IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR FINISHING COTTON. LINEN, SILK, AND OTHER FABRICS AND MATERIALS
Year: 1860

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Edward Booth and Major Booth, of the Firm of
"Booth and Corns," of the City of Manchester, in the County of Lan-
caster, Calenderers and Finishers. for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR FINISHING COTTON. LINEN, SILK, AND OTHER
FABRICS AND MATERIALS."
Sealed lie 23rd April 1861, and dated the 27th October 1860.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Edward Booth and
Major Booth at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with
their Petition, on the 27th October 1860.
We. EDWARD BOOTH and MAJOR BOOTH, of the Firm of "Booth and
Corns, of the City of Manchester, in the County of Lancaster. Calenderers
and Finishers, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR APPARATUS FOR FINISHING COTTON, LINEN, SILK,
AND OTHER FABRICS AND MATERIALS," to be as follows:-
Our: Invention consists in the use of three rollers or bowls placed parallel,
but not in contact with each other; two of the said rollers or bowls are fixed
or about the same level, and are the supporting rollers; the third or
pressing roller is placed above and between the supporting rollers, and at a
suitable distance therefrom. The cloth to be finished being wound on a beam
is placed upon and between the supporting rollers and directly under the
ונס - U

page_text: pressing roller. which by means of suitable apparatus is made to descend
thereon. The rollers are by means of gearing made to revolve ai a uniform
speed, their action after a few turns, more or less. in either direction being
continually reversed by the action of the machine, during which operation the
pressing roller, by means of levers and weights or screws. is forced down with
considerable pressure on the beam of cloth which lies between the three
rollers, and thereon produces the effeol known as beetling or mangling
pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, ferl
by the said Edward Booth and Major Booth in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 27th April 1861.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we. EDWARD
BOOTH and MAJOR BOOTH. of the Firm of "Booth and Corns." of the City of
Manchester. in the County of Lancaster, Calenderers and Finishers, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Twenty-seventh day of October, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty, in the twenty-fourth year of Her
reign, did, for Herself. Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto us.
the said Edward Booth and Major Booth, Her special license that we, the
said Edward Booth and Major Booth. our executors, administrators. and
assigns, or such others as we. the said Edward Booth and Major Booth.
our executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and
no others. from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend,
within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINERY OR
APPARATUS FOR FINISHING COTTON, LINEN, SILK, AND OTHER FABRICS AND
MATERIALS," upon the condition (amongst others) that we, the said Edward
Booth and Major Booth, or one of us.. by an instrument under our hands
and seals, (or under the hand and seal of one of us.) should particularly
describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner
the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great
Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the
date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said Edward Booth and Major Booth, do
hereby declare the nature of our said Invention, and in what manner the

page_text: same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in
and by the following statement and accompanying Drawing; but before we
commence to describe our improvements in the process of finishing cotton,
silk, linen, and other fabrics and materials, we (in order that the peculiar prin-
ciple and novelty of our Invention may be understood) consider it necessary
to explain the difference between the process of calendering or swissing, and
the process of beetling and mangling.
In the process of calendering the fabric passes between two or more rollers.
which are by means of screws or weighted levers set down so closely in contact
with each other that as the cloth passes between them its fabres and texture
is so laid and squeezed together that a glazed or smooth surface is obtained on
both sides. The fabric first being wound on a beam roller is placed in front
of the machine, the end of the cloth is then entered between the calender
rollers. which by revolving gradually draw the whole length through. As the
cloth leaves the calender rollers it is wound on another beam roller. the
operation being continued until the whole length of cloth. which sometimes
consists of many long pieces joined or pasted together, has passed from off the
first or entering beam between the calender rollers on to the second or
receiving beam; the smoothing effect being given to both sides of the piece
by the pressure of and contact with the calender rollers.
Sometimes for producing the effect called watering, the ends of two pieces
of cloth, face to face, are entered together from off two entering beams, and
having passed between the calender bowls are gradually wound upon the
receiving beam. The effect on the back of each piece coming in contact with
the calender rollers, is the same as calendering, bui the faces of the two pieces
being squeezed together, when separated exhibit the finish of watering, which is
caused by such of the threads of each piece which come in contact with each
other receiving a heavier nip or squeeze, and consequently a smoother face
than those threads of one piece which fall between the threads of the other
piece upon which a rougher effect is produced.
Now the difference between the before-mentioned process and our Invention
and mode or process. of mangling and beetling is as follows:-The whole
length of cloth is wound on a strong central roller or beam, which is placed in
the centre of the machine between the pressing roller and the two supporting
rollers, where it remains during the operation. The effect required being pro-
duced by both faces of the cloth when lapped hack to face, or wound upon
the beam, being only in contact with each other. and not in contact with the
calender rollers while subjected to the heavy pressure of the pressing roller
between it and the supporting rollers. In order to avoid the figured or

