IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM PUMPING OR AIR COMPRESSING ENGINES AND MACHINERY
Year: 1874

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Martin Benson, of No. 9, Southampton Buildings,
London, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN STEAM PUMPING OR
AIR COMPRESSING ENGINES AND MACHINERY."-A communication from
abroad by Ezra Cope and James Riley Maxwell, of Hamilton, Ohio,
United States of North America.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Martin Benson at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
1st October 1874.
I, MARTIN BENSON, of No. 9, Southampton Buildings, London, do
hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
STEAM PUMPING OR AIR COMPRESSING ENGINES AND MACHINERY," a communica-
tion to me from abroad by Ezra Cope and James Riley Maxwell, of
Hamilton, Ohio, United States of North America, to be as follows:-
:-
The first part of my improvement relates to the structure and manner
of working the steam valve or valves of the engine or engines, and is
A

page_text: supplemental to my Patent dated the 17th day of May 1870, No. 1413.
The general structure of the engine is known as the direct-acting style,
dispensing with the eccentric and its connections for working the steam
valve. The main steam valve is moved indirectly by the pressure of
steam taken from the main cylinder, when the piston is about terminating
its stroke at each end of the cylinder, by the steam passing through.
suitable ports and channels, and made to move an auxiliary steam valve
attached too and moved with the main valve. This auxiliary valve is
used to admit and exhaust steam from an auxiliary cylinder, which may
be arranged in the main valve chamber, as shown in my Patent of the
17th of May 1870, or arranged on the outside of the main valve chamber,
and provided with an auxiliary piston and rod for moving the main
steam valve by attaching the valve to the rod for moving it by the
reciprocal motion given to the auxiliary piston through the medium of
the auxilary valve, worked by the pressure of steam taken from the
main steam cylinder, as before stated.
Fig. 1, Sheet 1, of the accompanying Drawings is a longitudinal
section through the main steam cylinder A, main steam and exhaust
ports A', A", and B, the main steam valve D, the auxiliary cylinder E',
and the auxiliary piston E"; Fig. 2 is à transverse section through the
same parts, and also through the auxiliary valve F and cylinder F,
which are attached to and moves with the main steam valve D; Fig. 3
is a longitudinal section through steam chest C, auxiliary cylinder E¹,
and auxiliary valve F and its cylinder.
The following is a description of the working of the valve:-Steam
enters the right-hand end of the cylinder A through the port A", and
moves the piston B to the left until it passes the port c, when steam
from behind the piston passes through the port c, g, to the left-hand of
the auxiliary valve F and moves it to the right, and thereby exhausts the
steam through the port b and passage d from the right-hand end of the
auxiliary cylinder E' to the exhaust port h, which communicates with
the main exhaust chamber B. The additional ports c¹¹, c, leading into
the interiors of the cylinders, one near each end of the cylinder, as
represented by Fig. 1, and communicating with the auxiliary piston
valve F, are for continuing the exhaust from the said valve while the
main piston B covers port c or c¹, and thereby prevent steam accu-
milating in the passages, and irregular reversing the auxiliary piston
valve F. While the piston passes and opens ports c, c¹, ports c¹¹, c¹¹¹, is

page_text: covered by the piston B, shutting off any further exhaust. The steam
being thus exhausted from the right-hand end of the auxiliary
cylinder E¹ the auxiliary piston E" receives its initial motion from the
steam admitted through the ports P, P, and S, S, to its left-hand end.
The piston E" being attached to the slide valve D and to the auxiliary
valve cylinder F' carries them with it, and after a short distance in its
travel it opens the port b¹ and receives additional steam through g, I,
i, d, and b, moving onward the piston E", changing the main slide
valve D, and all the parts and ports are placed in position to reverse the
stroke of the main piston B, and when it passes port c¹ in its return
stroke the auxiliary valve will be thrown to the left, and the above-
described operation of moving the valve will be repeated and continued
as long as steam is supplied. I employ this structure and method of
working the main steam valve or valves of direct-acting duplex or
independent compound condensing or non-condensing engines, as may
be required. In the double or duplex style of engines the valve or
valves of one engine is actuated by steam taken from the other engine.
The duplex engine is composed of four cylinders, two high pressure and
two low pressure or expanding cylinders, if desired. Only one of the
engines composing a duplex machine may be worked separately, that is,
one of the high and one of the low pressure engines. The same
principle of construction and method of working the main valve may
also be used for steam cylinders placed in a vertical position for working.
In such cases the auxiliary valve F is constructed and placed transversely
on or too the motion of the main valve, and carried by it and supplied
with a lever for moving the auxiliary valve by hand from the outside of
the valve chest when starting the engine, if desired.
Instead of using one auxiliary cylinder and piston for moving the
main valve D, as before described, two may be used, one placed at each
end of the steam chest C with the ends of the auxiliary piston stems
coupled to the main valve, so as to give it full freedom to move, and
prevent any friction of parts taking place by reason of the valve moving
or wearing on its seat. In such cases of structure the auxiliary valve F
and its cylinder will be attached to the main slide valve and worked as
before described and represented by Fig. 1, 2, and 3, Sheet 1.
Another modification of my improved valve is represented on Sheet 2
by Figs. 4, 5, and 6, showing the main steam valve D and auxiliary
cylinder D cast together. Fig. 4 is a longitudinal section through the
A 2
.

page_text: main valve D', auxiliary cylinder D, piston E, valve chest C, and part of
the main cylinder A; Fig. 5 is a transverse view of the same; and
Fig. 6 is a longitudinal section through the auxiliary cylinder D and
steam chest C. The auxiliary piston E is furnished with hollow
stems E¹, E¹, at each end, for admitting steam into the auxiliary
cylinder D by a slight movement given to the piston E, which permits
steam to pass into the cylinder D through the opening P and i, i¹,
alternately at each end. The auxiliary valve F is only used for
exhausting steam from the auxiliary cylinder D.
The following is a description of the action of the main valve and the
parts for moving it:-The main piston B is shown moving to the right,
and when it passes the port a steam enters and passes through the port
a and c to the right-hand end of the auxiliary valve F, moving it to
the left, and thereby bringing the ports g and f into communication and
exhausting the steam from the right of the valve, and thereby moving
the cylinder. Steam is then admitted through the ports P, i, i¹, to the
left end of the valve moving piston E, and presses against it, and the
valve moving cylinder D pushes the piston to the right and brings the
ports cand a in communication ready for admitting steam, when the
piston B passes the port a¹ in its return stroke and causing the main
slide valve D¹ to move and admit steam to the right-hand end of the
cylinder A, and thereby reverses the stroke of the main piston B. The
lever x, rod M, lever L, and stud K. is for moving the valve F for
exhausting the steam from the auxiliary cylinder D. When first starting
the engine if required steam is admitted to the valve through passage S.
B¹ is the main exhaust. This form of valve may be constructed with
two auxiliary pistons E and the auxiliary valve F made to work between
them for exhausting the steam from the outer ends of the auxiliary
cylinder for giving its piston the requisite motion for admitting steam
into the ends of the auxiliary cylinder through the ports P and i, . If
desired this form of valve may be used for cylinders placed in a vertical
position for working. As a rule the auxiliary cylinder D and main slide
valve D' are cast together, as represented in Figs. 4 and 5, Sheet 2.
Another modification of this part of my improvement (not represented
by the Drawings) is to furnish the main valve chamber with an auxiliary
cylinder, piston, and auxiliary valve for working the main valve. In
this arrangement for some cases the auxiliary cylinder is loosly fit into
the valve chest, and its ends are alternately made to press against the

