A NEW OR IM- PROVED PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR APPLYING BY DYEING, 'CHINEEING,” TO SLIVERS OF FIBROUS SUBSTANCES BEFORE SPINNING
Year: 1878

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Walter Alfred Barlow, of 6, St. Paul's Churchyard,
London, Patent Agent and Engineer, for the Invention of "A NEW OR IM-
PROVED PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR APPLYING BY DYEING, 'CHINEEING,” TO
SLIVERS OF FIBROUS SUBSTANCES BEFORE SPINNING." A communication from
abroad by Louis Bourau, of Paris, France.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Walter Alfred Barlow at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 10th October 1878.
WALTER ALFRED BARLOW, of 6, St. Paul's Churchyard, London, Patent Agent
and Engineer. "A NEW OR IMPROVED PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR APPLYING
BY DYEING, CHINEEING,' TO SLIVERS OF FIBROUS SUBSTANCES BEFORE SPINNING."
A communication from abroad by Louis Bourau, of Paris, France.
'
The object of this Invention is to effect the chineeing of fibrous substances by
dyeing.
Hitherto, when applying the process of chinecing to slivers of fibrous substances,
said slivers have been put into a tinctorial bath aftor strongly or euergetically com-
pressing the parts of the slivers intended to be reserved, in order to prevent the
colour from penetrating thereto. It has been possible to obtain that result only by
means of a strong pressure, and by surrounding and shutting up completely the
sliver at the places to be reserved.
This improved process differs therefrom in this material point, that the sliver is
not entirely plunged into the tinctorial bath.
The only parts plunged in the bath are the parts intended to be dyed, and on the
contrary, the parts which are to be reserved undyed are kept out of the tinctorial
bath, and have not to be compressed, as is the case in all the existing systems.
To obtain this result, it is theoretically sufficient to fold the sliver in such a
manner as to form with it undulations or bendings, in and out of which one part,
the lower one, only is plunged into the tinctorial or dye bath.
a
It is also possible to dispose the sliver so that the low part of the undulation iş
alone introduced into the tinctorial bath.

page_text: In order to effect this disposition practically, the sliver which is to be partially
dyed or "chineed" is extended on a table of metal or any other suitable material,
having in its length rectilinear apertures in which are introduced by a convenient
toothed or ribbed tool the corresponding parts of the sliver in such a manner as to
form loops, buckles, or bendings.
This table is placed immediately above the level of the tinctorial bath in such a
way that on emersing it therein, all the loops will be dyed and produce on the
sliver the effect of "chineeing."
An indispensable condition is, that the surface of the table should be a perfectly
horizontal plane, in order to obtain regular stripes on the sliver.
But this process, simple in appearance, presents the two following incon-
veniences :-
1st. The colour of the bath, which on dipping, is acting energetically on the
exterior part of the loops, does not penetrate inside the loops.
2nd. The dye is rising in the sliver by the effect of capilliary attraction, and as
soon as the part intended to be reserved is damped, the colour immediately invades
the reserved parts.
This effect is particularly sensible in the washing after dyeing.
The white parts are clear enough as long as the water has not penetrated into
them, but as soon as they are damp, the colour invades them rapidly, and destroys
the whiteness of the reserved parts.
The first of these inconveniences is explained in the following manner:-The
looped parts are soft, and when they are put in contact with the bath instead of
penetrating into it, they float on the surface in such a way that the dye touches
only their exterior parts.
The means of correcting this inconvenience is to make the loops rigid by intro-
ducing into them a resisting body.
By introducing an iron rod or tooth in each of the loops, it has been found that
the color penetrates equally into the inside as well as the outside.
As for the second inconvenience, its explanation is simple also. The dye rises
between the fibres in a certain measure by capilliary attraction; if then the fibres
are damp a syphon-like effect is produced, and the dye immediately penetrates
them.
In order to obviate this inconvenience, there is pressed on the sliver at the lower
point, for instance, in each aperture of the table a piece in the forin of a wedge.
This pressure is sufficient to prevent the capilliary attraction of the dye, and to
preserve the parts which are to be reserved.
If the piece in the form of a wedge is long enough to penetrate into the loops
and to distend and keep it tight, it will correct the two inconveniences that have
been pointed out.
This piece or wedge can be used to introduce the slivers into the apertures of the
table.
The introduction of the slivers in all the apertures of the table at one stroke is
impossible, as it would break the slivers. It is necessary therefore that the slivers
should be introduced successively in each aperture, and that the part introduced in
onc aperture should be maintained during the introduction of the sliver in the
aperture immediately following.
Besides, when several slivers are placed in such a way as to form a sheet or bat
of a certain width, the resistance is considerable if the sheet is to be introduced in
the apertures in one stroke.
