IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRIC TELEGRAPHS, AND IN MAKING TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNI- CATIONS
Year: 1850

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME I EDWART,
HIGHTON of Clarence Villa Regent's Park in the County of Middlesex
Engineer send greeting
WHEREAS Her present most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria by Her
Royal Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland bearing date at Westminster the Seventh day of
February One thousand eight hundred and fifty in the thirteenth year of
Her reign did for Herself Her heirs and successors give and grant unto
me the said Edward Highton my exors admors and assigns Her especial
licence full power sole privilege and authority that I the said Edward
Highton my exors adñiors and assigns or such others as I the said Edward
Highton my exors adñiors or assigns should at any time agree with and no
others from time to time and at all times during the term of years therein
expressed should and lawfully might make use exercise and vend within.
England Wales and the Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed my Invention of
"IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTRIC TELEGRAPHS, AND IN MAKING TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNI-
CATIONS" In which said Letters Patent is contained a proviso that I the said
Edward Highton shall cause a particular description of the nature of my said
Invention and in what manner the same is to be performed by an instru-
ment in writing under my hand and seal to be inrolled in Her Majesty's
High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and immediately
after the date of the said in part recited Letters Patent as in and by the
same reference being thereunto had will more fully and at large appear.

page_text: NOW KNOW YE that in compliance with the said proviso I the said
Edward Highton do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention
and the manner in which the same is to be performed are fully described
and ascertained in and by the following statement thereof reference being had
to the Drawings hereunto annexed and to the figures and letters marked
thereon that is to say
The first part of my Invention consists of improvements in arranging
electric circuits for telegraphic purposes. Two or more instruments for
making signals by means of electrical currents are placed at two or more
stations in a conducting circuit. Near each of these instruments are placed
two batteries, the one being equal or nearly so in electro-motive force to the
other. These batteries are so placed in the circuit with regard to their poles
as to work in opposite directions through the circuit. The signals are made
by connecting together in a short circuit the opposite poles of any battery or by
otherwise removing the effect of that battery from the circuit and so causing
all the instruments in the circuit to be affected by the power of the remaining
batteries. This arrangement will be more clearly understood by reference to
the diagrams on Sheet No. 2.
In order to make the arrangements more clearly understood I will com-
mence by describing the method of working of a single instrument. Let A
Figure 1 represent the coil of a telegraph instrument and B represent a
magnet so arranged as to be capable of being moved to the right or left by
a current of electricity passing through the coil A. Let CZ and C¹ Z¹
represent two batteries of which the electro-motive force of the one is
equal to the electro-motive force of the other-then it will be found
that if the two similar poles of those two batteries be joined together
and the ends of the coil A be joined respectively to the other poles of those
batteries that the magnet B will remain stationary. For although there is
in this case a complete circuit for the passage of the power from each of
those batteries yet those batteries being placed antagonistically in the
circuit the one battery tending to send a current in one direction through
the circuit while the other battery tends to send an equal current through
the same circuit but in the opposite direction there will be no indication of
any current passing as the magnet B will remain stationary. If now how-
ever the poles C and Z of battery No. 1 be united by a piece of metal
nearly the whole of the power of that battery will be expended through that
short circuit and the power of the battery No. 2 not being counteracted by
the power of the battery No. 1 a current from it will pass through the long
circuit in which the coil is and thereby affect the magnet B throwing it

page_text: once to the one side under the well-known laws of electricity. Again if a
short circuit had been made in the battery No. 2 instead of in the battery
No. 1 it is evident that a current of electricity would have passed through
the coil A from the battery No. 1 in a direction contrary to the direction
of the current from battery No 2 and the magnet B would consequently have
been moved in the opposite direction. It is also obvious that if either of the
wires H L or M N instead of being continuous and forming thereby
a metallic circuit had been divided in two and the ends thereof joined to the
earth plates E and E as shown in Figure 2 that the results produced upon
coil A and the magnet B by the foregoing arrangement would have been the
same. It is evident then that in this manner a current of electricity may as
desired be transmitted over telegraphic wires either positively or negatively
retaining constantly an unbroken circuit. One of the simplest modes by
means of which successive currents of electricity may be transmittted with
great rapidity is described in Figure 3. A is a blade of steel or hard brass
capable of being moved to the right or left by slight pressure and which from
its elasticity will return to its original position when that pressure is removed.
Bis astud fastening the end of that spring to the mahogany base 0-1 and
E are two metallic studs with steel points F and G. If now the similar polos
of two batteries No. 1 and No, 2 be metallically united to the stud B and
the other poles of those two batteries be metallically united to the studs D)
and E respectively and if the incoming and outgoing ends of a telegraphic
wire be also metallically united to the studs D and E then by moving the
spring A to the right or left and bringing it in contact with either of the studs
D and E it is evident that positive or negative currents may be transmitted
along the telegraphic wire as desired and with great rapidity. I would
observe that this mechanical arrangement may be varied at pleasure so long
as the ends attained are the same.
Figure III.shews intermediate as well as terminal instruments connected in
such a circuit so that information may be transmitted and received from any
one station to any other station in the same circuit. Where the number of
stations in a circuit is great if it is desired to save the resistance in the current
if those batteries at the stations which are not at the time sending a message
those batteries may be entirely removed from the circuit and the studs D
and Emust then be metallically united in any convenient manner or one cell
ouly of each battery may be left in the circuit or the batteries themselves
may be changed from intensity to quantity that is all the positive metals in a
battery may be joined together and all the negative metals joined together so
as to form batteries having as it were a single cell but with great surface

page_text: as is well known. It must be observed the above mode of transmitting
electricity for telegraphic purposes renders the mechanism of the instruments
extremely simple. It will be observed that under the method described in
Figure 1 the metallic continuity of the telegraphic circuit is never broken.
This property will be found of great advantage in the working of telegraphs.
It is obvious from the foregoing and from the well-known laws of electricity
that it is not necessary to make a short circuit throughout the whole of the
cells of the one battery in order to cause a power to flow through the telegra-
phic circuit from the other but the greater the number of cells of any battery
are the power of which is removed from the long circuit the greater will be
the force circulating in that long circuit from the corresponding battery so
that the same ultimate object may be effected by increasing or decreasing the
power of any battery or batteries or by adding to or diminishing the number
of cells so as to counterbalance as desired the effect of the opposing battery
or batteries or by otherwise increasing or decreasing their electro-motive
force all of which methods will be well understood by those conversant with
the laws of electricity.
Figure No. IV. shews a plan by means of which instead of a short circuit
being made in either of the batteries as described above either of those
hatteries may be entirely thrown out of the circuit by the motion of the
handle. Let C Z No. 1 and C¹ Z¹ No. 2 represent two batteries let the
two similar ends of those batteries C C¹ be metallically united to the stud B
and instead of the other ends of the batteries being united to the studs D
and E let them be joined to the studs G and H and let light springs J K and
L M resting against the studs D and E be metallically united to G and H.
'N and O are pieces of ivory fastened to the springs J K and L M.
Now if the handle X be thrown over to the right so as to make metallic
contact with the stud E the spring L M will at the same time be thrown
away from the stud E and thus the battery No. 2 will be thrown out of
the circuit but the metallic continuity of the long circuit will be preserved by
means of the metallic spring A-the battery No. 1 then being in the long
circuit and not opposed by the battery No. 2 which is for the time being
thrown out of the circuit will cause a current electricity to flow through the
telegraphic circuit and act on telegraphic apparatus accordingly and the
battery Number 2 will not then be able to waste its power by expending it
through a short circuit In like manner if the handle X be thrown over
to the other side a powerful current of electricity from battery Number 2
will be transmitted along the telegraphic circuit in a direction opposite to the
former and the battery Number 1 being for the time being thrown out of the

page_text: circuit and not having a short circuit at all will in like manner be preserved
from wasting or expanding its power. The great distinctive feature in the
above is as follows. It has hitherto been customary when required to send a
current of electricity along a telegraphic circuit to break as it were the line
wire in two and to pour in so to speak the electric power at that severance
whereas by several of the above arrangements the line wire is never as it
were severed but to make a signal the power of a battery is removed from
the circuit or its character is changed.
My next improvement consists in causing the absence of an electric current
in a telegraphic wire to make signals and so as to be enabled thereby to
dispense with the necessity for the use of batteries or means of obtaining
currents of electricity at every station from and to which it is desired to make
communications by the telegraph and first with regard to the making of
audible signals by such meaus. If in a telegraphic circuit there be placed
a battery so that as long as the circuit is complete a current of electricity may
be passing from that battery through that circuit then if such circuit be
broken no current will pass Now if at each of the various stations in
such circuit the wire of that circuit pass in suitable coils around an electro-
magnet provided with an armature which is capable of approaching towards
and receding from such electro-magnet then if there be attached to such
armatures an arm or pin or detent or suitable mechanical contrivance such
that when the current of electricity is passing through the circuit and conse-
quently the armature attracted to the electro-maguet such arm or pin or
detent prevents an attendant piece of wound-up mechanism from sounding
an alarum but when the armature has receded from the electro-magnet in
consequence of the absence or withdrawal of such current of electricity such
arm or pin or detent is removed from such wound-up mechanism then such
wound-up mechanism will be free to act and thereby to sound an alarum or
to do other pre-arranged work such au arrangement renders it necessary
to have but one battery in a circuit instead of a battery to every station from
and to which it is desired to make communications and this battery may be
placed anywhere in the wire of that circuit of course any machine capable
of producing a constant current of electricity suited for electro-magnetic
purposes would do equally well as the battery mentioned above and in many
cases where power can readily be derived by the aid of a Steam Engine or
other motive power electricity produced direct from the magnet as from the
magneto machine for instance might be found preferable.
Figure Number 5 Sheet Number 2 will explain the above arrangement
E E E are electro-magnets in a telegraphic circuit extending between the

