Year: 1885

page_text: I PHILIP MIDDLETON JUSTICE of 55 and 56 Chancery Lane in the County of
Middlesex Fellow of the Institute of Patent Agents do hereby declare the nature
of this invention to be as follows:-
In contemporaneous applications for Patents are described an electric cable
consisting of a central conducting core surrounded by layers of fibrous material
and metal alternately disposed, the whole bound with a serving of twine and
enclosed in an armor or jacket of wires. The great tensil strength which cables
for submarine use must possess is attained in the cases referred to mainly by the
use of the armor or exterior jacket of wires, and this is that commonly adopted
for the purpose.
Cables have, however, been constructed in which a central
strengthening core has been used, but so far as I am aware no construction has
been as yet proposed which secures for submarine cables the necessary strength
without adding to greatly to their bulk or diameter.
.
The objects of the present invention are to produce a cable with a central
strengthening core which shall possess the requisite tensile strength and also to
prevent the effects of induction and retardation. To confine in small compass a
multiplicity of conductors in such manner that induction between the several
circuits will be obliterated, and electrical retardation prevented; and it relates to
novel methods of working the wires of electrical cables containing the conductors
of two or more independent circuits, whereby electrical inductive disturbances
are obviated as also in novel arrangements of the conductors of cables for such
purposes.
The cable about to be described consists of a central core composed of twisted
wires of iron or steel together with insulated conductors, part for the passage of
current, and part for intercepting currents induced in one which would otherwise
be manifested in another and these conductors are enclosed by successive layers of
insulating material and metal. Employing for this purpose the materials and
plan of construction more particularly described in an application of even date
herewith.

page_text: The core is composed of a rope of twisted steel or iron wires. Around these
wires a number of insulated copper wires are laid or wound preferably in a
long spiral. Between the core and the latter is inserted a layer of insulating
material of such character that it enters the depressions in the surface of the said
core and may be smoothed or rounded off to form an even foundation for the
insulated wires. This material should also be of such a character that it is soft
and readily applied by a brush or similar means when it is hot, but which never
becomes quite hard or loses entirely its plasticity.
Around the wires are applied two oppositely laid strips of plastic material such
as gutta percha or caouchouc or like material, which, by compression may be
caused to enter the depressions in the surface of the core made up of the wires and
form a smooth and round surface for the succeeding layers. Around this material
is wound a spiral strip of metal foil and then follow, as in the cables described in
the application to which reference has already been made, a coating of resinous
varnish, a strip of paraffined paper wound spirally on the varnish, a layer of metal
spirally wound, a layer of varnish, a second layer of paper, a third layer of metal, a
coating of varnish, and a final layer of paper. This completes the structure of the
cable so far as the tensile strength and means for preventing induction and
retardation are concerned.
In order to render it more secure and to protect it from abrasion, a coating of
viscous bituminous substance such as pure Trinidad asphalt and petroleum residue
is applied over the coating and on this is wound a stout twine which becomes
thoroughly saturated with the bituminous material. The whole is enclosed in a
braided jacket for which strong twine saturated with tar or viscous asphalt, is
preferred or the twine may be coated with one of these materials after it has been
applied. With reference to the mechanical construction of the cable it is evident
that the materials used and the disposition of the several parts conduce to giving
. great strength, flexibility and durability. In its electrical qualities it presents the
following features of novelty; if the insulated conductors are dead, that is they
are not designed to be connected with any battery, the remainder form the leading
and return conductors of independent circuits. Two wires or two pairs of wires,
may be utilized for each circuit. In either event a dead wire will be interposed
between the conductors of each circuit.
The dead wires may be grounded at one or more points. The metal sheaths
or screens combined with this system of conductors diminish or prevent any
retardation resulting from influences exterior to that portion of the cable which is
laid upon or in the earth. A multiple cable or one containing a number of circuits
is thus obtained which has great strength and durability, and in which the
objectionable effects of retardation to which similar cables are exposed are obviated.
A modified form of cable consists of a central core of twisted iron or steel wires.
