard Brunel, consisting of vessels so arranged
that at each stroke of the cylinder and the revolution of the fly wheel
or crank the gas is alternately condensed and expanded between the
piston and the vessels holding the gas. These vessels have condensers
and expanders outside or approximately or otherwise attached, and are
arranged alternately to apply heat and expand the gas, and to cool and
lower the pressure on the same side in each case as that in which the
piston moves, thereby dispensing with valves in the working cylinders.
Fire-boxes or heaters are constructed so as to form shells containing
water; these shells to be formed by having two sheets of metal fixed at,
say, one inch apart, more or less, and made water-tight, and suitably
bolted together, similar to the fire-box of locomotives. Four of these
sides are placed and properly fixed together so as to form a square
fire-box. The enclosure formed by these four sides is filled with tubes
variously formed and arranged as herein-after described, and containing
the gas or other agent to be heated.
.
Segments of circles made of sheets of metal and properly secured
together as in a locomotive fire-box can also be used to form shells to
contain water, as aforesaid, one tube within another (which I call a shell
tube), and the space between the two tubes welded up at the ends;
or one cylinder within another with the space between the two
properly closed at the ends may be also used, forming shells as before
mentioned..
When shells are not used tubes may be provided, which tubes can be
arranged to form a fire-box of any shape or dimensions, as may be
convenient for the purpose.
All the above arrangements of shells may be used, and will utilize the
heat which would otherwise be lost through radiation, and will generate
steam, which can be applied to various purposes, such as sounding
alarums or whistles, or for causing a vacuum to take place in a con-
denser for the purpose of lifting water as before alluded to, and will now
be explained.
The steam generated from the shells of the heaters is allowed to pass
into a cylinder specially constructed with suitable valves, as will be

page_text: J.
a vacuum.
€
are arranged block valves, two at each end, each of which is opened and
closed by the action of a cam of such a suitable shape that at the proper
time of its revolution the form of the cam acts upon the block valve and
opens and closes it. When the steam has been admitted into the
cylinder the inlet valve is closed, and immediately the upper block
valve at one end of the cylinder is opened, and forms a communication
with the condenser, the steam rushing in to be condensed, and forming
The block valve then immediately closes, and the valve
next to it opens and allows the cylinder to be filled with water from a
tank adjacent; this valve now closes. The third valve, which is at the
opposite end of cylinder, now opens, allowing a communication with the
atmosphere, and then the fourth valve opens, and allows the water to
escape through suitable pipes connected with the surface condenser to a
tank where it can again supply the shells of the heater. The block
valves being all closed the steam is again admitted into the cylinder
and the process repeated. This arrangement can be modified and
effected by using a four-way tap or valve suitably constructed, or taps of
the usual construction may be used instead of valves. This arrangement
can also be modified to suit gas, which can be exploded to cause a
vacuum.
When gas or any other agent is to be heated by the direct action of
firc or flame, or both combined, I have various forms of heaters in
addition to what I have already described, according to the necessity of
the case and the amount of heat required.
One of the simplest forms of these heaters is to have a stove covered
with a plate, into which shell tubes are fixed, the heat passing through
the tubes as chimneys and meeting the contents thereof.
A modification of this consists in using tubes constructed to form the
fire-box instead of the stove, which tubes may be charged with gas,
water, or other liquid, and the heat thus utilized.
Another modification is the one already alluded to in speaking of the
steam to form a vacuum, videlicet, shells forming fire-boxes made of two
sheets of metal as before described.
The shells may be of various forms, either forming slabs for square or
longitudinal fire-boxes, or of annular or other construction, or instead
of sheets of metal to form these shells of whatever shape..
A

page_text: Tubes may be arranged, forming similar shapes, and acting Summary
as shells, covering in the tubes in which the gas or other agents is being
heated, it being also understood that in all these outer shells the medium
may be heated, and be in connection with the heating apparatus they
enclose.
I also construct a heater by having a system of slabs or shells, which
are kept apart and prevented from pressing outwards by having tubes a
suitable distance placed between to act as stays, and also to receive heat,
these tubes to be connected at each end into mains; or the slabs may
be separated by flat pieces of metal instead of tubes, the outer shell
being strongly constructed and stayed with ribs to resist the inward
pressure.
Another form of heater consists of tube racks having their mains
made like a long trough, and they can be arranged in sets of any
required number, each set having its own inlet pipe and outlet pipe; or
the tube racks may be constructed with cup-shaped ends, the tubes
being fixed into flat pieces at both ends, and then fixed to the cup-
shaped ends, which can be bolted or packed or otherwise fastened; or
tubes fixed into a main or cup end at one end only may be used,
tubès thus hanging down. In this case the gas or other agent is
conducted down the interior of the tubes by means of small internal
tubes.
the
Instead of straight tubes, coiled, spiral, or zig-zag tubes can be used,.
arranged singly or in groups, as may be required, and fixed into mains
similar to the straight ones. Any of these arrangements may be used
for either heating, surface condensing, or refrigeration purposes.
Another method of heating consists of the application of suitable
means of applying a jet of coal gas or any other flame. In its simplest
form for small apparatus one shell tube is used closed at the end, and
the heat allowed to pass through it as a chimney. The burner used for
this is constructed similar to an Argand, but modified as follows:-A
tube concentric with the shell tube, and small enough to enter the shell
tube and leave a passage for air round it, is provided, through which
atmospheric air can pass. Round this tube at a proper distance from
the end an annular chamber is fixed, which is supplied with coal gas or
any other kind of illuminating gas. The tube is perforated so as to
allow the gas to pass from the annular chamber into the interior of the

page_text: tube. In the interior of the tube is placed a smaller tube as a blow
pipe, through which air is forced, and this blow pipe is made adjustable
by suitable means, so as to arrange the proper point of contact for the
mixture of atmospheric air and gas to meet the jet from the blow pipe,
and give out the greatest result of heat.
Where a larger number of tubes require to be heated for one generator
annular rings as chambers are made to receive a series of enclosed tubes,
and internal annular rings of a smaller diameter inside these, it being
understood that cach of the tubes here mentioned has separately its air
passages and blow pipe on same principle as above referred to.
Another modification consists of filling any of the fire-boxes described
with pumicestone or a composite for similar purposes, such pumicestone
to be heated by any of the forms of burner here described, or by coke,
or any other convenient arrangement of getting heat to the same.
Another modification of applying flame for the purpose of causing
heat is to have a dish containing oil or other inflammable fluid. This
dish is filled with small tubes which act as air passages and stand a
little above the level of the fluid, thus making a large surface of flame
fed with air by means of these tubes, and having also proper air-
passages at its side to admit air above the fluid. A dish may also be
arranged through which tubes to act as blow pipes pass into other tubes,
in a cover above the dish, a space being left between the surface of the
fluid in the dish and the cover for the admission of air, the burning
fluid then passes through the upper tubes, and meeting with the air
from the blow pipes the heat is intensified.
Another form of applying heat consists in having a charger away
from the direct action of the flame but in connection with the fluc or
chimney. Into this charger is admitted carbonic acid gas, either in its
liquid or acriform state, or water or air. In the case of carbonic acid gas
in its liquid form, it is taken from this charger by means of a pump and
passed into the heater which is in direct communication with the fire or
flame. The pipe from the pump has two branches, one of which passes
as before said, into the heater, and the other into any form of shell
round the fire or flame, and from thence to the heater. Either pipe will
convey the whole or any portion of the gas through its aperture. After
being licated the gas passes into the working cylinder, from thence to
the condenser and refrigerator, and thence by means of a pump back
B 2