page_text: marbly effect of watering, the action of the machine is made to reverse, first
making a few revolutions in a forward direction. and then a few turns in a
backward direction, thereby alternately slightly tightening and loosening the
laps of cloth upon the beam, in order that a continual shifting or rubbing of the
faces of the fabric against each other may take place, and thus while during
the continuance of the operation the faces of the fabric being in contact
smooth and glaze each other, yet by their constant slight shifting an uneven
finished effect is given thereto unlike the smooth, even. glossy surface given to
single folds of cloth by the process of calendering.
Mangling and beetling are old and well-known operations. The first has
hitherto been effected by rolling backwards and forward a heavy-weighted box
over a smooth bed or plane. between which are two rollers whereon the cloth
is wound. The latter process is performed by beating the cloth while laid in
folds with broad' smooth-faced hammers.
Our Invention is for the purpose of producing the same effect upon fabrics
by micans of reversing the action of pressing and supporting rollers between.
and upon which having first wound the cloth upon one central beam roller.
the process is performed by pressure. Our machine may be called a rotating
mangling and beeiling machine.
We shall now proceed to describe the different parts of our Invention with
reference to the accompanying Drawings.
Figure is an end elevation: Figure 2 is a section: Figure 3 is a front
elevation. and Figure 4 is a plan. (a) is the framework of the machine:
(at) is the cross frame; (b) are the two supporting rollers. they rest upon
friction brasses (b 1) and between the friction brasses (b 2): (c) is the pressure
roller. it is suspended at each end between the friction brasses ( 2) in the
vertical slides (c 3). The two supporting rollers and the pressure roller should
be of corresponding diameters. (d) is the central beam roller, upon which d 1
the fabric to be mangled is wound; (e 1) are tooth wheels fixed on the ends
of the supporting rollers: (e 2) is a tooth wheel of the same size fixed upon
the end of the pressure roller. These wheels give to the supporting rollers
and the pressing roller an equal rate of speed. The intermediate tooth
wheel is fixed on the end of the sliding shaft ( 1), it is geared into and is
actuated by the tooth wheel on one of the supporting rollers; it is also geared
into the tooth wheel on the pressure roller, and gives motion thereto. (g) are
curved slots in the frame of the machine. These curves are concentric with
the centre of that supporting roller, with the wheel of which the inter-
mediate wheel is in gear. The cross shaft (1) on which the intermediate
wheel is fixed slides laterally in the curved slots, and by means of the con-