Around which is laid a number of independently insulated wires, say six. These
wires it is preferred to insulate by coating them first with a resinous varnish and
then winding around them spirally a strip of thin manilla paper which has been
saturated with paraffine. If a very thin coating be used for insulating these wires
it will be advisable to use other insulating material between it and the core. For
this purpose I prefer the method described hereinbefore. Over the insulated wires
is then wound a strip of the prepared paper either directly or upon a coating of
plastic material such as already described. On the paper is laid a coat of resinous
varnish on this is wound a layer of tin foil which is itself coated with varnish
and then covered with a spirally wound layer of paper. On the paper a layer of
insulated wires similar to those before mentioned is spirally laid. The number of
wires in this layer will be for instance, eighteen. The spaces between these wires,
if any exist, may be filled with insulating material. A strip of paper is then
wound around them; then follow a coating of resinous varnish, a layer of spirally
wound metal foil, a coat of varnish and a layer of paper. Upon the latter is laid
another layer of insulated wires, say for instance, thirty in number. Next to these
wires is a layer of paper and then come the series of metallic screens of varnish

page_text: and paper and of bitumen, of twine and the braided jacket, which have been
hereinbefore mentioned.
In this form of cable, the groups of insulated conductors are separated from each
other by insulated metallic screens and enclosed in turn by similar screens which
intervene between all the conductors and the ground. By being applied in layers
as described great saving in space is effected, and the strength, compactness and
flexibility of the cable greatly increased. This is also brought about, in great
measure, by the materials entering into the composition of the cable, and by the
manner in which the same are applied. The construction of the cable or the
materials employed may however be varied as for instance in the number and size
of the insulated conductors used. The insulated wires may constitute the core, or
they may be laid round a core. In the latter event they should be of such number
as to make a round core for the subsequent layers. This is also true of the other
layers. The diameter of the wires of each layer may increase or diminish in
proportion to their distance from the centre, and when very small wires are used
several may be utilized in lieu of one layer. In working the cable the wires are
to be used for both the leading and return conductors of circuits, and between each
pair of wires so used there should be an idle wire to act as a screen to shut off
induction.
For example in the present instance, six wires being wound round the core, four
will be used as complete or round wire circuits, and the two as idle wires. In the
next layer, in which eighteen wires occur, there are six complete circuits and six
idle wires, and so on increasing with the next layer.
By this arrangement inductive effects are diminished or destroyed and by the
interposition of the insulated screens between the layers of wires and the ground
retardation is prevented. The layers or screens of metal between the wires and
ground may be more or less in number than three, and in lieu of single screens
between the wires, more may obviously be used.
Having now described the structure, methods of construction and some of the
systems under which these forms of cables may be made available for various uses,
the methods of using and working the wires contained in the same whereby
electrical inductive disturbances are obviated will now be shown.
Two adjacent wires of the group are used for each circuit. Between each pair
of adjacent wires is left what is termed an idle wire and the number of circuits or
idle wires for this purpose should be an even one. The wires of the circuits, or
those which are termed active wires, are connected to the poles of the sources from
which. they are supplied with electricity, in reverse order, or in other words so that
the positive wires of any two adjacent circuits lie next to the idle wire, that is,
interposed between said circuits, and the same for the negative wires. The idle
wires are connected up in circuits by themselves, and in each of said circuits is
inserted a generator capable of producing a practically continuous current. The
source of electricity is arranged in these circuits in such a manner that a positive
wire lies between two negative active wires, and vice versa.
This method of constructing and using the cable is productive of many
advantages. Rapid working or telephoning without the usual drawbacks of
interference from induction and retardation is rendered possible, which results
are attributed to the disposition of the positive and negative wires of the several
circuits by which induction is lessened, to the presence of the idle wires, forming
complete circuits between wires in which the currents are flowing in the same
direction, and to the flow of a continuous current in the idle wires in the opposite
direction to those in the adjacent wires, by which the intermittent currents in the
active wires are assisted, while reactive effect upon the intermitent currents from
their inductive action upon the idle wires where a current is already flowing, is
less than would be the case had they to induce currents in a wire in which none
was passing. By enclosing the system of conductors in one or more insulated
metallic screens they are protected also from the earth's influence. Assuming that
the cable has a central core and twelve insulated conductors around it. With

page_text: these are formed four active and two idle circuits, one wire of the latter being
between each of the four pairs of wire which form the active circuits; let
A. B. C. D. designate the active circuits in each of which there is a generator
and two or more translating devices.
The conductors of circuit A are connected to the generator, the right hand
conductor to the negative, the left hand wire to the positive binding post, the
conductors of the next circuit B. are connected in reverse order, that is that
nearest to the positive wire of circuit A. being connected to the positive pole
of its generator, and so on for all the remaining wires. In the idle circuits the
wires are connected with the generators so that a negative wire comes between
the positive active wires, and so on.
The number or disposition of the translating devices may be greatly varied nor,
are they confined to any particular arrangement of the conductors, a modified
arrangement being where the strengthening core is omitted, the number of active
circuits is reduced to two and the idle circuits to one.