For effecting this, there has been invented a double wheel, of which the two small
wheels are of a dimension suitable for being introduced between the apertures of
the table, whereof the distances or grooves are calculated according to the dimen-
sions to be given to the loop. On the axis of the double wheel are small wheels
which will press on the table when the wheels are introduced into the apertures,
that is, are pressed on the slivers.
It is easy to understand that the workman has only to introduce into the

page_text: apertures situated as described the said wheels, and to press on the sliver with a
forward action to produce the desired effect.
The disposition of the apparatus can be varied, for instance, it can be used with a
handle, or it can have a certain weight so that the workman has only to push it on
the table to introduce the slivers in the apertures; and by this apparatus it is easy
to fill the table with all the loops, whatever may be the width of the sheet of slivers,
according as the operation is made successively upon each sliver.
When the table is entirely covered with the loops, a piece in the form of a wedgo
is introduced in each loop, and then the system is submitted to the dye, taking care
to plunge horizontally into the bath only the parts of the loops which are to be
dyed.
This operation being terminated, the slivers contained in the system are sub-
mitted to an energetic washing, either in causing the bath of colour to pass through,
and then by substituting water, or by taking up the table containing the slivers
and submitting it to the action of water delivered by a pump or a tap, or by any
other method.
In order to make this table rigid and to prevent it from bending down, it is
supported by transverse pieces having the form of a comb in order to allow the
sliver to be introduced in the apertures, and to form the loops.
This table is supported by feet resting on the bottom of the dying vat, or by rods
in the vat itself, in order to maintain it in a constant position.
A steam pipe or any other convenient apparatus is employed for warming the
bath wherein the level of the liquid is maintained.
The vat is made of red copper or any other convenient material, and a tap is
placed at the lower part of the vat in order to allow the emptying thereof.
As the vat is shallow, two or more similar vats can be put one above the other,
and cause the liquid to fall from one vat into another.
When the workman has filled all the apertures of the table with the combed wool by
means of the pressing wheels above described, or of any other equivalent apparatus,
he must introduce in each aperture and in the interior of each loop a piece in the
form of a wedge as explained above, the object of which is to make the loop rigid
and to oppose by pressure the effect of capilliary attraction.
To practically introduce one after the other, each of those pieces would take con-
siderable time, and in order to obviate this inconvenience, there has been invented
a second table or grid of the same dimensions as this table, having pieces made of
metal or any other material in the form of a wedge and corresponding with the
apertures of the table on which the slivers are disposed.
The pressure of the grid on the table is obtained by any convenient system, and
when the tables are connected as described, the whole is placed in the tinctorial
bath as explained above. This process is characterised by a progressive and alter-
native introduction of the slivers in each aperture, and by simultaneous application
(that is to say, in one stroke), of all the pieces in the form of a wedge.
The sheet of wool dyed with reserved parts can be kept of the length of the
slivers, and form an endless sheet of chineed wool in the following manner :-
The slivers to be chineed are placed on a roller in such manner as to form a sheet
of slivers touching each other, baving the length of sheet to be dyed at one end of
the dying vat, and the loops are formed on the table put in its proper place in the
vat, and then the dying is effected. The bath of colour is let run out, and in its
place water is introduced in the vat in order to wash and clean the slivers; and
when this is done, the wool is taken out of the table, and the dyed slivers are then
drawn forwards, and so bring on the table a certain length of undyed wool which is
treated exactly in the same manner.
This succession of operations will give continuous slivers of chineed wool. It
must be understood that all that has been said here of combed wool cannot also be
applied to carded wool or any other fibrous substances in slivers.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Walter Alfred Barlow in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 10th
April 1879.
WALTER ALFRED BARLOW, of 6, St. Paul's Churchyard, London, Patent Agent
and Engineer. "A NEW OR IMPROVED PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR APPLYING
BY DYEING, CHINEEING,' TO SLIVERS OF FIBROUS SUBSTANCES BEFORE SPINNING."
A communication from abroad by Louis Bourau, of Paris, France.
The object of this Invention is to effect the chineeing of fibrous substances by.
dyeing. Hitherto when applying the process of chineeing to slivers of fibrous
substances, said slivers have been put into a tinctorial bath after strongly or
energetically compressing the parts of the slivers intended to be reserved in order
to prevent the colour from penetrating thereto. It has been possible to obtain that
result only by means of a strong pressure, and by surrounding and shutting up
completely the sliver at the places to be reserved.
This improved process differs therefroin in this material point, that the sliver is
not entirely plunged into the tinctorial bath.
The only parts plunged in the bath are the parts intended to be dyed, and on the
contrary the parts which are to be reserved undyed are kept out of the tinctorial
bath, and have not to be compressed as is the case in all the existing systems..
