IMPROVEMENTS IN INSTRUMENTS FOR WRITING OR PRINTING
Year: 1875

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Sofus Emil Holten, of 33, Chancery Lane,
in the County of Middlesex, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS
IN INSTRUMENTS FOR WRITING OR PRINTING."-A communication from
abroad by Rasmus Johan Malling Hansen, of Copenhagen, in the
Kingdom of Denmark.
Scaled the 5th November 1875, and dated the 7th May 1875.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Sofus Emil Holten.
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on the 7th May 1875.
I, SOFUS EMIL HOLTEN, of 33, Chancery Lane, in the County
of Middlesex, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN INSTRUMENTS FOR WRITING OR PRINTING," (a communi-
cation to me from abroad by Rasmus Johan Malling Hansen, of
Copenhagen, in the Kingdom of Denmark,) to be as follows:-
According to this Invention the so-called "writing ball" described in
the Specification of a Patent dated 14th May 1870, No. 1385, is applied

page_text: in a novel manner, and by preference also in an improved form all as
hereafter described.
The "writing ball" consists of part of a sphere furnished with radial
pistons, which can be severally pushed down so far that the horizontal
flat bottom of each, which here has a type engraved on it, comes to
the centre of the sphere, where the type is printed on a paper surface by
means of an interposed piece of carbonized paper.
The writing ball is, according to this present Invention, by preference
made of a thin outer shell and a thin inner shell, the two being joined
by flanges recessed into one another and by screws. Each type piston
passes through a small round ferrule screwed into the outer shell, is
formed with a shoulder below the said ferrule, and is kept up against
the same by a spiral or other spring. The pistons where passing
through the bottom shell are square or equivalently formed so as not to
turn.
The whole apparatus, writing ball included, is mounted on a stationary
foundation plate in such a way that it can be bodily moved or swung
slightly down against a spring or springs, and against a stop or stops on
said plate, when the writing ball or one of its pistons is forced down by
the finger of the operator, and can by means of the said spring move
or swing back to its original position of rest against another stop or
stops on the foundation plate, when the finger pressure is released. The
writing ball has for this purpose a fixed knob besides the knobs of the
movable pistons. The spring is by preference long and flat, and
adjustable as to its tension.
"
The writing ball with its supporting frame is so connected to the
upper parts of the instrument that it can be raised or swung up
vertically or back when required, and is for this purpose preferably
pivoted or hinged at one side in two " centres on the instrument. The
whole instrument is by preference hinged at one side in two "centres"
on the foundation plate, and these centres are at some distance above
the said plate.
The support or supports for the instrument rest at one side on the
foundation plate, and the supporting frame for the writing ball rests on
the opposite side on a support or supports on the bed plate of the
instrument itself, and by preference so that it can be adjusted vertically

page_text: thereon. The writing ball is attached to its supporting frame by screws
passing through clearing holes in the flange of the ball, and there are
other screws passing through tapping holes in the said flanges, and
abutting against the supporting frame. By these means the position of
the ball can be adjusted to the greatest nicety.
Its
I will now proceed further to explain the instrument proper.
bed plate has an upright anvil directly under the centre of the ball and
reaching to the level of the upper part of an arched circular frame;
this circular frame, which may comprise more or less of a circle,
but by preference about one-fourth, can swing round the centre of its
arc, and serves to receive the paper with its carbonized paper thereon,
both fastened beyond the anvil in a clip or groove, and at the other or
lower end of the circular plate by means of one or more pairs of rollers
or equivalent appliances, one of these yielding by finger pressure against
a spring. There is a circular rack corresponding to the circular frame,
which latter I will hereafter call the paper frame, and a pinion gears
into this rack. This pinion is connected to a pawl wheel, which is held
by a spring pawl tooth on each side, one attached to the foundation
plate of the whole apparatus, and the other attached to the bed plate of
the instrument proper. When the knob of a type piston is depressed
the paper resting on the anvil below same receives an impression,
and the whole instrument proper obtains a slight downward movement,
limited by the aforesaid stop on the foundation plate. By this move-
ment the tooth of the spring pawl on the foundation plate slips out of
its tooth space on the pawl wheel, the tooth of the other spring pawl
(on the bed plate of the instrument proper) keeping it from turning.
When the finger pressure on the type piston knob is removed the
instrument springs or swings into its normal position by means of the
aforesaid long flat spring against the other aforesaid stop. This upward
movement causes a slight turning of the pawl wheel, because the tooth
of the spring pawl on the foundation plate retains its place in the pawl
wheel, the tooth of the other spring pawl slipping out of its tooth space
and slipping into the next tooth space. This turning of the pawl wheel
causes a corresponding arc movement of the circular rack and the paper
frame, the paper surface thereon thus moving a type space round,
and so on.
For making a space without printing a letter the aforesaid blind or
fixed knob on the writing ball is pressed on, whereby the whole instru-

