matthewleechen/300YearsOfBritishPatents huggingface dataset:
IMPROVEMENTS IN BALMORALS AND OTHER SCOTCH BONNETS OR CAPS
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Robert David Greenlees at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
5th August 1875.
I, ROBERT DAVID GREENLEES, of the Firm of "Greenlees, Jackson,
& Co.," of the City of Glasgow, in the County of Lanark, North Britain,
Hat and Cap Manufacturers, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN BALMORALS AND OTHER SCOTCH BONNETS OR
CAPS," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates essentially to the method of giving a more
ornamental and attractive appearance to the inside or lining of knitted
Balmorals, Glengarrys, and other Scotch bonnets or caps than has
hitherto been produced under the ordinary system of manufacture;
and the nature and novelty of the Invention consist in the preparation
or production and use of these linings with variegated or fancy designs,
such as landscapes (preferably Highland), human figures, or animals in
two or more colors upon white or light colored grounds.
The applicant is aware that the head or bust of human figures have
already been stamped upon the linings of such bonnets or caps in silver

page_text: and gold bronze upon black or very dark grounds; but under the
present Invention the figures are given in all cases in colors upon white
or light colored grounds, or grounds other than black or very dark, and
instead of being merely stamped or embossed, as is customary, the
designs are printed upon the lining in the web or piece before being cut
into sizes or lengths for use in the individual caps or bonnets. The
printing may be done in the usual manner of calico color printing; or if
preferred the designs may be produced in lithographic or block or plate
printing.
It is to be understood therefore that no claim is intended to be made
for the application of either colored or black linings with designs of gold
or silver bronze, or either of these combined with one color stamped upon
them, such as the royal arms, trade marks, or human heads or busts for
the said caps or bonnets; but what is believed to be novel is, the
application of human figures, animals, or landscapes printed in colors in
the manner herein-before described, and on grounds other than black or
very dark for lining such bonnets or caps, whereby very pleasing effects
are produced. It is to be understood that these fancy colored designs
may be printed upon separate pieces of white or light colored fabric, and
be pasted or otherwise attached to the linings of caps or bonnets, which
will in many cases give similarly pleasing effects.
AN IMPROVED GAS TORCH OR FIRE-LIGHTER
Year: 1875

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to James Ballantine Hogg, of Edinburgh, in the
County of Mid Lothian, North Britain, Brassfounder, for the
Invention of "AN IMPROVED GAS TORCH OR FIRE-LIGHTER,'
"
Sealed the 25th June 1875, and dated the 1st April 1875.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said James Ballantine Hogg
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 1st April 1875.
I, JAMES BALLANTINE HOGG, of Edinburgh, in the County of Mid
Lothian, North Britain, Brassfounder, do hereby declare the nature of
the said Invention of "AN IMPROVED GAS TORCH OR FIRE-LIGHTER," to be as
follows, that is to say :—
This Invention, which relates to an improved gas torch, is designed to
effect the lighting of domestic and other fires with rapidity, ease,
certainty, and economy. It consists of a metal tube or barrel of any

page_text: convenient length, furnished with a handle at one end and closed at the
other, and provided with perforations communicating with its interior,
and extending along it to a convenient distance from its closed end or
top. At the side or end of the handle is screwed or otherwise fastened
a ferule or short pipe, over which when the torch is in use is passed ono
end of a flexible tube, which communicates with any convenient gas
burner. Air is admitted through the end of the handle, and on a light
being applied to the top or perforated end of the torch the gas supplied
from the burner is ignited, and the torch is thrust into the fire, which is
thus speedily lighted without the intervention of wood or other com-
bustible material usually employed for that purpose.
Instead of closing the top of the torch and providing it with perforations
as aforesaid it may be made open throughout, and the gas be ignited on
issuing from the end.
IMPROVEMENTS IN 'TELL-TALE' OR REGISTERING CLOCKS
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Richard Theiler and Frederick
Higgins at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their
Petition, on the 4th February 1875.
We, RICHARD THEILER, 86, Canonbury Rd., County of Middlesex,
Telegraph Engineer, and FREDERICK HIGGINS, 17, Cornhill, City of
London, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN 'TELL-TALE' OR REGISTERING CLOCKS," to be as
follows:-
A clock is constructed in such a manner that the time shown on its
dial can be printed on a slip or ribbon of paper at any moment by
simply either pulling a cord, pressing a knob, or turning a handle,
etc., etc., connected or attached to the said clock. A train of wheels
carrying round a set of type wheels to denote hours and minutes is
liberated and stopped again every minute by the going part of the
clock, so that the minute type wheel advances a step every minute, and
the hour type wheel a step every hour.
By a blow from a hammer opposite the type wheels those numbers
denoting hour and minute which at that moment face the hammer are

