IMPROVEMENTS IN THE TREATMENT OF WASTE OR REFUSE FISH FOR THE UTILIZATION OF THE SOLID AND LIQUID PRODUCTS THEREOF, AND IN THE MODES AND MEANS OR MACHINERY AND APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREFOR."
Year: 1879

page_text: "
LETTERS PATENT to Lachlan McIntyre, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark,
North Britain, Engineer, for the Invention of IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
TREATMENT OF WASTE OR REFUSE FISH FOR THE UTILIZATION OF THE SOLID
AND LIQUID PRODUCTS THEREOF, AND IN THE MODES AND MEANS OR
MACHINERY AND APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREFOR."
”
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Lachlan McIntyre at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 20th November 1879.
LACHLAN MINTYRE, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North Britain,
Engineer. "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE TREATMENT OF WASTE OR REFUSE FISH FOR
THE UTILIZATION OF THE SOLID AND LIQUID PRODUCTS THEREOF, AND IN THE
MODES AND MEANS OR MACHINERY AND APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREFOR."
This said Invention relates to improvements in the treatment of waste or refuse
fish for the utilization of the solid products thereof as manure, and the recovery of
oil and other matters from the liquid products for other general useful purposes,
and in the modes and means or machinery and apparatus employed therefor, and
which are improvements upon the Invention for which Royal Letters Patent were
granted to the petitioner, dated the 10th day of June, One thousand eight hundred
and seventy nine, and Numbered 2293.
And the nature and novelty of this Invention or improvements consist generally
in improvements on the method of manufacture of manure, described in the
Specification to the aforesaid Letters Patent, and the machinery or apparatus
employed therefor, and further or also in the recovery and utilization of the solid
and liquid products, which under my said former Invention were contained and
carried off in the waste liquid resulting from the said manufacture of manure.
To facilitate and more efficiently treat the fish and fish refuse for the withdrawal
of the liquids and moisture, and the manufacture of the manure, I employ a
revolving close double cased vessel, preferably of cylindrical form, carried in bush
bearings upon hollow trunnions, supported on suitable side frames, and driven by
belts, wheel gearing, or other equivalent motive power.
The high pressure or super-heated steam would enter the jacketed case by one of
the hollow trunnions, and the condensed water is drawn off by a small pipe passing
out through the same trunnion, both preferably fitted with suitable stuffing boxes,

page_text: and cocks or other equivalent to regulate the supply and pressure of steam within
the jacket. The other hollow trunnion is continued through the jacket into the
interior chamber of the vessel, and preferably fitted with a stationary pipe, kneed
up inside to near the circumference of the inner chamber, and preferably fitted with
a stuffing box within the trunnion, the waste vapour being led through the said
pipe off to a furnace or chimney, or it may be treated to recover the ammonia
therein, as will hereinafter be described.
The waste or refuse fish is supplied and the solid matter discharged in the form
of manure through a convenient door and cover fitted through one side of the
cylindrical vessel. Inside this steam jacketed vessel two or more perforated end
divisions or plates are fitted with a narrow space between them for drawing off the
liquid from the fish materials as it exudes therefrom by the boiling and heating
within the internal chambers so divided by the perforated plates, and this liquid
is conducted from the intervening space through a tube or tubes from the interior
to the outside, through the two shells of the steam jacket, and collected in receivers
for the purpose of being thereafter treated in boilers or steam jacketed tanks or
vats, for the recovery and treatment of the oils or other matters contained therein,
as will be hereinafter described. Instead of only using the said end perforated
divisions, an internal perforated case may be employed, fitted and secured an inch
or so off the internal shell of the vessel, so as to separate the solids and liquids in
an equivalent manner to that effected by the transverse perforated divisions and
spaces.
Another new or improved construction of a vertical stationary vessel, instead of
the horizontal revolving vessel herein before described, for drying the waste or
refuse fish, and separating it from the liquids contained therein, consists of a close
cylindrical steam heating jacketed vessel of the pug mill type or construction.
The materials to have the liquids extracted from them, and be converted into
manure, are charged from a close inclined hopper or feeding duct situated at or near
the close top of the vessel. A. perforated hollow spindle provided with blades or
arms passes vertically through stuffing boxes in the close cover and bottom of the
said vessel, and is caused to revolve therein by suitable bevil gear, or other
mechanical equivalent, preferably fitted over the close cover, whereby the material
is stirred or agitated, and the exuding liquid is induced to pass through the afore-
said perforations into the interior of the spindle, whence it is conducted away
through a pipe attached by a stuffing box below, to be filtered or strained, as
hereinafter described. The solid matter is thus thoroughly dried within the
interior of the vessel by the heat of the steam within the outer jacket surrounding
the sides and bottom, when it is discharged in a friable state through a close door
fitted near the lower part of the vessel.
The vapours arising from the heating of the material in all these steam jacketed
vessels, and from the liquid in the spindle of the vessel last described, pass off at the
upper ends of the vessels through several pipes or ducts leading to a tank or tanks
containing a weak solution of sulphuric acid and dipping thereinto; and the ammonia
in the said vapour is condensed, recovered, and collected in the tank or tanks,
whence the remaining uncondensed vapour or waste gases are preferably conducted
by a pipe or tube to a furnace or chimney.
