IMPROVEMENTS IN STALLS AND ENCLOSURES FOR HORSES, COWS, AND PIGS
Year: 1858

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to James Musgrave, of Belfast, Ireland, for the Inven-
tion of IMPROVEMENTS IN STALLS AND ENCLOSURES FOR HORSES, COWS, AND
PIGS,"
Sealed the 25th January 1859, and dated the 29th July 1858.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said James Musgrave at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 29th
July 1858.
I, JAMES MUSGRAVE, of Belfast, Ireland, do hereby declare the nature of
the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN STALLS AND ENCLOSURES FOR HORSES,
Cows, AND PIGS," to be as follows:-
My Invention consists, firstly, of improvements in stalls for horses. I
form each division of the open stalls with a metal heel post, ramp, and cill,
furnished with grooves to receive wooden boards, as in common use, but
between the ramp and cill I introduce one or more tubes of cast or
wrought iron resting in the wall at the one end, and in the heel post at
the other. Each of these tubes has a groove on the upper and under
surface, similar to those in the ramp and cill, and the space between each
groove is filled in with flat plates of plain or enamelled iron, those in the
higher spaces being perforated for ventilation, or the whole or part may
be filled in with wooden boards. I cast a hole through the heel post,
opposite each of these tubes, and pass through from the front a rod or
tube of iron, which slides horizontally, and can be pulled out and fastened
to the opposite wall, so as to form a barrier across the passage that com-
municates with the other horses. Or when the heel post rises from floor
to ceiling, I can fasten to it, with hinges, barriers of sufficient length to
CD
017

page_text: stretch across the passage, to be let down and fastened into plates
attached to the wall, the heel post having a fastening at top to secure
them when thrown up out of use; or I attach the barriers to the wall
with hinges, and provide fastenings in the heel post to secure them when
let down. The manger, water bowl, hay rack, and tying apparatus I
attach to a metal top plate of the width of each stall, which is fastened
to the stall divisions by means of a cast-iron shoe at each end; I form
the bottom of the manger of such an angle as to keep the food always in
the centre; the hole in the top plate I make smaller than the internal
dimensions of the manger, to prevent the horse throwing out the food, that
portion of the top plate projecting inwards over the top of the manger
being perforated for ventilation. I make the bowl for water or oats
to turn upon a centre, for emptying, with a rim round the inside of top
edge, to prevent the horse throwing out the food; at the back is a slit
or grating, to allow the water to pass off when upset, and yet retain the
oats. I dispense with that part of the metal top plate that is usual
at the back and one side of the hay rack, and against the wall at the back
fix two upright rods of iron, which serve as guides to a horizontal iron rack
or grid, which slides freely up and down the iron guides, but can be
hooked up against the wall till the hay rack is filled, and is then laid upon
the top of the hay, and falls as the hay decreases in bulk.
The hay rack is cast solid, or lined with perforated iron or wirework
to a depth of about eight inches, and at the same depth a moveable bot-
tom of iron or wirework is hinged to the wall, and forms a trough for
chopped hay, but can be thrown up against the wall when the hay rack
alone is to be used. The hay rack is formed of upright rails rivetted or
cast to a metal bottom plate with a flange at back, and one end for screw-
ing to the wall. The space between the bottom plate and the pavement
is enclosed with iron, either fixed or moveable, for removing the hay seed.
My method of tying the horse in the stall is as follows:-Below the
slit in the top plate 1 place a hollow bracket, fastened to the wall and
to the under surface of the top plate; in the lower part of the bracket is
a roller, and below the roller a flat plate of metal, to receive the shock of
the weight, with india-rubber buffer hereafter described, when pulled up
by the horse. About twelve inches from the top of the halter is a small ball,
either twisted into it in making, or slipped over it and pinned through;
this ball rests above the slit in top plate, and keeps the strain of the
weight off the horse's neck; the remainder of the halter passes down
through the bracket, over the roller, and through the metal plate already
described; at the bottom of the halter (or chain, if preferred) is a long
link, which passes down through an india-rubber buffer, and then
through the weight. The link is split, and in the split is a short piece of