page_text: ends of the valve chamber when the main valve is being moved. The
main piston of the engine serves as an educting valve for working the
auxiliary valve for exhausting and admitting steam to and from the
auxiliary cylinder for giving the requisite motion to the main valve
which is attached to or made to form part of the auxiliary piston. This
arrangement of parts for working the main valve may be used on engines
or cylinders placed in a vertical position. The valve in such cases will
be held to its place as long as there is sufficient pressure of steam to
support it, and any pressure of steam that works the engine is sufficient
to work and support the valve.
of
Another portion of my improvement (not represented by the Drawings)
relate to the method of constructing and arranging the main steam valve
to the cylinder, and method of working it by constructing the main
piston of the engine to carry an educting valve for exhausting the steam
from the end of the valve chamber. This part of my improvement is
more particularly supplemental to my Patents dated December 2rd 1872,
No. 3617, and April 17th 1873, No. 1387. The valve is made cylindrical
with closed ends, excepting small holes at each end for the passage
steam from the interior of the valve into the ends of the valve chamber.
for giving the valve motion. The valve is furnished with ports, passages,
and cavities made in and through its sides for the ingress and egress of
steam to and from the cylinder, and when in position for working it is
usually placed on the top of the cylinder and at right angles with it;
but if desired the valve may be placed or attached to any part of the
circumference of the cylinder for working, and at any desired angle to
the motion of the piston. The form and structure of this valve is the
same as that represented and described in my Patent, December 2rd
1872. The valve is worked by making the piston slightly longer than
its stroke and arranging a segmental educting valve, by preference to
the top of the piston, or if desired to any other part of the circumference
of the piston. This segment valve is provided with cavities, which at
the proper time in the motion of the piston they are made to communi-
cate with the end of the valve chamber and main exhaust of the engine
for exhausting the steam therefrom. In the meantime steam is admitted
to the opposite end of the valve chamber, from which it is being
exhausted from the interior of the main valve, and thereby gives the
requisite motion to the valve to effect the ingress and egress of steam
into and out of the cylinder to work the piston. The segment valve

page_text: arranged with the piston is held to its place by any known form of
spring, and partly by the pressure of steam acting on its back.
Another portion of my improvement (not represented by the Draw-
ings) consists in constructing a skeleton piston head for carrying the
packing rings composed of two or more plates or flanges equal to the
diameters of the piston, which are cast or united together by a central
hub and lugs placed or cast at the required points between the hub and
circumference of the plates. The packing rings are placed between the
edge of the plates at their circumference and forced out against the
surface of the cylinder by spiral springs. These springs are arranged
between the plates around studs or pins cast or screwed into lugs or
segmental pieces for uniting the plates of the piston together. The
packing rings are sprung into their places over the edges of the piston.
A joint is formed across the ring where it is cut by placing a piece of
metal against the inside of the ring opposite the cut and forcing it up
against the ring by a spring, which spring is alsoe made to force the
outside of the ring against the surface of the cylinder as well as the
jointing piece against the inside of the ring. Piston heads thus con-
structed are lighter and less expensive than the ordinary forms.
Another portion of my improvement consists in the manner of con-
structing and working the lever (not represented by the Drawings) for
moving the main or auxiliary steam valves. The lever consists of a bar
of metal the required shape and length, one end of it is for engaging
with the valve and the other is for working it by hand. The lever is
provided with a ball-shaped projection at or near the centre of its length,
which is turned perfectly true and smooth. This ball-shaped projection
is made to work in a socket composed of two pieces of metal screwed
together, the interior of which are shaped to fit the ball on the lever,
and made free to move laterly in any required direction. One half of
this socket is screwed to the outside of the valve chamber or cylinder,
and provided with an opening for inserting the valve end of the lever
for taking hold of and working the valve. The other or top part of the
socket is screwed to its lower part or half for holding the lever to its
place through the medium of the ball on the lever, which forms a steam-
tight joint without the use of any kind of packing, and admits of the
lever being freely moved in the ball joint to give the required motion to
the valve by hand when required.

page_text: Another portion of my improvement consist in arranging a governor
with direct acting steam pumping engines (not represented by the
Drawings) to regulate the pressure of steam admitted to the cylinder, or
cut it off entirely should the pump lose its water or fail to work, and
thereby prevent damage to the machine. The governor is composed of
a piston working in a suitable cylindrical chamber. This chamber is
placed so it communicates with the pressure of steam between the the
throttle valve and cylinder. The governor piston is provided with a con-
necting rod, which is made to work a steam cock or throttle valve,
through the medium of levers, so that when the steam exceeds the
pressure required to be admitted to the cylinder it forces out the
governor piston and closes the cock or throttle valve through the
medium of rod and levers attached to the governor piston and valve
before mentioned.
Another portion of my improvement (not represented by the Drawings)
consists in employing two, three, or more cylinders of the same or
different capacities, and arranged together to form one machine, for com-
pressing air to be used for working engines. The object of employing a
number of air compressing cylinders in the same machine is to accom-
plish the same quantity of work with less power and cylinder capacity
than is usually done with a single air cylinder, and more particular
when the air compressing cylinders are worked by direct-acting engines,
as in such cases more clearance is allowed between the pistons and end
of the air compressing cylinders to prevent the pistons from striking.
One mode of accomplishing this is to employ a large central cylinder
provided with suitable valves, into which the air is first drawn and then
compressed into smaller cylinders attached to and arranged in line with
the large central cylinder at each of its ends, so that the pistons of all
the cylinders thus arranged together in the same machine can be attached
to one and the same piston rod, which is made to pass through all the
cylinders. The small cylinders, one, two, or more, are placed or attached
to each end of the large cylinder by bolting, and are furnished with
valves of any proper known form, and arranged to open from the large
into the small cylinders, or from cylinder to cylinder, untill the required
pressure of air is attained, when it is discharged into a reservoir or
applied direct to use.
the COMA

page_text: suitable valve chambers and valves, so that the air may be compressed
from the large into the small cylinders untill the required pressure is
attained. The cylinders in the same machine are proportioned in capacity,
so that the last cylinder into which the air passes compresses it to the
required pressure.
Another portion of my improvement (not represented by the Drawings)
is constructing a pump with one set of suction and delivery valves for
forcing a continuous stream. The plunger of this pump is made to work
in a bored barrel packed at its ends and reduced in its diameter between
its packed end and the end working through the stuffing box to form an
annulus space between the inside of the barrel and reduced portion of
the plunger about half the area of the barrel, so when the water is forced
out of the pump by the down stroke of the plunger when placed in a
vertical position, half the water contained in the barrel is forced into the
annulus space, and the other half is forced out of the pump for use,
while the up stroke of the plunger forces the water out of the annulus
space and causes the barrel to fill, half of which is again forced into the
annulus space by the down stroke of the piston, and the other half out
of the pump, and thereby cause a continuous stream from the pump by
the up and down strokes of the plunger, while the water is only drawn
into the pump by the up stroke or by the plunger moving in one
direction when worked horizontally. I am aware pumps with one set of
suction and delivery valves have been made to discharge a continuous
stream, but in such cases the delivery valves have been fit into the end
of the plunger, which is difficult to do in small sized pumps, while in my
improvement both the valves are placed in a chamber attached to the
outside of the barrel and a water channel is made between the upper side
of the delivery valve and annulus space for the ingress and egress of the
water therefrom.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent, 30
filed by the said Martin Benson in the Great Seal Patent Office on
the 16th March 1875.

