IMPROVEMENTS IN TRANSMITTING HEAT TO THE CONTENTS OF STEAM BOILERS AND OTHER APPARATUS, MEANS OR APPLIANCES THEREFOR, CHARGING PIPES WITH FLUID, AND APPARATUS THEREFOR."
Year: 1880

page_text: LETTERS PATENT to William Lloyd Wise, of 7, Whitehall Place, in the City
of Westminster, for an Invention of "IMPROVEMENTS IN TRANSMITTING HEAT
TO THE CONTENTS OF STEAM BOILERS AND OTHER APPARATUS, MEANS OR
APPLIANCES THEREFOR, CHARGING PIPES WITH FLUID, AND APPARATUS
THEREFOR." A communication from abroad by Bernhard Roeber, of Dresden,
in the Kingdom of Saxony, Engineer.
"
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Lloyd Wise at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 4th November 1880.
WILLIAM. LLOYD WISE, of 7, Whitehall Place, in the City of Westminster.
IMPROVEMENTS IN TRANSMITTING HEAT TO THE CONTENTS OF STEAM BOILERS
AND OTHER APPARATUS, MEANS OR APPLIANCES THEREFOR, CHARGING PIPES WITH
FLUID, AND APPARATUS THEREFOR." A communication from abroad by Bernhard
Roeber, of Dresden, in the Kingdom of Saxony, Engineer.
This Invention has for object improvements in transmitting heat to the contents
of steam boilers and other apparatus, means or appliances therefor, charging pipes
with fluid, and apparatus therefor, and the following is the description thereof as
sent to me by my foreign correspondent.
"This Invention relates to the transmission of heat in closed transmitting
pipes.
I remove all noxious influences of direct fire to the surfaces of steam boilers,
heating, boiling, or evaporating apparatusses, by the arrangement of heat trans-
mitting pipes, into which are previously inserted or enclosed one or more bodies
which will adopt, take up, or absorb the heat of the fire, and transmit such heat
to the body or medium to be heated without coming in direct contact with the
latter.
By these means I am enabled to avoid all direct fire surface of said boilers or
apparatusses.
1. The pipes for transmitting heat may be filled with a matter or material
having the same or a lower boiling point than the fluid to be heated; for instance,

page_text: with water, and the pipe may be filled under atmospheric pressure or at higher or
lower pressure, according to the result I wish to attain.
2. The pipes for transmitting heat may be filled with chemical compounds,
decomposing in the heat and re-entering into compounds at the cooler end of the
pipes, and then flowing back to the warmer part of the pipes in order to be
decomposed afresh and to bind or absorb heat during decomposition, so as to
deliver the heat again in combining again at the cooler part of the pipes. One
of these chemical matters, for instance, is carbonate of ammonia.
3. The pipes for transmitting heat may be filled with such matter or materials
which may be brought into the critical state or condition in the warmer part of
the pipe (as, for instance, carbonic acid, ether, etc.,) and which matter or materials
return to its usual state at the cooler part of the pipe after giving up or delivering
its heat.
4. The pipes for transmitting heat may be filled with matters or materials
having a higher point of boiling than the fluid to be heated, and which matter or
materials will, by circulation only or in connection with development of steam,
accumulate heat and deliver this heat to the fluid to be heated. These matters
or materials may be, for instance, solution of salts or alloy of metals, paraffin, etc.
It is highly desirable to have a circulation of greatest speed within these pipes
for transmission of heat, and this rapid circulation is obtained by arranging special
circulation pipes within the pipes for the transmission of heat.
Fig. 1 is a side view of a boiler partly in section, constructed according to this
Invention.
Fig. II. shews certain details of the application of pipes for transmitting the
heat.
Fig. III. shews the details of a transmission pipe, offering one end only to the
fire.
Fig. IV. shews the apparatus for preparing transmission pipes, which pipes shall
offer several parts to the fire.
Fig. V. are details of such transmission pipe.
Fig. VI. shews a vertical pipe for the transmission of heat, provided with a
special circulation tube within.
Fig. VI. is a horizontal pipe for the transmission of heat, provided with a special
circulation tube and arrangement within.
Fig. VII. is a vertical pipe for transmitting heat open at the top end and provided
with a special circulation tube.
In case the pipe for transmitting heat is situated inclined the construction of
both the transmitting pipe and circulating tube will undergo certain modifications.
In Fig. 1 I have shewn several devices of transmission pipes. These pipes may
also be of conical shape or may be provided at their ends within the boiler or in
the tire with prismatical or spherical extensions. In these extensions special
devices for circulation may be arranged, and even different liquids or solutions may
be contained within them, either adjacent to each other or the one enclosing the
other; one or both of the liquids may be exposed to the critical state or condition,
or next to such state or condition.
I also propose to provide steam boilers of known construction with my Invention,
and to cause the effect of direct heating and indirect heating to act simultaneously.
For the purpose of filling the pipes I employ the apparatus, shewn in Fig. IV.
A strong vessel D of suitable material is provided at both ends with stuffing
boxes d, d, for the reception of the pipe A. The vessel D is provided with a
flanged tube d² for connecting the interior of the vessel with a pump and with a
flanged tube d³ for introducing the fluid or liquid. The pipe A is provided with
the circulation tubes a, a¹, and with a small hole a³ underneath of which hole a
ball a is situated.
I now bring the transmission pipe into the situation shewn in Fig. IV., with the
hole as at the upper side. In this situation the ball at will not close the hole, and
I am enabled to produce a vacuum within the pipe A. Hereafter I turn the pipe

