IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR HEATING APARTMENTS AND OTHER PLACES, AND IN APPARATUS FOR COOKING
Year: 1844

page_text: SHALL
ME, 1, CHARLES
ARMENGAUD, of Paris, in the kingdom of France, Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent under the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at West-
minster, the Eighteenth day of July, in the eighth year of Her reign, did,
for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
Charles Armengaud, Her especial licence, full power, sole privilege and
authority, that I, the said Charles Armengaud, my exors, adñiors, and assigns,
or such others as I, the said Charles Armengaud, my exors, adññiors, or
assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and
at all times during the term of years therein expressed, should and lawfully
might make, use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and the Town
of Berwick upon Tweed, the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR
HEATING APARTMENTS AND OTHER PLACES, AND IN APPARATUS FOR COOKING," com-
municated to me, in which said Letters Patent is contained a proviso
that I, the said Charles Armengaud, shall cause a particular description of
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be inrolled in Her said Majesty's High Court of Chancery
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the said
in part recited Letters Patent, as in and by the same, reference being
thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Charles Armengaud, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention,
and the manner in which the same is to be perforined, are fully described and

page_text: ascertained in and by the following description thereof, reference being had to
the Drawings, with the figures and letters marked thereon, that is to say:-
The Invention consists in the arrangement of apparatus for heating apart-
ments and other places, and may be applied to all descriptions of stoves or
fire-places, and whereby a greater heating surface is given so as economically
to give off the heat generated by the combustion of the fuel, by which a great
saving of fuel takes place.
These improvements consist; First, in a new arrangemcat of stoves or fire-
places for heating apartments.
Second, in a new arrangement of stoves for heating large buildings.
Third, in a new arrangement of stoves to be worked with gas or steam.
Fourth, in the arrangement of the apparatus, so that it may be placed within
an external casing.
Fifth, in different apparatus for heating places quickly.
Sixth, in arranging the interior of the apparatus, so that the cases may be
used of an ornamental description, as shown in the Drawings.
Seventh, these external cases may be perforated in place of being opaque.
I will first describe the new arrangements of apparatus for heating apartments.
In the Drawing No. 1, Figures 1 and 2 represent a vertical section of an
apparatus according to the line A, B, C, D, of the horizontal section Figure 3.
The Figures 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8, are horizontal sections of the same
through the lines A, B, C, D, E, F. In this apparatus the air necessary for
the combustion of the fuel is introduced through a different opening to the air
which is to be heated by the metallic surfaces. b, b, are the openings through
which the air enters to keep up the combustion of the furnace; they are
placed at the lower part of the furnace, and the number of them may be varied,
and are quite distinct from the other air tube p. The air, as will be seen by
the Drawing, rises from the fire at f into the vertical tubes i (as shewn by the
arrows), to communicate with the reservoir j, into which it enters before it
passes to the smoke tube k, which is caused to descend when it is required for
its escape either by the lateral pipe or by the tube D, which rises vertically
in the centre of the apparatus, or it may pass down the descending tube D¹.
The cold air is introduced through the lower opening p, and rises to the extent
of the interior of the outer case 7, then circulates around the tubes i and the
reservoirs j, and escapes through the openings and y, arranged either at the
sides or the upper part of the stove or apparatus. The arrows with thick
lines represent the course of the air for combustion, and the dotted lines the
heated air. A part of the air for combustion is withdrawn from its course to
the interior of a large quantity of metallic surface, and mixed with the heated

