IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF FIRE-PLACES AND FURNACES.
Year: 1865

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to George Warriner, of Little Ilford, in the County
of Essex, Gentleman, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
CONSTRUCTION OF FIRE-PLACES AND FURNACES.".
Sealed the 12th June 1866, and dated the 15th December 1865.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said George Warriner at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 15th
December 1865.
I, GEORGE WARRINER, of Little Ilford, in the County of Essex, Gentleman,
do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE CONSTRUCTION OF FIRE-PLACES AND FURNACES," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in the construction of fire-
places or close or open furnaces, whereby the consumption of fuel is
diminished, and the heat from the same kept under proper control, and also
by which means food cooked in the various kinds of apparatus so constructed
is much superior to that cooked without it. For these purposes I employ one
or more iron tubes or chambers, which are so connected and placed as to
admit either hot or cold air, or inflammable or non-inflammable gas, or other
substances into the fire or chamber in which the same is required to be
used, and I likewise employ proper means by which the said air, gases,

page_text: or substances are delivered into the furnaces or chambers, as hereunder
described.
Should I wish to apply my plan to a steam boiler I fix a tube under a
dead plate in front of the furnace bars, from which several tubes proceed,
agreeing in number with the bars of the grate, and these tubes may be placed
under the bars of the grate, or inside of the bars, or the bars may be
cast hollow, these tubes and bars being pierced with holes where required to
permit the air, gas, or liquids to ascend into the fire. The frout bar or
bearing or cross bar being also hollow may be so fixed as to have an opening
in front of the boiler or furnace closed by a throttle valve or any other
kind of valve to admit atmospheric air, or it may be connected by a tube to a
gasholder, from which gas proceeds into the tubes, or with a box containing
any inflammable substance or substances, and which will descend by their own
gravity, or may be driven in by a fan or other machinery, or with a steam
boiler to convey steam through the pipes, or with a reservoir of water to convey
water through the pipes. The tubes running from the front bar may be
screwed into that bar, or may be fixed by dropping them into a slot, so that
the openings of the tubes face each other. For small furnaces and small fire-
places of all descriptions I proceed in the same manner. At times I place
these tubes at the sides of the furnace, at other times over the furnace, and
may use all these means according to the 'application of the furnace.: If side
tubes are used I place a perpendicular tube outside the furnace, into which
the air, gases, or other substances pass as before described, or if over the
furnace and between the oven, boiler, or other object to be heated and the
firé I carry a horizontal tube outside the furnace. In some cases where ä
furnace is in an air-tight case I employ a valve at the end of the furnace so as
to keep the draft under proper control, and by which at times I admit water,
steam, or non-inflammable gas. I likewise in some cases cause the ends of
the tubes to finish in an oven or chamber, which requires hot air, the opening
being under proper control by means of a valve. In such cases I place
pieces of iron, or iron shavings, or other substances to absorb heat inside the
tubes.
;
The motive of this Invention is. to have proper command over the fire so
that it may be accelerated or retarded in its combustion. In all cases I fit
the ash-pit with an air-tight door. When I want the fire to burn quickly I
open the valve of the tubes and the damper in the flue, and when I want the
fire to burn slowly I more or less nearly close them. When I employ gases
br other carbonaceous or inflammable substances I do. so in order to
increase the heat of the fire beyond the power of coal, coke charcoal, or
.

page_text: artificial or prepared fuel. When I employ non-inflammable substances I do
so to deaden the fire, and in some cases I employ steam to increase combustion
or to.condense the smoke arising from combustion; when doing so I use an
earthenware, or glass, or stone nipple screwed into the tube.
And in order the more effectually to keep the fire under control I place an
inverted cone or pyramid in the ash-pit under the fire-bars; the size of the
opening of the bottom part of this cone or pyramid to be regulated according
to the requirements of the furnace, and the ash-pit must be made to hold
water, the level of the water to be higher than the bottom part of the cone or
pyramid.
Having now described the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be carried out, I claim as an improvement the mode of placing
'and fixing the tubes and chambers, and their uses in all kinds of furnaces and
with all descriptions of fuel, and I also claim as my Invention the fixing of
the inverted cone or pyramid into the ash-pit, that the bottom thereof may be
sealed by water, and also the use of a stone, or glass, or earthenware nipple
in the tubes and chambers.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said George Warriner in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
15th June 1866.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, GEORGE
'WARRINER, of Little Ilford, in the County of Essex, Gentleman, send
'greeting.
day of
year of
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the
in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-, in the
Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto nie,
the said George Warriner, Her special licence that I, the said George
Warriner, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the
said George Warriner, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at
any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
thereafter during the term. therein expressed, should and lawfully might
make, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland; the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF FIRE-PLACES AND FURNACES," upon the condition
(amongst others) that I, the said George Warriner, my executors or adminis

