Improvements in the Driving, Construction, and Arrangement of Refrigerating Machines.
Year: 1886

page_text: Improvements in the Driving, Construction, and Arrangement
of Refrigerating Machines.
I RICHARD RUSSELL GUBBINS of 17 Park Road New Cross in the county of
Kent, Gentleman do hereby declare the nature of the said invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE DRIVING, CONSTRUCTION AND ARRANGEMENT OF REFRIGERATING
MACHINES" to be as follows:-
This invention relates to the well known method of refrigerating by means of
the expansion of compressed air and consists of certain improvements in driving
cold air machines, in the construction and particular arrangement of same, and in
producing circulation in the atmosphere of the "cold chamber" wherein the
commodities to be preserved are stored.
"
The first part of my invention which consists in driving cold air machines by
compressed air, I carry out as follows:-I fix an air pump or compressing
cylinder" of necessary dimensions and strength, together with the necessary means
for driving the same in some convenient position as regards the "cold chamber" or
chambers" of which there are frequently several.
"
On a steam ship or in a Factory the engine room being generally well situated
for this purpose I either fix the air pump "Tandem "
over one of the cylinders of
the main engines, or I place it so that it may be driven by means of a lever from
any convenient moving part of the said engine.
When such an engine is thus employed it becomes necessary to provide a clutch
on its main shaft so that the air pump may be worked independantly when
required, means must likewise be provided for readily throwing the air pump in
an out of gear without interfering with the engine when the latter is running.
When it is not desirable to make the above alterations in the engine, or where
none exists then the air pump may be driven in any other well known convenient
manner.
"
The compressed air thus produced is cooled by being conveyed through pipes
which may be water jacketed, to the "cold chamber or chambers and is there
employed for driving the "cold air "machines in the same manner that steam has
hitherto been used for this purpose.
"
This separation of the air pump or compression" cylinder from the "cold air
machine" carries with it some important advantages. In the first place the heat

page_text: "
"
which is inseparable from the former can in no way be imparted to, or affect the
latter and in consequence one heavy "leakage of cold" is stopped. Secondly as
the "cold air machine"
or machines are placed in or near, the cold " chamber or
chambers" and may be in any direction and at any reasonable distance from the
engine and from one another; they deliver their expanded "cold air" directly into
the said "chamber or "chambers at the lowest possible temperature; and the
great waste of cold which attends the passage of air of low temperature through
long trunks (even when they are well insulated and not crooked) is entirely
stopped; whilst the trunks being now unnecessary the available space in the
chambers is increased.
"
"
The second part of my invention consists in placing the "cold air" machine
bodily within the "cold chamber." That there is great advantage in doing this
will be seen when it is borne in mind that these machines are used when the
weather is warm and that it is not unusual for them to work in a temperature
of 120° F. As they are made of metal much of this heat is transmitted, by it to
the cold air which they deliver.
The machine is either simply placed inside the "chamber," in any required part
of the same or it may be placed in an "air lock." This would consist of a recess
in one of the "chamber" walls large enough to contain the machine and provided
with two doors, opening respectively inwards and outwards. The machine being
fixed in the recess between the two doors would be accessible from outside (without
letting out the cold air) by closing the inner door and opening the outer one.
When the position of the doors was reversed it would be for all practical purposes
in the "chamber" and most effectually protected from the warmth of the out door
atmosphere.
Although any "cold air" machine may be modified so that it may be driven by
compressed air, and placed inside the "cold chamber," still all the existing machines
with which 1 am acquainted are but ill suited for my system of driving and
arrangement. Having to cope with the transmitted heat of the atmosphere,
surrounding them, as well as with that of their steam cylinder and pipes they are
also obliged to do much dead work to make up for the loss of cold attending the
passage of the air through long trunks, and are consequently too large and cum-
bersome to be placed in a "cold rooin "where space is valuable. The necessity
common to them all of cooling their compressed air within their own limits
entails a bulky arrangement of pipes and tubes similar to a condenser of a steam
engine for which there is no use when my system is followed since the compressed
air is already cooled in its passage from the air pump.
"
The third part of my invention concerns the construction of a novel form of
"cold air" machine which is specially adapted to be used as above described but
may under certain circumstances be used in the ordinary way. It consists of at
least three cylinders arranged around one common crank after the manner of
Brotherhood's steam engine. This machine takes up the least possible space and
in it the power of one piston is transmitted very directly to the others with an
entire absence of torsional strain on the crank shaft. The driving cylinder
I supply with compressed air from the air pump, one of the others draws in and
compresses air from the atmosphere, of the 'chamber." The heat which is thus
developed is abstracted from it by forcing it through a cooler outside the
"chamber" whence it is admitted to the third cylinder in which it is expanded
and exhausted into the "chamber."