page_text: ment is depressed, the pawl wheel, circular rack, and table then receiving
movement as before. The arc movement of the paper frame for each
depression of the ball or one of its pistons may be indicated by a
corresponding hand on a divided arc or scale. When a line is thus
completed, and it is desired to begin a new line, the two spring pawls
are thrown out of gear with the pawl wheel, which may be done by
means of a double cam operated by a handle. The roller or other
appliance for holding the paper at the lower part of the paper frame will
then by its weight (which may be more evenly balanced by means of an
adjustable spiral spring attached to the paper frame part of the instru-
ment, and to the foundation plate) fall back into its position at starting,
and in doing so some projecting peg or other part of one or both the
paper holding rollers will come in contact with a slanting horn or other
projection on the foundation plate, which horn causes the said rollers to
turn, thereby shifting the paper held between them to the extent of a
line space; the writing of the new line then commences as before. As
the paper frame thus rises for cach line space the horn will by one of
the aforesaid pegs on the roller be pushed into a vertical position, but
before the paper frame reaches the top position the horn will have let
go the peg and fall back into its slanting position.
In continuation of the aforesaid paper holding appliance at the lower
part of the table there may be a groove on one or both sides of same for
inserting the edge of the paper therein.
Instead of the aforesaid circular paper frame a circular plate may be
used with or without a support or anvil below same. A tympan or
similar appliance may be used for the better support of the paper.
filed by the said Sofus Emil Holten in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 6th November 1875.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, Sorus 3
EMIL HOLTEN, of 33, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Seventh day of May, in the year

page_text: of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-five, in the
thirty-eighth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and suc-
cessors, give and grant unto me, the said Sofus Emil Holten, Her
special licence, that I, the said Sofus Emil Holten, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Sofus Emil
Holten, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time
agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter
during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN INSTRUMENTS FOR WRITING OR PRINTING," (a com-
munication to me from abroad by Rasmus Johan Malling Hansen,
of Copenhagen, in the Kingdom of Denmark,) upon the condition
(amongst others) that I, the said Sofus Emil Holten, my executors or.
administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one
of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to
be performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office within six calendar months next and immediately after the date
of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Sofus Emil Holten, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement, reference being had to the accompanying
Drawings, and to the letters of reference marked thereon, that is to
say :-
•
According to this Invention the so called "writing ball" described in
the Specification of a Patent dated 14th May, 1870, No. 1385, is applied
in a novel manner, and by preference also in an improved form, all as
hereafter described.
The "writing ball" consists of part of a sphere furnished with radial
pistons which can be severally pushed down so far that the horizontal
flat bottom of each, which here has a type engraved on it, comes to the
centre of the sphere, where the type is printed on a paper surface by
means of an interposed piece of carbonized paper.
The writing ball is according to this Invention by preference made of
a thin outer shell and a thin inner shell, the two being joined by flanges.