page_text: trators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their
hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of
the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed,
and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office. within
six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters
Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said George Warriner, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof, reference being had to the Drawings accompanying
these Presents and herein-after referred to, that is to say:-
My said Invention comprises certain improved constructions of arrangė
ments applicable to fire-places and furnaces, whereby the consumption of fuel
is economised and the heat from the same kept under proper controul; this is
effected by the agency of certain air-supplying pipes or passages provided
with mechanism in the nature of stop-cocks, taps, or valves, such as will
enable an operator with facility to increase, diminish, or shut off the supply of
air for keeping up combustion as may be found desirable, all other parts of
such fire-places or furnaces being kept closed. Inflammable gases or steam
may in some cases be conveyed into the furnace or fire-place as herein-after
described. Also in the case of fire-places or furnaces provided with ovens or
such-like cooking apparatus, food may be cooked in a manner much superior
to that cooked in ordinary apparatus, such ovens being also useful as heating
or drying chambers.
With the views above stated I adopt the arrangements shewn by way of
illustration and example in and by the Drawings accompanying this Specifica-
tion, in which Figure 1 denotes a longitudinal section of a furnace of a marine
steam engine boiler with my Invention applied and adapted thereto, the furnace
or fire-bars in this case being in short lengths for convenience of removal when
burnt away, the bearing bars fitting into slots in the fire-place being easily
taken away when required; Figure 2, transverse section of same arrangement.
Figure 3, view on an enlarged scale of a fire or furnace bar supported upon
two bearing bars. In this case the bearing bars differ somewhat from those
shewn in Figure 1, in respect of some of the bearing bars shewn at Figure 3
having two air passages through one bearing bar, as will be seen on inspection
of the Drawing. Figure 4 top of bearing bar; Figure 5, cross section of a
fire or furnace bar; Figure 6, cross section of bearing bar. Figure 7,
transverse section of the said furnace (Figure 7) and its boiler; Figure 9,
front view thereof. Figure 10, front view of an oven, or cooking, heating, or

page_text: drying chamber, to which my improvements in furnaces or fire-places are
applied or adapted; Figure 11, transverse section of the same.. Figure 12,
longitudinal section of arrangements specially adapted for the furnaces of what
are termed Cornish boilers..
4
In the description of the above Figures, as hereafter set forth, identity of
the figure or letter indicates identity of the parts as represented in the
Drawings.
My said Invention above referred to I now proceed to describe as follows.:
-First, I construct my fire or furnace bars (a) hollow, as shewn by the
dotted lines in 1, 8, 7, and 12, and by the mark X in Figures 2, 5, 8, and 11;
and through these bars I admit the air to the furnace to support combustion,
they being connected with a hollow bearing bar or tube, as shewn in the
Drawings at B, in Figures 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 12. In some cases, however,
as where it is desired to adapt my Invention to existing furnaces without
removing the ordinary bars, I place tubes in juxtaposition or under such bars,
and connect these tubes with a tube in front. These bars (or the tubes
under the ordinary bars) are perforated laterally with a number of small
holes or slits, as shewn by the small circles or dots at Figures 1, 3, 7, and 12,
and at X, X, Figure 5, through which the air passes in subdividing streams
into the fire. I consider it desirable that the furnace bars should be in the
shape of the cross section shewn by the Drawing, Figure 5, and that the
perforations or slits should be in a line at the side of the bars about one-
third of its depth from the top of the bar, and should slant downwards to
prevent choking by the ashes, with the view to ensure the greater durability
of the furnace bars. I should prefer that they should be constructed in part
of steel and in part of iron, that is to say, the bottom part of iron and the
top or fire surface of steel, the two parts being united by suitable connections
such as have been already introduced to public knowledge. As regards the
practical construction of these hollow bars I. prefer to have the ends of the
fire-bars drop into the orifices or passages in the bearing bar, as shewn by
the Drawings, but where this is found to be impracticable any other known
-method of connection may be adopted. The supply pipe or air should be
screwed and tapped into one of the bearing bars. To regulate the quantity
of air to be admitted I use a throttle valve or other valve, stop-cock, or tap,
the same being placed in the air supply pipe or duct C, Figures 1, 7, and 12,
one end of which is to be open to the external atmosphere, the other end
opening into the hollow bearing bar (see Figure 6), or into the aforesaid
hollow tube in front of the furnace when the independent air tube arrange-
ment is adopted. With the view that no air may be permitted to pass into

