IMPROVEMENTS IN HARROWS
Year: 1883

page_text: "
LETTERS PATENT to Sydney Pitt of Sutton in the County of Surrey for
an Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN HARROWS communicated to him
from abroad by Frederick Nishwitz of Millington in the County of Morris
and State of New Jersey one of the United States of America Manufacturer
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION filed by the said Sydney Pitt at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents on the 20th November 1883.
SYDNEY PITT of Sutton in the County of Surrey "IMPROVEMENTS IN
HARROWS" communicated to me from abroad by Frederick Nishwitz of
Millington in the County of Morris and State of New Jersey one of the
United States of America Manufacturer
The invention consists in certain improvements on harrows in which trailing
harrow teeth arranged in a gang or gangs transversely to the line of draft operate
upon the soil. With teeth of such construction the ground is operated upon by a
draw cut of the teeth and the teeth cannot therefore catch in roots or against
stones as is the case with many of the old forms of harrows:
The invention also consists in certain organizations in which such teeth are
employed in connection with crushing bars or levellers.
It is described to me by my foreign correspondent as follows:-
In the specification and accompanying drawings I have illustrated several modi-
fications of my improved machine which I will now proceed to describe specifically
with reference to the Drawings.
The first form of my improved machine is illustrated in Figures 1 and 2
Figure 1 being a vertical sectional view and Figure 2 a plan view
The draft frame or tongue frame is shown as composed of the pole or tongue A
the draft bar or whiffle attachment B which is placed between the branches or
hounds of the tongue, a curved or semicircular strap or bar C on the bottom of the
tongue and draft bar and a strap or brace O¹ which extends from the ends of the
curved bar across the top of the tongue and draft bar, the parts all being securely
and rigidly bolted together. This is mere detail and may be varied

page_text: The forward gang bar D which also constitutes a crusher and leveller is hinged
at d to the draft frame preferably somewhat in front of its forward face as shown.
Rearwardly projecting straps or arms E E are attached to this gang-bar at suitable
points and have eyes in which loops F F from the rear cutter bar G engage so as
to form the hinge joints f. f. Of course the gangs may be hinged in other ways.
The seat standard H is pivoted on the tongue or draft frame and is supported
at h. h. upon the rear gang bar G by pivoted supporting rods at a point in rear of
the hinge-joints f. f.
A lever I pivoted on the tongue or frame works preferably in a longitudinal slot
in the seat standard and is held in any desired position by a notched dog or
detenti pivoted on the seat standard and engaging with a loop or eye on the
lever. The rearwardly projecting bent end I² of the lever is connected by a link K
with the seat standard. This link may be adjusted in the slot in the seat standard
by means of the set-nut kif desired to modify the relation of the gangs to the
frame and change the range of their adjustment.
The purpose and operation of the above organization will be fully set forth when
the details of the machine have been described.
The front lower corner or edge of the gang bar D and of the cutter bar Gare
covered with iron angle strips L (shown in Figure 1). The flat ends m. n. of the
harrow teeth M N which form the surfaces of attachment to the bars are inserted
under the edges of the angle strips to form a snug and neat connection. The angle
strips and teeth are secured by suitable bolts. The teeth M on the front gang bar
are uniformly curved to one side relatively to the line of draft while those on the
rear bar are uniformly curved in the opposite direction and it will be observed
that they are so arranged that the teeth in the rear gang will cut out the spaces left
by those in the forward gang as is clearly shown in Figure 2.
Between the teeth on the front gang bar are placed flat spurs, disintegrators or
crushers which are secured under the angle strip as the teeth are and project
rearwardly from the bar at or about in line with its lower face and are slightly
turned up at their ends.
It will be observed that the flat portions m of the teeth M also extend a short
distance in rear of the gang bar. The spurs or crushers O and the flat parts m of
the teeth constitute a substantially metal-faced, ribbed, open-slotted or comb-like
clod crusher and leveler.
The teeth M are as above mentioned straight and flat for a short distance in rear
of the gang-bar and are then twisted around to present a curved cutting-edge to
the soil. The teeth N on the rear cutter bar are similarly shaped though the flat
portions do not extend much if any to the rear of the bar there being no occasion
for such an extension in this gang. These teeth are provided with wings or earth
turning portions N¹ which are somewhat longer than the teeth proper.
The weight of the driver and of the frame is supported on the rear gang or cutter
bar through the pivotted supporting rods and is in part transferred through the
hinge joints f. f. to the forward gang bar or crusher as will be seen upon reference
to Figure 1. To make this more clear assume that the teeth in the rear gang
constitute the fulcrum of that bar. Now the weight being applied to the front of
the fulcrum will press down the hinge joints f. f. and transfer part of the weight
to the forward gang bar which is fulcrumed at its connection with the frame.
The relation of the gangs to the soil may be varied by operating the lever.
Thus if the lever be drawn toward the driver it will tend to draw the tongue and
seat standard toward each other and to press the rear gang down and the power
being applied in rear of its hinge joints f. f. will cause the teeth thereon to assume
a more upright position relatively to the ground. At the same time the front or
pivot of the crusher bar is raised and as a pressure will be exerted by the depression
of the rear bar at the hinge joints f. f. in the rear of the hinge connections d. d. of the
front gang bar the teeth on that bar will also be caused to assume a more upright
position. To describe this operation in another way, the joint between the link K
and lever may be said to form a fulcrum from, which the frame and forward gang

page_text: bar or crusher are raised. In this view the teeth of the front gang form the
fulcrum on which the bar rocks and consequently the raising of the bar turns the
teeth down and causes them to assume a more upright position. The raising of
the front bar lifts the hinge joints f. f. and turning the cutter bar upon the
fulcrum h formed by the joint of the supporting rods and cutter bar G depresses
the teeth in the rear gang and causes them to assume a more upright position.
It will thus be seen that by operating the lever the relation of the teeth to the
ground and to the frame or tongue may be varied as occasion may require.
My improved machine is free to flex to conform to undulations and inequalities
of the ground and will thoroughly operate upon the surface traversed. In passing
over the field any obstruction undulation or rise in the ground will cause the
cutters in the forward gang to rise to pass over it. This movement depresses the
cutters in the rear gang. When the first gang has passed the obstruction they
will resume their normal position and as the rear gang is raised in passing the
obstruction the forward gang will be depressed.
A machine thus organized it will be obvious will thoroughly cultivate every
portion of the field close up to any obstruction on each side of it. This operation
of the machine is as follows: When the cutters on the front gang bar or crusher
meet an obstruction they will be thrown up to ride over it, the connection d with
the frame forming the fulcrum or pivot on which the gang vibrates. In thus rising
they will force up the hinge joints f. f. and depress the teeth in the rear gang, the
fulcrum of the latter gang being at the joint h between the seat supporting rods
and cutter bar. When the front gang has passed the obstruction it will fall and
as the teeth in the rear gang meet it they will be forced up. As the teeth in
the rear gang rise they rock upon the pivot or fulcrum hand forcing down the
hinge joints f. f. will press down the teeth in the front gang. Thus there is always
a reciprocal compensating action or vibration between the gangs and a complete
flexibility which enables the machine to freely conform to the entire surface of the
ground and act upon it in the most complete and perfect manner.
In the operation above described it has been assumed that the lever was held by
the notched dog in some adjusted position. The machine works to great advantage
however when the dog is held out of engagement with the lever so that it is free
to vibrate in unison with the vibrations of the gangs. The flat portions of the
teeth on the forward gang bar or crusher and the intermediate spurs or disin.
tegrators form a bearing for the machine and prevent the teeth from sinking unduly
into the ground. When the machine is thus working the frame, gang bars, seat
support and lever all vibrate and the machine flexes freely and conforms to all
irregularities of the ground.
Should the machine at any time become clogged or encumbered with weeds or
débris of any kind it can be freed therefrom by operating the lever and vibrating
or rocking the gangs.
The seat standard and its pivoted supporting bars serve as a pivoted coupling
between the cutter bar G and frame in addition to and independent of their
function as a seat support and I do not wish to limit myself to such a function.
So far as part of this invention is concerned harrow teeth may or may not be
used on the front gang bar or crusher; nor do I limit myself in the general
organization of the machine as claimed to any special form of crusher bar. Where
harrow teeth are used on the rear gang or cutter bar only they should be arranged
in two reversely curved series on opposite sides of the line of draft or teeth so
formed as to insure the rectilinear motion of the machine may be used.
Instead of having the seat standard connected with the adjusting lever the link
connection may extend directly from the lever to the rear gang bar and the con-
nection be so made as to give the results above set forth. In that case the pivot
of the connecting link on the gang-bar would become the fulcrum on which that
bar would vibrate.
The second part of my invention has for its object to produce a harrow of the
general character above described, but which will be a simple light and cheap harrow