page_text: round its longitudinal axis for 180°, after which the ball will run upon the hole a³
and will close the interior of pipe A, so that the liquid which is now 'forced into
the vessel will enter the pipe.
After having filled the pipe in the manner described, and having removed the
same from the apparatus I close the hole or opening a³ by soldering. In case I
intend to fill the pipe A at a lower pressure than the atmosphere the valve has to
be situated the reverse way, id est, it has not to open towards the interior of the
pipe as described but to the outer side.
In case I make the pipe of two parts these parts are connected by a separate
piece a with external thread, upon which the two parts may be screwed. The
separate piece a, b, is provided near both ends with holes a³, and after the two parts
having been screwed up together the joint is closed by soldering.
The arrangement is clearly seen by the Drawing. The screwing together of the
two parts mentioned may be done at will either within the vessel D, Fig. IV., or
out of this vessel.
Fig. VI. and VI. shew details of the pipes for transmitting heat.
In that part of the pipe which is exposed to the fire (this being the part below
the big horizontal line indicating the wall of a boiler) the greatest heating will take
place at the surface coming in direct contact with the fire, and here an energetic
upward flow will take place with continuous increase of heat absorbed till that
point where the pipe penetrates the wall of the boiler or other apparatus; at this
point, in the arrangement or construction shewn in Fig. 2 and 3, a direct trans-
mission of heat will take place while the temperature within the pipe decreases,
therefore the transmission of heat is greatest in immediate vicinity of the walls
through which the pipe enters coming from the fire.
I however intend by the constructions shewn in Fig. 6 and 6a to transmit
the heat at the greatest distance from the fire, so, for instance, in a steam
boiler at the level of the water, and to heat the water to the utmost at the exit of
the steam.
I for this purpose insert or introduce into the pipe A the circulation tube a, which
latter in the vicinity of the wall through which the tube A passes is provided with
certain holes, channels, apertures or openings C, C₁, as shewn in Fig. 6.
The hot upright stream or flow is indicated by the arrows d, d, flowing upward
in the annular shaped space between the circulation tube and the transmission pipe,
collecting or absorbing on its way upward the heat. This stream or flow enters
through the openings or the channels C, C', (which is open at top and bottom) into
the interior of the upper part of the circulation tube a, as indicated by the arrows d², d³,
going in upward direction without departing essentially of its heat.
From the top it returns with its highest temperature in the direction of the
arrows d*, ds, descending near the surface of the pipe A. Here the stream or flow
delivers greatest part of its heat, the greatest delivery of heat taking place at the
upper part of the pipe and at the greatest distance from the fire; the descending
stream enters through channel or opening C into the interior of the circulating
tube in order to recommence at d its circulation as described.
Fig. Cashews the arrangement in which the one part of the circulation tube is
replaced by the plate p, dividing the pipe for transmission of heat into two
semicircles at the other end the circulation tube a is prolonged, as shewn in Fig. 6,
and the arrows shew clearly the circulation of the fluid or liquid.
I propose to arrange with my pipes for the transmission of heat such apparatusses
for evaporating or concentrating purposes, which hitherto had to be constructed
from such materials as glass, platina, on account of any enamel would not stand the
heat of the direct fire.
For this purpose I cover that part of the pipe for transmitting the heat which enters
into the fluid gasses to be heated with enamel or any other well known protecting
inaterial, whereas that part of the pipe for transmitting the heat, which is in direct
contact with the fire, is left entirely free from such cover; the heated fluids will not
injure the enamel.

page_text: In case of very high temperature being used I provide or arrange an intermediate
space between the wall of the vessel, through which the pipes penetrate, and the
fire, in order to protect such walls against any direct action of the fire.
The pipes for transmitting the heat may be formed in any suitable cross section,
such, for instance, as a star shaped cross section, and if used in boilers they may
serve as stays or truss rods. In such cases, in which the flow or stream of heated
fluid in the annular part of the pipe for transmitting the heat exposed to the fire
shall mingle with the fluid or liquor to be heated, I use the circulation tube shewn
in Fig. 7, by which the highest temperature is transmitted to the point of greatest
distance from the fire. The heat transmitting pipe A is open at the top end, such
pipes having been used before; but I provide this pipe with a circulation tube a
having a prolongation a¹ extending upward to the normal level of water in the
boiler or fluid in any vessel.
The stream or flow going up in upward direction, as indicated by the arrows x, x,
will enter through suitable holes or openings C, C¹, into the interior of the pro-
longed tube a¹, as indicated by arrow y, whereas the down stream enters into the
interior of the circulation tube, as indicated by the arrow z."

page_text: SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said William Lloyd Wise in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 4th May
1881.
WILLIAM LLOYD WISE, of 7, Whitehall Place, in the City of Westminster,
"IMPROVEMENTS IN TRANSMITTING HEAT TO THE CONTENTS OF STEAM BOILERS
AND OTHER APPARATUS, MEANS OR APPLIANCES THEREFOR, CHARGING PIPES WITH
FLUID, AND APPARATUS THEREFOR." (A communication from abroad by Bernhard
Roeber, of Dresden, in the Kingdom of Saxony, Engineer.)
The following is a description in the words of my foreign correspondent, with the
exception of only some few verbal alterations, videlicet:-
My new method of transmitting heat consists mainly in the creation of currents
of heats in vessels or pipes by means of certain arrangements, which vessels or
pipes partly are situated within the material to be heated, and which vessels or
pipes are filled with fluids or bodies of special qualities and under an appropriate
pressure, which fluids or bodies during the transmission of heat are in a fluid or
gaseous state or condition, or in a critical state or condition, or in a mixture of such
states or conditions, or in the states of dissociation and reunion. The currents of
heat are conducted by the said devices or arrangements within the vessels or pipes
in such a manner that these currents pass through a counter current or are con-
ducted in separate parallel counter currents which are separated from each other
by division walls or diaphragms.
I conduct either both currents, one current of heat coming from the fire through
another current (which is cooled down and coming in opposite direction) up to
greatest distance from the fire, without delivering direct heat, and I conduct at the
same time the current (which is cooled down) through the heated current (coming
in opposite direction) down to the lowest point in the fire without directly taking
up heat; or only one current of heat (of the two) through the other, in which case
I close the vessel or pipe for transmitting the heat at all sides. The vessel or
pipes for transmitting the heat is or are either closed against the entry of the
material that is to be heated, and therefore the fluids or bodies in such vessels or
pipes serve as a transmitting agent of heat; or the material to be heated fills the
vessels or pipes for transmitting the heat, and circulates in such vessels or pipes
in a similar manner as the fluids or bodies circulate in the closed pipes or
vessels.
The vessels for transmitting the heat are mainly in the form of pipes, and I now
proceed with the description of such pipes. Other forms of such vessels will
easily be understood, and I will at the close of my present Specification describe
several other forms.
From the aforesaid it will be understood that the following species of vessels for
transmitting heat are to be distinguished :-
1. Vessels for transmitting heat filled with a special conductor of heat. (a,) with
one conduct only, counter conduct, for instance, of the cooled current through the
heated current; (b) with double conduct of the heat and of the cooled current,
both passing through each other.
2. Vessels for transmitting heat which are filled by the material finally to be
heated (c,) with double conduct of the heat and of the cooled current, both passing
each other.
In the annexed twelve Sheets of Drawings I have shewn the method in which
my Invention may be carried into effect.
Fig. 1 represents a steam boiler in vertical section fitted with pipes for trans-
mitting heat according to my Invention.
Fig. 2 represents in detail the fitting of such pipes for transmitting heat.

