IM- PROVEMENTS IN THAT APPARATUS FOR RAISING AND FORCING FLUIDS AND FEEDING STEAM BOILERS KNOWN AS 'GIFFARD'S INJECTOR
Year: 1864

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to John Robinson, of the Atlas Works, in the City
of Manchester, and County of Lancaster, Mechanical Engineer, and
James Gresham; of the same Place, Machinist, for the Invention of "IM-
PROVEMENTS IN THAT APPARATUS FOR RAISING AND FORCING FLUIDS AND
FEEDING STEAM BOILERS KNOWN AS 'GIFFARD'S INJECTOR.'"
Sealed the 25th April 1865, and dated the 10th November 1864.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said John Robinson and James
Gresham at the, Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with their
Petition, on the 10th November 1864.
We, JOHN ROBINSON, of the Atlas Works, in the City of Manchester, and
County of Lancaster, Mechanical Engineer, and JAMES GRESHAM, of the same
Place, Machinist, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "Im-
PROVEMENTS IN THAT APPARATUS FOR RAISING AND FORCING FLUIDS AND FEEDING
STEAM BOILERS KNOWN AS 'GIFFARD'S INJECTOR,'" to be as follows:-
Hitherto Giffard's injector, (Patent No. 1665, dated 23rd. July 1858),
has been constructed in various ways so as to effect an adjustment of the
annular spaces for steam and water or other liquid. One method. has been by
moving the hollow partition, cone, or nozzle between the steam and liquid, and
the central spindle cone, the external hollow cone or nozzle, which we shall
herein-after term the discharging cone being fixed; and another method has

page_text: been by connecting the hollow discharging cone and the hollow receiving cone
or nozzle together, and arranging them with suitable packing, so that the
larger end of the discharging cone could be adjusted to and from a fixed par-
tition cone.to regulate the space for water, the steam being still adjusted by
the central cone spindle. By either of these methods, and *by other methods
hitherto used, internal packing has been necessary, which is liable to be burnt
out, and it cannot be replaced without taking the apparatus to pieces at the
cost of considerable trouble and inconvenience.
The object of our Invention is to dispense with the necessity for internal
packing, to simplify the construction, and to render the apparatus more
effective and less-liable to get out of order.
Our improvements consist, firstly, in arranging and combining the apparatus
so that the hollow partition cone is fixed, and so that -the steam is adjusted by
means of the central cone spindle, as hitherto, and in arranging the discharging
cone so as to be moveable independently of the-receiving.cone which is fixed.
By making the angles which come opposite the nozzle of the partition cone
more obtuse than hitherto a shorter range is required for adjustment, and we
find that-the apparatus acts perfectly though the space between the discharging
nozzle and receiving nozzle varies to the extent required for adjusting the
space for liquid. We make the discharging hollow cone in two parts, an
internal part forming the smaller end, and an external part forming the larger
end of the hollow cone; the external part-is fixed in position, and the internal
part is moveable, and it is by the larger end of this part which moves to and
from the nozzle of the partition cone that the space for liquid is adjusted.
We dispense with the necessity for packing by arranging (and this is an
important feature of our improvements) so that the moveable internal part of
the discharging cone will only extend a little past the nozzle of the partition
cone where the jet or current has attained a very high velocity, and when so
arranged we find that the passing fluid has no tendency to escape between the
internal and external discharging cone, but rather to suck in air or fluid which
may overflow from the nozzle by accident or an imperfect adjustment of the
steam and liquid. We prefer to give motion to the moveable internal part of
the discharging .cone for effecting the adjustment of the liquid to the steam by
forming a toothed rack on its exterior, and geering a toothed pinion or segment
with it, the pinion being secured on a cross shaft which is turned by a band
wheel, or by being geered with another shaft having a hand wheel upon it, but
the movements of the internal part of the discharging cone may be effected
by an excentric, or by screws, or inclines, or wedges, or other mechanical
equivalent.

