IMPROVEMENTS IN FRAMES FOR SPINNING WOOL, COTTON, AND OTHER TEXTILE AND FILAMENTOUS SUBSTANCES
Year: 1864

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Richard Archibald Brooman, of 166, Fleet Street, in
the City of London, Patent Agent, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS
IN FRAMES FOR SPINNING WOOL, COTTON, AND OTHER TEXTILE AND FILAMENTOUS
SUBSTANCES." A communication from abroad by Hippolyte Auguste
Fostier. of Sémeries. France.
Sealed the 6th December 1864, and dated the 10th June 1864.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Richard Archibald Broonan
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 10th June 1864.
I, RICHARD ARCHIBALD BROOMAN, of 166, Fleet Street, in the City of
London, Patent Agent, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention
for "IMPROVEMENTS IN FRAMES FOR SPINNING WOOL, COTTON, AND OTHER TEXTILE
AND FILAMENTOUS SUBSTANCES," to be as follows:-
The frame which is the subject of the present Invention allows of the
spinning of all numbers, ordinary, fine, and extra fine, in wool, cotton, and
textile materials generally which can be spun on the mule jenny, and par-
ticularly the weft cops for power or hand weaving.
In constructing this frame the principle upon which it is based is the
separation of the winding from the twisting agents, not by reversing the flyer
upon the spindle, but by fixing it on the end of a small hollow tube a, which
turns freely in the eyes of a support b, Figures 1 and 4. The thread c on
leaving the cylinders d, d, enters the tube a, and passes to the flyer, the legs
Prica d

page_text: of which are of cast steel, and are screw-threaded, to allow of the thread
entering the flyer and protect it from centrifugal action. The advantage
arising from this arrangement is that the thread c comes directly and in a
straight line from the cylinders d, to the tub a, and into the legs of the
flyer e without being subjected to the least vibration. Such is not the case
with reversed flyers, as the thread is compelled to follow the surface of a cone,
of which the cylinder is the apex, and the base the circle described by the
ends of the flyer, thence a vibration which is highly injurious when the flyer
revolves at great speed. I do not refer to the flyers screwed to the top of the
spindle, an arrangement met with in continuous frames now in use, and
inapplicable when the speed of the spindle is raised beyond certain limits,
fis a shaft for imparting speed to all the flyers through bevelled wheels g,g,
similar to those used for the spindles of the mulejenny; the flyers make about
4,500 revolutions a minute. Under the flyers e there are spindles / placed
upon a rest or tablej. The thread is to be wound round these spindles, and
insuch form that the resulting bobbin shall be of the required shape for
power and hand weaving; any shape may, however, be given to the bobbin /
by modifying two principal pieces in the frame, which I proceed to describe.
In this class of frame the travel of the table determines the shape of the
bobbin, it must therefore rise and fall, and these two movements must be
alternative. As the thread becomes constantly wound upon the surface of a
truncated cone, of which the body of the bobbin is the base, and the section
of the spindle which the thread reaches at each course of the table the top, it
is necessary that this course should increase progressively in an inverse ratio
to the circles of the truncated cone or the diameters of these circles. These
diameters are between themselves, like the perpendiculars of each of their
extremities, lowered upon the base, that is to say, at the sinus of the angles
formed by right lines which would join these extremities to those of the
diameter of the section made at the base of the bobbin. The eccentric which
causes the rise and fall of the table should to answer this law be formed of
two symmetrical portions of a spiral. To preserve the parallelism of the
winding, it is necessary also that the height of the winding should increase in
an inverse proportion to the variable diameter of the top of the truncated
cone, that is to say, of the diameter of the spindle. Let S1, Figure 5, be the
section of the point of the curve where the bobbin commences, S2, Figure 6,the
section for the body of the bobbin, S3, Figure 7, the section where the bobbin
terminates. If S is the curve, which by its rotary motion satisfies the two
laws above set forth (I will hereafter refer to the commencement of the
bobbin), the curve S³ should be a curve symmetrical in its course in the same

