IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR DRAWING AND SPINNING HEMP, FLAX, AND OTHER FIBRES
Year: 1885

page_text: DELICATION.
I ALFRED VINCENT NEWTON of the Office for Patents; 6, Bream's Buildings,
Chancery Lane in the County of Middlesex, Mechanical Draughtsman do hereby.
declare the nature of the invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY FOR
DRAWING AND SPINNING HEMP, FLAX, AND OTHER FIBRES," and in what manner
the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and.
by the following statement :-
This invention, as communicated to me, relates principally to the class of drawing
and spinning machinery in which slivers of hemp or other fibrous material are, as
in what is commonly known as the "jenny," spun into yarn or twine by flyers, by
which they are received through condensers or nippers from endless chains of gill
pins, through which the fibres are drawn to the flyers.
Machines of the class hereinabove mentioned, when constructed and organized
in the usual manner, occupy a very large floor space relatatively to the number of
spindles (generally only two) which each machine contains, and hence they require
very great factory-room, and one operative can attend to but a small number of
spindles. The flyers of such machines are very large and heavy in proportion to'
the size of bobbin which they are capable of containing, and hence they cannot be
driven at a very high speed. Moreover, owing to the great weight of the spindles'
and flyers used in such machines, and to the method of operating the bobbins in
the flyers to produce the traverse of the yarn thereon, a very considerable amount
of power, in proportion to the work actually performed, is required for driving such
machines.
The objects of this invention, so far as it relates to machines of the class herein-
above particularly mentioned, are to reduce the factory room occupied by machinery
of a given capacity, to obtain a reduction of the power necessary to drive such
machinery, and to enable one operative to attend a larger number of spindles than
heretofore. These objects are accomplished in part by an entire reorganization of'
the machine, and in part by improvements in and pertaining to the flyers and
spindles, which are applicable also in other spinning machines.

page_text: One very important feature of this invention consists in the combination with
two or more horizontal spindles and flyers, arranged one above another, of as many
series of gill pins (one series for each spindle and flyer. carried by arms attached to
and projecting horizontally from a number of upright bars, which are so connected
together at or near their upper and lower ends) as to form a catenary series by
means of horizontally arranged endless chains, and so operated by the movements
of the said chains, that each of the several series of gill pins has a movement
towards one of the said spindles and flyers, in a manner substantially like the
movement of the gill pins of the ordinary jenny-towards their respective spindles
and flyers. By this arrangement of the spindles and flyers one above another, and
this attachment of the gill-pins one series above another to the arms of upright
bars, a greater number of spindles and flyers, with their respective series of gill
pins, may be got into a given floor space, as compared with the ordinary jenny in
which the spindles and Hyers, and their respective series of gill pins, are side by
side, and to bring a greater number within reach and management of one operative,
and this irrespective of any reduction of the size of the flyers.
This invention also consists in various combinations of details involved in the
above mentioned combination of the spindles and flyers, and their respective series
of gill pins, and the upright bars and horizontal chains which carry and give motion
to the said gill-pins.
In carrying out the first above mentioned combination of several spindles and
flyers arranged one above another, and 'a corresponding number of series of gill
pins carried by one series of upright bars, it is proposed generally to include-in a
single machine, or in what I have hereinafter termed a quarter section of a system,
two sets of horizontal spindles and flyers, and two corresponding series of upright
bars, each carrying as many series of gill pins, as there are spindles and flyers in
one set, the said two sets of spindles being arranged near together side by side,
with their axes in two parallel vertical planes, and the said corresponding series of
upright bars being also arranged side by side, so that the several series of gill pins
on one series of said bars, will operate in proper relation to the spindles in one set,
and the several series of gill pins on the other series of said bars will operate in
proper relation to the spindles in the other set, and in this way great economy of
space is obtained,
When the invention is to be carried out on a large scale, the
inventor arranges four such machines as near together as convenient to form what
is termed a system, of which each machine is a quarter section, two of said
machines or quarter sections being arranged in line with each other, and the other
two in line, side by side, parallel with the first mentioned two, and with the
spindles of all the machines and their driving mechanism at their adjacent ends
thereof. The frames of the several machines are, at their upper parts, or quarter
sections, braced together by means of arched braces or girders under which the
operators and overlookers may walk while tending or overlooking the machines..
This arrangement of machines or sections in a system, which affords greater con-
venience for driving and attending to the machines and controlling their operation,
also constitutes a feature of the present invention.
This invention, so far as it has reference to spindles and flyers, relates in part to
a traverse guide carrier with which the flyer is provided to carry the traverse
guide by which the yarn is directed on to the bobbin, the flyer being only just
long enough to contain the bobbin and the device for securing it upon the
spindle. The traverse guide carrier is in the form of a ring which encircles the
bobbin, and which slides back and forth on the parallel side rods or legs of
the flyer. One improvement relating to such traverse guide carrier or ring consists
in certain means whereby the back and forth movements of a number of such
carriers or rings belonging to as many flyers in a machine, are produced simul-
taneously, and another improvement consists in the construction of such carriers
or rings, whereby they, or certain portions of them, are allowed to expand or move
outwards from the centre of the flyer, to prevent them from binding on the legs or
side rods of the flyer, and so involving excessive friction in case of the springing

page_text: of bending outwards of the said legs or side rods under the influence of centrifugal
force developed by the rapid rotation of the flyer.
