IMPROVEMENTS IN GOVERNORS FOR REGULATING THE ELECTRO-MOTIVE FORCE OF ELECTRIC- CURRENTS AND THE SPEED OF MOTORS PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION
Year: 1883

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Wilson Hartnell of Leeds in the County of York
Engineer, Peter William Willans of Thames Ditton in the County of Surrey
Engineer and Rookes Evelyn Bell Crompton of Mansion House Buildings in
the City of London Engineer. for an Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
GOVERNORS FOR REGULATING THE ELECTRO-MOTIVE FORCE OF ELECTRIC-
CURRENTS AND THE SPEED OF MOTORS
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Wilson Hartnell, Peter
William Willans, and Rookes Evelyn Bell Crompton at the Office of the
Commissioners of Patents on the 31st December 1883.
WILSON HARTNELL of Leeds in the County of York, Engineer, PETER WILLIAM
WILLANS of Thames Ditton in the County of Surrey Engineer, and ROOKES
EVELYN BELL CROMPTON of Mansion House Buildings in the City of London
Engineer "IMPROVEMENTS IN GOVERNORS FOR REGULATING THE ELECTRO-MOTIVE
FORCE OF ELECTRIC CURRENTS AND THE SPEED OF MOTORS,
The object of our Invention is to regulate the strength or electro motive force of
electric currents.
1. By automatically varying the speed of the prime mover which gives motion
to the dynamo electric generator.
2nd By automatically varying the speed of the dynamo electric generator
itself.
3rd. By automatically introducing such changes into the electro magnetic
arrangements of the generator as will vary its output in current or electro motive
force without varying its speed.
The electric governor consists of- solenoids or other equivalent electro magnetic
devices arranged in a similar manner to those described in a patent granted to
P. W. Willans 1184/83 and in the provisional specification deposited by
P. W. Willans 5291/83. These solenoids or electro magnets actuate the valves
[Price 10d.1

page_text: which control the supply of water steam or other fluid pressure to the ends of a
cylinder in which a piston works which actuates the throttle valve expansion gear
or other regulating mechanism. The arrangements in N° 1184 are found to be
more particularly applicable for use in combination with water or liquid pressure
in the auxiliary cylinder hereafter mentioned in the present case although many of
the improvements described are applicable to liquid pressure they meet especially
those cases where the use of steam is more convenient.
We hereafter call the cylinder in which moves the piston performing the heavy
duty of working the throttle valve expansion gear or other regulating mechanism
of the engine or machine "the auxiliary cylinder" and the solenoid with its core
and spring or equivalent electro magnetic device "the governing solenoid."
Parts of the Invention are also applicable for regulating the speed of prime
movers used for other purposes.
When steam is used in this auxiliary cylinder the motion may be steadied by
the well known device known as a dash pot, or this dash pot cylinder or its piston
can be furnished with loaded escape valves which open when the steam exceeds a
certain pressure but are at other times closed to hold the auxiliary piston firmly in
position. Or a second cylinder which we may call a dash pot with valves may be
added furnished with valves similar to those of the auxiliary cylinder so that when
the steam ports of the auxiliary cylinder are closed, those of the dash pot cylinder
are closed also and the pistons of both cylinders being connected together are held
rigidly in position.
The valve of the auxiliary cylinder is usually worked differentially i.e. when the
piston of the auxiliary cylinder moves its motion compensates for the action of the
governing solenoid on the auxillary valve
We now show several other methods by which the desired object may be
attained.
The valve may be furnished with. the equivalent of a cut off valve whose motion
follows the main valve and cuts off the steam water or fluid.
The piston may be fixed and the cylinder with its valve face may travel. Or
we may employ a compound valve without the above differential gear, part of this
valve may be described as a cut off valve. One part is connected to the solenoid
core but the other part is loose and held in position by friction until pushed from
its position by the other part.
The first movement of the solenoid core opens the cut off valve port to its fullest
extent and then opens the main valve which moves the regulating gear.
The engine will continue to alter its speed causing the electrical current to
return towards its normal condition until the solenoid core commences to return
and by travelling in an opposite direction closes the cut off gear and checks the
motion of the auxiliary piston.
If we desire to bring the strength of the current or the electro motive force of
the current to an exact predetermined standard we so arrange our mechanism that
the adjustment of the speed continues until the solenoid always returns to a
predetermined mean position.
This is effected in the following manner-when the compound valve is used the
cut off valve is made so as not quite to exclude the steam or fluid, thus, when the
rapid movement of the auxiliary is checked, it continues to move very slowly until
stopped by the main auxiliary valve closing both ports by the solenoid core arriving
at the predetermined mean position.