page_text: rotary motion as S2 shall have been increased in an iuverse proportion to the
diameter of the spindles. The straight line which will join the top of the
curves S2 and S3 will determine the surface of revolution, which by a changing
movement from S2 to S3 will fulfil the two conditions above set forth. There
remains a third condition to fulfil for the travel of the table, which should
make a backward movement in proportion to the formation of the bobbin.
This movement is obtained by simple means, it consists in giving to the
curve S, Figure 1, in inclination on its axis; this inclination should be equal
to the total height of the bobbin. It will be understood that the roller g',
Figure 1, advancing on the curve S, the pinion p' recedes upon the rack C¹,
and causes the table to descend. Figure 1 shews how these movements are
effected. The winding of the thread can only take place as long as the speed
of the spindle is greater or less than that of the flyer, for if the speed of these
two organs were the same no winding on could take place. In the trial frame
represented in the Drawings the speed of the spindle is less than that of the
flyer, consequently the nearer the speed of the spindle approaches that of the
flyer the less thread will be wound. The movement of the spindle is effected
in a similar manner to that of the table, with which it is intimately connected.
The thread becomes wound upon the exterior surface of a truncated cone, the
base of which is the body of the bobbin, and the top the variable section of
the spindle or tube. From this condition the following law results, that the
speed of the spindle should increase in an inverse ratio to the diameters of the
layers of thread wound on, and there will be found the logarithmic spiral for
the curve which is to cause this movement. The curve being found for the
winding on of the thread upon a truncated cone, the curve will be the same
for an upper or lower layer, with the exception of the modification it will have
to undergo in proportion to the difference in height of the cones, which
increase progressively from the base to the top of the bobbin. An intermediate
shaft A driven by the main shaft of the frame, or by wheels R, R', carries at
its end a pulley P, which through a belt O drives the variable pulley P¹ of a
skeleton cone Q, see Figures 1 and 2. The to-and-fro motion of the cone
imparts different speeds to the pulley P, which it transmits to the shaft A¹,
which through the train of toothed wheels E, E, E, EIV, EV, Figure 2b
drives the pinion pl of the shaft of the spindles h. The difficulty consists
in harmonising the speed of the spindles with the movement of the table. Let
there be a revolving surface S' in the position Sд, the curve imparts motion to
the roller g, which transmits through a pinion p,and rack C¹ to a rack C¹¹.
This rack takes the cone upon the shaft A' in two opposite points, so that the
relations above stated should he fulfilled, that is to say, that the curve should

page_text: be composed of two symmetrical portions of a spiral, and that the revolutions
of this curve around a given axis impart to the roller a course corresponding
to the height of the truncated cone. From this point the lower part of the
bobbin is made, and all the layers of the thread become wound on the
surface of the truncated cone, the base of which will be constant (the diameter
of the body of the bobbin), and the top the variable diameter of the spindle.
At S when the bobbin is finished the two portions of the spiral constituting
the curve at this point should in their rotation produce the maximum course
of the skeleton cone, which should correspond with that of the table; if th:n
by a straight line the top of the curve S, Figure 6, is joined with that of the
curve S, Figure 7, formed as above, there is obtained the surface of
revolution which will impart to the spindles the speed for every point of
the winding. The lower part of the bobbin is composed in the same manner
as the body by means of inflection. From what has preceded, it will be found
that the two revolving surfaces S, S', should have equal speed. Upon a plate
P two supports T, T¹, are fixed, and upon these the curves S, S', are carried.
They are caused to rotate through the gear at the head of the frame, driving
the wheel R free upon a shaft with a rib, upon which is keyed the wheel
which communicates uniform motion to the two revolving surfaces S, S¹. This
motion should be proportional to the variable diameter of the tubes, as well as
the variable height of the layers wound on. It is imparted by a screw V with
a differential thread, according to the law before mentioned. A counter,
shewn at Figure 3, imparts motion to the screw. When the plate P has
traversed its course it is brought back by hand to the position from which it
started to commence another course. Piecing up of the threads is effected as
upon the mule jenny, the spindles and flyers of the broken threads are stopped.
Many means may be adopted for this purpose, practice will point out the best,
but that recommended consists in compressing the springs of the pinions which
drive the flyers and the spindles by means of two levers upon which the
attendant acts, at the same time the pinions become free upon the tube of the
flyer and upon the spindle, the flyer and spindle stop, and the ends are
pieced up without the frame being stopped. This frame, though applicable to
the spinning of warps and wefts, is especially adapted to spinning weft cops.
With this form of bobbin the space between the legs of the flyers may be
so considerably reduced as to overcome the effects of centrifugal force, or
so reduce it as to prevent any injurious effect upon the thread, which is then
laid hold of by the bobbin at a very short distance from the legs of the flyer.