page_text: air, by which the caloric contained therein is usefully applied. s is what I
call a concentrator, around which circulates the air for combustion, mixed with
the flame and smoke of the fire, before it passes to the interior of the tubes i,
and the reservoir, and escapes through the tube k. The air enters into this
chamber s through the openings 7, and when heated, passes out at the open-
ing u, and afterwards circulates around the tubes i before it escapes into the
apartment required to be heated, through the openings and y. The fire bars
are cleared by a simple arrangement, which consists of a lever d, acting on the
fire bars, so as to raise them when required, which lever may also be used for
enas
me,
number of which may be varied. c, is the ash-pit, which may be drawn out.
d, is the lever for raising the fire bars of the fire-place to clean them. 9, is the
door of the fire-place. h, shews the passage for the air to pass to the upper
part of the chamber s. i, i, are tubes, through which the flame rises to the
reservoir j. k, l, m, are passages for the escape of the smoke. n, is the regu-
lator. p, is the passage for the air to heat the apartment. q, is a space
between the apparatus and the outer casing. r, are the passages for the air
into the chamber s. t, is the upper part of the chamber s. u, is the passage
for the air to the tubes i. v, is the passage for the air to the centre of the
reservoir j. y,, are the openings for the heated air to pass into the apart-
ment. A, is the spherical condensator. B, is the passage for the air from the
condenser to the tube m. C, is the passage for the air between the column of
the stove and the space D, through which the flame passes, which is connected
with the tube K. The thick lines indicate the course of the flame and smoke,
and the dotted lines the course of the air. The peculiar points that I claim in
this apparatus are:-First, the arrangement of the inner concentrator, and the
large heating surface, in order to obtain the greatest amount of caloric from
the fuel that is being burnt; second, arranging the apparatus in such manner
that the air to supply the combustion of the fire and the air to be heated are
taken in at separate and distinct parts of it; thirdly, the circulation of part
of the air for combustion between two currents of heated air; fourth, the
apparatus for stirring the fire and clearing the fire bars. The Figures 9, 10,
11, and 12, represent vertical and horizontal sections of a stove for heating
apartments, which differs from the one just described, the peculiar character of
it being, that the flame from the fire passes between two currents of cold air
brought from without; the cold air enters through the openings J, J, placed at

page_text: the lower part of the stove, and follows two directions; it rises into the pas-
sage K, and at the same time passes into the inner part of the chamber m,
through the openings 7, in order to surround the flame from the fire which
passes between these two directions. In the whole length of these double
courses the cold air is constantly in contact with the interior and exterior
surfaces of the pipes through which the flame and smoke passes, by which
arrangement the greatest quantity of heat is given to it in its passage to the
apartment into which it enters through the opening 9. Description of the
Figures 9, 10, 11, 12, is the hearth; b, the fire-place; c, the mouth of the
fire-place; d, is the tube through which the flame passes to the concentrator
and to the reservoir of hot air; o, is the passage for the smoke f; g, is
the valve to regulate the passage of the flame; h, is the ash-pit; i, is
the regulator for the bars; J, the openings for the admission of the
cold air; K, is the air passage; 1, is the mouth of the air reservoir m;
n, is the mouth of the aspirator o; p, is the upper reservoir of hot air;
7, passage for the escape of the heated air into the apartments; r, the con-
densator; t, the passage of the air to the smoke tube. Figures 13 and 14,
shows a vertical section, and Figures 15, 16, and 17, are horizontal sections,
according to the lines A, B, C, of another arrangement of apparatus for heating
apartments, in which the required heat may be given and the air renewed
when required. The interior arrangement of this apparatus is composed of a
raised hearth a, and a passage b, for the heat, which is divided by a perforated
cylindrical regulator turning upon its centre. The passages for the heat are
supplied with an cliptic piece c, which withdraws the air from the piece, and
supplies also the passages of the regulator to supply hot air as required to the
interior of the fire-place J. A button v, placed on the outer case, regulates
this operation. The interior of the furnace is of an oblong form; the upper
part is spherical, and the cylindric crater h, is proportioned to the intensity of
the heat from the fuel, and the air to concentrate the flame, which is directed
to the interior of the concentrator i. A grate is placed at the back of the
hollow part, so as to obtain the immediate action of the heat; this grate opens
and shuts by means of a countergrate, which slides in grooves. The closing
takes place when the iron bars of the moveable grate corresponds to the space
of the fixed grate; and the opening takes place, on the contrary, when the space
of the moveable grate corresponds to the space of the fixed grate. The con-
centrator i, placed upon the crater of the fire-place, it consists of hollow part
and of a sphere which forms a spherical space; the flame passing from the fire-
place surrounds the sphere, and is divided around it in the hollow space, and
communicates with a curvilinear opening j, above, through which it passes into

