IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR PULPING FIBROUS SUBSTANCES AND FOR EVAPORATING LIQUIDS, PART OR PARTS Or WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE APPLICABLE TO STEAM GENERATORS
Year: 1872

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to George Sinclair, of Leith, in the County of
Mid Lothian, North Britain, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN
APPARATUS FOR PULPING FIBROUS SUBSTANCES AND FOR EVAPORATING LIQUIDS,
PART OR PARTS Or WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE APPLICABLE TO STEAM
GENERATORS."
Sealed the 21st February 1873, and dated the 7th December 1872.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said George Sinclair at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
7th December 1872.
I, GEORGE SINCLAIR, of Leith, in the County of Mid Lothian, North
Britain, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention of "IM-
PROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR PULPING FIBROUS SUBSTANCES AND FOR EVAPORATING
LIQUIDS, PART OR PARTS OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE APPLICABLE TO STEAM
GENERATORS," to be as follows, that is to say:―
This Invention, which relates to improvements in apparatus for boiling
wood, esparto, straw, and other fibrous substances into pulp, and for

page_text: recovering the alkali used therein, consists as regards the pulping
apparatus in employing in conjunction with the pulping boiler an
improved arrangement of tubular high-pressure steam generator, from
which steam is blown into the pulping boiler for the purpose of reducing
the material contained therein.
The high-pressure steam generator, herein-after described, is also
applicable to other purposes wherein a high pressure of steam is
required, and it consists of two rows of oval tubes placed in an oblique
vertical direction, one row of which is situate behind the other, com-
munication being effected between them by smaller tubes, which are
inclined at an angle. The front oval tubes have two flat sides on them;
the inner flat side of each such oval tube is for allowing the inclined
tubes to be fastened into it, and the front flat side is formed for plug
holes which are a little larger in diameter than the diameter of the
inclined tubes, and through which the said tubes are passed into their
places. A tool is passed through the plug holes in the oval tubes into
the mouth of each inclined tube to expand and secure it in the oval tube,
a plug hole being formed opposite each inclined tube for passing the tool
through.
The plugs for filling up the plug holes may either be made of cast or
wrought iron, or steel, or any other suitable material. If made of cast
iron they are cast with a malleable iron screw stud in the centre. The
plugs are made conical or tapered, and turned to a smooth surface, and
are put into their places from the inside of each oval tube, so that the
higher the pressure is in the generator it presses the plugs tighter into
their places. Each oval tube has an oval hole in the upper end, large
enough to admit of the plugs being put in through it and guided to their
places, which being effected an iron ferrule or thimble a little larger in
diameter than the plug is put over the stud end of the plug, then a plate
washer with a hole in the centre of it to allow the point of the stud to
pass through it. This washer is put up against the ferrule, after which
a nut is put on the stud and screwed tightly up, whereby the plug is
drawn into the hole, and made perfectly tight. The oval plug holes in the
top of the oval tubes have oval plugs to fit them, which are put in with
the long narrow edge of the plug passing in through the widest part of
the oval hole; the plugs are then turned round and drawn up into their
places, and an oval ferrule or thimble and washer put on and then the
nut, after which the plug is screwed tightly up.

page_text: An oval tube lies across the bottom of the back row of oval tubes
before referred to, to which it is connected by short tubes.
This cross
tube receives the feed water, and from it the whole of the water tubes
are supplied. Another similar tube to receive the steam lies across the
upper part of the front set of oval tubes, to each of which it is connected
by short tubes, which are fastened in the same manner as the inclined
tubes herein-before referred to. One or more large tubes or steam
chests is or are connected to the steam receiving tube, above which it or
they is or are situated, and a steam pipe and safety valve is provided in
connection therewith.
A suitable water cistern or tank may be placed on the top of the
generator, which may be heated by the spent heat passing from the
generator on its way to the chimney. This cistern or tank supplies the
generator with hot water by means of a feed pump connected to it and
to the generator. The generator is set in brickwork, and the bottoms of
the oblique tubes, front and back, sit on iron sole plates built into the
side walls. The furnace is constructed right underneath the inclined
tubes, and the flame passing up amongst them is divided by plates, in
order to disperse the heat properly amongst the tubes. Easy access can
be had to any of the inclined tubes by taking out the plugs in the
oblique tubes opposite them. If any of the inclined tubes get burned
they can be taken out through the front plug holes in the front row of
the oblique tubes, and another inserted in a short time.
The steam may be superheated by putting a coil of pipes into the
flues and passing the steam through it, from whence it is conducted to
the bottom of the pulping boiler, where the superheated steam is let
into the pulp boiler among the ley or caustic soda liquor, and the wood
or other fibrous substance to be boiled. Or the steam may be taken
direct from the generator to the bottom of the pulp boiler and let in
amongst the liquor and fibrous substances to be boiled, without being
superheated.
In place of the generator being placed in the position herein-before
set forth it may be placed vertically, in which case the two rows of oval
tubes are placed horizontally or nearly so, one row above the other, and
a number of vertical tubes of smaller diameter placed so as to effect
communication between them, the said tubes being inserted through
plug holes, and fixed in position in the oval tubes in the manner herein-
1 2