page_text: which will act upon the soil in a most efficient manner. With this object in view
I have devised a machine having a tongue or draft pole and a single transverse
gang-bar carrying trailing or dragging harrow teeth of a peculiar character which
will hereinafter be fully described. This gang bar also serves as a clod crusher or
leveler for the purpose of breaking up clods and smoothing down minor
irregularities of the surface
I do not limit myself to a machine having a transverse bar which constitutes a
leveler as well as a gang bar, as a machine in which the single cross bar constitutes
a gang bar only could be made without departing from some of the features of my
invention and would doubtless be very efficient and practical in certain classes of
soil. Nor do I wish to limit myself so far as part of my invention is concerned to
a bar having teeth of the special character shown.
In the accompanying Drawings illustrating the second part of my invention
Figure 3 is a vertical sectional view and Figure 4 is a plan view of my improved
machine.
The gang bar and crusher C is hinged at c. c. by suitable straps to the draft
frame or tongue A B. The seat standard D is pivoted upon the tongue or frame
and is supported by pivoted rods d. d. on the gang bar. A lever E pivoted on the
frame and preferably working in a slot in the seat standard, has a bent end or
rearwardly projecting extension E¹ which is connected with the seat standard by a
link e.
The lever is held in any desired position by a pivoted notched dog or
detent which engages with an eye thereon. The gang bar and crusher is hinged
to the frame so that its lower face inclines upwardly and as will be understood acts
as a crusher or leveler to break up clods and smooth the ground. It will be obvious
that by operating the lever the gang bar may be swung up or down on its hinges
to vary the relation of its crushing face and of the harrow teeth to the ground.
The harrow teeth F have flat surfaces f for attachment to the gang bar and their
ends are placed under the edge of the angle strip G which faces the lower front
edge of the bar. Flat rearwardly projecting spurs or disintegrators H are placed
between the teeth and similarly secured under the angle strip. The spurs and the
flat portions of the teeth constitute a substantially metal faced open slotted or
comb like crusher bar.
The machine above described is exceedingly simple in construction and operation.
It has a single transverse bar which carries a gang of trailing or dragging barrow
teeth and which may be adjusted to vary the relation of the teeth to the ground.
The single transverse gang bar also constitutes a clod crusher and leveler so that
the ground is treated in the most perfect manner. The machine organised as above
set forth operates to crush and smooth the surface of the ground and then cut it
up and harrow it.
In order to act upon the soil in the most perfect manner, leave it in a uniform
condition, and yet cause the machine to run in a straight line I have devised the
teeth F shown in the drawings. These teeth have a single cutting blade which has
a curved or rocker-shaped cutting edge f¹ and is so sinuously curved relatively to
the line of draft as to cause it to cut at two points at opposite angles relatively to
the draft line. Thus the face at f³ cuts at one angle and tends to press the
machine to one side and the face f³ cut at another angle and tends to press the
machine in the opposite direction. Each tooth therefore exerts a pressure upon the
soil in opposite directions and as a result there is no tendency for the machine to
move out of a straight line. The teeth as before mentioned have a flat surface for
attachment to the gang bar. They are then twisted to present a trailing cutting edge
to the soil and sinuously curved, as set forth. Teeth thus shaped can be arranged
upon the frame in a uniform relation to each other and will thoroughly cut and
break up the entire surface leaving it in a uniform_condition.
Their leading
characteristic is that they have a single blade which cuts at different angles
relatively to the draft at different points in its length and thus presses upon the
soil equally in opposite directions. The curved or rocker-shaped cutting edge f¹

page_text: Dears such relation to the soil as to bring the opposing faces ƒ³. ƒ³, of the tooth into
proper relation to the ground.
- Further description of the operation is deemed unnecessary.
I am aware that a machine having a short plough draft bar or frame a transverse
gang bar and a series of rearwardly-inclined downwardly-projecting straight teeth
is old and I therefore make no claim to such an organization.
The third part or form of my invention is illustrated in the following figures, viz,
Figure 5 which is a transverse section and Figure 6 a plan view.
The clod crusher or leveler bar A is shown as rigidly secured to the draft pole or
tongue B by means of straps and bolts. The bar is shown as L shaped or right
angular in cross section, the two portions or beams of which it is composed being
securely held together by angle irons as is well understood. Its forward levelling
or clod-crushing face is inclined upwardly as is clearly shown in Figure 5 of the
Drawings.
Harrowing devices a which are in this instance straight spurs or cutters with a
curved cutting edge are secured in the leveler bar as shown by locking keys or
wedges or in any other suitable manner and project rearwardly about in line with
the inclined crushing face of the bar. The gang bar C is hinged to the leveler as
shown in the Drawings at c. c. so as to permit it to rock up and down and allow a
vertical flexure of both bars. This gang-bar is shown as provided with two series
of harrow teeth T. A series is arranged on each side of the line of draft and the
teeth in each series curved in opposite directions as shown so that the pressure of
the teeth upon the soil will be equal on both sides of the line of draft and insure
the rectilinear motion of the machine.
The teeth on the gang bar are by preference arranged opposite the spaces
between the teeth or spurs on the leveler. The special forms of teeth and their
arrangement shown in the Drawings are good; but of course the teeth and their
relative arrangement may be varied. Nor is it necessary that there should be any
teeth or cutters on the leveler or clod crusher though I prefer to employ them.
The driver's seat is mounted upon the standard E which is hinged at e. on the
tongue so as to rise and fall or rock vertically. A pivoted supporting bar or link F
extends from the seat standard to the gang-bar. Thus the seat. is pivoted directly
upon the tongue but is supported upon the gang bar, and the tongue or draft frame
and crusher, gang bar and seat standard are all hinged or pivotally connected so
that their positions relatively to each other may be varied by a vertical rocking or
flexure of the parts. Thus the seat standard and its supporting links constitute a
pivoted coupling between the gang bar and frame in addition to and independently
of their function as a seat support
In order to vary the relation of the gang bar and its cutters and of the leveler
to the ground and.hold them in their adjusted relation I connect the gang bar by
a pivoted link G with a lever H pivoted on the frame. This lever is held in any
desired position by means of a notched locking bar or dog which is operated by a
thumb rod h and the notches in which engage in a loop or eye h¹ on the tongue..
By this construction the driver may from his seat on the machine operate the lever
so as to elevate the leveler and depress the cutters on the gang bar or vice versa.
Thus by drawing the lever toward him the driver may elevate the crusher and
throw the teeth down so that they will cut deeper into the soil and by releasing
the lever and allowing it to move from him the crusher bar will descend while the
angular relation of the cultivating devices on the gang bar will be varied relatively
to the ground. In accomplishing this adjustment of the machine the edges of the
cultivator teeth constitute a fulcrum upon which the machine rocks.
As will be understood by those familiar with the operation of harrows the
leveler or clod crusher will. smooth the surface crushing down clods and minor.
irregularities in the surface of the field while the cutting devices or teeth on the
bar will break up hard lumps and scarify and cut up the soil leaving it in the most
advantageous condition to be thoroughly operated upon by the gang of harrow:
teeth proper.

