IMPROVEMENTS IN AND IN APPARATUS FOR GRINDING OR REDUCING AND PURIFYING GRAIN AND OTHER SUBSTANCES
Year: 1880

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Clark, of 53, Chancery Lane, in the County of
Middlesex, Patent Agent, for an Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN AND IN
APPARATUS FOR GRINDING OR REDUCING AND PURIFYING GRAIN AND OTHER
SUBSTANCES." A communication from abroad by George Milbank, of Chilli-
cothe, in the County of Livingston, and State of Missouri, United States of
America
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION filed by the said William Clark at the Office
of the Commissioners of Patents on the 14th May 1880.
"
WILLIAM CLARK, of 53, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex, Patent
Agent. "IMPROVEMENTS IN AND IN APPARATUS FOR GRINDING OR REDUCING AND
PURIFYING GRAIN AND OTHER SUBSTANCES. A communication from abroad by
George Milbank, of Chillicothe, in the County of Livingston, and State of
Missouri, United States of America.
These improvements are designed to achieve a more perfect reduction and
purification of grain and other granular substances when the same are subjected to
a crushing, pulverising, or grinding action, and the Invention is specially applicable
to reducing grain, middlings, meal, &c., when the feed is passed between a pair of
millstones, so that each or all particles composing the product shall approximate as
near as possible to the same or the desired size; in other words, producing a more
even reduction of larger substances to smaller, and a better purification of the same.
When grain is subjected to the action of stones or grinding bodies as customary, the
following forces are called into action, viz :-Centrifugal force, gravitation, dress of
the stones, air currents, or all forces tending to pass the feed from the centre to the
periphery of the stones. More specifically stated, each of said forces act as
follows: The centrifugal force has a greater effect or will throw further, and with
more force the larger substances or grains in proportion to their size or specific
gravity. Gravitation also under ordinary circumstances has a greater effect on the
larger or heavier bodies causing them to move downwards faster and with more
force in proportion to their size and specific gravity. The dress of the stones also
moves the larger bodies faster than the smaller, the latter naturally lying low and
lodging in the hollow of the furrows. Air currents however act with or have a
greater effect on the smaller and lighter particles than upon the heavier in
proportion to their size and gravity.

page_text: Since therefore the ordinary method of arranging the parts is such that each and
all of these named forces act in the same direction; further, since these forces act
differently upon the larger and smaller particles; and, lastly, since by reduction the
substances and particles change their size, weight, and specifi gravity, the result or
product obtained is necessarily unequal in this, that some of the particles are
ground too fine, others two coarse, and the product lacks uniformity in the size of
the particles.
According to these improvements the above named forces are all utilized, but
placed under the control of the operator, and (as will hereafter appear), enabling
him to regulate the passage and time of passage of each and all particles from the
"eye" to the "skirt," or in vice versa direction, and at the same time subject each
and all of the particles to the desired reduction or like result as to size.
The improvement in purifying reduced particles consists in separating the lighter
pulverulent matter or matter of less specific gravity from the coarse or more dense
matter after reduction, before said atoms or particles come in contact with each
other, or before they find a lodgment or resting place in mass. Ordinarily the
reduced product is permitted to have its particles to come in contact with each
other or become bulked, and in so doing the impure or pulverulent matter is more
or less rubbed in or onto the pure matter, and hence it is rendered the more difficult
to properly purify.
In the accompanying Drawings, Figure 1 is a side elevation of a grinding mill
constructed in accordance with the Invention; Figure 2 is a central vertical section
of the same; Figures 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 represent modifications; and Figure 8 is a
Similar letters of
vertical section of a mill having horizontal grinding faces.
reference indicate corresponding parts.
A, A¹, represent the pair of millstones, the former being the bed and fixed in place,
the latter being the runner; although this relationship of the stones may be reversed
so that the top stone shall be stationary, and the lower one the moving stone, or both
stones may be revolved each in opposite direction to the other, or both in the same
direction, but at different speeds. The "dress" of the stones is also as usual to suit
the direction of their revolution, or to move or pass the grain from the eye to the skirt
or the reverse. The grinding faces of the stones may be horizontal, as shown in Figure
8, or inclined, as shown in Figure 2, for purposes hereinafter mentioned. Forming
part of or attached to the bed stone A is a receptacle, preferably a conical chamber B.