page_text: the fire through any other opening than that controlled by the valve, stop-cock,
or tap aforesaid, I place or construct under the bars an inverted hollow
cone or pyramid (see Figures 1, 2, 7, 8, and 11, at D¹, D,) and "connect
the same at P, P, in an air-tight manner with the bottom of the furnace
in some cases a mere air-excluding screen or apron, as at E, Fig. 12, will be
sufficient. To close the bottom of such cone or pyramid I place water or
other liquid to the level 22 as an air "sealing" in the ash-pit beneath.
The water or other liquid being maintained by an ordinary arrangement for
supplying water, as for instance, a ball cock arrangement, at such a level
as to be above the bottom edges of the said cone or pyramid, or the bottom
edge of the air-excluding screen or apron. I also use air-tight doors or
'covers (see F at Figures 1, 7, and 12) for the ash-pit (G, Figures 1, 2, 7, 85
.9, 11, and 12), and in all cases I use air-tight doors to the furnace. In
cases where it is impracticable to use the water "sealing," or desirable to
dispense with it, it is obvious that particular care must be taken to have all
parts of the furnace practically air-tight. In places where a sufficient supply
of air to support combustion is with difficulty obtained (such as stokeholes
of steam vessels, mines, or other such like places) I would carry the pipe
for supplying air to the furnace up to the external atmosphere, and by
this means a furnace can with facility be kept burning under water or below
the surface of the earth; and in the case of a steam ship, should the sea
happen to wash into the stokehole, the fire would not be extinguished'.
When it is desired to admit any inflammable gas (such as carburetted
hydrogen gas) I pass the same through the tube or tubes placed over the
fire (as at H, Figures 7 and 8, such tubes having a number of holes in them,
into which are inserted nipples made of earthenware; stone, or other suitable
mineral material. These tubes or pipes should be provided near the point of
supply, or where it may be found most convenient, with stop-cocks or valves
for the purpose of regulating the supply. The same tubes may also be used
for the purpose of admitting petroleum or other such-like inflammable sub-
stances into the furnace; steam can also be injected through these tubes over
the fire to condense the smoke. It is obvious that when thought necessary
the gas or petroleum or other such like inflammable substance to be passed
through any of these tubes or pipes may be driven in by the action of a fan
or blower, or by pressure.
Second, in applying or adapting my improvements to furnaces or fire-places
provided with ovens or such-like cooking apparatus, or heating or drying
chambers, I employ tubes or pipes fitted or placed over or by the side of the
fire (see I, Figure 11). These tubes have an opening to the external air

page_text: beyond the bounds of the furnace or fire-place controlled by a valve similar to
the throttle valve herein-before described. With reference to the fire-bars, I
should construct these tubes either as a flat coil or a zig-zagged system of
pipes or tubes, or arrange them as a number of longitudinal tubes communi-
cating with each other, or with two transverse tubes having a communication
with the external air. There must also be an opening into the oven or cooking
chamber, or other place to be heated, to permit the heated air to pass into it.
The more perfectly to heat the air in its passage through the tubes I some-
times fill them with pieces of iron or steel, or iron or steel shavings. The
hot air going into the oven carbonizes the exterior of the meat in process of
cooking, thus producing osmazone and imparting the flavour peculiar to roast
meat..
Figures 10 and 11 shew the exterior and section of a small oven constructed
of iron or fire-clay, the tubes being marked I and the oven K, the inlet for
the hot air into the oven being marked IX. The external view (Figure 10)
shews at I the opening from the tubes to the external air at C, the valve
opening to the furnace bars at M, the air-tight furnace door, and at N,
the oven door. To the oven itself and its ordinary adjuncts I make no claim.
Before concluding I would remark that it will be readily understood by any
practical man, that although I have shewn by my Drawings and have herein
referred to certain specific forms and configurations of details of the
mechanism, being such as I prefer to use and recommend to be used, yet I
could sometimes vary such forms and configurations of details, and in par-
ticular I may state that the bearing bar shewn as placed in front might
be placed at the side, or in other position accordingly as may be desired.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed or carried into
effect, I hereby declare that what I claim in respect thereto is as follows,
namely:-The construction and arrangements following, that is to say :-
(1.) The hollow perforated furnace or fire-bars connected with a hollow
bearing bar or bearing bars (or the tubes used in conjunction with the solid
fire-bars), through which the air required to support combustion in the furnace
is admitted in a regulated manner.
(2.) The inverted cone or pyramid, or the air-excluding screen or apron,
sealed at the bottom by water.
(3.) The tubes or ducts provided with nipples for admitting to the furnace
combustible gas, petroleum, or other such-like inflammable substance or steam
for condensing smoke.

page_text: (4.) The system of pipes, tubes, or ducts placed over or by the side of the
fire for heating ovens, cooking apparatus, or warming or drying chambers,
which pipes or tubes admit, heated air into the oven or other chamber to be
heated.
......
In witness whereof, I, the said. George Warriner, have hereunto set my.
hand and seal, this Fourteenth day of June, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-six.
GEORGE WARRINER. (L.S.)
Signed; sealed, and delivered by the
I said George Warriner, in the
presence of
EDWD. HY. MAY,
Clerk to Mr. Philip Hathaway,
12, Bedford Row,
Solicitor.