page_text: trator.
the passages of the spiral parts K. This piece K, is placed above the concen-
It is of a cylindrical form, placed near the sphere T, with which it
communicates. The course of the flame passes around this cylinder, and makes
two courses. See Figure 17. Its parobolic course is in proportion to the space
of the concentrator. An aspirator, placed in the flame passage, draws the
heat, and sends it into the interior of the smoke reservoir o, and then commu-
nicates it to the piece. The aspirator serves also to aspire the air of the
regulator which supplies the fire and prevents the smoke from falling back,
but forces it forward into the reservoir of the concentrator and of the fire-place.
The flame passing from the passages of the aspirator passes into a passage at
the back of the hollow part of the concentrator, and communicates with the
escape tube n, and the smoke reservoir o. Two fires may be employed by
putting a cylindrical grate in the hollow part of the globe and of the concen-
centrator, as shewn at Figure 13. These two fires might be in connection with
each other by having an opening at the bottom of the globe, which could be
closed when required. This apparatus is covered with a conical top, having the
parabolic passage formed therein in communication with the aspirator. An
opening is also made in the cover, to introduce the fuel, which may be closed
by any convenient means when not required to be open. The reservoirs of the
heat from the furnace communicates in the space between the apparatus and
the outer casing, and from thence passes out of suitable openings as may be
required. I will now describe the apparatus for heating large buildings.
Figures 18 and 19 are vertical sections, and Figures 20, 21, and 22, are
horizontal sections, taken through the lines D, E, F, of an apparatus fixed in
brickwork. The cold air is introduced through the openings P, and it follows
the direction of the dotted arrows in such manner that it is always in contact
with the exterior and interior surface of the flame and smoke passages. Thus,
in the different courses of the air of combustion and the heated air, the air for
combustion will be constantly between two currents of heated air. The con-
sequence of this internal arrangement will be, that the air as it passes out of
the apparatus will be in a highly heated state, produced by the air in its
passage being acted upon from the exterior and the interior, from the great
extent of its course without any contraction, the length of heated surface, and
the double effect of the dilitation and decompression of the air which it
undergoes in its course, an effect which increases the intensity of the heat in
giving a rapidity to its course. The arrangement of this apparatus allows the
chimney to be readily cleaned by means of withdrawing the stopper » from the
opening . In order to obtain the same degree of heat in all parts of large
buildings, a large tube should be placed on the level of the earth, extending to
the height of the building, the lower opening of which should be level with the

page_text: plates, and the other opening in direct communication with the external air.
The following letters have reference to the Figures 18, 19, 20, 21, and 22:
a, is the ash-pit below the fire-place; b, the entrance to the fire-place; c, the
grate; d, the fire-place; c, the top of the fire-place; f, the passage of the
flame to the concentrator t, of hot air; g, upper reservoir of the flame, with
opening n for cleaning out; h, is the passage of the flame, which communi-
cates with the reservoir; i, i, is the lower reservoir of the flame, communicating
with the return passage j, which has openings for the purpose of having it
cleaned out; , is a reservoir of flame in communication with the passage j,
and with the tube of the chimney having opening therein; m, the chimney; n,
the plugs or stops closing the opening 1; o, are the air holes; p, the passage of
the ventilator; s, the mouth of the concentrator; t, u, mouth of the aspirator;
v, a, mouth of the compressor; y, z, the reservoir, which supplies the large
condensor A; B, a small dilator; C, is the passage which communicates with
the passages E, which conduct the air to the upper heated air receiver; F, is
a passage connected to the upper heated air reservoir; F, is an opening, which
communicates the reservoir to the large condenser. The dotted lines indicates
the course of the air, and the thick lines the course of the flame. Figures 23
and 24 are vertical sections of another arrangement of warming large buildings.
The Figures 25, 26, 27, and 28, are horizontal sections. The character of this
apparatus, the course of the flame passing between two currents of heated air,
is the same as in the last. The Drawing and the following description will be
sufficient to enable it to be understood:-a, is the ash-pit below the fire-place;
b, the entrance to the fire; c, the grate; d, the fire-place; e, the passage for
the flame to the reservoir f, which has horizontal partitions therein; g, the
tubes for the passage from the flame of the reservoir f to the other reser-
voir h; i, the passage from the reservoir to the chimney; k, is the plug, to
be removed when the chimney requires cleaning out; l, the air holes; m, the
flue, through which the cold air is admitted; n, the passage for the air from
the flue m; o, the passage for the air to pass into the furnace; p, upper
passage of the ventilator; q, the passage for the air to the tubes e; 1, is the
concentrator; s, is the passage of the air from the lower reservoir to the
tubes ;, passage for the air from the concentrator to the receiver a;
y, the passage of the air from the receiver to the upper reservoir; A, are
the tubes through which the heated air passes off into the place to be heated.
I claim for the internal arrangement of these two apparatus, and the causing
the flame from the fire to pass between two currents of heated air. I will now
describe the improvements in apparatus for heating with gas or vapour.
Figures 29 and 30, represent vertical and horizontal sections of an apparatus
in which, instead of coal or other fuel being employed, the heat is given off