The improvements relating to spindles and flyers also consist in novel means of
driving the spindles, whereby the gradual increase of velocity required by the
increasing circumference of the coils of yarn, as it is wound on the bobbins, is
obtained, and at the same time the necessary increase of the resistance offered by
the spindles to the pulling forward of the bobbins, by the draft of the yarn, as the
said draft is made to operate further from the axes of the spindles, by the
increasing size of the coils, is obtained, such increase of resistance being, as is well
known, necessary to preserve a uniform draft and tension on the yarn.
The invention further consists in a novel construction of the condensers or
nippers used between the gill pins and the flyers in machines of the class herein.
above first mentioned, whereby greater evenness and uniformity of twist are given
to the yarn.
Fig 1 in the accompanying drawings is a plan of a system comprising four
machines or quarter sections, and embodying the whole of the invention.
Fig: 2 is a longitudinal elevation corresponding with Fig: 1.
Fig 1º is a side elevation, on a larger scale thau Figs: 1 and 2, of one of the said
machines or quarter sections.
- T
Fig: 1b is a longitudinal view of the drivin shaft of one machine.
Fig: 1 is a detail view to be hereinafter referred to.
}
Fig: 2 is an elevation of that end of the machine at which the flyer spindles are
situated, a portion of the short frame which supports the driving shaft being
removed to expose to view the belts and pulleys of the spindles and flyers.
Fig: 3 is a vertical section at right angles to Fig: 18, showing the spindles and
flyers and their traversé mechanism.¨¨
Fig: 4 is a section corresponding with Fig: 3, but at right angles thereto,
showing the traverse mechanism.
Fig 5 is a side view of portions of the upright gill pins bars, the frame which
I call the chain stand in which said bars are placed, the chains by 'which the said
bars are connected and moved, and the nippers.
Fig: 6 is an irregular transverse vertical section taken mainly in the line
Fig: 1a.
Fig: 7 is a plan of the two ends of the chain stand with the gill-pin-bars and
their chains.
Fig: 8 is a horizontal section corresponding with Fig: 7.
J
Fig: 8 is a plan of part of one of the tracks in which the lower ends of the gill
pin bars run.
..
Figs: 9 and 9 are respectively a side view and a plan of some of the chain links
on a larger scale.
r
Fig: 10 is a longitudinal view of a flyer and its appurtenances on a larger scale
than the other Figures.
Fig: 11 is a transverse section of the same.
Fig: 11 exhibits a section of the traverse guide carrier parallel with Fig: 10.
Figs 12 and 14 are horizontal views, real size, taken at right angles to each
other, of the capstan head of a flyer.
Fig: 13 is an end view of the same.
:
Fig 15 is a longitudinal view, real size, of one of the rotary nippers attached to
the flyers.
Fig: 10 is an end view corresponding with Fig: 15.
Fig 17 is a longitudinal section corresponding with Figs: 15 and 16.
:
Fig 18 is a transverse section in the line y y of Fig: 17.
Fig: 18 is a transverse section in the line of Fig: 17.
Fig: 19 is a longitudinal view at right angles to Fig: 15.
Fig: 19 is a central section of one end of the nipper socket.
:
Figs: 20 and 21 are views, at right angles to each other, of the condenser, both
showing it partly in section and real size.

page_text: Similars letters and numbers of reference indicate corresponding parts in the
several Figures.
F F¹ F*, I I I I³ I*, designate the principal parts of the framing of a machine
or quarter section consisting mainly of two stands, called respectively the flyer
stand and the chain stand, the flyer stand F F¹ F* containing, or being provided
with bearings for the flyers A A, and the chain stands 11 12 13 1 containing or
supporting the upright gill pin bars h and the endless chains h¹ h¹ by which the
said bars are connected together in catenary series and moved. The flyer-stand
and chain stand are connected together by braces I³.
Each flyer, stand is represented as containing eight flyers, but there may be more
or less. They are all arranged horizontally and parallel with each other, one half
on one side and the other half on the other side of the flyer stand, those on each
side having their axes in the same vertical plane to form one of two vertical series.
Each chain stand contains two parallel series of upright gill pin bars h h, one
series of said bars being arranged to work with the vertical series of flyers on one
side of the flyer stand, and the other series of said bars being arranged to work
with the vertical series of flyers on the other side of the flyer stand. The said
bars h h in each series are connected together near their upper and lower ends by
two endless chains h¹ h', which may be considered as. in part formed by the said
bars themselves, passing loosely through eyes in the links of said chains, and making
the connections between said links. The chains of each series of gill pin bars pass
round two upright shafts h arranged in bearings 5 5* near the ends of the chain
stand; and each of these shafts has fast upon it, above and below each chain,
a wheel 4, in which are notches for the reception of the gill pin bars, and by which
the said chains and bars are moved.
:
The lower ends of the bars are provided with feet 7, which run in two parallel
fixed tracks h³ h³* (see Figs: 1, 6, 7, 8) provided in the lower part of the chain
stand, and their upper ends run in fixed guides h² (see Figs: 1, 6, 7, 8) provided in
the upper part of the said stand, over the guides h³, the said tracks and guides
being all parallel with vertical planes passing through the axes of the flyers, and
there being two tracks h³ h** and one guide h³ for each series of gill pin bars.
The gill pin bars h are each furnished with a number of rigidly attached,
laterally and outwardly projecting horizontal arins h* h*, in which are secured the
upright gill pins 25, the said arms on each bar corresponding in number with the
flyers on either side of the flyer stand, and being so arranged on their bars h h, that
while the said bars are running in the horizontal portions of their outer track h³
and guide h², their respective gill pin arms h* h* will each present its pins properly
in line with the axes of one of the flyers, for the drawing of the slivers through
the said pins by the take up action of the flyer. The movement of the gill. pins is
of course towards the flyers when they are in the outer track h³.