page_text: before set forth. The feed water is under this arrangement conducted
into an oval tube placed across and attached to the ends of the lower
row of the horizontal tubes into which the water is discharged as
required, and a similar tube is placed across the top of the horizontal
tubes to receive the steam generated in these tubes: One or more large
tubes may be connected to this receiver for storage of steam. The
vertical tubes are divided into two or three spaces by division plates for
dispersing the flame amongst the tubes.
The wood pulping boilers used under this Invention are preferably of
the vertical type. A branch pipe is connected to the lowest part of the
wood pulping boiler, and a steam pipe is connected to the steam chest
of the generator, and in this branch pipe there is a stop valve connected
to the steam pipe, and also a back pressure valve to prevent the ley
from passing out of the wood pulping boiler into the generator. After
the wood or other fibrous substance has been boiled with the alkaline
solution or caustic soda liquor which is called ley, the ley is blown off
through pipes into one or more vertical, square, oblong, or other shaped
tanks or boilers. Each such tank or boiler is constructed with a square,
oblong, or other shaped fire-box inside it. When it is made square or
oblong shaped, a large number of tubes are inserted into it, and, by
preference, placed at an angle to insure a better circulation of the
boiling ley inside them. These tubes are divided off into two, three, or
more compartments by plates put between every two, three, or other
number of rows of tubes, in order to disperse the flame or products of
combustion properly amongst the tubes. A tube large enough to convey
away the smoke or spent products of combustion is connected to the top
of the fire-box, and is taken through the end or side of the tank or
boiler and connected to a flue leading to a chimney, or the products of
combustion may be discharged through the tube into the atmosphere.
A cleaning doorway is situate in the side of each tank or boiler and fire-
box, to admit of the soot being cleaned out from amongst the outside of
the tubes.
Another arrangement of the fire-boxes or flues consists in constructing
inside each tank or boiler three or more compartments placed one above
the other, and communicating with each other. These compartments
are made wide, and shallow, and preferably deep enough to allow a man
to pass up through them for the purpose of cleaning or repairing them.
They extend to within a short distance of each end of the tank, and are

page_text: inclined at an angle, so that when the flame passes in at the bottom
flue or compartment at one end it escapes along the other end, and then
enters into the second flue or compartment from the bottom along the
opposite end of it, where it enters the third flue or compartment from
the bottom, and so on, until it reaches the top of the fire-box or upper
flue, where it is conducted through the side or end of the tank or boiler
by a tube into a flue, and conducted thence to a chimney or discharged
by a vertical flue situate in the top of the fire-box into the atmosphere.
A number of small tubes may be arranged in rows in each of these
flues or compartments, and connected to the upper and lower plates
of each of the lower flues or compartments. These tubes communicate
with the ley in the tank or boiler, so that the ley will be in the
inside of the tubes, and the flame will pass round the outside of them. '
:
Two upright tanks or boilers are preferably placed side by side above
four roasters or hearths, two being underneath each tank or boiler. One
roaster or hearth is placed above the other, and a wall formed between the
roasters or hearths divides them into two sets side by side, and in the
front end of each such set a furnace is constructed. The roasters or
hearths are built of fire-brick, and are bound all round with iron plates,
binders, and tie-rods. There is a door in the end of each of the upper
roasters or hearths at the opposite end from the furnace for putting a
rake through to stir up the roasting ash or boiling ley, and two doors are
situate at the same end of each of the lower roasters or hearths, one of
which is smaller than the other, the smaller one being placed above in
order that a rake may be passed into the hearth or roaster to spread and
stir up the ash while it is burning. The larger doorway is for withdrawing
the ash when it is ready. A small furnace is constructed in the side or
end walls of each of the lower roasters or hearths, and a fire is kept up
in this small furnace to ignite the gases as they arise from the burning
ash in the lower roasters or bearths. A hole or opening is constructed
in the sole of each of the upper roasters or hearths opposite the furnace
end for passing or dropping the ash from the upper roasters to the lower
one, and a hole or opening is also constructed in each of the arches,
which form the crowns of the upper roasters at the ends opposite the
furnaces through which the flame passes from the roasters or hearths into
the flues or fire-boxes of the tanks or boilers.
When the wood or other fibrous substance has been properly boiled in
the pulp boilers the spent ley is blown through pipes into the tanks or

page_text: boilers herein-before described, and when sufficient ley to fill up the tanks
or boilers to a short distance above the tops of the fire-boxes has been
blown thereinto the furnaces in the upper roasters or hearths are lighted,
and a portion of ley being also run into the upper roasters or hearths,
the flames from the furnaces pass over the ley and thence up through the
holes or openings in the arches and enter the flues or fire-boxes of the
tanks or boilers, thence passing up through them into the chimney. The
spent ley is boiled down and thickened in the tanks or boilers, and a pipe
and cock is attached to the bottom of each tank or boiler for running the
thick ley out of the tanks or boilers into the upper roasters or hearths,
where it is finally boiled and dried until it begins to burn. After it is
properly ignited it is raked together and dropped down through the hole.
or opening into the lower roaster or hearth, where it burns and purifies
itself. All the flames and gases which arise from the roasting ash in'
both roasters or hearths pass up through the holes in the arches into
the flues or fire-boxes of the tanks or boilers, so that none of the heat is
lost except the spent heat which passes on to the chimney. A door is
formed in one end of each of the tanks or boilers directly opposite the
highest end of the inclined tubes or flues in the fire-box. This door is
provided for the purpose of getting at the tubes to clean out the inside of
them or replace them if required.
Under another arrangement of the tanks or boilers only one hearth or
roaster is employed in conjunction therewith, kilns being substituted
for the other hearths or roasters, and which are arranged at the sides of
the tanks or boilers. A pan is placed on the upper ends of each kiln,
into which spent ley is discharged, and small furnaces are situate at one
side or end of each kiln. At the sides or ends of the kilns opposite to
the furnaces flues are constructed which communicate with the hearths
or roasters, so that all the heat from the furnaces in the kilns after
passing along the under sides of the pans is delivered into the hearths or
roasters, from whence it passes up through the flues or fire-boxes situate
in the interior of the tanks or boilers as herein-before described.
When the ash as been sufficiently dried or roasted in the hearths or
roasters it is withdrawn therefrom through suitable doorways into the
kilns, wherein it is burnt and purified. After the ley contained in the
pans on the upper ends of the kilns has been partially evaporated by the
heat passing under it it is discharged into the hearths or roasters and
thereafter treated as herein-before set forth.