This chamber receives the reduced product in case the feed is from the periphery
to the centre, the discharge taking place through the valve b, and said valve is closed
when the feed is in opposite direction to that just stated. The air currents also
pass through said chamber B during the reducing operation, and act to purify the
product. b is an inlet valve for regulating the admission of air into said chamber B,
said valve being closed when the feed is from centre to periphery. The runner A¹
is supported as usual by an adjustable step consisting of the spindle a, arranged
to pass through the bed stone and its chamber B, the spindle foot-stalk having
its toe resting in a foot bridge a' secured to a bridge tree and controlled by the
screw a³, all as shown. The runner A¹ can therefore be raised or lowered so as to
place the faces of the stones further apart or closer together, as required. A² is the
pulley connecting to power to revolve the runner, and C, C, are cone shaped
deflectors secured to spinde a. These deflectors consist of an inside cone rim or
face with or without one or more duplicates on the outside to form chambers or
passages, as shown. The special purpose of the deflectors is to cause the air
currents in the chamber B to pass up, or through, or between the cone faces C and
thus become more divided and equalised. D is the outside covering which surrounds
the millstones and is fixed in place. This covering D has its closed top formed
with a short cylindrical neck d, while the bottom of said covering is left open.
Near the bottom edge of covering D, at intervals entirely around the same, are
apertures d' for the entrance of air from the outside to the inside of casing D.
D' is a horizontal bottom ring fitted with a vertical rin and attached movably to
the bottom edge of casing D so as to turn thereon. By moving the rim D' more

page_text: or less over the inlet apertures d' the passage of air currents can be regulated or.
controlled. E is the central or main spout, the lower end of which extends below
the cylinder neck of the top stone, as shown. At e the spout E has a feed opening
fitted with a slide or valve e¹, as shown, for regulating the size of the opening. In
case the feed is to pass to the centre or eye of the stones it is fed through this
opening e, the feed so passing being easily regulated by the valve e¹. In case the
feed is to pass to the periphery of the stones, the feed spout or hopper F is used,
and, as shown, it is movably arranged between the neck d of the casing and the
central spout, with feed passages f for the downward passage of the grain.
When therefore the feed hopper F is raised, as in Figure 2, to clear the back of
the top stone, the feed or grain can pass down the passages fover the back of the
stone to the periphery, and said feed hopper is moved down, as shown in Figure 8,
in case the feeding of the grain is to the centre. G is the spout from the blast fan
connecting to the skirt of the stones by the casing D; G₁ is the casing of the blast
fan G2; g is the blast fan spout having its end in communication with that of
spout G and its other end with the central spout E; g' is the branch suction spout
having its upper end communicating with E and its lower end to G. The central
spout E connects at top to the suction fan chamber H, which contains suction
fan H, and both the blast and suction fans are connected to the shaft H2 and
revolved by power applied to the pulley wheel H³. h, h¹, h², h³, Figure 1, represent
the respective slides in each of the spouts just enumerated, by means of which
slides the operator can regulate and control the blast and suction or upward and
downward acting air currents to suit the operation in either case, that is, passing
the grain or other substance from the periphery to the eye, or vice versa.
I is a
pressure valve similar in construction and operation to an ordinary safety valve,
by means of which the pressure of the air force in the casing D is automatically
regulated to suit the reduction of the grain, and specially to cause said air force to
determine the size to which the particles shall be reduced. . Said valve may also
be set to form the required inlet or outlet of air to and from casing D. I' is also a
pressure valve to regulate and suit the suction force to determine the size to which
the particles shall be reduced, and otherwise. 12 is a scraper secured to the
revolving stone and only used in case the feed is passed from the eye to the skirt,
or through opening to cylinder l, for the purpose of moving the reduced particles
falling out at the periphery into the bottom D to be discharged at the outlet .
is a flap valve to open or shut the outlet . Upon the spindle within the eye of
the bed stone A is a drum or disc at which occupies the central portion of the eye,
leaving a space between the drum and stone for the air currents to pass upward, so
that such air currents will come into contact with the ground material falling in
the receiving chamber B. This drum or disc a is used when the feed is from the
periphery or through openings k to the eye, and when the air currents are induced
by suction, and it may be fixed to the revolving spindle or fitted stationary. All
the parts thus constructed and arranged effect the complete operation of reducing
the grain or substances in both cases, that is, passing the feed from the periphery
to the eye of the stones or from the eye to the periphery.