page_text: Fig. 3 represents the detail of a pipe for transmitting heat working with the
conduction of the cooled current through the heated current only (1ª as
above).
Fig. 4 shews an apparatus for filling the pipes for transmitting heat.
Fig. 5 shews the detail of a pipe for transmitting heat, which is situated in the
fire with more than one part (1ª as above).
Fig. 6 is a vertical pipe for transmitting heat provided with a special arrange-
ment of circulation tube within (1b as above).
Fig. 7 is a horizontal pipe for transmitting heat provided with special
circulation device within (1b as above).
In Fig. 1, several arrangements of pipes for transmitting heat are represented.
These pipes may be either of conical shape or they may be provided within the
boiler or fire with prismatic or globe-shaped extensions, in which special devices
for circulation may be provided, or which, according to circumstances, may be filled
with different fluids, either adjacent to each other, or the one including the other
and separated by diaphragms, one or both fluids in critical state or condition, or
adjacent to such state or condition.
Steam boilers of old construction (existing boilers) may have my Invention
applied thereto, and in such cases the direct surface of heating may work in
conjunction with the indirect surface of heating.
Fig. 2 shews the detail of fitting the pipe for transmitting heat (M & N).
The wall W through which said pipes passes may be protected against the fire by
the refractory plate L, L', and if such protection shall be required to be increased
for such walls, made for instance, of glass, porcelain, fire clay, slate, or other non-
conductor of heat, an air space e, e¹, may be left between the refractory plate L, L¹,
and the wall W'.
Fig. 3. In the outer pipe A, A, an inner tube a, a¹, of smaller diameter is fixed,
which may be placed either in the axis of the outer pipe, or at one side parallel to
it or at an inclination. The outer pipe A, A¹³, after the circulation tube a, a', has
been inserted and pipe A. has been filled, is closed by the screw or threading b, b',
and is soldered at the joints.
If now that part of pipe A, A', provided with the thread or screw is situated in
the fire and the other part in a material intended to receive heat, the heat will
first be communicated to that part of the fluid which is in the annular space
between the inner side of pipe A, A', and the outer surface of the pipe a, a¹, and
the fluid will begin to circulate in the direction of the arrows d, d'; as soon as the
current of heat in the pipe A, A³, reaches the place next to wall W¹, the increase of
heat will cease and the expenditure of heat will commence.
The current will now
cool down and will enter the interior of tube a, a¹, in the direction of the
arrows d², d³, and will not only be conducted to the wall W, but down to the lowest
point in the fire in the direction of arrows d', ds, in order to commence circulation
afresh, and will continue its way to the exit of tube a without taking up direct
heat. For filling such pipes I use the apparatus shewn in Fig. 4.
The strong metallic vessel D is provided on both sides with stuffing boxes d, d¹,
for the reception of the pipe A, A¹. The vessel D is provided with a flange d²,
for connection with a pump and with a flange d³ for the introduction of the fluid
to be filled into the pipe, the pipe A, A¹, being provided with the circulation
tube a, a', and with a small hole a³, underneath which the ball a* rests.
I now
place the pipe in the position shewn in Fig. 4, with the hole as uppermost. In this
position the ball a will not close the hole and I am enabled to create a vacuum in
the pipe. After this having been done, I turn the pipe through 180°, upon which
the ball will rest upon the hole as and will close the interior of the pipe A, so that
the fluid which I now force into the vessel will freely enter into the pipe. The
latter being removed in such condition from the apparatus I proceed with soldering
the hole a In case I intend to fill the pipe A below atmospheric pressure, the
valve has to be in reverse position, viz., it must be made to open outwardly and
not to the interior as described.

page_text: In case I construct the pipe of two parts the connection is made by means of a
long thread a, Fig. 5, which is provided with holes as on both sides. After the
pipes have been screwed up the holes a³ will be covered, and the joint is then
soldered. This device is clearly shewn by the Drawing; the screwing up may be
effectuated within the apparatus D, Fig, 4, or after removal from the same,
according to circumstances.
In Fig. 6 a pipe for transmitting heat is shewn as indicated under head 1b; the
same is arranged vertically, it is closed on all sides, and is provided with a special
filling.
The outer pipe A, A, is situated at A in the fire, and it is fixed in the wall W,
through which it passes; the part A¹ is situated within the material to be heated.
Within this pipe A, A, a circulation tube a, a³, of a special construction is fixed;
at top and bottom a free space is left by this tube which divides the pipe A, A',
into an outer annular space p, and into a cylindrical space o, surrounded by the
annular space.
Next to the wall W' a channel device is arranged, by which a
separate connection is provided leading from the annular space p in the lower part
of the pipe A, A¹, to the cylindrical part o in the upper part of the tube a, a¹, and
a separate connection leading from the annular space p in the upper part of the
pipe A, A¹, to the cylindrical space o in the lower part of tube a, a. As clearly
shewn by Fig. 6, partitions are established between the channels C, C¹, by which I
prevent the current ascending through C from meeting the current descending
through C. As the levels of the apertures of the channels C, C, are apart from
each other by a certain distance x (Fig. 6), the currents in opposite directions will
never interfere in the tube a, a, even if no partition wall is arranged in the
tube a, a', as shewn.
Therefore in this arrangement, as may be briefly repeated, the heated current
ascends in the fire within the annular cross-section, and will enter in the vicinity
of W through the channel into the upper cylindrical space of the inner circulation
tube up to the highest point; whereupon it will reverse its direction, and parting
with its heat, will descend into the annular space, entering in the vicinity of Wi
through the channels C¹, C³, into the lower cylindrical space of the circulation tube
in order to recommence at the lowest point circulation by ascending through the
lower annular space and taking up heat afresh.
The pipe A, A, being heated at A, a current will be created in the direction of
arrow d, d, in the annular space p. As soon as the same has reached the channels
C, C¹, the current will enter from the annular space p into the cylindrical space o
(to the arrow d, d¹) of the inner tube a, a, and passing through the same, will find
its exit in the direction of arrow d², d³, into the annular space p, and will follow its
way down to the channels C', C¹. Conducted by them it will pass from the
annular space p, p, into the cylindrical space o in the direction of arrow d, d³, and
traversing through such space, and entering into the annular space p will commence
its circulation afresh.
The tube a, a, is in no direct communication for conducting heat with the outer
surface of the pipe A, A¹, and the contents of the former being in a current cannot
therefore either directly take up heat in the part a or directly deliver heat in the
part a', as clearly seen from the above explanation, and as all the currents in the
pipe A, A, flow simultaneously, I as well conduct the current of heat d, d', d², a³,
through the cooled current d', d³, as also the last current through the heated
current d, d', without direct delivery or taking up of heat, and by this I attain
the highest effect of heat at the most distant part of the pipe A, A¹ from the fire
(at A').
One effect of my new method, which, within my knowledge, has never been
before attained, is as follows:-
-
Supposing the pipe A, A¹, to be situated with its heat delivering part A¹ within
a fluid, for instance, water reaching up to line W, W, the effect will be that the
water will not boil from below to above as heretofore, but from above to below.