"
For the sake of simplicity I make these cylinders single acting and to avoid
reciprocating parts I furnish each of them with a rotating valve which is hollow
and divided obliquely in two parts by a diaphragm and pierced with inlet and
outlet ports for the admission of the compressed air to, and the emission of the
expanded air from the cylinders. These valves are driven by spur gearing from
the shaft of the machine and are also made taper so that they can be ground in
when worn.
The air being àdmitted at one end of the valve is prevented from
blowing through by the diaphragm. As the valve rotates the port on its side

page_text: comes in one, with another port in the cylinder head and drives the piston. As
the rotary motion continues, the port closes, and the other one (on the other side
of the diaphragm) open and allows the exhaust to escape. I place the large end of
the taper on the exhaust side so that it may be less likely to get choked with
snow which is so great a source of trouble in the valves and passages of machines
of this kind.
In certain cases I employ two sets of cylinders arranged as before described at
opposite ends of a cylindrical cooler, through a hole in the middle of which the
crank shaft is carried. The whole is mounted on a substantial bed plate and
forms a compact and self contained machine. One set of cylinders compress and
force the air through the cooler to supply the other set in which it is expanded.
There are cases where it may be desirable to drive this machine with a belt from
a pulley, or its shaft may be prolonged and driven by independant steam cylinders,
or one or more of its own cylinders may be used as steam cylinders in certain
exceptional cases. Generally however it will be found that compressed air is the
most advantageous way of transmitting power to it, in the way above described.
This system of refrigerating machine is well adapted for use in refrigerating cars
on railway train and in this case the air pump will be on the engine and the
compressed air would be conveyed through a flexible pipe to the "cold air"
machine which would be either inside or outside the car as might prove convenient.
The fourth part of my invention relates to producing circulation in the
atmosphere of the "cold chamber" by means of a rotary fan or its equivalent.
Usually this atmosphere is too stagnant for removing the heat from the meat &c
as sufficiently as it might be done. The fan is placed in the chamber and may be
driven by the "cold air" machine and thus produce a powerful circulation of the
air all through the chamber.
WALTER A. BARLOW,
6, St. Paul's Churchyard, E.C.

page_text: Improvements in the Driving, Construction, and Arrangement
of Refrigerating Machines.
I RICHARD RUSSELL GUBBINS of 17 Park Road, New Cross, in the County of
Kent, Gentleman, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what
manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained
in and by the following statement :-
This Invention relates to the well known method of refrigerating by means of
the expansion of compressed air, and consists of (a) certain Improvements in
driving cold air machines (b) in the construction of such machines (c) in the
particular arrangement thereof (d) in producing circulation in the atmosphere of
the "cold chamber."
The Invention will be readily ascertained by the following particular description,
reference being had to the accompanying six Sheets of Drawings wherein.
Figs. 1 & 2 of Sheet 1 show a plan and elevation partly in section of the general
arrangement of my various Improvements. Sheet 14 shows an auxilliary cold
chamber or snow box, into which the cold producing parts of the cold air machine
deliver the expanded and cold air. Sheet 2 shows on an enlarged scale, and more
in detail, the cold air machine shown in Sheet 1, together with details of the
cylinders; Fig. 1 being a side view of the cold air machine. Fig. 2 a plan of
same. Fig. 3 an end view from right of Fig. 1. Fig. 4 a plan view at line a, b,
Figs. 1 and 3 Fig. 5 a vertical section of one of the compression and expansion
cylinders.
Fig. 6 a plan of same showing cooling water pipes.
Fig. 7 is a section on line c, d, of Fig. 5 through the lower part of the water
jacket.
Fig. 8 is a diagramme showing action of the expanding cold air in the cylinder.
Sheet 3 represents an independant cold air machine, Figs. 1 and 2 being side and
end elevations, fitted with my improved valves, the valves being shown in detail
upon enlarged scale in Figs. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10.
Sheet 4 Figs. 1 and 2 shows in side and end elevation a railway van fitted with
my Improvements, for conveying frozen meat or commodities at low temperatures.
Sheet 5 represents in Figs. 1 and 2 longitudinal section and plan respectively of
a small steam vessel similarly equipped. The same letters of reference refer to the
like or corresponding parts in all the Drawings.