page_text: recessed into one another and by screws. Each type piston passes
through a small round ferrule screwed into the outer shell, is formed
with a shoulder below the said ferrule, and is kept up against the same
by a spiral or other spring; the pistons where passing through the
bottom shell are square or equivalently formed so as not to turn.
The whole apparatus, writing ball included, is mounted on a stationary
foundation plate in such a way that it can be bodily moved or swung
slightly down against a spring or springs and against a stop or stops on
said plate, when the writing ball or one of its pistons is forced down by
the finger of the operator, and can by means of the said spring move or
swing back to its original position of rest against another stop or stops
on the foundation plate when the finger pressure is released. The
writing ball has for this purpose a fixed knob besides the knobs of the
movable pistons. The spring is by preference long and flat, and
adjustable as to its tension.
و"
The writing ball with its supporting frame is so connected to the
upper parts of the instrument that it can be raised or swung up vertically
or back when required, and is for this purpose preferably pivoted or
hinged at one side in two "centres on the instrument. The whole
instrument is by preference hinged at one side in two "centres
foundation plate, and these centres are at some distance above the said
plate.
"
on the
The support or supports for the instrument rest at one side on the
foundation plate, and the supporting frame for the writing ball rests on
the opposite side on a support or supports on the bed plate of the
instrument itself, and by preference so that it can be adjusted vertically
thereon; the writing ball is attached to its supporting frame by screws
passing through clearing holes in the flange of the ball, and there are
other screws passing through tapping holes in the said flanges and
abutting against the supporting frame; by these means the position of
the ball can be adjusted to the greatest nicety.
I will now proceed further to explain the instrument proper :—Its
bed plate has an upright anvil directly under the centre of the ball and
reaching to the level of the upper part of an arched circular frame; this
circular frame, which may comprise more or less of a circle, but by
preference about one-fourth, can swing round the centre of its arc, and
serves to receive the paper with its carbonized paper thercon, both

page_text: fastened beyond the anvil in a clip or groove, and at the other or lower
end of the circular plate by means of one or more pairs of rollers or
equivalent appliances, one of these yielding by finger pressure against a
spring. There is a circular rack corresponding to the circular frame,
which latter I will hereafter call the paper frame, and a pinion gears
into this rack; this pinion is connected to a pawl wheel which is held
by a spring pawl tooth on each side, one attached to the foundation
plate of the whole apparatus, and the other attached to the bed plate of
the instrument proper. When the knob of a type piston is depressed
the paper resting on the anvil below same receives an impression, and
the whole instrument proper obtains a slight downward movement
limited by the aforesaid stop on the foundation plate, by this movement
the tooth of the spring pawl on the foundation plate slips out of its
tooth space on the pawl wheel, the tooth of the other spring pawl (on
the bed plate of the instrument proper) keeping it from turning when
the finger pressure on the type piston knob is removed, the instrument
springs or swings into its normal position by means of the aforesaid
long flat spring against the other aforesaid stop; this upward movement
causes a slight turning of the pawl wheel, because the tooth of the spring
pawl on the foundation plate retains its place on the pawl wheel, the tooth
of the other spring pawl slipping out of its tooth space, and slipping into
the next tooth space. This turning of the pawl wheel causes a corre-
sponding arc movement of the circular rack and the paper frame, the
paper surface thereon thus moving a type space round, and so on.
For making a space without printing a letter the aforesaid blind or
fixed knob on the writing ball is pressed on, whereby the whole instru-
ment is depressed, the pawl wheel, circular rack, and table then receiving
movement as before. The arc movement of the paper frame for each
depression of the ball or one of its pistons may be indicated by a cor-
responding hand on a divided arc or scale. When a line is thus completed
and it is desired to begin a new line the two spring pawls are thrown out
of gear with the pawl wheel, which may be done by means of a double
cain operated by a handle. The roller or other appliance for holding the
paper at the lower part of the paper frame will then by its weight (which
may be more evenly balanced by means of an adjustable spiral spring
attached to the paper frame part of the instrument and to the foundation
plate) fall back into its position at starting, and in doing so some pro-
jecting peg or other part of one or both the paper holding rollers will

