IMPROVEMENTS IN CANDLES, AND IN THE MACHINERY or Apparatus EMPLOYED IN THEIR MANUFActure.
Year: 1871

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Arthur Field, of the Firm of John Charles and
John Field, of Upper Marsh, Lambeth, in the County of Surrey,
for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN CANDLES, AND IN THE MACHINERY
or Apparatus EMPLOYED IN THEIR MANUFActure.'
"
ealed the 29th December 1871, and dated the 6th July 1871.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Arthur Field at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on tho
6th July 1871.
I, ARTHUR FIELD, of the Firm of John Charles and John Field, of
Upper Marsh, Lambeth, in the County of Surrcy, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN CANDLES, AND IN
THE MACHINERY OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED IN THEIR MANUFACTURE," to be as
follows:-
My Invention has reference to the manufacture of candles with
longitudinal internal passages, and consists in constructing such candles
in the following manner:-I first form a hollow cylindrical shell of
paraffine or other candle material, and into such cylindrical shell I.
introduce a core or inner candle of a triangular, square, polygonal,
fluted, or ribbed transverse section in such manner that the core or
inner candle fits with its angular or other projecting edges against the

page_text: inner surface of the cylindrical shell so as to leave longitudinal passages
between it and the inner circumference of the outer shell, which passages
may either be left hollow or be filled in with inferior candle material
or with coloured candle material for the purpose of ornamentation as
described in the Specification to my Patent, No. 122 of 1871.
At
For forming the aforesaid outer shell I prefer to employ a cylindrical
mould having fixed therein a concentric internal cylindrical core.
the lower end of the annular space thus left in the mould I provide an
annular piston closing the lower end of the mould, which piston is
connected to a tubular piston rod extending below the mould to a
platform carrying the pistons to a series of such moulds contained in
one and the same machine. The cylindrical core to the mould may
conveniently be made to extend downwards through such tubular piston
rod to a fixed plate below the said platform. The annular piston being
situated at the lower end of the mould, the melted paraffine or other
material for forming the outer cylindrical shell of the candle is poured
into the annular space between the mould and the inner core, and after
the material has become solidified the cylindrical shell thus formed is
pushed up out of the mould by raising up the annular piston by means
of rocks attached to the aforesaid platform actuated by pinions in a
similar manner to the candle machines of well known construction.
The core or inner candle of a triangular square, polygonal, fluted, or
ribbed transverse section and with a central wick, having been formed
in a mould of a corresponding configuration in a similar manner to
candles of the ordinary cylindrical form, it is then inserted into the
cylindrical shell so as to fit with its projecting edges closely against the
inner surfaces thereof, and it may then be securely fixed therein by the
application of heat to the one end or to both ends of the compound
candle so as to fuse together the material of the outer shell and inner
core at those points.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Arthur Field in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 4th January 1872.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, ARTHUR
FIELD, of the Firm of John Charles and John Field, of Upper Marsh,
Lambeth, in the County of Surrey, send greeting.

page_text: WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Sixth day of July, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-one, in the thirty-
fifth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said Arthur Field, Her special licence
that I, the said Arthur Field, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, or such others as I, the said Arthur Field, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
CANDLES AND IN THE MACHINERY OR APPARATUS EMPLOYED IN THEIR MANU-
FACTURE," upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Arthur
Field, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing
under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly
describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed
in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Arthur Field, do hereby declare
the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement thereof, reference being had to the accompanying
Sheet of Drawings, and to the figures and letters marked thereon, that
is to say :-
My Invention bas reference to the manufacture of candles with
longitudinal internal passages, and consists in constructing such candles
in the following manner :-I first form a hollow cylindrical shell of
paraffine or other candle material, and into such cylindrical shell I
introduce a core or inner candle of a triangular, square, polygonal,
fluted, or ribbed transverse section in such manner that the core or
inner candle fits with its angular or other projecting edges against the
inner surface of the cylindrical shell, so as to leave longitudinal passages
between it and the inner circumference of the outer shell, which
passages may either be left hollow or be filled in with inferior candle
material, or with coloured candle material, for the purpose of orna-

page_text: mentation, as described in the Specification to my Patent, No. 122,
of 1871.
At
For forming the aforesaid outer shell I prefer to employ a cylindrical
mould, having fixed therein a concentric internal cylindrical core.
the lower end of the annular space thus left in the mould I provide an
annular piston closing the lower end of the mould, which piston is
connected to a tubular piston rod extending below the mould to a
platform carrying the piston to a series of such moulds contained in one
and the same machine. The cylindrical core to the mould may con-
veniently be made to extend downwards through such tubular piston
rod to a fixed plate below the said platform. The annular piston being
situated at the lower end of the mould the melted paraffine or other
material for forming the outer cylindrical shell of the candle is poured
into the annular space between the mould and the inner core, and after
the material has become solidified the cylindrical shell thus formed is
pushed up out of the mould by raising up the annular piston by means
of racks attached to the aforesaid platform actuated by pinions in a
similar manner to the candle machines of well known construction..
The core or inner candle of a triangular, square, polygonal, fluted, or
ribbed transverse section, and with a central wick having been formed
in a mould of a corresponding configuration in a similar manner to
candles of the ordinary cylindrical form, or having been cut to the
desired shape from an ordinary round candle, is then inserted into tho
cylindrical shell so as to fit with its projecting edges closely against
the inner surface thereof, and it may then be securely fixed therein by
the application of heat to the one end or to both ends of the compound
candle, so as to fuse together the material of the outer shell and inner
core at those points.
Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 represent transverse sections of
various forms of compound candles constructed according to my Inven-
tion. A. is the core or inner candle containing the wick, and B is the
cylindrical shell into which the core A is introduced.
Figure 9 represents a vertical section of the apparatus which I prefer
to employ for forming the cylindrical shell B. C is a mould mounted in
a casing which can be supplied with hot or cold water in a similar
manner to machines now generally employed for making ordinary mould
candles; D is a core secured to a plate G forming part of the framing;
and E is a piston with a tubular stem. On this stem is formed a

page_text: rack E which gears with a pinion F. The piston E being drawn down
by the action of the rack and pinion to the bottom of the mould C, the
melted candle material is run into the annular space round the core in
the mould, so as to form a cylindrical shell B. When it is solidified the
pinion F is turned in the direction of the arrow, and thus the piston E is
caused to ascend and extrude the shell B from the mould. A number
of moulds as above described may be arranged in a row, and the shaft F
of the pinion may be extended along the row, having a pinion fixed on
it corresponding to each mould. Thus by turning the shaft F" all the
pistons E of the row may be raised or lowered simultaneously. Instead
of providing each of the piston stems E¹ with a rack and gearing a
pinion such as F to each, all the stems of the row of pistons or of
several rows arranged in one frame may be secured at their lower ends
to a plate or platform. By raising or lowering this plate or platform all
the pistons may be simultaneously raised or lowered as may be readily
understood.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention, and in what
manner it is to be performed, I would have it understood that I do not
claim generally the manufacture of candles with longitudinal internal
passages, nor do I claim generally the use of a piston, such as E, for
extruding candles from their moulds; but I do claim,—
First. The mode herein described of manufacturing candles having
longitudinal internal passages by introducing into a cylindrical shell a
core or inner candle of triangular, square, polygonal, fluted, or ribbed
transverse section, the angular or other projecting edges of the core
being made to fit the interior of the cylindrical shell.
Second. The apparatus for forming the cylindrical shell substantially
as herein described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Arthur Field, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Fourth day of January, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-two.
ARTHUR FIELD. (L.s.)