The liquid drawn off is boiled or heated and afterwards filtered or strained in
bags or other filters, and the contained solid matter or sediment is retained therein,
the liquid passing off to another receiver or tank, where it settles, and the oils are
drawn or skimmed off and then conveyed to a purifying vat preferably constructed
of wood, and fitted with perforated pipes below through which steam is injected,
and thus the oils are heated or boiled; the scum rising to the surface is removed,
and when sufficiently purified the purer oils are run off at any desired heights into
barrels or other portable vessels for removal or sale. The liquid residues from the
filters from which the oils are separated may then be boiled or heated separately
in close steam jacketed vessels and evaporated down to a marketable gelatinous
Bubstance or cakes suitable for sizes or confectionery purposes.

page_text: Instead of returning the solid matter retained in the bags or filters to the
manure as it comes from the steam jacketed heating vessels, as before stated, the said
solid matter may by another improvement be treated for the obtainment of
murexide by placing the material in a vessel or vat containing nitric acid. The
combined action of the nitric acid and the uric acid contained in the said solid
matter is to dissolve the latter into an alloxan, and sufficient ammonia is added to
form or deposit the murexide in crystals, which may be used as a dye, or for other
purposes to which murexide is adapted. Otherwise when desired the said liquid
residues may be treated for the recovery of the ammonia contained therein, and
added or not to the solid manure previously removed from the revolving cylindrical
vessel, or otherwise independently utilized.
It will be understood that the waste or refuse fish is treated within the said
horizontal revolving cylinder or the vertical or other steam jacketed vessel for Buch
a length of time and with steam at such a pressure or temperature as by super-
heating to extract all the oil from the fish, which is of no value to the manure.
And when it is desired to extract a greater proportion of the gelatine matter from
the fish and fish bones, when that is found to be of more value than the manure,
these may be boiled for such a length of time as would dissolve them, and give a
richer gelatine residue before drying the solid matters into a friable manure within
the steam jacketed cylinder.
+
And although the solid matter has been described as perfectly dried to a friable
manure before being removed from the said new or improved steam jacketed drying
vessels it is to be understood that it might be removed in a soft or damp pulpy
state and put into bags or other analogous receptacles, and compressed in hydraulic
or other presses to express the oils and liquids, and formed into cakes to be
subsequently used either as manure or as food for animals. Or by another improve-
ment the waste or refuse fish may be removed from the steam jacketed heating
vessels in a damp and pulpy state and afterwards dried to the desired degree in an
arrangement of shallow close roasting ovens or drying chambers, preferably ranged
in stacks or in a vertical piled series over each other, each oven being heated by a
close steam heated chamber below each oven or set of ovens on the same level, the
upper and lower case or shell of which would form the floors and the roofs of the
ovens. On the floors of these ovens the damp and pulpy material is spread and
dried by the heat from the steam in the chambers below, the resulting vapour
being conveyed off by branches to a common pipe for the whole stack or set of
ovens, which vapours may be treated for the obtainment of the ammonia in them,
as before stated, or be conducted off to the furnaces or chimney as waste gases, as
desired.
Although the steam jacketed heating vessels have been described as fitted with
pipes for leading off the liquids exuding from the materials under treatment by
gravitation alone, it will be understood that these liquids may be drawn off by
means of suction pumps, either direct or through perforated rose screens or other
filtering medium, as may be desired. And instead of the vapours being carried
away through pipes by their natural draft alone these may be exhausted by fans
or other equivalent exhausters when desired, all otherwise in the manner and for
the purposes herein-before described.
The fish material may also be inserted and treated for the extraction of the
liquids in close centrifugal drying machines, such as are used for the drying or
extraction of the water and liquids from yarns and other fabrics, and from sugar,
either after being heated by the before mentioned steam jacketed heating vessels;
or the fish material may be heated in the centrifugal machines by super heated
steam or air for the purpose of making it part with its water or liquids.
Or otherwise heated air may be used instead of or in conjunction with steam for
heating the fish material either in the jacketed space or the interior of the said
jacketed vessel hereinbefore described.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Lachlan MoIntyre in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 19th
May 1880.
LACHLAN MCINTYRE, of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North Britain,
Engineer. "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE TREATMENT OF WASTE OR REFUSE FISH FOR
THE UTILIZATION OF THE SOLID AND LIQUID PRODUCTS THEREOF, AND IN THE MODES
AND MEANS OR MACHINERY AND APPARATUS EMPLOYED THEREFOR."
My said Invention relates to improvements in the treatment of waste or refuse
fish for the utilization of the solid products thereof as manure, and the recovery of
. oil and other matters from the liquid or gaseous products for other general useful
. purposes, and in the modes and means or machinery and apparatus employed
therefor, and which improvements are developements of or improvements upon
the Invention for which Royal Letters Patent were granted to the petitioner, dated
the 10th day of June 1879, and numbered 2293. This Invention consists generally
in improvements on the method of manufacture of manure described in the Speci-
fication to the aforesaid Letters Patent, and in the machinery or apparatus employed
therefor;
and further in the recovery and utilization of the solid and liquid or
gaseous products which, as described in my said former Invention, were contained
and carried off in the waste liquid resulting from the said manufacture of
manure.
And in order that the nature of my said Invention, and the manner in which
the same is to be performed or put into effect or practice, may be properly
understood, I have hereunto appended three Sheets of explanatory Drawings to be
hereinafter referred to, and representing various modifications or arrangements of the
new or improved machinery or apparatus I employ for treating the waste or refuse
fish in accordance with my said Invention, which I shall now proceed to describe.
