IMPROVEMENTS IN THE TREATMENT AND PREPARATION OF FIBROUS SUBSTANCES OR VEGETABLE MATTERS AS PULP FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER, AND IN APPARATUS FOR THE SAME
Year: 1867

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to Julien Denis, of Stamford Street, Blackfriars, in
the County of Surrey, Merchant, for the Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS
IN THE TREATMENT AND PREPARATION OF FIBROUS SUBSTANCES OR VEGETABLE
MATTERS AS PULP FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER, AND IN APPARATUS FOR
THE SAME."
Sealed the 15th November 1867, and dated the 17th May 1867..
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Julien Denis at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on the 17th
May 1867.
I, JULIEN DENIS, of Stamford Street, Blackfriars, in the County of Surrey,
Merchant, do hereby declare the nature of the said Invention for "IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE TREATMENT AND PREPARATION OF FIBROUS SUBSTANCES OR.
VEGETABLE MATTERS AS PULP FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER, AND IN APPARATUS
FOR THE SAME," to be as follows:-
My improved method, means, and apparatus for converting textile plants
or vegetable matter into pulp is as follows:-The manufacture of paper is of
so extensive a character that rags are not alone sufficient to supply the
wants of that manufacture, therefore other materials must be substituted..
This Invention relates to an entirely new treatment of textile plants fer.
converting them into paper pulp, consisting of,-

page_text: 1st, new machinery, pans, vats, and arrangement of the same, as half stuff
or paper mills:
2ndly, a new chemical composition for the boiling which in its effect
destroys the gums, resins, oils, and fecula without altering the fibres of the
plants.
3rdly, the extraction by means of new compositions of bydrochlorine,
sulphuric, and nitric acids of the sulphates of iron, copper, and tin, the plants
contain.
4thly, of new combinations of chlorine which are so reduced in strength
that they may be heated to one hundred and ten degrees Fahrenheit without
en langering the tenacity of the fibres.
5thly, the application of a chemical agent to disinfect the matters and
cutralize the acids.
6thly, and lastly, in the method of treatment which insures the production
of a greater quantity of good and fine pulp for paper.
To enumerate the names of all the textile plants which are more or less
suitable for the production of paper pulp, as also to describe their individual
feculiarities in this Specification, would be too voluminous liowever to render
the description as complete as possible, I will here indicate the plants best
suited for the purpose, and the manner of treating them.
The species most difficult to treat are the esparto, Spanish rush, broom,
dwarf, and other palms, diss, formium tenax, wild hemp of America, all kinds
of indigenous and exotic rushes and reeds, the wild flax of Africa, the barks
of certain trees, such as cabbage trees, mahout penaint, mabout venant, lime,
end mulberry, trees, plantain, and the easiest to treat requiring only one-balf
r two-thirds of the quantity of the chemicals necessary for the above, some
of the finer kinds are the agrostis littoralis, maize, Yucca gloriosa, Yucca
filamentosa, colza, ananas or pine apple, elemies arenarius, elemies geganteus,
the native flax straw and flax, waste, and all sorts of straw which contain fibre.
I wish especially. to reserve in this Specification the treatment of the
agrostis littoralis, a native plant of an almost unlimited supply which requires
mild treatment only, as one-half of the quantity of the ingredients in the
composition of the baths is sufficient, omnitting totally the sal ammoniac in tho
boiling, which requires only two to three hours.
All my operations are numbered and follow in proper order that they may
be more readily understood and the directions adhered to by persons, wishing
to avail themselves of this method of treatment. The chemical ingredients
employed to combine with the chlorine and acids are potash. of soda, sulphate
of seda, nitrate of soda, carbonate of soda, sulphate of potash, salt of