page_text: iron, which turns out into the shape of a T, and secures the weight. The
stalls are lighted by means of a sliding lantern suspended from an iron
tube which is attached to the ceiling (or to the heel-posts, if they rise to
the ceiling,) by means of iron brackets. The iron tube has a slit along
its lower side; inside of the tube is a piece of round or flat iron, with or
without rollers, and from it depends a thin hook, which passes through
the slit in the tube, and has attached a strap of india-rubber of sufficient
strength to support the lantern, but so flexible as to admit of its being
pulled down for trimming; the lower edge of each bracket has a slit, to
correspond with the slit in the tube, and enables the lantern to be pulled
opposite each stall, as it is required.
In forming loose box stalls, I retain a space of about one foot six
inches between the wall and the wooden sheeting that forms the end of
the loose box, in which the manger is to be placed, and insert in this sheet-
ing a cast-iron top plate, the back of which rests in the wall, the front
being flush with the face of the sheeting. The top plate is divided into two
un'equal spaces by three upright divisions of metal, the smaller space is
fitted with vertical bars of iron in front, and serves for the hay rack. The
larger portion of the top plate contains the manger and water bowl; the
manger turns upon a hinge, to allow the contents to be emptied. The
water bowl is the same as that described for the open stalls, but beneath
it is a larger bowl, with a tube attached for carrying off the water that
is emptied into it when the upper bowl is upset. In front of the larger
space, and flush with the sheeting, is suspended between the upright
divisions a hanging door formed of wood or of iron railing, which is
pushed back when the horse is to be fed; or these fittings can be inserted
in the side adjoining a passage, and will then enable the horse to be fed
without the attendant entering the stall. The door of the stall is formed
of light panels of cast iron, about three feet long and six inches high, te
ends cast hollow, to allow a rod or tube of iron to pass vertically through
them; the top panel is about two feet six inches high, and is perforated
for ventilation; the top edge is cast with provision to receive two rollers,
which traverse upon the top rail of the division in which the door is
placed; these panels are placed about one foot six inches apart, the inter-
val being filled with wooden sheeting, and the whole are bound firmly
together by nuts screwed upon the ends of the vertical rods, or the same.
door may be hinged at one side, in the common way.
The second part of my Invention refers to improvements in stalls for
cows; and consists, firstly, in forming the stall division of plates of iron
cast in one piece with sole plates, of such a form as to dispense with
foundations of stone or masonry. I cast these division plates of thin
metal, about four feet long and three feet nine inches high, with a mould-

page_text: ing all round the edge; a portion at back and front passes about six inches
below the pavement, and each terminates in a broad horizontal sole plate
of iron, which is strengthened by brackets cast at right angles to the
surface of the division plates.
Another improvement consists in the application of hay racks made in
iron, of sufficient length. to fasten tightly between each division plate.
The section of rack resembles a V, and the bottom edge of it is placed
about two feet nine inches from the ground. The top part of the division
plate, where it supports the rack, rises to about four feet six inches high.
Each side of the division plate is furnished with an upright iron rod
about two feet long, to which the cow is attached by the usual sliding ring,
or I cut out of the plate a hole about two feet high and six inches wide,
and 'insert therein two upright iron rods for the same purpose. The two
feeding troughs are cast in one length, with or without ends, and wedge
tightly between the stall divisions.
Another arrangement is to dispense with the long hay rack, and to
divide the trough into three compartments, the centre one to be fitted
with upright iron rails about two feet high, to form the hay rack. At the
back edge of the troughs, and level with the top of the hay rack, is a long
plate or bar of iron, which is made fast to the back edges of the stall
divisions, and binds them securely together.
The groupe or channel to receive the droppings of the animals is made
of cast iron, with or without cast-iron gratings level with the upper sur-
face of the pavement, and hinged, to throw up for cleaning, or loose, to
slide, with rebates on the lower surface.
The ventilation is effected by means of an iron sash, which may be
placed in the roof, and allows an exit for the foul air, and an inlet for
fresh air simultaneously. It opens on a centre, the upper half of the
frame has a flange, which overlaps a raised edging on the sash, and the
lower half of the sash has a flange which overlaps a raised edging on the
frame. The sash is opened by a cord attached to an arm cast on the upper
half, and passing over a pulley; or I attach the sash and frame vertically
to another frame which lies upon the roof, and has a flange to take the
overlap of the slates, the angular space between the vertical and sloping
frame being covered with a sheet of any suitable metal, or with glass
glazed into iron astragals attached vertically to the sloping frame.
The third part of my Invention consists of a modification of the metal
division plates already described applied, instead of masonry, to form
stalls or enclosures for pigs, in combination with feeding troughs.
Part of the enclosure is covered and part open in the common way;
the covered part is square, of any required area, about six feet high, and
is formed of upright pillars, and sole plates of iron, with vertical grooves

page_text: cast to receive thin plates of iron resting on one another edgewise; the
roof is formed of sheet iron, of a curved form, and the water is received
in an iron gutter at each side, which rests on the iron pillar at back and
front. One of the lower plates of iron is hinged, to admit of the manure
being removed. The front and two sides of the open part of the enclo-
sure are formed of similar pillars about three feet six inches high, with
vertical grooves to receive thin metal plates, and with sole plates to pass
below the pavement; each pillar has a hole cast in the top, to receive a
long iron rod, with a nut on each end, which passes through the front
row of pillars, and binds them and the vertical plates firmly together;
similar rods also bind the sides of the enclosure to the front. Or when
there are a number of these enclosures together, a moulding may be cast
on the top edge of each vertical plate, to stiffen it, and the whole wedged
up as firmly as if drawn together by the iron rods; or the sole plates can
be cast in one piece with the vertical plates, and the pillars dispensed
with, as already described for cow stalls. The feeding troughs are
inserted in the front line of the open enclosures between two of the
pillars, and rest upon a centre at each end, for emptying the contents.
The iron plate above each trough is made to swing, and is fitted with a
bolt, which fastens it in the usual manner to the back of the trough when
about to be filled, and to the front of the trough when the pigs are feed-
ing. The two pillars that support, the trough are of flat iron, placed at
right angles to the line of enclosure; about twelve inches broad at bottom,
and tapering up to two inches at the top, to match the angle described
by the swinging plate; one plate in each enclosure is hinged for removing
the manure.
The last part of my Invention.consists in applying metal plates and
pillars with sole plates to the purpose of forming strawyards for feeding "
young cattle (or for other enclosures for cattle), with an improved gate,
suited for the same purpose. The metal plates, with pillars and sole
plates, are the same as described for the open enclosures for pigs. The
gate is about nine feet wide, to admit carts, and is supported upon similar
pillars, with sole plates, but stronger. Each pillar has a hole cast through it
below the surface of the ground, in a line with the enclosure; in these holes
a piece of iron tubing or wood is inserted, of sufficient length to connect
the two pillars together, which is securely attached to the pillars by screws
or wedges, so as to form a proper support for the gate, without founda-
tions or stone blocks. The hanging stile of the gate is formed of stout
iron tube, to which the rails are attached by iron bosses cast upon it; the
top and bottom rails and front stile are of flat iron, and the centre rails
of iron tubing, arranged either horizontally or radiating from the centre
or one corner of the hanging stile, the other ends of the tubing are flat-