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursitance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said Richard Archibald Brooman in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 10th December 1864.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, RICHARD
ARCHIBALD BROOMAN, of 166, Fleet Street, in the City of London, Patent
Agent, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Tenth day of June, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-four, in the twenty-seventh year
of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant
unto me, the said Richard Archibald Brooman, Her special licence that
I, the said Richard Archibald Brooman, my executors, administrators,
and assigns, or such others as I, the said Richard Archibald Brooman
my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with
and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the
term therein expressed, should and lawfully. might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN FRAMES FOR
SPINNING WOOL, AND OTHER TEXTILE AND FILAMENTOUS SUBSTANCES," (commu-
nicated to me from abroad by Hippolyte Auguste Fostier, of Semeries,
France,) upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said Richard
Archibald Brooman, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in
writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should par-
ticularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what
manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in
the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Richard Archibald Brooman, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the
same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in
and by the following statement thereof, reference being had to the
Drawings hereunto annexed, that is to say :--
The frame which is the subject of the present Invention allows of the
spinning of all numbers, ordinary, fine, and extra fine, in wool, cotton, and
textile materials generally, which can be spun on the mule jenny, and par-
ticularly the weft cops for power or hand weaving. I produce with this
frame a winding, which gives to the thread a constant tension, a torsion in
relation to the number, and a regular distribution on the bobbin.

page_text: In constructing this frame the principle upon which it is based is the
separation of the winding from the twisting agents, not by reversing the flyer
upon the spindle, but by fixing it on the end of a small hollow tube which
turns freely. The thread on leaving the cylinders enters this tube and passes
to the flyer, the legs of which are of cast steel, and are screw-threaded or
grooved spirally, to allow of the thread entering the flyer and protect it from
centrifugal action. The advantage arising from this arrangement is that the
thread comes directly and in a straight line from the cylinders to the tube and
into the legs of the flyer without being subjected to the least vibration. Such
is not the case with reversed flyers, as the thread is compelled to follow the
surface of a cone, of which the cylinder is the apex, and the base the circle
described by the ends of the flyer, hence a vibration which is highly injurious
when the flyer revolves at great speed. I do not refer to the flyers screwed to
the top of the spindle, an arrangement met with in continuous frames now in
use, and inapplicable when the speed of the spindle is raised beyond certain
limits. A small shaft of cast steel is fixed on supports on the frame; it imparts
speed to all the flyers through levelled wheels, similar to those used for the
spindles of the mule jenny; the flyers make about 4,500 revolutions a minute.
Under the flyers there are spindles placed upon a rest or table of a form much
lighter, but similar to that used in the mule jenny; the thread is to be wound
round these spindles, and in such form that the resulting bobbin shall be of
the required shape for power and hand weaving; any shape may, however, be
given to the bobbin by means of two cams, which form two of the principal
pieces of the frame. Thus the flyer and the spindle both turn, the flyer with
a constant speed, and the spindle with a variable speed always greater than
that of the flyer; the difference in the number of revolutions performed by
these two parts produces the winding (envidage). The number of revolutions
made by the spindle and not employed for the winding produces the torsion or
twist. This number of revolutions a minute is always the same. I vary the
development of the thread with the number according to the formula No.
multiplied by a co-efficient to have the regulation twist.
The winding is performed as follows:-At the same time that the spindles
turn, and consequently the cones which they receive, the table or rest which
carries them has an alternate ascending and descending movement which
produces a certain recoil in proportion as the thread rises on the cone. The
winding is thus produced by the accumulation of successive layers on the cone,
If the cone were cylindrical the layers wound on would be cy lindrical, the
speed of the winding would be constant as well as the speed of the alternate
motion of the table or rest; but the cone being of truncated form the layers