In this arrangement the positive and negative wires of each active circuit are
separated only by the negative and positive wires of the idle circuits which lies
between the active circuits in the reverse order of polarity and thus assists the
generators of the active circuits by induction in the performance of their respective
functions.
'
On a long line wherein resistance is great it is preferred to use the form of cable
baving a core composed of an arbitrary number of naked steel or iron wires and
containing when so desired a central insulated copper wire. Around this core are
wound insulated copper wires and naked steel or iron wires, one of the latter being
between each pair of the former and all of said steel or iron wires being in electrical
contact with the core.
The cable or group of wires is then covered with a two part sheathing of the
plastic insulating material similar to that already described in in this, and in other
applications of even date herewith. So far as mere construction of the cable is
concerned, great changes are possible. Many kinds of insulating and other
materials may be used and applied in various ways. The core is grounded at
each end of the cable and in the circuit thus formed is inserted a generator
of electricity. In the circuits formed by the wires are included suitable signal
instruments and a generator or generators. If the positive pole of the generator
on the circuits is to ground the positive pole of the generator on the core
is to line, so that the currents in the wires and the core shall be of opposite
directions.
The two inner sheathings of metal are connected by wires and suitable clamps.
In one of these wires, is inserted a generator that sends a current through the two
sheathings in the direction indicated by the arrows, that is to say, the current
in the inner sheath is opposite to those in wires. It will be observed that the
currents through the core and the sheathings are continuous, while those in the
wires are interrupted or varied in the transmission of signals.
With the above described arrangement the currents in one insulated wire will
not induce currents in the others, for the reason that a wire carrying current in
opposite direction intervenes between each insulating wire and the others. The
continuous currents from the generators prevent retardation in the working of
the lines and the doubled circuit through the sheathings cuts out electro-static
influences.
The central wire of the core is exposed to the same influences as the others,
except that its induced charge comes chiefly from the surrounding wires of the
core.
A cable which in its exterior construction is similar to the cable structures
herein before described but in which certain other devices for preventing induction
are employed is one in which the core is formed of a series of separately insulated
wires built up first by twisting two of such wires together, several strands thus
formed being then braided together, the core thus constructed composed of double

page_text: and twisted strands braided together is covered by the various wrappings described
herein as comprising the insulating and protecting envelope.
Insulated conductors have been twisted together in pairs and used as the leading
and return conductors of a circuit and several pairs of these conductors have been
assembled in a cable. Insulated wires have also been braided or plaited together
with a view to lessening the effects of induction between them. It is well known,
however, that neither of these plans accomplishes the desired object, beyond a
certain degree which is not sufficient to remedy but only ameliorate the trouble.
As a means therefore of overcoming the induction or interference which exists in
multiple circuit cables two insulated wires twisted together are employed for each
circuit and the several pairs are braided or plaited together. It has been found
that this plan of arranging the conductors breaks up entirely the induced currents,
so that their effects are not perceptible; besides adding to the strength of the cable
and producing a round core of small diameter upon which the insulating coatings
are laid.
A cable may be formed with its core composed of a group of strands each
consisting of two conductors individually insulated and twisted together, and then
formed into a round braid. It is evident that a flat braid rolled upon itself would
also answer but the circular braid is preferable. The wires are preferably insulated
by thin paper laid on an insulating varnish; they are then brought together in
pairs and twisted. The twisted strands are then formed into the braid. Machinery
for making similar braids of other materials being suited to this purpose.
In a cable composed of strands of twisted wires braided together in the manner
herein described the positive and negative wires of each strand are in turn
associated with the positive and negative wires of the other strands in a great
variety of juctaposition at frequent intervals, and thus the induced currents are
split up into intinite small fractions and disappear.

page_text: Improvements in and Connected with Electrical Cables.
I, PHILIP MIDDLETON JUSTICE of 55 and 56 Chancery Lane in the County of
Middlesex Fellow of the Institute of Patent Agents do hereby declare the nature
of this invention (a communication to me from abroad by Henry Curtis Spalding
of Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Electrician) and in what manner
the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement:-
In contemporaneous applications for Patents I have described an electric cable
consisting of a central conducting core surrounded by layers of fibrous material
and metal alternately disposed, the whole bound with a serving of twine and
enclosed in an armour or jacket of wires. The great tensile strength which cables
for submarine use must possess is attained in the cases referred to mainly by the
use of the armour or exterior jacket of wires, and this is that commonly adopted
for the purpose. Cables have,, however, been constructed in which a central
strengthening core has been used, but so far as I am aware no construction has
been as yet proposed which secures for submarine cables the necessary strength
without adding too greatly to their bulk or diameter.