page_text: tened and rivetted to the flat rails and stile. When the centre rails are
arranged horizontally, the top and bottom rails are made likewise of
tubing, and the whole are braced by iron bars running diagonally from
opposite corners.
I reserve the right to vary the details of my Invention; the foregoing
desouintion of the come
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said James Musgrave in the Great Seal Patent Office on the
29th January 1859.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JAMES
MUSGRAVE, of Belfast, Ireland, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-ninth day of July, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight, in the Twenty-second
year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and
grant unto me, the said James Musgrave, Her special licence
that I, the said James Musgrave, my executors, administrators,
and assigns, or such others as I, the said James Musgrave, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others,
from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein
expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend,
within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN STALLS AND
ENCLOSURES FOR HORSES. COWS, AND PIGS," upon the condition (amongst
others) that I, the said James Musgrave, my executors or administrators;
by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and
seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said
Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause
the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said James Musgrave, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be
performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the
following statement:-
The first part of my Invention consists of improvements in stalls for
horses. Referring to the accompanying Drawings, Fig. 1 is an elevation
of part of a division for open stalls, together with my improved method of
suspending the stall lantern. Fig. 2 is a vertical section of the stall

page_text: division through the line a, b; and Fig. 3 is one of the plates to receive the
end of barrier, herein-after described. C is the ramp; D, the cill; and E,
the heel post,
furnished with grooves or rebates to receive wooden boards,
as in common use; F, F, are two metallic tubes resting in the heel post
at one end, and in the wall at the other, having each a groove or rebate
on the upper and under surface corresponding with those in the ramp
and cill to receive wooden boards G, G, or metallic plates H, H, these
plates can be painted or enamelled, and may be solid or cast with open-
ings for ventilators. Exactly opposite each tube F, I cast a hole in the
heel post, the outside margin of which has a raised moulding I; through
this hole I pass a rod or tube of iron J, which slides freely inside the
tube F; K is a knob attached to the end of the sliding rod J, which closes
into the moulding I, so that there is no projection to catch the harness
when the horse is moving along the passage B; L, Fig. 3, is an iron plate
fastened to the wall opposite each rod J, to secure the knob K when
drawn across the passage B. The advantage of these improvements is,
that the rods or barriers J are easily stowed away when not in use, and
when pulled across the passage B, if a horse breaks loose, he cannot gain
access to the adjoining stalls, hitherto a frequent cause of injury to
spirited horses. The tubes F also prevent the boards which form the
stall divisions from springing when struck by the horse, and afford a
cheaper means of inserting metallic plates than any hitherto in use. I
do not confine myself to the foregoing number nor form of barrier. When
the heel post rises from the floor to ceiling, I can fasten to it with hinges
one or more barriers of sufficient length to stretch across the passage B,
to be let down and fastened to plates attached to the opposite wall, the
heel post having a fastening at top to secure them when up out of use;
or I attach the barriers to the wall with hinges, and provide fastenings
in the heel post to secure them when let down.
о
My Invention embraces valuable improvements upon other portions
of the open stalls, namely, the manger, water bowl, hay rack, and tying
apparatus, all of which I attach to an improved metal top plate placed
accross the end of the stall in the usual manner. Fig. 4 is a plan; Fig. 5,
a front elevation; Fig. 6, a vertical section through the water bowl;
Fig. 7, a vertical section through the centre of the tying apparatus; and
Fig. 8, a vertical section through the hay rack. M, M, is the top plate
which rests against the wall N and between the stall divisions G; O, O,
are cast-iron shoes which slide over the ends of top plate, and fasten it
by means of screw nails to the stall divisions G more easily and securely
than could hitherto be done; P is the water bowl, which turns on the
centres or pivots shown by dotted lines c, c; at the back of the bowl is a slit
or grating (d, Fig. 6,) to allow the water to pass off when the bowl is