In these Drawings the same reference letters are used to mark the same or like
parts wherever they are shown or repeated.
Figure 1 on Sheet 1 of the Drawings is a longitudinal vertical section, and
Figure 2 is a transverse vertical section taken as at the lines 1 - - 1 and 2 - - 2 on
each other, of one modification or arrangement of revolving close double cased steel
vessel A, A', A¹, for heating and treating fish or fish refuse for the separation and
extraction or withdrawal for subsequent utilization of the liquid and gaseous
elements, and for the manufacture of manure from the solid products contained
therein. This improved construction of heating and separating vessel A, A¹, A¹¹,
is of cylindrical form, and is carried or supported on hollow trunnions B, B¹, bolted
or fitted to the outer casing A of the vessel so as to revolve in bush bearings C, C¹,
fitted on strong side frames or standards C, C", and the vessel is driven or caused
to revolve when required during the process of treatment by means of a spur
wheel D keyed on the trunnion B', which is in gear with a pinion D' on a counter
shaft d carried in bush bearings d¹ in the side frames C¹¹, and fitted with fast and
loose pulleys E, E¹, driven by a belt from an engine, shaft, or other motive power;
but this revolving vessel A, A¹, might be driven direct by a steam engine or other
prime mover, or through reducing screw gear.
The revolving vessel A, A¹, in the interior chamber A" of which the fish material
is placed, is formed of a double-cased or outer and inner cylindrical and end
shells A and A¹ with a steam space or jacket a between them, and these shells or
close casings A, A¹, are rigidly stayed together by rivets or bolts a¹. High pressure
or superheated steam from an ordinary steam boiler or generator is led and
admitted to the steam jacket or space a to heat and dry the material placed within
the inner chamber A¹¹ by means of a kneed branch pipe or tube b entered through
a stuffing box 6' into the hollow trunnion B opposite a port or opening all cut in
the outer end shell A of the vessel A, A¹. This branch b would be connected to a

page_text: common pipe supplying steam to the cases a of several revolving vessels A, A¹,
the supply and pressure of steam being regulated by cocks or other equivalent.
The steam which condenses in the jacket space a may be drawn off when the
vessel A, A¹, is stationary by the small cock 611 fitted to the outer shell A; but
when it is revolving a small outlet valve b' is opened once in each revolution to
allow the condensed steam or water to escape into a trough 68 by means of a small
lever b having a roller on its end which strikes against a projecting web or cam
The
surface 6 in the trough and raises the valve lever and valve b² from its seat.
fish or refuse fish is supplied and the solid matter discharged from the interior
chamber A after treatment in the form of manure, through a convenient door
or cover A fitted through the cylindrical casing A at one side held by catches a²,
and made air tight by a packing a² of rubber or other material, the inner shell A¹
being cut away opposite this door A2 and joined to the outer shell A, as clearly
shown in the Drawings, and the fish material with which the central chamber A
is partially filled is heated or boiled by the heat of the steam in the jacket space a,
and also by the steam in the series of pipes A³ ranged longitudinally through the
central chamber A" which are open at their flanged ends all to the steam jacket,
where they are bolted or otherwise secured by these flanges a" to the inner end
shell A¹, the other ends of these tubes A³ being close and supported by a transverse
plate A for each series fixed to the inner cylindrical shell A¹. The water and
other liquids contained in the fish material, or which is dissociated therefrom by
heat, percolates or exudes through small perforations in a series of pipes or tubes F
of as large a surface as can conveniently be inserted and fitted into the chamber A,
and round, oval, or rectangular in cross section. These tubes F are fixed to the
door A by angle iron plates f, or other attachment, to which they are rivetted or
bolted, and a bag or covering of linen, cotton, wire gauze, or other material is fitted
over them to prevent the finer particles of solid fish material escaping with the
water, oil, and other liquids through the perforations in the pipes F. A tubular
perforated cap or covering pipe F₁ somewhat larger that the pipes F is fitted over
each of the latter to protect the cloth bags from injury by shells, stones, or other
sharp substances amongst the fish, and the perforations f¹ in these outer tubes F¹
may be much larger so as merely to prevent the passage through them of these
shells or stones. During the first part of the process or treatment of the fish
material the vessel A, A¹, A", is preferably kept stationary and with the tubes F
in a vertical position to allow of the escape of the water and liquids through the
tubes F, and this escaping liquid passes out by openings f¹ cut in the door A°³ into
a common pipe Fl having short branches F2 attached to the door A³ over the
openings f, and the liquid collected in this pipe F may be drawn off by a tap, or
by suction pumps through the branch F, which is fitted with a cock f and screwed
end for attaching or coupling a flexible tube leading to the pumps. The liquid
thus separated or extracted from the solid matter in the vessel A, A', A¹, is
delivered into a tank or other receptacle for subsequent treatment, as will herein-
after be described.