page_text: earth plates X and Y, A A A are armatures working on the centres CCC
capable of approaching towards and receding from the electro-magnets E E E.
To each of these armatures is attached a detent arm D capable of falling in
the way of the catch pin K of the wheels W W W. W WW are similar
wheels in pieces of any ordinary wound-up mechanism which mechanism
when free is made capable of sounding alarums or doing any other pre-
arranged work. (This mechanism for perspicuity's sake is omitted in the
plan.) The detents D and catch pins K are so arranged that when the arma-
tures A A A are attracted to the electro-magnets EEE the wheels W
are by means of the detents D and catch pins K prevented from revolving
and consequently incapable of sounding their respective alarums or doing any
other pre-arranged work but when the attractive power of the electro-
magnets E ceases by an interruption in the circuit then the armatures A
receding from the electro-magnets by the springs P the detents D are with-
drawn from the catch pins K and the wheels W are immediately free to
revolve and to cause the alarums to sound In this way the absence
of a current of electricity in a telegraphic circuit causes an alarum to sound or
other pre-arranged work to be done while the presence of a current prevents
such action going on. Any convenient means may be resorted to for breaking
and uniting the circuit at the stations. The metallic spring S resting against
the stud pin N and capable of being removed therefrom by pressure and
falling toward and resting upon it again when such pressure is removed will
answer very well.
Again if instead of electro-magnets and armatures as described coils and
moveable magnets had been introduced into the circuit and pointers discs or
indicators or other instruments had been attached to such magnets it is
evident if the magnets were free to move under the influence of the currents
passing but a tendency given to them to resist such motion such tendency
being however less than the force of such passing current. that when the
circuit was broken the magnets would assume their wonted position and
visible and audible signals might thereby be given.
Another mode of transmitting currents of electricity for telegraphicpurposes
may be thus described. Suppose for example a set of magnets and coils to
be in a telegraphic circuit and the magnets to be made moveable and
influenced by electric currents passing through such coils and suppose indi-
cators or other instruments to be affixed to such magnets and when no
current is passing through the circuit these magnets to assume a certain
position say vertical then if a battery be introduced in the circuit as just
described the magnets will be influenced thereby and will assume a position

page_text: say to the right. If the circuit be broken then the magnet willagain become
vertical as above described. Now if instead of merely breaking the circuit
at any station the broken ends of such circuit be placed in contact with the
poles of another battery whose electro-motive force is greater than that of the
battery just described then if such second battery be so introduced into
the circuit as to tend to send a current of electricity in an opposite direction
to that from the first-named battery such second battery will overcome the
power of the first battery and cause a current of electricity to flow through
the telegraphic circuit in a direction contrary to that from the first-named
battery and the magnets will according to the above supposition be deflected
to the left hand. In this way may two different signals be transmitted from a
station by means of one battery only at that station videlicet one signal
by merely breaking a telegraphic circuit and a second signal by throwing
into the circuit at that point the power of a battery whose electro-motive force
is greater than that already in the circuit. For such purpose I prefer the electro-
motive force of such second battery to be twice that of the one first named.
Figure 6,Sheet No. 2 will explain one mode of doing this the mechanical
arrangement of which however may be greatly varied. The arrangements in
this Figure are the same as those described in Figure 5 except that the
batteries OQ R are added with their connections as shewn as also
the studs T T T and magnets and coils put in the place of electro-magnets
and armatures. Now from what has already been described it is evident that
if any handle H be pressed away from the stud N no current will pass from
the battery Band all the magnets will assume their general state due to the
absence of a current of electricity in the circuit. Again if the batteries
OQR have say twice the electro-motive force of B and if with the connections
as shown in the Drawing any handle H be pressed upon the stud pin T then
it is evident that there will be two batteries in the circuit one of which videlicit
OQR as the case may be has say twice the electro-motive force of the
other battery B and a current of electricity will therefore pass through the
circuit in a direction contrary to that from the battery B and the magnets
will consequently obey the greater influence and assume a position accordingly
such position being the reverse of that due to the battery B.
My next improvement consists in making telegraphic signals by means of
electric currents when such currents are produced by the inductive influence of
electro-magnets or coils acted on by electricity from a voltaic battery.
E
Figure 7 Sheet No. 2 will explain the mode I adopt for. such purpose.
is an electro-magnet of iron or nickel. This electro-magnet is surrounded by
coils of two wires which wires are kept perfectly insulated from each other

page_text: through their whole extent. One of these wires AB forms part of the long
telegraphic circuit and the ends of other wires CD are so arranged that
they can be put in contact with the poles of a battery. If now a current of
electricity be passed through the wire CD) the electro-magnet E will become
magnetic. The making of E a magnet will cause an inductive current of
electricity to flow through the wire AB and in like manner when the current
through C D ceases E will cease to be magnetic and this cessation of mag-
netism in E will cause also an inductive current to flow through A B as
before, but in a contrary direction. These inductive currents so produced,
may be used with great advantage in electric telegraphs and they possess this
advantage that they never render it necessary to absolutely break in two the
metallic continuity of the telegraph circuit. If it is desired to prevent the
electricity that passes through the long telegraph circuit from having to force
its sway through the resistances of the several coils on the electro-magnets EE
&c. it is only necessary to cause a metallic connection to exist at all times
between the ends of all such coils except only at that particular coil during the
period when it is desired to produce in such coil an electric current for passing
through the circuit and then at such period this short metallic circuit must be
removed which may be done by any of the ordinary mechanical means used
for such purposes.
Thus the
My next improvement consists in enabling either audible or visible signals to
be produced from electric currents transmitted over one line wire. For this
purpose I employ a positive current to produce audible signals, and a negative
current to produce visible ones, or vice versâ as desired.
advantage of being able with one line wire to sound alarums at distant points,
as well as to transmit intelligence, may be attained without any necessity to
remove from the circuit either of the two apparatus required for those separate
purposes. In the Specification of the Patent granted to Mr. Henry
Highton and myself dated January Twenty-fifth One thousand eight hundred
and forty-eight is shewn how by means of a perœnode, either of two electro-
magnets might be acted on, as, for instance, in the step-by-step movement
telegraph, where a current of electricity in one direction was used to cause a
pointer to progress from letter to letter and a current in the opposite direction
was by means of another electro-maguet used to cause such pointer to
progress by one bound to zero or the starting point. Now if to the second
electro-magnet instead of such zero movement an ordinary telegraph alarum
had been attached so as to be sounded by the action of such second electro-
maguet then there would have been the means of sounding an alarum or
causing a pointer to point to letters as desired. In like manner if it is desired

page_text: to work a step-by-step movement telegraph not by a secondary battery but by
a primary one passing round an electro-magnet then if a horse-shoe magnet
and coil or other similar contrivance be also included in the same circuit the
motion of such magnet to the one side may liberate a piece of wound-up
mechanism and so sound an alarm while its motion from its quiescent
position to the other side may either be arrested by a stop or this horse-shoe
magnet may be made according to well-known plans, to work a step-by-step
movement, or to give a visible signal either by its own position or by the posi-
tion of any body connected with it or to cause a mark to be made on suitably
prepared surface, while its motion to the other side may sound an alarum.
My next improvement consists in the employment of two currents of elec-
tricity of different powers for producing two different effects in telegraphic
instruments. For this purpose for one arrangement I prefer for rendering
the lesser power available, the employment of a magnet and coil constructed
upon the well-known galvanometer principles either in the horse-shoe form
or the needle and I prefer the use of an electro-magnet and armature for
making the greater power available. With this arrangement I find that I
can make different effects due to two different powers of electricity available
with greater certainty, a thing hitherto unattainable by any proposed plans,
although so very desirable for telegraphic purposes.
Figure 1, Sheet No. 3, shews one form of this arrangement, where a move-
able disc or dial 1, 2, 3, 4 is used in connection with a stationary pointer.
The telegraphic wire proceeds around the electro-magnet E and is also
wound around the coil C. Attached to the armature A is an arm F resting
against the stop G. This arm has a fork end L M so placed that the rod B
which is attached to the horse-shoe magnet N W RS has liberty of motion
only to a limited extent defined by the arms of such fork. The moveable dial
1, 2, 3, 4, which is attached by an axle to the horse-shoe magnet can move
only a certain extent so long as the fork arms remain in the position as shewn
in the Drawing But if these fork ends be brought nearer to the centre of
motion of the horse-shoe magnet then of course the motion of the magnet, and
with it the dial, will be greater. By sending therefore a current capable of
acting on the electro-magnet E with sufficient force to attract the armature A to
it the stops or fork ends will thereby be brought nearer to the centre of the axis
of motion of the moveable magnet, and the dial will move further round to the
right or left, according as a positive or negative current is transmitted. Again
if a current of electricity not powerful enough to cause the armature A to be
attracted be transmitted then the dial will not move so far being restrained
in its motion by the forks L M. By this means the moveable dial 1, 2, 3, 4
B