page_text: upset, and yet ratain oats or other solid food; e is a rim round the inside
to prevent the horse throwing out the food; P' is a larger bowl fixed
below the tumbling one, with a tube from the bottom to convey away
the water when the upper one is upset; Q is the manger, of a form to
keep the food always in the centre, and screwed below a hole in the top
plate M, which is smaller than the internal dimensions of the manger,
with round ends to prevent the horse throwing out the food, and the por-
tion projecting over the interior of the manger I cast with perforations
R for free admission of air to the food; S, Figs. 4, 5, and 8, is an ordinary
hay rack; T, T, are two upright rods of iron projecting an inch from the
wall, which serve as guides for a horizontal rack or grid U, which rests
upon the top of the hay and slides freely up and down for the purpose
of preventing the horse pulling out and wasting the hay. A hook f,
Fig. 8, is attached to the wall to hook up the grid while the hay rack is
being filled. The front and left side of hay rack S, I line with perforated
metal or wirework W to a depth of about eight inches. V is part of a
moveable bottom, either solid or perforated, which slides freely up and
down the guide rods T in the same manner as the grid U, but rests hori-
zontally upon projections when it arrives at the bottom of the lining W
of the hay rack, and forms a large trough capable of holding cut hay, &c.
When cut hay is not to be used, the moveable bottom V is fastened flat
against the wall to the hook f, and then the hay rack with its grid U
becomes available for uncut hay. When the grid U is not used along
with the moveable bottom V, the latter may be attached to the wall by
simple hinges or pivots, instead of vertical guide rods.
My improved method of tying the horse is as follows:-Below the halter
slit in top plate I place a hollow bracket g, which screws to the wall N
and to the under surface of top plate M, and supports it in the part that
has hitherto been found too weak; in the lower part of the bracket is a
roller h, and below the roller a flat plate i, to receive the shock of the
weight with india-rubber buffer herein-after described; ; is the halter,
and about twelve inches from the top of it is a small fixed ball, cither
twisted into it in the process of making, or slipped over it and pinned
through; this ball rests upon the edges of the slit in top plate, and keeps
the strain of the weight off the horse's neck; or for greater flexibility I
substitute a chain (j', Fig. 5,) for that part of the halter above the ball,
the remainder of the halter passes down through the bracket over the
roller h, and through the metal plate i. At the bottom of the halter is
a long link j, shown enlarged in Fig. 9, which passes down through an
india-rubber (), and then through the weight m; this link is split, and
in the split is a short piece of iron (n, Fig. 9,) which turns out into a T
when it has passed through the weight and secures it. In the foregoing

page_text: description I have introduced the hay rack S of the common form made
of curved iron rails, for the purpose of showing how I can add my im-
proved tying apparatus and trough for cut hay to racks already in use,
but this form of rack is subject to serious objections, inasmuch as the horse
is liable to injury when rising, from his legs getting under the hay rack,
or his body under the projecting top plate.
Fig. 10 shows a front elevation, and Fig. 11, a vertical section through
the line X, Y, of two arrangements of my improved hay rack with tying
apparatus, the top plate M, with its shoes or end supports O, the water
bowl P, and the manger Q, are all the same as those already described.
The rack is formed in front by vertical rails of iron S' attached to a cast-
iron grated bottom T', and rivetted to (or the ends cast into) a flat plate W
at the top, the grated bottom is shown by dotted lines T', Fig. 11; R¹
shows in part a metal plate for closing in the space below the hay rack,
and which opens at the hinge P' for removing the hay seed. One side
of the hollow bracket (g), already described; is enlarged into a metal
plate H that extends from the under side of top plate to the floor, and
forms the left side of the hay rack. The plate R' may be hinged to the
front edge of the vertical plate H', as at P', or the hinge may be screwed
against the stall division G at right side. Where it is not necessary to
save the hay seed, I lengthen the vertical rails as T", Fig. 10, and use a
solid plate of metal P" for the bottom, placed at an angle as dotted line
P", Fig. 11, which allows the hay seed to fall forward; or I place the
bottom rail T" within two or three inches of the wall N, allowing the front
of rack to incline forward, and thus dispense with the bottom plate P". My
improved sliding grid U and moveable bottom V, Figs. 4, 5, and 6, herein-
before described, are particularly applicable to this plan of hay rack;
the trough for cut hay being formed by the plate W' in the front, the
plate H at left side, the wall N and stall division G at back and right
side, and the moveable bottom V, which turns on pivots resting in the
plate H', and in the stall division G at the proper depth; the sliding grid
(U) also has a pivot u at each end working in a vertical slit t in the plate
H', Fig. 11, and in a corresponding. slit in the stall division G; S" is a
continuation of the hay rack S', and prevents the horse getting under the
manger; or I use wooden sheeting arranged in the same manner. The
space thus enclosed is adapted for holding the litter or bedding during
the day, and to gain access to it for putting in or removing the litter. The
two ends of the bottom rail form pivots, which are secured to the plate
H' and the stall division G, and allow the rack to fall forward as far
as the chain I will permit, as shown in Fig. 11, J' being a catch to retain
the rack when closed up; or for the same purpose I make about six of the
upright rails or a portion of the wooden sheeting to open out like a gate,