•
The objects of the present invention are to produce a cable with a central
strengthening core which shall possess the requisite tensile strength and also to
prevent the effects of induction and retardation, to confine in small compass a
multiplicity of conductors in such a manner that induction between the several
circuits will be obliterated, and electrical retardation prevented; and it also relates
to novel methods of working the wires of electrical cables containing the conductors
of two or more independent circuits, whereby electrical inductive disturbances
are obviated, as also in novel arrangements of the conductors of cables for such
purposes.
To clearly explain my invention reference is made to the accompanying drawings
which form part of this specification.
In Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, I show combined with a central core composed of
twisted wires of iron or steel, insulated conductors, part for the passage of current,
and part for intercepting currents induced in one which would otherwise be
manifested in another, and these conductors I enclose by successive layers of
insulating material and metal. Employing for this purpose the materials and
plan of construction more particularly described in an application of even date
herewith.
In the drawings Fig. 1 is a view of a section of my improved cable showing
parts of the successive layers.
Fig. 2 is a section of the central core and the conductors surrounding the same.
Fig. 3 is a view in detail of the core with portions of each layer exposed. The
letter a designates the core which is composed of a rope of twisted steel or iron
wires. Around these wires a number of insulated copper wires b are laid or wound
preferably in a long spiral as indicated in the drawings. Between the core a and
the latter I insert a layer c of insulating material, as shown in Fig. 3, of such
character that it enters the depressions in the surface of the said core and may be

page_text: This
smoothed or rounded off to form an even foundation for the insulated wires.
material should also be of such a character that it is soft and readily applied by a
brush or similar means when it is hot, but which never becomes quite hard or loses
entirely its plasticity.
Around the wires b are applied two oppositely laid strips of plastic material d
such as gutta percha or caoutchouc or like material, which, by compression may be
caused to enter the depressions in the surface of the core made up of the wires a
and b and form a smooth and round surface for the succeeding layers. Around this
material d is wound a spiral strip of metal foil e, and then follow, as in the cables
described in the application to which reference has already been made, a coating of
resinous varnish f, a strip of paraffined paper g, wound spirally on the varnish, &
layer of metal e¹, spirally wound, a layer of. varnish, a second layer of paper g', a
third layer of metal e, a coating of varnish f, and a final layer of paper g³. This
completes the structure of the cable so far as the tensile strength and means for
preventing induction and retardation are concerned. In order to render it more
secure and to protect it from abrasion, a coating of a viscous bituminous substance /
such as pure Trinidad asphalt and petroleum residue is applied over the coating g³,
and on this is wound a stout twinej which becomes thoroughly saturated with the
material h. The whole is enclosed in a braided jacket k, for which I prefer strong
twine saturated with tar or viscous asphalt, or coated with one of these materials
after it has been applied. With reference to the mechanical construction of the
cable it is evident that the materials used and the disposition of the several parts
conduce to giving great strength, flexibility and durability. In its electrical
qualities it presents the following features of novelty; if the insulated conductors
are dead, that is they are not designed to be connected with any battery, the
remainder form the leading and return conductors of independent circuits. Two
wires or two pairs of wires, may be utilized for each circuit. In either event a
dead wire will be interposed between the conductors of each circuit. For instance,
in Fig. 2, 61, 62, 63, and 6' represent the dead wires, the remainder the useful wires
of the circuits. The wires 61, 63, etc. may be grounded at one or more points. The
metal sheaths or screens combined with this system of conductors diminish or
prevent any retardation resulting from influences exterior to that portion of the
cable which is laid upon or in the earth. I thus obtain a multiple cable or one
containing a number of circuits which has great strength and durability, and in
which the objectionable effects of retardation to which similar cables are exposed
are obviated.
Fig. 4 represents a cable constructed in accordance with the second introductory
statement of this specification with portions of each layer or coat exposed.
Fig. 5 is a cross section of the cable drawn in a manner to illustrate the
arrangement of circuits.