page_text: printed upon the ribbon of paper. The same hammer also shifts the
paper so that the figures are printed in a regular row.
By applying ink to the type wheels, or interposing an inked ribbon
between type wheels and paper, the figures are printed black or
coloured.
By using an elastic hammer or a hammer carrying a matrix, the
figures are embossed on the paper, thus dispensing with any colouring
matter. Or the figures upon the type wheels may be formed by pins or
points which perforate the paper when the hammer knocks against
them.
IM- PROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF IRON
Year: 1875

page_text: .
LETTERS PATENT to Wilkins Trick, David Davis, Evan Francis
Daniel, and Thomas Davis Phillips, all of Swansea, in the County
of Glamorgan, Tin Plate Manufacturers, for the Invention of "IM-
PROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF IRON."
Sealed the 11th January 1876, and dated the 10th November 1875.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Wilkins Trick, David
Davis, Evan Francis Daniel, and Thomas Davis Phillips at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their Petition, on the
10th November 1875.
We, WILKINS TRICK, DAVID DAVIS, EVAN FRANCIS DANIEL, and
THOMAS DAVIS PHILLIPS, all of Swansea, in the County of Glamorgan,
Tin Plate Manufacturers, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF IRON," to be as
follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in the manufacture
of iron.

page_text: In puddling iron we introduce a jet or jets of steam at or near the
jam of the furnace. In this way we obtain a more intense heat, and we
effect the complete combustion of the impurities contained in the iron,
and the small particles of fuel which are carried away by the draught,
and which particles when they fall upon the metal produce specks and
imperfections which appear in the finished plate from this iron.
We fettle puddling furnaces with slag obtained from balling furnaces
having in place of a sand or cinder bottom, as is usual, a bottom of iron
upon which is placed hæmatite or iron oxide. The cinder from the iron
coming in contact with this 'bed produces a slag which continually runs
into moulds at the back of the furnace; it is broken into pieces and
forms the fettling which we use for the puddling furnaces.
We also for similar purpose introduce steam in the hollow fires and
IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR THE PRESERVATION OF LIFE AT SEA
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Callistus Augustus, Count de
G. Liancourt at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with
his Petition, on the 3rd February 1875.
I, CALLISTER AUGUSTUS, Count DE G. LIANCOURT, residing 21,
Richmond Road, Dalston, do hereby declare the nature of the said.
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR THE PRESERVATION OF LIFE AT
SEA," to be as follows:-
It presents the form of a small skiff, four feet long and upwards, two
feet wide, and from five to six inches thick, with an amount of floating
power required for its proportion; this power is invisible to the eye and
well protected, being that of the self-inflating life belt. patent. In the
middle of the raft is a circular hole to admit the body of a man, a strap
to sit upon, and a second one where to put the feet. In front of the
hole there is a case in iron to receive preserved meat and biscuit; over
it a pair of paddles, compass, tobacco and matches, cords with a hook
and a gaff with flag; close by a hatchet and hammer, which, are fixed
on a second part of the gaff, which may be screwed on the other part.
This gaff may be inserted when required in a hole made in the extreme
front of the raft; the gaff when inserted in the hole acts like a mast,

page_text: and a piece of tarpauling hooked round it is to receive the wind. Behind
the man is a second case in iron where to store fresh water and spirits.
In four other small cases in iron are supplementary food, liquors, small
instruments of general use, &c. The whole raft is covered with tarpauling
on every part, and ready to be thrown overboard at any moment; its
weight is not over twenty pounds; it offers food enough for ten days,
and other invaluable advantages to shipwrecked persons, or for amuse-
ment and exercise on sea or waters.
.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF MACHINERY FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF BRICKS, BLOCKS, TILES, AND OTHER SIMILAR ARTICLES PROM SLAG OR SCORIA
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Daniel Richard Caddick at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
20th October 1875.
I, DANIEL RICHARD CADDICK, of Middlesbrough-on-Tees, in the
County of York, Furnace Builder, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF MACHINERY FOR
THE MANUFACTURE OF BRICKS, BLOCKS, TILES, AND OTHER SIMILAR ARTICLES PROM
SLAG OR SCORIA," to be as follows :—
This Invention consists in the construction of machinery for manu-
facturing bricks and other articles from slag or scoria in a much more
simple, effectual, and economical manner than by the means hitherto
employed.
Upon the outer circumference of a circular table or wheel a series of
suitably shaped moulds are mounted between suitable bearings formed
of angle iron or other suitable material, and so as to be capable of
being turned over when filled with the slag or scoria as herein-after
mentioned.