page_text: the upper pivot turning in the top plate M, and the lower one in the
bottom rail. The tying apparatus is similar to that herein-before de-
scribed, excepting that the plate H' forms one side of the hollow bracket
g', and that I protect the halter and weight from contact with the bedding
in rack S by means of a half tube K', which is attached with a hinge
below the roller, and lifts up to give access to the weight m.
My Invention includes valuable improvements for loose boxes, stalls
where the horse is left unfastened, and any projection beyond the line of
the wall is dangerous. Fig. 12 is a plan of the end of a loose box stall;
Fig. 13, a front elevation in part; and Fig. 14, a vertical section through
the line c, d. A, A, is the wooden sheeting of the end of the stall, fixed
about one foot six inches from the wall of the building. Between this
sheeting and the wall at about three feet high from the ground, I insert
the metal top plate M fitted with the tumbling pot P and manger Q,
the same as herein-before described; but I omit the tying apparatus and
hay rack S. I also make the manger Q to turn on pivots, as dotted line c¹,
Fig. 14, for greater ease in emptying its contents. The top plate M is
divided into two unequal spaces by upright divisions of metal C, C, C,
the smaller space is-fitted in front with vertical rails of iron D, and forms
the hay rack, which in this case is above the top plate M, and is filled
by throwing the hay over the top; the portion of the top plate M that
forms the bottom of the rack may either be solid or cast, with perfora-
tions B, for allowing the hay seed to fall below, whence it is removed
through the door (a). In front of the larger space I suspend a hanging
door or guard E formed of wood or of iron railing, as in Drawings, which
turns on pivots F working in the plates C, C, and can be pushed back
when the horse is to be fed. g is a bolt which fastens it to the top plate
M when hanging vertically, and to the hook when pushed back, as seen
as E', Fig. 14. This plan of fitting the loose box stall is well adapted for
feeding from the outside, as is sometimes done. The hay rack can be
thus filled over the top of the back side, and a door may be left opposite
the manger and water bowl, through which they can be filled, and the
guard E pulled back which permits the horse to be fed without the
attendant entering the stall. For this purpose I make the back of the
top plate M with a moulding or second front M', Fig. 14, and insert it
where practicable in the stall division G, instead of against the wall, G'
being the door for feeding from the outside. I also, in some cases sub-
stitute the litter rack S", Figs. 10 and 11, herein-before described, for
that part of the sheeting A that is seen below the top plate M in Figs.
13 and 14.
Another improvement consists in my method of making the door of the
loose box stall which is shown in part by Fio 15 where G1 is a portion

page_text: of the ordinary wooden stali division; G", the ventilating metal panel
above same, and H the ceiling. I, I, are half columns of iron rising from
the floor to ceiling, the flat side being towards the door, and supporting
a flat rail J, J, upon which the door of the stall slides to and fro. My
improved door is made of two or more panels of iron (K) the ends of
which are cast hollow to allow a rod or tube of iron L to pass vertically
through them. The top panel M is cast with perforations to match the
stall division G", and with hollow sides to take the vertical rods L; on the
top edge are cast two hollow boxes e, e, to receive rollers which traverse
upon the upper edge of the rail J. The panels M, K, K, are placed about
one foot six inches apart, between them are placed metal tubes N, N,
each having a groove or rebate to receive the ends of wooden boards O,
and the whole are drawn firmly together by the rods L, L, which pass up
through K, N, M, and are fastened into the panel M above, and braced
by a screw and nut below. d, d, d, are pins or dowals to secure the boards
O and the iron panels better together. The same door may be hinged at
one side in the common way, or the upper panel M may be cast with two
shoes, as dotted lines e, e, which are fastened to an ordinary wooden door
for the lower parts.
My Invention includes a valuable improvement upon the ordinary
method of suspending the stall lantern, the position of which is shown in
Fig. 1, and a detached view of same at Figs. 16 and 17, where A is an
elevation and B a transverse section of a metallic tube, with a slit in the
under side, similar to that in use for window curtains and of sufficient
length to stretch across the whole of the stalls. c is one of a number of
brackets screwed to the ceiling D at proper intervals, and supporting the
tube A, B, the lower edge having a slit to correspond with that in the
tube A, B. A thin plate (a,) with rollers b on the upper part, which fit
inside the tube A, traverses freely the length of the tube, and carries a
strap of india-rubber E of sufficient strength to support a lantern F, but
so flexible as to admit of its being pulled down for trimming. The im-
provements being that, by this means the light is easy of access and may
readily be pulled opposite each stall as required. Fig. 17 shows a de-
tached view and section of the traversing plate, a being the plate, and b
the rollers. Sometimes I dispense with the rollers b, and use solid metal
of the same sectional form.
The second part of my Invention refers to improvements in stalls for
cows. Referring to Sheet 2 of accompanying Drawings, Fig. 18 is a front
elevation; Fig. 19, a plan; and Fig. 20, a transverse sectional elevation of
one form of my improved stalls to contain two cows. A, A, is the pave-
ment, A' being the stand for the cows, and A" the feeding passage as
usual; B, B, are the stall divisions, each cast in one piece of a plate of