When we use the differential valve motion, and it is desired to govern the speed
until the solenoid returns to the predetermined position, we accomplish it by using
an auxiliary valve with very small ports worked by the same or an auxiliary
solenoid which valve always admits steam or fluid to one or either end of the
auxiliary cylinder unless it, with its solenoid core be in its central position.
The electric governor and its auxiliary piston may be entirely independent of
the mechanical governor, in many cases there is no necessity for any mechanical
governor.

page_text: For convenience the throttle valve solenoid and steam piston may be combined
so as to be self contained, and bolted into position between the flanges of the steam
pipes, or it may be otherwise conveniently attached.
In many cases it is desirable that the maximum speed of the engine be regulated
by an ordinary mechanical governor in which case we arrange the electrical
governor and the mechanical governor to act jointly; we do this as follows:-
Each governor may have its own independent throttle valve or other governing
gear. The auxiliary steam piston and the ordinary governor may act jointly on
the same valve gear, as for example. If we connect them to the opposite ends of
a lever the valve gear being connected to the centre. Or the ordinary governor
and the core of the solenoid may act jointly on the valve of the auxiliary steam
or fluid piston or each act on a separate valve controlling the auxiliary piston. Or
in place of the separate steam cylinder, a cylinder containing fluid such as oil
or water may be substituted for the steam cylinder; this fluid being acted on by
the steam pressure. It may be placed in the piston itself which may be enlarged
for the purpose, or in two separate chambers with passages and valves, so arranged
that the steam may press on the fluid in either chamber as desired so as to force
the auxiliary piston in the desired direction.
The valves of the auxiliary piston may be slide valves, or piston valves, or
annular valves.
When much power is required to move the regulating gear the auxiliary
cylinder may move the valve of a second and much larger auxiliary cylinder
combining any of the above plans, thus the core of the solenoid may move the
very small piston valve of a small hydraulic cylinder which in its turn controls
the slide valve of a large auxiliary steam cylinder.
In place of a compound valve, a single valve may be employed with a combined
motion, such as a forward motion to open the valves, and a transverse or twisting
motion to partially close them on the commencement of the return movement of
the solenoid core.
In place of the differential movement of the levers, the ports and valve may be
made oblique, and two independent motions given such as a twisting movement of
the valve, and a transverse movement of the valve cylinder so that a slight angular
movement of the valve may require a considerable travel of the piston before it
closes its port. Or we may substitute for the valves some form of cock or partly
rotating valve. The motion of the piston may be communicated to the outside of
the cylinder by means of a rocking shaft with a lever in the centre of the piston
itself which is widened for the purpose.
The solenoid coils may be wound as described in Willans' patent 1184/83 that is
to say.-
In cases where the lights are arranged in parallel circuit the solenoid or electro-
magnet may take the place of the lamp or lamps on one of the bridges between the
main conductors and this bridge need not necessarily be between points in the
main conductors in or near the engine room but the conductors may be tapped if
desired at very distant points and thus maintain a constant current in the bridge
and hence a constant difference of potential between the conductors at these distant
points.
In cases where the lights are arranged in series or in cases where the current is
used for any purpose for which it is desirable to maintain a constant strength of
current against varying resistances the whole of the current may be taken through
the coils of the solenoid.
When however the points to be governed are so distant or for economical or
other reasons the wires leading to those distant points are so small, that there is a
variable and sometimes considerable difference beween the EM F at the terminals
of the machine and the E M F at the points to be governed. We sometimes adopt
the following plan―
We make the solenoid in two parts one part being wound in shunt that is in a
circuit of its own the two ends of the coils being led direct to the main conductors

page_text: at or near the machine and we wind the other part in series i.e. a few turns of the
main wire or a portion of it leading to the distant points are taken round this
other part.
The series and shunt coils may be wound one over the other so as to act on the
same core or they may be wound as separate helices acting on separate cores
capable of separate adjustment but they must be wound in such a manner that the
series coils act in opposition to the shunt ones. As long as the current flowing is
small and the E M F at the terminals differs but little from that at the distant
point at which the EM F is to be governed the series coils have little effect, when
however the current flowing is considerable and it is necessary to increase
the E M F at the terminals in order to maintain the standard E M F at the
distant points, the series coils acting in opposition to the shunt coils make it
necessary that a larger current should pass through the latter before the pull of the
spring is balanced and the throttle valve begins to close.