page_text: When the machine is to be transported from place to place the adjusting lever
is released and the leveler allowed to rest upon the ground so that the machine will
be primarily supported by it and not by the harrow-teeth.
The seat standard is shown as pivoted upon the tongue and supported upon the
gang bar by a link or rod. The machine may however without departing from the
principal feature of my invention be modified by supporting the seat standard
directly upon the gang bar and connecting it with the tongue or frame by a link;
or it may be supported entirely upon the gang bar and not be connected in any way
with the tongue or frame the seat being so arranged as to properly balance the
machine. This will be obvious to those skilled in the art.
The fourth form of my invention is illustrated in Figures 7 to 10.
Figure 7 is a perspective view Figure 8 a vertical sectional view; Figure 9 a
plan view and Figure 10 a cross section of the blade of a barrow tooth.
The tongue A is rigidly bolted to the main or coupling frame B and the short
draft bar or stub C is secured to the frame between the hounds or branches A¹ A¹
of the tongue.
The forward gang bar D carries at its front an upwardly inclined leveler or clod
crusher bar E the two being firmly secured together by suitable straps or angle
irons. This combined leveler and gang bar is hinged at d to the coupling frame.
The leveler may or may not be used so far as part of my invention is concerned
though I prefer to employ it. Harrow teeth or devices F which will be described
in detail hereinafter are secured upon this gang bar. They are shown as socketed
in transverse cuts or slots on the under side of the bar and are securely held by
hooked or looped bolts which pass through apertures in the teeth and up through
the bar and are held by a screw-nut as will be well understood. The teeth may of
course be secured in other ways. The rear gang-bar G is hinged to the coupling
frame at g as shown in the drawings leaving a space between it and the front
gang-bar. This bar also carries teeth H hereinafter to be described in detail which
are attached thereto as above described. The lower edge of the leveler extends
somewhat below the under face of the forward gang bar so as to form an off set
and the cutting edge of the downwardly extending harrow tooth is flush with the
face of the leveler. A similar offset is formed on the rear gang-bar and the teeth
are similarly secured in relation to it. The teeth on the forward bar are uniformly
laterally curved in one direction while those on the rear bar are uniformly curved
in the opposite direction to insure the rectilinear motion of the machine.
series or gangs of teeth are so curved and arranged in relation to each other that
those in the rear gang completely cut out the spaces left by the teeth of the
forward series as will be clear upon reference to Figure 9. The trailing or
dragging teeth which I employ are very effective in a machine of this character
and thoroughly cut break up and treat the soil and where the leveler is used with
the two gangs very perfect work is done.
The two
Instead of having harrow teeth on the forward gang-bar that bar may be used as
a leveler or crusher only so far as part of this invention is concerned in which case
the teeth on the rear gang should be arranged in two series on opposite sides of the
draft line and curved in reversed directions to insure the rectilinear motion of the
machine; or teeth so formed as to cause the machine to move straight when they
are arranged in a uniform series may be employed if preferred.
The seat standard I is pivoted at i on the coupling frame or tongue and is
supported in part upon the rear gang bar by pivoted links i'. An adjusting
lever K is pivoted on the coupling frame and is preferably arranged to work in a
longitudinal slot in the seat standard. The angular extension or rearwardly bent
end K¹ of this lever is connected at different points by a link L with the seat
standard and by a link M with the forward gang bar. The lever is held in any
desired position by a notched dog or detent k pivoted on the frame or seat standard
which is operated by the foot of the driver and engages with a loop or eye k¹ on
the lever. The weight of the driver is also supported upon the forward gang bar
through the lever and links L and M. The weight is thus distributed over both

page_text: gangs. By operating this lever the gangs may be swung upon their hinge connections
with the frame so as to depress the teeth or cause them to assume a more
angular or upright relation to the soil; or the frame may be allowed to come down
upon the gang bars allowing the teeth to rise and thus decrease the angle of the
teeth to the soil and cause them to trail or drag more. Thus by drawing the lever
toward him the driver may press down upon the forward gang by means of the
thrust link connecting it and the lever and increase the angular or upright position
of the teeth relatively to the soil and at the same time draw down the seat standard
and through the pivoted seat supporting bars correspondingly depress the rear
gang-bar and increase the angular or upright position of its teeth relatively to the
ground. The parts are rigidly held in any adjusted position by the notched dog
or detent on the frame which locks the lever. By vibrating the lever therefore
the gangs are operated in unison to correspondingly vary their relation to
the soil.
In adjusting the machine as above mentioned the harrow teeth constitute the
main fulcra upon which the entire machine rocks.
The seat standard and the pivoted rods resting upon the rear gang bar constitute
a pivoted coupling, brace, or arched connection between that bar and the frame
aside from the function of being a seat support. It may or may not serve as a
seat support and I do not wish to limit it to such a function.
The link L which connects the lever and seat standard is adjustable by means
of a set nut in the slot in the seat stand. By this means the forward gang may
be raised, or depressed relatively to the rear one and to the frame as may be
desired.
In transporting the machine from place to place the lever is allowed to move
forward to its utmost limit so as to bring the crusher bar down on the ground.
Upon reference to Figure 8 where this feature is clearly shown it will be seen that
the rear gang bar is held at a greater height from the ground than the forward one
and this is so no matter what the adjustment or positions of the gangs may be.
The purpose of this construction is to provide a large area of discharge for the
loose earth and débris which is turned up by the first gang of cutters in order to
prevent the earth from packing between the gang bars and discharging over the
rear gang bar. In order to compensate for the different levels of the gang bars
and secure a uniform depth of cut the teeth upon the rear bar may be longer than
those in the forward gang as shown in the Drawings. I consider this an important
feature in the organization of the machine.
The tongue is formed in section as shown in the Drawings, the length of the
hounds A. A¹ and the tongue proper A being about the same as that of the gang
bars of the machine. By thus proportioning the parts the machine and tongue
The tongue
may be conveniently packed together and handled with facility.
proper A. is dovetailed or mortised to receive the tenons or tongues on the
hounds A' A' and the parts are securely bolted together by horizontal and vertical
bolts as shown.
The short stub or draft bar C which is centrally attached to the machine is
entirely distinct from the hounds A¹ A¹ and is straddled by them when the machine
is to be drawn by a two-horse team. In order to adapt the machine to a three-
horse team the tongue is shifted laterally on the frame. The means for this
adjustment are clearly illustrated in Figure 9 where additional bolt holes a for
attaching the hounds are shown in the cross plank of the coupling frame.
The harrow teeth or cutters F on the forward gang-bar and the cutting blades H
of those on the rear bar are made of steel which is rolled to an edge.
In that figure
Figure 10 is a cross section showing the preferred form of tooth.
the straight side f is the face which bears against the soil and the opposite side f¹
is "hollow" rolled to form the cutting edge. The advantage of such a cross section
is that the wearing of the edge does not dull it, as is the case when the teeth are
bevelled to an edge. The teeth may be hollow rolled upon either or both faces,
and. I do not limit myself to the special rolling shown. By rolling the teeth to an