page_text: If I prolong the pipe A, A¹, as shewn in Fig. 6, into the steam space the source of
heat is not any longer at the outer surface of the boiler, but within the steam
space, and I am enabled to superheat at will the steam from within, and in the
prescence of the boiler water (according to the dimensions chosen and to the
contents of pipe A, A',) in which effect I am mainly assisted by the property of
water of not conducting heat from above to below.
The water under these conditions will not show the usual boiling with lively
ebullition, but will appear, for instance, as if carbonic acid were escaping from
water.
Fig. 7 represents a pipe for transmitting heat in a horizontal position. This
pipe differs from the one shown in Fig. 6, in this respect, that in the part a that is
exposed to the fire, instead of a tube, a partition or diaphragm p is inserted; the
circulation tube is provided in the part a' of the pipe A, A', as shewn in Fig. 7.
The pipe A, A, as well as the circulation tube, has a prolongation in an upward
direction within the material to be heated. The arrows indicate the direction of
the currents; the current of heat d, d, and d², ds, is conducted through the cooled
current d, do, whereas the cooled current from d³ to d being conducted towards
the heated current d, d', down to the lowest point in the fire will not penetrate
the current of heat.
The material filled into the closed pipes for transmitting heat must be of
different natures according to the effects or results which I intend to attain by my
new method, and by means of heat I cause such material to assume different
conditions.
1. I take fluid carbonic acid, acetone, ether, petroleum, etcetera, and I heat that
part of the pipe for transmitting heat, which is situated in the fire, so strongly that
the critical temperature of the fluids is attained or reached. Thereby the fluids are
transferred into the critical condition, and they will be re-transferred in the cooler
part of the pipe into their normal conditions; they will there deliver their heat,
and will return conducted by the circulation tube into the more heated part, in
order to recommence circulation afresh.
2. I take bodies of chemical composition, as for instance, carbonate of ammonia,
and by the influence of the heat I split such a body into its elements; these are
conducted into the cooler part of the pipe for transmitting heat, and after having
delivered their heat, the same return into their original compound, and flow back
to the more heated part of the pipe in order to recommence circulation.
3. I take water, sulphuric acid, solutions of salt, etcetera, and evaporate such
fluids in the heated part of the pipe for transmitting heat. The vapors will be
condensed in the cooler part of the pipe, the product of condensation will return
to the heated part of pipe conducted by the circulation channels for renewed
evaporation.
4. I take lead, zinc, alloys of metal, mercury, sulphur, fusible salts of metals,
chloride of zinc, chloride of calcium, chloride of magnesium, camphor, fatty oils, fats,
stearine, oil of turpentine, paraffin, oil of tars, etcetera, and I cause these bodies or
fluids to attain lively circulation by the circulation device under the influence of
heat. The material contained in the pipe will always take up heat in the heated
part of the pipe; the same will cool down in delivering heat in the cooler part of
the pipe, and will return by the circulation device into the heated part for the
renewed taking up of heat.
5. I bring the material filled into the pipe as hereinabove described under
heads 1 to 4 inclusive into lively motion. The work for this is done by the heat
taken up in the heated part of the pipe, and this work or agitation is made use of
to overcome all hindrances of friction. By this friction the same quantity of heat
will be freed in the cooler part of the pipe, which quantity has been transformed in
the heated part of the pipe into work, and by means of this I highly increase the
transmission of heat.
6. I leave in the pipe or vessels for transmitting heat a certain space (between

page_text: the material filled in and the walls) of such capacity as to allow the material filled
in to freely expand, without exerting a pressure of expansion on the walls of the
vessel for transmitting heat. This space I cause to be in vacuum or with a
reduced atmospheric pressure, if I intend to accelerate circulation; on the other
hand, if I wish to retard such circulation I force into such space a higher pressure.
Having described the five different methods and the modification under head 6,
in which I intend to transmit heat, I wish it to be understood that two or more of
these methods may be used simultaneously.
The vessels for transmitting heat may be made of glass, porcelain, enamelled
metals or pure metal, or metal coated by lead, zinc, platina, or any other suitable
cover.
I sometimes arrange or make such cover or protection at that part of the vessel
or pipe only which is exposed to the chemical reaction of the material to be heated,
and I do not cover that part of the vessel or pipe which is exposed to the fire."
The arrangement or device of circulation within the vessel or pipe is made of the
same material. In such cases however, in which I particularly wish to avoid an
indirect transmission of heat by the current within the interior of the pipe to its
counter current, I remove such capability of transmitting heat from the circulation
tube by making the same of a non-conducting material, or by applying to it a
protecting cover, or by doubling its walls, and by filling the intervening space with
air, asbestos, or other non-conducting material.
The circulation pipe made with double walls may at the same time serve as a
regulator of pressure in the interior of the vessel or pipe for transmitting heat; if
the material filled into such vessel or pipe consists for instance of any alloy of
metal liable to expand if melted, the walls of the circulation tube may be
compressed so much that no dangerous pressure is exerted on the walls of said pipe
or vessel; under this condition I am enabled to entirely fill up the vessel or pipe for
transmitting heat, without leaving a space in the vessel or pipe not filled up with
the material for transmitting heat, as stated above.
In the following Figures I have shewn modifications in the construction of
vessels or pipes for transmitting heat and their application, as employed according
to my new method.
Fig. 8 is a longitudinal section of a pipe A, A', for transmitting heat with a view
of the circulation tube a, a¹.
Fig. 8a is a longitudinal section through the axis of both the pipe for transmitting
heat A, A¹, and the circulation tube a, a¹.
Fig. 8b is a longitudinal section of the outer pipe for transmitting heat and a
perspective view of the inner circulation tube a, a¹.
Fig. 8° is a cross-section after line M, M, Fig. 80
Fig. 8d is a cross section after line N, N, Fig. 8.
Fig. 8° is a cross section after line N¹, N¹, of Fig. 8.
Fig. 9 is a longitudinal section of a pipe for transmitting heat A, A¹, with a side
view of the circulation tube a, a'.
Fig. 9, longitudinal section through the axes of both.
Fig. 9b, longitudinal section through the pipe for transmitting heat, with a
perspective view of the circulation tube.
Fig. 90, cross section after line M, M, Fig. 9a.
Fig. 9d, cross section after line N, N, Fig. 9.
Fig. 9°, cross section after line N¹, N', Fig. 9.
Fig. 10 is a longitudinal section through the pipe for transmitting heat A, A¹,
with a view of the circulation tube a¹, a¹.
Fig. 10a is a longitudinal section through both.
Fig. 10b is a longitudinal section through the pipe for transmitting heat, and a
perspective view of the circulation tube.
Fig. 10c is a cross section after line M, M, Fig. 10º.
Fig. 10d is a cross section after N, N, Fig. 10.
Fig. 10° is a cross section after N', N¹, Fig. 10.