The stationary condensers G¹ (see Figs: 1, 2, 1ª and 5) arranged between the
gill pin bars and the rotary nippers G attached to the flyers, are secured firmly to
fixed brackets f, which are bolted to the standard F¹ of the flyer stand.
It is necessary that the gill pin bars, as they approach near to the condensers,
and are about to turn with the chains, should descend to allow the gill pins to
leave the fibre. To permit this, the said bars are so fitted to the links of the chains
as to be capable of moving up and down through the eyes of the chain links, the
said links in the straight portions of the chains between their carrying wheels 4 4
being supported on horizontal guide bars o o o* o*, two of which, o* (see
Figs: 6 and 7), form guides for the upper portions of the gill pin bars, while the
feet of the latter run in the inner tracks h³ during the return movement away from
the condensers.-As the bars are moving in a straight line towards the condensers,
they are so supported in their outer track h³, as to present their several arms h*,
and their gill pins, at a proper height relatively to their respective flyers; but to
permit the bars to descend sufficiently for their gill pins to leave the fibre
and pass by the condensers, the said tracks terminate abruptly at some distance
from the condensers, as shown at 26 in Figs 2,.1ª, and 5.-The weight of.

page_text: the bars and their attached arms * h* and gill pins may be sufficient to
cause them to drop over the said abrupt. termination or step 26. as they are.
carried one at a time past it by the rotary movements of the shafts, h* and their
chain wheels 4, but to insure their dropping, there is hinged to the upper guide h²,
a.lappet piece 27, (see Figs: 2, 12, and 5), which, as each bar approaches the step 26,
will be lifted by the said bar, and which, after the bar passes the step, will force it.
down. The weight of the lappet piece may be sufficient for this action, or it'
may have a spring applied for the purpose of depressing it. The bars, as they
fall over the step 26, drop onto a semi circular track, h*, on the bracket 5* (see
Figs: 1 and 8), which contains the lower bearing for the chain shaft which
is nearest to the flyer stand.-This semicircular track his on the samé level
with, and joins the straight inner track*, along which the bars return. On the
lower bracket 5*, which contains the lower bearing for the chain shaft h' furthest
from the spindles, is a similar semi circular track h** (see Figs: 1ª and 8*), which
is also level with the track h³*, to support the bars till they arrive on the outer
side of the last mentioned shaft and opposite the higher track h³.-This track h³ is
connected with the last mentioned semicircular track ** by an incline h³** (shown
in Figs: 1, 5, and 8*), up which the bars pass to the higher outer straight track h³,
which supports them at the right level for the proper operation of the gill pins in
connection with their respective flyers. The chain links. h¹ h¹ may be variously
constructed, but the forms adopted by preference are shown in Figs: 9 and 9*.
each link having a large socket, 2, at one end, and a small socket, 1, at the other
end, the smaller sockets adapted to enter and form pivots to the larger ones, and
the smaller ones being bored for the bars h h to pass through them.-The sockets
all have slots 2* in their sides, wide enough for the passage of the bars hh, so that'
by raising either link above the two adjacent ones, it is permitted to be removed
laterally from them and from the bars. By this construction the chains and the
bars are permitted to be quickly set up and taken down.
The slivers 8 8 are supplied to the gill pins from cans. S S, through guide
tubes 8*, 8*, which present them at proper heights to the several series of gill pins.
The chains and flyers of each machine or quarter section of a system' receive
motion from one main or driving shaft H (see Figs: 1, 1 1, and 2ª), one of whose
bearings is in the standard F of the flyer stand, and the other in a standard or
frame F, secured to the flyer stand, or between two of the stands in a system.
This shaft H derives its motion through a belt H2 from a line driving shaft, the said
belt running on a pulley, H*, which is connected with the said shaft H, by a friction
or other clutch H, which may be operated to stop and start the machine by means
of a clutch lever i fulcrumed at ito a bracket or support ** on the frame or
standard F. This clutch lever is represented as intended to be controlled, for
throwing the clutch in and out of gear, for stopping and starting the machine,
by means of a screw, ¹, (see Figs 1 and 2) working in a fixed nut on the
support **, and having secured to its head, for the purpose of turning it, an
arm i², which is connected by a rod ³ with the arm ^, and a rock shaft 2³ arranged
lengthwise of the machine near the floor.-This rock shaft is provided with
treadles at different parts of its length, by which it may be turned by the foot of
the attendant to stop or start the machine, and it is also provided with arms, i
(see Figures 1 and 6), which serve as weights to hold it in either of the two
positions to which it may be turned, one or other of the said arms coming to a
vertical position, as shewn in Figure 6, and being inoperative, while the other
exerts its influence on the shaft to prevent its turning back accidentally.
It will have been understood that there is a separate main or driving shaft H for
each machine or quarter section of a machine, so that each or any number of said
machines or sections can be run or stopped separately..
The driving shaft H of each machine or quarter section is furnished with three
pulleys and 10, all of which can be seen in Figure, 1b, which is a longitudinal
view of the shaft and pulleys detached from the machine.-The said pulleys are
also more or less sbewn in Figures 1ª and 2ª.

page_text: The pulley is for driving all the flyers of the machine or quarter section; the
pulley is for driving all the spindles; and the pulley 10 gives motion, through a
belt hand pulley h, to a lower horizontal shaft hs, which is furnished with an
endless screw (see Figure 1ª) for driving the traverse mechanism of all the
flyers, and with another endless screw 7 for driving the endless chains h¹ ' of the
gill-pin bars h. h.