page_text: edge in suitable lengths by a proper mill they can be produced with economy and
facility and they are made harder and more durable and satisfactory. The blanks
are cut into lengths and shaped in a die as will be well understood by those skilled
in the art. The teeth on the rear gang bar are formed with open slots h. The
purpose of this formation is to prevent the clogging in the curved faces of the teeth
necessary to turn the earth which might otherwise occur. Any accumulation upon
teeth of this character is impossible and they keep themselves clean and free. They
are shown as formed of two parts-a wing or upper earth turning portion ¹ and
the main portion or blade to which the wing is secured. This is the most.
economical convenient and practical way of making them, but they may be made
in one piece. I do not limit myself to any special detail but desire to claim the
curved trailing or dragging open slotted tooth, broadly. The wing h¹ is longer
than the cutting blade and is made so in order to turn the earth more perfectly.
In order to organize the machine in the most compact and efficient manner so
that it may be transported and. handled with ease I combine the frame and gang-
bars so that the rear bar will overlap the trailing teeth in the forward gang as
shown in the Drawings.
L
The organization, operation and advantages of the machine herein described.
have been sufficiently indicated and do not need any further elaboration.
It will be obvious that the tongue or pole may be hinged to the frame instead
of being rigidly connected therewith or might be dispensed with altogether. The
machine resting upon the two gangs is sufficiently supported to maintain its
working position irrespective of the tongue and the weight of the driver may of
course be adjusted to balance the machine. I prefer to use the tongue however
as in my opinion it makes a better and. more practical machine.
Instead of having the link-connection from the lever to the seat standard it
might connect the lever directly to the rear gang bar or a post thereon and be so
arranged as to rigidly hold the parts in the manner above set forth. Other
variations of the details will doubtless occur to those familiar with this class of
machinery.
I am aware that heretofore in a machine supported by carrying wheels and
having two gang bars arranged above the level of the axle and carrying harrowing
devices the rear gang bar has been placed on a higher level than the front bar.
I therefore make no claim to such an organization.
The fifth form of my invention is illustrated in Figure 11.
In seeding harrowing or operating upon soil to prepare it for seeding, it is very.
desirable and important in economising labor and time to treat as wide a swath
or strip of soil as possible in one traverse of the machine over the field. This is
more especially so where large areas are to be operated upon.
The
To meet this urgent demand in machines having poles where the operating
implements are arranged in a gang transverse to the draft line they have been
made of extra or double size designed to operate upon a strip of soil twelve or
fourteen feet or more in width, the usual width of the ordinary size machines
being about six or seven feet. Such a double size machine however has been
found to do bad work and to be impractical and unwieldy in the field.
reason of this is that it is of such a width that it will not travel in a straight
line, the leverage from the side or end of the machine to the point of draft
causing it to swing and move very irregularly in its passage over the field;
and when one end meets a material obstruction the leverage is so great that
the machine is thrown round by the draft of the team, thus marring the work 5
being done, straining the machine and worrying and tiring the team.
These objections apply specially to machines such as harrows and seed drills
where the harrowing and seeding devices are mounted in a gang or gangs upon a
bar or bars arranged transversely to the pole or the line of draft. It is inexpedient
and impractical to make machines of this class of extra width as above mentioned 5
for the reasons given. There are also further objections:-The machines do not so
well follow the undulations and irregularities of the surface, their excessive width

page_text: causing them to bridge over depressions and hold the earth treating implements or
devices out of contact with the ground thus very imperfectly operating upon the
surface traversed and the widening of the machine involves the use of heavier
timbers thus increasing cost of labor of production and unduly adding to the
weight of the machine in proportion to its width.
The object of my invention is to produce an agricultural machine of the
character last mentioned (i.e. having transverse frames and poles), and of the
desired width which will be free from the objections above recited and which will
require but one attendant or driver. To this end the invention consists in joining
two such fully organized machines having narrow transverse frames and poles side
by side by pivotal connections or parallel coupling bars which will permit each
machine to rock transversely independently of the other and to move forward
and back within certain limits independently of the other each machine having its
own draft connection and pole so that it is drawn by its own team and moves in
limits freely over the ground independently of its mate.
The particular form of harrow shown is the same as illustrated in Figure 9.
and consists of two parallel cross gang bars A B-one in front of the other-
carrying curved harrow teeth a. b. The teeth on each bar are curved in reverse
directions so as to cause the machine to move in a straight line as is well under-
stood. The bars A. B. are each hinged to a coupling frame C and are capable of
being rocked on their hinges to vary the relation of the teeth to the ground by a
lever D pivoted on the frame C. The forward bar A carries an upwardly inclined
or bevel faced leveler or crusher bar E the relation of which to the ground is
varied by the rocking of the bar above mentioned. The pole or tongue F is
rigidly connected with the coupling frame as is also the draft stub or short bar G.
The seat standard H is mounted on the frame and inclines backwardly over the
gang bars.
It is deemed unnecessary to more fully describe this or any other form of
machine, the above description and the drawing being sufficient to clearly show
the characteristics necessary to be appreciated for the purposes of this invention.
The two machines are complete in all respects except that the seats are removed
to give place to a coupling plank I which is pivoted on the end of each seat
standard and serves as a seat for the single driver who controls both machines. A
similar coupling bar or plank K is pivoted on the under side of the draft stubs
being held by the same bolt that holds the whiffletree. A third coupling rod Li
the bent ends of which pivot in holes in the ends of the tongues also connects the
machines.
It will be seen that the machines are joined by a parallel motion and that a
space is left between the opposite end of the gang bars of the machines so that
either of them may move back and forth within limits independently of the other
Each machine is drawn by its own separate horse or team and both are controlled
by a single driver who has both teams completely under his control. The coupling
rod connecting the ends of the tongues serves to maintain the parallelism of the
machines, and to prevent the rupture of either of the tongues should the team
attached thereto move out of a right line relatively to the other machine. Sufficient
play at the pivots of the parallel couplings is allowed to permit the machines to
rock independently transversely to the line of draft to conform to undulations of
the ground.
It will be perceived that the machines are each complete in themselves, and
aro capable of being uncoupled with ease for independent use.
By this organization a machine of the character shown, possessing the necessary
flexibility and required width is produced. I prefer the parallel motion connection
shown and described, but it is possible that other forms of coupling may be
devised. For instance, a slide-joint consisting of a slotted bar and a headed bolt
moving therein might be employed.
1. I am aware that a parallel cultivator in which the cultivating devices are