page_text: A wall is built all round the outside of the tanks or boilers herein-
before described, or they are covered with a non-conducting cement or
material to prevent the radiation of heat. And a door is also placed
opposite each end of the angled flues, in the tanks or boilers, and through
the walls or non-conducting cement or material for cleaning out the soot.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said George Sinclair in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 6th June 1873.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, GEORGE
SINCLAIR, of Leith, in the County of Mid Lothian, North Britain, send
greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by. Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Seventh day of December, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-two, in the 36th
year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give
and grant unto me, the said George Sinclair, Her special license that I,
the said George Sinclair, my executors, administrators, and assigns, or
such others as I, the said George Sinclair, my executors, administrators,
and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others, from time to
time and at all times thereafter during the term therein expressed,
should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands,
and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR
PULPING FIBROUS SUBSTANCES AND FOR EVAPORATING LIQUIDS, PART OR PARTS
OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE APPLICABLE TO STEAM GENERATORS," upon the
condition (amongst others) that I, the said George Sinclair, by
an instrument in writing under my hand and seal, should par-
ticularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in
what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be
filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next
and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said George Sinclair, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the

page_text: following statement, reference being had to the accompanying Drawings
and to the letters and figures marked thereon, that is to say :-
My said Invention which relates to improvements in apparatus for
boiling, wood, esparto, straw, and other fibrous substances into pulp, and
for recovering the alkali used therein consists as regards the pulping
apparatus in employing in conjunction with the pulping boiler an
improved arrangement of tubular high pressure steam generator, from
which steam is blown into the pulping boiler for the purpose of reducing
the material contained therein.
The high pressure steam generator herein-after described is also
applicable to other purposes wherein a high pressure of steam is required
and it consists of two rows of oval tubes placed in an oblique vertical
direction one row of which is situate behind the other, communication
being effected between them by smaller tubes which are inclined at an
angle. The inner flat side of each oval tube is for allowing the inclined
tubes to be fastened into it, and the front flat side is formed for plug
holes which are a little larger in diameter than the diameter of the
inclined tubes, and through which the said tubes are passed into their
places. A tube expander is passed through the plug holes in the oval
tubes into the mouth of each inclined tube to expand and secure it. in
the oval tube.
The plugs for filling up the plug holes may either be made of cast or
wrought iron, or steel, or any other suitable material. If made of cast
iron they are cast with a malleable iron screw stud in the centre. The
plugs are conical or tapered and turned to a smooth surface, and are put
into their places from the inside of each oval tube so that the higher the
pressure becomes in the generator the plugs are forced tighter into their
places. Each oval tube has a hole, which may also be oval in the upper
end, large enough to admit of the plugs being put in through it and
guided to their places, which being effected, a metallic ferrule or thimble
a little larger in diameter than the plug is put over the stud end of the
plug, then a flat washer with a hole in the centre of it to allow the point
of the stud to pass through it. This washer is put up against the ferrule,
after which a nut is put on the stud and screwed tightly up, whereby
the stud is drawn into the hole and thus the hole is made tight. The
plug holes in the top of the oval tubes if made oval have oval plugs to
fit them. These plugs are passed into the tubes with the long narrow

page_text: edge of the plug passing in through the widest part of the oval hole, the
plugs are then turned round and drawn up into their places, when an
oval ferrule or thimble, and washer and nut are put on, after which the
plug is screwed tightly up. It is preferred to cast the ferrules or
thimbles and washers in one piece.
An oval tube lies across the bottom of the back row of oval tubes before
referred to, to which it is connected by short tubes. This cross tube
receives the feed water and from, it the whole of the water tubes are
supplied. Another similar tube to receive the steam lies across the upper
part of the front set of oval tubes to each of which it is connected by
short tubes which are fastened in the same manner as the inclined tubes
herein-before referred to. One or more large tubes or steam chests is
or are connected to the steam receiving tube, above which it or they
is or are situated, and a steam pipe and safety valve are provided in
connection therewith.
A water cistern or tank may be placed on the top of the generator
which may be heated by the waste heat passing from the generator on
its way to the chimney. This cistern or tank supplies the generator with
hot water by means of a feed pump connected to it and to the generator.
The generator is preferably set in brickwork, and the bottoms of the
oblique tubes both at the front and back rest on iron sole plates built
into the side walls. The furnace is situated immediately beneath the
inclined tubes, and the flame passing up amongst them is divided by
plates in order to disperse the heat properly amongst the tubes. Easy
access can be had to any of the inclined tubes by taking out the plugs
in the tubes opposite them. If any of the inclined tubes become
burned or otherwise injured, they are removed through the front plug.
holes in the front row of tubes and others inserted in a short time.
The steam may be superheated by putting a coil of pipes into the flues
and passing the steam through it, from whence it is conducted to any
place required. If used for pulping it is conducted to the bottom of the
pulping boiler where the superheated steam is let in among the ley or
caustic soda liquor, and the wood or other fibrous substance to be boiled
therein, or the steam may be taken direct from the generator to the bottom
of the pulp boiler and let in amongst the liquor and fibrous substances
to be boiled without being superheated.
In place of the generator being placed in the position herein-before set
forth it may be placed vertically, in which case the two rows of oval