When the circumstances are such that the speed of the prime mover cannot be
altered to suit a particular machine then that machine may be driven by cone
pulleys or frictional gear, or any of the known ways of altering the relative speeds
of two revolving shafts.
The mechanism by which the changes are usually effected, may be controlled by
the piston of the auxiliary cylinder of the electric governor, which may be con-
structed either according to the plans described and shewn in this patent or those
described and shewn in either of the patents 1184/83 or 5921/83 already
referred to.
Any of these governors may also be used for this mode of regulating the current
or E M F which might otherwise require an attendant, such as putting in circuit
resistance coils, partially diverting the current from the field magnets cutting out
the current from portions of the field magnets which have been separately wound
or turning round the brushes.
Any of the governors may also be used for varying the position of a weight so
as to increase or decrease the load which the revolving balls of an ordinary
centrifugal governor have to lift, or for increasing or decreasing the tension of the
spring where the revolving balls act against one.
In arranging the generating machinery supplying the current for a complicated
system of electric lighting, it will often be necessary to feed the system of mains
at various selected points each such point having one or more engines or machines
to itself.
In this case the speeds of the engines or machines serving the distant points
would differ according to the requirements of their own portions of the system
But if it be required to keep several engines driving dynamos, at equal or
proportionate speeds they may be simultaneously governed from one of them by
means of an arrangement of bevil wheels with a pinion between them being what
is commonly known as a Jack in box" motion, one of each pairs of the bevel
wheels being driven by its respective engine the other being driven in the opposite
direction by the governing engine.
ss
If the revolutions of the one bevel wheel exceed those of the other the pinion
will revolve round the centre and by a suitable connection alter the regulating
valve of the engine to be governed.
In this case only one engine needs an electric or other governor.
Although in speaking of motors, the steam engine only has been mentioned the
governor may be applied to gas engines, water wheels, turbing, wind mills, animal
power, and the like.
For water power it may be used as a means of stopping or starting the motor.
This governor may be used not only for regulating currents for electric lighting
and electric transmission of power, but for electro plating electric signalling charging
and discharging batteries or for any other purposes in which an electric current
requires to be controlled.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Wilson Hartnell, Peter William Willans, and Rookes Evelyn Bell
Crompton in the Patent Office on the 30th June 1884.
WILSON HARTNELL of Leeds in the County of York Engineer PETER WILLIAM
WILLANS of Thames Ditton in the County of Surrey Engineer and RoOKES EVELYN
BELL CROMPTON of Mansion House Buildings in the City of London Engineer
"IMPROVEMENTS IN GOVERNORS FOR REGULATING THE ELECTRO MOTIVE FORCE OF
ELECTRIC CURRENTS AND THE SPEED OF MOTORS
13
The object of our invention is to regulate the strength or electro motive force of
electric currents
1 By automatically varying the speed of the prime mover which gives motion
to the dynamo electric generator.
2nd By automatically varying the speed of the dynamo electric generator itself
3rd By automatically introducing such changes into the electro magnetic
arrangements of the generator as will vary its output in current or electro motive
force without varying the speed.
Parts of the invention are also applicable for regulating the speed of prime
movers used for other purposes.
The electric governor consists of solenoids or other equivalent electro magnetic
devices arranged in a similar manner to those described in a Patent granted
to P. W. Willans N° 118483 and in the provisional specification deposited by
P. W. Willans N° 529183
These solenoids or electro magnets actuate the valves which control the supply
of water steam or other fluid pressure to the ends of a cylinder in which a piston
works which actuates the throttle valve expansion gear or other regulating
mechanism.
The arrangements in N° 1184 are found to be more particularly applicable for
use in combination with water or liquid pressure in the auxiliary cylinder hereafter
mentioned in the present case although many of the improvements described are
applicable to liquid pressure they meet especially those cases where the use of
steam is more convenient.
We hereafter call the cylinder in which moves the piston performing the heavy
duty of working the throttle valve expansion gear or other regulating mechanism
of the engine or machine "the auxiliary cylinder" and the solenoid with its core
and spring or equivalent electro magnetic device "the governing solenoid."
When steam is used in this auxiliary cylinder the motion may be steadied by
the well known device known as a dash pot or this dash pot cylinder or its piston
can be furnished with loaded escape valves which open when the steam exceeds a
certain pressure but are at other times closed to hold the auxiliary piston firmly in
position. Or a second cylinder which we may call a dash pot with valves may be
added furnished with valves similar to those of the auxiliary cylinder so that when
the steam ports of the auxiliary cylinder are closed those of the dash pot cylinder
are closed also and the pistons of both cylinders being connected together are held
rigidly in position.