page_text: ammonia, carbonate of ammonia, carbonate of potash, carbonate of lime,
silicates, carbonates, phosphates, sulphates of ammonia, hypochloride of lime,
bicarbonate of potash, and all chemical products and matters which contain
carbonic acid, carbon, mineral, vegetable, and animal, alkalies possessing
bleaching properties applicable to my present Invention.
Without limiting myself to any size of machinery or the quantity of
material to be operated on at the same time I intend to proceed; through all.
my operations on the scale of one ton of raw material which will produce
about 12 hundredweight of fine bleach half stuff or pulp.
Machinery for first operation. My boiler or boiling pan is made of iron.
or any suitable metal, and is of round oblong form, egg or dish shaped at the
bottom, with a lid or cover having a small self-acting valve at the top to close the
boiler; inside the boiler is fitted a revolving frame adapted to receive a cage
to contain the raw material to be boiled, which cage is made of perforated iron
and to lift in and out of the frame. At the bottom of the boiler is fixed a
small egg or dish shaped receiver for the residue or deposits produced by the
boiling of the material; a valve is fixed in a junction pipe connecting the
boiler and the receiver to shut and open as required. A cock is placed at
the bottom of the receiver to empty it, and a small side door to be used when..
it requires cleaning. The boiling is effected by a steam pipe disposed in the
bottom of the boiler, having several jets forcing steam through the material,
as the cage revolves over it. The frame and cage is put in motion by proper
wheels and pinions or strap during the boiling. By this means the material
travels through the boiling liquid, receiving perfect uniform boiling, at the
same time causing the fibres to be washed clean from the injurious matters,
contained in the plants, which is precipitated to the bottom of the boiler, and
then to the receiver. By this mode of boiling one-half of the usual time required
to that described in my Patent No. 1198, dated May 15th, 1860, only is
sufficient, a saving of one-half in fuel and labour is effected, with perfect
boiling. The lye is not removed from the boiler, being usable several times.
by adding one-half of the chemicals required and a sufficient quantity of
water for a fresh boiling. The cover of the boiler is removed by a crane or:
rope and pulley fixed above. The cage is also moved in and out of the
boiler by a travelling crane, and taken to be emptied and refilled with the
material to be boiled.
.
Machinery of the second operation consists of a cylindrical pulping engine.
to wash five hundredweight of the material at each time, made of iron o any
suitable material; in this pulping engine there is a platform or raising piece,
under the cylinder, on which is placed a purifying plate, a dashing wheel is
$

page_text: placed on the opposite side of the cylinder to push forward the stuff under
operation; an inlet and outlet with valves for the washing water is arranged
at the top of the engine, also plugs and pipes at the bottom to empty the stuff
into the bleaching vat.
Machinery of the third operation consists of an acidulating vat of a round
form about six feet deep according to the quantity to be treated each time;
this vat is made of bricks, stone, slate, cement, or any suitable material,
and is provided with an inlet and outlet valve at the top for the washing water,
and two plugs and pipes with a drainer at the bottom. An agitator coated
with india-rubber or gutta percha with a glass bush or step let into stone at
the bottom of vat, or a cago fits into this-vat for the purpose of removing the
fibres in and out of the bath with the crane. The action is given to the
agitators and dashers in the different vats by means of suitable external
gearing.
Machinery of the-fourth operation is the bleaching vat; it is also of round
form, four to six feet deep, and composed of bricks, stone, slates, cement,
wood, or other suitable material; double motion revolving dashers fixed at tho
top of the vat to a revolving frame, an inlet and outlet pipe with valves for
the washing water are provided, also two plugs and pipes with a drainer at
the-centre of the bottom of the vat; a cock at each end of the drainer, also a
drainer forming a cover for the 'vat. A steam pipe with a cock is fixed
within twelve inches of the bottom, communicating with a steam boiler, also a
pipe for the introduction of a blast of cold air.
Machinery of the fifth operation is the receiving chest and drying machine,
consisting of a large round chest inade of wood or other material with a
single agitator to receive all the half stuff from the bleaching vats and to
einpty it by proper valves on the drying machine, which is composed of aut
iron frame and an endless metallic cloth; one, two, or more pairs of solid-
rollers to press the water out of the pulp; then a series of hollow steam
rollers, through whieh the pulp travels till perfectly dry. A cutting apparatus
is fixed at the end of the drying machine for the purpose of cutting the pulp
in large sheets or cakes. All the machinery is set in motion by steam or
water power; the rollers are heated by pipes from a steam boiler.
In the erection and arrangement of the new machinery in the said building
or mill I put down a proper foundation with two external strong walls and
one centre arched wall. One side of the building is left open from floor to
the roof, and contains the boiling pans and acidulating vats over which is
erected a travelling crane for lifting the material into boilers and vats, small
jib cranes being provided.for lifting the covers of the boilers. On the other