page_text: from gas
or steam, as will be more fully described. a, is a cock through which
the gas
is introduced; the cock is placed at the lower part of the apparatus,
and it passes in through a series of holes similar to a gas burner, in order to
come in contact with all the parts of the conical piece c; towards the upper
part of this piece c, it will be seen the gas branches off into a series of divi-
sions d, and afterwards passes through the lateral passages e or the vertical
passages f, when it spreads out in every direction, as will be understood by
examining the Drawing. The course of the gas is indicated by the full lines,
and the course of the heated air by the dotted lines and arrows. The cold air
being admitted at the lower part of the apparatus, enters into and comes in
contact with the heated interior of the conical piece c, and passes around the
divisions c, and in its passage through the apparatus becomes sufficiently heated,
and passes into the apartment to be warmed. In this arrangement the gas or
steam acts upon the external sides of conical pieces, so that in circulating
through the inner part becomes heated; but it is evident that the course of the
gas and the cold air may be varied, and also that the air may be made to pass
through two currents of gas, or the gas to pass through the interior and the
cold and the exterior. The upper space g, may have a vessel of water placed
therein, which will be heated by the excess of heat. Figures 31 and 32, show
the vertical and horizontal sections of other gas or steam stove, differing from
the last one, for the course of the gas and cold air. The same letters indicate
the same parts, and the arrows will enable it to be easily understood. When
one of these apparatus is arranged, it is connected to a flow of gas at the lower
part, and sufficient air is allowed to enter to promote the combustion of the
gas; but when steam is employed in place of gas, this current of air is unne-
cessary, and the steam, instead of being directed as the gas was, would be
confined in the tubes placed around the surface of the apparatus. In places
where a ready supply of gas can be obtained, several supply pipes for the gas
might be used with advantage to heat the same apparatus, or they may be
divided so as to heat different apparatus.
I will now describe the arrangement which belongs to stoves. The arrange-
ment at Figure 33, consists of an apparatus for heating apartments, in
combination with a regulating grate. The fire-place A, is connected with a
reservoir B, having a hollow stand; C, D, are hollow standards in communica-
tion with the reservoir B, which is in communication with the tubes through
which the heated air passes to the chimney to be diffused through the heat-holes
in the apparatus. The atmospheric air enters through the fire A, and passes to
the interior of the stand c, then into the hollow standards, and from thence into
the cylindric reservoir B, from whence it is directed by the passage to the

page_text: issue. The cold air becomes heated in its passage from under the fire and
from the interior of all the parts of the reservoir, which are heated by the
action of the flame upon them. G, are openings between the standards and
the reservoir B and C, for the purpose of producing a draft. They are regu-
lated by means of a valve at the back of the apparatus. At the top of the
reservoir B3, is arranged a regulating grate, which is a plate I, fixed in front,
having openings therein. At the back of this plate is another plate of a similar
kind, but moveable. This plate is made to slide over the openings in the fixed
plate, and may be so regulated that when the heated air is not required to
escape, it may be closed, and a free passage left for the escape of the smoke
and flame from the fire. In lighting the fire, the openings G and the double
grate I, are to be opened, in order to have as great a draft as possible; in
closing the grate I, the smoke will escape through the openings G, up the
chimney, and when the openings G are closed it will escape through the
grate I. The peculiar character that I claim in this arrangement is the
combination of the standard reservoir of heat, and the double regulating grate.
Figure 34 represents a grate for coke or coal, having a circular moveable
flap, the object of which is to regulate the draft of the fire. A, is a fixed
frame, in the inner part of which slides the flap B, which moves in grooves in
each side. At the end of it is a notch to keep the bolts of the flap in the grooves,
and, consequently, the curtain in its proposition. There may be several of these
grooves in the frame A, if it be necessary. I will now describe the different
apparatus of heating rapidly, in which lime is employed in the fuel, producing
very rapid evaporation, as will be seen by throwing water on it; and the appli-
cation of the heat thus obtained, instead of allowing it to pass away, is the
proposition of this part of the Invention, by concentrating it into an apparatus
suitably arranged. The application of this system of heating has been carried
out by the use of an apparatus or close vessel of any suitable form, having two
divisions. In the lower one is placed the lime, and the upper one the
water. The water from the reservoir would pass through a cock into the
lower part on to the lime, and would slack it, which would generate a heat
which would be applied to the upper vessel, and heat the water contained
therein. The effect of this operation is to slacken the lime, and to employ
the heat thus obtained for boiling water or for any culinary purposes. To
avoid the inconvenience of having constantly to supply the apparatus with
fresh lime, the apparatus may be constructed of several parts, having the upper
divisions also of the same number of parts. Each of these may be converted
with the lower chamber as before, and the action of them may be either alter-
nate or simultaneous. These applications may be applied in various ways

