IMPROVEMENTS .IN THE PREPARATION & TREATMENT OF SOAPS, AND IN COMBINING THEREWITH CERTAIN VEGETABLE, FARINACEOUS, OR EQUIVALENT. NATURAL MATTERS, ALSO IN APPARATUS OR MEANS THEREFOR, PARTS OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE APPLICABLE TO OTHER SOAPS
Year: 1875

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Green, of Florence Terrace, St. Laurence,
1x b
Thanet, in the County of Kent, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS
.IN THE PREPARATION & TREATMENT OF SOAPS, AND IN COMBINING THEREWITH
CERTAIN VEGETABLE, FARINACEOUS, OR EQUIVALENT. NATURAL MATTERS, ALSO
IN APPARATUS OR MEANS THEREFOR, PARTS OF WHICH IMPROVEMENTS ARE
APPLICABLE TO OTHER SOAPS,"
aled the 12th March 1875, and dated the 13th January 1875.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Green at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the
18th January 1875.
I, WILLIAM GREEN, of Florence Terrace, St. Laurence, Thanet, in the
County of Kent, do hereby declare the nature of the said 'Invention for
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PREPARATION & TREATMENT OF SOAPS, AND
IN COM?
BINING THEREWITH CERTAIN VEGÉTABLE, FARINACEOUS, OR EQUIVALENT NATural
MATTERS, ALSO IN APPARATUS OR MEANS THEREFOR, PARTS OF WHICH IMPROVE-
MENTS ARE APPLICABLE TO OTHER SOAPS," to be as follows:-
It is a generally recognised fact that the majority of soaps contain in a
greater or less degree an excess of alkali, which acts upon the skin and
Price 8d1

page_text: upon the hair, especially of the face, producing unpleasant if not injurious
effects and premature greyness.
•
The primary object of this Invention is the production of soaps free
from these defects, yet not exceeding in price ordinary soaps. The
emollient properties of seaweeds are well known, and although their
curative properties are known to some slight extent, they have been but
little used, especially by medical men, whereas their detergent properties
seem to have been entirely lost sight of. I have discovered however by
almost daily use for many years that the detergent properties of the
kinds of seaweed found on the Kentish coast, and which I believe are
common to most parts of the British Isles, are very considerable if pro-
perly utilized. By the frequent use of extracts of the kinds of seaweed
named the hair will be strengthened and softened, premature baldness and
greyness prevented, and almost all cutaneous eruptions be greatly mollified
if not entirely removed. They are especially valuable in most cases in
which iodine might be used, and it has recently been discovered that they
possess properties similar to cod liver oil.
B
Several attempts have been made to mix with soap Iceland and Irish
moss and extracts of seaweed, but chiefly in the form of a thick jelly
for increasing its weight, as in the use of size, glue, and similar matters.
In one instance, too, they have been used with soaps for scouring and
"fulling" woollen cloths, and in another for neutralizing an excess of
sulphate of soda in soap. More recently also an attempt has been made
to combine it with a soap containing about ten per cent. of iodine, but
although this was tried several years ago, only a few hundredweights have
been made In these several instances however the percentage of mucilage
has been small, varying from one to about twenty-six, whereas by the
present Invention from fifty to three hundred per cent. and upwards of
extract of seaweed, or of similar or equivalent matters, as described, may
be used, thus imparting to such soaps the invaluable curative and emollient
properties of such seaweed without adding to their cost, and thus placing
them within the reach of all classes.
'
In carrying my Invention into effect I proceed as follows:-In a
suitable vessel, by preference a deep cylinder, I place a quantity of
seaweed, either whole or reduced to a finely divided state, or to a pulp.
To this water is added, such water being, by preference, impregnated
with salt, lime, soda, soap, or similar matters, and is allowed to remain

page_text: until it becomes viscid. As this is drawn off more water can be added
until the whole of the mucilage is extracted from the seaweed. When
colour is an object I use water at such a temperature as not to draw
out the colouring matter of the seaweed, but when colour is no object
boiling water or steam may be used. I prefer to commence the
extraction by means of cold or tepid water and to complete the same
by means of boiling water or steam. By reducing to a finely divided
state, or by pulping the seaweed, the maximum of mucilage may be
obtained and the residuum be used in lieu of the extract for certain
kinds of soap.
The extraction of the mucilage may be further
facilitated by centrifugal or other force or pressure, as also by chemical
agencies, as soda, etc.
The grinding or pulping of the seaweed may in some cases be
facilitated also by the admixture therewith of other matters, as resin,
soda, steatite, and othe soap ingedients, and, in combination therewith,
mixed with soap. The seaweed which I prefer is of the kind found on
the Kentish coast as before mentioned.
Having prepared the seaweed, or the extract thereof, I proceed as
follows:-
:-
Compound Soaps.-If the quality of the soap to be treated and formed
into a compound soap be of the quality or of the kind known as
primrose soap, or if when fiuished, apart from this Invention, it would
be equal thereto, and if the simple extract of seaweed is to be used
therewith I proceed thus:-The several ingredients for forming the
primrose soap are mixed and boiled in the usual or any approved manner,
and the soap is run into another vessel provided with a steam jacket or
other heating appliance and with stirring or agitating arrangements.
While still in the fluid or melted state from twenty to thirty per cent, of
soluble glass, silicate of ɛoda, or the aqueous solution of any of the
chemical or commercial varieties and forms, or silicates of soda or
potassa, is added and well incorporated with the soap at a good-heat.
The extract of seaweed is now added by degrees, or in such proportions
as to maintain the fluidity or plastic condition of the soap, and is well
mixed therewith by stirring. Soaps of this quality will take from half to
their own weight of the extract, and in some cases from two and a half
to three times, or even more of the extract may be added to each ton of
soap under treatment. When thus used the extract should be kept in a