To obtain this result it is theoretically sufficient to fold the sliver in such a
manner as to form with it undulations or bendings in and out of which one part,
the lower one, only is plunged into the tinctorial or dye bath, for instance to
dispose the sliver as represented in Fig. 1, the line A, B, representing the level of
the bath the part c, d, only will be dyed.
It is also possible to dispose the slivers, so that the low part of the undulation
is alone introduced into the tinctorial bath as represented in Fig. 2.
In order to effect this disposition practically, the sliver which is to be partially
dyed or "chineed" is extended on the table T of metal or any other suitable
material, having in its length rectilinear apertures, in which are introduced by a
convenient toothed or ribbed tool the corresponding parts of the sliver in such a
manner as to form loops, buckles, or bendings.
This table is placed immediately above the level A, B, of the tinctorial bath in
such a way that on immersing it therein all the loops will be dyed and produce on
the sliver the effect of "chineeing."
An indispensable condition is, that the surface of the table should be a perfectly
horizontal plane in order to obtain regular stripes on the sliver.
But this process, simple in appearance, presents the two following inconveniences:-
1st. The colour of the bath, which on dipping is acting energetically on the
exterior part of the loops does not penetrate inside the loops.
2nd. The dye is rising in the sliver by the effect of capillary attraction, and
as soon as the part intended to be reserved is damp, the colour immediately invades
the reserved parts.
This effect is particularly sensible in the washing after dyeing. The white
parts are clear enough as long as the water has not penetrated into them, but as
soon as they are damp the colour invades them rapidly and destroys the white-
ness of the reserved parts.
The first of these grave inconveniences is explained in the following manner :—
The looped parts c, d, are soft, and when they are put in contact with the bath,
instead of penetrating it or becoming submerged, they float on the surface in such
a way that the dye touches only their exterior parts.
The means of correcting this inconvenience is to make the loops rigid by intro-
ducing into them a rosisting body.
By introducing an iron rod or tooth in each of the loops it has been found
that the colour penetrates equally into the inside as well as the outside.

page_text: As for the second inconvenience its explanation is simple also. The dye rises
between the fibres in a certain measure by capillary attraction. If then the fibres
are damp a syphon-like effect is produced, and the dye immediately penetrates
them.
In order to obviate this inconvenience there is produced a pressure on the silver
at the point c by introducing for example in each aperture of the table a piece in
the forin of a wedge.
This pressure is sufficient to prevent the capillary attraction of the dye, and to
preserve the parts which are to be reserved.
If the piece in the form of a wedge is long enough to penetrate into the loop,
and to distend it and keep it tight as at M, Fig. 4, it will correct the two incon-
veniences that have been pointed out.
This piece or wedge can be used to introduce the slivers into the apertures of
the table.
The introduction of the slivers in all the apertures of the table at one stroke is
impossible, as it would break the slivers. It is necessary therefore that the slivers
should be introduced successively in each aperture, and that the part introduced in
one aperture should be maintained during the introduction of the sliver in the
aperture immediately following.
Besides, when several slivers are placed in such a way as to form a sheet or bat
of a certain width, the resistance is considerable if the sheet is to be introduced in
the apparatus in one stroke.
For effecting this there has been invented a double wheel represented in section,
Fig. 5, of which the two small wheels A, B, are of a dimension suitable for being
introduced between the apertures of the table or plate T, whereof the distances a, b,
or grooves whereof are calculated according to the dimensions to be given to the
loop. On the axis d, d, of the double wheel are small wheels c, which will press
on the table T when the wheels A, B, are introduced into the apertures, that is, are
pressed on the slivers.
•
It is easy to understand that the workman has only to introduce into the
apertures situated as described the said wheels A, B, and to press on the sliver with
a forward action to produce the desired effect.
The disposition of the apparatus can be varied; for instance, it can be used with
a handle E, or it can have a certain weight to push it on the table to introduce the
slivers in the apertures, and by this apparatus it is easy to fill the table with all
the loops, whatever may be the width or thickness of the sheet of slivers when the
operation is made successively upon each sliver.
When the table T is entirely covered with the loops, a piece in the form of a
wedge M, shown in Fig. 4, is introduced in cach loop, and then the system is sub-
mitted to the dye, taking care to plunge horizontally into the bath only the parts
of the loops which are to be dyed.
This operation being terminated the slivers contained in the system are sub-
mitted to an energetic washing, either in causing the bath of colour to pass through,
and then by substituting water or by taking up the table containing the slivers and
submitting it to the action of water delivered by a pump or a tap, or by any other
manner.