page_text: again to the charger to be used again. If the aeriform carbonic acid
gas is used the same process applies.
If water be used or atmospheric air the same process applies in all
cases where it is not advisable to permit the escape of steam or air into
the atmosphere, but in addition to the above-mentioned arrangements
I allow a small portion of the heated steam or air to pass through ā
blow pipe to assist the combustion of the fire or flame, such amount
being made up for by pumping into the charger by another pump a
sufficient extra quantity to replace it. When the steam or air can be
allowed to discharge itself into the atmosphere I allow it to pass, as
before described, into the working cylinder and then into the open air,
or through the flue, using if desirable any quantity of it through a blow
pipe as before. In any case where the gas or air does not require to
be refrigerated it will be seen that the arrangements are greatly
simplified.
Another method of heating is from steam at high tension by passing
the same into jackets surrounding the working cylinders and the gene-
rators in which the gas is raised to a high state of pressure, water being
also employed to heat and increase the pressure of the gas. The water
is placed in the boiler which is constructed to resist great pressure
and extending to the fire a great amount of heating surface of any of
the known forms of tubular or cylindrical construction, and the same
being circulated by means of pumps to the generators and working
cylinders, that is to say, to and from the boiler. Air is allowed to pass
through pipes in the fire-box, and when heated is propelled by fans
worked by machinery into the flame by a pipe acting as a blow pipe.
These fans or bellows, or other suitable contrivances, may be placed in
the fire-box, or in any other convenient place outside. When in certain
cases heat direct is not employed to generate the pressure in the appa-
ratus, oil is used, either open to the pressure of the atmosphere or
arranged to surround tubes and to give heat to the same. The vessel
for this purpose may be a simple cauldron or pan, only that tubes descend
from it arranged in the form of a coil round the fire-box, or tubes may
hang down or project from the sides so as more rapidly to heat the oil;
or where necessary this oil may be used under pressure; water can be
heated in the same way. Portable metal bottles are also provided to be
charged with any gas or other agent under pressure, or with any gas
which can be used to give out flame, the same being furnished with

page_text: simplest form of main is that of the pipe with the tubes fixed into it at
intervals, and in some cases close together.
Another form is that of a pipe which has been to a limited extent
In some
flattened on two sides, and in other instances only on one.
cases the flat side is pressed further into the pipe so as to be slightly
hollowed on the outside of the flattened portion. When the mains are
flattened the ends are left round for the purpose of having glands more
easily fitted to them unless the mains are large enough to allow an end
to be welded in.
Another form of main consists of a piece of iron which is made whilst
in its flat state all ready to receive the tubes, its eagles being bevilled so
that the broader side is away from the tubes. Another piece of flat iron
is then swaged by pressure on the hammer into a segment of a circle.
The flat piece before alluded to with the tubes ready fixed in their
places is then placed inside the segment in its proper position and the
segment is by pressure closed upon it holding it by its bevilled edges.
Another form of main is that of a solid block of metal having a groove
in its centre made to receive tubes placed close together. This main
may be straight or bent to any required or desirable shape. These mains
can be made of either malleable iron, cast steel, gun metal, or wrought
iron, and will be better understood on reference to the Drawings.
I also employ various means of fixing the tubes in the mains. The
simplest form is that of boring a hole in the main and tapping it to
receive the end of the tube which is screwed. A groove is cut or planed
the whole length of that part of the main intended to hold tubes, and
after the pipes are put into their places at both ends I braize them by
filling up this groove.
Another method is to drill a hole in the main rather larger at the
bottom than the outside to receive each tube, so that after the tube is
fixed the end of it may be expanded to fill up the hole. The end of the
tube is turned with a taper groove cut into the hole made to receive the
pipe, the two corresponding and forming a V. Above this V groove a
a larger plain groove or recess is cut into the main. When the tubes
are fixed in their places these grooves are filled with spelter and
braized.

page_text: Another form is to have the recesses cut square instead of V shaped
both in the tubes and in the mains, the upper recess being either a long
groove all the length of that part of main intended to receive the pipes
or a separate recess made for each pipe, all being fixed first and then
filled with spelter and braized as before.
Another method of fixing the tubes is shewn when two tubes are
placed side by side. Here the main is drilled and tapped, the hole
being larger to the inside of the main than the outside, so that the tube
which is screwed at the end when expanded fills up the thread, and if
the tube is large enough I insert a ferrule. The upper portion of the
main is cut or planed as before and braized. Holes are made in the
main opposite to the holes for the tubes so as to be able to get better to
the ends of the tubes and to insert the ferrules. These holes are after-
wards made up with plugs braized in a similar manner.
Another method is to fix the tube by first screwing as before and
then having in the tube a nut and lead or copper packing in a recess
round the tube.
Another method is shewn where thin tubes are side by side fixed
into a flat piece of iron forming part of the main. The pipes are fixed
in a similar manner to what has been before described, and then the
whole of the surface above and between the edges of the main is floated
with spelter.
Another method of fixing the tubes is that arranged for the mains
holding tubes close together. The ends of the tubes are screwed or
made any of the before-mentioned shapes and placed close together on
the groove, leaving a space between the end of every tube and the
bottoms of the groove so as to form a channel or connection from one
tube to another. The upper part of the main round the tubes is then
filled with spelter and braized as before.
Figure 1 is a double-cylinder engine composed of four pistons C, C,
on the trunk principle. The cranks H, H, on shaft I work in the
well F, and through glands, as in Fig. 6 or 20. There are two openings
5 into cach cylinder, opposite each other, one for admitting and one for
5

page_text: exhausting the gas at J and M. The port J admits the gas through the
boss at J, described by the dotted lines, and the gas is exhausted through
the boss M at the opposite end of the cylinder and the opposite side.
The construction of the valves are simply what may be called a rod of
the length of the distance between the ports, having holes in at their
proper intervals acting as inlets and outlets of the gas. These valves
are worked with a reciprocating motion; either by a rack as in Fig. I, N,
or by fingers, as in Figs. 4 and 7, N, N. They can also be worked by
turning backwards and forwards same as a common tap.
Fig. 2 consists of a cylinder to admit of two pistons C, C, fixed at the
ends of the rod O, in the centre of which is a cross head P having on
each side of it a connecting rod Q, Q, to actuate the crank H. The
two connecting rods work in spaces left for that purpose, but which
spaces also connect the two wells F, F. G* acts for one half the
cylinder and also the cover; G, G, are side covers, in the centre of
which the shaft part I of the crank works.
Fig. 3 shews the working of the crank H in the well F by being con-
nected with the piston called C* in the cylinder L* in which it moves.
B*, B*, are liquid passages for lubrication and for taking away any
liquid gases that may be deposited in the cylinder L* in which the
piston C* moves. A is the rod which connects the crank H. on shaft I
with the piston slide C*.
Fig. 4, A*, connects the piston slide C* with the finger A, which is on
the shaft I in the well F. G is the cover of well F; the barrel D forms
the cylinder cover, which is connected with the cylinder L in which the
piston C moves, and is connected by the piston rod O with the piston
slide C*. N is the finger which gives motion to the valve rod K; and
J, J, are the gas ports in the cylinder L; B* are the liquid passages,
as alluded to in Fig. 3. In the piston slide C* there are passages at F*.
in order to allow the flow of the liquid between the well F and the
cylinder L.
Figs. 5 and 6 shew the cylinders L, L, in which the plunger pistons C, C,
move to actuate the beam R on shaft I through the medium of con-
necting links C* in the well F. Fig. 6 gives sectional end elevation
shewing the valve K working on the side. The link C* connects the
end of the beam R to plunger pistons C, C. The shaft I on which the