When the greater part of the water, oil, and other liquids are withdrawn from
the fish material through the perforated or filtering tubes F, the vessel A, A¹, and
tubes F are inverted, and the catches a² being released from the door A*, this door
with the tubes F, F¹, F", are lifted by a chain and hook inserted through the
eye f³, and entirely removed and replaced by a simple plain tight fitting close door
or cover. The vessel A, A¹, is then made to revolve and the remaining moisture is
partly driven off by the heat of the steam in the jacket space a, and partly drawn
off by an exhausting fan G through a large outlet pipe G' passing through the
trunnion B' of the revolving vessel A, A¹, into the central chamber A", where it is
fitted with a stationary branch G" reaching vertically to near the top or circum-
ference of this chamber. The vapour and fumes from the fish being heated pass
into the open upper end of this branch G", which is covered with a plate g fitted
over it to prevent any of the solid material carried round by the revolving vessel
from entering it, and the escape of the vapour between the revolving trunnions B¹,

page_text: and stationary tube G is prevented by a stuffing box g¹. A series of angled or
covered iron plates all are fitted longitudinally to the inner shell A¹ of the vessel
A, A', to carry portions of the fish material partly round during the revolution of
the vessel A, A, and discharge or scatter it downwards. When it reaches the top
a continually changing surface of the material being thus exposed to the drying
action of the heat of the steam jackets a, and of the draught of the fan G, and
which drying action may be further increased by admitting a small quantity of hot
dry air by a small pipe passed through one of the trunnions B, B¹. The vapour
and fumes thus evaporated and drawn off are led through the pipe G¹ and fan Ġ to
a furnace or chimney, or led to a vat or tank for the recovery of the ammonia and
other gaseous products contained therein, as will be hereinafter described.
Figures 3 and are longitudinal vertical sections of simple modifications of the
revolving vessel A, A³, just described. In Figure 3 the vessel is made square
instead of cylindrical, and transverse steam heating tubes A³ communicating with
the jacket space a at both ends are substituted for the longitudinal tubes As in
the first modification, which had to be cut short at one end to leave space for the
stationary fume or vapour outlet tube G". In Figure 4 the vertical perforated
filtering pipes F are removed and replaced by two perforated end divisions or
plates A, similar to those shown and described as applied to the stationary heating
vessel in the Specification of my said former Patent No. 2293, of 1879, which
have a narrow space F between them for drawing off the liquid from the fish
material as it exudes therefrom by the boiling and heating within the internal
chambers A, so divided by the perforated plates A*; and this liquid is conducted
from the intervening space F' through a tube or tubes f" from the interior to the
outside through the two shells A, A¹, of the steam jacket a, and collected in
receivers for the purpose of being thereafter treated in boilers or steam jacketed
tanks or vats for the recovery and treatment of the oils and other matters contained
therein, as will be hereinafter described. Or instead of only using the said end
perforated divisions A, an internal perforated case may be employed fitted and
secured an inch or so off the internal shell of the vessel, so as to separate the solids
and liquids in an equivalent manner to that effected by the transverse perforated
divisions and spaces.
The steam is admitted to the jacket space a of these vessels
A, A', through the trunnion B, as in the previous modification, and the condensed
steam or water is driven out by the pressure of steam, or by centrifugal force when
the vessel revolves through a curved pipe 6%, through a stuffing box in the
trunnion B, or drawn off when the vessel is stationary by a tap.
Figure 5 on Sheet 1 of the Drawings is a longitudinal vertical section, and
Figure 6 is a transverse vertical section each taken as at the lines 3 - - - 3 and
44 respectively in the other of a modification or arrangement of double cased
steam jacketed horizontal stationary vessel A, A¹, A", for heating and separating
the solid and liquid constituents of the fish material, and drying the solids into a
friable manure. This vessel consists of an outer and inner shell A, A, U shaped in
cross section with double cased ends with an intermediate steam space a, supplied
with steam from a boiler by a pipe entering the outer shell A of the vessel, the
condensed steam or water being carried off by a cock or tap and steap trap fitted
at the bottom. The fish material is admitted to the central chamber A¹¹ through a
movable cover A', which is also double cased to prevent radiation of heat outwards,
or if desired to form a steam jacket a above as well as round the sides.
In addition to the steam jacketed shell A, A', for heating the material, it is also
heated and dried by steam entering the pipe b through the trunnion B to jacket
spaces h in a pair of double cased revolving discs H, H', formed with or fixed to
the trunnions B, B', and communicating with each other by a series of longitudinal
tubes As, which in turning with the discs H, H¹, amidst the material stir and heat
up the central portions also. The water or steam condensed and collecting in these
discs and tubes is carried away from the central space h of the disc H¹ by means of
a tube 6¹¹, entered through a stuffing box b¹ in the end of the trunnion B', to the
hollow centre of which the water is lifted during the revolution of the discs by

page_text: radial or curved webs, which as they assume a vertical position deliver it through
the port h¹ into this trunnion and tube 61, a trap being provided to prevent escape
of the steam.
The trunnion B¹ is continued to form a hollow spindle passing longitudinally
through the centre of the vessel A, A', and chamber A", and is coupled at the other
end of the trunnion B to revolve with it, this trunnion being carried in the bush
bearings C on the standard C and driven by the screw wheel D in gear with the
worm or screw D¹ on the counter shaft d. The central hollow spindle F is fitted
with a series of radial perforated tubes F opening to it at f¹, and covered with
linen or other filtering bags or coverings through which the liquids in the fish
material percolate or exude and enter the hollow spindle F by the openings f¹¹ to
be carried away through the trunnion B¹ and tube Fu for subsequent treatment,
the filtering covers being protected, as in the first modification, by larger perforated
tubes F', f. These tubes F, F¹, revolve with the spindle F2 and discs H, H¹, and
together with the steam tubes A³ stir up the material continuously whilst the
liquids are being extracted, and also when the remaining moisture and vapour is
driven off by the heat or withdrawn by a branch G¹ or G" and a fan G. The cover
A* is fitted with angled plates a³ which dip into water or other liquid in a channel
formed round the upper edge of the double shell of the vessel A, A¹, to form a
liquid joint. And when the fish material is to be withdrawn after treatment the
semicylindrical or U shaped shell or bottom A, A', is lowered between its sides till
it clears these and the revolving discs and tubes, when it is canted over and emptied,
or it may be emptied by a door at A5 in the bottom A*.
