AN IMPROVED APPARATUS OR MECHANICAL ARRANGEMENT FOR ILLUSTRATING THE ROTATION OF THE EARTH AND THE PARALLEL MOTION OF ITS AXIS LINE, ALSO THE POSITION OF LINES OF LIGHT AND HEAT AND OF THE PLANE OF OBSERVATION IN KNOWN PARALLELS OF LATITUDE
Year: 1875

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Edward Newton, of the Office for
Patents, 66, Chancery Lanc, in the County of Middlesex, Civil
Engineer, for the Invention of "AN IMPROVED APPARATUS OR MECHANICAL
ARRANGEMENT FOR ILLUSTRATING THE ROTATION OF THE EARTH AND THE
PARALLEL MOTION OF ITS AXIS LINE, ALSO THE POSITION OF LINES OF LIGHT
AND HEAT AND OF THE PLANE OF OBSERVATION IN KNOWN PARALLELS OF
LATITUDE."—A communication from abroad by Horatio Allen, of the
Oity and State of New York, United States of America.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Edward Newton
at the Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 19th April 1875.
I, WILLIAM EDWARD NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery
5 Lane, in the County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, do hereby declare the
nature of the said Invention for "AN IMPROVED APPARATUS OR MECHANICAL
ARRANGEMENT FOR ILLUSTRATING THE ROTATION OF THE EARTH AND THE PARALLEL
MOTION OF ITS AXIS LINE, ALSO THE POSITION OF LINES OF LIGHT AND HEAT AND

page_text: OF THE PLANE OF OBSERVATION IN KNOWN PARALLELS OF LATITUDE," to be as
follows:-
The object of this Invention is to construct a mechanical apparatus
which will illustrate the motions of the earth, that is, its rotation on its
own axis and its revolution in its orbit. It is shewn by the apparatus
that the axis line of the earth being always at an angle of 23 degrees
will always move parallel to itself within a line at right angles to the
plane of the earth's orbit. The apparatus will also shew the direction
in which lines of light and heat come from the sun to the earth, such
lines being parallel to the line from the centre of the sun to the centre
of the earth. It will also illustrate the position of a plane tangential to
the surface of the earth at the place of an observer, when the parallel of
latitude of the place is known or given, and the centre of the earth and
the position of the axis line of the earth are presented, it being assumed
that the diameter of the earth is so small as only to be presented to the
eyc by a point. The tangential plane will then have the motions of
revolution and rotation which are due to its connection with the surface
of the earth in the parallel of latitude named.
In the improved apparatus, which illustrates these phenomena, the
carth is represented by a terrestrial globe which is mounted on an axis
inclined to an angle of 23 degrees, rotary motion being communicated
to it by means of bevil gearing adapted to the axle. One of these wheels
is mounted on the earth's axis, the lower end of which is carried in a
hollow shaft set at the proper inclination (23) in a weighted arm
suspended from a horizontal stud or shaft fixed at the outer end of a
long vertical lever or arm mounted on a centre round which it is capable
of rotating. By this arrangement the long lever when moved round on
its centre pin will carry round the earth with it, the line of the axis of
which will always be parallel or pointing in the same direction in what-
ever position the earth may be placed. This is occaisioned by the axle
on which the earth is mounted being set in the pendant weighted arm
which always hangs vertically whatever may be the position of the long
lever. The long vertical lever also carries two bracket arms to which
are adapted a pair of parallel bars pointed at their ends, and which
illustrate the lines of light and heat. Upon drawing a line from the
centre of the earth to the surface at any given point of latitude, say 40°,
and fixing a circular plate at that point at right angles to the radial line,
the tangential plane of observation at that point will be obtained. The