page_text: Fig. 11 is a longitudinal section through a pipe for transmitting heat A, A', with
a view of the circulation tube a, a¹.
Fig. 11a is a longitudinal section through both.
Fig. 11b is a longitudinal section through the first named pipe, and a perspective
view of the latter named tube.
Fig. 11 is a cross section after line M, M, Fig. 11ª.
Fig. 11d is a cross section after line N, N, Fig. 11.
Fig. 11e is a cross section after line N', N¹, Fig. 11.
Fig. 12 is a longitudinal section of a pipe A, A', for transmitting heat with a
view of the circulation tube a, a¹.
Fig. 120 is a longitudinal section of both.
Fig. 12b is a longitudinal section of the first named pipe, and perspective view
of the latter named tube.
Fig. 12c is a cross section after line M of Fig. 12.
Fig. 12d is a cross section after line N, N, Fig. 12.
Fig. 12e is a cross section after line N', N', Fig. 12.
Fig. 13 is a longitudinal section of the pipe A, A', with a view of the circulation
tube a, a¹.
Fig. 13ª is a longitudinal section of both.
5
10
1
Fig. 13b is a longitudinal section of the first named pipe, & perspective view 20
of the latter named tube.
Fig. 14 is a longitudinal section of a pipe A, A', for transmitting heat, and a
view of the circulation tube a, a¹.
Fig. 14a is a longitudinal section of both.
Fig. 14b is a longitudinal section of the pipe A, A¹, and a perspective view of 2
the tube a, a¹.
Fig. 14c is a cross section after line M, M, of Fig. 14ª.
Fig. 14d is a cross section after line N, N, of Fig. 14.
Fig. 14° is a cross section after line N¹, N', Fig. 14.
Fig. 15 is a longitudinal section of two pipes A, A', for transmitting heat, and 3
of two tubes for circulation a, a', and a view of one pipe for transmitting heat.
Fig. 15a is a cross section after line N, N, Fig. 15.
Fig. 15b is a cross section after line m, m, Fig. 15.
Fig. 15 is a cross section after line N', N¹, Fig. 15.
Fig. 15d is a cross section after line M, M, Fig. 15.
Fig. 16 is a longitudinal section and a view of a vessel or pipe for transmitting
heat.
3
Fig. 17 is a longitudinal section and a view of a vessel or pipe for transmitting
heat.
Fig. 18 is a view of several pipes for transmitting heat.
Fig. 19a is a cross section after line M, M, Fig 19.
4
Fig. 19 is a longitudinal section of a pipe for transmitting heat A, A³, A², A³,
and the tube for circulation a, a', belonging to it.
Fig. 20 is a longitudinal section of the pipe A, A1, A2, A3, for transmitting heat,
and of the device for circulation a, a¹, a², a³, belonging to it.
Fig. 20 is a cross section after line M, M, Fig. 20.
Fig. 20b is a cross section after line N, N, Fig. 20.
Fig. 20c is a cross section after line M, M, Fig. 20.
Fig. 21 is a longitudinal section of the pipe A, A1, A2, A3, for transmitting heat
and of the circulation device a, a¹, a³, a³.
Fig. 21 is a cross section after line N, N, Fig. 21.
Fig. 21 is a cross section after line M', M', Fig. 21.
Fig. 21c is a cross section after line L, L, Fig. 21.
Fig. 22 is a longitudinal section of pipe A, A1, A2, A³, for transmitting heat, and
circulation tube a, a'.
Fig. 22a is cross section after line M, M, Fig. 22.
5
5

page_text: the circulation tubes itself, and as these walls converge upon themselves or meet in
common lines, as clearly illustrated in Fig. 10, a perfect separation of the ascending
and descending currents is attained, notwithstanding the channels C, C', lie in the
same plane and no distance x exists between the upper edge and the lower edge, as
was indicated with reference to Fig. 9.
The pipe for transmitting heat A, A¹, as illustrated in Figs, 11 and 11º, is
provided with a circulation tube having 3 ascending and 3 descending
channels C and C. This circulation tube is made of double walls in order to
prevent the delivery of heat from the ascending heated current to the descending
cooled current. Circulation also takes place in this instance, in the direction of
arrows d, d¹, d², d³, d, d³, as stated above.
The pipe for transmitting heat A, A¹, illustrated in Figs. 12 to 12°, differs from
the above described, inasmuch that the interior of this pipe is in direct communi-
cation with the material finally to be heated. At its upper part it is fitted tight
into the wall of the boiler and extends in an upward direction in the interior of
the boiler. The circulation tube a, a', is extended still further and is provided at
its upper part with tube A2, Figs. 12 to 12b, which is closed at top and open at
bottom. In the interior of this tube the cap H is arranged for the purpose of
efficaciously returning the current coming forth at a¹. The current d², ds, coming
forth from the pipe a² enters in the material to be heated, and the current d³, d³,
wbile descending through channels C¹ into the lower end of the circulation tube
in order to take up heat afresh.
The pipe for transmitting heat illustrated in Figs. 13 to 13º, differs from the
afore described, inasmuch as the same has one ascending channel C and one
descending channel C₁ only. The rim 7, 7, Figs. 13, 13a, 13b, is placed around the
aperture of channels C, C₁, in such manner that it divides the annular space
between the outer pipe A, A¹, and the inner tube a, a, as it is clearly to be seen by
an inspection of the Drawing. The left hand side of the circulation tube a, a', is
connected to the right hand side by the partition w, in Figs. 13, 13a, 13b, and this
partition together with the rim r, ¹, forms a perfect separation, so that the
ascending current and the descending one will never touch each other.
The pipe for transmitting heat shewn in Figs. 14 to 140 differs from the foregoing
mainly in the circulation tube. In this instance the latter is formed by two
tubes a, a¹, a², a³, which at that place where the currents are conducted are made
semi-circular, as seen in cross section Fig. 14d. These two semi-circular tubes are
fixed to each other in such manner that they together form an entire circle, which
is of the same diameter as the outer pipe A, A¹. The lower aperture of the
tube a², a³, forms the channel C, and the upper aperture of the tube a, a¹, the
channel C. Here the ascending channel C is situated lower down than the
descending channel C and the partition or diaphragm w prevents the two currents
- coming in contact with each other.
The pipe for transmitting heat A, A¹, as illustrated in Figs. 15 to 15d differs
essentially from the foregoing, inasmuch as the part lying in the fire is of much
larger diameter than the part lying in the material to be heated. I sometimes
prefer to make the lower portion of these pipes of such a diameter that the
pipes touch each other, so that a series of pipes forms a partition wall, by which the
current or flow of fire may be directed. This partition wall may be formed by
extension of the pipes in the fire in horizontal and vertical direction, and the pipes
for transmitting heat may be open or closed; I gain by the difference of diameter
of the upper pipe A' and of the lower pipe A, the place marked W, W, in the
boiler for the solid fitting of the pipes. The circulation tubes may be arranged
according to one of the before described modifications.
The vessel for transmitting heat, shewn in Fig. 16, partly in longitudinal section
and partly in side view, differs from the foregoing in the outer appearance very
considerably, but it is only a modification of my improved system. The outer pipe
is arranged here in parallel position instead of being continued in one as in the
former instances. Part A, A¹ receives the heat, part A³, A³ delivers the heat. The