For this
I employ, preferably, a central core a of twisted iron or steel wires. Around the
core a I lay a number of independently insulated wires, say six. These wires
I prefer to insulate by coating them first with a resinous varnish and then winding
around them spirally a strip of thin manilla paper which has been saturated with
paraffine. If a very thin coating be used for insulating these wires it will be
advisable to use other insulating material between it and the core a.
purpose I prefer the method described herein before and designated in the drawings
as Fig. 3. Over the wires b I then wind a strip of the prepared paper 7 either
directly or upon a coating of plastic material such as I have already described. On
the paper is laid a coat of resinous varnish f, on this is wound a layer of tin foil e
which is itself coated with varnish f, and then covered with a spirally wound
layer of paper. On the paper a layer 65 of insulated wires similar to those
designated b, is spirally laid. The number of wires in this layer will be for
instance, eighteen. The spaces between these wires, if any exist, may be, filled
with insulating material. A strip of paper 2, is then wound around them; then
follow a coating f, of resinous varnish, a layer e of spirally wound metal foil, a
coat of varnish f, and a layer of paper 1. Upon the latter is laid another layer of

page_text: insulated wires b6, in the present case thirty in number. Next to these wires is a
layer of paper and then come the series of metallic screens of varnish and paper
and of bitumen, of twine and the braided jacket which have been herein before
noted in the description Fig. 1. in the drawing and which occupy similar relations
in Figs. 6, 8 and 9, and will therefore not be repeated.
In this form of cable, the groups of insulated conductors are separated from each
other by insulated metallic screens and enclosed in turn by similar screens which
intervene between all the conductors and the ground. By being applied in layers
as described great saving in space is effected, and the strength, compactness and
flexibility of the cable greatly increased. This is also brought about, in great
measure, by the materials entering into the composition of the cable, and by the
manner in which the same are applied. I do not, however, confine myself to the
materials used nor to the specified manner of applying them.
Another particular in which the construction of the cable may be varied is in the
number and size of the insulated conductors used. The inner wires b, may
constitute the core, or they may be laid round a core. In the latter event they
should be of such number as to make a round core for the subsequent layers. This
is also true of the other layers 6º, 6º. The diameter of the wires of each layer may
increase or diminish in proportion to their distance from the centre, and when very
small wires are used several may be utilized in lieu of one layer. In working the
cable the wires are to be used for both the leading and return conductors of circuits,
and between each pair of wires so used there should be an idle wire to act as a
screen to shut off induction.
For example in the present instance, six wires being wound round the core, four
will be used as complete or round wire circuits, and the two as idle wires. In the
next layer, in which eighteen wires occur, there are six complete circuits and six
idle wires. In the outer layer of thirty wires, the idle wires are designated by the
dotted lines 67, 6º, 6º, 6¹º, 6¹¹, Fig. 5, the pairs of wires between these are those that
are connected in operative circuits.
By this arrangement inductive effects are diminished or destroyed and by the
interposition of the insulated screens between the layers of wires and the ground
retardation is prevented. The layers or screens of metal between the wires and
ground may be more or less in number than three, and in lieu of single screens
between the wires, more may obviously be used.
Having now described the structure, methods of construction and some of the
systems under which these cables may be made available for various uses, I will
now describe the methods of using and working the wires contained in the same
whereby electrical inductive disturbances are obviated, reference being made to
Figs. 6, 7 and 8.
In Figs. 6 and 7 I have shown one of these adaptations wherein I employ the
form of cable indicated in the diagrams described under the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5.
I use two adjacent wires of the group for each circuit. Between each pair of
adjacent wires I leave what I term an idle wire and the number of circuits or idle
wires for this purpose of my invention should be an even one. The wires of the
circuits, or those which I term active wires are connected to the poles of the sources
from which they are supplied with electricity, in reverse order, or in other words so
that the positive wires of any two adjacent circuits lie next to the idle wire, that
is, interposed between said circuits, and the same for the negative wires. The idle
wires I connect up in circuits by themselves, and in each of said circuits I insert a
generator capable of producing a practically continuous current. I arrange the
source of electricity in these circuits in such a manner that a positive wire lies
between two negative active wires, and vice versa.
This method of constructing and using the cable is productive of many advan-
tages. Rapid working or telephoning without the usual drawbacks of interference
from induction and retardation is rendered possible, which results I attribute to
the disposition of the positive and negative wires of the several circuits by which
induction is lessened, to the presence of the idle wires, forming complete circuits

page_text: between wires in which the currents are flowing in the same direction, and to the
flow of a continuous current in the idle wires in the opposite direction to those in
the adjacent wires, by which the intermittent currents in the active wires are
assisted, while reactive effect upon the intermittent currents from their inductive
action upon the idle wires where a current is already flowing, is less than would
be the case had they to induce currents in a wire in which none was passing.
By enclosing the system of conductors in one or more insulated metallic screens,
I protect them also from the earth's influence.
Fig. 6 is a view of a part of the cable showing a portion of each layer and the
general disposition of circuits.
Fig. 7 is a diagrammatic representation of the circuits.