page_text: '
.cold or tepid state, as a high degree of heat if not injurious darkens the
.colour thereof. The importance of adding the extract by degrees or in
small quantities will thus be obvious. When a sufficient quantity of
extract is supplied to the soap further thickening or hardening ingre-
dients may be added. About seven per cent. each of resin, borax, and
French chalk may be mixed therewith to each ton of the primrose or
other soap under treatment. Other ingredients, or a larger percentage
of those named, may, if desired, be added to the compound soap for the
purpose of giving firmness or hardness, and further curative properties
thereto.
In some cases saponified wheaten, flour or equivalent matter may be
reduced to a fluid or paste, and with or without the admixture of iodine,
hyposulphite of soda or other curative matters be used in lieu of seaweed.
To the compound soaps tlius made may be added perfumes, colours,
medicaments, and certain vegetable, farinaceous, mineral, bituminous,
animal, and other matters. If the pan in which the soap to be treated
according to this Invention is made be provided with heating and
agitating appliances, the several ingredients for making the compound
soap may be added, and the operation be completed therein.
'
$
In some cases it will be desirable to add to the seaweed or to the
extracts thereof a saponaceous paste. This is to be formed by dissolving
or saponifying, or partially saponifying by means of caustic soda or its
equivalent refuse animal matters, as scrapings or cuttings from skins,
wool, hair, entrails, etc.; also vegetable or farinaceous matters as wheat
or other grain, seeds, kernals, roots, stalks, fruit, etc.; also certain
mineral or bituminous matters, as various fatty clays, tar, and similar or
equivalent saponifiable substances or matters; also various other kinds
of refuse or cheap materials or matters.capable of saponification. To
each ton of the paste thus made may be added from two to four tons or
upwards of extract of seaweed, and well mixed; this may be used in
lieu of simple senweed or extract.
:
In some cases, too, instead of forming a mere paste the said matters
may be formed into. a soap before being mixed with the seaweed or
extract, in which case it will sometimes be necessary to, add a small
quantity of oily or fatty matter thereto. In forming the.compound 3
fluid from soaps thus made a larger proportion of extract can be used
than when using the saponaceous paste. To the fluid thus formed I in.

page_text: soine cases add rosin, borax, silicate of soda, and French chalk, the solids
by preference in a finely devided state, and in the proportions before
described for mixing with melted soaps. The compound fluid thus formed
may be mixed with soap or other soap stuffs either during the process of
manufacture or while the same are in a finished and melted or remelted
state. Such compound fluids may be supplied to the trade in casks or
other suitable vessels for admixture with soaps, or they may by concen-
tration or by a larger proportion of some of the ingredients or otherwise,
be formed into a paste or soft soap, and in that state be mixed with
воар
or supplied to the trade.
With the simple or compound extracts, fluids, or pastes, as before
described, I in some cases use ammonia or its compounds and some
liquid hydrocarbon. In carrying out this part of my Invention the soap
to be treated is brought to a fluid state by the admixture there with of
the simple or compound extract of seaweed, about one ton being used to
cach ton of soap. To five tons of the fluid or melted soap thus produced
half a ton of mineral naptha, benzole, camphine, turpentine, or equiva-
lent matter, half a ton of saturated solution of carbonate of ammonia,
and about one and a half hundredweight of liquor ammonia is to'be
added to the whole, and then mixed at a low temperature. Tar also may
be used, but I prefer that it be treated in a similar or equivalent manner
to that hereafter described.
Another mode of using the simple or compound extracts of seaweed is
as follows: To each ton of melted or remelted soap under treatment I
add two tons of extract, and when well mixed, to each tou thereof about
two hundredweight of crystal soda and a quarter hundredweight of
American or Russian pearlash. A bag containing about a quarter
hundredweight of quicklime to each ton of the compound soap is then
suspended therein and the whole well boiled. To each ton of soap in
the pan may then be added half a ton of extract of seaweed and about
fourteen pounds of borax. Salts of soda may be used instead of crystal
soda and calcined alum instead of borax, but in less proportions; or a
still cheaper emollient soap may be made by mixing with two and halt
tons of extract of seaweed five hundredweight of quicklime, and to a like
weight of extract one hundredweight of pulverized chloride of lime
These being seperately-mixed-are-allowed to stand till the--lime--subsides.
In another vessel to five tons of extract of seaweed seven hundredweight
of pearlash is added, and when well mixed the lime solutions are added

page_text: thereto, and the whole then incorporated with three tons of melted or
remelted soap.
In the application of this Invention to soaps for "milling," or for
washing or lubricating wool and similar purposes, I prefer those made
from the fatty acids, as oleic acid or the "red oil" of commerce, but
any soaps free from resinous matters may be used. When made from
the fatty acids the processes described in the Patent dated 2863–1861,
or equivalent modes may be employed. If the compound extracts of
seaweed be used the saponaceous paste or soap to be mixed therewith
must be free from resinous matter, as must also the other ingredients.
I prefer for this purpose a paste made by saponifying wheaten flour or
similar matters, and in some cases I mix a little oleic acid, Gallipoli,
olive, or other oils possessing like properties therewith. A good
emollient and curative soap may likewise be made by the admixture of
extracts of seaweed, either simple or compound, with soaps made from
the fatty acids.
This Invention may also be used in connection with glycerine for the
production of an emollient soap with soap or soap stuffs for the manu-
fucture of soap powder in connection with other materials in soaps
made by the "cold process," with tar soap, and with various other soaps
possessing similar special and distinctive properties. When used with
bituminous matters, as tar, the said matters are saponified or mixed with
saponified fatty materials. The soap thus formed is dissolved in extract
of seaweed, simple or compound, and submitted to a gentle heat, when a
solid pitch-like substance will subside, leaving a clear liquid soap, which
upon hardening may be used alone or combined with other soap.
Instead of acting upon soaps while in the fluid
or meltei state, rėmelted
soaps may be employed for the purposes of this Invention, and instead of
using the several ingredients named or their equivalents in the manner
aud order described the same may be varied if so desired. Although,
too, certain proportions which I have found to answer well are given, I
do not confine myself thereto, as in the production of emollient, curative,
and other soaps as described the same may be considerably varied,
according to the quality of the soap to be treated or made.
It will be obvious, too, that if in the manufacture of soaps with which
it is intended to mix seaweed or the extracts thereof, or other saponacious
fluids, or pastes, as described, an excess of hardening or other ingredients,