page_text: can be made to assume with precision any one of four different positions and
consequently to denote any one of four primary signals with certainty and
precision and by combining these primary signals with each other letters
words and sentences can be transmitted as is well known.
The description above given in order to make the action clearly understood
has been confined simply to the motion of a pendant body but it is evident
that four motions there obtained may be applied to a variety of telegraphic
uses such as the greater power causing alarums to sound and the lesser power
to work pointers or the greater power may be made to work step-by-step
movements and the lesser power to work pendent pointers or discs or dials or
screens or the lesser power may be made to produce one kind of marks on
paper or other suitable substauces while the greater power causes other
marks to be made as well constituting thereby different signals or the
lesser power may make markson chemically prepared paper while the greater
power may cause such paper to be marked according to Morse's plan. All
that is necessary is to see that the weaker battery shall not work the electro-
magnet but shall work satisfactorily the moveable magnet and then to apply
such a power of battery for working the electro-magnet as shall be sure of
causing its armature to move whenever desired and this larger battery may
if desired for the saving of expense include the smaller one.
A very useful arrangement in which two different powers of electricity may
be rendered available for telegraphic purposes is as follows. At each station
in the same wire as that in which a galvanometer needle and coil or horse-
shoe or bent magnet and coil or similar arrangement is used let an alarum
to be set free by an electro-magnet be inserted and let the electro-magnets and
armatures be so set and adjusted that the necessary power to work thencedles
will not act on the electro-magnets with sufficient force to cause them to
attract their armatures and thus to set the alarums free. If then at each
station one of the ordinary magneto machines capable of producing suffi-
cient electric power to cause all the alarums to sound be inserted in the
same circuit a separate wire for the alarums may be entirely dispensed with
without it being at all necessary to remove the coils of the alarums out of the
circuit when the needles or pointers or discs or such like instruments are
being worked for the needles or pointers or discs can be worked as usual
but the alarums will not be sounded because the current of electricity used
for moving the pointers is not sufficient for the sounding of the alarums but
the moment that the handle of any magneto machine is pulled down and
contact thereby broken between its armature and the magnet a rush of
electric power takes place throughout the circuit as is well known causing

page_text: the alarums to sound while at the same time the current from such magneto
machine is of such short duration that the pointers are thereby only just moved
to a small distance from their position of rest and almost immediately return
to such position. It will be observed that the two different effects here produced
are due both to the relative duration of the currents as well as to their relative
powers. Again in order to produce the greatest possible amount of electric
power from the receding of an armature from a magnet I use the following
arrangement of coils. Hitherto the power generated from the magneto
machine has either been by surrounding the armature only with coils of wire
or the magnet only. My improvement consists in surrounding both the
magnet and the armature with coils of wire. In this way much greater
electric power may be obtained from the same strength of magnet.
My next improvement consists in modes of making telegraphic signals.
Hitherto signals have generally been made by the motion of pointers pointing
to or indicating letters or characters on fixed dials such pointers being either
magnetic or attached to magnets acted on by currents of electricity passing
thro' adjacent coils of wire. My improvement consists in making the dials
moveable so that the characters thereon may be removed from sight as
desired.
་
In Figure 8 Sheet No. II. let A B represent a disc or dial formed of some
light material such as mica or cardboard and let it be attached to an axle
moving freely on centres and to this axle let a magnet N S be attached
capable of being moved to the right or left by positive and negative currents
of electricity transmitted through suitable adjacent coils as is well known.
Then if there be upon such disc or dials letters figures characters or symbols
such for instance as the figures 1 and 3 as shewn in the Drawing and if
there be two screens G H so arranged on the instrument that when the dial
A B is thrown to the right the figure 3 is hidden from sight and when the
dial is thrown to the left the figure 1 is hidden but the figure 3 remains in
sight then by such absence of the one character or presence of the other
signals may be made and by such successive appearance and disappearance
before a slight pause letters words or sentences may be indicated. In like
manner if instead of the disappearance of the figure 3 from sight the figure 1
on the dial be brought to the stationary pointer P Figure 10 and instead of
the disappearance of the figure 1 the figure 3 be brought to the stationary
pointer P' siguals letters and sentences may thereby be denoted the diffe-
rence being that in all former plans where signals have been made by the
motion of a body to the right or left the pointers have been moveable and the
dials stationary whereas in the above case the dial or disc is made moveable

page_text: and the pointer stationary instead of there being a magnet and a dial also
the dial
may be a magnet itself if made of a suitable form. For the movement
of the dial I prefer where permanent magnets are employed the use of coils
and horse shoe or bent magnets as described in the Specification of the
Patent granted to my brother and myself and dated Twenty-fifth January
One thousand eight hundred and forty-eight but where a bar or straight
magnet is used I prefer a magnet of an oval shape the two extreme ends
being pointed as shewn in Figure 9 while the two middle parts or sides W
and are carefully rounded such form of magnet being less liable to be
demagnetized by atmospheric electricity. But I prefer to any of the above
the use of the inductive soft iron magnets and coils herein-after described.
I would observe that I am aware that Alexander described a plan whereby
letters were denoted by the movement of screens such plan however required
a telegraphic wire for each letter to be denoted whereas I make the successive
motions of one disc dial or screen to represent several letters or figures or
sentences. Thus the removal of the figure 1 from sight before a slight pause
may represent A. Two removals in rapid succession may represent B. 'Three
removals C, one removal of three may represent M. Two removals 3, N.
Three removals of three, O, One removal of figure 1 followed by one removal of
figure 3 may represent another letter or one removal of 3 followed by one
removal of 1 may represent a different letter and so on. The maximum
number of motions that will be required to denote any one of all the 26 letters
of the alphabet it will be found will not exceed four. The same may be said
of bringing the figures 1 and 3 to the stationary pointer in rapid succession
before a slight pause. I would also observe that two moveable dials may
used the one dial being connected with one line wire and the other connected
with a second line wire. In this case the successive motions of the dials or
discs either separately or in combination may be used to form any desired
code for a telegraphic alphabet.
be
Figures 1, 3, 5 6 Sheet No. 1 shew telegraphic instruments fitted up with
soft iron magnets and moveable dials with fixed pointers. Figure 2 shews an
instrument with a combination of a moveable dial and moveable pointer. In
Figures 123 and 4 the dials are vertical. In Figure 5 the dials are in an
inclined position, and in Figure 6 the dials are horizontal. The Figure 4 has
two moveable dials, the one covering a portion of the other as shewn.
My next improvement consists in having in step-by-step movement tele-
graphsan alphabet possessing more than one of those letters or characters which
are of the most frequent occurrence in communications. It is now well known
that many of the letters of the alphabet are of very much more frequent occur-

page_text: rence in communications than others. For instance E and T are more fre-
quently used than any other and Q and Z less frequently. It will be evident
therefore that if there be inserted at various intervals the alphabet several of
those letters which are so frequently used that it will require less time to send
any communication than if there had been in such alphabetical arrangement
only one of each of the letters of the ordinary alphabet. One repetition of
one or two letters at most may have been used in an arrangement of the
letters of the alphabet adapted for a revolving pointer.
I do not claim therefore with a revolving step-by-step pointer telegraph the
alphabet above described, unless more than two of the letters of the alphabet
be repeated therein
My next improvement consists in means of producing motion for telegraphic
purposes. Myimprovementadmits of a greatvariety of forms and arrangements.
I will now however describe that form and arrangement which I think
will be found most advantageous I take a thin piece of soft iron of a semi-
circular or semi-oval form as shewn in Figure 3 Sheet No. III. by ABC
I attach to it a supporting piece of brass D, E, F, by means of which I attach
the whole to an axle which moves freely on its centres I then place a per-
manent magnet N S (of which magnet N is the north pole and S the south
pole) very near to the piece of soft iron A, B, C. This arrangement under
the well-known laws of magnetism will be found to induce a state of southern
polarity to the piece of soft iron at B and consequently a northern state of
polarity in each of the extremes A and C. Of course if the south pole of the
magnet N S had been placed near A B C contrary effects of polarity would
have been induced in A B C. I then insert the ends of the induced magnet
A B C into the middle of two helices or coils as shewn in Figure 2 and I
so connect the wire of such coils that when a current of electricity is passed
through both of them the similar or upper ends of the helices or coils as at
O and P shew different states of magnetic polarity. It is obvious then
when a current is transmitted through the coils OQPR and the ends O of
the coil OQ is endowed with say north magnetic polarity while the end P
of the coil P R is at the same time endowed with southern polarity that the
induced soft iron magnet A B C both of whose ends A and C are under the
supposed arrangementendowed with northern polarity will tend to pass out of
the coils OQ and P R videlicit the part C to approach P while the part
A will tend to recede from O. If the current be reversed the motion of the
bar in the opposite direction will ensue. By this means motion in either
direction may be given to soft iron which is rendered inductively magnetic
and that by surrounding only the poles of such induced magnet with coils of

page_text: wire. This arrangement will possess this very desirable property that no
amount of atmospheric electricity can deprive this magnet N S of its
magnetic virtue nor consequently the bar A B C for the bar A B C does
not derive its state of magnetism from the action of its own particles on itself
but its magnetism is produced by its proximity to another magnet upon which
currents of electricity passing through the coils produce no effect. All the
injurious effects of the demagnetization of the moveable magnets of telegraphs
by thunder storms is at once got rid of and much greater amount of mag-
netism may be imparted to the moveable bar than could be were it simply
a magnetized steel magnet and the electric force transmitted through the coils
is expended only on those parts of the bar on which the magnetism is concen-
trated producing thereby the greatest possible amount of power and conse-
quently of rapidity of motion. The bar A B C may either be weighted so
as to hang naturally in the position as shewn in the Figure 2 or the bar
may be of a semi-elliptical form the major axis of which passes through the
point B and then if it be suspended from the centre of the oval in that case
as the bar moves either to the right or left the mass of metal composing the
bar A B C will recede from the magnet N S. so that the moment the current
ceases the magnet N S will pull the bar back again to its original position.
Thus the magnet N S will perform the twofold object of keeping A B C mag-
netic as well as of giving to it a particular position of rest when uninfluenced
by electric currents through the coils. Instead of N S being a permanent
magnet it may be an electro-magnet kept magnetic by a current of electricity
passing round it or it may be a helix of wire producing like effects as the
magnet N S or it may be a compound bar magnet. Again instead of the
magnet N S being a straight magnet and producing similar poles in the
extremes of the bar A B C a bent magnet may be substituted as shewn in
Figure 4. A contrary state of magnetic polarity would then be induced in
the ends of the bar A B C and consequently, the direction of the current
through one of the coils would have to be the reverse of that which it would
be if both ends of ABC were in the same state of magnetic polarity
according to the well-known laws of electro-magnetism. To the bar A BC
the moveable dial before described may be affixed or discs or pointers or
screens or detents or other instruments as desired and letters or sentences
may be thereby indicated or alarums may be sounded or currents of electricity
sent into various circuits as pre-arranged. As I have before observed the
shape and form of the soft iron bar may be greatly varied varying of course
with it the form and position of the coils under the well-known laws of electro-
magnetism or pure nickel may be substituted for the soft iron.