page_text: beam is fixed works in seating protected by glands, to be herein-after
described in Sheet No. 2.
Fig. 7, K is a double piston valve rod; J, J, are the inlets, and M the
outlet; L, L, are the cylinders in which the floats S, S, work; T, T, are
pipes which are broken off at *, *, fluid, water, or oil being employed
between each float and each side of the piston, which may be any
distance away. The finger A in well F actuates the piston C by the
connecting link C* which works in the cylinder L. Another modi-
fication of this principle will be explained and illustrated in another
Sheet.
Fig. 8 is a simple modification of Fig. 4 with crank and loop motion
and without connecting rod. The great length of barrel D in which
piston rod works is for working at a high temperature in the
cylinder L, and at a much lower temperature in the well F. By this
méthod flexible packing, either of vegetable or animal kind, can be used.
B* is similar to Fig. 3.
,
Fig. 9. Cylinder L has a piston C with through piston rod O. The
piston C is provided with rings as packings: The cylinder L has a
jacket U, in which hot water, steam, or air can be floated or forced to
flow. In the cylinder cover G at G* is a passage which equalizes the
pressure between the piston and the cavity E surrounding the piston
rod in the gland in which it works. Fluid is forced into this cavity,
and a small glass guage V is added to it (seen by the dotted lines on
Drawing) in order to shew the quantity of fluid in said cavity. There
is a perforated gland W in the cavity E which allows any gas that may
escape by the sides of the piston rod to ascend up the pipes V* back
again into the cylinder L, or remain at the top of the fluid in the said
cavity at E*. The gas enters a chamber a little distant from the
cylinder and flows through the pipe L*, which acts as a port to convey
the gas into cylinder L. There is a kind of packing of india-rubber or
other elastic substance enclosed in leather which surrounds the piston
rod, and which is adjusted by means of a gland at the end of the cavity.
This arrangement is not intended to work at a high temperature.
Fig. 10 shews the finger A on the shaft I in the well F, which is
actuated by the plunger C. This arrangement is intended to be
actuated by water. By connecting the pipe F* (Fig. 7) to the pipe
at C* (Fig. 10) it will be seen that the water would actuate the

page_text: finger A in cylinder L. The other pipe L* at the opposite end by
being fixed into another cylinder would actuate the piston or plunger
in that cylinder, and so on for as many cylinders as the valve chest and
floats were calculated to drive. The last cylinder of the series would
be connected to the return pipe F* (Fig. 7), as described there. By
this arrangement the cylinders need not be placed in a direct line, but
can be worked at any angle to give out power to machinery. The end
of the finger A works in the plunger C at X through a round socket
usually called a ball socket.
Fig. 11 shews a contrivance where the plunger C actuates the piston
rod O connected by means of stud C*. The object of this arrangement
is to force the surface of the plunger from the room usually occupied
by a through piston, as in (Fig. 14). The piston rod O works in a
long barrel and through gland G to a cross head which works in
slide O*, and from thence, by means of a connecting rod, to crank H.
Fig. 12 shows piston C in cylinder L with packings of leather to work
when cold liquids are used.
Fig. 13 is sectional view shewing the manner of fixing the finger
motions A to shaft I. The finger A* is in the well F, and the finger A
on the shaft I outside. The cylinder L is arranged to work at any
required distance from the valve chester with cold mediums, by means
of floats, as in (Figs. 7 and 10). Hydraulic packing is used in cavity E
adjusted by gland G.
Fig. 14 shews a cylinder with a through piston working in long
barrels with fluid cavities, and with a cooling cavity which surrounds
the packing at the ends of the barrels. The working parts are shewn
by dotted lines. The gas enters to the valve K through pipes J, J,
and passes into the working cylinder L to actuate the piston C in
the usual way. The cavities E are connected by passages G* with
the cylinders to equalize the pressure in cavities E on both sides of the
piston C.
Fig. 15 is a modification of (Fig. 5) to shew the plungers C, C,
actuating, by means of racks formed on them, the pinion on shaft I in
well F instead of beam, as in (Fig. 5).
Fig. 16 is a pump for high-pressure liquids or vapours. The plunger Ca
in cylinder L is actuated outside by the finger A. on the shaft I through.

page_text: the medium of connecting rod A*. The gas or air enters the bottom
pipe J* and flows out of the pump at J. The valves are arranged to work
with double-action motion in the usual way.
Fig. 17. This arrangement of valve is an improvement on the one
for which Letters Patent were granted to me, A.D. 1854. The object
of this valve is to remove the pressure from the rubbing surfaces of
the valve. I do this by cutting a square hole through it, thus leaving
four sides, the dimensions of which are equal to the steam ports. I fit
into the upper portion of the hole in the valve a piece of metal of proper
strength, which will be seen at A; I then place two rollers under the
piece of metal and keep the rollers at a proper distance from each other
by means of links which are fitted on to small journals projecting from
the ends of the rollers. In order to prevent the gas, air, or steam
passing the sides of the piece of metal A, I cover the outer part on the
top of the valve with lead or copper which is fastened between a rim
and the top surface of the square part of the valve B which forms the
sides, the copper or lead being thin enough to allow the pressure on the
valve so that the rollers will sustain the same. L is the space in which
the valve moves; D is the valve chest; O is the inlet; J, J, are the
two ports; M, the exhaust; and F, the valve rod.
Fig. 18 shews a condenser made to resist very great pressure by
means of hoops of thick metal being shrunk on the inner cylinder,
wherein is condensed liquid carbonic acid gas, air, steam, or other
bodies of great temperature and pressure: A is the pipe from the high-
pressure pump, and is perforated at the end sieve-like, through which
the condensing medium rushes. Through the inlet C is introduced
the body to be condensed, which comes into contact with the condensing
medium, and is then condensed or otherwise lowered in volume and
temperature. The line at B shows the liquid gas, and the line at B*
shews the line of water or condensing medium, water being preferred
in most cases. The pipe J is to take away the liquid gas. The shield G
at the end of pipe J is to prevent the condensing medium falling into
the pipe. The pipe J* conducts the water or condensing medium back
to the pumps. This simple form of condenser is used when air or other
aeriform vapours have to be condensed, not forming liquid.
Fig. 19 shews the rectifying condenser which is in three compart.
ments A B C The condensing compartment A is similar to (Fio 18)