page_text: Injectors constructed according to our improvements above-described, will
not work to the best advantage for both extreme high and low pressures, but
the same injector may be arranged so as to be readily adjusted to suit an high
or low pressure boiler by arranging the receiving cone so that it can be screwed
into its seating to a greater or lesser extent, and by arranging the valve for
preventing the return of the liquid so that it can be adjusted to the base of the
receiving cone, this adjustment being made in the injector at the time it is
applied to the boiler.
Secondly, our improvements consist in arranging and combining the appa-
ratus forming Giffard's injector with the discharging and receiving cones each
made in two parts, an internal part forming the smaller end of each cone, and
an external part forming the larger end of each cone, which external parts are
both fixed. The internal part of the discharging cone is arranged as described
under the first head of our improvements, and the internal part of the receiving
cone is also arranged similar to that for the discharging cone, the two internal
parts are connected so as to move together, and they may be considered onė
piece and may be made in one piece. This internal part of the discharging
and receiving cones is actuated in the same manner as the internal part of the
discharging cone as herein-before described, and the necessity for packing is
dispensed with by arranging so that the larger end of the internal part is kept
at its termination opposite the rapid part of the jet or current as herein-before
explained.
Thirdly, in some high-pressure injectors where the liquid is adjusted by
moving the partition cone it will be an advantage if the space between the
discharging and receiving cones can be closed after the injector has been
brought into operation..
This part of our improvements consists in constructing injectors with the
partition cone adjustable and with the discharging cone constructed, arranged,
and actuated as herein-before described under the first head of our improve-
ments, the nozzle of the internal part of the discharging cone being formed to
fit like a valve into the nozzle of the receiving cone, so that when the injector
has got to work the internal part of the discharging cone may be brought
against the nozzle of the receiving cone, and by this means the communication
with the atmosphere may be closed.
:

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, filed
by the said John Robinson and James Gresham in the Great Seal
Patent Office on the 8th May 1865.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, we, JOHN
ROBINSON, of the Atlas Works, in the City of Manchester, and County of
Lancaster, Mechanical Engineer, and JAMES GRESHAM, of the same Place,
Machinist, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date the Tenth day of November, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and sixty-four, in the twenty-eighth year
of Iler reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto
us, the said John Robinson, and James Gresham, Her special license
that we, the said John Robinson and James Gresham, our executors,
administrators, and assigns, or such others as we, the said John Robinson
and James Gresham, our executors, administrators, and assigns, should at
any time agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times
thereafter during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THAT APPARATUS FOR RAISING AND FORCING FLUIDS AND FEEDING STEAM
BOILERS KNOWN AS 'GIFFARD'S INJECTOR,"" upon the condition (amongst others)
that we, the said John Robinson and James Gresham, by an instrument in
writing under our hands and seals, or under the hand and seal of one of us,
should particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and
in what manner the same was to be performed, and cause the same to be
filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and
immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
:
NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said John Robinson and James Gresham,
do hereby declare the nature of our said Invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in
and by the following statement and accompanying Drawings, that is to
say:
Hitherto Giffard's injector" has been constructed in various ways so as
to effect an adjustment of the annular spaces for steam and water or other
liquid. One method has been by moving the hollow partition cone or nozzle
between the steam and liquid, and the central spindle cone, the external
hollow cone or nozzle (which we shall herein-after term the discharging cone)

page_text: being fixed, and another method has been by connecting the hollow discharging
cone and the hollow receiving cone or nozzle together, and arranging them.
with suitable packing, so that the larger end of the discharging cone could
be adjusted to and from a fixed partition cone to regulate the space for water,
the steam being still adjusted by the central cone spindle. By either of these
methods, and by other methods hitherto used, internal packing has been
necessary; which is liable to be burnt out, and it cannot be replaced without
taking the apparatus to pieces at the cost of considerable trouble and
inconvenience.
The object of our Invention is to dispense with the necessity for internal
packing, to simplify the construction, and to render the apparatus more:
effective and less liable to get out of order.
Firstly, our improvements consist in arranging and combining the appa-
ratus so that the hollow partition cone is fixed, and so that the steam is
adjusted by means of the central cone spindle, as hitherto, and in arranging
the discharging cone in a peculiar manner so as to be moveable without
packing, independently of the receiving cone, which is fixed. By making the
angles which come opposite the nozzle of the partition cone more obtuse than
hitherto a shorter range is required for adjustment, and we find that the
apparatus acts perfectly, though the space between the discharging nozzle and
receiving nozzle varies to the extent required for adjusting the space for
liquid. We make the discharging. hollow cone in two parts, an internal
part forming the smaller end, and an external part forming the larger
end of the hollow cone; the external part is fixed in position, and the
internal part, is moveable, and it is by the larger end of this part which
moves to and from the nozzle of the partition cone that the space for liquid
is adjusted.
We' dispense with the necessity for packing by arranging (and this is an
important feature of our improvements) so that the moveable internal part of
the discharging cone will extend only a little past the nozzle of the partition
cone when the space for liquid is fully open, at which point the jet or current
bas attained a very high velocity, and when so arranged we find the passing
fluid has no tendency to escape between the internal and external discharging
cone, but rather to suck in air, or to draw in any fluid which may overflow
from the nozzle by accident, or an imperfect adjustment of the steam and
liquid. We prefer to give motion to the moveable internal part of the
discharging cone for effecting the adjustment of the liquid to the steam by
forming a toothed rack on its exterior, and geering a toothed pinion or
segment with it, the pinion being secured on a cross shaft, which is turned by