page_text: WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the First day of October, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-four, in the thirty-
eighth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said Martin Benson, Her special licence
that I, the said Martin Benson, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, or such others as I, the said Martin Benson, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and
vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN
STEAM PUMPING OR AIR COMPRESSING ENGINES AND MACHINERY," a commu-
nication to me from abroad by Ezra Cope and James Riley Maxwell, of
Hamilton, Ohio, United States of North America, upon the condition
(amongst others) that I, the said Martin Benson, my executors or
administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one
of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the
nature of the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be
performed, and cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office
within six calendar months next and immediately after the date of the
said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Martin Benson, do hereby declare
the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to
be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the.
following statement :-
:―
A portion of my improvement relates to the structure, arrangement,
and manner of working the steam valve or valves of the engine or
engines, and is supplemental to my Patents dated 17th day of May
1870, No. 1413, and 17th day of April 1873, No. 1387. The main
steam valve is worked indirectly by the pressure of steam taken from
the main cylinder when the piston is about terminating its stroke at
each end of the cylinder, by steam passing through suitable ports and
channels from the main cylinder, which is made to move an auxiliary
steam valve attached to and moves with the main valve; this auxiliary
valve is used to admit and exhaust steam from an auxiliary cylinder,
which may be arranged in the main valve chamber, similar to the
one shown in my Patent of the 17th of May 1870, or arranged on the

page_text: outside and at the end of the main valve chamber; this auxiliary
cylinder is provided with a piston and furnished with a rod, the rod
passes through the head of the auxiliary cylinder, and is made to take.
hold of the main valve, by which it, the main valve, receives its motion
from the working of the auxiliary piston in the manner herein-after
described.
In order to give a better understanding of the improvement,
reference will be made to the accompanying Drawings forming part
of this Specification by the figures and letters of reference marked
thereon.
Fig. 1, Sheet 1", of the Drawings is a longitudinal section through
the main steam cylinder A, main steam and exhaust ports A', A",
and B, the main steam valve D, the auxiliary cylinder E', and auxiliary
piston E¹¹.
Fig. 2 is a transverse section through the main cylinder and
piston B, and also through the auxiliary valve F and its cylinder F',
which are attached to and moves with the main steam valve D. Fig. 3
is a top view of the main steam cylinder, showing a plan of the valve
face and its steam ports. Fig. 4 is a longitudinal section through the
steam chest C, auxiliary cylinder E', auxiliary valve F and its cylinder.
Fig. 5 is a longitudinal view of the auxiliary valve cylinder F¹ and its
valve in connection with a portion of the main cylinder, for more fully
showing the arrangement of steam ports and passages for working the
auxiliary valve. Fig. 6 is an enlarged longitudinal sectional view of the
auxiliary valve cylinder F'. Figs. 7 and 8 are different longitudinal
sections of the auxiliary valve F.
The following is a description of the working of the valves:-The
main valve D is in position for steam to enter the right-hand end of the
cylinder A through the port A", and moves the piston B to the left until
it passes the port c in the cylinder, when steam from behind the piston
passes through the port c, g, to the left end of the auxiliary valve F,
and moves it to the right, and thereby exhausts the steam through the
port and passage d, more fully shown in Fig. 5, from the right end of
the auxiliary cylinder E¹ through the exhaust port h, which communi-
cates with the main exhaust chamber B. The steam being thus
exhausted from the right of the auxiliary cylinder E¹, the auxiliary
piston E receives its initial motion by steam admitted from the steam
chest C through ports p', p', and S, S, as represented, to the left of the

page_text: auxiliary cylinder E'. The piston E" being attached to the slide valve D
and to the auxiliary valve cylinder F', as shown in Figs. 1 and 4, carries
them with it, and after a short distance in its travel it opens the port b¹,
receiving additional steam through g, g', i, d, and b (see Fig. 4) moving
onward the piston E, changing the main slide valve, and thereby all the
parts and ports are placed in position to reverse the stroke of the main
piston B. When the piston B passes the port c¹ in its return stroke,
the auxiliary valve F will be thrown to the left, and the above described
operation will be reversed, and so on continuously as long as steam is
supplied. The piston E" is constructed so as to slip upon the stem E,
and is held in its place by the collars y, y, in such a manner as to allow
a slight motion between them for the purpose of alternately opening and
closing the steam passages S, S, for admitting steam into either end of
the auxiliary cylinder for giving the requisite motion to the auxiliary
piston E for moving the main valve D, as before described, by first
exhausting the steam from the auxiliary cylinder E' by the auxiliary
valve F¹. This manner of moving the auxiliary piston E" is similar
to the method of giving motion to the steam valve of direct-acting
engine, described in my Patent dated 2rd day of December 1872, No.
3617, excepting in this case the steam passages S, S, are only allowed to
communicate with but one end of the auxiliary cylinder E' at the same.
time after it has commenced its motion.
When first starting the engine, if required, the auxiliary valve F may
be moved by the lever N, shaft M, and forked lever L attached to the
side of the steam chest C, as represented in Figs. 1 and 2, by acting on
the pin K attached to the side of the valve F. The two small additional
ports c, c, entering the same passage extended as ports c and c¹. The
port is placed in such a position with relation to c, that when c is
covered by the main piston c" will be open, and vice versa. This is also
the relative position of c¹ and c". These ports serve to continue the
exhaust from the auxiliary valve cylinder F while the main piston covers
port c or c¹, and thus prevents steam accumulating in the passage and
reversing the auxiliary piston valve F. When the piston passes on and
opens port c port cl will be covered by the piston, shutting off any
further exhaust.
Fig. 6 shows the auxiliary valve cylinder F. The ports h, h, which
communicates with c and c¹ admitting steam to move the auxiliary
melia Te are made with lead so that they will remain in communication.

page_text: with c and c¹ until the auxiliary valve cylinder and main slide valve
have nearly completed their stroke. Thus, when the valve F has been
moved to the right, ports h and c, being in communication, the auxiliary
valve cylinder F and main slide valve move to the right. Durcing this
motion the port ¹ by means of its lead remains in communication
with the port c until the main slide valve has nearly completed its stroke.
By this means the exhaust of steam from the auxiliary valve cylinder is
overcome, and any pressure exerted upon the piston valve by steam
passing from the main cylinder through the passages c and h is over-
balanced, and the piston valve kept in position free from fluttering.
Figs. 7 and 8 show the master or auxiliary valve F. This valve is
made short in order to afford it longer stroke in its cylinder, and make
it more positive in action. The ports ff, and i are made narrower,
giving them greater lap, so that should the auxiliary piston valve have
a slight tendency to rebound it will not open these ports and reverse the
valve. The grooves g, g, are made in the surfaces of this piston valve, so
that any steam which may leak past the valve will pass through the
grooves and ports to the main exhaust.
The main piston B consists of a shell cast in one piece, having a
centre hub for uniting the sides and centre flange of the piston together,
as represented in Fig. 1; in addition to this segmental pieces n, n, are
used in the larger class of pistons for holding the side and centre plates
together. The segment pieces do not extend entirely around the cir-
cumference; spaces are left for inserting springs m on pins k for forcing
the packing ring against the cylinder. These spaces also serve to
support the inside core when casting, and carry off the gases generated,
and also render access easy for cleaning out the sand. Grooves are
formed in the circumference for the reception of the packing ring or
rings. The ring is sprung over the larger diameter of the piston into
the groove, the inside of the ring resting against the springs. At the
point in the ring where it is cut a brass block o, o, is inserted, the
diameter of which is about one and a half times the width of the ring.
Said block is circular in form, and fills a bored hole of a depth somewhat
greater than the thickness of the ring or rings. This block is driven
in its place while the groove in the piston is being turned; it is then
removed and eased to cause it to move more freely in its place. A small
pin is screwed into its centre, and a notch filed in the ends of the rings,
where they are cut so as to encircle the pin, thus preventing the ring