Sheet 1 shows the machinery and apparatus suitable for "cold storage" of meat
or the like. a is an air pump or compression cylinder which compresses air into
a receiver or cooler, f, and thence through the pipe, g, as hereinafter described to
the cold air machine in or close to the insulated chamber i. The compression
cylinders, m, pump air through the pipe, o, to the cooler, f, I do not confine myself
to the use of air specially compressed for the initial supply of these cold air
refrigerating machines. When there is a public or available supply of compressed
air I prefer to use it and so dispense with the steam engine and air compressor a.

page_text: There is no reasonable limit to the distance of the "cold chamber," i, from the
compressed air supply. The greater distance it is the less cooling water will be
requisite to remove the heat developed by compression; and where the air pipes
are very long, little or no cooling water would be needed except for the jackets of
the compression cylinders m.
"
In cases where it is not convenient to attach the machine directly on top or on
the side of the main cold chamber or where several cold chambers have to be
supplied, I place the machine on top of a small auxilliary chamber or "snow box'
as shown in Sheet 14. From said "snow box" a trunk T leads the cold air to
the "cold chamber." There may be several of such trunks leading to various
chambers from the one "snow box." The snow box ought to be provided with a
door in at least two of its sides in order that ready access to the machine may be
had for lubrication and so forth, and it must be so supported or substantial enough
to carry the weight of the machine easily and ought to be well insulated. Where
more than one of the cold chambers I are used the respective supply trunks will
be fitted with suitable slides for regulating supply. As equivalent resistance to
the action of the expanding air on the piston in the expansion cylinder, h, that is,
when as is very frequently the case, there is other machinery on the premises
which requires to be driven by power, the same may be utilized and be driven
by the main axle of the cold air machine. When this is to be done, the air
compressing cylinder, m, may be dispensed with altogether or may be rendered
inoperative whilst the other machinery is being driven. Sheet 14 shows a sausage
machine, V, driven by a belt, from the pulley K on the cold air machine, which in
this case is shown fixed on an auxilliary chamber or snow box, which communicates
by means of a trunk, T, with the main cold chamber, not shown.
In respect of a compressed air power supply for the cold air machine, which is
obtained from a source separate from the machine itself such as a public supply of
compressed air power, or a distant air compressing engine, I do not confine myself
to driving cold air machines such as before described, when fixed inside the main
or auxilliary chambers or chamber, because the invention may be carried out by
the employment of an expansion cylinder of any known construction, which may be
fixed in any well known way, outside and adjacent to the cold chamber, whilst
the driving compressed air should be as distant as convenient therefrom, and
proper connections or trunks should connect the expansion cylinder with the cold
chamber.
To make this perfectly clear I will now explain the application of the invention
along with the parts of such convenient or existing cold air machine. Presuming
that there is an existing supply of compressed air power a cold air machine and
chamber, or that a known machine is to be employed, in connection with such
supply of compressed air power, I proceed as follows.
I fix the machine by preference as near as possible to the cold chamber or
chambers and connect them together by a well insulated trunk or trunks. I then
connect the pipe, g, which leads from the source of compressed air power, either
private or public, to the expansion cylinder of the machine, or to a cooler or
receiver in connection therewith. The compression cylinder of the said machine
I connect by a pipe leading back to the cooler or receiver; or I may connect the
said compression cylinder directly to the compressed air power supply pipe itself.
The compressed air is led to and after undergoing expansion in the expansion
cylinder is exhausted through the trunk or trunks or directly to the cold chamber
or chambers, and the expense of and space taken up by the motor constructed with,
and employed for the purpose of driving the cold air machine as heretofore will be
avoided, and I employ the exhaust air for refrigerative effect in the cold chamber
or chambers,
When an ordinary cold air machine is used it will be necessary in applying this
invention to reverse the proportions of the compression and expansion cylinders so
that the latter may be capable of driving the former, or where a steam driven
machine is used an expansion cylinder of equal power may replace the steam

page_text: cylinder whilst the original expansion and compression cylinders remain unaltered
In this last case the two expansion cylinders will deliver their exhaust air into the
cold chamber through suitable trunks.
It is to be clearly understood that this description here given does not comprise
the employment of compressed air as means of transmitting power in the ordinary
sense of driving a cold air machine by means of a power engine, but underlying
the particulars of this invention is the fact of the employment of the expansion
cylinder in the commencement of the cycle of operations as the receiver of the
compressed air power, instead of the compression cylinder, and utilizing the
exhaust from the said expansion cylinder as the refrigerating agent for the cold
chamber.
