IMPROVE- MENTS IN APPARATUS FOR THE RAPID GENERATION OF STEAM, OR FOR HEATING. OR COOLING LIQUIDS
Year: 1871

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Paul Kacuffer, of Patricroft, near Manchester, in
the County of Lancaster, Engineer, for the Invention of "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN APPARATUS FOR THE RAPID GENERATION OF STEAM, OR FOR HEATING.
OR COOLING LIQUIDS."
Sealed the 5th September 1871, and dated the 10th March 1871.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Paul Kacuffer at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
10th March 1871.
I, PAUL KAEUFFER, of Patricroft, near Manchester, in the County of
Lancaster, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR THE RAPID GENERATION OF STEAM, OR.
FOR HEATING OR COOLING LIQUIDS," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to apparatus in which vertical, inclined, or
angular tubes are employed for creating circulation of the liquid in
order to obtain a quick generation of steam, or a quick heating or

page_text: refrigerating of liquids, and consists in forming a bent or a curved
nozzle at the upper portion of the pipe or pipes or plates to direct the
hottest water (if used for gencrating steam) to return to the water not
evaporated, whilst the steam generated rises above the water level.
The bend may be on the inside or on the outside pipe if two pipes are
employed. By this means the steam is given off from the water in the
steam space direct instead of having to pass through the body of water,
as is the case with the present construction of boilers, where the so-called
head of water presses over the steam generated, holding it down, whilst
in my construction the same head presses more advantageously under
the steam, replacing immediately the, escaping generated steam by liquid
water. In some cases.
.the nozzles are not bent, but have caps or cowls
on them to direct the water in any direction. The tubes may be of any
shape, the main feature being to carry one end up above the ordinary
water level to permit of the escape of the steam without passing through
the water.
If the tubes are arranged for refrigerating or heating purposes without
generation of vapour I propose to fit them step-wise singly or in sets in
the outer casing, and to admit the heated liquid or gas at the opposite
end to that at which the cooling gas or liquid enters, the general feature
being to conduct the portion of liquid or gas which has been treated
either to a higher level (in heating) or to a lower level (in cooling), that
is to say, to the place that its thermic state would cause it to occupy
naturally in the midst or over (when transformed in vapour) the liquid
not yet heated or not yet cooled when the current is descending.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Paul Kacuffer in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 9th September 1871.
...TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, PAUL
KAEUFFER, of Patricroft, near Manchester, in the County of Lancaster, 3
Engineer, send greeting.
J
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing, date the Tenth day of March, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-one, in the thirty-

page_text: fourth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said Paul Kaeuffer, Her special licence
that I, the said Paul Kacuffer, my executors, administrators, and assigns,
or such others as I, the said Paul Kaeuffer, my executors, adminis-
trators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others,
from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein
expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend,
within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS
FOR THE RAPID GENERATION OF STEAM, OR FOR HEATING OR COOLING LIQUIDS,"
upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Paul Kaeuffer,
my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my,
or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe
and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner
the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the
Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar,months next and imme-
diately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Paul Kaeuffer, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by
the following statement thereof, reference being had to the Drawings
hereunto annexed, that is to say :-
-
The object of my Invention, as hereafter described in connection with
the accompanying Drawings is to produce a natural current in the liquid
or gas under treatment, whether to be heated or cooled, and I obtain this
current by conducting the portion of the liquid or gas which has been
treated either to a higher level (in heating) or to a lower level (in
cooling), that is to say, to the place that its thermic state would cause
it to occupy naturally in the midst of the liquid or gas not yet heated
or cooled.
The apparatus is designed to interchange the temperatures between
two liquids or gasses, or a liquid and a gas, and in such a manner as that
cach particle which has not attained the required temperature returns in
contact with a surface' colder or warmer than itself. Thus the equi-
librium of temperature to the required degree is made by the physical
law of density alone, without any need of stirring up the liquids or forcing
them through the apparatus.