The valve of the auxiliary cylinder is usually worked differentially i.e. when the.
piston of the auxiliary cylinder moves its motion compensates for the action of the
governing solenoid on the auxiliary valve.
We now show several other methods by which the desired object may be
attained

page_text: The valve may be furnished with the equivalent of a cut off valve whose motion
follows the main valve and cuts off the steam water or fluid.
The piston may be fixed and the cylinder with its valve face may travel or we
may employ a compound valve without the above differential gear; part of this
valve may be described as a cut off valve. One part is connected to the solenoid
core but the other part is loose and held in position by friction until pushed from
its position by the other part.
The first movement of the solenoid core opens the cut off valve port to its fullest
extent and then opens the main valve which moves the regulating gear.
The engine will continue to alter its speed causing the electrical current to return
towards its normal condition until the solenoid core commences to return and by
travelling in an opposite direction closes the cut off gear and checks the motion of
the auxiliary piston.
If we desire to bring the strength of the current or the electro motive force of
the current to an exact predetermined standard we so arrange our mechanism that
the adjustment of the speed continues until the solenoid always returns to a
predetermined mean position.
This is effected in the following manner. When the compound valve is used the
cut off valve is made so as not quite to exclude the steam or fluid thus when the
movement of the auxiliary is checked it continues to move very slowly until
stopped by the main auxiliary valve closing both ports by the solenoid core
arriving at the predetermined mean position.
When we use the differential valve motion and it is desired to govern the speed
until the solenoid returns to the predetermined position we accomplish it by using
an auxiliary valve with very small ports worked by the same or an auxiliary
solenoid which valve always admits steam or fluid to one or either end of the
auxiliary cylinder unless it with its solenoid core be in its central position.
The electric governor and its auxiliary piston may be entirely independent of the
mechanical governor in many cases there is no necessity for any mechanical
governor.
For convenience the throttle valve solenoid and steam cylinder may be combined
so as to be self contained and bolted into position between the flanges of the steam
pipes or it may be otherwise conveniently attached.
In many cases it is desirable that the maximum speed of the engine be regulated
by an ordinary mechanical governor in which case we arrange the electrical
governor and the mechanical governor to act jointly; we do this as follows:-
Each governor may have its own independent throttle valve or other governing
gear. The auxiliary steam piston and the ordinary governor may act jointly on
the same valve gear as for example. If we connect them to the opposite ends of a
lever the valve gear being connected to the centre. Or the ordinary governor and
the core of the solenoid may act jointly on the valve of the auxiliary steam or fluid
piston or each act on a separate valve controlling the auxiliary piston. Or in
place of the separate steam cylinder a cylinder containing fluid such as oil or
water may be substituted for the steam cylinder this fluid being acted on by the
steam pressure. It may be placed in the piston itself which may be enlarged for
the purpose or in two separate chambers with passages and valves so arranged that
the steam may press on the fluid in either chamber as desired so as to force the
auxiliary piston in the desired direction.
The valves of the auxiliary piston may be slide valves or piston valves or
annular valves.
When much power is required to move the regulating gear the auxiliary
cylinder may move the valve of a second and much larger auxiliary cylinder
combining any of the above plans, thus the core of the solenoid may move the
very small piston valve of a small hydraulic cylinder which in its turn controls the
slide valve of a large auxiliary steam cylinder.
In place of a compound valve a single valve may be employed with a combined

page_text: motion such as a forward motion to open the valves and a transverse or twisting
motion to partially close them on the commencement of the return movement of the
solenoid core.
In place of the differential movement of the levers the ports and valve may be
made oblique and two independent motions given such as a twisting movement of the
valve and a transverse movement of the valve cylinder so that a slight angular
movement of the valve may require a considerable travel of the piston before it
closes its port. Or we may substitute for the valves some form of cock or partly
rotating valve. The motion of the piston may be communicated to the outside of
the cylinder by means of a rocking shaft with a lever in the centre of the piston
itself which is widened for the purpose.
The solenoid coils may be wound as described in Willans Patent 118483 that is
to say:-
In cases where the lights are arranged in parallel circuit the solenoid or electro
magnet may take the place of the lamp or lamps on one of the bridges between
the main conductors and this bridge need not necessarily be between points in the
main conductors in or near the engine room but the conductors may be tapped if
desired at very distant points and thus maintain a constant current in the bridge
and hence a constant difference of potential between the conductors at these
distant points.
In cases where the lights are arranged in series or in cases where the current is
used for any purpose for which it is desirable to maintain a constant strength of
current against varying resistances the whole of the current may be taken through
the coils of the solenoid.