page_text: The circular table or wheel, which may be constructed of any suitablo
material or materials, is mounted upon suitable wheels, so as to be
capable of revolving horizontally upon its axis.
The machine is placed in front of the slag hole of the blast furnace,
or in any other suitable and convenient position, and the molten slag 5
run into the mould in position to receive it, and when this mould is
filled the circular table or wheel is revolved until the next mould is
brought into position to be filled, and so on.
When the slag in the mould is sufficiently "set" to allow of its
removal therefrom, a key of any suitable form and material, and
mounted upon suitable guides, is fixed on to the end of the axis of the
mould, which is elongated for that purpose, and turns the mould over
so as to allow of the brick or other article contained therein to drop
therefrom on to a suitable carriage for removal to the annealing kilns or
cooling sheds.
A New Self-ACTING REGULATOR FOR TRAYS USED IN BOTTLING BEER TO PREVENT WASTE OF BEER OR ALE CAUSED BY OVERPLOW
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Edward Wild at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 14th July
1875.
I, EDWARD WILD, of 42, Hampton Street, Saint Pancras, in the
County of Middlesex, Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "A New Self-ACTING REGULATOR FOR TRAYS USED IN BOTTLING
BEER TO PREVENT WASTE OF BEER OR ALE CAUSED BY OVERPLOW," to be as
follows:-
In the present mode of bottling beer, the beer or ale passes through
bottling trays known as syphon bottling trays which have no means of
preventing overflow, the only way being to climb up upon the casks to
turn off the taps.
Now my Invention consists of a new apparatus or self-acting regulator

page_text: Secondly. The employment of two brackets with four screws to
set fast and regulate the quantity of beer or ale passing through the
inlets.
Thirdly. Governing the quantity required and entirely preventing
waste of beer or ale.
And in order that this my Invention may be readily understood I
will describe the same with reference to the annexed Drawings, wherein
Fig. 1 represents my Invention in elevation; Fig. 2, cnd view of
same; Fig. 3, section; and Fig. 4 the ball or valve g.
The essential peculiarity of this Invention is constructing a metal
bar a having six inlets or nozzles b, b, b, b, b, b, attached to brackets c, c;
two set screws d, d, being employed for the purpose of equality the
height of beer or ale required in the above-mentioned bottlery trays;
two set screws e, e, are to be set fast to make the apparatus secure to
the back of bottlery tray; f, f,ƒ, f, ƒ, ƒ, are six sockets which are
screwed into the bottom ends of the inlets or nozzles, which sockets
contain a turned ball of metal g, which ball if lifted from its seating by
means of the bent arms h, h, being fastened to the rocking bar i, i,
having a cylindrical float; working upon the pivots h, h, the beer or ale
being now supplied by means of a flexible tube to the top end of the
nozzles, either one, two, or the whole of the six inlets or nozzles can be
used at one time by means of the float j rising up with the beer or ale
and closeing the balls g, entirely preventing overflow taking place; the
beer or ale being now taken away by means of bottles the float j lowers
itself with the decrease of beer or ale, and the valves g open with the
action of the bent arms h, h, by being attached to the float j.
m1.
hole of the maculator in mods of matal
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MEANS OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED FOR EXTINGUISHING FIRES
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Marshall Hainsworth at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
21st January 1875.
I, MARSHALL HAINSWORTH, of Ilkley, in the County of York, do
hereby declare the nature of tho said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
THE MEANS OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED FOR EXTINGUISHING FIRES," to be as
follows:-
:-
The object of my Invention is to produce a ready means whereby
water can be brought into action upon any fire that might occur in
the various rooms in mills or other buildings; also in the various com-
partments of ships and other sea-going vessels, and is as herein-after
described.
When applied to mills or other buildings I provide in each room and
as near as convenient to the ceiling one or more lines of perforated pipes
for distributing the water, the number of pipes and the sizes varying in
accordance with the size of the room. The pipes, by preference, are
continued the whole length of the room, but in small rooms the pipe
may be brought to the centre thereof, and so arranged that the water

page_text: may be made to play in all directions. The pipes in each room or com-
partment are coupled or attached to other pipes, through which the
water is conveyed to them from the main in the street or other suitable
source of supply. Suitable stop-cocks are provided, whereby the water
can be turned into any particular room, the water passed into the
perforated pipes, and is thrown therefrom into the room or com-
partment
IMPROVEMENTS IN SEWING MACHINEs and Sewing MACHINE STANDS
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Thomas McGrah at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 5th March
1875.
I, THOMAS M'GRAH, of 42, Ohurch Street, Sheffield, in the County of
York, Sewing Machine and Sewing Machine Attachment Maker, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
SEWING MACHINEs and Sewing MACHINE STANDS,” to be as follows :-
My improvements consist of,-
-
Firstly. In dispensing with the uso of the brush in sewing machines
made upon the principle known as the Wheeler and Wilson and other
kind of spool machines, and substituting in its stead a spring, one end of
which I secure to the base of the machine, immediately in front of the
rotating hook or other convenient position, the other or upper end being
made in such a form as to bear upon the front part and outer side of the
rotating hook, so as to retain the thread upon the hook and release it at
the
proper time.
°
Secondly. The application to sewing machines (of any kind (constructed

