E of Dairy
Year: 1886

page_text: Date of Application, 3rd Dec., 1886
Complete Left, 20th Sept., 1887
Complete Accepted, 3rd Dec., 188
THOMAS COSSAR, Dairyman 469 St. Georges Road, Glasgow and JOHN BRYCE,
Dairyman 18 Cleveland Street, Glasgow in the County of Lanark do hereby declare
the nature of this invention to be as follows:--
Enamelling of Dairy utensils made of iron or other metal including butts, barrels
&c. for conveying milk by road or rail, also cheese vats, and other vessels for storing
and preparing milk for churning with porcelain enamel ground glass silica of soda,
sand and chlorid of sodium.
The further description of the composition for enamelling is a vitrifiable mixture of
powdered flint with carbonate of soda, borax, and Cornish clay, with a little oxide of
tin; this is brushed over the surface then carefully dried, and heated in a muffle to a
bright redness.
L ination is for the anomalling of dairy utensils only.
THOMAS COSSAR,
469, St. George's Road.
JOHN BRYCE,
18, Cleveland Street.

page_text: COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in and relating to Dairy Utensils.
We, THOMAS COSSAR, Dairyman, 469 Saint George's Road, Glasgow, and JOHN
BRYCE, Dairyman, 18 Cleveland Street, Glasgow in the County of Lanark do hereby
declare the nature of our said invention and in what manner the same is to
be performed to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement in writing reference being had to the accompanying Sheet of Drawings, and
to the letters and figures marked thereon, that is to say :-
Our said Invention comprises improvements in and connected with the constructing
of the various kinds of Railway and other milk transporting or carrying and storing
cans, and kitts, milking pails, sieves, fillers, and dippers, also cased milk curding or
cheese vats, butter workers, kitts, tubs, print stampers, rollers and scoops, and other
dairy utensils all in a new manner, of strong malleable metal and enamelled on the
surfaces exposed to the milk or butter, with the object and for the purpose of
enabling these to be more durable and easily and efficiently cleaned than such vessels
have been as heretofore constructed of wood tin, zinc or galvanized metals.
And in order that the nature and novelty of our said invention and the manner of
performing or carrying the same into effect or practice may be properly understood,
we have hereunto appended an explanatory Sheet of Drawings, in which the same
reference letters are used as far as possible to indicate corresponding parts in all the
figures where shown. Figure 1 shows a sectional elevation of a tall conical can or
vessel A with large base, and a corresponding view of a cylindrical lid or stopper Bas
removed above it, for carrying milk by railways or otherwise, all constructed in
accordance with the improvements of our invention. Figure 2 shows a sectional
elevation of a corresponding shaped milk vessel for the like purpose, but with a
screwed cylindrical stopper B, otherwise constructed in the same manier as Figure 1.
Referring to these Figures, the outer case A of the can is first constructed either of
strong sheet iron or steel shaped all as shown, and preferably welded at the vertical
seam to have no overlapping joint, and has the bottom A preferably slightly domed
for strength, and with capped flanges at a all round preferably welded or it might
be riveted to the inner side near the bottom of the outer case; and when the bottom A'
is large and not much domed it would be strengthened by bars a' below, and have outer
rings a, either welded or riveted on bottom of the shell of the can A, to give the
whole strength for being moved about at railway stations, and protect the bottom A'
from injury. Handles A" would also be riveted to them on each side before finishing
them for lifting and moving them about. The top or stopper B would be formed
hollow with a cylindrical rim B¹, and grooves b for the fitting in of an india-rubber
or other equivalent elastic ring 6 for making the stopper liquid-tight when inserted
within the upper open end A2 of the can case A and formed cylindrically to receive it,
and would be either cast in malleable cast iron or steel or other equivalent metal