page_text: turning round out of place. This block effectually breaks the joint
in the ring and prevents the leakage of steam past the piston.
. Instead of using one auxiliary cylinder and piston for moving the
main valve D, as before described, two may be used; one placed at
each end of the steam chest C with the ends of the auxiliary piston
stems coupled to the main valve so as to give it full freedom to move,
and prevent any friction of parts taking place by reason of the valve
moving or wearing on its seat; in such cases of structure the auxiliary
valve F and its cylinder will be attached to the main slide valve, and
worked as before described, and represented by Figs. 1, 2, and 3,
Sheet 1"1.
Sheets 2 and 3 represent different views of direct acting duplex
or independent compound condensing or non-condensing steam pumping
engines. This machine is composed of two separate and distinct engines,
the valve of one acting and being actuated by steam from the cylinder
of the other. Each separate engine is a compound engine, being com-
posed of two cylinders of different areas. The larger cylinder A may
be made to work with either high or low pressure steam (see Figs.
10 and 11). In the former case high-pressure steam passes from the
steam chest C to the cylinder A through the pipe V, and is exhausted
from cylinder A through pipe H into the atmosphere. In the latter
case the exhaust steam from cylinder A passes through pipe B¹ to
cylinder A, and exhausts from thence through pipe J to the con-
denser. Each engine may be made to act independently by turning the
three-way cocks R and R', Figs. 12 and 13, so that ports c¹ and c
respectively will be in communication, and port ", c", r¹, and will
be closed. The general mode of working the main steam valves is
similar to that represented on Sheet 1", and before described, excepting
such modifications as are found necessary for working the machine as a
duplex engine in the manner before stated.
Fig. 9 is a longitudinal section through engine 1, showing the
cylinders A and A with their respective pistons B and B their ports
and valve gear.
רד
10

page_text: Fig. 11 is a sectional plan of engines 1 and 2, showing the cylinders
with their ports and valve gear, also the connecting passage T, the
cocks R, R, and the pipes B¹, H¹, J', and V.
Figs. 12 and 13 show a vertical section of the master valve and
cylinder of engine 2, with the steam passage leading to and from it; the
former is taken through the centre of the ports b and b', and the latter
through the centre of the ports c" and c¹¹¹ (see Fig. 11).
Fig. 14 is a vertical section of the master valve and cylinder of engine 1,
with the steam passage leading to and from it, taken through the centre
of the ports c¹ and c¹¹¹.
Fig. 15 is a sectional plan of the master valve and cylinder of
engine 2, showing its ports and connections with the main slide valve;
Fig. 16 is a vertical section of the same, showing the same parts.
Fig. 17 is a side elevation of the cylinder A", showing the valve seat
of valve W', with the position of the ports; Fig. 18 is a transverse 1
section of the samc.
Fig. 19 is a sectional plan taken through the upper part of the
cylinder A, showing the arrangement of the valves and ports for
admitting and exhausting steam to and from valves F, F.
These engines are precisely similar except in one point of construction, 2
namely, the port v" in the master valve of engine 1 (Fig. 14) takes the
place of two ports and v¹ (Fig. 13) in the master valve of engine 2.
This is necessary in order that the valves may be moved in the right
direction at the proper time. In other respects the engines are dupli-
cates, and a description of one will also apply to the other.
2
I will first describe the construction and action of cylinder A when
used independently of both the low-pressure cylinder A and of the
other engine. In this case the three-way cocks R, R', are turned so
as to open communication between port c" and c, and between c¹
and c, and to shut off ports and r¹, thus reducing ports 1, l, m, m², 3
v, v, and v, inoperative. The same letters are used to indicate like
parts in all the Figs., and arrows show direction of steam and moving
parts. A is the main steam cylinder; B, the main piston; C, the steam
chest; D, the main slide valve and master valve cylinder, which are cast
or otherwise firmly united together; E is the auxiliary cylinder; E", the 3

page_text: auxiliary piston; E, the auxiliary piston stem, which is united to the
main slide valve D; F is the master valve; A' and A. are the main
steam ports, and B' is the main exhaust port; K, L, M, and N is the
hand lever attachment for moving the valves. Ports p, p, and S, furnish
live steam to the auxiliary cylinder E. Ports and b¹ may be used for
steam ports, but are necessary for exhaust ports only. The piston E¹ is
constructed so as to slip upon the stem E, and is held in place by the
collars y, y, in such a manner as to allow a slight motion between them.
The object of this is to allow the steam which forms the cushion upon
either side of the auxiliary piston E" to expand when the other side
has been exhausted, and move the piston so as to open and close ports p
and 8.
is covered by a plain
and b¹, and still no
The operation of the engine is as follows:-The position of the
valve D causes steam to enter the cylinder A through port A¹ on the
right of the piston B, forcing it to the left. When in its stroke it
passes port c' no effect is produced, since this port
portion of the valve D. Moving on it passes port
effect is produced, since these ports are inopperative, as have been shown.
Near the end of its stroke it passes port c, and it being open steam
passes through it and through ports c, g, and f, to the left of the master
valve F, forcing it to the right, and bringing into communication ports b¹
and through cavity d', Fig. 12. Steam is thus exhausted from the
right of the auxiliary cylinder E", Fig. 9, and at the same time it enters
through ports p, p, and S, to the left of the auxiliary cylinder E', and
forces the auxiliary piston E", and with it the master valve cylinder
and main slide valve D, to the right. The position of all the parts
and communication of the ports being changed, steam is now admitted
to the main cylinder A through port A on the left, so reversing the
stroke of the main piston B to the right. When the piston B has passed
the port c¹ on its return stroke, the master valve will be thrown to the
left, and the above-described operation will be repeated in a reversed
order, and so on continuously while steam is supplied.
111
This engine by its connection with the cylinder of larger diameter A¹¹
is rendered compound. The cylinder A may be used for either high
or low pressure steam. The valves F, F, are united to the main slide
valve D of cylinder A by the rod D', and move with it. The piston B
of cylinder A and B of cylinder A¹¹ are also united, and move together.
The valve W, Fig. 19 (Sheet 3) may be set by means of the screw Z