page_text: thin cast iron, the part B' being perforated; a, a, is a strengthening
moulding cast upon the outer edge, and gradually increasing in size on
the front edge till it becomes about five inches in diameter at the sole
plate, as b, b, c, to withstand the pressure of the animal at that part, and
to prevent injury from sudden contact with a thin edge. The portion
b, b, c, of the round moulding is cast hollow, by means of a sand core,
and is of no greater substance of metal than the flat part of the plate.
The dotted lines C, C, are sole plates, cast in a piece with the stall
divisions B, B, and strengthened by brackets c, c; d, d, is a flange pro-
jecting from each side of the stall divisions B to receive the ends of the
feeding trough, and e, e, and e¹ are also projections or seats to receive
the ends of the fodder rack; is a hole cast in stall division B, to permit
water to run through from trough to trough; g is a hole about two feet
by six inches with a moulding all round the edge, and having two vertical
rails h, h, inserted in sockets to receive two ordinary sliding cow chains
i, i. When the small pin in the top of h is taken out, the rail lifts up in
its socket, and allows the lower end to come out for slipping the ring of
cow chain over it; or, I omit the hole g, and cast a pair of projecting
bosses in the same position on each side of the division plate B, to receive
the rails h, h. D is an iron rod to prevent the head of the cow passing
too far forward; E, E, is a fodder rack formed of vertical iron rails bent
to the shape and passed through a bottom rail j, which wedges tightly into
the seats e', and the ends rivetted to two top rails h, k, which are securely
screwed or fastened to the flanges e, e. Or, I make only the front of the
rack E of vertical rails, and form the back of one or more iron plates at
a proper angle, but passing down to the point shown by dotted lines E¹,
Fig. 20, which leaves a sufficient space through which to fill the trough,
and at the same time serves in lieu of the rod D. F is a feeding trough
without ends, of cast iron, fitting tightly between the stall divisions B,
and bedded with oil, putty, or other cement into the flanges d, d, and
securely fastened therein by screws or wedges; G is a division in the
centre of the trough, either level with the top edges thereof, or rising up
as shown by dotted line G, Fig. 20, so as better to separate the cows when
feeding, and also to support the centre of fodder rack; I do not confine
myself to the use of the troughs F without ends, but can make the same
with ends cast in it, and screwed to the stall divisions B, B, or in that case
I can make the trough to turn upon pivots resting in the divisions B, B,
for ease in cleaning, as herein-before described, for the tumbling water
bowl and manger of horse stalls. The advantages of these improvements
in cow stalls are, first the fodder is raised above the turnips or other moist
food, and is freely exposed to the air, which prevents its getting heated
or rotten. Second, the cow does not pull the fodder under her feet in

page_text: feeding, but any that falls from the rack drops into the trough and is
eaten there. Third, a long range of stalls can be simultaneously watered,
either for the use of the cattle or for scouring the troughs by filling into
one trough, and also emptied with equal ease, by opening a plug in any
one trough, where most convenient. Fourth, the whole can be cheaply
and easily fixed, as foundations of stone or. masonry are not necessary,
but the earth is well rammed for the soles of the stall divisions to rest
level at the proper depth, and then the racks and troughs are screwed or
wedged in their places, and the pavement well rammed, which is
sufficient to secure the whole; and, lastly, my method of manufacturing
the improved stall divisions B, and of combining therewith the racks E
and troughs F, as herein-before described, enables me wholly to employ
iron (which is superior for this purpose in cleanliness, durability, and com-
pactness, to any other material) and to make the parts so light and yet
sufficiently strong that I can afford to sell them at a price that will render
such stalls more generally available to the public.
Where flagging is. used instead of pavement, I sometimes fasten the
iron stall division directly into the flagging, as shown in Fig. 21, where
B is a portion of the stall division; F, the trough; d, the flanges to secure
same. a, a, the strengthening moulding; b, the moulding on front edge,
which swells out at the bottom like a trumpet mouth, to serve the same
purpose as the sole plates C, already described; and C, C, C, are joggles
cast upon the lower edge of stall divisions, which are cemented or leaded
into mortises prepared in the flagging. A, A, is the flagging, the part A¹
being omitted in front of the feeding trough, and substituted by a softer
substance to save the knees of the cattle, and prevent them from slipping;
g is the space which receives the vertical rail ; ' is one of two flat plates
sliding in the slit g, and of which a detached view is seen in Fig. 22,
where his the vertical rail; i is the sliding plate, having the cow chain
i at one side, and a small ring at the other, which retains it in the slit.
Fig. 23 shows a front elevation in part; Fig. 24, a ground plan; and
Fig. 25, a sectional elevation of another arrangement of my improved cow
stalls. The stall division B is precisely the same as that already
described, but omitting the raised portion B' for supporting the hay
rack. The trough F is divided into three compartments, the centre one
being fitted with vertical iron rails E' to form a hay rack. Above the
back edges of the trough, and level with the top of the hay rack, is a
long bar of iron D', which is made fast to the back edges of the stall
divisions, and from it are suspended plates of iron D", which push forward
when the troughs are to be filled, and fasten by a slip bolt m, as shown
in Fig. 25; the back of the hay rack E' is made up with a fixed plate
similar to D". Sometimes I make the hay rack E independent of the

