IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CERTAIN KINDS OF METALLIC BUTTONS
Year: 1864

page_text: the
LETTERS PATENT to John Pemberton Turner, of Birmingham, in
County of Warwick, Manufacturer, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS
IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CERTAIN KINDS OF METALLIC BUTTONS."-A com-
munication from abroad by Pierre Labat, of Belleville, Paris, in the
Empire of France, Machinist.
Sealed the 21st March 1865, and dated the 7th October 1864.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Pemberton Turner
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 7th October 1864.
1, JOHN PEMBERTON TURNER, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick,
Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IM-
PROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CERTAIN KINDS OF METALLIC BUTTONS,"
to be as follows:-
The said Invention consists, firstly, of the improvements, herein-after:
explained, in making shanked metallic buttons, the bodies of which said:
buttons have a spherical or nearly spherical figure.
In the ordinary method of making shanked metallic buttons of the kind.
described they are either made from two pieces of metal, a top shell and a
shank, which are united together by soldering, or from three pieces of metal,
the third piece in this case being the shell to which the shank is soldered or
rivetted, the said shanked part projecting from the outer shell...
The shank in the ordinary manufacture is cut out from sheet metal, but

page_text: the difficulty has been to fix it firmly in the shell, as well as to avoid the
roughness in the said shank, by which the thread used for attaching the
buttons to the garment is worn or cut; or the shauk has been made from
cylindrical wire, but the said wire cannot be fixed firmly inside the shell.
This part of the said Invention 'consists in making the said buttons from two
pieces of metal without soldering or rivetting, as herein-after explained,
whereby the defects herein-before enumerated are obviated.
1.5
In making a button according to one of the methods constituting this part
of the Invention, I proceed as follows:-1 cut out from sheet metal, by pre-
ference, a hexagonal blank, having either plain sides or concave sides; I take
the said blank, and by means of dies and pressure I raise it into a short
hollow cylinder with a closed hemispherical bottom. This cylinder constitutes
the shell of the button. In making the shank for the said shell I take
cylindrical, metal wire, and by a stamping process raise it into the form of a.
series of three, arches joined together, the middle arched piece forming the eye
in the finished, shank. By a further raising process the outer arched parts of
the wire are brought together and nearly closed upon one another, so as to
form a nearly circular ring, and the middle arched piece is at the same time
made into the eye of the shank. By this closing together of the outer arched
parts of the wire they have. a tendency to separate, and, are, thereby made
somewhat elastic. In connecting the shank thus made to the shell the said
shank is placed in the fixed dye of a press, and the shell placed upon the said
shank by the descent of the moveable punch or dye of the press the
serrated parts of the open end of the shell are brought together and closed
upon the neck of the shank, and the said shank is thereby securely fixed to
the shell; the button is thus completed, the elasticity of the ring part of the
shank causing the said ring part to press against the inside. of the shell
within which it is. enclosed, and to overcome all, tendency in the said shank.
to seperate from..the, shell.. A.
Instead of making the shank in the manner described, the following methodḍ
may be, employed:-In, place of using a piece of cylindrical wire for making
the shank I cut out a blank from sheet metal, and raise it into two nearly hemi-
spherical pieces joined together by a narrow web or band: by further raising
process, the hemispherical pieces are nearly closed upon one another, so as to
form a nearly closed globe or sphere, and, the narrow band between them is
at the same time made into the eye of the shank. This spherical shank is
secured to the shell of the button in the manner herein first described.
Buttons made according to this part of the said Invention may be made from
sheet steel, copper, or other metal or alloy, which can be stamped or raised