page_text: come in contact with a slanting horn or other projection on the foun-
dation plate, which horn causes the said rollers to turn, thereby shifting
the paper held between them to the extent of a line space. The writing
of the new line then commences as before. As the paper frame thus
rises for each line space the horn will by one of the aforesaid pegs on
the roller be pushed into a vertical position, but before the paper frame
reaches the top position the horn will have let go the peg and fall back
into its slanting position.
In continuation of the aforesaid paper-holding appliance at the lower
part of the table there may be a groove on one or both sides of same
for inserting the edge of the paper therein.
Instead of the aforesaid circular paper frame a circular plate may be
used with or without a support or anvil below same. A tympan or
similar appliance may be used for the better support of the paper.
Figure 1 of the accompanying Drawings is a plan of an apparatus
constructed according to this present Invention, but with the writing
ball proper removed; Figure 2 is a side elevation of the apparatus ;
Figure 3 is an end elevation of same; and Figure 4 is a section through
the "writing ball "C constructed according to this Invention.
a is the fixed foundation plate of the apparatus; is a movable bed
plate of the apparatus proper, which during the operation of writing
rocks up and down, this movement being limited by stops s11 and 111
respectively on the foundation plate a and on a low bracket q11 on the.
said foundation plate. The movable bed plate b is suspended in centres
e, e, at the cross bar d on the upright prolonged part c of the movable bed
plate b, the other end of which rests on a small roller f. The centres e, e,
pass through lugs g on a cross bar h, which rests on two columns i on
the fixed foundation plate a. The said roller is on a spindle, which
rests in two lugs on the outer free end of a long flat spring j, which
latter is attached to the foundation plate a by means of two set screws 7.
On the foundation plate a is fastened the upright spring m, which is
formed with a pawl tooth n gearing into a pawl wheel o. On the movable
bed plate is fastened a similar upright spring q, which is formed with a
pawl tooth p gearing into the opposite side of the said pawl wheel o.
The spindle of the latter turns on the points & and the gudgeon (see
Fig, 1) respectively in the standards u and v on the movable foot b.
The spindle also carries a tooth wheel w, which gears with a tooth
·

page_text: sector that is fixed on the spindle y, one end of which has its bearing
in the standard u, while the other runs on the point in the lug al.
The spindle y passes through an aperture formed in the standard v, and
through an aperture formed in the anvil 61, which is fixed to the movable
foot b. This anvil receives a blow or pressure each time a piston is
struck during the operation of writing.
The writing ball C, Fig. 4, is by preference made as shown here,
that is, consisting of an upper part 11 and a lower part ill, made light
and thin, as shown, joined by flanges recessed into one another as shown,
and held together by screws. The ball has the required number of typo
pistons having knobs nll, and the upper part 11 of each passing through
a screwed ferrule 111, and each having as heretofore a shoulder, which is
held up against the ferrule 111 by means of a spiral spring oll, the lower
part of each piston being formed square or otherwise so as not to turn in
its correspondingly formed hole in the part ill. There is also a blind or
fixed piston knob n¹¹, by preference in the centre. It serves for the
depression of the ball and the other movable part of the apparatus. The
frame 11 of the writing ball is as heretofore at one end by the centres all,
jointed in this case to the lugs #1 on the cross bar yl on the top of the
column 1, which again rests on the aforesaid cross bar d. The frame b
can thus be swung right up or back out of the way. The writing ball
rests as heretofore in a recess in its supporting frame 6, and is fastened
thereto by means of screws du tapped therein. It can be levelled and
adjusted by means of screws e" tapped through the flange of the writing
ball and abutting against the supporting frame b¹¹.
Another means of adjustment is, as heretofore, afforded by means of
the screw f, which is tapped through the outer end of the frame b",
and abuts against the column g that is fastened to the movable bed
plate b. c¹ is a sector shaped frame fastened on its central spindle y, and
provided with a groove, clamp, or clasp at the end of each of its
arms, which extend from the axle y. These two grooves d¹ serve to hold
cach side of the paper to be written upon. Any other suitable paper
holding appliance may be used.
Two rollers e¹ and f¹ (or it might be other equivalent yielding,
nipping, or gripping appliance) take hold of the paper at some part of
its lower edge, at which place the nipping or guiding groove d' is cut
through, as shown at Figure 1. The gudgeon of the roller e has its
bearings in a sliding block 9, 9, which is pressed forward by a spiral or