To drive the chains h². h¹, the endless screw 7 gears (as shewn in Figures 2.5
and 6) with a worm gear h* on a transversely arranged horizontal shaft ho, which
works in suitable fixed bearings on the chain stand, and which is goared by two
pairs of bevel gears h5 (see also Figure 1) with the two chain-wheel-shafts h
nearest the flyer-stand: These two shafts drive the upper and lower chains by
their wheels 4. 4, and the chains operating on the wheels of the further shafts,
drive the said shafts, which, with their wheels, only serve the purpose of supporting
and guiding the chains.
Before describing the improvements relating to the flyers, condensers, and
nippers, I will state that the combination of two or more flyers arranged one above
another, and à catenary series of upright gill-pin-bars carrying as many series of
gill-pins as there are flyers, is not limited to any particular construction of Hyers,
condensers, or nippers, although it is by the improvements in the flyers, con-
densers, and nippers to be presently described, that the said combination may be
carried out more successfully than could be done with any flyers heretofore used.
I have hereinabove mentioned that a flyer which is only long enough to contain
the bobbin and the device for securing it in the flyer, is used and that for pro-
ducing the traverse of the yarn on the bobbin, a traverse guide carried by a carrier
in the form of a ring, which encircles the bobbin and slides back and forth on the
side rod or legs of the flyer, is employed.
I will now proceed to describe this flyer and its traverse-guide-carrier, with special
reference to Figures 10, 11, and 11', and afterwards to describe the method of
simultaneously operating the traverse-guide-carriers of a number of flyers in one
machine.
The flyer is constructed, like most of the flyers used in this class of spinning
machinery, with a hollow journal on each head. The journal a. of the driving head
is long enough to have secured upon it the fast pulley c. for receiving the band j,
by which the flyer is driven from the pulley j* on the main shaft H, and also to
receive the loose pulley, c¹ for the band *, by which to drive the spindle B. from
the pulley j. on the said shaft H. The spindle B passes through the said journal
and through the bobbin C, and enters a bearing a*, provided for it in the centre of
the other head through the hollow journal a¹ of which the yarn comes into the
flyer. The spindle thus fitted is coupled with a portion of the hub c* of the said
pulley which projects beyond the end of the journal, the so projecting part of the
said hub having notches c³ provided in it to receive a key ³, which is fast in the
spindle. The hollow journal a¹, through which the yarn comes into the flyer, has
fast to it the capstan head, D.
The bobbin, C, as will be seen by reference to Figure 10, is nearly as long as the
flyer, the latter being only so much longer as is required to make room for the
coupling by which the spindle is secured in the flyer and the bobbin is confined
lengthwise.
This coupling is shewn as composed of a sleeve b. fitted to the spindle, and
having a radially projecting arm, C, which is locked to the bobbin head by a well
known pin and slot connection b¹.-In the sleeve U. is fitted a spring-actuated
pin b, which enters a hole or notch *, in the spindle, and so at the same time
secures the spindle in the flyer and locks the bobbin to the spindle, so that both
may turn together. To enable the bobbin to be taken out, it is necessary first
to pull back the pin 6 far enough to withdraw it from the hole *, and so to
liberate the spindle which may be pulled out by taking hold of its projecting
head c, leaving the bobbin free to be removed.

page_text: The traverse-guide or traverse ring E, carrying the traversing guides &³, for
guiding the yarn onto the bobbin, is represented as a light ring surrounding the
flyer, and having bored sockets g. g. which fit the round parallel side-rods or legs of
the flyer, so as to be capable of sliding freely thereon.
.
The guides or sheaves 8, of which two are shewn, although one might be
sufficient, as only one is used at a time, are represented as pivotted to clamps or
split collars clamped on the sockets g. g. In order to prevent any binding or
excessive friction of these rings E on the side rods or legs of the flyer, to which the
said rings, if made in one piece, might be liable, by reason of any outward springing
of the said rods or legs under the influence of centrifugal force when the flyers are
in rapid motion, the ring is made of two parts or sections, represented as of semi-
circular formi, fitted one to each leg of the flyer, and united by bolts g¹ the said
bolts passing through lugs g² provided on the adjacent ends of said sections; and
between the said lugs and the heads and nuts of the said bolts, springs g³ are
placed the tension of which is such as to permit the slight expansion of the ring
or spreading apart of the two parts or sections with a movement away from the
centre of the Hyer, before the friction in the sockets g. becomes sufficient to
prevent a free traverse movement of the ring on the flyer rods.
A corresponding traverse movement of all the eight traverse rings E in one
machine or quarter section of a system is obtained in the manner to be presently
described from one crossed-threaded traverse screw J (see Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4),
which is of the kind commonly employed in spinning machines. This screw, which
rotates in fixed bearings in brackets attached to the flyer-stand, is arranged
parallel with the flyers, and in a position, as nearly as convenient central thereto,
as will be best understood by reference to Fig: 3.-The said screw derives motion
from the shaft 8, hereinbefore mentioned, through an upright shaft I (see
Figures 1 and 4), which works in fixed bearings provided on or attached to the
flyer frame, the upper end of said shaft I, being geared with the said screw by two
bevil gears, and its lower end being provided with a worm gear h¹* gearing with
the endless screw,
12 on the said shaft .
