IMPROVEMENTS IN TREATING AND PREPARING PAPER. PAYER FELT, AND PAPER STUFF TO MANUFActure a New MATERIAL TO BE USED AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR WOOD, LEATHER, AND OTHER MATERIALS IN 'CONSTRUCTION' AND APPLICABLE TO VARIOUS USEFUL PURPOSES
Year: 1875

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Maurice Gandy, of Liverpool, in the County of
Lancaster, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN TREATING AND
PREPARING PAPER. PAYER FELT, AND PAPER STUFF TO MANUFActure a New
MATERIAL TO BE USED AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR WOOD, LEATHER, AND OTHER
MATERIALS IN 'CONSTRUCTION' AND APPLICABLE TO VARIOUS USEFUL
PURPOSES."
Sealed the 19th March 1875, and dated the 6th January 1875.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Maurice Gandy at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
6th January 1875.
I, MAURICE GANDY, of Liverpool, in the County of Lancaster, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS DE
TREATING AND PREPARING PAPER, PAPER FELT, AND PAPER STUFF TO MANUFACTURE
A NEW MATERIAL TO BE USED AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR WOOD, LEATHER, AND OTHER
MATERIALS IN CONSTRUCTION' AND AFFLICABLE TO VARIOUS USEFUL PURPOSES," to
be as follows:-

page_text: "
the usual way, but in the manufacture of the said paper from such
fibrous materials I "pulp" and “ bleach as little as possible so as not
to destroy the fibre and to retain all the strength possible in the material.
As the paper so manufactured comes from the "rolls" I take with it a
material either of vegetable silk or wool which has passed through a
carding machine, but has not been subjected in any way to "pulping."
I pass the two materials together through rolls, and thus by pressure
blend them into one sheet. I then by hydraulic or accumulative pressure
proceed to incorporate a sufficient number of layers of the material
before described one on the other to form the required thicknesses from
which to manufacture the different articles for which I claim my
Invention to be applicable.
The following describes some of the various uses to which my Inven-
tion can be applied.
First. Railway wheels. I incorporate by hydraulic of other excessive
pressure layer on layer of the material before described until I have a
good thick board. I then by means of suitable machinery cut the
board into discs of the required size. I then place a number of these
discs together and by hydraulic or other excessive pressure form them
into a solid piece. I then thoroughly dry them and waterproof them by :
painting, varnishing, or other suitable treatment. The discs are then
ready to receive the axle and tyre in the ordinary way. By this means
I obtain a wheel that positively cannot break should the tyre come off,
but will run on smoothly for many miles, which can be proved by sub_
mitting a wheel to the strokes of a steam hammer, when it will be found
that it positively will not break. To form the naves of wheels I
incorporate the material by pressure round a mandril until I have the
size required. I then thoroughly dry, waterproof, and turn up in the
usual way.
Second. For carriage bodies, boat building, and other structural
purposes. I incorporate by hydraulic or other excessive pressure layer on
layer of the material before described until I have the desired thickness,
which I cut into the shapes required. To form the thicker parts I cut
pieces to the shape required and then by pressure incorporate them with
the other portions.
I thus form the sides, for instance of a carriaga in

page_text: Third. Cogs or teeth for wheels can be constructed of the material
according to this Invention and will be found strong and durable.
Fourth. The material is also applicable for manufacturing travelling
boxes, corn measures, mill skips, and other like articles. These may be
5 manufactured by incorporating by excessive pressure layers of the.
material until the desired thickness is obtained. The material is then
cut into shapes requisite, the edges trimmed and brought together,
and by excessive pressure the different pieces are caused to unite and
thus form the article required. Or the edges of the different pieces are
brought together and stitched or otherwise fastened, as will be under-
stood. Another method consists in stamping the different shapes
required by dies, and thus form the articles in one piece.
Fifth. The material before described can be used as a substitute for
leather in the manufacture of harness, mill bands, and other like
purposes. The material is incorporated by pressure, as before described,
and cut into the widths required, and if requisite waterproofed and
finished in any way that may be needed, such as enamelling or painting.
The result is a material which may be used as a substitute for leather at
a much less cost, possessing all the strength and durability of the best
tanned hide.
Sixth. For manufacturing ropes and cords I incorporate layers of
material as before described until I have sufficient thickness from which
to cut my threads and cords. I then dry and waterproof the sheet, or I
cut the sheet into strips and then saturate the strips with oil, tar, wax,
or some other antiseptic. I then form it into strands, ropes, cords, and
such-like goods in the usual way.
Seventh. Strips of the material as described in the beforegoing
:
30 SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
tiled by the said Maurice Gandy, in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 3rd July 1875.

