CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE THROWING, TWISTING, OR SPINNING OF SEWING SILK, ORGANZINE, BERGAM, AND SUCH OTHER DESCRIPTIONS OF SILK AS THE SAID IMPROVEMENTS MAY BE APPLICABLE TO
Year: 1823

page_text: TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, RICHARD
BADNALL the younger, of Leek, in the County of Stafford, Silk Manufacturer,
send greeting.
WHEREAS His most Excellent Majesty King George the Fourth did, by
His Letters Patent under the Great Seal of His United Kingdom, bearing
date at Westminster, the Eighteenth day of March, 1823, in the fourth
year of His reign, give and grant unto me, the said Richard Badnall, his
exors, adñiors, and assigns, His especial licence, full power, sole privilege
and authority, that I, the said Richard Badnall, my exors, adññors, and assigns,
during the term of years therein mentioned, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within England, Wales, and the Town of Berwick-
upon-Tweed, my Invention of "CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE THROWING,
TWISTING, OR SPINNING OF SEWING SILK, ORGANZINE, BERGAM, AND SUCH OTHER
DESCRIPTIONS OF SILK AS THE SAID IMPROVEMENTS MAY BE APPLICABLE TO;" in which
said Letters Patent there is contained a proviso that if I, the said. Richard
Badnall, shall not particularly describe and ascertain the nature of my said
Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, by an instrument
in writing under my hand and seal, and cause the same to be inrolled in His
Majesty's High Court of Chancery within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent, that then the said
Letters Patent, and all liberties and advantages whatsoever thereby granted.
shall utterly cease, determine, and become void, as in and by the same,
relation being thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear.
NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
Richard Badnall, do hereby declare that the nature of my said Invention, and

page_text: the manner in which the same is to be performed, are particularly described
and ascertained in and by the Drawing hereunto annexed, and the following
description thereof (that is to say) :-
gap by
In the Drawing, A, A, Fig. 1, is one of the main spindles of a machine for
throwing, twisting, or spinning of sewing silks, organzine, bergam, and such
other descriptions of silk as the said improvements may be applicable to. This
spindle turns in a hole or step placed in the upper end of the screw B, which
screws into a female screw let into the rail C, and in a gap or notch D in the
rail E of the machine frame, and is prevented from coming out of the
the pin F. This spindle is driven by a strap or band G coming from a band-
wheel or drum acting upon the whorl H. Upon this spindle are fixed the
cross pieces I and J, which are cleft and united by screws, so as to embrace
and be firmly attached to the spindle. At each end of the cross piece J are
holes or steps K, K, in which and in the pivot holes L, L, the two secondary
spindies M, M, revolve. Upon each of these spindles a toothed wheel
N, N, is affixed, which acts within a fixed toothed ring O, O, formed in a
metal plate P, P, which is secured by screws to the rails Q, Q, but can be
occasionally disengaged from the toothed ring O, O, as will be described here-
after. These secondary spindles M, M, are made taper, so as to hold the
bobbins R, R, firmly upon them. S, S, are wire guiders with an eye at each
end of them. These guiders play loosely upon the spindles M, M, and are
prevented from coming off by the nuts T, T. Upon the top of the main spindle
is screwed a brass cap U, into which are likewise screwed the two lower wire
guiders V, V, and the two upper ones W, W. The main spindle A, A, being
turned by the strap G, the fixed ring of teeth O, O, causes the two toothed
wheels N, N, upon the secondary spindles to revolve in the contrary direction
to the main spindle, which secondary spindles twist or spin the silk, which is led
through the eyes R, T, V, and W; before, however, passing through the
eyes W, W, the two threads are crossed once around each other, so as to be
confined perpendicularly over the top of the main spindle, and after passing
through the fixed eye X, are twisted together by the action of the main
spindle, and are drawn upon a reel in the usual manner of silk throwing. In
case one of the threads should break, in order to prevent single threads from
being reeled, a knife Y is fixed to the rail Z, and the unbroken thread flying
outwardly, on being disengaged from the other, is instantly cut by the knife.
Care should, however, be taken to place the knife at sufficient distance from
the point of crossing to prevent the possibility of the threads being cut whilst
unbroken, and which from the centrifrugal action might otherwise take place.
On the thread being thus broken and cut, the person attending the mill can

page_text: immediately stop the movement of the main spindle by pushing in the bolt a,
which catches against the lower cross bar J.
Fig. 2 is a plan taken below the bobbins R, R, in Fig. 1, shewing the ring
of teeth O, O, in the plate P, P, the cross piece I, and the two pivot holes L, L,
in which the secondary spindles turn, carrying the toothed wheels N, N, upon
them.
Fig. 3 is a plan of the cap U, the wire guiders V, V, and W, W, and the
knife Y fixed upon the rail Z.
I have thus described the action of this machine as applicable to the manu-
facture of organzine; but as it is a matter of considerable importance that the
article known by the name of tram should be also manufactured by the same
machinery, I shall proceed to shew how this is to be effected; and in the first
place, as it is necessary to stop the revolution of secondary spindles M, M, so
I have provided a bolt b, which, on being pressed downwards, rests between the
teeth of the two wheels N, N, and is secured there by tightening the screw c.
The wheels N, N, are then to be raised out of contact with the ring of teeth
0, 0, by turning the screw B; and in order to admit of this, the upper
neck of the spindle A, A, is elongated. When it is requisite to throw bergam,
one of the toothed wheels N, N, must be taken from its spindle, and the other
be allowed to act in the ring of teeth O, O. This, however, is unlikely to be
wanted where organzine can be obtained at the same expence and trouble.
Fig. 4 shews another method of arranging the eyes V, V, W, W, upon the
main spindle A, A, through which the two pieces of wire V, V, and W, W,
may either be passed and secured, or otherwise they may be screwed on, as
shewn in Fig. 4. If due care be taken that the eyes V, V, & W, W, be
placed as nearly as possible over the centre of each bobbin, the eyes T, T, in
Fig. 1 may be then dispensed with.
Fig. 5 shews another method of giving a rotary movement to the wheels
N, N, upon the secondary spindles; in which case these wheels, having plain
cylindrical surfaces, act against the spring d, d, which, during their revolution,
presses upon them by its inward tendency. This spring is fastened at one end
in a hole made within the circular plate P, P, and its loose end is so arranged
as to suit the direction in which the main spindle is required to revolve. In
winding the silk upon the bobbins R, R, of Fig. 1, I should recommend the
guider commonly used in doubling frames, which can be varied in the extent of
its horizontal movement as the winder may find necessary. This is done to
prevent the silk from collecting upon the edges of the bobbin, which otherwise
frequently happens; and for this purpose would be found troublesome, the
bobbin being made smaller in diameter in its middle than those in common