page_text: in dies, and although it is especially applicable to the manufacture of shanked
spherical. buttons. yet shanked buttons more or less resembling in shape that
of a globe or sphere may be made according to the said Invention.
The said Invention consists, secondly, of the several meihods, herein-after
explained of manufacturing metallic buttons of the kind known as ball-shaped
basin buttons. Buttons of this kind have ordinarily been made of wood, ivory.
or offer material capable of being turned in a lathe. This part of the said
Invention consists in making the said buttons by raising them from sheet.
metal, either in one or two pieces, and in applying ornaments to the said
buttons.
ז:
In making a button from one piece of metal I proceed as follows:-I take
a circular disc or blank of sheet metal, and by means of dies and pressure
raise it into a cup or basin form: I next cup or turn inwards the edges of the
said basin so as to form a flange in the interior; a hollow button having a
form somewhat resembling that of a flattened sphere open at top is thus pro-
duced which only requires to have its closed end properly shaped and pierced
with holes to be complete by means of the said holes the button is sewn to
the garment. Instead of holes, through which the thread is passed for 'sewing
on the button, the bottom of the button may be provided with a shank or eye,
through which the thread is passed; in this case the shank or eye' has a stem;
which is passed through a hole in the bottom of the button, the said stem
being rivetted inside the button by the operation of a punch entering the said
button. Buttons made according to the last-described method may also be
made to contain some fancy ornament, either in pressed bone, paper, wood, or
other material, the said fancy ornament being provided with thread holes, by
which the button is attached to the garment, the said ornament offering a
softer surface to the thread than the metal of which the button is made.
In making buttons according to this modification I take a raised basin or
cup, as herein-before described, and pierce an opening in its bottom, and turn
the edges of the opening into the interior of the basin or cup: This basin
or cup forms the outer shell of the button: I next raise from sheet metal
another cup or basin of a smaller diameter than the first-mentioned cup, but
of such a size that its open end will fit over the flange made in the outer shell,
the ornament being introduced into the small or inner shell; the inner and
outer shells are closed upon one another; the bottom of the inner shell having
been pierced the button is complete; instead of filling up, or nearly filling up
the inner shell with an ornament containing the thread holes, the said inner
shell may be left unoccupied. In this case the bottom of the inner shell is
pierced with holes for attaching the button to the garment. Buttons of the.

page_text: kind described may be ornamented by chasing, engraving, or by iñlaying orna-
ments of pearl, stone, enamel, or different coloured metals, and the said buttons
may be made of steel, copper, or other malleable metal or alloy.
In making steel basin-shaped buttons which present a flat or convex
surface there is no difficulty in polishing, them by shaking them in a cask in
the ordinary way; but when the inside of the buttons requires to be polished
as well as the outside, the method described is found to be impracticable. In
order to enable the inside of steel buttons or steel-faced buttons to be polished
I make them in two parts, one of copper and the other of steel, in the
following manner:-I raise the steel shell from a blank into a trough-like
form; the trough being formed by raising the middle and edges of the blank
out of the-plane of the other part; the top of this steel shell is afterwards
pierced out, and the outer sides of the trough bent inwards. By giving the
steel part or shell the form described the inside can readily be polished; the
other or second shell is made of copper, and raised into a cup-form of a size
proper to fit over the central part of the steel shell: this copper shell is
pierced with holes, through which the thread is passed on sewing the button
to the garment. The steel part or shell having been polished in a barrel in
the way commonly practised in polishing steel buttons, and the copper shell
. having been silvered or gilt, the two shells are placed together and closed upon
one another. A button is thus formed the front of which is made of polished
steel and the back of silvered or gilt copper; instead of copper any other
suitable metal may be employed for making one of the shells of this button.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said John Pemberton Turner, in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 1st April 1865.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JOHN
PEMBERTON TURNER, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, Manu-
facturer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Seventh day of October, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and sixty-four, in the twenty-eighth year of Her reign.
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, given and grant unto me, the said
John Pemberton Turner, Her special licence that I, the said John Pemberton
Turner, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the
said John Pemberton Turner, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should