page_text: WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Sixth day of January, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-five, in the thirty-
eighth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give
and grant unto me, the said Maurice Gandy, Her special licence that I,
the said Maurice Gandy, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or
such others as I, the said Maurice Gandy, my executors, administrators,
and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to
time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands,
and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN TREATING AND
PREPARING PAPER, PAPER FELT, AND PAPER STUFF TO MANUFACTURE A NEW
MATERIAL TO BE USED AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR WOOD, LEATHER. AND OTHER
MATERIALS IN 'CONSTRUCTION' AND APPLICABLE TO VARIOUS USEFUL PURPOSES,”
upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Maurice Gandy,
my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under
my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe
and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the
same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great
Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately
after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Maurice Gandy, do hereby declare the
nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement :—
In carrying out my Invention into practice I form fibrous materials
into paper in the usual way, but in the manufacture of the said paper
from such fibrous materials I pulp and bleach as little as possible so as
to retain all the strength possible in the fibres of the material when
finished.
In some instances and for some of the uses to which I apply my
Invention I use a curding machine so arranged that it will deliver its
carded material direct into the press rolls with the paper. I thus take
the paper into the press rolls in the usual way, but adding to it a fibrous
material, such as cotton, flax, wool, hemp, silk, or other fibrous material.
The paper and the fibrous material pass together through the press rolls

page_text: of a paper-making machine, and are then led over the drying cylinders,
which however are not heated and do not dry the material but merely
carry it over and on through the calendar rolls. I then pass it over
other carrying rolls and back through the press rolls, and again pass it
over the cylinders which are cold, and again through the calendar rolls,
and back over the carrying rolls, and so on continuously until I have
incorporated the thickness I require.
In some instances I put additional pressing rolls on to the cylinders
to give additional pressure, and any number of rolls may be used to
attain the desired object, which is to thoroughly incorporate the material
layer by layer.
When a sufficient thickness of material has been obtained I cut it at
the calendar rolls and allow it to pass off the machine to be dealt with
in any of the methods and for any of the uses to which I apply the
material, as herein-after described.
In some instances I cause the material to ruu on through the rolls
without adding additional material so as to further solidify it.
In some cases I size the material, or oil it, or pass it through dilute
acids, or alum, or other preparation to waterproof it or cause more
solidity, in which case I arrange my machinery to suit such preparations
and after finishing as desired I remove the material from the machine.
The following describes some of the various uses to which my Inven-
tion may be applied, reference being had to the accompanying Sheet of
Drawings.
Discs for the centres of railway wheels.—I take the material before
described and by means of stamps, or knives, or other cutting machinery
cut the sheets into discs of the requisite size, with or without a hole in
the centre. I then place a sufficient number of these discs in a hydraulic
or other press, as shown at A, Figure 1. The discs are placed in a
cylindrical retaining ring B (which may be part of the press or separate),
and where they have a hole in the centre I use a mandril of size suitable
for the hole required; this mandril passes into an aperture in the press
head C of proper size to receive it. I then proceed to press the whole
until I have got it sufficiently solid and all the moisture pressed out.
I then lower the press and liberate the pressed disc from the ring by
opening the ring, which may be in segments, or by pressing the discs out