page_text: use. For throwing sewing silks, the secondary spindles, requiring in general a
1. earer proportion to the revolutions of the main spindle than can be the case
when moving within the ring of teeth O, O, or the spring d, d, I have provided
a new arrangement, shewn in Fig. 6, where any required proportion of twist
between the main and secondary spindles can be obtained by altering the sizes
of the wheels e, e, or the wheel upon the main spindle, thereby rendering this
principle applicable to almost if not every purpose of silk throwing. In this
Figure the lower ends of the spindles f, f, turn in steps or holes 9, 9; made in
the rail, and their necks in collars affixed in the rail i. Upon these spindles,
which are tapered like the secondary spindles before described, are affixed the
bobbins j, 7, and they are also furnished with guiders k, k, and nuts.l, l, as usual.
The lower end of another spindle m, which I call my main spindle, runs in a
step or hole m, made in the upper end of the screw o, and its neck turns in
a collar in the rail p. Upon the last spindle is affixed a wheel g, the size of
which regulates the throw. Upon the lower end of the main spindle a whorl r
is affixed, which receives motion from a strap s, driven by a drum or band
wheel. This main spindle m, when revolving, communicates contrary move-
ments to the secondary spindles f,f, by its wheel q acting in the wheels e, e,
upon them. The silk from each of the bobbins j, j, being twisted by this
operation, is drawn through the eyes t, t, and u, by the action of the metal
grooved roller v and the upper covered roller w, motion being communicated
to the roller v from the moving power, and the roller w being pressed down
upon it by an adequate weight or spring, the silk is drawn up, as before-men-
tioned; but care must be taken that the speed of the roller is proportionate to
the degree of twist required. The silk, after passing through the rollers v, w,
is twisted by the fly x, which, after the manner of cotton spinning, is affixed to
the main spindle m, m, and is gathered upon the bobbin y, as in cotton
spinning. Underneath the bobbin y, which plays loose upon the spindle m, is
placed a piece of leather z, which, together with the bobbin y, rests upon the
lever 1, and which lever, either by a heart wheel or by a crank and rod 2,
affixed to a toothed wheel 3, actuated by a pinion 4, on the axis of the roller v,
as there shewn, or by any other suitable movement. The object of this lever
is to raise and lower alternately the bobbin y, so as to cause an equal distribu-
tion of the silk upon it. In case of necessity, and where the lightness of the
bobbin requires it, the spring 5 will be found useful in regulating its drawing
power. Should tram be required to be thrown on this machine, by screwing
up the step n. the toothed wheel q is raised above the secondary wheels e, e,
and prevents the revolutions they would otherwise have.
Fig. 7 shews the relative positions of the wheels e, e, and 9, but, according.

page_text: to convenience, they might be placed in any position where their action would
be similar.
I have thus described the various parts of the machines, and the methods of
applying them in use. I do not, however, mean or intend thereby to limit myself
to those methods only, but to avail myself of every means by which my said
improvements can be carried into effect. Neither do I intend hereby to claim
as my Invention each particular part of which these machines may be composed,
although I do their general arrangement; nor, as in Figs. 1, 2, and 5, the revolu-
tion of two secondary spindles around the main one, however actuated, whether
by being placed within a circle or by any other method producing the same
effect, which I have in different places seen accomplished in various ways.
But having overcome the main difficulty, which I conceive has hitherto been
an obstacle to the perfection of such methods, by my Invention of preventing
single threads being reeled by crossing and cutting them, I do hereby claim
that particular method. The general arrangement too of Figs. 6 and 7 I
claim as a new combination of machinery, and in particular the actuating of
the spindles ff, and m, by wheels whether toothed or plain, which prevents the
possibility of irregular movements, and, by giving an unlimited power of
varying their proportions, renders them applicable to almost every description
of silk throwing.
In witness whereof, I, the said Richard Badnall, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Eighteenth day of September, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and
RICHARD (L.s.) BADNALL, JUN".
AND BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the Eighteenth day of September,
in the year of our Lord 1828, the aforesaid Richard Badnall came before our
said Lord the King in His Chancery, and acknowledged the Specification
aforesaid, and all and every thing therein contained and specified, in form
above written. And also the Specification aforesaid was stampt according
to the tenor of the Statute made for that purpose.
Inrolled the Eighteenth day of September, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and twenty-three.