Figure 7 on Sheet 2 of the Drawings is a longitudinal vertical section, and Figure 8
a transverse vertical section, each taken as at the lines 5---5, and 6---6 in
the other, of a modification of stationary steam heating double cased vessel A, A¹,
for the treatment of fish material, very similar in construction to that last described,
but mounted on side standards C³, and fitted with a hinged door A5 in the bottom
for removing the solid residue of the fish material after treatment from the central
chamber A The steam is admitted to the jacketed casing or space a, and the
condensed water removed as described in reference to the former modification shown
in Figures 5 and 6, and the interior of the chamber A¹ is also heated for the treat-
ment of the fish material and separation of the solids and liquids, and for the
vapourization of the remaining moisture by steam admitted through the trunnion
or hollow spindle B, B¹, to a series of vertical revolving discs H, H³, communicating
with each other by means of short horizontal tubes As between each, forming in
this example a series of longitudinal passages from end to end through the
discs H, H¹.
The water, oil, and other liquids percolate or exude through perforated tubes or
filters F, F, of the construction hereinbefore particularly described in reference to
Figures 1 and 2, which are fitted vertically to the bottom plate A* of the vessel in
a series on each side of the longitudinal tubes A³ not to interfere with these in
their revolution, and the liquids pass through the short branches F2 to the common
pipes F, to be withdrawn through the pipe F³ by a tap or by a suction pump, and
collected for the subsequent treatment. The trunnion or hollow spindle B, B¹, is
driven by gearing or directly from a prime mover, as in the former modification
shown in Figures 5 and 6, and during the treatment of the fish material, both for
the separation or withdrawal of the liquids, and for the subsequent vaporization of
the remaining moisture, the discs H, H, and their connecting tubes A³ revolve
and stir up the material, the stirring or scattering action being aided by sets of
curved or angled plates all fitted on each disc H, H'. The vapour and gaseous
products evolved during the treatment of the fish material are drawn off either by
a simple fume pipe G¹ leading to a chimney or condensing tank, or drawn off by
an exhausting fan fitted over the double cased cover A' at the top where the fish
is admitted, and which cover A* is fitted with a liquid joint, as described in
reference to Figures 5 and 6. A door A³ is hinged or otherwise fitted in the

page_text: bottom Ax for the withdrawal of the manure or solid fish material into low trucks
run in below for the purpose.
Figure 9 on Sheet 2 of the Drawings is a vertical section of a modified construc-
tion of vertical stationary double jacketed close steam heating vessel A, A1, of the pug
mill type, shown in connection with a condensing vat or tank I. The fish material
to have the liquids extracted and be converted into manure is charged from a close
inclined hopper or feeding duct J situated at or near the close top A* of the vessel
A, A¹, and fitted with a close hinged door A. A perforated hollow spindle B, F,
carried on a footstep bearing f³ at the bottom, and journal bearings in a bracket f*
at the top of the vessel A, A¹, and provided with several sets of horizontal bevilled
blades or arms all passes vertically through a stuffing box f' in the close cover A*,
and to an equivalent fluid pressure tight joint in the bottom of the said vessel A, A',
and this spindle F is caused to revolve therein by a bevil wheel D keyed on the
upper end B of the perforated spindle F, and driven by a bevil pinion D¹ on &
horizontal shaft d carried in journal bearings d in a plummer block d", preferably
fitted over the close cover A* of the vessel A, A'. The material is stirred or agitated by
the revolving spindle F and arms a", and the exuding liquids are forced or induced
to pass through the perforations into the interior of the spindle F, whence they are
conducted away through a pipe F attached by a flanged joint below to be filtered
or strained, as hereinafter described. The solid matter is thus thoroughly dried within
the interior A¹¹ of the vessel A, A¹, by the heat of the steam within the outer jacket
a surrounding the sides and bottom, when it is discharged in a friable state by
an outlet duct J¹ through a close door A³ fitted near the lower part of the
vessel A, A'.
end
The vapours arising from the heating of the material in the steam jacketed vessel
A, A¹, and from the liquid in the perforated spindle B, F, pass off at the
of the vessel A, A', and spindle F through special pipes or ducts G", g₁, leading
upper
through a wide open mouth Q, entering through the cover I into a tank I con-
taining a weak solution of sulphuric acid, and dipping there-into, the tank I being
made double-cased and cooled by the circulation of cold water through the double:
casing or jacket space i.
The ammonia in the vapour escaping through the ducts G, Gu, gl, is condensed,
recovered, and collected in the tank I, whence the remaining uncondensed vapour
or waste gases are preferably conducted by a pipe or tube Q to a furnace or
chimney.
The vapour arising from the treatment of the fish material in all the previous
modifications of steam heating vessels A, A¹, or withdrawn by the exhausting fans
G, may be conveyed to vats or tanks similar to that (I) just described, and similarly
treated for the recovery of ammonia or other valuable gaseous products, which can
be thus condensed or precipitated, and the waste gases remaining uncondensed are 4
preferably carried off to a furnace or chimney.