page_text: The rectifiers B and C are for the purpose of collecting the gas as it
flows from the condenser A in the direction of the arrows. The reason
for using these additional rectifiers is to enable the gas, which will
always form the higher stratum, to flow from one rectifier to another,
and the water or other condensing. medium which will form the heavier
stratum to flow on its level in the same way, thus in each rectifier
allowing any particles of water or other condensing medium which the
agitation in the condenser might cause to mix to settle away from the
gas leaving it at the top. The gas is conveyed by pipes at D, D, with
suitable connections to the liquid returner or pump, and thence to the
heater to be used over again, and the pipe F returns the water or other
condensing medium to the condensing pumps. The shields G, G, are
to prevent the condensing medium from falling into the pipes. It must
be understood that I condense liquids, vapours, steam, or air with the
same arrangements of vessels.
Fig. 20 shows a modification of reservoir or charger for the purpose
of containing liquid gas for supplying engines or apparatus when it is
found that loss has been sustained from unavoidable leakage, or for the
purpose of charging the heaters and condensers of any engine with the
proper quantity of gas or other agent in order to be ready to start
working. This vessel can be portable or fixed to any convenient and
suitable place for conveying the liquid gas or other agent into either the
heating or cooling portions of the apparatus. Any number may be
provided for this purpose, according to required circumstances. This
vessel need not necessarily be constructed of tubes, as shewn, but may
be in one vessel if convenient. The vessel A is suitable for manu-
facturing the gas, and the vessel B is suitable for receiving the said gas.
The glass gauge C is provided to shew at all times the quantity contained
therein. When the ingredients are put into the vessel A at the boss F
the taps or cocks D and E shut off the communication between the
receiver and the charger. When the gas is made the tap E is opened and
receives the aeriform gas resting above the liquid in the charger. A
suitable tap is fixed into the charger A at G, so that connections can be
made to admit water. The quantity of water to be admitted is regulated
by the contents already in the vessel and the dimensions of its interior
capacity. The force pump is applied and the water is forced into the
charger, but not before the tap E is opened and communication made with
the receiver. As soon as the required quantity of water has been forced

page_text: .
into the charger the tap E is shut. The charger is then emptied and
the process is repeated till the liquid gas has filled the receiver, as
registered by the gas guage C. The vessels A and B can be used
separately. Suitable flanges, brackets, or stays, can be added in order
to fix them to their places when required, or tripods may be used, or
other means of standing, as circumstances may require.
(Figure 21.) Under this Figure I have numerous modifications for
fixing tubes into their mains for forming tube racks. For reference they
are numbered Nos. 1, 2, &c.
No. 1 shews a main A with a section of the hole with the tube B in it.
At C the hole in the main has a groove formed it, and a corresponding
one is formed in the end of the tube at D. At E another form is
recessed, which surrounds the tube. These forms are filled up and
braized solid with spelter. The plan No. 10 shews at E the recess.
No. 2 is similar to No. 1, except the form at C, and that the main is
wider at B, the end of the tube being expanded to fit it by the process
illustrated at No. 14.
No. 3 is a flattened main A, shewing in section two tubes. They are
screwed slack, so that the ends B, B, will admit of being expanded until
they fit. One of the tubes shews a ferrule at C. In order to get to the
ends of the tubes to expand and ferrule them holes are bored opposite,
as seen at D, D. At E, E, E, a recess is provided the width of the two
tubes and the length of the main so far as the tubes are fixed in it. This
recess is floated with spelter and brazed solid. At the end. of this main
the metal forming it is swaged down so as to form a boss to receive the
gland with its connections, similar to No. 9.
No. 4 is a simple form, shewing a recess the whole length of the main
where the tubes fit in. The hole for the tube is made wider at B, and
The recess is braized as before.
expanded as in No. 2.
No. 5 shews the two ends of a tube; the end A in the boss or plate D
is screwed left hand, and the end B is screwed right hand. By turning
the nut C, which is solid with the pipe, the bosses or plates at each end
are drawn together, and the two check nuts F and G are screwed

page_text: tight down
upon the copper, lead, or other packing, as shewn at H, to
prevent the escape of any matter through the joint.
Nos. 6 and 7 shew the tubes B, B, simply screwed into the mains
A, A; the recess C, C, is placed the whole length of the main where the
tubes are screwed in.
No. 8 shows a main hollowed by pressure instead of being recessed,
the tubes being fixed in by any of the above mentioned modes.
5
No. 9 shews plan view of the end of a main, and one of the means I
use to unite the same with another main, or any other portion of the
apparatus; A is the main; B is the planed recess; C, C, shews the 1
tubes in section, put into the holes with the forms described with dotted
lines, as seen in (No. 1); D is the gland; E is the button fixed on the
end of a tube; and the V forms at F, F, shows the method of packing
cither with copper or lead.
No. 10 shews plan of a main with the holes bored in and recessed in 1
accordance with the forms in (No. 2).
No. 11 shows the main A flattened and having two rows of tubes like
(No. 3), leaving the end round, so as to receive the gland, as in
(No. 9).
No. 12 is a section of the form (No. 11) before the holes are bored into 2
it to receive the tubes.
No. 13 is a section of a shell tube, showing a space between two
tubes, the ends of which are welded together by means of a ferule being
put in the space at the end. A shows the outer tube, and B the inner
tube, and C the space which is filled up by the ferrule already alluded to, 2
or otherwise welded. The space is to contain air, gas, or liquids, either
to be heated or cooled. The bodies can be put in at the sides, as well as
at the top and bottom. At the end of the tube at D a small hole is
bored and tapped to receive a screw tube E, which tube is connected with
another tube, so as to take away the contents or otherwise to make 3
connections. This kind of tube can be used singly, in pairs, or in
groups.
No. 14 is a section of the above; A shews the outer tube; B, the inner

page_text: No. 15 is another modification, shewing a main flattened and a recess
planed the required length, with rounded ends to receive glands and
connections. A is the main; B is the tube; C is the nut; at D the main
is recessed to receive a ring of copper; the nut C is V formed at the end
of it, next to the copper. It is tightened down by pressing the copper
against the sides of the recess and against the thread on the tube. It is
then brazed by floating spelter in the planed recess.
No. 16 shows a mode by which tubes can be expanded inside the
main. A frame is used to keep the mains and the tubes in the required
position firmly. The mains and the tube ends may be either done
heated or cold, according to the strength of the tubes. The "dolly” C
is first inserted into the tube, after which a wedge D is inserted and
forces the end of the dolly into the end of the tube. Then the wedge E-
is forced under both until the distanco driven in registers the fact that
the tube is properly expanded. The wedges are withdrawn and the
"dolly "relieved from the tube, and the process is complete.
Nos. 17, 18, 19, show the various parts for the construction of onc
main to receive three rows of tubes. A shows the section of part of
the length of the main; F is a screwed boss arranged to receive a
button-cuded tube and nut gland; C is a space arranged to float spelter
in after (No. 19 B) has been bored and the tubes put into it in the
manner already alluded to. After the plate D has been partially formed
and the plate B has been bored according to any of the forms already
described, and the tubes fixed firmly in these plates at both ends by a.
proper frame, the plate D is then heated and hammered or pressed into
the form as seen at E, E. Pieces of metal are then welded into the
ends, which also form the boss F. After this the space C is filled up
with spelter and firmly braized.
The sections 20 and 21
The form C is cut out of
No. 22 shows
so as to touch
Nos. 20, 21, 22, represent a square main A.
show a seating at B, in which the tubes rest.
the main, and the form D on the pipe is cut to correspond. Spelter is
floated at E in the manner already frequently alluded to.
the main lengthwise with the tubes arranged side by side
each other. This arrangement is specially used for forming the sides of
fire-boxes or enclosing groups of tubes, or may be placed within a
fire-box so as to be heated to expand or generate pressure, or for cooling
or refrigerating purposes.

