IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR THEe Manufacture OF CANDLES
Year: 1872

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Arthur Field, of the Firm of John, Charles, and
John Field, of Upper Marsh, Lambeth, in the County of Surrey,
for the Invention of " IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR THEe Manufacture
OF CANDLES."
Sealed the 24th January 1873, and dated the 6th September 1872.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Arthur Field at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
6th September 1872.
I, ARTHUR FIELD, of the Firm of John, Charles, and John Field,
of Upper Marsh, Lambeth, in the County of Surrey, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR THE
MANUFACTURE OF CANDLES," to be as follows:-
My Invention has reference to improvements in apparatus for the
manufacture of candles with tapering or conical lower ends, such as,
those for which Letters Patent were granted to J. L. Field on the
3rd December 1861, No. 3032.
My improvements have for their object so to construct and arrange
the moulds for forming the tapering ends that the candles, after having
been cast can be raised through such moulds and secured in clamps
in the ordinary mode of making candles without tapering ends with.
continuous wicks, instead of having to remove the moulds for the

page_text: tapering ends from the candle machine, and to centre and secure the
upper ends of the wicks after each operation as at present. For this
purpose I construct the moulds for the tapering ends in halves, each
half being arranged either to open outwards on hinges or to slide back
from the other half when the candle has been formed, so as to leave an
aperture between the two halves sufficiently large to allow the candle
with its formed tapering end to pass through. I prefer to combine all
such half moulds for one row of candles of a candle machine in one
piece of metal extending the whole length of the candle machine, and
when they are hinged I form the hinges at the lower outside edges
of the moulds.
When the half moulds are arranged to slide I provide them with
guides at their ends, and springs may be inserted between the two
half moulds, or arranged in any other convenient manner, so as to force
them apart when they are required to open out..
The half moulds, whether arranged to slide or to turn on hinges are
made to fit with their lower surfaces accurately upon the bed of the
candle machine, so as to form a close joint between the moulds for the
tapering ends and the moulds for the cylindrical part of the candle,
and a layer of felt or india-rubber may be fixed upon the bed of the
machine upon which the moulds for the tapering ends rest, in order to
insure a close joint. The half moulds, when in position for forming the
candles are held down firmly on the bed of the machine by means of
clamps or bars extending along or across the machine above the half
moulds, and provided with screws or cams pressing upon the moulds;
and the two half moulds may also be pressed together so as to form a
close joint at their meeting surfaces, by means of cams upon spindles
extending along the machine between the contiguous half moulds of two
rows of candles, so that one such spindle with its cams is made to act
on both such half moulds simultaneously.
When the candles have been formed the side cams are loosened and
the clamps are removed, so that the candles on being raised up out of
the moulds in the ordinary manner push open the half moulds (or these
are made to recede by means of springs as above described) and are
raised up into the ordinary clamps above the machine, where they are
held while the next set of candles is being formed in the same manner
as in ordinary candle, machines for making candles without tapering
lower ends.

page_text: Instead of making the moulds for the tapering ends in halves as
above described they may be made in three or more parts, but I prefer
making them in halves as described.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Arthur Field in the Great Seal Patent Office on.
the 6th March 1873.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, `ARTHUR
FIELD of the Firm of John, Charles, and John Field, of Upper Marsh,
Lambeth, in the County of Surrey, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Sixth day of September, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-two, in the thirty-
sixth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said Arthur Field, Her special license
that I, the said Arthur Field, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, or such others as I, the said Arthur Field, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,
and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,
the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS
IN APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CANDLES," upon the condition.
(amongst others) that I, the said Arthur Field, my executors or
administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one
of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be
performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the
date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Arthur Field, do hereby declarc,
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement thereof, reference being had to the accom-
panying Sheet of Drawings, and to the figures and letters marked thereon,
that is to say :-
My Invention has reference to improvements in apparatus for the