page_text: at any time agree with, and no others. from time to time and at all times
thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CERTAIN KINDS OF METALLIC BUTTONS,"
a communication to me from abroad by Pierre Labat, of Belleville, Paris, in
the Empire of France, Machinist, upon the condition (amongst others) that
I, the said John Pemberton Turner, my executors or administrators,' by an
instrument in writing under my; or their, or one of their hands and 'seals,
should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention,
and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to
be filed in the Great' Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said John Pemberton Turner, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is
to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof, that is to say:
The said Invention consists, firstly, of the improvements, herein-after
explained, in making shanked metallic buttons, the bodies of which said
buttons have a spherical or nearly spherical figure.
In the ordinary method of making shanked metallic buttons of the kind
described, they are either made from two pieces of metal, a top shell and a
shank, which are united together by soldering, or from three pieces of metal,
the third piece in this case being the shell to which the shank is soldered or
rivetted, the shanked part projecting from the outer shell.
In shanks made in the ordinary way the difficulty has been to fix them
firmly in the shells as well as to avoid the roughness in the said shanks
by which the thread used for attaching the buttons to the garment is worn or
cut: or the shank has been made from cylindrical wire. but the said wire
cannot be firmly fixed inside the shell. This part of the said Invention
consists in making the said buttons from two pieces of metal without, soldering
or rivetting, as herein-after explained, whereby the defects herein-before
enumerated are obviated.
In making a button according to one of the methods constituting this part.
of the Invention, I proceed as follows:-1 cut out from sheet metal, by
preference, a hexagonal blank having either plain sides or concave sides; I
take the said blank, and by means of 'dies and pressure I raise it into a short
hollow cylinder with a closed hemispherical bottom; this cylinder constitutes
the shell of 'the button. In making the shank for the said shell 1 take

page_text: cylindrical metal wire, and by a stamping process raise it into the form of a
series of three arches joined together. The middle arched piece forming the
eye in the finished shank. By a further raising process the outer arched paris
of the wire are brought together and nearly closed upon one another so as to
form a nearly circular ring, and the middle arched piece is at the same time
made into the eye of the shank. By this closing together of the outer arched
parts of the wire they have a tendency to separate. and are thereby made
somewhat elastic. In connecting the shank this made to, the shell the said
shank is placed in the fixed die of. a press, and the shell-placed upon the
shank; by the descent of the moveable punch or die of the press the serrated
parts of the open end of the shell are brought together and closed upon the
neck of the shank, and the said shank is thereby securely fixed to the shell;
the button is thus completed, the elasticity of the ring part of the shank
causing the said ring part to press against the inside of the shell within which
it is enclosed, and to overcome all tendency in the said shank to separate from
the shell.
Instead of making the shank in the manner described, the following method
may be employed: In place of using a piece of cylindrical wire for making
the shank, I cut out a blank from sheet metal and raise it into two nearly
hemispherical pieces joined together by a narrow web or band; by a further
raising process the hemispherical pieces are nearly closed upon one another
so as to form a nearly closed globe or sphere, and the narrow band between
them is at the same time made into the eye of the shank. This spherical
shank is secured to the shell of the button in the manner herein first described.
Buttons made according to this part of the said Invention may be made from
sheet steel, copper, or other metal or alloy, which can be stamped or raised
in dies, and although it is especially applicable to the manufacture of shanked
spherical buttons, yet shanked buttons more or less resembling in shape that
of a globe or sphere may be made according to the said Invention.
The said Invention consists, secondly, of the several methods, herein-after
explained, of manufacturing metallic buttons of the kind known as ball-
shaped basin buttons or basin buttons. Buttons of this kind have ordinarily
been made of wood, ivory, or other material capable of being turned in a
lathe. This part of the said Invention consists in making-the-said-buttons by
raising them from sheet metal in one or two pieces, and in applying ornaments
to the said buttons.
In making a button from one piece of metal I proceed as follows:-I take
a circular disc or blank of sheet metal, and by means of dies and pressure I
raise it into a cup or basin form; I next cup or turn inwards the edges of the