page_text: so as to admit high steam to the cylinder through the port V¹, or to
admit low pressure steam through port B".
As a low-pressure or condensing engine the action is as follows:-
The valve W being properly set, low-pressure steam passes from the
cylinder A through the exhaust pipes B¹ to the port B", and thence, as
shown by the arrow, to port G. From G it passes to the chest con-
taining the valves F¹, F, (Fig. 18) and is by them admitted to the
cylinder A (Fig. 19) in this case to its right, moving piston B¹¹¹ in the
same direction as piston B. In the meantime exhaust steam is passing
from the left of the cylinder A through ports A" and G' (Figs. 9, 17,
and 19) and passes from G¹ to port J, and thence through pipe J¹ to the
condenser. In this case when piston B¹¹¹ closes port A" it opens port Q,
and steam passing through this port from behind the piston to the left
of the piston destroys the vacuum and cushions the piston. Check
valves should be placed in the ports Q and Q¹ to prevent the return of
steam. This device, with others which may be adopted in this arrange-
ment, are fully set forth in my Letters Patent, dated 17th day of April
1873, No. 1387. The position of the valves of this cylinder is changed
by the valves of cylinder A, and their action is reversed.
As a non-condensing engine the action is as follows:-The valve W
being properly set the exhaust steam from cylinder A. passes directly
through B to H, and thence through H¹ to the atmosphere. Steam
from the chest W, which is constantly filled with high-pressure steam
from chest C through pipe V, passes through port G to the chest con-
taining the valves F¹, F¹, and the right of the cylinder A1, as before. 2
Exhaust steam passes from the left of the cylinder A, Fig 9, through
ports A and G¹ to port H, Fig. 19, and thence through pipe H¹ to the
atmosphere. In this case ports Q and Q¹ are unnecessary, the piston B"
cushioning upon the steam which remains in the cylinder after it has
closed port A". This steam keeps the check valve closed.
The engines have thus far been described as acting independently.
I shall now describe them when united as a duplex engine. In this
case the cocks R and R¹ are turned so as to close communication
between ports c and c¹¹, and open those between c" and r and between
{
and respectively. The ports 1, l, m, m³, v, v¹, and v¹¹ are thus 3
brought into service, and c and c¹ rendered inoperative. The engines are

page_text: connected by the steam passage T, forming a communication between
ports m and and m² and ¹² respectively.
In connection with the preceeding it only remains to show the manner
in which one engine works the valves of the other. The operation is as
5 follows:-Let the main piston B of engine 1 be moving to the left, as
shown. When in its stroke it passes port 6¹ (Fig. 14) no effect is pro-
duced, since this port is covered by a plain portion of the valve D;
moving on it passes port b, and steam passes through this port and
through ports and m to passage T (Fig. 11) and thence through
ports », c, g, and ƒ (Fig. 13) to the left of the master valve F of engine 2;
this valve thus moves to the left, and actuates the auxiliary piston E"
and main slide valve D, as herein-before described; thus the main
piston B of engine 2 commences its stroke to the right; meanwhile the
main piston B of engine 1 is moving to the left, and finishes its stroke
as piston B of engine 2 commences its stroke to the right; in its stroke
it passes port 1, Fig. 13, and no effect is produced, as before; passing
on, it opens port 1, and steam passe through it and through ports v
and m to the passage T (Fig. 11); hence it passes through ports » and
c, g, and f to the left of the master valve of engine 1, forcing it to the
right, and so influencing the auxiliary piston E" and main slide valve D,
and so reversing the stroke of the main piston B of engine 1. These
operations are continued while steam is supplied.
The three Figs. 20 (Sheet 3), shows the valve W₁ of my duplex
engine Fig. 9 in its three different positions. In the first position
exhaust steam is entering through the pipe B' to the port B", thence
through port G to the cylinder, and steam from this cylinder exhausts
through ports G¹ and J into the pipe J¹, and thence into the condenser.
In the second position high pressure steam passes from the chest of
cylinder A to the chest W through pipe V, thence through ports Y', G,
to the cylinder A¹¹; at the same time exhaust steam passes into
the cylinder as in the first position. Steam is exhausted from the
cylinder in the same way as before described. In the third position
exhaust steam from cylinder A is entirely cut off, and passes through
ports B and H to the pipe H', and thence to the atmosphere. High
pressure steam is admitted through port G to the cylinder, and exhausts
from the cylinder through ports G' and H to the pipe H', and thence to
the atmosphere.

page_text: Another modification of my improved method of working valves is
represented on Sheet 4, by Figs. 21, 22, and 23, showing the main
steam valve D' and auxiliary cylinder D cast together, instead of being
made and worked separate, as represented on Sheet 1. Fig. 21 is a
longitudinal section through the main valve D', auxiliary cylinder D, E
auxiliary piston E, valve chest C, and part of the main cylinder A.
Fig. 22 is a transverse view of the same parts, and Fig. 23 is a. plain
horizontal section through the auxiliary cylinder D, steam chest C, and
auxiliary valve F. The auxiliary piston E is furnished with hollow
stems E¹, E, at each end for admitting steam into the auxiliary cylinder
D by a slight movement given to the auxiliary piston E which permits
steam to pass into the ends of the auxiliary cylinder D through steam
passages p and S, S, alternately at each end. The auxiliary valve F is.
only used for exhausting steam from the auxiliary cylinder D.. The
manner of admitting steam to the auxiliary cylinder D is similar to that
described in my Patent dated 17th day of May 1870, No. 1413.
The following is a descripton of the main valve D and the parts for
working it-The main piston B is shown moving to the right when it'
passes the port a", steam enters and passes through the ports a" and c¹
to the right hand end of the auxiliary valve F, moving it to the left, and
thereby bringing the ports g and finto communication, and exhausting
the steam from the right of the auxiliary piston E, and thereby first
cause the piston E to move to the right, which admits steam through
the ports and S, S, to the left end of the auxiliary moving piston E,
and pressing against it, and the valve moving auxiliary cylinder D
moving it to the left; this movement of the valve brings the ports c and
a¹ in communication ready for admitting steam, when the piston B passes.
port a' in its return stroke to the left, and causing the main slide valve
D¹ to move and admit steam to the right hand end of the cylinder A,
and consequently reversing the stroke of the main piston B. The same
movement of parts and proper position of ports take place when the
piston B reaches the left end of the cylinder A for again reversing its
stroke, and will continue to do so as long as steam is supplied. The
lever N', rod M, lever L, and stud K is for moving the valve F for
exhausting steam from the auxiliary cylinder D when first starting the
engine; if required steam is admitted to the valve chest through the
passage S; and B is the main exhaust.
T
01 22 and 23 on Sheet 4

page_text: may be constructed with two auxiliary pistons E instead of one as
represented, and the auxiliary valve F made to work between them for
exhausting the steam from the outer end of the auxiliary cylinder,
according to the plans before described or by any other known
equivalent device for giving the auxiliary piston the requisite motion
for admitting steam into the ends of the auxiliary cylinder D through the
norts mond & a
may be constructed with two auxiliary pistons E instead of one as
represented, and the auxiliary valve F made to work between them for
exhausting the steam from the outer end of the auxiliary cylinder,
according to the plans before described or by any other known
equivalent device for giving the auxiliary piston the requisite motion
for admitting steam into the ends of the auxiliary cylinder D through the
[ports and S, S.
If desired this form of valve may be used for cylinders placed in a
vertical position for working; in such cases the steam ports and passages
leading into the main cylinder will be made to suit the adoption of the
valve for such purposes.
Another modified form and manner of working my improved valve
is represented by Fig. 24 (Sheet 4) which shows a longitudinal section
through the steam chest E, auxiliary cylinder F, main valve F", auxiliary
valves g, g¹, and a portion of the main cylinder A. The auxiliary.
cylinder F and main valve F are cast together as represented.
The following is a description of the working of the valve:-The
position of the parts of the engine, as shown by Fig. 24, represents the
piston B moving to the left end of the cylinder A. When the piston
passes the port e steam enters the port from behind the piston and lifts
the auxiliary valve g, and thereby exhausts the steam from the left end
of the auxiliary cylinder F, through the ports and passages i and i with
the main exhaust port D', while steam passes into the right end of the
auxiliary cylinder F through port d, and thereby moves the auxiliary
cylinder F and valve F by steam pressing on the right end of the
stationary auxiliary piston b attached to the spindle a, which places the
main valve F in position for reversing the motion of the main piston B
to the right of the cylinder A, and when the piston B passes the port e¹
steam presses up the auxiliary valve g³, and the valve F¹ is again
reversed to the left by exhausting the steam from the right end of the
auxiliary cylinder F for placing the parts and ports again in position for
reversing the motion of the piston B to the left, in the manner before
described; the valve will continue so to work as long as steam is supplied.
C, C, are steam passages leading into the main cylinder, and D, D, are
exhausts; the piston B is cushioned by passing over the exhaust ports
at each end of the cylinder. The auxiliary pistons b, b, and spinde a,
to which they are attached, have no longitudinal movement. The ends
R 2