For convenience of effecting the traverse movement of the rings E, and also for
convenience of driving the flyers and spindles, the flyers are divided into two
groups, viz: an upper group and a lower group, each group consisting of four
flyers, as will be best understood by reference to Fig: 3.-In the centre of each
group, and parallel with the axes of the flyers, is arranged one of two fixed
axles ., the ends of which are secured in the flyer stand. Each of these axles l. l.
has fitted to it a wheel, K, which is free to be moved lengthwise of the said axle
by means of the traverse screw J, as well as to turn upon it, and in the periphery
of this wheel is a groove * which engages all the rings E of its respective group of
flyers by means of rounded or bead-like flanges, g* provided on the rings which
enter the said groove, so that by the movement of the wheel K back and forth
along its axle l, produced by the screw J, all the rings on its respective group of
Byers will receive a corresponding movement along their respective flyers, the
wheel K at the same time being turned freely on its axle by the peripherical
friction produced upon it by the rings as they rotate with the flyers. The
connection of the wheels, K with the traverse screw is by means of a yoke L, the
forked ends of which enter grooves, l. in the hubs of the said wheels, the hub of
this yoke, through which the traverse screw passes, being fitted with the swivelling
nut section m. which works in the said screw, and by which the yoke is made to
run back and forth on the said screw, in' the same way as a corresponding portion
of the traverse device commonly used in connection with the flyers of spinning
machinery of the same class.
L
It has been before stated that the hollow journal al of the flyer through which
the yarn enters, has fast upon it the capstan head D.-This capstan head, which is
shewn in Fig: 10, and on a larger scale in Figures 12, 13, 14, has a socket 28,
bored to fit the end of the said journal, which projects through the flyer-journal
box, d, and through a stationary spur pinion d' (best shewn in Fig 10, but also

page_text: :
visible in Figure 1), which is fast upon the said box, and which is therefore
1 stationary. At the outer end of this capstan head is a socket e, which receives
a rotary nipper, G, shewn in Fig: 10, and to be hereinafter more particularly
described.
The capstan barrel e¹ is firmly secured on a short transverse shaft e*, which is
fitted to turn freely in a bearing in the head D, directly in front of the flyer-
journal a¹, and the said shaft has secured to it a bevil gear e³, which gears with
a bevil gear e³ on one end of a short shaft e, which is arranged parallel with the
flyer-journal a¹ in a bearing e provided for it in the head, and on the other end of
which is fast a spur gear e, gearing with the stationary spur pinion d' on the
journal box d. By the rotation of the capstan head with the flyer, the gearing
hereinabove described is caused to give rotary motion to the capstan barrel e¹ on
-its axis.
In order to separate the yarn 8, which just about to pass on to the rotating
capstan barrel (as indicated at 29, in Figure 12) from the next turn or coil, 30 of
the yarn already on the barrel, and thus to prevent any short loose fibre ends
which may project from the said part 30 from being caught between the capstan
and the part of the yarn 29, and from being thereby torn out or pulled out longer
and making the yarn rough, I attach to the capstan-head by screws f.f*, the
guard plate or separator f1 shewn in Figures 12, 13, and 14, which consists simply
of a small plate of steel, one edge of which lies nearly close to, and conforms to the
circumference of the barrel (as shewn in Figure 14), and is so set spirally (as
shewn in Figures 12 and 13) as to nearly conform to the spiral line in which the
yarn passes around the barrel.-This oblique edge comes between the parts 29 and
30 of the yarn, and so separates them as to prevent the latter from catching the
fibres of the former.
The yarn 8. coming from the nipper, and being drawn onward by the capstan
barrel, passes through the hollow flyer journal a over one of the guide sheaves 8¹
on the front of the flyer-head, over one of the guide sheaves 82 at the ends of the
flyer head, and thence over the traverse-sheaves or guides herein before described,
by which it is guided on to the flyer.
I will now describe the means whereby the flyers and spindles in each machine
or quarter section are driven.
2.
It has been herein before described that the flyers are furnished with pulleys c, to
be driven by bands j. from a pulley j* on the shaft H, and that the spindles have
connected with them, pulleys c¹, to be driven by bands j¹ from a pulley * on the
said shaft H. It has also been explained, with reference to Figure 3, that the
flyers are divided into an upper group and a lower group.-This division into
groups is also illustrated in Fig: 2, to which, with Figures 1ª and 1b, it will now
be particularly desirable to refer.-It will be seen, in reference to Figure 2a, that
the four flyers constituting the upper group are driven from the pulley j* by one
band j, and that the four constituting the lower group are driven from the said
pulley, by another band, each band running on all the pulleys of its respective
group. It will be understood that these two bands, having to pass each other,
cannot run in the same planes, or on the same parts of the width of the pulley j*,
and hence the latter pulley is made with two grooves, as shewn in Fig: 1b, one
groove for each band, and the pulleys c of the flyers of the upper group are set
further out from the flyers than those of the flyers of the lower group, as shewn in
Figure 1-round bands being represented, and by preference being employed.
A separate band j¹ is also employed for the spindle pulleys c. of each group of
flyers, and the spindle-driving pulley * is, like the flyer-driving pulley, made
with two grooves for the same reasons, the pulleys c. of the spindles of the upper
group being also, for similar reasons, set out further than the pulleys c. of the
spindles of the lower group.