page_text: said basin so as to form a flange in the interior. A hollow button having a
form somewhat resembling that of a flattened sphere open at one side is thus
produced, which only requires to have its closed end properly shaped and
pierced with holes to .be complete; by. means of the, said.. holes the button is
sewn to the garment. Instead of holes, through which the thread is passed
for sewing on the button, the bottom of the button, inay be provided with a
shank or eye through which the thread is passed; in this case the shank or
eye has a stem which is passed through a hole in the bottom of the button,
the said stem being rivetted inside the button. by the operation.. of a punch
entering the said button. Buttons of the last-described kind. may also. be.
made to contain some fancy ornament, either in pressed bone, paper, wood, or.
other material, the said fancy ornament being provided with thread holes by
which the button is attached to the garment, the said. ornament offering a
softer surface to the thread than the metal of which. the. button is made. I
make these buttons of two shells.
.
'
In making buttons according to this modification I take a raised. basin! or
cup, as herein-before described. and pierce an opening in its bottom, and turn
the edges of the opening into the interior, of the basin or. cup; this. basin or.
cup forms the outer shell of the 'button: next faise from sheet metal
another cup or basin of 'a smaller, diameter than the first-mentioned cup, but
of such a size that its open end will fit over the flange made in the outer
shell, the ornament being introduced into the
and outer shells are closed upon one another.
having been pierced the button is complete.
filling up the inner shell with an ornament containing the thread holes the
said inner shell may be left unoccupied; in this case the bottom of the inner
shell is pierced with holes for attaching the button to the garment. Buttons
of the kind described may be ornamented by chasing, engraving, or by inlaying.
ornaments of pearl, stone, enamel, or different coloured metals, and the said.
buttons may be made of steel, copper, or other malleable metal or alloy.
small or inner shell; the inner
The bottom of the inner - shell
Instead of filling up or nearly
In steel basin-shaped buttons which present a flat or convex surface there is
no difficulty in polishing them by shaking them in a cask in the ordinary
way, but when the inside of the buttons requires to be polished, the method
described is found to be impracticable. In order to enable the inside of steel
buttons or steel-faced buttons to be polished, I make them in two parts, one
of copper and the other of steel, in the following manner:-I raise the steel
shell from a blank into a trough-like form, the trough being formed by raising
the middle and edges of the blank out of the plane of the other part; the top
of this steel shell is afterwards pierced out; and the outer sides of the trough

page_text: bent inwards.
By giving the steel part or shell the form described the inside
can readily be polished. The other.or second shell is made of copper and
raised into a cup form of a size proper to fit over the central part of the
steel shell; this copper shell is pierced with holes through which the thread is
passed on sewing the button to the garment, the steel part or shell having
been polished in. a barrel in the way commonly practised in polishing steel
buttons, and the copper shell having been silvered or gilt, the two shells are
placed together and.closed upon one another. A button is thus formed the
front of which is made of polished steel and the back of silvered or gilt
copper. Instead of copper any other suitable metal may be employed for
making one of the shells of this button.**
Having explained the nature of the said Invention, I will proceed to
describe, with reference. to the accompanying Drawings, the manner in which
the same is to be performed...
In making shanked metallic buttons, the bodies of which have a globular or
nearly globular figure, according to the first part of the said Invention, I cut out
from sheet metal at a press a hexagonal blank, as represented in Figure 1 of
the Drawings, the said blank having plain sides, or the blank may have concave
sides, as represented in Figure 2. I place the said blank, Figure 1, upon the
lower die of a pair of dies worked in a press, and by the operation of the said
dies I raise the said blank into a short hollow cylinder or cup with a closed
hemispherical bottom, as represented in Figure. 3, the said hollow cylinder or
cup, Figure 3, constituting the shell of the button.. In making the shank for
the said shell, I take a piece of cylindrical wire of the proper width, and by a
stamping or raising process I raise it into the series of arches represented in
edge view and plan in Figure 4. The metal of the outer arches a, b, being
flattened by the stamping operation, the middle arch c. of the series forms the
eye in the finished shank. By the operation of another pair of dies the outer
arches a, b, are brought together and nearly closed upon one another, and the
middle arch c is at the same time made into the eye of the shank. A shank
made from the arched wire, Figure 4, is represented in Figure 5, the parts in
the said Figure 5 being marked with the same letters as corresponding parts
in Figure 4. The nearly closing ring a, b, of the shank, Figure 5, is made
somewhat clastic by the tendency which the two halves a, b, have to separate
from one another. The eye c of the shank is. so smooth that there is no
tendency in it to cut the thread by which the button is sewn to the garment.
I. connect the shank, Figure 5, to the shell, Figure 3, in the following
manner I place the shank in the fixed die of a press, and the shell Figure 3
is then placed upon or over the said shank in the same die. By the descent