page_text: surface of this tangential circular plate having the motion due to the
rotation of the earth will have the same relations to the observer as occur
at the plane of observation at 40° N. latitude, and the angles made by
all lines to the sun and planets with the plane of observation and its
vertical will be the same as the angles made by lines to the sun and
planets with the plane and vertical of the place of observation in the
parallel of 40° N. latitude on the surface of the carth.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said William Edward Newton in the Great Seal Patent
Office on the 19th October 1875.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
EDWARD NEWTON, of the Office for Patents, 66, Chancery Lane, in the
County of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Nineteenth day of April, in the year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-five, in the thirty-
cighth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give
and grant unto mc, the said William Edward Newton, Her special
licence that I, the said William Edward Newton, my executors, admi-
nistrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said William Edward
Newton, my exccutors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time
agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times there-
after during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might
makc, use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention
for "AN IMPROVED APPARATUS OR MECHANICAL ARRANGEMENT FOR ILLUSTRATING
THE ROTATION OF THE EARTH AND THE PARALLEL MOTION OF ITS AXIS LINE, ALSO
THE POSITION OF LINES OF LIGHT AND HEAT AND OF THE PLANE OF OBSERVATION IN
KNOWN PARALLELS OF LATITUDE," being a communication to me from abroad
by Horatio Allen, of the City and State of New York, United States of
America, upon the condition (amongst others) that I, the said William
Edward Newton, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in
writing under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should
particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and

page_text: in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to
be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next
and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said William Edward Newton, do hereby
declare the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same
is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement, reference being had to the Drawing here-
unto annexed, and to the letters and figures marked thereon (that is
to say) :—
The object of the apparatus which forms the subject of this Invention
is to present to the eye and to assist the mind to a clear conception of
the relations of the earth to the sun, and especially the relation of the
surface of the earth to lines of light and heat from the sun; also of the
relations of the planets to the sun, and of the earth to the planets, and
especially of the relation of the tangent plane of an observer on the
earth at any given parallel of latitude to the sun or to the planets and
stars.
By the tangent plane of an observer is meant the plane to be imagined
tangential to the surface of the earth in the parallel of the place of the
observer.
The combinations invented to effect these objects may be comprised
in one single instrument; but for convenience, and in order to avoid
unnecessary complication of parts the phenomena above mentioned are
presented in two instruments instead of one, as they can by this means
be more clearly presented to the eye.
One instrument is called the earth and sun instrument, the other is
called the earth, sun, and planet instrument.
The instruments may be constructed of any material and of any
convenient dimensions. I have found hard wood to be a suitable
material, and dimensions hereafter given will be found convenient for
the purpose.
In the accompanying Drawings Fig. 1, Sheet I., is a front elevation;
and Fig. 2 is a side clevation or edge view of the earth and sun
instrument; Fig. 3 is a transverse vertical section of the same. The
other Figures in Sheet I. are detached views of some of the parts of the
instrument, and will be more particularly referred to hereafter.

page_text: The several Figures in Sheet II. represent the cartlı, sun, and planet
instrument.
The frame F, F, F, or support of the instrument is formed of three pieces
of wood 1 inch square, two being 48 inches long and one 38 inches,
crossing cach other at angles of 60°. Two circular pieces of wood 1 and
2, Fig. 3, form the centre of the frame, the piece 2 at the back being 8
inches in diameter, inch thick, the other piece 1 at the front is 13
inches in diameter, inch thick. They are held in place by screws and
glue, and the surfaces of the two pieces are truly in a plane with the
piece F. The instrument is to stand in a nearly vertical position on two
of the pieces F forming the frame as shewn in the Figures, and is
adjustablo to stand at any angle required by pieces 7 connected with tho
supporting pieces as shewn in the Drawing. At the centre of the 13
inch circle 1 a metal pin H is fixed at right angles to the plane of the
frame. This pin carries the arm A' which is free to turn on the pin H,
and when the arm is moved round on its centro H its surface moves in
a plane to which the pin H is at right angles. The arm A' carries at or
near its end and about 18 inches from the central pin H a metal pin i
(at right angles to the plane of revolution of the circle) in bearings in
which the pin is free to turn. On this pin i is suspended a pendulum p,
the weight or bob of which is marked w. This pendulum is shewn
detached in front elevation at Fig. 4 and in vertical section at Fig. 5,
both Figures being drawn on an enlarged scale.
When the arm A¹ with the suspension pin is moved round on its
centre H the pendulum in its onward movement will always hang in a
vertical line or plane. The line of gravity, which is the line from the
centre of suspension i through the centre of gravity of the weight w, will
move parallel to itself, because lines of gravity near to each other aro
parallel lines.
The suspension pin i also carries in front of the pendulum a thin
metal circle z about 2 inches in diameter. On the outer part of this
circle is attached a tube T, the centre line of which is in the plane of
the suspension pin i, and is inclined to the plane of revolution, being at
an angle of 234°, with a line at right angles to the plane of revolution
as shewn in the Drawing.
The circle can be clamped to the pendulum by screws, and when