page_text: arranged on longitudinal bars, and in which a double pole is employed, each half
or section of the pole being attached to one of the cultivators and the sections of
the pole connected at their outer ends by a cross rod or bar is old; and I therefore
make no claim to any such organization.
I am also aware that broadly it is common to couple together two harrows or
cultivators so as to permit forward and back motion in limits.
The sixth part of my invention relates to a one wheel sulky-harrow in which
one side or end of the sulky frame or axle is supported by a carrying wheel and
the other by the harrow proper.
The invention consists in certain organizations of apparatus in such a machine,
whereby the harrow can be vertically adjusted or rocked so as to vary its relation
to the ground, can be horizontally adjusted or swung to change the angle of the
harrow relatively to the line of draft, is free to rock transversely to [the line of
draft to conform to irregularities and undulations of the ground, and by which
the weight of the driver may be thrown more or less onto the harrow, as may be
desired.
This part of my invention also consists in certain improvements in the harrowing
devices or implements for treating the soil.
The purpose of the organization thus briefly indicated is to produce a compact,
strong, and light harrow which will treat the earth in the most perfect manner,
which can be worked in all kinds of soil, and in which the relation of the harrow
to the surface traversed can be readily varied at the will of the driver from his seat
on the machine.
The machine to which the sixth part of my invention relates is shown in
Figures 12, 13, 14 and 15 of the drawings and described in detail hereinafter. It
is shown as provided with a rigid pole or tongue. It is not my purpose, however,
to limit myself to a rigid pole, as it is possible the pole may also be hinged. Thus,
if the pole be hinged laterally, the carrying wheel may hold the frame sufficiently
rigid to permit of the harrow being swung laterally, and if the pole be hinged
vertically the driver's weight might be arranged in such relation to the harrow as
to maintain the harrow in the proper desired relation to the soil.
Having reference to the first part of my invention:-In the accompanying
drawings, Figure 12 is a plan view; Figure 13, a section on the line 2, 2, of
Figure 12; Figure 14 a rear elevation, and Figure 15 a detail view of the V-shaped
brace or seat support.
The sulky-frame is triangular in shape, and is composed of the bars A B C
which are properly bolted together. The pole or tongue D is parallel with and
rigidly bolted to the bar A, and is also bolted to the bar B, as clearly shown. The
cross bar or beam C is braced to the bars A and B by straps E. E. Prolongations
of these straps form eyes or bearings e e at the rear of the cross bar C, in which
the axle F of the machine loosely turns. The single carrying or sulky wheel G
supports and turns loosely upon one end of this axle and the harrow supports, and
is pivotally connected with the other end in the following manner:-The axle is
bent at right angles, so as to form a straight downwardly-projecting arm F', which
passes through eyes or bearings ff in an angular or two armed bearing or
supporting plate f¹, both arms of which are hinged or pivotally connected at f* få
with the draft beam H of the harrow. The arm F¹ of the axle is provided with
a series of holes in which a pin may be inserted to hold the harrow at different
heights thereon. This construction freely permits the following movements: first,
the forward end of the draft beam H of the harrow may be raised and lowered so
as to rock the harrow and vary its relation to the surface traversed, the rocking
of the axle F in its bearings allowing this movement; second, the harrow may
swivel horizontally or be swung laterally to vary its relation to the line of draft,
the bearings f. f, allowing this movement; and, third the harrow can rock
transversely to the line of draft on the hinge-connections fa f³, so as to readily
conform to the undulations and irregularities of the ground.

page_text: The harrow shown in the drawings consists of the draft beam H, to which is
secured at right angles an upwardly-inclined leveler-bar or clod-crusher I. The
gang-bar F, carrying the harrowing devices K, is secured to the draft-beam
immediately in the rear of the leveler, and the two may be securely braced and
held together by suitable angle-irons. The harrowing devices or implements will
be fully described hereinafter.
The draft-beam H of the harrow is raised and lowered by a hand lever L,
pivotted on the frame within reach of the driver from his seat, M, and having its
end connected with the beam H by a lifting-chain h. The beam may be held in
its elevated position by a hook or catch 7, on the frame, which engages with the
lever L. Instead of this arrangement, which holds the lever in one position only,
the ordinary rack and pawl may be employed, so that the lever may be held at
any desired point.
The harrow is swung laterally or longitudinally by a rod or link N¹, which
extends from the end of the beam H to one end of a double foot lever N, pivotted
on the bar B in proper relation to the driver's seat. By this means the driver
may from his seat on the machine swing the harrow either to the right or left of
the line of draft, as may be desired, and by bearing on the lever may hold the
harrow at any desired angle.
The driver's seat is mounted upon a standard O, the forward end of which is
pivotted upon the frame-bar B at o, so as to permit the standard to be adjusted
laterally. A brace bar or strap P extends from the end of the seat standard to
the bar A, and is turned up vertically so as to form the upright P¹, to which the
hand lever Lis pivotted. A V shaped brace or support O¹, is placed between the
Beat-standard and frame bar, in rear of the pivot of the former, so as to firmly
support the standard. The upper arm or plate of this brace or support is securely
and rigidly bolted to the seat standard, while the lower plate resting on the
frame bar B is provided with an arc shaped slot o¹, of which the pivot of
the seat-standard is the centre, and is held in any desired position by a set-screw
or bolt.
It will be seen that the seat-standard may be swung or adjusted laterally in
order to throw the weight of the driver more or less upon the harrow, thus
adapting it for use in all kinds of soil, both dry, hard, and light and wet and
heavy soil.
The whiffletree or draft attachment is connected directly to the draft beam H of
the harrow.
The carrying wheel and the pole or tongue brace and steady the machine against
the movements and adjustments herein mentioned, and as a consequence the
machine will move steadily over the field without being affected by the variations
of the relation of the harrow to the soil.
In traversing the field the leveller crushes down and breaks up all clods or
irregularities and the harrowing devices cut up and scarify the soil, leaving it in a
smooth, regular condition.
The improved harrowing or earth turning implements which I employ are
clearly shown in the drawings. They are formed of sheet metal, preferably of
steel, which is cut into suitable blanks and shaped as follows: The blank is
crimped or turned at right angles at the end to be secured to the gang-bar on the
incline line q, so as to leave a flat triangular shaped portion, through which the
bolts that secure the tooth to the gang-bar pass. This crimping may, however, be
omitted, and instead of a flat surface of attachment being provided, the teeth may
be held in grooves or cuts in the gang-bar by any suitable fastening device. From
this point the tooth inclines backward and downward, and is split at q¹, the
cutting edge of the upper or main portion trailing or dragging, as it were, and
curving downward and upward as clearly shown in Figure 2, and also outward to
one side of the line of draft, while the smaller, shorter and lower spur or portion
inclines downward, and is curved, from the line of draft in the opposite direction