Sheet 4, shows a railway van fitted with a cold air refrigerator according to
my improved system. The compressed air is supplied from a receiver on the
locomotive, through pipe e, in which pressure is maintained by an air pump in
ordinary manner The air is led through a flexible train pipe to pipe, e, and thence
to the cooler, f, arranged underneath the van. It passes thence by the pipe, g¹, to
other coolers, f¹, f2 upon the roof. The coolers f¹, f, are united by a number of
pipes, f, so that the air has freedom of circulation between the coolers. A pipe, g,
leads from them to the cold air machine. The compression cylinders, m, as herein-
after described pump air from the interior of the van, i, through pipes, o, to the
receiver on the locomotive The surfaces of the coolers and pipes must be large
and exposed to the atmosphere in order that the heat of the compressed air may
escape rapidly to the atmosphere An awning should be put over the van to keep
off sunshine. Water may be sprinkled in convenient manner on the coolers and
pipes, the evaporation of which will increase their cooling capacity. Water
must also be used for the compression cylinders, m, and a supply for both these
purposes may be carried in the coolers f¹ and 3, and distributed automatically
by a pump.
Sheet 5 shows a Steam Fishing Vessel fitted with a "cold air" refrigerator on
my improved system.
"
In this case a compression cylinder, a, is attached "Tandem to one of the
cylinders of the main engines of the vessel. Where this is not expedient, it may
be placed either on deck or in the engine room, or elsewhere, and be driven by a
lever from any suitable moving part of the engine. In any case means are to
be provided for working the compression cylinder, a, and the main shaft, b,
independantly of each other. This is done in the present instance by placing a
friction clutch, c, on the main shaft, b, and providing a sleeve joint and cotter
pin, d, on the piston rod of the compression cylinder, a. By means of these
devices either may be run by the engine without the other. The hold, i, is
properly insulated and the cold air machine is placed above it, as shown, with its
expansion cylinders, h, projecting downwards into it through the deck. It will be
as well here to remark that at present it is the practice to put the compression
cylinder and the expansion cylinder as close together as possible, mounted on one
bed plate for the sake of compactness, the whole being usually placed close to the
main boilers on board a steam vessel, for the convenience of steam supply. The
cold air is carried from the expansion cylinders through wooden flues or trunks to
the various insulated holds in different parts of the ship. These trunks are often
long and bulky and occupy much valuable cargo space, and besides they require
constant attention to keep them free from snow. Furthermore the loss of cold
from friction and absorbtion which attends the passage of "cold air" through such
long narrow passages is considerable-under my improved system the compressed
air is led from the compression cylinder, a, by pipes to a cooler and thence to the
expansion cylinders h, of the cold air machine, whence it is discharged in the
cold room itself at its lowest possible temperature. As herein before described,
the compression cylinders, m, pump air from the insulated chamber, i, to the
cooler. This method of driving cold air machines with an independant supply
of compressed air from a distant compression cylinder, possesses many advantages

page_text: over the present system, as above indicated. The heat inseparable from com-
pressing air and from steam machinery can in no way affect the temperature of
the cold producing parts of this cold air machine and whilst the former may be in
the most convenient place with regard to the ships boilers the latter may always
be placed in the best position for doing its work either close to or inside the
"cold chamber" so that the cold air may be delivered thereto at the initial.
temperature of expansion. The air trunks are altogether abolished and their space
becomes available for cargo. The labour and loss of cold which they entail are
both saved.
"
Where a public supply of compressed air power is available "cold air
refrigeration may be had without incurring the heavy expenses of laying down
and driving air compressing machinery and thus the advantages of cold storage
are brought within reach of private householders retail tradesmen and others, to
whom the above expense has hitherto been prohibitive.
The second part of my invention consists in placing the expansion cylinders, h,
or cold producing parts of the machine either in the cold chamber itself or in an
auxilliary cold chamber communicating therewith. This is clearly shown in the
figures 2 Sheets 1 and 4, Fig. Sheet 5 and on Sheet 14. i indicates the insulated
main chamber in each of these instances and, h, the expansion cylinders. The
advantage of this mode of arrangement will be seen from the diagram Fig. 8
Sheet 2.