It will be understood that the several flyer pulleys and spindle pulleys j*, c, 5
, cl, are, as is common in spinning machinery of this class, so proportioned as to
drive the flyers faster than the spindles and bobbins. It will be also understood

page_text: that provision must be made for gradually increasing the velocity of the spindles
as the yarn is wound upon the bobbins in coils of gradually increasing circum-
ference. This I accomplish by providing for the slipping of the spindle-driving
bands on their pulleys, and in order to utilize this slipping of the said bands for
producing an increasing resistance to the turning or pulling forward of the bobbins
by the draught of the yarn between them and the flyers, there are applied to the
said bands, tension pulleys and 73, and means for operating the said pulleys
automatically, for tightening the said bands, and reducing their slip as the bobbins
become fuller, as I will now proceed to explain with reference to Figures 1ª and 20
The tension pulley of the upper band is carried by a sliding block 13* fitted
to slide between vertical guides 3* secured to the upper part of the flyer stand.-
The corresponding tension pulley of the lower band is carried by a similar
sliding block * fitted to slide in vertical guides ** secured to the lower part of
the flyer stand. The sliding blocks are connected by cords or chains 7. r¹ and ju
and a spring 3, with a little winch 10 (see Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4), on the top of
the flyer stand, for the purpose of drawing up the upper tension pulley, and
drawing down the lower one, and thereby producing tension on the spindle
belts j¹.
These cords r. r¹ and ¹¹, and spring ¹s, are fully shewn in Figures 1 and 2ª.
The cord passes directly upward over a pulley * on the top of the flyer stand,
and is connected by the spring j¹³ with the cord j", which passes to and is wound
on the windlass 10. The connection of the spring 13 with the cord is made
(as best shewn in Figure 1a) by a lever-like frame M, on which is a scale t, and to
which is pivotted, at 13, an index M¹, the point of which ranges on the said scale,
and the other end of which connects the spring 13 and the cord jl. The cord r
connects with the sliding block 3* of the lower tension pulley by means of a
yoke ³, which embraces the shaft hs, and from the yoke it passes downward to and
around a pulley secured to the lower part of the flyer stand; thence upward
behind guide pulleys 7 (see Figure 2) over a pulley 71 on the top of the flyer
staud, and to the frame M, to which it is connected like the cord r.
The winch jo above mentioned, to which the cord is connected, is geared by
an endless screw 7, and worm gear 18, with the upper end of an upright shaft
which works in bearings in the flyer-stand, and the lower end of which is geared
by an endless screw j and worm wheel j with the traverse screw J. In this way,
the windlass derives from the traverse screw a very slow rotary motion, by which
the upper tension pulley is drawn slowly upward, and the lower one j³ drawn
slowly downward to tighten the two spindle driving bands j' equally, as the yarn
is wound upon the bobbins. The degree of tension thus put upon the bands is
indicated by the index M¹ on the scale t, the spring j13 elongating as the tension
increases, and thus providing for the movement of the index.
The tension produced on the spindle bands is never so great as to prevent them
from slipping on the pulleys of the spindles and perniitting the bobbins to be
turned by the draught of the yarn faster than they would be turned by the spindle
bands themselves. The tension is however least, and the consequent friction by
which they offer resistance to such faster turning of the bobbins is least when the
winding commences on a new bobbin, at which time the draft acts on the bobbin
nearer the axis, and with less effect, but as the bobbins become fuller, and the
draught acts with more effect, the tension and consequent friction of the spindle
bands also increasing, greater resistance presented to the draught, and hence the
draught is equalized throughout the whole spinning till the bobbin is full, yet
the bands always slips sufficiently to permit the bobbin to turn as fast as necessary
for the winding.
In order to enable the tension of the spindle bands to be quickly reduced before
commencing to spin on empty bobbins newly placed in the flyers, provision is
made, as shewn in Figure 1*, for disengaging the worn wheel 5 from the shaft j'
so that the latter can be operated by means of bevil gearing 3; which gears it with
a small horizontal shaft 12, to which a hand crank may be applied. By turning
1

page_text: this crank in the required direction, the winch may be quickly turned to unwind
the cord as much as necessary to reduce tension to the minimum required;
which will be indicated by the index M on the scale t. The disengagement of the
worn wheel is provided for by fitting it loosely to the shaft, so that it may turn
thereon when not engaged by a clutch piece 5*, which is fitted to the shaft with
a spline 3, but otherwise loose thereon, and which is furnished with a pin 2 to
enter a hole in the worm wheel.-The worm wheel is always supported upon the
bearing in which the lower end of the shaft j' works, and when the clutch piece is
allowed to rest upon the said wheel, the latter is engaged with the shaft.-To
disengage the worm wheel, it is only necessary to lift up the clutch piece j**, when
the shaft j' can be turned by the handle 1.
The improvements in the rotary nipper G, which is attached to the journal a¹
of the flyer, and in the stationary condenser arranged between the gill pins and
the said nipper, are shown in Figure 1º and also in Fig: 10, but the details of the
nipper are more fully shown in Figures 15, 16, 17, 18, 18*, 19, and 19*, and the
details of the stationary condenser are shown in Figures 20 and 21.
:
The principal part of the stationary condenser G consists of a trumpet mouthed
stock or piece n, which is bolted to the fixed bracket f attached to the flyer stand.-
In the throat of this piece n there is provided a rectangular seat n¹ for two nipper
jaws n² n³, of which the lower nå is fixed, and consists of a grooved piece in which
the upper one n³ is fitted as shown in Figure 21.-The fixed jaw n² is secured in
its seat n by screws n. The movable jaw n³ is pivotted at n' to the fixed one;
and has a downward pressure applied to it by means of a spiral spring nº contained
within a cylindrical box n³ secured to a fixed arm n*, which projects from one
side of the seat n³, the said spring acting upon the jaw through a lever n³, which
passes through a slot 10 in the spring box n, and the fulcrum of which is the
upper edge of the said slot n10.-The upper end of the said spring is connected
with a screw n, which passes through the top of the spring box, and which is
adjustable by a nut 7 on the top of the said box, to adjust the pressure of the
spring. The lever n is kept in place on the nipper jaw n³ by a pin n secured
in the top of the said jaw, and passing through a hole in the lever. When it is
desired to open or take out the nipper na n³, it is permitted, without altering the
adjustment of the spring, and with great facility, by lifting the lever n off the
pin n, and turning it aside. The jaw n³ can then be swung open by a movement
on its pivot n³, or if the screws * are unscrewed a little way, the nipper can be
taken out entirely.