page_text: Figs. 22, 23, 24, show various modes of packing the journals and
shafts, where they work either in the wells or otherwise, to prevent the
escape of any of the motive lubricating or condensing medium.
་
Fig. 22 at F shows the well; I is the shaft; G is the gland; (a) is
the socket or bush in which the shaft I works, and is used for the 5
prevention of the escape of the fluids or gas by means of the seating )6),
which is made a little taper to suit the form on the shaft, which form
may be either longer in its taper or absolutely flat; (d, d,) is a ring of
copper, lead, or other flexible material to prevent leakage, which might
pass by the sides of the shaft at (c); (e) is the button placed between 1
the packing (d) and the gland G..
Fig. 23 shows the well at F. I is the shaft similar to Fig. (22), but
being also tapered towards the well F. The packing at (c) is of the
hydraulic kind, that is leather, which I prefer to having made of the
cupped form. The socket (a) has the seating (6) and a flange (d), which 1
flange presses up the packing (c) by means of gland G.
Fig. 24 shows the well at F and the shaft I, which shaft is tapered
from the well, as seen at (a). The socket gland H is screwed into the
outer gland G and forms the scating (b).
Fig. 25. A is the nut gland; B is the socket; C is the nut welded
on to pipe D. At (a) is a ring of copper, lead, or other flexible material.
The V forms (b, b,), between which the packing is placed, is preferred
in all cases. This method shows the least possible amount of surface
requiring packing..
2
Fig. 26 shows the gland G in the boss A. and the shaft I passing 2
through the gland. (a) is a brass ring, which is placed between the
gland G and the packing (6), which packing is of lead or other ductile
material. The taper part of the hole (c), which is formed to compress
the metal into to tighten the packing as it wears. It may be used in
such places as the packing (Fig. 25.)
.
3
Fig. 27 shows a well known arrangement of tubes. The hole in the
main A is divided in the centre, and the tubes are fixed in at each side
of the partition. The fluid or air enters at (a) and flows in the direction
of the arrow and out at (6). This arrangement can be used where the
gas requires to be partially superheated, and it saves the necessity of 3
having two mains. By placing the main with the tubes in a vertical

page_text: position it makes an excellent superheater. By introducing the fluid at
one side and allowing it there to generate aeriform the aeriform comes
into contact with the same amount of heat as the liquid is exposed to.
Fig. 28 shows a vessel A with coils of tubing B fixed into the ends of
vessel A at C, C. The fluid will enter the tube at (a), and will pass
through the coils (B, B,) and out at the tube (6). This is one of the
forms to obtain as great a heating or cooling surface as space will
admit of.
Fig. 29. A is a case or jacket which encloses a coil C which surrounds
the main B. This arrangement is one of the smallest for generating
high pressure by means of hot air or steam. The hot air enters the
jacket A at the bottom (not shown), and it flows out of the upper part
of the jacket at boss D. The gas to be heated enters the coil at (a) and
fills the main, which acts as a reservoir, while the gas flows in the
direction of the arrow out of the jacket at boss (6). The tap E shuts
off the air or gas from the working cylinder. The inlet (a) is the pipe
from the numn
Figure 30 (No. 1) is a drawing of a locomotive and addenda. A is
the working cylinder; B, the finger motion actuating the driving wheels
by means of the connecting rod C, C. The finger motion B has also a
connecting rod D which actuates the gas pump E for supplying the
heater with gas which it receives from the refrigerator. The finger
motion B has a third connecting rod F which actuates two pumps G and
H by means of the rod F*. The pump G takes the water from the
tank I through the pipes J, J, and discharges it into two troughs K, K,
shewn by dotted lines, one on one side and the other on the other of the
main pipe J; under these are other troughs K*, K*, (sec No. 2). These
troughs are fixed over the surface condensers L, L, and discharge the
water by means of perforations, which allow the water to trickle through
and fall on the tubes of the surface condenser. The water then falls
into troughs (K a), below the surface condensers (see No. 2), and from
thence into the tank M through the pipe M* (see No. 2). The pump H
draws the water from the tank M and forces it through the pipe N into
the addenda, where it is discharged into a perforated trough similar to
K, K, which is not shewn in the Drawing. The pipe N between the
engine and the addenda is made flexible, as shewn at N*.. The water
0

page_text: then runs outside and through the tubes O, O, into the tank P. The
tubes O, O, have their ends fixed in troughs shewn by dotted lines which
receive the water, and their outsides are lapped with textile fabric, and
there are also conductors Q made of textile fabric to prevent the water
from being blown away by the current of air. There are frameworks to
keep the tubes O, O, in their places, and underneath this there is a
trough to receive the water and conduct it by means of pipes to the
tank P. The water is then passed by means of the flexible pipe or pipes
R into the tank S, and from there is passed again into the tank I by
means of pipes S*, where it is again ready for the action of the pump G.
The pipes O, O, extend the whole length of the addenda and constitute
the refrigerator, They are arranged in rows so as to form channels
through which currents of air can pass. Between the rows of pipes in
the addenda and under the coal bunker T, shewn in dotted lines is placed
a vessel (a) into which air is forced, and then compressed to be liberated
into the tank P. The pump (a) is actuated by an eccentric (6) fixed on
the axle of the leading wheels of the addenda, and at each revolution
forces air into the vessel (c). This compressed air is liberated from the
vessel (c) into the tank P by means of a self-acting tap (d), which is
acted upon at (e*) by the shaft or rod (e) which also actuates the pump
(a) by means of a ratchet wheel (f). At cach revolution of the ratchet
wheel an opening in the plug of the tap comes opposite an opening into
the pipe (9) leading to the tank P. The pipe (g) has perforated
branches which distribute the compressed air into the tank P for the
purpose of assisting refrigeration. In order to still further accellerate
refrigeration the reservoirs U, U, containing carbonic acid gas, cither
liquid or aeriform, or compressed air (of which I use any number more
or less as required) are fixed in a suitable position, and by means of the
taps () the contents can be discharged by the pipes (i, i,) into tho
tank I in a similar manner to what has already been referred to for tho
compressed air in the vessel (a). A glass gauge (j) is fixed to the
upper and lower reservoirs for the purpose of shewing the contents when
carbonic acid gas is used in the liquid state; a pressure gauge (k) is also
attached to indicate the pressure. The arrangement in the Drawing is
shewn to be worked by hand, but may be made to be actuated by self-
acting machinery. The gas or other agent is supplied to the heater or
generator V by the pump E through the pipe E*. This pipe dis-
charges the gas into the receiving pipe W which is fixed in any
convenient position in front of or in approximation to the heater. By