By referring to Figures 1 and 2 the position of the various parts will be seen
when the operation is to reduce the material fed to and passing from the periphery
to the centre. The hopper F is set to open the passage to permit the feed to pass
over the stone to the periphery. The bottom rim D', Figure 2, is set to form a
closed bottom for the casing D, and hence a receptacle for the feed to collect and
fill until a level is reached and the feed passes between the faces of the stones, the
scraper 12 being removed. To supply the required air current the slide h will be
opened and slides h¹, h³, h³, closed, and the blast will be direct down G to fill the
chamber D and pass between the faces of the stones into the chamber B and to the
outlet with the reduced product. In this case I have an air current passing in at
the periphery and out at the eye in opposition to centrifugal force. In place of the
draft just mentioned suction can be used by opening slide h³ and pressure valve I
for-air to.enter D, and closing all remaining valves. The air currents will then pass

page_text: in at I over the stone and in at its periphery to the centre or against centrifugal
action. I can use suction and blast forces combined by opening slides h, h³, closing
slides ², h, and all other openings. The blast is then down G¹, Figure 2, and
suction up E, producing together an air current or currents acting in the same
direction as blast and auction and in opposite direction to centrifugal force.
As a modification, in place of feeding the material to the casing D and in at the
skirt of the stones, I have shown in Figure 2 the upper stone as provided with an
opening or openings k between the eye and skirt and fitted on the upper side with
an annular flange outside the hole k, which flange is covered up to the hopper F
to prevent the air currents from passing through the openings k. The feed in this
case passes from hopper F over the stone, and being prevented from passing to the
periphery goes by the opening k to the grinding faces. The air currents will be
arranged in these cases as before described, and it will be understood that the
flange will not be used and the openings will be closed, except when the
feed is to enter by said openings. By passing the material in between the
grinding faces through openings k, with an air current moving the reduced material
in opposition to centrifugal action, the central or tenderest part of the grain being
reduced to suitable size at the first crushing of the berry is passed out immediately,
and having less distance to travel between the faces it is subjected to less frictional
scouring, while the outer or tough part is thrown outward by centrifugal action and
subjected to sufficient grinding to reduce it to the desired size, when it is also passed
out at the centre.
The blast or suction each singly or combined can be made to produce an air
current or force in opposition to gravitation, for which purpose the means described
are used, the grinding faces being made inclined or lowest at the periphery and
highest at the centre; or in case the dress is formed to carry the material from the
centre to circumference the air current may operate in reverse direction to the
action of the furrows. Also by the same means, that is, passing the air current from
the periphery inward, I can cause the dress or gravitation either singly or both com-
bined to assist the said air current. In the case of the dress or furrows this is done
by simply changing said dress to suit the direction, or it can be done by revolving
the stone in opposite direction. In case of gravity this action is achieved by suiting
the inclination of the faces of the stones to be in the same direction as the said air
current.
The position of the various parts when the operation is to reduce the feed from
the eye to the periphery is shown in Figures 1 and 8. The hopper F closes the
passage way below, the slide el is properly opened to permit the feed to pass down
the centre and fill the chamber B until a level is reached permitting the feed to
pass between the faces of the stones and outward from the same. The chamber B
is therefore closed at the bottom. The blast can be directed from the centre to
periphery by closing the slides h³, h, and opening h¹. In case the inclination of the
faces of the stones is made such as to have gravity to be directed inwards then the
blast through g is in opposite direction to gravity. In case the furrows are laid to
move the material inwards the said air current derived through g down the centre
directed to the periphery will or can be in opposite direction to said dress or
*furrows.
Likewise the suction can be directed to pass from centre to periphery by closing
slides h, h³, opening 2, and valve I', and closing aperture d below. The suction
inlet will then be at I, down or through the centre, between the faces of the stones
to the periphery of the same, and upward through g¹ into suction fan. In case the
dress or furrows, or the inclination of the faces of the stones, are made the same as
just stated in using the blast (that is, said dress and gravitation directed inwards),
then the suction so acting through g' will be in opposition to said dress and
gravitation; or blast and suction can combinedly act from centre to periphery by
closing h, h³, and opening ', h². The blast will then pass down the eye out at the
periphery at the same time with suction up and out of g¹.