page_text: slots or grooves of a claw foot so arranged as to be actuated in the said
grooves by each movement of the bottom feed.
1
Lastly. My improvements relate to sewing machine stands of any
description, and has for its object the prevention of the crank standing
at dead centres. For this purpose I employ, a spring (a flat one of
convenient form preferred), secured at one end. to the top part of the
treadle, the other or upper end bearing or pressing tightly against the
front part of the pitman, so as to force the crank always in the proper
position for starting the machine, and so avoid dead centres.
Iм- PROVEMENTS IN LATHES
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by George Ellis Illingworth at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
16th April 1875.
I, GEORGE ELLIS ILLINGWORTH, of Leeds, in the County of York,
Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "Iм-
PROVEMENTS IN LATHES," to be as follows:-
My Invention relates in the first place to an improved arrangement
for globe turning, and consists in substituting a bracket for the pillar in
the slide rest, and arranging the parts that the same tool box may be
used either on the pillar or on the bracket.
The bracket is made to swivel round a centre on the cross slide, and
the upper part of the swivel bracket is provided with a face similar to
the face on the pillar upon which the tool box fits, so that the same tool
box may
be used, in both cases being fixed upon the face on the pillar
for ordinary turning, and on the face on the swivel bracket for globe
turning. The swiveling motion may be imparted by means of a worm
and worm wheel worked by hand or otherwise.

page_text: In the next place my Invention consists in arranging the swivel
bracket, so that the swiveling motion may be imparted to it by means of
self-acting mechanism. For this purpose I provide the swivel bracket
with a worm wheel, which is actuated by means of a worm on a shaft,
which carries at its end a toothed wheel worked by another wheel on the
saddle driven in the usual manner. By this means I obtain a variable
self-acting feed motion. The wheel on the end of the worm shaft is so
arranged that it can be thrown in or out of gear.
In the next place my Invention relates to an improved arrangement
for turning cones and other pulleys for flat bands so as to give them the
necessary curve or roundness, and consists in adapting the slide rest to
be used in combination with a connecting rod and plate, the plato being
furnished with holes at different distances from the centre of the lathe
corresponding to the diameters of the speeds or pulleys to be turned.
For this purpose I work the cross slide by a nut which can be thrown
out of gear, and when using the lathe for pulley turning I throw the nut
out of gear, and attach one end of the connecting rod to the cross slide
and the other end I attach to the hole in the plate corresponding to the
diameter of the pulley to be turned. The plate is made adjustable so
as to suit varying lengths of mandrils. The length of the connecting
rod must be equal to the radius of the circle of which the curve on
the pulley forms a portion. The length of the rod may be used
adjustable.
IMPROVEMENTS IN INVALID URINALS
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by William Batty at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 18th
March 1875.
I, WILLIAM BATTY, of King Street, Cheapside, in the City of London,
and County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN INVALID URINALS," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to urinary apparatus specially adapted to
females who are bedridden or from the nature of whose malady or
injuries (as the case may be), it is incumbent on them to preserve a
recumbent position.
The apparatus referred to consists of a cylindro-conical case made of
gutta percha or other hard substance, whose profile is moulded so as to
closely fit the abdomen, round the edge is fixed a projecting rim sloping
outwards at a determined angle and partly concave, whose object is to
adapt itself hermetically to the person so as to prevent any leakage, the
rim which is of india-rubber by reason of its flexibility readily adjusting
itself to the contour of the person.

page_text: To the opposite end of the case a flexible tube is attached by
means of a screw joint, the other end of this tube being fixed to an
india-rubber ring or rundle, by aid of which it is connected to the
chamber utensil by passing it over its rim, a direct communication is
thus established between the apparatus and the utensil.
The apparatus being placed within reach of the patient's arm it can
readily be applied without changing the position of the invalid and
without assistance.
Im- PROVEMENTS IN GAS STOVES
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John J. West at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 28th May
1875.
I, JOHN J. WEST, of Chicago, Illinois, in the United States of
America, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "Im-
PROVEMENTS IN GAS STOVES," to be as follows:-
My Invention of improvements in gas stoves relates to the admission
and diffusion of gas and atmospheric air in such a manner as to produce
a flame giving off a large quantity of heat with a small consumption of
gas.
My improved stove consists of an outer annular case or tube of cast
or sheet metal, or other suitable material. The lower end fitting into an
annular ring or flange acting as a support round the side of the case, and
close to the lower end is a row of small holes for the admission of
atmospheric air to the inside of the case; these holes may be dispensed
with if the bottom of the case is left open, or they may be used in
conjunction therewith. A little above this row of holes is a single opening