page_text: means of mains the gas from this receiving pipe enters the tubes at the
bottom of the heater, and the aeriform gas by means of mains is collected
at the top of the heater, and passed by the pipe X to the tap Y, which
admits or closes it from the working cylinder A by the pipes Y*. The
heater is composed of tubes, racks, in any of the manners already alluded
to Z shews the sides of the heater in the form of a shell containing
water which by the heat is converted into steam which is used for
sounding the whistle, or for forming a vacuum in the manner already
alluded to. The shells are supplied with water from the tanks by
suitable force pumps. The steam chamber Z* has safety valve and
whistle connected therewith. It must be understood that in order to
start this or any other engine, a reservoir similar to the one described,
Fig. 20, Sheet No. 1 is required. The heater must be charged with the
proper quantity of gas from this reservoir, and the condenser also with.
its proper quantity. The gas being then heated the engine, is ready for
work. The body of the engine and addenda is covered in with a system
of vertical plates (A a,) hinged at one side and connected by straps
(Bb,) so that they can be opened to any degree either way by means of
a fixed quadrant with notches in (C c,) and a lever fixed to the straps
and dropped into any of these notches. The straps have hinges (d, d,).
Figure 31 is an engine constructed to work with carbonic acid gas
in its aeriform state, not being liquid atmospheric air or any other agent
in an aeriform or gaseous state. This engine is intended to work at a
less pressure than engines arranged to work with liquid carbonic acid
gas. A is the working cylinder; B, the finger motion actuating the
crank C which transmits the power. The finger motion B also actuates
a rod B* which works two pumps C and D. The pump C forces the gas
or other agent by means of the pipe C* through the shell tube D* into
the chamber E. Through the interior of the shell tube a gas flame or
other heating medium passes, discharging itself through the chamber E
into the chimney or flue F, and heating the gas, air, or other agent
as it is forced into the chamber E. The gas or other agent is admitted
to the working cylinder by means of the pipe E* and through the stop
valve A*. It is exhausted from the working cylinder by the pipe F* and
conveyed into the surface condenser G; at the bottom of the surface
condenser it is collected in the pipe H and from there taken to the force
pump C, there to be used over again. The pump D draws the water
from the tank J, and by means of the pipe K discharges it, into a

page_text: perforated trough over the surface condenser or cooler G. The pipes of
this cooler are covered with textile material as before described. The
water trickles down the surface condenser into the tank J, passing
through on its way an ice rack L, for the purpose of accellerating the
cooling of the refrigerating water. The ice rack is made of wire or
perforated metal to allow the water to pass freely through it, and the ice
is placed in a moveable compartment so as to be easily replenished.
M is a pipe supplying air to the blow pipe N which enters the tube
surrounded by an. annular chamber O perforated inside. This chamber
is supplied with gas by the pipe P; Q is the framing which carries and
supports the pipes. The vessel E can have its heating power increased
by having tubes or coils of tubes arranged within it, each one allowing
the heat to pass through as a flue. This arrangement of engine can
also be used for liquid carbonic acid gas if all the parts are made
proportionately stronger. The Drawing also represents a small engine
as will be seen by the small quantity of heating power employed.
Larger sized engines can be made on the same principle, the heating
and refrigerating powers being proportionately increased. It must be
understood that the vessel and pump for supplying the wells of the
working cylinders and the glands with their cavities, with the lubricating
fluid which also prevents the escape of the gas can be fixed at any
convenient place attached to or near the engine, these not being shown
on the Drawing.
Figure (32) is arrangement for an engine and apparatus where the
gas, air, or other agent can be allowed to escape through the exhaust
after being used without being worked over again. A is the working
cylinder; B, the finger motion which actuates the crank and fly wheel
on one side, and by means of the rod C actuates the pump D. This
pump draws air from the atmosphere or gas or other agent from any
convenient receptacle, and forces it by means of the pipe E into the
shell tube F, where it is heated and passed into the vessel G in a similar
manner to what was described in Figure (31). By means of the pipe H.
and the stop valve H* it is then passed into the working cylinder; from
thence exhausted by the pipe I and allowed to escape into the chimney J,
or all or any required portion of it may be exhausted through the pipe K,
and used as a hot blast to feed the blow pipe L. The pipe M supplies
the annular chamber N with gas as before described.
Figure (33) represents a similar arrangement of vessel, &c., to receive

page_text: heated air or other agents, but the lower part shews instead of the
burner and blow pipe an ordinary stove to be used as a heater. A is
the stove; B, a casing surrounding the shell tube C; D is the vessel to
receive the heated gas or air; E is the chimney.
thereon-
Figure (34) represents an arrangement for a large marine engine with
screw propeller. A, A, shews the back part of the working cylinders
provided with finger motions and connecting rods, shewn in dotted lines,
for actuating the crank B.on the propeller shaft E; C, C, are
necting rods; D, D, the finger motions. On the shaft E is fixed a
pinion F which actuates the two wheels G, G, one on each side of the
shaft. These wheels have studs (*, *,) carrying the connecting rods H, H,
which work the pumps I, I. These pumps force the gas, air, or other
agent by the pipes J, J, into the receiving pipes K, K. From these
receiving pipes the gas or other agent passes into the mains of the tubes
racks at the bottom of the heater at L; after being heated it passes
from the top of the heater at M, M, and by the pipes N, N, and stop
valves N*, N*, into the working cylinders A, A. It is exhausted from
the working cylinder by the pipes O, O, into the surface condenser
at O*, O*. A portion of the interior of one of the surface condensers
is shewn at P. The tubes terminate in the main Q, and the gas, air, or
other agent is conveyed by the pipes P*, P*, to the force pumps I, I,
where it is again returned to the heater by the receiving pipes K, K.
R is a crank plate on the shaft E with a projecting stud which actuates
the cross head S by means of the connecting rod S* which is guided in
a slide T. The cross head S works the two double-action pumps U, U,
drawing the water through the vessel sides by means of the pipes U*, U*,
and forcing it by the pipes V, V, into the surface condenser at V*; V*.
When the surface condensers are filled the overflow escapes by the
pipes W, W, out of the sides of the vessel. X, X, are taps on the
eduction valve boxes of the pumps U, U, to admit air when either of
the pumps are not required to lift water. This arrangement of marine
engines can be worked together, as shewn in the Drawing, or each side
as a separate engine, when the wheels G can either of them be thrown