page_text: My system is that of reconducting the portion which has been treated
into the greater mass of the liquid, but in heating to a higher degree to
that where the cold portions are introduced into the tube, and it is only
at this superior degree that the heated portion can mingle with the rest.
It is the same in cooling. Here I conduct the cool liquid to a lower
level than that where the liquid enters. For this purpose I make the
tubes with a mouth piece or nozzle, or its equivalent, of a greater or less
length according to the difference of temperature to be attained. These
mouths are fixed to the pipes by screws or other mechanical appliances
or only fitted tightly, and, when pendant, contain the smaller interior
tube, or they are cast or wrought of the same metal and at the same time
as the tubes, sec Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. I employ a fixed or
a movcable mouth in cach and every case according to the required
purpose.
Figures 1 and 2 shew a mouth employed to heat liquids to a tempe-
rature below boiling point; Figure 4 is a horizontal section through
the middle of the tube, Figure 1. The mouth is single or divided into
two or more smaller mouths which conduct the heated liquid to the
higher level. The exterior tube which is in contact with the warm
liquid or gas is made of cast iron or other metal. The tube is of a 1
round, square, elliptical, or any other form of section; it may also be
ribbed in all directions or not, Figures 2 and 5. The ribbed tubes are
especially applicable when a liquid passes through and a gas around the
tubes.
:-
These tubes Figures 1, 2, and 3 operate as follows The warm liquid
is constantly and all around in contact with the exterior tube. The
liquid to be heated enters at into the interior and descends on the
bottom of the exterior tube, where it comes in contact with the heated
surface, and is then conducted by the mouth a, a, rising by its less
gravity when heated to a level superior than b, according to the heating
performed. When the tube is designed to produce steam the mouth
rises above the water level, thus conducting the newly generated steam
into the steam, which has a lower density than the water, and of course
occupies a superior position. This shews, according to my opinion, that
the system answers not only to the law of density but also solves the
great problem of boiler priming. For this purpose the mouths a, a, are
curved at such an angle as to cause the unevaporated water to return

page_text: whilst the steam alone rises directly in the space above the water, see
Figures 16 to 26.
To prevent the water returned from one mouth from entering into
the mouth of its neighbouring tube I place them in such a manner as
that the water falls between two mouths, as shewn in plan Figure 8,
and in Figures 16 to 26. This arrangement thus gives also the guarantee
that each tube c in pendant tubes, Figures 4 and 5, and Figures 17
and 20 will be in every case provided with sufficient water by at least
from one neighbour, when it should be placed at the outside of the
range notwithstanding the most intense current of ascending steam ever
produced. In this case also, when pressure and temperature allow
it, tube and mouth are cast in the same metal ribbed or not.
This same principle, as before stated, is applied in reversing the
system, turning the tubes upside down for cooling liquids by a cold.
liquid or gas, see Figures 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13. Figure 12 is a
horizontal section through the line A, B, of Figure 10, and Figure 13
a horizontal section through the middle of the tube.
The tubes and mouths are made of different materials and forms as
the others, but there is a difference in the bottoms (in this case the tops)
of the external tubes. This part must be provided here to allow any
accumulated air to escape. For this purpose I employ a float opening
and closing a hole at the top of the tube, Figures 9 & 10, or I place
a small tube d, Figure 11, open throughout, and extending above the
water level in the reservoir which feeds this apparatus with the water
(or other liquid) to be cool'd.
Figures 14 and 15 shew the complete arrangement for this apparatus
in accordance with the most successful application of my tubes.
Figure 14 is one for cooling liquids. e, reservoir; f, space for the liquid
circulating through the tubes when undergoing cooling; g, space where
the liquid or gas passes, entering cold and rising by abstracting the heat
from the other liquids; h, entrance of the warm liquid; i, its outlet ;
j, entrance of the cold liquid of equal or less density; and k, its outlet
when warmed. The Drawing shows three tubes fitted with pipes d for
the escape of accumulated air, the others are shewn with or without
automatic float.
Figure 15 is an apparatus for heating liquids by contact with a warm

page_text: and 2. 1, entrance of the cold liquid; m, its outlet when warmed;
n, entrance of the warm liquid or gas; o, its outlet when cooled.
The inclination given to these apparatus depends on the length of
the mouth, and these lengths again depend on the amount of change
of temperature to be effected. The length of the tubes vary also even in
one apparatus, especially when it is long and when the difference of tem-
peratures between both ends is very great or even when the apparatus is
designed to utilize only a portion of the heat in cooling or warming one
of these liquids engaged.
It is well understood that these apparatus for heating liquids may be
combined with evaporating apparatus, and those for cooling liquids with
freezing apparatus where the liquid is then allowed to take its solid state
as required.
The great advantage of this principle or of the apparatus designed
therefore is that the liquid can be kept there until it has attained the
degree of cold or heat required, which cannot be effected in the other
tubular apparatus in common use, in which latter apparatus the superior
particles in proportion warmer than the inferior cannot utilize the
temperature of the surrounding liquid, whilst the inferior and colder
particles cannot rise to abstract the heat from the warmer surfaces.
Another great advantage of these apparatus is that they can transmit]
heat or cold from one liquid to another almost without loss. The
apparatus in which the most dense liquid is caused to descend (the
most dense liquid circulates in all cases) Figure 14, I call a refrigerator,
but it is a refrigerator only for a dense liquid and a heating apparatus
for a liquid of the same or inferior density. It is the same case with
Figure 15 where the more dense liquid rises and the less dense falls, that
is, a heater for the first and refrigerator for the liquid of lower density.
Whether there may be a current produced by continually withdrawing
and consequently feeding fresh liquid through the apparatus or not there
will always be a current in the liquid and an exchange of tempera-
tures in the most natural manner as long as there is still the slightest.
difference in temperature between the liquids. The greater the difference
of temperature the more rapid will be the current, and the less the
difference the slower the current, until it ceases entirely, when the
equilibrium of temperatures throughout all portions in contact will be
attained.