page_text: circulation tube is arranged with its parts a, a¹, and a², a³, in the interior of the
outer pipe A, A1, (as in the former instances) but with its other part A*, A³, it is
arranged exterior to such pipe A, A, and this exterior part joins at a, into A', by
penetrating through the outer pipe and being here fixed at A' in 'the manner
illustrated in Fig. 16. The circulation tube.is conducted through a reservoir F, F,
and is marked a6, within such reservoir. The lower part of this tube is open
where it ends within the reservoir F, over the second part of the outer pipe A², A³.
This part of the tube may however also be closed, in which case I may dispense
with the reservoir altogether. If I wish to derive or conduct heat from one source
of heat at different places, I fix to the pipe of the ascending current of heat at aº,
a branch M', which continues in a pipe or tube Mº, provided with a valve M¹.
After the heat contained in the pipe M' has been delivered, the current will return
by M2, and Ms into the circulation, as shewn in the Figure. The direction of the
currents is indicated by arrows. From d to d¹ the heat is received or taken up,
from de to d³ the heat is delivered, and in this instance the delivery of beat to the
material to be heated also takes place from above to below. From d to d³ the
current returns for the new reception of heat. The heat delivering part of the vessel
or pipe is placed within a vessel or reservoir G, G¹, the side walls of which are not
pierced or penetrated by the heating device as will prove necessary in constructing
such vessel or reservoir of granite, slate, or fire clay, etcetera.
The vessel for transmitting heat, as illustrated by Fig. 17, differs from the
foregoing, inasmuch as only one part A, A¹, is used for receiving the heat common
to several parts or tubes A', A¹, by which the heat is delivered, which arrangement
I preferably employ in such cases in which a transmitting agent is used, which
becomes stiff in cooling, such as paraffine, alloys of metals, etcetera.
In the arrangement shewn in Fig. 18 I have combined the pipes for transmitting
the heat by the pipe R, R', which I connect by branch pieces V, V, V, to every
heat transmitting pipe. By this connection I am enabled to conduct currents of
heat further on, or the pipes for transmitting heat may be thus connected to safety
valves, to pressure gauges, or to pumps; in the latter case I may by this
arrangement add to or renew the filling in the pipes, or I may evacuate such pipes
before their contents become cold, and in the same way the pipes may be refilled.
In the modification shewn in Fig. 19 the transmitting vessel is formed of two
pipes A, A', and A2, A3, placed concentric to each other. The fire is conducted
through the inner pipe A2, A3, and surrounds the upper part of the outer one
at A', A¹ In this case the ascending current of heat is indicated again by the
arrows d, d', this current however taking up or receiving at d², d³, through the
outer wall A', A¹, and conducting the same in a downward direction. The
current ds, d³, now delivers its heat first to the material contained in the reservoir
between W, W', and afterwards to another material contained between W', W.
The first material may, for instance, be the water of a boiler between W, Wi, the
second may be air between W', W².
The arrangement shewn in Fig. 20 differs from the one shewn in the preceding
Figure, inasmuch as the heat is taken up or received and conducted from above,
from below, and from the interior.
In the pipe A, A¹, heat will be received at A as well as at A¹, and therefore two
ascending currents of heat, one inside and one outside, are established up to the
wall W, W. The circulation tube at its lower portion up to the wall W, W', is
formed of two tubes, the one concentric within the other, whereas in the upper
portion the tube A, A' only is continued of a smaller diameter, or the outer
tube A2, As may be continued in an upward direction. The currents within the
annular space are indicated by the arrows d, d². The two currents join in
channel Cand ascend simultaneously within the annular space 7². Between the
annular spaces and there is annular space r¹, by which the cooled current
is returned through channel C.
The arrangement shewn in Fig. 21 differs from the foregoing arrangement,