page_text: out of gear with the pinion F. When necessary, as in the case of hot
climates, the water may be subjected to a refrigerating process before
being admitted into the surface condensers. It must be understood that
the apparatus already described for making and charging reservoirs with
gas must be used in conjunction with all marine engines. Y, Y, are the
surface condensers; Z, Z, the heaters or generators; and Z*, Z*, the
flues or chimneys; Y*, Y*, arc reservoirs charged with gas or other
agent for the purpose of making good in the surface condensers any
quantity of gas or other agent which in the working of the engine may
escape. These reservoirs are filled by removing the caps A', A¹, at the
top. A, A, are glass gauges which indicate the quantity contained
therein. In order to keep the wells of the working cylinders and the
glands and their cavities in the barrels, already described; filled with
the lubricating fluid, and for the purpose of preventing escape of the
gas or other agent, the vessel (a) is provided, shewn in dotted lines;
communications are made between these vessels and the wells and
glands, and barrels with cavities of the working cylinders by the
pipes b, b, and also between the glands and barrels with their cavities of
the pumps I, I, by the pipes c, c, shewn in dotted lines. The pressure
in this vessel is kept the same as in the heater by the pipes d, d, making
a communication between them. The pumps e, e, circulate the lubri-
cating fluid by forcing it into the under sides of the wells and of the
cavities in the barrels or glands, so that any gas that may escape with
the lubricating fluid will circulate with this fluid and rise to the top of
the vessels (a, a,) and from thence to the heater, the wells and cavities
being always at the same pressure as the vessels a, a. f,f, are small
tanks to contain a supply of the lubricating fluid. By closing the taps
communicating with the wells and cavities, and by opening a tap con-
nected with the vessel a, and also a tap communicating with the tank f,
any quantity of the lubricating fluid which may waste can be
replenished. In connection with marine engines the method of trans-
mitting power by means of water, acted upon by floats previously
alluded to, may be used for all kinds of donkey engines and other
auxiliary motive powers required.
Figure 35 shows a high-pressure condensing engine, either for air, gas,
or steam. It is charged similar to (Fig. 34) when charged with carbonic
acid gas. If air is used it is pumped into both sides of the apparatus,

page_text: filled, and the rectifier and condenser half filled, and the heater about
two-thirds. Glass guages are attached to the condenser and rectifier to
register the quantity of water. Pressure guages are attached to the
rectifier and the heater. The motive medium is conducted from the
heater V through the pipe A into the working cylinder B. The piston
rod C actuates the crank D by means of the connecting rod E, and is
carried forward to the pump F, which pumps the water from the pipe G*
at the bottom of the condenser G through the pipe H, H, and through
the valve chest I into the tubes J, J, which act as coolers. After being
cooled the water passes through the pipe K into the condenser again,
meeting the motive medium from the exhaust pipe L at M. The piston
rod C passes through the pump F into the pump N which pumps the
water from the tank 0, 0, through the pipe P, P, into a tank Q with a
perforated bottom which allows the water to trickle down among the
tubes J, J, thus causing the refrigeration. Under the tubes J, J, is a
trough R which contains ice, through which the water passes into the
tank O again, cooled and ready for use. The ice is placed in a crate
made of wire. S is the rectifier; T is a small pipe which is made long
enough to take away the gas in the upper stratum by means of the
pump U which forces it into the heater V. The bellows W are actuated
by connections attached to any convenient motion. They blow into a
compartment X under the heater, which will either accomodate a fire
or jets of gas, as described clsewhere. The vessel Y contains the
fluid for lubrication and prevention of escape of gas, like the ono
described in (Fig. 34).
Fig. 36. No. 1 shews elevation view of a tubular boiler or heater with
three sides formed of tubes fixed together as described in the (Fig. 21,
Nos. 20, 21, 22). The inner pipes are in one group, as illustrated at A
(No. 2), which view is the plan of No. 1. B is the fire-box; C, C, are
the mains into which the tubes D are fixed; E is the receiver which
receives the gas from the pump by the tube (a), and by the tube (6) at
the top of the receiver it is conveyed to the working cylinders. The
tubes A (No. 2), composing the interior of the boiler are shell tubes,
and' are formed as described and illustrated at (Fig. 21, Nos. 13 and 14).
The heat passes from the fire-box through the interior of the inner shell
and through the spaces left outside the outer shell, left in consequence
of the tubes being circular, pressure and other gauges being used as
usual. This form of boiler can be heated by the arrangements made to
use gas flame or by fire.

page_text: pipe (9) and forces the water up the pipe (2) into the ice crate (Q), where
it discharges its contents, passing through the ice it falls into a
second perforated trough through which it trickles down amongst the
tubes of the condenser, which tubes are lapped with textile material.
The condensers are placed on each side, leaving a space in the centre,
and which are covered in by a system of Venetian blinds which can be
placed at any angle.
Fig. 39. The object of this arrangement is for superheating steam
vapours or carbonic acid gas. The upper heater A is a distinct and
separate vessel from the heater B which is immediately under it. Liquid
gas is put into the vessel A and converted into aeriform at a low
pressure, and is then taken by the pump C through the pipe D and
forced through the pipe E into the superheater B at F, where it is heated
to the pressure required; it is passed from this heater by the pipe G
through the stop-cock H into the working cylinder I. From the exhaust
pipe J it is conveyed to the principal main Ķ in the surface condenser L ;
it leaves the main at the bottom of the surface condenser M in a liquid
state and passes through the pipe N (seen by dotted lines behind the
working cylinder) to the pump O and returns through the pipe P to the
heater A, and so it is worked over and over again. In order to facilitate
the cooling operation there is arranged an apparatus for compressing air
at Q (fixed on the side of the bed Q*) in a similar manner to that
already illustrated and described in (Sheet 3, Fig. 30). A crank R is
fixed on the shaft of the working cylinder I which actuates the
plunger S* of the air pump T, being connected thereto by the rod S.
On the plunger at S* is a tappet (a) which moves the ratchet wheel (6).
On the shaft of the ratchet wheel is a worm actuating the wheel (c),
which is fixed on the shaft (d) passing through the boss (e), and turns
the plug of the tap (f). The plug (g) is bored up the centre at (*), and
has a groove cut round the outside, in which is drilled a small hole to
make a communication with the hole up the centre; this hole is con-
tinued into the air vessel U, as shown by dotted lines. The tap (f) is
attached to the air vessel U.. The air is pumped by the pump T through
the pipe () into the groove (h), and through the central hole (*) into
the air vessel. Another hole is drilled in the plug at (i) into the central
hole. At every revolution of the wheel C the whole (i) is placed directly
opposite the pipe (*); when this takes place the air rushes out of the