When however the points to be governed are so distant or for economical or
other reasons the wires leading to those distant points are so small that there is a
variable and sometimes considerable difference between the electro motive force at
the terminals of the machine and the electro motive force at the points to be
governed we sometimes adopt the following plan.
We make the solenoid in two parts one part being wound in shunt that is in a
circuit of its own, the two ends of the coils being led direct to the main conductors
at or near the machine and we wind the other part in series i.e. a few turns of the
main wire or a portion of it leading to the distant points are taken round this
other part.
The series and shunt coils may be wound one over the other so as to act on the
same core or they may be wound as separate helices acting on separate cores
capable of separate adjustment but they must be wound in such a manner that the
series coils act in opposition to the shunt ones. As long as the current flowing is
small and the electro motive force at the terminals differs but little from that
at the distant point at which the electro motive force is to be governed the
series coils have little effect when however the current flowing is considerable and
it is necessary to increase the electro motive force at the terminals in order to
maintain the standard electro motive force at the distant points the series coils
acting in opposition to the shunt coils make it necessary that a larger current
should pass through the latter before the pull of the spring is balanced and the
throttle valve begins to close.
When the circumstances are such that the speed of the prime mover cannot be
altered to suit a particular machine then that machine may be driven by cone
pulleys or frictional gear or any of the known ways of altering the relative speeds
of two revolving shafts.
The mechanism by which the changes are usually effected may be controlled by
the piston of the auxiliary cylinder of the electric governor which may be
constructed either according to the plans described and shewn in this Patent
or those described and shewn in either of the Patents 118483 or 592153 already
referred to.
~
Any of these governors may also be used for other modes of regulating the¨

page_text: current or electro motive force which might otherwise require an attendant such
as putting in circuit resistance coils partially diverting the current from the field
magnets cutting out the current from portions of the field magnets which have
been separately wound or turning round the brushes.
Any of these governors may also be used for varying the position of a weight so
as to increase or decrease the load which the revolving balls of an ordinary
centrifugal governor have to lift or for increasing or decreasing the tension of the
spring where the revolving balls act against one.
In arranging the generating machinery supplying the current for a complicated
system of electric lighting it will often be necessary to feed the system of mains
at various selected points each such point having one or more engines or machines
to itself.
In this case the speeds of the engines or machines serving the distant points
would differ according to the requirements of their own portion of the system.
But if it be required to keep several engines driving dynamos at equal or
proportionate speeds they may be simultaneously governed from one of them by
means of an arrangement of bevil wheels with a pinion between them being what
is commonly known as a "Jack in box" motion one of each pair of the bevil
wheels being driven by its respective engine the other being driven in the opposite
direction by the governing engine.
If the revolutions of the one bevil wheel exceed those of the other the pinion
will revolve round the centre and by a suitable connection alter the regulating
valve of the engine to be governed.
In this case only one engine needs an electric or other governor.
Although in speaking of motors the steam engine only has been mentioned the
governor may be applied to gas engines water wheels turbines windmills animal
power and the like.
This governor may be used not only for regulating currents for electric lighting
and electric transmission of power but also applied to electro plating electric
signalling charging and discharging batteries or for any other purposes in which an
electric current requires to be controlled.
In order that our said invention may be fully understood and readily carried
into effect we will proceed to describe the drawings hereunto annexed.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
Sheet 1 Figure 1 shows an arrangement of electrical governor consisting of
governing solenoid auxiliary cylinder dashpot or controlling cylinder and connection
to centrifugal governor.
Figures 2. 3. 4 show variations of this mechanism.
Sheet 2 Figure 5 shows another combination with two governing solenoids
forming a complete electric governor illustrating various modifications hereinafter
more particularly described.
Sheet 3 Figures 67 and 8 show another combination of parts in which the
steam pressure acts directly on a liquid. Figures 9 and 10 show other views of the
valve employed in the preceding figures.
Sheet 4 Figures 11. 12 and 13 shew valves and mechanism that may be used
when the differential motion is not applied. Figure 14 shows another governor
combination with two auxiliary cylinders. Figure 15 illustrates the application
of an electric governor to regulate the transmission of motion from a motor to a
dynamo electric machine. Figure 16 is a diagram illustrating the method of
coupling two motors so that the speed of the one may control that of the other.
In Sheet 1 Figure 1
The governing solenoid A has a core B (in this case suspended to avoid friction)
connected by suitable differential gear to the valve C of the auxiliary cylinder D
whose piston E is connected to the piston F of the dash pot or controlling cylinder G

page_text: which cylinder is furnished with a valve H. The mechanical governor I is
connected to a lever J which carries the fulcrum K of the vibrating lever L driven
by the piston rod N thus forming a second differential gear. The lever L is
connected by a rod with a lever coupling the solenoid A and the valves C and H.