page_text: inasmuch as the vessel or pipe for transmitting heat is composed of two pipes A, A1,
and A2, A3, which in their lower parts up to the wall W will receive the heat
internally and externally, whereas beyond W the upper part of A2, A3, will receive
the heat from the inside only, the tube A, A', being conducted only a little above
W. By this arrangement I am enabled to let the material to be heated circulate
direct within the vessel or pipe for transmitting heat. I therefore dispense in such
case with the fluid or material filled into such vessels and acting as an intermediate
agent for the transmission of heat.
In the arrangement shown in Fig. 22 the heat is received in the vessel or pipe
for transmission at the inside of such vessel or pipe only. For this purpose I
arrange the two pipes A, A¹, and A², A³, concentrically, and in the annular space
between these pipes the circulation tube a, a', is inserted and fixed. The single
current of heat is indicated by the arrows d, d'; this current enters at d², d³, into
the outer annular space, and returns in the direction of d', d, to the renewed
reception of heat. The heat in this case also is transmitted to the material to be
heated from above in a downward direction.
In the device shown in Fig. 23 the arrangement is similar to the foregoing, the
lower part of the pipes for transmitting the heat in this instance being wider than
in the upper heat delivering part; the lower part, to which the heat is imparted
from inside and outside, forms a partition in the fire, as indicated with reference to
Fig. 15.
Fig. 24 shews a modification of a pipe for transmitting heat, which pipe in this
instance is arranged horizontally, taking up the heat internally and externally, and
delivering such heat to the material in the space between the walls W, W¹. Within
these walls the circulation tubes a, a¹, are situated, as indicated with reference to
Fig. 14, and between the ends of these tubes the circulation screens a², a³, a², a³,
are arranged (see cross section, Fig. 24b). The direction of the currents with
reference to the circulation tubes a, a¹, as well as to the circulation screens, is indicated
by the arrows d, d', d², d³, d*, d. The pipe for transmitting heat, shewn in Fig. 25,
is similar to the one described with reference to Fig. 14; it differs from the latter,
inasmuch as that the heat is transmitted by the same in a horizontal.direction.
The current of heat indicated by the arrows d, d, to d², d³, is conducted through
the wall W, W, and delivers its heat only after having passed the wall W¹, W¹.
This pipe for transmitting heat will mainly be employed in the fire boxes of
locomotives. I may for instance conduct the heat in a pipe of about one inch in
diameter and six feet in length, of which three feet are situated in the fire and
three feet in the water, so that the water boils at the furthest end from the fire
only. In employing short pipes I may dispense with the circulating tube.
Fig. 26 shews a device for transmitting the heat according to my Invention in
an apparatus for concentrating acids. The pipes for transmitting the heat
A, A1, A2, A3, are fitted in the manner illustrated in the reservoir W, W. The
pipes or vessels for transmitting heat are constructed according to one of the fore-
going arrangements, and I prefer to fill such pipes with a material liable to congeal
or stiffen at low temperatures. For this reason, and in order to quickly melt such
material for working purposes, I arrange with the main fire grate R a second
grate R. The introduction or admission of the acid is shewn in the Drawing.
The acid is kept at a level at W', W₁. The currents of heat will deliver the heat
of highest temperature at the height of this level W', W1, to the acid, and will
heat the same mostly at this surface. The acid arriving through pipe is very
little concentrated, and is therefore of a lighter specific weight. This acid becoming
most heated, it is forced to remain for both reasons at the surface for such a period
until it has parted from its water. The more perfect separation by this method of
transmitting the heat of the concentrated acid from the more diluted one is highly
essential for accelerating the concentration, and may be employed for the concen-
tration of lyes, sugar juices, etcetera. The arrangement shewn in Fig. 27 is designed
for transmitting the heat in a Cornish boiler. The vessels for transmitting the

page_text: heat have the outward appearance of Galloway tubes; they are provided in the
interior of the boiler with an extension, as at A¹, Fig. 27. I show this form
specially to indicate that I may very essentially vary the form of my vessels or
pipes for transmitting heat, and that I may employ these vessels with the conduc-
tion of fire internally or externally, as described above, or with a special material
to be filled into such vessels, or with the arrangement for causing the material
itself which finally is to be heated to circulate within such vessels or pipes. In
Fig. 28 I have shewn my vessels or pipes for transmitting heat arranged ball
shaped with the part with which they are exposed to the fire. All the hereinabove
mentioned modifications are applicable to this form..
Fig. 29 shews a vertical boiler fitted with my improved means for transmitting
beat. The boiler A, A, is fitted with a complete circulation arrangement similar
to that described with reference to Fig. 8.
The circulation tube a, a', is surrounded at its upper part by a second circu-
lation tube a², a³. By this arrangement and in consideration of the partition in
the height of the channels C and C', of which channels I preferably arrange four
of each, I divide the ascending currents in two. The heat taken up or received
from A to C is conducted through the tube a, a', directly in upper direction. The
heat taken up or received from C to A¹ is conducted to the upper part in close
proximity to the boiler wall, as indicated by the arrows, Fig. 29. At the outer
surface of the boiler I apply the pipes for transmitting the heat, A2, A3, A4, A5;
the lower ones A2, A3, are closed, the upper ones A*, A³, are open. The water of
the boiler. circulates within the latter.
The circulation within the boiler is highly accelerated by these two appliances of
circulation tubes, and thereby the surfaces directly exposed to the fire are cooled
down quickly. This acceleration of circulation originates at A2, A3, from a great
transmission of heat into the interior of the water of the boiler, and besides this
at a, a, from the mechanical power created by the accelerated current of the
inixture of steam and water from the transmitting pipes A4, A5. Both these effects
work in the direction of the currents, and accelerate the speed of the latter. The
arrangements shewn in Figs. 30 and 31 refer to horizontal boilers of cylindrical
shape. I arrange partitions made of sheet iron in different parts, so as to be
casily removed for cleaning the boiler; by means of these partitions I create
currents within the boiler, which may be accelerated by the pipes for trans-
mitting the heat, which arrangement is clearly to be seen by an inspection of the
Drawings.
Figs. 32 and 33 shew an arrangement of my improved method for transmitting
heat applied to a Cornish boiler, which arrangement will be readily understood by
the foregoing description with reference to the preceding Figures. I may only
mention that in the arrangements illustrated in Figs. 30, 31, 32, 33, the pipes for
transmitting the heat may be arranged parallel to the walls of the boiler, as
illustrated in Fig. 29.
Having now described the nature of the said Invention, and the manner of
performing it in the words of my foreign correspondent (with the exception of some
slight verbal alterations), I would have it understood that what are claimed as
improvements in transmitting heat to the contents of steam boilers and other
apparatus, means or appliances therefor, charging pipes with fluid and apparatus
therefor, are as follow:-
1. The pipe for transmitting heat, as illustrated in Figs. 2 and 3, and for the
purpose specified.
2. The apparatus for filling pipes, intended to transmit the heat, as illustrated in
Fig. 4.
3. The pipe for transmitting heat constructed of different pieces, as illustrated in
Fig. 5, and for the purpose specified.
4. The pipe for transmitting heat applied vertically or horizontally, and with
the inner tube partitions or channels for creating currents of heats in certain