page_text: of the moveable punch or die of the press the serrated open end d of the shell,
Figure 3, is closed upon the neck e of the shank, Figure 5, and the said shank
is thereby securely fixed to the shell, as represented in Figures 6 and 7;
Figure 6 representing the finished button in section, and Figure 7 the same in
elevation. By the elasticity of the ring part a, b, of the shank the said ring
is made to press against the inside of the shell of the button in which it is
enclosed, and thus securely to fix it in its place.
:
Figure 8 represents in edge view and plan a partly formed shank, and
Figure 9 a finished shank made according to another part of the said Invention."
In making the shank, Figure 9, I cut out at a press from sheet metal, a blank,
and raise the said blank into. the form represented in Figure 8, that is, into
two nearly hemispherical pieces g, h, joined together by a narrow web or band i
of, a cylindrical or nearly cylindrical figure. By a further raising process, the
pieces g, h, are closed upon one another so as to form a nearly closed globe or
sphere, and the band i is bent into the eye of the shank as represented in
Figure 9. The elastic shank Figure 9, is fastened to the shell of the button,
in a manner similar to that described with reference to the shank, Figure.5.
Figure 10 represents a section of a finished button provided with an elastic
shank of the kind represented in Figure 9. In the said Figure 10 the elastic
sbank is marked g, h, i, and the shell of the button is marked. .. Instead of
making the elastic shanks by stamping or raising them in the ways described,
they may be made by bending wire, or shaping sheet metal by any other
process.
Figure 10A represents an elastic shank which has been cut out and
stamped from sheet metal, the eye part of the shank being rounded by the
stamping process:
i
!
In making ball-shaped basin buttons from one piece of sheet metal, according
to the second part of the Invention, I take a blank of the form represented in
plan and edge view in Figure 11; of the Drawings, and by the operation of a series
of dies I first raise it into the form represented in section and plan in Figure 12,
and afterwards to that represented in section and plan in Figure 13, the last-
described operation bringing the blank into the cup or basin form represented.
I next cup or turn inwards the edges a, a, of the basin, Figure 13, so as to
form a flange in the interior thereof, and also shape the bottom of the basin.
By this treatment the cup or basin, Figure 13, is made into a hollow button,
having a form somewhat resembling that of a flattened sphere open at the
side constituting the face of the button, as represented in section and plan in
Figure 14. By piercing the bottom of the button with the holes c, by which
it is sewn to the garment, the button is complete. Instead of attaching the

page_text: button to the garment by means of holes, the bottom of the button may be
provided with a shank or eye through which the thread is passed..
A button of this kind is represented in section in Figure 15, the shank or
eye being marked d. In attaching the shank to the button the stem of
the shank is passed through a hole in the bottom of the button, and the pro-
truding end rivetted inside the button by the operation of a punch entering the
said button. When this button is made of steel it is preferred to attach the
shank d thereto after the button has been polished.
In making ball-shaped basin buttons of two pieces of metal or shells, whether
the same, be filled or partly filled with a fancy ornament of bone, paper, or
other soft material, or left hollow, I proceed as follows:-I raise from sheet
metal, in the manner herein-before. described with respect to Figures 11, 12,
and 13, a basin or cup, as represented in section and plan in Figure 16, and
pierce an opening e in the bottom of the said cup. I next turn the edges of
the opening e inwards, so as to form a flange f, as represented in section and
plan in Figure 17, and also bevil the top edge of the said cup. This basin or
cup forms the outer shell of the button to be made.
In making the other, or inner shell, I take a blank of the form represented
in edge view and plan in Figure 18, and raise it by dies and pressure into the
cup or basin form represented in section and plan in Figure 19, the said cup
being of a diameter somewhat greater than that of the flange f of the outer
shell, Figure 17. The fancy ornament (when the button is to contain one) is
next placed in the inner shell, Figure 19. The two shells are now placed
together in the relative positions represented in section in Figure 20. By
means of closing dies the upper edges of the shells are closed upon one
another, and the lower edges of the outer shell are closed or turned inwards
against the bottom of the inner shell. By next piercing out the bottom of
the inner shell the button is complete.
A complete button with a central ornament made in the way just described
is represented in Figure 21, the fancy ornament containing the thread holes
by which the button is attached to the garment, being marked g. By confining
the fancy ornament to the central part of the button the lightness of the button
is more or less preserved.
Figure 22 represents in section a button made in the way last described,
excepting-that-its-inner-shell_is_unoccupied by a fancy ornament. In this case
the button is pierced at bottom with holes h, by which the button is attached
to the garment.
In making steel-faced basin buttons which are capable of being polished
both outside and inside I proceed as follows:-I make the button of two