page_text: Figures 5 6 7 and 8 shew varied forms of soft iron bars and permanent
magnets where the magnets are stationary and the soft iron bars moveable.
In all these Figures P M represents the fixed magnets and S I the inove-
able soft iron bars. In all these cases the fixed magnets are so arranged that
the motion of the soft iron bars may if desired take place in a vertical hori-
zontal or inclining plane and yet rest only in a defined position with respect
to the fixed magnet when uninfluenced by electric currents. This enables a
telegraph constructed on this principle to form part of a writing desk so that
the eye may be enabled the better to follow the indicators at the time the
communication is being committed to writing. I would also observe that it
is necessary to prevent the soft iron bars as above described from moving on
either side more than the greater portion of a quadrant otherwise the bar
might take two positions of rest instead of one. I prefer doing this by so
making the form of the coil as to enable the bar to move only therein to the
extent desired on either side one method of which is to allow the bar to rest
against the body of the shell of the coil. In these last-named Figures no coils
are shewn as the position and form of the coil for moving such induced soft
iron magnets will be at once known to any one in any way conversant with
laws of electro-magnetism. Instead of moving these soft iron magnets by
coils of wire only motion may be given to them by means of electro-magnets
of iron or nickel. If instead of using soft iron bars steel magnets be used
then it will be found very advantageous to annex another permanent magnet
as shown with respect to soft iron bars in order to increase the magnetic
power of those moveable magnets and to prevent their demagnetization in
atmospheric storms.
My next improvement consists in the causing of either of two electro-.
magnets or any one of three electro-magnets at the same station in one
circuit to work as desired by means of electric currents transmitted through
that circuit And first with respect to the moving of the armatures of either
of two electro-magnets such electro-magnets being in the same circuit and at
the same station.
In Figure 9 Sheet No. III. A B, and D, E represents two electro-magnets
with armatures working on centres X X and Y Y so that the armatures can
approach towards and recede from their respective clectro-magnets under the
influence of electric currents passing round the electro-magnets in the ordinary
mauner R, T is an arın which must not be of a magnetic substance moved
by a magnet and coil working on its centre C so that the end T can by
the motion of the magnet be interposed between either of the armatures of
the electro-magnets and their respective electro-magnets and thus prevent the

page_text: armatures from approaching to the electro-magnets. A coil of wire capable
of moving the magnet and arm R, T to the right or left is placed in proximity
to the magnet according to any of the well-known arrangements. The wire
of this coil as also the wire of the coils of both the electro-magnets form part
of the same telegraphic circuit. If now the armatures be so set that it will
require a much more powerful current of electricity to work them than to
move the magnet and arm R, T in the way of either of those armatures then
by sending first a current of electricity sufficient only to move the arm to its
desired position and after the arm has moved in the way of one of the arma-
tures of the electro-magnets so as to prevent its motion of the power of the
current be increased so as to be capable of causing both these armatures to
approach to their electro-magnets then one only of the armatures of the
electro-magnets can move for the other will be restrained from motion by
reason of the interposition of the ends of the arm R, T between the electro-
magnet and the armature. In this way by sending either a positive or
negative current and by afterwards increasing those currents either of the
electro-magnets may be made to work as desired. Again if it is desired to
cause both electro-magnets to work then instead of sending a current from a
voltaic battery at all if a sudden current of electricity be sent from an ordinary
magneto machine by removing suddenly the armature from the magnet as is
well known and if the magnet have to travel some distance before it obstructs
the progress of either of the armatures it will be found that the current has
acted on both electro-magnets having attracted their armatures before the arm
had had time to interpose itself between either. Again if it be desired to
work either of three electro-magnets ir. a circuit the following arrangement
as shewn in Figure 10 will answer the purpose. A B C is a disk of
cardboard or mica or other similar non-magnetic substance capable of being
moved to the right or left on the centre D by incans of a magnet attached
thereto and a coil of wire to act upon the magnet. This magnet may either
be a needle diamond-shaped horseshoe or any other form of magnet provided
that the coil be suited to the kind of magnet employed MNO are three
electro-magnets their armatures for perspicuity's sake are not shewn in
the Drawing. The coil of the disc and the coils of the three electro-magnets
are all continuously in the same telegraphic circuit i.e. the wire having com-
pleted one coil proceeds to another and so on and placed at the same station.
On the disc an orifice PQ is cut as shewn so that when the disc is at rest
the armature of the electro-magnet N could approach its magnet and thereby
perform any pre-arranged work by such motion. If this orifice in the disc be
cut oblong and of greater length than the armature belonging to the electro-

page_text: magnet N so that the disc may move a little on either side without stopping
the action of the electro-maguet N and its armature then if a current of
electricity be transmitted through the circuit from a magneto machine by
suddenly separating the armature from the magnet as is well known then
will the electro-magnet N attract its arinature to it before the disc has had
time to prevent it from a current of electricity produced by the magneto
machine by merely separating the armature from the magnet is of such short
duration as to be unable to interpose the disc A, B, C, if the orifice be made
much wider than the electro-magnet and armature as shewn in the Drawing.
If now a current of electricity be sent along the circuit from a voltaic
battery which current is capable of removing the position of the disc to the
right or left and keeping it there accordingly as it is sent positively or nega-
tively but which current is not capable of producing an attractive power in
any of the electro-magnets sufficient to draw to them their armatures then
if after such smaller current is sent and the disc has assumed its desired
position and come from home to its stop the strength of the current be
increased sufficiently to cause the electro-magnets to attract to them their
armatures then will that electro-magnet only work before which the orifice
P, Q, is situated at the time. In this way any one of three electro-magnets
situated in the same circuit can be made to work as desired without the
necessity of employing another wire for the purpose or the introduction of
secondary batteries. Such motion of the armatures as desired may either
sound different alarums or one armature may sound an alarum and another
work a printing telegraph or a step-by-step revolving pointer telegraph or a
Morse's telegraph or conduct currents along various telegraphic wires not in
the main circuit or perform any work desired in connection with telegraphic
arrangements.
My next improvement consists in a means of causing alarums to sound in
distant places by means of electric currents transmitted through telegraphic
circuits.
Hitherto alarums for telegraphic purposes have generally been sounded by
means of the attractive force of an electro-magnet which attraction causes a
detent to be removed from a piece of wound-up mechanism or allows a weight
to fall or spring to act by means of which a detent is removed or the detent
is removed by the direct blow of a magnet moved by electricity developed in
adjoining coils of wire all of which actions require the development of a con-
siderable amount of electric power. My present improvement consists in
having a pendulum or balance wheel similar to watch or chronometer balance
wheels which is kept constantly vibrating as in the ordinary clock time-piece
C

page_text: watch or chronometer. A detent, which prevents the alarum from sounding
is placed near to such pendulum but so that the pendulum cannot strike it
unless a third body is interposed between it and the pendulum The coil and
magnet such as is used for giving signals will do very well are fixed near to
such vibrating pendfilum in such manner that when the magnet is at rest it is
not caught or touched by the pendulum as it vibrates backwards and forwards
but when a current passes through the coil and causes the magnet to diverge,
then the pendulum strikes the body interposed by the magnet and by its intro-
duction the pendulum is enabled to act on the detent of the alarum and
liberate the wound-up mechanism.
Figure 11 Sheet No. III. will explain one form of arrangement under this
Invention the mechanical details of which may be greatly varied. Figure 12
shews another arrangement. In Figure 11 A represents the body capable of
being interposed N S the magnet capable of causing such interposition
CC is the axle on which such magnet moves. This magnet N S may be
moved to the desired position either by means of a coil or electro-magnet as
is well known B, D is a slight spring connecting the body to be interposed
with the magnet NS FM is the detent working on the centre Q, R is
the detent wheel of any ordinary alarum apparatus. When the body A is so
moved by the magnet N S so as to come in the way of the pendulum as
shown by the dotted line of the pendulum in its ordinary vibration it is
evident from the Figure that the body A being driven by the pendulum in
the direction of the arrow OP will cause the detent F, M to release the
wheel Q, R and thus cause the mechanism of the alarum to be set free. As
soon as the body A is removed from the interposition of such pendulum and
detent FM the spring S will cause the detent F M again to arrest the pro
gress of the wheel Q R. In Figure 12 SI is a piece of soft iron rendered
magnetic by means of the magnet N S and also kept in the position shewn in
the Figure unless acted upon by currents of electricity in the adjacent coil. It
is evident from the Figure that when the soft iron magnet S I is thrown into
the position J K that the pendulum on its return from V to T will strike
such soft iron magnet and thereby act on the arm FM and cause the alarum
wheel QR to be liberated. A spring S acts in the same manner as in
Figure 11 and causes the detent F M again to arrest the progress of the
wheel Q, R on the cessation of the current and the consequent withdrawal of
thesoft iron magnet SI from the position J K to that of its nominal position
Y. I would observe that I make no claim to sonnding an alarum by
means of a vibrating pendulum or balance wheels unless such pendulum or
balance wheels are kept vibrating by means of gravity or a wound-up spring.