page_text: of the spindle a are fit between the inside ends of the steam chest E so
that the spindle, and consequently the auxiliary pistons b, b, will freely
move up and down to accommodate themselves to the wear of the valve F.
In practice it will be better to fill the space up between the pistons b, b,
to prevent the leakage of steam from end to end of the cylinder.
It will be observed that the ports d, d', leading into each end of the
auxiliary cylinder F are continually open to the live steam in the steam
chest E. The auxiliary cylinder F is moved by exhausting the steam
from the ends of the auxiliary cylinder through ports much larger than
the steam supplying ports d, d', thereby disturbing the equilibrium of
pressure in the ends of the auxiliary cylinder, which causes it to
move in the manner before described. This method of working valves
is similar to that claimed by me in my Patent dated 2rd of December
1872, No. 3617.
The valve F may be worked by hand when first starting the engine,
if required, by a lever attached to the side of the steam chest (not
represented by the Drawings) and made to act on a pin secured to
the side of the auxiliary cylinder. This portion of my improvement
is sufficiently represented by the Drawings, not to require further
description.
Another portion of my improvement consists in arranging a governor
with direct acting steam-pumping engines, to regulate the pressure of
steam admitted to the cylinder, or cut it off entirely, should the pump
loose its water or fail to work, and thereby prevent damage to the
machine. The governor is composed of a piston working in a suitable
cylindrical chamber; this chamber is placed so it communicates with
the pressure of steam between the throttle valve and cylinder. The
governor piston is provided with a connecting rod, which is made to
work a steam cock or throttle valve through the medium of a lever
attached to the governor piston and valve before mentioned.
Fig. 25 (Sheet 4) represents the improved governor, shown in section,
attached to a steam cylinder B. The apparatus is mounted on the top
of the steam chest. Y is a cock or throttle valve in the steam pipe S,
to which is attached the lever x. This lever is moved up and down by
the piston L, which is fitted in the governor cylinder m connected to
the steam pipe S. The weights a, b, and c, are made to rest on separate
bearings or steps formed in the cylinder m. These weights are lifted

page_text: one at a time by by the piston as it is forced up by the pressure of steam,
and thereby adding weight to the piston. The piston L rises gradually,
and thereby closes the valve Y until the steam supplied balances the
piston and weights. This will be at the proper point to furnish steam,
just sufficient to maintain the pressure required for working the engine,
and consequently supply the demand for water for any usees to which
the apparatus may be applied. The weight d and é on lever x serves
to adjust the pressure at points between the weights a, b, and c.
Another portion of my improvement consists in employing two, three,
or more cylinders of the same or different capacities, and arranged
together to form one machine for compressing air to be used for working
pumping engines, more particular in mines. The object of employing
a number of air compressing cylinders in the same machine is to accom-
plish the same quantity of work with less power and cylindrical capacity
than is usually done with a single air cylinder, and more particular
when air compressing cylinders are worked by direct acting engines, as
in such cases more clearance is allowed between the pistons and ends
of the air compressing cylinders to prevent the pistons from striking.
One mode of accomplishing this is to employ a large central cylinder
provided with suitable valves, into which the air is first drawn and then
compressed into smaller cylinders, attached to, and arranged in line with,
the large central cylinder at each of its ends, so that the pistons of all
the cylinders thus arranged together in the same machine can be
attached to one and the same pistou rod. The small cylinders, one, two,
or more, are placed or attached to each end of the large cylinder by
bolting, and are furnished with valves of any proper known form, and
arranged to open from the large into the small cylinders, or from
cylinder to cylinder, until the required pressure of air is attained, when
it is discharged into a reservoir or applied direct to use.
Fig. 26 (Sheet 4) represents a longitudinal sectional view of a double
acting horizontal air compressing machine worked by a direct acting
engine. A is the steam cylinder; B, B', and B", are air cylinders;
C, C', and C are pistons; E, E, and F are air discharge pipes; D' and D
are the ends of the large central cylinder B, and also serve as the inside
ends of the cylinders B¹, B"; and D, D, are the outer ends or heads of
the cylinders B', B", furnished with outlet valves 61, 61, and 6, 61, leading
into the discharge pipes E¹ and E.

page_text: The following is the action of the machine:The pistons C, and C¹, C³,
are supposed to be moving to the left, which causes a vacuum to be made
in the right of the cylinder C and the valve a to open, and air to fill the
end of the cylinder. In the meantime the air in the left end of the
cylinder C has been compressed and forced through the valve a', a', into
the left cylinder B", and the air in the left cylinder B" has been compressed
and forced through the valves 61, 61, into the discharge pipe E', and the
air in the left of the cylinder B₁ has passed through the valves b', ', in
the piston to the right end of the cylinder B¹. The action above
described takes place when the pistons are moved to the right by air
flowing in to the left end of the cylinder C, being compressed in its right
end and forced into the cylinder B¹, and from the cylinder B¹ into the
discharge pipe E. The Drawings are sufficient to show the action of the
machine without further description. In practice a conducting pipe
should be attached to the side of the cylinder C opposite the valves a, a,
for conducting the air to the valves.
Another modification of my improved valve is shown on Sheet 5,
representing the auxiliary valve D constructed and arranged for working
in the main slide valve C; the main valve is cylindrical. This arrange.
ment (to some extent) is similar to my method of working the steam
piston of direct acting engines and valves, represented in my Patent of
September 15th, 1868, No. 2831.
:
Fig. 27 is a longitudinal section through the main and auxiliary
valves, and a portion of the main cylinder showing various steam ports
and passages; Fig. 28 is a plan section through the main and auxiliary
valves and their chambers, and Figs. 28 and 29 are transverse sections
through the main and auxiliary valves at different points. A is the
main cylinder; B, the piston; C, the main valve; D, the auxiliary
valve; E, the main valve chamber; F, the steam supply; and G, the
exhaust.
'
The following is a description of the working of the valves:―The
main valve C is in position for moving the piston B to the right end of
the cylinder, and when the piston B passes the port a live steam enters
it from behind the piston, and passes up the port a', a', made in the main
cylinder and main valve C (as more fully represented in Figs. 27
and 30), and acts on the right end of the auxiliary valve D, and moves
it to the left of its chamber during this time; the left of the auxiliary