page_text: troughs, and make the latter to upset, as herein-before described; for
the bowl and manger of horse stalls, by means of a pair of pivots, in-
dicated by dotted lines n, in Fig. 25, and having their bearings in the
hay rack E' at one end, and in the stall division B at the other.
My Invention includes a simple but efficient plan of a groupe for re-
ceiving the droppings of the animals. Fig. 26 is a section, and Fig. 27
is a ground plan of same, as imbedded in the pavement A. The part H
is semicircular, to act as a gutter for carrying off the urine; the sides
1 have raised.dice p cast thereon, and the grooves o, o, which lead to the
duct H, sink at a quicker angle than the surface of the dicing, in order
to carry the urine more quickly away. J is a cast-iron grating covering
the gutter H, either hinged to throw up as dotted line J', or left loose to
slide along a rebate on top edges of the gutter; the upper surface of the
grating J is level with the pavement, or slightly depressed as in Fig. 26,
and when some litter is scattered over the top of the grating, the solid
manure is retained above, and the urine.percolates through into the gutter
H, whence it flows to the liquid manure tank, the improvement being that
cows cannot slip down into this groupe as in those of the common form,
and hence it is not so necessary to have stalls of varying lengths to suit
various sizes of animals, and the solid and liquid manure are better
separated. Fig. 28 shows a plan, and Fig. 29 a section of my improved
iron groupe without the iron grating on top of gutter, but having the
dice p and grooves o, as already described, but the gutter H is smaller,
to prevent the animals tripping, at the same time that it is sufficient to
carry off the urine. This form of groupe I likewise propose to make in
burnt clay of sufficient thickness in lengths of about two feet, with
provision for jointing same, so as to make a continuous level run, and
also to make it with diced brick of the form 7, 1, and a centre piece s, as
shown by dotted lines in Fig. 29, the whole, when laid and grouted with
cement, forming a continuous group of the external outline p, H, p,
Fig. 29.
· Another improvement effected by my Invention is in the method of
ventilation. Fig. 30 is a section of part of the sloping roof directly over
the stalls, and showing one of my improved ventilators fixed. A is the
roof; B, the trimmers between two of the rafters; C is the frame of the
ventilator; D is a moveable iron sash or ventilator glazed with glass a,
and having a pivot at each side at the point b, which turns in bearings
prepared in the frame C; the sash D has a raised edging c on the top
and both sides, the upper half of which is overlapped by a flange d cast
on the frame C, and shown more clearly by Fig. 31, which is a section
through the upper half of the frame and sash; the flanges & terminate in
a hollow cap e, which overhangs the pivots b, and prevents water getting

page_text: through at that part. Below the pivot, the raised edging c of the sash
is made to overlap a raised edging on the frame C, as shown by Fig. 32,
which is a section through the lower half of the frame and sash. The
pivots are placed a little above the centre to allow the sash to close by
its own weight, and f, Fig. 30, is an arm cast upon the upper half of the
sash D. g is a pulley to convey a cord h from the arm to the most
convenient place for opening the sash for ventilation. The novelty of
this part of my Invention consists in this, that the ventilator is water-tight
when placed on the sloping roof, which is the best position for ventilating
the stalls, and at the same time it opens on a centre which secures the
advantages of permitting in that situation the fresh air to enter through
the lower half, and the vitiated air to escape through the upper half
simultaneously, and it is easily controlled by the cord h. Fig. 33 is a
transverse section, and Fig. 34 a front elevation of another form of
ventilator to accomplish the same purpose. A is the slates; C is the
frame to be fixed in the sloping roof; C' is a semicircular frame with a
sash D turning on pivots 6 (on the same plan as the frame C and sash
D, Fig. 30, already described, but attached vertically to the sloping frame
C); is the cord attached to the arm f, for opening the sash D, the
angular space between them being covered over with a semicircular sheet
of suitable metal, or with bent glass glazed into the rebates i, i, i, formed
in the frames C and C, and in one or more bent astragals K attached
vertically to the sloping frame C.
The third part of my Invention consists of a modification of the metal
division plates herein-before described for cow stalls applied instead of
masonry to form stalls or enclosures for pigs, in combination with feeding
troughs for the same.
Fig. 35 is a front elevation; Fig. 36, a ground plan in part; and Fig. 37,
a longitudinal section, showing the roof over both the feeding and sleep-
ing place of one of a range of small stalls or enclosures made according
to my Invention, and part of which also explains my method of making
larger enclosures for the same purpose.
A, A, are the plates, about four feet high, which divide one enclosure
from another, and similar plates from the back of the enclosure if it does.
not rest against a wall. These plates may be cast with sole plate a,
to pass below the pavement B, as shown by dotted lines, or with joggles b
to fasten into flagging C. D is a plate of iron, about twelve inches broad
below and tapering to about two inches at the top, as shown by dotted
line D, Fig. 37, and made either with sole plates a or joggles b; E is the
feeding trough with pivots c, c, which work in the plates A and D and
enable it to be upset for cleaning, or the trough may be cast without ends
and made fast into flanges cast upon the plates A and D, as herein-