page_text: manufacture of candles with tapering or conical lower ends, such as
those for which Letters Patent were granted to J. L. Field on the
3rd December 1861, No. 3032.
My improvements have for their object so to construct and arrange
the moulds for forming the tapering ends that the candles after having
been cast can be raised through such moulds and secured in clamps
in the ordinary mode of making candles without tapering ends, with
continuous wicks, instead of having to remove the moulds for the
tapering ends from the candle machine, and to centre and secure the
upper ends of the wicks after each operation as at present. For this
purpose I construct the moulds for the tapering ends in halves, each
half being arranged either to open outwards on hinges or to slide back
from the other half when the candle has been formed, so as to leave
an aperture between the two halves sufficiently large to allow the
candle with its formed tapering end to pass through. I prefer to
combine all such half moulds for one row of candles, of a candle
machine in one piece of metal extending the whole length of the candle
machine, and when they are-hinged I form the hinges at the lower
outside edges of the moulds.
When the half moulds are arranged to slide I provide them with
guides at their ends, and springs may be inserted between the two
half moulds, or arranged in any other convenient manner, so as to force
them apart when they are required to open out.
The half moulds, whether arranged to slide or to turn on hinges are
made to fit with their lower surfaces accurately upon the bed of the
candle machine so as to form a close joint between the moulds for the
tapering ends and the moulds for the cylindrical part of the candle,
and a layer of felt or india-rubber may be fixed upon the bed of the
machine upon which the moulds for the tapering ends rest, in order
to ensure a close joint. The half moulds when in position for forming
the candles are held down firmly on the bed of the machine by means
of clamps or bars extending along or across the machine above the
half moulds, and provided with screws or cams pressing upon the
moulds; and the two half moulds may also be pressed. together so as
to form a close joint at their meeting surfaces, by means of cams upon
spindles extending along the machine between the contiguous half
moulds of two rows of candles, so that one such spindle with its cams
is made to act on both such half moulds simultaneously.

page_text: When the candles have been formed the side cams are loosened and
the clamps are removed, so that the candles on being raised up out of
the moulds in the ordinary manner push open the half moulds (or these
are made to recede by means of springs as above described) and are
raised up into the ordinary clamps above the machine, where they are
held while the next set of candles is being formed, in the same manner
as in ordinary candle machines for making candles without tapering
Fig. 1 shews a part transverse section of a candle machine shewing
the first before-described arrangement of opening moulds for the
tapering ends of the candles. A, A, are the two half moulds for the
tapering ends; they are hinged at B to the bed C of the candle machine,
and are made to fit accurately against each other and against the bed
O; and when the candles are to be formed the moulds are pressed
together so as to form a close joint by means of cams D on spindles
D' turned by means of levers D³ at the end of the machine, as shewn
in the second modification at Fig. 3. They are also pressed down on
to the bed C by means of cams E carried by removable bars E¹ and
turned by means of levers E', as shewn in Fig. 3. If required a layer
of felt or india-rubber may be fitted in the bed C beneath the moulds
A so as to insure a close joint. When the candles have been formed
the cams D and E are loosened and the candles are raised up out of the
moulds in the ordinary manner, the half moulds A, A, being made to
open outwards on their hinges, either by the upward pressure exerted
by the candles themselves, or by means of springs arranged in any
suitable manner, so as to force the half moulds apart.
Fig. 2 shews a part transverse section, and Fig. 3 shews a part
longitudinal section of a machine with the half moulds for the tapering
ends arranged to slide back according to the second before described
arrangement. The half moulds A, A, in this case slide in guides F
at the ends of the frame. Springs G are introduced at intervals
between the half moulds as shewn, which tend to force the half moulds

page_text: apart. The half moulds are pressed together by cams D on spindles D¹,
and they are also pressed down on the bed C by cams E carried by bars
E' as in the first described arrangement. When the candles have been
formed the cams D and Ę are loosened and the half moulds are then-
forced apart by the springs G, so as to allow the candles to be raised.
up out of the moulds.
Fig. 4 shews a plan and Fig. 5 shews a side view of a modified
arrangement of the sliding moulds. In this arrangement undercut
feathers H are formed on the bed C of the machine, and the half
moulds A, A, are formed with corresponding grooves, as shewn, fitting
accurately upon the feathers H, whereby the half moulds while they
are free to slide to and from each other are held down upon the bed
so as to form a close joint therewith. Right and left handed screws I
are provided, whereby when the candles have to be formed, the two
half moulds are drawn together so as to form a close joint between
them, and wherėby when the candles have been formed the half
moulds are moved apart so as to allow the candles to be raised up out
of the moulds.
In all the above described arrangements the half moulds A, A, are
formed with side flanges A¹ so as to constitute a trough into which the
melted candle material is run for forming the candles.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention and in what
manner the same is to be performed, I claim in candle machines for
candles with tapering ends, the use of divided moulds for the tapering
ends, arranged to open or to slide apart for the purpose of allowing the
formed candles to pass up between such divided moulds, substantially
as herein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Arthur Field, have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Sixth day of March, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-three.
ARTHUR FIELD. (L.S.)