page_text: side of the central wall is arranged the washing and pulping engines, the
bleaching vats, the receiving chests, and drying machine; a cistern is disposed
on the roof of this part of the building for the supply of the washing water.
At one end of that part of the building is the laboratory with the proper vats,
alkali boiler, and utensils. for the preparation of the chemical baths, to be
supplied by pipes with suitable cocks or valves to the different pans and vats
for the operations. At the lower part of the building are several large tanks
to receive the liquid after use; at one end of the building is a shed to receive
and store the raw material and fill up the cages to be removed by the crane.
I also use and suitably arrange a weighing machine for weighing the material.
The shed at the other end of the building is for packing and storing the half
stuff to be sent to customers. The coal shed is at the back of the building;
and also the steam boilers, pumps, and pipes are put up for the pumping of
the liquid which has been used from the receiving vats at the bottom of the
building to the laboratory.
First Operation." Steeping and weight of raw material and ingredients
of one of the most difficult plants to treat." For every ton of raw material I put
into the boiling pan a bath of liquid lye prepared as follows:-I dissolve in
about two hundred gallons of hot water 175 pounds of carbonate of soda or
alkali, fifty-six pounds of sulphate of soda, and forty pounds of sal ammoniac.
When the dissolution is perfect I throw in fifty gallons of chlorine, at two
degrees of Beaumé's acid meter; I place 150 pounds of quicklime to dissolve
in cold water, which is allowed to settle and draw clear and put it in the bath.
Care should be taken that the lye be about six inches from the top of the pan.
When the raw material is put in, as the steam which condenses in the pan
often produces too much water, the liquid must cover the raw material
by adding sufficient water if the lye does not cover it; the lid is then
shut down to keep in the steam; and the mass is boiled for four, six, or
sometimes eight hours, according as the material may be more or less difficult
to reduce.
Second Operation.-When the materials are well boiled I take them out of
the boiler in the cage by the travelling crane and deliver into suitable
receptacles. The ton of material is divided among the four washing cylinders,
each washing, five hundredweight in passing through the cylinders, which
reduces them to fibres of three or four inches in length; they are washed at
the same time with pure water entering through a suitable cock or valve,
which water is carried off by an outlet or by the use of a drum washer, two
hours being sufficient for this operation. The materiais then pass down
through the plug into the acidulating vat for further treatment.

page_text: Third Operation.-Textile plants generally contain sulphates of iron and
copper, which as long as they exist in the plant render the bleaching not only
very difficult, but very costly, besides weakening the fibre by destroying the
nerve. I neutralize the sulphates of iron and copper as follows:-I make
a bath in the laboratory of muriatic, sulphuric, or nitric acid, marking
two degrees of Beaumé's acid meter, and then add to the bath about twenty
pounds of marine salt, salt of nitre, or nitrate of soda for every ton of raw
material which has been placed in the acidulating vat from the second
operation; this bath is well worked up and thrown into the vat over the
material. It is necessary that the material in the bath should not be too
thick, so that the agitators may well work it so as to separate it in the bath.
Two hours in this bath is sufficient, after which the liquid is to be withdrawn
and used again by adding one-fourth of the quantity-of-the-ingredients-at-
each time, which will be sufficient to obtain the two degrees required; after
this the pulp should be washed in the vat and sent down to the bleaching vat
to undergo the next operation.
Fourth Operation.-I make a bath in a suitable vessel in the laboratory as
above of liquid chlorine marking one, and a half degrees of Beaumé's acid
meter to well saturate the pulp from the third operation which is the produce
of one ton of raw material. I dissolve in a suflicient quantity of hot water
forty pounds of subcarbonate of soda, sulphuret of soda, nitrates; phosphates,
azotates, silicates, aluminas, carbonate of lime, or any chemical products which
are soluble and contain carbonic acid or azote; and which have some power
of decolorization, which I add to the chlorine to neutralize its acidity. I
heat the bath to a temperature of seventy to ninety degrees Fahrenheit
without injury to, the material, although it is well known by paper makers
that they could not hitherto heat the chlorine even to fifty degrees Fahrenheit
without burning the fibres submitted to its action. When the bath is
prepared as above and is thrown over the material which is in the bleaching
vat the agitator is put in motion and the steam sent in through the bath, the
material being agitated all the time.; When getting up the heat two to three
hours is sufficient for this operation, taking care to agitate every half hour for
ten minutes, after which the liquid is withdrawn and used again for the
steeping of the first operation, instead of pure water and the chlorine at two
degrees. I now wash the material in the vat and draw the water from it;
this pulp is white enough for most paper. I make a bath similar to the last,
with the exception that it marks two degrees Beaumé and is composed of one
part of chlorine and one part of carbonate or crystal of soda; the material is
allowed to remain about four hours, stirring four or five times about ten