page_text: other spring h, h. The roller f¹ has spokes g¹, and on the movable foot
there is a tongue or horn 71 (Figure 2) which in its normal position is
slightly out of the vertical. It turns on a pin ", and when the pressure
is released which brought it into a vertical position it falls back into its
slanting position.
The spiral spring p. is at one end attached to a hook on the spindle
y, and at the other end to a screw q' on or in the movable foot b,
whereby its tension can be so regulated as to allow that part of the
sector c¹ which carries the two rollers e¹ and f¹ a slight, overbalancing or
excess weight.
The spindle y carries a bevel wheel ¹ (Figures 1 and 3) which gears
into another bevel wheel on one end of a spindle m³, the other end of
same carrying a hand n', the point of which during the writing glides
along the scale o (Figures 1 and 3).
It is necessary that there should be an appliance for throwing the
pawl teeth n and p out of gear with the pawl wheel o. I have here
shown a convenient mode and means of doing it, although it is obviously
only one out of many that might be used. On the foundation plate a
there is a standard 71, through which passes a rod s¹ with a knob t¹. A
spiral spring holds it up. When depressed the lower point of this rod
presses the arm against the stop v¹, and thereby twists the cross piece
won the arm u¹ round the fulcrum of same in the two standards u
and v, thereby bringing the said cross piece w¹ into a more horizontal
position and forcing the two pawl springs m and 'q apart and their pawl
teeth n and p out of gear with the pawl wheel o.
When the pressure
on the knob t is released the spiral spring throws the rod 8' and teeth n
and p into their normal position.
The mode of operation is as follows:-The sector or paper carrying
frame c¹ being in the position shown, the operator placing himself at A,
Figure 1, turns the writing ball back and pushes a sheet of writing paper
with a superposed sheet of carbonized paper from the right (that is at
the top of Figure 1) into the two nipping or guiding grooves d¹and d',
till one edge of the paper comes between the rollers e¹ and f¹, for which
purpose the roller e¹ is pushed back with the finger first, the writing
ball is then let down into the position shown and the writing can
commence. To write or rather print a letter the knob marked with it is
depressed, whereby the type on its piston is pressed against the car-

page_text: bonized paper and writing paper, the pressure being received by the
anvil below same, the paper thus receiving the impression of the type.
The pressure of the finger on the piston, and thereby on the anvil,
causes, however, also a slight depression of the whole movable part of
the apparatus either as here shown, swinging on a hinge and depressing
the spring so far as the stop 8" permits, or as it might be done, though
not, I believe, so advantageously, by going down bodily. As the spring
pawl m does not partake of this movement its tooth n will be pushed
out of the tooth in the ratchet.wheel o and glide into the next higher
tooth space. When the operator then lets go the piston knob its spiral
spring will raise it into its former normal position, and the whole
movable part of the apparatus will ascend into its normal raised position
here shown limited by the stop 7, but as the pawl tooth n holds the
ratchet wheel o, this latter is turned one tooth round in the direction
of the arrow (Figure 2) and the pawl tooth p is forced out of its tooth
space and slips into the next lower tooth space in the moment that the
ascending movement of the movable part of the apparatus is arrested
by the stop. The movement of the ratchet wheel o causes a corre-
sponding movement of the tooth wheel w on the same spindle », and
thereby also a movement of the sector rack a and sector frame c¹ in the
direction of the arrow on Figure 2, the paper on the sector frame e¹
partaking of the same motion, and thus sliding a slight distance, which
is the type space. The number of letters printed can be read off on the

page_text: roller e, will obtain a slight turning movement, thereby propelling the
paper and carbonized paper held between the said rollers a slight
distance, namely, the width of a line space. When the sector frame c²
has thus come into its normal position again the finger is taken off the
knob t, and the pawl teeth n and p will then fall into gear with the
ratchet wheel o, the printing of the new line can now commence.
During the gradual movement of the sector frame c¹ in the direction of
the arrow the tongue picce h¹ will gradually be raised into the vertical
position by one of the spokes g', till the latter at last lets go the piece /³,
which then falls back into its normal slanting position.
Figure 5 shows a modification of part of the apparatus. The small
letters refer to like or corresponding parts in the Figures already
described, and the large letters refer to parts different from those already
described. The modification mainly consists in the substitution of a
spiral spring for the long flat spring j, on which the movable part of
the instrument rests in the previous Figures; g₁ is the upright column
on which the writing ball frame 6" rests, and f" is the adjusting screw,
as before; q¹¹ is a bracket on the fixed foundation plate a, it carries a
hollow column A (instead of the standard in the previous Figures).
There is a spiral spring inside A (instead of the flat spring j); this spring
is at the upper end held by a screw B, whereby its tension may be
adjusted; its lower end is attached to an eye on the part D, which is a
projection on the movable foot b. When a piston knob is depressed the
movable bed plate 6 will consequently stretch the spiral spring in the
column A (but it might obviously be made to compress it instead), and
when the pressure is let go the spiral spring pulls the movable bed
plate up or back; is the stop or set screw, limiting the up stroke
of 6 and 8 is the knob limiting its down stroke; q¹ is the adjusting
screw for the spiral spring p' leading to the axle y of the machine. The
bracket carries a column wherein is enclosed the rod s¹, with spiral
spring for raising it after depression; the rod 81 serves to release the
pawl teeth n and p from the pawl wheel o, as before.
Figure 6 shows a modified arrangement of the paper carrying and
propelling appliance; y is the axle on which the sector-shaped frame c¹
in the previous arrangement was fixed. On the axle y is fixed a double.
armed lever c¹, which at one end by two bars ¹¹ is united to a bar y",
the end of c¹ and the end of 3" are fixed to a guide bar e¹, which is
formed with a groove wherein the slide bar f¹ can move lengthways to