As a modification of the apparatus in which air currents are used in opposition to

page_text: gravitation, various forms of grinding surfaces may be used; for instance, cylinders
placed concentrically are adapted for the purpose.
In Figure 2 I have shown the mill fitted with a cylinder which has its inner
surface roughened or dressed, and the stone A' may represent the inner cylinder
dressed upon its edge. The stone A' is formed with an opening or openings l, so
that the grain coming from hopper F over the stone is arrested by flange and
passes between the two cylindrical grinding surfaces. The air currents will be
directed as before described by either the suction or blast, or both combined to act
in opposition to gravitation and remove the finer particles..
It will be understood that the cylinder is removed and openings closed when
the grinding is performed by the face of the stones A, A¹.
The material passing over the top of cylinder drops down upon the rim and is
carried around by the scraper I to the outlet valve. As it falls it is subjected to
the air currents passing through apertures d' and up between the cylinder and
outer casing and the impurities will be carried off, the apparatus thus acting as a
purifier of the ground material.
In Figure 3 grinding surfaces of conical form are shown. m is a grinding wheel,
in shape the frustrum of a cone surrounded by a hollow cone m₁ of similar shape.
The wheel m is upon a spindle m² which will be fitted with suitable devices for
raising and lowering the wheel to vary the distance between the grinding surfaces,
and also means for revolving the same; n is the feed spout feeding the material in at
the upper part of the case m'; and n¹ is the spout for supplying the air current by
blast, which current passes up between the grinding surfaces m, m³, carrying the
lighter particles out to any suitable receptacle, or suction may be applied for
inducing the air currents. In either case the currents act in opposition to
gravitation.
In Figures 6 and 7 I have illustrated grinding surfaces made as flat discs and
vibrated instead of revolved. o is one disc, o' the other, fitted together with suitable
means for adjusting the distance between them. They will also be fitted with
means for giving either or both a vertical vibration; o³ is the feed spout supplying
the material between the dises, and the arrows show the direction of the air current.
These currents will be induced by blast or suction, or both combined in the manner
substantially as before described.
In Figure 4 I have illustrated grinding cylinders, whereby the air currents act
to remove the material as fast as it is reduced to the required fineness. p is a
horizontal cylinder or frustum of a cone fitted in an outer fixed casing p¹ and
supported therein by bearings p². The shaft of the cylinder will be fitted with a
pulley for connection of power whereby revolution is given. The outer casing pl
is open at the ends to allow the air currents to pass in either direction as desired
between the grinding surfaces, and the casing is fitted with a feed spout that
supplies the material. The air currents in this case act to remove the reduced
material, and the cylinder p may be furrowed to move the material while it is
being ground with or against the air current. Also this form of apparatus may be
placed at an incline more or less instead of horizontal and the air currents supplied
to the lower or upper end of the cylinder.
These modifications of the grinding surfaces illustrate different ways of carrying
out the Invention, and their connection with the feeding hopper and fans will be
readily understood without a further detailed description.
The centrifugal forces, as previously stated, naturally having the greatest effect
on the larger particles, these would be thrown outwards or towards the periphery,
but the air current when passed in at the periphery and out at the centre in its
nature, having its greatest effect upon the smaller particles, the latter are forced
out immediately and hence separated from the larger particles and saved from
further reduction. In cases where the upper body is revolving, and its face is set
suitably distant from the face of the lower stone by passing an air current in
opposite direction to centrifugal force, the latter face loses all power over the
particles when the same become smaller than the space between the faces of the

page_text: two bodies, and the air current having no opposing force (the upper face not
reaching the smaller particles), requires therefore no more power than sufficient to
sweep or pass the particles off from the lower face or surface. In all cases the
required power of air current or air pressure or force can be obtained by opening or
closing the slides, or by loading with or relieving from weight the pressure valves.