page_text: tubes are placed horizontally, or nearly so, one row above the other, and
a number of vertical tubes of smaller diameter are placed so as to effect
communication between them, the said tubes being inserted through plug
holes and fixed in position in the oval tubes in the manner herein-before
set forth. The feed water is under this arrangement conducted into an
oval tube placed across and attached to the ends of the lower row of the
horizontal tubes, into which the water is discharged as required, and a
similar tube is placed across the top of the horizontal tubes to receive
the steam generated in these tubes. One or more large tubes may be
connected to this receiver for storage of steam. The vertical tubes are
divided into two or three spaces by division plates for dispersing the
flames amongst the tubes.
The wood pulping boilers used under this Invention are preferably of
the vertical type. A branch pipe is connected to the lowest part of the
wood pulping boiler, and a steam pipe is connected to the steam chest
of the generator; and in this branch pipe there is a stop valve con-
nected to the steam pipe, and also a back pressure valve to prevent the
ley from passing out of the wood pulping boiler into the generator.
After the wood or other fibrous substance has been boiled with the
alkaline solution or caustic soda liquor (otherwise called ley) the ley is
blown off through pipes into one or more vertical, square, oblong, or
other shaped tanks or boilers. Each such tank or boiler is constructed
with a square, oblong, or other shaped fire-box inside it. When it is
made square or oblong shaped a large number of tubes are inserted into
it, and, by preference, placed at an angle to insure a better circulation of
the boiling ley inside them. These tubes are divided off into two, three,
or more compartments by plates put between every two, three, or other
number of rows of tubes in order to disperse the flame or products of
combustion properly amongst the tubes. A tube large enough to
convey away the smoke` or spent products of combustion is connected
to the top of the fire-box and is taken through the end or side of the
tank or boiler and connected to a flue leading to a chimney, or the
products of combustion may be discharged through the tube into the
atmosphere. A cleaning doorway is situate in the side of each tank or
boiler and fire-box to admit of the soot being cleaned out from amongst
the outside of the tubes.
Another arrangement of the fire-boxes or flues consists in constructing
inside each tank or boiler three or more compartments, placed one above

page_text: the other, and communicating with each other. These compartments
are made wide, and preferably deep enough to allow a man to pass up
through them for the purpose of cleaning or repairing them. They
extend to "within a short distance of each end of the tank, and are in-
clined at an angle, so that when the flame passes in at the bottom
flue or compartment at one end, it escapes along to the other end, and
then enters into the second flue or compartment from the bottom, and
passes along to the opposite end of it, where it enters the third flue or
compartment from the bottom, and so on until it reaches the top of the
fire-box or upper flue, where it is conducted through the side or end of
the tank or boiler by a tube into a flue, and thence to a chimney, or it
is discharged by a vertical flue situate in the top of the fire-box into the
atmosphere. A number of small tubes may be arranged in rows in each
of these flues or compartments, and connected to the upper and lower
plates of each of the lower flues or compartments. These tubes com-
municate with the ley in the tank or boiler, so that the ley is inside the
tubes, and the flame passes round the outside of them. Two upright
tanks or boilers are preferably placed side by side above four roasters or
hearths, two being underneath each tank or boiler. One roaster or
hearth is placed above the other, and a wall formed between the roasters
or hearths divides them into two sets, side by side, and in the front end
of each such set a furnace is constructed. The roasters or hearths are
built of fire-brick, and are bound round with iron plates, binders, and
tie rods. A door is situated in the end of each of the upper roasters or
hearths, at the opposite end from the furnace, for putting a rake through
to stir up the roasting ash or boiling ley, and two doors are situate at the
same end of each of the lower roasters or hearths, one of which is
smaller than the other, the smaller one being placed above in order that
a rake may be passed into the hearth or roaster to spread and stir up the
ash while it is burning. The larger doorway is for withdrawing the ash
when it is ready. A small furnace is constructed in the side or end
wall of each of the lower roasters or hearths, and a fire is kept up in
this small furnace to ignite the gases as they arise from the burning ash
in the lower roasters or hearths. An opening is situate in the sole of
each of the upper roasters or hearths opposite the furnace end for
passing or dropping the ash through from the upper roasters to the
lower ones, and a hole or opening is also placed in each of the arches
which form the crowns of the upper roasters, at the ends opposite the
furnaces through which the flame passes from the roasters or hearths