page_text: central line of the tube T must move parallel to itself when the
suspension pin i has motion of revolution, because the tube is rigidly
connected with the line of gravity which moves parallel to itself.
A terrestrial globe G is taken to represent the earth. Through its
centre passes a metal rod x shewn in dotted lines in Fig. 2, with a part
outside the globe so as to be inserted in the tube T, which it fits closely,
but is free to turn in it. The globe is fastened on the rod x, and when
the globe has motion of rotation on its own axis the centre line of the
rod is the axis line of rotation. As the centre line coincides with the
centre line of the tube T, the axis line of rotation of the globe is in the
plane of the suspension pin i and is at an angle of 23°, with a line at
right angles to the plane of revolution.
To cause the globe G to have motion of rotation on its own axis when
it has orbicular motion, there are fastened on the suspension rod i and
on the inclined axis line rod x bevil wheels q, q, which gear into each
other. The rod x with its bevil wheel q, is shown detached at Fig. 6.
On the suspension rod i at the back of the arm A', as shewn in the
Drawing, there is a grooved pulley 3, Fig. 3, one inch in diameter; and
there is attached to the frame as shewn in the Drawing and in the
detached view, Fig. 7, a circular piece 1 inch wide, g of an inch thick,
and about 30 inches in diameter, having a groove in its edge as shewn at
Fig. 3 in the Drawing. This groove is in the same plane as the groove in
the pulley 3. An endless chain or cord of small size is placed in the
grooves and by means of tightening pullies 5, 5, (see Fig. 4) a friction is
caused that does not allow the chain to slip, and therefore when the arm
A' is moved round on its centre the pulley 3 is caused to turn and
through the bevil goar q, q, the rotation of the globe is caused. The
direction of that rotation is the same as that of the movement of tho
globe in its orbicular revolution.
The rotation of the earth, of which the axis line is inclined to the
plane of revolution, causes day and night, and is called the diurnal rota-
tion. At the same time that the earth has this diurnal rotation it has a
rotation at an exceedingly slow rate, the assistance of which is at right
angles to the plane of revolution. This rotation is in direction opposite
to that of the diurnal rotation, and its angular motion is at the rate of
50 seconds in one year. The result of this rotation is that the axis linc
of diurnal rotation comes to the position of being at right angles to the

page_text: wwwwww
line from the centre of sun to the centre of the earth earlier cach year by
50 seconds. As this position is the position of equal night and day there
is thus presented the cause of the "procession of the equinoxes." This
rotation is presented in the instrument by the rotary motion of the
circle z, which carries the globe G by the tube T. In order to express
this motion, degrees are marked on the outer part of the circle. For the
position of the earth in 1875 in this rotation the circle and pendulum are
to be clamped together at 30° mark. The 0° mark is taken for the
position of the earth in this rotation when the sun was in the first line
line from the centre of sun to the centre of the earth earlier cach year by
50 seconds. As this position is the position of equal night and day there
is thus presented the cause of the "procession of the equinoxes." This
rotation is presented in the instrument by the rotary motion of the
circle z, which carries the globe G by the tube T. In order to express
this motion, degrees are marked on the outer part of the circle. For the
position of the earth in 1875 in this rotation the circle and pendulum are
to be clamped together at 30° mark. The 0° mark is taken for the
position of the earth in this rotation when the sun was in the first line
of axis.
The lines of light and heat received by the surface of the earth from
the sun are parallel to the line from the centre of the sun to the centre
of the carth..
To present in the instrument lines parallel to the line from the centro
of rotation of the sun to the centre of the globe G, there is provided a
parallel motion of rods L and 7; one rod L being in the line from the
centre of the sun to the centre of the globe G, and being free to turn in
its bearings the other rod connected by parallel bars of equal length is
adjustable to point to any point on the surface of the globe which is
towards the centre of the orbit. When the rod is so pointed it will repro-
sent a line parallel to the central line.
The angle made by a line of light and heat with the surface of the.
earth at any point is determined by reference to the line tangent to the
surface at that point. To present such tangential lines there is provided
a small circular plate or disc o, Fig. 2, of thin material to be attached
at its centre at any point in the position tangent at that point. This
circular disc will represent the position of the circular arca of the earth's
surface or horizon which is under the eye of the observer at the place
of observation. It is presented as a plane tangent at that point, so that
angles made by lines to its centre (the place of the observer) may be
correctly defined in degrees.
For convenience of reference this plane is called the tangent plane of
the observer, or briefly the "tangent plane." The tangential plane can
be attached to any point the relation of whose lines are to be studied.
In order to present the months and days in which the earth is in its
orbit, there is attached to the frame a circular ring of wood 1 inch