page_text: for the admission of a gas pipe for the supply of gas to the stove.
Immediately above the gas inlet is a double circular diaphragm fitting
against the inside of the case and forming a hollow chamber; through
the centre of this chamber passes a small pipe to conduct the gas from
the inlet, and round the small pipe are larger pipes or tubes for the
passage of atmospheric air, all passing through the chamber. Over the
central pipe is a circular plate diffuser to spread the gas issuing from the
pipe over the air tubes, the gas and air passing together through a wire
cloth diaphragm and through the perforations of an arched diaphragm
placed over the wire cloth.
Above the arched diaphragm the case is perforated with a row of
small holes through which issues the mixed gas and air, which impinge
on and then pass up the side of a cup-shaped flange encircling the case;
a light being applied, a fine but powerful gas flame burns from the edge
of the flange.
The top of the case is closed by a movable cap and also by a plate
which the gas flame makes into a hot plate for heating whatever may be
placed thereon.
The radiating surfaces being large compared with the size of the
stove a great amount of heat may be diffused with a small expenditure of
gas.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF DRIVING STRAPS OR BELTS, AND 'PICKING ARMS
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Samuel Roberts and Squire
Roberts at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their
Petition, on the 1st May 1875.
We, SAMUEL ROBERTS and SQUIRE ROBERTS, of Cleckheaton, in the
County of York, Cord and Strap Manufacturers, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF
DRIVING STRAPS OR BELTS, AND 'PICKING ARMS,'" to be as follows:-
The object of this Invention is to fasten or secure together a "double
strap," also to fasten the joinings or splicings of a single or double strap,
whether employed for driving machinery, or employed for "picking
arms" used in weaving, or for similar purposes; and the improvements
consist in passing the leather or other material forming such strap or
"picking arm" through an ordinary card setting machine, which inserts
wire into and through the material at suitable distances apart in the
form of staples or "dents" with the ends or points thereof projecting
through the material, which points are afterwards flatened or pressed

page_text: down on the back of the strap to hold the two pieces together, and
thus prevent one piece of the material being torn from the other.
-
The flatening, or pressing down the projecting points or ends of the
staples is effected by the strap passing through one or more pair of
rollers or other simple means.
IMPROVEMENTS IN TABLE CUTLERY
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by James Nicholson at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 12th
June 1875. A communication from abroad by Joseph William
Gardner, of Shelburne Falls, Massachusets, United States of
America.
I, JAMES NICHOLSON, of Sheffield, in the County of York, Steel
Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN TABLE CUTLERY," a communication to me from abroad
by Joseph William Gardner, of Shelburne Falls, Massachusets, Uuited
States of America, to be as follows :—
This Invention relates to an improved "guard" for carving forks,
which may also form a combined rest and guard, and it consists
essentially in constructing a guard so that it forms its own spring, and
in providing grooves in the shank of the fork for maintaining the guard
both in its clevated and depressed positions, and further in utilizing the
extremities of the guard as a rest for the fork.
In carrying out this Invention a piece of straight polished steel wire
is by preference employed in the manufacture of the guard, which wire
is by any ordinary or suitable means bent to the desired shape of a loop

page_text: or staple with two legs of equal length, and compressed nearly together
at about the centre, and the feet spreading gradually from each other.
This guard is secured to the shank of the fork, with one leg at cach side
thereof by means of a pin passing through the knees or centre of the legs
and through the shank.
The shank of the fork may be of any convenient shape, but that part
to which the guard is to be secured is made by preference of a bulb
shape. On each side of this bulb there is formed a T shaped groove,
one part of which is formed lengthwise to the shank of the fork, whilst
the other part of the groove is crosswise to such shank and joins the
other groove, the size of the grooves being governed by the diameter of
the wire of which the guard is made.
The space between the knees of the guard not being of sufficient
width to admit the bulb of the fork shank, it is necessary to spring them
open in order to place the guard in the required position in the grooves
formed on the bulb. The before mentioned pin is then passed through
the guard and the bulb, suitable holes being formed in the two for its
reception; the pin is made of sufficient length to allow of the lateral
movement of the legs of the guard as they open and close in passing
from one groove to the other, and is slightly headed to prevent it from
working out. When the guard is down the knees spring into the groove
described as being lengthwise to the shank of the fork, and it is held
firmly in this position by the force of its own grip, and when raised for
use the guard is maintained in a similar manner by the knees closing
into the grooves before described as being crosswise to the shank.
It is obvious that wire of different sections and composed of any
suitable material may be employed.
IMPROVEMENTS IN TANNING AND IN APPARATUS THEREFOR
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Antonic Clavier and Albert
Victor Deschamps at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents,
with their Petition, on the 20th July 1875.
WC, ANTONIE CLAVIER, of Somers Town, and ALBERT VICTOR
DESCHAMPS, of St Marylebone, both in the County of Middlesex, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
TANNING AND IN APPARATUS THEREFOR," to be as follows:-
Our Invention relates to the tanning of hides and skins by hydraulic
pressure obtained by a force pump, by which the tanning liquor is first
raised into the apparatus, and then forced through the pores of the hide
or skin, thereby tanning it more rapidly than by the ordinary processes, it
being possible on this improved system to thoroughly tan the thickest
hides in less than nine hours.
According to our Invention we first prepare the raw hides or skins in
the usual manner, as for tanning in pits, and then place them one at a time
in an apparatus of box-like form constructed in two halves or frames,
which are fitted together with the hide or skin stretched between them,
so as to divide the box into two compartments. The tanning liquor