page_text: a hand wheel or by being geered with another shaft having a hand wheel
upon it, but the movements of the internal part of the discharging cone may
be effected by an excentric or by screws, inclines, wedges, or other mechanical
equivalents. Injectors constructed as above described will not work to the
best advantage for both extreme high and low pressures, but the same injector
may be arranged so as to be readily adjusted to suit a high or low pressure
boiler, by arranging the receiving cone so that it can be screwed into its
seating to a greater or lesser extent, and by arranging the valve for pre-
venting the return of the liquid, so that it can be adjusted to the base of
the receiving cone, this adjustment being made in the injector at the time it
is applied to the boiler.
Secondly, our improvements consist in arranging and combining the appa-
ratus forming Giffard's injector, with the discharging and receiving cones
each made in two parts, an internal part forming the smaller end of each
cone, and an external part forming the larger end of each cone, which
external parts are both fixed. The internal part of the discharging cone is
arranged as described under the first head of our improvements, and the
internal part of the receiving cone is also arranged similar to that for the.
discharging cone. The two internal parts are connected so as to move
together, and may be considered one piece, and may be made in one piece.
This internal part of the discharging and receiving cones is actuated in the
same manner as the internal part of the discharging cone, as herein-before
described, and the necessity for packing is dispensed with by arranging so
that the ends of the internal part are kept opposite the rapid part of the jet
or current, so herein-before explained.
Thirdly, in some high-pressure injectors it will be an advantage if the space
between the discharging and receiving cones or nozzles can be closed after the
injector has been brought into operation. This part of our Invention consists
in constructing injectors with the discharging cone arranged and actuated as
herein-before described under the first head of our improvements, the nozzle
of the internal part of the discharging cone being formed to fit like a valve into
the nozzle of the receiving cone, so that when the injector has been got to
work the internal part of the discharging cone may be brought against the
nozzle of the receiving cone, and by this means the communication with the
atmosphere may be closed.
Fig. 1 is a longitudinal section; Fig. 2, a cross section in the line A, B,
Fig. 1; Fig. 8, an outside view; and Fig. 4, a plan section, C, D, Fig. 3,
illustrating the manner in which the first part of our Invention may be carried
into effect.

page_text: The
One
The injector shown by these Figures is supposed to be one having a casing
of cast iron, and nozzles or cones of brass or other suitable alloy.
external casing (a, a',) is formed in two parts united by flanges (a³).
part (a) of the casing is screwed and bushed to receive the central cone
spindle (6), and provided with a packing gland (61) round the central cone
spindle, and in this part of the casing (a) the partition cone (c), which
separates the steam and liquid is screwed so as to fit exactly in the centre of
the discharging cone (d), when the two parts of the casing (a, a',) are secured
together by their flanges. The external part (d) of the discharging cone is
secured into the casing (a') so as to be steam-tight, and in this external part
the internal or nozzle part (d¹) of the discharging cone is fitted so as to slide
freely to and from the nozzle of the partition cone. When this internal
part (d) of the discharging cone gives the largest annular space for liquid, its
end extends but a short distance past the nozzle of the partition cone (c), and
the external diameter is kept as small as possible, so as to be opposite that
part of the passage where the jet or current has attained its greatest velocity.
Should the external part be made much larger in diameter, so as to terminate
opposite that part where the current is moving at a slow speed, there will be
leakage, and internal packing would be required, which it is the object of our
Invention to dispense with. The internal or nozzle part (d') of the discharging
cone is shewn detached in Figure 6. It is adjusted to regulate the water
space by a crank pin (d), which fits into a groove formed across the exterior
of the nozzle, as shewn in Figure 6 and Figure 2. This crank pin is made
upon the end of a short stud or shaft (d³), which has a collar upon it fitting
a recess in the casing, as shewn. The short shaft is kept in its place by a
screw gland (d), between which and the collar upon the short shaft packing
is placed, and by means of the screw gland sufficient friction can be put upon
the short shaft to prevent it from turning too easily. The crank pin (d³)
extends a little beyond the circumference of the short shaft (ds), but by
forming a notch at one side of the hole in the casing for the short shaft, it
can be easily passed through. The short shaft (d³) is turned by a handle (d³),
which may be formed with a pointer (dº) referring to an index (d') fixed
upon the exterior of the casing, as shewn in Figure 8, and this index may be
graduated according to the minimum and maximum pressures of steam, for
which the injector is intended, so that the nozzle part (d') when starting the
injector to work may be placed as near as possible to the correct position
suitable for any known pressure of steam to be used by the injector. The
receiving cone or nozzle (e) is screwed into a ring (e³), which carries the stalk
of the valvo (e), and this ring screws into the casing (a'), so that the distanco.