The piston rod M of the auxiliary cylinder is connected to the regulating mechanism
such as the throttle valve or expansion gear of a steam engine or other such gear
as may be required.
In the case of a steam engine the mechanical governor would be set to limit the
maximum speed, at lower speeds the electrical governor controls the electro motive
force or current as the case may be.
When the current passing through the solenoid coils decreases the spring will
partly draw out the core and open the valves C and H. The steam entering the
auxiliary cylinder will move the piston until the differential gear closes the ports.
The pistons will now be locked fast by the liquid in the dash pot cylinder and the
regulating mechanism will be fixed in a new position putting on more steam. This
action can take place promptly immediately the electro motive force changes and
before the speed of the engine is sensibly affected.
The speed will now begin to rise and the electro motive force rising the core B
will be drawn inwards slowly until equilibrium is again restored at nearly the
norinal electro motive force.
When the electro motive force rises the contrary actions take place.
In this arrangement the mechanical governor I is not in all cases required. The
arrangement is applicable also when a mechanical governor is substituted for the
governing solenoid.
Figure 2 shows a dash pot with two loaded escape valves such that its piston
cannot be moved until sufficient force is applied to overcome the load on the
valves. Figure 3 shows the escape valves applied to the piston of the dash pot.
Figure 4 shows the piston of the dash pot with a small escape hole through it.
In Sheet 2 Figure 5
The governing solenoid A has its core B connected to the core B2 of the second
Bolenoid A² which is furnished with a small dash pot G¹ for the purpose of
compelling a slow movement. (This small dash pot is shown in the solenoid but
may be placed in any convenient position). These two solenoids act jointly on the
valve of the small auxiliary cylinder D¹ which is here shown to slide on its fixed
piston E'. The motion of this small auxiliary cylinder moves the valve C of the
main auxiliary cylinder D which has a supplementary valve C2 driven from its
piston rod M so as to form a differential motion. It will be noticed that the
small auxiliary cylinder D¹ also forms a differential motion in moving from its
own valve.
When the currents passing through the solenoids decrease the governing
solenoid A acts promptly causing a prompt movement of the small auxiliary
cylinder attached to the slide valve C of the main auxiliary cylinder whose
piston E promptly takes up a new position being arrested by the differential gears.
If the second solenoid A¹ remained inactive the electro motive force would
presently be restored to nearly its normal condition as in Figure 1-the motion of
the first solenoid ceasing. The second solenoid will now having been retarded by
its dash pot, continue to move, thus admitting further steam until the increasing
speed brings back both solenoids to their central positions at the exact electro
motive force from which they started.
Sheet 3 Figure 6.
In place of the separate steam cylinder and dash pot there may be two
chambers D2 and D³ containing a fluid above the dash pot G on which the steam
may press by means of the equivalent of an ordinary slide valve shewn in section at
Figure 7 so constructed that if steam is admitted to one side the exhaust steam
escapes from the other. The water is forced through suitable passages to the
desired end of the dash pot cylinder G. It has however to pass a valve which stops

page_text: communication when in its central position corresponding to the time when the
steam ports are closed. The motion of the piston is communicated to the outside
by means of a rocking shaft M with a lever in the centre of the piston.
The ports of the valve are made spiral as shewn in Figure 9 and Figure 10, which
latter represents the inner surface of the valve cylinder opened out flat. The
governing solenoid acts on the rod A giving an end motion to the valve thus
opening all the spiral ´ports admitting steam to one of the chambers causing the
shaft M to commence rotating until the rotative movement which it gives to the
valve closes the spiral ports and by a arresting the flow of the fluid locks the
rocking, shaft fast. The rocking shaft which the place of an auxiliary piston
rod is connected to the governing mechanism. The two independent motions given
to the valve viz twisting and transverse together with the oblique ports act as a
differential gear.
Sheet 4 Figures 11 and 12.
Are compound valves that may be sometimes substituted for the differential
gear. Part of the valve is loose and held in position by friction until moved by
the other part which is actuated by the governing solenoid.
In Figure 11 the loose part of the valve is cylindrical and has perforations or
ports by which the steam enters and leaves it. The other part of the valve closes
and opens the end ports.