page_text: wide and inch thick, and from 33 to 36 inches in diameter. The
outer part of its surfaces is marked in months and days, and the inner
part is divided into degrees.
The line representing the equinoctial line of the earth is the hori-
zontal line on the instrument and passes through its centre. In this
line the mark for 21st March is placed, and that position determines the
position of the months and days in the circle of months. The division
into degrees is marked from the equinoctial line at 21st March.
The instrument will be in proper position for being studied when it
faces the north, and the inclined axis; line of the globe is in the line to 1
the north star. This is readily done by reference to the vertical line of
the place where the instrument is used, as the angle made by the
vertical line with the line to the north star is the complement of the
angle of the parallel of latitude of that place. The position of east
and west is determined by the position of the line to the sun at sunrise 1
on the 21st March.
The instrument being in place, and the arm A' being moved in
revolution there will be presented to the eye,-
. 1. A. globe representing the earth having an orbicular motion in a
plane that is to be considered in the plane of the orbit of the earth, and 2
having a motion of rotation on its own axis, the axis line of the earth
being inclined to the plane of the orbit at the angles (90°+231), 113,
or (90°-23), 66°, and moves parallel to itself.
2. The parallel lines in which light and heat come to the surface of
the globe, and the tangent plane at any given parallel, by reference to 2
which the angle made by lines of light and heat with the surface of the
earth at that parallel is determined.
3. It will be seen that lines of light and heat are at different angles
with the surface at different parallels owing to the spherical form of the
earth.
4. It will also be seen that lines of light and heat are at different
angles with the surface in the same parallel when the earth is at different
places on its orbit.
3
To aid the study of these and other relations there are provided the
additional parts. An axis line rod ² Fio. 6. to shew the diurnal 3.

page_text: rotation without the globe, but having on it the bevil gear. There is
also an axis line rod to point the line of axis of rotation when that axis
is at right angles to the plane of revolution. A central line rod L,
Fig. 8, is to be placed on the line from centre of globe to centre of
› orbicular revolution. An axis line rod a", Fig. 9, of diurnal rotation,
which extends only to the point representing the centre of the earth,
and is at that point connected by a joint with a radius of the globe
representing the earth. At the end of the radius, which may be of any
length, is fastened at right angles to the radius a thin circular plate o'
O representing the tangent of a parallel, whose angle of latitude is tho
angle made by the tangent plane extended with the axis line extended.
When the tangent plane is at a given angle with the inclined axis
line the angles made by lines of light and heat with the plane are the
same, whatever be the length of radius carrying the tangent plane.
Therefore when the earth and the centre of the earth are represented by
the same point, and the plane of revolution and the inclined axis line
passing through that point are represented, then the tangent plane of a
given parallel will be presented by a plane meeting at the centre with
the axis line, the angle of which is the same as the angle of latitude of
the given parallel. This interesting relation is specially made use of
in the instrument for presenting thic relation of earth, sun, and planets,
in which the magnitude and distances are on the scale, in which 1 inch
represents 8,000,000 miles, or a scale on which the earth cannot be
printed of visible size, and is therefore represented simply by a point.
The several Figures in Sheet II. represent the earth, sun, and planet