page_text: which would not be easily broken, and stand the furnacing as hereinafter described. The
case of the can A A', is all made of strong malleable iron or steel for the like purpose of
standing the furnacing for the enamelling of these vessels, and their stoppers, as
hereinafter described. After forming the case A, A1, A2, of the can strongly, all as
described to stand the furnacing, its interior surface is first thoroughly cleaned with
dilute acid. This may be done to the empty vessel by filling it with dilute hydro-
chloric acid, and then emptying it out and drying the surface. The surface would then
be coated, as indicated by the inner or double line at e, with the prepared porcelain
material, preferably prepared in the pasty or creamy consistency, so as to be either
brushed on, or filled in and emptied out. to leave the thin coating of the silicious
material on the surfaces to be enamelled. When so coated, the metallic vessels are
placed for a short time in an oven chamber heated to a temperature of about 200 or
300 degrees Fahrenheit to get exsiccated, and when dried, or baked to a hard
consistency, are removed and placed in another chamber or muffle and raised to a
bright red heat for a sufficient time to enable the glass or vitreous matter of the
enamel or glaze to melt and form a homogeneous vitrified silicious coating or enamel.
as indicated at e on the interior surface of the vessel (which will be observed by
looking through recesses in the furnace for the purpose). The vessels are preferably
kept vertical so that their walls will stand the heat and not be distorted while being
so highly heated to vitrify the enamel. The metallic vessels so far treated, are then
removed and placed within a close or fluid-tight chamber to exclude the oxidising
action of the atmospheric air and allowed to slowly cool, or this could be done by
cooling down the same furnace and preventing the ingress of air, when the enamelling
or glazing would be completed, and the vessels ready for use. In the case of the
stoppers B, they may be simply dipped into the enamel to receive the coating, allowing
the superfluous material to run off, when they would be enamelled otherwise in an
equivalent manner to the vessels on all surfaces coated as indicated by the double
lines in Figure 1, and all the other figures. Figure 2, would be constructed
essentially as described, in reference to Figure 1, except that the open top A² and the
stopper B would be screwed at 62, and both screws would be made small enough, so that
when coated with the enamel, the screws would be free to work on each other and
screw up a rubber washer under the top rim of the plug. Figure 3 shows a sectional
elevation of a large milk can or vessel A, A1, A2, and its lid stopper B suitable either
for the transit of milk on railways or for being used for storing it in retail shops,
constructed substantially in the same manner as described in reference to Figure 1,
and lettered to correspond, except that the shell A of the vessel is made cylindrical and
the strengthening bars Aa² at top and bottom are made ornamental and rolled on the
sheet before being welded. Figure 4 shows a sectional elevation of a milk can A, A1, A2,
and stopper B, slightly different from either of the former, having the large lower
shell part of the vessel A made cylindrical as in Figure 3, with a conical part A³,
between this and the cylindrical stopper part A2, all shown as put together with lap
joints at a³ either riveted or welded. The top or stopper B of this can is constructed
much as shown in Figures 1 and 3, except that it is secured by a lateral stud piece 6¹¹,
as seen in Figure 5, projecting down on one side, which when turned round enters a
recess or staple on the outside of the top A', and has at the other side a folding down
hasp shown in front in Figure 4, which when folded down over a hasp might
either be secured by a spring shackle chain attached to the can, or a padlock or
other equivalent. Within the neck A' and below the lid B a perforated plate c is
fitted to rest on a slight projection c¹ in the neck, this plate c is for preventing the
milk from splashing up upon the lid B so much as it would otherwise do without it in
transit in the railway carriages. Figure 5 shows a sectional elevation of a low form
of milk "kitt," made with close welded top and two or more bars a to strengthen this
in the same way as the bottom A' is strengthened by the bars a'. This vessel is formed
with a small socket opening A2 in the close top a for filling and emptying it, and
fitted and closed by a hollow cylindrical stopper B, constructed substantially the same
as described with reference to Figures 1 and 4, except that it has two lateral projecting
locking bolts 6 one on each side, which enter slots in ears, projecting on the outside
C

page_text: of the socket A, preferably between this socket A³, and the bars a, dotted in at 62.
This form of milk "kitt" or can, is of a shorter and stronger form in the walls in
consequence, and employed where the cans are more required for rough usage, and for
being placed on the top of each other in railway vans to prevent their sides from being
indented to crack the enamel. Figure 6 shows an elevation of a milking pail A, A', A², of
the ordinary shape or form that milking cans are made in wood or sheet tin or zinc, but
in this case it is formed substantially as described in reference to Figures 1 to 5, of
strong iron or steel plates welded or riveted at the several joinings, and has the
handle A, riveted to the body of the can, as also the raised projections on each side
at D, for resting on the person's knees milking the cows, and the wire ganze sieve D'
shown at C rests on a light edge as c¹ in Figure 4. Figures 7 and 8 show sectional
elevations of a milk bowl and filler strainer A, which might be either cast in malleable
iron or steel or compressed out of sheets or welded sheets of malleable iron or steel,
and enamelled in the inside as shown at e or on both sides, all substantially as
described, and have loose sieves C fitted in them resting in recesses c¹. Figure 9 shows
an elevation of an ordinary hand milk carrying can, and Figure 10 a milk dipper
which would all be constructed of welded sheets of malleable iron or steel or of
malleable iron or steel eastings, substantially as described in reference to Figures 1 to 8
with a lid B similar to the can Figure 3, and have the parts A" attaching the
handles riveted all before enamelling them also as described. Figures 11 and 12 show
a sectional end elevation and a front view, partly in section, of a milk cooler or
Refrigerator constructed in accordance with our improvements, and which consists of
an undulating or zigzag hollow cased vessel E E' into which cold water is led by a
pipe E at the bottom fitted with a regulating tap f, and undulates up through the
narrow undulating case or passage E of this vessel to the top pipe E, from which
it escapes by a branch at one end at f¹ to waste or into any desired receiver. The warm
milk is admitted into a spreading sieve F and perforated portable receiving distributor F¹
with perforated holes all along its under side, which spreads the milk over the
surface of the top pipe E², and causes it to run down both outsides of this tube and the
whole outer surfaces of the undulating cooler E, down until it reaches the bottom
pipe E from which it drops into the delivery drawing off milk trough F" at
bottom, fitted with a drawing off branch and tap at fa, from which it will be drawn off
cold. The case E of this cooler and the upper and lower pipes E', E", are all cast in
one, preferably of malleable iron or steel, or it might be of cast iron highly annealed,
and formed with flanges E' at each end from top to bottom uniting the whole, and
forming the whole with the cores of the upper and lower pipes E", E, and the
undulating space E¹ reaching quite across from the one flange E³, to the other.
flanges E, are jointed to the flanges E3 having the circulating cocks and
branches ff, f, screwed and jointed to them. The case E and pipes E", E², all
formed in one as stated, would be enamelled over their whole outer surface, over which
the milk passes down in being cooled, as indicated at e, Fig. 11, in the same manner
as described in reference to the other vessels. The sieve F and milk trough F1, F2, are
made separate and enamelled on their surfaces, as indicated at e. A drain pipe fis
fitted on the lower part of the pipe E" for drawing off all the water from the undulating
vessel E when that is required. Figures 13 and 14, show a sectional elevation and
plan of a cased cheese or curd vat, formed of an inner and an outer vessel G, G₁,
jointed together by flanges at on top, leaving a hot water chamber g¹ between the
vessels G and G. The milk to be curded for making the cheese is filled into the inner
vessel G, the inner surface of which, both the sides and bottom, is therefore cleaned
and enamelled in the same manner as described in reference to the other vessels and as
indicated at e. To stand the furnacing and enamelling, this inner vessel is either made
of welded sheet malleable iron or steel, or cast in malleable cast iron or steel, or in
cast iron highly annealed, preferably with ribs or flanges g" down the sides and along
the bottom to strengthen these, and prevent them going out of shape in the furnace,
while being enamelled. The outer case G¹ might either be made of cast iron or of
sheet malleable iron riveted or welded, and might be mounted on wheels as indicated
at G³, and having a drawing off drain tap or valve at G³ for drawing off the water
End