page_text: valve chamber is open to the main exhaust G by ports 6 and 6'. These
exhaust ports are constructed for partially closing to retain sufficient
steam to form a cushion to prevent the auxiliary valve from striking its
covers. By thus moving the auxiliary valve the port c in the main
valve communicates with the live steam supplied to the interior of the
auxiliary valves by port d, and the exhaust cavity e in the auxiliary
valve is placed in communication with the ports C", C, and maiṇ
exhaust G; this position of the auxiliary valve D admits steam to the
right end of the main valve chamber E and exhausts it from the left, and
thereby causes a motion of the main valve C to the left, which places the
port and steam passages of the main valve in position for reversing the
motion of the main piston B to the left end of its cylinder, and when the
piston passes the port a live steam is supplied to the left end of
the auxiliary valve D by port a", a"; in the mean time its right end is
in communication with the main exhaust by port 7"; the auxiliary valve
is thus moved to the right which exhausts steam from the right end of
the main valve chamber E and supply live steam to the left end, and
moves the main valve C to the right end of its chamber, and thereby
places its ports and steam passages in position for again reversing the
motion of the main piston B to the right. The working of the auxiliary
and main valve will thus continue to act as long as steam is supplied.
The exhaust ports c¹ and c¹ made in the ends of the main valve.
chamber E to communicate with the auxiliary valve D are contracted
near the ends of the chamber for retaining steam to cushion the main
valve C. The supply of steam is taken at port F which is kept in
continual communication with the interior of the main valve C by a
slotted port (see Fig. 30). Levers L, O, and shaft M are used for moving
the main valve C by hand, if required, when first starting the engine.
Figs. 31, 32, and 33 (Sheet 6) shows a modification of the main steam
valve before described, and represented on Sheet 1"; in this case the
valve is constructed for attaching to cylinders for working in a vertical
position. The auxiliary valve F is placed transversly on the main
valve D and carried by it. The auxiliary valve is provided with means
for moving it by hand when first starting the engine, if required, by a
system of levers attached to the steam chest, as represented.
Fig. 31 is a longitudinal section through the main cylinder, auxiliary.
ovlinder auxiliary nistan and main steam valve and also shows a

page_text: transverse section of the auxiliary valve; Fig. 32 is a plan section
through the main steam chest, auxiliary cylinder, and auxiliary valve;
and Fig. 33 is a transverse section through the main cylinder steam chest,
and also shows a longitudinal section of the auxiliary valve. The valve
moving cylinder D is cast or attached to the main slide valve and moves
upon its piston E, which is held in nearly one position by being attached
to the lower end of the steam chest by the yoke C.
The following is a description of the working of the valve:-The
arrows show the direction of the moving parts and the flow of steam,
steam being admitted through the port a, Fig. 31, on the upper end of
the piston B, forces it downward until it passes the small port a¹, shown
by dotted lines in the several Figs. This port a¹ conveys steam from the
main cylinder to the left end of the auxiliary piston valve F, forcing it
to the right, Fig. 32, thereby closing the exhaust from the end g' leading
from the lower end of the valve moving cylinder. This gives the valve
moving piston E a slight motion downward, closing the small port d in
the stem of the piston E, and opening the port d' by moving it away
from the yoke G, thus admitting steam through d¹ to the upper side of
the auxiliary piston E. This moves the main valve upward, and thereby
reverses the steam in the main cylinder A by admitting it to the lower end
exhausting steam from the upper end of the cylinder, and also reverses
the above described operation of the valve when the piston B has passed
above the small port a", and so on continuously, as long as steam is
supplied. The plunger L, shaft M, and lever N, are arranged so as to
allow the valve free motion up and down, and at the same time
controle the movement of the auxiliary valve by hand. The plate I
and spring O are to hold the valve D to its seat.
Another portion of my improvement, represented by Figs. 34 and 35,
(on Sheet 6) relates to the method of constructing, working, and arranging
the main steam valve to the cylinder. This part of my improvement is
morc particularly supplemental to my Patents dated Dec. 2rd 1872,
No. 3617, and April 17th 1873, No. 1387. The valve is made cylindrical
with closed ends, excepting small holes at each end for the passage of
steam from the interior of the valve into the ends of the valve chamber
for giving the valve motion. The valve is furnished with passages, ports,
and cavities made in and through its sides for the ingress and egress of
steam to and from the cylinder, and when in position for working it is

page_text: usually placed on the top of the cylinder, and at right angles with it,
but if desired the valve may be placed or attached to any part of the
circumference of the cylinder for working, and at any desired angle to
the motion of the piston. The form and structure of this valve is the
same as that represented and described in my Patent, Dec'. 2rd 1872.
The valve is worked by making the piston slightly longer than its stroke
and arranging a segmental educting valve, by preference to the top
of the piston, or if desired to any other part of the circumference of
the piston. This segment valve is provided with cavities, which in the
proper time in the motion of the piston are made to communicate with
the end of the valve chamber and main exhaust of the engine for
exhausting the steam therefrom: In the meantime steam is admitted
to the opposite end of the valve chamber, from which it is being
exhausted from the interior of the main valve, and thereby gives the
requisite motion to the valve to effect the ingress and egress of steam
into and out of the cylinder to work the piston. The segment valve
connected to the piston is held to its place by any known form of spring
and partly by the pressure of steam acting on its back after the engine
is put to work.
The following is a description of the working of this portion of my
improvement-Fig. 34 (Sheet 6) is a longitudinal section of the main
cylinder A, its piston and educting valve, also a transverse section of the
main steam valve; Fig. 35 is a transverse section of the cylinder and
piston, and also shows a longitudinal section of the main valve. Both
of the Figs. also represent another portion of my improvement, namely,
the manner of working the steam valve D by the lever E, herein-after
more fully described. A is the cylinder; a, a, steam ports; B, B, are.
piston ends furnished with packing rings and joined together by the
connecting pieces C, C, in the process of casting; M is an educting
valve fitted to the piston, as represented, and held to its place by spring
N. The face of this valve is provided with recesses e, c¹, at its ends for
exhausting the steam from the ends of the valve cylinder F, F',
bringing the recesses e or e¹ alternately in communication with g¹ or g,
ƒ and b. When the piston terminates its stroke at each end of the
cylinder, for instance, it is supposed the piston B, B, which is made
longer than its stroke, is moving to the right when the recess e in the
valve M comes in communication with the port g¹ leading to the left end
of the valve chamber F' and port F leading to the main exhaust b. The
by

page_text: steam is thereby exhausted from the left end of the valve oylinder, and
live steam passes into the right end of the valve chamber from the
interior of the valve D through the port, and thereby moves the valve D
to the left and reverses the flow of steam into the cylinder A, and
consequently the motion of the piston B to the left end of the cylinder
A, and when the piston terminates its stroke at the left end of the
cylinder the same action of the valve D takes place, and will continue
to do when the piston terminates its stroke at each end of the cylinder
as long as steam is supplied.
The novel method and structure of parts for moving the valve D by
the finger or lever E and handle consists in casting or forging a ball G
on the lever, which is turned true 'and smooth, and made to work in the
socket J and K, as represented in Figs. 34 and 35. These sockets are
usually made of brass; the socket J is screwed or attached to the valve
cylinder, and the socket K is screwed into the socket J for holding the
lever to its place. This manner of constructing the lever with the ball G
and working it in the sockets J and K forms a perfectly steam-tight
joint without the use of any kind of packing, at the same time admits a
free and easy motion of the lever. The finger E passes through a
longitudinal slot made in the valve cylinder sufficiently long to give the
finger motion to move the valve to the end of its traverse; the finger also
serves as a guide to prevent the valve from rotating.
The Drawings on Sheet 7 represent two modifications of my improved
valves, which are supplementary to my Patents of December 2rd, 1872,
No. 3617, and April 17th, 1873, No. 1387, in their modifications, the
auxiliary valve d, d, for exhausting the steam from the ends of the main
valve cylinder are fit transversly to the ends of the main valve, and
made to move with it.
Figs. 36 and 37 represent one of the modifications. 36 is a longitudinal
section through the main valve and its cylinder and a portion of the main
cylinder; 37 is a transverse section through the main and auxiliary
valve d and portion of the main cylinder in line with S, S, (Fig. 36). A is
the main cylinder; a, a, exhaust ports; b, b, steam ports. C is the
main valve, made circular on its face, and provided with piston ends J, J,
in which the auxiliary valves d, d, are fit. D is the valve cylinder or
chamber in which the valve C and its piston ends J are fit so as to have
a free working motion, but to be steam tight.