page_text: My next improvement consists in the causing of any particular alarum in a
set of telegraph stations to be sounded as desired.
I will take first the case of a line of telegraph where one wire is used for
making visible signals and one wire for making audible signals. Now if at
the stations a magnetic needle and coil be put in the circuit if not already in
use for signalling at that station and if the magnetic needle have insulated
stops of metal to rest against the resting of such needle against such stop
may readily cause a short circuit to be made in the alarum at that station so
that when a current is transmitted over the alarum wire it shall take the short
circuit so made at that station and not the long circuit through the coil of the
electro-magnet of the alarum and thus prevent the alarum at the station from
sounding. In like manner a similar needle inclining to the opposite side at
the next station might thus prevent the alarum at that station from sounding.
In this way a person at a third station is enabled to sound either of those
alarums from a distant point. The mode of carrying out the mechanical
detail of such arrangement is so obvious that I deem it unnecessary to make
any Drawings for the same and the mechanical arrangements can be varied
also in very many ways. Again on a line of telegraph where two line wires
are used for making visible signals and one line wire for sounding the alarums
it is evident that as the two pendent indicators may be thrown into any one of
eight different positions the number of stations at which a distant person can
sound or not as desired an alarum will be greatly increased.
My next improvement consists in the connection of a pendulous body or
escapement action with the apparatus for transmitting electric currents. In
the Specification of the Patent granted to Mr. Henry Highton and myself
dated Twenty-fifth January One thousand eight hundred and forty-eight a
method is shewn whereby a current in one direction can be made to work
a step-by-step movement and a current in the opposite direction to cause the
revolving hand pointer disc or type to progress to zero in order to give
certainty to such escapement action when used in connection with one line
wire-I have found it however desirable to be able to cause the corre-
sponding hand discs or sets of type at different stations to go isochronously
together without being obliged to have recourse to the movement to zero or
the starting point. To effect this purpose I make each machine in itself self-
acting that is the hands or type wheels as the case may be would begin to
revolve step by step as soon as the necessary battery powder is applied the
machines of their own action throwing on and cutting off the electric power
at each beat of the armature just as the steam engine does with regard to
its steam when the valves are properly affixed to the exc ntrics and the steam

page_text: turned on. My first arrangement for so doing will be best explained by
reference to the diagrams in Figure 1 Sheet No. IV. A, B, C, represent
three pieces of brass or silver or other hard metal let into a piece of ivory
whereby 13 is effectually insulated from both A and C. A and are then
metallically united with each other and with say the down line wire while B
is at the same time metallically united to say the up line wire. It is evident
then that if B be touched with say the positive pole of a battery and either
A or C with the negative pole that a current of electricity would progress in
one direction through the telegraphic circuit whereas if B and A or C
had each been put in metallic connection with the contrary poles of the
battery a current would have progressed in the opposite direction. If then
a sliding piece M N which I will call the slide be composed of ivory and
also have two ends of brass silver or other hard metal M and Nattached to
it and the distance between these pieces of metal be the same or nearly so
as between A and B or B and C so that if M and N be placed on A, B, C
in such manner that M may rest on A then will N rest on B or if M rest
on B then must N rest on C then on moving M N backwards and forwards
over A, B, C, M will be alternately brought into contact with A and B and
N with B and C at the same time. Now if to M and N wires from the
pole of a battery be affixed and if a percenode be put in the circuit at say
P then with the slide M N as it passes backwards and forwards over the
bed plate A B C send currents of electricity alternately in one direction
through that percenode and then in the other and so on as long as the slide
continues to vibrate over the surface A, B, C. If now to this slide the stem
or tail of the armature with an electro-magnet on each side of it be affixed
sufficient play being allowed to such stem or tail to vibrate or oscillate some
distance before the slide is moved and if such electro-magnets assume a
magnetic state alternately according as a positive or negative current is sent
along the line wire which may be doue by secondary batterics by means of
the perœnode referred to above or by any other of the now well-known
means or other suitable means and which motion of the armature by means
of the attraction of one of those electro-magnets reverses the current of
electricity through the long circuits and thus changes the attractive force of
the electro-magnets then would the oscillation of the armature be continued
as long as the battery remained sufficiently powerful to canse the armature to
be attracted and the slide to be thereby moved and the current sent to be
consequently reversed. Care should be taken that M and N should very soon
after leaving A and B come in contact with B and C otherwise there would
be a long period of time when no current was on and consequently the

page_text: machine might stop. In order to secure the slide going home on either side
when started by the pendulous or oscillating arm a spring may be so attached
to the slide that after it had moved half its distance the spring should push
it home. This might be accomplished by a spring rising over a projection in
the centre of the slide but having an inclined surface on each side of the
projection so that after the slide had moved a little more than half the spring
pressing upon the inclined surface forces the slide home or the same may be
accomplished by means of a weighted lever which being moved beyond the
perpendicular on either side falls over or by other mechanical arrangements
such oscillatory motion of the armature or arin may cause a wound-up step-
by-step movement to be liberated or it may force one after the other a
step-by-step type wheel round bringing the desired letter to the point
desired.
Such description refers to the transmitting instrument. I will now explain
the action of the receiving instrument. If at the receiving station instead of
M and N being joined to the poles of a battery they be united to each other
by a small strip of brass screwed to them or if the battery be removed and
the wires joining M and N be joined together then will such slide form a
kind of bridge-piece which makes contact with the broken ends of the wire
of the circuit by means of the slide and pieces A B and B C of that
station with this arrangement no second current can be transmitted along
the line until both instruments have completed the work due to the prior
current. This arrangement gives perfect safety to a set of step-by-step
movement telegraphs making them all beat synchronously together I have
omitted all Drawings of the revolving type and wheels and pero@node and
printing cylinders or hammers or keys or stops as their introduction would
have but complicated the description I would prefer the arrangement of
circular keys to be applied to such instrument so that by pressure upon any
one of them the revolving escapement wheel may be stopped at any desired
point. Instead of flat surfaces A B and C hardened points of metal may
be substituted with advantage or other incaus of making the requisite contacts
in the order of oscillation as described. If desired at the receiving station
the slide M N may be entirely removed and then the up and down line
wires must be metallically united at that point the armature at the receiving
stations will therefore have less work to perform at that station the armatures
at those receiving stations will consequently be certain of having accomplished
their work before the transmitting armature has reversed its current and this
certainty of action will in this way be gained or the receiving instrument
may also remain a transmitting instrument as far as the transmitting of a

page_text: current of electricity is concerned and add its current to that sent from the
other instrumentorinstead of the transmitting instrument sending alternately
positive and negative currents the motion of the arm or tail of the armature
in one direction may cause by means of the slide piece a current of electricity
to be transmitted and a spring may force back the arm as soon as the current
is cut off by the motion of the slide piece M N. In that case only one
electro-magnet for acting on the armature acting on the escapement wheel
will be required and that clectro-magnet may be made to act by means of
the primary batteries no secondary batteries being used when this plan is
adopted and the wire at the receiving stations joined to the ends of the wire
of the corresponding electro-magnets at those stations and similar springs
added to the tail pieces of the armatures and the slide pieces removed the
removal of such slide pieces at those stations will cause the armatures thereat
to work more rapidly and hence cause the work to be done by them before
the same work is accomplished at the transmitting station and hence security
of action may be obtained also in this way without the intervention of secondary
batteries.
Figure 2 explains this arrangement E is the electro-magnet A the
armature S the reacting spring M N the slide which is in contact with
say the up line wire and D a piece of brass for such slide M N to be
brought upon in order to complete the circuit. This piece D is in connexion
with the down line wire. It is evident therefore that when the armature A
has approached close to the electro-magnet E and thereby thrown away the
slide M N from the bed-piece D that the circuit will be broken and the
current cease. The spring S will then draw the armature A away from the
electro-magnet and in so doing will push the slide M N again in contact
with D and thereby complete the circuit. When this has been done at all
the stations in the circuit the current will be again transmitted and the
armature A approach the electro-magnet E and thereby again cut off the
current producing in consequence a self-acting reciprocal motion by means
of the pendulous body X. In this way no second current can be transmitted
till each instrument has completed the work due to the prior current. And
consequently certainty of action will at once be given to a set of telegraphic
instruments working by means of a step-by-step movement stops to limit
the motion of the slides to the required degree in each direction are to be
placed where most convenient.
My next improvement consists in a means of causing a great portion of
the electric power collected by telegraphic wires in storms of lightning and
other atmospheric disturbances to be extracted from the wires of the telegraph