Mechanical work and heat being mutually convertible, it follows that if an
expanding gas such as compressed air is caused to do work on a piston, it gives up
an amount of its heat proportionate to the work done, and the air is colder after
than it was before expansion, provided it is prevented from acquiring any additional
heat during expansion. Expansion under these circumstances is called adiabatic
expansion and is shown graphically by the curve E, F, Fig. 8 Sheet 2. D, E, K, H,
is to be taken as representing the initial volume of compressed air in the cylinder,
representing the expansion cylinders, h, at a pressure of 50 lbs per square inch
above the atmosphere and at a temperature of 70° F, which is expanded down to
the volume E, F, I, H, D, at atmospheric pressure, the temperature falling to 115° F,
the fall of 185° being due to the mechanical work represented by the area E, F, I, K.
As the cold air is delivered from the cylinders (present system) at a temperature
of from 70° to 90° F, a loss of 25° to 45° in the temperature of the cold air takes
place, and it is reasonable to ascribe part of this loss to heat entering through the
cylinders, h. This seems the more probable when the great difference in temperature
between the inside and outside of the cylinders is considered. It is obvious that
the cylinders, h, when placed in the "cold room" cannot absorb heat from anywhere
else except from the "cold room" itself or its contents and as the lowering of the
temperature in, i, is the object to be attained, such absorbtion of heat through the
cylinder, h, ceases to be detrimental..
The third part of my invention which relates to the construction of machines
specially suited to the above described modes of driving and arrangement, is fully
illustrated in Sheets 2 and 3. Figs. 5, 6, and 7, Sheet 2, show the expansion and
compression cylinders in section and Figs. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10, sheet 3, are sections
of the valves and valve casings on enlarged scale.
A double series of cylinders, h, m, are fixed to a bed plate, w, Sheet 2 and are
arranged so that their pistons work a common shaft, q. The cylinders may be fixed
either "Tandem " as in Sheet, 2, or radially as in Sheet 3, These cylinders, h, m,
are shown in section in Fig. 5, Sheet 2, where the piston, h³, of the cylinder h, is
connected by the rod, p to the piston, m³, of the cylinder m.
The "tandem" machine, Sheet 2, consists of a bed-plate, w, on the underside of
which are secured the compression cylinders, m, and in line with them, and con-
nected to them by the yokes, h², are the expansion cylinders, h.
Compressed air is conveyed to cylinders, h, by the pipe, g, and admitted to them
and cut off at proper periods by the valves, 8, which are driven by gearing, t, off
shaft, q. The compression cylinders, m, are water jacketed as shown in section in´

page_text: Figs. 5, and 7, Sheet 2, where the cooling water from a pump follows the course of
the arrows, up and down the sides of the cylinders and in and out of the three
chambers into which the cylinder cover is divided. The inlet valves, u, (section
shown in Fig. 5, Sheet 2) admit air as indicated by the arrows, u, which air is forced
by the return stroke through the outlet valves, v, by way of pipe, o, to the cooler, f,
. Sheet 1, from whence it returns again to the expansion cylinder, h. The resistance
offered by the air compressing pistons in the cylinders, m, draws upon the supply
of heat in the compressed air during its expansion in cylinder h in proportion to
such resistance and the expanded air becomes cold in like proportion. As before
mentioned, where there is other machinery to be driven, the work of driving it
may be substituted for the work done in cylinders, m, as an equivalent resistance,
and when this is done the cylinders, m, may be dispensed with either entirely or
in part according to the exigency of the particular case.
The expansion pistons, h, being double acting overcome the single acting com-
pression pistons m as they exceed the latter in effective area, consequently they are
always able to force air into the cooler f.
The crank pins, x, are set at right angles for convenience of starting the
machine.
.
A modification of this construction of refrigerating machine is shown in Sheet 3.
In this construction the compression and expansion cylinders m, h, are fixed radially
about the shaft q. All the cylinders are in this case single acting, and each of
them is provided with a conical valve, 8, for supplying and discharging air at
proper periods. The valves, s, are driven by gearing, t, as shown, and revolve at
the same angular velocity as the shaft, q. A cooler, f, is connected by pipes, e,
and I, to both series of cylinders. There is a passage through the cooler f, large
enough to admit the shaft, g, which works in end bearings.
This machine may be driven by a belt upon the pulley, P, or it may be driven
by steam directly, or by compressed air in the manner before described-Its mode
of operation is as follows The compression cylinders, m, force air into the
cooler, f, through the valves, 8, and pipes, e, here the air is cooled by cold water
tubes, and is then admitted by the valves, s, to the expansion cylinders, h, wherein
it undergoes expansion and having parted with a great part of its heat, is
discharged, either into a trunk for conveyance to its destination or directly into
the cold chamber"; or the series of expansion cylinders, h, will be placed within
the cold chamber, and the series of compression cylinders, m, and the cooler, f,
will remain outside. Shortly, the cold producing parts of the machine will be
introduced through the wall of the "cold chamber."