page_text: -
"
to that of the larger portion of the tooth. The shape of the teeth will be clear
from the drawings, which accurately represent them. These teeth or implements
are shown as arranged in two series on opposite sides of the line of draft, the main
portion of the teeth in one series being curved reversely relatively to the line of
draft to those in the other series. The teeth may, however be arranged in a single
series curved in a uniform direction without affecting the straight running of the
machine, as the pressures of the upper and lower portions of the teeth in opposite
directions upon the soil compensate cach other and cause the harrow to move in a
straight line. It is therefore entirely practicable to arrange the teeth in any
desired manner without impairing the capacity and work of the machine. The
teeth have been described somewhat in detail, and I desire to state that their
essential feature consists in the two reversely curved trailing or dragging
portions that is, the upper or main portion curved in one direction relatively to
the line of draft and the lower or smaller spur or portion curved in the opposite
direction.
The harrow herein described and illustrated in the drawings is well adapted to
be organized with the other portions of the machine described; but, so far as the
broad feature of my invention is concerned, I do not wish to limit myself to this
special form of harrow, or to any one form, as it will be obvious that arrows
of different construction may be used in the improved sulky-machine herein
described.
My improved machine is very compact, can be handled with promptness and
facility to meet various requirements in the field, and is light, strong, and
durable.
I am aware that sulky ploughs in which a single carrying-wheel at one side and
the plough at the other support the frame are old; and I am also aware that in
such machines the plough has been capable of being rocked vertically and swung
laterally. I am also aware that a sulky plough having a single carrying-wheel and a
laterally adjustable scat is old. My improved harrow herein described is, however,
a very different machine, in operation, effect, and organization.
I am also aware that a cultivator consisting of a frame or axle supported at one
side by a single carrying wheel and at the other side by a cultivator, and having
an ordinary short draft bar and guiding handles, is old, and I therefore make no
claim to such an organization.
The seventh part of my invention relates more especially―
1. To an improved sulky organization of my machine;
2. To certain improvements in the manner of connecting the draft pole or tongue
with the transverse cross-bar or bars: and
3. To the manner of and devices for attaching the trailing cutting teeth to the
transverse gang-bars.
Referring to this part of my invention;――
Figure 16 is a rear perspective view of my improved sulky machine.
Figure 17 is a side elevation partly in section with the sulky wheel indicated by
dotted line.
Figure 18 is a detail top view of the tongue connections and portions of the
transverse gang-bars.
Figure 19 is a detail bottom view of the tongue connections and a portion of the
forward gang-bar.
Figure 20 is a detail section on the line 5, 5, of figure 18.
Figures 21 to 29, inclusive, are detail views of the devices for securing the
harrow teeth on the gang-bars.
In order to produce a sulky machine in which the transverse gang-bars may be
adjusted or rocked to vary the angular relation of the cutting teeth to the soil I
connect the axle or cross-bar A of the sulky machine to the top of the barrow seat
supporting standard by means of a pin on the standard which enters an eye a or
Bocket firmly secured to the axle or cross-bar A. The driver's seat is mounted

page_text: directly on the cross bar A and can be adjusted to the right or left by setting its
securing bolt in any one of a series of apertures a³, according to the condition of
the soil, and according to the amount of weight it is desired to throw upon the
cutting teeth.
By the construction thus described the driver from his seat on the machine may
seize the lever of the harrow and vibrate or rock the gang bars and teeth to vary
their relation to the soil or to free them from clogging matter, as is fully set forth
herein before.
To firmly couple the harrow and sulky frame a brace rod b extends from an
eye on the seat supporting standard, near its base, to the cross bar A. In this
organization the draft pole or tongue is secured to the harrow and not to the sulky
frame. A machine of this character will be found very effecient in light soil and
in wet weather, where all the adjustments and vibrations of the teeth are necessary,
but where the full weight of the driver is not required on the machine.
The next part of my invention relates to the adjustable connection of the tongue
or draft-pole with the transverse gang-bars. The draft stub or bar C is firmly
braced by stay-rods cc which extend from the forward gang-bar to about its
middle. The operating lever d is pivotted in the rear of this draft-stud and is
connected by a link e with the seat supporting standard which is pivotted on the
draft stud and supported by pivotted uprights or rods f on the rear gang bar g.
By this construction the draft-frame or stud is firmly united with the gang-
frame. An angle-bar E curved in the arc of a circle, struck from a centre x near
the forward end of the draft stub is firmly bolted to the draft-stub near its rear
end and the stay-rods c pass through apertures in its downwardly projecting flange.
The skeleton tongue, H preferably formed of strips of angle iron straddles the
draft stub and is pivotted in the forward end of the draft-stub at the point by
means of a cross strap h' joining the two side sections of the tongue. The rear
ends of the tongue sections which diverge somewhat rest upon the face of the
curved angle plate E, and are also connected by a cross strap i, which extends
under the draft-stub.
Thumb bolts I pass through the tongue sections h, and are provided with enlarged
heads or clamping flanges which embrace the under side of the curved angle-
bar E. By loosening these bolts the tongue H may be turned on the pivot a to
change its angular relation to the gang-frame, and may be clamped in any adjusted
position by screwing up, the thumb bolts I which will bind the rear end of the
tongue to the curved angle-bar E. The angle of the gang frame and cutters to the
line of draft may be changed to suit varying conditions of work, or the bolts may
be left loose so as to allow the parts of the machine to play freely and seek their
equilibrium, thus preventing the machine from shying.
The details of construction just described may be varied without departing from
my invention.
The next part of my invention relates to means for securing the trailing teeth
on the transverse gang-bars, and is illustrated in figures 21 to 29 inclusive.
Figure 21 is a plan view, and figure 22 an edge view of one of the securing
plates or sockets for the short flat spurs which are carried on the forward gang-
bar between the trailing teeth. These socket pieces are formed with side flanges ¹
on their under faces between which the flat spurs ke are inserted. Extensions 12 of
the socket pieces project along the upper faces of the spurs and serve to brace them
against upward strain. The upper faces of the socket-pieces are formed with
transverse depressions in which the washer-bar m, which preferably extends the
entire length of the gang-bar, is placed. The gang-bar, spurs, socket-picces, and
washer plate are firmly secured together by suitable bolts.23.
Figure 23 is a plan view; figure 24 an end view; and figure 25 a side view of
a somewhat similarly formed socket-piece n, for securing the trailing cutting
teeth n¹ to the forward gang-bar. These teeth are formed with flat rearwardly
projecting shanks which are preferably bevelled, or provided with a knife edge on
one side, so that when twisted they will present a proper cutting edge to the soil.

page_text: The recess in the under side of the socket-piece n is shaped to correspond to this
bevel of the tooth, as clearly illustrated in figure 20.
The socket-pieces are provided with transverse depressions for the reception of
the washer-bar m, and are in other respects substantially the same as the socket-
pieces represented in figures 21 and 22.
The spurs and flat tooth shanks on the forward gang-bar are so made as to
constitute an open slotted crusher; but on the rear gang bar it is preferable to
secure the teeth edgewise to the bar, so that their entire length will act upon the
soil. Both gang bars are preferably formed of angle iron, as illustrated, and the rear
gang-bar is preferably arranged as shown with its interior angle turned down. The
forward ends of the teeth O fit in this angular space, and are preferably snubbed or
bevelled off, as shown at O¹
The socket-pieces which hold the upper edges of the teeth are illustrated in
figures 26 to 29, figure 26 being a top view; figure 28 a bottom view; figure 27
an end view, showing a section of the gang-bar, and Figure 29 a side view also
shewing a section of the gang-bar.
The upper faces of these tooth sockets p, which are clamped against the under
face of the gang-bar, are provided with posts p¹ p' which fit into apertures in the
gang-bar, and with ribs or lips p³ which fit against the rear edge of the gang-bar,
as fully illustrated in figures 26 and 27. This construction holds the socket piece
firmly against any lateral or twisting movement.
The under face of the socket-piece is formed with a longitudinal recess q, in which
the upper edge of the tooth is secured by a hook bolt q', which passes through the
gang-bar and socket piece, its lower hooked end being inserted in an aperture in
the tooth. These are the primary peculiarities of structure. Further details of
outline will be clear from the drawing, from which it will be seen that the rear
projecting end of the socket-piece, which contains the longitudinal recess in which
the tooth is held, extends a short distance along the upper edge of the tooth and
terminates in a point. A post or downwardly projecting stud r is formed on the
socket-piece close to the bolt-hole, and serves as a lateral support to the tooth,
which will be drawn against it by the strain of the hook-bolt.
By means of these devices the cutting teeth and spurs are most permanently
and strongly united with the transverse gang-bars, and yet may be readily
removed without difficulty.
The eye-bolts S on the upper face of the rear gang-bar, which support the strut-
rods from the seat supporting standard, are secured in socket-pieces t, which are
provided with recesses for the reception of the bolts which are rigidly clamped
therein by a clamping bolt having an enlarged washer which bears upon the shank
of the eye-bolt and holds it firmly. With this construction the eye-bolts may be
shifted end wise so as to project more or less in front of the gang-bar, as may be
desired.
By the several improvements in structure and organization, above described, a
very efficient, strong, and easily handled machine, which may be adjusted to suit
all the varying conditions of soil, is produced.
I claim as my invention.-
1st The combination, substantially as set forth in Figures 1 and 2, of the tongue
or draft frame, the vibrating crusher or gang bar, the vibrating cutter or gang-
bar in rear of the crusher, and the vibrating seat-support or coupling, whereby
the gangs may flex to conform to undulations of the ground.
2nd The combination substantially as set forth, of the tongue or frame, the
crusher or gang-bar, its hinge connection with the frame, the vibrating cutter-
bar, the fulcrum or pivot on which it vibrates, and the hinge connection between
the bars.
3rd The combination, substantially as set forth in Figures 1 and 2, of the tongue
or frame, the crusher or gang-bar, its hinge connection with the frame, the cutter- &
bar, the pivot or hinge connection between the bars, and the fulcrum or pivot of
the cutter-bar in rear of the hinge connection,