page_text: before their junction with the coils of the telegraphic instruments in order
to prevent the injurious results of action thereby to the works of the tele-
graphic instruments.
The arrangement consists in passing a line wire or a metallic bar which is'
a continuation of the line wire through a mass of filings raspings boring
dust or such like small particles of iron brass or other hard metals. The
telegraphic wire or bar being previously surrounded by bibulous paper or
calico or silk or any other similar substance which is a non-conductor of
electricity and which will prevent any of the filings from coming in absolute
contact with such telegraphic wire or bar but which will also have the effect
of causing a thin film of air to exist in the interstices of such paper
or silk intervening between the filings and the metallic bar. These filings
should be put into good metallic contact with the earth which can be con-
veniently done by enclosing them in a tin or brass tube or in a tin box and
taking a wire from such tube or box to an earth plate. Gas or water pipe,
&c. It will be found that the wire being thus surrounded by an almost
infinite number of very finely-pointed lightning-conductors will give up almost
the whole of its high tension electricity to these points notwithstanding the
interposition of paper or other matter as described and save from harm the
coils and magnets and other works of the instruments.
A more perfect arrangement still may if desired be made by surrounding
the telegraphic wire or bar first alluded to by a mass of filings putting the same
in contact with such wire or bar and then enclosing those filings in a silk bag
or tube of bibulous paper and placing such bag or tube in the midst of a mass
of other filings which have metallic connexion with the earth but not with the
aforesaid wire or filings. Care must be taken that none of the inner mass of
filings are in metallic contact with the outer mass but that they are in every
part separated either by silk and small films of air in the silk or by bibulous
paper and the small films of air in it so that the ordinary currents of electricity
used for telegraphing may not be able to break through such resistance but
only electricity of high tension such as atmospheric electricity.
Figure 3 Sheet No. 4 shows the longitudinal section of one of the above
arrangements A B is a metallic rod or wire being a continuation of the
telegraphic line wire before it arrives at the coil of the instrument at a
station. GH is a brass tube surrounding the bar A, B. W W are two
dry wooden ends of the tube through which the bar A B passes and which
ends insulate the bar from the tube G H. The space F F is filled with
metallic filings before the top W W is fastened to the tube. That part
of the bar A B within the tube and surrounded by filings is first carefully

page_text: wrapt with silk or bibulous paper. E is a wire in metallic connection with
the earth and the tube G H when a current of electricity of high tension
produced by a flash of lightning has been intercepted by the long telegraphic
wire and is passing through the bar A, B towards the coil of the instrument
the filings surrounding that bar draw off nearly the whole of the electric fluid
to the earth by the wire E. Instead of there being two of these apparatuses
one on either side of the coil of an instrument if the ends A or B be put in me-
tallic communication with say the up line wire and the tube G H with say the
down line wire the greater portion ofthe atmospheric electricity collected by the
wire will pass through the filings Fand the bibulous paper instead of through the
coil and thus preserve the coil from the effects of such extraneous electricity.
My next improvement consists in the use for telegraphic purposes of a
solution of the soluble sulphates of what are known as the earths.
Hitherto diluted acids such as sulphuric acid have been most generally used
as the exciting liquid in batteries for telegraphic purposes though other
matters have been employed such batteries however are very inconstant in
action and require frequent additions of fresh acid and to enable them to
maintain anything like uniformity of electric power for a long period of time
My improvement consists in using instead of acids the soluble sulphates of
what are known as the earths and I prefer for such purpose the sulphate
of magnesia or the sulphate of alumina. I find that if a solution of sulphate
of alumina (common alum which is an impurified form of sulphate of
alumina will do nearly as well) be used in a battery the metals of which are
copper and zinc that such battery will without the least attention whatever
and without any addition of fresh liquid be so constant as to work for several
months together notwithstanding a large usage of the telegraph. Forordinary
pointer telegraphs I find that a piece of zinc one inch wide and three inches long
and a piece of copper to correspond therewith exposed to the action of the
solution in a jar composed of glass earthenware or gutta percha two inches
and a quarter diameter and four inches deep form a cell of a very powerful
and constant battery The number of cells composing the battery are of
course to be varied according to the resistance of the circuit and the power
required to be developed as is well known I would observe that it is not
necessary with such a solution that the zinc plates should be amalgamated
but I prefer having them amalgamated inasmuch as it enables the plates to be
cleaned more easily after having been in wear for many months.
My next improvement consists in the making of telegraphic signals by
means of what are called earth batteries. Hitherto from these kind of
batteries a current of electricity could only be transmitted in one direction.

page_text: My improvement consists in the ability to transmit from any one station to
any other currents of electricity in either direction. The arrangement I use
is as follows I select three metals such as copper iron and zinc bearing
three different relations to cach other in the scale of electro-motive forces. I
place the one such as iron in the above selection for instance which is nega-
tive to one of the two others but positive to the remaining one in the position
of an ordinary earth plate at each end of the circuit as shewn in Figure 4
Sheet No. 4. I then bury in the earth at each station a mass of each of the
other metals care being taken that none of these metals touch one another.
If then at station No. 1 for instance I divide the wire of the telegraphic
circuit in two at say X and touch the severed plate with the wire N from the
copper plate and the other end of the severed wire with the wire O from
the zinc plate then with a current of electricity in one direction proceed
through the circuit similarly effecting all the magnets attached to those coils
if similarly arranged but if instead of making contact with the copper plate
the wire in connection with the zinc plate had been touched to such aforesaid
wire at the severance and the wire of the copper plate to the other severed
wire then would the current transmitted through the circuit have been in the
other direction affecting in a contrary manner the magnets attached to the
respective coils and moving them in the opposite direction. In like manner
if at an intermediate station say Station No. 2 the wire had been severed at
say Y and that part extending through Station No. 1 had been put in metallic
connection with the copper plate there buried while at the same time the
other end of the broken circuit had been touched with the wire from the zinc
plate the magnets attached to the several coils throughout the circuit would
all be similarly affected Whereas if the end of the circuit extending through
Station No. 1. had been put in metallic connection with the zinc plate and the
other end of the broken circuit had been put in metallic communication with
the copper plate a current of electricity would have been transmitted through-
out the whole circuit but in a direction contrary to that of the former
producing thereby an opposite effect on the magnets in connection with the
respective coils. And similarly with respect to the terminal station No. 3 if
the severance take place at the point but if it take place at the point T on
the other side of the coil then there is no necessity to touch that part of the
circuit beyond T towards the iron plate for a current of electricity in one or
other direction will begin immediately to flow through all the coils the moment
that the end of the circuit adjacent to the coils is put in inetallic communica-
tion with either the zinc or copper plates buried in the carth at thatstation.
The same may be said of the other terminal Station No. 1. I would here
D

page_text: observe that such a form of battery is suited only to telegraphic circuits the
resistance of which is small and in which small currents of electricity produce
the desired effects on the recording or denoting instruments. I would also
observe that coke might be used instead of copper its relation to iron and zinc
being the same as copper and similarly with other metals both below and
above the electro-motive qualities of the medium metal which in the above
description for perspicuity's sake was taken as the metal iron.
My next improvement consists in a self-acting telegraph for water com-
panies and others by means of which the level of the water in a reservoir or
other container of water may be shewn at a distant station. There are
several modes of accomplishing this object but the one I prefer is as follows.
-The insulated wire is to be extend between the reservoir and the station at
which the height of water in that reservoir is desired to be shewn and afte
having passed through therecording instruments at the receiving station it is to
be conveyed to an earth connexion. At the receiving station is placed a step-
by-step movement telegraph with a pointer and dial but having figures on the
dial instead of letters. These figures are to correspond with the number
of feet that the distant reservoir is deep, instead of feet other measures may be
employed. Each current of electricity in one direction is according to well-
known arrangements to cause the pointer to progress from one figure to the
next on the dial and a current of electricity in the opposite direction
is to cause such pointer to progress at one bound to zero or the starting
point the mechanism for accomplishing which is well known. I then
take a cylinder of dry wood as represented in Figure 5 Sheet 4 by
A B and moving freely on centres C C. This cylinder or barrel is to be
attached to clockwork mechanism so as to make one revolution as often as
desired. For such purpose I prefer that the cylinder should have a separate
weight or spring and that the cylinder should be set free like the striking
apparatus of a clock and then by means of its own maintaining power make
one complete revolution and afterwards remain stationary until again set free
by the clockwork mechanism. Into the surface of the cylinder are to be inlaid
pieces of brass E EEE &c. in number as many as it is desired to send
currents of electricity to represent fect or other lineal measures of depth in the
reservoir. Four only are shewn in the plan W is the insulated wire
extending to the distant station C, Z No. 1 is a battery. A wire, N
proceeds from one pole to the battery to the brass bar M, O. To this bar
brass springs P, P, P, P, are attached which press on the cylinder as the
cylinder revolves other springs QQQQ &c. are on the other side of the
cylinder fixed to a bar of dry mahogany or other non-conductor T so as to