page_text: as silicate of soda, rosin, peaŕlash, borax, etc., be used the same may be
dispensed with when applying such extracts.
It will also be obvious that although perhaps no vegetable or other
matter at the same cost as extract of seaweed will be capable of imparting
to soaps the same emollient, curative, and detergent properties, many
other matters may be used as mere thickening agents or adulterants in
lieu thereof. For example, the mucilagenous or gelatinous residuum or
products from paper, flax, silk starch, and other manufactures; also from
various fruits, vegetable, and other natural products, and many other
matters; also milk of lime, milk, suds, or other greasy or soapy fluids,
or even water. Although such fluids or other matters while capable of
giving weight and bulk to soaps if used by the processes herein described
or their equivalents will not impart to them the same curative,
emollient, and detergent properties, I claim the use thereof, as they
may otherwise be employed as mere colourable imitations or substitutes
for Beaweed,
To effect the admixture with soaps of the maximum quantity of sea-
weed or extract thereof contemplated by this Invention the same should
be applied by repeated intermittant operations, the soap being by pre-
ference reduced to small pieces or shavings between each remelting
process.
Additional firmness may also be given to soaps made according to this
Invention by pressure.
I would have it understood however that
although I have spoken generally of mixing seaweed with soap by the
agency of heat the same may be applied without heat by grinding or
equivalent processes; and although in this Specification I have some-
times used the terms "seaweed," "extract of seaweed," or simply
"extract," by such terms I mean marine algæ or all kinds of seaweed,
sea wrack, fuci, or marine vegetation, or other matters of like kind, or
possessing like properties, or the extracts thereof; but the admixture
of extracts of marine plants with refuse liquor from gas works by
heating, and with silicate of soda, aluminate of soda, or aluminous silicate
of soda not being new is not comprised in this Invention.
In order to distinguish these soaps from others I stamp or designate

page_text: Green," and the name of the perfume, medicament, or other speciality
they may possess.
Soaps made according to this Invention may be coated with soaps of
another or more expensive kind; they may also be formed into bars or
tablets of two or more colours; they are, too, by preference, to be boiled
in vacuo, or by other arrangements for boiling, melting, or concentrating
at a low temperature.
Two or more kinds of soap may sometimes be advantageously employed
for making emolli:nt or curative soaps according to this Invention, as
for example, Marseilles or other soaps of foreign manufacture with those
of home make, or those made from fatty acids or oils with others made
from tallow or similar fats; or such extracts may be mixed with
soaps of foreign manufacture, or others made in like manner without
admixture with other soaps.
Briefly, this Invention comprises the production of soaps by the modes 1
or processes and of the kinds herein indicated or described, or their
equivalents; the admixture of seaweed or extracts thereof with coloured,
perfumed, medicated (iodine soap, as described, excepted), farinaceous,
glycerine, tar, saccharine, or other special or fancy soaps, or with soaps
to be made into such, whether in bars or tablets; also with all kinds of
soap, when from fifty to one hundred or from one hundred to three
hundred per cent. thereof and upwards are employed; also with the
ingredients herein described or their equivalents for forming a sapon-
aceous compound or fluid; also with soluble glass, liquid quartz, or the
aqueous solution of any of the chemical or commercial varieties or forms
of silicate of soda or potassa, whether combined with soap or otherwise
except as herein described; the treatment of seaweed as described or
indicated; machinery or apparatus worked by power for stirring or
agitating soaps made as herein described; boiling or melting apparatus
as described; machinery or apparatus for interlacing, plugging, pouring,
cutting and figuring soaps made according to this Invention, but
which are applicable to other soaps.
The machinery or apparatus before referred to for interlacing, plugging,
cutting, and figuring soaps consists of,-
I. A series of travelling frames to which vibratory, curvilinear,
irregular, or intermittent motions are communicated, and containing
vessels with orifices from which soaps may run or be projected by

page_text: pressure, so that if soaps of different colours be placed in such vessels
they will in running or being projected therefrom interlace or interweave
each other, and so form checks, plaids, and other varigated patterns.
The motion necessary for producing these effects may be communicated
either to the vessels containing the soaps or to those into which the
same is to be run or forced.
II. The arrangements for plugging, cutting, and figuring consists of a
series of plugs or dies of any desired form arranged on suitable frame-
work, and which are caused to pierce or partially pierce slabs or blocks
of soap, and indent or cut out portions thereof. The spaces thus indented
or cut out are then filled with soaps of different colours from vessels with
orifices suitably arranged, and from which such soaps may be caused to
run or be projected by pressure.
Knives, wires, or other cutting appliances are to be combined with
the above arrangements for cutting soaps so treated to any desired shape
or form.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent,
filed by the said William Green in the Great Seal Patent Office
on the 13th July 1875.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, WILLIAM
GREEN, of Florence Terrace, St. Lawrence, Thanet, in the County of
Kent,, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Thirteenth day of January, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-five, in the
thirty-eighth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and suc-
cessors, give and grant unto me, the said William Green, Her special
license that I, the said William Green, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, or such others as I, the said William Green, my executors,
) administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term
therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise,
and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,
the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS

page_text: VI. In the use of certain terms for distinguishing such soaps from
others.
It is a generally recognized fact that the majority of soaps contain in
a greater or less degree an excess of alkali, which acts upon the skin and
upon the hair, especially that of the face, producing unpleasant if not
injurious effects and premature greyness.
The primary object of this Invention is the production of soaps free
from these defects, yet not exceeding in price ordinary soaps. The
emollient properties of seaweed are well known, and although their
curative properties are known to some extent they have been but little
used, especially by medical men, whereas their detergent properties seem
to have been entirely lost sight of. I have discovered however by almost
daily use for many years that the detorgent properties of the kind of
seaweed found on the Kentish coast, and which I believe are common
to most parts of the British Isles, are very considerable if properly
utilized. By the frequent use of extracts of the kinds of seaweed named
the hair will be strengthened and softened, premature baldness and
greyness prevented, and all cutaneous eruptions be greatly mollified if
not entirely removed. They are especially valuable in most cases in
which iodine might be used, and it has recently been discovered that they
possess properties similar to cod liver oil.
Several attempts have been made to mix with soaps Iceland and Irish
moss and extracts of seaweed, but chiefly in the form of a thick jelly for
increasing its weight, as in the use of size, glue, and similar matters.
In one instance, too, they have been used with soaps for scouring and
fulling woollen cloths, and in another for neutralizing an excess of
sulphate of soda in soap. More recently also an attempt has been made
to combine it with a soap containing about ten per cent. of iodine, but
although this was tried several years ago only a few hundredweights
have been made. In these several instances however the per-centage of
mucilage has been small, varying from 1 to about 26, whereas by the
present Invention from 50 to 300 per cent. and upwards of extract of
seaweed, or of similar or equivalent matters, as described, may be used,
thus imparting to such soaps the invaluable curative and emollient
properties of such seaweeds without adding to their cost, and thus placing
them within the reach of all classes.
T