page_text: 4th The combination, substantially as set forth, of the tongue or frame, the
crusher or gang-bar, its hinge connection with the frame, the cutter bar, the hinge
connection between the bars, and a seat standard or coupling pivotted on the
frame and supported on the cutter-bar by pivotted rods in rear of its hinge-
connection.
5th The combination, substantially as set forth in Figures 1 and 2, of the
tongue or frame, the crusher or gang-bar, its binge connection with the frame, the
cutter-bar, the hinge connection between the bars, a seat standard or coupling
pivotted on the frame and supported on the cutter-bar by pivotted rods in rear of
its hinge connection, and a lever for vibrating the gangs.
6th The trailing or dragging harrow-tooth herein described, which is formed
with a flat end for attachment to the gang-bar, and is then twisted and curved
relatively to the draft line to present a curved dragging cutting-edge to the soil,
the cutting-blade of the tooth extending rearwardly in substantially the same
general plane with the flat surface of attachment.
7th The combination of a crusher-bar with a series or gang of curved trailing
harrow-teeth having flat surfaces for attachment and secured on the under face
of the bar, the flat surfaces extending rearwardly beyond the bar, substantially as
set forth.
8th The combination, substantially as set forth, of a pole or tongue a crusher-
bar secured thereto and having an upwardly inclined crushing face for operating
upon the soil, and a series of disintegrating faces or spurs secured on the inclined
crushing face of the bar, so as to give it a ribbed surface, and. projecting rear-
wardly beyond the face of the bar, the spurs being arranged with small open
spaces between them to constitute an open-slotted comb-like crusher.
9th The combination, substantially as set forth, of the tongue or draft frame, the
vibrating gang-bar or crusher hinged thereto, the vibrating cutter or gang-bar in
rear of the crusher and hinged thereto, an adjusting lever on the frame, and a
connection between the cutter-bar and lever.
10th The herein described harrow illustrated in Figures 3 and 4, consisting
essentially solely of a tongue, a single transverse gang-bar connected to the tongue
and also constituting a crusher-bar, and curved trailing harrow-teeth carried by the
bar, substantially as set forth.
11th The combination, substantially as set forth, of a draft frame or tongue, a
single transverse gang-bar in rear thereof and hinged thereto so as to rise and fall
in rear of the tongue or frame, harrow teeth carried by said bar, and a lever for
raising and lowering or swinging the bar on its binge to vary its relation bodily
to the frame and ground.
12th The trailing harrow-tooth herein described and illustrated in Figure 4
having a continuous curved cutting-edge and two opposing cutting faces which
press upon the soil in opposite directions relatively to the draft and insure the
rectilinear motion of the machine.
13th The combination of a draft frame or tongue, a transverse bar, and a series
of harrow teeth, each of which is sinuously or reversely curved relatively to the
draft-line, substantially as and for the purpose set forth.
14th The combination, substantially as set forth in Figures 5 and 6 of the
tongue or frame, the upwardly-inclined leveller or crusher-bar rigidly secured
thereto, the transverse gang-bar in rear of the leveller and hinged thereto, harrow-
teeth on the gang-bar, and the drivers' seat supported directly on the gang-bar.
15th The combination, substantially as set forth, of the tongue or frame, the
leveller or crusher rigidly secured thereto, the gang-bar or harrow frame carrying
harrowing devices in rear of the leveller, a driver's seat pivotted on the tongue or
frame and supported on the gang-bar, mechanism for adjusting the gang-bar and
leveller relatively to each other, and a detent for holding them in their adjusted
position.
16th The combination, substantially as set forth, of the frame or tongue, the
leveller or crusher rigidly secured thereto, the gang bar hinged in rear of the

page_text: crusher, and a pivotted coupling, which also serves as a seat-support between the
gang-bar and frame, and which permits the frame and crusher, gang-bar, and
coupling to flex vertically to vary their relation to each other.
17th The combination, substantially as set forth in Figures 8 and 9 of the
coupling-frame, the forward gang-bar or crusher and the rear gang-bar, both
hinged thereto, connecting mechanism between the gang-bars and frame, and a
lever for varying the relation of the gangs to the frame and to the soil.
18th The combination of the coupling-frame, the forward gang-bar or crusher
and the rear gang-bar, both hinged thereto, harrowing devices on the gang-bars, a
pivotted brace or connection between the rear-gang bar and frame, and a lever on
the frame connected by links with the pivotted brace and forward gang-bar or
crusher for adjusting the gangs substantially as set forth.
19th The combination, substantially as set forth, of the frame, the forward gang-
bar or crusher and the rear gang-bar, both hinged thereto, the coupling-brace
between the rear gang-bar and frame, a lever on the frame, a connection between
the lever and coupling-brace, which can be adjusted on the brace to raise or lower
the forward gang-bar or crusher relatively to the rear one.
20th The combination of a frame or tongue, the forward gang-bar or crusher and
the rear gang-bar, both hinged thereto, harrowing devices on the bars, and
mechanism for adjusting the forward bar independently of the rear one to vary its
relation to the soil, substantially as set forth.
21st The longitudinally open slotted curved trailing or dragging harrow-tooth
herein described.
22nd In a drag-harrow, the combination, substantially as set forth, of the front
transverse gang-bar, harrow-teeth thereon, the rear transverse gang-bar, and
harrow-teeth thereon, the rear bar being supported above the earth and on a
higher plane than the front bar to afford a large area of discharge for the earth
cut up by the first gang of teeth, as set forth.
23 The herein described rolled-steel harrow tooth, which is hollow rolled to a
cutting-edge, as set forth.
24th The combination of a frame, opposing series or gangs of harrow-teeth or
earth-treating implements disposed on the opposite sides of the draft-line, an inde-
pendent stationary draft-connection in the draft-line, and a laterally shifting
tongue, for the purpose set forth.
25th The combination of two agricultural machines, each having a transverse
frame or gang-bar carrying earth-treating teeth or devices, a draft connection,
and a pole or tongue; the parallel coupling bars or planks pivotally connected
with each machine; and the pivotted rod uniting the ends of the poles, substantially
as and for the purpose set forth.
26th The combination of a pole or tongue, a frame or axle to which the tongue is
connected, a carrying-wheel which supports one side of the frame, a harrow which sup-
ports the other, and a draft connection on the harrow-beam, substantially as set forth.
27th The combination of a frame, a carrying-wheel supporting one side of the
frame, and a harrow supporting the other, the harrow being connected with the
side or end of the frame at or about its middle, and having harrowing teeth or
implements arranged in a gang normally substantially parallel with the axle of the
machine, as set forth.
28th The combination of a frame, a pole attached thereto, a carrying wheel at
one side of the frame, a harrow at the other, a pivottal connection between the
harrow and frame which permits the barrow to rock vertically in line with the
draft, and a lever for raising and lowering or rocking the harrow beam relatively
to the frame, substantially as set forth.
29th The combination of a frame, a pole or tongue attached thereto, a carrying-
wheel at one side of the frame, a harrow at the other, and a hinge connection
between the frame and harrow, which permits the latter to rock freely transversely
to the line of draft to conform to undulations of the ground when the machine is
in operation, substantially as set forth.