page_text: vessel U into the bed tank Q through the perforated pipes V to cool
the water. The vessel U is lapped with textile material, and the small
perforated trough W fixed to the bed receives water from the surface
condenser X through the pipe X* and. cock W*, the water percolating
on to the vessel U into the trough U*, and is carried away to any con-
venient place. The pump Z takes the water from the tank Q and forces
it up the pipe Z* into the perforated trough of the surface condenser.
The water leaves the condenser by the pipe (k) and is seen by the dotted
lines to enter the tank Q* at (*).
Fig. 40 is specially arranged for working with superheated steam. The
heater and superheater are exactly like (A,B, Fig. 39). The steam is
pumped out of the heater A through the pipe D into the pump C and
forced into the superheater B through the pipe E at F; it is taken
through the pipe G and stop-cock H into the working cylinder I and
exhausted through the pipe J into the chimney. The pipe J* is attached
to the pipe J and passes any part of the steam into the fire-box for the
purpose of acting as a blow pipe, the steam owing to its being super-
heated, having very little moisture in it, the quantity passed either into
the chimney or fire-box being regulated by the taps L, L. The piston
rod in the working cylinder I, being a through rod, working on one side
the pump C, and on the other the pump M. The pump M is for
supplying water to the heater A as required, the crank N being
actuated by the finger motion P. Q is a tank for supplying the pump M
with water..
Fig. 41. This is an arrangement for returning the liquid from the
condenser, rectifier, or other vessels, in which it is collected after its being
condensed into the heater. A is the cylinder in which the hollow
plunger B works. The plunger B may be made taper or parallel, and
has the action of a common tap of the plug form having a passage
through the plug. The hole (a) is opposite the inlet pipe (6) when in
the position for receiving the liquid gas, and the small hole (e) is open
to the pressure of the condenser, rectifier, or any other vessel about the
apparatus where it is at the lowest pressure away from the liquid form
of the gas, conducted by a small pipe (ƒ); so soon as the plunger is
charged with the liquid it is turned until the hole (c) is opposite the high-a
pressure pipe (A), which pipe leads to the heater, and the small hole (g)
comes in contact with the pipe (7) leading to the upper part of the
receiver, or otherwise to the upper part of the heater. The instrument

page_text: described above is only applicable when the arrangement of the con-
densing apparatus admits of the collected liquid gas to pass into the
heater at a sufficient height to flow into the same.
Under other circumstances another apparatus is added similar in con-
struction to a combination of Figs. 4, 8, Sheet No. 1, and Figure 41, Sheet
No. 5. C is the plunger actuated by the finger motion H in the well F,
the gas enters at the pipe (d), fills the ends of the cylinder G alternately,
and is forced into the heater through the valves (k, k).
Fig. 42 shows an arrangement of communicaing heat to pomistone
and composition of a durable kind when heated by means of flame, and
I prefer the flame of coal gas. A is the fire-box; B is the composition
or pomistone; C, C, are the pipes that introduce the gas for the action
of the blow pipes D, D. The blow pipe enters at (a), the gas enters a
perforated tube at (6) by. means of an annular chamber, and the end of
the blow pipe is placed a little below the holes or perforations. The
instrument E, E, is also provided for the purpose of heating the air
which passes up at the entrance of tube E at E*; this heated air
establishes a more perfect combustion. The instrument E can be made
of metal or of the composition used for making crucibles. The composi-
tion or pomistone B is heated by means of the lower arrangement of
pipes at G. The blow pipe (a) enters the annular gas chamber at (6),
and the air passage is seen at (c). The taps (d, d,) are for regulating
the supply of gas and air. The boiler F is composed of shell tubes.
The gas is supplied at H and H*; from the pumps and from the bosses I,
it is taken to the working cylinders.
Fig. 43. This arrangement is for the use of fluids, such as napthas,
parafins, and oils free from the nature of explosion. The annular
dish A provides what may be called the fire-box, and the conical air
passages (a, a, a,) are composed of either metal or the composition used
for making burners. The air is forced into the pipe at B and under the
dish A, and the air enters an annular chamber B, which is perforated
at (c); a vessel D contains the material to produce the flame.. The
glass guage E registers the fluid contained in it. The tap F regulates
the quantity to be introduced into the dish A, and the glass indicator G
always shews the height or line of the fluid, which must not be per-
mitted to cover the air passages, and the fluid enters the dish out of the
bottom of the indicator through a syphon tube (g).

page_text: 5th. I claim the improvements on my former Patents, shewn in
Fig. 10 (Sheet No. 1), which represents a condenser with rectifiers
attached, such improvements being the use of the shield G and additional
rectifiers.
6th. I claim the arrangements herein described, or substantially the
same, for the purpose of using a fluid in the wells and cavities as
described, this fluid being intended to act both as a lubricator for the
enclosed moving parts, and also to prevent the escape of gas or any of
the other agents under high pressure, and the long glands or barrels for
the same purpose; and also the arrangements for supplying and keeping
the cavities and wells filled with the above mentioned fluid:
7th. I claim the arrangements of chargers, and reservoirs, and vessels
connected therewith, as described, whether portable or otherwise attached,
or substantially the same, for filling any apparatus with carbonic acid
gas or other agent under great pressure.
8th. I claim the various forms of mains, the method of fixing, and.
tools, illustrated forms of packing and braizing the tubes, as described
in (Sheet No. 2), Fig. 31, Nos. 1 to 22 inclusive; and also the various
forms of bushes and packing combined, or substantially the same, as
shewn in Figs. 22 to 26 inclusive (Sheet No. 2).
9th. I claim the arrangements for a locomotive engine and addenda
described Fig. 20 (Sheet No. 3), or any modification thereof, or any
separate part thereof, as described for the
purposes of my Invention.
10th. I claim the arrangements shewn in Fig. 31, or substantially the
same (Sheet No. 3,) for engines intended to use carbonic acid gas in its
aeriform state, or steam, air, and other gaseous bodies; and I also claim
the use of such parts thereof, or substantially the same, for the purpose
of using air only, as shewn in Figs. 32 & 33 (Sheet No. 3).
11th. I claim the arrangements for a marine engine as shewn in
Fig. 34 (Sheet No. 4), or any modification of the same, or any separate
part thereof, as described, for the purposes of my Invention. I also
claim the arrangement shewn in Fig. 36 (Shect No. 4), or substantially
the same, as an alternative form of heater or condenser for the purposes
of my Invention.
12th. I claim the various arrangements, or substantially the same, as
:

page_text: shewn in Figures 35, 37, and 38 (Sheet No. 4), for the different kinds of
engines, as described, or any combination of their separate parts.
13th. I claim the various arrangements shewn in Fig. 39 (Sheet No. 5),
or substantially the same, for the purpose of superheating carbonic acid
gas in its liquid form, water, or any other liquid to be used as a motive
power and I also claim the modification of this arrangement at Fig. 40
(Sheet No. 5), or substantially the same, for the purpose of enabling me
to allow the motive agent to escape through the chimney, or otherwise,
or to use any portion of it to act as a blast or blow pipe to assist
combustion.
14th. I claim the various arrangements for the use of blasts or blow
pipes to assist combustion, as described and partially illustrated as in
Figures 42, 43, 44, and 45 (Sheet No. 5), or substantially the same, for
motive-power purposes...
15th. I claim the arrangement of pump and apparatus, or substantially
the same, as shewn in Fig. 41 (Sheet No. 5), for transferring liquids
under great pressure from one vessel of a lower to another of a higher
pressure.
16th. I claim the various arrangements and combinations, or sub-
stantially the same, as described and partially illustrated, for cooling
and refrigerative purposes in connection with my Invention.
17th. I claim the arrangements and apparatus described, or sub-
stantially the same, for using carbonic acid gas or compressed air for
the purpose of cooling the water used for refrigerative purposes, in the
manner described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Richard Waller, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Second day of March, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-five.