page_text: suitable vessel, by preference a deep cylinder, I place a quantity of
seaweed, either whole or reduced to a finely divided state, or to a pulp,
To this water is added, such water being by preference impregnated
with salt, lime, soda, soap, or similar matters, and is allowed to remain.
until it becomes viscid. As this is drawn off more water can be added,
until the whole of the mucilage is extracted from the seaweed. When
color is an object I use water at such a temperature as not to draw out
the coloring matter of the seaweed; but when colour is no object
boiling water or steam may be used. I prefer to commence the extrac-
tion by means of cold or tepid water, and to complete the same by means
of boiling water or steam. By reducing to a finely divided state, or by
pulping the seaweed, the maximum of mucilage may be obtained, and
the residuum be used in lieu of the extract for certain kinds of soap.
The extraction of the mucilage may be further facilitated by centrifugal
force or pressure, as also by chemical agencies, as soda, etc.
"
The grinding or pulping of the seaweed may in some cases be
facilitated also by the admixture therewith of other matters, as resin,
steatite, and other soap ingredients, and, in combination therewith, mixed
with soap. The seaweed which I prefer is of the kind found on the
Kentish coast, as before mentioned.
As it is im-
Compound Soaps.-If the soap to be treated and formed into a com-
pound soap be of the quality or of the kind known as primrose soap, or
if, when finished, apart from this Invention, it would be equal thereto, and
if the simple extract of seaweed is to be used therewith I proceed
thus: The several ingredients for forming the primrose soap are mixed
and boiled in the usual or any approved manner, and the soap is run
into another vessel provided with a steam jacket or other heating
appliance, and with stirring or agitating arrangements.
portant that the temperature be kept as low as possible I prefer for this
purpose a vacuum pan or other apparatus of the kind used by sugar
refiners and others for evaporating at a low temperature. While still in
the fluid or melted state from 20 to 30 per cent. of soluble glass,
silicate of soda, or the aquocus solution of any of the chemical or com-
mercial varieties and forms a silicate of soda or potassa, in addition to
that ordinarily used, is added and well incorporated with the soap at a
good heat. The extract of seaweed is now added by degrees, or in such
proportions as to maintain the fluidity or plastic condition of the soap,

page_text: and is well mixed therewith by stirring. Soaps of this quality will take
from half to their own weight of the extract, and in some cases from two
and half to three tons, or even more of the extract may be added to each
ton of soap under treatment. As a large proportion of the aqueous part
of the seaweed or extract is thrown off by the process of evaporation, the
oily, glutinous, and curative properties thereof remain in the soap, thus
adding considerably to its weight as well as to its emollient qualities.
When thus used the extract should, by preference, be kept in a cold or
tepid state, as a high degree of heat, if not injurious darkens the color
thereof; the importance therefore of adding the extract by degrees or in
small quantities will be obvious. There are certain seaweeds and mosses,
as Carrageen or Irish moss and Iceland moss, which are not injured or
discolored by heat, and when such are used the above precaution need
not necessarily be observed. When a sufficient quantity of extract is
supplied to the soap, further thickening or hardening ingredients may
be added. The thickening or hardening ingredients which I prefer
are those made from certain natural matters, animal, vegetable, and
mineral, which being dissolved by admixture with a large proportion of
caustic alkali and then converted into saponaceous compounds or soaps, as
described under the next head. About seven per cent. each of resin, borax,
and French chalk may also be mixed with each ton of the primrose or
other soap under treatment. Other ingredients or a larger per-centage
of those named may if desired be added to the compound soap for the
purpose of giving firmness or hardness and further curative properties to
the soap.
In some cases saponified wheaten flour or equivalent matter, as herein-
after described, may be reduced to a fluid or paste and with or without
the admixture of iodine, hyposulphite of soda, or other curative matters
be used in lieu of seaweed. As these saponaceous compounds or soaps are
particularly described under the next head they need not be so here. To

page_text: -
. . In some cases it will, as before mentioned, be desirable to add to the
seaweed or extract, or 'use in lieu thereof a saponaceous compound or
paste. This is to be formed by dissolving or saponifying or partially.
saponifying by means of caustic soda or its equivalent refuse animal
matters, as scrapings or cuttings from skins, wool, hair, entrails, etc.; 5
also vegetable or farinaceous matters, as wheat or other grain, seeds,
kernals, roots, stalks, fruits, etc.; also certain mineral or bituminous
matters, as various fatty clays, tar, and similar or equivalent saponifiable
substances or matters; also various kinds of refuse or cheap materials or
matters capable of saponification. To each ton of the paste thus made
may be added from 2 to 4 tons or upwards of extract of seaweed, .
and well mixed therewith may be used in lieu of simple seaweed
or extract, in which case the said thickening or hardening substances
need not be added separately to the soaps under treatment.
In
In some cases, too, instead of forming a mere saponaceous paste the
said natural matters may be formed into a soap before being mixed with
the seaweed or extract, in which case it will sometimes be necessary to
add a small proportionate quan'ity of oily or fatty matters thereto.
forming the compound fluid from soaps thus made a larger proportion of
extract can be used than when using the saponaceous paste. To the s
fluid thus formed I in some cases add rosin, borax, silicate of soda, and
French chalk, by preference in a finely divided state, and in the pro-
portions before described for mixing with melted
soaps.
In some cases, and in fact from practice I find it preferable, the silicate
of soda and other matters mentioned may be mixed with the soap made
from dissolved natural matters and be allowed by standing to incorporate
well therewith before the extract is added...
The modes or methods for making such soaps or saponaceous com-
pounds from natural matters will vary according to the character or
properties of the substances under treatment.
Without attempting
therefore to describe all the several methods by which the same
'may be effected I will describe certain modes by which the com-
binations which I claim can be made into saponaceous compounds or
soaps.
First. Vegetable Soaps.-Add to corn while in the whole or in a finely
divided state its own weight of caustic soda previously dissolved in about