page_text: insulate them from each other to these springs Q Q &c. are attached wires
the outsides surface of which is thoroughly insulated by gutta percha or other
substance. To those wires are attached plates of metal R R R &c. which
hang at different depths in the reservoir. It is evident then that if these
plates are by means of the cylinder A B as it revolves one after the other
put in metallic connexion with the strips EE &c. and consequently with the
battery C, Z No. 1 and line wires W that currents of electricity will proceed
through the circuit but only when such plate in such contact for the time
being is in connexion with the water of the reservoir, as the cylinder there-
fore turns round as many currents of electricity will be transmitted as there
are earth plates immersed in the water at the time or in other words as
there are say feet of water in the reservoir. These currents then passing
through a step-by-step telegraph instrument at the receiving station will
cause the pointer to progress a corresponding number of steps or divisions on
the dial plate and thus shew the depth of water at the time in the reservoir.
Before a second set of currents is to be sent it is desirable that the pointer should
progress to zero or the starting point This can easily be accomplished by in-
verting a brass strip S1 and putting another spring V on the bar M O and one
G on the bar T and joining that spring to one end of a battery K which is of
the same kind as C, Z, No. 1 but which has at least double the number of cells
as the battery CZ No. 1 has and by so placing K in the circuit then it
shall work in an opposite direction to C, Z No. 1 joining the other end of
such battery to the earth. In this case as soon as the cylinder starts a
current (in the opposite direction to that as sent from C, Z No. 1 by the
bars PP &c.) will be transmitted through the circuit and cause the pointer
under well-known arrangements to proceed to zero or the starting point before
it commences to move forward the number of divisions to correspond with the
plates immersed at the time in the water. The cylinder may be made as in
the striking apparatus of a clock to revolve once in every half hour or quarter
of an hour or even every five minutes or less if desired. If such revolution be
made to take place every quarter or half hour then would it be desirable that
the long insulated wire should in the meantime be made capable of being used
for ordinary telegraphic purposes. This can readily be done by means of the
cylinder A B for if the wire at W be severed and two springs J L be
attached to the ends as shewn by the dotted lines and a separate piece of
brass X be inserted in the cylinder near the end thereof and of the springs
press on such piece of brass a metallic connexion in the line wire similar to
that which would have resulted had the wire at W not been severed will take
place. Now if this piece of brass be of such length as to cause such con-

page_text: nexion to exist all the time that the springs P P &c., Q Q &c. press upon
any of the brass pieces E &c. but after that the last set of the springs P
and have passed over their corresponding brass piece then the brass
piece X ends and another piece H I insulated from x almost immediately
commences and is so placed that the spring J may rest upon it but not L
but another spring S 2 in contact with the coil of an ordinary telegraph and
proceeding thence to the earth then at the termination of each revolution
of the cylinder the line wire will be put in a position at the transmitting
or reservoir station to be used as an ordinary telegraphic wire and as
soon as the receiving instrument is taken out of the circuit at the other
station the wire may be used for such purpose accordingly. Care must
be taken that the brass piece H I is of such length that the spring S
shall leave H I and J and L both press upon X before the cylinder is in a
position to commence sending the currents to cause the pointer to go to zero
and the brass piece H I and X must be insulated from each other. It is
hardly necessary to add that as many recording or registering instruments may
be put into the circuit as desired so as to shew by means of one transmitting
instrument the height of water in the reservoir at as many stations as may be
desired. I would observe that various arrangements may be employed and
the mechanical details of the above arrangement may also be greatly varied as
desired.
My next improvement has reference to a chemical marking telegraph.
Hitherto it has been usual to saturate or moisten the paper or fabric employed
with a chemical decomposable solution. In order to make the desired marks
a metallic point is caused to press upon such moistened paper as the paper
moves along. In this arrangement the paper being used when moist is
very liable to be torn, or disarranged by the passage and pressure of the
metallic point. My improvement consists in causing a pen (which may be
somewhat similar to the drawing pen) to hold a quantity of the chemical
solution between its limbs and to pass over and press upon common paper
in its ordinary dry state. The pen is either to be made of ivory and have
metallic nibs or to have ivory ends tipped with metal. Instead of ivory other
hard nonconducting substance will do as well. I prefer iron or steel for such
points. When these metallic nibs are united with the wires from a battery
a current of electricity passes through the solution and a decomposition of
such solution ensues accordingly and if certain chemical solutions such as
a solution of prussiate of potass and sulphuric acid and water be used the
color of the solution is changed by the passage of the current of electricity
as is well known. In this way a pen may as it were be made to pour out two

page_text: differently colored solutions as desired by the passage of an electric current
through the solution as it is leaving the pen and being deposited upon the
paper such marks left on paper may represent letters figures or symbols
and intelligence may thereby be communicated between distant places.
Figure 6 Sheet No. 4 represents one form of pen as above described I
would observe however that the form may be greatly varied and if desired a
reservoir of the chemical solution may be placed in connection with the pen so
that the nibs or limbs of the pen may be supplied with fresh chemical solution
as fast as the passage of the paper robs the pen of a portion of its contents.
If desired either nib of the pen may be made to make a mark on the paper
accordingly as the current is sent positively or negatively or two pens may be
used, as shewn in Figure 7 Sheet No. 4 provided that one nib only of such
pens be metallic and if the solutions in each of these pens be united by
a piece of sponge placed across the top then may either pen be made to
mark the paper accordingly as the current is sent negatively or positively.
I have omitted setting forth the various chemical solutions which may be
used as they are so numerous and now so well known. Instead of paper
calico linen or other substances may be used.
My next improvement consists in enclosing insulated telegraphic wires in
masonry or cement instead of metallic tubes. Hitherto when wires have been
buried in the earth and a mechanical protection afforded to them beyond their
insulating covering or the covering to protect such insulation cast-iron pipes
have generally been used to protect such wires from extraneous damage. My
improvement consists in surrounding such wires when properly insulated by
masonry or a mass of cement for which purpose I prefer bricks or tiles and
Roman cement or mortar made of hydraulic lime. In this way wires may
be preserved from extraneous injury at a very cheap cost and such mode
of protecting wires may be resorted to whether they be buried in the earth
or not.
My next improvement consists in the enclosing of insulated wires in leaden
or other pliable metallic tubes. Hitherto when insulated wires have been
enclosed in lead tubes one or other of the following plans have generally been
adopted. The wires are inserted into a tube of which the internal diameter
is much larger than that of the wire or wires to be enclosed the tube is then
with the wires in it pulled through a dic or dies so as to reduce its diameter
and to make it firmly grasp the wires or the wires have had forced around
them when passing through a die metal in a semi-fluid state. My improve-
ment consists in putting the wires into a tube as small as can conveniently be
used and then pressing the tube between two rollers or other pressing

page_text: apparatus so as to extend it laterally and to compress together its edges on one
or both sides.
Figure 6 Sheet No. 5 shews an insulated set of wires in a leaden tube
before lateral compression. Figure 7 Sheet No 5 shews the same after
lateral compression of the leaden tube such lateral compression of the tube
may be affected either by rollers or any of the other well-known means of
exerting pressure as desired and the side of the tube thus brought together
may if desired be riveted together as shewn on the Plan at intervals.
Another mode of incasing insulated wires in metal is by taking a fillett of
that metal and doubling it over upon the insulated wire where it is not
desired to make such covering water-tight but merely to afford a mechanical
protection from accidental injury or the ravages of insects or animals If
desired the edges of the metal may be soldered or riveted together or both
soldered and riveted.
Figure 8 Sheet No. 5 shews the insulated wires laid upon the strip of
metal. Figure 9 shews the same after the metal is bent partly over the
wires. And Figure 10 shews the covering complete over the wires. The object
of this part of the Invention being to cause the external covering or clothing
of metal to fit tightly and closely around the insulated wires contained by it
in the manner herein described.
My next improvement consists in what 1 term enamelling the gutta percha
covering around telegraphic wires. When a wire has been coated with a
covering of gutta percha the gutta percha will be found to contain in many
parts a great number of minute holes or pores. In order to obviate this
defect I cause coal tar naptha or other solvents of gutta percha to be
applied to the outside of such covering. The first melts the outer surface of
the gutta percha and then the naphtha evaporates. If when the gutta percha
is in this semi-fluid state its surface be rubbed over with cushions of cloth
or with brushes or such like apparatus all the minute holes and pores will be
filled up with the liquid gutta percha before it sets and the insulating pro-
perties of the gutta percha covering will be greatly enhanced thereby. In
order to do this work rapidly and cheaply I pass the gutta percha covered
wire through a hollow mandril as of a lathe for instance and attach to such
mandril a set of brushes or rubbers so that these rubbers may revolve with
the desired rapidity around the wire. I also cause the wire to move through
such mandril with a uniform motion or nearly so that every part of the wire
is brought under the action of these brushes. The covering of the wire before
it arrives at these revolving brushes is to have coal-tar naptha applied to it
to partially melt the outer surface of the gutta percha or coal-tar naptha is

page_text: allowed to drop on to the rubbers and brushes or a liquid mixture of gutta
percha and coal-tar naptha is applied to the covering of the wire as it enters
the revolving brushes. By these means I fill up all the small holes that exist
in the gutta percha covering and render its insulating properties far greater
than it was originally.
My next improvement consists in modes of suspending telegraph wires in
the air posts or other supports are to be erected at suitable intervals a wire
having been made fast at one end to any suitable support and passed through
eyes or insulators at the several intervening posts is then to be conducted to
the post A Figure 4 Sheet No. 5 to which it is to be finally attached. The
wire is then after passing either through a hole in that post or through a
firm eye or over a pulley thereon to be attached to one or two ropes (and
I prefer the use of two ropes instead of one). These ropes are to extend to
the foot of the next post B or to some other firm support in the ground.
One of those ropes is at first to be pulled as tight as conveniently may be by
manual force the end of such rope is then to be made fast to the foot of
such post or support the other rope being left ready for being made fast to
the same post or support when required. If a person then exert a pressure
upon the tight rope about half way between the two posts he will cause such
rope to assume a more curvilinear form and thus shorten the distance between
its extremes and consequently pull up the wire this pulling up of the wire
is to be secured by another person tightening the second rope and making it
fast to the foot of the post pressure is then to be applied to the middle of
the second rope as with the former this will then again pull up the wire.
This second tightening of the wire is again to be secured by a person pulling
the first rope tight and then fastening it to the post as shewn at B. In this
way by alternate action on those ropes or wires the main wire may be
drawn up to any degree of tension desired. The further the distance between
A and B is the greater will be the effect of a force exerted midway between
them. The main wire being thus brought to the desired tension if it is to
be permanently secured in that position in any way most convenient and the
ropes thus used will be set at liberty and may be used for drawing up the
next length of wire. Unless the post A be very strong it is desirable that
some support should be afforded to it while the wire is being strained up to
prevent its top bending away from B. This may be accomplished in any
manner found to be most convenient at the time and place. One wire being
thus erected strained and fastened the proper insulations may then be
attached to it if not already applied. If it is desired to have on the same
posts more than one wire a second or more wires may be added in the same