page_text: being forced into the one compartment is caused to traverse the skin by
the pressure and received in the lower compartment.
The two frames are made of wood or metal, and of rectangular or
other suitable form, or they may be made of the same form as the
butt," according to whether the entire hide or the butt only is
intended to be treated. The edges of the lower frame are grooved to
receive a metal tongue or rim attached to the upper half, by which the
hide after being spread out flat upon the lower frame is clamped so as to
make a tight joint.
The two parts of the apparatus may be secured by means of bolts and
nuts, or otherwise.
The lower half of the apparatus is furnished with cross pieces, on
which the hide is supported under the pressure of the-liquor, and_the
if necessary
may
be lined with metal the better to prevent
upper half
the escape of the liquor during the tanning operation.
IMPROVEMENTS IN MARINE BOILERS FOR USING THE OUTSIDE SHELL AS HEATING SURFACE
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Hamilton Dansey at the Office
.
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 22nd
December 1875.
I, HAMILTON DANSEY, of 57, Rupert Street, Haymarket, London, in
the County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the said In-
vention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MARINE BOILERS FOR USING THE OUTSIDE SHELL
AS HEATING SURFACE," to be as follows:
In order to obviate the great waste of heat now passing uselessly up
the uptake of present boilers I take the heated gases from the furnaces.
(after having passed through the usual tubes or flues) under the whole
outside surface of the boiler below water level before allowing the heated
gases to escape. This will be effected by building around the boiler a
casing of iron secured to the framing of the ship, & to protect the
same from the action of the flames, it will be lined inside with fire-
brick, sand, or fire-clay, & thus form a flue under the whole bottom &
back of the boiler. By these means I convert the whole bottom &
back of the boiler into heating surface. I protect it by these means

page_text: from the action of bilge water & corrosion; I utilize the waste gases
from the furnaces, & by applying spare heat at the bottom of the
boiler I tend to equalize the temperature of the boiler & thus prevent
uneven expansion of the plates.
IMPROVEMENTS IN RAILWAY SLEEPERS
Year: 1875

page_text: •
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Samuel Aldred at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 23rd
September 1875.
I, SAMUEL ALDRED, of No. 5, Maryon Road, Charlton, in the County
of Ként, Inspecting Engineer, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN RAILWAY SLEEPERS," to be as follows:-
This Invention has for its object improvements in railway sleepers,
and relates especially to sleepers of the class known as bowl or pot
sleepers. I cast the sleeper elliptical or oval, the major axis being .at
right angles to the rail. Within the bowl passing across.it on either
side of the major axis I provide two parallel wrought-iron, strengthening
bars; the bowl is cast upon them, and their ends enter its sides.
The tye bar is received between these fixed wrought-iron bars, and is
secured by keys passed through all the bars. The faces of these keys I
form-with corresponding elevations and depressions, so that when they
have been driven they cannot shake loose. The sleeper is strengthened
along its minor axis by a web cast within the bowl underneath the part

page_text: where the rail takes its bearing. The two parallel wrought-iron bars
pass through this web which is cast upon them.
The side or rim of the bowl is deeper on the outer side of the
sleeper, so as to penetrate some depth into the ballast to obtain a better
hold.
In the centre of the sleeper on its upper surface are two jaws, between
which the rail is received, it rests on a cushion of wood, and is secured
with a wooden key.
I curve the jaw of the chair at the part where the key bears upon it,
and I give something of a similar curved form to the key, so that the
key as it is driven in follows a curved course.
AN IMPROVED INSTRUMENT OR APPARATUS TO BE USED IN THE SLAUGHTERING OF ANIMALS
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Joseph Wackett at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 7th
January 1875.
-
I, JOSEPH WACKETT, of the Firm of Wackett and Hill, of Hertford,
in the County of Hertford, Smith, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention for "AN IMPROVED INSTRUMENT OR APPARATUS TO BE USED IN
THE SLAUGHTERING OF ANIMALS," to be as follows:-
This Invention relates to an improved instrument or apparatus to be
used in the slaughtering of animals, whereby the operation of slaughtering
will be performed in a more effectual and less objectionable manner
than hitherto.
The improved instrument is constructed of metal and wood, and is
made somewhat in the form of a mallet or hammer, its cross head
however is made hollow and through it lengthways is passed a steel pin
or rod with a sharp pointed chisel or pin point, or with a sharp edged
cup or hollowed extremity.
The rod has an enlargement which bears against, the inside of a
retaining cap or head which is screwed on to the rear end of the cross