If necessary to assist the air current to pass the grain or other substance in at the
periphery, the furrows are laid in such a direction as will carry the material
towards the centre. The furrows acting with greatest effect upon the largest
particles (the same as centrifugal force) assist the air current to pass the larger
particles inward to the centre, and counteract the tendency of centrifugal force to
throw the larger particles outward. To assist or oppose centrifugal force or air
current or dress by gravity, the faces of the stones will be made to incline inwards
towards the centre, or outwards from the centre as may be necessary. If however
I pass an air current from the centre to periphery, the air current will be assisted
by centrifugal force, and it can be in opposite direction to the movement of the
material by the dress or by gravity, or be in the same direction as the movement of
the material by the dress and gravity, according to the way the dress is laid, or the
faces are made to incline as previously stated.
Specially it will be noted that by arranging the air current to move in one
direction (and having the greatest control upon the smallest particles) and centri-
fugal force, or the dress or gravity operating in reverse direction (said forces having
the greatest control on the largest particles), the reduction going on meanwhile,
that while said forces acting on the larger particles are losing control by said
particles becoming smaller by reduction, the air current is gaining control over the
particles to the same extent that the said named other forces are,loosing it, and
hence when the equilibrium is passed, the air current is the controlling force to
give freedom to the particles that have been reduced to the desired size by passing
the same out from between the faces.
During the operation of so reducing the grain or other substance, the purification
of the reduced product according to this Invention is as follows:-
When the reduced product is to be received in the chamber B, the improvement
consists in separating and purifying the said product before it lodges, or is bulked
or massed in the same chamber. This result I achieve by using suction force
passing upward through chamber B, its valve b' being opened, the said force then
passing from the centre to the suction fan. The air currents so produced by the
suction, and acting in the said direction, catch or act upon the reduced particles
immediately, or as soon as the same are freed from the stones, causing the lighter
stuff and impurities to be separated from the heavier and purer, the former to be
forced or carried upward with the suction, the latter to fall into the bottom
of chamber B. The action of the suction to separate and purify takes place before
the particles touch each other and before they find a resting place, and consequently
ensures a better and more perfect purification of the products. The air currents
passing between the faces of the stones assist the suction and air currents so
ascending upwards, and by this means still further enhance the process of
purification.
The deflectors C also enhance the process of separation of the pure and impure
particles by establishing a more uniform action on the part of the air currents
throughout the chamber B. Both blast and suction can be used to carry out this
process of purification. When the reduced product drops, or is to be collected in
the bottom rim D¹ in order to purify the said product, the suction force is used and
directed to pass from the centre to circumference up through the suction spout, the
slides ³, h, h', being closed, 2 and apertures d¹ opened. The air or suction
current acts in the same manner, that is, separates the lighter from the heavier
particles, and produces this separation and purification before the particles freed
from the stones touch each other or collect at the bottom of the casing. The
bottom rim D¹ can be set as required to regulate the air currents passing by force of
the suction through the apertures d', hence the particles are subjected to the

page_text: currents through d¹ in their attempts to become lodged or bulked, and their
separation as well as purification is accomplished in the same manner as in the case
of the centre delivery.
In Figure 9 I have shown the face of a reducing disc dressed in a manner for
use when the material is fed to the openings k. The furrows 8 at the periphery
are formed to assist the air currents to take the material in and prevent centrifugal
force from throwing the larger particles out. Between the eye and the furrows
is a depressed space t, and the space around the eye is without furrows to prevent
the larger particles from going out at the centre.
-
Having described the nature of the Invention, and the manner of performing the
same, I declare that what I claim as new, and desire to secure by Letters Patent is,
1st. The described method of reducing grain or other substances consisting
essentially in subjecting the material under treatment to the action of reducing
discs and an air current simultaneously, the said air current passing between the
discs and conveying the reduced material in opposition to the centrifugal action of
the same.
2nd. The described method of reducing grain or other substances consisting
essentially in subjecting the material under treatment to the action of reducing
discs and an air current simultaneously, the said current passing between the discs
and conveying the reduced material in opposition to the action of the dress of the
same.
3rd. The described method of reducing grain or other substances consisting
essentially in subjecting the material under treatment to the action of reducing
surfaces set in a plane other than the horizontal and an air current simultaneously,
the said air current passing between the reducing surfaces, and conveying the
reduced material in opposition to the action of gravitation.
4th. The described method of reducing grain or other substances consisting
essentially in subjecting the material under treatment to the action of reducing
discs and an air current simultaneously, the dress of the reducing discs and
the air current combined conveying the reduced material in opposition to the
centrifugal action.