page_text: into the flues or fire-boxes of the tanks or boilers. When sufficient ley
to fill up the tanks or boilers to a short distance above the tops of the
fire-boxes has been blown thereinto, the furnaces in the upper roasters
or hearths are lighted, and a portion of ley being also run into the upper
roasters or hearts, the flames from the furnaces pass over the ley, and
thence up through the holes or openings in the arches, and enter the
flues or fire-boxes of the tanks or boilers, thence passing up through
them into the chimney. The spent ley is boiled down and thickened in
the tanks or boilers, and a pipe and cock are attached to the bottom of
each tank or boiler for running the thick ley out of the tanks or boilers
into the upper roasters or hearths, where it is finally boiled and dried
until it begins to burn. After it is properly ignited it is raked together
and dropped down through the hole or opening into the lower roaster or
hearth, where it burns and purifies itself. The flames and gases which
arise from the roasting ash in both roasters or hearths pass up through
the holes in the arches and the flues or fire-boxes of the tanks or boilers,
so that none of the heat is lost except the spent heat which passes on to
the chimney. A door is formed in one end of each of the tanks or
boilers directly opposite the highest end of the inclined tubes or flues in
the fire-box. This door is provided for the purpose of getting at the
tubes to clean out the inside of them, or replace them if required.
Under another arrangement of the tanks or boilers only one hearth
or roaster is employed in conjunction therewith, kilns being substituted
for the other hearths or roasters, and which are arranged at the sides
of the tanks or boilers. A pan or shallow vessel is placed on the upper
ends of each kiln into which spent ley is discharged, and small furnaces
are situate at one side or end of each kiln. At the sides or ends of
the kilns opposite to the furnaces, flues are constructed which com-
municate with the hearths or roasters, so that all the heat from
the furnaces in the kilns, after passing along the under sides of the pans,
is delivered into the hearths or roasters from whence it passes up
through the flues or fire-boxes situate at the interior of the tanks or
boilers, as herein-before described.
When the ash has been sufficiently dried or roasted in the hearths or
roasters it is withdrawn therefrom through doorways into the kilns,
wherein it is burned and purified. After the ley contained in the pans
on the upper ends of the kilns has been partially evaporated by the
heat passing under it, it is discharged into the hearths or roasters, and

page_text: thereafter treated as herein-before set forth. A wall is built all round
the outside of the tanks or boilers herein-before described, or they are
covered with a non-conducting cement or material to prevent the
radiation of heat, and a door is also placed opposite each end of the
angled flues, in the tanks or boilers, and through the walls or non-
conducting cement or material; for cleaning out the soot.
And in order that my said Invention may be properly understood I
now proceed more particularly to set forth the system, mode, or manner,
in or under which the same is or may be used or practically carried into
effect, that is to say:-
On Sheet 1 of the Drawings hereunto appended my improved high
pressure steam generator is illustrated in front elevation, and in
conjunction with a vertical pulping boiler at Figure 1; the pulping
boiler A in the Figure referred to being shewn in vertical section;
Figure 2, Sheet 1, is a longitudinal section of the high pressure
steam generator, on the line a, a, Figure 1; and Figure 3 represents
in horizontal section two pulping boilers A, A, connected to the high
pressure steam generator, the tubes constituting the latter being shewn
in plan. The generator consists of two parallel rows of oval tubes B
and C respectively, which are placed obliquely in vertical planes.
Into the inner flat sides 6 of each oval tube, one extremity of a smaller
inclined tube D is secured, and thus communication is effected between
the two rows of tubes B and C. Holes or openings are formed in the
outer flat sides c of the oval tubes B, C, through which the tubes D
are passed into their required positions, a hole or opening being formed.
opposite the position occupied by each tube D, as more particularly
seen at Figure 2, Sheet 1. A tube expander is passed through each
hole in the outer flat sides of the oval tubes B and C, into the mouths or
open ends of the inclined tubes D, to expand and secure them in their
proper positions, which being effected the holes in the tubes B and C
are closed by means of conical or tapered plugs e, one of which is shewn
drawn to an enlarged scale at Figure 4, Sheet 1, of the Drawings.
The plugs e, which may be of cast iron, wrought iron, or steel, or
of any other suitable material, are each formed with a screw stud d, as
more particularly seen at Figure 4, Sheet 1, and they are passed
through holes or openings in the upper ends of the tubes B and C into
the interior of the said tubes, from whence they arc passed into the

page_text: holes or openings which they are intended to close, after which a
ferrule, thimble, or cap f is placed over the stud d, as shewn. The
ferrules, thimbles, or caps f, are made somewhat larger than the
conical plugs e, and are placed with their inner surfaces resting against
the outer flat sides c of the tubes B and C. Rings or washers g are
formed or placed on the outer surfaces of the ferrules, thimbles, or
caps f, against which nuts placed on the outer extremities of the
studs d are screwed so that the plugs e are drawn tightly up into the
holes or openings in the tubes B, C. After the holes or openings in
the outer flat surfaces e of the tubes B, C, have been closed in the
manner herein-before described, the holes in the upper ends of the
tubes B and C are closed by plugs h put into the interior of the tubes
by passing the narrow ends of the plugs through the widest portions
of the holes or openings, the plugs h are then turned round so as to
correspond with the holes or openings and drawn upwards, after which,
oval ferrules, thimbles, or caps and washers, are placed over the screwed
studs, and the plugs secured by means of nuts k, as herein-before set
forth.
It is preferred to form the ferrules, thimbles, or caps and washers in
one piece as shewn by the detailed view Figure 4, Sheet 1. An oval 1
tube E to receive the feed water is placed transversely in rear of the
lower extremities of the oval tubes C, to each of which it is connected
by means of a short tube as shewn at Figure 2, Sheet 1, of the
Drawings. The feed water is forced as required through the tubes
into the tubes c, thence circulating through the tubes B and D, and
another similar oval tube F to receive the steam generated in the
tubes B, C, and D is placed transversely in rear of the upper extremities
of the oval tubes B to each of which it is connected by a short tube m.
as shewn at Figure 2, Sheet 1. The short tubes 1 and m are passed into
their positions and connected to the tubes B and C in the manner
herein-before described in reference to the inclined tubes D: A tube or
steam chest G is situate above and connected to the steam receiving
tube F, as shewn at Figures 1 and 2, Sheet 1, and a steam pipe H and
safety valve I are provided in connection with the tube or steam
chest G, as shewn. A water cistern or tank J is placed above the
inclined tubes D, the water contained in which is heated by the products
of combustion after such have circulated amongst the tubes B, C,
and D, and are on their way to the flue or chimney K. The cistern or