In Fig. 6 a is the central core and 6 indicates the group of insulated conductors
laid spirally thereon. Assuming that the cable thus constructed has twelve
insulated conductors around the core a, with these I form four active and two
idle circuits, one wire of the latter being between each of the four pairs of wires
which form the active circuits. Let A. B. C. D, designate the active circuits
in each of which there is a generator G, and two or more translating devices T, T.
The conductors of circuit A are connected to the generator, the right hand con-
ductor Fig. 7, to the negative, the left hand wire to the positive binding post, the
conductors of the next circuit B, are connected in reverse order, that is, that nearest
to the positive wire of circuit A, being connected to the positive pole of its generator,
and so on for all the remaining wires. In the idle circuits E, F, the wires are
connected with the generators G, so that a negative wire comes between the
positive active wires, and so on.
The number or disposition of the translating devices may be greatly varied, nor
do I confine myself to any particular arrangement of the conductors, and in Fig. 8
a modified arrangement is shown, wherein the central strengthening core a is
omitted, the number of active circuits is reduced to two and the idle circuits
to one.
In this arrangement the positive and negative wires of each active circuit are
separated only by the negative and positive wires of the idle circuit which lies
between the active circuits in the reverse order of polarity and thus assists the
generators of the active circuits by in luction in the performance of their respective
functions. In the drawing, G represents the generators of the active or working
circuits and G¹ the generator of the idle circuit and the six wires composing the
three circuits are arranged in the form of a core of a cable, which in other respects
is similar to that designated as Fig. 1. On a long line wherein resistance is great
I prefer to use the form of cable and core illustrated by Figs. 10 and 11. In which
Fig. 10 is a view of a section of cable with portions of each layer exposed and
showing the electrical connections. Fig. 11 is a cross section of the wires used in
the cable. K is the core composed of an arbitrary number of naked steel or iron
wires and containing when so desired a central insulated copper wire m.
Around
this core are wound insulated copper wires n, and naked steel or iron wires o, one
of the latter being between each pair of the former and all of said steel or iron
wires being in electrical contact with the core.
The cable or group of wires is then covered with a two part sheathing of the
plastic insulating material similar to that already described in this and in other
applications of even date herewith. So far as the mere construction of the cable
is concerned, great changes are possible. Many kinds of insulating and other
materials may be used and applied in various ways. The core K is grounded at
each end of the cable and in the circuit thus formed is inserted a generator of
electricity G. In the circuits formed by the wires p, are included suitable signal
instruments L, and a generator or generators G³. If the positive pole of the
generator G is to ground, the positive pole of the generator G is to line, so that
the current in wires p, and the core K shall be of opposite directions as indicated
by the arrows.

page_text: The two inner sheathings of metal M and N are connected by wires P, P¹, and
suitable clamps R. In one of these wires, as is inserted a generator Q³ that
sends a current through the two sheathings in the direction indicated by the
arrows, that is to say, the current in the inner sheath is opposite to those in wires.
It will be observed that the currents through the core K, and the sheathings M, N,
are continuous, while those in the wires p are interrupted or varied in the
transmission of signals.
With the above described arrangement the currents in one insulated wire will
not induce currents in the others, for the reason that a wire carrying current in
opposite direction intervenes between each insulating wire and the others. The
continuous currents from generators G and G³ prevent retardation in the working
of the lines p, and the doubled circuit through the sheathings M, N, cuts out
electro-static influences.
The central wire m is exposed to the same influences as the others except that
its induced charge comes chiefly from the surrounding wires of the core.
A cable which in its exterior construction is similar to the cable structures
hereinbefore described but in which certain other devices for preventing induction
are employed is illustrated in Fig. 12 in which the core is formed of a series of
separately insulated wires built up first by twisting two of such wires together.
Several strands thus formed being then braided together. The core thus con-
structed composed of doubled and twisted strands braided together is covered by
the various wrappings described herein as comprising the insulating and protecting
envelope, such as I prefer to use.
Insulated conductors have been twisted together in pairs and used as the leading
and return conductors of a circuit, and several pairs of these conductors have been
assembled in a cable. Insulated wires have also been braided or plaited together
with a view to lessening the effects of induction between them. It is well known,
however, that neither of these plans accomplishes the desired object, beyond a
certain degree which is not sufficient to remedy but only ameliorate the trouble.
As a means therefore of overcoming the induction or interference which exists in
multiple circuit cables I use two insulated wires twisted together for each circuit
and I braid or plait the several pairs together. I have found that this plan of
arranging the conductors breaks up entirely the induced currents, so that their
effects are not perceptible; besides adding to the strength of the cable and
producing a round core of small diameter upon which the insulating coatings
are laid.