The principal part of the rotary nipper consists of a tubular stock G, of
which one end fitted to the socket e, in the end of the flyer journal a¹ is made
hemispherical, or nearly so, as shown at gin Figures 15, 17, 19, 19*, so that it
may form a slightly flexible connection with the said journal, to which it is secured
by pivot screws g³ (see Figure 10), which screw through the said socket e, and the
ends of which enter cavities in the said socket. The other end of the said
stock is nearly in contact with the end of the condenser. About half of the length
of the said socket, from the end g*, is completely tubular, but another portion is
cut away, or reduced on one side, as shewn at gls in Figures 15, 17, and 18, to
form a wide longitudinal opening for the reception of the arm glo, to which is
attached the movable jaw gs of the nipper, the principal portion of which is received
in a transverse groove g formed very near that end of the stock which comes next
the condenser. This groove intersects a narrow longitudinal slot 97, which is
formed in the stock lengthwise thereof, and which extends from the wide longi-
tudinal opening 915 to the end of the stock, the end being otherwise closed as
shewn in the end view Fig: 16. The round bottom of this slot g? forms the face
of that jaw of the said nipper which is fixed in the stock. The movable jaw g³
has a similar slot g8* (see Figures 17 and 18*), which presents itself on the opposite
side of the centre of the nipper stock G. The said jaw has a flat shank g" which
fits the groove g7, and which is pivotted to the arm go with a pin and slot, to
permit. free working of the said jaw in the groove gº.

page_text: :
The pressure necessary to hold the jaw j³ to its work is produced by a spring g¹¹,
which is pivotted at one end by a screw g¹³ to the stock, and the other end of
which bears upon the jaw .—The pivotting of the spring permits it to be turned
aside, as shewn in Figure 19, far enough to permit the movable jaw of the nipper
to be opened or thrown out by a movement of the arm g10 whenever necessary.-
The spring is retained in its operative position by means of rounded lugs or
teats g¹ on its underside, which snap over the shank g³ of the movable jaw.
It will be understood by reference to Fig: 10 that the rotary nipper attached
to the flyer comes almost close to the stationary nipper in the condenser. It is
virtually a prolongation of the flyer journal, which brings it as close up to the
stationary nipper as is possible for it to work, and by such prolongation, an
exceedingly short portion of the sliver only is subjected at a time to the twisting
operation, and consequently the twist or spinning will be more regular and uniform
than when there is a considerable distance between the point where the sliver is
held and the point where the twist begins, as there is in most spinning machines.
The effectiveness of this rotary nipper is increased by making its connection near
the flyer flexible, and in fact without this flexible connection it could not well
work so close to the stationary nipper, as the slightest deviation of the axis of the
flyer from the proper line would then be destructive to the flyer.
Having now described all the details of one machine or quarter section, I will
refer again briefly to the arrangement of four such machines or quarter sections
in a system as shewn in Figures 1 and 2. By reference to both of these Figures it
will be seen that two machines or quarter sections are arranged end to end with
their flyer-stands towards each other, and by reference to Figure 2 it will be seen
that the other two machines or quarter sections are arranged in similar relation to
each other side by side and parallel with the first two, a space being left between
those which are side by side only sufficient for the operatives to pass in attending
to the machines.-This arrangement brings two of the main shafts H close
together, end to end, and the other two opposite to them, so that all can be
conveniently driven from one line shaft. The machines are of such height that
the operatives on the floor can conveniently reach the highest flyers, and the upper
parts of the gill-pin bars, and the upper parts of those flyer stands and spindle
stands which are side by side, are braced together by arched braces F5 and I³, the
braces being of such height that the operatives can walk under them.-By this
arrangement, in one system of four machines or sections, each containing eight of
the improved flyers, with bobbins of a capacity equal to those of an ordinary jenny
containing only two flyers, I am enabled to get thirty two spindles and flyers with
the necessary catenary series of gill-pins to work with them on a floor space that
would only be sufficient for four jennies of the ordinary kind, containing in all
only eight spindles and flyers.
Having now particularly described the nature of the said Invention as comṛ
municated to me from abroad, and explained in what manner the same is to be
performed, I declare that what I claim is
1st The combination of two or more spindles and flyers arranged one above
another, and a catenary series of upright bars each having laterally projecting arms
or brackets arranged one above another, and provided with gill-pins for presenting
two or more slivers to the spindles substantially as herein described.
2nd The combination with two or more spindles and flyers arranged one above
another, and a catenary series of upright gill-pin bars furnished with arms provided
with gill-pins, of horizontal endless chains for connecting and giving motion to
said bars, and in which said bars are capable of vertical movement, and a track
or way for the lower ends of said bars having at one end an incline for lifting said
bars and at the other end an upright termination or step, over which the bars
may descend as they approach the spindles and flyers substantially as herein
described.

page_text: 3rd The combination with two or more spindles and flyers arranged one above
another, and a catenary series of upright gill-pin bars having a movenient towards
and from said spindles and flyers, of two tracks for said bars, a higher one on
which they move towards the said bars, and a lower one on which they return,
substantially as herein described.