page_text: wound on are truncated; it is therefore necessary, in order not to alter the
regularity of the tension and distribution of the thread, to modify the two
movements which produce the winding.
The following are the laws on which these two movements are based in
this frame :-The supply of the thread in a given time being invariable, in
order that the tension of the thread produced by the spindle may be constant,
it is necessary that the speed of winding should vary in inverse ratio to the
different diameters according to which the thread ought to be wound. On
the other hand it will be observed that if the speed of the table or rest were
left uniform the number of spirals formed by the thread would increase in a
section of the cop in proportion as the diameter of the latter diminished, and
consequently the thickness of a layer of thread would be irregular. In order
to distribute the thread equally in a layer, to separate the spirals when their
number increases at one point, to bring them together when their number
diminishes, in short to act in such manner that they contribute a helix or
screw of constant pitch, it is important to vary the speed of the alternate
movement of the table or rest and to vary it proportionally to the speed of
winding, that is to say, in inverse ratio to the corresponding diameters.
These two movements, the rotary movement of the spindles, which allows
the thread to be always equally stretched, and the alternate movement of the
table or rest which distributes the thread regularly on the cop, are produced
by means of two cams. These cams have surfaces produced by curves, the
planes of which are parallel. Each curve of one cam has a curve corre-
sponding to it in the other cam, and the combination of these two curves
produces the formation of a layer of thread. These two cams receive, at the
saime time as they turn uniformly from an endless screw, a movement of
translation, which allows them to present to their respective rollers the two
corresponding curves which are to form a layer on the cop. The pitch of the
screw is variable. I will explain in what manner it should vary in order to
lay the thread so as to give to the bobbin the desired form, which is cylindro-
conical. This mechanical arrangement may be summed up thus:-An
endless screw, the pitch of which varies with the convenient laying of the
threads to form the bobbin gives motion to two cams acting together, one
of which cans working the spindles produces equal tension on the thread,
and the other actuating the table or rest produces equal distribution of the
thread in each layer.
I proceed to give some details of these two movements.
Movement producing the tension of the thread. The cam B pushes a
roller fixed to a rack c, the displacement of which is amplified by a lever

page_text: variable at will, formed with a pinion p and with an arc of a circle d. This
displacement by the rack is transmitted to a truncated cone D, which,
entering an extensible pulley E, causes its diameter to be varied according
as the displacement is more or less considerable. The law on which is
based the movement which this cam should transmit is comprised in the
formula AG-A, a formula which represents an archimedean spiral.
P 1
A_
149 tg
M
× D.+M
p, number of teeth of the pinion of the lever.
+, angle of the cone entering the pulley.
D, diameter of the extensible pulley.
M,number of revolutionsof winding tothediameter of the body of thebobbin.
T, number of turns of the flyer.
d
O, should be replaced by the variable ratio.
'dn'
d being the diameter of the
body of the bobbin, and d, the diameter of some layer of the bobbin.
In replacing the letters by numbers which suit the frame, the different
values of may be calculated corresponding to the values of. I construct
the spiral with the values, and I call this spiral the mother curve, the proper
portions of which I take for the various curves, amplifying them according to
a half circumference, these curves placed parallel to themselves at equal
distance and in such manuer that their centres and the ends of the minimum
radii are in a straight line from the skeleton of the cam B. The length of
the portion which corresponds to the bottom of the bobbin should be th the
total length of the cam.
It it is required to change the number of the thread, it will be seen by the
formula that the same cam may be retained; it is sufficient, since M, the
number of turns of winding, only ought to vary to change the number p of
the teeth of the small pinion, so that the product px:
constant.
T
M
+ M
may be
Movement producing equal distribution of the thread in a layer.-The
movement of the cam C is transmitted by a horizontal rack to thepinion p¹
and the rack, which is fixed to the table or rest. The construction of this
cam is very analogous to the preceding. The formula which represents the
law on which this movement is based is different. It is r A w² + A w
(formula of the movement of the fall of bodies), which is explained, since the
speed should be progressive. On the other hand not only the extreme values
of w, which I make equal to the different diameters of the bobbin, but also

page_text: h
C
A
· = d² - il ₂ + d + d₂
h is the height of the layer of thread, consequently that of the course
of the table or rest.
The values of p should be carried inside of a generating circle, while for
the other cam they were outside. This cam, to produce a recoil to the
alternate movement, should be inclined at a suitable angle in relation to
the axis of the screw.
Variation of the pitch of the screw.-The pitch of the screw described
in the part which corresponds to the bottom of the bobbin to the passage
of the bottom to the body of the bobbin, increases suddenly; it diminishes
afterwards in the part corresponding to the body of the bobbin. This
variation is readily explained by the form which it is desired to give to the
bobbin. The rotary movement of the screw and the two rotary movements
of the two cams should also vary with the number of the thread. This vari-
ation is obtained by the substitution of one toothed wheel for another.
The foregoing is a description of the three parts, the simultaneous actions
of which produce the regular winding of the thread.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
Figure 1 is an elevation of the frame. A is the screw, and I is the toothed
wheel which gives it rotary motion through wheels b,b, bu, b, bv, bv, bv,
which form what the Inventor.calls the counter. The wheel I also transmits
rotary motion to the cams through wheels d,d',d", d,d; it is itself put in
motion by the driving pulley with which it is in communication by gearing. The
two cams B, C,.are carried by the carriage F, which receives its motion from
the screw A. In this Figure are also shewn the rollers g, gl, the horizontal
racks c, c,.c, and the vertical rack c11, corresponding to each cam, also the
fork K, which displaces the truncated cone. The extensible pulley E receives
motion by the strap G from the pulley E¹ on the shaft.a, and transmits its
motion to the driving shaft of the spindles a', by the wheels f,f,f",f,""ƒ",
fff. The motion of the spindle table is produced by the rack c",
which turns the toothed wheel e',.communicating with the pinion p'. a is
the shaft of the last fluted cylinder, and a" the driving shaft of the flyers.
Figure 2 is a side view of the frame; it shews clearly the movable
arrangement of the extensible pulley E with the pulley E. by means of two
pulleys E, E, the movement of position of which allows of displacement in