page_text: Water
Sixteen "
This is to stand until the corn is brought to gluey or viscous state, and
which I then term C. P. To five tons of C. P. add one ton of oleic acid,
or other suitable oily or fatty matter, and half a ton of resin, by pre-
ference in a powdered state. To the six and half tons thus mixed add
one ton of silicate of soda in its own weight of extract or water. More
resin may now be added, varying in quantity from 5 to 25 per
cent. of the whole. I prefer that the admixture of the above ingre-
dients, except the silicate, be made by grinding or stirring while in a
cold state, but that the silicate of soda in a boiling state be poured on to
the paste, and thoroughly mixed therewith by stirring. The whole is
now allowed to stand until it solidifies or forms into a firm compound
воар.
This is now to be melted, and from 6 to 12 tons of extract
or upwards may be mixed therewith, in which state it can be mixed
with other soaps, or run into casks or frames to be used as desired.
Steatite or similar matters are in some cases mixed with the saponaceous
compounds or soaps thus made. I am aware that certain vegetable
matters mixed with a volatile alkali made from urine have had mixed
therewith about an eighth of oil; also that unsaponified farinaceous
vegetable matters have been mixed with resins, fats, oils, pitch, and
bituminous substances; also that the glutinous extracts of seaweeds and
mosses and the waste from flax and paper mills have heretofore been
mixed with oily and fatty matters; but I believe to be new, and therefore
claim, the admixture as herein described of fatty, oily, and resinous matters,
also silicate of soda, either separately or combined, with wheat or other
grain, seeds, kernals, roots, stalks, grasses, fruits, and other saponifiable
vegetable matters previously dissolved or saponified by admixture with
caustic soda or equivalent matter.
As for certain soaps the admixture of resinous matters with saponaceous
compound would render them unsuitable for being mixed therewith. I
will describe a mode of making such-compound-without-resin. To-six-
tons of C. P. add from one to two tons of cocoa-nut oil, or other oily
or fatty matter, and well incorporate the whole by grinding or otherwise,

page_text: so as to bring the same to a smooth and homogeneous paste. To this
add from three to four tons of silicate of soda in a boiling state, and
allow the whole to Bet. The compound thus formed is then to be
melted, and from 8 to 10 tons of extract of seaweed is to be mixed
therewith. I prefer that the melting and the admixture of the extract
be in a vacuum pan, and as the aqueous parts evaporate more extract may
if desired be added. By the process of evaporation this saponaceous
compound can be reduced in weight by at least one-fourth, and when
framed and set will form a firm and good soap. If therefore no more
extract has been supplied to make good the loss by ovaporation the soap
so formed can now be remelted with a small quantity of yellow palm oil,
or other suitable oil or fat, say half a ton of fat to six tons of the soap.
When well incorporated, add to each four tons of this remelted soap one
ton of silicate of soda, two tons of extract of seaweed, and half a ton of
stentite. The compound is now to be mixed with other soap or run into
casks or frames to be used as desired.
The above modes indicate generally the principle of and the manner
in which this part of my Invention may be carried into effect, but mány
modifications, both as to the proportions of the several ingredients and the
modes of mixing them may be employed.
Secondly. Animal Compound Soaps.-In operating upon animal matters.
as scrapings or cuttings of skins, entrails, horus, hoofs, hair, and indeed
any kind of gelatinous and fibrinous animal matters or fish, strong caustic
alkali is to be mixed therewith in sufficient quantity to dissolve the
fibrinous and to saponify the other parts thereof without the agency of
fire or steam heat. If the animal matters are dry or not heavily saturated
with moisture they will take about one-third of their weight of crude
caustic soda di-solved in from three to four times its own weight of lime
or other water. Having thoroughly mixed the said matters and the
alkali the whole are allowed to stand until they form into a semi-solid
soap-like inass. To 8 tons of the dissolved or saponified animal matters
is now to be added by grinding or other convenient means from one to
two tons of c con-nut oil, or other fatty or oily matter, and one ton of
resin, by preference in a powdered. state, or instead of that quantity of
resin about half a ton of tallow or other fat. Having thus without the
agency of fire heat effected a thorough incorporation of the animal and
other matters, pour on to the same in a boiling state one ton of silicate
of soda in two tons of water, and well mix by stirring or otherwise.

page_text: This can now stand until it forms into a compact semi-solid mass, after
which it is to be melted and mixed with other soaps, or be run into casks
or frames to be used as desired.
In some cases considerably more silicate than before mentioned may
be used in soaps or saponaceous compounds thus formed from animal
matters. Steatite, colors, perfumes, and other matters may also be
mixed therewith, also extract of seaweed, the admixture thereof with the
said compound being by preference made in a vacuum, pin, or other appa-
ratus capable of evaporating at a low temperature. I am aware that animal
matters or refuse as herein described have heretofore been dissolved or
saponified by means of caustic alkalis, also that after such saponification
resinous and fatty matters have been mixed therewith, but such ad-
mixture has been made by the agency of fire or steam beat, and after
the boiling or melting by fire or steam heat of said saponified animal
matters, I believe to be new however and therefore claim the ad-
mixture with such dissolved or saponified animal matters before the
melting or boiling of the same by fire or steam heat, by grinding or
other convenient means of fatty, oily, resinous and bituminous matters,
also the admixture with such saponified animal matters, whether treated
by known processes or according to this Invention, of silicate of soda or
similar matter, also the admixture with saponified animal matters of
seaweed or extracts thereof, also the melting and evaporating of
saponified animal matters whether treated by known processes or
according to this Invention in vacuum pans, or other apparatus for
evaporating at a low temperature such as are used by sugar refiners.
Thirdly. Mineral Soaps.-Dissolve in four tons of lime or other water
two tons of caustic soda, and then add thereto two tons of chalk or other
lime. To this add two tons of cocoa-nut oil or other fatty or oily
matter, well mixing the whole by grinding or otherwise. When well
mixed add to the above four tons of silicate of soda in a boiling state by
preference, and 12 tous of extract of seaweed. This compound I term
M. P., and with it as a base many different saponaceous compounds or
soaps may be formed. I will not, however describe the whole of these
but simply mention two as indicative of the processes and combinations
by which others may be formed.
I. With eight tons of M. P. mix one ton of cocoa nut oil or other
oily or fatty matter. I prefer that the admixture be by grinding;
when the M. P. and the cocoa-nut oil are properly mixed add thereto