page_text: parts or shells, one of steel and the other of copper or other metal or alloy. I
make the steel shell from a blank by first raising the middle of the said blank
into the form represented in section and plan in Figure 23, and afterwards
raise the edges of the partly raised blank, Figure 23, into the form represented
in Figure 24, so as to make an annular trough in the blank. The top of the
middle part of the partly formed shell, Figure 24, is next pierced out, and
the outer sides k, k, bent inwards so as nearly to touch the sides of the middle
part i, as illustrated in section and plan in Figure 25, which represents the
finished steel shell ready to be united to the copper shell, by giving the steel shell-
the form represented in Figure 25 the inside of the said shell can be readily
polished as well as the outside. In making the copper shell I take a blank of the
form represented in plan and edge view in Figure 26, and raise it into the cup-
like form represented in section at 1 in Figure 26. The said cup 1, Figure 26,
constitutes the inner shell of the button. The closed end of the shell is
pierced with holes m, through which the thread is passed on sewing the button
to the garment. Before closing together the steel shell, Figure 25, and the
copper shell, Figure 26, the steel shell is polished in a barrel in the way
commonly practiced in polishing steel buttons, the said polishing process
polishing both the inside and outside of the shell, the copper shell is also
silvered or gilt. The polishing and silvering or gilding of the shells having
been effected they are placed together in the relative positions represented in
section in Figure 27. By the action of a pair of closing dies or tools the two
shells are closed upon one another in the manner represented in section and
plan in Figure 28; the said Figure 28 representing a finished button, the front
shell of which is made of polished steel and the inside shell of copper or
other metal, silvered or gilt.
The dies or tools which I employ in carrying into effect the several parts of
this Invention, as well as the presses by which the said dies or tools are worked
do not differ in construction and action in any essential respect from dies or
tools and presses used for raising metals for other similar purposes, and as the
said dies or tools and presses constitute no part of the said Invention. I do
not consider it necessary either to describe or to represent the said tools or
dies and presses.
Having now described the nature of the said Invention and the manner in
which the same is to be performed, I wish it to be understood that I do not
limit myself to the precise details herein described and represented in the
Drawings, as the same may be varied without departing from the nature of the
said Invention; but I claim as the said Invention,-
Firstly, the improvements in the manufacture of shanked metallic buttons,

page_text: the bodies of which have a spherical or nearly spherical figure herein-before
described and illustrated in Figures 1 to 10A, both inclusive, of. the accom-
panying Drawings, that is to say, making the said buttons of two parts, a
Fraised shell and ran elastic shank, the; said shell and shank being secured
together without. soldering or rivetting, essentially in the manner described
and illustrated, by which said elastic shank the perfect closing of the shell of
the button upon the neck of the shank and the fixing of the shank to the
shell, are secured...
F
Secondly, the improvements in the manufacture of ball-shaped. basin buttons,
herein-before described and illustrated in Figures 11 to 15, both inclusive, . of
the accompanying Drawings, that is to say, making the said buttons from one
piece of sheet metal by diés and pressure, essentially in the manner.described
and illustrated:
Thirdly, the improvements in the manufacture of ball-shaped basin buttons,
herein-before described and illustrated in Figures 16 to 22, both inclusive, of
the accompanying Drawings, that is to say, making the said buttons from two
pieces of sheet metal by dies and pressure, and applying non-metallic orna-
ments to the said button's, "essentially in the manner described and illustrated.
Lastly, the improvements in the manufacture of steel-faced basin buttons,
herein-before described and illustrated' in Figures '23 to 28, both inclusive, of
the accompanying Drawings, that is to say, making the said buttons of two
shells, the outer sliell of steel and the inner shell of copper or other metal, the
said steel shell having such a figure as enables it to be readily polished inside
previous to closing it upon the inner shell, as described and illustrated.
.
In witness whereof, I, the said John Pemberton Turner, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Thirty-first day of March, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-five.