Figure 10 on Sheet 2 of the Drawings is a vertical section of another modification
or construction of vertical stationary double cased steam heating vessel A, A', which
is made conical in shape, and fitted with a hinged door A² in its close cover A* for
admitting raw fish material, and an outlet hinged door A5 at the bottom, which is 4
angled or inclined for convenience in removing the solid residue after treatment, an
upper sliding door or plate A being provided, to be closed before inserting the fish,
for the purpose of keeping the material well up to the steam heated conical double
cased shell A, A', and revolving steam pipes A³. These pipes A³ are jointed, as
shown, by flanges to cruciform branches on the vertical trunnion or hollow spindle 5
B, and to similar branches formed on the liquid outlet tube F2, and a large per-
forated filtering tube F is fitted in the centre between them, through the perforations
of which tube F the liquids of the fish material exude during the process of treat-
ment, and pass off by the pipe F2 below to be conducted by the branch F¹ to a
collecting tank or a suction pump. The steam is admitted to the jacket space a in 5
the conical double shell A, A', of the vessel by a small tube B, and the condensed

page_text: steam or water collected therein is withdrawn by the tube 6 fitted with a tap or
provided with a steam trap. The steam pipes As in the chamber All are heated by
steam admitted by the pipe b through a stuffing box in the top of the hollow spindle
B, and the condensed steam escapes by a small tube 611 passing through the centre
of the liquid outlet F to a trap below. The pipes F, A³, are made to revolve in
the chamber A¹ by means of a bevil wheel D keyed or otherwise fixed on the
outlet tube F, which is a continuation of the perforated filtering pipe F connected
to the hollow spindle B, this wheel D being in gear with a bevil pinion D¹ on a
shaft d carried in journal bearings d' in a bracket C³, and the shaft d being actuated
by a belt and fast and loose pulley, or direct from an engine or other prime mover.
The pipes As in their revolution stir up the fish material, this action being aided by
angled plates a fixed to them, and the vapour arising from the material is drawn
off by a fume pipe G' and fan G fitted over the close cover A* of the vessel A, A¹,
and discharged into a vat or tank (I) for the recovery of the ammonia and other
gaseous products.
Figure 11 on Sheet 2 of the Drawings is a side elevation of a spiral tube A³ to
be heated by steam passing through it, and fitted to revolve in stationary
vessels A, A¹, of the construction shown in Figures 9 and 10, so as to stir and
agitate the fish material and partially carry it upwards by a screwing action to
disperse and scatter it in falling again, and thus offer a continuously changing
surface to the heat and draft of the fan. The steam enters above, as shown by the
arrows, and after passing through the spiral tube the condensed water is drawn off
at the bottom.
Figure 12 on Sheet 3 of the Drawings is a horizontal section of a modification of
double cased stationary steam heating vessel and filtering press A, A¹, for heating
and treating the fish material admitted into a central chamber A" by a door above,
not shown in the Drawing, and separating the liquid and solid constituents by
filtration. This vessel consists of a cylindrical cast iron double cased shell A, A³,
with a steam jacket space a as in the former modifications described, and one end
of this vessel A, A¹, is closed by a double cased movable piston K'. The inner
shell or case of both the end cover K and piston K' is formed of a perforated plate F
having one or more thicknesses of filtering linen, cotton, wire gauze, or other fabric
secured between it and a retaining disc or plate having finer perforations. The
cover K and piston K¹ are slightly hollowed out at F behind these perforated
plates or filters F to admit or collect the water, oil, and other liquids which exude
from the fish material when this is subjected to pressure by traversing the piston K¹
inwards to the position shown by the dotted lines, the liquids being led from the
space F by a pipe F" discharging into receivers F³ where they are collected for
the subsequent treatment, the tube F" connected to the movable piston K¹ being
made flexible or telescopic. The piston K' is moved inwards into the chamber Aч
by means of two or more screws k passing through screwed eyes in spur pinions k¹,
held between fixed snugs k¹, which pinions k' and screws k are rotated simultaneously
by a hand wheel and pinion in gear with the pinions k¹, or by other equivalent
means. The piston K compresses the fish material to some extent in its forward
or inward traverse, is then withdrawn by means of the screws k, k¹, and an
additional quantity of raw fish material admitted if desired, and this procedure
may be repeated several times, when the piston K¹ is finally withdrawn to its
outward position, and the material is stirred or agitated by means of the hollow or
solid angled vanes or blades all on the central hollow spindle B which is driven by
a belt and, pulley E fixed on its outer end. Steam enters by the pipe 6 through a
stuffing box b¹ and passes through the central tube B to heat the fish material in
the centre of the chamber A¹, and the fumes or vapor may be drawn off by a fume
pipe leading to a furnace or by an exhausting fan, as in the other modification.
Figure 13 is a sectional elevation of an arrangement of close steam heating and
jacketed ovens for drying or roasting the fish material after the liquids have been
separated from it in heating vessels A, A, of the kind described in the preceding
modifications. These close roasting ovens or drying chambers A¹ are ranged in

page_text: stacks in a vertical piled series over each other, each oven A" being heated by a close
steam heated chamber a below it formed of a double casing A, A, the upper case
or shell A of each steam space a forming the floors of the ovens and the shells A¹
the roofs of the same. The jacket spaces a are supplied with steam from a common
pipe b having branches 6x leading to each jacket a, and the condensing steam or
water may be run off through these branches and pipe b to a trap below.