page_text: from the heating chamber G₁, g', surrounding the inner large vessel G. A tap g² is
fitted liquid tight quite through from the outside into the inner-vessel G, and is fitted
with a strainer g³, both for drawing off the whey from the curdled milk in the inner
trough G. Figure 15 shows a sectional elevation of a Butter worker, with rotating
table or pan H, H³, and conical rotating worker 1 for being driven by motive power, or
by hand, both of which would preferably be cast in malleable cast iron or steel or of
highly annealed cast iron, and the former H H¹ formed with cross or radial bars a², all
so as to strengthen the bottom H¹, and enable them to stand the high heat of the muffle
or furnace while being enamelled, and which would be done over the surfaces exposed
to the working of the butter, all as described in reference to the other figures and
indicated at e. Stationary butter working vessels may also bo constructed and enamelled
in like manner to the rotating H, H, as also the "parallel rolling motive workers I
made for the hand machines in the same manner as the motive machines.
Figure 16
is a sectional elevation of a butter "Kitt" for carrying and storing purposes with the
lid shown above which might have securing catches as shown in Figures 4 or 5,
when used for transit in long journeys, and Figure 17 is a sectional elevation of an
open Butter Tub for laying the butter in when weighed for handling it in making it
into shapes and stamping; and both of these butter vessels would be constructed and
enamelled in substantially the same manner as described in reference to the former
Figures, and the parts being indicated by the samo reference letters need not be
further described. Figures 18, 19, 20, and 21, are views of Butter print stampers,
shaping or rolling boards or plates, scoops and lifters, respectively, all of which are
cast in malleable cast iron or steel or of cast iron highly annealed, which would have
their surfaces cleaned and enamelled, especially the parts brought into contact with
the butter, as indicated at e. In the case of the print stamper Figure 18, its stamping
surface e would preferably be recessed and filled with a thicker coating of the
enamelling silicate or china clay or material, and be stamped while plastic, with the
pattern or ornament, as indicated at e¹, and afterwards glazed while being furnaced in
the muffle.
The glaze or coating which we find to answer best for a white enamel is composed
of the following ingredients and in the proportions hereinafter stated,

page_text: .
The aforesaid are the preferable glazes which we use, but other glazes may be
adopted for enamelling internal surfaces of the metallic vessels, such as a mixture of
Flint glass and Felspar, or Sodium Chloride.
Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of our said
Invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, we declare that what
we claim is :-
First. The making of milk Cans and other Dairy Utensils of metal, enamelled on
their milk or butter exposed surfaces, with silicious or vitrified enamel glazes, all
substantially in the manner, and for the purposes and advantages herein described, in
reference to and shown in the accompanying Drawings.
Second. The special construction, or combination of the parts, of metallic milk cans
and other Dairy Utensils, for the purpose of, and so that they may stand the high heat
for being enamelled on their milk or butter exposed surfaces, with silicious or vitrified
enamel glazes, all substantially in the manner and for the advantages herein described
in reference to and shown in the accompanying Drawings.
Third. The process, or mode and means of coating the milk or butter exposed
surfaces of metallic milk cans and other Dairy Utensils, with silicious or vitrified enamel
glazes, substantially as and for the purposes herein described.
Dated this 3rd day of December 1887.