5th. The described method of reducing grain or other substances consisting
essentially in subjecting the material under treatment to the action of reducing
discs having reducing surfaces inclined from the horizontal and an air current
simultaneously, the dress of the inclined discs and the air current combined
conveying the reduced material in opposition to the action of gravitation.
6th. In combination with the reducing discs A, A', the casing D, and fan
mechanism, substantially as described, connected therewith, the construction being
such that an air current is delivered by the fan mechanism to the periphery of the
discs and through between the same to the eye.
7th. In combination with the reducing dises A, A¹, an interior chamber and fan
mechanism, substantially as described, connected with the chamber, the construc-
tion being such that an air current may be drawn through between the discs from
the periphery to the eye, as described.
Sth. The combination with the reducing discs having the periphery of the
grinding surfaces higher than the eye, of mechanism, substantially as described,
for producing an air current, the construction being such that the action of the
current is opposed to the action of gravitation.
9th. The combination with the reducing discs, having the periphery of the
grinding surfaces lower than the eye, of mechanism, substantially as described,
for producing an air current, the construction being such that the air current is
opposed to the action of gravitation.
10th. The receiving chamber B located within the reducing discs, and in open
unbroken communication with the eye of the same, in combination with mechanism,
substantially as described, for reducing the grain or other substance, and mechanism
for producing an air current, and thereby delivering it to the receiving chamber in
opposition to the centrifugal action of the reducing discs.

page_text: 11th. In combination with the reducing discs delivering the material at the eye
and mechanism, substantially as described, for producing an upward air current, the
deflector C for breaking up or dividing the current.
12th. The described method of reducing and purifying grain and other substances,
consisting essentially in passing the material between the reducing discs with an air
current opposed to the centrifugal action, and in carrying upward from the eye the
lighter particles by an ascending air current, by means of which action the heavy
and light particles are separated before being bulked.
13th. In combination with the reducing discs A, A, the feed hopper F, the
spout E or G, with casing D, and fan mechanism, substantially as described,
whereby the feed is passed over the upper disc, and simultaneously an air current
passed between the grinding faces to move the reduced materials in opposition to
centrifugal action.
14th. In combination with the reducing discs A, A¹, provided with an internal
receiving chamber B and fan mechanism, substantially as described, the drum
or disc a fitted in the chamber B, substantially as and for the purposes set forth.
15th. In grinding and reducing apparatus the disc A¹ provided with the opening
or openings, and fitted with the annular flange k, the construction being such
that the feed passes by the openings to the grinding faces, and the air current
produced by suitable means passes from the periphery to the eye to remove the
reduced particles toward the centre.
16th. In grinding or reducing apparatus the revolving grinding wheel m shaped
as the frustum of a cone, and the casing m³, combined together and fitted with the
feed spout and pipe for supplying an air current between the grinding surfaces,
substantially as shown and described.
17th. In grinding or reducing apparatus the grinding cylinder p fitted for
revolution, and the fixed cylindrical casing p¹ open at both ends, and provided
with a feed spout combined together, substantially as shown and described, when
said apparatus is placed horizontally or inclined, and air currents caused to pass in
either direction for removing the reduced particles.
18th. In grinding or reducing apparatus the discs o, o', fitted in relation to each
other and vibrated, substantially as described, when the feed and ascending air
currents are supplied in the manner set forth for the purpose of removing the finer
particles by air currents in opposition to gravitation.
19th. The combination with reducing discs having horizontal grinding faces of
mechanisın, substantially as described, for producing an air current for the purpose
of moving the reduced material towards the centre, whereby the action of the air
current is opposed to the centrifugal action.
20th. The method of removing the reduced particles from between grinding
cylinders or cones, constructed for operation substantially as described and shown
in Figure 4, that is, by an air current passed between the grinding faces in either
direction, substantially as specified.
21st. In combination with the vertical reducing cylinders A¹ and 2, the flange k¹,
and openings for directing the feed between the grinding faces, and the fan
mechanism connected therewith, the construction being such that the air currents
pass upward to remove the reduced particles.
22nd. The reducing disc formed with peripheral furrows s, depressed portion t,
and unfurrowed portion around the eye, as and for the purposes set forth.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Clark, have hereunto set my hand
and seal, this Fourteenth day of May, in the year of our Lord One thousand
eight hundred and eighty.
W. CLARK. L.S.)