The damp and pulpy material freed from the liquids by heat and filtration in the
revolving or stationary vessels is admitted through close hinged doors A' and spread
on the floors A of the ovens and dried by the heat from the steam jackets a below.
The vapour resulting from this treatment or drying of the fish material is carried
off by a branch pipe G₁ from each vertical row of ovens of the series and from
each horizontal row into which the piled series is divided, and these branches G¹¹
are connected to sets of vertical pipes G¹ behind, connected in turn to a large
horizontal flue pipe G* for the whole series, which leads the vapour to a furnace or
chimney, or to a vat or tank for subsequent treatment for the recovery of the
ammonia and other gases.
The fish material may also be inserted and treated for the extraction of the
liquids in close centrifugal drying machines, such as are used for the drying or
extraction of the water or liquids from yarn and other fabrics and from sugar, after
being heated by the before mentioned steam jacketed heating vessel A, A¹, or in
other ordinary heating vessels; and the material may thus be thoroughly freed of
the remaining moisture without the aid of beat. But the fish material may be
heated in a steam jacketed double cased centrifugal machine whilst stationary by
super-heated steam or air for the purpose of making it part with its water or liquids,
and thereafter have the remaining moisture driven off by the action of the centri-
fugal machine when put in motion, either with or without the additional aid of
superheated steam or air admitted within it.
Figure 14, on Sheet 3 of the Drawings, is a sectional elevation showing a general
arrangement of my improved apparatus for the treatment of the liquid and gaseous
elements of the fish material withdrawn or separated from the solids in the
stationary steam heating vessel A, A³, or from the revolving vessels hereinbefore
described.
The water, oil, and other liquids exuding from the fish material treated in the
vessel A, A¹, is led by the pipe F to the pump F, by which it is forced up
through the tube f¹ to a large vat or tank L, which may be used to collect the
liquids of several fish treating vessels A, A¹. The vapour withdrawn from the fish
material in the vessel A, A', by the fan G is discharged upwards through a tube G³
to a still worm or condensing pipe G fitted in a water tank M supported on a
framing M³, so as to be at a higher level than the vat L, and the ammoniacal fumes
or vapour are condensed in the worm G and discharged by a pipe G³ into the
collecting vat L, the water to cool the worm G' being admitted to the tank M by
an inlet pipe m at the bottom and discharged by a pipe m¹ at the top. The
condensed ammoniacal vapour entering the vat L may be filtered by being dis-
charged over a straining or filtering cloth on a perforated board L', shown in the
dotted lines, any vapour remaining uncondensed being discharged by the pipe L"
to be led to a furnace. The condensed vapour or ammoniacal liquid and the filtered
water, oil, and other liquids of the fish material collected in the vat L is drawn off
periodically through a tube L², perforated at its upper end and fitted with a
cock l, and the mixed oil and liquids are discharged by the tube L² into a steam
heated tank N, the liquids in which are heated by a coiled pipe N¹ through which
steam is passed as indicated by the arrows, the admission being controlled by a
cock n and the condensed water drawn off at n¹ at the lower end. The tank N
may also be heated by a steam jacket fitted at the bottom and sides if desired, as
shown by the dotted lines at N*. The liquids in the tank N are also heated and
agitated by a perforated revolving hollow steam pipe O, fitted with angled paddles
or blades o. The steam enters by the small tube 6 into the hollow pipe O, which
is driven by a belt and pulleys o¹, and it is injected through the perforations into

page_text: the liquids in the tank whilst these are agitated by the revolving paddles o, the
condensed steam passing off through a tube 611 at the opposite end leading to a
trap. After the injection of steam and agitation of the liquids for a short time the
oils are separated from the heavier ammoniacal liquor and gelatinous products, and
they rise to the surface, when they are withdrawn and filled into casks N° by
means of a siphon pipe n¹ which is dipped into the liquid to the required depth
to lead off the oil only, the depth of the oil being observed from the outside through
a glass or other transparent plate n¹ fitted in the side of the tank N. When the
oils are withdrawn the remaining ammoniacal liquor and gelatinous products of
the fish material are heated by the steam in the coiled pipe or steam jacket N¹
when there is one fitted, or both, and the ammonia is driven off as vapour through
a tube P fitted at the top of the tank N, and discharged into a lead lined tank I
partly filled with a weak solution of sulphuric acid into which the pipe P dips,
and the ammonia vapour is there precipitated as sulphate of ammon and crys-
tallised out by evaporation of the water, which is effected by a steam pipe 12 in
the tank I. The gelatinous mass remaining after the vapourization of the ammonia
in the tank N is withdrawn by a door N³ at the bottom, and this may be com-
pressed and dried into cakes suitable for sizes, confectionary, or other purposes;
or it may be returned to and mixed with the solid manure from the revolving
vessels A, A¹.
By an alternative means of separating the oils from the ammoniacal liquor in the
tank N a quantity of sulphuric acid is admitted into the tank and stirred up with
the liquids, when the ammonia is precipitated as sulphate, and the oils quickly rise
to the surface and can be withdrawn in the manner described. The ammoniacal
and gelatinous residue may then be mixed with the solid or friable manure from
the heating vessels A, A¹, or be otherwise utilized.