The valves, s, Fig. 3 to 10, Sheet 3, are fitted into conical casings on the
cylinders. Each valve consists of a hollow body, 1, divided into two chambers
by the diaphragm, 2, The wall of the body is pierced with an admission port, 3,
and an exhaust port, 4, leading respectively into the different chambers.
The conical casing on the cylinders is shown in section Fig. 5. The port, 5,
coincides with ports 3 and 4 alternately as the valve body revolves, by means of
gearing, t, at the same angular velocity as the shaft, g-The pipe and inlet, g,
communicate through the annular groove 6, fig. 6, with that chamber of the valve
body into which the port, 3, opens-For the expansion cylinder, h, the following is
the operation of the valve-Compressed air, through the pipe, g, and groove 6 fills
the valve chamber until the revolution of the valve brings port 3 in communication
with port 5, of the valve casing, when it is admitted to, and acts upon the piston,
and is then cut off (in the present case at quarter stroke,) as the valve continues
to revolve. This is graphically shown on the diagrain Fig. 8, sheet 2, in
which, D, E, H, K represents the volume of compressed air which has entered
the cylinder at the time of the cut off of the valve. This expands on the adiabatic
curve E, E, the point, F, representing the completion of the stroke, by which time
the valve has made half a revolution, and the exhaust port, 4, is commencing to
overlap the port, 5, and allowing the cold expanded air to exhaust freely into the

page_text: cold chamber or trunk until the completion of the return stroke when the port 3,
admits more air for the succeeding one.
In the case of the valves of the compression cylinders, m the foregoing cycle of
operations is reversed, the ports 3 and 4 in the valve body, a, are made of equal
length, thus during one half of the revolution air is drawn into the cylinder.
through port, 3, and during the other half it is discharged through port, 4, as will
be readily understood,
"
The fourth part of my invention relates to producing circulation of the atmo-
sphere of the "cold room and increasing the refrigerative action of the cold air
as the heat naturally rises and lodges in the higher recesses of a "cold chamber,"
I employ a fan or blower running in the chamber to keep the air gently moving
so that collections of warm air may be broken up and dispersed.
The refrigerative action of cold air is increased by imparting to it slight motion
similar to that of a gentle breeze in the open air; the heat is thus removed from
the meat or commodities more rapidly than when it is merely conducted off by the
contact of stagnant air. The fan or blower will be operated in the can of the
expansion cylinders of the machine being placed within the chamber by a belt or
gearing from one of the moving parts or by means of a spindle passing through a
stuffing box in the wall of the chamber.
Having now described my invention and shown how the same may be performed
I claim
Firstly. The combination in cold air refrigerating machinery and apparatus of
the insulated "cold chamber" i with the air compressing cylinder or pump, a or
source of supply of compressed air power, with the pipes e, g (with or without the
cooler f) the expansion cylinder, h, and compression cylinder and piston m, m¹
with its pipe, c, or its equivalent resistance constructed and operating as and for
the purpose herein set forth.
Secondly. In cold air refrigerating apparatus the combination of the cold air
machine with the cold chamber by placing the expansion cylinders h and com-
pressed air power pipe, g, within the cold chamber as and for the purpose herein
set forth.
Thirdly. In cold air refrigerating apparatus as herein set forth the combination
of the cold air machine in communication with or directly on the auxilliary
chamber or chambers or snow box, discharging into one or more main chambers
as and for the purpose specified.
Fourthly. The construction of machinery and apparatus for cold air refrigeration
having the cylinders h, combined with the "cold chamber" and with the com-
pression cylinder, m, arranged tandem with the cylinders 'h as and for the purpose
herein set forth and shown by the respective figures of the drawings.
Fifthly. The modification of cold air machine with the multiple cylinders h
and m with the valves, 8, constructed and operating as and for the purpose herein
specified.
Sixthly. In cold air machinery as herein set forth the conical valve casing, 8,
and body, 1, with its diaphragm and ports constructed and operating as set forth.
Seventh. In combination with cold air refrigerating apparatus the fan or blower
as and for the purpose herein specified.
WALTER A. BARLOW,
6, St. Paul's Churchyard, London, E.C.,
Agent for R. R. Gubbins.