4th The chains for connecting the gill-pin bars, consisting of the links h¹, each
having a socket 1 for the reception of one of said bars, and a socket 2 for the
reception of the socket 1 of the next link, and having lateral openings 2*, all
substantially as herein described.
5th The combination with the upright gill pin bars and the horizontal endless
chains by which they are connected together and moved, and in which they are
capable of moving vertically, of the guides 0.0 0.0* by which the straight
portions of the said chains are supported, substantially as herein described.
Gth The combination of two vertical series of spindles and flyers, two catenary
series of upright gill-pin bars provided with laterally projecting arms furnished
with gill pins, and a driving shaft and driving mechanism for transmitting motion
to both series of spindles and flyers, and both catenary series of gill pin bars, the
whole forming one machine or machine section substantially as hereinabove
described.
7th The arrangement of four machines or sections in a system as herein described
and illustrated by Figures 1 and 2.
8th The combination with a spindle and flyer, and a bobbin therein, of a traverse
guide carrier, consisting of an expanding ring surrounding the bobbin, and fitted
to move on the flyer lengthwise thereof.
9th The combination with a spindle and flyer, and a bobbin therein, of a traverse
guide consisting of a ring surrounding the bobbin and flyer, and comprising parts
which are fitted to slide on the legs or side rods of the flyer, and which are
movable towards and from the centre of the flyer, to accommodate any outward
bending of the said legs or rods substantially as herein described.
10th The traverse-guide carrier consisting of a ring made of sections fitted to
slide on the arms of the flyer, and united by bolts g¹ and springs g³, substantially
as herein described.
11th The combination with the flyer and bobbin, and the spindle B passing
through the hollow journal a, of the flyer, and through the bobbin of the bobbin
coupling bb, serving to fasten the bobbin to the spindle, to secure the spindle in
the flyer, and to confine the bobbin lengthwise in the flyer, substantially as herein
described.
12th The combination with the flyer and bobbin, and the spindle B passing
through the hollow journal a, of the flyer, and through the bobbin of the spindle
driving pulley c¹ fitted to turn loosely on the hollow flyer journal a, and provided
with a key c² to enter notches c³ in a portion of the hub of said pulley c¹ which
projects beyond the hollow journal a, substantially as herein described.
13th The guard plate or separator f¹ in combination with the captan barrel c¹,
of the flyer substantially as and for the purpose herein described.
14th The combination with two or more flyers and bobbins therein, and traverse
guide-carriers in the form of rings encircling said bobbins and flyers, of a wheel
engaging with the two or more traverse-guide carriers, an axle for said wheel, and
a traverse screw, and connection for moving the said wheel lengthwise of its axle,
to produce the movement of the traverse guide-carriers back and forth on the flyers
substantially as herein described.
15th The combination with upper and lower groups of flyers, as described with
reference to Fig 3, of traverse-guide carriers in the form of rings fitted to said
flyers, two engaging wheels K, one for each group of flyers, axles for supporting
said engaging wheels, and a traverse screw J and a yoke L, operated by said screw,
and connected with both of said engaging wheels, substantially as herein set forth.
16th The combination with the flyer and a spindle therein carrying a bobbin,
and means of driving the flyer at a proper speed, of a driving band and pulleys for

page_text: driving the spindle, and means of increasing the tension of said band automatically
during the spinning operation, for the purpose of compensating for the increasing
circumference of the yarn on the bobbin, and thereby equalizing the draught and
tension of the yarn between the flyer and bobbin, substantially as herein described.
17th The combination with a group of parallel spindles and flyers, and suitable
means of driving the several flyers, of pulleys on the several spindles, a driving
pulley common to all the spindles of the group, a driving band running on said
driving pulley, and on the pulleys of the group of spindles, and means of auto-
matically varying the tension of said driving band, substantially as and for the
purpose herein set forth.
18th The combination in a spinning machine, of a group of spindles and flyers,
pulleys on said spindles, a driving pulley and band common to the several spindles,
a movable tension pulley within the circuit of said band, a winch with which said
tension pulley is connected, and gearing for operating the said winch by the
machine to produce the necessary movement of the tension pulley for tightening
the said band, substantially as and for the purpose herein set forth.
19th The indicator M M¹ and the spring ja in combination with cords or flexible
connections between the tension pulley and the winch, substantially as and
for the purpose herein described.
20th The combination with a spindle and flyer and a catenary series of gill-pins,
having a movement towards them, of a stationary condenser and nipper between
said gill pins and flyer, and a rotary nipper attached to the flyer and working
close to the stationary condenser nipper, substantially as and for the purpose herein
described.
21st The combination with the spindle and flyer and the catenary series of gill
pins, of a stationary condenser and nipper between the said gill pins and flyer,
and a rotary nipper flexibly connected with the flyer, substantially as herein
described.
22nd The combination with the trumpet mouthed condenser stock n constructed
with a nipper seat n', of the fixed nipper jaw n² secured in said seat, the movable
nipper jaw na pivotted in said fixed jaw, the lever nº bearing on said movable
jaw, and an adjustable spring acting upon said lever, all substantially as herein
described.
23rd The combination with the rotary nipper stock G, having the transverse
groove 9, and longitudinal slot g7, of the movable jaw 9 entering the said
groove go, the arm 910 pivotally connected with said jaw, and with the stock, and
the spring g pivotally connected with the stock, and adapted to bear on said
movable jaw substantially as herein described.