In place of such a compound valve a single valve Figure 13 may be employed
with a combirred forward and transverse motion. The valve rod N advances and
recedes with a spiral motion but the valve H can only twist this a small angle, and
excess of twist is allowed for by the coupling slipping, the ports may be long
and narrow and placed endways-and the valve which is otherwise as usual is
furnished with projections which will cover the ports when twisted over them.
On the commencement of a stroke the valve first twists so that it may uncover the
port as it travels onwards. On commencing to return it twists back and
immediately shuts the port arresting any rapid movement of the governing gear.
The spiral motion of the valve rod end may be given by any suitable means or by
simply vertically suspending the solenoid from a flat spring which twists and
untwists as it moves.
Figure 14 shews another arrangement with differential motion when it is desired
to govern the speed until the solenoid A returns to the predetermined position.
There are two auxiliary cylinders D and D¹, one furnished with a differential gear
and acts promptly as usual. The other has no differential gear and acts slowly.
By their combined action on the rod M. which is connected to the governing gear
the desired end is attained.
Figure 15 shows an application of the electric governor to regulate the current
of dynamos driven from an independent source capable of giving the maximum
speed desired. The dynamo, by preference furnished with a fly wheel is driven by
a belt or suitable friction gear which is tightened or slackened by the electric
governor. Or it may be driven by cone pulleys, expanding pulleys or varying
friction gearing actuated by the governor.
The governing solenoid mechanical governor and dash pot may be placed in any
respective positions or distances from each other, or two or more may be combined
on one framing with or without the main governing gear.
The arrangements of differential levers are capable of many variations.
In Figure 16 a indicates the position of a steam engine or motor which may be
of small dimensions, it is furnished with an electric governor by which its speed is
controlled as may be required. b indicates the position of a second engine or motor
the speed of which is to be controlled in accordance with that of the motor a.
The inotor a drives a bevelled wheel a' through a frictional connection. The
motor bin like manner drives the wheel b¹. c. c. are bevelled pinions held in a frame
which is free to move concentrically with a¹ and b' but having its movement limited
by stops. This frame is connected with the valve of the engine or motor b. So

page_text: long as the speed of the two motors is the same the frame carrying the pinions c.
remains stationary but when the speeds are dissimilar it moves and admits more
or less steam to the engine or by like means adjust the speed of the motor b. One
motor a may in this manner controlled the speed of several motors b.
Sometimes it is necessary or desirable to have two or more dynamo machines,
each driven by its separate prime mover, but all the dynamo-machines connected
electrically in parallel to the same mains. Since with such an arrangement the
electro motive force on the terminals of each dynamo is necessarily the same,
whatever be the amount of current each is giving it becomes necessary to so arrange
our governing apparatus that not only is the electro motive force throughout the
system kept at its proper valve but also that each dynamo shall contribute its fair
share to the total current circulating through the mains.
This we can effect as follows;-We employ for controlling all the prime movers
only one electrical governor as above described, the solenoid of which is wound
with shunt wire forming a bridge between the mains and in addition may or may
not be wound with main wire in the opposite direction, through which a part or
the whole of the main current is made to flow. In addition to and in connection
with this one electrical governor we employ as many auxiliary cylinders as there
are prime movers to which they are connected in any of the various ways above
described. Or in another arrangement we provide for each prime mover a complete
electrical governor with its auxiliary cylinder and the usual connections, but we
find the solenoids with three distinct coils. One coil of high resistance wire forming
the shunt between the mains, the second coil of stout wire carrying the whole or
part of the current which is generated by that particular dynamo machine the
prime mover of which is to be controlled by the governor and this series coil we
arrange to act in the same sense as the shunt coil, the third series coil also of stout
wire we arrange to act against the two other coils and we cause the whole or part
of the current in the mains to traverse it. In some cases also we employ two
windings one in a shunt circuit and the other in series as already described.
Having thus described the nature of our said Invention and the manner of
performing the same we declare that we claim :-
.
First. The combination in a governor of (a) a governing solenoid-(b) an
auxiliary cylinder or vessel with a piston or moving part connected with the
regulating valve of a steam engine or motor or other regulating instrument (c) a
valve controlling the passage of steam or aeriform fluid to and from the auxiliary
cylinder and operated by the solenoid or by the solenoid conjointly with the piston
or moving part of the auxiliary cylinder, and (d) a controlling cylinder or vessel
containing liquid (sometimes called a dash pot) with a piston or moving part
connected with the piston or moving part of the auxiliary cylinder and serving to
moderate the movements of the same.