By another modification the liquids withdrawn from the heating vessels A, A¹,
are filtered or heated in bags or other filters, and any solid sediment remaining
is retained therein, and this solid matter may be treated for the obtainment of
murexide by placing the material in a vessel or vat containing nitric acid. The
combined action of the nitric acid and the uric acid contained in the said solid
matter is to dissolve the latter into alloxun, and sufficient ammonia is added to
form or deposit the murexide in crystals, which may be used as a dye or for other
purposes to which murexide is adapted. Otherwise, when desired, the said liquid
residues may be treated for the recovery of the ammonia contained therein, and
added or not to the solid manure previously removed from the revolving cylindrical
or other vessel A, A³, or otherwise independently utilized.
It will be understood that the waste or refuse fish is treated within the revolving
cylinders or the stationary steam jacketed vessels A, A', for such a length of time
and with steam at such a pressure or temperature as by super-heating to extract
all the oil from the fish which is of no value to the manure, and when it is desired
to extract a greater proportion of the gelatine matter from the fish and fish bones,
when that is found to be of more value than the manure, these may be boiled for
such a length of time as would dissolve them and give a richer gelatinous residue
before drying the solid matter into a friable manure within the steam jacketed
cylinders or vessels A, A¹.
Although the solid matter has been described as perfectly dried to a friable
manure before being removed from the new or improved steam jacketed drying
vessels A, A¹, it is to be understood that it might be removed in a soft or damp
pulpy state, and put into bags or other analagous receptacles, and compressed in
hydraulic or other presses, to express the oils and liquids, and be formed into cakes
to be subsequently used either as food for animals or as manure.
Having thus particularly described my said Invention and the manner in which
the same is to be performed, I desire it to be understood that I do not restrict
myself to the precise details herein described or delineated, but what I believe to

page_text: be novel and original, and therefore_claim as the Invention secured to me by the
hereinbefore in part recited Letters Patent is,-
First. The treatment of fish or refuse of fish in close jacketed steam heated
stationary or revolving vessels A, A¹, A", with perforated or wire cloth partitions
or sides, or fitted with perforated filtering tubes or roses F, F¹, for drawing off the
liquids, to be subsequently treated in vats or tanks, L, M, N, for the recovery of
the oils and the production of valuable gelatinous compounds from the liquids, and
for the manufacture of manure from the solid residue remaining in the vessels
A, A, A, and for the recovery of the solid liquid or gaseous products there-
from, all substantially as herein described in reference to and shown in the
accompanying Drawings.
Second. The general construction and arrangement of the revolving double-
cased steam jacketed heating vessels A, A¹, A" for heating and treating fish or
refuse fish for the manufacture of manure, and fitted with perforated divisions or
casings or perforated filtering pipes or roses F, F¹ for the separation and withdrawal
of the water, oils, and other liquids for subseqent treatment and utilization, all
substantially as herein described in reference to and shown in Figures 1 to 4 of the
accompanying Drawings.
Third. The general construction and arrangement of the horizontal or vertical
stationary double cased steam jacketed heating vessels A, A¹, A", for heating and
treating fish or refuse fish for the manufacture of manure, and fitted with the
revolving steam heating pipes or discs with perforated divisions or casings or
filtering pipes or roses F, FI for the agitation of the fish material and separation or
withdrawal of the water, oils, and other liquids for subsequent treatment and
utilization, all substantially as herein described in reference to and shown in
Figures 5 to 11 of the accompanying Drawings.
Fourth. The general construction and arrangement of a double cased steam
jacketed heating vessel or filter press A, A', A", for heating and treating fish or
refuse fish for the manufacture of manure, fitted with a traversing piston K¹
actuated by screws for subjecting the fish material to pressure, and withdrawing
the water, oil, and other liquids, through perforated filtering plates F, F¹, for
subsequent treatment and utilization, all substantially as herein described in
reference to and shown in Figure 12 of the accompanying Drawings.
Fifth. The construction and arrangement of a series or stack of double-cased
steam jacketed heating and drying or roasting ovens, A, A¹, A", for driving off the
remaining moisture or drying the solid residue of previously heated and treated
fish material, and reducing it to a friable mass to be used as manure, in combination
with the fume pipes G", G, G*, for carrying off the resulting vapours to a furnace,
or for subsequent treatment for the recovery of the ammonia contained therein, all
substantially as herein described in reference to and shown in Figure 13 of the
accompanying Drawings.
Sixth. The treatment of fish or fish refuse or previously heated or boiled fish
material in centrifugal drying machines for the extraction or separation, recovery,
and utilization of the solid and liquid constituents thereof, all substantially as and
for the purposes herein set forth.
Seventh. The mode and means of treating the liquid and sedimentary residues of
the liquids resulting from the treatment of fish material after the oils have been
extracted for the purpose of obtaining murexide and other salts therefrom, and for
producing gelatinous substances or cakes for use as sizes or for other purposes, all
substantially as herein set forth.
Eighth. The general construction, arrangement, and use of the series of tanks
L, M, N, I, and connected fittings, for the treatment and utilization of the liquids
drained off from the solid or residuary fish material in the vessels A, A¹, and of the
gases evolved therefrom, for the recovery of the oils and gelatinous compounds

page_text: and of the ammonia contained in these liquids and vapour, all substantially as
herein described in reference to and shown in Figure 14 of the accompanying
Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said Lachlan MoIntyre, have hereunto set my hand
and seal, this Eighteenth day of May, in the year of our Lord One thousand
eight hundred and eighty.
Witness,
W. R. M. THOMSON,
Patent Agent,
Glasgow.
L. MCINTYRE. (L.S.)