page_text: necting rods (1) between the sliding shaft and the pressure roller the same
distance between their centres is always maintained, and thus although the
pressure roller is constantly ascending and descending, and working at
different heights according to the additional diameter caused by the length of
cloth wound upon the central beam, the intermediate wheel (f) and the
tooth wheel (e 2) are always kept in gear. The cross shaft ( 1). the curved
slots (g), and the connecting rods (h) perform a very important office in the
machine. without which. or an equivalent contrivance. the operation of
mangling could not be satisfactorily performed (i) are the set screws which
regulate the pressure, they work through swivel nuts (i) which are placed on
the top levers (n): their lower ends are attached to and work in the vertical
slides (3), and give action thereto. Attached to these vertical slides are two
suspending rods (c 4). which by means of the supporting link (c 5) suspend
the pressure roller (e) when it is raised from the cloth upon the central beam.
There is between the lower ends of the suspending rods another supporting
link (1) upon which the central beam roller (7) rests when the cloth is
being wound thereon and while it is being drawn off after it has been mangled.
(d2) placed upon the end of the central beam roller is the winding on and
off strap pulley. When the central beam is filled, it is by means of the
screws () lowered upon the supporting rollers (b), while the pressure roller (c)
is also lowered upon the central beam of cloth. When the operation is
finished the pressure roller is again raised from the central beam of cloth, which
in its turn is also raised from the supporting rollers. The suspending rods are
screwed, and have thereon nuts for regulating the distance between the links
(c) and (d 1): fixed on the upper ends of the screws (i) are tooth wheels
(). which by means of the long centre pinion (k) actuated by the top bevil
gearing (b). (b 1). and (b 2), or by the hand wheel h 1. always by giving equal
speed to the screws maintain the pressure roller at and preserve its true level.
The length of the central pinion (k) must be equal to the extreme action of
the vertical slides (c 3). so that the two wheels () never go out of gear.
Upon the top shaft (3) there is a sliding clutch, which when required takes
up either of the bevi! pinions (12) or ( 3), and thus by means of the actuating
strap pulley (4) or the hand wheel (1) the raising and lowering of the
pressure roller and the central beam is effected. (p) are the weight plates on
the extreme ends of the bottom levers (o), which by means of the connecting
rods (1) the pressure levers (n) are drawn down. These levers force the
screws () down upon the vertical slide (c 3), which by acting upon the pres-
sure roller (c) produces the desired effect upon the cloth. (a) are right and
left handed lengthening nuts for adjusting the weight levers. The driving

page_text: pinion (g), which is geared into the tooth wheels (e 1) and thereby gives
motion to the machine, is fixed on one end of the pinion shaft (q 1), upon the
other end of this shaft there is a bevil wheel (r) which can be driven in either
direction by the two bevil driving wheels (1) and (r 2). These wheels run
loose between the collars upon the main shaft (3): attached to each driving
wheel there is a fixed driving stud ( 4), and between the two mitre wheels
upon the main shaft there is a sliding clutch or clam (5), by which when by
means of the hand lever ( 6) its contact is changed from one driving pin to
the other the action of the machine is reversed. The required number of
revolutions made in either.direction depends upon the description of cloth
under process upon which, as before stated, in consequence of the continued
shifting of the laps of cloth caused by changing the action of the machine
while the threads press against and polish each other, the glazed uneven finish is
obtained alike on both sides. On some stubborn or harsh fabrics it is necessary
to repeat the operation after having unwound the cloth and changed the
outside to the inside lap upon the central beam. thereby ensuring an even
finish upon both ends of the fabric.
Having now described the nature of our Invention of improvements in
mangling and beetling, and the manner in which the operation is performed,
we wish it to be understood that we do not confine ourselves to the proportions
of the different parts of our Invention as set forth in the Drawing, neither do
we confine ourselves to the precise arrangement herein set forth so long as the
principle of our Invention be retained, and what we believe to be new and
claim as our Invention is as follows:-
Firstly, we claim the construction and use of the general combination of
machinery and working or actuating the same in the manner herein described
and herein explained for the purpose of producing the finishing effect of
mangling or beetling upon woven fabrics.
Secondly, we claim the use of a central beam roller for the purpose of
winding thereon many laps or folds of cloth upon which by pressure between
other rollers we produce the finishing effect of mangling in the manner herein
described.
Thirdly, we claim the application and use of the connection rods (h) and the
sliding cross shaft (f 1) for the purpose of maintaining the correct distance
between the centres of the pressing roller c and the intermediate wheel (f),
as herein described.
Fourthly, we claim for the application of the long central pinion (k) in the
manner and for the purposes herein described.
Fifthly and lastly we claim for the mode of reversing the action of the

page_text: revolving parts of such a combination of machinery as we have herein
described, while producing thereby upon woven fabrics the finishing effects
required.
In witness whereof, we, the said Edward Booth and Major Booth
have hereunto set our hands and seals. this Twenty-sixth day of April,
in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-one.
MAJOR BOOTH.
(L.S.)