page_text: tank J is connected to the oval tube E (which connection however is
not shewn on the Drawings), from whence the heated feed water is
injected into the tubes of the generator by means of a force pump or
other similar apparatus, or the feed water may be otherwise supplied to
the oval tube E. The arrangement of tubes constituting the high.
pressure steam generator herein-before described is set in brickwork,
the lower extremities of the oval tubes B and C resting on sole plates o
built into the side walls, as shewn at Figures 1 and 2, Sheet 1. Underneath
the inclined tubes D a furnace or fire-grate L is situate, the flame and
products of combustion proceeding from which are caused to circulate
backwards and forwards amongst the tubes D by means of plates p,
whereby the heat is equally distributed amongst the tubes, the products
of combustion thereafter being conducted through the flue K to the
chimney, or discharged into the atmosphere through a vertical flue, the
position of which is illustrated in dotted lines at M, Figure 2, Sheet 1.
The steam generated in the pipes B, C, and D may be superheated
before being conducted into the steam chest G by passing it through a
coil of pipes placed in a convenient position to be heated by the
products of combustion on their way to the chimney, or the steam may
be conducted direct into the steam chest, and from thence through the
pipe H into the lower part of the pulping boiler A wherein the wood,
esparto, straw, or other fibrous substance is boiled or treated. From the
lower part of the boiler A the steam passes upwards through the vertical
pipe O, through perforations formed in which it passes into the close
space of the boiler, and therein is distributed amongst the wood or other
fibrous substance, and the caustic soda, liquor, or ley employed in
reducing or treating the same. The steam is supplied to the pulping
boiler A at a high pressure (preferably of from 100 to 250 pounds per
square inch), and is allowed to circulate amongst the wood or other
fibrous substance and the ley until the wood or other substance has been
sufficiently boiled, after which the greater portion of the ley is blown off
by steam pressure through the branch pipe x, situate at the upper end
of the boiler A, and is thereby conducted to the evaporating apparatus
herein-before described. A back pressure valve r is provided in the
steam pipe H, communicating with the steam generator, in order to
prevent the ley from being blown by the pressure of steam into the said
generator.
→

page_text: vertical section at Figure 1, Sheet 2 of the Drawings, the upper rows of
tubes A, by which the front and back rows B, C, of oval tubes are con-
nected together are placed horizontally in lieu of being inclined, as
herein before described and shewn at Figure 2, Sheet 1 of the Drawings:
By means of this arrangement a rapid circulation of the water towards the
back row C of oval tubes is promoted, thereby preventing "priming,"
and allowing of the steam generated in the tubes to pass freely into the
steam chest D, which under this arrangement is attached to the upper
extremities of the front row B of oval tubes, in lieu of being attached to
an oval tube placed in rear of the tubes B, as herein-before described.
In the generator now under reference an oval hole is formed in each of
the oval tubes opposite the position occupied by the upper row of
tubes A, through which hole the plugs a are passed into their places, the
oval hole being thereafter closed by an oval plug b. Figure 2, Sheet 2,
is a vertical section of one-half of the connection employed in attaching
the steam chest D and feed water tube E to the front and back row of
oval tubes B and C. The outer extremities of the connecting tubes F
are formed conical, as shewn, the conical part being drawn up tightly
against the hole formed in the oval tubes B, C, and in the steam chest D,
or feed water tube E, by means of a nut e screwed on the tube F, and
bearing upon a ferrule or ring c, as shewn.
It is preferred to employ this arrangement of connecting the steam
chest and feed water tube to the steam generator in lieu of that herein-
before described and shewn on Sheet 1. A shelf or diaphragm G,
composed of slabs of fire-clay or other suitable material is situate under-
neath the horizontal tubes A, and which is supported upon bars of T iron
fixed in the side walls surrounding the steam generator. Underneath
the diaphragm G an opening H is made in each side of the wall, through
which the products of combustion, after being dispersed by the plates d
amongst the tubes, are conducted away from the generator.
In lieu of placing the steam generator in the position shewn at
Figures 1, 2, and 3, Sheet 1, and at Figure 1, Sheet 2 of the Drawings,
it may be placed vertically, in which case the oval tubes are placed
horizontally or nearly so, one row being situate above the other, and a
number of vertical tubes of smaller diameter placed so as to effect
communication between the said oval tubes, these vertical tubes being
inserted into position through holes in the oval tubes, which are after-
wards closed by plugs in the manner herein-before described. The feed