page_text: where a chimney is not required, and it may be employed for warming
carriages, or even for hollow statues or pedestals, by which the rooms in which
they are placed may be warmed. Figure 35, shews an apparatus in the
form of a basin, having lime placed therein. The water is supplied from the
top by means of a cock. This top or cover is hermetically closed. Figure 36
shews an apparatus of a similar kind, to be used as a foot warmer. Figure 37
is an apparatus in which lime is employed as the heating agent, and may be
employed for various domestic and culinary purposes. a, is the lower reservoir,
in which the lime is placed; b, the upper vessel in which the water is placed;
and c, is the top or cover. The Figure 38 shews the half section of two
similar apparatus. I claim as this part of the Invention the employment
of the heat obtained from the slacking of lime to heating places, and to various
domestic and culinary purposes. I will now describe the various. outer casings
and ornamental coverings for the apparatus. Thus the apparatus No 39, 40,
41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, and 47, are to be considered as the outer cases of the
stoves and apparatus described in the Drawing No. 1. The numbers 47, 48,
49, 50, 51, 52, 53, and 54, represent the plans or upper part of these cases.
Let numbers 55, 56, 57, and 58, indicate the parts which may be adapted to
the interior of the stoves, apparatus, and chimney. The Figures 55 and 56,
shews the application of the system of the revolving flap to an ornamented
fire-place. In the sides, as well as in the upper part of these stoves, may be
adapted divisions or compartments in which the heat may be usefully employed
for various useful purposes. Figure 57, shews a fire-place, having the regu-
lating grate applied thereto, the object of which is to have a moveable fire
when the fire is pushed back to the bottom of the case, which constitutes, the
outer covering. There is a space left between the fire and the grate, which,
allows a free passage for the escape of the smoke and flame. When, on the
contrary, it is brought in front, a grate which is on the top strikes against the
ornamental fillet of the double regulating grate, and the fire then intercepts the
passage of the flame, which then passes into the open space of the grate. The
object, then, of this moveable grate,, is to regulate the draft, either by the
moving of the fire or by the opening of the double grate. Figure 58, shews
the application of the consal arrangement to the interior of a chimney. The
Figures 59, 60, 61, 62, and 63, represent the different parts shewn separately.
No 62 and 63 are the columns which are placed on the top of some of the
apparatus through which the smoke passes away. N° 60, shows an orna-
mental fender, proposed to be used with the ornamental stove. The materials
of which these apparatus, or the cases of them, are made,
suitable description, but I prefer that the interior should be of cast iron, and
may be of any

page_text: the cases of thin iron plate. The different apparatus herein described may, in
place of having their outer cases made of opaque metal, may be covered with
transparent metal. This important improvement, enables me to see the fire, and
may be arranged, first, either that the whole of the fire may be exposed to view,
or it may be perforated with holes, or made of pierced ornamental wire cloth,
as high up as the fire, leaving all the other parts opaque. To avoid the direct
action of the fire upon the outer casings, and to fix securely at this place, the
wire cloth may be strengthened both in interior and exterior parts. The tubes
will be, as has already been described, are placed around the fire-place, to heat
the air before it passes into the heat reservoirs. The air may be brought in from
the lower part or the sides of the apparatus. The circular flaps shewn at
Figures 55 and 56, may also be of transparent metal, or of metallic cloth;
the object being that the fire may be at all times exposed to view. In com-
bination with these apparatus may be used-to employ the heat obtained from
the fire employed before to produce the effects described a vessel filled with
stones or matters that will retain heat. This is placed at that part where the
flame abuts into the reservoir before it passes into the passage to the chimney.
It will be readily understood that the vessel containing these stones becomes
heated, and which body of heat may be employed to heat the air that can be
caused to pass across it through suitable tubes placed around the reservoir in
the heat chamber.
In witness whereof, I, the said Charles Armengaud, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Tenth day of January, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and forty-five.

page_text: writing and signature of Mr. Thomas Pickford, Her Majesty's Consul, residing
at Paris; that he has examined the Specification of a Patent granted to
Mr. Charles Armengaud, to which the signature of the said Thomas Pickford is
affixed; and that he believes the said signature to be the signature of Thomas
Pickford, Her Majesty's Consul of France, and that he was Consul at the
time when such signature was affixed.