In Fig. 9 the cable is shown with parts of each layer exposed. H is the core
composed of a group of strands each consisting of two conductors individually
insulated and twisted together, and then formed into a round braid. It is evident
that a flat braid rolled upon itself would also answer but the circular braid is
preferable. The wires are preferably insulated by thin paper laid on an insulating
varnish; they are then brought together in pairs and twisted. The twisted
strands are then formed into the braid. Machinery for making similar braids of
other materials being suited to this purpose.
In a cable composed of strands of twisted wires braided together in the manner
herein shown, the positive and negative wires of each strand are in turn associated
with the positive and negative wires of the other strands in a great variety of
juxtaposition at frequent intervals, and thus the induced currents are split up into
infinite small fractions and disappear.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed as communicated to
me by my foreign correspondent, I declare that what I claim is-
1. In an electrical cable the combination with a central core composed of twisted
iron or steel wires of a group of insulated conductors part of which form the
leading and return wires of electric circuits, the remainder being dead or not

page_text: connected with a battery, and layers of insulating material and of metal surrounding
the conductors, substantially as herein set forth.
2. In an electrical cable the combination of a central core composed of twisted
steel or iron wires, insulated conductors laid spirally thereon, a coating of plastio
material enclosing the conductors, alternate layers of insulating material and metal
applied around said plastic material, and a braided jacket or cover, all as set forth.
3. In an electrical cable the combination of a central core composed of twisted
iron or steel wires, insulated electrical conductors laid spirally around the core,
part of said conductors being dead, or not connected with a battery, and interposed
between conductors of separate circuits, layers alternately of insulating material
and metal enclosing the conductors and a braided jacket or cover for protecting the
same from abrasion, as and for the purpose specified.
4. In an electrical cable the combination of a metallic core and a series of
insulated conducting wires helically wound thereon, a portion of said wires being
grouped in pairs so as to form metallic circuits and the remaining portion being
disposed so as to intervene between the several circuits in the manner set forth.
5. An electrical cable having its conducting wires helically wound and grouped
in pairs to constitute metallic circuits, the several circuits being separated from one
another by intervening wires, substantially as set forth.
6. An electrical cable consisting in the combination of insulated wires helically
wound and grouped in pairs to form metallic circuits, the two wires forming each
circuit being separated from each other by an intervening wire and a conducting
core consisting of iron or steel wires or strands as set forth.
7. An electrical cable consisting of a conducting core, a series of insulated
conducting wires wound helically or spirally thereon, one or more metallic
sheathings surrounding said wires and a protective coat or jacket enclosing the
whole structure as set forth.
8. An electrical cable consisting of a conducting core, an annular series of
insulated conducting wires surrounding said core, one or more metallic sheathings
surrounding said wires and a protective coat or jacket enclosing the whole structure,
as set forth.
9. In an electrical cable the combination with a central core and two or any
even number of pairs of insulated conductors laid thereon, and forming complete or
round wire circuits, of insulated idle conductors interposed between said pairs and
connected in circuits, substantially as set forth.
10. The combination with the central core of an electrical cable and two or other
even number of pairs of insulated conductors forming complete or round wire
circuits, of insulated idle conductors interposed between said pairs and connected
in circuits and electrical generators included in said circuits, substantially as set
forth.
11. The combination with the central core of an electrical cable, two or more
pairs of insulated conductors forming complete or round wire circuits, of generators
connected with said circuits in reverse order in substantially the manner set.forth.
12. The combination with the central core of an electrical cable and two or more
pairs of insulated conductors forming complete or round wire circuits, of generators
connected with said circuits in reverse order, and insulated idle conductors inter-
posed between said circuits in substantially the manner set forth.
13. The combination with the central core of an electrical cable and two or
other even number of pairs of insulated conductors forming complete or round wire
circuits, of generators connected in reverse order with said circuits, insulated idle
conductors interposed between the pairs of conductors and connected up in circuits
in substantially the manner described.
-14. The combination with the central core of an electrical cable and two or
other even number of pairs of insulated conductors forming complete or round wire
circuits, of generators connected in reverse order with said circuits, idle conductors
interposed between the pairs of conductors and connected in circuits, and generatora
connected with said circuits in such manner that the current in the idle wires.may

page_text: flow in an opposite direction to that of the currents in the adjacent conductors,
substantially as and for the purpose set forth.
15. In an electrical cable, the combination of two or more groups or layers
of independently insulated conductors with interposed and enclosing insulated
metallic screens as set forth.