page_text: the right and left. The slide bar f' has at each end fixed to it two
arcs c", c", the other ends of which are united to the round rod i, which
passes freely through an eye on the one end of the double armed
lever c'; ', ', are two buttons or fingers thereon. The two arcs c", c",
are also united by the cross bar d', in which there are two small recesses
d", du Two other arc pieces c¹¹, c¹¹, are jointed on to each end of the
are pieces c¹, c¹¹, and are here shown partly open; they are united by
the cross bars o, which has two projecting knobs (", ", which when the
arcs c¹¹, c¹¹, are folded down on to the arcs c¹¹, c¹¹, enter the recesses
d", d¹; g¹, g¹, are round projecting teeth on the sliding bar f¹; q is the
tongue, which as before serves for the lateral movement of the paper
surface; is the anvil as before, also fixed on the movable bed plate b.
There is another covering cross bar d' corresponding to the one just
named but fastened to the other end of the arc pieces c¹.
The writing paper is laid with one long side under the last named
covering bar d³, and with its two short sides or edges on the top of the
arcs c¹¹, c¹¹, and with its other long side under the covering bar d³, shown.
The carbonized paper is then laid on the top of the writing paper, and
on the top of the two covering bars d'; it is shorter than the writing
paper so that it does not come under the arcs c¹, c¹¹¹, which are there-
upon closed down upon the paper and hold it when the buttons 1, 2, are
turned or closed. The knobs t¹ on the bar o hold the carbonized paper
at one side. During the movement of the axle y caused by the "writing,"
the paper with its frame is carried over the anvil in the direction of the
arrow at the top; when a line has been written the knob t¹ is pressed on
as before, whereby the whole paper frame is released and drops down as
before, the tongue q is thus pushed between two of the teeth g¹, and
thereby the whole paper frame is pushed a line space to one side in a
similar way to the one previously described; a new line can then be
begun. All that is thus pushed to one side is then the sliding bar f¹;
the arcs c, c, c¹¹¹, and c¹¹¹, the bar o', the covering bars d³, d¹, with
knobs, , and the bar i¹, which latter slides through the hole k.
It will be obvious to any one conversant with mechanical construction
that the just described Invention may be carried out in a great many
different ways, thus the whole framing of the apparatus may be arranged
differently instead of a swinging movement, the movable part of the
apparatus might with a different arrangement of springs and stops be
made to rock or move bodily up and down.

page_text: Although I prefer the movement here set forth instead of an open
sector frame a more or less open circular table might be employed,
which might be made so strong as even to dispense with the anvil, but I
find that the less inertia these moving parts have, the better for expe-
ditious writing and certanty of action; the details of the paper gripping,
paper moving, motion indicating, and sector frame releasing mechanisms
may also be made very different to what I have here set forth without
departing from the essential features of this my Invention.

page_text: Ninth. The spring pl, adjustable or not, and in combination with the
sector cl, for the purpose set forth.
Tenth. The hand n, and scale ol, operating, substantially as and for the
purpose set forth.
'
In witness whereof, I, the said Sofus Emil Holten, have here-
unto set my hand and seal, this Fourth day of November, in
the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-
five