page_text: manner as before described care being taken that the distance between the
points of supports is such and the wire so drawn up that the several wires in
no part touch one another. If attention be paid to this point it is not at all
necessary that the wires should hang in parallel curves. If however it is
considered very desirable that if the wire should by chance stretch and become
longer after it has been perfectly erected the wires should be incapable of
touching one another then the following arrangement will obviate such
danger. To the wire first named I suspend by insulating materials a second
wire, as shewn in Figure 5 Sheet No. 5. If a third wire is required I
suspend by insulating materials the third wire from the second wire and so
on. It is evident then that if any upper wire stretches or becomes longer
instead of its then approaching the lower wires it merely lowers them towards
the earth preserving at all times the same distance between the nearest points
of wire and wire howeyer much any wire may become stretched. To prevent
a long length of wire from pulling out in case of the breakage of a wire the
insulating materials may if desired at every support firmly clasp the wires
or such clasping pieces may be introduced every here and there as desired
or all the wires may be firmly attached to the same straining posts. Instead
of the top suspending rod being of wire it may of rope chain or other con-
venient substance but if it is wholly of wire or metal then it may at the
same time that it affords support to the under wires become itself one of the
long telegraphic conductors I would observe that where the wires are sus-
pended from each other in the way described care should be taken that the
wires do not touch the posts in gales of wind. This may be effected either
by suspending such network from arms projecting out from the posts or
the lower wire may be pushed away from the side of the post by a small
projecting arm to which the wire should be attached by an insulated
fastening.
'
My next improvement relates to the posts or supports for telegraphic wires
when such wires are suspended in the air It is found very desirable for the
posts to be stronger near to the ground than near to the top in order that
they may be able effectually to resist the increasing strains which the wires
impose upon them videlicet the strains which result from the effects of the
wires passing round curves and also of high winds. Hitherto telegraphic
posts when of sawn timber have generally been made taper from the ground
upwards. This tapering to suit the strain of the wires entails a very consider-
able waste of timber as the timber from which the posts are sawn is generally
in square balks. Instead of cutting out the timber taper from the square
balks I take a plank of timber say 34 or 5 inches thick and say

page_text: 7 8 9 11 or 15 inches wide according to the strength of the post required
and of length sufficient for the required height of the post when fixed in the
ground. I then make two saw cuts down the plank in the direction of the
lines M N and O Pas shewn in Figure 1 Sheet No. 5 severing the
portions QM N and O P R from the planks. I then apply these severed
portions to the lower end of the plank in manner shewn in the Drawing by
Figure X and attach them firmly by means of nails spikes or bolts to the
remaining part of the plank as there shewn. In this way I obtain a tele-
graph post well suited in its tapering properties to resist the various strains
of the wire and at the same time no portion of the plank is wasted in
obtaining such tapering but the strength of the whole of the timber required
for the post is applied to the greatest advantage. Memel planks converted
into telegraphic posts in this manner form excellent supports for wires and
can be obtained at a less cost than square posts of equal strength cut out of
balks of timber. Instead of the section of the post near the lower end form-
ing a cross the timber may be so cut and applied as to form a T or L
section as shewn in Figure 2 and Figure 3 Sheet No. 5 unless desired the
the posts need not taper but may present the same section of x a T or an L
throughout their entire length.
My next improvement in telegraphs is as follows At each telegraphic
station I erect a concave surface formed of metal wood stone brick plaster
gutta percha or other material suitable for reflecting sound and constructed*
in such a shape elliptical parabolic spherical or nearly so as to bring to a
focus or nearly so the waves of sound transmitted from a corresponding
telegraphic station and at each station I also have a whistle (to be sounded'
either by steam or other aëriform fluid) or trumpet or drum or bell or gun
or other instrument for producing loud sounds; and telegraphic messages may
be transmitted by the sounding of such instrument or instruments (the sound
being collected into a focus at the distant point by means of the concave
surface described above) according to a preconcerted code of signals. The
instrument for producing the sound may also if necessary be placed at or
near the focus of a concave surface as above described in order to direct the
waves of sound more powerfully towards the distant telegraphic station. And
at the station where the message is received the ear of the attendant may be
placed at or near the focus of the concave surface or the end of a tube may-
be placed there the ear being at the other end of the tube and in some cases
it may be advantageous to place the instrument for producing loud sounds
under water the concave surfaces being also placed under water but in this
case it is better to transmit the sound to the ear by means of a tube open
Cone end and closed at the other end and placed with its closed end under the
о
at

page_text: water at a point at or near the focus of the concave surface as above described.
This mode of telegraphic communication is more particularly intended for
places between which there may be a difficulty in extending wires or at places
where wires are liable to be deranged or damaged such as across seas or
extensive waters.
Having thus described the nature of my Invention and the manner of
performing the same I would have it understood that I do not confine myself
to the details as herein described so long as the peculiar character of any part
.my Invention be retained But what I claim is―
of
First the means herein-before described of arranging electric circuits for
electric telegraphs.
. Secondly I claim the so arranging of the apparatus of electric telegraphs
that the absence of electricity in the circuit by the opening of the same at any
station in the line shall be the cause of the instruments acting. And I also
claim the combined use of the absence of electricity in a circuit with the use of
the opposing power of electricity as herein described.
Thirdly I claim the mode of employing the inductive currents of electricity
by coiling two insulated wires in the same electro-magnet whereby one causes
the electro-maguet to become magnetic and the other transmits the inductive
currents.
Fourthly the mode herein described of employing electric currents passed
in opposite directions in the same circuit to act when passed in one direction
for one purpose and when passed in the other direction for another purpose.
Fifthly the means herein described of employing two powers of electricity
for working instruments used for electric telegraphs.
Sixthly I claim the construction of electro-telegraphic instruments herein
described whereby discs or dials with letters or signs thereon are caused to
oscillate on axes so as to move such letters or signs from and to different points
of sight.
Seventhly I claim the repeating three or more of those letters of the
alphabet most frequently required in telegraphic communications and placed
at intervals on the same dial or instrument where a step-by-step motion is
úsed and I also claim the employing of the same letters three or more
times on the same dial or instrument in an alphabet wherein those letters
which are least frequently required are used only once where a step-by-step
motion is used..
..Eighthly. I claim the construction of electro-magnetic apparatus herein
described for electro-telegraphic purposes by employing soft iron or nickle
on axes in combination with fixed magnets or fixed electro-magnets or
magnetic coils,

page_text: Ninthly I claim the so arranging two or three electro-magnets in the same
circuit that either or both of the two or either of three electro-magnets may
be called into action at pleasure..
Tenthly I claim the mode of acting by means of a pendulum or balance
wheel put in notion by clockwork to cause a detent. of alarum apparatus to
be moved by the interposition of a body between the pendulum or balance
wheel and the detent.
Eleventhly I claim the means herein described of sounding any of the
several alarums on a line of telegraph.
Twelfthly I claim the application of pendulous bodies for making and
breaking contacts for working electro-telegraphic apparatus with step-by-step
motions for printing and other purposes.
Thirteenthly I claim the means herein described for conducting away
atmospheric electricity from telegraphic wires to the earth.
Fourteenthly claim the application of the soluble sulphates of the earths
in the making of batteries for electric telegraphs.
Fifteenthly I claim the combined use of three metals or matters in con-
structing earth batteries for electric telegraphs.
Sixteenthly I claim the constructing self-acting electric telegraphs to
indicate the elevations of water at different times.
Seventeenthly I claim the means herein described of constructing appa-
ratus for chemically marking paper or other fabric or substance for telegraphic
purposes.
Eighteenthly I claim the protecting of telegraphic wires in cement or
masonry.
Nineteenthly I claim the mode herein described of protecting insulated
telegraphic wires within metal tubes.
Twentiethly I claim the enamelling telegraphic wires when insulated by the
use of gutta percha.
Twenty-firstly Iclaim the means herein described of suspending telegraphic
wires in the air.
Twenty-secondly I claim the mode herein described of constructing posts
for telegraphic purposes, and
Twenty-thirdly I claim the means herein described of telegraphs across
water and other places by concave surfaces.
In witness whereof I the said Edward Highton have hereunto set my
hand and seal this Seventh day of August in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and fifty.
AN
EDWARD (8.)
HTON.

page_text: AND BE IT REMEMBERED that on the Seventh day of August in the
year of our Lord 1850 the aforesaid Edward Highton came before our said
Lady the Queen in Her Chancery and acknowledged the Specification
aforesaid and all and everything therein contained and specified, in form
above written And also the Specification aforesaid was stamped according 5
to the tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.