•
16. In an electrical cable the combination of two or more groups or layers of
insulated conductors forming or adapted to form complete or round wire circuits
with interposed and enclosing insulated metallic screens, as and for the purpose
specified.
17. In an electrical cable two or more groups or layers of insulated wires
forming complete or round wire circuits with idle wires between the wires of each
circuit, in combination with .insulated metallic screens or sheaths interposed
between and surrounding the said groups of conductors in substantially the manner
specified.
18. In an electrical cable the combination of a central supporting core a series of
insulated conductors adapted to form complete circuits laid thereon, an insulated
metallic screen or layer surrounding the conductors, a surrounding layer, or layers
of insulated conductors adapted to a similar purpose and an external insulation, all
as set forth.
19. In an electrical cable the combination of a central supporting core, two or
more groups or layers of insulated conductors, anti-induction and insulating layers
separating said groups or layers and insulated metallic screens enclosing the same, all
as set forth.
20. In the telegraph cable the combination. with a central core composed of steel
or iron wires grounded at the ends and connected with a battery of insulated con-
ducting wires and bare steel or iron wires alternately disposed and wound around
the core as set forth.
21. In a telegraph cable the combination with a central core composed of bare
wires of iron or steel twisted together grounded at the ends and connected with a
battery, of insulating conducting wires and bare steel or iron wires alternately
disposed and wound directly upon the core as set forth.
22. In a telegraph cable the combination with a grounded conducting core,
insulated conductors wound thereon and an insulated metallic sheathing enclosing
the wires of batteries connected to the core and to the sheathing in such manner as
to send continuous currents through the same, in an opposite direction to the
currents in the insulated wires as set forth.
23. In a telegraph cable the combination with a grounded conducting core and
insulating and bare wires laid thereon, the insulated wires alternately with the bare
wires and the latter being in metallic contact with the core, of a battery connected
with the core in such a manner as to send a continuous current through the same
and the bare wires in contact therewith, in an opposite direction to the currents in
the insulated wires as set forth.
24. In a telegraph cable the combination with a grounded central conducting
core, insulated wires wound thereon, and a protective covering containing two insu-
lated metallic sheathings, of a battery connected with the core for sending a current
through the same in an opposite direction to the currents in the insulated wires,
and a battery connected with the circuit formed by connecting the ends of the
metallic sheathings, for sending a continuous current through the same, the current
in the inner sheathing being in an opposite direction to that in the insulated wires,
as set forth.
25. In a telegraph cable the combination with a core composed of bare steel or
iron wires twisted about a central insulated wire and insulated wires wound about
said core, of ground connections from the ends of the core and a battery connected
therewith for sending a current through the core in an opposite direction to those
in the insulated wires as set forth.
26. The combination with the active circuit wires of an electric cable, and means
for transmitting intermittent impulses of current through the same, of idle wires

page_text: through which a continuous current is made to flow in opposite direction to that in
the adjacent wires, as set forth.
27. In an electrical cable the combination with insulated conductors forming
complete or round wire working circuits, of insulated idle conductors interposed
between the working circuits, and connected in metallic circuit, as set forth.
28. In an electrical cable the combination with insulated conductors forming
complete or round wire working circuits of insulated idle wires interposed between
the working circuits and connected in metallic circuit, and batteries connected
with said circuits in such order that the current passing in any idle wire shall
be opposite in direction to the currents in the two adjoining working wires, as
set forth.
•
29. In an electrical cable the combination with a complete or round wire active
circuit or circuits of a complete or round wire induction circuit as set forth.
30. In an electrical cable a metallic screen or screens surrounding complete or
round wire active or working and idle or induction circuits, as set forth.
31. In an electrical cable a group of conductors composed of a number of
strands consisting of two insulated conductors forming a complete or round
wire circuit, the strands being braided together in substantially the manner set
forth.
32. In an electrical cable the combination with a core composed of strands
braided together and each consisting of the two insulated wires of a complete or
round wire circuit of insulating or protective coatings or layers surrounding said
core, as set forth.
33. In an electrical cable the combination with a core composed of strands
braided together and each composed of the two insulated wires of a complete or
round wire circuit of layers or coatings of insulating material and one or more
insulated sheaths of metal surrounding said core, as set forth.
34. In a multiple conductor cable the combination of a core composed of a series
of strands braided together each strand consisting of two insulated wires forming a
metallic circuit and the two wires of each strand being also twisted together; with
insulating anti-inductive and protective coatings and layers surrounding said core,
substantially as hereinbefore described.