page_text: Figures 14, 16, 19, & 20, are cross sections and Figure 17 a longi-
tudinally section of a Cornish boiler. The Drawing shew how the
current is produced by placing the flame tube to one side of the vertical
centre line of the shell and also how the current is directed on the side
where the greatest quantity of water is formed, the water not evaporated
returns between both plates, and reascends along the heated surfaces of
the shell and also along the sides of the flame tube. For increasing the
production of steam of the same boiler, I add some of my tubes (single)
without, in a tube and crossing the flame tube as shewn in Figures 12,
13, 15, 16, 17, 19, and 20. As they rise always to or above the water
level the steam newly generated is the dryest possible. The unevapo-
rated water is rejected in the water and returns by the way described
at this point of the boiler where all ascending currents begin to rise
along the sides of the boiler of the flame tube or through the tubes.
Figures 18 and 19 shew another specimen of circulation tubes, the
exterior tube is a sphere and placed with its centre in the centre line
of the flame tube.
Figures 20 and 21, are two cross sections of a Cornish boiler wherein
the flame tube passes along a water tube connected at different points
with the lower plate of the flame tube, from this water tube ascend
single circulation tubes fitted at the top line of the flame tube, and
prolonged by the attachment of a mouth above the water level. The
water carried upwards by the steam is there rejected into the water
and the steam is as dry as it can be.
Figure 22 is a vertical section and Figure 24 a sectional plan of a
vertical boiler constructed on my principle. In the fire-box are sus-
pended as many circulation tubes c as possible and before a circular
range of single tubes a¹ is placed. These tubes a¹ receive the water
at their base round the grate box, and conduct the generated steani
into the steam space. Between the fire-box and the exterior plate of
the boiler hangs a thin cylindrical plate p, which touches neither inside
or outside. Also this cylinder like all my tubes rises above the water
level. The feed water enters at q and the water carried upwards by the
steam is conducted by horizontal tubes towards the exterior shell by
the side of which it descends to the bottom and again comes in contact
with the fire-box plate or with the tubes a¹. The water gauge tube
communicates only with the exterior water space which does not boil,

page_text: and consequently it indicates very steadily the true level of the, water
in the boiler. This boiler has not only the advantage of producing a
maximum of dry saturated steam with a minimum of heating surface
but it is also less liable to be damaged by the sudden contact of water
with an over heated plate than the water level may become very low
before a plate or tube can be damaged by the fire. The rapid current
never interrupted in this boiler prevents the adhesion of sediment on
the heated surfaces and allows them only to be deposited in the bottom
of the boiler when the water is comparatively quiet. The cock is the
blow off cock for blowing off the sediment from time to time. A sphere
or cylinder of metal or refractory stone or brick is suspended below the
outlet of the flame to the chimney the suspension chain passes over
rollers thus is it possible by rising or lowering the sphere or cylinder
by means of a counterweight lever or rod to modify and regulate the
draught through the water.
Figures 24 and 25 are two vertical sections of a marine boiler
applicable also to other purposes, constructed according to the foregoing
system. The fuel is introduced by the door P and the flame passing
through the boiler as indicated (F, G, H, I, K). The fire in F heats
by contact by radiation the water space R, and the steam there pro-
duced rises in the tubes a, whilst in the tubes changing in the fire-box F
and in the flame conduct H a down-and-up current is produced. An
annular reservoir is placed around the chimney & above the boiler, as
shewn. The feed water from the pump enters at 1, Figure 24, in this
reservoir it rises until its level reaches the mouth of the tube 8,
Figure 25, and then falls through this tube to the bottom of the boiler.
Another tube t goes from the top of this reservoir to the top of the
boiler in order to equalise the pressure between the reservoir and boilers.
The sediment found on the bottom of this reservoir can be blown off by
the cock u.
This arrangement of heating the feed water before entering in the
boiler is also applicable to other boilers, whether stationary or portable
ones. The feed water thus heated enters at the bottom, Figure 25,
and rises towards the fire, comes in contact with the flame tubes and
enters then from both sides in the space R where the evaporation
begins; from this space it is carried upwards through the tubes a',
in the tube b, or again on both sides in the space R. As this boiler is a
falls