page_text: nected by screws and glue. The frame carries four concentric circular
pieces or rings A, B, C, and D, %, inch thick, and 1 inch wide.
Between the picces A, B, C, and D and the frame are small blocks of
wood of such height as will hold the surfaces of A, B, C, D, in planes
that intersect cach other at the angles hereafter stated. The circular
pieces or rings A, B, C, D, are fastened to the frame by screws passing
through the blocks. The blocks under the circle A are all one inch
thick, and therefore the surface of A. is parallel to and 1%, from the
plane of the surface of the frame. The blocks under the circular
pieces B, C, D, are of such height that the planes of their surfaces
intersect the plane of the surface of ▲ severally at the angles 7º, 3º,
and 2º.
On the circles A, B, C, D, arc the moveable pieces M, M³, M³, M³,
formed, as shewn in Figs. 12, 13, and 14, of a thin piece of metal 1"
wide and of the shape shown in the cross sections, Figs. 12, 13, and 14,
and when in place they clasp the rings, and are kept in close contact
by the action of springs. The metal pieces M carry at the centre a
metal wire pointed at the top, the points of all when in place being 2"
above the surface on which the pieces M, M¹, M², M³, are moved. When
the picces M are moved on the circular surfaces of the rings A, B, :
C, D, the points of E, V, M³, M', will move in orbits whose planes will
intersect the plane of the orbit of A in the angles 7º, 3º, 2º severally,
as shewn in the sectional viows, because the planes of the surfaces on
which the pieces M carrying the points are moved intersect each other at
the several angles.
The distances of the points E, M³, V, and M' from a line at the centre
of the frame at right angles to the frame are severally 11 inches,
4 inches, 8 inches, and 18 inches. At the centre in the plane of the
orbit of E is a ball nearly 1 of an inch in diameter.
ل
The instrument being constructed as described is a true represen-
tation on a scale of 1 inch for 8,000,000 miles of the relative position of
the sun and the earth, and planets Mercury, Venus, Mars, the diameter
of the sun being truly represented by a ball of an inch in diameter,
and the earth, Mercury, Venus, and Mars being represented by points,
they having no visible size, on a scale of one inch to represent 8,000,000 $
miles, and the distances 11 inches, 4g inches, S¼ inches, and 18 inches
represent truly on that scale the distance of the earth, Mercury, Venus,

page_text: and Mars severaшy 92,000,000, 37,500,000, 66,000,000, and 145,000,000
miles.
The circular surface of the ring A is divided on its outer edge into
months and days, and on its inner edge into degrees.
The months are so placed on the circle that the equinoctial line
passing nearly through the marks for 21st March and 21st September
is a horizontal line passing through the centre of the instrument.
In order to form lines from the centre of ball S to the points repre-
senting the centre of the earth and the centres of the three planets
provision is made that elastic threads may be stretched from S to the
points E, M', V, and M'.
The circle of degrees on the surface of the ring A is marked from the
line of vernal equinoxes, about 21st March.
The positions of the planets Mercury, Venus, and Mars in reference to
the sun and to the earth, and to the plane of the earth's orbit, are pre-
sented in the instrument by the angles which the lines from S to the
point E make in the vertical planes of the points M³, V, M', and by the
angle which the lines from S to the points M', V, and M' make with the
plane of the orbit of E. The latter angle is presented to the cye in the
instrument by moving the point E to the position where it is in the
vertical plane of the planets, then the angle made by threads from S to
M', V, or M', with the thread to E, will be the angle determining the
position of the planet in reference to the plane of the orbit of the earth.
The points E, M', V, and M', which represent the centres of the carth
and of the planets Mercury, Venus, and Mars, can be placed in their
several orbits in positions which represent the positions of the earth and
of the planets Mercury, Venus, and Mars on a given day, and therefore
in their relation to each other on that day.
As the angular motions of the earth and of the planets are known the
changes in relative position which attend their onward motion in equal
times can be presented to the eye, and thus can be presented by the
instrument all the phenomena of elongation, conjunction, opposition,
transit, etc.
The orbits of the planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune cannot

page_text: from the sun would be represented on that scale by 5 feet for Jupiter's
distance, and for Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune a great deal longer
distances, Neptune being 32 feet distant; but the direction from the sun
to the plane of cach in its orbit on a given day can be presented by the
angle which that line of direction is known to make with the equinoctial 5
line of the earth.
Provision is made in the instrument for presenting the line of
direction of the planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune by the
arms J, S, U, N, Fig. 10, moveable on a centre in the line of the
ball S.
1
At the ends of the arms J, S, U, and N are metal rods fastened at
right angles to the arm. The top of the rod being cut to screw threads a
wire is fastened to the rod by nuts, and is in the line from the centre S
to the place of the point that would represent the centre of the planet if
it were presented in the instrument; and attached to the wire is the 1
name of the planet, and the distance in fect that would represent the
distance from the sun to that planet.
As the direction from the carth to any of the four exterior planets
may be taken as parallel to the line from the sun to that planet, therefore
when the instrument presents the line of direction from S to the point 2
that would represent the planet, it thereby presents the line from the
point E, representing the earth to the point representing the planet.
To present to the eye the lines of directions from S to the points that
would represent the four planets, elastic threads may be stretched from S
to the several wires of direction.
2
When the threads from the centre S to the points E, M³, V, and M",
and to the wires of direction to the points that would represent the
planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are in the position they
would occupy when the points representing the earth and the seven
planets are in their places on a given day, there would be presented a
truly the direction from the sun, and the distance from the sun to the
earth and the seven planets, and the relations of the earth to the sun and
the seven planets. The relations thus far described all have reference to
the centre of the earth.
The incidental relations that are of special interest to the observer of