page_text: .
between the discharging and receiving nozzles (d' and e) can be adjusted
when the injector is applied to suit high or low pressures. An end view of
the ring and valve is shewn detached by Figure 5.
This first part of our Invention may also be carried into effect when a
casing (a and a') is dispensed with, by a modification substantially similar to
that shewn by Figure 13 (Sheet 3), which illustrates the manner of carrying
one modification of the second part of our Invention into effect.
The mode of actuating the internal discharging nozzle may be varied, and
may be accomplished by arrangements to be herein-after described, as applied
to the second part of our Invention.
The Figures on Sheets 2, 3, and 4, illustrate the manner in which the
second part of our Invention is carried into effect.
Sheet 2, Figure 7, is a longitudinal section; Figure 8, a cross section on
the line A, B, Figure 7; Figure 9, a side view; and Figure 10,' an end view
of one modification of our improvements according to the second part of our
Invention. The injector represented is supposed to be one made with a cast-
iron casing with nozzles of brass or other suitable alloy. The casing is made in
two parts (a and a¹) connected. by means of flanges (a³) and screws, one
part (a) of the casing is prepared to receive the central cone spindle (6) with
its stuffing box (6'), and the partition cone (c), as shewn, and the other
part (a) is prepared to receive the external parts (d and e) of the discharging
and. receiving cones, and the valve (63) fitted at the end thereof, as shewn.
The internal or nozzle part (d¹) of the discharging cone (d) is arranged and
fitted same as that described under the first head of our improvements, but is
modified in form, being continued and connected with the internal or nozzle
part (6) of the receiving cone, which slides to and fro freely, and is without
packing. The internal nozzle (e') of the receiving cone (e) terminates at a
point of its passage where the jet or current has not materially diminished in
velocity, so that there is no pressure of fluid tending to escape between the
surfaces of the internal and external receiving cones or nozzles. The internal
nozzles (d¹ and e¹) of the discharging and receiving cones may be formed in
two pieces, as shewn by Figure 7, or in one piece, as shewn in Figure 11, a
longitudinal section, and Figure 12, a cross section at c, D, Figure 11.. The
discharging and receiving nozzles are made at their terminations of the same
form and with the same space between them as in injectors with these parts
fixed, the metal being cut away, as shewn in the Figures, to allow for over-
flow, and for the escape of fluid when starting the injector. The internal
nozzles (d¹ and e¹) are cylindrical upon their exterior, and have a toothed
rack formed thereon, as shewn, into which a pinion (d³) gears upon a short