page_text: rapid steam producer and furnishes dry steam it does not require but
if thought advisable it can be fitted with a dome, as shewn in dotted
lines. It is the same with the enlargement at the water level, Figure 24:
When I am not sure of obtaining a regular supply of feed water I prefer
the enlarged water space in marine as well as in other boilers. In this
enlarged space
I find I have often sufficient water to furnish the engine
with steam whilst repairing any injury to the feed pump, or to obviate
a neglect; but when there is not room for this with the dotted lines
gives sufficient steam space for the size of the boilers. The efficiency
of the current established by the difference of temperature is shown in
the application of my system for mingling intimately two liquids when
this cannot be accomplished by agitation or other mechanical means.
The liquids mingle together and poured into the reservoir e, Figure 14,
pass through the chamber f. It is sufficient to have a colder liquid
or gas in this example and to cause it to pass by the chamber g; let this
be water, then the liquids become of the same temperature as the
water and the water as of the liquids. The liquids enter in h, pass out
at i, the water enters in j and passes out at k. I place by the side of the
first apparatus a second, but as in Figure 15, and conduct the cool liquids
into the second apparatus through and the warmed water through n.
The exchange again takes place and at the end of this process the
liquids and water are again of their respective initial temperature.
If on the contrary the liquid obtainable is warmer and less dense the
operation is commenced with the system, Figure 15, and finished in
Figure 14. And if the mixed liquids are less dense than the heated
or cooled liquid I cause the latter to pass through f, and the former
through g, and I take the first, Figure 11, when this liquid is colder, and
Figure 14 when it is hotter. In both cases the uninterrupted currents
ascending and descending in the liquid produce a mixture so intimate
that the two liquids at the end of the operation, which has been longer
or shorter according to their natures, form but one. If later the liquids
are to be employed hotter or colder than they were at the com-
mencement one only of these apparatus is employed. As in this case
or for the purposes mentioned above it is necessary to construct these
apparatus in lead or any other metal appropriate for acid liquids, or
others, and also that the form may vary according to the purposes,
I reserve to myself the exclusive right of not being limited by the forms
and arrangements recited or shewn in Drawings annexed.

page_text: And having now described the nature of my said Invention, and in
what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that I claim as
my Invention,-
Firstly. The practical realization of the successive and complete
exchange of temperature between two liquids or liquid and gas of equal
or different density and specific heat by a self-established natural
current, vertical or inclined. The natural current being produced by
the difference of density resulting from the change of temperature, and
maintained by conducting the particles of liquid thus changed to a
level corresponding to its newly acquired density, that is to say, higher
in heating and lower in cooling than the level from which the liquid to
be conducted in contact with the heated or cooled surfaces has been
taken, as herein-before described.
Secondly. I claim the employment of the system before referred to
to steam condensers, to physical or chemical apparatus, and universally
for the exchange of temperatures between two liquids, or liquids and
gas, or liquids and bodies in a powdered state.
Thirdly. I claim the application of every kind of steam boilers and
evaporating apparatus, locomotives, portable marine and stationary
Boilers of this principle to conduct the steam inevitably mingled with
more or less water from the heating surface through the liquid to the
level or even above the level of the liquid, that is to say, into the space
occupied by the steam by causing the tubes or conducts to ascend to
this level as herein-before mentioned, when results are obtained by
means of tubes or plates, as shewn.
Fourthly. I claim the mode of producing a constant current in a
Cornish boiler by placing the single flame tube to one side of the
vertical line passing through the centre of the boiler, as described and
shewn, whether such flame tube be fitted with my cap or mouth tubes
or not.
Fifthly. I claim the special construction of vertical boiler, as shewn
in Figures 23 and 24.
Sixthly. I claim the boiler, shewn in Figures 24 and 25, with or
without the enlargement at the water level, and with or without the
feed water heater supplying the boiler with a pipe when the level in
the water heater has attained the height of the said pipes as herein-
before described.

page_text: And, seventhly. I claim the application of this principle for intimately
mixing 2 liquids either in heating or in cooling them, or by causing
them to undergo one operation after the other in order to obtain at the
end of the operation a mixture whose temperature is the means of those
that the two liquids possessed at the commencement.
In witness whereof, I, the said Paul Kaeuffer, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Eighth day of September One thousand
eight hundred and seventy-one.
PAUL ERNST KAEUFFER. (L.S.)