page_text: about eight tons of extract of seaweed, and melt the whole, using by
preference a vacuum pau, and when so desired adding more extract
of seaweed as evaporation proceeds.
II: Another process is as follows:--With eight tons of M. P. mix half a
ton of resin, by preference in a powdered state, and one ton of cocoa-nut
oil or other suitable oily or fatty matter. These as in the former case I
prefer to incorporate by grinding. When well mixed add thereto about
eight tons of extract of seaweed, and melt and add more extract if desired,
as inthe former case. In making these saponaceous compounds or soaps it
is sometimes desirable to add more silicate of soda in connection with the
extract of seaweed; colors, perfumes, and other matters may be added
as desired; the said compounds or soaps are then to be mixed with
other soaps or run into casks or frames to be used as desired. Many
fatty clays or earths, calcined shells or bones, and similar matters may be
used in lieu of lime as described under this head of my Invention.
I am aware that heretofore lime, marl, and saporaceous earths have been
treated with caustic alkali, and both with and without the admixture
therewith of oily, fatty, and resinous matters mixed with soaps. But I
believe to be new and therefore claim the treating or saponifying of such
limes, earths, clays, and similar matters with strong alkaline lyes, and
forming a soap or saponaceous compound by grinding therewith without
fire or steam heat of oily, fatty, resinous, bituminous, and similar
matters, also the admixture with saponaceous compounds made by
treating such limes earthy and similar matters with alkali and with
fatty, oily, resinous, bituminous, and similar matters of silicate of soda
or equivalent matters, also the admixture with saponacecus compounds
or soaps made from limes mineral, earthy, and similar matters of sea-
weed or extracts thereof. As before mentioned the compound soaps
made from natural matters as described are brought to a fluid state by
heat, and the compound fluids thus formed may be mixed with soap or
other soap stuffs either during the process of manufacture or while the
same are in a finished and melted or remelted state. Such compound
fluids may be supplied to the trade in casks or other suitable vessels for
admixture with soaps, or they may by concentration or by a larger
proportion of some of the ingredients or otherwise be formed into a paste
or soft soap. I would have it understood however that although such
saponaceous compounds or soaps are of a soft or pasty character, when
finished and poured into frames or cocks they become firm by exposure
to the air and by age.

page_text: With the simple or compound extracts, fluids, or pastes, as before
described, I in some cases use ammonia or its compounds and some
liquid hydrocarbon. In carrying out this part of my Invention the soap
to be treated is brought to a fluid state by the admixture therewith of
the simple or compound extracts of seaweed, about one ton being used to
each ton of soap. To five tons of the fluid or melted soap thus produced
half a ton of mineral naptha, benzole, camphine, turpentine, or equivalent
Imatter, half a ton of saturated solution of carbonate of ammonia, and
about one and half hundredweight of liquor ammonia is to be added
to the whole and then mixed at a low temperature. Tar also may be
used, but I prefer that it be treated in a similar or equivalent manner to
that herein-after described. A soap similar to this has been made, but
instead of extract of seaweed a fluid paste made from flour, farina,
dextrine, starch, or oatmeal was used.
Another mode of using the simple or compound extracts of seaweed
is as follows:-To each ton of melted or remelted soap under treatment
I add two tons of extracts, and when well mixed to each ton thereof
about two hundredweight of crystal soda, and a quarter hundredweight
of American or Russian pearlash. A bag containing about a quarter
bundredweight of quicklime to each ton of the compound soap is then
suspended therein, and the whole well boiled. To each ton of the soap
in the pan nay then be added half a ton of extract of seaweed and
about 14 pounds of borax. Salts of soda may be used in lieu of crystal
soda, and calcined alum instead of borax, but in less proportions. Or a
still cheaper emollient soap may be made by mixing with two and a half
tons of extract of seaweed fine hundredweight of quicklime, and to a
like weight of extract of seaweed one hundredweight of pulverized
chloride of lime. These being separately mixed are allowed to stand till
the lime subsides. In another vessel to five tons of extract of seaweed
seven hundredweight of pearlash is added, and when well mixed the
-lime solutions are added thereto, and the whole then incorporateḍ with
three ton‹ of melted or remelted soap. I am aware that soaps similar to
these also have been made, but instead of extract of seaweed the
mucilage of linseed, marsh mallow, or pysllium seed was used.
In the application of this Invention to soaps for "milling," or for
washing or lubricating wool, and similar purposes, I prefer those made
red oil" of commerce, but
from the fatty acids, as oleic acid, or the “
any soaps free from resinous matters may be used. When made from