page_text: shaft (d), shewn best in Figure 8. This shaft (d³) is inserted through a holè
in the casing (a¹), which is closed by packing and a screw gland (d'), as
shewn. Upon the exterior end of the shaft a hand wheel (d") is placed, which
is graduated upon its edge, so that it may be set to regulate the water space
to any known pressure of the steam, by bringing a point upon the index cor-
responding to the known pressure opposite a pointer (d) fixed in the side of
the casing, as shewn in Figures 9 and 10.
:
Sheet 3, Figure 18, is a longitudinal section; Figure 14, a cross section
on the line A, B,. Figure 13; Figure 15, a side view; and Figure 16, an end
view, which shew an injector according to the second part of our Invention',
and similar to that shewn by Figures 7, 8, 9, and 10, except that the external
parts of the discharging and receiving cones (d and e) form part of the
body or casing of the injector; in other respects the injector is constructed
in the same manner as that shewn by Figures 7, 8, 9, and 10, except that
part (a) containing the central cone spindle (6), and partition cone (c) is
screwed into that part (a').containing. the discharging and receiving cones
and valve.
Sheet 4, Figs. 17, 18, 19, and 20, are outside views, Figs. 18, 19, and 20
being partly in section, shewing various methods for giving the movements for
adjusting the position of the internal nozzles of the discharging and receiving
cones, any of which may also be used in place of that already described
for imparting, movements to adjust the discharging nozzle when arranged
according to the first part of our Invention.
Fig. 17 shews an outside view of an injector, similar to that illustrated on
Sheet 2, and in place of a hand wheel directly upon the end of the shaft (d³)
a segment of a toothed pinion (d³) is secured, in which a worm or screw (dº)
geers, formed upon one end of a. shaft (d*) arranged. in bearings, as shewn,
the hand wheel (d³) being secured at the other end of the shaft. This arrange-
.ment is used where the injector is so placed that a hand wheel placed directly
upon the shaft (d) would be difficult to reach. In Figure 18 the parts. are
arranged same as in Figure 17, except that the worm (d) upon the shaft (d*)
gears with the pinion (d) that engages with the toothed rack upon the nozzle
part (d). It is arranged with a screw gland stuffing box (d'), as shewn,
the part (a) forming the bearing and the stuffing box, and carrying the
axis (d) of the pinion (d') being secured to the side of the casing (a¹) by
screws.
The injector shewn by Figure 19 is somewhat similar to that shewn by
Figure 18, the worm being enlarged in diaineter, so as to geer directly with
the teeth upon the nozzle (d'), which is prevented from turning by a screw (y),

page_text: the head of which moves up and down in a slot in a projection from the
external discharging cone. The worm (d') is inserted through a slot in the
casing (a), and is covered by a cap (a) secured by screws.
-Figure 20 shews an arrangement somewhat similar to Figure 19, except
that in place of the worm (d') a toothed pinion (d') is fixed, which geers 5
with a pinion (w) fixed upon the internal nozzle (d¹), to which it gives
rotating motion, the internal discharging nozzle (d') being made to screw into
the external discharging cone (d). In each of the injectors, exhibited by the
Drawings, f represents the inlet for steam; 9, that for water or liquid; and h,
the overflow orifice.
Figure 21, Sheet 1, is an illustration, shewing the manner in which the
third part of our Invention is carried into effect. The nozzles (d' and e) are
formed, as shewn, and ground to fit like a valve. When the arrangement is
applied to injectors where the partition cone is adjustable to regulate the
water space in the ordinary manner, the moveable nozzle need not extend so 1
close to the nozzle of the partition cone as to affect the adjustment of the
water space.
We have now particularly described the nature of our Invention, and the
mode of carrying the same into effect, and claim as our Invention,―
Firstly, injectors having the discharging cone or nozzle constructed in two
parts (d and d¹) arranged to dispense with packing, substantially as herein-
before explained under the first division of our Invention, and illustrated by
the Drawings.
• Secondly, the combination of a moveable discharging cone or nozzle (d¹)
with a fixed receiving cone or nozzle (e) and valve (e³), arranged so as to be s
capable of adjustment to suit great differences in pressure, as herein-before
explained under the first division of our Invention, and illustrated by the
Drawings.
.
Thirdly, the combination and arrangement of injectors with the discharging
and receiving cones or nozzles in two external parts (d and e), and having
internal nozzles (d¹ and e¹) connected together, and arranged so as to dispense
with packing, substantially as herein-before described under the second division
of our Invention, and illustrated by the Drawings.
Fourthly, the combinations and arrangements of mechanism for giving
movements to the internal nozzles, as herein-before described under the first
and second divisions of our Invention, and illustrated by the Drawings:
Fifthly, the general combination and mode of constructing injectors shewn
by Figures 1 to 16 (both inclusive) of the Drawings.
Sixtbly, and lastly, the method of closing the space for overflow between

page_text: the discharging and receiving cones or nozzles of injectors, as described under
the third division of our Invention.
In witness whereof, we, the said John Robinson and James Gresham,
have hereunto set our hands and seals, this Fourth day of May, in
the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-five.
Witnessed by
PETER J. LIVSEY,
Patent Agent,
Manchester.
(L.B.)
JOHN ROBINSON.
JAMES GRESHAM. (L.S.)