page_text: order not to alter the length of the stran G. The three wheels f, f", ƒ³¹,
form a jointed or articulated combination, which is displaced with the table
M' are the two last fluted cylinders.
or rest.
Figure 3 is a plan of the frame, shewing the form of the cams B, C. L
is the bar which is fixed to the rack c¹ by a screw, which allows, according to
requirement, of varying the points of departure of the displacement of the
truncated cone.
Figure 4 represents three sections of each cam. The curves 1, 1, 2, 21,
taken at the two extremities of the parts correspond to the body of the
bobbin, and the curves 3 and 3¹, which are taken at the middle of each cam,
correspond to the bottom of the bobbin.
The details of the flyer and spindle are clearly represented in Figures 1
and 2. The flyer u is mounted on a tube which the thread traverses; from
thence it follows a groove cut in a helical form and in the interior of the legs
of the flyer, it is therefore completely sustained, and when centrifugal force
tends to divert it, it meets with an obstacle in the helicoidal surface of the
flyer. The flyer is driven by a pinion e, resting on a conical ring; this
pinion is pressed by the shoulder of a cap V, pushed by a coiled spring r,
whereby friction is produced on the conical part. A lever S, forming an
inclined plane, presses on the cap interposed between the spring and the
pinion, and compresses the spring so as to free the pinion and consequently
stop the flyer. The spindle m ought not only to be capable of being stopped
at will, but it is also necessary that, being stopped, it should be able to turn
easily in order that the thread may be wound off rapidly; the spring is
therefore compressed at the two ends to free the spindle at the same time as
the pinion. This compression as regards the flyer is produced by two levers
S¹, S", which press by their inclined planes on the shoulders of two caps,
between which the spring is placed. The three levers gear at a right angle
into a vertical bar j. The lever of the flyer is fixed; the connection of the
two levers of the spindle is movable and slides on the bar j according to the
movement imparted to it by the table or rest. By pressing on a pedal, fitted
to a crank fixed to the lower part of the bar, the bar moves as on a pivot, the
three levers S, S, S", turn, and the spindle and flyer are put in motion.
Thus, when the thread breaks and it is required to piece up the ends, the
following is what the attendant has to do:-He turns by hand the upper
lever, which he causes to press on the corresponding spring; the double lever
of the spindle is influenced and fulfils the same end; the flyer and spindle
stop; the attendant, whose hands are both free, winds on the spindle a
certain length of thread, passes it through the tube with pincers, and joins

page_text: it to the thread from the cylinders or rollers; immediately he pushes the
corresponding pedal with his foot and put the parts again in motion.
This frame, though applicable to the spinning of warps and wefts, is
especially adapted to spinning weft cops. With this form of bobbin the
space between the legs of the flyers may be so considerably reduced as to
overcome the effect of centrifugal force, or so reduce it as to prevent any
injurious effect upon the thread, which is then laid hold of by the bobbin at
a very short distance from the legs of the flyer. This frame produces cops
of all forms which are not produced or produced badly by the mule jenny;
it will also supply threads in thick bobbins, which the manufacturer is now
obliged to wind off to form cops.
And having now described the nature of the said Invention, and in
what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that I claim as the
"Improvements in Frames for Spinning Wool and other Textile and
Filamentous Substances,'
First, constructing flyers substantially in manner and for the purpose
herein-before described and illustrated in the accompanying Drawings.
Second, constructing cams substantially in manner and for the purpose
herein-before described and illustrated in the accompanying Drawings.
Third, the general arrangement and combination of parts of spinning frames
herein-before described and illustrated in the accompanying Drawings.
In witness whereof, I, the said Richard Archibald Brooman, have here-
unto set my hand and seal, this Tenth day of December, One thousand
eight hundred and sixty-four.
R. A. BROOMAN. (L.S.)