page_text: minutes each time; a blast of cold air is turned on during the agitation, after
which the solution is drawn off and used again for the fourth operation by:
the addition of one-fourth of the chemicals used. The pulp is well washed in
the bath, and will form a very superior white pulp or half stuff, which is then
sent down by opening the plug to the receiving chest and froin thence to the
drying machine.
As it is more or less difficult to disinfect and neutralize the acids of certain
textile plants, as well as to prevent the pulp or paper subsequently turning,
yellow before the pulp leaves the vat, the ingress and egress of the water are
closed, and a mixture of forty gallons of water and thirty ounces of proto-
chloride of tin is thrown over the material, and agitated for ten minutes, and
then washed for about a quarter of an hour for the purpose of decomposing.
the acid and disinfecting the pulp..
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed
by the said Julien Denis in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 16th
November 1867.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, JULIEN
DENIS, of Stamford Street, Blackfriars, in the County of Surrey, Merchant,
send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters,
Patent, bearing date the Seventeenth day of May, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred. and, sixty-seven, in the thirtieth year of Her reign,
did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto me, the said
Julien Denis, Her special licence, that I, the said Julien Denis, my executors,.
administrators, and assigns, or such others as I, the said Julien Denis, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no
others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during the term therein
expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, within
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, and
Isle of Man, an Invention for "IMPROVEMENTS IN THE TREATMENT AND
PREPARATION OF FIBROUS SUBSTANCES OR VEGETABLE MATTERS AS PULP FOR THE
MANUFACTURE OF PAPER, AND IN APPARATUS FOR THE SAME," upon the con
dition (amongst others) that I, the said Julien Denis, my executors or
administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or one of.
their hands and seals, should particularly describe and ascertain the nature*
of the, said Invention, and in what manner the same was to be performed, and

page_text: cause the same to be filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar
months next and immediately after the date of the said Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW. YE, that I, the said Julien Denis, do hereby declare. the
nature of my said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed,
to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following
statement:-
My Invention relates to improvements in the treatment of fibrous substances
or vegetable matters, such as textile plants, for the purpose of converting them
into pulp for the manufacture of paper, and also in the apparatus or machinery
employed therein.
"The Invention consists in the adoption of new machinery, pans, vats, and
arrangement of the same as half stuff or paper mills in a new chemical com-
position for the boiling which destroys the gums, resins, oils, and fecula
without damaging the fibres of the plants; in the extraction by means of new
compositions of hydrochloric, sulphuric, and nitric acids, and of the sulphates
of iron, copper, and tin which are contained in the plants; in new combina-
tions of chlorine which are so reduced in strength that they may be heated to
one hundred and ten degrees Fahrenheit without danger to the tenacity of the
fibres; in the application of a chemical agent to disinfect the matters and
neutralize the acids; and in the method of treatment which insures the
production of greater quantity of good and fine pulp for paper.
The following are the plants best suited for this improved treatment, but
others might be enumerated :-
The species most difficult to treat are the esparto, Spanish rush, broom,
dwarf and other palms, diss, formiuitenas, wild hemp of America, bamboo, all
kinds of indigenous and exotic rushes and reeds, the wild flax of Africa, the
barks and wood of certain trees, such as cabbage trees, mahout penaint,
mahout venant, lime, willow, ash, and mulberry trees, plantain, and the easiest
to treat requiring only one-half or two-thirds of the quantity of the chemicals
necessary for the above. Some of the finer kinds are the agrostis littoralis,
maize, Yucca glorissa, Yucca filamentosa, colza, ananas or pine apple, elemis
arenarius, elenies giganteus, sugar cane residue, the native flax, straw and
flax waste, and all sorts of straw and wood which contain fibre. The wood
is prepared by a proper machine into shavings previous to undergoing the
treatinent deseribed in this Specification.
I wish especially to claim the treatment of the agrostis littoralis, a native
plant of an almost unlimited supply, which requires milder treatment since
one-half the quantity of the ingredients in the composition of the baths is
sufficient for the boiling, which requires only two hours, the sal ammoniac