page_text: water is under this arrangement conducted into an oval tube, placed
across and attached to the ends of the lower row of horizontal oval
tubes, into which the water is forced as required, and a similar tube is
placed across the top of the upper row of horizontal oval tubes to receive
the steam generated in the tubes. One or more tubes may be connected
to this receiver for storage of steam, and plates of metal are placed
between the vertical tubes of the generator for the purpose of dispersing
the heat equally amongst them.
It is to be here understood that the method of closing the holes in the
oval tubes of the steam generator, formed to allow of the inclined or
vertical tubes being with facility passed into their places, is also appli-
cable to arragements of tubular steam generators other than those
herein-before described and in part illustrated on Sheets 1 and 2 of the
Drawings hereunto appended. The caustic soda liquor or ley on being
blown into the pipe x is conducted from thence into an evaporator, one
modification of which; constructed in accordance with this Invention, is
illustrated in vertical section at Figure 5, Sheet 1, in horizontal section
on the line e, f, Figure 5, at Figure 6, and in transverse sections on the
lines a, b, and c, d, Figure 5, at Figures 7 and 8, Sheet 1, the evaporator
as shewn by these Figures consists of a vertical open topped tank or
boiler, divided into two compartments A, B, in each of which a fire-box
or flue C is situate, the construction thereof being more particularly seen
at Figure 5.
:
The fire-boxes or flues C are preferably made wide and deep enough to
allow a man to pass up through the interior for the purpose of cleaning
or repairing them. A number of tubes D are arranged in rows within
the fire-boxes or flues C, as shewn at Figure 5, Sheet 1, and which are
open at each end to the ley contained in the compartments A, B, of the
tank or boiler. Under each compartment of the tank or boiler two
roasters or hearths E and F respectively are situate, a wall G being
formed between the roasters or hearths. At one end of each of the
upper roasters or hearths E a furnace or fire-grate H is situate, the heat
proceeding from which passes through a hole or opening a in the upper
side of the hearth or roaster, from whence it passes into the flue or fire-
box C in connection therewith, and partially evaporates the spent ley
contained in the compartments A, B, and tubes D. The ley thus
partially evaporated becomes thickened or concentrated, and is then con-
ducted through pipes b, shewn at Figures 7 and S, Sheet 1, into the

page_text: upper hearths or roasters E, wherein it is further evaporated and dried
by the heat passing over it from the furnaces or fire-grates H.
Doorways I are placed in the ends of the hearths or roasters E,
opposite to the furnaces or fire-grates H, as shewn at Figure 5, Sheet 1,
through which the attendant may pass in a tool to stir up the boiling
ley or roasting ash resulting therefrom, and doorways x for a similar
purpose are also formed in the sides of the hearths or roasters E, as
shown at Figure 8. When the ley has been finally evaporated, and the
resulting ash begins to burn in the hearths or roasters E, it is raked
through holes or openings c formed in the soles of the said hearths or
roasters into the other hearths or roasters F situate underneath, wherein
the ash is burned and purified by the heat proceeding from small
furnaces or fire-places J situate in the sides of the hearths or roasters as
shewn. The gases proceeding from the burning ash are ignited by the
heat from the small furnaces J, and the flames and products of com-
bustion pass off through the openings cand a into the flues or firc-
boxes C.
'
In lieu of placing the small furnaces J in the sides of the hearths or
roasters F, as shewn, they may be placed in one of the ends thereof.
Two doorways, K and L respectively, are situate in one end of each of
the lower hearths or roasters F, the upper and smaller one K of which is
provided for the purpose of passing a tool into the hearths or roasters F
to stir up the burning ash contained therein, and through the lower and
larger doorways L the ash is withdrawn from the hearths or roasters
when it has been sufficiently burned and purified as herein-before
described. Trap doors d are provided at each bend or turn of the flues
or fire-boxes C, as shewn at Figure 5, Sheet 1, for the purpose of gaining
access to the interior of the flues or fire-boxes, and a funnel or tube M
is connected to the upper end of each flue or fire-box C, through which
the products of combustion and fumes from the roasting ash are dis-
charged into the atmosphere, or the funnels or tubes M may be
connected to a chimney.
Under another arrangement of the fire-box or flue, illustrated in
longitudinal section at Figure 9, and in end elevation at Figure 10,
Sheet 1, the fire-box A consists of an oblong box, in the interior of
which a number of tubes B are situate, these tubes being inclined and
open at each end so as to afford a free passage through them for
the spent ley contained in the compartments C, D, of the tank or
boiler E.

page_text: Plates & are placed at the interiors of the fire-boxes A, as shewn at
Figure 9, so as to circulate and disperse the heat equally amongst the
tubes B, and a doorway N is situate in each side of the tank or boiler E,
and in one side of each of the fire-boxes A, so as to allow of the soot
being cleaned off from the outside of the tubes B. A similar doorway O
is also formed in the side of the tank or boiler opposite the higher ends
of the tubes B for the purpose of cleaning out the interiors of the tubes
or of replacing them when required.
Under another arrangement of the evaporator, illustrated in longitu-
dinal section at Figure 3, and in transverse section on the line a, b,
Figure 3, at Figure 4, Sheet 2, of the Drawings, a furnace or fire-grate A
is situate at the corresponding end of each of the upper and lower hearths
or roasters B and C respectively, into which ley is conducted from the
tank or boiler D by the pipe c situate at the end of the evaporator
opposite to the furnaces or fire-grates A, and provided with branches d
leading to each of the hearths or roasters, as shewn. From the lower
hearths or roasters C the fumes arising from the roasting ash, and the
products of combustion from the furnace A. pass up through the holes or
openings e into the upper roasters or hearths B, and from thence
together with the fumes and products of combustion from the roasters B
through the holes or openings f into the fire-boxes E, from whence they
are conducted through the side of the tank or boiler by the flue F.
Plugs similar to those herein-before described in reference to the steam
generators are inserted into holes formed in the ends of the tanks or
boilers D opposite the higher ends of the tubes in the fire-boxes E, as
shewn at Figure 3, Sheet 1, in order to afford facility of access to the
tubes when such require to be removed or repaired.
Doorways I are formed in the sides of the tanks or boilers D to afford
access to the outsides of the fire-boxes, as shewn at Figure 4.
In lieu of placing both furnaces at the same end of the hearths or
roasters, one or more of the furnaces or fire-grates may be situate in the
opposite end of the lower hearth or roaster. Under this arrangement
the ash, after being partially dried and burned in the upper hearth or
roaster, is withdrawn therefrom through the doorway situate in the end
thereof on to an inclined shute, down which it is conducted to the lower
hearth or roaster, and is therein finally burned and purified. Flues or
passages are formed in the side walls of the lower hearths or roasters, by