On Sheet 1 of the Drawings before referred to, Fig. 6 represents in plan, and
Fig. 7, in side view an arrangement of this pierced plate apparatus T, such as has
been practically employed, a, a, being the grooves or apertures.
In order to make this table rigid and to prevent it from bending down, it is
supported by transverse pieces M having the form of a comb, in order to allow the
sliver to be introduced in the apertures, and to form the loops, as is clearly shown
in Fig. 7.
This table is supported by feet resting on the bottom of the dyeing vat, or by
rods in the vat itself in order to maintain it in constant position.
On Sheet 2 Wire 8. is mannosented in
and

page_text: arrangement of vat for containing the dye bath; D, D¹, D², are transverse rods for
support of table T.
A steam pipe G or any other convenient apparatus is employed for warming the
bath wherein the level of the liquid is maintained by the provision of the spout f,
as is well understood.
As the
The mat is made of red copper or any other convenient material, and a tap R is
placed at the lower part of the vat in order to allow the emptying thereof.
vat is shallow two or more similar mats can be put one above the other, and the
liquid be caused to fall from one vat into another from for other conduit.
When the workman has filled all the apertures of the table with the combed
wool by means of the pressing wheels, Fig. 5, above described, or of any other
equivalent apparatus, he must introduce in each aperture and in the interior of each
loop a piece in the form of a wedge as explained above, the object of which is to
make the loop rigid, and to oppose by pressure the effect of capillary attraction.
"To practically introduce one after the other each of those pieces would take con-
siderable time, and in order to obviate this inconvenience there has been invented a
second table or grid T', as represented in Fig. 11, of the same dimensions as the
table T, Fig. 10, having pieces M. made of metal or any other material in the form
of a wedge, and corresponding with the apertures of the table on which the slivers
are disposed.
The pressure of the grid T¹ on the table T is obtained by any convenient system,
and when the tables or plates T, T¹, are connected as described the whole is placed
in the tinctorial bath as explained above.
This process is characterized by a progressive and alternative introduction of the
slivers in each aperture, and by simultaneous application (that is to say, in one
stroke) of all the pieces M in the form of a wedge constituting the grid T.
The sheet of wool dyed with reserved parts can be kept of the length of the
slivers, and form an endless sheet of chineed wool in the following manner-The
slivers to be chineed are placed on a roller in such manner as to form a sheet of
slivers touching each other having the length of sheet to be dyed at one end of
the dyeing vat, and the loops are formed on the table put in its proper place in the
vat, and then the dyeing is effected.
The bath of colour is then let to run out, and in its place water is introduced in
the vat in order to wash and clean the slivers, and when this is done the wool is
taken out of the table, and the dyed slivers are then drawn forwards and so bring
on to the table T a certain length of undyed wool, which is treated exactly in the
same manner.
This succession of operations will give continuous slivers of chineed wool. It
must be understood that all that has been said hero of comb wool can also be
applied to carded wool or any other fibrous substances in slivers.
Having now described the nature of the said Invention, and described the same
in such wise that it may be readily carried into practical effect, I claim, -
First. The new or improved process of chineeing fibrous substances in slivers
either combed or carded by the introduction into the tinctorial bath of those parts
only of the slivers that are to be dyed, and maintaining out of the bath all the
parts that are to be reserved as herein specified.
Second. The successive formation in loops of the combed or carded fibrous sub-
stances to be dyed, as above described.
Third. The introduction into the interior of the loops of a wedge piece of metal
or any suitable material, in order to give them a sufficient rigidity for the colour to
penetrate the loops, as herein set forth.
Fourth. The giving of a pressure upon the fibres at the base of the loops to
prevent the effect of capillary attraction, as set forth.
Fifth. The use of a table having apertures in which the slivers are introduced
successively so as to form the loops to be dyed, as set forth.
Sixth. The use of a double. wheel, as set forth and shown in Fig. 5, or of the

page_text: pieces in the form of a wedge for introducing the fibrous substances into the table
in order to form the loops:
Seventh. The disposing on the said table of all the pieces in the form of a grid so
as to implant in the apertures of the table all the pieces in one operation as set
forth.
Eighth. The arrangement of the table T filled with the fibrous substances, and
having a counter table T' carring all the wedge pieces in the form of a grid on
the supports existing in the vat in order to maintain the whole system at the
desired height, and maintaining the tinctorial bath at constant level by an over-
flow pipe For other convenient overflow device, all operating and arranged
substantially as and for the purpose herein set. forth and shown by the Drawings.
Niuth. The production of the chineeing of continuous slivers of fibrous sub-
stances, as herein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Walter Alfred Barlow, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Ninth day of April, in the year of our Lord One thousand
eight hundred and seventy-nine.
WALTER A. BARLOW. (L.S.)