page_text: being totally omitted. The chemical ingredients employed to combine with
the chlorine and acids are potash or soda, sulphate of soda, nitrate of soda;
carbonate of soda, sulphate of potash, salt of ammonia, carbonate of ammonia,
carbonate of potash, carbonate of lime, silicates, carbonates, phosphates, sul-
phates of ammonia, hypochloride of lime, bicarbonate of potash, and all chemical
products and matters which contain carbonic acid, carbon, mineral, vegetable,
and animal, alkalies possessing bleaching properties applicable to my present
Invention.
I will now proceed to describe the various operations of treatment on a
quantity of raw material equal to one ton, which will produce about 12
hundredweight of fine bleach half stuff or pulp, but of course any other
quantities can be treated by proportionate apparatus and chemical ingre-
dients.
The machinery for the first operation is shewn in Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 of
the Drawings annexed.
Fig. 1 is an elevation of the boiler, and Fig. 2 a vertical section of the same
with rotary apparatus enclosed; Fig. 3 is an elevation of the perforated
revolving cage; Fig. 4, a plan of the top of revolving frame and cage, shewing
perforated cover; and Fig. 5, a section of cage and cover.
The boiler or boiling pan is made of iron or any suitable metal, and is of
round oblong form, egg or dish shaped at the bottom, with a lid or cover
having a small self-acting valve at the top to close or shut the surface of the
boiler; inside the boiler is fitted a revolving frame of particular form adapted
to receive a cage which is made of perforated iron to fit in and out of the
frame; the cage is to contain the raw material which is to be boiled. Four
scrapers are fixed at the bottom of the frame to send the residuum down. At
the bottom of the boiler is fixed a small egg or dish shaped receiver for the
residue or deposits produced by the boiling of the material. A valve is fixed
in a junction pipe connecting the boiler and the receiver to shut and open as
required; a cock is attached to the bottom of the receiver to empty it, and a
small side door is added to be used when it requires cleaning. The boiling
is effected by a steam pipe fixed at the bottom of the boiler, having several
jets forcing steam through the material as the cage revolves over it. The
frame and cage is put in motion by proper wheels and pinions or by a strap.
during the boiling; by these means the material travels through the boiling.
liquid, receiving a perfectly uniform boiling, and at the same time causing the
fibres to be washed clean from the injurious matters contained in the plants,
which matters are precipitated to the bottom of the boiler and then to the
receiver; by this mode of boiling one-half the usual time, fuel, and labor are

page_text: saved. The lye is not removed from the boiler, being useable several times
by adding one-half of the chemicals required and a sufficient quantity of water
for a fresh boiling. The cover of the boiler is removed by a crane or rope
and pulley fixed above; the cage is also moved in and out of the boiler by a
travelling crane, and taken to be emptied and refilled with the material to be
boiled.
The machinery of the second operation is shewn in Figs. 6 and 7, Fig. 6.being
a side elevation, and Fig. 7 a plan; it consists of a pulping or breaking engine
(to wash 5 cwt., more or less, of the material at each time) made of
iron or any suitable material. In this pulping machine there is a platform
or rising piece under the cylinder, on which is placed a purifying plate, a
dashing wheel is placed on the opposite side of the cylinder-to-push forward-
the stuff under question; a drainer is at the bottom of the engine under the
dashing wheel, an inlet and outlet with valves for the washing water at the
top of the engine, also plugs and pipes at the bottom to empty the stuff into
the acidulating or bleaching vat.
The machinery of the third and fourth operation is shewn in Figs. 8 and-9;
which are a section and top plan view; they represent the arrangements for
the acidulating and bleaching vats. The acidulating vat is of a round form
about six feet deep, according to the quantity to be treated each time; this
vat is made of bricks, stone, slate, cement, or any suitable material, with- an
inlet and outlet or valve at the top for the washing water, two plugs and pipes
with a drainer at the bottom; it is provided with an agitator coated with
india-rubber or gutta percha with a glass bush or footstep let into stone at
the bottom of the vat: (or a cage might be made to fit into this vat) for the
purpose of removing the fibres in and out of the bath with the crane. The
agitator can be made with a certain kind of-wood or other material which will
stand the action of the acid. Motion is given to the agitators and dashers in
the different vats by suitable external gearing. For bleaching the vat is also
of round form, 4 to 6 feet deep, and composed of bricks, stone, slates, cement,
wood, or other suitable material, double or reversed motion, revolving dashers
fixed on the top of the vat by a revolving frame; an inlet and outlet pipe
with valves for the washing water are provided; also two plugs and pipes with
a drainer at the centre of bottom of vat; a cock at each end of the drainer,
also a drainer forming a cover for the vat; a steam pipe: with cock is fixed
within 12 inches from the top communicating with a steam boiler, also a pipe
for a blast of hot or cold air.
The machinery for the fith operation is shewn in Figs. 10 and 11, which
are a plan and elevation of the pulp pressing and drying machinery; it