page_text: which the fumes and products of combustion are led into the upper
roasters or hearths, being discharged thereinto at the end whereat the
furnace or fire-grate is situate, or these may be led through an opening
in the fire-bridge of the upper furnace.
Under another arrangement of the evaporator, illustrated in vertical
section at Figure 1, Sheet 3, of the Drawings, in horizontal section on
the line a, b, Figure 1, at Figure 2, and in half transverse section on the
lines c, d, and e, f, at Figures 3 and 4, the lower hearth or roaster pro-
vided in conjunction with each compartment of the tank or boiler shewn
on Sheets 1 and 2, is dispensed with, and a kiln or roaster B, situate at
the side of the hearth or roaster C, is employed in lieu thereof. A pan
or shallow vessel D is placed on the upper end of each kiln B, into which
spent ley is discharged, and a furnace E is situate at the end of each kiln
or roaster B corresponding to the end whereat the furnace or fire-grate F
of the hearth or roaster O is situate, as shewn at Figures 2 and 3,
Sheet 3; or the furnaces E may be situate at the opposite end or at the
outer side of each kiln or roaster B. An opening x is formed in the side
of each hearth or roaster C, which communicates with the adjoining kiln
or roaster B, and through which the fumes of the roasting ash and the
products of combustion from the kilns or roasters B escape after passing
under the bottom of the pan D, and partially evaporating the ley
contained therein, into the hearths or roasters C, and thence into the
flues or fire-boxes H, wherein the residual heat is still further utilized
in assisting the evaporating of the ley contained in the tank or
boiler A.
The ash produced by evaporating the spent ley in the hearths or
roasters C, after being sufficiently dried therein, and when it begins to
burn, is withdrawn from the hearths or roasters C through doorways I
situate in the ends thereof opposite to the furnaces F, as shewn at
Figures 1 and 2, Sheet 3, on to inclined shutes J, down which the ash
passes and enters the kilns or roasters B, wherein it is burned and purified
and is thereafter withdrawn through the doorway K.
A branch pipe t is provided in connection with each pan D, as shewn,
through which the partially evaporated ley contained in the pan is
discharged when desired into the pipes ụ communicating between each
compartment of the tank or boiler A and the hearths or roasters C.
The tanks or boilers of the evaporators, herein-before described and
shewn on Sheets 1, 2, and 3 of the Drawings, are set in brickwork, or

page_text: they are covered with a non-conducting cement, to prevent the radiation
of heat, and the hearth or roasters and kilns are bound round with iron
plates, binders, and ties, as shewn on Sheet 1 of the Drawings.
In lieu of two hearths or roasters placed one above the other, as
herein-before described and shewn on Sheets 1 and 2 of the Drawings,
three or any other suitable number of such hearths or roasters may be
so employed.
.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of my
said Invention, and the system, mode, or manner in or under which the
same is or may be used or carried out in practice, I would observe in
conclusion that I do not claim as forming part of my said Invention, the
pulping boiler, illustrated in conjunction with the high-pressure steam
generator herein-before described and shewn at Figures 1, 2, and 3,
Sheet 1, of the Drawings; what, however, I do consider to be novel and
original, and therefore claim as the Invention secured to me by the
herein-before in part recited Letters Patent is,―
First. The general arrangement and construction of high-pressure
steam generators, herein-before described and shewn at Figures 1, 2,
and 3, Sheet 1, and at Figure 1, Sheet 2, of the Drawings, and the
employment thereof in conjunction with boilers wherein wood, esparto,
straw, and other fibrous substances are treated in the manufacture of
paper pulp, and for other purposes for which high pressure of steam is
required.
Second. Closing the holes formed in the larger tubes of the steam
generator, for the purpose set forth, by means of conical or tapered plugs
passed into position from the interior of the tubes, as herein-before
described and shewn at Figures 1, 2, and 3, and more particularly at
Figure 4, Sheet 1, of the Drawings.
Third. The employment of the conical or tapered plugs in conjunction
with tubular high-pressure steam generators generally.
Fourth. The conical mouthed connecting tubes F, and the employment
thereof for uniting the parts of steam generators together, as herein-
before described and shewn at Figures 1 and 2, Sheet 2.
Fifth. The several arrangements of evaporators, herein-before described
and shewn at Figures 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, Sheet 1, at Figures 3 and 4,

page_text: Sheet 2, and at Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4, Sheet 3 of the appended Drawings,
or any mere modification thereof, and the employment of two, three, or
more hearths or roasters with furnaces below the evaporators, as herein-
before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said George Sinclair, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Fifth day of June One thousand eight
hundred and seventy-three.
GEORGE SINCLAIR. (L.S.)