page_text: of the ring. After drying and waterproofing the disc is ready to be
fitted up in any of the known methods of tyre fastening, either with or
without metal discs and further strengthened by bolts if needed.
For carriage bodies, boat building, and other structural purposes I
incorporate by hydraulic or other excessive pressure layer on layer of
the material before described until I have the desired thickness, which I
cut into the shapes required. To form the thicker parts I cut pieces to
the shape required and then by pressure incorporate them with the other
portions. I thus form the sides, for instance, of a carriage in one piece,
which is then put together by bolts in the usual way. I thus form a
carriage body that will not break aud cause splinters.
•
Cogs or teeth for wheels.-In constructing these I dispense entirely
with the fibrous material from the carding machine, and I use paper
only manipulated as before described until taken off the machine; thon
while it is in its wet state I cut it into the sizes required and put as
many thicknesses as required together. I then submit the whole to
extreme pressure by a press similar to that used for the wheels, after
which I dry them, and they are ready to be cut and fitted as teeth for
cog wheels.
I
For mill baskets, boxes, buckets, sieves, sieve or riddle hoops, corn
'measures, and such like articles, I dispense with the carded material,
and as the paper comes from the press rolls I simply pass it through
other rolls, as shown at Figure 2, and carry it round and round one of
the rolls, as at D, until I have incorporated a sufficient thickness.
then stop the supply, and run the rolls (Figure 2) on until I have
sufficiently solidified the material, and at the same time pressed it out
sufficiently to slacken it on the roll to enable it to be removed, either by
taking the roll out or liberating one end thereof. I then press the
material into shape while damp and soft, or dry it and then fit it up in
any way desired, and afterwards paint or waterproof it.
different sizes or diameter or tapered articles 1 vary the shape and size
of the roll that the material is incorporated upon. The bottoms and
covers of boxes, corn measures, buckets, baskets, and such like articles
may be made by stamping same on a dished matrix, and then stitching
or riveting the main body thereto.
To make
Substitute for leather.-I form the material in the manner before
described, and when I have incorporated the thickness desired either

page_text: with or without waterproofing 1 continue to run it on through the rolls
(stopping the supply of material) to further smooth and solidify it. In
some cases I proceed to enamel, varnish, and otherwise finish the
material while damp, or I dry it first and then finish it by any of the
known methods, and I produce a very strong substitute for leather
suitable for the manufacture of harness, mill banils, belts, and other like
purposes.
Manufactures of ropes, cords.-I form the material in the manner
before described, and when I have the desired thickness I remove from
the machine and dry it and waterproof it first, and then dry it and wind
it on a mandril or roller, which I cause to revolve against a fixed knife
or knives, and cut it into shreds or threads (see Figure 3). These I take
off on bobbins as it comes from the roller, and form into strands and
then into ropes in the usual way.
Strips of the material may be used for basket making, chair seating, -
umbrella sticks, and other like useful purposes. Where the articles are
required round I pass them through rolls with circular grooves of
different diameters in manner similar to rolling iron: I thus solidify
them, and make them round and smooth.
Having now fully described and ascertained the nature, object, and
purposes of this my Invention, and shown how the same may be carried
out into practical effect, I would have it understood that I do not confine
myself to the use of the ordinary cylinders and rolls of a paper-making
machine, as the material can be manufactured by any suitable rolls, as
will be understood, and I do not confine myself to any particular form
or set of rolls or cylinders for the different materials, as I may find it
necessary to vary the rolls by which I incorporate such materials, but
what I claim as my Invention and secured to me by Letters Patent as
aforesaid is,-

page_text: struction, and applicable to various useful purposes, substantially as set
forth.
Thirdly. Incorporating layer by layer with paper fibrous material
from a carding machine, and producing thereby a new material to be
used as as a substitute for wood, leather, and other materials in con-
struction, and applicable to various useful purposes, substantially as set
forth.
Fourthly. Incorporating by pressure a number of sheets or thicknesses
of the paper and fibrous material into one thick sheet, to be used as a
substitute for wood, leather, and other materials in construction, and ]
applicable to various useful purposes, substantially as set forth.
In witness whereof, I, the said Maurice Gandy have hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Twenty-sixth day of June, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-five.