page_text: head, and it is kept in this position by a helical spring encircling it, and
having its other bearing against the inner face of the front end of the
cross head.
The end of the rod opposite its pointed or cupped end is provided with
an enlarged head, which affords a sufficiently sized mark for the blow of 5
an ordinary heavily weighted mallet or other instrument used for the
purpose of striking the blow.
In use the instrument is held by the left hand with the pointed or
cupped end of its rod on the skull of the animal; the enlarged head of
the rod is then struck sharply by the mallet or other suitable striking 1
instrument held in the right hand, which causes its sharp end to
penetrate the skull, and causes the instantaneous and painless death of the
animal.
AN IMPROVED WATCH PROTECTOR
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Joseph Maclaren at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 4th
February 1875.
I, JOSEPH MACLAREN, of Edinburgh, in the County of Mid Lothian,
North Britain, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"AN IMPROVED WATCH PROTECTOR," to be as follows, that is to say :-
This Invention relates to an improved watch protector or a contrivance
which being fixed inside of a vest pocket presents a complete safeguard
against the abstraction of the watch by a thief, whilst the watch can be
consulted by the wearer without inconvenience.
The contrivance comprises two metal buttons, one of which is fitted
with a pointed centre pin screwed to fit in a screwed centre hole in the
other, and the two are applied to the inner side of the vest pocket, one
inside the pocket and the other inside of the vest, the centre pin of one
button being passed through the lining and screwed into the other
button.

page_text: The button inside the pocket has attached to it, either directly or by
two or three intervening chain links, a ring, by preference of a smoothly
rounded form and moderate size, and the chain or guard of the watch is
passed through this ring before being secured to the watch.
The chain or guard runs easily through the ring when the wearer
takes out his watch to consult it.
IMPROVE- MENTS IN LIFE BOATS AND RAFTS
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Charles Lenox Cunningham
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 30th November 1875.
I, CHARLES LENOX CUNNINGHAM, of Hailsham, in the County of
Sussex, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN LIFE BOATS AND RAFTS," to be as follows :—
My improvements in life boats consist in so constructing them that it
shall be impossible for them to capsize however rough may be the sea.
The outer skin or hull of the boat is moulded on lines that will enable
it to ride easily on the water. The centre of the boat for about half its
width and a part of the length is hollow, and forms the hold for the
reception of the boatmen ; around this recess is a water-tight partition
with combings on the top rising above the deck to prevent any water
which may flow on the deck from entering the hold, from the combings
to the outer edge of the boat the deck curves downwards to enable the
water which may have splashed on to readily flow off; underneath the
deck are placed air-tight boxes to give buoyancy to the boat.
On the deck and close to the combings I place a pair of safety wings
fixed to the deck by hinges at their upper edges. These wings are made

page_text: of narrow parallel plates of timber or other light and strong material, and
so formed and arranged that they may fall over the deck when the boat
is floating in its proper position; under the loose edges of the safety
wings are fixed india-rubber or other flexible tubes to increase the
flotation of the wings, and also to prevent them when falling over
injuring or being injured by the deck of the boat. The loose edges of
the wings are secured to the sides of the boat by short chains or ropes
which allow of the vertical movement of the wings within certain
limits.
When my improved boat is in the water the action of the safety wings
is as follows:-Supposing the boat to be heeling over on one side, so that
the outer edge of the deck is partially submerged, then the water
passing over the deck and under the safety wing on that side raises it
and also the flexible tube attached which offer great resistance to the
water, and prevent the deck going under to any greater extent than is
allowed by the loose chains; on the boat righting itself, the extended
wing and flexible tube fall into their normal position on the deck. If
the other side of the boat has then a tendency to heel over the opposite
wing is extended and acts in a similar manner, the action generally
being very similar to that of the wings of an aquatic bird while poising
itself on the waves, the body of the bird representing the boat, which is
kept from being turned over by the extension of the wings offering great
resistance to the waves.
My improved boat may be propelled either by sail or oars or by any
IMPROVEMENTS IN DECORATING METAL CANISTERS AND OTHER METALLIC ARTICLES
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by George Samuel Burton at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
16th June 1875.
I, GEORGE SAMUEL BURTON, of St. John Street, Clerkenwell, in the
County of Middlesex, Manufacturer, do hereby declare the nature of the
said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN DECORATING METAL CANISTERS AND OTHER
METALLIC ARTICLES," to be as follows:―
Hitherto it has been a source of great trouble and inconvenience to
attach looking glasses to tin or other metallic articles.
Now my Invention consists in decorating tea caddies and other metal
articles such as metallic hat boxes, tin boxes for containing dresses, or
any metallic boxes for containing other articles with looking-glass,
believing such would greatly increase the sale and utility of them. For
this purpose I cut a hole out of the metallic article to be decorated of
rather a less size than the piece of looking-glass, which may be of a
round, oblong, square, diamond, or lozenge, or any other shape, and
place or affix the looking-glass to the inside or outside of any of the
articles above enumerated in a cheap and expeditious manner, by