page_text: t
30th The combination of a pole or tongue, a frame, a carrying wheel at one side
of the frame, a harrow at the other, a pivottal connection between the frame and
harrow which permits the latter to rock vertically in line with the draft, a lever
for rocking it, and a hinge connection which permits the harrow to rock trans-
versely to the line of draft to conform to undulations of the ground, substantially
as set forth.
31st The combination of the pole or tongue, a sulky-frame, a carrying-wheel
which supports one side of the frame or axle of the machine, a harrow which
supports the other, a seat on the frame, and mechanism for adjusting the seat
laterally to bring the weight of the driver more or less on the harrow, substantially.
as set forth.
32 The combination of the frame, the axle rocking in bearings on the frame,
the carrying-wheel at one end of the axle, the downwardly-projecting arm at the
other, the bearing or supporting plate in which said arm has its bearing, and the
hinge connection between the plate and harrow, substantially as set forth.
33rd The trailing or dragging harrow-tooth herein, described, having the two
cutters or teeth, the trailing upper or main one, which extends downwardly and
backwardly and is curved outwardly from the line of draft, and the trailing
shorter spur or cutter, which also extends downwardly and backwardly and is
curved outwardly from the line of draft reversely to the other portion of the tooth.
34th The combination, substantially as set forth, of the sulky-frame, the harrow
connected with the sulky-frame by means of a rearwardly-projecting standard or
seat support on the harrow, a transverse gang or gangs of trailing cutting teeth
carried by the harrow, a lever for rocking the gangs to vary their angular relation
to the soil independently of the sulky-frame, and with a movement independent of
the tongue of the machine, and a driver's seat mounted on the sulky-frame.
35th The combination, substantially as set forth, of the sulky-frame, the harrow
connected therewith by means of a standard or seat-support, the hinged transverse
gang-bars, supporting rods which support the sulky-frame on the hinged gang-bars,
a lever for rocking the gangs to vary their angular relation to the soil, a driver's
seat mounted on the sulky-frame, and means for shifting the seat laterally to vary
the weight upon the gangs.
36th The combination, substantially as set forth, of the sulky-frame, the harrow
flexibly connected therewith and having a draft-pole or tongue and hinged gang-
bars carrying trailing-teeth, supporting-rods which support one end of "the sulky-
frame on the gang-bar or bars, and a lever for rocking the gang-bars to vary the
angular relation of the teeth to the soil.
37th The combination, substantially as set forth, of the one-wheeled sulky-frame,
the harrow flexibly connected with the end of the sulky-frame, transverse gangs of
trailing cutting teeth, a lever for varying the angular relation of the teeth to the
soil, a tongue, and mechanism uniting the gang-bars and the tongue so as to permit
the angle of the pole to be varied relatively to the gang-frame.
38th The combination, substantially as set forth, of a draft-pole or tongue, a
gang-bar or bars arranged transversely to the line of draft, trailing cutting teeth
carried by the gang-bar or bars, means for elevating or depressing the teeth to vary
their angular relation to the soil, and mechanism connecting the draft-pole and
gang-bar so as to permit the angle of the pole relatively to the gang-bars to be
varied.
39th The combination, substantially as set forth, of the gang-bar, the draft stud
secured thereto, the pole or tongue pivotted on the draft stub so that its angle to
the line of draft may vary, and the lever for elevating or depressing the cutting
teeth to vary their angular relation to the soil.
40th The combination of the forward gang-bar, the draft-stub secured thereto,
the curved plate bolted to the rear end of the draft stub, the skeleton or bifurcated
tongue pivotted on the forward end of the gang-bar so as to straddle the draft stub,
and mechanism for clamping the tongue to the curved plate secured on the draft-
stub, so as to hold it at any desired angle.

page_text: 41st The tooth socket, substantially such as described, formed with a longitudinal
socket on its under face for the reception of the tooth, a socket on its upper face
for the reception of a washer, a brace lip or extension which sustains the tooth
against strain, and a bolt-hole.
42nd The combination, substantially as set forth, of a gang bar, a series of socket
pieces with recesses on their under sides for the reception of the teeth, transverse
sockets on their upper faces for the reception of the gang-bar or bar-washer which
extends lengthwise of the gang-bar, rearwardly projecting extensions which brace
the teeth against strains, and means for clamping the teeth-socket pieces, washer,
and gang-bar together.
43 The combination, substantially as set forth, of the tongue, the forward
gang-bar hinged thereto, the rear gang-bar hinged to the forward gang bar, a
rearwardly projecting standard mounted on the tongue or draft-pole, supporting
Tods extending from the rearwardly projecting standard to supports carried by the
rear gang-bar, and means for adjusting such supports to cause them to project
more or less from the front edge of the rear gang-bar.
44th The combination of the pole, a vertically swinging transverse frame hinged
at or about the rear of the pole, trailing or backwardly projecting teeth on said
frame which support the machine while at work and are arranged in a row
transverse to the line of draft, and a lever for vertically swinging the frame
relatively to the tongue to vary the angular relation of the teeth to the soil.
45th The combination of the pole or tongue, a transverse frame or bar carried by
the pole and held against both horizontal and vertical strains, a vertically swinging
frame connected to this transverse bar, trailing teeth carried by the vertically
swinging frame, and a lever for swinging the frame to vary the angular relation of
the teeth to the soil.
46th The combination of the pole, a gang-bar or cultivator frame arranged at or
about the rear of the tongue, a series of trailing teeth carried by said bar or frame
and a lever for raising and lowering the series of trailing teeth to elevate or depress
their heels or rear ends and thus vary their angular relation to the soil.
47th The combination of the pole or tongue, the vertically swinging frame hinged
at or about the rear of the tongue, trailing teeth carried on the frame and arranged
in a row transverse to the line of draft, a lever for vertically swinging the frame
to vary the angular relation of the teeth to the soil, and a driver's seat mounted on
a standard carried on the end of the tongue and projecting rearwardly over the
cultivating devices.
48th The combination, substantially as herein before set forth, of the leveller or
clod-crusher, the rigid tongue, the gang-bar with cultivating devices in rear of the
leveller, and the driver's seat mounted on the leveller or tongue and overhanging
the gang-bar.
49th The combination of the leveller or clod-crusher, the rigid tongue, the hinged
gang-bar or cultivator-frame provided with the cultivating devices and hinged in
rear of the leveller, the driver's seat overhanging the gang-bar and supported on a
standard secured to the leveller or tongue, and means for adjusting the gang-bar
and leveller relatively to each other and for securing them as adjusted, substantially
as and for the purpose set forth.
In witness whereof I the said Sydney Pitt have hereunto set my hand and
seal this seventeenth day of November in the year of our Lord One thousand eight
hundred and eighty three.