page_text: consists of a large round chest made of wood or other material with a single
agitator to receive all the half stuff from the bleaching vats, and to empty it
by proper valves on the pressing and drying machine, which is composed of
an iron frame and an endless metallic cloth; one, two, or more pairs of solid
rollers to press the water out of the pulp, then a series of hollow steam rollers;
through which the pulp travels till perfectly dry; a cutting apparatus is fixed
at the end of the drying machine for the purpose of cutting the pulp in large
sheets: All the machinery is set in motion by steam or water power; the
rollers are heated by pipes from a steam boiler.
'
;
In the erection of the above-described new machinery a proper foundation
may be put down with two external strong walls and one centre arched wall;
one side of the building is left open from floor to roof, and contains the boiling
pans and acidulating vats, over which is erected a travelling crane for lifting
the materials into boilers and vats, small jib cranes being provided for lifting
the covers of the boilers. On the other side of the central wall is arranged
the washing pulping engines, the bleaching vats, the receiving chests, and
drying machine; a cistern forms the roof of this part of the building for the
supply of the washing water. At one end of that part of the building a
laboratory is provided with proper vats, alkali boilers, and utensils for the
preparation of the chemical baths to be sent by pipes with suitable cocks or
valves to the different pans and vats for the operations. At the bottom of the
building there should. be several large tanks to receive the liquid after use;
at one end of the building a shed is provided to receive and store the raw
material and fill up the cages to be removed by the crane. The shed at the
other end of the building is for packing and storing the half stuff to be sent to
customers. The coal shed is at the back of the building, and to put up the
steam boilers, pumps, and pipes are put up for the pumping of the liquid
which has been used from the receiving vats at the bottom of the building to
the laboratory; the mill can be erected in the form of a T with the boilers at
one end of the building.
First Operation. Steeping and weight of raw material and ingredients of
such one of the most difficult plants to treat. For every ton of raw material
I put into the boiling pan a bath of liquid lye prepared as follows:-I'dissolve
in about 200 gallons of hot water 175 pounds of carbonate of soda or alkali,
56 pounds of sulphate of soda, 40 lbs. of sal ammoniac; when the disso-
lution is perfect I throw in 50 gallons of chlorine at 2. degrees of the
acidimeter Beaume; I put 150 lbs. of quicklime to dissolve in cold water,
which is allowed to settle and draw clear, and put it in the bath.
should be taken that the lye be about six inches from the top of the pan when
Care