page_text: the fatty acids the process described in the Patent numbered and dated
2863-1861, or equivalent modes may be employed. If the compound
extracts of seaweed be used the saponaceous paste or soap, made as
herein-before described, to be mixed therewith must be those free from
resinous matter, as must also the other ingredients. I prefer for this
purpose the saponaceous compound or paste made by saponifying wheaten
flour or similar matters, and in some cases I mix in addition to the
quantities herein-before described a little oleic acid, gallipoli, olive, or
other oils possessing like properties therewith. A good emollient and
curative soap may likewise be made by the admixture of extracts of
_seaweed, either simple or compound, with soaps made from the fatty
acids.
"
This Invention may also be used in connection with glycerine for the
production of an emollient soup, with soap or soap stuff for the manu-
facture of soap powder, in connection with other materials in soaps
made by the "cold process; with tar soaps, and with various other
soaps possessing similarly, spécial and distinctive properties. When used
with bituminous matters, as tar, the said tarry matters are saponified
separately by admixture with caustic alkali, or are mixed with saponified
fatty materials containing an excess of alkali. "The soap thus formed is
dissolved in extract of seaweed, simple or compound, and submitted to
a gentle heat, when a solid pitch-like substance will subside, leaving a
clear liquid soap, which upon hardening may be used alone or be
combined with other soap.
Instead of acting upon soaps while in the fluid or melted state re.
_ melted soaps may be employed for the purposes of this Invention; and
instead of using the several ingredients named or their equivalents in
the manuer and order described, the same may be varied if so desired.
- Although, too, certain proportions, which I have found to answer well,
are given, I do not confine myself thereto, as in the production of
emollient and curative and other soaps, as herein described, the same
may be considerably varied according to the quality of the soap to be
treated or made. It will be obvious too that if in the manufacture of
soaps, with which it is intended to mix seaweed or the extracts thereof,
or other saponaceous fluids or pastes, as described, an excess of hardening
or other ingredients, as silicate of soda, resin, pearlash, borax, etc., be
used, the same may be dispensed with more or less when applying such
extracts. It will also be obvious that although perhaps no vegetable or

page_text: other matter at the same cost as extract of seaweed will be capable of
imparting to soaps the same emollient, curative, and detergent properties,
many other matters may be used as mere thickening agents or adul-
terants in lieu thereof. For example, the mucilaginous or gelatinous
residuum or products from paper, flax, silk, starch, and other manu-
factures; also from various fruits, vegetables, and other natural products,
and many other matters; also milk of lime, milk, soapsuds, or other
greasy or soapy fluid. Although such fluids or other matters, while
capable of giving weight and bulk to soaps if used by the processess herein
described, or their equivalents in lieu of seaweed or its extracts, will not
impart to the soaps with which they are mixed the curative, emollient,
and detergent properties of seaweed. I claim the use thereof when used
as and for the purposes in which seaweed and its extracts are used by
this Invention, as such other gelatinous and other matters may other-
wise be employed as mere colorable imitations of or substitutes for
seaweed.
.
To effect the admixture with soaps of the maximum quantity of seaweed
or extracts thereof contemplated by this Invention, the same should be
applied by repeated intermittent operatious, the soaps being by preference
reduced to small pieces or shavings between each remelting process.
Additional firmness may also be given to soaps made according to this
Invention by pressure.
I would have it understood however that
although I have spoken generally of mixing seaweed with soap by the
agency of heat, the same may be applied without heat by grinding or
equivalent processes.
יו
And although in this Specification I have sometimes used the terms
“seaweed,” “extract of seaweed,” or simply extract,” by such terms
I mean marine algae or all kinds of seaweed, sea wrack, fuci, sea mosses,
or marine vegetation, or other matters of like kind or possessing like
properties, or the extracts thereof. I have ascertained however that. the
admixture of marine plants with refuse liquor from gas works combined
with silicate of soda, aluminate of soda, or alumina silicate of soda, hás
been tried, and not being new such admixture and combination is not
comprised in this Invention.
In this Specification I have sometimes used the terms "silicate" und
"silicate of soda;" by such terms--wish-it to be understood-that-I
mean soluble glass or the aqueous solution, if any, of the chemical or
commercial varieties and forms or silicates of soda or potassa.

page_text: In order to distinguish these soaps from others I stamp or designate
them by labels or otherwise by certain terms indicative of their properties,
as for example, seaweed, sea essence, sea ozone, sea extract soup, and
with or without the further appellations "Vincent” or
"Vincent Green,"
and the name of the perfume, medicament, or other speciality they may
possess.
6.
.
Soaps made according to this Invention may be coated with soaps of
another or more expensive kind; they may also be formed into bars or
tablets of two or more colours. They are too by preference, as herein-
before mentioned, to be boiled or evaporated in vacuo, or by other
arrangements for boiling, melting, or concentrating at a low tem-
perature.
Two or more kinds of soap may sometimes be advantageously employed
for making emollient and curative soaps, according to this Invention, as
for example, Marseilles or other soap of foreign manufacture with those
of home make, or those made from fatty acids or oils with those made
from tallow or other similar fats, or such extracts of seaweed may be
mixed with soaps, of foreign, or others made in like manuer without
admixture with other soaps.
.. Briefly this Invention comprises, -
7.
I. The production of soaps by the modes or processes and of the kinds
herein-before indicated or described or their equivalents.
II. The admixture of seaweed or extracts thereof with colored
perfumed, medicated (iodine soaps, as described, excepted), farina-
ceous, glycerine, tar, saccharine, or other special' or fancy soaps, or
with soaps to be made into such, whether in bars or tablets; also with
all kinds of soaps when from fifty to one hundred or from one hundred
'to three hundred per cent. and upwards of such extracts are employed;
also with the ingredients herein-before described or their equivalents for
forming saponaceous compounds or fluids; also with soluble glass liquid,
quartz, or the aqueous solution of any of the chemical or commercial
varieties or forms of silicate of soda or potassa, whether combined with
soaps to be treated with seaweeds, or their extracts, or otherwise, except as
herein mentioned or described in respect to refuse liquor from gas works.
III. The treatment of seaweed as described or indicated.
IV. Machinery or apparatus worked by power for stirring or agitating
soaps made as herein described; the use of boiling or melting apparatus