Second. The combination as in the preceding claiming clause of the governing
solenoid, the auxiliary cylinder or vessel and valve and a controlling cylinder or
vessel containing liquid and provided with a valve moved in unison with the valve
of the auxiliary cylinder or vessel so that the piston or moving part of the auxiliary
cylinder or vessel is held stationary except at the times when the valve in connection
therewith is opened by the governing solenoid.
Tbird. The combination as in the preceding claiming clauses but with the
substitution of a mechanical governor for the governing solenoid.
Fourth. The combination in a governor of (a) a governing solenoid with gear by
which the said solenoid controls the valve of a motor or other regulating instru-
ment; and (b) a centrifugal governor also connected with the valve of the motor
or other regulating instrument and operating to check excessive speed.
Fifth. The combination of governing apparatus substantially as described in
respect to Figure 1 of the annexed Drawings.
Sixth-The combination in a governor of two governing solenoids one free to

page_text: move promptly and the other constrained to move slowly the said solenoids
operating conjointly through intermediate gear to determine the position of the
valve of a motor or other regulating instrument
Seventh-The combination in a governor of (a) an auxiliary cylinder or vessel
with a piston or moving part connected with the valve of a motor or other regulating
instrument (b) a governing solenoid and (c) a two-part valve which by the differential
movement of its parts controls the passage of fluids into and from the said auxiliary
cylinder or vessel one part of the said valve being moved by gear brought into
action by the governing solenoid and the other part of the valve being moved by
connection with the piston or moving part of the auxiliary cylinder or vessel.
Eighth The combination of governing apparatus substantially as described in
respect to Figure 5 of the annexed Drawings.
Ninth The combination in a governor of (a) an auxiliary cylinder or vessel
with a piston or moving part connected with the valve of a motor or other regulating
instrument, (b) a governing solenoid; and (c) a valve controlling the passage of
fluid into and from the said auxiliary cylinder or vessel the said valve receiving
both rotary and longitudinal motions the one by connection with the solenoid and
the other by connection with the piston or moving part of the auxiliary cylinder
or vessel.
Tenth The combination of governing apparatus substantially as described in
respect to Figures 6, 7, and 8 of the annexed Drawings
Eleventh The combination in a governor of (a) an auxiliary cylinder or vessel
with a piston or moving part connected with the valve of a motor or other
regulating instrument; (b) a governing solenoid, and (c) a valve operated by the
governing solenoid and controlling the passage of fluid into and from the said
auxiliary cylinder or vessel; the said valve being in parts one moving for a short
space without the other each time that the direction of motion is changed and so
arranged that whilst the valve is receding from its mid position it allows fluid to
enter the auxiliary cylinder or vessel (by one or other of its ports according to the
direction in which the valve is moved) whilst the first motion of return checks
the flow for so long as the valve continues to move towards its mid position
Twelfth The combination in a governor of (a) an auxiliary cylinder or vessel
with a piston or moving part connected with the valve of a motor or other
regulating instrument; (b) a governing solenoid, and (c) a valve controlling the
passage of fluid into and from the said auxiliary cylinder or vessel such valve
receiving from the solenoid a longitudinal motion causing it to admit fluid to one
or other end of the auxiliary cylinder or vessel whilst it recedes from its mid
position and also a rotary motion causing the valve to check the admission of fluid
during its return to its mid position.
Thirteenth The combination in a governor of a governing solenoid and two
auxiliary cylinders or vessels operating conjointly to determine the position of the
valve of a motor or other regulating instrument; one of such auxiliary cylinders
being so constructed as to act promptly whilst the other by the arrangement of the
mechanism is retarded and made to act more slowly
Fourteenth The combination of (a) a motor; (b) a dynamo electric machine;
(c) intermediate mechanism or gear by which the movement of the motor is trans-
mitted to the dynamo-electric machine; and (d) electric governing or controlling
apparatus affecting the said intermediate mechanism or gear in such manner as to
alter the ratio of the speeds of the motor and dynamo electric machine
Fifteenth Governing or controlling the speed of a motor in accordance with
that of another motor provided with an electric governor by coupling the said
motors by differential wheel work and connecting the part of the said wheel work
which is differentially moved with the valve or regulator of the motor required to
be controlled.
Sixteenth The use in electric governor regulating the electro-motive force
between two points in an electric circuit of a solenoid or solenoids having two or

page_text: more separate coils or windings through which two or more different electric
currents are caused to pass.
Seventeenth-The methods herein described of winding and connecting the coils.
in the solenoids of electric governors
In witness whereof I the said Peter William Willans have hereunto set my hand
and seal this Thirtieth day of June in the year of our Lord One thousand eight
hundred and eighty four.
PW WILLANS (L.S.)