page_text: the raw material is put in, as the steam which condenses in the pan often
produces too much water; the liquid must cover the raw material by adding
sufficient water; if the lye does not cover it the lid is shut down to keep in
the steam. The mass is to be boiled for 4, 6, or sometimes 8 bours, according
as the material may be more or less difficult to reduce.?
Second Operation.-When the materials are well boiled I take them out
of the boiler in the cage by the travelling crane and deliver into suitable
receptacles. The ton of material is divided into the four washing cylinders,
each washing 5 cwt.; in passing through the cylinders, which reduces them
to fibres of 3 or 4 inches in length they are washed at the same time with
pure water entering through a suitable cock or valve, which water is carried
off by an outlet drainer or by the use of a drum washer, one to two hours being
sufficient for this operation; the materials are then sent down through the
plug into the acidulating vat for further treatment.
nerves.
Third Operation.-Textile plants generally contain sulphate of iron and
copper, which as long as they exist in the plant render the bleaching not only
very difficult, but very costly, besides weakening the fibre by destroying the
I neutralize the sulphate of iron and copper as follows:-I make a
bath in the laboratory of muriatic, sulphuric, or nitric acid, marking 2 degrees
of Beaume's acidimeter, and then add to the bath about 20 lbs. of marine
salt, salt of nitre, or nitrate of soda for every ton of raw material which has
been placed in the acidulating vat from the second operation; this bath is
well worked up and thrown into the vat over the material. It is necessary
that the material in the bath should not be too thick so that the agitators
may work it well so as to separate it in the bath.
sufficient, after which the liquid is to be withdrawn and used again by adding
one-fourth of the quantity of the ingredients at each time, which will be
sufficient to obtain the 2 degrees required; after this the pulp should be
washed in the vat and sent down to the bleaching vat to undergo the next
operation.
Two hours in this bath is
Fourth Operation.-I make a bath in a suitable vessel in the laboratory, as
aboye, of liquid chlorine, marking one and a half, and in certain instances it
might be two degrees of Beaume's acidimeter, to well saturate the pulp from
the third operation, which is, the produce of one ton of raw material. I.
dissolve in sufficient quantity of hot water 40 lbs. of subcarbonate of soda, a
sulphate of soda, nitrates, phosphates, azotates, silicates, aluminates, carbonate
of lime, or any chemical products which are soluble and contain carbonic acid
or azote, and which have some power of decolorization, which I add to the
chlorine to neutralize its acidity. I heat the bath to a temperature of 70 to

page_text: 90 degrees Fahrenheit without injury to the material, although it is well
Known by paper makers that they could not hitherto heat the chlorine even to
50 degrees Fahrenheit without burning the fibres submitted to its action.
When the bath is prepared as above, and is thrown over the material which
is in the bleaching vat, the agitator is put in motion, and the steam sent in
through the bath, and the material being agitated all the time: When getting
up the heat 2 to 3 hours is sufficient for this operation, taking care to agitate
every half hour for 10 minutes, after which the liquid is withdrawn and used:
again for the steeping of the first operation, instead of pure water and the
chlorine at 2 degrees. I now wash. the material in the vat and draw the
water from it; this pulp is white enough for most, paper; the blast of air is
to be put on during each agitation.
I make a bath similar to the last with the exception that it marks 2 degrees
Beaume, and is composed of one part of chlorine and one part of carbonate.
or crystal of soda. The material is allowed to remain about 4. hours stirring
4 or 5 times about 10 minutes each time; the blast of cold or hot air is put
on during the agitation, after which the solution. is drawn off and used again
for the fourth operation by the addition of one-fourth of the chemicals used to
make a fresh bath for the fourth operation. This pulp is well washed in the
bath, and will form a very superior white pulp or half stuff, which is then
sent down by opening the plug to the receiving chest, and from thence on
to the drying machine. If the paper is made at the mill where the pulp.
is manufactured it should be delivered in the beaters instead of the receiving
chest.
As certain textile plants are more or less difficult to disinfect and neutralize
the acids, as well as to prevent the pulp or paper subsequently turning yellow
before the pulp leaves the vat, the ingress and egress of the water are then
shut, and the mixture of 40 gallons of water and 30 ounces of protochloride
of tin is thrown over the material and agitated for 10 minutes and then
washed for about a quarter of an hour for the purpose of decomposing the acid
and disinfecting the pulp.
Having now described the nature of my said Invention, and the manner of
performing the same, I claim as my improvements in the preparation of
vegetable matter as a pulp for the manufacture of paper,-
First, the new machinery, paus, vats, and drying machine herein-before
described for the conversion of textile plants into pulp.
Secondly, the arrangement of the machinery and the particular building for
the said machinery.
Thirdly, the application of baths of chlorine combined with carbonated

page_text: agents, containing amongst others carbonic acid, and which are used in a
heated state..
Fourthly, the application to textile plants of hydrochloric and sulphuric acid
baths, combined or not with nitrate of soda.
Fifthly, the application of protochloride-of tin to neutralize the acids and to
disinfect the pulp.
Lastly, I claim generally the method of proceeding in converting textile
plants into brown or white pulp for paper, herein-before-described, especially
the agrostis littoralis."
.. In witness whereof, I, the said Julien Denis, have hereunto set my
hand-and-seal, this. Fifteenth-day-of-November, in the--year-of-our-
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven.
Witness,
ALEXR. M.. PRINCE,
Office for Patents,
4, Trafalgar Square,
Charing Cross.
J. DENIS. (L.S.)