page_text: as described; machinery or apparatus for interlacing, plugging, pouring,
cutting, and figuring soaps made according to this Invention, but which
are applicable to other soaps.
The machinery or apparatus before referred to for interlacing, plugging,
ut ting, and figuring coaps consist of,—
I. A series of travelling frames to which vibratory, curvilinear, irre-
gular, or intermittent motions are communicated, and containing vessels
with orifices from which soaps may run or be projected by pressure, so
that if soaps of different colours be placed in such vessels they will in
running or being projected therefrom interlace or interweave each other,
and so form checks, plaids, and other variegated patterns. The motion
necessary for producing these effects may be communicated either to the
vessels containing the soaps or those into which the same is to be run or
forced.
11. The arrangements for plugging, cutting, and figuring consists of a
series of plugs or dies of any desired form arranged on suitable frame-
work, and which are cause to pierce or partially pierce slabs or blocks of
soap, and indent or cut out portions thereof. The spaces thus indented
or cut out, are then filled with soaps of different colours from vessels
with orifices suitably arranged, and from which such soaps may be
caused to run or be projected by pressure. I am informed that soaps
have heretofore been indented, and the indented parts filled with soaps
of different colours. I do not therefore claim the use of such except in
so far as relates to soaps made according to this Invention. I believe
however that the arrangements for filling such indents, as before
described, is new, and therefore claim the same whether with soaps made
according to this Invention or otherwise.
Knives, wires, or other cutting appliances are to be combined with the
above or before described mechanical arrangements for cutting the soaps
so treated to any desired shape or form.
"
Having now fully described and set forth the nature and object of my
said Invention, and the means by which it may be effected, I would
have it understood that I do not under the term "natural matters
include extracted fats-or oils, but all-substances of natural growth or
formation containing fatty, oily, or saponifiable parts I may also
observe in conclusion that I do not confine or restrict myself to the
precise details or arrangements which I have had occasion to describe or

page_text: ☑
:
:
refer to, as many variations may be made therefrom without deviating
from the principle or main features of the Invention, but what I consider
to be novel and original and therefore claim as the Invention secured to
.me by the herein-before in part recited Letters Patent is,―
First. The admixture with soaps and with saponaceous compounds of
marine alge, as seaweed, sea mosses, sen wrack, fuci, or the extracts
thereof, or similar gelatinous or glutinous matters in proportions and
combinations for the purposes, special and otherwise, and in the manner
herein-before set forth and described.
Second. The admixture with seaweed and similar matters, as named
in the preceding claim, of saponaceous compounds or soaps made as
herein before described or equivalent processes from natural matters of
the kinds herein-before named or indicated in combination with oily,
.fatty, resinous, bituminous, and other matters.
Third. The production or manufacture from natural matters, animal
vegetable, and mineral, such as herein-before named or indicated, of
saponaceous compounds or soaps, by the combinations and in the manner
herein-before set forth and described, also the admixture therewith of
iodine, hyposulphate of soda, or other curative matters, colours, and
perfumes.
Fourth. The admixture, as herein indicated or described, of fatty,
oily, bituminous, and resinous matters, also soluble glass, liquid quartz,
silicate of soda, or the aqueous solution of any of the chemical or com-
mercial varieties and forms or silicates of soda or potassa, either separately
or combined with wheat or other grain, maize, seeds; kernals, roots, stalks,
grasses, fruits, and other saponifiable vegetable matters previously dis-
solved or saponified by admixture with caustic soda or equivalent matter,
also the admixture with such compounds of seaweed or other marine
plants or mosses or extracts thereof.
Fifth. The admixture with dissolved or saponified animal matters
before the melting or boiling of the same by fire or steam heat, by
grinding or other convenient means of fatty, oily, resinous, and bitu-
minous matters; also the admixture with such saponified animal matters,
whether treated by known processes or according to this Invention, of
silicate of soda or similar matter as named in the preceding claim, and of
seaweed or other marine plants or mosses or extracts thereof.

page_text: Sixth. The treating or saponifying of limes, fatty earths, or clays, and
similar matters with strong alkaline lyes, and forming a saponaceous
compound or soap by grinding or mixing therewith, without fire or steam
heat, of oily, fatty, resinous, bituminous, and similar matters; also the
admixture with soaps or saponaceous compounds made by treating such
limes, earths, or clays with alkali, and with oily; fatty, resinous, bitu-
minous, and similar matters of silicate of soda, or the aqueous solution
of any of the chemical or commercial forms or silicates of soda or
potassa, also seaweed or other marine plants or mosses or extracts
thereof.
Seventh. The admixture with soaps or saponaceous compounds made
directly from natural matters of the kinds herein-before mentioned or
indicated, and whether made by the processes herein-before described or
otherwise of marine algæ, as seaweed, sea mosses, sea wrack, fuci, or the
extracts thereof.
Eighth The mode or process in manufacturing soaps or saponaceous
compounds from natural matters, and oils, fats, or resins, of expending
the full force and power of the whole of the alkali necessary for the
production of a given quantity of soap upon the natural matter under
treatment, then effecting the saponification of the oils, fats, or resins, or
other saponifiable matters to be used therein by causing them to be
mixed with and to take up the excess of alkali necessary for dissolving
or saponifying such natural matter.
Ninth. The admixture with vegetable matters and with limes, marl,
fatty or saponaceous carths and clays of so much caustic alkali as will
reuder them liquifiable at or about a temperature such as will melt
ordinary soaps.
Tenth. Evaporating in vacuo or in apparatus of the kind used by sugar
refiners for evaporating at a low temperature soaps with which senweeds
or similar matters or extracts thereof are mixed, as also the use in
vacuum pans for such purpose of stirring or agitating apparatus.
Eleventh. Thead mixture with soaps or saponaceous compounds made
from dissolved or saponified natural matters of the kinds herein-before
named or indicated, and oily or fatty matters and seaweed, or similar
matters or their extracts of soluble glass, liquid quartz, silicate of soda,
or the aqueous solution of any of the chemical or commercial varieties
and forms or silicates of soda or potassa, also steatite or similar matter.

page_text: Twelfth. The admixture with dissolve: or saponified vegetablo matters
of the kinds herein-before named or indicated of so much fatty, oily,
resinous, or equivalent matter as will take up any excess of alkali us-d
for dissolving or saponifying such natural matters, and with or without
melting convert them into soaps suitable to be used for domestic and
other purposes.
Thirteenth. The arrangements and apparatus herein-before described
for interlacing, plugging, cutting, and figuring soaps, and their appli-
cation, except as herein-before mentioned, to other scaps; also the
treatment of seaweed, sea mosses, and other marine plants, as herein-
before described.
Fourteenth. The application of soaps or saponaceous compounds made
as herein-before described to the production of soap powders.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Green, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Thirteenth day of July, in the year of our
Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-five.
WILLIAM GREEN. (L.S.)