page_text: directions within such pipe and tube, as specified with reference to Figs. 6 and 7,
and for the purpose specified.
5. The pipe for transmitting heat in its application, as illustrated in Figs. 8 to 8ª,
and for the purpose specified.
6. The pipe for transmitting heat with the packing ring D and partitions W,
as described with reference to Figs. 9 to 90, and for the purpose set forth.
W¹,
7. The arrangement of the channels C, C', through the walls of the circulation
tube, and both in the same plane, as described with reference to Figs. 10 to 10º.
8. The pipe for the transmission of heat, as illustrated in Fig. 11 to Fig. 11° with
double walls of the circulation tube, for the purpose specified.
9. The pipe for transmitting heat, open at the top, with the tube A2 and the
cap H described with reference to Figs. 12 to 12e for the purpose set forth.
10. The pipe for transmitting heat, as illustrated in Fig. 13 to Fig. 13e with the
wall W and the rim 7, 71, for the purpose set forth.
11. The pipe for transmitting beat, as described with reference to Figs. 14 to 14º,
arranged with an inner circulation tube, the latter forming the channels C, C¹, of
semicircular shapes at the point, where the currents are induced to ascend and
descend, the two semicircles being joined together at their flat sides, for the
purpose set forth.
12. The arrangements of pipes for transmitting heat, as described with reference
to Figs. 15 to 15d, the pipes being enlarged in diameter at that part at which they
are exposed to the fire, this enlarged part forming a wall or partition for conducting
the fire.
13. The vessel or pipe for transmitting heat, as described with reference to
Fig. 16, in which arrangement the circulation tube is partly situated outside of the
heat transmitting pipe, and the latter enters into a vessel or reservoir without
piercing or penetrating the walls of the same.
14. The vessel for transmitting heat, as specified with reference to Fig. 17, one
vessel for the reception of heat being common to several tubes, by which the heat
is distributed or delivered, for the purpose specified.
15. Combining several vessels or pipes for the transmission of heat by connecting
and branch pipes at their upper or lower parts, substantially as and for the purpose
specified with reference to Fig. 18.
16. The pipes for transmitting heat, as described with reference to Fig. 19, with
the arrangements for receiving the heat internally and externally, and the delivery
of heat simultaneously to different material in the direction from above
downwards.
17. The pipe or vessel for transmitting heat, as specified with reference to
Fig. 20, with the arrangement for two heated currents, between which the cooled
down current is conducted in order to transmit all the heat imparted to the hot
currents to the material between the walls W, W1, from above in the downward
direction.
18. The pipe for transmitting heat as described with reference to Fig 21 with
the arrangement for two currents of heat, between which the cooler current is
conducted, and in which the material itself which finally to be heated circulates,
and with that portion which is at the highest temperature at the highest level.
19. The pipe for transmitting heat as described with reference to Fig. 22,
arranged with a simple circulation tube, in order to take up the heat at the interior
only, and to deliver the heat to material to be heated from above in the downward
direction.
.
20. The vessel for transmitting heat as described with reference to Fig. 23,
taking up the heat from inside and outside and delivering such heat to the
material to be heated from above in a downward direction, the pipes or vessels
being provided with an extension for forming conduct walls or partitions for the
fire.
21. The vessel or pipe for transmitting heat as described with reference to Fig. 24,

page_text: arranged with the two circulation tubes, a a¹ and the two circulation screens
a² a³ for the purpose of conducting the heat received by the vessel or pipe from
outside and inside in a horizontal direction.
22. The pipe for transmitting heat, as described with reference to Fig. 25,
receiving the heat from one side only, with the circulation tube a a', in order to
conduct the heat in a horizontal direction the furthest from the fire.
23. The arrangement for transmitting heat as illustrated in Fig. 26, together
with two or more sources of heat R and R¹ for the purpose specified.
24. The vessel for transmitting beat as specified with reference to the Fig. 27
and for the purpose set forth.
25. The vessel for transmitting heat as specified with reference to Fig. 28, the
part of which exposed to the fire is of ball shape.
26. The arrangement for circulation in vertical boilers described with reference
to Fig. 29, in which the ascending current of heat is divided into several parts.
27. The application of circulation tubes as described with reference to Fig. 29, in
which the parts of these tubes delivering heat terminate within currents, which
are accelerated either by the delivery of heat or creation of mechanical powers
originating from said tubes.
28. The arrangement for circulation in cylindrical boilers, by which the
ascending currents receive special direction, and are divided into different parts as
described with reference to Fig. 30 & 31, and for the purpose set forth.
29. The arrangement of pipes for transmitting heat as illustrated in Figs.
30 and 31, which pipes are situated with their heat delivering parts within
currents, which are accelerated by the addition of heat or by delivery of
mechanical power, causing thereby an accelerated delivery of heat of those parts
of the boiler which are exposed direct to the fire.
30. The arrangement of circulation as illustrated in Figs. 32 and 33, and applied.
to a horizontal Cornish boiler, for imparting certain directions to the currents, and
for dividing such currents.
31. The arrangement of pipes for transmitting heat, as illustrated in Figs.
32 and 33, which pipes are situated with their heat delivering parts within
currents, which are accelerated by the addition of heat or by delivery of
mechanical power, causing thereby an accelerated delivery of heat by those parts
of the boiler which are exposed direct to the fire.
32. The application closed pipes for transmitting heat, which are provided
with circulation tubes, and which are filled under adequate pressure, to steam
boilers, etcetera, in order to cause the transmission of heat without direct fire
surfaces; (a,) by transferring of the fluids within the pipes into a critical
condition; (b) by dissociation of the fluid within such pipes; (c,) by evaporation of
such fluids; (d) by circulation of the fluid or of the products generated by heating
such fluids; (e) by transferring the heat into mecbanical work and returning this
work into heat.
33. The application of one or more tubes for circulation in a pipe for the
transmission of heat, said pipe either being closed from all sides or open at one end,
the tube for circulation being provided with such channels that the ascending and
descending currents pass through each other, by which arrangement the heated
current will deliver its greatest heat at the end of the closed pipe the furthest from
the fire; in using open pipes the greatest heat will be delivered far above the
upper rim of the outer pipe.
34. The application of the pipes for transmitting heat as specified under claims
32 and 33, which are provided at those parts which deliver the heat with
protecting cover, to protect such parts against chemical reaction.
35. The arrangement of circulation tubes, which are so constructed that the
ame will take up a heated current from an annular space and conduct
uch current until they deliver such current into an annular space for cooling down,
R

page_text: which tubes thereafter will take up again such current in order to discharge it to
the original annular space.
In witness whereof, I, the said William Lloyd Wise, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Fourth day of May, in the year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and eighty one.
W. LLOYD WISE. (L.S.)