page_text: soldering a thin strip or strips of tin or other metal, or I would totally
cover the looking-glass with a thin sheet of tin or other metal, or frame
it with tin or other metal. In using the thin strip (which I prefer for
cheapness) I solder the strip to the article at such an angle as will
cover the centre of the looking-glass to be inserted, and such strip or 5
covering of metal shall be indented at the two corners of the piece of
glass on the inside, so as to prevent the looking-glass from moving
upwards and downwards or sideways; or I would affix such pieces of
looking-glass to the inside or outside of the article to be ornamented
either by glue or other glutinous substance or substances, or by hanging 1
on with pegs or by any other description of holder or holders, and
by such means a very ornamental appearance is given to such metallic
articles above mentioned being decorated by the aforesaid means.
IMPROVEMENTS IN MEANS OR APPLIANCES FOR ATTACHING HORSES TO WHEEL CARRIAGES, AND RELEASING THEM THEREFROM
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Michael Rowand at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 13th
March 1875.
I, MICHAEL ROWAND, of Kensington Park Road, in the County of
Middlesex, Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of my said
Invention for " IMPROVEMENTS IN MEANS OR APPLIANCES FOR ATTACHING
HORSES TO WHEEL CARRIAGES, AND RELEASING THEM THEREFROM," to be as
follows:-
The object of this Invention is the obtainment of a simple and
expeditious method by which the pole chains or leather traces can at
once be disconnected from the pole when either horse falls whilst in
double harness.
°
In consequence of the great difficulty hitherto experienced in un-
hooking the pole chains or traces, owing to the severe strain upon them
when a horse falls, the horse in many instances is injured and trodden
on by the other. My Invention therefore consists in connecting the
pole chains or traces to the pole by means of a bolt which screws into a
nut or nuts inserted near the top of the pole, by which means the drivers

page_text: seconds, by simply unscrewing the bolt release the horses from the pole,
giving them at once full freedom to regain their legs without disturbing
the harness in any way.
A change of horses may also be effected with my improved pole in
much less time than by the present mode of unhooking the pole
chains.
IMPROVEMENTS IN GLASS FURNACES
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by Edward Alfred Cowper at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
24th September 1875.
I, EDWARD ALFRED COWPER, of 6, Great George Street, Westminster,
in the County of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the said
Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN GLASS FURNACES," to be as follows, that is
to say:-
This Invention relates to such furnaces as are used for making glass
in large masses in an open hearth or tank, and which are commonly
called tank glass furnaces, and it consists in the introduction of small
strong wrought-iron piping with a circulation of water inside it into the
bridge of the furnace, which stands between the tank and the fire or gas
flues, so as to keep down the temperature of the bridge by abstracting a
large portion of the heat by the water, such water passing away upwards
and through more piping exposed to the open air, so that the water
may lose its heat and descend through the piping to the bridge again
to abstract heat.

page_text: In place of cooling the water by exposing a portion of the piping to
the air it may be cooled down by passing the piping through an open
cistern of water.
The piping, or each system of hot water circulation, is to be provided
"expansion tube" to allow of the water expanding in it
with a proper
when hot.
Each bridge is to be provided with such an arrangement for keeping
down its temperature, whether there are one, two, or more bridges; or
two or more circulations are to be introduced into each bridge when
necessary.
IMPROVEMENTS IN COVERINGS FOR OUTSIDE OCCUPANTS OF OMNIBUSES, TRAM CARRIAGES, AND SUCH LIKE
Year: 1875

page_text: PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by John Newman at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 20th
August 1875.
I, JOHN NEWMAN, of 419, Strand, in the County of Middlesex, Cigar
Importer, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN COVERINGS FOR OUTSIDE OCCUPANTS OF OMNIBUSES, TRAM
CARRIAGES, AND SUCH LIKE," to be as follows:-
The improvements embrace the manufacture of improved coverings to
be used when fixed either temporarily or permanently on omnibuses,
tram carriages, and other vehicles, and serve to protect the occupants of
the outside seats or places of such vehicles against the inclemency of
the weather, and consist in forming such coverings that they may be
easily and quickly fixed or removed and when in place readily opened
and closed, and when in use whether open or closed add little or nothing
to the draught of the vehicle using such coverings that they may be
opened and closed without stopping the motion of the vehicle by the
conductor or the driver or an occupant of the vehicle.

page_text: The improvements are to be performed by constructing the covering
somewhat in the form of the roof of a tent with metal or wooden
supports, ribs, or frame pieces, or a metal or wooden framework having
hinged joints may be erected and fixed to suitable posts or supports
fitted to the vehicle, the framework being covered with canvas or other
material rendered impervious to water, and that will readily fold or roll
up to the framework and the covering; to either or both I attach cords
and pulleys or other suitable gearing for the purposes of expanding and
opening or closing the covering.
In some cases it is contemplated to make the covering of strips or
pieces of metal or wood joined or hinged together, so that the covering
can be rolled or fitted together in such fashion that the strips or
pieces may slide over or under each other in and by means of suitable
grooves to be fixed at the side of such strips or pieces; and for the
purposes of speedily raising or lowering the whole covering and its
framework I use hollow posts furnished with gearing to receive and
work up and down the main posts of the covering, or other mechanical
contrivance can be used.