page_text: The following is a description of the working of the improvement:―
The valve C is in position for moving the piston B to the left end of the
cylinder, and when the piston passes the steam port C steam enters this
port from behind the piston, and presses on and lifts the valve d, and
thereby exhaust the steam from the right end of the valve C through
the steam passages fand g. The steam passage f extends from the right
end of the valve cylinder D to the auxiliary valve d, and the steam.
passage g. extends from the auxiliary valve d to the main exhaust
passage a in the left of the main cylinder, which communicates with the
main exhaust port h. When the steam is thus exhausted from the valve
cylinder the valve C is moved to the right end of its chamber by live
steam passing through the small port q into the left end of the valve
cylinder, and thereby places the valve C in position for changing the
motion of the piston B to the right end of the cylinder, and when the
piston terminates its stroke at the right the auxiliary valve d' is acted on
for exhausting the steam from the left end of the valve chamber D for
changing the motion of the piston B again to the left, and will thus con-
tinue its action, as before described, as long as steam is supplied. The
auxiliary valves d, d', are placed in the valve for exhausting the steam
from the opposite ends of the valve chamber D in which they are placed.
The small steam ports q, q, through the pistons J, J, are in continual
communication with the end of the valve cylinder and live steam between
the piston J. In this arrangement separate main steam and exhaust
ports and a are employed, as represented. This arrangement of ports
are used for cushioning the piston B by allowing it to pass over the
exhaust ports a at each end of the cylinder as it terminates its stroke.
Figs. 38 and 39 (Sheet 7) represent another modification for
working the same structure of valve above described. A represents the
cylinder; a, a, steam ports; B, piston; C, main steam valve; D, valve.
cylinder; d, d¹, auxiliary valves arranged in pistons J, J, forming the
ends of the main valve. The main valve C is represented in position for
moving the piston B to the right, and when it passes the port e¹ steam
enters this port from behind the piston, and passes to the auxiliary
valve d¹ and opens it, and thereby exhausts the steam from the left end
of the valve cylinder D through ports and f in the main valve C com-
municating with the main exhaust port b. In the meantime steam
passes into the right end of the valve cylinder through the port pin the
piston J, and moves the yalve C to the left, which places it in position.

page_text: for reversing the stroke of the piston B to the left end of the cylinder,
and when the piston again terminates its stroke steam passes through
the port e and lifts the auxiliary valve d, and thereby exhausts the
steam from the right end of the valve cylinder D in the manner before
described, and again changes the valve for reversing the motion of the
piston to the right, and will so continue to act whenever the piston B
terminates its stroke, as long as steam is supplied.
Fig. 39 is a partial section of the cylinder A, and end view of the
valve chamber D, and also a portion of the valve cylinder and valve C
in section, which shows the manner of attaching the finger R for moving
the valve C. The manner of applying this finger for moving the valve
has been herein-before described and represented on Sheet 5. The valve
represented by Figs. 36 and 37 is moved in a similar manner (but not
represented in the Drawings). The Drawings on Sheet 7 are sufficiently
plain to show the working of this portion of my improvement without
further specifying it.
Another portion of my improvement consists in constructing a pump
to force a continuous stream furnished with but one suction and one
delivery valve. The piston or plunger of the pump is made to work in
a bored cylinder or barrel packed at its end, and reduced in diameter
between its packed end and the end working through the stuffing box,
to form an annulas space between the inside of the barrel and reduced
portion of the plunger or piston, about half the area of the barrel, so
when the water is forced out of the pump by the down stroke of the
plunger, when placed in a vertical position, half the water contained in
the barrel is forced into the annulas space, and the other half is forced
out of the pump for use, while the up stroke of the plunger forces the
water out of the annulas space and causes the barrel to fill, half of
which is again forced into the annulas space by the down stroke of the
piston, and the other half out of the pump by the up and down strokes
of the plunger, while the water is only drawn into the pump by the up
stroke or by the plunger moving in one direction when worked hori-
zontaly. I am aware pumps with one set of suction and delivery
valves have been made to discharge a continuous stream, but in such
cases the delivery valves have been fit into the end of the plunger, which
is difficult to do in small size pumps, while in my improvement both
the valves are placed in a chamber attached to the outside of the barrel,
and a water channel is made between the upper side of the delivery

page_text: valve and annulas space, for the ingress and egress of the water there-
from.
Fig. 40 (Sheet 8) is a longitudinal sectional elevation of the pump
through the cylinder, valves, and piston; Fig. 41 is a sectional view
through the valve box in line with O, O, Fig. 40. A. is the cylinder or
barrel of the pump; B, the piston secured to the plunger D by the
screw C, as represented; h, h, is an annulas space around or between
the plunger D and cylinder A, which communicates with the valve
box E by the passage g; d is the receiving, and f the discharge passage
from the valve box; and a is the receiving, and 6 the discharge valves,
constructed and arranged as represented in Fig. 40; J is the water
passage leading from the lower part of the barrel A to the receiving
valve.
The following is a description of the action of the pump:-The up
stroke of the piston B and plunger D causes the lower part of the barrel
to fill by drawing water through the receiving valve a and passage J
from the source of supply. The down stroke of the piston forces
water through the discharge valve b. One-half of the water thus forced
through the delivery valve passes into the annulas space h, h, between
the plunger D and cylinder A, while the other half is discharged from
the pump at f for use. The annulas space h, h, now being full, when
the piston makes an up stroke the lower part of the barrel is again
refilled, and the water contained in the annulas space is discharged from
the pump through the opening f, and thereby discharges a continuous
stream at all times by discharging one-half of the water drawn into the
barrel of the pump by the down stroke of the piston, and the other half
by the up stroke, in the manner before described. The pump, if desired,
can be constructed for working in a horizontal position by attaching the
valve box. E to the barrel of the pump, so they would have a vertical
movement.
Having now described the nature of my Invention, and the manner of
working it in various modified forms, what I claim is,-
-
1rst. The main slide valve D (Sheet 1"), the auxiliary valve F, and its
chamber F¹, all furnished with steam ports and passages, as represented,
and the steam port c, c¹, c¹¹, c¹¹¹, leading into the main cylinder, the
auxiliary cylinder E, and its piston E", all constructed and operated in
the manner and for the purposes herein-before stated.

page_text: 12th. The pump constructed and arranged and furnished with but
one. or one set of suction and delivery valves, represented on Sheet 8, for
the purposes herein-before described.
In witness whereof, I, the said Martin Benson, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Sixteenth day of March, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-five.