page_text: before described for troughs of cow stalls. F is a swinging plate of iron
with pivots at d, d, which turn in the plates A and D; e is an iron bolt,
which fastens the plate F at the back of the trough (as in Fig. 37), when
it is to be filled, and also to the front of the trough when the pigs are
feeding; G is an iron plate or door, hinged either to the plate A or D,
to give access to the enclosure. For making large enclosures I employ
another plate D on the left side of the trough E, and insert a fixed plate
the size of the door G between it and the left-hand plate A, and brace
the whole together by means of an iron rod passing through the plates
A D, D A. In this case the swinging plate F and the door G may be
swung from the iron bracing rod, as shown by dotted lines and g in
Fig. 35. H is an iron gutter, attached to the top edges of the plates or
resting in hollow pilars K; I is the sheet-iron roof; h, h, are screws to
fasten same to the gutters H. The left sides of Figs. 36 and 37 show that
the plates A, A, have grooves or overlaps i, which form the vertical
joints; the other half of Fig. 37 shows, but not at sufficient height, the
method of making larger stalls or enclosures. K, K', K", are hollow
pillars K, being of the section shown at right side of Fig. 36, with vertical
grooves to receive separate plates m. The gutters H which support the
roof rest on the tops of these pillars, one of which serves to convey away
the water from same and deliver it through a shoe at the ground.
The pillar K' has another groove cast at right angles to the other two,
to receive the plates m which divide the feeding portion C, C, from the
sleeping portion B, B; and the pillar K" has also three grooves, to receive
plates m, m, when it is necessary thus to enclose that end of the stalls or
enclosures. The principle of the swinging plate F, Fig. 36, used in con-
junction with pig troughs is well known, and forms no part of my Inven-
tion beyond the use of it in iron of an improved form in combination.with
my improvements of iron stalls or enclosures and the tumbling trough, as
herein-before described.
The fourth and last part of my Invention consists in the application of
metal plates connected to meal pillars with sole plates, for the purpose of
forming feeding yards or other enclosures for cattle, together.with. ȧn
improved gate for the same purpose.
3
Referring to Sheet 1, Fig. 38, A is one of a pair of hollow pillars to
support the gate, having a vertical groove cast on the outer surface to
receive the metal plate B. A number of pillars sufficient to form the
enclosure, similar in design to A, but smaller, and with a vertical groove
on two sides, and with sole plates on the same plan as those already de-
scribed in Sheet 2, Figs. 36 and 37, and marked K and K", are fastened
into the earth by means of the sole plates at intervals of about four feet;
these pillars are connected together, and with the pair of gate pillars A

page_text: by metal plates B, which are screwed in the grooves by rivets or screws
a, a. The right-hand pillar A has projections b, c, cast thereon to receive
the pivots of the gate, the top pivot d being let down through the pro-
jection c and fastened into the tube h, which forms the back stile of the
gate. The sole plate has its greatest length at right angles to the line
of enclosure to withstand the lateral pressure. f is a thick part of the
sole plate at the base of the pillar A, which has a hole cast through it in'
a line with the enclosure to receive the cross rail g (of iron or wood), and
which connects it and the left-hand pillar firmly together, so as to resist
the swinging of the gate. The left-hand pillar A is the same as that at
right side, but omitting the parts b, c, and adding a projection to receive
the latch or bolt of the gate. C is part of a gate for this enclosure made
according to my Invention, is the back stile formed of iron tubing, with
bosses i, i, cast thereon to receive the top and bottom rails, J, J; K is a
semicircular boss cast on h, to receive radiating iron tubes 2, which have
the ends fastened and rivetted to the flat rails J, J, and to a flat iron
front stile, or I substitute one-half of the boss K instead of one of the
bosses i; and make the rails to radiate from one corner.
Fig. 39 shows another arrangement of this part of my Invention, where
h-is the back stile of iron tubing; i, i, the boss cast thereon, the front stile
being made of tubing in the same way; i¹, i', are similar bosses cast on
tubing n, n, to form a centre stile, j, j; l, l, are the rails, made of tubing,
arranged horizontally; and m, m, are braces running diagonally from
opposite corners; or 1 employ wrought-iron bosses as i for the front and
back stiles, and as for the centre stile, and screw the rails j, j, l, l, into
them, fastening the whole together by short tubes h, h, and n, n, each of
which has a left-hand male screw on one end and a right-hand male screw
on the other, the bosses i, i', having female screws to correspond therewith.
In this case the projection C on the pillar A is made to receive a clasp
which passes round the back stile h and screws it to the pillar.
Having described my Invention, and the manner of carrying the same
into practical effect, I wish it to be understood that I do not confine myself
to the precise details herein-before described, so long as the general
principles of my Invention be adhered to; but what I claim and desire to
secure by these Letters Patent is,-
Firstly, the several improvements in the construction and arrangement
of stalls for horses with modifications thereof, as herein-before described,
and shown by Figs. 1 to 17 inclusive of the accompanying Drawings.
Secondly, the several improvements in the construction and arrange-
ment in iron of stalls for cows with modifications thereof, together with
an improved ventilator for said stalls adapted for insertion in a sloping

page_text: roof, as herein-before described, and shown by Figs. 18 to 34 inclusive of
the accompanying Drawings.
Thirdly, the several improvements in the construction and arrangement
in iron of stalls or enclosures for pigs, as herein-before described, and
shown by Figs. 35, 36, and 37 of the accompanying Drawings.
Fourthly, I claim the improvements in the construction and arrange-
ment in iron of open enclosures for cattle in combination with an improved
.gate for the same purpose, as herein-before described, and shown by -Figs.
38 and 39 of the accompanying Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said James Musgrave, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Twenty-sixth day of January, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine.
JAMES MUSGRAVE. (L.S.)