page_text: relations which lines from the sun, planets, and stars hold to the tangent
plane of the place of his observation. To present these incidental
relations there is to be substituted for the piece M carrying the
point E representing the centre of the earth the piece M', which carries
the pendulum combination described in connection with the carth and
sun instrument.
Figs. 15 represents front and side views of this part detached.
It is represented as carried by the circular surface or ring A. E¹ is
a point representing the centre of the earth, holding the same relation
to the centre S and the surface A that E the point of the wire carried
by M holds. The small rod ¹ represents the axis line of the earth
passing through E, representing the centre of the earth, and being at an
angle of 23 with a line at right angles to the plane of revolution.
The tangent plane T" is carried by the axis line ¹ at the point E.
As has already been described when the piece M" is moved in orbicular
revolution round S, and the tangent plane T has motion of rotation, it
will have exactly the motion in revolution and rotation that are due to the
parallel of latitude in reference to which the tangent plane has been set.
And when the point E¹ is at any given point in its orbit, the tangent
plane T in its rotation at that place will hold the same relation to
lines from points in the instrument representing the sun, planets, and
stars as the tangent plane on the given parallel on the earth's surface
holds to the lines from the sun, planets, and stars.
Having now described the improved apparatus or mechanical arrange-
ments for illustrating the rotation of the earth and the parallel motion of
its axis line, also the position of lines of light and heat, and of the
plane of observation in known parallels of latitude, as communicated
to me by my foreign correspondent, and having explained the manner
of carrying the same into effect, I claim as the Invention secured to me
by Letters Patent as aforesaid,—
First. The construction, combination, and arrangement of parts
herein set forth, whereby a globe representing the earth is presented to
the eye as moving in an orbit, the plane of which is parallel to the plane
of the orbit of the earth, and is to be taken as in the plane of the orbit
of the earth. I also claim the pendulum combination, whereby the
movement of the axis line of the globe (representing the earth) is
caused to be a parallel movement through the action of gravity.

page_text: Second. The combination whereby the globe representing the earth is
carried by a circle, whose centre is on the line of suspension of the
pendulum, whereby the rotation that causes the procession of the equi-
noxes can be presented to the eyc, as herein set forth.
Third. The combination of an adjustable rod to present or indicate
lines parallel to the line from the centre of the orbicular revolution to
the centre of the globe representing the earth, whereby the parallel
lines in which light and heat come to the surface of the earth are repre-
sented.
Fourth. The combination with the other parts of a tangent plane,
which can be attached to any part of the surface of the globe, so as to
represent the plane which determines the angles of lines to that point,
as herein set forth.
J
Fifth. I claim in combination with the pendulum arrangement shown,
the tangent plane, assumed to represent the tangent plane of a given 1
parallel with the axis line rod at the centre of the globe, at an angle
which is the angle of the latitude of the given parallel, the earth being
represented in this combination by a point, which also represents the
centre of the earth.
Sixth. The combination whereby four points (representing the centres 2
of the earth and of the three planets, Mercury, Venus, and Mars) are
carried by and are moveable on four circular concentric surfaces or rings,
the planes of which intersect each other in the same manner as the planes
of the axes of the centres of the earth and the planets Mercury, Venus,
Mars, and the diameters of the orbits of the four points represent on the 2
same scale the diameters of the orbits of the carth and of the planets
Mercury, Venus, and Mars.
In witness whercof, I, the said William Edward Newton, have
hereunto set my hand and seal, the Fifteenth day of October, in
the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy- 3
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